cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative risks for comorbidities associated with myotonic dystrophy: A population-based analysis.

Introduction: A population-level relative risk assessment for comorbidities associated with myotonic dystrophy has not been performed. Methods: In this study we utilized the Utah Population Database to identify patients with myotonic dystrophy in Utah according to ICD-9 coding. Comorbidity cases listed in the medical record were compared with those of the Utah population. Results: Individuals with myotonic dystrophy were found to possess an increased risk of central and obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism, and intellectual disability. The risk of cardiac conduction disorder is 60 times the population risk. Conclusions: This study provides a population-level relative risk assessment of comorbidities in myotonic dystrophy. This allows for improved counseling of patients regarding these increased risks. Muscle Nerve 52: 659–661, 2015
Identification of a circular intermediate in the transfer and transposition of Tn4555, a mobilizable transposon from Bacteroides spp.

Transmissible cefoxitin (FX) resistance in Bacteroides vulgatus CLA341 was associated with the 12.5-kb obilizable transposon Tn4555 which encoded the 13-lactamase gene cfxA. Transfer occurred by a onjugation-like mechanism was stimulated by growth of donor cells with tetracycline (TC) and required the resence of a Bacteroides chromosomal Tcr element. Transconijugants resistant to either FX TC or both drugs ere obtained but only Fx Tcr isolates could act as donors of Fxr in subsequent matings. Transfer of Fxr could e restored in FxF Tc' strains by the introduction of a conjugal Tcr element from Bacteroidesfragilis V479-1. covalently closed circular DNA form of Tn4555 was observed in donor cells by Southern hybridization and he levels of this circular transposon increased significantly in cells grown with TC. Both the cfxA gene and the n4555 mobilization region hybridized to the circular DNA suggesting that this was a structurally intact ransposon unit. Circular transposon DNA purified by CsCI-ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation as used to transform Tcs B. fragilis 638 and FXr transformants were obtained. Both the circular form and he integrated Tn4555 were observed in transformants but the circular form was present at less than one copy er chromosomal equivalent. Examination of genomic DNA from Fxr transformants and transconjugants evealed that Tn4555 could insert at a wide variety of chromosomal sites. Multiple transposon insertions were resent in many of the transconjugants indicating that there was no specific barrier to the introduction of a second transposon copy. Originally published Journal of Bacteriology Vol. 175 No. 9 May 1993
The Sand Creek Massacre

The 1864 massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans by a Colorado territorial militia regiment is investigated through a genocidal lens, both as a component of the larger destruction of Native American cultures and peoples by U.S. forces and in its own specific economic and ideological context. Using the work of many other scholars in the field of genocide studies and the established definition of genocide provided by the UN Convention on Genocide, this essay initially defines how the gradual dwindling of Native American populations from the onset of European colonization through the next three centuries can be viewed as genocide. Following this groundwork, the question of culpability for the massacre is brought forth and three main categories of suspects are identified: local government and military leaders, the White settler population of Colorado, and the U.S. federal government. All three potential areas of culpability are shown to possess varying degrees of responsibility in effecting the massacre. Upon conclusion of the investigation, there is a brief discussion of possible means of reconciliation accompanied by an examination of the nature of current reconciliation efforts.
Ionic versus nonionic paramagnetic contrast media in differentiating between scar and herniated disk.

PURPOSE To compare the MR contrast enhancement produced by ionic and nonionic paramagnetic contrast media in herniated disk fragments with that in epidural scar tissue. METHODS A recurrent herniated disk was modeled in canines by using laminectomy to place a fragment of disk cartilage in the epidural space. The dogs were studied 88 and 90 days after laminectomy with MR imaging enhanced with an ionic or a nonionic paramagnetic contrast medium. Contrast enhancement of the epidural scar tissue and the epidural disk fragment was measured at 2, 22, and 45 minutes after the injection. RESULTS Contrast enhancement was consistently and significantly higher in scar tissue than in disk fragments, although the difference decreased between 2 and 45 minutes after administration of contrast medium. Enhancement of disk fragments was less with the ionic than with the nonionic contrast medium. Contrast between the disk fragments and scar was also greater with the ionic than with the nonionic medium. CONCLUSIONS The contrast between recurrent disk fragments and scar tissue is affected by the timing of the scan and the choice of contrast medium. Scans obtained immediately after the injection of contrast medium show more contrast between disk fragment and scar than do delayed scans. Recurrent herniated disk fragments are more effectively shown by ionic than by nonionic media.
Crucial role of dynamic linker histone binding and divalent ions for DNA accessibility and gene regulation revealed by mesoscale modeling of oligonucleosomes.

