cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditioned flavor preferences as a function of deprivation level: Preferences or aversions?

Rats tend to prefer flavors previously consumed under low deprivation to flavors previously consumed under high deprivation (Capaldi & Myers, 1982). We attempted to distinguish among possible associative explanations by determining whether this conditioning phenomenon was based upon conditioned preferences, conditioned aversions, or both. We compared preference for flavors presented exclusively under either high or low deprivation with preference for a neutral flavor. In Experiments 1A and 1B the neutral flavor was one that had been randomly paired with both high and low deprivation, whereas in Experiments 2 and 3 the neutral flavors had not been associated with either high or low deprivation. Our results strongly suggest that this conditioning phenomenon is based upon an actual increase in preference for the flavor consumed under low deprivation rather than on any form of aversion conditioning.
Quasielastic Omega Photoproduction at 50-130 GeV

A study of quasielastic $\ensuremath{\omega}$ photoproduction where the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ was detected in its ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decay mode is reported. The recoil proton's angle was detected with a nonmagnetic spectrometer allowing a full reconstruction of the final state. Differential cross sections for $0.1l|t|l1.2$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ are presented, providing a test of the vector-meson dominance model over an extensive energy and momentum transfer range. The shape of the differential cross section agrees with that seen in both elastic $\ensuremath{\gamma}p$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}p$ scattering as expected from this model.
Elementary propositions on relations between sets

Some elementary propositions dealing with set relations (as introduced in an earlier work by Rashevsky) are presented.
Loss reduction using riblets on a supersonic through-flow fan blade cascade

An experimental and computational study to determine the effects of riblets on the performance of the Supersonic Throughflow Fan (STF) cascade blades was performed. The cascade was tested in the Virginia Tech intermittent wind tunnel facility, where the Mach and Reynolds (based on chord) numbers were 2.36 and 4.8×10 6 , respectively. The riblet sheets were symmetric v-grooved type arid were applied onto the blade surfaces. Three different riblet heights were tested: 0.023, 0.033, and 0.051 mm. Riblet testing was conducted at design incidence as well as at off-design conditions (incidence angles: +5, -10 deg). Loss coefficients were measured and compared with a control test case where an equivalent thickness of smooth material was applied to the blade
On the generality of conditioned bradycardia in rabbits : assessment of CS and US modality

To determine whether the magnitude of heart rate (HR) slowing induced by classical conditioning contingencies is comparable under a broad range of stimulus conditions, experiments were conducted in which rabbits were exposed to tones, increases in illumination, or vibratory stimuli as conditioned stimuli (CSs) and in which paraorbital electric shocks, corneal airpuffs, or intraoral pulses of water served as unconditioned stimuli (USs). The results indicated that conditioned bradycardia was elicited by all three CSs. Moreover, when a corneal airpuff served as the US, small but reliable CS-evoked HR decelerations also occurred. Finally, CS-evoked HR slowing also occurred in response to a tone CS employed in an appetitive task, in which water was the US. These findings suggest that HR slowing is a general phenomenon that occurs when rabbits are exposed to signals that systematically predict aversive or appetitive consequences according to a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm.
Generalized stacking fault energies in the basal plane of triclinic molecular crystal 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)

Molecular dynamics and molecular statics simulations were used to investigate dislocation glide in the basal plane (i.e. the – plane, where , and define the edge vectors of the unit cell) of -triamino--trinitrobenzene (TATB) using generalized stacking fault energy surfaces (-surfaces). Triclinic symmetry and molecular packing arrangement result in two glide plane types for the same glide plane normal. The unstable stacking fault energies () are less than at K and atm, indicating easy dislocation glide. Glide in the and – directions is preferred compared to the direction at atm. A stable stacking fault is predicted in the – direction at atm and 5 GPa. A compound twin with energy is predicted to be stable in the basal plane. Unequal values of about the stable stacking fault in the and – traces indicate an asymmetric barrier to dislocation glide. High pressure ( GPa) results in an increase in the values. The extremely small barriers to twinning and dislocation glide might be sources for observed second-har...
Nocturnal decreases in nitric oxide and cyclic GMP contents in the chick brain and their prevention by light

Abstract The diurnal variations in the contents of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP were studied in the chick brain. NO and cyclic GMP contents in the chick brain were lower at night than during the day and were inversely correlated with high night-time tissue melatonin levels. Furthermore, when animals were kept in light at night, tissue melatonin levels remained at low diurnal values, whereas NO and cyclic GMP contents remained high. Since we have previously shown that physiological concentrations of melatonin inhibit nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in different brain areas, the nocturnal decrease in brain NO and cyclic GMP contents may be, in part, a consequence of the nocturnal inhibitory effect of melatonin on NOS activity. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Starting and supporting a software library

