cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal behavior of sol-gel derived phosphate ceramics

Abstract A series of phosphosilicate and phosphotitanate ceramics with different compositions was prepared through sol–gel process. The phase evolution was studied using X-ray diffractometry. P:Si gels remain amorphous up to the compositions of P:Si=0.4:1 mole ratio, and begin to crystallize to Si 5 O(PO 4 ) 6 at higher phosphorus contents. The sintering property examined by push-rod dilatometer technique showed that P:Si gels can be densified at 400°C. Weight loss and phase transition of samples upon firing was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Linear percentage thermal expansion of P:Si and P:Ti crystal phase was observed and briefly discussed.
Perinatal Methanol Exposure in the Rat

Abstract The use of methanol as a component of automobile fuel will increase perinatal exposures in the general population. Few studies have addressed questions concerning neurotoxicity stemming from such exposures. In the current study, four cohorts of pregnant Long–Evans rats, each cohort consisting of an exposure and a control group, were exposed to 4500 ppm methanol vapor in Rochester-type inhalation chambers for 6 hr daily beginning on Gestation Day 6. Exposure continued for both dams and pups through Postnatal Day 21 (PND 21) to model gestational and neonatal toxicity in humans. Several behavioral procedures were used to assess exposure effects in the offspring. Male–female littermates were studied whenever possible to examine sex differences, with one pair from a litter for each procedure. Exposure to methanol did not affect suckling latency and nipple attachment on PND 5 or performance on an aversive olfactory conditioning procedure on PND 10. Exposure to methanol did alter performances in a motor activity procedure. Methanol-exposed neonates were less active on PND 18, but more active on PND 25 than the equivalent control group pups. Two operant conditioning procedures, not used previously in this context, assayed other littermates as adults. A fixed ratio schedule required the rat to rotate a running wheel a specified number of revolutions to obtain food-pellet reinforcers. When the fixed ratio requirement changed, number of responses (revolutions) per 1-hr session displayed a complex interaction with treatment. Changes in performance over the course of training differed between males and females depending on exposure to methanol. Compared to initial baseline performances, methanol-exposed males showed decreases, and methanol-exposed females increases, in the rate of running. A stochastic spatial discrimination procedure permitted subjects to respond on any three levers, with the probabilities of food-pellet delivery determined by the location of the preceding response. A reinforcement matrix defined the response sequence required to maximize reinforcements. When the matrix was changed, the methanol-exposed subjects responded less efficiently at asymptotic levels of performance than controls. Across procedures, developmental exposure to 4500 ppm methanol vapor was associated with subtle behavioral changes in both neonates and adults.
Alcohol-induced serotonergic modulation: The role of histone deacetylases

Previous studies have demonstrated that alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are regulated by multiple mechanisms such as neurotransmitters and enzymes. The neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) may contribute to alcohol effects and serotonin receptors, including 5-HT3, play an important role in AUDs. Recent studies have also implicated histone deacetylases (HDACs) and acetyltransferases (HATS) in regulation of drug addiction, and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been reported as transcriptional modulators of monoaminergic neurotransmission. Therefore, we hypothesize that HDACs may play a role in ethanol-induced serotonergic modulation. The effects of ethanol on serotonin and 5-HT3, and the role HDACs, HDAC activity and the HDACi, trichostatin A (TSA), play in alcohol-induced serotonergic effects were studied. Human SK-N-MC and neurons, were treated with ethanol (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%), and/or TSA (50 nM), and 5-HT3 levels were assessed at 24-72 h. Gene expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR and protein by western blot and flow cytometry. Serotonin release was assessed by ELISA and HDAC activity by fluorometric assay. Our results show an increase in 5-HT3 gene after ethanol treatment. Further, ethanol significantly increased HDACs 1 and 3 genes accompanied by an increased in HDAC activity while TSA significantly inhibited HDACs. Studies with TSA show a significant upregulation of ethanol effects on 5-HT3, while surprisingly TSA inhibited ethanol-induced serotonin production. These results suggest that ethanol affects 5-HT3 and serotonin through mechanisms involving HDACs and HATs. In summary, our studies demonstrate some of the novel properties of HDAC inhibitors and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involve in alcohol-serotonergic modulation in the CNS.
SPAK Isoforms and OSR1 Regulate Sodium-Chloride Co-Transporters In a Nephron-Specific Manner

