cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Nonlinear Control of Airfoil Gust-Induced Limit Cycle Oscillations Using Synthetic Jet Actuators

A new robust nonlinear flight control technology is investigated that employs an array of synthetic-jet micro-actuators in UAV wing design in order to completely eliminate moving parts (such as ailerons) thus greatly enhancing maneuverability required for small fixed-wing air vehicles operating in tight urban environments. Estimated fast response times are also critical in mitigating gust effects while greatly improving flight stability and control. The new controller design is particularly advantageous for high levels of uncertainty and nonlinearity present both in the unsteady flow-path environment and in the embedded actuator’s response. The current work initiates a benchmark case study focusing on the flutter control of 1-DOF and 2-DOF responses of the transitional elastically-mounted airfoil entering limit-cycle oscillations (LCO) due to impinging upstream vortical flow disturbances including a deterministic gust and a stochastic turbulence with prescribed characteristics. The employed methodology combines lowand high-fidelity analysis tools to design and estimate synthetic-jet actuator’s impact on UAV robust flight control by incorporating a model of the embedded SJA actuator into numerical analyses of gust-airfoil interactions. Preliminary parametric studies conducted for various SJA excitation amplitudes and frequencies examine the thresholds of the actuator’s control authority to produce a desirable impact.
Current therapy for HIV infection and its infectious complications. A practical summary for primary care physicians.

PreviewDr Falloon, a senior investigator at the National Institutes of Health, takes readers through the steps necessary in caring for the patient with HIV infection, beginning at the point of diagnosis. A wide range of opportunistic infections are discussed, along with the latest information on drug therapy using both currently marketed and investigational agents.
Pulmonary impairment in a cotton textile factory in Nigeria: is lifetime alcohol intake with low cigarette smoking a confounding factor?

A study of 60 Nigerian workers who seldom smoked and who were exposed for 2-15 yr in the printing, dyeing, and maintenance sections of a cotton textile factory showed a 38% airway and 20% "probably airway" symptoms. The airway symptoms were significantly (p less than .005) associated with a decrement in spirometric lung function before and after adjustment for age, height, and duration of employment. The change in residual pulmonary function (PFT) per year of employment was three times higher for the subjects with airway symptoms than for subjects presenting no symptoms. Lifetime alcohol intake was significantly (.025 greater than p less than .01) negatively correlated with pulmonary function and obstructive and restrictive lung disease parameters. Together with body weight, alcohol bottle-years accounted for between 18 and 22% of the variation in lung function, in a forward and reverse stepwise regression analysis. When duration of employment was standardized, subjects with considerable alcohol intake had significantly (.025 greater than p less than .005) lower pulmonary function before and after adjustment for age and height. When the residual PFT was further adjusted for duration of employment, the subjects with higher alcohol intake had significantly (.01 greater than p less than .005) higher residual per year of employment. The subjects presenting airway symptoms had significantly (.05 greater than p less than .005) higher alcohol intake than those in other symptom categories. These data suggest that alcohol intake is a probable confounder in the observed airway and PFT changes.
Evaluation of Sugarbeet Yield Sensing Systems Operating Concurrently on a Harvester

Limited research has been directed toward bulk crop (i.e., potato, sugarbeet, etc.) yield monitoring over the last several years (Hofman et ai., 1995; Rawlins et ai., 1995; Campbell et al. , 1994; and Walter et al., 1996). Results have shown that there is the potential to accurately and precisely determine site-specific yield information. Some of this research resulted in the development of the HarvestMasterTM HM-500 yield monitor for sugarbeet yield monitoring. The effects oftare dirt on accuracy and precision have been found to be a concern.
METHODOLOGIES FOR SITING ENERGY FACILITIES

This chapter discusses the methodologies for siting energy facilities. The dual purposes of a particular siting study are to help find the best available site, and to provide a rationale and documentation for that decision. These are obviously different from the purposes of a siting methodology. A siting methodology should provide a framework for achieving the purposes of siting. Hence, the methodology is in some sense a means to aid in achieving the end purposes of particular siting studies. The chapter discusses the requirements, that is, desired properties, for such a methodology. This is intended to clarify the meaning of “provide a framework for achieving the purposes of siting.” The chapter presents the current siting methodologies and procedures. The purpose is to outline the conceptual approach used in these methodologies and to provide a procedural overview of their implementation. The chapter also discusses their shortcomings with respect to the requirements. It presents an overview of the decision analysis siting procedure and discusses the concept of value-free analyses.
Total Synthesis of Selaginpulvilin C and D Relying on in Situ Formation of Arynes and Their Hydrogenation

The total syntheses of selaginpulvilins C and D is described. The key strategy for the construction of the core fluorene moiety involves in situ formation of an aryne intermediate followed by its formal hydrogenation. The precursor tetraynes that undergo aromatization via hexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction were prepared from readily available building blocks through typical alkyne-coupling reactions.
Venture Labor| Venture Labor and Media Work: The Canary Has Flown

