cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of parathyroid hormone on protein phosphorylation in two osteoblastlike cell populations isolated from neonatal mouse calvaria.

To further understand the mechanism of PTH effects on bone and bone cells, we have analyzed the effect of PTH on specific protein phosphorylation in cells isolated from neonatal mouse calvaria. Four populations of cells (I–IV), isolated by sequential digestion with chromatographically purified bacterial collagenase isozymes and neutral proteinase, were cultured overnight. Alkaline phosphatase activity was greater than acid phosphatase activity in all four populations. PTH stimulated cyclic AMP production in all four populations, although the effect was greatest in populations II and III. Cultured cells were treated with PTH for up to 15 minutes. Cytosolic and membrane fractions were obtained and assayed forin vitro protein phosphorylation. No hormonal effects were found in membrane fractions. In cytosol fractions, treatment of the population II cells for 10–15 minutes with 0.1 μM PTH decreased the subsequent protein phosphorylation of an 85,000 Mr protein. In contrast, PTH treatment increasedin vitro phosphorylation of both the 85,000 and 35,000 Mr proteins in population III cells. Phosphorylation of the 35,000 Mr protein was cyclic AMP-dependent. All of the phosphoproteins appeared to be phosphorylated solely on serine or threonine residues except the 85,000 Mr protein which may also contain significant amounts of phosphotyrosine. Therefore, some of the effects of PTH are cyclic AMP-mediated and other effects may be mediated through tyrosine phosphorylation. These data indicate that PTH has differential effects onin vitro protein phosphorylation in two separable populations of isolated neonatal mouse calvarial cells and support a hypothesis that multiple osteoblastlike cells existin vivo.
Bioavailability of zinc to rats from soybeans and casein as affected by protein source and length of adaptation

Abstract The effect of basal diet and length of adaptation on bioavailability of zinc from soybeans hydroponically grown and intrinsically labeled with 65 Zn and casein extrinsically labeled with 65 Zn was investigated. Thirty-day-old male rats (Sprague Dawley) were adapted to soy or casein basal diets for 8,32 or 56 days. At the end of each adaptation period, a soy or casein test meal was fed to rats adapted to both soy and casein basal diets. Whole body retention of 65 Zn from the soy test meal remained constant over the entire adaptation period in rats adapted to the soy basal diet, suggesting that adaptation or lower zinc status offset the natural decrease in absorption with age. In contrast, retention of 65 Zn from both the casein and soy test meals in rats adapted to the casein basal diet dropped over the adaptation period as zinc status and age of the rats increased. To the extent that the rat is a good model of human zinc metabolism, this study suggests that adaptation and enhanced absorption due to marginal zinc status may prevent zinc deficiencies in vegetarian populations.
Test for intersection between a plane and a connected compact polyhedron

Abstract Using a simple geometric property, the paper presents a test for intersection between and a plane and a connected compact polyhedron with a finite number of verices. Although no interval analysis is involved, the method does give the range of a linear function.
Occipital Artery Function during the Development of 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Hypertension in Rats

This study compared the contractile responses elicited by angiotensin II (AII), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in isolated occipital arteries (OAs) from sham-operated (SHAM) and 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K-1C) hypertensive rats. OAs were isolated and bisected into proximal segments (closer to the common carotid artery) and distal segments (closer to the nodose ganglion) and mounted separately on myographs. On day 9, 2K-1C rats had higher mean arterial blood pressures, heart rates, and plasma renin concentrations than SHAM rats. The contractile responses to AII were markedly diminished in both proximal and distal segments of OAs from 2K-1C rats as compared to those from SHAM rats. The responses elicited by AVP were substantially greater in distal than in proximal segments of OAs from SHAM rats and that AVP elicited similar responses in OA segments from 2K-1C rats. The responses elicited by 5-HT were similar in proximal and distal segments from SHAM and 2K-1C rats. These results demonstrate that continued exposure to circulating AII and AVP in 2K-1C rats reduces the contractile efficacy of AII but not AVP or 5-HT. The diminished responsiveness to AII may alter the physiological status of OAs in vivo.
Predicting influenza evolution: the impact of terminal and egg-adapted mutations

Abstract Background: The hemagglutinins (HA) of human influenza viruses adapt during growth in chicken eggs. Amino acid replacements in HAs of egg-grown viruses generally appear on the terminal branches of phylogenetic trees. Our method for predicting human influenza HA evolution, which tracks replacements at positively selected codons across trees, is more accurate with terminal mutations excluded. Methods: We extracted the sequence data that contain the majority of egg-adapted replacements from our original data set, and replicated our prediction tests analyzing both internal and terminal mutations. We contrasted these results with those obtained analyzing (1) only internal mutations and (2) analyzing all mutations in our full data set. Results: Excluding egg-adapted replacements did not increase the accuracy of our predictions when other terminal mutations remained in the analysis. Deleting all terminal mutations produced the best prediction of success of viral lineages. Conclusions: Amino acid replacements on terminal branches interfered with our ability to identify which codons were under positive selection. Therefore, we recommend limiting such analyses to the internal branches of phylogenetic trees. The effects of terminal mutations may be caused by the criteria used for selecting viruses for HA sequencing.
Lack of central effects of peripherally administered adenosine A1 agonists on synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus

