cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION : VI. THE REACTION BETWEEN MAMMALIAN THYROGLOBULINS AND ANTIBODIES TO HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS PREPARATIONS.

1. Quantitative data for both homologous and heterologous precipitin reactions of human, hog, beef, and sheep thyroglobulins show that these reactions have the same mechanism as other instances of the precipitin reaction and may be expressed quantitatively by the same equations derived from the law of mass action. 2. It is shown that all of the added antigen is precipitated in the region of antibody excess and in the equivalence zone, so that in these portions of the reaction range the composition of the specific precipitate may be calculated from the nitrogen precipitated and the amount of antigen nitrogen added. 3. The thyroglobulin-antibody reaction is characterized by low antibody N to antigen N ratios, as would be expected with an antigen of high molecular weight. Molecular ratios varying from 60:1 to 1:1 were calculated for the extremes of the reaction range, indicating a very large number of immunologically reactive groupings on the thyroglobulin molecule. 4. Failure of thyroxine or diiodotyrosine to inhibit specific precipitation was confirmed, but it is shown that this need not mean that these substances do not occur in thyroglobulin, as has been claimed.
RBS ion channeling study of low concentrations of ion implanted samarium in GaN

The purpose of this work is to determine the location and depth profile of samarium implanted into gallium nitride. The concentrations of the dopant are extremely low (100 ppm) which means that the measurements take a large integrated charge to complete so that a pulse pile up system must be employed to enable count rates up to 100 kHz to be used. Although the dopants are more massive than the substrate they are still difficult to resolve with 2 MeV RBS. By taking advantage of the a-particle energy available from a 4.5 MV tandem, spectra have been obtained where the rare earth dopants are easily visible. Using ion channeling angular scans across more than one axis it is possible to confirm the extent to which an impurity is substitutional, interstitial or randomly located in the host lattice. For the GaN wurtzite lattice with the c-axis AE 10 0 0ae perpendicular to the surface the alternative axes are AE1 10 1ae and the AE 11 21 ae. The data show that samarium is substitutional to a level of about 80% with the remainder randomly located in the lattice. Although there is a higher concentration of the rare earth closer to the surface, the substitutional fraction does not change significantly as a function of depth. The samarium concentration in the sample varied from about 100 ppm at 300 nm below the surface to about 300 ppm at the surface. � 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of acute ozone exposures on snap bean at various stages of its life cycle

Abstract Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘BBL-290’) were exposed to ozone (O3) at 0 (carbon-filtered air), 30 and 60 pphm for two 1.5 h periods that were 3 days apart. Plants were exposed to O3 at six different stages (8+11, 14+17, 20+23, 26+29, 32+35, or 38+41 days after seeding). Half of the plants were harvested 7 days after the second exposure and the other half were harvested 48 days after planting. Ozone reduced relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, pod production, nodulation, and total nitrogen content, but increased the amount of nitrogen per gram of plant tissue. The magnitude of these responses of growth, nodulation and nitrogen content varied with the O3 concentration and plant age at the time of exposure. Recovery of growth and nodulation at the final harvest was partial for plants exposed at 8+11 and 14+17 days. Nitrogen content was correlated with both plant dry weight (root + top dry wt; r2 = 0.95) and nodule number (r2 = 0.93). These relationships were described by exponential equations.
Familial pulmonary fibrosis.

1)The term Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis is felt to be a definite entity. 2)This disease is a familial response to chronic pulmonary insult in the nature of bilateral pulmonary fibrosis. 3)The disease, once it manifests itself clinically, is usually progressive to death. 4)The age incidence is from 30 to 55 years. 5)The possibility of potassium iodide being an inhibitor to increasing fibrosis warrants further investigation. 6)The importance of a detailed family history and an inquiry of the manner of death, rather than a diagnosis, is invaluable.
GDP-fucose:GM1 α→2fucosyltransferase is activated in pare nchymal cells of rat liver during early stages of N-2-acetylaminofluorene induced hepatocarcinogenesis

Gangliosides from liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells were isolated from Fischer 344 rats that had been fed normal diet or a diet supplemented with 0.03% N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) for 4 weeks. Gangliosides from liver cell fractions were characterized by an induction of both II3NeuAcIV3 alpha GalIV2FucGg4 and GM3 synthesis in the parenchymal cells of AAF-fed animals which were missing in parenchymal cells from animals fed normal diet. In addition, new bands corresponding to GM1 and GD1a were observed in cell fractions of AAF-fed animals. The activity of the GM1-specific alpha 1----2fucosyltransferase induced after AAF feeding was found to be enriched 5- to 6-fold in the parenchymal cell fraction of AAF-fed animals and correlated with the parenchymal cell marker enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase in these cell fractions. Feeding animals the hepatotoxin acetaminophen at 1.87% in the diet for 10 weeks resulted in no increase in the levels of the alpha 1----2fucosyltransferase. Antibodies specific for II3NeuAcIV3 alpha GalIV2FucGg4 were produced and utilized in tissue localization studies. These results indicated little or no staining of normal liver tissue or that after acetaminophen feeding was observed. In contrast, focal areas of staining of liver tissue from animals after 3 weeks of 0.03% AAF feeding were readily apparent. These results indicate that induction of alpha 1----2fucosyltransferase and fucoganglioside synthesis is most probably a property of liver parenchymal cells and is associated with events occurring during early stages of AAF-induced carcinogenesis.
Response inhibition of rats with frontal ablations and caudate-putamen lesions

