cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate hydrolysis by the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.

With 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate (3-OMFP) as substrate for the phosphatase reaction catalyzed by the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, a number of properties of that reaction differ from those with the common substratep-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP): theK m is 2 orders of magnitude less and the Vmax is two times greater, and dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) inhibits rather than stimulates. In addition, reducing the incubation pH decreases both theK m and Vmax for K+-activated 3-OMFP hydrolysis as well as theK 0.5 for K+ activation. However, reducing the incubation pH increases inhibition by Pi and the Vmax for 3-OMFP hydrolysis in the absence of K+. When choline chloride is varied reciprocally with NaCl to maintain the ionic strength constant, NaCl inhibits K+-activated 3-OMFP hydrolysis modestly with 10 mM KCl, but stimulates (in the range 5–30 mM NaCl) with suboptimal (0.35 mM) KCl. In the absence of K+, however, NaCl stimulates increasingly over the range 5–100 mM when the ionic strength is held constant. These observations are interpreted in terms of (a) differential effects of the ligands on enzyme conformations; (b) alternative reaction pathways in the absence of Na+, with a faster, phosphorylating pathway more readily available to 3-OMFP than to NPP; and (c) a (Na+ + K+)-phosphatase pathway, most apparent at suboptimal K+ concentrations, that is also more readily available to 3-OMFP.
Head injury or head motion? Assessment and quantification of motion artifacts in diffusion tensor imaging studies.

r r Abstract: The relationship between head motion and diffusion values such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) is currently not well understood. Simulation studies suggest that head motion may introduce either a positive or negative bias, but this has not been quantified in clinical studies. Moreover, alternative measures for removing bias as result of head motion, such as the removal of problematic gradients, has been suggested but not carefully evaluated. The current study examined the impact of head motion on FA and MD across three common pipelines (tract-based spatial statistics, voxelwise, and region of interest analyses) and determined the impact of removing diffusion weighted images. Our findings from a large cohort of healthy controls indicate that while head motion was associated with a positive bias for both FA and MD, the effect was greater for MD. The positive bias was observed across all three analysis pipelines and was present following established protocols for data processing, suggesting that current techniques (i.e., correction of both image and gradient table) for removing motion bias are likely insufficient. However, the removal of images with gross artifacts did not fundamentally change the relationship between motion and DTI scalar values. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations suggested that the random removal of images increases the bias and reduces the pre- cision of both FA and MD. Finally, we provide an example of how head motion can be quantified across different neuropsychiatric populations, which should be implemented as part of any diffusion tensor imaging quality assurance protocol. Hum Brain Mapp 00:000-000, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Endoscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Motility Disorders

Background Gastrointestinal illness may result from either an underlying structural abnormality (e.g. neoplastic obstruction), or a functional disorder (e.g. motor diarrhea), or both (e.g. achalasia with squamous esophageal cancer).
Observational Evidence for Sedimentary Rocks on the Moon

Evidence provided by Surveyors I and V and Orbiter IV strongly suggests that there are sedimentary rocks on the Moon.
Ability of apomorphine and lithium chloride to create food aversions in cattle

Abstract Lithium chloride is the most common emetic used to create food aversions in laboratory animals and livestock. However, it is slowly excreted or metabolized, and requires several days for animals to recover. Because of its caustic nature and the large quantities required by cattle and sheep, lithium is best administered directly into the rumen and diluted by rumen fluid. The objective of this study was to evaluate apomorphine as an alternative emetic to create food aversions in cattle. A pilot study showed doses of apomorphine at 0.2 mg/kg BW caused some discomfort in cattle. Doses of 0.4 mg/kg BW and above resulted in severe intoxication and excessive discomfort. We then compared intramuscular injection of apomorphine at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg BW, to the standard dose of lithium chloride (200 mg/kg BW by gavage), and to a control treatment (200 ml water by gavage). Four heifers (428 kg) were randomly placed in each group. The heifers consumed flavored alfalfa pellets for 5 min, then were restrained in a chute and administered the respective treatment. The strength and longevity of the aversion was tested by offering the flavored pellets in single-choice extinction trials for six days. The Lithium group did not consume any flavored pellets, thus maintaining a total aversion. Both apomorphine groups reduced consumption to 40% of baseline intake, but the aversion extinguished by the end of the trial. There was no difference between the two apomorphine doses. Under these conditions, lithium chloride is superior to apomorphine in creating and maintaining taste aversions in cattle.
Learning our ABCs: accessibility, bottlenecks, and control in an organized research unit's website

In this case study, I describe an open system: a public archive of work done at the Computer Writing and Research Lab at the University of Texas at Austin. The CWRL's website has long been an important resource for computers and writing scholarship, but in 2004, it faced new challenges. On one hand, the site had to conform to new accessibility guidelines, guidelines that are sometimes difficult to follow. On the other hand, the site's users ranged from expert HTML coders to neophytes, all of whom had knowledge to contribute. These two factors had caused a severe bottleneck with the previous, static website, causing delays and leading to slow site development. The CWRL's solution was to use an open-source content management system to develop a new site in which accessibility guidelines are programmed and enforced, allowing anyone with an account to contribute accessible portions to the site while retaining centralized control over the site's web standards. I conclude with thoughts about open systems and their potential to improve accessible, distributed site development in similar organizations.
Decomposable fuzzy-valued switching functions

