cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Border Fencing Reduce Terrorism? A Case Study of The Pak-Afghan Border - One of the Most Dangerous Borders in the World

Background This study examines the effect of border fencing of the world’s most dangerous border on Durand line and conducts a pre and post analysis of reduction in terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The research is based on analysing the decrease in trends of terrorist attacks post border fencing and on the comparison study of identity of terrorists in both the states. Objectives The primary objective of this research is to understand does fencing borders reduce terrorism and is fencing an effective measure to combat terrorism by analysing the case study of the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Methods To establish the relationship and assess the impact of border fencing on the Pak- Afghan border on decrease in terrorist incidents in Pakistan, this study adopted the Simple Linear Regression Model and Poisson Regression Model. The null hypothesis stated that border fencing did not reduce terrorism whereas the alternative hypothesis claimed that border fencing did reduce terrorism in the post border fencing time period from 2015-2018. Results The study reveals significant relationship between border fencing and reduction in terrorism incidents. The regression analysis demonstrated the positive impact of length of border fenced on decrease in number of terrorist incidents in Pakistan. The decline was by 8.6 Incidents (P=0.002) and overall terrorism declined by 7.2% (P=0.02) in Pakistan. Conclusions The regression results suggest that reduction in the terrorism is statistically significant and border fencing of the long porous western border of Pakistan, did cause a substantial reduction in terrorist attacks. It also supports the assumption that border fencing is an effective mean of combatting terrorism as in the case of Pak-Afghan border. By the time only 47% fencing was completed a decline in terrorism was observed with 3306 incidents after the fencing as compared to 8979 incidents before the fencing.
Everyone Poops: Consumer Virtues and Excretory Anxieties in Locke’s Theory of Property:

It is a problem that the environment is often seen and treated as a reservoir of resources awaiting human use. How did this outlook arise? This essay analyzes a formative moment in the constitution...
Game-Theoretic and Reliability Methods in Counterterrorism and Security

As noted above, protecting engineered systems against intentional attacks is likely to require a combination of game theory and reliability analysis. Risk and reliability analysis by itself will likely not be sufficient to address many critical security challenges, since it does not take into account the attacker’s response to the implementation of reliability or security improvements. However, most current applications of game theory to security deal with individual components or assets in isolation, and hence could benefit from the use of reliability analysis tools and methods to more fully model the risks to complex networked systems such as computer systems, electricity transmission systems, or transportation systems. In the long run, approaches that embed systems reliability models in a game-theoretic framework may make it possible to take advantage of the strengths of both approaches.
Human Genetics: The Basics

1. From Ancestry to Destiny 2. From Mendel's Peas to Double Helices 3. How Genes Work 4. Genes and Health 5. Genetic Testing 6. Genetic and Genomic Technologies
An architecture for lifecycle management in very large file systems

We present a policy-based architecture STEPS for lifecycle management (LCM) in a mass scale distributed file system. The STEPS architecture is designed in the context of IBM's SAN file system (SFS) and leverages the parallelism and scalability offered by SFS, while providing a centralized point of control for policy-based management. The architecture uses novel concepts like policy cache and rate-controlled migration for efficient and non-intrusive execution of the LCM functions, while ensuring that the architecture scales with very large number of files. The architecture has been implemented and used for lifecycle management in a distributed deployment of SFS with heterogeneous data. We conduct experiments on the implementation to study the performance of the architecture. We observed that STEPS is highly scalable with increase in the number as well as the size of the file objects hosted by SFS. The performance study also demonstrated that most of the efficiency of policy execution is derived from policy cache. Further, a rate-control mechanism is necessary to ensure that users are isolated from LCM operations.
Learning Ability and Behavioral Polymorphism Within Individual Clutches of Wild Ducklings

Zusammenfassung Wenn man jungen Stockentenkuken des gleichen Geleges eine sich bewegende und rufende Attrappe bietet, bevorzugen manche die optischen, andere die akustischen Merkmale. Die Starkegrade dieser Bevorzugung sind voneinander unabhangig. Die adaptive Bedeutung dieses “Unterschiedes der Bevorzugungen” beruht auf der sozialen Ansteckung: ein personlich nicht ansprechbares Entchen macht mit einem ansprechbaren Artgenossen mit. Die einen lernen oder pragen sich leichter auf den Ruf, andere desselben Geleges leichter auf den Anblick eines Modells, aber wenn sie beisammen sind, antworten alle auf beides. Aus der Analyse von Geschwisterschaften ergab sich der Schlus, das die Bevorzugung gehorter oder gesehener Merkmale wahrscheinlich genetisch begrundet ist. Eine Beziehung zwischen Lebensalter und Reizbevorzugung war im Gegensatz zu dem, was fruhere Befunde erwarten liesen, nicht zu beobachten.
KINETICS OF ADSORPTION OF ORGANICS FROM AN ABOVE GROUND OIL SHALE RETORT WATER

