cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploratory factor analysis, instruments and the logic of discovery

Philosophers distinguish the logic of discovery from the logic of justification. The logic of justification usually is understood as a set of canons of inference for testing-either to confirm or refute-an explicit hypothesis. In contrast, the logic of discovery, usually is understood as a set of canons of inference for generating an hypothesis from data. From early in this century until recently it was common for philosophers to deny the possibility of a logic of discovery; there could be psychologically useful aids to promote discoveries, but these methods, and the hypotheses they generated could not be understood as privileged in any way. According to Larry Laudan, prior to the turn of the century, the circumstances through which an hypothesis was discovered provided the primary reason for its acceptance. The logic of discovery was a logic of epistemic warrant. Laudan worries that the recently revived interest in the logic of discovery cannot serve this same purpose:
Toward computers that recognize and respond to user emotion

For a long time emotions have been kept out of the deliberate tools of science; scientists have expressed emotion, but no tools could sense and respond to their affective information. This paper highlights research at the MIT Media Laboratory aimed at giving computers the ability to comfortably sense, recognize, and respond to the human communication of emotion, especially affective states such as frustration, confusion, interest, distress, anger, and joy, Two main themes of sensing--self-report and concurrent expression--are described, together with examples of systems that give users new ways to communicate emotion to computers and, through computers, to other people. In addition to building systems that try to elicit and detect frustration, our research group has built a system that responds to user frustration in a way that appears to help alleviate it. This paper highlights applications of this research to interface design, wearable computing, entertainment, and education, and briefly presents some potential ethical concerns and how they might be addressed.
Differential effects of dimethylsulfoxide on steroidogenesis in mouse MA-10 and rat R2C Leydig tumor cells

The effects of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells and R2C rat Leydig tumor cells were compared. MA-10 cells produce low basal levels of progesterone (as the major steroid synthesized), which increase several hundred-fold when stimulated with tropic hormone or the cAMP analog (Bu)2cAMP. R2C cells, on the other hand, constitutively produce high levels of progesterone in the absence of hormone stimulation of any kind. When incubated in the presence of 5% DMSO, MA-10 cells demonstrated an almost complete inhibition of progesterone production, whereas the synthesis of this steroid was virtually unaffected in R2C cells. The inhibition of steroid production in the MA-10 cell could not be attributed to an effect on protein synthesis, because this was unaffected by DMSO during the course of the incubations. The activity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme was also unaffected by DMSO, as demonstrated by incubation of the cells with 22R-hydroxycholesterol. The pro...
The Impact of a Summer Bridge Program on Nontraditional Student Development: Teacher Care Matters

Summer bridge programs (SBPs) improve the likelihood that students will succeed in postsecondary education. The majority of SBP research has focused on programs designed for underprepared high school graduates rather than nontraditional populations (i.e., older, [General Education Diploma] GED-holders, parents, etc.). This study sought to address this literature gap by taking a qualitative approach to discover how nontraditional students felt they had developed, both academically and personally, during their respective experiences with a technical and vocational SBP. Results showed that students reported growing personally and affectively (64%) more than academically (36%), and they attributed the majority of growth to instructors (77%) rather than program content (23%). Findings are discussed in terms of SBP curriculum and instructional practices that may promote nontraditional students’ college preparation and persistence to award attainment.
On finding the keys to MCI theory: a critical appraisal of Purzycki and Willard

Purzycki and Willard's argument about the limits of present-day minimal counterintuitiveness (MCI) theory reminds one of the drunkard searching for lost keys near a lamp post “because that's where ...
A human monoclonal IgM with binding activity for C-reactive protein (CRP)

Abstract Human monoclonal IgM globulins often have binding activity for such auto-antigens as IgG, erythrocyte antigens, and clotting factors. The present paper describes a serum with a monoclonal IgM (λ-type) which formed strong precipitin lines with many sera from patients with malignant diseases. The IgM was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration, and the purified IgM retained all the precipitating activity of the serum. The antigen it reacted with was shown to be C-reactive protein (CRP). The naturally occuring 8S subunit of the IgM as well as the mildly reduced and alkylated IgM failed to precipitate CRP, although both still could combine with this antigen.
On the Immediacy of Phonetic Perception

If, as we believe, language is a specialization all the way down to its roots, then perception of its consonantal elements should be immediately phonetic, not as in the conventional view, a secondary translation from percepts of an auditory sort Supporting observations come from an experiment in which formant transitions that distinguish [da] and [ga] were presented as sinusoids and combined with a synthetic syllable made of resonances, thus causing the auditory system to treat these acoustically incoherent parts as different sources Evidence for the source difference was varied by changing the intensity of the sinusoids relative to the remainder of the syllable Over the greater part of a 60-dB range, listeners accurately identified the consonants, indicating that they had integrated the stimuli according to a coherence that existed only in the phonetic domain At the lowest intensities, indeed, the consonants were accurately identified, even though the whistles—the normal responses to the sinusoids—were n...
An anthropological view of western women's prodigious fasting: A review essay

