cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of insulin, catecholamines and adenosine in the regulation of glucose transport in isolated rat cardiac myocytes.

The regulation of the glucose transport system by catecholamines and insulin has been studied in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. In the basal state, l-isoproterenol exhibited a biphasic concentration-dependent regulation of 3-O-methylglucose transport. At low concentrations (less than 10 nM), isoproterenol induced a maximal inhibition of 65–70% of the basal rates, while at higher concentrations (greater than 10 nM) a 25–70% stimulation of transport was observed. In the presence of adenosine deaminase, the inhibition of isoproterenol at low doses was attenuated. No effect of adenosine deaminase was observed on the stimulation of transport at high doses of isoproterenol. The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol returned when N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (a non-metabolizable analog of adenosine) was included along with adenosine deaminase. Dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin both inhibited basal transport rates. In the presence of maximally stimulating concentrations of insulin, cardiomyocyte 3-O-methylglucose transport was generally elevated 200–300% above basal levels. In the presence of isoproterenol, insulin stimulation was inhibited at both high and low concentrations of catecholamine, with maximum inhibition occurring at the lowest concentrations tested. When cells were incubated with both adenosine deaminase and isoproterenol, the inhibition of the insulin response was greater at all concentrations of catecholamine and was almost completely blocked at isoproterenol concentrations of 10 nM or less. Dibutyryl cAMP inhibited the insulin response to within 10% of basal transport levels, while forskolin completely inhibited all transport activity in the presence of insulin. These results suggest that catecholamines regulate basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport via both cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent mechanisms and that this regulation is modulated in the presence of extracellular adenosine.
Embryonic susceptibility of Microtus ochrogaster (common prairie vole) to phenyl mercuric acetate

Abstract Pregnant M. ochrogaster received single intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of 0.06, 0.125, 0.25, 1.2, or 5 mg phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA)/kg of body weight on day 8, 9, or 10 of gestation or 0.5 mg PMA/kg on day 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 of gestation. No toxicity was exhibited, and no abnormal fetuses were observed in any group. An embryocidal effect that dependend on dose and stage of development was determined by increased numbers of resorption sites; resorption sites were dose-dependent, and the embryocidal effect decreased as the embryo matured. A dose of 0.06 mg PMA/kg of body weight produced no resorptions when given on day 8 or day 10 of gestation; 0.125 mg/kg or 0.25 mg/kg produced no resorptions if given on day 10; 0.5 mg/kg resulted in live fetuses and resorptions in the same uterus when given on days 7 through 11; the same dose on day 12 produced all live fetuses; and 1, 2, or 5 mg PMA/kg given on day 8, 9, or 10 of gestation caused total embryo resorption. The i.p. LD50 of PMA in Microtus ochrogaster adult females was 10 mg/kg of body weight.
Photoreflectance surface characterization of InP:Fe substrates

Photoreflectance (PR) was used to determine the surface damage caused by polishing on semi-insulating lnP:Fe substrates. PR measurements were performed between subsequent etching steps. The PR results on substrates, obtained from various vendors and laboratories, indicate that the exciton structure near the fundamental absorption edge transition is very sensitive to surface imperfections and the bulk resistivity of the substrates.
The effect of high pressure upon proteins and other biomolecules.

We shall not attempt here to enumerate the results or review in a systematic way the significant literature dealing with the use of high pressure in studies of proteins and other molecules of biological interest. Two recent reviews on this subject, one by MOrild (1981) and another by Heremans (1982), and a further article by Jaenicke (1981) on enzymes under extreme environmental conditions contain expositions and references that would render redundatn such a task. Rather we concentrate here on the examination of othe conceptual framework employed in the interpretation of high pressure experiments and in the critical discussion of our knowledge of selected areas of present interest and likely future significance.
Investigations in the Spectral Region between 20 and 40μ

An apparatus is described which is convenient for studying the optical properties of substances with reststrahlen having wave-lengths from 6 to 150μ. A vibrationless support is described, the essential features of which are copied from the design of R. Muller but the construction is simplified. The transmission of several gases was studied with reststrahlen having wave-lengths 20 to 33μ. SO_2 shows strong absorption at 20.75μ. The reflectivity of SO_2 was tested and found to be zero at both 20.75μ and 8.7μ where it has strong absorption bands. Gas absorptions from 20 to 33μ are compared with the Raman indications. Transmissivities and reflectivities of various materials are given for the spectral region 20 to 33μ. β−MgO was found to have a reststrahlen near 23μ. Potassium iodide was found to be transparent to wave-lengths greater than 33μ.
Identification of toxic fatty acid amides isolated from the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum carter

