cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IS FEELING "IN CONTROL" RELATED TO HAPPINESS IN DAILY LIFE?

This research concerns the relation of subjective control and happiness within normal daily experience. Respondents from several nonclinical samples rated their feelings of control at randomly-selected moments during a week in their lives, following the procedures of the Experience Sampling Method. Analyses consider the relation of these ratings to similar ratings of affective states, first, within persons and, second, between persons. The within-person analyses show relatively little moment-to-moment correlation of subjective control and affective states. For many persons there is no correlation at all and on the average people report feeling only slightly more happy at times when feeling in control. The between-persons analyses yield findings that are more in line with explanations of subject control, showing that individuals reporting higher average daily control also experience greater average happiness. The results confirm that a generalized sense of control is important to well being in daily life, but for nondisturbed individuals short-term experiences of discontrol are not accompanied by substantial distress.
4603 Spontaneous dislodgment rates of long length, small diameter, “unflanged” pancreatic stents placed partially up the duct.

Pancreatic duct (PD) stent placement reduces pancreatitis rates following precut biliary sphincterotomy (ES) or pancreatobiliary ES in pts with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). To limit ductal injury and need for endoscopic removal, spontaneous dislodgment is desirable after 1-2 weeks. Short (=3cm) unflanged stents dislodge 80% of the time. However, post- ERCP pancreatitis rates remain relatively high, ~10-15% in SOD pts. We hypothesized that these short stents might dislodge too quickly (ie
Geometrically-exact unsteady model for airfoils undergoing large amplitude maneuvers

A semi-analytical, geometrically-exact, unsteady potential flow model is developed for airfoils undergoing large amplitude maneuvers. For this objective, the classical unsteady theory of Theodorsen is revisited relaxing some of the major assumptions such as (1) flat wake, (2) small angle of attack, (3) small disturbances to the mean flow components, and (4) time-invariant free-stream. The kinematics of the wake vortices is simulated numerically while the wake and bound circulation distribution and, consequently, the associated pressure distribution are determined analytically. The steady and unsteady behaviors of the developed model are validated against experimental and computational results. The model is then used to determine the lift frequency response at different mean angles of attack. Both qualitative and quantitative discrepancies are found between the obtained frequency response and that of Theodorsen at high angles of attack.
Holocaust Denial Literature Twenty Years Later: A Follow-up Investigation of Public Librarians’ Attitudes Regarding Acquisition and Access

This study was undertaken to learn about public librarians' attitudes and opinions concerning the sometimes conflicting issues of intellectual freedom, collection balance, and controversial materials, and whether those attitudes and opinions have changed over twenty years. The investigation focused on Holocaust denial literature, a body of work which ranges from minimizing the Holocaust to outright denying that it happened. Public librarians in Nassau County, New York, were surveyed, and the results were compared with a similar survey from 1992. The results indicate that librarians are even more open to Holocaust denial literature than they were twenty years ago and, regardless of outside pressures, would acquire and provide ready access to this material in their libraries.
Blockade of the Renin‐Angiotensin System in African Americans With Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease

There is overwhelming evidence that the renin-angiotensin system plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and target organ damage. Agents that regulate the renin-angiotensin system, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and aldosterone antagonists, are not only effective antihypertensive agents but can prevent target organ damage. Although diuretics remain the agents of first choice for the treatment of hypertension in African Americans, ACE inhibitors have a clear role in the management of these patients. ACE inhibitors (usually when used with a diuretic) have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in a wide range of patient groups. ACE inhibitors are infrequently used in African Americans because of a belief that these agents are ineffective in this racial group; however, when adequate dosing and appropriate combinations are used, ACE inhibitor therapy provides effective blood pressure control. In particular, the addition of diuretics to ACE inhibitor therapy ameliorates the racial differences in efficacy seen when ACE inhibitors are administered as monotherapy. Although further confirmation in additional clinical trials is required, increased use of these agents in African Americans will likely result in a reduction in target organ damage.
Continuous hybridoma suspension cultures with and without cell retention: kinetics of growth, metabolism and product formation.

