cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Images for Insight: From the Research Lab to the Classroom.

VISUALIZATION FOR EDUCATION cuts across disciplines and across educational levels with many exciting possibilities emerging. In this paper, I express the importance of bringing research visualization tools into classrooms and academic labs. To support points, I use illustrations from The University of Iowa resources and activities and from national curricula innovations sponsored by ACM SIGGRAPH (Association for Computing Machinery’s Special Interest Group on Graphics). Also presented is an overview of the state of the art in computer graphics for education based on presentations and working groups at an international Computer Graphics and Education conference in Begur, Spain. This overview is organized in terms of current and exciting classroom activities; technically possible, but not prevalent, classroom activities; and the future classroom.
A Glycophorin A-Like Framework for the Dimerization of Photosynthetic Core Complexes

The core complex in photosynthetic bacteria plays a central role in photosynthesis. This molecular assembly is composed of two protein complexes, viz., the light-harvesting complex I (LH1), which absorbs sunlight by means of the protein-bound bacteriochlorophylls, and the reaction center (RC), which uses the light-excitation energy absorbed by the LH complexes to produce a transmembrane (TM) charge gradient, subsequently employed for energy conversion. In Rhodobacter (Rba.) sphaeroides, the core complex contains, in addition, two copies of the single TM α-helix protein, PufX, and forms a (RC-LH1-PufX)2 dimer. To this date, no high-resolution structure has been reported for the entire core complex. In particular, the location of PufX within the (RC-LH1-PufX)2 dimer is still the subject of much debate. Here, one of the proposed locations for PufX, requiring its dimerization, is examined. The PufX-dimer model on the basis of the glycophorin A (GpA) dimer was constructed, and its robustness was probed through...
A method to compare simulated and measured data to assess building energy performance

Abstract Building energy performance is often inadequate given design goals. While different types of assessment methods exist, they either do not consider design goals and/or are not general enough to integrate new and innovative energy concepts. Furthermore, existing assessment methods focus mostly on the building and system level while ignoring more detailed data. With the availability and affordability of more detailed measured data, the increased number of measured data points requires a structure to organize these data. This paper presents the Energy Performance Comparison Methodology (EPCM), which enables the identification of performance problems based on a comparison of measured data and simulated data representing design goals. The EPCM is based on an interlinked building object hierarchy that structures the detailed performance data from a spatial and mechanical perspective. This research is developed and tested on multiple case studies that provide real-life context and more generality compared to single case studies.
Faculty views on the importance of writing, the nature of academic writing, and teaching and responding to writing in the disciplines☆

Abstract This study examined faculty views on academic writing and writing instruction. Data reported in this article came from ten qualitative interviews with business and engineering faculty members. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed inductively and recursively, and two views on academic writing and writing instruction were identified. One view held that academic writing largely involved transferring general writing skills, and writing instruction would be most effectively provided by writing/language teachers. The other view recognized the unique thought and communication processes entailed in academic writing and the role of both content course faculty and writing instructors in academic writing instruction. However, content course faculty and writing instructors each assumed a different set of responsibilities. Implications of the findings for academic writing research and instruction are discussed.
Gaze stabilization during dynamic posturography in normal and vestibulopathic humans.

Dynamic posturography by measurement of center of pressure (COP) is a widely employed technique for evaluating the vestibular system. However, the relationship of COP motion to vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function and image stability on the retina has not been determined previously. To assess these relationships, we report gaze, head, and trunk stability during dynamic posturography in 11 normal volunteers, 7 subjects with unilateral vestibular lesions, and 3 subjects with bilateral vestibular lesions. Posturographic tasks consisted of standing still and standing on a platform that was sliding (0.2 Hz), tilting (0.1 Hz), or covered with a foam cushion 6 cm thick while tilting (0.1 Hz). Each perturbation was imposed in the anterior-posterior and repeated in the medial-lateral direction, in both light and darkness. Subjects viewed (or in darkness remembered) a target located 50, 100, or 500 cm distant. COP, angular eye position, and angular and linear orbit and trunk positions were measured using magnetic search coils and flux gate magnetometer sensors. With the target visible, the velocity of image motion on the retina was on average always less than 1°/s, well within the range consistent with high visual acuity. In darkness, gaze velocity increased for normal and vestibulopathic subjects. During tilt, vestibulopathic subjects had a significantly greater gaze velocity than controls. Gain of the angular VOR (eye velocity/head velocity) was significantly lower in darkness than in light and in vestibulopathic as compared to control subjects. Gain of the VOR was significantly correlated with gaze instability, but variation in VOR gain accounted for only 20–40% of the variance. In darkness, the velocity of the COP was significantly greater in vestibulopathic than control subjects for every condition tested. In light, this difference was small and often not significant. Although spectral analysis of the COP indicated frequencies above 1 Hz that were not observed in motion of the trunk and orbit, root mean square (RMS) velocities of the trunk and orbit in the horizontal plane were higher in darkness and in vestibulopathic subjects, mirroring COP findings. Only in vestibulopathic subjects tested in darkness was there a correlation between COP velocity and gaze velocity; COP velocity was otherwise uncorrelated with gaze. Gaze velocity was greater with near than with distant targets. Vertical VOR gain was higher with near targets. No other significant effects of target distance were found. Head movement strategy, VOR gain, and COP were all unaffected by target proximity. These data show that gaze velocity measurements during dynamic posturography in darkness are sensitive to vestibular loss. With a visible target, both COP and gaze stability of vestibulopathic subjects are difficult to distinguish from normal. During visual feedback, it is likely that image stabilization over the range of frequencies tested is achieved through better head stability and through visual tracking, allowing vestibulopathic subjects to maintain adequate visual acuity.
Selective side-chain modification of cysteine and arginine residues blocks pathogenic activity of HIV-1-Tat functional peptides

