cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connections between Yoneda and Pontrjagin algebras

The relationship between Yoneda Ext algebras of local rings and the homology rings of loop spaces on simply connected CW complexes has been observed by several authors [7] [8] [11] [16]. Most of the work has been done over characteristic zero. In this paper we will use the Adams-Hilton construction [2] to understand this connection over arbitrary characteristics.
Scenarios development with Alaska’s Arctic Indigenous youth: perceptions of healthy sustainable futures in the Northwest Arctic Borough

How do arctic youth perceive the resilience of their communities? Many of today’s high school students in Arctic Alaska will takeup leadership roles in their communities in the next decade. The soc...
Relationships Between Sport Specialization and Running-Related Injury Among Competitive High School Cross-Country Runners:

BACKGROUND:During the past few decades, the number of participants in high school cross-country has increased. Simultaneously with its popularity has been an increased incidence of running-related ...
Connecting Air Quality with Emotional Well-Being and Neighborhood Infrastructure in a US City.

Cities in the United States have announced initiatives to become more sustainable, healthy, resilient, livable, and environmentally friendly. However, indicators for measuring all outcomes related to these targets and the synergies between them have not been well defined or studied. One such relationship is the linkage between air quality with emotional well-being (EWB) and neighborhood infrastructure. Here, regulatory monitoring, low-cost sensors (LCSs), and air quality modeling were combined to assess exposures to PM2.5 and traffic-related NOx in 6 Minneapolis, MN, neighborhoods of varying infrastructure parameters (median household income, urban vs suburban, and access to light rail). Residents of the study neighborhoods concurrently took real-time EWB assessments using a smart phone application, Daynamica, to gauge happiness, tiredness, stress, sadness, and pain. Both LCS PM2.5 observations and mobile-source-simulated NOx were calibrated using regulatory observations in Minneapolis. No statistically significant (α = 0.05) PM2.5 differences were found between urban poor and urban middle-income neighborhoods, but average mobile-source NOx was statistically significantly (α = 0.05) higher in the 4 urban neighborhoods than in the 2 suburban neighborhoods. Close proximity to light rail had no observable impact on average observed PM2.5 or simulated mobile-source NOx. Home-based exposure assessments found that PM2.5 was negatively correlated with positive emotions such as happiness and to net affect (the sum of positive and negative emotion scores) and positively correlated (ie, a higher PM2.5 concentration led to higher scores) for negative emotions such as tiredness, stress, sadness, and pain. Simulated mobile-source NOx, assessed from both home-based exposures and in situ exposures, had a near-zero relationship with all EWB indicators. This was attributed to low NOx levels throughout the study neighborhoods and at locations were the EWB-assessed activities took place, both owing to low on-road mobile-source NOx impacts. Although none of the air quality and EWB responses were determined to be statistically significant (α = 0.05), due in part to the relatively small sample size, the results are suggestive of linkages between air quality and a variety of EWB outcomes.
Optimizing HVAC Operations in Multi-unit Buildings for Grid Demand Response

The thermal inertia of buildings, along with the flexibility associated with thermostatically controlled loads (TCL) allows heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) systems to be used for grid demand response (DR). In this work, we consider a hydronic HVAC system that serves multiple units in a residential building to meet their space heating requirements. We aim to determine the optimal power flow to each unit that minimizes the power costs incurred by the building's occupants while keeping in consideration their thermal comfort. The DR program is assumed to allow the building temperatures to deviate from the set-points up to a maximum limit. Despite the complex, non-linear structure of the problem, we show how the optimal solutions can be obtained efficiently using quadratic programming. Since HVAC systems can run on either electricity or natural gas, we study the efficacy of the DR regime for both hourly electricity prices and flat gas prices over the course of 24 hours. We also study the optimal thermal power and the evolution of unit temperatures for various energy pricing schemes.
Complex Fluorine Chemical Potential Effects on the Shape and Compositional Heterogeneity of KTa1–xNbxO3 Nanoparticles

When kinetic conditions dominate and dictate the growth in a nanoparticle synthesis, properties of the synthesis environment can have considerable effects on the properties of the products. Such ef...
State-Created Immigration Climates and Domestic Migration

