cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Age and Gender on Deviant Behavior: A Biopsychosocial Perspective *

Age is by far the most powerful predictor of the cessation of those forms of deviant behavior that involve substantial risk and/or physically demanding behavior. Turning to the issue of gender difference in deviant behavior, one finds that no sociological theory of deviance explains why deviant behavior is primarily a male phenomenon. Labelling theory has been the most popular perspective in the area of deviance. Differential association is essentially a theory of socialization. It suggests that if persons are brought up in an environment where the dominant message is that deviant behavior is acceptable and appropriate, they will accept this view and commit deviant acts. The strong patterning of the relationship between youthful age and low points in psychological well-being, life disenchantment, anxiety, and depression provide some empirical support for applying the Durkheimian concept of anomie to the transition adolescents and young adults are undergoing.
Two-dimensional temperature field imaging in laminar sooting flames using a two-line Kr PLIF approach

A two-line Kr PLIF approach is presented for thermometry in moderately sooting flames. This technique leverages the spectral line-broadening phenomenon to choose the two excitation wavelengths whose Kr PLIF signal ratio effectively cancels out the composition dependence while retaining the temperature dependence. Furthermore, the Kr PLIF ratio for the chosen wavelengths also exhibits a monotonic trend with temperature, and span a wide range of values to ensure adequate dynamic range on the measurements. The technique is evaluated in the near field of an ethylene laminar jet flame where the peak soot loading was about $$0.15~\mathrm{ppm}$$ . Krypton gas was added in small amounts to both fuel mixture and air co-flow. Comparing the Kr PLIF fields with the LII fields showed that the main source of interference to Kr PLIF signal is from the soot interference, which contributed to a maximum of $$20-50\%$$ of the total signal at different axial locations. Interestingly, the interference from PAH molecules was observed to be less than $$1\%$$ of the total signal. The soot interference was retained during data processing to obtain an evaluation of the measurement uncertainty caused by the soot interference and the maximum soot loading that could be tolerated. The temperature in the regions away from soot layers exhibit very consistent values with literature, where the value extended from close to $$300~\mathrm{K}$$ in the fuel core and air co-flow through about $$2200~\mathrm{K}$$ in the reaction zone. The presence of soot, however, caused a noticeable depreciation in the measured temperature by about $$200~\mathrm{K}$$ at the peak sooting location. It is further noted that the mean systematic error of $$50~\mathrm{K}$$ is expected at $$f_v = 60~\mathrm{ppb}$$ . This limit is observed to be a strong function of the fractional contribution of the soot interference to the overall signal and can be substantially extended by subtracting the soot interference and using higher excitation energies.
New Altitudinal Records for, and Ecomorphic Variation in, Two Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae: Spongilla lacustris and Ephydatia muelleri) from a Colorado, USA, Alpine Lake

The primary objective of this article is to report the co-occurrence of Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus 1759) and Ephydatia muelleri (Lieberkuhn 1855) in an alpine Colorado lake whose altitude of 3580 m represents new elevation maximums for these sponges for Colorado and for the whole of North America. A secondary objective was to characterize the physicochemical conditions of the lake water. For many limnological parameters, heavy metals, and metalloids, new minimums are recorded, particularly for E. muelleri. Ecomorphic variation of atypical gemmuloscleres for E. muelleri and S. lacustris is documented with SEM micrographs. Even though all the encrusted “white colonies” of both species were <23 mm in maximum dimension, each contained mature gemmules. The presence of both species in an ultraoligotrophic lentic site indicates the sponges' ability to colonize and persist in cold, pristine, low-solute habitats.
Peanut residues supply minimal plant‐available nitrogen on a major soil series in the USA peanut basin

Field observations have shown that a substantial portion of peanut leaves abscise in windrows during pod curing, leading to an uneven distribution of leaves and stems when intact residues are spread during harvest. Possible differences in nitrogen (N) mineralization rates between peanut leaf and stem residues may lead to spatial and temporal variability in available N during subsequent crops. The objective of this study was to quantify N mineralization in soil amended with different peanut residue components under simulated conventional and conservation tillage practices. A 252‐day microlysimeter incubation was conducted in which peanut leaves, stems and a 1:1 mixture of leaves:stems from three varieties were incorporated or placed on the soil surface to simulate conventional or conservation tillage, respectively. Soils were periodically leached to assess N mineralization compared with a soil‐only control. Nitrogen mineralization was only affected by residue component. Averaged over variety and residue placement, soil amended with leaves mineralized 10% more N relative to the control or soil containing stems. It was estimated that leaves supplied 25 kg N ha⁻¹ over 252 days at 0–15 cm soil depth, which would likely be insufficient to induce a yield response by a subsequent crop. This study suggests that uneven distribution of peanut leaf and stem residues following harvest causes only minor spatial and temporal variability in available N during subsequent crop growth. These results support the growing body of evidence indicating that peanut residue N contributions to subsequent crops are negligible in the peanut basin of the south‐eastern USA.
Impact Evaluation of a Four-Year Academic-Community Partnership in Provision of Medication Management and Tertiary Prevention Services for Rural Patients With Diabetes and/or Hypertension

