cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and properties of polyamide 6 and 4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylic acid copolymers with an unusually short helical pitch for nylons

Abstract Segments of 4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (AMCC) inserted into the polyamide 6 (nylon 6, N6) chain are distributed in both the crystalline lattice and the amorphous regions. Thermal, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction data indicate that the N6/AMCC copolymer crystallizes in an otherwise thermodynamically unfavorable γ crystalline form of N6. The chain-axis repeat or the helical pitch of 15.7 A of this copolymer is the shortest ever reported for N6. This is accompanied by an expansion of the lattice in the equatorial plane. This short pitch was observed at comonomer concentrations as low as 10 mol%, and the lattice remains otherwise essentially same as that of N6 up to about 30 mol% AMCC. Conformational constraints imposed by interchain hydrogen bonding between N6 and AMCC with chain-axis repeat distance of 17.2 and 15.8 A, respectively, are thought to be the reason for this shortened helical pitch. This short pitch (length scale ∼10 A) results in a lower chain-modulus. Differences in the H-bond strength are invoked to explain the higher glass transition temperature in the dry copolymer, i.e. the increased stiffness of the multiple chain segments (length scales >10 A) and the differing response to guest molecules such as water. Although the mechanical properties (tensile strength, shrinkage and creep) of the dry copolymer and the homopolymer were similar, moisture had a dramatically different effect on the two polymers. This behavior is attributed to the differences in lamellar morphology (length scales ∼100 A), especially the contribution of the amorphous regions, which determine the bulk properties.
Periodic solutions of nonlinear wave equations

On obtient des conditions suffisantes pour l'existence de solutions doublement periodiques de l'equation d'onde non lineaire u ts =f(t,s,u), u(t+T,s)=u(t,s)=u(t,s+T) ou f est une fonction continue donnee dans R 3 et f est T-periodique en t et s
Chronic posttraumatic radial instability of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint

Radial collateral ligament injuries accounted for 35% of 26 patients undergoing surgery for lateral instability of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint in a 3-year period. Nine patients with chronic radial instability presented with significant disability but with a symptom complex distinct from the weak pinch and grasp of chronic ulnar instability. Functional and clinical stability was obtained in these patients with a surgical procedure that consisted of repair of the callateral ligament at the site of injury, distal advancement of the abductor pollicis brevis tendon, and repair of the abductor aponeurosis.
Impact assessment as knowledge generation and learning: operational challenges in faith-based non-governmental organisations

This paper explores the potential role of impact assessment as a learning opportunity in faith-based development organisations. Using the case of TDO, a faith-based relief and development organisation, the dual criteria of assessment and learning are applied to TDO's evaluation culture. Information triangulation reveals the internal and external challenges confronted by transformational development organisations in their learning. Philosophical, emotional, and leadership tensions may represent a greater challenge to assessment and learning than the traditional obstacles of time, money, and data.
Research directions for food engineering

Abstract A compilation of future research directions for the food process engineering field is presented. Areas of emphasis are: emerging technologies, transport processes or unit operations, and food process design and evaluation. Food engineering research helps the food processing industry to produce value-added, safe, convenient, economical, nutritious and highly acceptable foods through advances in processes and equipment. The focus areas covered in this report are emerging technologies, transport processes or unit operations, and process design and evaluation. Significant advances can be made if the food industry and government agencies jointly supported food engineering research.
PERCENT FREE PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IS NOT AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF ORGAN CONFINEMENT OR PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN RECURRENCE IN UNSCREENED PATIENTS WITH LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER TREATED WITH RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY

Purpose: We studied the controversial relationship of percent free prostate specific antigen (PSA) with organ confined prostate cancer and PSA failure after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We tested the characteristics of the percent free PSA monoclonal Immulite DPC Immunoassay (Diagnostic Products Corp., Los Angeles, California) for predicting organ confinement in 698 consecutive unscreened men treated only with radical prostatectomy between 1995 and 2000. In addition, we assessed the ability of percent free PSA to predict post-radical prostatectomy PSA failure, defined as PSA 0.1 ng./ml. or greater, in a subset of 581 men in whom followup was available. All statistical analyses were repeated for stage T1c cancer with PSA between 2 and 10 ng./ml.Results: On univariate analyses percent free PSA achieved significance for predicting organ confined disease at all clinical stages (p <0.001) and for stage T1c cancer with PSA between 2 and 10 ng./ml. (p = 0.012). However, significance dissipated af...
Crime, punishment and human nature

