cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tectonic setting of the southern Cascade Range as interpreted from its magnetic and gravity fields

We have compiled and analyzed aeromagnetic data from the southern Cascade Range and compared them with residual gravity data from the same region in order to investigate regional aspects of these young volcanic rocks and of basement structures beneath them. Various constant-level aeromagnetic surveys were mathematically continued upward to 4,571 m and numerically mosaicked into a single compilation extending from lat. 40°10′N to lat. 44°20′N. These data were reduced to the pole, upward continued an additional 10 km, and compared with a magnetic topographic model and with residual gravity data upward continued to the same level. Several intriguing regional features are suggested by these data. (1) The Trinity ophiolite complex that is exposed west of Mount Shasta probably dips at a shallow angle to the east and continues in the subsurface at least 10 km east of Mount Shasta. (2) Mount Shasta, Lassen Peak, and Medicine Lake volcanoes are located in a widespread magnetic low possibly caused by an upwarp of the Curie-temperature isotherm. (3) Crater Lake caldera is located at the intersection of various linear anomalies interpreted to be related to structure in basement rocks below the Cascade Range. (4) Three Sisters volcanoes and Newberry Crater are connected to each other by an arcuate magnetic source. (5) The High Cascades, from lat. 40°10′N to at least lat. 44°30′N, are marked by a residual gravity low which includes the Three Sisters volcanoes, Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake volcano, Mount McLoughlin, and Crater Lake. (We believe this gravity feature represents a major structural depression beneath the High Cascades.) (6) Except for Newberry Crater, every major volcano of the study area is located on the perimeter of a local gravitational low. We suggest that the gravity lows reflect subsidence of low-density volcanic material relative to denser country rock and that the major volcanoes have developed over structures at the perimeters of their respective depressions.
Biodegradable radiotherapeutic polyester microspheres: optimization and in-vitro/in-vivo evaluation

Biodegradable polyester microspheres, containing stable neutron activable holmium-165 complexed to acetylacetone (AcAc), were preparerd by the solvent evaporation technique and later irradiated in a high neutron flux to convert the 165Ho to 166Ho, a high energy negatron emitter with excellent therapeutic properties (Emax = 1.84 MeV; t12 = 26.9 h). Potential applications of the radiotherapeutic spheres include the treatment of hepatic metastases (with 10–40 βm particles) and rheumatoid arthritis (3–10 μm particles). In-vitro studies in human plasma showed that optimal irradiated spheres retained >99.6% of the initial 166Ho activity after 404 h. In-vivo stability studies with administration of irradiated spheres into the portal vein of rabbits (n = 13) revealed that 87.9–97.9% of the initial study activity remained in the rabbit liver after 144 h. The retentive performance of irradiated polyester spheres was found to be strongly influenced by the polymer type, % emulsifying agent, solvent removal conditions, % Ho-AcAc, and storage and irradiation conditions of the spheres.
Beta2-microglobulin deposition in bone in chronic renal failure

Beta 2 -microglobulin deposition in bone in chronic renal failure. Recently, there have been reports of beta 2 -microglobulin (β 2 m) related amyloid deposition in perineural and periarticular tissues in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis, but it has been rarely described in bone. We, therefore; examined previously obtained bone biopsy specimens in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis to determine the prevalence of β 2 m deposition in bone and to assess the relationship between β 2 m deposits and bone histomorphometry. We found β 2 m deposits in bone in 8% of 224 patients examined. Bone deposition of β 2 m was absent in patients who were on dialysis for less than six years, but was present in 19% who dialyzed longer than 10 years. β 2 m deposits were found in specimens from the iliac crest, femoral bone, tibia, vertebra and rib. In the iliac crest β 2 m deposition was localized predominantly to the periosteum. Among these patients with β 2 m in iliac crest periosteum, 62% had suffered a femoral neck fracture compared to only 4% of matched patients who had negative staining for β 2 m in the iliac crest (P 2 m than in patients negative for β 2 m deposition. We conclude that β 2 m deposition in bone is common in uremic patients who have received hemodialysis longer than 10 years. The high prevalence of femoral neck fracture in patients with β 2 m localized to the periosteum of the iliac crest suggests that this involvement may be useful to predict susceptibility to femoral fracture.
Thwarting E-mail Spam Laundering

