cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intra-regional differences in the social perception of allophonic variation: The evaluation of [tʃ] and [ʃ] in Huelva and Lepe (Western Andalucía)

This study examines the social perceptions of the traditional Andalusian feature [ʃ] and the Castilian feature [tʃ] in the city of Huelva and the town of Lepe in Western Andalucia, Spain. A matched-guise experiment was created by digitally manipulating spontaneous speech from twelve Western Andalusian speakers, varying only in word-medial syllable-initial [tʃ] and [ʃ] for in disyllabic words. Based on 221 listeners from Huelva and Lepe, mixed effects linear regression models indicate that listeners evaluated speakers with [tʃ] guises as being of higher status, more cosmopolitan, and less friendly than speakers with [ʃ] guises. These findings interacted with speaker and listener gender, listener educational level, and listener origin. The implications are twofold: the traditional Andalusian feature is evaluated as less overtly prestigious than the supra-local Castilian feature; and, that two nearby communities of the same dialect variety may share similar language attitudes, but demonstrate nuanced differences in attitudes due to their unique historical and socioeconomic developments.
Improving the Methodology for Identifying Mild Cognitive Impairment in Intellectually High-Functioning Adults Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery.

Objective: Low scores on neuropsychological tests are considered objective evidence of mild cognitive impairment. In clinical practice and research, it can be challenging to identify a cognitive deficit or mild cognitive impairment in high-functioning people because they are much less likely to obtain low test scores. This study was designed to improve the methodology for identifying mild cognitive impairment in adults who have above average or superior intellectual abilities. Method: Participants completed the National Institutes of Health Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB). The sample included 384 adults between the ages of 20 and 85 who had completed either a four-year college degree or who scored in the above average, superior, or very superior range on a measure of intellectual functioning, the Crystallized Composite score. Algorithms were developed, based on the absence of high scores and the presence of low scores, for identifying mild cognitive impairment. Results: Base rate tables for the presence of low scores and the absence of high scores are provided. The base rate for people with high average crystalized ability obtaining any one of the following, 5 scores <63rd percentile, or 4+ scores <50th percentile, or 3+ scores ≤25th percentile, or 2+ scores ≤16th percentile, is 15.5%. Conclusions: Algorithms were developed for identifying cognitive weakness or impairment in high-functioning people. Research is needed to test them in clinical groups, and to assess their association with clinical risk factors for cognitive decline and biomarkers of acquired neurological or neurodegenerative diseases.
Reassembling the Educational System

(1935). Reassembling the Educational System. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 7-69.
Is Inconsistent Pre-Treatment Bedtime Related to CPAP Non-Adherence?

Lack of adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) limits the effectiveness of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We hypothesized that an irregular bedtime would be negatively related to regular use of CPAP treatment. If so, modifying bedtime schedule may address the persistent problem of inconsistent CPAP use in adults with OSA. In a prospective longitudinal study, we examined whether inconsistent self-reported bedtime before initiation of CPAP treatment, operationalized as bedtime variability, was (1) different among those adherent (=4?hours per night) and non-adherent to CPAP treatment at 1 week and 1 month; and/or (2) was related to 1-week and 1-month CPAP use when other variables were accounted for. Consecutively recruited newly diagnosed OSA adults (n?=?79) completed sleep diaries prior to CPAP treatment. One-week and 1-month objective CPAP use data were collected. Pre-treatment bedtime variability was different among CPAP non-adherers and adherers at 1 month and was a significant predictor of non-adherence at 1 month in multi-variable analyses. The odds of 1-month CPAP non-adherence were 3.5 times greater in those whose pre-treatment bedtimes varied by >75?minutes. Addressing sleep schedule prior to CPAP initiation may be an opportunity to improve CPAP adherence.
Modeling strain and pore pressure associated with fluid extraction: The Pathfinder Ranch experiment

