cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S/390 cluster technology: Parallel Sysplex

This paper describes a clustered multiprocessor system developed for the general-purpose, large-scale commercial marketplace. The system (S/390e Parallel Sysplex™) is based on an architecture designed to combine the benefits of full data sharing and parallel processing in a highly scalable clustered computing environment. The Parallel Sysplex offers significant advantages in the areas of cost, performance range, and availability.
The New Port of New York and New Jersey Operational Forecast System.

he real-time Port of New York and New Jersey Operational Forecast System (NYOFS) became operational on 10 February 2003 at NOAA’s National Ocean Service (NOS) in Silver Spring, Maryland. NYOFS generates hourly nowcasts and hourly forecast guidance out to 30 hours of currents and water levels for the Port region, including Raritan Bay, Newark Bay, and Upper Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Arthur Kill, the lower Hudson River, and the East River. NYOFS graphical products—including time series, maps, and animations of water levels and currents, nowcasts, and forecast guidance—are disseminated through an NOS Web site (http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/ NYOFS/nyofs.shtml). The model predictions are displayed as a graph of the water-level height and current velocity at measurement stations and other locations throughout the bay (Fig. 1). The system has been incorporated into NOS’s Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS®), which provides an operational monitoring system (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) for quality assurance and control of the NYOFS inputs, operational procedures, and product dissemination. Historically, mariners navigating in New York Harbor have used NOAA’s tide and tidal current tables for the best estimate of expected water levels and currents. However, these tables cannot predict changes due to wind, atmospheric pressure, and river flow, which are often significant (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the tide water level and tidal current predictions are available at only a few locations. Although new technology, such as PORTS, at selected locations maintained by NOS provides near-real-time information to the users, there is still need for more information for assuring navigation safety. These include 1) near-real-time water level and current information at locations without gauges, 2) shortterm (1–2 days) water level and current forecast guidFig. 1. NYOFS nowcast/forecast guidance locations.
Incidence of stroke in patients with d‐transposition of the great arteries that undergo balloon atrial septostomy in the University Healthsystem Consortium Clinical Data Base/Resource Manager

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of stoke in pediatric patients undergoing a balloon atrial septostomy (BAS). Background: Newborn infants with d-transposition of the great arteries (dTGA) can be compromised from significant hypoxemia due to inadequate mixing at the atrial level. BAS can be lifesaving by improving the intra-atrial mixing. BAS, although life-saving, is associated with risks including arrhythmias, infection, bleeding, stroke, or death. Recent studies have conflicting conclusions demonstrating the risk of BAS and brain injury using magnetic resonance imaging. However, these studies did not demonstrate the clinical significance of brain injury through physical manifestations of stroke. Methods: The University HealthSystem Consortium Clinical Data Base/Resource Manager (UHC CDB/RM) consists of 103 Academic Medical Centers, and affiliated institutions. The CDB/RM was queried using billing codes upon discharge from the consortium hospitals from 2004 to 2008. Results: In total, the UHC CDB/RM contained information on 1,295 neonatal patients (group 1) who were discharged with a diagnosis of dTGA, of which 440 had a BAS during the same hospitalization. In group 1, 18 had a coded diagnosis of stroke and only six of these 18 had a BAS. In group 2 (pediatric patients with dTGA), 952 patients were discharged with a diagnosis of dTGA, of which 37 had BAS. Pediatric patients (19 of 952) had a stroke and none of them had a BAS. Conclusions: In over 2,000 cases of dTGA reported in the CDB/RM over a 4-year period, BAS was not associated with an increased risk of clinical stroke either in the neonatal period or in follow-up hospitalizations. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-power, slab-coupled optical waveguide laser array packaging for beam combining

Linear arrays of slab coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWL) are ideal sources for beam combining of array elements using techniques such as wavelength beam combining (WBC) and possibly coherent beam combining (CBC). SCOWL array elements have very high brightness, low divergence nearly diffraction limited output beams. Arrays of up to 1.2 cm in width containing as many as 240 elements have been demonstrated. In this presentation, the packaging techniques developed to ensure proper performance of SCOWL arrays will be described, with particular emphasis on the application to beam combining. A commercial high performance micro impingement cooler (MIC) was used to provide thermal management for these arrays. Based on performance data for this cooler, a numerical thermal model was constructed and used to investigate the thermal performance for several packaging schemes. In order to promote uniform optical performance of SCOWL array elements, assembly procedures, which included fluxless soldering using In and AuSn solder alloys, along with the use of thermal expansion matching materials were investigated. These techniques resulted in minimal contraction (a2 mm) and smile (a1 mm) of the laser bar during the packaging procedure. Precise control of these parameters is required in order to minimize any detrimental impact on the resultant WBC beam quality. CBC of SCOWL arrays requires phase control of the array elements. Array packaging providing for individual electrical addressability of the array elements has been developed and demonstrated, allowing for phase control by current adjustment.
Death-qualified jurors and the assumption of innocence: A cognitive dissonance perspective on conviction-prone verdicts

