cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHOTON TRANSPORT THEORY

Abstract A first order, momentum-configuration space transport equation for photons is derived for low energy (nonrelativistic) systems. The derivation is first order in the sense that the transition probabilities characterizing photon scattering emission and absorption are computed only to the first nonvanishing order by conventional perturbation methods. The present approach provides an essentially axiom-deduction development of the theory of radiative transfer (albeit via several ill-evaluated approximations) within the context of which various processes and their interrelationships may be investigated. Most of these processes have hitherto been studied only phenomenologically and usually piecemeal. Specific application to photon scattering, cyclotron radiation, recombination radiation, de-excitation radiation, and bremsstrahlung is made in the test. The derivation of an H -theorem for photon-particle systems is sketched; and contact is made with the usual statistical mechanical treatment of the equilibrium states of such systems. It is also shown that some aspects of collective particle behavior can be introduced quite naturally into the description of photon transport in the fully ionized plasma.
Study of Periodic Tune Modulation with the Beam-Beam Effect

Simulations of weak-strong pp? collisions with a periodic tune modulation show the possiblity of beam blowup at sufficiently strong modulation amplitudes. This beam blowup is associated with the appearance of nonrepeatable "chaotic" trajectories and occurs when low order resonances are crossed by the modulation. In this paper we also report results of an investigation of the dependence of this blowup upon the modulation frequency, with the modulation amplitude fixed. It is determined that a threshold freqency exists, modulations at frequencies greater than the threshold do not lead to beam blowup.
Granulocytosis and Lymphopenia After Adoptive Transfer of NF-κB Deficient Fetal Liver Cells. • 661

Granulocytosis and Lymphopenia After Adoptive Transfer of NF-κB Deficient Fetal Liver Cells. • 661
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data for β-Lead Telluride

50-50 atomic percent lead telluride (Altaite), grown by the vapor transport method, was examined with a well aligned Rigaku horizontal beam diffractometer. PbTe is cubic (precise lattice parameter ao = 6.4591(5)A) with an space group and a calculated density of 8.253 g/cm3. Fully indexed powder diffraction data are presented.
The History and the Dynamics of the Development of the West Siberian Platform

Abstract The area of the West Siberian platform is about 3.3 million km 2 , the average thickness of the Mesozoic—Cenozoic platform mantle of sediments is 3 km, and the volume of sedimentary infilling is 10 million km 3 . The formation of the platform took place during a major tectonic cycle which in turn is divided into tectonic-sedimentary cycles as follows: Triassic, early-Middle Jurassic, late Jurassic, Neocomian, Aptian—Cenomanian, Turonian—Maastrichtian, Paleocene—early Oligocene and Middle Oligocene—Middle Pliocene. During the Triassic period in the arctic part of the platform large depressions were formed and continued to subside to the end of the Cretaceous. During early—Middle Jurassic part of the Triassic postorogenic shield began to subside. The late Jurassic epoch is characterized by maximum transgression and low rate of uncompensated subsidence of the basin floor. In Neocomian and Aptian—Cenomanian time, differential subsidence is sharply intensified, its rate increasing from south to north in the direction of Triassic downwarp. Turonian—Maastrichtian time is distinguished by wide transgression and reduction of subsidence rate. In Paleocene—early Oligocene the extent of the sea decreased and took the form of a submeridional gulf, the axial line of which approached the Urals. In the middle of the Oligocene epoch the sea became freshened and divided into separate basins. Eastern and northern parts of the platform were subsequently involved in the uplift. In the Neogene the region of subsidence took the form of a sublatitudinal depression extending along the southern mountain-folded margin of the platform.
Instruments Interchangeability Using Interchangeable Virtual Instrument Technology

The ability to exchange the instruments in a test system without changing the test programs is an ongoing challenge in the test and measurement industry. Test systems that are used for years (10 plus) can incur large test program modifications and integration cost due to obsolete instruments or the need to upgrade an instrument to increase the test capability. The IVI Foundation has created specifications for programming test instruments that simplify interchangeability with the goal to reduce the cost of program development and maintenance. The IVI Foundation has defined classes for eight types of instruments at this time, so if IVI technology is going to be used as part of a test software architecture it needs to be expanded based on the requirements of a test system. In this paper, we present an approach for incorporating the use of interchangeable virtual instrument technology for the control and interchangeability of test instrumentation in a test software architecture solution. We identify the layers of the test software architecture and its use of components in the IVI shared components. The functionality of each component within the test software architecture is described, process for creating instruments and custom not defined by the IVI process will include steps and the tools that are used for designing and developing the classes and drivers, such as visual studio wizards that build templates to create new IVI class drivers and IVI instrument specific drivers. Finally, we demonstrate results of expanding the eight foundation IVI classes that were available when the project started into 37 IVI classes that support 54 instruments from multiple vendors.
6‐Hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects of d‐amphetamine

