cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Every 3-connected distance claw-free graph is Hamilton-connected

A graph G is said to be distance claw-free (in DC) if for each vertex v in V(G) the independence number of the subgraph of G induced by the set of vertices at distance i from v is at most 2 for each i>=0. It is shown that every 3-connected graph in DC is hamilton-connected, answering affirmatively a question of Shepherd.
A complex systems approach to metallic fracture surface characterization

Abstract The physical scale of observation and the mathematical formalism of description are important choices for the modeling of physical phenomena. The role of local interactions in relating complex features at different scales in inelastic material fracture is important since material damage has local origins while fracture is a large scale event. In this investigation, the relationship between large scale and small continuum scale fracture surface features are quantified in terms of local, small scale interactions. Experimental measurements of local fracture surface orientation were obtained from processing video images of the fracture surface under different illumination directions. The image processing mapped pixel intensities into a set of three local fracture surface inclination classes defined with respect to the macroscopic surface normal and crack growth direction. Stochastic cellular automaton parameters were identified from the processed image of local inclination classes for use in subsequent simulation. Physical consistency of the parameters with respect to symmetry under spatial reflection was demonstrated. Synthetic processed images were generated using two different types of initial conditions. The processed and synthetic processed images contained similar proportions and features of self-organization, as compared to random images, yet were relatively insensitive to initial conditions of the simulations. This is consistent with the local uniqueness and global reproducibility associated with the mechanics of fracture. Through this approach, the ability to determine the dominant local interaction scale and the global scale of self-organization from experiment should complement analytical modeling of the fracture process. This method of analysis serves to identify features on the fracture surface for additional scrutiny by higher resolution experimental methods.
Integrating XTANGO's animator into the SR concurrent programming language

XTANGO's animation interpreter program, animator, has been very useful as a tool for animating concurrent programs written for an operating systems or concurrent programming class. Additional print statements can be added to a program and the output of the program can be read by the animation interpreter. The resulting algorithm animation will appear in a new window on the user's workstation running X-windows. SR is a concurrent programming language that can be used by students in an operating systems or concurrent programming class.This paper describes integrating XTANGO's animation interpreter into SR so that procedure calls can be made directly to the animation code, rather than generating an intermediate output file or piping the SR program's output to the animator program. Two new animation commands, stepjump and stepjumpto, were added so that more that one object can be moving at a time in the XTANGO window.Algorithm animation using SR is now even easier. An example SR program is included.
Health and Physical Education Teacher Certification Practices in the United States 1988-1992.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to determine national certification practices in health and physical education, the frequency of states permitting certified physical education teachers to teach health education classes and certified health education teachers to teach physical education classes, and trends in statewide testing in health and physical education. The subjects (n=50) completing the questionnaire in 1988 and 1992 consisted of department of public instruction level administrators in all 50 states. Results indicated that 84 percent (n=42) of the states in 1988 and 86 percent (n=43) in 1992 issued separate certifications in health and physical education. In 1988, 46 percent (n=23) of the states issued the combined health and physical education certificate compared to 36 percent (n=18) in 1992. Several states, 32 percent in 1988 and 26 percent in 1992, issued both the separate certification and the combined certification in health and physical education. The practice of permitting certifie...
The evolution of a virtualized laboratory environment

Distance learning techniques for lecture-based courses have been employed with success for quite some time. Creating a hands-on laboratory environment to serve the same remote student population has proven to be difficult. This paper addresses the evolution of a remote laboratory system designed to provide faculty and students with a functional and accessible solution that offers an experience equivalent to that of an on-site laboratory. It addresses successes and failures. The designs for each of the iterations are discussed. Future integration with additional curriculum, as well as plans for community outreach, are proposed.
Reliability of SCS curve number method on semi-arid, reclaimed minelands

ABSTRACT The USDA Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN) method is a commonly used procedure for estimating runoff amounts from rainfall. This study was conducted to compare estimates of initial abstraction (Ia), maximum potential retention (S), and CN values from semi-arid, reclaimed mineland soils under various conditions using both the original SCS equations and the more commonly used equations in which Ia = 0.2S is assumed. Simulated rainfall was applied to 40 plots of reclaimed minelands of various textures, slopes, and basal cover. Values of Ia estimated from die field data were only 13% of S as compared to the assumed value of 20% in the SCS method. Generally the SCS method over-estimated Ia and CN while underestimating S when Ia was assumed to be 20% of S. Differences between the field-estimated and SCS-estimated Ia, S, and Cn values were significantly different from zero only for wet conditions due to decreased variability. Basal cover had a much greater influence on CN values for dry ...
Seasonal climatology of wind-driven circulation on the New Jersey Shelf