The conviction-prone behavior of death-qualified juries is a phenomenon that has been widely observed, but is not fully understood. This work presents a cognitive dissonance perspective as a possible mechanism that may be contributing to the high rate of conviction in death-qualified juries. This review contends that the selection procedures for death qualification may create juries with attitudes that are contrary to the fundamental assumption of innocence presupposed by the court. As a result of this conflict between juror attitudes and the assumption of innocence, dissonance will occur. One path to dissonance resolution may be the act of conviction. The empirical findings from juror studies support this dissonance interpretation of the conviction-prone status of death-qualified juries. This work also reviews the legal history of the death qualification process in Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968) and Hovey v. Superior Court (1980) and summarizes the social psychological criticism that process has received.
Effect of Illuminating and Viewing Geometry on the Color Coordinates of Samples with Various Surface Textures

Color measurements with several different illuminating/viewing geometries were carried out for samples with four different surface textures in four different colors: matte papers, glossy papers, ceramic or porcelain enamel tiles, and polished opaque glasses, with ISCC–NBS color designations moderate pink, pale orange-yellow, dark bluish-green, and dark gray. On a single instrument (Cary 14 spectrophotometer), three geometries were used: normal/diffuse (N/D), diffuse/normal (D/N) and normal/45° (N/45). For comparison, measurements were also made on a GE spectrophotometer (GERS) using near-normal/diffuse geometry. All integrating sphere (diffuse) measurements were made with specular component both included and excluded. Specular gloss and goniophotometric reflectance measurements were made. For these samples, the Cary 14 N/D and GERS results are in good agreement, and the results with N/D and D/N geometries are essentially equivalent, but there is strong evidence of the serious problem of incomplete exclusion of the specular component with all of the integrating sphere geometries when operated in the specular-excluded mode, even with samples normally considered to be highly glossy or highly matte.
Simulation of atrial flutter by rapid coronary sinus pacing

Abstract In 5 human subjects and 7 canines, the coronary sinus was paced at rates of 250 to 350 per minute using an electrode catheter. Two of the dogs were similarly paced from the inferior left atrium. An arrhythmia was produced with the following electrocardiographic characteristics: (1) continuous atrial activity with P waves identical in spacing, size, and contour; (2) a suggestion of base line undulation, often with a sawtooth configuration, in Leads II, III, and aV F ; (3) varying degrees of A-V block. The arrhythmia produced was not self-perpetuating and immediately ceased upon discontinuing pacing. The P-wave vector of this rhythm was directed superiorly, somewhat rightward, and anteriorly. This is similar to the P vectors of most cases of spontaneous clinical flutter, and also to those of both paced and spontaneous coronary sinus rhythms, and inferior left atrial rhythms. Thus, by rapid pacing of the coronary sinus, and the inferior left atrium, a unifocal atrial tachycardia was produced that resembles atrial flutter. Some cases of clinical atrial flutter may originate as a unifocal tachycardia originating from the coronary sinus or left atrium.
Anomalous magnesium isotopes in meteorites

The origin of the isotopically anomalous magnesium components reported to have been discovered in high-temperature mineral inclusions of carbonaceous chondrites can be attributed to the alterations of the isotopic composition caused primarily by high-energy proton reactions, which occurred within the solar system when the Sun was in its T-Tauri phase.
Public Goods, Prisoners' Dilemmas and the International Political Economy

The theory of public goods and prisoners' dilemma games have been widely used to characterize bargaining situations in international political economy. This paper will suggest, using the example of the hegemonic stability thesis with regard to free trade, that there are qualitative differences between public goods and prisoners' dilemmas, leading to several conclusions. First, insofar as international trade has uncooperative aspects, these are more likely to take the form of prisoners' dilemmas than public goods. Second, hegemons should not find free trade to be their first best strategy, particularly when one considers the power of the hegemon within the context of the pure theory of trade. Third, the uncooperative prisoners' dilemma elements in international trade have been exaggerated relative to the incentives for some form of cooperation between the parties to international trade. Fourth, the distinction between prisoners' dilemmas and public goods, though both may lead to uncooperative interaction, is important because the solution strategies, deterrence and compellence, differ in nature and feasibility.
The Diversity-Validity Dilemma: Implications from the Ricci v. DeStefano U.S. Supreme Court Case

One of the most critical problems that hospitality firms face in selecting employees is to ensure that any employment tests the employer uses are valid and do not screen out minorities. For example...
Short and Long-Term Outcomes of Systemic Drainage to IVC: A New Technique for Pancreas Transplantation

