cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 1,3-diphenyltriazenide complexes of aluminium, gallium and indium: Crystal structure of tris(1,3-diphenyltriazenido)aluminium(III)

Abstract The reaction of AlMe 3 with 1,3-diphenyltriazene [Hdpt] in toluene gives Al(dpt) 3 , even when AlMe 3 is in large excess. The monomeric structure has been established by X-ray diffraction. Crystals of Al(dpt) 3 are monoclinic, space group C 2/ c with a = 20.587(3), b = 16.005(3), c = 13.236(3) A and β = 119.172(12)°, Z = 4, R = 0.067 and R w = 0.083. The aluminium(III) is coordinated by three chelating triazenido ligands to give a trigonally distorted octahedral geometry. The gallium and indium analogues are also reported.
Ocular Radiation Exposure in Modern Urological Practice

Purpose: The human eye is a highly radiosensitive portion of the body and repeat radiation exposure can lead to cataract. The minimum fractionated long-term dose to initiate cataract formation is about 2,500 mSv. We determined whether further radiation related precautions are necessary to protect the eyes of the surgeon.Materials and Methods: Radiation doses received near the right eye of the operating surgeon were measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter badge worn near the eye of 6 urologists for a single endourological procedure at an academic center. Procedures included stent insertion, ureteroscopic lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The mean radiation dose was calculated. Extrapolated doses required to potentiate cataract formation were also calculated.Results: We assessed 28 urological procedures for radiation exposure, of which 13 were ureteroscopy done for calculus disease (range 0.05 to 0.66 mSv) and 7 were ureteral stent insertion (range 0.13 to 0.32 mSv). The mean radiation dose ...
The Efficacy of the Trafficking in Persons Report A Review of the Evidence

Anti-trafficking efforts have been adopted globally to curb human trafficking, yet many nations have failed to put initiatives into practice. As a consequence, the U.S. Department of State implemented the Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report to monitor and increase efforts worldwide and serve as a guide to funding anti-trafficking programs aboard. This exploratory study investigates the efficacy of this policy initiative by means of a longitudinal assessment of the TIP Report’s tier classifications, a system that grades countries based on anti-trafficking initiatives, and determines if U.S. funded anti-trafficking initiatives internationally target those countries in need. The findings suggest that tier ranking has not improved over time, and the United States has failed to systematically allocate funds based on the recommendations of the tier classification system. Policy recommendations and implications for future research are discussed.
Diastema: Correction of Excessive Spaces in the Esthetic Zone

The presence of a diastema or diastemata between teeth is a common feature found in the anterior dentition. Many forms of therapy can be used for diastema closure. A carefully developed diagnosis and advanced planning allows the most appropriate treatment to be determined for each individual case to address the patient's needs. Clinical considerations, advantages, disadvantages, and alternative treatment modalities for diastema closure are discussed in this article and a clinical case is presented to illustrate the application of these techniques.
Regional Production Differences

Abstract The DHI records from 37 states were grouped into North, Midsouth, and South regions and six herd sizes (20 to 49, 50 to 99, 100 to 149, 150 to 249, 250 to 449, and >450 cows). Data were analyzed by region and by herd size for the year 1998. The North region had higher income over feed cost, milk, fat, and protein rolling herd averages than other regions. These variables declined for the Midsouth and were lowest for the South. Days open and somatic cell score (SCS) were lowest in the North and highest in the South. Large herds had higher total feed cost, income over feed cost, milk, fat, and protein rolling herd averages than smaller herds. For the period 1990 to 1999, the data were analyzed for the trend in change over time for each of the regions. Milk production per cow, total feed cost, income over feed cost, days open, and herd sizes increased in the period from 1990 to 1999. Somatic cell score decreased. Different rates of increments over the last decade have made differences among regions larger for milk production, total feed cost, income over feed cost, herd size, and SCS. There were no differences in the rate of change for days open. Milk production per cow and total feed cost increased at higher rates in larger herds, making the gap between these and smaller herds larger over time. Income over feed cost, days open, and herd size changes had similar rates of change during the decade, keeping differences among herd sizes constant over time. The SCS decreased at a higher rate in the smallest herds than in larger herds, making the gap between them smaller.
The silence of the norms: The missing historiography of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

History has been disparaged since the late 19th century for not conforming to norms of scientific explanation. Nonetheless, as a matter of fact a work of history upends the regnant philosophical conception of science in the second part of the 20th century. Yet despite its impact, Kuhn’s Structure has failed to motivate philosophers to ponder why works of history should be capable of exerting rational influence on an understanding of philosophy of science. But all this constitutes a great irony and a mystery. The mystery consists of the persistence of a complete lack of interest in efforts to theorize historical explanation. Fundamental questions regarding why an historical account could have any rational influence remain not merely unanswered, but unasked. The irony arises from the fact that analytic philosophy of history went into an eclipse where it remains until this day just around the time that the influence of Kuhn’s great work began to make itself felt. This paper highlights puzzles long ignored regarding the challenges a work of history managed to pose to the epistemic authority of science, and what this might imply generally for the place of philosophy of history vis-a-vis the problems of philosophy.
Finite-difference time-domain calculation of spontaneous emission lifetime in a microcavity

