cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of niobium valence on the mechanochemical activation of niobium oxides–hematite magnetic ceramic nanoparticles

Abstract Three types of nanostructured systems: x NbO·(1− x )α-Fe 2 O 3 , x NbO 2 ·(1− x )α-Fe 2 O 3 , and x Nb 2 O 5 ·(1− x )α-Fe 2 O 3 were synthesized by ball milling at different molar concentrations ( x =0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7). The effect of Nb valence and milling time on mechanochemical activation of these systems were studied by X-ray diffraction and the Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements. In general, Nb-substituted hematite was obtained at lower molar concentrations for all Nb oxides. For the NbO–Fe 2 O 3 system the favorable substitution of Fe 2+ for Nb 2+ in the octahedral sites in the NbO lattice was observed after 12 h milling for x =0.7. In the case of the NbO 2 –Fe 2 O 3 and Nb 2 O 5 –Fe 2 O 3 systems a formation of orthorhombic FeNbO 4 compound was observed, in which Fe 3+ cations were detected. For the highest concentration of NbO 2 ( x =0.7) iron was completely incorporated into the FeNbO 4 phase after 12 h milling. The molar concentrations of x =0.3 and 0.5 were the most favorable for the formation of ternary FeNbO 4 compound in the Nb 2 O 5 –Fe 2 O 3 system. Influence of ball milling on thermal behavior of the powders was investigated by simultaneous DSC–TG measurements up to 800 °C.
Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

Animal attachment to a substrate is very different in terrestrial and aquatic environments. We discuss variations in both the forces acting to detach animals and forces of attachment. While in a terrestrial environment gravity is commonly understood as the most important detachment force, under submerged conditions gravity is nearly balanced out by buoyancy and therefore matters little. In contrast, flow forces such as drag and lift are of higher importance in an aquatic environment. Depending on the flow conditions, flow forces can reach much higher values than gravity and vary in magnitude and direction. For many of the attachment mechanisms (adhesion including glue, friction, suction and mechanical principles such as hook, lock, clamp and spacer) significant differences have to be considered under water. For example, the main principles of dry adhesion, van der Waals forces and chemical bonding, which make a gecko stick to the ceiling, are weak under submerged conditions. Capillary forces are very important for wet adhesion, e.g., in terrestrial beetles or flies, but usually do not occur under water. Viscous forces are likely an important contributor to adhesion under water in some mobile animals such as torrent frogs and mayflies, but there are still many open questions to be answered. Glue is the dominant attachment mechanism of sessile aquatic animals and the aquatic realm presents many challenges to this mode of attachment. Viscous forces and the lack of surface tension under submerged conditions also affect frictional interactions in the aquatic environment. Moreover, the limitation of suction to the pressure difference at vacuum conditions can be ameliorated under water, due to the increasing pressure with water depth.
Synchronously pumped OPO with two pulses per cavity for intracavity phase measurements

Phase to frequency conversion is demonstrated with a synchronously modelocked optical parametric oscillator, with a sensitivity of 16 MHz/radian, and a phase resolution of 9 · 10−8 radian.
Intravenous use of amrinone for the treatment of the failing heart

Amrinone, a new nonadrenergic, nonglycosidic agent with combined positive inotropic and vasodilating properties, was approved recently for parenteral use in the treatment of left ventricular failure. Its mechanism of action is mediated primarily by selective phosphodiesterase fraction III inhibition, although at high doses alterations of calcium transport may occur. Acute hemodynamic changes produced by amrinone include augmentation of cardiac output and decreases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Heart rate and blood pressure remain unaltered. Myocardial oxygen consumption declines concomitantly with the decrease in systolic wall tension. The efficacy of amrinone is comparable to that of dobutamine and dopamine. Synergistic interactions with catecholamines and vasodilators are described. Adverse effects are minimal, with dosage limited predominantly by decreases in filling pressures.
Because I carry my cell phone anyway: functional location-based reminder applications

Although they have potential, to date location-based information systems have not radically improved the way we interact with our surroundings. To study related issues, we developed a location-based reminder system, PlaceMail, and demonstrate its utility in supporting everyday tasks through a month-long field study. We identify current tools and practices people use to manage distributed tasks and note problems with current methods, including the common "to-do list". Our field study shows that PlaceMail supports useful location-based reminders and functional place-based lists. The study also sheds rich and surprising light on a new issue: when and where to deliver location-based information. The traditional 'geofence' radius around a place proves insufficient. Instead, effective delivery depends on people's movement patterns through an area and the geographic layout of the space. Our results both provide a compelling demonstration of the utility of location-based information and raise significant new challenges for location-based information distribution.
Effect of weight loss on left ventricular mass in nonhypertensive morbidly obese patients

