cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A uniform vector distribution for accurate spatial integration

A method is developed for the design of exactly uniform high-density vectorial distributions inside the 1/48th symmetry-irreducible trihedral angle of highest cubic symmetry. The first application led to a particular 489-vector distribution in the basic solid angle which extends, by permutations, to 23,472 uniformly-distributed vectors in the full 4π steradians. This density (N = 489) meets a criterion of about one part in 105 set for the accuracy requirement of three-dimensional integration of functions in crystal lattice dynamics and in elastic wave theory. The dependence of the accuracy of numerical calculations on vector density is determined by comparison with exact integrals of certain octahedral functions. It is found to depend significantly on the three-dimensional anisotropy of the surfaces of these functions. A ten-decimal table of the direction cosines of the 489-vector distribution is supplied as an appendix.
Simple Optimization Method to Determine Best Management Practices to Reduce Phosphorus Loading in Echo Reservoir, Utah

AbstractThis study develops and applies a simple linear optimization program to identify cost-effective best management practices (BMPs) to reduce phosphorus loading in Echo Reservoir, Utah. The optimization program tests the feasibility of proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) allocations based on potential BMP options and provides information regarding the spatial redistribution of loads among sub-watersheds. The current version of the TMDL for Echo Reservoir allocates phosphorus loads to existing non-point phosphorus sources in different sub-watersheds to meet a specified total load. Optimization results show that it is feasible to implement BMPs for non-point sources in each sub-watershed to meet reduction targets at a cost of $1.0 million. However, relaxing these targets can achieve the overall target at lower cost. The optimization program and results provide a simple tool to test the feasibility of proposed TMDL allocations based on potential BMP options and can also recommend spatial redistribu...
Time course of calcium absorption in humans: evidence for a colonic component.

We examined the time course of calcium absorption (CaAbs) in 155 studies, using a double isotope technique. The subjects were 118 healthy peri-menopausal women (mean age 53.3 years), studied as impatients under metabolic balance conditions. We measured the ratio of radiolabeled calcium (oral:IV) in serum and urine for 144 hours after the oral dose, and generated a composite CaAbs curve for all 155 studies using normalized data. Although CaAbs was 80.9% complete at 3 hours, it was still only 95.8% complete at 7 hours; the remaining 4.2% was absorbed in a slower late component, and did not reach completion until about 26 hours. The rapid initial component probably represents mainly small intestinal absorption and the late component, colonic. At the dietary intakes of our subjects, we estimate the size of the late component at about 6.8 mg/day. For fully accurate measurements of CaAbs, it is necessary to allow for this small late component.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROGESTERONE TO OVULATION AND LUTEINIZATION IN THE PERSISTENT-ESTROUS RAT

THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION supplements an earlier one (Everett, 1940,a,1940, b) in which persistent-estrous rats (Everett, 1939) were temporal ily restored to regular ovulatory cycles by the daily injection of small mounts of the corpus luteum hormone. In those experiments certain evidence indicated that progesterone might be required, principally in late diestrus or proestrus. Once persistent estrus had been interrupted by the hormone, the next set of follicles would persist and fail to ovulate unless the daily injections of corpus luteum hormone were continued in the early stages of the new estrus. Several authors (Dempsey et al., 1936; Astwood, 1939; Boling et al., 1940; Boling and Blandau, 1939) have recently shown evidence that progesterone is formed in some degree before ovulation in the normal animal. It thus seemed probable that the progesterone, received by the persistentestrous rats, was substituting for corpus luteum hormone which those animals failed to produce in the presumptive ‘preovulatory’...
Kinetic and Structural Characterization of Calcium Sensitizer Action on Thin Filament Function using FRET

The use of novel calcium sensitizing agents in the treatment of heart disease offers therapeutic value for patients suffering from a particularly prevalent and recalcitrant condition, however the elusive mechanisms of action for these drugs prevent increased and improved utilization of such agents clinically. Ideally the calcium sensitizer impact on the thin filament could be monitored directly in a physiologically relevant and dynamic way while still capturing the molecular level mechanisms involved. With that aim a homo-FRET scheme was developed which monitors the N-domain opening of the calcium binding subunit of cardiac troponin (N-cTnC) by labeling with TAMRA at cTnC(cys-13) and cTnC(cys-51). Using this novel FRET design the calcium binding properties of reconstituted troponin and their deactivation kinetics were measured in the presence of calcium sensitizers Levosimendan, Bepridil, Pimobendan, and EMD-57033 at various levels of in vitro reconstitution. We hypothesized that depending on the mechanism for each calcium sensitizer the effects on cTnC calcium binding and deactivation kinetics would vary based on the level of reconstitution. We expect that new insight into which thin filament proteins are necessary for sensitizer action will yield a clearer picture of the molecular level mechanisms underlying cardiotonic action. Although the study is currently ongoing preliminary results show significant sensitization for all four drugs in reconstituted ternary troponin compared to control and that this effect is abrogated in samples containing only cTnC and cardiac troponin inhibitory subunit (cTnI). Deactivation kinetics show a decreased transition rate for Levosimendan, Bepridil and Pimobendan but not for EMD-57033 both at the ternary troponin level and at the cTnI-cTnC level. Results from measurements with reconstituted thin filament preparation will be also discussed.
Second virial coefficients of 3He,4He and their mixtures below 5 K

