cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translation of the radio- and chemo-inducible TNFerade vector to the treatment of human cancers.

Radiotherapy is a widely used treatment for localized malignancies that is often delivered in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. The concept that treatment of localized tumors can be improved with a radio- and chemo-inducible gene therapy strategy has been investigated in the laboratory and now translated to the clinic. The TNFerade (Ad.Egr-TNF11D) adenoviral vector was engineered by inserting radio- and chemo-inducible elements from the Egr-1 promoter upstream to a cDNA encoding tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Transduction of tumor cells with TNFerade and then treatment with radiation or chemotherapy is associated with spatial and temporal control of TNF-α secretion and enhanced antitumor activity. TNFerade has been evaluated in trials for patients with sarcomas, melanomas and cancers of the pancreas, esophagus, rectum and head and neck. If the ongoing phase III trial for pancreatic cancer is successful, TNFerade will likely become the first gene therapy approved for cancer in the United States.
Spatial refinement of census population distribution using remotely sensed estimates of impervious surfaces in Haiti

Previous research on the relationship between impervious surfaces and population has focused on limited areas. This paper considers the relationship for an entire country. Multiple spatial resolution optical imagery was integrated with census data to refine the spatial distribution of population in Haiti. A classification and regression tree (CART) methodology was used to create a percent impervious-area layer based on ten high-resolution training chips and a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) mosaic. This estimate then became an input for a dasymetric mapping approach, where population was distributed proportionately to impervious areas with input from ancillary data sources. Haiti's section boundaries (third administrative level) provided the mapping base because a strong relationship between imperviousness and population was observed at this administrative level. The accuracy of the technique was tested for a set of 110 municipalities in Haiti, making use of recent census data. The potential usefulness of imagery-based population estimates for areas where census data do not exist was also tested by dividing Haiti into northern and southern portions and using one to predict the other.
Effect of Hydrostatic Compression on the Energy of the 14.4-kev Gamma Ray from Fe 57 in Iron

The energy of the recoil-free fraction of they rays emitted by nuclei bound in solids1 has been found to be affected by temperature and by electronic configuration. The latter effect has been named the "isomeric" shift. Compression of a solid should influence the energy through both of these mechanisms. We have measured the effect of hydrostatic compression at 295°K on the energy hν of the recoil-free 14.4-kev γ rays emitted by 0.1-μsec Fe^(57) bound in metallic iron.
Modeling temporal behavior of postnatal cat retinal ganglion cells.

Abstract During development, mammalian retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) go through marked ontogenetic changes with respect to their excitable membrane properties. Voltage-clamp studies conducted in our laboratory have shown that the amplitude, voltage-dependence and kinetics of activation and inactivation (where present) of Na+, K+and Ca2+conductances all exhibit developmental changes during a time when the firing patterns of mammalian ganglion cells shift from being transient to being predominantly sustained in nature. In order to better understand the contribution of each conductance to the generation of spikes and spiking patterns, we have developed a model based on our experimental data. For simplicity, we have initially used experimental data obtained from postnatal ganglion cells. At this age the ontogenetic changes observed in the characteristics of the various ionic currents are complete. Utilizing the methods adopted by Hodgkin and Huxley for the giant squid axon, we have determined rate equations for the activation and inactivation properties of theIA , IK dr, INa, ICa L,ICa N , and Ileakcurrents in postnatal cat RGCs. Combining these with a simplified model of the calcium-activated potassium current (IKCa), we have solved and analysed the resulting differential equations. While spikes and spiking patterns resembling experimental data could be obtained from a model in which [Ca2+i] was averaged across the whole cell, more accurate simulations were obtained when the diffusion of intracellular Ca2+was modeled spatially. The resulting spatial calcium gradients were more effective in gating IKCa, and our simulations more accurately matched the recorded amplitude and shape of individual spikes as well as the frequency of maintained discharges observed in mammalian postnatal RGCs.
Checking Existing Requirements for Compliance with Law Using a Production Rule Model

To ensure legal compliance, requirements engineers need tools to determine existing software requirements' compliance with relevant law. We propose using a production rule model for requirements engineers to query as they check software requirements for legal compliance. In this paper, we perform a case study using our approach to evaluate the iTrust Medical Records System requirements for compliance with the u.s. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). We identifY 12 new compliance requirements beyond the 63 functional requirements with which we began our analysis.
The effect of barbiturates on digestive secretion

Barbiturates in large hypnotic and anesthetic doses produce a reduction of the gastric and pancreatic secretions, with a prompt return to normal flow after hypnotic doses, and a delayed return after anesthetic doses. Barbiturates are excreted in the pancreatic juices in very small amounts, and the maximal postcibal excretion in the gastric juice is approximately 5 per cent.
The Pursuit of "Voluntary" Tax Compliance in a Globalized World