Abstract A laboratory scale bioreactor was constructed from glass and polycarbonate materials whereby a track-etch membrane (3 μm pore diameter) was integrated into its two-part bottom flange. The reactor performance was evaluated for continuous hybridoma suspension cultures under various conditions of cell retention. A total retention experiment demonstrated that this type of stirred tank reactor cannot be operated at near zero growth rate conditions. Instead, at steady viable cell concentrations of ≅ 3 × 106 cells per ml, specific growth and death rates were estimated at 0.60 ± 0.06 d− 1. Specific substrate (glucose, glutamine, O2, amino acids) consumption, by-product (ammonia, alanine, amino acids) and product (antibody) production rates as well as various apparent molar yield coefficients were obtained and are compared to metabolic quotients and yield coefficients previously calculated from standard continuous culture experiments, i.e., without cell retention, at specific growth rates of 0.63 and 1.24 d−1. Furthermore, steady-State data on viable cell and antibody concentrations, spec. mAb productivities, amd space-time yields determined before and after a step change (2.5-fold increase) in dilution rate at identical specific growth rates μ are presented.
Dots, stripes and columns in monkey visual cortex

Abstract The organization of primate primary visual cortex has been shown to be highly compartmented by the new neuroanatomical techniques of 2-deoxyglucose, cytochrome oxidase staining, and neurotransmitter immunocytochemistry. In Old World monkeys the ocular dominance columns (ODC) are continued into layers above layer IV, but are subdivided into a cytochrome oxidase-heavy system of circular patches or dots which are aligned along the centers of the ODC, and a cytochrome oxidase-light region which spans the ODC borders. New World monkeys also possess a system of cytochrome oxidase dots, despite their lack of ODC. Anatomical labelling and electrophysiological recording indicate that each cytochrome oxidase subdivision probably processes a different type of visual information and has a separate connectivity with prestriate cortex.
Analysis of speech in prosthodontic practice.

Abstract Analysis of speech sound production in prosthodontic practice should be based on some understanding of the nature of the speech sounds themselves, how they are made, and the anatomic and physiologic structures involved. Although it is not possible to produce a cookbook approach to this analysis, it is possible to evaluate the mechanisms and the processes underlying speech problems and thereafter to make intelligent adjustments which may produce the desired speech change. Finally, when in doubt and in need, seeking expert consultation is an entirely appropriate and ethical procedure. In the area of speech disorders, such expert consultation is available through a “certificated” speech clinician.
Comparison of cadmium, mercury and calcium accumulations by isolated hepatocytes of the small skate (Raja erinacea) and rat.

Abstract 1. Accumulation of calcium, cadmium and mercury by isolated hepatocytes of the small skate ( Raja erinacea ) and rat was examined at 14 and 37°C, respectively. 2. Metal uptakes by both species were biphasic, with rat cells accumulating more metal than the skate cells. 3. Total accumulation after 30 min was in the order: mercury = cadmium ⪢ calcium. 4. In both species calcium and cadmium accumulations were reduced at 4°C, while mercury accumulation was not. 5. Cd accumulation was increased by Cu and Hg in both species. 6. Hg accumulation was inhibited by Cu in both species, and increased by Cd only in the rat cells.
Active Sites and Structure−Activity Relationships of Copper-Based Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Methanol

Active sites and structure–activity relationships for methanol synthesis from a stoichiometric mixture of CO2 and H2 were investigated for a series of coprecipitated Cu-based catalysts with temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2O decomposition. Experiments in a reaction chamber attached to an XPS instrument show that metallic Cu exists on the surface of both reduced and spent catalysts and there is no evidence of monovalent Cu+ species. This finding provides reassurance regarding the active oxidation state of Cu in methanol synthesis catalysts because it is observed with 6 compositions possessing different metal oxide additives, Cu particle sizes, and varying degrees of ZnO crystallinity. Smaller Cu particles demonstrate larger turnover frequencies (TOF) for methanol formation, confirming the structure sensitivity of this reaction. No correlation between TOF and lattice strain in Cu crystallite...
Effect of Nanoscale Geometry on Molecular Conformation: Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation of Alkanethiols on Gold Nanoparticles

Vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy was used to study the nanoscale geometric effects on molecular conformation of dodecanethiol ligand on gold nanoparticles of varying size between 1.8 and 23 nm. By analyzing the CH3 and CH2 stretch transitions of dodecanethiol using the spectroscopic propensity rules for the SFG process, we observe the increase of the gauche defects in the alkyl chain of the ligand on the nanoparticle surface when the curvature approaches the size of the molecule (∼1.6 nm). In contrast, linear infrared absorption and Raman spectra, governed by different selection rules, do not allow observation of the size-dependent conformational changes. The results are understood in terms of the geometric packing effect, where the curvature of the nanoparticle surface results in the increased conical volume available for the alkyl chain.
IC Piracy prevention via Design Withholding and Entanglement

