cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ofelia García and Colin Baker (eds): Bilingual Education: An Introductory Reader

Bilingual Education An Introductory Reader (BEIR) is a resource for ‘‘instructors, researchers and students’’ studying the ‘‘fundamental and formative ideas on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education’’ (p. vii). As the editors’ introduction makes clear, the volume is more pedagogic than academic, seeking to scaffold the learning experiences of new teachers. Researchers, however, will find that the bibliographies are a valuable reference. BEIR has three goals: gathering the field’s major works into a single volume, exposing readers to key concepts about bilingual teaching and learning, and providing an extensive bibliography for further study. Two emphases distinguish this text from similar readers: first, its focus on interactivity, how it aims ‘‘to stimulate a process of introspection, generalization and personalization’’ (p. vii). Towards this end, each article is followed by a series of questions and activities that encourage readers to explore the language practices of their communities. Second, unlike technical texts that bracket political questions to focus on cognitive processes, the editors have selected essays that emphasize the need to place language teaching in its social and political context. Part one, ‘‘Varieties of Bilingual Education,’’ outlines classic bilingual instructional models. Freeman describes the features of common language education programs and aligns them with standards developed by Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) and the Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL), among others. The international and indigenous histories described by Johnstone and McCarty reveal why diverse communities have chosen to develop immersion programs. Torres-Guzman reviews research conducted in the U.S. that clarifies the key characteristics of dual language programming and debunks widespread myths about this model, including the misconception that dual language programs segregate students. The framework developed by Villarreal helps principals and teachers identify the strengths and challenges of transitional bilingual
Lymphogranuloma Venereum, Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale, and Molluscum Contagiosum

Genital infections with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and molluscum contagiosum are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are generally more frequently found in tropical areas, but do present in the United States. Each is more common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals than in the general population. Ulcerative infections increase the risks of transmission and acquisition of HIV. Diagnosis of each of these infections is usually done clinically; the availability of laboratory testing to support the diagnosis is limited.
Profile-Based 3d face registration and recognition

With the rapid development of 3D imaging technology, face recognition using 3D range data has become another alternative in the field of biometrics. Unlike face recognition using 2D intensity images, which has been studied intensively by many researchers since the 1960’s, 3D range data records the exact geometry of a person and it is invariant with respect to illumination changes of the environment and orientation changes of the person. This paper proposes a new algorithm to register and identify 3D range faces. Profiles and contours are extracted for the matching of a probe face with available gallery faces. Different combinations of profiles are tried for the purpose of face recognition using a set of 27 subjects. Our results show that the central vertical profile is one of the most powerful profiles to characterize individual faces and that the contour is also a potentially useful feature for face recognition.
Maternal deaths: a health and socioeconomic challenge.

Abstract Maternal deaths in the Borough of the Bronx, New York, have decreased significantly from 11.8 deaths (1946 to 1957) to 9.5 deaths per 10,000 live births in 1958 to 1967; a decline of approximately 20 per cent. This was attributed to a lowered death rate from toxemia, infections other than criminal abortion, and indirect causes, particularly rheumatic heart disease and improved obstetric care. Persistent deterrent causes have been criminal abortion, ruptured uterus, low socioeconomic status, and high-risk pregnancies. A more commendable position in maternal deaths is only possible by concentrated efforts in the sphere of cultural and socioeconimic application, efficient delivery of health care services, identification of prepregnant high-risk women, and adherence to sound obstetric principles. This complex problem requires a multidisciplinary approach involving allied medical and paramedical professions.
A MEK/PI3K/HDAC inhibitor combination therapy for KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer cells.

// Irene Ischenko 1 , Oleksi Petrenko 1 and Michael J. Hayman 1 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA Correspondence to: Oleksi Petrenko, email: // Michael J. Hayman, email: // Keywords : PDAC, KRAS, MYC, MEK, PI3K Received : May 13, 2015 Accepted : June 14, 2015 Published : June 19, 2015 Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive, metastatic disease with limited treatment options. Factors contributing to the metastatic predisposition and therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer are not well understood. Here, we used a mouse model of KRAS-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis to define distinct subtypes of PDAC metastasis: epithelial, mesenchymal and quasi-mesenchymal. We examined pro-survival signals in these cells and the therapeutic response differences between them. Our data indicate that the initiation and maintenance of the transformed state are separable, and that KRAS dependency is not a fundamental constant of KRAS-initiated tumors. Moreover, some cancer cells can shuttle between the KRAS dependent (drug-sensitive) and independent (drug-tolerant) states and thus escape extinction. We further demonstrate that inhibition of KRAS signaling alone via co-targeting the MAPK and PI3K pathways fails to induce extensive tumor cell death and, therefore, has limited efficacy against PDAC. However, the addition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors greatly improves outcomes, reduces the self-renewal of cancer cells, and blocks cancer metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest that targeting HDACs in combination with KRAS or its effector pathways provides an effective strategy for the treatment of PDAC.
A Pricing Mechanism for Digital Content Distribution Over Computer Networks

