cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging

Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a new modality, utilizing the blue Cerenkov light emitted from radio-isotopes decaying with particle emission. This allows for the optical imaging of clinically approved isotopes, especially those used not only for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging but also some for radiotherapy. CLI has been applied in preclinical molecular imaging and has just made the step into clinical imaging, where one of CLI’s most promising applications is intraoperative imaging, bridging the gap between the few available targeted fluorescent agents and the multitude of clinically used radiotracers. Using CLI for intraoperative imaging would provide a much larger and readily available list of agents than currently available for fluorescence imaging and allows for preoperative PET and intraoperative imaging with the same agent. This chapter discusses the basics of CLI, its promises, and challenges with respect to its application in intraoperative imaging.
Parity and the Pigeonhole Principle

The Pigeonhole Principle is the statement that there is no one-to-one map of a set of size n into a set of size n — 1. This is a theorem of Peano Arithmetic that is it can be proved using the axioms of complete induction. A weaker version of Peano Arithmetic is I Δ0 where we allow only bounded formulas in the induction axioms, that is for each bounded formula \( \phi (\vec x,z)\) the corresponding induction axiom \( \forall \vec x\left( {\left( {\varphi \left( {\vec x,0} \right) \wedge \forall \left( {\varphi \left( {\vec x,y} \right) \to \varphi \left( {\vec x,y + 1} \right)} \right)} \right) \to \forall z\varphi \left( {\vec x,z} \right)} \right), \) where a formula is called bounded if it contains only quantifiers of the type \( \forall x < y{\text{ }}or{\text{ }}\exists x < y. \)
Specularity elimination in range sensing for accurate 3D modeling of specular objects

We present a novel range sensing method that is capable of constructing accurate 3D models of specular objects. Our method utilizes a new range imaging concept called multipeak range imaging, which accounts for the effects of mutual reflections. False measurements generated by mutual reflections are then eliminated by applying a series of constraint tests based on local smoothness, global coordinate consistency and visibility consistency. We show the usefulness of our method by applying the method to three real objects with specular surfaces. The ground truth data for those three objects were also acquired in order to evaluate the elimination of false measurements and to justify the selection of the parameters in the constraint tests. Experimental results indicate that our method significantly improves upon the traditional methods for constructing reliable 3D models of specular objects with complex shapes.
Renal hemodynamics and functional adjustments to postnatal life.

ANY CHANGES NEED to occur at birth to allow the fetus to sustain postnatal life. Among these, circulatory and hormonal changes have been suggested to influence the newborn kidney to assume full control of water and electrolyte homeostasis. It has been shown that the left ventricular output increases at birth’ and contributes to the greater proportion of the cardiac output delivered to the kidney and to the rise in renal blood flow (RBF) observed after birth.2 Key roles have also been postulated for various hormonal mediators such as catecholamines, vasopressin, and the renin-angiotensin system. 3-5 This review summarizes the current understanding of the effect of delivery on renal function in the first 24 hours of postnatal life and gives new information regarding the relationship between changes in renal hemodynamics, renal function, and circulatory vasoactive hormones during the transition from fetal to newborn life.
An evaluation of time in establishing operation on the effectiveness of functional communication training

We examined whether different durations of exposure to relevant establishing operations (EO) during treatment of problem behavior affected treatment efficacy and response bursting. In Study 1, we compared 2 functional communication training (FCT) interventions. In the first treatment, we used a card touch as the target mand; this was associated with limited exposure to the EO because we could physically guide the mand at prescribed times. In the other treatment, we used a vocal response as the mand; this was associated with longer exposure to the EO because it was not possible to guide the response. In Study 2, we exposed participants to time-based reinforcement schedules that were yoked to the schedules of obtained reinforcement from the 2 FCT interventions in Study 1. Results indicated that limited exposure to the EO was associated with less response bursting, larger and more rapid reductions in problem behavior, and faster acquisition of the alternative mand.
The Role of Morris Plan Lending Institutions in Expanding Consumer Microcredit in the United States

This paper examines the rise of the Morris Plan banks, in the early part of the twentieth century, in providing consumer credit. Morris Plan banks emerged at a time when formal consumer credit markets were virtually non-existent. Credit unions also appeared in the United States at the same time. Within twenty years of their appearance, Morris Plan banks dominated consumer lending. The demise of Morris Plan banks begins with the full recovery of banking after the Great Depression. This paper analyzes the structure of Morris Plan lending in light of the recent literature concerning joint liability credit institutions. Our analysis suggests that the success of the Morris Plan lending structure may be attributed partly to it alleviating informational asymmetries and costs associated with lending. The analysis also suggests that the Morris Plan structure grew faster than credit unions because it imposed less joint liability on borrowers than did credit unions. Ultimately, the emergence of Morris Plan banks during this period is an interesting historical example of an institution arising organically within the private sector to meet a credit need and disappearing after alternative institutional forms, which were less costly to borrowers, emerged as consumer credit markets matured.
Strongly interacting W's and Z's and the elastic unitarity constraint