Abstract Peripheral administration of adenosine A 1 receptor selective agonists is generally thought to protect the hippocampus against ischemic damage via central actions. We examined the effects of two peripherally administered A 1 agonists, cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and adenosine amine congener (ADAC), on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and on indices of cardiovascular function. We conclude that the permeability of these agonists is not sufficient to result in concentrations necessary to activate central adenosine A 1 receptors within the hippocampus.
A variable selection approach to monotonic regression with Bernstein polynomials

One of the standard problems in statistics consists of determining the relationship between a response variable and a single predictor variable through a regression function. Background scientific knowledge is often available that suggests that the regression function should have a certain shape (e.g. monotonically increasing or concave) but not necessarily a specific parametric form. Bernstein polynomials have been used to impose certain shape restrictions on regression functions. The Bernstein polynomials are known to provide a smooth estimate over equidistant knots. Bernstein polynomials are used in this paper due to their ease of implementation, continuous differentiability, and theoretical properties. In this work, we demonstrate a connection between the monotonic regression problem and the variable selection problem in the linear model. We develop a Bayesian procedure for fitting the monotonic regression model by adapting currently available variable selection procedures. We demonstrate the effectiv...
Depression Care for Low-Income, Minority, Safety Net Clinic Populations With Comorbid Illness

Objective: Increasingly, mental health care is provided within the general health care sector. Accompanying this significant change is the demand for evidence-based as well as cost-effective or cost-neutral care models. Method: The authors present a pooled analysis of three large randomized clinical trials in which social workers provide depression care in collaboration with patient navigators, treating physicians, and consulting psychiatrists to examine the effects of diverse depression interventions on symptom improvement among low-income minority populations with cancer or diabetes in public safety net care systems. Results: Pooled results find a significant intervention effect over usual care. Results also find stronger benefits of structured psychotherapy and or antidepressant medication (AM) over brief counseling and referral to mental health care. Conclusion: The rapid change in health care delivery underscores an urgent mandate for social work to significantly increase its comparative effectivenes...
The effect of dopamine on glomus cell membranes in the rabbit

Rabbit carotid bodies were excised and the membrane potentials (MPs) of the glomus cells were recorded in vitro. Upstream injections of dopamine (DA; 25-250 micrograms) elicited a slow, long lasting depolarization in 76% of the cells studied. The remaining 24% were hyperpolarized by DA. Regardless of polarity, the DA-induced potential was associated with a significant increase in input resistance (Ro). On the other hand, changes in MP which were produced artificially by passing direct current through the recording electrode had little effect on Ro. It is concluded that DA alters the MP and Ro of glomus cells and that this may serve to modulate synaptic excitability within the carotid body.
PROSTATE CANCER: ASSESSMENT OF RISK USING DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION, TUMOR GRADE, PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, AND SYSTEMATIC BIOPSY

Accurate clinical staging is critical to the management of patients with prostate cancer. Treatment selection as well as treatment planning are influenced by local staging assessment. Most importantly, clinicians must distinguish between pathologically organ-confined disease (pT1-2) and non–organconfined disease (pT3-4). The current TNM staging system for prostate cancer is presented below:
Resonance clustering in globally coupled electrochemical oscillators with external forcing.

Experiments are carried out with a globally coupled, externally forced population of limit-cycle electrochemical oscillators with an approximately unimodal distribution of heterogeneities. Global coupling induces mutually entrained (at frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$) states; periodic forcing produces forced-entrained $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{F})$ states. As a result of the interaction of mutual and forced entrainment, resonant cluster states occur with equal spacing of frequencies that have discretized frequencies following a resonance rule ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{n}\ensuremath{\cong}n{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}(n\ensuremath{-}1){\ensuremath{\omega}}_{F}$. Resonance clustering requires an optimal, intermediate global coupling strength; at weak coupling the clusters have smaller sizes and do not strictly follow the resonance rule, while at strong coupling the population behaves similar to a single, giant oscillator.
Receptor binding properties of human and animal H1 influenza virus isolates