Globalization diminishes the U.S. government's ability to enforce the income tax by undermining the Internal Revenue Service's information advantage. U.S. taxpayers are able to hold their money overseas, where the IRS's information-gathering abilities are at their lowest ebb, with increasing ease. Tax treaties aim to rectify the IRS's information disadvantage abroad by encouraging foreign countries, particularly tax havens, to share information with the IRS. However, these treaties have been largely ineffective. Instead, it may be time for the United States to go the way of other developed countries and reform its tax structure to reduce reliance on the income tax and adopt, instead, a value-added tax.
Nitric oxide actions in neurochemistry

The discovery of the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a messenger molecule in the central nervous system has radically altered our conception of neuronal communication. Information has been generated at a rapid pace in the last few years regarding the biochemistry, enzymatic activity and molecular characteristics of NO synthase (NOS) and NO synthesis, and the biological consequences of NO production. The full scope of the biological consequences of NO production is unknown but putative cellular targets of NO are rapidly being discovered as well as potential physiological and pathophysiological roles in the nervous system. Roles for NO have been identified in neurotransmitter release, morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity, regulation of gene expression, as well as mediation of inhibitory processes associated with sexual and aggressive behaviour. Inappropriate formation of NO is emerging as an important factor in the neurotoxicity associated with a variety of central nervous system disorders. The current information on the various roles of NO as a neuronal messenger molecule as well as a neurotoxin are reviewed in this article.
Shooting Methods for Numerical Solution of Stochastic Boundary-Value Problems

In the present investigation, numerical methods are developed for approximate solution of stochastic boundary-value problems. In particular, shooting methods are examined for numerically solving systems of Stratonovich boundary-value problems. It is proved that these methods accurately approximate the solutions of stochastic boundary-value problems. An error analysis of these methods is performed. Computational simulations are given.
Analytical periodic motions and bifurcations in a nonlinear rotor system

In this paper, analytical solutions for period- $$m$$ motions in a nonlinear rotor system are discussed. This rotor system with two-degrees of freedom is one of the simplest rotor dynamical systems, and periodic excitations are from the rotor eccentricity. The analytical expressions of periodic solutions are developed, and the corresponding stability and bifurcation analyses of period-m motions are carried out. Analytical bifurcation trees of period-1 motions to chaos are presented. The Hopf bifurcations of periodic motions cause not only the bifurcation tree but quasi-periodic motions. Displacement orbits of periodic motions in nonlinear rotor systems are used to illustrate motion complexity, and harmonic amplitude spectrums give harmonic effects on periodic motions of the nonlinear rotor. Coexisting periodic motions exist in the nonlinear rotor.
Generalization of the problem of correspondence in long-range motion and the proposal for a solution

One of the fundamental problems in vision is the problem of finding the correspondence between two images. This paper addressed this problem in terms of a computational model consistent with existing models of human vision and human visual psychophysics. At the heart of the model is a multi-dimensional internal representation of the input image. We propose that correspondence may be computed by minimizing the total, non- euclidean distance between corresponding elements. A backpropagation programmed neural network is used to investigate the nature of the internal representation.
Skeletal and pigment cell defects in the lockjaw mutant reveal multiple roles for zebrafish tfap2a in neural crest development

Members of the AP-2 transcription factor family have critical roles in many aspects of embryonic development. The zebrafish tfap2a mutant lockjaw (low) displays defects in skeletal and pigment cell derivatives of the neural crest. Here we show essential roles for tfap2a in subsets of embryonic cartilages and pigment cells. Defects in cartilage of the hyoid arch in low correlate with a loss of Hox group 2 gene expression and are suggestive of a transformation to a mandibular fate. In contrast, loss of joints in the mandibular arch and defects in certain types of pigment cells suggest a requirement for tfap2a independent of Hox regulation. Early melanophores do not develop in low mutants, and we propose that this results in part from a loss of kit function, leading to defects in migration, as well as kit-independent defects in melanophore specification. Iridophores are also reduced in low, in contrast to xanthophores, revealing a role for tfap2a in the development of pigment subpopulations. We propose a model of tfap2a function in the neural crest in which there are independent functions for tfap2a in specification of subpopulations of pigment cells and segmental patterning of the pharyngeal skeleton through the regulation of Hox genes. Developmental Dynamics 229:87–98, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of a Dynamical Core Based on the Nonhydrostatic “Unified System” of Equations*

AbstractThis paper presents the design of a dry dynamical core based on the nonhydrostatic “unified system” of equations. The unified system filters vertically propagating acoustic waves. The dynamical core predicts the potential temperature and horizontal momentum. It uses the predicted potential temperature to determine the quasi-hydrostatic components of the Exner pressure and density. The continuity equation is diagnostic (and used to determine the vertical mass flux) because the time derivative of the quasi-hydrostatic density is obtained from the predicted potential temperature. The nonhydrostatic component of the Exner pressure is obtained from an elliptic equation. The main focus of this paper is on the integration procedure used with this unique dynamical core. In the implementation described in this paper, height is used as the vertical coordinate, and the equations are vertically discretized on a Lorenz-type grid. Cartesian horizontal coordinates are used along with an Arakawa C grid. A detaile...
Plasticity in fretting contact

