cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deuterium site occupation and magnetism in Ho6Fe23Dx, compounds

Abstract High resolution neutron diffraction techniques were used to establish the hydrogen (deuterium) site occupation and sublattice magnetization of a series of Ho 6 Fe 23 D x compounds ( x = 1.5, 8.2, 12.1 and 15.7). The f.c.c. structure of the parent compound was maintained except for the D 12.1 sample which exhibited a tetragonal distortion. The f.c.c. lattice was reestablished for the higher D 15.7 composition. Diffraction and inelastic hydrogen vibration spectra data demonstrate conclusively that the deuterium atoms in the D 1.5 material fully occupy the octahedral a site with the residual in the tetrahedral f site. At the D 8.2 and higher concentration level, the a site is empty and the deuterium atoms partially occupy only the tetrahedral sites. The 4 K holmium magnetic moment was near the free-ion value of 10 μ B for all compounds and was oriented antiparallel to all four iron site moments (b, d, f 1 and f 2 ). For the cubic materials, the magnetization on the iron sites varied with deuteration in the range 0.8–2.4 μ B , with the D 15.7 compound showing the highest iron moment for all sites. A spin reorientation is observed in the tetragonal material between room temperature and 4 K with the holmium and iron b and n 1 moments rotating out of the basal plane.
A degree‐day concept for estimating degradation time under field conditions

Development of degradation rate information for crop protection products in soil is typically a time consuming and costly process. Therefore, development of methodology that would allow extrapolation of limited degradation information to wider field conditions in a predictive fashion would be desirable. This study presents an approach that uses a modified heat unit model to estimate organic compound degradation time using limited datasets. The model requires daily soil or air temperature and volumetric water content. Predictions based on the model for three different compounds in five different field studies were within 80% of measured values based on soil analysis. Results from this research indicate that the model was able to predict compound half-life values across all sites with r2 = 0.99. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and pH on the regulation of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Cyclic AMP-dependent autophosphorylation of canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles occurred on a 22,000 Mr protein and it was maximum at pH 6.0. At pH 6.0 cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of cardiac SR resulted in stimulation of the depressed initial rate of formation and the levels of the acid stable phosphorylated intermediate of the Ca2+ ATPase (E∼P). At pH 6.8 phosphorylation of cardiac SR had no effect on either the initial rate or levels of E∼P formed. These findings indicate that cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of cardiac SR can compensate for the effect of acidosis on SR function.
The mass spectra of some s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazines†

s-Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine underwent decomposition by loss of nitrogen from its molecular ion whereas in the 3-alkyl derivatives the corresponding alkyl cyanide was eliminated from the 5-membered ring. The introduction of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group into the 3-position resulted in predominant loss of the triazole ring in the fragmentation process; however, with a 3-amino substituent, the first fragment eliminated from the molecular ion was cyanamide. Methyl substitution in the 6-membered ring resulted in the formation of ring expanded ions. On phenyl substitution, however, an interesting 1,2-phenyl migration was observed. The mass spectra of several analogous s-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines are also described.
P3 amplitudes in two distinct tasks are decreased in young men with a history of paternal alcoholism

Visual event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained in two groups of young adult male subjects: One group (N = 24) considered to be at high risk for alcoholism due to paternal alcoholism and the second group (N = 26) with no family history of alcoholism. Results presented here were obtained during a baseline (no drug) condition. The ERP tasks both were target detection paradigms, but differed in several respects. One paradigm involved continuous participation in a distracting tracking task, but used an easily interpreted target stimulus. The second task involved no distractions, but entailed more complex stimuli. Both paradigms utilized level of task difficulty as an experimental variable. The results from both tasks were quite similar and demonstrated significantly lower ERP amplitudes in the high risk compared to the low risk group. Reaction times to target stimuli did not discriminate group membership, but were related to perceived task difficulty. Task difficulty was not a useful variable in discriminating group membership.
Synthesis and Pharmacology of Site-Specific Cocaine Abuse Treatment Agents: 2-Substituted-6-amino-5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octanes

A series of 2-substituted-6-amino-5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octanes was synthesized and tested for inhibitor potency in [3H]WIN 35,428 (WIN) binding at the dopamine (DA) transporter and [3H]DA uptake assays. To demonstrate transporter selectivity for the compounds, inhibitor potency was also tested using [3H]nisoxetine and [3H]paroxetine binding assays for the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) transporters, respectively. Synthesis was accomplished by bisannulation of the enamine derived from phenylacetaldehyde and dimethylamine with 2-cyclohexenone to give a mixture of endo- and exo-trans-6-amino-5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-ones. The separated ketones were reduced to the four diastereomeric alcohols which were converted to acetyl and benzoyl esters. The ketones, alcohols, and acetyl esters generally have low affinity for the three transporters and do not effectively inhibit the uptake of [3H]DA. In all cases, the benzoates show significantly greater inhibition of WIN binding compared to the correspon...
Relationships among measures of visual imagery.

