cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometry and evolution

A field-theoretic treatment of biological evolution is presented. This treatment (evolutionary field theory) leads to the decomposition of biological evolution, at the molecular level, into permutational and substitutional evolution. The mathematical distinction between these latter two types of evolution is investigated and a nonlinear/linear classification results.
Power reduction schemes in next generation Intel® ATOM ™ processor based sOc for handheld applications

Lincroft, the next generation Intel® ATOM™ processor based SoC specifically designed for smartphones, is fabricated in 45nm Hi-K metal gate CMOS. As part of the extensive low power methodology, the chip is divided into numerous power domains with on die distributed powergates to reduce both active and standby power. Measured data shows upto 50X reduction in standby power. Silicon data shows dramatically low power in sleep and deeper sleep standby power states.
Evaluation of constituent matrices of a companion matrix with repeated eigenvalues

An analytical function of a companion matrix with repeated eigenvalues is expressed in terms of constituent matrices. The constituent matrices are then found to be equal to the product of two matrices with elements partly from a certain matrix and its inversion. This matrix may be either a Vandermonde matrix or a modal matrix. Equations for computing these matrices are given as a power series of x which is very useful for both hand and machine computations.
Morbilliform eruption in a patient receiving intravesical Bacilli Calmette-Guérin

Widely known as a vaccine against tuberculosis, Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is also known to have antimalignant properties. Intravesical BCG immunotherapy is used in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. It is postulated that the BCG bacilli trigger a cascade that leads to increased levels of interleukin-12 and interferon gamma production, which mediate tumor destruction.1 Major side effects occur in less than 5% of those treated and are secondary to dissemination of the bacilli through vesicoureteral reflux or hematogenous spread.2
Effects of acidic cottage cheese whey on chemical and physical properties of a sodic soil

Abstract Sodic soil reclamation requires replacing exchangeable Na+ with Ca2+ and leaching the excess Na+ from the soil. Cottage cheese whey has an electrical conductivity (EC) of 6–10 dS m‐1, pH values of 4.2 or less, low sodium adsorption ratios (SAR), and contains 40–50 g kg‐1 of readily decomposable organic matter. These whey characteristics should all be beneficial in reclaiming sodic soils. This study was conducted to determine the effects of cottage cheese whey on the chemical and physical properties of a sodic soil (SAR = 16.3, ECe = 3.8, and pH 8.3). Cottage cheese whey was applied to 300‐mm‐deep sodic soil columns at 0‐, 20‐, 40‐, and 80‐mm rates followed by 80, 60, 40, and 0 mm of distilled water, respectively. The columns were then incubated at 10°C for 21 days, and then leached until 96 mm (0.60 pore volumes) of leachate was collected. All whey applications lowered the soil pH, SAR, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in both the upper and lower 150‐mm‐depth increments. Aggregate stabili...
Outlier detection and robust estimation of scale

The strategy of removing points via a backwards-stepping outlier detection procedure and then taking the standard deviation of the remaining points is examined as a robust scale estimator via computer simulations. It is shown that this procedure compares favorably with the most effective robust scale estimators. This is particularly true if the outliers are relatively extreme or follow an asymmetric distribution. It is also shown that this strategy results in an estimator with high breakdown and redescending influence.
Redressing Elegy's Puella : Propertius IV and the Rhetoric of Fashion

Much recent criticism of Roman love elegy, especially Propertian love elegy, has been concerned with the exposure of elegy's ego and puella as poetic constructions whose ‘partially realistic’ characteristics and actions serve as metaphorical representations of the poet's writing practice and poetic ideals. As Duncan Kennedy has pointed out, however, this discourse of representation has already threatened to create its own limitations of applicability, as it privileges the ‘partial realism’ of love elegy's first-person narratives, in which an authorial male narrator (ego) writes of his female subject (puella), at the expense of the more openly unrealistic representational strategies of works such as Ovid's Heroides and Fasti or, the more immediate concern of this article, the fourth book of Propertius' elegies.
Polymer-core conductor approaches for RF MEMS

In many radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications, currents are confined to the outermost portions of conductors due to the skin effect. Conductors consisting of polymer cores coated with metal, the so-called polymer-core conductor, are appropriate to consider for these applications, and in many instances are easier to fabricate than their solid-metal-core counterparts. Implementation of polymer-core conductors using an SU-8 epoxy-core patterning and subsequent metal electrodeposition is reported. The SU-8 core approach allows for relatively simple formation of extremely high-aspect-ratio columns for inductor sidewalls. In addition, an SU-8 bridge fabrication technique has been realized using a double exposure and single develop scheme. The bridge thickness has been characterized as a function of the optical dose and the post bake time in an oven. Three-dimensional, high-aspect-ratio, high Q-factor, solenoid-type RF inductors are fabricated and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the polymer-core conductor approach for RF applications. A single, vialess metallization over SU-8 back-bone structure provides the complete conducting paths of the inductor. A single turn inductor that is 900 /spl mu/m in height and 600 /spl mu/m in lateral extension shows a maximum Q-factor of 84 and an inductance of 1.17 nH at 2.6 GHz.
Charge particle multiplicity and transverse energy measurements in AuAu collisions in PHENIX at RHIC

