cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent Structures In Open-Channel Flows Over a Fixed Dune

Turbulent open-channel flow over a two-dimensional laboratory-scale dune is studied using large eddy simulation. Free surface motion is simulated using level set method. Two subgrid scale models, namely, dynamic Smagorinsky model and dynamic two-parameter model, are employed for assessing model effects on the free surface flow. The present numerical predictions of mean flow field and turbulence statistics are in good agreement with experimental data. The mean flow can be divided into two zones, an inner zone where turbulence strongly depends on the dune bed geometry and an outer layer free from the direct influence of the bed geometry. Streaky structures are observed in the wall layer after flow reattachment. Quadrant two events are found to prevail in near-wall and near-surface motions, indicating the predominance of turbulence ejections in open-channel flows. Large-scale coherent structures are produced behind the dune crest by a strong shear layer riding over the recirculation zone. These quasistreamwise tubelike vortical structures are transported downstream with the mean flow and most are destructed before arriving at the next crest. Free surface deformation is visualized, demonstrating complex patterns of upwelling and downdraft.
An experimental study of a shielded pulsed electromagnet wiggler concept

Abstract A new shielded pulsed electromagnet (SPEM) wiggler concept is introduced to increase the gap field strength. The advantages of a SPEM have been demonstrated with a wiggler period λ w of 12 cm, a working gap 2δ of 4.4 cm, a pulse duration of 2 ms and maximum ampere-turns of 12000 A t. It has been found that a SPEM has excellent capability of reducing the saturation in the core resulting in a 38% increase in field strength.
A self-tuning EWMA controller utilizing artificial neural network function approximation techniques

Recent works have shown that an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) controller can be used on semiconductor processes to maintain process targets over extended periods for improved product quality and decreased machine downtime. Proper choice of controller parameters (EWMA weights) is critical to the performance of this system. This work examines how different process factors affect the optimal controller parameters. We show that a function mapping from the disturbance state (magnitude of linear drift and random noise) of a given process to the corresponding optimal EWMA weights can be generated, and an artificial neural network (ANN) trained to learn the mapping. A self-tuning EWMA controller is proposed which dynamically updates its controller parameters by estimating the disturbance state and using the ANN function mapping to provide updates to the controller parameters. The result is an adaptive controller which eliminates the need for an experienced engineer to tune the controller, thereby allowing it to be more easily applied to semiconductor processes.
Sexuality Studies in Archaeology

Does sexuality have a past? A growing body of archaeological research on sexuality demonstrates that the sexual politics of the past were as richly varied and complex as those of the present. Furthermore, investigations of past sexualities have much to say about conventional archaeological topics such as state formation, subsistence and settlement systems, and the emergence and elaboration of symbolic systems, and they have made methodological and theoretical contributions to the archaeology of social identities and visual representations. To date, most research has clustered into five groupings: reproduction management, sexual representations, sexual identities, prostitution, and the sexual politics of institutions. The most intriguing new development is the growing application of queer theory as an archaeological methodology for investigating nonsexual as well as sexual matters. In particular, queer theory provides a methodological bridge between archaeological research on sexuality and research on othe...
Spectral-Directional Emittance of CuO at High Temperatures

Spectral-directional emittance measurements for cupric oxide (CuO) are presented. The data cover polar angles of 0-84 deg from the surface normal, wavelengths between 1.5 and 8 μm, and temperatures between 400 and 700° C. The data were generated using a radiometric, direct emission measurement method. The oxide was grown on a very clean, smooth, and mirror-like copper surface, heated in air at 700° C until emission measurements became constant (270 h). X-ray diffraction and EDS analyses were performed to characterize the spatial and molecular composition of the copper oxide layer. It is generally found that CuO emittance decreases with increasing polar angle, increases with increasing wavelength, and increases with increasing temperature. Spectral-directional emittance values calculated from the Fresnel relations show good agreement with the measurements up to polar angles of 72 deg.
Greybody factors of charged dilaton black holes in 2 + 1 dimensions

We have studied the scalar perturbation of charged dilaton black holes in 2+1 dimensions. The black hole considered here is a solution to the low-energy string theory in 2+1 dimensions. The exact decay rates and the grey body factors for the massless minimally coupled scalar is computed for both the charged and the uncharged dilaton black holes. The charged and the uncharged black hole show similar behavior for grey body factors, reflection coefficients and decay rates.
Borel structurability on the 2-shift of a countable group

Abstract We show that for any infinite countable group G and for any free Borel action G ↷ X there exists an equivariant class-bijective Borel map from X to the free part Free ( 2 G ) of the 2-shift G ↷ 2 G . This implies that any Borel structurability which holds for the equivalence relation generated by G ↷ Free ( 2 G ) must hold a fortiori for all equivalence relations coming from free Borel actions of G. A related consequence is that the Borel chromatic number of Free ( 2 G ) is the maximum among Borel chromatic numbers of free actions of G. This answers a question of Marks. Our construction is flexible and, using an appropriate notion of genericity, we are able to show that in fact the generic G-equivariant map to 2 G lands in the free part. As a corollary we obtain that for every ϵ > 0 , every free p.m.p. action of G has a free factor which admits a 2-piece generating partition with Shannon entropy less than ϵ. This generalizes a result of Danilenko and Park.
Genetics of Parkinson's disease

