cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of heterometallic cluster compounds from Fe3(μ3-Te)2(CO)9 and comparisons with analogous sulfide clusters

Fe3Te2(CO)9 is shown to be a useful precursor to a variety of heterometallic carbonyl clusters in reactions which appear to proceed via the intermediacy of Fe2(Te2)(CO)6. Fe3Te2(CO)9 decomposed in polar solvents to give Fe2(Te2)(CO)6 which could be dimerized to Fe4Te4(CO)12. Fe3Te2(CO)9 reacted with C5H5Co(CO)2 and Pt(C2H4)(PPh3)2 to give good yields of (C5H5CO)Fe2Te2(CO)7 and Fe2PtTe2(CO)6(PPh3)2, respectively. (C5H5Co)Fe2Te2(CO)7 underwent reversible decarbonylation to give a mixture of two isomers of (C5H5Co)Fe2Te2(CO)6 as established by 125Te NMR spectroscopy. Upon reaction with Co2(CO)8, Fe3Te2(CO)9 gave Co2FeTe(CO)9 or Co4Te2(CO)11 depending on the reaction conditions. Co4Te2(CO)11, like Fe3Te2(CO)10 and (C5H5Co)Fe2Te2(CO)7, can be reversibly decarbonylated. The assembly of Co2FeTe(CO)9 may be mechanistically related to the conversion of Fe2(S2)(CO)6 to FeCo2S(CO)9 which was found to proceed via Co2Fe2S2(CO)11. Alternatively, Co2Fe2S2(CO)11 reacted photochemically with [C5H5Mo(CO)3]2 to give the known, chiral cluster (C5H5Mo)CoFeS(CO)8. While Fe2(Te2)(CO)6 thermally dimerized to Fe4Te4(CO)12, Fe2(S2)(CO)6 gave the analogous dimer only upon photolysis. In contrast to the stability of (C5H5CO)Fe2Te2(CO)7, the reaction of C5H5Co(CO)2 with Fe2(S2)(CO)6 gave only (C5H5CO)Fe2S2(CO)6 which is proposed to be structurally related to Fe3S2(CO)9 and not (C5H5Co)3S2 or Fe2PtS2(CO)6(PPh3)2.
Composite films prepared by plasma ion-assisted deposition (IAD) for design and fabrication of antireflection coatings in visible and near-infrared spectral regions

Ion-assisted deposition (IAD) processes configured with a well-controlled plasma source at the center base of a vacuum chamber, which accommodates two independent e-gun sources, is used to deposition TiO2MgF2 and TiO2-SiO2 composite films of selected component ratios. Films prepared by this technology are found durable, uniform, and nonabsorbing in visible and near-IR regions. Single- and multilayer antireflection coatings with refractive index from 1.38 to 2.36 at (lambda) equals 550 nm are presented. Methods of enhancement in optical performance of these coatings are studied. The advantages of AR coatings formed by TiO2-MgF2 composite films over those similar systems consisting of TiO2-SiO2 composite films in both visible and near-IR regions are also presented.
Opsite spray: its use for fixation of meshed skin grafts. simple and low tech

The fixation of skin grafts often poses a problem, particularly in patients who have undergone tangential excision and grafting for burns. Sutures, staples, fibrin glue and other adhesives have been used for graft fixation. We present the use of Opsite spray as a simple method for graft fixation and stabilization. Opsite markedly reduced pain and discomfort at the time of first graft dressing and obviated the necessity for an anaesthetic which is often required for the removal of staples.
Arms Race Dynamics and Economic Stability

In the research reported on in this paper, a hybrid continuous-time model of the U.S. macroeconomy and the arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union is formed from two previously developed structural models and fitted with data from the 1960s and 1970s for the purpose of analyzing how changes in arms race dynamics might have influenced developments in the macroeconomy and the stability of this coupled system structure. In terms of standard measures of model assessment, the hybrid model is found to capture well developments in these two decades. Estimates of the model's parameters indicate that changes in the levels of variables in the arms race equations had discernible impacts on macroeconomic variables, although these impacts do not appear to have been large. The growth process characterized by the model was cyclical and appears to have been stable. This stability, however, is likely to have been susceptible to changes in the rates of adjustment in arms stocks, military spending levels, and key ma...
Abstract 3340: Salinomycin displays more potent anticancer effect against brain tumor stem cells than temozolomide