Activated carbon was used to remove organics from retort waters produced in an above ground oil shale retort. This work included batch equilibrium experiments and continuous packed bed studies. The equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear over the entire liquid concentration range (0 to 2880 mg/L). Break through curves were obtained in packed bed experiments as a function of bed length, particle size, and liquid velocity. Rates of adsorption and mass transfer coefficients were evaluated from the breakthrough curves.
mRNA transcripts related to full-length endogenous retroviral DNA in human cells

Mammalian cells contain multiple copies of endogenous type C retroviral DNA sequences. Among these sequences are complete, potentially infectious proviruses, proviral DNA that is expressed only in the form of viral antigens, retroviral segments that may contribute portions of envelope (env) genes during the generation of recombinant polytropic viruses, and many subgenomic viral DNA segments that may not be expressed at all. We have previously reported the identification and molecular cloning of type C retroviral sequences from human DNA and have shown that the partial nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of one of the clones obtained (lambda 51) are homologous to Moloney MuLV (MoMuLV) in the gag and pol regions. The lambda 51 clone as well as several others isolated from a human DNA library contained approximately 4.3 kilobases (kb) of retroviral sequences, were deleted in the env region, and were flanked by tandem repeats unlike the long terminal repeats (LTRs) typically found in proviral DNAs (P.E.S., in preparation). We describe here the characterization of a full-length human retroviral clone (lambda 4-1) containing LTR elements as well as a putative env region. DNA-RNA hybridization experiments reveal that human cells contain species of poly(A)+ RNA that anneal to segments of the full-length retroviral DNA clone.
The role of spinal and brainstem adenosine receptors in the modulation of the volume-evoked micturition reflex in the unanesthetized rat.

The pharmacology of the spinal, supraspinal and peripheral adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2) and their influence on the volume-evoked micturition reflex (VEMR) was studied in a chronic unanesthetised rat model by cystometrography after intrathecal (i.t.), intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intravenous (i.v.) injection. Intrathecally administered A1 adenosine agonist: N6-(L-2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) and A2 adenosine agonist: 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA) were equally active with 1.0 nmol reliably producing an increase in the volume necessary to induce the VEMR. At a higher dose (3 nmol), a long-lasting blockade of the VEMR was produced by both agonists. These effects were reversed following intraperitoneal injection of caffeine, an adenosine antagonist. This inhibition of the VEMR outlasted the spinal antinociceptive action which we have previously reported for these two agonists. Contrary to the spinal effect of these agonists, i.c.v. (0.3-3 nmol) and i.v. (100-1000 nmol) injections of R-PIA and NECA resulted in a significant decrease in the volume required to evoke the VEMR. We conclude that at the spinal level a xanthine-sensitive adenosine receptor(s) inhibits the VEMR. Based on several indirect lines of evidence, we speculate that these effects are not mediated by an action on primary afferent input or directly on preganglionic neurons, but on an excitatory interneuronal link.
Reduction of aryl azides by thiols: implications for the use of photoaffinity reagents.

Abstract Aryl azides are rapidly reduced by dithiothreitol at room temperature to the corresponding aryl amines. Glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol react much more slowly. The relevance of this reaction to experiments involving aryl azide photoaffinity reagents is discussed.
Cognitive Suppression During Saccadic Eye Movements

Saccadic eye movements are made at least 100,000 times each day It is well known that sensitivity to visual input is suppressed during saccades, we examined whether cognitive activity (specifically, mental rotation) is suppressed as well If cognitive processing occurs during saccades, a prime viewed in one fixation should exert a larger influence on a target viewed in a second fixation when a long rather than a short saccade separates their viewing No such effect was found, even though the time difference between long and short saccades was effective in a no-saccade control These results indicate that at least some cognitive operations are suppressed during saccades
Medium-energy neutron physics

Abstract Facilities for detecting neutrons from nuclear reactions and for producing secondary neutron beams with good resolution (
The changing careers of patients with chronic mental illness: a study of sequential patterns in mental health service utilization.

The aim of this study was to describe patterns of service use over time by a group of persons with chronic mental illness who were homeless at the time of the index admission. Subjects were all persons admitted to Skid Row Mental Health Services in a recent year who had 25 or more previous admissions to any Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health service (N=49). Sequences of type of service at each of the 25 admissions were compared with optimal matching and categorized with cluster analysis. Patients in earlier clusters had many inpatient admissions; those in later clusters had many admissions to outpatient, residential, and jail services. Service use by individuals in each cluster showed the same trends. However, there were also different patterns of service use for patients in clusters within the same time frame. Analyzing multiple admissions sequentially helps to locate likely places to intervene in downward-spiraling careers.
Functional analysis of a mosquito γ-aminobutyric acid receptor gene promoter