This paper uses modified economic growth theory to compare and contrast two currently available ways of digital content distribution: the client-server model and the peer-to-peer (P2P) model. We describe a monopolistic pricing scheme for distributing digital content over P2P networks that rewards peer users who actively participate in the distribution process. Our results show that digital distribution through a P2P network is more profitable and more efficient than in the corresponding client-server setting, if the pricing mechanism used provides strong incentives to users to share content. The basic results hold when the model is extended to include time-variant preferences across generations of consumers, and when the monopolist performs price discrimination based on generations. Some practical implications from the theoretical analysis are also discussed.
Larval and Postlarval Effects of Diflubenzuron on the Soybean Looper

Dosage-mortality curves were determined for 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 6th instars of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) placed on diet surface-treated with diflubenzuron (DFB) and for 6th instars fed cubes of DFB-injected medium. LD50 values for 5th instars were significantly greater than similar values for 1st and 3rd instars and significantly less than LD50 values for 6th instars. The consumption of DFB-injected medium cubes within a 24-h period was much less effective than continuous feeding on surface-treated diet in preventing 6th instars from becoming pupae and adults. Of the 2011 larvae which consumed DFB-treated medium and completed larval development, 51% exhibited post larval abnormality. The total mean percentage of abnormal pre pupae, pupae, or adults for DFB-treated groups was 38.1, 7.3, and 12.5. The majority of abnormal per pupae died as prepupal-pupal intermediates. About one-half of the abnormal adults failed to escape the silk cocoon spun just before per pupal formation. Larvae fed DFB-treated medium required a significantly greater period of time to reach the per pupal stage than did control larvae.
Effects of Hyperfibrinogenemia on Vasculature of C57BL/6 Mice With and Without Atherogenic Diet

Objective— Elevated fibrinogen is correlated with severe atherosclerosis, as defined by the occurrence of ischemic events, but the mechanistic basis for this correlation remains unknown. To study this relationship, we examined spontaneous and diet-induced atherosclerosis in transgenic mice with hyperfibrinogenemia (elevated fibrinogen). Methods and Results— Normal and transgenic mice were fed either an atherogenic diet or simple breeder chow. We measured plasma fibrinogen levels and identified an age-dependent and diet-dependent increase in fibrinogen. After 8 to 12 months, aortic sections were prepared and stained, and lipid-containing lesions were counted, measured, and assessed for maturity. Lipid-filled deposits appeared spontaneously in a small number of mice on breeder chow; typical fatty streak-type lesions appeared in almost all of the diet-fed animals. Morphometric analysis showed that neither the number nor the size of lesions was influenced by either fibrinogen level or genotype. Conclusions— Our data showed that neither fibrinogen concentration nor genotype had a statistically significant effect on the initiation, initial growth, or early progression of atherosclerotic lesions.
Phylogeny of the Taeniodonta: Evidence from Dental Characters and Stratigraphy

ABSTRACT The Taeniodonta is a group of eutherian mammals from the Paleogene of North America, which evolved rapidly in the Paleocene to achieve, in some forms, large body size, hypselodont (i.e., evergrowing) canine and postcanine teeth, and peculiar patterns of tooth wear. Eleven genera of taeniodonts occur in two subgroups, recognized at the level of families or subfamilies depending on author, the Conoryctidae and the Stylinodontidae. There has not been a comprehensive computer-assisted phylogenetic analysis of the taeniodonts, and questions have arisen over the monophyly of the taeniodonts and the conoryctids. Cladistic analyses based on thirty-seven dental characters using NONA and Winclada showed that two subclades of Taeniodonta are well supported, a clade consisting of the conoryctids exclusive of Onychodectes (i.e., Conoryctella, Conoryctes, and Huerfanodon) and a clade consisting of all the known stylinodontids (Wortmania, Schochia, Psittacotherium, Ectoganus, and Stylinodon). Stratocladistic an...
Gating Properties Conferred on Bk Channels by the β3b Auxiliary Subunit in the Absence of Its Nh2- and Cooh Termini

