cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil factors affecting iron chlorosis of soybean in the red river valley of North Dakota and Minnesota

Abstract Iron chlorosis tolerant soybeans exhibit chlorosis symptoms in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. Previous research suggests that chlorosis was generally related to high calcium (Ca) carbonate levels in the soil, so a relationship of chlorosis with the presence of Calciaquoll (carcareous at the surface, with very high levels of calcite in the subsurface) and non‐Calciaquoll soil types would be expected. Six sites each in 1996, 1997, and 1998 were studied to identify soil factors correlated with the incidence and degree of chlorosis. Gradients between green soybeans and severely chlorotic plants were established, soil type was determined at the green and chlorotic gradient endpoints, and soil samples were taken at the 0–15 cm depth at each gradient location. Iron chlorosis symptoms were filmed using a video recorder. The images recorded were then analyzed using an image analyzer to give a digital chroma number. The digital values were correlated with soil factors to determine the ...
Perceived Pain, Profession, Gender, and Specialty Influence Beliefs of Emergency Health Care Workers About Pain Management for Pre-Verbal Children† 383

Perceived Pain, Profession, Gender, and Specialty Influence Beliefs of Emergency Health Care Workers About Pain Management for Pre-Verbal Children† 383
Plasma and rectal adenosine in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of methotrexate.

In animal models, the antiinflammatory mechanism of action of methotrexate has been attributed to elevation of the extracellular concentration of the endogenous autocoid, adenosine. Our goal was to determine if methotrexate elevates adenosine concentrations in plasma and at the site of disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In 10 patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, rectal adenosine and plasma adenosine concentrations were measured before and immediately after a subcutaneous injection of methotrexate, 15 or 25 mg. The mean predose rectal adenosine concentration of 2.4 μmol/1 was not significantly different from the postdose concentration of 2.1 μmol/1, p = 0.17, (paired two-tailed t test). Rectal adenosine concentration tended to correlate with rectal endoscopic disease activity, r = 0.59, p = 0.067 (Spearman rank order correlation). After methotrexate injection, neither the mean daily plasma adenosine concentration, nor the plasma adenosine at any individual time point, were significantly different from preinjection values. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, an injection of methotrexate in the clinically effective dose range does not raise rectal or plasma adenosine concentrations. A role for adenosine as the mediator of the antiinflammatory action of methotrexate is not supported.
Boundary element crack closure calculation of axisymmetric stress intensity factors

Abstract The boundary element method is useful for accurate calculation of stresses and displacements in axisymmetric elasticity. However, the accurate evaluation of singular quantities such as crack tip stress intensity factors requires either a special singular element or a large number of conventional elements. Here the modified crack closure integral is combined with conventional quadratic boundary elements to accurately calculate stress intensity factors. The robustness of this approach is shown through a convergence study and illustrated through several examples including a circumferential crack in a round bar, a cylindrical crack, and a circumferential crack emanating from a spherical cavity. It is concluded that the present approach leads to accurate stress intensity factors even for coarse meshes.
Role of divalent metal ions in serum complement activity of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Abstract Treatment of alligator serum with different concentrations of EDTA resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of serum-mediated sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemolysis. This inhibition of serum-dependent hemolysis was observed for other chelators of divalent metal ions, such as phosphate and citrate. Treatment of alligator serum with 5 mM EDTA completely inhibited SRBC hemolysis, which could be totally restored by the addition of 5 mM Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ , but not Cu 2+ or Ba 2+ . These data indicate a specific need for Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ in the serum-mediated hemolysis of SRBCs. Kinetic analyses revealed that the addition of 30 mM EDTA 1 min after incubation of SRBCs with serum resulted in only 30% inhibition of hemolytic activity. However, addition of EDTA as early as 3 min post-incubation resulted in complete SRBC hemolysis. Pretreatment of serum with EDTA inhibited the hemolytic activity, but the activity could be restored in a time-dependent manner by the addition of Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ . These data indicate that, as in human serum, the need for divalent metal ions occurs early in the alligator serum complement cascade.
A Near-Optimum Parallel Planarization Algorithm

A near-optimum parallel planarization algorithm is presented. The planarization algorithm, which is designed to embed a graph on a plane, uses a large number of simple processing elements called neurons. The proposed system, composed of an N x N neural network array (where N is the number of vertices), not only generates a near-maximal planar subgraph from a nonplanar graph or a planar graph but also embeds the subgraph on a single plane within 0(1) time. The algorithm can be used in multiple-layer problems such as designing printed circuit boards and routing very-large-scale integration circuits.
The predicament of dress : polyvalency and the ironies of cultural identity

