cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE events carry significant morbidity and mortality, and have been associated with worse outcomes in patients with IBD. Studies have suggested that the hypercoagulable nature of the disease stems from a complex interplay of systems that include the coagulation cascade, natural coagulation inhibitors, fibrinolytic system, endothelium, immune system, and platelets. Additionally, clinical factors that increase the likelihood of a VTE event among IBD patients include older age (though some studies suggest younger patients have a higher relative risk of VTE, the incidence in this population is much lower as compared to the older IBD patient population), pregnancy, active disease, more extensive disease, hospitalization, the use of certain medications such as corticosteroids or tofacitinb, and IBD-related surgeries. Despite the increased risk of VTE among IBD patients and the safety of pharmacologic prophylaxis, adherence rates among hospitalized IBD patients appear to be low. Furthermore, recent data suggests that there is a population of high risk IBD patients who may benefit from post-discharge prophylaxis. This review will provide an overview of patient specific factors that affect VTE risk, elucidate reasons for lack of VTE prophylaxis among hospitalized IBD patients, and focus on recent data describing those at highest risk for recurrent VTE post-hospital discharge.
Examining correlation of altmetric score and citation number in dermatology journal articles.

Objectives: Determine the correlation between Altmetric score and citation number for publications in high-impact dermatology journals and examine the characteristics of these articles.Materials an...
Rhizobiome shields plants from infection

Iron-scavenging molecules called siderophores that are produced by the native microbial residents of plant roots fend off plant pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum.
Life Cycles of American Legal History Through Bob Dylan's Eyes

This article discusses how America's passage through cycles of change that correlate to patterns of discrimination and revolution, as illustrated in the lyrics of Bob Dylan, is represented in American law. It examines, from a legal perspective, Bob Dylan's ideas on social policy and change, and identifies periods in American history during which the nation was "put on the cross, died, and was resurrected." This examination emphasizes certain key players in U.S. history, who were admired by Dylan for being honorable and fair, standing up for the underdog, and fighting hard against their enemies. These key players include Thaddeus Stevens, and abolitionist and human rights activist, and Joe Hill, an immigrant leader of the labor movement, whose story illustrates the trampling of the traditional worker and the rise of labor unions in America. The stories of these key players are woven into a narrative about the legal and societal treatment of African Americans throughout the history of the United States, from the emancipation of the slaves and the civil war, through the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The article concludes by examining how corporations exert significant domination over the political process. It illustrates how, like earlier "death" periods in American history, this one is perpetuated by corporate self-interest.
A Scalable Role Mining Approach for Large Organizations

Role-based access control (RBAC) model has gained significant attention in cybersecurity in recent years. RBAC restricts system access only to authorized users based on the roles and regulations within an organization. The flexibility and usability of this model have encouraged organizations to migrate from traditional discretionary access control (DAC) models to RBAC. However, this transition requires accomplishing a very challenging task called role mining in which users' roles are generated from the existing access control lists. Although various approaches have been proposed to address this NP-complete problem in the literature, they suffer either from low scalability such that their execution time increases exponentially with the input size, or they rely on fast heuristics with low optimality that generate too many roles. In this paper, we introduce a highly scalable yet optimal approach to tackle the role mining problem. To this end, we utilize a non-negative rank reduced matrix decomposition method to decompose a large-scale user-permission assignment into two constitutive components, i.e. the user-role and role-permission assignments. Then, we apply a thresholding technique to convert real-valued components into binary-valued factors. We employ various access control configurations and demonstrate that our proposed model is able to effectively discover the latent relationship behind the user-permission data even with large datasets.
PTSD is associated with accelerated transcriptional aging in World Trade Center responders

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with shortened lifespan and healthspan, which suggests accelerated aging. Emerging evidence suggests that methylation age may be accelerated in PTSD. It is important to examine whether transcriptional age is also accelerated because transcriptome is highly dynamic, associated with age-related outcomes, and may offer greater insight into the premature aging in PTSD. This study is the first reported investigation of the relationship between transcriptional age and PTSD. Using RNA-Seq data from our previous study on 324 World Trade Center responders (201 never had PTSD, 81 with current PTSD, and 42 with past PTSD), as well as a transcriptional age calculator (RNAAgeCalc) recently developed by our group, we found that responders with current PTSD, compared with responders without a PTSD diagnosis, showed accelerated transcriptional aging (p = 0.0077) after adjustment for chronological age and race. We compared our results to the epigenetic aging results computed from several epigenetic clock calculators on matching DNA methylation data. GrimAge methylation age acceleration was also associated with PTSD diagnosis (p = 0.0097), and the results remained significant after adjustment for the proportions of immune cell types. PhenoAge, Hannum, and Horvath methylation age acceleration were not reliably related to PTSD. Both epigenetic and transcriptional aging may provide biological insights into the mechanisms underpinning aging in PTSD.
Effect of COVID-19 on Geographic Distribution of the Integrated Plastic Surgery Match