Both β1 and β2 auxiliary subunits of the BK-type K+ channel family profoundly regulate the apparent Ca2+ sensitivity of BK-type Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Each produces a pronounced leftward shift in the voltage of half-activation (V0.5) at a given Ca2+ concentration, particularly at Ca2+ above 1 μM. In contrast, the rapidly inactivating β3b auxiliary produces a leftward shift in activation at Ca2+ below 1 μM. In the companion work (Lingle, C.J., X.-H. Zeng, J.-P. Ding, and X.-M. Xia. 2001. J. Gen. Physiol. 117:583–605, this issue), we have shown that some of the apparent β3b-mediated shift in activation at low Ca2+ arises from rapid unblocking of inactivated channels, unlike the actions of the β1 and β2 subunits. Here, we compare effects of the β3b subunit that arise from inactivation, per se, versus those that may arise from other functional effects of the subunit. In particular, we examine gating properties of the β3b subunit and compare it to β3b constructs lacking either the NH2- or COOH terminus or both. The results demonstrate that, although the NH2 terminus appears to be the primary determinant of the β3b-mediated shift in V0.5 at low Ca2+, removal of the NH2 terminus reveals two other interesting aspects of the action of the β3b subunit. First, the conductance-voltage curves for activation of channels containing the β3b subunit are best described by a double Boltzmann shape, which is proposed to arise from two independent voltage-dependent activation steps. Second, the presence of the β3b subunit results in channels that exhibit an anomalous instantaneous outward current rectification that is correlated with a voltage dependence in the time-averaged single-channel current. The two effects appear to be unrelated, but indicative of the variety of ways that interactions between β and α subunits can affect BK channel function. The COOH terminus of the β3b subunit produces no discernible functional effects.
The HIV-1 reservoir in distinct Vβ subsets of CD4 T cells : evidence for a putative superantigen

Human immunodeficiency viras-1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in T cells expressing T-cell receptors using certain Vβ genes, Vβ12 in particular. This Vβ specificity was consistent with an HIV-1-associated superantigen. In addition, T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV- positive donors potently stimulated Vβ12 cell lines to proliferate in culture, but not control Vβ6.7a cell lines, thus indicating the presence of a Vβ-selective mitogen. The targeted Vβ subsets were not deleted. It was therefore possible that these subsets might represent a viral reservoirin vivo. Viral load was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (with HIV-1gag primers) and with an infectivity assay to measure competent virus. It was shown that the tiny Vβ12 subset (1–2% of T cells) has a higher viral load than other Vβ subsets in about 65% of infected individuals. Selective HIV-1 replication in Vβ12 cells was also observed 6–9 days afterin vitro infection of peripheral blood T cells from several normal HIV-1-negative donors. In summary, a superantigen-like activity appears to promote Vβ-selective HIV-1 replicationin vitro andin vivo in patients infected with HIV-1. New therapeutic approaches are suggested based on these findings.
Benefits and Costs of Community-Academia Interaction in a Paraprofessional Training Course

(1980). Benefits and Costs of Community-Academia Interaction in a Paraprofessional Training Course. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 8-12.
Electric vehicles rising from the dead: Data needs for forecasting consumer response toward sustainable energy sources in personal transportation

Abstract Since standard vehicles are powered by internal combustion mechanisms that rely on fossil fuels, electric vehicles that are propelled by one or more electric engines have been proposed as an alternative to promote sustainable personal transportation. In this paper we propose a general demand model for vehicle purchases at the individual level assuming that the necessary microdata is available. We then list the ideal microdata that would be needed for estimating this general demand model. For elaborating this list, we take into account the particularities of low emission vehicles, with emphasis in their cost-reliability-environmental benefits tradeoff, as well as the potentiality for evaluation of welfare improving policies related to adoption of energy-efficient technologies. We discuss data sources and collection strategies for the different attributes of the model, especially for those characteristics that are nonstandard such as symbolic values. For instance, we discuss the role of range anxiety as a barrier of adoption of electric vehicles, and the implied relevance of including driving range to get consumers’ willingness to pay for better performing electric batteries.
The protease inhibitor p-nitrophenyl-p' -guanidinobenzoate inactivates sindbis and other enveloped viruses.

Abstract Sindis virions were inactivated by the protease inhibitor p -nitrophenyl- p′ -guanidinobenzoate (NPGB) in a pH-, temperature-, and time-dependent reaction that decreased the titer of infectious virus by 4 to 5 logs. Treated virions remained structurally intact and competent for adsorption and penetration into host cells but failed to induce viral-specific RNA synthesis. Viral RNA from NPGB-treated virions was defective both as a messenger RNA in an in vitro protein synthesizing system and as a source of infectious RNA when tested in BHK cells. Additional studies with NPGB-treated defective-interfering particles and complementation tests with temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus suggested that NPGB-inactivated RNA could not serve as a template for replication. NPGB inactivated a variety of other enveloped viruses including influenza, Rous sarcoma, and lactic dehydrogenase virus but had no effect on the nonenveloped encephalomyocarditis and reo viruses. Thus, NPGB appears to inactivate virions by penetrating the viral envelope and acylating sensitive sites on viral RNA.
Steve Paxton's "Interior Techniques": Contact Improvisation and Political Power

Steve Paxton's contact improvisation, though meant to develop our “habit of attending” to sensations and reflexes to overcome American democracy's conditioning in “voluntary slavery,” has instead mainly become an apolitical, “spiritual” practice. But CI could, by showing the relation between culture and conscious experience, radicalize participation in all our relations.
Comparison of human skull and spherical shell vibrations—implications for head injury modeling