The essays in this series provide valuable insights and commentaries on Neff’s Venture Labor . They show both the gains and losses and the winners and losers as work is transformed by the Internet and social media apps. How venture labor benefits employers as more professionals become freelance contractors as well as how going freelance “liberates” some professionals are well addressed and explained by the authors in this Special Section.
Tracking of streaking targets in video frames

A method for tracking streaking targets (targets whose signatures are spread across multiple pixels in a focal plane array) is developed. The outputs of a bank of matched filters are thresholded and then used for measurement extraction. The use of the Deep Target Extractor (DTE, previously called the MLPMHT) allows for tracking in the very low observable (VLO) environment common when a streaking target is present. A definition of moving target signal to noise ratio (MT-SNR) is also presented as a metric for trackability. The extraction algorithm and the DTE are then tested across several variables, including trajectory, MT-SNR, and streak length. The DTE and measurement extraction process performs remarkably well in this difficult tracking environment on these data features.
Effects of therapy balls on children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Therapy balls are air-filled rubber balls ranging from 20 to 30 in. in diameter that are sometimes used in place of traditional 4-legged chairs in classrooms. Unfortunately, research on the effects of therapy balls as chairs is limited. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of therapy balls on the on-task behavior and academic performance of elementary students diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. An alternating treatments design was implemented with 4 students from the 3rd and 4th grades comparing therapy ball seating to traditional classroom chairs. No effect of the therapy balls was found, although students preferred sitting on the therapy balls. Teachers reported that the therapy balls were difficult to use and did not find them particularly effective.
Risk Reduction and Vigilance in Anesthesia

Distraction in the operating room poses a significant risk to patient safety. Anesthesia personnel thrive in complex environments and are adept at moving from smooth routine to intense urgency. As medical technologies have become more complex and numerous, the need to multitask and attend to various monitors has also increased. In this chapter we will discuss vigilance, multitasking, distraction, and safe patient care in the operating room environment. We will discuss the risks of attending to low-tech tasks (such as reading) in this environment, as well as the risks of personal electronic devices (PEDs), with attention given to the balance between distraction and improved access to medical information.
Beyond Sin: Physiologies of Error in Schiller and La Mettrie

While other Enlightenment authors’ work emphasizes the symbolic body, Schiller’s medical background and his continued fascination with German Anthropologie influence his focus on the real body beyond its semiotic value. This chapter explores the implicit dialogue among Julien Offray de La Mettrie’s materialist philosophy in Man a Machine, Schiller’s dramas, and Schiller’s medical treatises. The analysis of Schiller’s Die Rauber and his Die Verschworung des Fiesko zu Genua in particular suggests that in Schiller’s work, criminal behaviors arise from errors in sensory perception and from physiological aberrations related to nerves, circulation, and body temperature. In addition, Die Verschworung des Fiesko zu Genua posits the Volk as a collective whose authority is based on material affective experience rather than abstract judgment.
Induction of Enzymes by Glucocorticoids and Catecholamines in a Rat Glial Cell Line

The rat brain glial tumor cell line RGC6 was originally selected for its high content of S100, a nervous tissue-specific protein (Benda et al., 1968). Subsequently, this cell line was shown to have retained other characteristic properties of brain tissue, such as the glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase induction by Cortisol (de Vellis and Inglish, 1969). Although not all tissues have been tested, this induction appears to be brain specific (de Vellis and Inglish, 1968). In addition, de Vellis and Inglish found that catecholamines induced lactic dehydrogenase in RGC6 cells but not in several other cell lines (de Vellis and Inglish, 1969; de Vellis et al., 1971b) Catecholamines, as we shall see later, also cause a large increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP. The magnitude of the response appears to be unique to nervous tissue, which has the highest level of adenylcyclase and phosphodiesterase (for review, see Robison et al., 1971). The function of cyclic AMP in the nervous system remains largely speculative. More generally, the role of hormones in the acquisition and maintenance of differention and functions of nervous tissue is still far from being understood (de Vellis and Clemente, 1970). In this chapter, we will discuss RGC6 cells as target cells for glucocorticoids and catecholamines, a rather unique opportunity to contrast the mechanisms of action of these two hormones in the same cell line. Furthermore, studies of these hormonal factors and, of course, S100 protein may provide insights into the functions of glial cells, which are essentially unknown except for the role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in myelination of axons.
Interaction of Point Defects with Grain Boundaries in fcc Metals