In Thinking About Crime James Q. Wilson brings a new dimension to crime policy research by explicating the failure of criminologists to adequately consider the philosophical perspectives on man and society which underlie alternate policy options. As a result, they rarely appreciate the inherent limits on government efforts to deal with crime. Wilson's consideration of these limitations, together with a critique of “causal analysis” in criminological thinking, lead him to propose an alternate conceptual framework, “policy analysis”. Our inspection of Wilson's own thinking reveals, however, that “policy analysis” is no less problematic and shortsighted than “causal analysis,” a result we attribute to serious flaws in his critique of criminological thinking and to the incorporation of his own biases about human nature into his conceptual framework. We seek in the concluding section to remove this bias and to demonstrate how “policy analysis” may be expanded into a more flexible, multi-dimensional framework, one which accounts for different assumptions about human nature and different policy goals.
Treating prison inmates with co-occurring disorders: an integrative review of existing programs

The tremendous growth in state and federal correctional populations has focused greater attention on the needs of mentally ill and substance abusing inmates. Although an estimated 3-11% of prison inmates have co-occurring mental health (psychotic and major mood) disorders and substance abuse disorders, few treatment programs are described in the literature and there is little available information regarding effective treatment strategies for this population. The current study provides an integrative review of seven 'dual diagnosis' treatment programs that recently have been developed in state and federal prisons. Many of these have evolved from existing substance abuse treatment programs and approaches. Key program components include an extended assessment period, orientation/motivational activities, psychoeducational groups, cognitive-behavioral interventions such as restructuring of 'criminal thinking errors', self-help groups, medication monitoring, relapse prevention, and transition into institution or community-based aftercare facilities. Many programs use therapeutic community approaches that are modified to provide (a) greater individual counseling and support, (b) less confrontation, (c) smaller staff caseloads, and (d) cross-training of staff. Research is underway in three of the seven sites to examine the effectiveness of these new programs.
Long-term percutaneous stenting with large caliber catheters in the treatment of benign biliary strictures

Purpose: To determine therapeutic efficacy of long-term (greater than nine months) stenting with large caliber (16-20 French) catheters in the treatment of benign biliary strictures (BBS). Materials and Methods: Through review of medical records, 623 subjects were identified as having undergone percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), percutaneous biliary drainage, percutaneous external biliary drain placement, and/ or percutaneous internal/external biliary catheter placement between January 1, 1997 and June 30, 2008. The primary endpoint was defined as freedom from intervention following removal of biliary catheters with secondary endpoints including duration of catheter placement, maximum size of catheter placed, number of procedures and complications, and overall outcome which included death from any cause. Subjects were included if determined to have had a benign biliary stricture intended to be treated percutaneously with a large caliber (at least 16 French) internal/external catheter for at least nine months. Patients with malignant biliary strictures and those secondary to chronic inflammatory conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis were excluded. The resultant study group included 50 males and 50 females (n 1⁄4 100). Results: Of the 623 subjects, 399 had benign strictures, 100 of whom demonstrated intent to treat with greater than nine months of large caliber stenting. Treated BBS were predominately postoperative, related to orthotopic liver transplant (55%), cholecystectomy complicated by bile duct injury (14%), or pancreaticoduodenectomy (11%). 79% of strictures occurred at the biliaryenteric anastomosis. Mean length of stenting was 12.6 1.15 months (α 1⁄4 0.05). 57 patients were free from further intervention at a mean of 61.6 9.5 months (α 1⁄4 0.05). Of the remaining 43 patients, 11 underwent operative revision, 10 underwent lifelong stenting, 7 died prior to the end of the study period, 5 required repeat percutaneous intervention, 6 were lost to follow up, and 3 had follow up at outside health care systems. Conclusion: It is possible to treat benign biliary strictures with curative intent using long-term, large caliber percutaneous stenting.
The problem with answers: An exploration of guided scientific inquiry teaching

Guided scientific inquiry investigations are designed to have students reach particular answers through the thinking processes and activities of scientists. This presents a difficult challenge for teachers who must selectively hold back answers from students to maintain an atmosphere that encourages student-directed inquiry. The present study explores the different ways that three teachers describe and manage this problem with answers in a middle school physical science investigation. While one teacher managed the problem by treating the investigation as a game, another teacher accepted his students' ideas without evaluation, and the third spent considerable time rationalizing his teaching strategies to students. Researchers and policymakers need to explore the role of answers in guided scientific inquiry teaching so that they may better equip practitioners to address these problems when they arise. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed90:453–467, 2006
Superior infectivity for mosquito vectors contributes to competitive displacement among strains of dengue virus

Background Competitive displacement of a weakly virulent pathogen strain by a more virulent strain is one route to disease emergence. However the mechanisms by which pathogens compete for access to hosts are poorly understood. Among vector-borne pathogens, variation in the ability to infect vectors may effect displacement. The current study focused on competitive displacement in dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV3), a mosquito-borne pathogen of humans. In Sri Lanka in the 1980's, a native DENV3 strain associated with relatively mild dengue disease was displaced by an invasive DENV3 strain associated with the most severe disease manifestations, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), resulting in an outbreak of DHF/DSS. Here we tested the hypothesis that differences between the invasive and native strain in their infectivity for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the primary vector of DENV, contributed to the competitive success of the invasive strain
Mayberry revisited: The characteristics and operations of America's small jails