Abstract As a step toward the development of an objective measure of visualization ability, five tasks which yielded seven separate measures were administered to 74 S s and intercorrelated. The tasks were: paired associate recall improvement (RI), recognition memory (RM), the Bett's Questionnaire on Mental Imagery (QMI) as revised by Sheehan (1967a, b), a task calling for the production of visual images (PVI) where rated vividness and latency of image attainment were measured, and a task requiring the imagining of emotional scenes (ES) where rated vividness and rated anxiety were measured. The results indicated that although paired associate learning scores per se were related to RM, neither of the memory measures of visualization (RI and RM) were related to any of the other visualization measures. A cluster of intercorrelations was obtained among self-ratings of image vividness on the QMI, PVI and ES tasks. This cluster also included a measure of latency of report of “best image” attainable derived from the PVI task. None of the measures correlated with anxiety ratings on the ES task. These findings were discussed in relation to previous studies and the potential value of the latency measure as an adjunct measure of visualization ability was noted.
A unified approach to Painleve´ expansions

Abstract The Painleve test for partial differential equations developed by Weiss, Tabor and Carnevale (WTC) is examined in detail and shown to provide a unified approach to the integrable properties of both ordinary and partial differential equations. A simple modification of the WTC procedure used for partial differential equations enables us to determine the Lax pairs, Hirota equations and auto-Backlund transformations for ordinary differential equations, including a new Lax pair for an integrable case of the Henon-Heiles system. A detailed study of the KdV hierarchy is made and a complete picture of the pattern of resonances for all solution branches is obtained. The role of the singular branches is examined in detail and important new insights obtained. In particular we find that each singular branch is simply a re-expansion of the principal branch about a point on the pole manifold at which several isolated poles coalesce. A parallel analysis is carried out for the AKNS hierarchy.
Per-packet load balancing in data center networks

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of per-packet load balancing in data center networks (DCNs). Throughput and flow completion time are considered among the main metrics to evaluate the performance of the transport of flows over the presence of long flows in a DCN. Load balancing in a DCN may benefit those performance metrics but also it may generate out-of-order packet delivery. We investigate the impact of out-of-order packet delivery on the throughput and flow completion time of long and short flows, respectively, in a DCN. Our simulations confirm the presence of out-of-order packet delivery in a DCN using per-packet load balancing. Simulation results also reveal that per-packet load balancing may yield smaller average flow completion time for short flows and larger average throughput for long flows than the single-path transport model used by TCP despite the presence of out-of-order packet delivery. As the delay difference between alternative paths decreases, the occurrence of out-of-order packet delivery in per-packet load balancing also decreases. Therefore, under the studied scenarios, the benefits of the per-packet load balancing prevail.
The simulation of lunar micrometeorite impacts by laser pulses

Laser pulses of a finely focused beam were used to simulate micrometeorite impacts on lunar rocks and in lunar soil. The electron microscope pictures show the detailed effects so caused; it is possible to derive an estimate of the comparative amounts of erosion a given micrometeorite flux would cause in lunar rocks and lunar soil.
Models for Appraising Investments Yielding Stochastic Return

This paper provides models for economic enterprises or projects whose returns vary randomly in time and which are subject to termination or “ruin” provided assets or net worth fall to a prescribed level. In particular, strategies for dealing with environmental changes, innovations, and catastrophe are considered.
Simultaneous determination of disulfiram and two of its dithiocarbamate metabolites in human plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract A simple, sensitive, reversed-phase liquid chromatographic assay is reported for the simultaneous determination of disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and its methyl ester (MeDDC) in human plasma. A single-step extractive ethylation converts DDC to its ethyl ester which is then separated from endogenously produced MeDDC and parent disulfiram on an alkylphenyl column. The method is sufficiently sensitive (25 ng/ml) to permit DDC and MeDDC determination in patients receiving therapeutic doses of disulfiram.
Lattice defects model of anodic coating formation on aluminium

The literature on anodic coating formation on aluminium is critically reviewed. Using published data it is shown that the long accepted barrier layer theory is both inaccurate and inadequate as an explanation of coating formation. It is shown that there is no uniform barrier layer and that initially oxide nuclei are formed randomly but spread to form a semi-conducting oxide film whose thickness varies with grain orientation. Pore formation results from an agglomeration of lattice vacancies whose spacing on average is voltage dependent, as is the cell size. However, both these parameters are statistically variable at any given formation voltage due to variations in the lattice defect structure. Other factors affecting anodic coating structure at the macro level are also considered.
Countable ultraproducts without CH