Ninety-eight percent of the whole pancreas does not serve the purpose of pancreatic transplantation and it is a major cause of surgical complications. Up to 30% of pancreas transplant recipients experience surgical complications and require reoperation. Graft thrombosis and pancreatitis are the most common complications of pancreas transplantation (PT). Thus, different surgical techniques have been described to overcome the surgical hurdles and reduce surgical complications. In this study, for the first time, we report short- and long-term outcomes of PT with inferior vena cava (IVC) venous drainage. Forty-five PTs (22 simultaneous pancreas and kidney [SPK] transplantations and 23 pancreas after kidney [PAK] transplantations) were performed with this technique in our center. Sixty-eight percent of the donors were imported from outside of our area after they were declined by their local transplantation center. Patient and graft survival rates were 100% at 1 year. No graft thrombosis or pancreatitis occurred with this technique. Six patients (13.3%) required reoperation (3 bleeding, 2 anastomotic leak, and 1 small bowel perforation). No patient or graft loss occurred due to surgical complications. We conclude that this technique provides fast and easy dissection of the venous drainage of the PT without the need of complete occlusion of venous outflow. Surgical complication rates were lower with this technique compared with other reported techniques.
Method for preparing Ti-doped NaAlH4 using Ti powder: observation of an unusual reversible dehydrogenation behavior

Abstract Titanium powder can be directly used as dopant in the preparation of catalytically enhanced Ti-doped NaAlH 4 upon mechanical milling under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The hydrogen storage performance of NaAlH 4 that was doped through this method was found to be highly dependent on the milling time. A sample mechanically milled under hydrogen for 10 h was initially observed to discharge >3.3 wt.% of hydrogen within 1 h at 150 °C. Rehydrogenation was accomplished at 120 °C under about 12 MPa H 2 within 10 h. The hydrogen capacity of this material was found to gradually decrease to 2.8 wt.% after eight cycles. The dehydriding kinetics and cycling properties of NaAlH 4 that is doped through this novel method is clearly distinct from the material that is obtained through the utilization of Ti(III) or Ti(IV) dopant precursors and milling under argon. This suggests that the nature of active Ti-species may differ in these two varieties of doped NaAlH 4 .
The Drosophila Hox Gene Deformed Sculpts Head Morphology via Direct Regulation of the Apoptosis Activator reaper

Hox proteins control morphological diversity along the anterior-posterior body axis of animals, but the cellular processes they directly regulate are poorly understood. We show that during early Drosophila development, the Hox protein Deformed (Dfd) maintains the boundary between the maxillary and mandibular head lobes by activating localized apoptosis. Dfd accomplishes this by directly activating the cell death promoting gene reaper (rpr). One other Hox gene, Abdominal-B (Abd-B), also regulates segment boundaries through the regional activation of apoptosis. Thus, one mechanism used by Drosophila Hox genes to modulate segmental morphology is to regulate programmed cell death, which literally sculpts segments into distinct shapes. This and other emerging evidence suggests that Hox proteins may often regulate the maintenance of segment boundaries.
Chitin Utilization by the Insect-Transmitted Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa

Xylella fastidiosa is an insect-borne bacterium that colonizes xylem vessels of a large number of host plants, including several crops of economic importance. Chitin is a polysaccharide present in the cuticle of leafhopper vectors of X. fastidiosa and may serve as a carbon source for this bacterium. Biological assays showed that X. fastidiosa reached larger populations in the presence of chitin. Additionally, chitin induced phenotypic changes in this bacterium, notably increasing adhesiveness. Quantitative PCR assays indicated transcriptional changes in the presence of chitin, and an enzymatic assay demonstrated chitinolytic activity by X. fastidiosa. An ortholog of the chitinase A gene (chiA) was identified in the X. fastidiosa genome. The in silico analysis revealed that the open reading frame of chiA encodes a protein of 351 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 40 kDa. chiA is in a locus that consists of genes implicated in polysaccharide degradation. Moreover, this locus was also found in the genomes of closely related bacteria in the genus Xanthomonas, which are plant but not insect associated. X. fastidiosa degraded chitin when grown on a solid chitin-yeast extract-agar medium and grew in liquid medium with chitin as the sole carbon source; ChiA was also determined to be secreted. The gene encoding ChiA was cloned into Escherichia coli, and endochitinase activity was detected in the transformant, showing that the gene is functional and involved in chitin degradation. The results suggest that X. fastidiosa may use its vectors' foregut surface as a carbon source. In addition, chitin may trigger X. fastidiosa's gene regulation and biofilm formation within vectors. Further work is necessary to characterize the role of chitin and its utilization in X. fastidiosa.
Review: celecoxib increases risk for cardiovascular events; risks are greatest with higher doses.