To appreciate better the uncertain and unstable way that Herero women of Botswana understand their distinctive dress, I extend Bakhtin's notion of "sparkle" to include the disparate modalities through which meaning is constituted. An embodied subjectivity, or experiential sensibility, intrudes upon structured contrasts that also give the dress meaning in such registers as gender, ethnic relations, and the political economy of the liberal democratic state. I use Herero women's sense of the dress to question recent approaches to "culture" among scholars who look only at its differentiating function, since Herero women also see the dress as a means of building mutuality.
How the Moralization of Issues Grants Social Legitimacy to Act on One's Attitudes

Actions that do not have as their goal the advancement or protection of one’s material interests are often seen as illegitimate. Four studies suggested that moral values can legitimate action in the absence of material interest. The more participants linked sociopolitical issues to moral values, the more comfortable they felt advocating on behalf of those issues and the less confused they were by others’ advocacy (Studies 1 and 2). Crime victims were perceived as being more entitled to claim special privileges when the crime had violated their personal moral values (Studies 3 and 4). These effects were strongest when the legitimacy to act could not already be derived from one’s material interests, suggesting that moral values and material interest can represent interchangeable justifications for behavior. No support was found for the possibility that attitude strength explained these effects. The power of moralization to disinhibit action is discussed.
An Australasian diagnostic service for the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of related genetic disorders that together are believed to affect one child in every 12 500 births in the USA. Our laboratory has developed a diagnostic service for classical late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) by assay of tripeptidyl-peptidase I (TPP-I) activity using the fluorogenic peptide substrate Ala-Ala-Phe aminomethylcoumarin, followed by a screen for three mutations in the CLN2 gene. In addition, we have also begun to offer a limited diagnostic service for the juvenile (JNCL) and infantile (INCL) forms of the disease on the basis of mutation analysis of the CLN3 and CLN1 genes, respectively. Retrospective analysis of Australasian patients with a clinical suspicion of NCL has revealed that six are affected by LINCL, six by JNCL and, to date, two by INCL. Mutation analysis of our LINCL patients has shown that the three screened mutations, namely, the nonsense mutation R208X and the splice mutations IVS5-1 G > C and IVS5-1 G > A, constitute 83% of alleles.
Grain morphology of molybdenum splats plasma-sprayed on glass substrates

Molybdenum particles were injected into a plasma flame within an atmospheric environment, melted and accelerated to impact on a glass substrate. Contiguous splats are formed on substrates maintained at 340 and 480°C. Grain structure of the oxygen-enriched molybdenum splats was observed with optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. It was found that dendrite grains align along the splat rim towards the center, suggesting that solidification is initiated at the periphery of melt splat. The solidification starts after the splat has reached its final diameter. The grains in the central portion of the splat are predominantly equiaxed, indicating melt undercooling prior to solidification. The physical process associated with grain structure formation is discussed.
N-type doping of 4H-SiC with phosphorus co-implanted with C or Si

Phosphorus has been shown to be a much better dopant than nitrogen in 4H−SiC for heavily doped n-type implantation. In this paper, the effect of co-implantation of phosphorus with carbon or silicon is studied. The implanted layers are characterized by an analytical technique (secondary ion mass spectrometry). Electrical measurements include sheet resistance and Hall measurements as well as forward and reverse I–V characterization of the resulting n+/p rectifiers. The effect of co-implantation of P/C and P/Si on the electrical activation of phosphorus has been monitored. After 1700°C anneal, respective sheet resistance values of 111 and 132 ohm/square were measured. Forward characteristics of these diodes are observed to obey a generalized Sah-Noyce-Shockley multiple level recombination model with four shallow levels and one deep level.
THE CONCEPT OF CRISIS AND THE UNITY OF HUSSERL'S POSITION

A key problem to be faced in the interpretation of any philosophical position concerns its essential continuity or discontinuity over time. There is, of course, no single way of responding to this concern. One kind of strategy, which in principle seems to me to be nearly as misguided as it is frequently employed, consists in the emphasis on discontinuity. It is this kind of approach which elsewhere in the literature has given rise to interpretative anomalies, in which different positions are allegedly distinguished within a single philosophical corpus, such as Wittgenstein I and Wittgenstein II, early Marx the philosopher and late Marx the economist, Heidegger before and after the Kehre, and the four phases of Russell’s thought as radically distinct but closely related to his different marriages.
An Examination of Preservice Partnerships During a Reading Methods Course: Do They Increase Perceptions of Ability?

