cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between stimulated platelets and endothelial cells in vitro.

Prostaglandins and hydroxy acids are synthesized mainly from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonate, and these substances have been identified in almost all mammalian tissues. Prostaglandins, thromboxane A $\_2$ (TXA $\_2$ ) and prostacyclin (PGI $\_2$ ) are autocoids that appear to function in the regulation of vascular tone, cell secretion and contractile processes. So far, hydroxy acids have been found to function as chemotactic agents and in the formation of slow-reacting substances. Other actions of hydroxy acids will certainly be defined in future research. The endoperoxides PGG $\_2$ and PGH $\_2$ represent common precursors of all prostaglandin end-products. In studying the prostaglandin metabolism of a specific tissue, the total profile of endoperoxide transformation should be determined. In platelets the endoperoxides are transformed mainly into TXA $\_2$ , a potent vasoconstrictor and inducer of platelet aggregation. Endothelial cells convert endoperoxides to PGI $\_2$ , a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. In addition, endothelial cells can utilize endoperoxides from stimulated plates to form PGI $\_2$ . The concept that platelets and endothelial cells can share common precursors for the production of modulating substances may be applicable to other cell types.
Concept maps for engineering education: a cognitively motivated tool supporting varied assessment functions

Assessment in the context of education is the process of characterizing what a student knows. The reasons to perform assessment are quite varied, ranging from a need to informally understand student learning progress in a course to a need to characterize student expertise in a subject. Finding an appropriate assessment tool is a central challenge in designing an assessment approach. The focus of this paper is on the use of concept maps for both course-level and program-level assessment in engineering education. Concept maps, which are node and arc representations of the relationships among concepts, provide one means to represent student knowledge. This paper presents background on concept maps and describes uses of concept maps at both the course and program level.
An early origin of secondary growth: Franhueberia gerriennei gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Devonian of Gaspé (Quebec, Canada)

Premise of the study Secondary xylem (wood) produced by a vascular cambium supports increased plant size and underpins the most successful model of arborescence among tracheophytes. Woody plants established the extensive forest ecosystems that dramatically changed the Earth's biosphere. Secondary growth evolved in several lineages in the Devonian, but only two occurrences have been reported previously from the Early Devonian. The evolutionary history and phylogeny of wood production are poorly understood, and Early Devonian plants are key to illuminating them. Methods A fossil plant preserved anatomically by cellular permineralization in the Lower Devonian (Emsian, ca. 400-395 million years old) Battery Point Formation of Gaspe Bay (Quebec, Canada) is described using the cellulose acetate peel technique. Key results The plant, Franhueberia gerriennei Hoffman et Tomescu gen. et sp. nov., is a basal euphyllophyte with a centrarch protostele and metaxylem tracheids with circular and oval to scalariform bordered multiaperturate pits (P-type tracheids). The outer layers of xylem, consisting of larger-diameter P-type tracheids, exhibit the features diagnostic of secondary xylem: radial files of tracheids, multiplicative divisions, and a combination of axial and radial components. Conclusions Franhueberia is one of the three oldest euphyllophytes exhibiting secondary growth documented in the Early Devonian. Within the euphyllophyte clade, these plants represent basal lineages that predate the evolution of stem-leaf-root organography and indicate that underlying mechanisms for secondary growth became part of the euphyllophyte developmental toolkit very early in the clade's evolution.
Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of practice: Stepping-stones to social capital

Creating online communities of practice involves much more than creating software. Software houses online communities of practice activities but social interactions also depend on who is involved, what their goals are, their personalities and the community's norms and policies. By paying attention to these sociability issues, community members can influence how their community develops. Norms that lead to good online etiquette are a stepping-stone to social capital.
Cycle‐specific replication of chromosomal and F‐plasmid origins

There have been various proposals for the pattern of F-plasmid replication during the division cycle. Here we show that the recent studies of Gordon et al. (Cell 90, 1113–1121, 1997) on the duplication and segregation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled replication origins of the Escherichia coli chromosome and the F plasmid during the division cycle support the proposal that the F plasmid replicates with a cell-cycle-specific (artiocyclic) pattern.
Neural aspects of vision and related technological advances

The author examines the physiological aspects of the visual systems of animals and humans and several models that explain or try to explain physiological or psychophysical data. Particular attention is given to the decomposition of patterns by the human brain. Both digital and analog implementations are discussed and some projections to future applications are also mentioned. The development of a neuronal computer vision system is considered. >
Development and implementation of plasma sprayed nanostructured ceramic coatings