Abstract Spherical shell models have been formulated as geometric approximations of the human head. By insuring geometrical and material similarity between the model and human head, impact response and skull fracture studies were expected to yield results in close agreement with model predictions. This, however, was not the case. Model predictions of skull fracture loads were typically twice the observed level. A comparison was made between the resonant frequencies of two dry human skulls and corresponding spherical shell models. Poor agreement was observed. A vibrational analysis of the model revealed that the uniformity of the spherical shell approximmately doubles the effective stiffness and resonant frequencies as compared with the dry human skull. The elastic modulus of the model was adjusted to bring its resonances into closer agreement with those of the skull. The synthesized“effective” modulus was 50% lower than the material property of human cranial bone. Interestingly, this adjustment also brought model predictions of skull fracture into closer agreement with available human cadaver data.
Anthesis and seed production in Zostera marina L. from Great South Bay, New York, U.S.A.

Abstract Flowering and seed production were studied during the spring and summer of 1975 in a population of Zostera marina L. from Great South Bay, New York. The maturation of stamens and pistils was observed from April, until the completion of anthesis in June. Pollination occurred successively within increasing spathe orders and lasted approximately one month, starting between May 15 and May 21, when the water temperature was 17–20°C, and ending by June 17, when the water temperature had reached 21°C. Ovary dehiscence and seed release were first observed on June 17, and essentially completed by July 9, together with the deterioration of the flowering shoots. An average of 48 pistils was produced on each flowering shoot, but seed formation occurred in only 72% of these reproductive organs. The remaining 28% aborted, presumably due to the failure of fertilization. The average density of the flowering shoots was 53/m2, yielding a potential seed crop of 1802 seeds/m2.
Evolution and diversity of invertase genes in Populus trichocarpa

Invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) plays a key role in carbon utilization as it catalyzes the irreversible hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. The invertase family in plants is composed of two sub-families thought to have distinct evolutionary origins and can be distinguished by their pH optima for activity: acid invertases and neutral/alkaline invertases. The acid invertases apparently originated in eubacteria and are targeted to the cell wall and vacuole, while neutral/alkaline invertases apparently originated in cyanobacteria and function in the cytosol. The recently sequenced genome of Populus trichocharpa (Torr. and Gray) allowed us to identify the genes encoding invertase in this woody perennial. Here we describe the identification of eight acid invertase genes; three of which belong to the vacuolar targeted group (PtVIN1–3), and five of which belong to the cell wall targeted group (PtCIN1–5). Similarly, we report the identification of 16 neutral/alkaline invertase genes (PtNIN1–16). Expression analyses using whole genome microarrays and RT-PCR reveal evidence for expression of all invertase family members. An examination of the micro-syntenic regions surrounding the poplar invertase genes reveals extensive colinearity with Arabidopsis invertases. We also find evidence for expression of a novel intronless vacuolar invertase (PtVIN1), which apparently arose from a processed PtVIN2 transcript that re-inserted into the genome. To our knowledge, this is the first intronless invertase found in plants. This work increases the understanding of the role this family plays in carbon allocation and partitioning in forest trees as well as its evolutionary development.
Case report: localized scleroderma of the breast after saline implant rupture

The first case of localized scleroderma (morphea) in a 61-year-old female with unilateral rupture 3 years after bilateral saline breast implant augmentation is reported. Erythematous skin eruptions were noted on the anterior trunk and involved breast. The implant was removed and tissue biopsies were performed. On histology, the clinical lesions showed cupuliform depressed plaques with scleroatrophia of the dermis. Extensive fibrosis including caliber and disposition of collagen bundles and lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrate were present. Intense deposits of C3d and C5b-9 were noted along the dermo-epidermal junction under direct immunoflourescence. Elevated anti-nuclear antibody and C-reactive protein levels returned to normal after implant removal. It was concluded that this localized scleroderma could be related to the silicone capsule of the ruptured saline implant. In spite of the fact that epidemiological studies have not demonstrated a relationship between silicone implants and autoimmune disease, the continual appearance of new cases such as this requires an open attitude and awareness of the possibility. Photographic and histologic case details along with a review of the literature will be presented.
5-HT1A receptor knockout mouse as a genetic model of anxiety

Low levels of the serotonin(1A) (5-HT(1A)) receptor have been repeatedly found in mood and anxiety disorders. Stress often exacerbates psychiatric disease and can also reduce 5-HT(1A) receptor levels. When receptor deficiency was produced in mice by genetic knockout, an anxiety-like phenotype was observed. Anxiety in mice is defined as a high level of avoidance of novel and unfamiliar environment and increased fear reaction. Other aspects of anxiety such as autonomic activation, increased stress responsiveness, and neuroendocrine abnormalities have also been described in receptor knockout mice. These data indicate that 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mice represent a genetic animal model of anxiety with both construct and face validities. Although the core phenotype of anxiety can be reproduced in knockout mice in various inbred and outbred backgrounds, abnormalities in 5-HT dynamics and resistance to the anxiolitic drug diazepam have been seen in one but not on other genetic backgrounds. This indicates that while the development of anxiety is an invariable consequence of receptor deficit, other features induced by receptor loss are strongly modulated by other gene(s). Strain-dependent variability within the core phenotype does not diminish the value of 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mice as a model of anxiety. Indeed, it is consistent with the manifestation of anxiety in genetically heterogeneous human population.
Discordant Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Somatostatin on Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Secretion from Perifused Mouse Hypothalami