Abstract Second virial coefficients, B ( T ), are determined from the density measurements of Wallace and Meyer for 3 He (3.044–3.305 K) and for mixtures of 3 He + 4 He with x 4 = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 (3.55–5.00 K). Interaction virial coefficients B 34 are then found using also literature values of B 44 . Empirical equations valid below 5 K are provided for B 33 , B 44 and B 34 . The use of particular intermolecular models, including the proper quantum corrections, is examined for a wide temperature range. Specifically, values generated by the Lennard—Jones and Exp-6 models are compared with experiment.
He adsorption and intercalation in C60 fullerite crystals.

We calculate the interaction of a single helium atom with the low-temperature, orientationally ordered, simple cubic phase of a ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ fullerite crystal using anisotropic, helium-carbon pair potentials. The results of our study predict that helium is readily bound to sites on or near the surface of the fullerite crystal, but that intercalation of helium to the interior of the crystal at low temperatures is minimal due to the large energy barriers separating sites of octahedral and tetrahedral coordination.
Which values do attending physicians try to pass on to house officers

Context Professional development in medicine includes the acquisition of values and attitudes which are fundamental to the role of the physician. Little is known about which values and attitudes attending physicians emphasize in their teaching of medical trainees to help them develop professionally. Objective To determine the values and attitudes which attending physicians try to pass on to residents in order to encourage their professional development. Design Cross-sectional study using a mailed survey. Setting Four university-affiliated teaching hospitals. Subjects Attending physicians with residency-level teaching responsibilities. Measurements The self-reported single value or attitude that attending physicians try to pass on to house officers. Results Of the 341 attending physicians who returned a completed questionnaire, 265 (78%) shared the single value or attitude they try to pass on to residents. The four main categories into which more than 95% of responses could be categorized were: (i) caring, (ii) respect, (iii) communication and (iv) integrity. There were no statistically significant differences between the responses given by attending physicians who had been named as excellent role models and their colleagues who had not been so named. Conclusions Attending physicians attempt to pass on values and attitudes they consider important for the professional development of medical trainees. Future research might focus on optimal ways to teach these qualities to medical learners.
Effects of racing and gender on viscoelastic properties of horse blood

Abstract Splenic contraction in racing horses increases the hematocrit (hct), thereby increasing blood viscosity. We tested as to whether racing also affects the elastic properties of blood. Mares and geldings were studied for thus purpose. After racing, there was: (i) an increased erythrocyte count independent of gender and race distance (0.32 to 1.7 km); (ii) an increased mean erythrocyte volume in both sexes; (iii) an increased heterogeneity of RBC size in both sexes; (iv) an increased plasma fibrinogen concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in both sexes; and (v) an increased elastic yield stress (EYS). When corrected to a constant hct of 65%, the blood of mares, but not geldings, had increased EYS after racing. Gender differences in fibrinogen response (p=0.72) did not account for this and the mechanism is not known. Since EYS is analogous to the point at which ketchup starts to flow from a bottle, its increase could be deleterious in vascular beds characterized by pulsatile flow, e.g. the coronary circulation.
Acute roentgen diagnosis of battered child syndrome. A strategy

A strategy is proposed for the dedicated interpretation of possible radiographic plain film signs that are suspicious for indicating child abuse. For each sign, the features “PRO” raise the question of abuse, while radiographic or clinical findings “CON” suggest an alternate explanation. Birth trauma, oesteogenesis imperfecta, rescue trauma, and metastatic neuroblastoma are among the many entities cited. A triad of situations may lead a radiologist to look systematically for changes from abuse; a triad of resolutions may result from the search. Periosteal reaction is the major factor in dating of fractures; physiologic periosteal reaction of infancy and periosteal reaction from previous fracture must be considered when so dating fractures.
Multi-Method Characterization of Compression Set in Fluorosilicone O-Rings

