cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building Chicago Economics: Markets, Politics, and Democracy at Chicago

In September and October 1975, New York Times columnist Anthony Lewis reported on the University of Chicago pedigree of the Pinochet government’s economic program. The so-called Chicago Boys, a group of Chilean alumni of the University of Chicago, had written a set of policy recommendations for Jorge Alessandri when he was a candidate in Chile’s 1970 presidential election. The election was won by Salvador Allende. In October 1973, a month after the military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet, the Chicago Boys published their policy recommendations as “El Ladrillo” (The Brick). Several members of the group were subsequently appointed to positions in the government. Anthony Lewis portrayed Friedman, who had visited Chile in the spring of 1975 with Arnold Harberger, as the “guiding light” of the Pinochet economic policy, a “policy that could not be imposed on a free society” (October 2, 1975). He attributed to Friedman the idea that a growing disparity of incomes between the rich and poor is part of the mechanism by which anti-inflation policy works. Lewis asked “if the pure Chicago economic theory can be carried out in Chile only at the price of repression should its authors feel some responsibility? There are troubling questions here about the social role of academics” (October 2, 1975). Almost immediately, protests began on the University of Chicago campus under the auspices of the “Committee against Friedman/Harberger Collaboration with the Chilean Junta.” Protesters demanded that Friedman be driven out of the university. The protests and harassment lasted for the next five years, reaching a peak after the announcement that Friedman would receive the 1976 Nobel Prize. Friedman had fewer defenders among academics than one might expect given the collegiate totem of academic freedom. Some balanced their defense of Friedman’s rights against the gravity of the charges of giving policy advice to a repressive regime. Other academics joined the protesters. Nobel laureates George Wald and Linus Pauling wrote to the New York Times (October 24, 1976) accusing Friedman of being an accessory to human rights crimes. In a second letter published alongside theirs, two other Nobel laureates, David Baltimore and S. E. Luria, characterized the Nobel Prize committee’s selection of Friedman as “an insult to the people of Chile, burdened by the reactionary economic measures sponsored by Professor Friedman.”
A Unified Multiscale Model for Pore-ScaleFlow Simulations in Soils

Pore-scale simulations have received increasing interest in subsurface sciences to provide mechanistic insights into the macroscopic phenomena of water flow and reactive transport processes. The application of the pore scale simulations to soils and sediments is, however, challenged because of the characterization limitation that often only allows partial resolution of pore structure and geometry. A significant proportion of the pore space in soils and sediments is below the spatial resolution, forming a mixed media of pore and porous domains. Here we reported a unified multi-scale model (UMSM) that can be used to simulate water flow and transport in mixed media of pore and porous domains under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The approach modifies the classic Navier-Stokes equation by adding a Darcy term to describe fluid momentum and uses a generalized mass balance equation for saturated and unsaturated conditions. By properly defining physical parameters, the UMSM can be applied in both pore and porous domains. This paper describes the set of equations for the UMSM, a series of validation cases under saturated or unsaturated conditions, and a real soil case for the application of the approach.
A Preliminary Investigation of Costs and Benefits in Dietary Decisions

This paper describes an exploratory study that examined the perceived costs and benefits and general attitudes toward dietary supplements and seeking a doctor's dietary advice. Thirty-five undergraduates completed a survey packet that used various methods to assessed attitudes toward dieting and obesity (i.e. Likert scales, cost-benefit generation, scenario-based decision tasks). Results generally replicate past work, in that participants were unsure about the safety and regulation of dietary supplements, and although physician's advice is important, they were unlikely to seek their doctor's advice prior to beginning to try and lose weight. Further, responses indicated a perception of few risks associated with seeking physician's advice; however, these appear to be weighted heavily when deciding on a dietary method based on the scenario decision-making task. The implications of these results on planned future research are discussed.
A Nonprofit Perspective on Business–Nonprofit Partnerships: Extending the Symbiotic Sustainability Model:

Using the symbiotic sustainability model as a framework, this research investigates how many and with which businesses top nonprofit organizations report partnerships. We examined the websites of the 122 largest, most recognizable U.S. nonprofits. These websites included information about 2,418 business–nonprofit (B2N) partnerships with 1,707 unique businesses. The results suggest key differences with previous research on how U.S. Fortune 500 companies report B2N partnerships. Leading nonprofits report more B2N partnerships than U.S. Fortune 500 companies do. Furthermore, nonprofits do not maintain industry exclusivity in reporting B2N partnerships, like their business counterparts do. Finally, social issue industries do not exert the same isomorphic pressures on B2N partnerships that economic industries do. New propositions that extend the symbiotic sustainability model are presented to account for nonprofits’ unique goals for capital accumulation in B2N partnering and the industry characteristics.
Compile-time information in software components