Globalization of the semiconductor industry has raised serious concerns about trustworthy hardware. Particularly, an untrusted manufacturer can steal the information of a design (Reverse Engineering), and/or produce extra chips illegally (IC Piracy). Among many candidates that address these attacks, Design Withholding techniques work by replacing a part of the design with a reconfigurable block on chip, so that none of the manufactured chips will function properly until they are activated in a trusted facility, where the withheld function is restored back into the reconfigurable block on chip. However, most existing approaches are ad-hoc based, and are facing two major challenges: 1) susceptibility to a category of algorithmic attacks, from attackers in a strong position, such as a manufacturer; and 2) scaling up the defense level is checkmated by the explosion of hardware cost that has to be paid at the designer's side. In this paper, we propose a novel protection scheme, called Entanglement, which can substantially strengthen the Design Withholding framework: 1) the algorithmic attacks are prevented by forcing the attacker to solve a huge number of problems of high computational complexity; 2) the attack cost (in terms of computational complexity) is quantitatively controllable at the designer's end, with low hardware overhead: while the cost of attack can be increased exponentially, the hardware overhead imposed on the designer's side grows only linearly. The proposed work distinguishes itself from the previous works by not relying on the difficulty of finding the solution for some NP-Complete/NP-Hard problems, but rather, on the exponentially boosted number of such problems that an attacker has to solve, while carefully maintaining the growth of the hardware overhead to be scalable via Entanglement.
Learning to Fly Glass Cockpits Requires a New Cognitive Model

The advent of computer-based avionics in piston-powered and light jet aircraft is arguably the most significant change to occur in recent general aviation history. Lessons learned from the airlines...
A non-stationary stochastic model for periodic excitation with random phase modulation

Abstract The paper presents a non-stationary stochastic model for periodic excitation with random phase modulation, where the phase modulation is modeled as a modulated stationary. Gaussian process. Applications of the model are demonstrated by analysis of response of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system under such an excitation. The response is, in general, non-Gaussian. Cases of step, rectangular, and exponential envelopes are considered in the present study. The nonstationary second and fourth order moments are calculated by numerically solving the transient moment equations. Non-Gaussianity of the response is studied in terms of the non-stationary excess factor. Some numerical results are presented. The influences of system parameters, build-up and decay rates as well as duration of random phase modulation on the moment response of the SDOF system are discussed.
The processing of ligands by the class A scavenger receptor is dependent on signal information located in the cytoplasmic domain.

The mechanisms that regulate the transport of the macrophage class A scavenger receptor during ligand uptake were investigated. Kinetic analysis of the changes in receptor phosphorylation demonstrated that serine phosphorylation increased during the internalization of acetyl-low density lipoproteins (LDL) by macrophages. The increase was maximal at about 2.5 min after the initiation of ligand uptake. Oxidized LDL also stimulated serine phosphorylation, but the relative increase was smaller and the time to maximum was shorter. Receptor mutants expressed in Chinese hamster ovary and COS cells showed that elimination of the potential phosphorylation site at Ser21 increased acetyl-LDL metabolism, whereas inactivation of the site at Ser49reduced acetyl-LDL uptake. The increase in uptake by the Ser21 mutant was due to an increase in surface receptor expression. In contrast, elimination of the site at Ser49did not affect receptor expression but slowed receptor internalization. To identify potential internalization signal sequences, β-turn structure in the cytosolic domain was targeted for mutagenesis. Disruption of one region near Asp25 inhibited receptor activity. The studies support a model whereby receptor internalization requires the presence of an internalization signal motif but that the rate of receptor internalization is governed by the pattern of receptor phosphorylation induced by the ligand.
Effect of Sodium Perchlorate on the Binding of 2-(4‘-Aminophenyl)- and 2-(4‘-(N,N‘-Dimethylamino)phenyl)benzothiazole with β-Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Solution

The host−guest complexation of 2-(4‘-aminophenyl)- and 2-(4‘-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl)benzothiazole (APB and DAPB, respectively) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CDx) were studied in aqueous solution by use of fluorescence spectroscopy. The induced circular dichroic (ICD) spectra of the inclusion complexes were also measured to confirm complexation and to estimate the orientation of the guest molecule in the cyclodextrin cavity. The association constants for binding of the molecules with β-CDx were estimated in phosphate buffer containing varying concentrations of NaClO4. The association constant for binding of DAPB is almost 4 times as high as that of APB. In the case of DAPB, the association constant was found to decrease with an increase in salt concentration. However, the association constant of APB initially increases and then decreases with an increase in salt concentration. The optical rotation data of β-CDx in the absence and presence of NaClO4 suggest complexation of ClO4- with β-cyclodextrin.
Esophageal Intraepithelial Eosinophils in Dysphagic Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often complain of dysphagia and are frequently found to have intraepithelial eosinophils on esophageal biopsy. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dysphagia and the number of intraepithelial eosinophils in patients with GERD. Review of all patients studied in our esophageal function laboratory from 1999 to 2007 identified 1,533 patients with increased esophageal acid exposure. Patients who complained of dysphagia without mechanical or motor causes were identified and divided into three groups based on whether dysphagia was their primary, secondary or tertiary symptom. A control group consisted of randomly selected GERD patients with no dysphagia. The highest number of intraepithelial eosinophils per high-power field (HPF) in biopsies from the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) and esophageal body was compared across groups. There were 71 patients with unexplained dysphagia. Dysphagia was the primary symptom in 13 (18%), secondary symptom in 34 (48%), and tertiary symptom in 24 (34%) patients. The number of eosinophils differed between the four groups, with the highest number in those with dysphagia as the primary symptom (P = 0.0007). This relationship persisted whether biopsies were from the SCJ (P = 0.0057) or esophageal body (P = 0.0096). An association exists between the number of intraepithelial eosinophils and dysphagia in GERD patients, with the highest number of eosinophils in those with the primary symptom of dysphagia.
Minireview: Nesfatin-1—An Emerging New Player in the Brain-Gut, Endocrine, and Metabolic Axis

