cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are the invariance principles really truly Lorentz covariant

It is shown that some sections of the invariance (or symmetry) principles such as the space reversal symmetry (or parity P) and time reversal symmetry T (of elementary particle and condensed matter physics, etc.) are not really truly Lorentz covariant. Indeed, I find that the Dirac-Wigner sense of Lorentz invariance is not in full compliance with the Einstein-Minkowski reguirements of the Lorentz covariance of all physical laws (i.e., the world space Mach principle).
Lifelong learning: Communication education for the elderly

This essay proposes a program for lifelong learning which (1) advocates communication education for the elderly; (2) specifies communication concepts related to the older learner including (a) self‐concept, (b) role adaptation, and (c) problem solving; (3) explains instructional methods appropriate to the communication concepts; and (4) offers pedagogical advantages of this type of program for learners and instructors.
INFLUENCE OF SKIN CONTENT ON COMPOSITION OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED POULTRY MEAT

SUMMARY —When chicken broiler backs containing varying amounts of skin were mechanically deboned, the product obtained was shown to be directly affected by skin content. As the skin content on the backs increased in relation to muscle and bone content, the fat content of the deboned meat increased and the moisture and protein contents decreased. The connective tissue protein content of the meat was not affected by increasing skin content on the backs. Data obtained from passing backs as well as isolated poultry skin through the deboner indicate that the fat from the skin was expressed through the screen along with the meat. The majority of the skin protein, collagen, did not pass through the screen but was passed out in the residue along with the bone. The meat from the backs containing large amounts of skin may have poor emulsifying characteristics because of its high fat and low protein content.
PARTICLE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS THROUGH ELECTROSTATIC FIELD FLUCTUATIONS USING EXTERNAL PROBES

ABSTRACT Two new probes for measuring particle velocity and flowrate based on the elctrostatic field nature of a pneumatic transport system are Introduced. The first probe is based on the current of charged particles inducing a current in a coil placed perpendicular to the flow. The magnitude of the current induced appears to be related to the amount of charged particles passing through the coil and the velocity of the particles. The second probe utilizes fluctuations in the electrostatic field which are picked up by two probes placed a fixed distance along the axis of the flow. The signals from these two probes are identical in waveform but of set in time; therefore, the particle velocity can be obtained by cross-correlation techniques. Both probes are non-intrusive and realtively inexpensive.
Sensitivity of a salmon population model to alternative formulations and initial conditions

Abstract Salmon populations in many Pacific coast rivers are in serious decline and in danger of becoming threatened or endangered. A fish population model ( salmod ) that tracks fall chinook salmon has been developed for the Trinity River, California. The model considers the principal environmental factors influencing movement and mortality of young-of-the-year salmon from the time of spawning and egg deposition until they leave freshwater rivers as juveniles. Numbers of salmon produced by alternative managed flow regimes can be estimated using salmod . This paper explores the consequences of alternative model construction and formulation choices on model behavior, and the impact of the number of spawners returning from the ocean on development of a robust flow management decision. Results show that salmod is responsive to the user's choice of spawner nesting behavior (superimposition), but relatively insensitive to spatial scale describing fish rearing habitat quality. The choice of a suitable managed flow regime is sensitive to the number of adult fish returning to spawn and even more so to their distribution throughout the study area at time of spawning. It would be possible to tailor an adaptive annual flow regime based on monitoring of spawner numbers and their distribution.
Chronic benzodiazepine use in nursing homes: effects of federal guidelines, resident mix, and nurse staffing.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the overall prescribing and chronic use of benzodiazepines (BZs) in nursing homes before and after implementation of BZ guidelines by the Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA). A second aim was to identify facility predictors of BZ prescribing and chronic use after guideline implementation. DESIGN: Nonexperimental, observational study design. SETTING: Drug use was assessed in 16 randomly selected skilled nursing facilities in Wisconsin before 1990 and again in 1993–1994. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand one hundred eighty-one Medicaid-funded residents at baseline and 1,650 Medicaid-funded residents at follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Drug use measures included percentage of residents with prescribed BZs and percentage of residents with chronic BZ use (defined as ≥4 months of continuous use). A 4-month cutoff was used because HCFA guidelines consider this length of continuous use to be potentially excessive. Facility predictors of drug use included resident demographic and diagnostic mix, size, ownership, Medicaid per diem, and nurse staffing. RESULTS: Before 1990, one-fourth of all residents were prescribed a BZ and nearly one-tenth of all residents had chronic BZ use. Federal guidelines had nonsignificant effects on these measures; BZ prescribing declined only 3.6% (26.4–22.8%) and chronic use declined only 1.3% (9.2–7.9%). Regression results showed that overall prescribing at follow-up was higher in facilities with more female residents (β = .52, P = .018) and residents with psychiatric disorders (β = .41, P = .045). However, nurse staffing was the only significant predictor of chronic BZ use. As expected, better nurse staffing was associated with lower rates of chronic use (β = −0.46, P = .037). CONCLUSION: Efforts to improve BZ use in nursing homes must address the need for better nurse staffing and better assessment and management of psychiatric disorders that can trigger BZ prescribing.
Charge asymmetry and neutron-neutron scattering