Component programming techniques help programmers manage the intrinsic complexity of large software systems by supporting their modular construction from collections of smaller, independent pieces. Each component presents to the other components an abstraction of its functionality with an explicitly specified interface. This dissertation presents two component systems based on the unit model of components, and it demonstrates how both systems support flexible placement of component-based abstraction boundaries by allowing component authors to specify compile-time information in interface specifications. It also emphasizes the importance of supporting a simple module system, alongside the component system, for the management of source-code namespaces and compilation. The first component system is embedded in a model of an ML-like typed functional programming language that includes a Haskell-style module construct. I formalize a type system that supports more flexible specification of type imports and exports than previous unit models in similar settings. These specifications are similar to those found in the imports and exports of ML's functors, and I investigate the connections between units and functors, showing formally how a simplified model of functors can be translated into the component system. The second component system is for languages that can be extended through the use of macros, and I describe its implementation for the PLT Scheme dialect of the Scheme programming language. By allowing definitions of macros to appear inside of component interface definitions, I preserve both compile-time expansion of macros and component independence while allowing different components to encapsulate features that share compile-time information. To accommodate new forms of compile-time information that can accompany new language extensions, the specification language for component interfaces can itself be extended with macros.
The Boosting Voltage Principle in CVT Error Test and the Calculation of Reactance Compensation

This paper analyzes the error test principle of capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) by using the boosting voltage method of the parallel compensation inductance. And also introduces the calculation and selection for the reactance compensation of compensation reactor in the test, which makes some sense for the on-site error test of the CVT.
Feedback responses during sequential inhibition of angiotensin and thromboxane.

Since thromboxane (Tx) can mediate the actions of angiotensin II (ANG II), we investigated interaction between these systems on the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) response. TGF was assessed from proximal stop-flow pressure (PSF) during orthograde perfusion of the loop of Henle (LH) between 0 and 40 nl/min. In the basal state, TGF was 11.3 +/- 0.8 mmHg. In series 1 experiments, it was unaltered by vehicle (+0.3 +/- 0.9 mmHg, n = 9, NS), was reduced by an ANG II antagonist, saralasin (-2.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg, n = 8, P less than 0.0005), and by a TxA2 antagonist SQ 29,548 (-4.8 +/- 0.6 mmHg, n = 11, P less than 0.0001). Both drugs together produced an additive blunting of TGF of -6.9 +/- 0.7 mmHg. In series 2 experiments, TGF was again unchanged by vehicle (+0.2 +/- 0.6 mmHg). It was reduced by -4.4 +/- 0.2 mmHg (P less than 0.0001) by an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor CGS-14,824A (50 mg/kg, n = 5) and by -4.0 +/- 0.4 mmHg (P less than 0.001) by a Tx synthesis inhibitor CGS-13,080 (50 mg/kg, n = 7). Alth...
Effects of stepwise dry/wet-aging and freezing on meat quality of beef loins

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of stepwise dry/wet-aging and freezing method on quality attributes of beef loins. Paired loins (M. Longissimus lumborum) from eight carcasses were assigned to either stepwise dry/wet-aging (carcass dry-aging for 10days then further wet-aging for 7days in vacuum bags) or carcass dry-aging only for 17days. Then, each loin was divided into three sections for freezing (never-frozen, blast or cryogenic freezing). Stepwise dry/wet-aged loin had lower purge/drip loss and shear force than conventionally dry-aged loin (P 0.05). The cryogenic freezing resulted in a significant decrease in shear force values and a significant improvement in water-holding capacity (WHC). These findings indicate that the stepwise dry/wet-aging coupled with cryogenic freezing could provide beneficial impacts to the local meat industry by providing equivalent quality attributes as conventional dry-aging and improving WHC of frozen/thawed meat, while reducing the time needed for dry-aging.
Testing development of different surface treatments on pervious concrete

Pervious concrete systems are developing stormwater management technologies which also have wintertime benefits as melting snow may percolate into the system instead of refreezing on the surface. Enhancing the surface microtexture of pervious concrete may also be beneficial in preventing icing or slipping by pedestrians. This research explored different surface treatments on pervious concrete specimens both qualitatively from personal judgements, and quantitatively through static friction measurements with a spring balance with respect to “slipperiness”. The tests were performed on both dry and wet specimens. One aim was to determine whether the spring balance method may be a simple test for comparing surface treatments on pavement samples with little surface area such as laboratory specimens or sidewalk sections. The other purpose was to make a preliminary decision of which surface treatments to use for a sidewalk installation for future studies on wintertime performance. The reliability analysis of the spring balance results showed that there was high operator consistency. In addition, there was a high level of consistency on average results between the quantitative and qualitative methods. This implies that the spring balance test may be an acceptable methodology for comparative analyses with respect to static friction.
Case Study #2: The Mask of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe

Every era has had its scourge, contagion, pestilence, or plague. And every age has had to deal with those problems in the best way it could at the time. Edgar Allan Poe creates for us a leader whose method of “dealing” was, at best, ill-considered.
Reversing Electron Transport in Ischemia and Beyond

