cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward Political Candidates

This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between scores on authoritarianism (F) and pre-election candidate preferences, and to find out how such p references change after an election. Introductory psychology students (N = 117) rated Lyndon B. Johnson (J) and Barry Goldwater (G) as potential presidents on six-point scales ranging from "best possible" to "worst possible" a month before the 1964 election and 5 wk. after it. Thus, preelection and post-election preference, i.e., difference, scores were available for each S. Also available were Ss' scores on two F scales described below. Pre-election preferences were not related to post-election scores on the 16 most valid F items of Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and Sanford (1950, p. 260) or on 5 reversed F items (Byrne & Bounds, 1964). However, scores on the latter items reflected a nearly significant (t = 1.41, 1-tail p < .07) predicted interaction benveen preference and "political awareness." That is, for the third of the Ss who were most accurate in reporting J's percentage of the national vote, the F scores of the initially pro-J Ss tended to be lower than those of the initially pro-G Ss; for the least accurate third of the Ss, this tendency was reversed. In accord with the findings of Thomsen (1938), preferences tended to become less extreme after the election, resulting in a significant decrease in the variance of the distribution of preference scores (t = 4.02; p < .01) by a test recommended by McNemar (1955, p. 244). Specifically, of the 71 initially pro-J Ss, 10 became more pro-J, 36 didn't change, and 25 became less pro-J; of the 31 initially pro-G Ss, 1 became more pro-G, 11 didn't change, and 19 became less pro-G; and of the 15 initially neutral Ss, 6 became more pro-J, 8 didn't change, and 1 became mote pro-G. It was concluded that the relationship between F and political preference may be conditioned by political awareness and that there is a tendency to become less extreme in one's political preferences after an election
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach

: The effectiveness of corridors in maintaining dispersal in fragmented landscapes is a question of considerable conservation and ecological importance. We tested the efficacy of corridors as residual landscape structures in maintaining population structure in the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), a closed-canopy specialist, and the deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus), a habitat generalist. In coniferous forests managed for timber production in northeastern Washington, we sampled pairs of populations in three landscape classes: (1) contiguous landscapes, in which sites were located completely within a matrix of closed-canopy forest; (2) corridor landscapes, in which sites were connected by a corridor of closed-canopy forest; and (3) isolated landscapes, in which sites were separated from one another by clearcut or young regeneration stands. For each species, we used four microsatellite loci to quantify genetic distance between population pairs. Nei's genetic distance ( Ds ) increased from smallest to largest in the order of contiguous, corridor, and isolated landscapes for C. gapperi. For P. maniculatus, genetic distances across landscape configurations were not significantly different. The differences between the two species indicate that they respond differently to the presence of forest corridors. In managed forests, corridors between unlogged habitats appear to maintain higher population connectivity for C. gapperi than landscapes without corridors. Resumen: La efectividad de los corredores para mantener la dispersion en paisajes fragmentados es una situacion de considerable importancia ecologica y de conservacion. Evaluamos la efectividad de los corredores como estructuras residuales del paisaje en el mantenimiento de la estructura poblacional del raton de campo de dorso cafe (Clethrionomys gapperi), un especialista de dosel cerrado, y del raton ciervo ( Peromyscus maniculatus) un generalista de habitats. Hicimos un muestreo en pares de poblaciones en bosques de coniferas manejados para la produccion maderera en tres clases de paisaje de Washington nororiental: (1) contiguo, sitios localizados completamente dentro de una matriz de bosque con dosel cerrado; (2) corredor, sitios conectados por un corredor de bosque con dosel cerrado; y (3) aislado, sitios separados uno del otro por talas o por rodales de regeneracion joven. Para cada especie, usamos cuatro loci microsatelite para cuantificar la distancia genica entre pares de poblaciones. Para C. gapperi, las distancias geneticas de Nei ( Ds ) se incrementaron en los paisajes en el siguiente orden: contiguo, corredor, y aislado. Para P. maniculatus, las distancias geneticas a lo largo de configuraciones del paisaje no fueron significativamente diferentes. Las diferencias entre estas dos especies indican que responden de diferente manera a la presencia de corredores forestales. En bosques manejados, los corredores entre habitats sin talar aparentemente mantienen una conectividad poblacional mayor para C. gapperi que los paisajes sin corredores.
Anatomical, morphological, and physiological responses of alfalfa to flooding

Flooding of alfalfa plants (3 wk old), resistant (A77-10B) and susceptible (Moapa 69) toPhytophthora megasperma f. sp.,medicaginis (Pmm) for 4-days caused an increase in length (2 cm) of tap roots, cessation of secondary growth, suppression of lateral root growth, and formation of aerenchyma channels in the stele and hypertrophied lenticels, which extended to the stele, on taproots. In soil containing plants from which foliage had been clipped, flooding induced a decrease in O2 from 21 to 2% by the second day, and caused death of plants. In soil containing intact unclipped plants flooding induced a slight decrease in O2 to 15 to 17% which returned to normal by the fourth day.
Venous morbidity after superficial femoral-popliteal vein harvest