Nesfatin-1 is a recently identified 82-amino-acid peptide derived from the precursor protein, nucleobindin2 (NUCB2). The brain distribution of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 at the mRNA and protein level along with functional studies in rodents support a role for NUCB2/nesfatin-1 as a novel satiety molecule acting through leptin-independent mechanisms. In addition, nesfatin-1 induces a wide spectrum of central actions to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system and influences visceral functions and emotion. These central actions combined with the activation of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 neurons in the brain by various stressors are indicative of a role in the adaptive response under stressful conditions. In the periphery, evidence is mounting that nesfatin-1 exerts a direct glucose-dependent insulinotropic action on β-cells of the pancreatic islets. However, the cellular mechanisms of nesfatin-1's action remain poorly understood, partly because the receptor through which nesfatin-1 exerts its pleiotropic actions is yet to be identified.
“Deflected” calyx sign

Abstract Despite the introduction of nephrotomography and renal angiography, routine excretory urography still is the main diagnostic tool in radiology that provides the necessary evidence for the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis. The “deflected” calyx sign results from stricture of an infundibulum which ultimately leads to complete obstruction and a space-occupying (pseudotumor) mass produced by a debris filled dilated calyx. Since no contrast medium enters the obstructed calyx, the normal middle calyx frequently appears to be “deflected”. When other typical radiographic evidence is absent, this sign should suggest renal tuberculosis.
Congenital esophageal stenosis in adults

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Congenital esophageal stenosis is thought to be a rare disease confined to infancy and childhood with only a few case reports in adults described. METHODS: We report five patients between the ages of 19 and 46 yr who presented with this disorder over a 2-yr period. RESULTS: Patients had been labeled with reflux strictures, webs, or as idiopathic in the past. All patients had chronic solid food dysphagia, some since early childhood. The location of the stricture varied, occurring in the mid or proximal esophagus in four, but throughout the esophagus in one. Radiographic and endoscopic appearance was a smooth concentric stricture or multiple rings, sometimes tracheal in appearance. Endosonography was performed in two patients, both of whom had focal circumferential hypoechoic wall thickening with disruption of the normal layer pattern corresponding to the areas of luminal narrowing. All patients dilated had good symptomatic response, with resolution of symptoms up to 6 months in follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that congenital esophageal stenosis does occur in adults and may be underrecognized. Its endosonographic appearance is described.
Analysis of Barium in Barium Sulfate and Diagnostic Meals Containing Barium Sulfate Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

An analytical method was developed for the determination of barium in barium sulfate and diagnostic meals containing barium sulfate using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The procedure provides satisfactory levels of accuracy and precision and overcomes many disadvantages of currently used procedures such as lack of barium specificity, lengthy analysis time, and interference by diagnostic meal additives.
The gradient morphogen bicoid is a concentration-dependent transcriptional activator

The bicoid (bcd) protein is expressed in an anteroposterior gradient in early Drosophila embryos and controls the zygotic activation of the segmentation gene hunchback (hb) in a broad but precisely bounded anterior domain. Here we show that the hb gene contains multiple regulatory elements that mediate transcriptional activation in response to bcd protein. Further, we demonstrate that the resulting patterns of expression in vivo depend critically on both the bcd gradient profile and the number and quality of these hb elements. Finally, we show that these same elements mediate bcd-dependent transcriptional activation in yeast and that this interaction requires distinct DNA binding and activating regions in the bcd protein. Our results argue that bcd protein normally binds and activates the hb gene in a concentration-dependent fashion, thereby allowing the gradient of bcd protein to dictate where the hb gene is initially turned on in early embryos. They also suggest that the bcd gradient has the instructive capacity to activate other subordinate control genes by the same mechanism, each in a distinct spatial domain according to its affinity for bcd protein.
Exploration and Prioritization of Fuel Cell Commercialization Barriers for Use in the Development of a Fuel Cell Roadmap for California

