cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium signaling: NAADP ascends as a new messenger

Abstract NAADP is now established as a Ca 2+ messenger by recent studies which have shown that it is active in various cells, identified the targeted Ca 2+ stores and demonstrated a stimulus-activated increase in its endogenous levels.
Vacuum-chamber simulation of high-voltage breakdown in space

The mockup channel tests for Space Power Experiments Aboard Rocket (SPEAR) I, SPEAR II, and SPEAR III will be examined in this paper. Specifically, high voltage results of mockup chamber tests will be compared with results of the flight hardware chamber tests and flight experiments. The authors will analyze the results obtained through the different phases of each of these programs and determine the effectiveness of the simulations that were performed in the vacuum chambers.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-S442F mutant displays increased affinity for neuregulin-2β and agonist-independent coupling with downstream signalling events

The EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor; ErbB1) is frequently the subject of genetic changes in human tumours which contribute to the malignant phenotype by altering EGFR signalling. Examples of such genetic changes include overexpression, extracellular domain deletions and point mutations, and small deletions in the tyrosine kinase domain. We hypothesized that a point mutation in one of the EGFR ligand-binding domains would increase the affinity of EGFR for NRG2beta (neuregulin-2beta), which is not a potent stimulus of signalling by EGFR-Wt (wild-type EGFR). This mutation would permit NRG2beta stimulation of EGFR signalling in settings in which NRG2beta does not normally do so. To test this hypothesis, we have generated and evaluated various EGFR alleles containing mutations at Val441 and Ser442. NRG2beta is a much more potent stimulus of the EGFR-S442F mutant than of EGFR-Wt. Furthermore, the affinity of NRG2beta for the EGFR-S442F mutant is greater than the affinity of NRG2beta for EGFR-Wt. Finally, the EGFR-S442F mutant constitutively suppresses apoptosis via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt signalling but is not highly tyrosine phosphorylated in the absence of ligand. These results suggest that mutations in the EGFR ligand-binding domain in tumours may permit potent stimulation of EGFR signalling by ligands that are not normally potent EGFR agonists, thereby providing for a novel mechanism by which EGFR signalling may be deregulated. These results also suggest that novel EGFR mutations and signalling activities may be responsible for deregulated EGFR signalling in tumour cells.
Use of the mini-mental state exam in middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia: cognitive impairment and its associations.

Objective The authors examined cognitive impairment with a commonly used cognitive screening tool (the Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE]) and its relationship to psychopathology, functional status, and other clinically relevant participant characteristics in 161 middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia and 86 normal-comparison participants (NCs). Methods Participants completed the MMSE and standardized rating scales of psychopathology and motor symptoms. Other aspects of daily functioning were also evaluated. Results Patients had worse mean MMSE scores than NCs; 23% of the patients, but no NCs, had MMSE totals ≤24 (a commonly used cutoff score to define impairment). Examination of the individual cognitive domains assessed by the MMSE showed that schizophrenia patients had the greatest impairment on tasks of word recall and attention. Among the patients, impaired MMSE performance was associated with lower education, living in a structured setting, being unmarried, and more severe negative symptoms. Conclusion The MMSE was useful in detecting functionally relevant cognitive deficits among middle-aged and older schizophrenia patients who scored in the impaired range; however, those patients in the unimpaired range may still have subtle cognitive deficits that were not detected with the MMSE.
Simulating visibility during language comprehension

In this study, participants performed a sentence-picture verification task in which they read sentences about an agent viewing an object (e.g., moose) through a differentially occlusive medium (e.g., clean vs. fogged goggles), and then verified whether a subsequently pictured object was mentioned in the previous sentence. Picture verification latencies were shorter when the resolution of the pictured object and the resolution implied by the sentence matched than when they did not. These results suggest that the degree of visibility implied in linguistic context can influence immediate object interpretation. These data suggest that readers mentally simulate the visibility of objects during language comprehension. Thus, the simulation of linguistic descriptions is not limited to the activation of intrinsic object properties (e.g., object shape), but also invokes the perceptibility of referential objects given implied environmental context.
The problem of suffering: Existential and transpersonal perspectives

Abstract The philosophical foundations of existential and transpersonal psychologies are compared and contrasted. This examination focuses in particular on these approaches to the theme of human suffering. Suffering is here seen as being pervasive, and the sources of this pervasiveness are explicated. Then inauthentic and authentic responses to suffering are noted and analyzed, from both existential and transpersonal perspectives.
3D Data Fusion for Multimodal Inspection of Mechanical Parts

