cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entanglement entropy and computational complexity of the periodically driven Anderson impurity model

We study the growth of entanglement entropy and bond dimension with time in density matrix renormalization group simulations of the periodically driven single-impurity Anderson model. The growth of entanglement entropy is found to be related to the ordering of the bath orbitals and to the relation of the driving period $T$ to the convergence radius of the Floquet-Magnus expansion. Ordering the bath orbitals by their Floquet quasienergy is found to reduce the exponential growth rate of the computation time at intermediate driving periods, suggesting new ways to optimize matrix product state calculations of driven systems.
The Utilization of Regional Anesthesia Among Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study

BackgroundThe use of regional anesthesia (RA) in pediatric patients remains understudied, although evidence suggests benefits over general anesthesia.Questions/PurposesWe sought to identify factors...
Evidence for electron energization accompanying spontaneous formation of ion acceleration regions in expanding plasmas

We report experiments conducted in an expanding argon plasma generated in the inductive mode of a helicon source in the Hot hELIcon eXperiment–Large Experiment on Instabilities and Anisotropies facility. As the neutral gas pressure increases, the supersonic ion acceleration weakens. Increasing neutral pressure also alters the radial profile of electron temperature, density, and plasma potential upstream of the plasma expansion region. Langmuir probe measurements of the electron energy probability function (EEPF) show that heating of electrons at the plasma edge by RF fields diminishes with increasing gas pressure, yielding a plasma with a centrally peaked electron temperature, and flat potential profiles at higher neutral pressures. For neutral pressures at which ion acceleration regions develop in the expanding plasma plume, EEPFs reveal electrons with two temperature components.
The Trends of Immunohistochemistry for Tissue-Invasive Cytomegalovirus in Gastrointestinal Mucosal Biopsies: A Large Single Academic Center Study.

CONTEXT.— Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the most widely used method to diagnose CMV infection/reactivation in tissues in a pathology laboratory. OBJECTIVE.— To improve the efficiency of CMV IHC testing by evaluating immunopositive staining trends of tissue-invasive CMV in the gastrointestinal system. DESIGN.— A total of 1479 individual orders for CMV IHC on gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from 2016 to 2018 were included. The analysis was performed to identify the significant factors contributory to CMV-positive test results. RESULTS.— The overall positivity rate of CMV IHC in our institution is 4.73% (70 of 1479). The positivity rate from physician-requested and pathologist-initiated tests was significantly different (7.54% versus 3.83%, P = .004). Cases with severe inflammation showed a higher positive CMV rate than those with mild inflammation (5.37% versus 2.60%, P = .04). Cytomegalovirus positivity in biopsies from posttransplant patients, inflammatory bowel disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), cancer, and others was 19.69%, 3.84%, 23.33%, 9.00%, and 2.84%, respectively. The positivity rate among posttransplant, HIV/CVID, or cancer patients was significantly higher than in other populations. Cases tested with multiple tissue blocks generated a higher positivity rate than those with a single block (7.77% versus 3.23%, P < .001). Testing 3 to 4 blocks per case almost tripled the positive CMV detection rate (9.04%). Interestingly, using 5 or more blocks did not further ameliorate the positive CMV detection rate. CONCLUSIONS.— The data revealed that physician request, immunosuppression, multiple blocks, and severe inflammation were strongly related to positive CMV IHC detection rate. These findings might provide value in helping pathologists manage CMV IHC testing more efficiently.
Abstract 629: Flavonoids are NR4A1 antagonists and target PAX3-FOXO1 and G9a in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma that is primarily observed in children and adolescent, and accounts for 50% of soft tissue sarcomas in children. There are two major forms of RMS, namely embryonal RMS (ERMS) and alveolar RMS (ARMS) and these tumors are readily distinguished by their histological and genomic characteristics. ERMS patients have a better prognosis than ARMS patients and both groups undergo radiation, surgical and chemotherapeutic regiments. Many ARMS patients express different oncogenes including the histone methyltransferase G9a and the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene that contribute to ARMS cell growth, survival and migration/invasion. Studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that both G9a and PAX3-FOXO1 are regulated by the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) and can be targeted by bis-indole derived (CDIMs) NR4A1 antagonists. A recent study showed that the flavonoid kaempferol decreased G9a expression in gastric cancer cells and we hypothesized that kaempferol may be an NR4A1 ligand. Kamepferol and quercetin were used as models and both compounds bound NR4A1 at low μM concentrations and decreased NR4A1-dependent transactivation in ARMS cells. Functional studies showed that like CDIM/NR4A1 ligands, kaempferol and quercetin decrease ARMS cell growth, survival and migration/invasion, consistent with their activity as antagonists and inhibitors of NR4A1 regulated pro-oncogenic functions. In addition, kaempferol and quercetin also decreased expression of G9a, PAX3-FOXO1 and downstream genes regulated by them in ARMS cells further demonstrating their activity as NR4A1 antagonists. These results suggest that NR4A1-active flavonoids could be readily incorporated into chemotherapies used for treatment of ARMS patients to improve their efficacy and decrease the toxic side-effects of currently used cytotoxic drugs. Citation Format: Rupesh Shrestha, Kumaravel Mohankumar, Gregory Martin, Stephen Safe. Flavonoids are NR4A1 antagonists and target PAX3-FOXO1 and G9a in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 629.
The Twenty-Seventh Amendment: Meaning and Application