Abstract A broad overview of the science and technology leading to the development and implementation of the first plasma sprayed nanostructured coating is described in this paper. Nanostructured alumina and titania powders were blended and reconstituted to a sprayable size. Thermal spray process diagnostics, modeling and Taguchi design of experiments were used to define the optimum plasma spray conditions to produce nanostructured alumina–titania coatings. It was found that the microstructure and properties of these coatings could be related to a critical process spray parameter (CPSP), defined as the gun power divided by the primary gas flow rate. Optimum properties were determined at intermediate values of CPSP. These conditions produce limited melting of the powder and retained nanostructure in the coatings. A broad range of mechanical properties of the nanostructured alumina–titania coatings was evaluated and compared to the Metco 130 commercial baseline. It was found that the nanostructured alumina–titania coatings exhibited superior wear resistance, adhesion, toughness and spallation resistance. The technology for plasma spraying these nanostructured coatings was transferred to the US Navy and one of their approved coating suppliers. They confirmed the superior properties of the nanostructured alumina–titania coatings and qualified them for use in a number of shipboard and submarine applications.
Assessing autism-like behavior in mice: Variations in social interactions among inbred strains

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder, with characteristics including impairments in reciprocal social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive/stereotyped behaviors. Despite decades of research, the etiology of autism remains elusive. Thus, it is important that we pursue all avenues, in attempting to understand this complicated disorder. One such avenue is the development of animal models. While autism may be uniquely human, there are behavioral characteristics of the disorder that can be established in animal models. Evidence supports a genetic component for this disorder, and over the past few decades the mouse has been a highly valuable tool for the elucidation of pathways involved in many human disorders (e.g., Huntington's disease). As a first step toward establishing a mouse model of autism, we studied same-sex social behavior in a number of inbred mouse strains. In Study 1, we examined intra-strain social behavior of male pairs after one mouse had 15 min prior exposure to the testing chamber. In Study 2, we evaluated intra-strain and inter-strain social behavior when both mice were naive to the testing chamber. The amount and type of social behavior seen differed between these studies, but overall there were general inbred strain differences in social behavior. Some strains were highly social, e.g., FVB/NJ, while others displayed low levels of social behavior (e.g., A/J, BTBR T+tf/J). These strains may be useful in future genetic studies to determine specific genes involved in mouse social behavior, the findings of which should in turn help us to determine some of the genes involved in human social behavior and its disorders (e.g., autism).
The Road Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities

The extent to which continuing educators respond to the challenges and opportunities presented in this volume will determine to a large extent their future relevance to their institutions.
Equilibrium beam distribution in electron storage rings near synchrobetatron coupling resonances

Based on the work [1],[2], we discuss the topic of finding the equilibrium beam distribution near synchrobetatron coupling resonances. We show how this framework reduces to the Sands results in the uncoupled case. A variety of damping/diffusion effects can be included. We discuss the case of IBS damping diffusion in detail, showing how it can be combined with our analytical treatment of emittance evolution. For the synchrobetatron coupled case, this formalism has been applied in detail to the case of dispersion at RF cavities and crab cavities.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Mexican Nursing

In the context of nurse migration, experts view trade agreements as either vehicles for facilitating migration or as contributing to brain-drain phenomena. Using a case study design, this study explored the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the development of Mexican nursing. Drawing results from a general thematic analysis of 48 interviews with Mexican nurses and 410 primary and secondary sources, findings show that NAFTA changed the relationship between the State and Mexican nursing. The changed relationship improved the infrastructure capable of producing and monitoring nursing human resources in Mexico. It did not lead to the mass migration of Mexican nurses to the United States and Canada. At the same time, the economic instability provoked by the peso crisis of 1995 slowed the implementation of planned advances. Subsequent neoliberal reforms decreased nurses’ security as workers by minimizing access to full-time positions with benefits, and decreased wages. This article discusses the linkages of these events and the effects on Mexican nurses and the development of the profession. The findings have implications for nursing human resources policy-making and trade in services.
Renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia at presentation and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Hyperuricemia is an unusual presenting feature of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is generally associated with a large leukemic cell burden. We describe three children with T-cell ALL who presented with acute renal failure and very high serum uric acid concentrations, despite a relatively small leukemic cell burden. Two of the three patients had normal complete blood counts without circulating blasts or other physical evidence of leukemia. An isolated renal relapse in one case was associated with hyperuricemia, increased renal excretion of uric acid, and renal dysfunction. An unusually high rate of purine catabolism of the lymphoblasts may cause hyperuricemia in these cases. Unexplained hyperuricemia should prompt a search for occult malignancy.
The Development, Validation, and Utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score (DPTRS)

This report details the development, validation, and utility of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) Risk Score (DPTRS) for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Proportional hazards regression was used to develop the DPTRS model which includes the glucose and C-peptide sums from oral glucose tolerance tests at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, the log fasting C-peptide, age, and the log BMI. The DPTRS was externally validated in the TrialNet Natural History Study cohort (TNNHS). In a study of the application of the DPTRS, the findings showed that it could be used to identify normoglycemic individuals who were at a similar risk for T1D as those with dysglycemia. The DPTRS could also be used to identify lower risk dysglycemic individuals. Risk estimates of individuals deemed to be at higher risk according to DPTRS values did not differ significantly between the DPT-1 and the TNNHS; whereas, the risk estimates for those with dysglycemia were significantly higher in DPT-1. Individuals with very high DPTRS values were found to be at such marked risk for T1D that they could reasonably be considered to be in a pre-diabetic state. The findings indicate that the DPTRS has utility in T1D prevention trials and for identifying pre-diabetic individuals.
Mirror-image responses in pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea).

