cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRANSPORT OF TOROIDAL MAGNETIC FIELD BY THE MERIDIONAL FLOW AT THE BASE OF THE SOLAR CONVECTION ZONE

In this paper we discuss the transport of toroidal magnetic field by a weak meridional flow at the base of the convection zone. We use the differential rotation and meridional flow model developed by Rempel and incorporate feedback of a purely toroidal magnetic field in two ways: directly through the Lorentz force (magnetic tension) and indirectly through quenching of the turbulent viscosity, which affects the parameterized turbulent angular momentum transport in the model. In the case of direct Lorentz force feedback, we find that a meridional flow with an amplitude of around 2 m s-1 can transport a magnetic field with a strength of 20-30 kG. Quenching of turbulent viscosity leads to deflection of the meridional flow from the magnetized region and a significant reduction of the transport velocity if the magnetic field is above equipartition strength.
Are perks purely managerial excess

Abstract A widespread view is that executive perks exemplify agency problems—they are a route through which managers misappropriate a firm's surplus. Accordingly, firms with high free cash flow, operating in industries with limited investment prospects, should offer more perks, and firms subject to more external monitoring should offer fewer perks. The evidence for agency as an explanation of perks is, at best, mixed. Perks are, however, offered in situations in which they enhance managerial productivity. While we cannot rule out the occasional aberration, and while we have little to say on the overall level of perks, our findings suggest that treating perks purely as managerial excess is incorrect.
The Hausdorff dimension of random walks and the correlation length critical exponent in Euclidean field theory

We study the random walk representation of the two-point function in statistical mechanics models near the critical point. Using standard scaling arguments, we show that the critical exponentv describing the vanishing of the physical mass at the critical point is equal tovΘ/dw, wheredw is the Hausdorff dimension of the walk, andvΘ is the exponent describing the vanishing of the energy per unit length of the walk at the critical point. For the case ofO(N) models, we show thatv0=ϕ, whereϕ is the crossover exponent known in the context of field theory. This implies that the Hausdorff dimension of the walk isϕ/v forO(N) models.
Radical Fragmentation of ω-Bromoalkyl Cyclobutanones. A Modular Approach to Eight-Membered Carbocycles

An eight-membered ring was conveniently appended onto a cycloalkene carboxylate by employing a facile radical cyclization−fragmentation reaction of an ω-bromoalkyl spirocyclobutanone, which was readily accessible by the Kulinkovich cyclopropanation and subsequent electrophilic addition to a 3-bromoalkyl acetal.
Dielectric signatures of adsorbed and salty liquid water at the Phoenix landing site, Mars

[1] The real part of the dielectric permittivity of the Martian regolith was measured by the Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) on the Phoenix lander. We interpret these data using laboratory measurements of permittivity as a function of H2O and salt content, soil type, and temperature. Due to variability in sensor coupling, we focus on data taken at one locality (“Vestri”) three separate times, spanning multiple sols. A daytime increase in permittivity suggests progressive melting of a heterogeneous, disconnected, salty ice with a eutectic temperature of ∼239 K, which is close to the eutectic temperatures of NaClO4 or MgCl2. We found no evidence for Mg(ClO4)2. NaClO4 and MgCl2 are consistent with precipitation by freezing following a prior epoch of high obliquity. The evaporation of diurnal briny meltwater is inhibited by surface tension in small pores. An increase in permittivity occurred on the night of sol 70 that coincided with surface frost and measurement of a decrease in atmospheric water vapor. The permittivity jump can be matched by an increase in adsorbed H2O from ∼1 monolayer to 3 monolayers in an analog soil with a Viking-like specific surface area (17 m2/g). However, the amount of adsorbed H2O is an order of magnitude larger than that inferred to have precipitated during the night. We suggest that the electrical signature of adsorbed water on Mars is stronger than we measured in the laboratory, possibly due to radiation damage of the regolith.
Dynamical Interactions of Planetary Systems in Dense Stellar Environments

We study dynamical interactions of star-planet binaries with other single stars. We derive analytical cross sections for all possible outcomes and confirm them with numerical scattering experiments. We find that a wide mass ratio in thebinaryintroducesaregioninparameterspacethatisinaccessibletocomparable-masssystems,inwhichthenature of the dynamical interaction is fundamentally different from what has traditionally been considered in the literature on binary scattering. We study the properties of the planetary systems that result from the scattering interactions for all regions of parameter space, paying particular attention to the location of the ‘‘hard-soft’’ boundary. The structure of the parameter space turns out to be significantly richer than a simple statement of the location of the hard-soft boundarywouldimply.Weconsidertheimplicationsofourfindings, calculatingcharacteristic lifetimesforplanetary systemsindensestellarenvironmentsandapplyingtheresultstopreviousanalyticalstudies,aswellaspastandfuture observations. Since we recognized that the system PSR B1620� 26 in the globular cluster M4 lies in the ‘‘new’’ region of parameter space, we performed a detailed analysis quantifying the likelihood of different scenarios in forming the system we see today. Subject headings: celestial mechanics — globular clusters: general — methods: n-body simulations — planetary systems — pulsars: individual (PSR B1620� 26)
Stability of the hydrogen trioxy radical via infrared action spectroscopy.