Functional decomposition is the process of expressing a function of n variables as a composition of a number of functions, each depending on less than n variables. If the function to be decomposed is a Boolean function, then the methods proposed by Ashenhurst and Curtis can be used [2]-[6]. However, if the function is a fuzzy-valued function, then a different method is necessary to decompose the function. In this paper, after the basic definitions of fuzzy algebra are given, a brief review of the work in fuzzy switching logic is presented. The insufficiencies of Boolean methods and a previous method by Kandel [23] for the decomposition of a fuzzy switching function are discussed. A new theorem for determining if a function possesses a fuzzy simple disjunctive decomposition as well as a method for decomposing such a function are developed. Some practical applications for the decomposition of fuzzy switching functions are presented along with some open questions on this topic.
A truthful load balancing mechanism with verification

In this paper we investigate the problem of designing load balancing protocols in distributed systems involving self-interested participants. These participants have their own requirements and objectives and no a-priori motivation for cooperation. Their selfish behavior may lead to poor performance and inefficiency. To address this problem we design a load balancing mechanism with verification that provides incentives to participants to report their true parameters and follow the given algorithm. We prove that our load balancing mechanism is truthful (i.e., agents will be better off by reporting their true parameters) and satisfies the voluntary participation condition (i.e., truthful agents never incur a loss). We present a simulation study to show the performance of our load balancing mechanism.
Drug level of d- and l-amphetamine during intravenous self-administration

Rats were allowed to self-administer dextro and levo isomers of amphetamine in doses of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 mg/kg/injection for 6 h/day. Total body level of drug was calculated at the time of responding for each drug injection. Body level of amphetamine initially increased and then decreased (0–2 h), and thereafter remained relatively constant for the remainder of the experimental session (2–6 h). During 2–6 h of self-administration, calculated whole body levels of both d- and l-amphetamine remained relatively constant across injection doses. In another study, blood was removed several times during 2–6 h at the time of responding for drug injection. Again, no difference in blood level of 14C-amphetamine was found across a range of injection doses. Mean blood levels were 0.48 Μg/ml for l-amphetamine and 0.18 Μg/ml for d-amphetamine. Drug intake averaged 2.0 mg/kg/h for l-amphetamine and 0.79 mg/kg/h for d-amphetamine.
The effects of cocaine in the production of cardiovascular anomalies inβ-Adrenoreceptor stimulated chick embryos

Cocaine potentiates the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in terms of aortic arch malformation in embryonic chicks. Cocaine itself induces aortic arch malformations when administered in large doses.
Nuclear axial dipole transition moment in the sigma model

Abstract A modified version of the Gell-Mann—Levy γ-model, including ω-nucleoncoupling, is used to calculate the axial dipole transition matrix element for the 1+,T=1→+,T=0 transition in A=12 nuclei. This model is consistent with phenomenological Dirac dynamics of one-nucleon states, obeys PCAC, and possesses an explicit expression for the axial current in terms of nucleon and meson fields, which permits direct calculation of the exchange-current contribution.
Concurrent Verbalizations, Pedagogical Conditions, and Reactivity: Two CALL Studies

The article summarizes results from two experimental studies on reactivity. In the first experiment, 24 college-age participants received a computerized treatment that delivered a grammar lesson, practice, and feedback on assignment of semantic functions in Latin. Verbalizations did not induce reactivity on accuracy, but they slowed down posttest performance. The second experiment (N = 24), which did not include a grammar lesson, showed that thinking aloud had a facilitating effect. Our results suggest that reactivity depends not only on the task and on the nature of the assessment tool but also on the nature of the dependent variables (i.e., latency vs. accuracy). In contrast to previous SLA studies (with the exception of Sachs and Polio, 2007), our study advises researchers to exercise caution when implementing verbal protocols in their designs.
Twiddler's Syndrome Complicating a Transvenous Defibrillator Lead System

Twiddler's syndrome is a rare complication seen in patients with implanted pacemakers or defibrillators. The condition typically presents with device malfunction and occurs when the patient either consciously or unconsciously twists and rotates the implanted device in its pocket, resulting in torsion and dislodgement of the implanted lead. A case of twiddler's syndrome involving a transvenous defibrillation lead and an abdominally implanted defibrillator is described. This is the first report of this complication with this particular lead. The patient in this report was a middle-aged obese diabetic woman who presented 7 months after defibrillator implantation with device noncapture and intermittent nonsensing. Review of the literature reveals that the majority of patients with this complication are middle-aged obese women with a defibrillator pocket that exceeds the size of the defibrillator. Treatment measures are discussed both for the patient with this complication and for the patient at increased risk for its occurrence.
Correlation effects in grain boundary diffusion

