cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of food distribution upon the development of aggressive and competitive behaviour in juvenile chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta

Groups of juvenile chum salmon were reared on food that was either dispersed throughout, or localized in one area of, the rearing tank. Groups receiving localized food displayed more aggression than those receiving dispersed food. This led to differences in growth, with fish reared on localized food having greater individual growth variability, i.e. growth depensation. However, after several months of rearing in these different feeding/social environments, fish reared on dispersed food were just as aggressive when first exposed to localized food as were fish reared on localized food. Furthermore, in competitive contests between fish of the two rearing histories, those reared on dispersed food were just as likely to become dominant as those reared on localized food. These results suggest that the behavioural development of aggressiveness is not amenable to alteration by manipulation of food distribution.
Abstract 2070: XBP-1 promotes cell survival by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) in antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer

Most of the 192,000 newly diagnosed cases of invasive breast cancer in 2011 will be estrogen receptor positive alpha positive (ER+). Endocrine therapy, administered as an antiestrogen, e.g., Tamoxifen (TAM) or Faslodex (Fulvestrant; ICI 182,780) or an aromatase inhibitor (AI), e.g., Letrozole (LET), is the least toxic and most effective means to manage the hormone-dependent breast cancer in such patients. However, resistance to endocrine therapy remains a significant clinical problem. Our group has shown that antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells over-express X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1), a transcription factor that belongs to the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) family. XBP1(U) and XBP1(S) variants result from an unconventional splicing of the XBP1 mRNA by IRE1alpha. In the unfolded protein response (UPR), endoplasmic reticulum proteins (IRE1alpha, ATF6 and PERK) sense cellular stress to regulate the accumulation of unfolded proteins. Initially a compensatory mechanism allowing cells to recover normal endoplasmic reticulum function, prolonged UPR may induce cell death; this is often dependent upon which arm of the UPR predominates. XBP1 is an obligate component in both the IRE1alpha and ATF6 arms of the UPR. Our study shows that antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells survive by activating pro-survival autophagy through XBP1-mediated UPR. MCF7/LCC9 [Faslodex resistant; TAM cross-resistant; high level of XBP1(S)] cells showed an increase in UPR signaling as detected by increased expression of BiP/GRP78. Antiestrogen-sensitive cells that over-express XBP1(S) show decreased sensitivity to Faslodex and show increased levels of basal and Faslodex-induced autophagy as measured by cleaved LC3BII protein fragment, GFP-LC3 activity, and reduced expression of p62/SQSTM1. Thus, we conclude that antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells evade cell death by activating the XBP1-regulated arms of the UPR that results in prosurvival autophagy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2070. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2070
Racial differences in pre- and postmenopausal bone homeostasis: Association with bone density

The disparity in fracture incidence and bone mass in women of European (white) and African (black) ancestry is of unknown etiology. To determine if racial differences in bone mass reflected racial differences in the mechanisms of bone turnover underlying bone mineral loss, we measured serum osteocalcin, serum alkaline phosphatase, fasting urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretion, 24 h urinary excretion of calcium and sodium, and dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D in 263 healthy pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal white and black women. In addition, radial and spinal bone density were measured cross-sectionally for comparison with biochemical measures of bone turnover. The biochemical parameters thought to reflect bone resorption (fasting urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretions) were lower in black than in white women throughout the age and menopausal stages studied. The parameters thought to reflect bone formation (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin), were similar in the two racial groups among the premenopausal women, but osteocalcin was significantly lower among the peri- and postmenopausal blacks. Cross sectionally measured radial bone density increased with age in premenopausal black women, but it did not change with age in the white premenopausal subjects, a statistically significant difference. In peri- and postmenopausal women radial density declined significantly with years after menopause in both racial groups, but the rate of decline was significantly slower in the black women. Lumbar bone density in premenopausal white and black women did not change with age. After menopause lumbar bone density declined significantly and similarly in both racial groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Caustic merit function for optical design

The two caustic surfaces, which are in turn the loci of the image points, are formed in the image region by each element of the source of an optical system. Lens optimization is achieved herein by adjusting parameters so that the caustic surfaces formed by rays from selected points of the object coalesce and converge to the corresponding Gaussian image points. A merit function, specifying the sum of the distances between each caustic surface and the corresponding Gaussians image, is defined and minimized subject to the constraints that the system focal length and physical length are constant and that the third-order aberrations of the system are zero. An optimization procedure, based on minimizing the caustic merit function, is used to design a singlet, doublet, and triplet lens system.
Tagging all genes

Sequence-based transcriptional profiling reveals unexpected transcriptome complexity in Arabidopsis thaliana and an enhanced gene catalog to facilitate genome annotation.
Byte-Sized Pieces: Equipping Academic Librarians to Integrate Technology into Library Instruction through Manageable, Maintainable, and Meaningful Staff Development