Rudolph M. Bell (1985). Holy Anorexia. Epilogue by William N. Davis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Joan Jacobs Brumberg (1988). Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Modern Disease. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Caroline Walker Bynum (1987). Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press.
The UCLA–university of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: Genealogical analysis of familial aggregation

To assess familial aggregation of autism, 86 autistic subjects were linked to the Utah Genealogical Database. Kinship coefficients were estimated for all possible pairs of autistic subjects and then averaged. Fifty replicate sets of matched control subjects (86 members in each set) were drawn randomly from the database, and the average kinship coefficient was computed for all possible pairs of individuals in each set. The average kinship coefficient for the autistic subjects was approximately 1/1,000, while the average kinship coefficients for the 50 control groups ranged from 4/100,000 to 1.6./10,000. These results indicate a strong tendency for autism to cluster in families. When kinship was analyzed by specific degrees of relationship, it was shown that the familial aggregation of autism is confined exclusively to sib pairs and does not extend to more remote degrees of relationship. This finding indicates that a single-gene model is unlikely to account for most cases of autism.
Collocation solution of creeping newtonian flow through periodically constricted tubes with piecewise continuous wall profile

A collocation solution of creeping Newtonian flow through periodically constricted tubes is obtained. The profile of the wall of the type of tube considered is piecewise continuous, composed of symmetric parabolic segments. A transformation of the domain of interest into a rectangular one is obtained, which allows satisfaction of all boundary conditions. The collocation solution gives the stream function in terms of the new independent variables and can easily be converted to the original cylindrical coordinates. Axial and radial velocity components are obtained in analytical form, and the pressure drop is calculated from a volume integration of the viscous dissipation function as well as from line integration of the Navier-Stokes equation. The results are compared with the finite-difference solution by Payatakes et al. (1973b) and are found in good agreement. Differences between the two solutions are attributed mainly to discretization error in the finite-difference solution. The analytical expressions obtained from the collocation solution can be used together with porous media models of the constricted unit cell type for the modeling of processes taking place in granular porous media.
Comparative Effectiveness of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins versus Other Anticoagulants in Major Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

tudy Objective To evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) versus other anticoagulants as venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in major orthopedic surgery. Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled trials. Patients Patients undergoing total hip replacement, total knee replacement, or hip fracture surgery who received prophylaxis with a LMWH or another anticoagulant. Measurements and Main Results We conducted a systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases (1980–July 2011) to identify randomized controlled trials. Trials were included if they directly compared LMWH prophylaxis with another anticoagulant class and reported outcomes of interest. Compared with patients who received unfractionated heparin (UFH), patients who received LMWHs had fewer pulmonary embolism, total deep vein thrombosis (DVT), major bleeding, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia events. Compared with patients who received vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), patients who received LMWHs had fewer total DVT and distal DVT events but reported increased major bleeding, minor bleeding, and surgical site bleeding events. Major efficacy end points such as symptomatic venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, and nonfatal pulmonary embolism showed similar benefits of therapy with LMWHs and VKAs. Compared with patients receiving factor Xa inhibitors, patients who received LMWHs had more major venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, total DVT, asymptomatic DVT, proximal DVT, and distal DVT events but fewer major bleeding events. Compared with patients receiving direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), patients who received LMWHs had more major venous thromboembolism, total DVT, and proximal DVT events without significantly negatively affecting bleeding. However, patients who received LMWHs had fewer distal DVT events versus those who received DTIs. Subgroup analyses indicated differences based on the surgical procedure and individual drug within certain pharmacologic classes. Conclusion According to moderate-to-high strength of evidence, LMWH prophylaxis provides additional benefits with less harm compared with UFH. With predominantly moderate strength of evidence, the balance of benefits to harms for factor Xa inhibitors or DTIs compared with LMWHs seems favorable. With predominantly low-to-moderate strength of evidence, the known benefits in total DVT and distal DVT with LMWHs versus VKAs may not be sufficient to counteract the increased risk of bleeding.
1.2 Tb/s symmetric WDM-OFDMA-PON over 90km straight SSMF and 1∶32 passive split with digitally-selective ONUs and coherent receiver OLT

Record 1.2-Tb/s (25λ×48Gb/s/λ) symmetric WDM-OFDMA-PON is demonstrated over 90km SSMF with a 1∶32 passive split, featuring multi-band-OFDMA, digitally-selective ONUs and a coherent receiver OLT. The architecture supports 800 ONUs with 1.25/10-Gb/s guaranteed/peak rates.
The genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy

Purpose of reviewMore than 40 different individual genes have been implicated in the inheritance of dilated cardiomyopathy. For a subset of these genes, mutations can lead to a spectrum of cardiomyopathy that extends to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular noncompaction. In nearly all ca
Does empirical Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) therapy result in false-negative CDI diagnostic test results?