Abstract By employing the dictum that axiomatic principles are devoid of predictive power, we find that the the elastic unitarity constraint, applied to strong W L W L scattering, does not alter the assumed spectrum of intermediate states. In other words, if one integrates out the heavy degrees of freedom in an effective theory, then imposing elastic unitarity on the resultant low-energy theory effectively integrates back in the original heavy degrees of freedom, but otherwise leaves the spectrum unchanged. As a case study, we consider intermediate states involving a heavy Higgs and heavy fermions of a hypothetical fourth doublet. In contrast to recent studies, we find no p-wave resonance.
Critical Political Economy of the Media: An Introduction

Hardy, J. (2014). Critical Political Economy of the Media: An Introduction. New York, NY: Routledge. 245 pages.I was briefly involved in an on-line debate recently when a media studies faculty memb...
Radioimmunoassays for α-endorphin and β-endorphin

Summary This note describes the technical details of double antibody radio-immunoassays for the two peptides α- and β-endorphin and the specificity characteristics of the antisera. Antisera raised in rabbits to synthetic α-endorphin measure quantitatively α-endorphin; usable range is 50 pg to 5 ng. Their specific recognition site is toward the C-terminal region (Ser10-Thr16) of α-endorphin. Other antisera, raised in rabbits to synthetic β-endorphin measure quantitatively β-endorphin; usable range is 50 pg to 5 ng β-endorphin. Their specific recognition site is toward the C-terminal region (Asn20-His27) of β-endorphin; these antibodies recognize β-endorphin i.e. β-LPH-(61–91), β-lipotropin i.e. β-LPH-(1–91), and the precursor molecule to LPH-ACTH with molecular weight ca. 31 × 103 (31K-precursor). Neither antiserum binds enkephalins.
Multiple Systems in Decision Making A Neurocomputational Perspective

Various psychological models posit the existence of two systems that contribute to decision making. The first system is bottom-up, automatic, intuitive, emotional, and implicit, while the second system is top-down, controlled, deliberative, and explicit. It has become increasingly evident that this dichotomy is both too simplistic and too vague. Here we consider insights gained from a different approach, one that considers the multiple computational demands of the decision-making system in the context of neural mechanisms specialized to accomplish some of that system's more basic functions. The use of explicit computational models has led to (a) identification of core trade-offs imposed by a single-system solution to cognitive problems that are solved by having multiple neural systems, and (b) novel predictions that can be tested empirically and that serve to further refine the models.
Content and relationship dimensions of communicative behavior: An exploratory study

Little is known about the interrelationship between content and relationship dimensions of communication and how they affect human interaction. The present study attempts to provide some empirical basis to be used to guide further inquiry into the correlates of content‐relationship interaction. A four‐dimensional content and a unindimensional relationship coding scheme were used to analyze human interaction. Data were subjected to Markov analyses using split‐half comparisons to discover potential patterns of interaction across time. The results generated several plausible hypotheses to serve as springboards for further research.
Reversibility of the effect of tacrine on the secretion of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in cultured cells

The amyloid beta-protein (A beta) of Alzheimer's disease is derived from a family of large integral membrane glycoproteins, beta-amyloid precursor proteins (beta APP). Two secretory proteolytic pathways are involved in the metabolism of beta APP. The major pathway involves cleavage within the A beta sequence and generates carboxyl-truncated derivatives of beta APP which are secreted into the conditioned medium of cells. The minor 'amyloidogenic' pathway results in the production of A beta. Here, cell cultures were used to examine the metabolism of beta APP by tacrine, a centrally active cholinesterase inhibitor reported to improve cognitive deficits. Treatment with tacrine in cells resulted in the drastic inhibition of secretion of the major isoforms of beta APP into the medium. The effect of tacrine can be reversed by washing away the drug from the cells. Treatment with tacrine did not change the level of either HSP-70 or LDH. Thus, the inhibitory effect of tacrine on the secretion of beta APP was not due to the permanent damage or loss of cells as normal release of beta APP could be restored when the drug was washed away.
Estimating the noncircularity of latent components within complex-valued subband mixtures with applications to speech processing

This paper describes an approach that estimates the circularity coefficients of multiple underlying components within complex subbands of an additive mixture of voiced speech and noise via the strong uncorrelating transform (SUT). For the SUT to be effective, the latent source signals must have unique nonzero circularity coefficients; this requirement is satisfied by using narrow filters to impose a degree of noncircularity upon what would typically be circular noise. The circularity coefficient estimates are then used for voice activity detection, pitch tracking, and enhancement.
Fast-flow lingual vascular anomalies in the young patient: is imaging diagnostic?

