cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achondroplasia Clinical Radiologic Features with Comment on Genetic Implications

"I have been associated with the Little People of America, a national organization of dwarfs, for five years, and have been running a registry for bone dysplasias at the University of Minnesota for two years. On the basis of this experience, I know that many individuals with other conditions are given the diagnosis of achondroplasia and that the implications of this diagnosis are often not recognized, or at least not trans mitted to the patient. 1 believe it is safe to say that a number of teachers of pediatrics consider achondroplasia as a broad category rather than a specific condition. I think this is wrong for the reasons stated in the pa per. Also, it seems to me, if this idea is abandoned more of an effort may be made to find out about conditions which are now considered 'atypical achondroplasia.'" —From the submission letter by the author.
Involvement of the Thyroid Gland in the Response of Young Chickens to Heat Stress

The involvement of the thyroid gland in the response of young chickens to heat stress was studied. Mean survival times when exposed to 50 C were significantly shorter for 3-week-old broiler male chickens injected with 40 micrograms L-thyroxine (T4)/100 g body weight compared to chickens injected with 30, 20, or 0 microgram of T4/100 g body weight. A significant reduction in heat stress survival time was obtained when T4 was injected 12, 18, or 24 hr before heat stress but not 6 hr before. Triiodothyronine (T3) reduced heat stress survival time when administered 12 to 24 hr before the stress but not when given 6 hr before. Chickens made hypothyroid by radiothyroidectomy had significantly longer heat stress survival times than controls. Likewise, chickens fed a diet containing .2% thiouracil 10 days before heat stress at 28 days had significantly longer survival times than control birds.
Protein digestion in larvae of the red oak borer Enaphalodes rufulus

In the Ozark Mountains of the U.S.A., the red oak borer Enaphalodes rufulus contributes to the destruction of red oaks. To understand nutrient digestion in E. rufulus larvae, digestive proteinases are compared in both larvae fed heart- wood phloem and those transferred to artificial diet. The pH of gut extracts is approximately 6.3 in the midgut and foregut and decreases to 5.5 in the hindgut region. The hydrolysis of casein by midgut extracts from E. rufulus larvae fed either artificial diet or phloem from tree sections increases in buffers greater than pH 6.19, with maximum hydrolysis being observed at pH 10.1. Casein zymogram analysis reveals two major proteinase activities in larval midgut extracts of diet-fed larvae, with molecular masses of approximately 25 and 40 - 60 kDa, whereas phloem-fed larvae have proteinase activities corresponding to 40, 45, 60, 80 and >100 kDa. Substrate analysis indicates at least one major trypsin-like activity in both gut extracts with a molecular mass of >100 kDa, but two chymotrypsin-like activities of approximately 25 and >200 kDa are found only in diet-fed larvae. Inhibitors of serine proteinases are most effective in reducing the general proteolytic activity of midgut extracts from larvae fed either food source. The data indicate that serine pro- teinase inhibitors have the potential to reduce E. rufulus larval damage to oaks. In particular, transgenic technologies incoporating trypsin inhibitors may be effective in reducing protein digestion in phloem-feeding larvae.
Facilitated transport of CO2 in ion exchange membranes

The facilitated transport of CO2 through ion exchange membranes containing organic amine counterions was studied. Steady state CO2 fluxes were measured from pure gas streams and mixtures with CH4. Facilitation factors for CO2 up to 26.7 were calculated from transport data. Transport measurements were binary mixtures of CO2 and CH4 yielded ratios of CO2 flux to CH4 flux ranging from 29.0 to 264. Conversion of flux ratios to permeabilities yielded separation factors up to 551 for CO2 over CH4, which are compared to literature data for polymeric membranes. The transport data support a mobile, reactive-carrier facilitated transport mechanism with a carbamate zwitterion complex. Effective diffusivities for CO2 and the carrier-gas complex were determined from transport data. A reaction equilibrium model predicted facilitation factors that were in very good agreement with experimental values. Potential applications are also discussed.
Built-in test maturation concepts using test program set and relational database technologies

Continual improvement of avionic built-in test (BIT) is critical to mission readiness and capability. This paper discusses how test program set (TPS) and relational database (RDB) technologies can be used for this purpose. Important aspects for continually improving avionic BIT and TPS operation are discussed.
Influence of acidosis and lactate on protein degradation in adult and fetal hearts.

