cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vagus nerve stimulation accelerates motor learning through cholinergic modulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a novel therapeutic option y to treat a broad and rapidly expanding set of neurologic conditions. While classically used to treat epilepsy and depression, more recently VNS has received FDA approval as a therapeutic option for stroke rehabilitation and is under preclinical and clinical investigation for other disorders. Despite benefits across a diverse range of neurological disorders, the mechanism for how VNS influences central nervous system circuitry is not well described. A deeper understanding of the influence of VNS on neural circuits and activity is needed to optimize the use of VNS therapy. To understand the complex dynamics between VNS, neuronal activity, plasticity, and behavior, we administered chronic VNS in a mouse model during the learning of a dexterous motor task and we leveraged genetic tools to perform optogenetic circuit dissection, as well as longitudinal in vivo imaging of calcium activity in cortical neurons. We find that VNS has the most robust effect on motor learning when paired with successful movement outcome, while randomized stimulation impairs learning. This is consistent with VNS serving as a reinforcement cue. In motor cortex, VNS paired with movement outcome selectively modulates neurons that represent outcome, but not other movement-related neurons. Finally, cholinergic signaling from basal forebrain is required both for VNS-driven improvements in motor learning and the effects on neural activity in M1. This result suggests that the effect of VNS on motor learning is mediated by cholinergic signaling and presents a novel role for cholinergic signaling in endogenous motor learning. These data imply that VNS therapy may be mediated by augmenting reinforcement cues with precisely timed cholinergic neuronal activity, presenting strategies for optimizing the use of VNS to treat neurologic conditions.
Monte Carlo Dose Distribution of Gadolinium NCT for Brain Tumors of Different Site and Level of Necrosis

Almost all the energy released in the gadolinium-157 thermal neutron capture is emitted through prompt gamma rays with a spectrum up to 7.9 MeV. Low energy internal conversion electrons, mainly in the range 80–280 keV, are also emitted. An FDA approved carrier, Gd-DTPA, the gadolinium contrast agent for magnetic resonace imaging (MRI), is currently used clinically. Gadolinium uptake in brain tumors is provided by simple diffiusion through the disrupted blood-brain barrier. The dynamics of the uptake and washout phases are not identical because there are biological processes favoring the transport of gadolinium carriers into the extravascular space.1 Doses of GdDTPA larger than those commonly used for MRI, or multiple injections can produce high gadolinium concentrations in tumor.
Integrating ceasing participation with other aspects of leisure behavior: a replication and extension

This paper replicates and extends parts of an earlier work by Jackson and Dunn (1988) which created a model for examining non-participation. Data from the 1982–83 Nationwide Recreation Survey were ...
An Inequality on Binomial Coefficients

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses an inequality on binomial coefficients. The result obtained in this chapter is used to establish a result on edge-coloring of certain hypergraphs. Part of the theorem is known to Erdos, who also suggested a line of proof to establish this result for large n. The proof is partly inductive and establishes the result for all n ≥ 13.
Odontogenic ameloblast associated protein as a novel biomarker for human breast cancer.

Odontogenic Ameloblast Associated Protein (ODAM) is a protein isolated in ameloblasts during odontogenesis. ODAM expression was identified in breast cancer, but its significance remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine if ODAM expression can serve as a prognostic marker and provide information regarding treatment in human breast cancer. Breast cancer patients were identified from our tumor registry from 1993 to 2003. Archived breast cancer tissue from 243 patients (stage 0 = 53, stage I = 51, stage II = 53, stage III = 47, stage IV = 39) was stained using monoclonal antibody for ODAM. Presence or absence of immunostaining was correlated with stage, histologic grade, response to chemotherapy, and survival using χ 2 and logistic regression analyses. Tumor nuclear staining for ODAM increased with increasing group stage (P < 0.001). Staining for ODAM did not correlate with histologic grade or chemotherapy (P = 0.558, P = 0.093). Improved outcomes within each stage were noted with ODAM staining, statistically significant for stages 0,I, and II (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.003) and underpowered for stages III and IV (P = 0.724, P = 0.059). Survival benefit associated with tumor nuclear staining increased with advancing stage (P < 0.001). These results show that ODAM predicts survival in breast cancer. Research is ongoing to determine ODAM's clinical utility and role in carcinogenesis.
Mach 6 flowfield survey at the engine inlet of a research airplane

A flowfield survey was conducted to better define the nature of vehicle forebody flowfield at the inlet location of an airframe-integrated scramjet engine mounted on the lower surface of a high-speed research airplane to be air launched from a B-52 and rocket boosted to Mach 6. The tests were conducted on a 1/30-scale brass model in a Mach-6 20-in. wind tunnel at Reynolds number of 11,200,000 based on distance to engine inlet. Boundary layer profiles at five spanwise locations indicate that the boundary layer in the area of the forebody centerline is more than twice as thick as the boundary layer at three outboard stations. It is shown that the cold streak found in heating contours on the centerline of the forebody is caused by a thickening of the boundary layer on the centerline, and that this thickening decreases with angle of attack.
Immunological Activity of Cytochrome c III. ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIBODY DETECTION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE INITIATION BY CYTOCHROME c POLYMERS