Abstract An important application of ultrafilters is in the ultraproduct construction in model theory. In this paper we study ultraproducts of countable structures, whose universe we assume is ω, using ultrafilters on a countable index set, which we also assume to be ω. Many of the properties of the ultraproduct are in fact inherent properties of the ultrafilter. For example, if we take a sequence of countable linear orders without maximal element, then their ultraproduct will have no maximal element, and we can ask what its cofinality is. This cardinal depends only on the ultrafilter; it does not depend on what linear orders comprise the factors.
Development of Laser-Excited Indirect Fluorescence Detection for High-Molecular-Weight Polysaccharides in Capillary Electrophoresis

The separation and detection of native polysaccharides in capillary zone electrophoresis is presented. To provide differences in the electrophoretic mobility, a pH of 11.5 is used to partially ionize the analytes. Detection is made possible by indirect fluorescence, where the charged analytes displace the anionic fluorescing buffer ion to create negative peaks. Detection limits in the picogram range are possible.
A model for arsenic anti-site incorporation in GaAs grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy

GaAs growth by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) has regained interest as a potential route to low cost, high efficiency thin film photovoltaics. In order to attain the highest efficiencies, deep level defect incorporation in these materials must be understood and controlled. The arsenic anti-site defect, AsGa or EL2, is the predominant deep level defect in HVPE-grown GaAs. In the present study, the relationships between HVPE growth conditions and incorporation of EL2 in GaAs epilayers were determined. Epitaxial n-GaAs layers were grown under a wide range of deposition temperatures (TD) and gallium chloride partial pressures (PGaCl), and the EL2 concentration, [EL2], was determined by deep level transient spectroscopy. [EL2] agreed with equilibrium thermodynamic predictions in layers grown under conditions in which the growth rate, RG, was controlled by conditions near thermodynamic equilibrium. [EL2] fell below equilibrium levels when RG was controlled by surface kinetic processes, with the disparity in...
Advanced TALSPEAK Separations Using a Malonate Buffer System

The extraction behavior of lanthanides and americium has been evaluated under Advanced TALSPEAK (Trivalent Actinide Lanthanide Separation by Phosphorus-reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes) conditions using malonic acid as the aqueous buffering agent. The extractant 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH[EHP]) was used as an organic phase liquid cation exchanger in n-dodecane diluent, while N-(hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) served as a selective aqueous holdback reagent. Extractions conducted from malonate media exhibit a pH profile that flattens as the concentration of malonate is increased up to 1.0 M malonate. This relatively flat extraction behavior from pH 2.5–4.0 is reminiscent of previous studies on Advanced TALSPEAK in lactate media. The extraction kinetics with other carboxylic acid buffers as well as the effects of varying HEDTA, HEH[EHP], and malonate concentration are compared.
Asian geographies of e-government

Roughly, 40 percent of people in Central, South, East, and Southeast Asia now use the Internet. Given the technology’s growth, many governments have adopted it to reshape how they interact with their citizens, including tax collection and service provision. There are a variety of applications of e-government ranging from downloading of forms to more interactive types, such as applications for licenses, Internet voting, and citizen input into public policy. This paper opens with a review of e-government and its implications. Second, it turns to the digital divide in Asia, a major obstacle to e-government implementation. Third, it utilizes two measures of e-government compiled by the United Nations: the e-government readiness and e-participation scores, to provide an overview of how e-government implementation varies among the region’s countries. The fourth part offers a series of vignettes that highlight how e-government varies among countries, including the most and least successful examples. It concludes...
THE IDENTIFICATION OF SERINE PHOSPHATE IN ENAMEL PROTEINS.

Abstract 1. 1. The soluble organic matrices of both fetal and adult bovine enamel were found to contain relatively large amounts of protein-bound organic phosphorus. 2. 2. Several peptide fractions were separated from partial acid hydrolysates of the proteins which contained both organid phosphorus and relatively large amounts of serine. 3. 3. Further acid hydrolysis of the phosphopeptides separated by chromatography on Dowex50, H + , X2 resin, or more complete acid hydrolysis of the original proteins yielded a fraction which moved identically with serine phosphate on paper electrophoresis. After complete hydrolysis of this fraction, the only amino acid recovered was serine. 4. 4. A possible role was proposed for the protein-bound serine phosphate in initiating the nucleation of the inorganic crystals of enamel.
The higher hydridospherosiloxanes: synthesis and structures of HnSinO1.5n (n = 12, 14, 16, 18)