Accumulation of the TCA cycle metabolite succinate in ischemic tissues has been reported for almost 50 years. However, the patho-physiologic importance of this event is still poorly understood. In 2014, it was reported that accumulated succinate is a key driver of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation at reperfusion [PMID: 25383517]. This has led to proposals that inhibiting ischemic succinate accumulation may afford therapeutic benefit in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the reversal of respiratory complex II (Cx-II, succinate dehydrogenase), which is the proposed route of ischemic succinate accumulation, may serve a beneficial role. Namely, by using fumarate as an alternate electron acceptor (in lieu of O2), reverse electron transfer (RET) at Cx-II allows complex I (Cx-I) to continue functioning. As such, H+ pumping by Cx-I provides a potential source of mitochondrial membrane potential during ischemia, preventing the catabolism of glycolytic ATP by reversal of the ATP synthase. Consistent with a beneficial role, succinate accumulation is widely documented in hypoxic tissues of diving mammals. A prediction from this modified viewpoint, is that the timing of Cx-II inhibition relative to IR injury may yield differential outcomes. Namely prophylactic Cx-II inhibition may lose any benefit from RET at Cx-II during ischemia. Conversely, Cx-II inhibition only at reperfusion will be beneficial by preventing ROS generation. Data supporting this hypothesis will be discussed, along with compelling new data regarding the precise mechanism of succinate accumulation in ischemia, which may not be as straightforward as initially thought.
The Association Between Pregnancy Intention and Breastfeeding

Background:Although breastfeeding is associated with proven benefits to both mother and child, there are many factors that influence a mother’s decision to breastfeed. Pregnancy intentionality at t...
Organization and Function of the Growth Hormone Gene Cluster

The human growth hormone (hGH) gene cluster contains genes coding for hGH and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS, also known as placental lactogen) together with related genes that do not code for familiar hormones. Intensive molecular genetic investigation over the past 6 years has established the mRNA sequences for both hormones, the chromosomal location and regional organization of the hGH gene cluster, and the DNA sequences of all genes within the cluster. Understanding of gene structure has explained the synthesis of 20K hGH and has suggested the possibility of a new peptide related to hGH. The molecular mechanisms responsible for tissue-specific expression of related genes have begun to be unraveled. Discovery of hGH and hCS gene deletions in several heritable disorders has clarified the roles of the hormones in human physiology.
Phase transformations in oxides above 2000°C: Experimental technique development

The oxidation of boride and carbide-based ultra-high-temperature ceramics is the primary limiting factor for their use as aerodynamic surfaces. Understanding the behaviour of the oxides that can re...
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation, Management, and Outcomes of and Return-to- Play Criteria for Overhead Athletes With Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Injuries.

Objective: To present recommendations for the diagnosis, management, outcomes, and return to play of athletes with superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) injuries. Background: In overhead athl...
Teacher Research and Teacher as Researcher

Conducted by university researchers and/or teachers themselves, teacher research is a form of inquiry approached from the teacher perspective. Such research works from the assumption that teachers “make up their own minds about how to change their practices in light of their informed practical deliberations” (Carr & Kemmis, 1986, p. 219). It adds to the knowledge base of teaching, despite ongoing controversy whether that knowledge base should be codified, who should contribute to it, and for what purposes it should be used (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1998; Donmoyer, 1996; Kleibard, 1993; Shulman, 2004; Wise, 1993). The strand of research includes teacher-oriented (1) action research (Altrichter, Posch, & Somekh, 1993; Stringer, 2007; Whitehead & McNiff, 2006), (2) case study research (Adler, 1996; Goldblatt & Smith, 2005; Shulman, 1996), and (3) reflective practice (LadsonBillings, 1999; Pedro, 2005; Russell & Munby, 1994). Also, (4) narrative inquiry (Clandinin, Pushor, & Murray Orr, 2007; Connelly & Clandinin, 1999; Estola & Elbaz-Luwisch, 2003), and (5) practitioner inquiry (Day, Calderhead, & Denicolo, 1993; Dadds & Hart, 2001; Zeichner & Noffke, 2001) constitute veins of teacher research. The (6) self-study of teaching and teacher education practices (Feldman, Paugh, & Mills, 2004; Guilfoyle, Hamilton, Pinnegar, & Placier, 2004; Loughran, 2005) and (7) the scholarship of teaching and learning (Hatch et al., 2005; Hatch & Pointer Mace, 2007) are furthermore included. Additionally, (8) the use of practice as a site for research (Lampert & Ball, 1998; Wilson, 2001) forms a branch of the teacher research tree. Cutting across these related lines of inquiry are the associated literatures having to do with teacher collaboration (Achinstein, 2002; C. Clark et al., 1996; Craig & J. Huber, 2007), teacher conversation (C. M. Clark, 2001; Feldman, 1999; Hollingsworth, 1994; Rust, 1999), and teacher community (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1999; Olson & Craig, 2001; Wilson & Berne, 1999; Grossman, Wineberg, W Wood & Lieberman, 2003) and teacher research networks (Ainscow, Booth, & Dyson, 2004; Atwah, Kemmis, & Weeks, 1998; Reason & Bradbury, 2001) such as the Collaborative Action Research Network (http://www.did.stu.mmu.ac.uk/carn) (which began in the TEACHER RESEARCH AND TEACHER AS RESEARCHER
Software Defined Multicasting for MPI Collective Operation Offloading with the NetFPGA