Technology changes how classroom instruction happens, and, unlike K-12 educators who receive pedagogical training, academic librarians are not always experts in teaching information literacy—especially with the advent of twenty-first century technology tools. As such, the question of how to prepare on-the-ground academic librarians to effectively teach with technology tools while still addressing the Association of College and Research Libraries information literacy competency standards needs to be considered. This article shares how one academic library addressed this need while also considering how to: assess knowledge, competencies, and needs; share information in meaningful ways; and encourage librarians to build their technology knowledge independently and as part of a cohort.
Electron velocity space hole modes and narrowband electrostatic noise in the distant tail

Narrowband electrostatic noise (NEN) is frequently observed upstream of the slow shocks in the distant tail. It is suggested that NEN represents a nonstandard plasma wave mode which results from a hole in the low energy electron velocity distribution. A very simple model which plausibly indicates how a hole might be formed by the interaction of the electrons with the slow shock is presented. The hole mode is destabilized by a positive slope in the parallel electron distribution and/or by a weak beam of energetic ions which escape upstream from the slow shock.
Computational study on C−H…π interactions of acetylene with benzene, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene and coronene

Meta-hybrid density functional theory calculations using M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) and M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) levels of theory have been performed to understand the strength of C-H(…)π interactions of two possible types for benzene-acetylene, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene-acetylene and coronene-acetylene complexes. Our study reveals that the C-H(...)π interaction complex where acetylene located above to the center of benzene ring (classical T-shaped) is the lowest energy structure. This structure is twice more stable than the configuration characterized by H atom of benzene interacting with the π-cloud of acetylene. The binding energy of 2.91 kcal/mol calculated at the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level for the lowest energy configuration (1A) is in very good agreement with the experimental binding energy of 2.7 ± 0.2 kcal/mol for benzene-acetylene complex. Interestingly, the C-H(...)π interaction of acetylene above to the center of the aromatic ring is not the lowest energy configuration for 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene-acetylene and coronene-acetylene complexes. The lowest energy configuration (2A) for the former complex possesses both C-H(...)π interaction and C-H(...)F hydrogen bond, while the lowest energy structure for the coronene-acetylene complex involves both π-π and C-H(...)π interactions. C-H stretching vibrational frequencies and the frequency shifts are reported and analyzed for all of the configurations. We observed red-shift of the vibrational frequency for the stretching mode of the C-H bond that interacts with the π-cloud. Acetylene in the lowest-energy structures of the complexes exhibits significant red-shift of the C-H stretching frequency and change in intensity of the corresponding vibrational frequency, compared to bare acetylene. We have examined the molecular electrostatic potential on the surfaces of benzene, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene, coronene and acetylene to explain the binding strengths of various complexes studied here.
A cubic smoothing spline based lack of fit test for nonlinear regression models

The use of a statistic based on cubic spline smoothing is considered for testing nonlinear regression models for lack of fit. The statistic is defined to be the Euclidean squared norm of the smoothed residual vector obtained from fitting the nonlinear model, The asymptotic distribution of the statistic is derived under suitable smooth local alternatives and a numerical example is presented.
Remembering the names of unfamiliar animals: keywords as keys to their kingdom

Three experiments were conducted in which the face – name mnemonic technique was applied to learning the names of unfamiliar animals. In all three experiments, mnemonically instructed students outperformed ‘own best method’ controls on animal name-recognition tests when prompted by the animals' pictures. In addition, mnemonic students remembered more animal names than did controls when they were shown previously unseen variations of the studied animals (Experiments 2 and 3). The present results illustrate the effectiveness of associative mnemonic strategies in facilitating people's memory for unfamiliar pictorial stimuli in both their original and varied representations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stroke and Encephalopathy After Cardiac Surgery The Search for the Holy Grail

See related article, pages 562–571. The incidence of clinically obvious strokes after coronary artery bypass graft operations (CABG) is reported to be between 0.8% and 5.2%. It is estimated that between 5000 and 35 000 new strokes develop as a result of this procedure, which possibly makes coronary artery bypass surgery the single largest cause of iatrogenic stroke in the United States.1 The typically poor postoperative course of patients who develop stroke after cardiac surgery underlines the need for timely recognition, prevention/modification of factors that predispose to stroke. In the present study, McKhann et al2 are touching on the mechanisms, risk factors and outcomes of postoperative stroke after cardiac surgery. They also suggest possible algorithms for management of postoperative stroke and ways to prevent the occurrence of stroke after cardiac surgery. Previous authors have identified several preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors of stroke after cardiac surgery, such as episodes of hypotension during or after the operation (requiring inotropic support or placement of intra-aortic balloon pump), atrial fibrillation, …
Implementation of and experiments with a variable precision logic inference system

