cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault tree analyses as a tool for flight control system architecture design

Woodward Inc. was tasked with evaluating several flight control rotorcraft requirements to derive an architecture that would best support those requirements. Each architecture was assessed using various models, including a fault tree model, to determine if failure rate allocations to the partitions would support the needed availability and safety performance. An optimal system architecture was developed that would meet regulatory compliance for system safety [1, 2] given constraints such as cost, weight, envelope, and complexity. System Safety was the primary driver considered in the development phase of the Fly-By-Wire (FBW) project. The designs consist of Flight Control Computer (FCC) electrical lanes that interface with main and tail rotor electrohydraulic servoactuators. The system concept designs evaluated involved traditional and hybrid architectural schemes for functional redundancy and operation. The options included duplex, triplex, quadruplex control channel redundancy and various combinations of electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic connections. A primary system safety analysis tool in the decision making process for the optimal system architecture in this application was the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). The FTA model provided both a visual qualitative tool to validate proper system logic and a quantitative tool [3] to validate probability of Loss of Function (LOF) and Failure to Dispatch (FTD). While Woodward also applies this process to fixed-winged aircraft, the focus of this study was a FBW rotorcraft flight control platform (see Figure 1). The result of this study found that a hybrid Dual-Triplex architectural scheme proved optimal given the project constraints. This Dual-Triplex architecture consists of four FCC channels through triplex control lanes to dual electrohydraulic servoactuators.
Transfer of the Family Farm by Will

A will is a written document telling how the maker of the will (called the “testator”) wants his property divided upon his death. Certain formalities must be complied with to make the document effective as a will.1 They will be discussed later. Each state has a statute that regulates the making of wills. Most of these statutes fix a minimum age of 21 years. There is, of course, no maximum age. Married women under 21 can make valid wills in twelve states (Alabama, Arizona, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Texas, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin). In Washington and Wisconsin minors in the armed services are permitted by law to make wills. In addition, every state has certain requirements concerning the number of witnesses necessary for a legal will. In the majority of states two persons are needed as witnesses; in a few states three are needed. Table 9 on the facing page presents a state-by-state summary of formalities for wills.
A Functional Analysis of the Formal Writing Style of "N+MEN" Structure

According the theory of register grammar,this paper firstly analyses the formal writing style of "N+MEN" structure,then discusses its implications and other functions,and its significance to the theory of register grammar.
Identification of “Tumor-Associated” Nucleolar Antigens in Human Urothelial Cancer

Abstract Nucleoli isolated from HeLa S3 cells were used to produce rabbit antisera capable of binding nucleoli of transitional cell carcinomas (TCCa) of the bladder. Cross-reactivity of the rabbit antiserum with normal nucleoli was reduced by absorption with fetal calf serum, normal human serum, and human placental nucleoli. This antinucleolar antiserum exhibited strong reactivity in immunoperoxidase assays performed on specimens of human bladder cancer. In frozen tissue sections of 24 patients with TCCa and eight individuals without tumor, nucleolar staining was observed in all malignant specimens, but was not observed in seven of the normal specimens. Cytologic examination of bladder washing specimens from 47 normal individuals showed absence of nucleolar staining in 43 (91%) of 47 normal specimens while 12 (86%) of 14 specimens from patients with TCCa were positive. These results suggest that there are antigens associated with the nucleoli of HeLa cells and transitional cell carcinomas which are generally absent (or in low concentration) in normal human urothelial cells, and that antisera to these antigens may be useful in the cytologic diagnosis of human transitional cell carcinoma. (J. Urol., 138: 636-639, 1987)
English as a Second Language and World War II: Possibilities for Language and Historical Learning

Although, traditionally, the purpose of the social studies class in secondary schools is to teach content knowledge, this article argues that historical learning can be a powerful vehicle for English language development for late-arrival English learners (ELs) in middle and high schools. ELs bring a wealth of life experiences, diverse perspectives, and global travel into the classroom that can nurture a dynamic learning environment when English as a second language (ESL) and social studies instruction are juxtaposed as content and language are taught simultaneously. This article details the learning results of a thematic unit on World War II for late-arrival refugee ELs in one high school using a formative design approach. Using the award-winning historical fiction novel Sylvia and Aki (Conkling, 2011) as well as other supporting texts, the teacher leveraged students' experiences to help them gain historical knowledge, literacy skills, and universal perspectives, all while acquiring English. Findings suggest that the social studies provide a rich space to naturally acquire a second language while simultaneously gaining a variety of content area knowledge. Specifically, World War II may provide ESL teachers with a wealth of literary resources to engage ELs in deep language and content learning.
Class II-Restricted CD8s: New Lessons Violate Old Paradigms

