cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Piety among Monastic and Secular Women in Late Medieval Germany

Scholarship has demonstrated that religious life for women was more fluid, more tied to the secular world and to gender ideologies, than strict categorizations of monastic versus lay, regular versus extraregular, visual versus intellectual allows. This article argues for the conceptualization and study of female monasticism, and female spirituality in general, as part of a broad continuum—as part of a shared culture of devotional practices—accepted and embraced (to a greater or lesser extent) by both men and women, secular and lay. More specifically, it explores the interaction between secular and professed women in support of monastic life, monastic devotion, and more broadly, medieval religious culture. Religious and lay women collaborated and cooperated to support specific religious communities and particular devotional practices, like the nuns' performance of the liturgy or their duty to remember patrons as part of the monastic memoria . Such collaboration and cooperation, however, has often escaped the notice of historians.
Protein fluctuations and breakdown of time-scale separation in rate theories

A long-time fluctuation correlation function with a power-law form has been observed in recent single-molecule experiments by the Xie group. By analyzing the dynamics of an elastic network model (ENM) under white noise, we show that the observed long-time memory kernel can be explained by the discrepancy between the experimentally measured coordinate (or the coordinate directly coupled to protein function) and the minimum energy path of the system. Consequently, the dynamics of the measured collective coordinate has contributions from degrees of freedoms with a broad distribution of time scales. Our study also implies that the widely used ENM Hamiltonian should be viewed as a coarse-grained model of a protein over a rugged energy landscape. Large effective drag coefficients are needed to describe protein dynamics with the ENM's.
Coding for jointly optimizing energy and peak current in deep sub-micron VLSI interconnects

In deep sub-micron processes, on-chip interconnect is becoming the delay bottleneck and predominant source of power consumption. Simultaneous switching of large buses pose a great challenge on peak current as well. In this paper, we present a novel bus coding technique, based on transition pattern codes (TPC), to perform joint optimization. A TPC scheme has been constructed employing a joint cost function on energy and peak current. The encoder and decoder of the code has been synthesized using a commercial 28nm process and the power, delay and area overhead has been evaluated. HSPICE simulations in 28nm show up to 70% reduction in peak current and 15% reduction in energy consumption compared to an uncoded bus.
Characterization of cabbage leaf lipids: N-alkanes, ketone, and fatty acids

Abstract The major components of the lipid fraction of the leaves of cabbage have been identified by means of gas Chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The saturated hydrocarbons ranged predominantly from C27 to C31 with C29 comprising the vast majority (92 per cent) of the n-heptane fraction examined. Mass spectra information is presented for the first time which provides confirming evidence for the structure of a symmetrical ketone containing 29 carbon atoms. A number of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids were also identified; the major components being linolenic, linoleic, and palmitic, which together constituted more than 50 per cent of the total fatty acids present.
Influence of Exciton Phonon Interaction on Metallic Reflection from Molecular Crystals

Abstract Reflection spectra of a number of polymethine dyes are presented and analysed. Characteristic features of these spectra appear to be outside the framework of the Lorentz-Lorenz theory. An alternate approach based on an appropriate linear response function for surface excitation is developed. The linear response at a particular frequency involves a sum over all k-dependent Green's functions. Damping is brought in through the exciton-phonon interaction. A model Hamiltonian is introduced which can be diagonalized exactly for the single molecule. For the crystal, this permits the treatment of single phonon effects in the strong coupling limit almost as if they were multiple phonon effects. Structure, mainly associated with damping, in the reflection spectrum is expected and found in those regions of the exciton dispersion curve where the density of momentum states is large. Reasonably good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental reflection curves.
Effects of lead acetate on DNA and RNA synthesis by intact HeLa cells, isolated nuclei and purified polymerases.

Abstract The effects of lead acetate on DNA and RNA synthesis have been investigated with intact HeLa cells, isolated nuclei, and purified DNA and RNA polymerases. No inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis in intact cells was found even after exposure to 0.5 mM lead acetate for 18 hr. In contrast, both DNA and RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei were inhibited by lead (with 50% inhibition at approximately 150 and 80 μM respectively). Similarly, both HeLa DNA polymerase α and RNA polymerase II were inhibited, with 50% inhibition obtained at approximately 150 and 20 μM lead acetate respectively. The inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in isolated nuclei can thus be accounted for by inhibition of the polymerases. The sensitivity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I to lead acetate was found to be significantly greater than the HeLa DNA polymerase α(50% inhibition at only 10 μm), but the sensitivity of the E. coli RNA polymerase was the same as that of the HeLa enzyme.
Agreement between retrospective accounts of substance use and earlier reported substance use

This present study examined agreement between retrospective accounts of substance use and earlier re ported substance use in a high school age sample. Three issues were addressed: (1) extent of overall agreement; (2) evidence for the presence of a response-shift bias; and (3) extent to which current use biases recall of substance use. Subjects were 415 high school students who took part in a smoking prevention program. At the last measurement, which took place 2½ years after the pretest, the students were asked to recall pretest use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, and use one year earlier. Results showed an overall tendency for students to recall less use of uncontrolled substances than had been previously reported. For the one controlled substance included in the questionnaire, marijuana, current nonusers tended to recall less use than they had reported at the time, whereas current users tended to recall more use than had been re ported. The present study found no evidence for a response-shift bias. ...
Pancreatic carcinoma: results with fast neutron therapy.

