cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of controlling vortex dynamics on the performance of a dump combustor

The use of flow control methods to improve the performance of air-breathing combustors, specifically with respect to controlling both energy release and combustion instability, is investigated. The flow control techniques were chosen for their ability to alter the vortex dynamics associated with the shear layer and recirculating flow regions in the combustor. Deltawing vortex generators and vortex generator jets were used to introduce streamwise vorticity into the flow. Periodic spanwise forcing of the inlet boundary layer was used to control the spanwise vortex shedding process in the combustor. These control strategies were applied separately and together to a laboratory-scale dump combustor, and the effects on combustor performance were determined. The introduction of streamwise vorticity into the inlet flow of the combustor causes the shear layer to become corrugated and results in a three-dimensional flame structure. The modification of flame structure is accompanied by increases in volumetric energy release of up to 75%. When vortex generator jets are used to create streamwise vorticity the increases in volumetric energy release are dependent on the jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio, R. The magnitude of the combustion pressure fluctuations is not significantly altered when using fixed vortex generators to create streamwise vorticity; however, pressure fluctuation levels were found to increase with increasing R when using vortex generator jets. Spanwise forcing of the inlet boundary layer creates a periodic two-dimensional structure in the flame, resulting in modest increases in volumetric energy release. The periodic nature of the flame structure with spanwise forcing gives rise to a dominant frequency of unsteady heat release which may be adjusted to reduce flame driving of longitudinal acoustic modes of the combustor, resulting in a reduction of combustion instability. By combining the vortex generators with spanwise forcing, it was possible to produce significant increases in volumetric energy release while achieving modest reductions in pressure fluctuations.
Angiogenesis by human melanoma and breast cancer cells.

Abstract The induction of new vasculature is essential for tumor growth and survival. Through studies of the angiogenic properties of human breast cancer and melanoma cell lines by implantation in rabbit cornea, results show that both breast tumor and melanoma cells produce an angiogenic factor. Melanoma cells had approximately twice the activity compared to breast tumor cells. Initiation of angiogenesis by 1 × 10 6 melanoma cells occurred in 3 days, reached maximum at 7 days, and resolved in 21 days. Implantation of 2 × 10 6 breast tumor cells initiated angiogenesis in 6 days, reached maximum in 10 days and resolved in 24 days. The difference in the time of angiogenic induction may be related to the aggressiveness of each tumor type.
The Stability of Bredigite and Other Ca-Mg Silicates

The phase Ca7Mg(SiO4)4, bredigite, is chemically and structurally distinct from α-Ca2SiO4. Experiments on its lower stability limit represent a synthesis limit which is not likely to be an equilibrium boundary. Equilibrium experiments place its upper stability limit at 1372°C and 98 kPa by the reaction The experimental data also require a second reaction at the same pressure and temperature and imply that two other reactions relating these phases are located near 1372°C and 98 kPa. Location of these four reactions around an invariant point in P-T space shows that bredigite is on the low-pressure side of the reactions.
Substance P Regulates Environmental Tobacco Smoke-Enhanced Tracheal Smooth Muscle Responsiveness in Mice

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an environmental trigger that leads to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in susceptible individuals and animals, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Substance P (SP) release from sensory nerve fibers has been linked to AHR. The present experiments characterize the role of SP in tracheal smooth muscle on ETS-increased airway responses. The mice were exposed to either sidestream tobacco smoke (SS), a surrogate to ETS, or filtered air (FA) for 1 day or 5 consecutive days. Contractions of tracheal smooth muscle to SP and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were not significantly altered in 1 of day SS-exposed mice. However, 5 of days SS exposure significantly increased airway smooth muscle contractions to SP and EFS. Administration of CP-99994, an antagonist of the neurokinin (NK)1 receptor, attenuates the SS exposure-enhanced tracheal smooth muscle responses to EFS. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry showed that SP nerve fibers were increased in tracheal smooth muscle after 5 of days SS exposure. These results suggest that the increased SP production may contribute to SS-enhanced smooth muscle responsiveness in mice trachea.
Natural language generation of biomedical argumentation for lay audiences

This article presents an architecture for natural language generation of biomedical argumentation. The goal is to reconstruct the normative arguments that a domain expert would provide, in a manner that is transparent to a lay audience. Transparency means that an argument's structure and functional components are accessible to its audience. Transparency is necessary before an audience can fully comprehend, evaluate or challenge an argument, or re-evaluate it in light of new findings about the case or changes in scientific knowledge. The architecture has been implemented and evaluated in the Genetics Information Expression Assistant, a prototype system for drafting genetic counselling patient letters. Argument generation makes use of abstract argumentation schemes. Derived from the analysis of arguments used in genetic counselling, these mainly causal argument patterns refer to abstract properties of qualitative causal domain models.
Paper-based MEMS hair cell array