Abstract Purpose: The superficial femoral-popliteal vein (SFPV) is a reliable conduit for aortoiliac, infrainguinal, and venous reconstructions. In this prospective study, we characterized the anatomic and physiologic changes in SFPV harvest limbs and their relationship to the development of late venous complications. Methods: Since 1990, we have studied 61 patients after harvest of 86 SFPVs at 6-month intervals with clinical examinations, lower-extremity venous duplex, and venous function tests. The CEAP system was used as a means of categorizing clinical changes. Results: Mean (± SEM) follow-up was 37 ± 3 months. Less than one third of harvest limbs had edema without skin changes (C 3 ). No patient had major chronic venous changes (C 4 to C 6 ) or venous claudication. There were no significant differences in limb measurements between harvest and non-harvest limbs, except in a subgroup of patients with unilateral harvest in which there was a small but significant ( P = .046) increase in harvest limb thigh and calf circumference, compared with the opposite non-harvest limb. These clinical results were not affected by the presence or absence of an intact greater saphenous vein (GSV). Large, direct collaterals (4 to 6 mm in diameter) between the popliteal vein stump and profunda femoris vein (PFV) were seen by means of duplex ultrasonography in 29 harvest limbs (34%). The remainder appeared to have smaller, less direct collaterals to the PFV. Mild venous reflux with rapid cuff deflation was present at the popliteal or posterior tibial vein in nine of 79 harvest limbs (11%). Six of these nine limbs (67%) with reflux were clinical class C 3 , compared with only 19 of the 70 limbs without reflux (27%; P = .02). Ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) with exercise was significantly increased in harvest limbs (60 ± 4.7 mm Hg), compared with non-harvest limbs (47.8 ± 5.2 mm Hg; P = .049). The AVP recovery time of harvest limbs (14.0 ± 1.0 seconds) was reduced, compared with non-harvest limbs (23.5 ± 4.5 seconds; P = .02). AVPs (exercise) remained stable or decreased in six of 10 harvest limbs measured serially. Venous refill time in harvest limbs (15.1 ± 1.1 seconds) was shortened, compared with non-harvest limbs (22.3 ± 2.1 seconds)( P = .002). Venous outflow obstruction measured by means of plethysmography was present in 93% of harvest limbs, compared with 36% of non-harvest limbs ( P = .001). Conclusion: SFPV harvest results in minimal mid-term to late-term lower-extremity venous morbidity despite outflow obstruction. The most likely mechanisms preserving clinical status include the low incidence of mild reflux, the presence of collateral venous channels, and the lack of progression in abnormal harvest limb physiology. The absence of the ipsilateral GSV does not adversely affect clinical outcome. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:282-91.)
Prospective study of the long-term efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

SUMMARY The long-term safety and efficacy of lansoprazole were studied in 21 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The initial maintenance dose was determined by acid inhibition studies. In all patients lansoprazole controlled gastric acid hypersecretion and peptic symptoms in both the short and long term. Patients were treated for a mean of 31 months (range 1–43 months) with all but 4 patients followed for > 18 months. The mean initial dose was 60 mg/day, with 2 patients requiring a twice daily dose and the others a single daily dose. During long-term treatment 6 patients required an increased dosage, 5 within the first year. Long-term maintenance doses were reduced in 5 of the 6 patients in whom this was attempted. No changes in serum gastrin concentration, haematological parameters, liver function studies or other biochemical parameters occurred due to lansoprazole. No patient developed a gastric carcinoid tumour while being treated with lansoprazole. These results demonstrate that long-term treatment with lansoprazole is both safe and effective in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and suggest that this drug will be useful in such patients. Furthermore, maintenance doses of lansoprazole, determined by the currently recommended method of acute acid titration studies in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, are too high.
Patterning Surfaces Using Tip-Directed Displacement and Self-Assembly

An atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based procedure, a nanopen reader and writer (NPRW), is developed to produce nanometer scale patterns on surfaces. In each NPRW experiment, a self-assembled monolayer serves as the resist, while an AFM tip displaces the resist molecules from desired locations by using a high shear force. The AFM tip is precoated with adsorbate molecules which can adsorb to the newly exposed substrate areas. This procedure combines the advantages of two recently developed AFM lithography methods: nanografting (Xu, S.; Liu, G. Y. Langmuir 1997, 13, 127) and dip-pen nanolithography (Piner, R. D.; Zhu, J.; Xu, F.; Hong, S.; Mirkin, C. A. Science 1999, 283, 661). NPRW is easy to complete and able to produce desired patterns with multiple components. In addition, NPRW can reach high spatial resolution, independent of the texture of the paper and the humidity of the environment. The size and geometry of these nanopatterns are well preserved because the resist molecules efficiently prevent diffus...
IMPROVEMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE PRONUNCIATION UNDER HYPNOSIS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