Background: COVID-19 had significant impact on the 2021 integrated plastic surgery match, most notably through cancellation of away rotations and virtual interviews. While previous studies have analyzed geographic outcomes of the match in prior years, the effects of COVID-19 have not been determined. This study aims to contribute 2021 match data to determine the effects of COVID-19 on the geographic distribution of the integrated plastic surgery match. Methods: Official match results for each program were populated by searching official program institutional websites and social media pages. Trainees' home medical institutions and current integrated plastic surgery residency programs were noted. Statistical analysis compared geographic distribution in COVID-19 affected (2021) and non-COVID-19 affected (2015-2020) match years. Results: Of 85 integrated plastic surgery programs, 80% (n = 68) of programs and 1,015 matched trainees were included in this study. The average percentage of institutional matches in COVID-19-affected match year was 25.12%, compared to 16.67% for non-COVID-19-affected match years (p = 0.0012). The odds ratio of matching at a home institution in 2021 compared to prior years was 1.68 (95% CI 1.11-2.53). Conclusions: Our study is consistent with previous studies that demonstrate strong match preferences for affiliated medical students but also adds that this trend may be amplified in the post-COVID-19 era. While multiple factors may be involved in geographic distributions of residency match outcomes, the results of this study suggest that COVID-19 restrictions on travel and exposure to outside programs may have contributed to an even higher percentage of matches within the same institution.
Error Estimates for Galerkin Method to a Type of Partial Differential Equations

Discuss Galerkin approximation to a type of second order nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations. Provide continuous time Galerkin approximation and fully discrete Galerkin approximations and derive optimal L2-error estimates for continuous time and fully discrete Calerkin approximations, separately.
Of Speech and Sanctions: Toward a Penalty-Sensitive Approach to the First Amendment

Courts confronting First Amendment claims do not often scrutinize the severity of a speaker’s punishment. Embracing a “penalty-neutral” understanding of the free-speech right, these courts tend to treat an individual’s expression as either protected, in which case the government may not punish it at all, or unprotected, in which case the government may punish it to a very great degree. There is, however, a small but important body of “penalty-sensitive” case law that runs counter to the penalty-neutral norm. Within this case law, the severity of a speaker’s punishment affects the merits of her First Amendment claim, thus giving rise to categories of expression that the government may punish, but only to a limited extent. This Article defends penalty-sensitive free- speech adjudication and calls for its expanded use within First Amendment law. Pulling together existing strands of penalty-sensitive doctrine, the Article identifies five ways in which penalty-sensitive analysis can further important constitutional objectives: (1) by increasing fairness for similarly-situated speakers; (2) by mitigating chilling effects on protected speech; (3) by facilitating the “efficient breach” of constitutionally borderline speech restrictions; (4) by rooting out improper government motives; and (5) by promoting transparency in judicial decision-making. The Article also considers and rejects potential objections to the penalty-sensitive approach, concluding that it will often generate proper results in difficult First Amendment cases.
Investigation of immune response and protection induced by a combined vaccination of modified live and killed porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines and its potential use in a swine herd

Commercial modified live (MLV) and killed (KV) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines induce slow developing effective immunity as measured by serum neutralizing (SN) antibody and cell-mediated immunity. The objective of the studies was to develop more effective vaccines or vaccination strategies based on commercial vaccines. Three separate studies were conducted to investigate the efficacy of vaccination protocols including vaccination with MLV and KV, either alone or in combination, KV with interleukin (IL)-12 added, and KV used as a booster vaccine in a PRRSV positive herd. The protection induced was evaluated by experimentally challenging pigs with PRRSV. It was found that the MLV followed by KV induced significantly higher SN antibody levels compared to either vaccine alone. This vaccination protocol significantly reduced serum viral RNA, severity of lung lesions, and clinical disease. In contrast, the addition of IL-12 did little to enhance the efficacy of the KV although clinical respiratory disease consistent with PRRSV was significantly reduced. However, no reduction of viral RNA in serum or reduced persistence of virus in tonsils or lung lavage samples was observed. The KV administration to gestational sows significantly increased SN antibodies in serum and colostrum at farrowing and at weaning compared to non-vaccinated sows. Furthermore, pigs farrowed from the vaccinated sows had significantly higher levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) as measured by both SN and ELISA assays compared to pigs farrowed from the non-vaccinated sows. Pigs farrowed from vaccinated sows and challenged at 10 days of age displayed the mildest clinical disease and had lower levels of serum viral RNA
THE FREQUENCY OF DRY SPELLS IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