Abstract The golden alga Prymnesium parvum has been implicated in fish and aquatic animal kills globally for over a century. In addition to widespread ecological impacts through the loss of entire fish populations within lakes, an economic burden is also felt by state and local agencies due to year class losses of fish raised for stocking lakes as well as loss of fishing and recreational use of the affected water. Multiple compounds have been implicated in P. parvum toxicity, but the unequivocal identification and characterization of all P. parvum toxins remained to be accomplished. To unambiguously characterize these toxins, we analyzed laboratory-cultured cells exposed to limited nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, uni-algal wild cells collected from an ichthytoxic bloom event at Lake Wichita, TX, and the water from both cultured and field-collected algae. A bioassay-guided fractionation process was employed to chemically isolate P. parvum toxins using both mammalian cells and larval fish. The results of these assays revealed that there was a distinct similarity in the toxic compounds characterized as seven primary fatty acid amides (myristamide, palmitamide, linoleamide, oleamide, elaidamide, stearamide, and erucamide) and one hydroxamic acid (linoleyl hydroxamic acid). These compounds display cytotoxic and ichthytoxic activity and have not yet been reported in P. parvum toxicity or in the toxicity of harmful algal species.
Atlas of fluorescein angiographic findings in eyes undergoing laser for retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose We sought to examine the clinical features of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using fluorescein angiography (FA). Design Retrospective case series of eyes with severe acute-phase ROP that underwent FA at the time of laser photocoagulation. Participants We included 22 eyes of 11 infants that developed ROP stage 3 in zone 1 with plus disease, 8 eyes of 4 infants classified as ROP stage 3 in zone 1 without plus disease, and 21 eyes of 11 infants that developed ROP stage 3 in zone 2 with plus disease. All eyes underwent laser photocoagulation. A total of 51 sets of digital images including FA were obtained immediately before treatment. Methods RetCam (Clarity, Pleasanton, CA) fundus images and video digital FAs were performed under general anesthesia right before laser treatment. A 10% solution of fluorescein was intravenously administered as a bolus at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg, followed by an isotonic saline flush. Main Outcomes Measures Fluorescein angiograms were examined retrospectively to catalog different retinal and choroidal findings Results In eyes with severe ROP, FA clearly shows extreme variability in both retinal circulation and choroidal filling pattern. Different patterns of vessels branching at the junction between vascular and avascular retina (V–Av junction) are noted. Posterior to the V–Av junction, hypoperfused retinal areas with or without hyperfluorescent “cotton-wool-like” or “popcorn-like” lesions due to dye leakage are documented by FA. Focal dilatation of capillaries, capillary tufts formations, and rosary-bead-like hyperfluorescent lesions inside the vessels were seen; sometimes all 3 are noted. Various macular abnormalities are noted including absence of foveal avascular area and significant exudative component. Conclusions Fluorescein angiography was useful to distinguish the deceptively featureless zone 1 junction between the vascularized and nonvascularized retina. Further studies are needed to understand the role of vascular abnormalities observed in zone 1 vascularized retina. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Navigation and learning experiments by an autonomous robot

Abstract Developing an autonomous mobile robot capable of navigation, surveillance and manipulation in complex and dynamic environments is a key research activity at CESAR, Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research. The latest series of completed experiments was performed using the autonomous mobile robot HERMIES-IIB ( H ostile E nvironment R obotic I ntelligence E xperiment Series II-B).
Intervalence electron transfer and magnetic exchange in reduced nontronite

The effects of chemical reduction of structural Fe 3§ in nontronite SWa-1 (ferruginous smectite) on intervalence electron transfer (IT) and magnetic exchange were investigated. Visible absorption spectra in the region 800-400 nm of a chemical reduction series of the SWa-1 nontronite revealed an IT band near 730 nm (13,700 cm-'). Both the intensity and position of this band were affected by the extent of Fe reduction. The intensity increased until the Fe 2+ content approached 40% of the total Fe, then decreased slightly with more Fe 2+. The position of the band also shifted to lower energy as the extent of reduction increased. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the magnetic exchange in unaltered nontronite is frustrated antiferromagnetic, but ferromagnetic in reduced samples. Magnetic ordering temperatures are in the range 10-50 K, depending on the extent of reduction. The ferromagnetic component in the magnetization curve increased with increasing Fe 2§ in the crystal structure. The positive paramagnetic interaction likely is due to electron charge transfer from Fe 2§ to Fe 3§ through such structural linkages as Fe2+-O-Fe 3§ (perhaps following a double exchange mechanism), which is consistent with the visible absorption spectra.
Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy

Over the last decade, we have witnessed key discrepancies between observational and randomized clinical trials concerning the beneficial and adverse effects of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), especially regarding coronary heart disease (CHD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Rossouw et al. 2002). Earlier cohort studies and small-scale trials appeared to demonstrate consistent benefit of MHT on almost every organ system, for example, decreased risk of CHD, AD, depression, colorectal cancer; improvement in hot flashes, sleep, and cognitive function; prevention of osteoporosis; and prevention/reversal of genital atrophy and associated symptoms (Lindsay et al. 1996). These findings led to an all-time high in the marketing and use of MHT (Parente et al. 2008). The publication of the results of Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) estrogen plus progestin trial, a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, resulted in a dramatic reduction in the prescribing of MHT by medical doctors and its request by patients, since an increased risk of CHD, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and breast cancer was observed in estrogen plus progestin users (Rossouw et al. 2002). The administration of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) alone in women who had previously undergone hysterectomy was subsequently shown to increase the risk of stroke without affecting CHD risk (Anderson et al. 2004). Although a nonstatistically significant decrease in the incidence of breast cancer and a significant decrease in hip fractures were observed in the CEE-alone trial, there was no overall benefit. Thus, at this time the routine use of MHT in any form for the purpose of chronic disease prevention is not recommended (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Women’s Health Care Physicians 2004; North American Menopause Society 2007a). The discrepant findings against the benefit of MHT for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and AD prevention are currently areas of intense interest and investigation. There are several hypotheses that have been preferred to explain the discrepancy – the leading one being that early initiation of estrogen, prior to its complete withdrawal at menopause, may be associated with improved outcomes for both of these disorders (Grodstein et al. 2006; Hsia et al. 2006). There is also interest in the fact that breast cancer risk was lower in women who had a hysterectomy and took estrogen alone; this finding – although not statistically significant – suggests that progestin combined with estrogen has an adverse effect on breast proliferation but estrogen alone may be a more neutral treatment. At the present time, however, given the lack of any major clinical trial favoring hormone use in any subgroup of at-risk women for any indication other than symptoms, the current therapeutic options for menopausal therapies only favor hormone for symptom control. This chapter will review the treatment options for menopausal symptoms, the potential prevention of medical conditions associated with menopause, and the beneficial and adverse effects of MHT.
Species discovery in marine planktonic invertebrates through global molecular screening

Species discovery through large-scale sampling of mitochondrial diversity, as advocated under DNA barcoding, has been widely criticized. Two of the primary weaknesses of this approach, the use of a single gene marker for species delineation and the possible co-amplification of nuclear pseudogenes, can be circumvented through incorporation of multiple data sources. Here I show that for taxonomic groups with poorly characterized systematics, large-scale genetic screening using a mitochondrial DNA marker can be a very effective approach to species discovery. Global sampling (120 locations) of 1295 individuals of 22 described species of eucalanid copepods identified 15 novel evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) within this marine holoplanktonic family. Species limits were tested under reciprocal monophyly at the mitochondrial (mt) gene 16S rRNA, and 13 of 15 lineages were reciprocally monophyletic under three phylogenetic inference methods. Five of these mitochondrial ESUs also received moderate support for reciprocal monophyly at the independently-inherited nuclear gene, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Additional support for the utility of mt DNA as a proxy for species boundaries in this taxon is discussed, including results from related morphological and biogeographic studies. Minimal overlap of intra-ESU and inter-ESU 16S rRNA genetic distances was observed, suggesting that this mt marker performs well for species discovery via molecular screening. Sampling coverage required for the discovery of new ESUs was found to be in the range of >50 individuals/species, well above the sampling intensity of most current DNA Barcoding studies. Large-scale genetic screening can provide critical first data on the presence of cryptic species, and should be used as an approach to generate systematic hypotheses in groups with incomplete taxonomies.
Demand for Single- and Dual-Degree Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Positions

Purpose Currently, no consensus has been reached regarding which track, single- or dual-degree, better prepares a resident for oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) practice. It is doubtful that such a consensus will ever exist. The purpose of the present study was to explore the trends in the selection of, and competition for, single- and dual-degree residency positions, with the ultimate goal of determining which degree track is in greater demand among recent applicants. Materials and Methods National match statistics were obtained from the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Data were drawn from each annual residency match for 1986-1987 through 2009-2010. For each match year, the data included the total number of OMS residency applicants participating in the National Matching Service, the total number of OMS positions offered, and the number of single- and dual-degree OMS positions that had been successfully matched. A piecewise regression analysis was used to evaluate the trends in the data. Results During the 1996-1997 to 2009-2010 period, both the preference for single- and dual-degree positions and the proportion of single- and dual-degree positions offered remained relatively constant. On average, 50.19% ± 2.27% of applicants preferred single-degree positions, 24.44% ± 2.42% preferred dual-degree positions, and 25.70% ± 2.27% had no preference. The demand for each single-degree position from 1996-1997 to 2009-2010 was 1.44 times greater than that for each dual-degree position ( P Conclusions The proportions of single- and dual-degree OMS residency positions and applicant preference for a single- or dual-degree position have remained relatively constant during the past 14 match years. Recent trends have suggested a significantly greater demand for the single- versus dual-degree OMS residency position.
An introduction to computer graphic terminals