Source Citation Solomon SD, Wittes J, Finn PV, et al. Cardiovascular risk of celecoxib in 6 randomized placebo-controlled trials: the Cross Trial Safety Analysis. Circulation. 2008;117:2104-13. 183...
Src-dependent TrkA Transactivation Is Required for Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide 38-mediated Rit Activation and Neuronal Differentiation

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a potent neuropeptide that possesses both neurotrophic and neurodevelopmental effects. Recently, the Rit GTPase was found to be activated by a novel Gα/cAMP/exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP (Epac)-dependent signaling pathway and required for PACAP-dependent cAMP response element-binding protein activation and neuronal differentiation. However, Epac did not function as a Rit guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and the nature of the PACAP regulatory cascade remained unclear. Here, we show that PACAP-mediated Rit activation involves Src family kinase-dependent TrkA receptor transactivation. PACAP receptor (PACR1) stimulation triggered both Giα and Gsα/cAMP/Epac regulatory cascades resulting in Src kinase activity, which in turn induced TrkA kinase tyrosine phosphorylation. Importantly, Src inhibition, or the lack of functional Trk receptors, was found to inhibit PACAP-mediated Rit activation, whereas constitutively active Src alone was sufficient to stimulate Rit-guanosine triphosphate levels. A single tyrosine (Y499) phosphorylation event was identified as critical to both PACAP-mediated transactivation and TrkA-dependent Rit activation. Accordingly, PACAP stimulation resulted in TrkA-dependent phosphorylation of both the Shc adaptor and son of sevenless (SOS)1/2 GEFs, and Rit activation was inhibited by RNA interference silencing of SOS1/2, implicating a TrkA/Shc/SOS signaling complex in Rit regulation. Together, these observations expand upon the nature of PACR1-mediated transactivation and identify TrkA-Rit signaling as a key contributor to PACAP-dependent neuronal differentiation.
Preparation of a monoclonal antibody to citrullinated epitopes: its characterization and some applications to immunohistochemistry in human brain.

Using hybridoma technology, an IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as F95, was developed against a deca-citrullinated peptide (DCP) consisting of 10 citrulline residues and a carboxyl Gly-Gly-Cys through which DCP was covalently linked to an activated carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Clones were selected on the basis of not reacting with human unmodified and noncitrullinated myelin basic protein (MBP), MBP-C1, but reacting well with human citrullinated MBP (MBP-C8). When tested by ELISA, this mAb demonstrated minimal reactivity with human MBP-C1, varying reactivity with the C2-C5 isomers of human MBP, moderate binding with guinea pig MBP-C8, and strong reactivity with human MBP-C8. By ELISA, mAb F95 was directed predominantly against citrulline, not MBP, as revealed by its binding to DCP linked with activated KLH, bovine serum albumin (BSA), or ovalbumin (OA), but not with KLH, BSA, or OA alone. Immunohistochemistry of normal human brain demonstrated that F95 stained central nervous system myelin and a subset of astrocytes. Given the citrulline-directed features of mAb F95, this immunohistochemical pattern suggests that certain astroglial filaments expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein also contain citrulline-bearing components. These potentially implicate citrullinated proteins, notably in astroglial filaments, in a variety of normal and pathological neurobiological processes.
Connecting rural community colleges to their communities

This chapter describes how rural community colleges use continuing education and other noncredit activities to provide key services to their surrounding communities that aid in creating group identity and engagement in the larger community.
Trends in ecstasy use in the United States from 1995 to 2001: comparison with marijuana users and association with other drug use.

This study aims to estimate changes in the prevalence of ecstasy use over time, analyze the overlap of ecstasy use and other drug use, and compare other drug use in ecstasy versus marijuana users. The authors hypothesized that ecstasy users early in the “epidemic” would be polydrug users and that associations between ecstasy and other drug use would diminish as the prevalence of ecstasy use increased. Data were drawn from public use data files from the 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Ecstasy use increased in the U.S. population and the prevalence was greater in younger age groups. Ecstasy users were likely to use a variety of other drugs; however, association of ecstasy use with other drug use was strongest early in the “epidemic,” diminishing as the number of new users increased. Later, more drug-naive adolescents and young adults began experimenting with ecstasy. These results can orient prevention strategies that target ecstasy users.
The cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine soluble and insoluble collagens. I. Characterization of peptides from soluble type I collagen by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Acid soluble collagen and purified al and α2 chains were prepared from bovine skin and digested with cyanogen bromide. The resultant peptides were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecylsulphate. Thirteen peptides obtained from the al chain and two from the α2 chain were identified as overlapping sequences containing methionine-derived peptide bonds not cleaved during the reaction. Those uncleaved peptides from the al chain accounted for approximately 30% of the total digest, as determined by planimetry on the staining profiles, and their relative proportions indicated that efficiency of cleavage at specific methionine residues was dependent upon position in the sequence. α1CB5–8 was most resistant to cleavage while α1CB0, 1–2 and α1CB7–6 were most susceptible. Peptides of a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of α1 and α2 chains and of the acid-soluble collagen gave electrophoretograms which were essentially a summation of those obtained from the individual chains.
Analog VLSI arrays for morphological image processing

A two-dimensional analog VLSI array that performs basic morphological image processing operations is presented. The system uses a smart pixel approach that facilitates the parallel computation of continuous real-time outputs. Photodetectors within the array of smart pixels also allow for parallel optical inputs. The processing is performed by current-mode circuitry implemented with CMOS technology. The signal values are encoded as analog current values. The processing array uses local communication to perform the morphological operation known as dilation, and outputs the difference between the original input image and the dilation image to detect edges. The system was fabricated using a standard 2.0 /spl mu/m digital CMOS process. Example output data of the fabricated circuitry are presented. >
Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Timoshenko Beams