This paper reports an experiment which was designed to determine whether foreign language pronunciation could be improved through hypnosis. Twenty subjects were first given the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotizability to familiarize them with the state of hypnosis. In the second session each subject was individually tested on his/her ability to pronounce Thai words under three conditions: Baseline, Hypnosis, and Post-Hypnosis. For each experimental condition the subjects heard and repeated the stimulus items on one of three lists of 15 Thai words. The subjects' responses were later evaluated by a native Thai linguist. The results indicate that deeply hypnotized subjects (as defined by self-reported depth) performed significantly better than less well hypnotized subjects.
Typologies of Violence Exposure and Cognitive Processing in Incarcerated Male Adolescents

Incarcerated youth experience high rates of violence exposure (VE), cognitive processing (CP) deficits, and mental health (MH) problems. It is not clear whether VE combined with CP deficits are particularly salient risk factors for MH dysfunction. Male incarcerated youth offenders (n = 115) completed standardized self-reports of MH and VE. CP was measured with executive functioning tasks and academic assessments. Person-centered Ward’s Squared Euclidian Distance cluster analysis was used to examine unique patterns of CP and VE. Cluster analysis defined five distinct profiles of MH functioning, CP, and VE rates within incarcerated adolescents. Two groups, with high rates of VE and CP deficits, showed high rates of MH problems. Linear techniques may obscure important differences within this population.
Molecular weight analysis of polycations by capillary electrophoresis in a solution of neutral polymers

Under appropriate conditions, polyelectrolytes separate according to molecular weight during their electrophoretic migration through a dilute solution of inert neutral polymers. These separations facilitate a new capillary electrophoresis-based approach for high resolution and high throughput polyelectrolyte molecular weight analysis, one theoretically applicable to both polyanions and polycations. Although pioneered for DNA, a polyanion, the new method is discussed here in the context of synthetic polycations. Numerous experimental difficulties evolve from the introduction of positive solute charge, not the least of which is a strong tendency for solute adsorption on the negative capillary walls. The adsorption can be overcome by using a run buffer with a cationic surfactant that forms a dynamic yet stable positive wall coating. Feasible at nearly any pH, the surfactant approach enables robust and high-resolution polycation analysis. For illustration, we compare the separation at low pH of three protonated poly(2-vinylpyridine)s to the separation at neutral pH of the same polymers after quaternization. A good match is found. Further, electrophoretic analyses by the new method suggest how poly(2-vinylpyridine)s degrade/crosslink when exposed to quaternizing conditions for an excessive period.
Cognitive behavioral guided self-help for the treatment of recurrent binge eating.

Objective Despite proven efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating eating disorders with binge eating as the core symptom, few patients receive CBT in clinical practice. Our blended efficacy-effectiveness study sought to evaluate whether a manual-based guided self-help form of CBT (CBT-GSH), delivered in 8 sessions in a Health Maintenance Organization setting over a 12-week period by masters level interventionists, is more effective than treatment as usual (TAU).
CORRELATION OF YIELD AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN A TETRAPLOID POTATO TUBERLING POPULATION

In the fall of 1987 and 1988 true seed from 128 and 83 potato crosses, respectively, were sown in flats in the greenhouses at Beltsville, MD, and approximately 350 seedlings from each cross were transplanted into 7.6 cm pots. The largest tuber from each pot was saved for the field experiment. Tubers from the same family were bulked and shipped to Presque Isle, ME, for spring planting in 50-hill plots. Individual hills of one 50-hill plot from each of 24 randomly selected families were harvested. Within each 50-hill plot, five hills were selected based on horticultural characteristics, such as shape, size, smoothness, and freedom from defects to form the population selected for horticultural characteristics (HC). Specific gravity and yield were recorded for all hills harvested. From the remaining 45 hills, the five highest specific gravity hills were selected to form the population selected for specific gravity (SG). Those hills not selected for either horticultural characteristics or specific gravity formed the unselected population (UP). The average specific gravity for the HC was significandy (P < 0.05) greater than the UP. There was a significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation between yield and specific gravity in the HC and SG. There was no correlation between yield and specific gravity in UP. Selection among this plant material on the basis of horticultural characteristics resulted in a population of significantly (P < 0.05) higher yielding plants whose average specific gravity was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the UP.
The Importance of Being Ugly: Anti-Communist Anti-Imperialism

AbstractThis article examines William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick's 1958 bestseller, The Ugly American, and argues that the fundamental proposition of the novel is a certain aestheticization of American politics in the Third World. The article locates this argument in the context of 'modernization theory' and shows that this aestheticized politics is an attempt to overcome resistance to modernization. The text suggests that the global anti-Communism of modernization must incorporate a specific strategy of self-representation in order to avoid direct associations of modernization with westernization. Finally, the article interprets this strategy of representation from the perspective of the history of American anti-imperialist rhetoric.
Ultrafast lattice dynamics in excitonic self-trapping

