cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Inside Account of a Very Canadian Revolution

In this book review, posted in November 2014 on H-Law (H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences), Professor Wildenthal reviews Barry L. Strayer's 2013 book, Canada's Constitutional Revolution (University of Alberta Press). Judge Strayer wrote his book mainly as an inside account of the process leading up to Canada's patriation of its national constitution from the United Kingdom in 1982. Strayer also touches on various related aspects of his distinguished career as a law professor, provincial and federal government attorney (he became a top member of Prime Minister Trudeau's legal team), and Canadian federal judge.This review praises the erudition and lively, entertaining style of Strayer's book, which makes an important contribution to understanding Canada's constitutional history and specifically, the origins and importance of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms adopted in 1982.Strayer recounts some fascinating history, for example, about the battle to include some protections for aboriginal (i.e., indigenous, Native, "First Nations") rights in the Canadian Constitution.Among other points, though somewhat aside from the main theme of the book, the review praises the interest and relevance for Americans of Strayer's recounting of the episode (early in his career) by which his native province, Saskatchewan, adopted universal public health insurance during the 1960s, leading to the national adoption of Canada's famous "single-payer" public health insurance system.
Legal Systems, Capital Structure, and Debt Maturity in Developing Countries

Manuscript type Empirical Research Question/Issue This paper analyzes the importance of two aspects of the legal system in shaping firm leverage and debt maturity structure across developing countries. Research Findings/Insights Using a larger number of developing countries compared to prior research, four main findings are obtained. First, whereas corruption increases firm debt financing, its effect is moderated when considering the impact of stronger laws. Second, the common versus civil law distinction does matter for firm financing in developing countries, but in the opposite direction documented for developed countries. Third, less corruption combined with stronger laws increases reliance on long-term debt. Finally, by listing on a developed exchange abroad, firms in developing countries are able to raise equity and extend the maturity of their debt. Theoretical/Academic Implications The findings on the relative importance of the legal system for firm financing decisions in developing countries do not necessarily agree with prior findings for developed countries. Future research focusing exclusively on developing countries may be warranted to better understand the drivers of private sector-led growth in these economies. Practitioner/Policy Implications This study reinforces the importance of strengthening public governance and laws as well as deepening capital markets in developing countries to improve financing conditions.
Expression and NMR Structural Studies of Isotopically Labeled Cannabinoid Receptor Type II

Cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2) is an integral membrane protein with seven transmembrane helices that belongs to the large superfamily of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors. The CB2 is a part of the endocannabinoid system that plays a vital role in regulation of immune response, inflammation, pain, and other metabolic processes. Information about the structure and function of CB2 in cell membranes is essential for development of specific pharmaceuticals that target CB2 signaling. Methodology for recombinant expression, stable isotope labeling, purification, reconstitution into liposomes, and NMR characterization of functionally active CB2 is presented. Uniformly 13C-, 15N-labeled CB2 protein is expressed by fermentation of Escherichia coli in a medium of defined composition under controlled aeration, pH, and temperature and purified by tandem affinity chromatography. The receptor reconstituted into lipid bilayers is suitable for structural studies by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
Abstract 071: Cytokine-angiotensin II Interplay in Cyclophilin D-mediated Vascular Oxidative Stress and Hypertension

Vascular inflammation and oxidative stress interact in a feed-forward fashion to promote vascular disease and hypertension. We hypothesized that angiotensin II and inflammatory cytokines encountered in hypertension co-operatively induce superoxide (O 2 • - ) production by mitochondrial complex I and that efforts to reduce complex I O 2 • - will reduce hypertension. Treatment of human aortic endothelial cells in culture with angiotensin II (10 nM), IL17A (10 nM) and TNFα (1 nM), factors known to contribute to the hypertensive milieu, co-operatively induced mitochondrial O 2 • - from 340 to 958 pmol/mg protein as measured by HPLC and MitoSOX. This response was abolished by the complex I inhibitor rotenone. We further tested a potential role of Cyclophilin D (CypD), the redox sensitive regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial transition pore in complex I O 2 • - production. Both the specific CypD inhibitor Sanglifehrin A and knockdown of CypD by siRNA prevented endothelial cell O 2 • - production in response to Ang/IL17/TNF. We also found that this cytokine-angiotensin II milieu induced S-glutathionylation of CypD and that scavenging mitochondrial H 2 O 2 with mitoEbselen prevents this and eliminates CypD dependent complex I O 2 • - production. We further studied the functional role of oxidative stress induced by Ang/IL17/TNF in isometric tension studies of mouse aortic rings. Twenty-four hour treatment of organoid cultured vessels with AngII/IL17/TNF reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation to acetylcholine and this was prevented by knockdown of CypD and was not observed in vessels of mice with overexpression of mitochondrial SOD or mitochondrial catalase. The in vivo role of CypD in regulation of vascular O 2 • - and blood pressure was further studied in mice infused with angiotensin II (490 ng/kg/min). Treatment with Sanglifehrin A after the onset of hypertension reduced blood pressure from 162 to 133 mmHg (P 2 • - and improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation. These studies have defined a novel role of Cyclophilin D as a cause of vascular dysfunction and hypertension and have provided a new target for treatment of this disease.
Advances in basic and clinical immunology in 2016