STE20/SPS-1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-related kinase (OSR1) activate the potassium-dependent sodium-chloride co-transporter, NKCC2, and thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter, NCC, in vitro, and both co-localize with a kinase regulatory molecule, Cab39/MO25α, at the apical membrane of the thick ascending limb (TAL) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Yet genetic ablation of SPAK in mice causes a selective loss of NCC function, whereas NKCC2 becomes hyperphosphorylated. Here, we explore the underlying mechanisms in wild-type and SPAK-null mice. Unlike in the DCT, OSR1 remains at the TAL apical membrane of KO mice where it is accompanied by an increase in the active, phosphorylated form of AMP-activated kinase. We found an alterative SPAK isoform (putative SPAK2 form), which modestly inhibits co-transporter activity in vitro, is more abundant in the medulla than the cortex. Thus, enhanced NKCC2 phosphorylation in the SPAK knock-out may be explained by removal of inhibitory SPAK2, sustained activity of OSR1, and activation of other kinases. By contrast, the OSR1/SPAK/M025α signaling apparatus is disrupted in the DCT. OSR1 becomes largely inactive and displaced from M025α and NCC at the apical membrane, and redistributes to dense punctate structures, containing WNK1, within the cytoplasm. These changes are paralleled by a decrease in NCC phosphorylation and a decrease in the mass of the distal convoluted tubule, exclusive to DCT1. As a result of the dependent nature of OSR1 on SPAK in the DCT, NCC is unable to be activated. Consequently, SPAK−/− mice are highly sensitive to dietary salt restriction, displaying prolonged negative sodium balance and hypotension.
Cluster condensations. The dimerization of [Os3(CO)9(μ3-CO)(μ)3-S)]

Abstract UV irradiation of [Os3(CO)9(μ3-CO)(μ3-S)] (1) under a CO atmosphere has yielded the new hexaosmium cluster complex [Os 6(CO)20(μ3-S)(μ4-S)] (2) in 13% yield (30% based on the amount of 1 consumed). Compound 2 is a dimer of 1 based on its formula, but its structure is considerably different. Compound 2 was characterized by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data: Os6S2O20C20·1/3CHCl3·H2O, M = 1759.0, rhombohedral, R 3 (No. 148), a = 43.333(9), c = 10.203(1) A, V = 16592(9) A3, Dc = 3.17 g cm−3, Z = 18, λ(Mo-Kα) = 0.71069 A (graphite monochromator) μ = 202.4 cm−1. Methods: MITHRIL, difference Fourier, full-matrix least-squares. Refinement of 2754 reflections [F2 ⩾ 3σ(F 2)], (1 ⩽ 2θ ⩽ 43°), gave R and Rw values of 0.041 and 0.042, respectively. Data/parameters ratio = 11.1, highest peak in f inal difference Fourier = 1.60 e A−3. The molecule consists of one cluster of four metal atoms arranged in the form of a planar spiked- triangle, that is linked to a second group of two metal atoms by one quadruply-bridging sulphido ligand and one triply bridging sulphido ligand. The dimerization involved the transfer of one metal atom from one cluster to the second cluster. When 2 is photolysed under an atmosphere of nitrogen, it loses 3 mol of CO and condenses to the known cluster complex [Os6(CO)17(μ4-S)2] (3).
A Multiscale Approach to Blast Neurotrauma Modeling: Part II: Methodology for Inducing Blast Injury to in vitro Models.

Due to the prominent role of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in wounding patterns of U.S. war-fighters in Iraq and Afghanistan, blast injury has risen to a new level of importance and is recognized to be a major cause of injuries to the brain. However, an injury risk-function for microscopic, macroscopic, behavioral, and neurological deficits has yet to be defined. While operational blast injuries can be very complex and thus difficult to analyze, a simplified blast injury model would facilitate studies correlating biological outcomes with blast biomechanics to define tolerance criteria. Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) results from the translation of a shock wave in air, such as that produced by an IED, into a pressure wave within the skull-brain complex. Our blast injury methodology recapitulates this phenomenon in vitro, allowing for control of the injury biomechanics via a compressed-gas shock tube used in conjunction with a custom-designed, fluid-filled receiver that contains the living culture. The receiver converts the air shock wave into a fast-rising pressure transient with minimal reflections, mimicking the intracranial pressure history in blast. We have developed an organotypic hippocampal slice culture model that exhibits cell death when exposed to a 530  17.7 kPa peak overpressure with a 1.026 ± 0.017 ms duration and 190 ± 10.7 kPa-ms impulse in-air. We have also injured a simplified in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier, which exhibits disrupted integrity immediately following exposure to 581  10.0 kPa peak overpressure with a 1.067 ms ± 0.006 ms duration and 222 ± 6.9 kPa-ms impulse in-air. To better prevent and treat bTBI, both the initiating biomechanics and the ensuing pathobiology must be understood in greater detail. A well-characterized, in vitro model of bTBI, in conjunction with animal models, will be a powerful tool for developing strategies to mitigate the risks of bTBI.
Abundance, vertical distribution and taxonomy of calanoid copepods at selected stations in the northeast Atlantic