Abstract Aim. To describe the imaging findings (MR imaging and angiography) of high-flow vascular anomalies of the tongue, hemangiomas and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), with emphasis on the discrepant imaging findings in lingual AVMs. Materials and methods. Retrospective review of clinical records, histologic reports and imaging studies of five consecutive patients with high-flow lingual vascular anomalies. Results. One patient had hemangioma (aged 1 month) and four patients had AVMs (aged 15 months, 6, 24, and 33 years). Diagnosis was made on the basis of histology in four lesions and was based on typical clinical history in one lesion. MR imaging and angiographic findings of the hemangioma were typical, but similar findings of focal hyperintense mass on T2-weighted images and angiographic stain were seen in three AVMs (patients aged 15 months, 6 and 33 years). On angiography, there was no nidus or direct arteriovenous (AV) shunting in one AVM (patient aged 15 months). The fourth AVM had typical MR imaging and angiographic findings. Conclusion. The imaging findings in lingual AVMs can be atypical or inconclusive and can mimic hemangiomas, especially in the young patient. Since treatment depends on accurate diagnosis, biopsy may be necessary for lesions with inconclusive imaging findings.
The role of estradiol in the equilibrium binding of estrogen receptor to rabbit uterine chromatin.

Abstract Estradiol complexed with receptor stimulates transcription in target organs. The precise function of the steroid molecule in the mechanism is unknown. Among its many suggested functions, is that estradiol participates as an active component in the binding of receptor to a chromatin fraction. In vitro evidence is presented that estradiol is neither necessary for binding of receptor to chromatin nor does it significantly influence the equilibrium parameters which describe the extent of binding. It is further shown that binding of estradiol to receptor previously bound to chromatin has similar equilibrium parameters to that for the binding reaction of estradiol to free receptor. These results suggest that the receptor may have an estradiol binding site disjoint from the chromatin binding site which is not functionally hindered by the receptor being bound to chromatin.
Developing a Regional Nursing Research Website

Do you know if there are any nurse researchers in the area who are doing research with women who are HIV positive? This question was asked by a doctoral student in a research class. The faculty member responded that she was aware of one researcher who worked with HIV-infected men but that she was not aware of any other ongoing, unpublished work of a nurse researcher in the locality. It became apparent there had to be a way to keep informed and share expertise among regional nurse researchers. Thus, the Washington Area Nursing Research Resources (WANRR) website was conceived in the Fall of 1997.
Intermittently administered human parathyroid hormone(1-34) treatment increases intracortical bone turnover and porosity without reducing bone strength in the humerus of ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys.

Cortical porosity in patients with hyperparathyroidism has raised the concern that intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) given to treat osteoporotic patients may weaken cortical bone by increasing its porosity. We hypothesized that treatment of ovariectomized (OVX) cynomolgus monkeys for up to 18 months with recombinant human PTH(1-34) [hPTH(1-34)] LY333334 would significantly increase porosity in the midshaft of the humerus but would not have a significant effect on the strength or stiffness of the humerus. We also hypothesized that withdrawal of PTH for 6 months after a 12-month treatment period would return porosity to control OVX values. OVX female cynomolgus monkeys were given once daily subcutaneous (sc) injections of recombinant hPTH(1-34) LY333334 at 1.0 microg/kg (PTH1), 5.0 microg/kg (PTH5), or 0.1 ml/kg per day of phosphate-buffered saline (OVX). Sham OVX animals (sham) were also given vehicle. After 12 months, PTH treatment was withdrawn from half of the monkeys in each treatment group (PTH1-W and PTH5-W), and they were treated for the remaining 6 months with vehicle. Double calcein labels were given before death at 18 months. After death, static and dynamic histomorphometric measurements were made intracortically and on periosteal and endocortical surfaces of sections from the middiaphysis of the left humerus. Bone mechanical properties were measured in the right humeral middiaphysis. PTH dose dependently increased intracortical porosity. However, the increased porosity did not have a significant detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the bone. Most porosity was concentrated near the endocortical surface where its mechanical effect is small. In PTH5 monkeys, cortical area (Ct.Ar) and cortical thickness (Ct.Th) increased because of a significantly increased endocortical mineralizing surface. After withdrawal of treatment, porosity in PTH1-W animals declined to sham values, but porosity in PTH5-W animals remained significantly elevated compared with OVX and sham. We conclude that intermittently administered PTH(1-34) increases intracortical porosity in a dose-dependent manner but does not reduce the strength or stiffness of cortical bone.
Digesta Passage, Digestibility and Behavior in Captive Gorillas Under Two Dietary Regimens