It has been previously reported that several human H1 influenza viruses isolated prior to 1956, in contrast to human H3 isolates which are quite specific for SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences, apparently recognize both SA alpha 2,3Gal and SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences (Rogers, G.N., and Paulson, J.C., Virology 127, 361-373, 1983). In this report human H1 isolates representative of two epidemic periods, from 1934 to 1957 and from 1977 to 1986, and H1 influenza isolated from pigs, ducks, and turkeys were compared for their ability to utilize sialyloligosaccharide structures containing terminal SA alpha 2,3Gal or SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences as receptor determinants. Five of the eight human isolates from the first epidemic period recognize both SA alpha 2,3Gal and SA alpha 2,6Gal linkages, in agreement with our previous results. Of the remaining three strains, all isolated towards the end of the first epidemic, two appear to prefer SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences while the third preferentially binds SA alpha 2,3Gal sequences. In contrast to the early isolates, 11 of 13 human strains isolated during the second epidemic period preferentially bind SA alpha 2,6Gal containing oligosaccharides. On the basis of changes in receptor binding associated with continued passage in the laboratory for some of these later strains, it seems likely that human H1 isolates preferentially bind SA alpha 2,6Gal sequences in nature, and that acquisition of SA alpha 2,3Gal-binding is associated with laboratory passage. Influenza H1 viruses isolated from pigs were predominantly SA alpha 2,6Gal-specific while those isolated from ducks were primarily SA alpha 2,3Gal-specific. Thus, as has been previously reported for H3 influenza isolates, receptor specificity for influenza H1 viruses appears to be influenced by the species from which they were isolated, human isolates binding preferentially to SA alpha 2,6Gal-containing oligosaccharides while those isolated from ducks prefer SA alpha 2,3Gal-containing oligosaccharides. However, unlike the SA alpha 2,6Gal-specific H3 isolates, binding to cell surface receptors by the H1 influenza viruses is not sensitive to inhibition by horse serum glycoproteins, regardless of their receptor specificity. These results suggest that, while the H1 and H3 hemagglutinins appear to be subject to similar host-derived selective pressures, there appear to be certain fundamental differences in the detailed molecular interaction of the two hemagglutinins with their sialyloligosaccharide receptor determinants.
Electron impact excitation of magnesium at 10, 20 and 40 eV impact energies

Normalised differential, integral and momentum-transfer cross sections for elastic scattering and for excitation of the 33P, 31P, 31D, 41S, 41P and (33D+33P) states of magnesium have been determined at 10, 20 and 40 eV impact energies. Several autoionising transitions have been observed in the 8-12 eV region of the energy-loss spectra which correlate well with optical-absorption and ejected-electron spectra.
Population dynamics of Procambarus clarkii (Girard) and Procambarus acutus acutus (Girard) (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in commercial ponds

Abstract Population dynamics of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, and white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus, were studied in two commercial ponds in southern Louisiana during one production season. Recruitment, growth, mortality and reproductive development of both species were surveyed from September through the following May. Young-of-the-year (YOY) recruitment of P. clarkii was greatest in the fall with lesser peaks in mid-winter and early spring. Recruitment of P. a. acutus occurred only in late fall and late winter. Sexually active adults of both species were most abundant in fall and spring. Growth of YOY P. clarkii in fall and spring (1–3 mm per week) was half that of YOY P. a. acutus (2–5 mm per week). Natural mortality rates of P. clarkii and P. a. acutus recruitment classes ranged from 3–13% to 7–9% per week, respectively. Commercial yields of crayfish in both ponds were low (536 and 642 kg per ha), principally from failure of secondary recruitment classes to attain harvestable size (> 70 mm total length) and from minimal fishing effort. Slow growth of mid-winter and early spring crayfish recruitment classes of both species was attributed principally to cool water temperatures and forage deficiency.
Design of low-power lifting-based coprocessor for mobile multimedia applications

This paper presents an efficient VLSI implementation of a lifting coprocessor for mobile multimedia applications. To reduce the hardware complexity, we designed and implemented rational lifting coefficients. This approach allows the floating-point arithmetic units to be replaced by the integer arithmetic units in the design. Consequently, footprint and power consumption of the coprocessor are reduced. To improve the throughput of system, a fully pipelined parallel architecutre is designed. With the rational coefficients and parallel approaches, the proposed lifting coprocessor provides efficient computing power but requires very low power consumtion. The lifitng scheme coprocessor was implemented in VHDL using HCMOS8D 0.18 μm technology. It can run at 25 MHz withthe power supply of 1.55 volt and requires only 1.191 mW.
Increased Expression of CTLA-4 in Malignant T Cells from Patients with Mycosis Fungoides – Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a low-grade lymphoma of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+, CD45RO+, cutaneous leukocyte antigen (CLA)+ T cells that homes to the skin. To understand the functional abnormalities in this disease, we study the regulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with MF. CTLA-4 is a costimulatory molecule for T cells that functions in immunoregulation. Unlike the expression of CD28, which is expressed constitutively on T cells, CTLA-4 expression is highly regulated. In the analysis of PBMCs in MF, we found that CTLA-4 is stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate/A23187 to a greater level when compared to normals. This defect was seen in the dominant clones of T cells. The increased CTLA-4 expression was significant between normal and MF, with a correlation between higher expression of CTLA-4 and a higher grade of MF. In a patient whose disease progressed, the CTLA-4 level increased. The abnormal level of CTLA-4 was confirmed at both the transcription and translation levels. Although MF is associated with a Th2 bias, Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma enhanced CTLA-4 expression, while IL-4 did not. These findings reveal an abnormal regulation of CTLA-4 expression in MF and show that PBMCs from patients with MF have properties that are divergent from those of normal T cells.
Hydrocele and varicocele: Operative and injection treatment