Fluorosilicone o-rings with varying levels of compression set were investigated with a variety of methods. Low field NMR experiments were able to elucidate if the sample had taken a compression set; however, this technique did not have the sensitivity to quantify the relative level of compression set of the o-ring. Water sorption isotherms probe the interior void structure through void space occupation and while complex, the sorption isotherms indicate a systematic loss of void volume with increasing compression set. Similarly, variable temperature 129Xe NMR experiments indicate an elimination of macroscopic void space with increasing compression. The NMR techniques, being noninvasive, have a unique ability to assess the service status of an o-ring in real time.
Proteomic approaches to study Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and veterinary pathogen that causes a wide variety of infections ranging from benign skin infections to life threatening diseases. Recently, important changes in the epidemiology have been reported demonstrating that S. aureus, and particularly its methicillin-resistant variant, is now recognized as a ubiquitous pathogen responsible for both, hospital- and community-acquired infections. In these settings, the bacterium is responsible for various acute or chronic diseases and shows particular ability to adapt its metabolism to major environmental changes. Despite the fact that S. aureus infections are common worldwide, the factors triggering the different steps of infection (colonization, expression of virulence factors, invasion of host tissues, and persistence in hostile environments) are not fully characterized. Over the last decade highly parallel methods of analysis led to the release of whole genome sequences of numerous pathogenic bacteria. These efforts coupled to the parallel improvements of proteomic procedures permitted to study S. aureus transcriptome or proteome at the organism level. This now provides a sound basis for a comprehensive understanding of bacterial metabolism, adaptability to environment and pathogenicity mechanisms. This review summarizes the impact of proteomic on our comprehension of S. aureus virulence and pathogenesis.
Third-Person Effect and Internet Pornography: The Influence of Collectivism and Internet Self-Efficacy

Within the context of Internet pornography, a survey of both U.S. and South Korean college students (N= 232) examined the influence of individualism-collectivism and media self-efficacy on the third-person effect. Two findings emerged: First, this study demonstrates the third-person effect of the Internet for the first time within Western culture. Participants perceived that Internet pornography's negative effect was greater on others than themselves, and this third-person perception predicted support for Internet censorship. Second, although prior research failed to support conjecture that culture shapes third-person perception, these data show culture as an important antecedent; collectivism diminished third-person perception and subsequent support for Internet pornography censorship. The impact of Internet self-efficacy was not substantial. The influence of collectivism on the third-person effect generally and public perceptions of Internet pornography in particular signals its import to scholars interested in social policy and social influence.
ATLAS Experience with HEP Software at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility

A number of HEP software packages used by the ATLAS experiment, including GEANT4, ROOT and ALPGEN, have been adapted to run on the IBM Blue Gene supercomputers at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility. These computers use a non-x86 architecture and have a considerably less rich operating environment than in common use in HEP, but also represent a computing capacity an order of magnitude beyond what ATLAS is presently using via the LCG. The status and potential for making use of leadership-class computing, including the status of integration with the ATLAS production system, is discussed.
The effect of sodium thiosulfate on subcellular localization of platinum in rat kidney after treatment with cisplatin.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given 10 mg/kg of i.v. cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) simultaneously with i.v. sodium thiosulfate (STS) at a 200-fold molar excess to cisplatin, then subcellular (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, cytosol) distribution of platinum within rat kidney cells was determined 15 min, 1 h, 8 h and 24 h after cisplatin injection. Blood urea nitrogen levels were measured in rats treated in the same manner described above. STS was found to block cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. However, differences in platinum concentrations in total homogenate or each subcellular fraction between STS-treated rats and controls were not significant enough to fully account for the drastic protective effect of STS against cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
The Evolution of Charity Care within the Healthcare Industry

Tax‐exempt classification of nonprofit hospitals has been increasingly subject to federal and state examination. Considering the benefits tax‐exempt entities receive, it should not be surprising that these organizations face heavy regulatory scrutiny. The problem for tax‐exempt hospitals is the lack of a clear and concise definition of charity care in order to maintain exempt status. State and local regulations aside, the IRS has not presented a consistent position regarding standards for nonprofit hospitals. This paper examines the evolution of hospital tax‐exempt status and its relationship to charity care. Given the IRS's evolving and conflicting definitions of charity care, we can expect this issue to be debated for a long time to come.
Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament

The tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament have been determined in 16 freshly frozen cadaver shoulders. The inferior glenohumeral ligament was divided into three anatomical regions: a superior band, an anterior axillary pouch, and a posterior axillary pouch. This yielded 48 bone-ligament-bone specimens, which were tested to failure in uniaxial tension. The superior band was consistently the thickest region, averaging 2.79 mm. The thickness of the inferior glenohumeral ligament decreased from antero-superiorly to postero-inferiorly. The resting length of all three anatomical regions was not statistically different. Total specimen strain to failure for all bone-ligament-bone specimens averaged 27%. Variations occurred between the three regions, with the anterior pouch specimens failing at a higher strain (34%) than those from the superior band (24%) or the posterior pouch (23%). Strain to failure for the ligament midsubstance (11%) was found to be significantly less than that for the entire specimen (27%). Thus, larger strain must occur near the insertion sites of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Stress at failure was found to be nearly identical for the three regions of the ligament, averaging 5.5 MPa. These values are lower than those reported for other soft tissues, such as the anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon. The anterior pouch was found to be less stiff than the other two regions, perhaps suggesting that it is composed of more highly crimped collagen fibers. Three failure sites were seen for the inferior glenohumeral ligament: the glenoid insertion (40%), the ligament substance (35%), and the humeral insertion (25%). In addition, significant capsular stretching occurred before failure, regardless of the failure mode.
CALCINEURIN BINDS THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT1 AND REVERSIBLY REGULATES ITS ACTIVITY