Gorilla adaptation has been debated in recent years given the wide variation among diets of gorillas in different habitats. Gorillas are the largest of living primates, have large colons and should be capable of processing tough foods. Preliminary captive studies have suggested that they may well have long average gut retention times relative to smaller hominoids, which should facilitate digestive efficiency in their wild counterparts. Indeed, wild gorillas consume large amounts of fibrous foods as staples or fall-back foods across their range, in response to habitat-related or seasonal changes in fruit availability. Fluctuations in diet might be matched by changes in digesta passage and digestibility, with possible selective retention of harder to digest items. We further studied digestive processes via chemical cobalt and chromium markers to track liquid and solids, as they passed through the guts of gorillas at the San Francisco Zoo (SFZ). In addition, we examined the effects of variation in captive diets on intake, digesta passage, digestion and behavior. The SFZ gorillas exhibited high digestibility coefficients, and gut passage was long relative to those of smaller-bodied hominoids. The results permit us to understand more fully the relationships of digestive processes to adaptation and dietary flexibility in the wild and to inform the development of dietary recommendations to improve the well-being of captive gorillas.
Formation of prismatic loops from C15 Laves phase interstitial clusters in body-centered cubic iron

This work reports the transformation of C15 Laves phase interstitial clusters to prismatic loops in body-centered cubic iron. Molecular dynamics simulations and elasticity analysis show that, within a certain size range, C15 clusters are more stable than loops, but the relative stabilities are reversed beyond this range. C15 clusters can consistently grow by absorbing interstitials at small sizes and transforming into loops later. Both 〈 1 0 0 〉 and 〈 1 1 1 〉 / 2 loops may result from the transformation, revealing a new formation mechanism for 〈 1 0 0 〉 loops.
Oxidative Degradation of Phosphate Esters

A thin film oxidation (microoxidation) test has been developed to simulate severe liquid phase oxidation in typical lubrication systems. Tributyl phosphate (TBP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), trixylyl phosphate (TXP) and t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (TBB) have been evaluated and compared. At low rates, oxidation is not limited by oxygen diffusion at the air-liquid interface. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has been adapted to the microoxidation test with the phosphate esters to provide a quantitative analysis of the reaction products as a function of molecular weight. The hydrocarbon portion of the phosphate appears to oxidize as the first step. The oxidized material then reacts further to form a product of about twice the molecular weight of the original phosphate. The formation of polymers appears to be a result of condensation through the oxidized hydrocarbon portion of the molecule. There is little evidence of condensation through the phosphate groups to form P-O-P linkages. The P-O-P condensati...
Role of extracellular Ca2+ in toxic liver injury: Comparative studies with the perfused rat liver and isolated hepatocytes☆

The role of extracellular Ca2+ in toxic liver injury was examined in two in vitro models of the rat liver, the isolated perfused liver and isolated hepatocytes. The toxins t-butylhydroperoxide and carbon tetrachloride, as well as the Ca2+ ionophore, heptafluorodimethyloctanedione (FOD), were employed to induce cellular injury and death. Lipid peroxidation was also measured as the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products. Cell death was measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase in the perfused liver model and by the uptake of trypan blue in isolated hepatocytes. Toxin-induced cellular injury and death occurred in both in vitro models in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+, indicating that an influx of Ca2+ was not essential for toxic liver injury. The degree of toxicity seen in the perfused liver model was independent of increases or decreases in the total calcium concentration present in the liver tissue, providing further evidence that cell death is not dictated solely by changes in cellular calcium content. Isolated hepatocytes differed from the perfused liver, however, undergoing more lipid peroxidation and toxin-induced cell death when incubated in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ than in its presence. While suggesting that extracellular Ca2+ concentrations may have some influence on the expression of toxicity, these results demonstrate the nonessential role extracellular Ca2+ plays in the events leading to toxic liver injury.
Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration cytology of inflammatory pseudotumor, fibrohistiocytic type : A case report with immunohistochemical studies

Inflammatory pseudotumor, fibrohistiocytic type, also called benign fibrous histiocytoma, is a rare reactive entity usually found incidentally on routine chest roentgenography. We present a case of inflammatory pseudotumor, fibrohistiocytic type, initially diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in a 39-yr-old woman with a history of breast carcinoma. Cytomorphologic characteristics were confirmed by a cell block examination and immunohistochemical findings. The differential diagnoses of the fine-needle aspiration cytology of this type of inflammatory pseudotumor are discussed.
Influence of ACTH upon avian species and osteoporosis.