Abstract We present results on charged particle (dNch/dη) and transverse energy densities (dET/dη) measured at mid-rapidity in Au Au collisions at S N N = 200 GeV. The mean transverse energy per charged particle is derived. The results are presented as a function of centrality, which is defined by the number of participating nucleons (Np), and compared to results obtained in Au Au collisions at S N N = 130 GeV. A comparison with calculations from various theoretical models is performed.
The Dienst-OAI Gateway

Though the Open Archive Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) is becoming the de facto standard for digital libraries, some of its predecessors are still in use. Although a limited number of Dienst repositories continue to be populated, others are precariously unsupported. The Dienst Open Archive Gateway (DOG) is a gateway between the OAI-PMH and the Dienst (version 4.1) protocol. DOG allows OAI-PMH harvesters to extract metadata records (in RFC-1807 or Dublin Core) from Dienst servers.
Self-management and self-leadership reexamined: A levels-of-analysis perspective

Abstract This article critiques the concepts of self-management and self-leadership from a levels-of-analysis perspective. Conceptual and methodological problems in identifying the most pertinent levels of analysis are noted. We articulate the ways in which the individual, the dyad, the group, and the organization can be theoretically melded into existing self-leadership theory. Suggestions for future research are explored, as well as practical applications in the areas of self-managed work teams and high-performance organizations.
Radiation-Induced Heat-Labile Sites that Convert into DNA Double-Strand Breaks

The yield of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in SV40 DNA irradiated in aqueous solution was found to increase by more than a factor of two as a result of postirradiation incubation of the DNA at 50 degrees C and pH 8.0 for 24 h. This is in agreement with data from studies performed at 37 degrees C that were published previously. Importantly, similar results were also obtained from irradiation of mammalian DNA in agarose plugs. These results suggest that heat-labile sites within locally multiply damaged sites are produced by radiation and are subsequently transformed into DSBs. Since incubation at 50 degrees C is typically employed for lysis of cells in commonly used pulsed-field gel assays for detection of DSBs in mammalian cells, the possibility that heat-labile sites are present in irradiated cells was also studied. An increase in the apparent number of DSBs as a function of lysis time at 50 degrees C was found with kinetics that was similar to that for irradiated DNA, although the magnitude of the increase was smaller. This suggests that heat-labile sites are also formed in the cell. If this is the case, a proportion of DSBs measured by the pulsed-field gel assays may occur during the lysis step and may not be present in the cell as breaks but as heat-labile sites. It is suggested that such sites consist mainly of heat-labile sugar lesions within locally multiply damaged sites. Comparing rejoining of DSBs measured with short and long lysis procedure indicates that the heat-labile sites are repaired with fast kinetics in comparison with repair of the bulk of DSBs.
Absorbance of amniotic fluid at 650 nm as a fetal lung maturity test: A comparison with the lecithin/ sphingomyelin ratio and tests for disaturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol

Abstract We compared absorbance of amniotic fluid at 650 nm (A 650 ) against the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, the quantity of disaturated phosphatidylcholine, and the presence or absence of phosphatidylglycerol in 374 uncontaminated amniotic fluid samples. In addition, we studied these measures of fetal lung maturity in 80 pregnancies where neonatal outcomes were known. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between increasing absorbance and biochemical indices of lung maturation. Our results indicate that A 650 of amniotic fluid is useful as a measure of lung maturity but that the greatest utility may be for samples with either low absorbance ( 0.20). Because of large false positive and false negative values between these two absorbances, other lung maturity estimates should be used when absorbances fall within this range. Therefore, A 650 may be most useful as a screen or as part of a battery of lung maturity estimates. We are exploring these possibilities as a means of providing better fetal lung maturity estimates.
Environmental taxation and the double dividend in decentralized jurisdictions

This research explores the implications for jurisdictional welfare of sharing environmental rents between private and public consumption. An integrated model is developed from research literatures on jurisdictional competition, the “double dividend,” and on the design of tax-refund instruments. This model shows that jurisdictional welfare increases as environmental rents are initially allocated towards public consumption, yielding a “double dividend”, but that this dividend may or may not continue as all rents are shifted to public finance. When the double dividend occurs, the rent allocation both improves the efficiency of the tax system and reduces the private–public consumption distortion that decentralized jurisdictional decision-making creates. In some parameter configurations, there is an optimal rental allocation between the private sector and the local government. At this optimum, environmental and fiscal policies are set at their first-best levels and decentralized jurisdictional decision-making is globally efficient. If less rents are allocated to public finance than this optimum, fiscal and environmental policies will be suboptimal, whereas, if too much rent is allocated for public consumption, fiscal and environmental policies will be set at levels above the global efficiency standard. These results illustrate the crucial importance of environmental rent sharing for the efficiency of jurisdictional decision-making.
Resolving Conflict over Scarce Resources: Private versus Shared Ownership

