cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preservation of Soft Tissues in Dinosaur Fossils: Compatibility with an Age of Millions of Years

The recent discovery of preserved cells and soft tissues in certain dinosaur bones seems incompatible with an age of millions of years, given the expectation that cells and soft tissues should have decayed away after millions of years. However, evidence from radiometric dating shows that dinosaur fossils are indeed millions of years old. Under certain circumstances, cells and soft tissues in bone are protected from complete disintegration. Formation of a mineral concretion around a bone protects biomolecules inside it from hydrolysis by groundwater. Infusion and coating with iron and iron compounds at a critical point in the decay process protects cells within a bone from autolysis. Cross-linking and association with bone mineral surfaces furnish added protection to collagen fibers in a bone. These protective factors can result in soft-tissue preservation that lasts millions of years. It would benefit educators to be aware of these phenomena, in order to better advise students whose acceptance of biological evolution has been challenged by young-Earth creationist arguments that are based on soft tissues in dinosaur fossils.
Patient engagement and presence in a virtual world world diabetes self-management education intervention for minority women.

Abstract Objective We aim to explore how users’ experience of presence in a virtual world (VW) learning environment enhanced patient engagement in DSME/S programs conducted in an online VW platform with minority women with type 2 diabetes. Methods We conducted an embedded, mixed methods study, using a convergent study design to analyze qualitative field notes and interview data and quantitative survey data gathered from the Women in Control 2.0 (WIC2) clinical trial participants. The WIC2 clinical trial compared a diabetes group visit program delivered using an online VW platform versus an in-person approach. Result We enrolled 158 VW participants, of which 144 completed baseline data, 124 completed the post-intervention follow up survey, and 30 participated in key informant and focus group interviews. Overall, participants reported a sense of social (63.7%, mean 3.7/5.0), physical (63.1%, mean 3.6/5.0), and self (49.0%, mean 3.3/5.0) presence while engaged in VW group DSME/S. Three themes emerged from mixed methods analysis including, 1) Participants’ identification with their avatars enhances a sense of self presence in a VW, 2) physical presence enables visualization and imaginative play modalities of social learning, and 3) social presence cultivates meaningful social support and psychological safety. Conclusion Our research empirically supports the premise that participants’ experience of three domains of presence (self, physical and social) in a VW environment enhances participant engagement in DSME/S programs. Practice implications Further research is warranted to study optimal approaches to implementation and dissemination of this novel approach to patient education and engagement.
Variables predictive of surgical outcomes after hyoid myotomy with suspension to thyroid cartilage.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate variables predicting improvement in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with hyoid suspension to thyroid cartilage 4-suture technique. METHODS Sixty adult patients (age range 23-78 years) with OSA underwent hyoid suspension to thyroid cartilage with or without concurrent multi-level surgery over an eight-year period from 2011 to 2019 at a tertiary academic center. All patients had a preoperative apnea hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5. Changes in mean AHI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and lowest oxygen saturation (LSAT) were measured with paired Student t-test. Linear and logistic regression models were used to predict change in AHI and surgical success respectively with respect to body mass index (BMI), age, sex, previous sleep surgery, concurrent retrolingual surgery, concurrent palatopharyngoplasty, and preoperative AHI. RESULTS The mean AHI demonstrated a significant improvement from a preoperative AHI of 39.0 ± 25.5 to a postoperative AHI of 31.2 ± 23.4 (p = 0.005). The mean Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS) significantly improved from 13.1 ± 6.0 to 9.2 ± 5.7 (p = 0.000012). Surgical success, defined as a 50% reduction in preoperative AHI to a postoperative AHI ≤ 20, was obtained in 18/60 (30.0%) patients. Preoperative BMI significantly correlates with variation of change in AHI in multivariable linear regression model (p = 0.003). Preoperative AHI was significant predictor of surgical success in multivariable logistic regression model. CONCLUSION The magnitude of improvement in polysomnographic parameters after hyoid suspension to thyroid appears to be more significant in patients with lower BMI. Even patients with an obese BMI and severe OSA achieve significant improvement from this procedure.
Troilus and Cressida's Folio Prologue in the Poets’ War: Shakespeare, Jonson, Marston

Although many scholars have denigrated Troilus and Cressida, the Folio version of the play—with a prologue—offers a more tractable, even winsome play than does the quarto version. As a buffer betwe...
Why We Are in the DAR