Advances in basic immunology in 2016 included studies that further characterized the role of different proteins in the differentiation of effector T and B cells, including cytokines and proteins involved in the actin cytoskeleton. Regulation of granule formation and secretion in cytotoxic cells was also further described by examining patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The role of prenylation in patients with mevalonate kinase deficiency leading to inflammation has been established. We reviewed advances in clinical immunology, as well as new approaches of whole-genome sequencing and genes newly reported to be associated with immunodeficiency, such as linker of activation of T cells (LAT) ; B-cell CLL/lymphoma 11B (BCL11B) ; RGD, leucine-rich repeat, tropomodulin domain, and proline-rich domain–containing protein (RLTPR) ; moesin; and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) . Trials of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy for primary immunodeficiency have had relative success; the use of autologous virus-specific cytotoxic T cells has proved effective as well. New medications are being explored, such as pioglitazone, which is under study for its role in enhancing the oxidative burst in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Development of vaccines for HIV infection continues to provide insight into the immune response against a virus with an extraordinary mutation rate.
ON THE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK OF TARIFFS AND TRADE POLICY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analytical framework of tariffs and trade policy. It also presents the common analytical framework that exists in the recent literature on international trade policy. as many policy questions can be handled either by the comparative statics procedure in which policy tools are taken as shift parameters of the equilibrium system or by obtaining the conditions for certain optimization problems, the success of the offer-curve analysis is quite remarkable. However, this tool also has weaknesses that are common in many geometric analyses: (a) the basic assumption and logical steps in the analysis are often concealed in the usual manner that the curves are drawn, and (b) it is hard to extend the analysis to situations that are more complicated than the analytical framework incorporated in the usual offer curve technique. For the latter point, it may suffice to point out the difficulties involved in analyzing such questions as domestic distortions and non-traded commodities by means of the offer curve. The chapter discusses two problems in trade theory: (1) that of domestic distortions and (2) that of non-traded commodities.
Previous hurricane evacuation decisions and future evacuation intentions among residents of southeast Louisiana

Abstract Population evacuation is an important component of emergency management planning for a variety of hazards, especially hurricanes and tropical storms that threaten coastal communities. This study examined previous evacuation decisions and evacuation intentions across 13 southeast Louisiana coastal parishes. Overall, the results indicate that most people will evacuate from strong storms, especially when ordered to do so. Future evacuation intentions correlated with previous evacuation decisions and corresponded to storm strength and official evacuation orders. Demographic factors had varying effects on behavior and intentions, with gender and race having the most consistent effects. The effects of income, education, homeownership, and housing type varied by storm strength and had different effects for intentions than previous behaviors. Previous flooding and wind damage had minimal effects on evacuation intentions. Risk perception, especially perception of the safety of one's own home, had strong effects on evacuation intentions. Qualitative results support the quantitative findings showing that people continue to rely on storm strength, especially Category or wind speed, as an indicator of risk and that persons who would not evacuate felt their homes were safe or had jobs that required them to report for duty. The results call for more research into how predictors of actual behaviors and intentions vary even while behaviors and intentions are correlated and how individuals determine that their house is safe.
Intelligent Software-Defined Mesh Networks With Link-Failure Adaptive Traffic Balancing

In the software defined networking (SDN)-based wireless mesh network (WMN) architecture (SD-WMN), the network is monitored and managed in a centralized manner. Although the use of SDN simplifies the WMN management, it is still not clear whether the SDN architecture, which was originally designed for wired links, can effectively handle the dynamic topology of WMNs. This paper addresses the traffic balancing issue introduced by node mobility. To reduce the response time of SDN controller for dynamic network topology, a two-layer supervised learning model is proposed that helps the controller to predict the node mobility and link failure probability. Then, an alternative route selection scheme is proposed, which achieves optimal traffic balancing while minimizing the control plane overhead. Efficiency of the proposed SD-WMN architecture is validated in the widely used network simulator—ns-3. Our results demonstrate the network throughput enhancement achieved by the proposed SD-WMN architecture with link-failure adaptive traffic control.
Inhibition of PCR Amplification by a Point Mutation Downstream of a Primer

