cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a software application for presurgical case history review of frozen section pathology cases

Background: The frozen section pathology practice at Mayo Clinic in Rochester performs ~20,000 intraoperative consultations a year (~70–80/weekday). To prepare for intraoperative consultations, surgical pathology fellows and residents review the case history, previous pathology, and relevant imaging the day before surgery. Before the work described herein, review of pending surgical pathology cases was a paper-based process requiring handwritten transcription from the electronic health record, a laborious and potentially error prone process. Methods: To facilitate more efficient case review, a modular extension of an existing surgical listing software application (Surgical and Procedure Scheduling [SPS]) was developed. The module (SPS-pathology-specific module [PM]) added pathology-specific functionality including recording case notes, prefetching of radiology, pathology, and operative reports from the medical record, flagging infectious cases, and real-time tracking of cases in the operating room. After implementation, users were surveyed about its impact on the surgical pathology practice. Results: There were 16 survey respondents (five staff pathologists and eleven residents or fellows). All trainees (11/11) responded that the application improved an aspect of surgical list review including abstraction from medical records (10/11), identification of possibly infectious cases (7/11), and speed of list preparation (10/11). The average reported time savings in list preparation was 1.4 h/day. Respondents indicated the application improved the speed (11/16), clarity (13/16), and accuracy (10/16) of morning report. During the workday, respondents reported the application improved real-time case review (14/16) and situational awareness of ongoing cases (13/16). Conclusions: A majority of respondents found the SPS-PM improved all preparatory and logistical aspects of the Mayo Clinic frozen section surgical pathology practice. In addition, use of the SPS-PM saved an average of 1.4 h/day for residents and fellows engaged in preparatory case review.
الإكراه، مفهومه، وصوره، وأثره في فقه الأقليات المسلمة. (دراسة مقارنة مع فقه الهجرة وأحكامها)

يتناول البحث مفهوم الإكراه وأنواعه وأثره في الحكم الفقهي عموما، ثم تكييف وضعية الأقليات المسلمة مع موضوع الهجرة ودوافعها وأحكامها (كصورة من صور الإكراه) كما وردت في نصوص القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية، ومعرفة إلى أي مدى التزمت الفتاوى المعاصرة بهذا المبدأ الأصولي في الاجتهاد من خلال دراسة نماذج من فتاوى المجلس الأوروبي للإفتاء. وقد توصل البحث إلى بعض الملاحظات والنتائج منها أن الإكراه من أهم عوارض الأهلية، له شروط وأنواع، من الضروري جدا أخذها بالاعتبار عند البحث عن الحكم الشرعي في فقه الأقليات، مع ملاحظة وجود تباين بين الفتاوى الصادرة عن الفقهاء وهيئات الإفتاء في الموضوع الواحد، والسبب يعود إلى الاختلاف في تحديد مقدار الحاجة والضرورة، والأولى عند تقديم الفتوى للمهاجرين النظر في سبب الهجرة وملابساتها قبل إعطاء الحكم بالرخصة في أي حكم شرعي، ولا يمكن الاكتفاء بحالة الهجرة وحدها كسبب موجب للرخصة، وفي ذلك حفظ لمقاصد الشرع وصون للنصوص الشرعية من تطويعها وتكييفها مع الواقع بدون موجب معتبر شرعا. الكلمات الدالة - الإكراه، الفقه، الأقليات، الهجرة، الفتوى، الغرب، المقاصد .
Self-Other Agreement in the Assessment of Mindfulness Using the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire

How well is trait mindfulness perceived by outside observers? This question has implications for the conceptualization of trait mindfulness and development and validity of self-report questionnaires. We examine this question via self-other agreement (SOA), observability, and evaluativeness of mindfulness. Study 1 investigated SOA of trait mindfulness with the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in a sample of undergraduates and close others. Self- and other-reports of FFMQ facets agreed more than they disagreed, with SOA correlations ranging from 0.19 to 0.25. Because outside observers are only privy to behaviors rather than internal cognitive and emotional states, SOA correlations suggest that the internal process of mindfulness likely manifests in observable behaviors. Study 2 investigated the observability and evaluativeness of mindfulness via the FFMQ in an independent sample. There were no strong relationships between SOA and either observability or evaluativeness of mindfulness. The absence of a negative relationship between evaluativeness and SOA suggests that SOA is not strongly impacted by enhancing biases in self-report. The absence of a positive relationship between observability and SOA suggests that the observability of the process of mindfulness does not strongly influence the perception of mindfulness by an outside observer. Taken together, results from these two studies suggest that others do perceive mindfulness, and yet the information upon which they base their judgments remains unclear. In keeping with Buddhist teachings and intervention science, we suggest that if process-related behaviors are not used to judge mindfulness, perhaps outcome-related behaviors are used instead.
Local/Regional Flaps in Oral/Head and Neck Reconstruction

The contemporary dictum in head and neck reconstruction is to utilize microvascular transfer techniques. More and more, the use of local or regional flaps has been relegated to the use in the salvage setting of failed microvascular flaps or in patients deemed too sick to undergo long anesthetics as is required for free flap transfers.
Elastic scattering of a quark from a color field: Longitudinal momentum exchange