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Salinomycin has recently proven to be highly effective against a model of breast cancer stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, treatment with this compound induced epithelial differentiation of tumor cells. A population of Brain Tumor Stem Cells (BTSCs) has been identified in malignant brain tumors. This population of cells has been found responsible for the initiation of these malignancies and may constitute the cause of resistance of malignant brain tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and therefore responsible for the lethal recurrence after surgery. We hypothesize that salinomycin could be successfully implemented for the treatment of brain tumors and specifically for the eradication of BTSCs. Material and Methods: In vitro cytotoxic effect of salinomycin or TMZ was assessed in a panel of BTSCs lines (n=11), established glioma cell lines (n=4) and normal human astrocytes (NHA) by MTT. Self-renewal was assayed by single cell plating and limited dilution assay. Cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry using PI staining. In addition, we performed QT-RT-PCR and western blot analysis to assess the expression of different stem cells markers before and after the treatment. In addition, global gene expression analysis was performed using an affymetrix array. Survival studies in animal models are in progress. Results: Our results showed that salinomycin presents a potent antitumoral effect against BTSCs and glioma cell lines. Importantly, salinomycin displayed an IC50 ranging from 100 to 10000 folds lower than TMZ (currently the gold standard treatment for malignant brain tumors) in the same cell lines. Interestingly, salinomycin reduced the number of self-renewal cells in treated-BTSCs. This was confirmed with the decreased in the expression of stem cell markers such as Sox2 and Bmi1. Cell cycle analysis showed that unlike TMZ treated cells, which arrest in G2, salinomycin treated cells did not experienced growth arrest and progress through the cell cycle to end up dying. Conclusions: Altogether our data show that salinomycin is more potent than temozolomide for the treatment of brain tumor stem cells and therefore could be a promising agent against malignant brain tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3340.
Metaphors do not use associations between concepts, they are used to create them

Does the interpretability and aptness of a metaphor depend on prior existing associative relations between the metaphor topic and vehicle? Lexical decision latencies for pairs of words drawn from apt, comprehensible metaphors were no faster than latencies for randomly paired words. In contrast, lexical decision latencies for associatively related word pairs were faster than latencies for randomly paired words. These data suggest that good metaphors do not use preexisting associations to achieve their effects. Instead, we argue tht people use metaphors to create new relations between concepts. Implications for a theory of metaphor comprehension are discussed.
Enhanced antitumor activity of low-dose continuous administration schedules of topotecan in prostate cancer

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the antitumor effects of alternate dosing schedules of topotecan in prostate cancer.Results: A concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity was observed in PC-3 and LNCaP cells after topotecan treatment using conventional and metronomic protocols. A significant increase in potency (2.4-18 fold, after 72 hr) was observed following metronomic dosing compared to conventional dosing administration in both cell lines. Metronomic dosing also increased the percentage of PC-3 cells in the G2/M, compared to control, but did not alter LNCaP cell cycle distribution. Metronomic dosing increased p21 protein expression in LNCaP and PC-3 cells compared to conventional dosing. The observed in vitro activity was confirmed using an in vivo model of human prostate cancer. Metronomic dosing and continuous infusion decreased tumor volume significantly (p < 0.05) compared to control and conventional topotecan treatment, but had no effect on tumor vascular staining.Me...
Leukemic phase of Burkitt lymphoma.

![Figure][1] A 47-year-old male with headaches for 2 months developed slurred speech. Physical examination showed a large, 7-cm left neck mass and splenomegaly. Complete blood count revealed leukocytosis (33.3 × 109/L), normocytic anemia (11.5 g/dL), and thrombocytopenia (20 × 109/L). The
Increased production of inflammatory cytokines in mild cognitive impairment.

Recent studies indicate that chronic inflammation plays a pathogenic role in both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have screened for cytokines differentially produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild AD subjects who had progressed from MCI using a commercially available cytokine array. Following determination of expressed cytokines, we quantified levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 using flow cytometry. We have found a significant increase in the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 produced by PBMCs stimulated for 24 hours with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in MCI subjects compared to healthy elderly controls. However, in PBMCs stimulated for 48 h with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lower TNF-α/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and IL-8/IL-10 ratios were seen in MCI subjects. There were no differences in plasma levels of IL-8 between aged controls, MCI, and mild AD, and the levels of circulating IL-6 and IL-10 were below detection limits. Our data indicate that changes in cytokine production by PBMCs may be detected early in MCI, and an alteration of the immune response may precede clinical AD.
Accelerated evaporative drying of RF foam for ICF target fabrication

An evaporative drying process is being developed to remove the residual fluid phase from resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) foam shells once they are fully polymerized. This development is part of a microfluidic “lab-on-a-chip” approach for the mass production of inertial fusion energy (IFE) targets. The most-promising prospect for accelerating air drying to less than 24 h is to use a low surface-tension fluid (water containing a surfactant, or as alcohol) at an elevated temperature (50°C) while maintaining the foam structure under a tensile load to counteract the induced capillary forces.
Vertical distribution of phaeopigments—II. Rates of production and kinetics of photooxidation