Antibodies which fail to precipitate with the monomeric homologous cytochromes c were elicited in rabbits by the conjugate of bovine γ-globulin and cytochrome c (tuna and turkey proteins) or by free monomeric cytochrome c (kangaroo and, in one case, the horse protein). Such antibodies do form precipitates and fix complement when allowed to react with the polymerized homologous antigen. In contrast, antisera elicited by monomeric human, Macaca mulatta, or horse cytochrome c precipitate with the monomeric homologous antigen; these antisera also give much stronger reactions, both in precipitin and complement fixation tests, when reacted with polymeric preparations of the antigens than with monomers. In all cases but one, the reactions of the polymers were completely or nearly completely inhibited by an excess of the monomeric protein, and these inhibitions were highly efficient. Such differences in immunological behavior between polymeric and monomeric preparations of cytochrome c can be accounted for by the increase in antigenic valence on polymerization. As immunogens, polymeric preparations of the cytochromes c from the horse, tuna, M. mulatta, kangaroo, and rabbit are much more effective in rabbits than the corresponding monomeric proteins, and except for the rabbit protein, yield antibodies in amounts comparable to those elicited by other effective soluble protein antigens. In the case of human cytochrome c, polymers and the monomer are good and equally effective immunogens. Polymers fix more complement and precipitate more antibody than monomeric preparations when reacted with antisera elicited by polymeric, as well as monomeric preparations. These antisera contain no antibodies specific to the polymerized forms of the cytochromes c. Possible reasons for the large enhancement of cytochrome c immunogenicity on polymerization are discussed. Of all cytochromes c examined, only the human protein is strongly immunogenic as the monomer.
Protease-activated receptor-2 regulates BK channel activity in rat vagal bronchopulmonary sensory neurons (712.4)

Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) by endogenous or exogenous agonists contributes to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, the hallmark features of allergic asthma; a...
A Novel Segmentation Approach for Brain Tumor in MRI

Brain MRI image segmentation is one of the most important applications of image segmentation technique, and is an important part of clinical diagnostic tools. Segmented image can help physicians to identify tumor tissues in brain, and monitor effectiveness of chemotherapy treatments. However, manual segmentation of muscle regions is not only inaccurate, but also time consuming. In this work, Intensity Space Map (ISM) is used along with fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm to segment tumor regions in color MRI images. Experiments show the proposed ISM-based fuzzy c-means clustering brain MRI image segmentation yields promising results.
Endo F3 glycosynthase mutant enables chemoenzymatic synthesis of core fucosylated triantennary complex type glycopeptides and glycoproteins (1007.7)

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoproteins, which enables the production of glycoproteins with homogenous glycans, is an essential tool for structural and functional studies of glycoproteins. The en...
Drift dominated InP photodetectors with high quantum efficiency

We present a drift dominated InP N-I-P photodetector, which can more efficiently collect the carriers generated by photon absorption by drift created by an electric field throughout the active layer instead of by diffusion associated with normal PN or PIN junction diodes and results in high and flat spectral response from UV to near infrared. It also promises to be an avalanche photodiode with high responsitivity, high gain-bandwidth product, and low noise.
Identificación de epitopes Tipo Grupo Sanguíneo ABO en larvas de Ascaris lumbricoides mantenidas in vitro

Resumen es: En investigaciones previas se identificaron los mismos epitopes del Sistema ABO en extractos de A. lumbricoides y en sus respectivos hospederos. Los obje...
Dependence of intrinsic performance of transition metal dichalcogenide transistors on materials and number of layers at the 5 nm channel-length limit

The optimal performance of ultimately scaled transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) FETs for four different materials and one to five layers is investigated using ballistic quantum transport calculations with material properties derived from first-principles. Large bandgaps and effective masses are shown to result in excellent switching performance at 5 nm gate lengths, thus showing potential for low-power applications. However, achievable current falls short of ITRS low operating power specifications.
CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN THE COCKROACH.