CD8+ T cells that recognize peptides presented by MHC class II molecules have been observed in a macaque SIV vaccine model. A new study by Ranasinghe et al. (2016) shows that virus-specific class-II-restricted CD8+ T cells can be found in some HIV-infected patients.
A dual-mode readout system for a MR-Compatible ultrahigh resolution SPECT/PET system

This paper presents the basic design of a dual-mode readout system for MR-Compatible ultrahigh resolution SPECT/PET system, especially the design of a cathode waveform sampling and processing unit. This effort was motivated by the development of a stationary CdTe detector based MR Compatible SPECT system. In our previous study, this CdTe detector shows around 3kev energy resolution around 140kev for SPECT imaging and 500μm spatial resolution with a prototype system inside a 3T Siemens MR scanner. With MR compatible rapid-prototyping made polyamide housing and proper compress air system cooling design, we expect this multi-head ring detectors can work well inside/outside MR scanner to serve as an ultrahigh resolution SPECT system. In addition, the ultrahigh resolution CdTe detectors used in the MRC-SPECT system also has the potential of serving as an ultrahigh resolution PET system. The original readout system designed for this detector only reads out anode pixels using four 2-D energy-resolved photon-counting (ERPC) ASICs. If we want to push this system into PET use, we would need to add another readout system that reads out and processes the cathode waveform. The added waveform sampling circuitry could provide a precise timing and depth-of-interaction (DOI), which are cortically needed for high resolution PET imaging. The cathode readout system consists of four low-noise pre-amplifiers connecting to individual cathodes of the detector and a fast sampling AD converter is used to digitize the signal waveforms (WFs) induced on the cathodes. Digitized data will be stored in a group of ring-buffers on a FPGA which also implements a lookup table for storing a series of predetermined WF models. Precise interaction time, DOI and energy-deposition are achieved by comparing the sampled WF with the pre-stored WF models and finding the best fit. By integrating these two readout systems, we can choose this ring detection system to work either in MR/SPECT or MR/PET mode.
Physical-Performance Outcomes and Biomechanical Correlates from the 32-Week Yoga Empowers Seniors Study

Background. Yoga Empowers Seniors Study (YESS) quantified physical demands associated with yoga performance using biomechanical methods. This study evaluated the efficacy of the program on physical function outcomes. Methods. Twenty community-dwelling older adults aged 70.7 ± 3.8 years attended biweekly 60-minute Hatha yoga classes for 32 weeks. Four domains of the physical measurements including (1) functional performance, (2) flexibility, (3) muscle strength, and (4) balance were taken at the baseline, 16-week and 32-week time points. Repeated-measures ANOVA omnibus tests and Tukey's post hoc tests were employed to examine the differences in each outcome variable across the 3 time points. Results. Improved timed chair stands (p < 0.01), 8-foot up and go (p < 0.05), 2-min step test (p < 0.05), and vertical reach (p = 0.05) performance were evident. Isometric knee flexor strength (p < 0.05) and repetitions of the heel rise test (p < 0.001) also increased following the 32-week intervention. Both flexibility and balance performance remained unchanged. Conclusions. Significant improvements in physical function and muscle-specific lower-extremity strength occur with the regular practice of a modified Hatha yoga program designed for seniors. These adaptations corresponded with the previously reported biomechanical demands of the poses.
Zapata: River, Community and People in Transition

Texas' Zapata County borders Mexico for some hundred miles along the Rio Grande River. For more than two centuries descendants of the original Spanish settlers of the area have tilled the soil in this rural Latino community. Their history is the history of the river, its dry spells, and fl oods, bounties, and ultimately its dams. The following narrative is an ethnographic account of the transformation of Zapata from a farming and ranching community to a recreation and retirement community as a result of a treaty and the building of a dam and the social, cultural and economic transformation these set into play.Propelled by an international treaty between the United States and Mexico (Treaty between United States and Mexico 1944), construction of the first international dam between the United States and Mexico, Falcon Dam and Reservoir on the Rio Grande River, served as the catalyst that forever changed the river, the people and the community. The new reservoir's waters inundated homes, townsites, farms and...
Next Generation Wireless Smart Sensors Toward Sustainable Civil Infrastructure