Extracellular Tat protein of HIV-1 activates virus replication in HIV-infected cells and induces a variety of host factors in the uninfected cells, some of which play a critical role in the progression of HIV infection. The cysteine-rich and arginine-rich basic domains represent key components of the HIV-Tat protein for pathogenic effects of the full-length Tat protein and, therefore, could be ideal candidates for the development of a therapeutic AIDS vaccine. The present study describes selective modifications of the side-chain functional groups of cysteine and arginine amino acids of these HIV-Tat peptides to minimize the pathogenic effects of these peptides while maintaining natural peptide linkages. Modification of cysteine by introducing either a methyl or t-butyl group in the free sulfhydryl group and replacing the guanidine group with a urea linkage in the side chain of arginine in the cysteine-rich and arginine-rich Tat peptide sequences completely blocked the ability of these peptides to induce HIV replication, chemokine receptor CCR-5 expression, and NF-kappaB activity in monocytes. Such modifications also inhibited angiogenesis and migration of Kaposi's sarcoma cells normally induced by Tat peptides. Such chemical modifications of the cysteine-rich and arginine-rich peptides did not affect their reactivity with antibodies against the full-length Tat protein. With an estimated 40 million HIV-positive individuals worldwide and approximately 4 million new infections emerging every year, a synthetic subunit HIV-Tat vaccine comprised of functionally inactive Tat domains could provide a safe, effective, and economical therapeutic vaccine to reduce the progression of HIV disease.
THE ROLE OF THE NUCLEOLUS. I. TRITIATED CYTIDINE ACTIVITY IN LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS OF THIOACETAMIDE-TREATED RATS.

Male rats of the Sherman strain were fed for 2 weeks a diet of ground purina rat chow containing 0.04 per cent thioacetamide. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with tritiated cytidine, 200µc/100 gm body weight, and sacrificed in pairs, a control and a thioacetamide-treated rat, at prescribed intervals. Liver tissues were preserved with the freeze-substitution method and postfixed in anhydrous OsO4. Other samples were fixed directly with an acetic acid-ethanol mixture (1:3). AR-10 stripping film was applied to 2- and 4-µ sections and exposed for appropriate lengths of time. Nuclear and nucleolar volumes were obtained by direct measurement. Cytoplasmic volumes were obtained with the aid of Chalkley ratios. Nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA concentrations were calculated from cytophotometric extinction (E540 mµ) measurements. Data were expressed as grains/unit area, grains/unit area/concentration (or specific activity) and grains/total structure. In the liver parenchymal cells of thioacetamide-treated rats, the nucleolus shows vast increases in volume, RNA content, and grain count/total structure, 14-fold, 25-fold, and over 30-fold, respectively. The nucleus increases 2-fold in volume and about 3-fold in total grain count. Cytoplasmic volume increases only 20 per cent and displays a total grain count about equal to that in the control. The time course of incorporation curves for nucleolus and non-nucleolar nucleus (NNN) contain 2 distinct turnover fractions, rapid and slow. Both fractions were increased after thioacetamide treatment but remained proportional to those of controls. The unique stimulated RNA turnover in the nucleus and nucleolus, coupled to a "normal" turnover in the cytoplasm, suggests that this nuclear-nucleolar loss of label does not represent an exclusive passage of formed nuclear RNA to the cytoplasm.
Hepatic abnormalities in congestive heart failure; needle biopsy studies.