Barriers to fuel cell commercialization are often introduced as general challenges, such as cost and durability, without definition of the terms and usually without prioritizing the degree to which each of these barriers hinder the development of fuel cell technology. This work acts to objectively determine the importance of technology barriers to fuel cell commercialization and to develop a list of appropriate actions to overcome these barriers especially as they relate to the California market. Using previous fuel cell roadmaps and action plans along with feedback from the fuel cell community, benchmarks (i.e., the current technology status), and milestones (i.e., the desired technology status) for fuel cell technology are explored. Understanding the benchmarks and milestones enables the development of a list of fuel cell commercialization barriers. These barriers or gaps represent issues, which if addressed will enhance the market feasibility and acceptance of fuel cell technologies. The research process determined that the best technique to address these barriers, and bridge the gaps between fuel cell benchmarks and milestones, is to develop specific research projects to address individual commercialization barriers or collections of barriers. This technique allows for a high resolution of issues while presenting the material in a form that is conducive to planning for organizations such as industry, regulatory bodies, universities, and government entities that desire to pursue the most promising projects. The current analyses resulted in three distinct research and development areas that are considered most important based on the results. The first and most important research and development area is associated with technologies that address the connection and interaction of fuel cells with the electric grid. This R&D area is followed in importance by the production, use, and availability of opportunity fuels in fuel cell systems. The third most important category concerned the development and infrastructure required for transportation related fuel cell systems. In each of these areas the fuel cell community identified demonstration and deployment projects as the most important types of projects to pursue since they tend to address multiple barriers in many different types of markets for fuel cell technology. Other high priority types of projects are those that addresses environmental and grid-related barriers. The analyses found that cost/value to customer, system integration, and customer requirements were the most important barriers that affect the development and market acceptance of fuel cell technology.
Complex forest dynamics indicate potential for slowing carbon accumulation in the southeastern United States.

Over the past century forest regrowth in Europe and North America expanded forest carbon (C) sinks and offset C emissions but future C accumulation is uncertain. Policy makers need insights into forest C dynamics as they anticipate emissions futures and goals. We used land use and forest inventory data to estimate how forest C dynamics have changed in the southeastern United States and attribute changes to land use, management, and disturbance causes. From 2007-2012, forests yielded a net sink of C because of net land use change (+6.48 Tg C yr−1) and net biomass accumulation (+75.4 Tg C yr−1). Forests disturbed by weather, insect/disease, and fire show dampened yet positive forest C changes (+1.56, +1.4, +5.48 Tg C yr−1, respectively). Forest cutting caused net decreases in C (−76.7 Tg C yr−1) but was offset by forest growth (+143.77 Tg C yr−1). Forest growth rates depend on age or stage of development and projected C stock changes indicate a gradual slowing of carbon accumulation with anticipated forest aging (a reduction of 9.5% over the next five years). Additionally, small shifts in land use transitions consistent with economic futures resulted in a 40.6% decrease in C accumulation.
Immunochemical similarity of the human plasma growth hormone-binding protein and the rabbit liver growth hormone receptor

Summary We probed the (immunochemical) relationship between the recently discovered growth hormone binding protein in human plasma and the growth hormone receptor using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against rabbit liver growth hormone receptor. The human binding protein was recognized by these antibodies; its immunological crossreactivity compared to the rabbit receptor was 1–2%. These data suggest a) that the binding protein and the receptor are structurally related and b) that rabbit and human growth hormone receptors share some but not all epitopes.
INGUINAL REOPERATION FOR UNDESCENDED TESTIS AND HERNIA: APPROACH TO THE SPERMATIC CORD THROUGH THE CREMASTER FASCIA

Purpose: Reoperation of the inguinal canal is difficult with few available lucid descriptions of the technique. We reviewed our experience with a unique surgical approach to the spermatic cord through the cremaster fascia in patients who had undergone previous operations for undescended testis or hernia and report its outcome.Materials and Methods: A total of 54 inguinal reoperations were performed in 45 boys with an undescended testis or indirect inguinal hernia using a unique surgical approach through the cremaster fascia.Results: Of the 54 inguinal canal reoperations surgery was successful in all but 1 patient who sustained a transected vas deferens (1.8% complication rate).Conclusions: The surgical approach to the inguinal canal through the cremaster fascia is an effective technique for reoperation of the inguinal canal after orchiopexy or hernial repair.
Neurologic events after coronary bypass grafting: Further observations with warm cardioplegia