Abstract The grain boundary self-diffusion coefficient in silver has been measured using the sectioning technique, for polycrystals, 〈100〉 16° tilt bicrystals, and 〈112〉 18° tilt bicrystals over the temperature ranges 350–555°C, 400–555°C, and 350–498°C, respectively. The temperature dependence of D 'δ from the Suzuoka solution is given by D 'δ = 8.55 × 10 −10 exp (−17800/ RT )cm 3 /sec for the polycrystals and D 'δ = 3.1 × 10 −11 expt (− 11800/ RT ) cm 3 /sec for the 〈100〉 tilt bicrystals. The activation energy for the 〈112〉 tilt boundaries is significantly larger than that of the polycrystal or 〈100〉 tilt boundaries. The simultaneous diffusion of 105 Ag and 110 Ag in the grain boundaries of the polycrystals from 350–555°C and 〈100〉 tilt bicrystals at 400 and 498°C allowed for measurements of the isotope effect for grain boundary self-diffusion. The isotope effect results prove that there is very little isotopic separation during grain boundary diffusion. Within the experimental accuracies, the isotope effects for the random boundaries of the polycrystals and the 〈100〉 tilt boundaries are identical. The average value of f Δ K for the polycrystals is 0.46. This is significantly lower than the low-temperature lattice, self-diffusion isotope effect in silver. A vacancy model has been developed from which the correlation factor for diffusion along dislocations can be calculated. The isotope-effect measurements can be interpreted in terms of the modelistic calculations and many-body saddle point interactions. The results are consistent with a three-dimensional interpretation of grain boundary diffusion and a vacancy-dislocation binding energy that decrease at 0.05 to O.10 eV per atomic plane from the dislocation core. The silver isotope effect for grain boundary diffusion in polycrystalline copper at 466°C is 0.18. This value is consistent with a highly correlated vacancy mechanism.
Stein-Leventhal syndrome complicated by bilateral ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma: Report of case and review of literature

Abstract Laparotomy was performed on a patient with Stein-Leventhal disease with the intention of performing a therapeutic wedge resection of the ovaries. Surgical findings were those of ovarian carcinoma with peritoneal implants, a complication so rare that a report of the case is warranted.
Analysis of Low-Speed Stall Aerodynamics of a Swept Wing with Laminar-Flow Glove

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to study the low-speed stall aerodynamics of a GIII aircraft's swept wing modified with a laminar-flow wing glove. The stall aerodynamics of the gloved wing were analyzed and compared with the unmodified wing for the flight speed of 120 knots and altitude of 2300 ft above mean sea level (MSL). The Star-CCM+ polyhedral unstructured CFD code was first validated for wing stall predictions using the wing-body geometry from the First American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) CFD High-Lift Prediction Workshop. It was found that the Star-CCM+ CFD code can produce results that are within the scattering of other CFD codes considered at the workshop. In particular, the Star-CCM+ CFD code was able to predict wing stall for the AIAA wing-body geometry to within 1 degree of angle of attack as compared to benchmark wind-tunnel test data. Current results show that the addition of the laminar-flow wing glove causes the gloved wing to stall much earlier than the unmodified wing. Furthermore, the gloved wing has a different stall characteristic than the clean wing, with no sharp lift drop-off at stall for the gloved wing.
Smoothing for doubly stochastic Poisson processes

Some general equations are derived for the smoothing density of a Markov process that modulates the intensity of an observed doubly stochastic Poisson process. The equations are in terms of filtering densities that are specified by recursive equations.
High pressure deformation experiments using solid confining media and Griggs piston-cylinder methods: Appraisal of stress and deformation in talc assemblies

Abstract Attempts to calibrate mechanical results obtained in triaxial compression experiments using solid media assemblies in a Griggs piston-cylinder apparatus have failed to reveal a dependable relationship between results obtained using a talc assembly and results obtained with a gas triaxial deformation apparatus. Temperature-stepping experiments (600 °C–1000 °C) were performed on high-purity molybdenum (Mo) and a Ti–Zr–Mo alloy (TZM), pressurized by talc in a Griggs apparatus and by argon gas using a Heard apparatus. Apparent strengths of metal samples deformed at temperatures in the stability field of talc were at least 1500 MPa (> 6 times) greater than those determined in gas apparatus experiments, and they do not appear to follow any simple trend. At temperatures above talc dehydration, apparent strengths in talc assemblies were 500–800 MPa (> 2 1 / 2 times) greater. Total shortening strains of the metal samples measured after deformation in talc exceeded axial strains monitored during the triaxial deformation stage of the experiments by as much as 15–25%. A pressurization experiment performed on a TZM cylinder in talc, without engaging the load column, shows that samples can be shortened axially by the pressurization process. This test and a pressurization experiment conducted on a compound sample of Balsam Gap dunite and San Carlos olivine indicate that differential stresses within talc assemblies exceed the yield strengths of these materials during pressurization. Deformation of Balsam Gap dunite and San Carlos olivine during pressurization leads to complex microstructures, consisting of brittle faults, high dislocation densities, and small (10–40 μm) recrystallized grains. Experimental studies of deformation mechanisms and microstructures in samples deformed in strong solid confining media using Griggs piston-cylinder methods must therefore establish that the observed crystalline defects and microstructures are due to deformation at the controlled temperature, pressure, and strain rate conditions of the triaxial deformation, having replaced or substantially overprinted those developed during pressurization.
CTSA-enhanced innovative device development

