cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issues and Problems of the Urban University.

The concept of the urban university attuned to the needs of the metropolitan area in which it lives and dedicated to serving that population has existed for some time. Yet, many unresolved feeling and issues about affiliation with this type of institution still exist for some university officials and faculty members. To fulfill its mission as an urban university, an institution must be willing to evaluate its existing operational procedures and programs. Special emphasis in the evaluation process needs to focus upon instructional activities, faculty concerns, student services, and public service to the community. Special attention to these areas will produce an urban university with the potential of exerting a tremendous positive impact on both the student and the community it serves.
GABA receptor subunit distribution and FMRP–mGluR5 signaling abnormalities in the cerebellum of subjects with schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABAergic receptor abnormalities have been documented in several major psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. Abnormal expression of mRNA and protein for multiple GABA receptors has also been observed in multiple brain regions leading to alterations in the balance between excitatory/inhibitory signaling in the brain with potential profound consequences for normal cognition and maintenance of mood and perception. Altered expression of GABAA receptor subunits has been documented in fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) knockout mice, suggesting that loss of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), impacts GABAA subunit expression. Recent postmortem studies from our laboratory have shown reduced expression of FMRP in the brains of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and autism. FMRP acts as a translational repressor and, under normal conditions, inhibits metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-mediated signaling. In fragile X syndrome (FXS), the absence of FMRP is hypothesized to lead to unregulated mGluR5 signaling, ultimately resulting in the behavioral and intellectual impairments associated with this disorder. Our laboratory has identified changes in mGluR5 expression in autism, schizophrenia, and mood disorders. In the current review article, we discuss our postmortem data on GABA receptors, FMRP, and mGluR5 levels and compare our results with other laboratories. Finally, we discuss the interactions between these molecules and the potential for new therapeutic interventions that target these interconnected signaling systems.
Characterization of a segmented double-stranded RNA virus in Drosophila Kc cells

Drosophila Kc cells contain a series of RNA fragments ranging in size from 980 to 4600 bp. The fragments copurify with a virus-like nucleoprotein particle which has a density of 1.384 g/cm3 and is a 62 nm diameter icosahedron. There are 11-13 double stranded RNAs in the particles; they are not homologous with either cultured cell or embryo genomic DNA. The particle also contains a minimum of seven polypeptides, three of which are major, and all of which continue to be synthesized in Kc cells in heat shock when normal cellular protein synthesis is shut down. This virus-like particle occurs in large enough amounts in Kc cells to confuse molecular and physiological studies, however the cells continue to multiply in its presence.
Methods of calculating engineering parameters for gas separations

A group additivity method has been generated which makes it possible to estimate, from the structural formulas alone, the energy of vaporization and the molar volume at 25 C of many nonpolar organic liquids. From these two parameters and appropriate thermodynamic relationships it is then possible to predict the vapor pressure of the liquid phase and the solubility of various gases in nonpolar organic liquids. The data are then used to evaluate organic and some inorganic liquids for use in gas separation stages or as heat exchange fluids in prospective thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production.
Computation of Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Two-Pass Square Channels by a Reynolds Stress Model

A multiblock numerical method has been employed for the calculation of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in rotating two-pass square channels with smooth walls. The finite-analytic method solves Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with a near-wall second-order Reynolds stress (second-moment) closure model and a two-layer k–e isotropic eddy viscosity model. Comparison of second-moment and two-layer calculations with experimental data clearly demonstrate that the secondary flows in rotating two-pass channels have been strongly influenced by the Reynolds stress anisotropy resulting from the Coriolis and centrifugal buoyancy forces as well as the 180° wall curvatures. The near-wall second-moment closure model provides the most reliable heat transfer predictions which agree well with measured data.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
In vivo imaging of inflammatory responses by photoacoustics using cell-targeted gold nanorods (GNR) as contrast agent

Cardiovascular inflammatory activity was imaged in vivo. Inflammation is known to be a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging was employed using bio-conjugated gold nanorods (GNR) as a contrast agent. A mouse model based on vascular endothelium injury by a photochemical reaction of Rose Bengal (RB) dye to green light laser was used. Following a mid-line laparotomy under an approved animal protocol, anti-ICAM-1 conjugated GNR was injected through the dorsal penile vein followed by RB injection through the same vein. The inferior vena cava immediately distal to the renal veins of a C57BL/6 mouse was exposed to the green light laser for 10 minutes. The peak absorption of GNR was tuned to be 700 nm to minimize possible background absorption by blood and RB. The stability of GNR in the blood plasma was tested in vitro. Photoacoustic images were obtained through an ultrasound gel pouch in the mouse abdomen using a commercial ultrasound probe to evaluate inflammatory changes to the vascular endothelium, confirmed by histology. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo photoacoustic imaging by a commercial ultrasound scanner of inflammation using GNR as a contrast agent.
New highly stable dimeric 3-deoxyanthocyanidin pigments from sorghum bicolor leaf sheath.