Abstract This paper presents the recent development of a next-generation wireless smart sensor (WSS) platform to enable a more accurate, inexpensive, and greatly simplified method of instrumenting structures for structural health monitoring. The modular hardware platform features a 24-bit high-precision, analog-to-digital converter with eight differential channels of analog input, and programmable antialiasing filters. The node can measure: (i) three-axes of acceleration for global response monitoring (ii) strain for local response monitoring, (iii) temperature, and (iv) high-level voltage signals from external sensors, providing the multi-scale sensed information needed for advanced structural health monitoring (SHM). Communication with a power-optimized ZigBee radio can be achieved at distances of up to 1 km. An extensible, actor-based software framework facilitates the creation of distributed SHM applications. The framework employs a service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach and provides a suite of modular, reusable, and extensible middleware services suitable for WSS applications. This platform addresses critical SHM needs, enabling tightly synchronized sensing, addressing data loss, and efficiently implementing the demanding numerical algorithms required for system identification and damage detection on sensor nodes with limited resources.
Two-Phase Flow Analysis of Sediment Velocity

Computing sediment velocity is critical to predicting sediment transport rates and the effect of sediment on the environment. There has been a large amount of research looking at the velocity of bed-load particles. The research has suggested that the shear velocity governs the bed-load sediment velocity, whereas the flow velocity governs the suspended sediment velocity. However, a single method to compute the velocity of bed-load and suspended load has remained elusive. In this paper, two-phase flow analysis is used to compute the velocity of bed-load and suspended load. The two-phase approach has an advantage in that it can account for the inertia of particles and the effect of turbulence on their transport.
The Science of Breastfeeding and Brain Development

In addition to short-term benefits such as reduced gastrointestinal infections and pneumonia,1 the long-term benefits of having been breastfed in infancy are of great interest to clinicians, policy-makers, and individuals faced with personal decisions about how to feed their infants. Because the newborn infant brain is uniquely sensitive to nutrition and to other aspects of the environment,2,3 interventions to promote optimal brain development early in life can have lasting effects on neurodevelopmental function. Rigorously designed research on the topic of breastfeeding and neurodevelopment is therefore critical to informing evidence-based policies that promote optimal child development across the life course.
Light-field optics as optical encoding and decoding system for 3-D scene

Film-based cameras were replaced with digital cameras in a very short period. Saving film costs for each shot is not only of advantage of this transition. The more important advantage by this digitization is that forming optically a completed image on detector is not necessary and acquired data are processable by a computer. We can think that, with optional optical system-lens array-, acquired data can be nuggets of information which contains both image and its depth or bunch of incident rays which are equal value to actual 3-D scene. These data represent 3-D situations and by computing them, various optical effect, e.g. focusing and changing field of depth, can also be realized or simulated virtually. My issue is to clarify how 3-D scene is transformed and expressed on 2-D detector and how this 2-D information is retrieved back again into 3-D scene through lens array and other optical devices. Light-field optics or lens array is one of those exchangeable methods of the transformation between actual 3-D scene and information encoded on 2-D plane. Recently new method for lens array was introduced; a circular zone plate instead of lens array. As for a 3-D Display which consists of flat display and lens array, the encoded data shown on a flat display and they are retrieved into real 3-D image by a lens-array. I will mention not only its advantage but its limitation of ability for 3-D image reconstruction.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Symptoms in a Population-Based Sample

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent and disabling condition of the nose and sinuses. The natural history of CRS symptoms in a general population sample has not been previously studied. Objective In a general population–based sample from Pennsylvania, we used 2 questionnaires mailed 6 months apart to estimate the prevalence of, and identify predictors for, stability or change in symptoms over time. Methods We mailed the baseline and 6-month follow-up questionnaires to 23,700 primary care patients and 7,801 baseline responders, respectively. We categorized nasal and sinus symptoms using European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis (EPOS) epidemiologic criteria. We defined 6 symptom groups over time on the basis of the presence of CRS symptoms at baseline and follow-up. We performed multivariable survey logistic regression controlling for confounding variables comparing persistent versus nonpersistent, recurrent versus stable past, and incident versus never. Results There were 4,966 responders at follow-up: 558 had persistent symptoms, 190 recurrent symptoms, and 83 new symptoms meeting EPOS criteria for CRS. The prevalence of persistent symptoms was 4.8% (95% CI, 3.8-5.8), whereas the annual cumulative incidence of new symptoms was 1.9% and of recurrent symptoms was 3.2%. More severe symptoms at baseline were associated with persistence, whereas minor symptoms, allergies, and multiple treatments were associated with the development of new symptoms. Conclusions Less than half with nasal and sinus symptoms meeting CRS EPOS criteria in our general, regional population had symptom persistence over time, with symptom profiles at baseline and age of onset being strongly associated with stability of symptoms.
The 'New' District Court Activism in Criminal Justice Reform