A system capable of performing approximate inferences under time constraints is presented. Censored production rules are used to represent both domain and control information. These are given a probabilistic semantics and reasoning is performed using a scheme based on Dempster-Shafer theory. Examples show the naturalness of the representation and the flexibility of the system. Suggestions for further research are offered.
Regionalization of the surgical care of children: A risk-adjusted comparison of hospital surgical outcomes by geographic areas

Background There is an ongoing debate among pediatric surgeons regarding the need or lack thereof to centralize the surgical care of children to high-volume children's centers. Risk-adjusted comparisons of hospitals performing pediatric surgery are needed. Methods Admissions from 2006 to 2010 from two national administrative databases were analyzed. Only nontrauma pediatric patients undergoing a noncardiac surgical procedure were included. Risk-adjustment was performed with a validated International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code-based tool. Hospitals were grouped into metropolitan regions using the first three digits of their zip code. Poorly performing outlier hospitals were defined by an odds ratio >1 and P value Results Information was obtained from 415,546 pediatric surgical admissions, and 173 hospitals in 55 regions were compared. A total of 18 poor performing hospitals (adjusted odds ratio, range 1.91–35.95) in 15 regions were identified. Mortality in poor performers ranged from 1.11% to 10.19% whereas that in the high-volume reference centers was 0.37–2.41%. A subset analysis in patients Conclusion The present analysis is a novel risk-adjusted assessment of the performance of hospitals delivering pediatric surgical care. By identifying the existence of multiple poor performing outlier hospitals, this study provides valuable data for discussion as health care delivery systems continue to debate optimal resource distribution and regionalization of the surgical care of children.
FPGA-Controlled Switch-Reconfigured Antenna

In this letter, p-i-n diodes are used as switches to connect and disconnect four patch sections to a midsection of a planar antenna. The antenna system is connected to the field programmable gate array (FPGA) board controlling the activation of these switches. The antenna with the incorporated diodes is designed, installed, and measured. The methodology for using an FPGA to optimally control and produce the desired antenna frequency operation is presented and analyzed. The analogy between the measured and simulated results is found to be satisfactory. The proposed control methodology can be used with various antenna designs to obtain different possible states in an easy, fast, and low-cost manner.
Increased prevalence of the HFE C282Y hemochromatosis allele in women with breast cancer

Individuals with the major hemochromatosis (HFE) allele C282Y and iron overload develop hepatocellular and some extrahepatic malignancies at increased rates. No association has been previously reported between the C282Y allele and breast cancer. We hypothesized that due to the pro-oxidant properties of iron, altered iron metabolism in C282Y carriers may promote breast carcinogenesis. Because 1 in 10 Caucasians of Northern European ancestry carries this allele, any impact it may have on breast cancer burden is potentially great. We determined C282Y genotypes in 168 patients who underwent high-dose chemotherapy and blood cell transplantation for cancer: 41 with breast cancer and 127 with predominantly hematological cancers (transplant cohort). Demographic, clinical, and tumor characteristics were reviewed in breast cancer patients. The frequency of C282Y genotypes in breast cancers was compared with the frequency in nonbreast cancers, an outpatient sample from Tennessee (n 169), and a published United States national sample. The frequency of at least one C282Y allele in breast cancers was higher (36.6%, 5 homozygotes/10 heterozygotes) than frequencies in Tennessee (12.7%, P < 0.001), the general population (12.4%, P < 0.001), and similarly selected nonbreast cancers (17.0%, P 0.008). The likelihood of breast cancer in the transplant cohort increased with C282Y allele dose (Ptrend 0.010). These results were supported by the finding in a nontransplant cohort of a higher frequency of C282Y mutations in Caucasian (18.4%, P 0.039) and African-American (8.5%, P 0.005) women with breast cancer than race-specific national frequency estimates. A high prevalence of C282Y alleles in women with breast cancer with and without poor risk features suggests that altered iron metabolism in C282Y carriers may promote the development of breast cancer and/or more aggressive forms of the disease.
Management of hypertensive emergencies: changing therapeutic options.

Abstract Rapid lowering of severe hypertension is essential to prevent irreversible damage to vital organs. The patient's clinical status should be evaluated, noting particularly cardiac, neurologic, and renal functions. Choice of treatment should be based on speed and efficacy of action and on hemodynamic, vascular, and renal consequences. It is also important to preserve circulatory homeostasis and vital organ function. Sodium nitroprusside, labetalol, diazoxide, and hydralazine have been used parenterally for rapid control of severe hypertension, but they do not always produce optimal, balanced hemodynamic effects. Calcium antogonists have been advocated because of their beneficial circulatory effects. Nicardipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, produces significant antihypertensive effects, and when given intravenously, results in a rapid fall in blood pressure. Studies have confirmed that nicardipine is effective and safe in the management of severe hypertension and hypertensive crises. Because the aim of rapidly controlling severe hypertension is to prevent target organ dysfunction, nicardipine therapy offers a useful additional option in the clinical management of severe hypertension and hypertensive crises.
How Does Fidelity of Implementation Matter? Using Multilevel Models to Detect Relationships between Participant Outcomes and the Delivery and Receipt of Treatment.