Drew is a private, liberal arts institution located in Madison, New Jersey. Originally founded as a Methodist seminary in the mid-1800's, the College of Liberal Arts was founded in 1929. The College of Liberal Arts, Theological School and Graduate School comprise Drew University today with combined enrollments of about 2200 students.The College of Liberal Arts offers 27 degree programs. There are about 100 full-time faculty members, 1600 students and 300 staff and administration in the College.In 1983, the faculty of the College of Liberal Arts initiated and overwhelmingly voted to support the Computer Initiative. The effort gained national attention, as Drew became the nation's first major liberal arts college to issue computers to incoming freshmen as part of their regular education package. Through this initiative, beginning in fall 1984, every Drew freshman was issued a personal computer for the course of undergraduate studies and to keep upon graduation. At the same time, every faculty member was issued a personal computer, and faculty voluntarily embraced a massive and continuing education program themselves to be able to adapt the computer into the college curriculum.Staff offices also received computers as they were requested and faculty requests for additional computers to take home are considered on an individual basis.When a freshman arrives at Drew, his or her computer and printer is set-up in his room and ready for use. A crew of students supervised by a staff member installs each computer and tests it during the two weeks before classes begin in the fall. This period of time is necessary to work around the physical plant's painting and cleaning schedule and dorm use by summer programs. In addition to the hardware, freshmen have received one or two word processors, along with graphics, spreadsheets and database software.The Computer Initiative budget includes a line for software expense. The general guidelines on this fund is that the first copy of a package will be purchased by the Computer Initiative. If a department or course requires additional copies, we will do the price negotiation and acquisition of the software, but try to get them to fund it or charge the students depending on the use of the package. If the department's budget cannot handle the purchase, the Computer Initiative and/or the Dean of the College will assist in finding funds.
A parametric algorithm for drawing pictures of solid objects composed of quadric surfaces

An algorithm for drawing pictures of three-dimensional objects, with surfaces made up of patches of quadric surfaces, is described. The emphasis of this algorithm is on calculating the intersections of quadric surfaces. A parameterization scheme is used. Each quadric surface intersection curve (QSIC) is represented as a set of coefficients and parameter limits. Each value of the parameter represents at most two points, and these may easily be distinguished. This scheme can find the coordinates of points of even quartic (fourth-order) intersection curves, using equations of no more than second order. Methods of parameterization for each type of QSIC are discussed, as well as surface bounding and hidden surface removal.
Structure of the Radical Pair Intermediate in Photosystem I by High Time Resolution Multifrequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Analysis of Quantum Beat Oscillations

The geometry of the secondary radical pair, , in photosystem I (PSI) from the deuterated and 15N-substituted cyanobacterium Synechococcus lividus has been determined by high time resolution electro...
Evolutionary aspects of whole-genome biology.

A decade of access to whole-genome sequences has been increasingly revealing about the informational network relating all living organisms. Although at one point there was concern that extensive horizontal gene transfer might hopelessly muddle phylogenies, it has not proved a severe hindrance. The melding of sequence and structural information is being used to great advantage, and the prospect exists that some of the earliest aspects of life on Earth can be reconstructed, including the invention of biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Still, some fundamental phylogenetic problems remain, including determining the root — if there is one — of the historical relationship between Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Experimental Characterization of a Unique Carbon Fiber Brush Heat Sink in Two-Phase Heat Transfer

The performance enhancements and footprint decreases of advanced electronic devices result in soaring power densities which may in turn lead to elevated operating temperatures. As elevated device temperatures lead to decreased device reliability and increased thermal stresses, it is necessary to employ aggressive thermal management techniques to maintain an acceptable junction temperature at high power densities. For this reason, interest is growing in a variety of liquid cooling techniques This study analyzes an advanced engineered-material heat sink which provides significant improvements in thermal management strategies for advanced electronics. The heat sink consists of a very large number of small cross-section fins fabricated from carbon pitch fibers. For these carbon pitch fibers, the high thermal conductivity reduces the temperature drop along the length of the fin creating a longer effective fin length than for copper fins. The longer length results in more heat transfer surface area and a more effective heat sink. In liquid cooling, the rough surface of the fin will provide multiple bubble nucleation sites, strongly promoting active two-phase heat transfer over the entire fin surface. This surface enhancement is expected to lead to significant increases in performance over conventional heat sinks. This experimental analysis characterizes the thermal performance of the carbon-fiber heat sink in two-phase closed loop thermosyphon operation using FC72 as the operating fluid. The influence of power load, thermosyphon fill volume and condenser operating temperature on the overall thermal performance is examined. The results of this experiment provide significant insight into the possible implementation and benefits of carbon fiber heat sink technology in two-phase flow leading to significant improvements in thermal management strategies for advanced electronics.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Rendering Translucent Materials