Historically, the debate over the judicial role has centered on the constitutional and administrative law decisions of the United States Supreme Court, with an occasional glance at the Federal Courts of Appeals. It has, moreover, been concerned solely with the “in-court” behavior of Article III appellate judges as they carry out their power and duty “to say what the law is” in the context of resolving “cases and controversies.” This Article seeks to deepen the discussion of the appropriate role of Article III judges by broadening it to trial, as well as appellate, judges; and by distinguishing between an Article III judge’s “decisional” activities on the one hand, and the judge’s “hortatory” and other activities on the other. To that end, the Article focuses on a cohort of deeply respected federal district judges-many, although not all, experienced Clinton appointees in the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York–who, over the last decade, have challenged conventional norms of judicial behavior to urge reform of fundamental aspects of the federal criminal justice system. These “new” judicial activists have made their case for reform in the pages of their judicial opinions, often in dicta; in articles and speeches; and through advocacy within and beyond the judicial branch. This Article summarizes this activity, places it in historical context, and assesses its value as well as its risks.
Impact of competition on process of care and resource investments

Abstract Although competition is generally believed to improve quality, its impact on the Process of Care (PoC)—which measures the timeliness and effectiveness of care—is less clear. Moreover, hospital executives in more competitive hospital markets are faced with several competing priorities. Our study seeks to examine two factors within this context: (1) how competition directly impacts PoC, and (2) in a financially constrained environment, how competition affects investments in resources such as nurses and technology that can potentially improve PoC. We collect longitudinal data from all acute care hospitals in California over a 7-year period from 2007 to 2013, along with data from several other sources. Analysis using a mixed-methods approach reveals that both PoC and investments in nurses and technology are lower in more competitive markets. Because future reimbursements under the pay-for-performance system will depend on the value of care provided, our results suggest that hospitals should reconsider their short-term actions that seek to increase market share and instead adopt a long-term view in which investments are made to fundamentally improve the underlying processes and PoC. The findings presented here thus have major implications for managing hospitals in competitive environments.
Issues Confronting Women Leaders in Academia: The Quest for Equality Continues

The following chapter will address the current data regarding gender differences between those holding leadership positions in academia. This will include information about those holding the position of university president or chief academic officer (CAO), and those who are university educators, ranging from Assistant Professor to Associate Professor to Full Professor. It will focus on factors that affect women’s advancement in academia including salaries, fields of study, promotional disparities, and the impact of family structures and patterns on promotion. Theories that attempt to elucidate the factors influencing gender differences in wages and leadership styles will also be discussed.
Cryogenics and Space Technology

This chapter describes the different aspects of cryogenics and space technology. The National Bureau of Standards Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory, with support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, undertook several experimental projects specifically designed to predict the behavior of liquid and cold gaseous hydrogen in the tanks, pumps, valves and instruments of the rocket system. The cross section of the lower part of the calorimeter cryostat is shown. The sample holder is cooled during loading by means of helium exchange gas in the spaces inside the cold wall and shield. This cools the sample holder so that hydrogen may be condensed into it. The sequence of measurements is similar to that of the PVT determinations. It was found that for each filling of the calorimeter, the heat capacity as a function of temperature is determined in the usual way, terminating a run at a temperature of about 100° K or a pressure of 300 atmospheres, whichever is reached first. The calorimetric data required adjustment for the same imperfections of apparatus as did the PVT measurements.
Bengal as Shakespeare’s India and the Stolen Indian Boy: The Historical Dark Matter of A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Shakespeare studies have long puzzled over Shakespeare’s view of India. Such conversations have not focused on Bengal, which is not mentioned in his works. Yet, a close contemporary of Shakespeare had an extended stay in Bengal just as the playwright’s career was beginning. There are compelling reasons to believe that Shakespeare’s view of India was shaped by the Bengal experiences that this Elizabethan visitor to India brought back to London. The obscure process of this influence on Shakespeare comprises historical dark matter, and is part of the shadowy way Bengal contributed to the playwright’s iconic global status.
Language regimes and corporeal practices of ‘making known’: Speech action, collective assembly, and the politics of recognition in India

Abstract The language regime that imposed an alien standard on the more economically and socially disadvantaged communities and regions of India where Telugu is spoken would likely not have had as large an impact if it had not occurred along with another, even more significant shift in communicative regimes that has been much less documented. This paper argues that over the course of the long nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, individual speech action, the voice of the autonomous individual, and new forms of oral deliberation and debate began to be valorized in ways that diminished the power and legitimacy of collective, corporeal forms of communication and mediation. The new expectations placed on speech are exemplified by the Telugu ‘Spoken Language Movement’ of the early twentieth century. This essay uses the movement as one illustration of the impact of transformations in local ideologies of language and the interests that have supported and benefited from these ideologies.
Martin, Roy. Writing and Defending a Thesis or Dissertation in Psychology and Education