Multilevel modeling techniques facilitated examination of relationships between fidelity indicators and outcomes associated with a summer literacy intervention. Three-level growth models were specified to capture the extent to which students experienced instruction and to demonstrate the ways in which dosage–response relationships manifest in program evaluation contexts. The observation that outcome-related deviations from program protocol occurred both at the provider and at the recipient levels suggests that evaluators will often need to conceptualize, measure, and model “treatment fidelity” as a multilevel, multidimensional construct.
Atomistic modeling of macromolecular crowding predicts modest increases in protein folding and binding stability.

Theoretical models predict that macromolecular crowding can increase protein folding stability, but depending on details of the models (e.g., how the denatured state is represented), the level of stabilization predicted can be very different. In this study, we represented the native and denatured states atomistically, with conformations sampled from explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature and high temperature, respectively. We then designed an efficient algorithm to calculate the allowed fraction, f, when the protein molecule is placed inside a box of crowders. That a fraction of placements of the protein molecule is disallowed because of volume exclusion by the crowders leads to an increase in chemical potential, given by Δμ = −kBT lnf. The difference in Δμ between the native and denatured states predicts the effect of crowding on the folding free energy. Even when the crowders occupied 35% of the solution volume, the stabilization reached only 1.5 kcal/mol for cytochrome b562. The modest stabilization predicted is consistent with experimental studies. Interestingly, a mixture of different sized crowders was found to exert a greater effect than the sum of the individual species of crowders. The stabilization of crowding on the binding stability of barnase and barstar, based on atomistic modeling of the proteins, was similarly modest. These findings have profound implications for macromolecular crowding inside cells.
In vitro evaluation of nicotinamide riboside analogs against Haemophilus influenzae.

Exogenous NAD, nicotinamide mononucleotide, or nicotinamide riboside is required for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae. These compounds have been defined as the V-factor growth requirement. We have previously shown that the internalization of nicotinamide riboside is energy dependent and carrier mediated with saturation kinetics. Thionicotinamide riboside, 3-pyridinealdehyde riboside, 3-acetylpyridine riboside, and 3-aminopyridine riboside were prepared from their corresponding NAD analogs. These compounds and several other nicotinamide riboside analogs were evaluated for their ability to support the growth of H. influenzae and for their ability to block the uptake of [carbonyl-14C]nicotinamide riboside by H. influenzae. 3-Aminopyridine riboside blocked the uptake of [carbonyl-14C]nicotinamide riboside and inhibited the growth of H. influenzae when NAD, nicotinamide mononucleotide, or nicotinamide riboside served as the V factor. The antibacterial activity of 3-aminopyridine riboside was found to be specific for H. influenzae but had no effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. In additional experiments by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, it was determined that whole cells of H. influenzae degrade 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide to 3-aminopyridine riboside, which is then internalized. Inside the cell, 3-aminopyridine riboside has the ability to interfere with the growth of H. influenzae by an undetermined mechanism. Images
Timing-controlled, low-energy data query in wireless sensor networks: towards a cross-layer optimization approach

Data query in a large-scale wireless sensor network should be based on a low-energy and scalable routing scheme. In this paper, we propose a ripple-tree-zone-based intra-zone/inter-zone routing scheme to significantly lower the communication overhead associated with data queries in wireless sensor networks. We do not separate the design of routing layer and MAC layer as suggested by most of existing WSN stacks. This enables us to greatly extend the sleep/dormant periods of sensor nodes through a parameter exchange between the routing and MAC layers. Thus, we achieve a much longer network lifetime. Another contribution outlined in this paper includes a novel timing control scheme between neighboring levels of sensors in the query tree to achieve a good trade-off between data aggregation accuracy and query delay. We perform extended simulations to verify the low-energy of our query scheme.
Assessing the Ability of an Online Environment to Facilitate the Critical Features of Teacher Professional Development

Providing teachers effective professional development (PD) is an ongoing challenge in the field of education. Emergence of technological innovations in the form of computer-based asynchronous and synchronous communication has provided new opportunities to improve and expand teacher PD opportunities beyond the physical walls of a school. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the ability of online learning environments to facilitate the critical features of teacher PD identified in Desimone (2009) as content focus, active learning, coherence, duration, and collective participation. Analysis of the 20 empirical studies sought to reveal the purpose of the study, methodologies utilized, and major findings. Multiple studies indicated the ability of an online environment to engage teachers in active learning, collective participation, and content-focused learning activities. Additionally, the results of this meta-analysis revealed a lack of empirical studies that have examined the ability of online teacher PD to support the critical features of coherence and duration. Findings of this research have implications for a future research agenda and policy considerations related to online teacher PD initiatives.
Clothing a model of embodiment