Monte Carlo simulations of a mesoscale model of oligonucleosomes are analyzed to examine the role of dynamic-linker histone (LH) binding/unbinding in high monovalent salt with divalent ions, and to further interpret noted chromatin fiber softening by dynamic LH in monovalent salt conditions. We find that divalent ions produce a fiber stiffening effect that competes with, but does not overshadow, the dramatic softening triggered by dynamic-LH behavior. Indeed, we find that in typical in vivo conditions, dynamic-LH binding/unbinding reduces fiber stiffening dramatically (by a factor of almost 5, as measured by the elasticity modulus) compared with rigidly fixed LH, and also the force needed to initiate chromatin unfolding, making it consistent with those of molecular motors. Our data also show that, during unfolding, divalent ions together with LHs induce linker-DNA bending and DNA–DNA repulsion screening, which guarantee formation of heteromorphic superbeads-on-a-string structures that combine regions of loose and compact fiber independently of the characteristics of the LH–core bond. These structures might be important for gene regulation as they expose regions of the DNA selectively. Dynamic control of LH binding/unbinding, either globally or locally, in the presence of divalent ions, might constitute a mechanism for regulation of gene expression.
The insulin-like growth factor binding protein BP-25 is expressed by human breast cancer cells

Specific binding proteins are thought to modulate the effects of IGF-I. Previous work has demonstrated that media conditioned by human breast cancer cells contains IGF-I binding activity. Radiolabelled IGF-I incubated with serum-free conditioned media from the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231 eluted with an apparent M.W. of 35–40 kDa when analyzed by gel filtration chromatography at pH 7.4. The M.W. of this binding activity corresponded to that of BP-25, a binding protein cloned from the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. Two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB 231 and Hs578T, were found to express BP-25 RNA. Specific BP-25 radioimmunoassay detected BP-25 production in the conditioned media of these two cell lines. Immunoprecipitation confirmed that metabolically labelled MDA-MB 231 released 30 kDa BP-25 into its medium. This study demonstrates that some breast cancer cells express the IGF-I binding protein, BP-25.
Transmembrane signalling associated with ganglioside-induced CD4 modulation.

Abstract Ganglioside (GM1) treatment of CD4+ human CEM ltmphoma cells stimulated transient phosphoinositide (PI) breakdown, production of inositol phosphates (IP), protein phosphorylation and rapid decrease of CD4 surface expression. A comparison between the actions of GM1 and other agents that affect these signal transduction pathways demonstrated a distinct mechanism for GM1-induced decrease of CD4. GM1 stimulated both phospholipase C activity and protein phosphorylation but had no effect on either cellular cAMP levels or tyrosine kinase activity. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated protein phosphorylation and caused a significant decrease in surface display of CD4. Both of these processes were blocked by pretreating cells with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H7. These results demonstrate that GM1 stimulates PI turnover and induces a rapid decrease of CD4 surface expression by processes that do not activate adenylate cyclase or tyrosine kinase. They further demonstrate that the mechanism for GM1-induced decrease of CD4 is distinct from the CD4 internalization processes mediated by PKC activity.
Factors influencing the activity of dimethylnitrosamine demethylase in hamster, rat and chicken liver microsomes

In vitro metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) by liver microsomal fractions of hamster, rat and chicken revealed that the three species under certain assay conditions, were capable of metabolizing DMN at different rates (hamster greater than rat greater than chicken). The magnitude of the demethylase activity was found to be dependent on the nature of the buffer, the concentration of cytochrome P-450 (P-450) and the concentration of the substrate DMN. Enzyme activity was higher in Hepes buffer than in the phosphate buffer. Concentrations of phosphate higher than 20 mM inhibited the activity of the rat and chicken enzymes. This effect of phosphate was not a consequence of increase in ionic strength since KCl over a wide range of concentration failed to inhibit the activity.
Excitation energy transport in fractal aggregates

Abstract A theory is developed to describe excitation energy transport in fractal aggregates. These fractal structures have densities which scale as a fractional power of the radius. Because of this, each donor is in a different environment with respect to donor and/or trap density. Consequently, ensemble averages cannot be performed using centro-symmetric coordinates. This problem has great similarities to the case of excitation energy transport in finite volumes. In this work the theory developed by Ediger and Fayer for the finite volume case is adapted to the fractal case. Forster limit (donor-trap transfer) and one-component (donor-donor transfer) systems are considered. Specific examples of Forster transfer are treated for the infinite size fractal, two-dimensional fractals and transfer from the aggregate to the excluded volume. A simple formalism for deriving expressions for the mean relaxation time of excitation is presented.
YIELD STRESS OF FOOD DISPERSIONS WITH THE VANE METHOD AT CONTROLLED SHEAR RATE AND SHEAR STRESS

The vane method was used to measure yield stresses of 15 commercial food dispersions under controlled shear stress (Cσ) and controlled shear rate (C) operating conditions. Magnitudes of yield stress (σσ) at Cσ were higher than those of yield stress (σ) at C on tomato products and baby foods. There were good linear correlations (R2= 0.96, 0.86) between γ and σσ for food dispersions with undisturbed structure (UDS) and with broken down structure (BDS). Data obtained under Cσ were also used to calculate shear moduli of foods.
No One Type of Intimate Partner Abuse: Exploring Physical and Non-Physical Abuse Among Intimate Partners