(1981). Martin, Roy. Writing and Defending a Thesis or Dissertation in Psychology and Education. TACD Journal: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 124-125.
Optimizing Deep Brain Stimulation Programming in Parkinson’s Disease

The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy in Parkinson’s disease (PD), whether the target is subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus interna (GPi), or ventral intermediate thalamus (VIM), starts prior to DBS surgery. The route to best outcomes is based on the proper screening and patient selection, followed by identifying expected clinical benefits and setting the stage with the patient for realistic expectations for goals of DBS therapy. Important information to obtain prior to proceeding with DBS therapy include: Presence of tremor and response to PD medication; Amount (hours/minutes) and severity of medication off time with respect to doses of medication, and specific motor symptoms (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia), with localization to side and part of the body; History and details of gait changes with medication wearing off, or if present at peak, response to medications; Dyskinesia as it relates to medications: peak effect, presence when medication worn off (such as upon awakening, prior to first morning dose of PD medications), or biphasic with respect to medication onset of action and wearing off; Motor score in relationship to best response to medication off/on in a person experiencing motor fluctuations; History of levodopa intolerance. These same issues are often useful to reassess at the first visit after DBS therapy has been initiated and kept in mind subsequently, to help identify potential for further improvement with adjustments in DBS parameters and help achieve stimulation optimization.
Characteristics of Digital Health Studies Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov.

This analysis of digital health studies in ClinicalTrials.gov examines the clinical evidence underlying digital health interventions.
Cuspidal Automorphic Representations Corresponding to Siegel Modular Forms

In this chapter, we start with a cuspidal Hecke eigenform \(F \in S_k(\Gamma _n)\) and construct an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representation of \(\mathrm{GSp}_{2n}({\mathbb A})\) corresponding to it. There are several steps for achieving this— construct a function \(\Phi _F\) on \(\mathrm{GSp}_{2n}({\mathbb A})\) corresponding to F, understand the properties it inherits from F, and study the local components of the representation generated by \(\Phi _F\). The main reference for this chapter is the article [6] by Asgari and Schmidt. We suggest the reader to go over Appendix B and C to refresh the details about adeles and local representation theory of \(\mathrm{GL}_2\).
Hospital-Level Disparities in the Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock.

There are limited data on hospital-level disparities in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS). A retrospective cohort of adult admissions from the National Inpatient Sample database during 2000 to 2014, with primary diagnosis of AMI and concomitant CS were identified. Interhospital transfers were excluded. Hospitals were classified into rural, urban nonteaching and urban teaching (location and teaching status) and small, medium and large (bedsize). The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality and secondary endpoints included use of early coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Multivariable regression was used to adjust for potential confounding. During 2000 to 2014, 362,065 AMI-CS admissions met the inclusion criteria, of which 92% and 69% respectively were admitted to urban and large hospitals. Admissions to urban and large hospitals were more frequently male, younger, with lower co-morbidity, and higher illness severity. There was a steady increase in early coronary angiography, PCI and MCS across the various hospital categories. Admission to an urban nonteaching hospital (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78 to 0.84], p
New Financing Models in Behavioral Health: A Recipe for Efficiency or Under-Provision?

This chapter refers to innovations grouping services together for purposes of payment, such as shared-risk contracts, and pay-for-performance contracts and other forms of “bundling.” Bundling can improve the efficiency of the way in which inputs into health care are combined and the overall cost-effectiveness of care. When plans and providers operate in markets, adverse incentives can arise as well. This chapter emphasizes the importance of getting bundling right at a high level: paying private managed care plans, responsible for providing care to persons with behavioral health issues in the United States in Medicare, Medicaid, and some private health insurance, in a way that encourages them to accept and serve persons with chronic illnesses. Empirical evidence is reviewed for the effects of bundling in health plans, carve-outs, ACOs, and hospitals. The potential for bundling in critical areas of behavioral health care including early interventions in psychosis are considered.
Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats.

Background Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant used in human and veterinary medicine. Little pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information on MMF is available in cats. Objective To evaluate the plasma disposition of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and assess its effect on total peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ /CD8+ ratios after PO administration of MMF. Animals Healthy cats (n = 10). Methods Mycophenolate mofetil was administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg q12h (n = 3), 15 mg/kg q12h (n = 3), and 15 mg/kg q8h (n = 4) for 7 days. Concentrations of MPA and derivatives were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Flow cytometry was used to assess CD4+ /CD8+ T-cell ratios. Results All cats biotransformed MMF into MPA. Half of the cats (5/10) had adverse effects within 1 week of MMF administration. Area under the curve limit of quantification (AUC0-LOQh ) of MPA ranged from 1.27 to 2.03 hours·μg/mL and from 1.77 to 8.54 hours·μg/mL after the first and last PO dose of 10 mg/kg. The AUC0-loqh of MPA ranged from 2.18 to 31 hours·μg/mL after the first dose of 15 mg/kg of MMF. Before the first dose of MMF, the average total number of PBMC ranged from 1.2 to 9.3 million/mL. At the last dose of MMF, the average total number of PBMC ranged from 3 to 5 million/mL. Conclusion Mycophenolic acid was detected in all cats. The dose 10 mg/kg given q12h for 1 week was tolerated (n = 3). The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown.
Exposure to Digital Alcohol Marketing and Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review.