The hypothesis that heredity plays an important role in the etiology of PD has long seemed attractive. It was initially suggested by positive family histories and later by reports of kindreds of "parkinsonism." It was reinforced by the first systematic family study of PD conducted a half-century ago by Mjones. However, closer study of the clinical data indicates that familial aggregations of parkinsonism have reflected various other disorders, notably OPCA and other forms of multiple system atrophy. Case control studies have failed to document a prevalence of PD among first-degree relatives of index cases significantly exceeding that found in control groups. More recently, the concordance rate for PD among monozygotic twins has been found to be unexpectedly low and not significantly different from that among dizygotic twins or the prevalence among first-degree relatives. Thus, the best available data do not support a role of heredity in the etiology of PD. A nonhereditary, possibly congenital genetic defect is, however, not excluded.
Comparison of laser transit anemometry data analysis techniques

Two techniques for the extraction of two-dimensional flow information from laser transit anemometry (LTA) data sets are presented and compared via a simulation study and experimental investigation. The methods are a probability density function (PDF) estimation technique and a marginal distribution analysis technique. The simulation study builds on the results of previous work and provides a quantification of the accuracy of both techniques for various LTA data acquisition scenarios. The experimental comparison consists of using an LTA system to survey the flow downstream of a turbulence generator in a small low-speed wind tunnel. The collected data sets are analyzed and compared. >
Catalytic Ring Expansion of Vinyl Oxetanes: Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyrans Using Chiral Counterion Catalysis

A variety of 2-vinyloxetanes smoothly undergoes Cu-catalyzed ring expansion to afford dihydropyran derivatives in high yields.
Optimal control of two interacting service stations

Optimal controls described by switching curves in the two-dimensional state space are shown to exist for the optimal control of a Markov network with two service stations and linear cost. The controls govern routing and service priorities. Finite horizon and long run average cost problems are considered and value iteration is a key tool. Nonconvex value functions are shown to exist for slightly more general networks. Nonconvex value functions are also shown to arise for a simple single station control problem in which the instantaneous cost is convex but not monotone. Nevertheless, optimality of threshold policies is established for the single station problem. The proof is based on a novel use of stochastic coupling and policy iteration.
Reexploration for periampullary carcinoma: Resectability, perioperative results, pathology, and long-term outcome

OBJECTIVE: This single-institution experience retrospectively reviews the outcomes of patients undergoing reexploration for periampullary carcinoma at a high-volume center. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Many patients are referred to tertiary centers with periampullary carcinoma after their tumors were deemed unresectable at previous laparotomy. In carefully selected patients, tumor resection is often possible; however, the perioperative results and long-term outcome have not been well defined. METHODS: From November 1991 through December 1997, 78 patients who underwent previous exploratory laparotomy and/or palliative surgery for suspected periampullary carcinoma underwent reexploration. The operative outcome, resectability rate, pathology, and long-term survival rate were compared with 690 concurrent patients who had not undergone previous exploratory surgery. RESULTS: Fifty-two of the 78 patients (67%) undergoing reexploration underwent successful resection by pancreaticoduodenectomy; the remaining 26 patients (34%) were deemed to have unresectable disease. Compared with the 690 patients who had not undergone recent related surgery, the patients in the reoperative group were similar with respect to gender, race, and resectability rate but were significantly younger. The distribution of periampullary cancers by site in the reoperative group undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 52) was 60%, 19%, 15%, and 6% for pancreatic, ampullary, distal bile duct, and duodenal tumors, respectively. These figures were similar to the 65%, 14%, 16% and 5% for resectable periampullary cancers found in the primary surgery group (n = 460). Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements did not differ between the two groups. However, the mean operative time was 7.4 hours in the reoperative group, significantly longer than in the control group. On pathologic examination, reoperative patients had smaller tumors, and the percentage of patients with positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen was significantly less. The incidence of positive margins was similar between the two groups. Postoperative lengths of stay, complication rates, and perioperative mortality rates were not higher in reoperative patients. The long-term survival rate was similar between the two resected groups, with a median survival of 24 months in the reoperative group and 20 months in those without previous exploration. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that patients undergoing reoperation for periampullary carcinoma have similar resectability, perioperative morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival rates as patients undergoing initial exploration. The results suggest that selected patients considered to have unresectable disease at previous surgery should undergo restaging and reexploration at specialized high-volume centers.
Optimal decoding for data acquisition applications of sigma delta modulators

