cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Sensing Tells Us: Towards a Formal Theory of Testing for Dynamical Systems

Just as actions can have indirect effects on the state of the world, so too can sensing actions have indirect effects on an agent's state of knowledge. In this paper, we investigate "what sensing actions tell us", i.e., what an agent comes to know indirectly from the outcome of a sensing action, given knowledge of its actions and state constraints that hold in the world. To this end, we propose a formalization of the notion of testing within a dialect of the situation calculus that includes knowledge and sensing actions. Realizing this formalization requires addressing the ramification problem for sensing actions. We formalize simple tests as sensing actions. Complex tests are expressed in the logic programming language Golog. We examine what it means to perform a test, and how the outcome of a test affects an agent's state of knowledge. Finally, we propose automated reasoning techniques for test generation and complex-test verification, under certain restrictions. The work presented in this paper is relevant to a number of application domains including diagnostic problem solving, natural language understanding, plan recognition, and active vision.
The Looming Collapse of Restrictions on Judicial Campaign Speech

In Republican Party of Minnesota v. White, the Supreme Court in 2002 struck down Minnesota's ban on a judicial candidate's announc[ing] his or her views on disputed legal or political issues. Since then, the American Bar Association and many states have revised their codes of judicial conduct to comply with White's specific holding while seeking to retain other limitations on judicial campaign speech. Such efforts, however, ignore the broader implications of the Court's opinion in White. Both the logic of that opinion and the ideological inclinations of the current Court point to the likely invalidation of major portions of these campaign codes. Rather than squander resources on refining and enforcing a regime with such dim prospects, critics of judicial elections should focus on other means of improving the quality of the electoral process.
Adaptive fault localization in mobile ad hoc battlefield networks

Future battlefield networks require extensive fault management mechanism. Most existing fault localization algorithms assume availability of complete and/or deterministic dependency model. Such assumptions cannot be made in the dynamic environment of a battlefield network where nodes may move, causing periodic changes in routes. This paper is aimed at developing a fault diagnosis architecture and algorithm, which address the issue of dynamically changing dependencies in battlefield networks
Placement test, remediation courses and their effect on students achievements and retention in math and science

In this paper we analyze the outputs of the Placement Test for wide range of campuses and years and respective results in followed math classes both in terms of grades earned and retention rates. The paper outlines current “state of the art” in the area and introduces an extensive data collected, together with its discussion and interpretation. The paper considers an integrated approach for the whole sequence of math and science classes the student needs to take to succeed in her/his program. The paper analyzes both “typical” and “exceptional” bodies of data, separated based on two major criteria: accepting/rejecting Placement Test recommendations and consecutive performance.
YaM - a framework for rapid software development

YaM is a software development framework with tools for facilitating the rapid development of software in a concurrent software development environment. YaM provides solutions for thorny development challenges associated with software reuse, managing multiple software configurations, developing of software product-lines, and multiple platform development and build management. YaM uses release-early, release-often development cycles to allow developers to incrementally integrate their changes into the system on a continual basis. YaM facilitates the creation and merging of branches to support the isolated development of immature software to avoid impacting the stability of the development effort YaM uses modules and packages to organize and share software across multiple software products. It uses the concepts of link and work modules to reduce sandbox setup times even when the code-base is large. One side-benefit is the enforcement of a strong module-level encapsulation of a module's functionality and interface. This increases design transparency, system stability as well as software reuse. YaM is in use by several mid-size software development teams including several developing mission-critical software.
Point Mutations Alter the Cellular Distribution of the Human Folate Receptor in Cultured Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Diminished cellular need for folate results in decreased function of the human folate receptor (FR) but increased expression of this protein in cells grown at different rates. Much of this FR is intracellular and not available for vitamin transport, raising the following question: what is the function of this excess receptor? In this study, we characterized the effects of three point mutations on FR regulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected to express either wild-type receptor or FR containing mutations at positions 67 S→P ,144 E→D , and/or 201 N→D . The 201 N→D FR responded functionally like the wild-type receptor but was localized predominantly at the cell surface (>90% vs. <40% for wild-type). This mutation disrupted a N-linked glycosylation site and generated a partially deglycosylated receptor. The 67 S→P mutation also shifted the cellular distribution such that more FR was surface accessible (∼80%) but did not affect glycosylation. Because previous results showed that these mutations influence the conformation of FR, our findings suggest that structural changes in the receptor facilitate its trafficking to the cell surface. FR containing the 67 S→P mutation with either a 144 E→D or 201 N→D change was not processed from the high-mannose to complex glycoform but was still transported to the cell surface and able to transport folates. Thus, conformational changes introduced by specific point mutations can influence FR processing and/or trafficking to the cell surface. Furthermore, the fact that mutated FR can be trafficked to the cell surface more efficiently suggests that the native receptor may be retained intracellularly to perform some function there.
Expanding Research on a Brief Exposure-Based Group Treatment with Incarcerated Women

Incarcerated women experience high rates of sexual victimization and mental illness. The current study evaluated outcomes from an eight-session exposure-based group treatment with incarcerated women who had experienced sexual victimization. A total of 52 women participated in nine separate groups over a 2-year period. Participants reported statistically significant reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms from pretreatment to posttreatment (large effect sizes; all η2 > .20). Among participants with pretreatment and posttreatment data (n = 36), approximately 70% showed clinical significant reductions and/or were considered recovered (e.g., no longer above the clinical cutoff) on at least one of the three diagnostic measures.
Raman assessment of bone quality.

