cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An equation of state of gases at high temperatures and densities

An equation of state is obtained in closed form for a gas composed of molecules with Lennard-Jones (n,1/2n) potentials. It is useful at temperatures above about 12 (e/k), where -e is the minimum energy of interaction and at all densities at which the equilibrium state is a fluid. It is derived by summing over all the cluster integrals of the virial expansion that occur in the approximation for the pair distribution function proposed by Percus and Yevick. Each cluster integral is represented correctly to terms of the order of n -1. The equation agrees well with machine calculations of the pressure of dense gases for n = ∞ and n = 12, with static measurements of the compression of gases at high reduced temperatures, and with some preliminary measurements of the density of argon compressed by shockwaves to pressures in the range 100–200 kb.
Hurricane Katrina and That Vexing What If? Question

I am still sad, even given the passage of a few months since Hurricane Katrina churned much of the U.S. Gulf Coast into a scene of death and injury, hazardous waste, and finger-pointing by local, s...
On the resolution obtainable in practical ion mobility systems

Abstract The utility of a practical instrument for the detection of toxic chemicals or pollutants in the atmosphere depends largely on its ability to distinguish signals due to hazardous materials from those due to harmless substances in the atmosphere. This paper describes one measure of the capacity of an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) to distinguish between signals and relates the maximum theoretical discrimination to that obtained in real systems. The important factors which affect the ability of an IMS to discriminate between signals of different materials are considered.
Serial EEGs of patients with Parkinsonism-dementia syndrome of Guam.

Abstract 1. 1. Serial EEGs of ninety-three Guamanian patients with Parkinsonism-dementia (PD), sixty-seven with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and sixty controls were collected over a 5 year period. 2. 2. The EEG abnormalities in PD were marked and progressive in almost all patients within 6 months before death. Only 14% of ALS patients had abnormal EEGs. The changes tended to be mild and did not correlate with the site of paralysis. 3. 3. The characteristic EEG pattern in PD was a progressive slowing of background alpha rhythms, which were gradually replaced by 5–7 c/sec diffuse low to medium voltage waves and diminished reactivity over a 2–3 year period. About 28% showed focal delta activity in the fronto-temporal areas. No epileptiform activity was noted. 4. 4. The degree of EEG abnormalities paralleled the clinical course but correlated more closely with dementia than with extrapyramidal symptoms. 5. 5. The EEG findings in PD resembled those of Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease but differed from those reported in the classical Parkinson's disease.
Uncertainty management in intelligent design aiding systems

Uncertainty management is critical to the performance of knowledge-based systems in domains where inference through formal logic is inappropriate. A diverse set of techniques are available for reasoning in these domains. There are disadvantages associated with all of these methods that preclude their universal acceptance. This paper describes a new approach to the management of uncertainty, which is based on information theory. This approach is particularly effective in intelligent design aids for large scale systems design. An example of the use of our approach to uncertainty management in the materials handling system design domain is provided.
The Current Debate about the Origins of the Paleoindians of America

In recent years, contributions from the fields of archeology, physical anthropology, linguistics, and genetics have revolutionized the study of the origins, timing and process of human settlement in America. This re-thinking of the origins of mankind in America question has been based on a multi-disciplinary approach to the subject. This essay provides the reader with a brief guide to this literature and the current state of this debate. It gives special attention to the recent genetics input on this subject which has provided new sources of information and older dating for the origins and timing of human migrations to the Western Hemisphere.
Further Comparison of Two Synoptic Surface Wind and Pressure Analysis Methods

The geostrophic stream and potential functions of Sangster and the derived flat pressure field of Pielke and Cram are further compared. A simple numerical experiment with an idealized mountain-atmosphere system compares the two methods and their sensitivity to lateral boundary conditions. The flat pressure field of Pielke and Cram is essentially equivalent to the stream-function of Sangster, although the two methods have different boundary condition formulations and resulting different sensitivities to these boundary conditions.
The modeler in the crib

A number of developmental psychologists have argued for a theory they call the theory theory—a theory of cognitive development that suggests that infants and small children make sense of their world by constructing cognitive representations that have many of the attributes of scientific theories. In this paper I argue that there are indeed close parallels between the activities of children and scientists, but that these parallels will be better understood if one recognizes that both scientists and children are not so much theorists as model builders.
Structure and Molecular Dynamics of the Ig58/58 Domains of Obscurin