NFAT1 (previously termed NFATp) is a cytoplasmic transcription factor involved in the induction of cytokine genes. We have previously shown that the dephosphorylation of NFAT1, accompanied by its nuclear translocation and increased DNA binding activity, is regulated by calcium- and calcineurin-dependent mechanisms, as each of these hallmarks of NFAT1 activation is elicited by ionomycin and blocked by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506 (Shaw, K. T.-Y., Ho, A. M., Raghavan, A., Kim, J., Jain, J., Park, J., Sharma, S., Rao, A., and Hogan, P. G.(1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 11205-11209). Here we show that the activation state of NFAT1 in T cells is remarkably sensitive to the level of calcineurin activity. Addition of cyclosporin A, even in the presence of ongoing ionomycin stimulation, results in rephosphorylation of NFAT1, its reappearance in the cytoplasm, and a return of its DNA binding activity to low levels. Similar effects are observed upon removal of ionomycin or addition of EGTA. We also demonstrate a direct interaction between calcineurin and NFAT1 that is consistent with a direct enzyme-substrate relation between these two proteins and that may underlie the sensitivity of NFAT1 activation to the level of calcineurin activity. The NFAT1-calcineurin interaction, which involves an N-terminal region of NFAT1 conserved in other NFAT family proteins, may provide a target for the design of novel immunosuppressive drugs.
An algorithm for separating patterns by ellipsoids

We give an algorithm for finding the ellipsoid of least volume containing a set of points in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space. Such ellipsoids have been proposed for separating patterns in a feature space.
National imagery interpretability rating scales (NIIRS): overview and methodology

For over 20 years, the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS) has served as a standard to quantify the interpretability or usefulness of imagery. The need for a NIIRS arose from the inability of simple physical image quality measures, such as resolution, to adequately predict image interpretability. The NIIRS defines the levels of image interpretability by the types of tasks an analyst can perform with imagery of a given rating level. The NIIRS provides a simple, yet powerful, tool for assessing and communicating image quality and sensor system requirements. While the scale itself is simple, the process of developing the scale is both complex and resource intensive. Rigorous methods are needed to: develop appropriate image interpretation tasks, relate these tasks to the various levels of image quality, and validate that the scale is usable in practice and has the desirable properties of a rating scale. This paper presents three different NIIRS corresponding to three types of imagery. Visible, IR, and Radar. The paper also discusses the methodology used to develop and validate these rating scales.
Salting-out chromatography—VI: Effect of the length of the hydrocarbon chain, the eluent salt, and the crosslinking and ionic form of the resin

Abstract Each increment of CH2 in the hydrocarbon chain causes a nearly constant rise in the logarithm of C, the distribution ratio. Increases in the crosslinking of Dowex 1 cause increases in C, but increases in the crosslinking of Dowex 50 generally cause decreases in C. With water as eluent, the largest C values are obtained when the counter ion of the resin has the least salting-out ability. The interpretation of these effects and the effect of the eluent salt are discussed.
Oxygen consumption in mosquito larvae parasitized by Romanomermis culicivorax (nematoda)

Abstract 1. 1.The effect of parasitism by Romanomermis culicivorax on the oxygen consumption of three species of mosquito larvae was studied by manometric methods. 2. 2.The Qo2, of Culex pipiens, both parasitized and unparasitized, decreased as the host larvae developed from the second to fourth instar. 3. 3.In the early stages there was no significant difference in go, in parasitized and unparasitized hosts but the Qo2 increased significantly in parasitized fourth instar larvae. 4. 4.The Qo2 of parasitized and unparasitized fourth instars of Aedes taeniorhynchus. Anopheles quadrimaculatus and C. pipiens were compared. 5. 5.The go, of all parasitized hosts was significantly increased and the go, of the two culicine species displayed a dramatic increase in oxygen consumption. 6. 6.The oxygen consumption of the parasitic mermithid larvae was estimated from that obtained earlier for the post-parasitic larvae but did not account for more than 9–36% of the increased Qo2 of the parasitized hosts. 7. 7.On this basis it seems probable that the increased metabolic rate as reflected by oxygen consumption of the parasitized mosquito larve was principally a manifestation of the physiological and nutritional stress induced by the mermithid nematodes.
Employing materials assembly to elucidate surface interactions of amino acids with Au nanoparticles