Collective operations play a key role in the performance of many high performance computing applications and are central to the widely used Message Passing Interface (MPI) programming model. In this paper we explore the use of programmable networking devices to accelerate the implementation of collective operations by offloading functionality to the underlying network. In our work we utilize a networked FPGA in conjunction with commercial OpenFlow switches supporting multicast. The union of hardware configurable network interfaces with Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides a significant opportunity to improve the performance of MPI applications that rely heavily on collective operations. The programmable interfaces implement collective operations in hardware using OpenFlow supported multicast. In our 8-node cluster, we observed up to 12% reduction in MPI_Allreduce latency in dynamic schemes employing SDN; and up to 22% reduction in static topologies. The results suggest more benefits if our approach is deployed in larger settings with low latency switches.
Intelligent generation of candidate sets for genetic algorithms in very large search spaces

We have been working on how to select safety measures for space missions in an optimal way. The main limitation on the measures that can be performed is cost. There are often hundreds of possible measures and each measure has an associated cost and an effectiveness that describes its potential to reduce the risk to the mission goals. A computer search of such an enormous search space is not practical if every combination is evaluated. It was therefore decided to use an evolutionary algorithm to improve the efficiency of the search. A simple approach would lead to many sets of solutions which were wildly expensive and so unfeasible. Preselecting candidates which meet the cost goals reduces the problem to a manageable size. Preselection is based on rough set theory since cost goals are usually not rigid. This paper describes the methodology of ensuring every candidate is roughly comparable in cost.
Emerging Roles for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Electrophysiology

The population of adults with congenital heart disease is growing. Most children with congenital heart disease now survive into adulthood thanks to innovations in cardiac surgery that allow repair or palliation of many anatomical defects. However, arrhythmia and sudden death remain important causes of late morbidity and mortality. As the population of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) ages there is an increasing burden of arrhythmia requiring specialist care. Rhythm disturbances may be the first presenting symptom and herald a need for surgical or transcatheter reintervention in which case treatment should be directed at the underlying cardiovascular hemodynamics. In this case electrophysiological intervention is a secondary concern. Arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death may, alternatively occur in the absence of a target hemodynamic lesion. Arrhythmia mechanisms vary according to the exact underlying anatomic congenital defect and method and timing of surgical repair. Whilst the arrhythmia can relate to underlying structural heart disease, such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome associated with Ebstein’s anomaly, it often relates to surgically acquired scars combined with chamber enlargement as a consequence of abnormal pressure and volume loads. In congenital heart disease, atrial arrhythmias frequently emanate from the right atrium or right ventricle and are not generally confined to the left atrium as with atrial fibrillation triggered by pulmonary vein muscle bundles. ACHD patients with atrial arrhythmia are at particular risk of tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy and existing hemodynamic lesions such as valvular regurgitation may be exacerbated by arrhythmia. There is also overlap in clinical presentations, such that ACHD patients presenting with atrial arrhythmia are at higher risk of ventricular arrhythmia [1]. Atrial arrhythmia is well recognized as an important indicator of ventricular dysfunction in congenital heart disease [2]. Adults with congenital heart disease are at risk of sudden cardiac death and may be referred for diagnostic electrophysiological (EP) ventricular stimulation study to aid risk stratification [1, 3, 4]. Both atrial and ventricular stimulation at EP study may therefore be indicated for the same patient.
The role of glutathione in cadmium cytotoxic response in human lung carcinoma A549 cells

77 INTRODUCTION 78 MATERIALS AND METHODS 81 RESULTS 83 DISCUSSION 88 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 92 REFERENCES 93 SECTION 4: EFFECTS OF BUTHIONINE SULFOXIMINE AND DIETHYLMALEATE ON CADMIUM AND METALLOTHIONEIN ACCUMULATION IN A549 HUMAN TUMOR CELLS 100 ABSTRACT 102 INTRODUCTION 103 MATERIALS AND METHODS 106 RESULTS 110 DISCUSSION 123 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 126 REFERENCES 127 SECTION 5: CELLULAR CADMIUM RESPONSES IN SUBPOPULATIONS OF HUMAN LUNG CARCINOMA CELLS 132 ABSTRACT 134 INTRODUCTION 136
Manifestations of photon acceleration in semiconductor metasurfaces (Conference Presentation)