We present studies of the ultrafast vibrational mechanisms responsible for localization of excitons in quasi-one-dimensional molecular systems using techniques
ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING PROGRAM COHERENCE IN A COHORT-BASED GRADUATE PROGRAM

One characteristic of master's programs that has received little attention in the literature is the opportunity that cohorts allow for creating intellectually coherent programs rather than a collection of independent courses. We thus describe how the faculty who taught in a cohort for students earning a master of arts degree in K–8 mathematics education created a coherent program by (a) identifying unifying themes that cut across courses, (b) building on ideas from one semester to the next, and (c) linking assignments for courses taught within the same semester. We share examples of each of these three features of our cohort model, as well as students' reflections on the program. The reflections support the notion that these features were both transparent and valuable to students.
Purification of large quantities of human salivary cystatins S, SA and SN: their interactions with the model cysteine protease papain in a non-inhibitory mode.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to purify large quantities of human salivary cystatins S, SA and SN in order to determine whether these salivary cystatins have a stable interaction with cysteine proteases at a second binding site, other than the protease active site. This property may affect their availability to act as cysteine protease inhibitors within the oral environment. METHODS: Salivary cystatins S, SA and SN were purified from human submandibular sublingual saliva to homogeneity by column chromatography. Formation of stable complexes between the model cysteine protease papain in the absence of reductant was assessed by SDS-PAGE and probing Western blots with antibody to human salivary cystatin SN.Proteolytic activity of the complex was determined in the gel after electrophoresis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Only cystatin SN (14.3 kD) was found to form a stable complex with papain (22 kD) that could be separated by SDS-PAGE producing a Coomassie stained band at (37 kD).After western transfer this same band (37 kD) cross-reacted with antibody to SN. In the presence of E64, an active site inhibitor of cysteine proteases, the same complex was formed, suggesting that SN is able to bind to papain at a site other than the active site. Activity staining of the gel confirmed that this complex (-E64) retained proteolytic activity. Such complex formation between cystatin SN and cyst-eine proteases in a non-inhibitory mode may reduce its availability to act as an effective cysteine protease inhibitor in the oral environment.
Essential fatty acid deficiency in an infant receiving prolonged parenteral alimentation.

Essential fatty acid deficiency, although well documented in animals, has been produced in human beings only through severely restricted oral diets. Recently, evidence for this deficiency state has been demonstrated during prolonged fat-free parenteral alimentation. The present case report demonstrates a case of severe essential fatty acid deficiency which occurred during a period of fat-free parenteral alimentation and in which the scaly skin lesions, growth retardation, and altered plasma fatty acid pattern seen previously in infants receiving oral diets deficient in essential fatty acids were observed as well as the thrombocytopenia previously reported in an adult on prolonged fat-free parenteral nutrition. Intralipid was found to be clinically effective in correcting this deficiency in a patient tolerating only parenteral alimentation.
A Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Study of Quenching Reactions of Anthracene and 1,2-Benzanthracene by Carbon Tetrabromide and Bromoethane in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

This paper reports on the solvent effect on energy transfer reactions in supercritical CO2. The energy transfer reactions are studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and the fluorophor/quencher reaction pairs are chosen to vary the reactions from diffusion-controlled to kinetically-controlled. In particular, the fluorescence quenching of anthracene by CBr4, 1,2-benzanthracene by CBr4, and anthracene by C2H5Br in supercritical CO2 at 35 °C has been reported. Experimental rate constants for the first two reaction pairs, anthracene/CBr4 and 1,2-benzanthracene/CBr4, follow the predicted diffusion control limit at all pressures from 77.9 to 160.6 bar, indicating that local solvation does not enhance the reaction rate nor substantially impede the diffusion process in supercritical CO2. The rate constants for the third reaction, the quenching of anthracene by C2H5Br, are several orders of magnitude below the diffusion control limit, indicating that the reaction is kinetically controll...
Altered Secretion of Gonadotropins and Steroids Resulting from Delayed Ovulation in the Rat

Rats were killed by decapitation at 3-h intervals during a 48-h delay of ovulation induced by sodium pentobarbital, as well as during the ensuing delayed proestrus, estrus and the first 4 days of gestation. Control animals were killed at the same intervals following injections of vehicle. Blood was collected and analyzed for LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17β to determine if alterations in hormonal levels could account for the abnormal embryonic development which follows delayed ovulation. Hormonal concentrations in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay except for progesterone, which was determined by competitive protein binding. Embryos were examined to verify the occurrence of abnormal development. Rate of oocyte maturation was studied in serial sections of ovaries from all animals killed at 30-min intervals on the afternoon of proestrus. Oocytes remained in meiotic arrest during the 48-h delay of ovulation, but resumed maturation at the expected time on the afternoon of the preovulat...
Functional topography of the cerebellum in verbal working memory.