Data fusion is a key step in multimodal inspection of mechanical parts. It combines complementary data from different inspection methods, or “modalities”, to improve inspection accuracy. Data fusion has broad applications in the disciplines of the military, medicine, and geography. It has attracted increasing attention from industry in recent years. However, its industrial application has been limited mainly to 2D (2-Dimensional) domains. The research focus of this work is to develop a data fusion system to automatically fuse and extract the most accurate information from each modality in the domain of 3D. The main process includes automatically filtering and interpolating CMM data, registering CMM data with CT data, detecting the CT slices to generate interpolated CMM constraints for iterative CT reconstruction, and replacing exterior CT data with interpolated CMM data. This technology enables us to achieve high accuracy for external structures and provide constraints for CT reconstruction to improve the accuracy for internal boundary data as well.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Non-proximate detection of explosives and chemical warfare agent simulants by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry is used for the selective and sensitive detection of trace amounts of explosives and chemical warfare agent simulants from ambient surfaces at distances of up to 3 meters from the mass spectrometer.
Reciprocal effects of NNK and SLURP-1 on oncogene expression in target epithelial cells

Aims To elucidate how the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed on bronchial and oral epithelial cells targeted by the tobacco nitrosamine (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) (NNK) facilitate carcinogenic transformation.
The GeneMine system for genome/proteome annotation and collaborative data mining

As genome data and bioinformatics resources grow exponentially in size and complexity, there is an increasing need for software that can bridge the gap between biologists with questions and the worldwide set of highly specialized tools for answering them. The GeneMine system for small- to medium-scale genome analysis provides: (1) automated analysis of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and protein sequence data using over 50 different analysis servers via the Internet, integrating data from homologous functions, tissue expression patterns, mapping, polymorphisms, model organism data and phenotypes, protein structural domains, active sites, motifs and other features, etc., (2) automated filtering and data reduction to highlight significant and interesting patterns, (3) a visual data-mining interface for rapidly exploring correlations, patterns, and contradictions within these data via aggregation, overlay, and drill-down, all projected onto relevant sequence alignments and three-dimensional structures, (4) a plug-in architecture that makes adding new types of analysis, data sources, and servers (including anything on the Internet) as easy as supplying the relevant URLs (uniform resource Locators), (5) a hypertext system that lets users create and share "live" views of their discoveries by embedding three-dimensional structures, alignments, and annotation data within their documents, and (6) an integrated database schema for mining large GeneMine data sets in a relational database. The value of the GeneMine system is that it automatically brings together and uncovers important functional information from a much wider range of sources than a given specialist would normally think to query, resulting in insights that the researcher was not planning to look for. In this paper we present the architecture of the software for integrating and mining very diverse biological data, and cross-validation of gene function predictions. The software is freely available at http://www.bioinformatics.ucla.edu/genemine.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DAMASCUS DOCUMENT AND THE COMMUNITY RULE: ATTITUDES TOWARD THE TEMPLE AS A TEST CASE

Community Rule. Since the Cave 4 discoveries, many scholars have evaluated the connection between the two rulebooks. However, no consensus has yet emerged about the exact nature of the relationship between the Damascus Document and the Community Rule. Recently, Eyal Regev published an article that revives the theory that the Community Rule represents the more original stage of the community.2 This article will argue the opposite. After briefly reviewing the major similarities and differences between the documents, I will evaluate the history of scholarship on this topic. I will then use each rulebook's attitude toward the temple cult as a test case to show that the Damascus Document developed prior to the Community Rule.
Polymerase chain reaction screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and contact isolation.

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are thought to now be endemic in some populations. The early identification of individuals admitted to the hospital who are harboring this organism is important for the timely implementation of appropriate control strategies. Our objective was to measure the prevalence of MRSA carriage in high-risk patients entering our hospital and to determine which of these patients screened for MRSA should be placed in contact precautions on admission. Methods Between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2007, we used polymerase chain reaction analysis, with a turnaround time of 4 hours or less, to screen for MRSA in a select group of patients entering our hospital. Results We screened 1,568 patients and found 144 (9.2%) positive. Of the 1,568 patients, 170 (10.8%) were known to previously have been MRSA positive. Of these, 90 (52.9%) had negative screens. Conclusion We used a rapid screening test to identify patients harboring MRSA. Our findings support that MRSA is harbored sporadically and patients do not have to be placed in contact isolation based on a history of previously being MRSA positive.
Global Ocean Surface Wave Simulation Using a Coupled Atmosphere–Wave Model

AbstractThis study describes a 29-yr (1981–2009) global ocean surface gravity wave simulation generated by a coupled atmosphere–wave model using NOAA/GFDL’s High-Resolution Atmosphere Model (HiRAM) and the WAVEWATCH III surface wave model developed and used operationally at NOAA/NCEP. Extensive evaluation of monthly mean significant wave height (SWH) against in situ buoys, satellite altimeter measurements, and the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) show very good agreements in terms of magnitude, spatial distribution, and scatter. The comparisons with satellite altimeter measurements indicate that the SWH low bias in ERA-40 reanalysis has been improved in these model simulations. The model fields show a strong response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the North Atlantic and the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) in the Pacific Ocean that are well connected with the atmospheric responses. For the NAO in winter, the strongest subpolar wave responses are found near the northern Europe coast and the coa...
Localization and spreading of contact discontinuity layers in simulations of compressible dissipationless flows