Extreme obesity produces increases in circulating blood volume and cardiac output, which are proportional to the excess in adipose accumulation.1-20 In the absence of systemic hypertension, systemic vascular resistance decreases to accommodate the increase in cardiac output.l-‘o Left ventricular enlargement results from the increases in circulating blood volume and cardiac output, and in turn, predisposes the left ventricle to increased wall stress, in accordance with the law of LaPlace.‘-” Eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy is thought to develop in response to, and as a mechanism for, reducing left ventricular wall stress.” Prior postmortem and echocardiographic studies showed that left ventricular hypertrophy frequently occurs in extremely obese subjects, even in the absence of systemic hypertension.4-10 There has been no systematic assessment of factors influencing left ventricular mass in extremely obese subjects or of the effect of weight loss on left ventricular mass in these cases. The present study examines these issues.
The Harpagmos Enigma: A Philological Solution

Modern discussion of the enigmatic οὐχ ⋯ρπαγμ⋯ν ⋯γ⋯σατο τ⋯ eἶναι ἶσα θeῷ of Phil. 2:6 received its most significant contribution from Werner Jaeger in a notable article published half a century ago. Jaeger contended that this much-disputed phrase belongs to a cluster of idiomatic expressions in which literal notions of robbery or violent seizure are not present. These idiomatic expressions feature double accusative constructions in which ἃρπαγμα as well as ἒρμαιον, eὔρημα and eὐτύχημα regularly appear with such verbs as ⋯γeίσθαι, ποιeίσθαι and τίθeσθαι with the meaning, ”to regard something as a stroke of luck, a windfall, a piece of good fortune,” etc.2 When it occurs in such a construction ἃρπαγμα is to be understood as a synonym of the above-mentioned nouns (”Studie,” pp. 548-49)—a judgment which Jaeger believed is most patently indicated in Heliodorus, Aethiopica VII.20, since there both ἅρπαγμα and ⋯ρμαιον occur in the same phrase: οὐχ ἃραγμα οὐδ⋯ ἒρμαιον ποιeίται τ⋯ πράγμα
Aaron A. Fox, Real country: Music and language in working-class culture

Aaron A. Fox, Real country: Music and language in working-class culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. Pp., 363. Hb 22.95.The past decade has seen a spate of books about country music. Following in the footsteps of classic work by Bill Malone, a number of these recent works are outstanding, but even the best among them (Peterson 1999; Tichi 1994, 1998; Jensen 1998) have taken a Nashville-centric perspective (or, in the case of Ching 2003, anti-Nashville-centrism), exploring and interrogating the development of country as a commercial genre. Aaron Fox's Real country, by contrast, is distinctive in its detailed ethnographic exploration of country as a lived working-class reality expressed in linguistic and musical discourse forms.
Fertility and Hatchability when the Environmental Temperature of Chickens is High

Abstract THE results of a few experiments indicate that fertility and hatchability are decreased when the environmental temperature of chickens is low. Payne and Ingram (1927), for example, observed a reduction in fertility and hatchability for a short time after the air temperature was so low that male breeders had their combs and wattles frozen. There appears to be no published information showing whether fertility and hatchability are affected when the environmental temperature of chickens is high. However, a study to obtain data on this subject was made recently at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona, and the results are given in this paper. This station is in a region where daytime air temperatures are high during the summer months, and the data were obtained on eggs laid by pullets kept at the normal, rather than at artificially controlled, air temperatures. PROCEDURE The White Leghorn pullets from which eggs were . . .
Engineering solutions to geological problems in the design and construction of Humber Bridge

Summary The geology and resultant foundation conditions for the Humber Bridge are described. On the north side the anchorage and pier are founded on Chalk, while on the south side the foundations are on Kimmeridge Clay.
Serotonergic and serotonin-accumulating neurons in the goldfish retina

Autoradiography of goldfish retinas incubated in micromolar levels of 3H-serotonin displayed 3 kinds of labeled somas in the inner nuclear layer: S1 amacrine cells with heavy labeling, large somas, and a sparse distribution (approximately 93/mm2); S2 amacrine cells with moderate labeling, smaller somas, and a denser distribution (approximately 500/mm2); and a subset of bipolar cells with light labeling, small somas, and a very dense distribution (approximately 4000/mm2). Serotonin-like immunoreactivity was observed only in S1 amacrine cells and their synaptic terminals. Radiolabeled terminals in the inner plexiform layer formed 4 strata that were differentially assigned to the 3 cell types. S1 amacrine cells arborized in sublayers 1 and 5, received inputs from type a1 bipolar cells and amacrine cells, and made synapses on other amacrine cells, type a1 bipolar cells and unidentified processes. Thus, S1 amacrine cells seem to receive significant input from "off-center" pathways. S2 amacrine cells arborized in sublayer 3 and made synapses onto amacrine cells. Labeled bipolar cell terminals were exclusively located in sublayer 2 and were identified as type a2 mixed rod-cone bipolar cells. We conclude that the S1 amacrine cell is truly serotonergic and that radiolabeling of S2 amacrine cells and type a2 bipolar cells is due to cross-specificity for another carrier or processes unrelated to their neurochemical identities. These observations partially reconcile many previous observations on the types, numbers, and synaptologies of teleost retinal neurons identified by different markers for indoleaminergic transmission.
Treatment of proximal tibia fractures using the less invasive stabilization system: surgical experience and early clinical results in 77 fractures