In this paper, we introduce a new class of discontinuous Galerkin methods for Timoshenko beams. The main feature of these methods is that they can be implemented in an efficient way through a hybridization procedure which reduces the globally coupled unknowns to approximations to the displacement and bending moment at the element boundaries. After displaying the methods, we obtain conditions under which they are well defined. We then compare these new methods with the already existing discontinuous Galerkin methods for Timoshenko beams. Finally, we display extensive numerical results to ascertain the influence of the stabilization parameters on the accuracy of the approximation. In particular, we find specific choices for which all the variables, namely, the displacement, the rotation, the bending moment and the shear force converge with the optimal order of k+1 when each of their approximations are taken to be piecewise polynomial of degree k?0.
The Family Resemblance Metaphor: Some Unfinished Business of Interpretive Inquiry

The rapidly expanding discipline of interpretive inquiry, especially in its narrative analysis form, has not been fully cognizant of certain crucial epistemological and methodological assumptions that form the ultimate basis of its purpose. Even after abandoning traditional positivist views, the related disciplines within the human sciences that are engaged in interpretive inquiry have still not discovered the core implicit assumptions that militate against a full acceptance of this form of inquiry. This article outlines the locus of these implicit assumptions and then argues that the legitimacy of these enterprises must be grounded in a well-known but heretofore undiscovered perspective, namely, Wittgenstein’s notion of a family resemblance. It is argued that this metaphoric phrase is the key to unlocking the real and unique nature of narrative analysis.
A high gradient superconducting quadrupole for a low charge state ion linac

A superconducting quadrupole magnet has been designed for use as the focusing element in a low charge state linac proposed at Argonne. The expected field gradient is 350 T/m at an operating current of 53 A, and the bore diameter is 3 cm. The use of rare earth material holmium for pole tips provides about 10% more gradient than iron pole tips. The design and the status of construction of a prototype singlet magnet is described.
Thermal Infrared (3–14 μm) bidirectional reflectance measurements of sands and soils

Abstract Recent day/night land surface temperature (LST) algorithms can recover both emissivity and temperature but require some assumptions about the relative optical properties of natural materials in the thermal infrared. We constructed a goniometer and measured the spectral, angular emissivity, and bidirectional reflectance of sands and soils in the 3–14 μm range. In this paper, we present the results for five diverse surfaces and examine the validity of the LST assumptions. We conclude that the change in emissivity with angle was small across the entire range for all of the materials except sand. In addition, for all of the materials, the measured variation in bidirectional reflectance anisotropy with wavelength was small enough to neglect.
Vibrations of single-wall carbon nanotubes: lattice models and low-frequency dispersion

We address a somewhat controversial question of the low-frequency dispersion of transverse acoustic (TA) modes of single-wall carbon nanotubes by studying an empirical lattice model with a set of elastic interactions no less comprehensive than the frequently used force constant model. Differently from the latter, however, our approach utilizes only geometrically invariant quantities such as variations of lengths and various angles, which makes the issue of force constant adjustment irrelevant. All the salient qualitative features of vibrational spectra of arbitrary nanotubes naturally follow from the vibrational Hamiltonian of graphene upon its isometric mapping onto a cylindrical surface and are calculated on the same footing with graphene. We find that the low-frequency dispersion of the TA modes is manifestly parabolic in agreement with the continuum analysis and with the earlier lattice study by Popov et al. but contrary to the conclusions of a linear dispersion reached in many other lattice calculations.
Phytoplankton growth and herbivory in the subarctic Pacific: A chemotaxonomic analysis

Chlorophyll crops in the subarctic Pacific are low and relatively constant throughout the year; however, net growth of phytoplankton occurs when natural water is enclosed in incubation containers and exposed to adequate irradiance. Pigment-based measurements of taxon-specific growth rates and taxon-specific grazing pressure were made in an attempt to understand the dynamic processes leading to the net growth of phytoplankton in bottles. Specific growth rates, determined from 14C labeling of chromatographically separated pigments showed that fucoxanthin-containing cells (diatoms) were the fastest growing microalgae; a rapid net accumulation of fucoxanthin also occurred. Independent measurements of specific growth rates, determined from Chromatographic analysis of microzooplankton dilution experiments, also showed that fucoxanthin-containing cells had the highest specific growth rates. Importantly, microzooplankton grazing rates on fucoxanthin-containing cells were only about half the specific growth rate; hence, the resultant bloom of fucoxanthin. We speculate that the lag in chlorophyll growth that has been reported previously is an artifact of subculturing; fast-growing, but dilute, fucoxanthincontaining cells do not become a significant portion of the total chlorophyll signal until late in the experiment. Other diagnostic carotenoids, such as 19’-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin and 19’-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, remained nearly constant through long-term incubations. However, they became actively 14C labeled and showed positive specific rates of growth. Dilution experiments showed that their specific growth rate was compensated by microzooplankton grazing. Our tentative conclusion is that in situ sinking losses and grazing activity of larger herbivores (copepods, salps) keeps large, fucoxanthin-containing diatoms in check at low resultant concentrations. When natural phytoplankton are isolated in bottles where copepods are excluded and sinking is negated, the refuge from loss processes promotes a bloom.
A single element piezoelectric sensor for vehicle classification using the ratio of track width to length