SummaryOsteoporosis, occurring spontaneously in White Leghorn hens, was aggravated by injections of mammalian ACTH; the disorder did not develop in the male. It is suggested that there may be a causal relationship between ACTH, osteoporosis and the modern poultry disorder known as “Cage Layer Fatigue.”
Computation of the string tension in four-dimensional Yang-Mills theory using large N reduction

Abstract Continuum reduction and Monte Carlo simulation are used to calculate the heavy quark potential and the string tension in large N Yang–Mills theory in four dimensions. The potential is calculated out to a separation of nine lattice units on a lattice with extent six in each direction.
Uniting Spirituality and Sexual Counseling: Eastern Influences:

Practitioners who unite sexual counseling and spirituality must examine their personal experiences, values, and beliefs in the spiritual realm and become familiar with the various spiritual context...
Relationships between leader behaviors and audit team performance

Abstract This study considers the nature and importance of leadership in the audit process. The relationships between audit team performance and leader behaviors, which are practised by in-charge auditors to supervise staff assistants, are examined in a field experiment. The results identify a number of leader behaviors which relate, either directly or through some intermediary factors, to audit team performance. For example, high performing audit teams tended to be supervised by in-charge auditors who allowed staff innovation, were considerate to the staff's personal needs, administered frequent positive reinforcement, relied heavily on time budgets, assigned a small number of tasks per staff member and administered negative reinforcement infrequently. These and other results appear to have implications for practicing auditors as well as future research in the area.
Factors promoting cigarette smoking among black youth: A causal modeling approach

A longitudinal model of Black adolescent smoking was tested using 223 seventh-grade students attending public schools in northern New Jersey. Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors were hypothesized to have an impact on Black seventh graders' decision to smoke. After conducting an exploratory Principal Factor Analysis (PFA) using a varimax rotation with the Time 1 data, a structural equation model was developed and refined through successive iterations. The final model revealed friends' smoking to be the most significant predictor of Black adolescent smoking at Time 1, but perceived smoking norms and intrapersonal factors such as decision making, self-efficacy, and self-esteem at home and at school exerted an important influence on smoking at Time 2. These results suggest that social influence factors may be important early in the smoking initiation process, but factors such as perceived smoking norms and intrapersonal factors may play an important role in maintaining the smoking habit in Black adolescents.
Child-Related Interparental Conflict in Infancy Predicts Child Cognitive Functioning in a Nationally Representative Sample

While associations between exposure to marital conflict and child development have been documented extensively in middle childhood and adolescence, few studies have examined the developmental consequences of conflict exposure in infancy. Moreover, those that have examined marital conflict in infancy tended to focus on consequences of conflict exposure on infants’ attachment security, and various aspects of infants’ physiological and emotion regulation. Virtually nothing is known about the longitudinal links between exposure to interparental conflict in infancy and later cognitive development. Using longitudinal data on a subsample of infants (N = 6,019) and their parents who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), this study examined links between the frequency of interparental conflict at 9 months and child cognitive development 15 months later. Combining data from parent interviews, birth certificates, in-home assessments of child cognitive development, and videotaped parent–child interactions, results showed significant negative associations between the frequency of child-related interparental conflict at 9 months of age and child cognitive ability at 24 months. The negative association reflects a direct effect that was not mediated by parental support or child attachment security measured at 24 months. Associations were calculated while considering children’s prior cognitive functioning (at 9 months), and a wide range of child, parent and household characteristics.
Target residues from the interaction of copper with 15-45 MeV/nucleon 12C ions

Target residues from the interaction of copper with 15, 25, and 45 MeV/nucleon $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ ions have been studied by off-line \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectroscopy. Cross sections, average ranges, and forward-to-backward ratios were measured for some 35 products. The data were used to obtain the isobaric yield distribution, the mass yield distribution, the mean longitudinal momentum transfer, and the mean excitation energy. The evolution of these quantities with energy is examined in conjunction with our previous results for 35 MeV/nucleon $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ ions.
A study of idria columnaris and fouquieria splendens