Laundering e-mail spam through open-proxies or compromised PCs is a widely-used trick to conceal real spam sources and reduce spamming cost in the underground e-mail spam industry. Spammers have plagued the Internet by exploiting a large number of spam proxies. The facility of breaking spam laundering and deterring spamming activities close to their sources, which would greatly benefit not only e-mail users but also victim ISPs, is in great demand but still missing. In this article, we reveal one salient characteristic of proxy-based spamming activities, namely packet symmetry, by analyzing protocol semantics and timing causality. Based on the packet symmetry exhibited in spam laundering, we propose a simple and effective technique, DBSpam, to online detect and break spam laundering activities inside a customer network. Monitoring the bidirectional traffic passing through a network gateway, DBSpam utilizes a simple statistical method, Sequential Probability Ratio Test, to detect the occurrence of spam laundering in a timely manner. To balance the goals of promptness and accuracy, we introduce a noise-reduction technique in DBSpam, after which the laundering path can be identified more accurately. Then DBSpam activates its spam suppressing mechanism to break the spam laundering. We implement a prototype of DBSpam based on libpcap, and validate its efficacy on spam detection and suppression through both theoretical analyses and trace-based experiments.
Integrated Optical Waveguide Modulator Using Long Range Surface Plasmon Resonance

The maximum modulation frequency available from semiconductor injection lasers is limited to a few gigahertz and high speed modulation can cause unwanted variation in the wavelength of the emitted light1. These limitations may be overcome by the use of integrated optical waveguide modulators. Integrated optical waveguide modulators are important in developing optical transmission lines to route data in integrated optical circuits and interface these circuits with electronic circuits and fiber optics2.
Motivational Compatibility and Choice Conflict

For most forms of conscious consumer choice, product attributes serve as the means that consumers use to accomplish their goals. Because there is competition between products in the marketplace, consumption decisions typically present conflict between means to achieve a goal. In this article, we examine the consequences of conflict between regulatory means on consumers’ decisions and show that its resolution depends on whether the means—that is, the attributes—are compatible with the consumer’s regulatory orientation. We show that compatibility with more than one attribute arouses acute decision conflict and evokes decision processes that result in a pronounced tendency to make counternormative choices. We also show that incompatibility with a product’s attributes leads to choosing extreme alternatives, which suggests the presence of a “pick-your-poison” effect. We test our hypotheses using the attraction, compromise, and deferral paradigms. We close by discussing our results in the context of the Lewinian view of decision conflict.
Performance analysis of two time-based coordinated checkpointing protocols

Time-based checkpointing protocols are a recently proposed way to improve a system's dependability. They claim to have the advantages of coordinated protocols without the normal costs of coordination. This paper investigates that claim, by analyzing and comparing two time-based checkpointing protocols. The analysis is performed by determining the forward progress of a system using each protocol, and it is described in such a way as to be easily modifiable for other time-based protocols. By carefully analyzing the behavior of each protocol between renewal points, we are able to obtain a closed-form expression for the forward progress of the two protocols considered. We also determine the checkpoint interval value that will maximize forward progress. A validation of the analytical model is then performed via a detailed simulation. The results obtained from the model show the advantages and disadvantages of each protocol.
Timing of solid food introduction and risk of obesity in preschool-aged children

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between timing of introduction of solid foods during infancy and obesity at 3 years of age. METHODS: We studied 847 children in Project Viva, a prospective pre-birth cohort study. The primary outcome was obesity at 3 years of age (BMI for age and gender ≥95th percentile). The primary exposure was the timing of introduction of solid foods, categorized as RESULTS: In the first 4 months of life, 568 infants (67%) were breastfed and 279 (32%) were formula-fed. At age 3 years, 75 children (9%) were obese. Among breastfed infants, the timing of solid food introduction was not associated with odds of obesity (odds ratio: 1.1 [95% confidence interval: 0.3–4.4]). Among formula-fed infants, introduction of solid foods before 4 months was associated with a sixfold increase in odds of obesity at age 3 years; the association was not explained by rapid early growth (odds ratio after adjustment: 6.3 [95% confidence interval: 2.3–6.9]). CONCLUSIONS: Among formula-fed infants or infants weaned before the age of 4 months, introduction of solid foods before the age of 4 months was associated with increased odds of obesity at age 3 years.
Susceptibility of Rats with Renal Hypertension to Pyelonephritis, and Predisposition of Rats with Chronic Pyelonephritis to Hormonal Hypertension

Renal hypertension was produced in rats by unilateral nephrectomy and constriction of the artery to the remaining kidney. Both an increased concentration of bacteria in the kidney 24 hours after inoculation of Escherichia coli , and an increased incidence of lesions of pyelonephritis two weeks after inoculation were noted in these hypertensive rats. Admin istration of desoxycorticosterone (DCA) and saline to rats with chronic experiniental pye lonephritis resulted in development of hyper tension of greater severity thait normal rats. Chronic pyelonephritis alone did not re sult in hypertension, nor did unilateral "fig ure-of-8" ligature in the pyelonephritic rat. Increased susceptibility to pyelonephritis in, hypertension and predisposition to hyperten sion in chronic pyelonephritis thus can ac count for a relationship between hyperten sion and pyelonephritis in the rat. If these results can be applied to the problem in man, they suggest an explanation for the clinical coincidence of the two diseases which seems more consonant with existing facts than a re lationship of direct etiology.
Simulation of Unsymmetrical 2-Phase Induction Machines