Background Progress in the diagnosis and prediction of fragility fractures depends on improvements to the understating of the compositional contributors of bone quality to mechanical competence. Raman spectroscopy has been used to evaluate alterations to bone composition associated with aging, disease, or injury.
Tonotopic organization of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat

Abstract A quantitatively accuiate map of the tonotopic organization of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) was derived from single unit recordings. Histologically localized single unit recordings from many animals were mapped onto a computerized atlas of the cochlear nucleus, and surfaces of constant characteristic frequency (CF) estimated with the aid of computer graphics. In anterior AVCN the surfaces of constant CF were found to be parallel planes, whereas in posterior AVCN they progressively deviated from this simple description. A further complication was noted in the most posterior portion of the AVCN where units with very different CF were found in close proximity. Comparison of the tonotopic map with descriptions of cellular organization shows conclusively that different CF ranges are dominant in the various cytoarchitectonic regions of the AVCN.
Weak Effect on Tc with Increased Interchain Distances. Structure and Magnetic Properties of (meso-Tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphinato)manganese(III) Tetracyanoethenide, [MnIIITP‘P]+[TCNE]•- †

(meso-Tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphinato)manganese(III) tetracyanoethenide, [MnTP‘P][TCNE], has been structurally and magnetically characterized. [MnTP‘P][TCNE] (C96H108MnN8O4) belongs to the triclinic P1 (No. 2) space group with a = 8.597(2) A, b = 14.756(4) A, c = 17.573(5) A, α = 101.16 (2)°, β = 100.56(2)°, γ = 96.37(2)°, and Z = 1. Due to the oxidative instability of the phenoxy groups, [MnIIITP‘P][TCNE] was prepared from the reaction of [MnIIITP‘P]OAc with the strong acid H2TCNE (pKa = 3.6) in the presence of TCNE to form acetic acid and the product. [MnTP‘P][TCNE] is a coordination polymer with the Mn(III) sites bridged by trans-μ2-bound [TCNE]•- with relatively short (8.587 A) intrachain and long (≥14.756 A) interchain Mn···Mn separations. The magnetic data above 210 K obey the Curie−Weiss expression with an effective ϑ value of 90.0 K, the largest yet reported for a soluble molecule-based magnet. In addition to a 15 K Tc hysteretic behavior with a coercive field of 100 Oe is o...
Divergent β-Arrestin-dependent Signaling Events Are Dependent upon Sequences within G-protein-coupled Receptor C Termini

β-Arrestins are multifunctional adaptor proteins that, upon recruitment to an activated G-protein-coupled receptor, can promote desensitization of G-protein signaling and receptor internalization while simultaneously eliciting an independent signal. The result of β-arrestin signaling depends upon the activating receptor. For example, activation of two Gαq-coupled receptors, protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), results in drastically different signaling events. PAR2 promotes β-arrestin-dependent membrane-sequestered extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation, cofilin activation, and cell migration, whereas NK1R promotes nuclear ERK1/2 activation and proliferation. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer to monitor receptor/β-arrestin interactions in real time, we observe that PAR2 has a higher apparent affinity for both β-arrestins than does NK1R, recruits them at a faster rate, and exhibits more rapid desensitization of the G-protein signal. Furthermore, recruitment of β-arrestins to PAR2 does not require prior Gαq signaling events, whereas inhibition of Gαq signaling intermediates inhibits recruitment of β-arrestins to NK1R. Using chimeric receptors in which the C terminus of PAR2 is fused to the N terminus of NK1R and vice versa and a critical Ser/Thr mutant of PAR2, we demonstrate that interactions between β-arrestins and specific phosphoresidues in the C termini of each receptor are crucial for determining the rate and magnitude of β-arrestin recruitment as well as the ultimate signaling outcome. Background: Many GPCRs that utilize β-arrestins differ with respect to downstream signaling and cellular consequences. Results: Exchanging the C termini of two GPCRs switches the β-arrestin responses and relative affinities for the two receptors. Conclusion: Sequences within the C termini of different GPCRs are important for determining the nature of β-arrestin recruitment and signaling. Significance: These studies provide new insight regarding receptor-specific β-arrestin signals.
What would NASA do? Mission-critical infrastructure for species exploration

