cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Analysis of Seven Newly Discovered Mutant Alleles at Locus T in the House Mouse.

NE of the eventual goals of genetical research is to elucidate the relation0 ship between four unknown but discoverable characteristics of the genetic material. These might be listed as : 1) the type of change to which one genetic locus or area is subject (mutation) ; 2) the structural character of that locus or area; 3) the kids of developmental processes that are affected by changes in that localized material ; and 4) the role which a locus with such properties may play in adaptive responses to the environment and thereby its probability of incorporation in some future species or varietal genotype. If we were suddenly to gain an understanding of these relationships the genetical millenium would have arrived, and we should, as investigators, temporarily join the unemployed. But we know that such an event is not at hand, for precise knowledge of the relationship between these primary attributes is not likely to develop from the study of any one species or any single line of attack. The goal is too distant a one to give us the practical directions we need in charting our way among the detailed technical studies which form the indbpensable raw material for synthesis. Yet if we bear in mind what the end is, we shall at least be influenced in our choice of means, and choose to follow up, in the more modest ways in which experimental studies must be circumscribed, those problems and materials which offer some hope of making progress in these four problems, which show signs even now of having a single direction. It is probably some such thoughts which have encouraged us to persist over a period of yearsin the study of material which many people consider refractory and, slow but which to us presents fascinating immedliate problems and almost daily surprises on the way toward a more ambitious and distant goal. The house mouse, as bred in captivity for hundreds of years, is as everyone knows, good for breeding experiments. Four or five generations a year, if not equal to the daily or bimonthly generation period of other useful animals and
Controversies in synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

At the heart of synaptic transmission resides the synaptic vesicle cycle - a membrane trafficking pathway in which small membrane-bound vesicles mediate the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminals. The cycle resembles general membrane trafficking and has three phases: vesicle filling
The Design and Use of a Measure of Dysfunctional Career Thoughts Among Adults, College Students, and High School Students: The Career Thoughts Inventory

This article reviews the impact of dysfunctional career thinking on career choice, the use of cognitive restructuring to identify, challenge, and alter dysfunctional cognition, and the limitations of existing readiness screening and cognitive restructuring procedures. The recently developed Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) can be used by practitioners to assist adults, college students, and high school students to identify, challenge, and alter dysfunctional career thoughts, and then subsequently take action to make career choices. The cognitive information processing and cognitive therapy theoretical bases of the instrument are described, followed by a discussion of the development of the CTI and the CTI Workbook. Data are then presented on the readability, standardization, reliability (internal consistency and stability), and validity (content, construct, convergent, and criterion) of the measure. The use of the CTI is then described in terms of screening, needs assessment, and learning. Issues related t...
Lack of a synergistic effect between estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in the masculinization of the zebra finch song system.

Previous studies have suggested that both major active metabolites of testosterone, estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are needed for complete masculinization of the brain regions that control song in passerine birds. However, DHT treatment of hatchling female zebra finches has only small masculinizing effects on the song system. To assess whether E2 and DHT have a synergistic effect on the masculinization of the zebra finch song system, female zebra finches were given Silastic implants of E2 on the day of hatching (day 1) either without any additional hormone treatment or in combination with DHT on days 1, 14, or 70. At 105 to 110 days of age, we measured the volumes of Area X, higher vocal center (HVC), robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), soma sizes in HVC, RA, and the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the neostriatum (lMAN), and neuron density and number in RA. E2 masculinized all of the measures in the song system with the exception of the number of neurons in RA. DHT did not synergize with E2 to produce any additional masculinization of the attributes measured. These data demonstrate that the combination of E2 and DHT did not result in the complete masculinization of the song control nuclei and argue against the importance of androgen in sexual differentiation of the song system. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Population dynamics of sugar maple through the southern portion of its range: implications for range migration.