Mama made tabouleh, and that took courage. The ladies of the DAR did not know those tastes mixed up together, the crunchy bulghur wheat and the lemony mint dressing. By now Mama can make it just as our Lebanese grandmother taught her to: she so finely chops every bit of parsley and scallions and tomatoes so the red tomato mingles with confettied green and white onions and presto, you've got a Christmas dish, Mama says. But she will not mound the tabouleh in the center of a plate and surround it with torn bread and lettuce leaves for scoop ing, because to some that would be exotic and primitive and not at all sanitary. To be considerate we've put out white and green mints in a bowl by the tabouleh, because the DAR ladies are not likely to munch on parsley leaves as our grandmother did, to sweeten their onion breath. A tureen luncheon means we must also cook up those little Swedish meatballs that the ladies love, and the yellow "perfection" salad all Jelloed up with shredded carrots and cabbage and crushed pineapple wiggling within. The ladies will bring covered dishes and a setup of their own, so as not to make too much trouble for the hostess, who is my mother today for the first time and she says God willing the last. The Christmas decorations are up no thanks to Uncle Bashir, who promised to help now that Papa is away but he's too mad at Aunt Melania to think straight. He has gone and visited the funeral director uptown and warned him for the umpteenth time that when he, Bashir al-Hadiri, is laid out in the Dulkoski Funeral Home, his only sister is not to be allowed in, no matter how pitifully she begs; she must be deprived of the final comfort of viewing his mortal remains. And that is her punishment for saying his oldest son, my cousin Assad, should not wear white suits summer and winter, he looks like a blackberry in a glass of milk. My sister Louise is good at winding ropes of pine along the banister and she makes fancy red bows out of ribbons saved from Christmases before we were even born. There's so much to do Mama has us stay ing home from school with headaches. But we are not worried on that
Island Tides: Exploring ECN Liquidity

The introduction of the Order Handling Rules and Regulation ATS by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has had a major impact on the Nasdaq market. In particular, the rise and success of electronic communication systems (ECNs) is a direct outcome of these regulatory changes. This paper investigates the behavior of intra-day liquidity and trading on one of the most successful new market participants, the Island ECN. Using limit buy and sell order and time and sales data collected from Island's website, we find strong intraday patterns in trading volume and number of trades executed as well as market depth and price impact, our measure of liquidity. We also find that market quality on Island is far better during the hours when Nasdaq is open, and that after hours trading volume is negligible, mainly because of lack of liquidity. These findings indicate that ECNs strongly depend on the larger Nasdaq system. For example, the number of orders on the book increase and the price impact declines dramatically when Nasdaq opens. The reverse occurs at Nasdaq's close. We show that trading activity increases with (intra-day) volatility and available depth, and is negatively related to liquidity. We also find evidence of commonality in liquidity on Island.
The Animal Welfare Act: Still a Cruelty to Animals

"The dog's name is Lucky. He is a lemon colored English pointer with a fine head and subtle signs of good, expensive breeding. But when a woman from the Animal Rescue Institute came across Lucky at a Sulphur, Okla. fair three weeks ago, this is what she saw-a pathetic, emaciated horror, cowering, hopeless and up for auction. The woman bought him for $3 plus a dollar for the chain." This quote introduced a Life magazine article that brought national attention to the practice of animal …
Faux Activism in Recent Female-Empowering Advertising

This study content analyzed six brands from Unilever and Procter & Gamble, whose advertisements promoted both male-targeted products and female-targeted ones. The study examined three femaleempowering advertisements and three male-targeted, or “opposition” advertisements. It concluded that companies producing these female-empowering advertisements are not truly supporting the feminism activist movement, but are manipulating consumers for bigger profits with faux activism for feminism. By shedding light on this recent trend of “ad-her-tising,” this study found that not all brand activism is genuine.
The dependence of room-temperature photoluminescence efficiency of Si-doped AlxGa1−xAs on the flux ratio used during growth by molecular-beam epitaxy

Abstract AlxGa1−xAs epitaxial layers (0.13 ≤ × ≤ 0.19) were grown by molecular beam epitaxy using various V III flux ratios at substrate temperatures of 680, 700 and 720° C. Si-doped layers had 300K photoluminescence efficiencies comparable to that from material grown using liquid phase epitaxy. Unintentionally doped layers showed strong excitonic peaks with half-widths as narrow as ∼-1.7 meV in 4K photoluminescence spectra. These high quality layers were obtained by growing at high substrate temperatures using low V III ratios.
Research Note: Lack of Effect of a Live Yeast Culture on Broiler Breeder and Progeny Performance

Abstract Broiler breeders were fed corn and soybean diets containing 0, .1, .3, or .5% of a live yeast culture from 21 through 64 wk of age. In addition to assessing various breeder reproductive variables, chicks from each treatment level were grown to 17 days of age at 30,40, 50, and 60 wk of breeder age. With the exception of a significant decrease in fertility at the .3% level, there were no effects on broiler breeder or progeny performance.
Research in the training programs of school psychologists

Abstract Programs that purport to train psychologists to serve in school systems have been surveyed for participation of students in research. Replies from two-thirds of the institutions having such programs have been listed by location, student, and title of student's research. This research has been classified as to title and the implications discussed. A baseline has been established as to the nature and extent of the training in research that is being incorporated into school psychology training programs. As evidenced by the titles, a wide variety of research is being done in specific training programs as well as among the many programs. Because little of this research reaches publication, improved communication among programs might be desirable.
Shackled: providing health care to prisoners outside of prison.