The Twenty-Seventh Amendment sparks more debates than its simple text suggests it should, and few courts or scholars have spent much time parsing its text to help resolve those debates. This Essay aims to do that by interpreting the Amendment according to its text and history. The first step is to place the Amendment within the context of the Ascertainment Clause, which it amends. From there, we look to the Framers’ understanding of the Amendment’s text and we conclude the following: “law” has its technical Article I definition (a bill passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president), “varying compensation” means any increase or decrease to the terms of pre-existing laws enacted pursuant to the Ascertainment Clause, “shall take effect” refers to the moment when members are entitled to receive a quantifiable change to their compensation, and “an election . . . shall have intervened” means that a new Congress has been seated. The best reading of the Amendment is as a narrow provision that sets a timing condition on the operation of laws varying members’ compensation; it does not apply to other government conduct, such as House rules that deduct fines from members’ salaries for misconduct. Our interpretation of the text leads to several conclusions about the Amendment’s application. For example, the Amendment does not prohibit the passage of compensation laws, rather it simply delays laws varying compensation from taking effect until an intervening House election has occurred. In other words, it is best read as providing a default timing term to laws varying compensation that either lack such a term or include a term that does not comply with the Amendment. Accordingly, the Amendment cannot be used to strike down laws that do not comply with its timing requirement except in rare circumstances. Moreover, the Amendment informs our understanding of the Ascertainment Clause as prohibiting Congress from delegating its power to set compensation to any other body. One or more of our conclusions resolves the existing debates about the Twenty-Seventh Amendment and, hopefully, will do the same for any debates that arise in the future.
Flexure of Laminated Beams

Using the principle of potential energy, two fourth order differential equations are developed to describe the flexure of a rectangular three layered laminated beam using the calculus of variations. Natural boundary conditions are given. There is no limitation imposed on thickness of core and face. Formulas for deflections, stresses for cantilever and simply supported beams are derived. The region near a fixed end and the concentration of stresses there is studied. New results for a homogeneous cantilever beam are given. A basis for a Galerkin type solution results from the analysis.
The pH dependence of cytochrome a conformation in cytochrome c oxidase.

The pH dependence of the conformation of cytochrome a in bovine cytochrome c oxidase has been studied by second derivative absorption spectroscopy. At neutral pH, the second derivative spectra of the cyanide-inhibited fully reduced and mixed valence enzyme display two Soret electronic transitions, at 443 and 451 nm, associated with cytochrome a. As the pH is lowered these two bands collapse into a single transition at approximately 444 nm. pH titration of the cyanide-inhibited mixed valence enzyme suggests that the transition from the two-band to one-band spectrum obeys the Henderson Hasselbalch relationship for a single protonation event with a transition pKa of 6.6 +/- 0.1. No pH dependence is observed for the spectra of the fully reduced unliganded or CO-inhibited enzyme. Tryptophan fluorescence spectra of the enzyme indicate that no major disruption of protein structure occurs in the pH range 5.5-8.5 used in this study. Resonance Raman spectroscopy indicates that the cytochrome a3 chromophore remains in its ferric, cyanide-bound form in the mixed valence enzyme throughout the pH range used here. These data indicate that the transition observed by second derivative spectroscopy is not due simply to pH-induced protein denaturation or disruption of the cytochrome a3 iron-CN bond. The pH dependence observed here is in good agreement with those observed earlier for the midpoint reduction potential of cytochrome a and for the conformational transition associated with energy transduction in the proton pumping model of Malmstrom (Malmstrom, B. G. (1990) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 280, 233-241). These results are discussed in terms of a model for allosteric communication between cytochrome a and the binuclear ligand binding center of the enzyme that is mediated by ionization of a single group within the protein.
Univariate Normal Model

Let x1, x2,…, xn be a sequence of independent normal random variables with parameters (U 1, s2 1), (U2, s2 2),…, (Un, s2n), respectively. In this chapter, different types of change point problems with regard to the mean, variance, and mean and variance are discussed. For simplicity and illustration purposes, we familiarize readers with the three types of changes in the normal sequence by presenting the following three figures, where Figure 2.1 represents a sequence of normal observations with a mean change, Figure 2.2 shows a variance change in the normal observations, and Figure 2.3 indicates a mean and variance change in the sequence of normal observations.
Fire Resistance Performance of Lightweight Wood-Framed Assemblies