An analysis is made of the abundance, vertical occurrence and taxonomy of calanoid copepods from 29 samples. The samples were obtained in the northeast Atlantic between approximately 30° and 60°N and at intervals from the surface to a depth of 5000 m. The zooplankton is found to be more abundant in the upper 1000 m of the water column and below 2000 m the concentration is extremely small. The mean size of adult copopods is greater between 500 and 2000 m than in other depth intervals and the greatest number of species occurs in the upper 1000 m. Two new genera, 17 new species and the previously unknown males of three species are described and illustrated. Twenty-one other species are discussed and five species are reported for the first time from the Atlantic Ocean.
Class Power and China’s Productivity Miracle: Applying the Labor Extraction Model to China’s Industrial Sector, 1980-2007

This paper aims to assess the relationship between industrial productivity and industrial wage share in China between 1980 and 2007, and to identify the determinants of the industrial wage share ov...
Role for α3 integrin in EMT and pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive (myo)fibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition. One possible source of (myo)fibroblasts is epithelial cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process frequently mediated by TGF-beta. In this issue of the JCI, Kim et al. report that epithelial cell-specific deletion of alpha3 integrin prevents EMT in mice, thereby protecting against bleomycin-induced fibrosis (see the related article beginning on page 213). The authors propose a novel mechanism linking TGF-beta and beta-catenin signaling in EMT through integrin-dependent association of tyrosine-phosphorylated beta-catenin and pSmad2 and suggest targeted disruption of this interaction as a potential therapeutic approach.
Cooling Challenges of Modern Truck Diesel Engines

Efficient cooling system designs are required for the modern diesel truck engine to meet new standards of increased efficiency and reduced emissions. Often, emissions reduction requires substantial cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to decrease peak combustion temperatures. This extra heat rejection imposes additional costs on the cooling system, and may not comply with application space constraints. Space and cost constraints require minimization of EGR cooler size and the risks from coolant boiling and exhaust condensation, while restraining growth in radiator frontal area, pumping power, and fan power. These objectives are usually contradictory, and a careful optimization is needed. This paper examines the effect of a coolant flow rate and peak temperature on these objectives, in parallel-flow and counter-flow arrangements of EGR cooler systems. It is concluded that these systems are likely to be inadequate, and alternative configurations may be necessary.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Scaffold Protein SLP-76 Primes PLCγ1 for Activation by ITK-Mediated Phosphorylation

Abstract Activation of the phospholipase, PLCγ1, is critical for proper T cell signaling following antigen receptor engagement. In T cells, the Tec family kinase, interleukin-2-induced tyrosine kinase (ITK), phosphorylates PLCγ1 at tyrosine 783 (Y783) leading to activation of phospholipase function and subsequent production of the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. In this work, we demonstrate that PLCγ1 can be primed for ITK-mediated phosphorylation on Y783 by a specific region of the adaptor protein, SLP-76. The SLP-76 phosphotyrosine-containing sequence, pY173IDR, does not conform to the canonical recognition motif for an SH2 domain yet binds with significant affinity to the C-terminal SH2 domain of PLCγ1 (SH2C). The SLP-76 pY173 motif competes with the autoinhibited conformation surrounding the SH2C domain of PLCγ1 leading to exposure of the ITK recognition element on the PLCγ1 SH2 domain and release of the target tyrosine, Y783. These data contribute to the evolving model for the molecular events occurring early in the T cell activation process.
PLFA Profiling of Microbial Community Structure and Seasonal Shifts in Soils of a Douglas-fir Chronosequence

The impact and frequency of forest harvesting could significantly affect soil microbial community (SMC) structure and functioning. The ability of soil microorganisms to perform biogeochemical processes is critical for sustaining forest productivity and has a direct impact on decomposition dynamics and carbon storage potential. The Wind River Canopy Crane Research Forest in SW, WA, provided a unique opportunity to study a forest chronosequence and the residual effects of harvesting on the SMC in comparison to old-growth forests. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of clear-cutting and stand age on temporal dynamics of SMC and physiological stress markers using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling. Soil microbial PLFA profiles were determined seven times over 22 months (Nov. 02 to Sep. 04) in old-growth coniferous forest stands (300–500 years) and 8 (CC8)- or 25 (CC25)-year-old replanted clear-cuts. PLFA patterns of the SMC shifted because of clear-cutting, but seasonal temporal changes had greater shifts than differences among stand age. The microbial biomass (total PLFA) and bacterial, fungal, and selected other PLFAs were significantly reduced in CC8 but not in CC25 sites relative to the old-growth sites. An increase in stress indicators [PLFA ratios of saturated/monsaturated and (cy17:0 + cy19:0)/(16:1ω7 + 18:1ω7)] in late summer was related to water stress. Although the canopy and litter input are quite different for a 25-year clear-cut compared to virgin old-growth forest, we conclude that the composition of the microbial communities, 25 years after clear-cutting, has recovered sufficiently to be much more similar to old-growth forests than a recent clear-cut at this Pacific Northwest forest site. The study shows the potential of PLFA analysis for profiling microbial communities and their stress status under field conditions, but wide temporal shifts emphasize the need for sampling over seasons to fully interpret ecosystem management impacts on microbial populations.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)-PTH-related Peptide Hybrid Peptides Reveal Functional Interactions between the 1–14 and 15–34 Domains of the Ligand