We introduce a systematic approach to examine the localization and width of contact discontinuity layers (CDLs) in simulations of the compressible Euler equations. We study the Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) [4] and WENO [3], by simulating a single diffusing or shock-accelerated CDL in 1D and 2D (inclined planar interface). Here the density jump η is greater or less than unity (i.e., fast/slow {f/s} and slow/fast {s/f}, respectively). We advocate a point-wise algorithm for width extraction when the flows are nearly-discontinuous. We examine the CDL localization under mesh refinement and the CDL width spreading at long times. We find that, PPM has an asymmetrically developing CDL width. PPM introduces an artificial steepening for the f/s case and a spreading width CDL for s/f ∝ t1/3. The median point of the interface depends on the order of accuracy r. For PPM, r = 2, it is located at a density, (ρ1 + 2ρ2)/3, consistent with analysis in [14]. For WENO, r = 3, (5th order accurate in smooth monotone regions) the width of the CDL increases as t1/4, although there is a slight dependence on translation speed of the CDL. These observations are essential for establishing the validity of simulations of accelerated flows of high-gradient stratified and compressible media (Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov environments), particularly for reshock configurations in 2D and 3D.
Ocular Ultrasonography in Horses

Ocular ultrasonography is a practical and valuable examination tool for horse eyes with anterior opacities that preclude ophthalmoscopy of deeper structures. Ultrasonography is indicated in cases of periocular trauma, exophthalmos, corneal masses, corneal edema and/or infiltrates, cataracts, and anterior uveitis. Transducers of 7 to 10 MHz may be used to identify and characterize cataracts, lens luxation, lens rupture, vitreal opacities, retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, microphthalmos, buphthalmos, and periorbital masses. High-resolution ultrasonography, using frequencies of 20 MHz and greater, provides improved detail of anterior segment structures. Ultrasound image artifacts are common, requiring knowledge of ocular anatomy and basic ultrasonographic principles for accurate interpretation.
Research and development in Central America: panorama and prospects for international cooperation

This article examines the state of scientific research and development in Central America, highlighting the potential contribution of international partners. It separates Central America from the larger region of Latin America and the Caribbean to underscore its differences and how these affect scientific and technological capacities, priorities and possibilities. Using primarily data from the Ibero-American Network of Science and Technology Indicators and the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization Institute for Statistics, current research and development trends in the region are explored, as defined by international Frascati norms, and juxtaposed against broader scientific and technological parameters. Challenges within this environment include educational quality and completion rates; low public and private funding of scientific research; lack of institutionalization; limited understanding of the potential returns associated with research; and the fact that the region operates almost entirely in Spanish, limiting opportunities for global publication and exchange. In addition to national efforts, collaborative international initiatives that appear to be yielding dividends against these obstacles are multinational and intergovernmental supported research training and monitoring partnerships; cross-border university- and research institute-led programs; and international joint publishing projects.
Predictors of Success on the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination

This study examined the relationship between 403 counseling graduate students' scores on the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination (CPCE; Center for Credentialing and Education, n.d.) and 3 admissions requirements used as predictor variables: undergraduate grade point average (UGPA), Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test Verbal Reasoning (GRE-V) score, and GRE General Test Quantitative Reasoning (GRE-Q) score. Multiple regression analyses revealed that all predictor variables accounted for somewhat limited, yet significant variations in the CPCE-Total scores (R2 = .21). Results indicated that UGPAs, GRE-V scores, and GRE-Q scores are valid criteria for determining counseling graduate student success on the CPCE.
Accommodative Lag before and after the Onset of Myopia