Structures of several symmetrical tilt grain boundaries (GBs) with different tilt axes in Cu and Al and their interaction with vacancies and interstitials are studied using atomistic computer simulations with embedded-atom potentials. The lowest defect formation energy in a GB is found to correlate with the GB energy in both Cu and Al. Importantly, vacancies and self-interstitials in GBs have comparable formation energies, suggesting that both defects are equally important for GB diffusion and other properties. Vacancies in GBs can be either localized at certain sites or be delocalized over several sites. Some GB sites do not support a stable vacancy at all. Self-interstitial atoms can occupy relatively open interatomic positions, form split dumbbell configurations, or give rise to highly delocalized displacement zones. These structural forms of point defects have been observed across the whole set of twelve GBs in Cu and six GBs in Al studied in this paper as well as in our previous work [Interface Science 11, 131–148 (2003)]. It is suggested that these structural forms are general to all GBs in fcc metals. They can be explained by the existence of internal stresses and alternating tension and compression regions in the GB core.
Technique of Lymphadenectomy for Melanoma

Therapeutic lymphadenectomy in malignant melanoma provides appreciable 5-year survival rates and is, at present, the most effective modality of treatment at this stage. Surgical technique is important in both the complete eradication of regional disease and in the reduction of potential surgical complications.
Permeability Prediction in Rocks Experiencing Mineral Precipitation and Dissolution: A Numerical Study

An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright 2019 American Geophysical Union.
Accounting for accountable care: Value-based population health management:

Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are exemplars of so-called value-based care in the US. In this model, healthcare providers bear the financial risk of their patients' health outcomes: ACOs are rewarded for meeting specific quality and cost-efficiency benchmarks, or penalized if improvements are not demonstrated. While the aim is to make providers more accountable to payers and patients, this is a sea-change in payment and delivery systems, requiring new infrastructures and practices. To manage risk, ACOs employ data-intensive sourcing and big data analytics to identify individuals within their populations and sort them using novel categories, which are then utilized to tailor interventions. The article uses an STS lens to analyze the assemblage involved in the enactment of population health management through practices of data collection, the creation of new metrics and tools for analysis, and novel ways of sorting individuals within populations. The processes and practices of implementing accountability technologies thus produce particular kinds of knowledge and reshape concepts of accountability and care. In the process, account-giving becomes as much a procedural ritual of verification as an accounting for health outcomes.
A Cross-Sectional Examination of the Internalization of Emotion Co-regulatory Support in Children with ASD.

Cross-sectional data from Fenning et al. (J Autism Dev Disord, 48:3858–3870, 2018) were used to examine age differences in processes related to the development of emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Forty-six children with ASD between the ages of 4 and 11 years and their primary caregivers participated in structured laboratory tasks from which parental scaffolding and child dysregulation were coded. Moderation analyses suggested increased internalization of parental co-regulatory support with age, as evidenced by more coherence in dysregulation across dyadic and independent contexts and a stronger inverse relation between parental scaffolding and independent dysregulation. Children’s estimated mental age did not account for these effects. Implications for understanding and promoting the development of emotion regulation in children with ASD are discussed.
Abstract P238: Incorporating Measured Blood Pressures Into A Code Based Case Definition For Evaluating Trends In Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy

Introduction: Epidemiologic studies of hypertension in pregnancy traditionally rely on diagnosis codes to identify cases. Electronic medical records make it possible to incorporate measured blood p...
Transaminitis is an indicator of mortality in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study

Background Since its discovery in Wuhan, China in December of 2019, the novel coronavirus has progressed to become one of the worst pandemics seen in the last 100 years. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the hepatic manifestations of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Aim To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 positive patients and study the association between transaminitis and all-cause mortality. Methods This is a descriptive retrospective cohort study of 130 consecutive patients with a positive COVID PCR test admitted between March 16, 2020 to May 14, 2020 at a tertiary care University-based medical center. The Wilcoxon-rank sum test and paired t-test were used for comparing non-parametric and parametric continuous variables respectively and a multivariable logistic regression models to study the association between transaminitis and mortality using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, United States). Results Out of the 130 patients, 73 (56%) patients were found to have transaminitis and 57 (44%) did not. When compared to patients without transaminitis, the transaminitis group was found to have a higher median body mass index (30.2 kg/m2 vs 27.3 kg/m2, P = 0.04). In the multivariate analysis those with transaminitis were found to have 3.4 times higher odds of dying as compared to those without transaminitis adjusting for gender, the Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index and admission to the intensive care unit (P = 0.03). Conclusion Our study showed that transaminitis on admission was associated with severe clinical outcomes such as admission to the intensive care unit, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality.
Computational genomic analysis of the lung tissue microenvironment in COVID-19 patients