Perturbative QCD in the small Bjorken-$x$ limit can be formulated as an effective theory known as the color glass condensate (CGC) formalism. The CGC formalism takes into account the dynamics of large gluon densities at small $x$ and has been successfully applied to deep inelastic scattering (DIS) and particle production in high-energy hadronic and nuclear collisions in the small-$x$ kinematic region. The effective degrees of freedom in CGC are Wilson lines which enter in the effective quark (and gluon) propagators and resum multiple soft scatterings from the small-$x$ gluon field of the target. It is however known that the CGC effective theory breaks down when one probes the moderately large-$x$ (high-${p}_{t}$) kinematics where collinear factorization and DGLAP evolution of parton distribution functions should be the right framework. Here we propose a general framework which may allow one to eventually unify the two approaches and to calculate perturbative QCD cross sections in both small and large Bjorken-$x$ regions. We take the first step towards this goal by deriving an expression for the quark propagator in a background field which includes scatterings from both small- and large-$x$ modes of the gluon field of the target. We describe how this quark propagator can be used to calculate QCD structure functions ${F}_{2}$ and ${F}_{L}$ at all $x$ and thus generalize the dipole model of DIS. We outline that this approach can also be used to extend the so-called hybrid approach to particle production in the forward rapidity region of high-energy hadronic and nuclear collisions to all $x$ and ${p}_{t}$ regions and speculate on how one may apply the same techniques to extend the McLerran-Venugopalan effective action used in high-energy heavy-ion collisions to include high-${p}_{t}$ physics.
Epitope mimicry by anti-idiotype sequences in reverse orientation.

Antigen mimicry by anti—idiotypic internal images offers one approach to vaccine development and immune modulation. However, the rational design of internal image vaccines and an understanding of idiotypic interactions will depend upon a precise understanding of the rules which govern antigen recognition and of the structural basis for internal image expression. Previous studies using the reovirus hemagglutinin and a synthetic peptide (GAT) identified determinants in antibody internal image variable (V) regions that appeared to match continuous sequences within the respective antigens (Ollier et al., 1985 ; Bruck et al., 1986).
Overconfidence and disappointment in venture capital decision making: An empirical examination

We examine the effects of overconfidence in venture capital investing. Overconfidence in financial decision making is a robust, wellâ€ established finding, and its consequences for decisions by equity market investors, startup entrepreneurs, and CEO's of large firms have been comprehensively examined and documented. This paper considers the behavioral consequences of overconfidence by venture capitalists, comparing their anticipated returns to actual average returns. Our primary metric is Bell's disappointment, a measure of the difference between anticipated and actual payoff. We construct both deterministic and stochastic models, based on empirical data. We find that the average venture capitalist will experience substantial disappointment.
Biological Implications of the Different Hsp70 Binding Properties of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Aspartate Aminotransferase.

The cytosolic molecular chaperone Hsp70 discriminates between the cytosolic (cAAT) and mitochondrial (mAAT) aspartate aminotransferase isozymes, recognizing and binding exclusively mAAT. By screening a library of synthetic peptides, we have identified six putative Hsp70binding sites in mAAT. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these Hsp70-binding sequences show less variability in mAAT than cAAT and contain more fixed differences between the two isozymes than the rest of the sequence. Thus, sequence variation between cAAT and mAAT might direct their selective interaction with molecular chaperones and thereby contribute to their correct localization in the cell.
Abstract 3694: Measuring oncogene signaling with transferrin-based PET: From bench to bedside

Background: Non-invasive tools that measure the activity of central oncogenes could be broadly useful for cancer detection and management. We have shown that radiolabeled transferrin molecules can be used to measure mTORC1 and MYC signaling in prostate cancer models, because the transferrin receptor is a MYC target gene. The purpose of this study was to complete the preclinical assessment of 89Zr-transferrin, as well as demonstrate that clinical disease harbors avidity for transferrin using 68Ga-citrate. Methods: Human prostate cancer cell lines have been manipulated pharmacologically and genetically to alter mTORC1 and/or MYC signaling, and radiolabeled transferrin has been used to study the impact of aberrant oncogene signaling on transferrin biology. A first in man study with 68Ga-transferrin PET was also performed at UCSF using a GE SIGNA PET/MR. A dose escalation study was performed in eight patients with castration resistant prostate cancer to identify the optimal signal to noise ratio. Results: Activation of mTORC1 or MYC resulted in higher transferrin receptor expression and higher transferrin uptake into cells, as expected. Pharmacological inhibition of either oncogene suppressed transferrin uptake in vitro and in vivo. 68Ga-transferrin PET/MR resolved ~75% of lesions that were detectable by CT or bone scan. Approximately 4 mCi and >3.5 hours post injection was required to visualize tumor lesions. Conclusions: These experiments establish that like MYC, mTOR activity can be quantified in prostate cancer models with 89Zr-transferrin. Moreover, our first in human study with 68Ga-transferrin shows that human disease is generally avid for the radiotracer, but the uptake is variable among lesions, consistent with a molecularly diverse disease. Citation Format: Michael J. Evans, Charles Truillet, Davide Ruggero, Jason S. Lewis, Rahul Aggarwal, Spencer C. Behr. Measuring oncogene signaling with transferrin-based PET: From bench to bedside [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3694.
Complete Genome Sequence of an Alphabaculovirus from the Southern Armyworm, Spodoptera eridania.

