cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race/Ethnicity, Primary Language, and Income Are Not Demographic Drivers of Mortality in Breast Cancer Patients at a Diverse Safety Net Academic Medical Center

Objective. To examine the impact of patient demographics on mortality in breast cancer patients receiving care at a safety net academic medical center. Patients and Methods. 1128 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer at our institution between August 2004 and October 2011. Patient demographics were determined as follows: race/ethnicity, primary language, insurance type, age at diagnosis, marital status, income (determined by zip code), and AJCC tumor stage. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors related to mortality at the end of follow-up in March 2012. Results. There was no significant difference in mortality by race/ethnicity, primary language, insurance type, or income in the multivariate adjusted model. An increased mortality was observed in patients who were single (OR = 2.36, CI = 1.28–4.37, ), age > 70 years (OR = 3.88, CI = 1.13–11.48, ), and AJCC stage IV (OR = 171.81, CI = 59.99–492.06, ). Conclusions. In this retrospective study, breast cancer patients who were single, presented at a later stage, or were older had increased incidence of mortality. Unlike other large-scale studies, non-White race, non-English primary language, low income, or Medicaid insurance did not result in worse outcomes.
Confidentiality enforcement using dynamic information flow analyses

With the intensification of communication in information systems, interest in security has increased. The notion of noninterference is typically used as a baseline security policy to formalize confidentiality of secret information manipulated by a program. This notion, based on ideas from classical information theory, has first been introduced by Goguen and Meseguer (1982) as the absence of strong dependency (Cohen, 1977). "information is transmitted from a source to a destination only when variety in the source can be conveyed to the destination" Cohen (1977) Building on the notion proposed by Goguen and Meseguer, a program is typically said to be noninterfering if the values of its public outputs do not depend on the values of its secret inputs. If that is not the case then there exist illegal information flows that allow an attacker, having knowledge about the source code of the program, to deduce information about the secret inputs from the public outputs of the execution. In contrast to the vast majority of previous work on noninterference which are based on static analyses (especially type systems), this PhD thesis report considers dynamic monitoring of noninterference. A monitor enforcing noninterference is more complex than standard execution monitors. "the information carried by a particular message depends on the set it comes from. The information conveyed is not an intrinsic property of the individual message." Ashby (1956) The work presented in this report is based on the combination of dynamic and static information flow analyses. The practicality of such an approach is demonstrated by the development of a monitor for concurrent programs including synchronization commands. This report also elaborates on the soundness with regard to noninterference and precision of such approaches.
Potential use of DA1 and DA2 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Hypertension

Will dopamine (DA) agonists have a role in the treatment of hypertension? Recent advances of medicinal chemistry and receptor pharmacology have suggested a positive answer. First, the division of DA receptors into two subtypes, DA1 and DA2, and the differentiation of these receptors from other receptors have resulted in the synthesis of relatively selective agonists and antagonists. Second, agonists of DA1 and DA2 receptors have been shown to decrease blood pressure in experimental animals and hypertensive patients. Review of clinical data with DA1, DA2, and combination of DA1 and DA2 agonists not only has demonstrated efficacy, but has revealed problems in the use of these compounds. Finally, possible solutions of these problems will be discussed.
Multiscale traveltime tomography

Nonuniqueness in traveltime tomographic velocity analysis is largely the result of insufficiency in model parameterization. Traditional tomography parameterizes the model with nonoverlapping cells. Such single-scale tomography (SST) from inverting traveltimes only may produce underdeterminacy at places of insufficient ray coverage. To cope with the poor and uneven ray coverage, a multiscale tomography (MST) method is devised, which is a simultaneous application of many overlapping SSTs with different cell sizes. The MST decomposes velocity anomalies into components in a set of submodels of different cell sizes. At each model location the cells containing higher consistency between data contributions gain more from the inversion. The final MST model is a postinversion superposition of all submodel solutions. The MST method is applicable to the determination of interval velocity and interface geometry using turning rays or reflection rays. In comparison with the SST, superior results of the MST are seen in synthetic examples. The MST method is used to construct the 3D crustal velocities of southern California using the first arrivals from local earthquakes. While the SST and MST models may fit the data equally well, the MST model is smoother and geologically more plausible than the SST model.
Accurate calculations of bound rovibrational states for argon trimer

This work presents a comprehensive quantum dynamics calculation of the bound rovibrational eigenstates of argon trimer (Ar3), using the ScalIT suite of parallel codes. The Ar3 rovibrational energy levels are computed to a very high level of accuracy (10−3 cm−1 or better), and up to the highest rotational and vibrational excitations for which bound states exist. For many of these rovibrational states, wavefunctions are also computed. Rare gas clusters such as Ar3 are interesting because the interatomic interactions manifest through long-range van der Waals forces, rather than through covalent chemical bonding. As a consequence, they exhibit strong Coriolis coupling between the rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom, as well as highly delocalized states, all of which renders accurate quantum dynamical calculation difficult. Moreover, with its (comparatively) deep potential well and heavy masses, Ar3 is an especially challenging rare gas trimer case. There are a great many rovibrational eigenstates to compute, and a very high density of states. Consequently, very few previous rovibrational state calculations for Ar3 may be found in the current literature—and only for the lowest-lying rotational excitations.
Transcriptional activity in permeabilized chloroplasts ofEuglena