Abstract The uncertainty in the subtraction of electromagnetic effects from S-wave proton-proton scattering potentials is studied in two models using unitarily transformed potentials. Restrictions on these models caused by theoretical, off-shell and deuteron constraints are imposed. The probable uncertainty of physical interest is found to be small. It is typically only a few parts per thousand of the one-pion exchange potential. It has relatively little effect on Coulomb displacement energies. Phenomenological charge-symmetry-breaking potentials are constructed which both fit the experimental neutron-neutron (nn) scattering length (−16.4 fm). and give roughly the needed Coulomb displacement energies. These phenomenological potentials are found to contain a short-range repulsion and a strong long-range attraction for a neutron pair. The need for experimental information on the shape and state dependence of the nn force is emphasized. These can probably be obtained from precise nn scattering measurements.
Texture and Sensory Evaluations of Frankfurters Made with Different Formulations and Processes

Objective tests for frankfurter textural properties were investigated by varying formulations and processing parameters and then correlating nine sensory textural attributes with eleven instrumental methods. The most discriminative instrumental parameters were compressive force at failure, compressive force at 50% deformation without failure, and maximum shear force. High correlations (r > 0.80) were found between compressive forces or shear force and sensory elasticity, firmness, and chewiness; stress relaxation and elasticity; total expressible fluid and juiciness; and expressible moisture and wateriness. Elastic recovery did not correlate with any sensory characteristic.
Attenuation of streptozotocin-induced microvascular changes in the mouse retina with the endothelin receptor A antagonist atrasentan

Hyperglycemia mediates endothelial cell dysfunction through a number of potential mechanisms that could result in the decrease of retinal blood flow early in diabetes. The aim of this study was to explore the role of endothelin receptor A (ET(A)) in the early decrease of retinal blood flow in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin, then ∼1 wk later the mice were administered drinking water with or without the ET(A) receptor antagonist atrasentan (7.5mg/kg/day) for the following 3 weeks. Non-diabetic age-matched mice with or without atrasentan were included as controls. For each mouse, measurements of retinal vascular diameters and red blood cell (RBC) velocities were obtained via intravital microscopy for the 5-7 feed arterioles (and draining venules) extending out of (and into) the optic disk, and from these values, flow rates and wall shear rates were calculated. Additionally, the number of retinal capillaries was counted by fluorescent immunostaining of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). Diabetes induced statistically significant decreases in RBC velocity, flow rate, and wall shear rate, with these alterations partially inhibited by atrasentan. No changes were observed in PECAM-1 expression among groups. The changes induced by diabetes, and the attenuation provided by atrasentan, were greater in the smaller retinal arterioles. In summary, ET(A) appears to play a role in the early decreases in retinal blood flow in a mouse model of diabetes.
The Right End of the vir Region of an Octopine-Type Ti Plasmid Contains Four New Members of the vir Regulon That Are Not Essential for Pathogenesis

We sequenced the virD-virE, virE-virF, and virF-T-DNA intergenic regions of an octopine Ti plasmid. Four newly described genes were induced by the vir gene inducer acetosyringone, two of which are conserved in the nopaline-type Ti plasmid pTiC58. One gene resembles a family of phosphatase genes. Each of these genes is dispensable for tumorigenesis.
Tay-Sachs Disease

Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a deficiency of β-hexosaminidase A, the lysosomal enzyme that normally degrades GM2 ganglioside. As a result, GM2 ganglioside accumulates in the lysosomes of nerve cells. The disease is one of a family of lysosomal storage disorders known as GM2 gangliosidoses, each determined by the specific peptide (a and β subunits of β-hexosaminidase A and the GM2 activator protein) that is defective in the degradation of GM2 ganglioside. 1 While Tay-Sachs disease commonly refers to the classic infantile form of this GM2 gangliosidosis (also called type 1 GM2 gangliosidosis), wherein β-hexosaminidase A is virtually absent, juvenile and late-onset forms also occur when there is residual enzymatic activity. The highest carrier rate has been among Ashkenazic Jews, although the incidence has decreased among this population because of widespread carrier screening, while clusters remain among certain French Canadian and Cajun populations. This article in the Seminal Citations series focuses on early descriptions of the disease and key developments in biochemistry, genetics, testing, and treatment.
The Value of Variable Rate Technology: An Information-Theoretic Approach