Speech—both overt and covert—facilitates working memory by creating and refreshing motor memory traces, allowing new information to be received and processed. Neuroimaging studies suggest a functional topography within the sub-regions of the cerebellum that subserve verbal working memory. Medial regions of the anterior cerebellum support overt speech, consistent with other forms of motor execution such as finger tapping, whereas lateral portions of the superior cerebellum support speech planning and preparation (e.g., covert speech). The inferior cerebellum is active when information is maintained across a delay, but activation appears to be independent of speech, lateralized by modality of stimulus presentation, and possibly related to phonological storage processes. Motor (dorsal) and cognitive (ventral) channels of cerebellar output nuclei can be distinguished in working memory. Clinical investigations suggest that hyper-activity of cerebellum and disrupted control of inner speech may contribute to certain psychiatric symptoms.
On randomness and thermodynamics

The past decade has witnessed significant advances in our understanding of nonlinear systems, both theoretically and experimentally. In turn, these insights have led to applications over a broad range of subjects, as well as to new interpretations of complex behavior. Inevitably, it seems, there has been a concomitant rush to re-interpret various well-understood aspects of thermodynamic behavior in manybody systems by means of these mechanisms. It is perhaps useful, therefore, to examine these notions critically, and in doing so we are able to illuminate somewhat the origins of, and motivations for, various dubious descriptions of these systems. Among other things, one notices in such discussions an unfortunate focus on “randomness,” rather than on the actual role of probabilities in describing the phenomena. Although valuable insights into some areas of complex behavior have arisen from studies of so-called “deterministic chaos,” we can detect no influence they may have on the predictions of statistical mechanics, and thus conclude that they are of little relevance to the thermodynamic behavior of large systems.
Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Public Health Policy

Although the morbidity and mortality caused by cigarette smoking occur in adulthood, the initiation of tobacco use and the development of nicotine addiction typically occur during adolescence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of nicotine addiction, focusing on the development of addiction in youth, and to explore implications for public health policy. An understanding of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors that determine the course of nicotine addiction is critical in developing rational policies regarding tobacco products. The Food and Drug Administration's rule to regulate cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products is discussed. The fact that smokers typically make the transition from casual use to nicotine addiction during adolescence argues for developing and implementing effective prevention efforts and smoking cessation treatment programs that are youth-oriented.
Explosive crystallization in the presence of melting

Received 18 January 2006; published 24 May 2006 An experimental investigation of explosive crystallization EC of thin amorphous Ge films deposited on a solid substrate is performed, and a theory of EC front propagation accompanied by melting in a class of films that includes Ge films is developed. The experiments show that the propagation of a planar EC front is possible for a certain range of substrate temperatures and film thicknesses. It is found that for substrate temperatures larger than a certain threshold, the macroscopically planar front leaves behind a columnar microstructure in the crystal. The theory of EC front propagation is based on the experimental observation that the propagating front exhibits a thin layer of Ge melt between the amorphous and crystalline phases. A uniformly propagating planar front solution is determined, whose propagation speed is found as a function of the substrate temperature and the heat loss parameter that, in turn, depends on the film thickness. A linear stability analysis of the uniformly propagating EC front with a melting layer is performed. It is found that in a certain interval of substrate temperatures the EC front undergoes a monotonic morphological instability with a preferred wave number that explains the formation of the columnar structures observed in experiments. We also perform a nonlinear analysis describing the evolution of the morphological instability. The interval of substrate temperatures for which the instability is observed, as well as the wavelength of the columnar structure, are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations.
A rapid hemodynamic monitor of acute ischemia during cardiac procedures: changes in relaxation via a continuous left ventricular pressure-derivative loop.

Background Procedures that induce ischemic pre-conditioning during cardiac surgery will require a rapidly visualized hemodynamic monitor of acute ischemia. This study investigated the utility of a continuous loop tracing of left ventricular pressure (LVP) plotted against its derivative (dP/dt) as a visual beat-to-beat monitor of acute changes in myocardial relaxation due to global ischemia. Materials and methods In 11 dogs, LVP, recorded via a micromanometer-tip catheter, was plotted against dP/dt as a continuous loop. The angle of the loop during relaxation is inversely related to tau, the time constant of isovolumic relaxation. The angle was measured before and during: infusion of dextran to increase pre-load, infusion of nitroprusside to reduce after-load, and a 30-s occlusion of the left main coronary artery to induce temporary global ischemia. Results The relaxation angle of the loop did not change with dextran or nitroprusside infusion. During left main occlusion, the angle increased from 57 ± 7 degrees to 92 ± 3 degrees (P Conclusions The LVP-dP/dt loop is a readily visualized, continuous display of beat-to-beat changes in myocardial relaxation. It provides a dynamic and specific display of immediate changes in relaxation during global ischemia, even when the exponential model of pressure decay is not applicable. The loop may be useful for guiding procedures that induce ischemic pre-conditioning or post-conditioning during cardiac surgery.
The Effect of Marijuana Decriminalization on Hospital Emergency Room Drug Episodes: 1975–1978