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected over 170 million people, and caused over 3.5 million deaths throughout the world as of May 2021. Although over 150 million people around the world have recovered from this disease, the long term effects of the disease are still under study. A year after the start of the pandemic, data from COVID-19 recovered patients shows multiple organs affected with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Long term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection includes fatigue, chest pain, cellular damage, and robust innate immune response with inflammatory cytokine production. More clinical studies and clinical trials are needed to not only document, but also to understand and determine the factors that predispose certain people to the long term side effects of his infection. In this manuscript, our goal was to explore the multidimensional landscape of infected lung tissue microenvironment to better understand complex interactions between SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, immune response and the lungs microbiome of COVID-19 patients. Each sample was analyzed with several machine learning tools allowing simultaneous detection and quantification of viral RNA amount at genome and gene level; human gene expression and fractions of major types of immune cells, as well as metagenomic analysis of bacterial and viral abundance. To contrast and compare specific viral response to SARS-COV-2 we have analyzed deep sequencing data from additional cohort of patients infected with NL63 strain of corona virus. Our correlation analysis of three types of measurements in patients i.e. fraction of viral RNA (at genome and gene level), Human RNA (transcripts and gene level) and bacterial RNA (metagenomic analysis), showed significant correlation between viral load as well as level of specific viral gene expression with the fractions of immune cells present in lung lavage as well as with abundance of major fractions of lung microbiome in COVID-19 patients. Our exploratory study has provided novel insights into complex regulatory signaling interactions and correlative patterns between the viral infection, inhibition of innate and adaptive immune response as well as microbiome landscape of the lung tissue. These initial findings could provide better understanding of the diverse dynamics of immune response and the side effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Review of the $${\Lambda }$$ Λ (1405) A curious case of a strangeness resonance

During its long-lasting history, the $$\varLambda (1405)$$ has become a benchmark for our understanding of the $$\mathrm SU(3)$$ hadron dynamics. Starting with its theoretical prediction and later experimental verification, until the most recent debates on the existence of the second broad pole, it emerged as a fruitful research area sparking many theoretical and experimental developments. This review intends to provide the reader with the current status of research on the $$\varLambda (1405)$$ -resonance, reflecting on historical, experimental and theoretical developments. A common database for experimental results and a comparison of most recent theoretical approaches will be provided in the last two parts of this manuscript.
Maturation and degeneration of the human brainstem across the adult lifespan

Brainstem tissue microstructural properties change across the adult lifespan. However, studies elucidating the biological processes that govern brainstem maturation and degeneration in-vivo are lacking. In the present work, conducted on a large cohort of 140 cognitively unimpaired subjects spanning a wide age range of 21 to 94 years, we implemented a multi-parameter approach to characterize the sex- and age differences. In addition, we examined regional correlations between myelin water fraction (MWF), a direct measure of myelin content, and diffusion tensor imaging indices, and transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates to evaluate whether these metrics provide information complementary to MWF. We observed region-dependent differences in myelin content and axonal density with age and found that both exhibit an inverted U-shape association with age in several brainstem substructures. We emphasize that the microstructural differences captured by our distinct MRI metrics, along with their weak associations with MWF, strongly indicate the potential of using these outcome measures in a multi-parametric approach. Furthermore, our results support the gain-predicts-loss hypothesis of tissue maturation and degeneration in the brainstem. Indeed, our results indicate that myelination follows a temporally symmetric time course across the adult life span, while axons appear to degenerate significantly more rapidly than they mature.
A Detailed Computational Investigation on the Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Some Pyran Compounds

We have blended 2,6-bis(chlorosubstitutedphenyl)- 3,5-dimethyldihydro-2H-pyran-4(3H)- one by blending of 2-/4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 3-pentanone and potassium hydroxide within the sight of ethanol. The consummation of response has been explored by tender loving care. The mixed combinations structures are insisted by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR extraordinary methodology. Further, the arranged combinations were presented to DFT focuses by using B3LYP system with 6-311++G(d,p) premise sets. The improved nuclear properties were connected with precious stone data available recorded as a hard copy. The theoretical results show that the gem configuration can be rehashed by improved math and the vibrational frequencies show incredible simultaneousness with the preliminary regards. The atomic attractive reverberation (NMR) substance shift of the molecule has been dictated by the action self-governing atomic orbital (GIAO) procedure and differentiated and preliminary outcomes. HOMO–LUMO, and other related nuclear and electronic properties are resolved. The Mulliken and NLO charges have moreover been resolved and interpreted.
The Effects of Relaxin on Cyclic-Amp and Ornithine Decarboxylase Levels in Target Tissues

The ovarian peptide hormone relaxin causes distinct changes of the birth canal before parturition in most mammals (Hisaw, 1926; Hisaw and Zarrow, 1950). Rapid widening of the pubic symphysis and increased dilatability of the cervix are notable changes which accompany administration of relaxin to several species (Hisaw and Zarrow, 1950; Steinetz et al. 1957; Kroc et al. 1959; O’Byrne et al. 1976). These changes are a reflection of the profound effect that relaxin has on the connective tissues of the pubic symphysis and uterus. RIA data confirm that serum levels of this hormone in the pig, mouse, rat and guinea pig increase significantly within hours of parturition and drop sharply thereafter (Sherwood et al. 1975; 1975; O’Byrne and Steinetz, 1976). Recently several studies have confirmed that relaxin binds in a specific manner to its target tissues (Cheah and Sherwood, 1979; McMurtry et al. 1978). In a quest to better understand the biochemical events which follow relaxin treatment and precede the known biological changes, two specific cellular responses were chosen for study: changes in cAMP concentrations and stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity.
IL-33 Is an Unconventional Alarmin That Stimulates IL-2 Secretion by Dendritic Cells To Selectively Expand IL-33R/ST2+ Regulatory T Cells