Obscurin (800-900 kDa) is a giant muscle protein vital to muscle cell maintenance and organization. It is the only known connection between the contractile apparatus and the sarcoplasmic reticulum and also binds to specific cytoskeletal, signaling, or membrane-associated proteins. Obscurin domains Ig58/59 bind to titin ZIg9/10, which is hypothesized to stabilize the sarcomeric cytoskeleton. Mutations in this obscurin region lead to malformed muscle architecture and, eventually, to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). For obscurin/titin binding to occur, all four of these domains must be present. In order to fully characterize this physiologically important region of obscurin, and by extension determine the molecular factors that drive HCM, here we present the Ig58 and Ig59 structure using both X-ray crystallography and heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectra. Low-resolution structure and dynamics of these tandem domains, along with how these domains react to physical stress, are also discussed.
Reliability-based design of automotive transmission systems

Abstract A reliability-based approach is presented for the design of three-speed automotive transmission systems. The design of an automotive transmission system involves the design of the gear train, shafts (input, connecting, and output), bearings, keys, and splines. The gear train is idealized as a weakest-link kinematic chain, and the design is conducted with respect to failure due to bending and surface wear. The shafts are designed with respect to fatigue failure due to bending and torsion. The design of bearings (cylindrical roller bearings), keys, and splines are based on the maximum allowable stress in the components. The failure of the system is assumed to correspond to zero output power from the transmission system based on a series-parallel model. The reliability-based design is conducted for a specified value of the reliability of the system. The structural and kinematic designs of the transmission system (i.e. the gear train) are assumed to be known. The design parameters such as power transmitted, gear face widths, dimensions of roller bearing, length of splines, length of keys, and material properties are considered as random variables. The reliability-based design results are compared with those obtained by a deterministic design procedure. The effects of variation of design parameters, such as the reliability of the system and coefficient of variation of the input speed are also studied. In addition, a comparison of the designs obtained with different distributions of the random variables is also made and conclusions drawn.
Nursing in the Native American Culture and Historical Trauma

Historical trauma is a significant fact in the Native American community, a fact affecting both health status and social milieu. Mental health nurses and other persons working in the mental health professions will be confronted over and over with historical trauma when working with Native American peoples and communities. To heal historical trauma, culturally appropriate strategies derived from the ancient knowledge, philosophy, and world view of Native America are needed. One tool mental health care providers can use when encountering historical trauma is the Conceptual Framework of Nursing in the Native American Culture.
Nanostructured, Molecularly Imprinted, and Template‐Patterned Polythiophenes for Chiral Sensing and Differentiation

An innovation to thin-film molecular imprinting is presented for the sensitive detection and effective discrimination of chiral compounds using a portable quartz crystal microbalance transduction technique. The facile approach involves i) colloidal sphere layering of latex particles onto the surface via a Langmuir-Blodgett-like technique followed by ii) template molecular imprinting using electrodeposition of a single functional and cross-linking monomer.
Reaction kinetics of NH in the shock tube pyrolysis of HNCO

The high temperature kinetics of NH in the pyrolysis of isocyanic acid (HNCO) have been studied in reflected shock wave experiments. Time histories of the NH(X3Σ−) radical were measured using a cw, narrow-linewidth laser absorption diagnostic at 336 nm. The second-order rate coefficients of the reactions: (1) were determined to be: cm3−mol−1−s−1, where f and F define the lower and upper uncertainty limits, respectively. The data for k1a are somewhat better fit by:
ACCOUNTING AND THE THEORY OF THE FIRM

Abstract This paper describes the background and objectives of a series of papers written fifty years ago at the London School of Economics (LSE). One objective was to encourage the use of accounting numbers in economic research. A second objective was to improve the theory and practice of accounting. Understanding cost accounting and opportunity costs within a firm was tied to understanding the organization of firms. The theory of the accounting system is part of the theory of the firm. Like a similar request made fifty years ago, the paper concludes with a call for interdisciplinary studies between economics and accounting.
Gastrointestinal surgery in gynecologic oncology: Evaluation of surgical techniques

In recent years, the use of surgical staples has become popular in all subspecialties of surgery. The advantages proposed have been a decrease in operative time and morbidity. This paper reviews the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology experience with the use of surgical staples in gastrointestinal surgery on patients with a diagnosis of a gynecologic malignancy. Between January 1, 1979 and July 1, 1985, a total of 152 procedures were done, 81 by stapler and 71 by suture anastomosis. Ninety-one patients had received previous radiation or chemotherapy. The average age of the patients was 52 years. The results show a decrease in operating time, blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay in those patients where the stapler anastomosis was used. The postoperative morbidity and mortality were not increased. Twenty-seven total pelvic exenterations were performed during the period of study and they were evaluated separately. The hospital stay and blood loss as well as the operative time were significantly less using staplers. This report includes a detailed evaluation of the results. From this study, we concluded that surgical staples are a safe alternative in gastrointestinal surgery in patients with a gynecologic malignancy.
Radiation therapy in the management of children with gynecologic cancers.