Abstract A single point mutation in the insect γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR)-encoding gene ( Rdl ) confers high levels of resistance to cyclodienes in Drosophila and other insects. We were interested in studying the promoter of this gene for two reasons. Firstly, to define the elements underlying Rdl expression. Secondly, to identify the minimum set of regulatory elements necessary for construction of a functional Rdl minigene. Such an insecticide-resistance-associated minigene should form a strong selectable marker for use in the genetic transformation of non-drosophilid pest insects, such as mosquitoes. Here, we report the identification of the region containing the Rdl promoter, via transient expression of a luc reporter gene following micro-injection into embryos of the mosquito Aedes aegypti . Promoter activity is contained within a 2.53-kb fragment immediately upstream from the Rdl start codon. Primer extension shows three closely linked sites for transcript initiation within this region and sequence analysis reveals a number of putative consensus regulatory sequences shared by other genes expressed in the nervous system. The implications for construction of a functional minigene and the identification of cis -acting control elements underlying ion-channel gene regulation are discussed.
Integral bounds for radar ambiguity functions and Wigner distributions

An upper bound is proved for the L p norm of Woodward’s ambiguity function in radar signal analysis and of the Wigner distribution in quantum mechanics when p >2. A lower bound is proved for 1 ≤p < 2. In addition, a lower bound is proved for the entropy. These bounds set limits to the sharpness of the peaking of the ambiguity function or Wigner distribution. The bounds are best possible and equality is achieved in the L P bounds if and only if the functions/ and g that enter the definition are both Gaussians.
Anomia for Facial Expressions: Neuropsychological Mechanisms and Anatomical Correlates

Abstract We report a patient with a selective impairment in naming and pointing to emotional facial expressions following a circumscribed lesion of the right temporal lobe. Detailed investigation of this patient′s deficit revealed that the neuropsychological mechanism underlying his anomia for facial expressions is best understood as a category-specific bidirectional visual-verbal disconnection between intact visual semantic and verbal semantic representations for facial emotions. Magnetic resonance imaging findings from this case and from another patient previously described with this unique syndrome (Rapcsak, Kaszniak, & Rubens, 1989), together with the results of cortical electrical stimulation studies and microelectrode recordings of cortical neuronal activity in epileptic patients, provide converging evidence that the inferotemporal visual association cortex of the right middle temporal gyrus plays an important functional role in the verbal labeling of emotional facial expressions. The implications of these findings for cognitive and neural models of facial affect processing are discussed.
Mode I Fatigue of the Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Plastic–Concrete Interface Bond

As the reinforced concrete infrastructure continues to decline, the engineering community is turning to rehabilitative methods as cost effective alternatives to replacement. One such method, that has gained popularity over the last few decades, is the use of wet-layup fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) adhered to the concrete surface. The application of FRP consists of a fibrous material (carbon, glass, Kevlar), which when impregnated by an epoxy, may then be bonded to the surface of a reinforced concrete structure. The experimental fracture mechanics approach known as the Single Contoured-Cantilever Beam (SCCB) was herein utilized to investigate the fatigue behavior of the bonded interface between the externally reinforcing CFRP composite member and the underlying concrete under Mode I failure. The research outcome made it possible to establish a modified Paris law relationship for the CFRP-concrete interface bond as a predictive means of ascertaining the expected mechanical life cycle of such externally reinforced structures.
Dehydrogenation - the first step in the cracking of isopentane over silica-alumina cracking catalysts

Abstract Earlier work has shown that at low conversions, dehydrogenation is the main primary reaction when isopentane is passed over a silica-alumina catalyst, and that the resulting pentenes largely determine the products and kinetic parameters of cracking (Garten, Ph.D. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1967) . Results reported here indicate that the dehydrogenating activity of the catalyst is intrinsic and not the result of trace impurities. Further, the dehydrogenation activity is not related to the ability of the catalyst to hydrogenate ethylene in a hydrogen-ethylene mixture. The latter activity appears to be the result of catalyst impurities, probably iron, and is easily poisoned by hydrogen sulfide. These observations agree with the conclusion from previous work (Garten, 1967) that at least for isopentane cracking, the traditional “secondary reaction” role accorded to the corresponding olefins should be supplanted by considering dehydrogenation of the paraffinic feed as the major primary reaction of cracking, the breaking of the carboncarbon bond being a subsequent step to dehydrogenation.
The implementation of a large‐scale program of systematic desensitization for communication apprehension

A field investigation of the effects of systematic desensitization (SD) on communication apprehension involving 541 college students is reported. The results indicate that SD administered by male lay trainers in either a laboratory or classroom setting resulted in significant reductions in communication apprehension, as measured by self‐report scales immediately after treatment and nine weeks later, when compared to a control group. Male students improved significantly more than female students. Procedures for implementing a SD program in either an academic or business setting are described and explained.
Secretion of S-100 from rat C6 glioma cells

Conditioned media from rat C6 glioma cells contain significant levels of S-100 immunoreactivity as determined by radioimmunoassay. The levels of extracellular S-100 detected could not be accounted for by the release of intracellular S-100 into the media from lysed cells. The extracellular form of S-100 exhibits fractionation properties and immunological characteristics that are different from those of the intracellular form of S-100 in C6 cells. While the intracellular S-100 levels increase as a function of days in culture, the extracellular S-100 levels are high until the cells reach confluency and are lower in postconfluent cultures. Altogether, our data suggest that C6 glioma cells secrete S-100, and that the quantitative levels of the intracellular and secreted forms of S-100 are differentially regulated.
Origin of stylolites; a discussion