Abstract Between 1973 and 1978, 12 states with collectively over one-third of the total U.S. population enacted laws that decriminalized the possession of marijuana. This article uses standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) level data on hospital emergency room drug episodes collected by the Drug Abuse Warning Network to measure the effect of changes in drug penalties on substance abuse crises. The regression models demonstrate that marijuana decriminalization was accompanied by a significant reduction in episodes involving drugs other than marijuana and an increase in marijuana episodes. Although possible biases in the data preclude firm conclusions, the results suggest that some substitution occurs towards the less severely penalized drug when punishments are differentiated.
Analysis of elastic stress wave propagation through a complex composite structure

A one-dimensional impact problem is employed for a layered system that comprises heterogeneous materials with different geometrical configurations. The system mimics transmitter for Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement Systems (MILES). The analytical model tracks the stress wave propagation through this layered structure as a result of the mechanical shock from blank rounds as they fired. The results clearly support the hypothesis that layered systems will suffer stress amplification with inherent acoustic impedance mismatch between layers. It is evident that the time dependent stress response in the rise portion is significantly affected by impedance mismatch and the number of layers.
Lipid Monolayer Experiments and Simulations to Extract Line Tension

The physical chemistry of liquid-liquid phase separation is currently of interest to the study of lateral inhomogeneities or “lipid rafts” within lipid membranes. We present measurements of line tensions between immiscible phases in mixed monolayer systems of phospholipids and cholesterol. Data was collected in the form of fluorescence microscopy images and analyzed using custom software routines written in Matlab. Our analysis uses capillary wave theory and will explore the importance of electrostatic interactions. We will describe image analysis software routines which allow us to track and analyze hundreds of lipid domains from a single movie. Measurements for several compositions will be presented and compare the influence of phospholipid chain length on line tension measurements. In addition to experimental data we use model-convolution microscopy to generate images which convolve the point spread function of our microscope system with the expected location of fluorescently tagged lipids in our monolayer. This technique allows us to investigate experimental uncertainties inherent in the use of fluorescence microscopy.
A Rasch Model Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and Problems Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Background: Recent investigations using item response modeling have begun to conceptualize alcohol consumption, problems, and dependence as representing points along a single continuum of alcohol involvement. Such a conceptualization may be of particular benefit to measurement of alcohol involvement in adolescents, but investigations to date have been limited to adult samples and may not generalize to adolescents due to age-related developmental differences. Methods: This study used Rasch model analyses to examine the properties of indices of alcohol consumption and problems among 6,353 adolescents, aged 12 to 18 years, in Wave 1 of the Add Health survey. A particular focus was on whether the functioning of items changed when these adolescents were re-interviewed in Wave 3 when they were 18 to 24 years of age. Results: Rasch model analyses supported the unidimensionality and additive properties of the items in the Wave 1 data. Comparisons of Wave 1 and Wave 3 data indicated differential item functioning in most of the items such that items related to alcohol consumption were more severe during adolescence, whereas items related to alcohol problems were more severe in young adulthood. Conclusions: A valid index of alcohol involvement in adolescents can be constructed combining indices of alcohol consumption and alcohol problems. Such an index covers a range of severity and functions similarly across sex and race/ethnicity. A similar index can be constructed in young adulthood. However, the interpretation of scores must be attentive to developmental differences. In particular, for adolescents, indices of alcohol consumption are relatively closer in severity to indices of alcohol problems than they are among young adults. Thus, alcohol problems are more likely among adolescents than young adults given a similar level of drinking. Language: en
Radiative association in planetary atmospheres

Abstract A summary account is presented of radiative association processes that may be significant in producing continuum emission in the atmospheres of the planets. The importance of the radiative association of N and O and of NO+O has been established by the presence in the airglow of the emission spectra. The possible contributions of O+O, O+O2 and O++O are discussed. The radiative association of He+ and H may be an important source of HeH+ in the Jovian ionospheres.
Proteolysis as a probe of ligand-associated conformational changes in rat carbamyl phosphate synthetase I