Three House of Lords reports and many essays and articles have lamented the loss of prestige and support for taxonomy in the UK, Europe and the United States, but little has been done to stop the haemorrhaging of expertise, continued neglect of natural history collections, and erosion of fundamental descriptive taxonomic scholarship. We have tolerated ignorance of earth's species so long that science policy makers seem to have forgotten that this need not be so. Advances in theory, technology, and practices have positioned taxonomy for a renaissance in species exploration. What is needed is to look at the role and significance of taxonomy through fresh eyes and see its true potential without the assumptions and biases of the past. The ‘big questions’ of taxonomy have changed little in more than two centuries, but our ability to answer them has dramatically improved. Looking at taxonomy, as if it were a NASA mission to some other habitable planet, points to both the importance of taxonomy and the folly of ...
Global Sales Manager Leadership Styles: The Influence of National Culture

Applying the most effective leadership style (participative, supportive, directive, or achievement-oriented) in specific cultural environments can provide global sales managers with powerful tools for managing their diverse salespeople on a world-wide basis. This conceptualization seeks to advance our current understanding of sales manager leadership by developing hypotheses for future testing to suggest the appropriate leadership style to use in different cultural settings.
Ethical aspects of the right to refuse medication: A clinicolegal dilemma for the psychiatrist and patient

Current controversy over the right of psychiatric inpatients to refuse medication has scanted the ethical aspects of this thorny problem. The authors utilize a model case example to explore the issues for psychiatrist and patient and make recommendations for legislative changes in this area.
NEAR-U.V. PHOTOLYSIS OF PYRIMIDINE HETEROADDUCTS IN E. COLI DNA*

— The cytosine-thymine precursor of the U–T adduct is not subject to enzymatic photoreactivation, but can be eliminated directly from u.v.-irradiated E. coli DNA by exposure to wavelengths around 313 nm.
Infrared conductivity of a dx2-y2-wave superconductor with impurity and spin-fluctuation scattering.

Calculations are presented of the in-plane far-infrared conductivity of a ${\mathit{d}}_{{\mathit{x}}^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathit{y}}^{2}}$-wave superconductor, incorporating elastic scattering due to impurities and inelastic scattering due to spin fluctuations. The impurity scattering is modeled by short-range potential scattering with arbitrary phase shift, while scattering due to spin fluctuations is calculated within a weak-coupling Hubbard model picture. The conductivity is characterized by a low-temperature residual Drude feature whose height and weight are controlled by impurity scattering, as well as a broad peak centered at 4${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}$ arising from clean-limit inelastic processes. Results are in qualitative agreement with experiment despite missing spectral weight at high energies. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
β-carotene from the abscisic acid producing strain of Cercospora rosicola

β-carotene was isolated from an extract of Cercospora rosicola mycelia and identified on the basis of chromatographic properties and UV-visible spectroscopic evidence. The accumulation of β-carotene was inhibited 71 and 52% by 10 μM amounts of decylimidazole and fluridone, resepectively. Abscisic acid accumulation was inhibited 63% by decylimidazole and enhanced about 10% by fluridone. Several other inhibitors of carotenoid synthesis failed to inhibit ABA biosynthesis.
A successive decomposition method for the solution of linear time-varying systems

A successive decomposition method for solving linear time-varying systems is presented. With good insight on solvable classes, this method may become one of the most general approaches for solving larger classes of linear time-varying systems. An example is given to show wide varieties of decomposition one can use to obtain the solution.
A study of heavy metals in limpets Patella sp. collected along a section of the southeastern turkish mediterranean coast

Abstract Limpets collected at three locations along the Turkish Mediterranean coast were analyzed for zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, iron, arsenic and strontium. Average metal concentrations in samples taken from busy harbor areas and near sewage outfalls differed little from those collected in primarily agricultural areas. Generally, an inverse relationship of metal concentration with size is seen. The average levels found in these samples are of the same order of magnitude as those in limpets from other regions of the world and thus should serve as a good indication of current background levels in this region.
Turbulent flame speeds of hydrocarbon fuel droplets in air

Abstract An experimental study is conducted on the influence of equivalence ratio and mean drop size on the flame speeds of kerosene, decalin, and toluene fuel-air mixtures. Equivalence ratios are varied from 0.37 to 1.84 and mean drop size from 20 to 110 μm. Air is supplied at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature to a 10-cm-square working section, fitted with quartz windows that provide optical access to the flame. The flame is ignited and stabilized using a small-diameter tube carrying a premixed supply of propane and oxygen. Thirty-six evenly spaced plain-jet atomizers are provided to ensure a uniform fuel distribution in the mixture entering the flame zone. Schlieren pictures provide the basic data for the measurement of flame speed. Flame speed is calculated by multiplying the mainstream air velocity by the sine of half the corresponding flame angle. For equivalence ratios less than 1.1 it is found that flame speeds increase with reduction in mean drop size but are fairly insensitive to variations in equivalence ratio. For mixtures appreciably richer than stoichiometric, an increase in mean drop size can lead to an increase in flame speed. An explanation for this apparent anomaly is given in the article.
Vibronic coupling and its effect on dipole moments in aromatic aldehyde triplet states