Abstract Medication therapy management (MTM) services, including targeted, pharmacist-delivered, tertiary prevention interventions, were provided to rural patients with chronic diseases via an academic-community partnership. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the overall program and pre/post patient outcomes from this four-year, multi-site collaboration. Five community health sites collaborated with a university-based MTM provider to deliver services in Arizona (2012–16). Eligible patients: were 18 or older (median 65 years); had a diagnosis of diabetes and/or hypertension; and resided in a rural community. Participants received an initial telephone consultation with the MTM pharmacist; follow-up consultations were conducted after 30 or 90 days for high- and low-risk patients, respectively. Community partner staff collected clinical data and addressed pharmacists’ recommendations. Descriptive analysis and bivariate analyses of pre- and post-intervention results were conducted. Most (n = 410, 70%) of the 577 participants receiving an initial and follow-up consultation with the MTM pharmacist had both diabetes and hypertension. These individuals showed statistically significant improvements in fasting blood glucose (p
AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF NEW ONSET BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK IN STEMI

Previous studies have shown that new onset bundle branch block (BBB) is associated with increased mortality in acute myocardial infarction (MI). This association seems particularly significant for right bundle branch block in ST-elevation MI (STEMI), but new onset left bundle branch block has also
Incidence, mortality and survival rates of pancreatic cancer among residents in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2002 to 2010

Objective To analyze the incidence,mortality and survival rates of pancreatic cancer in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2002 to 2010.Methods The residents in Pudong New Area of Shanghai were recruited in this study during the period 2002 ～ 2010,the incidence,mortality were calculated according to different age groups and genders.The standardized morbidity and mortality of pancreatic cancer were calculated by world standard population.Logarithmic linear regression was used to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) of incidence and mortality.The 1 ～ 5 year survival of pancreatic cancer patients was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and COX regression analysis,and the survival of patients with different TNM staging,with or without operation was determined.Results Among 3089 newly occurred pancreatic cancer cases during 2002 ～ 2010,1707 and 1382 cases were males and females,respectively,with an average age of (69 ± 12) and (73 ± 12) years old,the crude incidence for both genders was 13.32/100 000,and it was 14.71/100 000 for males,which was higher than that in females (11.93/100 000).The ratio of male and female for incidence of age standardize was 1.57:1.There were 2963 death in total,including 1627 males and 1336 females,with a crude mortality rate of 12.78/100 000.The crude mortality rate for males was 14.02/100 000,which was higher than that in females (11.53/100 000).The ratio of male and female ASR for mortality was 1.55:1.Both incidence and mortality significantly increased for males aged over 35 and females aged over 40.The peak of morbidity and mortality appeared in male over 80 years old,and in female over 85 years old.The 1 ～ 5 year survival rates of pancreatic cancer patients were 16.59％,7.31％,5.23％,4.33％ and 3.87％,respectively.The differences in 1 ～5 year survival rates between surgical and non-surgical management groups were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The median survival time of TNM 0 ～ Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ staging was (250.00 ± 33.37),(224.00 ± 15.82),(86.00 ± 4.52) d.There was a statistically significant difference among the survival of TNM-Ⅳ and TNM 0 ～ Ⅰ,TNM Ⅲ (P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions The incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in males are higher than those in females in Pudong New Area of Shanghai.The survival is associated with TNM staging at diagnosis and whether surgical operation is performed. Key words: Pancreatic neoplasms ; Epidemiologic studies ; Data collection; Incidence ; Mortality; Survival rate
Investigating the Mechanics of Human-Centered Soft Robotic Actuators with Finite Element Analysis

Increasing attention has been focused in recent years on the development and analysis of “soft” robots. Such tools can perform a variety of simple tasks in and around humans with minimal risk of injury to people and the environments in which people typically live and work. Some studies have developed computational models, such as finite element models, to compare to experimental analysis. While these models generally show strong agreement with experiments, there has been little use of models to investigate modeling assumptions, buckling behavior, or design spaces. This paper seeks to address these opportunities and challenges through finite element analysis (FEA) of a particular type of soft actuators known as Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosures (FREEs), both individually and in modules. The FREEs studied in this work are fabricated from thin-walled latex tubes with helically wound cotton fibers at particular angles relative to the tube. Our results suggest that elastomer material behavior can be better described with an Ogden rather than neo-Hookean material model at large deformations and by modeling fibers with 1D truss elements. Additionally, the material properties of the elastomer were found to greatly influence FREE extension, expansion, and rotation (with strains in excess of 25%), while changes to fiber stiffness resulted in negligible differences in deformation. The implications of these results are that in the design and manufacturing of FREEs, substantial attention must be given to accurately measuring, modeling, and understanding elastomer and adhesive properties, and that these may be used for design tuning. Additional results showed that modules made up of multiple FREEs can be effectively studied using FEA to determine range of motion, buckling, and workspace.
Comments on “High-performance GdxSr1-xNiO3 porous nanofibers prepared by electrospinning for symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors” J. Phys. Chem. Solid.