IL-33 is a recently characterized IL-1 family member that is proposed to function as an alarmin, or endogenous signal of cellular damage, as well as act as a pleiotropic cytokine. The ability of IL-33 to potentiate both Th1 and Th2 immunity supports its role in pathogen clearance and disease immunopathology. Yet, IL-33 restrains experimental colitis and transplant rejection by expanding regulatory T cells (Treg) via an undefined mechanism. We sought to determine the influence of IL-33 on hematopoietic cells that drives Treg expansion and underlies the therapeutic benefit of IL-33 administration. In this study, we identify a feedback loop in which conventional mouse CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DC) stimulated by IL-33 secrete IL-2 to selectively expand IL-33R(ST2(+))- suppressive CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg. Interestingly, this occurs in the absence of classical DC maturation, and DC-derived (innate) IL-2 increases ST2 expression on both DC and interacting Treg. ST2(+) Treg represent an activated subset of Foxp3(+) cells, demonstrated to be ICOS(high)CD44(high) compared with their ST2(-) counterparts. Furthermore, although studies have shown that IL-33-exposed DC promote Th2 responses, we reveal that ST2(+) DC are required for IL-33-mediated in vitro and in vivo Treg expansion. Thus, we have uncovered a relationship between IL-33 and innate IL-2 that promotes the selective expansion of ST2(+) Treg over non-Treg. These findings identify a novel regulatory pathway driven by IL-33 in immune cells that may be harnessed for therapeutic benefit or for robust expansion of Treg in vitro and in vivo.
Wireless awareness for wireless intelligent network

Wireless awareness for wireless intelligent network is the capability of network services to be aware of the existence and characteristics of the wireless links in the communication path. This position paper summarizes several intrusive and nonintrusive wireless awareness techniques and proposes a new framework design for integrating wireless awareness into the wireless network to improve network intelligence for next-generation wireless communication networks.
Considerations for CDM standards alignment: Analysis of a common hardware solution across different CDM tester models

Developing an ESDA/JEDEC joint CDM standard will likely require hardware changes. The hardware solution should work on the three common CDM tester models currently in use: RCDM3, Orion and Oryx 9000. This work investigates a common hardware solution using an expanded set of verification modules.
Les contes merveilleux français: Recherche de leurs organisations narratives

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Marie-Louise Teneze Year: 2004 Pages: 164 Publisher: Editions Maisonneuve et Larose ISBN: 2706817895 Prices: €15.00 / $20 US(soft cover).
Interaction of PPARα, CD36 and Th17 in angiotensin II-induced hypertension (1136.9)

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα) is known to exert many cardiorenal protective effects. In contrast, T- helper 17 (Th17) and CD36 have been implicated in hypertension (HTN) and Inflammation. PPARα has been found to promote CD36 function. We hypothesized that PPARα exerts anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting CD36-induced Th17 activation in the kidney in Angiotensin II (AngII)–induced renal injury. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of PPARα in amelioration of hypertensive renal injury due to CD36-mediated Th17 activation in HTN. In animals treated with WY14643, a PPARα agonist, or GW6471, a PPARα antagonist, no significant difference in blood pressure (BP) was found between control and Ang II animals. However, GW6471 increased BP (188 ± 23 Vs154 ± 9 mmHg; P<0.01). Ang II increased proteinuria (P<0.001). WY14643 decreased proteinuria caused by Ang II at 14 days (36 ± 5 Vs 64 ± 19 mg/day; P<0.05), while GW6471 was without effect. Ang II did not affect PPARα or CD36 protei...
Clinical utility of a WAIS-R short form.

Investigated the validity of the Vocabulary-Block Design subtest combination as an estimate of the WAIS-R Full Scale IQ in a sample of 30 psychiatric patients. The correlation between the short form IQ and the WAIS-R Full Scale IQ was highly significant, r(28) = .87, p less than .001. A pairwise t-test computed between the mean IQs for the standard and short form was nonsignificant, t(29) less than 1. One-half of the Ss showed changes in intelligence classification when the short form was used. The short form should not be used when precise IQ estimates are required. However, the short form appears useful as a screening device to discriminate between patients with normal and subnormal intelligence. With respect to the detection of normal vs. subnormal intelligence, the short form achieved a correct classification rate of 87%.
Inhibition of sucrose intake by continuous celiac, superior mesenteric, and intravenous CCK-8 infusions

