cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grace Rock's consent

New England leaves changed along with young lives during a fateful September. Grace Rock was 35 years old when she was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1991. As the shock waned, she and her family agreed to participate in a study of cancer-causing mutations conducted by her doctor’s hospital. Grace signed the research consent with urgency. Family members signed in solidarity. The outcome of the study remained unknown to Grace because 2 years later, she died leaving her husband and two preschoolers. Her death came suddenly. In August 1993, she was everybody’s dancing partner at her brother’s wedding. A month later, she fell forever silent, surrounded by family in Maine Hospital and an era ended. Or so it seemed. As with the onset of cancer and its cruel return, the lessons of Grace Rock’s consent were unexpected. Among these is the need for defined boundaries between scientists and their subjects. At teaching hospitals, research is the lifeblood of hope. Yet, for patients at these hospitals, the primary medical team has real-time responsibility for care, even if the patients become research subjects of other doctors. In the dawn of the genomic age, when genetic signatures are predicted, by some, to become road maps to sickness and health, the need to separate human investigation from immediate care is crucial. The perils of thinking we know when we don’t loom over the future of medicine. The case arising from Grace Rock’s consent reignited in 2001 when Grace’s younger sister Tori phoned the research institution. Although the study staff periodically sent vague letters to the family
Neural Correlates of Susceptibility to Group Opinions in Online Word-of-Mouth Recommendations:

The present study examines the relationship between social influence and recommendation decisions among adolescents in the new media environment. Participants completed the App Recommendation Task—a task that captures neural processes associated with making recommendations to others, with and without information about peer recommendations of the type commonly available online. The results demonstrate that increased activity in the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex in response to peer recommendations is significantly correlated with participants changing their recommendations to be consistent with this feedback within subjects. Furthermore, individual differences in activation of the temporoparietal junction during feedback that peer recommendations varied from those of the participant correlated with individual differences in susceptibility to influence on recommendation decisions between subjects. These brain regions have previously been implicated in social influence and the concept of being a “successf...
Linearly precoded or coded OFDM against wireless channel fades

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) converts a dispersive channel into parallel subchannels and thus facilitates equalization. But when the channel has nulls close to or on the FFT grid, OFDM faces serious symbol recovery problems. As an alternative to various error-control coding techniques that have been proposed to ameliorate the problem, we linearly precode (LP) symbols before they are multiplexed. We identify the maximum achievable diversity order for iid or correlated Rayleigh fading channels and also provide design rules for achieving maximum diversity gains with LP-OFDM. Simulated performance comparisons of LP-OFDM with existing block and convolutionally coded OFDM alternatives favor LP-OFDM in a HiperLan2 experiment.
Uterine torsion in late gestation alpacas and llamas: 60 cases (2000–2009)

Sixty occurrences of uterine torsion during late gestation in alpacas (n = 56) and llamas (n = 4) were evaluated to identify the relationship of direction and degree of severity of torsion, method of correction, and dam and cria survival. Other recorded data included the time to presentation, stage of gestation, parity, and clinicopathologic assessment. Three treatment groups were identified: animals which had uterine torsion corrected by rolling only (60%; n = 36); animals which underwent Cesarean section only (23.3%; n = 14); and animals which first were rolled but then underwent Cesarean section (16.7%; n = 10). Significant relationships were recorded between the degree of uterine torsion and the method of correction – 360° torsions were more likely to have to undergo Cesarean section, either as a solitary treatment method or after rolling (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was recorded between the gestation age of the fetus and the treatment method implemented. Counter-clockwise torsions accounted for 18.3% of the cases. Survival of females was high (96.7%; n = 60), regardless of the treatment method. Survival of the cria was lower for torsions corrected by Cesarean section alone (71.4%; n = 14) or after rolling (70%; n = 10), when compared to rolling only (100%; n = 36). The most common clinicopathological findings were toxemia alone or with concurrent hypocalcemia or hepatic lipidosis, and elevated creatine kinase. All cases of toxemia had hyperglycemia and tended to have a prolonged interval to presentation.
Prediction of hot spots of ozone flux in a Rhesus monkey lung during steady inspiratory flow

A reproducible pattern of tissue injury induced by inhalation of ozone, a ubiquitous air pollutant, is believed to depend on the local dose delivered to the airway walls. To predict the local dose, we performed numerical simulations of ozone transport and uptake in an anatomically-accurate model of the respiratory tract of a Rhesus monkey. The model geometry was created using three-dimensional reconstruction of the MRI data for the nose, the larynx, and the lung. An unstructured mesh was generated for the resulting structure, and three-dimensional flow and concentration distributions were obtained through numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes, continuity, and species convection-diffusion equations. A quasi-steady diffusion-reaction model was used to account for the interaction between ozone and endogenous substrates in the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF). The total rate of ozone uptake within each section of the respiratory tract was determined, and hot spots of ozone flux on the airway walls were identified.
The Myth of Fiscal Externalities