Abstract Results of therapy in 31 of 50 patients who were treated for advanced pancreatic carcinoma at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory are presented here. To date, six patients are alive and four are free of disease. Since the main reason for failure was lack of control of primary tumor, the tumor dose has been increased by 15 %. Based on our results, a nationwide study has been launched to assess the effectiveness of neutrons vs. photons in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
Bovine mitochondrial ribosomes: Effect of cations and heterologous dissociation factors on subunit interactions

The effects of cations and ribosome dissociation factors on the equilibrium between the bovine mitochondrial ribosome and its subunits has been investigated. As observed with other ribosomes, Mg 2+ ions promote subunit association while monovalent cations promote subunit dissociation. E. coli IF-3 will prevent the reassociation of mitochondrial 28 S and 39 S subunits. However, at least 5-fold higher concentrations of IF-3 are required with mitochondrial subunits than are required with bacterial subunits. The cytoplasmic factor eIF-6, has no detectable activity in preventing mitochondrial ribosomal subunit association.
Morphology and Performance of Polymer-Based Solar Cells

Excitons in polymer-based solar cells are short lived placing great emphasis on construction of a nanoscale morphology of electron donor and acceptor. Here we discuss how processing affects the morphology and subsequent performance.
SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING : AN OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENTS

Experimental aspects of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are briefly reviewed with experiments demonstrating electromagnetic and charge-transfer excitation, enhancement mechanisms being specifically noted. The lack of quantitative data on molecular coverage at specific surface sites is discussed, as well as the need to correlate SERS results with other surface physics sensitive data.
Aging and time-sharing aspects of executive control.

A particularly important aspect of executive functioning involves the ability to coordinate two simultaneous activities. The role of this aspect of executive functioning in adult-age differences in cognitive performance was examined in a study involving 150 adults between 20 and 91 years of age who performed the same visual—motor tracking task with three different primary tasks. The participants also performed several additional cognitive tasks that allowed examination of the relation of time-sharing efficiency to other types of cognitive functioning. The results were consistent with the existence of a distinct timesharing ability because the time-sharing costs in the three dual-task combinations were significantly correlated with one another but only weakly correlated with other cognitive variables. Increased age was associated with reductions in time-sharing ability, and greater efficiency in performing two tasks at once was associated with better performance on tasks assessing spatial, reasoning, and memory abilities. Although this pattern is what one would expect if executive processes contribute to age differences in cognitive functioning, the effects were smaller than those associated with a perceptual speed construct.
Quantitative determination of rheumatoid factor by an enzyme-labeled immunoassay.

Abstract The presence and quantity of rheumatoid factor (RF) in human serum were determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). A human rheumatoid factor control serum, standardized against the WHO reference rheumatoid arthritis serum preparation, was used to derive a standard curve in each assay. The results of unknowns were estimated from the standard curve and reported in International Units (IU) per milliliter (ml). The ELISA assay was compared with the bentonite flocculation test. The overall coefficient of correlation between the two assays was 87%; it was 93.3% for patients with rheumatoid arthritis but only 67.5% for patients with undiagnosed conditions. The error of the ELISA assay (coefficient of variation) was generally less than 10% at both high and low concentrations of rheumatoid factor. The quantitative reproducible nature of the assay allows the detection of small variations of rheumatoid factor level and could be useful in the serial evaluation of patients.
Comparative effects of indole-3-acetic acid and 3-methyleneoxindole on intact lentil root elongation

Abstract The suggestion that auxin inhibition of root elongation is mediated by 3-methyleneoxindole (3-MO) has been tested using purified 3-MO and a new type of root auxanometer. The data show that indoleacetic acid (IAA) at concentrations as low as 10−8 M rapidly and strongly inhibits intact lentil root elongation. By contrast, 3-MO was found to be ineffective as an inhibitor of root elongation at concentrations 100 to 1000-fold higher. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid, which is thought to interfere with the metabolism of IAA to 3-MO, was found to have no effect on intact lentil root elongation or on the inhibition of root elongation by IAA. It is concluded that 3-MO does not mediate the inhibitory effect of auxin on intact lentil root elongation.
Synthesis and Decomposition of Alkyl Complexes of Tungsten(IV) That Contain a [(Me3SiNCH2CH2)3N]3- Ligand