Only a few nonhuman species (chimpanzees and orangutans) have displayed mirror-image recognition of themselves by grooming at a spot that can only be seen with the mirror. Pygmy marmosets have never been observed to self-groom, but they do behave toward mirrors in a manner suggestive of the early stages of mirror-image recognition. They displayed a rapid extinction of social threat responses to their own image and of novelty responses to mirrors, but continued to show mirror-specific responses such as following their own image, playing peek-a-boo, and looking at their image throughout a 28-day period of mirror exposure. The pygmy marmosets used a mirror to locate otherwise unseen conspecifics from other groups and directed threat responses toward the real location of these animals rather than to their mirror-image. Pygmy marmosets displayed the precursor behaviors to mirror-image recognition.
Treatment of BK virus-associated nephropathy with CMX001 after kidney transplantation in a young child

NC, with renal failure secondary to bilateral dysplastic kidneys, received an LRD renal transplant (tx) at 17 months of age. Her early post-tx course was complicated by persistently elevated blood polyoma BK virus DNA loads. A protocol biopsy at six months post-transplant revealed BKVAN. Blood viral loads did not respond to decreased immunosuppression or treatment with ciprofloxacin and leflunomide. Six months post-tx, her serum creatinine began to rise and we sought experimental therapy to prevent the loss of her graft. At seven months post-tx, with FDA approval under an eIND, the patient was started on a 36-wk course of treatment with the investigational drug. The patient is now more than 24 months after stopping treatment with CMX. BKV viral DNA loads remain at low, but still detectable levels. Urine viral loads have declined, but remain elevated. EBV DNA loads become undetectable. The patient's serum creatinine has declined back to a baseline of 0.5-0.7 mg/dL and has been stable for two yr. Renal function was preserved in association with the use of CMX001 to treat BKV nephropathy in a young pediatric kidney transplant recipient. There were no serious adverse events associated with the use of CMX001. This novel medication may be of value in the treatment of BKVAN in pediatric renal transplant recipients.
Influence of coagulation factor, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1, and cytochrome P450 2C9 gene polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirements

Introduction The primary objective of this study was to determine whether variability in warfarin dose requirements is determined by common polymorphisms in genes whose products are involved in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin, namely, the coagulation factors, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9. Methods Patients (N = 350) receiving stable doses of warfarin at 3 consecutive visits were enrolled, and a deoxyribonucleic acid sample was collected. Samples were genotyped for polymorphisms in the factor II, factor VII, factor X, VKORC1, and CYP2C9 genes. A stepwise linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent effects of genetic and nongenetic factors on mean warfarin dose requirements. Results Variables associated with lower warfarin dose requirements were VKORC1 3673 AA genotype (P < .0001), VKORC1 3673 GA genotype (P < .0001), 1 variant CYP2C9 allele (P < .0001), 2 variant CYP2C9 alleles (P = .0004), increasing age (P = .0005), concomitant CYP2C9 inhibitors (P = .0005), and goal international normalized ratio (P = .01). Variables associated with higher warfarin dose requirements were weight (P < .0001), current smoker status (P = .0009), mean international normalized ratio (P = .001), concomitant CYP2C9 inducers (P = .006), factor X insertion/deletion genotype (P = .01), factor X insertion/insertion genotype (P = .04), factor VII deletion/deletion genotype (P = .04), and calculated vitamin K intake (P = .05). The linear regression model explained 51.4% of the variability in warfarin dose requirements. Conclusion Polymorphisms in warfarin drug target and metabolizing enzyme genes, in addition to nongenetic factors, were important determinants of warfarin dose requirements. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2006) 79, 291–302; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.11.011
Attributions of Children with Learning Disabilities Who Are Treated with Psychostimulants.

