cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequentist evaluation of intervals estimated for a binomial parameter and for the ratio of Poisson means

Abstract Confidence intervals for a binomial parameter or for the ratio of Poisson means are commonly desired in high energy physics (HEP) applications such as measuring a detection efficiency or branching ratio. Due to the discreteness of the data, in both of these problems the frequentist coverage probability unfortunately depends on the unknown parameter. Trade-offs among desiderata have led to numerous sets of intervals in the statistics literature, while in HEP one typically encounters only the classic intervals of Clopper–Pearson (central intervals with no undercoverage but substantial over-coverage) or a few approximate methods which perform rather poorly. If strict coverage is relaxed, some sort of averaging is needed to compare intervals. In most of the statistics literature, this averaging is over different values of the unknown parameter, which is conceptually problematic from the frequentist point of view in which the unknown parameter is typically fixed. In contrast, we perform an (unconditional) average over observed data in the ratio-of-Poisson-means problem. If strict conditional coverage is desired, we recommend Clopper–Pearson intervals and intervals from inverting the likelihood ratio test (for central and non-central intervals, respectively). Lancaster's mid- P modification to either provides excellent unconditional average coverage in the ratio-of-Poisson-means problem.
Electrical and magnetic brain recordings: contributions to cognitive neuroscience

Non-invasive recordings of electrical and magnetic fields from the human brain have revealed spatio-temporal patterns of neuronal activity associated with sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. Recent technical advances allow for improved localization of these activity patterns to specific brain structures. This review considers how electrical and magnetic recordings can help to delineate the neural systems and information processing operations that underlie auditory and visual perception, selective attention, mental chronometry, and memory.
Absence of a self-induced decay effect in 198Au

Abstract We report the results of an improved experiment aimed at determining whether the half-life ( T 1 / 2 ) of 198Au depends on the shape of the source. In this experiment, the half-lives of a gold sphere and a thin gold wire were measured after each had been irradiated in the NIST Center for Neutron Research. In comparison to an earlier version of this experiment, both the specific activities of the samples and their relative surface/volume ratios have been increased, leading to an improved test for the hypothesized self-induced decay (SID) effect. We find T 1 / 2 ( sphere ) / T 1 / 2 ( wire ) = ( 0.9993 ± 0.0002 ) , which is compatible with no SID effect.
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Problem seeking versus the bird-in-hand, least-effort strategy.

Fifteen adult chimpanzees were tested on a series of tasks that differed from standard two-choice object discrimination learning problems in one detail: a third choice was sometimes offered, and it consisted of clearly visible and readily accessible food. Even under conditions where they would have to score 100% on the discrimination learning tasks to get as much food as they could get by taking the “free” food, many of the chimpanzees worked on the problems. Individual differences were large and reliable. Frequency of response to a given problem also varied according to how accurately the animals were performing and increased markedly if the hidden food was made a few grams larger than the free food. The chimpanzees did not rely strictly on a “bird-in-hand” strategy or necessarily always work to get the maximum amount of food with the minimum amount of energy expenditure. Whether this is bad economics or good economics depends on the time scale on which one views adaptation.
1610 MODEL OF ACUTE CYCLOSPORINE-INDUCED NEPHROTOXI CITY (ACIN) IN THE GROWING RAT

Immunosuppression with cyclosporine (CYC) results in an early, acute, reversible reduction in renal hemodynamlcs. In an attempt to establish a model for investigating the functional and morphologic effects of ACIN at the single nephron level, renal micropuncture (MP) and ultra-structural (EM) studies were performed in growing male rats (100-140 g). Pair-caged animals were treated with IM injections of CYC (10 or 25 mg/kg/d) or olive oil for 1 week. Daily weight gain was reduced in both treated groups (-32%, n=24, and -44%, n=6, p<.01). Inactin anesthesia (110-120 mg/kg IP) and the hydropenic (HYP) state were maintained throughout MP. Rats given 25 mg/kg CYC were hypothermic and hypotensive; few survived the surgical preparation for MP. Kidneys appeared grossly abnormal with no superficial tubular flow. Kidney gloraerular filtration rate (GFR) was less in the 10 mg/kg CYC treated rats (0.39 ± .07 S.E. ml/min/100 g, n=4), than in a separate group of HYP controls of the same weight (0.56 ± .04 ml/min/100 g, n=5, p<.005). Proximal single nephron GFR was also lower (24.2 ± 1.8 nl/min, n=4) than the controls (34.0 ± 2.6 nl/min, n=9, p<.001). EM studies performed in a group of identically treated rats showed distal tubules with widely dilated lateral intercellular spaces. Proximal tubules had increased intracellular vacuoles. These results agree with observations in human ACIN and demonstrate that this is a useful animal model of ACIN.
Analytical structure of a two-input two-output fuzzy controller and its relation to PI and multilevel relay controllers

