cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociocultural Characteristics of the Hidden Curriculum in Physical Education

This paper discusses how physical educators contribute to social injustice and inequality through the hidden curriculum. Often, physical educators perceive their roles as independent from the broader social context. As such, they rarely analyze the sociocultural implications of teaching. This paper examines particular hidden social concepts, patterns, and characteristics that often are taught in physical education. These concepts, patterns, and characteristics reinforce the prevalent hegemonic ideology which, in turn, serves the interests of the dominant groups at the expense of the dominated. The intention of this paper is to raise awareness about how the hidden curriculum in physical education affects students' and teachers' lives. Ultimately, the aim is to open windows of transformation and possibility in an attempt to create a more just and equal society through physical education.
Psychological models of deferred decision making

Abstract In a two-state deferred decision making task one of two mutually exclusive states of nature is responsible for generating a sequence of independent, identically distributed, and costly observations. After purchasing each observation, the decision maker must either (a) stop purchasing costly observations and make a terminal choice favoring one of the two states, or (b) continue purchasing at least one more observation. We describe a new method, called pattern analysis, for distinguishing alternative models of deferred decision making. Seven different psychological models are evaluated including the optimal stopping rule, fixed sampling, random walk, fixed forgetting, horse race or accumulator, runs, and hybrid stopping rules. Violations of basic properties implied by each of these seven models are reported. The most promising psychological model was a myopic stopping rule, which prescribes purchasing observations until the expected loss of making a terminal decision after purchasing n observations is less than or equal to the sum of the costs of purchasing n + 1 observations.
Radioactive Fat Absorption Patterns Their Significance in Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Fat tolerance tests with radioactive triolein were performed on a group of patients with coronary atherosclerosis or hypercholesterolemia, and significant differences from normal subjects were observed. The mechanisms and implications of these abnormalities are discussed.
Selective Facilitation and Interference in Retention of Prose.

A prose passage may be described at the level of asserted relations among general semantic categories or at the level of predications about specific details (e.g., names, dates, places). This experiment used interpolated learning to facilitate retention of the conceptual macrostructure of an originally learned passage while simultaneously interfering with retention of the originally learned passage's detailed microstructure. The subjects originally learned a short biography; the experimental subjects then learned two more biographies of similar conceptual format which had one third of the details changed. Later, cued recall of changed details of the originally learned passage showed retroactive interference and many intrusion errors. Free recall of the originally learned passage showed depressed recall of changed details and enhanced recall of unchanged details, but equal facilitation in recall of the conceptual macrostructure.
Physico-chemical characterisation, cytotoxic activity, and biocompatibility studies of tamoxifen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared via a temperature-modulated solidification method.

AbstractContext: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) can efficiently and efficaciously incorporate anti-cancer agents. Objective: To prepare and characterise tamoxifen (TAM)-loaded SLNs. Materials and methods: Glyceryl monostearate, Tween-80, and trehalose were used in SLNs. SLNs were tested via dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: Characterisation studies revealed SLNs of about 540 nm with a negative surface charge and confirmed the entrapment of TAM in the SLNs. The entrapment efficiency was estimated to be 60%. Discussion: The in vitro drug release profile demonstrated a gradual increase followed by a release plateau for several days. A drug concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxic activity was observed when the SLNs were evaluated in cell cultures. Conclusion: Biocompatible and stable lyophilised SLNs were successfully prepared and found to...
College Activism Reassessed: The Development of Activists and Nonactivists from Successive Cohorts

Abstract Large samples (300–500 students each year) of the four undergraduate classes were presented with a structured interview during the academic years 1973–1974, 1974–1975, and 1975–1976. The interview contained a series of items selected to determine level of behavioral activism and a variety of attitudinal, personality, and familial variables shown to be relevant in previous research. Students were classified as activists or nonactivists on the basis of their scores on the activism instrument. Analyses examined the effects of cohort, year in college, and activism on the other variables. The most notable finding was the greater likelihood of nonactivists to participate in national and campus politics, with participation declining over years of measurement. These and other findings were quite different from those reported in the earlier literature. It was concluded that developmental designs which permit separation of cohort and year-of-measurement effects are critical in research on such changing soc...
State feedback control of an aeroelastic system with structural nonlinearity

The paper treats the question of state variable feedback control of prototypical aeroelastic wing sections with structural nonlinearity. This type of model has been traditionally used for the theoretical as well as experimental analyses of two-dimensional aeroelastic behavior. The chosen dynamic model describes the nonlinear plunge and pitch motion of a wing. A single control surface is used for the purpose of control. A control law is designed based on the state-dependent Riccati equation technique. Unlike feedback linearizing control systems reported in literature, this approach is applicable to minimum as well as nonminimum phase aeroelastic models. The closed-loop system is asymptotically stable. Simulation results are presented which show that in the closed-loop system, flutter suppression is accomplished.
Representing the Other in Sociology of the Family Texts