Abstract The preparation of the four pure compounds Oh-H8Si8O12, D5h-H10Si10O15, D2d-H12Si12O18 and D3h-H14Si14O21 is described in detail. These compounds were prepared in 0.5, 3.6, 3.5 and 1.1% yields, respectively, based on the starting material HSiCl3. The synthesis was also scaled up to make gram quantities of these compounds. In addition, preparative gas chromatography was used to isolate mixtures of isomers of H14Si14O21 and H16Si16O24, from which the 1H and 29Si NMR chemical shift values of particular isomers, and in one case the X-ray crystal structure, were determined. The structure of the major isomer of H16Si16O24 is proposed, based on a complete enumeration of all possible isomers of this composition that have chemically reasonable structures and the strong correlation observed between topological features of the polyhedral structures of these compounds and 29Si{1H} NMR chemical shift values. This isomer has idealized D4d symmetry, with two 4-rings and eight 5-rings arranged such that there are two sets of eight symmetry-equivalent silicon atoms.
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica presenting as a single dominant tracheal mass

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica is a rare, benign disorder of upper airways characterized by multiple submucosal metaplastic cartilaginous and bony nodules arising from the tracheal cartilage. We report an unusual presentation of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica as a single dominant nodule arising from the anterior tracheal rings in a young adult man who presented with wheezing and symptoms of airway obstruction. The differential diagnosis of cartilaginous and bony endotracheal lesions is discussed.
Unsupervised approach to color video thresholding

Thresholding of video images is a great challenge because of their low spatial resolution and complex background. We investigate the issue of thresholding these images by reducing the number of colors to improve automated text detection and recognition. We develop an unsupervised approach to video images, which can be considered as an RGB color thresholding method. It applies a gray-level thresholding method to a video image in the (R, G, B) color space to produce a single threshold value for each domain. The three (R, G, B)-generated values will be subsequently processed by an effective unsupervised clustering algorithm that is based on a between-class/within-class criterion suggested by Otsu's method. Since thresholding methods designed for document images may not work effectively for video images in many applications, our proposed RGB color thresholding method has shown to be particularly effective in improvement on text detection and recognition, because it can reduce the background complexity while retaining the important text character pixels. Experiments also show that thresholding video images is far more difficult than thresholding document images, and the RGB color thresholding presented performs significantly better than simple histogram-based methods, which generally do not produce satisfactory results.
Dissemination activities: a critical new role for substance abuse treatment organizations.

The Affordable Care Act calls for integration of substance abuse treatment into medical care via medical homes and continuing specialty care. For this integration to occur in the substance abuse treatment field, substantial sharing and dissemination of information by treatment providers is required. This study explored the determinants of organizational activities directed at disseminating evidence-based practices (EBPs) undertaken by 193 community treatment programs who are members of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network. Using factor analysis, the research identified two generic categories reflecting different motivations for dissemination activities and explored both treatment center leadership and organizational characteristics as determinants of these different types of dissemination activities. Organizational characteristics predicting treatment center dissemination activities included size, previous involvement in research protocols, linkages with other providers, and having non-profit status. The treatment center leader’s membership in professional organizations was also a significant determinant. Organization variables account for a larger portion of the variance in treatment center dissemination activities. The results suggest that the willingness of treatment providers to help disseminate EBPs within the industry may be heavily influenced through shared network connections with other treatment organizations.
Scleroderma and the Subcutaneous Tissue

Our study revealed that as observed with both light and electron microscopy the most specific abnormality in sclerodermna skin is the replacement of the subcutaneous tissue by markedly abnormal connective tissue.
Fuzzy sets based knowledge systems and knowledge elicitation

Abstract Fuzzy sets are adequate forms of knowledge representation when the information is uncertain due to vagueness and imprecision. Knowledge structures using fuzzy sets are similar to those implemented in non-fuzzy systems. Classical knowledge elicitation methods can be used in combination with techniques to develop membership functions. The fuzzy set representation has several advantages, including flexibility in expressing uncertain knowledge during elicitation, representation of the knowledge and its uncertainty as a unique entity, easy interfacing with classical systems, and a more robust system in ill-defined domains. These advantages result in increased system reliability.
Effects of bariatric surgery on food cravings: do food cravings and the consumption of craved foods “normalize” after surgery?

Abstract Background The reported effects of bariatric surgery on food cravings have been inconsistent. Moreover, research has been largely limited to sweet cravings, and no study has examined whether surgery patients' cravings differ from those of normal weight (NW) controls. Our objective was to use an empirically validated instrument to examine changes in bariatric surgery patients' frequency of food cravings and consumption of craved foods from before to 3 and 6 months after surgery and to compare surgery patients' frequency of food cravings to those of NW controls. The setting was private hospitals and research center in the United States. Methods Bariatric surgery patients (n = 32) and NW controls (n = 20) completed the Food Cravings Inventory and had their height and weight measured. Results Before surgery, the patients reported more overall cravings and cravings for high fat and fast foods and a greater consumption of craved high-fat foods than the NW controls. From before to 3 and 6 months after surgery, the patients had significant reductions in overall cravings for, and consumption of, craved foods, with specific effects for sweets and fast food; however, surgery had virtually no effect on the cravings for high-fat foods. Moreover, high-fat and fast food cravings did not reduce to normative levels. The postoperative patients were less likely to consume craved sweets than NW controls, and the patients' postoperative weight loss was largely unrelated to food cravings. Conclusion Bariatric surgery is associated with significant reductions in food cravings and consumption of craved foods, with the exception of high-fat foods. Despite these decreases, patients' cravings do not fully reduce to "normative" levels and are not associated with postoperative weight loss.
A Critical Review of Assumptions About the Prairie Dog as a Keystone Species.