By delineating the parametric variations that affect infant performance in the standard A-not-B search task, the Thelen et al. model provides an important contribution to the field of infant development. We discuss several broad issues pertinent to interpreting the model. We note that the phenomenon modeled by Thelen et al. is not necessarily the one originally described by Piaget. We describe data on infant self-correction that are not addressed by the Thelen et al. model. Finally, we suggest that psychological constructs such as representation and knowledge structures are valuable to our understanding of the A-not-B phenomenon in particular and psychological development in general. If Kurt Lewin were alive, he would probably be very pleased with Thelen et al.’s approach to modeling the dynamics of behavioral development. Unfortunately, his efforts to apply the principles and methods of topology to the development of a psychological field theory remained in the realm of metaphor due primarily to the unavailability of sophisticated computational power. Nonetheless, Lewin argued persuasively for studying the dynamics of the endogenous and exogenous forces that influence a child’s cognitions and social behavior in the actual and total situation of which they are a part (Lewin 1936; 1954). In some sense, the Thelen et al. model realizes Lewin’s prescient vision. In contrast, Jean Piaget would probably not be very pleased with the Thelen et al. approach. For one thing, the phenomenon that he describes in The construction of reality in the child (1954) as the typical reaction of the fourth stage is notably different from the phenomenon that is now generally accepted as the A-not-B error. Here is Piaget’s description of the reaction: Suppose an object is hidden at point A: the child searches for it and finds it. Next, the object is placed in B and is covered before the child’s eyes; although the child has continued to watch the object and has seen it disappear in B, he nevertheless immediately tries to find it in A! (1954,
The Garage: Automobility and Building Innovation in America’s Early Auto Age

Review of: "The Garage: Automobility and Building Innovation in America’s Early Auto Age," by John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle
Bedeutung anisotropen Gewebes für langsame Erregungsleitung und ventrikuläre Reentry-Tachykardien in der epikardialen Infarktgrenzzone am Hundeherzen

Kreisende Erregung ist sowohl bei experimentellen als auch klinischen ventrikularen Rhythmusstorungen im Gefolge eines Herzinfarkts bedeutsam. Als Mechanismus wurden dabei Anderungen des Aktionspotentials von Herzmuskelzellen als primare Ursache von langsamer Leitung und Leitungsblockierungen, die fur eine kreisende Erregung notwendig sind, angenommen (4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 30). In dieser Arbeit mochten wir jedoch aufzeigen, das eine Anderung oder Unterdruckung von Aktionspotentialen nicht immer fur eine kreisende Erregung beim Herzinfarkt notwendig ist und das eine kreisende Erregung ursachlich auf Einflusse der Infarktstruktur auf die Erregungsleitung zuruckgehen kann.
Chronic CSF leak causing syringomyelia and pseudo-Arnold-Chiari malformation

A 45-year-old woman developed orthostatic headaches after lifting weights. A CT myelogram localized a CSF leak at T5-T7. Multiple blood patches provided only transient relief. Over 5 years, the patient developed paresthesias, worsened headaches, and decreased hand coordination. MRI showed progressive cerebellar tonsillar descent and hydrosyringomyelia (figure). Repeat myelography was unrevealing, but subsequent multilevel epidural blood patches with fibrin glue led to headache resolution. Cerebellar tonsillar descent and hydrosyringomyelia can occur in chronic spontaneous CSF leaks.1 A CSF leak should be considered in patients with orthostatic headache and presumed Chiari malformation.
Musculoskeletal Injuries in Adolescents: A Sports Medicine Model

Musculoskeletal injuries are by far the most common type of injury for adolescent athletes. Awareness of common diagnosis and conservative intervention is important for all clinicians who care for pediatric and adolescent population. Children have different injury patterns compared to adults. A high index of suspicion of physeal injuries must always be maintained. Musculoskeletal injuries can not only cause physical compromise but may also lead to psychological stress and challenges secondary to pressure from coaches and families to return to play. This chapter outlines musculoskeletal injuries in adolescents using a sports medicine model. Indeed, upon completion of this chapter the reader should have a greater understanding of common musculoskeletal injuries in the skeletally immature, improved knowledge of when to treat conservatively and when to refer, and finally have an improved ability to recognize the psychological stresses young adolescents may endure when suffering a musculoskeletal injury.
Discovering the Undiscoverable in Child Protective Proceedings: Safety Planning Conferences and the Abuse of the Right to Counsel

This article scrutinizes the heavy hand of petitioning child welfare agencies in child protective cases, underscoring the absence of the constitutionally and statutorily protected right to counsel at certain stages of the proceedings. Professor Hughes surveys national trends, reviews historical reasoning and offers suggestions in order to revisit basic protections for indigent parents who face the loss of a child.
Bias dependence of sub-bandgap light detection for core-shell silicon nanowires.