Many economists refer to phenomena whereby the behavior of people affects the cost of some subsidy or alters the revenues from some tax as externalities. The author refers to these as “fiscal externalities”; an example is smoking imposing costs on taxpayers due to the existence of subsidized medical care. This article shows that fiscal externalities do not necessarily imply any inefficiency, and when there is inefficiency, it is the result of the preexisting policy (the medical care subsidy) that creates the fiscal externality. Moreover, when there is inefficiency, the nature and magnitude of the fiscal externality is not a reliable guide to the appropriate corrective policy. For example, it will usually be best to modify the preexisting policy (the medical care subsidy) rather than tax smoking.
Simulation requirements for vectors in ATE formats

The simulation of test vectors in ATE formats is shown to facilitate diagnosis and prevention of failures at the ATE. This work discusses the requirements for a simulation-based flow to validate the test vectors before being handed out to the ATE engineers. The experiences of running such a flow, developed based on this methodology, is also briefly described.
Correlation between yield and waiting time: a quantitative study

Using SEMATECH yield modeling techniques, the effect of reductions in cycle time and of improvements in environmental cleanliness is projected to die-per-wafer yield gains in semiconductor wafer fabrication. This study provides a methodology to determine the impact upon the total process yield of the factory as a result of shortening queue times. Modeling a fabrication facility that uses a 0.25 micron high-performance logic (1poly, 4metal) process flow, the methodology is used to determine variations in yield at different concentrations of airborne particles. In turn, the methodology provides guidelines for implementing operational strategies intended to achieve increases in total process yield.
A COMPARISON OF BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH WITH BONE GROWTH IN WEIGHT

1. The growth capacity in length of the humerus and femur of male and female albino rats during the growth period from 23 to 150 days of age is less than the growth capacity in weight. This shows that the processes productive of bone strength are more active than those concerned in longitudinal expansion or stature. 2. Growth capacity in length is less affected than is growth capacity in weight by the systemic determinants and the factors incident to sex, weaning, and puberty. Since the findings as a whole are consistent with the assumption that bone growth in length is largely a matter of increase in cell number, while bone growth in weight is largely a matter of increase in cell size and density, the generalization is made that, in the bones at least, growth by increase in cell number is more stable than growth by increase in cell size and density. 3. A stabilization and approximation to a uniform level of growth capacity in both length and weight occurs at the culmination of puberty, which is quite like that taking place in the chemical differentiation at the same time. 4. Bone growth in length is more like body growth in length than bone growth in weight is like body growth in weight.
Professional practice performance: is "good" enough?

AJR:197, December 2011 tients 12 years ago, and we have not looked back. To ensure clinical excellence, we instituted a proctoring program for reading of urgent and emergency cross-sectional imaging cases by radiologists fresh out of training or reading outside their area of subspecialization. Their cases are double-read by our subspecialty services until the radiologists show an acceptable level of performance. Finally, all practicing radiologists in the department, including me, participate regularly in multidisciplinary conferences focused on virtually all of our subspecialties. I participate in the surgical morbidity and mortality conference, often sitting beside the chair of the department of surgery. This investment of time has paid dividends in establishing positive relationships between our departments and limiting the tension that invariably arises among departments with divergent interests. The public is another matter. We live in a health care culture that could be encapsulated in three amendments to our bill of rights: the right to live forever, the right to consume resources endlessly, and the right to pay as little as possible for the other two rights. How many times have you been at an event in your neighborhood or at your child’s school when someone has asked you what you do? When you tell them you’re a radiologist, they tell you they saw a radiologist when they had back pain and why, since the radiologist was there doing the MRI examination, couldn’t he or she just give the patient the result? When you explain that the technologist performs the examination and that you read the images, you may get a perplexed look. Then when you explain that you’re a physician, how many times have you heard that health care is way too expensive. Why did the MRI of my back cost so much? This example goes back to the bill of rights—the right to consume limitlessly and the right to pay as little as possible. The neighbor you were talking with may not have Professional Practice Performance: Is “Good” Enough?
Accuracy of CT in predicting malignant potential of cystic pancreatic neoplasms