spp.) have been labeled as keystone species because of their influence on biological diversity and ecosystem function. However, the validity of several assumptions used to support keystone status is questionable. We review the strength of the evidence and the magnitude of the prairie dog's effects on ecosystem structure and function. We use this review to reevaluate the keystone role for prairie dogs. Our goal is to encourage sound management of the prairie dog ecosystem by improving the ecological foundation of their keystone status. Our review confirms that prairie dogs affect a number of ecosystem-level functions but that their influence on prairie vertebrates may be less than previously suggested. Species richness and abundance patterns were variable among plants, mammals, and birds and were not consistently higher on prairie dog colonies compared to uncolonized areas. In addition, only nine of the 208 species listed in the literature as observed on or near prairie dogs colonies had quantitative evidence of dependence on prairie dogs. Abundance data indicated opportunistic use of colonies for an additional 20 species. A total of 117 species may have some relationship with prairie dogs, but we lacked sufficient data to evaluate the strength of this relationship. The remaining 62 species may be accidental or alien to the system. Despite our conclusion that some prairie dog functions may be smaller than previously assumed, collectively these functions are quite large compared to other herbivores in the system. We suggest that prairie dogs also provide some unique functions not duplicated by any other species and that continued decline of prairie dogs may lead to a substantial erosion of biological diversity and landscape heterogeneity across prairie and shrub-steppe landscapes. Thus, we concur that keystone status for prairie dogs is appropriate and may aid conservation efforts that help protect species dependent on prairie dogs and support other important ecosystem functions.
Measurement of Discoloration in Fresh Beefa

SUMMARY A method is described whereby precise measurement of discoloration in fresh red meats can be achieved. The method utilizes α values obtained from Gardner automatic color-difference meter readings and depends upon careful control of storage temperature, control of sample area from which readings are taken, and consistent orientation of sample during subsequent readings. Results obtained with the method indicate considerable variation in discoloration of samples from the same slice of beef round stored at 6°C; a substantial decrease in discoloration with lowered storage temperature; a decrease in discoloration resulting from increased exposure of the sample to air; and the probable importance of respiration by the meat rather than bacterial contamination in determining discoloration at low temperatures (-2°C).
Extended backstepping approach for a class of non-linear systems in generalised output feedback canonical form

In this study, an extended backstepping approach is developed for tracking control of a class of systems that are globally diffeomorphic into systems in generalised output feedback canonical form. Output-dependent non-linearities are allowed to enter such a system both additively and multiplicatively. The system contains unknown parameters multiplied by output-dependent non-linearities. This method relies on a parameter estimator and state observer design and standard backstepping construction. Compared with the traditional parameter estimation and state observation, the approach in this study has three distinct features due to adopting the new adaptive mechanism recently developed in literature. First, the parameter estimator and state observer does not follow the classical certainty equivalent principle. Second, the design treats the unknown parameter estimation and unmeasured state observation in a united way. Third, unlike the conventional observer-based backstepping, the design does not require the construction of Lyapunov function for every augmented sub-system. Furthermore, the method is applied to the stabilisation of single-machine-infinite-bus power systems with steam valve control using only measurements of the power angle as an illustrative example. A typical example is also given to show that the proposed method can be applied to more general systems which violate the cascading upper diagonal dominance conditions.
Solar radiation variability on the floor of a pine plantation

Abstract Measurements of global radiation were made above and below the canopy of a pine plantation during eight consecutive cloudless days. Several analyses were to be made of the variation in time and space in global radiation reaching the forest floor. One analysis represented the measurements as deviations from the mean global radiation at the floor. This approach revealed that periodic samples would be required from at least three pyranometers in this stand to satisfactorily estimate means over short periods of up to a few hours. A statistical analysis of daily radiation totals showed that significant differences were still present among individual sampling points. However, no significant differences were found among measurements of daily totals on four sample plots, each containing five sample points. The analyses suggest some guidelines for sampling global radiation beneath a forest canopy. The measurements also demonstrated the scattering effects of the canopy. The diffuse component increased from 15% of the global radiation above the canopy to 46% of the portion transmitted to the floor. The mean transmission was 17% during the 8-day experiment.
Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow in a channel with rib roughness