We present a theoretical treatment of the economics of variable rate technology and its interplay with information. The framework facilitates description of on-farm empirical profitability studies of variable rate nitrogen application on Illinois cornfields. We estimate site-specific ex ante economically optimal nitrogen application rates, and the value of site-specific information in the management of variable rate technology. We find that with site-specific information provided free, variable rate nitrogen application would have been profitable in six of eight fields. Because private markets are unlikely to provide such information sufficiently, more public funding of long-term, multiregion, multiyear experimentation is appropriate. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Adverse Effects of the Oral Anticancer Drug S-1: Lacrimal Passage Impairment and Specific Features of Corneal Epitheliopathy

We report the incidence of lacrimal passage impairment and specific features of corneal epitheliopathy as adverse effects of the oral anticancer drug S-1, and examine the relationship between the two pathologies. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 84 patients prescribed the anticancer drug S-1. The incidence of lacrimal passage impairment and corneal epitheliopathy was 8% and 6%, respectively. Three patients experienced both pathologies, demonstrating a moderate probability of both occurring in the same patient (kappa coefficient = 0.46). The findings show that lacrimal passage impairment and specific features of corneal epitheliopathy are likely to occur in the same individual as adverse effects of S-1.
Capital Surpluses and Deficits in the Arab Middle East: A Regional Perspective

The Arab oil-based economies in the Middle East are experiencing a period of unprecedented economic growth and prosperity owing to the recent dramatic increases in their oil revenues. The countries, however, have started to encounter considerable difficulty in implementing their overly ambitious development plans. Their economies are exhibiting obvious signs of tension and stress with acute bottlenecks developing in many areas and sectors. These bottlenecks relate basically to their generally narrow resource base, inadequate infrastructure, profound labor shortages especially in skilled and highly trained manpower, and inefficient administrative machinery. The cumulative impact of these factors diminishes the capacity of these countries to absorb their tremendous oil revenues productively.
Porous silicon Bloch surface and sub-surface wave structure for simultaneous detection of small and large molecules

A porous silicon (PSi) Bloch surface wave (BSW) and Bloch sub-surface wave (BSSW) composite biosensor is designed and used for the size-selective detection of both small and large molecules. The BSW/BSSW structure consists of a periodic stack of high and low refractive index PSi layers and a reduced optical thickness surface layer that gives rise to a BSW with an evanescent tail that extends above the surface to enable the detection of large surface-bound molecules. Small molecules were detected in the sensor by the BSSW, which is a large electric field intensity spatially localized to a desired region of the Bragg mirror and is generated by the implementation of a step or gradient refractive index profile within the Bragg mirror. The step and gradient BSW/BSSW sensors are designed to maximize both resonance reflectance intensity and sensitivity to large molecules. Size-selective detection of large molecules including latex nanospheres and the M13KO7 bacteriophage as well as small chemical linker molecules is reported.
On the richness and limitations of dimensional models of social perception

The two-dimensional model of social relations outlined in the target article has striking convergence with empirically derived dimensional models of interpersonal perception, inter-group perception, and face evaluation. All these models posit two-dimensional structures related to perceptions of valence/affiliation and power/status. Although these models are parsimonious, they may be insufficient to account for behaviors in specific contexts.
Direct cDNA Screening of Genomic Reference Libraries - A Rapid Method for the Identification of Transcribed Sequences in Large Genomic Regions

In order to identify transcribed sequences from large genomic regions we developed and applied direct screening of genomic reference libraries. Briefly, reference libraries in lambda or cosmid vectors are screened with cDNA probes depleted of highly repeated sequence elements. The cDNA probes can be made from the same or related species. Further, by repeating the screenings with cDNA probes made from different tissues, the pattern of expression of sequences in each clone can be inferred. To derive sequence from positive genomic clones, DNA from these are Southern blotted and hybridized with the depleted cDNA probe. Small fragments identified in these blots are then sequenced and these sequences analyzed by GRAIL (1), a neural network program which detects coding exons from genomic sequence. We demonstrate the efficient isolation of expressed sequences from reference libraries of whole chromosomes, chromosomal regions and YAC clones, using cDNA probes from the same and related species.
A semantics-based approach to analyzing concurrent programs

Concurrent programs are analyzed by deriving constraints on the feasible SYN-sequences of a concurrent program according to the programs's syntactic and semantic information. These constraints, called feasibility constraints, show restrictions on the ordering of synchronization events allowed by the program. By using feasibility constraints, one can obtain a better approximation of the feasibility set of a concurrent program and improve the effectiveness of error detection by static analysis. >
Low-income Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation is related to adiposity and metabolic risk factors