Background. Cystic lesions of the pancreas are being identified more frequently. Deciding which asymptomatic lesions can be safely followed with serial imaging and which require resection due to malignant potential is an increasingly common question. Current clinical practice is to rely on characteristics of the lesions on CT scan, and additional information from endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and cyst fluid analysis or endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERCP) to assess malignant potential. Hypothesis. The malignant potential of pancreatic cystic lesions cannot be accurately predicted by CT scan. Methods. CT scans from 48 patients with cystic lesions of the pancreas were stripped of patient identifiers and retrospectively presented to two expert radiologists. The radiologists recorded specific characteristics of the lesions thought to be important in the differential diagnosis and their opinion of the likely diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by comparing the radiologists’ diagnoses to the final pathologic diagnosis after resection. To determine if clinical history, EUS-FNA or ERCP findings improved diagnostic accuracy, medical records were retrospectively reviewed and scored as either supporting or not supporting malignant potential of the lesion. Results. Specific diagnoses based on CT findings alone were correct in an average of 39% of the cases. Even when diagnoses were dichotomized as benign (43%) or potentially malignant (57%, papillary mucinous neoplasms, mucinous cystic neoplasms, cancer), determinations based on CT alone were accurate in an average of 61% of cases. Accuracy rates were 60.4 and 62.5% for the two radiologists, although there was only fair agreement between them (Kappa=0.28, 95% CI=(0.01–0.55), p=0.05). When all clinical information available was considered together as a single dichotomous indicator of malignant potential, the indicator was accurate in 90% of the cases (Kappa=0.73, 95% CI=(0.51–0.95, p<0.0001)). Conclusion. Specific preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms by CT alone is substantially inaccurate. Complementary tests such as EUS-FNA with fluid analysis and ERCP should be recommended to improve diagnosis especially if nonoperative treatment is planned.
Ontological analysis of gene expression data: current tools, limitations, and open problems

Summary: Independent of the platform and the analysis methods used, the result of a microarray experiment is, in most cases, a list of differentially expressed genes. An automatic ontological analysis approach has been recently proposed to help with the biological interpretation of such results. Currently, this approach is the de facto standard for the secondary analysis of high throughput experiments and a large number of tools have been developed for this purpose. We present a detailed comparison of 14 such tools using the following criteria: scope of the analysis, visualization capabilities, statistical model(s) used, correction for multiple comparisons, reference microarrays available, installation issues and sources of annotation data. This detailed analysis of the capabilities of these tools will help researchers choose the most appropriate tool for a given type of analysis. More importantly, in spite of the fact that this type of analysis has been generally adopted, this approach has several important intrinsic drawbacks. These drawbacks are associated with all tools discussed and represent conceptual limitations of the current state-of-the-art in ontological analysis. We propose these as challenges for the next generation of secondary data analysis tools. Contact: [email protected]
Field directionality synthesis from multiple array orientations: A least squares approach

Combining multiple beamforming outputs from different orientations of a linear array to obtain a full 2-D field directionality is investigated in this paper. A wavefield sampling method is proposed that could be effective at eliminating left-right ambiguity, reducing resolution problems at endfire directions, and suppressing background noise. Simulation results suggest that this wavefield sampling method could improve the probability of detection of weak directional sources. The method is compared with previous methods and is shown to have resolution and computation advantages.
Transmural myocardial necrosis after nonpenetrating cardiac trauma.

Abstract A 13 year old girl was followed up for 6 years after recovery from a nonpenetrating injury of the heart associated with clinical and electrocardiographic signs typical of acute myocardial infarction. Her electrocardiograms have continued to show evidence of a stable myocardial scar; she has remained free of cardiac symptoms. This case provides evidence in support of prior experimental and autopsy studies that closed chest trauma in itself can cause transmural necrosis with clinical and electrocardiographic features indistinguishable from those of myocardial infarction.
POSSIBLE ANIMAL EMBRYOS FROM THE LOWER CAMBRIAN (STAGE 3) SHUIJINGTUO FORMATION, HUBEI PROVINCE, SOUTH CHINA

Fossilized animal embryos from lower Cambrian rocks provide a rare opportunity to study the ontogeny and developmental biology of early animals during the Cambrian explosion. This paper reports possible animal embryos, along with sponge spicules, hyolithelminths, and linguliformean brachiopods, from the upper Shuijingtuo Formation limestone (Cambrian Stage 3) at Changyang, Hubei Province, South China. This limestone unit has carbonate carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions similar to the upper Shuijingtuo limestone in the Yangtze Gorges area. The Shuijingtuo embryo fossils were exposed by physical fracturing, extracted with acetic acid maceration, and observed in thin sections. They were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic elemental mapping, and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography. Most of them are poorly preserved, with a phosphatic envelope (interpreted as a chorion or fertilization envelope) surrounding sparitic calcite. In some specimens, a polygonal pattern is present on the surface, and these are interpreted as multicelled blastula embryos. In others, sets of grooves are present on the surface of a calcitic spheroidal structure, presumably representing the calcitic interior within the chorion; these grooves are superficially similar to annulations of Markuelia embryos, but their biological significance is unknown. Although their phylogenetic and taxonomic placement is largely unconstrained, the Shuijingtuo animal embryos indicate that chorions are taphonomically more robust and are selectively phosphatized. Embryos within the chorions, on the other hand, can be completely lost or entirely replaced by calcite, with only poorly preserved surficial structures. This style of preservation can be explained by a taphonomic switch from early phosphatization to later calcitization. This study illustrates the importance of combining physical fracturing with widely used acid digestion methods in the study of calcitized animal embryos, and it alludes to the possibility that many empty phosphatic vesicles recovered by acid digestion from Cambrian carbonates may be fossilized chorions.
Stabilized droplet target delivery for high power EUV generation for lithography