Background Patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) often receive empirical therapy prior to collection of stool specimens for diagnostic testing. The likelihood that such empirical therapy might result in false-negative CDI test results is unknown. Methods We conducted a prospective study of CDI patients to determine the time to conversion of CDI test results, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for toxin B genes, glutamate dehydrogenase, and toxigenic culture, from positive to negative during CDI therapy. We evaluated the frequency of and risk factors for persistence of positive CDI tests. For patients receiving empirical therapy, we assessed the frequency of conversion of positive CDI test results at the time of the test order to negative by the time clinical staff collected stool specimens for testing. Results For 51 CDI patients, PCR, glutamate dehydrogenase, and toxigenic culture results converted to negative at similar rates. For PCR, 14%, 35%, and 45% of positive CDI tests converted to negative after 1, 2, and 3 days of treatment, respectively. Increased age and infection with North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis strains were associated with persistent positive PCR results. For CDI patients diagnosed at the time of the test order, conversion to negative PCR results by the time clinical stool specimens were collected occurred in 4 of 9 (44%) patients who were prescribed empirical CDI therapy versus 0 of 23 (0%) who were not (P = .004). Conclusions Empirical treatment for suspected CDI cases may result in false-negative PCR results if there are delays in stool specimen collection.
A clustering approach for detecting moving objects captured by a moving aerial camera

We propose a novel approach to motion detection in scenes captured from a camera onboard an aerial vehicle. In particular, we are interested in detecting small objects such as cars or people that move slowly and independently in the scene. Slow motion detection in an aerial video is challenging because it is difficult to differentiate object motion from camera motion. We adopt an unsupervised learning approach that requires a grouping step to define slow object motion. The grouping is done by building a graph of edges connecting dense feature keypoints. Then, we use camera motion constraints over a window of adjacent frames to compute a weight for each edge and automatically prune away dissimilar edges. This leaves us with groupings of similarly moving feature points in the space, which we cluster and differentiate as moving objects and background. With a focus on surveillance from a moving aerial platform, we test our algorithm on the challenging VIRAT aerial data set and provide qualitative and quantitative results that demonstrate the effectiveness of our detection approach.
Electrical overstress of nonencapsulated aluminum bond wires

Electrical overstress of nonencapsulated aluminum bond wires is studied by several methods. Time-to-failure experiments, strobe microphotography, and thermal finite-element modeling are used to examine the overstress process. Computer simulations then provide approximate solutions to a more general case. Failure analysts may use these results to estimate overstress current and duration from physical evidence. >
Neuronal mechanisms for object discrimination in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens

The peripheral sensory basis for object discrimination was investigated in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia virescens. Single unit recordings were made from the primary afferent fibres in the posterior branch of the anterior lateral line nerve while the local electric field (self-generated and simulated) was modified by external resistance and capacitance shunts. Both fibre types (probability and phase coders) responded differentially to capacitance and resistance shunts of equivalent impedance. The degree of response differentiation between the two shunting conditions varied with the intensity of the electrical stimulus at the receptor. These data suggest that the primary electroreceptors can discriminatively encode the two electrical characteristics of ‘objects’. However, since the response of primary electroreceptors also varied with the spatial orientation of the shunting electrodes, central structures must play an important role in object discrimination.
High gradient magnetic separation

High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) makes possible the efficient separation of very weakly magnetic particles of micron size for which conventional magnetic separators are ineffective. Filamentary ferromagnetic materials placed in large (10 kOe) background fields are used to obtain large surface areas of high field gradients. Potential applications in mineral processing and pollution are numerous. This paper discusses the principles of HGMS and the results of some experiments designed to determine the dependence of the separation efficiency on the adjustable parameters of such a device.
Synthetic Biology: Drawing a Line in Darwin's Sand

Maintaining the coherence of the distinction between nature and artefact has long been central to environmental thinking. By building genomes from scratch out of ʻbio-bricksʼ, synthetic biology promises to create biotic artefacts markedly different from anything created thus far in biotechnology. These new biotic artefacts depart from a core principle of Darwinian natural selection – descent through modification – leaving them with no causal connection to historical evolutionary processes. This departure from the core principle of Darwinism presents a challenge to the normative foundation of a number of leading positions in environmental ethics. As a result, environmental ethicists with a commitment to the normative significance of the historical evolutionary process may see synthetic biology as a moral ʻline in the sandʼ.
Introduction to Ocean Data Assimilation