Henker and Whalen (1989) suggested that there is support for the hypothesis that improvements in children's academic performance are the result of enhanced willingness to assume responsibility to exert effort. Psychotropic medication has been a major treatment regimen for children who exhibit problem behavior in the classroom. However, children who are medicated may report less personal responsibility for academic outcomes. Therefore, the attributions for academic situations may differ for LD children receiving stimulant treatment and those who are not. Two intact groups were studied, one receiving medication and one not receiving medication. Using the Intellectual Academic Responsibility Questionnaire (Crandall, Katovsky, & Crandall, 1965), we assessed whether LD boys who were taking medication reported fewer adaptive attributions in academic situations than their nonmedicated peers. Discriminant analysis revealed an approximately 86% correct classification of medication status. Boys who were not taking ...
An Overview of Opportunities in Surgical Education

Surgical education is part of the core mission of any department of surgery. The traditional view of surgical education largely focuses on teaching medical students and residents. In addition, leadership in surgical education was thought of as a stepping stone to other leadership positions within the department, training in education or teaching was not required, and it was thought that anyone was capable of being a surgical educator.
Sex Differences in Longevity and Aging

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the copious evidence for the robustness of women's survival advantage, discusses some of the extant evolutionary and mechanistic hypotheses to explain this pattern, and also examines some pragmatic approaches to investigating this issue. The human sex difference in longevity, and possibly aging, may be as robust an aspect of biology as any that one do not understand even in broad terms. Information from both the natural world and captive populations indicates clearly that among different species one may find wildly divergent patterns of sex differences. Sometimes females seem more robust, sometimes males. The evolutionary hypothesis that seems best supported by existing evidence is the Williams hypothesis, in which the sex subjected to the greatest extrinsic hazards in the wild will evolve the more rapidly deteriorating phenotype. Gaining insight into the cellular, molecular, and physiological mechanism(s) underlying greater female robustness in humans would potentially be a great boon for enhancing and extending male health. On the other hand, understanding in more detail women's greater susceptibility to chronic nonfatal conditions would be a great boon to their health. Mouse models of the aging process are unlikely to be informative with respect to elucidating mechanisms of these sex differences unless the conditions favoring enhanced male longevity versus female longevity can be discovered. Other model species may prove more suitable for research in this field.
Segregated processing streams in primary visual cortex

But no physiologist who calmly considers the question ... can long resist the conviction that different parts of the cerebrum subserve different kinds of mental action. Localization of function is the law of all organization whatever: separateness of duty is universally accompanied with separateness of structure: and it would be marvelous were an exception to exist in the cerebral hemispheres. Let it be granted that the cerebral hemispheres are the seat of higher psychical activities; let it be granted that among these higher psychical activities there are distinctions of kind ... more or less distinct parts of the cerebral hemispheres ... It is proved experimentally, that every bundle of nerve fibers and every ganglion, has a special duty; and that each part of every bundle of nerve fibers and every such ganglion, has a duty still more special. Can it be, then, that in the great hemispherical ganglia alone, this specialization of duty does not hold?
The Bankruptcy Trust as a Legal Person

The purpose of this article is to show how the Bankruptcy Code authorizes the creation of the bankruptcy trust as a legal person. The filing of a petition under the Bankruptcy Code creates an "estate" consisting of enumerated property interests. The Code also provides for the appointment of a trustee-a separate bankruptcy trustee or, in chapter 11 or chapter 12 cases, the debtor in possession-with broad powers to act as the representative of the estate. The Code does not, however, expressly define the status of the estate as a legal entity. Although the Code occasionally speaks of the estate as though it were a legal person, it explicitly defines the estate as a corpus of property interests. Nevertheless, many courts and scholars have characterized the estate as a separate entity or legal person. Other courts and one scholar, however, have rejected the characterization of the estate as a separate entity or legal person. The conflict about the status of the estate is unnecessary. The treatment by courts and scholars of the bankruptcy estate as a separate entity reflects what is implicit in the Code: The Code provides for the creation of a separate entity-the "bankruptcy trust"-upon the entry of an order for relief. This entity has the essential attributes of an artificial legal person, such as a corporation or a partnership. More particularly, the bankruptcy trust has all of the attributes-and more-of a business trust. American law recognizes the business trust as a legal person. Accordingly, the bankruptcy trust should be recognized as a legal person. Understanding that the bankruptcy trust is a legal person answers important questions. Specifically, the bankruptcy trust is a sufficient federal entity to provide a constitutional basis, as explained by Professor Ralph Brubaker, for giving federal courts jurisdiction over bankruptcy to the same extent that federal courts may constitutionally have jurisdiction over cases involving national banks. This understanding will also bring greater coherence to resolving many other bankruptcy questions. It will focus the court's attention on the most relevant issues and prevent courts from misconstruing the Code. It will also help clarify the confusion of many courts about the status of the debtor in possession as the same entity as the debtor or as a different entity. The debtor in possession is the same person as the debtor, but it serves as, and fully qualifies as, a trustee of the bankruptcy trust.
Judging Reputation: Realism and Common Law in Justice White's Defamation Jurisprudence

