cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bile salt binding by maalox, sucralfate, and meciadanol: in vitro and clinical comparisons.

Abstract Inhibition of gastric acid secretion is a major factor in protecting the gastric mucosa, although other mechanisms such as bile salt binding may contribute to the protective properties of individual agents. Sucralfate, antacid (Maalox), and Meciadanol, a new flavonoid, were compared with cholestyramine resin for binding bile salts. The free, glycine, and taurine conjugates of the human bile salts, cholate, chenodeoxycholate, and deoxycholate, were incubated with each of the above. Cholestyramine resin adsorbed 91–97% of all bile salts tested. Meciadanol adsorbed all of the bile salts fairly well except for the free forms of chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate. Meciadanol (53 to 84%) adsorbed bile salts better than sucralfate (4.2 to 61%), and significantly (P less than 0.05) better than Maalox (10 to 47%). In our in vitro studies, sucralfate was not as effective in binding bile salts as previously reported. Patients in the surgical intensive care unit were randomized prospectively to receive nasogastric instillation of Maalox, sucralfate, or Meciadanol to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding. The gastric aspirates were analyzed for bile salt concentration. The mean bile salt concentration of those treated with Maalox (0.24 mM), Meciadanol (0.24 mM), or sucralfate (0.35 mM) was significantly lower than those treated with nasogastric aspiration (0.87 mM) alone (P less than 0.01). This suggests that these substances bind bile salts and may provide additional protection to the gastric mucosa along with their ability to neutralize gastric acid.
THE SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR BOUNDARY-VALUE TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN ELECTRON AND PLASMA DEVICES.

A method of solution of the nonlinear Landau-Vlasov equation which occurs in charged particle transport phenomena is described. The method is similar in concept to the Spherical Harmonics Method of neutron transport theory, since the particle distribution function is expanded in orthogonal functions of velocity to obtain an infinite set of partial differential equations. The nonlinearity arises when the particle interactions are taken into account in the force term of the Landau-Vlasov equation. The latter is introduced into the equation iteratively and a numerical integration routine is described to integrate the set of equations resulting from a fmite (nth order) truncation of the expansion. The truncated equations, which are for the first n velocity moments of the distribution function, are such that these moments satisfy the untruncated equations also, whereas higher moment equations are modified by a fictitious source term. The convergence of the finite-difference equations and the convergence of the finite-difference solution to the solution of the differential equations is proved for the linear case in which the force is assumed to be known. Computational evidence of the convergence in the nonlinear case is provided, although no mathematical proof has so far been developed.
466 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DIARRHEA RELATED TO FOOD SENS I-TIVITY WITH FOOD EXTRACT INJECTIONS

Thirty children, ages 6 weeks to 7 years with persistent chronic diarrhea unresponsive to a variety of other therapeutic modalities were treated with food extract injections. Diagnosis was made by history, specific food challenges using in vivo C3 alteration as an indicator of sensitivity, and intradermal provocative food testing. Other possible causes were eliminated by stool and blood examinations, sweat chloride measurement, gastrointestinal radiography and when indicated, intestinal mucosal biopsy. In 13 patients there was significant failure to thrive. The number of foods tested ranged from 1 to 23. Sensitivity was demonstrated by wheal growth within a 10 minute period and or by induction of symptoms or physical reactions. All patients were found to be sensitive to one or more foods. A good to excellent therapeutic response as measured by cessation of diarrhea and in most improved growth occurred in 23 patients. In 3 patients food extract therapy was considered unsuccessful or marginally helpful; in two it was discontinued. Two patients did not return after a brief period of treatment. No serious reactions to the testing or treatment injections was observed.
Function Semantic Representation (FSR): A Rule-Based Ontology for Product Functions

Defining or understanding a product in terms of its functions facilitates a wide variety of tasks such as design synthesis, modeling, and analysis. However, the lack of a semantically correct formal representation of product functions creates a barrier to their effective capture, exchange, and reuse. This paper presents Function Semantics Representation, a rule-based ontological formalism that is consistent with the Semantic Web standards to capture different components of a product function. In particular, the Semantic Web Rule Language is used to overcome limitations in using the basic Web Ontology Language ontology to explicitly capture advanced semantics essential to completely represent product functions. This enables support for an effective reasoning mechanism to develop and validate the product function (or functional model). We present examples that demonstrate consistency checking and the ability to retrieve functionally similar products from a repository.
Nb-Al-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Nb junctions with inductive tuning elements for a very low noise 205-250 GHz heterodyne receiver

The authors have developed a Nb-Al-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Nb junction fabrication process which allows the use of planar tuning circuits integrated with the junctions. These tuning elements permit the use of junctions with relatively large areas and small current densities with excellent results. Recent measurements have yielded a double sideband receiver noise temperature of less than 50 K from 205 to 240 GHz and 44 K at 230 GHz. The Nb-Al-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Nb trilayer technology is being extended to the fabrication of sub-square-micron-area planar junctions for submillimeter wavelengths. >
Differential maternal behavior of the rat dam toward natural and foster pups: Implication for nutrition research