The hydrogen trioxy radical (HO3) has been proposed as an intermediate in several important chemical reactions and relaxation processes involving OH in the atmosphere. In this work, the gas-phase infrared action spectrum of HO3 is obtained in the OH overtone region, along with the product state distribution of the OH fragment following dissociation. The highest observed OH product channel sets an upper limit for the HO−O2 binding energy of 6.12 kcal mol-1. The experimental stability of HO3 and derived equilibrium constant imply that up to 66% of atmospheric OH may be converted into HO3 in the tropopause region.
Foreign exchange hedging in Chile

Policy makers have expressed interest in fostering the development of local foreign exchange derivatives markets with a view to reducing risks arising from currency mismatches between assets and liabilities in the corporate sector. This paper assesses foreign exchange exposure in the corporate sector in Chile, analyses the current state of the foreign exchange derivatives market in Chile, and argues that liquid and developed foreign exchange derivatives markets can help promote financial stability.
A MISALIGNED PROGRADE ORBIT FOR KEPLER-13 Ab VIA DOPPLER TOMOGRAPHY

Transiting planets around rapidly rotating stars are not amenable to precise radial velocity observations, such as are used for planet candidate validation, as they have wide, rotationally broadened stellar lines. Such planets can, however, be observed using Doppler tomography, wherein stellar absorption line profile distortions during transit are spectroscopically resolved. This allows the validation of transiting planet candidates and the measurement of the stellar spin-planetary orbit (mis)alignment, which is an important statistical probe of planetary migration processes. We present Doppler tomographic observations that provide direct confirmation of the hot Jupiter Kepler-13 Ab and also show that the planet has a prograde, misaligned orbit with λ = 58.°6 ± 2.°0. Our measured value of the spin-orbit misalignment is in significant disagreement with the value of λ = 23° ± 4° previously measured by Barnes et al. (2011) from the gravity-darkened Kepler light curve. We also place an upper limit of 0.75 M{sub ☉} (95% confidence) on the mass of Kepler-13 C, the spectroscopic companion to Kepler-13 B, which is the proper-motion companion of the planet host star Kepler-13 A.
On the Postbuckling Behavior of Imperfection-Sensitive Structures in the Plastic Range

Axisymmetric plastic deformation of imperfection sensitive spherical shell after elastic buckling, considering load carrying capacity
An Instrument to Measure the Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation at Centimeter Wavelengths

The Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE) is a balloon-borne instrument to measure the temperature of the cosmic microwave background at centimeter wavelengths. ARCADE uses narrowband cryogenic radiometers to compare the sky to an external full-aperture calibrator. To minimize potential sources of systematic error, ARCADE uses a novel open-aperture design that maintains the antennas and calibrator at temperatures near 3 K at the mouth of an open bucket Dewar, without windows or other warm objects between the antennas and the sky. We discuss the design and performance of the ARCADE instrument from its 2001 and 2003 flights.
Political Influence Behavior and Career Success

The present study examined an important yet under-investigated topic, the effect of political influence behavior on career success. Drawing from past research on influence behavior and relevant theory from social psychology, the effect of political influence behavior on career success was hypothesized to depend on the type of influence tactic employed. Results from a sample of past graduates of two universities indicated that supervisor-focused tactics, manifesting a strategy of ingratiation, resulted in higher levels of career success while job-focused tactics, manifesting a strategy of self-promotion, resulted in lower levels of success. Implications of the results for the study of careers and career management processes are discussed.
Low temperature asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins catalyzed by (salen)Mn(III) complexes

Abstract The enantioselective epoxidation of olefins catalyzed by (salen)Mn(III) complexes can be effected under anhydrous conditions with a variety of primary oxidant systems. The combination of m -CPBA and NMO is particularly reactive, allowing for epoxidation reactions to be carried out at −78 °C. Under these low temperature conditions, a variety of unfunctionalized olefins undergo epoxidation with a significant increase in enantioselectivity relative to reaction using aqueous bleach.
Markov chain intersections and the loop-erased walk☆

L etX and Y be independent transient Markov chains on the same state space that have the same transition probabilities. Let L denote the "loop-erased path" obtained from the path of X by erasing cycles when they are created. We prove that if the paths of X and Y have infinitely many intersections a.s., then L and Y also have infinitely many intersections a.s.  2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS MSC: primary 60J10; secondary 60G17
Endovascular repair of a ruptured subclavian artery aneurysm in a patient with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome using a sandwich technique