Abstract This study investigates the analytical structure of a two-input two output fuzzy controller which employs triangular-shaped input fuzzy sets, trapezoidal-shaped output fuzzy sets, linear control rules, probabilistic AND fuzzy logic, Łukasiewicz OR fuzzy logic, Mamdani's minimum inference method and the center of gravity defuzzification algorithm. We analytically prove that the structure of the fuzzy controller is the sum of global four-dimensional multilevel relays and local nonlinear proportional-integral (PI) controllers with variable gains continuously changing with process outputs. The global multilevel relays play a major role in determining control action of the fuzzy controller while the local PI controllers locally fine-tune the control action of the relays. Properties of the fuzzy controller structure are analytically and quantitatively investigated. Moreover, it is proved that, as the number of control rules approaches ∞, each global four-dimensional multilevel relay becomes the sum of two global linear PI controllers while the local PI controllers disappear.
The expression of the novel cytotoxic protein granzyme M by large granular lymphocytic leukaemias of both T‐cell and NK‐cell lineage: an unexpected finding with implications regarding the pathobiology of these disorders

Granzyme M (GrM) is a novel cytotoxic protein normally exclusively expressed by natural killer (NK)-cells and cytotoxic T-cells with innate immune function. As most T-cell granular lymphocytic leukaemias (T-LGL) are thought to be derived from the adaptive immune system it was predicted that T-LGL would be GrM negative. Contrary to this hypothesis, bone marrow biopsy immunohistochemistry revealed that GrM was frequently expressed in both T-LGL (16 / 18) and NK-LGL (6 / 9). These unexpected results suggest commonality between T- and NK-LGL, providing further support to the notion that T-LGL is a disorder of dysregulated, chronically stimulated, adaptive cytotoxic T-cells.
Endogenous gradients of resting potential instructively pattern embryonic neural tissue via notch signaling and regulation of proliferation

Biophysical forces play important roles throughout embryogenesis, but the roles of spatial differences in cellular resting potentials during large-scale brain morphogenesis remain unknown. Here, we implicate endogenous bioelectricity as an instructive factor during brain patterning in Xenopus laevis. Early frog embryos exhibit a characteristic hyperpolarization of cells lining the neural tube; disruption of this spatial gradient of the transmembrane potential (Vmem) diminishes or eliminates the expression of early brain markers, and causes anatomical mispatterning of the brain, including absent or malformed regions. This effect is mediated by voltage-gated calcium signaling and gap-junctional communication. In addition to cell-autonomous effects, we show that hyperpolarization of transmembrane potential (Vmem) in ventral cells outside the brain induces upregulation of neural cell proliferation at long range. Misexpression of the constitutively active form of Notch, a suppressor of neural induction, impairs the normal hyperpolarization pattern and neural patterning; forced hyperpolarization by misexpression of specific ion channels rescues brain defects induced by activated Notch signaling. Strikingly, hyperpolarizing posterior or ventral cells induces the production of ectopic neural tissue considerably outside the neural field. The hyperpolarization signal also synergizes with canonical reprogramming factors (POU and HB4), directing undifferentiated cells toward neural fate in vivo. These data identify a new functional role for bioelectric signaling in brain patterning, reveal interactions between Vmem and key biochemical pathways (Notch and Ca2+ signaling) as the molecular mechanism by which spatial differences of Vmem regulate organogenesis of the vertebrate brain, and suggest voltage modulation as a tractable strategy for intervention in certain classes of birth defects.
Increase in NOx emissions from Indian thermal power plants during 1996-2010: unit-based inventories and multisatellite observations.

Driven by rapid economic development and growing electricity demand, NOx emissions (E) from the power sector in India have increased dramatically since the mid-1990s. In this study, we present the NOx emissions from Indian public thermal power plants for the period 1996–2010 using a unit-based methodology and compare the emission estimates with the satellite observations of NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs) from four spaceborne instruments: GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2. Results show that NOx emissions from Indian power plants increased by at least 70% during 1996–2010. Coal-fired power plants, NOx emissions from which are not regulated in India, contribute ∼96% to the total power sector emissions, followed by gas-fired (∼4%) and oil-fired (<1%) ones. A number of isolated NO2 hot spots are observed over the power plant areas, and good agreement between NO2 TVCDs and NOx emissions is found for areas dominated by power plant emissions. Average NO2 TVCDs over power plant areas were contin...
Challenges facing technology assessment in modern health care

Clearly, a precise tool does not now exist for making technological assessments. Yet, however imperfect the process might be, technology assessment is a valuable tool for use by doctors, health-care providers, and hospital administrators to control the increasing cost of health care. Technological assessment allows hospitals to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness before the commitment to purchase new equipment. As advancements in medical technology continue, the concerns associated with moral and ethical issues related to quality of life become increasingly difficult to assess. Hospitals must place the needs of the community and the quality of patient care ahead of profits and the purchase of new technologies. Stuart Poston, administrator of Murray-Calloway County Hospital, best concludes the authors' discussion with his view on the importance of technology assessment: "If you keep up with technology and buy quality equipment, you can enhance your medical staff and maintain a solid financial base. Then you can afford new equipment".
Developmental potential of murine pluripotential stem cells.