This paper introduces the first paper-based hair cell array utilizing a piezoresistive measurement system. We began with a commercially available card-stock type paper and fabricated several prototypes of varying geometries. We then tested these prototypes and observed their ability to sense specific excitation frequencies, as well as their response to indirect excitation frequencies. Direct and indirect excitation signals were applied by a shaker at frequencies in the range of 20-100Hz. Using indirect excitation and a simple cantilever hair cell, input frequency can be sensed using only RMS voltage. With direction excitation of a cylindrical hair cell, a single structure can be used to determine a range of input frequencies using spectral analysis techniques.
rPLR: an imaging system for measuring pupillary light reflex at a distance

Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is a simple noninvasive neurological test that can reveal a great amount of information of the neural system. We report here a novel imaging system for measuring PLR without using any restraints to limit the subject’s movement. Our system incorporates a tracking component that can locate the subject’s eye position and redirect the pupillary imaging component to follow the subject’s movement. This system can measure PLR, at a distance from the subject, with high spatial resolution (<50 μm) and temporal resolution (120 Hz). Because this new PLR device can accommodate the subject’s movement, it is well positioned to test in young children and other people who have difficulty remaining voluntarily still during tests.
Searches for Extra Dimensions and Z′ Bosons at DØ

We present results on the searches for Extra Dimensions and Z′ Bosons conducted at the Tevatron's DO Detector using dielectron, diphoton, and dimuon final states. The theoretical frameworks of Large Extra Dimensions (LED), Randall-Sundrum Extra Dimensions (RS), TeV-1 Extra Dimensions, and Z′ bosons are explored in the dielectron and diphoton channels, while LED and Z′ bosons are also searched for in the dimuon final state. In the absence of signals we find lower 95% confidence level (CL) limits on the mass of a SM-like Z′ boson of 780 GeV and 680 GeV in the dielectron and dimuon channels, respectively. Furthermore, we find a lower 95% CL limit of 1.12 TeV on the TeV-1 compactification scale (MC) in the dielectron channel. In the diEM channel and LED framework we set a lower 95% CL limit of 1.43 TeV (GRW) on the fundamental Planck scale (MS). Using a dimuon final state we find a lower 95% CL limit of 1.1 TeV (GRW) on MS. We also find a lower 95% CL mass limit of 785 GeV on a RS graviton decaying into a dielectron or diphoton final state.
Bending vibration of simply supported rectangular plates with internal rigid support

Abstract A previously derived invariant expression for the amplitude of the displacement of homogeneous, isotropic, harmonically vibrating plates with internal rigid supports or cracks is supplemented here by terms representing possible point discontinuities at the tips of the support or of the crack. This expression being given in tensor notation can be easily adapted to curvilinear plates with regular boundaries (separable coordinate systems) and arbitrary discontinuities and, in particular, to rectangular plates with curvilinear discontinuities. Vibration of a rectangular simply supported plate with arbitrarily located rectilinear rigid support is discussed as an example. The unknown discontinuity of the shear force across the support is described by a coupled system of integro-algebraic equations valid for any position and inclination of the rigid support. This system is subsequently reduced to an infinite system of linear-algebraic equations. Fundamental frequencies of natural vibration are obtained for a square plate with centrally located but arbitrarily inclined rigid support of any length. In the special cases—support parallel to one edge of the plate or diagonal support reaching the corners—the results show very good agreement with the ones known from previous analyses.
Autoclave Processing of PEEK/Carbon Fiber Composites

Reference LTC-ARTICLE-1989-002 URL: http://jtc.sagepub.com/ Record created on 2006-06-26, modified on 2016-08-08
Predicting and communicating risk of clinical deterioration: an observational cohort study of internal medicine residents.

Background Despite its importance, little is known about internal medicine (IM) residents’ ability to assess and communicate a patient’s overnight risk during the resident-to-resident handoff.
Adjuvant therapy in mixed mullerian tumors of the uterus.

Abstract We report 54 patients with mixed mullerian tumors of the uterus treated at Yale-New Haven Hospital from 1962 to 1983. Seven had previous pelvic irradiation. Twenty-five neoplasms were homologous and 29 were heterologous. The mainstay of therapy was surgery and radiation. By FIGO criteria 9 patients had stage IA disease, 31 stage IB, 6 stage II, and 8 patients had clinical extrauterine disease. Ten of forty-six patients (23%) with FIGO stage I and II disease had extrauterine disease found at surgery. No patient with extrauterine disease had prolonged survival. The 2-year disease-free survival with stage IA was 66%, with stage IB surgically confirmed 32%, and for stage II 33%. Surgically advanced disease in clinical stage I and II patients and recurrence were associated more frequently with a heterologous histology (67%). The small uterus with a less than 10-cm cavity had a better prognosis. Among 29 surgically confirmed stage I and II patients, 83% of recurrences appeared within 2 years (mean 16 months ± 7 months). Patients who received both intracavitary radiation and external beam developed only 17.6% pelvic recurrence but this reduction in local recurrence was not associated with significant improved long-term survival. Six of eight patients treated with cis -platinum, Adriamycin, and dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboximide for persistent disease or for recurrence showed response for 4 to 24 months, none complete. Five patients were treated by radiation, surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy (4 with Adriamycin-Cytoxan, 1 with Adriamycin-platinum). Four of the five (80%) are disease free from 36 to 60 months. These data and the experience of others support the need for a clinical trial with adjuvant platinum and Adriamycin in this disease.
Biophysical measures of skin tissue water: variations within and among anatomical sites and correlations between measures