Objective:Alcohol marketing has proliferated on digital media, such as websites, social media, and apps. A systematic review was conducted to examine studies of associations between exposure to dig...
Challenges for medical education in Mexico in the time of COVID-19.

By April 2, 2020, only 116 days after the description of the first case of SARS-CoV2 virus infection, which causes the COVID-19 disease, 1,014,673 cases and 50,030 deaths have been recorded in 181 countries.1 In the United States, there have been 244,678 cases and 5,911 deaths recorded (in New York State alone, there are 93,053 cases and 2,538 deaths), while in Mexico, 1,378 cases and 37 deaths have been recorded. This number is expected to keep on increasing in both countries. The health system in Mexico, as well as in the rest of the world, will face an enormous problem in the months to come.
A semantic processing development study in 7-11 years old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal children: an ERP study of N400

Objective To explore the developmental characteristics of semantic processing of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) by comparing the event related potential in normal children and ADHD children (ages 7-11 years old). Methods 83 ADHD children and 93 normal children ranging from 7 to 11-year were divided into 5 groups to analyze the difference of the amplitude and latency of ERP N400 in three conditions: the related, unrelated and pesudoword after the Chinese character word visual stimulus task. Results (1)The related condition: the amplitude of the 7 years old normal children group was higher than 11 years old((-10.67±4.39)μV, (-4.62±3.55)μV; P=0.005); and the amplitude was highest in 8 years old group in children with ADHD((-10.77±6.66)ms, F=2.54, P=0.046). The latency in normal children was shorter at 8 years old((311.7±33.1)ms, P<0.05), but was shorter at 9 years old in ADHD group.(2)The unrelated condition: the amplitude of normal children aged 10 years was higher than that of other age groups.(3)The pesudoword condition: the amplitude of 9 years old normal children was higher than other age groups. The amplitude of ADHD in children aged 9 years was higher than that in other age groups((-16.08±7.14)μV, P<0.05). Conclusion In the semantic related conditions, the amplitude of the N400 in ADHD children at the age of 8 and the latency at the age of 9 are significantly developed, and in the false words conditions, it is at the age of 11. This suggests that the ability of 7-11 years old ADHD children's orthographic semantic processing and cognitive development are slower than normal. N400 can better reflect the children's early language cognitive ability, and it is valuable for the early diagnosis of children with ADHD. Key words: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD); Children; N400, Event velated potenttal; Semantic Processing; Development
The impact of semimetal nanoparticles on the conduction of thick glass layer at Ag/Si contact interface

This paper reports on the ohmic contact formed by the conductive glass layer found at the interface of Ag/Si contacts on lowly doped emitter silicon solar cells due to the presence of semimetal nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscope analyses revealed an interface glass layer (IGL) thickness of greater than 380 nm, which was enriched with micro-sized alloys composed of semimetal nanoparticles. This IGL was conductive as confirmed by conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The presence of these semimetal nanoparticles, identified as Ag 2Te and PbTe, was both endowed with low bandgap energies as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. These semimetal nanoparticles were found only in the IGL and formed a “bridge” to connect the Ag gridline and Si emitter for carrier transport. Based on the modified Fowler–Nordheim tunneling process, the modeled C-AFM I–V characteristic curve showed a barrier height of 0.1 eV corresponding to an IGL thickness of only 18 nm. Thus, the carrier transport mechanism “through the conductive bridge” was formed by the semimetal nanoparticles embedded in the IGL. Therefore, the high conductivity of the interface glass led to the specific contact resistance to be independent of the emitter peak doping concentration.
Virtual Hawking Radiation

We consider the effects of off shell Hawking radiation on scattering processes involving black holes coupled to quantum fields. The focus here is on the case of gravitational scattering of a scalar field mediated by the exchange of virtual Hawking gravitons from a four-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole. Our result is obtained in the context of a worldline effective field theory for the black hole and is valid in the semiclassical limit where the Schwarzschild radius r_{s} is larger than the Planck length 1/m_{Pl}. In addition, we assume that four-momentum exchange q is smaller than r_{s}^{-1} and that the incoming particle has energy larger then the black hole's Hawking temperature. The inelastic cross section we obtain is a new, leading-order quantum gravity effect, arising at the same order in q^{2}/m_{Pl}^{2} as the well-understood one-loop graviton vacuum polarization corrections to gravitational scattering between massive particles.
An integrative contextual behavioral model of intimate relations