A class of optimal nonlinear decoding algorithms is proposed for data acquisition applications of sigma-delta ( Sigma Delta ) modulators. The technique is applicable to all current Sigma Delta structures, including single and double-loop, cascade, and interpolative modulators. While the performance of the technique is identical to that of other optimal nonlinear decoding schemes such as table lookup, it is considerably simpler to implement. Numerical results are presented to compare its performance to that of linear decoders. Effects of circuit imperfections on performance are examined. >
Robust design optimization by polynomial dimensional decomposition

This paper introduces four new methods for robust design optimization (RDO) of complex engineering systems. The methods involve polynomial dimensional decomposition (PDD) of a high-dimensional stochastic response for statistical moment analysis, a novel integration of PDD and score functions for calculating the second-moment sensitivities with respect to the design variables, and standard gradient-based optimization algorithms. New closed-form formulae are presented for the design sensitivities that are simultaneously determined along with the moments. The methods depend on how statistical moment and sensitivity analyses are dovetailed with an optimization algorithm, encompassing direct, single-step, sequential, and multi-point single-step design processes. Numerical results indicate that the proposed methods provide accurate and computationally efficient optimal solutions of RDO problems, including an industrial-scale lever arm design.
The Algebra of Assortative Encounters and the Evolution of Cooperation

This paper explores the way in which assortative matching can maintain cooperative behavior under evolutionary dynamics. If encounters are random, then in Prisoner's Dilemma games, defectors necessarily get higher payos than cooperators and thus will eventually prevail. But if matching is assortative, the cost of cooperating may be repaid by higher probabilities of playing against a cooperating opponent. This paper shows that a simple index of assortativity allows a unifying treatment of the evolutionary dynamics in a wide variety of models of social encounters. In Prisoner's Dilemma, everyone gets a higher payo from playing defect than from playing cooperate, but everyone gets a higher payo from playing against a cooper- ator than against a defector. If meetings between the two types are \random", then defectors will on average get higher payos than cooperators. But if matching is assortative, so that cooperators are more likely to meet cooperators than are defec- tors, then it may be that the cost of cooperating is repaid by a higher probability of playing against a cooperating opponent. This paper explores the quantitative relation between non-random, assortative matching and the maintenance of cooperative behavior under evolutionary dynam- ics. We consider a population of individuals who are \hard-wired" to play either cooperate or defect. They meet other individuals according to some random process and play their programmed strategy in a game of Prisoner's Dilemma. The type that gets the higher expected payo reproduces more rapidly. We dene an index of assortativity of encounters and develop an \algebra of assortative encounters". In one set of applications, we calculate the index of assortativity for games between relatives with either cultural or genetic inheritance and we show the logical con- nection between the index of assortativity and Hamilton's theory of kin selection (Hamilton, 1964). We also apply the index of assortativity to determine the popu- lation dynamics when players select their partners, using partially informative cues about each others' types.
ENERGY RELEASE FROM IMPACTING PROMINENCE MATERIAL FOLLOWING THE 2011 JUNE 7 ERUPTION

Solar filaments exhibit a range of eruptive-like dynamic activity, ranging from the full or partial eruption of the filament mass and surrounding magnetic structure as a coronal mass ejection to a fully confined or failed eruption. On 2011 June 7, a dramatic partial eruption of a filament was observed by multiple instruments on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory. One of the interesting aspects of this event is the response of the solar atmosphere as non-escaping material falls inward under the influence of gravity. The impact sites show clear evidence of brightening in the observed extreme ultraviolet wavelengths due to energy release. Two plausible physical mechanisms for explaining the brightening are considered: heating of the plasma due to the kinetic energy of impacting material compressing the plasma, or reconnection between the magnetic field of low-lying loops and the field carried by the impacting material. By analyzing the emission of the brightenings in several SDO/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly wavelengths, and comparing the kinetic energy of the impacting material (7.6 ? 1026-5.8 ? 1027 erg) to the radiative energy (1.9 ? 1025-2.5 ? 1026 erg), we find the dominant mechanism of energy release involved in the observed brightening is plasma compression.
Ultraviolet, X-Ray, and Optical Radiation from the Geminga Pulsar*