Background: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest federal nutrition assistance program. In recent years, SNAP participation rates increased during times of economic hardship. Objective: We examined whether household SNAP participation was associated with adiposity and metabolic risk factors in a representative sample of low-income US adults. Design: A cross-sectional analysis was performed with the use of data from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The study population was restricted to nonelderly adults whose household incomes fell to or <130% of the federal poverty level. Multinomial logistic and Poisson regression models were fit to examine the associations between SNAP participation and BMI, waist circumference, and metabolic risk factors among 2250 low-income adults. Results: In the previous 12 mo, 32.8% of adults received household SNAP benefits. SNAP participation was positively associated with obesity [prevalence ratio (PR): 1.58; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.31], waist circumference in men (PR for top compared with bottom quartile: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.15, 3.62; P = 0.02), and waist circumference in women (PR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.51, 5.77; P = 0.003; P-interaction with sex = 0.11), independent of sociodemographic characteristics. SNAP participation was also related to elevated triglycerides (PR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.33, 2.20), lower HDL cholesterol (PR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.41), elevated fasting glucose (≥110 mg/dL; PR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.52), and metabolic syndrome (PR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.95). Associations with triglycerides and HDL cholesterol persisted after adjustment for BMI. Conclusion: Household SNAP participation was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, and metabolic risk factors among low-income adults. These associations may be mediated by dietary intake and warrant further investigation.
Estimating the wrong Markov random field: Benefits in the computation-limited setting

Consider the problem of joint parameter estimation and prediction in a Markov random field: i.e., the model parameters are estimated on the basis of an initial set of data, and then the fitted model is used to perform prediction (e.g., smoothing, denoising, interpolation) on a new noisy observation. Working in the computation-limited setting, we analyze a joint method in which the same convex variational relaxation is used to construct an M-estimator for fitting parameters, and to perform approximate marginalization for the prediction step. The key result of this paper is that in the computation-limited setting, using an inconsistent parameter estimator (i.e., an estimator that returns the "wrong" model even in the infinite data limit) is provably beneficial, since the resulting errors can partially compensate for errors made by using an approximate prediction technique. En route to this result, we analyze the asymptotic properties of M-estimators based on convex variational relaxations, and establish a Lipschitz stability property that holds for a broad class of variational methods. We show that joint estimation/prediction based on the reweighted sum-product algorithm substantially outperforms a commonly used heuristic based on ordinary sum-product.
Flow and turbulence structure around a spur dike in a channel with a large scour hole

[1] The flow and turbulence structure around a vertical-wall spur dike that extends over the whole depth of a straight channel are investigated using detached eddy simulation (DES). The channel Reynolds number in DES and the corresponding experiment is ReD = 2.4 × 105, which is typical of applications in small rivers and outside the range where well-resolved large eddy simulation (LES) can be conducted. The bathymetry at equilibrium scour conditions is obtained from a loose bed experiment. This paper discusses the main mechanisms which drive the growth of the scour hole upstream and downstream from the spur dike during the later stages of the scour process, and how these mechanisms change between the initial (flat bed conditions) and later stages of the scour process. Scale effects are investigated by comparing simulation results at ReD = 2.4 × 105 with those from simulations performed at a much lower Reynolds number, ReD = 18,000. Results show that while the structure of the horseshoe vortex (HV) system changes with respect to the case in which the bed is flat, the main necklace vortex of the HV system is still subject to large-scale aperiodic oscillations, similar to the ones observed in flows past in-stream bluff-body obstacles mounted on a flat surface. Present results show that the amplification of the horizontal vorticity within the lower part of the separated shear layer (SSL) and the associated formation of streaks of high-bed shear stress below the region where the SSL eddies are convected in the near-bed region is a general feature of high-Reynolds-number flow past a vertical-wall spur dike placed in a loose-bed channel at all stages of the scour process.
MARKET SEGMENTATION AND THE RESPONSE OF THE REAL INTEREST RATE TO MONETARY POLICY SHOCKS

Following a contractionary monetary policy shock, the aggregate output decreases over time for six to eight quarters, while the real interest rate increases immediately and remains high for three quarters, which can hardly be replicated by models characterized by a standard consumption Euler equation. This paper adopts a segmented markets framework where some households are permanently excluded from financial markets. The aggregate output and the nominal interest rate are modeled as exogenous autoregressive processes, while the real interest rate is determined endogenously. For intermediate levels of market segmentation, the model is able to account for both the persistent decreasing path of the aggregate output and the persistent increase in the real interest rate which follow an unanticipated increase in the nominal interest rate. The sign, the size and the persistence of the responses of the real interest rate and the money growth rate are close to those in the data.
The photoassisted MOVPE growth of ZnMgSSe