Accurate vehicle count and classification reporting is a principal application of intelligent transportation system. United States Departments of Transportation (DOTs) use this information to design safe, suitable roadways. A wide variety of classification systems are currently employed. Regardless of type, an optimal system must be cost effective, require minimal maintenance, cause limited pavement damage during installation, and provide accurate information. Currently, the most widely used systems combine inductive loops and piezoelectric sensors. Most cause severe pavement damage during installation and fail to provide accurate classification for a variety of classes-class 1 motorcycles in particular. This paper introduces a vehicle classification system that employs a single element piezoelectric sensor placed diagonally across a traffic lane. The system is able to accurately classify 13 Federal Highway Administration vehicle classes, including class 1 motorcycles. The novel classification method utilizes the ratio of vehicle track width-to-length (w/l) as well as a traditional axle-spacing scheme to classify vehicles. The single-element system is cost effective and reduces pavement damage primarily because it utilizes only a single sensor. Two highway test deployments found the system capable of achieving classification accuracy of up to 98.8% when employing the (w/l) method and 84.4% when employing the axle-spacing method.
Ordered Silicon Microwire Arrays Grown from Substrates Patterned Using Imprint Lithography and Electrodeposition

Silicon microwires grown by the vapor–liquid–solid process have attracted a great deal of interest as potential light absorbers for solar energy conversion. However, the research-scale techniques that have been demonstrated to produce ordered arrays of micro and nanowires may not be optimal for use as high-throughput processes needed for large-scale manufacturing. Herein we demonstrate the use of microimprint lithography to fabricate patterned templates for the confinement of an electrodeposited Cu catalyst for the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth of Si microwires. A reusable polydimethylsiloxane stamp was used to pattern holes in silica sol–gels on silicon substrates, and the Cu catalyst was electrodeposited into the holes. Ordered arrays of crystalline p-type Si microwires were grown across the sol–gel-patterned substrates with materials quality and performance comparable to microwires fabricated with high-purity metal catalysts and cleanroom processing.
Implications of CEO Structural And Ownership Powers, Board Ownership And Composition On The Markets Reaction To Antitakeover Charter Amendments

This study analyzes how the CEOs structural and ownership powers, along with the board of directors ownership and composition influence the markets reaction to antitakeover charter amendments. We find conditional support for both the agency and stewardship theories, each being relevant depending on governance mechanisms. The market evaluates the potential effect of the amendments on the balance of power between the CEO and the board of directors, and whether there are any countervailing forces to assure shareholders rights are being protected.
Stable U(IV) complexes form at high-affinity mineral surface sites.

Uranium (U) poses a significant contamination hazard to soils, sediments, and groundwater due to its extensive use for energy production. Despite advances in modeling the risks of this toxic and radioactive element, lack of information about the mechanisms controlling U transport hinders further improvements, particularly in reducing environments where UIV predominates. Here we establish that mineral surfaces can stabilize the majority of U as adsorbed UIV species following reduction of UVI. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron imaging analysis, we find that at low surface loading, UIV forms inner-sphere complexes with two metal oxides, TiO2 (rutile) and Fe3O4 (magnetite) (at <1.3 U nm–2 and <0.037 U nm–2, respectively). The uraninite (UO2) form of UIV predominates only at higher surface loading. UIV–TiO2 complexes remain stable for at least 12 months, and UIV–Fe3O4 complexes remain stable for at least 4 months, under anoxic conditions. Adsorbed UIV results from UVI reduction by FeII or by the...
Labeled protein recognition at a membrane bilayer interface by embedded synthetic receptors.

Self-folding deep cavitands embedded in a supported lipid bilayer are capable of recognizing suitably labeled proteins at the bilayer interface. The addition of a choline derived binding “handle” to a number of different proteins allows their selective noncovalent recognition, with association constants on the order of 105 M–1. The proteins are displayed at the water:bilayer interface, and a single binding handle allows recognition of the large, charged protein by a small molecule synthetic receptor via complementary shape and charge interactions.
Compressive Sampling in Spectral Imaging Systems

Optical prefilters shape the analog-digital interface in imaging systems to implement generalized spatio-spectral sampling. The Duke Imaging and Spectroscopy Program explores generalized sampling systems, this talk focuses specifically on spectral encoding for compressive spatial imaging.
Earth-to-Moon Transportation Staging Optimization