This Article models private ownership as a conflict resolution mechanism and contends that for the Coase Theorem (as defined here) to be consistent, private ownership must yield the Pareto-optimal use of scarce resources among all feasible conflict resolution mechanisms. Conflict over a scarce resource may be better resolved, however, by eliminating the possibility of private ownership and “forcing” parties to share ownership of a contested scarce resource. A corollary to the Coase Theorem is introduced which states: In the absence of transaction costs, the distribution of private and shared ownership is efficient. Provided transaction costs are high and shared ownership is socially-optimal, a role for the courts is suggested wherein de facto shared ownership is established by rendering private property rights random or unclear — judicial behavior that stands in contrast to the normative implications of the Coase Theorem.
Invisible visualities Augmented reality art and the contemporary media ecology

Augmented reality (AR) art is a form of artistic expression that complicates traditional notions of the visual arts. A visual AR artist trades in what we might call invisible visualities. In this e...
Chemical derivatives of gramicidin.

SummaryGramicidin was treated with a number of reagents which were known, or could be shown to combine with, either its indole, or its hydroxyl groups, or both. The products were prepared and assayed in search of a water-soluble derivative of low hemolytic and high antibacterial activity. Formaldehyde had previously been shown to decrease selectively the hemolytic activity, but to render gramicidin only slightly less water-insoluble.1. A glyoxylic acid derivative was obtained, the sodium salt of which was water-soluble. The product, however, retained most of the original hemolytic activity, and attempts to find experimental conditions under which the advantages of the glyoxylic and formaldehyde treatment could be combined were not successful.2. An indole sulfamate of gramicidin was obtained with pyridine-chlorosulfonic acid, the salts of which were readily soluble in aqueous alcohol. The product showed somewhat greater decreases in hemolytic, than in antibacterial activity.3. The succinic half esters of g...
Electric Potentials in Normal, Castrate, and Theelin Treated Rats.

SummaryIn normal rats the difference in electrical potential between the symphysis pubis and the vagina is much greater at oestrus than during the rest of the cycle. Readings from castrate animals form a patternless type of curve. Administration of theelin causes two rises in potential: nineteen hours after the first injection, and just before the animal passes out of oestrus.
Assessing Understanding of the Energy Concept in Different Science Disciplines

Energy is one of the most central and richly connected ideas across all science disciplines. The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement instrument for assessing students’ understanding of the energy concept within and across different science disciplines. To achieve this goal, the Inter-Disciplinary Energy concept Assessment (IDEA) was developed through a pilot test, consisting of 49 items presented in pairs: multiple-choice questions followed by open-ended justification questions. The IDEA was administered to 356 college students in the United States. The partial credit Rasch model was applied to establish evidence of validity and reliability of measures for the IDEA. Results showed that the IDEA can produce reliable and valid measures of student understanding of the energy concept in different science disciplines. No statistical difference was found between the average difficulties of items across disciplines. In addition, the four science disciplines were positively correlated in terms of student understanding of the energy concept. When item difficulties were analyzed by science content topics, it was found that students have difficulty in understanding the energy concept in atomic structure, wave, electric and magnetic energy, and modern physics content areas. This result suggests that students’ difficulty in understanding the energy concept is compounded with specific science contents.
Use of the computer in caring for the elderly.

Computers are effective adjuncts to medical care of the elderly. However, their rightful place as an aid, not an alternate, to sound medical care must be recognized. A number of technics believed to have potential for improving medical care have been developed. Those selected for discussion here are measurement of cerebral blood flow, computer-based medical history systems, psychologic testing, mental status examinations, and patient data systems.
Fluctuations in stimulated Brillouin scattering

We have performed experiments to determine the spectral and temporal properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in an optical fiber. Theories1-4 that treat the process of spontaneous initiation of the Stokes light predict that the intensity of the generated field fluctuates strongly, even for the case of a cw input pump field. The origin of these fluctuations arises from the fact that the Stokes field is initiated by thermal or quantum noise and the Brillouin medium simply behaves as an amplifier for this field. The spectrum of the Stokes light is also predicted to narrow by a factor of G1/2 from its spontaneous line shape due to the process of gain narrowing. (G = gIL is the value of the single pass gain.) Our experimental observations confirm these predictions.
Greater Amino Acid Intake Is Required to Maximize Whole-Body Protein Synthesis Immediately after Endurance Exercise Than at Rest in Endurance-Trained Rats, as Determined by an Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method