PURPOSE. To evaluate accommodative lag before, during the year of, and after the onset of myopia in children who became myopic, compared with emmetropes. METHODS. The subjects were 568 children who became myopic (at least 0.75 D in each meridian) and 539 children who were emmetropic (between 0.25 D and 1.00 D in each meridian at all visits) participating between 1995 and 2003 in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study. Accommodative lag was measured annually with either a Canon R-1 (Canon USA., Lake Success, NY; no longer manufactured) or a Grand Seiko WR 5100-K (Grand Seiko Co., Hiroshima, Japan) autorefractor. Subjects wore their habitual refractive corrections while viewing a letter target accommodative stimulus of 4 D (either in a Badal system or at 25 cm from the subject, designated Badal and near, respectively) or of 2 D (Badal only). Refractive error was measured with the same autorefractor in subjects under cycloplegia. Accommodative lag in children who became myopic was compared to age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched model estimates of emmetropic values for each annual visit from 5 years before, through 5 years after, the onset of myopia. RESULTS. In the sample as a whole, accommodative lag was not significantly different in children who became myopic compared with model estimates in emmetropes in any year before onset of myopia for either the 4-D or 2-D Badal stimulus. For the 4-D near target, there was only a greater amount of accommodative lag in children who became myopic compared with emmetropes 4 years before onset (difference, 0.22 D; P 0.0002). Accommodative lag was not significantly elevated during the year of onset of myopia in any of the three measurement conditions (P 0.82 for all three). A consistently higher lag was seen in children after the onset of their myopia (range, 0.130.56 D; P 0.004 for all comparisons). These patterns were generally followed by each ethnic group, with Asian children typically showing the most, African-American and white children showing the least, and Hispanic children having intermediate accommodative lag. CONCLUSIONS. Substantive and consistent elevations in accommodative lag relative to model estimates of lag in emmetropes did not occur in children who became myopic before the onset of myopia or during the year of onset. Increased accommodative lag occurred in children after the onset of myopia. Elevated accommodative lag is unlikely to be a useful predictive factor for the onset of myopia. Increased hyperopic defocus from accommodative lag may be a consequence rather than a cause of myopia. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:837846) DOI:10.1167/iovs.05-0888
Interactions between Casein Kinase Iε (CKIε) and Two Substrates from Disparate Signaling Pathways Reveal Mechanisms for Substrate-Kinase Specificity

Background Members of the Casein Kinase I (CKI) family of serine/threonine kinases regulate diverse biological pathways. The seven mammalian CKI isoforms contain a highly conserved kinase domain and divergent amino- and carboxy-termini. Although they share a preferred target recognition sequence and have overlapping expression patterns, individual isoforms often have specific substrates. In an effort to determine how substrates recognize differences between CKI isoforms, we have examined the interaction between CKIepsilon and two substrates from different signaling pathways. Methodology/principal findings CKIepsilon, but not CKIalpha, binds to and phosphorylates two proteins: Period, a transcriptional regulator of the circadian rhythms pathway, and Disheveled, an activator of the planar cell polarity pathway. We use GST-pull-down assays data to show that two key residues in CKIalpha's kinase domain prevent Disheveled and Period from binding. We also show that the unique C-terminus of CKIepsilon does not determine Dishevelled's and Period's preference for CKIepsilon nor is it essential for binding, but instead plays an auxillary role in stabilizing the interactions of CKIepsilon with its substrates. We demonstrate that autophosphorylation of CKIepsilon's C-terminal tail prevents substrate binding, and use mass spectrometry and chemical crosslinking to reveal how a phosphorylation-dependent interaction between the C-terminal tail and the kinase domain prevents substrate phosphorylation and binding. Conclusions/significance The biochemical interactions between CKIepsilon and Disheveled, Period, and its own C-terminus lead to models that explain CKIepsilon's specificity and regulation.
Systemic therapy of myeloma xenografts by an attenuated measles virus

Conditionally replicating viruses are promising agents for the treatment of malignancy. Here it is shown that the live attenuated Edmonston-B vaccine strain of measles virus (MV-Edm) replicates selectively in human myeloma cells and has potent antitumor activity. In vitro, replication of MV-Edm was restricted in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) but proceeded efficiently in a panel of 6 myeloma cell lines-ARH-77, RPMI 8226, JJN-3, MM1, KAS-6/1, and KMS-11-and in primary myeloma cells isolated by CD138 sorting from the bone marrow aspirates of 6 patients. MV-Edm infection induced potent cytopathic effects in these myeloma cells, resulting in the formation of multinucleated syncytia that eventually became nonviable. In contrast, syncytial formation in PHA-stimulated PBLs was minimal after MV-Edm infection. In vivo, MV-Edm was antitumorigenic and inhibited the establishment of myeloma cells as xenografts in immunocompromised mice. When injected directly into ARH-77 myeloma xenografts in the mice, MV-Edm caused complete regression of these xenografts. MV-Edm administered intravenously into the tail veins of mice also showed significant antineoplastic activity against established RPMI 8226 and ARH-77 xenografts. In particular, the ARH-77 myeloma xenografts were exquisitely sensitive to MV-Edm therapy, and tumors in all mice regressed completely. In light of its selectivity for myeloma cells and its potent antineoplastic activity against myeloma xenografts in vivo, MV-Edm merits further development for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Stress Monitoring of Post-processed MEMS Silicon Microbridge Structures Using Raman Spectroscopy