A dry-spell climatology for the southern United States was developed using a definition of a dry spell of length × as × days without measurable precipitation. Data for 1950 to 1994 for 154 stations, evenly distributed over the area approximately bounded by 98°W and 37°N, were used. Separate analysis for winter (December-January-February) and summer (June-July-August) were undertaken. For the majority of stations in both seasons the modal dry period length is one day, although in winter approximately a third of the stations have two-day modes. There are commonly about 15 dry spells in winter, with little spatial variation. In summer, the number increases from east to west. In both seasons, the duration of the longest spells is greatest in the west. A cluster analysis revealed four regions in summer, three reflecting the east-west increase in dryness and the fourth isolating a separate regime in Florida. Winter had three regions that were indicative of an increase in the dominance of long dry periods northw...
Spermidine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: promoter and termination regions of the speED operon.

Abstract Two enzymes, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, are essential for the biosynthesis of spermidine in Escherichia coli. We have previously shown that the genes encoding these enzymes (speD and speE) form an operon and that the area immediately upstream from the speE gene is necessary for the expression of both the speE and speD genes. We have now studied the upstream promoter and the downstream terminator regions of this operon more completely. We have shown that the major mRNA initiation site (Ia) of the operon is located 475 base pairs (bp) upstream from the speE gene and that there is an open reading frame that encodes for a polypeptide of 115 amino acids between the Ia site and the ATG start codon for the speE gene. Downstream from the stop codon for the speD gene is a potential hairpin structure immediately followed by an mRNA termination site, t. An additional mRNA termination site, t', is present about 110 bp downstream from t and is stronger than t. By comparing our DNA fragments with those prepared from this region of the E. coli chromosome by Kohara et al., we have located the speED operon on the physical map of the E. coli chromosome. We have shown that the orientation of the speED operon is counterclockwise and that the operon is located 137.5 to 140 kbp (2.9 minutes) clockwise from the zero position of the E. coli chromosomal map.
Empowering Girls with Chemistry, Exercise and Physical Activity

Research suggests that a girl's career interests in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) declines between grades 6 and 8. Similarly, in middle school, there is a decrease in physical activity among girls. Researchers at the University of Rhode Island (URI) conducted a chemistry-based science camp that took place over the public school spring break with the goal of increasing girls' interest in chemistry and physical activity. The camp included 42 middle school age girls in grades 6 through 8 from schools throughout Rhode Island. Interdisciplinary curricula were created to link chemistry with physical activity concepts used in physical education classes. Overall, the girls enjoyed the interdisciplinary curriculum and found the connection between science and physical activity to be interesting; as a result, similar science-based interdisciplinary curricula may have the capacity to promote physical activity as well as STEM career interests in girls.
Reduced frequency of apnea and bradycardia episodes caused by exposure to biological maternal sounds.

The specific effects of maternal auditory stimulation on short-term physoiological stability, however, are still unclear. This case study was conducted as part of a larger study currently underway at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. The infant’s mother gave written, informed consent. Case report A female infant was born at 26 weeks 6 days gestational age (GA) by emergency cesarean section for abruption with vaginal bleeding of approximately 1 h duration and fetal bradycardia. Birthweight was 750 g, length was 31 cm and head circumference was 31 cm. Prenatal history was benign. Ultrasound at 12 weeks appeared normal. Pregnancy was complicated by abruption on day of delivery. The mother received general anesthesia for cesarean section. The infant was born limp, pale, with a heart rate (HR) 60 beats/min. The infant was intubated at 5 min of life.Apgar scores were 1, 2, and 8 at 1, 5, and 10 min, respectively. The
Probation officers' perceptions of youths' risk of reoffending and use of risk assessment in case management

Juvenile probation officers (JPOs) are required to make numerous decisions about the case management of young offenders on a daily basis. This multi-site study examined JPOs' (N = 64) perceptions of the typical youth's risk of reoffending before implementation of a risk/needs assessment (RNA) tool, and their self-reported, case management decision-making after implementation of an RNA tool. Results indicated that JPOs tended to overestimate the likely base rates of reoffending while RNA tool estimates were more accurate. Further, most JPOs appeared to be making service referral and placement decisions commensurate with youths' risk levels, regardless of whether they claimed to use the RNA tool in their decisions. Variability in application of risk to case management practices was more a function of the probation office than of the specific JPO. Implications for use of risk assessment in juvenile probation are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1001 pediatric treatment activities: creative ideas for therapy sessions (2011)1001 pediatric treatment activities: creative ideas for therapy sessions (2011).