The key objective of the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) is to more effectively translate basic science discoveries into new human therapies, diagnostics, and practices. Given the societal impression that we are in an unprecedented time of scientific and technologic acceleration in biomedical research, it can be disheartening to learn that it takes up to 15 years for discoveries to translate into treatments and that a large majority of medical research studies never reach the clinical trials or become widely available to patients (1). As part of the CTSA consortium, the University of New Mexico Clinical and Translational Science Center (CTSC) is a catalyst for more rapid translation within the pipeline of therapeutic development by encouraging innovation and high-risk projects, facilitating productive collaborations, assisting with study design, supporting clinical trials, and providing new mechanisms to more rapidly and effectively address regulatory requirements. CTSAs at comparatively smaller universities such as ours immediately transform the research landscape of their institutions, since support mechanisms for clinical and translational research would not otherwise exist. Now in its third year, the UNM CTSC was able to assist in the development of a point-of-care biosensor, which recently received an R&D Magazine Top 100 Technologies Award (2). Our biosensor project demonstrates the efficacy of the CTSA model in translating basic science conducted at universities into devices that will dramatically improve clinical practices.
Solid-Phase Olefin Cross-Metathesis Promoted by a Linker

Olefin cross-metathesis couples two alkenes to form complex molecules and has been widely used in solution-phase organic synthesis. However, this powerful method has rarely been used in solid-phase organic synthesis. Herein we report that olefin cross-metathesis is a synthetically viable method particularly when a traceless longer linker is inserted between solid support and reacting olefins.
Contaminant Levels in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , and their Diets from Missouri Coldwater Hatcheries

Organochlorine and metal contaminants often occur in commercial fish diets and can accumulate in fish to levels of concern for human consumption. Contaminant levels were investigated in diet and rainbow trout fillets from Missouri coldwater hatcheries used in “put and take” fisheries. The average fillet:diet ratio was <0.1 for lead and cadmium, 0.4–0.6 for organochlorine compounds, and about 0.8 for mercury. Trout fillet concentrations for all contaminants were low (<50 ng/g) and below Missouri’s fish consumption advisory trigger levels.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-2, and interleukin-12 synergize with calcium ionophore to enhance dendritic cell function.

The authors previously showed that monocytes treated with calcium ionophore (CI) acquire characteristics of mature dendritic cells (DC) in part through a calcineurin-dependent pathway. In this study, the authors evaluated the ability of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) alone or in combination with CI to induce DC characteristics in peripheral blood monocytes. Monocytes obtained by leukapheresis and countercurrent centrifugal elutriation were cultured with calcium, cytokines, or both, profiled by flow cytometry, and assessed for antigen uptake and sensitization of autologous CD8 + T cells to antigen. Monocytes treated with the combination of GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-12 resulted in immunophenotypic and antigen uptake profiles typical of immature DC, including loss of surface CD14 expression, de novo low-level expression of B7.1, negligible CD83 expression, marked enhancement of CD40 and ICAM-1, and high major histocompatibility complex class I and II levels. A high level of antigen uptake by macropinocytosis was observed. In contrast, CI treatment significantly up-regulates B7.1, B7.2, CD40, CD54, and CD83 and substantially downregulates CD14 and macropinocytosis, a profile consistent with mature DC. Many CI-induced modulations, but none resulting from cytokine treatment alone, were inhibited by the calcineurin phosphatase inhibitor cyclosporin A. Compared with monocytes treated with CI alone, combined treatment of monocytes with GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-12, and CI augmented B7.1 and CD83 expression and enhanced sensitization of autologous CD8 + T cells to melanoma-antigen-derived peptides. These results suggest that several independent pathways of DC activation can cooperatively enhance the function of monocyte-derived DC.
Email overload at work: an analysis of factors associated with email strain

Almost every office worker can relate to feelings of email overload and stress, but in reality the concept of email strain is not well understood. In this paper, we describe a large-scale nationwide organizational survey examining the relationship between email use and feelings of email overload and task coordination. We found that higher email volume was associated with increased feelings of email overload, but this relationship was moderated by certain email management strategies. The contribution to the field of CSCW is a better understanding of the concept of email related stress, and initial scale development for the assessment of email-related overload and perceptions of the work-importance of email.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE IN THE OCEAN AND ITS ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE1