There are extensive efforts underway around the world, including those by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), to develop fire resistance models. NRC is currently developing thermal and structural models for lightweight wood-framed assemblies, in collaboration with the Canadian wood industry. These models will be used in NRC's risk-cost assessment models as well as in the development of fire resistance design equations. To aid the development of fire resistance models, NRC has just completed, as a first step, a literature review on the efforts made to predict the fire resistance of lightweight wood-framed assemblies, with the objective of determining the gaps that need to be filled. This paper presents the results of this literature review, which include: standard versus real time-temperature fire curves, experimental studies, available fire resistance models and design methods and the identification of their limitations, charring of wood, and material properties of assembly components at elevated temperatures.
Saline tracer visualized with three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography: Field-scale spatial moment analysis

[1] Cross-well electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to monitor the migration of a saline tracer in a two-well pumping-injection experiment conducted at the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. After injecting 2200 mg/L of sodium chloride for 9 hours, ERT data sets were collected from four wells every 6 hours for 20 days. More than 180,000 resistance measurements were collected during the tracer test. Each ERT data set was inverted to produce a sequence of 3-D snapshot maps that track the plume. In addition to the ERT experiment a pumping test and an infiltration test were conducted to estimate horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity values. Using modified moment analysis of the electrical conductivity tomograms, the mass, center of mass, and spatial variance of the imaged tracer plume were estimated. Although the tomograms provide valuable insights into field-scale tracer migration behavior and aquifer heterogeneity, standard tomographic inversion and application of Archie's law to convert electrical conductivities to solute concentration results in underestimation of tracer mass. Such underestimation is attributed to (1) reduced measurement sensitivity to electrical conductivity values with distance from the electrodes and (2) spatial smoothing (regularization) from tomographic inversion. The center of mass estimated from the ERT inversions coincided with that given by migration of the tracer plume using 3-D advective-dispersion simulation. The 3-D plumes seen using ERT exhibit greater apparent dispersion than the simulated plumes and greater temporal spreading than observed in field data of concentration breakthrough at the pumping well.
Calcium Homeostasis and Organelle Function in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Diabetes

A number of chronic metabolic pathologies, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and cancer, cluster together to present the greatest threat to human health. As research in this field has advanced, it has become clear that unresolved metabolic inflammation, organelle dysfunction, and other cellular and metabolic stresses underlie the development of these chronic metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between these systems and pathological mechanisms is poorly understood. Here we discuss the role of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis as a critical mechanism integrating the myriad of cellular and subcellular dysfunctional networks found in metabolic tissues such as liver and adipose tissue in the context of metabolic disease, particularly in obesity and diabetes.
Moral Reasoning and its Implications for Pharmacy Education

A major goal of schools of pharmacy is to graduate well- trained pharmacists who possess both the requisite technical skills needed to be competent pharmacists and who are able and willing to provide patient-focused care. Doing so benefits pharmacy’s major stakeholders: the institution, the pharmacy organization, the patient and society. Moral reasoning is grounded in the cognitive moral development field and attempts to explain the human decision-making process prior to behavior. Why is training in moral reasoning important for pharmacy students? It is important because students at higher levels of moral development may demonstrate an increased probability of adhering to a higher level of patient-focused care. This paper discusses and answers the following questions: 1. What is moral reasoning? 2. Why is training in moral reasoning important to pharmacy education and can it be measured? 3. How is moral reasoning related to clinical decision-making? 4. How can moral reasoning be fostered in pharmacy students?
Ullman Methoxylation in the Presence of a 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole-Blocked Aniline: Preparation of 2-Fluoro-4-Methoxyaniline

2-Fluoro-4-methoxyaniline R 2-Fluoro-4-iodoaniline acetonylacetonate I 1-(2-Fluoro-4-iodophenyl)-2, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole 1-(2-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole P 2-Fluoro-4-methoxyaniline Keywords: protection, nitrogen; halogen compounds, fluorine compounds; halogen compounds, iodine compounds; heterocycles, five-membered, one nitrogen; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; ethers, miscellaneous; replacement reactions, halogen by oxygen; halogen compounds, fluorine compounds; amines (and salts), aromatic; heterocycles, five-membered, one nitrogen; deprotection, nitrogen; halogen compounds, fluorine compounds; amines (and salts), aromatic; ethers, miscellaneous
Spatial Reasoning and Data Displays

Graphics convey numerical information very efficiently, but rely on a different set of mental processes than tabular displays. Here, we present a study relating demographic characteristics and visual skills to perception of graphical lineups. We conclude that lineups are essentially a classification test in a visual domain, and that performance on the lineup protocol is associated with general aptitude, rather than specific tasks such as card rotation and spatial manipulation. We also examine the possibility that specific graphical tasks may be associated with certain visual skills and conclude that more research is necessary to understand which visual skills are required in order to understand certain plot types.
Developing the Social Empathy Index: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