Abstract Since the introduction of the newer types of sclerosing solutions in the injection treatment of hydrocele, it is now a practical procedure with definite advantages over radical surgical treatment in some instances. The procedure will affect a cure in a high percentage of cases and causes very slight inconvenience to the patient. We prefer radical surgery in the usual case, reserving injection treatment where the circumstances seem to justify its use. We cannot see any advantage in the injection treatment of varicocele. A relatively small proportion of varicoceles requires operative treatment. In those cases in which operation is indicated, the results are as a rule satisfactory.
Cigarette smoke inhibits alveolar repair: A mechanism for the development of emphysema

Classically, emphysema has been believed to develop when mediators of tissue injury exceed protective mechanisms within the lung. Evidence also supports the concept that tissue destruction represents a balance between tissue injury and tissue repair. In this context, cigarette smoke is directly toxic to cells within the lung and can impair the repair functions of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and mesenchymal cells. This may occur in the absence of overt cytotoxicity and may result from alteration of selected biochemical pathways. A variety of repair functions can be affected, including chemotaxis, proliferation, production of extracellular matrix, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. Finally, cigarette smoke can damage DNA but can also compromise apoptosis. As a result, DNA repair mechanisms can be initiated, leading to recovery of cells that potentially contain somatic cell mutations. This pathway may contribute not only to the development of cancer but to the persistent abnormalities in tissue structure that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate normal tissue repair and understanding the bases for altered tissue repair in the face of cigarette smoking offer new opportunities designed to address the structural alterations that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Schwarz lemma analogues for harmonic functions

Bounds on harmonic functions between interior points and the boundaries of unit spheres in various dimensions are obtained when the values at the interior points and the maximum absolute values of the harmonic functions on the boundaries are given. Only elementary results such as Poisson integral representations, the Harnack inequalities, and Fourier expansions are used in the proofs. These Schwarz lemma analogues can be presented when harmonic functions are studied in courses on complex analysis or partial differential equations.
The potential distribution around growing fractal clusters

THE process of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) is a common means by which clusters grow from their constituent particles, as exemplified by the formation of soot and the aggregation of colloids in solution. DLA growth is a probabilistic process which results in the formation of fractal (self-similar) clusters. It is controlled by the harmonic measure (the gradient of the electrostatic potential) around the cluster's boundary. Here we show that interactive computer graphics can provide new insight into this potential distribution. We find that points of highest and lowest growth probability can lie unexpectedly close together, and that the lowest growth probabilities may lie very far from the initial seed. Our illustrations also reveal the prevalence of 'fjords' in which the pattern of equipotential lines involves a 'mainstream' with almost parallel walls. We suggest that an understanding of the low values of the harmonic measure will provide new understanding of the growth mechanism itself.
Sex differences in effects of dopamine D1 receptors on social withdrawal.

Dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a critical role in the regulation of motivational states. Recent studies in male rodents show that social defeat stress increases the activity of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons projecting to the NAc, and that this increased activity is necessary for stress-induced social withdrawal. Domestic female mice are not similarly aggressive, which has hindered complementary studies in females. Using the monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus), we found that social defeat increased total dopamine, DOPAC, and HVA content in the NAc in both males and females. These results are generally consistent with previous studies in Mus, and suggest defeat stress also increases NAc dopamine signaling in females. However, these results do not explain our previous observations that defeat stress induces social withdrawal in female but not male California mice. Pharmacological manipulations provided more insights. When 500 ng of the D1 agonist SKF38393 was infused in the NAc shell of females that were naive to defeat, social interaction behavior was reduced. This same dose of SKF38393 had no effect in males, suggesting that D1 receptor activation is sufficient to induce social withdrawal in females but not males. Intra-accumbens infusion of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 increased social approach behavior in females exposed to defeat but not in females naive to defeat. This result suggests that D1 receptors are necessary for defeat-induced social withdrawal. Overall, our results suggest that sex differences in molecular pathways that are regulated by D1 receptors contribute to sex differences in social withdrawal behavior.
High-Order Spectral Difference Simulation of Laminar Compressible Flow Over Two Counter-Rotating Cylinders