Abstract Turbulent flow in a channel with transverse rib roughness on one wall is investigated by large-eddy simulation (LES). The spacing of the roughness elements is varied to reproduce the so-called d- and k-type roughness, and an intermediate roughness between the two. The time–mean and instantaneous flows are analyzed. The LES results agree with the rather limited laboratory observations in flows with rib roughness, and provide new insights into the effects of roughness on the mean flow as well as the turbulence structure. In d-type roughness, the outer flow almost rides over the roughness layer, in the mean, with the separation eddies confined to the gaps between the ribs. For intermediate roughness, between the d-type and k-type, the mean separation region is about the same size as the cavity between the ribs, but the outer flow is affected by large turbulent eddies emanating from the roughness layer. For k-type roughness, separation and reattachment occur between two adjoining ribs, much larger and more frequent eddies are thrown into the outer flow, resulting in strong interaction between the roughness layer and the outer flow. Time and space averaged velocity profiles show the well-known downward shift of the semi-logarithmic portion of the law of the wall. This result is quite surprising in view of the grossly varying spatial structure of the instantaneous flow.
26- and 27-Methyl groups of 2-substituted, 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxylated vitamin D compounds are essential for calcium mobilization in vivo

Twelve new analogs of 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D36-17, were prepared by a multi-step procedure from known alcohols 18 and 19. We have examined the influence of removing two methyl groups located at C-25, as well as the 25-hydroxy group, on the biological in vitro and in vivo biological activity. Surprisingly, removal of the 26- and 27-methyl groups from either the 2α-methyl or 2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduced vitamin D receptor binding, HL-60 differentiation, and 25-hydroxylase transcription in vitro only slightly to moderately (compounds 6-13). However, these compounds were devoid of in vivo bone mobilization activity and had markedly reduced activity on intestinal calcium transport. The analogs 14-17 with a 2β-methyl substitution had little or no activity in vitro and in vivo as expected from previous work.
Bioturbation and the origin of the metazoans: Evidence from the Belt Supergroup, Montana

Relatively large and diverse body fossils and traces of the Ediacaran assemblage must have been preceded by the evolution of simpler, probably smaller, metazoans. The ancestral benthic burrowing metazoans may not have been fossilized but should be recognizable by bioturbate fabric in the mud they inhabited. An examination of the shale of the 1.3-eon (1.3 × 10 9 yr)-old Belt Supergroup disclosed no hint of biologic reworking, indicating either that the Belt basin was a large anaerobic seaway or that Belt sedimentation predated the evolution of burrowing metazoans. The lack of bioturbation, even in what were probably shallow shelf environments, supports the latter conclusion that metazoans capable of bioturbation evolved later than 1.3 eons B.P.
Clinical application of tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads in six dogs (2002-2004).

Medical records for six dogs treated with tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads were reviewed for indications, duration of disease, number of beads implanted, complications, radiographic appearance of the beads, and outcomes. Beads were no longer visible on radiographs made 5 weeks after implantation. Osteomyelitis resolved in five of five dogs with follow-up. The lack of complications and the resolution of clinical signs associated with tobramycin calcium sulfate bead implantation support their clinical application in treating osteomyelitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2008;44:320-326.
COMBINED TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION AND THERMAL RADIATION IN A CURVED PIPE WITH UNIFORM WALL TEMPERATURE

The combined turbulent forced-convective and radiative heat transfer of a participating medium in the entrance region of a curved pipe is investigated numerically. The P-1 radiation model and the renormalization group (RNG) k- k model are applied to simulate the turbulent convective heat transfer with thermal radiation in the curved pipe at a constant wall temperature. A control-volume finite-element method (CVFEM) with second-order accuracy is used to solve the governing equations. This study explores the interaction phenomena between turbulent forced convection and thermal radiation in a participating medium inside a curved pipe at different temperature ratio, optical thickness, and wall emissivity.
Rapid, energetic metathesis routes to crystalline metastable phases of zirconium and hafnium dioxide

Rapid, exothermic metathesis (exchange) reactions between ZrCl4 and Na2O result in crystalline ZrO2 in seconds. Thermal analysis and in situ reaction temperature measurements show that the reaction initiates near the sublimation point of ZrCl4, rapidly reaches temperatures above 1350 °C, and generates a molten NaCl flux for a few seconds. Powder X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the product is a mixture of room-temperature monoclinic and high-temperature cubic ZrO2 phases. The addition of cubic phase stabilizers such as Ca, Y, or Ce oxides or their chlorides to the reaction results in an increase in cubic phase formation up to nearly 70%. These partially stabilized products can withstand annealing to 1300 °C, unlike the unstabilized product, which reverts to the thermodynamic room-temperature monoclinic form on heating to 900 °C. The analogous reaction between HfCl4 and Na2O results in crystalline HfO2. The addition of CaO to this reaction also enhances cubic phase formation.
Routine Determination of Particulate Silica in Water