The digestive tract of the cockroach, Blaberus craniifer Burmeister, contains amylase, α- and β-glucosidases, β-fructofuranosidase, α- and β-galactosidases, but no cellulase. The most active site of hydrolytic action is the midgut, followed by the foregut, hindgut, salivary gland tissue, and Malpighian tubules.
The human development index: a response to Klugman, Rodriguez and Choi

Each year, the mass media and many governments look keenly at the country rankings by the Human Development Index (HDI), as published in the annual Human Development Reports (HDR). Klugman, Rodriguez and Choi (KRC) were members of the team that produced the 20th anniversary edition of the HDR (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2010) which introduced a new version of this popular index. However, Ravallion (2010) argued that the new HDI has a number of undesirable features, some shared with the old index and some new. This note responds to the points made by KRC (J Econ Inequality 9(2):249–288, 2011) in their defense of the new HDI.1
Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death in women

Background Moderate alcohol intake is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but the association with sudden cardiac death (SCD) is less clear. In men, heavy alcohol consumption may increase risk of SCD, whereas light-to-moderate alcohol intake may lower risk. There are no parallel data among women. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the association between alcohol intake and risk of SCD among women and to investigate how this risk compared to other forms of CHD. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among 85,067 women from the Nurses' Health Study who were free of chronic disease at baseline. Alcohol intake was assessed every 4 years through questionnaires. Primary endpoints included SCD, fatal CHD, and nonfatal myocardial infarction. Results We found a U-shaped association between alcohol intake and risk of SCD, with the lowest risk among women who drank 5.0–14.9 g/day of alcohol ( P for quadratic trend=0.02). Compared to abstainers, the multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) for SCD was 0.79 (0.55–1.14) for former drinkers, 0.77 (0.57-1.06) for 0.1–4.9 g/day, 0.64 (0.43–0.95) for 5.0–14.9 g/day, 0.68 (0.38–1.23) for 15.0–29.9 g/day, and 1.15 (0.70–1.87) for ≥30.0 g/day. In contrast, the relationship of alcohol intake and nonfatal and fatal CHD was more linear ( P for linear trend Conclusion In this cohort of women, the relationship between light-to-moderate alcohol intake and SCD is U-shaped, with a nadir at 5.0–14.9 g/day. Low levels of alcohol intake do not raise the risk of SCD and may lower risk in women.
The value of holding scarce wind resource—A cause of overinvestment in wind power capacity in China

Abstract China's wind power capacity has increased dramatically in recent years, but about 30% of the installed capacity sits idle, so overinvestment in wind power capacity seems to be a serious problem. This paper explores reasons for the overinvestment. The economic analysis shows that, given uncertain future policy on wind power, it is optimal for power companies to invest more than the amount in a certain world. A part of the “overinvestment” has a real value, which can be interpreted as the value of holding scarce wind resource. This value exists because the wind-rich sites with convenient locations to connect to the grids are scarce resource, and also because the specific government policies that are essential for promoting wind power are uncertain in the future. This value should be taken into account in the investment decision, but it results in the phenomenon of “overinvestment”. The concept of the value of holding scarce resource can be generally applied to the resources that are scarce and for which the future policy is uncertain.
Politics of state-led reform in education: Market competition and electoral dynamics

State-led educational initiatives have gained prominence across the nation. In this study, the authors examine two very different types of reform-state adoption of charter school legislation and state implementation of school district take-over-to explore the proposition that the type of education reform a state chooses will be significantly affected by a state's electoral dynamics, that is, the extent to which there is political competition or party dominance in a given state. The authors examine charter schools and school district takeover with the expectation that the factors leading to charter schools in a state will be different than the political climate in which takeover reform is realized. To test various hypotheses on the role of electoral dynamics in state-led reform, the authors use an event history analysis using pooled cross-sectional time-series and a traditional cross-sectional model using ordinary least square regression techniques.
Assessment of Spatial Rainfall Variability over the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley

AbstractA large portion of the lower Mississippi River alluvial valley (LMRAV) relies on irrigation from the regional alluvial aquifer for crop sustainability, which is expensive both in terms of water resources and farmer expenditures because of the large volume of water necessary to maintain crop production. As a result, knowledge of the seasonal frequency and distribution of precipitation over the LMRAV is critical for water resources management, the development of irrigation strategies, and economic planning. This project addresses the need for a detailed assessment of regional precipitation patterns through the use of rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) of high-resolution gridded radar-derived rainfall data, which provides quantification of the spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall over the LMRAV from 1996 to 2011. Results of the project show that precipitation depths over the LMRAV are generally lower and more variable than adjacent eastern areas throughout the year, although ther...
Technological Discontinuities: A Multi-Disciplinary Model of Organisational Responses

There is a dearth of management research addressing the proactive management of technological discontinuities. Drawing on diverse literatures, we develop a multi-disciplinary model of organisational responses to technological discontinuities and develop exemplary propositions to guide future research. Specifically, we suggest industry incumbents use the media to praise or attack the legitimacy of technological innovations that potentially enhance or destroy prevailing competencies.
Viability of Saudi Arabian Agriculture

Abstract During the 1970s and 1980s, the Saudi Arabian government has paid more attention to the country's agricultural sector than in the past, increasing expenditure and loans to farmers. Spectacular increases in output have resulted. This Viewpoint highlights some of the features which characterize Saudi agricultural development, particularly in relation to private v public-sector expenditure. The author concludes that the rapid expansion cannot continue, and that the opportunity for the country to achieve a viable agricultural sector has passed.
Femtosecond electron-lattice thermalization dynamics in a gold film probed by pulsed surface plasmon resonance