Two experiments compared the potency of continuous infusions of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) for reducing sucrose intake when administered into abdominal arteries or the jugular vein. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats received 22-min infusions of saline or several doses of CCK-8. Sucrose was available for 20 min, beginning 2 min after onset of infusions. In the first experiment, intraceliac CCK-8 in doses of 50, 125, and 312 ng produced significant reductions in intake, but no dose affected intake when administered into the jugular vein. In experiment 2, only the highest dose, 312 ng, suppressed intake when infused into the superior mesenteric artery, and jugular infusions were again ineffective. Behavioral observations indicated that intra-arterial CCK-8 had no affect on feeding within the first several minutes of test meals but accelerated the subsequent decline in incidence of feeding. These results suggest that receptors involved in cholecystokinin satiety are widely distributed within the gastrointestinal tract.
Fabrication of Beryllium Capsules with Copper-Doped Layers for NIF Targets: A Progress Report

The sputtering of beryllium (Be) has been used at LLNL for nearly 30 years in the fabrication of laser targets. Several years ago the prospect of using sputtering to fabricate spherical Be capsules for National Ignition Facility (NIF) targets began to be explored and a basic strategy was developed that involved sputtering down onto plastic mandrels bouncing in a pan. While this appears to be very straightforward in principle, in practice sputtering has been used almost exclusively to make thin films (< 1 micron) on flat substrates. Thick films pose a significant challenge for sputtering while materials on spherical substrates are essentially unexplored. More recently, based on computational results, the point design for the first NIF ignition target capsule was specified as a Be capsule with Cu-doped layers of specific thickness, each layer with a different concentration of copper. While the work described here was motivated by the need to make the layered capsules, the primary progress on Be capsules has been the development of a more complete metallurgical understanding of the materials that are fabricated and the beginning of the exploration of the relationship between the sputter processing and microstructure of these spherical samples. At least two barriers tomore » growth to full thickness (i.e. 170 microns) have been identified and efforts to overcome these barriers are underway.« less
Detection of carbon monoxide trends in the presence of interannual variability

[1] Trends in fossil fuel emissions are a major driver of changes in atmospheric CO, but detection of trends in CO from anthropogenic sources is complicated by the presence of large interannual variability (IAV) in biomass burning. We use a multiyear model simulation of CO with year-specific biomass burning to predict the number of years needed to detect the impact of changes in Asian anthropogenic emissions on downwind regions. Our study includes two cases for changing anthropogenic emissions: a stepwise change of 15% and a linear trend of 3% yr−1. We first examine how well the model reproduces the observed IAV of CO over the North Pacific, since this variability impacts the time needed to detect significant anthropogenic trends. The modeled IAV over the North Pacific correlates well with that seen from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument but underestimates the magnitude of the variability. The model predicts that a 3% yr−1 trend in Asian anthropogenic emissions would lead to a statistically significant trend in CO surface concentration in the western United States within 12 years, and accounting for Siberian boreal biomass-burning emissions greatly reduces the number of years needed for trend detection. Combining the modeled trend with the observed MOPITT variability at 500 hPa, we estimate that the 3% yr−1 trend could be detectable in satellite observations over Asia in approximately a decade. Our predicted timescales for trend detection highlight the importance of long-term measurements of CO from satellites.
Where Is It Likely to Lead

I was glad to be invited to participate in this symposium because Occupy Wall Street (OWS) has provided both inspiration and challenge to longtime movement activist/scholars like me. I am sharing s...
Cytochrome P450 Metabolism of Estradiol in Hamster Liver and Kidney