The early embryo contains a group of pluripotential inner cell mass (ICM) cells which give rise to cells of the differentiated tissues of the adult, including the germ line1–2. As the ICM cells proliferate, groups of these cells become committed to specific developmental pathways. Pluripotential cells appear to persist in the embryonic portion of the embryo up until 7.5 days3. These undetermined pluripotent stem cells have been established as permanent tissue culture cell lines either directly from the embryo (embryonic stem (ES) cells)4,5 or indirectly from teratocarcinoma tumors (embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells) (See Fig. 1).
Single-Stranded DNA Orchestrates an ATM-to-ATR Switch at DNA Breaks

ATM and ATR are two master checkpoint kinases activated by double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). ATM is critical for the initial response and the subsequent ATR activation. Here we show that ATR activation is coupled with loss of ATM activation, an unexpected ATM-to-ATR switch during the biphasic DSB response. ATM is activated by DSBs with blunt ends or short single-stranded overhangs (SSOs). Surprisingly, the activation of ATM in the presence of SSOs, like that of ATR, relies on single- and double-stranded DNA junctions. In a length-dependent manner, SSOs attenuate ATM activation and potentiate ATR activation through a swap of DNA-damage sensors. Progressive resection of DSBs directly promotes the ATM-to-ATR switch in vitro. In cells, the ATM-to-ATR switch is driven by both ATM and the nucleases participating in DSB resection. Thus, single-stranded DNA orchestrates ATM and ATR to function in an orderly and reciprocal manner in two distinct phases of DSB response.
VMATCH: Using logical variation to counteract physical variation in bottom-up, nanoscale systems

Nanowire building blocks provide a promising path to small feature size and thus the ability to more densely pack logic. However, the small feature size and novel, bottom-up manufacturing process will exhibit extreme variation and produce many devices that operate outside acceptable operating ranges. One-mapping-fits-all, prefabrication assignment of logical functions to physical transistors that exhibit high threshold variation will not work—combining the wide range of physical variation in transistor threshold voltage with the wide range of fanouts in the design produces an unworkably large composite range of possible delays. Nonetheless, by carefully matching the fanout of each net to the physical threshold voltages of devices after fabrication, it is possible to reduce the net range of path delays sufficiently to achieve high system yield. By adding a modest amount of extra resources, we achieve 100% yield for systems built out of devices with 38% variation, the ITRS prediction for threshold variation in 5nm transistors. Moreover, for these systems, we maintain delay, energy and area close to the variation-free nominal case.
Photoinduced DNA cleavage and cellular damage in human dermal fibroblasts by 2,3-diaminophenazine.

Abstract Aromatic amines, such as o-phenylenediamine (OPD), have been used extensively in commercial hair dyes and in the synthesis of agricultural pesticides. Air oxidation of OPD results in the formation of 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP). Although the mutagenic toxicity of DAP has been shown in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, its phototoxicity remains largely unexplored. This study focuses on the pH-dependent photophysical properties of DAP and demonstrates its ability to photoinduce DNA damage to pUC19 plasmid in vitro. The photocytotoxicity of DAP toward human skin fibroblasts was also measured. DAP exhibits weak intercalative binding to double-stranded DNA with a binding constant Kb = 3.5 × 103 M−1. Furthermore, upon irradiation with visible light, DAP is able to nick plasmid DNA in the presence of oxygen. The concentration of DAP that resulted in 50% cell death was 172 ± 9 μM in the dark and 13 ± 1 μM after irradiation of the DAP-treated cell cultures with visible light (400–700 nm, 30 min, 5 J...
Classical Pragmatism Does Not Need an Upgrade Lessons for Public Administration

In 2003, Administration& Society published Patricia Shields's “The Community of Inquiry: Classical Pragmatism and Public Administration.” Shortly thereafter, Hugh Miller responded with “Old Pragmatism Needs and Upgrade” in the Disputatio Sine Fine section of Administration& Society. He argued that scholars like Shields, Evans, and Snider should incorporate the ideas of Richard Rorty into their scholarship. Miller's article was followed by a series of 9 essays debating the merits of Dewey and Rorty for public administration. This article summarizes the debate and argues that Classical Pragmatism does not need an upgrade.
Progress in computational protein design

Current progress in computational structure-based protein design is reviewed in the areas of methodology and applications. Foundational advances include new potential functions, more efficient ways of computing energetics, flexible treatments of solvent, and useful energy function approximations, as well as ensemble-based approaches to scoring designs for inclusion of entropic effects, improvements to guaranteed and to stochastic search techniques, and methods to design combinatorial libraries for screening and selection. Applications include new approaches and successes in the design of specificity for protein folding, binding, and catalysis, in the redesign of proteins for enhanced binding affinity, and in the application of design technology to study and alter enzyme catalysis. Computational protein design continues to mature and advance.
Counseling Parents Who Are Considering Newborn Male Circumcision

The American Academy of Pediatrics recently issued a statement that the health benefits of newborn male circumcision exceed the risks and therefore justify access to the procedure for families who choose it. Further, clinicians are charged with providing factually correct information that communicates the risks and benefits of elective newborn male circumcision in a nonbiased manner. However, many clinicians lack adequate information to discuss the risks and benefits of male circumcision. The purpose of this review is to highlight evidence on the risks and benefits of newborn male circumcision and provide clinicians with counseling points that can be used to guide discussion with parents considering newborn male circumcision.
Cigarette smoke extract inhibits angiogenesis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells: the role of calpain.