Ten rats were trained with a standard two-lever procedure to discriminate d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) from saline. Training was continued until the rats emitted three or less responses on the incorrect lever before the first food presentation and more than 95% of the responses during a session occurred on the correct lever for five consecutive sessions. A descending range of doses from 1.0 to 0.17 mg/kg d-amphetamine and saline were resulted to determine a drug-dose generalization gradient including a threshold dose that resulted in drug-appropriate responding. Following the determination of the threshold dose, the rats were lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or its vehicle. Three days were allowed for recovery from the lesion. The animals were then again tested starting with the threshold dose. A postlesion generalization gradient was then determined by testing the rats with increasing doses of the drug. Saline test sessions were randomly scheduled during the postlesion testing. The vehicle lesion produced a slight change in the generalization gradients. The 6-OHDA lesion, however, resulted in a much larger attenuation in the discriminative stimulus function of the drug. Thus, it appears that destruction of the dopaminergic input into the accumbens only moderately alters the discriminative stimulus properties of d-amphetamine.
Disc electrophoresis of subclasses of human serum low density lipoproteins

Serum chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (d < 1.006) and two classes of low density lipoproteins (1.006 < d < 1.019 and 1.019 < d < 1.050) were isolated from freshly collected normal human blood. Disc electrophoresis was performed with microquantities of these fractions using the standard spacer gel and with main gel concentrations of 1.9, 2.5, 3.0, 3.75, and 5.0%. Three different stains, namely, amido black 10B, Sudan black B and oil red O were employed for detecting the lipoprotein components in gels of 3.0, 3.75, and 5.0% concentration and sudan black B prestain was used for gels of 2.5 and 1.9% concentration. The results demonstrated that all the lipoproteins, except the chylomicrons, penetrated the standard spacer gel. In 3.0% gel, the very low density lipoproteins and the larger low density lipoproteins (1.006 < d < 1.019) were detected as separate bands behind the β-lipoprotein band. The relative migration distances in 3.0% gel of these lipoproteins were confirmed by investigating the electrophoretic behavior of synthetic mixtures of lipoproteins. The resolution obtained was superior to that previously reported with other electrophoretic methods and may find application in clinical investigations involving serum lipoproteins.
Novel locus-specific primers for major histocompatibility complex class II alleles from glass frogs developed via genome walking

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes can be used to study molecular evolution in wild vertebrate populations. Here, we used “genome walking” to develop primers for amplification of the second exon of a single expressed MHC class II locus in a glass frog, Espadarana prosoblepon. We tested the utility of the primers on two Panamian populations of E. prosoblepon. The MHC marker displayed high levels of allelic diversity (15 alleles/locus identified in each population) and evidence of positive selection in both populations. We also successfully amplified this marker from Sachatamia ilex, another centrolenid species. This marker can be used to assess the evolution of immune genes that may be associated with disease susceptibility in E. prosoblepon and closely related species in Central and South America.
Prevalence of rotator cuff tears in adults with traumatic brachial plexus injuries

Background: Restoration of shoulder function is a primary goal when treating patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury. A concomitant rotator cuff tear may alter the treatment approach and prognosis for these individuals. The purpose of this study was to define the prevalence of rotator cuff tears in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries. Methods: This is a retrospective review of 280 adult patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury treated at a single institution over a twelve-year period. An upper-extremity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was acquired for all patients as part of the initial evaluation for posttraumatic brachial plexus injury. The radiographic and clinical data on these patients were reviewed to document partial or full-thickness rotator cuff tears, mechanism and location of the brachial plexus injury, and age. Results: Twenty-three patients (8.2%) had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear: one patient had tears involving three tendons, eight patients had tears involving two tendons, twelve patients had a single-tendon tear, one patient had a single-tendon tear in each shoulder, and one patient had a single-tendon tear in one shoulder and a two-tendon tear in the other. Twenty-one tears involved the supraspinatus, eight involved the infraspinatus, and seven involved the subscapularis. Thirteen patients underwent surgical repair of the rotator cuff. The average age of the patients in this cohort was 33.4 years, and older age was associated with an increased risk of full-thickness rotator cuff tears (odds ratio [OR], 1.06 per year). Patients with infraclavicular brachial plexus injury had a significantly higher rate of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Conclusions: Concomitant rotator cuff tears are present in approximately one in ten patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury. These injuries may contribute to shoulder dysfunction; therefore, evaluation of the rotator cuff with imaging studies is appropriate when formulating treatment strategies. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Enhanced hepatic metabolism of testosterone, 4-androstene-3, 17-dione, and estradiol-17β in chickens pretreated with ddt or PCB