This quantitative study examined the effectiveness of pairing preservice teachers with young readers during a 9-week reading methods course to participate together in reading-related activities and partner journaling. It was hypothesized that these preservice partnerships would strengthen preservice teacher perceptions about their ability to perform reading instructional tasks. Findings revealed that these one-on-one partnerships did not result in statistically significant higher scores on a self-perception scale when compared with scores of preservice teachers who did not engage in these partnering experiences. Suggestions are made to assist preservice teachers make stronger connections between hands-on, authentic experiences and their ability to perform tasks required of reading teachers.
Two-Photon Imaging of Nonlinear Glutamate Release Dynamics at Bipolar Cell Synapses in the Mouse Retina

Alpha/Y-type retinal ganglion cells encode visual information with a receptive field composed of nonlinear subunits. This nonlinear subunit structure enhances sensitivity to patterns composed of high spatial frequencies. The Y-cell's subunits are the presynaptic bipolar cells, but the mechanism for the nonlinearity remains incompletely understood. We investigated the synaptic basis of the subunit nonlinearity by combining whole-cell recording of mouse Y-type ganglion cells with two-photon fluorescence imaging of a glutamate sensor (iGluSnFR) expressed on their dendrites and throughout the inner plexiform layer. A control experiment designed to assess iGluSnFR's dynamic range showed that fluorescence responses from Y-cell dendrites increased proportionally with simultaneously recorded excitatory current. Spatial resolution was sufficient to readily resolve independent release at intermingled ON and OFF bipolar terminals. iGluSnFR responses at Y-cell dendrites showed strong surround inhibition, reflecting receptive field properties of presynaptic release sites. Responses to spatial patterns located the origin of the Y-cell nonlinearity to the bipolar cell output, after the stage of spatial integration. The underlying mechanism differed between OFF and ON pathways: OFF synapses showed transient release and strong rectification, whereas ON synapses showed relatively sustained release and weak rectification. At ON synapses, the combination of fast release onset with slower release offset explained the nonlinear response of the postsynaptic ganglion cell. Imaging throughout the inner plexiform layer, we found transient, rectified release at the central-most levels, with increasingly sustained release near the borders. By visualizing glutamate release in real time, iGluSnFR provides a powerful tool for characterizing glutamate synapses in intact neural circuits.
Abstract 5518: A novel 1,3-bis(3,5-dichlorophenyl) urea compound ‘COH-SR4’ for targeting melanoma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The current clinical modalities in the management of malignant melanomas are met with limited response. The molecular events that regulate oncogenic transformation, invasive progression and resistance to therapy in melanomas are determined by an interplay between various complex signaling networks. In the context of evident demographic risk, limited response to current clinical interventions and molecular complexity of melanomas, novel candidate molecules capable of effectively inducing tumor inhibition along with targeting critical nodes of melanoma signaling assume translational significance. In this regard, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of a novel dichlorophenyl urea compound called SR4 in melanoma. The SR4 treatment decreased the survival and inhibited the clonogenic potential along with inducing apoptosis in vitro cultures of melanoma. SR4 treatments lead to inhibition of GST activity along with inducing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Oral administration of 4 mg/kg b.w. SR4 leads to effective inhibition of tumor burdens in both syngeneic and nude mouse models of melanoma. The SR4 treatment was well tolerated and no overt toxicity was observed. The histopathological examination of resected tumor sections reflected decreased blood vessels, decrease in the levels of angiogenesis marker, CD31, and proliferation marker, Ki67, along with an increase in pAMPK levels. Western blot analyses of resected tumor lysates revealed increased PARP cleavage, Bim, pAMPK along with decreased pAkt, vimentin, fibronectin, CDK4 and cyclin B1. Thus, SR4 represents a highly effective candidate for the further development of single agent and combinatorial therapies to effectively target aggressive and clinically resistant melanomas (Supported by NIH grant CA 77495). Citation Format: Lokesh Prasad Gowda Dalasanur Nagaprashantha, James Figarola, Jyotsana Singhal, David Horne, Richard Jove, Samuel Rahbar, Sanjay Awasthi, Sharad S Singhal. A novel 1,3-bis(3,5-dichlorophenyl) urea compound ‘COH-SR4’ for targeting melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5518. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5518
Model of effect of environmental attack on flaw growth kinetics of glass

The time rate of extension of a single slit-like flaw in glass is modeled assuming the same corrosion mechanism as previously invoked for modeling delayed failure in glass containing a multiplicity of microscopic scratches or flaws. The rate of extension is expressible in terms of the stress intensity K and is in good agreement with the experimental results reported by Wiederhorn and Bolz and others. The model considers a moisture-induced corrosive attack occurring on the exposed flaw surfaces to be governed by local chemical kinetic and thermodynamic considerations, producing a rounding of the flaw tip. This mechanism accounts for the possibility of threshold behavior. The remotely applied stress becomes magnified as shown by Inglis to require the combined effect of the flaw length and tip curvature. These geometric factors in combination with the remotely applied stress mutually interact through the corrosion kinetics to define the net rate of flaw extension.
Generalized grating ray-tracing equations