Warm heart surgery has documented myocardial protection benefit, but with an added neurologic threat. It is hypothesized that moderately hypothermic aerobic heart surgery will maintain the myocardial protection and reduce neurologic risk. This study compared 493 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft operations with normothermic (35° to 37°C) continuous blood cardioplegia and normothermic perfusion to 379 coronary artery bypass grafting patients with hypothermic (33° to 29°C) continuous blood cardioplegia and hypothermic perfusion to test this hypothesis. There was no difference in age, sex, prior myocardial infarction, hypertension, prior neurologic event, congestive failure, or diabetes. The hypothermic group had more reoperations (24% versus 14%; p = 0.0002), class III/IV angina (83% versus 71%; p = 0.002), a trend to more triple-vessel (54% versus 47%; p = 0.10) and left main disease (18% versus 14%; p = 0.10), lower ejection fractions (0.52 ± 0.15 versus 0.55 ± 0.13), more grafts placed (3.6 ± 1.1 versus 3.4 ± 1.1; p = 0.04), but fewer internal mammary arteries (62% versus 78%; p p = not significant). Intraaortic balloon pump requirement was 3.4% with hypothermic and 1.4% with normothermic groups ( p = 0.05). The incidence of postoperative neurologic events was significantly higher in the normothermic group (4.7% versus 1.8%; p = 0.038). The multivariate correlates of stroke were older age and normothermic cardioplegia, whereas the only multivariate correlate of death was older age. In summary, these data suggest that hypothermic continuous blood cardioplegia provides myocardial protection that is equivalent to normothermic continuous blood cardioplegia, whereas hypothermic aerobic heart surgery may lessen the neurologic risk that was observed associated with strict warm heart surgery.
Understanding White Identity Politics Will Be Crucial to Diversity Science

In her target article, Victoria Plaut (this issue) makes the case for the inception of a “diversity science” for the 21st century. This science would dedicate itself to understanding how individual...
The rapid non-polar transport of auxin in the phloem of intact Coleus plants

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is transported from a nearly mature leaf throughout an intact Coleus blumei Benth. plant in the phloem. A buffered solution of both 14C-methylene-labeled indoleacetic acid ([14C]IAA) and [6-3H]glucose was supplied in a glass capillary to the distal end of a severed main lateral vein of the leaf. Both labeled sugar and auxin move rapidly through the plant at velocities of ca. 16–20 cm h-1 with closely similar, exponential profiles. This translocation is nonpolar; both auxin and sugar move upwards to the apex and young expanding leaves as well as downwards to the base of the shoot. Neither tracer appears in mature leaves; this eliminates the possibility that they enter the xylem. At the end of the transport period, 80–90% of the radioactivity recovered from various portions of the plants supplied with [14C]IAA is still identical chromatographically with IAA. In microautoradiographs prepared by techniques that minimize loss and redistribution of soluble compounds, radioactivity from [3H]IAA is concentrated in the phloem of the midrib and petiole of the fed leaf. A ring of triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) strongly inhibits the polar auxin transport in sections isolated from the ringed region but does not significantly affect auxin translocation in the phloem of intact plants. TIBA does, however, reduce the entry of auxin into the collecting veins of the leaf. Thus steps in auxin transport sensitive to TIBA may occur during transfer through the leaf or into the phloem, but not during long distance translocation in the phloem.
PhysBAM: physically based simulation

This course is as an introduction to the PhysBAM simulation library developed at Stanford University and used in both academic and industrial settings, including Intel Corporation, Industrial Light & Magic, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Pixar Animation Studios. The course contains information on the release of PhysBAM as well as information on how to obtain the source code, set up the library, and use it to run example smoke and water simulations. It also summarizes a visualization tool and a rendering tool included in the release of the library.Physically based simulation is a vital part of the special-effects toolkit. Traditionally, special effects are obtained by constructing scale or full-size models, whether the scene calls for a sinking ship or a burning building. Unfortunately, this is very expensive and at times not feasible. Physical simulation is also used for special effects in animated films, where traditional special effects methods cannot easily be applied. And it is increasingly used in the gaming community as enhanced processing power enables simulations to occur at real-time rates.In addition to the PhysBAM library, the course explains the underlying techniques that make these simulations possible, in particular level set methods such as fast marching, fast sweeping, and the particle level set method. It also addresses the important aspects of a fluid simulation, including advection, viscosity, and projection.
Systemic inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibits fear memory reconsolidation

Abstract Background Established traumatic memories have a selective vulnerability to pharmacologic interventions following their reactivation that can decrease subsequent memory recall. This vulnerable period following memory reactivation is termed reconsolidation. The pharmacology of traumatic memory reconsolidation has not been fully characterized despite its potential as a therapeutic target for established, acquired anxiety disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a critical regulator of mRNA translation and is known to be involved in various forms of synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. We have examined the role of mTOR in traumatic memory reconsolidation. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were injected systemically with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (1–40 mg/kg), at various time points relative to contextual fear conditioning training or fear memory retrieval, and compared to vehicle or anisomycin-treated groups ( N = 10–12 in each group). Results Inhibition of mTOR via systemic administration of rapamycin blocks reconsolidation of an established fear memory in a lasting manner. This effect is specific to reconsolidation as a series of additional experiments make an effect on memory extinction unlikely. Conclusions Systemic rapamycin, in conjunction with therapeutic traumatic memory reactivation, can decrease the emotional strength of an established traumatic memory. This finding not only establishes mTOR regulation of protein translation in the reconsolidation phase of traumatic memory, but also implicates a novel, FDA-approved drug treatment for patients suffering from acquired anxiety disorders such as PTSD and specific phobia.
CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic acid: Isolation from and penetration into mouse liver microsomes