Angiogenesis is an integral part of both the pulmonary inflammatory response to chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and the lung tissue remodeling associated with cigarette smoke-induced chronic ob...
Germline Translocations in Mice: Unique Tools for Analyzing Gene Function and Long-Distance Regulatory Mechanisms

Translocations have provided invaluable tools for identifying both cancer-linked genes and loci associated with heritable human diseases, but heritable human translocations are rare and few mouse models exist. Here we report progress on analysis of a collection of heritable translocations generated by treatment of mice with specific chemicals or radiation during late spermatogenic stages. The translocation mutants exhibit a range of visible phenotypes reflecting the disruption of coding sequences or the separation of genes from essential regulatory elements. The breakpoints of both radiation-induced and chemically induced mutations in these mice are remarkably clean, with very short deletions, duplications, or inversions in some cases, and ligation mediated by microhomology, suggesting nonhomologous end joining as the major path of repair. These mutations provide new tools for the discovery of novel genes and regulatory elements linked to human developmental disorders and new clues to the molecular basis of human genetic disease.
Seniors and information technology: A potential goldmine of opportunity?

The elderly represent an increasing proportion of the US residents, yet scant attention has been paid to them in terms of access and use of Information Technology (IT)-related products. Computer hardware and software vendors have much to gain by capitalising on this market segment. The elderly have more resources than their younger counterparts with which to spend on IT and IT-related products. Ignoring our seniors contributes to the so-called 'grey digital divide' between older and younger computer users. We examine this situation in terms of opportunities for financial gain in practice and research issues into improving quality of life through IT.
IFN-αβ-Mediated Inflammatory Responses and Antiviral Defense in Liver Is TLR9-Independent but MyD88-Dependent during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection

Chemokine responses critical for inflammation and promotion of effective innate control of murine CMV (MCMV) in liver have been shown to be dependent on immunoregulatory functions elicited by IFN-αβ. However, it remains to be determined whether upstream factors that promote viral sensing resulting in the rapid secretion of IFN-αβ in liver differ from those described in other tissues. Because plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are known producers of high levels of systemic IFN-α in response to MCMV, this study examines the in vivo contribution of pDCs to IFN-α production in the liver, and whether production of the cytokine and ensuing inflammatory events are dependent on TLR9, MyD88, or both. We demonstrate that whereas MyD88 deficiency markedly impaired secretion of IFN-α, production of the cytokine was largely independent of TLR9 signaling, in the liver. MyD88 and TLR9 were needed for IFN-α production in the spleen. Moreover, hepatic but not splenic pDCs produced significant amounts of intracellular IFN-α in the absence of TLR9 function during infection. Furthermore, production of CCL2, CCL3, and IFN-γ, as well as the accumulation of macrophages and NK cells, was not affected in the absence of functional TLR9 in the liver. In contrast, these responses were dramatically reduced in MyD88−/− mice. Additionally, MyD88−/− but not TLR9−/− mice exhibited increased sensitivity to virus infection in liver. Collectively, our results define contrasting compartmental functions for TLR9 and MyD88, and suggest that the infected tissue site uniquely contributes to the process of virus sensing and regulation of localized antiviral responses.
Success in a science and engineering research environment in industry: the relationship between success, gender and area of research

To gain insight into the way women and men researchers at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center perceive success, a matched group of men and women was asked to reflect upon the accomplishments in their work with which they were especially satisfied. The answers show no significant gender differences, with the exception of a particularly competitive aspect of business leadership, which was mentioned most often by men. Interactive accomplishments, e.g., being a good team player, were mentioned least often by researchers in the math and science area. The lower ranking advisory engineers mentioned more interactive accomplishments and less academic leadership, e.g., seminal publications, than the higher ranking research staff members. On two external measures of success: salary and job performance rating, on overwork, and on work satisfaction, no significant gender differences were found.
Analysis of the genetic algorithm method of molecular conformation determination