The influence of lactic acidosis, lactate alone, and acidosis alone on proteolysis and amino acid release of adult and fetal hearts was investigated in adult rat hearts and fetal mouse hearts. Phenylalanine release in the presence of cycloheximide was used as an index of protein degradation. Proteolysis in fetal hearts was not altered by lactate or acidosis, either singly or combined. In contrast, adult hearts were highly sensitive to lactic acidosis; lactate (15 mm) at pH 6.8 caused a 67% decrease in phenylalanine release, from 0.15 ± 0.004 to 0.05 ± 0.005 nmol (mg heart wt)−1 h−1. Lactate (15 mm) at neutral pH did not alter the rate of protein degradation of perfused rat hearts, whereas CO2-induced acidosis (pH 6.8) reduced phenylalanine release by 27% (P < 0.01). Alanine release, relative to that of phenylalanine, was stimulated by lactate and lactic acidosis in both adult and fetal hearts, presumably as a result of increased alanine synthesis from pyruvate. Release of the branched-chain amino acids was reduced by lactate in adult hearts but was increased in fetal hearts. Taurine release was increased 133% from hearts perfused in the presence of lactic acidosis but was not increased in fetal hearts.
An Evaluation of Methods and Available Software for Seismic Refraction Tomography Analysis

Seismic refraction tomography is an alternative to conventional seismic refraction analysis methods. While the limitations and potential pitfalls of conventional refraction methods are well-known the same is not true for refraction tomography. As refraction tomography becomes more widely used, the need to know and understand its capabilities as well as its limitations becomes more critical. In this study we created eight representative models for use in evaluating three commercially available codes as well as refraction tomography in general. These models range from simple two-layer or dipping-layer problems to more complicated models designed to represent features of karst terrains. We demonstrate quantitatively and qualitatively that all three codes perform at a similar level, although each has strengths and weaknesses. Refraction tomography performs well in many situations where conventional methods fail, e.g., where lateral or vertical gradients compose a significant component of the velocity structure.
Smoke Before Food: A Tale of Baltimore City

THE GROCERY STORE IN THE image represents a typical store in Baltimore’s inner city. This store is located in the “Middle East” neighborhood of East Baltimore, within 5 blocks of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Census data from 2000 show that, in this neighborhood, 94.4% of residents are African American, 64.4% of family households are female-run households with no husband present, the unemployment rate is 23.5%, the median household income is $15 493, and only 53.6% of adults have completed high school. As part of our study addressing the association between the availability and price of food and diabetes and obesity, we spent 5 months identifying the type and location of food stores, interviewing store managers, and collecting data on the availability and price of foods in 240 stores located in the Baltimore-area neighborhoods where the 963 participants in our study resided.1 Out of the 187 food stores located within the city, 17 were classified as supermarkets, 136 as grocery stores, and 34 as convenience stores. A total of 25 participants in the study live within 1 mile of the grocery store in the image. We asked the grocery store managers what items they sold the most of. Cigarettes were consistently at the top of the list. The image shows a store where cigarettes are advertised, but no sign exists that shows that this is an actual grocery store. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published jointly every 5 years by the US Department of Health and Human Services and the US Department of Agriculture, recommend increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free dairy products.2 No fresh fruits or vegetables, whole wheat bread, or skim milk are sold in the city’s grocery stores. Only “convenience food” items, such as whole milk, sodas, chips, and canned foods are typically available. The store in the image is not the exception but the rule in Baltimore inner city neighborhoods. We found that the price of whole milk, cereal, and white bread in this store was 20% higher than in the closest supermarket 0.9 miles away. Several studies support the hypothesis that economic and racial disparities in obesity and diabetes may be, at least partially, explained by the food environment.3,4 Public health research and interventions on obesity and diabetes should include the local food environment (measured by the availability and prices of recommended foods) as determinants of poor diets and, most importantly, as barriers to the prevention and treatment of these common conditions. Interventions and policies aimed at improving the food environment by making recommended foods available and affordable are crucial to stopping the current trends in obesity and diabetes.
Event Processing Track Summary for CHEP 2012

A general perspective of the CHEP 2012 Event Processing track is given, and some predictions for the future are offered.
Sonographically Guided Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy for the Treatment of Chronic Tendinosis

Objective. Initial reports have shown percutaneous sonographically guided needle tenotomy without corticosteroid injection to be effective for the treatment of tennis elbow. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of this procedure with various tendons throughout the body. Methods. Fourteen tendons in 13 patients were identified as having a greater than 6-month history of clinical presentation consistent with tendinopathy that had failed treatment with physical therapy. All patients were treated with sonographically guided percutaneous tenotomy using a 22-gauge needle and a local anesthetic. A visual analog scale (VAS) pain score measurement was obtained before the procedure and at 4- and 12-week follow-up appointments. All complications were recorded. Results. The 14 tendons in this study included patellar (5), Achilles (4), proximal gluteus medius (1), proximal iliotibial tract (1), proximal hamstring (1), common extensor elbow (1), and proximal rectus femoris (1). The composite VAS score was significantly lower at both 4 weeks (mean ± SEM, 2.4 ± 0.7) and 12 weeks (2.2 ± 0.7) compared with the baseline (5.8 ± 0.6; P < .001). No complications or morbidity occurred. Conclusions. Sonographically guided percutaneous tenotomy of tendinosis was effective in improving patient symptoms without complications. Further investigation with additional patients and comparisons to alternative treatments is needed to validate these preliminary results. Key words: sonographic guidance; tendinopathy; tendinosis; tenotomy; treatment.
Building a Fault Tolerant MPI Application: A Ring Communication Example