The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has contributed to establishing protein and amino acid (AA) requirements by determining the optimal protein and AA intake that maximizes whole-body protein synthesis. However, it has not been used with endurance-trained subjects.This study aimed to determine the optimal AA intake immediately after endurance exercise and at rest in endurance-trained rats by using the IAAO method.Four-week-old male Fischer rats were divided into a sedentary (SED) group and a trained (TR) group, which underwent treadmill training 5 d/wk for 6 wk at 26 m/min for 60 min/d. On the metabolic trial day, half of the TR group was provided with test diets after daily treadmill running (TR-PostEx). The other half of the TR group (TR-Rest) and all of the SED group were provided with test diets while at rest. The test diets contained different amounts of AAs (3.3-37.3 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1)). Phenylalanine in the test diet was replaced with L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine. The phenylalanine oxidation rate (PheOx) was determined with (13)CO2 enrichment in breath, CO2 excretion rate, and enrichment of phenylalanine in blood during the feeding period. The optimal AA intake was determined with biphasic mixed linear regression crossover analysis for PheOx, which identified a breakpoint at the minimal PheOx in response to graded amounts of AA intake.The optimal AA intake in the TR-PostEx group (26.8 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1); 95% CI: 21.5, 32.1 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1)) was significantly higher than in the SED (15.1 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1); 95% CI: 11.1, 19.1 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1)) and TR-Rest (13.3 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1); 95% CI: 10.9, 15.7 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1)) groups, which did not differ.Greater AA intake is required to maximize whole-body protein synthesis immediately after endurance exercise than at rest, but not at rest in endurance-trained rats.
Mobile and Wearable Device Features that Matter in Promoting Physical Activity.

As wearable sensors/devices become increasingly popular to promote physical activity (PA), research is needed to examine how and which components of these devices people use to increase their PA levels.(1) To assess usability and level of engagement with the Fitbit One and daily SMS-based prompts in a 6-week PA intervention, and (2) to examine whether use/ level of engagement with specific intervention components were associated with PA change.Data were analyzed from a randomized controlled trial that compared (1) a wearable sensor/ device (Fitbit One) plus SMS-based PA prompts, and (2) Fitbit One only, among overweight/ obese adults (N = 67). We calculated average scores from Likert-type response items that assessed usability and level of engagement with device features (e.g., tracker, website, mobile app, and SMS-based prompts), and assessed whether such factors were associated with change in steps/day (using Actigraph GT3X+).Participants reported the Fitbit One was easy to use and the tracker helped to be more active. Those who used the Fitbit mobile app (36%) vs. those who did not (64%) had an increase in steps at 6-week follow-up, even after adjusting for previous web/app use: +545 steps/ day (SE = 265) vs. -28 steps/ day (SE = 242) (p = .04).Level of engagement with the Fitbit One, particularly the mobile app, was associated with increased steps. Mobile apps can instantly display summaries of PA performance and could optimize self-regulation to activate change. More research is needed to determine whether such modalities might be cost-effective in future intervention research and practice.
The Impact of the Nurses’ Health Study on Population Health: Prevention, Translation, and Control

Objectives. To summarize the overall impact of the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) over the past 40 years on the health of populations through its contributions on prevention, translation, and control.Methods. We performed a narrative review of the findings of the NHS, NHS II, and NHS3 between 1976 and 2016.Results. The NHS has generated significant findings about the associations between (1) smoking and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, colorectal and pancreatic cancer, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and eye diseases; (2) physical activity and cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, psoriasis, and neurodegeneration; (3) obesity and cardiovascular diseases, numerous cancer sites, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, kidney stones, and eye diseases; (4) oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease, melanoma, and breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancer; (5) hormone therapy and cardiovascular diseases, breast and endometrial cancer, and neurodegeneration; (6) endogenous hormones and breast cancer; (7) dietary ...
Lessons from Tanzania’s Local Government Finance Reform Experience

In recent years, Tanzania has been lauded by the international development community for its commitment to an ambitious program of economic reforms, resulting in strong growth and low inflation (IMF, 2004). Due to these structural reforms, the country’s economic growth has increasingly been driven by higher productivity, which should assure that its growth path is more sustainable over the medium term. In addition, Tanzania’s economic growth and poverty alleviation strategy have resulted in a significant decline of poverty since the mid-1990s, thereby making the country’s prospects of attaining its poverty reduction objectives for 2015 quite favorable (Treichel, 2005).
Steady State Linear Systems