With comprehensive immigration reform dead for the foreseeable future, immigration laws enacted at the subfederal level -- cities, counties, and states -- have become even more important. Arizona has dominated media coverage and become the popular representation of the states’ response to immigration by enacting SB 1070 and other notoriously anti-immigrant laws. Illinois, by contrast, has received relatively little media coverage for enacting laws that benefit the immigrants within its jurisdiction. The reality on the ground is that subfederal jurisdictions in the United States have taken very divergent paths on the issue of immigration regulation. Compiling city, county, and state immigration laws from 2005-2011, we created a unique database that enables us to build the Immigrant Climate Index (“ICI”): a measure of the divergent immigration climates created by individual jurisdictions. The reasons for this divergence have received surprisingly little analysis; existing analysis has focused on the presence and effect of immigrants and the political ideology of the subfederal jurisdictions. Our study demonstrates that there is another important factor to consider. Instead of looking outward to the foreign immigrants moving into a jurisdiction, we look inward and study the impact of domestic migrants (those who moved into a state from another state within the past year). Using panel regressions incorporating our ICI scores and census data, we observe that domestic migrants are affecting the immigration climate of their new home states. Domestic migrants are more likely to be educated and to be politically active, and thus to carry their immigration preferences to their new states. Specifically, domestic migrants coming from states with negative ICI scores have a negative effect on their new states’ ICI scores. Moreover, the influence of domestic migrants is magnified, and more negative, when they move from states that are predominantly white, to states with large immigrant populations. Our results support a story of intergroup conflict, in which domestic migrants react negatively to the racial, ethnic, and cultural dislocation they experience in their new home states.
Seeing the elephant: A systematic scoping review and comparison of patient-centeredness conceptualizations from three seminal perspectives

"Patient-Centeredness" (PC) is a theoretical construct made up of a diverse constellation of distinct concepts, processes, practices, and outcomes that have been developed, arranged, and prioritized heterogeneously by different communities of professional healthcare practice, research, and policy. It is bound together by a common ethos that puts the holistic individual at the functional and symbolic center of their care, a quality deemed essential for chronic disease management and health promotion. Several important contributions to the PC research space have adeptly integrated seminal PC conceptualizations to improve conceptual clarity, measurement, implementation, and evaluation in research and practice. This systematic scoping review builds on that work, but with a purpose to explicitly identify, compare, and contrast the seminal PC conceptualizations arising from the different healthcare professional groups. The rationale for this work is that a deeper examination of the underlying development and corresponding assumptions from each respective conceptualization will lead to a more informed understanding of and meaningful contributions to PC research and practice, especially for healthcare professional groups newer to the topic area like pharmacy. The literature search identified four seminal conceptualizations from the healthcare professions of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Policy. A compositional comparison across the seminal conceptualizations revealed a shared ethos but also six distinguishing features: (1) organizational structure; (2) predominant level of care; (3) methodological approach; (4) care setting origin; (5) outcomes of interest; and (6) language. The findings illuminate PC's stable theoretical foundations and distinctive nuances needed to appropriately understand, apply, and evaluate the construct's operationalization in contemporary healthcare research and practice. These considerations hold important implications for future research into the fundamental aims of healthcare, how it should look when practiced, and what should reasonably be required of it.
Hip Capsular Deficiency-A Cause of Post-surgical Instability in the Revision Setting Following Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To characterize current concepts in capsular repair and hip instability, and examine findings from biomechanical and clinical studies on hip capsular management strategies as they pertain to hip stability, patient outcomes, and hip arthroscopy failure. Further, we discuss the clinical evaluation and treatment of capsular deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS There remains debate regarding the optimal capsular management strategies in hip arthroscopy, particularly concerning the necessity of routine capsular repair. A variety of capsulotomy techniques exist and may be used to access the hip joint. Additionally, a wide variety of techniques are employed to repair the hip capsule. Biomechanical evidence supports capsular closure restores hip joint stability to that of the intact, native state. Several clinical studies in both primary and revision hip arthroscopy settings have demonstrated improved pain and functional outcomes in patients who underwent capsular repair or capsular reconstruction. Studies have shown capsular repair may be especially important in patients with ligamentous laxity and hip dysplasia, and in competitive athletes. Post-surgical hip instability secondary to capsular insufficiency is increasingly recognized as a cause of hip arthroscopy failure. Capsular closure restores native biomechanical stability to the hip joint, and several clinical studies report improved pain and functional outcomes following capsular repair or capsular reconstruction in both the primary and revision hip arthroscopy settings. There remains much to learn regarding capsular hip instability as it relates to optimal capsular management surgical technique, intra-operative capsular management decision-making, clinical diagnosis, and related advanced imaging findings.
Issues in Operational, Social, and Economic Research on Tuberculosis