Objective To summarize the surgical experience and clinical results of the first 89 fractures of the proximal tibia treated with the Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS; Synthes, Paoli, PA). Design Retrospective analysis of prospectively enrolled patients into a database. Setting Academic level I trauma center. Subjects/participants Eighty-seven consecutive patients with 89 proximal tibia fractures (AO/OTA type 41 and proximal type 42 fractures) treated by 2 surgeons. Seventy-five patients with 77 fractures were followed until union. The mean follow-up was 14 months (range: 3-35 months). There were 55 closed fractures and 22 open fractures. Intervention Surgical reduction and fixation of fractures, followed by rehabilitation. Main outcome measurements Perioperative and postoperative complications, postoperative alignment, loss of fixation, time to full weight bearing, radiographic union, and range of motion. Results Seventy of 77 fractures healed without major complications (91%). There were 2 early losses of proximal fixation, 2 nonunions, 2 deep delayed infections, and 1 deep peroneal nerve palsy. Other complications included a superficial wound infection and 3 seromas. Postoperative malalignment occurred in 7 patients with 6 degrees to 10 degrees of angular deformity (6 flexion/extension and 1 varus/valgus malalignments), and an eighth patient had a 15 degrees flexion deformity. In 4 patients, the hardware was removed at an average of 13 months because of irritation (5%). The mean time for allowance of full weight bearing was 12.6 weeks (range: 6-21 weeks), and the mean range of final knee motion was 1 degrees to 122 degrees . Conclusions The LISS provides stable fixation (97%), a high rate of union (97%), and a low (4%) rate of infection for proximal tibial fractures. The technique requires the successful use of new and unfamiliar surgical principles to effect an accurate reduction and acceptable rate of malalignment.
Do prebiotics reduce the number of fever episodes in healthy children in their first year of life: a randomised controlled trial

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of adding specific prebiotics to standard formula feeding on the number of fever episodes in the first year of life. In the present randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in seven centres in five West European countries, 830 healthy term infants, without a first-degree family history of allergic disease, of mothers who indicated to give only formula feeding were randomised either to receive a standard non-hydrolysed cows' milk-based formula to which a mixture of specific oligosaccharides was added (prebiotics group (PG)), or to receive a similar formula without oligosaccharides (control group (CG)). A separate reference group consisted of 300 breast-fed infants. The primary outcome was the number of fever episodes prospectively documented by the parents. There was no difference in the number of fever episodes between the PG (median value 1·19; 25th-75th percentile 0·09-2·34) and CG (1·16; 25th-75th percentile 0·06-2·38). The median number of fever episodes in the separate breast-feeding reference group was 1·24 (25th-75th percentile 0·51-3·45). There was no effect of adding specific prebiotics to standard formula feeding in reducing the number of fever episodes in the present study.
Metformin as an energy restriction mimetic agent for breast cancer prevention

Background: This study examined whether metformin administration inhibited chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. In cancer prevention, metformin may act (1) indirectly through reducing systemic risk factors; or (2) directly through AMPK-mediated signaling. To begin to delineate clinically relevant mechanisms for breast cancer prevention, metformin was also studied along with dietary energy restriction. Materials and Methods: Mammary cancer was induced in female Sprague--Dawley rats (50 mg/kg MNU, i.p.). Metformin was fed alone (AIN93G + 0.05 to 1.0% w/w metformin) or combined with 40% dietary energy restriction. Plasma analytes (e.g., insulin, glucose, IGF-1) and protein expression (e.g., AMPK, mTOR, Akt) in mammary carcinomas and liver were evaluated. Additional studies included (1) aldehyde dehydrogenase flow cytometry, to gauge potential for cancer-initiated cells in mammary carcinomas to respond to metformin; (2) cell culture, to understand dose response (0.02--20 mM) of different cancer cell line molecular subtypes to metformin; and (3) analysis of a rat mammary epithelial cell microarray database, to examine expression of genes related to metformin pharmacokinetics (e.g., organic cation transporters) and pharmacodynamics (e.g., complex I of electron transport). Results: While a dosing regimen of 1.0%/0.25% metformin-reduced palpable mammary carcinoma incidence, multiplicity, and tumor burden and prolonged latency, lower doses of metformin failed to inhibit carcinogenesis despite effects on plasma insulin. Human breast cancer cell growth inhibition in response to metformin was only observed at high concentrations. Poor in vivo and in vitro response to metformin may be the result of pharmacokinetic (OCT-1 expression was low in rat mammary cells; OCT-3 was downregulated in mammary carcinoma) and pharmacodynamic (complex I transcripts were higher in mammary epithelial cells from carcinomas versus uninvolved gland) effects. In combination with dietary energy restriction, metformin offered protection against new tumor occurrence following release from combined treatment. Flow cytometry indicated the presence of cancer-initiated cells in mammary carcinomas. Conclusions: As a single agent, metformin possessed limited cancer inhibitory activity. However, metformin may be an effective component of multiagent interventions that target cancer-initiated cells. There is a clear need to identify the conditions under which metformin is likely to benefit prevention and control of breast cancer.
Impact of newer drugs and techniques on the quality of ambulatory anesthesia