Abstract Elastase, V8 protease, subtilisin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin all cleaved the 1462-residue polypeptide of rat carbamyl phosphate synthetase I in segment C 160–180 residues from the COOH-end. Its activator N-acetylglutamate (AcGlu) increased the rate of cleavage approximately ninefold, presumably by binding preferentially to the conformation in which C is exposed. ATP/Mg2+ prevented proteolysis both ±AcGlu. Kd,app for AcGlu (66 μ m ) and ATP (4.2 μ m with AcGlu and 5 mM Mg2+) was estimated from the pseudo-first-order rate constants for inactivation caused by cleavage with elastase at C. Chymotrypsin and trypsin also hydrolyzed the enzyme, independent of AcGlu, at site D within 30-fold higher Km's for AcGlu and ATP. Digestion by trypsin at a third site (B) ~530 residues upstream from C appeared to occur subsequent to hydrolysis at C. Slow cleavage by elastase at an additional site (A) to give 360- and 1100-residue peptides was unaffected by AcGlu and ATP, and caused only modest loss of activity. These peptides were isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Assignment of the smaller one to the NH2-end on the basis of its cysteine content places site A in the junction between the segments homologous to the small glutaminase and large synthetase subunits of Escherichia coli carbamyl phosphate synthetase II. Neither peptide alone was active; maximal regain of activity (~25%) occurred on combining them in equimolar proportions. The sizes of the peptides produced by further digestion of the site A digest gave the approximate locations of the other sites. Sites A (Ala-417) and B (Arg-787) have recently been identified by NH2-terminal sequencing ( S. G. Powers-Lee and K. Corina (1986) J. Biol Chem.261, 15349–15352) . Reasons for the low value of KAcGiu,app are examined, and protection by ATP is discussed in relation to previous models for the conformational equilibria of the enzyme.
Efficient and Equitable Impact Fees for Urban Water Systems

An efficient and equitable method for determination of impact fees for urban water systems is presented. A fair allocation of costs is based on n-person cooperative game theory designed to allocate costs by zones, user classes, and/or demand types. The least-cost solution of each alternative is found using an intelligent search method reported elsewhere. The proposed method is demonstrated on a small water system, and the results are compared with other cost allocation methods.
Experimental and numerical analysis of polarized light through random distributed spherical particles

We have studied the polarization characteristics of light scattered from randomly distributed spherical particles using the 4x4 Mueller matrix. The experimental system consists of a Helium-Neon laser, polarizers (vertical, horizontal, 45-degree linear, left-hand circular) and six analyzers (vertical, horizontal, 45-degree linear, 135-degree linear, right-hand circular, left-hand circular). If the six polarized states of the scattered light for a given incident polarization are measured with analyzers, we can calculate the Stokes vector. By repeating this measurement for four independent incident polarizations, we can obtain the complete Mueller matrix. Random media consist of spherical particles of different concentrations suspended in water. The numerical study is based on the complete solution of the radiative transfer equation. Using the discrete ordinate method and matrix solver, we obtain the Stokes vector for a given incident polarization. By calculating Stokes vector for four independent polarizations, we can obtain a full Mueller matrix. The experimental results are compared with the numerical analysis.
Aberrant pulmonary lymphatic development in the nitrofen mouse model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Purpose Many infants develop a postsurgical chylothorax after diaphragmatic hernia repair. The pathogenesis remains elusive but may be owing to dysfunctional lymphatic development. This study characterizes pulmonary lymphatic development in the nitrofen mouse model of CDH. Methods CD1 pregnant mice were fed nitrofen/bisdiamine (N/B) or olive oil at E8.5. At E14.5 and E15.5, lung buds were categorized by phenotype: normal, N/B without CDH (N/B − CDH), or N/B with CDH (N/B + CDH). Anti-CD31 was used to localize all endothelial cells, while anti-LYVE-1 was used to identify lymphatic endothelial cells in lung buds using immunofluorescence. Differential protein expression of lymphatic-specific markers was analyzed. Results Lymphatic endothelial cells localized to the mesenchyme surrounding the airway epithelium at E15.5. CD31 and LYVE-1 colocalization identified lymphatic endothelial cells. LYVE-1 expression was upregulated in N/B + CDH lung buds in comparison to N/B − CDH and normal lung buds by immunofluorescence. Western blotting shows that VEGF-D, LYVE-1, Prox-1, and VEGFR-3 expression was upregulated in N/B + CDH lung buds in comparison to N/B − CDH or control lung buds at E14.5. Conclusions Lung lymphatics are hyperplastic in N/B + CDH. Upregulation of lymphatic-specific genes suggests that lymphatic hyperplasia plays an important role in dysfunctional lung lymphatic development in the nitrofen mouse model of CDH.
Quarks in the early Universe

The quark theory of hadrons provides a valuable tool for interpreting conditions during early epochs of the Universe. In particular, an asymptotically free theory of quarks seems to rule out the possibility that the present-day entropy of the Universe could be due to dissipation of low level fluctuations. Apparently either the early Universe was inhomogeneous on small mass scales or anisotropic.
The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy

Introduction 1. Surprising Success 2. Learning the Silicon Valley System 3. Creating Cross-Regional Communities 4. Taiwan as Silicon Sibling 5. Taiwan as Partner and Parent 6. Manufacturing in Mainland China 7. IT Enclaves in India 8. The Argonaut Advantage Appendix A: Immigrant Professional and Networking Associations, Silicon Valley Appendix B: Survey Results: Immigrant Professionals in Silicon Valley Notes References Abbreviations Acknowledgments Index
Thermal conductivity of natural and synthetic diamonds with differing isotope contents