We developed a general numerical method to calculate the spontaneous emission lifetime in an arbitrary microcavity, using a finite-difference time-domain algorithm. For structures with rotational symmetry we also developed a more efficient but less general algorithm. To simulate an open radiation problem, we use absorbing boundaries to truncate the computational domain. The accuracy of this method is limited only by numerical error and finite reflection at the absorbing boundaries. We compare our result with cases that can be solved analytically and find excellent agreement. Finally, we apply the method to calculate the spontaneous emission lifetime in a slab waveguide and in a dielectric microdisk, respectively.
5 W diode-pumped mid-infrared fiber amplifier

We report a high power diode-pumped mid-IR fiber amplifier at 2.7 mum. 4.6 W amplified signal was obtained for an input signal of 110 mW, corresponding to a net gain of 16.2 dB.
Landscape and species-level distribution of morphological and life history traits in a temperate woodland flora

We developed a description of a central New Eng- land deciduous hardwood forest based on the distribution within the community of morphological and life history traits (N = 34) and environmental factors. Classification by TWINSPAN of 186 species based on morphological and life history traits identified six major functional groups of species largely corresponding to growth form. A data matrix of plots x traits was ordinated using PCA. Each of the resulting four PCA axes was associated with a major environmental gradi- ent: drainage, site exposure, disturbance due to past land use and degree of disturbance in the 1938 New England Hurricane (24.9, 19.8, 11.7 and 8.4% of the variation respectively). Two patterns suggested that a suite of potentially functional traits, rather than a few key characters (e.g. vital attributes), govern the distribution of species in this community: (1) each of the four axes was largely associated with a different group of traits and (2) each axis was associated with several traits that ap- peared to sort independently (i.e. not to co-occur within species). Evaluating one often-examined trait, there was no evidence that dispersal ability limited the colonization of species into secondary woodlands. We also found that landscape-scale abundance was associated with a small number of traits. Production of fleshy fruits and few diaspores per plant were positively associated with landscape-level abundance. Our results suggest that attempts to understand the overall struc- ture and function of this plant community based on a few key characters, such as dispersal ability, will meet with limited success. However, when focusing on one aspect of the com- munity, such as frequency across the landscape, relatively few characters may be important.
In vivo human comparison of intravascular ultrasonography and angiography

This study evaluates the in vivo correlation of intravascular ultrasonography and uniplanar angiography in determining the luminal dimensions of normal and moderately atherosclerotic human arteries. Five French and 8F rotating A scan intravascular ultrasound catheters were used to obtain 48 images in four superficial femoral arteries, five iliac arteries, and one aorta in eight patients undergoing vascular surgery. Cross-sectional areas measured by intravascular ultrasonography were compared to cross-sectional areas calculated by uniplanar angiography of the same location in the vessel. Maximum and minimum luminal diameters were also measured from intravascular ultrasound images. An ellipticity index was defined as the maximum/minimum diameter ratio (max/min) and ranged from 1.0 to 1.8 (mean, 1.2). Comparison of the cross-sectional areas measured from intravascular ultrasound images and those calculated from uniplanar angiography showed no significant difference at any level of ellipticity studied. However, when the values of cross-sectional areas were analyzed in groups corresponding to the diameter of the vessel, that is, aortic, iliac, and femoral, the values for the iliac arteries calculated from uniplanar angiography were significantly greater by 9.8% +/- 0.7% (n = 29, p = 0.03) when compared to those measured by intravascular ultrasonography. In addition to providing accurate luminal determinations, intravascular ultrasound images displayed transmural morphology, the location and character of the atherosclerotic lesions, and the thickness of the vessel wall. We conclude that intravascular ultrasound imaging provides accurate, novel information regarding human vessels and that this technology may play a significant role in future diagnostic and interventional therapies.
Citizen Support for Military Expenditures: A Longitudinal Analysis of U.S. Public Opinion, 1999—2002

Previous research on public opinion regarding military expenditures in the United States was conducted predominantly in the cold war context. This analysis of public opinion in thirty major U.S. cities over the period 1999 through 2002 revisits this earlier literature in light of changing sociopolitical conditions during a period bracketing the onset of the war on terrorism. The study offers support for much of the earlier research with respect to sources of support for robust military expenditures, in the process illustrating the value of archival data in replicating key research findings in extant literature conducted in a cold war context. The results of the multivariate analysis offer important insights into the sources of public support for military expenditure in the post-9/11 setting.
Alarm cue induces an antipredator morphological defense in juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicaraguensis

Olfactory cues that indicate predation risk elicit a number of defensive behaviors in fishes, but whether they are suf- ficient to also induce morphological defenses has received little attention. Cichlids are characterized by a high level of morpho- logical plasticity during development, and the few species that have been tested do exhibit defensive behaviors when exposed to alarm cues released from the damaged skin of conspecifics. We utilized young juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicara- guensis to test if the perception of predation risk from alarm cue (conspecific skin extract) alone induces an increased relative body depth which is a defense against gape-limited predators. After two weeks of exposure, siblings that were exposed to con- specific alarm cue increased their relative body depth nearly double the amount of those exposed to distilled water (control) and zebrafish Danio rerio alarm cue. We repeated our measurements over the last two weeks (12 and 14) of cue exposure when the fish were late-stage juveniles to test if the rate of increase was sustained; there were no differences in final dimensions between the three treatments. Our results show that 1) the Nicaragua cichlid has an innate response to conspecific alarm cue which is not a generalized response to an injured fish, and 2) this innate recognition ultimately results in developing a deeper body at a stage of the life history where predation risk is high (Current Zoology 56 (1): 36-42, 2010).
Progressive Failure of Offshore Slopes due to Construction in Upslope Areas

Human activities such as construction loading in upslope areas could be a potential triggering factor for many offshore landslides such as the 1979 Nice landslide. Post-slide investigations show that the existence of marine sensitive clay layers might be one of the potential causes of many large-scale submarine landslides. In this paper, a finite element (FE) modeling technique is developed to analyze the failure of a slope in undrained condition. Nonlinear strain softening behaviour of undrained shear strength of marine sensitive clays is incorporated in the FE analysis. Strain localization in narrow zones (i.e. shear bands) could be successfully simulated. The formation of shear bands and their propagation could explain some potential failure mechanisms. The FE results show that large-scale catastrophic failure of submarine slopes might have occurred due to shear band propagation through strain softening clay layers, which cannot be explained using the traditional limit equilibrium methods for slope stability analysis. Effects of different factors, such as thickness of the marine clay layer and its sensitivity, on stability of submarine slope are also examined.© 2015 ASME
Myelodysplastic syndromes: from conductiong clinical trials of novel therapies to evaluating real-life effectiveness of exisiting therapies

Amer Zeidan speaks to Laura Dormer, Editorial Director: Amer Zeidan is Assistant Professor of Medicine (Hematology) at Yale Cancer Center. He completed a hematology/oncology fellowship and a clinical research fellowship in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) at Johns Hopkins University where he also earned a Master of Health Science degree in Clinical Investigation. He received his MBBS degree from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan (Amman, Jordan), before completing his internal medicine residency at Rochester General Hospital (USA). His clinical interest is in the management of hematologic malignancies. The focus of his clinical/translational research is the development of novel therapies for MDS and myeloid hematologic malignancies. The second area of research interest for him is effectiveness and outcomes research in hematologic malignancies, especially MDS.
High-Turnover Supramolecular Catalysis by a Protected Ruthenium(II) Complex in Aqueous Solution

The design of a supramolecular catalyst capable of high-turnover catalysis is reported. A ruthenium(II) catalyst is incorporated into a water-soluble supramolecular assembly, imparting the ability to catalyze allyl alcohol isomerization. The catalyst is protected from decomposition by sequestration inside the host but retains its catalytic activity with scope governed by confinement within the host. This host–guest complex is a uniquely active supramolecular catalyst, capable of >1000 turnovers.
New species of Gigantolaelaps (Acarina: Laelapidae) from Venezuela.

The females and males of Gigantolaelaps tiptoni , n. sp. and Gigantolaelaps intermedia , n. sp. are described and illustrated. The most commonly infested host of G. tiptoni was Oryzomys minutus (Tomes); that of G. intermedia was Neacomys tenuipes Thomas. The 2 new species are part of a complex including the related species G. vitzthumi Fonseca and G. wolffsohni (Oudemans). Characteristics particularly significant in separating members of the complex are found in number of rows of deutosternal teeth and in leg setation.
Clinical effect of antelope horn oral liquid combined with glucocorticoid therapy on severe hand foot and mouth disease