A method is described for the quantitative determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in quantities as low as 10−4 µg. Using sample volumes of less than 2 liters, two profiles of ATP concentration have been made down to 1,025 m off the California coast. The biomass of living material in the water has been estimated from these data, using the ATP content of laboratory cultured microorganisms as indicators of endogenous ATP levels. When equated to numbers of bacteria, the ATP levels found at various depths in the ocean indicate bacterial populations between 50−2,000 times those found by plating techniques.
Angiotensin II and Angiotensin-(1-7) Effects on Free Cytosolic Sodium, Intracellular pH, and the Na+-H+ Antiporter in Vascular Smooth Muscle

The aim of the present study was to define the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7) on free cytosolic Na+ (Na+i), intracellular pH (pHi), and the Na(+)-H+ antiporter in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from rat aorta. Cells were loaded with either BCECF-AM or SBFI-AM for measurement of pHi and Na+i, respectively. Ang II (10(-6) mol/L) caused a rapid rise in Na+i followed by a progressive increase that peaked at about 10 minutes (from 11 +/- 1.5 to 16 +/- 1.5 mmol/L, P < .001), whereas Ang-(1-7) (10(-6) mol/L) did not affect Na+i significantly (from 11.5 +/- 1.1 to 11.8 +/- 0.07 mmol/L). The effect of Ang II on Na+i was concentration dependent (delta Na+i, 5.1 +/- 0.9, 3.8 +/- 0.6, 1.6 +/- 0.6, and 0.14 +/- 0.18 mmol/L with decreasing concentrations of 10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-8), and 10(-9) mol/L, respectively). Ang II caused a brief acidification followed by an increase in pHi (from 7.34 +/- 0.03 to 7.43 +/- 0.03 after 10 minutes, P < .005), and Ang-(1-7) had no significant effect on pHi (from 7.23 +/- 0.03 to 7.23 +/- 0.03). To investigate whether pHi and Na+i changes induced by Ang II were due to cell Na+ entry via stimulation of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter, we pretreated cells with EIPA (25 mumol/L) or ouabain (2.0 mmol/L). Ang II in the presence of ouabain caused a greater increase than that seen with ouabain alone (delta Na+i, 13 +/- 1.5 versus 6.3 +/- 1.2 mmol/L, P < .0025). EIPA by itself decreased Na+i and pHi. After EIPA, Ang II failed to increase both Na+i and pHi, demonstrating that the Na(+)-H+ antiporter is responsible for the rises in Na+i and pHi during stimulation with Ang II. To further characterize the mechanism of Ang II action, we exposed cells to an Ang II type I receptor antagonist (L-158,809, 10(-6) mol/L) or two different type 2 receptor antagonists (PD 123177 and CGP 421112A, 10(-6) mol/L). L-158,809 completely blocked the rise in pHi caused by Ang II, whereas PD 123177 and CGP 421112A did not. We conclude that Ang II increases both Na+i and pHi, and both effects are mediated by stimulation of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter. Ang-(1-7), by contrast, has no significant effect on Na+i, pHi, or the Na(+)-H+ antiporter. Stimulation of this antiporter by Ang II is exerted through the type 1 receptor.
Hot-atom synthesis of organic compounds on Jupiter.

Results of recent laboratory 'simulations' of photochemical processes on Jupiter are combined with available data on mixing rates and exposure times in the Jovian atmosphere to give quantitative predictions of the rate at which hot-atom reactions produce organic molecules. It is shown that abstraction reactions on methane by hot H atoms from solar UV photolysis of H2S will produce no more than 4 times 10 to the -17th power g/sq cm/sec for a steady-state mole fraction of total organics of approximately 10 to the -16th power. This is roughly 10 to the 7th power times less than the limit of detection of the most sensitive gas analysis experiments ever flown on a spacecraft. By far the most common organic molecule produced by this mechanism is CH3SH, methyl mercaptan, which is produced at a rate at least 600 times smaller than the rate of production of ethane by direct photolysis of CH4 at high altitudes.
Expression of Two Succinyl-CoA Synthetases with Different Nucleotide Specificities in Mammalian Tissues

For nearly 50 years, succinyl-CoA synthetase in animals was thought to be specific for guanine nucleotides. Recently, we purified and characterized both an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase from pigeon breast muscle and the GDP-forming enzyme from liver (Johnson, J. D., Muhonen, W. W., and Lambeth, D. O. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27573–27579). Using the sequences of the pigeon enzymes as queries in BLAST searches, we obtained genetic evidence that both enzymes are expressed in a wide range of animal species (Johnson, J. D., Mehus, J. G., Tews, K., Milavetz, B. I., and Lambeth, D. O. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27580–27586). Here we extend those observations by presenting data from Western and Northern blots and enzymatic assays showing that both proteins are widely expressed in mammals with the relative amounts varying from tissue to tissue. We suggest that both succinyl-CoA synthetases catalyze the reverse reaction in the citric acid cycle in which the ADP-forming enzyme augments ATP production, whereas the GDP-forming enzyme supports GTP-dependent anabolic processes. Widely accepted shuttle mechanisms are invoked to explain how transport of P-enolpyruvate across mitochondrial membranes can transfer high energy phosphate between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix.
Educational issues, school settings, and environmental psychology