A stabilized targeting scheme is installed in the EUV light source facility and performs high level of stability of tin-doped droplet target positioning for a long term, which is required for the EUVL sources.
Generating signals with multiscale time irreversibility: The asymmetric weierstrass function

Time irreversibility (asymmetry with respect to time reversal) is an important property of many time series derived from processes in nature. Some time series (e.g., healthy heart rate dynamics) demonstrate even more complex, multiscale irreversibility, such that not only the original but also coarse-grained time series are asymmetric over a wide range of scales. Several indices to quantify multiscale asymmetry have been introduced. However, there has been no simple generator of model time series with “tunable” multiscale asymmetry to test such indices. We introduce an asymmetric Weierstrass function WA (constructed from asymmetric sawtooth functions instead of cosine waves) that can be used to construct time series with any given value of the multiscale asymmetry. We show that multiscale asymmetry appears to be independent of other multiscale complexity indices, such as fractal dimension and multiscale entropy. We further generalize the concept of multiscale asymmetry by introducing time-dependent (local) multiscale asymmetry and provide examples of such time series. The WA function combines two essential features of complex fluctuations, namely fractality (self-similarity) and irreversibility (multiscale time asymmetry); moreover, each of these features can be tuned independently. The proposed family of functions can be used to compare and refine multiscale measures of time series asymmetry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 16: 29-38, 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of molecular orientation with adhesion at polystyrene/solid interfaces

Vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR-SFG) has been used to characterize the molecular orientation of the phenyl groups at the interface between polystyrene (PS) films and surface-modified glass substrates. Both the interface structure and the film adhesion are found to vary as the substrate surface is changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The improved adhesion on the hydrophilic substrate is attributed to the development of attractive hydrogen bonds between surface hydroxyl (OH) groups and the p electron cloud of the phenyl ring. This interaction is manifest by changes in the orientation distribution of the phenyl rings at the interface. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Use of Symbolic and Numeric Computation Techniques in Analysis of Biochemical Reaction Networks

Mathematical models of biochemical reaction networks involve nonlinear differential equations with a number of parameters whose values are generally not known a priori. Analysis of such networks includes both analytical and numerical work. The analytical part of such analysis often requires manipulation with massive algebraic expressions that may become challenging due to the inherent nonlinearities and unknown parameters in the model. Computer algebra systems (CASs), which are also capable of performing calculations with symbols and to generate ready-to-use computer codes for numerical computations, are excellent tools in such analysis. The present work gives a brief description of how we can benefit from computer algebra to overcome such difficulties and combine symbolic and numeric computation techniques in such analysis with several illustrative biochemical reaction networks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 106: 256 -265, 2006
A syntax and semantics for network diagrams

Research concerning the automated design of network diagrams is reported. A formulation of syntax and semantics for network diagrams that is used in the Automated Network Diagram Designer (ANDD) system is presented. The syntactic formulation differs from previous work in two significant ways: perceptual-organization phenomena are explicitly represented, and syntax is described in terms of constraints rather than as a grammar of term-rewriting rules. The semantic formulation is based on an application-independent model of network systems that can be used to model many applications. Examples that show how these concepts are used by ANDD to automatically design network diagrams are included. >
Human interaction with intelligent systems: trends, problems and new directions

The research presented involved reviewing the style of cooperative interaction and the supporting human-computer interface capabilities of several intelligent NASA fault management systems. A description is presented of some of the common trends observed, the recurring obstacles that block effective communication, and the new capabilities that will be needed for AI systems to become team players. >
Sleep Deprivation Potentiates Activation of Cardiovascular and Catecholamine Responses in Abstinent Alcoholics