The dynamics of electronic excitations and their relaxation in a gold film is studied on the femtosecond time scale with a pump-probe technique. For the pump beam we use pulses with wavelengths centered at 800 nm, 400 nm or both. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in Kretschmann's configuration is used as a sensitive and fast-response probe of the dynamics of the dielectric properties of the gold film. The quantity that is monitored is the intensity of the reflected light at an incidence angle close to the SPR. With changes of the dielectric properties induced by the pump beam and during subsequent relaxation, the amount of the reflected light of the probe beam, sent with a variable delay, also changes, thus providing information on the temporal characteristics of the thermalization process. Special features of SPR probing with short pulses are also accounted for in this work. The thermalization of the electronic subsystem and energy transfer to the lattice are discussed in connection with the two-temperature relaxation model that takes into account temperature dependences of the electronic heat capacity and the electron-phonon coupling.
Effect of the insecticide Zectran (Mexacarbate) on several algae

Field samples of freshwater algae were examined to determine the effect of the insecticide Zectran on photosynthesis rate. Concentrations of Zectran between 10 and 103 parts per billion (ppb) affected neither O2 production nor NaH14CO3 uptake in any of the seven genera tested. However, Zectran at a concentration of 104 ppb after 1 hour effected a reduction in photosynthesis ofChroococcus,Oedogonium and in a mixed sample composed ofZygnema,Mougeotia andSpirogyra. Mougeotia,Spirogyra andSchizogonium were not affected by exposure to 104 ppb Zectran after 1 hour, but O2 production was significantly reduced after 24 hours of exposure to this same concentration.
Radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS), PET/CT image-guided surgery, and fluorescence image-guided surgery: past, present, and future.

125I-labeled anti-TAG-72 antibodies were applied in radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS) to remove gross and occult tumors. It is challenging to handle 125I-labeled materials. PET/CT image-guided surgery utilizes 18FDG to monitor the biochemical activity of the tumor and to integrate pre- and postoperative imaging for complete tumor removal. PET/CT image-guided surgery only detects later stage disease. Fluorescence image-guided surgery using anti-TAG-72 antibodies may provide opportunities for intraoperative cancer detection of both gross and occult tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:297–308. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trace-by-classification: A machine learning approach to generate trace links for frequently occurring software artifacts

Over the past decade the traceability research community has focused upon developing and improving trace retrieval techniques in order to retrieve trace links between a source artifact, such as a requirement, and set of target artifacts, such as a set of java classes. In this Trace Challenge paper we present a previously published technique that uses machine learning to trace software artifacts that recur is similar forms across across multiple projects. Examples include quality concerns related to non-functional requirements such as security, performance, and usability; regulatory codes that are applied across multiple systems; and architectural-decisions that are found in many different solutions. The purpose of this paper is to release a publicly available TraceLab experiment including reusable and modifiable components as well as associated datasets, and to establish baseline results that would encourage further experimentation.
A novel muscarinic receptor ligand which penetrates the blood brain barrier and displays in vivo selectivity for the m2 subtype

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves selective loss of muscarinic m2, but not m1, subtype neuroreceptors in the posterior parietal cortex of the human brain. Emission tomographic study of the loss of m2 receptors in AD is limited by the fact that there is currently no available m2-selective radioligand which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In our efforts to prepare such a radioligand, we have used competition studies against currently existing muscarinic receptor radioligands to infer the in vitro and in vivo properties of a novel muscarinic receptor ligand, 5-[[4-[4-(diisobutylamino)butyl]-1-phenyl]acetyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H - -dibenzo [b,e][1,4]diazepin-11-one (DIBD). In vitro competition studies against [3H](R)-3-quinuclidinylbenzilate ([3H]QNB) and [3H]N-methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS), using membranes derived from transfected cells expressing only m1, m2, m3, or m4 receptor subtypes, indicate that DIBD is selective for m2/m4 over m1/m3. In vivo competition studies against (R,R)-[125I]IQNB indicate that DIBD crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB). The relationship of the regional percentage decrease in (R,R)-[125I]IQNB versus the percentage of each of the receptor subtypes indicates that DIBD competes more effectively in those brain regions which are known to be enriched in the m2, relative to the m1, m3, and m4, receptor subtype; however, analysis of the data using a mathematical model shows that caution is required when interpreting the in vivo results. We conclude that a suitably radiolabeled derivative of DIBD may be of potential use in emission tomographic study of changes in m2 receptors in the central nervous system.
Charge distributions and amphipathicity of receptor-binding alpha-helices.