Abstract Recent pharmacologic and technologic advances in anesthesia and surgery allow outpatients with complex medical problems to undergo a wide variety of diagnostic and surgical procedures on an ambulatory basis. Increasingly, however, anesthesia practitioners, as well as pharmacy and therapeutic committees, are demanding proof that a new, more costly drug or medical device is superior to existing products in achieving its desired effect, is associated with fewer adverse effects, enhances efficiency, and reduces health care costs. 19 The new field of pharmacoeconomics 71 has emphasized the importance of cost-effectiveness analyses that consider both direct and indirect costs of newer drugs and therapeutic modalities. 51 As new biomedical technology is introduced to facilitate the perioperative management of patients (e.g., computerized anesthesia information management systems), evidence that these systems enhance our ability to continue to provide high-quality, cost-effective health care will assume increasing importance. Limitations in health care resources necessitate a careful reevaluation of our clinical practices with respect to choice of drugs, supplies, equipment, and even discharge criteria. Ambulatory anesthesia and surgery will continue to increase because of the potential cost savings for patients undergoing elective operations on an outpatient basis. However, the challenge we face will be to continue to provide high-quality anesthesia care at a reduced cost. A careful examination of commonly accepted (but unproven) clinical practice patterns will be necessary to meet this challenge.
Enhanced detection and study of murine norovirus-1 using a more efficient microglial cell line

Human Noroviruses are the predominant cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. To facilitate prevention and control, a norovirus isolated from mice can provide a model to understand human noroviruses. To establish optimal viral infectivity conditions for murine noroviruses, several cell lines of hematopoietic lineage, including murine BV-2, RAW 264.7, and TIB, as well as human CHME-5, were tested comparatively for their sensitivity to murine norovirus-1. Except for CHME-5, all three murine-derived cell lines were susceptible to MNV infection. Viral infection of these cells was confirmed by RT-PCR. Using both viral plaque and replication assays, BV-2 and RAW 264.7 cells were determined to have comparable sensitivities to MNV-1 infection. Comparisons of cell growth characteristics, general laboratory handling and potential in-field applications suggest the use of BV-2 to be more advantageous. Results obtained from these studies demonstrate that an immortalized microglial cell line can support MNV-1 replication and provides a more efficient method to detect and study murine noroviruses, facilitating future investigations using MNV-1 as a model to study, detect, and control Human Norovirus.
A multiscale analysis of fixed-end simple shear using molecular dynamics, crystal plasticity, and a macroscopic internal state variable theory

We examine FCC nickel undergoing simple shear by using three different numerical frameworks formulated at three different size scales. The three frameworks included embedded atom method potentials used in molecular dynamics simulations, crystal plasticity used in finite element simulations, and a macroscale internal state variable formulation used in finite element simulations. Simple shear simulations were performed in which the specimen aspect ratio was varied to give insight into the homogeneous and inhomogeneous aspects of large deformation. This study revealed that the `apparent' yield stress was sensitive to the specimen aspect ratio except when the length-to-height ratio reached about 8 : 1, the yield stress remained constant. The three numerical frameworks gave similar qualitative responses related to inhomogeneous stress and strain distributions in the corner regions of the specimens and also similar responses in the centralized homogeneous deformation region. However, when comparing the shear stress distribution for the finite element analyses to the atomistic simulations, a much narrower distribution arose for the finite element analyses due to the lack of thermal vibrations experienced in the atomistic simulations at 300 K. A 10 K an atomistic simulation which dampened out the high frequency thermal vibrations verified this reasoning. Three different sizes of blocks of atoms were also used in the atomistic simulations and the results showed very similar stress and strain distributions with respect to each other indicating that no size scale effect is evidenced when normalized by the global shear stress. However, a size scale effect exists related to the global (volume average) shear stress in the specimen. As the specimen size increased, the yield stress decreased. Finally, when comparing the three different numerical frameworks, the location of maximum dislocation nucleation occurred at the location of the maximum plastic spin, stress gradients, and strain gradients.
Transfer Learning for Predictive Models in Massive Open Online Courses