Biomolecule-directed growth and assembly of nanomaterials utilizes highly specific interactions to provide the exciting prospect of producing a new generation of precisely arranged, stimuli responsive, and reconfigurable nanoarrayed structures for a wide range of applications from catalysis to energy storage. With an objective to create a much needed fundamental understanding of the complex biotic/abiotic interfacial interactions, this paper presents a systematic study of surface interactions of a series of amino acids with Au nanoparticles. We have employed a self-assembly based method that monitors changes in the optical properties and aggregate size of Au nanoparticles in response to their binding with selected amino acid residues. The observations were used to derive information on the binding strength and ligand surface arrangement. Our experimental results follow previously derived computational trends in the surface affinities of the residues, thus suggesting that our approach may be used to assess the binding abilities and interligand interactions of biomacromolecules on nanomaterial surfaces.
A Comparative Study of the Lattice Boltzmann and Pseudo-Spectral Methods for Decaying Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence

We compare the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and Pseudo-Spectral (PS) method for direct numerical simulation of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence. In this study we use the generalized lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) with multiple-relaxationtime (MRT) collision model, which overcomes all the apparent defects in the popular lattice BGK equation. We first compare the instantaneous flow field and they agree well with each other. We then compare the statistical quantities including the energy spectra, compensated spectra, skewness, flatness and so on. The LBM and SP results agree well with each other although the LBM results have oscillations due to the acoustics. I. Introduction The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) 1–7 has emerged as an alternative method for computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The LBM is a kinetic method derived from the Boltzmann equation, as opposed to conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods based on direct discretizations of the Navier-Stokes equations. Two distinctive features of kinetic methods immediately appear. First, kinetic methods include extended hydrodynamics beyond the validity regime of the Navier-Stokes equations, because they are based on kinetic theory. It is known that the Boltzmann equation provides the theoretical connection between hydrodynamics and the underlying microscopic physics. Kinetic methods are often called mesoscopic methods for they bridge between the macroscopic conservation laws and the underlying microscopic dynamics. And second, the Boltzmann equation is a first-order integro-partial-differential equation with a linear advection term, while the Navier-Stokes equation is a second-order partial differential equation with a nonlinear advection term. The nonlinearity in the Boltzmann equation resides in its collision term, which is local. This feature may lead to a number of computational advantages. 8 For these two reasons, kinetic methods have attracted some interest recently. Although LBM is a relatively new method, its efficiency and effectiveness for direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulence has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In an effort to assess the ability of LBM in turbulence, we perform DNS of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (DHIT). Decaying turbulence is a standard problem in study of turbulence. 9–21 In fact, the first attempt at DNS with incompressible NS equation involved this problem. 9 Since then several numerical investigations of decaying HIT have been carried out. Some preliminary studies of three-dimensional (3D) decaying HIT using LBM have also been performed, 22,23 but these investigations stop well short of a rigorous and thorough comparison with a well
In Vitro Toxicity Assessment of Three Hydroxylated Fullerenes in Human Skin Cells

Carbon fullerenes possess unique properties and their interactions with biomolecules have widespread applications. Functionalization of fullerenes with hydroxyl groups (fullerenols) can increase the solubility and potential for cellular interaction, but the health and safety effects of varying degrees of fullerene hydroxylation in biological systems is poorly understood. Existing reports regarding the toxicity and inflammatory potential of fullerenols give conflicting conclusions. To further elucidate the potential for toxicity of fullerenols, human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) were exposed to fullerenols (low (C60(OH)20), medium (C60(OH)24), and high (C60(OH)32)) at concentrations ranging from 0.000544-42.5 μg/ml for 24 and 48 h. A statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in viability with alamar Blue (aB) was noted only with C60(OH)32 at 42.5 μg/ml after 24 h. Nanoparticle (NP) controls showed minimal NP/assay interference of the three fullerenols with the aB viability assay. Normalized IL-8 concentration for C60(OH)20 was not significantly different from control, while C60(OH)24 and C60(OH)32 showed a significant decrease at 24 and 48 h. These results suggest that different hydroxylation of fullerenes caused no cytotoxicity or inflammation up to 8.55 μg/ml. These findings suggest that extrapolation across similar NP will be dependent upon surface chemistry and concentration which may affect the degree of agglomeration and thus biological effects.
Growth Factor and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes and slides for a graduate-level class on ligand regulation of signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases and receptors involved in the Wnt canonical pathway. It is part of a series of lectures that constitute the Cell Signaling Systems course. A description of the lecture, along with a set of slides used to present this information, is provided.
Theories of Imperialism