Needle biopsies of the liver were performed on 30 patients with heart failure and correlated with clinical features and biochemical liver function studies. Hepatic biopsy served as a useful adjunct to other methods in deciding the status of the liver in this group. Type of heart disease, degree of heart failure and length of heart failure could not be correlated with the observed histology. Neither history, physical examination, nor biochemical functional studies provided sufficient information to predict anatomy with certainty. A histologic diagnosis improved both therapeutic and prognostic perspective.
Two new taxoids from European yew (Taxus baccata) that act as pyrethroid insecticide synergists with the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of foliage of European yew (Taxus baccata L.) yielded two new (1−2) and a previously reported (3) taxoid that acted as pyrethroid insecticide synergists ...
MOS current mode logic for low power, low noise CORDIC computation in mixed-signal environments

In this work, MOS current mode logic (MCML) is analyzed for application to low power, mixed signal environments. A small MCML cell library is developed and optimized for several different performance requirements. The cells are then applied to the generation of pipelined CORDIC structures and compared with equivalent CMOS circuits. MCML CORDICs are designed which can operate from 125 MHz to 310 MHz with power consumption varying between 4.3 mW and 18.6 mW. These power results are up to 1.5 times less than CMOS CORDICs with equivalent propagation delays. Design was done in a 0.25 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process from ST Microelectronics.
Catalyst Deactivation in 3D CFD Resolved Particle Simulations of Propane Dehydrogenation

Catalyst deactivation by carbon deposition has been investigated for the dehydrogenation of propane to propene on a Cr2O3/Al2O3 catalyst. Computational fluid dynamics was used to couple the 3D transport and reaction processes occurring inside the cylindrical pellet to the gas flow around the pellet. The pellet scale reaction and carbon laydown are shown to be strongly affected by the bed scale tube wall heat flux supplied for the endothermic reactions, and the species distributions on the pellet surface are also affected by the ease of reactant access to the particle. The development of particle internal gradients and carbon accumulation are illustrated for the early stages of deactivation. Carbon deposition is initially strongest in the high temperature regions close to the tube wall. As time progresses, the increased deactivation caused by the carbon acts to reduce all rates of reaction, and propene production and coke formation shift to other regions of the pellet.
GLOPEQ: A new computational tool for the phase and chemical equilibrium problem

Abstract Calculation of phase and chemical equilibrium represents a crucial phase in the modeling of many separation processes. For conditions of constant temperature and pressure, a necessary and sufficient condition for the true equilibrium solution is that (i) the total Gibbs free energy of the system be at its global minimum, or (ii) the minimum of the tangent plane distance function be nonnegative for all phase models used to represent the system. In this work, the goal is to obtain equilibrium solutions corresponding to a global minimum of the Gibbs free energy as efficiently as possible, for cases where the liquid phase or phases can be modeled by the NRTL, UNIQUAC, UNIFAC, Wilson, modified Wilson and ASOG equations. Vapor phases whose behavior can be described as ideal can also be handled. In achieving this goal, there are two distinct problems of relevance: (i) the minimization of the Gibbs free energy, denoted (G), and (ii) the minimization of the tangent plane distance function, or the tangent plane stability criterion, denoted (S). For all these activity coefficient models, GLOPEQ (GLobal OPtimization for the Phase and chemical EQuilibrium problem) can guarantee global solutions for problems (G) and (S), but a combined algorithm employs them in tandem, using (G) to generate candidate equilibrium solutions which can then be verified for thermodynamic stability by solving (S). Two key features of the combined algorithm are that (i) as much information as is possible is obtained from local searches, and (ii) it is preferable to verify a globally stable equilibrium solution using the tangent plane criterion, as this problem contains fewer variables than the minimization of the Gibbs free energy. Results for several examples are presented, and all but one of them are for the case of phase equilibrium, due to the paucity of examples for reacting systems that employ excess Gibbs free energy models.
Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by phosphoenolpyruvate

Summary Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) has been found to inhibit the endogenous rate of in vitro protein synthesis and to increase significantly the amount of exogenous ADP required for maximum rates of in vitro protein synthesis in isolated rat liver mitochondria. This observed PEP inhibition can be blocked by the addition of atractyloside. Several other 3-carbon phosphorylated intermediates of glycolysis do not duplicate the PEP effect. Mitochondria whose adenine nucleotide pools have been pre-labeled with 14C-ADP show a rapid, atractyloside sensitive loss of radioactivity in the presence of PEP. These observations strongly suggest that the PEP inhibition of in vitro mitochondrial protein synthesis is due to stimulation of adenine nucleotide efflux via the atractyloside sensitive adenine nucleotide translocase system.
Vertebral artery injury during cervical discectomy and fusion in a patient with bilateral anomalous arteries in the disc space: case report.

Objective Our goal was to increase the safety of anterior cervical discectomy, a routine surgery performed by neurosurgeons worldwide, in the face of vertebral artery (VA) anomalies. Clinical presentation A 59-year-old woman had an intraoperative injury of the left VA during elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion from C3 to 7. Retrospective analysis of her magnetic resonance images showed bilateral anomalous VAs. Intervention postoperatively, a pseudoaneurysm developed that was subsequently coiled. The patient underwent embolization of the pseudoaneurysm and sacrifice of the parent vessel by endovascular neurosurgical techniques. She had no neurological sequelae but did have some difficulty swallowing. Conclusion Radiologists, neuroradiologists, and surgeons should note the location and course of the VA in their routine evaluation of cervical magnetic resonance images. Neuroradiologists should alert surgeons to the possibility of anomalous VAs that are at risk of injury during surgery. Ultimately, it remains the responsibility of the surgeon to carefully review the images, assess for vascular anomalies, and plan the surgery accordingly.
Laterality patterns in infants with external birth defects.