The equations which describe the dynamic performance of unsymmetrical 2-phase induction machines are established, and an analog computer representation is developed from these equations. Computer representations of several single-phase machines including the split-phase, the capacitor-start, and the capacitor-start-capacitor-run types of induction motors are developed by extension and modification of the unsymmetrical 2-phase machine representation. In these simulations, provisions are made for stator switching during the starting period. The results of a computer study which demonstrates the free-acceleration characteristics of the capacitor-start, as well as those of the capacitor-start-capacitor-run single-phase induction motors, are given. Computer results which show the decay of the open-circuit terminal voltage and the instantaneous torque during an opening and reclosing of the main winding are also included.
Vascular Syndromes of the Thalamus

Background— This article reviews the anatomy, connections, and functions of the thalamic nuclei, their vascular supply, and the clinical syndromes that result from thalamic infarction. Summary of R...
Problems in Measuring Leucoanthocyanin Content of Pears

SUMMARY— Four solvents, 95% ethanol, methanol, and both ethanolic and aqueous acetone, were used to extract leucoanthocyanin from Bartlett pears. Ethanol extracted approximately one-fourth, methanol one-third, and acetone somewhat less than two-thirds, based on the amount in the corresponding slurry. Conversion of leucoanthocyanin to anthocyanidin was influenced by the dispersing medium, the normality of the butanol in which the conversion was effected, and the source of the leucoanthocyanin (pear mart, slurry, or synthetic leucocyanidin). When ethanolic acetone was the dispersing medium, yields of anthocyanidin were greatest. Developer acidified to a normality of 0.025 compared to 0.6 reduced phlobaphene formation and gave higher yields of anthocyanidin except in the case of pear mart previously extracted with 70% ethanol and then dispersed in acetone. When conversion was effected at a normality of 0.025, yield of anthocyanidin from the mart of pear in acetone was somewhat less than half that obtained when ethanol was the dispersing' medium, that from the slurry was 25% greater, and the yield from synthetic leucocyanidin was almost twice as great.
Characterization and continuous extrusion of isotropic and anisotropic poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide)/sulfuric acid solutions to form ribbons and blown film

Abstract : An experimental characterization and processing study of redissolved Kevlar and poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)/sulfuric acid solutions is reported. Polarized light microscopy studies show the development of an anisotropic phase. When two phases coexist, negatively birefringent spherulites are observed. At higher concentrations, a single phase of coalescing spherulites is seen and following melting and subsequent cooling, nematic (threadlike) structures are observed. Viscosity and normal stresses were measured at various concentrations and temperatures. A yield stress is exhibited at room temperature. Both room temperature and 60 degree C viscosity versus concentration curves display maxima. The solutions in concentration ranges from 2 to 12% have been extruded as ribbons and as annular blown tubular film. Processing variables and problems are discussed. Wide angle x-ray scattering patterns of films show orientation. Tensile properties have been measured on films. (Author)
Fuzzy XML Data Models

Information is often imprecise and uncertain in many real-world applications, and thus fuzzy data modeling has been extensively investigated in various database models as introduced in Chap. 2. Currently, huge amounts of electronic data are available on the Internet, and XML has been the de facto standard of information representation and exchange over the Web. Unfortunately, XML is not able to represent and process imprecise and uncertain data. To represent and manage the imprecise and uncertain data, Zadeh’s fuzzy set theory has been introduced into XML to extend XML such that uncertain and imprecise information can be represented and manipulated. The extended XML model together with the fuzzy database models introduced in Chap. 2 are the key techniques for managing fuzzy data. In this chapter, we mainly introduce fuzzy XML data model.
Antibiotic Use and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis

Some reports suggest that bacteria, including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, could be involved in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. If that is true, persons who used antibiotics active against these bacteria, compared with nonusers, might be at lower risk of multiple sclerosis. Using a 1993-2000 case-control study nested in the United Kingdom-based General Practice Research Database cohort, the authors identified 163 multiple sclerosis cases who were followed up for at least 3 years before their first symptoms (the index date). Up to 10 controls matched to the cases by age, sex, general practice, and time in the cohort were selected. Exposure to antibiotics was assessed through computerized medical records. Overall antibiotic use or use of antibiotics against C. pneumoniae was not associated with multiple sclerosis risk. However, use of penicillins in the 3 years before the index date decreased the risk of developing a first attack of multiple sclerosis (odds ratio=0.5, 95% confidence interval: 0.3, 0.9 for those who used penicillins for >or=15 days compared with no use). In conclusion, use of antibiotics active against C. pneumoniae was not associated with a decreased risk of short-term multiple sclerosis. The observed lower risk of multiple sclerosis for penicillin users needs to be confirmed in other populations.
Deep sub- mu m low-T/sub c/ Josephson technology: the opportunities and the challenges