The range of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is expected to shift northward in accord with changing climate. However, a pattern of increased sugar maple abundance has been reported from sites throughout the eastern US. The goal of our study was to examine the stability of the sugar maple southern range boundary by analyzing its demography through the southern extent of its distribution. We analyzed changes in sugar maple basal area, relative frequency, relative density, relative importance values, diameter distributions, and the ratio of sapling biomass to total sugar maple biomass at three spatial positions near the southern boundary of the species' range using forest inventory data from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis program over a 20 year observation period (1990-2010). We contend that the southern range boundary of sugar maple neither contracted nor expanded during this period. We speculated that biophysical changes caused by succession may provide a short-lived ameliorative barrier to a rapid southern range contraction for some species. The eclipse of some greater climate change threshold may therefore be required to realize significant range movement for mesophytic tree species. Resume : La distribution de l'erable asucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) devrait se deplacer vers le nord en fonction du changement climatique. Cependant, une abondance accrue d'erables asucre a ete rapportee sur des sites distribues atravers l'Est des Etats-Unis. Le but de l'etude consistait aexaminer la stabilite des limites meridionales de l'etendue de l'erable asucre en analysant la demographie atravers le deplacement meridional de sa distribution. Les auteurs ont analyse les changements dans la surface terriere de l'erable asucre, sa frequence relative, sa densite relative, les valeurs d'importance relative, les distributions des diametres et le ratio de la biomasse de gaule sur la biomasse totale d'erable asucre, atrois positions spatiales pres de la limite meridionale de l'etendue de l'espece al'aide de donnees obtenues d'un inventaire forestier du programme « USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis » couvrant une periode d'observation de 20 ans (1990-2010). Les auteurs soutiennent que la limite meridionale de l'erable asucre ne s'est ni contractee ni etalee durant cette periode. Ils supposent que les changements biophy- siques causes par la succession peuvent fournir une barriere amelioratrice acourt terme envers la contraction rapide de l'etendue meridionale de certaines especes. L'eclipse d'un certain seuil de changement climatique plus eleve pourrait ainsi etre requise afin de realiser un mouvement significatif de l'etendue des especes d'arbres mesophytes. (Traduit par la Redaction)
What does the marriage of Open Access with online publication bring

Open Access online publishing is the trend of the future for unrestricted rapid and international dissemination of knowledge. Several journals are published on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) research, but none of them appear to be Open Access. To eliminate or to abate the scourge of AIDS, it is important that the knowledge acquired through research be disseminated as soon as possible. The Open Access journal, AIDS Research and Therapy, is intended to fill this knowledge gap by online publication of basic, preclinical, and clinical research articles.
Leadership, education, achievement, and development: a nursing intervention for prevention of youthful offending behavior.

PURPOSE: This 3-year study examines a theoretically designed community-based program aimed to reduce the risk of first-time involvement by minority youth with the juvenile justice system. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design with a nonrandomized sample of 146 African American youth test an expressive art curriculum with an after school control group. Outcome measures include protective factors, behavioral self-control, self-esteem, and resilience. FINDINGS: Ninety males and 56 females participated over the 3 years. All four of the outcomes were statistically significant or the LEAD group over the control group. Youth evaluate the LEAD program higher. CONCLUSION: LEAD can be viewed as a promising prevention program. Plans for replication, with larger samples and a longitudinal design are needed to examine the effects of the development of African American youth along with other variables that relate to later acquisition of offending behaviors. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2009; 14(6), 429-441. DOI: 10.1177/1078390308327049
Selecting Optimal Screening Items for Delirium: An Application of Item Response Theory

Background: Delirium (acute confusion), is a common, morbid, and costly complication of acute illness in older adults. Yet, researchers and clinicians lack short, efficient, and sensitive case identification tools for delirium. Though the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is the most widely used algorithm for delirium, the existing assessments that operationalize the CAM algorithm may be too long or complicated for routine clinical use. Item response theory (IRT) models help facilitate the development of short screening tools for use in clinical applications or research studies. This study utilizes IRT to identify a reduced set of optimally performing screening indicators for the four CAM features of delirium. Methods: Older adults were screened for enrollment in a large scale delirium study conducted in Boston-area postacute facilities (n = 4,598). Trained interviewers conducted a structured delirium assessment that culminated in rating the presence or absence of four features of delirium based on the CAM. A pool of 135 indicators from established cognitive testing and delirium assessment tools were assigned by an expert panel into two indicator sets per CAM feature representing (a) direct interview questions, including cognitive testing, and (b) interviewer observations. We used IRT models to identify the best items to screen for each feature of delirium. Results: We identified 10 dimensions and chose up to five indicators per dimension. Preference was given to items with peak psychometric information in the latent trait region relevant for screening for delirium. The final set of 48 indicators, derived from 39 items, maintains fidelity to clinical constructs of delirium and maximizes psychometric information relevant for screening. Conclusions: We identified optimal indicators from a large item pool to screen for delirium. The selected indicators maintain fidelity to clinical constructs of delirium while maximizing psychometric information important for screening. This reduced item set facilitates development of short screening tools suitable for use in clinical applications or research studies. This study represents the first step in the establishment of an item bank for delirium screening with potential questions for clinical researchers to select from and tailor according to their research objectives.
Factors influencing informal care-giving.