This animation demonstrates a new practical model for rendering translucent materials. Translucent materials, such as marble, milk and skin have a soft and smooth appearance that cannot be simulated with standard lighting models. We illustrate the importance of correctly rendering translucency, and show how this can be used to eliminate the traditional hard computer graphics look.Our model is described in detail in the SIGGRAPH '2001 paper: "A Practical Model for Subsurface Light Transport". Copyright held by creator.
Traditional Motivation Theories and Older Engineers

There is a growing need to retain engineers in the workforce beyond traditional retirement age. However, little research has been conducted in the area of the motivation—and therefore retention and...
Racial Disparities in Survival and Age-Related Outcome in Postsurgery Breast Cancer Patients in a New York City Community Hospital

Breast cancer survival has significantly improved over the past two decades. However, the diagnosis of breast cancer is lower and the mortality rate remains higher, in African American women (AA) compared to Caucasian-American women. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze postoperative events that may affect breast cancer survival. This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from The Brooklyn Hospital Center cancer registry from 1997 to 2010. Of the 1538 patients in the registry, 1226 are AA and 269 are Caucasian. The study was divided into two time periods, 1997–2004 (period A) and 2005–2010 (period B), in order to assess the effect of treatment outcomes on survival. During period A, 5-year survival probabilities of 75.37%, 74.53%, and 78.70% were seen among all patients, AA women and Caucasian women, respectively. These probabilities increased to 87.62%, 87.15% and 89.99% in period B. Improved survival in AA women may be attributed to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation, and hormonal therapy. Improved survival in Caucasian patients was attributed to the use of radiation therapy, as well as earlier detection resulting in more favorable tumor grades and pathological stages.
Durkheim's Contribution to the Sociological Analysis of History

Emile Durkheim has long been viewed as one of the founders of the so-called variables-oriented approach to sociological investigation. This view ignores his considerable achievements using the methodology of “case-based” historical analysis, most prominent among them, his lectures on the history of French education (The Evolution of Educational Thought).In this paper I first outline the intimate relationship that Durkheim envisioned between historical and sociological investigation. I then turn to his work on French education for substantive illustrations of his approach. Finally, I explore certain points of intersection between Durkheim's approach to history and present-day concerns, especially in regard to the role of culture in history and the opposition between prospective and retrospective (“teleological”) strategies of historical analysis.
From sunspots to the Southern Oscillation: confirming models of large-scale phenomena in meteorology

Abstract The epistemic problem of assessing the support that some evidence confers on a hypothesis is considered using an extended example from the history of meteorology. In this case, and presumably in others, the problem is to develop techniques of data analysis that will link the sort of evidence that can be collected to hypotheses of interest. This problem is solved by applying mathematical tools to structure the data and connect them to the competing hypotheses. I conclude that mathematical innovations provide crucial epistemic links between evidence and theories precisely because the evidence and theories are mathematically described.
Electron heating due to resonance absorption of moderate-intensity microwaves

Measurements are presented of electron heating due to the resonance absorption of moderate intensity (v/sub 0//v/sub e/< or approx. =0.3), p-polarized microwaves. The results agree very well with computer-simulation calculations and warm wave-breaking theory. The experimental results are shown to scale to laser parameters.
Lift Superposition and Aerodynamic Twist Optimization for Achieving Desired Lift Distributions

A method for achieving an arbitrary lift distribution with an arbitrary planform is presented. This is accomplished through optimizing aerodynamic twist for a given number of either known airfoils or airfoils to be designed. The spanwise locations of these airfoils are optimized to get as close to the desired lift distribution as possible. Airfoils are linearly interpolated between these points. After aerodynamic twist, the planform is twisted geometrically using radial basis functions to model the twist distribution. The aerodynamic influence of each twist distribution is determined and all are superimposed to determine the function weights of each twist function, yielding the optimal twist to match the given lift. This method has been shown to match both an elliptical and a triangular lift distribution for an arbitrary planform. This method can also be used with any fidelity model, creating a powerful design tool.
Population-related toxicity responses to two butyltin compounds by zoeae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii

We exposed zoeae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii to either bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBT) or di-n-butyltin dichloride (DBT). Experiments were repeated with zoeae from females collected from the Petaluma River, California in June–August 1983 and 1984 or from Sykes Creek, Florida (USA) in February 1985. Using probit analysis, we calculated LC50 values for exposure lasting the duration of zoeal development. Tributyltin was 54 to 65 times more toxic than dibutyltin, the lower value characterizing the response of Florida zoeae. Increases in duration of zoeal development and reduction of dry weights of megalops, both sublethal responses, were dose-dependent for the two populations. However, zoeae from Florida consistently had shorter duration of zoeal development and higher megalopal weights at metamorphosis, indicating less sensitivity to an identical exposure to either organotin compound. The results of these experiments show that dibutyltin, a putative degradation product of tributyltin, is less toxic than the parent compound. In addition, early life-history stages of two populations may have significantly different responses to xenobiotic stress which, in the case of brachyuran larvae, is evident in a differential reduction of survival and growth and an increase in duration of zoeal development.
Strategy for the Internal Audit Engagement

Describes the strategy to be used for internal audit engagements, including: the selection of the audit′s objective; developing the basic plan to achieve the objective; consideration of such aspects as risk and materiality; anticipation of potential technical problems; alternative methods of resolving the problems; integration with other audit projects; optimum timing of the audit elements; and potential interpersonal problems and their resolution.
Monte Carlo modeling of the scatter radiation doses in IR

Purpose: To use Monte Carlo techniques to compute the scatter radiation dose distribution patterns around patients undergoing Interventional Radiological (IR) examinations. Method: MCNP was used to model the scatter radiation air kerma (AK) per unit kerma area product (KAP) distribution around a 24 cm diameter water cylinder irradiated with monoenergetic x-rays. Normalized scatter fractions (SF) were generated defined as the air kerma at a point of interest that has been normalized by the Kerma Area Product incident on the phantom (i.e., AK/KAP). Three regions surrounding the water cylinder were investigated consisting of the area below the water cylinder (i.e., backscatter), above the water cylinder (i.e., forward scatter) and to the sides of the water cylinder (i.e., side scatter). Results: Immediately above and below the water cylinder and in the side scatter region, values of normalized SF decreased with the inverse square of the distance. For z-planes further away, the decrease was exponential. Values of normalized SF around the phantom were generally less than 10-4. Changes in normalized SF with x-ray energy were less than 20% and generally decreased with increasing x-ray energy. At a given distance from region where the x-ray beam enters the phantom, the normalized SF was higher in the backscatter regions, and smaller in the forward scatter regions. The ratio of forward to back scatter normalized SF was lowest at 60 keV and highest at 120 keV. Conclusion: Computed SF values quantify the normalized fractional radiation intensities at the operator location relative to the radiation intensities incident on the patient, where the normalization refers to the beam area that is incident on the patient. SF values can be used to estimate the radiation dose received by personnel within the procedure room, and which depend on the imaging geometry, patient size and location within the room. Monte Carlo techniques have the potential for simulating normalized SF values for any arrangement of imaging geometry, patient size and personnel location and are therefore an important tool for minimizing operator doses in IR.
Knowledge claims in rhetorical criticism

This essay examines the function of argumentation in making and defending critical judgments. When claims cannot be verified empirically, and yet we wish for them to be justified rather than arbitrary or whimsical, argumentation is the method employed. The goal is to convince critical listeners that what are offered as reasons for a claim do count as reasons, making the claim more acceptable. Although the specific focus is on rhetorical criticism, the essay applies to critical claims more generally.
TGF-β and retinoic acid induce the microRNA miR-10a, which targets Bcl-6 and constrains the plasticity of helper T cells.

Polarized CD4+ T cells can demonstrate considerable plasticity depending on the cytokine milieu they encounter. O'Shea and colleagues show that retinoic acid induces the microRNA miR-10a, which suppresses the transcription factor Bcl-6 to prevent conversion into follicular helper T cells.
A Representation Theorem for Uniform Convergence Structures

We use the term "uniform convergence structure" to mean a convergence structure compatible with the generalization of a uniformity introduced by C. H. Cook and H. R. Fischer [ t ] . Let C(S) be the lattice of all convergence structures on a set S and U(S) the set of all completely regular topologies on S. Our representation theorem states that the uniform convergence structures on S are the closure with respect to the order topology on C(S) of U(S). Two additional theorems give characterizations of uniform convergence structures: the first in terms of lattice criteria, the second in terms of convergence criteria.
Features in the propagation of a supersonic fan-shaped jet

We present a scheme for the calculation of a fan-shaped jet formed on collision of supersonic oppositely directed underexpanded jets. A comparison with experiment is offered.
Bromobenzene Flame Retardants in the Great Lakes Atmosphere