Abstract A vibronic coupling model involving aldehyde-torsion (v36), or hydrogen-wag (v26) coupling modes and carbonyl-stretch (v7), or in-plane wag (v25) Franck—Condon modes is applied to the interaction between aromatic aldehyde 3nπ* and 3ππ* states. Exact solutions predict (1) v36 induces strong breakdown of the Born—Oppenheimer approximation for
Pedaling in pairs toward a ‘dialogical performance’: Partnerships and the sensory body within a tandem cycling group

Focusing on social dialogue and the sensory body within a tandem cycling group pairing blind and sighted riders, this article addresses the creation of a ‘dialogical performance’ (Conquergood, 1985...
Acid Dissociation and Metal Complex Formation Constants of Penicillamine, Cysteine, and Antiarthritic Gold Complexes at Simulated Biological Conditions

Ionization constants for acid functions of D-penicillamine, L-cysteine, thiomalic acid, and thioglucose were measured by pH titration at 37 degrees and 0.15 M ionic strength. Chelate formation constants for these ligands with calcium(II), iron(III), and gold(I) were then determined under the same conditions chosen to approximate the in vivo situation. Only iron(III) formed both 1:1 and 1:2 chelates with D-penicillamine, L-cysteine, and thiomalate; calcium formed weak and gold strong 1:1 complexes with all ligands studied. Because of precipitate formation, the stability constants for the systems thioglucose-iron(III), D-penicillamine-gold(I), and L-cysteine-gold(I) had to be determined indirectly with thiomalic acid as the competing ligand. The in vivo fate of antiarthritic gold(I) compounds remained uncertain, but gold(I) chelates probably persist as such for extended periods.
Hydrolysis of Organonitrate Functional Groups in Aerosol Particles

Organonitrate (ON) groups are thought to be important substituents in secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Model simulations and laboratory studies indicate a large fraction of ON groups in aerosol particles, but much lower quantities are observed in the atmosphere. Hydrolysis of ON groups in aerosol particles has been proposed recently to account for this discrepancy. To test this hypothesis, we simulated formation of ON molecules in a reaction chamber under a wide range of relative humidity (RH) (0 to 90%). The mass fraction of ON groups (5 to 20% for high-NOx experiments) consistently decreased with increasing RH, which was best explained by hydrolysis of ON groups at a rate of 4 day−1 (lifetime of 6 h) for reactions under RH greater than 20%. In addition, we found that secondary nitrogen-containing molecules absorb light, with greater absorption under dry and high-NOx conditions. This work provides the first evidence for particle-phase hydrolysis of ON groups, a process that could substantially reduce O...
Ramon Menendez Pidal as Etymologist

SUMMARYLike most Romance scholars of his generation, Ramon Menendez Pidal was an accomplished etymologist. In most instances, his etymological verdicts enter into broader historico-grammatical, dialectological, and narrowly philological investigations, from which they can be laboriously distilled. Nevertheless, one also discovers exercises, of varying length, in 'pure etymology'. The most important, among these, are (a) a string of etymological notes which appeared as a single article in a French journal, in 1900; (b) the book-length glossary included in his monumental edition of the Cantar de Mio Cid (1908-11); (c) the extended review article (1920) devoted to the original edition of W. Meyer-Lubke's Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch; and (d) a major section of the Origenes del espanol — the book that marks the author's summit in matters of linguistic analysis and betrays a thoroughly personal style. The material subjected to assessment shows the major progress achieved by the author in a quarter-century of continued growth.RESUMEComme la plupart des romanistes de sa generation, Ramon Menendez Pidal fut un etymologiste accompli. Dans la plupart des cas, ses solutions ety-mologiques s'integrent dans des recherches plus vastes, d'ordre historico-grammatical, dialectologique et directement philologique, d'ou il est difficile de les extraire separement. Cependant, on decouvre aussi, de longueur tres diverse, des 'exercices de pure etymologie'. Les plus importantes en sont a) une serie de notes etymologiques, parue en article dans une revue franchise en 1900; b) le glossaire, aussi long qu'un ouvrage, que contient son edition monu-mentale du Cantar de Mio Cid (1908-1911); c) 1'ample article — compte rendu consacre a la premiere edition du Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch de W. Meyer-Liibke; et d) une partie importante des Origenes del espanol, ouvrage qui constitue le sommet de l'oeuvre du chercheur en matiere d'ana-lyse linguistique et revele un style tout a fait personnel. Les materiaux evalues montrent le proces capital accompli par l'auteur en un quart de siecle de crois-sance ininterrompue.
Victorian West : Class and Culture in Kansas Cattle Towns