It is suggested that the possibility now exists of highly leveraging existing semiconductor technology to explore submicron Josephson technology. Some of the opportunities and challenges of such an undertaking are discussed in the context of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and digital applications. In the area of digital Josephson technology, a 50-100-ps cycle-time 64-b RISC (reduced instruction set computer) microprocessor is proposed as a long-term goal. While it is unlikely that one will see a sub-100-ps system like this in the near term, research results supporting its feasibility may ultimately help build the case for the resources needed to produce it. Fabrication has been and will probably continue to be an impediment to the exploration of submicron and deep submicron Josephson technology. Coupling to existing semiconductor fabrication capability should help considerably in this area and should help to lay the groundwork for eventual manufacturing of submicron Josephson products. >
Two-Dimensional Array Coloring With Many Colors

Given an mtimesn array and k distinct colors with 2lesmlesn and 2lesk<mn, we consider the problem of marking each location in the array using one of the k given colors such that any two locations in the array marked by the same color are separated as much as possible. This problem is related to two-dimensional (2-D) interleaving schemes for correcting cluster errors where the goal is to rearrange the codeword symbols so that an arbitrarily shaped error cluster of size t can be corrected for the largest possible value of t. In a recent paper, the authors have shown that, for the case 2lesklesmn/2, the maximum coloring distance is given by lfloorradic2krfloor if kleslceilm 2/2rceil, and by m+lfloor(k-lceilm 2/2rceil)/mrfloor if lceilm 2/2rceillesklesmn/2. In this work, we extend these results to the case mn/2<k<mn. We show that in such cases, the maximum coloring distance is given by to m+lfloor(k-lceilm 2/2rceil)/mrfloor if mn/2<k<mn-lfloorm 2/2rfloor, and by m+n-lceilradic2(mn-k)rceil if mn-lfloorm 2/2rfloorlesk<mn. In particular, we generalize the partial sphere packing argument to derive the new bound and consequently propose a new type of construction achieving optimal coloring for the case kgesmn-lceilm 2/2rceil.
Determining critical activation time of inductive fault current limiters in electric power systems

With the capacity expansion of power systems, fault currents may exceed the interrupting capacity ratings of circuit breakers (CBs). Inductive fault current limiters (FCLs) are able to effectively limit fault currents and maintain circuit breakers on duty. For power systems of different ratings, it is important to decide whether the parameters of an inductive FCL satisfy the requirement of limiting fault currents under a user-defined value. By analyzing the transient performance of fault current limitation processes, the critical activation time of inductive FCLs has been formulated. The critical activation time relates to the system voltage ratings, the inductances of FCLs and the upbound of fault currents choosen by users or CB's ratings. Fault currents can be limited under any user-defined value when the activation time is shorter than the critical one. The equation reveals that an inductive FCL which works in medium-voltage systems may not be able to limit fault current under a certain value in high-voltage systems. An inductive FCL should be checked according to this equation before it is applied to a paticular power system. These conclusions are verified by simulation results.
Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) receptor null-mutant mice are more susceptible to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection than IFN-γ ligand null-mutant mice

Mouse strains with null mutations in the gamma interferon gene (Ifng) or the gamma interferon receptor gene (Ifngr) have been engineered. The use of these strains as animal models of viral and bacterial infections has enhanced our understanding of the role of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the host immune response. However, direct comparisons between Ifng−/− (GKO) and Ifngr−/− (RGKO) mice have been problematic because previously available strains of these mice have had different genetic backgrounds (i.e., C57BL/6 and BALB/c for GKO mice and 129/Sv//Ev for RGKO mice). To enable direct comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections in GKO and RGKO mice, we introduced the IFN-γ null mutation into the 129/Sv//Ev background. We report that, after HSV-1 inoculation, mortality was significantly greater in RGKO mice than in GKO mice (38 versus 23%, P = 0.0001). Similarly, the mortality from vaccinia virus challenge was significantly greater in RGKO mice than in GKO mice. With differences in genetic background excluded as a confounding issue, these results are consistent with the existence of an alternative ligand(s) for the IFN-γ receptor that is also capable of mediating protection against viral challenge.
Identification of a Developmentally Regulated Calcium-Binding Protein in Trypanosoma brucei1