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to some of the fundamental hardware and software aspects of typical CRT display consoles. Techniques for accomplishing display refresh are explained. The evolution of the CRT controller, from a device which simply includes a pair of digital-to-analog converters to a system which is a rather sophisticated, special-purpose hybrid processor (including analog function generators and digital control logic), is developed. Means by which a user generates display processor interrupts, particularly those associated with graphic input devices, are described. The use of electronic "pens" for user interaction with a display is then explained. Finally, the software structure for a typical graphic processor is discussed from a functional point of view. The linkage between a high-level symbolic picture description and the CRT "machine language" display file, via a set of generation subroutines, is described. The calling of picture modification programs by an interrupt analysis routine is also explained. Reasons for the need of a linked-list data structure are presented.
On active learning for data acquisition

Many applications are characterized by having naturally incomplete data on customers - where data on only some fixed set of local variables is gathered However, having a more complete picture can help build better models. The naive solution to this problem - acquiring complete data for all customers s often impractical due to the costs of doing so. A possible alternative is to acquire complete data for "some" customers and to use this to improve the models built. The data acquisition problem is determining how many, and which, customers to acquire additional data from. In this paper we suggest using active learning based approaches for the data acquisition problem. In particular, we present initial methods for data acquisition and evaluate these methods experimentally on web usage data and UCI datasets. Results show that the methods perform well and indicate that active learning based methods for data acquisition can be a promising area for data mining research.
Dynamic SRAM stability characterization in 45nm CMOS

A method for characterizing dynamic SRAM stability using pulsed wordlines, is demonstrated in 45nm CMOS. Static read margins were observed to overestimate failures by up to 1000x while static write margins failed to predict outliers in dynamic write stability. Dynamic write stability was demonstrated to exhibit an enhanced sensitivity to process variations, and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), compared to static write margins.
A compliant-mechanism-based three degree-of-freedom manipulator for small-scale manipulation

This paper describes the design of a small-scale three degree-of-freedom compliant-mechanism-based manipulator with an approximately 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm cubic workspace. The manipulator exhibits a significantly larger range of motion and better spatial structural properties than a conventional compliant mechanism, due primarily to a unique flexure joint developed by the authors. A brief description of the mechanics of the flexure joint is followed by a description of the design of the manipulator. Following the mechanical description, the design of the low-level manipulator controller is discussed. Finally, data is presented that demonstrates manipulator performance.
The Impact of Accessible Identities on the Evaluation of Global versus Local Products

Through three studies, we investigated the impact of consumers’ global versus local identities on the evaluation of global products (products with the same specifications and packaging for consumers from around the world) versus local products (products with specifications and packaging tailored for local markets). The results show that consumers with an accessible global identity prefer a global (more than a local) product and consumers with an accessible local identity prefer a local (more than a global) product. Of note, this effect was reversed, either by an explicit instruction about accessible identities being nondiagnostic (study 1) or implicitly by inducing a differentiative (vs. integrative) processing mode (study 2).
Sustainability analysis of atomic layer deposition for microelectronics manufacturing

As the miniaturization trend continues in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, atomic layer deposition has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to obtain atomic layer control of film growth [1][2]. ALD operates by alternating exposure of a surface to vapors of two or more chemical reactants to deposit an atomic layer film on the surface. As needed, the deposition process can be repeated to obtain a film layer for a specific thickness. ALD can deposit highly uniform and conformal thin films on extremely complex surfaces [3], and accordingly, has potential applications on a wide variety of electronic products including CMOS chips, flat panel display, optical filters, etc.[4].
RNA interference gene therapy in dominant retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod dystrophy mouse models caused by GCAP1 mutations

RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown is an efficacious therapeutic strategy for silencing genes causative for dominant retinal dystrophies. To test this, we used self-complementary (sc) AAV2/8 vector to develop an RNAi-based therapy in two dominant retinal degeneration mouse models. The allele-specific model expresses transgenic bovine GCAP1(Y99C) establishing a rapid RP-like phenotype, whereas the nonallele-specific model expresses mouse GCAP1(L151F) producing a slowly progressing cone/rod dystrophy (CORD). The late onset GCAP1(L151F)-CORD mimics the dystrophy observed in human GCAP1-CORD patients. Subretinal injection of scAAV2/8 carrying shRNA expression cassettes specific for bovine or mouse GCAP1 showed strong expression at one week post-injection. In both allele-specific (GCAP1(Y99C)-RP) and nonallele-specific (GCAP1(L151F)-CORD) models of dominant retinal dystrophy, RNAi-mediated gene silencing enhanced photoreceptor survival, delayed onset of degeneration and improved visual function. Such results provide a “proof of concept” toward effective RNAi-based gene therapy mediated by scAAV2/8 for dominant retinal disease based on GCAP1 mutation. Further, nonallele-specific RNAi knockdown of GCAP1 may prove generally applicable toward the rescue of any human GCAP1-based dominant cone-rod dystrophy.
Likelihood and Empirical Bayes Superposition of Multiple Macromolecular Structures

