cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controversy Corner: Improving test efficiency through system test prioritization

Software testing is an expensive process consuming at least 50% of the total development cost. Among the types of testing, system testing is the most expensive and complex. Companies are frequently faced with budgetary constraints, which may limit their ability to effectively complete testing efforts before delivering a software product. We build upon prior test case prioritization research and present a system-level approach to test case prioritization called Prioritization of Requirements for Test (PORT). PORT prioritizes system test cases based on four factors for each requirement: customer priority, implementation complexity, fault proneness, and requirements volatility. Test cases for requirements with higher priority based upon a weighted average of these factors are executed earlier in system test. An academic feasibility study and three post hoc industrial studies were conducted. Results indicate that PORT can be used to improve the rate of failure detection when compared with a random and operational profile-driven random approach. Furthermore, we investigated the contribution of the prioritization factors towards the improved rate of failure detection and found customer priority was the most significant contributor. Tool support is provided for the PORT scheme which allows for automatic collection of the four factor values and the resultant test case prioritization.
Management of thyroid nodules. II: Scanning techniques, thyroid suppressive therapy, and fine needle aspiration

For the differentiation of benign from malignant thyroidal disease, ultrasound displays anatomic but not histologic features. Other visualization techniques can be used including isotope scanning (radioiodine, 99m technetium, 241 americium fluorescence, 131 cesium, 67 gallium, 75 selenomethionine, 201 thallium, 32 phosphorus, 99m Tc-bleomycin, 197 mercury, 133 xenon), thermography, x-ray techniques (plain films, computed tomographic scan, xeroradiography, chest x-ray barium swallow, lymphography, angiography), and thyroid hormone suppression. Needle biopsy can be done by core biopsy (Vim-Silverman and drill biopsy), large needle biopsy for histologic processing and fine needle aspiration for cytologic interpretation. The latter is the safest, most reliable, and most cost-effective technique currently available to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroidal disease and has great promise for the future.
Analysis of Stresses Induced by Dynamic Load Head-Disk Contacts

The dynamic load head-disk contact induced impact stress was studied. A dual channel LDV was used to measure the head-disk relative motion during impact, and an analytical model incorporating the Hertz theory of impact was developed to quantitatively estimate the impact induced contact force and stress based on the LDV-measured results. 70 percent sliders were used in order to compare the results with our previous study. From the estimated maximum contact stresses and the results of our previous study, it was found that when the average maximum stress was 511 MPa, the head-disk interface did not show any damage after 100,000 cycles of repeated head-disk impacts. When the average maximum stress was 880 MPa, however, 100,000 repeated head-disk impacts caused significant wear of the disk's overcoat even though a single impact did not cause any observable damage. From the analysis it can be seen that a lower head-disk impact velocity and/or a larger radius of curvature at the contacting corner of the slider result in a smaller head-disk impact stress on the disk. Based on the analyses, we estimated the radius of curvature needed for a 50 percent (Nano) slider and a 30 percent (Pico) slider to have at least 100,000 cycles of dynamic load head-disk interface durability. Such radius of curvature can be realized, for example, by edge-blending the sliders.
Supporting Extensible Performance SLAs for Cloud Databases

Despite the fast growth and increased adoption of cloud databases the lack of application-specific Service-Level-Agreements (SLAs) hinders the adoption of cloud data services by large-scale enterprises. Defining application-specific QoS objectives and constraints, monitoring the performance factors to ensure acceptable QoS levels and isolating the source of QoS degradation, are some of the critical tasks that are still addressed through custom, ad-hoc tools at the application level, which drastically increases the application development and maintenance overhead. In this work-in-progress paper, we argue that performance management of data management applications should itself be offered as a service. Towards this goal, we present XCloud, a suite of SLA management services for cloud databases that enables the definition and monitoring of application-specific performance criteria and customizable performance SLAs.
Mutualism as a constraint on invasion success for legumes and rhizobia

Because hereditary symbiont transmission is normally absent in the mutualism of legume plants and root-nodule bacteria (rhizobia), dispersing plants may often arrive at new habitats where mutualist partners are too rare to provide full benefits. Factors governing invasion success were explored by analysing a system of two coupled pairwise competition models: a legume invader competing with a resident non-mutualistic plant, and a rhizobial population competing with a resident population of nonsymbiotic bacteria. The non-linear dependence of benefits on partner abundance in this mutualism creates the possibility of two alternative population size equilibria, so that a threshold density can exist for invasion. If legumes and rhizobia exceed a critical population size, both species achieve rapid population growth, while if initial densities of both species are below their respective thresholds, they remain rare and are thus vulnerable to extinction in the presence of competitors. Overall, the results indicate that legumes may often fail at colonization attempts within habitats where mutualist partners are scarce. Data on legume prevalence in island floras and rates of geographical spread by legume weeds are consistent with this inference. Predictive insights about invasiveness may emerge from comparative research on key traits identified by the model, especially the shape of the function determining the number of nodules formed at low rhizobial density.
Uricase from soybean root nodules: purification, properties, and comparison with the enzyme from cowpea.