The role of somatostatin (SRIF) on growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) secretion has been controversial because of discordant findings that may be model dependent. We have examined possible explan
Rational choice and institutional factors underpinning state‐level interagency collaboration initiatives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on Public Safety Networks (PSNs) created and used in the USA at the state level. Empirical analysis describes the formation and use of extant state‐level PSNs, based upon factors representing rational choice and institutional theories.Design/methodology/approach – Contextual data representing 160 different characteristics and descriptors of state‐level attributes produces two factors that evidence an underlying structure consistent with rational choice and institutional theories. Using these factors as predictors, the authors employ multiple regression analysis to explain differences in size and maturity among state public‐safety collaborations. The size and maturity indicators come from extensive survey data collected in phone interviews with senior personnel at 80 PSNs.Findings – Consistent with rational choice theory, higher needs and resources predict larger PSN size. Contrary to expectations, institutionalization rather than a culture of innovation is a...
Electrolyte development for improved cycling performance of bismuth fluoride nanocomposite positive electrodes

Abstract Interactions of the electrolyte with the bismuth fluoride nanocomposite positive electrode lead to capacity loss. When lithiated, the BiF3 positive electrode is highly reactive with ethylene carbonate (EC) and other cyclic organic carbonates used for forming effective solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) on carbonaceous negative electrodes. This reactivity poses problems for the development of a Li-ion cell. The aim of this work was to formulate electrolytes that could enable the functionality of BiF3 nanocomposite positive electrodes while also maintaining stability at the negative electrode/electrolyte interface. Adiponitrile (ADN) has been put forth as a compatible bulk solvent for the electrolyte, and a number of additives have been examined including cyclic organic carbonates, cyclic organic sulfur-containing compounds, and ethyl isocyanate. Along with an exceptional fundamental stability in the neat solvent, preliminary results demonstrated improved performance of BiF3 nanocomposite positive electrodes in Li-ion compatible ADN-based electrolytes.
Intracavity resonant degenerate four-wave mixing: bistability in phase conjugation

A general formalism is developed to study intracavity phase conjugation through resonant degenerate four-wave mixing. The effects of spatial hole burning, arising from interference of the counterpropagating pump waves, are fully incorporated. The analysis is applied to discuss intracavity phase conjugation in nonlinear media that can be modeled using either a two-level system or a Λ-type three-level system. In both cases, the phase-conjugate reflectivity exhibits bistability for an appropriate choice of the input parameters. For a two-level system, the tuning characteristics of the Fabry–Perot cavity significantly affect the phase-conjugate spectrum that displays hysteresis when the cavity is detuned from the applied laser frequency.
Spatially variant morphological skeleton representation

In this paper, we present a comprehensive theory of spatially-variant (SV) mathematical morphology. A kernel representation of increasing operators in terms of the union (resp., intersection) of SV erosions (resp., SV dilations) is provided. A representation of algebraic openings (resp., algebraic closings) in terms of the union (resp., intersection) of SV openings (resp., SV closings) is also provided. The SV morphological skeleton representation is finally presented, some of its properties investigated, and conditions for its invertibility derived.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Theoretical prediction and experimental verification of low loading of platinum on titanium carbide as low-cost and stable electrocatalysts

Abstract Titanium carbide (TiC) is electrochemically stable and can be synthesized with high surface area. It also has a strong affinity to platinum (Pt), making TiC an ideal support for low loading of Pt as a low-cost and stable electrocatalyst. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to predict the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity and the stability of monolayer (ML) Pt on TiC. The DFT prediction was verified experimentally on ML Pt/TiC thin film that showed comparable HER activity as bulk Pt. The HER activity of Pt/TiC thin film was then extended to Pt supported TiC powders with similar results. The combined theoretical and experimental results demonstrate the utilization of TiC as a support to significantly reduce the Pt loading required for the HER.
Independence of centriole formation and initiation of DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells

The relationship between centriole formation and DNA synthesis was investigated by examining the effect of taxol on the centriole cycle and the initiation of DNA synthesis in synchronized cells. The centriole cycle was monitored by electron microscopy of whole-mount preparations [Kuriyama and Borisy, J. Cell Biol., 1981, 91:814-821]. A short daughter centriole appeared in perpendicular orientation to each parent during late G1 or early S and elongated slowly during S to G2. Addition of 5-20 micrograms/ml taxol to a synchronous population of cells in S phase did not inhibit centriole elongation; rather, elongation was accelerated. In contrast, when taxol was added to M phase or early G1 cells, centriole duplication was completely inhibited. The taxol block was reversible since nucleation and elongation of centrioles resumed as soon as the drug was removed. Cells exposed to taxol progressed through the cell cycle and became blocked in mitosis, as indicated by an increase in the mitotic index, but eventually the mitotic arrest was overcome, resulting in formation of multinucleated cells. A peak in mitotic index was seen in the following generation, indicating that chromosomes duplicated in the presence of taxol. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine followed by autoradiography confirmed that DNA synthesis was initiated in the presence of taxol even though formation of daughter centrioles was inhibited. It seems, therefore, that centriole duplication is not a prerequisite for entry into S phase. Since DNA synthesis has already been demonstrated not to be necessary for centriole duplication, these two events, normally coordinated in time, appear to be independent of each other.
Hemiazygous continuation of a left inferior vena cava: Misleading radiographic findings in chest trauma

A widened mediastinum was found on chest radiography following blunt chest trauma. Aortography alone could not adequately determine the etiology of the radiographic findings; on computed tomography (CT) benign mediastinal widening was confirmed owing to accessory hemiazygous continuation of a left inferior vena cava (IVC), with communication to the left brachiocephalic vein through an enlarged left superior (highest) intercostal vein. This unusual anatomic variant and its radiographic findings are reviewed, as well as the complementary role of CT in the evaluation of the traumatized thoracic aorta and mediastinum.
"His scorn I approve": the self-effacing Desdemona.

Desdemona is a controversial character whose behavior has been difficult to understand. Is she little less than a saint, or a rebellious daughter who is rightly punished for her deception of her father? A Christ-like martyr, or a guilt-ridden woman who participates in her own victimization? Many critics have been struck by the disparity between her assertive behavior early in the play and her inability to defend herself later. This is the central puzzle of Desdemona's character, but it is by no means the only one. With the possible exception of Cleopatra, Desdemona is Shakespeare's most complex psychological portrait of a woman. Shakespeare's glorification of her as "the divine Desdemona" tends to discourage an examination of her motives; but when we look at her closely, we find that her actions are as extreme as those of lago and Othello and that her character, as well as theirs, contributes to the tragedy. She can be best understood, I think, through Karen Horney's description of the self-effacing person. As the play opens, Desdemona has just behaved in a way that is quite outrageous from the point of view of her culture. She has fallen in love with a man of a different race, country, and color; and she is so determined to marry him despite what she knows would be Brabantio's opposition that she conceals her intentions and weds without her father's consent. By doing this, she loses her father's affection and deals him such a blow that he soon dies of grief. Brabantio repeatedly characterizes her behavior as unnatural, but the rhetoric of the play works in Desdemona's behalf and lessens the impact of what she has done. The Duke says that Othello's tale would have won his daughter too, and he tells Brabantio that his son-inlaw's virtue makes him "far more fair than black" (I, iii). This makes the marriage seem natural and desirable. Despite the fact that Brabantio's reactions are not treated sympathetically in the play, they represent the conventional views of his society (which even Othello will soon embrace); and it is from them, I think, rather than from
Simultaneous Ground- and Space-Based Observations of the Plasmaspheric Plume and Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection is the primary process through which energy couples from the solar wind into Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. Conditions both in the incident solar wind and in the magnetosphere are important in determining the efficiency of this energy transfer. In particular, the cold, dense plasmaspheric plume can substantially impact the coupling in the dayside reconnection region. Using ground-based total electron content (TEC) maps and measurements from the THEMIS spacecraft, we investigated simultaneous ionosphere and magnetosphere observations of the plasmaspheric plume and its involvement in an unsteady magnetic reconnection process. The observations show the full circulation pattern of the plasmaspheric plume and validate the connection between signatures of variability in the dense plume and reconnection at the magnetopause as measured in situ and through TEC measurements in the ionosphere.
An Urban Communication Audit Measuring Aspects of a `Communicative City'

Treating communities as communication systems, this article applies the concept behind the International Communication Association (ICA) Communication Audit for describing communication within organizations, mapping out the turf and providing a sample of measures. Network and systems theory are merged as it is asked to what extent the communication network links people into a community social system, one of several potential goals that may be modified to fit a community analysis or attend to particular problems. Ten methods are offered as tools, from quantitative surveys, content analyses and inventories to qualitative methods employing in-depth interviews with informants and influentials, observations and examinations of critical events.
Antibiotics in Animal Feeds: Risks and Costs