The metasurface under study was engineered to enhance the local fields, which is crucial for the efficiency of the nonlinear photon conversion. In our design of the metasurface, we make use of high-Q collective resonances common to regular arrays of semiconductor particles, as verified by MIR FTIR spectroscopy. We facricate 600-nm-thick silicon rectangles situated on a sapphire substrate. In order to demonstrate power- dependent blue-shifting of THG, we focused a 200 ± 30 fs MIR laser pulses centered at λ = 3.62 μm, with a variable non-destructive fluence in the 1 < F < 6 mJ/cm2 range, onto the metasurface to achieve 5 < I < 30 GW/cm2 intensity. The advantage of operating in the MIR regime is that the refractive index change scales as ∆n(t) ∝ −N(t)λ^2, which is crucial for photon acceleration; here, N(t) is the time-dependent FC density. The concept of photon-acceleration-induced spectral shifting of the nonlinearly upconverted signal in a metasurface- based semiconductor cavity is as follows. MIR photons interact with, and get trapped by, the metasurface. As FCs are generated by four-photon absorption in silicon, the resonant frequency of the metasurface blue-shifts, and the frequency of the trapped photons follows. Accelerated MIR photons then upconvert via the standard χ(3) nonlinear process, resulting in the observed blue-shifting of the third harmonic generation (THG). As a result, the spectral peak and width of the THG light generated in the metasurface can be controlled by incident fluence. The central THG wavelength can be blue-shifted by more than 30 nm, enabling harmonics generation with center frequencies of up to ≈ 3.1ω. In contrast, the same measurements performed in unstructured silicon films yield no apparent spectral modifications to THG. A common belief is that the resonant enhancement of the THG must be accompanied by spectral narrowing; in contrast, here, due to photon acceleration, we observe spectral broadening of the resulting THG spectrum by approximately 50%. We connect the observed blue shift and broadening of the THG spectrum with the time-dependent nature of the complex eigenfrequency of the mode. Qualitative agreement is reached between the experimental data and the calculations based on a coupled mode theory with the eigenfrequency ωR(t) and damping factor γR(t) being driven by the pump pulse through free carrier generation. We find photon acceleration in semiconductor metasurfaces a promising tool for active control over the frequency of light in prospective nanophotonics devices.
High Betrayal Adolescent Sexual Abuse and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: The Role of Depersonalization in Emerging Adults.

ABSTRACTAdolescent sexual abuse can interfere with healthy development. Sexual abuse that is perpetrated by close other(s)—high betrayal—can be additionally harmful, with sexual abuse being linked with dissociation and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Depersonalization, a dissociative subtype characterized by disconnection between oneself and one’s body and/or thoughts, may further explain the role of dissociation in NSSI. The purpose of the current study was to: 1) isolate the impact of adolescent sexual abuse on NSSI; and 2) examine depersonalization as a pathway between high betrayal adolescent sexual abuse and NSSI. Participants (N = 192) were college students who completed online measures assessing sexual abuse, dissociation, and NSSI. While controlling for child sexual abuse and adult sexual abuse, adolescent sexual abuse predicted NSSI. Moreover, there was an indirect effect of high betrayal adolescent sexual abuse on NSSI through depersonalization, while controlling for child sexual abuse, adult se...
A Simple Framework for Learning Stabilizable Systems

We propose a framework for learning discrete time stabilizable systems governed by nonlinear state equation $\pmb{h}_{t+1}=\phi(\pmb{h}_{t}, \pmb{u}_{t};\theta_{\star})$ . Here $\theta_{\star}$ is the possibly unknown system dynamics, $\pmb{h}_{t}$ is the state and $\pmb{u}_{t}$ is the input vector. We utilize gradient descent to learn the system dynamics $\theta_{\star}$ from a finite trajectory. We show that gradient descent linearly converges to the ground truth dynamics with good sample complexity when system satisfies certain properties. The proposed framework allows for simultaneously learning and controlling the system and establishes a simple connection between classical supervised learning and temporally-dependent problems via mixing-time arguments. Numerical experiments verify our theoretical findings.
Ultrafast pulse metrology for industrial applications

The performance of industrial ultrafast lasers with average power ranging from 10-1000 Watts depends on their wavelength, pulse duration, total power, and repetition rate. However, variability in laser performance, despite similar characteristics and manufacturing, indicates the current metrics are not enough. Here we introduce the power figure of merit (PFM), to quantify the power that resides within the short pulses as opposed to the background light, or ‘dark energy’ between the pulses. We introduce take advantage of linear sampling using photon counting methods to quantify PFM and demonstrate its use on lasers with PFM ranging from 0.9 to 0.995.
Marysvale Natural Analog Study: Feasibility Phase Analytical Results