Abstract A 45-fold purification of uricase (urate:O 2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3) from soybean root nodules by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography is described. Electrophoresis on nondenaturing gels using an activity stain or on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels demonstrated that the enzyme obtained was nearly homogeneous. The subunit molecular weight of uricase estimated from SDS gels was 32,000 ± 3000. Gel-filtration studies indicated that the native enzyme is a monomer at pH 7.5 which associates to form a dimer at pH 8.8. Enzyme activity was stabilized by the addition of dithiothreitol. The pH dependence of the enzyme showed an optimum of 9.5. Initial rate kinetics showed K m values of 10 and 31 μ m for uric acid and oxygen, respectively, with an intersecting pattern of substrate dependence. Uricase activity was inhibited strongly by xanthine, which was competitive with respect to uric acid ( K i = 10 μm ). No significant inhibition was observed in the presence of a variety of amino acids, ammonium, adenine, or allopurinol, in contrast with results reported for the cowpea enzyme. Gel-filtration chromatography and SDS-gel electrophoresis of uricase purified by the same method from cowpea nodules indicated that the native enzyme exists as a monomer of M r 50,000 at pH 7.5.
A continuum damage model for thick composite materials subjected to high-rate dynamic loading

Abstract A continuum damage model (CDM) is developed to study the response of thick laminated composite materials subjected to high-rate loading processes. A vector damage description is used to represent evolving modes of damage associated with certain orientations of brittle cracking of the matrix material. A simple maximum strain criterion is used for fiber breakage with no allowance for evolution. Phenomenological damage evolution equations are postulated in terms of the current state of damage, stress above a current threshold, and material properties controlling evolution rates, resulting in implicitly rate-dependent response. Specific threshold and evolution functions are postulated and used to illustrate the predictive capability of the model for homogeneous deformation fields. A comparison of results to available experimental data for rate-dependent behavior of graphite/epoxy laminated composites shows good agreement.
GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR BINDING SITES IN RAT ANTERIOR PITUITARY MEMBRANE HOMOGENATES: MODULATION BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Specific high affinity binding sites for growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) were described in rat anterior pituitary homogenates with use of the analog [His1-mono-125I-Tyr10,Nle27]-hGRF(1-32)-NH2 as radioligand. Computerized analysis of competition experiments indicated one class of specific high affinity binding sites with a dissociation constant of 0.19 nM. The relative binding affinities of rGRF, hGRF(1-40) and various analogs correlated well with their in vitro biological potencies. Further, the number binding sites was drastically decreased after adrenalectomy; chronic dexamethasone treatment of these animals restored GRF binding capacity to control without changing binding affinity. These results may in part explain the enhanced responsiveness of the somatotroph after dexamethasone treatment.
Testing Scientific Research Grant Funding Fairness

International granting agencies need to show that they award grants to the top researchers and avoid unwarranted regional or country-specific bias. This paper shows a method for testing regional or country-specific bias, even when the countries have greatly different numbers and percentages of top researchers and universities. A case study of the international research grants of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research is used to illustrate the method, which shows that the Air Force Office of Scientific Research has favored, as expected, the higher ranked universities in all countries where it operates with only a slight positive bias for the countries in which it has offices.
Amino-acid synthesis from hydrogen cyanide under possible primitive earth conditions.

THE formation of adenine from hydrogen cyanide has been recently reported from this laboratory1. Continuing the work on the synthesis of biochemical compounds under possible primitive Earth conditions2, we now have investigated the direct formation of amino-acids from hydrogen cyanide.
Datura tissue cultures: Arginase, transaminase and esterase activities

Abstract In enzyme preparations from Datura stramonium tissue cultures arginase, transaminase and esterase activities were detected using arginine, ornithine, phenylalanine, tropine and tropic acid as appropriate substrates for the specific reactions.
Polarizable and nonpolarizable potentials for K+ cation in water

Abstract Quantum chemistry based potentials for classical molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have been derived for K+ cation in water. Water was represented using the SPC/E, TIP4P, RPOL potentials. The K+–water potentials were parameterized to reproduce the quantum chemistry binding energy of a K+/water complex. The gas-phase binding energies and enthalpies, the excess enthalpy and free energy of K+ hydration, K+ hydration structure and K+ mobility were determined from molecular mechanics and MD simulations, and compared with experimental data. All potentials were able to accurately predict K+ hydration structure and K+ self-diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution limit.
Weak disorder expansion of the invariant measure for the one-dimensional Anderson model