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) bind to a common PTH/PTHrP receptor. To explore structure-function relations in these ligands, we synthesized and functionally evaluated PTH-PTHrP hybrid peptides in which the homologous 1-14 portions were exchanged. Hybrid-2, PTH-(1-14)-PTHrP-(15-34)NH2, bound to LLC-PK1 cells expressing the cloned rat PTH/PTHrP receptor with high affinity (IC50 ≅ 7 nM). In contrast, hybrid-1, PTHrP(1-14)-PTH-(15-34)NH2, bound with much weaker affinity (IC50 ≅ 8,700 nM). Thus, the 1-14 region of PTHrP is incompatible with the 15-34 region of PTH. The carboxyl-terminal incompatibility site was identified as residues 19-21 (Glu-Arg-Val in PTH and Arg-Arg-Arg in PTHrP); extending the amino-terminal PTHrP sequence to residue 21 but not to 18 cured the hybrid's binding defect. The amino-terminal incompatibility site was identified as position 5 (Ile in PTH and His in PTHrP), because Ile5-hybrid-1 bound with high affinity (IC50 ≅ 20 nM). The importance of these identified residues in the native ligands was established by evaluating the effects of substitutions at these sites in a series of PTH and PTHrP analog peptides. Overall, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in both PTH and PTHrP, the 1-14 and 15-34 domains interact when binding to the receptor and that residues 5, 19, and 21 contribute either directly or indirectly to this interaction.
Hydraulic Modeling for Lahar Hazards at Cascades Volcanoes

The National Weather Service flood routing model DAMBRK is able to closely replicate field-documented stages of historic and prehistoric lahars from Mt. Rainier, Washington, and Mt. Hood, Oregon. Modeled time-of-travel of flow waves are generally consistent with documented lahar travel-times from other volcanoes around the world. The model adequately replicates a range of lahars and debris flows, including the 230 million km 3 Electron lahar from Mt. Rainier, as well as a 10 m 3 debris flow generated in a large outdoor experimental flume. The model is used to simulate a hypothetical lahar with a volume of 50 million m 3 down the East Fork Hood River from Mt. Hood, Oregon. Although a flow such as this is thought to be possible in the Hood River valley, no field evidence exists on which to base a hazards assessment. DAMBRK seems likely to be usable in many volcanic settings to estimate discharge, velocity, and inundation areas of lahars when input hydrographs and energy-loss coefficients can be reasonably estimated.
Soccer and Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Competitive Athletes: A Review

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young competitive athletes (<35 years old) is a tragic event that has been brought to public attention in the past few decades. The incidence of SCD is reported to be 1-2/100,000 per year, with athletes at a 2.5 times higher risk. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, played by people of all ages. However, unfortunately it is cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy that have subtly missed screening and claimed the lives of soccer stars such as Marc Vivien Foe and Antonio Puerta during live action on the field and on an internationally televised stage. This paper covers the physiological demands of soccer and the relationship between soccer and SCD. It also reviews the most common causes of SCD in young athletes, discusses the current guidelines in place by The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) for screening among professional soccer players, and the precautions that have been put in place to prevent SCD on the field in professional soccer.
Direct and Indirect Facilitation of Plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)

Plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) are increasing their cover in many dryland regions around the world. Their increased dominance has been related to climate warming and atmospheric CO2 fertilization, while the effects of interspecies interactions and the role of CAM plant facilitation by trees and grasses remain poorly understood. Woody plants are known for their ability to directly facilitate CAM plants through amelioration of the abiotic environment. Mechanisms of indirect facilitation of trees on CAM plants in tree–grass–CAM associations, however, have received less attention. It is also unclear whether grasses might facilitate CAM plants in mixed tree–grass–CAM communities. For instance, the inclusion of grasses in tree–CAM associations could enhance hydraulic lift and facilitate CAM plants in their access to shallow soil moisture at the expenses of deep-rooted trees. If this effect outweighs the competitive effects of grasses on CAM plants, grasses could overall facilitate CAM plants through hydraulic lift. Here we develop a process-based ecohydrological model to investigate the direct and indirect facilitation in tree–CAM–grass associations; the model quantifies transpiration of CAM plants when isolated as well as in associations with trees and/or grasses. It is found that woody plants having a high root overlap with CAM plants indirectly facilitate CAM plants by significantly reducing grass transpiration in shaded conditions. For situations of a low-to-moderate root overlap, facilitation may occur both directly and indirectly. Conversely, grasses are unable to indirectly facilitate CAM plants through the mechanism of hydraulic lift because the competitive effects of grasses on CAM plants outweigh the facilitation induced by hydraulic lift.
Effects of an implant of prolactin in median eminence of pseudopregnant rats on serum and pituitary LH, FSH and prolactin.