We experimentally demonstrate a vertically arrayed silicon nanowire-based device that exhibits voltage dependence of photoresponse to infrared sub-bandgap optical radiation. The device is fabricated using a proximity solid-state phosphorus diffusion method to convert the surface areas of highly boron-doped silicon nanowires into n-type, thus forming a radial core–shell p–n junction structure. Prominent photoresponse from such core–shell Si nanowires is observed under sub-bandgap illumination at 1310 nm. The strong bias dependence of the photoresponse and other device characteristics indicates that the sub-bandgap absorption is attributed to the intrinsic properties of core–shell Si nanowires rather than the surface states. The attractive characteristics are based on three physical mechanisms: the Franz–Keldysh effect, quasi-quantum confinement effect, and the impurity-state assisted photon absorption. The first two effects enhance carrier tunneling probability, rendering a stronger wave function overlap t...
Hydraulic conductivityof golf course putting green root zones affected bysodium adsorption ratio of leachingwater

Soil salinization is a major problem threatening turfgrass management.Alternative water sources such as recycled water(RW)usually have elevated salt content.With high exchangeable sodium in soil,rain or irrigation with fresh water can cause soil dispersion,and thus reduce water infiltration and permeability.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of salt composition in irrigation water on saturated water conductivity(Ksat)of putting green root zone materials and constructions.Three root zone materials,clay(Fargo,North Dakota,USA),clay loam(Garick Corp.,Cleveland,OH),and sand/peat mixture(Dakota Peat,North Dakota,USA)(90/10v/v)were tested alone,as well as tested in different root zone construction,i.e.soil pushup green(40cm deep),sand/peat mixtures in USGA-putting green style(30cm of root zone over 10cm gravel)and California putting green style(40cm deep).Saturated water conductivity was determined after the root zone materials and construction were leached with water of five levels of SARw(0,2.5,5.0,15.0,and∞).All except the SARw0had an ECw of 11.0dS/m.The results showed severe soil dispersion may happen when SARwof leaching water is greater 5for clay and clay loam.A laboratory test may predict the severity of dispersion but further study is needed to quantify the effect of soil organic matter(OM)and clay mineralogy.Generally,sand/peat mixtures used in root zones of either California or USGA putting green style is not vulnerable to dispersion by salt in irrigation water.
Influence of ±800 kV DC Power Transmission Line on Adjacent Trees

It is of important significance for design,construction of transmission line as well as for environment protection and mastery of project investment to determine the minimum distance between ±800 kV DC power transmission lines and adjacent trees by tests.Present situation of the research on influences of transmission lines on adjacent trees home and abroad was analyzed,and the testing method was drafted.30 species of trees were chosen to perform the test of short-term influence of ±800 kV DC power transmission line on the trees under the UHVDC pilot line,and the distance between the polar conductor and trees was obtained when obvious corona discharge appeared.90 trees were planted under the pilot line to perform the test of long-term influence of ±800 kV DC power transmission line on trees,and the distance between the polar conductor and burnt trees due to corona discharge was obtained.Based on test results and comprehensively considering the burnt trees due to corona discharge during the test,the appearance of obvious corona on trees and the distribution characteristic of spatial total electric field under polar conductor,the suggestion on minimum vertical distance between polar conduction of ±800 kV DC transmission line and trees was given.
Analysis of water quality monitoring results in centralized water supply in rural area of Beibei district

Objective: In order to understand the health situation of drinking water in rural area of Beibei district,and provide scientific basis of water quality to accelerate development of rural water improvement project.Methods: According to the national standard,water samples were collected,detected and evaluated in low water period(April) and high water period(July) from 2008 to 2011.Results: 300 water samples were detected during 4 years,and 105 were up to the standard.The acceptance rate was 35.0%,while the rate in 2011 was highest and 2008 was lowest.The rate in high water period was greater than that in low water period.There was statistical significance(P≤0.05) between the results from different period.In all test indexs,microbial indexes,sensory indexes and disinfectant indexes were generally below proof,toxicological indexes passed completely.Conclusion: In the past 4 years,the district has made considerable progress in water conservation,engineering design and management.However,the overall acceptance rate of drinking water in rural area is still at low levels.The relevant departments should pay much attention to perfect the surveillance system,strengthen the training of manpower and reinforce disinfection to ensure the safety of drinking water in rural area.
Effects of urine pretreatment on calcium oxalate crystallization inhibition potentials.