We show that the formal perturbation expansion of the invariant measure for the Anderson model in one dimension has singularities at all energiesE0=2 cosπ(p/q); we derive a modified expansion near these energies that we show to have finite coefficients to all orders. Moreover, we show that the firstq−3 of them coincide with those of the “naive” expansion, while there is an anomaly in the (q−2)th term. This also gives a weak disorder expansion for the Liapunov exponent and for the density of states. This generalizes previous results of Kappus and Wegner and of Derrida and Gardner.
Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles Armored by a Nanometer-Scale Organic/Inorganic Network

We have developed armored single-enzyme nanoparticles (SENs) that surround each enzyme molecule with a porous composite organic/inorganic network of less than a few nanometers thick. This approach ...
Monte Carlo properties of spatial dependence LM tests

This paper compares the power and size of both spatial one-directional and robust to local misspecification LM test using Monte Carlo techniques under different set ups. Confirming the results found in Anselin et al . (1996), under local misspecification the robust LM test improves its size and power of tests. However, under no misspecification, the robust LM test is severely penalized and the usual one-directional LM test has a much better performance.
Risk & Reward: The Impact of Animal Rights Activism on Women

This qualitative study of 27 women animal activists examines the risks and rewards that accompany a commitment to animal rights activism. One of the common beliefs about animal rights activists is that their political choices are fanatic and unyielding, resulting in rigid self-denial. Contrary to this notion, the women in this study experienced both the pain and the joy of their transformation toward animal activism. Activism took an enormous toll on their personal relationships, careers, and emotional well being. They struggled as friendships ended and family relationships suffered; some experienced harassment and abuse as a result of their efforts. Yet the women were just as likely to extol the rewards and pleasure gained from their participation in the cause of animal liberation. These included a heightened awareness of political issues, greater self-confidence, the feeling that they were making a difference in the world, and the joy of living a “more meaningful life.”
The rules of disengagement: takeovers, infanticide, and dispersal in a rainforest lemur, Propithecus edwardsi

Summary Dispersal is a critical issue for understanding various aspects of animal biology and for conserving endangered species. We investigated the conditions that determine dispersal in four groups of sifakas inhabiting Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Following this population for 22 years, we collected and analyzed data on birth, relatedness, immigration, dispersal and death of 77 sifakas. We predicted that dispersal would function to prevent inbreeding and occur seasonally to aid establishment in a group before the breeding season. We further predicted that immigrants would evict same-sex residents and immigrant males would commit infanticide to shorten interbirth intervals. Although most dispersal theories predict male-biased dispersal in mammals, both male and female sifakas dispersed at equal rates from their natal and breeding groups. Behaviourally and genetically, there was no evidence for inbreeding within this population; individuals never produced offspring with close relatives. Dispersal matched the strong seasonal pattern of reproduction. Immigration events were always associated with the disappearance of the group infant(s). As a result of infanticide by male immigrants, mothers came into estrus sooner; infanticide by female immigrants caused mothers to disperse from their groups. This study reveals a clear pattern of dispersal that is condition, not sex, dependent.
Ligation of Prostate Cancer Cell Surface GRP78 Activates a Proproliferative and Antiapoptotic Feedback Loop A ROLE FOR SECRETED PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

GRP78, a well characterized chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, is critical to the unfolded protein response. More recently, it has been identified on the cell surface, where it has many roles. On cancer cells, it functions as a signaling receptor coupled to proproliferative/antiapoptotic and promigratory mechanisms. In the current study, we demonstrate that ligation of prostate cancer cell surface GRP78 by its natural ligand, activated α2-macroglobulin (α2M*), results in a 2–3-fold up-regulation in the synthesis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The PSA is secreted into the medium as an active proteinase, where it binds to native α2M. The resultant α2M·PSA complexes bind to GRP78, causing a 1.5–2-fold increase in the activation of MEK1/2, ERK1/2, S6K, and Akt, which is coupled with a 2–3-fold increase in DNA and protein synthesis. PSA is a marker for the progression of prostate cancer, but its mechanistic role in the disease is unclear. The present studies suggest that PSA may be involved in a signal transduction-dependent feedback loop, whereby it promotes a more aggressive behavior by human prostate cancer cells.
Generalized Fokker–Planck equation with generalized interval probability

Abstract The Fokker–Planck equation is widely used to describe the time evolution of stochastic systems in drift-diffusion processes. Yet, it does not differentiate two types of uncertainties: aleatory uncertainty that is inherent randomness and epistemic uncertainty due to lack of perfect knowledge. In this paper, a generalized differential Chapman–Kolmogorov equation based on a new generalized interval probability theory is derived, where epistemic uncertainty is modeled by the generalized interval while the aleatory one is by the probability measure. A generalized Fokker–Planck equation is proposed to describe drift-diffusion processes under both uncertainties. A path integral approach is developed to numerically solve the generalized Fokker–Planck equation. The resulted interval-valued probability density functions rigorously bound the real-valued ones computed from the classical path integral method. The method is demonstrated by numerical examples.
Informational cultures: Facing challenges of institutional research within cross-continental settings