Summary Treatment of most gynecologic malignancies in the young is primarily surgical even in the case of radiosensitive tumors, because radiotherapy of the female pelvis in children presents many problems. The younger the child at the time of treatment, the more prominent some of these problems become. Though “prophylactic” postoperative radiation is not advocated, radiotherapy can play an important role in controlling residual, recurrent or metastatic disease, notably in the case of the dysgerminoma and the granulosa-theca-cell tumor. The combination of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy is not only palliative in patients who have disseminated tumors of other histologic types, but it also may be curative. Meticulous accuracy is essential to minimize the untoward effects of radiotherapy.
Enhancing group performance.

AJR:194, May 2010 that aggregates are more reliable when the individuals who make them up are both diverse and independent. What interests us here, however, is not so much the wisdom of crowds but rather how to improve the performance of small groups of people who are working together to make decisions. Consider another illustration that focuses more directly on the work of small groups. A 2006 study by psychologists at the University of Illinois showed that groups of three, four, or five individuals perform better at letters-tonumbers coding problems than the best individuals. They attributed this superior performance to enhanced generation and adoption of solutions, rejection of erroneous responses, and information processing [3]. Simply put, small groups tend to perform better than isolated individuals at examining problems from multiple points of view, generating multiple hypotheses, and critiquing possible solutions. Yet it doesn’t always work out this way.
Dissociation of the locomotor and hypotensive effects of adenosine analogues in the rat

Abstract Rats implanted with chronic indwelling cannulae were injected in the lateral cerebral ventricle with two adenosine analogues and the effects on spontaneous locomotor activity and blood pressure recorded. Both analogues produced dose-related decreases in locomotor activity, with 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) exhibiting slightly more potent depressant activity than (−)-N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine ( L -phenylisopropyladenosine) ( L -PIA). NECA and L -PIA also produced dose-related reductions in blood pressure but the threshold dose for hypotensive activity was 10–100-fold higher than the dose required for depression of spontaneous locomotor activity. The depression of locomotor activity and the hypotensive effect of both analogues were antagonized by parenteral injections of caffeine. These results show that the hypoactive and hypotensive effects of adenosine analogues can be dissociated and that methylxanthines probably exert an antagonism of central adenosine receptors in the rat.
Source modelling of the rolandic focus.

In rolandic epilepsy, consideration of the stereotyped ictal symptomatology suggests that the epileptic zone is likely to be in the same cortical structure in different patients. Routine EEG tracings of the interictal spike activity suggests a deep Sylvian fissure location. On the basis of the predominantly tangential potential field at the peak spike negativity seen in this group of patients, the inferior bank of the Sylvian fissure appears to be a good candidate. Without invasive studies, little refinement to this rather imprecise localization can be made as there is neither neurologic deficit nor lesion to provide a marker on radiological imaging. However, the application of source modelling technique using a simple single-dipole spherical head model has resulted in improved understanding of the generator behaviour, and facilitated the generation of new ways of analyzing spikes (e.g., stability index). Review of newer quantitative approaches including matrix and singular value decomposition of the dataset, spatial-temporal constrained source estimates etc. suggest other fruitful approaches. At least in some patients with partial epilepsy, the source characteristics of interictal scalp spikes appear to contain information of the ictal generator. Under certain circumstances, such derived information which is not otherwise available from routine electrophysiology may influence clinical management and prognosis. This is an additional bonus to the primary objectives of quantification and data reduction.
Distance learning in occupational health.

The burden of occupational illnesses and injuries in the developing world is now enormous. Local experts in occupational health and safety are needed to address the growing worker and environmental health problems brought about by global industrial expansion, but such expertise is lacking. The author describes a 15week, online, instructor-led course, Principles of Environmental and Occupational Health, that was offered to international students over two semesters. She suggests the needs that must be determined and recommends collaborative development of a real-time, online curriculum to enhance the training of professionals in occupational and environmental health. Key words: distance education;distance-based learning;occupational health training. INT J OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 2004;10:326‐329
Mechanisms Causing Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia With Multiple QRS Morphologies Results of Mapping Studies in the Infarcted Canine Heart

Background Sustained reentrant ventricular tachycardias (VTs) with different QRS morphologies have been observed to occur spontaneously and during programmed stimulation in human hearts. We determined mechanisms that can cause tachycardias with multiple morphologies in a canine model of myocardial infarction by mapping reentrant circuits. Methods and Results Reentrant VT with multiple QRS morphologies was induced in 11 canine hearts with 4-day-old infarcts. Comparison of activation maps of the reentrant circuits in the epicardial border zone associated with each morphology indicated two basic mechanisms. Less frequently, VTs of different morphologies in the same heart were caused by reentrant circuits in different regions of the infarct. Most commonly, the reentrant circuits associated with different morphologies were in the same region. Three different factors caused different exit routes from circuits in the same region, leading to the multiple morphologies. (1) The reentrant wave front for each morphol...
Dual-mode hydrodynamic railing and arraying of microparticles for multi-stage signal detection in continuous flow biochemical microprocessors