Superpositioning plays a fundamental role in current macromolecular structural analysis. By orienting structures so that their atoms match closely, superpositioning enables the direct analysis of conformational similarities and differences in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Superpositioning is a special case of Procrustes problems, in which coordinate vector sets are optimally oriented via rigid body rotations and translations. Optimal transformations are conventionally determined by minimizing the sum of the squared distances between corresponding atoms in the structures. However, the ordinary unweighted least-squares (OLS) criterion can produce inaccurate results when the atoms have heterogeneous variances (heteroscedasticity) or the atomic positions are correlated, both of which are common features of real data. In contrast, model-based probabilistic methods can easily allow for heterogeneous variances and correlations. Our likelihood treatment of the superposition problem results in more accurate superpositions and provides a framework for a full Bayesian analysis.
Corporate environmental reporting: what's in a metric?

Although there has been increased attention to corporate environmental reports (CERs), there has yet to be a close examination of the metrics used in these reports. Metrics do not address the content of CERs, but, perhaps more importantly, metrics provide the means for conveying the content. In this paper, we analyze metrics used in 79 corporations' recent CER reports. We define and use an 'environmental sustainability' lens, and apply two environmental metrics taxonomies to CER metrics. We also consider the implications of key internal and external firm factors on CER metrics. Our findings suggest that (i) firms' compliance with ISO 14001 increases the presence of future oriented metrics, (ii) a majority of CER content uses lagging metrics with descriptive and operational performance information, (iii) larger firms are more likely than smaller firms to use future oriented metrics and (iv) there are noticeable differences across countries/regions in terms of CER metrics. Several important issues seem evident from the study. First, the metrics most commonly used in CERs provide little information about future performance. Second, the majority of metrics describe operations performance rather than environmental impact. Third, even though the sample was chosen based on a priori indicators of corporate environmental awareness, only about half of the companies sampled had a CER available. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Model predictive control based trajectory optimization for nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight including obstacle avoidance

This work presents a model predictive control based trajectory optimization method for nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight including obstacle avoidance, emphasizing the mission objective of low altitude at high speed. A NOE trajectory reference is generated over a subspace of the terrain. It is then inserted into the cost function and the resulting trajectory tracking error term is weighted for more precise longitudinal tracking than lateral tracking through the introduction of the TF/TA ratio. Obstacle avoidance including preclusion of ground collision is accomplished through the establishment of hard state constraints. These state constraints create a 'safe envelope' within which the optimal trajectory can be found. Steps are taken to reduce complexity in the optimization problem including perturbational linearization in the prediction model generation and the use of control basis functions. Preliminary results over a variety of sample terrains are provided to show the mission objective of low altitude and high speed was met satisfactorily without terrain or obstacle collision, however, methods to preclude or deal with infeasibility must be investigated as speed is increased to and past 30 knots.
Assignment Algorithm for Energy Minimization on Parallel Machines

Energy consumption is a critical issue in parallel and distributed systems. Energy-Efficient Scheduling of Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based workflows on Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) enabled systems consists of two phases: assignment of tasks and slack allocation. Most current research on scheduling for energy minimization of DAGs tries to minimize energy by effective slack allocation for a given assignment. The assignment itself does not take energy profiles of tasks into account. In this paper, we show that incorporating DVS based energy profiles of tasks during the assignment phase can lead to significantly lower overall energy requirements while requiring lower computational time.
On Partitioning the Infinite Subsets of Large Cardinals