Summary We present three lines of evidence for the existence of an intramicrosomal pool of CMP-NeuNAc in liver slices incubated with 3 H-NeuNAc: first, enrichment in the microsomal fraction over the cell homogenate of CMP- 3 H-NeuNAc relative to CMP- 14 C-NeuNAc, the latter added as marker for sugar nucleotide trapped between and adsorbed onto vesicles; second, removal from microsomes by isotonic sucrose washing of only half of the CMP- 3 H-NeuNAc synthesized in vivo under conditions which remove all the CMP- 14 C-NeuNAc; and third, complete loss of both sugar nucleotides upon treatment of microsomes by hypotonic shock or with low concentrations of detergents. Incubation of CMP-NeuNAc with microsomes in vitro showed that the intact sugar nucleotide was penetrating the vesicles. When the sugar nucleotide is labeled in the sugar moiety, microsomal vesicles accumulate soluble radiolabeled products. This accumulation was saturable and dependent on time, temperature and concentration of sugar nucleotide, and was also inhibited by substrate analogues and by pretreatment of microsomes with proteases. Together, these results provide strong evidence for the existence of a specific transport system for CMP-NeuNAc in microsomes.
A kalman filtering process control scheme with an application in semiconductor short run manufacturing

A quality control chart for monitoring a short run process during the start-up phase is presented in this article. The chart is based on the Kalman filter recursive equations being applied to a stable process where the process variance is unknown prior to the start of the production run. The run length properties of this control scheme are discussed. It is shown that for the proposed scheme the run length properties are independent of the unknown process variance and that these properties are appropriate for monitoring a stable process during start-up. An economic model for the optimal design of the control scheme is presented and illustrated with a wet etching process used in semiconductor manufacturing.
Sensory modality and object-naming in aphasia.

Twenty-seven aphasics, 12 right-brain-injured, and 12 normal subjects were presented with 16 objects for tactile naming, 16 for auditory naming, and 16 for olfactory naming. All 48 objects were als...
Inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis attenuates nociceptor sensitization in a murine model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy

Painful neuropathy frequently develops as a consequence of commonly used chemotherapy agents for cancer treatment and is often a dose-limiting side effect. Currently available analgesic treatments are often ineffective on pain induced by neurotoxicity. Although peripheral administration of cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and inhibitors of endocannabinoid hydrolysis has been effective in reducing hyperalgesia in models of peripheral neuropathy, including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), few studies have examined cannabinoid effects on responses of nociceptors in vivo. In this study we determined whether inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which slows the breakdown of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), reduced sensitization of nociceptors produced by chemotherapy. Over the course of a week of daily treatments, mice treated with the platinum-based chemotherapy agent cisplatin developed robust mechanical allodynia that coincided with sensitization of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors as indicated by the development of spontaneous activity and increased responses to mechanical stimulation. Administration of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 into the receptive field of sensitized C-fiber nociceptors decreased spontaneous activity, increased mechanical response thresholds, and decreased evoked responses to mechanical stimuli. Cotreatment with CB1 (AM281) or CB2 (AM630) receptor antagonists showed that the effect of URB597 was mediated primarily by CB1 receptors. These changes following URB597 were associated with an increase in the endocannabinoid anandamide in the skin. Our results suggest that enhanced signaling in the peripheral endocannabinoid system could be utilized to reduce nociceptor sensitization and pain associated with CIPN.
The Geographical Imagination in America, 1880-1950

In this rich and fascinating history, Susan Schulten tells a story of Americans beginning to see the world around them, tracing U.S. attitudes toward world geography from the end of nineteenth-century exploration to the explosion of geographic interest before the dawn of the Cold War. Focusing her examination on four influential institutions - maps and atlases, the National Geographic Society, the American university, and public schools - Schulten provides an engaging study of geography, cartography, and their place in popular culture, politics, and education.
Methylphenidate sensitization is modulated by valproate.