Abstract Recently there has been a large amount of interest in chlorinated hydrocarbons as mediators of adverse ecological changes in the biosphere. It has been suggested R. Kuntzman et al . Advance in Enzyme Regulation 4 , 249 (1966) that DDT induces changes in the metabolism of several steroid sex hormones possibly leading to the thining of eggshells and reproductive failure. Also, it has been reported that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) are present in the tissues of various forms, of wildlife. Since the chemical formulae of PCB's are similar to that of DDT it has been suggested that their interactions in biological systems may be similar. A post-mitochondrial hepatic fraction (microsomes + cytosol) from untreated cockerels and pullets was shown to metabolize testosterone (I), estradiol-17β (II) and 4-androstene-3, 17-dione (III) in an in vitro incubation system when fortified with a TPNH-generating system. Cockerels had a higher metabolic rate of metabolism of I, II, or III compared to corresponding pullets. Treatment of either sex with o,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDT increased the metabolic rate of metabolism of I, II, or III approximately 3-fold over untreated cockerels or pullets. The PCB's mimicked the action of DDT in that they also enhanced the hepatic metabolism of natural steroid hormones.
Full non-linear treatment of the global thermospheric wind system. I - Mathematical method and analysis of forces. II - Results and comparison with observations

The equations of horizontal motion of the neutral atmosphere between 120 and 500 km are integrated with the inclusion of all nonlinear terms of the convective derivative and the viscous forces due to vertical and horizontal velocity gradients. Empirical models of the distribution of neutral and charged particles are assumed to be known. The model of velocities developed is a steady state model. In Part I the mathematical method used in the integration of the Navier-Stokes equations is described and the various forces are analyzed. Results of the method given in Part I are presented with comparison with previous calculations and observations of upper atmospheric winds. Conclusions are that nonlinear effects are only significant in the equatorial region, especially at solstice conditions and that nonlinear effects do not produce any superrotation.
On a uniqueness criteria for a dusty gas model

A uniqueness criteria is developed for solutions of a model for the steady-state flow of a dusty gas when the number density of the particles is constant. The criteria depends on the physical parameters of the system and information about the velocity of the fluid and the gradient of the particle velocity field.
Load-frequency relations for a clamped shallow circular arch

Although the coarseness of the grid used in this example precludes quantitative comparisons, the qualitative features of these results are in agreement with those obtained experimentally and theoretically using an approximate continuum solution for similar torsion problems. The purpose of this Note is solely to demonstrate a stable algorithm for finite element analysis of partly wrinkled membranes. Questions concerning accuracy and rate of convergence in realistic technological applications are currently under investigation and will be addressed in future publications.
AMBIGUOUS DIAGNOSIS: ADRENAL SUPPRESSION IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH). † 497

Diagnostic ambiguity in classical CAH is unusual. We present two patients who were referred to us following longterm adrenal suppression in whom IV ACTH testing did not initially confirm the diagnosis. Pt#1 (7 y. o. F) was adopted at 4.5 y. Pregnancy was complicated by attempted termination using a synthetic progestin. Clitoromegaly at birth and dehydration at 10 d lead to a diagnosis of salt-losing 21-hydroxylase deficiency in Russia and she was treated with prednisone (2.5 mg b.i.d., 28 mg/M2 cortisol equiv.) and DOCA (3.5 mg q.d.). No laboratory data are available. At adoption, height was at -2.6 S.D. and weight was at 50th percentile for height. She was placed on 20 mg/M2 per day of cortisol (t.i.d. dosing) and 0.05 mg 9-alpha-fludrocortisone b.i.d. At 7 yr, height was at 15th%ile, but more than 6 morning 17OHP measurements were <5 ng/dL. Because of the Hx of progestin exposure, an IV bolus ACTH test was performed. At 60 min, cortisol was <1μg/dL and 17OHP was 9.4 ng/dL. One month after reduction in cortisol dose by 40%, repeat ACTH stim (17OHP 0= 380, 60 min = 456 ng/dL), confirmed neonatal diagnosis. Pt #2 (8 y.o. M) was diagnosed with CAH in Brazil at 4.5 y because of adrenarche, advanced bone age and one 17OHP of 800 ng/dL. He was treated with prednisone 2.5 mg b.i.d.(20 mg/M2 cortisol equiv.), but growth failure was noted. Several 17OHP levels were <10 ng/dL, and rose to 40 ng/dL 48 h off glucocorticoid. At 60 min after bolus IV ACTH (1-24), 17OHP was only 170 ng/dL. However, 17OHP with bolus IV ACTH (1-24) 12 h after ACTH gel IM X2 was 2140 ng/dL.
Knowledge, pedagogy and society: international perspectives on Basil Bernstein’s sociology of education

edited by Daniel Frandji and Phillipe Vitale, New York, Routledge, 2012, 272 pp., $44.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-415-50057-9, 2011, 272 pp., $135 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-56536-3 The enduring sig...
Communication complexity of secure computation (extended abstract)