Background: As downsizing of institutional care continues, patients discharged are likely to have more severe mental illnesses, and to have experienced longer tenures within institutions than patients who have been discharged in the past. As greater numbers of patients are removed from mental hospitals, the objective burden experienced by informal care-givers may increase, particularly if formal care levels are inadequate. Aims of the Study: This paper documents who assumes informal care-giver roles, and the form such care-giving takes for patients discharged from a state hospital. Specifically, this paper identifies (i) what factors affect a person’s decision to assume a care-giver role, including the participation of other network members in caregiving, (ii) what factors influence whether care-giving is provided in time or in direct purchase of care and (iii) how the patient’s treatment location affects the decision of the network member to assume any care-giving role. Data and Analytical Methods: Data for this paper are taken from a longitudinal study of the closure of a state mental hospital in central Indiana. Seventy-seven patients were asked to identify their community networks. Ninety-eight network members were surveyed about the informal care, both in time or through direct expenditures, they provided to these patients one year after discharge. Caregiving relationships were estimated using a multivariate probit model. Such a model estimates the extent to which the decision to provide care in either form depends on the care-giving activities assumed by other network members associated with a given patient, as well as the characteristics of individual patients and network members. Results: Forty-one per cent of network members provided some level of informal care, with 13.3% providing some care in time, and 35.7% providing some care through direct expenditures. A positive relationship was found between participation in informal care-giving and the perception by the network member that patient needs were not being met by professionals. The decision to provide informal care was also found to be sensitive to the level of informal and formal care received by the patient. Care-giving in expense was found to be positively related to the care-giving decisions of other informal care-givers, but care-giving in time was not. Network members were more likely to provide care in time for patients who had been recently discharged to the community than for patients who remained in institutional settings.
Full-Chip Interconnect Power Estimation and Simulation Considering Concurrent Repeater and Flip-Flop Insertion

In this paper, we study the full-chip interconnect power modeling. We show that repeater insertion is no longer sufficient to achieve the target frequencies specified by ITRS, and develop concurrent repeater and FF insertion schemes. Considering structural interconnects, layer assignment and concurrent repeater and FF insertion for delay specification, we develop a cycle-accurate microarchitecture-level interconnect power simulation. The simulation reduces the over-estimation by up to 2.46X compared to power estimation based on purely stochastic interconnects and fixed switching factor. Furthermore, we show that interconnect pipelining has a lower IPC but can improve throughput by up to 2.03X. This indicates that the traditional design flow optimizing IPC and clock frequency separately may no longer be valid.
Anterior cruciate ligament injury: A persistently difficult diagnosis

Abstract Background Historically anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been diagnosed poorly. A paper published in Injury in 1996 showed that less than 10% of patients with an ACL injury had the diagnosis made by the first physician to see them and that the average delay from first presentation to diagnosis was 21 months. The aim of our study was to investigate whether an improvement has been made over the last two decades in diagnosing ACL injuries. Methods We identified 160 patients who had an ACL reconstruction performed by a single surgeon between October 2004 and December 2011 and for whom a complete data set was available. Data was extracted retrospectively from the hospital notes and a dedicated patient database. We performed a sub-group analysis comparing patients seen prior to the introduction of an acute knee injury clinic in April 2007 and patients seen after the introduction of the clinic. Results 75.1% (120/160) of patients presented first to an emergency department (ED) or to their general practitioner (GP), but only 14.4% (23/160) were diagnosed on initial presentation. The median number of healthcare professionals a patient saw prior to a diagnosis of ACL injury was 3. The median delay from injury to presentation was 0 weeks (range 0-885), injury to diagnosis 13 weeks (0-926), presentation to diagnosis 10 weeks (0-924), presentation to a specialist knee clinic 24 weeks (0-1006), and specialist knee clinic to surgery 13 weeks (0-102). The median total time from injury to surgery was 42 weeks (0-1047). Following the implementation of an acute knee injury clinic in 2007, the median delay from presentation to surgery dropped from 59 weeks to 36 weeks (p = 0.050) and there was a significant decrease in the median delay from specialist knee clinic to surgery from 23 to 11 weeks (p=0.002). Conclusion Over the past two decades there appears to have been little improvement in the early diagnosis of ACL injuries, with only 14.4% of patients being diagnosed correctly at initial presentation. We recommend further education of emergency and primary care clinicians in the diagnosis of ACL injuries, emphasising the importance of the typical history of an ACL injury. The implementation of an acute knee injury clinic may help minimise delays to surgery, which should result in better patient outcomes.
Effects of baroreceptor denervation on endocrine and drinking responses to caval constriction in dogs.

Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), plasma renin activity (PRA), and water intake (H2OIN) are increased by thoracic inferior vena caval constriction (TIVCC). To assess the role of the cardiac and sinoaortic baroreceptors in these responses, 9 sham-, 10 cardiac-(CD), 6 sinoaortic-(SAD), and 4 combined cardiac and sinoaortic-(CD + SAD) denervated conscious dogs were studied. All animals were studied while normally hydrated 1) with no access to water (H2O-) and 2) while drinking was permitted (H2O+). TIVCC caused similar reductions (P less than 0.001) of mean arterial (-32 +/- 4 mmHg), left atrial pressure (-6.5 +/- 1.1 cmH2O), and right atrial pressure (-4.2 +/- 0.8 cmH2O) in all groups. After TIVCC in sham dogs with H2O-, AVP increased from 3.6 +/- 0.7 to 72.8 +/- 12.6 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). AVP was similar with SAD (57.1 +/- 6.9) but was reduced with CD (30.9 +/- 3.0) and CD + SAD (17.7 +/- 4.0). In all groups, PRA increased from 4.5 +/- 0.7 to 23.8 +/- 3.0 ng.ml-1 x 3 h-1 and plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) increased from 14.0 +/- 2.8 to 59.5 +/- 13.0 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) increased similarly in all groups (55 +/- 5 to 128 +/- 25 pg/ml). Plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels increased similarly in all groups (298 +/- 61 to 654 +/- 88 pg/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simulating Droplet Impact Efficiency with a Lagrangian Concentration Differential Equation