Abstract A method is described for the determination of particulate silica in water or biogenic material. The decomposition of the sample is satisfactorily achieved by treatment with a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids. After standing at room temperature overnight, the mixture is then treated with boric acid taken up with water and analyzed for silicon by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. The reproducibility of the decomposition method is ± 5%. Recovery after addition of known amounts of pure SiO2 standards to the lakewater samples is 90 - 95%.
Health Literacy in an Adult Dental Research Population: A Pilot Study

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to gather data concerning the level of health literacy in adults who frequently volunteer for our clinical research programs. Methods: A convenience sample of 99 adults was recruited from our database of subjects taking part in an ongoing series of investigations. Health literacy was measured using the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA). Additional demographic and socioeconomic data were collected by means of a questionnaire. Results: The results indicated that 13 percent of the cohort of subjects scored in the “inadequate” or “marginal” categories as described by the criteria of the S-TOFHLA. Inadequate or marginal health literacy was associated with race, gender, and age. Unfortunately, the sample size was too small to determine the interaction of these variables. Conclusions: Dental faculty conducting clinical research investigations should be cognizant of the fact that a portion of adults, especially older adults, may have difficulty reading written instructions, informational letters of consent, prescriptions, and other documents. Researchers should make every effort to ensure that information provided in text form is provided in a manner that is easily understandable to the reader. Technical terminology and jargon should be avoided or if used, it should be explained in plain, simple language. If a potential subject is having difficulty, the investigator is obligated to take the additional time to educate the potential subject using alternative methods.
Liver X receptor-dependent repression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in macrophages.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc endopeptidases that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components during normal and pathogenic tissue remodeling. Inappropriate expression of these enzymes contributes to the development of vascular pathology, including atherosclerosis. MMP-9 is expressed in its active form in atherosclerotic lesions and is believed to play an important role in vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cell migration, and plaque instability. We demonstrate here that the liver X receptors (LXRs) LXRα and LXRβ inhibit basal and cytokine-inducible expression of MMP-9. Treatment of murine peritoneal macrophages with the synthetic LXR agonists GW3965 or T1317 reduces MMP-9 mRNA expression and blunts its induction by pro-inflammatory stimuli including lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α. In contrast, macrophage expression of MMP-12 and MMP-13 is not altered by LXR ligands. We further show that the ability of LXR ligands to regulate MMP-9 expression is strictly receptor-dependent and is not observed in macrophages obtained from LXRαβ null mice. Analysis of the 5′-flanking region of the MMP-9 gene indicates that LXR/RXR heterodimers do not bind directly to theMMP-9 promoter. Rather, activation of LXRs repressesMMP-9 expression, at least in part through antagonism of the NFκB signaling pathway. These observations identify the regulation of macrophage MMP-9 expression as a mechanism whereby activation of LXRs may impact macrophage inflammatory responses.
Impact of a Health and Media Literacy Curriculum on 4th-Grade Girls: A Qualitative Study

Abstract Recent research indicates that young girls are preoccupied with their body size and that the media may be a contributing factor. This study aimed to discover the impact of an interdisciplinary media literacy intervention curriculum on 4th-grade girls in an urban elementary school. The authors developed and implemented a series of lessons that educated a group of 4th-grade girls on the role of fat in growth and development and the media-generated images of women and girls. Focus group methodology was used to understand the impact of the intervention. Posttest data indicated that participants in the intervention were more likely to consider and wrestle with the complexities of body size and media representation issues than were participants in the control group.
Organization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in human striatum: receptor autoradiographic studies in Huntington's disease and schizophrenia.