Data assimilation is the process of hindcasting, now-casting, and forecasting using information from both observations and ocean dynamics. Modern ocean forecasting systems rely on data assimilation to estimate initial and boundary data, to interpolate and smooth sparse or noisy observations, and to evaluate observing systems and dynamical models. Every data assimilation system implements an optimality criterion which defines how to best combine dynamics and observations, given an hypothesized error model for both. The realization of practical ocean data assimilation systems is challenging due to both the technical issues of implementation, and the scientific issues of determining the appropriate set of hypothesized priors. This chapter reviews methodologies and highlights themes common to all approaches.
Review of Non-Independence, Asymmetry, Skew-Symmetry and Point-Symmetry Models in the Analysis of Social Mobility Data

A non-standard log-linear approach is employed to fit the class of non-independence,asymmetric, skew-symmetric and inclined point-symmetry models to intergenerationalmobility table. While these models are not new, our goal in this paper is to present theimplementation of the models that are discussed here using SAS PROC GENMOD. This approach is used to fit these class of models to the 6 × 6 Brazilian social mobility data which has received extensive consideration in the literature, as well as to the 9 × 9 mobility table of men in England and Wales. These are further extended to two 5 × 5 mobility tables of men in the US aged 20–64. Parsimonious models are sought for each table and expressions for estimated odds-ratios under the appropriate models are provided based on our approach.
Arsenic-Mediated Activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 Antioxidant Pathway

Arsenic is present in the environment and has become a worldwide health concern due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity. However, the specific mechanism(s) by which arsenic elicits its toxic effects has yet to be fully elucidated. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) has been recognized as the master regulator of a cellular defense mechanism against toxic insults. This review highlights studies demonstrating that arsenic activates the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway by a distinct mechanism from that of natural compounds such as sulforaphane (SF) found in broccoli sprouts or tert-butylhyrdoquinone (tBHQ), a natural antioxidant commonly used as a food preservative. Evidence also suggests that arsenic prolongs Nrf2 activation and may mimic constitutive activation of Nrf2, which has been found in several human cancers due to disruption of the Nrf2-Keap1 axis. The current literature strongly suggests that activation of Nrf2 by arsenic potentially contributes to, rather than protects against, arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity. The mechanism(s) by which known Nrf2 activators, such as the natural chemopreventive compounds SF and lipoic acid, protect against the deleterious effects caused by arsenic will also be discussed. These findings will provide insight to further understand how arsenic promotes a prolonged Nrf2 response, which will lead to the identification of novel molecular markers and development of rational therapies for the prevention or intervention of arsenic-induced diseases. The National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS) Outstanding New Environmental Scientist (ONES) award has provided the opportunity to review the progress both in the fields of arsenic toxicology and Nrf2 biology. Much of the funding has led to (1) the novel discovery that arsenic activates the Nrf2 pathway by a mechanism different to that of other Nrf2 activators, such as sulforaphane and tert-butylhydroquinone, (2) activation of Nrf2 by chemopreventive compounds protects against arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity both in vitro and in vivo, (3) constitutive activation of Nrf2 by disrupting Keap1-mediated negative regulation contributes to cancer and chemoresistance, (4) p62-mediated sequestration of Keap1 activates the Nrf2 pathway, and (5) arsenic-mediated Nrf2 activation may be through a p62-dependent mechanism. All of these findings have been published and are discussed in this review. This award has laid the foundation for my laboratory to further investigate the molecular mechanism(s) that regulate the Nrf2 pathway and how it may play an integral role in arsenic toxicity. Moreover, understanding the biology behind arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity will help in the discovery of potential strategies to prevent or control arsenic-mediated adverse effects.
1,1-Dimethylsilole☆

Abstract Flash vacuum pyrolysis of 5-benzoyloxy-3,3-dimethyl-3-silacyclopentene afforded 5,5-dimethyl-5-silacyclopentadiene (1,1-dimethylsilole). Although the silole dimerizes at or below room temperature, it could be both trapped with maleic anhydride, and characterized by low-temperature NMR. The silole could also be generated from a thermally-induced retro DielsAlder reaction of its dimer.
Protective antigen-binding domain of anthrax lethal factor mediates translocation of a heterologous protein fused to its amino- or carboxy-terminus

The edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF) components of anthrax toxin require anthrax protective antigen (PA) for binding and entry into mammalian cells. After internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis, PA facilitates the translocation of EF and LF across the membrane of an acidic intracellular compartment. To characterize the translocation process, we generated chimeric proteins composed of the PA recognition domain of LF (LFN; residues 1-255) fused to either the amino-terminus or the carboxy-terminus of the catalytic chain of diphtheria toxin (DTA). The purified fusion proteins retained ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and reacted with antisera against LF and diphtheria toxin. Both fusion proteins strongly inhibited protein synthesis in CHO-K1 cells in the presence of PA, but not in its absence, and they showed similar levels of activity. This activity could be inhibited by adding LF or the LFN fragment (which blocked the interaction of the fusion proteins with PA), by adding inhibitors of endosome acidification known to block entry of EF and LF into cells, or by introducing mutations that attenuated the ADP-ribosylation activity of the DTA moiety. The results demonstrate that LFN fused to either the amino-terminus or the carboxy-terminus of a heterologous protein retains its ability to complement PA in mediating translocation of the protein to the cytoplasm. Besides its importance in understanding translocation, this finding provides the basis for constructing a translocation vector that mediates entry of a variety of heterologous proteins, which may require a free amino- or carboxy-terminus for biological activity, into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells.
Process Modeling – Enabling Sustainable & Economically Attractive Innovation

Abstract Business and industry are increasingly challenged to develop technologies and processes which are sustainable in every sense of the word; environmentally sustainable, economically attractive, and which provide a sustained revenue source. The process insight and understandings obtained though models are essential to informed business strategy, targeted innovation, and tactical operational decisions; and therefore to the long-term sustainability of DuPont businesses as well as its corporate image. Process models are critical to our technology development efforts; enabling informed comparisons and decisions about process configuration, alternative operations, and selection of optimal recycle & waste minimization options through the development and life cycle of a process. DuPont employs a diverse variety of modeling tools to quantify and evaluate process energy use, utility requirements, reuse & recycle strategy, raw material consumption, and byproduct generation. Our experience continues to demonstrate that modeling benefits our organization by accelerating our ability to screen and prioritize technology development opportunities, identify areas for additional development, and focus waste minimization opportunities and sustainability improvements. This paper will illustrate DuPont use of process modeling to identify & evaluate options, optimize energy and material requirements, and justify implementation of sustainable technology and process upgrades to deliver sustainable technology to the marketplace.
Representation and interaction with symbolic structures in individual and shared learning environments

A test-bed application (the Graphic Story Writer) was created to explore ideas in the design of user interfaces for individual and shared interactive learning environments. Two central issues motivated and guided this work. First, can highly interactive learning environments be created for domains with abstract representations? And second, how can users of a shared synchronous learning environment be encouraged to communicate in productive ways? In order to explore and test these issues, we developed an interactive learning environment (the GSW) for story construction designed to address the difficulties young users face in collaborative composition. A usability study determined that users in our target age group were capable of working with the system, and identified areas of the interface that needed improvement. A study comparing oral stories with stories constructed with the GSW found that GSW stories were more likely to have a complete conflict/resolution structure. A preliminary study of collaborative use of the GSW confirmed previous reports of the difficulty of encouraging users of synchronous systems to collaborate. A second, larger study of verbal interaction found that the level of communication about the storytelling task itself rose significantly when positive interdependences were created between users of the system.
M-SEQ: Early detection of anxiety and depression via temporal orders of diagnoses in electronic health data

According to a 2014 Spring American College Health Association Survey, almost 50% of college students reported feeling things were hopeless and that it was difficult to function within the last 12 months. More than 80% reported feeling overwhelmed and exhausted by their responsibilities. This critical subpopulation of Americans is facing significant levels of mental health disorders, challenging colleges to provide accessible and high quality behavioral health care. However, psychiatric disorders are frequently unrecognized in primary care settings, posing physical, emotional, economic, and social burdens to patients and others. Towards the goal of earlier identification and treatment of mental health disorders, this paper proposes M-SEQ, an early detection framework for anxiety/depression using electronic health data from primary care visit sequences. Specifically, compared to existing methods that predict a future disease state using frequency of diagnoses in a patient's medical history, we hypothesize that future disease might also be correlated with the temporal orders of diagnoses. Thus, M-SEQ first discovers a set of diagnosis codes that are discriminative of anxiety/depression, and then extracts each diagnosis pair from each patient's health record to represent the temporal orders of diagnoses. Further, it incorporates the extracted temporal order information with the existing representation to predict whether a patient is at risk of anxiety/depression. We evaluate M-SEQ using the electronic health record (EHR) data of 213,112 college students from 10 schools participating in the College Health Surveillance Network (CHSN) from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2014. The experimental results shows that our framework can detect a future diagnosis of anxiety and depression based on the primary care visit data up to 3 months in advance, with approximately 1%-4.5% higher accuracy, compared to baseline methods using frequency of diagnoses.
Thermal structure and melting conditions in the mantle beneath the Basin and Range province from seismology and petrology