This article offers a modified conceptual framework to help classify and describe the array of challenges faced by higher education institutions when performing institutional research (IR) functions in cross-continental settings. This study is based on the experiences of IR offices at two universities: one with an undergraduate program of 1,000 students in Madrid, Spain; and the other with campuses in Austria, England, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, serving 1,000 students.
Electrokinetic chromatography without electroosmotic flow

This review summarizes the various aspects of conducting electrokinetic chromatography in coated columns with suppressed electroosmotic flow. The specific features of the technique will be presented and the potential applications explored. The equations of migration, resolution and zone spreading for neutral solutes will be presented, compared, and contrasted with those of conventional electrokinetic chromatography in bare-silica columns. The principle of separation is the same in electrokinetic chromatography with or without electroosmotic flow; however, there are many significant differences that will be highlighted.
Ergodic Property of the Brownian Motion Process

In a previous paper (“On the Equidistribution of Sums of Independent Random Variables,” to appear elsewhere; an abstract will appear in Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 59, (May, 1953); we shall refer to this paper as [1]) we considered some properties of the sequence Sn of partial sums of independent and identically distributed random variables or random vectors in two dimensions. Here we show in Theorems 1-4 that the results of [1] carry over to the Brownian motion process in one and two dimensions.
Effect of Cascade Control on Loop Performance

Plots are presented and equations are developed to estimate the improvement in control loop performance by the use of cascade control on various types of processes. The data were generated by a dynamic simulation program. Guidelines are also presented for the implementation of cascade control.
The final 2000 Census state response rates: myths and realities

Abstract The decennial United States Census of Population determines not only political representation, but also how more than $185 billion of federal funds are allocated. Hence, there is intense interest in who responds, or does not respond, to Census queries. Both the popular media and the Bureau of the Census officials have developed a set of informal hypotheses which speak to who responds. Nine such hypotheses are identified and tested. For example, it is alleged that the elderly do not respond to the Census as often as others. Also, it is asserted that Republican politicians and talk show hosts diminished 2000 Census participation. No evidence is found to support these propositions. Empirical support is found for the media/Census view of the world in only two of nine cases and partial support in one. In two cases, the evidence neither supports nor rejects the hypotheses. In two cases, the evidence partially rejects the hypothesis, and in two cases, more strongly rejects the hypotheses. The results are sufficiently strong that they should inspire increased caution in media reporting and in the statements of Bureau of the Census officials.
Atrial Arrhythmias in Adults After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Because sudden death has been an important concern in patients who have undergone intracardiac repair of Fallot’s tetralogy, electrophysiological interest has understandably focused on high-degree heart block and ventricular arrhythmias. High-degree heart block has yielded to ventricular tachycardia as the probable cause of sudden death. By reason of the attention devoted to ventricular electrical instability, comparatively little attention has been paid to disturbances in atrial rhythm. The timely study from the Adult Congenital Heart Disease Clinic of the Thorax Center, Rotterdam, addressed this important deficiency and put into perspective the incidence and significance of atrial arrhythmias in adults after repair of Fallot’s tetralogy. The relatively early era of cardiac surgery reflected in the report was a necessity, not a shortcoming, because the data were derived from an adult patient population after a mean follow-up of 17.5 years (1.4 to 32 years). The observations are therefore based on a wide variety of surgical techniques, a relatively broad age range at time of operation, and a substantial follow-up. Significantly, the surgical and follow-up data were derived entirely from …
Performance evaluation of laser trackers

The American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) recently released the ASME B89.4.19 Standard [1] on performance evaluation of spherical coordinate instruments such as laser trackers. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we can perform the complete set of tests described in the Standard, and have done so for a variety of laser trackers. We outline the tests described in the Standard, discuss our capabilities at the large-scale coordinate metrology group, and present results from B89.4.19 tests conducted on a few trackers. We also outline an analysis approach that may be used to evaluate the sensitivity of any measurement, including the tests described in the B89.4.19 Standard, to different geometric misalignments in trackers. We discuss how this approach may be useful in determining optimal placement of reference lengths to be most sensitive to different geometric misalignments.
Evaluation of Urinary Pesticide Biomarkers among a Sample of the Population in the United States