A secret-ballot vote for a single proposition is an example of a secure distributed computation. The goal is for m participants to jointly compute the output of some n-ary function (in this case, the sum of the votes), while protecting their individual inputs against some form of misbehavior.In this paper, we initiate the investigation of the communication complexity of unconditionally secure multi-party computation, and its relation with various fault-tolerance models. We present upper and lower bounds on communication, as well as tradeoffs among resources.First, we consider the “direct sum problem” for communications complexity of perfectly secure protocols: Can the communication complexity of securely computing a single function f : Fn → F at k sets of inputs be smaller if all are computed simultaneously than if each is computed individually? We show that the answer depends on the failure model. A factor of O(n/log n) can be gained in the privacy model (where processors are curious but correct); specifically, when f is n-ary addition (mod 2), we show a lower bound of O(n2 log n) for computing f O(n) times simultaneously. No gain is possible in a slightly stronger fault model (fail-stop mode); specifically, when f is n-ary addition over GF(q), we show an exact bound of T(kn2 log q) for computing f at k sets of inputs simultaneously (for any k ≥ 1).However, if one is willing to pay an additive cost in fault tolerance (from t to t-k+1), then a variety of known non-cryptographic protocols (including “provably unparallelizable” protocols from above!) can be systematically compiled to compute one function at k sets of inputs with no increase in communication complexity. Our compilation technique is based on a new compression idea of polynomial-based multi-secret sharing.Lastly, we show how to compile private protocols into error-detecting protocols at a big savings of a factor of O(n3) (up to a log factor) over the best known error-correcting protocols. This is a new notion of fault-tolerant protocols, and is especially useful when malicious behavior is infrequent, since error-detection implies error-correction in this case.
Analysis of glucuronides by fast atom bombardment

Abstract Fragmentation patterns are rationized from fast atom bombardment spectra of thirty glucuronides containing seven different kinds of glycosidic linkages. In general negative ion spectra provided more definitive molecular weights and consistent fragment ions, however positive ion spectra are preferred for quaternary ammonium-, carbinolamine and oxime-linked glucuronides. Two bond cleaages appear to be class characteristic, both involving loss of the glucuronic acid moiety accompanied by hydrogen loss or back transfer so as to produce even electron negative or positive fragment ions. The relative occurrence of the two fragmentation processes appears to vary according to the functional group in the aglycon which is bonded to glucuronic acid.
The decay of 85mKr

Abstract The allowed beta spectrum and internal conversion electron spectrum in the decay of 85m Kr were measured with the high resolution π 2 magnetic spectrometer of the TRISTAN on-line isotope separator system, and the 85m Kr gamma-ray spectrum was measured with a high resolution Ge(Li) detector. The half-life of 85m Kr was found to be 4.480 ± 0.008 h. The allowed beta decay of 85m Kr was found to have an end-point energy of 840 ± 2 keV, an intensity of 78.8 % and a log ft of 5.15. Using the PBS method for calculating internal conversion coefficients, the 150.99 ± 0.05 keV transition in 85 Rb was found to be of pure M1 multipolarity with a K-shell internal conversion coefficient α k of 0.0400 ± 0.0008 and a K/L/M ratio of 89/10/2.2. The 304.47 ± 0.05 keV isomeric transition in 85 Kr was found to be a pure M4 multipole with α k = 0.432 ± 0.020 and a K/L/M ratio of 67/10/2.0. The gamma-ray energies were determined by both Ge(Li) and spectrometer measurements.
PDF models for uplink to space in the presence of beam wander

Abstract In this paper we discuss several models for the probability density function (pd f) of the irradiance of a Gaussian-beam wave from ground to space. We consider cases of tracked beams and untracked beams, both of which involve a certain amount of beam wander. The various pdf models that we introduce are all compar ed with simulation data over a broad range of beam diameters. We find th at certain well-known models fit the simula tion data in one of the regimes defined by the ratio of beam radius W 0 to Frieds parameter r 0 (W 0 /r 0 > 1), but not generally in the other regimes. This is true for tracked beams as well as untracked beams. Two new pdf models, developed here as a modulation of either the gamma-gamma pdf or the gamma pdf , are shown to provide excellent fits to the simulation data over all three regimes defined above. Keywords: Atmospheric turbulence, scintillation, pdf model, Strehl ratio 1. INTRODUCTION For many years there has been interest in the possibility of using high-data-rate optical transmitters for free space optical (FSO) communications. However, the pe rformance of a FSO communication system can be significantly diminished by turbulence-induced scintillation, resulting in power losses at the receiver and eventually to fading of the received signal below a detectable threshold. The reliability of an optical system operating in such an environment can be deduced from a mathematical model for the probability density function (PDF) of the randomly fading irradiance signal. For that reason, one of the goals in studying optical wave propagation through atmospheric turbulence has been the identification of tractable PDF models for the irradiance under all irradiance fluctuation conditions. Under weak irradiance fluctuations, the lognormal (LN) model was the first PDF model to show good agreement with measured data [1]. Because the LN model is restricted to weak irradiance fluctuations and showed disagreement with some simulation results in the tails of the distribution, a number of other statistical models were developed throughout the seventies and eighties, and even into the nineties [1  5]. Two such models that gained attention were the lognormal-Rician (LNR) distribution [4] and the gamma-gamma (GG) distribution [5]. Both the LNR and GG models showed good agreement with plane wave and spherical wave simulation results under weak and strong irradiance fluctuations. However, the utility of the LNR model is somewhat limited because of its lack of tractability and its parameters have not been linked to atmospheric conditions. Moreover, none of the above distributions may be appropriate in the presence of significant beam wander because the shape of the PDF model changes drastically.
Analysis and Characterization of Adhesively Bonded Mg-Steel Lap Joints