To better constrain the temperature structure in the upper mantle, we jointly invert seismic surface wave velocities and basalt thermobarometry. New measurements of the water concentration (1.0–3.5 wt %) and oxygen fugacity (FMQ + 0.5 to + 1.5) of basalts from seven recently active volcanic fields in the Basin and Range province (Cima, Pisgah, Amboy, Big Pine, Black Rock, Snow Canyon, W. Grand Canyon) enable more accurate equilibration pressure (P) and temperature (T) estimates of the mantle melts. We developed a revised thermobarometer that more precisely predicts the results of laboratory experiments on melts equilibrated with olivine and orthopyroxene and accounts for the effects of water and CO2. Applying these methods to basalts from the Basin and Range we find that most equilibrated near the dry solidus in P-T space and at depths in the vicinity of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) inferred from receiver function analysis and Rayleigh surface wave tomography. The wet basalts should have begun melting well below the dry solidus, so the depths of equilibration probably reflect ponding of rising melts beneath the nominally dry lithosphere. A two-parameter thermal model is sufficient to simultaneously satisfy both the seismological and petrological constraints. In the model, the depth to the dry solidus defines the bottom boundary of the conductive lid, while the potential temperature (Tp) controls the asthenosphere and LAB thermal structure. The optimum estimates of Tp range from 1500°C, and depths to the LAB range from ∼55 to 75 km, with uncertainties on the order of ±50°C and ±10 km. In contrast to standard tomographic images or basalt thermobarometry, the output of the joint inversion is a geotherm that can be tested quantitatively against other observations.
Contributions of Vasopressin and Other Pressor Systems to DOC-Salt Hypertension in Rats

The roles of arginine vasopressin (AVP), the sympathetic nervous system, and the renin-angiotensin system in maintaining elevated blood pressure in established DOC-salt hypertension in rats were studied by injection of specific antagonists of these systems. The specific AVP antagonist dPVDAVP decreased blood pressure by 19 +/- 3 mm Hg in hypertensive rats and 6 +/- 2 mm Hg in control rats. In a different group of rats ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine also caused a greater decrease in blood pressure in DOC-salt rats compared to controls (99 +/- 6 vs 58 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively). In rats with autonomic ganglia blocked subsequent vasopressin antagonism decreased blood pressure 29 +/- 4 mm Hg in DOC-salt rats and 14 +/- 2 mm Hg in control rats. Converting enzyme inhibition with captopril in rats with autonomic ganglia blocked caused a lesser decrease in blood pressure in DOC-salt rats than in controls (8 +/- 2 vs 14 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively). These results indicate that both AVP and the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the maintenance of DOC-salt hypertension. The renin-angiotension system appears to be relatively less important.
Estimation of Airspeed Using Continuous Polynomial Adaptive Estimator

The tendency for Pitot tubes aboard airplanes to malfunction during flight has been shown to be problematic. Pitot tubes provide information regarding dynamic pressure to the airplane during flight, which can be used to calculate its airspeed. The ability to estimate airspeeds while a Pitot tube is malfunctioning could help to minimize aircraft accidents resulting from Pitot tube failures. Airspeed estimation was formulated as a nonlinear parameter estimation problem. Continuous Polynomial Adaptive Estimator (CPAE) was applied to the problem and simulated. This analysis showed that the estimated values converge correctly, and there are hopes to implement this in real world systems in order to prevent aforementioned disasters experienced during Pitot tube failure.
Potential Application of Bi(Pb)-Ca-Sr-Cu-O Glasses for Preparation of Integrated Optical Fibers

The infrared transmission, and possible high nonlinear optical susceptibility of Bi(Pb)-Ca- Sr-Cu-O glasses as well as their being the precursors for high temperature superconductors make them potential materials for integrated optical fibers. In this work, the glass formation and the fabrication of glass fibers have been investigated. The properties of the glasses have been studied. The infrared cutoff of the glasses is above 7 μm, and a high refractive index (˜ 2.9) and a high density (˜ 6 g/cm 3 ) indicate the possible high nonlinear optical susceptibility. After being heat treated at high temperatures, the glasses become superconductors which show the response to the optical radiation due to the bolometric effect. Fabrication of an integrated optical fiber system incorporating the transmitting medium, optical modulator and detectors is possible.
Temperature-Dependent Electrical Properties of Graphene Inkjet-Printed on Flexible Materials

Graphene electrode was fabricated by inkjet printing, as a new means of directly writing and micropatterning the electrode onto flexible polymeric materials. Graphene oxide sheets were dispersed in water and subsequently reduced using an infrared heat lamp at a temperature of ~200 °C in 10 min. Spacing between adjacent ink droplets and the number of printing layers were used to tailor the electrode's electrical sheet resistance as low as 0.3 MΩ/□ and optical transparency as high as 86%. The graphene electrode was found to be stable under mechanical flexing and behave as a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) material, exhibiting rapid electrical resistance decrease with temperature increase. Temperature sensitivity of the graphene electrode was similar to that of conventional NTC materials, but with faster response time by an order of magnitude. This finding suggests the potential use of the inkjet-printed graphene electrode as a writable, very thin, mechanically flexible, and transparent temperature sensor.
Short-term Forecasting of Watermelon Price in China