ABSTRACT We report the complete genome sequence of a baculovirus from the moth Spodoptera eridania, the southern armyworm. The genome sequence is 149,090 bp and exhibits the greatest degree of sequence similarity with genomes from alphabaculoviruses isolated from other moths of the genus Spodoptera.
HEADACHES AND HEARTBREAK

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is traditionally associated with a physical or emotional stressor, characterized by reversible ventricular dysfunction. Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy (rTTC) is described as hypocontractility of the basal/mid ventricular segments and is a variant of TCC, which can
Yoga as a Complementary and Alternative Therapy in Children with Hematologic and Oncologic Disease.

A diagnosis of a hematologic or oncologic disease in a child can be stressful for the patient and the family. Yoga as an intervention has been reported to decrease stress in adults diagnosed with c...
Parallel Processing and Pipelining in Huffmann Decoder

Abstract Huffman coding technique leads to loss-less coding and is used extensively in practical video compression systems. This technique assigns variable word length codes to different symbols based on the probabilities of the symbols. The unequal codeword length of the symbols makes it difficult to implement high-speed Huffman decoders using pipelining and parallel processing. This chapter presents numerous approaches to create algorithm-level concurrency which can break the sequential computation bottleneck in Huffman decoders. Some of these approaches include look-ahead pipelining, parallel processing using look-ahead and incremental computation, decomposition, bit-positioning and source control. All these approaches achieve concurrency in the form of pipelining and/or parallel processing at the expense of increase in hardware overhead. In cost-effective decoders, we need to implement high-speed decoders using little or no hardware overhead. To this end, we propose a new concurrent loss-less coder by using the codeword length multiplicity constraint. This coder requires no hardware overhead. However, the performance of this concurrent loss-less coder is degraded as compared with the Huffman code. We combine conditional coding with the codeword length constrained concurrent coder to obtain performance similar to or better than the sequential Huffman coder (with no conditioning) for (integer) speedup factors less than or equal to the unconditional entropy of the symbol set. This code may be useful where hardware cost of the decoder is important.
Use of HER2-Directed Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer and How Community Physicians Collaborate to Improve Care

The development of new HER2-directed therapies has resulted in a significant prolongation of survival for women with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. Discoveries in the laboratory inform clinical trials which are the basis for improving the standard of care and are also the backbone for quality improvement. Clinical trials can be completed more rapidly by expanding trial enrollment to community sites. In this article we review some of the challenges in treating metastatic breast cancer with HER2-directed therapies and our strategies for incorporating our community partners into the research network.
Comparison of reactive gaseous mercury measured by KCl-coated denuders and cation exchange membranes during the Pacific GEOTRACES GP15 expedition

Abstract Reactive gaseous mercury (RGHg) over the marine boundary layer (MBL) has been investigated in many oceans, such as the North Atlantic, Arctic and Antarctic using the KCl-coated denuder, as deployed in the Tekran instrument. Given recent concerns on the suitability of the denuder for capturing RGHg, we initiated a comparison study of RGHg concentrations measured by the KCl-coated denuder and with cation exchange membranes (CEM) during the Pacific GEOTRACES GP15 cruise between Alaska and Tahiti along 152°W from 18 September to November 24, 2018. RGHg concentrations measured by the KCl-coated denuder showed a strong variability along the cruise and ranged from 0.2 to 42.2 pg/m3 (average 7.2 pg/m3), while RGHg collected by the CEM similarly showed a large variability with a range from 10.7 to 143.3 pg/m3. However, a different pattern spatially and temporally was seen with the two measurement devices. Overall, RGHg concentrations measured by the CEM were, on average, 5 times higher than those measured by the KCl-coated denuder. In addition, the Tekran data suggest that occasional daily peaks of RGHg were associated with ozone depletion providing evidence for the formation of RGHg by reactions with reactive halogen species. A diurnal cycle in the RGHg concentration was observed in the low latitude tropical regions, likely caused by these photochemical reactions. Although the measurements by the denuder have better time resolution, and allow for examination of processes for RGHg formation, their efficiency of capture of RGHg needs to be further considered. This study suggested that using the KCl-coated denuder led to an underestimation of RGHg over the MBL, as found in previous studies. Therefore, further studies should be made to examine the measured RGHg concentrations over the MBL using different quantification approaches to further examine the distribution of RGHg.
Newton: A DRAM-maker’s Accelerator-in-Memory (AiM) Architecture for Machine Learning