The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of otherness as it applies to the content of sociology of the family texts. We conducted a study of the content of the indexes and the body of texts on sociology of the family, examining the way in which the experiences of whites were addressed relative to families of color. We found that whites were more often presented as a comparison group to families of color rather than as groups with histories and experiences of their own. We recommend that textbooks avoid separate sections for families of color, examine whites with the same scrutiny as families of color, examine white privilege as well as minority disadvantage, and focus on the positive experiences of families of color.
New substrate for room-temperature phosphorescence—Inorganic compound plate

Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is becoming an important tool for the analysis of drugs, PAHs, pesticides, etc., because of its selectivity, ease of sample handling, ease of automation, and small amount of sample needed for the analysis. Thus far, the solid substrates used in RTP measurement have been limited to filter paper (3, 6, 7, 9, IO), silica gel (I, 2), and sodium acetate (4, 5). Filter paper is the most popular, useful, and convenient substrate at the present time although it still suffers from a relatively high background which hampers the possibility of lowering the detection power for most analytes (6). The search for means of reducing the background signal of filter paper (7), and for other low-background substrates is critical to the analytical usefulness of RTP.
Visually evoked calcium action potentials in cat striate cortex

EARLY intracellular studies of cerebral cortical neurons indicated that synaptic input evokes dendritic action potentials that convey information towards the soma1.Subsequent work in vitro established that neocortical neurons produce dendritic Ca2 action potentials2–5. To determine whether natural stimuli elicit Ca2+ spikes, we combined the techniques of whole-cell recording6,7, pharmacology8 and quantitative receptive field mapping9. Our findings show that visual stimulation routinely evoked Ca2+ spikes in distinct functional10 and anatomical11 classes of cells in different layers of the cat striate cortex12. Hence regenerative Ca2+ potentials appear to play a role in both the initial and later stages of cortical sensory processing.
Substitution of choline by related compounds in the diet of Argyrotaenia velutinana and Heliothis virescens

Abstract Argyrotaenia velutinana, the red-banded leaf roller, and Heliothis virescens, the tobacco budworm, both require choline for growth and development when reared on semisynthetic diets. The optimum level for A. velutinana is 50 mg 100 g of diet whereas that for H. virescens exceeds 100 mg 100 g of diet. No choline analog tested can adequately replace choline in the diet. One compound, dimethylethylcholine, will permit some adut emergence but development is slower and mortality is greater than on the corresponding diet containing choline. This is in sharp contrast to a number of Diptera in which mary choline analogs can not only replace choline in the diet but are also incorporated into phospholipids analogous to phosphatidylcholine. In A. velutinana, dimethylisopropylcholine and β-methylcholine, although inadequate as choline replacements, can spare the dietary choline requirement, Isopropylethanolamine is a growth inhibitor for A. velutinana but not for H. virescens.
Mathematical equivalence of zero-padding interpolation and circular sampling theorem interpolation with implications for direct Fourier image reconstruction

The speed and accuracy of Direct Fourier image reconstruction methods have long been hampered by the need to interpolate between the polar grid of Fourier data that is obtained from the measured projection data and the Cartesian grid of Fourier data that is needed to recover an image using the 2D FFT. Fast but crude interpolation schemes such as bilinear interpolation often lead to unacceptable image artifacts, while more sophisticated but computationally intense techniques such as circular sampling theorem (CST) interpolation negate the speed advantages afforded by the use of the 2D FFT. One technique that has been found to yield high-quality images without much computational penalty is a hybrid one in which zero-padding interpolation is first used to increase the density of samples on the polar grid after which bilinear interpolation onto the Cartesian grid is performed. In this work, we attempt to account for the success of this approach relative to the CST approach in three ways. First and more importantly, we establish that zero-padding interpolation of periodic functions that are sampled in accordance with the Nyquist criterion--precisely the sort of function encountered in the angular dimension of the polar grid--is exact and equivalent to circular sampling theorem interpolation. Second, we point out that both approaches make comparable approximations in interpolating in the radial direction. Finally, we indicate that the error introduced by the bilinear interpolation step in the zero- padding approach can be minimized by choosing sufficiently large zero-padding factors.
Phenotypic determinants of adenovirus E1A gene autoregulation: variable region between conserved coding domains 2 and 3.

