cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More than Just a Strategy: Black Mayors & Deracialized Governance

Deracialization is referred to as the concept of focusing on race neutral issues while avoiding direct discussions of race during the campaign trail (McCormick and Jones 1993). Black candidates often apply this concept as a strategy to appeal to a broader portion of the electorate (Orey 2006). Literature makes the argument that this strategy is necessary for the Black candidates to win in non-majority-minority districts (Ifill 2009; Gillespie 2009). The question we are interested in is if this strategy continues when that candidate is elected to office. Specifically, we seek to understand if Black mayors are deracialized in terms of governance. We address this question using an original dataset of Black mayors’ budgets from the top 100 cities from 1960 onward. This data allows us to understand mayoral priorities and examine Black mayor officeholdership over time. We argue that while some policies may have subtle benefits, budget allocations will not explicitly benefit the mayor’s co-ethnic group. Thus, we expect Black mayors who were deracialized candidates to be deracialized officeholders.
MAGNETICALLY INDUCED QUADRUPOLE INTERACTIONS IN FeCr$sub 2$S.

The effective-field parameters at ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ nuclei in the cubic normal spinel Fe${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ have been investigated in the temperature range from 60 to 298\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, using the M\"ossbauer effect. A nonzero quadrupole interaction appears below the effective-magnetic-field transition temperature (\ensuremath{\approx}172\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The values of the effective internal magnetic field $H$, the electric field gradient, and the relative orientation of H with respect to the principal axes of the electric-field-gradient tensor (EFG) are determined as a function of temperature; e.g., at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, $H=202$ kG, $\frac{1}{2}{e}^{2}qQ=\ensuremath{-}0.62$ mm/sec, and the asymmetry parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.4$. Predictions based on the theory of a magnetically induced quadrupole interaction do not explain the observed spectra. Assuming $H\ensuremath{\propto}{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{N}})}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ near the critical point, $\ensuremath{\beta}=\frac{1}{3}$ gives a better fit to the experimental data than $\ensuremath{\beta}=\frac{1}{2}$.
Denaturation of Globular Proteins I. THE INTERACTION OF UREA AND THIOUREA WITH BOVINE PLASMA ALBUMIN

The techniques of equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration were utilized to study the interaction of urea, thiourea, methylurea, tetramethylurea, acetamide, ethylene glycol, and dextrose with bovine plasma albumin in water. It was found that the addition of anhydrous protein to water containing a nondenaturant (dextrose or tetramethylurea) resulted in an increase of reagent concentration in the protein-free filtrates or dialysates. This finding is interpreted as a highly selective interaction of water with bovine plasma albumin in the presence of nondenaturants; from this finding, the hydration of bovine plasma albumin in these solvents is calculated to be between 20% to 30% (grams of HOH per g of protein). The increase in concentration of acetamide or ethylene glycol (weak denaturants) in filtrates from solutions containing bovine plasma albumin was found to be dependent on reagent concentration, indicating weak interaction of these denaturants with bovine plasma albumin. In contrast, the concentration of urea or thiourea in filtrates from aqueous solutions decreases following the addition of bovine plasma albumin to strong denaturing solutions of these amides. It is deduced that approximately 1 molecule of urea or thiourea interacts per 3 or 4 amino acid residues of each fully denatured albumin molecule. The extent of interaction of small molecules with albumin, in every case, parallels the ability of the molecules to denature albumin.
Renal Transplantation for Diabetic Nephropathy

Throughout the industrialized world, as reported in the United States, Japan, and western Europe, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). According to the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) 1999 Report, of 79,102 patients begun on therapy for ESRD during 1997, 33,096 (44.4%) had diabetes, an incidence rate of 120 per million population (USRDS, 1999) (figure 41-1). Once begun on treatment, whether by dialysis or a kidney transplant, diabetic patients suffer a higher death rate compared to other causes of ESRD, resulting in their lower prevalence among U.S. diabetic ESRD patients (on December 31, 1997) of 33.2% (100,892 of 304,083 patients) [1]. Glomerulonephritis and hypertensive renal disease rank below diabetes in incidence of ESRD patients, substantiating Mauer and Chavers’s early recognition in 1985 that “Diabetes is the most important cause of ESRD in the Western world [2]”
Inferring Program Specifications in Polynomial-Time

We consider the problem of automatically inferring properties of programs. Our approach is to explore the application of familiar type inference principles to a “type system∝ sufficiently expressive that the typing problem is effectively the checking of program specifications. We use familiar syntax-directed type inference rules to give a polynomialtime procedure for inferring type theorems in this rich type system. We discuss examples of simple functional programs and the specification information this procedure automatically infers. The enriched notion of type allows the definition of any recursively enumerable set as a type, and includes argument-dependent output types for functions. The inference procedure is capable for example of automatically inferring that an insertion sort program always returns a sorted permutation of its input.
Prostatic growth rate determined from MRI data: age-related longitudinal changes.