Continuous flow particulate-based microfluidic processors are in critical demand for emerging applications in chemistry and biology, such as point-of-care molecular diagnostics. Challenges remain, however, for accomplishing biochemical assays in which microparticle immobilization is desired or required during intermediate stages of fluidic reaction processes. Here we present a dual-mode microfluidic reactor that functions autonomously under continuous flow conditions to: (i) execute multi-stage particulate-based fluidic mixing routines, and (ii) array select numbers of microparticles during each reaction stage (e.g., for optical detection). We employ this methodology to detect the inflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), via a six-stage aptamer-based sandwich assay.
Gossiping in Networks: Towards Understanding the Power of Protocols and Network Coding

Summary form only given. Distributed protocols for peer-to-peer file sharing, such as BitTorrent, have been highly successful in recent years. The theory for understanding this success has lagged far behind the practice. There is also much room to understand the relative strengths of protocols and network coding - in particular how they compete with each other and how they complement each other, in the arena of peer-to-peer file sharing. It discuss some recent results on the theory of peer-to-peer file sharing. For example, with one-sided exchange of piece information and soft constraints on upload bandwidth, dissemination of k pieces among n users can be completed within 3.2 k + (2+o(1)) log n time steps, with high probability as n gets large. With two sided exchange of information, completion time n + O(log n) suffices, with high probability as n gets large. A common problem with file sharing protocols is how to insure that users receive each and every piece. Network coding is one approach to address that problem. The talk is largely based on the paper, Sujay Sanghavi, BH, and Laurent Massoulie, "gossiping with multiple messages," to appear in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.
Transport and tunneling in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−x

Abstract We have measured the resistivity, TEP Hall coefficient, and tunneling characteristics of single crystals of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8−x (BSCCO). Simple empirical expressions were found for the normal state transport coefficients that hold true for different crystal directions, oxygen contents, and even for different classes of high T c oxides. Tunneling measurements on BSCCO single crystals suggest an anisotropic of modulated gap below T c with 2Δ ab /k B T c ∼6–7 and 2Δ c /k B T c ∼3–4.
Nonlinear optical devices based on a transparency in semiconductor intersubband transitions

Abstract We propose nonlinear optical devices for the near and mid infrared range that use an absorption transparency along with a resonantly enhanced second order susceptibility for efficient frequency conversion or parametric amplification. The susceptibilities have been calculated for an asymmetric GaAs/AIGaAs double quantum well structure that utilizes coherent resonant tunneling to create Fano-type interferences. Our calculations show that nonlinear susceptibilities of the order of ξ (2) = 10 −7 m/V are feasible at the transparency frequency of a singly resonant transition at 5 μm. Second harmonic conversion efficiency and parametric gain depend on the ratio of coupling strength to the dephasing rate and can be tuned by changing the width of the tunneling barrier.
On optimized placement of multidirectional piezoelectric layers for multimodal energy scavenging: a theoretical study

The piezoelectric transduction mechanism has received a great attention in the energy harvesting field. Although there are many energy harvesting possibilities where piezoelectric transduction can be suitably employed, design of piezoelectric energy harvesters are typically restricted within the cantilever beams. As an example the energy scavenging from the wings of a Micro Air Vehicles (MAV) will certainly beneficial for its sustainable missions and which is predominantly a plate type harvester of arbitrary shape. In this paper a generalized multi directional and multimodal placement of piezoelectric layers on the substrate is discussed in order to maximize the power output. A theoretical study has been conducted using a mathematical model for the plate type harvesters and an optimization problem is solved to maximize the power output from the harvesters. This will provide harvesting of the energy from wide band of frequency and thus it is called energy scavenging. It is quite well known that the cantilever plate with straight edge has one directional bending whereas the wings of arbitrary shapes will have two directional bending in association with torsion. Thus potentially all these possible modes of bending can generate energy. A preliminary mathematical study is conducted in this paper.
ElliPS: A Privacy Preserving Scheme for Sensor Data Storage and Query

With in-network sensor data storage and query, storage nodes are responsible for storing the data collected by sensor nodes and answering queries from users. Thus, without proper protection for data types and user queries, compromise of storage nodes and/or sensor nodes may reveal sensitive infor- mation about the sensed environment as well as users' private interests and query patterns. In this paper, we explore trade-offs between privacy, computation overhead, communication overhead, network flexibility and network complexity, and propose ElliPS (Elliptic curve based Privacy Scheme) to provide joint protection on data type privacy and query privacy in the presence of sensor node compromise, storage node compromise, or under collusive attacks by compromised sensor nodes and storage nodes together. Extensive analysis and simulation are conducted to verify the security properties and efficiency of the proposed scheme.
From surviving to community benefit: A proposed rural health services research agenda