We observed the � -ray pulsar Geminga with the FUV-MAMA and NUV-MAMA detectors of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer to measure Geminga’s spectrum and pulsations in the ultraviolet. The slope of the far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum is close to that of a Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum, suggesting that the FUV radiation is dominated by thermal emissionfromthe neutron star(NS) surface.ThemeasuredFUVflux,FFUV ¼ (3:7 � 0:2) ; 10 � 15 ergscm � 2 s � 1 inthe1155–17028band,correspondstoabrightnesstemperatureTRJ � (0:3–0:4)(d200/R13) 2 MK,dependingon the interstellarextinction(d ¼ 200d200 pcandR ¼ 13R13 kmarethedistanceandtheNSradius,respectively).Thesoft thermal component of Geminga’s X-ray spectrum measured with the XMM-Newton observatory corresponds to a temperature Ts ¼ 0:49 � 0:01 MK and radius Rs ¼ (12:9 � 1:0)d200 km. Contrary to other NSs detected in the UV-optical,forwhich theextrapolation ofthe X-ray thermalcomponentinto theopticalunderpredicts the observed flux of thermal radiation, the FUV spectrum of Geminga lies slightly below the extrapolation of the soft thermal component,which might beassociatedwith Geminga’s very low temperature.Surprisingly, thethermalFUVradiation is strongly pulsed, showing a narrow dip at a phase close to that of a broader minimum of the soft X-ray light curve. The strong pulsations might be attributed to partial occultations of the thermal UV radiation by regions of the magnetosphere filled with electron/positron plasma. In contrast to the FUV spectrum, the near-infrared (NIR) through near-ultraviolet (NUV) spectrum of Geminga is clearly nonthermal. It can be described by a power-law model, F� / � � � þ1 , with a photon index � ¼ 1:43 � 0:15, close to the slope � ¼ 1:56 � 0:24 of the hard X-ray (E > 2:5 keV) magnetospheric component. The extrapolation of the X-ray magnetospheric spectrum into the optical is marginally consistent with (or perhaps lies slightly above) the observed NIR-optical-NUV spectrum. The NUV pulsations, however, do not show a clear correlation with the hard X-ray pulsations. Subject headingg pulsars: individual (Geminga) — stars: neutron — ultraviolet: stars
Trapping in deep defects under substrate hot electron stress in TiN/Hf-silicate based gate stacks

Abstract Substrate hot electron stress was applied on n + -ringed n-channel MOS capacitors with TiN/Hf-silicate based gate stacks to study the role of O vacancy induced deep bulk defects in trapping and transport. For the incident carrier energies above the calculated O vacancy formation threshold, applied on MOS devices with the thick high- κ layer, both the flatband voltage shift due to electron trapping at the deep levels and the increase in leakage current during stress follow t n ( n ≈ 0.4) power law dependence. Negative-U transitions to the deep levels are shown to be possibly responsible for the strong correlation observed between the slow transient trapping and the trap-assisted tunneling.
The convection-diffusion equation for a finite domain with time varying boundaries☆

Abstract A solution is developed for a convection-diffusion equation describing chemical transport with sorption, decay, and production. The problem is formulated in a finite domain where the appropriate conservation law yields Robin conditions at the ends. When the input concentration is arbitrary, the problem is underdetermined because of an unknown exit concentration. We resolve this by defining the exit concentration as a solution to a similar diffusion equation which satisfies a Dirichlet condition at the left end of the half line. This problem does not appear to have been solved in the literature, and the resulting representation should be useful for problems of practical interest. Authors of previous works on problems of this type have eliminated the unknown exit concentration by assuming a continuous concentration at the outflow boundary. This yields a well-posed problem by forcing a homogeneous Neumann exit, widely known as Danckwerts condition. We provide a solution to that problem and use it to produce an estimate which demonstrates that Danckwerts condition implies a zero concentration at the outflow boundary, even for a long flow domain and a large time.
Computers for lattice QCD

Abstract The architecture and capabilities of the computers currently in use for large-scale lattice QCD calculations are described and compared. Based on this present experience, possible future directions are discussed.
Non-Linear Constraints and Stiffness Representations in Simple Flexible-Body Dynamic Beam Formulations

Abstract: A simple discrete four-degree-of-freedom (lumped parameter) model representing a flexible beam undergoing large overall planar prescribed motion has been developed. It serves as a simple tool to investigate two previously studied problems involving flexible-body beam dynamics, namely those involving bending and membrane stiffness dominated behavior. The tool is used to investigate the requirements to accurately solve these problems using non-linear constraints and a non-linear spring representation. The validity of this model is demonstrated by comparing results to those previously published for continuous flexible-body beam formulations. One of these continuous representations is modified to include a non-linear tether spring representation. This allows additional model verification as well as insight into the non-linear constraint and stiffness representations. Taken in its entirety, this investigation demonstrates the utility of these simple lumped parameter models, by showing their ability t...
Valuing Information on GM Foods in the Presence of Country-of-Origin Labels

800x600 Information on production methods (genetic modification (GM) or organic production) and locations (country of origin) are commonly found on food package labels. Both pieces of information may be used as a proxy for food safety and (perceived) quality by consumers. Our study investigates the interactive effects between information on production method and country - of - origin labeling (COOL) by conducting choice experiments in the European Union, United States and Japan. This study also investigates the effect of information about potential benefits of biotechnology on consumer acceptance of GM foods. Results indicate that consumers preferred GM foods produced domestically to GM foods imported from foreign countries, and individuals with information on consumer benefits, producer benefits, and environmental benefits were willing to pay more than individuals without information in some cases, but the effect of information varied by type of information, location, and the country of origin of the products. Normal 0 21 false false false DE X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
EXTENDED SUPERSYMMETRIC QUANTUM MECHANICS