Men with prostatic enlargement are at highest risk of developing symptomatic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and related outcomes, such as acute urinary retention. The study of prostatic growth rate can identify the age range at which prostate growth peaks. Evaluation of the natural course of prostate growth requires repeated intraindividual volume measurements at time intervals sufficient to document growth. Our objective was to examine age-stratified prostate growth rates from men taking part in a longitudinal study of aging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate. Sixty-four men (ages 30-71 years) enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) who had T2 pelvic MRIs taken approximately every 2 years were studied. Men were age stratified into four groups: 65 years old. Whole prostate and central gland (anatomically referred to as the transition zone) volumes were determined from the MRI images by a semi-automated image analysis program. Peripheral gland volumes were calculated as the difference between whole prostate and central gland volumes. Growth rates (cc per year) were calculated as change in volume divided by the time interval. On the basis of measurements from the T2 images (n = 128), we observed a linear trend between prostate volume and age. The overall prostate growth rate was 2.36 +/- 3.52 cc per year. Age-stratified growth rates revealed that prostate growth increased with age, peaked at 4.15 +/- 4.98 cc/year for the 56-65-year-old age group and then declined rapidly for the older-aged men. The central gland growth rates followed a trend similar to total prostate volume. These data suggest that there is an age-related increase in prostate growth rate that peaks in men ages 56-65 and then declines. Identification of this trend in prostate growth may aid physicians in targeting men for early diagnosis of LUTS and for possible early intervention. Future studies with a larger sample size are necessary to substantiate these findings.
A phase II study of biweekly pralatrexate and docetaxel in patients with advanced esophageal and gastroesophageal carcinoma that have failed first-line platinum-based therapy

Background: The appropriate second-line therapy for patients with advanced gastroesophageal (GE) or esophageal (E) cancer after failure of first-line platinum-based therapy is unclear. Pralatrexate and docetaxel have independently been shown to have efficacy in the treatment of these cancers. Thus, we performed a clinical trial examining the efficacy of the combination of these agents in the treatment of GE and E cancer. Methods: A Fleming phase II design with a single stage of 32 patients was planned. Pralatrexate 120 mg/m 2 and docetaxel 35 mg/m 2 were administered on day 1 of 14-day cycles. The primary end-point was to evaluate the overall response rate by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria, and secondary end-points were to evaluate for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: The study was halted prematurely due to loss of funding after the accrual of six patients. Two patients had stable disease (SD) and four patients had disease progression per RECIST. When applying PERCIST criteria in four evaluable patients, two had a partial response (PR) and two had SD. Median PFS was 1.9 months (95% CI, 0.8-7.2) and median OS was 5.5 (0.8-11.7) months. Conclusions: Pralatrexate and docetaxel as therapy in refractory esophageal and GE adenocarcinoma did not demonstrate meaningful preliminary activity. PERCIST may prove to better assess the meaningfulness of anatomic SD.
The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North – By Michael Thomas Smith

In this new study, the author provides new insights into public attitudes and behaviors in the North during the Civil War. Focusing on corruption as a vector for understanding the political culture...
Polarization of xf bonds

Abstract We discuss in this paper several reactions of compounds containing XF (X  C, N, O, F, S and Xe) bonds. An attempt to unify these reactions conceptually is made by suggesting the importance of XF bond polarization by protic media. Related Lewis-acid-induced polarization reactions can usually be envisioned. Some new reactions and mechanisms are suggested as a consequence of our analysis.
Bowel preparations for colonoscopy: a review.

Purpose. The mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety of two major classes of bowel purgatives, poly-ethylene glycol- electrolyte lavage solutions (PEG-ELSs) and sodium phosphate preparations, are reviewed. Summary. PEG-ELSs are osmotically balanced preparations that promote bowel cleansing through the ingestion of nonabsorbable fluid. Sodium phosphate preparations are hyperosmotic purgatives that promote bowel cleansing by osmotically drawing fluid into the bowel lumen for evacuation. Studies suggest that 2-L PEG-ELS regimens are generally as effective as and more tolerable than full-volume PEG-ELS preparations. Studies have also found that sodium phosphate tablets may provide a more tolerable alternative to PEG-ELS regimens and traditional sodium phosphate products without compromising bowel cleansing efficacy. Proper renal function plays a particularly important role in avoiding potential safety issues related to sodium phosphate-induced shifts in the fluid and electrolyte balance. Preventing dehydration in patients undergoing bowel preparation can prevent severe adverse events, regardless of the purgative administered. Optimizing the process of bowel preparation involves administering proper purgative choices in appropriate patient populations. Moreover, patient education and compliance with preparation instructions, including correct dosing and adequate hydration, may reduce the risk of adverse events and serious complications. Conclusion. Although next -generation PEG-ELS and sodium phosphate products are well tolerated and preferred by patients over traditional bowel preparation regimens, safety issues remain a concern for both purgative classes. Sodium phosphate preparations are generally more effective and better tolerated than PEG-ELS formulations but should be administered with caution in patients with preexisting or at an increased risk for electrolyte disturbances.
Item Selection and Picture-Word Differences in Recognition and Recall.