Abstract Activated carbon and calcium oxalate solids have been used as adsorbents to remove crystallization inhibiting species from centrifuged and dialyzed normal urines. The urine supernatants, following adsorption treatments, have been examined for their calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization inhibitory potentials by means of a constant composition potentiostatic seeded growth method. The supersaturation of the reactant solution was maintained constant during the crystallization process by the potentiometrically monitored addition of solutions containing crystal lattice ions controlled by a specific calcium ion selective electrode. The experimental results indicate that normal urine contains a number of inhibiting species of variable molecular weight and adsorbability. In addition, preliminary results indicate that substances present in normal urine interfere substantially with the adsorption of crystallization inhibiting species by calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal surfaces. Both charcoal and CaOx adsorbents have been successfully used to completely remove a synthetic, model urinary crystallization inhibitor, ethylene-dianune-tetramethylene-phosphonic acid, ENTMP, from relatively concentrated solutions in 0.15 m NaCl.
Design for Six Sigma

Design for six sigma (DFSS) methods can be viewed as part of six sigma or an alternative method as described in Chap. 1. These methods generally involve teams that have control over the design nominals and specifications. Having this “design control” often means that the teams have relatively great power to improve the system quality. It has been said that 80+% of product quality is determined by the product design specifications meaning that manufacturing and delivery can play only a relatively small role. Design teams, therefore, have great responsibility to ensure that new products or processes are put in place smoothly and foster high quality levels.
Cost-Effective Redistribution: Implications of a Basic Needs Approach to Public Assistance

This study develops an alternative approach to the issue of transfer form, which uses the basic needs framework to produce a set of tools for evaluating the efficiency of redistribution programs. In contrast with the Pareto redistribution approach, we find that in-kind transfers are not always preferred over cash payments when donors are concerned only with the recipient's consumption of specific commodities. Furthermore, we find that justification of a mixed transfer system on efficiency grounds does not require the existence of both general and specific commodity externalities. The choice of transfer system is shown to be dependent on the recipient's spending propensities, the specific targets of public assistance, and the administrative costs of alternative programs.
Charge carrier concentration dependence of ultrafast plasmonic relaxation in conducting metal oxide nanocrystals

Electronically doped metal oxide nanocrystals exhibit tunable infrared localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). Despite the many benefits of IR resonant LSPRs in solution processable nanocrystals, the ways in which the electronic structure of the host semiconductor material impact metal oxide LSPRs are still being investigated. Semiconductors provide an alternative dielectric environment than metallically bonded solids, such as noble metals, which can impact how these materials undergo electronic relaxation following photoexcitation. Understanding these differences is key to developing applications that take advantage of the unique optical and electronic properties offered by plasmonic metal oxide NCs. Here, we use the two-temperature model in conjunction with femtosecond transient absorption experiments to describe how the internal temperature of two representative metal oxide nanocrystal systems, cubic WO3−x and bixbyite Sn-doped In2O3, change following LSPR excitation. We find that the low free carrier concentrations of metal oxide NCs lead to less efficient heat generation as compared to metallic nanocrystals such as Ag. This suggests that metal oxide NCs may be ideal for applications wherein untoward heat generation may disrupt the application's overall performance, such as solar energy conversion and photonic gating.
Three-dimensional crack problems for the isotropic or transversely isotropic infinite solid

This chapter gives displacements, stresses, stress intensity factors (SIFs) and displacement discontinuities (crack opening displacements, CODs) in an infinite solid containing one crack. The solid is assumed to be either isotropic or transversely isotropic; in the latter case, the crack is parallel to the isotropy plane.
Transposon mutagenesis identifies chromatin modifiers cooperating with Ras in thyroid tumorigenesis and detects ATXN7 as a cancer gene

Oncogenic RAS mutations are present in 15-30% of thyroid carcinomas. Endogenous expression of mutant Ras is insufficient to initiate thyroid tumorigenesis in murine models, indicating that additional genetic alterations are required. We used Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis to identify events that cooperate with HrasG12V in thyroid tumor development. Random genomic integration of SB transposons primarily generated loss-of-function events that significantly increased thyroid tumor penetrance in Tpo-Cre/homozygous FR-HrasG12V mice. The thyroid tumors closely phenocopied the histological features of human RAS-driven, poorly differentiated thyroid cancers. Characterization of transposon insertion sites in the SB-induced tumors identified 45 recurrently mutated candidate cancer genes. These mutation profiles were remarkably concordant with mutated cancer genes identified in a large series of human poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers screened by next-generation sequencing using the MSK-IMPACT panel of cancer genes, which we modified to include all SB candidates. The disrupted genes primarily clustered in chromatin remodeling functional nodes and in the PI3K pathway. ATXN7, a component of a multiprotein complex with histone acetylase activity, scored as a significant SB hit. It was recurrently mutated in advanced human cancers and significantly co-occurred with RAS or NF1 mutations. Expression of ATXN7 mutants cooperated with oncogenic RAS to induce thyroid cell proliferation, pointing to ATXN7 as a previously unrecognized cancer gene.
MRMP2, CCSD(T), and DFT Calculations of the Isomerization Barriers for the Disrotatory and Conrotatory Isomerizations of 3-Aza-3-ium-dihydrobenzvalene, 3,4-Diaza-3-ium-dihydrobenzvalene, and 3,4-Diaza-diium-dihydrobenzvalene.