The effects of a median eminence (ME) implant of a prolactin-cocoa butter mixture on the duration of pseudopregnancy (PP), serum and pituitary prolactin, LH and FSH, and hypothalamic PIF, LRF and FSH-RF were studied in the rat- A ME implant of prolactin on day 4 of PP caused termination of PP within 3 days, whereas a ME implant of cocoa butter alone had no effect on PP. The ME implant of prolactin increased serum LH and FSH significantly, but serum prolactin values remained low despite the fact that the rats were in estrus 3 days after implantation. Pituitary FSH and prolactin decreased significantly but pituitary LH was unchanged. No effects were observed on hypothalamic PIF, LRF or FSH-RF content. The prolactin implant in the ME produced follicular growth in the ovaries, stimulated uterine development and induced atrophy of the mammary glands. (Endocrinology 88: 286, 1971)
A new window on sound

Auditory filters must trade off frequency tuning against temporal precision. The compromise achieved by the mammalian cochlea seems well matched to the sounds of the natural environment.
Three perspectives of the media‐organisation relationship: Media personnel, corporate spokespersons and CEOs look at the role of the corporate spokesperson

While the importance of the corporate spokesperson in the media‐organisation relationship is consistently recognised in the literature, little is known in terms of the actual practices and perceptions of the various parties involved. Based on a survey of media personnel, corporate spokesperson and CEOs, this paper identifies the respective perceptions and discusses their implications.
Prescription Ergocalciferol Dosing for Vitamin D Repletion: A Retrospective Evaluation

Study Objectives To determine the efficacy and safety of vitamin D repletion with prescription ergocalciferol and to determine patient-specific factors that may influence the amount of ergocalciferol needed to attain vitamin D sufficiency. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting University-affiliated outpatient health system. Patients A total of 1446 patients aged 18–89 years who had a prescription for ergocalciferol 50,000 IU between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008, were identified; of these patients, 582 patients had a vitamin D concentration measured 120 days before their first prescription (baseline) and had another concentration measured 60–180 days after this prescription (follow-up) and were deemed “first-time users” of ergocalciferol. Measurements and Main Results Vitamin D sufficiency was defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) concentration of 30 ng/ml or higher. Twenty-nine different ergocalciferol prescribing regimens were identified in the 1446 patients. For the 582 first-time users of ergocalciferol, vitamin D concentrations increased from a mean ± SE of 17.7 ± 0.32 ng/ml at baseline to 32.9 ± 0.73 ng/ml at first follow-up concentration, with a mean ± SE prescribed ergocalciferol dose of 63,876 ± 1973 IU given over an average of 17 weeks. Overall, 326 (56%) of the 582 first-time users attained sufficiency with their prescribed regimen. With use of a logistic regression model to control for variables that could influence a patient's response to vitamin D, patients prescribed 50,000–100,000 IU/week were significantly more likely to attain vitamin D sufficiency compared with those prescribed less than 50,000 IU/week (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.37–4.99). Body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher decreased the odds of attaining vitamin D sufficiency, whereas use of a loading dose did not increase the odds of attaining sufficiency. Conclusion Many different ergocalciferol regimens were used to replace vitamin D, and overall attainment of vitamin D sufficiency appeared to be moderate. Based on our findings, an ergocalciferol regimen of 50,000–100,000 IU/week with no loading dose could be considered as a starting point for vitamin D repletion.
Beam Diagnostic Instrumentation at CESR

We discribe various beam diagnostic devices in use at CESR, an 8 GeV electron-positron storage ring operating primarily in the 4.7 to 5.5 GeV beam energy range. Getting the last 20% of performance depends to some extent on empirical tuning and appropriate presentation of various parameters is very important. Several devices are most useful in machine studies and we describe their operation. The individually regulated quadrupoles in CESR provide unique opportunities for lattice measurements and calibration of beam position monitors.
An assessment of strategic corporate philanthropy on perceptions of brand equity variables

Purpose – This study aims to develop a classification schema for strategic philanthropy as a framework for empirical investigation and managerial decision making. Additionally it aims to present experimental assessments of various types of philanthropy based on the classification schema.Design/methodology/approach – This study presents the results of two experiments examining the effects of different types and implementation strategies of philanthropy on consumer perceptions of brand equity variables.Findings – The experiments suggest that in a proactive condition corporate philanthropy does have an overall positive effect on consumer perceptions of corporate associations. However, the effects did not transfer to brand evaluations or patronage intentions. Additionally, philanthropy as a part of a recovery strategy has a consistent but non‐significant effect on consumer perceptions.Research limitations/implications – In the study manipulations respondents received the response at the same time as they read...
SIMILARITY AND AFFINE NORMALIZATION OF PARTIALLY OCCLUDED PLANAR CURVES USING FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVES

We apply the general framework for image normalization to the problem of the similarity and affine normalization of partially occluded planar curves. An algorithm is given using first derivatives to give a similarity normalization, and first and second derivatives to give an affine normalization, dependent on a finite interval around a chosen point P of the curve.
The Timing of Emotional Discrimination in Human Amygdala and Ventral Visual Cortex