Data recorded while learners are interacting with Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) platforms provide a unique opportunity to build predictive models that can help anticipate future behaviors and develop interventions. But since most of the useful predictive problems are defined for a real-time framework, using knowledge drawn from the past courses becomes crucial. To address this challenge, we designed a set of processes that take advantage of knowledge from both previous courses and previous weeks of the same course to make real time predictions on learners behavior. In particular, we evaluate multiple transfer learning methods. In this article, we present our results for the stopout prediction problem (predicting which learners are likely to stop engaging in the course). We believe this paper is a first step towards addressing the need of transferring knowledge across courses.
AM-FM interference excision in spread spectrum communications via projection filtering

Recently, Amin et al. introduced a projection filtering method for excising constant amplitude FM jammers from DSSS communications, with minimal distortion to the PN sequence. In this paper, we show that this approach can be applied to AM-FM jammers as well, with a simple modification. Theoretical performance measures (correlator SNR) of the AM-FM projection method are derived, and demonstrate that near ideal performance is achieved for unbiased estimates of the jammer parameters. Results showing the effects of estimation errors in the AM and FM of the jammer on SNR are also provided. In general, FM errors cause greater performance degradation than the same level of error in estimating the AM.
Electron beam coupling to electrical metamaterial structures

Many authors over many decades have considered the coupling of electron beams to various microwave structures. These structures range from slow wave structures, such as traveling wave tubes, to dielectrics, such as the dielectric Cherenkov maser. In this presentation, we consider the coupling of relativistic electron beams to electronic metamaterials. In previous treatments, our research focused on linear metamaterials without frequency or spatial dispersion. We now extend this treatment to consider both issues, as well as so-called indefinite medium, in which the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability must be treated as a tensor. Further, we investigate in a cylindrical geometry electron beams of finite extent. We treat the electron beam as a cold, non-neutral plasma confined by an infinite magnetic field, confining motion of the electrons to the axial direction. We treat the metamaterial, which loads the cylindrical waveguide along its outer wall, using effective medium theory, considering cases of double positive, single positive, and double negative dielectrics. In particular we study the dispersion and small signal growth rate of this system, the frequency range of applicability, and the Pierce parameter and coupling impedance of such structures.
Testing for Equivalence

The introduction of the notion of equivalence of matrices in Chapter 2, like the introduction of any notion of equivalence in mathematics, raises a natural question: How can one determine whether two matrices are equivalent? An answer is given in this chapter.
Secretory Clusterin Is a Marker of Tumor Progression Regulated by IGF-1 and Wnt Signaling Pathways

Secretory clusterin (sCLU) is a pro-survival factor that can be induced by cellular stress, including ionizing radiation (IR), many cytotoxic agents, and during cellular replicative or low doses of stress-induced senescence. sCLU expression changes with tumor stage and grade in various types of cancer. Previously our laboratory found that sCLU was induced by IR through activation of the IGF-1R/Src/MEK/ Erk/Egr-1 pathway. APC loss in Min-/-?mice was also linked to elevated sCLU expression, especially in human colon cancer. We now fi nd that Wnt signaling can cross talk with IGF-1 signaling to regulate sCLU expression. The cross talk between the IGF-1 and Wnt signaling pathways is very complex, not only because they share many components but also because they are delicately regulated by time, dose, and cell type. Both positive and negative feedback regulation loops regulate sCLU expression. Understanding these complicated signaling pathways will be essential for delineating the roles of Wnt, IGF-1, and sCLU expression in tumor progression, aging, and cancer, as well as in heart and Alzheimer’s diseases aberrant where sCLU expression has been implicated.
Microsoft health patient journey demonstrator.

Background As health care becomes more reliant on electronic systems, there is a need to standardise display elements to promote patient safety and clinical efficiency. The Microsoft' Health Common User Interface (MSCUI) programme, developed by Microsoft and the National Health Service (NHS) was born out of this need and creates guidance and controls designed to increase patient safety and clinical effectiveness through consistent interface treatments. Objective The Microsoft Health Patient Journey Demonstrator is a prototype tool designed to provide exemplar implementations of MSCUI guidance on a Microsoft platform. It is a targeted glimpse at a visual interface for the integration of health-relevant information, including electronic medical records. Method We built the demonstrator in Microsoft SilverlightTM 2, our application technology which brings desktop functionality and enriched levels of user experience to health settings worldwide via the internet. We based the demonstrator on an easily recognisable clinical scenario which offered us the most scope for demonstrating MSCUI guidance and innovation. Output The demonstrator is structured in three sections (administration, primary care and secondary care) each of which illustrates the activities associated within the setting relevant to our scenario. The demonstrator is published on the MSCUI website www.mscui.net Conclusion The MSCUI patient journey demonstrator has been successful in raising awareness and increasing interest in the CUI programme.
Permissible Composition and Concentration of Irrigation Water