Abstract In a previous study, we suggested that patterns in the vertical distribution of phaeopigments originate from a relatively simple pathway of pigment degradation. In the pathway, phaeopigments of chlorophyll a are produced by microzooplankton grazing and subsequently compartmentalized in small fecal particles that have negligible sinking velocities. Phaeopigments within such small particles are then lost by photooxidation. Thus, the concentration of phaeopigment at a given depth results from a balance between local rates of grazing and rates of photooxidation. To examine such a mechanism, rates of photooxidation of phaeopigments contained in marine particles were measured. Rates of photooxidation are adequately described by first-order kinetics and are strongly dependent on temperature. The mechanism was examined further by constructing a model of grazing and photooxidation in the upper waters of the temperate ocean.
Understanding wildlife responses to human disturbance through simulation modelling: A management tool

Abstract With conservation awareness and the demand for wildlife preservation increasing, ecotourism and outdoor recreational activities are becoming more popular. If such activities go unmanaged, the disruption to many species may have implications on their breeding success, survival and abundance and these, in turn, may have cascading ecosystem effects. By developing management strategies, through the application of simulation models, to simultaneously maintain recreational opportunities and sustain wildlife populations, these detrimental impacts can be minimised. Simulation of Disturbance Activities (SODA) is a spatially explicit individual-based model designed as a flexible and transferable practical tool to explore the effects of spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife. Two case studies were used to illustrate the capabilities of SODA, one explored the effect of potential park designs on a nesting population of yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) in Calumet, IL and the other investigated the influence of visitor frequency on the breeding success of barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus) in the south west of England. For the yellow-headed blackbird, SODA revealed that pathways in close proximity to their main nesting and foraging habitat increased the level of disturbance experienced by the birds, although not to an extent that was detrimental to their breeding success. However, establishing paths beyond the zone of influence may ensure that the yellow-headed blackbird and other avian species continue to use the area in its entirety. In the second case study, SODA demonstrated that female barbastelle bats are significantly disturbed by the unrestricted movement of recreationists at their breeding colony site. However, SODA also revealed a lack of confidence in the critical energetic threshold value applied in the simulation. Subsequently, the overall effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the breeding success of this species could not be fully ascertained.
The role of the First World War in the rise of the electronics industry

The First World War, sometimes called the 'war of invention', brought technology to the attention of everyone and played a major role in establishing the electronics industry. It brought about mass production of electron tubes, especially for use in wireless telegraphy and telephony, and revealed how versatile the technology was, as dozens of new applications emerged. Because of these applications, large numbers of people were trained in the technology, and many of these people continued to work with tubes after the war.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the thermal conductivities of Si nanowires with various roughnesses

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to study the heat transfer in a single crystalline Si nanowire with length smaller than phonon mean free path. Thermal conductivity was calculated using a non-equilibrium method that formed a temperature gradient. The effect of varying roughness sizes and direction on the thermal conductivity at room temperature was studied. It was found that the thermal conductivities were reduced as the size of the roughness increased. Furthermore, variations of the thermal conductivities were more prominent with the perpendicular axis roughness than with the parallel axis roughness. The maximum variation was approximately 63% between smooth and rough models with the same wire size. In addition, the mixed size roughness did not reduce thermal conductivity.
Distinct effects on gene expression of chemical and genetic manipulation of the cancer epigenome revealed by a multimodality approach

We tested the hypothesis that the effects on gene expression of altered DNA methylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) and genetic (DNMT knockout) manipulation of DNA are similar, and distinct from Trichostatin A (TSA)-induced chromatin decondensation. Surprisingly, the effects of 5-aza-CdR were more similar to those of TSA than to DNMT1, DNMT3B, or double DNMT somatic cell knockout. Furthermore, the effects of 5-aza-CdR were similar at one and five days exposure, suggesting active demethylation or direct influence of both drugs on the stability of methylation and/or chromatin marks. Agents that induce gene activation through hypomethylation may have unintended consequences, since nearly as many genes were downregulated as upregulated after demethylation. In addition, a 75 kb cluster of metallothionein genes was coordinately regulated.
Controllable signature check pointing scheme for transient error detection

A program can fail during execution owing to software, hardware, or extraneous faults. There are three types of errors caused by extraneous faults: transient, intermittent, and permanent. This work deals with transient faults. The authors present a flexible and controllable transient error detection scheme called the controllable signature check pointing scheme. The new signature monitoring differs from existing schemes in three major aspects: (1) the intervals in the program to be monitored are decided at a higher level of abstraction (high-level-language level); (2) the interval size is chosen not arbitrarily but by applying control-flow and bulk complexity measures; (3) the interval size can be controlled to suit the application. The location of the signature check points and the frequency of occurrence of the check points can be controlled by varying the interval control-flow complexity factor (INCCF). Thus the error coverage and latency, memory overhead, and performance degradation can also be tuned to suit the application. Future refinements and extensions include signature check pointing of sequential code and reducing signature embedding overhead. >
Zoom Lens Calibration for Wind Tunnel Measurements