Abstract A parametrization of the Hamiltonian of the generalized Witten model of the SUSY QM by a single arbitrary function in d =1 has been obtained for an arbitrary number of the supersymmetries N =2N . Possible applications of this formalism have been discussed. It has been shown that the N =1 and 2 conformal SUSY QM is generalized for any N .
Methods for Accounting for Co-Teaching in Value-Added Models

ABSTRACTAs states and districts incorporate value-added estimates into multiple-measures systems of teacher evaluation, it has become increasingly important to understand how to model value added when the same student is taught the same subject by multiple teachers. Roster data on teacher–student links that have been checked and confirmed by the teachers themselves show levels of co-teaching far beyond what appear in administrative data. Therefore, to help states and districts overcome a potential limitation in the use of value added, we propose and examine three methods estimating teacher value added when students are co-taught: the Partial Credit Method, Teacher Team Method, and Full Roster Method. The Partial Credit Method apportions responsibility between teachers according to the fraction of the year a student spent with each. This method, however, has practical problems limiting its usefulness. The Teacher Team Method and Full Roster Method presume that co-teachers share joint responsibility for the...
On endogenous economic regulation

This paper presents a model in which in each of a succession of time periods the State and the private economy interact to determine rules under which the private agents will operate in the next period, and rules and resources that constrain interventions of the State in the next period. The set of State institutions, called regulators, that are the instruments of State intervention is endogenously determined in each period. The model is a multiperiod game consisting of two phases. The first is a (noncooperative) game played by private economic agents in each period, the rules for which are given by the regulators in the preceding period. The second phase is political. In each period the private agents acting politically determine the legal and budgetary constraints under which the regulators will operate in the next period, and thereby determine the noncooperative game to be played in the next period. Formal entities in the model allow a wide variety of regulatory instruments and transfer payments to be represented.
Dielectric and Electromechanical Properties of Textured Niobium‐Doped Bismuth Titanate Ceramics

Textured Nb-doped bismuth titanate ceramics (Bi4Ti32x/5Nbx/5O12, where x 5 0.02) were fabricated by templated grain growth. It was found that the use of a fine precursor powder led to enhanced densification of the ceramic, while Nb doping reduced electrical conduction and dielectric loss, which enabled poling at high temperatures and high electric fields. Sintered tapes showed anisotropic dielectric and piezoelectric properties when measured parallel and perpendicular to the casting plane (e.g., the remanent polarization differed by more than a factor of 15 in the two directions). The piezoelectric constant parallel to the casting plane of the tape was ;30 pC/N, or ;77% of the single-crystal value. Thermal depoling studies demonstrated that high-temperature piezoelectric applications are possible up to ;450°C in textured, doped bismuth titanate.
VARIABILITY: ONE STATISTICIAN'S VIEW

Although variability is of fundamental concern and interest to statisticians, often this does not get communicated to students who are taught instead to view variability as a nuisance parameter. A brief survey of a few case studies, as well as a recounting of some history, shows that variability is worthy of study in its own right, and examination of variability leads to insights that might have been missed had we focused all of our attention on the "trend" of the data. As one of the key components of statistical thinking, variability deserves more prominence in the classroom.
A high power X-band relativistic klystron

Intrinsic klystrons have been proposed as an RF drive for future high-gradient accelerator structures. Presented are details of experiments in which a 400 keV, 250-500 A electron beam is propagated through X-band TM/sub 020/ cavities to demonstrate high-beam-energy, high-frequency klystron operation. A magnetron supplies microwave power to the initial cavity for amplification. Profiles of the downstream RF magnetic field have indicated that space charge oscillations dominate the klystron beam behavior. Previous small signal experiments are correlated to present high-power results in order to compare gain measurements, beam loading effects, and output RF pulse quality. >
Economic impact of the universal definition of acute myocardial infarction on an inner city teaching hospital.

i p The universal definition of myocardial infarction provides criteria for the diagnosis and classification of the type of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and recommends the measurement of cardiac troponin (cTn) for the detection of myocardial necrosis. Despite this, many institutions still use creatinine kinase-MB as part of the standard laboratory evaluation for AMI. The aim of this study was to ascertain the cost benefit of using only cTn for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. A survey was done of Kansas City hospitals and the University HealthSystem Consortium list server for comparison of whether other institutions use 1 or both biomarkers. Locally, most of the responding hospitals in Kansas City and 57% of responding university hospitals surveyed use the 2 biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI. After initiating medical staff education, the investigators’ institution’s standard order sets were changed to use only cTnI for the assessment of AMI. The cost savings by eliminating creatine kinase-MB on the order sets was based on the annual volume of processed specimens. The cost of supplies, equipment, and materials was determined on a per test basis. After initiation of the new standard order sets, the creatine kinase-MB testing rate decreased to 50 per month, from 1,098, for an annualized savings of $86,786. In conclusion, as the health care system is challenged to improve care while containing cost, the use of a single biomarker (cTn) in the diagnosis of AMI fulfills this promise without sacrificing patient care. The diagnostic value of cardiac troponin (cTn) measurement is well established. However, less well appreciated is the potential economic benefit from using a single marker instead of a panel of biomarkers that traditionally have included creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Expert consensus underscores using cTn determinations only for better clinical care and a reduction in cost. The elimination of muliple biomarkers, including CK-MB, in the diagnosis of cute coronary syndromes (ACS) relies on evidence-based edicine consistent with the universal definition of acute yocardial infarction (AMI). We report our experience in ost savings after developing standard order sets with cTnI s the only marker on chest pain, ACS, and post–percutaeous coronary intervention orders. Our hypothesis was that significant cost savings would be realized without comromising patient care.
Densities and eccentricities of 139 Kepler planets from transit time variations