Social empathy, the ability to understand people from different socioeconomic classes and racial/ethnic backgrounds, with insight into the context of institutionalized inequalities and disparities, can inspire positive societal change and promote social well-being. The value of teaching social empathy and creating interventions that promote social empathy is enhanced by the ability to measure and assess it. This article provides a validation of the Social Empathy Index, a tool that practitioners can easily use to assess individuals’ levels of interpersonal and social empathy. An exploratory factor analysis was used to validate the instrument and confirm the conceptual model for social empathy.
Resampled Regenerative Estimators

We discuss some estimators for simulations of processes having multiple regenerative sequences. The estimators are obtained by resampling trajectories without and with replacement, which correspond to a type of U-statistic and a type of V-statistic, respectively. The U-statistic estimator turns out to be equivalent to the permuted regenerative estimator, which we previously proposed, but the V-statistic estimator is new. We compare analytically some properties of these estimators and the semiregenerative estimator. We show that when estimating the second moment of a cycle reward, the semiregenerative estimator has positive bias, which is strictly larger than the (positive) bias of the V-statistic estimator. The permuted estimator is unbiased. All of the estimators have the same asymptotic central limit behavior, with reduced asymptotic variance compared to the standard regenerative estimator. Some numerical results are included.
Enterally dosed recombinant human erythropoietin does not stimulate erythropoiesis in neonates.

Abstract Objectives Human fetuses and neonates ingest erythropoietin (Epo) when they swallow amniotic fluid, colostrum, and human milk. This study was designed to determine whether enterally dosed recombinant Epo (rEpo) stimulates erythropoiesis in preterm neonates. Methods Preterm infants ( Results Enteral rEpo was well tolerated. There were no differences in erythropoietic indexes based on treatment group. Serum Epo concentrations were not different in the treatment versus placebo group, nor were transfusion requirements. Conclusions Enterally dosed rEpo (1000 U/kg/day) does not significantly influence erythropoiesis or iron utilization when given for a 2-week period, nor does it elevate the serum Epo concentration in preterm or term infants. Oral administration of rEpo is not an effective substitute for parenteral administration.
Design of interdigital spiral and concentric capacitive sensors for materials evaluation

This paper describes the design of two circular coplanar interdigital sensors with i) a spiral interdigital configuration and ii) a concentric interdigital configuration for the nondestructive evaluation of multilayered dielectric structures. A numerical model accounting for sensor geometry, test-piece geometry and real permittivity, and metal electrode thickness has been developed to calculate the capacitance of the sensors when in contact with a planar test-piece comprising up to four layers. Compared with a disk-and-ring coplanar capacitive sensor developed previously, the interdigital configurations are predicted to have higher signal-to-noise ratio and better accuracy in materials characterization. The disk-and-ring configuration, on the other hand, possesses advantages such as deeper penetration depth and better immunity to lift-off variations.
Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities

The Residential Security Maps produced under the aegis of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) are often regarded as significant evidence that the federal government was complicit in expanding segregated housing patterns. This paper suggests a different direction for the analysis of the agency's role and the impact of their maps regarding patterns of real estate appraisal and mortgage credit allocations. It is argued that: (1) whereas the broadly asserted relationship between race and residential security areas can be demonstrated, there are important variations that should drive further research in this sphere, including the significance of other demographic, socioeconomic, and housing variables; (2) despite uniform guidelines, the appraisal surveys and assignments of grades by HOLC were not identical across cities; (3) the approaches utilized by HOLC were not identical to those implemented by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), making it unlikely these agencies had a cooperative relationship; ...
Bovine CD2 (BoCD2)

The data obtained in the workshop provide further evidence that CH128A and IL-A26 and the 12 new mAbs that form a cluster recognise the bovine orthologue of CD2. The mAbs inhibit rosetting with SRBC, stain cells in primary and secondary lymphoid organs in patterns consistent with those obtained in humans with anti-CD2 mAbs, and the 11 IgG mAbs all immunoprecipitate a peptide with a Mr of 58-62 kDa. It is not clear from the studies whether the epitopes defined by the mAbs correspond with the region I and II epitopes present on CD2. None of the data suggest that any of the mAbs recognise the region III (CDD2R) epitope (Peterson and Seed, 1987; Knapp et al., 1989). Further studies are now needed to define the physical and functional relation of the epitopes and establish whether antibody-mediated activation corresponds with that noted in humans. Data reported in one study (Baldwin et al., 1988) with IL-A26 suggest possible differences in the requirements for activation. In addition, further studies are needed to demonstrate how many cell types express BoCD2. In mice, evidence has been presented which shows the mouse orthologue is expressed on some B cells (Yagitta et al., 1989). Studies in cattle have clearly shown CD2 is present on the majority of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and a small population of CD4-/CD8- cells (Baldwin et al., 1988; Davis, unpublished observations). Evidence presented in this workshop has shown that some CD2+ cells express a WC2 molecule (Sopp et al., 1991).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Studies on the Mechanism of DNA Linking by Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) can both bind to and link DNA. Dimers of EBNA1 bind specific sites, two clusters of which, the FR and DS, comprise the necessarycis-acting elements of the Epstein-Barr viral origin of plasmid replication. EBNA1-dimers can link FR and DS, looping out the intervening DNA. EBNA1 can also intermolecularly link DNAs to which it binds. Residues of EBNA1 that can mediate linking have been mapped to at least three, non-overlapping domains. These domains, when fused to the dimerization and DNA-binding domain of GAL4, can self-associate and thereby link DNAs bound site specifically by GAL4. Two disparate mechanisms could underlie self-association of linking domains: 1) linking domains could associate with other linking domains directly, or 2) linking domains could associate indirectly by binding to a common nucleic acid intermediate. We have found that EBNA1 can link DNA by each of these mechanisms, however, the linking domains associate directly with a greater apparent affinity than through a nonspecific nucleic acid intermediate.
Observation of the effect of refraction on x rays diffracted in a grazing-incidence asymmetric Bragg geometry.