The technique of quantitative autoradiography was used to examine the effects of Huntington's disease (HD) and schizophrenia on the organization of striatal dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptors. Whereas the striatum of HD cases showed a reduction in the density of D1 ([3H]SCH 23390) and D2 ([3H]spiroperidol) receptors, the patterning of D2 receptor loss did not match that of the D1 receptor loss. The HD loss of D1 D1 receptors (65%) is far greater than the loss of D2 receptors (28%). Whereas there was a dorsal-ventral gradient of effect on both receptor subtypes, the effects of HD on D2 receptors in the ventral putamen (PUT) and nucleus accumben septi (NAS) were minimal. Similarly, muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors demonstrate different patterns of alteration in HD. The M2 subtype, labeled with [3H]N-methylscopolamine (in the presence of excess pirenzepine to occlude M1 sites), was depleted far more than the M1 receptor subtype, labeled with [3H]pirenzepine. Although the effects of HD on [3H]mazindol labeling of DA terminals were more heterogeneous, there appeared to be a relative preservation of this afferent input to the striatum of the HD cases. In the schizophrenic cases, our autoradiographic studies confirm previous reports of an elevation of D2 receptor density in the striata of many schizophrenics. This increase was evident even though two of the three cases were known to have not been treated with neuroleptics, and the third case may also have been drug naive. however, the increase was far greater in the NAS (164%) and ventral PUT (173%) than more dorsally in the striatum (68%). The density of D1 receptors and DA terminals labeled with [3H]mazindol in the striatum of schizophrenics was not significantly different from that of control cases. Thus in both HD and schizophrenia, the ratio of D2/D1 receptors is altered in favor of the D2 population, particularly in the NAS.
Procrastination as revenge: Do people report using delays as a strategy for vengeance?

Abstract Procrastination may be a means of getting revenge for mistreatment by others or inequities from life. Across two samples, the relation between procrastination and revenge was assessed. In Sample 1, 263 college students completed self-reported inventories on revenge and decisional and behavioral procrastination. Revenge was significantly related to decisional procrastination, behavioral procrastination, and dysfunctional procrastination. In a second sample, 277 other college students completed the procrastination and revenge scales, plus measures of irrational beliefs and just world. Results indicated that only a just world belief was related significantly with decisional, behavioral, and dysfunctional procrastination. Irrational beliefs and revenge were not significantly related to procrastination in this sample. Taken together, these studies indicate that people may not openly admit the use of “procrastination as revenge,” and the relation between these personality variables is tentative at best.
Overseer: A Mobile Context-Aware Collaboration and Task Management System for Disaster Response

Efficient collaboration and task management is challenging in distributed, dynamically-formed organizations such as ad hoc disaster response teams. Ineffective collaboration may result in poor performance and loss of life. In this paper, we present Overseer, an open multi-agent system that leverages context information in a mobile setting to facilitate collaboration and task allocation. We describe our system architecture, deployment, evaluation metrics, challenges and proposed solutions. We also show how mobile context can be used to create dynamic role-based assignments to support collaboration and effective task management.
Residual insomnia following cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD

This study examined whether insomnia persisted after completion of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PTSD and whether persistence of insomnia was associated with continuing nightmares, vigilance, depression, childhood abuse history, or having been traumatized in a sleep-related context. A retrospective analysis of posttreatment Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) data from 27 patients who no longer met PTSD diagnosis following CBT for PTSD revealed that 48% reported residual insomnia. For the large majority, insomnia persisted in the absence of continuing nightmares and hypervigilance. Experiencing trauma in a sleep-related context was associated with greater risk for residual insomnia, whereas childhood abuse history and depression were not. These findings suggest that interventions to address factors maintaining insomnia residual to PTSD warrant study.
Attitudes Toward Advertising

Abstract As the Asian region moves to becoming a strong economic force and advertisers continue to increase their spending targeted toward Asian consumers, it is important to examine how these consumers feel about advertising. Consumers' attitudes towards advertising have been found to influence assessments of other desired advertising outcomes such as attitude toward individual advertisements and brand attitude. A study was therefore undertaken to provide an initial picture of attitudes toward advertising across several important Asian countries. Results provide a baseline to monitor potential changes in each of the countries as their economies and advertising industries continue to evolve. The results further suggest that cross-cultural researchers may be missing some important factors in assessing differences across countries in relation to advertising. The level of development of a country's advertising industry, as well as fluctuations in a country's economy, may be very important in assessing attitu...
Integrin α chain cytoplasmic tails regulate “antibody‐redirected” cell adhesion, independently of ligand binding

Here we describe a novel "antibody-redirected cell adhesion" (ARCA) assay. This assay measures heterotypic cell-cell adhesion, resulting from antibody bridging between Fc gamma receptors type II (CD32) on leukocytes, and clustered integrins on adherent cell monolayers. This ARCA activity, facilitated by integrins alpha3 beta1 or alpha4 beta1, required an intact cytoskeleton, but did not involve typical integrin ligand binding sites or divalent cations. Furthermore, deletion of the alpha4 cytoplasmic tail almost completely abrogated integrin ARCA activity, suggesting an alteration of integrin recruitment into adhesive sites. If two or more tail residues were present after the conserved GFFKR motif, then ARCA activity was largely restored. Although alpha4 tail deletion caused loss of ARCA activity, it had no effect on the binding of VCAM-1 to intact alpha4-transfected K562 cells. In conclusion, the integrin alpha chain tail can positively regulate integrin-dependent cell adhesion by a receptor recruitment/clustering mechanism independent of conventional integrin ligand-binding considerations.