Seven bromobenzene flame retardants were measured in vapor-phase samples collected at five sites, all near the shores of the North American Great Lakes during 2008-2009, inclusive. The target compounds were hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzylacrylate (PBBA), pentabromobenzyl bromide (PBBB), tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX), and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB). Detection frequencies were, on average, higher than 50% for all of the compounds, with the exception of PBBA, which was detected only in 22% of all the samples. Considering all the sampling sites together, HBB showed the highest average concentration (4.6 ± 1.0 pg/m(3)), followed by PBBB (3.3 ± 0.5 pg/m(3)) and PBEB (1.0 ± 0.1 pg/m(3)). The concentrations of these compounds were generally significantly correlated with one another, with the exception of PBBA, which was correlated only to PBBB. The atmospheric concentrations of PBT, pTBX, PBBB, and PBBA tracked local human population density, suggesting that these compounds are or were used in a variety of commercial products. Unexpectedly, the concentration of PBEB was highest at the remote site of Eagle Harbor in northern Michigan, whereas that of HBB was highest at Sturgeon Point, ∼25 km southwest of Buffalo, New York. The lack of dependence of these two compounds' concentrations on human population suggests local point sources.
Impact of Environmental Variations on Simulated Squall Lines Interacting with Terrain

AbstractThe complex evolution of convective systems crossing (or attempting to cross) mountainous terrain represents a substantial forecasting challenge. This study examines the processes associated with environments of “crossing” squall lines (which were able to redevelop strong convection in the lee of a mountain barrier) and “noncrossing” squall lines (which were not able to redevelop strong convection downstream of the barrier). In particular, numerical simulations of mature convective systems crossing idealized terrain roughly approximating the Appalachian Mountains were used to test the first-order impact of variations in the vertical wind profile upon system maintenance.By itself, the wind profile showed no ability to uniquely discriminate between simulated crossing and noncrossing squall lines; each test revealed a similar pattern of orographic enhancement, suppression, and lee reinvigoration in which a hydraulic jump deepened the system’s cold pool and renewed the low-level lifting. Increasing th...
Terpenylic Acid and Related Compounds from the Oxidation of α-Pinene: Implications for New Particle Formation and Growth above Forests

Novel secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products from the monoterpene α-pinene with unique dimer-forming properties have been identified as lactone-containing terpenoic acids, i.e., terpenylic and 2-hydroxyterpenylic acid, and diaterpenylic acid acetate. The structural characterizations were based on the synthesis of reference compounds and detailed interpretation of mass spectral data. Terpenylic acid and diaterpenylic acid acetate are early oxidation products generated upon both photooxidation and ozonolysis, while 2-hydroxyterpenylic acid is an abundant SOA tracer in ambient fine aerosol that can be explained by further oxidation of terpenylic acid. Quantum chemical calculations support that noncovalent dimer formation involving double hydrogen bonding interactions between carboxyl groups of the monomers is energetically favorable. The molecular properties allow us to explain initial particle formation in laboratory chamber experiments and are suggested to play a role in new particle formation and growth above forests, a natural phenomenon that has fascinated scientists for more than a century.
Remarks on the development of computability

The purpose of this article is to examine aspects of the development of the concept and theory of computability through the theory of recursive functions. Following a brief introduction, Section 2 is devoted to the presuppositions of computability. It focuses on certain concepts, beliefs and theorems necessary for a general property of computability to be formulated and developed into a mathematical theory. The following two sections concern situations in which the presuppositions were realized and the theory of computability was developed. It is suggested in Section 3 that a central item was the problem of generalizing Godel's incompleteness theorem. It is shown that this involved both the characterization of recursiveness and the attempt to clarify and formulate the notion of an effective process as it relates to the syntax of deductive systems. Section 4 concerns the decision problems which grew from the Hilbert program. Section 5 is devoted to the development of an informal' technique in the theory of...
Aging in Suburbia: An Assessment of Senior Needs

To date, there have been no surveys focusing on older adults living in suburban communities. As the majority of American seniors reside in suburbia, it is important to understand factors that impede successful aging in these settings. This study surveyed 1,151 seniors to examine the needs of seniors living in a large suburban community across two counties in the northeastern United States. Specific areas of query included the following: transportation, health status, social support, self-sufficiency, and economic factors. Findings revealed that seniors over 85, minorities, those reporting poor health, and those who do not drive were at especially high risk of service access problems and social isolation.
New Insights into the Regulation of Cathepsin K Gene Expression by Osteoprotegerin Ligand

Cathepsin K plays a key role in bone resorption. We provide the first evidence that osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), a critical pro-resorptive cytokine, acutely stimulates the expression of cathepsin K in osteoclasts. We used in situ RT-PCR and real time quantitative RT-PCR to analyze cathepsin K gene expression. OPGL enhanced cathepsin K mRNA levels in mature osteoclasts isolated from rat neonatal long bones. OPGL together with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) also stimulated cathepsin K gene expression in monocytic cells and multinucleate osteoclasts in bone marrow cultures. Real time quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated high levels of cathepsin K mRNA in bone marrow cultures, paralleling the degree of osteoclastogenesis. We therefore suggest that OPGL enhances bone resorption, at least in part, by inducing cathepsin K gene expression.
Predicting young women's role preference for parenting and work