The isomerizations of 3-aza-3-ium-dihydrobenzvalene, 3,4-diaza-3-ium-dihydrobenzvalene, and 3,4-diaza-diium-dihydrobenzvalene to their respective cyclic-diene products have been studied using electronic structure methods with a multiconfigurational wavefunction and several single reference methods. Transition states for both the allowed (conrotatory) and forbidden (disrotatory) pathways were located. The conrotatory pathways of each structure all proceed through a cyclic intermediate with a trans double bond in the ring: this trans double bond destroys the aromatic stabilization of the π electrons due to poor orbital overlap between the cis and trans π bonds. The 3, 4-diaza-3-ium-dihydrobenzvalene structure has C1 symmetry, and there are four separate allowed and forbidden pathways for this structure. The 3-aza-3-ium-dihydrobenzvalene structure is Cs symmetric, and there are two separate allowed and forbidden pathways for this structure. For 3, 4-diaza-3, 4-diium-benzvalene, there was a single allowed and...
Multiscale modeling of viscoelastic behaviors of textile composites

Abstract Mechanics of Structure Genome (MSG) is extended to provide a new two-step homogenization approach to predict the viscoelastic behaviors of textile composites. The first homogenization step (micro-homogenization) deals with determining the viscoelastic properties of yarns from fibers (assumed to be linear elastic) and matrix (assumed to be linear viscoelastic) using the MSG solid model. In the second homogenization step (macro-homogenization), the viscoelastic behaviors of textile composites are computed from the homogenized yarns and matrix properties using the MSG plate model. Representative volume element (RVE) analysis using a commercial finite element package at micro-scale is conducted to verify the accuracy of MSG micro-homogenization. The viscoelastic behaviors of textile composites at macro-scale using the MSG plate model are validated using experimental data. All the results are in good agreements. The proposed approach is applied to several commonly used woven composites to study the effects of different weave patterns on the viscoelastic behaviors.
5.64 – Psychological Modulation of Pain

Psychological factors can potently increase or decrease pain. The evidence of these influences includes experimental studies that manipulate mood, attention, expectation, and desire for pain relief. Single factors can decrease or increase pain and placebo analgesic effects appear to result from multiple factors, including desire for pain relief, expected pain intensity, and more positive emotional states. Further evidence is provided by clinical studies that show strong predictive relationships between mood and pain, mood and disability, and placebo/expectancy manipulations and pain. Clearly, there is much overlap between different psychological mechanisms of pain modulation. For example, desires for relief and expectations are integral factors in placebo analgesia, yet they also play important roles in emotional influences on pain in other contexts. On the other hand, attention and emotions have at least partly separate influences on pain. The neurophysiological basis of these psychological factors are partially understood, but much more work needs to be done to fully understand the basic mechanisms. Furthermore, the relationships and interactions of psychological factors to more traditional physiological and drug effects are also poorly understood and ripe for further study. The experience of pain is never an isolated sensory event; it always occurs with context and meaning. Pain is influenced by beliefs, attention, expectations, and emotions, regardless of whether it occurs during controlled laboratory circumstances or during circumstances of physical trauma or emotional distress. There are common anecdotal examples of powerful influences on pain that occur in response to suggestions, specific contextual factors, and competing feelings and motivations. To take one example, consider the patient who has been in remission from cancer of the spine. Upon lifting a bag of groceries, she experiences a sudden discomfort (muscle strain) in the same area of her back that once was the site of her tumor. Her pain may be perceived as considerably more intense or unpleasant than the patient with recurrent muscle strain in the same region of the back. Beecher’s battleground observations at the landing at Anzio point to the critical influence of context and meaning in pain. He found that soldiers wounded in battle complained much less and requested much less pain medication than civilians similarly injured in street accidents. In these examples, one can question what aspects of pain experience were influenced by these suggestions and contextual factors. Were there effects on pain sensations, emotional dimensions, or only on pain-related behavior? Clearly, psychological factors can have a powerful influence on pain. The purpose of this chapter is to review evidence concerning the mechanisms by which psychological factors modulate pain both in clinical and experimental contexts. These factors include attention, expectations, emotions, and placebo components of treatment. This chapter explores the mechanisms and the consequences of modulation of pain from both clinical and experimental perspectives.