Perhaps the most widely used results in optimal control theory are those related to the control of linear systems. In this chapter we concentrate on finding steady-state optimal feedback controller gains for linear time-invariant systems. Here, the cost functional minimized is quadratic in the state and control variables. Section 8.2 considers the optimal state feedback controller gain problem, section 8.3 addresses the optimal output feedback problem, and section 8.4 treats the more general optimal dynamic compensator problem.
Effect of particle size distribution on stress development and microstructure of particulate coatings

The role of pigment particle size distribution on stress and microstructure development was studied for coatings prepared from aqueous suspensions of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and latex binder. Stress development was monitored using a modified beam deflection technique under controlled environment. Microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cryogenic SEM. For coatings containing only GCC particles and no latex, a wide particle size distribution resulted in a significant particle size gradient in the cross-sectional microstructure and irregular stress development. With latex addition, uniform microstructures were observed in coatings with either wide or narrow GCC particle size distribution. GCC/latex coatings prepared using GCC with a wide particle size distribution developed a higher stress than those prepared using GCC with a similar average particle size but a narrow particle size distribution. The higher stress is related to the particle packing that results in smaller pore sizes and larger capillary pressures that drive compaction. In coatings prepared with the same GCC particles but different latex binders, the stress and cracking behavior of the coating depends on the latex properties.
New Guidelines in Management of Thyroid Nodule When to Biopsy and When to Follow

: Lack of unified system in characterizing and reporting thyroid nodules is deeply felt almost in every institution and is a source of confusion among diagnostic radiologists, pathologists, thyroid surgeons, oncologists, endocrinologists and interventionalists. Elaborate systems exist but they are not easy to use. Therefore many of those systems cannot be utilized widely in general radiology practice. A simplified approach to thyroid nodule is a crucial need to prevent unnecessary work up, follow up or procedures. A combination of TIRADS and ACR guidelines probably would strike a balance between high sensitivity with acceptable specificity.
The dual‐process theory and understanding of stocks and flows

Recent evidence suggests that using the analytic mode of thinking (System 2) can improve people's performance in stock–flow (SF) tasks. In this paper, we further investigate the effects by implementing several different interventions in two studies. First, we replicate a previous finding that answering analytical questions before the SF task approximately doubles the likelihood of answering the stock questions correctly. We also investigate effects of three other interventions that can potentially prime participants to use their System 2. Specifically, the first group is asked to justify their response to the SF task; the second group is warned about the difficulty of the SF task; and the third group is offered information about cognitive biases and the role of the analytic mode of thinking. We find that the second group showed a statistically significant improvement in their performance. We claim that there are simple interventions that can modestly improve people's response in SF tasks. Copyright © 2017 System Dynamics Society.
Interference Fringes in the Infrared Reflectance of 6H-SiC Films on 6H-SiC Substrates

We present the results of room temperature IR reflection measurements near the Restrahlen region for epitaxial 6H SiC single crystal films deposited on boule grown 6H SiC substrates. The data were collected at near normal incidence (5°) using a Nicolet 740 FTIR spectrometer Fabry-Perot fringes presumably caused by the film-substrate interface are seen in many samples. The nature of this interference is difficult to understand since the index of refraction of the films and the substrate should be comparable. We have attempted to model this effect by inserting a thin layer of different materials between the film and the substrate. We conclude that a metallic-like layer of about 250A between the film and the substrate will reproduce our data. However, at the present time we have no direct experimental evidence for the existence of such a layer.
Cytogenetic Studies of Some Armadillos

Of the numerous edentates, most of which inhabit South America, only few species have been studied cytologically so far. The reason for this dearth of knowledge is partly the fact that the energies of many cytogeneticists have been absorbed by studies of the human karyotype and partly due to the unavailability of most of these species in zoos because they make difficult specimens to exhibit. For this reason relatively few edentates are kept in zoological gardens and, furthermore, these animals have rarely been used for laboratory research work. There are many interesting, biological aspects in this Order, however, that merit further study, among which are their karyotypes and genetic relationships.
Focal Epilepsy and Sleep

Publisher Summary The conceptual understanding of seizure timing applies to the study of interictal discharges and their distribution during the 24 hour sleep–wake cycle, that is, their occurrence during wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The sleep-related events may be modulated or exhibit fluctuations depending on factors such as antiepileptic drugs (AED), sleep deprivation, and spontaneous sleep abnormalities. This chapter elucidates that seizure patterns show a longitudinal stability over time, meaning that nocturnal seizures have a tendency to remain nocturnal and seizures occurring both during the day and the night also tend to recur within these same states. The influence of sleep on interictal spike activity may be measured in terms of spiking rate, emergence of new spiking foci, and change in the electrical field. Arousals and awakenings from sleep may facilitate seizures. The neuroanatomic substrate is an important factor, because many of the sleep-related epilepsy syndromes are associated with seizures of frontal lobe origin.
Convmd: Convolutive Matrix Decomposition For Classification Of Matrix Data