Although the term “imperialism” is gaining currency at present, social scientists in the English-speaking world continue to treat with slight interest the phenomena which the term seeks to identify. The authors of the two books under review are of continental European origin. This is hardly an unusual coincidence; the paucity of Anglo-American literature on imperialism contrasts oddly with the prolific stream of writings which has appeared in continental Europe during the last seventy years. One reason for this striking difference lies no doubt in the traditional reluctance of Anglo-American social scientists to generalize about the causation of historical events—and, without such generalization, no theory of imperialism is possible. There is a good deal to be said both for this unwillingness to generalize readily, and against the irrepressible enthusiasm with which European savants construct their sweeping theories. Yet neither can it be denied that the European tradition has produced theories of outstanding and abiding value for the understanding of social and political events. Both Marx and Freud, and many lesser lights, were of this tradition and one need not be Marxist or Freudian to appreciate how immensely their brilliant theories have enriched the social sciences in the Englishspeaking countries.
Methods for analyzing the density, distribution, origin, and phenotypes of restored cell populations in vivo and post-explant

Abstract Key challenges in the development of a tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV) include the creation of appropriate scaffold substrates and the selection of phenotypically appropriate cells for seeding or, conversely, the selection of progenitor cells that will appropriately proliferate and differentiate in vivo. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have come to the forefront as prime contenders for in vivo seeding due to their multilineage potential. However, because MSCs have the innate ability to differentiate into numerous cell types (e.g. osteoblasts, myocytes, adipocytes), methods must be established to accurately characterize the in vitro and in vivo cellular characteristics (cellular origin, phenotype and distribution; gene expression). Such methods can include gene expression analysis, proteomics, traditional quantitative morphology and morphometry, and cellular imaging. Through real-time quantitative PCR, RNA sequencing and microarray technology, the phenotype of differentiated repopulated cells in explanted tissue can be compared to cultured MSCs. Additionally, such methods are useful in tissues or cells harvested from animal models where a lack of specific antibodies for phenotype markers precludes the widespread use of immunoassays. Similarly, while ELISAs and western blots are useful to study the protein products of target genes, alternative methods exist for use in poorly validated animal models (e.g. mass spectrometry, differential gel electrophoresis). Finally, conventional histology is essential to the evaluation of cusp architecture in the TEHV and when coupled with immunohistochemistry or sophisticated cell tracking methods, the ultimate phenotype of repopulated cells can be evaluated.
Fracture of the body of the hamate bone

A case of fracture of the body of the hamate is presented. Treatment consisted of open reduction and internal fixation.
Controlled nanocutting of graphene

Rapid pr ogress in graphene-based applications is calling for new processing techniques for creating graphene components with different shapes, sizes, and edge structures. Here we report a controlled cutting process for graphene sheets, using nickel nanoparticles as a knife that cuts with nanoscale precision. The cutting proceeds via catalytic hydrogenation of the graphene lattice, and can generate graphene pieces with specifi c zigzag or armchair edges. The size of the nanoparticle dictates the edge structure that is produced during the cutting. The cutting occurs along straight lines and along symmetry lines, defined by angles of 60o or 120o, and is defl ected at free edges or defects, allowing practical control of graphene nano-engineering.
Clinical trials programs

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the largest single sponsor of studies using anti-neoplastic agents with over 100 compounds currently in various stages of clinical testing. Most of the clinical trials are conducted by the NCI sponsored cooperative oncology groups and community oncology programs, cancer centers, and the pharmaceutical industry. These organizations conduct studies both independently as well as in a collaborative fashion.
Post-contingency equilibrium analysis of power systems

This paper presents alternative methods to compute the equilibrium condition immediately following a disturbance to an electric power system. The first uses the brute force method of simply integrating the dynamic model until it reaches steady state. The second uses the straightforward analytical choice of setting all time derivatives of the dynamic model to zero and solving the remaining algebraic equations for the equilibrium values of the dynamic states. This method requires the creation of new commercial software to solve the large-scale network algebraic equations simultaneously with the dynamic equilibrium equations. The third uses a method that takes advantage of existing commercial load flow software to perform the major portion of the solution process. These load flow solutions then iterate with the de-coupled algebraic equations for each generator.
Improving the prescription of folate to women receiving antiepileptic drugs.

Summary In women of childbearing potential (WCP) on antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), there is an increased risk of teratogenicity. This can potentially be reduced with folate supplementation. We evaluated the rate of co-prescription of AEDs and folate to WCP by non-epileptologist Neurology attendings and residents before and after an educational intervention. During the initial 3 month survey, 54 WCP were prescribed ≥1 AEDs. Prior to the intervention, the rate of co-prescription of AEDs and folate was 20.4%. This was higher when neurologists were prescribing AEDs for epilepsy (34.4%) versus other disorders (0%, p =0.02). In the 3 months following the intervention, 48 WCP received AEDs. The rate of co-prescribing folate increased to 64.6% ( p p =0.006).
Bandwidth-Efficient Forward-Error-Correction-Coding for High Speed Powerline Communications