Abstract Different serotypes and evolutionary variants of human adenoviruses exhibit distinctive patterns of positive and negative autoregulation of the viral E1A gene. An autoregulatory E1A promoter mutation of the adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) E1A gene renders Ad3 hr 15 incapable of growth in normally permissive cells. The promoter mutation is complemented in trans by E1A products of the heterologous helper adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). Second-site revertants of Ad3 hr 15 restore viability with high levels of E1A gene expression. The revertant E1A genotypes retain the mutant E1A promoter and have small in-frame deletions in the nonconserved region between the repression- and activation-associated conserved domains CR2 and CR3. Plasmid expression vectors were constructed as 12S and 13S cDNA forms of revertant E1A genes. These were used in cotransfection experiments with a reporter gene plasmid under transcriptional control of the mutant Ad3 hr 15 E1A promoter. The repression of the Ad3 hr 15 E1A promoter by helper Ad5 or revertant 12S E1A cDNA was consistently greater than that effected by wild-type Ad3 12S E1A cDNA expression. Significantly greater levels of positive transactivation were observed in cotransfections with 13S cDNAs of Ad5 or with the 13S E1A cDNA of Ad3 hr 15 revertants, compared to the transactivation observed with the mutant-encoded wild-type Ad3 13S E1A cDNA. The Ad5 helper and dl -revertant phenotype of Ad3 hr 15 appear to be related to transactivation activities of coexpressed E1A genes. The nonconserved region which separates the conserved coding regions CR2 and CR3 of the type 3 E1A gene acts to attenuate E1A-mediated repression and transactivation of transcription.
Four 5‐Hydroxytryptamine7 (5‐HT7) Receptor Isoforms in Human and Rat Produced by Alternative Splicing: Species Differences Due to Altered Intron‐Exon Organization

The serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT7 receptor subtype is thought to mediate a number of physiological effects in mammalian brain and periphery. Previous studies suggested that alternative splicing might contribute to 5-HT7 receptor diversity as well. We now report that alternative splicing in human and rat tissues produces four 5-HT7 receptor isoforms that differ in their predicted C-terminal intracellular tails. Human and rat partial 5-HT7 cDNAs and intronic sequences were identified and compared. In rat tissues, three 5-HT7 isoforms, here called 5-HT7(a), 5-HT7(b), and 5-HT7(c), are found. Rat 5-HT7(a) [448-amino acid (aa)] and 5-HT7(b) (435-aa) forms arise from alternative splice donor sites. A third new isoform found in rat, 5-HT7(c) (470-aa), results from a retained exon cassette. Three 5-HT7 mRNA isoforms were also identified in human tissues, where only one isoform was previously described. Two human isoforms represent 5-HT7(a) and 5-HT7(b) forms (445- and 432-aa), but the third form does not correspond to 5-HT7(c). Instead, it constitutes a distinct isoform, 5-HT7(d) (479-aa), resulting from retention of a separate exon cassette. 5-HT7(d) transcripts are not present in rat because the 5-HT7(d)-specifying exon is absent from the rat 5-HT7 gene. A frame-shifting homologue of the rat 5-HT7(c)-Specifying exon is present in the human gene but is not used in the human tissues examined. Tissue-specific splicing differences are present in human between brain and spleen. These studies suggest that alternative splicing may contribute to diversity of 5-HT7 receptor action and that the human and rat repertoires of 5-HT7 splice variants are substantially different.
Managing for Results in an Impossible Job: Solution or Symbol? Abstract

Abstract Recent years have been characterized by widespread adoption of reforms that called for governments to manage for results. This article tackles the question: what is the impact of results-based reforms in functions that the public management literature has defined as “impossible jobs?” The implementation of strategic planning and performance measurement in the Alabama Department of Corrections provides a case study of such a scenario. The explicit goals of results-based reforms suggest a solution to “impossible jobs” by achieving improved allocation, effectiveness, and efficiency. However, the case evidence suggests that their main use is as a symbol of rational governance, to be used by beleaguered agencies and governments in a bid to increase resources. Beyond this, the public manager in an impossible job finds little benefit from results-based reform, and seeks to devote as few resources as is necessary to comply with reform requirements.
The chemistry of marine petroleum seeps

Abstract Natural oil seepage contributes approximately 10% (0.6 × 106 metric tons per year) of the annual input of petroleum hydrocarbons to the marine environment and half of that arises from the continental shelves of the circum-Pacific. Chemical properties of submarine petroleum seeps are reviewed, focusing on those of the Southern California Borderland, in relation to crude oil produced in the same geographic area, the compositional changes due to weathering in the marine environment, and the hydrocarbon and trace element compositions of the surrounding seawater and adjacent sediments. One purpose has been to determine whether the hydrocarbon compositions of seawater or surface sediments reflect the composition of nearby seepage, and can be used to identify previously unknown petroleum sources. The analytical procedures included identification of saturated hydrocarbons by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; stable isotopic ratios of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon on gas and oil, and the δ13C for various liquid-solid chromato-graphic fractions. The range in δ34S covered by the California oils is −4 to +15.9%., and the δ15N range is from +5.6 to +11%.. Carbon isotopic ratios for total oils exhibit a relatively narrow range (−22.1 to −27.3%.); however, chemical fractions show a relatively greater variation (−21.5 to −31.5%.), with the hexane fraction lighter than the total oil, and the n-alkanes representing the lightest of all fractions measured. The content of nitrogen and sulfur, their isotopic ratios, and the δ13C of chromatographic fractions, serve to distinguish oils and seeps derived from different formations. Comparison of gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data from a seep and from a crude oil produced nearby show cycloalkane compositional differences attributable to origins, rather than to differences in weathering history. Data presented demonstrate that analyses of the water column for enrichment in high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons or trace metals adjacent to seep areas may produce equivocal results. Sediment analysis appears to give a more reliable indication of petroleum contribution. Anthropogenic hydrocarbons and trace metals, derived from shipping lanes, harbor activities, or sewage disposal systems, can exceed natural concentrations and thereby alter the distribution pattern. However, marine sediments receiving petroleum contributions can be differentiated from those in which only biogenic hydrocarbons are present.
Heart rate conditioning in the cat and its relationship to other physiological responses.