ABSTRACT A critical examination of the paper by Marsh (1867) shows clearly that he did not originate the contraction-pressure theory for the origin of stylolites as claimed by Prokopovich (1952). An examination of Gumbel's papers of 1882 and 1888 shows that he based a preliminary phase of his theory upon the compaction of the sediments and the drying out and cracking of the clay layers between the still plastic calcareous beds above and below the clay. Gumbel's theory is essentially that of Marsh after obtaining the small pieces of clay which functioned in the same manner as the fossils in Marsh's theory. Hence, neither of these investigators proposed the contraction-pressure theory as claimed by Prokopovich. An examination of the solution theory described by Prokopovich shows it to be completely inadequate to produce stylolites and that none of the common and outstanding features of stylolite columns and seams can be logically explained by this theory.
Lead Zirconate Titanate Films on Nickel–Titanium Shape Memory Alloys: SMARTIES

This paper reports on thin films of 52/48 PZT that have been deposited on Ni-Ti shape memory alloys using a sol-gel spin-on method. Micrometer-thick PZT films adhere well to the alloy for strains as large as 0.4%, and they retain their ferroelectric properties during repeated cycling through the shape memory transformation.
Microsurgical anatomy of the choroidal fissure

The microsurgical anatomy of the choroidal fissure was examined in 25 cadaveric heads. The choroidal fissure, the site of attachment of the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle, is located between the fornix and thalamus in the medial part of the lateral ventricle. The choroidal fissure is divided into three parts: (a) a body portion situated in the body of the lateral ventricle between the body of the fornix and the thalamus, (b) an atrial part located in the atrium of the lateral ventricle between the crus of the fornix and the pulvinar, and (c) a temporal part situated in the temporal horn between the fimbria of the fornix and the lower surface of the thalamus. The three parts of the fissure are the thinnest sites in the wall of the lateral ventricle bordering the basal cisterns and the roof of the third ventricle. Opening through the body portion of the choroidal fissure from the lateral ventricle exposes the velum interpositum and third ventricle. Opening through the temporal portion of the choroidal fissure from the temporal horn exposes the structures in the ambient and crural cisterns. Opening through the atrial portion of the fissure from the atrium exposes the quadrigeminal cistern, the pineal region, and the posterior portion of the ambient cistern. The neural, arterial, and venous relationships of each part of the fissure are reviewed. The operative approaches directed through each part of the fissure are also reviewed.
May: Physical Fitness and Sports Month

The tremendous growth in the number of people trying to improve their health has resulted in an increase in the number of publications on sports, nutrition, diet, and exercise. Listed below are works typical of the publications available.
Ion-exchange properties of natural clinoptilolite, ferrierite and mordenite: Part 2. Lead—sodium and lead—ammonium equilibria

Abstract The selectivity of three different natural zeolites for lead has been investigated at two different solution concentrations. The three zeolites examined (clinoptilolite, mordenite and ferrierite) were prepared in both the sodium and ammonium forms before exchange with lead was attempted. The selectivity of these materials for lead was measured in terms of experimental ion-exchange isotherms at a temperature of 298 K. The systems were checked carefully for precipitation and, in contrast to recent work on synthetic X and Y samples1, little evidence for non-stoichiometry of exchange was found. With three exceptions all systems were found to be reversible. For those systems which were not reversible, it is argued evidentially that the irreversibility is due primarily to the exchanges being ternary in nature rather than binary. Different selectivity trends for the sodium and ammonium forms of the zeolites are discussed, and thermodynamic data are derived for those systems shown to be reversible. It is concluded that in addition to clinoptilolite, both natural ferrierite and mordenite show promise as means of extracting lead from effluent solutions.
Commentary: Bioavailability of Flavonoids and Polyphenols: Call to Arms

Dietary polyphenols (Fig. 1) are a main source of antioxidants for humans1. These polyphenols have a variety of biological activities, ranging from anti-ageing, anticancer, to lowering of blood cholesterol level and improving bone strength1–6. Millions of women also take a subclass of polyphenols called phytoestrogens to relieve symptoms associated with menopause7, 8.
DEPTH CONSTRAINTS ON DILATANCY INDUCED VELOCITY ANOMALIES