Abstract Contacts between ligands and cell-surface receptors result in cellular activation. Denning principles which govern these important interactions are of interest and might facilitate pharmacologic intervention. We examined receptor-binding α-helical segments of polypeptide hormones and globular proteins for distinguishing amino acid content and distributions. There was a slight excess of basic residues in both sets of α-helices compared with a panel of control helices. Helical concentrations of charged residues were quantitated using the hydrophobic moment algorithm, adapted to obtain the vector sum of side chain charges. By this analysis we detected increased concentrations of the set of basic residues (arginine, lysine and histidine) on one side of the receptor-binding α-helices of the polypeptide hormones, and to a lesser extent the protein ligands. Comparable data were obtained for “lytic” venom peptides and calmodulin-regulated kinase segments. There was an even greater correlation between receptor-associating α-helical segments and large hydrophobic moments. Receptor-binding helical segments of polypeptide hormones, and to a lesser extent those of protein ligands, often are basic and amphipathic.
Electrostatic double-layer interactions for spherical colloids in cylindrical pores

Abstract Theoretical results are presented for the electrostatic double-layer interaction between a colloid particle and a long cylindrical pore, where the colloid is represented as a solid sphere with a given surface charge density or surface potential or as a porous sphere with a given volumetric charge density. The analysis is restricted to axisymmetric positions of the sphere and the linear form of the Poisson—Boltzmann equation is employed. Analytical expressions for the potential energy of interaction are obtained, and application of these to the calculation of equilibrium partitioning coefficients is discussed.
Azotobacter vinelandii vanadium nitrogenase: formaldehyde is a product of catalyzed HCN reduction, and excess ammonia arises directly from catalyzed azide reduction.

The Mo-nitrogenase-catalyzed reduction of both cyanide and azide results in the production of excess NH3, which is an amount of NH3 over and above that expected to be formed from the well-recognized reactions. Several suggestions about the possible sources of excess NH3 have been made, but previous attempts to characterize these reactions have met with either limited (or no) success or controversy. Because V-nitrogenase has a propensity to release partially reduced intermediates, e.g., N2H4 during N2 reduction, it was selected to probe the reduction of cyanide and azide. Sensitive assay procedures were developed and employed to monitor the production of either HCHO or CH3OH (its further two-electron-reduced product) from HCN. Like Mo-nitrogenase, V-nitrogenase suffered electron-flux inhibition by CN- (but was much less sensitive than Mo-nitrogenase), but unlike the case for Mo-nitrogenase, MgATP hydrolysis was also inhibited by CN-. V-Nitrogenase also released more of the four-electron-reduced intermediat...
Temporal dissociation of left ventricular function and remodeling following experimental myocardial infarction in rats

Background: Left ventricular function early after myocardial infarction (MI) predicts subsequent clinical outcome. Nevertheless, the relationship between early changes in left ventricular function and subsequent left ventricular remodeling has not been well defined. Methods and Results: To explore the temporal relationship between left ventricular function and remodeling after MI, rats (n = 63) underwent coronary artery ligation with and without reperfusion at 45 or 180 minutes or a sham operation. All animals were followed up by serial echocardiography preligation; 4, 24, and 48 hours; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 weeks after MI. Measures of global left ventricular size and function and regional wall motion were obtained at physiological heart rates. Histological infarct sizes (range, 0% to 52%) were determined in all animals. Within 4 hours of MI, fractional area change (FAC) decreased dramatically in association with an increase in left ventricular systolic cavity area, whereas diastolic area increased more gradually. Early FAC was related to infarct size (r = −0.82; P < .000), predicted the extent of left ventricular enlargement (P = .0001), and remained depressed throughout the duration of follow-up. Regional wall motion excursion and systolic wall thickness decreased in the infarcted and noninfarcted regions in animals with large infarctions. Conclusions: The rate of left ventricular dilatation after MI in rats is proportional to initial left ventricular function, although left ventricular function remains relatively constant as the ventricle progressively enlarges. Regional myocardial function after a large MI is abnormal in noninfarcted as well as infarcted regions.
TREATING POST-CABG DEPRESSION WITH TELEPHONE-DELIVERED COLLABORATIVE CARE: DOES PATIENT AGE AFFECT TREATMENT AND OUTCOME?

Objective To determine the nature of telephone-delivered collaborative care intervention provided to patients younger than and older than 60 years experiencing clinically significant depressive symptoms after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and whether patient age is related to response and remission rates and delivery of care at 8-month follow-up. Design Exploratory post-hoc analysis of data collected in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Setting Seven Pittsburgh-area general hospitals. Participants Fifty-eight depressed post-CABG patients younger than 60 and 92 comparable patients age 60 years and older randomized to the RCT's intervention arm. Measurements Components of collaborative care provided to patients over the 8-month study period and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores at 8-month follow-up to determine response and remission status. Results There were no differences in the cumulative 8-month rates at which the components of collaborative care were delivered to the two age groups. Similar response and remission rates were also achieved by these groups. Conclusion Older and younger patients experiencing clinical depression after CABG surgery can be treated with comparable components of collaborative care, and both age groups will achieve clinical outcomes that do not differ significantly from each other.
Trickling Down: The Relationship Between Economic Growth and the Extent of Poverty Among American Families

Introduction, 511. — Income growth and distribution, 513. — The incidence of poverty and its changes, 514. — Measuring the poverty curve, 515. — Subgroup poverty curves, 517. — Poverty status of population subgroups, 1959, 519. — The elasticity of subgroup incomes with respect to economic growth, 521. — Conclusions, 523.
Simulated healing of crystal surfaces.