Abstract This paper presents a detailed study of Zn 1− x Mg x S y Se 1− y epitaxial films on GaAs (1 0 0) substrates using photoassisted growth (250 Torr, 350°C, UV=36 mW/cm 2 ) with dimethylzinc (DMZn), bismethyl-cyclopentadienyl-magnesium ((MeCp) 2 Mg), diethylsulphide (DES), and dimethylselenide (DMSe) as precursors. We achieved up to 12% Mg incorporation (with 12% S incorporation) as well as reproducible growth of lattice matched Zn 0.94 Mg 0.06 S 0.11 Se 0.89 layers. The variance in the Mg and S incorporation does not increase with increasing Mg incorporation, and the FWHM of the X-ray diffraction peak of our lattice-matched films is below 50 arcsec. Furthermore, the FWHM of the near band edge emission (NBE) as measured by PL does not increase with increasing Mg incorporation. Although the S incorporation was not completely independent of the (MeCp) 2 Mg flow, we believe that we can engineer both the band gap and lattice constant of the Zn 1− x Mg x S y Se 1− y films by proper adjustment of the DES and (MeCp) 2 Mg flows.
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE CYLINDERS VIA MICRO-MECHANICS

A micro-mechanics-based nonlinear analysis of thick composite cylinders is presented. Composite material is described by one or the other of two competing micro-models. These are respectively, a Finite Element based Cylindrical (3-phase) Model (FECM) and a Simplified Square Cells Model @SCM). A modified Ramberg-Osgood type equation defined by three parameters is used to characterize the nonlinear behavior of the matrix. Models exhibit discrepancies in their prediction of nonlinear response of cylinders under hydrostatic pressure and axial compression. This raises the question of reliability of simplified micro-models in the nonlinear analysis of composite structures. Next, the model parameters for each micro-model are separately determined to fit an experimental shear stress-shear strain response of the composite material of the cylinder. The models thus calibrated tended to show noticeably less, but nevertheless significant, discrepancies in their prediction of the behavior of cylinders. The paper is concluded with a critique on the rationale and the practical value of such calibration.
Brushing up on the history of intermetallics in dentistry

Employing a silver-tin-mercury intermetallic to repair cavities may seem a little unusual, but intermetallics are quite common in dentistry, ranging from gold crowns to braces. Although the human mouth can be unfriendly territory for a brittle intermetallic alloy, dental amalgam has been around since 659 A.D., and its technology has been developed to the point where a filling can be expected to last 30 years or more.
Abstract 4262: Characterization and regulation of a CXCR4-expressing subpopulation in head and neck cancer stem cells

The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis proposes that only the CSCs within a tumor possess the ability to self-renew and to generate new tumors. Under this model, CSCs are presumed responsible for cellular invasion and metastasis, as well as the recurrence of cancers following chemotherapy. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), cells which are CD44 positive and lineage negative (CD44+/Lin-) have been shown to possess properties of CSCs. These cells form tumors in NOD/SCID mice at a much greater efficiency compared to CD44-/Lin- cells, and express the proto-oncogene BMI-1. More recently, it has been shown in pancreatic cancer that a distinct subpopulation of CSCs expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for tumor metastasis. Here we demonstrate the existence of a highly invasive CXCR4+ subpopulation in HNSCC cancer stem cells and elucidate the pathways through which this subpopulation could be regulated. For this study putative CSC cultures derived from primary HNSCC tissue were used from which CXCR4-expressing subpopulations were isolated. A matrigel invasion assay revealed that the CXCR4+ fraction of CSCs was significantly more invasive compared to the CXCR4- fraction. We also surveyed the mRNA expression of these two fractions by qRT-PCR, and found that expression of the proteinases MMP2 and MMP9 was markedly higher in CXCR4+ cells. Interestingly, treatment with nicotine increased the expression of CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 in the parental CSC culture, suggesting a possible mechanism by which CXCR4 could be regulated within the CSC population. Nicotine, a major component of tobacco, is known to have proliferative, anti-apoptotic, and angiogenic effects, and has been shown to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a variety of human cancers. Mortality from HNSCC remains high due primarily to cancer invasion of vital structures and development of distant metastases. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms by which CXCR4 confers an invasive and metastatic CSC phenotype. In addition, the observed effects of nicotine could provide novel insights towards the regulation of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in HNSCC, for which tobacco use has been identified as the leading risk factor. Continued efforts in mapping the molecular mechanisms surrounding CXCR4-mediated invasion and metastasis of CSCs could lead to new and effective treatment strategies for HNSCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4262.
The Unintended Consequences of the Carceral State: Chicana/o Political Mobilization in Post–World War II America

