cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Public Investment Mix in US Freight Transportation Infrastructure

Abstract This research empirically evaluates the public sector investment in the US freight transportation infrastructure. In particular, the infrastructures to support the two most comparable modes of freight transportation – highway and intermodal rail – are examined as alternatives for public fund allocation. Indicators for public sector transportation infrastructure investment mix are established based on financial analysis of both private and social costs and benefits, as well as the propensity of freight shippers to utilize such infrastructures. The research results in recommendations for the aggregate allocation of public funds in the US based on these indicators. We find that approximately a quarter of truck freight could be handled at a 25% lower cost if rail infrastructure to support it existed. Because an additional 80% reduction in social costs could be achieved through this modal conversion, the public sector is a critical participant in creating a more efficient transportation infrastructure.
Electronic and Steric Effects in the Insertion of Alkynes into an Iridium(III) Hydride

Insertion of a variety of alkynes into the Ir−H bond of trans-[IrH(PPh3)2(C(Ph)CHC(O)Me)(acetone)]+ (1) follows three different routes depending on the alkyne structures. For relatively electron-rich alkynes (PhC⋮CH, PhCH2C⋮CH, and p-OMeC6H4C⋮CH), double insertion occurs stepwise, each alkyne undergoing rearrangement to a vinylidene intermediate independently to afford an iridium(III) η2-butadienyl. In the first alkyne insertion, deuterium labeling and crossover experiments confirm that the alkyne to vinylidene rearrangement is intraligand. Both a vinyl and a vinylidene intermediate were trapped and isolated during this first insertion. In the second alkyne insertion, a C−H agostic intermediate was isolated. Electron-poor alkynes (p-CF3C6H4C⋮CH and p-NO2C6H4C⋮CH) also undergo double insertion into 1, but deuterium labeling experiments using p-CF3C6H4C⋮CD indicate reversible C(sp)−H oxidative addition. Insertion of highly polarized alkynes [R1C⋮CC(O)R2] to 1 occurs only once and involves no vinylidene inte...
Creep cavitation in 304 stainless steel

Abstract Creep cavitation in 304 stainless steel at 0.5 Tm was investigated. Two specially developed techniques were used to study the nucleation and growth of grain-boundary cavities. It was found that cavities nucleated heterogeneously throughout the creep history and those observed were well in their growth stage. Comparison of these observations with the theory for cavity nucleation requires that a high interfacial stress be present. Experiments suggest that such stress concentrations are present in the early stages of boundary sliding, and in additional transients associated with intermittent sliding of boundaries throughout the creep life. It was found that microstructural variations such as those caused by twins which strongly affect initial particle densities on boundaries can alter cavitation behavior drastically. Our results also show that wedge cracks are the result of accelerated linking of growing cavities in the triple point region of stress concentration and are not a separate phenomenon. Furthermore, at higher strain rates growth of cavities can be accelerated by grain boundary sliding. Lastly, evidence is given to support the view that in engineering alloys which contain complex phase constituents particularly along grain-boundaries, cavitation in long term service is likely to be caused by cavities nucleated in connection with a prior cold forming operation.
A Comparative Analysis of Typing Errors between the Keybowl and the Qwerty Keyboard

The Keybowl keyboard is the first known keyboard alternative to totally eliminate finger movement and drastically reduce wrist motion. With the significant reduction of finger and wrist motion come...
Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis: A unique childhood exanthem?

We describe three children with an acute onset and spontaneous resolution of angioma-like papules during an apparent viral illness. A biopsy specimen from one patient revealed a unique histologic appearance that consisted of dilated dermal blood vessels with plump hobnailshaped endothelial cells. On the basis of the natural history and histopathologic features of this exanthem, we suggest the name eruptive pseudoangiomatosis.
Making Use of Difference: Diversity, Debate, and Decision Comprehensiveness in Top Management Teams

This study examined how top management team diversity variables and debate interacted to influence two measures of company financial performance. Further, it assessed the degree to which decision c...
Effect of water vapour content in H2–H2O–CO–CO2 mixtures on activity of iron oxide in slags relevant to novel flash ironmaking technology

As an integral part of developing a novel flash ironmaking technology at the University of Utah, the activity of iron oxide in the slag was studied under three different gas atmospheres: H2/H2O (H2), CO/CO2/H2/H2O (reformed natural/coal gas), and CO/CO2. The conditions of the slags investigated were MgO-saturated CaO–FeO–Al2O3–SiO2–MnO (0·2–0·8 wt-%)–P2O5 (0·1–0·9 wt-%) in the temperature range 1550–1600°C with wt-% CaO/wt-% SiO2 of 0·8 to 1·2, and under pO2 = 2×10−10–2×10−9 atm. Water increased the activity coefficient of FeO in the slag and accordingly lowered the FeO content. The average FeO content was found to be 10, 11 and 16 wt-% under H2/H2O (H2), CO/CO2/H2/H2O (reformed natural/coal gas), and CO/CO2, respectively. An empirical correlation for γFeO in slags under H2/H2O atmospheres was formulated to givelog γFeO = −3·0623 XFeO−3·1421 XCaO−2·5068 XMgO+2·1957
Micro- to macroscale strain partitioning in granulite facies rocks: Mt.Hay block, central Australia