The growing interest in natural alternatives to synthetic petroleum-based dyes for food applications necessitates looking at nontraditional sources of natural colors. Certain sorghum varieties accumulate large amounts of poorly characterized pigments in their nongrain tissue. We used High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectroscopy to characterize sorghum leaf sheath pigments and measured the stability of isolated pigments in the presence of bisulfite at pH 1.0 to 7.0 over a 4-wk period. Two new 3-deoxyanthocyanidin compounds were identified: apigeninidin-flavene dimer and apigenin-7-O-methylflavene dimer. The dimeric molecules had near identical UV-Vis absorbance profiles at pH 1.0 to 7.0, with no obvious sign of chalcone or quinoidal base formation even at the neutral pH, indicating unusually strong resistance to hydrophilic attack. The dimeric 3-deoxyanthocyanidins were also highly resistant to nucleophilic attack by SO2; for example, apigeninidin-flavene dimer lost less than 20% of absorbance, compared to apigeninidin monomer, which lost more than 80% of absorbance at λmax within 1 h in the presence of SO2. The increased molecular complexity of the dimeric 3-deoxyanthocyanidins compared to their monomers may be responsible for their unusual stability in the presence of bisulfite; these compounds present new interesting opportunities for food applications.
Comparing the efficiencies of hydrazide labels in the study of protein carbonylation in human serum albumin

In this work, we establish a methodology for comparing the efficiencies of different hydrazide labels for detecting protein carbonyls. We have chosen acrolein-modified human serum albumin as a model. This system provides a convenient means of reproducibly generating carbonylated protein. Five hydrazide-based labels were tested. Three carry a biotin affinity tag, and the others are simple fatty acid hydrazides. For the biotin-based labels, the yield of the labeling reaction varies considerably, and the most commonly used label, biotin hydrazide, gives the lowest yield. The total tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectrum counts of modified peptides are similar for all of the biotin-based tags, indicating that factors beyond the labeling efficiency are important in determining the effectiveness of the label. In addition, there is a large variation in the number of spectra obtained for specific, modified peptides depending on the nature of the labeling group. This variation implies that the relative detectability of a particular modification site is highly dependent on the tagging reagent, and more importantly, titration schemes aimed at identifying the most reactive site based on its threshold concentration will be biased by the choice of tagging reagent. The fatty acid hydrazides are somewhat more effective than the biotin-based hydrazides in generating identifiable MS/MS spectra but offer no opportunity for enrichment. For the biotin-based tags, avidin affinity chromatography was used with the tryptic digests, and each tag led to similar enrichment levels.
The Effects of Displacement On Measures of Reemployment Bonus Impacts

Evaluations of the impacts of government employment and training programs on workers have generally followed a strategy whereby the labor market outcomes of workers who receive program services are compared with the outcomes of workers who do not receive program services. Differences in outcomes are then attributed to the effects of receiving services. This article examines the problem of measuring the impacts of reemployment bonuses when treatment group members and control group members interact in the labor market. It is shown that the conventional measure of bonus impacts — the difference in average time spent unemployed of the treatment group and control group — may significantly overestimate the net impact of the bonus offer, and that measuring the net impact correctly requires the presence of another control group that is not affected by the bonus program. It is also shown that measured impacts from previous bonus experiments may have been due entirely to displacement, but the designs of these exper...
Nicodermal patch adherence and its correlates.

The patch adherence behavior of 101 smokers receiving 8 weeks of the nicodermal patch was examined while undergoing one of three levels of adjunctive psychosocial treatment. Additionally, regression analyses were undertaken to: (1) identify subject variables predictive of patch adherence and (2) to determine the predictive validity of patch treatment dropout, smoking and patch adherence during patch treatment to smoking 9 and 26 weeks post-treatment entry. Fifty-five percent of the patients wore the patch as prescribed for at least 50 of 56 treatment days. A multiple regression model including the Fagerstrom severity of dependence score, psychosocial treatment group, and the URICA commitment score predicted 18% of the variance in days of patch use. All treatment dropouts were found to be smoking at followup. Although both smoking and low patch compliance during treatment were significant predictors subjects of week 9 and 26 smoking for the remaining subjects, at the individual variable level of analysis, only smoking during treatment predicted week 9 and 26 outcomes in a two-variable predictor model.
Determination of 6-N-trimethyllysine in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A method for determination of 6-N-trimethyllysine in urine is described. Trimethyllysine and the chemically analogous 6-N-triethyllysine internal standard were isolated from aqueous samples by microcolumn ion-exclusion chromatography. The specimens were derivatized by reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and reaction byproducts extracted by organic solvents. The trimethyllysine and internal standard derivatives were separated easily from other sample constituents by reversed-phase paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection at 405 nm. Standard curves were linear over a sample concentration range of 10–150 nmol/ml; the detection limit corresponded with 0.1 nmol trimethyllysine injected into the chromatograph. The procedure was used for determination of trimethyllysine in human urine.
Semicrystalline microfibrils and hollow fibres by precipitation with a compressed-fluid antisolvent