Abstract Intimate relationships matter to health and happiness. However, the vast scope of relationship research and the abundance of precise micro-theories has presented obstacles to the development of integrative theories with contextual-behavioral foundations that are oriented towards application of findings in domains of public health significance. Derived from the well-validated Interpersonal Process Model, which described intimacy as a dyadic exchange in which Person A engages in a vulnerable self-disclosure, Person B enacts a response, and Person A perceives the response as responsive, we present an integrative, analytic-abstractive, contextual-behavioral model of intimate relations. The model describes the intimacy process as a set of functional relations describing behaviors and responses of Persons A and B in context, languaged as middle-level terms to facilitate cross-disciplinary applications. Three primary relations of the model are non-verbal emotional expression (Person A) and safety (Person B), verbal self-disclosure (Person A) and validation (Person B), and asking (Person A) and giving (Person B). The model also emphasizes the importance of self- and other-awareness, expressions of closeness, and reciprocity as additional terms. Future research directions and potential applications are discussed.
Mycobacterium mucogenicum bacteremia in an immunocompetent host: A case report and concise review

Rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) bloodstream infections (BSI) have been described in the literature mostly in immunocompromised patients such as those with malignancies. Here, we describe a case of a RGM, Mycobacterium mucogenicum, bloodstream infection in an immunocompetent host who was receiving antibiotics via a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC).
Life Support: The Problems of Working for a Living:

For most Americans, paid work is their primary means of support. A small percentage of Americans are wealthy enough that they do not need a job, but most people rely on their paychecks for survival...
A Review of Social Discounting: The Impact of Social Distance on Altruism

Altruistic choice is influenced by the relationship between the person making the choice and the recipient, and such relationships are based on an intangible quality known as social distance. This review examines the research on social distance as a part of the social discounting task, which employs behavioral economic methods to quantify the impact of social relationships on altruistic choice. The review examines the origins of the social discounting task and the subsequent work in laboratory simulations and as applied to clinical populations. The application of social discounting and social distance to the study of altruism is discussed.
Ultrastructural changes during cholestasis induced by chlorpromazine in the isolated perfused rat liver

Addition of cholestatic doses of chlorpromazine-HCl to the perfusate of isolated rat livers produces widespread changes in hepatocyte membrane structure. These findings include a marked increase in intrasinusoidal cytoplasmic bullae, appearance of intracellular vacuoles within hepatocytes at both sinusoidal and biliary poles, dilation of bile canaliculi and evagination of canalicular diverticuli, and the formation of myeloid bodies within hepatocytes. These findings obtained in the bile acid depleted perfused liver may result from physicochemical interactions between chlorpromazine or its metabolites and lipid-protein components of cell membranes, consistent with chlorpromazine’s properties as a cationic detergent. They occur independently of the vasoconstrictive effects of chlorpromazine and suggest that chlorpromazine may produce cholestasis by altering hepatocyte membrane function.
The Physics of Cloud Modification

Publisher Summary The present position of cloud physics is reviewed, and the progress that has been made toward the goal of controlling or at least modifying significantly, the phenomena occurring within natural clouds is summarized. The chapter discusses the salient points of the physical theories of cloud and precipitation processes that have undergone such rapid evolution in the past few years, and tries to call attention to the principal implications that these theories have for prospects of control of certain links in the chain of events leading to precipitation. The chief goal of man's efforts at cloud modification is simply to cause more precipitation to fall upon selected continental areas than would occur by wholly natural processes. The chapter discusses the basic question of how there happen to be clouds and rain processes to modify in the first place and to inspect the magnitudes of certain parameters of the hydrologic cycle that influence the scope of potential modification methods. In this chapter, certain scale factors and characteristic magnitudes are examined. Present status of cloud and precipitation physics is discussed. Recent developments in cloud modification techniques are given. Although the subject of evaluation of cloud-seeding programs is largely outside the scope of this chapter, it discusses the evaluation difficulties just enough to see the important role they have played in the history of the past decade of modification efforts.
Generalizations in Ecology: A Philosophical Taxonomy