Abstract This paper reviews selected research on classroom and school environments, using a framework that views schools from three perspectives—as places for learning, as places for socialization and as places for psychological development. Studies are included that deal with the impact of noise and classroom design on learning; the relationship between seating position, achievement and status; spatial cognition; the classroom environment and sex role stereotyping; privacy; and density. The need for classrooms to enhance children's feelings of competence, security and self-esteem is also stressed. The goal of the paper is to point out ways in which environmental psychologists can contribute to the improvement of the educational system and to the quality of life in schools.
Decrease of peroxisomal enzymes in Tetrahymena and its prevention by actinomycin D and cycloheximide

Abstract 1. 1. Changes in the specific activity of several peroxisomal enzymes were tested following shaking of statically-grown cultures of Tetrahymena . 2. 2. The specific activity of lactate oxidase and isocitrate lyase decreased by over 50% within 4 h, and by over 70% by 9 h. Catalase also decreased, but to a slightly lesser extent. The decreases occurred in the absence of cell growth, and were therefore not due to enzyme dilution. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-specific), part of which is localized on peroxisomes, did not decrease. Pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, which can be coinduced with lactate oxidase, but which are found in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively, also did not decrease in specific activity. 3. 3. The decrease of all three enzymes was prevented by addition of actinomycin D or cycloheximide to the culture at the onset of shaking. Chloramphenicol did not prevent the decreases. 4. 4. If cells were placed in inorganic medium and then shaken, the specific activities of all four peroxisomal enzymes decreased. These decreases were not prevented by actinomycin D, and only partially prevented by cycloheximide. 5. 5. The data are consistent with the view that the decrease of certain peroxisomal enzymes in shaken cells in culture is mediated by an inducible protein, while in starved cells, whole peroxisomes may be degraded within autophagic vacuoles.
Ultrastructure of human labial salivary glands. II. Intranuclear inclusions in the acinar secretory cells.

Human labial salivary glands, obtained by biopsy from 32 subjects, were studied by light and electron microscopy. Intranuclear inclusions, unrelated to nucleoli, were present in many of the acinar nuclei in glands from 16 of the 32 donors. More than one inclusion was sometimes observed within a single nucleus. They measured about 1 μ in diameter, and were stainable in a variety of ways. They were eosinophilic, some were stained by Nile blue sulphate, some were PAS-positive, and all were Feulgen-negative. They were bounded by a single membrane, which never exhibited continuity with the nuclear envelope, and they showed considerable morphological variation. The more complex inclusions consisted of alternating shells of light and dark material with tiny dense granules embedded in the latter. The intranuclear inclusions, which apparently were non-viral in origin, were in some way related to the secretory cycle of the mucous cells, since they were found only in immature cells, and never in cells in which secretory products were abundant.
Serodiagnosis of Lyme Disease: Accuracy of a Two-Step Approach Using a Flagella-Based ELISA and Immunoblotting

An ELISA containing a purified flagellar antigen from Borrelia burgdorferi (FLA-ELISA) was evaluated. The FLA-ELISA, detecting IgM and IgG together, did not have adequate specificity by itself. Good accuracy was obtained, however, when the FLA-ELISA was the first step in a two-step protocol that used immunoblotting as a conditional second test. Samples that scored positive or equivocal by the FLA-ELISA were evaluated with separate IgM and IgG immunoblots. The sensitivity of the two-step process for patients with erythema migrans or with later manifestations of Lyme disease was 64% and 100%, respectively. The specificity for healthy blood donors was 100% and was 90% for the aggregate of all persons with illnesses that may cause serologic cross-reactivity (98% if the samples from relapsing fever patients were excluded). Test precision was 96% overall, 99% for Lyme disease case serum samples, 100% for specimens from blood donors, and 88% for samples from persons with other illnesses.
Optimal spray patterns for counterflow cooling towers with structured packing

In counterflow cooling towers, non-uniform patterns of flow are the consequence of the application of water from circular spray nozzles set in a square manifold. A detailed computational model for the performance of a tower accounting for this non-uniform water flow in cellular packing has been developed. The radial spray pattern of individual nozzles producing the best possible thermal performance was determined by optimization. It was concluded that for a particular nozzle manifold and packing arrangement, a performance limitation exists due to the inherently non-uniform pattern of water flow.
Josephson-Junction Arrays in Transverse Magnetic Fields

A class of uniformly frustrated $\mathrm{xy}$ models which describe the behavior of a Josephson-junction array in a transverse magnetic field is considered. The frustration $f$ is the fraction of flux quantum of applied field per unit cell of the lattice. The ground-state energy ${E}_{0}$ and critical current are computed for several rational $f$. The behavior for arbitrary $f$ is discussed, and it is concluded that the resistive transition temperature for $f=\frac{p}{q}$ is bounded by ${k}_{\mathrm{B}}{T}_{c}(\frac{p}{q})\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}|{E}_{0}(f)|}{2q}$. The resistance as a function of temperature and field is determined by the sequence of ${T}_{c}$'s thus produced.
Medical Decision Making and the Counting of Uncertainty