Repeated administration of the stimulant methylphenidate (MPD) produces sensitization to its own effects. Glutamate, dopamine, and GABA have been implicated in the underlying mechanism of sensitization to stimulants such as amphetamine and cocaine. We have investigated effects of the GABAergic agent sodium valproate (VAL) on the locomotor response to MPD. Activities of male Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously recorded by a computerized activity monitoring system for 15 days. We studied the dose effect of valproate 1) at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg (i.p.) on motor activities, 2) on the acute response of motor activities to 2.5 mg/kg MPD, and 3) on behavioral sensitization to subsequent repeated injections of MPD. Valproate alone did not significantly affect motor activities. All three doses of valproate attenuated the acute locomotor effects of MPD, while only the 50 mg/kg dose blocked the development of sensitization to subsequent administration. Possible mechanisms involving substrates for the effect of GABA agonists on sensitization are discussed.
Mitigating biofouling on thin-film composite polyamide membranes using a controlled-release platform

Abstract Biofouling remains a major challenge for membrane processes. Several methods may curtail biofouling, including membrane surface modification with hydrophilic and antimicrobial polymers and nanomaterials. Although many of these modifications rely on compounds that leach from the membrane surface, the release of these compounds is not always characterized, understood, or controlled. Here, we adapt a technology used for drug delivery — controlled release — and apply it to the membrane biofouling problem. Capsules for controlled release can be designed using a number of polymers, and the loading and release rate of the capsules depends on a number of tunable variables. We have encapsulated two antimicrobial compounds, cinnamaldehyde and kanamycin, in biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, particles. These capsules were then bound to the surface of thin-film composite polyamide membranes, targeting biofouling where it is most problematic. Cinnamaldehyde released from the capsules for ~2 days. Kanamycin, encapsulated in larger PLGA particles, showed continuous release over the 80 h period tested. Biofilm formation on modified membranes was assessed using model bacteria (Escherichia coli), and significant reductions in biofilm were observed on membranes modified with kanamycin capsules, indicating that sufficient kanamycin was released to curtail bacterial growth and biofilm development. This proof of concept study demonstrates that the controlled-release platform can be used to encapsulate a variety of compounds to slow membrane biofouling.
Determination of Gas-Bearing Stability by Response to a Step-Jump

Abstract : The stability of a gas bearing is treated by a new procedure in which the bearing film is characterized by its responses to step-jump displacements. Duhamel's theorem is invoked to generalize these step responses in a system of dynamical equation. Stability is determined by calculation of a 'growth factor for each degree of freedom. (Author)
A tidal-powered water sampler1

A tidal-powered compositing water sampler has been designed to operate over a wide range of tides. It can sample water over long periods without attention and can be made from inexpensive hardware components and two check valves. The working principle of the sampler is to use the reduction of pressure by the falling tide and the stored pressure from the previous high tide to pump water into a collection bottle. The sampler can produce a constant volume of water per tidal cycle over a tidal range of 2 to 4 m.
The Effect of Temperature on the Viability of Superfemales in Drosophila Melanogaster.

The superfemale is an individual having three X-chromosomes and two sets of autosomes. It has also many external characteristics by means of which it can be easily distinguished both from the normal sexes and from other sexual forms, i.e., intersexes and supermales. The superfemales arise in several kinds of genetical experiments concerned with abnormal chromosomal situations, such as in the progeny of the attached X-chromosome female, of the triploid female and in cases of non-disjunction of the X-chromosomes. But the frequency of superfemales found in cultured is always very much below that which might be expected theoretically on the basis of a knowledge of the genetic situation in a given case. Therefore, the superfemale can be considered as a typical semilethal form, which only relatively rarely reaches the imago stage.
Electron excursion versus scattering mechanism in a cross-field diode

The operation of high-power microwave sources in relativistic magnetrons, magnetically insulated transmission lines for pulsed power systems, and Hull thrusters for space propulsion all rely on cross-field diodes. Electron migration from the cathode to the anode should be eliminated due to magnetic insulation, however, many electrons still transit the gap. This leads to the excitation of undesired modes and/or pulse shortening. Previous work has shown that not only does the presence of ions in a crossed-field gap increase the electron excursion toward the anode region1, but electron scattering and ionization of the background species exacerbate this crossed-field migration.2 We have also shown that the farther into the gap the scattering or ionization occurs, the greater the maximum excursion of the scattered or created electron.3 In this work, we will break down the scattering problem further by looking at the scattering due to elastic collisions and excitation events separately. We will use a 1D PIC code4 to compare the electron excursions based on scattering mechanism and scattering site. We will further compare the collision type with the expected energy change due to the collision mechanism.
Progress in the development of electrostatic deflection

Internal electro-static yokes for bi-axial deflection are made by printing interleaved electrode patterns of special shape on the inside of a glass cone. These "Deflectron" units have been improved to meet high standards of performance. Two units have been developed: (1) A cylindrical or "pencil" Deflectron with 31° aperture. (2) A conical type with 67° aperture. The geometry of the electrode configuration required for field uniformity will be described.