Alcohol dependence is associated with an increased incidence of hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias, but the triggering mechanisms are not known. Sleep loss, common in alcohol-dependent patients, causes an activation of the sympathetic nervous system. To determine whether sleep deprivation induces differential cardiovascular and sympathetic responses in alcohol dependence, we measured heart rate, blood pressure, and circulating sympathetic catecholamines in 36 abstinent alcohol-dependent men and 36 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched controls after a baseline night of sleep, in the morning after early night partial sleep deprivation, and again after a full night of recovery sleep. Subjects were on average normotensive and none was being treated for hypertension. Baseline heart rate, blood pressure, and sympathetic catecholamines were similar in the 2 groups. Administration of partial night sleep deprivation induced greater increases of heart rate (P<0.01) and circulating levels of norepinephrine (P<0.05) and epinephrine (P<0.05) in the alcohol-dependent men as compared with responses in controls. Even after a full night of recovery sleep, elevations in heart rate (P<0.05) and circulating catecholamines (P<0.05) persisted in the alcoholic subjects. Partial night sleep deprivation induces elevated heart rate and sympathetic catecholamine responses in alcoholic subjects as compared with controls, and this sympathetic activation is sustained after nights of partial and recovery sleep. It is possible that modest habitual sleep loss could contribute to triggering cardiac arrhythmias or other cardiovascular events in alcohol dependence.
Stellar Evolution: Comparison of Theory with Observation

Stellar evolution model compared with observation to determine interior structure of real stars
Racial differences in ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Purpose: To evaluate racial differences in extracranial carotid atherosclerosis and vascular risk factors in patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. Background: There are conflicting data on racial differences in certain vascular risk factors and prevalence of large-vessel versus small-vessel disease in patients with stroke. Methods: We prospectively studied 211 consecutive patients admitted to our stroke service. There were 71 African-American, 114 Caucasian, 20 Hispanic, and 6 other patients. Extracranial vascular stenosis was assessed with a carotid duplex (CD) scan. Risk factors monitored included race, age, history of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), prior stroke, hyperlipidemia, smoking, cardiac disease (congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation), and family history of stroke. Cholesterol and triglyceride blood levels, and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging results were obtained in most cases. Results: Significant differences were found between Caucasians and African-Americans in several variables. Caucasians had more frequent hypertriglyceridemia and a higher rate of cardiac disease. African-Americans had more frequent lacunar infarcts. There was a trend toward decreased risk of CD scan abnormality, and more HTN and prior stroke in African-Americans. There were no differences in the presence of DM, both HTN and DM, abnormal cholesterol (including high- and low-density lipoprotein) values, and smoking history. Except for the difference in lacunar infarction, there were no differences in the type of stroke. Conclusions: Our data indicate a greater risk of cardiac disease and hypertriglyceridemia in Caucasians with cerebrovascular disease. There was a trend for Caucasians to have more extracranial carotid disease, and a trend for African-Americans to have more hypertension and prior stroke, although the difference did not reach significance. Consistent with prior racial studies, we found African-Americans to have more lacunar strokes than Caucasians
Heptahelical Terpsichory. Who Calls the Tune

The discovery that arrestins can function as ligand-regulated signaling scaffolds has revealed a previously unappreciated level of complexity in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction. Because arrestin-bound GPCRs are uncoupled from G proteins, arrestin binding can be viewed as switching receptors between two temporally and spatially distinct signaling modes. Recent work has established two factors that underscore this duality of GPCR signaling and suggest it may ultimately have therapeutic significance. The first is that signaling by receptor-arrestin “signalsomes” does not require heterotrimeric G protein activation. The second is that arrestin-dependent signals can be initiated by pathway-specific “biased agonists,” creating the potential for drugs that selectively modulate different aspects of GPCR function. Currently, however, little is known about the physiological relevance of G protein-independent signals at the cellular or whole animal levels, and additional work is needed to deter...
Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2014)

For 2014 the bibliography continues its customary coverage of secondary writings published since 1900 in western European languages on slavery or the slave trade anywhere in the world: monographs, ...
Abstract 15888: Scamc-1 is a Novel Extracellular Vesicle Protein Linked to Vascular Calcification