The positions of x-ray diffraction peaks from a polycrystalline iron oxide thin film have been measured in a grazing-incidence, asymmetric Bragg geometry for incidence angles between 0.09\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 1.04\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The peak positions are shifted from the Bragg angles 2${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{B}$ due to refraction of the incident x rays as they penetrate the air-solid interface. The shifts are quantitatively consistent with those obtained by applying Fresnel boundary conditions for reflection and refraction of a plane electromagnetic wave at an interface between air and a uniform, absorbing dielectric and they provide confidence in the validity of the Fresnel boundary conditions in the x-ray regime.
The oceanic mixed-layer pump

Abstract Diel variations in beam attenuation profiles in the upper water column were observed during Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) programs in the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Bloom Experiment-NABE) and Equatorial Pacific (EqPac). Beam attenuation due to particles in surface waters increased during the day by as much as 70% and decreased at night in both studies. In the equatorial Pacific the magnitude of the variations was larger during cool non-El Nino conditions (October, 1992) than during El Nino conditions (March/April 1992). However, the percent increase from the mean beam attenuation value for each time period was similar. The daytime increases result primarily from primary production, with possible contributions from changing optical effects of living cells. Nocturnal decreases in beam attenuation, reflecting particle loss, could be caused by grazing, remineralization, and the production of large particles (aggregates, fecal pellets) with subsequent settling. The nocturnal decreases also were associated with increases in the surface mixed layer depth and increases in nutrient concentrations. Part of these diel changes could result from mixing upward particle-depleted, nutrient-enriched water from below the daytime mixed layer. Since many biological and chemical species have strong gradients in the upper 100 m, regular oscillations in the depth of mixing can be an important forcing function for vertical exchange in surface waters. When it occurs, this “mixed-layer pump” is important in sustaining new primary production and in removing particles from surface waters, and should be included in models of oceanic surface mixing.
Intelligent Control Systems: Are They for Real?

The fundamental concept of feedback to control dynamic systems has played a major role in many areas of engineering. Increases in complexity and more stringent requirements have introduced new challenges for control systems. This paper presents an introduction to and appreciation for intelligent control systems, their application areas, and justifies their need. Specific problem related to automated human comfort control is discussed. Some analytical derivations related to neural networks and fuzzy optimal control as elements of proposed intelligent control systems, along with experimental results, are presented. A brief glossary of common terminology used in this area is included
Distributed Cognition: Where the Cognitive and the Social Merge

Among the many contested boundaries in science studies is that between the cognitive and the social. Here, we are concerned to question this boundary from a perspective within the cognitive science...
Finite element formulation and solution of nonlinear heat transfer

Abstract A general and effective finite element formulation for analysis of nonlinear steady-state and transient heat transfer is presented. Heat conduction conditions, and convection and radiation boundary conditions are considered. The solutions of the incremental heat transfer equations is achieved using Newton-Raphson iteration, and in transient analysis using a one-step α-family time integration scheme. The stability and accuracy of the time integration is discussed. The solution techniques have been implemented, and the results of various sample solutions are discussed and evaluated.
On the Nuclear Magnetic Moments of Several Stable Isotopes

The nuclear induction spectrometer which has previously been described was used to measure the magnetic moments of a number of nuclei. These values are without corrections of any kind and are based upon a value for the magnetic moment of the proton of (2.79348\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00034) nuclear magnetons. The experience gained from the observation of a large variety of nuclei has made it possible to discuss in a general way the selection of a suitable sample compound. Various interesting phenomena which have turned up in the course of these measurements are discussed; some of these are the following. (a) Nuclear resonance frequencies have been found to depend upon the compound used for the sample in some cases. This has been noted for the isotopes of Cl and N, and for Co, the latter having resonances over a region as large as 1.3 percent. This effect has been demonstrated to be of molecular rather than nuclear origin, and it is responsible for our listing the chemical compounds used for each measurement. (b) The magnetic moments of both ${\mathrm{In}}^{113}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ have been found to be 0.64 percent greater than their respective atomic beam values, a discrepancy very similar to that noted for ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{69}$ and ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{71}$. (c) An hfs anomaly for the isotopes of chlorine has been observed, which is notable, because the atomic beam experiments deal with the ${\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}$ state of atomic chlorine. (d) An unusual structure for the ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{121}$ and ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{123}$ resonances in aqueous solution of NaSb${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ has been observed and is qualitatively explained.
Growth of Venezuelan encephalitis virus and disappearance of Coxsackie A, Rous sarcoma, herpes simplex and vaccinia viruses following inoculation of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitoes.