Young women's motivations for two sex-role options were predicted with scores describing perceived rewards/costs of parenting. Using a sequence of multiple regression analyses it was found that the reward-cost perceptions of parenting and work were predictors of the two motivational options. Individual rewards/costs of parenting and work items were better predictors than summed items. It was found that a preference for the career choice was produced by not viewing parenting as rewarding. The preference for parenting choice was influenced most by perceiving parenting as rewarding. The perceived cost and rewards of work were not predictors of a career choice. The items found to be the best predictors for either the parenting or career choice all dealt with perceptions of parenting. It was concluded that these parenting perceptions are the key elements for young women's role motivations.
Stress, strain, and B‐type olivine fabric in the fore‐arc mantle: Sensitivity tests using high‐resolution steady‐state subduction zone models

[1] Shear-wave splitting observations at several subduction systems show trench-parallel fast directions in the fore-arc mantle. The presence of B-type olivine fabric in the mantle wedge may provide an explanation for this pattern of anisotropy under low-temperature and hydrated conditions. Sensitivity tests are shown that provide insights into the distribution and magnitude of B-type fabric using two-dimensional, high-resolution, kinematic-dynamic subduction zone models. These models include a wet olivine rheology and a simulated aseismic creep zone in the fore-arc mantle with parameterized viscous coupling between the slab and mantle wedge. The calculated thermal structure is in reasonable agreement with heat flow observations and Q tomography for small amounts of coupling and moderate amounts of shear heating in the seismogenic and aseismic creep zones. These small amounts of viscous coupling give rise to a slowly flowing fore-arc mantle with thermal, stress, and strain conditions suitable for significant B-type fabric development. The minimum shear stress necessary to drive geologically significant flow in the predicted B-type region is sensitive to the magnitude of shear heating along the aseismic creep zone and ranges from less than 100 to 300 MPa. The minimum time required to generate sufficient finite strain for fabric development in the B-type region is around 10 Myr depending on the amount of coupling and shear heating. The predicted distribution of olivine fabric is consistent with a pattern of shear wave anisotropy with trench-parallel fast polarization directions above the fore arc and a rapid rotation to trench-perpendicular in the arc and back arc.
Applying the discrete vortex method in environmental fluid mechanics: A study of the time-averaged near wake behind a circular cylinder

This work illustrates the discrete vortex method (DVM) as a tool for simulating environmental fluid mechanics problems involving transport in the wake of a bluff body. The DVM was used to model both the long-time-averaged and instantaneous features of flow past a circular cylinder. Simulations were performed for Re = 140, 000. Verification testing was accomplished by refining time-step and vortex element circulation. The DVM was validated through comparison with experimental data from Cantwell and Coles. Verification testing demonstrated that, while global convergence is not possible for an unsteady flow simulation, it is possible to have ‘convergence to physical results’. This verification entails identifying a range of parameters in which a flow containing coherent structures and matching physical conditions is attainable. Validation tests demonstrated excellent agreement between experimental and simulated results for time-averaged velocity and shear stress profiles, as well as Strouhal number.
Mother nature's other natures: Landscape in women's writing, 1770–1830

(1992). Mother nature's other natures: Landscape in women's writing, 1770–1830. Women's Studies: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 143-162.
Civil–Military Relations and Institutional Decay: Explaining Russian Military Politics

Abstract The Russian military's extraordinary decline is widely known. The changing political role of high-ranking officers and the different treatment they have been subjected to by Russian presidents has received relatively little scholarly attention, however. This article analyses this phenomenon—including the military elites' electoral participation, relationship to the executive, and opposition to state policy—and offers a method for explaining it. To generate a more penetrating understanding of Russian particularities while expanding our theoretical reach, the article combines the civil–military relations literature with that of the institutionalist approach, and more specifically, the concepts of path dependence and institutional decay.
Looking Like a Winner: Candidate Appearance and Electoral Success in New Democracies

A flurry of recent studies indicates that candidates who simply look more capable or attractive are more likely to win elections. In this article, the authors investigate whether voters' snap judgments of appearance travel across cultures and whether they influence elections in new democracies. They show unlabeled, black-and-white pictures of Mexican and Brazilian candidates' faces to subjects living in America and India, asking them which candidates would be better elected officials. Despite cultural, ethnic, and racial differences, Americans and Indians agree about which candidates are superficially appealing (correlations ranging from .70 to .87). Moreover, these superficial judgments appear to have a profound influence on Mexican and Brazilian voters, as the American and Indian judgments predict actual election returns with surprising accuracy. These effects, the results also suggest, may depend on the rules of the electoral game, with institutions exacerbating or mitigating the effects of appearance.
Effects of oil transferred from incubating gulls to their eggs