Solutions of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in dimethylformamide (DMF) sprayed into supercritical fluid carbon dioxide form hollow fibres and highly oriented microfibrils (< 1 μm diameter). In the dilute region, microfibrils are produced with diameters as low as 100 nm due to the dipole-dipole forces, in contrast with microspheres produced from solutions of polystyrene (PS) in toluene. For PAN microfibrils, orientation increases with shear, then goes through a maximum and eventually decreases at higher flow rates due to an expanding jet. The concentration for the transition from microfibrils to a single hollow fibre is in agreement with the calculated transition concentration from the dilute to semidilute region, C∗. In the semidilute region, the morphology changes from hollow fibres to highly oriented fibrils with an increase in flow rate. The increase in turbulence enhances convective mass transport, leading to more uniform nucleation throughout the cross-section of the jet, favouring the highly oriented fibrils. The enhanced transport of CO2 into the jet lowers the solvent quality, raising C∗, which further favours fibril formation. For both PAN-DMF and PS-toluene solutions, the transition from highly oriented microfibrils to hollow fibres occurs at about 3C∗ (in a good solvent), suggesting some similarities in the mass-transfer pathways in each system.
Principal component histograms from interval-valued observations

The focus of this paper is to propose an approach to construct histogram values for the principal components of interval-valued observations. Le-Rademacher and Billard (J Comput Graph Stat 21:413---432, 2012) show that for a principal component analysis on interval-valued observations, the resulting observations in principal component space are polytopes formed by the convex hulls of linearly transformed vertices of the observed hyper-rectangles. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to translate these polytopes into histogram-valued data to provide numerical values for the principal components to be used as input in further analysis. Other existing methods of principal component analysis for interval-valued data construct the principal components, themselves, as intervals which implicitly assume that all values within an observation are uniformly distributed along the principal components axes. However, this assumption is only true in special cases where the variables in the dataset are mutually uncorrelated. Representation of the principal components as histogram values proposed herein more accurately reflects the variation in the internal structure of the observations in a principal component space. As a consequence, subsequent analyses using histogram-valued principal components as input result in improved accuracy.
Alternative characterization of ergodicity for doubly stochastic chains

In this paper we discuss the ergodicity of stochastic and doubly stochastic chains. We define absolute infinite flow property and show that this property is necessary for ergodicity of any stochastic chain. The proof is constructive and makes use of a rotational transformation, which we introduce and study. We then focus on doubly stochastic chains for which we prove that the absolute infinite flow property and ergodicity are equivalent. The proof of this result makes use of a special decomposition of a doubly stochastic matrix, as given by Birkhoff-von Neumann theorem. Finally, we show that a backward product of doubly stochastic matrices is convergent up to a permutation sequence and, as a result, the set of accumulation points of such a product is finite.
Conceptual Design Knowledge Management and the Semantic Web

The early stages of engineering design are critical, as the decisions made at this point have the most impact on the final product. However, little software is available to support engineers during the initial, conceptual design phase. In addition, at this and all other stages of design, engineers are increasingly tasked with utilizing unwieldy collections of data such as databases of legacy designs and catalogs. This work addresses both of these issues. A conceptual design interface with several advancements crucial to industrial deployment is developed and used to aid design. Among these are provisions for real-time collaboration and security. A representation of mechanical devices based on intended function is developed and used by the conceptual design interface to capture design semantics. This representation is defined using a description logic, enabling automated reasoning. The descriptions created using the conceptual design interface can thus be employed to annotate designs, create search queries, and to organize collections of designs. Further, this work incorporates Semantic Web technology, enabling conceptual design knowledge to be published and accessed effectively on the World Wide Web. New applications of design repositories are made possible by this but new issues must be investigated and addressed, as discussed here.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Non-invasive recording of limbic spindles in man.