A vector method has been developed for tracing rays through gratings formed by (i) the intersection of a surface with parallel planes, (ii) the intersection of a surface with concentric cylinders, and (iii) holographic means. The equations are in a form that prevent indeterminancy due to unusual ray–surface intersection points, and arbitrary orientation of the ruling direction is permitted. A special provision permits the inclusion of ruling errors into the ray trace, if required.
Beam combining and SBS suppression in white noise and pseudo-random modulated amplifiers

White noise phase modulation (WNS) and pseudo-random binary sequence phase modulation (PRBS) are effective techniques for mitigation of nonlinear effects such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS); thereby paving the way for higher power narrow linewidth fiber amplifiers. However, detailed studies comparing both coherent beam combination and the SBS suppression of these phase modulation schemes have not been reported. In this study an active fiber cutback experiment is performed comparing the enhancement factor of a PRBS and WNS broadened seed as a function of linewidth and fiber length. Furthermore, two WNS and PRBS modulated fiber lasers are coherently combined to measure and compare the fringe visibility and coherence length as a function of optical path length difference. Notably, the discrete frequency comb of PRBS modulation provides a beam combining re-coherence effect where the lasers periodically come back into phase. Significantly, this may reduce path length matching complexity in coherently combined fiber laser systems.
Guidelines for managing dispersed teams: enhancing communication and productivity

Purpose – To provide information to managers on training geographically dispersed teams to enhance communication and productivity.Design/methodology/approach – Practical advice is offered on methods of managing geographically dispersed teams. The discussion pays attention to what actions need to take place before, early on, and during the team’s life. The discussion also distinguishes between methods to enhance inter‐member communications to enhance trust among members and team organization, task and leadership issues.Findings – Advises on guidelines a dispersed team manager can use to enhance team trust, communications and performance.Originality/value – Offers guidance and steps to managing dispersed teams within a time framework.
Monitoring serial CD4⁺ T-cell function after liver transplantation can be used to predict hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence.

Abstract Background After liver transplant (LT), the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence is partially dependent on the degree of immunosuppression. We aimed to determine whether assessing net state of CD4+ T-cell function after LT could determine those at risk for HCC recurrence. Methods One hundred thirty-seven patients with cirrhosis who underwent LT for HCC were followed for recurrence of HCC. All patients had serial CD4+ assay performed prospectively. Cox regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with HCC recurrence. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to assess the association between CD4+ ATP values and hazard of HCC recurrence. Results The mean follow-up time was 3.1 ± 1.5 years, during which 14 patients (10%) had HCC recurrence. Patients with combined post-LT CD4+ T-cell function area under curve (AUC) Conclusion Lower cumulative CD4+ T-cell function post-LT predicted a higher risk of HCC recurrence. These findings may have implications toward management of HCC patients after LT.
Nonstationary Time-Domain Statistics of Multiply Scattered Broadband Terahertz Pulses

We examine the time-domain statistics of randomly varying electric fields generated by multiple scattering of single-cycle electromagnetic pulses in a random medium. This analysis emphasizes the fact that these measured random fields are not stationary, as is commonly assumed for diffusing photons generated with a narrowband light source. We demonstrate that the nonstationarity is a consequence of the time dependence of the configurationally averaged intensity, and that the statistical properties of the random field can be predicted if this quantity is known. We also discuss an approach for describing the transition from nonstationary to stationary behavior by investigating the degree of stationarity during a short time window. A parameterization of the statistics using a gamma distribution provides a quantifiable measure of the approach to stationarity. Our predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Measuring the capacitance per unit length of two infinite cones of arbitrary cross section

The capacitance per unit length, and hence the characteristic impedance of two infinite cones, may be accurately measured by employing an extension of conventional guard techniques. An appropriate gap is cut in one of the cones, converting the structure into a three-terminal capacitor. If the arm beyond the gap is long enough, the desired field distribution will be maintained past the gap and the capacitance per unit length of the isolated or guarded section may be measured by a conventional low-frequency capacitance bridge.
Observed parental responsiveness/warmth and children's coping: cross-sectional and prospective relations in a family depression preventive intervention.