Much attention has been focused on the problems of America's prisons and jails. Jail research and often jail litigation have centered on large county or municipal jails; often these resemble correctional systems and are so called. Yet many of the nation's 3041 counties are small, rural, and sparsely populated. In a 1982 survey conducted by the National Sheriffs' Association, 640 jails had bed space for 16 or fewer inmates. Many of these jails suffer from the same kinds of deficiencies as large jails, although these problems are not exacerbated by size. Most jails suffer from lack of adequate funding, but for small jails this is a particularly acute problem which affects all facets of operations. Data from the 1983 National Jail Census and the 1982 National Sheriffs' Association survey are used to develop a profile of the overlooked but important small jail, defined for our purposes as a facility capable of housing ten or fewer inmates. This profile indicates that small jails are older, have less cell capa...
Thyroid crisis in a 3-year-old girl.

Summary A thyroid crisis in a 3-year old girl with previously untreated thyrotoxicosis and the treatment of it are described.
Contrast-enhanced magneto-photo-acoustic imaging in vivo using dual-contrast nanoparticles.

By mapping the distribution of targeted plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs), photoacoustic (PA) imaging offers the potential to detect the pathologies in the early stages. However, optical absorption of the endogenous chromophores in the background tissue significantly reduces the contrast resolution of photoacoustic imaging. Previously, we introduced MPA imaging – a synergistic combination of magneto-motive ultrasound (MMUS) and PA imaging, and demonstrated MPA contrast enhancement using cell culture studies. In the current study, contrast enhancement was investigated in vivo using the magneto-photo-acoustic (MPA) imaging augmented with dual-contrast nanoparticles. Liposomal nanoparticles (LNPs) possessing both optical absorption and magnetic properties were injected into a murine tumor model. First, photoacoustic signals were generated from both the endogenous absorbers in the tissue and the liposomal nanoparticles in the tumor. Then, given significant differences in magnetic properties of tissue and LNPs, the magnetic response of LNPs (i.e. MMUS signal) was utilized to suppress the unwanted PA signals from the background tissue thus improving the PA imaging contrast. In this study, we demonstrated the 3D MPA imaging of LNP-labeled xenografted tumor in a live animal. Compared to conventional PA imaging, the MPA imaging show significantly enhanced contrast between the nanoparticle-labeled tumor and the background tissue. Our results suggest the feasibility of MPA imaging for high contrast in vivo mapping of dual-contrast nanoparticles.
The impact of filtering direct-feedthrough on the x-space theory of magnetic particle imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new medical imaging modality that maps the instantaneous response of superparamagnetic particles under an applied magnetic field. In MPI, the excitation and detection of the nanoparticles occur simultaneously. Therefore, when a sinusoidal excitation field is applied to the system, the received signal spectrum contains both harmonics from the particles and a direct feedthrough signal from the source at the fundamental drive frequency. Removal of the induced feedthrough signal from the received signal requires significant filtering, which also removes part of the signal spectrum. In this paper, we present a method to investigate the impact of temporally filtering out individual lower order harmonics on the reconstructed x-space image. Analytic and simulation results show that the loss of particle signal at low frequency leads to a recoverable loss of low spatial frequency information in the x-space image. Initial experiments validate the findings and demonstrate the feasibility of the recovery of the lost signal. This builds on earlier work that discusses the ideal one-dimensional MPI system and harmonic decomposition of the MPI signal.
Pre-mesozoic palinspastic reconstruction of the eastern great basin (Western United States).

The Great Basin of the western United States has proven important for studies of Proterozoic and Paleozoic geology [2500 to 245 million years ago (Ma)] and has been central to the development of ideas about the mechanics of crustal shortening and extension. An understanding of the deformational history of this region during Mesozoic and Cenozoic time (245 Ma to the present) is required for palinspastic reconstruction of now isolated exposures of older geology in order to place these in an appropriate regional geographic context. Considerable advances in unraveling both the crustal shortening that took place during Mesozoic to early Cenozoic time (especially from about 150 to 50 Ma) and the extension of the past 37 million years have shown that earlier reconstructions need to be revised significantly. A new reconstruction is developed for rocks of middle Proterozoic to Early Cambrian age based on evidence that total shortening by generally east-vergent thrusts and folds was at least 104 to 135 kilometers and that the Great Basin as a whole accommodated ∼250 kilometers of extension in the direction 287° ± 12° between the Colorado Plateau and the Sierra Nevada. Extension is assumed to be equivalent at all latitudes because available paleomagnetic evidence suggests that the Sierra Nevada experienced little or no rotation with respect to the extension direction since the late Mesozoic. An estimate of the uncertainty in the amount of extension obtained from geological and paleomagnetic uncertainties increases northward from ±56 kilometers at 36°30N to -87+108 kilometers at 40°N. On the basis of the reconstruction, the original width of the preserved part of the late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian basin was about 150 to 300 kilometers, about 60 percent of the present width, and the basin was oriented slightly more north-south with respect to present-day coordinates.
Modeling the combustion of high molecular weight fuels by a functional group approach