“The Principle of Equivalence Reconsidered: Assessing the Relevance of the Principle of Equivalence in Prison Medicine” (Jotterand and Wangmo 2014) challenges equivalence as the goal of prison medi...
The Child's Conception of Mens Rea: Information Mitigating Punishment Judgments.

Summary Sixty-two children forming two age groups (6 and 11 years) were given information about hypothetical peers who were described as hitting the S. Children indicated how much they thought the peer should be punished (spanked). Older Ss put more emphasis on situational or personal information about transgressions than did younger Ss in deciding how severely a child should be punished. The order of mitigation of information (from most to least mitigating) was as follows: provocation, duress, emotional maladjustment, with chronic transgressors punished more than all other transgressors. External contraints were more mitigating than internal constraints. For six-year-old children, the only mitigating factor was provocation. Male transgressors were punished more than female transgressors, and male Ss found duress and lack of chronicity of transgressions to be more mitigating than did female Ss. The findings were discussed in terms of Piaget's moral judgment theory, the development of causal schemes of att...
Testosterone production by rabbit testis slices.

Abstract Testosterone production by rabbit testis slices has been studied. It has been demonstrated that interstitial cell stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and the nucleotide, adenosine-3′,5′- monophosphate will increase the production of testosterone in this system. Theophylline, a competitive inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase enzyme, also will cause an increased production of testosterone by rabbit testis slices thus suggesting that the adenyl cyclase-phosphodiesterase system may be a functional unit in the rabbit testis.
Clast Fabric in Relict Periglacial Colluvium, Salamanca Re‐Entrant, Southwestern New York, USA

Samples of macrofabric data obtained from colluvial deposits near the late-Wisconsinan glacial margin display widely divergent characteristics. Those from highly weathered and jointed sandstone plot as girdle distributions. Samples from red colluvium of early-Wisconsinan age form moderately strong clusters. Fabrics from shallow depth in medium-textured brown colluvium of late-Wisconsinan age generally have modes aligned with the local slope but are weak, and appear to have been modified by frost heaving. Clasts in the basal layers of an overlying loess unit were emplaced by frost heaving from the brown colluvium and have very weak or uniform fabrics. Particle shape exerts an influence on fabric strength in the brown colluvium, with samples composed of more elongated clasts displaying stronger fabrics. Fabrics from near-surface deposits show generally weaker shape and strength characteristics and higher inclinations than those at depth. Calculated seasonal frost penetration is consistent with the depth to which weaker, more steeply inclined fabrics are found. Sampling in relict periglacial deposits should be performed only below the level of disturbance by seasonal frost.
Quasicrystals: a new form of matter

Abstract Starting from the discovery of a new state of solid matter — a state intermediate between crystal and glass — about a hundred so-called quasicrystalline alloys have been discovered. Their investigation is still at an early stage but important advances, both theoretical and practical, seem certain.
On the reactions of benzeneseleninic anhydride with monosubstituted hydrazones. Evidence for radical pathways.

Abstract The known oxidation of mono-substituted hydrazones by benzeneseleninic anhydride has been studied using 77 Se and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The intermediates in the reaction have been identified. Good evidence that certain steps in these reactions are radical in character has been secured.
Design and science

Abstract The basis of design and the nature of those activities which may reasonably be termed design are explored. Based in part on this exploration, two observations regarding the interaction of science with design are made. These observations appear to be generalizable.
A Krüppel-like factor downstream of the E3 ligase WWP-1 mediates dietary-restriction-induced longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans

The HECT ubiquitin E3 ligase WWP-1 is a positive regulator of lifespan in response to dietary restriction (DR) in Caenorhabditis elegans. However, substrates of WWP-1 for ubiquitylation in the DR pathway have not yet been identified. Here we identify the C. elegans Kruppel-like factor, KLF-1, as an essential and specific regulator of DR-induced longevity and a substrate for ubiquitylation by WWP-1. Knockdown of klf-1 suppresses the extended lifespan of both DR animals and wwp-1-overexpressing animals, indicating that KLF-1 functions within the same pathway as WWP-1. In addition, overexpression of klf-1 in the intestine is sufficient to extend the lifespan of WT animals on an ad libitum diet, and requires wwp-1 or pha-4/FoxA. We demonstrate that WWP-1 directly interacts with KLF-1 and mediates multiple monoubiquitylation of KLF-1 in vitro and in cellulo. Our data support a model in which modulation of KLF-1 by WWP-1 regulates diet-restriction-induced longevity.
Arctic Space, Lonely Place: ''Mammy Moments'' in Higher Education