To investigate effects of frontal ablations or caudate-putamen lesions on response inhibition, 45 food-deprived rats were trained on one of three DRL schedules. The results suggest that neither frontal ablations nor caudate-putamen lesions differentially affect DRL performance when compared to sham-controls.
A Condensed Hybrid Optimization Algorithm Using Enhanced Continuous Tabu Search and Particle Swarm Optimization

A novel Condensed Hybrid Optimization (CHO) algorithm using Enhanced Continuous Tabu Search (ECTS) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed. The proposed CHO algorithm combines the respective strengths of ECTS and PSO. The ECTS is a modified Tabu Search (TS), which has good search capabilities on large search spaces. In this study, ECTS is utilized to define smaller search spaces, which are used in a second stage by the basic PSO to find the respective local optimum. The ECTS covers the global search space by using a TS concept called diversification and then selects the most promising areas in the search space. Once the promising regions in the search space are defined, the proposed CHO algorithm employs another TS concept called intensification in order to search the promising area thoroughly. The proposed CHO algorithm is tested with the multi-dimensional Hyperbolic and Rosenbrock problems. Compared to other four algorithms, the simulations results indicate that the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed CHO algorithm.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
An overview of MIMO-FRF excitation/averaging/processing techniques

The use of characterized excitation and choice of averaging techniques are fundamental to the estimation of multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) frequency response function (FRF) data. The characteristics of the excitation and averaging selected greatly influence the quality of the resulting MIMO-FRF measurements. Presented is an overview of the basic excitation methods, such as random, periodic random, pseudorandom, and burst random (random transient) as well as more advanced excitation methods, such as burst-cyclic random, slow random, MOOZ random, and periodic chirps. The application of these excitation and averaging methods is discussed relative to lightly or heavily damped systems, systems with small non-linearities, FRF models, and peak to RMS (crest factor) as well as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) issues. Experimental examples are given to demonstrate the important issues.
Drosophila mutants reveal two components of fast outward current.

The gating of potassium ion channels has been shown to be dependent on voltage1 or Ca2+ ions2,3 or both4,5. A fast transient potassium current (sometimes denoted IA) is found in a wide variety of animals6–14. The Ca2+-sensitivity of this early outward current has been a matter of dispute as reports from different systems have indicated complete insensitivity6–8, marked sensitivity10–12 or only partial sensitivity13,14. It is possible that there are two distinct early outward current systems, one Ca2+-sensitive and the other not. Thus, the reports of partial Ca2+-sensitivity would indicate the presence of both systems in the membrane. I now report that in the adult Drosophila flight muscles, the transient outward current is also partially Ca2+-sensitive. The hypothesis that two separate currents are present is strengthened by the discovery that in several mutants of the X-linked Shaker locus (ShKS133, Sh102 and ShK0120; refs15–17) the Ca2+-independent component (IAci) is absent with only the Ca2+-dependent component (IAcd) remaining. Hence, the mutations seem to delete one of two separate current systems. An alternative hypothesis is that only one channel type is present that can be modified by mutation to be totally Ca2+-dependent.
Involvement of cGMP-dependent protein kinase in the relaxation of ovine pulmonary arteries to cGMP and cAMP

Agonist-induced smooth muscle relaxation occurs following an increase in intracellular concentrations of cGMP or cAMP. However, the role of protein kinase G (PKG) and/or protein kinase A (PKA) in c...
Innovation and the opportunity cost of monopoly

Innovation enables monopolists to lower their costs, expand their outputs, and reduce their prices. It is conventional to conclude that social welfare unambiguously increases as a result. Assuming linear demand and marginal cost, this paper shows, however, that innovation raises the opportunity cost of monopoly: as a firm enjoying market power becomes more efficient, greater amounts of surplus are sacrificed by consumers because of the progressive monopolist's failure to produce the new, larger competitive output. Innovation, in other words, increases the social value of competition by raising the deadweight cost of monopoly. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comments on "Use of Malkin's theorem for satellite stability in the presence of light pressure"