In this paper, we consider the use of convolutive matrix decomposition for matrix data classification. Matrix decomposition has been broadly used as means of dimensionality reduction in a variety of learning tasks. In this approach, columns of a matrix are represented as a linear combination over a basis. For applications in which relevant information is encoded in a sequence of columns instead of a single column, the use of a single column basis is insufficient. In this paper, we present a matrix classification framework that relies on a convolutive-based matrix decomposition approach that captures structure among neighboring columns. In particular, we present a latent variable graphical model for classification of matrices that is based on the proposed matrix decomposition. We present experimental results with promising performance on a DNA dataset associated with protein production.
Chapter 28 The Economic Analysis of Advertising

This chapter offers a comprehensive survey of the economic analysis of advertising. A first objective is to organize the literature in a manner that clarifies what is known. A second objective is to clarify how this knowledge has been obtained. The chapter begins with a discussion of the key initial writings that are associated with the persuasive, informative and complementary views of advertising. Next, work that characterizes empirical regularities between advertising and other variables is considered. Much of this work is conducted at the inter-industry level but important industry studies are also discussed. The chapter then offers several sections that summarize formal economic theories of advertising. In particular, respective sections are devoted to positive and normative theories of monopoly advertising, theories of price and non-price advertising, theories of advertising and product quality, and theories that explore the potential role for advertising in deterring entry. At this point, the chapter considers the empirical support for the formal economic theories of advertising. A summary is provided of empirical work that evaluates the predictions of recent theories of advertising, including work that specifies and estimates explicitly structural models of firm and consumer conduct. This work is characterized by the use of industry (or brand) and even household-level data. The chapter then considers work on endogenous and exogenous sunk cost industries. At a methodological level, this work is integrative in nature: it develops new theory that delivers a few robust predictions, and it then explores the empirical relevance of these predictions at both inter-industry and industry levels. Finally, the chapter considers new directions and other topics. Here, recent work on advertising and media markets is discussed, and research on behavioral economics and neuroeconomics is also featured. A final section offers some concluding thoughts.
Immunobiology of Inherited Muscular Dystrophies

The immune response to acute muscle damage is important for normal repair. However, in chronic diseases such as many muscular dystrophies, the immune response can amplify pathology and play a major role in determining disease severity. Muscular dystrophies are inheritable diseases that vary tremendously in severity, but share the progressive loss of muscle mass and function that can be debilitating and lethal. Mutations in diverse genes cause muscular dystrophy, including genes that encode proteins that maintain membrane strength, participate in membrane repair, or are components of the extracellular matrix or the nuclear envelope. In this article, we explore the hypothesis that an important feature of many muscular dystrophies is an immune response adapted to acute, infrequent muscle damage that is misapplied in the context of chronic injury. We discuss the involvement of the immune system in the most common muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and show that the immune system influences muscle death and fibrosis as disease progresses. We then present information on immune cell function in other muscular dystrophies and show that for many muscular dystrophies, release of cytosolic proteins into the extracellular space may provide an initial signal, leading to an immune response that is typically dominated by macrophages, neutrophils, helper T-lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Although those features are similar in many muscular dystrophies, each muscular dystrophy shows distinguishing features in the magnitude and type of inflammatory response. These differences indicate that there are disease-specific immunomodulatory molecules that determine response to muscle cell damage caused by diverse genetic mutations. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1313-1356, 2018.
Facile fabrication and enhanced properties of Cu-40 wt% Zn/WC nanocomposite

Abstract High loading of WC nanoparticles was successfully incorporated into the alloy system Cu-40 wt% Zn by molten salt stirring method. Given the energy balance of thermal energy, van der Waals interaction and inter-particle barrier, the expected pseudo-dispersion of WC was stable. In order to evaluate the materials functional applicability, the mechanical, electrical and anti-corrosion properties of fabricated Cu-40 wt% Zn/WC nanocomposite were measured and theoretically analyzed; with an increase of WC nanoparticles to 23.0 vol%, the microhardness increases to ∼200.00 HV and the Young's modulus to ∼179.00 GPa. Even though the electrical conductivity decreases to ∼4.17 MS/m, the corrosion rate for Cu-40 wt% Zn/WC is significantly lowered (∼0.017 mm/yr for 12.5 vol% WC).
Exploring racial literacy when teaching ‘other people’s children’

This paper analyses one White social studies teacher’s racial literacy in a segregated school serving students of colour. The case study highlights racial literacy as tenuous, as the teacher utilis...
Development of Lattice-Mismatched GaInAsP for Radiation Hardness