This report summarizes an investigation of zoom lens calibration, with emphasis on the effects of lens-image-plane misalignment. Measurements have been made of the photogrammetric principal point and radial (symmetrical) and decentering (asymmetrical) distortion components as a function of the principal distance (zoom setting) of several zoom lenses. Data were also taken with the axis of symmetry (optical axis) of a zoom lens aligned and misaligned to the same solid-state video camera. An explanation is offered regarding the variation of the principal point as a function of zoom setting based on these measurements. In addition the relationship of the decentering distortion to radial distortion, principal distance, and lens-image-plane misalignment angle is discussed. A technique for determining the proper point of symmetry to be used for distortion computations (as opposed to the principal point) is also suggested. A simple technique for measuring the misalignment angle of zoom lenses when attached to video cameras is presented, along with measurements for seven solid-state cameras. A method to reduce the additional error introduced by zoom lens misalignment is presented. The implications of this study are that special measures to properly align a zoom lens to the sensor image plane are probably not necessary, but that as the accuracy obtainable in digital photogrammetry approaches the 0.01 or less pixel level, additional calibration including the point of symmetry for distortion computation should be considered.
Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: A 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population

A population-based survey, using data from the Framingham study, assessed sex-specific patterns of coronary heart disease occurring over a 26-year period of time. Among subjects ages 35 to 84 years, men have about twice the total incidence of morbidity and mortality of women. The sex gap in morbidity tends to diminish during the later years of the age range, mainly because of a surge in growth of female morbidity after age 45 years, while by that age, the growth in the male rate begins to taper off. An approximate 10-year difference between the sexes persists in mortality rates throughout the life span. The relative health advantage that is possessed by women, however, is buffered by a case fatality rate from coronary attacks that exceeds the male rate (32% vs 27%). Coronary disease manifestations differ between the sexes. Myocardial infarction is more likely to be unrecognized in women than in men (34% vs 27%). Angina pectoris in women more frequently is uncomplicated (80%), whereas in men angina tends to evolve out of infarction (66%). Also, sudden death comprises a greater proportion of male deaths than female deaths (50% vs 39%). Because women maintain a lesser probability of the disease than do men at any level of the major cardiovascular risk factors, distinctions in their risk factor profiles do not explain completely the observed disease patterns.
Efficacy of olanzapine and haloperidol in an animal model of mania.

Purpose Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of ouabain, a potent sodium pump inhibitor, has been used to model mania. Antipsychotic agents have demonstrated efficacy in the management of acute mania. This study was undertaken to determine the prophylactic efficacy of olanzapine and haloperidol in the ouabain mania model. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats (4–8/group) were treated with two haloperidol decanoate intramuscular shots one week apart (21 mg/kg) or twice daily olanzapine intraperitoneal injections at low dose (1 mg/kg/day) or high dose (6 mg/kg/day) for 7 days prior to ICV administration of ouabain. Open field locomotion was quantified at baseline and after ouabain administration. Results Ouabain caused a significant increase in open field locomotion (253.7 ± SEM 55.12 vs control 53.1 ± 12.13 squares traversed in 30 min in the olanzapine experiments, P < 0.05; and 236.5 ± 41.42 vs 129.3 ± 38.23, P < 0.05 in the haloperidol experiments). Olanzapine alone at low dose (102.2 ± 37.7) or high dose (151.2 ± 49.2) did not alter open field activity. Low dose olanzapine (176.6 ± 73.27) but not high dose (307.5 ± 167.32) caused a modest reduction of the ouabain effect. Haloperidol alone significantly reduced motoric activity compared to control (55.6 ± 18.0, P < 0.05), and prevented ouabain-induced hyperactivity (60.3 ± 33.1, P < 0.05). Conclusion Haloperidol, but not olanzapine, demonstrated efficacy in this mania model, but methodological details may have reduced the effect of olanzapine.
The exact joint distribution of the sum of heads and apparent size statistics of a "tandem repeats finder" algorithm.

Tandem repeats play many important roles in biological research. However, accurate characterization of their properties is limited by the inability to easily detect them. For this reason, much work has been devoted to developing detection algorithms. A widely used algorithm for detecting tandem repeats is the ‘`tandem repeats finder’' (Benson, G., Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 573--580, 1999). In that algorithm, tandem repeats are modeled by percent matches and frequency of indels between adjacent pattern copies, and statistical criteria are used to recognize them. We give a method for computing the exact joint distribution of a pair of statistics that are used in the testing procedures of the ‘`tandem repeats finder’': the total number of matches in matching tuples of length k or longer, and the total number of observations from the beginning of the first such matching tuple to the end of the last one. This allows the computation of the conditional distribution of the latter statistic given the former, a conditional distribution that is used to test for tandem repeats as opposed to non-tandem direct repeats. The setting is a Markovian sequence of a general order. Current approaches to this distributional problem deal only with independent trials and are based on approximations via simulation.
Thermo-Oxidative Stability and Fiber Surface Modification Effects on the Inplane Shear Properties of Graphite/PMR-15 Composites