We present the case of a type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patient with a ruptured right subclavian artery aneurysm and associated arteriovenous fistula who underwent successful endovascular repair requiring simultaneous stent graft repair of the innominate artery using a sandwich technique. A 17-year-old man with known type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome developed right neck and shoulder swelling. CTA study demonstrated a 17 × 13-cm ruptured subclavian artery aneurysm with an associated internal jugular vein arteriovenous fistula. In the hybrid suite, a 7 mm × 15-cm stent graft (Viabahn, WL Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) was advanced from the right brachial approach into the innominate artery. A separate wire was placed into the right carotid artery via the right femoral approach (7 Fr), and a 7 mm × 10-cm stent graft (Viabahn) was advanced into the innominate artery. An additional 8 mm × 10-cm stent graft (Viabahn) was placed from the right brachial approach to obtain a distal-landing zone in the axillary artery. Complex vascular anatomy, in which graft seal creation may be challenging, does not exclude endovascular approaches as the sandwich technique can be utilized as a suitable alternative to open repair.
Same Talker, Different Language.

When discriminating between unknown foreign languages, infants, young children, and adult listeners are able to make same-language/different-language discrimination judgments at better than chance levels. In these studies (Lorch & Meara, 1989; Mehler et al., 1988; Stockmal, 1995), foreign language samples have often been provided by different talkers, confounding voice characteristics and language characteristics. In Experiments 1 and 2, using the same talkers for different pairs of languages, we found that listeners were able to discriminate between languages they did not know, even when spoken by the same talker. That is, listeners were able to separate talker from language characteristics. Experiment 3 used multidimensional scaling to explore the bases of listener judgments. Listeners were attentive to prosodic properties and influenced by their familiarity with the test languages.
Middle ear prosthesis displacement in high-strength magnetic fields.

Hypothesis Middle ear prostheses made from nonmagnetic, magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible metals reportedly displace ex vivo in the presence of high magnetic fields used in MR imaging (MRI). The authors postulate that the prosthesis displacement seen with "nonmagnetic" MR-compatible prostheses ex vivo may not be clinically significant in vivo. Methods Middle ear prostheses made from ferromagnetic (420F stainless steel) and nonmagnetic MR-compatible metals (316L stainless steel and platinum) were examined for magnetic field interactions at 4.7 Tesla (T). Ex vivo testing consisted of measurements of the translational and rotational motion of the prosthesis induced by the static magnetic field. In vivo testing was assessed by implanting prostheses in cadaveric temporal bones and performing clinical MRI sequences. Prosthesis displacement was measured semiquantitatively. Results Angular deflection was observed in all samples made from nonmagnetic stainless steel. The negative control (platinum) demonstrated no deflection, and the positive controls (ferromagnetic stainless steel) deflected >90 degrees. Torque analysis showed movement in five of five nonmagnetic stainless steel prostheses. Prostheses made from nonmagnetic stainless steel remained in place without appreciable loosening in vivo after MRI. Prostheses made with known ferromagnetic properties were displaced at 4.7 T but not at 1.5 T. Conclusion Middle ear prostheses made from low-magnetic stainless steel do move in the presence of high magnetic fields ex vivo; however, this does not appear to be clinically or statistically significant in vivo at 4.7 T. Magnetic resonance imaging should be undertaken with caution in individuals with prostheses made from stainless steel with strong ferromagnetic properties.
Visible light-mediated intermolecular C-H functionalization of electron-rich heterocycles with malonates.

The photoredox-mediated direct intermolecular C−H functionalization of substituted indoles, pyrroles, and furans with diethyl bromomalonate is described, utilizing the visible light-induced reductive quenching pathway of Ru(bpy)3Cl2. An analysis of reductive quenchers and mechanistic considerations has led to an optimized protocol for the heteroaromatic alkylations, providing products in good yields and regioselectivities, as well as successfully eliminating previously observed competitive side reactions. This methodology is highlighted by its neutral conditions, activity at ambient temperatures, low catalyst loading, functional group tolerance, and chemoselectivity.
Chaos and Noise in Galactic Potentials

This paper summarizes an investigation of the effects of weak friction and noise in time-independent, nonintegrable two-dimensional potentials that admit both regular and stochastic orbits. The aim is to understand the qualitative effects of internal and external irregularities associated with discreteness effects or couplings to an external environment, which stars in any real galaxy must experience. It is found that these irregularities can be important already on timescales much shorter than the natural relaxation timescale tR associated with two-body relaxation. In particular, for stochastic orbits friction and noise result in an exponential divergence from the unperturbed Hamiltonian trajectory, at a rate set by the value of the local Lyapunov exponent, which persists even for relatively large deviations from the unperturbed trajectory. Friction and noise can also have significant effects on the statistical properties of ensembles of stochastic orbits. Stochastic orbits may be divided into two classes, confined or sticky stochastic orbits which are trapped near islands of regularity, and unconfined or filling stochastic orbits that travel unimpeded throughout a stochastic sea. In the absence of friction and noise, transitions between confined and filling stochastic orbits are very slow. However, even very weak friction and noise can drastically accelerate such transitions, leading to an approach toward a statistical equilibrium on timescales tR. In the two-dimensional models studied in this paper, there are cases for which tR exceeds 106 crossing times where friction and noise can induce transitions for more than half the orbits within 100 crossing times, this corresponding in galaxies to a Hubble time tH. Implications for galactic dynamics are discussed.
Ultrathin Nanostructured Metals for Highly Transmissive Plasmonic Subtractive Color Filters