Under the goal of predicting to determine impact efficiency on airplane surface elements under icing conditions, a new droplet trajectory method was developed to determine concentration along the Lagrangian droplet path. It is similar to the Full Lagrangian method from Healy and Young in that it uses a Lagrangian Concentrational Differential Equation (LCDE) for particle number density. However, it uses a novel Eulerian approach for the particle velocity divergence term in the concentration equation. The combined approach is termd the Globally Eulerian Locally Lagrangian (GELL) approach. This new technique was compared to conventional bin-based and area-based approaches for impact efficiency in terms of accuracy and efficiency for an inviscid cylinder flow and a RANS-based airfoil flow. The GELL method provides good agreement with analytical and experimental results and is much more computationally efficient than bin (box counting) methods and can be extended to unsteady flowfields, unlike area-based methods.
A Novel Derivatization of Ethylene Glycol From Human Serum Using 4-Carbethoxyhexafluorobutyryl Chloride for Unambiguous Gas Chromatography-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Identification and Quantification

Ethylene glycol poisoning is a common problem and identification of ethylene glycol in serum is important for both medical and legal purposes. Other glycols like propylene glycol, 2,3-butanediol, and diethylene glycols are also abused. Common derivatization techniques to form cyclic ester of ethylene glycol work only for 1,2-diols and cannot derivatize other glycols like diethylene glycol. The authors describe novel derivatization technique of ethylene glycol (Molecular weight 62) using 4-carbethoxyhexafluorobutyryl chloride that produces a distinct protonated molecular ion peak at m/z 563 in chemical ionization mode, thus aiding in unambiguous confirmation of ethylene glycol. The authors' novel derivatization technique is not limited to 1,2-diols and can derivatize any glycol. It yields less volatile derivatives than any conventional derivatives and is free from interference from the serum matrix. Moreover, those glycols produce distinctively different mass spectra compared to ethylene glycol. Quantitation of ethylene glycol can be easily achieved by using 1,2-butanediol as an internal standard. The assay showed a within run and between run precision of 6.7% and 8.2% and a linearity from 1.1-36.1 mmol/L (70-2,240 micrograms/mliters) of serum ethylene glycol concentration.
Pivotal Role of the Triple Cross Product

(1969). Pivotal Role of the Triple Cross Product. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 649-651.
Analysis of school norovirus outbreaks from 2011 to 2013 in Changzhou city

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in Changzhou city during 2011-2013,and to provide evidence for the appropriate and effective preventive measure. Methods Descriptive analysis was used to present norovirus outbreaks in Changzhou city. Results There were 7 norovirus outbreaks and 505 cases from 2011 to 2013 in Changzhou city. The dominant symptom reported was vomiting,diarrhea,abdominal pain. A majority of norovirus outbreaks occurred in primary school. The incidence of norovirus outbreaks was higher in autumn and winter(6. 21%). GenotypeⅡ(GⅡ) account for the majority of outbreaks. Conclusion Norovirus is emerging as the serious public health problems in schools. It is highly infectious and can cause significant secondary spread of infection within close schools.
Effects of reclaimed water matrix on fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in soil.

Reclaimed water is increasingly used to supplement water resources. However, reclaimed water has a complex matrix, which includes emerging chemical contaminants, that is introduced to the soil when this water is used for irrigation. The effects of microbial activity, dissolved matter, nutrients, and particulate matter in reclaimed water on half-life of 11 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in soil were investigated with 7 treatment waters, namely swine lagoon effluent (either unaltered, sterilized, or filtered and sterilized) and nanopure water (either unaltered or with added nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium). The extractable residues of the parent PPCPs were measured over 35 d. Lagoon microbial activity was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) related to increased half-life of 4 PPCPs (carbamazepine, fluoxetine, ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole) by 14-74%, and to decreased half-life of 3 others (caffeine, gemfibrozil, naproxen) by 13-25%. The presence of lagoon dissolved matter was significantly correlated with a 20-110% increase in half-life for 6 PPCPs (caffeine, estrone, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen, triclocarban). However, lagoon particulate matter was significantly correlated with 9-52% decrease in half-life for these same compounds, as well as trimethoprim. The levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in the lagoon effluent were not significantly related to half-life for most PPCPs, except caffeine. Overall, specific components of reclaimed water matrix had different effects on the soil half-lives of PPCPs, suggesting that the composition of reclaimed water needs to be considered when evaluating PPCP fate after land application.
Mechanisms of Bone Loss after Cessation of Ovarian Function-Therapeutic Implications (Übersichtsreferat)