The current study examined concurrent and prospective relations between observed parenting behaviors and children’s coping strategies in the context of a preventive intervention designed to change both parenting and children’s use of secondary control coping. Questionnaires and direct observations were obtained from parents with a history of depression (N = 180) and their children (ages 9–15 years) at baseline, 6-month (after completion of the intervention), and 18-month follow-up assessments. Cross-sectional analyses indicate that baseline observed parental responsiveness/warmth was significantly associated with composite parent/child reports of children’s baseline primary control, secondary control, and disengagement coping. Using a mixed effects model, prospective mediational analyses indicate that intervention-driven improvements in observed parental responsiveness/warmth from baseline to 6-months significantly accounted for increases in children’s use of secondary control coping strategies from baseline to the 18-month follow-up assessment. No significant mediation effects emerged for primary control coping or disengagement coping. The present findings suggest that it may be possible to improve children’s coping strategies not only through targeted interventions, but also indirectly by improving responsive and warm parenting behaviors. Limitations and strengths are noted and implications for future research are outlined.
A REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTEGRITY TEST RESEARCH

A sizable body of new literature on integrity tests has appeared since the last review of this literature by Sackett and Wanek (1996). Understanding of the constructs underlying integrity tests continues to grow, aided by new work at the item level. Validation work against a growing variety of criteria continues to be carried out. Work on documenting fakability and coachability continues, as do efforts to increase resistance to faking. New test types continue to be developed. Examination of subgroup differences continues, both at the test and facet level. Research addressing applicant reactions and cross-cultural issues is also reviewed. This paper is the fifth in a series of reviews of the integrity testing literature (Sackett, Burris, & Callahan, 1989; Sackett & Decker, 1979; Sackett & Harris, 1984; Sackett & Wanek, 1996). As with earlier reviews, the goals are to give the reader a comprehensive but readable summary of developments in this area of research and practice, and to influence future research by identifying key gaps in the literature. This review includes vari- ous published and unpublished work between 1995 and 2006, with the goal of identifying relevant work since the last review. We conducted electronic searches of the literature, examined Society for Industrial and Organiza- tional Psychology (SIOP) conference programs, and corresponded with integrity researchers. We continue to use the term "integrity testing" to refer to the com- mercially marketed instruments that have been the focus of the previous reviews. This review includes the two categories of instruments that Sack- ett et al. (1989) labeled "overt" and "personality-oriented" tests. Overt integrity tests commonly consist of two sections. The first is a measure of theft attitudes and includes questions pertaining to beliefs about the fre- quency and extent of theft, punitiveness toward theft, ruminations about theft, perceived ease of theft, endorsement of common rationalizations for theft, and assessments of one's own honesty. The second involves requests
Electroconvulsive therapy for major depression within the Veterans Health Administration.

Abstract Objectives Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for severe or treatment resistant depression; however, the lack of widely accepted methods for determining when ECT is indicated may contribute to disparities and variation in use. We examined receipt of ECT among depressed patients in the largest coordinated health system in the US, the Veterans Health Administration. Methods Using administrative data, we conducted a multivariable logistic regression to identify individual clinical and sociodemographic predictors of receiving ECT, including variables of geographic accessibility to ECT, among patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder between 1999 and 2004. Results 307 (0.16%) of 187,811 patients diagnosed with major depression received ECT during the study period. Black patients were less likely to receive ECT than whites (odds ratio 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.20, 0.55), and patients living in the South (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.95) or West (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.82) were less likely to receive ECT than patients living in the central US. Patients whose closest VA facility provided ECT had a higher likelihood of receiving ECT (OR: 3.02; 95% CI: 2.22, 4.10). Depressed patients with no major medical comorbidities were also more likely to receive ECT (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.65, 3.55). Limitations Findings are not adjusted for depression severity. Conclusions ECT use for major depression was relatively uncommon. Race, US region, geographic accessibility, and general medical health were all associated with whether or not patients received ECT. Clinicians and health systems should work to provide equitable access and more consistent use of this safe and effective treatment.
Test structures for analysis and parameter extraction of secondary photon-induced leakage currents in CMOS DRAM technology

A photon-induced leakage current technique to analyze hot carriers is discussed. CMOS photo-leakage test structures were used to determine the spatial dependency of photon-induced leakage current. New trench dynamic RAM (DRAM) test structures were developed for application of the photon-induced leakage technique to analyze hot carriers induced by trench DRAM leakage mechanisms. An analytical model is developed for application of the photon-induced leakage analysis to MOSFET and trench gate-induced diode leakage mechanisms. >
Regulatory T Cells in the Control of Host-Microorganism Interactions*

Each microenvironment requires a specific set of regulatory elements that are finely and constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. Various populations of regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of this equilibrium and establishment of controlled immune responses. In particular, regulatory T cells limit the magnitude of effector responses, which may result in failure to adequately control infection. However, regulatory T cells also help limit collateral tissue damage caused by vigorous antimicrobial immune responses against pathogenic microbes as well as commensals. In this review, we describe various situations in which the balance between regulatory T cells and effector immune functions influence the outcome of host-microorganism coexistence and discuss current hypotheses and points of polemic associated with the origin, target, and antigen specificity of both endogenous and induced regulatory T cells during these interactions.
Creating wireless multi-hop topologies on space-constrained indoor testbeds through noise injection