A T→C point mutation is shown to specifically inhibit PCR amplification when compared to wild-type controls in exon H of the factor IX gene. Multiple primers of different lengths and locations were designed to examine this phenomenon. The experiments suggest that poor annealing and/or extension from the downstream primer are responsible for the observed inhibition and that the mutation can exert an inhibitory effect upon PCR amplification at a distance of at least 84 bp. The inhibition was not alleviated when amplification conditions such as annealing temperature, time of extension, type of DNA polymerase or concentration of DNA template, primer or DNA polymerase were varied. The inhibitory factor(s) are likely to be contained within the amplified segment itself because neither the use of a previously amplified PCR product as template for nested PCRs nor the restriction enzyme digestion of that previously amplified product relieved the inhibition of PCR amplification in the mutant sample. Computer analyse...
Viscoelastic response of quantum Hall fluids in a tilted field

In this paper, we examine the viscoelastic properties of integer quantum Hall (IQH) states in a tilted magnetic field. In particular, we explore to what extent the tilted-field system behaves like a two-dimensional electron gas with anisotropic mass in the presence of strain deformations. We first review the Kubo formalism for viscosity in an external magnetic field, paying particular attention to the role of rotational symmetry and contact terms. Next, we compute the conductivity, stress, and viscosity tensors for IQH states in the presence of a tilted field and vertical confining potential. By comparing our results with the recently developed bimetric formalism, we show that, at the level of the contracted Hall viscosity tensor, the mapping between tilted field and effective mass anisotropy holds only if we simultaneously modify the background perpendicular magnetic field; in other words, a simultaneous measurement of the density, contracted Hall viscosity, and Hall conductivity at fixed particle number can distinguish between tilted field and effective mass anisotropy. Additionally, we show that in the presence of a tilted magnetic field, the stress tensor acquires an unusual anisotropic ground state average, leading to anomalous elastic response functions. We develop a formalism for projecting a three-dimensional Hamiltonian with confining potential and magnetic field to a two-dimensional Hamiltonian in order to further address the phenomenology of the tilted-field IQH fluid. We find that the projected fluid couples nonminimally to geometric deformations, indicating the presence of internal geometric degrees of freedom.
Salvage and Revision Surgery for the Failed Pouch

Abstract While restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis affords excellent function and quality of life in the majority of patients who have it performed, pouch dysfunction as well as failure may occur. Careful patient selection, surgical strategy, and management of perioperative complications helps salvage pouch function and longevity. When pouch dysfunction and failure occur, pouch salvage with repair, revision, or redo is often still possible. The various pouch-related problems and techniques for addressing them when surgical intervention is required are described here.
A comment on interest rate pass-through: a non-normal approach

This paper revisits the question of interest rate pass-through from the federal funds rate to bank and open market rates from the years 1987 to 2015. We employ cointegration tests with improved testing power by using information in non-normal errors. Using this approach, we find evidence of cointegration between the federal funds rate and the prime rate, the federal funds rate and the 3-month financial commercial paper rate, but no evidence of cointegration between the federal funds rate and the 30-year conventional mortgage rate. Moreover, we estimate the degree of long-run pass-through for both the prime and commercial paper rates to be less than one. Our results confirm that there is not only significant co-movement between the federal funds rate and short-term borrowing rates, but also that interest rate pass-through, in the long run, is incomplete.
High incidence of brain and other nervous system cancer identified in two mining counties, 2001-2015

Abstract Two counties in Montana, Deer Lodge and Silver Bow (DL/SB), have two Superfund sites, as well as an active copper and molybdenum mine in SB. The population living in proximity to these sites are exposed to additional metals and some have been shown to be neurotoxic, especially for children; thus, this study focused on the incidence of brain and other nervous system cancers. The Montana Central Tumor Registry data was used to identify the cases in DL/SB and the remaining 54 counties of Montana (comparison group). After controlling for sex, cancer stage, and year of diagnosis, we found an incidence rate ratio for DL/SB versus comparison group of 6.28 (95% CI: 2.32–17.02) for children ages birth to 4 years, and 3.95 (95% CI: 1.66–9.38) for adults age 30–34 years. The high incidence rate of the brain cancer in the two age groups requires public health action.
Energy efficiency of membrane distillation: Simplified analysis, heat recovery, and the use of waste-heat

Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal desalination process that is advantageous due to its ability to harness low-grade waste heat to separate highly saline feedstock. However, like any thermal desalination process, the energy efficiency depends on the ability to recover latent heat from condensation in the distillate. In direct contact MD (DCMD), this can be achieved by integrating a heat exchanger (HX) to recover latent heat stored in the distillate stream to preheat the incoming feed stream. Based on the principle of equal heat capacity flows, we derive a simple and intuitive expression for the optimal flow rate ratio between the feed and distillate streams to best recover this latent. Following the principle of energy balance, we derive simple expressions for the specific thermal energy consumption (SECth) and gained output ratio (GOR) of DCMD with and without a coupled HX for latent heat recovery, revealing an intuitive critical condition that indicates whether DCMD should or should not be coupled with HX. As MD is attractive for its ability to use low-grade waste heat as a heat source, we also evaluate the energy efficiency of DCMD powered by a waste heat stream. A waste heat stream differs fundamentally from a conventional constant-temperature heat source in that the temperature of the waste heat stream decreases as heat is extracted from it. We discuss the implication of this fundamental difference on energy efficiency and how we should analyze the energy efficiency of DCMD powered by waste heat streams. A new metric, namely specific yield, is proposed to quantify the performance of DCMD powered by waste heat stream. Our analysis suggests that, for a single-stage DCMD powered by a waste heat stream, whether implementing latent heat recovery or not only affects conventional metrics for energy efficiency (e.g. SECth and GOR) but not the specific yield. Overall, this analysis presents an intuitive and important framework for evaluating and optimizing energy efficiency in DCMD.
Virtual perfect absorption through modulation of the radiative decay rate

Virtual perfect absorption was recently proposed as a way to trap electromagnetic pulses in lossless cavities by shaping the pulses in the form of exponentially increasing functions. Such an effect may be useful for energy storage and quantum information processing. One problem with this approach is that the exponentially increasing wave form cannot be sustained for a long time, imposing a limit on the maximum energy that can be captured. Here it is shown that this problem can be circumvented by slowly modulating the cavity's radiative decay rate in such a way that the leaking signal from the cavity and the reflected signal at the cavity's port are constantly opposite to each other. This approach allows maintaining zero reflection for the entire duration of the phenomenon for continuous-wave signals and enables trapping electromagnetic energy for significant amounts of time, limited by only the spectrum of the incident signal.
Logical empiricism and scientific theories

Introduction We have seen how Duhem's arguments indicate limitations on how far deductive logic alone can guide us to decisions about scientific theories based on experimental outcomes. In the early decades of the twentieth century, another group of philosophers and scientists on the European continent were pursuing a philosophical program that attempted to exploit the resources of formal logic as far as possible in the articulation of a ‘scientific philosophy.’ In this chapter we will take a brief look at the philosophical movement known as logical empiricism or logical positivism, paying particular attention to a central project of the movement: an account of the structure of scientific theories. The preoccupation of philosophers of science with the question of theory structure has its roots in an underlying commitment – rarely examined or even articulated throughout most of the twentieth century – to the importance of theories as the primary contribution of scientific inquiry to human knowledge. Later, some philosophers challenged this assumption, arguing that experimentation produces knowledge that is philosophically significant beyond simply its role in testing broad explanatory theories (Ackermann, 1985; Franklin, 1986; Hacking, 1983; Mayo, 1996). Nonetheless, the question of theory structure remains highly relevant to our understanding of scientific knowledge, and the fate of logical empiricist views has had important consequences for the subsequent development of philosophy of science, as we will explore in the next several chapters.
Quantitation of Trans-Fatty Acids in Children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Objectives Trans-fatty acids (TFA) are geometric isomers of naturally occurring cis-fatty acids, formed industrially through partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils or naturally in ruminant animals. TFA intake has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease; therefore, reduced TFA consumption is a major public health objective. Food intake studies have provided estimates for TFA levels in the U.S. and we previously assessed TFA blood concentrations in fasting U.S. adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), finding an average 54% decrease in TFA between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010. The aim of this study was to determine nationally representative estimates for plasma TFA concentrations in children in the U.S. population. Methods We used the CDC isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-NCI-MS) method to quantitate four major TFA, palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, and linoelaidic acid, in a nationally representative group of children in the U.S. population using NHANES samples. TFA were derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl-bromide and analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode using NCI with methane reagent gas. Separation was carried out on a Select FAME 200 m column with hydrogen carrier gas. The TFA limits of detection ranged from 0.02 μM to 0.43 μM. The intraday and inter-day % coefficients of variation ranged from 1-11% CV and 6-15% CV respectively. The mean accuracy for all four TFA was 102% (95% CI: 98%-107%). Results The TFA were measured in 916 participants (age: 6-19 years) from NHANES 1999-2000 and 1718 participants (age: 3-19 years) from NHANES 2009-2010, and were detected in all samples. Geometric means for the sum of the 4 TFAs were 80.7 μmol/l (95% CI: 74.6-87.3 μmol/L) and 30.6 μmol/l (95% CI: 29.0-32.3 μmol/L) in the NHANES 1999-2000 and 2009-2010, respectively. Overall TFA concentrations were 62% lower in NHANES 2009-2010 compared to 1999-2000. Conclusions TFA levels in children in the U.S. population are notably lower in NHANES 2009-2010 compared to NHANES 1999-2000 suggesting an overall reduction of TFA levels in children. Funding sources N/A.
Fyn Kinase Mediates Pro-Inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of Endotoxemia: Relevance to Translational Research