Process failure is projected to become a normal event for many long running and scalable High Performance Computing (HPC) applications. As such many application developers are investigating Algorithm Based Fault Tolerance (ABFT) techniques to improve the efficiency of application recovery beyond what existing checkpoint/restart techniques alone can provide. Unfortunately for these application developers the libraries that their applications depend upon, like Message Passing Interface (MPI), do not have standardized fault tolerance semantics. This paper introduces the reader to a set of run-through stabilization semantics being developed by the MPI Forum's Fault Tolerance Working Group to support ABFT. Using a well-known ring communication program as the running example, this paper illustrates to application developers new to ABFT some of the issues that arise when designing a fault tolerant application. The ring program allows the paper to focus on the communication-level issues rather than the data preservation mechanisms covered by existing literature. This paper highlights a common set of issues that application developers must address in their design including program control management, duplicate message detection, termination detection, and testing. The discussion provides application developers new to ABFT with an introduction to both new interfaces becoming available, and a range of design issues that they will likely need to address regardless of their research domain.
Mechanical properties of magnetically oriented epoxy

The microstructure of an epoxy system oriented in high magnetic fields (15-25 T) has been observed to consist of highly oriented domains at the molecular level along the direction of the applied field. The changes in the microstructure have been characterized as a function of the magnetic-field strength and have been investigated microscopically and with wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the epoxy have been examined in light of nanoindentation experiments at different load levels. The basic results of the experimental investigations for the effect of high magnetic fields on the structure and property of the epoxy are presented. Nanoinden- tation testing has revealed large differences in the nanomechanical behavior for ther- momagnetically processed epoxy specimens. The differences can be ascribed to the microstructural changes (reorientation) of the polymer at the molecular level. © 2004
Dual-surface integral equations in electromagnetic scattering

A brief review is given of the derivation and application of dual-surface integral equations, which eliminate the spurious resonances from the solution to the original electric-field and magnetic-field integral equations applied to perfectly electrically conducting scatterers. Emphasis is placed on numerical solutions of the dual-surface electric-field integral equation for three-dimensional perfectly electrically conducting scatterers.
Dynamic Notch Pinning Fields for Domain Walls in Ferromagnetic Nanowires

Artificial defects such as notches and antinotches are often attached to magnetic nanowires to serve as trapping (pinning) sites for domain walls. The magnetic field necessary to release (depin) the trapped domain wall from the notch depends on the type, geometric shape, and dimensions of the defect but is typically quite large. Conversely we show here that for some notches and antinotches there exists a much smaller driving field for which a moving domain wall will travel past the defect without becoming trapped. This dynamic pinning field also depends on the type, geometric shape and defect dimensions. Micromagnetic simulation is used to investigate both the static and dynamic pinning fields and their relation to the topologic structure of the domain wall.
Fast Densification of Ultra‐High‐Temperature Ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering

This work investigated suitability and efficacy of the sintering technique known as spark plasma sintering to produce ultra-high-temperature-based Hf and Zr borides. Ceramic–matrix composites in the systems HfB2–SiC, ZrB2–MoSi2, and ZrB2–ZrC–SiC were processed by spark plasma sintering and hot pressing. The effects of processing were evaluated comparing the materials microstructure and properties. Compared with hot-pressing technique, spark plasma sintering offers the great advantage to fabricate successfully in short time (i.e., cuts in costs) poorly sinterable powder compositions without the help of any sintering activators.
Integrated Analyses of Proteins and Their Glycans in a Magnetic Bead–Based Multiplex Assay Format

BACKGROUND: Well-annotated clinical samples are valuable resources for biomarker discovery and validation. Multiplex and integrated methods that simultaneously measure multiple analytes and generate integrated information about these analytes from a single measurement are desirable because these methods help conserve precious samples. We developed a magnetic bead–based system for multiplex and integrated glycoprotein quantification by immunoassays and glycan detection by lectin immunosorbent assays (LISAs). METHODS: Magnetic beads coupled with antibodies were used for capturing proteins of interest. Biotinylated antibodies in combination with streptavidin-labeled phycoerythrin were used for protein quantification. In the LISAs, biotinylated detection antibodies were replaced by biotinylated lectins for glycan detection. RESULTS: Using tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase 1 (TIMP-1), tissue plasminogen activator, membrane metallo-endopeptidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) as models, we found that the multiplex integrated system was comparable to single immunoassays in protein quantification and LISAs in glycan detection. The merits of this system were demonstrated when applied to well-annotated prostate cancer tissues for validation of biomarkers in aggressive prostate cancer. Because of the system9s multiplex ability, we used only 300 ng of tissue protein for the integrated detection of glycans in these proteins. Fucosylated TIMP-1 and DPP-4 offered improved performance over the proteins in distinguishing aggressive and nonaggressive prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The multiplex and integrated system conserves samples and is a useful tool for validation of glycoproteins and their glycoforms as biomarkers.
Review of High-Energy Plasma Wakefield Experiments