In 1964, Justice Byron White joined the majority opinion in New York Times v. Sullivan. Yet, within ten years, he was angrily dissenting from post-Sullivan decisions, and within twenty years he was advocating the adoption of an entirely different approach to setting constitutional limitations on defamation liability. Standard analyses suggest that this record reveals both inconsistency and growing conservatism. I maintain instead that White held to a consistently narrow reading of Sullivan, one which recognized a "conditional privilege" to injure certain persons by means of false statements innocently or carelessly published. By contrast, the shifting coalitions of Justices who formed the majorities in post-Sullivan decisions were, for various reasons, being slowly pulled toward the idea that Sullivan had implicitly held that government altogether lacks the power to attach liability to the publication of statements on matters of public concern, even when they are published for the purpose of injuring another. In the course of establishing these claims about Justice White's defamation jurisprudence, this comment also seeks to demonstrate a broader point, namely, that Justice White has been mislabeled by critics and admirers as a "quintessential" New Deal Liberal. The dominant strain of New Deal Liberalism was Benthamite in spirit. It embraced legislation and regulation - public law - as the superior, progressive alternative to hidebound common law. Justice White is an interesting figure in the intellectual history of Twentieth-Century law in part because he was one of the rare New Dealers who appreciated the importance of common law. In his view, the Court's abandonment of Lochner-ism and the idea of law as a brooding omnipresence simply did not entail a rejection of the common law as an important means for vindicating individual rights. Thus, his concern that the Court not expand Sullivan turns out to have been motivated by an unfashionable yet coherent conception of our constitutional system in which the private law of tort, property and contract has an important role to play even after the rise of the administrative state.
The Sensory Content of Perceptual Experience

According to a traditional view, perceptual experiences are composites of distinct (but related) sensory and cognitive components. This dual-component theory has many benefits; in particular, it purports to offer a way forward in the debate over what kinds of properties perceptual experiences represent. On this kind of view, the issue reduces to the questions of what the sensory and cognitive components respectively represent. Here, I focus on the former topic. I propose a theory of the contents of the sensory aspects of perceptual experience that provides clear criteria for identifying what kinds of properties they represent.
Ambulating the Severely Developmentally Disabled Patient

PROBLEM Physical therapists often are confronted with the difficulty of establishing and maintaining a convenient, daily exercise program, especially in facilities with many patients. Because a patient's muscle strength may be increased with regular activity, a daily program of rigorous exercise may benefit many patients, particularly those with neuromuscular-related disabilities. Unfortunately, the severely developmentally disabled patient often does not receive adequate exercise because of time constraints and the formidable task of individually exercising patients with conventional techniques. SOLUTION I developed the Activity Swing* to fill this treatment void. The Activity Swing, either hung from a stationary support or suspended on a moving tram, is an apparatus that promotes physical activity through supportive positioning. This active patient-support system augments therapy programs for the severely disabled patients and requires relatively little effort by the therapist. The Activity Swing effectively promotes patient exercise either with or without the tram system.…
Exaggerated Health Benefits of Physical Fitness and Activity dueto Self-selection.

Background: The predicted health benefits of becomingphysically active or fit will be exaggerated if health outcomes causefitness and activity rather than the converse in prospective andcross-sectional epidemiological studies. Objective: Assess whether therelationships of adiposity to fitness and activity are explained byadiposity prior to exercising. Design: Cross-sectional study of physicalfitness (running speed during 10km foot race) and physical activity(weekly running distance) to current BMI (BMIcurrent) and BMI at thestart of running (BMIstarting) in 44,370 male and 25,252 femaleparticipants of the National Runners' Health Study. Results: BMIstartingexplained all of the association between fitness and BMIcurrent in bothsexes, but less than a third of the association between physical activityand BMIcurrent in men. In women, BMIstarting accounted for 58 percent ofthe association between BMIcurrent and activity levels. The 95thpercentile of BMIcurrent showed substantially greater declines withfitness and activity levels than the 5th percentile of BMIcurrent in men(i.e., the negative slope for 95th percentile was 2.6-fold greater thanthe 5th percentile for fitness and 3-fold greater for activity) and women(6-fold and 3.4-fold greater, respectively). At all percentiles, theregression slopes relating BMIstarting to fitness were comparable orgreater (more negative) than the slopes relating BMIcurrent to fitness,whereas the converse was true for activity. Conclusion: Self-selectionbias accounts for allmore » of the association between fitness and adiposityand probably a portion of other health outcomes, but has less affect onassociations involving physical activity« less
Assembly of Acid-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes at Oil/Water Interfaces