Systemic inflammation resulting from the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the chronic activation of the innate immune system remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. After having demonstrated that Fyn, a Src family kinase, regulates microglial neuroinflammatory responses in cell culture and animal models of Parkinson's disease, we investigate here its role in modulating systemic inflammation using an endotoxic mouse model. Fyn knockout (KO) and their wild-type (WT) littermate mice were injected once intraperitoneally with either saline or 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and were killed 48 h later. LPS-induced mortality, endotoxic symptoms and hypothermia were significantly attenuated in Fyn KO, but not WT, mice. LPS reduced survival in Fyn WT mice to 49% compared to 84% in Fyn KO mice. Fyn KO mice were also protected from LPS-induced deficits in horizontal and vertical locomotor activities, total distance traveled and stereotypic movements. Surface body temperatures recorded at 24 h and 48 h post-LPS dropped significantly in Fyn WT, but not in KO, mice. Importantly, endotoxemia-associated changes to levels of the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), splenocyte apoptosis and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production in hepatocytes were also significantly attenuated in Fyn KO mice. Likewise, pharmacologically inhibiting Fyn with 10 mg/kg dasatinib (oral) significantly attenuated LPS-induced increases in plasma TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels and hepatic pro-IL-1β messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs). Collectively, these results indicate that genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of Fyn dampens systemic inflammation, demonstrating for the first time that Fyn kinase plays a critical role in mediating the endotoxic inflammatory response.
What's the Difference? Measuring the Effect of Mergers in the Airline Industry

We analyze the effect of four US airline mergers using three retrospective techniques: standard difference-in-differences regression, synthetic control, and nearest neighbor matching. In doing so, we compare the performance of the most recently developed merger-retrospective methodologies. Each method compares an outcome of interest, such as price, in a set of ``treated'' markets where a merger occurred to a set of ``control'' markets that are unaffected by the merger. The three methodologies, however, differ in how they select and weight control markets. We find that the three methods do not always align in the direction or statistical significance of the estimated merger effect. Furthermore, synthetic control and nearest neighbor matching are sensitive to the set of characteristics used to select control markets. Overall, we find that the American Airlines/USAir merger lowered prices, whereas the United/Continental merger increased prices. Even so, these findings are not robust across methodologies or specifications. We are unable to draw any consistent conclusions about the Southwest/AirTran or Delta/Northwest mergers.
Reconciling Consistency and Continuity: A Bounded-Population Characterization of the Nash Bargaining Solution

This paper explores the robustness of a characterization of the Nash bargaining solution in a variable-population framework in which the population of players is bounded (Lensberg in J Econ Theory 45:330–341, 1988). A central axiom in this characterization is “consistency”, which says that the solution outcome of any problem should always be “confirmed” by the solution in the “reduced problem” that results after some players have left with their assigned payoffs. Another axiom in this characterization is the standard requirement of Hausdorff continuity. We advocate a weaker version of continuity, a version that is a better conceptual fit with consistency that Hausdorff-continuity, and show that the Nash solution still emerges as the only one to satisfy all of the axioms.
Word and Mystery: The Acoustics of Cultural Transmission During the Protestant Reformation.

To a first-order approximation we can place most worship services on a continuum between clarity and mystery, depending on the setting and content of the service. This liturgical space can be thought of as a combination of the physical acoustics of the worship space and the qualities of the sound created during the worship service. A very clear acoustic channel emphasizes semantic content, especially speech intelligibility. An immersive, reverberant acoustic emphasizes mystery and music. One of the chief challenges in acoustical design is the fact that both clarity and immersion are subjectively preferred by audiences, yet these two goals are almost mutually exclusive of one another. The movement along this continuum in liturgical space can also be seen in the religious contexts for many of the worship spaces constructed in the West in the last two millennia. In the case of religious ceremony, a free field acoustic environment provides more clarity and precision in the spoken word received from God and given to the congregation. Yet a diffuse field environment provides an embodied, otherworldly sense of the supernatural: the mystery of the faith received which cannot merely be put into words. This tension is perceptible in many of the religious controversies in the West during this time period. This article examines the history of the spaces used by early Western Catholic Christians as well as those of the traditions -- Lutheran and Calvinist -- that left the Catholic faith during the 16th century Reformation. By considering the stated goals of these traditions alongside the architectural and liturgical innovations they created, it can be seen that emergent liturgical spaces mirror the assumptions of their respective traditions regarding the proper balance between semantic and aesthetic communication during the worship service. The Reformed faiths' emphasis on the power of the Word is reflected in the liturgical space of their services, while the Catholic faith gave greater priority to the role of Mystery, in their liturgical space as well as their explicit theology. Once constructed, these spaces also aid the cultural transmission of the sung or spoken liturgy of each tradition to future generations.
A prospective assessment of the Medicaid Web portal for admission medication reconciliation at a community hospital in Montana.