This chapter is organized into four sections: the burden of tuberculosis, BCG immunization, chemoprophylaxis, and case identification and treatment. In each section, the emphasis is on briefly reviewing relevant past work, identifying key constraints for effective tuberculosis control, and suggesting ways that operational research may provide answers. Of the four topics, the most important is case identification and cure. A reasonable estimate of prevalence can be derived by assuming that all purified protein derivative (PPD) responses with an induration size greater than the mode indicate true Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. To demonstrate the burden of tuberculosis in terms comparable to those used for other health problems, it was essential to estimate the number of cases and deaths due to tuberculosis in various regions of the world. The success of BCG vaccination programs is largely attributable to the organizational, financial, and technical success of the Expanded Program of Immunization. Treatment of individuals who are known to be infected with M. tuberculosis on the basis of 12 months of skin tests with isoniazid is effective in preventing subsequent breakdown to clinical tuberculosis. One of the fundamental tenets of tuberculosis control is the primary importance of diagnosing and treating pulmonary sputum smear-positive tuberculosis.
Gender and the Science of Difference: Cultural Politics of Contemporary Science and Medicine

How does contemporary science contribute to our understanding about what it means to be women or men? What are the social implications of scientific claims about differences between "male" and "female" brains, hormones, and genes? How does culture influence scientific and medical research and its findings about human sexuality, especially so-called normal and deviant desires and behaviors? Gender and the Science of Difference examines how contemporary science shapes and is shaped by gender ideals and images. Prior scholarship has illustrated how past cultures of science were infused with patriarchal norms and values that influenced the kinds of research that was conducted and the interpretation of findings about differences between men and women. This interdisciplinary volume presents empirical inquiries into today's science, including examples of gendered scientific inquiry and medical interventions and research. It analyzes how scientific and medical knowledge produces gender norms through an emphasis on sex differences, and includes both U.S. and non-U.S. cases and examples.
The Merchants' Capital: New Orleans and the Political Economy of the Nineteenth-Century South

As cotton production shifted toward the southwestern states during the first half of the nineteenth century, New Orleans became increasingly important to the South's plantation economy. Handling the city's wide-ranging commerce was a globally oriented business community that represented a qualitatively unique form of wealth accumulation - merchant capital - that was based on the extraction of profit from exchange processes. However, like the slave-based mode of production with which they were allied, New Orleans merchants faced growing pressures during the antebellum era. Their complacent failure to improve the port's infrastructure or invest in manufacturing left them vulnerable to competition from the fast-developing industrial economy of the North, weaknesses that were fatally exposed during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Changes to regional and national economic structures after the Union victory prevented New Orleans from recovering its commercial dominance, and the former first-rank American city quickly devolved into a notorious site of political corruption and endemic poverty.
Making Evo-Devo Comparative

The Development of Animal Form Ontogeny, Morphology, and Evolution. Alessandro Minelli. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. 341 pp. $75, £55. ISBN 0-521-80851-0. Minelli9s overview of animal organization synthesizes traditional morphological approaches and the molecular genetic perspectives that characterize most recent work in evolutionary developmental biology.
A Review of “A History of Innovation: U.S. Army Adaptation in War and Peace”: Hoffman, Jon T., ed., Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army 171 pp., $19.00, ISBN: 978-0-16-084187-3 Publication Date: January 2010

A History of Innovation explores how army officers have managed change. The book was produced by the U.S. Army's Center of Military History (CMH), one of the armed services’ premier historical agen...
Student-Teacher Relationships: An Overlooked Factor in School Dropout

It has been predicted that the number of students who do not complete a high school education will continue to increase. Of particular concern is the disproportionate number of poor and minority students who fail to complete high school. While the vast majority of the literature on school dropouts focuses on individual and family factors, a body of research has recently begun to examine how school factors contribute to the dropout problem. One of the most overlooked school factors is the quality of the relationship between teachers and students, especially at-risk students and the powerful impact of teacher attitudes and beliefs on student success. This article addresses how schools contribute to students' decisions to drop out of school and stresses the importance of selecting interventions aimed to improve the relationships between school personnel and students. Innovative programs designed to enhance strong student-teacher relationships are highlighted.
Comparison of Extended Jacobian and Lagrange Multiplier Based Methods for Resolving Kinematic Redundancy

Several methods have been proposed in the past for resolving the control of kinematically redundant manipulators by optimizing a secondary criterion. The extended Jacobian method constrains the gradient of this criterion to be in the null space of the Jacobian matrix, while the Lagrange multiplier method represents the gradient as being in the row space. In this paper, a numerically efficient form of the Lagrange multiplier method is presented and is compared analytically, computationally, and operationally to the extended Jacobian method. This paper also presents an improved method for tracking algorithmic singularities over previous work.
Flame Retardants, Overview

Fires result from an ignition source meeting a flammable product. Fire or flame retardants are commonly added to polymeric products to slow or prevent ignition and to reduce the intensity of burning should ignition occur. This article provides an introduction to fire retardants. It presents reasons why fire retardants are useful, general mechanisms for their effectiveness, how the performance of polymer-retardant composites is measured, a summary of the market for these chemicals, and forces that might change that market.
The Future of Publishing