Objective To explore clinical effect of antelope horn oral liquid combined with glucocorticoid therapy on severe hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD).Methods One hundred and twenty children with HFMD from Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou between Jan to Nov 2011 were randomLy divided into treatment group and control group,each group were 60 cases.Treatment group were treated with antelope horn oral liquid combined with glucocorticoid plus medicine western routine therapy,control group were treated with glucocorticoid plus medicine western routine therapy only.Changes of fever,rash,surprised and chatter,drowsiness,shock and other symptoms were recorded in all cases.The disappear times of febrile,shock,herpes and pharyngeal buccal redness were compared between two groups.Results Improvement of acute phase symptoms in antelope horn oral liquid combined with glucocorticoid plus medicine western routine therapy group were better than those in control group.Antelope horn oral liquid combined with glucocorticoid plus medicine western routine therapy could decurtate disappear times of febrile,shock,herpes and pharyngeal buccal redness(P 0.05).Conclusion Antelope horn oral liquid combined with glucocorticoid plus medicine western routine therapy on severe HFMD in infants have better clinical effect,deserve the clinical expansion.
Beyond Susceptible and Resistant, Part III: Treatment of Infections due to Gram-Negative Organisms Producing Carbapenemases

Carbapenemases are enzymes that are capable of inactivating all or almost all beta-lactam antimicrobial agents. These enzymes are frequently coexpressed with other resistance mechanisms to non-beta-lactams, leading to extremely drug-resistant pathogens. Once a curiosity, these enzymes have spread into organisms that are among the most common causes of infection, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Identification of these organisms has proved challenging for clinical microbiology laboratories, leading to revisions in susceptibility standards for carbapenems. Although currently a rare cause of infection in children, these carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are becoming endemic in a variety of healthcare settings. Management of infections due to CRE is complicated by a lack of effective treatment options and clinical data on their effectiveness. Treatment of CRE infections in children is particularly challenging because therapeutic options for CRE lack adequate data on dosing and safety in children. Use of unconventional combination treatment regimens, including agents to which the organism is resistant in vitro, may provide some benefit in the treatment of severe CRE infection. Fortunately, several agents with the potential for treatment of CRE infections have been recently approved or are in late clinical development, although few data will be available in the short term to inform use in children.
Morphology of polycrystalline alumina brackets and its relationship to fracture toughness and strength.

Abstract Inherent defects seen in the morphology of polycrystalline ceramic brackets severely limit their fracture strength. Only by improving the surface characteristics can those mechanical properties which are necessary for sufficient strength and efficient orthodontic tooth movement be more fully realized.
Technetium-99m chelates as radiopharmaceuticals

Technetium-99m (99mTc) is currently, and will be in the foreseeable future, the most widely used radionuclide used in virtually all clinical diagnostic Nuclear Medicine laboratories in the world. Several 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals that are routinely used have become important factors in decisions on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with a variety of diseases. More sophisticated biological targeting vectors are being developed by the chemical and biomedical communities. The development of technologies and chelating agents for labeling these vectors with 99mTc, to produce diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals that have optimal in vivo specificities, will be essential for enhancement of the future of Nuclear Medicine in the health care arena worldwide. This chapter is focused primarily on a review of 99mTc complexes used for the formulation of currently approved radiopharmaceuticals, and highlights several chelation systems that are being used in the design of future 99mTc drugs. The chemical and structural properties of different 99mTc complexes and their relationships to their biolocalization and pharmacokinetic properties are described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of developing 99mTc complexes with a high degree of physicochemical flexibility, in order to optimize the pharmacological performance of future 99mTc-labeled drugs.
Toxic Conjugates of Epidermal Growth Factor and Asialofetuin

Our laboratory has, for a number of years, been interested in the role and mode of action of polypeptide growth factors. These agents bind to specific cell surface receptors and initiate a cascade of biological responses leading either to cell division or expression of a new phenotype as a consequence of ligand-receptor interactions. In many cases one of the most notable initial responses is ligand-induced endocytosis of the receptor-ligand complex, with eventual degradation of the ligand and, in some cases, degradation of the receptor as well. As one of several approaches (Herschman et al., 1982) to the study of polypeptide hormone/growth factor induced responses, we have constructed heteroconjugates of binding ligands with protein toxins or their enzymic portions.
Displacement damage caused by gamma-rays and neutrons on Au and Se.

This report documents theoretical calculations of displacement damage produced by gamma rays and neutrons on various materials. The average energy of the gamma rays was 1.24 MeV and 1.0 MeV for the neutrons. The fluence of the gamma rays was 1.2e14 γ/cm 2 , for the neutrons it was 1.0e12 n/cm 2 . The initial materials of interest were Au and Se. The total doses of the gamma ray exposures were in the 100 kRad range for both elements. An equivalent electron fluence was approximated to be the same as the gamma ray fluence over one gamma ray attenuation length in both materials and at the same 1.24 MeV energy. The maximum recoil energy of the Au and Se for these electrons was calculated relativisticaly to be 29 and 72 eV respectively. The relativisitic McKinley and Feshbach theory for the atomic recoil cross sections produced by the electrons were in the 10s of mbarn range and an upper limit for the concentration of Frenkel pairs for the gamma ray exposures for both elements was in the ppb range. The Robinson Energy Partioning Theory for non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) of ions in solids was used to calculate the concentration of Frenkel pairs produced by the 1 MeV neutrons, and this concentration was also in the ppb range for both Au and Se. Low damage levels like this can have effects on minority carrier recombination in semiconductors, but are not expected to have any effect on metals like Au, or metalloids such as Se.
Multidimensional Systems with Difficult Boundary Conditions