Advances in machine learning (ML) have ignited hardware innovations for efficient execution of the ML models many of which are memory-bound (e.g., long short-term memories, multi-level perceptrons, and recurrent neural networks). Specifically, inference using these ML models with small batches, as would be the case at the Cloud edge, has little reuse of the large filters and is deeply memory-bound. Simultaneously, processing-in or -near memory (PIM or PNM) is promising unprecedented high-bandwidth connection between compute and memory. Fortunately, the memory-bound ML models are a good fit for PIM. We focus on digital PIM which provides higher bandwidth than PNM and does not incur the reliability issues of analog PIM. Previous PIM and PNM approaches advocate full processor cores which do not conform to PIM’s severe area and power constraints. We describe Newton, a major DRAM maker’s upcoming accelerator-in-memory (AiM) product for machine learning, which makes the following contributions: (1) To satisfy PIM’s area constraints, Newton (a) places a minimal compute of only multiply-accumulate units and buffers in the DRAM which avoids the full-core area and power overheads of previous work and thus makes PIM feasible for the first time, and (b) employs a DRAM-like interface for the host to issue commands to the PIM compute. The PIM compute is rate-matched to the internal DRAM bandwidth and employs a non-intuitive, global input vector buffer shared by the entire channel to capture input reuse while amortizing buffer area cost. To the host, Newton’s interface is indistinguishable from regular DRAM without any offloading overheads and PIM/non-PIM mode switching, and with the same deterministic latencies even for floating-point commands. (2) To prevent the PIM-host interface from becoming a bottleneck, we include three optimizations: commands which gang multiple compute operations both within a bank and across banks; complex, multi-step compute commands – both of which save critical command bandwidth; and targeted reduction of t FAW overhead. (3) To capture output vector reuse with reasonable buffering, Newton employs an unusually-wide interleaved layout for the matrix. Our simulations running state-of-the-art neural networks show that building on a realistic HBM2E-like DRAM, Newton achieves 10x and 54x average speedup over a non-PIM system with infinite compute that perfectly uses the external DRAM bandwidth and a realistic GPU, respectively.
Advanced Endoscopic Tools

The advent and success of therapeutic endoscopy has expanded the utilization of endoscopy as an effective alternative to surgical intervention in some cases with decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, and shortened length of hospital stay. Gastrointestinal bleeding, perforations, leaks, fistulas, and strictures have become increasingly managed by endoscopy with the evolution and development of endoscopic tools for effective closure of full-thickness gastrointestinal defects, dilation, and hemostasis. This article reviews the characteristics and role of endoscopic clips, stents, dilation balloons, endoscopic knives, and suturing devices.
Transparency's AI Problem

A consensus seems to be emerging that algorithmic governance is too opaque and ought to be made more accountable and transparent. But algorithmic governance underscores the limited capacity of transparency law—the Freedom of Information Act and its state equivalents—to promote accountability. Drawing on the critical literature on “open government,” this Essay shows that algorithmic governance reflects and amplifies systemic weaknesses in the transparency regime, including privatization, secrecy, private sector cooptation, and reactive disclosure. These deficiencies highlight the urgent need to reorient transparency and accountability law toward meaningful public engagement in ongoing oversight. This shift requires rethinking FOIA’s core commitment to public disclosure of agency records, exploring instead alternative ways to empower the public and to shed light on decisionmaking. The Essay argues that new approaches to transparency and accountability for algorithmic governance should be independent of private vendors, and ought to adequately represent the interests of affected individuals and communities. These considerations, of vital importance for the oversight of automated systems, also hold broader lessons for efforts to recraft open government obligations in the public interest.
Latent effects of early-life methylmercury exposure on motor function in Drosophila.

Abstract The developmental toxicant, methylmercury (MeHg), can elicit motor deficits that last well into adulthood. Recent studies using Drosophila showed that the developing musculature is sensitive to high doses of MeHg, where a larval feeding paradigm resulted in compromised myotendinous junction (MTJ) formation during development, by a mechanism involving the NG2 homologue, kon-tiki (kon). Low-dose exposures to MeHg that do not produce muscle pathology during development, nevertheless result in impaired flight behavior later in adult life. The present study evaluated the potential for relatively low-dose exposure to produce latent adult muscle pathology and motor impairments, as assayed by climbing and flight, as well as to evaluate molecular mechanisms that may contribute to motor deficits. Wildtype larvae were fed 0, 2, 2.5, or 5 μM MeHg laden food until eclosion. The effect of 5 μM MeHg on MTJ-related gene expression during pupal development was assessed via quantitative RT-qPCR analysis. Upon eclosion, adults were transferred to standard food bottles for 4, 11, or 30 days prior to motor testing. Survivorship (%) was determined from a subset of 200 flies per treatment. Average climbing speed (cm/s) was quantified 4-days post-eclosion (PE). Flight ability was assayed 11- or 30-days PE by measuring landing height (cm) of flies dropped into an adhesive-lined vertical column. In parallel, total body mercury was measured to estimate the influence of residual MeHg at the time of motor testing. Muscle morphology was assessed using immuno-fluorescence microscopy. Exposure to 5uM MeHg significantly reduced climbing speed, and flight ability 4 and 11 – days PE, respectively. While age-related flight deficits were seen in each sex, flight deficits due to MeHg persisted to 30-day PE timepoints exclusively in males. Expression of kon was upregulated across the window of pupal development essential to establishing adult MTJ. However, experimentally restricting the induction of comparable levels of kon to muscle during the same periods did not recapitulate the flight deficits, indicating that muscle-specific induction of kon alone is not sufficient to contribute to latent flight impairments. Adult flight muscle morphology of 11-day PE flies treated with 5 μM MeHg was indistinct from controls, implying muscle structure is not grossly perturbed to impair flight. Collectively, the current data suggest that developmental exposure to 5 μM MeHg reduces flight ability in each sex at 11 day-PE and that latent deficits at 30-day PE are male-specific. It remains to be determined whether the developing MTJ of Drosophila is a sensitive target of MeHg, and whether or not kon acts in conjunction with additional MTJ factors to constitute a MeHg target.
CONDITIONS IN THE LAW OF CONTRACT