Since the mid-1950s, scientists have expressed concern about the potential health hazards posed by the low-level use of antibiotics in animal feeds. In the mid-1960s, a serious outbreak of salmonellosis in Great Britain was traced to dairy calves. The severity of the incidence triggered a government inquiry into cause of the outbreak and possible prevention options. The resulting Swann Report recommended the prohibition of the low-level use of drugs in animal feeds. In 1970, the British Parliament adopted these recommendations. In the meantime, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) continued to investigate the issue. In 1977 and 1978 regulations were proposed by FDA to ban the use of penicillin in animal feeds and to curb sharply the use of tetracyclines and tetracycline combination drugs in low levels of feeds for growth promotion purposes. A series of congressional resolutions have kept the proposals in abeyance until further studies about the potential health hazards could be completed. The last of these studies was completed early in 1985, and FDA recently has renewed action on the 1977-78 proposals. Also, the Congress, as well as livestock and poultry producers, agribusinessmen, and consumers have been concerned about the potential economic impacts in terms of the costs and benefits of the use of antibiotics in animal feeds.
Forskolin prolongs action potential duration and blocks potassium current in embryonic chick sensory neurons.

To determine if alterations in internal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) play a role in modulation of voltage-dependent channels in embryonic chick sensory neurons in vitro, forskolin (a direct activator of adenylate cyclase) was tested on the cells. Forskolin, in concentrations between 1 and 100 μM, produced dose-dependent, reversible increases in action potential duration. This effect of forskolin was blocked by incubation of the neurons in 1 mM 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of forskolin-induced activation of cyclase in other cells. This suggests that the increase in action potential duration is likely to be mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase. Cholera toxin, another cyclase activator, also increased action potential duration when applied to the sensory neurons in a concentration of 10 μg/ml. Forskolin applied to voltage-clamped neurons decreased a voltage-dependent outward current, a result consistent with its effect on the action potential. These effects of forskolin are mimicked by capsaicin, but are in marked contrast to those previously reported for norepinephrine on the action potential and membrane currents (Dunlap and Fischbach 1981). Furthermore, forskolin does not block (or attenuate) the effects of norepinephrine, suggesting that increases in adenylate cyclase activity are most likely not involved in norepinephrine's action on the calcium channel.
A comparison of filtering approaches for aircraft engine health estimation

Different approaches for the estimation of the states of linear dynamic systems are commonly used, the most common being the Kalman filter. For nonlinear systems, variants of the Kalman filter are used. Some of these variants include the LKF (linearized Kalman filter), the EKF (extended Kalman filter), and the UKF (unscented Kalman filter). With the LKF and EKF, performance varies depending on how often Jacobians (partial derivative matrices) are updated. In other words, we see a tradeoff between computational effort and filtering performance. With the unscented Kalman filter, Jacobians are not calculated but computational effort is typically high due to the need for multiple simulations at each time step of the underlying dynamic system. Up to this point in time a number of filtering approaches have been used for aircraft turbofan engine health estimation, but a systematic comparison has not been published. This paper compares the estimation accuracy and computational effort of these filters for aircraft engine health estimation. We show in this paper that the EKF and UKF both outperform the LKF. The EKF computational effort is an order of magnitude higher than the LKF, and the UKF is another order of magnitude higher than the EKF. Overall we conclude that the EKF, with Jacobian calculations about every three flights, is the best choice for aircraft engine health estimation.
Randomized clinical trial of ganciclovir vs acyclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus antigenemia after allogeneic transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease remains a major cause of morbidity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). In a prospective randomized trial, we tested prophylactic therapy with ganciclovir or acyclovir for patients at high risk of disease. Ninety-one CMV seropositive recipients of related (n = 53) and unrelated (n = 38) donor transplants were enrolled. All patients received intravenous (i.v.) ganciclovir 5 mg/kg every 12 h days -7 to -2, followed by acyclovir 10 mg/kg i.v. every 8 h from day -1 until neutrophil engraftment. Patients were then randomly assigned to either ganciclovir (n = 45) or acyclovir (n = 46) until day 100 post transplant. Any degree of antigenemia was treated with ganciclovir 5 mg/kg i.v. twice a day for 2 weeks, followed by 5 mg/kg i.v. each weekday for 6 weeks. At day 100, the cumulative incidence of antigenemia was 31% (95% CI 17-45%) for ganciclovir and 41% (95% CI 26-56%) (P = 0.22) for acyclovir prophylaxis, respectively. The assigned prophylaxis cohort did not predict for CMV antigenemia. The cumulative incidence of CMV disease at 12 months was 13% (95% CI 3-23%) and 17% (95% CI 6-28%) (P = 0.59) for the ganciclovir- and acyclovir-treated groups, respectively. An absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <or=1500 x 10(6)/l at randomization (P < 0.01) and grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host-disease (P = 0.01), but not the assigned prophylaxis cohort (P = 0.62), were independent risk factors for CMV disease. The incidence of fungal infections and renal insufficiency was similar across treatment groups; however, bacterial infections and secondary neutropenia occurred more frequently in the ganciclovir group. With our study powered to detect a 60% reduction in antigenemia with ganciclovir prophylaxis, we did not find a statistically significant difference between ganciclovir and acyclovir when used as part of an overall strategy for prevention of CMV antigenemia and disease in SCT, although fewer side-effects occurred with acyclovir treatment.
Mapping the protein interaction landscape for fully functionalized small-molecule probes in human cells.