Let A be an ordinal less than or equal to an infinite cardinal K. For S C K, [S]' denotes the collection of all order type A subsets of S. A set X c [K]' will be called Ramsey iff there exists p E [K]K such that either [p]' c X or [p]' rn X = 0. The set p is called homogeneous for X. The infinite Ramsey theorem implies that all subsets of [o]' are Ramsey for n co, the assertion that all subsets of [K]' are Ramsey is a large cardinal hypothesis equivalent to K being weakly compact (and strongly inaccessible). Again, is not possible in ZFC to have all subsets of [K]" Ramsey. The analogy to the Galvin-Prikry theorem mentioned above was established by Kleinberg, extending work by Kleinberg and Shore in [KS]. The set [K]" is given a topology as a subspace of KW, which has the usual product topology, K taken as discrete. It was shown that all open subsets of [K]" are Ramsey iff K is a Ramsey cardinal (that is, K -+ (K)<(). In this note we examine the spaces [K]' for K ? A ? co. We show that K Ramsey implies all open subsets of [K]' are Ramsey for A < K, and that if K is measurable, then all open subsets of [K]K are Ramsey. Let us remark here that we can with the same methods prove these results with "K-Borel" in the place of "open", where the K-Borel sets are the smallest collection containing the opens and closed under complementation and intersections of length less than K. Also, although here we consider just subsets of [K]', it is no more difficult to show that partitions of [K]' into less than K many K-Borel sets have, under the appropriate hypothesis, size K homogeneous sets. We record now just a few preliminaries. Let [A] <(' = Un<. [A]". A set p E [K]' is often identified with the function p: A -i K which enumerates it in order, and similarly for s E [A] < 0. We write p o s for the composition of p and s which is an element of [K]"<. For s E [A]" and t E [K]", let U(s, t) = {p E [K]':p ? S = t}. The collection {U(s, t): S E [A]n, t E [K]TM, n < w} is a basis for the topology on [K]A.
PKCι maintains a tumor-initiating cell phenotype that is required for ovarian tumorigenesis.

Protein kinase Cι (PKCι) has oncogenic potential and is an attractive therapeutic target for treatment of lung cancer, particularly those tumors that express elevated PKCι. However, whether PKCι is a viable target in ovarian cancer is unknown, and virtually nothing is known about the mechanism by which PKCι drives ovarian tumorigenesis. Here, it is demonstrated that PKCι maintains a tumor-initiating cell (TIC) phenotype that drives ovarian tumorigenesis. A highly tumorigenic population of cells from human ovarian cancer cell lines exhibit cancer stem-like TIC properties, including self-renewal, clonal expansion, expression of stem-related genes, enhanced transformed growth in vitro, and aggressive tumor-initiating activity in vivo. Genetic disruption of PKCι inhibits the proliferation, clonal expansion, anchorage-independent growth, and enhanced tumorigenic properties of ovarian TICs. Biochemical analysis demonstrates that PKCι acts through its oncogenic partner Ect2 to activate a MEK/ERK signaling axis that drives the ovarian TIC phenotype. Genomic analysis reveals that PKCι and Ect2 are coordinately amplified and overexpressed in the majority of primary ovarian serous tumors, and these tumors exhibit evidence of an active PKCι-Ect2 signaling axis in vivo. Finally, this study reveals that auranofin, a potent and selective inhibitor of oncogenic PKCι signaling, inhibits the tumorigenic properties of ovarian TIC cells in vitro and in vivo. These data demonstrate that PKCι is required for a TIC phenotype in ovarian cancer, and that auranofin is an attractive therapeutic option to target deadly ovarian TICs in ovarian cancer patients. Implications: PKCι drives a tumor-initiating cell phenotype in ovarian cancer cells that can be therapeutically targeted with auranofin, a small molecule inhibitor of PKCι signaling. Mol Cancer Res; 11(12); 1624–35. ©2013 AACR.
The Illusion of Power and the Disruption of Moral Norms: Thucydides' Critique of Periclean Policy

Scholars in both international relations and political theory have been turning their attention to Thucydides with increasing frequency but with dissimilar questions. We draw on both traditions of inquiry to reexamine Thucydides' view of Pericles. We argue that antithetical reasoning is present in the treatment of Pericles and is manifested in the opposition between the statesman's brilliance and the infelicitous consequences of his statecraft, as become evident in the work as a whole. This antithesis undermines the claim advanced by certain figures in the History, as well as by contemporary realists, that states (statesmen) should not be held to the same moral standards as individuals because to do so subverts their capacity to conduct prudent policy. We propose that Thucydides' work suggests, instead, that it is precisely when the norms of moral conduct are disrupted that states and individuals find it next to impossible to chart a prudent course of action.
Origin and influence of coal mine drainage on streams of the United States