Picture a Kansas cattletown. What do you see? Most people see a "Gunsmoke" version of Dodge City a dusty frontier town full of thirsty cowboys, gunslingers, outlaws, and ladies of the evening. But the "Gunsmoke" version tells only half the story, according to historian C. Robert Haywood. Two cultures existed simultaneously in Kansas cattle towns, Haywood writes. Alongside the Wild West culture of the cattle trailing industry there existed a highly developed Victorian society, complete with civic activists, churches, boosterism, small-town politics, and Victorian architecture to rival that of the east coast. In "Victorian West" Haywood examines education, recreation, social stratification, philanthropy and common community goals in three Kansas cowtowns Dodge City, Wichita, and Caldwell. He finds that the Victorian attitudes of the post-Civil War era prevailed in Kansas as well as the rest of the nation. Since the Wild West aspect of cattletown life has been so heavily stressed in both academic and popular arenas, the development of Kansas towns as progressive, even elegant Victorian cities, has been overlooked. But, according to Haywood, life in Kansas cattletowns was clearly tied to dominant Victorian themes: society was stratified, Victorian fads were emulated, "fancies" were coveted, and Victorian manners and morals were part of the process of refinement. In "Victorian West" Haywood relates Victorian themes like optimism, anxiety, anti-intellectualism, and the commercial spirit to the Kansas community experience. He also provides a synthesis of cultural information that places the cowtowns of Kansas in a broader cultural context."
Avian detection & tracking algorithm using infrared imaging

This paper presents a method for target detection and tracking of IR images in the application of avian surveillance. As there are many reports of avian mortality due to collision with turbine blades, the detection and tracking of birds at turbine sites is an important issue. In this work, three different background subtraction techniques are first applied to detect moving objects. Otsu thresholding method is then extended by incorporating an adaptive variable based on the mean of each frame and certain constant value. Filtering using morphological operations is applied. Results of three different techniques are then compared. Selected technique (RA) followed by thresholding and filtering is then used for tracking and information extraction. Results show that proposed method provides the needed accuracy for IR imagery. This method can be effectively used in different applications of IR imaging.
Analysis and design of model following control systems by state space techniques

Analysis and design of model follower control system by state space techniques, giving testing procedure
Elastic scattering, fluorescent scattering, and differential absorption airborne lidar observations of atmospheric tracers

Clear-air atmospheric motions can be visualized for evaluating atmospheric transport and diffusion parameters using tracer techniques in which a specific gas or particulate material is released into the atmosphere and the distribution of the tracers is evaluated by photographic or in situ sampling. However, photographic methods apply only to relatively dense tracer concentrations, and three-dimensional structure is difficult to evaluate. In situ sampling normally does not provide required spatial resolution over both horizontal and vertical directions; in addition, the platform supporting the in situ sensor may modify tracer concentration distributions. Lidar provides a method of mapping the three-dimensional distribution of tracer material released into the atmosphere with high spatial resolution from remote distances. A lidar operated from an airborne platform in a downward viewing direction can map tracer concentration distributions over long downwind distances and can also profile the earth's surface elevation so that atmospheric behavior in complex terrain can be effectively analyzed. This paper presents examples of airborne lidar used to observe the atmospheric distribution of tracer material by means of elastic scattering from smoke plumes generated within the near-surface mixed layer, fluorescent scattering from dye particles released above the mixed layer by means of a cropduster aircraft, and differential absorption lidar measurements of SF 6 tracer gas released at the surface level.
Productive Tensions and the Regulatory Work of Genres in the Development of an Engineering Communication Workshop in a Transnational Corporation

Although academy-industry partnerships have been a subject of interest in professional communication for many years, they have barely been considered in terms of globally networked learning environments (GNLEs). This empirical case study of an academy—industry partnership, in which the authors participated, examines the opportunities and challenges in applying GNLE practices to the design of a corporate engineering communication workshop. Using genre-ecology modeling as the analytical framework, the study demonstrates how the pedagogical processes considered for inclusion in such a workshop may be embedded in a network of institutional genres, some of which are associated with strong regulating controls. The findings from this study have implications for those who are interested in applying GNLE practices in workplace contexts and for those interested in using a principled framework for representing the work of such partnership activities.
Research in Shape Meter Roll Deflection Compensation Model

In flatness measurement system, the flatness measuring signal can be affected by the flatness roll deflection. The flatness roll stress was analyzed and the flatness roll deflection model was obtained by using the influence function method in this paper. The model has been developed based on the deformation of flatness roll in rolling and compensating curve has been obtained. The results indicated that the setting curve of flatness is preferably accordant with the curve of online measuring flatness, and good strip flatness can be obtained.
Big and bigger data in endovascular stroke therapy

More than 30 years after initial reports demonstrated the feasibility of intra-arterial or endovascular therapies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, big data have finally established requisite evidence for the safety and efficacy of thrombectomy. Cautious enthusiasm for this breakthrough is tempered, as we await the bigger data of these trials to understand the constellation of variables that ensured success. Noninvasive imaging, including multimodal computed tomography and MRI as used in recent endovascular trials, has dramatically advanced since that time, providing snapshots or profiles of the collaterome in a given patient. Data-driven analyses will provide the most potent argument to distinguish comprehensive stroke centers from interventional-ready sites. These trials may provide insight on the future role of telestroke, for intravenous thrombolysis and remote imaging review of multimodal computed tomography or MRI to streamline patient transfer for endovascular therapy. Rather than concluding that recent trials have answered the most important question regarding endovascular therapy, even more data are needed to effectively translate such success and extend such potential benefit to the greatest number of stroke patients encountered on a daily basis.
Inbreeding–environment interactions increase extinction risk