The twenty-first century has witnessed an explosion of scholarly interest in the expansion of the carceral state in the post–World War II United States. This scholarship centers on how repressive laws, combined with more aggressive policing and sentencing guidelines, fueled the 500 percent rise in the nation’s prison population since the 1960s. With black and Latino men imprisoned at several times the rate of white males, the consequences of mass incarceration have fallen primarily on these men, their families, and their communities. Another facet of the literature focuses on how increasingly aggressive police practices, such as police stop-and-frisk tactics, have greatly expanded in recent years. Due to the Supreme Court’s “reasonable suspicion” doctrine, police officers have almost unfettered freedom in choosing whom they stop and interrogate on the street. To cite but one example, more than 80 percent of stops made by the New York Police Department between 2004 and 2012 were of blacks and Latinos. These aggressive and biased law enforcement tactics, the scholarship tells us, have lessened civic engagement, endangered the children of incarcerated individuals, and stigmatized whole generations of brown and black men as criminals.1 The destructive consequences of the carceral state are real. They do not, however, tell the whole story. Populations negatively impacted by overly aggressive policing and mass
Seroepidemiologic Survey of Measles in the Population Aged Between 1 and 59 Years in Yubei District of Chongqing

Objective To investigate the current levels of immunity to measles in the population at different ages in Yubei District of Chongqing,and to provide the scientific reference for making the strategies of measles elimination.Methods With stratified multistage cluster random sampling method,1,799 residents aged between 1 and 59 years were surveyed seroepidemiologically.The ELISA method was used to detect measles IgG antibody.Results The total positive rate of IgG antibody to measles virus in the surveyed population in Yubei District was 92.94%,the positive rates in the age groups of 1-9 years,10-29 years,30-59 years were 95.58%,90.99%,and 94%,respectively.The positive rates of IgG antibody to measles virus in the surveyed urban and rural residents were 94.03% and 91.50%,respectively.Conclusions It does not meet the requirement of measles elimination which should be maintained above 95% that the overall immune level of measles in the population aged between 10 and 59 years in Yubei District.And the levels of immunity to measles in the surveyed rural residents and the age group of 10-29 years are both significantly lower than the requirement of measles eradication.
Thrombosis of the Björk-Shiley prosthesis: illustrative cases and review of the literature.

Thrombosis of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic cardiac valve may occur in any valve position and regardless of anticoagulant status. Four illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate management problems. Review of cases reported in the literature suggests the minimal incidence of thrombosis of Bjork-Shiley prostheses is about 2% in the aortic position and about 4% in the mitral position. Prevention of this complication appears to require continuous systemic anticoagulation with warfarin; even temporary interruption or alteration of anticoagulant regimen may be detrimental. Although changes in anticoagulation may rarely precipitate sudden thrombosis, in most cases a period averaging 10 months is required for pannus of organized thrombus to build up enough to cause acute thrombosis and malfunction of the valve. Operation to remove thrombus or replace the prosthesis is usually required for left-sided cardiac prostheses, but thrombosed valves in the tricuspid position may be successfully treated with fibrinolytic medical therapy.
Time and Consumer Information Load

Changes in product labeling requirements stimulated interest in the influence of information quantity on the quality of consumer judgments two decades ago. Although the hope of policy makers was that more information might lead to better consumer decisions, results of consumer studies revealed that consumers can make poorer judgments in the presence of increased information. In the present study, the effect of time to process as well as information quantity were varied in order to gain some initial understanding of the determinants of an “information overload” construct.
Mission Command in the Age of Network-Enabled Operations: Social Network Analysis of Information Sharing and Situation Awareness.

A common assumption in organizations is that information sharing improves situation awareness and ultimately organizational effectiveness. The sheer volume and rapid pace of information and communications received and readily accessible through computer networks, however, can overwhelm individuals, resulting in data overload from a combination of diverse data sources, multiple data formats, and large data volumes. The current conceptual framework of network enabled operations (NEO) posits that robust networking and information sharing act as a positive feedback loop resulting in greater situation awareness and mission effectiveness in military operations (Alberts & Garstka, 2004). We test this assumption in a large-scale, two-week military training exercise. We conducted a social network analysis of email communications among the multi-echelon Mission Command staff (one Division and two sub-ordinate Brigades) and assessed the situational awareness of every individual. Results from our exponential random graph models challenge the aforementioned assumption, as increased email output was associated with lower individual situation awareness. It emerged that higher situation awareness was associated with a lower probability of out-ties, so that broadly sending many messages decreased the likelihood of attaining situation awareness. This challenges the hypothesis that increased information sharing improves situation awareness, at least for those doing the bulk of the sharing. In addition, we observed two trends that reflect a compartmentalizing of networked information sharing as email links were more commonly formed among members of the command staff with both similar functions and levels of situation awareness, than between two individuals with dissimilar functions and levels of situation awareness; both those findings can be interpreted to reflect effects of homophily. Our results have major implications that challenge the current conceptual framework of network-enabled operations. In addition, the information sharing network was largely imbalanced and dominated by a few key individuals so that most individuals in the network have very few email connections, but a small number of individuals have very many connections. These results highlight several major growing pains for networked organizations and military organizations in particular.
The Fore-structure of Hermeneutics