Abstract Plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) experiments have made considerable progress in the past decade by using high-energy particle beams to drive large amplitude waves or wakes in a plasma. Electron beam driven experiments have measured the integrated and dynamic aspects of plasma focusing, the bright flux of high-energy betatron radiation photons, particle beam refraction at the plasma/neutral gas interface, and the structure and amplitude of the accelerating wakefield. Gradients spanning kT/m to MT/m for focusing and 100 MeV/m to 50 GeV/m for acceleration have been excited in plasmas with densities of 1014 to 10 17 cm − 3 , respectively. The large accelerating gradient led to the energy doubling of 42 GeV electrons in only 85 cm of plasma. Positron beam driven experiments have evidenced the comparatively more complex dynamic and integrated plasma focusing, the subsequent halo formation and emittance growth in the positron beam and demonstrated accelerating gradients of nearly 100 MeV/m. This article summarizes this experimental progress, illustrates the key enabling technologies that made the work possible, concludes with a brief discussion of proposed future directions, and suggests that the PWFA could one day revolutionize e − / e + linear colliders. To cite this article: P. Muggli, M.J. Hogan, C. R. Physique 10 (2009).
The human chondrocranium at the end of the embryonic period, proper, with particular reference to the nervous system

The chondrocranium at stage 23 (27-32 mm C.-R., 8 postovulatory weeks) was studied in detail to fill the descriptive gap between 7 and 9 weeks. Serial sections of ten embryos, all belonging to the same developmental stage, were investigated and compared. Graphic and Perspektomat reconstructions were made from three embryos. The chondrocranium forms a continuous mass of well-formed cartilage, which blends with early cartilage in the nasal, orbital, and otic regions, around the future foramen rotundum, and at the site of the parietal lamina. The chondrocranium and "membrane" bones cover a relatively small portion of the brain, namely 1) the medulla and pons, 2) the caudal half of the lateral portion of the cerebellar primordium, and 3) the rostroventral part of the cerebral hemispheres. The relationships of the cranial nerves were are also investigated. The degree of cranial development is intermediate between that at stage 20 (21 mm) studied by Lewis (the only other skull so far studied adequately in a staged embryo) and that of fetuses of 40 and 43 mm investigated by Macklin. On the whole, the resemblances to the fetal skulls are greater: ossification is beginning in the tectum posterius (to form the supraoccipital), and most of the "membrane" bones (except the parietal, tympanic, lacrimal, and nasal) show osseous areas. The foramen rotundum is present. The lower angle between the chordal and prechordal parts of the basal stem ranges from 129 degrees (which resembles that at stage 20, namely 122 degrees) to 115 degrees (which is the same as that at 40-43 mm). An orbito-parietal commissure is not yet present. The lower border of the larynx is at the level of the lower border of the fourth cervical vertebra. In the larynx, the thyroid laminae have usually not fused, the hyoid cartilage possesses greater and lesser cornua, the cricoid cartilage displays its signet-ring form, and the arytenoids are identifiable as condensed mesenchyme with some early cartilage. The cartilage of the first pharyngeal arches is covered in its ventral three-fourths by an osseous mandibular plate. Morphological variations within stage 23 are minor and appeared not to be related closely to each other, so that it was not possible to arrange the embryos in a linear developmental series based on their level of cranial morphogenesis.
Turek's Orthopaedics: Principles and Their Application. 6th ed.

Stuart L. Weinstein and Joseph A. Buckwalter, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005. 761 pages. $139.00. “He was a collector of information not notoriety,” was how Leonard Goldner described Samuel L. Turek, the original author of this text. The first edition, written entirely by Dr. Turek and published in 1959, was prefaced, “This book was born of a desire to compile scientifically accurate information relating to orthopaedic surgery and to formulate a method by which these facts are readily accessible.” The book achieved those goals and Dr. Turek edited three subsequent editions, with the last being published in 1984. The first edition had 906 pages in a single volume, while the fourth edition contained 1797 pages in two volumes. Stuart Weinstein and Joseph Buckwalter became coeditors in 1994, in time for the fifth edition. They returned to Dr. Turek's original size and purpose for that edition and have continued the tradition in the sixth edition. There are thirty-five contributing …
SUGAR-TASTING ABILITY AND FRUIT SELECTION IN TROPICAL FRUIT-EATING BIRDS

The sugar-tasting abilities of four species of tanagers and two species of man- akins were tested. Three tanager species were able to detect differences in diets containing 8%, 10%, and 12% sugar. In pairwise choice trials, they preferred the diet highest in sugar. Neither species of manakin discriminated among the three diets. This apparent difference in tasting abilities of tanagers and manakins may be a result of their fruit-handling tech- niques. Tanagers crush fruits in their bills, thereby releasing juices onto their tongues. Man- akins swallow fruits whole; their tongues rarely encounter fruit juice. Hence, manakins' fruit- handling technique is poorly suited for sensing the taste cues in fruit juices. Variation in fruit sugar concentration is common within and among plant species and is great enough to be detected by birds. Birds probably have selected for sweeter fruits. Received 17 April 1986, accepted 22 September 1986.
The Molecular Genetic Basis of Flowering Time Variation in Brassica Species