Twenty cats were classically conditioned using electric shock as the unconditional stimulus (US). A 1000 cps tone served as the reinforced conditional stimulus (CS+) and a 500 cps tone as the non-reinforced conditional stimulus (CS–). The CS–US interval was 10 seconds. Data collected show a heart rate deceleration to the CS+ which is accompanied by a drop in blood pressure, respiratory apnea, a negative baseline shift of the galvanic skin potential (GSP), pupillary dilatation, a decrease of the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles of the shocked foreleg, and a low voltage fast pattern of the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of the sigmoid gyrus of the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb. The heart rate deceleration is present after muscle paralysis with succinyl choline and it is blocked by atropine. It is presumed to be of vagal origin. Difference in CS+ and US responsivity is discussed.
Modelling of fine and coarse sediment interaction over alternate bars

Abstract Flume experiments demonstrated an ability to model bed features, such as pavement and the alternate bar structure, that are commonly encountered in natural gravel-bed streams. The effect of pool-and-riffle topography on the infiltration of fines into, and their removal from, the channel bed was examined. Fines were deposited first and removed last from the downstream side of the bar and from the pool area. When there is no bed motion, the flow is capable of completely removing the fines from the pavement but not from the subpavement. When the bed is active, both pavement and subpavement can be cleaned.
Glycerolipid-fatty-acid desaturase deficiencies in chloroplasts from fruits of Capsicum annuum L.

Chloroplasts from fruits and leaves of Capsicum annuum cv. ‘Bell Tower’ were purified on sucrose gradients, and the lipids were separated by column and thin-layer chromatography. The glycerolipids mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG, DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were quantified, and the fatty-acid composition at the 1 and 2 positions of the glycerol moiety (sn-1 and sn-2) was determined after hydrolysis with position-specific lipases. In fruit chloroplasts, Δ3-trans hexadecenoate (trans-3-16∶1) was absent and replaced by palmitate (16∶0) at sn-2 of PG, and Δ7,10,13-hexadecatrienoate (16∶3) at sn-2 of MGDG was greatly reduced and largely replaced by linoleate (18∶2). The ratio of 18∶2 to linolenate (18∶3) was consistently greater in glycerolipids from fruit compared with leaf chloroplasts. The lower percentage of C-16 fatty acids at sn-2 indicated that “prokaryotic” molecular species were reduced by ≤15% in DGDG, ∼40% in SQDG, and ∼90% in MGDG, in fruit compared with leaf chloroplasts. The MGDG∶DGDG ratios in fruit and leaf chloroplasts were 1.2∶1 and 2.2∶1, respectively. Taken together, the data indicate that chloroplasts in Capsicum fruit are deficient in three desaturases: those that convert 1) 16∶0 to Δ3-trans-16∶1 at sn-2 of PG, 2) 16∶0 to Δ7−cis-16∶1 at sn-2 of MGDG, and 3) 18∶2 to 18∶3 at both sn-1 and sn-2 of various chloroplast glycerolipids.
Short-termism, long-termism, and regulatory focus in venture capitalists' investment decisions

Short-termism and long-termism are characterized in the literature as suboptimal intertemporal trade-offs defined, respectively, as prioritizing the short term over the long term (to the detriment of the long term) and prioritizing the long term over the short term (to the detriment of the short term). Advancing this perspective, we argue that short-termism and long-termism could be approached as opportunistic strategies utilized by agents to earn private benefits at the principal's expense. Venture Capitalists (VCs) may use either of these strategies to take advantage of limited partners and entrepreneurs. How can principals detect opportunistic tendencies on the part of VCs as agents? We argue that the principals can do so by examining the effect of the two suboptimal intertemporal trade-offs on VCs’ investment proclivities. Thus, we contend that short-termism amplifies VCs’ eagerness to invest whereas long-termism magnifies VC's eagerness to provide follow-on investment. Counterintuitively, short-termi...
Yeast actin is relatively well behaved.