Chloroplasts ofEuglena gracilis rendered permeable with toluene incorporate radiolabeled UTP into cold TCA-precipitable material at higher rates than chloroplast lysates. Incorporation is also linear for approximately 40 minutes. Transcripts produced toluene-treated chloroplasts range from approximately 0.24 to 7.5 kilobases.
The Relationship Between Subconcussive Impacts and Concussion History on Clinical Measures of Neurologic Function in Collegiate Football Players

Concussions sustained during college and professional football careers have been associated with both acute and chronic neurologic impairment. The contribution of subconcussive impacts to this impairment has not been adequately studied. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between subconcussive impacts and concussion history on clinical measures of neurologic function. Forty-six collegiate football players completed five clinical measures of neurologic function commonly employed in the evaluation of concussion before and after a single season. These tests included the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, Sensory Organization Test, Standardized Assessment of Concussion, Balance Error Scoring System, and Graded Symptom Checklist. The Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System recorded head impact data including the frequency, magnitude, and location of impacts. College football players sustain approximately 1,000 subconcussive impacts to the head over the course of a season, but for the most part, do not demonstrate any clinically meaningful changes from preseason to postseason on measures of neurologic function. Changes in performance were mostly independent of prior concussion history, and the total number, magnitude and location of sustained impacts over one season as observed R2 values ranged between 0.30 and 0.35. Repetitive subconcussive head impacts over a single season do not appear to result in short-term neurologic impairment, but these relationships should be further investigated for a potential dose–response over a player’s career.
Metabolic and renotropic effects of human growth hormone in disease.

ABSTRACT The renotropic and metabolic effects of human growth hormone were studied in 2 patients with hypopituitarism, 1 with cirrhosis of the liver and 2 with chronic nephritis and usemia. The dosage was 5 to 10 mg. a day for three to nine days. The plasma urea level and urea excretion decreased promptly in all subjects. The blood phosphorus and glucose levels increased gradually, and phosphorus excretion decreased. A renotropic effect was shown by the prompt increases in endogenous creatinine clearance and in phosphorus reabsorption. In the patient with cirrhosis of the liver who had hypocholesterolemia and hypoalbuminemia, the serum cholesterol and albumin levels increased, suggesting that liver function was stimulated. These results emphasize the important role of the growth hormone in adult man, and suggest its use as a therapeutic agent in certain diseased states.
Comparative Compositional Study of Crude Oil Solids from the Trans Alaska Pipeline System Using High-Temperature Gas Chromatography

Wax precipitation and deposition in crude oils can produce problems in production and transportation operations. To gain an understanding of deposits formed in a pipeline transporting an intermediate type crude oil in an arctic/subarctic environment, comparisons of several types of crude oil solid deposits from the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) and precipitated waxes present in the TAPS mix crude oil were developed. An extended high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) method was used for the determination of the solids composition, and is described in this paper. The HTGC method uses a longer capillary column to obtain improved resolution of higher carbon number groups. The method also provides quantification of n-alkane and non-n-alkane content within each single carbon number group. A comparison of the ratio of n-alkane: non-n-alkane for each single carbon number (SCN) between the parent crude oil and the crude oil solids is used to identify the amount of liquid crude oil occluded in the crude o...
Description of light focusing by a spherical lens using diffraction integral method

We describe here the propagation of light through a plano-convex spherical lens using the Stratton-Chu vector diffraction integrals. The values of the electric and magnetic fields on the two lens surfaces and at a point outside the lens are calculated by repeated use of the diffraction integrals and the intensity distribution in the focal region of the lens is determined. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Axial elastic modulus as a function of relative fiber width in relaxed skinned skeletal muscle fibers.

The axial elastic modulus as a function of relative fiber width was measured in relaxed skinned fiber segments from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog. Fiber width was reduced by adding the non-penetrating long-chain polymer Dextran T500 (Mn=181,800 D) to the fiber bathing solution. The axial elastic modulus increased steeply as relative fiber width was reduced. This relationship is independent of both ionic strength and of the presence of low molecular weight fractions of dextran within the interfilament pace. The observed increase in axial elastic modulus with compression may reflect an interaction between crossbridges and thin filaments, an hypothesis which is corroborated by the similarity of responses obtained from compressed fibers and from normal width fibers in rigor.
Failure analysis of a bearing in a helicopter turbine engine due to electrical discharge damage

This article documents the metallurgical evaluation of a rolling element bearing that failed due to electrical discharge damage. This rolling element bearing was used in a helicopter turbine engine that failed in-flight, resulting in a hard landing of the helicopter. Optical and electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to evaluate the bearing. Pitting and material transfer on the external bearing races bearing and mating surfaces revealed that the electrical discharge damage occurred while the engine's components were not rotating.
Clinical and Radiographic Comparison of Oxidized Zirconium and Cobalt Chrome Femoral Components of a Single Design Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Is the Cost Difference Justified Based on Patient Outcomes?