We present a systematic investigation of the counter-intuitive phenomenon of Extraordinary Low Transmission through ultrathin nanostructured metals, and present results on novel plasmonic subtractive color filters, exhibiting both record-high transmission efficiency and spatial resolution.
Testing Conflicting Political Economy Theories: Full‐Fledged versus Partial‐Scope Regional Trade Agreements

We apply a duration analysis to test the conflicting predictions of the median voter model and the lobbying model using panel data on regional trade agreement (RTA) formation. Our results show that the pro-labor prediction of the median voter model is supported by the full-fledged free trade areas and customs unions (FTAs/CUs), while the pro-capital prediction of the lobbying model is supported by the partial-scope preferential trade arrangements among developing countries. This finding holds better for the country pairs with more different capital-labor ratios as a result of the stronger distributional effects of RTAs. The support for the median voter model (lobbying model) is stronger when the two countries in a pair have left-oriented (right-oriented) governments. I also find stronger support for the median voter model for the subset of FTAs/CUs with service coverage and stronger support for the lobbying model for countries that place higher weight on political contribution.
Validation of the updated 7th edition AJCC TNM staging criteria for gastric adenocarcinoma.

The recently published 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging criteria for gastric adenocarcinoma contains important revisions to T and N classifications, as well as overall stage grouping. Our goal was to validate the new staging system using a cancer registry. Retrospective review of gastric cancer patients from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry data (2004–2007). Patients were staged according to both 6th and 7th edition criteria, and 3-year disease-specific survival was compared. Thirteen thousand five hundred forty-seven patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were identified with complete staging information. When using 7th edition criteria, there was an increase in the number of patients classified as stage III (23% vs. 13%), and a decrease in patients classified as stage IV (47% vs. 53%). Statistically significant differences in 3-year disease-specific survival were observed for all T and N categories and re-staging the same population according to the 7th edition criteria improved survival discrimination. Multivariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences in survival and linear progression of hazard ratios for each stage grouping. The 7th edition AJCC staging criteria for gastric adenocarcinoma demonstrate better survival discrimination and risk stratification than previous criteria.
Module Varieties and Representation Type of Finite-Dimensional Algebras

In this paper we seek geometric and invariant-theoretic characterizations of (Schur-)representation finite algebras. To this end, we introduce two classes of finitedimensional algebras: those with the dense-orbit property and those with the multiplicityfree property. We show first that when a connected algebra admits a preprojective component, each of these properties is equivalent to it being representation-finite. Next, we give an example of an algebra which is not representation-finite but still has the dense-orbit property. We also show that the string algebras with the dense orbit-property are precisely the representation-finite ones. Finally, we show that a tame algebra has the multiplicity-free property if and only if it is Schur-representation-finite.
Optimal output feedback architecture for triangular LQG problems

Distributed control problems under some specific information constraints can be formulated as (possibly infinite dimensional) convex optimization problems. The underlying motivation of this work is to develop an understanding of the optimal decision making architecture for such problems. In this paper, we particularly focus on the N-player triangular LQG problems and show that the optimal output feedback controllers have attractive state space realizations. The optimal controller can be synthesized using a set of stabilizing solutions to 2N linearly coupled algebraic Riccati equations, which turn out to be easily solvable under reasonable assumptions.
Fiscal policy, elastic labor supply, and endogenous growth

Abstract Endogenizing labor supply leads to fundamental changes in the equilibrium structure of the AK growth model. The balanced growth equilibrium can be described in terms of two tradeoff loci relating the equilibrium growth rate to the fraction of time devoted to leisure. The implications of endogenous labor supply for fiscal policy are analyzed. Three issues are addressed. First, the effects of various distortionary tax changes and government expenditure changes on the equilibrium growth-leisure (employment) tradeoff are analyzed. Second, optimal fiscal policy is characterized. Finally, the formal analysis is supplemented by numerical results, focusing particularly on the quantitative welfare implications.
The influence of dimension eight operators on weak matrix elements

Abstract I describe recent work with V. Cirigliano and E. Golowich on the effect of dimension eight operators on weak nonleptonic amplitudes. The basic mesage is that there is an inconsistency in the way that many calculations are traditionally performed. If one calculates matrix elements involving only physics below some scale μ, then one needs dimension eight operators explicitly in the weak OPE. On the other hand if one wants to use dimensional regularization throughout, then one needs all scales to be included within the matrix element, and this results in the same net effect. A numerical estimate indicates that this is important below μ = 2 GeV, and this calls into question many of the models that have been used to predict e′/e.
A bialgebraic approach to automata and formal language theory