Abstract The fretting problem of a cyclically loaded cylinder on a flat elastic–plastic surface is analyzed under the assumption of plane strain. Severe fretting conditions are modeled by applying a constant normal load and a cyclic tangential load to the cylinder and describing the contact behavior using a Coulomb friction law. Detailed numerical results are presented for the evolution of plastic strains in the substrate as a function of loading and friction coefficient. Shakedown maps and cyclic plastic strain behavior maps are created to describe the relative contribution of cyclic plasticity, ratcheting and shakedown as a function of loading. Cyclic plastic strain amplitudes are presented as a function of tangential load amplitude for various levels of normal pressure and friction using extensive finite element computations. Several plasticity models are considered: elastic/perfectly-plastic, isotropic strain hardening and kinematic strain hardening. The results indicate that, while the plastic strain amplitudes decrease with increased strain hardening, the qualitative behavior is insensitive to the choice of plasticity model. The results are compared with corresponding fully elastic analyses to highlight the role of plasticity during contact deformation and to evaluate the implications of using fully elastic analyses to predict crack nucleation.
Regenerating dorsal roots and the nerve entry zone: an immunofluorescence study with neurofilament and laminin antisera.

Dorsal spinal roots were crushed in 30 rats at the lumbar or thoracic level. Peripheral roots, nerve entry zone, and spinal cord were studied 3 to 5 weeks after operation by immunofluorescence with neurofilament, glial fibrillary acidic (GFA), and laminin antisera. As previously shown in sciatic nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration, reactive Schwann cells forming the bands of Bungner stained intensely with laminin antisera. Within these bands bundles of regenerating axons were present as indicated by double staining with laminin and neurofilament antisera. With very few exceptions, regenerating axons were not observed in the laminin-negative intramedullary division of the root. This also appeared to be the case when the dome-shape protrusion of central nervous system tissue forming the intramedullary division was surrounded by regenerating fibers. Compared with GFA antisera, laminin antisera allowed a better identification of the boundary between the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the central nervous system only blood vessels were laminin-positive, whereas Schwann cells' processes were decorated by GFA antisera in peripheral roots, the staining being stronger in reactive Schwann cells.
Hybrid Wing Body Configuration Scaling Study

The Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) configuration is a subsonic transport aircraft concept with the potential to simultaneously reduce fuel burn, noise and emissions compared to conventional concepts. Initial studies focused on very large applications with capacities for up to 800 passengers. More recent studies have focused on the large, twin-aisle class with passenger capacities in the 300-450 range. Efficiently scaling this concept down to the single aisle or smaller size is challenging due to geometric constraints, potentially reducing the desirability of this concept for applications in the 100-200 passenger capacity range or less. In order to quantify this scaling challenge, five advanced conventional (tube-and-wing layout) concepts were developed, along with equivalent (payload/range/technology) HWB concepts, and their fuel burn performance compared. The comparison showed that the HWB concepts have fuel burn advantages over advanced tube-and-wing concepts in the larger payload/range classes (roughly 767-sized and larger). Although noise performance was not quantified in this study, the HWB concept has distinct noise advantages over the conventional tube-and-wing configuration due to the inherent noise shielding features of the HWB. NASA s Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project will continue to investigate advanced configurations, such as the HWB, due to their potential to simultaneously reduce fuel burn, noise and emissions.
Initial Diagnosis of Unsuspected Primary Amyloidosis (AL) by Liver Biopsy

While the liver is commonly involved in systemic amyloidosis, review of the literature indicates that clinically evident hepatic amyloidosis is not usually encountered. Three patients with clinically unsuspected primary amyloid light chain (AL) type of amyloid osis diagnosed by liver biopsy are described. All patients presented with signs, symp toms, and biochemical abnormalities consistent with intrinsic liver disease. The first patient had cholestatic hepatitis with jaundice, the second had hepatomegaly and weight loss, and the third had cholestatic liver disease. All three liver biopsies showed extensive sinusoidal deposition of amyloid material that stained positively with Congo red with and without prior potassium permanganate digestion, consistent with AL type amyloid. Ultrastructural examination of one of the cases showed straight, non- branching fibrils having the characteristic appearance of amyloid. Immunocytochemi cal staining in another case revealed the hyaline material to be positive for lam...
Well-Defined Graft Copolymers Based on the Selective Living Anionic Polymerization of the Bifunctional Monomer 4-(Vinylphenyl)-1-butene