To evaluate routing protocols on a controlled indoor wireless testbed, the radio range must be compressed so that larger multi-hop topologies can be mapped into a laboratory-size area. We propose noise injection as a more flexible option than hardware attenuation and consider methods for mapping real world wireless network topologies onto the testbed. Our experimental results show that additive white Gaussian noise effectively reduces the radio range, without the need for hardware attenuation and careful shielding of wireless cards. We performed experiments for a free space propagation environment. By selecting node positions through an automated procedure, we were able to create a 5-node/4-hop string topology and a random partially connected 6-node topology in a 8m by 8m area with off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11 hardware.
Wind-Induced Internal Pressures in Buildings with Large Façade Openings

The paper presents the results of a study that investigated the effects of wall porosity, inlet-to-outlet-ratio, opening location, and blockage on internal pressure in buildings with large facade openings located on opposite or adjacent walls considering data from simultaneous measurements on multiple internal pressure taps. The study found that the internal airflow field has a significant effect on mean and peak values of internal pressure, which is not uniform for configurations with wall porosity higher than 10% and openings located on adjacent walls. Peak internal pressure coefficients were found to exceed (1) the recommended ASCE 7-10 value for all configurations tested with inlets located above the midheight of the building and particularly those with inlet-to-outlet-ratios equal to 1 and (2) the recommended design value for building category 3 for configurations with openings located above the midheight of the building, leeward wall outlets, and inlet-to-outlet-ratios greater than 2.
Asians' and Caucasians' Purposes for Engaging in Physical Activity:

This study examined the purposes reported by Asian and Caucasian students for participating in physical activity. Data from subjects (N=413) in coeducational activity classes self-identified as Caucasian (n=250) or Asian (n=163) were collected using the Purposes for Engaging in Physical Activity Scale (PEPAS). Chi square analyses revealed significant relationships between (a) choice of activity and ethnicity, (b) commitment to an active lifestyle and ethnicity, and (c) perceived skill level and ethnicity. Items from the PEPAS that best distinguished the two groups pertained to catharsis, motor control, and socio-cultural issues.
A combined steepest descent-fast multipole algorithm for the fast analysis of three-dimensional scattering by rough surfaces

A new technique, the steepest descent-fast multipole method (SDFMM), is developed to efficiently analyze scattering from perfectly conducting random rough surfaces. Unlike other prevailing methods, this algorithm has linear computational complexity and memory requirements, making it a suitable candidate for analyzing scattering from large rough surfaces as well as for carrying out Monte Carlo simulations. The method exploits the quasiplanar nature of rough surfaces to efficiently evaluate the dyadic Green's function for multiple source and observation points. This is achieved through a combination of a Sommerfeld steepest descent integral and a multilevel fast multipole-like algorithm based on inhomogeneous plane wave expansions. The fast evaluation of the dyadic Green's function dramatically speeds up the iterative solution of the integral equation for rough surface scattering. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of the method in analyzing scattering from extremely large finite rough surfaces.
Image-Driven Data Mining for Image Content Segmentation, Classification, and Attribution

Image-driven data mining methods are described for image content segmentation, classification, and attribution, where each pixel location of an image-under-analysis is the center point of a pixel-block query that returns an estimated class label. Feature attribute estimates may also be mined when sufficient attribute strata exist in the data warehouse. Novel methods are presented for pixel-block mining, pattern similarity scoring, class label assignments, and attribute mining. These methods are based on a direct sum tree structure called a sigma-tree that is utilized with near-neighbor similarity scoring. The sigma-tree structure provides a solution to the challenge of high computation/memory costs of pixel-block similarity searching. The sigma-trees are integrated into warehouse subsystems that provide referential capability into feature attribute data, resulting in a foundation for data mining called Source Optimized, Labeled, DIgital Expanded Representations (SOLDIER). The variable depth "bit-plane" data representations produced by sigma-tree path selections provide an approach to image content segmentation, and provide a structure for formulation of Bayesian classification with data-adaptive Parzen classifiers with variably sized windows. Preliminary methods and results for postprocessing of mined feature-thematic layers for higher level scene understanding are also presented. Sample results are shown with synthetic aperture radar images and with high-resolution pan-sharpened satellite images of the Payagala, Sri Lanka area before the site was devastated by the 2004 Asian Tsunami.
Violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder in US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.