Background: Biophysical measures to assess that skin water includes stratum corneum hydration via capacitance (SC), dermal water via tissue dielectric constant (TDC), and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Since skin differs among anatomical sites and tissue depth we sought to determine the site and depth variability of these measures and their relationships. Methods: Measurements were done at 17 skin sites from forehead to foot in 32 supine healthy women. Measurements included SC at 1.25 MHz, TDC at 300 MHz to depths of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm and TEWL. Results: Tissue dielectric constant decreased with increasing depth at forehead, forearm, and calf; increased with depth at palm, thenar eminence and great toe; and was independent of depth at cheek, hand dorsum, thumb pulp, and foot dorsum. SC correlated with TDC at most sites and depths. TEWL correlated with TDC at 2.5 mm only at calf sites and thenar eminence. Conclusions: Results establish parameter ranges for each measure, show that TDC values do not necessarily change with skin depth, and show a significant correlation between TDC and SC values at most sites. These correlations suggest that SC hydration but not TEWL is directly linked to dermal tissue water levels in normal skin.
Lowest-order radiative level shifts in Coulomb-gauge electrodynamics

The calculation of the lowest-order radiative level shifts in Coulomb-gauge electrodynamics is carried out in Dirac single-particle theory (SPT) and in the complete quantum electrodynamics (QED), in order to examine the computational shortcomings of SPT in regard to the electron's anomalous magnetic moment. In SPT the Coulomb self-mass is zero and the transverse mass shift is linearly divergent, while in QED both mass shifts are logarithmically divergent. The cutoff-dependent calculation of $g\ensuremath{-}2$ in SPT leads to a quadratically divergent result, which for a reasonable choice of cutoff is of the wrong sign. The corresponding QED calculation gives logarithmically divergent contributions for the self-Coulomb and transverse parts but these divergences cancel in the sum. The transverse energy shifts are separated into fluctuation and spin parts, and the differences between SPT and QED with respect to these separate pieces are examined.
Improved robust VQ-based watermarking

A robust watermarking method based on vector quantisation (VQ) is proposed as an improvement to existing VQ watermarking techniques. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method exhibits superior performance compared to existing techniques for a variety of attacks.
Epitope mapping and conformational analysis of SV40 T-antigen deletion mutants.

Abstract Deletion mutants of SV40 T-antigen were stably expressed in BALB/c 3T3E cells and characterized in immunoprecipitation assays using T-antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies. The epitope recognized by antibody PAb602 was narrowed to T-antigen residues 230–362. Coprecipitation results were compatible with a p53-binding region between T-antigen amino acids 347 and 517. Amino terminal deletions (1–108 or 98–229) of T-antigen appeared to have pronounced effects on the conformation of distal regions of the molecule, based both on antibody binding and on association with p53.
Myofibrillar Protein Solubility of Model Beef Batters as Affected by Low Levels of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc Chloride

Preblended composites of semimembranosus and adductor muscles were stored 12h at 4°C with 2.0% NaCl, 0 or 0.05% CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , or ZnCl 2 and 0 or 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Model systems were formulated to contain 30% fat (high fat; HF) or 10% fat (low fat; LF). Divalent salts lowered extract pH and ZnCl 2 elicited the greatest reduction. At both fat levels, CaCl 2 increased and ZnCl 2 decreased protein solubility, compared to the control (p<0.05). Myosin was not detected in ZnCl 2 -treated HF and LF batters without STPP and in the presence of STPP, MgCl 2 and ZnCl 2 increased myosin concentration at both fat levels (p<0.05). Zinc chloride increased actin concentration in HF batters; whereas, MgCl 2 decreased soluble actin in LF batters (p<0.05). Magnesium chloride (0.05%) increased soluble proteins in LF batters containing 0.4% STPP by increasing myosin extractability.
An overview of active structural control under seismic loads

The concept of active structural control as a means of structural protection against seismic loads, developed over the last 20 years, has received considerable attention in recent years. It has now reached the stage where active systems have been installed in full-scale structures. It is the purpose of this paper to provide an overview of this development with special emphasis placed on laboratory experiments using model structures and on full-scale implementation of some active control systems. Included in this paper is a report on the formation of a U.S. Panel on Structural Control Research and some discussion on possible future research directions in this exciting research area.
Professional Development Schools and Preservice Teacher Stress