Although research into intimate partner abuse has expanded throughout the past several decades and increased our understanding of this multi-faceted phenomenon, the vast majority of empirical work is still focused almost exclusively on physical violence—against women in particular. Although a crucial issue in our society, physical violence against women is only one facet in an array of possible abusive behaviors toward an intimate partner. Researchers have long acknowledged the existence of multiple forms of non-physical abuse. These types of abuse have received little research attention, however, and are commonly lumped together simply as “non-physical” or “emotional” abuse. There is no reason to believe, however, that all forms of non-physical abuse are the same, whether in intensity, frequency, or co-existence with physical violence. The current study attempts to disentangle the multiple types of nonviolent abuse to examine prevalence, differences by sex, and its relationships to physical abuse. Using Tjaden and Thoennes’ (1998) survey data, this study examines the prevalence of different types of non-physical abuse, both in the general population and among those experiencing physical violence Findings indicate that non-physical partner abuse is more common than physical and that non-physical abuse does not show striking sex differences, as is commonly believed. There is strong evidence that some types of non-physical abuse serve as clear risk factors for physical abuse and may increase risk of more frequent violence among those already being abused. These relationships do not, however, differ by sex. Implications for future research are discussed.
Abstract 1675: Lung cancer chemotherapy: genetic variations in the transforming growth factor beta pathway as predictors of survival

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Treatments based on molecular determinants are likely to maximize therapeutic index for chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this study is to take a pathway-based approach to systematically evaluate the pharmacogenetic effects of transforming growth factor (TGF-β) pathway on lung cancer and identify potential genetic predictors of platinum-based chemotherapy. We genotyped 227 SNPS in 23 TGF-β pathways genes to evaluate their associations with overall survival in 598 late stage NSCLC patients receiving first-line platinum-based chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. In individual analysis, 22 SNPs were significantly associated with overall survival, of which the strongest associations were found for BMP2:rs235756 (HR=1.45; 95%CI, 1.11-1.90; P=0.006) and SMAD3:rs4776342 (HR=1.25; 95%CI, 1.06-1.47; P=0.009). Cumulative effect analysis showed that individuals with multiple risk genotypes had a significant dose-dependent adverse affect on overall survival (Ptrend=2.44×10−15). Analysis stratified by treatment modality showed that SMAD3 haplotypes exhibited significant associations with outcomes of chemotherapy. Survival tree analysis categorized subgroups of patients with dramatically different survival pattern. The low-risk genetic profile group identified from patients treated with chemoradiation had a median survival time (MST) of 30.4 months. In comparison, the high-risk genetic profile group had a more than four-fold increased risk of death with MST of 6.8 months. The low-risk genetic profile group identified from patients treated with primary chemotherapy without definitive radiotherapy had a MST of 18.03 months, while the high-risk genetic profile group had a MST of 5.9 months and a four-fold increased risk of death. These results suggest that genetic variations in TGF-β pathway are potential predictors for clinical outcome in advanced NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. We also found that genetic variations within the TGF-β signaling pathway may be able to identify potential subgroups of patients who will most benefit from platinum-based chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1675.
The non-equilibrium Marshak wave problem: A transport theory solution

Abstract An analytic solution to a particular Marshak problem is given. The radiative transfer model used is the one-group grey transport description coupled with the material energy balance. This solution provides a benchmark for validating time-dependent radiative transfer algorithms and constitutes a transport solution to the same problem previously solved using diffusion and low-order P - N approximations. Typical numerical results are given for surface and integral quantities and comparisons are made with the previously reported diffusion solution, as well as with a Monte Carlo result.
Transfer of cellular hypersensitivity in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis monitored in vivo and in vitro

Abstract The suggestion that lymphocytes from anergic patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis fail to produce a mediator (MIF) associated with delayed hypersensitivity has been experimentally verified in the present study. In addition, an attempt to correct a cellular defect to Candida albicans was carried out in two patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis using transfer factor dialysate. In one patient, successful but temporary transfer was effected. During the period of reconstitution of cellular responsiveness no change was observed in the clinical course of the patient's disease. Transfer was also successful in the control subject who has retained his hypersensitivity to Candida to the present time. The other patient, however, did not respond to transfer factor dialysate; her immune response may have a more primary defect not correctable by the dialysate. Further, this study serves to illustrate that transfer of delayed hypersensitivity can be monitored by in vitro methods and such methods may eliminate the need for skin testing in future transfers.
Power Line Carrier Application Considerations Involving HVDC Transmission