Phenotypic screening provides a means to discover small molecules that perturb cell biological processes. Discerning the proteins and biochemical pathways targeted by screening hits, however, remains technically challenging. We recently described the use of small molecules bearing photoreactive groups and latent affinity handles as fully functionalized probes for integrated phenotypic screening and target identification. The general utility of such probes, or, for that matter, any small-molecule screening library, depends on the scope of their protein interactions in cells, a parameter that remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe the synthesis of an ∼60-member fully functionalized probe library, prepared from Ugi-azide condensation reactions to impart structural diversity and introduce diazirine and alkyne functionalities for target capture and enrichment, respectively. In-depth mass spectrometry-based analysis revealed a diverse array of probe targets in human cells, including enzymes, channels, ad...
Long‐term retention of spatial navigation by preweanling rats

The present study was designed to examine retention of spatial information in the immature, Fischer-344N rat using a savings paradigm. Following training to locate a hidden platform using extramaze cues, preweanling animals (17 days of age) were immediately probed by testing in the tank with the platform removed. One week later, pups (26 days of age) were given an additional four training trials immediately followed by a second probe test to examine the animals' memory for the location of the platform. Animals that received initial training at 17 days of age demonstrated significant savings of information when tested after the retention interval. These data replicate our recent report of spatial navigation capabilities in the preweanling rat, and extend those findings by demonstrating that preweanling spatial navigation performance permits more rapid and accurate navigation following a 7-day retention interval after a "reinstatement" insufficient to produce accurate navigation in maturation controls.
Observations and theoretical reconstruction of the green flash

The phenomenon of the green flash at sunset (or sunrise) is reviewed. Several possible mechanisms that have been put forth to explain the green flash are discussed. A quantitative model for the phenomenon is then described, which includes parameters that are representative for a polar atmosphere (low humidity and small aerosol optical depth). It is supposed that the primary mechanism responsible for causing the green flash are natural molecular disperion, and, the filtering action imposed by the atmosphere for low elevation angles. Results from the model indicate that a green rim of vertical extent ≅0.15 milliradians would appear at the upper limb of the sun during sunset or sunrise. The theoretical results are compared with observations of a green flash made at wintertime in interior Alaska.
Bacterial colonization of mutilating hand injuries and its treatment

A total of 120 hand injuries were reviewed. Sixty-seven occurred between 1965 and 1972 and were analyzed retrospectively, and 53 occurred between 1972 and 1974 and were analyzed prospectively. The bacterial colonization was determined in 86 injuries. Injuries sustained while handling farm implements tended to be colonized by mixed gram-negative and gram-positive isolates. The gram-negative isolates usually were resistant to all antibiotics, with the exception of gentamicin. However, nine bacterial isolates were resistant to all agents tested. Injuries sustained in the home or industry were colonized by gram-positive organisms. Most were susceptible to semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin and its congeners. The use of parenteral prophylactic antimicrobial agents in the treatment of mutilating hand injuries was not significant in preventing infection, and their use does not seem to be indicated in farm implement-related injuries. Antimicrobials are of value in home- and industrial-related injuries only when the status of the wound so indicates.
A noninvasive assay for monitoring renal allograft status

Transplant rejection is a serious complication, sometimes threatening life of the patient. Although recent development of the new generation of immunosuppressive drugs reduced the incidence of acute rejection in kidney transplantation, the absence of noninvasive biomarkers of the rejection does not allow often the optimization of a prompt antirejection therapy. Serum creatinine is the most widely used marker for allograft function, however, it is not sensitive and specific enough to detect acute rejection. Other biomarkers are even less valuable for this purpose. Histological examination of renal allograft biopsy still remains the golden standard for diagnosing acute renal allograft rejection. Therefore, there is a high demand for reliable biomarkers for noninvasive monitoring of renal allograft status. Examination of urine in renal transplant recipients provides a logical and readily accessible approach for this monitoring. The high potency biomarkers for kidney allograft monitoring are fragments of DNA in recipient urine that originated from renal allograft cells. Because of the difference in the genetic origin these DNA can be distinguished from recipient DNA. Quantitative analysis of donor’s DNA, derived from cells of renal allograft, in recipient’s urine might be a reliable predictive tool for the kidney transplant rejection. We developed an assay to quantitate donor DNA content in recipient urine. Application of the technique—coamplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR (COLD-PCR) increased the abundance of donor DNA that usually presents in recipient urine in quantities that are out of the detection range. This assay has a potential for routine application in clinical practice after statistical validation and additional modifications.