Idria and FouquieriaC are the only genera of the Fouquieriaceae, a family confined to southwestern North America. Fouqtieria consists of eight recognized species, of which one, F. splendcns Engelm., is comparatively well known. It has the widest range of any member of the family, occurring in the United States in southern California, extreme southern Nevada, the southern halves of Arizona and New Mexico, and the southwestern corner of Texas. On the mainland of Mexico its range is imperfectly known, but it is found as far south as the 26th parallel. In Lower California it occurs at least as far south as a point just north of the 28th parallel (Shreve, I93I). The other species of Foitquiieria. are limited in their distribution to Mexico, and are little known (Shreve, I93I). Idria contains a single species (I. columnaris Kellog) which is found in Lower California from about the 30th parallel of latitude on the north to, 27' 6o' on the south, a distance in this direction of approximately 200 miles. From east to west it occurs across the peninsula, and may be expected wherever granite rock is encountered. Idria is also known from a small area on the coast of Sonora, just south of the 3oth parallel (Shreve, I93I). These plants are of interest in several ways. Their taxonomic position has always been a matter of dispute, and it is possible that their present classification is incorrect. In this connection cytological studies might prove of great value. The bizarre appearance of the plants Fouquieria with its branches radiating upward and outward from the base, each of these topped in spring by a flame-colored inflorescence, and Idria with its thick, almost prehistoric-appearing trunk that looks not unlike a greatly elongated inverted parsnip has drawn comment from naturalists from the time of their discovery. Both Idria (locally known as "cirio ") and Fouquieria (popularly called the " ocotillo " or " candle bush") have become modified along very definite lines in response to their arid habitat. The cirio is decidedly a stem succulent, while the ocotillo, although possessing a rather thick cortex on both stem and roots, is rather of a woody type. It has developed to a remarkable degree, however, the faculty of dispensing with its leaves as a response to water shortage. The same feature is present in [dria, though to a lesser extent, perhaps because of the greater amount of reserve water stored in the
HYDRODYNAMIC ENTRANCE LENGTHS OF NON-NEWTONIAN LAMINAR FALLING FILMS

The Carreau viscosity model of the shear deformation is used to determine the hydrodynamic entrance length for falling liquid films emerging from a flat slit and flowing in a laminar fashion along an inclined flat plate. The present work enables the entrance-length problem to be treated in a general form by choosing different values of the two parameters in the model. It is found that a significant difference exists between predicted results based on the power law model and the Carreau model when the fluid is pseudoplastic and the flow is decelerating.
Effect of Added LiBOB on High Voltage (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4) Spinel Cathodes

Lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) was investigated as an additive to improve the performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes cycled to high voltage (4.9 V vs Li). Incorporation of low concentrations of LiBOB (0.25–1.0%, wt) results in a significant improvement in the capacity retention and cycling efficiency of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates that the addition of LiBOB decreases cell impedance. Ex-situ surface analysis of cycled cells suggests that the cathode surface films are thinner in cells cycled with added LiBOB. The addition of LiBOB inhibits detrimental reactions of the electrolyte with the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes at high voltage.
Sensor location problems in path-differentiated congestion pricing

Abstract Path-differentiated congestion pricing is a tolling scheme that imposes tolls on paths instead of individual links. One way to implement this scheme is to deploy automated vehicle identification sensors, such as toll tag readers or license plate scanners, on roads in a network. These sensors collect vehicles’ location information to identify their paths and charge them accordingly. In this paper, we investigate how to optimally locate these sensors for the purpose of implementing path-differentiated pricing. We consider three relevant problems. The first is to locate a minimum number of sensors to implement a given path-differentiated scheme. The second is to design an optimal path-differentiated pricing scheme for a given set of sensors. The last problem is to find a path differentiated scheme to induce a given target link-flow distribution while requiring a minimum number of sensors.
Response of laminated composite plates to low-speed impact by airgun-propelled and dropped-weight impactors

An analytical procedure has been developed to determine the transient response of simply supported, rectangular laminated composite plates subjected to impact loads from airgun-propelled or dropped-weight impactors. A first-order shear-deformation theory has been included in the analysis to represent properly any local short-wavelength transient bending response. The impact force has been modeled as a locally distributed load with a cosine-cosine distribution. A double Fourier series expansion and the Timoshenko small increment method have been used to determine the contact force, out-of-plane deflections, and inplane strains and stresses at any plate location due to an impact force at any plate location. The results of experimental and analytical studies are compared for quasi-isotropic laminates. The results indicate the importance of including transverse shear deformation effects in the analysis for predicting the response of laminated plates subjected to both airgun-propelled and dropped-weight impactors. The results also indicate that plate boundary conditions influence the axial strains more significantly than the contact force for a dropped-weight impactor. The results of parametric studies identify a scaling approach based on impactor momentum that suggests an explanation for the differences in the responses of plates impacted by airgun-propelled or dropped-weight impactors.
Can translocated native fishes retain their trophic niche when confronted with a resident invasive