When applying a power line carrier system involving HVDC transmission, the HVDC system characteristics should be understood. Expected carrier noise levels on the DC line and on the adjacent, parallel or crossing AC lines must be known to ensure proper application of carrier. Primary information on noise measurements made on adjacent AC lines at Eel River, Stegall and Square Butte are presented. The need for noise filters on adjacent AC lines is discussed. A typical HVDC power line carrier system is also described and the computation of signal-to-noise ratio is given.
Rat- and human-based risk estimates of lung cancer from occupational exposure to poorly-soluble particles: A quantitative evaluation

In risk assessment there is a need for quantitative evaluation of the capability of animal models to predict disease risks in humans. In this paper, we compare the rat- and human-based excess risk estimates for lung cancer from working lifetime exposures to inhaled poorly-soluble particles. The particles evaluated include those for which long-term dose-response data are available in both species, i.e., coal dust, carbon black, titanium dioxide, silica, and diesel exhaust particulate. The excess risk estimates derived from the rat data were generally lower than those derived from the human studies, and none of the rat- and human-based risk estimates were significantly different (all p-values>0.05). Residual uncertainty in whether the rat-based risk estimates would over- or under-predict the true excess risks of lung cancer from inhaled poorly-soluble particles in humans is due in part to the low power of the available human studies, limited particle size exposure data for humans, and ambiguity about the best animal models and extrapolation methods.
Dimethyl sulfide formation from adsorbed methanethiol: Surface trapping of UV-generated reaction intermediates

We present studies of the photoinduced surface chemistry of methanethiol adsorbed on GaAs(110). UV irradiation of these molecules, which are intact at ∼90 K, induces scission of the S−H bond, leaving the CH3S fragment trapped at the surface. The measured cross section at 193 nm for this photoinduced process is ∼3.6 × 10-20 cm2. Postirradiation heating of the surface-bound products of the methanethiol photoreaction results in the evolution of dimethyl sulfide with the same desorption kinetics as observed for the strictly thermal production of dimethyl sulfide from dissociatively adsorbed methyl disulfide. Thus, UV irradiation of CH3SH/GaAs(110) followed by thermal activation of the surface-trapped intermediates is shown to provide a new route to partial desulfurization of CH3SH.
Mitogenic synergy through multilevel convergence of hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin-4 signaling pathways

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) regulates various physiological and developmental processes in concert with other growth factors, cytokines and hormones. We examined interactions between cell signaling events elicited by HGF and the cytokine interleukin (IL)-4, in the IL-3-dependent murine myeloid cell line 32D transfected with the human HGF receptor, c-Met. HGF was a potent mitogen in these cells, and prevented apoptosis in response to IL-3 withdrawal. IL-4 showed modest anti-apoptotic activity, but no significant mitogenic activity. IL-4 synergistically enhanced HGF-stimulated DNA synthesis, whereas only additive prevention of apoptosis was observed. IL-4 did not enhance HGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Met or Shc. In contrast, HGF-stimulated activation of MAP kinases was enhanced by IL-4, suggesting that the IL-4 and HGF signaling pathways converge upstream of these events. Although phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors diminished HGF-induced mitogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and MAP kinase activation, IL-4 enhanced HGF signaling persisted even in the presence of these inhibitors. IL-4 enhancement of HGF signaling was partially blocked in 32D/c-Met cells treated with inhibitors of MEK1 or c-Src kinases, completely blocked by expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of Janus kinase 3 (Jak3), and increased in 32D/c-Met cells overexpressing STAT6. Our results suggest that the IL-4 and HGF pathways converge at multiple levels, and that IL-4-dependent Jak3 and STAT6 activities modulate signaling events independent of PI3K to enhance HGF-dependent mitogenesis in myeloid cells, and possibly other common cellular targets.
Survival, Growth, and Abundance of Pellet-Reared and Minnow-Reared Muskellunge Stocked in Northwestern Iowa

Abstract Recent advances in artificial feeding techniques have increased the numbers and reliability of fingerling production of muskellunge Esox masquinongy in Iowa. Most of the muskellunge fingerlings produced in Iowa since 1984 were raised on dry pelleted feed. We compared the survival of pellet-reared fingerlings with traditional minnow-reared fingerlings stocked into Spirit and West Okoboji lakes in northwest Iowa. Beginning in 1991, all muskellunge fingerlings were marked with freeze brands to differentiate the type and year that fingerlings were stocked. Adult muskellunge were caught each spring with 360-ft, 2.5-in-bar-mesh gill nets. All muskellunge caught were examined for brands, individually marked with visual implant tags, and released into the same lake as captured. Abundance and survival of stocked fingerlings to year-classes were estimated from recaptures of branded and individually marked muskellunge. In most years none of the pellet-reared fingerlings survived. The poor survival of these ...
Information matrix for the bivariate Gumbel distribution

The Fisher information matrix for the bivariate Gumbel distribution is derived. Numerical tabulations of the matrix are also provided for practical purposes.
Getting biofuels on the green and narrow path: why we must get advanced biofuels started and started in the right way