Abstract The paper published by W. Wang, B.P. Lin, Y. Cao, Y. Sun, X.Q. Zhang, H. Yang, H. Sun, entitled: “High-performance GdxSr1-xNiO3 porous nanofibers prepared by electrospinning for symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors” in J. Phys. Chem. Solid. 140 (2020) 109361, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2020.109361 (Wang et al., 2020) [1], represents an interesting porous nanofiber processing and characterization work. However, mistakes in the captions for both Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 have been found. Some suggested modifications on the published paper are provided in the following comments to correct the mistakes.
The Value and Role of the Infection Control & Prevention Department During a Catastrophic Hospital Fire

Background On the evening of January 15, 2019, a 719-bed adult and pediatric hospital experienced a fire on a patient care building roof. Firefighters were on the scene within minutes and thousands of gallons of water were used to extinguish the blaze. Hospital administrators and the Infection Control & Prevention Department (ICPd) manager and medical director were on site within an hour to assess damage to five pediatric operating rooms (OR) and pediatric endoscopy suite. Methods The initial role of the ICPd management team was to develop a plan. This included environmental controls needed to protect patients, staff and visitors and to guide step wise implementation that evening. Throughout the ordeal, the ICPd continued to establish operational needs and coordination of care. Support from expertise in ICPd continued throughout the project multi phases, beyond rebuilding, into decision support related to supplies, equipment and reuse of space. Results Within the hour of administrative assessment, ICPd issued a high priority plan that involved shutting down all pediatric ORs, sealing off a corridor connecting the adult and pediatric ORs, creating an anteroom in the post-anesthesia care unit leading to the pediatric ORs, shutting down air handlers until facilities management was able to isolate and direct exhaust air out of the area, and setting up negative-pressure pressure within the damaged area/future work space. The plan outlined ICPd needs for the following day and a risk assessment to utilize the adjacent ORs. The morning of January 16, remediation plans were in place, minimizing disruption to scheduled OR cases. Conclusions A quick response, expertise and a collaborative ICPd is important to minimize the potential negative impact of a destructive event such as a hospital fire. The ability to make sound decisions in a timely fashion allowed for administrative support and ultimately maintained the safety of patients, staff and visitors.
Incidental De Novo Cerebral Microhemorrhages are Predictive of Future Symptomatic Macrohemorrhages After Surgical Revascularization in Moyamoya Disease.

Background Patients with moyamoya disease who develop incidental cerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have higher risk of developing subsequent symptomatic repeat macro hemorrhages. Objective To evaluate the effect of surgical revascularization on development of de novo CMHs and assess its correlation with repeat hemorrhage rates and functional outcome in hemorrhagic onset moyamoya disease (HOMMD). Methods We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively managed departmental database of all patients presenting with HOMMD treated between 1987 and 2019. The search yielded 121 patients with adequate MRI follow-up for inclusion into the study. Results In total, 42 preoperative CMHs were identified in 18 patients (15%). Patients presenting with preoperative CMH were more likely to develop de novo CMH after surgical revascularization. 7 de novo CHMs were identified in 6 patients (5%) on routine postoperative MRI at distinct locations from previous sites of hemorrhage or CMH. Symptomatic repeat macro hemorrhage was confirmed radiographically in 15 patients (12%). A total 5 (83%) of 6 patients with de novo CMHs later suffered symptomatic repeat macro hemorrhage with 4 of 5 (80%) hemorrhages occurring at sites of previous CMH. On univariate and multivariate analysis, de novo CMHs was the only significant variable predictive for developing repeat symptomatic hemorrhage. Development of delayed repeat symptomatic hemorrhage was prognostic for higher modified Rankin Score and therefore poorer functional status, whereas preoperative functional status was predictive of final outcome. Conclusion De novo CMHs after surgical revascularization might serve as a radiographic biomarker for refractory disease and suggest patients are at risk for future symptomatic macro hemorrhage.
Ineffective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks among patients on continuous left ventricular assist device support: Clinical characteristics and management