[1] The spatial structure of the mean and seasonal surface circulation in the central region of the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (New Jersey Shelf) are characterized using 6 years of CODAR long‐range HF radar data (2002–2007). The mean surface flow over the New Jersey Shelf is 2–12 cm/s down shelf and offshore to the south. The detided root‐mean‐square (RMS) velocity variability ranges from 11 to 20 cm/s. The variability is on the order of the mean current offshore and several times that of the mean current nearshore. The Hudson Shelf Valley and the shelf break act as dynamical boundaries that define the New Jersey Shelf. The surface flow on the New Jersey Shelf depends on topography, seasonal stratification, and wind forcing. The flow is in the approximate direction of the wind during the unstratified season and more to the right of the wind during the stratified season. During the stratified summer season, the dominant along‐shore upwelling favorable winds from the SW drive cross‐shelf offshore flow. During the unstratified/well‐mixed winter season, the dominant cross‐shore NW winds drive cross‐shelf offshore flows. During the transition seasons of spring and autumn, along‐shore NE winds, often associated with storm events, drive energetic down‐shelf, along‐shelf flows. The surface transport pathways are either cross‐shelf dominated during summer and winter or along‐shelf dominated during the transition seasons. The residence time of surface Lagrangian drifters on the New Jersey Shelf ranged from 1 to 7 weeks with summer and autumn showing faster transport than winter and spring.
Career counselor training and supervision: role of the supervisory working alliance

The importance of career counseling within our educational and professional systems is clearly recognized, yet little attention has been directed toward explicating the career counseling supervision process. Research on personal–emotional counseling supervision has stressed the critical importance of the supervisory relationship. The purpose of this study was to better understand the nature and effect of the supervisory working alliance in the supervision of career counselors, using case study methodology. Results point to the importance of explicitly addressing the working alliance early in the work, exploration of affect in supervision, and cognizance of the power differential inherent in a training relationship.
Extended Kalman filtering for vortex systems. Part II: Rankine vortices and observing-system design

Abstract Point-vortex systems with both regular and chaotic motion can be tracked by a combination of Lagrangian observations of vortex position and of Eulerian observations of fluid velocity at a few fixed points. If only Eulerian observations are available, singularities in the tracking can develop due to nonlinearity in the observing functions on two occasions: when point vortices pass very close to an observing station, and when the observed speed is small. In Part II of this two-part paper, the vorticity concentrations are approximated by Rankine vortices with finite core in solid-body rotation, while a cut-off criterion is imposed on the Eulerian observations; this removes the singularities and hence results in satisfactory tracking when the observations are judiciously chosen. The main result is that a number of observations comparable to that of the distinct vorticity concentrations suffices for very accurate tracking. The key elements for successful tracking of Rankine-vortex systems using nonlinear, Eulerian observations are: distribution of available stations, threshold criteria for the selection of stations used in each update, and the observing frequency. Simple analysis provides the optimal estimate for these key elements, together with the optimal size of the estimated Rankine vortices.
Training group counselors: A total curriculum perspective

Abstract It is possible to implement many of the recommendations in the current literature related to group counselor education in a master's level program with limited faculty and instructional facilities.
Susceptibility of ATP-sensitive K+ channels to cell stress through mediation of phosphoinositides as examined by photoirradiation

1 Cell stress is implicated in a number of pathological states of metabolism, such as ischaemia, reperfusion and apoptosis in heart, neurons and other tissues. While it is known that the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel plays a role during metabolic abnormality, little information is available about the direct response of this channel to cell stress. Using photoirradiation stimulation, we studied the effects of cell stress on both native and cloned KATP channels. 2 Single KATP channel currents were recorded from cell-attached and inside-out patches of rat ventricular myocytes and COS-1 cells coexpressing SUR2 and Kir6.2. KATP channel activity increased within < 1 min upon irradiation. The activity resulted from increased maximal open probability and decreased ATP inhibition. The effects remained after the irradiation was stopped. Irradiation also affected the channels formed only by Kir6.2ΔC35. 3 The irradiation-induced activation was comparable to that induced by phosphoinositides. Analysis of phosphatidylinositol composition revealed an elevated phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate level with irradiation. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol kinases, decreased both the irradiation-induced channel activity and the production of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphates. 4 Radical scavengers also reduced the irradiation-induced activation, suggesting a role for free radicals, an immediate product of photoirradiation. 5 We conclude that photoirradiation can modify the single-channel properties of KATP, which appears to be mediated by phosphoinositides. Our study suggests that cellular stress may be linked with KATP channels, and we offer a putative mechanism for such a linkage.
All natural composite sandwich beams for structural applications