The Marysvale Natural Analog Study is being conducted by the Office of Waste Technology Development for the U.S. Department of Energy. The major focus of this study is the elucidation of the mass transport of nuclides in a hydrothernial system associated with some uranium (uraninite-pyrite-fluorite) veins within quartz monzonite and granite. The objectives of the study include: (1) determining the nature of the mineralizing hydrothermal system in terms of thermal, spatial, temporal, and chemical parameters; (2) determining the extent of the element/fluid migration; and (3) identifying the geochemical and geohydrologic processes controlling this movement. Feasibility phase analytical results include: (1) the importance of identifying fractures within the host rock; (2) the detection of the mobility and immobility of some very important and extremely important radionuclides of concern; (3) the modelling of Ar transport will help define non-sorptive, conservative mobility parameters within the fractured granitic rock.
Black Women: Keepers of Democracy, the Democratic Process, and the Democratic Party

Black women are often heralded as the keepers of the Democratic Party and in the era of the Trump Administration, Black women are also often lauded as the keepers of democracy. This paper investigates the extent to which Black female partisanship affects amounts of participation, and perceptions of the importance of voting relative to other activities. By comparing participation rates of Black women to Black men, white women, and women of color, we argue that the greater rates of Black female participation have less to do with the strength of their partisan identification and more to do with a sense of efficacy, civic duty, and urgency. Using the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post Election Survey and 2016 ANES data, we show that the increasing strength of Black female Democratic Party identification has less to do with outreach by the party and feelings of attachment to the party and more to do with the sense of urgency in protecting the policy positions, political interests, combating discrimination and voter suppression in the U.S.
Atomic Clocks for GNSS

This chapter focuses on the atomic frequency references (AFRs) that are used in global navigation satellite system (GNSS), providing some introductory context, the basic concept of an atomic clock and related terminology, and more specific descriptions of the three types of atomic clocks that are used in GNSS space systems. Three types of AFRs are currently used in GNSS satellites: rubidium (Rb) vapor cells, cesium (Cs) atomic beams, and hydrogen (H) masers. All of these clocks are based on quantum transitions at microwave frequencies between hyperfine levels in the ground state of the atoms. Lasers are obviously necessary for both Cs and Rb atomic fountain clocks based on cold atoms. Research and development of advanced clocks today are dominated by laser‐driven systems. Worldwide, several groups are working on new advanced atomic clocks for future science missions in space.
Originalism from the Soft Southern Strategy to the New Right: The Constitutional Politics of Sam Ervin Jr

Although originalism’s emergence as an important theory of constitutional interpretation is usually attributed to efforts by the Reagan administration, the role the theory played in the South’s determined resistance to civil rights legislation in the 1960s actually helped create the Reagan coalition in the first place. North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin Jr., the constitutional theorist of the Southern Caucus, developed and deployed originalism because he saw its potential to stymie civil rights legislation and stabilize a Democratic coalition under significant stress. Ervin failed in those efforts, but his turn to originalism had lasting effects. The theory helped Ervin and other conservative southerners explain to outsiders and to themselves why they shifted from support for an interventionist state powerful enough to enforce segregation to an ideology founded on individual rights and liberty. It thus eased the South’s integration with the emerging New Right.
Resolving the Outer Disks and Halos of Nearby Galaxies

In a hierarchical merging scenario, the outer parts of a galaxy are a fossil record of the galaxy’s early history (e.g. [1]). Observations of the outer disks and halos of galaxies thus provide a tool to study individual galaxy histories and test formation theories. Locally, an impressive effort has been made to understand the halo of the Milky Way, Andromeda, and M33 (e.g. [9, 4, 6] and contributions in this volume). However, due to the stochastic nature of halo formation, a better understanding of this process requires a large sample of galaxies with known halo properties. The GHOSTS project (PI: R. de Jong) aims to characterize the halos and outer portions of 14 nearby (D=4-14 Mpc) spiral galaxies using the Hubble Space Telescope. Figure 1 shows the type, rotation velocity and inclination of all 14 galaxies. Detection of individual stars in the outer parts of these galaxies enables us to study both the morphological properties of the galaxies, and determine the stars’ metallicity and age.
Open Challenges of the Higgs Sector

Despite being generously supported by experimental data, the Standard Model for particle physics (SM) has many unsettled questions. At least for the time being, the discovery of the Higgs boson - a crucial step in the validation of the SM – does not take us any closer to answering these questions. With no clear roadmap in sight, the Higgs sector of particle physics remains a largely unexplored territory.
INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL KNOT THEORY

This paper is an introduction to virtual knot theory and an exposition of new ideas and constructions, including the parity bracket polynomial, the arrow polynomial, the parity arrow polynomial and categorifications of the arrow polynomial.
What is in that Drink: The Biological Actions of Ethanol, Acetaldehyde, and Salsolinol