The hypothesis that word superiority at an associative stage of paired-associate recall reflected differential item selection was examined. Indices of item difficulty were related to picture-word differences for each retention measure, but the word superiority effect appeared independent of item selection.
How practice patterns in lung cancer patient follow-up are affected by surgeon age

Strategies for the follow-up of lung cancer patients after potentially curative treatment are known to vary widely. The optimal regimen remains unknown. We investigated whether the age of the surgeon affects choice of surveillance strategy. The 3,700 members of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) were surveyed using a detailed questionnaire to measure how these surgical experts deal with lung cancer patient follow-up. Subjects were asked how they use 10 specific follow-up modalities during years 1-5 following primary treatment for patients with lung cancer (TNM stages I-III). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare practice patterns by surgeon age, as well as by TNM stage and year post-surgery. Evaluable responses from 768 STS members (21%) were received. Follow-up strategies for most of the ten modalities were highly correlated across TNM stages and years post-surgery, as expected. The pattern of testing varied significantly by surgeon age for only one modality (LFTs). Even in this instance, the absolute differences in surveillance strategies among age groups were small. This analysis indicates that the post-treatment surveillance practice patterns of surgeons caring for patients with lung cancer do not vary substantially with practitioner age. The data provide credible evidence that post-graduate education is effective in homogenizing practitioner behavior.
Hippocampal place-cell sequences depict future paths to remembered goals

Effective navigation requires planning extended routes to remembered goal locations. Hippocampal place cells have been proposed to have a role in navigational planning, but direct evidence has been lacking. Here we show that before goal-directed navigation in an open arena, the rat hippocampus generates brief sequences encoding spatial trajectories strongly biased to progress from the subject's current location to a known goal location. These sequences predict immediate future behaviour, even in cases in which the specific combination of start and goal locations is novel. These results indicate that hippocampal sequence events characterized previously in linearly constrained environments as 'replay' are also capable of supporting a goal-directed, trajectory-finding mechanism, which identifies important places and relevant behavioural paths, at specific times when memory retrieval is required, and in a manner that could be used to control subsequent navigational behaviour.
Geography, Will it Absolve Cuba?

This article seeks two primary goals. First, to provide fundamental information about Cuba's geography: physical aspects, location, climate, natural resources, etc. Second, to discuss and analyze the various ways in which Cuba's particular geographic traits, such as insularity, elongated shape, tropical location, and proximity to the United States, have helped shape the course of its history and the culture of its inhabitants. The essay approaches the subject steering clear from both accepting geographic determinism and ignoring the influence of geography, by focusing on the interaction between the forces of physical geography and human responses to them.
Postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy in children: Interpleural catheters

Abstract The authors retrospectively review their experience in children with the latest addition to the postoperative analgesic armamentarium: interpleural analgesia (IPA). IPA was used in 14 children following thoracotomy. There were 9 boys and 5 girls. Patients varied in age from 2 months to 17 years 4 months (mean ± SEM=7.6 ± 1.6 yr). Catheters were left in place from 10 to 72 hours (mean ± SEM=45.1 ± 4.6 h). Four patients received intermittent bolus doses and 10 patients received a continuous infusion through the interpleural catheters. Adequate analgesia, as judged by both subjective responses (decreased irritability or complaints of pain) and by objective physiologic responses (decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure), was achieved in 13 of 14 patients. Eight of the 14 children required no additional analgesic agents. One child received 2 doses of oral codeine and 4 patients received 2 to 3 doses of intravenous narcotic during IPA. IPA was not effective in one patient who required 6 doses of intravenous meperidine. Patients more than 10 years of age required significantly more ( P v 0.14 ± 0.11 mg meperidine/kg/d). No complications related to placement or subsequent use of IPA were identified in any of the patients. IPA provides effective postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy in children.
Monolithic Gamma Detector Arrays and Position Sensitive Detectors in High Purity Germanium

One dimensional monolithic arrays and position sensitive detectors have been fabricated in p-type high purity germanium. The results of collimated beam scanning measurements of array response and of energy and spatial resolution measurements in the position sensitive detectors are reported. Position sensitive detectors exhibiting 4.0 mm spatial resolution for 122 keV excitation have been fabricated and it is shown that position resolution improves with increased gamma ray energy.
Management by Groping Along: The Limits of a Metaphor

The usefulness of a management metaphor derived from the analysis of individual public managers is highly sensitive to the specific environments of the managers. This principle is illustrated by analyzing the descriptive utility of one metaphor - “Management By Groping Along” (MBGA) -which has gained some currency in the teaching and the practice of public management in the United States. While management metaphors cannot be subjected to strict scientific tests, their explication in different environ-ments can display the reach (or the limits) of their explanatory power and, ultimately, their prescriptive value. This argument is developed by describing the metaphor of management by groping along and investigating its usefulness in a specific type of environment - one dominated by remedial law. The article shows that rather restrictive conditions are necessary for MBGA to serve as a useful addition to a manager's repertoire in such an environment.
A small intranuclear virus recovered from lymphatic tissue of a bovine with malignant lymphoma.

Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells were permanently infected with a virus following inoculation and long-term incubation with lymphatic tissue from a 7-year-old bovine with lymphocytic type of malignant lymphoma. The virus, passed to a calf by dripping a suspension into its eyes, nostrils, and mouth, was recovered from lymphatic tissue 106 days later. One of 6 calves inoculated with a quantity of concentrated virus suspension developed persistent lymphocytosis in approximately 2 years. Permanently infected MDBK cells of a line infected for several months were agglutinated by both concanavalin A and wheat germ lipase contaminant. Electron micrographs of thin sections of cells revealed many virions in the nuclei. Enveloped particles ranged from 47 to 58 mμ in diameter. Autoradiographic studies resulted in labelling the intranuclear virions of infected cells with uridine-5-3H. Incorporation of isotope was not inhibited by FUdR and actinomycin D.
Development of a Spiral Mesh Bioreactor with Immobilized Lactococci for Continuous Inoculation and Acidification of Milk

Abstract A laboratory-scale bioreactor with lactococci immobilized in calcium alginate gel was developed for continuous acidification and inoculation of milk. Cells were entrapped in a calcium alginate film coating a spiral mesh and placed in a column through which milk was recirculated from a reservoir. Steady-state conditions were achieved by addition of fresh milk using a pH controller to maintain the pH at 5.7 and acidified milk was continuously removed during operation periods up to 5 d. Immobilized and free cell bioreactors were compared using both proteinase-positive and proteinase-negative strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis C2. Productivities were 1.5- to 3.5-fold larger with immobilized cell bioreactors than with free cell bioreactors because of higher cell densities, although specific productivities were lower for immobilized cells. Productivity increase was larger for proteinase-negative cells, which do not grow as well as free cells in milk. However, high densities can be immobilized, resulting in productivities of immobilized proteinase-negative cells that were similar to those of proteinase-positive cells. Free proteinase-negative cells responded to amino acid and peptide supplementation by increasing productivity (5-fold), but the immobilized cells did not respond proportionally, suggesting that free cell activity was limited by substrate availability but that immobilized cells were limited by product inhibition.
Effect of Ferromagnetic Spin Correlations on Superconductivity in Ferromagnetic Metals

We study the renormalization of quasiparticle properties in weak ferromagnetic metals due to spin fluctuations, away from the quantum critical point for small magnetic moment. We explain the origin of the s -wave superconducting instability in the ferromagnetic phase and find that the vertex corrections are small and that Migdal{close_quote}s theorem is satisfied away from the quantum critical point. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Comparison of chlordecone and estradiol effects on splenic T-cells in (NZB × NZW)F1 mice

Abstract Previous studies have shown that treatment of ovariectomized females with 17-β estradiol (E2) accelerates the development of autoimmunity in the (NZB × NZW)F 1 murine lupus model. Treatment with estrogenic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as chlordecone produces a similar effect. Although it is reasonable to postulate that the effects of chlordecone and related OCPs on autoimmunity are due to their estrogenic effects, this has not been clearly demonstrated. The objective of this study was to compare effects of chlordecone and E2 on splenic T lymphocyte parameters plausibly related to autoimmunity; specifically, on T-cell phenotype and functions. Ovariectomized (NZB × NZW)F 1 mice were treated for 6 weeks with implanted sustained-release pellets containing chlordecone or E2 at dosing rates shown previously to significantly shorten time to onset of disease. E2, but not chlordecone, increased the percentage of activated and memory CD4 T-cells, and reduced naive CD4 T-cells. E2 also elevated CD25 and glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) levels in CD4 T-cells, an effect not shared by chlordecone. On the other hand, both chlordecone and E2 increased Bcl-2 expression in CD4 T-cells and reduced CD4 T-cell apoptosis without affecting their proliferation. Although both treatments increased TNF-α and IL-2 secretion by CD4 T-cells, only chlordecone increased secretion of IFN-γ and GM-CSF. E2, but not chlordecone, increased IL-10 secretion. These observations indicate that although it is considered an estrogenic OCP, chlordecone exerts effects on splenic T-cells that are different in a number of ways from E2.
Palaeoanthropology: Facing up to complexity.