New hardware products and software developments have made publishing widely accessible to the masses, but these same possibilities also present their challenges to the future of published materials.
Respiratory illness in households using gas and electricity for cooking: II. Symptoms and objective findings

Abstract An earlier study examined the incidence of reported respiratory illness in members of households cooking with gas or electricity. The present investigation extends that study in order to confirm and validate the reports of illness, and to determine the frequency distribution of reported symptoms among parents and children in the two settings. One hundred twenty households with school-age children were selected from the gas and electric cohorts. Reports of respiratory illness and symptoms were obtained by telephone interview every 2 weeks for a period of 13 months by a nurse—epidemiologist. Where the onset of respiratory illness occurred within 3 days of the call, a household visit was arranged to examine the person reported ill and to obtain a throat culture. In addition, two sets of “well” controls were examined. The results validate the reporting method and replicate earlier findings of no significant difference in acute respiratory illness incidence between gas- and electric-cooking households.
Modulation transfer using coherent Raman scattering

We describe a scheme based on coherent Raman scattering for efficient transfer of amplitude and phase modulation from one frequency to another. Experimental results show bandwidths of at least tens of MHz and 99% fidelity.
Olanzapine-induced neutropenia

Olanzapine-induced neutropenia is a rare adverse effect that is currently poorly described in literature. Although neutropenia is a known adverse effect of clozapine, it has been associated with the use of other antipsychotic medications like olanzapine. This case report describes and reviews a case of olanzapine-induced neutropenia in a schizophrenic patient. Although the mechanism of antipsychotic-induced neutropenia is still debated, this report attempts to discuss current theories as well as supply evidence in literature of this rare but potentially dangerous adverse effect.
Direct Lineage Conversions: Unnatural but useful?

Classic experiments such as somatic cell nuclear transfer into oocytes and cell fusion demonstrated that differentiated cells are not irreversibly committed to their fate. More recent work has built on these conclusions and discovered defined factors that directly induce one specific cell type from another, which may be as distantly related as cells from different germ layers. This suggests the possibility that any specific cell type may be directly converted into any other if the appropriate reprogramming factors are known. Direct lineage conversion could provide important new sources of human cells for modeling disease processes or for cellular-replacement therapies. For future applications, it will be critical to carefully determine the fidelity of reprogramming and to develop methods for robustly and efficiently generating human cell types of interest.
Reconsidering genre theory in K-12 schools: A response to school reforms in the United States

Abstract Education reforms in the United States have placed new demands on English language learners (ELLs) and their teachers in K-12 public schools. In response, many teachers, teacher educators, and literacy scholars are reexamining genre theory and genre-based pedagogy as a way of supporting the academic literacy development of the growing number of ELLs attending primary and secondary schools in the United States. In this article, we briefly describe the impact of federal reforms such as No Child Left Behind legislation on L2 literacy practices in K-12 schools. Next, we outline some core epistemological and methodological assumptions informing different perspectives of genre and genre-based pedagogy and how these concepts and methods have relevance for supporting L2 academic literacy development in K-12 contexts. We conclude by outlining the components of a research agenda aimed at supporting K-12 teachers in critically using genre-based pedagogy to support the academic literacy development of ELLs over time.
Molecular Pathology of Neuro-AIDS (CNS-HIV)

Abstract: The cognitive deficits in patients with HIV profoundly affect the quality of life of people living with this disease and have often been linked to the neuro-inflammatory condition known as HIV encephalitis (HIVE). With the advent of more effective anti-retroviral therapies, HIVE has shifted from a sub-acute to a chronic condition. The neurodegenerative process in patients with HIVE is characterized by synaptic and dendritic damage to pyramidal neurons, loss of calbindin-immunoreactive interneurons and myelin loss. The mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in HIVE might involve a variety of pathways, and several lines of investigation have found that interference with signaling factors mediating neuroprotection might play an important role. These signaling pathways include, among others, the GSK3, CDK5, ERK, Pyk2, p38 and JNK cascades. Of these, GSK3 has been a primary focus of many previous studies showing that in infected patients, HIV proteins and neurotoxins secreted by immune-activated cells in the brain abnormally activate this pathway, which is otherwise regulated by growth factors such as FGF. Interestingly, modulation of the GSK3 signaling pathway by FGF1 or GSK3 inhibitors (lithium, valproic acid) is protective against HIV neurotoxicity, and several pilot clinical trials have demonstrated cognitive improvements in HIV patients treated with GSK3 inhibitors. In addition to the GSK3 pathway, the CDK5 pathway has recently been implicated as a mediator of neurotoxicity in HIV, and HIV proteins might activate
Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples.