Background Violence towards others in the community has been identified as a significant problem for a subset of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Aims To investigate the extent to which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other risk factors predict future violent behaviour in military veterans. Method A national, multiwave survey enrolling a random sample of all US veterans who served in the military after 11 September 2001 was conducted. A total of 1090 veterans from 50 US states and all military branches completed two survey waves mailed 1 year apart (retention rate = 79%). Results Overall, 9% endorsed engaging in severe violence and 26% in other physical aggression in the previous year, as measured at Wave 2. Younger age, financial instability, history of violence before military service, higher combat exposure, PTSD, and alcohol misuse at Wave 1 were significantly associated with higher severe violence and other physical aggression in the past year at Wave 2. When combinations of these risk factors were present, predicted probability of violence in veterans rose sharply. Veterans with both PTSD and alcohol misuse had a substantially higher rate of subsequent severe violence (35.9%) compared with veterans with alcohol misuse without PTSD (10.6%), PTSD without alcohol misuse (10.0%) or neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse (5.3%). Using multiple regression, we found that veterans with PTSD and without alcohol misuse were not at significantly higher risk of severe violence than veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse. There was a trend for other physical aggression to be higher in veterans with PTSD without alcohol misuse. Conclusions Co-occurring PTSD and alcohol misuse was associated with a marked increase in violence and aggression in veterans. Compared with veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse, veterans with PTSD and no alcohol misuse were not significantly more likely to be severely violent and were only marginally more likely to engage in other physical aggression. Attention to cumulative effects of multiple risk factors beyond diagnosis - including demographics, violence history, combat exposure, and veterans’ having money to cover basic needs like food, shelter, transportation, and medical care - is crucial for optimising violence risk management.
Alternative strategies for improving the fairness in and an analytical model of the DQDB network

The unfairness problem of the distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) (IEEE Std 802.6) network is addressed, and several alternative solutions that can improve the network's fairness are proposed. Implementation methods that require simple additional hardware on top of the regular DQDB interface are outlined. Simulation examples are employed to compare the performance of the schemes and to gain insight into their characteristics. The performance is also compared with that of the original DQDB and the bandwidth-balancing DQDB. An analytical model of the DQDB network is developed. Some constrained assumptions for analytical tractability are used to obtain a Markov chain model for (an earlier version of) the entire DQDB network, the corresponding state-space explosion problem is highlighted. For reasonably small systems, the analytical model can predict an individual station's throughput and mean segment delay for known (possibly asymmetric) loading patterns. The model is verified via simulation. >
A Systematic Approach to Kinematics Modeling of High Mobility Wheeled Rovers

The paper proposes a systematic, data-driven method for kinematics modeling of high mobility wheeled rovers traversing uneven terrain. The method is based on the propagation of position and orientation velocities starting from the rover reference frame and going through various joints and linkages to the wheels. Equations of the motion are set up in a compact form, which only require the D-H parameters of the rover joints and links. To illustrate the proposed kinematics modeling, the method is applied to a rover similar to the NASA's Sample Return Rover.
External Status, Legitimacy, and Compliance in Male and Female Groups

Cet article examine les effets du statut externe sur la legitimite au sein de groupes feminins et masculins. Ainsi, la theorie developpee ici explique pourquoi des femmes ou des membres de minorites ont souvent des difficultes a exercer l'autorite meme en ayant acquis un rang eleve au sein du groupe. Cette theorie de hierarchie de statut informel a ete testee et verifiee aupres de dyades masculines et feminines
Filling Big Shoes at the Carlson Companies: Interviews with Curt Carlson and Marilyn Carlson Nelson:

Curtis L. Carlson is one of America's entrepreneurial icons, having launched the Carlson Companies with an innovative idea—trading stamps, or, as the in- dustry is known today, loyalty marketing. His suc- cessful Gold Bond Stamp Company became the foun- dation for a group of service companies operating in more than 140 countries and employing more than 180,000 people. The Carlson Companies posted 1997 revenues of $20 billion from their family of compa- nies, including the Regent and Radisson Hotels, TGI Fridays, Seven Seas Cruises, and the Carlson Wagonlit Travel Agencies.Mr. Carlson is strongly committed to maintain- ing the Carlson Companies as a family enterprise, owned and led by the Carlson family. He credits his father, Charles Carlson, with sharing an immigrant legacy of hard work and entrepreneurial drive that has energized four generations of Carlsons. During the last few years, Mr. Carlson has been criticized for his unwillingness to step aside and pass the leadership responsibility to the next ...
Left ventricular volume reduction by radiofrequency heating of chronic myocardial infarction in patients with congestive heart failure.