Abstract Nasopharyngeal (NP) EEG recordings were performed in 61 subjects, ages 14–71 years. Nine subjects exhibited respiration-related spindling activity in the NP electrodes, usually during slow wave sleep. This spindling activity is thought to originate in the cortex overlying the medial amygdala. Previously recorded only with depth electrodes, its appearance in NP recordings indicates that it is accessible to non-ivasive recording techniques.
Differences in mitotic cycle in various tissues of Vicia faba roots as revealed by 5-amino uracil synchronization of cell division

Abstract Longitudinal sections of lateral roots of Vicia faba, pre-treated with 5-amino uracil, were analyzed for the appearance of areas of synchronized cell division. The first evidence of a recovery from the inhibitory effect of amino uracil is seen in the pre-cortical tissues proximal to the root initials. This zone of cell division moves distally toward the apex. Cell division begins in the central cylinder later than in the cortex and moves distally to the pole, ultimately including all the apex except for a small field of interphase cells in the quiescent center.
Assessing performance of Internet services on IPv6

The exhaustion of the IPv4 address space significantly increases the urgency for transitions to IPv6. Since native IPv6 support is not yet ubiquitous, a major concern of users and service providers (e.g., Facebook, Google, etc.) is that end-to-end performance via IPv6 could be substantially worse than IPv4. In this paper, we develop an analysis method and framework that matches DNS rendezvous information to flows so that we can compare and contrast performance over both protocols for a variety of Internet services. Our initial analyses focus on the basic services that are accessed using both protocols, observed client behaviors, and a presentation of performance characteristics of services using both IPv4 and IPv6. Our objective is to detect and expose differences by passive measurement without access to application traffic payloads. To demonstrate our method, we present results of an empirical feasibility study that considers the issue of Internet services performance over IPv6. Our study uses data collected on the World IPv6 Day, including both DNS requests/responses and flow export records for dual-stack hosts operating at a large research university. Our results expose various performance characteristics of Internet services that support IPv6: (1) Robust measures of services' flow bit rate distributions vary significantly by time of day, by number of active local clients, and by IP protocol version (6 or 4). (2) These rate characteristics differ amongst services. (3) There are regimes of time in which IPv6 flow bit rates exceed those of IPv4 and others where the IPv4 flow rates exceed those of IPv6.
Tratamiento percutáneo de una fístula reno-cava a insuficiencia cardíaca por hiperaflujo

Un hombre de 67 anos en dialisis acudio al servicio de cardiologia con empeoramiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca con gasto elevado y durante el examen se aprecio un soplo abdominal severo del lado derecho. Habia sido sometido a varias laparotomias en relacion a un apunalamiento ocurrido 7 anos antes. Una tomografia computarizada revelo pseudoaneurismas en la arteria renal derecha con una fistula a vena cava. Una embolizacion percutanea satisfactoria con coil y adhesion con cianoacrilato permitieron que la fistula cerrase sin que se produjese infarto renal. Los sintomas de insuficiencia cardiaca se resolvieron en ultima instancia con el tratamiento. El cierre endovascular constituye una estrategia eficaz y minimamente invasiva para tratar fistulas complicadas que afectan a los vasos renales.
On the reduction of the Wallman compactification problem to discrete spaces

Abstract If Hausdorff compactifications of discrete spaces are Wallman, then all Hausdorff compactifications are Wallman. This shows the set-theoretic nature of the problem.
Social Discrimination in the Corporate Elite: : How Status Affects the Propensity for Minority CEOs to Receive Blame for Low Firm Performance.

This study examines social discrimination in the attributions that top executives make about the performance of other firms with minority CEOs in their communications with journalists. Drawing from...
A COURSE UNBROKEN: THE CONSTITUTIONAL LEGITIMACY OF THE DORMANT COMMERCE CLAUSE

The dormant Commerce Clause, though a longstanding feature of American constitutional law, is of dubious legitimacy. Or so some argue (and many have come to believe). The Clause is the target of frequent attack by justices and commentators, usually of an originalist bent. They claim the Clause is without textual support, has “no basis” in Founding - era history, and is the platform for an unjustified intrusion of the federal judiciary into the affairs of the states. But they’re wrong. This Article provides a comprehensive response to the dormant Commerce Clause Skeptics from an historical and originalist perspective. Far from lacking legitimacy, the Clause has deep roots in Founding history. It addresses one of the central problems that drew the Framers to the Philadelphia Convention, and it employs the very device for reviewing state legislation the Framers preferred, judicial review. From a historical perspective, the Court’s modern dormant Commerce Clause doctrine is actually far more respectful of state authority than the understanding of the Clause likely held at the time of the Framing. But looking with presentist eyes, the Skeptics miss this entirely. The story of the dormant Commerce Clause is one of many twists and turns, nearly inscrutable doctrine, and political manipulations. But no matter what other problems the doctrine may suffer, its fundamental legitimacy is not among them.
Filming a terrain under uncertainty using temporal and probabilistic reasoning