1) The application of Malkin’s theorem to demonstrate the stability of the zero solution of the undisturbed motion requires the satisfaction of the following three necessary conditions: (a) The system subjected to arbitrarily small initial perturbations in the state variables be asymptotically stable in the Lyapunov sense in the absence of the persistent disturbances. (b) Certain constraints on the magnitude of the persistent disturbances be imposed. (c) The magnitude of the partial derivatives of the Lyapunov test function with respect to the state variables have a finite bound, if, indeed, such stability is established. The authors have not demonstrated for the general case how condition IC) is satisfied. A specific example of how this criterion can be satisfied is gven in Bainum [2], where the Hamiltonian is selected as the Lyapunov test function. Because of the relationship between the Hamiltonian and the Lagrangian functions, these same partial derivatives occur in the formulation of Lagrange’s equations of motion and involve, for the linear system, the final constant coefficients which are
Attitude Control for Chip Satellites using Multiple Electrodynamic Tethers

This paper explores controlling the attitude of chip satellites using multiple short, semirigid electrodynamic tethers. The motivation for this work is the recent emergence of microscale spacecraft as a next-generation paradigm for science, exploration, and commercial space activity. Preliminary results show this propellantless approach to be feasible in terms of expected current, voltage, power, mass, and tether rigidity. The proposed attitude-control architecture simultaneously accommodates forces, which may be used for orbit control. Further work is needed to examine the robustness of similar multi-tether systems with regards to perturbations such as those caused by atmospheric drag, solar pressure, and charging eects.
Outcomes of a Teacher-Led Reading Intervention for Elementary Students at Risk for Behavioral Disorders:

To date, reports of reading interventions for students at risk for emotional/behavioral disorders (E/BD) that have been published in refereed journals have involved sustained support by university or school-site personnel. This study examined the efficacy and feasibility of a reading intervention that 2 general education teachers implemented in inclusive settings to support 7 first-grade students at risk for E/BD and reading difficulties. Results of a multiple baseline design revealed lasting improvements in reading fluency for all students, accompanied by decreases in variability of academic engagement for 4 students. Although intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes exceeded teacher expectations, social validity ratings for some students declined between the onset and the conclusion of the intervention. This article presents limitations, future directions, and educational implications.
What We Know and Need to Know About Teacher Education and Special Education

Researchers have conducted two prior longitudinal retrospective syntheses of the journal Teacher Education and Special Education. The present authors’ approach is different; they analyze only the content published during their tenure as editors. They define big ideas that they believe are representative of what they published. They found that federal initiatives and personnel preparation (32%) and teacher beliefs and practices (24%) accounted for 56% of the articles published, followed by the other category (11%) and program descriptions and evaluations; recruitment, retention and attrition; collaboration; and technology applications (each less than 10%). They also find that quantitative research approaches (55%), qualitative designs (14%), and mixed-method (11%) designs are represented in the published articles. The authors reflect on these outcomes and offer a perspective on teacher education and special education.
Frequency domain results for systems with slow and fast dynamics

The mathematical treatment of systems with slow and fast dynamics has traditionally involved singular perturbation theory for differential equations. This paper suggests a set of conditions to be placed on a frequency domain description of a system to guarantee two time scale behavior. Some basic stability and approximation results are presented.
Application of the transient liquid phase bonding to microelectronics and MEMS packaging

For high performance microelectronics and MEMS packaging, ceramic-based packages are preferred over plastics. There are a number of ways that ceramic-to-metal joining is of important concern in such applications. In this paper, the partial transient liquid phase bonding (PTLPB) method for ceramic-to-metal joining is reviewed. This method does not require high joining pressure and stringent surface preparation for cleanliness as in diffusion bonding. With a proper selection of filler metals, this method can produce more heat-resistant joints than those manufactured by brazing. In this study, Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ has been successfully joined to Inconel 718 using PTLPB with thin multi-layers of Ti-Cu, Ti-Ni and Ti-Cu-Ni at temperatures lower than 1000/spl deg/C. The interfacial structure has been investigated using SEM and TEM. The processing conditions for high joint strength are also discussed.
Desert Survivors: the design and implementation of a television program to enhance local scientific literacy.

Outreach efforts by faculty members are oftentimes limited in scope due to hectic schedules. We developed a program to enhance science literacy in elementary school children that allows experts to ...
Absence of Climbing-Induced Limb Length Plasticity in the Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus

Abstract Understanding the processes shaping responses of native species to environmental perturbations, such as the introduction of non-native species, will allow us to better manage such impacts. The imported Red Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta, invaded the United States ∼70 years ago and co-occurs with Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) in portions of their range. Lizards from fire ant-invaded populations have longer hind limbs which more effectively remove ants and increase survival following fire ant attack. Prior research on this system suggests that this difference in relative hind limb length (RHL) is fixed at birth; however, RHL is a plastic trait in other lizard species and could help Fence Lizards survive. Lizards from invaded sites are more likely to climb when attacked by fire ants or when stressed (i.e., have elevated levels of corticosterone) than are lizards from uninvaded sites. We tested for climbing-induced plasticity in RHL by manipulating whether or not Fence Lizards had to climb raise...
Modeling the Adaptive Role of Negative Signaling in Honey Bee Intraspecific Competition