The synthesis of a variety of tungsten alkyl complexes of the type [N3N]WR ([N3N]3- = [(Me3SiNCH2CH2)3N]3-; R = Me, Et, Bu, CH2Ph, CH2SiMe3, CH2CMe3, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl) was attempted by alkylation of [N3N]WCl complexes. Only the methyl, phenyl, and cyclopentenyl complexes could be isolated. The susceptibility of the [N3N]WR complexes is similar to that of [N3N]WCl; the effective moment is depressed as a consequence of a combination of spin−orbit effects and low-symmetry ligand-field components that result in zero-field splitting of the d2 ground-state spin triplet. No linear alkyl complexes could be observed as a consequence of α,α-dehydrogenation to give molecular hydrogen and alkylidyne complexes, [N3N]W⋮CR‘. [N3N]W(cyclopropyl) evolves ethylene in a first-order process to give [N3N]W⋮CH, while [N3N]W(cyclobutyl) is converted into the 1-tungstacyclopentene complex, [N3N]W(CHCH2CH2CH2), as confirmed in an X-ray study. [N3N]W(CHCH2CH2CH2) decomposes readily in...
Attitudes of Adolescent Gifted Girls and Boys toward Education, Achievement, and the Future.

A questionnaire was administered to 144 gifted girls and 140 gifted boys in grades six through eight who attended a summer institute at The University of Virginia. The questionnaire examined three aspects of the students' lives: expectations about future education, career and family; attitudes about school and school achievement; and their concept of gender differences. Differences were found between boys and girls in all three areas. Gifted boys had strong opinions about their futures and their professional goals but believe their wives should not pursue a career once children are born. They also believe that girls will spend more time taking care of children and home than they (gifted boys) will when they are adults. These findings raise concerns about the realization of potential in gifted females whose attitudes in this study were very different.
The Death of Nicholas Bolkonski: Neurology in Tolstoy's War and Peace

• Painstaking realism is an essential feature of the fiction of Count Leo Tolstoy. One example of Tolstoy's attention to detail is the description of the death of Prince Nicholas Bolkonski inWar and Peace. The information provided inWar and Peaceallows the identification of the prince's terminal illness as a brain-stem stroke and is probably the first description of the one-and-a-half syndrome. Prince Bolkonski is also portrayed as suffering from a dementing process. Tolstoy used the character of Prince Bolkonski to exemplify the rationalistic, Western-influenced aristocracy that dominated Russia at the end of the 18th century. Prince Bolkonski's decline and apoplectic death parallel the fate of Enlightenment thought in Eastern Europe. The clinical detail employed in this case illustrates how Tolstoy used symbolic characters without sacrificing the realism ofWar and Peace.
A new optimization model to support a bottom-up approach to facility design

The facility layout problem is typically solved in what is referred to as a ''top-down approach'' of block layout design followed by detailed layout determination. However, a number of research efforts recently have challenged this approach, producing a reformulated bottom-up approach to the facility layout problem. In this paper we consider the bottom-up approach, applying a tighter formulation than prior efforts and investigating the solvability limits of the new model. Empirical testing of the new bottom-up layout model indicates that although this model produces more usable output, as judged by industry experts, it is approximately three times harder to solve. Valid inequalities and special cases are identified to help improve the formulation's solvability.
Laccase and Its Role in Production of Extracellular Reactive Oxygen Species during Wood Decay by the Brown Rot Basidiomycete Postia placenta

Brown rot basidiomycetes initiate wood decay by producing extracellular reactive oxygen species that depolymerize the structural polysaccharides of lignocellulose. Secreted fungal hydroquinones are considered one contributor because they have been shown to reduce Fe(3+), thus generating perhydroxyl radicals and Fe(2+), which subsequently react further to produce biodegradative hydroxyl radicals. However, many brown rot fungi also secrete high levels of oxalate, which chelates Fe(3+) tightly, making it unreactive with hydroquinones. For hydroquinone-driven hydroxyl radical production to contribute in this environment, an alternative mechanism to oxidize hydroquinones is required. We show here that aspen wood undergoing decay by the oxalate producer Postia placenta contained both 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone and laccase activity. Mass spectrometric analysis of proteins extracted from the wood identified a putative laccase (Joint Genome Institute P. placenta protein identification number 111314), and heterologous expression of the corresponding gene confirmed this assignment. Ultrafiltration experiments with liquid pressed from the biodegrading wood showed that a high-molecular-weight component was required for it to oxidize 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone rapidly and that this component was replaceable by P. placenta laccase. The purified laccase oxidized 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone with a second-order rate constant near 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), and measurements of the H(2)O(2) produced indicated that approximately one perhydroxyl radical was generated per hydroquinone supplied. Using these values and a previously developed computer model, we estimate that the quantity of reactive oxygen species produced by P. placenta laccase in wood is large enough that it likely contributes to incipient decay.
Naturally occurring anti-α-galactosyl antibodies: Relationship to xenoreactive anti-α-galactosyl antibodies