Inherent residual stresses during material deposition can have profound effects on the functionality and reliability of fabricated Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) devices. Residual stress often causes device failure due to curling, buckling, or fracture. Typically, the material properties of thin films used in surface micromachining are not well controlled during deposition. The residual stress; for example, tends to vary significantly for different deposition methods. Currently, few nondestructive techniques are available to measure residual stress in MEMS devices prior to the final release etch. In this research, micro-Raman spectroscopy is used to measure the residual stresses in polysilicon MEMS microbridge devices. This measurement technique was selected since it is nondestructive, fast, and provides the potential for in-situ stress monitoring. Raman spectroscopy residual stress profiles on unreleased and released MEMS microbridge beams are compared to analytical and FEM models to assess the viability of micro-Raman spectroscopy as an in-situ stress measurement technique. Raman spectroscopy was used during post-processing phosphorus ion implants on unreleased MEMS devices to investigate and monitor residual stress levels at key points during the post-processing sequences. As observed through Raman stress profiles and verified using on-chip test structures, the post-processing implants and accompanying anneals resulted in residual stress relaxation of over 90%.
Black and white homeless men: differences in self-actualization, willingness to use services, history of being homeless, and subjective health ratings.

In this analysis of racial confounds in the study of homelessness and self-actualization, 100 black and 71 white homeless men from a mission and a street environment were compared to test the hypothesis that the prototypes of black and white homeless men are different. Discriminant analysis of items from the Short Index of Self-actualization of Jones and Crandall, willingness to use services, history of homelessness, and self-reported health ratings correctly classified 83 6% of black and white homeless men (Wilks' lambda = .46, p < .0001). The prototypic black homeless person and the prototypic white homeless person have strong differences so race must be evaluated in studies of such groups.
Seasonality of cooling tower drift in vegetation at ORGDP

Abstract Cooling tower operation at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (ORGDP) requires the addition of a chromated corrosion inhibitor to the recirculating cooling water (RCW) system. Fluctuations in the RCW flow rates of the ORGDP cooling towers correlates with operational levels of the enrichment plant. Drift fraction is a function of the RCW flow rate, with variations in chromium deposition reflected in vegetation contamination. Fescue grass and litter were collected in the plant environs along a distance gradient, during different seasons, and analyzed for chromium. Foliar chromium concentrations were maximum (1390 μg/g) during the winter months, decreasing in spring and summer months (190 and 173 μg/g, respectively) at 13 m as the demand for cooling decreased with lower plant operations. In contrast, concentrations in litter increased with time, ranging from 894 μg/g at 13 m during the winter to 1890 and 2140 μg/g during the summer and fall months. The accumulation of chromium in the litter component was likely related to more exchange sites associated with increased litter biomass due to the seasonal senescence of foliage, whereas decreased accumulations on foliage reflected high mobility of the drift residue due to leaching and a short lifespan of individual leaves. In addition to operational considerations, the data illustrate the importance of seasonal considerations in the use of biological materials in a monitoring program.
Site-selective modifications of arginine residues in human hemoglobin induced by methylglyoxal.

Methylglyoxal (MG) is an important glycating agent produced under physiological conditions. MG could react with DNA and proteins to generate advanced glycation end products. Human hemoglobin, the most abundant protein in blood cells, has not been systematically investigated as the target protein for methylglyoxal modification. Here we examined carefully, by using HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS), the covalent modifications of human hemoglobin induced by methylglyoxal. Our results revealed that hemoglobin could be modified by methylglyoxal, and the major form of modification was found to be the hydroimidazolone derivative of arginine residues. In addition, Arg-92 and Arg-141 in the α chain as well as Arg-40 and Arg-104 in the β chain were modified, whereas two other arginine residues, that is, Arg-31 in the α chain and Arg-30 in the β chain, were not modified. Semiquantitative measurement for adduct formation, together with the analysis of the X-ray structure of hemoglobin, showed that...
Regulation of the Cardiac Muscle Ryanodine Receptor by O2 Tension and S-Nitrosoglutathione

The cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channels contain thiols that are potential targets of endogenously produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. Previously, we showed that the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) has O2-sensitive thiols; only when these thiols are in the reduced state (pO2 ∼ 10 mmHg) can physiological concentrations of NO (nanomolar) activate RyR1. Here, we report that cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR2) activity also depends on pO2, but unlike RyR1, RyR2 was not activated or S-nitrosylated directly by NO. Rather, activation and S-nitrosylation of RyR2 required S-nitrosoglutathione. The effects of peroxynitrite were indiscriminate on RyR1 and RyR2. Our results indicate that both RyR1 and RyR2 are pO2-responsive yet point to different mechanisms by which NO and S-nitrosoglutathione influence cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release.
Metal-insulator photocathode heterojunction for directed electron emission.