We address the problem of interpreting sensor data under uncertainty, using tempora.l and spatial context to facilitate the identification of objects. We seek to identify the type of an object presented in an ambiguous image by reasoning about conditional probabilities and the possible movements objects can make. A conditional probability (that an object is of a certain type given that some of its properties have been recognized) is used in conflict resolution, and an object is assigned an alternative type when an impossible movement is detected. Think of a map as being a frame and a sequence of frames as being a film. The idea is to construct a consistent and plausible (coherent and highly probable) film in which an object of one type does not mysteriously change into an object of another type.
Varietal differences in allelopathic potential of common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

The utilization of allelopathic plants has been receiving worldwide attention because it could reduce application of herbicides. Buckwheat is one of those plants with a high allelopathic potential. The genetic variability of allelopathic potential has been described in, e.g. rice, lucerne and wheat. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of varieties on the allelopathic potential of common buckwheat. Three varieties of common buckwheat of different origins were tested. Varietal differences were evaluated through biotests with aqueous extracts of both fresh and dried plant parts of buckwheat (leaves, stems, roots). Varietal differences in allelopathic potential of common buckwheat were found in extracts from all plant parts. The strength of the allelopathic potential was dependent upon treatment (fresh or dried material) and conditions within the given year. Rutin, the main flavonoid of buckwheat, probably plays an important function in the allelopathic potential of buckwheat biomass and it is the possible reason of varietal differences.
A Sustainability Initiative to Quantify Carbon Sequestration by Campus Trees

Abstract Over 3,900 trees on a university campus were inventoried by an instructor-led team of geography undergraduates in order to quantify the carbon sequestration associated with biomass growth. The setting of the project is described, together with its logistics, methodology, outcomes, and benefits. This hands-on project provided a team of students with several learning opportunities including an introduction to carbon sequestration, basic arboriculture, field-based measurements, mapping, geographic information systems, and biogeography concepts. A GIS geodatabase was produced containing information on tree location, species, size, biomass, carbon content, and annual CO2 sequestration, which was later customized for integration into campus facilities management.
SoDA2: a Hidden Markov Model approach for identification of immunoglobulin rearrangements

Motivation: The inference of pre-mutation immunoglobulin (Ig) rearrangements is essential in the study of the antibody repertoires produced in response to infection, in B-cell neoplasms and in autoimmune disease. Often, there are several rearrangements that are nearly equivalent as candidates for a given Ig gene, but have different consequences in an analysis. Our aim in this article is to develop a probabilistic model of the rearrangement process and a Bayesian method for estimating posterior probabilities for the comparison of multiple plausible rearrangements. Results: We have developed SoDA2, which is based on a Hidden Markov Model and used to compute the posterior probabilities of candidate rearrangements and to find those with the highest values among them. We validated the software on a set of simulated data, a set of clonally related sequences, and a group of randomly selected Ig heavy chains from Genbank. In most tests, SoDA2 performed better than other available software for the task. Furthermore, the output format has been redesigned, in part, to facilitate comparison of multiple solutions. Availability: SoDA2 is available online at https://hippocrates.duhs.duke.edu/soda. Simulated sequences are available upon request. Contact: ude.ekud@relpek
Outcomes of less invasive J-incision approach to aortic valve surgery

Objective Less invasive approaches to aortic valve surgery are increasingly used; however, few studies have investigated their impact on outcome. We sought to compare clinical outcomes after these approaches with full sternotomy using propensity-matching methods. Methods From January 1995 to January 2004, a total of 2689 patients underwent isolated aortic valve surgery, 1193 via upper J-hemisternotomy and 1496 via full sternotomy. Because of important differences in patient characteristics between these groups, a propensity score based on 42 variables was used to obtain 832 well-matched patient pairs (70% of possible cases). Results In-hospital mortality was identical for propensity-matched patients, 0.96% (8 in each). Occurrences of stroke ( P > .9), renal failure ( P = .8), and myocardial infarction ( P = .7) were similar. However, 24-hour mediastinal drainage was a third less after less invasive surgery (median, 250 vs 350 mL; P .0001), and fewer patients received transfusions (24% vs 34%; P .0001). More patients undergoing less invasive surgery were extubated in the operating room (12% vs 1.6%; P .0001), postoperative forced 1-second expiratory volume was higher ( P = .009), and fewer had respiratory failure ( P = .01). Early after operation, pain scores were lower ( P .0001) after less-invasive surgery and postoperative length of stay shorter ( P 0001). Conclusions Within that portion of the spectrum of isolated aortic valve surgery where propensity matching was possible, minimally invasive aortic valve surgery had not only cosmetic advantages, but blood product use, respiratory, pain, and resource utilization advantages over full sternotomy, and no apparent detriments. Less invasive aortic valve surgery should be considered for most aortic valve operations.
Acute effects of 17β-estradiol on myocardial pH, Na+, and Ca2+ and ischemia-reperfusion injury