Two experiments were designed to study the retrieval behavior of female rats toward natural and foster offspring. In the first experiment, lactating female rats were introduced into a two-pup choice situation and their behavior was examined. In the second experiment, time to retrieve natural and foster pups was measured. The results indicated that the females showed no preference in the choice situation. They did, however, differentially treat the natural and foster pups once contact with the pup was made. The implication of these findings for nutrition research is discussed.
Insulin-like effects in the rat of the purified growth factor from Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoids.

The acute effects of injections of the human growth hormone-like factor purified from plerocercoids of the tapeworm Spirometra mansonoides on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolisms were determined in intact rats. Male rats were injected ip with saline, insulin, or various doses of partially purified PGF. The rats injected with insulin had significantly reduced serum glucose concentrations but no dose of PGF caused a change in serum glucose levels. Insulin and PGF stimulated ('4C)glucose and ( 14C)leucine oxidation to 14C02 in adipose tissue and muscle and increased incorporation of both ( ''C)glucose carbons into lipids and ( ''C)leucine into protein in fat and muscle. The responses to PGF were dosedependent and persisted after 3 hr of incubation in vitro. Injections of naloxone prior to injecting PGF to block the stress response did not prevent the stimulation of insulin-like responses by PGF. Therefore, PGF has intrinsic insulin-like activities in normal Illale rats. 0 1987 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. The curious phenomenon of body growth stimulation associated with infections of mice with the plerocercoid stage of the tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, was first described by Mueller (1). Plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) has subsequently been shown to mimic many of the actions of growth hormone (GH) (2-6). Similar to reported actions of GH, PGF- stimulated growth in rodents is associated with increased somatomedin activity (7, 8), sup- pressed GH levels of the blood and pituitary (3, 8, 9), stimulated liver ornithine decarbox- ylase (2, lo), and spleen thymidine kinase (1 1). Interestingly, PGF appears to be more like hu- man GH (hGH) than other mammalian GHs as PGF has distinct lactogenic activity in the pigeon crop-sac assay (12) and displaces ('251)hGH from its receptors in rabbit liver membranes (5). While PGF has some actions similar to those reported for hGH, in other ways it is distinctly different from any GH. A well-established effect of long-term GH treat- ment is its ability to stimulate body growth while reducing adipose tissue mass (1 3, 14). In contrast to the type of growth produced by GH, chronic exposure to PGF by plerocercoid infection stimulates body growth and increases adipose tissue (2, 7, 15). Therefore, it appears that adipose tissue is sensitive to both GH and PGF but the effects may be distinctly different. Besides its distinct lipolytic activity, GH can
Functional nucleotide excision repair is required for the preferential removal of N-ethylpurines from the transcribed strand of the dihydrofolate reductase gene of Chinese hamster ovary cells

Transcription-coupled repair of DNA adducts is an essential factor that must be considered when one is elucidating biological endpoints resulting from exposure to genotoxic agents. Alkylating agents comprise one group of chemical compounds which modify DNA by reacting with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the bases of the double helix. To discern the role of transcription-coupled DNA repair of N-ethylpurines present in discrete genetic domains, Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, and the clearance of the damage from the dihydrofolate reductase gene was investigated. The results indicate that N-ethylpurines were removed from the dihydrofolate reductase gene of nucleotide excision repair-proficient Chinese hamster ovary cells; furthermore, when repair rates in the individual strands were determined, a statistically significant bias in the removal of ethyl-induced, alkali-labile sites was observed, with clearance occurring 30% faster from the transcribed strand than from its nontranscribed counterpart at early times after exposure. In contrast, removal of N-ethylpurines was observed in the dihydrofolate reductase locus in cells that lacked nucleotide excision repair, but both strands were repaired at the same rate, indicating that transcription-coupled clearance of these lesions requires the presence of active nucleotide excision repair.
Extracellular pH, Ca2+ Influx, and Response of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to 5-Hydroxytryptamine