Abstract The temperature-dependent thermal conductivity k(T) between 90 K and 550 K of CVD (chemical vapor deposition) diamond films, and the room-temperature thermal diffusivity α(300) of synthetic diamond gems with different isotopic compositions, have been measured. In addition previous k(T) data for natural Type IIa diamond between 10 K and 1200 K were reanalyzed. Analysis of k(T), using a comprehensive Klemens-Callaway model, was directed towards understanding factors affecting the dramatic enhancement of room-temperature thermal conductivity k(300) of diamond gems with increasing isotopic purity. We conclude that phonon-isotope scattering in diamond gems alone is ineffective in explaining the k(300) differences. Other factors such as isotope clustering or phonon-vacancy and other point defect scattering must also contribute to the reduction in thermal conductivity.
Disruption of Imprinted Gene Methylation and Expression in Cloned Preimplantation Stage Mouse Embryos

Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer requires that epigenetic information possessed by the donor nucleus be reprogrammed to an embryonic state. Little is known, however, about this remodeling process, including when it occurs, its efficiency, and how well epigenetic markings characteristic of normal development are maintained. Examining the fate of epigenetic information associated with imprinted genes during clonal development offers one means of addressing these questions. We examined transcript abundance, allele specificity of imprinted gene expression, and parental allele-specific DNA methylation in cloned mouse blastocysts. Striking disruptions were seen in total transcript abundance and allele specificity of expression for five imprinted genes. Only 4% of clones recapitulated a blastocyst mode of expression for all five genes. Cloned embryos also exhibited extensive loss of allele-specific DNA methylation at the imprinting control regions of the H19 and Snprn genes. Thus, epigenetic errors arise very early in clonal development in the majority of embryos, indicating that reprogramming is inefficient and that some epigenetic information may be lost.
The Escalating Incidence of Suicide Among African Americans: Implications for Counselors

Suicide rates have soared among African Americans within the past 2 decades. Curiously, this fact remains poorly understood within and outside the African American community. This article includes a review of M. Compton, N. Thompson, and N. Kaslow's (2005) study, recently published in Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, and identifies important implications for counseling professionals.
In Silico Identification and Conservation Analysis of B-cell and T-Cell Epitopes of Hepatitis C Virus 3a Genotype Enveloped Glycoprotein 2 From Pakistan: A Step Towards Heterologous Vaccine Design

Objectives: This study focused on B-cells and T-cells epitopes prediction in HCV gpE2, particularly in 3a genotype, in Pakistan and identification of the conserved epitopes among various 3a isolates at global level, principally conserved across HCV major genotypes. Materials and Methods: Epitope finding was done by using online available bioinformatics tools including Immune Epitope Database (IEDB), ProPred-I, and ProPred. Conservation of these epitopes was found by aligning selected gpE2 sequences using MultAlin online software and conservancy analysis tool available at IEDB. Results: Many B-cell and T-cell epitopes predicted in gpE2 were found conserved among HCV 3a genotypes whereas few were conserved in other genotypes anticipating these epitopes as potential candidates of producing strong B-cell and T-cell response against HCV 3a and other genotypes. Conclusions: HCV gpE2 is an ideal target for HCV vaccine. Prediction of epitope immunogenicity and characterization on the basis of peptide sequences will be significantly helpful for development of a heterologous vaccine against HCV variants.
Toward a "structural BLAST": using structural relationships to infer function.

We outline a set of strategies to infer protein function from structure. The overall approach depends on extensive use of homology modeling, the exploitation of a wide range of global and local geometric relationships between protein structures and the use of machine learning techniques. The combination of modeling with broad searches of protein structure space defines a “structural BLAST” approach to infer function with high genomic coverage. Applications are described to the prediction of protein–protein and protein–ligand interactions. In the context of protein–protein interactions, our structure-based prediction algorithm, PrePPI, has comparable accuracy to high-throughput experiments. An essential feature of PrePPI involves the use of Bayesian methods to combine structure-derived information with non-structural evidence (e.g. co-expression) to assign a likelihood for each predicted interaction. This, combined with a structural BLAST approach significantly expands the range of applications of protein structure in the annotation of protein function, including systems level biological applications where it has previously played little role.
On the Security of Route Discovery in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collections of wireless mobile devices with restricted broadcast range and resources, and no fixed infrastructure. Communication is achieved by relaying data along appropriate routes that are dynamically discovered and maintained through collaboration between the nodes. Discovery of such routes is a major task, both from efficiency and security points of view. Recently, a security model tailored to the specific requirements of MANETs was introduced by Acs, Buttyan, and Vajda. Among the novel characteristics of this security model is that it promises security guarantee under concurrent executions, a feature of crucial practical implication for this type of distributed computation. A novel route discovery algorithm called endairA was also proposed, together with a claimed security proof within the same model. In this paper, we show that the security proof for the route discovery algorithm endairA is flawed, and moreover, this algorithm is vulnerable to a hidden channel attack. We also analyze the security framework that was used for route discovery and argue that composability is an essential feature for ubiquitous applications. We conclude by discussing some of the major security challenges for route discovery in MANETs.