This chapter is devoted to the analysis of a number of space structures with boundary conditions of a type commonly employed by designers but difficult to analyze by standard field methods. The basic concepts required to deal with these boundary conditions were covered in the course lectures but experience has shown that many students. have difficulty applying them to multidimensional systems. The publishers were kind enough to allow the author these extra pages for the purpose of supplementing the lecture material with illustrative problems to better prepare the reader for the analysis of space lattices and mixed discrete-continuous systems with difficult boundary conditions.
Microtubule Motors Drive Hedgehog Signaling in Primary Cilia

The mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is required for development and for maintenance of adult stem cells, and overactivation of the pathway can cause tumorigenesis. All responses to Hh family ligands in mammals require the primary cilium, an ancient microtubule-based organelle that extends from the cell surface. Genetic studies in mice and humans have defined specific functions for cilium-associated microtubule motor proteins: they act in the construction and disassembly of the primary cilium, they control ciliary length and stability, and some have direct roles in mammalian Hh signal transduction. These studies highlight how integrated genetic and cell biological studies can define the molecular mechanisms that underlie cilium-associated health and disease.
Informing the Design of a New Pragmatic Registry to Stimulate Near Miss Reporting in Ambulatory Care.

Objective Ambulatory care safety is of emerging concern, especially in light of recent studies related to diagnostic errors and health information technology-related safety. Safety reporting systems in outpatient care must address the top safety concerns and be practical and simple to use. A registry that can identify common near misses in ambulatory care can be useful to facilitate safety improvements. We reviewed the literature on medical errors in the ambulatory setting to inform the design of a registry for collecting near miss incidents. Methods This narrative review included articles from PubMed that were: 1) original research; 2) discussed near misses or adverse events in the ambulatory setting; 3) relevant to US health care; and 4) published between 2002 and 2013. After full text review, 38 studies were searched for information on near misses and associated factors. Additionally, we used expert opinion and current inpatient near miss registries to inform registry development. Results Studies included a variety of safety issues including diagnostic errors, treatment or management-related errors, communication errors, environmental/structural hazards, and health information technology (health IT)-related concerns. The registry, based on the results of the review, updates previous work by including specific sections for errors associated with diagnosis, communication, and environment structure and incorporates specific questions about the role of health information technology. Conclusions Through use of this registry or future registries that incorporate newly identified categories, near misses in the ambulatory setting can be accurately captured, and that information can be used to improve patient safety.
Downscaling wind and wavefields for 21st century coastal flood hazard projections in a region of complex terrain

While Global Climate Models (GCMs) provide useful projections of near-surface wind vectors into the 21st century, resolution is not sufficient enough for use in regional wave modeling. Statistically-downscaled GCM projections from Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogues (MACA) provide daily averaged near-surface winds at an appropriate spatial resolution for wave modeling within the orographically-complex region of San Francisco Bay, but greater resolution in time is needed to capture the peak of storm events. Short-duration high wind speeds, on the order of hours are usually excluded in statistically-downscaled climate models, and are of key importance in wave and subsequent coastal flood modeling. Here, we present a temporal downscaling approach, similar to constructed analogues, for near-surface winds suitable for use in local wave models, and evaluate changes in wind and wave conditions for the 21st century. Reconstructed hindcast winds (1975-2004) recreate important extreme wind values within San Francisco Bay. A computationally-efficient method for simulating wave heights over long time periods was used to screen for extreme events. Wave hindcasts show resultant maximum wave heights of 2.2 m possible within the Bay. Changes in extreme over-water wind speeds suggest contrasting trends within the different regions of San Francisco Bay, but twenty-first century projections show little change in the overall magnitude of extreme winds and locally-generated waves.
Using Chemistry to Target Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a cancer of the neural crest almost exclusively seen in childhood. While children with single, small primary tumors are often cured with surgery alone, the 65% of children with neuroblastoma whose disease has metastasized have less than a 50% chance of surviving five years after diagnosis. Innovative pharmacological strategies are critically needed for these children. Efforts to identify novel targets that afford ablation of neuroblastoma with minimal toxicity to normal tissues are underway. Developing approaches to neuroblastoma include those that target the catecholamine transporter, ubiquitin E3 ligase, the ganglioside GD2, the retinoic acid receptor, the protein kinases ALK and Aurora, and protein arginine N-methyltransferases. Here, as examples of the use of chemistry to combat neuroblastoma, we describe targeting of the protein arginine N-methyltransferases and their role in prolonging the half-life of the neuroblastoma oncoprotein N-Myc, redox signaling in neuroblastoma, and develo...
Optimization of Cold Spray Deposition of High-Density Polyethylene Powders