The limit of permissible salt content of irrigation water is greatly influenced by variables inherent in the soil, the climatic conditions, and the kind of crops grown. It is of the greatest import...
Desert Peak EGS: Mechanisms influencing permeability evolution investigated using dual-porosity simulator TFReact

Abstract The reservoir response associated with selected phases of the hydraulic stimulation conducted as part of the 2010–2013 Desert Peak Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) project was investigated using the dual-porosity numerical simulator TFReact. The code couples the solid mechanics (M) analyses of FLAC3D with the multiphase, non-isothermal and reactive capabilities (THC) of TOUGHREACT, and allows for a comprehensive investigation of the major thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) physical processes occurring in deep, tight rock masses subject to circulation of pressurized fluids. Numerical simulations were performed to determine: (a) pore pressure diffusion and stress field modifications, (b) development of mechanical deformation, and, above all, (c) relative impact of tensile vs. shear deformation on the evolution of the reservoir permeability. A three-well reservoir model was implemented to account for the combined influence of concurrent injection in wells 27–15 (EGS well), 22–22 and 21–2 (active injectors). This study simulated selected stimulation treatments carried out from 914 to 1067 m depth ( shallow stimulation interval) and from 914 to 1771 m depth ( extended stimulation interval). Alternative hydraulic stimulation schemes/scenarios (by assuming diverse varying injectate properties and injection durations) were modeled over the two stimulation intervals to test if and how the final permeability could have been further improved. Simulated permeability modifications appear to be predominantly governed by thermo-hydro-mechanical dilation (elastic) during stimulation of the shallow interval and by hydro-mechanical deformation (inelastic shear) during stimulation of the extended interval. Inelastic shear deformation delivers higher permeability gains, and in the shortest time, when hydraulically conductive and well-oriented features are targeted with the stimulation treatment. TFReact simulations combined with a detailed site conceptualization and microseismicity interpretation, provide further understanding of injection-induced mechanisms.
Multi-criteria evaluation of the suitability of growth functions for modeling remotely sensed phenology

Abstract Reliable information related to vegetation phenology is required to improve understanding of land–atmosphere coupling and the biosphere's response and feedbacks to climate change. The logistic function is commonly used to model bounded growth and decay and extract phenological information from remotely sensed vegetation indices. However, several other growth functions can also model bounded growth and decay and may have more desirable properties than the logistic function for capturing deciduous forest phenology. We employed three complimentary criteria and evaluated the suitability of the Gompertz, logistic, mirror-Gompertz, and Richards functions to reliably capture remotely sensed phenology of deciduous forests. Our analyses showed that although all the four growth functions fit remotely sensed data equally well, their ability to capture rapidly changing phenology early in spring and late in fall differs significantly. Using 10 years of field measurements from two deciduous forest sites in the northeastern United States, we showed that dynamics in the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) phenology is asymmetric in both spring and fall. It develops more rapidly early in spring and decays more rapidly late in fall. A flexible function that can capture these asymmetric dynamics is likely to capture the phenological development and the transition dates better. Comparison with field measurements of start-of-season (SOS), end-of-season (EOS), and growing period length (GPL) confirmed this. Mean differences between modeled and observed GPL was 13.5 and 18.5 days for the Richards and logistic function, respectively, at Harvard Forest and 2.6 and 7.1 days, respectively at Hubbard Brook Forest. Our analyses also showed that FAPAR and normalized difference vegetation index have a strong linear relationship in spring, but correlate poorly in fall. Our results suggest that a flexible function line Richards is likely to be more reliable for modeling phenology and retrieving information of transitions events from remotely sensed NDVI.
Back-EMF based sensorless vector control of tubular PM linear motors

A sensorless control method of a tubular linear permanent magnet motor is presented. The sensorless algorithm is based on back-EMF estimation and consists of two observer stages. First, the back-EMF vector is estimated using a modified disturbance observer. Next, a Phased Locked Loop (PLL) tracking observer is implemented to extract the position from the back-EMF vector. The algorithm does not require any external signal injection. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of the sensorless algorithm under vector control even when starting from zero speed and at speed reversal.
The narcissism epidemic: Commentary on Modernity and narcissistic personality disorder.