Abstract As part of developing an all natural composite roof for housing application, structural panels and unit beams were manufactured out of soybean oil based resin and natural fibers (flax, cellulose, pulp, recycled paper, chicken feathers) using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technology. Physical and chemical investigations and mechanical testing of the beams yielded good results in line with desired structural performance. Room temperature curing of an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) resin gave a flexural modulus of 1 GPa. Natural fiber reinforcement of 20–55 wt.% fiber increased the flexural modulus to 2–6 GPa. The same resin reinforced with woven E-glass gave a flexural modulus of 17 GPa. Using this type of composite in building construction introduces many advantages such as high strength and stiffness to weight, survivability in severe weather conditions, desired ductility, fatigue resistance, and design flexibility (three-dimensional forms, molded in place, easy to install and structure replacement). A bio-based (natural and biodegradable) matrix reinforced by natural fibers also provides an important environmental advantage, as renewable resources are used instead of petroleum-based materials. Five different structural beams were successfully manufactured and mechanically tested giving good results. Combinations of two different fibers were also introduced to give processing and strength advantages.
Interaction of brain noradrenergic system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in man.

Summary Background Numerous interactions between the brainstem locus coeruleus system and the HPA axis have been shown in experimental animals. This relationship is less well characterized in humans and little is known about the influence of psychiatric disorders, which disturb one of these systems, on this relationship. Methods Untreated subjects with pure MDD (n=13), MDD with comorbid anxiety disorders (n=17), and pure anxiety disorders (n=15) were recruited by advertising. Age and sex matched control subjects were recruited for each subject with a psychiatric diagnosis (n=45). All subjects underwent a social stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and blood was collected for ACTH assay. These same subjects also underwent a clonidine challenge study for assessment of growth hormone release as a marker of tonic noradrenergic activation. Results Examining log transformed area under the curve response for each hormone, a significant negative relationship (simple regression) was observed between systems in normal subjects. This relationship was preserved in anxiety subjects. However, both pure depressed and comorbid depressed and anxiety subjects demonstrated disruption of this relationship. Conclusions Under normal circumstances, noradrenergic systems can influence the magnitude of the HPA axis response to stress. However, in subjects with major depression, HPA axis activation appears autonomous of noradrenergic influence.
Implementing a Mileage-Based Road User Charge:

This article explores a series of issues related to implementing a mileage-based road user charge. This user charge is intended to eventually replace the motor fuel tax, which is certain to become increasingly less productive as gains in fuel mileage occur and as electric hybrid and eventually hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles enter the market. Before so great a change can occur as to how roads in the United States are financed, a series of policy and operational considerations must be addressed. The article first presents an overview of a mileage-based road user charge approach, then examines a variety of issues related to its implementation, and concludes that substantial benefits from implementing this new form of user charge are possible.
Organization of central adrenergic pathways : I. Relationships of ventrolateral medullary projections to the hypothalamus and spinal cord

We studied the organization of projections from the C1 adrenergic and A1 noradrenergic cell groups in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) to the hypothalamus and the spinal cord by using a combination of retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers and immunocytochemistry. Three issues were addressed. Neurons in the VLM that stain immunohistochemically for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) have been assumed to be adrenergic. However, the presence of PNMT-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus that do not stain for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) prompted us to re-evaluate the VLM by an elution-restaining immunohistochemical procedure. We confirmed that nearly all of the rostral medullary PNMT-immunoreactive neurons also stained for TH. By contrast, in the caudal medulla, very few TH-positive neurons stained for PNMT. Neurons of the C1 group in the rostral VLM project both to the thoracic spinal cord and to the hypothalamus. To determine whether individual C1 neurons send collaterals to the hypothalamus and spinal cord, we injected different-colored fluorescent dyes (diamidino yellow or fast blue) into the thoracic spinal gray matter and either the median preoptic (MnPO) or paraventricular (PVH) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Very few double-labeled neurons were found in the VLM, indicating that hypothalamic and spinal cord projections arise from almost completely independent populations of cells. Approximately half of the neurons projecting to the spinal cord from rostral VLM were not immunoreactive for TH or PNMT, indicating that a substantial part of this projection is noncatecholaminergic. The MnPO and the PVH both receive extensive catecholaminergic inputs from the VLM. We also used fluorescent retrograde tracers to determine whether individual VLM neurons send collaterals to both hypothalamic sites. Approximately 20% of neurons projecting to the MnPO in the rostral two thirds of the VLM also sent collaterials to the PVH, nearly all of these neurons being TH-positive. The collateralization of the VLM catecholaminergic projection to the hypothalamus may provide an anatomical substrate for integration of fore-brain participation in cardiovascular regulation. In contrast, the adrenergic projection from the VLM to the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord arises from a separate population of neurons.
Rejoinder to Professor Ruback’s article: Warranted and Unwarranted Complexity in the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines

Professor Barry Ruback critiques the U.S. sentencing guidelines for their complexity, their lack of articulated purpose, and their unreliability. In a brief rejoinder to the complexity argument, this article points out that the complexity of previous sentencing practices helped drive the complexity of the guidelines the federal Sentencing Commission developed. Further, it notes that while the commission failed to articulate a philosophical purpose to the guidelines, the commission did develop guidelines that are a modified just desert model. Finally, the complexity of the guidelines does increase the risk of miscalculation and thus unreliability compared to simpler guidelines, but this discussion shows that a fairer benchmark is to past sentencing practices.
The cephalosporin antibiotics

Abstract This article reviews the cephalosporin antibiotics in the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. Available cephalosporins are classified as limited-, intermediate-, and broad-spectrum agents. This group of β-lactam drugs has a mechanism of action similar to penicillin but a broader range of activity due to increased resistance to β-lactamases. The biochemistry and pharmacology of the cephalosporins are briefly reviewed, with emphasis placed on those aspects that affect the choice of a particular agent over another. Cost considerations are also emphasized. Clinical situations in which a cephalosporin antibiotic is an appropriate choice include surgical prophylaxis, urinary tract and respiratory tract infections, gonnorhea and pelvic inflammatory disease, and many serious systemic infections.
CRISPR Interference Limits Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococci by Targeting DNA

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria and archaea occurs through phage transduction, transformation, or conjugation, and the latter is particularly important for the spread of antibiotic resistance. Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci confer sequence-directed immunity against phages. A clinical isolate of Staphylococcus epidermidis harbors a CRISPR spacer that matches the nickase gene present in nearly all staphylococcal conjugative plasmids. Here we show that CRISPR interference prevents conjugation and plasmid transformation in S. epidermidis. Insertion of a self-splicing intron into nickase blocks interference despite the reconstitution of the target sequence in the spliced mRNA, which indicates that the interference machinery targets DNA directly. We conclude that CRISPR loci counteract multiple routes of HGT and can limit the spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
Quantum efficiency in InSb

Abstract The phonon-less electron collision processes which can create electron-hole pairs are analyzed theoretically on the basis of both parabolic and non-parabolic energy bands to explain the dependence of the quantum efficiency in InSb on the energy of the incident illumination. It is found that two of these processes are dominant with room temperature thresholds at photon energies of 0.44 eV and 0.62 eV, in good agreement with the experimental values 0.47 eV and 0.60 eV. The energy dependence of the quantum efficiency is also qualitatively explained.
PEM Fuel Cell Flooding Diagnostics Based on an Unscented Kalman Filter Approach

This paper proposes a model-based approach for the fuel cell flooding diagnostics problem. The cathode channel flooding and the GDL flooding diagnostic problems are decoupled and formulated as standard joint state and parameter estimation problems, with the amounts of the liquid water treated as varying system parameters to be identified. The unscented Kalman Filter technique has been applied to solve these problems. Simulation results prove the applicability of the cascading unscented Kalman filter design for flooding diagnostics.© 2014 ASME
A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis.

It is suggested that if Guttman's latent-root-one lower bound estimate for the rank of a correlation matrix is accepted as a psychometric upper bound, following the proofs and arguments of Kaiser and Dickman, then the rank for a sample matrix should be estimated by subtracting out the component in the latent roots which can be attributed to sampling error, and least-squares “capitalization” on this error, in the calculation of the correlations and the roots. A procedure based on the generation of random variables is given for estimating the component which needs to be subtracted.
Pyrophaeophorbide-a as a tracer of suspended particulate organic matter from the NE Pacific continental margin