Modeling the combustion behavior of real fuels is a challenging task: Significant analytical efforts are required to characterize the fuel composition, and comprehensive kinetic models are necessary to reproduce the behavior of the different fuel components. Both these aspects become increasingly critical for fuels having a high molecular weight, wherein both the characterization of the single components and the kinetics involved in their oxidation become extremely complex. Indeed, kinetic models for large hydrocarbons can include thousands of species and tens of thousands of reactions. For these reasons, only a limited number of representative components are generally included in the simulations and these large kinetic mechanisms are reduced to simulate the behavior of real fuels in practical conditions. We propose a novel approach to the simulation of the combustion of high molecular weight fuels, wherein the fuel surrogate is defined in terms of pseudospecies including the functional groups contained in the actual fuel. These pseudocomponents, representing linear, branched, aromatic, saturated, and unsaturated structures, can undergo the typical reactions responsible for the low-temperature ignition of hydrocarbon as well as the interactions occurring in fuel blends. The basics of this concept will be presented, through application to linear and branched alkanes, and the potential of this approach is assessed by means of comparisons with experimental data and detailed kinetic simulations. The potential of this methodology for reducing computational expense in computational fluid dynamics simulations is also highlighted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 257–276, 2012
Light microscopic identification of submicron polyethylene wear debris

A simple, yet specific, means to identify submicron polyethylene (PE) particles in routine histologic sections would be practically useful. We have previously reported a very fine, diffuse, birefringence (when viewed under polarized light) in the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells from around total hip replacements (THRs) with a PE acetabular bearing and proposed that this finding was caused by multiple submocron PE particles. In order to determine the specificity of this light microscopie finding, we have analyzed a wide range of specimens (N = 27), characterized by a foreign-body inflammatory response to both biologic and prosthetic material, that do not contain PE. In no case was there any suggestion of the diffuse cytoplasmic birefringence that is characteristic of specimens from THRs with a PE acetabular bearing surface. This study indicates that, within the range of orthopedic implant materials and designs currently in use, this diffuse birefringence is a specific finding and it represents a simple, practical, and useful method for ligh microscopic identification of submicron PE. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The scalp as a donor site for split-thickness skin graft: A rare complication case report

The scalp is a useful and reliable donor site for the paediatric burn population that can be harvested several times with minimal morbidity. However, the scalp cannot be used as skin graft donor site with impunity. Scalp alopecia and chronic folliculitis can be observed among the complications. In these cases, the reconstruction phase offers different surgical procedures such as primary closure, staged excision or tissue expansion. We report the case of a patient (29-years-old), treated 20 years ago for second-degree burns covering up to 20% total body surface area (TBSA) by using thin split-thickness skin grafts of his scalp. As a teenager, he developed multiple episodes of folliculitis at the donor site of the scalp and then of recurrent abscesses, resistant to all existing medical treatments. Surgical treatment consisted in the skin excision of his scalp donor site which was immediately covered by a thin split-thickness skin graft. Four months after surgery, the patient was satisfied with the functional and aesthetic result.
Insignificant seasonal and geographical variation in incidence of biliary atresia in Japan: a regional survey of over 20 years.

Abstract Purpose Biliary atresia (BA) is the leading cause of obstructive jaundice in the newborn and the major indication for liver transplantation in Japan. Viral infection has been implicated in its etiology because of seasonality and space clustering. However, this has been controversial among whites. The present study investigates space-time clustering of the incidence of BA in Japan. Methods Birth prevalence rates of BA were analyzed in infants born in Hyogo prefecture between 1985 and 2004 to assess time clustering among 3 seasons. The birth prevalence rates were also analyzed for space clustering between the northern (Hokkaido) and the southern islands (Kyushu) (difference of latitude, 10°) based on the Japanese Biliary Atresia Society Survey 1996-2004. We compared the prevalence rates between these groups using relative risks (RRs) calculated from 2 × 2 contingency tables. Results One hundred nineteen infants were born with BA in Hyogo (1.1/10000 live births). Seasonal clustering in April to July did not significantly differ from that of the reference period (RR, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-2.27). Based on Japanese registry data, space clustering between the northern and southern islands did not significantly differ (RR, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.86). Conclusions Neither seasonal nor spatial clustering was statistically proven in Japan.
Inclusion of Black Studies in Gerontology Courses: Uncovering and Transcending Stereotypes