Background Placement of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been described to compromise implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) defibrillation threshold (DFT). Elevated DFT will have negative consequences and increases the risk of ineffective ICD shocks, morbidity, and mortality. DFT testing is not routinely performed in clinical practice, despite this fact. Objective We describe the clinical characteristics of 7 LVAD patients who presented with multiple ineffective ICD shocks, along with the management strategy in such patients. Methods Seven patients (5 male, mean age 52.2 ± 9 years, 85.7% nonischemic cardiomyopathy) with an ICD in situ who progressed to NYHA class IV, ACC/AHA stage D chronic systolic congestive heart failure who underwent successful LVAD implantation presented to our institution in the setting of ventricular tachyarrhythmia and ineffective ICD shocks. Six patients underwent implantation of azygos and subclavian coils with subsequent DFT testing. The remaining patient was made comfort care. Results Five patients had successful DFT testing with azygos (n = 4) and subclavian (n = 1) defibrillation coil implantation. One patient had unsuccessful DFT testing despite evaluation of multiple shock vectors. There were no major or minor vascular complications in any of the cases. There were no procedural-related deaths. Conclusion This case series highlights the need for a systematic approach to management of ICDs and DFT testing in LVAD patients. The addition of new shock vectors with azygos and subclavian coil implantation may reduce DFT, shock burden, morbidity, and mortality.
Cat Inflicted Eye Injury in a Child.

Ocular injuries, especially corneal abrasions are a common phenomenon noted in the pediatric emergency department. Most of these are minor injuries and are well described in literature. However, there is very limited data on corneal cat scratch injuries and their management. We present the case of a 10-year-old female with cat scratch inflicted superficial corneal laceration. In addition to immediate identification of the injury, it is essential to investigate and evaluate the depth of the ocular injury for prompt management, including route of antibiotics, need for an immediate surgical intervention and future follow-up. J Med Cases. 2021;12(5):209-212 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3663
History of vigorous leisure-time physical activity and early onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), data from the national ALS registry: 2010-2018

Background: Previous research has suggested that vigorous physical activity (VPA) during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with ALS. The National ALS Registry (Registry) collects physic...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Variability Is Associated With Neuromodulation in Fibromyalgia.

Objectives Although primary motor cortex (M1) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has an analgesic effect in fibromyalgia (FM), its neural mechanism remains elusive. We investigated whether M1-tDCS modulates a regional temporal variability of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals, an indicator of the brain's flexibility and efficiency and if this change is associated with pain improvement. Materials and methods In a within-subjects cross-over design, 12 female FM patients underwent sham and active tDCS on five consecutive days, respectively. Each session was performed with an anode placed on the left M1 and a cathode on the contralateral supraorbital region. The subjects also participated in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline and after sham and active tDCS. We compared the BOLD signal variability (SDBOLD ), defined as the standard deviation of the BOLD time-series, between the tDCS conditions. Baseline SDBOLD was compared to 15 healthy female controls. Results At baseline, FM patients showed reduced SDBOLD in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), lateral PFC, and anterior insula and increased SDBOLD in the posterior insula compared to healthy controls. After active tDCS, compared to sham, we found an increased SDBOLD in the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), lateral PFC, and thalamus. After sham tDCS, compared to baseline, we found a decreased SDBOLD in the dorsomedial PFC and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. Interestingly, after active tDCS compared to sham, pain reduction was correlated with an increased SDBOLD in the rACC/vmPFC but with a decreased SDBOLD in the posterior insula. Conclusion Our findings suggest that M1-tDCS might revert temporal variability of fMRI signals in the rACC/vmPFC and posterior insula linked to FM pain. Changes in neural variability would be part of the mechanisms underlying repetitive M1-tDCS analgesia in FM.
Economics of Net Neutrality: A Review

Network neutrality has been at the center of US telecommunications policy for several years, culminating in a recent FCC order imposing a limited form of net neutrality on US broadband Internet Service Providers (ISPs). The regulatory imposition of nondiscrimination and price regulation (the core of net neutrality) on ISPs has been hotly debated. In this paper, I review the recent economics literature on net neutrality. There is little evidence that violations of net neutrality have actually occurred, several papers suggest that there could be potential problems in the future. Most papers, however, suggest that prophylactic net neutrality regulation is unnecessary and may well be welfare-reducing. Most papers suggest that waiting for actual ex post evidence before regulatory interventions is the soundest policy.
Maternal performance of Hereford, Brangus, and reciprocal crossbred cows under semidesert conditions.