Strainmeters can be subject to hydrologic effects from pumping of nearby water wells, depending on the state of the local rock. Strain signals associated with hydrology are generally not used and regarded as troublesome because they are much larger than most tectonic signals (e.g., tides or slow slip episodes in Cascadia), but here we show that fluid extraction leads to detectable strain and pore pressure signals, which we use to constrain valuable material properties of the rock, namely the hydraulic diffusivity and elastic shear modulus. We collected multiple years of pump activity at two active water wells near a pair of Plate Boundary Observatory borehole strainmeters in southern California. These data demonstrate clearly the connection between fluid extraction and deformation: the onset of transient strains and pore pressures is strongly correlated with both the onset of fluid extraction, and the sizes of the transient signals are strongly correlated with cumulative extraction volumes. These data also suggest that the instruments are a possible tool for remote monitoring of fluid injection and withdrawal. Based on poroelastic modeling, we find estimates of hydraulic diffusivity (0.061 m2s−1 to 0.126 m2s−1) which are consistent with data for fractured igneous rock, and estimates of shear modulus (39.7 MPa to 101 MPa) which are comparable to data for shallow granodiorite—expected to be weak from weathering, and other sources of damage (e.g., faulting). We infer that crustal rock in this region is drained at shallow depths by pervasive, hydraulically conductive fractures: as a result of changes in applied stress, fluid flow will occur rather than a sustained change in pore fluid pressure.
Reconfiguration in network of embedded systems: Challenges and adaptive tracking case study

Many applications utilize deeply embedded sensors and actuators that are tightly coupled with the physical environment in order to perform their functionality. Sensor, actuators and embedded computation resources used for implementing such systems usually exhibit regular local configurations, while the global structure of the subsystems is either not fixed a priori and can change at runtime or is not known. Examples include systems that use many randomly distributed sensing boards, each one having a fixed structure of computation resources and sensing devices, to autonomously detect events and take proper actions. This paper discusses the requirements of the aforementioned systems, their advantages and the issues involved in developing them. Specifically we focus on dynamic adaptation of the system as a particular feature of such systems. This feature is discussed in depth in a collaborative and dynamically adaptive object tracking system that has been built in our lab as the experimental framework of this study. We exploit reconfigurable hardware devices embedded in a number of networked cameras in order to achieve our goal. We justify the need for dynamic adaptation of the system through scenarios and applications. Experimental results on a set of scenes advocate the fact that our system works effectively for different scenario of events through reconfiguration. Comparing results with non-adaptive implementations verify the fact that our approach improves system's robustness to scene variations and outperforms the traditional implementations.
Effect of introducing different carboxylate-containing side chains at position 85 on chromophore formation and proton transport in bacteriorhodopsin.

Abstract During the initial stages of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle, a proton is transferred from the Schiff base to the deprotonated carboxylate of Asp85. Earlier studies have shown that replacement of Asp85 by Asn completely abolishes proton transport activity, whereas extension of the side chain by an additional carbon-carbon bond (Asp85-->Glu) results in a functional proton pump. Here we show that extension of the Asp85 side chain by two additional bond lengths also results in a functional proton pump as long as the terminal group is a carboxylate moiety. These side chains were created by modification of the cysteine residue in the Asp85-->Cys mutant with either iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide. In vitro chromophore formation studies show that the rate of Schiff base protonation in mutants that contain a carboxylate at residue 85 is invariably faster than in mutants that contain neutral substitutions at this position. We conclude that in bacteriorhodopsin, there is considerable tolerance in the volume of the side chain that can be accommodated at position 85 and that the presence of a carboxylate at residue 85 is important both for proton pumping and for stabilizing the protonated Schiff base.
THE BATTERY FOR THE INTERNATIONAL IONOSPHERE SATELLITE ARIEL I

Design innovations of the rechargeable nickel- cadmium battery designed for the ionosphere satellite ariel i
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar and imaging: degrees of freedom and resolution

In this paper, radar is discussed in the context of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system model. A comparison is made between MIMO wireless communication and MIMO radar. Examples are given showing that many traditional radar approaches can be interpreted within a MIMO context. Furthermore, exploiting this MIMO perspective, useful extensions to traditional radar can be constructed. Performance advantages in terms of degrees of freedom and resolution are discussed. Finally, a MlMO extension to space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is introduced as applied to ground moving-target indication (GMTI).
SENSITIVITY OF FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT TRAVELTIMES TO LATERALLY HETEROGENEOUS,ANISOTROPIC EARTH STRUCTURE