The anionic copolymerization of the bifunctional monomer 4-(vinylphenyl)-1-butene (VSt) with styrene (St) was carried out in a mixture of toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF), using n-BuLi as initiator, at −40 °C. During this process, the styrene type CC bond of VSt was selectively polymerized, and the other one in its butenyl moiety remained unchanged. The molecular weight and the composition of the resulting copolymer could be well-controlled, and its molecular weight distribution was very narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.03−1.04). The unreacted butenyl groups of the VSt units were further reacted with chlorodimethylsilane, generating another functional copolymer with reactive chlorodimethylbutylsilyl side chains. This functional polymer was used as a backbone polymer and reacted with the anionic living polymers of St, isoprene (Is), or methyl methacrylate (MMA). This coupling reaction resulted in the formation of well-defined graft (co)polymers with a poly(St) backbone and either poly(St) or poly(Is) or poly(MMA) side c...
Empirical models for scaling pseudo relative velocity spectra of strong earthquake accelerations in terms of magnitude, distance, site intensity and recording site conditions

Our previous empirical scaling model for Pseudo Relative Velocity (PSV) spectrum amplitudes has been refined here by introducing the frequency dependent attenuation of amplitudes with distance 9 . The new model also considers the depth of earthquake focus and the approximate characterization of the source size to compute the ‘representative’ source to station distances in addition to all other scaling parameters used previously 4 . The form of the probability distribution function of spectral amplitudes proposed by Trifunac and Anderson 4 to describe the distribution of the residuals about the chosen regression model has been confirmed by this analysis.
A method for culturing canine tracheal smooth muscle cells in vitro: Morphologic and pharmacologic observations

A method of culturing canine tracheal smooth muscle cells in vitro is described. The morphology of these cells is monitored up to 60 days in culture and selected stages are illustrated. The characteristics of these cells are numerous mechanical attachments, the presence of thick filaments in suitably processed cells, and their contractile response to in vitro administration of carbachol, a cholinomimetic drug. They also possess nexus formations and both thin (actin) filaments and 10-nm filaments. Mitosis is found in the nonconfluent preparations up to 16 days after culturing. Cultures of 2 to 8 days appear to be most useful as pharmacological test vehicles. This system will be used to explore the phenomenon of adrenergic beta-2 receptor desensitization in airway smooth muscle, to attempt to localize these receptor sites and to determine how receptor affinity and/or number may be regulating cell response to pharmacologic agents.
Framework and Strategy for Implementing an Information Technology-Based Pavement Management System

The advent of information and telecommunication technologies has had significant effects on the development and implementation of pavement management systems (PMSs) for state departments of transportation (DOTs) and also fosters great opportunities for improving states' highway pavement conditions through increased productivity and effectiveness in managing their highway pavement information. However, it still remains a challenge for state DOTs to successfully implement an integrated PMS due to the complexity of PMS and many issues involved in the development and implementation that need to be resolved. The development and implementation of an information technology (IT)-based PMS by the Georgia Department of Transportation is presented. On the basis of existing pavement management practices by Georgia DOT, the needs and concerns for improvements are identified in light of the advent of IT. The development of the conceptual IT-based PMS framework to meet Georgia DOT's needs is first presented. The strategies for developing and implementing an integrated PMS are then presented, and the benefits of adopting the strategies are discussed. The need for incorporating a common spatial and temporal reference system to ensure system compatibility and integration for all the databases is discussed. Seven modules of this integrated IT-based PMS have been implemented, including the computerized pavement condition evaluation system, historical pavement performance data conversion and filtering system, network-level data management and analysis system, geographic information system analysis and visualization system, rehabilitation treatment decision system, highway maintenance management system, and the knowledge-based system for diagnosing pavement distress causes. Four modules currently under development are also described.
The effects of mechanical loading on marginal integrity of composite restorations.

Abstract Utilization of composite restorations in high stress areas requires a re-evaluation of this factor in relationship to marginal integrity. Sixty Class V cavity preparations were prepared in the buccal surfaces of premolars and restored by conventional methods using a bonding agent and large particle composite resin. These restorations were subjected to repetitive mechanical loading with and without thermal cycling. The effect on the composite-enamel bond was evaluated by autoradiography. The induced stresses resulted in no statistical change in the marginal integrity of the restorations.
Anchimeric assistance in vapor-phase acetate thermolysis†‡

The occurrence of anchimeric assistance in the vapor-phase thermolysis of anti- and syn-7-acetoxy-7-methylnorbornene and 7-acetoxy-7-methylnorborane has been investigated. The relative rates of thermolysis were found to be 1.9, 0.87, and 1.0, respectively. The nature of the transition state for ester thermolysis is discussed in light of the small amount of anchimeric assistance found in the thermolysis of the anti-isomer.
Paclitaxel production in suspension cell cultures of Taxus