Abstract Perchlorate ion (ClO 4 − ) is an environmental contaminant of growing concern due to its potential human health effects, impact on aquatic and land animals, and widespread occurrence throughout the United States. The determination of perchlorate cannot normally be carried out in the field. As such, water samples for perchlorate analysis are often shipped to a central laboratory, where they may be stored for a significant period before analysis. The stability of perchlorate ion in various types of commonly encountered water samples has not been generally examined—the effect of such storage is thus not known. In the present study, the long-term stability of perchlorate ion in deionized water, tap water, ground water, and surface water was examined. Sample sets containing approximately 1000, 100, 1.0, and 0.5 μg l −1 perchlorate ion in deionized water and also in local tap water were formulated. These samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for perchlorate ion concentration against freshly prepared standards every 24 h for the first 7 days, biweekly for the next 4 weeks, and periodically after that for a total of 400 or 610 days for the two lowest concentrations and a total of 428 or 638 days for the high concentrations. Ground and surface water samples containing perchlorate were collected, held and analyzed for perchlorate concentration periodically over at least 360 days. All samples except for the surface water samples were found to be stable for the duration of the study, allowing for holding times of at least 300 days for ground water samples and at least 90 days for surface water samples.
Healthcare costs of acute and chronic tonsillar conditions in the pediatric population in the United States.

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence and healthcare costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic tonsillar conditions (ACT) in children. Design Cross-sectional analysis of the 2006, 2008, and 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. Methods Pediatric patients (age Results A total of 74.3 million children (mean age 8.55 years, 51% male) were sampled (raw N = 28,873). Of these, 804,229 children (1.1 ± 0.1%) were diagnosed with ACT annually (mean age 7.24 years, 49.1% male); 64.6 ± 2.0% had acute tonsillitis diagnoses and 35.4 ± 2.0% suffered from chronic tonsillitis. Children with ACT incurred an additional 2.3 office visits and 2.1 prescription fills (both p Conclusion The diagnosis of ACT confers a significant incremental healthcare utilization and healthcare cost burden on children, parents and the healthcare system. With its prevalence in the United States, pediatric tonsillitis accounts for approximately $1.355 billion in incremental healthcare expense and is a significant healthcare utilization concern. Level of evidence 2C
Interfacial heat transfer during subcooled flow boiling

Abstract In order to develop a mechanistic model for the subcooled flow boiling process, the key issues which must be addressed are wall heat flux partitioning and interfacial (condensation) heat transfer. The sink term in the two-fluid models for void fraction prediction is provided by the condensation rate at the vapor–liquid interface. Low pressure subcooled flow boiling experiments, using water, were performed using a vertical flat plate heater to investigate the bubble collapse process. A high-speed CCD camera was used to record the bubble collapse in the bulk subcooled liquid. Based on the analyses of these digitized images, bubble collapse rates and the associated heat transfer rate were determined. The experimental data were in turn used to correlate the bubble collapse rate and the interfacial heat transfer rate. These correlations are functions of bubble Reynolds number, liquid Prandtl number, Jacob number, and Fourier number. The correlations account for both the effect of forced convection heat transfer and thickening of the thermal boundary layer as the vapor bubble condenses which in turn makes the condensation heat transfer time dependent. Comparison of the measured experimental data with those predicted from the correlations show that predictions are well within ±25% of the experimentally measured values. These correlations have also been compared with those available in the literature.
Uptake of Ferritin-labeled Antibodies by Tetrahymena

Experiments with Tetrahymena thermophila using ferritin probes revealed that these cells take up ferritin conjugated to antibodies (not directed against Tetrahymena) much more readily than they do ferritin or cationized ferritin. The massive and rapid uptake of antibody-ferritin offers certain advantages for studies of endocytosis and membrane flow in cells of this type, and the method may be applicable to other types of protozoa as well.
Temperature regulation and social grooming in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

It has previously been shown that temperature regulation in rodents depends on the integrity of the salivary glands. More recently it was found that every groom in the Mongolian gerbil is accompanied by a release and spread of Harderian material from the nares of the nose. The exocrine substance acts as an attractant or attention pheromone. It also stimulates self-grooming in conspecifics. Here, we show that each groom regulates body temperature, whether stimulated by social interaction or by an ambient heat source. Momentary depression of locomotion may contribute significantly to this effect. Moreover, gerbils with free access to areas on a horizontal thermal gradient choose to groom at 28°C regardless of social status. However, when dominant and subordinate males compete on the gradient, dominant animals control the area around 28°C and depress grooming frequency in subordinates. The data suggest that thermoregulatory grooming, ambient temperature preference, social behavior, and Harderian signaling are intimately related. “Displacement grooming” as defined by ethologists may result because of these interactions.
Non-instrumented nucleic acid amplification (NINA): Instrument-free molecular malaria diagnostics for low-resource settings