When a solid, ductile particle impacts a substrate at sufficient velocity, the resulting heat, pressure and plastic deformation can produce bonding between the particle and the substrate. The use of a cool supersonic gas flow to accelerate these solid particles is known as cold spray deposition. The cold spray process has been commercialized for some metallic materials, but further research is required to unlock the exciting potential material properties possible with polymeric particles. In this work, a combined computational and experimental study was employed to study the cold spray deposition of high-density polyethylene powders over a wide range of particle temperatures and impact velocities. Cold spray deposition of polyethylene powders was demonstrated across a range broad range of substrate materials including several different polymer substrates with different moduli, glass and aluminum. A material-dependent window of successful deposition was determined for each substrate as a function of particle temperature and impact velocity. Additionally, a study of deposition efficiency revealed the optimal process parameters for high-density polyethylene powder deposition which yielded a deposition efficiency close to 10% and provided insights into the physical mechanics responsible for bonding while highlighting paths toward future process improvements.
State-dependent rhythmogenesis and frequency control in a half-center locomotor CPG

Our theoretical/modeling study focuses on the analysis of locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) composed of conditionally bursting half-centers coupled with reciprocal inhibition and receivin...
Authors of accountability: Paperwork and social work in contemporary child welfare practice

Abstract This analysis drew from a study in which child welfare professionals were interviewed about their definitions of “well-being” and the barriers and facilitators to promoting well-being in their daily practices. Participants consistently identified an unfortunate irony: that the practices they consider essential to promoting well-being are often constrained by system-wide efforts to ensure compliance with child welfare mandates, including the well-being mandate. The systems' need for data on accountability and compliance was often viewed as antithetical to practices of well-being for children and families. During in-depth interviews with 28 child welfare professionals in a large Midwestern city, casework was described as having two key dimensions: social work and paperwork. “Social work” was characterized as the work of building strengths-based relationships with clients. “Paperwork” was characterized as requirements to document practices to ensure compliance with institutional mandates. The latter form of work was often described as diverting time and attention away from the former. However, poignant counterpoints to this characterization of paperwork were provided, illustrating ways that it might facilitate social work. We propose a set of essential questions for future research in the role of paperwork in child welfare practice, including an exploration of what kinds of accountability paperwork enables and how these forms of bureaucratic authorship relate to other forms of communication and relationality in contemporary child welfare systems.
Redistributional Policy in Rich Countries: Institutions and Impacts in Nonelderly Households

We review research on institutions of redistribution operating in high-income countries. Focusing on the nonelderly, we invoke the concept of the household income package, which includes income from labor, from related households, and from the state. Accordingly, we assess three institutional arenas: predistribution (rules and regulations that govern paid work), private redistribution (interhousehold transfers), and conventional public redistribution (operating via cash transfers and direct taxes). In each arena, we assess underlying policy logics, identify current policy controversies, summarize contemporary cross-national policy variation, and synthesize existing findings on policy effects. Our assessment of redistributional effects focuses on three core socioeconomic outcomes: low pay, child poverty, and income inequality. We close by assessing how the three institutional arenas perform collectively and by calling for further work on how these institutions change over time and how they affect subgroups differentially.
Clinical Pharmacology in the Older Adult

Drug pharmacokinetics are influenced by a number of patient-specific factors, including age. Interindividual variability in physiology increases with age, making it necessary to consider the patient’s overall condition, “physiologic age,” disease states, and concurrent medications when applying general knowledge of pharmacokinetic differences in older adults to the care of individual patients. Geriatric patients may demonstrate altered bioavailability, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and renal excretion of drugs. Most clinically significant pharmacokinetic changes in advanced age can be attributed to altered renal and hepatic metabolic function. The prevalence of cancer among older adults is high and increasing, resulting in increasing exposure to chemotherapeutic agents in geriatric patients. Overall, age-related renal impairment is the major cause of dose modifications for chemotherapeutic agents in older adults, and the (estimated) creatinine clearance (CLcr by the Cockcroft–Gault method) serves as a good predictor for a patient-individualized dosing regimen. Apparent age-related effects on hepatic drug metabolism/biliary excretion have been observed, but usually do not lead to dose adjustments; however, metabolic drug–drug interactions (i.e., inhibition or induction of drug metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters in the liver and/or GI tract) can be very important in older adults, as they are more likely to receive comedications for diseases unrelated to their cancer with the potential for drug–drug interactions. Recommended dosage adjustments for select chemotherapeutic agents are summarized in this chapter.
Market-Based U.S. Electricity Prices