SUMMARY This paper describes a study of the resonance phenomenon of a 2-D alluvial valley embedded in a half-space and subjected to an incident plane SH wave. The scattered wave and refracted wave are expressed as a series of basis functions, and both the scattered and refracted coefficients can be related to the incident wave by the so-called T-matrix method. By using singular-value decomposition and solving the eigenvalue problem, one can decouple the effects of all resonance modes. Therefore, the ampli­ fication factor of each partial eigenwave can be found, and used to determine the resonance frequencies of each normal mode and its overtones. The motion of the ground subjected to the incident plane SH wave and the mode shape of each single normal mode are determined and discussed for semicircular and semi-elliptical alluvial valleys.
Infarct-Associated Bone Sarcomas: Multimodality Imaging Findings.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to characterize infarct-associated bone sarcoma and its imaging features. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Our databases were searched for instances of sarcoma arising in association with osteonecrosis. Demographic and imaging data were recorded. The imaging studies of 258 patients with sarcomas were reviewed to determine whether underlying osteonecrosis was present. Radiographic and MRI studies of patients with bone infarction were reviewed to categorize the various appearances of infarction and to determine if sarcomas tended to arise in a particular pattern. A literature review was performed. RESULTS. Nine infarct-associated bone sarcomas were found in eight patients: seven malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) and two osteosarcomas. All occurred in the femur or tibia; multifocal infarction was documented in all patients except one. Sarcomas were commonly associated with a so-called “mature”-type pattern of osteonecrosis—that is, with well-defined calcified margins. Ost...
Interlaboratory Variability for Total Homocysteine Analysis in Plasma

Total plasma homocysteine consists of free homocysteine and homocysteine that is complexed with itself or with other amino acids or proteins. Free homocysteine has been measured previously as part of a biochemical screen for inherited metabolic disorders. More recently, increased total plasma homocysteine has been suggested as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease [reviewed in Ref. (1)]. In addition, increased total homocysteine is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease(2). These studies have prompted clinicians to include total homocysteine analysis as part of the risk assessment profile of patients with premature coronary artery disease. However, it has …
Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Rat Liver Cytosolic Proteins

The effect of thyroid hormone on phosphorylation of the endogenous proteins in rat liver cytosol was investigated. Cytosolic proteins obtained from hypothyroid (H) and T3 (20 μg/100 g BW)-treated thyroidectomized (T) rats were incubated with [γ-32P]ATP at 30 C for 2 min, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiographic analysis. T3 given for 3 days increased the phosphorylation of 8–10 proteins. Two of these proteins were cAMP-dependent (mol wt, 60 and 47 × 103) and one was Ca2+ dependent (mol wt, 97 × 103). One protein with a mol wt of 43 × 103 showed significantly decreased phosphorylation. T3-induced changes in phosphorylation were detected 5 h after a single injection of T3. At this time, one protein (mol wt 39 × 103) showed increased phosphorylation, and another protein with a mol wt of 43 × 103 showed significantly decreased phosphorylation. The time course of dephosphorylation in vitro was more rapid for the 43 × 103 mol wt protein than for other proteins i...
Observation and assignment of silent and higher-order vibrations in the infrared transmission of C 60 crystals

We report the measurement of infrared transmission of large ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ single crystals. The spectra exhibit a very rich structure with over 180 vibratonal absorptions visible in the 100--4000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range. Many silent modes are observed to have become weakly IR active. We also observe a large number of higher-order combination modes. The temperature (77--300 K) and pressure (0--25 kbar) depedences of these modes were measured and are presented. Careful analysis of the IR spectra, in conjuction with Raman scattering data showing second-order modes and neutron scattering data, allows the selection of the 46 vibrational modes of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. We are able to fit all of the first- and second-order data seen in the present IR spectra and the previously published Raman data (\ensuremath{\sim}300 lines total), using these 46 modes and their group-theory-allowed second-order combinations.
Nicotine Modulates the Expression of a Diverse Set of Genes in the Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cell Line

Abstract Nicotine exposure can have long lasting effects on nervous system function, some of which must contribute to nicotine dependence. Up-regulation, an increase in numbers of radioligand-binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), occurs on exposure to nicotine at high concentrations. To determine whether altered gene expression might account for long term changes and up-regulation following nicotine exposure, we assessed effects of 1 h of 1 mm nicotine exposure on alteration of gene expression in the neuron-like SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma clonal line. Repeat and cross-controlled microarray analyses yielded a list of 17 genes from the initially screened ∼5,000 whose expression was consistently altered following nicotine treatment. Subsequent quantitative, real time reverse transcriptase PCR analyses confirmed altered expression in 14 of 16 genes tested. Further, the general nAChR antagonist, d-tubocurarine, blocked all but two of the observed changes in gene expression, indicating that these changes are dependent on nAChR activation. Use of other antagonists revealed that nAChR subtypes can differentially affect gene expression. The genes affected code for proteins that may be broadly categorized into four groups: transcription factors, protein processing factors, RNA-binding proteins, and plasma membrane-associated proteins. Our results suggest that nicotinic activation of nAChR may have a broad role in affecting cellular physiology through modulating gene expression.
Cervical node metastases in early squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth: predictive value of multiple histopathologic parameters.