This study is to find an optimized architecture for transporting crew and cargo vehicle to the moon and return. The mission requires the following burns: low-Earth orbit insertion, translunar injection, lunar orbit insertion, lunar descent, lunar ascent, and transEarth injection. Apollo and the present architecture both have four stages. The present study is to optimize the architecture staging performances. Initially, a classical constant inert mass fraction staging theory is used to vary the number of stages and the distribution of burns to minimize the total Initial Mass Low-Earth Orbit (IMLEO). Results showed that the IMLEO was reduced as the number of stages increased and that the deltaV was identical for stages having the same inert mass fraction and specific impulse confirming classical staging theory. A higher fidelity method was developed that includes structural analysis, propulsion component sizing, and semi-empirical mass estimation to determine the effects of deltaV performance, payload, and vehicle thrust-to-mass ratio on the inert mass fraction. Results showed that inert mass fraction was highly dependent on deltaV, payload, thrust-to-mass requirements, and structural concept. Final results show that the payload to the lunar surface can be increased by approximately 50 percent using the optimal architecture as compared to the baseline architecture.
Screening Hospital Patients for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

A survey of adult patients admitted to a general hospital showed that 1.5% had hepatitis B surface antigen in the blood and 22% had hepatitis antibody. The majority of patients with hepatitis B did not have clinical hepatitis and would not have been recognized without screening all hospital admissions for hepatitis B antigen. The question of routine screening is discussed in relation to the risk of acquiring hepatitis.
312 MALARIA EDUCATION IN GHANA.

Purpose Kumasi, Ghana has an extraordinarily high number of cases of severe malaria. A community project was designed to supplement the current Ghanaian public health projects aimed at teaching people how to avoid malaria infection and how to handle a suspected case of malaria. Methods The first task was to educate teenage girls on the dangers of malaria. The second task was to educate current Ghana Red Cross Youth Educators on the topic of malaria prevention and first aid so that they can do talks on malaria. The third and final task was to develop a culturally appropriate reference guide on the topic of malaria. Results Twenty youth educators were trained to give talks on malaria. Ninety teenage girls were supplied with the same information, and a guide to giving such talks was written and submitted to the Ghana Red Cross Society for possible nationwide use. Conclusions Malaria education in Ghana is an ongoing and overwhelming struggle that frustrates many health professionals. Malaria itself is an omnipresent and overwhelming disease that destroys lives. A large hurdle in malaria education is finding a way to teach people who struggle with illiteracy and poor education how they can fight something they do not understand. Teaching youth educators about malaria is one step towards making complicated microbiology accessible to people who do not even know how to read. Providing those youth educators with a reference guide that puts scientific information into terms that they can understand is another step.
Parathyroid hormone action on phosphate transporter mRNA and protein in rat renal proximal tubules

The inhibitory action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on Pi reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule is accompanied by a specific decrease in Na-Pi cotransport at the apical brush-border membrane (BBM). It is not known whether this decrease represents decreased activity of Na-Pi cotransporters already present in the BBM or whether the number of cotransporters is decreased. The present study of the molecular mechanism of PTH action made use of a specific cDNA probe and antiserum to a rat renal Na-Pi cotransporter (NaPi-2). Three groups of rats were used: intact controls, chronically parathyroidectomized (PTX), and PTX rats treated acutely (2 h) with bovine PTH-(1--34). Na-Pi cotransport by isolated renal BBM vesicles was increased to 1,315 +/- 44 in PTX rats, compared with 721 +/- 94 pmol.mg-1.10 s-1 in controls (P < 0.002), and was returned to control levels by PTH. Western blots of these BBM showed that PTX caused a 2.8-fold increase in NaPi-2 protein content, which was reduced to control levels by PTH. Immunohistochemistry of perfusion-fixed kidneys showed NaPi-2-specific immunofluorescence exclusively in apical BBM of proximal tubules. Expression of NaPi-2 protein at these sites was increased in PTX rats and decreased after PTH treatment. Northern analysis of total RNA showed that the abundance of NaPi-2-specific mRNA was not changed by PTX but there was a small decrease in response to PTH. The data indicate that PTH regulation of renal Na-Pi cotransport is determined by changes in expression of NaPi-2 protein in the renal BBM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Catalytic Chemistry on Oxide Nanostructures

In this chapter we review distinct well-defined planar models to illustrate the unique chemical properties that can be realized by oxide nanostructuring in the form of continuous ultra-thin films, extended islands and/or supported nanoclusters. The highlighted systems include metastable PdO films for C–H bond activation, multifunctional catalytic sites at copper/cerium-oxide island interfaces for water-gas shift reactions, and (WO3)3 and (MoO3)3 nanoclusters with active dioxo, O=M=O, moieties for dehydration and partial oxidation of alcohols.
Molecular Genetics of the Ubiquinol: Cytochrome C2 Oxidoreductase of Rhodopseudomonas Capsulata