Pesticide use in the United States continues to raise controversy over potential effects on human health. This investigation examined biomarkers of exposure levels in a sample of the United States population from the 2001-2002 NHANES dataset. The detection frequency of urinary biomarkers of exposure and the geometric mean were determined from 3,152 individual samples with stratified analysis for relevant subgroups. The association between the detection of a biomarker of exposure and differences in height and weight of children aged 6-11 was analyzed. Of the 18 specific pesticide biomarkers sampled, three were detected in more than 50% of the population sample: 79% had a detectable level of 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, a biomarker of chlorpyrifos, with a geometric mean of 2.07 μg/L (C.I: 1.98-2.17); 53% had a detectable level of paranitrophenol, a biomarker of methyl parathion, with a geometric mean of 0.367 μg/L (C.I.: 0.346-0.389); and 77% had a detectable level of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a biomarker of permethrin, with a geometric mean of 0.336 μg/L (C.I.: 0.320-0.352). No clear trend emerged when evaluating associations between height and biomarker detection in children, with the absence of significant results for trichloropyridinol; heavier children associated with 3-phenoxybenzoic acid at age 7 [Detect=28.61 kg and Non- Detect=25.26 kg (p=0.009)]; and paranitrophenol being associated with shorter children at age 8 [Non-Detect=134.3 cm and Detect: 130.9 cm (p=0.046)] and taller children at age 11 [Detect=153.7 cm and Non-Detect=149.9 cm (p=0.022)]. A comparative analysis with extant epidemiological and biomonitoring literature is consistent with the findings reported here and suggests that there is insufficient evidence for a relationship between background exposure levels to these common pesticides and measured developmental health effects.
Diffusion markers in Al/metal thin-film reactions

Abstract A method was developed to measure the diffusing species in aluminide formation in cases where the reacted layer is laterally nonuniform. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to determine the amount of each metal (atoms/cm 2 ) over the marker at different stages of the annealing sequence. This overlayer measurement gave equivalent results when compared with conventional energy width and marker displacement analysis in suicide formation. By using a tungsten marker diluted with Al, instead of a pure tungsten film, we minimized barrier problems. The marker was sandwiched between coevaporated layers of the compound being studied to reduce interface drag. We found for the growth of TiAl 3 and NiAl 3 that Al is the dominant moving species in agreement with previous results in thin-film (TiAl 3 ) and bulk (NiAl 3 ) measurements.
Trichloroethylene biotransformation in human and rat primary hepatocytes

The biotransformation of trichloroethylene (TCY) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats and in human hepatocyte suspensions to aid in estimating the potential for hepatocarcinogenesis in humans. The major metabolites were qualitatively identical in both species, but rat hepatocytes metabolized about four times more TCY than did human hepatocytes under the same experimental conditions. The quantities of chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol (free plus conjugated) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were 15, 5 and 20 times greater, respectively, in rat hepatocyte suspensions. Since the TCA metabolite has been implicated in TCY-induced peroxisomal proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis and rats form less TCA than do mice, which are susceptible to these effects, the results suggest that humans are at low risk from TCY exposure.
A Key Role for Case Studies: Theory Building

This article provides an integrative introduction to a PCSP journal issue on using case studies to develop theory. The case studies explore a variety of conceptual models, including two-person relational theory in psychoanalysis (Messer, 2011); interpersonal defense theory (Westerman, 2011); and assimilation theory (Schlieke, Stiles, et al. [2011]; and Gray & Stiles [2011]). In addition, the case studies include a variety of types of clinical psychopathology and therapy orientations. We note that the articles represent two different ways in which therapy transcript material can be employed in theory building: by focusing in on a small amount of clinical material to study detailed process in a single session (Messer; Westerman); or by analyzing an extensive amount of transcript material across many sessions to study positive change over the course of therapy (Schielke, Stiles, et al.; Gray & Stiles). Overall, we believe that this journal issue illustrates the impressive potential of case studies in advancing theory building.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas and biliary tree

MRI of the pancreas and bile ducts is becoming more widely used due to recent advances in surface coils, breath-hold imaging techniques, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). MRI provides a comprehensive and accurate examination for the detection, staging, and characterization of a variety of developmental, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes that involve the pancreas.
Presidential Address—Becoming Ambicultural: A Personal Quest, and Aspiration for Organizations

In many ways management theory and practice, like life, are anchored in opposites. Dichotomies abound: East and West, global and local, research and teaching, scholarship and practice, among many others. But are they truly oppositional? Taking a broad view of “culture” as a concept that encapsulates all human affairs, I propose that an “ambicultural” perspective and approach offer a way to integrate the best qualities of what may appear to be irreconcilable opposites. Expanding on my August 2013 Academy of Management presidential address, I suggest that guideposts to gaining this perspective can be found in both my personal journey and my experiences in research, teaching, and professional service and that “becoming ambicultural” is a process that individuals and organizations alike can undergo to bridge divides and unite “opposites.” In this article I connect the ambicultural view to implications for management and organization research, for professional and personal growth, for the future of the Academy...
Preoperative whole pelvis versus true pelvis irradiation and/or cystectomy for bladder cancer