We need every tool we can get our hands on in the fight against global warming; a truly low-carbon liquid fuel is clearly a tool we cannot give up lightly and arguably a tool we cannot do without. Unfortunately, our current policies do not require or reward broadly sustainably and truly low-carbon biomass. What's more, the small policy steps forward are under atttack and the comprehensive policy solutions are not even being debated. As a result, any supply estimate that does not start by identifying the policies that would guide the market to choose sustainably managed feedstocks in sustainable quantities can be nothing more than a proof of concept, technical assessment. These estimates are misleadingly high in the current policy climate. Nevertheless to stop global warming we must try to get the right policies in place and with an aggressive package of policies, they might actually turn out to be low. A modest proposal for a billion gallon challenge with rich incentives and rigorous environmental requirements (perhaps building of voluntary sustainability certification standards such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels) is offered as a way to launch the advanced biofuels industry on the right track in a way will build public support.
Patterns of care and side effects for patients prescribed methadone for treatment of chronic pain.

Objectives. This manuscript evaluates physician monitoring practices and incidence of cardiac side effects following initiation of methadone for treatment of chronic pain as compared to patients who began treatment for chronic pain with morphine sustained release (SR). Design. We retrospectively reviewed medical record data on all new initiations of methadone and compared results of physician monitoring practices to patients with new initiations of morphine SR. A standardized chart tool was used to capture clinical data. Data related to health service utilization and clinical diagnoses were obtained from the VA clinical information system. Setting. A single VA Medical Center in the Pacific Northwest. Patients. Chronic pain patients prescribed methadone (n = 92) or morphine (n = 90) in the calendar year 2008. Results. There was no difference between patients prescribed methadone versus patients prescribed morphine SR in the likelihood of receiving an electrocardiogram (ECG) prior to initiating medication (53 percent versus 54 percent) or in the year after opioid initiation (37 percent versus 40 percent). The two groups also did not differ in rates of developing prolonged rate-corrected (QTc) intervals (>450 ms) (11 percent versus 17 percent). Seventy-two percent of all patients discontinued their long-acting opioid regimens before 90 days due to adverse effects or insufficient pain relief. Conclusion. Despite recommendations for standardized assessment and cardiac risk monitoring, few patients prescribed methadone received an ECG, and this occurred at a rate that did not differ from patients prescribed morphine SR. Patients discontinued both medications at high rates. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical significance of QTc prolongation in patients treated with methadone.
The "Warming Trend" in Conceptual Change Research: The Legacy of Paul R. Pintrich

This article explores the legacy of Paul Pintrich in regard to theory and research in conceptual change. Specifically, this article reviews his vision for a view of conceptual change-a vision that integrated motivation and affect within a broader view of cognition in the classroom (Pintrich, 1999; Pintrich & Sinatra, 2003). This article describes 2 models inspired by his 1993 article, Beyond Cold Conceptual Change (Pintrich, Marx, & Boyle, 1993): Dole and Sinatra's (1998) Cognitive Reconstruction of Knowledge Model and the Cognitive-Affective Model of Conceptual Change (Gregoire, 2003), as well as our own personal view of intentional conceptual change (Sinatra & Pintrich, 2003). This article argues that the field may be changed inexorably by Pintrich's vision. Finally, this article describes Paul's ideas for future research in conceptual change.
Photocoagulation Treatment of Proliferative Retinopathy Secondary to a Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

Neovascularization of the optic disk occurred in a patient with a carotid-cavernous fistula. Treatment with scatter-type argon laser photocoagulation successfully promoted regression of the new vessels.
On the distribution of the singular values of Toeplitz matrices

In 1920, G. Szego proved a basic result concerning the distribution of the eigenvalues {λ(n)j} of the Toeplitz sections Tn [f], where f(Θ)∈L∞( -π, π) is a real-valued function. Simple examples show that this result cannot hold in the case where f(Θ) is not real valued. In this note, we give an extension of this theorem for the singular values of Tn[f] when f(Θ)=f0(Θ)R0(Θ) with f0(Θ) real-valued and R0(Θ) continuous, periodic (with period 2π) and such that |R0(Θ)|=1. In addition, we apply the basic theorem of Szego to resolve a question of C. Moler.
A further note on optimal costs of isotopes

Abstract This note is written in response to the comment by Ruby, who wishes to extend the results of the authors' original work by considering the case of ξ ≦ 1 in the objective function, The minimization of S results in the minimum cost policy for radioisotopes production.
An excited superdeformed band of 80Zr in Skyrme Hartree-Fock calculations