Flow past a single rotating cylinder has been studied, both numerically and experimentally, by many authors. In contrast is the flow past rotating cylinders in a side-by-side arrangement, which has only very limited numerical and experimental data available, despite the pioneering theoretical study by Jeffery 1 as early as 1922. In this paper, we discuss a numerical investigation of the steady laminar viscous flow past two infinite rotating cylinders in a side-by-side configuration. The solution of the compressible two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations is determined numerically using the high-order spectral difference scheme over an unstructured qudralateral grid. Third order accurate results in both time and space were obtained and compared with existing data. In addition to obtaining a highorder accurate result for flow past two rotating cylinders, we extend the current numerical effort to investigate the effects of Reynolds number, compressibility, and high rotation speed, which have not been comprehensively studied in the past.
Spread of large LNG pools on the sea

Abstract A review of the standard model of LNG pool spreading on water, comparing it with the model and experiments on oil pool spread from which the LNG model is extrapolated, raises questions about the validity of the former as applied to spills from marine tankers. These questions arise from the difference in fluid density ratios, in the multi-dimensional flow at the pool edge, in the effects of LNG pool boiling at the LNG–water interface, and in the model and experimental initial conditions compared with the inflow conditions from a marine tanker spill. An alternate supercritical flow model is proposed that avoids these difficulties; it predicts significant increase in the maximum pool radius compared with the standard model and is partially corroborated by tests of LNG pool fires on water. Wind driven ocean wave interaction has little effect on either spread model.
The IBM token-ring network — A functional overview

The IBM token-ring network, which is based on a ring topology with token-access control, is described. In particular, a star-wired ring topology and the functions of several of the key physical components that compromise a token-ring network are examined. The token-access control protocol for regulating data flow on the ring is explained, including the data frame format and addressing structures, mechanisms for ensuring token integrity and fair token access to all attached nodes, and some token-ring performance attributes. The relationship between the token-ring architecture and systems network architecture (SNA) is also discussed. Some of the fault detection and isolation capabilities that are available with the token-ring LAN are also presented.
Surface-induced dissociation of isomeric [C5H6]+˙ ions

Collisions of [C5H6]+˙ ions of 25 eV tianslational energy with a surface result in dissociation, the extent of which depends upon the nature of the neutral precursor. A correlation between the degree of fragmentation and the reported degree of charge stripping upon gaseous collisions (R. Flammang et al, Org. Mass Spectrom. 20, 253 (1985)) supports the suggestion that mixtures of cyclic and linear structures in differing proportions are present in the [C5H6]+˙ ion beam.
Automatic feature extraction using a novel noniterative neural network

As we reported in the last few years, a one-layered, hard- limited perceptron is generally sufficient for carrying out a robust recognition on any untrained pattern if the training class patterns satisfy a certain PLI condition. For most pattern recognition applications, this condition should be satisfied. When this condition is satisfied, an automatic feature extraction scheme can then be derived using some N- dimension Euclidean geometry theories. This automatic scheme will automatically extract the most distinguished parts of the N-vectors used in the training. These distinguished parts or the feature vectors will then allow a very robust recognition when untrained patterns are tested in the recognition mode. Theoretical derivation and live experiments revealing the physical nature of this novel, ultra-fast learning, pattern recognition system will be presented in detail.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the “emotional” qualities of certain types of cognition: A reply to arguments for the independence of cognition and affect

Zajonc (1980, 1984b) has argued that affect has many properties not shared by cognition and that affect is the product of a separate, partially independent system. His position has been understood as implying that cognitive therapy is essentially misguided in attempting to modify emotional disorders. In the present article we justify the approach taken by cognitive therapy by making distinctions among different types of cognition and demonstrating that certain of these types have precisely those properties that Zajonc claimed to be unique to affect. Cognition that is unconscious and automatic can, for example, be effortless and uncontrollable, be influenced by drugs and hormones, be irrevocable by deliberate thought, and so forth. It thus seems possible that such types of cognition can be part of affective responses and can play a role in producing these “emotional” qualities. Therefore, a secure theoretical basis exists for using cognitive therapy to treat affective disorders. Examining several recent advances in understanding and treating pathological affects supports this analysis, revealing that each succeeds by differentiating types of cognition and their role in emotion.
Near-bottom sound scatterers in the Ecuador Trench

Abstract The distribution of sound scatterers (probably fish) living 75 to 250 m above the bottom at 2400 to 3000 m in a 68 km2 area of the Ecuador Trench in the eastern tropical Pacific was determined with a 23.5 kHz upward-looking echo sounder mounted on a deeply-towed instrument package. The locations of large scatterer concentrations were related to the bathymetry and hydrography of the trench.
Tolerance develops to the effect of lipopolysaccharides on movement-evoked hyperalgesia when administered chronically by a systemic but not an intrathecal route.