We extract densities and eccentricities of 139 sub-Jovian planets by analyzing transit time variations (TTVs) obtained by the Kepler mission through Quarter 12. We partially circumvent the degeneracies that plague TTV inversion with the help of an analytical formula for the TTV. From the observed TTV phases, we find that most of these planets have eccentricities of the order of a few percent. More precisely, the rms eccentricity is 0.018{sub −0.004}{sup +0.005}, and planets smaller than 2.5 R {sub ⊕} are around twice as eccentric as those bigger than 2.5 R {sub ⊕}. We also find a best-fit density-radius relationship ρ ≈ 3 g cm{sup –3} × (R/3 R {sub ⊕}){sup –2.3} for the 56 planets that likely have small eccentricity and hence small statistical correction to their masses. Many planets larger than 2.5 R {sub ⊕} are less dense than water, implying that their radii are largely set by a massive hydrogen atmosphere.
Nuclear Constraints on the Weak Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction

In this talk I will discuss the weak nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction: the experiments that have been done, the strategies theorists have developed to interpret measurements, and the puzzles that remain to be resolved. While the weak interaction can be observed in flavor-changing hadronic decays, the neutral current contribution to such decays is suppressed by the GIM mechanism and thus unobservable. The NN and nuclear systems are thus the only practical laboratories for studying the hadronic weak interaction in all of its aspects [1, 2]. As the weak contribution to the NN interaction is many orders of magnitude smaller than the strong and electromagnetic contributions (the suppression relative to the strong interaction is ∼ 4πGmπ/g πNN ∼ 10−7), parity violation must be exploited to isolate weak observables. The most common observables are pseudoscalars arising from the interference of the weak and strong/electromagnetic interactions, e.g., the circular polarization of γ rays emitted from an unpolarized excited nuclear state, or the γ ray asymmetry if the nuclear state can be polarized. The observable depends on an interference between parity-conserving (PC) and parity-non-conserving (PNC) amplitudes, and the weak interaction appears linearly. Alternatively, there are processes, such as the α decay of an unnatural-parity nuclear state to a 0 final state, where the amplitude is entirely weak. Such observables are proportional to the squares of weak matrix elements, and thus are not associated with a pseudoscalar. The range of the underlying weak interaction, mediated by W and Z exchange, is ∼ 0.002 fm, much smaller than the radius of the nucleon. For this reason the nuclear weak force is often modeled as a series of meson exchanges, with one nucleon vertex strong and with the second vertex containing the weak physics, as depicted in Fig. ??. The resulting isospin of the weak meson-nucleon coupling is related to the underlying currents in an interesting way. The hadronic weak interaction has the low-energy current-current form
Holographic evolution of the mutual information

We compute the time evolution of the mutual information in out of equilibrium quantum systems whose gravity duals are Vaidya spacetimes in three and four dimensions, which describe the formation of a black hole through the collapse of null dust. We find the holographic mutual information to be non monotonic in time and always monogamous in the ranges explored. We also find that there is a region in the configuration space where it vanishes at all times. We show that the null energy condition is a necessary condition for both the strong subadditivity of the holographic entanglement entropy and the monogamy of the holographic mutual information.
A Convenient and General Method for Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Couplings of Aryl Chlorides and Arylboronic Acids

From only commercially available reagents a wide array of Suzuki cross-couplings of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids can be effected in excellent yield [Eq. (a)]. This development provides a general solution to a long-standing limitation of this extremely powerful process-the poor reactivity of inexpensive and readily accessible aryl chlorides. dba=dibenzylideneacetone.
High temperature flux growth, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of Ca3.15Li0.85IrO6, Sr3LiIrO6, Ca3LiRuO6 and Sr3LiRuO6