Abstract A bialgebra is a structure which is simultaneously an algebra and a coalgebra, such that the algebraic and coalgebraic parts are compatible. Bialgebras are usually studied over a commutative ring. In this paper, we apply the defining diagrams of algebras, coalgebras, and bialgebras to categories of semimodules and semimodule homomorphisms over a commutative semiring. We then treat automata as certain representation objects of algebras and formal languages as elements of dual algebras of coalgebras. Using this perspective, we demonstrate many analogies between the two theories. Finally, we show that there is an adjunction between the category of “algebraic” automata and the category of deterministic automata. Using this adjunction, we show that K -linear automaton morphisms can be used as the sole rule of inference in a complete proof system for automaton equivalence.
NONSTATIONARITY-EXTENDED WHITTLE ESTIMATION

For long memory time series models with uncorrelated but dependent errors, we establish the asymptotic normality of the Whittle estimator under mild conditions. Our framework includes the widely used fractional autoregressive integrated moving average models with generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic-type innovations. To cover nonstationary fractionally integrated processes, we extend the idea of Abadir, Distaso, and Giraitis (2007, Journal of Econometrics 141, 1353–1384) and develop the nonstationarity-extended Whittle estimation. The resulting estimator is shown to be asymptotically normal and is more efficient than the tapered Whittle estimator. Finally, the results from a small simulation study are presented to corroborate our theoretical findings.
Gauss Maps of the Mean Curvature Flow

Let $F:\Sigma^n \times [0,T)\to \R^{n+m}$ be a family of compact immersed submanifolds moving by their mean curvature vectors. We show the Gauss maps $\gamma:(\Sigma^n, g_t)\to G(n, m)$ form a harmonic heat flow with respect to the time-dependent induced metric $g_t$. This provides a more systematic approach to investigating higher codimension mean curvature flows. A direct consequence is any convex function on $G(n,m)$ produces a subsolution of the nonlinear heat equation on $(\Sigma, g_t)$. We also show the condition that the image of the Gauss map lies in a totally geodesic submanifold of $G(n, m)$ is preserved by the mean curvature flow. Since the space of Lagrangian subspaces is totally geodesic in G(n,n), this gives an alternative proof that any Lagrangian submanifold remains Lagrangian along the mean curvature flow.
Possible Solutions to the Radius Anomalies of Transiting Giant Planets

We calculate the theoretical evolution of the radii of all 14 of the known transiting extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) for a variety of assumptions concerning atmospheric opacity, dense inner core masses, and possible internal power sources. We incorporate the effects of stellar irradiation and customize such effects for each EGP and star. Looking collectively at the family as a whole, we find that there are in fact two radius anomalies to be explained. Not only are the radii of a subset of the known transiting EGPs larger than expected from previous theory, but many of the other objects are smaller than the default theory would allow. We suggest that the larger EGPs can be explained by invoking enhanced atmospheric opacities that naturally retain internal heat. This explanation might obviate the necessity for an extra internal power source. We explain the smaller radii by the presence in perhaps all the known transiting EGPs of dense cores, such as have been inferred for Saturn and Jupiter. Importantly, we derive a rough correlation between the masses of our "best-fit" cores and the stellar metallicity that seems to buttress the core-accretion model of their formation. Although many caveats and uncertainties remain, the resulting comprehensive theory that incorporates enhanced-opacity atmospheres and dense cores is in reasonable accord with all the current structural data for the known transiting giant planets.
Flatness of CR submanifolds in a sphere

In Euclidean geometry, for a real submanifold M in $$ \mathbb{E}^{n + a} $$ , M is a piece of $$ \mathbb{E}^n $$ if and only if its second fundamental form is identically zero. In projective geometry, for a complex submanifold M in ℂPn+a, M is a piece of ℂℚ n if and only if its projective second fundamental form is identically zero. In CR geometry, we prove the CR analogue of this fact in this paper.
Nearly Tight Frames and Space-Frequency Analysis on Compact Manifolds

Let M be a smooth compact oriented Riemannian manifold of dimension n without boundary, and let Δ be the Laplace–Beltrami operator on M. Say \({0 \neq f \in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb R^+)}\) , and that f (0) = 0. For t > 0, let Kt(x, y) denote the kernel of f (t2 Δ). Suppose f satisfies Daubechies’ criterion, and b > 0. For each j, write M as a disjoint union of measurable sets Ej,k with diameter at most baj, and measure comparable to \({(ba^j)^n}\) if baj is sufficiently small. Take xj,k ∈ Ej,k. We then show that the functions \({\phi_{j,k}(x)=\mu(E_{j,k})^{1/2} \overline{K_{a^j}}(x_{j,k},x)}\) form a frame for (I − P)L2(M), for b sufficiently small (here P is the projection onto the constant functions). Moreover, we show that the ratio of the frame bounds approaches 1 nearly quadratically as the dilation parameter approaches 1, so that the frame quickly becomes nearly tight (for b sufficiently small). Moreover, based upon how well-localized a function F ∈ (I − P)L2 is in space and in frequency, we can describe which terms in the summation \({F \sim SF = \sum_j \sum_k \langle F,\phi_{j,k} \rangle \phi_{j,k}}\) are so small that they can be neglected. If n = 2 and M is the torus or the sphere, and f (s) = se−s (the “Mexican hat” situation), we obtain two explicit approximate formulas for the φj,k, one to be used when t is large, and one to be used when t is small.
Catalytic Oxidative Cleavage of Electrophilic Double Bonds