Alcohol abuse and alcoholism represent substantial problems that affect a large portion of individuals throughout the world. Extensive research continues to be conducted in an effort to identify the biological basis of the reinforcing properties of alcohol in order to develop effective pharmacotherapeutic and behavioral interventions. One theory that has developed within the alcohol field over the past four decades postulates that the reinforcing properties of alcohol are due to the action of the metabolites/products of alcohol within the central nervous system (CNS). The most extreme version of this theory suggests that the biologically active metabolites/products of alcohol, created from the breakdown from alcohol, are the ultimate source of the reinforcing properties of alcohol. The contrary theory proposes that the reinforcing properties of alcohol are mediated completely through the interaction of the ethanol molecule with several neurochemical systems within the CNS. While there are scientific findings that offer support for both of these stances, the reinforcing properties of alcohol are most likely generated through a complex series of peripheral and central effects of both alcohol and its metabolites. Nonetheless, the development of a greater understanding for how the metabolites/products of alcohol contribute to the reinforcing properties of alcohol is an important factor in the development of efficacious pharmacotherapies for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. This chapter is intended to provide a historical perspective of the role of acetaldehyde (the first metabolite of alcohol) in alcohol reinforcement as well as review the basic research literature on the effects of acetaldehyde (and acetaldehyde metabolites/products) within the CNS and how these function with regard to alcohol reward.
Rights Adjudication in a Plurinational State: The Supreme Court of Canada, Freedom of Religion, and the Politics of Reasonable Accommodation

A disproportionate number of the Supreme Court of Canada’s recent cases on freedom of religion under s. 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms come out of Quebec and involve claims for reasonable accommodation. These decisions represent a point of national cleavage in two respects. First, in each case the Quebec Court of Appeal rejected the section 2(a) claims, and the Supreme Court of Canada overturned its decision. Second, the Supreme Court has often divided on national lines with one or more francophone judges from Quebec writing a concurrence or a sharp dissent. Moreover, francophone judges from outside Quebec have also broken ranks with their colleagues. The cleavages on the Supreme Court have sometimes tracked a large and arguably growing divide between Quebec and the rest of Canada on these questions. I link this line of cases to earlier disputes about the constitutionality of Quebec’s policies to promote the French language that were ultimately resolved by the Court. The fact that the Court spoke in a single voice in those earlier cases can be explained, in part, by the need to preserve its institutional legitimacy. This time, the point of dispute is not language, but religion. The Supreme Court is groping incrementally toward a kind of consensus position on the character of the “neutral” state to close this divide within the Court against the backdrop of an intense political debate on these issues in Quebec.
Fiber Orientation in Fiber-Reinforced Plastics and How it Affects Automotive Applications

Abstract : This paper discusses how fiber orientation of fiber in fiber- reinforced plastics affects automotive applications. Orientation can adversely affect moldings in applications where stress is important, especially in engine components such as front timing covers, pump flanges, oil sump bosses, and crankshaft housing. The paper examines these problems in detail and suggests ways to avert serious difficulties relating to fiber orientation. (AN)
Inversion of the Attenuated Geodesic X-Ray Transform over Functions and Vector Fields on Simple Surfaces

We derive explicit reconstruction formulas for the attenuated geodesic X-ray transform over functions and, in the case of nonvanishing attenuation, vector fields, on a class of simple Riemannian surfaces with boundary. These formulas partly rely on new explicit approaches to construct continuous right-inverses for backprojection operators (and, in turn, holomorphic integrating factors), which were previously unavailable in a systematic form. The reconstruction of functions is presented in two ways, the latter being motivated by numerical considerations and successfully implemented in the last section of the paper (before the appendix). Constructing the aforementioned right-inverses requires that certain Fredholm equations, first appearing in [L. Pestov and G. Uhlmann, Int. Math. Res. Not., 2004 (2004), pp. 4331--4347], be invertible. Whether this last condition reduces the applicability of the overall approach to a strict subset of simple surfaces remains open at present.
Synthesis of Non-racemic α-Hydroxyphosphonates via Asymmetric Phospho‐Aldol Reaction

It has been more than 50 years since the first phospho-aldol reactions of dialkyl phosphites were reported. These efficient P–C bond-forming reactions have become the cornerstone of methods for the synthesis of α-hydroxyphosphonates and, by numerous available substitution reactions, the synthesis of other α- and γ-substituted phosphonates and phosphonic acids. Much of the interest in α- and γ-substituted phosphonates and phosphonic acids has been stimulated by reports of their biological activity, which is often dependent upon their absolute and relative stereochemistry. In this chapter, we review diastereoselective and enantioselective additions of dialkyl phosphites to aldehydes and ketones, otherwise called the phospho-aldol, Pudovik or Abramov reactions.
Estimating tree heights from shadows on vertical aerial photographs

Aerial photographs are now being applied more and more to practical forestry - especially to forest survey. Many forest characteristics can be recognized on aerial photographs in greater detail than is possible through ground methods alone. The basic need is for tools and methods for interpreting the detail in quantitative terms.
Absolute Total np and pp Cross-Section Determinations

Absolute total cross sections for np and pp scattering below 1000 MeV are determined based on partial-wave analyses (PWAs) of nucleon-nucleon scattering data. These cross sections are compared with...
RigFit: a new approach to superimposing ligand molecules.