We have achieved the first complete, non-instrumented nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) using a calcium oxide heat source thermally linked to an engineered phase change material. These two components alone maintain a thermal profile suitable for the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Starting with computational fluid dynamics analysis, we identified nominal geometry for the exothermic reaction chamber, phase change material chamber, thermal insulation, and packaging. Using this model, we designed and fabricated an alpha prototype assay platform. We have verified the function of this multi-pathogen-capable platform with both fluorescent and visual turbidity indications using samples spiked with malaria DNA. Both the exothermically heated platform samples and samples heated on a Perkin-Elmer GeneAmp9600 thermocycler were first incubated at 62°C for 45 minutes, then heated to 95°C to terminate enzyme activity, then analyzed. Results from the exothermically heated, non-instrumented platform were comparable to those from the thermocycler. These developments will enable point-of-care diagnostics using accurate NAATs which until now have required a well-equipped laboratory. The aim of this research is to provide pathogen detection with NAAT-level sensitivity in low-resource settings where assays such as immunochromatographic strip tests are successfully used but where there is no access to the infrastructure and logistics required to operate and maintain instrument-based diagnostics.
Knowledge Management in Industrial Society and Environmental Quality

Aside from their economic power, the great industrial corporations have a significant role in the creation and application of technical knowledge. Because of their power and the fact that most scientists and engineers work in private industry, these organizations have had substantial influence over problem definition and policy-formation related to a variety of critical issues. Few would disagree with the statement that knowledge shapes policy. Accordingly, whatever group controls the creation and distribution of knowledge in a society heavily influences policymaking and the general direction of social change and development. We discuss two problems: (1) The processes related to the development and application of knowledge in advanced societies which have been strongly influenced by giant corporations. Knowledge production, scientific and technical work have been closely tied to the economic goals of individual corporations and the industrial system at large. (2) How may industrial societies learn to deal...
Early diastolic motion of the posterior aortic root as an index of left ventricular filling.

Aortic root motion on M-mode echocardiography is related to left atrial volume change. Early diastolic motion of the aortic root has been quantified by the atrial emptying index. This index has been shown by some investigators to assess early diastolic left ventricular filling, while other investigators report conflicting findings. To evaluate further early diastolic motion of the posterior aortic root, we describe a new echocardiographic parameter—the slope of early diastolic posterior aortic root motion. This parameter appears superior to the atrial emptying index in assessing early diastolic left ventricular filling. Forty-one patients were studied by M-mode echocardiography and were divided into group I (17 patients) with diminished E to F mitral value slopes (<70 mm/sec) and group II (24 patients) with normal E to F mitral valve slopes (≥70 mm/sec). Patients in group I and group II had comparable left atrial sizes and left ventricular dimensions. The aortic root slope and normalized aortic root slope (normalized for left atrial dimension) in group I (3.7 ± 1.4 cm/sec and 1.0 ± 0.4 sec−1, respectively) were significantly less than in group II (6.4 ± 1.4 cm/sec and 1.9 ± 0.6 sec−1, respectively). The atrial emptying index and atrial emptying index normalized for heart rate were not different between the two groups. When the 41 patients were analyzed according to the presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiography, only the normalized aortic root slope was significantly different in patients with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. A significant linear correlation (r = 0.84, P < 0.0005) was found between the aortic root slope or normalized aortic root slope and the E to F slope of the mitral valve. Significant correlations also existed between the aortic root slope and the slope of early diastolic left ventricular rapid filling. Therefore, the slope of early diastolic motion of the posterior aortic root appears to be a useful and easily obtainable echocardiographic parameter to assess early diastolic left ventricular filling.
CORR Insights®: Image Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Musculoskeletal Lesions: Are Nondiagnostic Results Clinically Useful?

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Image Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Musculoskeletal Lesions: Are Nondiagnostic Results Clinically Useful? by Didolkar and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3170-9. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. The author is a military service member. This work was prepared as part of his official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 provides that ‘Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.’ Title 17 U.S.C. 101 defines a U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties. The author certifies that neither he nor a member of his immediate family has any funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3170-9.
Low energy effective potential for N = 1 supergravity with non-minimal scalar couplings

Abstract We derive a low energy effective theory for a new class of models in N =1 supergravity with non-minimal scalar couplings.
The Character of Learning Disabilities: An Iowa Profile

This article summarizes the findings from The Iowa Learning Disabilities Evaluation Project, designed to study the nature and characteristics of students with learning disabilities (LD) in the stat...
THE PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY OF SOLAR-TYPE STARS. V. THE STANDARD STARS10 AND 11 LEONIS MINORIS.