Collective decision making in the social insects often proceeds via feedback cycles based on positive signaling. Negative signals have, however, been found in a few contexts in which costs exist for paying attention to no longer useful information. Here we incorporate new research on the specificity and context of the negative stop signal into an agent based model of honey bee foraging to explore the adaptive basis of negative signaling in the dance language. Our work suggests that the stop signal, by acting as a counterbalance to the waggle dance, allows colonies to rapidly shut down attacks on other colonies. This could be a key adaptation, as the costs of attacking a colony strong enough to defend itself are significant.
Phase behavior of mixtures of rods (tobacco mosaic virus) and spheres (polyethylene oxide, bovine serum albumin).

Aqueous suspensions of mixtures of the rodlike virus tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with globular macromolecules such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) phase separate and exhibit rich and strikingly similar phase behavior. Isotropic, nematic, lamellar, and crystalline phases are observed as a function of the concentration of the constituents and ionic strength. The observed phase behavior is considered to arise from attractions between the two particles induced by the presence of BSA or PEO. For the TMV/BSA mixtures, the BSA adsorbs to the TMV and bridging of the BSA between TMV produces the attractions. For TMV/PEO mixtures, attractions are entropically driven via excluded volume effects known alternatively as the "depletion interaction" or "macromolecular crowding."
In vitro study on the pressure drop-flow relationship of a compliant coronary stenosis

The effect of a partially flexible stenosis on the pressure-drop-flow relationship was studied in an in vitro model of the coronary circulation. Partially compliant stenoses of different severities and degrees of flexible wall circumference were inserted into thin-walled latex tubing, and pressure and flow data were collected during simulated cardiac cycles. For each stenosis severity, the pressure drop increased with increasing fraction of flexible wall, while the flow rate decreased as compared to the corresponding rigid model. Furthermore, the pressure-drop-flow relationship of highly flexible severe stenoses presents an open-loop rather than a single curvilinear relation, reflecting a passive decrease in stenotic area during the diastolic high-flow period. >
Analyzing an Income Guarantee Riderin a Retirement Portfolio

Income guarantee riders for variable annuities are growing in popularity as a retirement income tool. This article explores their role in both the deferral and withdrawal stages of retirement income planning. Results explore how well income guarantees support an inflation-adjusted benefit base, as well inflation-adjusted retirement income withdrawals. By comparing income provided by a guaranteed portfolio with an unguaranteed portfolio replicating the same payments, we can obtain greater insight about the efficacy of the income guarantee. Results depend on what asset allocation choices would be made by retirees both with and without the income guarantee.
KINETICS and MECHANISM of NONENZYMATIC DEAMIDATION of SOY PROTEIN

Nonenzymatic deamidation of glutamine and asparagine residues of soy protein in aqueous solutions of varying pH (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0) at different temperatures (100 C, 115 C and 130 C) was monitored over a period of time. The deamidation of soy protein followed first-order kinetics. The activation energies (Ea) of soy protein deamidation at different pHs ranged from 14 to 77 Kcal/mol. The activation energies were highly pH-dependent and decreased very sharply as the pH went up from pH 5 to pH 11
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with low serum immunoglobulin E

Elevated total serum IgE is helpful in making the diagnosis of ABPA and in monitoring the onset of exacerbations and response to therapy. ABPA occurs frequently in patients with CF, and in these instances a high total serum IgE is seen. This is the first case report of ABPA without an elevated total serum IgE level. At no time prior to this patient's first episode of ABPA, at the time of the illness, or at monthly intervals during follow-up did her total serum IgE level exceed 29 IU/ml.
Harassment of Immigrant Female Mountain Gorillas by Resident Females

Resistance to immigration, at least into groups larger than optimum, is an expected manifestation of competition among females in mammals with female transfer and has been reported for several such species. Contrary to this expectation, it had not been seen in mountain gorillas. The transfer of a large number of females into an already large group in 1984–85, however, provoked frequent harassment of the immigrants by resident females. The rate of harassment gradually declined, but was still high compared to smaller groups after three years. The male responsible for most mating activity often intervened to stop harassment between females, and immigrants seemed to use him as a shield against harassment. All immigrants stayed with the group, but three residents eventually emigrated. Several factors probably contributed to the difference from earlier observations: the large number of females, the high degree of relatedness among residents and, perhaps most importantly, constraints on male ability to control female conflict. Several aspects of competition may underly harassment, but its significance for reproduction is unclear.
Transdermal Lontophoresis of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Lhrh) and Two Analogues