In order to promulgate a rational therapeutic regimen for bone loss after cessation of ovarian function, it is important to examine the changes that occur in bone. Studies using rats as experimental models report bone loss following experimentally induced cessation of ovarian function (Fangere et al. 1986). However, there are several problems with the rat model. Rats are physiologically hyperphosphatemic their skeleton differs from humans, and it is impossible to characterize bone loss over time because sequential bone biopsies are impossible.
A DNA-Based Assessment of the Phylogenetic Position of a Morphologically Distinct, Anchialine-Lake-Restricted Seahorse

Isolated populations provide special opportunities to study local adaptation and incipient speciation. In some cases, however, morphological evolution can obscure the taxonomic status of recently founded populations. Here, we use molecular markers to show that an anchialine-lake-restricted population of seahorses, originally identified as Hippocampus reidi, appears on the basis of DNA data to be Hippocampus erectus We collected seahorses from Sweetings Pond, on Eleuthera Island, Bahamas, during the summer of 2014. We measured morphological traits and sequenced 2 genes, cytochrome b and ribosomal protein S7, from 19 seahorses in our sample. On the basis of morphology, Sweetings Pond seahorses could not be assigned definitively to either of the 2 species of seahorse, H. reidi and H. erectus, that occur in marine waters surrounding the Bahamas. However, our DNA-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the Sweetings Pond fish were firmly nested within the H. erectus clade with a Bayesian posterior probability greater than 0.99. Thus, Sweetings Pond seahorses most recently shared a common ancestor with H. erectus populations from the Western Atlantic. Interestingly, the seahorses from Sweetings Pond differ morphologically from other marine populations of H. erectus in having a more even torso to tail length ratio. The substantial habitat differences between Sweetings Pond and the surrounding coastal habitat make Sweetings Pond seahorses particularly interesting from the perspectives of conservation, local adaptation, and incipient speciation.
Collecting in the Museum: New Species, Taxonomic Changes, and Range Extensions of Euplectite Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of the Southeastern United States

Abstract Nine new species of pselaphine rove beetles from the southeastern USA are described within four euplectite genera: Rhexius amyae Owens and Carlton, new species; Rhexius jaceus Owens and Carlton, new species; Pseudactium jaitlynum Owens and Carlton, new species; Actium riobuffaloensis Owens and Carlton, new species; Bibloplectus baylessae Owens and Carlton, new species; Bibloplectus bossartae Owens and Carlton, new species; Bibloplectus faulknerensis Owens and Carlton, new species; Bibloplectus ferroi Owens and Carlton, new species; and Bibloplectus kylei Owens and Carlton, new species. A single new synonymy is noted in the genus Conoplectus Brendel, 1888: Conoplectus acornus Carlton, 1983 with Conoplectus canaliculatus (LeConte, 1849), new synonymy. Regional checklists of the species in each genus are provided, and new species are integrated into previously published keys and supported by illustrations of diagnostic characters. All specimens in this study were obtained from the pinned collection ...
The Political Economy of MERCOSUR

Recent literature on regional integration has stressed the key role that emerging trading blocs will have in shaping the world economy of the 21st-century. With the end of the Cold War, policymakers have refocused their attention on economic issues. Economic trends — such as rapid changes in research, technology, capital flow, and trade patterns — have assumed a new importance. Increasing competition in world markets has induced industrialized countries to cluster together in regional economic blocs. This has been the case with the European Community (EC), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signatories (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), and possibly Japan and its East Asian neighbors. However, these experiments in regional integration differ appreciably in nature. For instance, the EC explicitly seeks an economic and political union, whereas the NAFTA is simply a free trade area whose goal is the eventual elimination of restrictions on investment flows.
Have your Cake and Eat it Too: Foreign Language Learning with a Crowdsourced Video Captioning System

Learning from captioned foreign language videos is highly effective, but the availability of such videos is limited. By using speech-to-text technology to generate partially correct transcripts as a starting point, we see an opportunity for learners to build accurate foreign language captions while learning at the same time. We present a system where learners correct captions using automatic transcription and machine-generated suggested alternative words for scaffolding. In a lab study of 49 participants, we found that compared to watching the video with accurate caption, learning and quality of experience were not significantly impaired by the secondary caption correction task using interface designs either with or without scaffolding from speech-to-text generated alternative words. Nevertheless, aggregating corrections reduced word error rate from 19% to 5.5% without scaffolding from suggested-alternatives, and 1.8% with scaffolding. Feedback from participants suggest that emphasizing the learning community contribution aspect is important for motivating learners and reducing frustration.
High-Performance Directional Metallopolyamides. I. Synthesis and Thermal Analysis