Maternal performance of 134 Hereford (H), Brangus (B), and reciprocal crossbred (H x B and B x H) cows from 2 to 7 yr of age was evaluated under semidesert conditions in this study. Calves produced by 2- and 3-yr-old cows were sired by Brangus and Hereford bulls. Calves produced by 4- to 7-yr-old cows were sired by Charolais bulls. Breed of sire and breed of dam of cow affected kilograms of weaning weight, 205-d weight, weaning weight as a percentage of cow weight, and 205-d weight as a percentage of cow weight produced annually. Brangus (either as sire or dam of cow) was superior to Hereford in all cases. Observed maternal heterosis on 2- to 3-yr-old cows was 23.0, 20.1, 30.0, 29.1, 23.9, and 23.0% for calf birth date, weaning percentage, weaning weight per year, 205-d weight per year, weaning weight as a percentage of cow weight per year, and 205-d weight as a percentage of cow weight per year, respectively (P less than .01). Observed maternal heterosis from mature cows was 19.8, 12.8, 21.0, 18.7, 17.4, and 15.4% for calf birth date, weaning percentage, weaning weight per year, 205-d weight per year, weaning weight as a percentage of cow weight per year, and 205-d weight as a percentage of cow weight per year, respectively (P less than .01). Results indicate large heterotic effects on annual cow productivity and an adaptive advantage for cows with Brangus sires and(or) dams under semidesert conditions.
The interactions between nucleic acids and polyamines: I. High resolution carbon-13 and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of spermidine and 5'-AMP

Abstract In 0.5 M solution at pH 7.6, interaction of spermidine and 5'-AMP is demonstrated by downfield proton NMR shifts. Shifts of ribose and adenine protons support a model in which triprotonated spermidine engages the phosphate, anion with the C-3 diamine segment in a conformation to maximize interaction and the C-4 ammo segment extended to interact with adenine N-7 (base anti , 2'endo, g'g' and gg nucleoside conformation). Changes in carbon-13 chemical shifts for ribose C-5' (downfield), C-2' C-3', and C-4' (upfield) and for adenine C-6 and C-8 (upfield) support this model. In 0.006 M solution no significant changes in proton shifts and therefore no evidence for interaction was found. Spermidine and 5'-UMP (0.006 M) showed interaction at pH 10.5 (small upfield shifts in the proton nmr) interpreted as changing conformation by solvent interaction. In 0.006 M 3'-UMP at pH 10.5 small downfield proton shifts induced by spennidine are attributed to interactions with phosphate anion.
Protein-based PCR for prion diseases?

The development of a sensitive in vitro method to amplify the pathological form of the prion protein might provide a tool for the pre-clinical diagnosis of prion diseases.
PLASMA: a constraint based planning architecture

Until recently, planning research focused on solving problems of feasibility using models consisting of causal rules. Propositional logic is sufficient for representing such rules. However, many planning problems also contain time and resource constraints. It is often impractical to represent such planning domains with propositions. Large time horizons and possible resource states lead to enormous domain representations. Propositional representations can often obscure information that is useful during search. Finally, propositional representations can make it difficult for human modelers to express the domain in a convenient and natural way. The Constraint-based Planning paradigm employs constraints as the building blocks of both planning domain rules and plans. The building blocks of such plans are intervals of time over which some state holds or an action occurs in a plan. Each interval is represented by variables describing its properties (e.g. start, end, duration). At each step of the planning process, a mapping is maintained between the plan under construction and an underlying constraint network. As actions are added to the plan, constraints are posted on variables representing the action, its preconditions and its effects (a generalization of causal links). The domain rules contain directives for adding new intervals and for posting constraints over the variables on those intervals as plans are modified. Employing constraints in rules makes it easy to represent disjunctive preconditions, conditional effects, and mutual exclusions directly. The semantics of this mapping ensure that logical inference (e.g. propagation) on the constraint network can be used directly by search engines operating on plans.
Remarks on the morphology, phonology and orthography of Hisp.-Celt. LVGVEI and related matters

While there is general consensus that the Hispano-Celtic form LVGVEI is the dative singular of the divine name Lugus , there is none at all about what its orthography represents phonologically and morphologically; from the proto-Celtic perspective, the form should appear as orthographic *‹ LVGOVEI ›. This paper assesses previous scholarship and argues that the attested form, in fact, continues the inherited form in a regular way.
Genetics and Molecular Genetics of Sulfur Assimilation in the Fungi

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the molecular genetics of sulfur assimilation in the fungi. In the filamentous fungi, complex regulatory circuits control entire areas of metabolism—for example, the expression of catabolic enzymes involved in nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, or sulfur metabolism, in each case, is controlled by a set of regulatory genes and specific metabolic repressors or inducers. Various sulfur compounds—especially the sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine—are required for the growth and activation of all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, plant or animal. The sulfur source most frequently encountered, inorganic sulfate, is utilized by a well-defined assimilatory pathway in Neurospora, Aspergillus, and other fungi as well as by plants. In the case of eukaryotic organisms, the most complete understanding of the assimilation of sulfur and its regulation is with filamentous fungi, particularly Neurospora crassa. Four conserved cysteine residues are believed to be involved in binding the iron–sulfur cubane and siroheme prosthetic groups in nitrite reductases. The chapter concludes that the structural genes of N . crassa and A. nidulans for nitrite reductase are cloned and sequenced, but the gene(s) encoding sulfite reductase are not isolated yet for any filamentous fungus.
Proteins of the Cell Nucleus