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), as well as an antagonist [Ac-D2Nal,1 D4ClPhe,2 D3Pal,3 NicLys,5 DNicLys,6 ILys,8 DAla10] GnRH.HOAc (1) and a superagonist [DTrp6, Pro9-NHEt]GnRH (2), have been electrochemically driven across excised hairless mouse skin. Determined by HPLC analysis, the delivery rate from aqueous solution into isotonic saline at 0.5 mA cm-2 was as high as 19 nM cm-2 h-1 for 2. Because of its insolubility in water, analogue 1 could only be delivered from an acidic donor solution. Analogue 2 was also delivered in pulsatile fashion using current on/off cycles. For all three peptides, passive transport was negligible and stability is evident when in contact with the stratum corneum. Slow metabolism occurs when GnRH contacts the dermal side of hairless mouse skin.
Surface wave caustics

SUMMARY The geometrical theory of surface wave propagation on a laterally heterogeneous earth model diverges at caustics, where neighbouring rays cross. the caustics on a spherical earth are degenerate focal points at the source and its antipode; lateral heterogeneity removes this degeneracy and transforms the caustics into multiply cusped and folded curves. We investigate the geometric nature of these antipodal and source caustics using both linear ray-perturbation theory and exact ray tracing. the regions occupied by the R1-R2 and R2-R3 caustics extend as far as 20° from the antipode and 30° from source, respectively, even on a relatively smooth earth model such as M84A.
Wind shear detection for small and improvised airfields

The goal of this project is to produce an inexpensive yet highly reliable system for detecting wind shear at small and improvised airfields. While the largest commercial airports do have wind shear detection systems and they have proven to be life savers, the overwhelming majority of places where aircraft land have no such protection. The system described here is self-organizing, redundant and highly fault tolerant. It has no single point of failure and can continue operation even after a significant number of node failures. It uses inexpensive, off-the-shelf hardware and can quickly be deployed in rough conditions by minimally skilled personnel, providing pilots with potentially life-saving real time data. It is eminently suitable for use on improvised airfields for military and disaster response purposes. It can also be easily reprogrammed to detect wake turbulence instead of or in addition to low-level wind shear. The working prototype has only five nodes and is too small to protect a real airfield, but tests show that the architecture is scalable to over 100 nodes without modification, which is enough for an airfield of significant size. Using nothing but off the shelf components with novel software, the prototypes were ready for initial field trials in less than six months from initial concept.
Renal Control of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Homeostasis

Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are multivalent cations that are important for many biologic and cellular functions. The kidneys play a central role in the homeostasis of these ions. Gastrointestinal absorption is balanced by renal excretion. When body stores of these ions decline significantly, gastrointestinal absorption, bone resorption, and renal tubular reabsorption increase to normalize their levels. Renal regulation of these ions occurs through glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption and/or secretion and is therefore an important determinant of plasma ion concentration. Under physiologic conditions, the whole body balance of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium is maintained by fine adjustments of urinary excretion to equal the net intake. This review discusses how calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are handled by the kidneys.
What do patterns of noise in a teaching hospital and nursing home suggest

Introduction : Noise pollution is known to cause deleterious effects on human health and may especially affect frail elderly patients with poor mental and physiologic reserve. Aims of the study : (i) to learn levels and time- and place-patterns of noise in an urban community teaching hospital (TH) and affiliated urban nursing home (NH); (ii) to compare levels and patterns of noise in both institutions. Results : Recordings were obtained in three areas of the TH: emergency room (ER), intensive care units (ICU), and medical-surgical floors (HF) - nurses' stations and patients' rooms. On nursing home floors (NHF), noise levels were recorded at nurses' stations and in patients' rooms. In all areas of the hospital and NH, noise levels were in range of 55-70 dB and exceeded the 40-50 dB limit recommended by the EPA. In ER and ICU, noise level was higher on weekdays than weekends. In ICU and on HF, noise level was higher during mid-day hours during mornings and evenings. The highest noise level was recorded in ER followed by ICU and HF. On HF, nurses' stations were noisier than patients' rooms. Noise level was higher in the TH than in the NH. On NHF, noise level was similar on weekdays and weekends. Noise was stronger at nurses' stations than in patients' rooms and stronger in the mornings and evenings than during mid-day hours. Patterns of noise followed the human factor activities observed in both facilities. Conclusions : The level of noise in both facilities was above the recommended limit and presents an environmental stressor for a frail elderly patient. With transfer from NH to TH exposure to this stressor is increased. Time- and place-patterns of noise in both institutions suggest that human factor is a major source of noise pollution. This pollution is, therefore, potentially modifiable.
Dispersal of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) Seeds in the Feces of Wildlife