Antibodies produced by an individual without a known history of sensitization to the relevant antigen are called "natural" antibodies. Some natural antibodies, called xenoreactive antibodies, react with the cells of foreign species. Most xenoreactive antibodies in humans and higher primates bind to a nonreducing terminal galactose expressed by pigs and other lower mammals. Although human natural antibodies which bind to one or more of a variety of terminal alpha-galactosyl structures have been identified previously, the antigen recognized by anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies on the cells of foreign species is thought to be exclusively Galalpha1-3Gal. Thus, anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies which do not react with Galalpha1-3Gal are thought to be nonxenoreactive. Here, we identify natural antibodies in human serum which bind to Galalpha1-6Hexosepyrranosides but not Galalpha1-3Gal, indicating that these antibodies are not xenoreactive. Various lower mammals were found to have natural anti-Galalpha1-2Gal antibodies in their sera, suggesting that at least some anti-Galalpha1-2Gal antibodies might not be xenoreactive and indicating, surprisingly, that anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies are much more phylogenetically disperse than previously known. Also surprising was the finding that some natural antibodies which bind to Galalpha1-3Gal in vitro do not bind to porcine xenografts. These studies show that naturally occurring anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies in mammalian serum include antibodies with a greater variety of reactivities than previously thought, only some of which would bind to a porcine xenograft. Further, these studies show that the methods used to detect anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies of relevance in xenotransplantation must be carefully evaluated to avoid detection of anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies which would not bind to a porcine organ and which therefore are not involved in xenograft rejection.
THE USE OF MINOR SETUPS WITHIN PRODUCTION CYCLES TO IMPROVE PRODUCT QUALITY AND YIELD

Inventory models linking lot size and product quality assume that the proportion of defectives per lot increases as the lot size increases. Such models give optimal lot sizes smaller than those obtained when quality is ignored. These models do not consider the possibility of adjusting the process within a production cycle. This adjustment does not involve performing all activities of a full setup and incurs only a fraction of a full setup cost and time. In this paper, we reformulate some inventory models which take into account the negative relationship between lot size and quality and the possibility of performing minor setups, which may or may not require stopping the process, during a production cycle. We derive closed-form expressions for the optimal lot sizes and number of minor setups within each cycle. The analysis is performed for both zero operating time cost and non-zero operating time cost. The models show that using minor setups to improve yield leads to larger lot sizes between major setups. We illustrate the models with numerical examples.
Up-Regulation of P2X3 Receptor During Stretch of Bladder Urothelial Cells From Patients With Interstitial Cystitis

ABSTRACTPurpose: Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can act through the purinergic receptor subtype P2X3 to transmit a pain signal to the central nervous system. Bladder urothelial cells (BUCs) from patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) patients have augmented release of ATP during in vitro stretch. We queried whether P2X3 receptor subtype exists on cultured BUCs. Furthermore, we asked whether P2X3 expression can be altered by in vitro stretch and whether there exists a difference in expression between IC and control BUCs.Materials and Methods: BUCs from 4 IC and 5 control subjects were cultured according to established cell culture techniques. After cells were grown to confluence they were stretched on an in vitro stretch machine at 20% elongation for up to 96 hours. Cells were harvested at various times, and immunofluorescence and Western blots were performed for P2X3 expression. Band densitometry normalized to the actin band was performed using software. To confirm P2X3 expression in a whole...
The effects of diffusion mechanism and void structure on transport rates and tortuosity factors in complex porous structures

Tracer di usion simulations within random porous structures show that tortuosity factors are independent of di usion mechanism for all practical void fractions when an equivalent Knudsen di usivity is correctly de6ned. Previous studies concluded that tortuosity factors, a geometric property of the void space as de6ned, increase with increasing Knudsen number, Kn, a measure of the relative number of molecule-surface and intermolecular collisions. The model porous structures in this study consist of random–loose packings of spheres overlapped to achieve a given void fraction and to accurately re:ect the void space in practical porous solids. E ective di usivities were estimated using tracer or :ux-based Monte Carlo methods for Knudsen numbers of 10 −3 –10 10 ; the two methods lead to similar di usivities for void fractions of 0.06–0.42. Tortuosity factors estimated using the number-averaged distance between collisions, � lp� , for the characteristic void length scale increased with increasing Knudsen number, even though simulations in in6nite cylinders con6rmed the accuracy of the Bosanquet equation for all values of Kn. These unexpected changes in a geometric property of the void space become most apparent near the percolation void fraction (∼0:04). For example, the Knudsen tortuosity factor de6ned in this manner is 1.8 times larger than in the bulk regime for a solid with 0.10 void fraction. Even at high void fractions (∼0:42), the two extreme values of tortuosity factor di er by a factor of ∼1:4. These apparent e ects of di usion mechanism on tortuosities re:ect the inaccurate use of number-averaged chord lengths when tracer re:ections from random obstacles obey the Knudsen cosine law for di use re:ection. A corrected length scale, 6rst proposed by Derjaguin, leads to tortuosity factors independent of Kn for void fractions above 0.20; tortuosities di er by only 18% and 4% between Knudsen and bulk regimes even for void fractions of 0.10 and 0.15, respectively. The residual di erences at void fractions below 0.10 arise from the increasingly serial nature of the remaining voids. Thus, a long-standing inconsistency between the de6ned geometric nature of tortuosity factors and their inexplicable dependence on di usion mechanism is essentially resolved. In practice, these simulations allow the consistent and accurate use of tortuosity factors determined at any value of Kn for all di usion regimes; they also prescribe, rigorously for void fractions above 0.15 and empirically for lower void fractions, the length scale relevant to di usion in the Knudsen and transition di usion regimes. ? 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
White Support for Racial Referenda in the Deep South