Many ideologies and cultural practices influence the way we think about Black women. Specifically, the Mammy trope permeates the walls of higher education in ways that leave Black female professors feeling disrespected, not acknowledged, and questioning their own intellectual ability. The ways in which students, faculty, and staff interact with Black female faculty members is termed accordingly as “Mammy moments.” “Mammy moments” are the overt and covert behaviors, attitudes, preconceived notions, and stereotypes that are held on, over, and against Black female professors. Historically, the Mammy trope is depicted as unintelligent, invisible, and self-sacrificing. The author argues that these same depictions are apparent in higher education. Black female professors are presented and represented as lacking the skills, knowledge, and capabilities to be a critically component and credible college professor.
Mechanistic studies of macromolecular drug release from macroporous polymers. II. Models for the slow kinetics of drug release

Abstract The release of protein drugs such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) from poly mers such as macroporous poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVAc) matrices has been shown previously to be much slower than would be predicted from simple considerations of aqueous diffusion. Since drug is released through waterfilled pores, it is necessary to determine the mechanism underlying release retardation. Three mechanisms are considered: (1) concentration-dependent diffusion, (2) random pore topology, and (3) constricted pore geometry. The first two mechanisms are shown to be insufficient, in themselves or together, to account for the order of magnitude of retardation that is observed. The third mechanism, pore constrictions, can account for arbitrarily high retardations. Since the three mechanisms are essentially independent, their contributions to retardation can be considered to be multiplicative.
Mitosis: Springtime for Chromatin

When a eukaryotic cell divides, tension builds at centromeres as spindle forces pull chromosomes toward opposite poles during metaphase. New data show that centromeric chromatin stretches in response to these forces, revealing a mechanical role for chromatin packaging in mitosis.
Evaluation of memory and language function pre- and postthalamotomy with an attempt to define those patients at risk for postoperative dysfunction

Memory and language dysfunction has been sporadically reported following stereotaxic thalamotomies. In order to determine which patients are at greatest risk and to better define the nature of this dysfunction, we have prospectively evaluated 18 patients undergoing stereotaxic thalamotomies for movement disorders (MDs). Patients were evaluated clinically, with computed tomography (CT) and with memory and language protocols (MLPs) pre- and postoperatively. Patients exhibiting postoperative deficits were again evaluated with the MLP on follow-up visits to the clinic. Significant changes in memory and language function occurred in 7 out of 18 patients. These 7 patients had diverse etiologies for their MDs. Five of the 18 patients had undergone previous thalamotomies on the contralateral side. Three of these 5 patients with bilateral thalamotomies experienced postoperative functional impairments in memory and language while only 4 of 13 patients with a unilateral thalamotomy experienced these problems. The postoperative functional impairments noted were primarily those requiring orientation and speech. All patients with postoperative memory and language impairments were again evaluated with MLPs months after the operation. In 3 of 7 patients, no improvement was noted, while the remaining 4 did recover to baseline. More severe deficits tended to occur in those patients with ventriculomegaly or evidence of other major cerebral tissue loss by preoperative CT scan and in those patients with lower MLP scores preoperatively. Postoperative memory and language dysfunction was not correlated with the number or size of the lesions made, the postoperative general neurologic examination or CT scans, or the clinical response of the MDs. From our data, it appears that patients with more profound neurologic compromise and/or bilateral involvement as evidenced by poor performance on the MLP, tissue loss on CT scanning, or previous thalamic lesion, are most at risk for memory and language dysfunction postoperatively. However, this dysfunction is not necessarily permanent. Preoperative evaluation with MLPs and CT scanning appear to be of value in predicting those patients at greatest risk for postoperative and language dysfunction.
Lack of correlation between growth characteristics, agglutinability by plant lectins and the malignant phenotype

Wheat germ agglutinin and Concanavalin A were found to agglutinate a variety of normal hamster cells as well as a number of lines of transformed or tumor cells. The normal cells included preparations from embryos and neonatal organs, and the spontaneous line, BHK-21 C13. In order to explore more fully the situation in regard to the BHK cells, three sublines were isolated and studied. A "flat revertant" selected by FUdR treatment grew to diminished saturation density and failed to produce colonies in soft agar in contrast to the parent line, which did. Yet, it was only minimally less tumorigenic and less agglutinable than the parent line. Lines derived from one and four consecutive in vivo tumor passages showed increased tumorigenicity and growth in soft agar when compared to the parent line. Although the first passage line showed increased saturation density, the saturation density of the fourth passage line was similar to or less than that of the parent cells. Agglutinability of these lines was not significantly increased. These results indicate that, in contrast to widely accepted beliefs, tumorigenicity may correlate poorly with growth characteristics and agglutination by plant lectins.
Lack of predictability in model ecosystems based on coupled logistic equations