We use angle-resolved photoemission under ultraviolet laser excitation to demonstrate that the electron emission properties of Ag(001) can be markedly enhanced and redirected along the surface normal by the deposition of a few monolayers of epitaxial MgO. We observe new low-binding energy states with small spreads in their surface parallel momenta as a result of $\text{MgO}/\text{Ag}(001)$ interface formation. Under 4.66 eV laser excitation, the quantum efficiency of $\text{MgO}/\text{Ag}(001)$ is a factor of 7 greater than that of clean Ag(001), revealing the utility of such heterojunctions as advanced photocathodes.
Increased mastication and submandibular gland development in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of increased mastication on submandibular gland development were studied in immature Sprague-Dawley rats, 32 days old. 2. 2. Increased mastication had no effect on body wt, submandibular gland weight or acinar cell size. 3. 3. DNA, RNA, protein, peroxidase and an androgen-dependent alkaline protease were unaffected by increased mastication. 4. 4. Alkaline protease, a product of the granular convoluted tubules, was greater in male than in female rats. 5. 5. Conversely, peroxidase activity which is of acinar cell origin was greater in the submandibular glands of female animals.
Defect formation in semiconductor layers during epitaxial growth

Abstract High resolution monochromatic synchrotron X-radiation diffraction images of several high quality multilayer systems suggest several factors in the establishment of irregularities in layerd semiconducting crystals. The nucleation of extensive arrays of dislocations during uniform one micro meter layer deposition appears to depend not only on the extent of lattice mismatch and layer thickness but also on the regularity of the substrate. Propagation of arrays of mismatch dislocations appears to depend on the character of the unit cell.
Healthy food, unhealthy food and obesity

Abstract We examine whether the latent behavioral mechanisms embedded in two “price effects” explanations of the obesity problem are operative. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that falling food price is one likely cause of the obesity epidemic.
Hepatic T cells and liver tolerance

The T-cell biology of the liver is unlike that of any other organ. The local lymphocyte population is enriched in natural killer (NK) and NKT cells, which might have crucial roles in the recruitment of circulating T cells. A large macrophage population and the efficient trafficking of dendritic cells from sinusoidal blood to lymph promote antigen trapping and T-cell priming, but the local presentation of antigen causes T-cell inactivation, tolerance and apoptosis. These local mechanisms might result from the need to maintain immunological silence to harmless antigenic material in food. The overall bias of intrahepatic T-cell responses towards tolerance might account for the survival of liver allografts and for the persistence of some liver pathogens.
Toxic properties of compounds related to safrole

Abstract Dihydrosafrole on chronic feeding produced benign and malignant esophageal tumors. Safrole is a hepatic carcinogen. Liver changes produced by isosafrole, safrole, and dihydrosafrole were of the same general type and included hepatic cell enlargement, which was usually focal and resulted in the formation of nodules; adenomatoid hyperplasia; cystic necrosis; fatty metamorphosis; and bile duct proliferation. The magnitude of liver changes was much greater with safrole than with the other two compounds. Safrole produced liver changes in mice. Similar treatment with the allybenzene and methylenedioxybenzene moieties of safrole produced changes only with methylenedioxybenzene and were less than that observed with the parent compound. This was confirmed in rats by Taylor et al. (1964). All compounds studied produced liver alterations with the exception of allylbenzene and piperonal.
Sensitive Skins in Media Art and Design

After the spread of personal computers in the mid 1980ies, media art and design focussed primarily on the screen as an interface for nearly two decades. In order to overcome the limitation of the screen as a small rectangular, flat, single-user device, ART+COM developed touch-sensitive surfaces applicable to objects of almost any size and form in the early years of the new century. When encountering these new interfaces in exhibitions and in the museum, the audience accepted them emphatically. Instead of being faced with some wall projection with a classic single-user input interface as usual, visitors were enabled to explore content together and interact with each other. The first touch-sensitive tables Behind The Lines (2003) and floating.numbers (2004) for the Jewish Museum in Berlin turned users into interactive participants who could jointly explore the data surface and discuss what they had discovered. The installations' implicit form of a table encouraged users to interact with each other - after all, tables have served as places of communication and exchange throughout human history. Driven by the success of this multi-user, face-to-face experience ART+COM developed dozens of content and context specific installations ranging from large, rectangular tables to amorphous touch-sensitive sculptures.The talk will discuss the history of installations and spaces using dynamic sensitive surfaces including sensitive tables, sculptures, floors, costumes and architecture and spanning from ART+COMs pre- to post-sensitive-surface era.
Study of water distribution and transport in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using neutron imaging

Abstract A procedure to utilize neutron imaging for the visualization of two-phase flow within an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell has been developed at the Penn State Breazeale Nuclear Reactor. Neutron images allow us to visualize the liquid water inside the flow channel (∼0.5 mm deep) and gas diffusion media (∼200 μm thick) in real operating conditions. The current temporal and spatial resolution for radioscopy is approximately 30 frames/s and 129 μm/pixel in a 50 cm2 image area. Continuous digital radioscopy can be recorded for 45 min. The determination of water volume within the cell has been enabled by referencing a calibration look-up table that correlates neutron attenuation to an equivalent liquid water thickness. It was found that liquid water tends to accumulate at specific locations within the fuel cell, depending on operating conditions. Anode flow channel blockage was observed to occur at low power, while higher power conditions resulted in more dispersed distribution of liquid droplets. Under high-power conditions, liquid water tended to accumulate along or under the channel walls at 180° turns, and radioscopy revealed that individual liquid droplet velocities were several orders of magnitude less than that of the reactant flow, indicating a slug-flow regime up to at least 1 A/cm2.
ACTION PATTERN OF BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS ALPHA-AMYLASE ON ORDINARY, WAXY, AND HIGH-AMYLOSE CORN STARCHES AND THEIR HYDROXYPROPYL DERIVATIVES