Background and Purpose —Cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contract on extracellular pH (pHo) increases and relax on pHo decreases. These changes in tone are believed to result from changes in [Ca2+]i, although the responsible mechanisms are not fully understood. VSMCs also contract in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which increases [Ca2+]i via both Ca2+ release and influx. We hypothesized that examining effects of pHo decreases on 5-HT–induced [Ca2+]i changes would allow us to identify mechanisms whereby pHo influences tone. Accordingly, we compared [Ca2+]i increases in cerebral VSMCs, evoked by 5-HT, with increases evoked by increased pHo and examined 5-HT–dependent [Ca2+]i increases at normal and decreased pHo. Methods —We monitored [Ca2+]i,, using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura 2, in cultured rat cerebral VSMCs obtained by enzymatic digestion of middle cerebral arteries and their branches (passages 1 to 3) grown on glass coverslips and superfused with physiological saline. Results —Increasing pHo from 7.3 to 7.8 increased [Ca2+]i, and these increases were prevented in Ca2+-free solutions. Decreasing pHo from 7.3 to 6.9 did not alter [Ca2+]i unless [Ca2+]i was first raised by treatment with 5-HT (10 μmol/L). 5-HT resulted in biphasic [Ca2+]i increases characterized by transient peaks blocked by the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (10 nmol/L) and prolonged plateaus blocked by the Ca2+ channel blocker Ni2+ (1 mmol/L). Acidification did not alter the transient peaks but significantly reduced 5-HT–induced Ca2+ influx. Conclusions —We conclude that increasing pHo induces Ca2+ influx in rat cerebral VSMCs and decreasing pHo inhibits 5-HT–stimulated Ca2+ entry but not intracellular Ca2+ release.
Decision‐making patterns among international vacationers: A cross‐cultural perspective

While there is a tendency to define world subcultures in terms of geographic or sociocultural criteria, the present research suggests that life styles may have become more homogeneous across geographic boundaries and could provide alternative ways of defining world subcultures. The study addresses the research question using international travel behavior. The results suggest that life style segmentation could be used to supplement geocultural criteria for defining world subcultures and formulating marketing strategy.
Do children from community-based parent training programs have clinically significant behavior problems?

Alternative mental health services for children such as parent training are expanding across the country. Yet the clinical picture of the children served in these programs is incomplete. In two studies we compare scores from standardized behavior problem inventories for groups of children from a parent training class with scores from groups of children from a clinic setting and a nonclinic setting. In study one we used the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), an instrument that primarily assesses externalizing problems. In study two, we used the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), an instrument that assesses both externalizing and internalizing problems. The results from both studies show the scores from the parent training groups were equivalent to scores from the clinic groups and were significantly higher than the scores from the nonclinic groups. These results suggest parent training classes do serve children with clinically significant problems.
Early Detection of Neuroleptic-Induced Parkinsonism in Elderly Patients with Dementia

The recently promulgated Health Care Finance Administration guidelines regarding the use of neuroleptic medications for nursing home residents do not offer criteria for the frequency or nature of the required assessments of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism (NIP). NIP has been poorly characterized in the elderly and empirical evidence on which to base guidelines for monitoring NIP is sparse. We examined the onset of NIP in 12 closely monitored, elderly psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with dementia being treated with perphenazine. Significant increases in the Simpson Extrapyramidal Side Effect Scale total score were detected by day 4 of treatment with perphenazine at a mean dose of 8.0 mg. This increase was highly correlated with the final NIP severity. This is the first report to demonstrate that routine screening of elderly patients can detect NIP within days of the initiation of neuroleptic treatment. Early detection of NIP may allow for effective intervention to reduce the ultimate severity and associated morbidity of NIP.
Intersectional Dignities: Latino Immigrant Street Vendor Youth in Los Angeles

In Los Angeles many Latino immigrants earn income through street vending, as do some of their teenagers and younger children. Members of their community and external authorities view these economic activities as deviant, low status, and illegal, and young people who engage in them are sometimes chased by the police and teased by their peers. Why do they consent to do this work, and how do they respond to the threats and taunts? Based on participant observation and in-depth interviews with street vending children and teens, the authors argue that an intersectionalities perspective can help explain both why the youth engage in this work and how they construct narratives of intersectional dignities to counter experiences of shame, stigma, and humiliation with street vending. Intersectional dignities refers to moral constructions based on inversions of widely held negative stereotypes of racial ethnic minorities, the poor, immigrants, and in this case, children and girls who earn money in the streets. By anal...
Behavioral variation among cloned pigs

Abstract The variability of behavior among cloned animals has yet to be studied. Through a series of behavior tests, we quantified the variation in food preference, temperament, and time budgets of two genetically identical Duroc litters ( n =5, 4) and their naturally bred controls ( n =4, 4). All litters of pigs were tested for their food preference using apples, bananas, crackers, and carrots. Variation in temperament was determined by timing latency to remove a towel (Towel test) and by counting vocalizations and escape attempts during Back and Pick-up tests. Seventy-two hours of time lapse video were used to determine time budgets of the pigs consisting of the following behaviors: lying in bedding, lying on concrete, standing, feeding, and play/fighting. An F -test was used to determine differences in variation between litter variations. The clones were similarly or more variable ( P
Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence

Les AA. montrent que la criminalite au sein de la communaute afro-americaine est un phenomene tres important. Ils s'efforcent d'isoler les facteurs qui contribuent a entretenir cette situation. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees, en 1990, concernant la criminalite aux Etats-Unis. Ils examinent l'influence de la segregation residentielle et de l'isolement social dont est victime cette communaute. Ils montrent que cette situation induit un phenomene de marginalisation economique, culturelle et politique des populations afro-americaines
Detection and management of comorbidity in patients with schizophrenia

Approximately half of patients with schizophrenia have at least one comorbid psychiatric or medical condition, worsening prognosis and contributing to the high rate of morbidity and mortality. Depression is associated with suicide, the leading cause of premature death in patients with schizophrenia; obsessive-compulsive symptoms may worsen prognosis; alcohol and substance use disorders are associated with a poor outcome; and comorbid medical conditions, including cardiac and pulmonary disease, infectious diseases, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypogonadism, and osteoporosis, are often underrecognized and undertreated. The new generation of antipsychotic medications has improved the potential outcome of patients with schizophrenia. Providing optimal treatment for patients and fully realizing the potential of these new agents require focused attention on detection, recognition, and treatment of comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions in patients with schizophrenia.
The Fifth Column---O. Tempora, O. Mores, O. C. Jackson Grayson, Jr.

In recent article in the Harvard Business Review [Grayson, C. Jackson, Jr. 1973. Management science and business practice. Harvard Bus. Rev. July--August 41--48.], Dr. C. Jackson Grayson discussed the shortcomings of the MS/OR establishment. The article clearly implies that, by and large, practitioners of MS/OR wouldn't know how to punch their way out of a paper bag. Another monumental implication seemed to be that the professon, with very few exceptions, was made up of either fools or knaves. One is left with the uneasy feeling that the MS/OR profession is moving in time to a stately pavane [2], while the world that needs our help is getting its vibes from Alice Cooper or the Led Zeppelin [3]. At the time of this writing, this columnist is not aware of any real reply to, nor discussion of, Dr. Grayson's article in the MS/OR literature. This unfortunate situation, it is hoped, will be somewhat rectified by the following discussion from an admittedly pragmatic point of view.
Nanoscale High-Contrast Subwavelength Grating Integrated Tunable Surface Emitting Laser

We report a novel electrostatic actuated nano-electromechanical (NEMS) tunable surface emitting lasers utilizing a movable single layer large-index-contrast subwavelength grating. Single mode emission and continuous tuning were obtained at room temperature under CW operation
An extended imprecise computation model for time-constrained speech processing and generation

The authors describe a real-time speech application which simulates the human production of natural-language utterances in a two-person conversation. Since generating such utterances is a complex and often time-consuming task, they examine the timing constraints and result-quality requirements of this application, as well as the dependencies between the timing constraints and result qualities of the tasks that generate utterances. They then extend the imprecise computation model to capture these dependencies and discuss the general applicability of the extended model. >
Image velocity sensing using an optical fiber array

A noncontact velocity sensor with an optical fiber array is described. The end faces of optical fibers which are linearly arrayed at equal intervals act as the spatial filter for velocity sensing. The characteristics of this sensor are investigated in terms of the number of optical fibers, the fiber interval, and the object spectrum. The usefulness of this sensor is confirmed by calculations of the selectivity and experiments. Furthermore, it is shown that an imaging system with a cylindrical lens is effective for measuring the velocity of an object with a large sideway motion.
Trivariate parametric B-splines for visualization of ocean data

Describes methods developed in the MIT Design Laboratory for the representation, fitting, interrogation and visualization of trivariate water column data. Features of this work include: reduced dimensional fitting algorithms for efficient data representation and reliable methods for visualizing continuous, trivariate parametric representations of data.
Interactions between Epithelial Cells and Immune Cells in the Intestine

Not merely a passive barrier as previously assumed, epithelial cells act as sensitive indicators of infection that initiate defense responses. Noninvasive as well as invasive organisms have been demonstrated to elicit production of chemoattractants. That noninvasive organisms have this capacity suggests that receptor-mediated signaling pathways may be involved. Epithelial cells have been found to release both chemokines and cytokines in a precise mixture that varies according to the origin or maturity of the cell. Different microorganisms also elicit different response patterns. The information presented provides a basis for a new view of epithelial cell function in relation to host defense.
A Model of Returns and Trading in Futures Markets