Abstract One of the major tasks for conservation and fishery biologists is the prediction of future population dynamics from relatively short time series of past data. Inspired by a recent paper of Alan Hastings and Kevin Higgins ( Science , 263 (1994) 1133–1136) on long-term transients in realistic model ecosystems for spatially distributed populations, we explored the problem of predictability in analogous systems of coupled logistic equations. For such systems, with parameters in the ‘chaotic range’ as studied by A. Hastings and K. Higgins, we show that such predictions are at best extremely difficult. Consequences for conservation and fishery are explored.
Predictors of Outcome when Reoperating for Early Infrainguinal Bypass Occlusion

The purpose of this study is to identify factors that predict outcome after intervention for early (<30 days) infrainguinal graft thrombosis. We reviewed the medical records, arteriograms, and follow-up studies of patients who underwent infrainguinal bypass for limb salvage between 8/91 and 9/98 and whose graft failed <30 days from the index procedure. Five factors were analyzed: (1) conduit: single segment saphenous vein versus alternative vein or composite conduit (20 vs. 13 patients); (2) repair modality: construction of a new graft at the time of the initial take-back procedure versus local revision and/or thrombectomy alone (12 vs. 21 patients); (3) run-off: good run-off versus poor run-off (20 vs. 13 patients); (4) operative findings: the presence of a correctable problem versus noncorrectable problem (20 vs. 13 patients); and (5) surgical history: previous versus no previous ipsilateral bypass (16 vs. 17 patients). These variables are statistically significant risk factors that can be used in combination to predict outcome. Unless a focal lesion clearly responsible for graft occlusion is found, complete graft replacement should be considered even if the new bypass must be prosthetic. The costs and morbidity of repeated procedures argue for primary amputation when adverse risk factors exist.
Brain imaging in late-onset schizophrenia and related psychoses

In this article we review the published studies on brain imaging in late-life psychoses, and present data from our study of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain in late-onset schizophrenia (LOS). MR images were obtained in 11 patients with late-onset schizophrenia (LOS), nine patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), and nine normal controls comparable in age, gender, and education. Two of the LOS patients were excluded from further analysis due to the presence of diagnosable organic pathology (i.e. Alzheimer's disease and presence of a subaracnoid cyst). The MR images were subjectively rated for both degree of ventricular enlargement (VE) and degree of abnormal white matter hyperintensities (WHM) by an experienced, board certified neuroradiologist in a blind manner. No significant differences were found among the groups on degree of abnormal WHM. MR images of AD patients had a significantly greater degree of VE than normal controls, with LOS patients being intermediate. Our data, for LOS and have evidence of non-specific abnormalities in brain morphology on MR imaging, yet do not have clinical or MR imaging evidence of a specific organic etiology for psychosis.
Bilateral Impedance Rheography in the Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Legs

Impedance rheography in conjunction with a respiratory maneuver has proven to be useful in the detection of deep venous thrombosis of the legs. In a study of 25 normal volunteers, there were no changes in base-line impedance of less than 0.19% following deep inspiration. Two hundred fortyfive patients were studied; 45 patients had responses at or below 0.19%, and in 40 cases, deep venous thrombosis was proven or strongly suspected. In a prospective study of 64 patients, deep venous thrombosis was diagnosed six times and confirmed by venography in each case. However, four patients exhibited a false-positive result which appears to be a significant limitation of the method. Preliminary studies have shown that variation in the respiratory maneuver may eliminate the false-positive responses.
Classical and Weak Solutions of a Singular Semilinear Elliptic Problem

The singular semilinear elliptic equation Δu + p(x)f(u) = 0 is shown to have a unique positive classical solution inRnthat decays to zero at ∞ ifp(x) is simply a nontrivial nonnegative continuous function satisfying ∫∞0 t max|x| = t p(x) dt < ∞, providedfis a non-increasing continuously differentiable function on (0, ∞). It is also shown that the equation has a unique weakH10-solution on a bounded domain provided ∫e0 f(s) ds < ∞ andp(x) ∈ L2.
On the recall of nonverbal experiences

The inability to recall early childhood experiences had led some theorists to suggest that the development of a visual representational system precedes that of a verbal system. Events perceived prior to the onset of the verbal system are unable to be recalled subsequently through that system. The present experiment, however, has demonstrated that subjects could attach verbal labels to nonverbal stimuli which were experienced prior to the establishment of rules for labeling. This suggests that poor recall of early experiences may reflect true forgetting rather than information inaccessibility. Assimilation into a permanent memory structure may be a necessary conditon for long-term retention.
RecDroid: a resource access permission control portal and recommendation service for smartphone users

The rapid growth of smartphone application market raises security concerns regarding untrusted applications. Studies have shown that most apps in markets request to collect data irrelevant to the main functions of the apps. Traditional permission control design based on one-time decisions on installation has been proven to be not effective to protect user privacy and poorly utilize scarce mobile resources (e.g. battery). In this work, we propose RecDroid, a framework for smartphone users to make permission control in real time and receive recommendations from expert users who use the same apps. This way users can benefit from the expert opinions and make correct permission granting decisions. We describe our vision on realizing our solution on Android and show that our solution is feasible, easy to use, and effective.
Association of Calponin with Desmin Intermediate Filaments