Pediatric therapists are always looking for creative ideas and activities to engage children while focusing on important functional goals. This text is designed as a quick reference for the practic...
Nonverbal Expressions and the Accessibility of Life Experience Memories: A Congruence Hypothesis

People seem to remember positive or negative material with greater ease when in corresponding mood states. These memory effects may sometimes be partially mediated by different expressions that people often naturally come to exhibit when in different moods. The present research tested a “congruence” hypothesis about the priming effects of facial and body posture patternings on memory retrieval. This predicts that the accessibility of pleasant experiences from one's own life history may be disproportionately increased when nonverbal expressive patterns are positive in valence instead of negative, such as when an individual smiles and has expansive physical posture; and the accessibility of unpleasant experiences from one's life history may be disporportionately increased when nonverbal expressive patterns are negative in valence instead of positive, such as when an individual frowns and has a slumped posture. The two experiments described here used different procedures, direct or indirect, to put subjects ...
Rethinking the Iberian Transformations: How Democratization Scenarios Shaped Labor Market Outcomes

This article examines how dissimilar democratization scenarios in two historically important cases helped to shape a major societal outcome, that of unemployment levels. With an empirical focus on the neighboring countries of the Iberian Peninsula, the paper argues that Portugal's relative success and Spain's persistent failures in the provision of employment cannot be fully explained by the focus of some analysts on comparative labor costs, and that the Iberian countries' employment levels also rest on a set of factors connected in sometimes complex ways with the two societies' very different paths from authoritarianism to democracy in the 1970s. Factors emphasized include the degree of incorporation of women into the labor force, the availability of adequate financing for small and medium enterprises—and the impact of national financial systems and state policies on that intermediary outcome—and the extent to which the two countries' welfare states are employment friendly. Central to this article's argument is the claim that the divergence between these Third Wave pioneers in their democratization scenarios accounts for the dissimilar penetration into the Iberian cases of another global wave of the late twentieth century, that of market-centric economic liberalization.
Experience Counts: British Workers, Accident Prevention and Compensation, and the Origins of the Welfare State

This article examines the views of Britain's organized railway, mining, and engineering workers (machinists) and their union leaders about state involvement in workplace accident prevention (1876–97), accident compensation (1876–1911), and the 1911 National Insurance Act. The miners and the railwaymen left numerous comments on these topics because they labored in unusually hazardous trades. (Their unions were large and were relatively democratic.) After 1880, leaders of the miners and railwaymen concluded that it was problematic to rely solely on trade union workplace bargaining power to protect worker life and limb and to compensate injured workers for their economic losses. Faced with what was initially seen as a Hobson's choice between employer compulsion and state compulsion, after the mid-1880s these trade unionists began to lean toward the latter. Historical experience led the trade union leaders whose views are discussed in this article to trust increasingly the Labor Department of the Board of Trade and to endorse Liberal welfare-state programs proposed in 1908 and thereafter. In 1911 the rank-and-file machinists who expressed their views about National Insurance in letters to the labor press were suspicious of augmenting the power of the state, but they were unwilling to scuttle National Insurance, preferring to agitate to expand union rights of participation. Worker opposition to some features of state-mandated income maintenance programs, especially those with compulsory payroll deductions, should not be interpreted as rejection of the welfare state in principle.
A Model for Heat Transfer From Embedded Blood Vessels in Two-Dimensional Tissue Preparations

Two-dimensional microvascular tissue preparations have been extensively used to study blood flow in the microcirculation, and, most recently, the mechanism of thermal equilibration between thermally significant countercurrent artery-vein pairs. In this paper, an approximate three-dimensional solution for the heat transfer from a periodic array of blood vessels in a tissue preparation of uniform thickness with surface convection is constructed using a newly derived fundamental solution for a Green's function for this flow geometry. This approximate solution is exact when the ratio K' of the blood to tissue conductivity is unity and a highly accurate approximation when K' not equal to 1. This basic solution is applied to develop a model for the heat transfer from a countercurrent artery-vein pair in an exteriorized rat cremaster muscle preparation. The numerical results provide important new insight into the design of microvascular experiments in which the axial variation of the thermal equilibration in microvessels can be measured for the first time. The solutions also provide new insight into the design of fluted fins and microchips that are convectively cooled by internal pores.
Coherence Reflectance Confocal Microscope Using a Synthesized Broadband Source

A coherence reflectance confocal microscope was built using a broad-band light source synthesized from multiple high-power semiconductor lasers. The resolution of the microscope was measured as well as the image power spectrum of skin tissue.
Monoclonal antibodies against Galα 1 −4Galß 1 −4Glc(Pk, CD77) produced with a synthetic glycoconjugate as immunogen: Reactivity with carbohydrates, with fresh frozen human tissues and hematopoietic tumors