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is an exotic, perennial, invasive weed in many areas of the northern United States and Canada. There are many instances in pastures and wildlands where individual or small clusters of leafy spurge plants are distant and upslope from larger patches, and wildlife have been suspected as seed dispersal agents. Wildlife can disperse seeds by ingestion then excretion of seeds in their feces. Fecal deposits of free-ranging deer (Odocoileus hemionus and O. virginianus; n = 176), sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus; n = 201) and wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo; n = 206) were collected during a summer in Theodore Roosevelt National Park (TRNP) in western North Dakota, and for deer only in Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge (MLNWR) in northeastern Montana. Feces were analyzed for the presence of leafy spurge seeds and any seeds found were tested for germinability and viability. Only one intact leafy spurge seed was found in one grouse fecal deposit and it was not viable. No leafy spurge seed was found in turkey feces. Two seeds that appeared to be immature leafy spurge seeds were found in one deer fecal deposit in TRNP, but neither seed was viable. One leafy spurge seed was found in each of four deer fecal deposits from MLNWR, but only one seed was viable and germinated. Seed-feeding trials with captive deer (n = 4), sharp-tailed grouse (n = 4) and wild turkeys (n = 4) were conducted to determine how leafy spurge seeds interact with the digestive systems of these animals. The only viable seeds defecated by grouse and turkeys were seeds excreted one day after ingestion. Two turkeys did not excrete any leafy spurge seeds and only a few viable seeds were defecated by the other two. One grouse defecated a larger number of viable seeds, but the other three grouse excreted only a few. Deer defecated viable seeds each of 4 d after ingesting them with most viable seed excreted on the first 2 d. These findings, along with those for the free-ranging animals, indicate that wild turkeys probably do not disperse leafy spurge seed while sharp-tailed grouse and deer may do so on a limited basis.
15 Years of R&D on High Field Accelerator Magnets at FNAL

The High Field Magnet (HFM) Program at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) has been developing Nb3Sn superconducting magnets, materials and technologies for present and future particle accelerators since the late 1990s. This paper summarizes the main results of the Nb3Sn accelerator magnet and superconductor R&D at FNAL and outlines the Program next steps.
Mobile Experiences of an Adolescent Learning Spanish Online in a Twenty-First Century High School.

AbstractThis article focuses on a case analysis based on the experience of an adolescent having to further Spanish learning through the Spanish 3 (third year) distance course of a twenty-first century high school program. Autoethnographic reflections mediate the storyline of the experiential report, as conversations and observations are internalized by the researcher in a process that allows deep critical thinking on what the adolescent lives and what the researcher experiences through this contact. The findings suggest that mobile content programming may create a situation in which malleable minds are molded in a threatening environment that contributes to modify their habits through operant and respondent conditioning, behavior modification, behavior analytics, enslaving their way of life, as their identity is constantly under challenge.
Mixed valency, hole concentration, and Tc in YBa2Cu

Combining the assumptions that in orthorhombic YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 6+//sub x/ oxygen is removed from the CuO chains one chain at a time and that the Cu atoms in the twofold coordinated sites of the empty chains have a valence of +1 leads to the prediction that the number of Cu/sup 1+/ ions per unit cell is equal to 1-x. X-ray absorption measurements at the Cu K edge in both oriented and unoriented quenched samples with 0
Migraine and Tension-type Headaches: The Questionable Validity of Current Classification Systems

Summary Headache is the most common symptom patients present to their doctors. Current systems classify the most common recurring headaches as either migraine or tension-type. Review of the literature brings into question this traditional approach to headache classification. These two “types” of headache patterns appear, instead, to be different expressions of the same pathophysiological process, having overlapping symptomatic presentations with certain features emphasized to a greater or lesser extent. Additionally, the same therapies have been demonstrated to be effective for patients traditionally classified in either headache group. This article reviews the overlap of clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, and effective treatments for headaches traditionally diagnosed as migraine and tension-type. An alternative continuum classification model is suggested.
Determination of a rat plague epidemic in ancient city administrative region of Lijiang,China

To determine a rat plague epidemic in ancient city administrative region of Lijiang,China,one of drying self-dead Eothenomys miletus were detected with methods of reverse indirect hemoagglutination inhibition test(RIHA),Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)and real-time PCR(RT-PCR).Results showed that the immunological detection,PCR and RT-PCR detection to this sample were positive.It was confirmed that a rat plague epidemic occurred in ancient city administrative region of Lijiang.
Trauma during pregnancy.