Our previous immunoelectron microscopy studies of chicken gizzard smooth muscle cells showed that in certain areas the distribution of anti-calponin exhibits a high degree of overlap with beta-actin, filamin, and in particular, desmin, suggesting that in situ a fraction of calponin may be associated with intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton. In this work we further explore this idea by studying the interaction between calponin and desmin. We found that at physiological salt concentrations, calponin bound only weakly to synthetic desmin intermediate filaments. On the other hand, calponin bound strongly to nonfilamentous desmin tetramers and was incorporated into intermediate filaments when the two proteins were mixed in a buffer containing 6 M urea and dialyzed into a buffer containing 0.15 M NaCl. Anti-calponin was found to label a portion of intermediate filaments and dense bodies isolated from gizzard tissues. Our findings suggest that in chicken gizzard smooth muscle cells, calponin may be an integral component of desmin intermediate filaments in the vicinity of dense bodies. Since calponin is also known to bind actin, we hypothesize that one of the functions of calponin might be to bridge intermediate filaments with actin in dense bodies.
Update on the assessment of magnesium status.

Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body and the most abundant intracellular divalent cation, with essential roles in many physiological functions. Consequently, the assessment of Mg status is important for the study of diseases associated with chronic deficiency. In spite of intense research activities there is still no simple, rapid, and accurate laboratory test to determine total body Mg status in humans. However, serum Mg <0·75mmol/l is a useful measurement for severe deficiency, and for values between 0.75 and 0·85mmol/l a loading test can identify deficient subjects. The loading test seems to be the gold standard for Mg status, but is unsuitable in patients with disturbed kidney and intestinal functions when administered orally. There is also a need to reach a consensus on a standardized protocol in order to compare results obtained in different clinical units. Other cellular Mg measurements, such as total or ionized Mg, frequently disagree and more research and systematic evaluations are needed. Muscle Mg appears to be a good marker, but biopsies limit its usefulness, as is the case with bone Mg, the most important but heterogeneous Mg compartment. The development of new and non invasive techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) may provide valuable tools for routinely analysing ionized Mg in tissues. With the development of molecular genetics techniques, the recent discovery of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin channels offers new possibilities for the sensitive and rapid evaluation of Mg status in humans.
Invasion and Replication of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in Fish Cell Lines

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida to invade and replicate within different fish cell lines. Channel catfish ovary (CCO), fathead minnow (FHM), and epithelioma papillosum cyprini (EPC) cell lines were all susceptible to invasion and supported replication of P. damselae in an in vitro invasion assay in which extracellular growth was controlled with gentamicin. The number of bacteria recovered from EPC and CCO cells increased significantly after 6, 12, and 18 h, indicating that P. damselae replicated within those cells. There was also a significant increase in EPC cells at 3 h. Although the number of bacteria recovered from FHM cells increased slightly after 3 and 6 h, it declined at 12 and 18 h. The decline, however, was due to the early release of bacteria from FHM cells associated with a greater susceptibility to initial infection, which resulted in early cell lysis and subsequent exposure to gentamicin in the media. Using light an...
RNA NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE CLUSTERS OF NORMAL AND ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS-INFECTED TISSUES.

RNA's of normal tissues and of tissues infected with Rous sarcoma virus were studied by RNase digestion and column chromatography of nucleotide sequence clusters. Whole tissue 30 s and 18 s ribosomal RNA's of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane were found to differ in nucleotide sequence, thus demonstrating distinct structural differences between the large and small ribosomal RNA's. In Rous sarcoma, identical differences between 30 s and 18 s RNA's were found; however, no difference between normal and tumor samples were detected. RNA's extracted from the “nucleolar” fraction of purified nuclei were found to have many nucleotide sequences similar to cytoplasmic microsomal RNA's, and no significant rearrangement in nucleotide sequence was seen when normal and Rous sarcoma extracts were compared.
The Dynamics of Interorganizational Careers

How do workers build careers across organizations? We propose that increased worker mobility means that workers may now build their careers using interorganizational career ladders, working in certain kinds of organizations earlier in a career and in other kinds of organizations later in the career. We develop a matching framework that predicts such interorganizational moves based on how systematic changes in workers' needs and resources over the course of their careers alter the kinds of organizations they will best match. We specifically propose that workers will be more likely to work for organizations that provide more training early in their careers, and work for organizations that have higher demands for skills later in their careers. We use this argument to make three broad predictions: first, that interorganizational transitions are more likely to take place from larger to smaller workplaces, and into organizations in industries that employ a higher proportion of workers in the focal occupation; second, that such skill-based career paths are more common where the labor market provides more opportunities that reward those skills; and third, that the nature of external opportunities will disproportionately affect turnover from organizations on the lower rungs of the career ladder. Data from the career histories of college-educated information technology workers support our hypotheses.
Neutron Production by μ Mesons Stopped in Sodium and Magnesium