Abstract No. 2 fuel oil, or water, was applied to the breast feathers of incubating laughing gulls trapped at their nest site on an island colony in Texas. Gulls were released after treatment and allowed to incubate their eggs for 5 days. Oil was transferred from the feathers of incubating adults to their eggs and resulted in 41% embryo mortality compared with 2% in controls.
Cosleeping and early childhood sleep problems: effects of ethnicity and socioeconomic status

This study examined ethnic differences in the relationship between cosleeping and sleep problems in the United States, taking socioeconomic status (SES) into consideration. The sample consisted of 186 urban families with a healthy 6- to- 48-month-old child and was grouped as follows: white lower SES (n = 40), white higher SES (n = 54), black lower SES (n = 43), and black higher SES (n = 47). Regular cosleeping was associated with increased night waking and/or bedtime protests among lower SES white children and higher SES black children. Among families who coslept, white parents were more likely than black parents to consider their child's sleep behavior to be a problem, i.e., stressful, conflictual, or upsetting as well as regularly occurring. One explanation is that differing childrearing attitudes and expectations influenced how parents interpreted their children's sleep behavior.
Obesity and trends in malpractice claims for physicians and surgeons.

Background The increasing prevalence of obesity has altered the practice of medicine and surgery, with the emergence of new operations and medications. We hypothesized that the landscape of medical malpractice claims has also changed. Methods We queried the Physician Insurers Association of American database for 1990 through 1999 and 2000 through 2009 for cases corresponding to International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, codes for obesity. We extracted adjudicatory outcome, closed and paid claims data, indemnity payments, primary alleged error codes, National Association of Insurance Commissioners severity of injury class, procedural codes, and medical specialty data. Results A total of 411 obesity claims were filed from 1990 to 1999 and 1,591 obesity claims were filed from 2000 to 2009. General surgery was the specialty with the greatest number of obesity claims from 1990 to 1999 and was second to family practice for 2000 to 2009. Although the percentage of paid general surgery obesity claims has decreased significantly from 69% in 1990–1999 to 36% in 2000–2009, the mean indemnity payments have increased substantially ($94,000 to $368,000). Conclusion Recently, the percentage of paid general surgery obesity claims has significantly decreased; however, individual and total indemnity payments have increased. Obesity continues to impact general surgery malpractice substantially. Efforts to manage this component of physician and hospital practices must continue.
Spintronics for nanoelectronics and nanosystems

The paper will discuss the work related to spintronics, which is being performed in the Western Institute of Nanoelectronics (WIN) and MARCO Focus Center on Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics (FENA). The objectives of the work are to address the use of particle spin as a state variable and to study the feasibility and the implementation of spin-based devices for nanoelectronic applications in order to resolve the major challenges in power dissipation and the variability issues. The work consists of three research areas: nanoscale spin-based devices, coupling of the devices, and benchmark. In this paper, we will first discuss nanoscale spintronics materials in order to investigate new possibilities of creating new spin-based building blocks. These building blocks include nanowires, nanodots and other spin-based materials, which may be integrated onto the silicon platform. In particular, as an example, we will discuss the growth of MnGe (MnSi) by ion implantation and molecular beam epitaxy, and the results of material characterization by X-ray and TEM from these two different approaches will be compared. Magnetic moments of as-grown and annealed samples are characterized using SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device). The paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition as a function of the hole density is demonstrated. In addition, the electric field dependence in a MOS structure indicates that the magnetic transition may be controlled by electric field, and thus by the carrier density. Spin dynamics of nanomagnets will also be reported. A spin wave bus concept using ferromagnetic films will be discussed for logics and information transfer. We will report the characterization of the spin wave propagation in a ferromagnetic thin film as a function of frequency. The details of the material properties are obtained from these studies in frequency dispersion data. Other principles of nano spin-based devices such as spin torque devices will also be discussed for information processing and storage.
Syphilis. An old disease, a contemporary perinatal problem.