Venezuelan encephalitis virus, an RNA-containing virus, uniformly grew to high titers in Aedes aegypti and A. triseriatus mosquitoes following intrathoracic inoculation. The minimal intrathoracic infectious dose per A. triseriatus was about 10 chicken embryonic cell culture pfu whereas the minimal oral dose was about 10,000 pfu. In contrast, only some inoculated C. tarsalis and very few C. pipiens quinquefasciatus supported viral growth. Failure of VE virus to grow in C. tarsalis and C. p. quinquefasciatus was probably not caused by virus inhibitors in mosquito tissues since no virus inhibitors were found in triturated mosquitoes of the 2 Culex or 2 Aedes species. Three RNA-containing non-arboviruses, Coxsackie A5 and A7 and Rous sarcoma, and 2 containing DNA, herpes simplex and vaccinia, did not multiply in Aedes aegypti following intrathoracic inoculation, nor did Rous sarcoma virus grow in Culex p. quinquefasciatus . Persistence of infectious Coxsackie A7 and vaccinia viruses for at least a week in mosquitoes indicated that isolations of these and similar viruses from mosquitoes collected in nature might represent virus survival without multiplication.
Ice layer and surface crust permeability in a seasonal snow pack

Ice layers in snowpacks are thought to retard or obstruct gas and melt water flow through the pack, yet there has been little published information on the permeability of ice layers in seasonal snow. In this paper, investigations of ice layer permeabilities are reported for prominent ice layers 1 to 3 mm thick in a seasonal snowpack. For distinct, fairly solid ice layers 1 to 3 mm thick, permeabilities ranged from 1 to 19 x 10 -10 m 2 ; these values are significantly lower than values for the surrounding snow. Within 24 h early in the melt season, the permeability of the surface crust increased 160%, from approximately 70 to 120 x 10 -10 m 2 . This increase in permeability was accompanied by a small increase in grain size and a decrease in albedo. The snow-air interface can exhibit dramatic changes in transport properties over relatively short periods of time, even without precipitation events. These changes, driven by the surface meteorology, affect transport properties such as permeability as well as albedo.
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus capsid is B-cell immunodominant using Western blot analysis: A comparison of sensitivity between Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation

Abstract A Western blot assay was developed and analyzed against the comparable standard, immunoprecipitation of 35 [S]-methionine/cysteine-labeled ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) proteins, for its ability to detect anti-OPPV antibodies using endpoint titers. Western blot analysis is 12-fold more sensitive in detecting endpoint anti-capsid antibody titers than IP, and the capsid is the B-cell immunodominant OPPV protein when utilizing Western blot analysis. Since the surface envelope glycoprotein is the B-cell immunodominant OPPV protein when utilizing immunoprecipitation, this suggests immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis measure different types of antibody that are more specific for conformational and linear OPPV protein epitopes, respectively.
Shoulder model validation and joint contact forces during wheelchair activities

Chronic shoulder impingement is a common problem for manual wheelchair users. The loading associated with performing manual wheelchair activities of daily living is substantial and often at a high frequency. Musculoskeletal modeling and optimization techniques can be used to estimate the joint contact forces occurring at the shoulder to assess the soft tissue loading during an activity and to possibly identify activities and strategies that place manual wheelchair users at risk for shoulder injuries. The purpose of this study was to validate an upper extremity musculoskeletal model and apply the model to wheelchair activities for analysis of the estimated joint contact forces. Upper extremity kinematics and handrim wheelchair kinetics were measured over three conditions: level propulsion, ramp propulsion, and a weight relief lift. The experimental data were used as input to a subject-specific musculoskeletal model utilizing optimization to predict joint contact forces of the shoulder during all conditions. The model was validated using a mean absolute error calculation. Model results confirmed that ramp propulsion and weight relief lifts place the shoulder under significantly higher joint contact loading than level propulsion. In addition, they exhibit large superior contact forces that could contribute to impingement. This study highlights the potential impingement risk associated with both the ramp and weight relief lift activities. Level propulsion was shown to have a low relative risk of causing injury, but with consideration of the frequency with which propulsion is performed, this observation is not conclusive.
On the symmetric difference of two sets in a group

How to extend to non-abelian groups certain combinatorial theorems concerning sums of sets in an abelian group is the subject of this paper. A key result is that the following theorem—free of the hypothesis of normality of the subgroups—holds for the symmetric difference of two sets. Theorem . If X = X + H and Y = Y + K are two finite sets in a group, where H and K are subgroups, and if X + K ≠ X and Y + H ≠ Y, then | X \ Y | + | Y \ X | ⩾ | H | + | K | − 2 | H ∩ K .
Fireblight Inoculum: Sources and Dissemination