We have studied the decay of one- and two-dimensional sinusoidal grooves on rough and smooth solid surfaces using Monte Carlo simulations of two-dimensional solid-on-solid models, employing both Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics. The dependence of the lifetime of the grooves on their wavelength and the time dependence of the average height (or amplitude) of the grooves are investigated. Where possible, the results are compared with theory and/or experiment.
The Scope of Gödel’s First Incompleteness Theorem

Guided by questions of scope, this paper provides an overview of what is known about both the scope and, consequently, the limits of Godel’s famous first incompleteness theorem.
The anatomy of the cervicothoracic arterial system in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) with a surgical approach suitable for guided angiography

Anatomical dissections on the cervicothoracic arterial system of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) have been carried out as a necessary stage preceding certain physiological investigations in this animal. It is essential to have access to large blood vessels in these investigations, and the lack of superficial blood vessels suitable for catheterization in this species has required that a surgical approach to deeper vessels be developed. We have described a surgical technique for exposure of the A. carotis externa and V. jugularis externa and have used this method to introduce angio-catheters into both of these vessels. By these means we have been able to carry out hemodynamic, blood chemistry, and angiographic studies with successful recovery of the animals. These investigations, anatomical dissections on normal animals, and studies of vinylite vascular casts have delineated many specialized features of the cervicothoracic vascular systems in the dolphin.
Integrating constitutive gene expression and chemoactivity: mining the NCI60 anticancer screen.

Studies into the genetic origins of tumor cell chemoactivity pose significant challenges to bioinformatic mining efforts. Connections between measures of gene expression and chemoactivity have the potential to identify clinical biomarkers of compound response, cellular pathways important to efficacy and potential toxicities; all vital to anticancer drug development. An investigation has been conducted that jointly explores tumor-cell constitutive NCI60 gene expression profiles and small-molecule NCI60 growth inhibition chemoactivity profiles, viewed from novel applications of self-organizing maps (SOMs) and pathway-centric analyses of gene expressions, to identify subsets of over- and under-expressed pathway genes that discriminate chemo-sensitive and chemo-insensitive tumor cell types. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used to quantify the accuracy of discriminating genes to predict tumor cell chemoactivity. LDA results find 15% higher prediction accuracies, using ~30% fewer genes, for pathway-derived discriminating genes when compared to genes derived using conventional gene expression-chemoactivity correlations. The proposed pathway-centric data mining procedure was used to derive discriminating genes for ten well-known compounds. Discriminating genes were further evaluated using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to reveal a cellular genetic landscape, comprised of small numbers of key over and under expressed on- and off-target pathway genes, as important for a compound’s tumor cell chemoactivity. Literature-based validations are provided as support for chemo-important pathways derived from this procedure. Qualitatively similar results are found when using gene expression measurements derived from different microarray platforms. The data used in this analysis is available at http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/geo (GPL96, GSE32474).
Optical triggering for enhanced safety

Firing systems typically incorporate isolation-based architectures that are established by the safety themes of particular weapon systems. Robust electrical diversion barriers are implemented to isolate energy from detonation-critical components until the event of intended use of the system. An optical trigger assembly is being developed to enhance the safety of new firing systems. It couples a fast trigger signal through an exclusion region barrier without compromising the integrity of the barrier in abnormal environment situations. A laser diode generates an optical pulse that is coupled through a sapphire stub to a photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS). The PCSS drives a vacuum switch tube to complete the triggering chain in the firing system. A general discussion and comparison of triggering technology options, and the design characteristics and performance parameters of the specific optical trigger point design are presented in this paper.
Depression prevalence and associated factors among Alaska Native people: The Alaska education and research toward health (EARTH) study