In economic theory, homo economicus is a concept used to explain decision making as a rational exercise.1 The “economic man,” to use the term often associated with the work of the utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mills, is someone who makes decisions by carefully weighing the benefits and costs of his or her options and then deciding on a course of action that maximizes his or her utility. Although now considered overly simplistic, this idea is often implicit in how we as clinicians have traditionally approached medical decision making. In the case of statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the choice is frequently framed in terms of the tradeoff between the potential benefit of preventing a future heart attack or stroke (ie, utility) and the side effects and inconveniences of taking a medication (ie, disutility). Thus, the recently released 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol reminds us that, in addition to calculating estimated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk to determine statin eligibility, we should engage with patients “in a discussion…to consider the potential for ASCVD [atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease] benefit and for adverse effects, for drug-drug interactions, and patient preferences for treatment.”2 However, although much of the debate over the current guidelines has focused on the accuracy of risk estimation,3,4 the evidence base is limited for how to engage with patients during the decision-making process to assess their disutility for taking statin therapy. Article see p 2539 The reason is in part that, although the proportion of patients who report side effects can be measured, it is difficult to assign a numeric value to the aspect of disutility resulting from having to take a medication daily. In this issue of Circulation , Fontana and …
Plasmonic metasurface based ultra-thin phase holograms and planar micro-lenses

We experimentally demonstrate a phase hologram generated at a visible wavelength by a plasmonic metasurface consisting of Babinet-inverted nano-antennas perforated on a 30-nm-thick gold film. Micrometer-sized planar lenses are made with the same technique.
Target-Site Resistance to Pyrethroids inHeliothis virescens(F.) andHelicoverpa zea(Boddie)

Abstract A neurophysiological assay was used to record and compare target-site sensitivities to the pyrethroid insecticide, allethrin, in larvae and adults of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) and larvae of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). High frequencies of target-site resistance were measured in larval H. virescens and expression was greater in early- than late-season collections. Adult H. virescens also expressed reduced sensitivity to allethrin, but frequency distributions were not statistically different from that of a laboratory-reared susceptible strain. Target-site sensitivity was similar between larvae from laboratory-susceptible and field-collected strains of H. zea during 1995, but low frequencies of target-site resistance were detected in larvae collected from conventional and transgenic cotton during 1996. The significance of these findings with respect to the utility of the adult vial test as a monitoring tool and the continued control of H. zea with pyrethroids is discussed.
A synthetic task model for HPC-grade optical network performance evaluation

With vastly increasing system parallelism, energy efficient data movement has emerged as one of the key challenges in High Performance Computing (HPC). Optics offers the potential for creating system-wide interconnection networks with extremely high bandwidth and energy efficiency. To reap the significant benefits of optical data movement, the interconnect design must go beyond a simple wire replacement to include a fully networked architecture. Simulation is an essential tool in the associated architecture design space exploration. However, simulation requires appropriate models for capturing the relevant interactions between parallel application communication and network operations, as well as the photonic physical layer integrity. An important goal is to keep the simulation as simple as possible to enable a wide design space exploration. In this paper, we propose a traffic generation model that captures the interactions and dependencies between computation and communication for a given application. Our proposed model remains tractable enough to be implemented on top of detailed photonic network simulators as well as general enough to analyze different components of the network under investigation.
Removing long-term errors from AVHRR-based brightness temperature (BT)

Empirical distribution functions were applied for removing long-term errors from BT data derived from AVHRR sensor on NOAA environmental satellites. This paper investigates BT stability in the NOAA/NESDIS Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data set during 1982-2003. This period includes five NOAA satellites. Degradation of BT over time for each satellite was estimated for geographical location in China. The method of matching empirical distribution function (EDF) improves the time relative stability of BT data for all satellites, especially NOAA-9, -11 and -14.
The characteristics of low-speed streaks in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer

Employing a high-speed video system and hydrogen bubble-wire flow visualization, the characteristics of the low-speed streaks which occur in the near-wall region of turbulent boundary layers have been examined for a Reynolds-number range of 740 [les ] Reθ < 5830. The results indicate that the statistics of non-dimensional spanwise streak spacing are essentially invariant with Reynolds number, exhibiting consistent values of and remarkably similar probability distributions conforming to lognormal behaviour. Further studies show that streak spacing increases with distance from the wall owing to a merging and intermittency process which occurs for y+ [simg ] 5. An additional observation is that, although low-speed streaks are not fixed in time and space, they demonstrate a tremendous persistence, often maintaining their integrity and reinforcing themselves for time periods up to an order of magnitude longer than the observed bursting times associated with wall region turbulence production. A mechanism for the formation of low-speed streaks is suggested which may explain both the observed merging behaviour and the streak persistence.
Reassessing Parental Socialization: Indicator Unreliability Versus Generational Transfer