The purpose of this study was to isolate mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc (Pk, CD77), which has been described as a Burkitt's-lymphoma-associated antigen. Three IgGI MAbs reactive with Pk were developed using a synthetic glycoconjugate as immunogen and a filter immunoplaque screening assay. One MAb (PK67) was characterized by immuno-thin-layer chromatography, ELISA and competition assays using neutral glycolipids from various sources and a variety of carbohydrates and glycoproteins. Epitope analysis showed that all 3 carbohydrates moieties are required in PK67 binding. No cross-reactivity was observed with closely related carbohydrate structures, with the exception of Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc. However, the reactivity with this structure was several orders of magnitude lower than with Pk. Immunohistochemical analysis of fresh-frozen tissue specimens showed that Gb3 is widely expressed: prominent staining was observed in many normal tissues, e.g., kidney and gastric tissue and on capillary endothelial cells. In lymph nodes, very weak staining of a few B cells was observed. Flow cytometric analysis of hematopoietic neoplasms showed Gb3 expression on B-cell neoplasms, particularly those with committed B-cell phenotype indicating that, in addition to earlier reports of Gb3 expression on Burkitt's lymphoma, Gb3 is present on other committed B-cell neoplasms.
The effect of unilateral surgical destruction of the cochlea on auditory sensitivity in the chinchilla

Since the monaural chinchilla has proven to be an excellent subject for research in audition, the present study sought to assess possible changes in the audibility curve resulting from surgically rendering the chinchilla monaural. Nine chinchillas were trained to respond to six pure tones by the method of instrumental avoidance conditioning, after which threshold testing was conducted using a modified method of limits. After establishing the audibility curve of the binaural chinchillas, sterile surgery was performed to destroy the left cochlea of each animal. When recovery from surgery was complete, the animals were retrained and retested. Auditory sensitivity for tones spaced at octave steps from.25 to 8.0 kHz was found to decrease by a factor of 5 dB on the average as a result of the surgical procedure (range = 2.6-8.06 dB).
Uranium Extraction From Laboratory-Synthesized, Uranium-Doped Hydrous Ferric Oxides

The extractability of uranium (U) from synthetic uranium-hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) coprecipitates has been shown to decrease as a function of mineral ripening, consistent with the hypothesis that the ripening process will decrease uranium lability. To evaluate this process, three HFO suspensions were coprecipitated with uranyl (UO2(2+)) and maintained at pH 7.0 +/- 0.1. Uranyl was added to the HFO postprecipitation in a fourth suspension. Two suspensions also contained either coprecipitated silicate (Si-U-HFO) or phosphate (P-U-HFO). After precipitation of the HFOs, at time intervals of 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, aliquots of each suspension were contacted with five extractant solutions for a range of time. Uranium was preferentially extracted over Fe in varying degrees from all coprecipitates, by all extractants. The preference was dependent on the duration of mineral ripening and adjunct anion. Micro-X-ray diffraction analysis provides evidence for the transformation from amorphous material to phases containing substantial proportions of crystalline goethite and hematite, except the P-U-HFO, which remained primarily amorphous. Analysis of the U-HFO coprecipitate bythe Mossbauertechnique and scanning electron microscopy provides confirmation of an increase in particle size and evidence of mineral ripening to crystalline phases.
Caspr reveals an aggregation of nodes and flanking node free zones at the rat trigeminal sensory root and dorsal root entry zones

The sensory root entry zone demarcates the transition from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we describe the organization of nodes of Ranvier at the trigeminal sensory and dorsal root entry zones of the rat. Caspr immunoreactivity (IR) was used to identify the paranodal region of nodes of Ranvier, while L-MAG-IR was used to identify CNS oligodendrocytes. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed a dense aggregation of nodes precisely at the PNS to CNS transition with prominent node-depleted zones on either side, while L-MAG-IR was confined to ensheathing fibers on the central side of nodes located in this dense band and identified these as transitional nodes. Morphometric analysis of the PNS and CNS sides of the trigeminal and the PNS side of the dorsal root entry zones confirmed the presence of virtually node-free domains flanking the transitional zone. Further, the reappearance of nodes on the far side of the node-free zones strongly correlated with nodal diameter, with small nodes reappearing first. These findings suggest that the PNS/CNS transition may represent the initial site of myelination of the primary afferent axon within this area.
Frequency of and predictors for patient-reported medical and medication errors in Switzerland.