This paper applies erasure correction codes to powerline communications and compares them to Turbo Product Codes (TPC). The TPC offers near Shannon limit performance for the Gaussian channel. However, assuming a channel with burst noise, then the TPC must be able to detect burst noise boundaries to assign lower reliability to burst errors. If symbol-by-symbol reliability is available, then an erasure correction code, such as Information Dispersal Algorithm (IDA), may perform as well as TPC in terms of block error rate for large blocks, while the TPC will always have a lower bit error rate. An approximation for the performance of IDA is also given.
SLUGS UAV: A flexible and versatile hardware/software platform for guidance navigation and control research

This paper presents the Santa Cruz Low-Cost UAV GNC Subsystem (SLUGS) developed at the University of California Santa Cruz. It is a versatile and flexible autopilot capable of controlling a small unmanned system. It is tightly integrated with MATLAB/Simulink, and allows for a simple and easy transition from pure simulation to HIL simulation to flight code. The hardware's main processing units are two low-cost dsPIC33F DSCs, one handling sensor input and the other managing the navigation and control loops. The sensor DSC implements a complementary attitude and position filter. An interprocessor communication protocol delivers fused attitude and position estimates to the control DSC. The control DSC implements low-level platform stabilization using PID loops, and higher level waypoint following based on a line-of-sight guidance law. Data is logged and available for replay post flight on both the ground station software, and also within MATLAB/Simulink. The hardware was installed on a low-cost single engine electric RC aircraft, and has been demonstrated to be capable of sustained autonomous flight. Several estimation topologies have been tested and developed using the system. The SLUGS is general, and can be adapted to multiple autonomous platforms such as helicopters, quadrotors, twin engine aircraft, ground, and marine surface vehicles.
Failure of Survival of Slowly Growing Members of a Population

Water in which tadpoles or fish have grown inhibits growth of others of their own kind. Larger animals may completely suppress the growth of smaller ones and may eventually kill them by this water-borne inhibition. Under natural conditions of overproduction only the more rapidly growing would be expected to survive.
Organometallic Modeling of the Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) Process: Rhenium Carbonyl-promoted C-S Bond Cleavage and Hydrogenation of Thiophenes and Benozothiophenes

Ultraviolet photolysis of Re2(CO)io and excess benzothiophenes (BT*) in hexanes solution (10-15 °C) produced the ring-opened BT* complexes Re2(CO)7(|i-BT*) (la-d) (BT* = benzothiophene (BT) la, 2-methylbenzothiophene (2-MeBT) lb, 3-methylbenzothiophene (3-MeBT) Ic, and 3,5-dimethyIbenzothiophene (3,5-Me2BT) Id). The r|'(S)-bound BT* complexes Re2(CO)9(r|'(S)-BT''') (2a-d) were prepared by two different synthetic routes and were readily converted into la-d in good yields (40-60%) during UV photolysis in hexanes solution (10-15 °C). These results suggest that the r| '(S)-bound complexes 2a-d could be precursors in the formation of la-d. When Re2(CO)io and 3,5-Me2BT were irradiated with UV light under an atmosphere of H2 (10 ''C, 24 h) In decane solution, complex Id and the partially hydrogenated BT* complex Re2(CO)7(n-3,5-Me2BT-H)(^-H) (3d) in which the terminal vinyl carbon of the BT* ligand is protonated, were produced. Furthermore, UV irradiation of complexes Ic and Id under a H2 atmosphere (10°C) in decane solution also afforded the partially hydrogenated BT* complexes Re2(CO)7(^-3-MeBT-H)(^-H) (3c) and 3d. Complexes la-d were not reactive towards electrophiles such as methyl iodide, methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeOTf) and triflic acid, but they did react with nucleophiles such
Student-Based Case Studies in Software Communication

Producing software that lends itself to meaningful, productive use requires engagement with a wide array of stakeholders, few of whom speak the language of formal software documentation. To make students aware of the communication issues surrounding software development, and to instruct them in strategies for addressing these issues, we have been constructing online multimedia case studies, which draw from the real experiences of undergraduate students in their capstone projects. We report on the structure and content of these case studies, and on our approach to building them.
A note concerning /s/ plus stop clusters in the speech of language-delayed children

The acquisition of /s/ plus stop clusters by language-delayed children was compared with normal acquisition, first, for phonemic substitutions and second, for differential use of voice onset time (VOT) for the substituted stops. Ten children, diagnosed as language delayed, produced 95 percent of the intended clusters as singleton stops; children who could employ VOT contrastively produced most stops, substituting for clusters with VOT values in the long lag range.
Consensus development of a pediatric emergency medicine clerkship curriculum.