In order to understand any legal system it is necessary to consider the purely physical facts of life apart from the legal relations that are consequent upon such facts. Legal relations are merely mental concepts which are useful in enabling us to foresee the physical facts of the future. Disregarding the multitudes of facts that have no effect whatever upon existing legal relations, those that remain-the operative facts-must be considered and classified. In any case, the best method of procedure is to consider each operative fact separately, and in chronological order, and to determine the legal relations that exist after such single fact. Thus: Fact one: A says to B, "If you will agree to pay me $ioo for this horse you may have him and you may indicate your agreement by taking him." This is a physical fact, called an offer, consisting of certain muscular acts of A (his spoken words) producing certain physical effects in B. The legal relations immediately following are (in part) as follows: B now has the privilege of taking the horse and A has no-right that he shall not; B has the power of making the horse his own by taking him, with the correlative liability in A to the loss of his ownership; no new rights or duties are created and no new immunities or disabilities; by giving B a privilege and a power, A has lost a previous right and a previous immunity. Fact two: B says to A, "How old is the horse?" This fact operates to create no new legal relations whatever. The operative legal effect of fact one is still intact. Fact three: A, knowing the horse to be 12 years old, replies, "6 years." This false representation changes the character of B's power by adding to it; he still has the power to make the horse his own by accepting the offer, but now his acceptance will create in addition the power to "rescind" on discovery of the fraud. Fact four: B takes possession of the horse. This is the fact called acceptance. It operates at once to create in B all those multitudinous legal relations that are called "ownership" or "title" and to extinguish the ownership of A; also to create a right in A as against B and the correlative duty in B to pay $ioo. Because of fact three, B also has the power to restore the legal status quo by tendering the horse back.
Diel periodicity in phytoplankton productivity

Daily variation in phytoplankton productivity influences the dynamics and linkages between several large scale processes in aquatic ecosystems. As part of an opening address to the 5th International workshop for the Group for Aquatic Productivity (GAP), the daily patterns of variability in photosynthesis for different algal classes was introduced and accompanied by a discussion of the sources of environmental and endogenous regulation of repeating biological oscillations that occur in phytoplankton on times-cales of one day. It is suggested that one way to develop a database that serves to sort and predict phytoplankton variability over the day may be to encourage the creation of a ‘temporal library’. Such a library would be comprised of temporally fixed maps of circadian clock-controlled rhythms for individual species, as well as temporally variable maps of diel periodicities that only can be defined for a selected set of environmental conditions.
Gender, Productivity, and Collaborative Networks in Science

It has long been noted that women in STEM fields have poor quality networks compared to men. In this article, we question whether the network deficits women face are insurmountable. Using data on more than 3,500 scientists over a twenty year period, we study the influence of scientific productivity on the status of scientists’ network affiliates. We find that scientists have greater access to high status affiliates as their productivity improves, and that women receive greater gains to their networks from productivity than men. Our findings suggest differential returns to productivity by gender, and highlight the benefits women’s networks receive when organizations use objective criteria like productivity, versus ascribed characteristics such as gender, in network allocation decisions.
Hypoxia-inducible factor in brain.

HIF-1 is composed of HIF-1α and HIF-1s protein subunits. HIF-1 is induced by hypoxia and binds to promoter / enhancer elements and stimulates the transcription of hypoxia-inducible target genes. Because HIF-1 activation might promote cell survival in hypoxic tissues, we studied the effect of stroke on the expression of HIF-1α, HIF-1s and several HIF-1 target genes in adult rat brain. After focal cerebral ischemia, mRNAs encoding HIF-1α, glucose transporter-1 and several glycolytic enzymes including lactate dehydrogenase were up-regulated in the areas around the infarction. HIF and its target genes were induced by 7.5 hours after the onset of ischemia and increased further at 19 and 24 hours. Since hypoxia induces HIF in other tissues, systemic hypoxia (6% O2 for 4.5h) was also shown to increase HIF-la protein expression in the adult rat brain. It is proposed that decreased blood flow to the penumbra decreases the supply of oxygen and that this induces HIF-1 and its target genes. Because HIF-1 activation may promote cell survival in hypoxic tissues, we studied the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on HIF-1 expression in neonatal rat brain. Hypoxic preconditioning (8% O2/3hrs), a treatment known to protect the newborn rat brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury, markedly increased HIF-1α and HIF-HIF-1β expression. We also studied the effect of two other known HIF-1 inducers, cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and desferrioxamine (DFX), on HIF-1 expression and neuroprotection in newborn brain. HIF-1α and HIF-HIF-1β protein levels were markedly increased after i.p. injection of CoCl2 and DFX. Preconditioning with CoCl2 or DFX 24 hours before the stroke decreased infarction by 75% and 56% respectively, compared with vehicle-injected, littermate controls. Thus, HIF-1 activation could contribute to protective brain preconditioning.
Description and Evaluation of Serologic Assays Used in a Multicenter Trial of Acellular Pertussis Vaccines