Five separate cell lines, three of Taxus canadensis Marsh. and two of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc., were used to test the effect of carbohydrates and plant growth regulators on the growth of cells and production of paclitaxel in culture. There was no significant correlation between growth of cells and paclitaxel production. While no single medium was developed that was optimal for all cell lines, it was possible to develop a medium for each species that represented a superior combination of growth and paclitaxel production. A combination of NAA and thidiazuron produced the best combination of growth and paclitaxel production in cell lines of T. canadensis, while IAA and BA produced the best results in cell lines of T. cuspidata. A mixture of sucrose and fructose gave the best combination of growth and paclitaxel production. The addition of carbohydrates midway through the growth cycle increased the rate at which paclitaxel accumulated in the culture medium. The highest paclitaxel concentration obtained was 14.78±0.86 mg 1−1 (n=3).
Profiling of retinoid mediated gene expression in synchronized human SCC cells using Atlas human cDNA expression arrays.

While retinoids have been demonstrated to inhibit growth of many tumor cells, including SCC cells, the molecular mechanism by which retinoids suppress growth has not been elucidated. We previously found that the growth of SCC cells was significantly inhibited by all-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans-RA) treatment, and this inhibition was dependent on the binding and activation of RARs. These nuclear receptors bind retinoids and alter the rate of transcription of specific genes. To identify targets of the activated RARs which mediate growth inhibition, we growth arrested SCC-25 cells in G-0 and examined the effect of all-trans-RA on synchronized SCC-25 cells. All-trans-RA inhibited G-1 progression in quiescent SCC-25 cells stimulated by FBS. More specifically, we found that the all-trans-RA execution point maps to mid/late G-1, 6 to 10 h after stimulation. Using this synchronized cell system, we examined the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes in quiescent SCC-25 cells stimulated with FBS and treated with all-trans-RA. We found few changes in expression of these genes which could account for all-trans-RA inhibition of SCC-25 cell growth. In order to compare the patterns of expression of a wider selection of genes in all-trans-RA treated and non-treated SCC-25 cells, we have used expression array technology. We successfully performed expression profiling experiments on the Atlas Human cDNA arrays which contain 1176 human genes. We have identified several up-regulated and several down-regulated gene expression changes mediated by all-trans-RA treatment in synchronized SCC-25 cells. This novel information will be useful in defining the mechanism by which retinoids suppress the growth of SCC cells.
Simulation of Spin-Qubit Quantum Dot Circuit with Integrated Quantum Point Contact Read-Out

We provide a physical analysis of the charging and detection of the first few electrons in a laterally-coupled GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dot (LCQD) circuit with integrated quantum point contact (QPC) read-out. Our analysis is based on the numerical solution of the Kohn-Sham equation incorporated into a three-dimensional self-consistent scheme for simulating the quantum device. Electronic states and eigenenergy spectra reflecting the particular LCQD confinement shape are obtained as a function of external gate voltages. We also derive the stability diagram for the first few electrons in the device, and obtain excellent agreement with experimental data.
Super classical quantum mechanics: The best interpretation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics

It has been shown that Newtonian classical mechanics (NCM) suffers from several kinds of chaotic indeterminacies. That means, a large set of problems treated with NCM gives results which are in wild disagreement with observation. In the present paper, these shortcomings are repaired in a simple, obvious, and essentially unique manner. The NCM theory is thereby transformed into a new theory which is fully equivalent to the Heisenberg, Schrodinger, and Dirac nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, with the vital addition of Born’s probabilistic interpretation of the wave function built in from the start. I call this new theory “super classical quantum mechanics” (SCQM). Using Ehrenfest’s theorem of 1927, the classical limit of the new theory, SCQM, is seen to give exactly the results expected of the repaired Newtonian theory of classical mechanics.
Migration moveout analysis and depth focusing

Prestack depth migration still suffers from the problems associated with building appropriate velocity models. The two main after‐migration, before‐stack velocity analysis techniques currently used, depth focusing and residual moveout correction, have found good use in many applications but have also shown their limitations in the case of very complex structures. To address this issue, we have extended the residual moveout analysis technique to the general case of heterogeneous velocity fields and steep dips, while keeping the algorithm robust enough to be of practical use on real data. Our method is not based on analytic expressions for the moveouts and requires no a priori knowledge of the model, but instead uses geometrical ray tracing in heterogeneous media, layer‐stripping migration, and local wavefront analysis to compute residual velocity corrections. These corrections are back projected into the velocity model along raypaths in a way that is similar to tomographic reconstruction. While this approa...
A specialty store’s perspective on retail internationalization: a case study