Being able to accurately estimate the persistence time of populations of endangered plants and animals is central to conservation biology and is of considerable importance in informing land-use decisions. Genetic deterioration (due to inbreeding and random genetic drift) and environmental deterioration (e.g. climate change, pollution and introduced species) clearly contribute to population extinction, however, considerable recent evidence suggests that interactions between genetic deterioration and environmental stress are ubiquitous. The importance of these interactions for potentially reducing persistence times has not been quantified and has not been taken into account by major conservation organizations. Using a computer simulation, we determined that including reasonable estimates of the inbreeding–environment interaction reduces persistence times by 17.5–28.5% (mean=23%) for a wide range of carrying capacities, assumptions concerning the number of lethal equivalents and different regimes for the frequency and magnitude of the stressful environment. We note that the proportional decrease in persistence time with inclusion of the interactions becomes larger (i.e. the interaction becomes more important) as absolute time to extinction gets larger. Thus, inclusion of the interaction is important and surprisingly may be most needed when populations are of intermediate size and are considered relatively safe from environmental and genetic stresses acting independently.
Quinolinic acid lesions of rat striatum abolish D1- and D2-dopamine receptor-mediated catalepsy.

The selective D1-dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 and the more D2-selective antagonist haloperidol produced marked catalepsy in rats. The novel excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA) selectively destroys striatal neurons when injected directly into the striatum. Bilateral QA lesions of the rat striatum (150 nmol and 225 nmol per side) abolished the cataleptic response to both SCH23390 and haloperidol. These data indicate that the D1- and/or D2-dopamine receptors which mediate the cateleptic response are restricted to QA-sensitive neurons in the rat striatum.
Strategic Imperatives of Japan's SNTV Electoral System and the Cooperative Innovations of the Former Opposition Parties

Single nontransferable vote (SNTV) electoral systems create severe collective-action problems for political parties. If multimember districts are used, large political parties must run the optimal number of candidates in each district and divide the vote equally between those candidates. Failure to do so will cost a party seats. In Japan, the former parties of the non-Communist opposition cooperated in all national elections from 1971 to 1990. In their efforts to cooperate, these parties as a group faced collective-action problems. To compensate for these problems, these parties modified their methods of cooperation. The widespread nature of these innovations in cooperation rebuts the common assertions that the Japanese opposition acted irrationally or incompetently.
Career plans of men and women in gender-dominant professions

Abstract This research investigated sex differences in the career plans of 557 men and women completing graduate training in the male-dominated professions of business, law, and medicine and the female-dominated professions of education, nursing, and social work. Content analysis was performed to determine the continuity, specificity, ambition, and accomodation of family responsibilities reflected in plans for 2-, 5-, 10- and 20-year points. Chi square analyses showed clear patterns of sex differences in the feminine professions. Except for child care, the plans of women in male-dominated groups were not significantly different from those of male colleagues. The findings are discussed from the perspective of role theory.
Revised Values of O I Terms, Nebular and Coronal Lines of Oxygen

The chief triplet of oxygen $\ensuremath{\lambda}1302$ has been measured in the third order of a vacuum grating spectrum having a dispersion of 1.7A per mm.On the basis of these measurements, the ground triplet term of oxygen $2{s}^{2}2{p}^{4}^{3}P_{2}$, $^{3}P_{1}$, $^{3}P_{0}$ has the revised values 109837.1, 109679.17, 109610.52 giving the ionization potential of oxygen as 13.550 volts.Nebulium lines have been produced in the laboratory for the first time. The two lines $\ensuremath{\lambda}6300$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}6364$ have been remeasured, and their values, together with the new values of the $^{3}P_{012}$ term, are used to give more accurate values of the metastable levels of oxygen.The coronal line $\ensuremath{\lambda}6374.2$ is pointed out as being identical within limits of experimental error with the oxygen line $\ensuremath{\lambda}6374.29$. This would indicate the presence of oxygen in the solar corona.
A pharmacodynamic assessment of the impact of antihypertensive non‐adherence on blood pressure control