One of the most striking features of the Brassica genus is the wide range of morphological diversity within cultivated species. Different morphs have been selected for a variety of uses, including as vegetables, oilseeds, forages, and condiments. This variation is most apparent within B. rapa (syn. campestris; n = 10) and B. oleracea (n = 9), where broad, parallel diversity exists for many vegetable forms (Fig. 1). Brassica napus (n = 19), the amphidiploid species derived from hybridization of B. rapa and B. oleracea (U 1935) also includes diverse crop forms, such as winter and spring oilseed rape, rutabagas, and fodder rape. Many different components of plant growth and development contribute to this morphological variation, and each of these components may be under complex genetic control. Thus, it has been difficult to obtain a comprehensive picture of the genetic control of morphological diversity in Brassica crops. However, a major component of this diversity is variation in flowering time, and for this trait considerable progress in our understanding has been made.
Beyond Green: Growing Algae Facade

As the popularity of glass facades in buildings continue to rise, the environmental impact of using glass facade systems is of increasing concern. Due to their high energy consumption through heat loss and unwanted heat gain, there needs to be a growing effort to promote an environmentally sustainable facade system. As a sustainable facade alternative, an innovative algae facade system was explored in this paper. The primary goal of this research is to demonstrate the design and development of the algae facade system and describe its preliminary structural and thermal performance using a FEA (finite element analysis) software and experimentation. The system details were explored throughout the prototyping of an algae facade panel. The research findings have demonstrated the viable application and improved performance characteristics of the algae facade system compared to a conventional glass facade system. The paper highlights areas of ongoing research activities and challenges associated with the algae facade system.
10 – SECOND-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

A system having n extensive variables and hence f = n –1 degrees of freedom has a total of f + 1= n first order and a total of 1/2( f + 1)( f + 2) = n ( n + 1)/2 distinct second-order partial derivatives of the internal energy. Because the order in which the differentiation is carried out does not affect the value of a “mixed” partial derivative, such derivatives are equal and are not counted separately in the stated total number. The equivalence of the mixed partial derivatives gives rise to a set of important relations known as the Maxwell relations. These important relations often allow the substitution of a derivative which is measured with relative ease in one experiment, for a derivative which is difficult to determine in another. Second-order partial derivatives may be derived from thermodynamic potentials other than the internal energy. This chapter distinguishes several sets of such derivatives.
Consulting Team: Chris Cummings

This set of three cases represents a mediation involving three professionals at a consulting firm: two disputants (a new MBA consultant and the manager of a group of programmers) both working on a client team, and an "interested" mediator with his own pressures and agenda, who would prefer to focus on business issues and resolve the dispute quickly. The dimensions of the dispute are both professional (whether changes should be made to a computer system being installed by the team) and personal (issues of respect and authority). The cases are designed to be used as part of a unit on mediation. We use the cases in a series of cases that permits each student to serve in disputant and mediator roles. Class discussion (see Teaching Note) focuses on skills, the process of mediation, resolutions reached, and the role of the "interested mediator," a role in which MBA graduates frequently find themselves.
Comparing strain events: A case study for the Homestead Valley earthquakes

We present a procedure for comparing strain events at different sites, and apply it to observations for the Homestead Valley earthquake sequence of 15 March 1979. Coseismic strain steps occurred on two laser strainmeters at Pinon Flat Observatory (PFO) and on a creepmeter spanning the San Andreas fault at Wiebe Ranch (XWR); the creepmeter records were studied by Leary and Malin (1984). The PFO coseismic strains are consistent with a source model derived from near-field geodetic measurements, while the XWR coseismic extension is 1200 times too large and of the wrong sign. The XWR instrument showed an anomalous extension about 20 hours before the earthquake (Leary and Malin, 1984), but no such signals were detected on the PFO strainmeters at this time. To compare these preseismic observations we must make some assumption about the preseismic source, and we choose to assume that any precursory slip occurred on the fault plane that eventually ruptured. Under this assumption, the preseismic XWR and PFO records cannot be reconciled unless the preseismic dislocation is left-lateral or mostly thrust, and the fault zone at XWR magnifies strain by a factor of 2900 or more. This strain magnification implies that the fault-zone shear modulus at XWR is 107 Pa, three orders of magnitude smaller than the shear modulus of typical crustal rocks. However, earth-tide observations at XWR constrain the strain magnification at this site to be less than about 55. Thus the preseismic extension at XWR is probably not a precursor to the Homestead Valley earthquake.
Surgical treatment of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with other cardiac pathology.