This research examines two referenda in the Deep South, both of which can be categorized as antiblack. Specifically, we analyze a 2001 Mississippi flag referendum (in which the electorate rejected a new flag and retained the old state flag containing a Confederate insignia) and a 2004 referendum in Alabama (in which citizens voted to retain unenforceable constitutional language requiring separate educational facilities for black and white students, and a poll tax on voting). Using state election returns and census data, we employ weighted least squares regression to analyze voting patterns. The results reveal that across both states, white voters displayed significantly greater “antiblack” voting behavior in those areas with larger black populations and more urbanized environments. Our findings pose a direct challenge to both those who insist that the “racial threat” perceived by whites is diminishing and those who hold that urbanization will ultimately be corrosive of racist attitudes and behavior. Esta investigacion examina dos referendos en el sur de Estados Unidos, cada uno de ellos puede ser categorizado como anti afroamericano. Especificamente, se analizo el referendo en 2001 a la bandera de Mississippi (en el que el electorado rechazo una nueva bandera y decidieron conservar la bandera anterior que contenia una insignia del ejercito confederado) y un referendo en 2004 en Alabama (en el que los ciudadanos votaron para conservar un lenguaje constitucional imposible de aplicar que requeria separar las instalaciones educativas para blancos y afroamericanos, y un impuesto al voto).Usando los resultados de las elecciones estatales e informacion estadistica, empleamos un modelo de regresion de cuadrados minimos comunes para analizar patrones electorales. Los resultados revelan que a traves de ambos estados los votantes blancos mostraron un comportamiento electoral “anti afroamericano” significativamente mayor en areas con una gran poblacion afroamericana y entornos mas urbanizados. Nuestros hallazgos plantean un desafio directo a quienes insisten que la “amenaza racial” percibida por la poblacion blanca esta disminuyendo, y aquellos que afirman que la urbanizacion eliminara actitudes y comportamiento racista.
IPX066, a mixed immediate/sustained-release levodopa preparation for Parkinson’s disease

Introduction: l-DOPA has long been the ‘gold standard’ treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD), but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and rapid pharmacokinetic elimination. A longer acting preparation has long been sought.Areas covered: We conducted PubMed search for IPX066 and reviewed abstracts from meetings that included the topic of PD. IPX066 is a novel mixed immediate release (IR) and sustained-release levodopa preparation designed to prolong the clinical effect of a single dose. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate similar time to peak dose as regular IR l-DOPA, but a longer duration of time with > 50% of peak dose. This contrasts with available controlled release preparations that have a delay to onset. Clinic trials in fluctuating PD patients show that IPX066 provided more ‘on’ time despite fewer daily doses, compared to IR l-DOPA. As expected, it was also superior to placebo in early PD. However, it is not known whether it can achieve l-DOPA levels that are continuous enough to delay the onse...
Thermal Properties of Ultrathin Hafnium Oxide Gate Dielectric Films

Thin-film HfO2 is a promising gate dielectric material that will influence thermal conduction in modern transistors. This letter reports the temperature dependence of the intrinsic thermal conductivity and interface resistances of 56-200-Aring-thick HfO2 films. A picosecond pump-probe thermoreflectance technique yields room-temperature intrinsic thermal conductivity values between 0.49 and 0.95 W/(mmiddotK). The intrinsic thermal conductivity and interface resistance depend strongly on the film-thickness-dependent microstructure.
"Less clicking, more watching": an option for entertainment on the web?