Models of visual emotional perception suggest a reentrant organization of the ventral visual system with the amygdala. Using focused functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans with a sampling rate of 100 ms, here we determine the relative timing of emotional discrimination in amygdala and ventral visual cortical structures during emotional perception. Results show that amygdala and inferotemporal visual cortex differentiate emotional from nonemotional scenes approximately 1 s before extrastriate occipital cortex, whereas primary occipital cortex shows consistent activity across all scenes. This pattern of discrimination is consistent with a reentrant organization of emotional perception in visual processing, in which transaction between rostral ventral visual cortex and amygdala originates the identification of emotional relevance.
Repetition and Dictation as Language Testing Techniques

psycholinguistics, there is evidence of continued misunderstanding among language teachers about the nature of repetition and dictation tasks, and, as a consequence, about appropriate applications of these related techniques in language teaching and testing contexts. A word of clarification concerning the linking of repetition and dictation is probably appropriate. Procedurally, repetition and dictation tasks are similar: both involve an oral stimulus
Association between Infant Feeding and Early Postpartum Infant Body Composition: A Pilot Prospective Study.

Research studies have produced conflicting results of the impact of breastfeeding on overweight/obesity. This study evaluated the impact of infant feeding on infant body composition. There were two groups of mother-infant pairs (exclusive breastfeeding [EBF; ] and mixed feeding [MF; ]) in this study. At baseline, participants were similar in their demographic characteristics except prepregnancy weight, where MF mothers tended to be heavier than their EBF counterparts (67.3 kg versus 59.9 kg; ). Infant birth weight was slightly higher among the MF group than their EBF counterparts (3.5 kg versus 3.4 kg), although the differences were not statistically significant. At 3 months postpartum, mean infant FMI (4.1 versus 3.8 ) and percent body fat (24.4% versus 23.1%) were slightly higher among EBF infants than MF infants. In terms of growth velocity, EBF infants gained weight faster than their MF counterparts, although the differences were not statistically significant. The findings from this study suggest that EBF may promote faster weight gain and increase in both fat mass index (FMI) and percent body fat in the early postpartum period in addition to the numerous health benefits enjoyed by the infant and the mother who exclusively breastfeeds her newborn.
The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization

The economic logic of the current international economy does not predict the “eclipse of the state”. Economic globalization does restrict state power, but transnational capital needs capable states as much or more than does domestically oriented business. National success in the current global political economy has been associated not with minimal states but with states that are capable, active, and engaged. Pressure for eclipse flows from the conjunction between transnational economic forces and the political hegemony of an Anglo-American ideology that, in J. P. Nettl's words, “simply leaves no room for any valid notion of the state”. Even this combination of economic and political pressure is unlikely to eclipse the state, but it is likely to put public institutions on the defensive, eclipsing any possibility of the “embedded liberalism” described by John Ruggie. A “leaner, meaner” state is the likely outcome. The possibility of a more progressive alternative outcome would depend in part on whether current zero-sum visions of the relation between the state and civil society can be replaced by a more synergistic view.
Tutorial on maximum likelihood estimation

In this paper, I provide a tutorial exposition on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The intended audience of this tutorial are researchers who practice mathematical modeling of cognition but are unfamiliar with the estimation method. Unlike least-squares estimation which is primarily a descriptive tool, MLE is a preferred method of parameter estimation in statistics and is an indispensable tool for many statistical modeling techniques, in particular in non-linear modeling with non-normal data. The purpose of this paper is to provide a good conceptual explanation of the method with illustrative examples so the reader can have a grasp of some of the basic principles.
The Physician and the Marketing Concept

Most physicians use some marketing techniques (albeit, unintentional or unplanned) in the operation of their private medical practices. They use marketing to attract patients, but seem unaware of the necessity and potential value of satisfying customer needs beyond the provision of adequate medical care. Medical service is often characterized by impersonality, with patients treated as machines rather than humans. This situation is partially a reflection of a seller's market, with a shortage or absence of private medical services in many areas of the country. In addition, the apparent lack of consumer orientation is reinforced by policies of the American Medical Association that forbid most forms of self-promotion and by the minimum fee schedules suggested by local medical associations that effectively preclude price competition. Physicians do not seem to recognize the congruity between their own interests or objectives and the total satisfaction of consumers in the marketplace for medical care.
Effects of Navigation Filter Properties on Formation Flying Control

This paper extends previous analysis on the impact of sensing noise for the navigation and control aspects of formation flying spacecraft. We analyze the use of Carrier-phase Dierential GPS (CDGPS) in relative navigation filters, with a particular focus on the filter correlation coecient. This work was motivated by previous publications which suggested that a “good” navigation filter would have a strong correlation (i.e., coecient near 1) to reduce the semimajor axis error, and therefore, the overall fuel use. However, practical experience with CDGPS-based filters has shown this strong correlation seldom occurs (typical correlations 0.1), even when the estimation accuracies are very good. We derive an analytic estimate of the filter correlation coecient and demonstrate that, for the process and sensor noises levels expected with CDGPS, the expected value should be very small. This observation is verified with several linear and nonlinear simulations. Further examples are presented to show that the extended Kalman filter can be forced to create solutions with stronger correlations, but these always result in larger semimajor axis errors. The combination of these simulations and analysis provide new insights on the crucial role of the process noise in determining the semimajor axis knowledge.
Gene expression patterns define pathways correlated with loss of differentiation in lung adenocarcinomas.