Measurements of the production of neutrons by negative $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons which stop and interact in two materials, sodium and magnesium, are reported. The mean number of neutrons emitted per interaction was found to be 0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 for magnesium and 1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 for sodium, where the uncertainties include an estimated contribution from systematic sources as well as those of a statistical nature. The data confirm that neutron production in magnesium is less than in lead (multiplicity 1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3), but show that it is not zero. Neutron production in sodium also is shown to be measurable and probably greater than in magnesium, though less than in lead. In the course of the experiment a value of (${1.18}_{\ensuremath{-}0.14}^{+0.19}$) \ensuremath{\mu}sec (statistical) was found for the mean life of negative $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons in sodium.
MOSSBAUER EFFECT STUDIES IN THE FINE ARTS

The use of Mossbauer effect spectrometry as a tool to study iron-bearing materials in works of art is introduced. A large range of pigments containing iron has now been surveyed. In addition, some interesting conclusions concerning the distinction between two types of terracotta is presented. The method, which can be applied completely non-destructively, has great potential for purposes of identification and authentication.
P3-424: Diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia increases amyloid-beta levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by modulating the endoplasmatic reticulum stressor response

immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays and investigated the regulation of MAPK signaling by LRRK2. Methods: LRRK2 constructs (WT, G2019S, R1441C, kinase dead) were expressed in C. elegans driven by the neuronal specific synaptobrevin promoter. The WT and G2019S lines were integrated, while the other lines were expressed as arrays. C. elegans lines were also crossed to lines carrying GFP driven by the dopamine transporter promoter. For mammalian cell work, epitope tagged LRRK2 constructs were transiently expressed in 293 cells. Results: Expressing LRRK2 strongly potentiated toxicity caused by tunicamycin, heat shock or proteasomal inhibition, which are stresses associated with increased protein misfolding. LRRK2 expression protected C. elegans against agents causing mitochondrial dysfunction, such as rotenone or paraquat, but protection by G2019S LRRK2 was less than protection by wild type LRRK2. In each case, knockdown of lrk-1, the C. elegans homologue of LRRK2 produced the opposite effect. Disease related mutations in LRRK2 specifically increased susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons. Binding studies in mammalian cells indicate that LRRK2 binds to MKK3, 6 and 7, which are upstream kinases regulating the p38 and JNK signaling cascades. LRRK2 appears to act by regulating the subcellular localization of the MKKs. Knockdown of the C. elegans equivalent of p38 or JNK abrogated the actions of LRRK2 in C. elegans. Conclusions: Our data indicate that LRRK2 modulates the p38 and JNK stress kinase cascades through interaction with MKK3, 6 and 7, and this regulation allows LRRK2 to modulate the response of neurons to stresses associated with neurodegenerative disease.
A further investigation of category learning by inference

Categories are learned in many ways besides by classification, for example, by making inferences about classified items. One hypothesis is that classifications lead to the learning of features that distinguish categories, whereas inferences promote the learning of the internal structure of categories, such as the typical features. Experiment 1 included single-feature and full-feature classification tests following either classification or inference learning. Consistent with predictions, inference learners did better on the single tests but worse on the full tests. Experiment 2 further showed that inference learners, unlike classification learners, were no better at classifying items that they had seen at study compared with equally typical items they had not seen at study. Experiment 3 showed that features queried about during inference learning were classified better than ones not queried about, although even the latter features showed some learning on single-feature tests. The discussion focuses on how different types of category learning lead to different category representations.
Heat shock and adaptive response to ischemia.

A mild heat treatment is known to confer a transient protection to cells against a subsequent lethal heat shock. This phenomenon is better known as thermotolerance and seems to be mediated by the expression of a group of proteins, the heat-shock proteins. Recent studies have shown that a heat-shock pretreatment improves postischemic recovery in an isolated perfused rat heart model. In the present brief review, we cover the more recent findings related to heat shock and the adaptive response that it may produce in the cardiac cell against ischemic stress.
Meanings Associated with the Core Component of Clubhouse Life: The Work-Ordered Day

Despite the clubhouse model’s 60-year existence internationally, the central nature of its core program, the “work-ordered day” (WOH) (Beard et al. in Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 5:47–53, 1982), is not well understood; hence, the primary focus of the present study was to explore members’ experiences of the nature and meaning of the WOH. The study drew on qualitative interview data collected in 2009–2013 through open-ended questions and probes with 102 members and 24 staff from 5 Clubhouse International-certified clubhouses (2 US and 3 Finnish). Participant observation supplemented the interviews and all data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach (Charmaz in Rethinking methods in psychology, 1995; Glaser and Strauss in The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research, 1967). Two major themes clustered around: (a) WOH in service of autonomy (things to do, sense of accomplishment, respite, development of occupational skills) and (b) WOH in service of relationships (receiving support; collaboration; and making contributions to the clubhouse community). Clubhouse members appeared to experience the WOH as meaningful because it helps them, as its best, reconstruct a life, develop their occupational self and skill sets, and experientially learn and live what parallels a good life in the general community. It appears that these experiences, interconnecting with the fundamental human needs for autonomy and relationship, point to wellbeing and recovery as part of personal growth. These findings can guide clubhouse daily practice in assessing members’ psychosocial strengths and needs pertaining to recovery. Future research should elaborate on influences of sources of meaning, including work designs and the contributions of everyday socio-cultural interactive and reciprocal processes to these meanings.
Release of protein from highly cross-linked hydrogels of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate fabricated by UV polymerization.