Actin from yeast has been reported previously to have unusual polymerization properties. Here we report a simple sensitive spot assay for actin and use it to develop a high-yield procedure for the purification of actin from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The polymerization properties of purified yeast actin are quantitatively similar to all other characterized actins. We have characterized this actin with respect to its ability to interact with yeast profilin and tropomyosin, the only yeast actin-binding proteins so far purified and characterized. Yeast profilin can sequester yeast actin monomers and thereby reduce the ability of yeast actin to polymerize, whereas it has little effect on the degree of polymerization of rabbit skeletal muscle actin. By contrast, there is no apparent difference between the binding of yeast or smooth muscle tropomyosin to yeast or rabbit skeletal muscle actin. The availability of purified yeast actin should facilitate a detailed examination of its interaction with recently discovered yeast actin-binding proteins. Greer and Schekman (1982) [Greer, C. & Scheckman, R. (1982), Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 1279–1286] reported that an intrinsic property of yeast actin is a Ca2+ dependent increase in critical concentration with the formation of 15–50-nm particles. Our purified actin does not have this property. By modifying the purification protocol, we can obtain a preparation having a Ca2+-dependent change in polymerization properties. The Ca2+-dependent effect results in a slower polymerization rate as well as the formation of shorter filaments. Since this effect could be mediated by a protein present at a very low stoichiometry to actin, and we do not see any contaminating peptides, we have not pursued this effect further. We suggest that the Ca2+-dependent properties of the Greer and Schekman preparation are most likely due to a minor contaminant.
Identification of high-affinity binding sites for the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor in membranes of the model legumes Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus.

Previous studies have led to the identification and characterization of specific, high-affinity binding sites for a hepta-β-glucoside elicitor in soybean. A survey of plant species for elicitor-binding activity reveals that among the plants tested, the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor is only recognized by plants belonging to the legume family. We have characterized in detail the glucan elicitor-binding site in the model legume Medicago truncatula Gaertn., and partially characterized the site in Lotus japonicus. These sites have characteristics that are very similar to the one in soybean, with dissociation constants of 4.7 and 8.9 nM respectively. The elicitor-binding sites from both plants are stable during solubilization with non-ionic alkylglycoside detergents. However, differences are observed in the abundance of the binding sites and their selectivity towards structurally related analogues of the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor. Our results suggest that similar, but perhaps not identical, binding sites for the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor exist in diverse legumes, but not in plants outside of the legume family.
Evidence for Electron-Electron Scattering in the Low-Temperature Resistivity of Simple Metals

Observations of the temperature-dependent resistivity of aluminum, indium, sodium, and potassium have shown a ${T}^{2}$ term to exist in the resistivity of indium and aluminum, but not in sodium or potassium.
Sodium excretion rates and renal responses to acute salt loading in the European starling

Renal clearance studies were performed in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in order to determine the extent of ureteral sodium excretion under control conditions and during an acute, hyperosmotic salt stress. These experiments also estimated the contribution of the lower intestine (colon and cloaca) to postrenal solute reabsorption by making both cloacal and ureteral urine collections in the same birds. A comparison of ureteral vs cloacal excretion rates found significantly higher sodium (9.09±1.30 vs 1.03±0.38 μEq·kg−1·min−1) and chloride (4.15±0.56 vs 1.00±0.38 μEq·kg−1·min−1) excretion rates during the ureteral collections. Fractional excretion of sodium was also significantly higher during ureteral collections, but this value did not exceed 1% of the filtered sodium load during either collection series. Urine flow rate was significantly higher during cloacal collections, suggesting osmotic back-flux of water across the cloacal wall. Infusion of a 1M NaCl solution resulted in rapid increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine flow rate, and urine osmolality. Fractional sodium and water reabsorption decreased by 11% and 4%, respectively. Glomerular counts and size distribution profiles, measured by in vivo alcian blue labelling, provided no evidence for a reduction in the number of filtering glomeruli during hyperosmotic saline loading. We conclude that renal sodium excretion rates for the starling are similar to those seen in other avian species and in mammals. These studies also provide direct evidence for postrenal modification of urine in this species, even under conditions of continuous flow. Acute hyperosmotic salt stress can, under some conditions, cause increased rather than decreased GFR, indicating multiple regulatory pathways. Finally, there was no evidence in these studies for glomerular shutdown in response to salt loading.
Reconciling uncertainties in integrated science and policy models: Applications to global climate change

In this thesis tools of data reconciliation are used to integrate available information into scientific and policy models of greenhouse gases. The role of uncertainties in scientific and policy models of global climate change is examined, and implications for global change policy are drawn. Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas. Global sources and sinks of methane have significant uncertainties. A chance constrained methodology was developed and used to perform inversions on the global methane cycle. Budgets of methane that are consistent with source fluxes, isotopic and ice core measurements were determined. While it is not possible to come up with a single budget for CH{sub 4}, performing the calculation with a number of sets of assumed priors suggests a convergence in the allowed range for sources. In some cases -- wetlands (70-130 Tg/yr), rice paddies (60-125 Tg/yr) a significant reduction in the uncertainty of the source estimate is achieved. Our results compare favorably with the most recent measurements of flux estimates. For comparison, a similar analysis using bayes monte carlo simulation was performed. The question of the missing sink for carbon remains unresolved. Two analyses that attempt to quantify the missing sink were performed. First, a steady statemore » analysis of the carbon cycle was used to determine the pre-industrial inter-hemispheric carbon concentration gradient. Second, a full blown dynamic inversion of the carbon cycle was performed. An advection diffusion ocean model with surface chemistry, coupled to box models of the atmosphere and the biosphere was inverted to fit available measurements of {sup 12}C and {sup 14}C carbon isotopes using Differential-Algebraic Optimization. The model effectively suggests that the {open_quotes}missing{close_quotes} sink for carbon is hiding in the biosphere. Scenario dependent trace gas indices were calculated for CH{sub 4}, N{sub 2}O, HCFC-22.« less
Church and State in Honduras and Nicaragua Prior to 1979