An analysis of microarray data from 86 lung adenocarcinomas reveals hundreds of genes significantly correlated with tumor cell differentiation. A bioinformatics approach of linking these genes to public information from the Locuslink and KEGG databases yields evidence for a loss of tumor cell differentiation being associated with biological processes of cell division, protein degradation, pyrimidine and purine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, folate biosynthesis, and glutamate metabolism. The increased expression of genes involved in these processes is consistent with increased proliferation and metabolism characteristics of poorly differentiated tumors. The complete results of this analysis are available at http://dot.ped.med.umich.edu:2000/pub/diff/index.htm.
Tricubic Polynomial Interpolation

Abstract A new triangular “finite element“ is described; it involves the 12-parameter family of all quartic polynomial functions that are “tricubic“ in that their variation is cubic along any parallel to any side of the triangle. An interpolation scheme is described that approximates quite accurately any smooth function on any triangulated domain by a continuously differentiable function, tricubic on each triangular element.
Panic disorder in primary care: biopsychosocial differences between recognized and unrecognized patients

Studies suggest that the recognition of depression by primary care physicians (PCPs) is most likely in more symptomatic and impaired patients. As part of a randomized effectiveness study in primary care patients with panic disorder, we examined the baseline characteristics of study patients who were recruited by waiting room screen procedure (n=69) versus patients who were referred to the study by their PCP (n=41). Patients referred by their physicians had a significantly higher frequency of panic attacks, more intense attacks, and more anticipatory anxiety on the Panic Disorder Severity Scale, while screen-identified patients were more medically ill and had worse physical functioning on the SP36. There were no differences in anxiety sensitivity, phobic avoidance, depression, other SF36 measures, disability, or medical service utilization. In conclusion, differences in referred versus screened patients are mostly specific for panic attack-related symptoms, consistent with the notion that patients with more prominent physical symptoms (i.e., panic attacks) are more often recognized and referred in busy clinical settings. The better medical status and physical functioning of referred patients may indicate greater physician recognition of panic in patients who appear less medically ill. However, the many clinical and functional similarities between these two patient samples suggests that symptomatic primary care patients with panic may not always be identified by their PCPs and argues for the value of population-based screening for panic in primary care.
A process model of writing development across the life span

In this article, we provide an overview of writing development from a product perspective and from a process perspective. Then we discuss modifications of the most influential process model of skilled adult writing to explain beginning and developing writing, including a proposed developmental sequence of the emergence of cognitive processes in writing. Next we report the results of two recent dissertations by the second and third authors supervised by the first author aimed toward contrasting developmental issues: (a) specifying the algorithms or rules of thumb beginning and developing writers may use during on-line planning; and (b) investigating the further development of writing processes among skilled adult writers. In the first study, development was conceptualized as a linear process across age groups. In the second study, development was conceptualized as a horizontal process within skilled adult writers who expanded their expertise. Finally, we consider the developmental constraints and the instructional constraints on writing development and argue for a model of writing development in which endogenous and exogenous process variables interact to determine the outcome of the writing development process.
From Charles Darwin's Portfolio: An Early Essay on South American Geology and Species

This work is an analysis and edition of a previously unpublished essay by Charles Darwin entitled "Reflection on reading my Geological notes." The original draft of the essay appears to have been written in 1834, that is, during Darwin's voyage on H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836). In the essay Darwin developed a theory of the geological formation of South America that included a narrative framework for the history of life on the continent. His treatment of the history of life is not yet transmutationist, but it is highly sequential.
The effects of marital status and social isolation on adult male homicides in the United States: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study

With data from the 1979–1985 Longitudinal Mortality Study, we examine the effects of marital status and social isolation on adult male homicide (ICD-9 Codes E960-E978). Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to a 1979–1981 population cohort of approximately 200,000 adult men and their mortality experiences were followed until 1984–1985. Multivariate hazards regression analysis showed that marital status and social isolation are associated with significantly higher risks of homicide victimization. Controlling for age and other socioeconomic covariates, single persons were 1.9 times, and divorced, separated or widowed persons were 1.7 times, more likely to die from homicide than married persons. Socially isolated persons were 1.6 times more likely to become homicide victims. Other adult males with increased risk of homicide victimization were African Americans and those who lived in the inner city.
An overview of NASA's role in maneuvering missile aerodynamic technology