The lateral distribution of external birth defects has not been reported in a comprehensive way, and patterns in this distribution have not been examined. This study presents the lateral distribution of 6,390 unilateral defects from among 102 defect categories in data collected by the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. Among all defects, 49% (95% CI 48-51%) were right-sided. Among males and females, 51% (95% CI 50-53%) and 47% (95% CI 46-49%) of the defects, respectively, were right-sided. Of the 102 defect types, 57 had an excess of defects on the right side of the body; 39 had an excess of defects on the left side; and 6 were equally distributed. The excess on the right side was statistically significant for inguinal hernia, incarcerated inguinal hernia, microtia, preauricular sinus, talipes calcaneovalgus, and lambdoidal craniosynostosis. For the left side, the excess was statistically significant for preauricular tags, cleft lip, fused lip and cleft gum, cleft lip with cleft palate, congenital hip dysplasia, unstable hip, absent forearm or hand, anomaly of the knee, and skin tags. The percentage of right-sided defects among case subjects with unilateral defects was correlated with the percentage of males among all case subjects (r = 0.24, P 0. 10). Differences in the lateral distribution of specific birth defects may be due to subtle differences in morphogenesis on the left and right sides of the embryo brought about by establishment of left-right asymmetry prior to organogenesis. The fact that more defect categories were right-sided than left-sided may be related to the observation that mitochondrial maturation in rat embryos is delayed on the right side. The right side, therefore, may be more susceptible than the left to defects caused by prenatal hypoxia. The significant correlation between the percentage right-sided and percentage male may then also be related to the observation that male sex hormones lower the mitochondrial respiration rate in rats and increase rat sensitivity to chemical hypoxia. Investigators should consider reporting the laterality of specific defects in both laboratory and epidemiological studies of birth defects. Right- and left-sided defects should perhaps be considered separately in etiologic studies of birth defects. Teratology 60:265-271, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bar homeodomain proteins are anti-proneural in the Drosophila eye: transcriptional repression of atonal by Bar prevents ectopic retinal neurogenesis.

Atonal (Ato)/Math (Mammalian atonal homolog) family proneural proteins are key regulators of neurogenesis in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the Drosophila eye, Ato is essential for the generation of photoreceptor neurons. Ato expression is initiated at the anterior ridge of the morphogenetic furrow but is repressed in the retinal precursor cells behind the furrow to prevent ectopic neurogenesis. We show that Ato repression is mediated by the conserved homeobox proteins BarH1 and BarH2. Loss of Bar causes cell-autonomous ectopic Ato expression, resulting in excess photoreceptor clusters. The initial ommatidial spacing at the furrow occurs normally in the absence of Bar , suggesting that the ectopic neurogenesis within Bar mutant clones is not due to the lack of Notch (N)-dependent lateral inhibition. Targeted misexpression of Bar is sufficient to repress ato expression. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Bar represses ato expression at the level of transcription without affecting the expression of an ato activator, Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Thus, we propose that Bar is essential for transcriptional repression of ato and the prevention of ectopic neurogenesis behind the furrow.
A general calculation of the number of vanishing cycles

Abstract We give an algebraic formula for calculating the change in the Euler characteristic of the Milnor fibre of a function f, as one “grows” from a hypersurface section out to the full Milnor fibre of f. This is a general calculation in that we allow the domain of f to be singular, the hypersurface section may have an isolated singularity, and we allow coefficients in an arbitrary bounded, constructible complex of sheaves. Our formula generalizes both a result of Le for affine hypersurfaces and a result of Looijenga for isolated complete intersections.
Field trials of spinosad as a replacement for naled, DDVP, and malathion in methyl eugenol and cue-lure bucket traps to attract and kill male oriental fruit flies and melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii.

Spinosad was evaluated in Hawaii as a replacement for organophosphate insecticides (naled, dichlorvos [DDVP],and malathion) in methyl eugenol and cue-lure bucket traps to attract and kill oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, and melon fly, B. cucurbitae Coquillett, respectively. In the first and second methyl eugenol trials with B. dorsalis, naled was in the highest rated group for all evaluation periods (at 5, 10, 15, and 20 wk). Spinosad was equal to naled at 5 and 10 wk during both trials 1 and 2, and compared favorably with malathion during trial 2. During the first cue-lure trial with B. cucurbitae, naled and malathion were in the top rated group at 5, 10, 15, and 20 wk. Spinosad was equal to naled at 5 wk. During the second cue-lure trial, spinosad and naled were both in the top rated group at 10, 15, and 20 wk. Use of male lure traps with methyl eugenol or cue-lure had no effect on attraction of females into test areas. Our results suggest that spinosad, although not as persistent as naled or malathion, is safer to handle and a more environmentally friendly substitute for organophosphate insecticides in methyl eugenol and cue-lure traps for use in B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae areawide integrated pest management programs in Hawaii.
Reexamination of the cysteine residues in glucocerebrosidase.