Abstract Background Few studies have investigated depression among Alaska Native people (ANs). Depression prevalence and associated factors among EARTH Alaska study participants are described. Methods The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) assessed depression among 3771 ANs. Participants with PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10 out of 27 were classified as positive for depression. Logistic regression analyses evaluated odds of scoring positive versus negative for depression by demographic, cultural, then health and lifestyle factors. Results Twenty percent of women and 13% of men scored positive for depression. Univariate and multivariate models were fit separately for men and women. Among demographic factors, below median income was associated with positive depression scores for both genders. Among men, odds of depression were higher if unmarried and/or if highest educational level was less than high school. Women 34 to 59 years of age had increased odds of scoring positive. Little or no identification with tribal tradition was associated with increased odds of depression in women and decreased odds in men. For both genders, chronic physical conditions and poorer self-reported health were associated with positive depression scores then binge alcohol drinking and current tobacco use increased odds of depression among women only. Limitations Factors analyzed were self-reported without clinician follow-up in a non-random convenience sample of adults. Conclusions Depression is common among ANs with rates comparable to other indigenous cross-sectional investigations. Depression is associated with lower income and poorer physical health. Prevention and intervention efforts should consider gender as other associated factors varied between men and women.
Split tolerance of Thl and Th2 cells in tolerance to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) produces a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease in susceptible mouse strains that is used as a model for multiple sclerosis. Because disease susceptibility correlates temporally with the development of virus-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, we studied methods and mechanisms by which virus-specific DTH could be specifically inhibited. The intravenous injection of UV-inactivated TMEV coupled to syngeneic splenocytes via a carbodiimide linkage (TMEV-SP), prior to immunization, induced a significant degree of tolerance in virus-specific helper (Th) cells as determined by decreased DTH and T cell proliferative responses, and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma protein and mRNA levels. In contrast to the reduced levels of Th1-specific lymphokine mRNA levels, IL-4-specific mRNA levels in response to virus stimulation were not affected in tolerant mice. Surprisingly, the total anti-TMEV antibody response in DTH tolerant mice was enhanced 20-100-fold over sham-tolerized controls and was composed of reduced levels of anti-virus IgG2a, but dramatically increased levels of anti-virus IgG1. The "split-tolerance" was antigen specific, dependent on the concentrations of TMEV and carbodiimide used in the coupling procedure, and varied with the number of coupled syngeneic splenocytes administered. The fixative effects of carbodiimide on antigen-presenting function were necessary for the induction of DTH tolerance with TMEV-SP, since intravenous administration of virus coupled to splenocytes via a biotin-avidin linkage led to enhanced virus-specific antibody responses, but was unable to inhibit DTH unless concomitantly fixed with carbodiimide. Collectively, the data indicate that Th1 cells (mediating DTH, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, and helper function for IgG2a production) were specifically anergized, with concomitant stimulation of Th2 cells (producing IL-4 and mediating helper function for IgG1 antibody production).
Imaging of angiogenesis.

Since recognition of the key role of angiogenic factors in tumor growth more than 3 decades ago, physiological and pathological vascular development has been implicated in a number of pathological states including inflammation (e.g., coronary atherosclerotic plaque), diabetic retinopathy, peripheral vascular disease, and ischemic heart disease.1
Monte Carlo calculation of the response function for a 3He neutron spectrometer

Abstract The response of a gridded 3He ionization chamber to monoenergetic neutrons has been calculated using a Monte Carlo approach. The effects of neutron scattering on detector materials, wall effects, recoil continua and background neutrons are included. The calculated results are smoothed according to a peak shape taken from experiment. Response functions in the energy range En
THE VIRAL UBIQUITIN GENE OF AUTOGRAPHA CALIFORNICA NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS IS NOT ESSENTIAL FOR VIRAL REPLICATION

The baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) encodes a protein with significant homology to ubiquitin. To study the role of viral ubiquitin in infection, a recombinant virus was constructed with a frameshift mutation within the coding sequence of the viral ubiquitin gene, v-ubi. This recombinant, named Vubi-FS, was viable, indicating that viral ubiquitin is not essential for replication in tissue culture. However, the yields of infectious budded virus were decreased 5- to 10-fold in single step growth curves, and the production of total budded virions was reduced to a similar extent. The mutant virus particles contained the phospholipid-modified form of ubiquitin (Pt-Ub), and amino acid sequence analysis revealed that only host ubiquitin was packaged into virions. Together, these results suggest that viral ubiquitin is a nonessential protein that may confer a slight growth advantage under certain conditions.
Ethnicity and identity in the contemporary world

Farnen, Russell F., ed. Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Identity: Cross‐National and Comparative Perspectives. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 1994. xiv + 538 pp. including bibliography and references, and index. $49.94 cloth. del Valle, Teresa. Basque Ritual for Ethnic Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1994. xxxi + 223 pp. including notes, glossary, appendix, bibliography, and index. $39.95 cloth.
Hydrogen peroxide inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication in glutathione sufficient but not glutathione deficient cells

Cell to cell communication via gap junctions is essential in the maintenance of the homeostatic balance of multicellular organisms. Aberrant intercellular gap junctional communication (GJIC) has been implicated in tumor promotion, neuropathy and teratogenesis. Oxidative stress has also been implicated in similar pathologies such as cancer. We report a potential link between oxidative stress and GJIC. Hydrogen peroxide, a known tumor promoter, inhibited GJIC in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells with an I50 value of 200 microM. Inhibition of GJIC by H2O2 was reversible as indicated by the complete recovery of GJIC with the removal of H2O2 via a change of fresh media. Free radical scavengers, such as t-butyl alcohol, propylgallate, and Trolox, did not prevent the inhibition of GJIC by H2O2, which indicated that the effects of H2O2 on GJIC was probably not a consequence of aqueous free radical damage. The depletion of intracellular GSH reversed the inhibitory effect of H2O2 on GJIC. The treatment of glutathione-sufficient cells with H2O2 resulted in the hyperphosphorylation of connexin43, which is the basic subunit of the hexameric gap junction protein, as determined by Western blot analysis. TPA, a well-known tumor promoter, also inhibits GJIC via hyperphosphorylation of GJIC, which is a result of protein kinase-C activation. However, H2O2 also induced hyperphosphorylation in GSH-deficient cells that had normal rates of GJIC. Therefore, the mechanism of GJIC inhibition must be different from the TPA-pathway and involves GSH.
Evaluation of electrical resistivity methods in the investigation of karstic features, El Cajon dam site, Honduras