Background: The research history of rural hospitals from 1980 forward is reviewed. This summary, in turn, becomes a foundation for proposing an updated applied research agenda; one focused on ensuring health services for rural America. Research history: From 1980 to 1997 rural hospitals closed at a disproportionally higher rate than non-rural facilities. This trend prompted an academic search (Phase I) for the factors associated with the closure-conversion threat to hospitals. The public policy response was the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and the creation of the Critical Access Hospital (CAH). Once the closure-conversion threat diminished as a result, the research focus (Phase II) shifted from survival to financial performance monitoring, economic efficiency, quality of care, and patient safety of CAHs. Phase II research demonstrates that CAHs can sustain themselves and are not necessarily victims of adverse rural circumstances. Today, CAHs, Rural Health Clinics (RHC) and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) exist as an established rural health safety net. Also, the 1332 CAHs are considered the hub of health services for rural communities. Significance: The rural environment remains a changing, challenging arena in which to ensure care for it residents. As such, the expanded Internal Revenue Service (IRS) definition of Community Benefit, specifically the periodic Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA), provides a template for assessing the rural health safety net’s capacity to meet local health needs and improve the health status of its communities. This rubric also balances fiscal stewardship with positive health service outcomes. It is argued that the CHNA expansion of Community Benefit is an ideal research template and performance standard for all rural hospitals. It enables one to offer researched answers to the enduring question, “What is the best way to ensure health services for rural America?”
Microwave-assisted extraction of butyltin compounds from PACS-2 Sediment for quantitation by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A microwave-assisted extraction method is described for the determination of three butyltin species in National Research Council of Canada Certified Reference Material (NRCC CRM) PACS-2 Sediment using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conjunction with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Quantitative recoveries of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) from PACS-2 Sediment were achieved in a closed-vessel microwave extraction system using 5 ml of acetic acid as the extraction medium. Chromatographic separation of MBT, DBT and TBT could be achieved in 7 min with a strong cation-exchange column using an ammonium citrate buffer in a 60∶40 methanol–water mixture as mobile phase. Values of 0.45 ± 0.02, 1.11 ± 0.03 and 0.96 ± 0.02 µg g−1 as tin were obtained for MBT, DBT and TBT in PACS-2, respectively, in excellent agreement with their respective certified values of 0.45 ± 0.05, 1.09 ± 0.15 and 0.98 ± 0.13 µg g−1. The detection limits (3σ), based on a 0.5 g sample, were 0.08, 0.05 and 0.03 µg g−1 for MBT, DBT and TBT, respectively.
Complexity in Treatment of Syntactic Deficits

Purpose This article addresses complexity in the context of treatment for sentence structural impairments in agrammatic aphasia, with emphasis on noncanonical sentences involving linguistic movemen...
A brief review of DNA and RNA chemical synthesis

Current methodologies used to synthesize DNA and RNA are reviewed. These focus on using controlled pore glass and microarrays on glass slides.
A remark on the tree property in a choiceless context

We show that the consistency of the theory "ZF + DC + Every successor cardinal is regular + Every limit cardinal is singular + Every successor cardinal satisfies the tree property" follows from the consistency of a proper class of supercompact cardinals. This extends earlier results due to the author showing that the consistency of the theory " $${{\rm ZF} + \neg{\rm AC}_\omega}$$ + Every successor cardinal is regular + Every limit cardinal is singular + Every successor cardinal satisfies the tree property" follows from hypotheses stronger in consistency strength than a supercompact limit of supercompact cardinals. A lower bound in consistency strength is provided by a result of Busche and Schindler, who showed that the consistency of the theory "ZF + Every successor cardinal is regular + Every limit cardinal is singular + Every successor cardinal satisfies the tree property" implies the consistency of AD L(R).
Noise compensation for autoregressive spectral estimates

The autoregressive spectral estimator possesses excellent resolution properties for time series which satisfy the "all-pole" assumption. When noise is added to the time series under analysis, the resolution of the spectral estimator decreases rapidly as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases. The usual approach to this problem is to model the resulting time series by the more appropriate autoregressive-moving average process and to use standard time series analysis techniques to identify the autoregressive parameters. This standard technique, however, does not result in a positive-definite autocorrelation matrix. As a result, it is shown that the resulting spectral estimator may exhibit a large increase in variance. An alternative approach, termed the noise compensation technique, is proposed. It attempts to correct the estimated reflection coefficients for the effect of white noise, assuming the noise variance is known or can be estimated. Simulation results indicate that a significant decrease in the degrading effects of noise may be realized using the noise compensation technique.
Modified state-surface approach to the study of unsaturated soil behavior. Part II: General formulation