Introduction: As emergency medicine (EM) has become a more prominent feature in the clinical years of medical school training, national EM clerkship curricula have been published to address the need to standardize students’ experiences in the field. However, current national student curricula in EM do not include core pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) concepts. Methods: A workgroup was formed by the Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine and the Pediatric Interest Group of the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine to develop a consensus on the content to be covered in EM and PEM student courses. Results: The consensus is presented with the goal of outlining principles of pediatric emergency care and prioritizing students’ exposure to the most common and life-threatening illnesses and injuries. Conclusion: This consensus curriculum can serve as a guide to directors of PEM and EM courses to optimize PEM knowledge and skills education. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(6):–0]
Spatial analysis of learning and developmental disorders in upper Cape Cod, Massachusetts using generalized additive models

The spatial variability of three indicators of learning and developmental disability (LDD) was assessed for Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Maternal reports of receiving special education services, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and educational attainment were available for a birth cohort from 1969-1983. Using generalized additive models and residential history, maps of the odds of LDD were produced that also controlled for known risk factors. While results were not statistically significant, they suggest that children living in certain parts of Cape Cod were more likely to have a LDD. The spatial variation may be due to variation in the physical and social environment.
Helping Hands: Wonders and Woes of Prosthetics Technologies

The human hand is not merely useful. It is arguably the most openly and inexhaustibly programmable biological machine in the universe. The partnership it forged with the brain and the rest of the human body over the span of many thousands of years not only made human life possible but reappears in every healthy new human baby as a legacy of wide-open prospects for adventure and discovery.For most large organisms, survival of the species has been won through the tactic of genetic and behavioral conservatism -- settling into a niche where skills are suited to needs, and where environmental change comes slowly compared to the pace of generational renewal. Humans, too, are genetically conservative, but our evolutionary path liberated us from repertoires of fixed and safe routines and turned us into behavioral improvisers. Possibly this happened because the childhood and adolescence of our species was spent crossing unfamiliar landscapes and chancing life in unpredictable environments. This migratory strategy didn't just save us, it transformed us. Over time we became "modern Homo sapiens" -- highly resourceful tool-makers and users who had learned to live together and to share labor, knowledge, and ideas. Eventually, having no real competitors, we put ourselves in charge of the shallow global compartment of oxygen-rich terrain where our ancestors had started hanging out millions of years ago.The downside of our survival strategy has been that what makes us so successful also makes us a danger to ourselves, as Greek mythology and Shakespeare so eloquently remind us. The latest irony and most recent danger is the perverse idea that our biology is our undoing, and that only technology can save us. It is this idea, or part of this idea, that I want to talk about here. Specifically, I want to consider our high hopes for "prosthetics technologies," by which I mean not only those devices and machines that are created to repair and replace broken or missing parts of ourselves but also the devices and machines we design and build to outdo ourselves.
A modification of the artificial compressibility algorithm with improved convergence characteristics

The artificial compressibility algorithm has a significant drawback in the difficulty of choosing the artificial compressibility parameter, improper choice of which leads either to slow convergence or divergence. A simple modification of the equation for pressure in the artificial compressibility algorithm which removes the difficulty of choosing the artificial compressibility parameter is proposed. It is shown that the choice of the relaxation parameters for the new algorithm is relatively straightforward, and that the same values can be used to provide robust convergence for a range of application problems. This new algorithm is easily parallelized making it suitable for computations such as direct numerical simulation (DNS) which require the use of distributed memory machines. Two key benchmark problems are studied in evaluating the new algorithm: DNS of a fully developed turbulent channel flow, and DNS of a driven-cavity flow, using both explicit and implicit time integration schemes
Problematic dating of claimed Younger Dryas boundary impact proxies

The PNAS paper by Kennett et al. (1) uses statistical methods in an attempt to improve the geochronological control for purported Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) impact proxies. The underpinning data for these analyses are problematic, however, as discussed by Meltzer et al. (2) and Holliday et al. (3). Several examples illustrate the problems. At Barber Creek the YDB zone is at ∼100 cm below the surface, but in situ wood charcoal dated to 10,500 ± 50 14C y B.P. (∼12.5 k cal yrs) is documented below 100 cm (3). The large SD for the modeled age of the YDB here (1) (12,865 ± 535 cal yrs) easily accommodates the high-precision date on the charcoal from below the spherule zone. At Blackville the sediments dated by optically stimulated luminescence are mixed and thus the dates cannot be considered reliable (3). The supposed impact proxies at Bull Creek are from 307- to 312-cm depth (3). The radiocarbon date of ∼12,960 cal yrs is from 298 to 307 cm and is a bulk sample on soil organic matter, thus representing a mean residence time for the soil carbon. Impact proxies are, therefore, older than ∼12,960 y by some unknown amount; they are also found in abundance in strata <3,000 y old. The Usselo soil in northwest Europe spans ∼1,400 y based on ∼50 radiocarbon ages, dating primarily to the Allerod and into the YD (2).