A semiquantitative assessment of multiple histological parameters was applied retrospectively to 66 patients with stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth to determine if prognostic information relative to cervical node metastases could be obtained. Three parameters relating to the tumor cell population and 5 describing the tumor-host interface were evaluated on a point scale from 1 to 3 with the highest score going to the most threatening characteristic. Twenty of the 66 patients had either occult metastases identified by elective lymphadenectomy (n=11) or developed metastases to the neck (n=9). There was no correlation between traditional histological grading as recorded at the time of presentation and the frequency of cervical metastases (p> 0.05). Histological reevaluation defined 3 groups of patients with low ( 16) with an incidence of cervical metastases of 5/39 (12.8%), 6/17 (35.3%), and 9/10 (90%), respectively (p<0.001). The results suggest that microscopic grading could be a useful adjunct to the present TNM staging system in selecting patients likely to benefit from elective treatment of the neck.
The peasant concept in anthropology

The development of peasant studies in anthropology (focusing primarily on the United States) is reconsidered by tracing two major approaches, one stemming from Robert Redfield, the other from Julian Steward and his students. The two approaches are based on different premises and grounded in different theories of culture. Although they have been interwoven historically, they represent different conceptions of peasantry, as well as different understandings of such notions as peasant culture, community, and tradition.
Existing and Prospective Sorption Technologies for the Removal of Arsenic in Water

Abstract The present article is devoted to a review of existing and emerging sorption technologies for the removal of arsenic in water. After presenting the traditional sorbents used in arsenic removal, experimental studies to characterize the adsorptive capacities of sorbents are detailed. In a second part, metal‐loaded polymers, which are among the prospective technologies for arsenate and arsenite removal in drinking water, are introduced. Finally, the design of new metal‐loaded polymers to treat arsenic in drinking water is discussed.
Comparative investigation of radioactive sources for the electron capture detector

Abstract The effect of pressure and temperature on the current in electron capture detectors has been experimentally evaluated using both 63Ni and scandium tritide radioactive foils. The data were collected as a function of pulse interval and width. The data reflect the greater range of β particles from a 63Ni source and under normal operating conditions suggest that the ionization region extends over the entire volume of the electron capture detector. On the other hand the ionization caused by β particles from 3H is closer to the radioactive foil and more concentrated. The rate of loss of electrons has also been evaluated from this data and it appears to be greater for ionization by 3H than 63Ni. Furthermore, the addition of traces of oxygen appear to increase the rate of loss of electrons to a greater extent with 3H than with 63Ni.
An excess Gibbs free energy model for polyelectrolyte solutions

Abstract The current models for polyelectrolyte solutions are valid only at infinite dilution because they account exclusively for long-range interactions and completely ignore the discrete nature of the charged groups. In this work, a local composition model of the Non Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) type is introduced to describe cylindrical polyelectrolytes and their interactions with ions in solution. The excess Gibbs free energy is expressed as the sum of the contributions from long-range and short-range interactions. The ‘limiting laws’ of Manning are used to account for the long-range interactions while the local composition model is used for the short-range interactions. From the free energy model, expressions can be derived for colligative properties like the activity and osmotic coefficients. Correlations using the proposed model are shown for polyelectrolyte systems, both with and without added salts.
Quantum aspects of the equivalence principle

Two thought experiments are discussed which suggest, first, a geometric interpretation of the concept of a (say, vector) potential (i.e., as a kinematic quantity associated with a transformation between moving frames of reference suitably related to the problem) and, second, that, in a quantum treatment one should extend the notion of the equivalence principle to include not only the equivalence of inertial forces with suitable “real” forces, but also the equivalence of potentials of such inertial forces and the potentials of suitable real forces. The two types of cancellation are physically independent of each other, because of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Finally, we show that the latter effect itself can be understood “geometrically” as a kinematic effect arising upon the transformation between the two reference frames.
Relevance of Adult Development and Aging Textbooks' Contents to Adult Education