Abstract Estradiol induces kidney tumors in Syrian hamsters. The elevated conversion of estradiol to 4-hydroxylated metabolites in kidney compared to the predominant 2-hydroxylation in liver and other organs, where tumors are not induced by this treatment, has been proposed to be the basis of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined the hepatic and renal enzymes catalyzing the formation of catecholestrogens to understand the differences in estrogen metabolism in these organs. In liver, 2-hydroxylation of estradiol is the major metabolic pathway with 4-hydroxylation a minor by-product and with the formation of both catechols responding coordinately to the same inhibitors. Western blot analysis and inhibition studies suggest that the major form catalyzing hepatic estrogen 2-hydroxylation is a member of the CYP3A family, as previously observed with rat liver microsomes, and that 4-hydroxylation is a by-product of this metabolism. In the kidney, 4-hydroxylation of estradiol appears to be catalyzed by more than one enzyme according to the Eadie–Hofstee analysis. Both 2- and 4-hydroxylation in the kidney are affected differentially by inhibitors and are induced by β-napthoflavone. Western blots of renal microsomes reveal that CYP1A2 is induced whereas CYP1A1 is detectable in kidney, but not induced by this treatment. Finally, a part of the 2-hydroxylation and a small part of the 4-hydroxylation by kidney microsomes may be catalyzed by a member of the CYP3A family, since these reactions are partially inhibited by CYP3A inhibitors such as progesterone and other progestins, although renal enzyme levels are much lower than those in the liver as revealed by Western blot. Our data suggest that estrogen 2-hydroxylation in the hamster kidney is catalyzed by members of the CYP1A and CYP3A families, which also contribute to 4-hydroxylation. The majority of 4-hydroxyestradiol formation in the hamster kidney may be catalyzed by a form(s) of the newly discovered CYP1B family that has yet to be characterized.
Initiation of repetitive ventricular depolarizations by relatively late premature complexes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract To determine whether repetitive ventricular depolarizations are more commonly precipitated by early compared with late premature ventricular complexes, we analyzed continuous electrocardiographic recordings obtained during the first 10 hours in 38 patients with myocardial Infarction without shock with the Argus/H computer system with editor verification of all premature ventricular complexes. Episodes of repetitive ventricular depolarization were defined as two or more consecutive complexes at a rate of 120 beats/min or greater. Premature ventricular complexes occurring with coupling intervals from the preceding normal complex equal to or less than the Q-T interval of the normal complex were defined as early, and those with longer coupling intervals as late. Among all premature ventricular complexes, early premature ventricular complexes accounted for 38 percent. The average coupling interval of premature ventricular complexes from a preceding normal complex did not correlate with heart rate, blood pressure, infarct size estimated enzymatically, the electrocardiographic locus of Infarction or history of previous Infarction. Twenty-nine patients had a total of 337 episodes of repetitive ventricular depolarizations. Somewhat surprisingly, 78 percent of these episodes, and all episodes in 22 patients, were initiated by late premature ventricular complexes. Thus, repetitive ventricular depolarizations in patients with acute myocardial infarction are often precipitated by late rather than early premature ventricular complexes.
Cardiac Transplantation in Adults With Aortic Valve Disease With Focus on the Bicuspid Aortic Valve

The frequency of congenitally bicuspid aortic valves in patients having cardiac transplantation (CT) is unknown. We reviewed 243 explanted hearts in patients having CT at Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas from June 1997 through November 2011 to determine the frequency of a bicuspid aortic valve in this population. Of the 243 explanted hearts, 7 (2.9%) were found to have a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve: 3 had severe aortic valve stenosis and before CT had had the aortic valve replaced; the other 4 had normally functioning bicuspid valves and underwent CT for cardiomyopathy (ischemic in 1, idiopathic in 2, and hypertrophic in 1). Review of previously published reports of CT and aortic valve disease disclosed that 4 patients had had aortic valve replacement (AVR) from 2 to 8 years before CT, 3 had AVR or aortic valve repair of the donor heart at the time of CT, and 4 had AVR or transcatheter aortic valve implantation from 1 to 14 years after CT. Some of these aortic valve replacements, before, at the time of, or after CT were in patients with congenitally bicuspid aortic valves. In conclusion, congenitally bicuspid aortic valves were found in 7 of 243 explanted hearts in patients having CT at a single medical center in a 14-year period: 4 had functioned normally and 3 were severely stenotic. Previous reports of patients having AVR or repair before, during, and after CT were reviewed.
Residue-Specific, Real-Time Characterization of Lag-Phase Species and Fibril Growth During Amyloid Formation: A Combined Fluorescence and IR Study of p-Cyanophenylalanine Analogs of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

Amyloid formation normally exhibits a lag phase followed by a growth phase, which leads to amyloid fibrils. Characterization of the species populated during the lag phase is experimentally challenging, but is critical since the most toxic entities may be pre-fibrillar species. p-Cyanophenylalanine (F(C[triple bond]N)) fluorescence is used to probe the nature of lag-phase species populated during the formation of amyloid by human islet amyloid polypeptide. The polypeptide contains two phenylalanines at positions 15 and 23 and a single tyrosine located at the C-terminus. Each aromatic residue was separately replaced by F(C[triple bond]N). The substitutions do not perturb amyloid formation relative to wild-type islet amyloid polypeptide as detected using thioflavin T fluorescence and electron microscopy. F(C[triple bond]N) fluorescence is high when the cyano group is hydrogen bonded and low when it is not. It can also be quenched via Forster resonance energy transfer to tyrosine. Fluorescence intensity was monitored in real time and revealed that all three positions remained exposed to solvent during the lag phase but less exposed than unstructured model peptides. The time course of amyloid formation as monitored by thioflavin T fluorescence and F(C[triple bond]N) fluorescence is virtually identical. Fluorescence quenching experiments confirmed that each residue remains exposed during the lag phase. These results place significant constraints on the nature of intermediates that are populated during the lag phase and indicate that significant sequestering of the aromatic side chains does not occur until beta-structure sufficient to bind thioflavin T has developed. Seeding studies and analysis of maximum rates confirm that sequestering of the cyano groups occurs concomitantly with the development of thioflavin T binding capability. Overall, the process of amyloid formation and growth appears to be remarkably homogenous in terms of side-chain ordering. F(C[triple bond]N) also provides information about fibril structure. Fluorescence emission measurements, infrared measurements, and quenching studies indicate that the aromatic residues are differentially exposed in the fibril state with Phe15 being the most exposed. F(C[triple bond]N) is readily accommodated into proteins; thus, the approach should be broadly applicable.
A glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cytokine can function as an artificial cellular adhesin.