The anatomy of three new fossils, including a face, lends support to the hypothesis that there were at least two parallel lineages early in the evolutionary history of our own genus, Homo. See Letter p.201 Three hominin fossils newly discovered at Koobi Fora, east of Lake Turkana in Kenya, will greatly improve our understanding of the early radiation of the genus Homo, clarifying the iconic but enigmatic hominin cranium KNM-ER 1470, first described by Richard Leakey in Nature in 1973. The three are an exceptionally well-preserved lower jaw (KNM-ER 60000), a fragmentary lower jaw and, importantly, a well-preserved face. At between 1.78 million and 1.95 million years old, they broadly support the idea that there were at least two contemporary Homo species, in addition to Homo erectus, in the early Pleistocene of eastern Africa.
Cognitive epidemiology: With emphasis on untangling cognitive ability and socioeconomic status

Available online 27 September 2009 This commentary touches on practical, public policy, and social science domains informed by cognitive epidemiology while pulling together common themes running through this important special issue. As is made clear in the contributions assembled here, and others (Deary, Whalley, & Starr, 2009; Gottfredson, 2004; Lubinski & Humphreys, 1992, 1997), social scientists and practitioners cannot afford to neglect cognitive ability when modeling epidemiological and health care phenomena. However, given the dominant concern about the confounding of general cognitive ability (GCA) and socioeconomic status (SES), and the extent to which SES is frequently seen as the primary cause of health disparities (while GCA is neglected as a possible influence in epidemiology and health psychology), some methodological applications for untangling the relative influences of GCA and SES are reviewed. In addition, cognitive epidemiology is placed in a broader context: Just as cognitive epidemiology facilitates an understanding of pathology (“at risk” populations, and ways to attenuate undesirable personal and social conditions), it may also enrich our understanding of optimal functioning (“at promise” populations, and ways to identify and nurture the human and social capital needed to develop innovations for saving lives, economies, and perhaps even our planet). Finally, while GCA is likely the most important dimension in the study of individual differences for modeling healthy behaviors and outcomes, other relatively independent dimensions of psychological diversity do add value (Krueger, Caspi, & Moffitt, 2000). For example, compliance has at least two psychological components: a “can do” competency component (ability) and a “will do” motivational component (conscientiousness). Ultimately, developing and modeling healthy behaviors, interpersonal environments, and medical maladies are best accomplished by teaming multiple dimensions of human individuality.
Affective and Cognitive Correlates of Classroom Achievement

This study examined the relationship between cognitive and affective variables as predictors of classroom achievement. Final social studies grades were obtained and the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, Cooperative English Test, JIM Scale, and Gable-Roberts Attitude Toward School Subjects measures were administered to 431 eleventh grade students. Correlational and multiple regression procedures were employed. Significant relationships (p < .01) were found for both the cognitive and affective variables when correlated with course grades. A measure of motivation toward education predicted grades nearly as accurately as any of the cognitive variables.
The outcome of loop ileostomy closure in 293 cases

Our experience with closure of loop ileostomies between the years 1975–1986 was reviewed. Ninety-three percent of stoma closures were done by simple transverse suture. The overall complication rate was 17%. Of the early postoperative complications (13%), the major complication was small bowel obstruction especially in patients where the stoma was protecting a pelvic ileal reservoir. Abdominal septic complications (postclosure) were rare (1%). These were generally caused by unrecognized enteric tears during the mobilization of the stoma rather than anastomotic leakage. A careful operative technique is required. The wound infection rate after healing by both secondary intention and primary skin closure was low (3%) and mainly superficial. Only one incisional hernia was observed in the late postoperative period. In three patients a posterior rectus sheath defect at the stoma site was found incidentally at laparotomy, without clinical evidence of an incisional hernia. Closure of a loop ileostomy is a safe operation with a low morbidity. In patients with a previous total colectomy there was a significant risk of small bowel obstruction after ileostomy closure.
Growth Pattern Analysis of Murine Lung Neoplasms by Advanced Semi-Automated Quantification of Micro-CT Images

Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging modality used to monitor human lung cancers. Typically, tumor volumes are calculated using manual or semi-automated methods that require substantial user input, and an exponential growth model is used to predict tumor growth. However, these measurement methodologies are time-consuming and can lack consistency. In addition, the availability of datasets with sequential images of the same tumor that are needed to characterize in vivo growth patterns for human lung cancers is limited due to treatment interventions and radiation exposure associated with multiple scans. In this paper, we performed micro-CT imaging of mouse lung cancers induced by overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase, a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis, and developed an advanced semi-automated algorithm for efficient and accurate tumor volume measurement. Tumor volumes determined by the algorithm were first validated by comparison with results from manual methods for volume determination as well as direct physical measurements. A longitudinal study was then performed to investigate in vivo murine lung tumor growth patterns. Individual mice were imaged at least three times, with at least three weeks between scans. The tumors analyzed exhibited an exponential growth pattern, with an average doubling time of 57.08 days. The accuracy of the algorithm in the longitudinal study was also confirmed by comparing its output with manual measurements. These results suggest an exponential growth model for lung neoplasms and establish a new advanced semi-automated algorithm to measure lung tumor volume in mice that can aid efforts to improve lung cancer diagnosis and the evaluation of therapeutic responses.
Short note: Padé-Gegenbauer suppression of Runge phenomenon in the diagonal limit of Gegenbauer approximations