Experiments were conducted to study the effects of thermo-oxidative stability (weight loss) and fiber surface modification on the inplane shear properties of graphite/PMR-15 unidirectional composit...
Smoking Intentions in Adolescents Direct Experience and Predictability

The current study examined the role of level of direct experience in the Ajzen and Fishbein model of behavioral intention prediction. Previous research has demonstrated an increase in attitude-behavior consistency for subjects with greater direct experience with the attitude object. The present findings show that the weight of the attitude component in predicting behavioral intentions increased under levels of greater direct experience. This suggests that direct experience increases attitude-behavior consistency because attitudes based on direct experience are more accessible and thus are used more in judgments of intentions and behavior. This contradicts the Fishbein and Ajzen (1980) proposal that attitude-behavior consistency increases with direct experience simply because those attitudes are more stable. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Gray gas weighting coefficients for arbitrary gas-soot mixtures

Abstract A method is developed for determining the gray gas weighting coefficients for gas-soot mixtures from the coefficients which separately model the soot behavior and the behavior of the gases. Representations for both the emissivity and absorptivity are achieved. The approach is shown to be accurate over wide ranges of temperature, pathlength and soot concentration.
Numerical Estimates of the Compressive Strength of Impact-damaged Sandwich Composites

Improved numerical models have been developed for predicting the compressive strength of impact-damaged sandwich composites comprised of woven-fabric graphite-epoxy facesheets and Nomex honeycomb cores. The proposed methodology contains three key elements: (1) the use of nondestructive inspection estimates of damage, (2) the incorporation of nonlinear through-the-thickness core-crush constitutive response to account for core failure, and importantly (3) the simulation of progressive loss of facesheet structural integrity based upon userspecified ply failure criteria. The finite element predictions of residual strength for panels impacted with relatively blunt objects correlate well with the experimental observations; this is in contrast to a number of estimates from literature that tend to overestimate the strength. The proposed approach may potentially facilitate sandwich design by providing insight into the relationships between material configuration and damage that lead to improved damage tolerance ch...
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty utilizing prolonged balloon inflations: initial results and six-month follow-up.

Coronary angioplasty (PTCA) using prolonged balloon inflation has obviated emergency coronary bypass surgery in some patients with acute occlusions at the time of PTCA. However, the use of prolonged balloon inflations has not been shown to improve longterm restenosis rates. As an alternative to the passive autoperfusion catheter, we evaluated a hemoperfusion system in which blood was obtained from the side arm of an arterial sheath and infused through the central lumen of standard balloon catheters via a modified Medrad IV pump during balloon inflation. PTCA was performed in 71 male patients (median age 57 yr). The median balloon inflation time was 4.8 minutes and the median rate of blood perfusion was 30 ml/min. PTCA was successful (lumen increase by 20 percentage points) in 83% of patients (59/71) with diameter stenosis decreasing from a median 82% to 30%. Emergency coronary bypass was required in four patients (5%). Angiographic data for six-month followup was available on 37 patients. The restenosis rate (loss of 50% of gain) was 46% (17/37). The conclusion is that prolonged balloon inflation angioplasty has a role in complicated PTCA but offers no advantage in improving long-term restenosis rates in elective PTCA.
SU‐CC‐ValA‐03: A Directional Algorithm for An Electronically‐Collimated Gamma‐Ray Detector for Intraoperative Localization of Radiation Sources

Purpose: An electronically‐collimated gamma‐radiation detector for intraoperative localization of sentinel lymph nodes and metastases is under development. Analogous to Compton telescopes and Compton cameras, localization is achieved using the coincidence detection of Compton‐scattered gamma rays. Electronic collimation allows the device to operate without physical collimation, providing high sensitivity while also allowing directional information to be determined. We report on implementation of algorithms to calculate the direction to the source.Methods and Materials: Two approaches to direction reconstruction were evaluated. The first technique backprojects each event onto the surface of a sphere centered on the device's primary detector. To use Fourier filtering methods for deblurring, the sphere's surface is mapped by stereographic projection onto a plane, filtered in Fourier space, and then projected back onto the sphere. The second technique also backprojects events onto the sphere, then determines the rectangle that circumscribes the backprojected cone; localization is obtained by intersection of all circumscribed rectangles. Results: Performance of the algorithm has been evaluated using randomly generated ideal Compton‐scatter events from point sources for our detector geometry. Direction angles are calculated within 5% accuracy for source positions up to 45° off‐axis for the filtering approach and ∼30° for the circumscription approach. Error in calculated direction angles depends on the arbitrary diameter of the sphere; optimally, the sphere should intersect the source. The circumscription technique converges to an estimate of direction angles in ∼50 events; the filtering approach requires ∼1000 events. Conclusion: The two methods complement each other in speed and field‐of‐view. Monte Carlo simulations and experimental testing of a prototype system are ongoing as a separate part of the overall project; data from these will further supplement evaluation of the algorithms. Acknowledgment: Supported by Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, and Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center San Diego; Contract No. N66001‐05‐C‐6024.
The tango and tangle of human papillomavirus and the human genome.