Studying ethnic/racial patterns in the aging process is generally seen as important to understand the diversity of the field of gerontology. Central in understanding the diversity of aging is to understand the experience of Black elders. Black elders are the largest racial subgroup (making up 8.3% of the total aging population) within the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993). However, most curricula do little to prepare the non-Black student to recieve information concerning Black elders. Non-Black students need preparation that includes both self-awareness of stereotypical views held concerning African Americans and the willingness to explore such views. To absorb needed information concerning Black aging patterns, students must learn to appreciate a group of indiviudals that is different from themselves in terms of both culture and age. This process involves understanding how outsiders view these elders, what influences their views, and how to transcend negative views when they are found. This will allow non-Black students to more willingly accept and use Black studies content within gerontology courses. Pertinent to this discussion is social psychological interest in the process of person perception. This process of forming and defining how we view others is both a complex and a fascinating process. We generally are not conscious of how we form most initial
Synthesis of Extended Single-Molecule Optical Encoders

We have designed single-molecule FRET encoders which convert relative motion between two individual biomolecules to a periodic signal. Fundamental signal frequencies obtained with individual DnaB helicase molecules imply unwinding velocities ranging from 200 to 1100 base pairs per second, while low-frequency modulation of peak heights may suggest azimuthal rotation of the helicase. Signal durations show that a single helicase is capable of unwinding many hundreds of base pairs before dissociating. The initial scheme chosen for FRET encoder synthesis was expensive and limited to 5 periods, restricting the duration of the collected signal. We have utilized polymerization-driven self-assembly and rolling circle replication to synthesize inexpensive, extended FRET encoders as long as 150 periods.
Rotational excitation of molecules by slow neutrons. II

The contribution of the spin-orbit interaction to the rotationally inelastic scattering of neutrons from a closed-shell diatomic molecule is studied. For small momentum transfer and ..delta..J = +- 1 rotational transitions, the first Born-approximation amplitude depends approximately on the factor ..delta omega..Dq/sup -1/ (in atomic units), where ..delta omega.. is the energy transferred, D is the permanent dipole moment of the target, and q is the momentum transferred. The dependence on ..delta omega..D is the same as that of the coefficient of absorption of long-wavelength radiation, and the dependence on q/sup -1/ is characteristic of particle scattering in a dipole potential. Essentially ..delta..J = +- 1 cross sections are enhanced because rotational energy transfer can occur over appreciable target-neutron distances. Thus the tiny rotational transition strength ..delta omega..D is weighted by the large factor q/sup -1/. This means that a classical average of the cross section over molecular orientations cannot describe the physical process. The importance of this result to the theory of neutron-optical activity is discussed.
Electrical engineers in industry

I WOULD BE LESS THAN HUMAN if I did not feel a deep gratitude to the Institute, and its Edison Medal Committee for the high honor bestowed on me—and if I did not feel a certain amount of pride in this honor. Yet, I fully realize that, although an individual is often singled out, it is really associates amongst whom he has spent his active years, that jointly deserve the honor. These associates create the proper working atmosphere, they train or assist the individual, offer guidance and suggestions, share his work and, in short, make the man a member of the team.
A Mathematical Framework for Protein Structure Comparison

Comparison of protein structures is important for revealing the evolutionary relationship among proteins, predicting protein functions and predicting protein structures. Many methods have been developed in the past to align two or multiple protein structures. Despite the importance of this problem, rigorous mathematical or statistical frameworks have seldom been pursued for general protein structure comparison. One notable issue in this field is that with many different distances used to measure the similarity between protein structures, none of them are proper distances when protein structures of different sequences are compared. Statistical approaches based on those non-proper distances or similarity scores as random variables are thus not mathematically rigorous. In this work, we develop a mathematical framework for protein structure comparison by treating protein structures as three-dimensional curves. Using an elastic Riemannian metric on spaces of curves, geodesic distance, a proper distance on spaces of curves, can be computed for any two protein structures. In this framework, protein structures can be treated as random variables on the shape manifold, and means and covariance can be computed for populations of protein structures. Furthermore, these moments can be used to build Gaussian-type probability distributions of protein structures for use in hypothesis testing. The covariance of a population of protein structures can reveal the population-specific variations and be helpful in improving structure classification. With curves representing protein structures, the matching is performed using elastic shape analysis of curves, which can effectively model conformational changes and insertions/deletions. We show that our method performs comparably with commonly used methods in protein structure classification on a large manually annotated data set.
Fallopian Tube Carcinoma Presenting with a Brain Metastasis