Adult educational psychology is emerging as a legitimate field of study as both educational and developmental psychologists examine the interrelationships of developmental processes and educational activities across the adult years. This work has significant practical implications for adult educators, but few textbooks exist which integrate this work in a summary fashion. Adult educators therefore rely upon survey textbooks in adult development and aging to gather information about adult development. This study was a content analysis of such textbooks, and examined the texts' coverage of five general topic areas of great interest to adult educators. Coverage of these topics was found to vary: there was extensive discussion of adult intelligence across most of the textbooks, but little information in regards to the roles and functions of adult education in promoting adult development. There is a need for adult development and aging textbooks that link developmental research and theory to adult education practice.
Measuring energy efficiency in the context of an emerging economy: The case of indian manufacturing

In recent years the Indian economy has achieved a rapid growth rate. However, one of the challenges facing the economy is the large energy supply that would be needed to sustain this growth path. Hence attaining energy efficiency is crucial for the economy. This paper examines the Indian manufacturing sector and utilizes a variant of the directional distance function to obtain comprehensive measures of performance of the major manufacturing states, given the joint goals of achieving energy conservation and output growth. The results of the empirical application reveal that given the prevailing technology, the average manufacturing firm across the states could reduce energy input and increase output simultaneously by an annual average of 3.84%, by improving technical efficiency. To accommodate a larger simultaneous increase in output and reduction in energy use, India should adopt superior technologies so as to shift the efficient frontier outward.
Enantioselective Gel Collapsing: A New Means of Visual Chiral Sensing

An optically active BINOL-terpyridine based Cu(II) complex (R)-2 was prepared. Sonication of (R)-2 in CHCl3 led to the formation of a stable gel. The interaction of this gel with chiral amino alcohols was studied. It was found that (S)-phenylglycinol (0.10 equiv) could break the gel network of (R)-2 (3.75% w/v, g/mL) in CHCl3 to cause gel collapsing but (R)-phenylglycinol (0.10 equiv) could not. Similar enantioselective gel collapsing was also observed with (R)- and (S)-1-amino-2-propanol. This study demonstrates that chiral molecular gels are potentially useful for visual chiral discrimination. Complex (R)-2 in solution also exhibited significant enantioselective fluorescent enhancement in the presence of a variety of amino alcohols.
Analysis of Different Promoter Systems for Efficient Transgene Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo and have the developmental capacity to generate all cell types of the body. Combined with efficient genetic manipulation and in vitro differentiation procedures, ES cells are a useful system for the molecular analysis of developmental pathways. We analyzed and compared the transcriptional activities of a cellular polypeptide chain elongation factor 1 alpha (EF), a cellular-virus hybrid (cytomegalo-virus [CMV] immediate early enhancer fused to chicken β-actin [CBA]), and a viral CMV promoter system in two ES cell lines. When transiently transfected, the EF and CBA promoters robustly drove reporter gene expression, while the CMV promoter was inactive. We also demonstrated that the EF and CBA promoters effectively drove gene expression in different stages of cell development: naive ES cells, embryoid bodies (EBs), and neuronal precursor cells. In contrast, the CMV promoter did not have transcriptional activity in either ES cells or EB but had significant activity once ES cells differentiated into neuronal precursors. Our data show that individual promoters have different abilities to express reporter gene expression in the ES and other cell types tested.
Calcineurin initiates smooth muscle differentiation in neural crest stem cells.

The process of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) differentiation is critical to embryonic angiogenesis. However, despite its importance, the vSMC differentiation program remains largely undefined. Murine gene disruption studies have identified several gene products that are necessary for vSMC differentiation, but these methodologies cannot establish whether or not a factor is sufficient to initiate the differentiation program. A gain-of-function system consisting of normal vSMC progenitor cells would serve as a useful complement to whole animal loss-of-function studies. We use such a system here, namely freshly isolated rat neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), to show that activation of the calcineurin signaling pathway is sufficient to drive these cells toward a smooth muscle fate. In addition, we present data suggesting that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which also causes NCSCs to differentiate into smooth muscle, activates calcineurin signaling in NCSCs, leading to a model in which activation of calcineurin signaling is the mechanism by which TGF-β1 causes SMC differentiation in these cells.
Differential drivers of benthic foraminiferal and molluscan community composition from a multivariate record of early Miocene environmental change