If structural knowledge of a receptor under consideration is lacking, drug design approaches focus on similarity or dissimilarity analysis of putative ligands. In this context the mutual ligand superposition is of utmost importance. Methods that are rapid enough to facilitate interactive usage, that allow to process sets of conformers and that enable database screening are of special interest here. The ability to superpose molecular fragments instead of entire molecules has proven to be helpful too. The RIGFIT approach meets these requirements and has several additional advantages. In three distinct test applications, we evaluated how closely we can approximate the observed relative orientation for a set of known crystal structures, we employed RIGFIT as a fragment placement procedure, and we performed a fragment-based database screening. The run time of RIGFIT can be traded off against its accuracy. To be competitive in accuracy with another state-of-the-art alignment tool, with which we compare our method explicitly, computing times of about 6 s per superposition on a common day workstation are required. If longer run times can be afforded the accuracy increases significantly. RIGFIT is part of the flexible superposition software FLEXS which can be accessed on the WWW [http:/(/)cartan.gmd.de/FlexS].
Graph Grammars, Insertion Lie Algebras, and Quantum Field Theory

Graph grammars extend the theory of formal languages in order to model distributed parallelism in theoretical computer science. We show here that to certain classes of context-free and context-sensitive graph grammars one can associate a Lie algebra, whose structure is reminiscent of the insertion Lie algebras of quantum field theory. We also show that the Feynman graphs of quantum field theories are graph languages generated by a theory dependent graph grammar.
Hamiltonian torus actions on symplectic orbifolds and toric varieties

In the first part of the paper, we build a foundation for further work on Hamiltonian actions on symplectic orbifolds. Most importantly we prove the orbifold versions of the abelian connectedness and convexity theorems. In the second half, we prove that compact symplectic orbifolds with completely integrable torus actions are classified by convex simple rational polytopes with a positive integer attached to each facet and that all such orbifolds are algebraic toric varieties.
A new look at causal independence

Heckerman (1993) defined causal independence in terms of a set of temporal conditional independence statements. These statements formalized certain types of causal interaction where (1) the effect is independent of the order that causes are introduced and (2) the impact of a single cause on the effect does not depend on what other causes have previously been applied. In this paper, we introduce art equivalent a temporal characterization of causal independence based on a functional representation of the relationship between causes and the effect. In this representation, the interaction between causes and effect can be written as a nested decomposition of functions. Causal independence can be exploited by representing this decomposition in the belief network, resulting in representations that are more efficient for inference than general causal models. We present empirical results showing the benefits of a causal-independence representation for belief-network inference.
FISSION OF MEDIUM WEIGHT ELEMENTS

The fission reaction has been observed with high energy accelerator projectiles for elements as light as tantalum but has not been reported for medium weight elements. The present note presents evidence for the occurrence of reactions which are probably most properly described by the term 'fission' and which seem to occur with very small yield throughout the region where this type of reaction is only slightly exoergic or even endoergic with respect to mass balance. In the course of detailed investigation of the spallation of copper and the variation of the product yields with energy of the bombarding particle the threshold for formation of radioactive Cl{sup 38} (38-minute half-life) from elemental studied. The energetically most economical way in which Cl{sup 38} might be spallation reactions is by emission from the bombarded copper nucleus of nucleons in groups such as alpha-particles instead of single nucleons 0 The energetic requirements for the reaction Cu{sup 63}(p,pn6a)Cl{sup 38}, in which the maximum number of alpha-particles are emitted, include (1) the mass difference between the reactants and the products and (2) the excitation energy which the alpha-particles must have in order to pass over the coulombic barrier, Since the reaction is endoergic with respect tomore » atomic masses, about 50 Mev must be supplied by the impinging proton to make up the mass difference. If the alpha-particles are considered as coming out consecutively, a value of about 50 Mev can be obtained for the coulombic requirement and thus the threshold for this spallation reaction is roughly 100 Mev.« less
Stabilization of U5+ in Rb4U4P4Se26. An actinide compound with a mixed selenophosphate/polyselenide framework and ion-exchange properties

The advancement of the polychalcophosphate flux technique in recent years has resulted in many novel quaternary thiophosphate and selenophosphate compounds. Here we report the Rb{sub 4}U{sub 4}P{sub 4}Se{sub 26}, a novel three-dimensional, ion-exchange material containing the rare U{sup 5+} ion. Pentavalent uranium compounds are relatively scarce because of uranium`s strong tendency to disproportionate to U{sup 4+} and U{sup 6+}. Therefore, they are of fundamental importance since U{sup 5+} has the simplest 5f-electron configuration [Rn]5f{sup 1}, and are useful in understanding the behavior of the electrons of actinide ions. 20 refs., 2 figs.