Understanding the disease cycle of fireblight requires knowledge of the sources of inoculum and means of dissemination. In regions where the disease is endemic, hold–over cankers are the most important source of primary inoculum. Dissemination of primary inoculum occurs by rain or by crawling or flying insects. Often, blossoms infested with Erwinia atnylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. provide secondary inoculum that is disseminated by pollinating insects or by rain. Later in the growing season, secondary inoculum produced in infected tissues may be disseminated by rain or by sucking and biting insects. Relatively rare sources of inoculum and inefficient means of dissemination may be responsible for introducing the pathogen to areas where fireblight has not been found previously. E. amylovora may be carried to new locations in intimate association with host tissues (infected nursery stock), in association with vectors (insects, birds or man), or by wind as “strands” or in airborne water drops. Every effort should be made to prevent introduction of E. amylovora into areas now thought to be free of fireblight. Attempts to eradicate the disease from several new areas in northern Europe have been unsuccessful. Because weather conditions and the host plants present in southern Europe are especially conducive to severe damage from fireblight, plant protection personnel are advised to prepare now for the possible introduction of disease. Personnel should be trained to recognize the disease and plans should be drawn to contain it or to manage host plants to minimize disease losses.
Transplantation of Pituitary “Mammotropic” Tumor (MtT.F4) from Fischer to Sprague-Dawley Rats.

SummaryThe MtT.F4 “mammo-somatotropic” pituitary tumor, originally induced and maintained in highly inbred Fischer rats by Dr. J. Furth, was successfully transplanted into randomly bred S-D rats. The tumors grew more slowly, the mean latency period was about twice as long (7-8 weeks as compared to 4 weeks), and about 41-60% of the S-D rats developed palpable tumors as compared to 100% in Fischer rats. Neither estradiolnor PM.S and HCG altered tumor incidence in the S-D rats. The MtT.F4 readily transplanted from S-D to S-D rats. As in Fischer rats, large amounts of prolactin, growth hormone and ACTH were secreted by the MtT.F4 in S-D rats, as indicated by intense mammary stimulation; enlargement of the liver, kidneys and spleen; and a 4-6-fold increase in adrenal size. Unlike the Fischer rat, stomach ulcers were found in most Sprague-Dawley rats with successful tumor transplants.
Adaptive embedded and immersed unstructured grid techniques

Embedded mesh, immersed body or fictitious domain techniques have been used for many years as a way to discretize geometrically complex domains with structured grids. The use of such techniques within adaptive, unstructured grid solvers is relatively recent. The combination of body-fitted functionality for some portion of the domain, together with embedded mesh or immersed body functionality for another portion of the domain offers great advantages, which are increasingly being exploited. The present paper reviews the methodologies pursued so far, addresses implementational issues and shows the possibilities such techniques offer.
Properties of water-compatible furfuryl alcohol polymer concrete

Abstract Non-petroleum-based furfuryl alcohol (FA) can be used to produce a high-quality polymer concrete (PC) composite. Polymerization of the FA was performed at ambient temperature by use of α,α,α-trichlorotoluene (TCT) as an initiator and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as a promoter. The properties of the composite are dependene upon the rate of polymerization and the degree of dryness of the aggregate. Composites containing 8% water by weight of aggregate had compressive strengths >∼2000 psi (>13.78 MPa) at an age of 1 hr at ∼24°C. The inclusion of chlorine groups from the ZnCl2 promoter in the PC had a significant effect on the fire resistance of the composite.
SPECTACLES OF ETHNICITY: FESTIVALS AND THE COMMODIFICATION OF ETHNIC CULTURE AMONG LOUISIANA CAJUNS

Drawing on the example of the Louisiana Cajuns, an ethnic group that has been enjoying a wave of popular revival in recent years, this study suggests that changes in the perception of an ethnic identity are related to socioeconomic transformation. We identify the festival as a key aspect of the Cajun revival since the 1960s. An examination of the history, activities, and contemporary spatiotemporal organization of festivals reveals similarities to other aspects of a society of mass consumption. Niche marketing , the structuring of recreation around the modern work week, and the establishment of personal identity through the purchase of symbolically rich commodities are all embodied in present - day Cajun festivals. At the same time, the consumption of ethnic commodities is linked by the consumers with a sense of tradition and descent from a mythic past. The festivals of southwestern Louisiana are, in this sense, invented traditions and, paradoxically, a measure of the assimilation of this particular ethni...
Simplified class V matrix for resin restorations

A matrix technique and its modifications to assist in the restoration of Class V lesions occurring in the gingival third of the teeth are described. This technique is applicable for filled and unfilled restorative resins.
Feline leukemia virus subgroup C phenotype evolves through distinct alterations near the N terminus of the envelope surface glycoprotein.