Abstract Between 1949 and 1974, 449 patients with bladder cancer were treated by radical cystectomy either alone (137 patients or following three preoperative radiation schemes (312 patients). True pelvis irradiation was delivered either 4000 cGy (rad) over 4 weeks in 119 patients, or 2000 cGy over 1 week in 86 patients; radical cystectomy was performed after periods averaging 6 weeks.and 2 days, respectively. Whole pelvic irradiation of 2000 cGy in 5 consecutive days was given to 107 patients who underwent cystectomy within 2 days later. Five-year survival rates for low-stage TIS-T 2 tumors of low histologic grade were 60–66% in the four treatment groups. The 5-year survival for high-stage tumors of high histologic grade, mainly in T 3 patients, was 9% in the cystectomy alone patients versus 24–32% in the preoperatively irradiated patients. The 5-year survival rates for high-stage low-grade and low-stage high-grade tumors, were 30% in the cystectomy alone group and 39–51% in the preoperative irradiation groups; the more favorable survival was noted in the whole pelvic irradiation group, which included 18% 5-year survivals for T 4 patients. Pelvic recurrence was reduced from 28% after cystectomy alone to 14–16% with true pelvis irradiation and 8% with whole pelvic irradiation. The reduced incidence of local recurrence, observed mainly in high stage or high grade tumors, was associated with tumor downstaging after irradiation. Extrapelvic metastases developed in 21–35% of the four treatment groups, underlining the inadequacy of the local radiation and surgical treatment in preventing subsequent distant spread.
Distribution and damage of two Pineus species (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on red pine in New England.

Field and greenhouse experiments during 1979 and 1980 revealed that Pineus boerneri Annand and Pineus coloradensis (Gillette) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) infest Pinus resinosa Ait., red pine, and preferentially colonize the 3-year-old growth of the lower crown. However, P. boerneri occurs only beneath bark flakes or at the base of needle sheaths, whereas most P. coloradensis feed only on needles or in the uppermost part of the needle sheaths. Pattern of colonization was not affected by interspecific interaction. P. coloradensis, widely distributed in North America on numerous pines, was collected from 49 of 76 red pine stands throughout New England. However, this adelgid injured trees only at three sites, located south of the natural red pine growing area, where its densities were very high. Generally innocuous to red pine, P. coloradensis likely attains injurious population levels only where trees are stressed. P. boerneri, absent from all 25 northern sites within the natural range of red pine, was collected from 28 of 51 stands in the south and damaged trees at all but six of the infested sites. Injury included discoloration of foliage, distortion, resinosis and death of branches, and death of trees at one site. The limited distribution of P. boerneri in southern New England indicates that this adelgid was introduced into the northeastern United States.
Modeling and Optimizing the Performance-Security Tradeoff on D-NCS Using the Coevolutionary Paradigm

Distributed networked control systems (D-NCS) are vulnerable to various network attacks when the network is not secured; thus, D-NCS must be well protected with security mechanisms (e.g., cryptography), which may adversely affect the dynamic performance of the D-NCS because of limited system resources. This paper addresses the tradeoff between D-NCS security and its real-time performance and uses the Intelligent Space (iSpace) for illustration. A tradeoff model for a system's dynamic performance and its security is presented. This model can be used to allocate system resources to provide sufficient protection and to satisfy the D-NCS's real-time dynamic performance requirements simultaneously. Then, the paper proposes a paradigm of the performance-security tradeoff optimization based on the coevolutionary genetic algorithm (CGA) for D-NCS. A Simulink-based test-bed is implemented to illustrate the effectiveness of this paradigm. The results of the simulation show that the CGA can efficiently find the optimal values in a performance-security tradeoff model for D-NCS.
A bidimensional model of pitch in the recognition of melodies

Pitch can be conceptualized as a bidimensional quantity, reflecting both the overall pitch level of a tone (tone height) and its position in the octave (tone chroma). Though such a conceptualization has been well supported for perception of a single tone, it has been argued that the dimension of tone chroma is irrelevant in melodic perception. In the current study, melodies were subjected to structural transformations designed to evaluate the effects of interval magnitude, contour, tone height, and tone chroma. In two transformations, the component tones of a melody were displaced by octave intervals, either preserving or violating the pattern of changes in pitch direction (melodic contour). Replicating previous work, when contour was violated perception of the melody was severely disrupted. In contrast, when contour was preserved the melodies were identified as accurately as the untransformed melodies. In other transformations, a variety of forms of contour information were preserved, while eliminating information for absolute pitch and interval magnitude. The level of performance on all such transformations fell between the levels observed in the other two conditions. These results suggest that the bidimensional model of pitch is applicable to recognition of melodies as well as single tones. Moreover, the results argue that contour, as well as interval magnitude, is providing essential information for melodic perception.
Structural connectivity of Broca's area and medial frontal cortex.