Diet interactions between native and non-native fishes may influence the establishment of native species within their historical range (i.e., reintroduction). Therefore, we illustrated the food web structure of and followed the transition of the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha into a novel food web following translocation and determined the potential for a non-native species, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, to influence translocation success. Humpback chub and rainbow trout used resources high in the food web and assimilated similar proportions of native fishes, suggesting non-native rainbow trout may occupy an ecological role similar to humpback chub. Subsequently, humpback chub may be well suited to colonise tributaries because of their ability to consume resources high in the food web. Additionally, diet partitioning may occur between all members of the fish community as indicated by separation in trophic niche space and little trophic overlap; although all species, particularly bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, used a broad range of food resources. Rainbow trout stomach content analysis corroborated stable isotope analysis and suggested rainbow trout diet consisted of aquatic and terrestrial macroinvertebrates, while larger rainbow trout (>120 mm total length) consumed a greater proportion of fish (incidence of piscivory = 5.3%). Trophic interactions may reveal an underutilized niche space or biotic resistance to the establishment of translocated native fishes. Continued translocation of humpback chub into tributaries appears to be one option for conservation. However, successful establishment of humpback chub may depend on continued removal of non-native trout, increasing availability of diet sources at higher trophic levels.
Ion correlations in a micellar solution studied by small-angle neutron and x-ray scattering.

We propose a general and consistent scheme for the analysis of small-angle x-ray and neutron data from quasispherical ionic surfactant micelles in aqueous solution. A two-shell model for the micellar particle structure factor is used, which models the structure in terms of a compact hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic outer shell. The hydrophilic shell contains head groups of the surfactant, water molecules of hydration, and a number of counterions, the number being determined by the counterion condensation mechanism. The partial structure factors for micelle-micelle, micelle-counterion, and counterion-counterion correlations are calculated by a multicomponent mean spherical model (MMSA) of Ronis and Khan. This model can be solved analytically under the conditions of penetrable spheres for pointlike counterions. The former condition is essential for treating the highly charged macroion system such as micelles by MMSA. This scheme is applied to a micellar solution composed of an ionic surfactant, cesium dodecyl sulfate. The presence of heavy counterions provides the sensitivity necessary to test the accuracy of the calculated degree of counterion condensation into the outer shell of the micelle.
Improved survival with statins, angiotensin receptor blockers, and steroid weaning after heart transplantation.

Various immunosuppressive and adjunctive pharmacological regimens exist for cardiac transplantation, though the associations between these regimens and long-term survival are unclear. We reviewed demographic, clinical, and pharmacological data from 220 consecutive adult heart transplant recipients between 1986 and 2003 who survived beyond 3 months. Immunosuppression was cyclosporine-based (n = 94) or tacrolimus-based (n = 126), and 104 patients were weaned off steroids (all receiving tacrolimus). Covariates of mortality were assessed in a Cox proportional hazards analysis. The mean age was 5.2 ± 13 years. Survival was 96%, 88%, and 81% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Significant covariates associated with mortality included pretransplant diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45 to 5.04), black race (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.94), higher pretransplant creatinine clearance (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.00), steroid withdrawal (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.85), and exposure to a statin (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.70) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.95) after transplantation. Treatment with a statin, an angiotensin receptor blocker, and steroid withdrawal were each associated with improved survival in heart transplant recipients. These findings warrant prospective study, with specific emphasis on identifying the clinical effects of these medications in transplant recipients.
The Detector and Readout Systems of the Micro‐X High Resolution Microcalorimeter X‐Ray Imaging Rocket

The Micro‐X sounding rocket experiment will deploy an imaging transition‐edge‐sensor (TES) microcalorimeter spectrometer to observe astrophysical sources in the 0.2–3.0 keV band. The instrument has been designed at a systems level, and the first items of flight hardware are presently being built. In the first flight, planned for January 2011, the spectrometer will observe a recently discovered Silicon knot in the Puppis‐A supernova remnant. Here we describe the design of the Micro‐X science instrument, focusing on the instrument’s detector and detector assembly. The current design of the 2‐dimensional spectrometer array contains 128 close‐packed pixels with a pitch of 600 μm. The conically approximated Wolter‐1 mirror will map each of these pixels to a 0.95 arcmin region on the sky; the field of view will be 11.4 arcmin. Targeted energy resolution of the TESs is about 2 eV over the full observing band. A SQUID time‐division multiplexer (TDM) will read out the array. The detector time constants will be engineered to approximately 2 ms to match the TDM, which samples each pixel at 32.6 kHz, limited only by the telemetry system of the rocket. The detector array and two SQUID stages of the TDM readout system are accommodated in a lightweight Mg enclosure, which is mounted to the 50 mK stage of an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. A third SQUID amplification stage is located on the 1.6 K liquid He stage of the cryostat. An on‐board 55‐Fe source will fluoresce a Ca target, providing 3.69 and 4.01 keV calibration lines that will not interfere with the scientifically interesting energy band.
Electromigration of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Tantalum: Isotope Effect