A review of 120 consecutive total knee arthroplasty patient records was made comparing oxidized zirconium with traditional cobalt chrome alloy femoral components and assessing the clinical and radiographic outcomes of each. The direct hospital implant cost for each of these implant systems was obtained and assessed in the context of any difference in patient Knee Society Scores, knee flexion, pain, probability of metal allergy, and radiographic signs of pending implant failures. At an average of 5.6-year followup (1–11-year range in both groups), the data showed no clinical or radiological variance between the two groups, while the hospital direct implant cost with the oxidized zirconium femoral component was $1900 higher than the cobalt chrome implants. Considering the cost difference between the implants and the lack of a difference in outcomes at an average of 5-6 years of followup, this paper brings into question the ability to justify the use of oxidized zirconium femoral components based solely on improved patient outcomes.
Design of a High-Performance Automatic Steering Controller for Bus Revenue Service Based on How Drivers Steer

This paper focuses on the design of an automatic steering controller that has been implemented on an 18.3-m articulated bus for revenue service. Compared with the typical environment for autonomous cars, the narrow and curving bus lane and the tight S-shape docking curves require a steering controller to consistently provide high accuracy with ride comfort. While analyzing the data of drivers steering through a double lane change course, we discovered and validated that driver's steering rate is proportional to a specific vehicle angle error. Subsequent analysis showed that drivers in effect execute a naturally robust controller that allows high-gain corrections and is insensitive to variations in vehicle dynamics and speeds. This paper presents the first adaptation of this driver's steering mechanism to a real-world challenging application. The resultant system achieved all performance requirements, and the revenue service at Eugene, OR, USA, started in June 2013. Moreover, the simple control structure greatly facilitated the design of fault detection, degraded control, and control redundancy.
Making Policy Choices Local Government and Economic Development

The author examines how local governments make decisions about economic development, focusing specifically on the decision to locate a General Motors truck plant in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in August 1984. The processes used to make that policy choice included secret negotiations between private and public elites, cost-benefit analyses, and public hearings. The advantages and disadvantages of using these three approaches to make policy choices are discussed, and how they actually operated in the case under review is evaluated. Finally, the efficacy of these approaches for effective and accountable policymaking is assessed.
Fluorescence velocity measurements in the interior of a hydrogen arcjet nozzle

The first use of laser-induced fluorescence for spatially resolved plasma velocity measurements within an arcjet nozzle are described.The arcjet was operated on a propellant of pure hydrogen.The Balmer-α transition of atomic hydrogen was scanned by the excitation laser source while simultaneously detecting the spectrally integrated resonance fluorescence.Velocity was determined from the Doppler shift in the peak of the laser excitation spectrum relative to a stationary reference.The arcjet operating conditions were chosen to facilitate a comparison between these measurements and arcjet modeling results of Butler et al.
Bit level types for high level reasoning

Bitwise operations are commonly used in low-level systems code to access multiple data fields that have been packed into a single word. Program analysis tools that reason about such programs must model the semantics of bitwise operations precisely in order to capture program control and data flow through these operations. We present a type system for subword data structures that explitictly tracks the flow of bit values in the program and identifies consecutive sections of bits as logical entities manipulated atomically by the programmer. Our type inference algorithm tags each integer value of the program with a bitvector type that identifies the data layout at the subword level. These types are used in a translation phase to remove bitwise operations from the program, thereby allowing verification engines to avoid the expensive low-level reasoning required for analyzing bitvector operations. We have used a software model checker to check properties of translated versions of a Linux device driver and a memory protection system. The resulting verification runs could prove many more properties than the naive model checker that did not reason about bitvectors, and could prove properties much faster than a model checker that did reason about bitvectors. We have also applied our bitvector type inference algorithm to generate program documentation for a virtual memory subsystem of an OS kernel. While we have applied the type system mainly for program understanding and verification, bitvector types also have applications to better variable ordering heuristics in boolean model checking and memory optimizations in compilers for embedded software.
Nucleation of COPII vesicular coat complex by endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle SNAREs.