Dissimilar material joints are of significant interest in automotive applications. An investigation was carried out to determine the peculiarities of an adhesively bonded Mg-steel system for lap shear configuration. Both experimental approach and computational method (FEA) were utilized to evaluate and analyze the Mg-steel bond. The adhesive used was Betamate 1480 — an epoxy based adhesive. The tests were done according to ASTM D 1002-99 method using MTS machine at room temperature. For computational analysis, finite element modeling techniques using ABAQUS processor was utilized. Failure modes were studied for different systems. Results were compared with Mg-Mg and steel-steel systems. It is observed that Mg-Mg balanced system (system with equal adherend or substrate thickness) failed either at interface (adhesive failure) or at substrate and system is flexible with lower failure load. While steel- -steel balanced system failed only at substrate and system is rigid with higher load and lower displacement. Mg-steel system provides flexibility in between them and only adherend failure (either out of plane Magnesium failure or steel-betamate in plane substrate failure) observed. Cohesive failure was not observed in any of the systems. For Mg-Mg, the shear stress distribution in the adhesive is poor (stress distribution is steeper) while for steel-betamate-steel it is much better. The FEA models were compared and rationale was forwarded to assess the failure modes observed in each case.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The prognostic significance of endodermal sinus tumor histology among patients treated for stage III nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testes

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the prognostic significance of endodermal sinus tumor (EST) elements in 56 patients with Stage III nonseminatous germ cell tumors of the testes (NSGCTT). The study patients were treated with conventional vinblastine, bleomycin and cisplatinum chemotherapy prior to our recognition of EST as a distinct entity. Twenty-one (37.5%) of the patients had EST elements in their tumors. Nineteen patients had EST in their primary testis tumor, whereas two had EST in metastatic sites only. Prognostic criteria (tumor volume, Dixon-Moore classification and chemotherapy vinblastin and bleomycin [VB] and VB plus cisplatin [VB + P]) were similar in EST and non-EST patients. Long-term disease-free survival was significantly poorer for patients with Stage III NSGCTT containing EST (38%) compared with those not containing EST (71%) (P = 0.04). All 12 patients with small volume disease (III-BI-III-B2), independent of the presence of EST, are alive and free of disease for more than 2 years. Only 6 of 18 patients (33%) with advanced disease and EST are alive and free of disease, whereas 17 of 26 (65%) of patients with advanced disease not containing EST are alive and free of disease (P = 0.074). The addition of single agent bolus cisplatin to the treatment of patients with advanced disease achieved no improvement in survival. Endodermal sinus tumor must be included in future studies of advanced Stage III NSGCTT as an important prognostic variable. Cancer 53:122-128, 1984.
Are Serial BNP Measurements Useful in Heart Failure Management? Serial Natriuretic Peptide Measurements Are Useful in Heart Failure Management

To deny the fact that standard HF care has substantial opportunity for improvement is at the peril of even worse outcomes in our patients affected by the disorder. We have presented a strong rationale for the value of BNP- and NTproBNP–guided HF management. Experience gained in biomarker-guided HF trials suggests that the approach results in improvement in the quality of care without an excess of adverse events related to more aggressive management. This alone is difficult to ignore given the gaps in care that exist between RCTs and real-world practice. Beyond this fact, studies examining the strategy of biomarker-guided HF care have shown substantial improvement in outcome compared with well-managed control arms, benefits that are confirmed in meta-analysis and pooled data analyses, and justifies the imminent launch of the pivotal RCT that will lead to more widespread adoption of the approach. Compared with standard management, biomarker-guided care appears cost effective, may improve patient quality of life, and may promote reverse ventricular remodeling. Although certain subgroups such as the elderly may respond in a less vigorous manner to the approach, this may reflect the effects of age on HF therapy and how the strategy is deployed in elders rather than a weakness of the approach in older patients. A fair-minded assessment of the available data suggests that care supported by BNP/NT-proBNP–guided HF treatment—as an adjunct to standard clinical acumen—is superior to standard care. The limitation of standard care strategies is evident from the suboptimal uptake and application of proven therapies documented in HF registries. Far from being a crutch to support what we should already be doing (namely, optimally evaluating and managing our patients solely with clinical means), the inclusion of NP measurement within the HF management strategy augments the quality of monitoring and treatment. Denial of the benefits of NP monitoring potentially retards advances in the care of a high-risk population of patients that continues to grow in size and importance every day.
Oncogenic Transcription Factors in the Human Acute Leukemias