As the electricity industry moves from cost-of-service regulation to market-based pricing, market fundamentals rather than cost rules will determine electricity prices. In addition, regions will become more competitive with each other. Low-cost regions will look to sell some of its power to regions with higher generation costs, and electricity trade should grow.
Lacan: The Semiotics of Law’s Voices

The three godfathers differ in scholarship, philosophy, cultural backgrounds and types of insights. All have a peripheral knowledge and experience of law, but greatly delivered to the lawyer’s toolkit because they focused on language, the major instrument of lawyers. Peirce’s interest and feeling for law has been underestimated. Greimas was interested in law because law-as-text could serve as an object for his discourse analyses Lacan excelled in understanding the metaphoric essence of the concept of law in human affairs. Greimas was interested in a grammar of narratives and discovered in that context a finite number of functional themes, which could be placed in binary opposition and be noted by means of systematically placing and replacing squares that represent those themes. Any transference of semiotics into functionalism would alienate the semiotic enterprise and loosen ties with the sign-concept. The process of meaning making has priority in all situations. Linguistics, including semiotics, has a power that transcends language itself, and provides knowledge of its own structures, which in their turn leads to knowledge of reality in and of itself.
A Natural Reservoir and Transmission Vector of Grapevine Vein Clearing Virus.

Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV) is associated with a vein-clearing and vine-decline disease. In this study, we surveyed wild Ampelopsis cordata from the Vitaceae family and found that 31% (35 ...
Improving Medical Decisions

In this chapter we conceptualize medical decisions in three steps: diagnosis, option assessment and shared decision making, with specific attention to how these steps apply to decisions in neuropalliative care. Diagnosis is a step that involves gathering information surrounding the problem. A physician must diagnose the medical problem, the problem from the patient’s perspective and the patient’s preferences and values. An assessment of patient capacity and skilled communication are intrinsic to the process. Option assessment is a step where the potential solutions are weighed against each other. This includes assessing benefits and risks of each option including a consideration of costs; understanding and managing uncertainty including the use of time limited trials and default options; and considering the biases associated with option assessment and ways to debias. Finally, shared decision making is a step that involves engaging with patients or surrogates to arrive at a medical decision. This involves incorporating patient values. The objective of a medical decision is to promote patient well-being.
Initial Stability of PERC vs. Al-BSF Cells

PERC cells are projected to comprise 35% of the p-type silicon cells produced in 2018, due to their 10% relative improvement in power conversion efficiency over AlBSF with only a marginal increase in manufacturing costs. Known risks of PERC cells, including light-induced degradation and passivation layer stability, are of key concern in this fastgrowing market. Here we measure performance and mechanistic parameters of bare PERC and Al-BSF cells stepwise through UV + heat exposure by ${Suns} - V_{OC}$, external quantum efficiency, and microwave photoconductive decay to obtain timeseries of mechanistic and performance variables to evaluate in our analytic framework. With the creation of statistical models relating these variables, individual degradation modes are determined and ranked for PERC and Al-BSF cells. By comparing PERC and Al-BSF cells, we can identify PERC-specific degradation modes and inform future mitigation strategies. In this study, PERC cells showed two significant pathways related to power loss: one via degradation of the minority carrier lifetime and diffusion/rear side recombination, and another via bulk/emitter recombination and voltage losses.
Paul's Allusive Reasoning in 1 Corinthians 11.7–12

This article examines Paul's use of scriptural allusion in 1 Cor 11.7–12, highlighting underappreciated echoes of Zerubbabel's discourse in 1 Esdras 4.13–41. Paul puts Genesis 1, Genesis 2 and 1 Esdras 4 into conversation to support what may strike many today as a tension-fraught position. He assumes a patriarchal gender hierarchy (1 Cor 11.7–9) but also affirms woman's ‘authority’ over her head, albeit tendentiously (11.10). Rather than resolving the resulting tension, Paul uses additional, counterbalancing allusions to redirect attention away from the question of status, towards recognition of interdependence ‘in the Lord’ and shared origin in God (11.11–12).
Development of a Numerical Experiment Technique to Solve Inverse Gamma-Ray Transport Problems with Application to Nondestructive Assay of Nuclear Waste Barrels

A numerical experimental technique is presented to find an optimum solution to an undetermined inverse gamma-ray transport problem involving the nondestructive assay of radionuclide inventory in a nuclear waste drum. The method introduced is an optimization scheme based on performing a large number of numerical simulations that account for the counting statistics, the nonuniformity of source distribution, and the heterogeneous density of the self-absorbing medium inside the waste drum. The simulation model uses forward projection and backward reconstruction algorithms. The forward projection algorithm uses randomly selected source distribution and a first-flight kernel method to calculate external detector responses. The backward reconstruction algorithm uses the conjugate gradient with nonnegative constraint or the maximum likelihood expectation maximum method to reconstruct the source distribution based on calculated detector responses. Total source activity is determined by summing the reconstructed activity of each computational grid. By conducting 10,000 numerical simulations, the error bound and the associated confidence level for the prediction of total source activity are determined. The accuracy and reliability of the simulation model are verified by performing a series of experiments in a 208-{ell} waste barrel. Density heterogeneity is simulated by using different materials distributed in 37 egg-crate-type compartments simulating a vertical segmentmore » of the barrel. Four orthogonal detector positions are used to measure the emerging radiation field from the distributed source. Results of the performed experiments are in full agreement with the estimated error and the confidence level, which are predicted by the simulation model.« less
Purification of transfer-RNA-nucleotidyltransferase from E. coli B.