Introduction: Calcification is an excellent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Microcalcifications in thin fibrous caps of atherosclerotic plaques create biomechanical instability, leading to plaque rupture and subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke. We previously showed that cellular-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the microcalcification nucleation; however, the mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesize that the aggregation of specialized EVs with a unique proteomic fingerprint serve as nucleating foci for microcalcifications. Methods and Results: Transmission electron microscopy of atherosclerotic plaques indicated aggregation of EVs within regions of disrupted collagen. Using super-resolution confocal microscopy and a near-infrared calcium tracer we observed EVs derived from human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured in osteogenic media (OM) aggregating to form microcalcifications within collagen hydrogels, a 3D model of fibrous cap. After 21 days in OM, SMCs produced an endogenous collagen matrix with entrapped microcalcifications. We collected the conditioned media from SMCs cultured in OM or control media for 21 days (enriched in non-calcifying EVs) and a collagenase digestion was performed to obtain the trapped calcifying EVs. Mass spectrometry with tandem mass tagging was used to assess the proteome of each EV population. Cluster analyses of the 621 identified proteins (> 2 unique peptides) revealed 131 proteins that increased in OM and trapped within the collagen matrix. SCaMC-1 was 3.2 fold increased in EVs from SMCs cultured in OM. A protein with homology to SCaMC-1 was recently shown to induce calcium mineralization in the Japanese pearl oyster and calcium phosphate deposition in the mitochondria of cancer cells, suggesting its role in biomineralization. We further performed immunostaining of calcified human carotid arteries that revealed a colocalization of SCaMC-1 expression and microcalcifications, while SCaMC-1 was not detected in non-calcified regions of the tissue. Conclusions: Here, we identify SCaMC-1, a calcium-dependent ATP transporter previously unreported in vascular calcification, that is associated with EV mineralization.
On Matrix Sampling and Imputation of Context Questionnaires with Implications for the Generation of Plausible Values in Large-Scale Assessments.

This article presents findings on the consequences of matrix sampling of context questionnaires for the generation of plausible values in large-scale assessments. Three studies are conducted. Study...
New World with a New Sky: Climatic Variability, Environmental Expectations, and the Historical Period Colonization of Eastern North America

Colonists arriving in eastern North America at the start of the historical period faced not only new topographies and new plant and animal communities, but also new climatic regimes. The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age several centuries earlier presented Viking settlers in the North Atlantic region with the task of learning that their new environments were more fragile and changed more rapidly than the familiar forms of those environments suggested at the outset of colonization. North American colonists arriving from England expected different environments, but also expected them to vary consistently according to latitude. Examination of these two examples of colonization using the landscape learning model, particularly the concept of limitational knowledge, shows clear time gaps between practical and archaeologically identifiable adjustments to local climatic conditions and updating of the wider social understanding of the regional environments.
Health Benefits Costs: The Value of an Integrated Approach

In the first chapter we discussed the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection in employee benefit programs. Risk and human resource managers who administer these employee benefit schemes increasingly recognize that moral hazard and adverse selection can be costly. If they could make the disability claim process entirely “objective” such that worker-participants in the insurance contract would not change their behavior, they would. That is, the owners of firms needing to cover costs to survive would like to write enforceable contracts that would make the whole disability process “objective,” in the sense of providing only the appropriate and well-defined level of medical care and disability payments. Completely monitoring the behavior of all participants in a benefit scheme, however, is a costly activity and generally the costs of such monitoring exceed the benefits. The workers know this, and since they have considerable latitude to change their behavior to benefit themselves, they will. Therefore, the root of the moral hazard problem is an information asymmetry between employees and employers-workers know more about their own health status and preferences than employers do. Bridging this information gap is costly. Hence, workers can exploit this information asymmetry to their advantage.
Increasing gene frequency for immunity to potato virus X in tetraploidSolanum tuberosum L. through inbreeding

Segregation for immunity to potato virus X (PVX) in S1 and S2 seedling progenies was observed in populations of tetraploid potatoes derived from selfing plants immune to PVX. The pereentage of immune plants in the S1 generation was considerably greater than in the F1 when one parent was immune and another was susceptible. In the S2 generation practically all seedling plants were immune. A high incidence of immunity to PVX in a seedling population can be obtained by inbreeding and yet the population will remain sufficiently heterozygous in other characteristics to permit selection for varietal type. Thus in a potato-breeding program in which selected immune S1 plants are used as parents, inoculation and subsequent testing of individual plants for immunity to PVX could be delayed until after selection for other horticultural characteristics. Evidence is presented suggesting that immunity to PVX may not be complete in a few very small immune plants. For example, a few very small plants (5–7 cm tall) permitted limited multiplication of PVX within the tissue. After the plants had developed to a larger size and particularly after they had passed through a tuber generation. PVX could not be recovered after inoculation.
Abstract 702: Drug resistance and invasion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are mediated by Akt, 14-3-3ζ, and Vimentin