The incidence of syphilis in the United States has almost doubled in the past 5years, with some cities posting an increase of more than 500% during this period. As a result, greater numbers of neonates infected with congenital syphilis are treated in nurseries across the country. The incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis are described, and the nursing implications associated with caring for those at risk of contracting the disease are presented.
Genomics and host specialization of honey bee and bumble bee gut symbionts

Gilliamella apicola and Snodgrassella alvi are dominant members of the honey bee (Apis spp.) and bumble bee (Bombus spp.) gut microbiota. We generated complete genomes of the type strains G. apicola wkB1T and S. alvi wkB2T (isolated from Apis), as well as draft genomes for four other strains from Bombus. G. apicola and S. alvi were found to occupy very different metabolic niches: The former is a saccharolytic fermenter, whereas the latter is an oxidizer of carboxylic acids. Together, they may form a syntrophic network for partitioning of metabolic resources. Both species possessed numerous genes [type 6 secretion systems, repeats in toxin (RTX) toxins, RHS proteins, adhesins, and type IV pili] that likely mediate cell–cell interactions and gut colonization. Variation in these genes could account for the host fidelity of strains observed in previous phylogenetic studies. Here, we also show the first experimental evidence, to our knowledge, for this specificity in vivo: Strains of S. alvi were able to colonize their native bee host but not bees of another genus. Consistent with specific, long-term host association, comparative genomic analysis revealed a deep divergence and little or no gene flow between Apis and Bombus gut symbionts. However, within a host type (Apis or Bombus), we detected signs of horizontal gene transfer between G. apicola and S. alvi, demonstrating the importance of the broader gut community in shaping the evolution of any one member. Our results show that host specificity is likely driven by multiple factors, including direct host–microbe interactions, microbe–microbe interactions, and social transmission.
Comparing Grandchildren's and Grandparents' Stake in Their Relationship

This paper examines the intergenerational stake hypothesis in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. The hypothesis predicts that older generations will perceive more closeness in a relationship than younger generations. Grandparent-grandchild dyads are surveyed concerning various aspects of their relationship. Using measures of closeness and an established typology of grandparent-grandchild relationship style (Cherlin & Furstenberg, 1985), the study finds that grandparents perceive their relationship with their grandchildren to be considerably closer than their grandchildren perceive the relationship. However, their grandchildren perceive the relationship to be more active than their grandparents do. Explanations of these findings consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis are advanced. It is found that the two parties often disagree as to the nature of their relationship on the Cherlin and Furstenberg typology. Details of these disagreements are examined in detail, and implications for the grandparent-grandchild relationship are discussed.
Adrenergic effects on reentrant ventricular rhythms in subacute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUNDReentry has been shown to be a mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias elicited by programmed premature stimulation in the subacute ischemic period of dogs subjected to myocardial infarction. The spatial distribution of refractoriness in these hearts has been shown to play an important part in the formation of functional arcs of conduction block during programmed ventricular stimulation. Because the adrenergic nervous system influences cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial infarction can directly affect sympathetic innervation in the heart, we investigated the role of the sympathetic nervous system on reentry in the canine heart 4 days after infarction.METHODS AND RESULTSThe influences of adrenergic stimuli on the initiation of reentrant ventricular excitation were studied using a 128-channel computerized recording system in the canine heart 4 days after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Bilateral stimulation of the ansae subclavia preferentially improved conduction of prematur...
Fermi Controlled Recombination as a Junction Design Factor in GaAs Laser Diodes

ABSTRACT The observation that the deliberate introduction of shallow donors in the p-type side of GaAs lasers resulted in a greatly improved efficiency in radiative recombination has been fully confirmed and found to be quite general. Our earlier field effect experiments indicate that this enhancement is due to a critical separation of the intrinsic and actual Fermi levels in the space charge region rather than to donor–acceptor transitions. A qualitative model, consistent with experimental observations and supporting this conclusion, is presented and used in the design of improved lasers yielding total peak power outputs in excess of 23 w at room temperature.
Staging mammography nonadherent women: a qualitative study.

Background. Few studies have related stages of mammography screening nonadherence with the rationale used by overdue women. Methods. We used a grounded theory approach to obtain and analyze data from focus groups, telephone interviews, and surveys. Emergent specific themes were compared with emerging decision levels of nonadherence. Each decision level was then compared with the Precaution Adoption Process Model and the Transtheoretical Model. Results. A total of 6 key themes influencing mammogram nonadherence emerged as did 6 decision levels. Variability within themes was associated with specific decision levels. The decision levels were not adequately classified by either stage model. Conclusions. Stage-based educational strategies may benefit by tailoring interventions to these 6 decision levels.
Oviposition Process of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Queens

The oviposition process of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is described as a succession of four events forming one egg-laying cycle. Each time an egg is laid, the vulva opens and the sting is fully extended. When the vulva closes, the egg is forced to the base of the sting, whereupon the sting is usually retracted across the egg. This phenomenon has been consistently observed for queens from monogynous and polygynous S. invicta colonies. Zero to four eggs can be laid for each opening of the vulva. Multiple egg deposition is more frequent for monogyne queens, and it generally follows an oviposition cycle in which no egg is laid. The egg-laying cycles were evenly distributed during the observation periods, regardless of the total number of eggs laid, thereby suggesting that oviposition is a continuous process in S. invicta.