Abstract Both experiment and theory yield the result that the ground band of 80Zr is superdeformed with an axis ratio of approximately 3 2 . In this work excited bands are considered with Skyrme Hartree-Fock approach. Using the Skyrme 3 interaction an excited spherical state is calculated at an excitation energy of 8.6 MeV and an excited superdeformed band with an axis ratio of about 2 1 is obtained with a band-head energy of 8.5 MeV. Relative to the (excited) spherical state, the ground state band consists of a 12-particle-12-hole state and the excited deformed band consists of a 16-particle-16-hole excitation. Other topics such as the kinetic energy anomaly, the monopole shrinkage, and the Bertsch formula for deformation are discussed.
MOCVD of electroceramic oxides : A precursor manufacturer's perspective

Thin films of metal oxides are finding an increasing application in electronic devices. They can be deposited by a number of methods, however metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) offers the most flexible approach. Key to the success of this technology is the manufacture and supply of suitable precursors with sufficient volatility and stability, as well as adequate purity. In this article a number of manufacturing issues are discussed, as well as the development of new precursors with improved physical properties and enhanced MOCVD performance.
Automotive design challenges for wide-band-gap devices used in high temperature capable, scalable power vehicle electronics

Magna Electronics, an automotive Tier 1 Supplier, has been actively involved in the application and production of EV and Hybrid electric drive motors, inverters, electronic, and powertrain controllers. The Ford Focus Electric vehicle program includes all of these products and stand-alone inverters for the Fisker Karma, plus assorted components for other global customers. Incorporating advanced technologies into automotive power electronics remains in the forefront for next generation inverters. Smart product development will satisfy an emerging market for achieving high power density, high temperature capability, and high efficiency inverters with Wide Band Gap (WBG) devices utilizing both GaN and SiC in diodes and switches. It is essential that designs for motor power inverters, DC/DC converters, and in-vehicle chargers be based on a modular, scalable platform that will address the needs of electric and hybrid electric vehicles across a wide range of power requirements. The designs must meet objectives which are not new but need restating: Achieve lower cost targets (lower component and system costs); Develop new component technologies to meet high temperature and high power density requirements (WBG devices, electronics, bulk capacitor); Design of components and system architecture to meet scalability goals; Improve manufacturability of sub-system components These system design challenges will trickle down to component suppliers and, in particular the WBG community. Exposure to these attributes early in the component development process will speed up innovative automotive product development.
Epoxy-silane linking of biomolecules is simple and effective for patterning neuronal cultures

Surface chemistry is one of the main factors that contributes to the longevity and compliance of cell patterning. Two to three weeks are required for dissociated, embryonic rat neuronal cultures to mature to the point that they regularly produce spontaneous and evoked responses. Though proper surface chemistry can be achieved through the use of covalent protein attachment, often it is not maintainable for the time periods necessary to study neuronal growth. Here we report a new and effective covalent linking approach using (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (3-GPS) for creating long term neuronal patterns. Micrometer scale patterns of cell adhesive proteins were formed using microstamping; hippocampal neurons, cultured up to 1 month, followed those patterns. Cells did not grow on unmodified 3-GPS surfaces, producing non-permissive regions for the long-term cell patterning. Patterned neuronal networks were formed on two different types of MEA (polyimide or silicon nitride insulation) and maintained for 3 weeks. Even though the 3-GPS layer increased the impedance of metal electrodes by a factor of 2-3, final impedance levels were low enough that low noise extracellular recordings were achievable. Spontaneous neural activity was recorded as early as 10 days in vitro. Neural recording and stimulation were readily achieved from these networks. Our results showed that 3-GPS could be used on surfaces to immobilize biomolecules for a variety of neural engineering applications.
The possibility of secular human rights: Alan gewirth and the principle of generic consistency

This article explores Alan Gewirth’s argument for a secular foundation for the idea 2 of human rights as a possible response to Michael J. Perry’s claim “that the idea of 3 human rights is…ineliminably religious.” I examine Gewirth’s reasoning for constructing 3 a theory, namely that existing theories are fundamentally flawed and leave the idea of human rights without a logically consistent foundation, before considering in detail his claims for the Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC). Having looked at his critique of numerous other theories, as well as at his own argument about human action grounding basic rights to freedom and well-being, I then offer a critique of Gewirth’s PGC. Ultimately my conclusion is that Gewrith's 3 theory relies too heavily on the notions, first that we have a meta-desire not to contradict ourselves and, second, that we are unable to find persuasive justifications for our behavior that might allow us to avoid self-contradiction. If one is not troubled by charges of self-contradiction or, as is more often the case, one does not recognize that one’s victim is as much a human being as oneself, Gewirth’s theory 5 V 3 will not seem particularly persuasive. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A28BB025 00003
The effect of humic acid on the toxicity and bioavailability of trivalent chromium

The influence of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity and bioavailability of two forms of trivalent chromium (chromic chloride and chrome lignosulfonate) was evaluated using a common freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia pulex. With both compounds, the 50 mg/liter HA significantly decreased toxicity at all time points examined. The remaining two HA concentrations, 0.5 and 5 mg/liter, either had no influence or decreased the toxicity of the compounds. Humic acid appeared to have no influence on the bioavailability of chrome lignosulfonate. However, for chromic chloride, 5 and 50 mg/liter HA decreased the percentage free chromium at all time points examined.
Tunneling from electron bubbles beneath the surface of liquid helium