We develop lattice-mismatched GaInAsP as an alternative alloy to pure As-based alloys currently used in III–V multijunction solar cells. Increasing the alloy phosphorous and indium content while maintaining an optimal bandgap may allow high efficiency multijunction devices with increased radiation hardness. Here, 1.0-eV GaInAsP is developed and implemented into single and multijunction solar cell devices. The lattice-mismatched GaInAsP must be grown strain free, and the subcell thickness must be maintained below the thickness where surface-driven phase separation occurs. As observed in transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence imaging, phase separation strengthens in the GaInAsP layer and leads to interfacial defect formation when the cell thickness is too great. We show single junction 1.0-eV Ga0.5In0.5As0.7P0.3 with excellent carrier collection and a bandgap-voltage offset of 0.40 V. This material quality approaches that of 1.0-eV Ga0.7In0.3As used in inverted metamorphic multijunction devices, but has increased phosphorus content and consequently is expected to have a higher radiation resistance. We incorporate the 1.0-eV GaInAsP subcell into a 3-junction inverted metamorphic solar cell to test the performance of the subcell in a multijunction. No additional loss is observed upon integration into a multijunction cell: both the carrier collection and voltage of the GaInAsP subcell are unchanged from single junction devices. While further materials development and radiation testing is still required, these preliminary results indicate that lattice-mismatched GaInAsP can be effectively used in multijunction solar cells to replace radiation-soft materials.
Pressure Volume System for Management of Heart Failure and Valvular Heart Disease

To introduce the reader to the basics of pressure-volume (PV) analysis, its current role in management of heart failure and valvular disease, and the possibilities for future use. The recent introduction of FDA-approved miniaturized conductance catheters that can produce PV loops in the clinical setting has set the stage for the translation of this important research technique into clinical practice. The use of these catheters has shed important insights into the pathophysiology of many common conditions associated with heart failure including heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and right heart failure and has been utilized to assist in optimization of lead placement during cardiac resynchronization therapy. The use of PV loops has enhanced our understanding and diagnosis of common conditions associated with heart failure. In addition, it has shown promise as an adjunct to therapeutic procedures. Future directions may include the use of PV loops in the management of patients with heart failure requiring mechanical circulatory support and to help predict the utility of percutaneous valvular interventions.
Opinion Diffusion Software with Strategic Opinion Revelation and Unfriending.

We present a novel software suite for social network modeling and opinion diffusion processes. Much research on social network science has assumed networks with static topologies. More recently, attention has been turned to networks that evolve. Although software for modeling both the topological evolution of networks and diffusion processes are constantly improving, very little attention has been paid to agent modeling. Our software is designed to be robust, modular, and extensible, providing the ability to model dynamic social network topologies and multidimensional diffusion processes, different styles of agent including non-homophilic paradigms, as well as a testing environment for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) experiments with diverse sets of agent types. We also illustrate the value of diverse agent modeling, and environments that allow for strategic unfriending. Our work shows that polarization and consensus dynamics, as well as topological clustering effects, may rely more than previously known on individuals' goals for the composition of their neighborhood's opinions.
Consequences of a Zero-Sum Perspective of Gender Status: Predicting Later Discrimination against Men and Women in Collaborative and Leadership Roles

The zero-sum perspective (ZSP) implies gains made by one group (e.g., women) translate into equivalent loss for another group (e.g., men). The present studies extend prior research by examining whether individuals with a ZSP of gender status exhibit later discrimination. In Study 1, 624 U.S. undergraduates completed online measures of political orientation, social dominance orientation (SDO), right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), sexism, and ZSP of gender status. One month later, they read three online scenarios depicting a male target and three depicting a female target in a leadership or collaborative role, then rated their endorsement of the target. Regression results indicated that beyond the effects of participants’ gender, political orientation, RWA, SDO, and sexism, the greater participants’ ZSP of gender status, the less they endorsed female leaders and collaborators. ZSP did not predict endorsement of male targets. In Study 2, 249 adults across the United States completed the same initial measures as in Study 1 then one month later, read two online scenarios depicting a male target and two depicting a female target, then rated target endorsement. Greater ZSP of gender status again predicted less endorsement of female targets. A significant ZSP x Target Gender interaction showed endorsement of female targets declined with increasing ZSP whereas endorsement of male targets remained unchanged across levels of ZSP. These findings show discrimination against female leaders and collaborators by individuals who possess a ZSP of gender status and provide insight into how win-lose perceptions of gender status may impede gender equality.
Taking the mystery out of food animal surgery for the new graduate