Objectives To evaluate if antihypertensive regimens that conform to present FDA guidelines by maintaining ≥ 50% of their peak effect at the end of the dosing interval protect patients during sporadic lapses in adherence. Methods 169 patients on monotherapy for high blood pressure underwent electronic adherence monitoring for 3 months. Blood pressures were measured during non-study office visits and were retrieved from automated medical records. Questionnaires were used to obtain other covariate information. The ratio of the dosing interval to the half-life of drug activity (I′) was used to capture conformity with FDA guidelines. Data analysis focused on the interaction between I′ and the impact on blood pressure of delayed dosing. Results The average ( ± standard deviation) blood pressure during the study was 139.0 ( ± 12.0)/85.0 ( ± 6.9) mm Hg. Lisinopril followed by sustained-release verapamil, atenolol, and hydrochlorothiazide were the most frequently prescribed agents. The majority of regimens (99%) conformed to FDA dosing guidelines. Of the patients 23% missed a dose before their blood pressure check. Non-adherence, however, did not have a direct impact on blood pressure, and no interaction with I′ of was detected. Conclusions Among patients with relatively mild hypertension on single-drug therapy, regimens that conform to current FDA dosing guidelines may prevent losses of blood pressure control during episodic lapses of adherence. These findings should be replicated in other patient populations with standardized blood pressure measurement to confirm their validity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knee Laxity Associated With a Proximal Diaphyseal Tibial and Fibular Fracture

If operative treatment of a proximal diaphyseal tibial and fibular fracture is required, in most cases, it involves reduction and stabilization of only the tibial fracture. In this case report, after stabilization of the tibial fracture with an intramedullary nail, the patient continued to demonstrate significant varus knee laxity, despite an intact proximal tibiofibular joint and undisplaced fibular head. The stability of the knee was achieved only with internal fixation of the segmental fibular fracture. This case shows the importance of assessing knee laxity in all cases of proximal tibial and fibular fractures.
MAMMALIAN CHROMOSOME CYTOLOGY

Developments in mammalian cytology are presented. Human and mouse cytogenetics and the chromosome cytology and evolution of primates are reviewed.
Continuing Medical Education: A Statement of Principles

The following communication reflects the educational goals of the American College of Chest Physicians. The members of the Council on Postgraduate Medical Education commend Mr. Claxton for his skillful services as Staff Coordinator for Education (ACCP). Our program encompasses determination of needs of the medical community and the educational implementation of the aims using accepted teaching techniques, or, whenever necessary, innovations in communication.
Structural Reliability Analysis of Railroad Tank Cars Subjected to Fatigue and Corrosion

Reliability analysis of tank car structures undergoing fatigue crack growth and general corrosion (tank wall thinning) is illustrated to support informed decision-making and planning for reliability-centered maintenance. Two specific mechanisms that contribute to tank car deterioration are considered: (1) corrosion with negligible fatigue crack growth; and (2) corrosion-accelerated fatigue crack growth. Reliability analysis of corrosion-accelerated fatigue crack growth is performed with a time-dependent tank wall thickness reduction and a fatigue crack growth model that incorporates a three-degrees-of-freedom surface crack obeying Walker crack growth law under tank car spectrum loading. System reliability problems involving multiple corrosion sites are considered to illustrate important features of failure probability for a series system in relation to failure probability of individual corrosion sites.
Long-term outcomes in severe lower urinary tract symptoms in men undergoing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Objective To address a major concern driving treatment intervention, we studied incontinence and urinary quality of life (QOL) before and after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). In men with severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), this is the first observational study analyzing short- and long-term urinary outcomes of RARP. Materials and Methods RARP was performed on 665 patients by 1 surgeon from 2002 to 2007. Men returned preoperative and postoperative self-reported American Urological Association symptom score (AUAss), urinary QOL, and continence (pad usage) questionnaires. Men with preoperative severe LUTS (AUAss ≥20; n = 53; 8%) were observed longitudinally for a mean of 4.0 years (range, 1.6-9.4 years) and were compared with men with mild-to-moderate LUTS (AUAss ≤19; n = 612; 92%). Results In men with severe LUTS, baseline average AUAss and QOL scores were 24.8 and 4.0, respectively. Long-term AUAss improved by 70% (17 points; P P P Conclusion In men with severe LUTS, RARP significantly improved urinary symptoms and QOL scores with an overall pad-free status of 71%. Specifically, these men should be counseled that RARP confers a significant short- and long-term benefit with regard to relief of their obstructive and irritative symptoms.
Differential susceptibility of lepidopterous pupae to infection by the nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae

Prepupae of Galleria mellonella, Spodoptera exigua, and Pseudaletia unipuncta were highly susceptible to infection by the nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae and its associated bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophilus. On the other hand, pupae of the three species were significantly different in their susceptibility to the nematode. G. mellonella pupae were highly susceptible (100% mortality), S. exigua pupae were moderately susceptible (ca. 75% mortality), and P. unipuncta pupae were least susceptible (ca. 54% mortality). In the latter two species, many pupae died without any nematode development, but the typical signs associated with a nematode infection were evident. Age of the pupae and increasing the dosage of the nematode did not significantly affect mortality of S. exigua or P. unipuncta.
The Influence of Parental Toy Choice on Child Toy Preference and Sex‐Role Typing