Abstract A novel strategy for altering the adhesive properties of cells has been developed which is based upon the use of artificial adhesins. Specifically, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-modified variant of the cytokine macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), designated M-CSF · GPI, was expressed on the surface of human bone marrow stromal cells. A chimeric M-CSF:decay-accelerating factor expression construct was used for M-CSF · GPI expression. Cell:cell binding assays established that this artificially membrane-tethered cytokine functions as a potent cellular adhesin, allowing for enhanced binding to M-CSF receptor-expressing cellular transfectants. Antibody blocking analyses confirmed the M-CSF:M-CSF receptor dependence of the enhanced intercellular binding. This capacity to direct the cellular interactive repertoire of selected cells can in principle be applied to other cell types and other molecular pairs to be used in cell-based therapies.
The Social Scientist as Public Intellectual in an Age of Mass Media

What is the role of the social scientist in public affairs? How can scholars balance the demand that their work remains in the realm of the descriptive or the explanatory while also addressing the ongoing practical concerns of politics and economy? How can the effort to work toward this balance take place in an age of mass media? The ideas underlying contemporary social science are not formed in isolation but develop in a specific context with particular constraints and opportunities. Researchers must contend with these parameters and make choices about how to address topics of interest to them while also meeting the requirements of their profession. Scholars approaching their work as public intellectuals face the challenge of having to straddle these two sets of ethics. From the standpoint of science, they are expected to proceed as detached observers, gathering factual information that can shed new light on existing realities. Acting as public intellectuals, however, means that they must also take into consideration the ways their work relates to contemporary trends and events. Doing so means reflecting on their own starting assumptions, systems of categorization, and the methods they employ. It means seeking creative ways to convey ideas and share findings in the public arena. This paper focuses on some of the challenges involved in developing independent and innovative analyses while also contributing to public debate on contemporary social issues. It addresses some of the very formidable obstacles to this goal and discusses some of the ways scholars have been able to operate as social scientists and as public intellectuals, bridging the gap between these two domains. The institutional constraints facing social scientists are manifold, but they are not all encompassing. It is possible to bridge this gap, provided that they develop an awareness of the contextual forces involved and make a conscious effort to act independently in relation to these ongoing pressures. To the extent that social scientists adopt an informed and reflexive orientation in their work, they can be public intellectuals and offer a significant contribution to public affairs.
Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders The UCLA family study.

It is unresolved whether avoidant personality disorder (APD) is an independent schizophrenia (Sz)-spectrum personality disorder (PD). Some studies find APD and social anxiety symptoms (Sxs) to be a separable dimension of psychopathology in relatives (Rels) of schizophrenics while other studies find avoidant Sxs to be correlated with schizotypal and paranoid Sxs. Rates of APD among first degree Rels of Sz probands, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) probands, and community control (CC) probands were examined. Further analyses examined rates when controlling for the presence of schizotypal (SPD) and paranoid (PPD) personality disorders, differences in APD Sxs between relative groups, and whether APD in Rels of Szs reflects a near miss for another Sz-spectrum PD. 362 first degree Rels of Sz probands, 201 relatives of ADHD probands, and 245 Rels of CC probands were interviewed for the presence of DSM-III-R Axis I and II disorders. Diagnoses, integrating family history, interview information, and medical records, were determined. APD occurred more frequently in Rels of Sz probands compared to CC probands (p<.001) and also when controlling for SPD and PPD (p<.005). Two Sxs of APD were most characteristic of the Rels of Sz probands: “avoids social or occupational activities…” and “exaggerates the potential difficulties…” 65% of the Rels of Sz probands who had diagnoses of APD were more than one criterion short of a DSM-III-R diagnosis of either SPD or PPD. This indicates that APD is a separate Sz-spectrum disorder, and not merely a sub-clinical form of SPD or PPD.
GM and corporate responsibility

Only by distinguishing corporate, moral, social and legal responsibility can GM know how to weigh and respond to its various responsibilities. Corporate responsibility stems from the ends for which the corporation is formed. In addition the corporation is responsible for meeting the moral demands that come from the moral law. The corporation is responsible for meeting legitimate social demands proposed by society. If society uses the law to express its demands, the demands yield legal responsibilities. Those demands that are social but neither moral nor legal may not be legitimate demands that GM must respond to at all.