In the previous companion paper, a modified state-surface approach was proposed to algebraically represent unsaturated soil behavior under isotropic stress conditions. The present paper proposes a ...
Surgical Treatment of Jacob’s Disease: A Case Report Involving an Osteochondroma of the Coronoid Process

Although it is one of the most common benign tumors of bone in the axial skeleton, the osteochondroma is relatively rare in the maxillofacial region. Its discovery on the coronoid process is even more rare. First described by Jacob in 1899, it remains a rare entity as only a few reported cases have been described in the literature. Nevertheless, the symptomatic features remain relatively nonspecific: limited opening, tightness, and slight expansion of the affected area with or without pain. The demographic features are more established, as it affects younger males. Definitive diagnosis is made after histological analysis, post-resection of the growth. We report a 27 year-old male with a history of limited opening and tightness of the mouth. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging revealed a well corticated exophytic protuberance from the left coronoid process. Left coronoidectomy and excision of the exophytic growth was performed, and was confirmed by histologic analysis to be an osteochondroma, demonstrating Jacob’s disease.
Developing a bottom-up, user-based method of web register classification

This paper introduces a project to develop a reliable, cost-effective method for classifying Internet texts into register categories, and apply that approach to the analysis of a large corpus of web documents. To date, the project has proceeded in 2 key phases. First, we developed a bottom-up method for web register classification, asking end users of the web to utilize a decision-tree survey to code relevant situational characteristics of web documents, resulting in a bottom-up identification of register and subregister categories. We present details regarding the development and testing of this method through a series of 10 pilot studies. Then, in the second phase of our project we applied this procedure to a corpus of 53,000 web documents. An analysis of the results demonstrates the effectiveness of these methods for web register classification and provides a preliminary description of the types and distribution of registers on the web.
An undergraduate course in object-oriented software design

Many software development organizations are adopting object-oriented methodologies as their primary paradigm for software development. The object-oriented method appears to increase programmer productivity, reduce the overall cost of the software and, perhaps most importantly, creates software that promotes reuse and subsequently is easier to modify. Consistent with the change in industry, many universities and industry training organizations are currently in the process of integrating object orientation into their curriculum. There are several approaches including horizontal integration (integrating a small dose of the object orientation into many courses) and vertical integration (having a large dose of the concepts in a single course). In 1996, the Systems Analysis department of Miami University, USA, opted for the latter approach and added a new course to its curriculum. It is a course that is intended to provide some in-depth exposure to object-oriented design and implementation. It should be of particular value to faculty in computer science and information systems departments (both at the 4-year and 2-year institutions) as well as those in industry training organizations who are looking for ways to incorporate the object orientation into their curriculum. In this paper, the authors describe the choices their department made, what worked well, and what needs to be improved.
Bilingual corpus callosum variability

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to produce midsagittal images of the corpus callosum of 19 right-handed adult male and female subjects. The preliminary findings of this study indicate that significant adaptation in the anterior midbody of the corpus callosum has occurred to accommodate multiple language capacity in bilingual individuals compared to monolingual individuals. The main interpretation of this finding is that the precentral gyrus is involved in bilingual faculty adaptation assuming a role consistent with the somatotopical input to areas dedicated to the mouth, and input to association tracts connecting the premotor and supplementary motor cortices. This paper discusses possible implications to neuroscientists, second language educators, and their students.
Getting Sperm and Egg Together: Things Conserved and Things Diverged

Abstract EDITOR'S PREFACE: The first paper in this issue of Biology of Reproduction is a minireview entitled “Getting Sperm and Egg Together: Things Conserved and Things Diverged,” by Janice P. Evans. This minireview is derived from talks delivered as part of the BioPore Minisymposium: The Egg Surface at the 32nd annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, 31 July–3 August 1999 in Pullman, Washington. The minisymposium, organized by Victor D. Vacquier, included the following presentations: “An Hypothesis to Explain the Evolution of Species-Specific Fertilization” by Victor D. Vacquier, “Molecular Biology of the Zona Pellucida: Genetic Mutations and Fertility” by Jurrein Dean, and “Sperm-Egg Membrane Interactions During Fertilizations” by Janice P. Evans. This minireview was submitted to the Editorial Office of Biology of Reproduction and then subjected to same standards of peer review as all manuscripts published in the journal. Virendra B. Mahesh, Ph.D., D.Phil., Editor-in-Chief, Biology...
A rapid genome-wide microRNA screen identifies miR-14 as a modulator of Hedgehog signaling