Summary The appearance of a pregnant trauma patient is rare even in the busiest of trauma centers. Management of these cases can present difficult challenges. A successful outcome for both mother and child is dependent on an immediate team approach and response involving physician, nursing, and ancillary staff. The disciplines of emergency medicine, trauma surgery, obstetrics, and perinatology must be involved primarily in a timely and appropriate fashion. Other consultants required for the optimal treatment of injuries and pregnancy must also play a timely role. An aggressive rather than timid approach to resuscitation, diagnosis, and treatment of these patients must be taken. Knowledge of the normal physiologic changes occurring during pregnancy, special attention to prevention and early recognition of occult maternal hypoxia and hypovolemia, as well as a high index of suspicion for injuries to mother and fetus likely to occur during pregnancy should guide and temper management strategies. Care providers should resist emotional distractions and the urge to focus on the fetus before the mother is properly stabilized and evaluated. They should be cognizant of the fact that an apparently stable mother may be compensating at the expense of the fetus. Finally, the tenet of what benefits the mother will ultimately benefit the fetus should be adhered to. When these points are kept in mind, the potential for successful outcome and satisfying results is greatest for all parties involved.
De-Naturalizing the Natural Attitude: A Husserlian Legacy to Social Phenomenology

This essay focuses on Husserl’s conception of the natural attitude, which, I argue, is one of his most important contributions to contemporary phenomenology. I offer a critical exploration of this concept’s productive explanatory potential for feminist theory, critical race theory, queer theory, and disability studies. In the process, I draw attention to the rich, multi-faceted, and ever-changing social world that can be brought to life through this particular phenomenological concept. One of the most striking features of the natural attitude, as Husserl describes it, is that it is not natural at all, but rather, is a developmental phenomenon that is acquired through, and profoundly influenced by, specific socio-cultural practices. To de-naturalize the natural attitude, then, is to recognize that the natural attitude is not fixed or innate but relative to a particular time period and culture, and therefore always capable of being changed.
SULFENIUM IONS AND SULFENYL COMPOUNDS

Abstract The broad scope of the field of sulfenyl compounds is re-emphasized by a general definition of R and X in RSX and by an evaluation of the ionic reactions of such substances. Methods for generating sulfenium ions are described and evidence for the existence of such ions in solution discussed. Brief mention is also made of some free-radical reactions involving sulfenyl compounds. The analogies between displacements from carbon in alkyl and acyl compounds and sulfenyl compounds are noted. A summary of analytical, biochemical, synthetic and theoretical interests in sulfenyl compounds is included. †
Playing in Schools: Adaptation of CPRT with Senior Volunteers to Help At-Risk Children

Overburdened school-based mental health professionals must devise creative strategies to do more with fewer resources as funding for school counseling services continues to decrease. Child–parent relationship therapy (CPRT) has been identified as a highly effective play therapy intervention. Because some parents are unable or unwilling to participate in CPRT, adaptations of this model with teachers, aides, and volunteers have been studied and revealed positive effects. Child–senior relationship training (CSRT) is an adaptation of CPRT, which utilizes senior citizen volunteers to offer play times in schools. In this study, seven senior volunteers were recruited from previous pilot studies to determine the effects of CSRT on 13 children. Results indicate a statistically significant difference between pre- and posttest Caregiver-Teacher Report Form externalizing and total scores when an outlier was removed. Qualitative survey data collected from teachers revealed their support of CSRT and overall favorable i...
High-efficiency optical switching using an electrochromic nanoplasmonic device

We demonstrate high-contrast, high-speed switching of light transmission through nanoplasmonic devices using electrochromic films, at optical frequencies, by switching them between their reduced and partially oxidized states. Electrochromic polymers such as Polyaniline and PolyProDOT are two of the most studied conducting polymers with numerous applications including sensors [1], energy storage [2] and as the active component in smart-display devices [3]. In this work we study the electro-optical performance of electrochromic polymers deposited on deep subwavelength metallic slits and achieve high-contrast fast-switching optical response over a broad spectral range. The configuration of the electrochromic polymer deposited along the slit-sidewalls allows for orthogonalization of light and current paths; as well as the utilization of surface-bound electromagnetic waves, referred to as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) [4], to achieve significantly enhanced interaction of light-propagating inside the slits with the slit-sidewall coated polymer films (Fig. 1(a)). Furthermore, placement of the polymers on the slit-sidewalls enable use of thinner films of polymers to achieve the same contrast as thicker films in a conventional device along with a faster switching speed (Fig. 1(b) and (c)). We further demonstrate that by controlling the pitch of the nanoslit arrays, it is possible to achieve a full-color response with high contrast and fast switching speeds, while relying on just one electrochromic polymer. This enhanced electrochromic switching performance is enabled by the orthogonalization between the directions of light propagation, and that of charge transport from the electrolyte to ultra-thin active material inside the nanoslit and offers significant promise for the realization of full-color fast-switching smartdisplay devices. The approach presented here can be further translated to any optically sensitive material with thickness-dependent properties such as the charge diffusion length, with applications ranging from catalysis to photovoltaics.
Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis

Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis are infections caused by spirochetes, a phylogenetically ancient and distinct group of microorganisms among the prokaryotes.
Approaches to homogeneously catalyzed CO hydrogenation: A personal retrospective

Homogeneous catalysis of CO hydrogenation has long been a topic of interest in the organometallic community. In this review article I discuss a variety of approaches to the problem that have been a significant component of my research program for over 40 years.
Outcome Expectations and Osteoarthritis: Association of Perceived Benefits of Exercise With Self-Efficacy and Depression.