Comments on the original article by Paris (see record 2012-18549-001) regarding narcissistic personality disorder. The current authors agree with Paris that modern life is making people more narcissistic. In fact, the authors demonstrate with this commentary, the case for increasing narcissism is even stronger than presented in his article. An explain that expressing individualism and lack of social support play key roles in this increase. However, the current authors question the idea that therapy is building narcissism.
In-Situ Monitoring of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Conducting Polymer Synthesis

The aqueous polymerization of pyrrole and aniline by ferricyanide and persulfate, respectively, was monitored by Raman scattering and potentiometry. Raman scattering gave well-resolved signals for monomer and oxidizer. The kinetics of polypyrrole formation could be determined by both techniques, whereas only Raman scattering was suitable for the aniline system. The stoichiometry of the pyrrole polymerization remained constant at 2.5 oxidant molecules per pyrrole consumed. The aniline reaction showed an accelerated region with aniline consumption lagging persulfate use.
Household and Family at Moche, Peru: An Analysis of Building and Residence Patterns in a Prehispanic Urban Center

The Moche was the last complex society to develop on the Peruvian north coast during the Early Intermediate Period (200 B. C.-700 A. D.). While archaeological research on the Moche has traditionally concentrated on the impressive marks of political and religious power, we know relatively little about Moche household organization and patterns of residence. In this research, conducted at the eponymous site of Moche, I identify three types of architectural organization relating to both residential and nonresidential spaces. An analysis of building materials and architectural superposition suggests a close relationship among construction quality, household size, and occupational continuity, in the case of residential architecture. The observed differences, I argue, reflect strategies of household social reproduction among Moche's urban population that depend largely on socioeconomic status. I also contend that different forms of labor were responsible for the construction of residential compounds and other specialized areas, the function of which may not be primarily residential. This research emphasizes the great potential of studying domesticity in prehistory as well as the dynamics of urban construction and suggests methods effective for the reconstruction of household forms and change in sedentary societies.
An Expanded Maize Gene Expression Atlas based on RNA Sequencing and its Use to Explore Root Development

Comprehensive and systematic transcriptome profiling provides valuable insight into biological and developmental processes that occur throughout the life cycle of a plant. We have enhanced our previously published microarray-based gene atlas of maize ( L.) inbred B73 to now include 79 distinct replicated samples that have been interrogated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The current version of the atlas includes 50 original array-based gene atlas samples, a time-course of 12 stalk and leaf samples postflowering, and an additional set of 17 samples from the maize seedling and adult root system. The entire dataset contains 4.6 billion mapped reads, with an average of 20.5 million mapped reads per biological replicate, allowing for detection of genes with lower transcript abundance. As the new root samples represent key additions to the previously examined tissues, we highlight insights into the root transcriptome, which is represented by 28,894 (73.2%) annotated genes in maize. Additionally, we observed remarkable expression differences across both the longitudinal (four zones) and radial gradients (cortical parenchyma and stele) of the primary root supported by fourfold differential expression of 9353 and 4728 genes, respectively. Among the latter were 1110 genes that encode transcription factors, some of which are orthologs of previously characterized transcription factors known to regulate root development in (L.) Heynh., while most are novel, and represent attractive targets for reverse genetics approaches to determine their roles in this important organ. This comprehensive transcriptome dataset is a powerful tool toward understanding maize development, physiology, and phenotypic diversity.
Retirement Timing: A Review and Recommendations for Future Research

Although there have been many reviews of the retirement literature in recent years, the issue of retirement timing has received less attention, neglecting some large and important issues. Further, a significant number of empirical articles about retirement timing have been published across multiple disciplines since these review articles were written. The purpose of our study is to review and integrate prior research regarding retirement timing. We define retirement timing as the age or relative point at which workers exit from their position or career path (e.g., early, on time, and later). We propose a model to serve as an organizing framework for understanding retirement timing. Our model includes antecedents and consequences that are each grouped in terms of individual, family, work, and sociocultural factors related to the timing of the retirement process. We identify and discuss key factors that serve to moderate the relation between retirement timing and consequences. Finally, we identify gaps in the current literature and provide recommendations for future research.
Closed three-dimensional reconstruction of large maxillary defects with Titanium mesh and auto-ilium and superficial temporal fascia