Evidence suggests that 1) ischemia-reperfusion injury is due largely to cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation resulting from functional coupling of Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCE) with stimulated Na+/H+ exchange (NH...
The Hinge Areas for Urban Regeneration in Seaside Cities: the High Line in Manhattan, NYC

Aim of this paper is to reflect on how cities, which are growing on the coast and are rediscovering their waterfront, can represent a privileged laboratory to wonder about the destiny of the modern metropolis, through the identification of innovative models of development, through the assumption of the sea as a full of opportunities horizon, a sort of epicenter of a new movement going from the coast to the inner part of the city. That means carrying out regeneration processes in which cities, starting from their maritime culture, realize complete and shared urban transformations. Thus, in continuation of cities’ maritime tradition, integrated transformations aimed at environmental, economic and social development have been carried out by involving several actors and resources, with consequences on the whole urban environment and not only on the narrow coastline.Therefore, the work should be done not only on the narrow line of waterfront, but in a way to involve also the remaining part of the city by redesigning the hinge areas which represent a connection between waterfront and city with its community. In this paper it is showed the case study of the requalification, demanded from the local community, of the High Line in New York, an elevated Railroad placed in residual spaces between sea and city. It represents one of the best practices of regeneration of hinge areas integrated in the waterfronts redevelopment policy and regeneration of the city reached with participation of the urban community.
Sensitivity of Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum from Forest Nurseries to Mefenoxam and Fosetyl-Al, and Control of Pythium Damping-off

Weiland, J. E., Santamaria, L., and Grunwald, N. J. 2014. Sensitivity of Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum from forest nurseries to mefenoxam and fosetyl-Al, and control of Pythium damping-off. Plant Dis. 98:937-942. Mefenoxam and fosetyl-Al are common fungicides used to supplement disease control of Pythium damping-off and root rot in forest nurseries of the western United States. However, it is unknown whether fungicide-resistant Pythium isolates are present or whether new fungicide and biological treatments might also provide supplemental disease control. Isolates of Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum from three forest nurseries were evaluated for in vitro sensitivity to mefenoxam and fosetyl-Al. A greenhouse study was also conducted to assess efficacy of fungicide and biological treatments in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings inoculated with Pythium dissotocum, P. irregulare, and P. ‘vipa’. P. irregulare was approximately three times less sensitive to mefenoxam (0.20 µg/ml) than P. sylvaticum (0.06 µg/ml) and P. ultimum (0.06 µg/ml), and two resistant isolates of P. ultimum were identified (≥311 µg/ml). All three Pythium spp. were similarly sensitive to fosetyl-Al (1,256 to 1,508 µg/ml) and no resistant isolates were found. In the disease control efficacy trial, both fosetylAl and phosphorous acid consistently provided good protection against damping-off caused by P. dissotocum, P. irregulare, and P. ‘vipa’. Other treatments, including mefenoxam, also provided good or intermediate protection but efficacy depended upon which Pythium sp. was used. Growers should consider rotating mefenoxam use with other fungicide chemistries or biological treatments to prevent further development and spread of mefenoxam-resistant isolates.
In vivo validation of the BOLD mechanism: a review of signal changes in gradient echo functional MRI in the presence of flow

Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) is possible because of local changes in blood flow and oxygenation levels. Understanding the role of each mechanism is important for interpreting FMRI results as well as for the design of the experiment itself. In this review, we address the role of flow and blood oxygen level dependence (BOLD) and how they can be used in conjunction with each other to enhance the BOLD effect. We also discuss the role of intra/extravascular signal changes in the presence of a vessel for the imaging situation and show how the ratio of these two contributions is likely to change as the blood volume fraction changes. Using the BOLD model itself, along with 3-D phase imaging, we show that blood oxygenation level in veins in vivo is Y = 0.544 ± 0.029 as measured in 14 vessels in five subjects. Finally, we comment on the use of phase images themselves as a means to discriminate tissues with different levels of blood such as gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid.
Multi-pattern signature matching for hardware network intrusion detection systems

Network intrusion detection system (NIDS) performs deep inspections on the packet payload to identify, deter and contain the malicious attacks over the Internet. It needs to perform exact matching on multi-pattern signatures in real time. In this paper we introduce an efficient data structure called extended Bloom filter (EBF) and the corresponding algorithm to perform the multi-pattern signature matching. We also present a technique to support long signature matching so that we need only to maintain a limited number of supported signature lengths for the EBFs. We show that at reasonable hardware cost we can achieve very fast and almost time-deterministic exact matching for thousands of signatures. The architecture takes the advantages of embedded multi-port memories in FPGAs and can be used to build a full-featured hardware-based NIDS.
Evaluation of litter material and ventilation systems in poultry production: III. litter reuse, darkling beetle populations and intestinal parasites