PURPOSE Medication reconciliation (MR) is a complicated and tedious process but is crucial to prevent errors when ordering patients' discharge medications during a hospital admission. Our institution currently uses a variety of methods to gather a patient's medication history, including review of the medical records and electronic pharmaceutical claims data (EPCD) from a commercial health information exchange organization, as well as a patient or caregiver interview. Occasionally, more information is needed to obtain the most accurate history. To augment current methods, EPCD can also be accessed for patients with Medicaid insurance using a state Medicaid Web portal. We aimed to evaluate the utility of the Medicaid Web portal for reducing medication errors during the MR process at hospital admission. SUMMARY A single-center, prospective, quality improvement initiative was conducted to evaluate 100 patient medication lists for all nonobstetric Medicaid patients admitted to our institution to identify discrepancies in medication lists when the state Medicaid Web portal was used in addition to standard MR methods. We found that, when EPCD from commercial organizations were available, they matched the patient's current medication list 64% of the time. One in 4 patients had at least 1 discrepancy on their verified medication list that was identified using the Medicaid Web portal. The discrepancies identified were addressed and corrected in real time to improve patient care. CONCLUSION EPCD from the state Medicaid Web portal could supplement the use of current methods to obtain a more accurate medication history and reduce the number of erroneously ordered discharge medications during hospital admission.
Multiple, short protein binding motifs in ORC1 and CDC6 control the initiation of DNA replication

The initiation of DNA replication involves cell cycle-dependent assembly and disassembly of protein complexes, including the origin recognition complex (ORC) and CDC6 AAA+ ATPases. We report that multiple short linear protein motifs (SLiMs) within intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in ORC1 and CDC6 mediate cyclin-CDK-dependent and independent protein-protein interactions, conditional on the cell cycle phase. A domain within the ORC1 IDR is required for interaction between the ORC1 and CDC6 AAA+ domains in G1, whereas the same domain prevents CDC6-ORC1 interaction during mitosis. Then, during late G1, this domain facilitates ORC1 destruction by a SKP2-cyclin A-CDK2-dependent mechanism. During G1, the CDC6 Cy motif cooperates with cyclin E-CDK2 to promote ORC1-CDC6 interactions. The CDC6 IDR regulates self-interaction by ORC1, thereby controlling ORC1 protein levels. Protein phosphatase 1 binds directly to a SLiM in the ORC1 IDR, causing ORC1 de-phosphorylation upon mitotic exit, increasing ORC1 protein, and promoting pre-RC assembly.
Magnetic activated cell-sorting identifies a unique lung microbiome community associated with disease states

Rationale: The advent of culture-independent, next-generation DNA sequencing has led to discovery of distinct lung bacterial communities. Studies of lung microbiome taxonomy often reveal only subtle differences between health and disease, but microbial host response may distinguish members of similar communities in different populations. Objectives: Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) has been applied to the gut microbiome to identify numbers and types of bacteria eliciting a humoral response. We adapted this technique to examine populations of immunoglobulin-bound bacteria and investigate the lung microbiota in HIV as a representative disease. Methods: 42 people living with HIV (PLWH) and 22 HIV-uninfected individuals underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). We separated immunoglobulin G-bound bacteria using MACS and sequenced the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We analyzed sequences and quantified BAL cytokines and bacterial rRNA copy numbers. Results: Immunoglobulin G-bound bacteria were detectable in the healthy lung microbiota. Comparison of raw BAL by HIV status showed no significant taxonomic differences, but the immunoglobulin-bound lung microbiota differed by HIV status with greater abundance of Pseudomonas in PLWH. BAL cytokine levels were also higher in PLWH, which correlated with increased quantity of immunoglobulin G-bound bacteria. Conclusions: We report a novel application of magnetic-activated cell sorting to identify immunoglobulin G-bound bacteria in the lung. This technique identified distinct bacterial communities which differed in composition from raw BAL, revealing differences in health and disease not detected by traditional analyses. Cytokine response was also associated with differential immunoglobulin binding of lung bacteria, suggesting functional importance of these communities.
The Virtue of Aristotle's Ethics: What the Good Person Has to Know