Acquired multi-drug resistance to the anthracycline-based CHOP chemotherapy is a major cause of unsuccessful treatment and mortality in 40% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. To investigate molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance, we generated CHOP-resistant DLBCL cells through repeated selection in the presence of a clinically-relevant CHOP cocktail (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone at the ratio of 80:5.5:0.16:11.1). Differential protein expression between CHOP-sensitive and CHOP-resistant DLBCL cells was investigated by two-dimensional differential in-gel (DIGE) analysis, which identified 10 differentially-expressed proteins related to glycolysis (Triosephosphate isomerase-1, Enolase-1), cytoskeletal structure (Ezrin, Vimentin, Tubulin-specific chaperone B), purine biosynthesis (Serine hydroxymethyltransferase), calcium-binding (Sorcin), and apoptosis (p53, 14-3-3zeta, Akt). Upregulation of Akt, 14-3-3ζ, and Vimentin was observed by Western blotting in CHOP-resistant cells compared to CHOP-sensitive cells. These proteins were also heterogenously upregulated in primary DLBCL tissues relative to normal lymphatic tissue. Our previous studies showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of 14-3-3ζ reversed CHOP resistance in DLBCL cells (Maxwell et al [2009] J. Biol. Chem. 284:22379-89). Our current study showed that chemical Akt inhibition overcame CHOP resistance in DLBCL cells and CHOP-resistant cells exhibited a five-fold greater ability to invade collagen matrices than CHOP-sensitive cells. Moreover, knockdown of Vimentin by siRNA or inhibition by Withaferin A decreased invasion capacity of the CHOP-resistant cells in collagen matrices. The data indicate activation of an Akt-14-3-3ζ-mediated signaling pathway as a contributor to the multi-drug resistant phenotype associated with vimentin-dependent invasive behavior in DLBCL cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 702. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-702
Septal structures in apothecial tissues of the tribe Aleurieae in the Pyronemataceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes)

The fine structure of septa in asci, ascogenous hyphae, paraphyses, and excipular cells of apothecia is described in species of Aleuria, Anthracobia, Leucoscypha, and Octospora of the tribe Aleurieae, subfamily Scutellinioideae ofthe Pyronemataceae. An electron-opaque, hemispherical structure similar to that present in the Ascobolaceae was found in the ascal septa of all taxa. The hemispherical structure in the Aleurieae differs, however, in zonation and in the presence of an electron-translucent band bordering the pore in most species. Similar pore structures were found in the ascogenous hyphae of all species studied. Septal pores of paraphyses and excipular cells possess an electron-opaque, lamellate structure characteristic of taxa in the Pezizales. Evidence suggests that septa of genera in this tribe are more similar to those ofthe Ascobolaceae than to those ofthe Pezizaceae. Phylogenetic aspects ofthe data are discussed.
ROLE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN CHEMICAL CLEANING OF THERMAL EQUIPMENT

Hydrogen peroxide has strong oxidizability and good environmental friendly character.Its service condition and action mechanism during series of treatment processes such as decontamination,copper removal,passivation and chemical cleaning for thermal equipment were presented.Besides,the practical suggestion and precautions for each application process were given.
Vaccination status for national immunization program among migrant children in Longwan District of Wenzhou City

[Objective] To investigate the status on vaccination for National Immunization Program( NIP) among migrant children in Longwan District of Wenzhou City,and to explore the factors that influenced the vaccination rate in migrant children. [Methods] By using PPS sampling method,a series of366 migrant children who were born from January 1,2009 to December 31,2011 were investigated for NIP vaccine immunization status by household visit in 30 towns. [Results] The percentage of migrant children with vaccination card and vaccination certificate were 92. 90% and 99. 73% respectively. Vaccination coverage rates were Bacillus Calmette Guerin( BCG)( 98. 09%),1 Oral Poliomyelitis Attenualed Live Vaccine( OPV)( 95. 08%),3 Diphtheria,Tetanus and Pertussis Combined Vaccine( DTP)( 92. 90%),1 Measles Attenuated Live Vaccine( MV)( 91. 53%),3 Hepatitis B Vaccine( HepB)( 95. 36%),1 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine( JEV)( 65. 30%),and 2 Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine( MPV)( 74. 74%),Hepatitis A Vaccine( HepA)( 61. 34%). In addition,the coverage of HepB first doze timely vaccination was 88. 52%,the scar rate of BCG was 96. 58%. Five vaccines vaccination rate was 81. 97%.The boosting vaccination rates of MCV,DTP,and JEV were 78. 87%,68. 04%,and 57. 95% respectively.The incidence of unqualified vaccination were 1. 91%- 42. 05%,the highest being that of HepA and the lowest BCG. [Conclusion] Basic immunization rates of BCG,OPV,DTP,MCB and HepB were higher than 90%,but their revaccinations and the vaccination rates of JEV,MPV and HepA were low,which was the weak link in management of migrant children. The main reasons for unqualified vaccination were extended vaccination,unvaccination or not full vaccination.
Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and clomiphene citrate on estrogen/progesterone-induced hyperprolactinemia in monkeys