Boyd shows in [3] that for a function with singularities in the imaginary plane, the Gegenbauer expansion of the function may have Runge-type oscillations so large that all hope of convergence for the method is lost. We consider the use of Pade-Gegenbauer interpolants to resolve these oscillations. We describe a fast interpolation-based reconstruction for computing the Pade-Gegenbauer approximants and demonstrate its excellent performance on test examples. This method resolves the oscillations and restores accuracy to the Gegenbauer approximation of a function with singularities in the imaginary plane without measuring the proximity of these off-axis singularities.
Measuring Self-Esteem: Validation of a New Scoring Technique for "Who Am I?" Responses.

A new scoring method for "Who Am I?" responses as a measure of self-esteem is validated and used to test the relationship between self-esteem and psychological centrality. Participants responded to...
Nongenomic mechanisms of physiological estrogen-mediated dopamine efflux

Neurological diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders that vary depending on female life stages suggest that sex hormones may influence the function of neurotransmitter regulatory machinery such as the dopamine transporter (DAT).
The correlation between mean and variance estimators

One of the pitfalls encountered when using confidence interval estimators for the mean of a stationary stochastic process is that the mean and variance estimators (X and V) may be correlated. We derive Corr (X, V) for various variance estimators and stochastic processes, and we examine the effects of this correlation upon confidence interval estimator performance. Among the variance estimators under consideration are those arising from the methods of batched means and standardized time series. Both small sample and asymptotic results are reported.
Adapting Reference for a Unique Group of Distance Learners: Serving the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).

Abstract When a university acquires the library of a national institute and the institute's active and worldwide membership expects continued and uninterrupted access to services from the collection, Shockwaves can reverberate throughout the university's main library and among its staff. This was especially true for the Reference Department of the University of Mississippi's J. D. Williams Library, which acquired the library collection of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) in 2001. This article addresses the various challenges, problems, successes, and other situations experienced in offering reference service to unique users who are never present.
Empathy, Sympathy, and Pity: 21st-Century Definitions and Implications for Practice and Research

Empathy is prominent wherever humans attempt to create more just and compassionate social structures, and cultivating empathy is critical to being an effective social worker. This article outlines ...
Developmental switch in the hippocampal serotonin receptor linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis

5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors couple to the phosphoinositide hydrolysis signal transduction pathway. The present pharmacological analyses provide evidence for a switch in the functional 5-HT receptor in rat hippocampus (from 5-HT2A to 5-HT2C) between the first and third weeks of life. Spiperone and MDL 100,507, antagonists that bind with 300- to 1000-fold higher affinity to 5-HT2A receptors, blocked 5-HT-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis in hippocampi of 7-day-old, but not 21-day-old, rats. In contrast, the non-selective 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonists, mesulergine and mianserin, blocked 5-HT-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in both 7- and 21-day-old rats. These results suggest that the 5-HT-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis signal in hippocampus of 7-day-old rats is mediated predominantly by 5-HT2A receptors, while in 21-day-old rats the phosphoinositide hydrolysis signal is mediated in large part by 5-HT2C receptors. Neither 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptor mRNA nor the binding site densities of the two receptors were altered between the two ages, ruling out developmental changes in receptor density as an explanation for the observed differences. We conclude therefore that the hippocampal 5-HT receptor that links to phosphoinositide hydrolysis switches during postnatal development of rats, perhaps reflecting differences in the coupling of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors to intracellular effector molecules.
Evaluating the effects of real world distraction on user performance in virtual environments

Although many virtual environment (VE) technologies such as the four-screen CAVE™ are described as immersive, users can still perceive distractions from the real world. This exposure to real-world distraction may reduce users' sense of presence, and if presence is correlated with performance as some have claimed, the real-world distractions may also hinder performance. Thus, VE designers may want to consider ways to reduce real-world distraction. This paper presents an experiment to investigate the effect of reduced visual stimulus in the peripheral area on user performance and the usability of an immersive VE. We carefully designed three tasks that cause different levels of awareness of the real-world distraction. Using these tasks, we evaluated users' performance and preference in two conditions. The low-stimulus condition was created by hanging a black cloth across the missing back wall of a CAVE. The high-stimulus condition was created by projected animations and real human motion outside the CAVE. The experiments show that reduced distraction may have a positive or negative effect on user performance, depending on the specific tasks and environments.
Induction Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Esophagectomy in Patients With Carcinoma of the Esophagus