Glucocerebrosidase, the deficient enzyme in Gaucher disease, catalyzes the cleavage of the β-glycosidic linkage of glucosylceramide. A previous study on the enzyme identified three disulfide bridges and a single sulfhydryl [Lee, Y., Kinoshita, H., Radke, G., Weiler, S., Barranger, J.A. and Tomich, J.M. (1995) Position of the sulfhydryl group and the disulfide bonds of human glucocerebrosidase. J. Protein Chem. 14(3), 127–137] but recent publication of the X-ray structure identifies only two disulfide bridges with three free sulfhydryls [Dvir, H., Harel, M., McCarthy, A.A., Toker, L., Silman, I., Futerman, A.H. and Sussman, J.L. (2003) X-ray structure of human acid-β-glucosidase, the defective enzyme in Gaucher disease. EMBO. 4(7), 704–709]. Using chemical modifications, acid cleavage and enzymatic digestion methods, we report that three free sulfhydryls exist and that the remaining four cysteines form two disulfide bonds located within the first 25 amino-terminal residues, supporting the X-ray structure.
Averaging Special Values of Dirichlet L -Series

In this paper we derive estimates for weighted averages of the special values of Dirichlet L-series which generalize similar estimates of David and Pappalardi [1].
Taste responses to amino acids from facial nerve branches innervating oral and extra-oral taste buds in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.

Abstract Electrophysiological recordings were obtained from two branches of the facial nerve innervating oral and extra-oral taste receptive fields, respectively, in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus . The results indicate that taste buds innervated by the ramus ophthalmicus superficialis (ros), innervating taste buds on the nasal barbel, and the ramus palatinus (rp), innervating taste buds on the anterior palate, have similar chemical specificities for amino acids. Among the amino acids tested, the most stimulatory compounds for both the ros and rp were l -alanine and l -arginine, having estimated electrophysiological thresholds of approximately 10 −9 M. Dose-response functions for amino acid stimuli recorded from both the ros and rp were power functions extending over 5 log units of stimulus concentrations. The general similarity in the nature of the taste input from spatially distinct gustatory areas supports a chemotactic role of the facial taste system in the channel catfish.
Modeling Consensus and Competition with improper S-Implications

This paper discusses an approach to modeling rule interaction using a family of improper S-implications derived from an extension of the Schweizer-Sklar family of parameterized improper t-norms defined over -infin < p <+infin. Improper S-implications define a relation whose membership grade can exceed 100%. The advantage of this is that when improper S-implications are used to interpolate between fuzzy points, they provide a reasonable definition of a unique best defuzzified consequent value even when the corresponding proper S-implication leads to multiple consequent values that fully satisfy the rules embodying the fuzzy points. When the output from a fuzzy rule based system using improper S-implications is defuzzified using mode defuzzification, the parameter p determines the degree to which the output represents a consensus between different rules (versus a fuzzy switching between whichever rule is dominant depending on the antecedent variable). After reviewing the foundations for the method, the paper illustrates it using two examples. Similar results to these could be obtained by varying the shapes of the antecedent and consequent membership functions of the rules themselves, but doing so by varying the parameter of the implication operator achieves the effect using a single parameter in a more systematic way
Quantum theory of quantum Hall smectics

We propose a quantum stripe (smectic) coupled-Luttinger-liquid model for the anisotropic states which occur in two-dimensional electron systems with high-index partial Landau-level filling, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}=\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}[\ensuremath{\nu}].$ Perturbative renormalization-group calculations establish that interaction terms neglected in this model are relevant ---probably driving the system into an anisotropic Wigner crystal---but for $0.4\ensuremath{\lesssim}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.6$ only below temperatures which are outside of the experimentally accessible range. We argue that the Hall conductance of the ground state flows toward $[\ensuremath{\nu}]{e}^{2}/h$ and $([\ensuremath{\nu}]{+1)e}^{2}/h,$ respectively, on the low- and high-filling-factor sides of this range, consistent with recent observations. A semiclassical theory of smectic state transport properties, which incorporates Luttinger-liquid effects in the evaluation of scattering amplitudes, accounts for the magnitude of the dissipative resistivities at ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}=1/2,$ for their ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}$ dependence, and for the observation of nonlinearities of opposite sign in easy and hard direction resistivities.
An alternatively spliced form of Pit-1 represses prolactin gene expression.

The pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1 is required for expression of the PRL gene. Transcription of the PRL gene in the anterior pituitary is both activated and repressed in response to neuroendocrine signals. The molecular events that mediate repression are unknown. Transplantation of GH3 pituitary tumor cells from culture to female Wistar-Furth rats resulted in repression of PRL gene expression. When the transplanted cells were returned to culture, PRL gene expression was rapidly activated. We used this model to study potential mechanisms by which PRL gene expression was silenced. In addition to the appropriate size Pit-1 proteins of 33 and 31 kilodaltons, smaller forms of the transcription factor, migrating at approximately 27 and 24 kilodaltons, were found in transplanted cells in which PRL gene expression was repressed. These smaller forms of Pit-1 protein were observed to disappear when transplanted cells were returned to culture, coincident with the activation of PRL gene expression. A t...
Oceanographic problems of the coast of California

In another communication—“Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during April 1937 to April 1938”—at the 1938 meeting of the American Geological Union, it was pointed out that off the coast of Southern California we find in spring and early summer two types of surface-water, namely, up-welled water and offshore surface-water—both types of water are flowing towards southeast parallel to the coast (see Figs. 1 and 4 of the quoted paper). At a depth of 200 meters the water at some distance from the coast flows towards southeast, but inside of this current a narrow counter-current is running in the opposite direction (see Fig. 5 of the quoted paper). The in-shore counter-current carries a type of water which is characteristically different from the waters of the current offshore.
Latency and duration of eye movements in the horizontal plane.

The electrical method of eye movement recording (EOG) was used to study the reactions of the eyes when subjects attempted to fixate as quickly as possible on light stimuli appearing at various points along the horizontal plane. Each eye was recorded separately, allowing an assessment of the degree of independence of the eyes when reacting in this way. In addition to the data concerning latency of ocular reactions and the duration of eye movements, information regarding the relative speed of movements from periphery to center as compared to movements from center to periphery was obtained. It was also found that the two eyes tend to act independently in regard to latency and speed of movement when moving toward peripheral stimuli.
Velocity of peristaltic propagation in distal esophageal segments

Recent studies of the peristaltic pressure wave have suggested the presence of two sequential but overlapping contraction segments in the distal esophageal body. In this report, propagation velocity of esophageal peristalsis was determined in these segments in normal subjects (N=35) and in patients with high-amplitude peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus,N=25) to see if intersegment differences were present in the normal or abnormal setting. Velocity measurements were made from conventional manometric tracings in two 4-cm regions representing the distal smooth-muscle segments. A novel method of velocity measurement was employed that used regression lines established from contraction onset times. In normal subjects, propagation velocity decreased significantly from the proximal to distal segment (4.9±0.5 cm/sec, vs 3.2±0.2 cm/sec,P<0.01). Velocity also decreased across segments in nutcracker-esophagus patients (5.3±0.6 cm/sec, vs 3.6±0.7 cm/sec,P=0.06), but the difference reached statistical significance only when the subset with highest amplitudes (≥180 mm Hg) was analyzed separately. Greater variance in velocity in the distal smooth-muscle segment of nutcracker-esophagus patients (P<0.01) was, in part, responsible for this statistical observation. We conclude that normal propagation velocity decreases across regions corresponding to the smooth-muscle contraction segments defined by recent studies of peristalsis, supporting the assumption that they represent separate neuromuscular units. The mechanisms responsible for contraction wave abnormalities in the nutcracker esophagus have a minimal effect on propagation velocity, an effect that is restricted to the distal smooth-muscle segment of the esophageal body.
Evidence that Productive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly Can Occur in an Intracellular Compartment

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly occurs predominantly at the plasma membrane of infected cells. The targeting of assembly to intracellular compartments such as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) generally leads to a significant reduction in virus release efficiency, suggesting that MVBs are a nonproductive site for HIV-1 assembly. In the current study, we make use of an HIV-1 Gag-matrix mutant, 29/31KE, that is MVB targeted. We previously showed that this mutant is severely defective for virus particle production in HeLa cells but more modestly affected in primary macrophages. To more broadly examine the consequences of MVB targeting for virus production, we investigated 29/31KE particle production in a range of cell types. Surprisingly, this mutant supported highly efficient assembly and release in T cells despite its striking MVB Gag localization. Manipulation of cellular endocytic pathways revealed that unlike Vpu-defective HIV-1, which demonstrated intracellular Gag localization as a result of Gag endocytosis from the plasma membrane, 29/31KE mutant Gag was targeted directly to an MVB compartment. The 29/31KE mutant was unable to support multiple-round replication; however, this defect could be reversed by truncating the cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein gp41 and by the acquisition of a 16EK change in matrix. The 16EK/29/31KE matrix mutant replicated efficiently in the MT-4 T-cell line despite maintaining an MVB-targeting phenotype. These results indicate that MVB-targeted Gag can be efficiently released from T cells and primary macrophages, suggesting that under some circumstances, late endosomal compartments can serve as productive sites for HIV-1 assembly in these physiologically relevant cell types.
Discontinuity of Best Harmonic Approximants

LetD?R2be the open unit disk. We consider best harmonic approximation to functions continuous onD. In a basic paper, Haymanet al.characterized best harmonic approximants which are themselves continuous onD. In this paper we give sufficient conditions and many simple examples of functions continuous onDwhich have no best harmonic approximants which are continuous onD.
Realizing automorphisms of category algebras of product spaces

Abstract Let X be an arbitrary product of separable complete metric spaces. It is proved that every automorphism of the “category algebra” (the Baire sets modulo first category sets) of X can be obtained from some one-to-one map T of X onto itself such that both T and T −1 preserve Baire sets and first category subsets of X .
Genic rearrangements in Phytophthora mitochondrial DNA.