The Hordurm CaXlk Church pEryed a crEal role in pushingfor roNal reforrn dumlg the 1 960s, weU before it cowtrparts in Lin AJrri. In neiEbirtg Nicaragua, Churdl policy bolstered the Sornoza re, changing only with the ernergence of revoluaon tn the 1970s. The Cadlolic Church playexl trwrkedBy digerent roles in Nicara 1 Hondurr prior to 1979. Much i i contut is best etlained in rderence t sate sucturEs aJld ffie* reEnship S the Churda. The purpose of this aracle is to exarnine how stat irlStUN infle, ai are infli , < erful Unonstate1 acarrs such as the Chur&* Such m aptoxh expSm Avagmt pattems of chur&^ s£e rels in Nragua and Hondaras. This aticle approaches church-state relations in the context of the variable capacity of states to influence the societles they fbrmally ruler The state is viewel as possessing the potential to act of its own. volition and even transform relations among societal forces. Yet at the same time, analysis is based on the realiqr of powerful nonstate actors, such as the Church, rhat can often wield far greater authority over social relations than state £nsTitutions, especially in settsgs such as the Central American countrpidev It is in this larger context that this article wiLI examine the relationship between the state and religious groupings in the Nicaraguan and Honduran counv tryside. In Nicarag and HondurasX nonState groupS often possess a far greater capacity than the State to influence the countryside. Many of these forces had close links to powerful external groups with no real allegiance to Honduran and Nicaraguan political structures Much has been made of the role of the banana companies in Honduras, and of the United States government in Somoza's Nicaragua. This study will analyze the role of an equally powerful nonstate actor: the Roman Catholic Church.
Active faults of Alaska

Abstract Geologically young displacements have been observed along 24 faults in an area of Alaska of approximately 624,000 km 2 . Active faults of southern Alaska include the Patton Bay and Hanning Bay reverse-slip faults, both reactivated in 1964. The Fairweather strike-slip fault experienced surface faulting in 1958 and possibly in 1899. Three normal-slip faults trending northerly were not reactivated in 1964; these are the Johnstone Bay fault, Ragged Mountain fault, and the Long Glacier fault. The Castle Mountain fault trends northeasterly and is marked by a low, south-facing escarpment. Active faults in the Alaska Range and adjacent areas include those of the Denali fault system, including the Totschunda fault and the McGinnis Glacier fault; inactive faults include the Hines Creek fault. Other active faults include the Donnelly Dome fault, the Granite Mountain fault, and the Healy Creek fault. The north front of the Alaska Range west of Donnelly Dome is a monocline with few associated surface faults. The Clearwater Lake fault, located along the Tanana River east of Delta Junction, appears to be active, although an origin of landforms due to faulting cannot be proven. Active faults in the Tanana—Kuskokwim Lowland and Yukon—Tanana Upland include the Minto, Shaw Creek, Champion Creek, and Tintina faults. The active Kaltag fault, located southwest of Tanana, does not appear to connect by means of an active trace with the Tintina fault, which is 300 km to the east. Active faults of the Kokrine—Hodzana Highlands include the Kanuti and Dall Mountain faults. Active faults west of the Kanuti include the Huslia and a fault along Shoestring Sand Dune, both in the Koyukuk Flats. The active Kobuk—Alatna Hills fault trends westerly south of the Brooks Range. No active faults were observed in the central and eastern Brooks Range, Arctic Foothills, or Arctic Coastal Plain in the area of study.
Wrapping and Unwrapping Emotions: Clinical Practice with East Asian Immigrant Elders

Using the cultural norm of the way gifts are wrapped, unwrapped, and exchanged as a metaphor for interpersonal connections, this paper presents the way therapists can establish therapeutic relationships with East Asian clients who do not express emotions openly. We first discuss the ways in which emotions are conceptualized, experienced, and expressed in East Asian cultures. We then present vignettes of our work with older Chinese and Japanese immigrant women to illustrate the importance of therapist authenticity and co-construction of the therapeutic relationship. Using the framework of relational/cultural theory, which posits that healing takes place in the context of mutually empathic growth-fostering relationships, we illustrate the importance of establishing mutuality between therapist and client as a form of cultural empathy.
A truncated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein induces and inhibits angiostatin (kringles 1-3), a plasminogen cleavage product.