The paper established a price forecasting model based on time series through the analysis on monthly wholesale prices of watermelon in China from January 2000 to October 2014.The results indicated that both ARIMA models and seasonal factors separate models could simulate the watermelon price effectively,and the combined model had a higher precision of prediction than a single model.Then,the monthly wholesale price of watermelon from November 2014 to December 2015 was forecasted on the base of the combined model.
Study on Long-term Mechanism of the Special Commissioners System in Science and Technology

The system of special Sci-tech commissioners was established initially in Nanping City,Fujian Province,which was a special measure in the circumstances of incomplete construction of agricultural Sci-Tech system and the severe problems of agriculture-rural area-farmer.The system,which was temporary,compulsive and administrative,still has some problems in implementation process such as unclear orientation,inconsistent management,inadequate supportive measures and unsteady team.Aiming to establish the long-term system mechanism of special SciTech commissioners,we must enlarge the policy and fund supports and gradually reduce the government involvement while highlight the market mechanism.
EXPLORATION ON POLITICAL AND LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF AGRICULATURE UNDER CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Nowadays,developing circular economy and constructing circular society have become a trend in the world wide.We must set up cultural,legal,political,economic and ecological system to support circular economy construction.China is a large agriculture country,so developing circular agriculture economy construction attaches a great importance not only on the development of circular economy and form of circular society but also on the development of agriculture.This paper discusses the possibilities and necessities of realizing circular economy on agriculture and the way to complete the system of agriculture in China based on the existing agricultural policy and law and bringing advanced experiences abroad.
Tissue mast cells in immediate hypersensitivity.

It is now known that in addition to secreting such primary mediators of immediate hypersensitivity as histamine, tissue mast cells actively metabolize arachidonic acid with resultant synthesis of potent leukotriene secondary mediators. New investigative attention is also being devoted to the “sentinel” role of the mast cells suggested by their localization at interfaces with the external environment.
Prediction of Semirigid Penile Prosthesis Diameter From Saline Erection

AbstractA total of 14 impotent men without Peyronie’s disease underwent implantation of paired, semirigid penile prostheses after determination of the subcoronal dorsal diameters of the saline erections. The subcoronal saline erection diameter was divided by the diameter of the semirigid penile prosthesis, and the best lateral and distal fitting occurred when the quotient was 3 or greater. Dividing the subcoronal saline erection dorsal diameter by 3 allows selection of the appropriate semirigid penile prosthesis diameter.
Population Transfer Via the Continuum: Effects of Continuum Structure

We have shownl that a structureless continuum can be used as an intermediary for a significant transfer of population from one bound state to another in a stimulated Raman transition. In this scheme and in related experiments2, one uses two laser pulses that overlap in time and are arranged in the counterintuitive order. Nakajima et al3 have pointed out two problems with this scheme involving the continuum. (a) Continuum structure reduces the probability of transfer to the desired state. (b) When two laser beams with different carrier frequencies are used to drive transitions from either bound state to the continuum, the effect of undesired transitions caused by laser 1 (2) driving transition from state 2 (1) to distant parts of the continuum could be very detrimental. We discuss these problems in this paper.
Language Planning and Ideologies in Postcolonial Africa

Determining the role of language in the socioeconomic development of the African continent has been ubiquitous in the debate over the language question in postcolonial Africa. This chapter discusses the ideologies that have buttressed policymakers’ thinking about this problem, focusing on the ideology of decolonization (which was expected to emerge through vernacular language education) and the ideology of development grounded in what Blaut refers to as the colonizer’s model of the world (which was expected to emerge through internationalization, the precursor to globalization; The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. Guilford Press, 1993). The main argument in this chapter is that, in postcolonial Africa, attempts to promote the indigenous languages in the higher domains (including the educational system) have failed. Inherited European ideologies, especially the ideology of the nation-state, continue to prevail in the debate over the language question throughout the continent, much as they had in the colonial era.
Valvuloplasty for aortic insufficiency

Twenty-eight consecutive patients underwent aortic valvuloplasty for aortic insufficiency caused by leaflet prolapse. The technique involved triangular resection of the free edge of the prolapsing leaflet, annular plication at the commissure, and resection of a raphe when present in bicuspid valves. Mean age of the patients was 46.8 ± 14.4 years. Twenty-six (92.7%) were male. Seventy-five percent of the patients had a bicuspid aortic valve; the remaining valves were tricuspid. The extent of aortic insufficiency was 3.6 ± 0.8 by aortography, 3.1 ± 0.1 by preoperative Doppler echocardiography, and 3.4 ± 0.7 by intraoperative Doppler echocardiography. The amount of aortic insufficiency decreased from 3.4 ± 0.7 to 0.6 ± 0.5 intraoperatively, immediately after repair (p
Osseous Myopericytoma Simulating a Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A Case Report.