High-performance polyamides containing the 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridyl moiety were synthesized by phosphorylation polycondensation from 2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid and a series of primary aromatic diamines with triphenylphosphite and pyridine as the agents to facilitate condensation. Polyamides exhibiting improved solubility in organic solvents and strong acids, melting transitions at low temperatures, and good thermal properties were prepared by introducing bulking methyl and fluoro groups and flexible ether and propyl linkages and by using monomers with reduced symmetry. Solutions of the polyamides with rigid main chains (III, IV, V, VI, and VIII) showed birefringence (colorful spherulites) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% (w/v) polymer/solvent. The chelation of ruthenium(II) ions resulted in the preparation of directional metallopolyamide systems based on the geometrically favorable tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex. The three-dimensional polyamides, which absorbed at a λ max of 476 mm and emitted at a λ max of 620 nm, exhibited a high thermal stability and improved solubility, making them suitable candidates for compressive strength studies and cyclic voltammetry studies as part of an effort to address the corrosion of graphite fiber-reinforced composites.
A Highly Selective Hydantoin Inhibitor of Aggrecanase-1 and Aggrecanase-2 with a Low Projected Human Dose

Aggrecanase-1 and -2 (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) are zinc metalloproteases involved in the degradation of aggrecan in cartilage. Inhibitors could provide a means of altering the progression of osteoarthritis. We report the identification of 7 which had good oral pharmacokinetics in rats and showed efficacy in a rat chemical model of osteoarthritis. The projected human dose required to achieve sustained plasma levels ≥10 times the hADAMTS-5 IC50 is 5 mg q.d.
Factors Influencing Occupational Therapists' Decision to Supervise Fieldwork Students

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence the decision to supervise a Level II occupational therapy fieldwork student. A survey was sent to occupational therapists identified from licensure boards and alumni rosters, including those who have and have not supervised students (n = 548). The results identified both positive and negative influences along with predictive factors of supervising a student. While positive factors included continuing education units, education on fieldwork expectations, their own fieldwork experiences, shared supervision, and access to educational resources, negative influences consisted of: job responsibilities, caseload, productivity standards, working part-time, and fear of failing a student. The discussion focuses on how to address the needs of the clinician and facilitate fieldwork placement.
Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of the School-Aged Child With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Two guidelines issued by the subcommittee on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of the Committee on Quality Improvement for the American Academy of Pediatrics provide guidance for primary care clinicians interested in diagnosing and treating ADHD in school aged children. The 11 recommendations in these two guidelines encompass the spectrum of care for children suspected of or diagnosed with ADHD in the primary care setting.
Concussion management knowledge among residents and students and how to improve it.

Aim: Recognition and management of concussion is an area of growing importance. The objective was to measure concussion knowledge among residents and medical students (MS). Methods: Baseline knowledge was assessed by a standardized questionnaire. Control group (family medicine [FM], pediatric medicine [PM] and emergency medicine) residents were given reading material, and intervention group rotated in a clinic (sports medicine residents and MS). Subjects were retested after 36.82 (16.1) days. Pre- and post-intervention test scores were compared. Results: The average baseline knowledge scores were 79.2% for emergency medicine residents, 61.4% for FM, 68.5% for PM, 71.7% for sports medicine residents and 68.0% for MS. Knowledge increase for control group was 1.16% compared with 14.41% for the clinical rotation group (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: PM and FM residents can benefit from more focused education about concussion.
Cultural Stressors, Identity Development, and Substance Use Attitudes Among Hispanic Immigrant Adolescents

The goal of this investigation was to determine whether various cultural stressors (bicultural stress, perceived discrimination, and perceived negative context of reception [PNCR]) predict positive and negative substance use attitudes, directly and indirectly through personal identity, in a sample of immigrant Hispanic adolescents. Data on cultural stressors, substance use attitudes, and covariates were collected from 302 Hispanic immigrant adolescents (152 from Miami [61% Cuban] and 150 from Los Angeles [70% Mexican]) at 3 time points. PNCR was associated with identity confusion (β = .175, p = .033). Identity confusion significantly predicted higher positive attitudes toward alcohol and other drug (AOD; β = .216, p < .001) and cigarette use (β = .191, p = .015) and mediated the relationship between PNCR with unfavorable AOD attitudes (β = −.019, 95% confidence interval [CI] [− 0.052, − 0.001]) and favorable AOD attitudes (β = 0.038, 95% CI [0.003, 0.086]). Perceptions of a negative context of reception may hinder successful personal identity formation and impact health outcomes for immigrant youth.
Stochastic model predictive control — how does it work?