How can entertainment be provided on the web? Contrary to the common wisdom that sees the web as an inherently interactive medium, this experimental study has found evidence that people may want watchable entertaining experiences on the web, i.e., "less clicking, more watching." This hypothesis was tested in two prototypes of documentary-style streaming web narratives, yielding preliminary evidence that entertainment on the web can be less interactive than currently thought.
Performance evaluation of multiple access protocols for ad hoc networks using directional antennas

In this paper, we introduce a novel reservation based multiple access protocol for ad hoc networks using directional antennas. First, we investigate the limitations of the extreme reservation schemes, namely omni-directional and directional reservations. We highlight the trade-off between spatial reuse (favors directional reservation) and control/data packet collisions (favors omni-directional reservation). Next, we show that the so-called hybrid reservation schemes fail to balance the trade-off as well. Therefore, we introduce a novel algorithm that balances the aforementioned trade-off via sending reservation messages that carry information about the required direction of transmission, in all unblocked directions. In addition, we introduce candidate techniques for handling new types of collisions inherent to directional antennas. Finally, we conduct a simulation study that shows considerable performance gains of the proposed scheme over the omni-directional, directional, and hybrid reservation paradigms.
The Open Access Divide

This paper is an attempt to review various aspects of the open access divide regarding the difference between those academics who support free sharing of data and scholarly output and those academics who do not. It provides a structured description by adopting the Ws doctrines emphasizing such questions as who, what, when, where and why for information-gathering. Using measurable variables to define a common expression of the open access divide, this study collects aggregated data from existing open access as well as non-open access publications including journal articles and extensive reports. The definition of the open access divide is integrated into the discussion of scholarship on a larger scale.
Relationship between 31P metabolites and oncolytic viral therapy sensitivity in human colorectal cancer xenografts.

Background: Studies using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have pointed to the significance of phospholipid metabolite alterations as biochemical markers for tumour progression or therapy response. Methods: Spectroscopic imaging was performed in colorectal flank tumours in nude mice. In vivo tumour doubling times for each cell line were measured. In vivo sensitivity of each tumour line to treatment with G207 and NV1020 oncolytic viruses was assessed. Correlations between viral sensitivity and tumour doubling time and phosphorus MRS were estimated. Results: For G207 virus, in vitro cytotoxicity tests showed cell viability at multiplicities of infection (ratio of viral particles per tumour cell) of 0·1 on day 6 as follows: C85, less than 1 per cent; HCT8, 1 per cent; LS174T, 9 per cent; HT29, 18 per cent; and C18, 92 per cent. Respective values for NV1020 were 1, 18, 4, 18 and 86 per cent. The phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine ratio was significantly lower in virus-sensitive than -insensitive cells, and was dependent on tumour doubling time. Conclusion: Alterations in membrane phospholipid metabolites that relate to proliferation of cancer cells affect the efficacy of oncolytic viral therapy. MRS proved a highly sensitive non-invasive tool for predicting the efficacy of viruses. Copyright © 2009 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principles of Embedded Networked Systems Design

Embedded network systems (ENS) provide a set of technologies that can link the physical world to large-scale networks in applications, such as monitoring of borders, infrastructure, health, the environment, automated production, supply chains, homes, and places of business. This book details the fundamentals for this interdisciplinary and fast-moving field. The book begins with mathematical foundations and the relevant background topics in signal propagation, sensors, detection and estimation theory, and communications. Key component technologies in ENS are discussed: synchronization and position localization, energy and data management, actuation, and node architecture. Ethical, legal, and social implications are addressed. The final chapter summarizes some of the lessons learned in producing multiple ENS generations. A focus on fundamental principles together with extensive examples and problem sets make this text ideal for use in graduate courses on electrical engineering and computer science. It will also appeal to engineers involved in the design of ENS.
Expert Decision Making in Landmine Detection

Previous study has shown that an understanding of expert performance expressed as a cognitive model represents a valuable training asset, with uses ranging from improving training design to informi...
Band Gap and HOMO Level Control in Poly(thienylene vinylene)s Prepared by ADMET Polymerization

Three dipropenyl monomers were prepared for ruthenium-catalyzed acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization. Homopolymerization afforded three poly(thienylene vinylene)s (PTVs) with distinct optoelectronic properties. Binary combinations of the monomers over a range of compositions gave three series of copolymer samples with tunable HOMO levels and band gaps. The utility of this method was further demonstrated by the preparation of a stoichiometric terpolymer. Polymers were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. This copolymerization approach effectively demonstrates the ability of ADMET polymerization to prepare conjugated copolymers with tuned optoelectronic properties that span a broad composition window.
Comprehensive process for the recovery of value and critical materials from electronic waste

Abstract The development of technologies that contribute to the proper disposal and treatment of electronic waste is not just an environmental need, but an opportunity for the recovery and recycle of valuable metals and critical materials. Value elements in electronic waste include gold, palladium, silver, copper, nickel, and rare earth elements. This paper presents a technical assessment of the steps involved in a scheme that enables efficient recovery of value and critical materials from scrap mobile electronics. An electrochemical recovery process, based on the regeneration of ferric ion as a weak oxidizer, is studied for the selective recovery of base metals while leaving precious metals for separate extraction at reduced chemical demand. A separate process recovers rare earth oxides from magnets in electronics. Recovery and extraction efficiencies ca. 90% were obtained for the extraction of base metals from the non-ferromagnetic fraction in the two different solution matrices tested (sulfuric and hydrochloric acid). The effect of the pre-extraction of base metals in the increase of precious metals extraction efficiency was verified. On the other hand, the extraction of rare earths from the ferromagnetic fraction, performed by means of anaerobic extraction in acid media, was assessed for the selective recovery of rare earths. A comprehensive flow sheet was developed to process electronic waste to value products.
A MELUS Interview: Hisaye Yamamoto