Abstract Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a serpin protease inhibitor that binds plasminogen activators (uPA and tPA) at a reactive center loop located at the carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues 320–351. The loop is stretched across the top of the active PAI-1 protein maintaining the molecule in a rigid conformation. In the latent PAI-1 conformation, the reactive center loop is inserted into one of the beta sheets, thus making the reactive center loop unavailable for interaction with the plasminogen activators. We truncated porcine PAI-1 at the amino and carboxyl termini to eliminate the reactive center loop, part of a heparin binding site, and a vitronectin binding site. The region we maintained corresponds to amino acids 80–265 of mature human PAI-1 containing binding sites for vitronectin, heparin (partial), uPA, tPA, fibrin, thrombin, and the helix F region. The interaction of “inactive” PAI-1, rPAI-123, with plasminogen and uPA induces the formation of a proteolytic protein with angiostatin properties. Increasing amounts of rPAI-123 inhibit the proteolytic angiostatin fragment. Endothelial cells exposed to exogenous rPAI-123 exhibit reduced proliferation, reduced tube formation, and 47% apoptotic cells within 48 h. Transfected endothelial cells secreting rPAI-123 have a 30% reduction in proliferation, vastly reduced tube formation, and a 50% reduction in cell migration in the presence of VEGF. These two studies show that rPAI-123 interactions with uPA and plasminogen can inhibit plasmin by two mechanisms. In one mechanism, rPAI-123cleaves plasmin to form a proteolytic angiostatin-like protein. In a second mechanism, rPAI-123 can bind uPA and/or plasminogen to reduce the number of uPA and plasminogen interactions, hence reducing the amount of plasmin that is produced.
Opportunities for Anthropologists in a Climate of Change

When I decided to major in anthropology in graduate school my mother cried. I know she thought I would never get a job. But by the time I earned my M.A. from Memphis State University in 1980, I had a full-time job in the legislative and grants writing office of Shelby County, the county in which Memphis is located. The office was called the Internal Coordination Office (ICO), and my primary responsibilities were to identify grant opportunities and work with other departments to prepare grant applications.
Integrated diagnostic/prognostic experimental setup for capacitor degradation and health monitoring

This paper proposes the experiments and setups for studying diagnosis and prognosis of electrolytic capacitors in DC-DC power converters. Electrolytic capacitors and power MOS-FET's have higher failure rates than other components in DC-DC converter systems. Currently, our work focuses on experimental analysis and modeling electrolytic capacitors degradation and its effects on the output of DC-DC converter systems. The output degradation is typically measured by the increase in Equivalent series resistance and decrease in capacitance leading to output ripple currents. Typically, the ripple current effects dominate, and they can have adverse effects on downstream components. A model based approach to studying degradation phenomena enables us to combine the physics based modeling of the DC-DC converter with physics of failure models of capacitor degradation, and predict using stochastic simulation methods how system performance deteriorates with time. Degradation experiments were conducted where electrolytic capacitors were subjected to electrical and thermal stress to accelerate the aging of the system. This more systematic analysis may provide a more general and accurate method for computing the remaining useful life (RUL) of the component and the converter system.
Correlation effects of ATE transfers: An empirical study

This study presents an empirical analysis of the effects on correlation of the site-to-site transport of ATEs. Four correlation scenarios are presented with permutations of calibration/non-calibration of the testers. The results show that the least number of uncorrelated tests are encountered when there is calibration at the reference tester site, with or without calibration on the target site. Also, there is no significant shift in the distribution of tests after the physical transport and the calibration of the testers. Any shift encountered in these cases can be attributed to a number of factors, such as device-specific sensitivity, vulnerability of related tester resources, or degradation of the representative units used per device. Overall, this study demonstrates that non-calibration at the target site, provided there is calibration at the reference tester site, is a viable and credible option for a less time-consuming and more cost-efficient correlation procedure, especially in massive transfer of ATEs.
Typologies of recanting of lifetime cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use during a six-year longitudinal panel study

Abstract Aim To identify if there are different typologies for adolescent self-reporters and recanters for alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use. Methods This study is a secondary data analysis and utilized four waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth child panel data. The study included adolescents aged ten and older who self-reported ever use of cigarettes ( n = 872), marijuana ( n = 854) or alcohol ( n = 837). Consistent responders were those who reported lifetime use of a specific substance and continued to report such use at each latter wave of data collection. Latent class analyses were utilized to investigate if there are different types of self-reporters for each substance class. Results Three unique groups for each substance was identified. The first group of users, who had a late age of onset, tended to be consistent self-reporters across waves. Those who were early onset users of cigarettes and marijuana tended to recant their use while early onset alcohol users were consistent reporters. Those with moderate ages of onset had no consistent recanting patterns. The highest degree of recanting was found among the early onset marijuana users. Conclusions The results suggest that youth who begin their use at an earlier age may not be as reliable reporters as youth who initiate use at later ages. Our results suggest that the veracity of prevalence estimates for licit and illicit substances could be different depending on the age of the respondent.
Measurement of Pilot Describing Functions from Flight Test Data with an Example from Gemini X

It is well known that there is an error in identifying the pilot describing function from routine flight test records because the pilot's output noise is correlated with the input error signal. This paper shows that this identification error can be reduced in the computer processing by shifting the input signal an amount equivalent to the pilot's time delay. This technique for reducing the identification error is analyzed with theory and is demonstrated with the identification of a simulated pilot model. This technique is also applied to flight test records obtained from the retrofire phase of the Gemini X mission.
Translational discrimination against bacteriophage T7 gene 0.3 messenger RNA.