Protein trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus involves specific uptake into coat protein complex II (COPII)–coated vesicles of secretory and of vesicle targeting (v-SNARE) proteins. Here, two ER to Golgi v-SNAREs, Bet1p and Bos1p, were shown to interact specifically with Sar1p, Sec23p, and Sec24p, components of the COPII coat, in a guanine nucleotide–dependent fashion. Other v-SNAREs, Sec22p and Ykt6p, might interact more weakly with the COPII coat or interact indirectly by binding to Bet1p or Bos1p. The data suggest that transmembrane proteins can be taken up into COPII vesicles by direct interactions with the coat proteins and may play a structural role in the assembly of the COPII coat complex.
Veratridine‐Induced Depolarization Reduces the Palmitoylation of Brain and Myelin Glycerolipids

In this study, we have investigated the effect of neuronal depolarization on the palmitoylation of myelin lipids. For this purpose, brain slices from 60-day-old rats were incubated with [ 3 H]palmitate for 1 h in the presence or absence of various drugs. Veratridine (100 μM) reduced the incorporation of [ 3 H]palmitate into all brain glycerolipids by 40-50%, whereas the labeling of sphingolipids was unaffected. Similar results were obtained by using [ 3 H]glycerol as a precursor, demonstrating that veratridine also causes a reduction in the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids. Both tetrodotoxin (1 μM) and ouabain (1 mM) prevented the effect of veratridine, indicating that it is mediated through the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and involves the stimulation of the Na + / K + pump. Decreased levels of both ATP, due to activation of the Na + ,K + -ATPase, and the precursor palmitoyl-CoA were found in the veratridine-treated slices, thus explaining the reduction in lipid synthesis. Neuronal depolarization also decreased the synthesis of lipids present in the myelin fraction. The relatively high specific radioactivity of myelin lipids and the results from both repeated purification experiments and mixing experiments ruled out the possibility that the radioactive lipids present in myelin could derive from contamination with other subcellular fraction(s). Because neither mature oligodendrocytes nor myelin is known to express voltage-dependent Na + channels, it is conceivable that the effect of veratridine on myelin glycerolipid metabolism occurs by an indirect mechanism such as an increase in the extracellular [K + ]. However, the presence of 60 mM KCI in the medium did not affect the acylation of either brain or myelin lipids. These results raise questions as to the absence of sodium channels in myelinating oligodendrocytes and/or myelin.
An innovative approach of risk planning for space programs.

Abstract According to the current rule-based risk management approach at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the effort is directed to contain all identified risks of a program. The identification of hazards and mitigation effort proceeds along with the development of the system hardware, till all the tradable resources for a program is exhausted. In this process, no conscious effort is made to evaluate risks and associated cost, and the final design is likely to have undesirable residual risks. This approach also results in allocating a significant amount of resources to gain only marginal mitigation of hazard and leave some undesirable hazards in the system due to the budget limitation. The approach in the proposed knowledge-based risk planning system makes a conscious attempt to trade risk with other resources, e.g., schedule, cost, reliability, performance, and others in a judicious and cost-effective way. A knowledge of the feasible option sets requiring high incremental cost for a marginal gain in hazard reduction helps the management to make decision for residual risk that falls within an acceptable range for an option set. Relevance to industry The study provides a cost-effective approach for planning risk of space programs. The approach can be adopted for risk planning of large industrial projects.
What is wrong with end-of-life care? Opinions of bereaved family members.

OBJECTIVE: To describe family perceptions of care at the end of life. METHODS: In a representative sample of older people who died from chronic diseases, family members were interviewed about satisfaction with treatment intensity, decision-making, and symptom relief in the last month of life, and gave suggestions to improve care. RESULTS: Interviews were completed with 461 family members, 80% of those contacted. They reported that 9% of decedents received CPR, 11% ventilator support, and 24% intensive care during their last month of life. Family members could not recall a discussion of treatment decisions in 23% of cases. Presence or absence of a living will did not affect the likelihood of no discussion (22% vs 24%, P = .85). Family informants desired more treatment to sustain life in 8% of deaths. They or the decedent wanted treatments doctors did not recommend in 6% of deaths but refused recommended therapies in 18% of deaths. They believed more care to relieve pain or other symptoms was indicated in 18% of deaths. Asked to make positive or negative comments about any aspect of terminal care, 91% of comments on hospice were positive. Nursing home care received the smallest proportion of positive comments (51%). Family members recommendations to improve end of life care emphasized better communication (44%), greater access to physicians' time (17%), and better pain management (10%). CONCLUSION: Bereaved family members are generally satisfied with life-sustaining treatment decisions. Their primary concerns are failures in communication and pain control. Discussions that focus on specific treatment decisions may not satisfy the real needs of dying patients and their families. J Am Geriatr Soc 45:1339–1344, 1997.
International Services Marketing: A Comparative Evaluation of the Dimensions of Service Quality between Developed and Developing Countries

During the 1980s, the international marketing of services has grown tremendously in world trade. As services are having a significant impact internationally, special attention is needed to deal with the opportunities that emerge both domestically and worldwide. This rapid growth of the service sector can be found in both developed and developing countries. With opportunities found in service industries across different countries, it is essential to understand the characteristics of services that distinguish themselves in nations under different stages of development.
Mechanistic Quality Management of Hot Mix Asphalt Layers with Seismic Methods

Realistic field-test protocols and equipment, which in a rational manner, combine the results from laboratory and field tests with those used for quality control during construction, have been developed. Seismic nondestructive testing technology has been used for this purpose. Simple laboratory tests that are compatible with the field tests have been recommended. All these tests have several features in common. They can be performed rapidly (less than 3 min.), and their data reduction processes are simple and almost instantaneous.
The population ecology of the Cinnabar Moth, Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae).