Abstract Stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) provides a probabilistic framework for MPC of systems with stochastic uncertainty. A key feature of SMPC is the inclusion of chance constraints, which enables a systematic trade-off between attainable control performance and probability of state constraint violations in a stochastic setting. This paper presents an overview of core concepts in SMPC in relation to MPC and stochastic optimal control, with numerical illustrations on a typical chemical process. Estimation of stochastic disturbances as well as the impact of estimation quality of stochastic disturbances on the SMPC performance are discussed. Some avenues for future research in SMPC are suggested.
Intermolecular G-Quadruplex Induces Hyaluronic Acid-DNA Superpolymers Causing Cancer Cell Swelling, Blebbing, and Death.

Over the past decade, nanomedicine has gained considerable attraction through its relevance, for example, in “smart” delivery, thus creating platforms for novel treatments. Here, we report a natural polymer–DNA conjugate that undergoes self-assembly in a K+-dependent fashion to form a G-quadruplex (GQ) and generate superpolymeric structures. We derivatized a thiolated conjugate of the naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan polymer hyaluronic acid (HASH) with short G-rich DNA (HASH–DNA) that can form an intermolecular noncanonical GQ structure. Gel mobility shift assay and circular dichroism measurements confirmed HASH conjugation to DNA and K+-dependent GQ formation, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the addition of K+ to the HASH–DNA conjugate led to the formation of micron-range structures, whereas control samples remained unordered and as a nebulous globular form. Confocal microscopy of a fluorescently labeled form of the superpolymer ...
Microstructural Characterization of AA6061 Versus AA6061 HIP Bonded Cladding–Cladding Interface

Microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) was carried out near the interface between the two AA6061 alloys that were hot isostatically pressed (HIP) to clad Zr laminated U-10 wt.% Mo metallic nuclear fuel. The HIP-bonded AA6061–AA6061 interface consisted of discontinuous layer of Mg2Si along with traces of fine MgO dispersoids and small precipitates of Al19(Fe, Cr, Cu)4MnSi2. To examine the presence of statistical variation, quantitative microscopy was also conducted, using several HIP’ed samples, to measure the relative linear density of the Mg2Si precipitates at the HIP bonded AA6061–AA6061 interface. In order to better understand the formation of discontinuous Mg2Si layer, solid-to-solid diffusion couple experiments were carried out using temperature and time relevant to HIP. The discontinuous Mg2Si layer was not observed in diffusion couples that were rapidly water-quenched, but those slowly cooled in air and in furnace developed the discontinuous Mg2Si. Presence of oxygen, confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy via STEM, at the interface would be the potential driving force for the migration of Mg and Si atoms, where Mg would preferentially react with oxygen to form MgO, and excess Mg would react with Si to form Mg2Si during cooling. Faster cooling after HIP may minimize the formation of excessive Mg2Si.
PHYSICS CRITERIA AND DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR AN ADVANCED IGNITION EXPERIMENT

The lastest embodiment (Ignitor Ult) of an advanced compact, high magnetic field toroidal machine with the purpose of investigating deuterium–tritium (D–T) fusion ignition conditions is described. The conceptual foundations of the experiment, based on present-day experimental and theoretical understanding of the physics of magnetically confined plasmas, are analyzed. The engineering solutions and design characteristics of the machine's principal components are presented.
Crack Healing in Semicrystalline Polymers, Block Copolymers and Filled Elastomers

Crack healing was found to be a generic property of polymers. Its effect on the mechanical behavior of some semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers and filled elastomers was investigated as a function of time, temperature and strain history. It was found that cracks or microvoids could heal instantaneously or slowly depending on the microstructural damage and molecular rearrangements incurred during the debonding process. Crack healing rates increased with temperature and no healing was observed below the effective Tg of the active molecular healing components in each material. A semiempirical kinetic theory was developed which quantitatively described mechanical recovery due to crack healing in terms of time, temperature and strain and provided a basis for construction of master healing curves by time-temperature superposition. It is apparent that crack formation and healing provides another mechanistic interpretation of viscoelastic behavior in addition to molecular relaxation processes and whose effect on mechanical and fracture properties of polymers is largely underestimated.
Abstract 244: Pathway analysis of OncoArray data identifies biological pathways involved in lung cancer development