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the classification and the types of proteins of the cell nucleus. The cell nucleus is a well-delineated functional structure, containing mainly deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins. The classification of the nuclear proteins, according to their solubility in buffered salt solutions, dilute acids, bases, is the conventional system, as it follows the initial steps in the separation of fractions. The alkali-soluble nuclear protein fraction is a mixture of DNA, RNA, lipoprotein, and proteins containing sulfur and tryptophan. This fraction, which is also referred to as the nuclear residual protein fraction, contains alkali-soluble proteins of nucleoli, chromatin, and nuclear membranes. The amino acid composition of acidic nuclear proteins differs slightly from that of the saline- and tri-soluble proteins. The NH2-terminal amino acids of acidic nuclear proteins are alanine, glycine, serine, aspartic and glutamic acid, valine, and the leucine, again, indicating the great heterogeneity of this protein mixture. It is found that the amino acid composition of nucleolar proteins from the mammalian tissues is similar to the composition of the corresponding fractions isolated from the whole nuclei.
Detritus in K/T boundary clays of western North America; Evidence against a single oceanic impact

Understanding the crustal signature of impact ejecta contained in the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary layer is crucial to constraining the possible site(s) of the postulated K/T impact event. The relatively unaltered clastic constituents of the boundary layer at widely separated outcrops within the western interior of North America are not compatible with a single oceanic impact but require instead an impact site on a continent or continental margin. On the other hand, chemical compositions of highly altered K/T boundary layer components in some marine sections have suggested to others an impact into oceanic crust. We suspect that post-depositional alteration within the marine setting accounts for this apparent oceanic affinity. If, however, this is not the case, multiple simultaneous impacts, striking continent as well as ocean floor, would seem to be required.
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON THE EFFECT OF POLYACRYLAMIDE ON PARTICLE-LIQUID SEPARATION IN HYDROCYCLONES

Addition of polyacrylamide (264 ppm) to a 2 wt% water-clay suspension results in significant changes in the centrifugal separation efficiency of a 10 mm hydrocyclone operating at entrance Reynolds numbers larger than 104. Because conical hydrocyclones have several flow structures which can be significantly influenced by small amounts of a high molecular weight polymer, the observed physical phenomena may be related to the underlying viscoelastic behavior of dilute polymer solutions.
Cognitive Function and Treatment Response in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Computer-Based Training in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), because of its comparatively high level of cognitive demand, is likely to be challenging for substance users with limitations in cognitive function. However, it is not known whether computer-assisted versions of CBT will be particularly helpful (e.g., allowing individualized pace and repetition) or difficult (e.g., via complexity of computerized delivery) for such patients. In this secondary analysis of data collected from a randomized clinical trial evaluating computer-assisted CBT, four aspects of cognitive functioning were evaluated among 77 participants. Those with higher levels of risk taking completed fewer sessions and homework assignments and had poorer substance use outcomes.
Turbulence amplification in shock-wave boundary-layer interaction

Attention is directed to the acoustics research of the 1950s and 1960s for guidance in understanding and quantizing the turbulence amplification that can occur in regions of shock-wave boundary-layer interaction. Three primary turbulence amplifier-generator mechanisms are identified and shown, by linear analysis, to be responsible for turbulence amplification across a shock wave in excess of 100% of the incident turbulence intensity.
Acousto-optic deflector for free-space laser communications

A technique is developed to steer the transmit laser beam for free-space laser communications (lasercom) using a 2-dimensional acousto-optic (AO) Bragg cell deflector. Important characteristics of the AO Bragg deflector include high angular resolution, fast switching speed, high electrical and optical efficiency, and high reliability with no moving parts. A demonstration transmitter terminal was developed to steer a laser over a range of 360 degree(s) X 36 degree(s). Several unique capabilities are provided by the AO deflector which are not possible with conventional steering mirrors. For example, multiple simultaneous beams can be independently steered anywhere within the total steering range. Also, the AO deflector can produce variable defocus (zoom) that increases the divergence of the beam to over 10 times the diffraction-limited beam width. A direct-digital- synthesizer (DDS) was developed to produce stable and fast switching frequencies for input to the AO deflector. All of the beam control and diagnostic functions for the demo transmitter are provided by a menu-driven PC486-33 computer program.
Slippery Custom(er)s: On Knight and Snake in the Bel inconnu

Renaut de Beaujeu’s Le Bel inconnu inspired analogues in German, Italian, Middle English and Middle French that are worth revisiting, and have much to tell us about writers as readers of romances. This essay reconsiders the central snake episode and how each later version, culminating in Platin’s 1530L’Hystoire de Giglan, embeds it differently in the narrative: the original perilous kiss is omitted and adapted in various ways that far from indicating divergence from the original, suggest that Renaut’s romance was read carefully. The kiss’s multiple ambiguities in meaning and setting led to the desire to create clearer, normalizing solutions for it. In the Middle Ages, imitation may well be the sincerest form of authorial flattery, but the Bel inconnu and its analogues allow us to speculate that sameness is not the only measure of familiarity with an original source.
CR39 imaging technique for quick track analysis of particles generated in high-intensity laser target interactions