Abstract Single exposures to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produce deep tissue pain in humans and cutaneous hyperalgesia in rodents. While tolerance develops to many effects of LPS, sensitization to hyperalgesia is documented after a single injection. To determine the effect of long-term exposure to LPS, we explored the chronic effect of LPS on movement-evoked pain using a new assay based on grip force in mice. We found that a single systemic injection of LPS (i.p. or s.c.) induced a dose-related decrease in forelimb grip force responses beginning 6–8 h after injection and peaking between 9 and 24 h. The consequence of LPS is likely hyperalgesia rather than weakness as these decreases were rapidly attenuated by either 10 mg/kg of morphine i.p. or 10 μg of morphine injected intrathecally (i.t.). Complete tolerance to this hyperalgesia developed after repeated injections of LPS at doses of 0.9 mg/kg i.p. or 5 mg/kg s.c. Tolerance began after a single injection and was fully developed after as few as four injections of 5 mg/kg of LPS delivered s.c. The concentration of circulating LPS 5 h after a single parenteral injection was less in LPS-tolerant mice than naive controls, suggesting that tolerance may result from a more efficient clearance of LPS from the circulation. Injected i.t., LPS also induced hyperalgesia, however, tolerance did not develop to multiple injections by this route. There was no cross-tolerance between s.c. and i.t. injections of LPS. These data indicate that decreases in grip force are a sensitive measure of LPS-induced movement-evoked hyperalgesia and that tolerance develops to parenteral but not central hyperalgesic effects of LPS.
An Unexpected Role for Ubiquitylation of a Transcriptional Activator

The yeast transcriptional activator Gal4 has served as a paradigm for understanding how eukaryotic cells mount rapid transcriptional responses to environmental changes. In this issue of Cell, Muratani et al. (2005) provide evidence that Gal4 ubiquitylation and destruction are required for activation by Gal4. Surprisingly, this modification is required at a postinitiation step in transcription for the production of mRNAs that are correctly processed and fully functional for translation.
Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial

Background The standard treatment for spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer is corticosteroids and radiotherapy. The role of surgery has not been established. We assessed the efficacy of direct decompressive surgery. Methods In this randomised, multi-institutional, non-blinded trial, we randomly assigned patients with spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer to either surgery followed by radiotherapy (n=50) or radiotherapy alone (n=51). Radiotherapy for both treatment groups was given in ten 3 Gy fractions. The primary endpoint was the ability to walk. Secondary endpoints were urinary continence, muscle strength and functional status, the need for corticosteroids and opioid analgesics, and survival time. All analyses were by intention to treat. Findings After an interim analysis the study was stopped because the criterion of a predetermined early stopping rule was met. Thus, 123 patients were assessed for eligibility before the study closed and 101 were randomised. Significantly more patients in the surgery group (42/50, 84%) than in the radiotherapy group (29/51, 57%) were able to walk after treatment (odds ratio 6·2 [95% CI 2·0–19·8] p=0·001). Patients treated with surgery also retained the ability to walk significantly longer than did those with radiotherapy alone (median 122 days vs 13 days, p=0·003). 32 patients entered the study unable to walk; significantly more patients in the surgery group regained the ability to walk than patients in the radiation group (10/16 [62%] vs 3/16 [19%], p=0·01). The need for corticosteroids and opioid analgesics was significantly reduced in the surgical group.
Technique for Vorticity Measurement in Unsteady Flow

A technique is described for determining spatial vorticity distributions in nonstationary fluid flows exhibiting a periodic, time-varying, mean velocity field. The method requires the integration of velocity field data about a spatial array of closed contours to infer the distribution of vorticity using the generalized definition of circulation. A digital data acquisition scheme is suggested for the handling and processing of large quantities of data encountered in typical applications. The method was used to determine the flow characteristics in portions of an unsteady separated region generated by an oscillating spoiler on an airfoil surface. Several data display alternatives are discussed. ORTICITY is a significant physical variable in many real fluid flows, but it is a parameter that is often difficult to determine experimentally. The method to be described provides a means of measuring time-varying mean vorticity components and their distributions in nonstationary flows exhibiting a periodic mean velocity field. Through the years, a number of vorticity measurement techniques have evolved which have been successful to a greater or lesser degree. No single method, however, has proved satisfactory over the entire range of possible flow situations. Attempts to infer the streamwise vorticity component from velocity field measurements date back to the early part of the century.l Limitations on velocity measurements techniques at that time did not permit its application to time-varying fluid motions. A successful method for detecting the freestream-oriented vorticity component was discussed by Kovasznay2 and Kistler.3 A special purpose probe was constructed using an array of four hot-wire sensors of equal length and oriented at the same angle with respect to the freestream direction. The four sensors were operated as elements of a single constant current bridge circuit. In addition to the limitation on its directional capability, the wire array size must be of the order of the flow of Kolmogorov microscale for accurate spectral response.4 Vane-type mechanical vorticity meters have recently become popular, but these devices are also limited to measurement of the mean vorticity component in the freestream direction. The first use of these probes was discussed by May.5 The rotation frequency of the spinner and shaft is converted to an electrical signal using light from a bulb on one side of the shaft. A photocell on the opposite side converts this rotation to a train of pulses whose frequency is a function of the streamwise vorticity component. The resulting spatial resolution is limited by the vane array geometry, while accuracy and linearity are limited by friction in the shaft bearings. Effects of inertia and friction in unsteady flow applications have not yet been documented.
Cellular reporoduction and extracellular polymer formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in continuous culture