This paper describes the results of a study of the factors determining the abundance and distribution of the Cinnabar Moth in Britain. The main part of the study was on a population of the moth at Weeting Heath in Norfolk. This is an area of sandy heath which is heavily overgrazed by rabbits. Here the moth fluctuates violently in number and periodically it completely defoliates its food plant (ragwort, Senecio jacobaea L.) over large areas. This happened in 1960, 1961, 1967, and 1968.
Labeling of (S)‐DES‐4‐amino‐3‐[125I]iodozacopride (DAIZAC), a high‐affinity radioligand for the 5‐HT‐3 receptor

We have prepared (S)-5-chloro-3-[ 125 I]iodo-2-methoxy-N-(1-azabicycl0[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-benzamide ([ 125 I]DAIZAC, [ 125 I]-3) as a radioligand for characterization of the 5-HT-3 receptor. Preparation of the 3-tri-n-butylstannyl precursor was accomplished from the corresponding unlabeled DAIZAC by reaction with bis(tributyltin). Treatment of the precursor with 5 mCi of Na 125 I and chloramine-T in dilute HCl gave 2.58 ± 0.22 mCi (52%) of [ 125 I]DAIZAC with >98% radiochemical purity and 1500 Ci/mmol specific activity. Saturation analysis of the binding of [ 125 I]DAIZAC to rat brain homogenates showed a single binding site with a receptor density B max of 0.66 ± 0.03 pmol/g and a receptor affinity K D of 0.15 ± 0.01 nM. Compared to [ 125 I]iodozacopride, we find the 20-fold higher affinity and easy preparation of [ 125 I]DAIZAC to be advantageous for in vitro identification of brain 5-HT-3 receptors.
The use of monoclonal antibodies to study the structure and function of cytochrome f

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against native cytochrome f (cyt f) isolated from turnip leaves. The two MAbs obtained, designated MAb-JB2 and MAb-ED4, were Western blot positive to purified turnip cytochrome f and also reacted with inside-out (ISO) but not right-side-out (RSO) spinach thylakoid membranes. MAb-ED4 reacted with a covalent adduct formed by crosslinking cyt f and plastocyanin (PC), whereas MAb-JB2 did not. In contrast, MAb-JB2 reacted with the isolated cyt b6f complex but MAb-ED4 did not. These results indicate that MAb-JB2 binds to cyt f at or near the PC binding site on f, whereas MAb-ED4 binds to a portion of cyt f which is not exposed in the cyt b6f complex. The location of the epitopes in the primary sequence of cyt f was determined by trypsin hydrolysis, HPLC separation of tryptic peptides, and ELISA identification of the purified peptides. The molecular weights of the purified peptides, determined by gel exclusion chromatography, were found to be 5040 and 3130 Da for MAb-JB2 and MAb-ED4, respectively. Amino acid sequencing showed that the first eight amino acids of the MAb-ED4 positive peptide were LDQPLTSN. These results suggest that the 3130-Da peptide has 28 amino acids extending from Leu 223 to Arg 250. This peptide is located on the N-terminal (lumen) side of the postulated membrane-spanning sequence. The first eight amino acids of the MAb-JB2-positive peptide were NILVIGPV. This sequence and the peptide molecular weight indicate that the epitope for MAb-JB2 is located within a 44-amino acid peptide extending from Asn 111 to Arg 154.
Acute Kidney Injury Predicts Outcomes of Non-Critically Ill Patients

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level of 0.3 mg/dL or more within 48 hours, predicts outcomes of non-critically ill patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among the adults admitted from June 1, 2005, to June 30, 2007, to the medical wards of a community teaching hospital, 735 patients with AKI and 5089 controls were identified. Demographic and health information, serum creatinine values, and outcomes were abstracted from patients' computerized medical records. Outcomes of patients with AKI were compared with those of controls. In an additional case-control analysis, more detailed clinical information was abstracted from the medical records of 282 pairs of randomly selected, age-matched AKI cases and controls. Conditional multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for potential confounders of AKI effect on outcomes. RESULTS Overall, patients with AKI had higher in-hospital mortality (14.8% vs 1.5%; P P P P CONCLUSION In this study, AKI was associated with adverse outcomes in non-critically ill patients.
Conservation of non-histone chromatin proteins during growth in HeLa cells.