Dilatancy, the opening of cracks in rock under applied shear stress, has been proposed as a mechanism to explain seismic velocity anomalies prior to earthquakes. In recent years many studies have been made in search of precursory changes in Vp/Vs, but positive results have been extremely limited. Since dilatancy induced velocity anomalies require undersaturation of rock pores, we look carefully at porosity and fluid compressibility within the crust in an effort to determine the conditions that are most favorable for induced velocity anomalies. Simple porosity-temperature-pore pressure models of the crust are examined. Various dilatant strain distributions are imposed on the models and in. every case the most significant potential for velocity anomalies occurs within the upper 3 to 5km of the crust. Low porosity and high temperature at depth have the net effect of giving smaller velocity anomalies than in near surface regions. Actual crustal porosity, pore pressure and strain distributions prior to an earthquake are not well known. Nevertheless, our results suggest that searches for velocity anomalies should be concentrated in the upper few kilometers of the crust where the most significant anomalies are favored to occur.
Study of the (d, p) reaction to bound and unbound states of 19O

Abstract Cross section and vector analyzing power have been measured for the (d, p) reaction on 18 O leading to neutron bound and unbound states in 19 O at an incident deuteron energy of 14.8 MeV. The bound state data are compared to DWBA predictions. The data for the unbound states have been analyzed in the framework of the DWBA using (i) a form factor for a weakly bound neutron and (ii) a resonance form factor, following the approach of Vincent and Fortune. The spin-parity assignments and spectroscopic factors or widths for most of the observed states with excitation energy up to 6.28 MeV have been extracted. The spectroscopic factors are in fair agreement with those obtained from recent shell model calculations. Wherever comparison is meaningful, the extracted widths agree reasonably well with the values obtained from neutron scattering experiments. The primary constituent of the broad maximum which appears in the proton spectrum at ≈ 5.5 MeV excitation is found to be a d 3 2 state. The presence or absence of more than one group in this energy region cannot be concluded from the present data.
Evaluation of varicella-zoster antiviral drugs by a nucleic acid hybridization assay

A simple nucleic acid hybridization assay was developed for the evaluation of antiviral compounds with activity against varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral-induced reduction in varicella-zoster virus DNA, as measured by hybridization with 32P-labeled probes, correlated with drug-induced inhibition of viral cytopathic effect in cell culture. Three compounds were shown to be more potent than acyclovir at inhibiting varicella-zoster virus in vitro.
The patron as producer: libraries, web 2.0, and participatory culture

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a theoretical framework for applying Web 2.0 technologies and design principles to the development of participatory cultures within libraries. A participatory culture is one that focusses on facilitating interaction and the creation of content by users rather than the consumption of content created or compiled by experts. Design/methodology/approach – This study is a literature-based theoretical analysis that explores the role of libraries as agents of cultural hegemony and techniques for developing socially responsible library praxis. It combines insights from a variety of discourses including Western Marxist theories of hegemony, critical theories of library and information science, professional literature regarding “Library 2.0” service models, and media studies theories of participatory culture. Findings – Libraries do not just organize knowledge; they construct it. Furthermore, these constructions tend to reinforce dominant discourses while marginalizin...
Federal-State Relations in Gun Control: The 1993 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act

The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, which took effect in February 1994, sets minimum nationwide requirements for the sale of handguns and establishes a national criminal-background information system. Each of these thrusts of Brady involves fundamental issues of federalism. The first involves the traditional give-and-take between the states and the federal government in sorting out specific authority over the prohibition of firearm sales. The second thrust, establishing a national information network, requires cooperation of all the states and the federal government. This article reviews Brady in the context of twenty-five years of federal gun-control activity, examines its impact on federal-state relations, and addresses the development of a national criminal-history information network linking the states and the federal government.
Proton magnetic resonance of isolated hemoglobin subunits.

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the isolated methemoglobin cyanide complexes of the α and β subunits of hemoglobin have been measured. The spectrum of methemoglobin cyanide is different from the superimposed spectra of the isolated subunits which are themselves different from each other. Differences in resonance frequencies of the isolated subunits and methemoglobin cyanide are attributed to a subunit-subunit interaction on formation of the tetramer from the subunits and the changes in subunit structure on formation of the tetramer affects both types of subunits.
Clinical development of novel proteasome inhibitors for cancer treatment

Background: Emerging evidence demonstrates that targeting the tumor proteasome is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Objective: This review summarizes recent results from cancer clinical trials using specific proteasome inhibitors or some natural compounds that have proteasome-inhibitory effects. Methods: A literature search was carried out using PubMed. Results about the clinical application of specific proteasome inhibitors and natural products with proteasome-inhibitory activity for cancer prevention or therapy were reviewed. Results/conclusion: Bortezomib, the reversible proteasome inhibitor that first entered clinical trials, has been studied extensively as a single agent and in combination with glucocorticoids, cytotoxic agents, immunomodulatory drugs and radiation as treatment for multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. The results in some cases have been impressive. There is less evidence of bortezomib's efficacy in solid tumors. Novel irreversible proteasome inhibitors, NPI-0...
10. Parents and children: representations of family understanding parents’ and teachers’ internal working models of their roles in children's lives

(1997). 10. Parents and children: representations of family understanding parents’ and teachers’ internal working models of their roles in children's lives. Journal of Education Policy: Vol. 12, No. 1-2, pp. 79-88.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with postirradiation malignant stromal tumor (leiomyosarcoma) of the jejunum

We describe a patient who presented with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and small bowel obstruction secondary to a malignant stromal tumor (leiomyosarcoma) of the jejunum, 25 years postchemotherapy and radiation treatment for stage IIA Hodgkin's disease. The patient was treated with corticosteroid therapy and surgical resection of the jejunal tumor. We conclude that autoimmune hemolytic anemia may be an unusual presentation for postirradiation sarcoma.
Continued risk of SAH after negative screen in first-degree relatives--and persistent questions.