Twenty-nine patients underwent surgery for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) solely or in combination with other cardiac pathology. Fifteen men and 14 women, 26 to 75 years of age (mean 56 years), had peak subvalvular gradients, with or without provocation, ranging up to 220 mm Hg (mean 93 mm Hg). The diagnosis of IHSS was confirmed preoperatively by echocardiography in the 23 patients on whom it was performed. Twentyseven patients underwent left ventricular septal myectomy (LVSM), one had a left ventricular myotomy, and another received mitral valve replacement (MVR) alone for palliation of IHSS. In addition, coronary artery bypass (CAB) was performed in 18 of these IHSS patients: 8 had single grafts, 5 had two, 4 had three, and one patient had five grafts. Other operations included MVR in 3 patients, aortic valve replacement, excision of a subaortic membrane, and tricuspid annuloplasty in one patient each. One operative death (3%) occurred 34 days postoperatively. There have been 2 late deaths: one at 22 months from bacterial endocarditis on a prosthetic mitral valve, and another suddenly at 29 months after septal myectomy. After a follow-up ranging from 2 to 93 months (mean 25 months), 22 of 26 patients are asymptomatic. Three asymptomatic patients have been recatheterized 12, 14, and 21 months, respectively, after operation. Marked amelioration of subaortic gradients was noted, and patent grafts were found. Left ventricular septal myectomy (LVSM) can be combined with other cardiac operations to provide effective palliation.
The Ecology of Jamaican Bats

-Observations on habitat preference, roosting behavior, relative abundance, and distribution are reported for 14 species of Jamaican bats. In addition, data on the condition of the reproductive organs and on sex ratios during December and January are presented. Included in the list of species are the two rare and poorly known bats, Phyllonycteris aphylla and Natalus major jamaicensis. Jamaica possesses a relatively rich insular bat fauna including a few interesting endemics, which are poorly known. Allen (1911) listed 19 species from the island. Since then, five others have been reported. In addition, two species, Tonatia saurophila and Brachyphylla pumila, have been described from cave deposits (Koopman and Williams, 1951). These probably represent extinct taxa inasmuch as living representatives of these genera have not been found in Jamaica. The literature of this fauna is generally meager and virtually nothing has appeared dealing with the ecology of Jamaican bats; thus, it seems desirable to present data on 14 species observed and collected by the author with the assistance of a group of students from Colgate University. A total of 12 weeks was spent in the field during December and January of 1965, 1966, and 1967. During these periods 21 caves were investigated of which 13 were found to be inhabited by bats. In addition, some effort was made to locate bats in habitats other than caves. Financial support for the study was obtained from Colgate University and in 1966 by grant GY-231 of the National Science Foundation. In the following treatment of species, only those collected during the course of this study are listed. All measurements are in millimeters. Locations of the caves mentioned in the paper are given below. Sewell Cave, St. James Parish, in the southeast corner of the city of Montego Bay. Windsor Great Cave, Trelawney Parish, 4 mi. SW Sherwood Content. Oxford Cave, Manchester Parish, near Auchtembeddie. Claremont Cave, St. Ann Parish, 1 mi. N Claremont. Moseley Hall Cave, St. Ann Parish, near Moseley Hall (Blackstonedge Post Office). Mount Plenty Cave, St. Ann Parish, 1 mi. N Goshen. Sans Souci Grotto, St. Mary Parish, 4 mi. E Ocho Rios. Unnamed sea cave in St. Mary Parish, 4 mi. E Oracabessa. St. Clair Cave, St. Catherine Parish, 3 mi. S Ewarton. Worthy Park no. 1 Cave, St. Catherine Parish, 2 mi. E Worthy Park. Portland (Ridge) Cave, Clarendon Parish, 2 mi. W Mahoe Gardens. Grove Cave, Portland Parish, 2 mi. SW Sherwood Forest. Ferry Cave, St. Andrew Parish, near the village of Ferry between Kingston and Spanish Town.
Measurement and Modeling of Atomic Chlorine Concentrations in Plasma Processes

Spatially resolved concentration profiles of ground-state chlorine atoms were measured in CF 3 Cl/Ar RF plasmas using two-photon laser induced fluorescence. A significant Cl gradient was found between the two electrodes under conditions typical for plasma etching. This experimental observation is consistent with previous model predictions which assumed the primary loss of Cl was a second-order surface recombination on the upper electrode which is partially limited by gaseous diffusion.
Analysis of influenza virus nucleic acid detection results in Hezhou from 2009 to 2011