Abstract Oxidative cleavage of a variety of electrophilic double bond substrates has been effected under mild reaction conditions by sodium metaperiodate or sodium hypochlorite catalyzed by ruthenium oxide.
Analysis of a Plurality Voting-based Combination of Classifiers

In various studies, it has been demonstrated that combining the decisions of multiple classifiers can lead to better recognition result. Plurality voting is one of the most widely used combination strategies. In this paper, we both theoretically and experimentally analyze the performance of a plurality voting based ensemble classifier. Theoretical expressions for system performance are derived as a function of the model parameters: N (number of classifiers), m (number of classes), and p (probability that a single classifier is correct). Experimental results on the human face recognition problem show that the voting strategy can successfully achieve high detection and identification rates, and, simultaneously, low false acceptance rates.
First‐ and Second‐Moment Exchange Rate Exposure: Evidence from U.S. Stock Returns

This study investigates the impact of first- and second-moment exchange rate exposure on the daily returns of nine U.S. sectors from 1992 to 1998. In 17.8% of the cases we detect significant first-moment exposure when contemporaneous exchange rates are used. Moreover, 25.0% of the significant exposures are asymmetric. When the model utilizes one-day lags, 42.2% of the cases are significant and 79.0% are asymmetric. Regarding second-moment exposure, the financial sector displays pervasive sensitivity to exchange rate volatility when using contemporaneous and lagged models. This result is reasonable, assuming that revenues from the sale of derivative products increase with currency volatility.
The Effectiveness of Personal Training on Changing Attitudes Towards Physical Activity

More and more people seeking the expertise of personal trainers in recent years. With very few previous efforts evaluating the effectiveness of the personal training experience in the scientific literature, this study utilized movement in the Stages of the Transtheoretical Model (STM) to determine the efficacy of personal training. One hundred twenty nine volunteer participants (clients) (age range: 20 " 65 years old) were assigned a university senior personal trainer for a10-week program. At an initial meeting, the clients were given a form to self-assess their stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption (STM) choosing one of five stages: Pre-contemplation (not intending to make changes), Contemplation (considering a change), Preparation (getting ready to make a change), Action (actively engaged in making a change but only for a short while) & Maintenance (sustaining the change over time). After the initial assessment, the clients and trainer then met once a week and had targeted discussions on problem solving techniques such as determining the Benefits of Physical Activity, Barriers/Obstacles to Exercise, Support System Recruitment, Goal Setting and Relapse Prevention in addition to providing specific suggestions for the client's other exercise days during the week. At the end of the 10-week personal training program, the clients then reassessed their stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption. Of the 129 clients tested, 27 were in the maintenance (highest) stage and therefore could not move up. None of these 27 clients moved down a stage. Of the remaining 102 clients, there was significant (p < 0.01) upward movement at the conclusion of the program. 61 clients (60%) moved up one stage, 13 clients (13%) moved up two stages, 27 clients stayed at the same stage (26%) and one (1%) moved down a stage. The results suggest that one-on-one personal training is an effective method for changing attitudes and thereby increasing the amount of physical activity. Secondly, it seems that using problem-solving techniques is of value for successful behavior change.
An equivalent condition for a uniform space to be coverable

Abstract We prove that an equivalent condition for a uniform space to be coverable is that the images of the natural projections in the fundamental inverse system are uniformly open in a certain sense. As corollaries we (1) obtain a concrete way to find covering entourage, (2) correct an error in [V. Berestovskii, C. Plaut, Uniform universal covers of uniform spaces, Topology Appl. 154 (2007) 1748–1777], and (3) show that coverability is equivalent to chain connectedness and uniform joinability in the sense of [N. Brodskiy, J. Dydak, B. Labuz, A. Mitra, Rips complexes and universal covers in the uniform category, preprint arXiv:0706.3937.
Magnetic conditioning in superfluid