Light curves in Stromgren b and y for the 1985 season are presented for the uvby standard stars 10 LMi (HD 82635) and 11 LMi (HD 82885). The period of 10 LMi is 40.4 days, with an amplitude of 0.012 magnitude in y. The period of 11 LMi is 18.0 days, with an amplitude of 0.033 magnitude in y. The mechanism of the variability is interpreted as rotational modulation due to active regions on the stars. Observations of 11 LMi as a standard suggest the star was only weakly variable or constant during the interval from 1972 to 1984.
Chemistry of phosphorus aluminium bonding: Dimethylphosphino-aluminium hydrides and chlorides☆

Abstract The solvolysis of AlH compounds in liquid dimethylphosphine leads to (CH3)2PAI bonding. The composition (CH3)2PA1H2·(CH3)2PH was formed from LiAlH4 with (CH3)2PCl in liquid (CH3)2PH; and more extensive phosphinolysis occurred with AlCl3 + LiAlH4 (proportions to form AlH3) in liquid (CH3)2PH. Ether solutions were not suitable, for the ether competed in complex formation: only moderately phosphinolysed AlH3 polymers were obtained. The phosphinolysis of LiAlH4 was extensive, with indication of LiHAl[P(CH3)2]3 as a distinct substance. The compositions HAlCl2 and H2AlCl were formed in ether and heated in liquid (CH3)2PH to form benzene-soluble products having compositions represented by the formulas (CH3)2PAlCl2 and [(CH3)2P]2AlCl (mol. wts. uncertain). These seemed to disproportionate during attempts at sublimination in vacuo, with chloride enrichment in the sublimates.
Thermal analysis of superconductors

Thermal analysis techniques have been used to study the stoichiometry of superconductors. As the critical temperatures of the materials rise, thermal analysis will open the door to further characterization.
Entanglement of neutral-atom chains by spin-exchange Rydberg interaction

Conditions to achieve an unusually strong Rydberg spin-exchange interaction are investigated and proposed as a means to generate pairwise entanglement and realize a swap-like quantum gate for neutral atoms. Ground-state entanglement is created by mapping entangled Rydberg states to ground states using optical techniques. A protocol involving swap-gate and pairwise entanglement operations is predicted to create global entanglement of a chain of $N$ atoms in a time that is independent of $N$.
Monolayer palladium supported on molybdenum and tungsten carbide substrates as low-cost hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts

Abstract Active and low-cost hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts are needed to minimize capital costs associated with large-scale hydrogen production from water electrolysis. Catalysts based on monolayer (ML) amounts of precious metals supported on carbides are a promising concept for this purpose. In the current study Pd supported on tungsten carbide (WC) and molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) were evaluated for HER activity. Carbide foils were synthesized using temperature programmed reaction of W or Mo in a CH4/H2 atmosphere. Physical vapor deposition was used to deposit Pd on WC or Mo2C while X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the Pd surface coverage. Linear sweep voltammetry and chronopotentiometry were used to evaluate the HER activity and electrochemical stability of the catalysts, demonstrating the possibility of using ML Pd on either WC or Mo2C as active, stable and lower-cost HER catalysts.
Use of benchmark dose-volume histograms for selection of the optimal technique between three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy in prostate cancer.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and validate our own benchmark dose–volume histograms (DVHs) of bladder and rectum for both conventional three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and to evaluate quantitatively the benefits of using IMRT vs. 3D-CRT in treating localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: During the implementation of IMRT for prostate cancer, our policy was to plan each patient with both 3D-CRT and IMRT. This study included 31 patients with T1b to T2c localized prostate cancer, for whom we completed double-planning using both 3D-CRT and IMRT techniques. The target volumes included prostate, either with or without proximal seminal vesicles. Bladder and rectum DVH data were summarized to obtain an average DVH for each technique and then compared using two-tailed paired t test analysis. Results: For 3D-CRT our bladder doses were as follows: mean 28.8 Gy, v60 16.4%, v70 10.9%; rectal doses were: mean 39.3 Gy, v60 21.8%, v70 13.6%. IMRT plans resulted in similar mean dose values: bladder 26.4 Gy, rectum 34.9 Gy, but lower values of v70 for the bladder (7.8%) and rectum (9.3%). These benchmark DVHs have resulted in a critical evaluation of our 3D-CRT techniques over time. Conclusion: Our institution has developed benchmark DVHs for bladder and rectum based on our clinical experience with 3D-CRT and IMRT. We use these standards as well as differences in individual cases to make decisions on whether patients may benefit from IMRT treatment rather than 3D-CRT.
Colloid Formation at Waste Plume Fronts