Schoepe and Rayfield have measured the lifetime Τ for escape of electrons from bubbles beneath a liquid He surface. We compute Τ using the tunneling Hamiltonian method of Bardeen. If accepted bubble parameters are assumed, Τ is found to be approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than the measured value. Agreement with experiment can be obtained if the radius is taken to be 50% larger than currently believed. We consider the effects of diffuseness of the bubble boundary, diffuseness of the liquid-vapor interface, and polarizability of the bubble. A discrepancy remains which may be explicable in terms of surface deformation when the bubble is very close to the surface.
A precision beta gauge using a plastic scintillator and photomultiplier detector

We describe the use of a plastic scintillator photomultiplier detector combination in applications involving the precision beta-gauge measurement of small mass deposits of thin substrates. The requisite precision (±2 μg/cm2) places stringent requirements on the beta-particle counter and associated electronics. The scintillator based system is shown to be equivalent if not superior to previously employed semiconductor detectors with respect to long-term counting stability.
Chemical stability of glass with an ultra-thin disordered carbon coating

Abstract Uniform nanoscale thin films of disordered carbon, derived from the pyrolysis of organic precursors, have been developed to modify the surface properties of glass. In this study, their chemical and electrochemical properties were examined in detail. The results reveal that the presence of a 3–6 nm thick carbon coating film decreases the surface energy of the glass and increases the water contact angle significantly. The optical transmittance and hydrophobicity do not change even after 10 days of accelerated weathering in a chamber at 85% RH and 85 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms further that the presence of the thin carbon coating has provided a barrier to alkali leaching. DC polarization tests showed that thin carbon films deposited on alkali-free glass and float glasses were highly stable even after repeated cycling in extremely corrosive conditions.
Useful sociology: can sociological knowledge be valuable in policy‐making?

Delves into history to find out if sociological knowledge can be applied successfully to policy making. Explains that society is based on the use of multiple knowledge structures and belief systems. Cites examples of centres which were set up in the USA to improve understanding and knowledge in a specific area, which could then contribute towards policy making and, ultimately, improved practice. Discusses the application of knowledge at various points in history, indicating that ruling elites are not motivated by knowledge (intellect) but by sentiment, and that this is still the case today. Refers to various literary works on sociological practice. Advocates that modern social research should be driven by policy issues and that sociologists should seize the opportunity, presented by decentralization, to become policy makers in their own communities.
Patterns of psychological state anxiety in public speaking as a function of anxiety sensitivity

Previous empirical studies of anxiety patterns associated with public speaking performance have exhibited major differences between the psychological and physiological waveforms. Moreover, current research indicates that, in physiological studies of public speaking anxiety, several different patterns are embedded in the overall pattern, thereby demonstrating the importance of discovering the proper differentiated pattern for any given speaker. In the present study, the general psychological anxiety pattern for public speakers was examined in order to attempt to discover if independent, differentiated, patterns reside within the global pattern. A primary and a secondary pattern emerged. These sub‐patterns are significantly different from one another at all major moments or milestones of the experience. In a second study, these patterns were identified by differing levels of anxiety sensitivity. Theoretical, pedagogical, and therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed.
What would they think?: a computational model of attitudes

A key to improving at any task is frequent feedback from people whose opinions we care about: our family, friends, mentors, and the experts. However, such input is not usually available from the right people at the time it is needed most, and attaining a deep understanding of someone else's perspective requires immense effort. This paper introduces a technological solution.We present a novel method for automatically modeling a person's attitudes and opinions, and a proactive interface called "What Would They Think?" which offers the just-in-time perspectives of people whose opinions we care about, based on whatever the user happens to be reading or writing. In the application, each person is represented by a "digital persona," generated from an automated analysis of personal texts (e.g. weblogs and papers written by the person being modeled) using natural language processing and commonsense-based textual-affect sensing.In user studies, participants using our application were able to grasp the personalities and opinions of a panel of strangers more quickly and deeply than with either of two baseline methods. We discuss the theoretical and pragmatic implications of this research to intelligent user interfaces.
Synthesis and photodegradation of poly[2,5-bis(dimethylsilyl)thiophene]

Poly[2,5-bis(dimethylsilyl)thiophene] (I), a copolymer with alternating thiophene and disilyl units, has been prepared by the Wurtz coupling of 2,5-bis(dimethylchlorosilyl)thiophene (IV) with sodium metal in toluene. I has been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR, IR, UV, GPC, TGA and elemental analysis. The photolysis of I in benzene/methanol solution results in degradation of the polymer. The structure of the photoproducts and possible mechanisms for their formation are discussed.
Effect of Modified Dry Period Lengths and Bovine Somatotropin on Yield and Composition of Milk from Dairy Cows