Protons and ions accelerated from the back surface of a target driven by a high intensity laser ( ~ 1019 Wcm−2) are detected using solid-state nuclear track detector CR39. A simple digital imaging technique, using an adjustable halogen light source and a digital camera with suitable f-number and exposure time, is presented. This technique gives the ability to get a good quality 2D image of the overall track pattern in CR39. This allows us to quickly record and sort CR39 pieces for further analysis. This is followed by detailed quantitative information of the protons and ions.
Risk of childhood asthma in relation to the timing of early child care exposures

Objective To examine whether early child care exposure influences the risk for development of asthma. Study design Longitudinal data from 939 children and their families from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were analyzed. Exposure to other children in the primary child care setting as an infant (before 15 months) and as a toddler (16-36 months) were assessed as risk factors for persistent or late-onset asthma by age 15 via logistic regression. Results The number of children in the child-care environment when the child was a toddler was significantly associated with odds of asthma, even after adjusting for respiratory illnesses and other risk factors ( P Conclusions This study supports the theory of a protective effect of exposure to other children at an early age, especially as a toddler, on the risk of asthma. This effect appears to be independent of the number of reported respiratory tract illnesses, suggesting that other protective mechanisms related to the number of children in the child care environment may be involved.
Addition of alternative materials to ceramic slabs

The construction market is very growing, leading to the emergence of new technologies and materials, and a growing need for sustainable products for the construction process, and the call for quality of life we present the description of a new option alternative materials for environments that require careful with the acoustics. The research covers the development and incorporation of new material in construction, with the potential acoustic, from tests and measurements with calibrated decibel meter called. We also used the ceramic tiles pre-molded, used for making floors or ceilings in buildings and homes. The methodology used for the development of this research was characterized as literature, exploratory, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative, alternative and affordable. How after the analysis results of the tests performed it can be seen that the incorporation of rice hulls of agglomerated to form ceramic tiles, possible reductions in noise levels on the order of 8 dB (A) than the traditional construction of the buildings, and then an excellent material. This research contributes to the construction so that presented a description of a new product developed from a conventional material, originating in agriculture, waste rice husk and its incorporation during the construction of buildings and home, with the potential acoustic observed from tests and measurements with calibrated decibel meter called.
The what, why and wherefore of cells

Ultrastructure, Macromolecules, and Evolution. By Lawrence S. Dillon. Pp.708. ISBN 0-306-40528-8. (Plenum: 1981.) £43.79, $69.50.
How Writers Orient their Readers in Expositoy Essays: A Comparative Study of Native and Non-Native English Writers

This article examines how writers orient their readers in expository essays. A total of 110 essays (30 native English and 80 non-native English) were analyzed to explore the orienting skills of native and non-native English speakers. Results indicate that native English writers employ a wide variety of linguistic devices to engage their readers' attention and help their readers identify the participants, objects, and events about which they write. By contrast, non-native English writers are more limited in their ability to orient their readers. Despite the greater length of their orientations, their use of attention-engaging and clarifying devices is comparatively restricted.
Creep cavity growth from tritium-induced helium bubbles in nickel

The growth of grain boundary cavities in nickel under creep conditions was investigated. Growth could be studied unambiguously and without the complications of radiation damage due to a unique sample preparation technique making use of the tritium-to-helium’ decay reaction. Resultant helium bubbles served effectively as creep cavity nuclei, the growth of which led to premature intergranular fracture. Constant stress tension creep tests under argon were performed on helium embrittled samples, revealing information on the stress and temperature dependence of the creep-fracture process. The cavity spacing developed during primary creep by bubble migration and coalescence persisted to fracture. Bulk plastic deformation was strongly suppressed by a matrix bubble population which stabilized a finer subgrain network than is characteristic of virgin nickel. This enhanced creep resistance permitted observation of a stress region in which void growth was controlled by classical Hull-Rimmer grain boundary vacancy diffusion. At higher stresses a transition to plasticity control appeared to take place. These results are interpreted in terms of a coupled grain boundary diffusive/ matrix plasticity model.
Characteristics of silicon-micromachined gas sensors based on Pt/TiOx thin films

Thin, discontinuous Pt/Ti films with different film thicknesses on microfabricated conductometric sensors were exposed to ppm levels of hydrogen or propylene at elevated temperatures in the presence of excess oxygen. Exposure to hydrogen at temperatures between 100 and 400°C resulted in a decrease in film resistance, with a trend towards higher response with increasing temperature. Thinner Pt/Ti films (35 A Pt on 65 A Ti) showed larger relative resistance changes than thicker Pt/Ti films (75 A Pt on 65 A Ti). Neither of the films were sensitive to propylene until the temperature exceeded 350°C, coinciding with the onset of catalytic oxidation of propylene. Above 350°C, the film resistance decreased with increasing propylene concentration. Thus, operating the films in different temperature regimes permits differentiation between hydrogen and propylene. Reversible sensor response can be accomplished in the presence of excess gas phase oxygen.
Delay of UV-induced eye lens protein damage in guinea pigs by dietary ascorbate.