The action of thermally stable alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis on ordinary, waxy and high-amylose corn starches and their hydroxypropyl derivatives gave distinctive patterns of malto-oligosaccharide products that were dependent on conversion time. These alpha-amylolysis patterns of the various starches were derived from high performance liquid chromatographic analyses of the oligosaccharide compositions produced at various levels of hydrolysis. The products from amylolysis at high substrate concentrations (20–30%) and elevated temperature (95°C) suggest an endo-specific hydrolysis of the amylose and amylopectin chains to give a trio product-specificity for the formation of DP5, DP3, and DP2 oligosaccharides. These results confirm and expand the studies by Saito (1973) and Nakakuki et al. (1984), who found that B. licheniformis amylase degraded a 1% solution of short-chain amylose at 40° to give mainly DP5 and DP3 oligomers. The hydroxypropyl groups on ordinary, waxy and high-amylose starch derivatives greatly hindered alpha-amylolysis, but the action patterns were essentially the same.
Velocity alignment leads to high persistence in confined cells

Many cell types display random motility on two-dimensional substrates but crawl persistently in a single direction when confined in a microchannel or on an adhesive micropattern. Does this imply that the motility mechanism of confined cells is fundamentally different from that of unconfined cells? We argue that both free- and confined-cell migration may be described by a generic model of cells as ``velocity-aligning'' active Brownian particles previously proposed to solve a completely separate problem in collective cell migration. Our model can be mapped to a diffusive escape over a barrier and analytically solved to determine the cell's orientation distribution and repolarization rate. In quasi-one-dimensional confinement, velocity-aligning cells maintain their direction for times that can be exponentially larger than their persistence time in the absence of confinement. Our results suggest an important connection between single- and collective-cell migration: high persistence in confined cells corresponds with fast alignment of velocity to cell-cell forces.
Neuropeptide Y expression and endogenous leptin concentrations in a dietary model of obesity.

LAUTERIO, THOMAS J., MICHAEL J. DAVIES, MARK DEANGELO, MICHAEL PEYSER, AND JAMES LEE. Neuropeptide Y expression and endogenous leptin concentrations in a dietary model of obesity. Obes Res. Objective: To determine how leptin concentrations and neuropeptide (NPY) are regulated in a model of dietary obesity in relation to relative growth (RG) and relative food consumption (RFC). Research Methods and Procedures: Sprague—Dawley rats were fed a moderately high-fat diet for 14 weeks over which time animals diverged into obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) populations. RG rates and RFC were calculated weekly. Following the study, an adiposity index was calculated and arcuate nucleus (ARC) NPY expression was determined by in situ hybridization (ISH) or ribonuclease protection (RPA) assays. Results: Body weights were greater in OP rats after 2 weeks on the diet compared to OR rats and remained different throughout the study. RG and RFC were greater in OP rats compared to OR rats only during the first 2 weeks of the study. Leptin concentrations rose in both groups during the experiment, but the increase was greater in OP rats than in OR rats. Insulin changes paralleled those for leptin. ARC NPY mRNA expression was not different between OP and OR rats as measured by ISH and RPA. Discussion: Although NPY expression has been reported to be different initially in OP and OR rats, this difference dissipates following divergence of body weight. RFC and RG data suggest the initial NPY elevation may contribute to increased weight gain of OP rats during the first 2 weeks of the diet. Higher relative leptin concentrations in OP rats may be necessary to normalize differences in adiposity and apparent leptin and insulin resistance of OP rats.
Implementation issues for the behavior modifier as institutional change agent

The assumption of the role of institutional change agent by both community psychologists and behavior modifiers and the increased acceptance of an ecological perspective has led to a merging of interests. The purpose of this paper is to comment upon three implementation issues, the port-of-entry, the existing institutional staff, and the political reality, that behavior modifiers should be cognizant of when planning interventions aimed at institutional change.
Quantitative diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry of pharmaceutical tablets

In the few years of its existence, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectrometry has been applied to the qualitative analysis of a wide variety of samples. These include coals, adsorbed molecules, HPLC effluents, biopolymers and synthetic polymers. Far fewer quantitative determinations have been performed by DRIFT spectrometry. Nevertheless, it is our belief that there is no insurmountable reason why DRIFT should not become a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of powdered samples.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Single-blind clinical trial of psychotherapy for treatment of psychogenic movement disorders