Climate changes are multivariate in nature, and disentangling the proximal drivers of biotic responses to paleoclimate events requires time series of multiple environmental proxies. We reconstruct a multivariate time series of local environmental change for the early Miocene Newport Member of the Astoria Formation (20.26–18 Ma), using proxies for temperature (δ18O), productivity (δ13C), organic carbon flux (Δδ13C), oxygenation (δ15N), and sedimentary grain size (% mud). Our data suggest increases in productivity and declines in oxygenation on the Oregon shelf during this interval of global warming. We evaluate the association of individual environmental factors, and combinations of factors, with changes in faunal composition observed in benthic foraminiferal and molluscan communities collected from the exact same sediments as the environmental data. The δ15N values are the most parsimonious correlates with major changes in foraminiferal composition, whereas molluscan composition is most closely related to δ13C values, suggesting that different components of the environment are influencing each group. When the proxies that have the best supported relationships with the faunal gradients are removed from the analyses to simulate the absence of those proxy data, significant relationships between the faunal gradients and the remaining environmental proxies can still be found. This suggests that environmental drivers can be incorrectly attributed to faunal changes when key proxy data are missing. Paleoecological studies of biotic response that test multiple environmental drivers for multiple taxonomic groups are powerful tools for identifying the ecological consequences of past warming events and the regional drivers of ecological changes.
Comment on “Ion collection by a sphere in a flowing collisional plasma” [Phys. Plasmas 14, 034502 (2007)]

It is shown that the numerical solutions presented in a recent paper discussing a highly simplified model of collisional particle collection are unnecessary because simple analytic solutions of the quantities presented are available.
Changing regimes of science and politics: Comparative and transnational perspectives for a world in transition

Against the background of previous historical changes in the configuration of science and politics, this article explores the particular new qualities of more recent changes in the relationship between these two domains. Reconfigurations of politics are outlined at the national, supranational, and international levels, while reconfigurations of science are presented with regard to four high-technologies (nuclear, information and communication, bio, and nano-technologies), hereby aiming at the interdependencies between politics and science. To this end, a regime analytical framework is developed that allows for a focus on the configuration of science and technology in society ‘as a whole,’ paying attention to comparative variation and the significance of institutions, practices, and discourses. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
The determination of carbon monoxide in air in the parts per billion range by means of a helium detector.

Abstract The separation and quantitation of traces of carbon monoxide from air have been performed using molecular sieve columns and helium ionization detectors. Calibration curves obtained by the exponential dilution method are linear down to about 50 parts per billion. A comparison of the curves obtained using helium or air as diluting gases is made.
Biochemical evidence for internal proteolytic damage during isolation of type II alveolar epithelial cells.

The metabolic integrity of cells isolated from tissues by proteolytic dissociation is a question of vital importance in the interpretation of studies in such cells. The integrity of cells isolated from protease-treated lung was investigated by preparing subcellular fractions from isolated cells, protease-treated lung, or alveolar macrophages. Activities and distribution of marker enzymes and enzymes of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in these fractions were compared with similar fractions from untreated whole lung and macrophages. Although the isolated cells appeared viable by virtue of trypan blue exclusion, the specific activity of the endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme NADPH cytochromec reductase was reduced four fold in fractions from cells and tissues treated with protease. In addition, 38% of the enzyme activity was released into the 150,000 ×g supernatant. CDP choline: 1,2 diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity in similar fractions was reduced by a factor of two to seventeen, depending on the amount of trypsin used in the incubation mixture, with little apparent effect on its subcellular distribution. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in these fractions was not reduced by protease treatment and was, in fact, increased by elastase digestion. Direct protease treatment of microsomes isolated from normal lung showed that both trypsin and elastase were capable of releasing NADPH cytochromec reductase from the membrane. Under similar conditions, trypsin virtually eliminated choline phosphotransferase activity while elastase was without effect. These results suggest that during isolation of cells from lung by proteolytic dissociation, the isolated cells are damaged by intracellular uptake of protease and that the analysis of microsomal enzyme activities of cells provides a sensitive method for assessing their functional integrity after isolation. The use of this approach may aid in the development of less harsh methods of tissue dispersion and cell isolation and may yield more native cell populations in general and undamaged type II epithelial cells in particular.
Shared functional attributes between the mecA gene product of Staphylococcus sciuri and penicillin-binding protein 2a of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The genome of Staphylococcus aureus is constantly in a state of flux, acquiring genes that enable the bacterium to maintain resistance in the face of antibiotic pressure. The acquisition of the mecA gene from an unknown origin imparted S. aureus with broad resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, with the resultant strain designated as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Epidemiological and genetic evidence suggests that the gene encoding PBP 2a of MRSA might have originated from Staphylococcus sciuri, an animal pathogen, where it exists as a silent gene of unknown function. We synthesized, cloned, and expressed the mecA gene of S. sciuri in Escherichia coli, and the protein product was purified to homogeneity. Biochemical characterization and comparison of the protein to PBP 2a of S. aureus revealed them to be highly similar. These characteristics start with sequence similarity but extend to biochemical behavior in inhibition by β-lactam antibiotics, to the existence of an allosteric site for binding of b...
Citation patterns in scientific revolutions