This paper develops an equilibrium model of a competitive futures market in which investors trade to hedge positions and to speculate on their private information. Equilibrium return and trading patterns are examined. ~1! In markets where the information asymmetry among investors is small, the return volatility of a futures contract decreases with time-to-maturity ~i.e., the Samuelson effect holds!. ~2! However, in markets where the information asymmetry among investors is large, the Samuelson effect need not hold. ~3! Additionally, the model generates rich time-tomaturity patterns in open interest and spot price volatility that are consistent with empirical findings. AN ISSUE CENTRAL TO THE ANALYSIS of futures markets is the relationship between speculation and futures price volatility. A long line of models ~see, e.g., Grossman ~1977!, Bray ~1981!! have tried to understand the effects of speculation on futures price volatility. This line of research is economically relevant as speculative trades appear to be an important determinant of volatility in futures markets. For instance, Roll ~1984! finds that public information accounts for only a fraction of the movement in orange juice futures prices, which suggests that investors bring their own private information into the market through their trades. Unfortunately, existing models of speculation in futures are essentially static ones and cannot speak to a number of interesting aspects of returns and trading in futures markets. An example is the relationship between the price volatility and the timeto-maturity of a futures contract. The analysis of this issue is an important one and has a long history. Assuming the existence of a representative investor and an exogenous spot price process, Samuelson ~1965! shows that when there is a mean-reverting component in the spot price process and no
Friend Flips: A Story Activity about Relationships

Adolescents are influenced by the type, length and quality of the connections shared with different people throughout their lifespan. Relationships with peers, friends, and adults help to shape knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs related to health. Recognizing healthy or unhealthy characteristics allow youth to strengthen relationships and interactions with others. In this interactive teaching strategy, students identify and rank characteristics of friend and romantic relationships. Students are challenged to generate authentic stories about relationships incorporating these traits. National Health Education Standards and National Sexuality Education Standards provide the base of the teaching strategy.
WHEN THE KNOWN DEVIL IS BETTER THAN AN UNKNOWN GOD: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF RELAY CEO SUCCESSIONS

Taking an organizational learning and adaptation perspective, we compared “relay” CEO successions with nonrelay inside successions and outside successions. Data on 204 CEO successions between 1993 ...
Transcriptome analysis of the white body of the squid Euprymna tasmanica with emphasis on immune and hematopoietic gene discovery.

In the mutualistic relationship between the squid Euprymna tasmanica and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, several host factors, including immune-related proteins, are known to interact and respond specifically and exclusively to the presence of the symbiont. In squid and octopus, the white body is considered to be an immune organ mainly due to the fact that blood cells, or hemocytes, are known to be present in high numbers and in different developmental stages. Hence, the white body has been described as the site of hematopoiesis in cephalopods. However, to our knowledge, there are no studies showing any molecular evidence of such functions. In this study, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of white body tissue of the Southern dumpling squid, E. tasmanica. Our primary goal was to gain insights into the functions of this tissue and to test for the presence of gene transcripts associated with hematopoietic and immune processes. Several hematopoiesis genes including CPSF1, GATA 2, TFIID, and FGFR2 were found to be expressed in the white body. In addition, transcripts associated with immune-related signal transduction pathways, such as the toll-like receptor/NF-κβ, and MAPK pathways were also found, as well as other immune genes previously identified in E. tasmanica’s sister species, E. scolopes. This study is the first to analyze an immune organ within cephalopods, and to provide gene expression data supporting the white body as a hematopoietic tissue.
Optimality and stability of the ideal free distribution with application to temperature control

We extend the theory of the "ideal free distribution" (IFD) from theoretical ecology by providing methods to analytically find the distribution for a relatively general class of "suitability" functions. We show that the resulting IFD is a Nash equilibrium and an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Moreover, we show that for a certain cost function it is a global optimum point. We introduce the "replicator dynamics" for the IFD and show that they provide an allocation strategy that is guaranteed to achieve the IFD. Finally, we show how this allocation strategy can achieve an IFD for a multizone temperature control problem that corresponds to achieving the maximum uniform temperature on a grid under a multivariable saturation constraint.
The traveling-wave linear antenna with nondissipative loading

An approximate theory for a doubly impedance loaded, traveling-wave linear antenna is presented. The distribution of current on the thin, cylindrical antenna is determined approximately in terms of its dimensions and the impedance and position of the lumped impedance loading. From this result, the optimum loading required to excite an outward traveling current wave along most of the cylinder is determined. Significantly, it is indicated that a purely reactive loading may be utilized if its location is properly chosen. Expressions for the input impedance and radiation fields of the traveling-wave antenna are presented. An experimental study is made of a traveling-wave cylindrical antenna utilizing a purely nondissipative loading. Numerical results from the theory are compared with experimental data, and an excellent agreement is noted. The technique described may be utilized to realize a high-efficiency traveling-wave antenna.
Fatigue Behavior of a High-Density Graphite and General Design Correlation

The fatigue behavior of a high-density graphite was investigated in reverse bending up to 5×108 cycles at room temperature. Fatigue life was analyzed statistically, using a Weibull distribution and a homologous stress. The homologous stress is the ratio of applied stress in fatigue to the expected first-cycle strength. The first-cycle strength was calculated from bending tests of similar materials or “mate” specimens, using the Weibull statistical strength theory to correct for the significant size effect. Homologous stress gives an essentially invariant fatigue correlation for many graphite grades and may be used to estimate fatigue life under a wide variety of operating conditions. The practical endurance limit for graphite corresponded to a homologous stress of about 47%.
Social Capital: Potential and Pitfalls (Why Ethnic Minority Groups Make Good Partners for Government Reform)