Chromosomal translocations in the human acute leukemias rearrange the regulatory and coding regions of a variety of transcription factor genes. The resultant protein products can interfere with regulatory cascades that control the growth, differentiation, and survival of normal blood cell precursors. Support for this interpretation comes from the results of gene manipulation studies in mice, as well as the sequence homology of oncogenic transcription factors with proteins known to regulate embryonic development in primitive organisms, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Many of these genetic alterations have important prognostic implications that can guide the selection of therapy. The insights gained from studies of translocation-generated oncogenes and their protein products should hasten the development of highly specific, and hence less toxic, forms of leukemia therapy.
Policies for allocating product lots to customer orders in semiconductor manufacturing supply chains

A key decision for semiconductor suppliers is how to allocate available product lots to customer orders when demand exceeds supply. The problem, known as the generalised lot allocation (GLA) problem in semiconductor supply chains, can be formulated as a combinatorial optimisation problem with the objective of minimising total backorder and tardiness penalties as well as total product downgrade and product excess costs. The lot-integrity requirement, a de facto standard in the semiconductor industry, makes the problem non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. Different lot allocation decision policies are evaluated and compared using representative data sets. Computational test results indicate composite allocation rule (CAR)-based policies can improve the quality of the solution and reduce the cost of the solution significantly.
The Morphology of Cu Clusters on SrTiO3(001) at Initial Stages of Metal Film Growth

Copper overlayers deposited on nearly stoichiometric SrTiO3(001) have been investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Vapor deposition of Cu on a SrTiO3(001) surface at ambient temperature leads to the formation of three dimensional islands (clusters). The distribution of Cu islands appears to be inhomogeneous with two characteristic morphologies. In regions with a low density of Cu islands the Cu was always associated with step edges or defect sites. In regions with a high density of Cu islands the islands exhibit a random but nearly close packed morphology. The variation of Cu island density is indicative of diffusion of Cu clusters on the SrTiO3(001) surface. Diffusion was further confirmed by annealing the Cu/SrTiO3 at elevated temperatures yielding agglomeration of Cu clusters.
Reconstructing Physical Symbol Systems

In attempting to force ALVINN1 into their already bulging symbolist tent, Vera and Simon (1993) have burst the seams of the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis (Newell and Simon, 1976; Newell, 1980a). We would like to present another view of representation in connectionist networks and respond to statements about ALVINN by both Vera and Simon and Greeno and Moore (1993). In so doing, we will reconstruct the PSSH.
James Bowdoin: Philosopher And Politician

Like his fellow revolutionaries, Governor James Bowdoin II (1726–90) struggled to reconcile a cyclical view of history with the need to establish a stable republic. Drawing inspiration from the clo...
Direction finding in array geometry uncertainty

The array geometry uncertainty occurring on an aircraft in flight resulting from variations of the interelement locations due to distortions in the airframe is modeled. For a linear direction-finding (DF) array mounted on an aircraft wing that is bent parabolically when the aircraft is in flight the authors determine the effect of the bending on the estimates of the angle-of-arrival (AOA) of signals using high-resolution DF methods. Possible remedies to account for the distortion are presented. Although the problem is treated in a simplified one-dimensional (1-D) scenario, the work is easily extendable to the 3-D case. Computer simulations carried out on a seven-element randomly spaced array illustrating the approach are provided. >
Myocardial 15-epi-lipoxin A4 generation provides a new mechanism for the immunomodulatory effects of statins and thiazolidinediones.

“In matters of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind.” This famous maxim of Louis Pasteur, spoken in 1854 during his inaugural lecture as Professor and Dean at the University of Lille, can be applied today to the fortuitous observation that hydroxymethylglutaryl–coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, in addition to their designed lipid-lowering effects, display a fascinating array of antiinflammatory properties. Post hoc analyses of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) population, and more recently the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE), Myocardial Ischemia Reduction With Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL), Long-term Intervention With Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID), and Heart Protection Study (HPS) trials, have all found benefits conferred by statins that are independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–lowering alone.1 Only through careful analyses of early clinical trials of statins administered for lowering cholesterol and cardiovascular events did scientists uncover additional benefit for these agents in cardiac protection beyond their ability to reduce cholesterol synthesis. Inflammation and immune responses are now appreciated to play pivotal roles in the pathobiology of atherosclerosis,2 and recent clinical and basic investigations have uncovered important immunomodulatory roles for statins.3 Of interest, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family of transcription factors is activated by and cooperates with statins in their antiinflammatory actions. In this issue of Circulation , Birnbaum and colleagues4 present evidence for increased myocardial production of 15-epi-lipoxin (LX)A4 by atorvastatin and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand pioglitazone. The generation of 15-epi-LXA4 would provide a novel mechanism for immune regulation by statins because this arachidonic acid–derived chalone displays potent antiinflammatory and proresolving properties,5 including many that have also been observed with statins (Table). View this table: Shared Antiinflammatory Actions of Statins and 15-Epi-lipoxin A4 Article p 929 Cell activation initiates the rapid generation of eicosanoids …
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases mediate curcumin-induced cell migration in non-tumorigenic colon epithelial cells differing in Apc genotype