Abstract Educational reforms offer a variety of ideas with potential for improving schools. Inasmuch as research has consistently identified the field experience component (Conant, 1963), especially the influence of the public school teacher, (Glickman & Bey, 1990)) as the most influential force in preservice teacher education, institutional emphasis has shifted toward improving the activities of preservice teachers in the public schools. Historically, these public school activities have been fragmented; the public schools accept preservice teacher education students although public school teachers have limited input into the design of the teacher education program of the institution and the public school activities of preservice teachers. Institutions of higher education are interested in short-term solutions to the problem of preservice teacher education and may ignore their responsibility to be partners in educational reform that promotes higher quality field experiences while improving the public scho...
The Grain Corporation and The Guaranteed Wheat Price

Events of 1917: the Food Control Act, the guaranteed price, the "fair" price, 698. — The operations of the Grain Corporation in 1917–18, 699. — The guarantee extended to 1919, 704. — The Price Guarantee Act of March 4, 1919, 707. — Crop and prices of 1919, 708. — Expiration of the guarantee; plans for resumption of future trading, 715. — Relative advance in prices of wheat, flour, and bread since 1913, 717. — Financial outcome of the Grain Corporation's activities, 718.
A solution for isomerization of pyrethroid insecticides in gas chromatography

Isomerization of pyrethroid insecticides was observed during extraction and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. An improvement in sensitivity was noted for pyrethroids in sediment extracts in comparison to pure solvent. Stability of pyrethroids using different solvents and analyte additives were investigated, and GC injection conditions were optimized. Polar solvents enhanced pyrethroid isomerization, while hexane was the best choice as an analytical solvent. Acetic acid was used successfully as an isomer-stabilizing agent for GC analysis of pyrethroids. Acidified (0.1% acetic acid) hexane prevented pyrethroid isomerization, increased peak intensity up to 1.9 times, and calibration curve linearity (relative standard deviation for response factors) 0.8-12.5 times compared to hexane alone.
Intelligent agent concepts in the modern library

Purpose – Intelligent agents – software components designed to perform complex tasks for the user (with or without the presence of the user) – are used in a variety of settings, from instant messaging and web auctions, to ATM network management and air traffic control systems. The technology also has applicability within libraries, adding a level of user‐oriented control and flexibility to activities such as digital collection management and virtual reference. The use of intelligent agents to assist users with their searches has perhaps the greatest potential. The purpose of this article is to provide background information on the use of agent technology in information settings, and review three library‐based projects that utilize agent technology in a practical way.Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive literature review combined with brief case studies of practical applications of agent technology in three modern library settings. A conceptual model of a virtual, agent‐based personalized library ...
The effects of chronic exposure of manganese on antioxidant enzymes in different regions of rat brain

The present study was designed to investigate if chronic exposure to manganese (Mn) produces an effect on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in different regions of rat brain. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats were dosed with 0, 2.5 or 5.0 mg MnCl2/kg, for 3 months (5 days/week). The activity of total superoxide dismutase did not vary significantly in any region of the brain with either 2.5 or 5.0 mg MnCl2/kg. A significant increase of Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity was attained in hippocampus, cerebellum and brain stem. The Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activity was reduced in all regions of the brain, however, reduction was not statistically significant. No significant effect of Mn on glutathione peroxidase activity was observed in any region of the brain. Glutathione content was significantly reduced in cerebellum, whereas, no change was observed in other brain regions. The results show that chronic exposure to manganese significantly increased the Mn-superoxide dismutase activity in selected brain regions. Therefore, increased Mn-SOD may enhance the antioxidant ability of the brain to reduce oxidative stress. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Desulfurization of hot syngas containing hydrogen chloride vapors using zinc titanate sorbents

New coal gasification processes that can generate electricity with high thermal efficiency either in a combined gas-turbine, a steam-turbine cycle (IGCC), or in a fuel cell (MCFC) are being developed. Both of these new coal-to-electricity pathways require that the coal-derived fuel gas be at a high temperature and free of potential pollutants, such as sulfur compounds. Unfortunately, some high-sulfur Illinois coals also contain a significant amount of chlorine, which converts into hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the coal gas. In this study, two simulated gasifier-product streams were contacted with the zinc titanate desulfurization sorbent in a bench-scale atmospheric fluidized-bed reactor at temperatures ranging from 538 to 750 C (1,000--1,382 F). The first set of experiments involved treating a medium-Btu fuel gas (simulating that of a Texaco oxygen-blown, entrained-bed gasifier) containing 1.4% H{sub 2}S and HCl concentrations of 0, 200, and 1,500 ppmv. The second set of experiments evaluated the hot-gas desulfurization of a low-Btu fuel gas (simulating the product of the U-Gas air-blown gasifier), which had a 0.5% H{sub 2}S content and with HCl concentrations of 0, 200, and 800 ppmv. The results of the experiments at 538 and 650 C at all the HCl concentrations revealed no deleterious effects onmore » the capability of the sorbent to remove H{sub 2}S from the fuel-gas mixtures. In most cases, the presence of the HCl significantly enhanced the desulfurization reaction rate. Some zinc loss, however, was encountered in certain situations at 750 C when low-steam operating conditions were present. Also of interest, a portion of the incoming HCl was removed from the gas stream and was retained permanently by the sorbent.« less
Fourier Approximation and Hausdorff Convergence