Degradation of water quality related to oxidation of iron disulfide minerals associated with coal is a naturally occurring process that has been observed since the late seventeenth century, many years before commencement of commercial coal mining in the United States. Disturbing coal strata during mining operations accelerates this natural deterioration of water quality by exposing greater surface areas of reactive minerals to the weathering effects of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Degraded water quality in the temperate eastern half of the United States is readily detected because of the low mineralization of natural water. Maps are presented showing areas in the eastern United States where concentrations of chemical constituents in water affected by coal mining (pH, dissolved sulfate, total iron, total manganese) exceed background values and indicate effects of coal mining. Areas in the East most affected by mine drainage are in western Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, western Maryland, West Virginia, southern Illinois, western Kentucky, northern Missouri, and southern Iowa. Effects of coal mining on water quality in the more arid western half of the United States are more difficult to detect because of the high degree of mineralization of natural water. Normal background concentrations of constituents are not useful in evaluating effects of coal mine drainage on streams in the more arid West. Three approaches to reduce the effects of coal mining on water quality are: (1) exclusion of oxygenated water from reactive minerals, (2) neutralization of the acid produced, (3) retardation of acid-producing bacteria population in spoil material, by application of detergents that do not produce byproducts requiring disposal. These approaches can be used to help prevent further degradation of water quality in streams by future mining.
Jump-diffusion stock-return model with weighted fitting of time-dependent parameters

This paper treats jump-diffusion process in continuous time, with emphasis on jump-amplitude distributions, developing more appropriate models using parameter estimation for the market. The proposed method of parameter estimation is weighted least squares of the difference between theoretical and experimental bin frequencies, where the weights of reciprocal variances are chosen by the theory of jump-diffusion simulation applied to bin frequencies. The empirical data is taken from a decade of Standard & Poor 500 index of stock closings and are viewed as one moderately large simulation. The new developments are the combined use of uniform jump-amplitude distributions, least squares weights and time-varying market parameters, introducing more realism into the model, a log-normal-diffusion, log-uniform-jump financial market model. The optimal parameter estimation is highly nonlinear, computationally intensive, and the optimization is with respect to the three parameters of the log-uniform jump distribution, while the diffusion parameters are constrained by the first two moments of the S&P500 data.
Obesity prevalence among veterans at Veterans Affairs medical facilities

Background Obesity is a significant public health problem in the United States. Comprehensive obesity prevalence data among veterans have not been previously reported. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of 1,803,323 veterans receiving outpatient care at 136 Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facilities in 2000. Measured weight, height, and demographic data were used to obtain age-adjusted prevalences of body mass index (BMI) categories, which were stratified by gender and examined by age and race/ethnicity. Results Of 93,290 women American veterans receiving care at VA medical facilities during 2000, 68.4% were at least overweight (body mass index [BMI]≥25 kg/m2), with 37.4% classified as obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2), and 6.0% as class-III obese (BMI≥40 kg/m2). Of 1,710,032 men, 73.0% were at least overweight, 32.9% were obese, and 3.3% were class-III obese. Among women, obesity prevalence increased into the sixth and seventh decade of life before prevalence began to decline. Among men, prevalence was lowest for those aged 70. By race/ethnicity, Native American women (40.7%) and men (35.1%) had the highest prevalence of obesity, while Asian-American women (12.8%) and men (20.6%) had the lowest. Conclusions There is a substantial burden of obesity among veterans using VA medical facilities. A comprehensive approach for weight management by the Veterans Health Administration is needed.
Multicontrast High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Value in Differentiating Intracranial Vasculopathic Processes

Background and Purpose—Although studies have attempted to differentiate intracranial vascular disease using vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VWI), none have incorporated multicontrast imaging. This study uses T1- and T2-weighted VWI to differentiate intracranial vasculopathies. Methods—We retrospectively reviewed patients with clinically defined intracranial vasculopathies causing luminal stenosis/irregularity who underwent VWI studies. Two blinded experts evaluated T1 precontrast and postcontrast and T2-weighted VWI characteristics, including the pattern of wall thickening; presence, pattern, and intensity of postcontrast enhancement; and T2 signal characteristics. Results—Twenty-one cases of atherosclerosis (intracranial atherosclerotic disease [ICAD]), 4 of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, and 4 of vasculitis were identified, with a total of 118 stenotic lesions (81 ICAD, 22 reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, and 15 vasculitic lesions). There was substantial to excellen...
Single-Molecule Electrocatalysis by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We report a single-molecule fluorescence study of electrocatalysis by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at single-reaction resolution. Applying super-resolution optical imaging, we find that the electrocatalysis occurs at discrete, nanometer-dimension sites on SWNTs. Single-molecule kinetic analysis leads to an electrocatalytic mechanism, allowing quantification of the reactivity and heterogeneity of individual reactive sites. Combined with conductivity measurements, this approach will be powerful to interrogate how the electronic structure of SWNTs affects the electrocatalytic interfacial charge transfer, a process fundamental to photoelectrochemical cells.
Heating Degree Day Data Applied to Residential Heating Energy Consumption