Pyrophaeophorbide-a, a degradation product of chlorophyll-a, is predominantly formed by grazing processes in sediments as well as in the water column. Water column profiles of pyrophaeophorbide-a/suspended particulate organic carbon (SPOC) concentrations, at an abyssal site in the northeast (NE) Pacific (Sta M, 34°50′N, 123°00′W; 4100 m water depth), show low concentrations (0.01–0.1 ng/μg SPOC) at surface and mesopelagic depths, and increasing concentrations with closer proximity to the sea floor (0.05–0.6 ng/μg SPOC). However, in June 1992, the deep maximum of pyrophaeophorbide-a/SPOC in the water column of Sta M extended higher into the water column, as much as 1600 m above the bottom (mab) (2500 m water depth); in other seasons they only extended up to 650 mab (3450 m water depth). Previous studies have demonstrated lateral transport of particulate matter from the continental shelf to the deep ocean off the coast of northern California. Recent work suggests that the benthic boundary layer (BBL) extends to 50 mab, based on sediment trap and transmissometry measurements (Smith, K.L., Kaukmann, R.S., Baldwin, R.J., 1994. Coupling of near-bottom pelagic and benthic processes at abyssal depths. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 1101–1118.), and that lateral transport is significant only during summer, which is consistent with our observations. A partial vertical profile of pyrophaeophorbide-a/SPOC from the north central (NC) Pacific provides some evidence that the deep maximum may be absent due to the distance of this site from the continental margin. Thus, the observed deep maximum of pyrophaeophorbide-a/SPOC at Sta M is likely due mainly to lateral transport from the continental slope rather than to local vertical resuspension in the BBL exclusively. Pyrophaeophorbide-a concentrations in SPOC at Sta M were negatively correlated with Δ14C values of SPOC (SPOC samples from Druffel, E.R.M., Bauer, J.E., Williams, P.M., Griffin, S.A. and Wolgast, D., 1996, Seasonal variability of particulate organic radiocarbon in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 20543–20552), further supporting our contention that pyrophaeophorbide-apeaks in the deep water column are derived from “older” resuspended sediments that were laterally transported from continental margin sediments. Our molecular biomarker (pyrophaeophorbide-a) data are reflective of a specific fraction of SPOC that likely remains in the water column for long periods of time or is derived from resuspended sediments.
Applied linguistics: What's that?

This paper traces the historical development of strong and weak definitions of applied linguistics. Strong definitions of applied linguistics assume that the methods and insights of theoretical linguistics are directly applicable to resolving second language teaching problems. On the other hand, weak definitions do not limit themselves to the resolution of second language teaching problems but potentially address all practical language-related problems. These definitions typically assert the autonomy of the field from the mother discipline; and they draw on a broad range of feeder disciplines in addition to theoretical linguistics, whose choice depends on which particular language-related problem is to be resolved. This paper argues that weak definitions are preferable in that they provide a most necessary element of flexibility in the theory and practice of applied linguistics which is in tune with the needs and realities of the wider profession. Finally, the paper illustrates these theoretical principles with a practical example by examining the contributions various feeder disciplines can make to designing a coherent second language curriculum.
Use of multichannel heterostructures to improve the access resistance and f/sub T/ linearity in GaN-based HEMTs

The typical access resistance of GaN-based transistors is almost an order of magnitude higher than in other semiconductor materials like Si or GaAs. This very high access resistance represents a major difficulty for the fabrication of high-speed devices where parasitic delays currently dominate. In this paper, the use of high conductivity modulation doped multiple channel heterostructures in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is demonstrated. This has allowed the engineering of the differential resistance of the access regions in these transistors, allowing a significant improvement of their DC and RF characteristics. In the future, the combination of multiple channels separated by different barrier heights will increase even more the linearity of the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Columnar activity supports propagation of population bursts in slices of rat entorhinal cortex.

Population bursts including epileptiform spikes and sharp waves can be generated in and propagate through the retrohippocampal cortices. The propagation of these events within the entorhinal cortex was studied with field potential recordings in horizontal slices from rat brain. Population bursts were elicited by repetitive extracellular stimuli in normal media. Transections of particular laminae and microknife cuts parallel to the pial surface were used to interrupt propagation or to isolate potential pathways. Population spikes were not found to propagate more than 0.5 mm in either superficial (layers I-III) or deep (layers V-VI) strips of tissue formed by cuts along layer IV. Events propagated over 2 mm when 'columnar' connectivity was intact. Population spikes propagated past microknife cuts which started at the pial surface and sectioned layers I-IV. Population spikes also propagated past microknife cuts which sectioned the angular bundle and layers V-VI. When deep layer cuts included layer IV, horizontal propagation of population spikes was blocked. Cuts running approximately in layer IV diminished the amplitude and duration of population events recorded in layers II and V (above and below the cut, respectively) and eliminated a high frequency oscillation which occurred during the burst event. It is concluded that superficial and deep layer neurons interact during propagation of population events in entorhinal cortex and that this 'columnar' activity: (a) intensifies the excitatory activity of superficial and deep layer neurons; and (b) provides multiple paths for the spread of activity from column to column within the entorhinal cortex.
Communication of statistcal concepts: examples in medical collaboration

While effective communication of statistical concepts is important for the enthusiastic adoption of these concepts by collaborators, statisticians are not necessarily trained in the process of communication with collaborators in other substantive fields. It is proposed that increased attention be paid to pedagogical techniques for communicating to our non-statistical colleagues what statisticians have to offer to the design and analysis aspects of a collaborative effort. One approach is to offer examples relevant to our colleagues’ fields when we explain statistical ideas. This paper provides several such examples from the field of neurology, focusing on the issue of sample selection bias and prospective study designs.
Comparative Analysis of 16S rRNA and amoA Genes from Archaea Selected with Organic and Inorganic Amendments in Enrichment Culture