The effects of follicular phase clomiphene citrate (CC) and two regimens of leuprolide acetate on estrogen-progesterone-induced hyperprolactinemia in nonhuman primates were studied. All groups received estradiol (E2) benzoate (12.5 micrograms intramuscularly on cycle days 2 to 33) and progesterone (P) (silastic implant for cycle days 14 to 33). A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) (Lupron 0.5 mg daily, TAP Pharmaceuticals, Chicago, IL) was administered from cycle day 2 to 14 in group II and from day 20 of the previous cycle until cycle day 14 in group III. Oral CC was given on cycle days 3 through 7 in group IV. No significant differences of mean E2 and P concentrations were noted between groups. Neither GnRH-a nor CC had an overall effect on E2/P-induced hyperprolactinemia. However, for the 5-day interval at the onset of the P treatment there was a significant increase in prolactin (PRL) secretion for group II (130.4 +/- 30.6) versus group I (53.9 +/- 3.3), group III (64.4 +/- 11.1), and group IV (68.8 +/- 14.3). This suggests that leuprolide may exert a delayed stimulatory effect on PRL secretion, or that complete suppression of the putative paracrine regulation of PRL stimulation may require more than 13 days of GnRH-a administration.
Creating Successful Online Courses with Emerging Technologies

In America's brick-and-mortar classrooms, a simple yet profound merger is taking place between virtual-school technology and the traditional classroom. Even though many students still attend traditional physical schools, an increasing number of students will take some type of online course during the length of their college careers. The goal of this workshop is to discuss the need for the integration of emerging technologies to enhance student experience as part of the Boyer Model of Scholarship. This addresses the use of blogs, videos, Vlogs, social media platforms, and animation as part of virtual classroom technology.
Two strikes against CLL.

In this issue of Blood , [Thijssen et al][1] provide evidence that CC-115, a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase (mTORK) may produce the effects outlined below as a single agent.[1][2] ![Figure][
Dynamic Study of Glassy Properties of Deuteron Glass Rb 1-x (ND 4 ) x D 2 PO 4 Using 31 P NMR Spin-Lattice Relaxation

We report 31P NMR detection of separate T1 minima of ammonium (ND4 +) reorientations and intrabond (O-D—O) deuteron (acid) motions in the deuteron glass Rb1-x(ND4)xD2PO4. This is the first time both types of motion have been detected by means of dipolar relaxation using a spin-1/2 nucleus. The results compare favorably with similar measurements on the ammonium and acid deuterons.
Middle-ear function in the chinchilla: Circuit models and comparison with other mammalian species

The middle ear efficiently transmits sound from the ear canal into the inner ear through a broad range of frequencies. Thus, understanding middle-ear transmission characteristics is essential in the study of hearing mechanics. Two models of the chinchilla middle ear are presented. In the first model, the middle ear is modeled as a lumped parameter system with elements that represent the ossicular chain and the middle-ear cavity. Parameters of this model are fit using available experimental data of two-port transmission matrix parameters. In an effort to improve agreement between model simulations and the phase of published experimental measurements for the forward pressure transfer function at high frequencies, a second model in which a lossless transmission line model of the tympanic membrane is appended to the original model is proposed. Two-port transmission matrix parameter results from this second model were compared with results from previously developed models of the guinea pig, cat, and human middle ears. Model results and published experimental data for the two-port transmission matrix parameters are found to be qualitatively similar between species. Quantitative differences in the two-port transmission matrix parameters suggest that the ossicular chains of chinchillas, cats, and guinea pigs are less flexible than in humans.
Post-traumatic stress disorder and the care of persons living with HIV/AIDS

In conjunction with medical and scientific advances that have improved the survival and quality of life of persons living with HIV/AIDS, there has been increasing interest in examining post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in HIV positive persons. Studies of comorbid HIV/AIDS and PTSD have focused on a wide variety of demographic, cultural, and socioeconomic subgroups of diverse populations including women [1-3], socioeconomically disadvantaged persons [4, 5], gay men [6], and adolescents and young adults in developed countries such as the U.S. and Great Britain [7]. Other studies have focused on adults or children in African countries impacted by the AIDS pandemic [8, 9]. In the U.S., PTSD rates have been reported to be 10.4% to 42.2% in treatment seeking and convenience samples of patients with HIV/AIDS [2, 10]. Several factors may account for the cooccurrence of HIV/AIDS and PTSD and other anxiety and mood disorders such as major depression. These include the potentially traumatic nature of being diagnosed with a diagnosis that is often perceived as life-threatening; the relatively high rates of traumatic exposures (physical assault, sexual trauma, or the sudden, unexpected death of a close family member or friend) that have been reported in studies of persons with HIV/AIDS; and patient perceptions of AIDS-related stigma [2, 11].