Abstract Background. Fallopian tube carcinoma is a rare gynecologic cancer. An extensive literature search reveals no previous case report of fallopian tube carcinoma presenting with a brain metastasis. Case. A 63-year-old woman presented with 3 weeks of progressive left-sided weakness. CT scan of the brain revealed a solitary lesion in the right parietal lobe. The patient underwent a complete resection, followed by whole-brain radiation therapy. Pathologic review demonstrated adenocarcinoma with follicular structures. A directed workup revealed a large right adnexal mass. She underwent resection of a large fallopian tube carcinoma with normal ovaries. She recovered from surgery and is receiving combination chemotherapy. Conclusion. This is the first case report of a fallopian tube carcinoma presenting as a brain metastasis.
Predictive model for treatment of phenolic wastes by activated sludge

The current investigation was made to determine whether a model using cell recycle concentration as a major control parameter is applicable to inhibitory substrates such as phenol. Based upon preliminary studies, the Haldane equation was selected to relate specific growth rate and substrate concentration. Seven long-term pilot plant runs were made at different growth rates. Effluent and control parameters were measured frequently. The maintenance constant was obtained from the pilot plant data. The three Haldane equation constants and the true cell yield were estimated from pilot plant and batch data. The model gave satisfactory predictions with respect to biomass production (X and Xw) and effluent COD, based on the ΔCOD method. The predicted phenol concentration, although very low, was higher than the minute levels observed in the pilot plant effluent (±0.1 mg l−1); possible reasons not directly related to growth are explored, e.g. retention of unmetabolized phenol in the sludge.
Economic Strategy for Import-Export Controls on Energy Materials

Five policy elements should be combined in assuring adequate energy supplies at acceptable costs: moving toward a more balanced distribution power between producing and consoming countries; developing a technological readiness for national energy independence; establishing desirable stocks and reserve productive capacity; relying on a flexible tariff system for linking domestic and world energy markets; and adopting an export strategy that supports the basic objective. Two conditions are sine qua non's to any import-export strategy regarding energy materials. Policies must be clearly laid out and pursued with a steady hand in order that investors can afford to commit the vast sums necessary and expect recovery and adequate returns, typically spread over long periods of times. The policy package must be internally consistent, avoiding the conflicts and contradictions that so often have marred U.S. energy policy in the past.
Breast health behavior among lesbians: the role of health beliefs, heterosexism, and homophobia.

ABSTRACT The Health Belief Model was used as a conceptual framework for exploring how health beliefs and perceptions of heterosexism and homophobia in health care relate to lesbians' breast health behaviors, including use of breast exams and mammograms, visits to health care providers, and use of complementary/alternative care. A total of 173 exclusively homosexual women completed survey measures assessing health beliefs, experiences of heterosexism/homophobia, and health maintenance behaviors as these related to breast health. Findings indicated that women perceived heterosexism and homophobia from providers to influence the amount of discussion they had with providers and, to a lesser extent, care received, frequency of service use, and health outcomes. Perceptions of heterosexism and homophobia in health care settings significantly contributed, beyond routine health beliefs, to women's use of breast self-exams, visitation to health care providers, and use of complementary/alternative care. Implications...
Relationship of the dietary phytochemical index to weight gain, oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight young adults.

Background: Phytochemicals are bioactive nutrients that help reduce disease risk. A high intake of these compounds is important for optimal health and prevention of disease, but quantification of these nutrients in vivo is costly and time consuming. The present examined whether an alternative, simple ‘phytochemical index’ (PI) ratio calculation (PI = the ratio of the energy from high-nutrient phytochemical-rich foods to overall daily energy consumed [kJ phytochemical rich foods/total kJ consumed]) was related to several precursors of future disease: annual weight gain, adiposity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive study (n = 54, age range 18–30 years). Participants were stratified into normal weight and overweight groups. Three-day dietary records were analysed for food items, food groups, energy and the PI score at repeated time points. Blood plasma samples were analysed by colorimetric or an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay for cholesterol subfractions, glycated haemoglobin, total antioxidant status, lipid hydroperoxides, cytokines (interleukins-1β and -6) and C-reactive protein). Results: PI values were higher in the overweight-obese group. Correlation values between the PI score and body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and plasma oxidative stress were significant. The PI score did not correlate with any cytokine levels. The PI score was a significant contributor to yearly weight gain. Conclusions: The PI is inversely related to adiposity and oxidative stress in healthy young adults, and is responsive to body weight changes. This simple, easy to administer index might be useful as a dietary target for appropriate proportion consumption of nutrient-rich foods in weight reduction or management programmes.
Infrared imaging of large-amplitude, low-frequency disturbances on a planar jet