The method of classifying citations according to the context in the citing paper, previously developed by the authors, is applied to the study of scientific revolutions. In particular, the BCS theory of superconductivity ind the non-conservation of parity are investigated. The results can be easily interpreted in terms of the characteristic features of these discoveries. It is suggested that these two examples represent two different types of “paradigm” changes, thus prompting a considerable refinement of the usual dichotomous picture of “normal”vs. “breakthrough” science.
Community of caring: A continuum of normalized evidence-based programs to maintain function

ization time of flight MS, and conclusive protein identifications accomplished by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Conclusions: Several proteins were reproducibly quantitatively affected by GSE in rat brain, either in abundance, or in isoform complexity. The majority were “old” proteins, i.e. those that had been shown to be differentially expressed in AD or transgenic mouse models of dementia (i.e. creatine kinase brain beta chain, glial fibrillary acidic protein). Because the direction of change for most proteins affected by GSE in the normal healthy rats was opposite to that in AD or transgenic demented mouse brain, administration of GSE to healthy adults to protect critical proteins may be a strategy for prevention of AD.
A method for the determination of diffusion coefficients for small molecules in aqueous solution

A method is described for determining the diffusion coefficients of small solutes in limited volumes (approximately equal to 4-9 ml) of fluid. Diffusion is measured in a three-chamber diffusion cell across a central unstirred compartment. Compartments are separated by nitrocellulose membranes. The instantaneous concentration gradient and the instantaneous flux of solute into the dilute end compartment are derived from changes in the concentration of solute in the two stirred end compartments through time. The diffusion coefficient is calculated from the slope of the least-squares regression line relating the magnitude of the instantaneous solute flux to that of the instantaneous concentration gradient. The apparatus is calibrated with a solute of known diffusivity (KCl). Diffusion coefficients thus determined in water at 25 degrees C for CaCl2 (7.54 X 10(-6) cm2.s-1), Na2-ATP (7.01 X 10(-6) cm2.s-1), 2-deoxyglucose (5.31 X 10(-6) cm2.s-1), and D-Na-lactate (5.62 X 10(-6) cm2.s-1) differed by an average of 3.7% from literature values. The method described results in accurate estimates of diffusion coefficients by a simple and relatively rapid procedure.
Material design and development: From classical thermodynamics to CALPHAD and ICME approaches

Abstract This paper presents an overview and examples of material design and development using (1) classical thermodynamics; (2) CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams) modeling; and (3) Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) approaches. Although the examples are given in lightweight aluminum and magnesium alloys for structural applications, the fundamental methodology and modeling principles are applicable to all materials and engineering applications. The examples in this paper have demonstrated the effectiveness and limitations of classical thermodynamics in solving specific problems (such as nucleation during solidification and solid-state precipitation in aluminum alloys). Computational thermodynamics and CALPHAD modeling, when combined with critical experimental validation, have been used to guide the selection and design of new magnesium alloys for elevated-temperature applications. The future of material design and development will be based on a holistic ICME approach. However, key challenges exist in many aspects of ICME framework, such as the lack of diffusion/mobility databases for many materials systems, limitation of current microstructural modeling capability and integration tools for simulation codes of different length scales.
Dietary Energy Supplementation Reverses Cranial, Linear, and Ponderal Growth Failure in Girls With Rett Syndrome. 2250

Dietary Energy Supplementation Reverses Cranial, Linear, and Ponderal Growth Failure in Girls With Rett Syndrome. 2250
Guidelines for a Successful Student Chapter

Many professional organizations have local student chapters that allow students to become involved in varying aspects of professional and academic life. While many schools have successful student chapters that field the needs of students successfully, other student chapters have struggled to accommodate their students to the best of their ability. In this paper, I present a series of anecdotal guidelines for the leadership of student chapters to consider in order to get the most out of each and every year. Although the focus of these guidelines are for improving existing student chapters, these guidelines can be used in the creation of new student chapters and in reviving student chapters that have become less active.
Defining a therapeutic selfhood for delinquent youth: A covert participant observation of a juvenile correction facility