In the September 1995 supplement, titled Report of the Nationwide Multicenter Acellular Pertussis Trial (1995;96:547-603), two articles contain errors: • Description and Evaluation of Serologic Assays Used in a Multicenter Trial of Acellular Pertussis Vaccines (1995;96:570-575): On page 571, the 14th line under the heading "ELISA" contains an incorrect percentage for Tween-20 in the serum incubation buffer. It should be 0.05 % (vol/vol) Tween-20, not 0.5 %, as printed.
Fast wavelet analysis of 3-D dielectric structures using sparse matrix techniques

This paper presents an efficient integral formulation based on the theory of orthonormal wavelets for the analysis of open three-dimensional dielectric structures used in microwave and optical applications. In this approach, the fields and currents are represented by a two-dimensional multiresolution expansion in a transverse plane and a subdomain pulse expansion along the normal direction. The implementation of the method of moments is then combined with the highly efficient Fast Wavelet Algorithm (FWA). It is shown that the resulting moment matrices are very sparsely populated and easily render themselves to the sparse matrix techniques like the bi-conjugate gradient method. Finally, to validate the formulation, a rectangular dielectric resonator is investigated. >
Exploring the Contextual Determinants of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants and Criminal Activity and their Spillover Policy Implications

Immigrants are routinely tied to a range of social problems in the policy making process in the US political system. Little is known however about the extent to which citizens hold attitudes that connect immigrants to particular social problems and whether these attitudes spill over to influence citizens’ preferences toward specific public policy alternatives that might appear to be largely independent of immigrants and immigration. Investigating the nexus between immigration and crime, we ask how Anglo whites’ contextual environments influence their propensity to link immigrants to a salient social pathology like crime. Results show that whites living in states where immigrant populations have increased most dramatically and in states with lower socioeconomic characteristics are more likely to associate immigration with increased criminal activity. Whites’ attitudes toward immigration-induced crime has important spillover implications to the larger public policy making process as whites who view immigrants as a cause of criminal activity are more likely to support tougher criminal sentencing and the death penalty.
EVIDENCE FOR D-ORBITAL DIRECTED X-RAY PHOTOEMISSION

Transition-matrix-element effects are shown to predict the angular variations in the valence-band x-ray-photoemission-spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of copper and gold, while a recently proposed direct-transition model does not. The angular dependence of XPS spectra is directly related to the symmetry properties of the initial-state wave functions. In particular, the ${t}_{2\mathrm{g}}$ and ${e}_{\mathrm{g}}$ projections of metal $d$ bands can be obtained directly from angle-resolved photoemission.
Manipulating photochemical reactivity of coumarins within cucurbituril nanocavities.

Coumarin derivatives that are either cationic (7-ammonium) or neutral (7-hydroxy, 7-methoxy, 6-methyl) form a 1:2 host−guest complex with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). Direct irradiation of these coumarin@CB[8] complexes in water gives head-to-tail (HT) adduct as the major product. The nature of the functional group (polar or nonpolar) at the 6 or 7 position on the coumarin dictates the type of HT adduct (syn- or anti-). It is postulated that the available free volume and the hydrophobic confined environment are responsible for the observed selectivity.
7-Ketocholesterol forms crystalline domains in model membranes and murine aortic smooth muscle cells.

Abstract 7-Ketocholesterol (7-keto) is one of the major oxygenated products found in oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and in atherosclerotic plaque, where it is believed to play a role in arterial pathology. We hypothesize that direct membrane effects independent of receptor binding may mediate its biological activity. To test this, small-angle x-ray diffraction approaches were used to examine the interactions of 7-keto with other membrane components in well-defined lipid vesicles and in murine aortic smooth muscle cell membranes. These data were compared with the interactions of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) and cholesterol. Replacement of cholesterol with 7-keto in lipid vesicles produced distinct changes in membrane structure, including a marked increase in molecular volume associated with the hydrocarbon core (±0–8 A from the bilayer center). Additionally, there was an increase in electron density associated with the upper acyl chain region (±9–21 A), corresponding to the bilayer location of the steroid nucleus of 7-keto. In contrast, 25-OHC did not appear to intercalate into the membrane hydrocarbon core and did not form separate domains. Cells grown in the presence of the 7-keto developed extracellular crystals concomitant with the formation of membrane domains having a unit cell periodicity of 35.4 or 1.4 A greater than measured with cholesterol. Domains were formed within 4 h and persisted up to 72 h, after which cells showed signs of declining viability. We conclude that 7-keto is found in a membrane location distinct from cholesterol, does not condense phospholipids as efficiently as cholesterol and is able to self-associate into discrete intrabilayer domains. While these domains may decrease its cytotoxicity by inducing the formation of sterol crystals in smooth muscle cells, they may, in a broader capacity, contribute to the sterol crystals found in advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
The functional significance of the avian pecten: a review.