Abstract Background. Induction chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy may provide results superior to those of single-modality treatment in patients with esophageal cancer. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with this approach for esophageal cancer. Methods. From 1988 to 1996, 166 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer were evaluated; 66 entered a protocol of chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, cisplatin) concurrent with radiation (45 Gy) followed by esophagectomy. Fifty-four patients completed the protocol. Results. Toxicity associated with induction chemoradiotherapy was minimal. The actuarial survival at 12, 24, and 36 months was 59%, 42%, and 32%, respectively. The pathologic complete response (pCR) rate was 41%, with 12-, 24-, and 36-month survivals of 77%, 50%, and 45%, whereas non-pCR patients had survivals of 46%, 35%, and 23%. The difference in survival between pCR and non-pCR patients was not significant ( p = 0.13), but the difference in recurrence-free survival was significant ( p = 0.007). Conclusions. This well-tolerated protocol resulted in a high pCR. Trimodality treatment for esophageal cancer may provide long-term survival in some patients regardless of their pCR status.
Theoretical and experimental studies of three-dimensional wavemaking in narrow tanks, including nonlinear phenomena near resonance

In view of several practical ramifications of this problem, computational-analytical techniques for calculating waves induced by heaving arbitrary bodies in narrow tanks have been developed, including nonlinear wave groups produced near tank resonance. These feature computational near-field solutions matched with appropriate far-field solutions. In the linear case, the far field is provided by linear mode superposition. In the nonlinear case, the far field is described by a suitable nonlinear evolution equation of the cubic Schrodinger type. Matching techniques were developed. Calculations were successfully carried out and the results confirm the important effect of tank walls on added mass and damping.Results of computations have been compared with some data obtained with a conical wavemaker in a narrow tank. Pronounced nonlinear wave groups were obtained near resonance, and these are well reproduced in some detail by the nonlinear theory and computations, without considering any effects of dissipation.The related problem of resonant wave groups produced by a segmented paddle wavemaker has also been treated by analysis and subject to computation, with good general agreement with past experiments. The technique features matching near- and far-field computations using energy considerations.
White Identity and Racism

As the battles associated with the civil rights movement have waned with time, and as new codes of civility surrounding race have developed, the notion that U.S. society is colorblind has gained increasing currency. In this view, the United States may once have suffered from racial problems but these problems have now largely, perhaps completely, been overcome. If racial problems remain, these result from the misperceptions?sometimes malicious?of individuals who are so invested in an old paradigm of entrenched racial conflict, that they cannot appreciate the extent to which the racial landscape has changed for the better. The latter claim of an altered racial climate is not specious but hinges on the meaning of "changed for the better." Addressing this premise, the sociologist Orlando Patterson distin guishes between the public and private sides of U.S. racism. He argues that though Americans have resolved the public side of the color line, they face a paradox because blacks continue to experience "near complete isolation ... from the private life of the white majority" (Patterson, 2006:23). Patterson, therefore, casts doubt on the colorblindness thesis and alludes to the com plexity of present-day race relations in the United States. This complexity is the primary theme of Monica McDermott's Working Class White. An analy sis of white identity and its interrelationship with racism, the book subverts the colorblindness thesis by revealing actual patterns of behavior in every day life. In the process, McDermott neatly sums up key theoretical debates, showing the centrality of experience where race is concerned. Working Class White has appeared at a period in U.S. history where, in many respects, racial trends are pointing upward. Public opinion surveys
Review of vibration-assisted machining

Abstract Vibration-assisted machining (VAM) combines precision machining with small-amplitude tool vibration to improve the fabrication process. It has been applied to a number of processes from turning to drilling to grinding [9] , [36] . The emphasis on this literature review is the turning process where VAM has been applied to difficult applications such as diamond turning of ferrous and brittle materials, creating microstructures with complex geometries for products like molds and optical elements, or economically producing precision macro-scale components in hard alloys such as Inconel or titanium. This review paper presents the basic kinematic relationships for 1D (linear vibratory tool path) and 2D VAM (circular/elliptical tool path). Typical hardware systems used to achieve these vibratory motions are described. The periodic separation between the tool rake face and uncut material, characteristic of VAM, is related to observed reductions in machining forces and chip thickness, with distinct explanations offered for 1D and 2D modes. The reduced tool forces in turn are related to improvements in surface finish and extended tool life. Additional consideration is given to the intermittent cutting mechanism and how it reduces the effect of thermo-chemical mechanisms believed responsible for rapid wear of diamond tools when machining ferrous materials. The ability of VAM to machine brittle materials in the ductile regime at increased depth of cut is also described.
INFLUENCE OF UNDERLYING ROCK STRUCTURES ON STREAM COURSES AND VALLEY PROFILES IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT

(1956). INFLUENCE OF UNDERLYING ROCK STRUCTURES ON STREAM COURSES AND VALLEY PROFILES IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 129-139.
Utility of Hand-Held Echocardiography in Outpatient Pediatric Cardiology Management

Adult patient series have shown hand-held echocardiography (echo) units (HHE) to be accurate for rapid diagnosis and triage. This is the first study to evaluate the ability of HHE to inform decision making in outpatient pediatric cardiology. New pediatric cardiology patients in outpatient clinics staffed by six pediatric cardiologists (experience 1–17 years) were prospectively enrolled if an echocardiogram (echo) was ordered during their initial visit. After history and physical examination and before a standard echo, the cardiologists performed a bedside HHE examination (GE Vscan 1.7–3.8 MHz), documented findings, and made a clinical decision. Diagnoses and decisions based on HHE were compared with final management after the standard echo. The study enrolled 101 subjects (ages 9 days to 19 years). The cardiologists considered HHE imaging adequate for decision making for 80 of the 101 subjects. For 77 of the 80 subjects with acceptable HHE imaging (68/68 normal and 9/12 abnormal standard echoes), the HHE-based primary diagnoses and decisions agreed with the final management. The sensitivity of HHE was 75 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 43–94 %) and the positive predictive value 100 % (95 % CI 66–100 %) for pediatric heart disease. The agreement between standard echocardiography and HHE imaging was substantial (κ = 0.82). Excluding one of the least experienced cardiologists, HHE provided the basis for correct cardiac diagnoses and management for all the subjects with acceptable HHE imaging (58/58 normal and 9/9 abnormal echoes). In outpatient pediatric cardiology, HHE has potential as a tool to complement physical examination. Further investigation is needed to evaluate how value improves with clinical experience.
Gene expression profiling in the amygdala: an approach to examine the molecular substrates of mammalian behavior.

The molecular substrates of behavior have been difficult to assess because of the large number of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expressed in a given brain region, the heterogeneous composition of the CNS, and the complexity of mammalian behavior. To gain insight into the molecular components of behavior requires an understanding of the anatomy associated with a specific behavior and the ability to examine multiple gene expression in discrete brain regions. Neuroanatomical and behavioral studies have demonstrated that the amygdaloid complex is an essential component of the neural pathways mediating behaviors, such as fear, anxiety, learning, and memory. The amygdala is composed of several interconnected subnuclei and it is the modulation of information, as it flows through these subnuclei, that underlies amygdala function. To examine the molecular components of the amygdala, we have combined the antisense RNA (aRNA) amplification procedure with microarray technology. This experimental approach permits the simultaneous detection and quantification of numerous mRNAs in fixed tissue sections. Our initial experiment examines region-specific gene expression in naive mice in order to map the molecular relationship between the subregions of the amygdala. This report provides a general overview of the techniques used to examine regional gene expression, suggests future experiments, and describes a theoretical framework for examining the molecular analysis of behavior.
The effects of long-time irradiation and thermal aging on 304 stainless steel

Abstract The effect of long-time irradiation and thermal aging on the tensile, fracture, and swelling properties of 304 stainless steel were studied. Samples of cold-worked and annealed 304 were irradiated in EBR-II at temperatures between 371–400°C or thermally aged in the EBR-II primary core basket at 371°C for times up to 18 years. Samples of annealed steel were irradiated in rows 4 and 12 of EBR-II to determine the effect of dose rate. No significant changes in tensile properties or density occurred in cold-worked thermally aged steel. For samples irradiated near 370°C, decreasing the dose rate caused an increase in swelling and had no measurable effect on tensile properties.
Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor mRNA is up-regulated by acute and down-regulated by chronic amphetamine treatment

Repeated administration of amphetamine-like stimulants to rats results in enhanced behavioral responsiveness to subsequent administration of these drugs. Recent evidence suggests corticosterone may play a role in the development of sensitization perhaps through the down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). To test this hypothesis further we examined the effects of five daily injections of amphetamine (AMPH) (2.5 mg/kg) on GR mRNA of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Two other groups received saline for 4 days and then either saline or AMPH on the fifth day. All animals were killed 24 h after the last treatment and in situ hybridization was performed with an antisense mRNA GR probe. Quantification of hippocampal GR was accomplished by computer analysis of digitized images of CA1 and dentate gyrus. Acute AMPH produced a significant up-regulation of GR mRNA in CA1 and a nonsignificant trend towards up-regulation in the dentate gyrus. Repeated exposure to AMPH resulted in a significant down-regulation in CA1, and a nonsignificant trend towards down-regulation in dentate gyrus. These data support a role for hippocampal GR mRNA in the development of behavioral sensitization.