As part of the longer argument towards the conclusion that ethical virtue is central in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics , in the previous chapter and in Chapter 5, I argued that ethical virtue requires practical wisdom and conversely in two different ways. In Chapter 5, I explained how ethical virtue involves reason (practical wisdom) as opposed to being merely in accordance with reason, and in Chapter 8, I explained how the practical syllogism that the person with practical wisdom gets right, involves the virtues of character. However, the aspects of practical wisdom I have discussed so far have been fairly minimal, so one might think that the person with practical wisdom needs to know a lot more than what I have so far discussed. Therefore, in this chapter, I raise some puzzles about what, or how much, the Aristotelian good person has to know, and what the good student needs to know in order to study ethics. The answers have far-reaching consequences for the way in which we should read Aristotle's own Nicomachean Ethics , as well as for the appropriate way to address the immoralist. It is uncontroversial that Aristotle thinks that knowledge is insufficient for ethical virtue (e.g., EN II 1105b1–5, 12–18 cf. X 9 1179b4–10). Reading a book is no substitute for engaging in virtuous action. However, it is unclear what knowledge, if any, is necessary for being a good person, according to Aristotle. On the one hand, there are philosophers, like David Wiggins, who think that the good person can grasp the situation at hand and do the right thing without any knowledge of general principles or of other disciplines.
Gastric impaction and large colon volvulus: Can one lead to the other?

Summary The possibility of stomach impaction resulting in large colon volvulus is raised by authors reporting the findings of both lesions in 7 horses. Although this combination of lesions has not been reported before, it is interesting to consider the effect of a gastric impaction compressing the colon as the stomach increases in size with firm ingesta. Anatomically, the stomach is dorsal to the colon, and might therefore compress the colon. As to how this might result in volvulus, it is interesting to speculate on the possible roles of gas accumulation or other changes in the intracolonic environment, such as composition in microbiota. The report of 7 horses also highlights the need to thoroughly explore any horse taken to surgery because of intractable colic in case there is more than one lesion.
A More Perfect Union: Holistic Worldviews and the Transformation of American Culture after World War II

Preface Introduction: Holistic Sensibilities in the Long 1960s Chapter 1: The Natural Environment: Rachel Carson's Web of Life Chapter 2: The Built Environment: Buckminster Fuller's Spaceship Earth Chapter 3: The Social World: Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Beloved Community Chapter 4: Cosmic Dimensions: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's Omega Point Chapter 5: The Psychological Realm: Abraham Maslow's Self-Actualized Individuals and Eupsychian Community Chapter 6: The Esalen Institute: A Center for Holistic Pursuits Epilogue Notes Bibliography Index
Incorporation of impedance boundary conditions into an advanced, integral equation, full-wave simulator

In this paper, we incorporate the surface impedance boundary condition into a MoM-based full-wave layered interconnect simulator (UA-FWLIS) to make it capable of handling conductor losses. By introducing an effective surface current and a surface impedance, the losses on the interconnects can be easily included in UA-FWLIS by adding an extra term to the reaction elements. In addition, the losses on the power/ground planes can also be handled by modifying the Green's function without affecting the angular integral in the reaction element calculation. Thus, the approach for analytically calculating the integrals in the reaction matrix, which uses readily computable ILHIs and residue theory, is still valid and the efficiency of UA-FWLIS can be retained. Comparing the S-parameter results from UA-FWLIS with those from agilent momentum validates the accuracy of the enhanced UA-FWLIS.
Isolation and Chemical Structure of the Peptidoglycan of Spirillum serpens Cell Walls

The peptidoglycan layer of Spirillum serpens cell walls was isolated from intact cells after treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate and digestion with Pronase. The isolated peptidoglycan contained glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and meso-diaminopimelic acid in the approximate molar ratio of 1:1:2:1:1. Aspartic acid and glycine were the only other amino acids found in significant quantities. N-terminal amino acid analyses of the tetrapeptide amino acids in the peptidoglycan revealed that 54% of the diaminopimelic acid molecules are involved in cross-linkage between tetrapeptides. This amount of cross-linkage is greater than that found in the peptidoglycan of previously studied cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. The polysaccharide backbone was isolated, after myxobacter AL-1 enzyme digestion of the peptidoglycan, by fractionation with ECTEOLA-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. An average length of 99 hexosamines for the polysaccharide chains was found (ratio of total hexosamines to reducing end groups).
Inflammatory responses to ischemia, and reperfusion in skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion is now recognized as one form of acute inflammation in which activated leukocytes play a key role. Although restoration of flow is essential in alleviating ischemic injury, reperfusion initiates a complex series of reactions which lead to neutrophil accumulation, microvascular barrier disruption, and edema formation. A large body of evidence exists which suggests that leukocyte adhesion to and emigration across postcapillary venules plays a crucial role in the genesis of reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. Reactive oxygen species generated by xanthine oxidase and other enzymes promote the formation of proinflammatory stimuli, modify the expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells, and reduce the bioavailability of the potent antiadhesive agent nitric oxide. As a consequence of these events, leukocytes begin to form loose adhesive interactions with postcapillary venular endothelium (leukocyte rolling). If the proinflammatory stimulus is sufficient, leukocytes may become firmly adherent (stationary adhesion) to the venular endothelium. Those leukocytes which become firmly adherent may then diapedese into the perivascular space. The emigrated leukocytes induce parenchymal cell injury via a directed release of oxidants and hydrolytic enzymes. In addition, the emigrating leukocytes also exacerbate ischemic injury by disrupting the microvascular barrier during their egress across the vasculature. As a consequence of this increase in microvascular permeability, transcapillary fluid filtration is enhanced and edema results. The resultant increase in interstitial tissue pressure physically compresses the capillaries, thereby preventing microvascular perfusion and thus promoting the development of the no-reflow phenomenon. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available information regarding these mechanisms of skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Irradiance Effects on Growth and Bacteriochlorophyll Content of Phototrophic Heliobacteria, Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria

Two species of heliobacteria along with a purple and green bacterium were tested for their ability to grow phototrophically at irradiances ranging from 0.125 to 50 W m−2. The heliobacteria were incapable of growth below 0.5 W m−2, while both the purple and green bacterium grew at significantly lower irradiances. Specific bacteriochlorophyll contents were higher for the purple and green bacteria than for the heliobacteria at all irradiances tested. Thus in distinct contrast to purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria are “high-irradiance” phototrophs, and this characteristic may influence their distribution in nature.
Alternative protein sorting pathways.

Abstract The term “nonclassical protein targeting” has been used to describe those pathways that have been recently discovered and differ mechanistically from the more studied “classical pathways.” Because this nomenclature is rather arbitrary in terms of cellular relevance, we have chosen to group these protein sorting mechanisms under the heading “alternative protein sorting pathways” for the purpose of this review. Many of the alternative targeting pathways described are of primary importance. For example, without retrograde transport, both membrane material and targeting machinery accumulate at distal sites in the endomembrane system, preventing anterograde transport. Further, lysosome/vacuole delivery of degradative substrates by autophagic pathways is central to the role of this organelle as a primary site for intracellular degradation. Finally, targeting through the classical CPY pathway requires the ALP pathway for delivery of the vacuolar t-SNARE Vam3p. Analysis of these alternative targeting pathways provides a more complete understanding of eukaryotic cellular physiology.
A Numerical Study of the Variable Structure of the Lower Thermosphere

The changes in the neutral structure of the lower thermosphere (considered here to be the region between 80 and 200 km) are investigated with the aid of a numerical model which includes the effects of solar heating, radiational cooling, and conductive transport of energy within the region. Results of the model calculations indicate significant variability with time of day, latitude and altitude for the region above 150 km; important seasonal variability is predicted for all levels by the model. The short period variability observed below 150 km must be caused by factors not included in the present model calculations. Among such factors the most important are probably the vertically propagating motions which have been observed in the middle and upper mesosphere.
Building a new academic library Web site

Purpose – The Benner Library Web site at Olivet Nazarene University was targeted for an update and those responsible desired a systematic, efficient approach to the process. Design/methodology/approach – The project needed clear goals and careful coordination of all stakeholders, including all levels of patrons, library professionals and staff and university administrators. Findings – The methodical approach proved to be time consuming but effective. Originality/value – A team composed of Web developers, programmers and graphic designers accomplished the technological process, but communication between team members and stakeholders was essential.
GENETIC EFFECTS OF IRRADIATION ON EARLY MORTALITY IN SWINE

Survival at birth and over the first three weeks of postnatal life was studied in 182 and 180 litters of pigs from control and irradiated sires, respectively. The paternal exposure of 300 r had no clear influence on litter size at birth or on sex ratio in the first generation. However, the percentage of the total born that survived to three weeks was reduced from 78.5% in the controls to 72.6% in the irradiated group. The effect is apparently the result of detrimental mutations induced in the spermatogonia of the exposed males. (auth)
A high performance, four metal layer interconnect system for bipolar and BiCMOS circuits

Two similar four-layer metal systems have been developed to meet the requirements of MOSAIC IV and V high-performance bipolar and BiCMOS circuits. These systems have planarized surfaces obtained using an n-layer photoresist and etchback processes with PETEOS as an interlayer dielectric (ILD). The high-aspect-ratio vias are filled with a multistep hot sputtered Al process. CVD W is also being evaluated as a via fill process. The initial design rules were based on the circuit goals, performance modeling, process and material capabilities, and reliability goals. The development of these processes and the design rule selection process are discussed. Test vehicles were built, and the processes and modeling were verified. Results from the test vehicles as well as a MOSAIC IV demonstration circuit are presented. >