For a function f on R^d we consider its Fourier transform Ff and the (integrable) Cesaro averages F"Mf of suitable truncations of Ff, described by the formula (F"Mf)(a)=M^-^d(M-|a"1|)^+...(M-|a"d|)^+(Ff)(a). We study the speed of the convergence F^-^1F"Mf->f, (M->~), under a metric that is somewhere between the L^1- and the L^~-metrics. In this metric (which is appropriate to problems of pattern recognition), the distance between two functions is, more or less, the Hausdorff distance between their graphs. We describe a class of functions f for which the distance between F^-^1F"Mf and f is O(M^-^1^/^2), the fastest rate of converges one can have for discontinuous f.
Dopaminergic defect of enteric nervous system in Parkinson's disease patients with chronic constipation

Clinical studies suggest that gut disorders are common in Parkinson's disease, but the morphological basis is unknown. Depletion of dopamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system is a basic defect in Parkinson's disease. We compared colonic tissue from 11 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, 17 with adenocarcinoma (normal tissue was studied), and five who underwent colectomy for severe constipation. Immunohistochemistry was used to stain myenteric and submucosal neurons for dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Each class of neurons was quantified as a percentage of the total neuronal population stained for the marker protein gene product 9.5. Nine of the 11 Parkinson's disease patients had substantially fewer dopaminergic myenteric neurons than the other subjects (mean 0.4 [SE 0.2] vs 6.9 [2.3] in controls and 5.7 [2.0] in constipated subjects). There was very little difference between the groups in numbers of tyrosine-hydroxylase and VIP neurons. Two Parkinson's disease patients had similar distributions of all types of neurons, including dopaminergic myenteric neurons, to the controls. High-performance liquid chromatography showed lower levels of dopamine in the muscularis externa (but not mucosa) in four Parkinson's disease patients than in four controls (7.3 [5.1] vs 24.2 [4.6] nmol per g protein), but levels of dopamine metabolites were similar in the two groups. The identification of this defect of dopaminergic neurons in the enteric nervous system in Parkinson's disease may lead to better treatment of colorectal dysfunction in this disease.
Amodal Aspects of Linguistic Design

All spoken languages encode syllables and constrain their internal structure. But whether these restrictions concern the design of the language system, broadly, or speech, specifically, remains unknown. To address this question, here, we gauge the structure of signed syllables in American Sign Language (ASL). Like spoken languages, signed syllables must exhibit a single sonority/energy peak (i.e., movement). Four experiments examine whether this restriction is enforced by signers and nonsigners. We first show that Deaf ASL signers selectively apply sonority restrictions to syllables (but not morphemes) in novel ASL signs. We next examine whether this principle might further shape the representation of signed syllables by nonsigners. Absent any experience with ASL, nonsigners used movement to define syllable-like units. Moreover, the restriction on syllable structure constrained the capacity of nonsigners to learn from experience. Given brief practice that implicitly paired syllables with sonority peaks (i.e., movement)—a natural phonological constraint attested in every human language—nonsigners rapidly learned to selectively rely on movement to define syllables and they also learned to partly ignore it in the identification of morpheme-like units. Remarkably, nonsigners failed to learn an unnatural rule that defines syllables by handshape, suggesting they were unable to ignore movement in identifying syllables. These findings indicate that signed and spoken syllables are subject to a shared phonological restriction that constrains phonological learning in a new modality. These conclusions suggest the design of the phonological system is partly amodal.
Alterations in Pulmonary Function Following Pneumonectomy for Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Abstract Twenty-one patients who underwent pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma at the Nashville Veterans Administration Hospital from November, 1977, to March, 1980, were evaluated with standard pulmonary function tests preoperatively and postoperatively. Twelve patients had Stage I disease, 4 patients had Stage II, and 5 patients had Stage III disease. The interval between the operative procedure and postoperative testing ranged from 2 to 33 months (mean, 12.4 months). Mean functional loss of pulmonary capacity after pneumonectomy was based on analysis of preoperative and postoperative forced vital capacity (FVC) and initial-second forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ) indices. The mean functional loss as expressed by FVC was 41.5% after right pneumonectomy and 34.0% after left pneumonectomy. The mean functional loss as expressed by FEV 1 was 40.2% after right pneumonectomy and 38.3% after left pneumonectomy. The postoperative functional status of each patient was classified according to the New York Heart Association criteria. Nineteen of the 21 patients were in Class I or II preoperatively. Postoperatively, 10 patients were in Class I or II and 11 in Class III or IV. The results indicate that a postoperative FVC less than 2.5 liters and FEV 1 less than 1.5 liters are not compatible with active life.
Introduction: Narrative Environments and Social Problems