Abstract Retail internationalization is an important trend for today’s retailers. However, the appropriateness of the strategy for all retailers has not been fully addressed. Most of the literature is based on experiences encountered after businesses have entered their new marketplaces. Very little information exists about strategic considerations occurring prior to international expansion. This study contributes to retail internationalization theory by partially validating a conceptual model of decision antecedents (Simpson and Thorpe, 1995). Data collected from an idiographic case study using a qualitative methodology support the conceptualization presented in the model, indicating that certain pre-conditions should exist in the retailer’s domestic environment, act as motives for considering a global expansion strategy, and drive the internationalization decision-making process forward.
Modeling Laterally Loaded Single Piles Accounting for Nonlinear Soil-Pile Interactions

The nonlinear behavior of a laterally loaded monopile foundation is studied using the finite element method (FEM) to account for soil-pile interactions. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element modeling is a convenient and reliable approach to account for the continuity of the soil mass and the nonlinearity of the soil-pile interactions. Existing simple methods for predicting the deflection of laterally loaded single piles in sand and clay (e.g., beam on elastic foundation, p-y method, and SALLOP) are assessed using linear and nonlinear finite element analyses. The results indicate that for the specific case considered here the p-y method provides a reasonable accuracy, in spite of its simplicity, in predicting the lateral deflection of single piles. A simplified linear finite element (FE) analysis of piles, often used in the literature, is also investigated and the influence of accounting for the pile diameter in the simplified linear FE model is evaluated. It is shown that modeling the pile as a line with beam-column elements results in a reduced contribution of the surrounding soil to the lateral stiffness of the pile and an increase of up to 200% in the predicted maximum lateral displacement of the pile head.
The infrared spectrum of the ν10 band of allene

Abstract Some new experimental and theoretical results are presented for the ν10 fundamental band of allene-h4. An explanation of the anomalously broad PQ2 branch is suggested in terms of an l-type doubling in the K = 1 (−l) levels and a reassignment of the hot bands near the ν10 fundamental band is proposed.
Debye-Waller Factors in Rare-Gas Solids

Mean-square amplitudes for inert-gas solids neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been calculated as a function of temperature. The results are presented for the cases of zero pressure and constant volume. A nearest-neighbor ($m\ensuremath{-}6$) Mie-Lennard-Jones potential was used, and lowest-order anharmonic contributions were taken into account by the frequency-shift method.
Cognitive-Communication Abilities in Children With Closed Head Injury

The cognitive-communicative needs of children and adolescents with closed head injury (CHI) are an important responsibility facing speech-language pathologists today. Growing evidence suggests that...
Isotopic disequilibrium during melting of granite and implications for crustal contamination of magmas

The assumption that the isotopic ratios of anatectic melts generated in response to crust-magma interaction are equivalent to the bulk source rock from which they are derived was tested experimentally via dehydration melting of a Proterozoic biotite granite. Heating of the coarse-grained granite at 1250 °C for durations of 1 to 48 h produced extreme disequilibrium among simultaneously generated mafic and felsic melts (quenched to glass) and whole-rock 87Sr/86Sr ratios. In-situ microdrill Sr isotopic analyses across gradational contacts between mafic (high-87Sr/86Sr) and felsic (low-87Sr/86Sr) glass register significant isotopic and chemical heterogeneity on the submillimetre scale. Our experiments suggest that during the early stages of wall-rock melting, when the rate of heating may exceed melting rates, isotopic equilibrium may not be maintained, thus producing contaminant liquids having isotopic compositions different from the bulk source rock. If isotopic equilibrium is not attained during partial melting in the crust, current geochemical models of open-system magmatic processes may require modification.
On a fundamental identity for stopping times and its application to risk theory

Abstract Let {Sn} be a sequence of partial sums of i.i.d. distributed random variables Xi with S0=0. For any stopping time σ, Miller's (1961) fundamental identity is generalized to give E e tS σ z σ I{σ =1+[zф(t)−1]F(z, t) , where ф (t) is a moment generating function of Xi, F(z, t) is a power series and I{A} is the indicator of A. In particular, if α is the first time that {sn∉(−βn, αn)} n=1, 2,…, it is proved that Wald's identity holds, i.e., E e tS σ [ф(t)] −σ I{σ =1 . Wald's identity is used to approximate the tail probability of ruin in risk theory.
The organization of somatosensory area II in tree shrews.

Microelectrode multiunit recording methods were used to determine the somatotopic organization of the second somatosensory area, S-II, in tree shrews. Neurons were activated by light tactile stimuli, and receptive fields were located on the contralateral body surface only. The orientation of S-II was such that the top of the head adjoined S-I and the distal limbs pointed away from S-I so that the representation could be characterized as “erect.” In general, the distortions of the body surface in S-II were similar to those found in S-I of the tree shrew (Sur et al., '80), with the exception that proportionately less cortex was devoted to the glabrous nose. The representation in S-II was more continuous than that in S-I. Finally, cortex bordering S-II caudally was found to be responsive to generally more intense somatosensory stimuli such as taps to the body surface.
Differential regulation of CCL21 in lymphoid/nonlymphoid tissues for effectively attracting T cells to peripheral tissues