The following paper traces the rise of machine politics in Illinois and the role of “social capital”: a force that is not inherently good or bad but can be used towards either end. The paper demonstrates how Illinois has historically enjoyed vast amounts of social capital, but that it has been negatively applied towards individualistic ends, resulting in corruption. The paper suggests the potential to deploy such social capital for constructive goals such as political participation and ethical governance. The paper proposes that reform efforts in Illinois should focus on ethnic networks because of the abundance of social capital available. Using a case study and community-based research on South Asian Americans, the paper reveals insights about this community’s views and experiences relating to political participation, previously unstudied. The results, though not conclusive, is suggestive of possibilities for future research, proposing that government reform efforts in Illinois should utilize social capital among South Asian Americans and other immigrant and minority groups.
A signal system for the assessment and modification of behavior (SAM)

An apparatus, called SAM, was designed to aid in the assessment and modification of problematic verbal behavior that may occur in marital and parent-child communication. Through the use of lights as signals, the apparatus provides for client-controlled as well as therapist-controlled signaling during ongoing interaction, thus permitting signal transmission from client to client, client to therapist, and therapist to client. When employed in assessment, the system records the ongoing verbal behavior and signal activity such that each type of behavior may be analyzed separately or in relation to the other. In modification, therapist signals can function in direct control over client behavior, and client-to-client signals allow clients to alter each other's behavior. Other modification techniques may also be employed along with the lights. The system consists of modular components, the mechanical and electrical features of which are also described.
Exploration, Engagement and Inquiry in Undergraduate Education: A Case Study of Learning about Science Using LEGO® and Technology

This case study explores perceptions of undergraduate teacher education students, enrolled in an online course, on types of educational experiences that foster engagement in science-related courses and impact their active participation. The use of LEGO® and technology was a vehicle to implement this inquiry. The case study also provides informa- tion about faculty practices perceived as positive towards science teaching, student success and increased completion rates of college students majoring in STEM disciplines. Feedback from undergraduate students provided information on how to enhance the teaching of science online. Finally, the value of this case study not only facilitates better under- standing on how to increase the number of pre-service teachers interested in STEM teaching but also to increase the number of qualified STEM teachers for public schools that will teach the next generation of K-12 students.
Selling Politics: The Impact of Celebrities' Political Beliefs on Young Americans

Parents, the press and political scientists have increasingly shown interest in the influence of the entertainment media on young adults' political beliefs. This research examines the impact of celebrities' endorsements of certain political beliefs on the attitudes on young Americans, and finds that young people are significantly more likely to agree with a position when it is endorsed by a celebrity. Causes and candidates are cautioned to select celebrity endorsers carefully, because not all celebrities are created equal when it comes to influencing public opinion, with the evidence suggesting celebrity status in and of itself may not be most important factor, but credibility and appropriate match-up between idea and endorser matter as well.
Progress in study on obtaining triploid plantlets by crossing and embryo abortion

In this paper,the research progress in the kinds of methods and techniques is summarized,such as biological and chemical methods.The technology of hybridization among heteroploid obtaining triploid plantlets by crossing was introduced in the article.The mechanism of occurring embryo abortion in crossing and the technique of embryo rescue for avoiding it were introduced.The authors also elucidated briefly the problems and perspectives of its application.
Discussion and Toxicity Monitoring on Economic Shellfish of Coast of Dongsha Port

Objective To understand the situations of toxicity in Nassarius Sp,and growth and decline law,and the toxicity in economic shellfish cultured with Nassarius Sp,such as fresh scallop,ark shell,clam,etc.,and provide scientific basis for food safety of shellfish.Method The concentration of toxins of Nassarius Sp,fresh scallop,ark shell,and clam were determined by mouse bioassay.Results 8 portions of Nassarius Sp were universal poisonous in Dongsha port,and the concentration of toxins were more than 400 MU/100 g fresh meat weight.It was most poisonous in June,and the concentration of toxins could reach 1 246 MU/100 g.The concentrations of toxins in 24 economic shellfish cultured with Nassarius Sp together were less than 175 MU/100 g.Conclusion It was suggested that the Nassarius Sp in Dongsha port should be forbidden to eat strictly.Other economic shellfish cultured with Nassarius Sp together were innocuous and ed
Clinical significance of cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia in treatment of children with cytomegalovirus hepatitis