Large accumulations of postsynthetically oxidized proteins are observed in the aged and cataractous eye lens. Ascorbate has previously been used to delay photooxidative damage in vitro. The goals of this study were to confirm that dietary ascorbate can be used to enhance lens ascorbate levels and to determine if lenses with enhanced ascorbate can better withstand photooxidative stress in the form of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Guinea pigs were placed on high dietary ascorbate (HDA), 50 mg/day, and low dietary ascorbate (LDA), 2 mg/day, for 21 weeks. Lenses from HDA animals were found to contain 3.3 times more ascorbate than LDA animals. Prior to irradiation, SDS-PAGE protein profiles and exopeptidase activity in HDA and LDA lens soluble proteins were indistinguishable. However upon exposure to UV light, more protein damage (e.g., high-molecular-weight aggregates and enhanced loss of exopeptidase activity) was seen in lens preparations from LDA as compared to HDA animals. These results suggest that ascorbate protects lens components against cataract-like and age-related postsynthetic changes in vivo. As in previous tests on lens preparations, attenuated exopeptidase activity was observed before protein aggregation.
Uptake and accumulation of antimicrobials, triclocarban and triclosan, by food crops in a hydroponic system

Commonly used in personal care products, triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) are two chemicals with antimicrobial properties that have recently been recognized as environmental contaminants with the potential to adversely affect human health. The objective of the study described herein was to evaluate the potential of food crops to uptake TCC and TCS. Eleven food crops, grown in hydroponic nutrient media, were exposed to a mixture of 500 μg L−1 TCC and TCS. After 4 weeks of exposure, roots accumulated 86–1,350 mg kg−1 of antimicrobials and shoots had accumulated 0.33–5.35 mg kg−1 of antimicrobials. Translocation from roots to shoots was less than 1.9 % for TCC and 3.7 % for TCS, with the greatest translocation for TCC observed for pepper, celery, and asparagus and for TCS observed for cabbage, broccoli, and asparagus. For edible tuber- or bulb-producing crops, the concentrations of both TCC and TCS were lower in the tubers than in the roots. Exposure calculations using national consumption data indicated that the average exposure to TCC and TCS from eating contaminated crops was substantially less than the exposure expected to cause adverse effects, but exceeded the predicted exposure from drinking water. Exposure to antimicrobials through food crops would be substantially reduced through limiting consumption of beets and onions.
All-digital A/D converter TAD for high-resolution and low-power sensor/RF interface

For achieving both high resolution and low power of a sensor/RF interface, time-domain processing using entirely full-digital circuits, which deal with only two voltage levels (i.e., Vin-supply-voltage and ground-level), is presented. In a much broader sense, digital circuits can be used for time-domain processing instead of conventional analog signal processing. In this study, an all-digital 6- to 16-bit adaptive sensor-interface ADC is experimentally evaluated for high-resolution and low-power operation. The circuit architecture is completely digital, using a ring-delay-line RDL driven by an input voltage Vin as its power supply. Resolutions can be controlled by setting its conversion time Tcv, resulting in 16bit (1kS/s, 34μW) and 6bit (1MS/s, 48μW) with a prototype IC in a low-cost 0.65μm digital CMOS. As a scaling result based on the all-digital structure, higher performance of 0.18μm-test-IC with 28μV/LSB (160-kS/s) has been confirmed. Finally, as an RF digitization application, performance of time-domain processing as a mixer and ADC has been demonstrated achieving an FOM of ~35fJ/conversion-step with high resolution and low power for a 0.18μm one-chip radio-controlled clock (RCC) receiver IC.
Globalization, Gender, and Poverty in the Senegal River Valley

Abstract In an impressive attempt to guarantee food security, well over two billion dollars have been invested in the modernization of the agrarian economy in the Senegal River Valley. But, even though two huge dams and thousands of village-based irrigation schemes have been constructed since the late 1970s, food security is still as illusive as ever. This study attempts to explain why. In doing so it focuses on the impact of donor-dominated macro-structural change on gender and class relations. This analytical perspective has two benefits: First, it reveals the risks posed by foreign domination of development programs for different segments of the rural population. Second, it points to a critical element in a new approach to improving farm productivity and food security – improving women's access to land and technology.