Hisaye Yamamoto's reputation as a writer of fiction grows, despite the relatively small body of her work and its original publication in little magazines and in regional Japanese-American newspapers. By 1980, as Dorothy Ritsuko McDonald and Katharine Newman noted in MELUS, she had been reprinted in at least twenty anthologies (23). The best-known of her stories are "Seventeen Syllables," "Yoneko's Earthquake," "The Legend of Miss Sasagawara," "Las Vegas Charley, "and "The Brown House." The first collection of herfiction, Seventeen Syllables: 5 Stories of Japanese American Life, was published in Tokyo in 1985; unfortunately, no such edition has yet appeared in the United States. Yamamoto is known as "Si" to her many friends in MELUS, of which she was an early member. She had agreed to meet with me at the first MELUS convention (24-25 April 198 7) and so, as thefirst day's meetings ended, we sat together on a sunny terrace at Heritage Center of the University of California at Irvine. There was a babble of nearby students and their radios which was distracting, and Yamamoto was doubtless frustrated by the failure of her one remaining match to light the cigarette she continued to hold throughout the interview. The impression she gave, nonetheless, was of great calm and patience. Her voice was soft and carefully modulated, easily spilling into self-deprecating laughter; it took on a certain edge only when speaking of her incarceration in the Poston relocation center during World War II. Like many writers, Hisaye Yamamoto seems to dislike theoretical discussion of her fiction. She is, however, very forthcoming about her life and the sources of her work. This interview provides some insight into the personal background of her stories, and of little-known but significant elements in her career: her two-year participation in the Catholic Worker community on Staten Island founded by Dorothy Day (1897-1980), and her friendship with Yvor Winters (1900-1968) and his wife Janet Lewis (b. 1899). The Catholic Worker episode, from 1953-55, was the result of sharp decision and commitment and stands in interesting symmetry with the other communal experience, her involuntary three years in the Poston Relocation Center. This decision meant declining to attend Stanford and study under the strong-willed poet and critic Yvor Winters, author of In Defense of Reason, a manifesto of his principles of classical order and moral absolutism. While Yamamoto depicts the impact of Winters' thought upon her, and her willing discipleship, it should be remembered, again,
Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Non–small Cell Lung Cancer

Lobectomy is the gold standard treatment in operable patients with surgically resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Thoracoscopic lobectomy has emerged as an option for surgeons facile with the technique. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is used for a variety of indications, but its efficacy as a reliable oncologic procedure makes it appealing in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Fewer postoperative complications and decreased postoperative pain associated with VATS procedures can lead to shorter lengths of stay and lower overall costs. Thoracoscopic surgery continues to evolve, and uniportal, robot-assisted, and awake thoracoscopic procedures have all shown promising results.
Conditional expression of the ErbB2 oncogene elicits reversible hyperplasia in stratified epithelia and up-regulation of TGFα expression in transgenic mice

The ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is expressed in basal cells of squamous epithelia and the outer root sheath of hair follicles. We previously showed that constitutive expression of activated ErbB2 directed to these sites in the skin by the keratin 14 (K14) promoter produces prominent hair follicle abnormalities and striking skin hyperplasia in transgenic mice. However, perinatal lethality precluded the establishment of a transgenic line for analysis of ErbB2 function in adult animals. To investigate the significance of ErbB2 signaling in epithelial tissues during and post development, we developed a K14-rtTA/TetRE-ErbB2 `Tet-On' bitransgenic mouse system. These mice were normal until the ErbB2 transgene was induced by exposure to doxycycline (Dox). Prenatal induction resulted in perinatal death. Postnatally, ErbB2 transgene expression was observed at 4 h after the initiation of Dox, and reached a plateau at 24 h. Skin hyperplasia followed after 2 days and these changes reverted to normal upon Dox withdrawal. In adults, as in the neonates, prolonged ErbB2 induction caused prominent skin and hair follicle hyperplasias. Severe hyperplasias in the cornea, eye lids, tongue and esophagus were also observed. ErbB2 transgene induction was accompanied by increased expression of TGFα, a ligand of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and to a lesser extent, EGFR, further enhancing RTK signal transduction. We conclude that ErbB2 plays important roles in both development and maintenance of hair follicles and diverse squamous epithelia and that this ligand-inducible and tissue-specific `Tet-On' transgenic mouse system provides a means to study transgenes with perinatal toxicity.
CsAlSi5O12: a possible host for 137Cs immobilization