Background:Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified susceptible loci associated with lung cancer development. However, these variants only account for a small proportion of lung cancer heritability. With the aim to identify the missing heritability, we propose to conduct pathway analysis to test the joint effects of rare and common variants using the OncoArray data. By grouping SNPs into genes and pathways, we may shed light into the underlying mechanisms for lung cancer development and identify novel candidate genes and pathways.Methods:We applied sequence kernel association test (SKAT) to the OncoArray data of the Transdisciplinary Research of Cancer in lung of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (TRICL-ILCCO) that includes 34,432 individuals (19,028 cases and 15,404 controls) across over twenty lung cancer studies. A total of 403 KEGG and Biocarta pathways containing 5,555 genes and 58,717 SNPs were included in the study. As a score-based variance-component test, SKAT calculated p values for each pathway set by fitting the null model containing only age, gender, smoking, and first three PCAs. Results:KEGG neuroactive ligand receptor interaction (p=1.18×10-4, FDR=0.0285) and KEGG pancreatic cancer pathways (p=1.41×10-4, FDR=0.0285) were significantly associated with lung cancer. Gene-based analyses found that the most significant genes on the KEGG neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway to be CHRNA5 (p=2.33×10-8, FDR=0.0003), CHRNA3 (p=2.85×10-7, FDR=0.0019), and CHRNB4 (p=7.49×10-7, FDR=0.0034), while the most significant genes for KEGG pancreatic cancer pathway to be BRCA2 (p=2.23×10-5, FDR=0.0505). Stratified analyses highlighted five pathways (KEGG intestinal immune network for IGA production, KEGG leishmania infection, KEGG bladder cancer, KEGG pancreatic cancer, and KEGG axon guidance) for squamous cell carcinoma and one pathway (Biocarta ACH pathway) for adenocarcinoma with FWER Citation Format: Zhihui Wang, Ruyang Zhang, Li Su, Rayjean Hung, Christopher Amos, David C. Christiani. Pathway analysis of OncoArray data identifies biological pathways involved in lung cancer development [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 244.
Preference of kittens for scratchers.

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine kitten preferences towards different scratchers and the effects of catnip and cat odor on kitten scratching behaviors.MethodsTwo-choice prefer...
Physiological constraints to realizing maize grain yield recovery with silking-stage nitrogen fertilizer applications

Abstract Understanding the physiological factors which allow or constrain maize (Zea mays L.) recovery from vegetative N stress when N fertilizer is added near flowering is important for N management decisions. To study the capacity of maize to recover from vegetative N stress, we conducted a two-year experiment comparing seven hybrids (released between 1946 and 2015) and five N treatments - a 0 N control (0_0) and four treatments which received a total of 220 kg N ha−1 applied either 100% at V4 (220_0), 100% at R1 (0_220), 75% at V4 and 25% at R1 (165_55), or 25% at V4 and 75% at R1 (55_165). These N treatments created a range of N deficiencies at flowering. There was no indication that yield response to the timing of N application had changed over the past 70 years of hybrid improvement. Compared to 220_0, grain yield was significantly lowered by the delayed application of 0_220 (relative yield of 89%) but not by the split applications of 55_165 or 165_55 (relative yields of 93 and 100%, respectively), although both 0_220 and 55_165 were under N stress at R1, as indicated by the N Nutrition Index. The reasons for the lower grain yield in 0_220, but not 55_165, appeared to be 1) low vegetative-stage N accumulation which could not be compensated for by increased post-silking N uptake, 2) lack of recovery of leaf N status following the R1 N application, and 3) significantly reduced biomass accumulation during the vegetative growth. These findings provide a better understanding of the ability of maize to recover from moderate early-season N stress and will aid agronomists in making management decisions regarding the timing of N fertilizer applications.
Malnutrition and overall survival in older patients with cancer.

e22015Background: A growing number of patients with cancer are 65 years of age and older, and undergo age-related and cancer therapy-related changes. Malnutrition is common among cancer patients, a...
Ultrasound and MR Imaging of the Normal Fetal Brain

Prenatal imaging of the central nervous system has proven to be essential in the detection of anomalies to guide counseling and intrauterine and postnatal therapies. However, understanding the appearance of normal is important because the fetal brain changes dramatically during the pregnancy. In this review, normal imaging of the brain with ultrasound and MR imaging is discussed. The initial section stresses techniques for both modalities. The second section describes ultrasound and MR landmarks in a normal fetal brain.
Percutaneous treatment of IVC obstruction due to post-resection hepatic torsion associated with IVC thrombosis

Migration of the left hepatic lobe into the potential space following right lobe resection can result in torsion and hepatic venous outflow obstruction with compromised venous return from the IVC. If untreated, significant morbidity and mortality can develop. We report a case of a 29-year-old female with Lynch syndrome who underwent right lobe resection for a metastatic hepatic tumor. There was subsequent migration of the liver remnant, torsion of the IVC, and impaired hepatic outflow, successfully treated with thrombectomy and stenting. Following right hepatectomy, hepatic venous outflow obstruction should be consdered in the setting of hepatorenal failure and hemodynamic instability. Endovascular stenting is a viable treatment option.
Development of imjSCORE for early prediction of response to nivolumab among patients with advanced cancer.

e14169Background: Cross-sectional Imaging (CI) plays an essential role in early assessment of patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), yet often remains inconclusive in the setting of advan...