Abstract Improvements in superconducting magnet technology have reduced to a handful the number of training quenches typical of dipole magnets. The number of training quenches in long (17 m) and short (1–2 m) SSC magnets are now about the same (operating at 6.6 T and 4.4 K), yet the steps necessary to totally eliminate training are in future research and development plans for magnet construction and conductor motion prevention. The accepted hypothesis is that Lorentz forces and poor mechanical properties of superconducting cables are the cause of conductor motion. Conductor motion reduces the stored energy in the cable by converting it into heat. The small amount of heat generated (millijoules) during motion is usually enough to quench the magnet when it is close to short sample. During training, the magnet performance normally improves with the number of quenches. It is not the quench itself that improves magnet performance but rather the fact that once conductor motion has occurred it will probably not repeat itself unless subjected to higher forces. Conditioning is a process that enables the magnet to reduce its stored energy without causing a premature quench1,2. During the conditioning process, the magnet is further cooled from its operating temperature of 4.4 to 1.8 K by converting He I into He II. As a result, the magnet is placed in a state where it has excess stability as well as excellent heat transfer capabilities3. Although this does not eliminate motion, if the magnet is now cycled to ≈ 10% above its operating field at 4.4 K (which is above short sample) the excess stability should be enough to prevent quenching and reduce the probability of conductor motion and training once the magnet has been warmed back up to its operating temperature of 4.4 K.
The Area of the Medial Parallelogram of a Tetrahedron

(1999). The Area of the Medial Parallelogram of a Tetrahedron. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 10, pp. 956-958.
Two-equation turbulence models for prediction of heat transfer on a transonic turbine blade

Abstract Two versions of the two-equation k – ω model and a shear stress transport (SST) model are used in a three-dimensional, multi-block, Navier–Stokes code to compare the detailed heat transfer measurements on a transonic turbine blade. It is found that the SST model resolves the passage vortex better on the suction side of the blade, thus yielding a better comparison with the experimental data than either of the k – ω models. However, the comparison is still deficient on the suction side of the blade. Use of the SST model does require the computation of distance from a wall, which for a multi-block grid, such as in the present case, can be complicated. However, a relatively easy fix for this problem was devised. Also addressed are issues such as (1) computation of the production term in the turbulence equations for aerodynamic applications, and (2) the relation between the computational and experimental values for the turbulence length scale, and its influence on the passage vortex on the suction side of the turbine blade.
Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Piperidines via a Mild and Scalable Two‐Step Cu2O‐Mediated Decarboxylation of Cyanoesters

Abstract A four‐step, high‐yielding, kilogram‐scale protocol to prepare aldehyde 5 is reported. The key reaction is a mild, two‐step Cu2O‐mediated decarboxylation of cyanoester 3 that proceeds in excellent yield. The general applicability of this methodology has also been explored.
The Post-Legal Ethics of Tariq Ramadan: Persuasion and Performance in Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation

Who is the real Tariq Ramadan? Whenever a question like this is posed of anyone, it is very hard to remain on the safe side of inanity. Does any minimally interesting person have a single core identity or single perfectly transparent and consistent motivational set—in short a single “self ”? Nonetheless, this has been a very popular parlor game for some Western intellectuals, with a set of alarmists claiming that a close, or even “esoteric,” reading of Ramadan reveals him to be an apologist for the “Salafi reformism” of his grandfather, thus linking him to Sayyid Qutḅ and Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī. 2
Modeling issues related to retrieval of flexible tethered satellite systems

The retrieval dynamics of the tethered satellite system is simulated using Galerkin's method with and without the contribution of the lateral vibration to the strain and the bead model approach in which the tether is assumed to be a series of point masses connected to each other by massless springs and revolute joints. Simulation results show that all the methods produce significantly different responses. It is found that Galerkin's method without the lateral strain contribution does not reproduce the longitudinal bobbing motion due to lateral vibrations and does not show attenuation of lateral vibrations as the tether shortens. When the lateral contribution is included, convergence of the response is not achieved and sudden divergence is exhibited during retrieval as the number of modes used in the simulation is increased. The simulations using the bead model show the longitudinal bobbing motion as well as the skip-rope motion during the terminal phases of retrieval. In addition, a simple method for obtaining nonrecursive order-Af computation for the bead model simulation is presented.
Conflicts in Water Transfer from Irrigation to Municipal Use in Semiarid Environments

: Conflicts caused through development of urban areas in proximity to irrigated agriculture in water-scarce regions can be minimized through the direct urbanization of irrigated lands. This shifts the water supply from one use to another on the same site rather than creating an additional use in an adjoining area. This condition has prevailed in the Phoenix region. In the Tucson region, the municipality is buying and retiring farmland in an adjacent agricultural area, for the purpose of acquiring the water right in order to transfer water to municipal use. This land purchase is necessitated by existing Arizona water law, which ties the water to the land. This method of transfer creates problems concerning how much water can be transferred per acre retired; what to do with the abandoned farmland; inequities to agribusiness and taxing entities; and loss of food crop production which have not been resolved. An alternative to the retirement of farms, applicable in the Tucson region, is to exchange treated municipal wastewater for irrigation water. While this method appears to be the least disruptive, it requires the resolution of certain institutional problems concerned with land and water management method.
Matrix Description of Intersecting M5 Branes

Novel 3+1 dimensional N = 2 superconformal field theories (with tensionless BPS string solitons) are believed to arise when two sets of M5 branes intersect over a 3+1 dimensional hyperplane. We derive a DLCQ description of these theories as supersymmetric quantum mechanics on the Higgs branch of suitable 4d N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theories. Our formulation allows us to determine the scaling dimensions of certain chiral primary operators in the conformal field theories. We also discuss general criteria for quantum mechanical DLCQ descriptions of supersymmetric field theories (and the resulting multiplicities and scaling dimensions of chiral primary operators).
Dilute limit of a strongly-interacting model of spinless fermions and hardcore bosons on the square lattice