The pecten oculi of the avian eye is an intriguing structure which, despite intensive study, has defied conclusive functional analysis for over 300 years. The reviews of O'Rahilly and Meyer (1961) and Wingstrand and Munk (1965) summarized research done on the pecten up to 1965. Both of these reviews confirmed the observation of Walls (1942) that although anatomical studies and purely speculative accounts of the function of the pecten abound in the literature, the number of experimental investigations has been small. In his classic study of the vertebrate eye, Walls (1942) marshalled considerable anatomical and circumstantial evidence for the
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer in dye-labeled DNA

Abstract We present the results of molecular modeling of dye-labeled, double-stranded DNA. The structural information obtained from the simulations are used as input to an analysis of energy transfer in this system. The simulations reveal the nature of the interaction between a pair of fluorophores and DNA. The donor, tetramethylrhodamine, TMR, attached to the 5′-end of DNA with a six-carbon tether, interacts primarily with DNA's minor groove, but occasionally stacks against the DNA base pairs. The acceptor, Cy5, attached to the opposite strand at positions n (n = 7, 12, 14, 16, 19, 24, 27), binds in the major groove in two distinct locations on the upper and lower part of the groove. We analyzed in detail the dye-to-dye distances, dipole orientation factors and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) rates. Tests of the validity of the Forster model were conducted using the transition density cube (TDC) method, which provides the exact Coulombic interaction within a certain model chemistry. Our studies show that the use of long tethers does not guarantee rotational freedom of the dyes, as intended in the experiments. Instead, the tethers allow Cy5 to bind in two different geometries, which causes a large uncertainty in the dye-to-dye distances. Our results also show significant fluctuation in the orientation factor, κ2, which, together with uncertainty in dye-to-dye distances, cause considerable uncertainty in interpreting FRET measurements. We suggest that molecular modeling, combined with the TDC method, provides a useful tool in designing and interpreting FRET experiments.
Polymer Seed Coating Effects Winter Canola Seedling Establishment in Different Soil Types

ABSTRACT Increased stand establishment from polymer-coated seed has been reported in some crops, including spring type canola (Brassica napus L.), however, effects of polymers on winter canola have not been evaluated. The objectives of this research were to evaluate effects of three polymers [CelGard (CP), Spectrum 511 (SP), and DiscoClear (DC)], each at three concentrations (0.33%, 0.66%, and 0.99%), alone, with fungicide Helix, and Apron applied to seeds of two winter canola cultivars ‘Jetton’ and ‘Abilene’, which were planted at 1.9 cm and 3.8 cm depth in three soil types (sandy, silt, and clay loam). Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete-block design in each soil. Polymer CelGard application on cv. ‘Abilene’ and DiscoClear on cv. ‘Jetton’ gave highest seedling establishment in all three soil types. Seeds of both the cultivars, when centricoated with Helix, along with polymer coating, gave higher seedling establishment (88.0% in cv. ‘Abilene’ and 85.0% in cv. ‘Jetton’) as compared to oth...
Structural studies of impurities of risperidone by hyphenated techniques

During the impurity profile of risperidone (RSP), a more polar impurity (RSP-1) and a more non-polar impurity (RSP-2) were detected in LC-MS with respect to risperidone. These impurities were isolated, enriched and were subjected to mass and NMR spectral studies. Based on the spectral data, RSP-1 and RSP-2 were characterized as risperidone N-oxide and 9-methylene risperidone, respectively. The formation of these impurities is rationalized. The structures of both the impurities were unambiguously confirmed by single crystal XRD Studies.
Sitcoms and suburbs: Positioning the 1950s homemaker

(1989). Sitcoms and suburbs: Positioning the 1950s homemaker. Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 11, Female Representation and Consumer Culture, pp. 61-83.
Runaway Romances: Hollywood's postwar tour of Europe

Runaway Romances: Hollywood's postwar tour of Europe ROBERT R. SHANDLEY Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2009 xxv+197 pp., illus., notes, filmography, bibliography, and index, $61.50 (cloth) ...
Dynamic interplay between uranyl phosphate precipitation, sorption, and phase evolution