Dry periods of 40 to 60 d have been an industry standard because dry periods 12,000 kg of milk and treated with bovine somatotropin (bST). The study used 2 commercial dairies and one university dairy and included 4 treatments. Five multiparous and 5 primiparous cows from each farm were assigned to each treatment: 1) 60-d dry period, label use of bST (60DD); 2) 30-d dry period, label use of bST (30DD); 3) continuous milking, label use of bST (CMLST); and 4) continuous milking with continuous use of bST (CMCST). Per label, bST use started at 57 to 70 d in milk and ended 14 d before drying (60DD and 30DD) or expected calving date (CMLST). In primiparous cows, average milk yields during the first 17 wk of lactation were reduced for cows on treatments 30DD, CMLST, and CMCST vs. the 60DD treatment. (38.3, 35.1, and 37.5 vs. 44.1 +/- 1.3 kg/d, respectively). For multiparous cows, respective milk yields did not differ (46.6, 43.4, 46.5, and 47.7 +/- 2.1 kg/d). Shortened or omitted dry periods may impede mammary growth in primiparous cows, resulting in reduced milk yield in the subsequent lactation. In contrast, a shortened or omitted dry period with either bST protocol did not alter production in multiparous cows treated with bST. Quality aspects of prepartum milk and colostrum require additional characterization. For multiparous cows, milk income generated for short dry periods or for continuous milking might increase their profitability. At 17 wk of the subsequent lactation, estimates of the cumulative net margins of multiparous cows on the 30DD treatment and continuous milking treatments exceeded those of cows on the 60DD treatment by 40 dollars to 60 dollars per cow.
Transconductance of Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET's

Transconductance of n-channel Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) MOSFET's has been measured with backside gate (substrate) bias as a parameter. For negative values of the backside gate bias, transconductance of SOI transistors is similar to that of bulk devices. On the other hand, transconductance exhibits an unusual behavior when backside gate is positively biased. This is caused by mutual influence between the front-and the backside gate-related depletion zones. Modeling of transconductance using numerical solution of Poisson's equation show good agreement with experimental results.
Doing dementia better: anthropological insights

Dementia, or neurodegenerative disease, is a disease category, and yet it is widely described in popular and professional media as a horror story. Patients with dementia and their families frequently report that they are less than pleased with their clinical encounters. This article reveals the deleterious impact that cultural assumptions about dementia have on the care provided, and, through an exploration of anthropological theories of personhood, suggests strategies for seeking improved quality of life through personhood-centered care.
FLYSAT: an index of consumer satisfaction with service offering in the airline industry.

Abstract The airline industry has been described as “highly dynamic” and “brutally competitive.” Attaining a high level of consumer satisfaction is thus mandatory for firms in the industry in order to survive, and to maintain or to increase market share. To this end, management needs an adequate measure of consumer satisfaction with services rendered by airlines. This paper proposes an index of service satisfaction that adequately captures the multiplicity trait of services marketing in the airline industry. Termed FLYSAT, the index was based on the concepts of service offering and desired expectation. Results of an empirical test of FLYSAT support its reliability and validity. Potential managerial applications of the index are discussed, and directions for future research are given.
Identified target-selective visual interneurons descending from the dragonfly brain

1. Eight large interneurons descending in the dragonfly (Aeshna umbrosa, Anax junius) ventral nerve cord from the brain to the thoracic ganglia were identified anatomically with intracellular dye injection (Fig. 3). All eight were strictly visual and responded only to movements of small patterns, such as black squares, ‘targets’, moving on a white background. 2. The target interneurons all projected from the protocerebrum at least as far as the metathoracic ganglion. Within the protocerebrum they arborized in the posterodorsal neuropil region, near the base of the circumesophageal connectives (Fig. 3). 3. The receptive fields of six of the cells were large, including most of the forward hemisphere of vision. For five of these, spiking responses were often restricted to a much smaller region within the receptive field, with stimulation of other areas yielding only subthreshold responses (Figs. 4 and 5, Table 1). 4. The pattern of selectivity for target size varied, with some neurons responding only to small targets, some showing consistent responses over a wide range of target sizes, and one preferring larger targets (Fig. 6, Table 1). 5. Five of the interneurons were directionally selective. Movement in the antipreferred direction elicited hyperpolarizing responses in two of them. Movements of large patterns, such as a checkerboard pattern covering the forward hemisphere, elicited opposite directional responses, i.e., hyperpolarizations in the preferred target direction and subthreshold depolarizations in the antipreferred direction (Fig. 7). A large pattern moving in any direction inhibited the response to target movement (Fig. 8). 6. These neurons mediate, in part, the visual control of flight orientation. I propose that they convey turning signals to the wing motor in response to objects moving relative to the animal.