Many important problems in chemistry require knowledge of the 3-D conformation of a molecule. A commonly used computational approach is to search for a variety of low-energy conformations. Here, we study the behavior of the genetic algorithm (GA) method as a global search technique for finding these low-energy conformations. Our test molecule is cyclic hexaglycine. The goal of this study is to determine how to best utilize GAs to find low-energy populations of conformations given a fixed amount of CPU time. Two measures are presented that help monitor the improvement in the GA populations and their loss of diversity. Different hybrid methods that combine coarse GA global search with local gradient minimization are evaluated. We present several specific recommendations about trade-offs when choosing GA parameters such as population size, number of generations, rate of interaction between subpopulations, and combinations of GA and gradient minimization. In particular, our results illustrate why approaches that emphasize convergence of the GA can actually decrease its effectiveness as a global conformation search method. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
COMMUNITY COLLEGE RE-ENROLLMENT AFTER HURRICANE KATRINA

In this study, we explored predictors of community college re-enrollment after Hurricane Katrina among a sample of low-income women (N = 221). It was predicted that participants’ pre-hurricane educational optimism would predict community college re-enrollment a year after the hurricane. The influence of various demographic and additional resources (e.g., social support, childcare, hours of employment, psychological well-being) was also explored. High levels of pre- and post-hurricane educational optimism were significant predictors of re-enrollment, as were lower post-hurricane psychological distress and fewer post-hurricane hours employed. In addition, experiencing a greater number of moves since the hurricane was a marginally significant predictor of post-hurricane re-enrollment.
Compressional and shear wave anisotropy in the oceanic lithosphere - the Ngendei seismic refraction experiment

Summary. Synthetic seismogram modelling of seismic refraction data from the 1983 Ngendei expedition to the south Pacific indicate seismic anisotropy both within the top kilometre of oceanic crust and in the uppermost mantle. We calculate average P- and S-wave velocity versus depth functions for two orthogonal azimuths: N3OoE, approximately aligned with the fast mantle direction, and N120°E, close to the fast crustal direction. Probable lateral heterogeneities at the Ngendei site prevent perfect matching of data and synthetic waveforms. Crustal anisotropy is indicated by a 28 pattern of both P- and S-wave travel times as a function of azimuth, and is consistent with an approximate 0.2 km s-' difference in P-wave velocities and 0.1 km s-* difference in S-wave velocities. Upper mantle anisotropy is characterized by Pn velocity differences of 7.95-8.4 km s-l and a nearly uniform S, velocity of 4.65 km s-'. We use these velocity profiles and traveltime data to calculate bounds on the properties of the elastic constants of the crust and upper mantle. The crustal anisotropy can be explained by a model involving aligned cracks parallel to the original spreading ridge, resulting in a fast direction perpendicular to the fossil spreading direction. The upper mantle anisotropy is consistent with aligned olivine crystal models, in which the fast direction is parallel to the fossil spreading direction. For both of these models, we use bounds from the Ngendei data to place constraints on the physical properties of the lithosphere.
On the atherogenicity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and novel markers for the assessment of their atherogenic potentials

It is generally accepted that cholesterol-rich low density lipoproteins are more significantly associated with atherosclerotic disease than triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins. This paper addresses two aspects of the atherogenic potentials of apoB-containing lipoproteins, the first of which relates to the differential atherogenicity of apoB-containing lipoproteins and the second to the adequacy of plasma triglycerides as a marker for atherogenic capacity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. These topics are explored and discussed on the basis of the lipoprotein family concept that classifies plasma lipoproteins on the basis of their unique apolipoprotein composition rather than density properties. A brief presentation of the lipoprotein family concept is followed by a review of recent epidemiologic and clinical studies from this and other laboratories showing that some intact or partially delipidized triglyceride-rich lipoproteins possess atherogenic capacities equal, to if not greater than, those of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins. Furthermore, the concept of differential atherogenicity of apoB-containing lipoprotein families is introduced and the evidence is presented that the apoC-III levels associated with apoB-containing lipoproteins are a more consistent independent marker for the atherogenicity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins than plasma triglycerides.
The spectrophotometric determination of blood pH.

Abstract An objective spectrophotometric method for the determination of blood pH is described. A comparison of the visual and spectrophotometric methods is presented showing an average difference of between .01 and .02 pH units.
Micropaleontologic Investigations of Red Sea Cores — Summation and Synthesis of Results

The Red Sea is a natural laboratory for investigating relatively rapid changes in a restricted marine environment during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. An investigation which integrates the combined data of micropaleontologic, radiocarbon dating, and oxygen and carbon investigations has yielded an interpretation of the paleoecology and paleoclimatology in the Red Sea during the past 80,000 years.
Cattle-based livelihoods, changes in the taskscape, and human–bear conflict in the Ecuadorian Andes