Abstract Despite over 140 years of research on Broca's area, the connections of this region to medial frontal cortex remain unclear. The current study investigates this structural connectivity using diffusion-weighted MRI tractography in living humans. Our results show connections between Broca's area and Brodmann's areas (BA) 9, 8, and 6 (both supplementary motor area (SMA) in caudal BA 6, and Pre-SMA in rostral BA 6). Trajectories follow an anterior-to-posterior gradient, wherein the most anterior portions of Broca's area connect to BA 9 and 8 while posterior Broca's area connects to Pre-SMA and SMA. This anterior–posterior connectivity gradient is also present when connectivity-based parcellation of Broca's area is performed. Previous studies of language organization suggest involvement of anterior Broca's area in semantics and posterior Broca's area in syntax/phonology. Given corresponding patterns of functional and structural organization of Broca's area, it seems well warranted to investigate carefully how anterior vs. posterior medial frontal cortex differentially affect semantics, syntax and phonology.
Lipoxygenase-mediated biotransformation of p-aminophenol in the presence of glutathione: possible conjugate formation.

Abstract This study tested a hypothesis that soybean lipoxygenase (SLO), a model enzyme, may be capable of generating a glutathione (GSH) conjugate(s) from p-aminophenol (PAP). Horseradish peroxidase was employed as a positive control. GSH depletion or an increase in the absorption at 327 nm with time due to GS-PAP formation was used to quantitate the reaction. The rate of GS-PAP formation was dependent on the incubation time and the amount of SLO and exhibited Km values of 0.44 and 0.71 mM for PAP and H2O2, respectively. Classical inhibitors of lipoxygenase and free radical scavengers markedly decreased the rate of GS-PAP formation in a concentration-dependent manner. PAP-dependent GSH depletion from the reaction medium occurred at a rate of 2.37±0.18 μmol/min/mg protein. Collectively, the results suggest that lipoxygenase pathway may be involved in the enzymatic formation of GSH conjugate(s) from PAP.
Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol succinate in infants and children

The metabolism and elimination of chloramphenicol-3-monosuccinate was studied in 45 infants and children, ages 3 days to 16 years, during intravenous administration. The apparent half-life of chloramphenicol was extremely variable, ranging from 1.7 to 12.0 hours with a mean of 5.1 hours. Apparent half-lives were inversely correlated with age. Chloramphenicol-S serum concentration declined biexponentially in most patients, with an estimated mean initial half-life of 0.7 hours and a subsequent longer mean half-life of 2.2 hours. Chloramphenicol-S persisted in serum up to six hours after a dose, and comprised a significantly larger fraction of total chloramphenicol in the serum of infants under one month of age than in older infants and children. A widely variable fraction of the administered chloramphenicol-S dose, with a mean of 33% was excreted in the urine unchanged and was, therefore, not bioavailable in active form. Mean renal clearance of chloramphenicol-S was 259.5 ml/minute/1.73 M 2 , four times the mean creatinine clearance, indicating active tubular secretion. Variable hydrolysis and renal elimination of nonhydrolyzed chloramphenicol-S reduces the bioavailability of the antibiotic and appears to contribute substantially to the wide variation in apparent half-life and poor correlation between dose and serum concentration of free chloramphenicol.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SELF‐REPORT ERRORS: A NOTE OF CAUTION

Most educational researchers would agree in principle that objectively recorded test scores or grades are more valid measures of academic performance than are students' self-reports. There are, however, many situations in which self-reports of performance are more accessible, and they may often be used as a matter of research necessity or expediency. Some survey-based studies in educational psychology or sociology have relied on self-reports to generate all or part of their data; recent examples using academic performance variables include studies by Anderson (1981), Spaeth (1977), and Wilson and Portes (1975). Use of self-reports is encouraged by validation research findings that (1) self-report measures have moderate to high correlations with the corresponding objective measures; and/or (2) self-report measures are correlated with other "criterion" measures (e.g., Hanna, Bligh & Lanke, 1970; Hogan, 1976; McNorris & Ambrosino, 1973; Trost & Copony, 1976). In view of such findings, and the comparative ease with which self-reports can usually be obtained, it may seem that there are no serious drawbacks to the use of self-reports in educational research. Correlations between self-report and objective measures provide information about the proportion of (squared) error in the self-reports, but they cannot be informative about how that error is distributed. Such distributional information is usually left to assumption, and even fairly high self-report/objective correlations are comforting only if we can assume that error distributions are random. In one common formulation, the relationship between an indicator Y* and its corresponding true value Yi is taken as linear and stochastic:
Management of fractures in adolescents

There are well-established treatment standards for adults who sustain fractures; however, these treatment standards are not always applicable when treating adolescents with similar fractures because of the presence of physes. Fractures in adolescents are treated by pediatric orthopaedic surgeons, adult orthopaedic traumatologists, or general orthopaedic surgeons. It is imperative that the principles of fracture management are well defined and discussed in both the pediatric and adult orthopaedic community. Controversial topics include the youngest age at which an adolescent can be treated as an adult and acceptable fracture reduction criteria. The general principles of managing fractures in adolescents regarding classification, treatment options, complications, and estimating skeletal age should be understood by the treating physician.
Cocaine-induced myocardial ischemia and infarction: pathophysiology, recognition, and management.