Case: Myopericytoma is a benign perivascular myoid neoplasm that typically presents in the dermal and subcutaneous soft tissues of the distal aspect of the extremities. These types of tumor form a clinicopathological spectrum with myofibromas, angiopericytomas, angioleiomyomas, and glomus tumors. Intraosseous myopericytomas are exceptionally rare, and to our knowledge, no cases of myopericytoma involving long bones previously have been described. We present a case of myopericytoma occurring in the distal aspect of the femur of a 36-year-old man. Conclusion: This case report describes a unique location of this tumor, which demonstrates that myopericytomas have a more diverse tropism than previously indicated.
Diversity and Abundance of Mosquitoes Inhabiting Waste Tires in a Subtropical Swamp in Urban Florida

ABSTRACT Automobile tires discarded in urban forest fragments may be a public health hazard, as they can support a population of vector mosquitoes. However, little is known about what factors may a...
FRETTING CORROSION IN ORTHOPAEDIC IMPLANT ALLOYS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the studies of fretting corrosion in orthopaedic alloys as a function of material, the number of cycles and the solution in which the fretting occurred to further characterize the mechanisms and tendencies of this phenomenon. Weight loss appears to be of major significance in the early stages of fretting but reaches a steady state where additional weight loss is negligible. Less additional debris was created during the steady state because there was a build-up of debris which forms an intermediate zone. This build-up pushes the two surfaces apart. The stress transmitted across the two surfaces was lowered because of this increase in area with number of cycles. The corrosion process was hindered by anodic polarization. In this experiment, the debris formed becomes a product of corrosion and/or is embedded into one of the surfaces. These embedded particles often cause microcracks in the surface as they were pushed in. These cracks create crevices which can lend themselves to more deleterious forms of corrosion. The bands of the colors observed at the edge of fretted areas represent different stages of oxidation. It was observed that when the metals were tested in the saline and albumin solution, there appeared a slippery film which was most likely the precipitation of the albumin onto the metal surface.
ANTI-IgD (δ) AND F(ab′)2 ANTI-IgD ACTIVATED B CELLS ENHANCE PHA RESPONSIVENESS*

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a study in which IgD receptors on B lymphocytes were shown to trigger DNA synthesis when peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated with specifically purified anti-δ and F(ab′)2 anti-δ. IgD on peripheral blood lymphocytes has a capacity to trigger cellular proliferation upon its interaction with specifically purified anti-δ. Recent studies have shown that the activation of peripheral lymphocytes with anti-δ exerts an enhancing influence on their PHA responsiveness. In the study described in the chapter, anti-IgD was prepared and specifically purified. For lymphocyte fractionation, blood was obtained from human volunteers possessing 7%–18% IgD-bearing cells and exhibiting a lower than normal response to PHA. Lymphocytes activated by anti-δ have an enhancing effect on the PHA responsiveness of T-lymphocytes.
Cancer-Associated Cachexia: A Systemic Consequence of Cancer Progression

Cancer is a life-threatening disease that has plagued humans for centuries. The vast majority of cancer-related mortality results from metastasis. Indeed, the invasive growth of metastatic cancer c...
Validation of the Polar Fitness Test

Aerobic capacity testing can be beneficial to coaches, physical educators, and trainers in the process of designing aerobic training programs. However, testing in a laboratory can be costly. Polar heart rate monitors provide a fitness test that estimates aerobic capacity without having to use expensive equipment. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the Polar fitness test in comparison to the laboratory test. Eighteen college age students completed the Polar fitness test along with a laboratory test for aerobic capacity. The laboratory test consisted of a maximal Bruce protocol treadmill test while the subject was connected to a metabolic cart. The study found that the Polar fitness test provides results that are not statistically different from the metabolic cart results (t = 1.681, p = 0.111). Additionally, the 2 tests were strongly correlated (r = 0.545, p = 0.019). This indicates that the Polar fitness test may be an appropriate means of aerobic capacity testing for those not needing the accuracy of expensive laboratory equipment.
Detection of DNA Adducts of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides by 32P-Postlabeling Analysis

The covalent binding to DNA in vitro of hydroperoxides of linoleic, arachidonic, or linolenic acid, was investigated by 32P-postlabeling analysis. Characteristic DNA adduct patterns were formed by each of the hydroperoxides. Levels of DNA adducts were highest for hydroperoxides of linoleic acid (6.6× 107 RAL)3, intermediate and low for those of arachidonic acid (2.0×107 RAL) and linolenic acid (0.6×107 RAL), respectively. It was concluded that lipid hydroperoxide-DNA adduction may play a role in carcinogenesis or aging.