Abstract Cattle-raising, especially for dairy, has expanded in the Ecuadorian Andes since the late 1990s as smallholding farmers have shifted their livelihood activities away from crop-based agriculture due to changes in climate, market conditions, and rural out-migration. Non-migrants constructing cattle-based livelihoods are turning to cattle as the basis for “viable” livelihoods in order to remain in depopulating rural parishes. Non-migrant farmers express ideals such as autonomy and tranquility as reasons for their attachment to rural places. In turn, their livelihood activities remake these places materially. Drawing on Tim Ingold’s conceptualization of taskscape and landscape, I argue that cattle-based livelihoods create a taskscape prone to human–wildlife conflict. Since 2009, residents have reported dozens of Andean bear attacks on cattle. Cattle are vulnerable capital assets. They represent both an investment with daily and weekly dividends over many years, in the form of milk, and a long-term form of wealth storage. The turn to cattle-based livelihoods in this region has thus heightened human–bear conflict. The phenomenon of the human–bear conflict is therefore a product of shifting livelihoods and accompanying changes in the taskscape. This analysis demonstrates the importance of listening to narratives of place attachment and accounting for the cultural logics of livelihood choices when considering interventions to address human–wildlife conflict.
Hormonal Regulation of the Hepatic 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

It is fairly well established that three mammalian mitochondrial dehydrogenases, the NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are activated by Ca2+ ions in the micromolar range (Denton and McCormack, 1980, 1981; Hansford, 1985). While Ca2+ ions increase the amount of the pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form due to activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, activation of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase is the result of decreased Km for their substrates, 2-oxoglutarate and isocitrate, respectively (Denton et al, 1978; McCormack and Denton, 1979).
Nutritional and medicinal value of specialty mushrooms

Although the button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) accounts for slightly over half of total world mushroom production, specialty mushrooms, e.g., shiitake ( Lentinula edodes ), straw ( Volvariella volvacea ), oyster ( Pleurotus spp.), and enokitake ( Flammulina velutipes ), are increasing in popularity. These species contain moderate quantities of good quality protein and are good sources of dietary fiber, vitamin C, B vitamins, and minerals. Lipid levels are low, but unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios are high (about 2.0 - 4.5:1). Some species (e.g., shiitake) accumulate cadmium and selenium and other heavy metals, and some may contain toxic substances such as the heat labile cardiotoxic proteins volvatoxin in the straw mushroom and flammutoxin in enokitake. Extensive clinical studies, primarily in Japan, have clearly demonstrated that a number of species have medicinal and therapeutic value, by injection or oral administration, in the prevention/treatment of cancer, viral diseases (influenza, polio), hypercholesterolemia, blood platelet aggregation, and hypertension. Most of the studies have focused on shiitake, enokitake, Pleurotus spp., and on the generally nonculinary Ganoderma spp. Many of the active substances which include polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans), nucleic acid derivatives (the hypocholesterolemic eritadenine), lipids, peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins, have been isolated and identified. Some of the mechanisms of activity have been elucidated, e.g., antiviral activity via stimulation of interferon production in the host. Additional medical claims less well documented may nonetheless have some validity and merit further study.
Comment on Zero and negative energy dissipation at information-theoretic erasure

In a recent paper in this journal (Kish et al. in J Comput Electron, 2015), Kish, Granqvist, Khatri, and Peper misinterpreted and misapplied the central result of an earlier paper on information erasure that was published by the present author Anderson (Phys Lett A 372:5552---5555, 2008). The purpose of this Comment is to identify those errors in Kish et al., which, when corrected, no longer support claims they made about that earlier work from their misapplication of its central result.
A SIMPLE MODEL OF URBAN CANYON ENERGY BUDGET AND ITS VALIDATION

An urban canyon energy budget simulation model is described. The model is simple and computationally inexpensive enough to permit characterization of the spatial and temporal variability of canyon energy exchanges by running multiple cases. It is two-dimensional and dry and avoids the necessity for computational fluid dynamical calculations by using parameterizations for the down-canyon wind profile and cross-canyon vortex flow, and by employing an exchange coefficient formulation for sensible heat loss from the walls. These are combined with radiation calculations using the procedure of Arnfield (1976, 1982) and substrate heat fluxes computed using the Fourier heat conduction equation and wall and floor thermal property information. The model is validated against the measured canyon energy budget data of Nunez and Oke (1977) and reproduces these data quite well, with Willmott indices of agreement in the range 0.91 to 1.00 and root-mean-square errors of 14 to 46 W m-2 for individual facets and for the tot...
How do they create ‘Superpower’? An exploration of knowledge-creation processes and work environments in the wearable technology industry

ABSTRACTWearable technology (WT) offers tremendous opportunities for growth and innovation for many of today's businesses. It presents unique challenges in organising heterogeneous productive teams from multi-disciplines. However, little is known about how these WT firms operate to facilitate innovations. Therefore, this study explored the meaning of successful WT, the knowledge-creation processes, and the work environments described by WT professionals in the USA and the Netherlands. An interpretive analysis of 16 in-depth interviews revealed that, a successful WT makes life easier by ‘making you do more with less’, and solving multiple problems, that gives ‘super power’ to human beings. The findings were mostly consistent with the organisational knowledge creation theory in that knowledge is created through socialisation by personal communication, internalisation of knowledge by experimentation, and combination by learning from and teaching other members of WT communities. A productive WT work environme...
Vascular Na+-K+ pump activity in Dahl S and R rats.