Abstract Single crystals of Ca 3.15 Li 0.85 IrO 6 , Sr 3 LiIrO 6 , Ca 3 LiRuO 6 and Sr 3 LiRuO 6 were synthesized by high temperature flux growth. The compounds crystallize with trigonal (rhombohedral) symmetry in the space group R3c , Z =6: Ca 3.15 Li 0.85 IrO 6 a =9.2686(3) A, c =10.8755(5) A; Sr 3 LiIrO 6 a =9.6355(3) A, c =11.1439(4) A; Ca 3 LiRuO 6 a =9.2330(3) A, c =10.7441(4) A; Sr 3 LiRuO 6 a =9.6294(4) A, c =11.0963(5) A. All structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The four oxides, A 3 LiMO 6 (A=Ca, Sr; M=Ir, Ru), are isostructural with the K 4 CdCl 6 structure type and contain infinite one-dimensional chains of alternating face-sharing MO 6 octahedra and LiO 6 trigonal prisms. These chains, in turn, are separated by infinite chains of alkaline–earth cations. The magnetic susceptibility of Ca 3.15 Li 0.85 IrO 6 is consistent with that of a simple paramagnet.
Shock Wave Control by Nonequilibrium Plasmas in Cold Supersonic Gas Flows

Experimental studies of shock modification in weakly ionized supersonic gas flows are discussed. In these experiments, a supersonic nonequilibrium plasma wind tunnel, which produces a highly nonequilibrium plasma flow with the low gas kinetic temperature at M = 2, is used. Supersonic flow is maintained at complete steady state. The flow is ionized by a high-pressure aerodynamically stabilized dc discharge in the tunnel plenum and by a transverse rf discharge in the supersonic test section. The dc discharge is primarily used for the supersonic flow visualization, whereas the rf discharge provides high electron density in the supersonic test section. High-pressure flow visualization produced by the plasma makes all features of the supersonic flow, including shocks, boundary layers, expansion waves, and wakes, clearly visible. Attached oblique shock structure on the nose of a 35-deg wedge with and without rf ionization in a M = 2 flow is studied in various nitrogen-helium mixtures. It is found that the use of the rf discharge increases the shock angle by 14 deg, from 99 to 113 deg, which corresponds to a Mach number reduction from M = 2.0 to 1.8. Time-dependent measurements of the oblique shock angle show that the time for the shock weakening by the rf plasma, as well as the shock recovery time after the plasma is turned off, is of the order of seconds. Because the flow residence time in the test section is of the order of 10 μs, this result suggests a purely thermal mechanism of shock weakening due to heating of the boundary layers and the nozzle walls by the rf discharge. Gas flow temperature measurements in the test section using infrared emission spectroscopy, with carbon monoxide as a thermometric element, are consistent with the observed shock angle change. This shows that shock weakening by the plasma is a purely thermal effect. The results demonstrate the feasibility of both sustaining uniform ionization in cold supersonic nitrogen and airflows and the use of nonequilibrium plasmas for supersonic flow control. This opens a possibility for the use of transverse stable rf discharges for magnetohydrodynamic energy extraction and/or acceleration of supersonic airflows.
Dynamical Systems Method and a Homeomorphism Theorem

1. R. B. Banks, Slicing Pizzas, Racing Turtles, and Further Adventures in Applied Mathematics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1999. 2. A. C. Doyle, “The Stone of Boxman’s Drift,” in Uncollected Stories: The Unknown Conan Doyle, Doubleday, New York, 1982. 3. G. Shortley and D. Williams, Elements of Physics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971. 4. A. J. Simoson, Falling down a hole through the Earth, Math. Mag. 77 (2004) 171–189.
Stability and control of power systems using vector Lyapunov functions and sum-of-squares methods

Recently, sum-of-squares (SOS) based methods have been used for the stability analysis and control synthesis of polynomial dynamical systems. This analysis framework was also extended to non-polynomial dynamical systems, including power systems, using an algebraic reformulation technique that recasts the system's dynamics into a set of polynomial differential algebraic equations. Nevertheless, for large scale dynamical systems this method becomes inapplicable due to its computational complexity. For this reason we develop a subsystem based stability analysis approach using vector Lyapunov functions and introduce a parallel and scalable algorithm to infer the stability of the interconnected system with the help of the subsystem Lyapunov functions. Furthermore, we design adaptive and distributed control laws that guarantee asymptotic stability under a given external disturbance. Finally, we apply this algorithm for the stability analysis and control synthesis of a network preserving power system.
Clicks in a Chinese nursery rhyme

This paper reports on the use of nasalized post-alveolar clicks in a special version of a Chinese nursery rhyme, used in two different so-called dialect areas in China. In one, initial velar nasals are replaced with the clicks, while in Mandarin the nasalized clicks are inserted at the beginning of words with zero initials.
Further Examination of Potential Discrimination Among MLB Umpires

We address potential racial bias by Major League Baseball umpires with respect to ball–strike calls. We offer a number of econometric specifications to test the robustness of the results, adding the role of implicit and explicit monitoring as well as pitch location. Our analysis shows mixed results regarding the matching of umpire and pitcher race. We conclude that evidence of own-race bias is sensitive to specification and methodology. How results can differ based on different data sets, specifications, time periods, and race classifications are discussed.
Historical Antecedents as Precedents for Nanotechnology Vocational Education Training and Workforce Development.