Summary OBJECTIVES: To analyse the frequency of and identify risk factors for patient-reported medical errors in Switzerland. The joint effect of risk factors on error-reporting probability was modelled for hypothetical patients. METHODS: A representative population sample of Swiss citizens (n = 1306) was surveyed as part of the Commonwealth Fund’s 2010 lnternational Survey of the General Public’s Views of their Health Care System’s Performance in Eleven Countries. Data on personal background, utilisation of health care, coordination of care problems and reported errors were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for patients’ reports of medical mistakes and medication errors. RESULTS: 11.4% of participants reported at least one error in their care in the previous two years (8% medical errors, 5.3% medication errors). Poor coordination of care experiences was frequent. 7.8% experienced that test results or medical records were not available, 17.2% received conflicting information from care providers and 11.5% reported that tests were ordered although they had been done before. Age (OR = 0.98, p = 0.014), poor health (OR = 2.95, p = 0.007), utilisation of emergency care (OR = 2.45, p = 0.003), inpatient-stay (OR = 2.31, p = 0.010) and poor care coordination (OR = 5.43, p <0.001) are important predictors for reporting error. For high utilisers of care that unify multiple risk factors the probability that errors are reported rises up to p = 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety remains a major challenge for the Swiss health care system. Despite the health related and economic burden associated with it, the widespread experience of medical error in some subpopulations also has the potential to erode trust in the health care system as a whole.
SynDIG1 Promotes Excitatory Synaptogenesis Independent of AMPA Receptor Trafficking and Biophysical Regulation

AMPA receptors–mediators of fast, excitatory transmission and synaptic plasticity in the brain–achieve great functional diversity through interaction with different auxiliary subunits, which alter both the trafficking and biophysical properties of these receptors. In the past several years an abundance of new AMPA receptor auxiliary subunits have been identified, adding astounding variety to the proteins known to directly bind and modulate AMPA receptors. SynDIG1 was recently identified as a novel AMPA receptor interacting protein that directly binds to the AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 in heterologous cells. Functionally, SynDIG1 was found to regulate the strength and density of AMPA receptor containing synapses in hippocampal neurons, though the way in which SynDIG1 exerts these effects remains unknown. Here, we aimed to determine if SynDIG1 acts as a traditional auxiliary subunit, directly regulating the function and localization of AMPA receptors in the rat hippocampus. We find that, unlike any of the previously characterized AMPA receptor auxiliary subunits, SynDIG1 expression does not impact AMPA receptor gating, pharmacology, or surface trafficking. Rather, we show that SynDIG1 regulates the number of functional excitatory synapses, altering both AMPA and NMDA receptor mediated transmission. Our findings suggest that SynDIG1 is not a typical auxiliary subunit to AMPA receptors, but instead is a protein critical to excitatory synaptogenesis.
A Gray-Radiation Aquaplanet Moist GCM. Part II: Energy Transports in Altered Climates

Abstract A simplified moist general circulation model is used to study changes in the meridional transport of moist static energy by the atmosphere as the water vapor content is increased. The key assumptions of the model are gray radiation, with water vapor and other constituents having no effect on radiative transfer, and mixed layer aquaplanet boundary conditions, implying that the atmospheric meridional energy transport balances the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. These simplifications allow the authors to isolate the effect of moisture on energy transports by baroclinic eddies in a relatively simple setting. The authors investigate the partition of moist static energy transport in the model into dry static energy and latent energy transports as water vapor concentrations are increased, by varying a constant in the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The increase in the poleward moisture flux is rather precisely compensated by a reduction in the dry static energy flux. These results are interpret...
Why prefer double robust estimators in causal inference

Abstract In point treatment studies, causal parameters defined by marginal structural models can be estimated under the assumption of no unobserved confounders. Three estimators can be used: the G-computation, inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) or double robust (DR) estimator. The consistency properties of the IPTW and DR estimators are known under an assumption on the treatment mechanism that we name the“Experimental Treatment Assignment” (ETA) assumption. We first propose to extend the consistency property of the DR estimator by redefining the DR estimating function when the ETA assumption is violated. With simulations emulating point treatment studies, we then illustrate the practical consequences of the redefinition of the DR estimator: IPTW estimates are biased at finite sample size when the ETA assumption is practically or theoretically violated, whereas the finite sample bias for the DR estimates is negligible under correct model specifications. While DR estimators are known to be more robust than IPTW estimators, this result implies that they are also more robust than G-computation estimators in point treatment studies. These results motivated the development of a methodology to construct such redefined DR estimators for a general missing data structure. We conclude with an illustration of the rationale of this general methodology with causal inference in point treatment studies.
Engaging students and faculty: implications of self-determination theory for teachers and leaders in academic medicine.