We demonstrate that periodic, large-amplitude, low-frequency disturbances on a planar jet can increase spreading and mixing of a planar jet with the surrounding fluid. This is achieved by enhancing the natural instabilities of the jet, resulting in the formation of large vortical structures in the mixing layers. The jet had a Reynolds number of about 7.2×10 3 , an aspect ratio of 47, and Strouhal numbers, based on the nozzle width and the disturbance frequency, up to 0.324. A relatively new technique, full-held infrared imaging, was used to determine jet behavior and mixing. This technique provides a significant advantage over conventional temperature measurement techniques. Over 68,000 data points can be monitored as often as 30 times each second
Partition, Its Refugees, and Postcolonial State-Making in South Asia

Three recently published books make an important contribution to the post-colonial historiography of South Asia. There is now a fine body of literature in South Asian studies on the violence which ...
Probabilistic modeling of detention basins for highway stormwater runoff pollutant removal efficiency

The effects of various design configurations and the operation of detention basins for pollutant removal efficiency is evaluated using a Monte-Carlo simulation approach. A physically based numerical model representing the build-up and wash-off of pollutants from the highway surface has been used to predict storm events pollutographs for dissolved Cu and Zn. The probability of discharging dissolved Cu and Zn from detention basins were assessed using randomly-generated rainfall-runoff events and build-up pollutant concentrations. The simulations were performed by comparing the results of a one-compartment detention basin with a two-compartment design. The simulation results revealed that dividing the detention basin into two compartments and using the first compartment for first flush treatment can substantially reduce the frequency of discharging toxic metals such as Cu and Zn into the receiving waters. With the first flush treatment method, the size of the detention basin can be reduced to half of the con...
Strategic Decision-Making with Information and Extraction Externalities: A Structural Model of the MultiStage Investment Timing Game in Offshore Petroleum Production

When individual petroleum-producing firms make their exploration and development investment timing decisions, positive information externalities and negative extraction externalities may lead them to interact strategically with their neighbors. This paper examines whether these inefficient strategic interactions take place by estimating a structural econometric model of the firms' multi-stage investment timing game. Results show that firms interact strategically on small tracts but not on large tracts. For small tracts, having a neighboring tract explored reduces real profits by about $26 million, while having a neighboring tract developed raises real profits by about $3.5 million.
Synthesis of 4‐(3′‐[125I]iodoanilino)‐6,7‐dialkoxyquinazolines: radiolabeled epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

The preparation of two radioiodinated analogs of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFrTK) inhibitor PD153035 (4-(3'-bromoanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline) are reported herein. The two analogs, 4-(3'-[ 125 I]iodoanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline and 4-(3'-[ 125 I]iodoanilino)-6,7-diethoxyquinazoline, were synthesized via iododestannylation of the corresponding 4-(3'-trimethylstannylanilino)-6,7-dialkoxyquinazolines to form the desired 1-125 labeled products in good yield, high radiochemical purity (>99%) and high specific activity.
Glia Promote Local Synaptogenesis Through UNC-6 (Netrin) Signaling in C. elegans

Neural circuits are assembled through the coordinated innervation of pre- and postsynaptic partners. We show that connectivity between two interneurons, AIY and RIA, in Caenorhabditis elegans is orchestrated by a pair of glial cells that express UNC-6 (netrin). In the postsynaptic neuron RIA, the netrin receptor UNC-40 (DCC, deleted in colorectal cancer) plays a conventional guidance role, directing outgrowth of the RIA process ventrally toward the glia. In the presynaptic neuron AIY, UNC-40 (DCC) plays an unexpected and previously uncharacterized role: It cell-autonomously promotes assembly of presynaptic terminals in the immediate vicinity of the glial cell endfeet. These results indicate that netrin can be used both for guidance and local synaptogenesis and suggest that glial cells can function as guideposts during the assembly of neural circuits in vivo.
Pediatric abdominal and pelvic trauma: safety and efficacy of arterial embolization.

Abstract Purpose Although transcatheter embolization is a well established technique to treat adults in the trauma setting, evidence is lacking in the pediatric population. This study assesses the safety and efficacy of arterial embolization for blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma in the pediatric population. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of abdominal and pelvic angiograms in 97 pediatric patients with blunt trauma was conducted over an 11-year period. Abdominal angiography and embolization was performed for ongoing hepatic, renal, splenic, or nonvisceral retroperitoneal injury. Pelvic angiography was performed in the setting of pelvic fracture with ongoing pelvic hemorrhage. Complications and clinical success rates of these procedures were assessed. Results Of the 97 pediatric patients who underwent angiography for acute abdominal or pelvic trauma, 54 (56%) required embolization involving 62 separate sites. Injury severity score greater than 15 was present in 94% of patients. Targets of embolization included the pelvis (n = 39), liver (n = 8), kidney (n = 7), spleen (n = 6), and retroperitoneum (n = 2). Effective hemorrhage control was achieved in 47 patients (87%). Overall mortality rate was 22% (12 of 54), with most deaths related to traumatic brain injury. Five complications occurred in four patients (7%), including three major complications (hepatic abscess, bile leak, and urinary incontinence). Conclusions Angiography and embolization is relatively safe and potentially effective in the setting of abdominal and pelvic trauma in the pediatric population. Angiography with embolization should be considered in the treatment algorithm for this patient population.
Mistakes and Mental Disturbances: Pleasants, Wittgenstein, and Basic Moral Certainty