Abstract The kinetics of cellular reproduction and the rate and extent of synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were investigated for P. aeruginosa growing in glucose-limited chemostats. mu(max) and K(s) estimates of 0.4 h(-1) and 2 mg glucose C/L, respectively, at 25 degrees C were obtained for this bacterium. The extent of EPS formation was inversely related to the growth rate of P. aeruginosa. The rate of EPS formation had both growth- and non-growth-associated components. The growth-associated polymer formation rate coefficient (k) was 0.3 mg polymer C/mg cellular C and the non-growth-associated polymer formation rate coefficient (k') was 0.04 mg polymer C/mg cellular C/h. The values for k and k' must be regarded as provisional since the product formation data were quite variable at low dilution rates. Estimates of the cellular (Y(x/s)) and polymer (Y(p/s)) yield coefficients were 0.3 mg cellular C/mg glucose C and 0.6 mg polymer C/mg glucose C, respectively. Most of the non-growth-associated consumption of glucose detected was due to exopolymer formation.
Long‐range nuclear cruise missiles and stability

Long-range nuclear-armed cruise missiles are highly accurate and are capable of reaching most targets within the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) from launch points beyond their borders. Neither the United States nor the CIS has air surveillance systems capable of providing reliable warning against cruise missiles. Thus it is possible that a small-scale cruise missile attack could go entirely undetected until the nuclear weapons arrived over their targets. Such an attack could destroy the other country's entire strategic bomber force on the ground and severely damage its strategic command and control system, perhaps to the point of endangering the ability of its ICBM force to be launched on warning. This capability makes long-range nuclear cruise missiles potentially one of the most destabilizing of all nuclear weapons.
The impact of quantile and rank normalization procedures on the testing power of gene differential expression analysis

Quantile and rank normalizations are two widely used pre-processing techniques designed to remove technological noise presented in genomic data. Subsequent statistical analysis such as gene differential expression analysis is usually based on normalized expressions. In this study, we find that these normalization procedures can have a profound impact on differential expression analysis, especially in terms of testing power. We conduct theoretical derivations to show that the testing power of differential expression analysis based on quantile or rank normalized gene expressions can never reach 100% with fixed sample size no matter how strong the gene differentiation effects are. We perform extensive simulation analyses and find the results corroborate theoretical predictions. Our finding may explain why genes with well documented strong differentiation are not always detected in microarray analysis. It provides new insights in microarray experimental design and will help practitioners in selecting proper normalization procedures.
Dynamics of phosphorylation and assembly of the high molecular weight neurofilament subunit in NB2a/d1 neuroblastoma.

: In neuronal systems thus far studied, newly synthesized neurofilament subunits rapidly associate with the Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton and subsequently undergo extensive phosphorylation. However, in the present study we demonstrate by biochemical and immunological criteria that NB2a/dl neuroblastoma cells also contain Triton-soluble, extensively phosphorylated 200-kDa high molecular weight neurofilament subunits (NF-H). High-speed centrifugation (100,000 g) of the Triton-soluble fraction for 1 h sedimented some, but not all, soluble NF-H subunits; immunoelectron microscopic analyses of the resulting pellet indicated that a portion of the NF-H subunits in this fraction are assembled into (Triton-soluble) neurofilaments. When cells were pulse labeled for 15 min with [35S]methionine, radiolabel was first associated with the Triton-soluble 200-kDa NF-H variants. Because only extensively phosphorylated NF-H subunits migrate at 200 kDa, whereas hypophosphorylated subunits migrate instead at 160 kDa, these findings suggest that some newly synthesized subunits were phosphorylated before they polymerized. In pulse-chase analyses, radiolabeled 200-kDa NF-H migrated into the 100,000 g particulate fraction of Triton-soluble extracts before its arrival in the Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton. Undifferentiated cells, which do not possess axonal neurites and lack a significant amount of Triton-insoluble, extensively phosphorylated NF-H, contain a sizeable pool of Triton-soluble extensively phosphorylated NF-H subunits and polymers. We interpret these data to indicate that the integration of newly synthesized NF-H into the cytoskeleton occurs in a progression of distinct stages, and that assembly of NF-H into neurofilaments and integration into the Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton are not prerequisites for the incorporation of certain phosphate groups on these polypeptides. Because NF-H can be extensively phosphorylated in perikarya, additional mechanisms besides differential localization of the responsible kinase systems must account for the segregation of Triton-insoluble NF-H in NB2a/d1 neurites.
Modulation instability of coherent-incoherent mixtures