We took advantage of a plant-root enrichment culture system to characterize mesophilic soil archaea selected through the use of organic and inorganic amendments. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA and amoA genes indicated that specific archaeal clades were selected under different conditions. Three amoA sequence clades were identified, while for a fourth group, identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis alone and referred to as the "root" clade, we detected no corresponding amoA gene. The amoA-containing archaea were present in media with either organic or inorganic amendments, whereas archaea representing the root clade were present only when organic amendment was used. Analysis of amoA gene abundance and expression, together with nitrification-coupled growth assays, indicated potential growth by autotrophic ammonia oxidation for members of two group 1.1b clades. Increased abundance of one of these clades, however, also occurred upon the addition of organic amendment. Finally, although amoA-containing group 1.1a archaea were present in enrichments, we detected neither expression of amoA genes nor evidence for nitrification-coupled growth of these organisms. These data support a model of a diverse metabolic community in mesophilic soil archaea that is just beginning to be characterized.
Random error and burst correction by iterated codes

We give a decoding algorithm for iterated codes that can correct up to the number of errors guaranteed by the product minimum distance, rather than about half that number when the iterated codes are decoded independently. This result is achieved by adapting Forney's generalized minimum distance decoding for use with iterated codes. We derive results on the simultaneous burst- and random-error-correction capability of iterated codes that improve considerably on known results.
The effect of an experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on bronchial lavage neutrophils.

Abstract Background: Viral respiratory tract infections are the most frequent cause of asthma exacerbations. Of the respiratory viruses associated with these exacerbations, rhinovirus (RV) is the most common. It is proposed that these RV infections may enhance airway inflammation and thus provoke asthma. Objective: It is our hypothesis that RV infections generate nasal proinflammatory mediators that are associated with an initial increase in circulating leukocytes and may contribute to later development of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Methods: To evaluate this hypothesis, subjects with a history of allergic asthma were experimentally inoculated with strain 16 RV (RV16). The effect of this experimental infection was evaluated on circulating leukocytes, nasal-derived mediators, and markers of bronchial inflammation that were obtained by bronchoscopy and lavage. Results: RV16 inoculation was associated with an initial increase in circulating neutrophils. Paralleling these acute changes in circulating neutrophils was an increase in nasal concentrations of IL-8 and granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The RV16-associated changes in circulating and nasal G-CSF correlated with increases in peripheral blood neutrophils ( r s = 0.874, P r s = 0.898, P Conclusions: These results suggest that the production of nasal mediators associated with the RV infection, particularly G-CSF, may be important to the eventual development of neutrophilic bronchial inflammation and thus contribute to asthma exacerbations. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1169-77.)
Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music

In two experiments, primed subjects were exposed to violent and misogynistic rap music and control subjects were exposed to popular music. Experiment 1 showed that violent and misogynistic rap music increased the automatic associations underlying evaluative racial stereotypes in high and low prejudiced subjects alike. By contrast, explicit stereotyping was dependent on priming and subjects’ prejudice level. In Experiment 2, the priming manipulation was followed by a seemingly unrelated person perception task in which subjects rated Black or White targets described as behaving ambiguously. As expected, primed subjects judged a Black target less favorably than a White target. By contrast, control subjects rated Black and White targets similarly. Subjects’ level of prejudice did not moderate these findings, suggesting the robustness of priming effects on social judgments.
Prostaglandin E2 secretion by oviductal transport-stage equine embryos.

This study was conducted to identify embryonic products whose secretion was temporally associated with the oviductal transport period of the mare, Chemicals secreted by oviductal-transport-stage equine embryos were identified by incubating Day 6 or Day 7 early uterine embryos with “S-methionine/cysteine, ‘H.progesterone, or 5H.arachidonic acid for 24 h, and subsequently identifying radioactively labeled proteins (SDS-PAGE; n = 3 embryos), steroids (HPLC; n = 3 embryos), or prostaglandins (HPLC; n = 3 embryos) in the culture medium. Early uterine embryos secreted 116.1 ± 45.5 pg of prostaglandin (PG) E,/ embryo, 1.0 ± 0.2 pg of 1 7a-hydroxy progesterone/embryo, 4.8 ± 0.6 pg of androstenedione/embryo, and 11.5 ± 4.5 pg of PGF,,./embryo. They did not secrete detectable quantities of protein, testosterone, or estradiol-17�. A second experiment was conducted to measure temporal changes in embryonic PGE, secretion during the oviductal and early uterine period. Day 3, Day 4, Day 5, and Day 6 embryos (n = 8 embryos/day) were incubated with ‘H-arachidonic acid for 24 h, and the concentration of ‘l-I-PGE, in the culture medium was subsequently measured by HPLC. Embryos did not secrete detectable amounts of PGE, prior to the expected time of oviductal transport (Day 3 and Day 4). They secreted 5.7 ± 1.0 pg of PGE,/embryo immediately before and during the expected time of oviductal transport (Day 5), and they secreted significantly (p < 0.01) higher amounts (42.0 ± 11.5 pg) of PGE,/embryo immediately after uterine entry (Day 6). Embryonic PGE, secretion was also detected on Day 6 by MA (271.0 ± 39.1 pg/embryo; n = 8 embryos). Demonstration of a temporal association between embryonic PGE, secretion and the oviductal transport period indicates that embryonic PGE, may initiate oviductal transport in the mare.
Shortest 3-dimensional paths with a prescribed curvature bound