The efficient segregation of water-soluble, acid-functionalized, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at the oil/water interface was induced by dissolving low-molecular-weight amine-terminated polystyrene (PS-NH2) in the oil phase. Salt-bridge interactions between carboxylic acid groups of SWCNTs and amine groups of PS drove the assembly of SWCNTs at the interface, monitored by pendant drop tensiometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. The impact of PS end-group functionality, PS and SWCNT concentrations, and the degree of SWCNT acid modification on the interfacial activity was assessed, and a sharp drop in interfacial tension was observed above a critical SWCNT concentration. Interfacial tensions were low enough to support stable oil/water emulsions. Further experiments, including potentiometric titrations and the replacement of SWCNTs by other carboxyl-containing species, demonstrated that the interfacial tension drop reflects the loss of SWCNT charge as the pH falls near/below the intrinsic ca...
Hydrography of the Santee River during moderate discharge conditions

To harness hydroelectric power, most of the flow of the Santee River, SC was diverted in 1942 into Charleston Harbor, where shoaling promptly became a major problem. For this reason, most of the diverted flow is scheduled to be rediverted to the Santee within the next decade, increasing the mean discharge of the Santee from 74 to 428 m3s−1. To assess the present hydrogrpahy of the Santee estuary under conditions of moderate discharge, we determined 226 vertical profiles of velocity, salinity, and temperature distributed over 17 stations in February, 1975. We found that 73 and 27% of the discharge reached the ocean via the North and South distributaries, respectively. The 1 ppt isohaline was found no further than 8 km upstream from the mouth, indicating the limited extent of the estuarine zone. The Santee is a partially mixed estuary classified as type 2b. The circulation parameter is approximately 3 and the stratification parameter approximately 0.3. The bulk parameters indicate the importance of tidal, mixing and a weakly developed gravitational circulation. When rediversion is completed, the net salinity in the lower Santee River can be expected to decrease drastically, which in turn is likely to terminate the lucrative oyster and clam fishery.
"Slip sliding Away": patellofemoral dislocation and tracking.

This article reviews the anatomy of the medial retinacular complex and the relationship of the anatomy to patellar dislocation. Clinical and radiographic findings of patellar dislocation are discussed, and the technical considerations and clinical usefulness of patellar tracking studies are addressed.
Widening the Creative Lens: ‘The Royal Hunt of the Sun’

The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964) marks a watershed in Peter Shaffer’s early career. Thematically and technically, the drama departs radically from Shaffer’s well-behaved plays of social realism. In Royal Hunt, the playwright expanded philosophical themes on an epic scale, employing larger-than-life’ dialogue to weld together an episodic story expressed through stylised representational techniques. The theatrically adventurous Peter Shaffer we recognise today appears for the first time in The Royal Hunt of the Sun.
A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Cancer Treatment and Outcomes

The first time I heard the term enabling factors, I was in a health behavior class and we were discussing how two people can have the same clinical profile but one will have better outcomes because of variables that are not related to the treatment but do affect the outcome. I meant things related to social networks. This can include a relationship with a doctor who is truly invested in a patient or a politician who could make changes to the environment, such as disability access. Perhaps the most commonly known social influence is a caregiver – who is often a family.
Plasmon excitation and damping in noble metal nanoparticle-MoS2 nanocomposites

Improved fundamental understanding of resonant optical and electric interactions between noble metal nanoparticles and 2D materials, such as semiconductive molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), could benefit characterization of optoelectronic light harvesting schemes. Energy and damping of plasmon resonances of noble metal nanoparticle-decorated MoS2 were examined via parallel synthesis of (a) approximate discrete dipole (DDA) simulations and (b) near-field electron energy loss (EELS) and far-field optical transmission spectroscopies. Energy of localized surface plasmon resonance altered by MoS2 interactions was studied for gold nanospheres and silver nanoprisms. Augmented plasmon damping by injection of plasmon-excited electrons into the MoS2 was measured in EELS and represented by DDA. These techniques support rapid improvements in nanoparticle-2D material prototypes for photocatalysis and photodetection, for example.
The Effect of Storytelling and Retelling and Higher Order Thinking on Oral Performance of Elementary Students in English as Foreign Language (EFL) Program: A Pilot Study in Mainland China and Taiwan.

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of Story Telling and retelling and higher order thinking for English Language and Literacy Acquisition (STELLA) on the English oral proficiency of elementary students in Mainland China and Taiwan, where English is taught as a foreign language. The 6-week intervention incorporated direct vocabulary instruction, modeling reading, and leveled questioning strategy through storytelling and retelling, and was delivered by certified English teachers who received weekly virtual professional training in two public schools in Mainland China and Taiwan. An English oral vocabulary measure was administered among 10 students in Mainland China and 9 students in Taiwan before and after the intervention. Paired-sample T-tests were conducted to examine the progress from pretest to posttest on the two cohorts, respectively. The results showed a significant improvement on students’ oral proficiency at both sites.
Trump and the Trade Policy of a Free Society