Summary The turnover kinetics of non-histone chromatin (NHC) proteins were measured relative to that of histones and DNA in HeLa cells growing in suspension culture. Turnover was examined in logarithmic cultures by short (30 minute) and long (one generation, 17 hour) labeled amino acid pulses followed by prolonged growth in unlabeled medium. Likewise, synchronized cells were labeled in S or Gl and then grown several generations in unlabeled medium. In all experiments the NHC proteins of HeLa cells were conserved. Decline in specific activity during prolonged chase is entirely accounted for by growth dilution.
Selecting a Portfolio of Solar Energy Projects Using Multiattribute Preference Theory

This article reports a procedure developed to assist the U.S. Department of Energy in selecting a portfolio of solar energy applications experiments. The procedure has also been used in other government procurements and appears to be applicable in a variety of project funding processes. The technical quality of each proposed applications experiment was summarized through the use of multiple evaluation measures, or attributes. These were combined into a single index of the overall technical quality of an experiment through the use of a multiattribute utility function. Recently derived results in measurable value theory were applied to derive an index of the overall technical quality of a portfolio of experiments. Budgetary and programmatic issues were handled through the use of constraints. This approach allowed the portfolio selection problem to be formulated as an integer linear program. Details of the application are presented, including a discussion of the data requirements and assessment procedure used. The portfolio selection procedure was successfully applied, and variations of it have been successfully used in four other solar energy procurements.
Estimating annual average daily traffic from satellite imagery and air photos: Empirical results

Vehicles can be identified in high-resolution satellite imagery that recently has become available to the civilian community. The vehicle information contained in this imagery, and in air-based imagery, could be used in annual average daily traffic (AADT) estimation, a task conducted by many transportation agencies around the world. However, because the imagery provides information equivalent to traffic counts of very short duration, it is possible that the information is too noisy to be of use. Empirical differences between AADT estimated from 14 satellite images and air photos of Interstate segments in Ohio and the corresponding AADT estimated from traditional, ground-based estimates are presented. The distribution in differences appears relatively unbiased, implying that averaging the estimates of several images of the same segment can decrease estimate errors. The empirical errors are small enough to indicate that AADT estimation errors and ground-based sampling efforts could both be reduced by combining satellite-based data with traditional ground-based data. The differences between the image-based and the ground-based estimates are smaller in the few cases in which ground-based estimates inspired greater confidence, implying that the image-based estimates may be better than what is indicated in the distribution of differences. Evidence also suggests that the differences tend to decrease when the image leads to longer equivalent traffic count duration, indicating the potential to condition the use of the image-based data on this readily available parameter.
The challenge of diagnosing depression in childhood and adolescence

Depression is a significant psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents which can result in serious consequences such as school absenteeism and decreased educational attainment. Recent studies have shown that children and adolescents present with a different spectrum of symptoms than adults with depression. Furthermore, depression in the young is more frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders than in adult patients, further complicating diagnosis. Once the condition is diagnosed, it is clear that treatment is necessary. Although early clinical data suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or psychotherapy may provide effective treatment, further clinical trials are required in young patients.
Conduction-Electron Spin Density around Fe Impurities in Cu above and below T K

The nuclear resonances of five shells of Cu atoms that are near neighbors to single Fe atoms in dilute alloys of CuFe were observed. The resonance positions show that the conduction-electron spin polarization oscillates with distance from the Fe impurity. Four of the resonances from 300 deg K to well below the 29 deg K Kondo temperature were followed finding that, for all four, the spin density has the same temperature dependence as the magnetic susceptibility. These data show that, contrary to some speculation, there is no drastic change in the spatial polarization associated with the Kondo condensation.'' (auth)
Silicon backbone polymers as EUV resists

To fulfill industry requirements for EUV resists, the development of entirely new polymer platforms is needed. In order to address transparency issues, we have been studying low absorbance materials, specifically silicon based resist platforms. In this approach, we have synthesized and studied resist materials based on polysilanes, polycarbosilane, and polysilsesquiazanes. Poly(methylphenylsilane) was chemically modified to incorporate polar groups to enhance solubility in polar solvents and developer solution. Copolymerization of the modified polysilane with an acid sensitive monomer has been used to produce chemically amplified copolymers. Preliminary studies have shown promising behavior. Polysilsesquiazanes-based resist were synthesized and tested using a 248 nm stepper. They showed excellent lithographic performance but some issues, including long term stability, are presently unknown. Our strategy to produce silicon-based resist together with outgassing and lithography issues will be discussed.
Tip-surface interactions in scanning tunneling microscopy.