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) typically develop throughout life, necessitating vigilance in those at high risk in order to avoid aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), the deadly complication of IA. A family history of IA increases personal risk of IA development and rupture: the odds ratio (OR) of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in persons with one first-degree relative (FDR) is 2.15 while the OR of those with 2 affected FDRs increases to 51.0.1 In patients with 2 affected FDRs (typically the definition of “familial” IA), it is cost-effective to repeatedly screen for development of de novo aneurysms, with an optimal screening interval of 7 years.2
The multigaussian approach and its applications to the estimation of local reserves

The performance of the geostatistical techniques of disjunctive kriging and multigaussian kriging for the estimation of local recovered reserves are compared using a simulated deposit.
Effect of Proton Irradiation on Interface State Density in Sc2O3/GaN and Sc2O3/MgO/GaN Diodes

Proton irradiation of Sc2O3/GaN and Sc2O3/MgO/GaN metal-oxide semiconductor diodes was performed at two energies, 10 MeV and 40 MeV, and total fluences of 5 × 109 cm−2, corresponding to 10 years in low-earth orbit. The proton damage causes a decrease in forward breakdown voltage and a flat-band voltage shift in the capacitance-voltage characteristics, indicating a change in fixed oxide charge and damage to the dielectric. The interface state densities after irradiation increased from 5.9 × 1011 cm−2 to 1.03 × 1012 cm−2 in Sc2O3/GaN diodes and from 2.33 × 1011 to 5.3 × 1011 cm−2 in Sc2O3/MgO/GaN diodes. Postannealing at 400°C in forming gas recovered most of the original characteristics but did increase the interfacial roughness.
Induction of Spreading Depression in the Ischemic Hemisphere Following Experimental Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: Effect on Infarct Morphology

This study was undertaken to test whether transient depolarizations occurring in periinfarct regions are important in contributing to infarct spread and maturation. Following middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion we stimulated the ischemic penumbra with recurrent waves of spreading depression (SD) and correlated the histopathological changes with the electrophysiological recordings. Halothane-anesthetized, artificially ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats underwent repetitive stimulation of SD in intact brain (Group 1; n = 8) or photothrombotic MCA occlusion coupled with ipsilateral common carotid artery occlusion (Groups 2 and 3, n = 9 each). The electroencephalogram and direct current (DC) potential were recorded for 3 h in the parietal cortex, which represented the periinffarct border zone in ischemic rats. In Group 2, only spontaneously occurring negative DC shifts occurred; in Group 3, the (nonischemic) frontal pole of the ischemic hemisphere was electrically stimulated to increase the frequency of periinfarct DC shifts. Animals underwent perfusion-fixation 24 h later, and volumes of complete infarction and scattered neuronal injury ("incomplete infarction") were assessed on stained coronal sections by quantitative planimetry. Electrical induction of SD in Group 1 did not cause morphological injury. During the initial 3 h following MCA occlusion, the number of spontaneous periinfarct depolarization in Group 2 (7.0 +/- 1.5 DC shifts) was doubled in Group 3 by frontal current application (13.4 +/- 2.7 DC shifts; p < 0.001). The duration as well as the integrated negative amplitude of DC shifts over time were significantly greater in Group 3 than in Group 2 rats (duration, 5.7 +/- 3.8 vs. 4.1 +/- 2.5 min; p < 0.05). Histopathological examination disclosed well-defined areas of pannecrosis surrounded by a cortical rim exhibiting selectively damaged acidophilic neurons and astrocytic swelling in otherwise normal-appearing brain. Induction of SD in the ischemic hemisphere led to a significant increase in the volume of incomplete infarction (19.0 +/- 6.1 mm3 in Group 3 vs. 10.3 +/- 5.1 mm3 in Group 2; p < 0.01) and of total ischemic injury (100.7 +/- 41.0 mm3 in Group 3 vs. 66.5 +/- 24.7 mm3 in Group 2; p < 0.05). The integrated magnitude of DC negativity per experiment correlated significantly with the volume of total ischemic injury (r = 0.780, p < 0.0001). Thus, induction of SD in the ischemic hemisphere accentuated the development of scattered neuronal injury and increased the volume of total ischemic injury. This observation may be explained by the fact that with limited perfusion reserve, periinfarct depolarization are associated with episodic energy failure in the acute ischemic penumbra.
Estimating hospital market pricing: an equilibrium approach using spatial econometrics:

Abstract This paper models hospital market pricing using price response curves estimated from California data, using spatial econometrics. This approach has not been exploited previously in the health economics literature. In our theoretical model, we show how the slope of the reaction function reflects hospital specialization, and how equilibrium prices are impacted by shifts in the reaction function. We posit that managed care penetration, hospital market structure, and/or efficiency effects—including the presence of excess capacity in the industry—determine the position and slope of the reaction function. We then examine empirically how these things impacted equilibrium prices.
Regulation of c-erbA-α Messenger RNA Species in Tadpole Erythrocytes by Thyroid Hormone

Putative thyroid hormone (TH) nuclear receptors have been detected in several tissues of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. T3 receptor number (sites per nucleus) in red blood cells (RBCs) and tail increases substantially just before metamorphic climax or in response to exogenous TH; in contrast, receptor number in liver remains relatively constant. TH receptors in mammals and birds are thought to be encoded by a c-erbA gene. In the present study, two c-erbA cDNAs, one prepared from Xenopus laevis oocytes (XenTRα1) and one prepared from Rana catesbeiana tail (RC12), were used to examine the c-erbA-related mRNA species in Rana catesbeiana tissues and determine their role in the TH induction of tadpole RBC receptor number. XenTRα1 encodes a protein with T3-binding properties typical of TH receptors. RC12 is almost 99% homologous with XenTRα1, at the amino acid level and contains all of the putative T3-binding region and most of the DNAbinding region. Using either cDNA as a probe, it was found that two major species...
Expression of a specific protein in spontaneously metastatic fibrosarcoma cell lines and its enhanced synthesis by growth on laminin or fibronectin

A panel of tumor cell lines and clones was generated by selecting for different metastatic capacity in 3AM fibrosarcoma cells. These cell lines were exposed to substrata of various purified extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and labeled in culture with [35S]methionine. Following analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the profiles of total cellular proteins produced by the cell lines displaying different phenotypes were examined. The presence of a specific protein, p54, was related to the cellular metastatic potential, and the synthesis of p54 was influenced by growth on extracellular matrix components. The amount of p54 was minimal and non-inducible in tumor cell lines exhibiting two different phenotypes: (1) experimentally metastatic (EM) and (2) transformed, non-tumorigenic (NTT) cell types. In contrast, all of the five different cell lines capable of both spontaneous and experimental metastasis (SEM), produced p54 either constitutively or through induction by growth on ECM protein substrata of either laminin of fibronectin, but not collagen type IV. These data suggest that the p54 protein may be a unique biochemical marker associated with spontaneous metastatic cell types.
Circulating prostatic acid phosphatase-immunoglobulin complexes in Sjogren's syndrome.

Abstract Elevated level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) activity in a patient with Sjogren's syndrome was found to be due to the presence of PAP-immuno-globulin complexes in circulation. The patient did not have a prostatic malignancy. The complexes were demonstrated by counter-immunoelectrophoresis, protein A-Sepharose immunoprecipitation and agarose-gel electrophoresis. Free enzyme was not detected in serum, and the activity of the complexed enzyme was probably unaltered on binding with the immunoglobulins.
Projected future duration of the sea-ice-free season in the Alaskan Arctic

Abstract Global warming and continued reduction in sea ice cover will result in longer open water duration in the Arctic, which is important for the shipping industry, marine mammals, and other components of the regional ecosystem. In this study we assess the length of open water duration in the Alaskan Arctic over the next few decades using the set of latest coupled climate models (CMIP5). The Alaskan Arctic, including the Chukchi and the Beaufort Sea, has been a major region of summer sea ice retreat since 2007. Thirty five climate models from CMIP5 are evaluated and twelve are selected for composite projections based on their historical simulation performance. In the regions north of the Bering Strait (north of 70° N), future open-water duration shifts from a current 3–4 months to a projected near 5 months by 2040 based on the mean of the twelve selected climate models. There is considerable north–south gradient in projected durations. Open water duration is about 1 month shorter along the same latitudes in the Beaufort Sea compared with that in the Chukchi Sea. Uncertainty is generally ±1 month estimated from the range of model results. Open-water duration in the Alaskan Arctic expands quickly in these models over the next decades which will impact regional economic access and potentially alter ecosystems. Yet the northern Alaskan Arctic from January through May will remain sea ice covered into the second half of the century due to normal lack of sunlight.
Sudden Unexpected Versus Violent Death and PTSD Symptom Development

Changes to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trauma criterion in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) have been an area of much scrutiny and debate. One of the proposed changes included removing sudden unexpected death (SUD) from the list of potentially traumatic events. This study tested the extent to which unexpected death differed from violent death and other traumas as measured by PTSD symptoms. Our results indicated a significant difference in symptom development between those experiencing sudden violent death and sudden unexpected, but nonviolent, death. Additional analyses at the DSM–IV symptom cluster level, as well as with Simms, Watson, and Doebbeling’s (2002) factor structure of PTSD symptoms, suggested further distinctions between event types and symptom development. The extent to which SUD should be included in the trauma criterion is considered.
Subjective and objective parameters of the adult female voice after cricotracheal resection and dilation.