Objective To research for the reconstruction of maxillary defects with Titanium mesh brace, auto-ilium, pedicle buccal pad and superficial temporal fascia. Methods A three-dimensional working model was obtained by surgical technique and copied the lost maxillary defects. Then the Titanium mesh braces were placed in the model with pedicle buccal pad inside, fixing with Titanium nails. Auto-ilium bones were implanted, using minor Titanium plate and Titanium mesh for internal fixation. The Titanium mesh was covered with superficial temporal fascia to restore the lost defects. In 7 cases of them, 4 underwent subtotal maxillectomy, 3 with maxillectomy. Results All the tissue flaps in 7 cases were alive, patients had good facial contour. The contour of the nasal cavity, palate and the dental arch were restored. 2 weeks after the reconstruction, the rhinoscopy showed that the Titanium mesh was covered with maxillary buccal pad and mucosalization. Within 4～6 months, the superficial temporal fascia got complete epithelialization. The follow-up of 8～16 months found that no food returned from the nasal cavity, speech cleared. CT proved that tumor free and the mouth could open 3～4.5cm. Conclusion Closed three-dimensional reconstruction of maxillary defects has satisfactory contour, oral and speech function. And it is simpler, safer and easier than other reconstruction with vascularization free bone complex flaps, of which the flaps have good blood circulation and are easy to live. Therefore it is worthwhile for popularization.
Geometric measure theory

Geometric measure theory could be described as differential geometry, generalized through measure theory to deal with maps and surfaces that are not necessarily smooth and applied to the calculus of variations. It dates from the 1960 foundational paper of Herbert Federer and Wendell Fleming on Normal and Integral Currents , recognized by the 1986 AMS Steele Prize for a paper of fundamental or lasting importance. This chapter presents an outline of the purpose and basic concepts of geometric measure theory. Along with its successes and advantages, the definition of a surface as a mapping has certain drawbacks: (1) there is an inevitable a priori restriction on the types of singularities that can occur; (2) there is an a priori restriction on the topological complexity; and (3) the natural topology lacks compactness properties. The importance of compactness properties appears in the direct method. The direct method for finding a surface of least area with a given boundary has three steps: (1) take a sequence of surfaces with areas decreasing to the infimum, (2) extract a convergent subsequence, and (3) show that the limit surface is the desired surface of least area. An alternative to surfaces as mappings is provided by rectifiable currents, the m -dimensional, oriented surfaces of geometric measure theory.
Quantifying the Seafood Consumption Patterns of Recreational Anglers in Charleston and Berkeley Counties, South Carolina

This study was designed to provide self-reported data on the frequency of fish consumption and shellfish consumption in Charleston and Berkeley (CB) counties, South Carolina. While commercial fishing and recreational fishing have played an important role in the culture and history of the area, information on the specific patterns of consumption by recreational anglers has been previously unavailable. The pilot data presented here will help determine the feasibility of a large-scale survey of seafood consumption in coastal South Carolina. The study's sampling frame consisted of CB county anglers who had purchased a recreational saltwater fishing license for the 2005/2006 year with oversampling in North Charleston. Survey recipients were asked to provide information on fish consumption and shellfish consumption, general angling habits, perception of water and fishing quality, and demographics. Of the 2500 individuals who were sent questionnaires, about one-fourth responded. Respondents were generally white, middle, or upper class and highly educated. The majority fished by boat and most often ate flounder, spotted sea trout, and red drum. Most respondents ate shrimp several times a month and also supplemented their recreational catch with seafood purchased from grocery stores, markets, and restaurants. Almost all respondents had eaten some seafood in the last year, and more than one-fourth ate seafood twice a week or more. Most anglers responded positively about the area's fishing and water qualities, but many referred to areas where they would hesitate to eat their catch. Further research may need to incorporate direct distribution of surveys to underrepresented groups and financial incentives to encompass a more diverse population of anglers.
Tensile and fatigue behavior of oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composite with simulated foreign object damage in combustion environment

In this study, oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composite test coupons were quasi-statically indented and tested for tensile strength and fatigue life in a combustion environment. The combustion environment simulated the gas turbine engine environment in an aircraft. Two different dent sizes were created on two different sets of test coupons with a blunt conical indentor. During mechanical testing, the combustion flame simultaneously impinged on the dent region resulting in a maximum test coupon surface temperature of 1250 ± 50°C. For a life of 90 000 cycles, the fatigue limit in the combustion environment was 85% of the postindentation degraded tensile strength. Microscopy images of the failed test coupons showed damage modes of fiber fracture and matrix cracking at the dent site. The run-out test coupons which did not fail within 90 000 cycles showed residual strength that was not significantly different from that of their virgin counterparts.
Lebensunwertes leben and the obligation to die. Does the obligation to die rest on a misunderstanding of community

In this paper the authors address the recent argument that we have an obligation to seek or actively bring about our own death when we burden others too greatly. Some of the problems with this argument and some of the practical conseqeuences of adopting such a point of view are discussed in this paper. We argue that the argument rests on an individualistic approach which sees the family being burdened as standing alone instead of seeing it as embedded in a burden-sharing community.
When Criticism Enhances Creativity in Brainstorming: The Moderating Role of Group Purpose

Historically, scholars and practitioners have asserted that criticism is harmful for group brainstorming. However, recent research has challenged this assumption, suggesting that criticism might ac...