Calcium ions mediate cellular activity by binding to specific cellular proteins. The following study systematically examines the cellular complement of calcium-binding proteins in different cell fractions and life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei. Using a 45Ca-gel overlay procedure, eight calcium-binding proteins were consistently observed. The majority of proteins were cytosolic (84, 70, 64, 22, and 15 kd) while the remainder (55, 46, and 29 kd) were particulate. Although calmodulin was detected amongst the calcium-binding proteins, it did not represent the majority of calcium-binding activity. Of special interest was the 46 kd calcium-binding protein which was associated with 3-fold more calcium in cultured procyclic forms than in slender bloodstream forms. By contrast, promastigote forms of Leishmania mexicana did not contain the 46 kd calcium-binding protein. These data suggest that responsiveness to calcium signals may vary during the trypanosome life cycle as a result of changes in the cellular complement of calcium-binding proteins.
Shifting Geertz: Toward a Theory of Translocalism in Global Communication Studies

Though the anthropologist Clifford Geertz has been tremendously influential across the humanities and social sciences, his impact on media and communication scholarship remains unclear. Geertzian theory, this article argues, can rejuvenate global communication studies by providing a foundation to build a theory of translocalism. The article first highlights the theoretical affinities between Geertz’s interpretive anthropology and communication studies. The following sections explicate Geertz’s perspectives on the local and on meaning. Then, we explore how Geertz’s notion of the local can serve as a context for a new understanding of power in global communication studies. In light of this, the article then turns to an analysis of the notion of translocalism as it transpires in Geertz’s work. The final section elaborates the implications of translocalism for global communication studies through a discussion of global television formats and foreign news correspondents.
Anti-bat tiger moth sounds: Form and function

The night sky is the venue of an ancient acoustic battle between echolocating bats and their insect prey. Many tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) answer the attack calls of bats with a barrage of high frequency clicks. Some moth species use these clicks for acoustic aposematism and mimicry, and others for sonar jamming, however, most of the work on these defensive functions has been done on individual moth species. We here analyze the diversity of structure in tiger moth sounds from 26 spe- cies collected at three locations in North and South America. A principal components analysis of the anti-bat tiger moth sounds reveals that they vary markedly along three axes: (1) frequency, (2) duty cycle (sound production per unit time) and frequency modulation, and (3) modulation cycle (clicks produced during flexion and relaxation of the sound producing tymbal) structure. Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups: one with low duty cycle and few clicks per modulation cycle that supports an acoustic aposematism function, and a second with high duty cycle and many clicks per modulation cycle that is con- sistent with a sonar jamming function. This is the first evidence from a community-level analysis to support multiple functions for tiger moth sounds. We also provide evidence supporting an evolutionary history for the development of these strategies. Further- more, cross-correlation and spectrogram correlation measurements failed to support a "phantom echo" mechanism underlying sonar jamming, and instead point towards echo interference (Current Zoology 56 (3): 358-369, 2010).
Wavelet modulation in Rayleigh fading channels: Improved performance and channel identification

Wavelet modulation sends multiple copies of data at multiple rates through an unknown channel. We present new methods that result in dramatic bit error rate performance improvements when multiple rates are available and utilized for demodulation. Our results indicate significantly better performance than binary phase-shift keying in fading channels. We also introduce and illustrate new algorithms that identify the channel type and mitigate the effects of intersymbol interference in frequency selective fading channels.
a Survey on the Interaction Between Mathematical Physics and Geometry

The author was asked to give a survey on a general area between physics and geometry. It is a difficult job and the only attempt the author will make is to illustrate the interaction by examples. The examples chosen are based on the author’s prejudice toward some areas that are more familiar to him.
Effectiveness of coir-based rolled erosion control systems in reducing sediment transport from hillslopes

Abstract Accelerated soil erosion is ubiquitous on human-modified hillslopes. A variety of erosion control products have been developed to reduce on-site soil resource degradation, and off-site transport of sediment and sediment-associated contaminants to receiving water bodies. However, limited quantitative data are available to assess erosion reduction effectiveness, and to establish the salient properties of the erosion control products. A replicated field-based rainfall simulation study was conducted to compare the runoff and erosion effectiveness of three coir (coconut) fiber rolled erosion control systems (RECSs) with a bare (control) treatment. Detailed temporal measurements of runoff and sediment transport were made during two phases of each experiment: (1) a 110-min application of rainfall via a rainfall simulator at 35 mm h −1 after runoff initiation and (2) a 30-min period, at 3 times the flow rate of phase 1, applied via an overland flow generator. All coir treatments enhanced infiltration, delayed time to runoff generation, reduced intensity of rill incision, and reduced sediment output compared to bare treatments. More importantly, statistically significant differences were observed between coir RECSs of different architecture. For the two open weave coir systems tested, the most effective design had a higher mass per area, and less open space between the regularly aligned grid of fibers. The random fiber coir architecture was the most effective, having significantly lower runoff sediment concentrations, lower sediment yields, and a lower frequency of rill initiation. The differences in system architecture are examined in light of fundamental controls on runoff and erosion processes.
Molecular and Physical Factors That Influence Attachment of Vibrio vulnificus to Chitin.