In Eliade’s novella ‘The Secret of Dr Honigberger’, mystery and its interpretation play major roles in the work. The narrator of the story, a young Indologist, is invited to discuss India with a Mrs Zerlendi, who asks the young man if he is familiar with the life and writings of Dr Johann Honigberger, a Transylvanian German doctor from Brashov, court physician, pharmacist and adventurer. The German doctor is important to the mystery because Dr Zerlendi, as his daughter relates to the Indologist, was busy researching a book on the life of Dr Honigberger when he disappeared from his home without taking anything — clothing or money — with him. Prior to his disappearance, Dr Zerlendi had cut himself off from his family and the world, working in his office simply dressed, and spending time meditating in his bedroom. After accepting the challenge from Mrs Zerlendi to unravel the mystery of her husband’s disappearance, the young Indologist discovers a revealing notebook written in a foreign script, which he successfully interprets to mean that the doctor has found, by means of imitating the yogic techniques used by Dr Honigberger, a method of becoming invisible. The story ends in a surrealistic way. After the Indologist returns to Mrs Zerlendi’s home to convey his discovery to her about her husband, he discovers that neither she nor her daughter recognize him because 20 years have mysteriously passed.
Abstract 3596: KLLN protects genomic stability by maintaining H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) at the pericentric heterochromatin

Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA Dysregulation in the maintenance of chromatin organization resulting in genomic instability is a major driving force for inappropriate development and carcinogenesis. Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in this regulation through the maintenance of epigenetic marks. Our study focuses on the role of KLLN in the maintenance of pericentric H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and genomic stability. Germline hypermethylation of KLLN resulting in decreased KLLN expression has been linked to Cowden cancer-predisposition syndrome (CS) in PTEN mutation negative patients. KLLN is a tumor suppressor gene necessary for p53-mediated apoptosis. The protein mediates S-phase arrest and is known to have DNA binding ability. Here, we first used chromatin immunoprecipitation-based sequencing (ChIP-seq) to investigate regions of KLLN binding on the genome and compared it to regions of H3K9me3 enrichment. We used H3K9 specific histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity assay and immunoblotting to measure levels of H3K9me3. Immunostaining was used to study the localization of KLLN, and micronuclei frequency and aberrations in chromosome number was used to assess chromosomal instability. Analysis of ChIP-seq shows enrichment of KLLN binding in regions of H3K9me3. Overexpression of KLLN using plasmid-based transfection correlates with increased H3K9 methyltransferase activity and increased global H3K9me3, while loss of KLLN expression through siRNA-mediated knockdown had an opposite effect. We also established that KLLN localizes to pericentric regions, and loss of KLLN results in dysregulation of pericentric heterochromatin, with consequent chromosomal instability manifested by increased micronuclei frequency and numerical chromosomal aberrations. KLLN regulation of H3K9me3 could be correlated with its interaction with deleted in breast cancer (DBC1). DBC1 is a known inhibitor of SUV39H1, a H3K9 specific histone methyltransferase responsible for maintenance of pericentric heterochromatin. We hypothesize that KLLN sequesters DBC1 through their interaction, thereby abrogating DBC1 inhibition of SUV39H1, resulting in maintenance of pericentric heterochromatin and genomic stability. Our study therefore suggests a critical role for KLLN in the deterrence of tumor initiation and progression. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study demonstrates a clear role for KLLN in maintenance of chromatin organization thereby maintaining genomic stability, which begins to uncover the basis of KLLN as a tumor suppressor and as a susceptibility gene for inherited cancers. Citation Format: Madhav Sankunny, Emily Nizialek, Farshad Niazi, Charis Eng. KLLN protects genomic stability by maintaining H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) at the pericentric heterochromatin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3596.
The Census Crisis: 1963–64

The 1962 national census was not the first in Nigeria to become embroiled in suspicion and controversy. Previous attempts to count the Nigerian population had met with popular distrust and resistance, accusations of regional bias and favouritism, and widespread suspicion of the results. These had all been sharply reflected in the most recent and professional census to date, that conducted in 1952 and 1953. Widely suspected as a plot to increase the tax burden or to spy on families and their property, the 1952–53 census was avoided by many Nigerians, and became engulfed in political controversy when the results, showing a majority of Nigerians in the Northern Region, were used to justify the assignment of half the seats in the Federal legislature to the North. Southern politicians alleged that the British administrators had inflated the Northern population figures ‘to ensure that political power in the country remained with the northern politicians’ (Aluko, 1965: 372–6).
Highlights of the Year in JACC 2006.