Colonic epithelial cell migration is required for normal differentiated cell function. This migratory phenotype is dependent upon wild-type adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) expression. Non-tumorigenic murine colon epithelial cell lines with distinct Apc genotypes, i.e. young adult mouse colon (YAMC; Apc(+/+)) and immortomouse/Min colon epithelial (IMCE; Apc(Min/+) cells) were used to assess the association between the Apc genotype, cell motility and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Cells were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF; 1, 10 and 25 ng/ml), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; 1, 10 and 25 ng/ml) and/or curcumin (0.1-100 microM). EGF (25 ng/ml) and HGF (25 ng/ml) induced a greater migratory response in YAMC compared with IMCE cells after 24 h (P < 0.05). Treatment with curcumin induced a greater or equivalent migratory response in IMCE than YAMC cells. When migrating cells were treated with Ilomastat (MMP inhibitor), migration was inhibited in both cell types. High concentrations of Ilomastat (25 and 50 microM) inhibited migration in both cell types, while low concentrations (10 microM) inhibited HGF-induced IMCE migration. Curcumin-induced migration was inhibited in both cell types at the highest concentration of Ilomastat (50 microM). Immuno-localization analysis of membrane type-1 (MT1)-MMP indicated that migration is associated with the redistribution of this protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. Addition of neutralizing polyclonal antibodies against MT1-MMP or a mixture of MT1, 2- and 3-MMPs demonstrated partial or complete inhibition of cell migration in both cell types, respectively. The data provide the first evidence that migration in non-tumorigenic murine colon epithelial cells is: (i) inducible by EGF and HGF in an Apc genotype-dependent manner, (ii) dependent on MT-MMP activity and (iii) inducible by curcumin in an Apc genotype-independent manner. The data suggest a potential mechanism by which curcumin may induce cells heterozygous for Apc to overcome defective cell migration, a phenotype associated with cell differentiation and apoptosis.
Thermochemistry of (germanium + sulfur): IV. Critical evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of solid and gaseous germanium(II) sulfide GeS and germanium(IV) disulfide GeS2, and digermanium disulfide Ge2S2(g). Enthalpies of dissociation of bonds in GeS(g), GeS2(g), and Ge2S2(g)

Abstract This is a critical evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of the known solid and gaseous compounds of (germanium + sulfur): GeS(cr), GeS(g), GeS 2 (cr), GeS 2 (g), and Ge 2 S 2 (g). The heat capacity of GeS(cr) at low and moderate temperatures was evaluated from all the information available in the literature, and the properties: C p ,m °( T ), { H m °( T ) − H m °( T ′)}, S m °( T ), and Φ m °( T ) = (Δ T 0 S m °− Δ T T ′ H m °/ T ), where T ′ = 298.15 K, were computed to T = 930 K, close to the melting temperature, above which decomposition to a (germanium + sulfur) eutectic and uncombined germanium is believed to occur. On the basis of our recent value for Δ f H m °(GeS, cr, 298.15 K) ( J. Chem. Thermodynamics 1994 , 26, 727), Δ f H m °( T ) and Δ f G m ( T ) were also calculated over the same temperature range. A critical assessment of the enthalpy of sublimation Δ sub H m ° yielded Δ f H m °(GeS, g, T ). In another part of the present series ( J. Chem. Thermodynamics 1995, 27, 99), we determined Δ f H m °(GeS 2 , cr, 298.15 K); the corresponding Δ f H m °(GeS 2 , cr, T ) is tabulated in the present paper to T = 1000 K. Ab initio molecular-orbital calculations showed the cyclic (C 2ν ) arrangement to be the most stable for Ge 2 S 2 (g), and the predicted structure and vibrational wavenumbers were used in calculations of its thermodynamic properties as a function of temperature by means of statistical mechanics. A similar treatment of the linear GeS 2 (g) is described. The assessed Δ f H m °(GeS, g, T → 0) is in harmony with our reinterpreted molar enthalpy of dissociation D m °(GeS) from spectroscopy; and the enthalpies of dissociation of the bonds in GeS 2 (g) and Ge 2 S 2 }(g) are also discussed. In summary, the molar enthalpy of dissociation of the (triple) bond in GeS, 535 kJ·mol −1 , is the largest for any Ge-to-S linkage, and the mean molar enthalpy of dissociation of the (double) bonds in GeS 2 , 404 kJ·mol −1 , is greater by 110 kJ·mol −1 than 〈 D m °(Ge 2 S 2 )〉 because, presumably, Ge 2 S 2 (g) has essentially single Ge-S bonds only. The molar enthalpy of dissociation of the “primary” bond D m °(S-GeS) is of comparable magnitude to the mean molar dissociation enthalpy of the Ge-S bonds in Ge 2 S 2 (g).
Visualizing interactions in distributed Java applications

Distributed Java applications represent a large growth area in software. Such applications are composed of distributed components that interact with each other to provide the desired functionality. Visualization of these interactions helps designers, programmers and testers in many aspects of software development: understanding application behavior, testing, debugging, checking conformance of the implementation with the design, and performance tuning. We have developed a technique to visualize execution of distributed Java RMI-based applications in terms of sequences of method calls between distributed objects. In this paper we describe the technique and a prototype implementation of a Tool for Remote Interactions Monitoring (TRIM).
Microlenses: Properties, Fabrication and Liquid Lenses