It was evaluated the quality of rice husks or soybean straw as litter substrate and the effect of litter reuse for four consecutive flocks of broiler chickens on populations of darkling beetle and intestinal parasite and as organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried out in four 12 m × 10 m poultry houses, internally divided in 4 boxes/poultry house with 200 birds/pen for four consecutive flocks, each flock with a duration of 42 days and with a 15-day downtime between flocks. The evaluated treatments were two ventilation systems (stationary or oscillating fans) and two litter materials (soybean straw or rice husks). Darkling beetle population was followed by collecting the insects in traps, three traps per box, and endoparasite litter contamination was determined by eggs/oocyst counts per gram of litter. Levels of dry matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, organic carbon and pH were evaluated by physical/chemical analyses of samples of the litters in each flock. Overall, litters of broilers used by three flocks meet the minimal legal requirements to be marketed as simple organic fertilizer, regardless to the material used as substrate. Soybean straw presented higher darkling beetle counts in stationary ventilation system as well as in oscillating ventilation system. The probability of rice husks litter present contamination by Eimeria spp oocysts is 18.78 times higher in rice husks than in soybean straw litter when both are submitted to oscillating ventilation, and 1.32 higher when stationary ventilation is used. Litter temperature does not influence significantly levels of contamination by oocysts.
Assessment of Parenting Stress Related to Treatment and Management of a Child With Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency Identified by Newborn Screening

Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, the most common defect in β-oxidation of fatty acids, occurs in approximately 1 in 15 000 live births. With the disorder, intolerance to fasting, impaired ketogenesis, and hypoglycemic coma may lead to metabolic crisis and/or irreversible neurological impairment. Although most states now test newborns for MCAD, few publications address treatment of children with MCAD deficiency or the stress parents may experience in caring for their children. Parents of all children with MCAD deficiency identified by newborn screening and followed by the Biochemical Genetics Clinic in Washington State were surveyed via a questionnaire specific to MCAD to determine treatment and management practices and were given the Parenting Stress Index—Short Form questionnaire. Seventy-eight percent (n = 11) of eligible parents responded. The mean parenting stress score among respondents (60) was significantly lower (P = .01) than were normative levels for the US population (71)....
Chlamydia trachomatis Laboratory Strains versus Recent Clinical Isolates: Implications for Routine Microbicide Testing

A topical microbicide that women can use to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is essential, and many microbicide candidates are being tested for activity against human immunodeficiency virus and other STDs, including Chlamydia trachomatis. Screening assays for assessing the activity of microbicides against C. trachomatis are typically done with laboratory-adapted strains, but it is possible that recent clinical isolates may have different susceptibilities to microbicides, as has been seen with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Lactobacillus spp. (B. J. Moncla and S. L. Hillier, Sex. Transm. Dis. 32:491-494, 2005). We utilized three types of microbicides to help define this aspect of our assay to test microbicides against C. trachomatis in vitro. To simulate conditions of transmission, we used an assay that we previously developed in which we exposed chlamydial elementary bodies to microbicides prior to contact with epithelial cells. We first determined the toxicity of microbicides to the cells used to culture Chlamydia trachomatis in the assay and, if necessary, modified the assay to eliminate toxicity at the concentrations tested. We compared the sensitivities of recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis versus laboratory strains of the same serovar and found major differences in sensitivity to nonoxynol-9 (non-9), but only minor differences were seen with the other microbicides. We thus conclude that when assessing activity of potential topical microbicides versus the obligate intracellular bacteria C. trachomatis, the use of recent clinical isolates may not be necessary to draw a conclusion about a microbicide's effectiveness. However, it is important to keep in mind that differences (like those seen with non-9) are possible and that clinical isolates could be included in later stages of testing.
Sea surface topography fields of the tropical Pacific from data assimilation