Highly saline and caustic tank waste solutions containing radionuclides and toxic metals have leaked into sediments at U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) facilities such as the Hanford Site (Washington State). Colloid transport is frequently invoked to explain migration of radionuclides and metals in the subsurface. To understand colloid formation during interactions between highly reactive fluids and sediments and its impact on contaminant transport, we simulated tank waste solution (TWS) leakage processes in laboratory columns at ambient and elevated (70 C) temperatures. We found that maximum formation of mobile colloids occurred at the plume fronts (hundreds to thousands times higher than within the plume bodies or during later leaching). Concentrations of suspended solids were as high as 3 mass%, and their particle-sizes ranged from tens of nm to a few {micro}m. Colloid chemical composition and mineralogy depended on temperature. During infiltration of the leaked high Na{sup +} waste solution, rapid and completed Na{sup +} replacement of exchangeable Ca{sup 2+} and Mg{sup 2+} from the sediment caused accumulation of these divalent cations at the moving plume front. Precipitation of supersaturated Ca{sup 2+}/Mg{sup 2+}-bearing minerals caused dramatic pH reduction at the plume front. In turn, the reduced pH caused precipitation of other minerals. This understanding can help predict the behavior of contaminant trace elements carried by the tank waste solutions, and could not have been obtained through conventional batch studies.
Study of Hybrid Lubrication at the Tooth Contact of a Wormgear Transmission: Part 1—Formulation and Analysis

The paper presents a lubrication analysis for the tooth contact of a proposed wormgear transmission. The information needed for the lubrication analysis has been mostly obtained from a previously published wormgear analysis. The information includes the geometry of the clearance between the meshing surfaces, the velocity of the worm surface relative to the gear surface, and the normal force acting on a gear tooth as it moves through the meshing zone. The lubrication analysis is carried out after a design of the oil supply configuration is made, that consists of a single transverse oil recess and a capillary tube flow restrictor. Under the predetermined normal force, the lubrication analysis is aimed at obtaining the needed supply pressure to separate the meshing surfaces by a minimum oil film thickness, which is prescribed to insure the establishment of fluid film lubrication at the contact. The lubrication analysis considers (1) the hybrid lubrication effect (combined hydrostatic action and hydrodynamic wedge and squeeze actions), (2) the temperature rise in the oil film flow and the restrictor flow, and (3) the pressure and temperature dependence of oil properties. Part I describes the formulation of the oil film flow problem (in discrete form) and the restrictor flow problem (in analytical form). The two problems are coupled through the conditions of flow continuity and energy balance in the oil recess.
Efficient RT-level fault diagnosis methodology

Increasing IC densities necessitate diagnosis methodologies with enhanced defect locating capabilities. Yet the computational effort expanded in extracting diagnostic information and the stringent storage requirements constitute major concerns due to the tremendous number of faults in typical ICs. In this paper, we propose an RT-level diagnosis methodology capable of responding to these challenges. In the proposed scheme, diagnostic information is computed on a grouped fault effect basis, enhancing both the storage and the computational aspects. The fault effect grouping criteria are identified based on a module structure analysis, improving the propagation ability of the diagnostic information through RT modules. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology provides superior speed-ups and significant diagnostic information compression at no sacrifice in diagnostic resolution, compared to the existing gate-level diagnosis approaches.
Technology, behavior, and safety: An empirical study of automobile occupant-protection regulation

Technology and human behavior can influence the effectiveness of safety policies. In the field of traffic safety, rational-choice theorists postulate that automobile safety devices induce increased driver risk taking. Such behavioral responses could partly or totally nullify the lifesaving potential of governmental safety rules for new cars, such as the crashworthiness standards adopted by the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This study explores the behavioral-response hypothesis in the context of a car-vintage model of U.S. car occupant death rates. Results from the model imply that U.S. standards have reduced the occupant death rate by roughly 30 percent, a finding consistent with minimal driver response to safety devices. The study provides support for the technological approach to safety policy and suggests that policymakers might consider adopting additional crashworthiness regulations, such as some form of passive-restraint program.
Axial segregation in unsteady diffusion-dominated solidification of a binary alloy

Axial segregation in unsteady diffusion dominated directional solidification of a binary alloy with a planar solid-liquid interface profile is considered. The analysis is an extension of the work of Smith et al. [Canadian J. Phys. 33 (1955) 723] to account for an arbitrary initial axial concentration profile. This situation is important in the experimental studies of growth of crystals in a microgravity environment in which the growth is from melts formed by remelting crystals that have a known axial impurity profile. Three situations are discussed. These are the initial transient, a resolidified crystal, and multipass solidification.