CC chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21)/secondary lymphoid chemokine (SLC), a ligand for CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), has been demonstrated to play a vital role in the homing and localization of immune cells to lymphoid tissues, but its role in nonlymphoid tissues largely remains undefined. Here, we provide evidence that CCL21 in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues is differentially regulated by lymphotoxin-dependent (LT-dependent) and -independent mechanisms, respectively. This differential regulation is due to the selective regulation of the CCL21-Ser/CCL21a but not the CCL21-Leu/CCL21b gene by the LT and noncanonical NF-kappaB pathways. This alternate pathway, not dependent on LT or lymphocytes, leading to constitutive expression of CCL21 in nonlymphoid tissues, is critical for the initial recruitment of T lymphocytes to peripheral effector sites. CCL21 expression is subsequently further enhanced in a LT-dependent fashion following airway challenge, potentially facilitating a positive feedback loop to attract additional CCR7+ effector cells. These findings establish an essential role for CCL21 in the recruitment of effector T cells to peripheral tissues and suggest that LT-dependent and -independent regulation of CCL21 plays a role in balancing the central and peripheral immune responses between lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues.
Subquadratic simulations of circuits by branching programs

Boolean circuits and their simulations by bounded-width branching programs are considered. It is shown that every NC/sup 1/ circuit of size s can be simulated by a constant-width branching program of length s/sup 1.811. . ./. Some related group-theoretic results are presented. >
Convergent and Discriminant Validation of Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU) Examinations by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix

This study used a validational procedure involving a matrix of intercorrelations among tests representing four areas of Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU) content knowledge, each measured by objective multiple-choice and essay methods. The results indicated that the two methods of measuring the same trait yielded fairly consistent estimates of content knowledge. Thus support was lent to the constructs and to the methods for measuring them. The use of multitrait-multimethod procedures with other samples and measures is encouraged in order to provide continuing evidence for the validity of evolving American College examinations.
Implementing MPI-IO atomic mode without file system support

The ROMIO implementation of the MPI-IO standard provides a portable infrastructure for use on top of any number of different underlying storage targets. These different targets vary widely in their capabilities, and in some cases, additional effort is needed within ROMIO to support the complete MPI-IO semantics. One aspect of the interface that can be problematic to implement is the MPI-IO atomic mode. This mode requires enforcing strict consistency semantics. For some file systems, native locks may be used to enforce these semantics, but not all file systems have lock support. In this work, we describe two algorithms for implementing efficient mutex locks using MPI-1 and MPI-2 capabilities. We then show how these algorithms may be used to implement a portable MPI-IO atomic mode for ROMIO. We evaluate the performance of these algorithms and show that they impose little additional overhead on the system. Because of the low-overhead nature of these algorithms, they are likely useful in a variety of situations where distributed locks are needed in the MPI-2 environment.
An Integrated Approach to Energy-Aware Medium Access for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper addresses the design of distributed medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless sensor networks under the performance measure of network lifetime. Integrated in the design of MAC schemes are two key physical-layer parameters: the channel state and the residual energy of each sensor. The individual and collective impacts of incorporating these parameters in MAC design on network lifetime are studied. We show that a lifetime-maximizing protocol should dynamically trade off the channel state information (CSI) with the residual energy information (REI) according to the age of the network. Specifically, lifetime-maximizing protocols should be more opportunistic by prioritizing sensors with better channels for transmission when the network is young and more conservative by favoring sensors with more residual energies when the network is old. Following this general design principle, we propose a dynamic protocol for lifetime maximization (DPLM) that exploits local information of both channel state and residual energy. Analytical and simulation results are provided to demonstrate the dynamic property and the asymptotic optimality of DPLM: its relative performance loss as compared to the performance limit defined by the optimal centralized protocol using global CSI and REI diminishes as the initial energy of each sensor increases.
Quantitative Analysis of the Ankle Strategy Under Translational Platform Disturbance

The ankle strategy is one of the postural adjustment maneuvers humans utilize when the support platform is disturbed. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the ankle strategy. A three-link sagittal biped model is considered. The first link represents the two legs locked together. The second link represents the two thighs locked together. The third link represents the hip, the torso, the upper limbs, the neck, and the head. The dynamics, control, and stability of the three-link biped, under platform translation, are considered. The disturbance of the platform is represented as an input and the effect of the muscular system is reduced to a set of torques applied to the joints and across the joints. Two digital computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the behavior of the biped under backward or forward platform disturbance. The simulations are compared with experimental measurements of humans subjected to postural disturbances. It is shown that the effect of a horizontal disturbance at the ankle appears to be about 40 times that of the effect of the disturbance at the knees and at least a few hundred times larger than the effect of a disturbance at the hip. This means that, under translational platform disturbance, the ankle angle is subjected to the largest excursion. The knee and the hip angle excursions are relatively minor. Consequently, the biped, as a whole, appears to move as a single inverted pendulum. Major postural corrections are initiated by the ankle excursion. Further, when the available ankle torque is limited or nonexistent, the stability requires resorting to the knee or hip strategies
Analysis of Land-Mobile Channel-Occupancy Sampling Errors