Background Much of the work of teachers and leaders at academic health centers involves engaging learners and faculty members in shared goals. Strategies to do so, however, are seldom informed by empirically-supported theories of human motivation.
Dissecting an Online Intervention for Cancer Survivors: Four Exploratory Analyses of Internet Engagement and Its Effects on Health Status and Health Behaviors

The Internet has been used extensively to offer health education content and also for social support. More recently, we have seen the advent of Internet-based health education interventions that combine content with structured social networking. In many ways this is the Internet equivalent to small group interventions. While we have some knowledge about the efficacy of these interventions, few studies have examined how participants engage with programs and how that might affect outcomes. This study seeks to explore (a) the content of posts and (b) the nature of participant engagement with an online, 6-week workshop for cancer survivors and how such engagement may affect health outcomes. Using methodologies related to computational linguistics (latent Dirichlet allocation) and more standard statistical approaches, we identified (a) discussion board themes; (b) the relationship between reading and posting messages and outcomes; (c) how making, completing, or not completing action plans is related to outcome; and (d) how self-tailoring relates to outcomes. When considering all posts, emotional support is a key theme. However, different sets of themes are expressed in the first workshop post where participants are asked to express their primary concern. Writing posts was related to improved outcomes, but reading posts was less important. Completing, but not merely making, action plans and self-tailoring are statistically associated with future positive health outcomes. The findings from these exploratory studies can be considered when shaping future electronically mediated social networking interventions. In addition, the methods used here can be used in analyzing other large electronically mediated social-networking interventions.
Achieving product variety through optimal choice of module variations

The trade-off in designing products typically involves consideration of manufacturing and development costs, and the potential market share. Modular design of products has been identified as one way of providing firms with a competitive advantage. In the context of modular product design, some of the pertinent questions are: (i) how many product varieties in a product group should be introduced in the market; and (ii) what is the minimum number of module-options required to support this variety? In this paper we study the optimality of such decisions related to modularization in two separate scenarios: (i) the module supplier is an independent operator whose decisions are not coordinated with that of the firm; and (ii) the module supplier is a wholly owned subsidiary of the firm. For these scenarios, we show how the choice of module-options affects product variety, total sales, product development cost, and hence, the firm's profit. We establish that the module-options can be rank ordered, based on profit margin and customer rating, and that the optimal set of module-options to be acquired or developed would include only the top ranked options. We also show how to determine the number and type of module-options a firm should acquire to maximize its profit. Finally, we discuss how our algorithm can be extended to the case of firms that deal with products having multiple module-types.
School-Based Occupational Therapy Practice: Perceptions and Realities of Current Practice and the Role of Occupation

The purpose of this study was to explore how school-based occupational therapists describe current practice including the role of occupation. Participants included 16 occupational therapists currently practicing in the schools. Data were collected via an interview. The methodology used in this study was a mixed qualitative design based on multiple-case study analysis and grounded theory. The participant interviews were analyzed for themes. The results indicate that school-based practitioners have a high level of satisfaction with their job. Participants report a belief that the natural context of the school supports occupation, and occupation is a strong influence during the intervention process as well as the overall daily practice of the school-based practitioner. Teams are also reported to strongly influence current practice.
Osteopetrotic (op/op) mice are unable to maintain serum calcium levels despite hyperabsorption of calcium.

The effect of vitamin D on serum calcium, vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein level, and fate of radioactive calcium ingested were compared in vitamin D-deficient osteopetrotic (op/op) mice and their wild-type vitamin D-deficient littermates. Vitamin D deficiency was achieved in mice after feeding them a vitamin D-deficient diet for 5-6 weeks. Serum calcium did not increase in op/op mice in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Furthermore, op/op mice were not capable of increasing serum calcium levels by passively absorbing calcium from the diet. These defects in calcium homeostasis were neither the result of the inability of the VDR to bind its ligand, as determined by the hydroxylapatite assay, nor the result of abnormal regulation of intestinal VDR, as determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Upon administration of radioactive calcium by oral gavage, it was found that vitamin D-deficient, op/op mice had an extremely efficient mechanism to absorb dietary calcium, but the calcium absorbed was r...
Identification with multiple social groups: The moderating role of identity change over time among women-scientists

Abstract The current study examined change in identity centrality as a moderator of interference between the woman and scientist identities and subsequent negative outcomes in a longitudinal study of 128 women-scientists. Results indicated that higher Time 1 interference was associated with lower well-being, identity satisfaction, and science performance perceptions at Time 2. Further, Time 2 depression and woman satisfaction were buffered from Time 1 identity interference for women-scientists who increased their gender identification over time. Similarly, Time 2 self-esteem, woman satisfaction, and science performance perceptions were buffered from Time 1 interference for women-scientists who increased their scientist identification over time. We discuss reasons for the buffering roles of both identities as well as implications for the retention of women in science.
On the Possibility of Amplification in Space-Charge-Potential-Depressed Electron Streams