Microlenses have diameters about 1 mm and smaller. Highly focused, the authors waste no space in this monograph to get from Robert Hooke’s experiments to 21st-century science in just three sentences right on p. 1. Clearly, the reader will get a concise description of the state of art in microlenses from this volume.
The condensation of ampholytes in steady state moving boundaries: Analysis by computer simulation

A digital simulation of the behavior of amphoteric sample components in moving steady state boundaries is presented. Complete computer simulation data, including profiles of concentration, conductivity and pH as functions of time, are given for both cationic and anionic electrolyte configurations which incorporate one amphoteric sample constituent. The condensation of ampholytes in steady state moving boundaries is shown to proceed via an isotachophoretic mechanism and not by isoelectric focusing. Mobility (velocity) relationships necessary for sample components to form steady state zones are discussed.
Tailoring Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Cancer Immunotherapy

Tailoring Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Cancer Immunotherapy Cancer is a one of the leading cause of the death word-wise. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are widely used to treat cancer patients, tend to be largely successful, however they all have serious side effects and undermine the health of patients already weakened by cancer. Development of alternative strategies to increase selective cytotoxicity for tumor cells and effectively control tumor growth with limited adverse side effects is necessary.
Shadowed by the Glare of 1906 are Faceless Future Dangers

In the tradition of girding against bygone debacles more than future threats, both due to their searing memory and their ease of study, considerable effort has been directed to reconstructing the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes. The recurrence of these M7 to M8 events may well bring a costly and deadly toll. However, as earthquake cycles alternate between accumulation and release of strain energy, both regions may still be early on their journey to the next earthquake, while considerable and possibly greater danger lies elsewhere. On the volcanic front, the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens is firmly in our consciousness and monitoring effort, consistent with our what-have-you-done-to-me-lately hazard mitigation attitude. Less clear in our view are Mt. Hood looming over Portland and Mt. Rainier over Seattle. The Cascadia subduction zone, with its overlying landslide-salted and volcano-peppered mountains cradling the metropolises of Seattle, Portland, and Tacoma, offers a counterpoint. This editorial, I admit, is motivated by the daunting chore for the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network of shadow-boxing threats the most recent appearances of which have not been documented by Hearst newspapers and nanotech …
Understanding cooperativity in human p450 mediated drug-drug interactions.

Multiple drugs can interact, often leading to adverse side effects. One well documented site for these interactions includes the group of cytochrome P450 monoxygenases. Several human hepatic systems are known to bind more than a single substrate molecule which can give rise to the terms “homotropic and heterotopic cooperativity” to define the resultant thermodynamic and kinetic properties observed in drug metabolism investigations. We provide a means for understanding and quantitating these drug-drug interactions by documenting the functional properties of the various states of the enzyme and show that, even in the absence of true binding cooperativity, significant non-Michaelis metabolic profiles are possible.
Thin endometrial stripe does not affect likelihood of achieving pregnancy in clomiphene citrate/intrauterine insemination cycles

Objective To determine whether there is a correlation between preovulatory endometrial stripe thickness (EST) and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate (CC)/IUI cycles. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Infertility clinic of an academic medical center. Patient(s) A total of 262 patients completed 562 transvaginal ultrasound–monitored CC/IUI cycles from January 2005 through December 2012. Intervention(s) All patients received oral CC. In 362 of the cycles, a single dose of gonadotropin was administered on cycle day 9 (MinStim). A transvaginal ultrasound was performed on cycle day 10, 11, or 12. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pregnancy rate per initiated cycle. Result(s) A total of 91 pregnancies ensued, yielding a pregnancy rate of 16.2% per initiated cycle. Pregnancy rates did not vary with EST 9 mm (14.8%, 16.3%, and 19.0%, respectively). There was no significant difference in mean EST between stimulation types (6.8 mm for CC vs. 6.7 mm for MinStim). When conception and nonconception cycles were compared, no difference in mean EST (6.9 mm vs. 6.8 mm, respectively) was observed. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the probability of pregnancy based on EST was 0.51. Conclusion(s) Preovulatory EST had no significant correlation with pregnancy rates in CC/IUI cycles. The decision to switch from CC to another treatment strategy should be influenced by factors other than thin endometrial stripe.
Relative sensitivities of medium energy K+ + nucleus and p + nucleus elastic angular distributions to neutron density distributions

Abstract A comparison of the relative sensitivities of 800 MeV proton-nucleus and 444 and 991 MeV K+ meson-nucleus elastic angular distributions to realistic details of neutron density distributions is presented for nuclei 40, 48Ca. The quantitative conclusions agree with qualitative expectations that medium energy K+ mesons are potentially superior at probing the nuclear interior, while medium energy protons are superior at probing the nuclear surface region.