Background— Myocardial infarct expansion and left ventricular (LV) remodeling are integral components in the evolution of chronic heart failure and predict morbidity and mortality. Radiofrequency (RF) heating and patch placement of chronic LV aneurysms caused a sustained reduction in LV infarct area and volume in an ovine infarct model. This study evaluated the effect of RF heating and epicardial patch as an adjunct to coronary artery bypass graft on LV volumes in patients with prior myocardial infarction, evidence of akinetic/dyskinetic scar, and LV ejection fraction ≤40%. Methods and Results— Ten patients (3 female; mean age, 64±11 years) scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft were enrolled (Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class 2.1±1.1; New York Heart Association class 3.1±0.5). Intraoperative digital photography demonstrated an acute 39% reduction in infarct area (n=5; P=0.01), and transesophageal ECGs demonstrated a 16% acute reduction in LV end-diastolic volumes (n=9; P=0.002) after RF tr...
Evidence of the E*-E equilibrium from rapid kinetics of Na+ binding to activated protein C and factor Xa*

Na+ binding to thrombin enhances the procoagulant and prothrombotic functions of the enzyme and obeys a mechanism that produces two kinetic phases: one fast (in the microsecond time scale) due to N...
Vitamin D and calcium deficiency initiated in pregnancy and maintained after weaning accelerate auditory dysfunction in the offspring in BALB/cJ mice

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D and calcium deficiency initiated in pregnancy and maintained through 10 weeks of postnatal life in BALB/cJ mice on auditory thresholds measured at 5 test frequencies using auditory brainstem response procedures. The BALB/cJ strain has a genetic defect resulting in a progressive sensorineural (inner ear) hearing loss similar to that experienced by individuals of advanced age. Beginning at 14 days of pregnancy and throughout lactation, mice were fed one of the following diets: adequate in both vitamin D and calcium (0.5% Ca by weight); deficient in vitamin D and calcium (0.2% Ca); or deficient in vitamin D and calcium (0.1% Ca). Offspring were fed the same diet as the mother for 10 weeks postweaning. At weaning, auditory brainstem response thresholds at 32 kHz were significantly higher (worse) in the offspring of the vitamin D–deficient and 0.1% calcium dams as compared to those of the other 2 diet groups. At 1 week postweaning, differences in hearing sensitivity began to emerge at 4, 8, 24, and increased at 32 kHz. Four weeks after weaning, the mice fed the adequate diet had significantly better hearing than the vitamin D–deficient and 0.1% calcium group at 4, 24, and 32 kHz ( P ≤ .05). That is, the more severe the diet the greater the hearing loss. These results suggest that exposure to vitamin D and calcium deficiency early in life may accelerate hearing impairment in susceptible individuals.
Fashioning and selling the American Look: Dorothy Shaver and modern art

This article analyzes the pioneering efforts of Dorothy Shaver of Lord & Taylor department store in New York to promote American design and designers from the 1920s to the 1950s. With archival and periodical evidence, this article first situates her within a longer tradition of American fashion nationalism. It then argues that Shaver succeeded when others before her failed because she embraced the rising tide of modernism. This article examines her three major marketing promotions: modern decorative art in 1928, American designers in 1932, and finally, a cohesive “American Look” in 1945. No previous study has linked the three together to identify the common thread of modernism behind her long, well-known campaign for American design. With her success, Shaver built reputations for herself and her store as leaders in promoting American fashion, and in 1945, she ascended the last rung of the store's corporate ladder to the presidency.
Programming of Dopaminergic Neurons by Neonatal Sex Hormone Exposure: Effects on Dopamine Content and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression in Adult Male Rats

We sought to determine the long-term changes produced by neonatal sex hormone administration on the functioning of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in adult male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously at postnatal day 1 and were assigned to the following experimental groups: TP (testosterone propionate of 1.0 mg/50 μL); DHT (dihydrotestosterone of 1.0 mg/50 μL); EV (estradiol valerate of 0.1 mg/50 μL); and control (sesame oil of 50 μL). At postnatal day 60, neurochemical studies were performed to determine dopamine content in substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area and dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. Molecular (mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase) and cellular (tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity) studies were also performed. We found increased dopamine content in substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area of TP and EV rats, in addition to increased dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. However, neonatal exposure to DHT, a nonaromatizable androgen, did not affect midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Correspondingly, compared to control rats, levels of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein were significantly increased in TP and EV rats but not in DHT rats, as determined by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Our results suggest an estrogenic mechanism involving increased tyrosine hydroxylase expression, either by direct estrogenic action or by aromatization of testosterone to estradiol in substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Biological Materials: Metal Ion Protein Binding and Other Analytical Applications

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is a relatively new type of electron spectroscopy involving ejection of electrons from the core levels of atoms in materials by X-rays and measurement of their energy. Structural as well as analytical information may be obtained using this technique and in a short time XPS has found wide application in chemistry (Siegbahn et al., 1967). The purpose of this article is to review the limited number of applications that exist in the area of biochemistry and hopefully to stimulate further interest in this area. Commercial instruments have become available in the last few years and the capability of instrumentation is rapidly advancing. Initial experiments on instruments of early design indicate that unique structural and analytical information can be obtained and the quality of this information should be greatly improved using newer instruments.