AbstractOuabain-sensitive 86rubidium uptake was used to estimate sodium-potassium pump activity in the tail arteries of Dahl salt-sensitive and Dahl salt-resistant rats on normal and high oral intakes of salt. Uptake was increased in the salt-sensitive strain relative to the resistant strain at a given salt intake. It was also increased in a given strain when the salt intake was increased. In each case the increased ouabain-sensitive uptake was associated with increased ouabain-insensitive uptake which in part reflects the permeability of the cell membrane to rubidium. The results suggest that the increased pump activity is a secondary compensatory response to increased passive penetration of sodium. In this respect, the Dahl salt-sensitive rat is similar to SHR, another genetic model, but different from the other low-renin, presumably, volume-expanded models of hypertension we have studied.
Protest under fire? Explaining the policing of protest

Hypotheses about police presence and police action at social movement protest events in New York State between 1968 and 1973 are tested with the aim of understanding the broad mechanisms of social control used by authorities during this cycle of mass protest. Contrary to the popular perception of overzealous police repression of protest in this period, results show that police did not attend the majority of protest events. Tests of dominant explanations of police presence using logistic regression analysis indicate that the best predictor of police presence at a protest event was how threatening the event was-police attended larger protest events and those that used confrontational tactics. Tests (using multinomial logistic regression) of explanations of police action, given police presence at an event, indicate that extreme forms of police action were also triggered by threatening characteristics of events. Events in which subordinate groups and social movement organizations participated were also more likely to draw police action. Novel contributions include the comparison of dominant explanations of protest policing and methods that move beyond the tradition of examining repression through police presence or absence.
Behavioral Compliance to In-Manual and On-Product Warnings:

Warnings have several purposes, including the communication of hazard information and promotion of safe behavior. The present study examined how compliance is affected by viewing duration of produc...
Relaxation and Dissociation Following Photoexcitation of the (μ-N2)[Mo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3]2 Dinitrogen Cleavage Intermediate

Frequency resolved pump–probe spectroscopy was performed on isolated (μ-N2)[Mo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3]2 (Ar = 3,5-C6H3Me2), an intermediate formed in the reaction of Mo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 to bind and cleave dinitrogen. Evidence is presented for 300 fs internal conversion followed by subpicosecond vibrational cooling on the ground electronic state in competition with bond dissociation. Fast cooling following photoexcitation leads to a relatively low overall dissociation yield of 5%, in quantitative agreement with previous work [Curley, J. J.; Cooke, T. R.; Reece, S. Y.; Mueller, P.; Cummins, C. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130, 9394]. Coupling of vibrational modes to the excitation and internal conversion results in a nonthermal distribution of energy following conversion, and this provides sufficient bias to allow the nitrogen cleavage reaction to compete with breaking of the Mo–NN bond despite a higher energetic barrier on the ground state.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Gas Solubilization in Micelles

Molecular dynamics simulations of anionic sodium decylsulfate and nonionic pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether micelles in water have been performed to examine the impact of hydrostatic pressure on argon solubilization as a function of pressure. The potential-of-mean force between the micelles and argon demonstrates that nonpolar gases are attracted to the interiors of both micelles. The affinity of argon for micelle interiors, however, decreases with increasing pressure as a result of the comparatively higher molar volume of argon inside assemblies. We evaluate solubility enhancement coefficients, which describe the drop in the solute chemical potential as a function of the micellized surfactant concentration, to quantify the impact of micellization on gas solubilization. While argon is similarly attracted to the hydrophobic cores of both micelles, the gas is more effectively sequestered within nonionic micelles compared with anionic micelles as a result of salting out by charged head groups and accompanying counterions. The solubility enhancement coefficients of both micelles decrease with increasing pressure, reflecting the changing forces observed in the potentials-of-mean force. An analytical liquid drop model is proposed to describe the pressure dependence of argon solubilization within micelles that captures the simulation solubility enhancement coefficients after fitting an effective micelle radius for each surfactant.
Characterization of 4H-SiC MOS Capacitors by a Fast-Ramp Response Technique

The current vs voltage characteristics of 4H-SiC MOS capacitors under deep depletion are obtained by a fast ramp response technique so as to obtain the maximum field that can be applied to the MOS structure without the failure of either the semiconductor or the oxide layer. The experiments on η-type 4H SiC wafers having a 5 μπι thick epilayer of 1015–1016 cm−3 doping concentration and an oxide layer 1200A–1500A thick, indicate the significant influence of the oxide quality and defects in the semiconductor on the nature of the current response during accumulation and deep depletion measurements. The effect of the conductivity of the oxide layer is reflected clearly in the current response, even though classical C-V measurements do not indicate any abnormality. Apart from obtaining the maximum breakdown fields of the semiconductor and the oxide, the fast-ramp response technique provides useful information about the generation processes associated with defects in the MOS structure.
The Cicadas Of Florida (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae)