We present the solution of the three-dimensional case of a problem regarding the structure of minimum-length paths with a prescribed curvature bound and prescribed initial and terminal positions and directions. In particular, we disprove a conjecture, according to which every minimizer is a concatenation of circles and straight lines. We show that there are many minimizers-the "helicoidal arcs"-that are not of this form. These arcs are smooth and are characterized by the fact that their torsion satisfies a second-order ordinary differential equation. The solution is obtained by applying optimal control theory. An essential feature of the problem is that it requires the use of optimal control on manifolds. The natural state space of the problem is the product of three-dimensional Euclidean space and a two-dimensional sphere. Although the problem is obviously embeddable in 6-dimensional Euclidean space, the maximum principle for the embedded problem yields no information, whereas a careful application of the maximum principle on manifolds yields a very strong result, namely, that every minimizer is either a helicoidal arc or of the form C, S, CS, SC, CSC, CCC, where C, S stand for "circle" and "segment", respectively.
Incision of DNA–protein crosslinks by UvrABC nuclease suggests a potential repair pathway involving nucleotide excision repair

DNA–protein crosslinks (DPCs) arise in biological systems as a result of exposure to a variety of chemical and physical agents, many of which are known or suspected carcinogens. The biochemical pathways for the recognition and repair of these lesions are not well understood in part because of methodological difficulties in creating site-specific DPCs. Here, a strategy for obtaining site-specific DPCs is presented, and in vitro interactions of the Escherichia coli nucleotide excision repair (NER) UvrABC nuclease at sites of DPCs are investigated. To create site-specific DPCs, the catalytic chemistry of the T4 pyrimidine dimer glycosylase/apurinic/apyrimidinic site lyase (T4-pdg) has been exploited, namely, its ability to be covalently trapped to apurinic/apyrimidinic sites within duplex DNA under reducing conditions. Incubation of the DPCs with UvrABC proteins resulted in DNA incision at the 8th phosphate 5′ and the 5th and 6th phosphates 3′ to the protein-adducted site, generating as a major product of the reaction a 12-mer DNA fragment crosslinked with the protein. The incision occurred only in the presence of all three protein subunits, and no incisions were observed in the nondamaged complementary strand. The UvrABC nuclease incises DPCs with a moderate efficiency. The proper assembly and catalytic function of the NER complex on DNA containing a covalently attached 16-kDa protein suggest that the NER pathway may be involved in DPC repair and that at least some subset of DPCs can be removed by this mechanism without prior proteolytic degradation.
Subcellular imaging of epithelium with time-lapse optical coherence tomography

We present the first experimental result of direct delineation of the nuclei of living rat bladder epithelium with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (uOCT). We demonstrate that the cellular details embedded in the speckle noise in a uOCT image can be uncovered by time-lapse frame averaging that takes advantage of the micromotion in living biological tissue. The uOCT measurement of the nuclear size (7.9±1.4 µm) closely matches the histological evaluation (7.2±0.8 µm). Unlike optical coherence microscopy (OCM), which requires a sophisticated high-NA microscopic objective, this approach uses a commercial-grade single achromatic lens (f/10 mm, NA/0.25) and provides a cross-sectional image over 0.6 mm of depth without focus tracking, thus holding great promise of endoscopic optical biopsy for diagnosis and grading of flat epithelial cancer such as carcinoma in situ in vivo.
Distribution and Broadscale Habitat Relations of the Wolverine in the Contiguous United States

Abstract Conservation of the wolverine (Gulo gulo) at the southern extent of its North American range requires reliable understandings of past and present distribution patterns and broad-scale habitat relations. We compiled 820 verifiable and documented records of wolverine occurrence (specimens, DNA detections, photos, and accounts of wolverines being killed or captured) in the contiguous United States from museums, the literature, and institutional archives. We spatially referenced 729 records with areal precision ≤1 township (93.2 km2) and temporal precision ≤10 years. Historical records (1827–1960) were located primarily in the western mountains and Great Lakes region. However, our data suggest that the historical distribution of wolverines in the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada was disjunct, contradicting previous interpretations. Our results indicate that wolverine range in the contiguous United States had contracted substantially by the mid-1900s. Current records (1995–2005) are limited to north-ce...
COOH-terminal domain of p53 modulates p53-mediated transcriptional transactivation, cell growth, and apoptosis.