To assess evolutionary relationships among the oomycetous fungi we have constructed a physical and genic map of the mtDNA of a broad host range strain (695T) of Phytophthora megasperma. While, like other Phytophthora species, this 43.5 kb circular genome lacks the typical oomycete large inverted repeat, a short 0.5–0.9 kb inverted repeat has been identified. Comparison of the relative order of seven genic regions with host-specific Phytophthora strains reveals both a clustering of these loci within one-third of the host-specific genomes, and two genic inversion relative to the broad host range genome. The location of the short inverted repeat suggests that at least one of the inversions is a consequence of intramolecular recombination between repeat elements.
Development of unbalanced magnetron sputtered Al–Mo coatings for cadmium replacement

Abstract Aluminum is emerging as a key material system to replace environmentally unacceptable cadmium, especially for application on high strength steels. This is a particularly challenging application, which requires deposition of highly corrosion resistant, sacrificial coatings having excellent adhesion properties and in many applications, high lubricity. Al–Mo coatings, deposited using the unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UMS) deposition process, can meet these requirements. Depending on the level of alloying, coatings with enhanced corrosion properties or coatings with a low coefficient of friction can be obtained. Results of microstructural examination and tribological and electrochemical tests are presented for a series of UMS Al–Mo coatings produced over the full binary range. The coatings have uniform thickness, a fully dense, featureless or columnar structure and a good adhesion to steel. The passivating effect of molybdenum results in a gradual increase of the corrosion potential (from −0.750 V for pure Al to −0.220 V for Al-90Mo) and pitting potentials (respectively, from −0.650 to +0.200 V). Coatings with the Mo content below 14 wt.% are sacrificial to AISI 4340 steel. The coefficient of friction of Al–Mo coatings was tested to be between 0.2 and 0.9, with the lowest value obtained for Al-95Mo composition. At this level, the coefficient of friction of UMS Al-95Mo is comparable to that reported for cadmium.
Marriage, commitment and divorce in a matching model with differential aging

Abstract This paper analyses a matching model of the marriage market with directed, on-the-job search. Everyone is born attractive but “matures” according to a Poisson process into unattractiveness. Marriages between equally attractive people are stable but mixed marriages are not. The implied patterns of marriage and divorce are consistent with those identified in the empirical literature. When the utility from being single is low, in order to commit to their relationship, attractive people in mixed marriages may voluntarily divest of their attractiveness.
How a T Cell Receptor-like Antibody Recognizes Major Histocompatibility Complex-bound Peptide

We determined the crystal structures of the T cell receptor (TCR)-like antibody 25-D1.16 Fab fragment bound to a complex of SIINFEKL peptide from ovalbumin and the H-2K(b) molecule. Remarkably, this antibody directly "reads" the structure of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound peptide, employing the canonical diagonal binding mode utilized by most TCRs. This is in marked contrast with another TCR-like antibody, Hyb3, bound to melanoma peptide MAGE-A1 in association with HLA-A1 MHC class I. Hyb3 assumes a non-canonical orientation over its cognate peptide-MHC and appears to recognize a conformational epitope in which the MHC contribution is dominant. We conclude that TCR-like antibodies can recognize MHC-bound peptide via two different mechanisms: one is similar to that exploited by the preponderance of TCRs and the other requires a non-canonical antibody orientation over the peptide-MHC complex.
Expandable Metal Stents for Benign Biliary Disease

Benign biliary diseases include benign biliary strictures (BBS), choledocholithiasis, and leaks. BBS encompass postoperative injury, anastomotic stricture, chronic pancreatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and gallstone-related stricture. Therapeutic options for benign biliary diseases include surgical, percutaneous, and endoscopic interventions. Endoscopic options include placement of plastic stents as well as self-expanding metal stents (SEMS). SEMS can be uncovered, partially covered, and fully covered, and have been used with some success in resolution of strictures and leaks; however, complications limit their use. This article reviews the currently published experience on SEMS and attempts to define their current role in the treatment of benign biliary diseases.
Conflict of interest in economic analyses of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer: a systematic review