As cocaine abuse has become widespread, it has been associated with various cardiovascular complications, including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Cocaine's principal effects on the cardiovascular system are mediated via α-adrenergic stimulation and include (1) an increase in the determinants of myocardial oxygen demand (heart rate and systemic arterial pressure), and (2) a concomitant decrease in myocardial oxygen supply (caused by vasoconstriction of the epicardial coronary arteries). β-adrenergic blocking agents may exacerbate cocaine-induced coronary arterial vasoconstriction, thereby increasing the magnitude of myocardial ischemia. In contrast, nitroglycerin and verapamil reverse cocaine-induced hypertension and coronary arterial vasoconstriction; therefore, they are the agents of choice in treating patients with cocaine-associated chest pain.
Alert-on-update: a communication aid for shared memory multiprocessors

A traditional advantage of shared-memory multiprocessors is their ability to support very fast implicit communication: if thread A modifies location D, thread B will see the change as soon as it tries to read D; no explicit receive is required. There are times, however, when B needs to know of A’s action immediately. Event-based programs and condition synchronization are obvious examples, but there are many others. Consider a program in which B reads V from D, computes a new value V ′ (a potentially time-consuming task), and uses compare-and-swap to install V ′ in D only if no other thread has completed an intervening update. If some thread A has completed an update, then all of B’s work subsequent to that update will be wasted. More significantly, suppose we generalize the notion of atomic update to implement software transactional memory (STM) [4]. Now A may not only force B to back out (abort) and retry, it may also allow B to read mutually inconsistent values from different locations. If B does not learn of A’s action immediately, these inconsistent values (which should not logically be visible together) may causeB to perform erroneous operations that cannot be undone [5]. STM systems typically avoid such errors by performing incremental validation prior to every potentially dangerous operation—in effect, they poll for conflicts. Since validation effort is proportional to the number of objects read so far, the total cost is quadratic in the number of objects read, and may cripple performance [5]. Interprocessor interrupts are the standard alternative to polling in shared-memory multiprocessors, but they are typically triggered by the operating system and have prohibitive latencies. This cost is truly unfortunate, since most of the infrastructure necessary to
Students as Literary Critics: The Interpretive Experiences, Beliefs, and Processes of Ninth-Grade Students

The interpretive beliefs, processes, and instructional experiences of 8 ninth-grade students were studied as they participated in instructional subcommunities within their existing English classes. An observational analysis of the instructional communities was undertaken, and the students' interpretive processes were analyzed as intertextual transactions, which include reasoning operations and inference sources. Overall results revealed that students reasoned about literary works at an interpretive level, and that their inferences were largely textual focussing on characters and events, reflecting the type of literary instruction they receive. After participating in an alternative response-centered instructional unit, students were more intertextual in terms of their preferences related to the interpretive process and more interpretive in their reasoning about literary works. The shift in the range of inference sources students drew on—the intertextuality of their transactions—varied by individual. Indivi...
Cost minimization through optimized raw material quality composition

Lumber, a heterogeneous, anisotropic material produced from sawing logs, contains a varying number of randomly dispersed, unusable areas (defects) distributed over each boards' surface area. Each board's quality is determined by the frequency and distribution of these defects and the board's dimension. Typically, the industry classifies lumber into five quality classes, ranking board quality in respect to use for the production of wooden components and its resulting material yield. Price differentials between individual lumber quality classes vary over time driven by market forces. Manufacturers using hardwood lumber can minimize their production costs by proper selection of the minimum cost lumber quality combination, an optimization problem referred to as the least-cost lumber grade-mix problem in industry parlance. However, finding the minimum cost lumber quality combination requires that lumber cut-up simulations are conducted and statistical calculations are performed. While the lumber cut-up simulation can be done on a local computing workstation, the statistical calculations require a remote station running commercial statistical software. A second order polynomial model is presented for finding the least-cost lumber grade-mix that manufacturers of wood products can use to minimize their raw material costs. Tests of the newly developed model, which has been incorporated into a user-friendly decision support system, revealed that only a limited amount of lower quality raw material (e.g. lumber with a high frequency of defects in boards and/or small board sizes) can be accepted, as otherwise the lumber quality mix cannot supply all the parts required. However, the new model suggested solutions that resulted in lower raw material costs than solutions from older models.