The tumor suppressor protein p53 contributes to the control of cell cycle checkpoints and stress-induced apoptosis and is frequently mutated in many different types of human cancers. The COOH terminus of p53 modulates the transcriptional and apoptotic activities of the protein. Although COOH-terminal mutants of p53 are uncommon, we proposed that these p53 mutants nevertheless contributed to the selective clonal expansion of the cancer cells. Therefore, we analyzed the tumor-derived p53 COOH-terminal domain (CTD) mutants (352D/H, 356G/W, 342-stop, 360-del, and 387-del) functionally. The results have revealed that all mutants have impaired apoptotic activity when compared with wild-type p53. However, some of these mutants still transcriptionally transactivate p21Waf1/Cip1 and inhibit cell growth. Interestingly, of the tumor-derived CTD mutants, oligomerization-defective mutant 342-stop was the only one that did not exhibit sequence-specific DNA binding or failed to transactivate p21Waf1/Cip1 , Bax , and IGF-BP3 transcriptionally. The failure to inhibit cell growth by this tumor-derived CTD mutant supports the hypothesis that p53 sequence-specific transcriptional transactivity to p21Waf1/Cip1 is correlated with induction of cell cycle arrest and that the p53 transcriptional transactivity requires oligomerization of the p53 protein. These and other data indicate that the CTD of p53 is an important component of p53-mediated apoptosis and cell growth arrest and that inactivation of the apoptotic function, but not the inhibition of growth, is an important step during human tumorigenesis.
Type I error rates from mixed effects model repeated measures versus fixed effects anova with missing values imputed via last observation carried forward

Treatment effects are often evaluated by comparing change over time in outcome measures. However, valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic when subjects discontinue (dropout) prior to completing the trial. This study compared the Type I error rates from a likelihood-based repeated measures analysis (MMRM) to a fixed-effects analysis of variance where missing values were imputed using the last observation carried forward approach (LOCF). Comparisons were made in 32 scenarios, with 3000 simulated data sets per scenario. The null hypothesis of no difference between treatments in mean change from baseline to endpoint was true in all data sets. Subject dropout was introduced to generate ignorable and nonignorable missingness. Pooled across all scenarios, the Type I error rates for MMRM and LOCF were 5.85% and 10.36%, respectively. Type I error rates in the 32 scenarios ranged from 5.03% to 7.17% for MMRM, and from 4.43% to 36.30% for LOCF. In 19 of the 32 scenarios, MMRM yielded a Type I error rate that was at least 1.00% closer to the expected rate of 5.00% than the corresponding rate from LOCF. Greater inflation of Type I error in LOCF resulted from greater bias in estimates of mean change from baseline to endpoint and unduly small standard errors that were a consequence of failing to account for the uncertainty of imputation. The superior control of Type I error by MMRM suggested that MMRM should replace LOCF as the default primary analysis for longitudinal clinical trials where dropout bias may exist.
Structured Analogies for Forecasting

When people forecast, they often use analogies but in an unstructured manner. We propose a structured judgmental procedure that involves asking experts to list as many analogies as they can, rate how similar the analogies are to the target situation, and match the outcomes of the analogies with possible outcomes of the target. An administrator would then derive a forecast from the experts' information. We compared structured analogies with unaided judgments for predicting the decisions made in eight conflict situations. These were difficult forecasting problems; the 32% accuracy of the unaided experts was only slightly better than chance. In contrast, 46% of structured analogies forecasts were accurate. Among experts who were independently able to think of two or more analogies and who had direct experience with their closest analogy, 60% of forecasts were accurate. Collaboration did not improve accuracy.
A theoretical framework for studying school nutrition education programs

Abstract This paper suggests a framework for studying school nutrition education programs, facilitating comparative studies, and expanding our knowledge of nutrition education. The model could be used to study potential influences on children's current nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behavior and includes 3 relevant environments — home and family, school, and community. An understanding of these influences and their relative importance could serve as a basis for designating program objectives, identifying intervention targets, and determining potentially effective strategies. The model also focuses on the change process as influenced by nutrition education programs. This model considers the process and intermediate goals of the program as well as the outcomes and is a suggested beginning for research to build toward a general understanding of the process of nutrition education.