Donald Trump has stated that he is in favor of free trade, but that he wants it to be fair. He has said that, if elected president, he would renegotiate NAFTA and other trade deals that he views as unfair to the American worker. When Ford recently announced that it would move a portion of its manufacturing facilities to Mexico, he stated that the cars made at that Mexican facility would be hit with a 35 percent tariff if Ford tried to sell them in the United States. He has stated on numerous occasions that he would slap a 30 percent tariff on the importation of Chinese products unless the Chinese quit engaging in unfair trade practices. Trump has pointed to the trade deficit the United States runs with several countries as an indication that the United States is getting a raw deal on trade, and he has vowed to reduce the trade deficit.The alleged problems Trump points to are not new. Such problems have been discussed by economists and pundits for more than a hundred years. The solutions Trump proposes also are not new, for the most part. Both the alleged problems and the proposed solutions rely heavily on utilitarian economic analysis. As is often the case, the utilitarian analysis used can be faulty, as Bastiat pointed out in the 1840s. Then there is the fact that all utilitarian analyses are structurally deficient. This paper discusses some of the issues Trump and others have raised, analyzes them from the utilitarian perspective as well as an alternate (and better) perspective, and arrives at some policy recommendations.The paper also includes a bibliography of more than 100 articles about trade, with links that will take the reader to the article.
Psychological Interventions for Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Psychological interventions have been designed and implemented effectively in a wide range of medical conditions, including Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). The psychological treatments for IBS and IBD with the strongest evidence base include: cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnosis, and mindfulness-based therapies. The evidence for each of these therapies is reviewed here for both IBS and IBD. In general, there is a stronger and larger evidence base to support the use of psychological interventions in IBS compared with IBD. This is likely due to the high level of psychiatric comorbidity associated with IBS and the involvement of the stress-response in symptom presentation of IBS. Further research in psychosocial interventions for IBD is necessary. Finally, the importance of conceptualizing both IBS and IBD in a biopsychosocial model is discussed and several resources for accessing Clinical Health Psychology materials and referrals are provided.
SIRT6 Is Essential for Adipocyte Differentiation by Regulating Mitotic Clonal Expansion.

Summary Preadipocytes initiate differentiation into adipocytes through a cascade of events. Mitotic clonal expansion, as one of the earliest events, is essential for adipogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate mitotic clonal expansion remain elusive. SIRT6 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved sirtuin family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+-dependent protein deacetylases. Here, we show that SIRT6 deficiency in preadipocytes blocks their adipogenesis. Analysis of gene expression during adipogenesis reveals that KIF5C, which belongs to the kinesin family, is negatively regulated by SIRT6. Furthermore, we show that KIF5C is a negative factor for adipogenesis through interacting with CK2α′, a catalytic subunit of CK2. This interaction blocks CK2α′ nuclear translocation and CK2 kinase activity and inhibits mitotic clonal expansion during adipogenesis. These findings reveal a crucial role of SIRT6 in adipogenesis and provide potential therapeutic targets for obesity.
Quadruple immunotherapy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, interferon, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as salvage therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Abstract Background Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the most effective initial intravesical therapy for high-grade non–muscle invasive bladder cancer, but many patients still fail. Combination intravesical BCG and interferon (IFN) will salvage some patients but results remain suboptimal. Objective We hypothesized that further immunostimulation with intravesical interleukin-2 and subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor may improve response to intravesical BCG and IFN in patient with prior BCG failure(s). Methods A retrospective review was performed. Patients received 6 treatments of quadruple immunotherapy (intravesical solution with one-third dose BCG, 50 million units IFN, and 22 million units interleukin-2, along with a 250-mcg subcutaneous sargramostim injection). Surveillance began 4 to 6 weeks after treatment completion. Patients received maintenance if recurrence-free. Success was defined as no recurrence (bladder or extravesical) and bladder preservation. Analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method (P Results Fifty-two patients received treatment with a median recurrence follow-up of 16.3 months and overall follow-up of 41.8 months. All patients had at least 1 prior BCG failure and 13% had 2 or more prior failures. Only 3 patients (6%) were unable to tolerate full induction. Treatment success was 55% at 1 year, and 53% at 2 years. Thirteen patients (25%) underwent cystectomy at a median time of 17.3 months with disease progression to T2 in 1 patient and T3 in 2 patients. No patients had positive surgical margins or positive lymph nodes. Conclusions In patients with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer with prior BCG failure, quadruple immunotherapy demonstrated good treatment success in some patients and warrants further evaluation.
Performance analysis and optimization of the RAMPAGE metal alloy potential generation software