ABSTRACT The human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood-related deaths in the United States. Strains are genotyped on the basis of alleles that correlate with isolation source, with clinical (C)-genotype strains being more often implicated in disease and environmental (E)-genotype strains being more frequently isolated from oysters and estuarine waters. Previously, we have shown that the ecologically distinct C- and E-genotype strains of V. vulnificus display different degrees of chitin attachment, with C-genotype strains exhibiting reduced attachment relative to their E-genotype strain counterparts. We identified type IV pili to be part of the molecular basis for this observed genotypic variance, as E-genotype strains exhibit higher levels of expression of these genes than C-genotype strains. Here, we used a C-genotype quorum-sensing (QS) mutant to demonstrate that quorum sensing is a negative regulator of type IV pilus expression, which results in decreased chitin attachment. Furthermore, calcium depletion reduced E-genotype strain attachment to chitin, which suggests that calcium is necessary for proper functioning of the type IV pili in E-genotype strains. We also found that starvation or dormancy can alter the efficiency of chitin attachment, which has significant implications for the environmental persistence of V. vulnificus. With the increasing incidence of wound infections caused by V. vulnificus, we investigated a subset of E-genotype strains isolated from human wound infections and discovered that they attached to chitin in a manner more similar to that of C-genotype strains. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular and physical factors that mediate chitin attachment in V. vulnificus, providing insight into the mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of this pathogen in its native environment.
Towards universal mobile caching

In the context of mobile data access, data caching is fundamental for both performance and functionality. For this reason there have been many studies into developing energy-efficient caching algorithms suitable for specific mobile environments. In this papers, we present a novel caching policy, Universal Mobile Caching (UMC), which is suitable for managing object caches in structurally varying environments, and which is self-optimizing for changing workloads. UMC is based on a simple set of basic criteria which reflect a spectrum of possible caching policies. UMC has demonstrated the ability to provide caching benefits in the on-demand retrieval of web documents for the mobile web, wherein multiple levels of intervening caches can create adverse workloads for other general caching schemes. When considering the energy expended in servicing cache misses, UMC consistently demonstrated savings on the order of 10% to 15%. These energy savings are solely due to local per-node behavior, and do not include the potential reduction of power consumption, to less than half its normal levels, achievable due its enabling more effective multi-hop data transmission.
LED Chip Deformation Measurement During the Operation Using the X-Ray CT Digital Volume Correlation

A high-power LED can generate tremendous heat under the operation, which causes the LED chip undergo large deformation. LED Wire Bonds may undergo deformation because of the mismatch between the LED chip and substrate. Presently, measurements of deformation and strain in operational electronics are limited to measurement on a cut-plane using techniques including digital image correlation and moire interferometry based techniques. There is need for tools and techniques that can help quantify the in-situ chip deformation and interconnects inside the LED. Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) has been used in conjunction with X-ray Micro-CT for three-dimensional measurement of deformation and strain in LEDs under operational stresses. The Digital Volume Correlation has been used to correlate the undeformed image with deformed images by computing correlation functions throughout each voxel. The deformed images have been generated by CT scanning over the object while the LED is operational. The correlation function computation starts at specific fixed subset window in the reference image, and searches every possible subset window in the deformed image to identify the deformation in the electronic structure. Once the displacement components have been derived, the strain components have been computed by calculating the gradients of the displacement field. In this paper, the full strain field, both in-plane and out-plane strain, will be presented, and the LED chip deformation shape will be analyzed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Low-Temperature-Grown GaAs Photoconductive Switch Under High Voltage Bias

The bandwidth of photoconductive submillimeter-wave emitters based on low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs is known to decrease at high applied bias, which limits the output power of these devices at frequencies near 1 THz. We performed measurements of an LTG GaAs photoconductor embedded in a coplanar waveguide with both static and dynamic illumination to investigate the bandwidth decrease and an increase in dc photocurrent that occurs at the same bias voltages. We attribute both phenomena to a reduction of the electron capture cross section of donor states due to electron heating and Coulomb-barrier lowering. We discuss why the phenomena can not be explained by injection-limited currents or impact ionization.
Assessing Student Learning through Guided Inquiry: A Case Study of a Beginning Teacher.