The cicadas of Florida are determined, a key to the species is provided, synonymies listed, notes on the biology of each species and each species and its biogeography is illustrated. A total of 15 species and 4 subspecies representing 4 genera have been recorded for the state. Most species inhabit large portions of the state although some are limited to specific habitats, i.e. coastal or insular. Seven species are removed from the Florida cicada fauna.
Fidelity loss in distribution-preserving anonymization and histogram equalization

In this paper, we show a formal equivalence between histogram equalization and distribution-preserving quantization. We use this equivalence to connect histogram equalization to quantization for preserving anonymity under the k-anonymity metric, while maintaining distributional properties for data analytics applications. Finally, we make connections to mismatched quantization. These relationships allow us to characterize the loss in mean-squared error (MSE) performance of privacy-preserving quantizers that must meet distribution-preservation constraints as compared to MSE-optimal quantizers in the high-rate regime. Thus, we obtain a formal characterization of the cost of anonymity.
Study on the Utility of Effective Tillers of Different Tiller Control Colony of Rice in Cold Region

The study was under the condition of Heilongjiang reclamation cold area,based on the system analysis of the panicle quantity types and panicle weight types individuals in different stages,which the colony tillers were controlled.The results showed that panicle quantity types,which was 80% of the plan,main used the 0、0-2、0-3、0-4、0-3-1 tillers.When it was 100% of the plan,it main used 0、0-2、0-3、0-4、0-5、0-2-1 tillers.The panicle weight types both use 0、0-3、0-4、0-5 tillers,when it was 80% or 100% of the plan.No matter panicle quantity types or panicle weight types,compared with CK,the two tiller control treatments both could improve seed-setting rate of each tiller level.
Epidemiologic trend of overweight and obesity in primary and secondary school in Minhang district in Shanghai

Objective To analyze overweight and obesity epidemiologic trend in primary and secondary school in Minhang district in Shanghai during 2009-2012,and to provide reference for overweight and obesity prevention and treatment. Methods Made use of physical examination data from healthy monitoring schools in Minhang district from 2009 to 2012,and screened out the overweight and obesity of students aged from 7 years to 17 years via BMI standard and analyzed the different screening rate in different population. Results During the period of 2009 to 2012,screening rate of overweight and obesity of students demonstrated a fluctuated decrease trend. Rate of overweight and obesity in 2012 was 12.04% and 9.62% respectively.Screening rate ratio of boys to girls was close to 2 ∶ 1,ratio of overweight to obesity was close to 1 ∶ 1; after controlled age,gender and adolescence factors etc., screening rate of overweight and obesity demonstrated a descending trend with years and the difference had a statistical significance( P0.01). Conclusion The overweight and obesity of students in Minhang district is relative serious,though the screening rate showed a descending trend with years,however,intensified intervention of prevention and treatment should be administrated.
Hospital CEO Turnover: Modelling More or Less Durable Places to Work:

This study documents the rising rate of hospital CEO turnovers between 1978 and 1988, a trend that has accelerated since the introduction of Medicare's prospective payment system. Using data from the American Hospital Association, we identify characteristics of hospitals experiencing rapid CEO turnover. Results show that full utilization along with a positive operating margin can prolong the CEO's tenure but ownership and system membership specify the findings. For example, CEO turnover is higher in investor-owned, multihospital systems hospitals if they are small, if their costs are high and if they have recently joined a multi-hospital system. By contrast, in not-for-profit multihospital systems, turnover is higher if they have low occupancy and low operating margins. CEO turnover in not-for-profit, freestanding hospitals is higher in metropolitan areas and in the Western region of the US as well as in hospitals with low occupancy, low operating margins and lower costs per patient day. Governmental hospitals experiencing higher CEO turnover are small, metropolitan and tend to be located in any region except the Midwest. Many have recently joined a multi-hospital system and have experienced low operating margins.
Teachers' Education, Teaching Practice, and Retention: A Cross-Genre Review of Recent Research.

In the United States, there is enormous controversy about how teachers ought to be prepared and licensed. Many of the sharpest controversies stem from acute public skepticism about whether formal t...
Animal Models in PPAR Research

Seeking a better understanding of physiological and pharmacological roles of PPARs, genetically engineered animal models were developed. A PPARα knockout mouse model allowed the study of the in vivo role of the receptor and demonstrated that fibrates decrease plasma lipid levels and induce hepatomegaly and hepatic peroxisome proliferation in a PPARα-dependent manner (Lee et al. 1995). Development of mice humanized for PPARα provided insights toward understanding mechanisms of carcinogenic response to peroxisome proliferators. Treatment of these animals with PPARα ligands induced genes encoding peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid metabolizing enzymes and produced a hypolipidemic effect without hepatocellular proliferation. This finding suggested that structural differences between human and mouse PPARα could possibly account for the susceptibility of mouse, but not human, to hepatocarcinogenicity upon treatment with PPARα agonists (Cheung et al. 2004).