There has been a significant amount of uncertainty and controversy over the prospects for general knowledge in ecology. Environmental decision makers have begun to despair of ecology's capacity to provide anything more than case by case guidance for the shaping of environmental policy. Ecologists themselves have become suspicious of the pursuit of the kind of genuine nomothetic knowledge that appears to be the hallmark of other scientific domains. Finally, philosophers of biology have contributed to this retreat from generality by suggesting that there really are no laws in biology. This paper addresses these issues by providing a framework for thinking about general knowledge claims in ecology. It introduces a philosophical taxonomy that classifies generalizations into three broad categories – phenomenological, causal and theoretical. It then turns to the difficult problem of laws, arguing that, while there are probably no laws as that term has been understood in philosophy of science, it doesn't follow that everything in ecology is equally contingent. A mechanism for recognizing degrees of contingency in ecological generalizations is developed. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the analysis for the controversies noted at the outset.
Innovation in Open Source Software Development: A Tale of Two Features

Open Source Software Development appears to depart radically from conventional notions of software engineering. In particular, requirements for Open Source projects seem to be asserted rather than elicited.
Zinc and Copper in Rat Bile and Pancreatic Fluid: Effects of Surgery

The control of Zn and Cu homeostasis in the gut is not well understood; a role for bile and pancreatic secretions has been suggested. In the present study, the changes in biliary and pancreatic Zn and Cu after surgery were followed. Rats were prepared surgically with pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal cannulae, placed in restraint cages, and allowed to recover from anesthesia. Fluids were collected for up to 120 hours. Aliquots of the collected samples were analyzed for Zn and Cu. Zn in pancreatic juice did not follow a consistent pattern; however, the concentration of Zn was well correlated with pancreatic protein concentration. Cu in pancreatic juice was very low and was apparently not affected by surgery. In bile, Zn concentration increased markedly at about 40 hours postsurgery but declined to its initial level by days 4-5. Cu concentration in bile was similar to that of Zn initially, then increased 10-fold after 20-30 hours postsurgery, and returned to the initial level by days 4-5. These results demonstrate that the surgical procedure of cannulating bile and pancreatic ducts has a pronounced effect on the concentrations of Zn and Cu in bile and pancreatic fluid. This effect must be considered when designing and evaluating experiments concerned with the role of these secretions in trace element homeostasis.
Analysis of microRNA niches: techniques to measure extracellular microRNA and intracellular microRNA in situ.

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression and control a wide range of cellular processes. Extracellular forms of miRNA circulating in the bloodstream (circulating miRNA, c-miRNA) are of increasing interest for their potential as biomarkers and long-range physiological signaling molecules. Precise measurement of intracellular miRNA expression is possible but can be challenging, especially in the context of specialized tissue niches in vivo. The accurate measurement of extracellular miRNA presents other obstacles stemming from their low concentrations and confounding sources of intracellular miRNA that contaminate RNA extraction protocols. Here, we describe multiple methods to isolate extracellular miRNA from cell culture media, serum, and plasma in order to accurately measure their variable expression under different conditions. We additionally describe an in situ staining protocol designed not only to quantify, but also to localize miRNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, that may prove useful in describing the action of c-miRNA before they leave their tissue of origin and after they potentially arrive at their target destination.
Mass Conservation and Rapid Mass Loss on the Main Sequence

The rapid mass loss observed in 0 stars can affect their evolution dramatically if it takes place during core hydrogen burning on the main sequence. Conti has suggested1 that this is the case for the brightest Of stars, and that these stars evolve into Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. Support for this scenario comes from the similarity1 in the spectra of the Of and WR stars, and from the observed helium enrichment of Wolf-Rayet WN stars along with the correlation2 of the latter with the most luminous 0 stars. If the most massive Of stars evolve to WN stars of relatively low mass, one needs to determine the range of zero-age stellar masses where such an evolution occurs. This communication abstracts some observational evidence that bears on the question of the minimum zero-age mass for rapid mass loss on the main sequence. It then summarizes the author’s investigation of a model for mass loss where photo-spheric acoustic waves control the flow rate.
“Equator Crossing” of Shatsky Rise?: New insights on Shatsky Rise tectonic motion from the downhole magnetic architecture of the uppermost lava sequences at Tamu Massif

[1] Shatsky Rise is a Large Igneous Province (LIP) currently located in the northwestern Pacific. New downhole magnetic logging data from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole U1347A at Tamu Massif of Shatsky Rise captured the magnetic architecture in the uppermost lava sequence, providing a rare opportunity to investigate a time series of the intra-plate volcanism in conjunction with the Pacific plate construction history centered at the triple junction. Logging data results indicate that Tamu Massif was formed during normal polarity periods south of the paleoequator and crossed the equator at some point in the M19–M17 period. Combining these new observations with previous interpretations of the massif's tectonic history, a time series of the latitudinal tectonic motion of a LIP and the underlying Pacific plate during the plateau formation is postulated.