Affi liations of authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Pediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, and Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB); Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY (RD). Correspondence to: Robert D. Burk, MD, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Ullmann Bldg., Rm. 515, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461 (e-mail: burk@aecom.yu.edu ).
Working through Mass Incarceration: Gender and the Politics of Prison Labor from East to West

Abstract: This article explores the politics and practices of labor in two penal institutions for women: a maximum security facility for women in Hungary and a community‐based facility for women in California. Diverging from other accounts of imprisonment that tend to operate at either the individual or macroeconomic level, this article analyzes the concrete institutional relations of prison and complicates the assumption that they simply reflect the logic of the prison‐industrial complex. Based on years of ethnographic work in two very different penal systems, I describe variation in how prisons institute labor within and across institutions and cultures: the Hungarian facility positioned wage labor as a right and an obligation that formed the basis of women’s social relationships and ties to others, while the U.S. prison excluded wage labor from women’s lives so they could get on with the work of self‐improvement and personal healing. From the comparison, I reveal how prisons can both draw on and subver...
Robust interconnect communication capacity algorithm by geometric programming

This paper proposes a new model for interconnect communication capacity in the presence of process variations. Different from previous research works, this model, for the first time, reveals the dependency of interconnect communication capacity on its parasitic parameters. A new method based on Uncertainty Ellipsoid Method (UEM) is applied to optimize the interconnect capacity considering random parameters variations. This new approach incorporates both spatial correlations of intra-die width and parameters variations in the optimization procedure. As is well known, process variation introduces perturbations in the transfer function of interconnect networks. The perturbed transfer function in turn causes variations in the Bit Error Rate (BER). Becoming random, the perturbed BER leads to a changing communication capacity. Based on robust communication theory, we propose a new capacity model which is a function of interconnect geometric parameters. With the help of Geometric Programming (GP) procedure, we use the new model to conduct optimization with regard to the design parameters. Experimental results show that the new model provides less than 7:3% mean square error in capacity prediction comparing with Monte-Carlo method. Based on this bit error value, GP technique is applied to determine the optimal solution, which in return guides the fabrication of interconnects.
Spacecraft infrared imaging Systems engineering aspects

The first part of this article, which appeared in the June issue, described the nature of infrared scanners and the results of some satellite IR experiments. In this concluding installment, the parametric relationships between the scanner and the spacecraft are set forth. The suborbital velocity/altitude ratio is fixed for a satellite in a circular orbit. Thus, such parameters as coverage, resolution, and scan rate can be expressed in terms of altitude. Since the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor output is also a function of many of these same parameters, an evaluation of the IR system performance can be made. Equations are developed for relating the sensor, the mission, and the spacecraft in terms of an overall IR system.
Hyperfine magnetic field measurements in ErRh4B4

Abstract We report measurements of the hyperfine magnetic field in ErRh 4 B 4 in zero applied field in a range of temperatures around the reentrant temperature T c2 . Using the Mossbauer effect of 57 Fe impurities as a hyperfine field microprobe, we find that the low temperature ferromagnetic order persists well above T c2 into the superconducting state in this compound, thereby providing direct evidence of coexistence between superconductivity and magnetic order.
Ultra low power high efficiency charge pump design using NEM relays

The zero leakage operation of Nano-electromechanical (NEM) relays make the device a promising candidate among emerging devices. Numerous end applications of NEM relay logic circuits have been proposed recently [1][2]. This work explores the usage of NEM relays in on-chip power management circuits. R on of the NEM relay switch is constant and is insensitive to the gate slew rate. This creates a paradigm shift in design of power switches. This coupled with infinite R off offers significant area and power advantages over CMOS. Accurate Verilog-A models were developed based on published fabrication results of NEM relays [1] operating at 1V with a nominal air gap of 5 – 10nm. As a feasibility study of using NEMS in integrated power electronics, a step-down charge pump with specifications suitable for audio power amplifier applications has been implemented and the results are compared against a standard commercial 65nm CMOS implementation. This work shows that NEM relay based charge pump has an area savings of 73X, power savings of 14X over CMOS and achieves 96:1% efficiency at max load condition (18mA).
Effects of evapotranspiration on baseflow in a tropical headwater catchment