Objectives:We compared the voice outcomes after cricotracheal resection (CTR) and airway dilation in adult women.Methods:We performed long-term comprehensive voice assessments in 23 adult women tre...
First approach on rice bran oil extraction using limonene

Edible oil extraction with petroleum derivatives as solvents has caused safety, health, and environmental concerns everywhere. Thus, finding a safe alternative solvent will have a strong and positive impact on environments and general health of the world population, considering the scale of oil extraction operations worldwide. The extraction of oil from rice bran by d-limonene and hexane (for comparison) has been carried out at their respective boiling points at various solvent-to-meal ratios and for various extraction times. The preliminary data suggested that the optimum solvent-to-meal ratio and extraction time required for d-limonene extraction of rice bran oil to be 5:1 and 1 h respectively. The initial quality characteristics (free fatty acid content, oil color, phospholipid content) of crude oil extracted under these optimum conditions were analyzed using various analytical methods based on the standard methods of AOCS and were found to be comparable to the oil extracted with hexane. The initial positive result has paved the way for further studies on issues related to meal qualities as well as to a scale-up of the method in the near future.
Studies of contaminant and water quality effects on striped bass prolarvae and yearlings in the Potomac River and upper Chesapeake Bay in 1988

Abstract Simultaneous on-site and in situ studies of survival of prolarval and yearling striped bass Morone saxatilis were conducted in the Potomac River during the 1988 spawning season. Various water quality and contaminant conditions were monitored during these experiments. In situ experiments on yearlings and monitoring of water quality and contaminants were also conducted in the Susquehanna, Elk, and Sassafras rivers of the upper Chesapeake Bay. Survival of striped bass prolarvae ranged from 1 to 20% in the Potomac River during three concurrent 96-h on-site and in situ experiments; survival of control fish was 78% or greater. Survival of striped bass yearlings was 15% or less during 28-d in situ tests at two Potomac River field locations; survival of control fish was 100%. Mortality of prolarvae in the Potomac River was likely caused by a combination of cadmium, lead, chlordane, and sudden drops in temperature. Mortality of yearlings was possibly caused by a combination of cadmium, lead, zinc, chlorda...
Mechanical properties of acrylate networks formed by visible laser‐induced polymerization. I. Dependence on photopolymerization parameters

The mechanical properties of network molecular systems, prepared through visible (Ar+) laser-induced polymerization of multifunctional acrylates, were studied as a function of some of the photopolymerization parameters. The properties investigated were the Young's modulus of elasticity and the stress-at-break, both derived from the stress versus strain test of dogbone-shaped photopolymerized samples. The parameters studied included the dye and co-initiator concentrations, and the laser power. We also compared the mechanical properties of samples made using different types of fluorone dyes and using two different amines as co-initiator. Better polymers are formed by the dyes with low fluorescence quantum yield. The three photopolymerization parameters modify the mechanical properties in a very similar way: they initially tend to increase both the Young's modulus and the stress-at-break but have a deleterious effect on the material strength if used in excess. N-phenylglycine, NPG, was shown to form stronger polymers (higher Young's modulus) than if N,N-dimethyl-2,6-diisopropylaniline, DIDMA, was used as co-initiator. We discuss the possible molecular mechanisms for such observations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Far ultraviolet optical activity of saccharide derivatives. I. Xylan and cellulose acetates

Optial rotatory dispersion (ORD) and Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of several β-1,4 xylan and cellulose acetates and some of their oligomers were investigated. The CD spectra proved considerably superior in terms of information content and interpretability. Comparison of the xylan and cellulose acetate series which also included partially substited cellulose acetates showed that the sign of the CD of the C(6) acetyl was negative. Likewise, the combined contribution of C(1) and C(4) to their equatorially substituted acetyls was positive (with C(1) definitely Positive) and the combined contribution of C(2)eq and C(3)eq negative. The solution conformations of both polysaccharide acetates appeared to be random. The CD of White birch xylan acetate which is substituted on the average at every tenth residue with a 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid substituent, was sensitive to it. The xylan oligomer series also illustrated that CD may be used to determine the degree of polymerization of these oligomers up to about 20.
Effects of discussion on opinions concerning illegal behavior.

Summary In an attempt to generalize recent research on the effects of group discussion and to further elucidate mechanisms responsible for discussion-induced response change, 15 groups of institutionalized males convicted of felony and 14 groups of college males responded, before and after discussion, to three choice dilemma items and three ethical-legal dilemmas. It was predicted that (a) the enhancement of mean initial tendency observed on choice dilemma items would extend to the ethical-legal dilemmas, and (b) shift to increased risk on both types of items would occur if, and only if, subjects tended to perceive themselves as initially riskier than their average peer. On the choice dilemmas (with a Likert type response format) only small nonsignificant shifts occurred. On the ethical-legal dilemmas both the inmate and the college samples significantly increased their preference for the legally deviant action following discussion, although initially perceiving themselves to favor it less than their peers.