Time series of maps of monthly tropical Pacific dynamic topography anomalies from 1979 through 1985 were constructed by means of assimilation of the tide gauge and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data into a linear model driven by observed winds. Estimates of error statistics were calculated and compared to actual differences between hindcasts and observations. Four experiements were performed as follows: one with no assimilation, one with assimiation of sea level anomaly data from eight selected island tide gauge stations, one with assimilation of dynamic height anomalies derived from XBT data, and one with both XBT and tide gauge data assimilated. Data from seven additional tide gauge stations were withheld from the assimilation process and used for verification in all four experiements. Statistical objective maps based on data alone were also constructed for comparison purposes. The dynamic response of the model without assimilation was, in general, weaker than the observed response. Assimilation resulted in enhanced signal amplitude in all three assimilation experiments. With few exceptions the error estimated generated by the Kalman filter appeared quite reasonable. Since the error processes cannot be assumed to be white or stationary, we could find no straightforward way to test the formal statistical hypothesis that the time series of differences between the filter ouput and the actual observations were drawn from a population with statistics given by the Kalman filter estimaes. We found that the best filter we could devise was still short of the goal of producing a white innovation sequence. Extensive changes in the assumed error statistics make only marginal differences. The same is true for long time and space scale behavior of different models with richer physics and finer resolution. Better data assimilation results will probably require relaxation of the assumptions of stationarity and serial independence of the errors. Formation of such detailed noise models will require longer time series, with the attendant problems of matching very different data sets.
Sequencing efforts help to refine the molecular classification of breast cancer.

Gene-expression studies of patients with breast cancer demonstrated that tumors can be organized into subtypes on the basis of patterns of gene expression that differ in clinical outcome. Importantly, successes that have been achieved in the treatment of breast cancer are in part because of this fundamental appreciation that breast cancer does not represent a single pathologic entity. Depending on the genes and pathways responsible for driving a specific subtype, the therapeutic approaches should be and are significantly different. These transcriptional profiling studies have led to the identification of four clinically useful major molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, triple-negative/basal-like and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) type. However, recent studies using high-throughput sequencing techniques to profile DNA and RNA in breast cancer samples suggest that the heterogeneity of breast cancer is actually much larger than initially anticipated [1–3]. Massively parallel sequencing has brought a new level of genomic resolution and now not only provides us with a more comprehensive picture of breast cancer’s genetic diversity, but also suggests the need for a refined tumor classification. Over the last year, multiple articles have been
The phosphatidylserine receptors, T cell immunoglobulin mucin proteins 3 and 4, are markers of histiocytic sarcoma and other histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms

The T cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) proteins are a family of cell surface phosphatidyserine receptors that are important for the recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Because TIM-4 is expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells in human tissue, we examined its expression in a range of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms and found moderate to strong immunohistochemical staining in cases of juvenile xanthogranuloma and histiocytic sarcoma, and lower level staining in interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, acute monocytic leukemia (leukemia cutis), and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (hematodermic tumor). TIM-3 was first described on activated TH1 cells but was recently shown to also be a phosphatidylserine receptor and mediate phagocytosis. We found TIM-3 was expressed by peritoneal macrophages, monocytes and splenic dendritic cells. We found that it, like TIM-4, is expressed in a range of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms, typically with strong immunohistochemical staining. Cases of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, metastatic malignant melanoma, and metastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma generally exhibited negative to minimal heterogenous staining for TIM-4 and TIM-3. We conclude that histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms consistently express TIM-3 and TIM-4 and that these molecules are new markers of neoplasms derived from histiocytic and dendritic cells.
Information Theoretic Optimal Broadband Matching for Communication Systems

We present an information theoretic perspective on optimal broadband matching. Most of the broadband matching and communication theory literature assumes a frequency-flat reflection coefficient. We derive the optimal capacity and matching network characteristic for a broadband system from an information theoretic view point while incorporating the broadband matching limitations. We also propose an iterative algorithm to arrive at the optimal solution. We illustrate by an example that a white characteristic for a matching network is often sub- optimal for a system with a non-white transfer function.
Second generation cholinesterase inhibitors: Effect of (L)-huperzine-A on cortical biogenic amines

L-Huperzine-A (Hup-A), a natural cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) derived from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata, was administered systemically (i.p.) or locally through the microdialysis probe into the rat cortex. Systemic Hup-A significantly increased acetylcholine (ACh) levels above baseline at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg; the increases were 54%, 129%, and 220%, respectively. Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels were also increased 121% and 129% above baseline at 0.3 mg/kg, and 143% and 153% at 0.5 mg/kg. Peak cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition was 23% at 60 min with the 0.3 mg/kg dose. Huperzine-A, perfused through the microdialysis probe, produced a maximal increase of ACh levels of 3090% and 7790% at concentrations of 5 and 50 microM. The ACh increase seen at both concentrations lasted at least 6 hr. At the 5-microM dose, NE and DA were increased by 214% and 386%; at the 50-microM dose, NE and DA were increased by 216% and 1141%. There were no changes of 5-HT levels. With local administration (via the probe), both doses produced facial-forelimb seizures that lasted throughout the perfusion. Our results show that Hup-A is a potent inhibitor of ChE which penetrates into the brain and produces a dose-dependent increase of ACh, NE, and DA in rat cortex. This effect is seen with both systemic and local intracerebral administration, suggesting cortical as well as subcortical effects of the drug.