Abstract Transfer-RNA-nucleotidyltransferase has been purified 1400-fold from E. coli B by liquid polymer phase fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and QAE-Sephadex. The final preparation contains no detectable RNase I, RNase II, polynucleotide phosphorylase, ATPase, CTPase, or any of the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases. The enzyme is extremely labile. It can be stabilized by tRNA, but not rRNA.
Dispersion Bound for the Wyner-Ahlswede-Körner Network via Reverse Hypercontractivity on Types

Using the functional-entropic duality and the reverse hypercontractivity of the transposition semigroup, we lower bound the error probability for each joint type in the Wyner-Ahlswede-Korner problem. Then by averaging the error probability over types, we lower bound the c-dispersion (which characterizes the second-order behavior of the weighted sum of the rates of the two compressors when a nonvanishing error probability is small) as the variance of the gradient of $\inf_{P_{U\vert X}}\{cH(Y\vert U)+ \ I(U;X)\}$ with respect to $Q_{XY}$ , the per-letter side information and source distribution. On the other hand, using the method of types we derive a new upper bound on the c-dispersion, which improves the existing upper bounds but has a gap to the aforementioned lower bound.
Rapid Resolution of the Atmospheric response to the 2017 total solar eclipse

Rapid changes in solar radiative forcing influence heat, scalar and momentum fluxes and thereby shift the trajectory of near-surface atmospheric transitions. Surface fluxes are difficult to obtain during atmospheric transitions by either bulk or eddy-covariance methods because both techniques assume quasi-stationarity in atmospheric state and require sufficiently long blocks of data, typically on the order of 10-30 min, to obtain statistically significant results. These computational requirements limit the temporal resolution of atmospheric processes that researchers can examine using traditional measurement techniques. In this paper, we present a novel observational approach to calculate surface fluxes at sub-minute temporal resolution. High-frequency data from a horizontal, log-spaced array of nine time-synchronized ultrasonic anemometers were used to perform spatial-temporal ensemble averaging and obtain eddy-covariance turbulence fluxes at unprecedented time resolution. The 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse event provided a ‘natural experiment’ to test the ensemble-observation and averaging approach. A total eclipse is energetically well-constrained and, unlike day/night transitions, is a perturbation that quickly transitions from and back to a state of significant solar forcing, providing an ideal scenario for testing the space-timescales required for surface flux calculations. Additionally, two Doppler lidars and a vertically-oriented Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) system provided measurements to characterize near-surface atmospheric conditions. Results show that the ensemble-averaged sensible heat fluxes converged at timescales as short as 15 s. Additional analyses show that the timescale of the connection between the surface and the atmosphere is more rapid than previous measurements have been capable of showing, and is on the order of 10 minutes or less. This experiment demonstrates that ensemble-flux measurements are capable of resolving fluctuations in surface fluxes during rapid atmospheric transitions.
Neuromodulation and Differential Learning Across Mosquito Species

Mosquitoes can learn to change their host-feeding behaviors, such as shifting activity times to avoid bednets or switching from biting animals to biting humans, leading to the transfer of zoonotic diseases. Dopamine is critical for insect learning, but its role in the antennal lobe remains unclear, and it is unknown whether different mosquito species learn the same odor cues. We assayed aversive olfactory learning and dopaminergic brain innervation in four mosquito species with different host preferences and report here that they differentially learn odors salient to their preferred host and innervation patterns vary across species. Using genetically-encoded GCaMP6s Aedes aegypti, we mapped odor-evoked antennal lobe activity and report that glomeruli tuned to “learnable” odors have significantly higher dopaminergic innervation. Changes in dopamine expression in the antennal lobes of diverse invertebrate species may be an evolutionary mechanism to adapt olfactory learning circuitry without changing brain structure and for mosquitoes an ability to adapt to other hosts when their preferred are no longer present.
Precarious Economies: Capitalism’s Creative Destruction in the Age of Neoliberal Campus Planning

The Precarious Economies working group engaged the University of Nevada Reno’s (UNR) Campus Master Plan (CMP) from the perspective of precarity—broadly understood as material conditions of vulnerab...