Abstract Background PMD are disabling, but lack any generally accepted treatment strategies. Design/methods Ten patients with PMD received treatment with Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Patients were assessed with psychiatric rating scales and the movement disorder was rated by a blinded rater with the Psychogenic Movement Disorder Rating Scale (PMDRS). Results Total mean PMDRS ( p =0.0195), total PMDRS function scores ( p =0.0142), Hamilton depression scores ( p =0.009), Beck anxiety scores ( p =0.002), and GAF ( p =0.0083) all improved with psychotherapeutic intervention. Conclusions Psychotherapy and appropriate use of adjunct psychiatric medication can be a successful intervention for PMD.
Cavitation and Air Entrainment Effects on the Response of Squeeze Film Supported Rotors

This paper analyzes the effects of air entrainment and cavitation on the synchronous response of squeeze film supported rigid rotors. The fluid film force coefficients are obtained from experimental measurements corresponding to a wide spectrum of operating conditions. These conditions include regimes in which air entrainment effects are dominant. Other conditions where vapor cavitation and fluid inertial effects are dominant are included for comparison. The effects of air entrainment are shown to produce a nonlinear response representative of a softening spring effect not previously known to exist in squeeze film dampers.
Composition of clinically aged amalgam restorations

Abstract Twenty-five amalgam restorations ranging in age from two to 25 years were obtained from five subjects. An electron microprobe was used to analyze the specimens for bulk elemental composition and phase composition, and the volume fractions of phases were determined by point-counting on back-scattered electron micrographs. Twenty-one of the specimens were conventional, low-copper amalgams, and the remaining four were high-copper amalgams. The bulk elemental compositions showed little variation from newly prepared amalgams except for the presence of a small amount of chloride and other contaminants. The compositions of the phases were essentially the same as is found in new amalgams, except that there was considerable internal amalgamation of gamma particles. The distribution of phases in the clinically aged amalgams was quite different from that of new amalgams. The low-copper amalgams had decreased amounts of gamma, gamma-1, and gamma-2 phases and increased beta-1 and tin-chloride. The high-copper admixed amalgams had decreased gamma, increased beta-1, and enlarged reaction rings (gamma-1 and eta′).
Mapping Hfq-RNA interaction surfaces using tryptophan fluorescence quenching

Hfq is a posttranscriptional riboregulator and RNA chaperone that binds small RNAs and target mRNAs to effect their annealing and message-specific regulation in response to environmental stressors. Structures of Hfq-RNA complexes indicate that U-rich sequences prefer the proximal face and A-rich sequences the distal face; however, the Hfq-binding sites of most RNAs are unknown. Here, we present an Hfq-RNA mapping approach that uses single tryptophan-substituted Hfq proteins, all of which retain the wild-type Hfq structure, and tryptophan fluorescence quenching (TFQ) by proximal RNA binding. TFQ properly identified the respective distal and proximal binding of A15 and U6 RNA to Gram-negative Escherichia coli (Ec) Hfq and the distal face binding of (AA)3A, (AU)3A and (AC)3A to Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) Hfq. The inability of (GU)3G to bind the distal face of Sa Hfq reveals the (R-L)n binding motif is a more restrictive (A-L)n binding motif. Remarkably Hfq from Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) binds (GU)3G on its proximal face. TFQ experiments also revealed the Ec Hfq (A-R-N)n distal face-binding motif should be redefined as an (A-A-N)n binding motif. TFQ data also demonstrated that the 5'-untranslated region of hfq mRNA binds both the proximal and distal faces of Ec Hfq and the unstructured C-terminus.
Retrograde cerebral perfusion: overview, techniques and results

Cardiovascular surgical repair of arch aneurysms is taking a step forward by going backwards by utilizing retrograde cerebral perfusion. Drs ME DeBakey, ES Crawford, DA Cooley and GC Morris first reported successful resection and repair of a fusiform aneurysm of the aortic arch with replacement graft in 1957. Since then, Crawford and Coselli have pursued materials and techniques which have made this procedure, one which generally resulted in high morbidity and mortality, more viable with decreased morbidity and mortality. Increased numbers of patients are now having this repair and are resuming normal healthy lives after the operation. From February 1992 to October 1993, 88 patients were surgically treated by Coselli who utilized retrograde cerebral perfusion with profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest, thus allowing for repairs that under any other conditions probably could not have been achieved successfully. It is evident that a major determinant for the successful clinical results, in addition to surgical technique and skill, was the employment of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. This article will review the techniques and results of aortic arch repair utilizing retrograde cerebral perfusion during circulatory arrest with profound hypothermia to lessen the chance of neurological morbidity following surgical replacement of the transverse aortic arch.