Toys are associated with a child's expression, fantasy, interest, exploration, construction, education, cognitive development and sex-role learning. The present research was concerned with the influence of parental toy choice on child toy preference and sex-role typing among nursery school children. The results indicated that child toy preference was found to be significantly related to parental toy preference. Moreover, the parental toy preference was found to be associated with sex-role typing.
Ferrocene and ferrocenium modified clays and their styrene and EVA composites

In this work, ferrocene- and ferrocenium-containing salts were employed to modify montmorillonite. X-ray measurements show an increase in the interlayer spacing upon clay modification, which means that the larger and more organophilic cations were inserted into the gallery space of montmorillonite. Attempts to prepare nanocomposites of polystyrene and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers lead to immiscible systems; the morphology of these systems was elucidated with TEM, XRD and cone calorimetry. The thermal stability of the composites is greater than that of the virgin polymer.
Threonine phosphorylation of integrin β3 in calyculin A-treated platelets is selectively sensitive to 5′-iodotubercidin

Abstract Exposure of platelets to toxins (calyculin A or okadaic acid) that inhibit protein serine/threonine phosphatases types 1 and 2A, at concentrations that block aggregatory and secretory responses, results in the phosphorylation of several platelet proteins including integrin β3. Since protein phosphorylation represents a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities, this increase in phosphorylation reflects either the removal of phosphatases that oppose constitutively active kinases known to reside in the platelet (e.g., casein kinase 2) or the activation of endogenous kinases. In this study, we demonstrate that the addition of calyculin A promotes the activation of several endogenous platelet protein kinases, including p42/44mapk, p38mapk, Akt/PKB, and LKB1. Using a pharmacologic approach, we assessed whether inhibition of these and other enzymes block phosphorylation of β3. Inhibitors of p38mapk, casein kinase, AMP kinase, protein kinase C, and calcium–calmodulin-dependent kinases did not block phosphorylation of β3 on thr753. In contrast, 5′-iodotubercidin, at 50 μM, blocks β3 phosphorylation without affecting the efficacy of calyculin A to inhibit platelet aggregation and spreading. These data dissociate threonine phosphorylation of β3 molecules and inhibition of platelet responses by protein phosphatase inhibitors.
Incorporation of α-tocopherol and linoleic acid in fresh lambs by feeding chemically treated dietary supplements containing DL-α-tocopheryl acetate and sunflower oil

The effects of feeding chemically treated dietary supplements (CTDS) containing sunflower oil and dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (TA) on α-tocopherol content and fatty acid profile in edible tissues of lambs were estimated. Compared with lambs fed control diet (CD), lambs fed CD plus 250 IU of either TA or CTDS increased serum α-tocopherol. The CTDS-fed lambs further increased serum α-tocopherol by 29% over those fed CD plus 250 IU of TA. Lambs supplemented with TA or CTDS increased α-tocopherol in muscle and adipose tissues as compared with lambs fed CD. The CTDS-fed lambs had higher levels of α-tocopherol in gluteus medius (7.55 vs 6.05 μg/g), psoas major (7.43 vs 6.02 μg/g), and subcutaneous fat (12.6 vs 9.98 μg/g) compared with the TA-fed lambs. Feeding lambs CTDS also substantially increased levels of linoleic acid in the adipose tissues while decreasing the content of palmitic and oleic acids. Keywords: α-Tocopherol; α-tocopheryl acetate; lambs; linoleic acid
Effects of near-fault ground motions and equivalent pulses on multi-story structures

Abstract The focus of this paper is the structural response of multi-story structures to near-fault ground motions, and whether structural response is dominated by the ground motion pulses present in forward-directivity ground motions. Also considered is whether simplified pulses are capable of representing the effects of these pulses on structural response. Incremental Dynamic Analysis was employed to assess the effects of forward-directivity pulses on the response of near-fault multi-story structures. Three different generic multi-story shear buildings were subjected to fifty four near-fault ground motions including ordinary and forward-directivity records. The Maximum Story Displacement Ductility Demand was selected as the Engineering Demand Parameter. Results showed that pulse-like forward-directivity ground motions impose a larger ductility demand to the structure compared to ordinary ground motions. Moreover, the response of the structures to forward-directivity motions shows higher scatter than the response to ordinary ground motions when correlated with simple intensity measures such as PGA or spectral acceleration at the first mode period. The only intensity measure that appears to be valid for both ordinary and forward-directivity ground motions is the peak ground velocity. The structural response to the forward directivity ground motions was reproduced using an equivalent pulse model based on the modified Gabor Wavelet pulse. It is shown that when the ratio of pulse period to the fundamental structural period falls in a range of 0.5–2.5, the equivalent pulse model appropriately represents the structural response to forward-directivity ground motions. The simplified pulse parameters can be predicted using existing relationships and can be incorporated into probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to develop a seismic reliability analysis. Finally, the effects of damping ratio and P - Δ were investigated for forward-directivity ground motions. The effect of variations in the damping ratio on the ductility demand was insignificant while P - Δ -effects on the ductility demand are significant.