In an attempt to inform how to approach nanotechnology vocational education training (nanoVET), this article briefly discusses the history of the development of vocational education training (VET) ...
The Sun-like Activity of the Solar Twin 18 Scorpii

We present the results of 10 yr of complementary spectroscopic and photometric observations of the solar twin 18 Scorpii. We show that over the course of its ~7 yr chromospheric activity cycle, 18 Sco's brightness varies in the same manner as the Sun's and with a likely total brightness variation of 0.09%, similar to the 0.1% decadal variation in the total solar irradiance.
Preparation and cycloadditions of a 4-methoxy-3-oxidopyrylium ylid: a reagent for the synthesis of highly substituted seven-membered rings and tetrahydrofurans

Abstract The preparation of 4-methoxy-6-methyl-3-oxidopyrylium ylid from α-deoxykojic acid and its cycloaddition behavior as a 5 carbon dipole or carbonyl ylid with various dipolarophiles is described.
BLACK HOLE FORMATION IN FAILING CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

We present results of a systematic study of failing core-collapse supernovae and the formation of stellar-mass black holes (BHs). Using our open-source general-relativistic 1.5D code GR1D equipped with a three-species neutrino leakage/heating scheme and over 100 presupernova models, we study the effects of the choice of nuclear equation of state (EOS), zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) mass and metallicity, rotation, and mass-loss prescription on BH formation. We find that the outcome, for a given EOS, can be estimated, to first order, by a single parameter, the compactness of the stellar core at bounce. By comparing protoneutron star (PNS) structure at the onset of gravitational instability with solutions of the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkof equations, we find that thermal pressure support in the outer PNS core is responsible for raising the maximum PNS mass by up to 25% above the cold NS value. By artificially increasing neutrino heating, we find the critical neutrino heating efficiency required for exploding a given progenitor structure and connect these findings with ZAMS conditions, establishing, albeit approximately, for the first time based on actual collapse simulations, the mapping between ZAMS parameters and the outcome of core collapse. We also study the effect of progenitor rotation and find that the dimensionless spin of nascent BHs may be robustly limited below a* = Jc/GM^2 = 1 by the appearance of nonaxisymmetric rotational instabilities.
The onset of jamming as the sudden emergence of an infinite k-core cluster

A theory is constructed to describe the zero-temperature jamming transition of repulsive soft spheres as the density is increased. Local mechanical stability imposes a constraint on the minimum number of bonds per particle; we argue that this constraint suggests an analogy to k-core percolation. The latter model can be solved exactly on the Bethe lattice, and the resulting transition has a mixed first-order/continuous character reminiscent of the jamming transition. In particular, the exponents characterizing the continuous parts of both transitions appear to be the same. Finally, numerical simulations suggest that in finite dimensions the k-core transition can be discontinuous with a nontrivial diverging correlation length.
The metallicity of diffuse intrahalo light

We make predictions for the metallicity of diffuse stellar components in systems ranging from small spiral galaxies to rich galaxy clusters. We extend the formalism of Purcell, Bullock & Zentner, in which diffuse stellar mass is produced via galaxy disruption, and we convolve this result with the observed mass–metallicity relation for galaxies in order to analyse the chemical abundance of intrahalo light (IHL) in host haloes with virial mass 1010.5≤Mhost≤ 1015 M⊙. We predict a steep rise of roughly 2 dex in IHL metallicity from the scales of small to large spiral galaxies. In terms of the total dynamical mass Mhost of the host systems under consideration, we predict diffuse light metallicities ranging from ZIHL≲−2.5 for Mhost∼ 1011 M⊙ to ZIHL∼−1.0 for Mhost∼ 1012 M⊙. In larger systems, we predict a more shallow rise in this trend with ZIHL∼−0.4 for Mhost∼ 1013 M⊙, increasing to ZIHL∼ 0.1 for Mhost∼ 1015 M⊙. This behaviour is coincident with a narrowing of the intrahalo metallicity distribution as host mass increases. The observable distinction in surface brightness between old, metal-poor IHL stars and more metal rich, dynamically younger tidal streams is of crucial importance when estimating the chemical abundance of an intrahalo population with multiple origins.
SMALL-TIME ASYMPTOTICS FOR FAST MEAN-REVERTING STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODELS

In this paper, we study stochastic volatility models in regimes where the maturity is small, but large compared to the mean-reversion time of the stochastic volatility factor. The problem falls in the class of averaging/homogenization problems for nonlinear HJB-type equations where the “fast variable” lives in a noncompact space. We develop a general argument based on viscosity solutions which we apply to the two regimes studied in the paper. We derive a large deviation principle, and we deduce asymptotic prices for out-of-the-money call and put options, and their corresponding implied volatilities. The results of this paper generalize the ones obtained in Feng, Forde and Fouque [SIAM J. Financial Math. 1 (2010) 126–141] by a moment generating function computation in the particular case of the Heston model.