Objective To detect the nucleic acid of suspected influenza specimens in Hezhou,so as to find out the epidemic regularity,and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza. Methods Influenza-like illness throat swab specimens were collected from sentinel hospital( Hezhou People's Hospital) from August 2009 to December 2011 for influenza virus nucleic acid detection by real time RT-PCR. The detection results were compared and analyzed in terms of gender,age and time distribution. Results There were 359 positive influenza virus nucleic acid cases in 1383 throat swab samples,the positive rate was 25. 96%. Among them,the positive rates of influenza A( unclassified),influenza B,new influenza A H1 and seasonal influenza H3 were 37. 05%,25. 35%,34. 26% and 3. 34% respectively. There was no significant difference in incidence of influenza between males and females. The 35 ~ 59 age group had the highest positive rate( 63. 55%) among five age groups,and that of the 7 ~ 17 age group accounted for 45. 13%. Conclusion From 2009 to 2011,the influenza A was the main influenza virus in Hezhou. The two age groups of 35 ~ 59 and 7 ~ 17 were the key population to prevent and control influenza epidemic. Real-time RT-PCR is a reliable and rapid method for diagnosis of influenza epidemic in clinical cases.
Cardiopulmonary function studies in long-term survivors of one-stage bilateral lung reimplantation

Cardiopulmonary functions of 6 dogs, which had survived more than 4 years after one-stage bilateral lung reimplantation, were compared to those of 2 normal dogs. These long-term survivors maintained good health, once they had tolerated the procedure. With the exception of 1 animal, the ventilation of these dogs was within normal limits. There was no significant abnormality in the lung compliance. Five dogs had a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of less than 25 mm. Hg and a pulmonary vascular resistance of less than 15 mm. Hg/ml./sec./Kg.; the remaining dog had values of 33 mm. Hg and 28.42 mm. Hg/ml./sec./Kg., respectively. The per cent right-to-left shunt was higher (7.9 to 33.8) than normal. The Hering-Breuer reflex was recovered in 5 of 6 dogs. Histologic studies of these reimplants showed essentially normal morphology. These results indicate that long-term function is possible after one-stage bilateral lung transplantation in the dog.
Japanese Neomercantilism: The New Hegemony

The Japanese have mastered a superior way of creating and distributing wealth. How do they do it?
Standoff distance detection of explosive materials with THz waves

We report THz sensing of explosive materials placed up to 30 m away from the emitter. The absorption peak of RDX at 0.82 THz is measured using THz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Experimental results support the possibility of applying THz wave technology for remote sensing and detection of explosives and related compounds at long standoff distances.
Latch-up performance of a sub-0.5 micron inter-well deep trench technology

The latch-up performance of a 3.3 volt, sub-0.5 micron, non-epitaxial bulk CMOS technology is described. For the first time, we present measured data which shows the holding voltage of the inter-well deep trench structure increases with reduced N/sup +P/sup +/ spacing. All other technologies, including the thin epi on P/sup +/ substrate process, suffer a decrease in holding voltage as the N/sup +P/sup +/ spacing is reduced. PISCES 2D simulations illustrate that the increase in holding voltage for the inter-well deep trench structure is due to enhanced current confinement along the trench sidewall. For the PNPN test device with an N/sup +P/sup +/ spacing of 2 /spl mu/m, the holding voltage is as high as 4.8 volts for the inter-well deep trench structure as compared to 1.5 volts for the bulk CMOS structure. The inter-well deep trench technology provides a 10/spl times/ improvement in holding current (60 mA) as compared to non-trench, bulk CMOS (6 mA). The fabricated inter-well deep trench structure also demonstrates excellent immunity to sidewall inversion, with sidewall leakage current less than 0.08 pAspl mu/m. >
Abstract #2507: Upregulated nicotinic receptors are associated with systemic increase in stress neurotransmitters and cAMP, induction of p-CREB and p-ERK and suppression of GABA in NNK-induced adenocarcinoma of the lung and pancreas.

Small airway-derived pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are common human cancers and smoking is a risk factor for both. Emerging research has identified cAMP signaling stimulated by the stress neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline as stimulators of PAC and PDAC. We have shown that the inhibitory neurotransmitter \#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) blocks the cAMP-dependent proliferation and migration of PAC and PDAC cells in vitro. The nicotine-derived nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent mutagen and carcinogen. NNK is also an agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). These receptors are central regulators that control the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters, growth factors, angiogenic factors and inflammatory mediators. The alpha7-nAChR stimulates the synthesis and release of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the brain and from nerve endings in all organs and tissues. The alpha4beta2-nAChR stimulates the synthesis and release of GABA that is expressed in most mammalian cells. While signal transduction events downstream of nAChRs expressed in cancer cells have been extensively studied, the systemic effects of these receptors on cancer have been largely ignored. Using hamster models of NNK-induced PAC and PDAC, we have tested the hypothesis that in analogy to chronic effects of nicotine in the brain, NNK may modulate the alpha7 and alpha4beta2-nAChR, causing a systemic increase in stress neurotransmitters and decrease in GABA. In support of our hypothesis, we found significant increase in serum adrenaline/noradrenaline and increased cAMP in the cellular fraction of blood from NNK treated hamsters. The GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decaboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GABA were suppressed in NNK-induced PACs and PDACs, whereas protein expression of the alpha7nAChR, alpha4-nAChR as well as p-CREB and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated. In analogy to the chronic effects of nicotine on brain cells, these data suggest that chronic exposure to NNK upregulates both investigated nAChRs while additionally desensitizing the alpha4beta2-nAChR, resulting in increased levels of cancer stimulating stress neurotransmitters and suppressed inhibitory GABA. Collectively, these findings suggest, for the first time, that NNK-induced alterations in regulatory nAChRs may contribute to the development of smoking-associated PAC and PDAC by disturbing the systemic balance between cancer stimulating and inhibiting neurotransmitters. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2507.
Online Piracy versus Policy and Cultural Influencers