This study makes a contribution to the field of pre-service and in-service teacher education by focusing on formative assessment practices. A case study of a beginning teacher in an urban high school, conducted over a period of five years that included one pre-service year and the first four years of teaching, describes how the teacher came to understand and amend her assessment practices through guided questioning of student work. The case study is part of a larger university research project designed to understand the process of learning to teach. The outcomes confirm the value of using a guided inquiry interview protocol to help beginning teachers become reflective practitioners. The protocol specifically poses questions to engage teachers in discussions about the development of assessments, the impact of mandates, expectations for pupil learning, and future modifications. In essence, the case study provides a detailed description of how one beginning teacher's beliefs and practices changed over five y...
Convergence of Measure Sequences

This chapter discusses the kinds of convergence of a measure sequence most frequently met in classical analysis. The typical context to be considered is the following. A class M of measures on a measurable space (S, S) is given, together with a class Γ of functions from S into R. The problem is to find a definition of convergence of the sequence λ∂ in M to a measure λ in M, which implies that limλ∂[f] = λ[f] for every function f in Γ. This problem has an easy solution, a solution by definition: the sequence λ∂ is Γ convergent to λ if $$ \lim \lambda \bullet \left[ f \right] = \lambda \left[ f \right]{\text{ }}\left( {f \in \Gamma } \right). $$ (1.1)
Objectives in Teaching Design

(1949). Objectives in Teaching Design. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 4, The Regional Meeting of the Southeastern Schools of Architecture, pp. 12-15.
Organizational and Personal Correlates of Attitudes Toward Women as Managers

This study discusses the validation of a scale designed to measure attitudes toward women as managers using a cross-section sample of 180 male and 100 female employees. The relationship of personal...
Trait Anxiety as Related to Two Types of Mediated Teaching Procedures

Summary.-The present study investigated the performance of subjects high and low in anxiery given visual-based vs audio-mtorial instruction (N = 232 undergraduate social science srudents). A 3 x 2 factorial analysis of variance indicated that highly anxious students performed equally well in both conditions, while students low in anxiery performed well in the visual-bued model. In both trearments subjects were superior to controls. More than half of the school teachers in the United States use televised marerial in class; 75% report using audiotapes and radio; and 62% use computers (Riccobono, 1984). Clearly research should be conducted with media. Clark and Salomon (1986) mention the need to know the effectiveness of media for instructional purposes and the lessons learned from older media so these can be used to study new techniques (Saloman & Gardner, 1984). The present study was designed to examine videotaped instruction vs audiotaped instruction on the performance of students high and low in anxiety. It was expected that highly anxious subjects would be more successful under videotaped conditions, while subjects of low anxiety would outperform under audiotaped conditions. Undergraduate subjects volunteered to take the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (Taylor, 1953) by which they were identified as high and low in aoxiety. Then they were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: control (N = SO), videobased (N = 78), and audiobased (N = 74). The total sample of 232 included 107 men and 125 women. The common cask for treatment groups was to learn the content of a subunit in human anatomy and physiology. As subjects were in social science, it was assumed this would be relatively novel material. Both a videotaped lecrure and an audiotaped one with identical content were prepared by the same inscmctor. All conditions lasted 50 min. after which the criterion test was administered. The criterion measure was a 30-item multiple-choice test cn the subunit. The measure was constructed of questions drawn from the instructor's test-item files. The mean for the sample was 17.37, SD = 7.40. Coefficient alpha for internal consistency was .go. Group One, the control group, received no treatment. Subjects were informed of the nature of the test and the purpose of using a control group in an experiment. They were administered the criterion measure. Group Two was exposed to the audiocaped lecrure and then administered the measure. Group Three was exposed to the videotaped lecture. Subjects were informed of the nature of the task and that it would be followed immediately by the criterion test. Data were analyzed by a 3 X 2 factorial analysis of variaoce (Winer, 1971) which showed that increased learning occurred for the main effect (M = 22.10, SD = 7.31;
A CFD-based design strategy for advanced transonic wing concepts with practical ramifications for subsonic transports

A strategy for improving the aerodynamic performance of advanced transonic wings for subsonic transports is presented. The study utilizes a CFD-based flow analysis method in conjunction with an inverse design approach to identify the cause for the formation of the double shock-wave system attendant at certain flow conditions. A cure for eliminating this undesirable flow phenomenon is prescribed and its applicabirity is demonstrated for an advanced wing-fuselage configuration at full-scale Reynolds number.
Seventy-Five Years of Public Health in Massachusetts

THE seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts calls to mind certain outstanding personalities and their relation to the development of public-health theory and practice in the Commonwealth. Most of these — though not all — were medical men; some of them were distinguished as well in fields other than that of public health. It is the purpose of this article to trace the origin and development of the public-health movement in Massachusetts and to discuss the part played by outstanding men who guided it through the years since 1869. Lemuel Shattuck, Pioneer The . . .
Comparative Cost-Effectiveness of Hypertension Treatment in Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites According to 2014 Guidelines: A Modeling Study

BACKGROUND We compared the cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatment in non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites according to 2014 US hypertension treatment guidelines.
Encoding the Edge: Manuscript Marginalia and the TEI

, , , : with over five hundred elements, why can’t I find the one I need? By tracing the different TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) elements and attributes available to describe and record marginalia, this paper reveals how the placement and purpose of early modern marginalia require careful consideration by digital editors. Each element that an encoder might consider using for in-text marginalia, and the customization that proscribes that use, carries different semantic weight. This essay considers the options for encoding marginalia using TEI, details practices of existing projects, and then turns to manuscripts written by Archbishop William Sancroft (1617-1693) as test cases. Ultimately, encoding marginalia is a data-modeling question that asks us to rethink the nature and function of our texts and paratexts, questioning where one ends and the other begins.
Factors Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding by Dairy and Beef Cattle.