The tip-surface interactions in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of the Si(100) surface are investigated with ab initio total energy pseudopotential calculations. The results of the calculations lead to a new understanding of the microscopic STM measurement process. It is found that under typical conditions the influence of the tip is large enough to effectively flip a dimer on this surface. This leads to a reinterpretation of the «symmetric» dimer STM image as an asymmetric dimer configuration that flips as it follows the motion of the scanning tip
Special Education Leadership: Supply and Demand Revisited

Since 1985, the Higber Education Consortium for Special education (HECSE) has followed the supply and demand needs of special education professionals at universities. A survey was developed and sent to all special education doctoral training programs. The survey yielded results that add to the existing data base on the continuing need for leadership personnel at the university level. Of particular note were the seemingly lower enrollments at IHEs as well as the growing number of doctoral graduates taking positions outside of higher education.
A SCREENING MODEL FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

ABSTRAn: Techniques of optimization and simulation are merged to select the most efficient arrangement of components for regional water resources development and management. Application is made to the Elkhorn River Basin in Nebraska. The Basin extends over 7,000 square miles and includes 184 proposed reservoirs. Structure sizes, locations and operating policies are selected for optimal plans based on economic efficiency and regional development. Results indicate that substantial savings in time and costs over conventional planning techniques are effected. Agreement between model output and agency design values was noted. (KEY TERMS: systems analysis; water resources planning; optimization; linear programming.)
Surface photovoltage of Ag on Si(111)-7×7 by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract : Using a scanning tunneling microscope and light from a He-Ne laser, we have measured the surface photovoltage of the Si(111)-7X7 surface with coverages of Ag up to 1 monolayer. The data agree with a model for the photovoltage based on the recombination of photoexcited minority carriers with majority carriers thermally excited over the surface Schottky barrier. The surface Fermi level positions derived from these data are consistent for n and p type Si decreasing from 0.60 eV above the conduction band maximum for the clean surface to 0.40 eV near 1 monolayer coverage. Although our photovoltage data are spatially resolved on an atomic scale, we do not observe any spatial variation in the photovoltage on the clean surface or on surfaces partially covered by Ag islands.
Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Larynx in a Child Case Report and Review

A 6-year-old child presented with a fibrous histiocytoma of the subglottic larynx. These tumors are rare in adults, and only one other case has been reported in a child. The current case is the youngest and best documented in the pediatric age group. The clinical presentation in this patient, along with controversies related to this class of neoplasms is discussed.
Modulation of ethanol-intake by morphine: evidence for a central site of action.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that subcutaneous administration of low doses of morphine increase, while subcutaneous naloxone decreases, ethanol-intake in rats. However, the site of action of morphine modulation of ethanol-intake remains unclear. In an attempt to elucidate this issue, seven graded doses of morphine were given intracerebroventricularly to rats 15 min prior to an opportunity to consume water and sweetened alcoholic beverage for 2 hr. Two lower doses of intracerebroventricular morphine (1, 3 μg) reliably increased ethanol-intake, while higher doses (3 – 30 μg) decreased intake of water. Preference ratios (ethanol-intake divided by total fluid-intake) were reliably increased by morphine doses of 1 μg and higher. The present data provide support for a central site of morphine modulation of ethanol-intake.
PRIVATIZATION, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS IN THE 21st CENTURY

Privatization is a popular strategy for restructuring the national economies of advanced and advancing countries. This strategy centers on promoting the forces of the free market system by transforming state‐owned enterprises into private companies and changing their ownership and management systems. These changes can alter organizational cultures and promote risk‐taking, innovation and entrepreneurship. This article examines the contributions of privatization to entrepreneurship in new ventures and established companies, outlines factors that can limit entreprenurial gains from national privatization programs, and discusses the implications of entrepreneurial changes that occur following privatization for global competitiveness.
Fault Parameter Constraints Using Relocated Earthquakes: A Validation of First-Motion Focal-Mechanism Data

We estimate the strike and dip of three California fault segments (Calaveras, Sargent, and a portion of the San Andreas near San Jaun Bautistia) based on principle component analysis of accurately located microearthquakes. We compare these fault orientations with two different first-motion focal mechanism catalogs: the Northern California Earthquake Data Center (ncedc) catalog, calculated using the fpfit algorithm (Reasenberg and Oppenheimer, 1985), and a catalog created using the hash algorithm that tests mechanism stability relative to seismic velocity model variations and earthquake location (Hardebeck and Shearer, 2002). We assume any disagreement (misfit >30° in strike, dip, or rake) indicates inaccurate focal mechanisms in the catalogs. With this assumption, we can quantify the parameters that identify the most optimally constrained focal mechanisms. For the ncedc/fpfit catalogs, we find that the best quantitative discriminator of quality focal mechanisms is the station distribution ratio (stdr) parameter, an indicator of how the stations are distributed about the focal sphere. Requiring stdr > 0.65 increases the acceptable mechanisms from 34%–37% to 63%–68%. This suggests stations should be uniformly distributed surrounding, rather than aligning, known fault traces. For the hash catalogs, the fault plane uncertainty (fpu) parameter is the best discriminator, increasing the percent of acceptable mechanisms from 63%–78% to 81%–83% when fpu ≤ 35°. The overall higher percentage of acceptable mechanisms and the usefulness of the formal uncertainty in identifying quality mechanisms validate the hash approach of testing for mechanism stability. Online material: 3D visualization of relocated earthquakes and accuracy of focal mechanisms.
LEPTIN PREVENTS POSTHIBERNATION WEIGHT GAIN BUT DOES NOT REDUCE ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN ARCTIC GROUND SQUIRRELS