In our model, spinless fermions (or hardcore bosons) on a square lattice hop to nearest neighbor sites, and also experience a hard-core repulsion at the nearest neighbor separation. This is the simplest model of correlated electrons and is more tractable for exact diagonalization than the Hubbard model. We study systematically the dilute limit of this model by a combination of analytical and several numerical approaches: the two-particle problem using lattice Green functions and the t-matrix, the few-fermion problem using a modified t-matrix (demonstrating that the interaction energy is well captured by pairwise terms), and for bosons the fitting of the energy as a function of density to Schick’s analytical result for dilute hard disks. We present the first systematic study for a strongly-interacting lattice model of the t-matrix, which appears as the central object in older theories of the existence of a two-dimensional Fermi liquid for dilute fermions with strong interactions. For our model, we can (Lanczos) diagonalize the 7 x 7 system at all fillings and the 20 x 20 system with four particles, thus going far beyond previous diagonalization works on the Hubbard model.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF MERGER PREMIUMS

Regardless of their motives, acquiring firms almost always have to offer a premium to the shareholders of the acquired firm in acquisitions. That is, the value of the securities or cash paid by the acquirers is higher than the premerger market price of the acquired firm's common stock. The size of the merger premiums, as a percentage of the pre‐merger market price of the acquired firm's common stock, could vary from 20 per cent to 115 per cent. Several empirical studies examining the factors that determine the size of merger premiums have had limited success. Since the merger premium could affect the probability of success of a merger attempt and the wealth of the shareholders of both the acquiring and the acquired firms, continued efforts to improve our understanding of merger premium determination is essential. This paper investigates empirically the premiums paid in 66 mergers consummated between 1975 and 1979.
Models of rapidly rotating neutron stars: remnants of accretion-induced collapse

Equilibrium models of differentially rotating nascent neutron stars are constructed, which represent the result of the accretion-induced collapse of rapidly rotating white dwarfs. The models are built in a two-step procedure: (1) a rapidly rotating pre-collapse white dwarf model is constructed; (2) a stationary axisymmetric neutron star having the same total mass and angular momentum distribution as the white dwarf is constructed. The resulting collapsed objects consist of a high-density central core of size roughly 20 km, surrounded by a massive accretion torus extending over 1000 km from the rotation axis. The ratio of the rotational kinetic energy to the gravitational potential energy of these neutron stars ranges from 0.13 to 0.26, suggesting that some of these objects may have a non-axisymmetric dynamical instability that could emit a significant amount of gravitational radiation.
Quantum beats in the fluorescence of jet‐cooled diazabenzenes

We report here the observation of intramolecular quantum beats in the fluorescence of jet‐cooled pyrimidine and pyrazine, which represents only the second example of interference effects exhibited by closely‐spaced singlet–triplet molecular eigenstates of polyatomic molecules. (AIP)
Sequential aggregate signatures with lazy verification from trapdoor permutations

Sequential aggregate signature schemes allow n signers, in order, to sign a message each, at a lower total cost than the cost of n individual signatures. We present a sequential aggregate signature scheme based on trapdoor permutations (e.g., RSA). Unlike prior such proposals, our scheme does not require a signer to retrieve the keys of other signers and verify the aggregate-so-far before adding its own signature. Indeed, we do not even require a signer to know the public keys of other signers!Moreover, for applications that require signers to verify the aggregate anyway, our schemes support lazy verification: a signer can add its own signature to an unverified aggregate and forward it along immediately, postponing verification until load permits or the necessary public keys are obtained. This is especially important for applications where signers must access a large, secure, and current cache of public keys in order to verify messages. The price we pay is that our signature grows slightly with the number of signers.We report a technical analysis of our scheme (which is provably secure in the random oracle model), a detailed implementation-level specification, and implementation results based on RSA and OpenSSL. To evaluate the performance of our scheme, we focus on the target application of BGPsec (formerly known as Secure BGP), a protocol designed for securing the global Internet routing system. There is a particular need for lazy verification with BGPsec, since it is run on routers that must process signatures extremely quickly, while being able to access tens of thousands of public keys. We compare our scheme to the algorithms currently proposed for use in BGPsec, and find that our signatures are considerably shorter than nonaggregate RSA (with the same sign and verify times) and have an order of magnitude faster verification than nonaggregate ECDSA, although ECDSA has shorter signatures when the number of signers is small.
An audiovisual program for group desensitization

Abstract The responses of 102 subjects to 160 scenes, 80 fearful and 80 pleasant, were used in developing audiovisual hierarchies of 27 fearful and 27 pleasant scenes related to flying. A film was made presenting these scenes in pairs for automated treatment, each pair being preceded and followed by relaxation instructions.