The results of an analysis of the errors made in sampling measurements of the Land-Mobile Radio Service channel occupancies by the mobile spectrum-occupancy monitors operated by the Federal Communications Commission are presented. Only the measurement errors caused by the limited observation interval (5 min out of a longer time period for each land-mobile channel) are considered in this paper. The major findings were: 1) That the normalized monitor occupancy-measurement error (obtained by dividing the monitor occupancy error by the respective channel occupancy) is larger for low-occupancy channels than for high-occupancy channels. 2) Monitor occupancy-measurement errors increase as the ratio of the 5-min observation time to the total measurement time decreases. 3) Larger relative occupancy-measurement errors occur in measuring 90-percent occupancy with the monitor than in measuring average occupancy. The 90-percent-occupancy value is defined as that value exceeded by only 10 percent of the samples. 4) A considerable percentage of both the 90-percent and average monitor sampling distributions tend to be normally distributed. 5) The distribution of 5-min occupancy samples taken consecutively on a LM channel for a period of a day (about 144 samples) usually is not similar to any common statistical distributions for low-occupancy channels. The. distribution of these samples on high-occupancy channels tends toward a normal distribution. 6) The distribution of 90-percent-occupancy samples taken by the monitor is usually asymmetric with respect to the 90-percent-occupancy value determined by use of all of the 5-min samples for a day.
Redistribution of Dopant and Impurity Concentrations During the Formation of Uniform Wsi2 Films by RTP

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy has been used to study the effects of rapid thermal processing on the formation of tetragonal tungsten disilicide thin films on Si(100), p-type 5 Omaga;, cm wafers. The substrates were chemically etched, followed by an RF sputter depostion of 710A W metal. The samples were then fast radiatively processed in an RTP system for time intervals ranging from 15 to 45 seconds at high temperature (∼1100°C) under high vacuum. The redistribution of the boron dopant concentration profile is studied and shows that boron moves from the Si-substrate into the growing Wsi2 film, eventually escaping into the vacuum. Oxygen is the major impurity in these samples and its removal from the interface has been shown to improve the quality of the silicide film. Trace quantities of F, Cl, Na, K, C and Cr have also been detected.
Adaptive Iterative Learning for Classification based on Feature Selection and Combination Voting

Feature selection is an active research area in machine learning for high dimensional dataset analysis. The idea is to perform the learning process solely on the top ranked feature spaces instead of the entire original feature space, and therefore to improve the understanding of the inherent characteristics of such dataset as well as reduce the computational cost. While most of the research efforts are focused on how to select the proper features for machine learning, we studied the following important problem in this paper: can the "unimportant features" (low rank features) also provide useful information to improve the overall learning capability? In this paper, we proposed an adaptive iterative learning mechanism based on feature selection and combination voting (AdaFSCV) to address this issue. Unlike the conventional way of discarding the unselected low rank features, we iteratively build classifiers in those feature spaces as well. Such iterative process will adaptively learn information in different feature spaces, and automatically stop when one classify can not provide better information than a random guess. Finally, a probability voting algorithm is proposed to combine all the votes from different classifiers to provide the final prediction results. Simulation results on the MNIST database of handwritten digits show this method can improve the classification accuracy and robustness with certain levels of trade-off of the computational cost.
Moda - multiple objective decision analysis: balancing quality attributes in software architectures

A high-quality software architecture facilitates in developing a high quality software-intensive system. To design such architecture, the architect must consider multiple stakeholders' inconsistent, contradictory, and partially understood objectives, and balance the myriad tradeoffs among them. Our approach proposes to balance quality attributes in software architectures by identify the important-yet-to-be-addressed quality attributes during the design process and provide architecture analysis methods to help compare the resulting architecture candidates with respect to required quality attributes.
Ambivalence and Ideology among Mexicano Youth in Tlaxcala, Mexico.

Youth in Mexicano-speaking communities in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, have multiple ideologies of language and local identities. Young adulthood is a crucial time in which ideological positions on Indigenous language and identity can be in flux, thus having important consequences for understanding language shift and revitalization. Drawing on ethnographic observation and interviews, I focus on youth and young adults' ideologies characterized by ambivalence about Native language use and identity. These data show how youth are caught up in a nexus of multiple ideologies influenced by globalizing forces and racialized societal discourses that denigrate Indigenous identities. To the outside observer, ambivalence is at the center of youth ideologies, yet ideologies governing language shift can change over time. Reflective teacher narratives offer evidence of changing ideologies and hope for language revitalization. Ambivalence needs to be studied further as a sociohistorical response to minoritized status a...