Objective Outcome expectancy is recognized as a determinant of exercise engagement and adherence. However, little is known about which factors influence outcome expectations for exercise among people with knee osteoarthritis (OA). This is the first study to examine the association of outcome expectations for exercise with demographic, physical, and psychosocial outcomes in individuals with knee OA. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data from a randomized trial of tai chi versus physical therapy in participants with symptomatic knee OA. Knee pain was evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Outcome expectations for exercise, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, stress, and social support were measured using standard instruments. Logistic regression models were utilized to determine associations with outcome expectations. Results There were 262 participants, with a mean age of 59.8 years and a mean body mass index of 32.1 kg/m2; 69.1% of the participants were female, 51.5% were white, the mean disease duration was 8.6 years, and the mean WOMAC knee pain and function scores were 260.8 and 906.8, respectively. Higher outcome expectations for exercise were associated with greater self-efficacy (odds ratio [OR] 1.25 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.11–1.41]; P = 0.0004), as well as with fewer depressive symptoms (OR 0.84 for each 5-point increase [95% CI 0.73–0.97]; P = 0.01). Outcome expectancy was not significantly associated with sex, race, education, pain, function, radiographic severity, social support, anxiety, or stress. Conclusion Our results suggest significant associations between outcome expectations for exercise and self-efficacy and depression. Future studies should examine how these relationships longitudinally affect long-term clinical outcomes of exercise-based treatment for knee OA.
Poverty, Parent Stress, and Emerging Executive Functions in Young Children

Executive functions are higher-order cognitive abilities that support decision-making, reasoning, planning, reflective processes, and abstract thinking. Recent work suggests that the development of these abilities in early life is, in part, socially mediated—that the emergence of executive functions across childhood is partially organized by children’s relationships with other individuals, and with relationships to caregivers in particular. Using the basic association between the development of executive functions and children’s relationships with caregivers as a starting point, this chapter seeks to better understand the broader association observed across many studies between one of the most clearly stressful contexts for parents—poverty—and executive function development in children. Specifically, this chapter considers the extent to which the immediate caregiving environments of children can be viewed as a mediator of the relation between the socioeconomic conditions of families and children’s executive function development. In doing so, this chapter also considers several aspects of the caregiving environment that may be influenced by the context of poverty (e.g., parents’ own stress processes and behaviors with children, the home learning environment, and parents’ own cognitive and biobehavioral regulation) that are also presumed to shape children’s neurocognitive growth. Future directions emphasize the need for more experimental work in this area of research, the need for more research that distinguishes specific parent stress processes related to children’s executive function development in the context of poverty, and the need to consider the larger socioecological contexts in which children and families are embedded to understand the etiology and development of family stress processes related to children’s emerging self-regulation.
Materials science: Pulley protection in batteries

High-energy battery electrodes can break apart during operation. Conventional rope-and-pulley systems have inspired the development of a polymer that holds electrodes together at the molecular scale, enabling durable batteries to be made.
Variation in phenology and density differentially affects predator–prey interactions between salamanders

Variation in the timing of breeding (i.e., phenological variation) can affect species interactions and community structure, in part by shifting body size differences between species. Body size differences can be further altered by density-dependent competition, though synergistic effects of density and phenology on species interactions are rarely evaluated. We tested how field-realistic variation in phenology and density affected ringed salamander (Ambystoma annulatum) predation on spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), and whether these altered salamander dynamics resulted in trophic cascades. In outdoor mesocosms, we experimentally manipulated ringed salamander density (low/high) and breeding phenology (early/late) of both species. Ringed salamander body size at metamorphosis, development, and growth were reduced at higher densities, while delayed phenology increased hatchling size and larval development, but reduced relative growth rates. Survival of ringed salamanders was affected by the interactive effects of phenology and density. In contrast, spotted salamander growth, size at metamorphosis, and survival, as well as the biomass of lower trophic levels, were negatively affected primarily by ringed salamander density. In an additional mesocosm experiment, we isolated whether ringed salamanders could deplete shared resources prior to their interactions with spotted salamanders, but instead found direct interactions (e.g., predation) were the more likely mechanism by which ringed salamanders limited spotted salamanders. Overall, our results indicate the effects of phenological variability on fitness-related traits can be modified or superseded by differences in density dependence. Identifying such context dependencies will lead to greater insight into when phenological variation will likely alter species interactions.