Summary Diel cycles in stream discharge during baseflow periods in a headwater stream in La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, a tropical wet forest site, appear to be associated with groundwater withdrawal by the forest for evapotranspiration (ET). Analysis of the cycles indicates a strong correlation of stage change with ET demand, similar to the variation found in riparian water table elevation by previous researchers. Links between daily forest ET demand cycles and stream discharge cycles have been reported in temperate humid and semi-arid regions, but the frequent flood hydrographs of the wet tropics tend to obscure this daily signal. This study modifies and combines two established empirical methods for analyzing the diel ET signal in streamflow which lead to estimates of riparian ET derived from groundwater ( ET G ) at hourly time scales and spatial extent of the riparian area. The model has a direct dependence on the estimate of specific yield, a difficult to constrain parameter, which we estimate from previously published soil analyses. For the six baseflow periods analyzed, the model estimates groundwater ET losses ranging from 1.8 to 3.9 mm/day within the riparian area. These estimates are 52–81% of the total ET estimated with the Penman–Monteith equation ( ET PM ). The signal of ET G in the stream lags ET PM by 1.5–3 h, with apparent peak decay and signal duration lengthening during propagation. Model results indicate that the area of the riparian zone that influences streamflow by means of ET withdrawal increases with stream stage and ranges from 2.5% to 6.6% of the total basin area. Variations in the rate of change of nightly stream stage recovery suggest possible variations in the relative importance of subsurface hydraulic properties. At high stages, the rate of stream stage recovery from ET losses decreases throughout the night, whereas at low stages the rate of stream stage recovery increases throughout the night. Future work with numerical models could explore mechanistic controls on these empirically-derived recovery functions.
Calcium-Dependent Action Potentials Produced by Catecholamines in Guinea Pig Atrial Muscle Fibers Depolarized by Potassium

Atrial muscle fibers of the guinea pig were depolarized and rendered inexcitable by elevation of [K+]o to 22 mM. Isoproterenol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine restored propagated action potentials and contractions to atrial cells without changing the resting potential. The peak value of the intracellularly recorded action potentials varied 28 mv for a 10-fold change in [Ca2+]o. Isoproterenol-induced restoration of action potentials was insensitive to large concentrations of tetrodotoxin (3 x 10-6M) but antagonized by Mn2+ (0.2 mM). These data supported the proposal that the catecholamines restored excitability by increasing membrane conductance to Ca2+. In addition to the catecholamines, the divalent cations Ba2+, Sr2+, and Ca2+ restored action potentials to atrial muscle fibers depolarized by elevated K+. The effectiveness of the divalent ions in allowing action potentials was inversely related to the estimated hydrated ionic radii. Like the action potentials observed in the presence of isoproterenol, t...
Characterizing the binding interactions between P-glycoprotein and eight known cardiovascular transport substrates

The multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is upregulated in cardiomyocytes following chronic ischemia from infarction and hypoxia caused by sleep apnea. This report summarizes the molecular dynamic studies performed on eight cardiovascular drugs to determine their corresponding binding sites on mouse Pgp. Selected Pgp transport ligands include: Amiodarone, Bepridil, Diltiazem, Dipyridamole, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Propranolol, and Quinidine. Extensive molecular dynamic equilibration simulations were performed to determine drug docking interactions. Distinct binding sites were not observed, but rather a binding belt was seen with multiple residues playing a role in each studied drug's stable docking. Three key drug–protein interactions were identified: hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic packing, and the formation of a “cage” of aromatic residues around the drug. After drug stabilization, water molecules were observed to leak into the binding belt and condense around the drug. Water influx into the binding domain of Pgp may play a role in catalytic transition and drug expulsion. The cytoplasmic recruitment theory was also tested, and the drugs were observed to interact with conserved loops of residues with a strong affinity. A free energy change of astronomical value is required to recruit the drug from the cytoplasm to the binding belt within the transmembrane domain of Pgp.
An Examination of the Bootleg Record Industry and its Impact Upon Popular Music Consumption

(A version of this paper was presented at the 21st Meeting of the Popular Culture Association, San Antonio, Texas.) “Well, when I met you ot the station, you were standing with a bootleg in your hand…” from Wings song “Hi Hi Hi” by Paul McCanney, 1972).
160-Gb/s, 16-Channel Full-Duplex, Single-Chip CMOS Optical Transceiver

We report a single-chip CMOS optical transceiver incorporating sixteen 10-Gb/s transmitter and receiver channels for a 160 Gb/s aggregate bit rate. The transceiver consumes 15.6 mW/Gb/s with an area efficiency of 9.4 Gb/s/mm2 per link.
Distortion of transient signals on multilayer coupled symmetric microstrip transmission lines

Using a variation of the spectral domain technique, a recursion relation for general planar microstrip structures is derived that is simple to formulate and computationally efficient. Using this formulation and the Fourier transform, signal distortion for both simple and complex multilayer, multiconductor lines is investigated as a function of distance and strip spacing. A method for eliminating distortion due to coupling between lines is discussed, and results are presented that confirm the removal of coupling despite the close spacing of the lines. >
Localization of Syntactic Comprehension by Positron Emission Tomography