, Vol. 52, Issue 4, pp. 525–528, ISSN 0037-7791, electronic ISSN 1533-8533. © 2005 by Society for the Study of Social Problems, Inc. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, at http://www. ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. Introduction: Narrative Environments and Social Problems
A 1.4-V 10-bit 25-MS/s pipelined ADC using opamp-reset switching technique

A low-voltage opamp-reset switching technique (ORST) that does not use clock boosting, bootstrapping, switched-opamp (SO), or threshold voltage scaling is presented. This technique greatly reduces device reliability issues. Unlike the SO technique, the opamps stay active for all clock phases and, therefore, the ORST is suitable for high-speed applications. This new switching technique is applied to the design of a 10-bit 25-MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The prototype ADC was fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process and demonstrates 55-dB signal-to-noise ratio, 55-dB spurious-free dynamic range, and 48-dB signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio performance with a 1.4-V power supply. The total power consumption is 21 mW. The ADC's minimum operating power supply is 1.3 V (|V/sub TH,P/| = 0.9 V) and the maximum operating frequency is 32 MS/s. The ORST is fully compatible with future low-voltage submicron CMOS processes.
Nutrition Education Intervention for College Female Athletes

Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a nutrition education intervention for college female athletes to improve nutrition knowledge, build self-efficacy with respect to making healthful dietary choices, and improve dietary intake. Design A pretest-posttest control group design was implemented. Participants A women's soccer team (n =15) and a women's swim team (n = 15) were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, respectively. Intervention The intervention focused on nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy in making healthful dietary choices, and dietary practices to demonstrate treatment effect. Main Outcome Measures Dependent variables were nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy, and dietary practices. Independent variables were group assignment. Analyses The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the results between groups, and the Fisher exact probability test was used to detect differences between groups in the number of positive dietary changes. Results Treatment participants significantly improved nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy ( P P Conclusions This study reduces the paucity of nutrition education intervention research among athletes and demonstrates the ability to increase not only nutrition knowledge, which is typically reported, but also self-efficacy and improvement in overall positive dietary changes during an 8-week intervention.
Letter by taylor et al regarding article, hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate in heart failure: Historical perspectives, mechanisms, and future directions

To the Editor: Cole et al1 are to be congratulated on a thoughtful, thorough, and especially timely review of hydralazine and nitrates in heart failure. The timeliness is of particular relevance: 2011 marks the 25th anniversary of the publication of the first Vasodilator in Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT-I),2 which demonstrated that a vasodilator drug could confer a survival benefit in heart failure. Although the precise mechanism of the benefit of combined hydralazine and nitrate was not known at the time (and still requires elucidation), this was nonetheless a sentinel observation. Twenty-five years later, with the outcomes of the African American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT)3 as evidence of survival …
Applications and refinements of Vince's construction

This paper describes Vince's construction of regular maps using linear groups. We explain the details of the construction, and show how it can be modified to produce examples of regular maps having specified properties.
Dishonesty in academics and business: A cross-cultural evaluation of student attitudes

This study presents the findings from aninternational survey of college students whichexamined perceptions and attitudes towarddishonesty in academic and business contexts. Data were collected from undergraduate studentsstudying business and economics in eighttransitional economies of Eastern Europe andCentral Asia and from students in the UnitedStates. The results indicate that academiccheating is a common activity in all of thecountries surveyed. Even though most studentsreported fearing the punishment of beingcaught, substantial numbers of studentsindicated that academic cheating is sociallyacceptable and not ethically wrong. When askedto rate their perceived degree of dishonestywith respect to behavior in an academic settingrelative to analogous behavior in a businesssetting, students in both the United States andthe transitional economies viewed dishonesty ina business context more severely thandishonesty in an academic context. Theevidence also suggests that when compared tostudents in the transitional economies,American students apply a relatively higherstandard of honesty toward behavior in both theacademic and business settings.
Local interactions as a structure determinant for globular proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. Examination of the various structure-determining factors for globular protein suggests that the numerous local interactions within the molecule are of utmost importance. In order to treat these near-neighbor interactions semi-quantitatively, a set of interaction parameters for the twenty types of residue is deduced from free energy of transfer data, and from the known crystal structures of five proteins. 2. 2. A significant degree of common behavior is exhibited by the parameter sets deduced from each of the five structures examined. Some additional tests of the parameter set are reported, and its predictive value is illustrated by a comparison of the pair interaction contributions to the stabilization free energy for lysozyme and for a speculative model of α-lactalbumin based upon the three-dimensional crystal coordinates of lysozyme. The stabilization contribution for the latter is relatively small in absolute magnitude, leading to the conclusion that the tertiary structure of α-lactalbumin must differ substantially from that of lysozyme, despite the fact that the amino acid sequences of these two proteins exhibit considerable homology. This prediction is in agreement with the results of a small-angle X-ray study, which revealed that the overall shapes of these two molecules differ significantly.
An analysis of models describing predator‐prey interaction