Objective To discuss changes in the results of a cytomegalovirus PP65 antigenemia(CMV-PP65) assay after therapy for children with cytomegalovirus hepatitis.Methods Subjects were 84 patients who had been diagnosed based on clinical manifestations,testing positive for cytomegalovirus IgM(CMV-IgM) and CMV-PP65,and results of a hepatic function test.Subjects received antiviral treatment in the form of intravenous ganciclovir and symptomatic treatment with drugs to protect the liver,promote the discharge of bile,and ameliorate jaundice.Results The children′s levels of total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,glutamate pyruvate transaminase,and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were significantly lower after treatment(P0.05).CMV-IgM positivity did not change significantly(P0.05) before and after treatment,but CMV-PP65 positivity was significantly lower(P0.05) after treatment.Conclusion A PP65 antigenemia assay is more sensitive than a CMV-IgM assay at diagnosing cytomegalovirus hepatitis in children.PP65Ag assays may be a better choice for diagnosis and management of CMV hepatitis.
Interfacial Water at Polyurethane-Sapphire Interface.

Infrared–visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) was used to directly probe water between polyurethane (PU) and sapphire substrates after exposing samples to liquid water and water vapor. For liquid water, the observation of SFG peaks associated with H2O bands (3000–3400 cm–1) and D2O bands (2300–2600 cm–1) indicated water molecules diffused to the buried interface and existed in the form of a hydrogen-bonded water network. The water layer disrupted interactions between polyurethane and sapphire. When PU films were exposed to water vapor, the SFG peak intensities of PU hydrocarbon and sapphire hydroxyl groups changed significantly, which suggested water molecules had reached the interface. However, no hydrogen-bonded water bands were present; instead, the H2O peak at 3550 cm–1 and D2O peaks (2600–2700 cm–1) were observed. We assigned these peaks to low-coordination water molecules or hydroxyl groups hydrogen bonded with carboxyl groups of PU at the interface. The water molecules did not form a...
P202 Evaluation of interfering substances common to swab and urine specimen using the bd max™ CT/GC AND CT/GC/TV assays, a new automated molecular assay

Background/introduction The BD MAX™ CT/GC and CT/GC/TV assays performed on the BD MAX™ System are qualitative multiplex assays designed for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) DNA in female urine, endocervical, and vaginal specimens, or CT and GC DNA in male urine specimens. Aim(s)/objectives This study evaluated the performance of the BD MAX™ CT/GC and CT/GC/TV assays in the presence of interfering substances commonly found in vaginal swab and urine specimen. Methods Vaginal and Urine specimen pool suspensions prepared in BD MAX™ UVE Sample Buffer were inoculated with (44) different biological, chemical, and bacterial substances at a concentration that may be found in urogenital specimens. Suspensions containing interfering substances were subsequently triple-spiked with quantitated cultures of CT, GC, and TV at 2X the Limit of Detection (LOD) for positive specimen. Negative specimens were not spiked with organism. All pools were inoculated into BD MAX™ UVE Sample Buffer Tubes, heated on the BD MAX™ Pre-warm Heater and tested on the BD MAX™ System. Interference was determined as non-conforming positive or negative test results. Results Interference was not identified with any of the 31 substances tested for urine. No interference was observed in vaginal swab specimens with the exception of contraceptive foams and gels (>25 µL/mL), metronidazole cream (>2.5 µL/mL) and whole blood (>0.66 µL/mL). Discussion/conclusion These results demonstrate that the BD MAX™CT/GC and CT/GC/TV assays detect the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoea, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis in in the presence of interfering substances common in urine and vaginal swab specimen.
Transgenic animal models of renal development and pathogenesis

The use of transgenic animals represents a powerful tool with which to address the role of particular gene products in vivo. Recent technical and biological advances have simplified the process of creating both transgenic mice and null-mutation mice. Increasing numbers of genetic control elements are available to direct transgene expression to particular renal cell types and to enhance the consistency of expression. These approaches have contributed significantly to our understanding of renal development and pathogenesis, in particular in the following areas: the roles of various oncogenes, homeobox genes, and growth factors in renal development and the pathogenesis of cystic renal diseases; the contribution of systemic and local expression of the renin-angiotensin system to blood pressure control; the role of growth factors and cytokines in progressive glomerular disease; the role of viral proteins in the pathogenesis of glomerular and tubular disease; and mechanisms of immune-mediated renal disease.
Linking Curie constant and phase transition temperature with fundamental ion properties

ABSTRACTThe Curie Law and Curie – Weiss Law, empirically determined relations, with experimentally determined Curie constant(s) and Curie temperature(s), Tc, are related, through correlation, to the permittivity. The Clausius – Mossotti relation, a fundamental equation that links: permittivity; index of refraction through the Lorentz – Lorenz equation; and, conductivity through Maxwell's formula; is here shown to incorporate both the ferroelectric Curie Law and Curie – Weiss Law. In light of recent developments with regard to coordination and temperature dependent ion properties, radii and polarizabilities, of Perovskites, it is now possible to model and design temperature dependent properties: lattice parameters and volumes; permittivity; as well as the temperature of polarization induced structural phase transitions; of at least Perovskites through the Clausius – Mossotti equation using fundamental ion properties which also form the foundational basis upon which the indices of refraction, through the Lo...
Attosecond science in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics

Attosecond science represents a new frontier in atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics, enabling one to probe the exceedingly fast dynamics associated with purely electronic dynamics in a wide range of systems. This paper presents a brief discussion of the technology required to generate attosecond light pulses and gives representative examples of attosecond science carried out in several laboratories. Attosecond transient absorption, a very powerful method in attosecond science, is then reviewed and several examples of gas phase and condensed phase experiments that have been carried out in the Leone/Neumark laboratories are described.
Interventional Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy: A Novel Technique to Guide Surgical Planning for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study Objective:One of the challenges of surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is identifying the correct surgical site for each patient. The objective of this study was to use drug-induced sle...
“The Question Exists, but You Don’t Exist With It”: Strategic Anonymity in the Social Lives of Adolescents:

Anonymous interactions may have important implications for adolescents’ social and psychological development. In this article, we use semi-structured interview data collected from US adolescents ag...
E-044 Stent Retriever Thrombectomy and Local Aspiration with a Navigable and Flexible Second Generation Support Catheter for Acute Ischemic Stroke: The "Sol-Arc" Technique

Multiple recent randomized controlled trials have proven the benefit of mechanical thrombectomy using stent retrievers for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO). 1–5 Techniques currently used for endovascular treatment of stroke employ either direct aspiration, stent retriever thrombectomy or a combination of both. When stent retrievers are used, temporary flow arrest with an extracranial balloon guide catheter or assisted local aspiration with a large bore intracranial suction catheter is recommended. This allows for more complete recanalization and prevents embolization to previously uninvolved territories. Recent advancements in large bore intracranial suction catheter technology have made it easier to utilize coaxial stent retriever thrombectomy assisted by local aspiration. At our high-volume comprehensive stroke center, we have found the second generation large bore intracranial Arc support catheter (ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA) to be extremely effective when used in combination with the Solitaire stent retriever (ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA). We have found the Arc support catheter to be much more navigable, less prone to kinking and easier to deliver into the M1 segment (without causing spasm) than the first generation local aspiration catheters. Additionally, the Arc support catheter is less costly than the currently available suction catheters. The Sol-Arc technique begins with placement of a stent retriever device across the embolic occlusion by deployment though a 021 or 027 microcatheter. This microcatheter is placed coaxially through the Arc support catheter which is positioned just proximal to the embolus. After waiting 5 minutes, the stent retriever is pulled inside the Arc support catheter which is simultaneously aspirated. Subsequently, the Arc support catheter is removed while aspirating the guiding sheath in the neck. This technique should allow for faster, safer and more successful stent retriever thrombectomy when used in conjunction with local aspiration. Disclosures A. Onofrio: None. A. Miller: None. J. Hise: None. I. Thacker: None. J. Haithcock: None. D. Graybeal: None. K. Layton: None.
Dementia‐related restlessness: relationship to characteristics of persons with dementia and family caregivers

Objective Dementia-related restlessness is commonly endorsed by caregivers but not well understood. This study examines differences in characteristics (demographics, cognitive status, physical function, pain, and mood) of persons with dementia whose caregivers endorse restlessness versus those who do not. We also examine the relationship of restlessness to caregiver well-being including burden, upset with behaviors, mastery, and depressive symptomatology. Methods We combined baseline data from three caregiver intervention studies of community-dwelling persons with dementia who exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms (n = 569) as measured by the Agitated Behaviors in Dementia Scale. We conducted bivariate correlations and independent t-tests by using the Agitated Behaviors in Dementia Scale restlessness item. Results Nearly 65% (n = 367) of dementia caregivers reported restlessness. There were no significant differences between those with and without (n = 202) reported restlessness concerning functional status (physical or cognitive). However, persons with restlessness had significantly higher pain scores (p < 0.01), were more likely to be on behavioral medications (p < 0.001), and had more neuropsychiatric symptoms as compared with persons without restlessness (M = 11.11, nonrestless; M = 6.61, restless) (p < 0.001). Caregivers of persons with dementia-related restlessness reported greater burden (p < 0.001), behavioral upset (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), and lower mastery providing care (p < 0.01) compared with caregivers of persons without dementia-related restlessness. Conclusions Restlessness is a common neuropsychiatric symptom that appears to be associated with poorer functioning in persons with dementia and greater distress in their caregivers. Further research is needed to understand the unique contributions of restlessness to care burden and quality of life of persons with dementia, as well as ways to address this distressing symptom. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.