The Rapid Alloy Method for Producing Accurate, General Empirical potential generation toolkit (RAMPAGE) is a program for fitting multicomponent interatomic potential functions for metal alloys. In this paper, we describe a collaborative effort between domain scientists and performance engineers to improve the parallelism, scalability, and maintainability of the code. We modified RAMPAGE to use the Message Passing Interface (MPI) for communication and synchronization, to use more than one MPI process when evaluating candidate potential functions, and to have its MPI processes execute functionality that was previously executed by external non-MPI processes. We ported RAMPAGE to run on the Eos and Titan Cray systems of the United States Department of Energy (DOE)'s Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), and the Cori and Edison systems at the DOE's National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). Our modifications resulted in a 7x speedup on 8 Eos system nodes, and scalability up to 2048 processes on the Cori system with Intel Knights Landing processors. To improve maintainability of the RAMPAGE source code, we introduced several software engineering best practices to the RAMPAGE developers' workflow.
S102 Identification of allergens present in drosophila melanogaster using a serum immunoblotting method

Background Drosophila melanogaster, otherwise known as the fruit fly is commonly used in laboratory animal research. We have reported (Jones, Blair et al. 2017) that laboratory workers (n=286) exposed to fruit flies have an overall sensitisation prevalence of 6%, based on measuring allergen-specific IgE by radioallergosorbent test to a whole fruit fly extract. Although IgE binding to fruit fly extract was detected, the allergenic proteins responsible for IgE binding have not been identified. Objective To identify allergenic proteins from a fruit fly extract Methods Fruit flies were collected from the workplace, extracted overnight in 0.01 mol/L ammonium carbonate at 4°C, dialysed against distilled water and lyophilised. SDS-PAGE was used to separate 150 µg of the extract according to protein molecular weight. Extracted proteins binding to serum specific IgE were detected with Western blotting, using 50 µl of sera from fruit fly sensitised workers (n=3). An alkaline phosphatase conjugated mouse anti-human IgE secondary antibody and NBT/BCIP chromogenic substrate were used in detection. Images were acquired with a ChemiDoc MP and the molecular weight of allergenic proteins determined with a 10–250 kDa prestained protein ladder (ThermoScientific) on ImageLab software (v5.2.1). Results From the fruit fly extract, six distinct proteins binding to serum specific IgE were observed (figure 1). In three sensitised workers, IgE binding to proteins with molecular weights of ∼107 and 76 kDa was observed. For one individual, IgE binding was present to an additional four proteins from the fruit fly extract, with molecular weights of ∼183, 54, 28 and 12 kDa. In a control blot, we did not observe any non-specific binding to the fruit fly extract. Conclusions There are at least six distinct proteins from a fruit fly extract with IgE binding properties of an allergen. Currently, these proteins are not characterised as allergens in protein databases. We will carry out further proteomic testing to characterise these unknown allergens.
Personality Psychology: Methods

Specific methods for measuring relatively enduring individual differences can be classified according to: (a) the type of differences measured, (b) the type of measuring process used, and (c) the purpose of the measurement. Types of consistent or enduring patterns of differences studied include social, behavioral, emotional-motivational, and cognitive traits. Measuring processes include life event recordings, observer judgments, self-reports, and laboratory tests. The fundamental purpose of personality measurement is establishing, through basic research, relationships among personality variables. Establishing reliable relationships among enduring or recurring characteristics of individuals enables applying knowledge toward achieving applied purposes of personality measurement. These applied purposes are (a) making decisions about individuals, such as whether to hire them or what kind of therapy to administer to them, and (b) increasing individuals' self-insight to help them make decisions, such as what career to pursue or how to improve personal relationships. In addition to basic research on covariations among individual differences and the application of this knowledge to decision making, a portion of personality research is aimed at understanding and improving the measurement process itself. This area includes the investigation of social, cognitive, and emotional dynamics in the process of measurement and the use of computers in personality measurement.
Lesbians: Historical Perspectives

This article begins with a series of questions faced by scholars investigating lesbian history. How does one define ‘lesbian’ historically? How does one talk about sexual identity, especially cross-culturally and during periods when such identities were not necessarily linked to particular kinds of sexual behavior? Can we use the term ‘lesbian’ only to describe those women whom we can ‘prove’ had genital sexual contact with one another? Or should we broaden our definition to encompass multiple kinds of passions between women, including intimate friendships that might or might not have been sexual? The variety of answers to these and other queries are addressed in a general overview of the approaches by scholars addressing lesbians historically. This article includes discussion of romantic friendships, cross-dressing, the formation of lesbian communities and issues of identity as factors in the lives and experiences of lesbians from the seventeenth–twentieth century in the Western world.
Comorbid Insomnia and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Challenges for Clinical Practice and Research

Study Objectives: To review studies examining the cooccurrence of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), explore evidence for the effect of OSA therapy on insomnia symptoms and the effect of insomnia treatments on breathing and sleep in patients with OSA, and discuss challenges in the evaluation and treatment of comorbid insomnia and OSA.