We study, experimentally and theoretically, the modulation instability of a mixture of coherent and spatially-incoherent beams. In contrast with incoherent-MI, which requires a threshold nonlinearity, we show that any amount of coherent component triggers instability.
Probation and Parole: Overworked, Misunderstood, and Under-Appreciated: But Why?

Historically, the efficacy of probation and parole policies and practices have been judged by the general public, politicians, and many professional insiders by sensationalised crimes involving individuals sentenced to community supervision. The probation and parole profession has not established mechanisms to clearly articulate its public value; doing so would foster the development of policies and practices that derive more from empirical research evidence and sound theory than political faddism. The failure within the probation and parole profession to come to broad agreement regarding desired outcomes and to establish evidence-based and/or theoretically-sound professional principles has created a policy lacuna that is too often filled by elected officials who lack an understanding of the history, science, and philosophy of probation and parole. Probation and parole agencies should focus on producing publicly-valued results and disseminating easily-understood information that justifies their important niche within America's criminal justice system.
Ultrafast studies of single semiconductor and metal nanostructures through transient absorption microscopy

The past decade has seen tremendous progress in the development of absorption based techniques for studying single semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. These techniques complement the more common emission and Rayleigh scattering measurements. The advantages of absorption-based detection are that a wider range of materials can be examined compared to emission, and smaller particles can be studied than is possible with Rayleigh scattering. These advantages are somewhat offset by increased difficulty. Importantly, by employing absorption based detection with a pump and probe beam, transient absorption experiments can be performed on single nanostructures. This allows dynamics measurements on ultrafast (sub-ps) timescales, and is the focus of this mini-review. These experiments provide information about how processes such as electron–phonon coupling, energy dissipation, and charge carrier trapping vary between nanostructures, as well as how they depend on environment.
Methylene Chloride Extraction of Gossypol from Cottonseed Products

Methylene chloride was used to reduce the amount of free and total (free plus bound) gossypol in hexane-defatted meal and the liquidcyclone-processed (LCP) underflow fraction of glanded cottonseeds from 2.6% and 3.4% to 0.013% and 0.15%, respectively (the accepted level of free gossypol in cottonseed products for food is 0.045%). The cottonseed meals were pretreated one of three ways to rupture the gossypol glands: (a) equilibrated with additional water; (b) suspended in various water-propylene glycol mixtures; or (c) mixed with an acetic acid-water-propylene glycol solution. The gossypol was then readily extracted from the meals with methylene chloride. Low levels of water and acetic acid in propylene glycol aided methylene chloride in the removal of free and total gossypol and did not greatly alter the proximate composition, solubility, and gel electrophoretic properties of proteins; amino acid content; and chemical scores of the treated meals. Success with this process should improve the potential of LCP-cottonseed by-product (underflow) as feed or food.
HnRNP L represses exon splicing via a regulated exonic splicing silencer

Skipping of mammalian exons during pre-mRNA splicing is commonly mediated by the activity of exonic splicing silencers (ESSs). We have recently identified a regulated ESS within variable exon 4 of the CD45 gene, named ESS1, that is necessary and sufficient for partial exon repression in resting T cells and has additional silencing activity upon T-cell activation. In this study, we identify three heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) that bind specifically to ESS1. The binding of one of these proteins, hnRNP-L, is significantly decreased by mutations that disrupt both the basal and induced activities of ESS1. Recombinant hnRNP-L functions to repress exon inclusion in vitro in an ESS1-dependent manner. Moreover, depletion of hnRNP-L, either in vitro or in vivo, leads to increased exon inclusion. In contrast, the other ESS1-binding proteins, PTB and hnRNP E2, do not discriminate between wild-type and mutant ESS1 in binding studies, and do not specifically alter ESS1-dependent splicing in vitro. Together, these studies demonstrate that hnRNP-L is the primary protein through which CD45 exon 4 silencing is mediated by the regulatory sequence ESS1.
The voices of evaluation

Evaluation in continuing medical education (CME) is a traditional part of planning but is often not approached with the same level of sophistication as other parts of the teaching/learning transaction. An understanding of the models and schema in the literature allows broader and more reasoned thinking about effective evaluation. This article briefly describes and compares several models and schema that are important to adult education and CME. The contributions of qualitative and quantitative evaluation approaches in CME point to the need for the field to create a new model to extend our current thinking.