Electromigration experiments at steady-state were conducted to determine the effective valence of hydrogen isotopes in tantalum specimens at room temperature (25 °C). Varying solute concentrations were obtained by gas-phase and electrolytic charging of the specimens. The transient concentration profiles of several specimens were monitored by a resistance technique allowing a controlled current through the samples. Steady-state concentration profiles were obtained by direct hot-vacuum extraction measurements. The results indicate a strong concentration dependence for the effective valence and evidence of a possible reversal in the direction of solute migration. While the reversal in the case of deuterium migration is not certain, an isotope effect on the effective valence as a whole is substantial. Deuterium has a 30 pct higher effective valence. The hypothesis that solute segregation at lattice defects and differing electronic structure of the defects and the perfect lattice are responsible for the concentration dependence of effective valence is found invalid as both cold-worked and annealed specimens did not indicate any microstructure effect on Z*. The concentration dependence of diffusion coefficient does not justify the strong dependence of Z* on concentration observed experimentally.
Modulation of the enzymic activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by multiple kinase systems involving reversible phosphorylation: A review

This report summarizes the current concepts regarding the in vitro and in vivo modulation of the enzymic activity of HMG-CoA reductase and mevalonate formation in rat and human liver, as well as in cultured fibroblasts from normal and familial hypercholesterolemic subjects. Three separate mechanisms for the short-term modulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity by covalent phosphorylation have been described. These mechanisms involved three separate specific kinase systems including reductase kinase, protein kinase C, and a Ca+2, calmodulin-dependent kinase. The conceptual schemes presented in this report will provide a basis for future research as well as an overview for improved understanding of the complex and multifaceted short-term regulation of this key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways of mevalonate, ubiquinones, dolichols, isopentenyl-tRNAs, and cholesterol.
No new physics in conformal scalar-metric theory

Abstract Invariantly regulated conformal scalar-metric theories are shown to be physically equivalent to their pure metric analogs. In particular we explicitly disprove the recent claim that these theories possess a natural mechanism for suppressing the cosmological constant. Another startling claim, the absence of a trace anomaly when matter is conformally coupled, is revealed as nothing but the artifact of a highly eccentric redefinition of the stress energy tensor. We conclude that the local conformal invariance of these theories is a sham symmetry without dynamical import.
Venue Recommendation: Submitting Your Paper with Style

One of the principal goals for most research scientists is to publish. There are many thousands of publications: journals, conferences, workshops, and more, covering different topics and requiring different writing formats. However, when a researcher that is new to a certain research domain finishes the work, it is sometimes difficult to find a proper place to submit the paper. To solve this problem, we provide a collaborative-filtering-based recommendation system that can provide venue recommendations to researchers. In particular, we consider both topic and writing-style information, and differentiate the contributions of different kinds of neighboring papers to make such recommendations. Experiments based on real-world data from ACM and Cite Seer digital libraries demonstrate that our approach can provide effective recommendations.
Therapeutic Antidysrhythmic and Functional Protection in Human Atria

Approximately 30% of patients suffer supraventricular dysrhythmias after cardiac bypass. While the heart can be constructively preconditioned to maintain function against subsequent ischemic insult using a variety of stimuli across many species, preconditioning in experimental animals is associated with decreased postischemic reperfusion cardiac dysrhythmias. This mode of therapeutic preconditioning has not been previously examined in human atrial myocardium. We therefore hypothesized that preconditioning provides both antidysrhythmic and functional protection to human atria. To study this, human atrial trabeculae were suspended in organ baths, paced at 1 Hz, while force development and ectopy were recorded before and after simulated ischemia. The study consisted of five groups: (1) control trabeculae (n = 12), (2) trabeculae exposed to dysrhythmogenic stimuli (phenylephrine 50 μM and isoproterenol 25 μM (n = 8)), (3) trabeculae exposed to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and then drug stimulated (n = 10), (4) trabeculae preconditioned with adenosine (ADO 125 μM) then drug stimulated (n = 10), and (5) trabeculae preconditioned with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) then drug stimulated (n = 6) each at end reoxygenation. Differences between groups were assessed using X 2 analysis and ANOVA (Bonferroni/Dunn). Results demonstrated that human atrial trabeculae did not exhibit dysrhythmia at baseline or when stimulated with α and β agonists. After I/R, control trabeculae exhibited stimulated reperfusion dysrhythmia, while trabeculae preconditioned with either ADO or transient ischemia exhibited decreased stimulated dysrhythmia (each P < 0.05 vs. I/R). Functionally, I/R decreased developed force (DF) to 16 ± 2% of baseline (%BDF) while ADO pretreatment increased postischemic DF to 41 ± 3% BDF (P < 0.05 vs. I/R) while IPC increased DF to 49 ± 3% BDF (P < 0.05 vs. I/R). We conclude that (1) human atrial trabeculae can be functionally preconditioned with either ADO or IPC, and (2) protective preconditioning/cardioprotection does extend to dysrhythmia control and is therapeutically accessible in human atrial myocardium.