Abstract Based on genetic manipulation of T7 late messenger RNA levels in vivo , we previously hypothesized that wild-type T7 infection of Escherichia coli develops in mRNA excess and that there is translational discrimination against T7 gene 0·3 mRNA (Strome & Young, 1978) . The results presented here support our hypothesis. The discrimination against 0·3 mRNA translation observed in vivo can be mimicked in a cell-free system by increasing the concentration of T7 RNA beyond the level needed to saturate the translational machinery or by translating T7 RNA with a low concentration of ribosomes. This discrimination can be overcome by adding ribosomes to the cell-free system (increasing the ribosome to mRNA ratio) or by slowing the rate of polypeptide chain elongation. In addition 0·3 mRNA activity as well as a substantial fraction of T7 late mRNA activity is found to be shifted off of polysomes late in T7 infection. Our results are indicative of a low initiation rate constant for 0·3 mRNA compared to T7 late mRNAs.
A technique for the analysis of the response of dams to earthquakes

A finite element technique is developed for two-dimensional problems of dynamics of dam–water–foundation systems taking into account all interactions rigorously. Water–foundation interaction, which previous developments have only simulated, is considered by imposing proper conditions at the fluid–solid interface. Furthermore, the technique permits treatment of layered foundations. An application to a concrete gravity dam–water–foundation system is presented and discussed.
Quantitative analysis of methyl- and inorganic-mercury from mammalian, fish and plant tissue

Abstract A successful method was developed for the quantitative separation of biologically incorporated inorganic- and methyl-mercury from animal, fish or higher plant tissues. The differences in animal and plant tissue composition determine the initial treatment of tissues for the highest efficiency of extraction and the subsequent quantitative separation of the mercury species by thin layer chromatography. Thus, animal or fish tissue was treated initially with ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution whereas plant tissue was treated initially with a strong nitric:perchloric acid mixture. Recoveries of both inorganic- and methyl-mercury exceeded 96%.
Optimizing therapy for argininosuccinic aciduria

Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA) is a urea cycle disorder with a complex phenotype. In spite of a lower risk for recurrent hyperammonemic episodes as compared to the proximal disorders of ureagenesis, subjects with ASA are at risk for long-term complications including, poor neurocognitive outcome, hepatic disease and systemic hypertension. These complications can occur in spite of current standard therapy that includes dietary modifications and arginine supplementation suggesting that the presently available therapy is suboptimal. In this article, we discuss the natural history of ASA and the recent mechanistic insights from animal studies that have shown the requirement of argininosuccinate lyase, the enzyme deficient in ASA, for systemic nitric oxide production. These findings may have therapeutic implications and may help optimize therapy in ASA.
Distal hypoxic stroke: a new mouse model of stroke with high throughput, low variability and a quantifiable functional deficit.

C57BL/6J are the most commonly used strain of mouse for stroke experiments but vascular anatomy of the Circle of Willis within this strain is extremely variable and the cortex has extensive collateralization. This causes large variability in stroke models that target the middle cerebral artery proximally and confers resistance to ischemia in those that target it distally. We tested the hypothesis that by combining distal middle cerebral artery occlusion with 1 hour of hypoxia, we could generate a large lesion that causes a behavioral deficit with low variability. We found that this new distal hypoxic (DH) model of stroke generates a lesion with a volume of 25% of the ipsilateral hemisphere, extends to the motor cortex and causes a behavioral deficit. It also has a very clear border, exceptionally low variability, and can be performed by a single surgeon on up to 30 animals a day. Moreover, survivability is 100% in young adult animals, the model can be performed on old animals, and therapeutic intervention can reduce infarct volume. Therefore DH stroke is an excellent complement to existing stroke models and could be used for preclinical studies in C57BL/6J mice.
AN UPDATE ON CLONALITY, CYTOKINES, AND VIRAL ETIOLOGY IN LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS

Many etiologies have been proposed for Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Recent scientific studies have clearly provided new insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. The possible role of viruses has not been completely negated, but no viral genomes have been consistently detected in LCH lesions. Other studies do not indicate that LCH arises from a primary defect in the immune system, although altered immune responses and immune dysfunction may play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Definitive results have been gained from molecular studies of clonality, however. These have definitively established that LCH is a clonal histiocytic disease rather than a reactive polyclonal disorder.