Abstract Site-specific total electric energy and heating oil consumption for individual residences show a very high correlation with National Weather Service airport temperature data when transformed to heating degree days. Correlations of regional total residential electrical consumption with airport heating degree days for about 40 000 dwelling units in an area of ∼6500 km2 over an 11-year period indicate that temperature is a dominant cause of short-term usage fluctuations. Cost increases since 1973 appear to have only temporarily slowed the growth rate in consumption. A time series of national population-weighted heating degree day totals for the period 1898–1978 provides a scenario of possible variations of weather-related residential energy consumption.
Outcomes after peritoneal dialysis catheter placement.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to review surgical outcomes after elective placement of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters in children with end-stage renal disease. Methods Children with PD catheters placed between February 2002 and July 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes were catheter life, late (>30days post-op) complications (catheter malfunction, catheter malposition, infection), and re-operation rates. Comparison groups included laparoscopic versus open placement, age Results One hundred sixteen patients had 173 catheters placed (122 open, 51 laparoscopic) with an average patient age of 9.7±6.3years. Mean catheter life was similar in the laparoscopic and open groups (581±539days versus 574±487days, p=0.938). The late complication rate was higher for open procedures (57% versus 37%, p=0.013). Children age Discussion Laparoscopic placement appears to reduce the rate of late complications in children who require PD dialysis catheters. Children
Guidelines for Establishing Instantiation Validity in IT Artifacts: A Survey of IS Research

The centrality of information technology IT artifacts in Information Systems IS research makes it important to understand the relationship between artifacts and the theoretical constructs they purport to instantiate. Despite the central role of the IT artifact in IS research, there are no generally accepted principles for establishing instantiation validity --- the extent to which an artifact is a valid instantiation of a theoretical construct or a manifestation of a design principle. We survey relevant knowledge in IS and identify potential guidelines that may address threats to instantiation validity. The guidelines are intended for researchers and reviewers when using IT artifacts in theory testing and when evaluating design science artifacts.
Prevalence and correlates of spousal sexual violence against married women in India

Sean M. Murphy1,2, Michael G. McDonell3, Sterling McPherson2, Debra Srebnik4, John M. Roll 2, Richard Ries3 1 Health Policy & Administration, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States 2 Program of Excellence in Addictions Research (PEAR), Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States 3 Medical School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States 4 King County Mental Health, Seattle, WA, United States
ISOLATED FRACTURES OF THE ARTICULAR PROCESSES OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

1. Attention is called to the isolated fractures of the articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae. 2. This fracture is frequently unrecognized because of imperfect roentgenographic detail, and the patient is frequently treated for low back strain. 3. The possibility of this condition representing a developmental lesion is discussed. 4. For those cases that do not respond to conservative treatment, operation is advised, including spinal fusion, arthrodesis of the involved joint, and removal of the fractured fragments.
Isotopic insights into methane production, oxidation, and emissions in Arctic polygon tundra.

Arctic wetlands are currently net sources of atmospheric CH4 . Due to their complex biogeochemical controls and high spatial and temporal variability, current net CH4 emissions and gross CH4 processes have been difficult to quantify, and their predicted responses to climate change remain uncertain. We investigated CH4 production, oxidation, and surface emissions in Arctic polygon tundra, across a wet-to-dry permafrost degradation gradient from low-centered (intact) to flat- and high-centered (degraded) polygons. From 3 microtopographic positions (polygon centers, rims, and troughs) along the permafrost degradation gradient, we measured surface CH4 and CO2 fluxes, concentrations and stable isotope compositions of CH4 and DIC at three depths in the soil, and soil moisture and temperature. More degraded sites had lower CH4 emissions, a different primary methanogenic pathway, and greater CH4 oxidation than did intact permafrost sites, to a greater degree than soil moisture or temperature could explain. Surface CH4 flux decreased from 64 nmol m(-2) s(-1) in intact polygons to 7 nmol m(-2) s(-1) in degraded polygons, and stable isotope signatures of CH4 and DIC showed that acetate cleavage dominated CH4 production in low-centered polygons, while CO2 reduction was the primary pathway in degraded polygons. We see evidence that differences in water flow and vegetation between intact and degraded polygons contributed to these observations. In contrast to many previous studies, these findings document a mechanism whereby permafrost degradation can lead to local decreases in tundra CH4 emissions.
Sequence-dependent force response during peeling of single-stranded DNA from graphite

We have analyzed the statistical thermodynamics of peeling single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) from the surface of graphite. Using recently measured parameters, we represent ssDNA as a polymer chain strongly adsorbed to a frictionless substrate using the freely jointed chain, wormlike chain, and rotational isomeric state models. All three models predict steady peeling force under force control, in agreement with single-molecule experiments. We predict that, for finite-length chains, the force response has measurable spikes under displacement control. These force spikes carry information about the underlying sequence of ssDNA, which might thus be measurable with a sufficiently stiff loading system. For the freely jointed chain model, under force control, we have obtained several exact closed-form results and provide relations between the measured peel force and the underlying adhesion free energy.