In his article, “Wittgenstein and Basic Moral Certainty,” Nigel Pleasants argues that killing an innocent, non-threatening person is wrong. It is, he argues, “a basic moral certainty.” He believes our basic moral certainties play the “same kind of foundational role as [our] basic empirical certaint[ies] do.” I believe this is mistaken. There is not “simply one kind of foundational role” that certainty plays. While I think Pleasants is right to affiliate his proposition with a Wittgensteinian form of certainty, he exposes himself to a tension that exists in On Certainty regarding how we acquire it: is certainty natural, is it social? In this paper, I present two ways in which we come to possess certainty: a bottom-up approach, where certainty is part of our instinctual predisposition, and a top-down approach, where certainty is acquired through positive reinforcement by family and culture.
Intraoperative localization of lymph node metastases with a replication-competent herpes simplex virus

Objectives Lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor determining recurrence and survival in patients with mesothelioma and other thoracic malignancies. Accurate localization of lymph node metastases is therefore necessary to improve selection of resectable and curable patients for surgical intervention. This study investigates the potential to identify lymph node metastases intraoperatively by using herpes-guided cancer cell–specific expression of green fluorescent protein. Methods After infection with NV1066, a herpes simplex virus carrying green fluorescent protein transgene, human mesothelioma cancer cell lines were assessed for cancer cell–specific infection, green fluorescent protein expression, viral replication, and cytotoxicity. Murine models of lymphatic metastasis were established by means of surgical implantation of cancer cells into the preauricular (drainage to cervical lymph nodes) and pleural (mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes) spaces of athymic mice. Fluorescent thoracoscopy, laparoscopy, and stereomicroscopy were used to localize lymph node metastases that were confirmed by means of immunohistochemistry. Results In vitro NV1066 infected, replicated (5- to 17,000-fold), and expressed green fluorescent protein in all cancer cells, even when infected at a low ratio of one viral plaque-forming unit per 100 tumor cells. In vivo NV1066 injected into primary tumors was able to locate and infect lymph node metastases producing green fluorescent protein that was visualized by means of fluorescent imaging. Histology confirmed lymphatic metastases, and immunohistochemistry confirmed viral presence in regions that expressed green fluorescent protein. Conclusions Herpes virus–guided cancer cell–specific production of green fluorescent protein can facilitate accurate localization of lymph node metastases. Fluorescent filters that detect green fluorescent protein can be incorporated into operative scopes to precisely localize and biopsy lymph node metastases.
Completion of the Phase Diagram for the Monolayer Regime of the Krypton-Graphite Adsorption System

The results of a heat-capacity study of the region between one and two layers in the Kr/graphite (Grafoil) system are presented. Heat-capacity anomalies corresponding to the commensurable-incommensurable transition, the commensurable-fluid transition, and a previously unobserved incommensurable-fluid transition delimit the high-coverage extent of the registered phase. A phase diagram proposed on the basis of the heat-capacity data suggests the possibility of a new type of multicritical point.
Underestimation of the valvulopathy effect of fenfluramine

In an effort to evaluate the relationship between the use of fenfluramines as diet drugs and the prevalence of mitral valve and aortic valve regurgitation, Burger et al. [(1)][1] compared measurements from a study conducted for another purpose to those described by Singh [(2)][2]. Burger observed
Technology and the Accounting Curriculum: Where it is and Where it Needs to be

Abstract This study looks at technology/systems coverage in accounting programs throughout the country. Much of the study focuses on a questionnaire that was sent to directors of accounting programs and practicing professionals, with the professionals being sampled from the corporate arena, consulting firms, and public accounting. The results indicate that some sizable differences exist with respect to current and desired coverage of selected topics, and with respect to educator and practitioner preferences. The study also queries program directors on various impediments to technology implementation at their respective schools, along with how programs cover technology and systems at the graduate level.
Relative brain size: A critique of a new measure

An analysis of a relative brain size measuring technique proposed by Radinsky ('67) shows it to be inapplicable on lower taxonomic levels of primates. The relationship among foramen magnum area, total skeletal weight (a suggested index of body size) and cranial capacity are analyzed by a partial correlation technique. Results indicate that foramen magnum size is significantly associated with total skeletal weight through its relationship to cranial capacity.