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was used to determine regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) when eight normal right-handed males read and made acceptability judgments about sentences. rCBF was greater in Broca's area (particularly in the pars opercularis) when subjects judged the semantic plausibility of syntactically more complex sentences as compared to syntactically less complex sentences. rCBF was greater in left perisylvian language areas when subjects had to decide whether sentences were semantically plausible than when subjects had to decide whether syntactically identical sentences contained a nonsense word. The results of this experiment suggest that overall sentence processing occurs in regions of the left perisylvian association cortex. The results also provide evidence that one particular aspect of sentence processing (the process that corresponds to the greater difficulty of comprehending center-embedded than right-branching relative clause sentences) is centered in the pars opercularis of Broca's area. This process is likely to be related to the greater memory load associated with processing center-embedded sentences.
Reduced Ectomycorrhizae on Oak Near Invasive Garlic Mustard

Invasive plants may disrupt symbioses between plants and soil biota. We tested whether ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) associating with Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak) seedlings was lower near invasive Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard). We quantifi ed ECM colonization, identifi ed morphotypes, and compared composition in for- ests with contrasting Garlic Mustard densities. Seedlings had lower ECM colonization and diversity in a stand with dense Garlic Mustard than in a stand without Garlic Mus- tard. ECM composition also differed between stands. Seedlings in a stand with moderate density Garlic Mustard had marginally less ECM than those at the no Garlic Mustard site. Thesefi ndings suggest that ECM association is negatively correlated with Garlic Mustard invasion. This association may result in lasting changes to forest communities and hinder site restoration following Garlic Mustard removal.
Influence of Micromechanical Parameters on the Gross Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composites

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of micromechanical analysis in predicting gross properties of a fiber reinforced composite. In particular, the elastic coefficients of a multidirectional composite are calculated as a function of fiber and matrix properties and fiber orientation. The calculations are based on current theory. The connection between micromechanics and macromechanics is demonstrated by an example showing the effects of constituent properties on the buckling of a fiber reinforced composite plate.
Viscous Permeability of Random Fiber Structures: Comparison of Electrical and Diffusional Estimates with Experimental and Analytical Results

An investigation of the permeability for viscous flow through random fiber structures used as preforms in composite fabrication processes is presented. A method derived from the electrical conduction principles is employed to predict the viscous permeability of the fiber structures directly from their formation factor, specific surface area, and porosity. The recent Brownian diffusion random-walk simulation results on the molecular survival time are used to derive an upper bound and an approximation to the viscous permeability of these structures. The results are compared to experimental data and theoretical models of the literature. It is found that the conduction-based method provides very good permeability estimates in most cases, resulting in an overall ratio of the theoretical prediction to experimental measurement in the proximity of 1 for the over 500 experimental points utilized. This is one of the most comprehensive experimental validations of the conduction-based method to date and its first val...
POSTDICTION STUDY OF THE GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATION AND EIGHT SEMESTERS OF COLLEGE GRADES1

Data from a postdictive study of the tests of the Graduate Record Examination and the eight semesters of undergraduate grade averages, each semester's average being computed independently of the rest, are presented. Postdictive validities of the aptitude portions of the GRE are essentially similar to predictive validities obtained earlier by the senior author. Both predictive and postdictive validity gradients over the eight semesters are relatively steep, with freshman grades having the highest correlations with the tests. The validity gradient for all advanced tests combined does not follow the pattern for the aptitude tests, but neither does it show the opposite gradient. Advanced test results are most highly correlated with sophomore grades, but the validity gradient over the eight semesters is relatively flat. A small scale extension of this research into post baccalaureate training indicated that senior grades were most predictive of graduate criteria, but a larger scale study is clearly called for. Possible implications for ability theory and for selection of graduate students are discussed.
High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Solution Precursor Plasma Sprayed Nanoceria Coating on Martensitic Steels

Solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) is used to deposit nanoceria coating on a 410 martensitic stainless steel. The process of pyrolysis in converting the cerium nitrate solution to cerium oxide, the microstructure and the surface chemistry is confirmed by thermodynamic calculations, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction. Subsequent exposure of the coated steel in atmospheric air to cyclic oxidation at 1000°C revealed excellent corrosion resistance of the steel in presence of the SPPS-processed nanoceria coating. The formation of the nanostructured (10–100 nm) ceria coating is studied using transmission electron microscopy. Relative Ce4+ and Ce3+ concentration in the coating was determined from XPS high-resolution spectrum. Cross-section scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of an impervious nature of the protective layer with reduced scale thickness in the coated-oxidized sample. After a pre-oxidation treatment at 1273 K of the coated specimen, the oxidation kinetics showed a significant decrease as compared with the uncoated martensitic steel.