Throughout veterinary school we are instructed on the ideal technique for a number of surgical procedures. You may even consult some of the many good references that are readily available. Unlike my time in veterinary school, you even have internet videos to watch. All of this will do a lot to help you prepare for life after graduation. However, none of your food animal patients will have sat through lectures, read books or watched those same videos so things may not be exactly as you expect when YOU get on the farm. Our goal in this presentation will be to discuss some common procedures and prepare you to do them uncommonly well, even when it is not exactly like the book. Come prepared with questions and we will make this an interactive session. This is not a presentation on antibiotic use. We must certainly be aware of all the changing regulations on appropriate use of antibiotics and never abuse or overuse antibiotics. However, there is a decrease in post-operative complications in many procedures when peri-operative antibiotics are used. Remember these are most effective when first given pre-operatively to reach blood levels prior to making an incision.
Ultrafast lattice-bonding dynamics of tellurium

Summary form only given. In this paper we present a study of the ultrafast bonding dynamics of tellurium in the presence of a symmetry-preserving coherent phonon. The coherent phonon modulates the band structure at THz frequencies. We measure the dielectric function, because it is closely related to the band structure, over a broad frequency range following excitation by an 800-nm, 50-fs pump pulse. We observe ultrafast changes in the bonding-antibonding split that are on the order of the band gap, offering the possibility of a band-crossing transition driven at THz frequencies.
The Proof Is in the Hovering: Disrupting Racism in White Spaces

It was bound to happen sooner or later.In the midst of yet another spirited discussion on how to best cultivate and adopt strategic measures that would enable our midsized Predominantly White Insti...
Environmental benefit-detriment thresholds for flow battery energy storage systems: A case study in California

Author(s): Tian, S; He, H; Kendall, A; Davis, SJ; Ogunseitan, OA; Schoenung, JM; Samuelsen, S; Tarroja, B | Abstract: Energy storage systems are critical for enabling the environmental benefits associated with capturing renewable energy to displace fossil fuel-based generation, yet producing these systems also contributes to environmental impacts through their materials use and manufacturing. As energy storage capacity is scaled up to support increasingly renewable grids, the environmental benefits from their use may scale at different rates than the environmental impacts from their production. This implies the existence of capacity thresholds beyond which installing additional storage capacity may be environmentally detrimental. Identifying such thresholds are important for ensuring that energy storage capacity selection in future grids are consistent with net emissions reduction goals, but such thresholds have not been studied in the present literature. To identify such thresholds, here we combine electric grid dispatch modeling with life cycle analysis to compare how the emissions reductions from deploying three different flow battery energy storage types on a future California grid (g80% wind and solar) compare with emissions contributions from producing such batteries as total battery capacity installed on the grid increases. Depending on the type of battery and environmental impact indicator (greenhouse gas or particulate matter emissions), we find that the marginal environmental benefits of storage begin to diminish at deployed capacities of 38–76% of the mean daily renewable generation (256–512 GWh in our California scenarios) and reach zero at 105–284% of mean daily renewable generation (700–1810 GWh). Such storage capacities are conceivable, but upstream impacts of storage must be assessed in evaluating the environmental benefits of large-scale storage deployment, or they could negate the environmental benefits of regional electricity system decarbonization.
Generation of high amplitude compressions and rarefactions in a photoacoustically excited droplet.

Abstract Photoacoustic excitation of a fluid sphere generates an outgoing ultrasonic wave whose time profile permits determination of the density, sound speed, and diameter of the sphere. Experiments with pulsed laser beams have confirmed the major predictions of existing theory. With regard to acoustic waves generated within spheres, although mathematical expressions for their properties are known, virtually no exploration of the waveforms in theory or experiment has taken place. Here, two cases for photoacoustic excitation of a droplet are discussed: first, absorption of radiation in a region of fluid external to the droplet, and, second, absorption of radiation by the droplet itself. Large amplitude transients, compressions in the former and rarefactions in the latter, are generated as the waves approach the center of the sphere. The high amplitudes of the waves suggest shock wave formation.
The Impact of Mass Media-Delivered Family Planning Campaigns in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis of Advertising and Entertainment-Education Format Effects

Effective family planning methods are shown to save lives, contribute to gender equality, and boost economic development. Mass media communication campaigns in low- and middle-income countries have been effective in increasing contraceptive use, although the strategies that increase the likelihood of success are unclear. The present study uses meta-analyses to uncover the average effect of media campaigns on family planning behaviors in low- and middle-income countries and to examine the effectiveness of two communication strategies: entertainment-education and advertising/public service announcements. Results indicated that mass media-delivered family planning campaigns have a positive impact on family planning behaviors: d = 0.19, 95% CI [0.15, 0.24] for women (k = 64), d = 0.16, 95% CI [0.11, 0.21] for men (k = 27), and d = 0.20, 95% CI [0.17, 0.23] for an undifferentiated target group of men and women (k = 37). The use of an entertainment-education format, often in addition to campaign advertising messages, was associated with greater campaign success rates for women. Men, however, responded negatively to education-entertainment and positively to campaigns using only advertising and public service announcement formats. Recommendations for future family planning mass media campaigns and academic research opportunities are discussed.