This paper presents an overview of the role NASA has had and continues to pursue in providing missile aerodynamic technology. In the past, NASA has provided considerable support to the missile industry and the military. The support has generally taken the form of theoretical aerodynamic analyses, experimental studies to provide solutions for specific problems, and the documentation of existing foreign missile systems and domestic missiles. In 1975, NASA shifted its missile-related efforts in aerodynamics from this largely service role to one of conducting more basic research. The areas of research include: innovative methods for roll control of cruciform missiles, airbreathing missiles with maneuver requirements, and an advanced generation of monoplanar missiles for efficient supersonic carriage and delivery.
The impact of managed care on substance abuse treatment services.

The aim of this study is to determine if managed care affects the number and type of services offered by substance abuse treatment facilities. This topic is important for several reasons. Substance abuse is an important and costly societal problem that can be mitigated by treatment (Office of National Drug Control Policy 2001). Research shows that providing ancillary social and medical services (“wraparounds”) to substance abusers improves treatment outcomes and reduces relapse rates (McLellan et al. 1993; Milby et al. 1996; McLellan et al. 1997; McLellan et al. 1998; Gould, Levine, and McLellan 2000; Marsh, D'Aunno, and Smith 2000; Smith and Marsh 2002). Managed care (MC) is growing rapidly in the substance abuse treatment (SAT) market.1 Given the emphasis of MC on cost containment, a concern is that these wraparound services may become less available, thereby reducing the effectiveness of SAT. Reduced effectiveness, in turn, could have a negative impact on society through increases in crime, welfare dependency, and the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. While there is a substantial body of literature on the impact of managed care in the general medical market, relatively little is known about the impact in substance abuse treatment. Moreover, lessons learned from the general medical sector do not necessarily apply to SAT due to differences in financing (e.g., more grant funding in SAT), clientele (e.g., substance abusers frequently have a broader range of medical and other problems), negative externalities associated with unsuccessful treatment or no treatment, and stigma associated with treatment. Thus, there is a need for research specifically on managed care in SAT. We use the 2000 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (NSSATS), which is designed to collect data on the characteristics of all substance abuse treatment facilities and services throughout the 50 states. These data allow us to examine the availability of 26 different services at more than 10,000 SAT clinics. We use an instrumental variables approach to obtain unbiased estimates of the impact of MC on SAT services offered. This article contributes to the literature in several ways. It is the first to estimate the causal effect of managed care on both the range of services and detailed specific services offered, two important and policy relevant aspects of substance abuse treatment. It is also one of the few articles to use the full set of current NSSATS data to examine managed care, thereby obviating the need to generalize from a sample. Our findings should be of interest to policymakers, researchers, patients, providers, public and private payers, and clinicians.
Neutropenia in a novel anti-mg-csf autoantibody mouse model

Abstract Therapeutic use of cytokines in humans can result in the generation of antibodies that bind to the drug. In order to predict the potential effects of an autoantibody response to recombinant human G-CSF therapy, we developed a novel, reproducible mouse model of anti-G-CSF specific humoral immunity. Two groups of mice were immunized and boosted with mouse G-CSF (mG-CSF) chemically conjugated to either KLH or OVA on an alternating schedule. All mice immunized with the mG-CSF conjugates produced high titer, mG-CSF specific IgG responses that lasted for the length of the study (252 days). Significant neutropenia was concurrent with the rise in anti-mG-CSF IgG titers (p
The Role of Design Spaces

A central task in design is deciding what artifact will best satisfy the client's needs, whether that requires creating an artifact or choosing from existing alternatives. A design space identifies and organizes the decisions that must be made, together with the alternatives for those decisions, thereby providing guidance for creating artifacts or a framework for comparing them. The Studying Professional Software Design workshop studied three pairs of professional software designers sketching designs for a traffic signal simulator. A discussion of the design space for the simulation task shows how this design space enables comparison of the designs. It also illustrates the benefits of explicitly considering the design space during design and the risks of failing to do so.
A PORE NETWORK MODEL FOR THE CALCULATION OF NON-DARCY FLOW COEFFICIENTS IN FLUID FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

A computational method was developed to determine the correlation between permeability and the Forchheimer (non-Darcy) coefficient and to investigate numerically the factors that affect this correlation. The method is based on the construction of a 2-D random pore network. The porous medium is represented as a network of cylindrical pipes with randomly generated size, orientation, and connectivity. Probability density functions are used to characterize the orientation, length, diameter, and connectivity properties of the pipes that form the pore space. In this article the development and validation of the computational method are discussed. The computational procedure provides an expected value for the medium properties and a variation around this expected value, which is a measure of the uncertainty associated with the calculation of porous media properties. It was found that the porous medium structure has a strong effect on the flow properties. Specifically, the splitting of the pores is mostly respons...