Abstract Highly crosslinked hydrogel spheres were fabricated using UV photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) with 2,2′-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone (DMPA) as the photoinitiator. Spheres were fabricated both with and without one of three comonomers: acrylic acid, acrylamide or allylamine. Photopolymerization rates and polymer morphology were determined using attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy, respectively. These gels were further characterized for volume change, equilibrium water content, diffusivity of the expanding gel, molecular weight between crosslinks and polymer mesh size. Hydrogels with comonomers generally demonstrated an increase in equilibrium water content, average molecular weight between crosslinks and mesh size. Bovine serum albumin was incorporated into the hydrogel to simulate delivery of a model protein drug. The protein diffusion coefficients, based a Fickian release model, were calculated to be between 10−10 and 10−12 cm2/s with slight variance due to PETA concentration and the type of comonomer used.
Hydrogen bombardment of the oxide layer on beryllium

Abstract Beryllium is being considered as a plasma-side material of low atomic number Z for use in fusion reactors. Untreated beryllium surfaces are usually covered by a thin oxide layer which forms during air exposure or from residual gas adsorption in vacuum. Secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements have been made to investigate the durability of this oxide layer during hydrogen ion bombardment at an energy of 1 keV, which is similar to that expected at the plasma edge in a fusion reactor. The surface condition of machined beryllium samples undergoing hydrogen bombardment was monitored by observing secondary ion emission of O - , OH - and BeO - . On the basis of sputtering yield data for BeO, the oxide layer appears to be up to 10 2 monolayers in thickness. At the metal interface it was possible to determine the cross section for the removal of adsorbed oxygen. The measured value is 1.5 × 10 -17 cm 2 , which is in agreement with bulk oxide sputtering data. This suggests that adsorbed oxygen forms a surface oxide with a binding energy that is similar to that of the bulk oxide. These results are used to predict the conditions in which an oxide layer will exist on exposed beryllium surfaces during fusion reactor operation.
Food consumption, energy, nutrient and mineral balances in a eurasian kestrel and a screech owl

Abstract 1. 1. The food consumption, energy, nitrogen, fat, ash, calcium, phosphate and magnesium balances of the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), and screech owl (Otus kennicotti) are compared. 2. 2. Eurasian kestrel sample values were significantly greater than screech owl sample values in the energy, nitrogen, calcium, phosphate and magnesium content in pellets, and calcium content in excrement. Phosphate content in excrement was significantly greater in screech owl samples than in Eurasian kestrel samples. 3. 3. The Eurasian kestrel ingested significantly greater amounts of calcium and phosphate, egested via excrement significantly greater amounts of ash, excreted or egested significantly greater amounts of energy, nitrogen, calcium and phosphate via excrement and pellets, and excreted significantly greater amounts of magnesium via excrement than did the screech owl. The screech owl assimilated significantly greater amounts of ash than did the Eurasian kestrel. 4. 4. The metabolizability coefficient averaged 48.32% for the Eurasian kestrel, and 49.62% for the screech owl.
Population inversion in a three-level molecular electronic band system produced by an external radiation field

Abstract The population inversion produced by a steady, external blackbody radiation field in a three-level molecular electronic band system is estimated. This three-level system may hold some promise for the production of a continuously driven laser in space which is pumped by solar radiation.
Collaborative computing: a multi-client multi-server environment

Most people think that collaboration implies that several people are sharing work on a single application with shared displays. In fact, collaboration is more. It includes the concurrent control of multiple applications by a collaborative group. To enable this more powerful form of collaboration, we show how to combine earlier mechanisms for single client, multiple server computing with a new mechanism called ESP (Event Sense Protocol) for multiple client, multiple server computing. We describe two extended examples — a working prototype of a multi-user, heterogeneous, distributed debugger and a commercial banking application.
Consideration of high-speed rail service in the United States

Abstract A number of states have placed high-speed rail service on their institutional agendas in recent years. Analysis of why some states have been giving serious consideration to the possibility of high-speed rail service while other states have not examined economic and political forces, as well as the transportation problem environment and established transportation commitments. States paying serious attention to high-speed rail service tend to have large populations and large land areas, two of the most fundamental aspects of the transportation task environment.