The past year was an exciting one in cardiovascular medicine, with both advances, as well as disappointments and controversy. Important technical advances in imaging occurred not only in computed tomography (CT) angiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but also in more established fields
Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Learning and Generalizing Hierarchical Rules in 8-Month-Old Infants

Recent research indicates that adults and infants spontaneously create and generalize hierarchical rule sets during incidental learning. Computational models and empirical data suggest that, in adults, this process is supported by circuits linking prefrontal cortex (PFC) with striatum and their modulation by dopamine, but the neural circuits supporting this form of learning in infants are largely unknown. We used near-infrared spectroscopy to record PFC activity in 8-month-old human infants during a simple audiovisual hierarchical-rule-learning task. Behavioral results confirmed that infants adopted hierarchical rule sets to learn and generalize spoken object–label mappings across different speaker contexts. Infants had increased activity over right dorsal lateral PFC when rule sets switched from one trial to the next, a neural marker related to updating rule sets into working memory in the adult literature. Infants9 eye blink rate, a possible physiological correlate of striatal dopamine activity, also increased when rule sets switched from one trial to the next. Moreover, the increase in right dorsolateral PFC activity in conjunction with eye blink rate also predicted infants9 generalization ability, providing exploratory evidence for frontostriatal involvement during learning. These findings provide evidence that PFC is involved in rudimentary hierarchical rule learning in 8-month-old infants, an ability that was previously thought to emerge later in life in concert with PFC maturation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hierarchical rule learning is a powerful learning mechanism that allows rules to be selected in a context-appropriate fashion and transferred or reused in novel contexts. Data from computational models and adults suggests that this learning mechanism is supported by dopamine-innervated interactions between prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum. Here, we provide evidence that PFC also supports hierarchical rule learning during infancy, challenging the current dogma that PFC is an underdeveloped brain system until adolescence. These results add new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms available to support learning and generalization in very early postnatal life, providing evidence that PFC and the frontostriatal circuitry are involved in organizing learning and behavior earlier in life than previously known.
Oculomotor Systems and Control

A plethora of motor control challenges are presented to the oculomotor system whose primary purpose is to point the eyes to hold images stably on the fovea, the region of the retina with the highest visual acuity. The eyes can rotate in horizontal, vertical, and torsional (around the axis of gaze) directions and require the coordinated action of a total of 12 extraocular muscles. In addition, the eyes are mounted in a head that has the ability to move in roll, pitch, and yaw axes in addition to the ability to translate from side to side, and fore and aft. Positioned on the top of the body, the head is carried through three-dimensional space. Therefore, if the oculomotor system cannot solve this litany of stabilization problems, blurred, moving, or double images are presented to the visual system. Many portions of the cerebral cortex and brain stem have been committed to carry out this complex system control problem. We use a layered approach to understand the oculomotor system starting with the extraocular muscles, and working backward into the brain stem and eventually the cerebral cortex. Particular attention is devoted to control of voluntary saccades, smooth pursuit, and vergence. The longstanding dispute that was raised more than 150 years ago between Hermann von Helmholtz and Ewald Hering on whether the central nervous system synthesizes signals that control the eyes together or individually is addressed. A number of clinical applications are provided to amplify the understanding of the anatomy and neurophysiology of eye movement control.
The MBA Factor: A Study of Progression

Many students are flocking to business schools for more advanced degrees than in any other concentration. In what some call, a one to two-year hiatus, these students are trying to reverse the recent trend of a downwardly mobile generation with fewer opportunities and more accumulated debt. Master of Business Administration graduates are seeking a better future, upward mobility and satisfying jobs upon graduation. A 2015 Bloomberg study of the best business schools reveals that 88% are hired within 3 months of graduation, with a substantial jump of up to 81% in compensation before school. This study utilizes survey data to follow the graduates of a Mid-Atlantic University as their careers progress after graduation to determine whether there is a tangible return on their educational investment and an increase in their respective skill development. Results confirm the usefulness of the MBA degree in career progression.
The umbilical locus on the boundary of strictly pseudoconvex domains in ℂ2

The main objective of this paper is to survey some recent results on the Chern–Moser question concerning existence of umbilical points on three-dimensional CR submanifolds in ℂ2.