Mathematical models of the interaction between predator and host populations have been expressed as systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Solutions of such systems may be periodic or aperiodic. Periodic, oscillatory solutions may depend on the initial conditions of the system or may be limit cycles. Aperiodic solutions can, but do not necessarily, exhibit oscillatory behavior. Therefore, it is important to characterize predatory-prey models on the basis of the possible types of solutions they may possess. This characterization can be accomplished using some well-known methods of nonlinear analysis. Examination of the system singular points and inspection of phase plane portraits have proved to be useful techniques for evaluating the effect of various modifications of early predator-prey models. Of particular interest is the existence of limit cycle oscillations in a model in which predator growth rate is a function of the concentration of prey.
Effect of solvent viscosity and polarity on reversed-phase chromatographic surfaces. 13C spin-lattice relaxation of labeled immobilized alkyl ligands

Abstract Reversed-phase chromatographic surfaces were prepared by reacting Cl(CH3)2Si(CH2)11∗CH with porous silica particles. Spin-lattice relaxation and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) were measured for the labeled methyl carbon in the presence of various solvents. T1 was inversely proportional to solvent viscosity (η) and fitted one of two linear relationships. In all cases, reduced NOE values were observed, but there was no statistically significant correlation between NOE and η. Both T1 and NOE data suggest anisotropic motion of the bonded alkyl chains. Likewise, the data provide information about the microscopic chain environment and the degree of ligand extension.
Schizophrenic Clients' Experiences of Power: Using Hermeneutic Analysis

This hermeneutic study was conducted to describe the personal power experienced by 15 people with schizophrenia. Analysis revealed that the essence of power was integrality or connection with the environment. The extent of power was determined by personal awareness of integrality. Among all participants, the range of power was modest. Power for people with schizophrenia differs from power for people in general. The characteristic of power for people with schizophrenia may interfere with their ability to adapt to living in the community.
ON THE DETECTABILITY OF INTELLIGENT CIVILIZATIONS IN THE GALAXY

In this paper we argue for the possibility that even in the event of a Galaxy teeming with extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) the probability of receiving recognizable signals from the ETIs may be very low. There are two majors factors that may limit our ability to detect other civilizations. (i) Evolutionary mismatches may cause difficulties analogous to humans attempting to communicate with lower primates. (ii) Independent evolutionary paths resulting from differing planetary/stellar environments may result in life whose cognitive processes and consequent perceptions of the universe are very different from ours. Interpreting signals from such civilizations may prove a very difficult or even futile task. Even on Earth, an example of a cognitive mismatch is that between humans and dolphins, where evolution in very different environments has led to difficulty in establishing communication between these two species. The main effect of the second factor is to limit communication while the effect of the first is to constrain what communication is possible to a "window of opportunity", a finite period of time, τω, when communication may be possible before diverging evolution makes it impossible. For example, if the number of ETIs in the Galaxy is one million and if τω 5 × 10 3 light years so that one star in 10 10 harbors such a civilization. If the above arguments are correct we reach the following conclusions. The absence of detected signals does not translate into an absence of ETI’s. Targeting individual stars in the search for ETI has a low probability of success. The use of radio signals is of limited value because with such large separations between "contactable" civilizations interstellar scintillation strongly limits the propagation of radio signals. Similarly, optical communication would be hindered by interstellar extinction. Possible alternatives to current searches for narrow band signals include listening for modulated broadband signals searching for narrow-band signals in the microwave/FIR spectrum and searching for evidence of artificially processed environments. All such searches would need to be "all sky" to have a reasonable chance of success.
CONFINING PRESSURE REDUCTION EXPERIMENTS: A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING FRICTIONAL STRENGTH OVER A WIDE RANGE OF NORMAL STRESS