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to sequences within the 3' UTR of mRNAs. Because miRNAs bind to short sequences with partial complementarity, target identification is challenging. To complement the existing target prediction algorithms, we devised a systematic "reverse approach" screening platform that allows the empirical prediction of miRNA-target interactions. Using Drosophila cells, we screened the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of the Hedgehog pathway genes against a genome-wide miRNA library and identified both predicted and many nonpredicted miRNA-target interactions. We demonstrate that miR-14 is essential for maintaining the proper level of Hedgehog signaling activity by regulating its physiological target, hedgehog. Furthermore, elevated levels of miR-14 suppress Hedgehog signaling activity by cotargeting its apparent nonphysiological targets, patched and smoothened. Altogether, our systematic screening platform is a powerful approach to identifying both physiological and apparent nonphysiological targets of miRNAs, which are relevant in both normal and diseased tissues.
Polyhedral cavity structure for linac colliders

A polyhedral superconducting cavity is being developed for possible use in linac colliders. The side view of the cavity has the ellipsoidal contour of a Tesla-type multi- cell string, yet the end view has the shape of a dodecahedron. Each of the twelve copper wedges has the TESLA contour cut out by EDM. The copper segments have refrigeration channels gun bored through them and the solid structure eliminates Lorentz detuning. A niobium foil is bonded to the inner surface of the wedge and then the twelve are assembled to create the superconducting cavity. There are no welds, and the seams between adjacent segments do not affect the high Q of the accelerating mode but at the same time block the azimuthal currents of deflecting modes. The power coupled into deflecting modes can be slot-coupled at the seams into waveguides integrated in the copper segments and conveyed to a warm termination. This open geometry makes each seg ment readily available for cleaning, polishing, inspection, and characterization. The accessibility to the surface accommodates advanced superconductors that may allow for higher gradients. The performance of these materials can be tested in a superconducting test cavity.
Effect of histamine and serotonin in stimulating phosphorylase activity in the rat uterus.

Determinations of uterine phosphorylase activity were made in spayed rats which received repeated intra peritoneal injections of histamine at 30-min intervals for 6 hr. Phosphorylase a (active) was unchanged, phosphorylase t (total) was decreased and a/t ratios were increased when results were expressed as activity per unit weight of tissue. Calculation of phosphorylase activities per total uterine weight showed that a increased and t was unchanged. Histamine also increased uterine weight and glycogen levels. Estradiol injected subcutaneously produced essentially the same results within 6 hr. Uterine phosphorylase measurements in spayed rats which received intra-uterine (luminal) injections of histamine (controls received 1.8% saline) were the same as in the controls. “Sham” intra-uterine injections into spayed rats (controls not injected) produced effects on phosphorylase activity within 6 hr, relatively similar to those produced by estradiol or by intraperitoneal injections of histamine. Serotonin had n...
Aging-Related Considerations When Evaluating the Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) Over Time

BACKGROUND Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) over time is commonly expressed in liters and percent predicted (%Pred), or alternatively in L/m(3) and Z-scores-which approach is more clinically meaningful has not been evaluated. Because it uniquely accounts for the effect of aging on FEV1 and spirometric performance, we hypothesized that the Z-score approach is more clinically meaningful, based on associations between cardiopulmonary predictors and FEV1 over time. METHODS Using linear mixed-effects models and data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, including 501 white participants aged 40-95 who had completed at least three longitudinal spirometric assessments, we evaluated the associations between cardiopulmonary predictors (obesity, smoking status, hypertension, chronic bronchitis, diabetes mellitus, and myocardial infarction) and FEV1 over time, in liters, %Pred, L/m(3), and Z-scores. RESULTS Mean baseline values for FEV1 were 3.240L, 96.4%Pred, 0.621L/m(3), and -0.239 as a Z-score (40.6th percentile). The annual decline in FEV1 was 0.040L, 0.234 %Pred, 0.007L/m(3), and 0.008 Z-score units. Baseline age was associated with FEV1 over time in liters and L/m(3) (p < .001), and included a time interaction for %Pred (p < .001), but was not associated with Z-scores (p = .933). The associations of cardiopulmonary predictors with FEV1 over time were all significant when using Z-scores (p < .05), but varied for other methods of expressing FEV1. CONCLUSION A Z-score approach is more clinically meaningful when evaluating FEV1 over time, as it accounted for the effect of aging and was more frequently associated with multiple cardiopulmonary predictors.
Post-Sovereign Constitution-Making in Hungary: After Success, Partial Failure, Now What?