The study explored the therapeutic potential of milieu treatment in the field of juvenile corrections through a 10-day, covert participant observation of a shortterm correctional facility for 18 boys. The observer found that by offering a more constructive set of personal values and resources in his role as an emerging leader among institutionalized youths, he was able to exert a positive influence over his “peers.” Based upon the observer's success in altering the climate and quality of the delinquent peer culture, implications were discussed for the enhancement of the milieu as a healing agent of the individual within such settings.
Creasing instability of elastomer films

The creasing instability of elastomer films under compression is studied by a combination of experiment and numerical simulation. Experimentally, we attach a stress-free film on a much thicker and stiffer pre-stretched substrate. When the substrate is partially released, the film is uniaxially compressed, leading to formation of an array of creases beyond a critical strain. The profile of the folded surface is extracted using confocal fluorescence microscopy, yielding the depths, spacings, and shapes of creases. Numerically, the onset and development of creases are simulated by introducing appropriately sized defects into a finite-element mesh and allowing the surface of the film to self-contact. The measurements and simulations are found to be in excellent agreement.
Influence of abuse on condom negotiation among Mexican-American women involved in abusive relationships.

This study explored cultural and gender perspectives of abuse on condom negotiation behaviors for AIDS prevention among Mexican-American women in abusive intimate relationships. A convenience sample of 20 abused women participated in the study. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and audiotaped responses to a semistructured interview guide. Content analysis using QSR NUDIST was used to analyze the verbatim transcriptions of all participant interviews. The predominant category, “He always got his way,” was developed in response to the content of the verbatim transcriptions. The category was further expanded to include the self-descriptive subcategories of “He beat me,” “He made me feel bad,” and “He forced me.” Through content analysis, a relationship between abuse by male sexual partners and condom negotiation for AIDS prevention was identified. Trustworthiness of the data collection and analysis was established through methods suggested by Lincoln and Guba.
Risk Management of Sediment Stress: A Framework for Sediment Risk Management Research

Research related to the ecological risk management of sediment stress in watersheds is placed under a common conceptual framework in order to help promote the timely advance of decision support methods for aquatic resource managers and watershed-level planning. The proposed risk management research program relies heavily on model development and verification, and should be applied under an adaptive management approach. The framework is centered on using best management practices (BMPs), including eco-restoration. It is designed to encourage the development of numerical representations of the performance of these management options, the integration of this information into sediment transport simulation models that account for uncertainty in both input and output, and would use strategic environmental monitoring to guide sediment-related risk management decisions for mixed land use watersheds. The goal of this project was to provide a sound scientific framework based on recent state of the practice in sediment-related risk assessment and management for research and regulatory activities. As a result, shortcomings in the extant data and measurement and modeling tools were identified that can help determine future research direction. The compilation of information is beneficial to the coordination of related work being conducted within and across entities responsible for managing watershed-scale risks to aquatic ecosystems.
Reference tracking of uncertain nonlinear Multi-Input Multi-Output quantized systems using L 1 adaptive control

This paper presents an L1 adaptive controller for nonlinear Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems with unmatched uncertainties in the presence of both state and input quantization. Uniform quantization is employed with hysteresis, and the closed-loop system output is shown to track that of a stable reference system. Performance bounds for system's state and input signals are obtained, and it is shown that the system performance can be systematically improved by increasing the adaptation rate or improving the state and input quantization. Simulations are provided to corroborate the theoretical results.
The analysis of Romanowsky blood stains by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for separating and quantitating the components of thiazine dyes and compound blood stains. In terms of speed, quantitation, and component resolution, the assay reported here is superior to other reported chromatographic methods of cationic dye separation. The components present in commercial samples of thiazine dyes and LARCTM stain, a modified Wright-Giemsa stain, have been resolved in 25–40 min on a 5-μm microparticulate silica column using a methanol-water-glycine/acetic acid mobile phase. The mechanism of separation is demonstrated to be based predominantly upon the weak ion-exchange properties of silica.
Generalized slowing in brinley plots

The logic of generalized slowing theories is explored. Existing theories are reviewed briefly and put in a common format. The format is readily generalized to define a class of one-dimensional aging theories, a tiny subset of all possible aging theories. A corresponding class of compatible data is demonstrated, in terms of allowable configurations of a Brinley plot. Nonconforming configurations have the force of disconfirming the entire class of aging theories. Information processing theories can be cast in a similar format. It is shown that, for a slowing theory to be indisputably general, it must be associated with a multidimensional information processing theory.