Abstract Wenner, Schlumberger, and Bristow (pole—dipole) array configurations of electrical resistivity measurements were used to detect the presence of subsurface dissolution features at the El Cajon dam site in Honduras. The construction site, located on the Humuya River in a region of extensive karst development, faulting, and mineralization along fracture zones, posed a special challenge to the application of standard resistivity techniques because of the presence of a cofferdam and the advanced stage of construction. Transects were made parallel and perpendicular to the river valley floor. The best results were obtained from the Schlumberger and Bristow array configurations. Several zones of anomalously high resistivity were detected. Subsequent drilling confirmed the presence of subsurface dissolution features which could have seriously jeopardized the dam. These surveys represent an accurate, economic, and reliable procedure for regions where construction has progressed significantly and where complex geologic terrain exists.
Relationships between bifurcation and numerical analyses for ignition of hydrogen—air diffusion flames

Linear bifurcation and numerical techniques are employed to determine critical conditions for ignition in steady, counterflow, nonpremixed hydrogen-air systems, with varying degrees of nitrogen dilution of the fuel, at temperatures larger than the crossover temperature associated with the second explosion limit for hydrogen. Analysis of profiles of the radical pool at ignition reveals that, irrespective of the degree of dilution of the fuel or oxidizer streams, the O-atom steady state fails on the oxidizer side of the mixing layer. Therefore, at least three overall steps, with O and H atoms as the chain-branching species, are necessary to describe the ignition process. A simplified model with variable density, specific heat and transport properties, and with Stefan-Maxwell approximations for the diffusion velocities, is proposed to describe the structure of the H{sub 2}-O{sub 2}-N{sub 2} weakly reactive mixing layer. Results of bifurcation analysis with this flow-field model and a three-step reduced chemical-kinetic scheme show excellent agreement with results of numerical integration of the full conservation equations with detailed chemistry for all degrees of dilution of the fuel feed.
Changes in Texture and Catalytic Activity of Nanocrystalline MgO during Its Transformation to MgCl2 in the Reaction with 1-Chlorobutane†

The interaction of 1-chlorobutane with nanocrystalline MgO at 200−350 °C has been found to result in both stoichiometric and catalytic dehydrochlorination of 1-chlorobutane to isomers of butene and...
Heterotopic pregnancy: a rare cause of hemoperitoneum and the acute abdomen.

Introduction: Heterotopic pregnancy is the rare coexistance of intrauterine and extrauterine gestation. The incidence may be as high as 1 in 3,889 pregnancies. The diagnosis is difficult to make, but an important one to consider in the presence of acute abdominal pain, hemorrhagic shock, and intrauterine pregnancy. Methods: Case report. Results: Successful treatment of ectopic pregnancy with benign convalescence and viable intrauterine pregnancy delivered at term. Conclusions: Every clinician treating women of reproductive age should keep this diagnosis in their differential, especially for pregnant women presenting with abdominal pain and hemoperitoneum.
Acidic β-galactosidase in the developing mouse submandibular gland

Acidic β-galactosidase (β-gal) is expressed at high concentrations in the salivary glands, where its function is unknown but probably related to lysosomal catabolism of glycolipids or glycoproteins such as mucin. Here, the developmental pattern of the enzyme activity in the submandibular gland of B10A/SGSNJ mice was investigated in relation to the expression of mucin. Biochemical studies indicated that the activity of acidic β-gal increases significantly from birth to 3 weeks of age (P<0.05). Histochemical staining of the submandibular glands of embryonic day 15 (E15), E18, 3-week-old and adult mice showed a trend of increasing staining intensity accompanied by a change in the cellular distribution of enzyme activity from E15 to adulthood. Acidic β-gal activity was first evident at E18, around the time mucin production starts, primarily in terminal-bud epithelial cells. The spatial and temporal coordination between the appearance of β-gal and embryonic mucin in the terminal buds of acinar cells might be related to a role of this enzyme in lysosomal degradation of embryonic mucin. In contrast, in adult mice, β-gal activity was primarily found in granular-duct cells. The function of β-gal in duct cells is unclear, but the change in the cellular distribution of β-gal in the mouse submandibular gland could reflect a change in the substrate specificity of this enzyme between E18 and adulthood.