Abstract Feline leukemia viruses (FeLVs) belonging to the C subgroup induce aplastic anemia in domestic cats and have the ability, unique among FeLV strains, to proliferate in guinea pig fibroblasts in tissue culture. Previous studies have shown that the pathogenic and host range specificity of a prototype molecular clone of FeLV-C [FeLV-Sarma-C (FSC)] colocalize to a region encoding the 3' 73 amino acids of the pol gene product and the N-terminal 241 amino acids of the envelope surface glycoprotein named SU. Here, we amplified, via PCR, cloned, and sequenced the SU coding sequence from three additional anemia-inducing subgroup C FeLV isolates. Chimeric viruses were constructed by replacement of fragments of FeLV-C envelope genes into the FeLV-A prototype virus 61E. Using a modified vesicular stomatitis virus-FeLV pseudotype assay, we demonstrated that the subgroup C receptor specificity for each virus was determined by changes within the N-terminal 87-92 amino acids of SU, in which most changes occurred within the 15- to 20-amino-acid first variable region (V1). Determinants for growth in guinea pig cells colocalized to this region. Despite the consistent localization of biological determinants, the only consistent features that distinguished the deduced FeLV-A and FeLV-C proteins was one lysine-to-arginine change and a structural prediction of an alpha-helix in FeLV-A proteins versus random coil in FeLV-C proteins within V1. However, arginine in equilibrium with lysine substitutions were not sufficient to convert the subgroup A virus to the subgroup C phenotype or vice versa. Thus, certain distinct structural changes within the N-terminal region of FeLV SU can result in convergent viral phenotypes.
Self‐Diffusion of 60Co in Co1‐xO Single Crystals of Controlled Stoichiometry

Cobalt tracer self-diffusion coefficients were determined in single crystals of Co/sub 1-x/O at 1037 to 1350/sup 0/C and for x = 0.002 to 0.008. In crystals with x fixed at 0.005, the results were D/sub Co/ = 3.89 x 10/sup -4/ exp (-31,600 +- 2400/RT) cm/sup 2//S. The activation energy in this constant-stoichiometry case was identified as the enthalpy of motion for Co ions moving via a vacancy jump mechanism. Based on known stoichiometry relations, a published activation energy for Co self-diffusion measurements in air was corrected to yield an enthalpy of motion in excellent agreement with the number given above. At a constant temperature of 1150/sup 0/ +- 2/sup 0/C, the P/sub O/sub 2// dependence of Co self-diffusion was D/sub Co/ = 9.74 x 10/sup -9/P/sub O/sub 2// /sup 0/ /sup 279/ cm/sup 2//S. The P/sub O/sub 2// exponent suggests that the predominant mobile ion defects are singly ionized Co vacancies. Simple defect reactions with no modifications for defect clustering were adequate to explain all results obtained.
Interactions of the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix with a bacterium, virus, and fungus in Heliothis zea

Abstract Interactions between Vairimorpha necatrix and three other pathogens of Heliothis zea were evaluated with dose-mortality studies in order to find a synergistic combination which could be tested for field control of H. zea. The effect of the microsporidium combined with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was at least additive, with indications of synergism. The interaction between V. necatrix and Heliothis nuclear-polyhedrosis virus was antagonistic except that the highest microsporidian dose overcame the antagonism with a resultant independent action. The interaction between V. necatrix and the fungus Nomuraea rileyi was additive, though response varied some-what with different proportions of the two pathogens. Even though none of these interactions is likely to be valuable in microbial control, V. necatrix has the potential to synergize or antagonize any biological or chemical agent that acts on the midgut epithelium of host insects.
Streptococcus uberis of bovine mastitis origin: isolation, characterization, and serology of two mucoid strains.

Abstract Thirty-three per cent of the quarters in a private herd of 30 Holstein cows that had severe clinical mastitis produced visibly abnormal milk at one milking. Milk samples from this herd taken 14 months apart yielded two mucoid strains, U3M and U5M, biochemically typical of Streptococcus uberis . Of 8 samples taken from glands infected solely with Streptococcus uberis, seven had standard plate counts of at least 390,000 per milliliter. Significant differences were noticed between the 2 mucoid strains. U3M did not ferment melezitose, was CAMP positive in TKT medium, grew in 4% NaCl, and grew at temperatures of 21 and 45C, but U5M possessed opposite characteristics. Two nonmucoid strains were selected from the mucoid strains by passage in laboratory media. There were no differences in biochemical and physiological characteristics between the mucoid strains and their own nonmucoid variants. Cross-agglutination tests with hyperimmune sera indicated a definite relationship among the two mucoid strains and their nonmucoid variants. However, a high titer was noted only for the homologous antiserum of the U5M strain. Autoagglutination was an important problem. Presence of group specific precipitating antibody could not be demonstrated by the capillary tube precipitin or gel-diffusion tests. The three strains tested failed to react with any of the Lancefield group sera. Three strains of S. uberis in pathogenicity trials were avirulent for laboratory mice.