This article reconstructs a model of 'post-sovereign constitution-making', namely, a multi-stage, democratic model with round table or multi-party negotiations as its center piece, involving two constitutions with free elections in between, and overall enforcement through a Constitutional Court. This is the model that was more or less perfected in South Africa in the 1990s. In comparison, Hungary, the empirical object of the study, is seen as an imperfect realization, because the final stage, not provided for in the interim Constitution, was not completed in a democratic process. The author thus sees the role of the Hungarian Constitutional Court as compensatory, and inevitably weakening, given the weak legitimating background provided by an incomplete process. A case in point is the jurisprudence of constitutional amendments. In light of the inherited amendment rule, the Constitution of the regime change could only be reliably protected if the Hungarian Constitutional Court adopted one or another version of amendment review, in the path of the Indian 'basic structure' doctrine. The article tries to show that a four-fifths rule concerning constitutional replacement, adopted during an unsuccessful effort at constitution-making, could be a textual support for such a review. Subsequent to the conclusion of this research, the new right-wing Hungarian Parliament abolished the four-fifths rule, by using the two-thirds amending rule. This, in the author’s view, is prima facie unconstitutional.
Nursing care of child diabetic Ketoacidosis complicated with cerebral edema.

Objective:To investigate the clinical charateristics and visk factors of diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) complicated with cerebral edema in children.Methods:The clinical data in 71 children with diabetic ketoacidosis complicated with cerebral edema treated in our hospital were analysed,and compared with those in DKA children without complication.Results:Six of 71 children with DKA met the criteria of cerebral edema,all were severe DKA with a complicated rate of 8.4%.Compared with the DKA patients without cerebral edema in the same degree,the metabolic acidosis in those with cerebral edema was more severe,and the blood sodium rose slowly with continuous hyponatremia during treatment.Five of 6sick children with cerebral edema were treated with bicarbonate.Conclusion:The se-vere diabetic Ketoacidosis is much more easy to develop cerebral edema,a slow increased concentration of blood sodium or continuous hyponatremia during treatment as well as application of bicarbonate are the high risk factors in developing cerebral edema.Appropriate treatment and effective nursing care are the key to rescue this disease.
Surface Clutter and Echo Location Analysis for the Interpretation of SHARAD Data From Mars

This letter presents a suite of analysis techniques designed to support the interpretation of data from the Shallow Radar on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Cross-track surface echoes (“clutter”) with a time delay similar to potential subsurface echoes are known to present a major challenge to orbital radar sounding; furthermore, we demonstrate that the broad beam pattern of orbital sounders combined with cross-track long-wavelength surface slopes can result in first-received echoes arising from locations significantly distant from the nadir point, further hindering interpretation. Combining known surface topography (of lower resolution than the radar wavelength) with an appropriate radar model and orbital parameters, we can simultaneously address both of these challenges. Our technique has been applied to a variety of scientific targets on Mars with success and is recommended as a standard practice.
Ockham's Razors: A User's Manual

Ockham's razor, the principle of parsimony, states that simpler theories are better than theories that are more complex. It has a history dating back to Aristotle and it plays an important role in current physics, biology, and psychology. The razor also gets used outside of science - in everyday life and in philosophy. This book evaluates the principle and discusses its many applications. Fascinating examples from different domains provide a rich basis for contemplating the principle's promises and perils. It is obvious that simpler theories are beautiful and easy to understand; the hard problem is to figure out why the simplicity of a theory should be relevant to saying what the world is like. In this book, the ABCs of probability theory are succinctly developed and put to work to describe two 'parsimony paradigms' within which this problem can be solved.
The Quest for Unity: Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction

Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction (1942) is perhaps Stevens’s greatest poem and the central work for understanding his major themes. With their rapid movements and odd juxtapositions, the individual sections often have the structure of a surrealistic painting. Most of the lines are the iambic pentameter of English speech. Composed of thirty sections, each has seven unrhymed tercets or twenty-one lines. The total of 630 lines gives ten lines for each of Stevens’s 63 years. These thirty sections are divided into three equal parts or cantos – subtitled consecutively ‘It Must Be Abstract’, ‘It Must Change’, ‘It Must Give Pleasure’; each part is composed of ten sections. But ‘Must’ is really, as we shall see, optative; each part could be subtitled ‘It Must be Possible’ – or, better, ‘If it Were Possible’. The poem also has an opening dedication to Henry Church and an epilogue linking the poet to the soldier.
Green Chemistry and Sustainability

The idea of preparing industrial and commercial products from bio-based and renewable materials is not a new one. Humans have relied on agriculture for food, clothing, and shelter throughout human history. In the 1930s, United States saw a resurgence of interest in producing a greater number of industrial and commercial products from agricultural sources, although this interest did not survive much past the end of the Second World War and the growth of the petrochemical industry. In recent years, there has been another resurgence of interest in obtaining chemical feedstocks from bio-based and renewable resources. This is largely a result of society being confronted by the inherent lack of renewability of petroleum and some of the large environmental impacts such as global climate change that are associated with petroleum, especially for transportation fuels. Turning these bio-based and renewable feedstocks into chemicals should be undertaken in a more sustainable way than what is currently being practiced in the chemical manufacturing enterprise. Sustainable and green chemistry are a way of thinking about and practicing chemistry and should be a hallmark of the transition to a bio-based, renewable and sustainable chemical manufacturing enterprise.