Abstract This paper describes a new type of friction experiment in a triaxial apparatus called the confining pressure (Pc) reduction experiment, which permits the determination of frictional strength over a wide range of normal stress from a single test. The test is simple and requires little modification to the ordinary experimental set-up, and yet it enables one to easily collect many data during one experiment. The specimen is left under a differential stress in the test, and then Pc is lowered at various rates with the loading motor turned off. The differential stress supported by the specimen is removed mostly by a sequence of abrupt slip events during this Pc reduction. Stress at the onset of each event roughly gives the frictional strength at that normal stress. Frictional strength also can be estimated when the differential stress is removed by stable slip. Results for Tennessee sandstone with no gouge and with chlorite gouge are described as examples. A similar experiment can be conducted in a direct shear test, and the tests are ideal for quick measurements of the frictional strength.
Gliomatosis cerebri: a review of 22 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Gliomatosis cerebri is an enigmatic diffuse brain neoplasm whose prognosis is grim. We reviewed data for patients with gliomatosis who were treated at the University of California, San Francisco, during a 10-year period. Our focus was on presentation, cadiological and pathological features, and outcomes. METHODS: We reviewed hospital and clinic records and magnetic resonance imaging scans for 22 patients with gliomatosis. The diagnosis was based on magnetic resonance imaging findings and tissue confirmation for all patients. Seven patients also underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eleven patients were male (50%), and the median age at presentation was 49 years (range, 7-79 yr). RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated median lengths of survival as follows: no treatment, 1 month (n = 4); radiotherapy alone, 28 months (95% confidence interval, 5-51 mo; n = 13); radiatherapy followed by chemotherapy, two patients, alive at 28 and 104 months; radiotherapy and chemotherapy simultaneously, three patients, one alive at 18 months and the others dead at 7 and 9 months. There was no significant difference between radiotherapy alone and radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy (P = 0.69). Karnofsky Performance Scale scores of ≥70 and grade were both significantly related to length of survival in univatiate analyses (P < 0.05); these correlations were confirmed in the multivariate analysis, although the small numbers of patients and deaths precluded reliable interpretation. CONCLUSION: Although the small number of patients in our study and its retrospective nature preclude definitive conclusions regarding the utility of treatment, our findings suggest that biopsies are useful not only for diagnosis but also for prediction of the length of survival.
Digital talking book standards developed by NLS and partners under NISO auspices

The functionality, compatibility, and longevity planned for future digital talking books require clear, exact definitions of component format and content. NLS will achieve this by working with a diverse team of experts to establish an applicable standard. This article outlines the plan, describes progress, and indicates what further work is necessary to complete the standard.
The Nazca-South America convergence rate and the recurrence of the Great 1960 Chilean Earthquake

The seismic slip rate along the Chile Trench estimated from the slip in the great 1960 earthquake and the recurrence history of major earthquakes has been interpreted as consistent with the subduction rate of the Nazca plate beneath South America. The convergence rate, estimated from global relative plate motion models, depends significantly on closure of the Nazca - Antarctica - South America circuit. NUVEL-1, a new plate motion model which incorporates recently determined spreading rates on the Chile Rise, shows that the average convergence rate over the last three million years is slower than previously estimated. If this time-averaged convergence rate provides an appropriate upper bound for the seismic slip rate, either the characteristic Chilean subduction earthquake is smaller than the 1960 event, the average recurrence interval is greater than observed in the last 400 years, or both. These observations bear out the nonuniformity of plate motions on various time scales, the variability in characteristic subduction zone earthquake size, and the limitations of recurrence time estimates.
Double Queues and Impatient Customers with an Application to Inventory Theory

This paper starts by observing that any queuing system can be viewed as two symmetric queues, one of customers in line for service, and one of idle clerks, awaiting customers. Usually at least one of the queues the idle clerks has a finite limit, but examples, such as passengers and taxis at a taxi stand, exist where both queues are unlimited. In such cases, if arrival and service rates are independent of queue length, at least one of the queues is unstable and grows indefinitely as time passes. In practice there has to be some factor that limits queue length, and a possible mechanism is to assume that both passengers and taxis become impatient and will leave if, after some fixed amount of time, they have not been “serviced.” The equations governing such a system are developed and steady-state solutions are found. It is shown that steady-state solutions always exist for both queues, the means and variances which are finite are given. In the last part of the paper an application to inventory theory is suggested. Here the backlog of orders corresponds to the queue of customers, and items in stock to the idle clerks. It is assumed that orders not filled in a certain time are cancelled and that items are perishable and cannot be sold if stocked too long.
How surprising is a simple pattern? Quantifying "Eureka!".

Abstract Simple patterns are compelling. When all the observed facts fit into a simple theory or “story,” we are intuitively convinced that the pattern must be real rather than random. But how surprising is a simple pattern, really? That is, given a pattern of featural data, such as the properties of a set of objects, how unlikely would the pattern be if they were actually generated at random? In conventional statistics dealing with patterns of numbers, this type of question would be answered by reference to a null distribution such as the t distribution. This paper gives the analogous answer in the realm of concept learning, that is, the formation of generalizations from patterns of featural data. Using a formal but psychologically valid definition of complexity, I derive and exhibit the distribution of subjective complexity under the hypothesis of no pattern. This leads directly to a number of applications, including a statistical test indicating whether an observed pattern is sufficiently simple that it is not likely to have been an accident: literally, the “significance of simplicity.”
TMAO promotes fibrillization and microtubule assembly activity in the C-terminal repeat region of tau.

Alzheimer's disease most closely correlates with the appearance of the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), intracellular fibrous aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein, tau. Under native cond...