Abstract Natural examples demonstrate uranyl-phosphate minerals can maintain extremely low levels of aqueous uranium in groundwaters due to their low solubility. Therefore, greater understanding of the geochemical factors leading to uranyl phosphate precipitation may lead to successful application of phosphate-based remediation methods. However, the solubility of uranyl phosphate phases varies over >3 orders of magnitude, with the most soluble phases typically observed in lab experiments. To understand the role of common soil/sediment mineral surfaces in the nucleation and transformation of uranyl phosphate minerals under environmentally relevant conditions, batch experiments were carried out with goethite and mica at pH 6 in mixed electrolyte solutions ranging from 1–800 μM U and 1–800 μM P. All experiments ended with uranium concentrations below the USEPA MCL for U, but with 2–3 orders of magnitude difference in uranium concentrations. Despite the presence of many cations that are well known to incorporate into less soluble autunite-group minerals, chernikovite rapidly precipitated in all experiments containing U and P, except for solutions with 1 μM U and 1 μM P that were calculated to be undersaturated. Textures of uranyl phosphates observed by AFM and TEM indicate that nucleation was homogenous and independent of the initial mineral content. Comparison of time-course U and P concentrations from the experiments with thermodynamic modeling of solution equilibria demonstrated that aqueous uranium concentrations in the experimental systems evolved as increasingly sparingly soluble uranyl phosphate phases nucleated over time, with sorption accelerating the transition between phases by influencing solution chemistry. Aqueous uranium concentrations consistent with partially dehydrated (meta-) autunite were achieved only in experiments containing goethite and/or mica. These dynamic nucleation-growth-sorption-nucleation-growth-sorption cycles occur over the time scales of weeks, not hours or days at room temperature. Lab experiments and field-based investigations of uranium phosphate should consider these or longer time scales for the greatest long-term relevance.
Strength measurement of boron suboxide B6O at high pressure and temperature using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

The strength of boron suboxide (B6O) was measured at high pressure and temperature up to 8 GPa and 800°C using diffraction peak broadening analysis. The sample was synthesized at 6 GPa and 1750°C. In situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction was conducted at the X17B2 beamline of the National Synchrotron Light Source. The differential stress in the powdered sample was derived through deconvolution of peak broadening of diffraction lines (0 2 1) and (1 1 3) during the compression and heating. The sample shows anisotropic yielding along the two orientations. The (0 2 1) orientation does not show yielding within the investigated pressure range (8 GPa) whereas the (1 1 3) orientation yields at 5 GPa. Upon heating, significant weakening (yielding) was observed at temperatures above 400°C. The yield temperature of boron suboxide is much lower than that of diamond, 1200°C, but similar to that observed in moissanite (SiC).
Internal PDZ ligands: novel endocytic recycling motifs for G protein-coupled receptors

Internalization, recycling and lysosomal sorting are key processes that regulate the temporal and spatial signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Interactions between GPCR intracytosolic sorting signals and adaptor proteins facilitate trafficking through the endocytic pathway. To date only a few sorting signals and molecules that regulate GPCR trafficking have been identified. A study reported in the May 2005 issue of Molecular Pharmacology has now identified an internal PDZ ligand motif that seems to regulate efficient recycling of the ET(A) endothelin receptor. This finding now expands the diversity of GPCR sorting motifs to include internal and C-terminal PDZ ligands, tyrosine-based motifs, and lysine residues capable of being ubiquitinated.
Chick edema factor: Removal from soybean oil

Procedures to remove 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a potent chick edema factor, have been evaluated in laboratory simulations of commercial deodorization, hydrogenation, and bleching. Soybean oil samples with 1–5 ppm concentrations of added 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin-14C were assayed by liquid scintillation counting before and after processing treatments. Standard conditions of deodorizing were ineffective for removal of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; extreme conditions (300 C, 10 hr) reduced the concentration appreciably. Although hydrogenating the oil before deodorization improved 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin removal under standard conditions, the level of residue was still greater than acceptable. Treating the oil with activated bleaching clay according to the American Oil Chemists’ Society standard method was totally ineffective for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin removal. Substituting either of two different activated carbons in the same procedure removed this contaminant from soybean oil.
Stable nonviral genetic correction of inherited human skin disease

Current gene-transfer technologies display limitations in achieving effective gene delivery. Among these limitations are difficulties in stably integrating large corrective sequences into the genomes of long-lived progenitor-cell populations. Current larger-capacity viral vectors suffer from biosafety concerns, whereas plasmid-based approaches have poor efficiency of stable gene transfer1,2. These barriers hinder genetic correction of many severe inherited human diseases, such as the blistering skin disorder recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB)3, caused by mutations in the large COL7A1 gene. To circumvent these barriers, we used the φC31 bacteriophage integrase4,5,6, which stably integrates large DNA sequences containing a specific 285-base-pair attB sequence into genomic 'pseudo-attP sites'. φC31 integrase–based gene transfer stably integrated the COL7A1 cDNA into genomes of primary epidermal progenitor cells from four unrelated RDEB patients. Skin regenerated using these cells displayed stable correction of hallmark RDEB disease features, including Type VII collagen protein expression, anchoring fibril formation and dermal-epidermal cohesion. These findings establish a practical approach to nonviral genetic correction of severe human genetic disorders requiring stable genomic integration of large DNA sequences.