To determine whether authors conducting economic analyses of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer are less likely to reach unfavorable conclusions if the economic study is sponsored by the manufacturer of the drug. Articles reporting the economic analyses of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer were selected from PubMed in May 2009. Information was collected on the types of analysis, the qualitative conclusion, the quantitative results, and the funding sources. Fisher's exact test was conducted to compare the frequency of unfavorable conclusions based on study sponsorship. Thirty-two eligible articles were identified. Twenty-six were funded by pharmaceutical companies, and 4 were funded by non-pharmaceutical companies. Two studies did not report a funding source. Twenty-one studies evaluated aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting, while 11 studies examined their use in advanced breast cancer. Twenty-two studies evaluated one type aromatase inhibitor, while 10 compared multiple types of aromatase inhibitors. Only one of the 26 (4%) pharmaceutical company-sponsored studies reported unfavorable cost-effectiveness of an aromatase inhibitor, which was a competitor's product, whereas two of four (50%) non-pharmaceutical company-sponsored studies concluded aromatase inhibitors are not cost-effective in certain clinical scenarios (P < 0.05). Seven pharmaceutical company-sponsored studies conducted a comparison among several aromatase inhibitors; all 7 studies reported favorable conclusions for the sponsoring company's products. The majority of economic analyses of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer are sponsored by pharmaceuticals. Economic evaluations of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer that are funded by a pharmaceutical company are less likely to reach unfavorable conclusions about the sponsor's product.
Assessment of myocardial viability with two-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging

In a patient with coronary artery disease, clinical, electrocardiographic, and angiographic information is often inadequate for determining the presence of viable tissue. The presence of wall thickening, even if reduced, indicates that the myocardium is viable. When wall thickening is absent, the myocardium may or may not be viable. The basis for the underlying myocardial dysfunction may be multifactorial in a single patient or even in a single myocardial segment. Cardiac imaging techniques are most useful in defining the mechanisms of underlying myocardial dysfunction and assist in selecting the optimal management strategy for patients. This review discusses the role of two-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of myocardial viability.
A critical view of the use of genetic tools to unveil neural circuits: the case of leptin action in reproduction.

The remarkable development and refinement of the Cre-loxP system coupled with the nonstop production of new mouse models and virus vectors have impelled the growth of various fields of investigatio...
Did Katrina Recalibrate Attitudes Toward Poverty And Inequality? A Test of the “Dirty Little Secret” Hypothesis

We test the popular claim that poverty and inequality were “dirty little secrets” until the media coverage of Hurricane Katrina exposed them to a wider public. If this account were on the mark, it would suggest that the absence of major antipoverty initiatives in the United States is partly attributable to public ignorance and apathy coupled with the narrowly rational decision on the part of policymakers to attend to other issues about which the public evidently cares more. Using the 2004 Maxwell Poll, we find strikingly high levels of awareness and activism on poverty and inequality issues even prior to Katrina, clearly belying the “dirty little secret” account. The follow-up Maxwell Poll, which was administered in 2005 immediately after Katrina, revealed only a slight increase in public awareness of poverty and inequality. The Katrina effect was evidently dampened because (1) the large number of preexisting poverty activists reduced the size of the residual population “at risk” for conversion to antipoverty activism, and (2) the remaining non-activists were ardently opposed to poverty activism and hence unlikely to be receptive to the liberal message coming out of Katrina.
Low-cost wireless neural recording system and software

We describe a flexible wireless neural recording system, which is comprised of a 15-channel analog FM transmitter, digital receiver and custom user interface software for data acquisition. The analog front-end is constructed from commercial off the shelf (COTS) components and weighs 6.3g (including batteries) and is capable of transmitting over 24 hours up to a range over 3m with a 25μV rms in-vivo noise floor. The Software Defined Radio (SDR) and the acquisition software provide a data acquisition platform with real time data display and can be customized based on the specifications of various experiments. The described system was characterized with in-vitro and in-vivo experiments and the results are presented.
Groundwater transformation of a low-sulfur to a high-sulfur coal, the Harlem coal of the northern Appalachian basin

Abstract The Harlem coal is postulated to have been deposited in raised-bog settings. It was initially deposited as low-sulfur peat, but groundwater of a later origin altered portions of it to high-sulfur coal. The total sulfur content of 172 samples from 31 locations on a moisture- and ash-free basis have a quadrimodal distribution with two major modes at 0.75% S and 2.0%S. Multiple sampling and analyses at specific mine sites indicate that the addition of sulfur of a later origin occurred either laterally adjacent to sandstone channels or vertically adjacent to faults. Significant sulfur addition also occurred above clay partings at these sites. The original low-sulfur nature is preserved where the coal bed is isolated from descending groundwater by a thick impervious layer. Trace-element analyses show high concentrations of mobile elements such as Na and Mn in the high-sulfur coals.
An automatic navigation system for vision guided vehicles using a double heuristic and a finite state machine

A navigation system for automatic vision-guided vehicles which uses an efficient double heuristic search algorithm for path planning is presented. It is capable of avoiding unknown obstacles and recovering from unidentifiable locations. A linked list representation of the path network database makes the implementation feasible in any high-level language and renders it suitable for real-time application. Extensive simulated experiments have been conducted to verify the validity of the proposed algorithms. The combination of the techniques of robot navigation in unexplored terrain and the global map method proved to be a valid technique for automated guided vehicle (AGV) guidance. A learning mechanism is used in the AGV by updating the path network during navigation. Simulated results supported all the theoretically expected conclusions, since the robot planned its path correctly between the requested nodes and maneuvered its way around the obstacles. Overall, the results were very encouraging. >