The ubiquinol-cytochrome c 2 cxidoreductase (or bc 1 complex) is a membrane-bound complex engagea in electron transfer, both respiratory and photosynthetic, in mitochondria, many prokaryotes and in chloroplasts (as the b 6 f complex). Despite the variation in the number of protein subunits among the different forms of the complex (up to 11 in yeast), they all share the same functional components: a cytochrome b protein containing two hemes with different redox midpoints, a protein containing the Rieske 2Fe–2S cluster, and cytochrome c 1 . The complex also contains a quinone oxidizing site (Qz) and a quinone reducing site (Qc). Rhodopseudomonas capsulata is an ideal organism in which to study the bc 1 complex; the complex has only three or four subunits, a number of sophisticated genetic techniques are avalailable, and bc 1,-minus mutants are not lethal. In order to facilitate a detailed structural analysis of the bc 1 complex we have cloned and sequenced the pet operon, containing the genes for the Rieske, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c1 apoproteins (pet A, B and C respectively) by complementation of a non-photosynthetic mutant strain, R126, defective in QZ function (1).
Introduction: Present Progression, Always-Already, Grammars of the Nonhuman

Kafka’s style is notoriously difficult well ahead of his expression of a deep thinking about life and its prospects. The various social structures all bodies are subjected to—even bodies are under review in Kafka—articulate strange things that cannot be called animal, human, or anything at all. Kafka anticipated Animal Studies critiques of anthropocentrism but also worked through this concept in attempts to express the nonhuman despite human forms of expression and thought. Literature has always troubled such boundaries through “strange” narrative strategies, and recent work in Animal Studies and the “Nonhuman Turn” owes much to Kafkan form. His formal ambiguities, perhaps they are even failures, work to undo the violence of the human that persists even where humanism has already been rejected.
Hematite decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (α-Fe2O3/MWCNTs) as sorbents for Cu(II) and Cr(VI): comparison of hybrid sorbent performance to its nanomaterial building blocks

Major hurdles in the application of engineered nanomaterials for water treatment include loss of reactive surface area arising from particle aggregation and the development of application platforms that limit their potential release into the treated water supply. Here, we develop hybrid nanostructures through the growth of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles, which are recognized sorbents for various heavy metals, on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The hybrid nanostructures were synthesized via hydrolysis of ferric nitrate in the presence of carboxylated MWCNTs, and their activity as sorbents toward Cu(II) and chromate (CrO42−) was examined as a function of pH (i.e., pH-edge experiments) and initial metal concentration (i.e., adsorption isotherms). Characterization of α-Fe2O3/MWCNT nanostructures via Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed the deposited iron phase as α-Fe2O3. Further, complementary acid digestions and TEM imaging revealed that the amount (0.1 and 0.5 g g−1 α-Fe2O3/MWCNT) and size [5.9 (±1.1) and 8.9 (±1.5) nm, respectively] of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles immobilized on MWCNTs were tunable during synthesis. Generally, mass-normalized concentrations of adsorbed Cu(II) and CrO42− were greatest for α-Fe2O3/MWCNT hybrids relative to adsorption on either carboxylated MWCNTs or freely suspended α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, with evidence implicating α-Fe2O3 as the active sorbent phase in hybrid materials. Indeed, per unit mass of available α-Fe2O3, hybrid sorbents exhibited capacities comparable to or exceeding most other iron-based sorbents for Cu(II) and CrO42− (from 220 to 470 mg Cu(II) per g α-Fe2O3 and 60 mg CrO42− per g α-Fe2O3, respectively, at pH 6 and 20 °C). The enhanced sorption capacity of the hybrid nanostructures is due, at least in part, to the greater available surface area of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles immobilized on MWCNTs when compared to their more extensively aggregated state in suspension. Notable differences in the pH-dependent trends of Cu(II) and CrO42− uptake on α-Fe2O3/MWCNT hybrids, along with differences in zeta potential measurements across pH, also suggest that the immobilized α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles may exhibit unique surface reactivity relative to their freely suspended analogs as a result of their association with the negatively charged MWCNT surface.
HAPI-Gen: Highly Accurate Phasing and Imputation of Genotype Data

High-throughput sequencing is continuously generating large volumes of genotype data. Haplotype phasing can be an effective means to deal with large numbers of variants in analyses such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but the quality of such phasing is degraded by missing genotypes. Most existing imputation tools rely on reference genotype panels and a linear order of markers in the form of a physical or genetic map. A large number of genomics projects, however, do not have access to these resources. In this paper, we introduce HAPI-Gen, a Highly Accurate Phasing and Imputation tool for Genotype data that does not require reference genotype panels or the global order of markers, thereby filling an important need for improving phasing in less studied organisms. Other major advantages of HAPI-Gen include low runtime, reduced memory consumption, and easy parallelization. We test HAPI-Gen on the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and three plant datasets of grape, apple, and maize. For varying data sizes and proportions of missing genotypes, HAPI-Gen consistently performs better than the leading tools Beagle, IM-PUTE2, and LinkImpute in terms of accuracy, runtime, and memory usage.