Hahn-Ramo theory is used to derive a characteristic wave equation for an electron stream whose single-valued velocity is a function of spatial co-ordinates. A means of solving this equation is found, for the particular case of two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. A specific, but practical, linear velocity distribution is assumed. It is shown that for several types of boundary conditions, the only waves which can be set up in such a beam are purely propagational and not growing, bearing out the result derived by an approximate method by G. Kent. Numerical analysis for a cylindrical beam with potential depression was performed by a digital computer. As before, the results showed absence of any growing waves. In order to check early results of Haeff, which appeared to show the possibility of gain in single beam devices, an experiment was set up whereby a movable pickup cavity measured the amplitude of space-charge waves at a number of points along a drift tube. Outputs were compared at different drift lengths for pulsed and continuous operation. No evidence of growing waves was observed, verifying the analytical results. It was found, however, that operation of the collector electrode at very low potentials created secondary electrons which returned to the gun region, were reflected, and then they flowed back with the primary beam. This double-stream action produced electronic gains up to 30 db.
Normal relationship of the cervicomedullary junction with the obex and olivary bodies: a comparison of cadaveric dissection and in vivo diffusion tensor imaging

Purpose The purpose of our study is to compare cadaver dissections with in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to determine the position of the cervicomedullary junction (CMJ) relative to the readily identified anatomic landmarks, namely the obex and olivary bodies (olives), in normal subjects. The information gained from this study would allow further investigation into abnormalities of the CMJ, such as Chiari malformation, without the need for time-intensive tractography studies.
Mercury Vapor Pressure at Low Temperatures

Mercury vapor pressure, 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to -80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.---A modified Buckley ionization gage is described with a range from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ to 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ mm. This was used to measure the vapor pressure of mercury. Correction for thermal effusion was made, ranging from 25 percent at -80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to zero at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The gage was calibrated at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C from Knudsen's value. The results correspond to the equations ${log}_{10}P(\mathrm{liquid})=8.86\ensuremath{-}3.44(\frac{{10}^{3}}{T})$; ${log}_{10}p(\mathrm{solid})=9.35\ensuremath{-}3.55(\frac{{10}^{3}}{T})$.Heat of vaporization of mercury, 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to -80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.---From a large-scale plot of $logp$ AGAINST $\frac{1}{T}$ the heats of vaporization were calculated from the relation $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{Rd(logp)}{d(\frac{1}{T})}$. Above the melting point the results correspond to the equation $\ensuremath{\lambda}=15,900\ensuremath{-}10t$ where $t$ is temperature centigrade. A slight discontinuity in slope of the ($logp,\frac{1}{T}$) curve gives at the melting point a sudden increase in the heat of vaporization of some 600 calories, which is in good agreement with the heat of fusion by direct experiment.
The regulation of actin remodeling during T‐cell–APC conjugate formation

The T-cell cytoskeleton is intimately involved in determining the efficiency and fidelity of the immune response. During T-cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is particularly important for stabilizing long-lived integrin-dependent adhesive interactions. In addition, actin remodeling is important for facilitating the sustained signaling required for full T-cell activation. Although the relationship between T-cell signaling and cytoskeletal remodeling is complex, new molecular genetic tools are making it possible to investigate individual molecular interactions in the context of bona fide conjugate formation. We describe here the progress from our laboratory toward defining the pathways required for actin remodeling during conjugate formation. Our studies show that engagement of T-cell receptor (TCR) and leukocyte functional antigen-1 (LFA-1) leads to distinct effects on the remodeling of individual cytoskeletal elements. Downstream of TCR, we find that p56Lck (Lck) plays a critical role in integrin-dependent adhesion independent of its ability to activate zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70). TCR engagement also results in the assembly of a signaling complex that facilitates the activation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) by colocalization with Cdc42-GTP. These events, together with other parallel actin regulatory pathways, induce localized actin polymerization at the site of APC binding.
Delimiting relational metaphors

This study shows how the pragmatic changes in two case study relationships outstripped the ability of metaphorical concepts the participants used to provide adequate sense‐making, thereby resulting in changes in metaphorical concepts. Heuristic results of these two case analyses suggest that (1) relatively major, rather than minor, relational transitions require changes in metaphorical language, (2) subsequent or new relational metaphors likely are foreshadowed in the language used to express former or old metaphors and (3) former and future metaphors are linked by a connecting concept common to each. Implications of these results for future research, especially that may enhance generalizability, are discussed.