CsAlSi5O12 exhibits more acid resistance than pollucite (CsAlSi2O6). At pH values of 1.02 and 1.40, the extraction of Cs from CsAlSi5O12 at 25° C was approximately proportional to the square root of leach time. The Cs extraction at 25° C varied as [H+]0.36 over the pH range of 1 to 6. Also, the Cs extraction in various brines at 300° C and 30 MPa was comparable with that for pollucite. CsAlSi5O12 can be crystallized at about 1000° C from calcines if a small amount of CaO is present, but, in the absence of such sintering aids, crystallization temperatures of about 1400° C are necessary. Compatibility data were also obtained with respect to several other phases with which CsAlSi5O12 might be expected to co-exist in tailored ceramics designed for high-level defence waste.
Thermochromic tissue-mimicking phantom for optimisation of thermal tumour ablation

Purpose The purpose of this study was to (1) develop a novel tissue-mimicking thermochromic (TMTC) phantom that permanently changes colour from white to magenta upon heating above ablative temperatures, and (2) assess its utility for specific applications in evaluating thermal therapy devices. Materials and methods Polyacrylamide gel mixed with thermochromic ink was custom made to produce a TMTC phantom that changes its colour upon heating above biological ablative temperatures (> 60 °C). The thermal properties of the phantom were characterised, and compared to those of human tissue. In addition, utility of this phantom as a tool for the assessment of laser and microwave thermal ablation was examined. Results The mass density, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity of the TMTC phantom were measured as 1033 ± 1.0 kg/m(3), 0.590 ± 0.015 W/m.K, and 0.145 ± 0.002 mm(2)/s, respectively, and found to be in agreement with reported values for human soft tissues. Heating the phantom with laser and microwave ablation devices produced clearly demarcated regions of permanent colour change geographically corresponding to regions with temperature elevations above 60 °C. Conclusion The TMTC phantom provides direct visualisation of ablation dynamics, including ablation volume and geometry as well as peak absolute temperatures within the treated region post-ablation. This phantom can be specifically tailored for different thermal therapy modalities, such as radiofrequency, laser, microwave, or therapeutic ultrasound ablation. Such modality-specific phantoms may enable better quality assurance, device characterisation, and ablation parameter optimisation, or optimise the study of dynamic heating parameters integral to drug device combination therapies relying upon heat.
Adjuvant treatment of osteosarcoma.

At present, adjuvant immunotherapy does not appear to play a major role in the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy, either as a single agent or in combination with other agents, appears to have a definite influence on disease-free and survival rates. Further studies are needed to determine the exact percentage of benefit.
A Novel Application of a Biopsychosocial Theory in the Understanding of Disturbed Sleep before and after Kidney Transplantation

Study Objectives:Sleep and fatigue difficulties appear to be highly prevalent among individuals with end-stage renal disease and individuals who have received a kidney transplant. While there is so...
Effects of intergroup threat on mind, brain, and behavior

Intergroup threat is one catalyst that shifts us from out-group disregard to out-group hostility. We review recent inter-disciplinary research that explores the effects of intergroup threat on mind, brain, and behavior. A rapidly growing literature indicates that several types of intergroup threat — for example, realistic threats such as competition and resource scarcity — have significant effects on empathy toward, perceptual judgments of, and cognitive representations of out-group members. We also briefly consider the emerging research assessing biological markers of intergroup threat sensitivity. Converging evidence from psychology and neuroscience may help to elucidate the precise pathways by which intergroup threat creates subtle discrimination as well as overt conflict.
Physeal, Epiphyseal, and Intra-articular Fractures of the Distal Femur

Distal femur fractures in children include physeal fractures (Salter-Harris I–IV) and isolated epiphyseal fractures, which are intra-articular knee injuries occurring most commonly in association with lateral patellar dislocations. Adolescents and preadolescents sustain both categories of distal femur fractures more commonly than younger children.
Evaluating the survivor or the relatives of those who do not survive: the role of genetic testing.

The molecular millennium has bestowed clinicians and researchers with the essential tools to identify the underlying genetic substrates for thousands of genetic disorders, most of which are rare and follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. The genetic basis of potentially lethal and heritable cardiomyopathies and cardiac channelopathies has been identified and are now better understood. Genetic testing for several of these heritable conditions has made its transition from discovery through translation and have been commercially available clinical tests for over a decade. Now that clinical genetic testing is available more readily and delivers a disease-specific impact across the triad of medicine – diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic – it is important for the community of cardiologists to not only be familiar with the language of genomic medicine but to also be wiser users and even wiser interpreters of genetic testing so that wise decisions can be rendered for those patients and their families being evaluated with respect to the presence or absence of one of these potentially lethal yet highly treatable genetic disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a foundational understanding of genetic testing in clinical cardiology. Here, we will present some benefits of genetic testing: indications for either post-mortem genetic testing for the major cardiomyopathies and channelopathies or pre-mortem genetic testing among the decedent’s surviving relatives; the need for careful interpretation of genetic testing results; the importance of genetic counselling; and some points on the ethical and societal implications of genetic testing.