This article challenges recent socialization research which concludes that the family's influence is primarily limited to the generational transfer of partisan values. We first present a new conceptual approach for studying parent-child agreement. Then, we apply a multiple indicator methodology (LISREL) to operationalize this approach. Reanalysis of the Jennings and Niemi socialization survey finds quite substantial levels of family agreement in areas besides partisanship. These results argue for greater attention to the significance of family socialization, and to the persistence of political beliefs across generations.
Draft Genome Sequence for Caulobacter sp. Strain OR37, a Bacterium Tolerant to Heavy Metals.

ABSTRACT Caulobacter sp. strain OR37 belongs to the class Alphaproteobacteria and was isolated from subsurface sediments in Oak Ridge, TN. Strain OR37 is noteworthy due to its tolerance to high concentrations of heavy metals, such as uranium, nickel, cobalt, and cadmium, and we present its draft genome sequence here.
Performance optimization of room temperature Deflection Transistors through modified geometry

In this paper, the current status of the ballistic deflection transistor (BDT) project is described. The project focuses on a development of a new class of devices based on the steering of the electron flux and the ballistic deflection effect. The results of the latest experiments show significant current response improvement through optimized geometry modifications.
Synapse-specific protein kinase C activation enhances maintenance of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus.

1. Protein kinase C (PKC) stimulators, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or cis-unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), have been shown to prolong synaptic enhancement induced by long-term potentiation (LTP). This observation suggests a role for PKC in the biochemical mechanisms underlying maintained enhancement. 2. To determine if PKC stimulators prolong LTP by acting selectively at synapses given high-frequency stimulation or by actions that are not synapse-specific (e.g. increased postsynaptic excitability) we examined the effect of TPA or UFA on input-selective enhancement. Population EPSPs, evoked in the same granule cell population by either the medial (MPP) or lateral (LPP) perforant path, can be selectively enhanced leaving the other perforant path input which receives only low-frequency stimulation as an internal control for PKC stimulator effects not specific to enhanced synapses. 3. Synapse-specific effects were in fact observed, as UFA or TPA selectively prolonged MPP enhancement following two trains of high-frequency MPP stimulation, without affecting responses evoked by the LPP. A similar synapse selectivity of PKC stimulator action was seen following high-frequency LPP stimulation. 4. These findings suggest that PKC stimulators prolong enhancement by acting specifically at high-frequency-stimulated synapses. PKC stimulators do not appear to affect either postsynaptic neurone excitability or synapses given only low-frequency stimulation. This provides further evidence that PKC acts synergistically with the consequences of repetitive synaptic activation to maintain enhancement.
The prokaryotic diversity of biological soil crusts in the Sonoran Desert (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, AZ)

We studied prokaryotic community structure and composition in biological soil crusts (BSCs) from the Sonoran Desert, and their variability over space and time, using statistically analyzed, PCR-based molecular surveys of environmental 16S rRNA genes. Four sites, tens of km apart, were sampled, 3 times over a 1 year period, collecting 10 duplicate samples every 50 m in each site. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed communities much less diverse than those of typical soil assemblages, displaying dominance of some bacterial types. No differences in crust microbial diversity or composition were detected between crusts under plant canopies and those in plant interspaces, indicating a likely crust independence from higher plant resources. However, statistically significant variability with space and time could be detected, and samples within a site were more similar than samples between sites. Both temporal and spatial variability in community composition involved non-dominant members of the community. Extensive sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a large array of bacterial types, many novel. The most common included members of Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria. Bacteriodetes, Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes were not seen in high numbers, but were present in all sites, and Deinococci were also detected. Archaea were present, but as minor components. Sonoran BSC communities were distinct in rough compositional character from those in bulk arid soils or agricultural soils, and contained reoccurring, uncultured microbes.
An Efficient Active Camera Model for Video Surveillance

We propose an efficient active camera model to map image coordinates to the camera's pan-tilt orientations in constant time. The model is based on the elliptical locus of the projections of a fixed point on the original image plane of a moving camera. The parametric location of this point along the ellipse defines the change in camera orientation. This model does not require any knowledge of camera parameters other than the focal length. Using synthetic and real data, we show the accuracy of the model by generating seamless spherical panoramas from a set of images and demonstrate the applicability of the model with a real-time active tracking application.
Interpolation of MOSFET table data in width, length, and temperature

Table-based transistor modeling techniques require a current table and a charge/capacitance table for each device geometry at each simulation temperature. Simple interpolation methods can be used to construct any current table from a small basis set of tables. A database of 32 current tables (two widths, four lengths, measured at four temperatures) is sufficient to span the space defined by these sample points. The technique provides an accurate rendering of the transistor current above threshold without the need for complex parameter optimization and without the need for an exhaustive database of current tables. >