Online piracy is one of the most challenging problems faced by the software and entertainment industries today. Tens of billions of dollars of copyrighted commercial material is exchanged illegally annually due to peer-to-peer networking sites and other downloadable methods, while it is also estimated that digital theft of copyrighted content makes up over 20% of the Internet traffic worldwide (Envisional, 2011; RIAA, 2014). The objective of this study is the analysis of the key country level factors that influence the national piracy rate, which can help practitioners, academics and policy makers. We use a mixed-method approach, with a qualitative study to identify the key online piracy legal issues and macro level antecedents in online consumer discussions. Further, we use the Hunt-Vitell General Theory of Marketing Ethics as a theoretical basis and empirically analyze the importance of cultural, legal and policy variables that are part of different national institutions and systems. Overall, the significance found for our model underlines the fact that numerous factors that are related to a country’s cultural values, ethical system and legal system can contribute or deter individuals from illegally sharing and downloading copyrighted electronic content and information.
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes—1988 Recipient of the ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry

This year’s recipient of the ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry is Pierre-Gilles de Gennes of the college de France and the Ecole Superieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielle de Paris. We, who are here in Toronto attending this symposium in his honor, are well aware of his many seminal contributions to polymer science including: the introduction of the n = 0 analogy to magnetic critical phenomena as a tool to describe chain conformations in good solvents; the “reptation” concept (for the slithering motion of a polymer coil trapped in an entangled network) which has led to molecular theories of the constitutive relations of polymer rheology; the major impetus for the description of the static properties of polymers at interfaces and, with his own contribution to this Symposium, a tentative theory for the dynamics of adsorbed layers; the prediction of the “polyelectrolyte peak” in the scattering from semidilute charged polymers solutions. I am cognizant of the fact that de Gennes’ ideas in our field are so numerous that each among you might well have chosen a rather different selection to cite. Of course, many of his predictions have been and some remain controversial. Indeed, his creative ingenuity coupled with a propensity for making bold speculations and then suggesting the crucial experimental tests is the root of his scientific stature. (It is important to note here, however, that de Gennes does not become so emotionally attached to his own suggestions that he defends them beyond reason; he willingly owns up to his own mistakes.) Thus at any given time, scores of scientists are experimentally probing and theoretically massaging even his notes that are hidden away in the Comptes Rendus.
Systematic identification of non-coding pharmacogenomic landscape in cancer

Emerging evidence has shown long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancer drug response. Here we report a lncRNA pharmacogenomic landscape by integrating multi-dimensional genomic data of 1005 cancer cell lines and drug response data of 265 anti-cancer compounds. Using Elastic Net (EN) regression, our analysis identifies 27,341 lncRNA-drug predictive pairs. We validate the robustness of the lncRNA EN-models using two independent cancer pharmacogenomic datasets. By applying lncRNA EN-models of 49 FDA approved drugs to the 5605 tumor samples from 21 cancer types, we show that cancer cell line based lncRNA EN-models can predict therapeutic outcome in cancer patients. Further lncRNA-pathway co-expression analysis suggests lncRNAs may regulate drug response through drug-metabolism or drug-target pathways. Finally, we experimentally validate that EPIC1, the top predictive lncRNA for the Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal motif (BET) inhibitors, strongly promotes iBET762 and JQ-1 resistance through activating MYC transcriptional activity. In this study the authors build lncRNA-drug response models for 265 anti-cancer agents across 27 cancer types. They report their cancer cell line based lncRNA EN-models are able to effectively predict therapeutic outcome for breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and stomach cancer patients.
LANDSCAPES AND THROUGHSCAPES IN ITALIAN FOREST WORLDS: Thinking Dramatically about the Anthropocene

Phenomenological descriptions of landscapes, trees, and terraces, combined with oral history and historical ecology, find traces of industrialization, plant disease, and forest fires in central Italian forests. Plant form, landscape form, and forest structure can be described through drawings that give resolutely partial descriptions of more-than-human encounters. This kind of knowledge of the landscape is potentially unstable and remade by the details that it contains. By using multiple methods for attending to more-than-human landscapes, we can learn to notice multiple throughscapes, landscape patterns that overlap and lie through each other, but which are linked to different histories. Multiplying histories means that rather than being seen as a single era, the Anthropocene can be understood as having many beginnings and coexisting histories that give rise to multiple futures.