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC, and food or water contaminated with cattle feces is the most common source of infections in humans. Consequently, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,096 cattle in six dairy herds ( n = 718 animals) and five beef herds ( n = 378 animals) in the summers of 2011 and 2012 to identify epidemiological factors associated with shedding. Fecal samples were obtained from each animal and cultured for STEC. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with STEC positivity. The prevalence of STEC was higher in beef cattle (21%) than dairy cattle (13%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25, 2.47), with considerable variation occurring across herds (range, 6% to 54%). Dairy cattle were significantly more likely to shed STEC when the average temperature was >28.9°C 1 to 5 days prior to sampling (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.25, 4.91), during their first lactation (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.8), and when they were IMPORTANCE STEC shedding frequencies vary considerably across cattle herds in Michigan, and the shedding frequency of strains belonging to non-O157 serotypes far exceeds the shedding frequency of O157 strains, which is congruent with human infections in the state. Dairy cattle sampled at higher temperatures, in their first lactation, and early in the milk production stage were significantly more likely to shed STEC, which could be due to stress or a negative energy balance. Future studies should focus on the isolation of high-risk animals to decrease herd shedding levels and the potential for contamination of the food supply.
Bayesian Framework for Image Registration Using Eigenfunctions

Preserving geometrical properties and topology during registration is a major thrust of the work that is described in this chapter. It examines the diffeomorphic-continuous, one-to-one, onto, and differentiable transformations. Such properties correspond to topological properties of the transformation such as continuity, differentiability, positive-definiteness of the Jacobian, and others. Transformations that are diffeomorphic maintain topology guaranteeing that connected subregions remain connected, neighborhood relationships between structures are preserved, and surfaces are mapped to surfaces. Preserving topology is important for synthesizing individualized electronic atlases; the knowledgebase of the atlas may be transferred to the target anatomy through the topology preserving transformation providing automatic labeling and segmentation. If the total volume of a nucleus, ventricle, or cortical subregion is an important statistic, it can be generated automatically. Topology-preserving transformations that map the template to the target can also be used to study the physical properties of the target anatomy such as mean shape and variation. The class of diffeomorphic transformations limits the registration of brain images to regions of brain anatomy with equivalent topology. These regions typically include deep subcortical structures such as the thalamus, caudate, ventricles, and even some of the major sulci.
Behavioral Microanalysis of Helping Interactions Between Mothers and Adult Children with Mental Retardation

Although direct observation has provided much information regarding caregiver-care recipient interactions, our understanding of the applications of this technique remains incomplete. This study expands upon earlier observational work by examining adults with mental retardation (MR) and their family caregivers in the home setting. Specialized computer software was used to conduct real-time observation and recording of interactional styles of maternal caregivers of eight younger (M = 23 years old) and eight older (M = 49 years old) MR adults during two cognitive tasks: block design and card sorting. Differences in the amount and type of assistance provided by the caregiver were examined by coding the occurrence and duration of seven interactional behaviors. The results demonstrated that the caregivers of the younger adults used more positive statements and modeling/gestural prompts, whereas the caregivers of the older adults provided more physical assistance and performed more of the tasks themselves. More importantly, this project provided information regarding interactions between MR adults and their maternal caregivers and demonstrated the utility of computer-assisted data collection technology with a community-based, nondemented population.
Injection locking circuit techniques for high-efficiency millimeter-wave transmitter arrays in SiGe and CMOS SOI processes

Millimeter-wave systems require circuit innovations that enable high efficiency with complex waveforms. Injection locking circuit techniques are presented that enable low-power outphasing modulation and phase shifting for millimeter-wave radio transmitters integrated in highly-scaled Silicon CMOS and BiCMOS technologies. This paper reviews the efficiency penalties for operating arrays under back-off conditions to compare the advantages of transmit architectures at mm-wave bands. A microwave injection locking outphasing modulator is described to realize wideband, high-efficiency operation confronting these array architectures. An injection-locked outphasing modulator circuit is implemented in 45-nm SOI CMOS and exhibits 22.7% overall system efficiency with 64-QAM at 2.1% EVM. Injection locking techniques for phase shifters are demonstrated to offer high phase and low amplitude variation in a 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS 2 × 2 transmit/receiver phased array at 71–86 GHz.