In mammals, leptin reduces energy intake and may increase energy expenditure as a means to maintain body weight and/or adiposity at an appropriate level. Hibernating mammals seasonally alter body mass, food intake, and body composition and, therefore, represent an attractive model for investigating the physiological regulation of changing body mass and adiposity. Previous experiments in our laboratory demonstrated that administration of mouse recombinant leptin reduces food intake and body weight in arctic ground squirrels during prehibernation fattening. In addition, leptin appeared to reduce metabolic efficiency (weight gain per unit of energy intake). This result suggests that reduced food intake alone may not account for the observed weight loss. Here, we describe the effect of a 3-week constant infusion of leptin given to posthibernation arctic ground squirrels on food consumption and energy expenditure. Mouse recombinant leptin (1 mg/ml) was administered through subcutaneously implanted mini-osmotic pumps (10 microliters/hr flow rate). Resting metabolic rate was monitored before and during the 3-week leptin administration period by indirect calorimetry. Body temperature and locomotory activity were monitored continuously by abdominal radiotransmitters. At the end of the leptin administration period, thermogenic capacity was evaluated by measuring brown fat uncoupling protein-1 mRNA and protein levels. Leptin administration resulted in reduced food intake and prevented posthibernation weight gain, but it did not alter any of the measured parameters of energy expenditure.
On entropy-based goodness-of-fit tests

A general form of a goodness-of-fit test statistic for families of maximum entropy distributions is obtained. Particular cases of such families are normal, exponential, double-exponential, gamma and beta distributions. The proposed test is shown to be consistent against an appropriate class of alternatives. Simulation and Monte Carlo results are given for exponential and double exponential distributions. The proposed test compares favorably with other goodness-of-fit tests. This paper generalizes the work of Vasicek [7] regarding entropy-based test of normality and further work by Dudewicz and van der Meulen [1].
Ascorbic acid decreases [3H]dopamine binding in striatum without inhibiting dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase

Ascorbic acid is found in very high concentrations in cells of neural crest origin such as the central nervous system and the adrenal gland. A variety of evidence has been marshalled to support a role for ascorbate as a chemical messenger. One of the first non-biosynthetic biochemical effects ascribed to ascorate in the CNS was its ability to inhibit dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase (DA-ACase) in homogenates from striata of Long Evans rats (J. Neurochem.28, 663, 1977). Using an adenylate cyclase assay based on preparative HPLC, we were unable to detect any inhibition of DA-ACase by ascorbate at concentrations as high as 1 mM. Moreover, this failure to find inhibitory effects of ascorbate on DA-ACase occurred not only when striatal homogenates from Long-Evans rats were used, but also when tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats of N.C. Board of Health mice was tested. Although ascorbate may play a neuromodulatory role, it does not appear that its effects are mediated through effects on cAMP biosynthesis. Despite our inability to detect effects of ascorbate on DA-ACase, we did confirm that ascorbate significantly altered the binding of [(3)H]dopamine to striatal membranes. Thus, it is clear that the sites binding [(3)H]dopamine that are affected by ascorbate are unlikely to be the same ones coupled to aenylate cyclase.
Central and peripheral injections of ACTH (1–24) reduce fever in adrenalectomized rabbits

Central administration of ACTH (1–24) reduces fever in normal rabbits in doses that have no effect on afebrile body temperature. Previous experimental and clinical reports indicate that peripheral administration of both ACTH and corticosteroids reduces fever, and since central injection of corticosteroids can also lower fever it might be that the antipyretic effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) ACTH (1–24) is due to adrenal stimulation. To learn whether this endogenous central peptide can produce antipyresis independently, ACTH (1–24) was injected ICV in bilaterally adrenalectomized (ADX) rabbits made febrile by IV injections of leukocytic pyrogen (LP). ACTH (250 ng) given ICV reduced fever in these animals and had a slight hypothermic effect when given to the same rabbits when they were afebrile. Doses of 25–75 ng reduced fever without influencing normal body temperature. Intravenous injections of ACTH (2.5 μ g) also lowered fever caused by IV LP in ADX rabbits. The presentt findings raise the possibility that release of endogenous central ACTH, and perhaps entry into the brain of circulating ACTH, the release of which is known to increase in fever, limits the magnitude of the febrile response by influencing central temperature controls.