Experimental work on the strength of single phases has been used to infer the strengths of the upper and lower crust and mantle. Dislocation creep in plagioclase is commonly inferred to approximate the rheology of the lower crust. Recent work suggests that diffusion-accommodated grain-boundary sliding in plagioclase may be an important deformation mechanism in naturally deformed lower crust. One way to constrain rheology is through field and petrographic studies of naturally deformed systems, such as the Mt. Hay block in central Australia. These rocks demonstrate strain partitioning from the micro- to macroscale and provide an opportunity to study the relationships between structures of different scales. Field work shows map-scale fabric contrasts (lineation dominant versus equal foliation and lineation) between the geographic domains in the Mt. Hay block. At the outcrop scale, plagioclase-rich domains shape defines both foliation and lineation. Microstructural studies also show the partitioning of strain between lithologic domains. These show that plagioclase has different microstructures in different lithologic layers. This suggests different deformation mechanisms are active depending on plagioclase content, which may control variations in meso- and macroscale fabric. EBSD analyses of plagioclase in these different domains will evaluate the importance of dislocation creep in this context.
Nutritional requirements of mouse adrenal cortex tumor cells in culture.

Abstract The minimal essential nutritional requirements for stable, highly differentiated clonal and non-clonal cultures of mouse adrenal cortex tumor cells were found to agree qualitatively with results reported earlier by Eagle for other mammalian cell lines which varied widely as to species and tissue origin. A requirement for tryptophan, biotin or vitamin B12 could not be positively established in the presence of low concentrations of dialyzed horse serum. It was not possible to demonstrate a loss in function without a parallel loss in total cellular protein under the experimental conditions cited.
Educating and training caregivers of persons with aphasia

Background: Because communication deficits caused by aphasia affect both persons with aphasia and their communication partners, most speech-language pathologists are aware of the importance of client and caregiver education. To maximise the effectiveness of their communicative interactions, training should be conducted for both the aphasic clients and their caregivers. Training conducted in group environments offers peer support through shared learning experiences and joint problem solving.Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the benefits of a caregiver education and training programme in improving communication between caregivers and their aphasic partners using didactic and experiential approaches in a group setting.Methods & Procedures: Ten caregivers and their aphasic partners, ranging from 4 to130 months post-stroke, participated in a 12-week group training and education programme. Information about stroke and aphasia was provided in a didactic format, and facilitative communication strateg...
An Examination of Country and Culture-Based Differences in Compensation Practices

This study explores the relationship between country-based and culture-based differences in pay practices. Pay data from forty-one manufacturing industries in twenty-eight countries across five different culture clusters were examined. Although significant differences were found between countries in terms of pay level, the largest portion of the variance in the relationship between wages and benefits is due to cultural affiliation. The implications for cultural clustering theory and internationally pay decisionmaking are discussed.
Cross-country Catch-up in the Manufacturing Sector: Impacts of Heterogeneity on Convergence and Technology Adoption ∗

We analyze how technology transfer from a leading economy affects followers’ productivity growth in manufacturing sectors and Gross Domestic Product. Allowing for heterogeneous technology levels we explore how this impacts rates of catch-up in labor productivity across manufacturing sectors and GDP for 16 OECD nations. Our results indicate that aggregate studies bias downward the estimated rates of catch-up. These rates of catch-up, as well as efficiency levels, also differ across countries. We find that institutional factors such as bureaucratic efficiency are important determinants of the estimated catch-up rates.
Physical model-set identification for robust control of flexible structures

An approach to dynamic system identification is presented taking into account the goal of enhancing robust control performance of flexible structures. Identification techniques are derived which take advantage of the physics of structural dynamics and can provide realistic bounds for all potential parameter uncertainties. The developed approach includes input optimization which distributes excitation energy in such a way that the influence of residual uncertainties on robust control performance is reduced.
A Comparison of in Situ, Reanalysis, and Satellite Water Budgets over the Upper Colorado River Basin

AbstractUsing in situ, reanalysis, and satellite-derived datasets, surface and atmospheric water budgets of the Upper Colorado River basin are analyzed. All datasets capture the seasonal cycle for each water budget component. For precipitation, all products capture the interannual variability, though reanalyses tend to overestimate in situ while satellite-derived precipitation underestimates. Most products capture the interannual variability of evapotranspiration (ET), though magnitudes differ among the products. Variability and magnitude among storage volume change products widely vary. With regards to the surface water budget, the strongest connections exist among precipitation, ET, and soil moisture, while snow water equivalent (SWE) is best correlated with runoff. Using in situ precipitation estimates, the Max Planck Institute (MPI) ET estimates, and accumulated runoff, changes in storage are calculated and compare well with estimated changes in storage calculated using SWE, reservoir, and the Climate...
Changes in fatty acid composition of Neurospora crassa accompany sexual development and ascospore germination

Fatty acid composition was determined during several stages of sexual development in Neurospora crassa. Triacylglycerol was the predominant acyl lipid in cultures undergoing sexual development. The absolute amounts of triacylglycerol in fertilized cultures varied over time, in contrast to control (unfertilized or mock-fertilized) cultures, in which the amount of triacylglycerol decreased linearly with age. In cultures competent to undergo sexual development, -linoleate was the predominant fatty acid, ranging from 53 to 65% of the total fatty acid mass. -Linolenate was 3% or less of the total fatty acid, in marked contrast to the much higher levels (10--35%) typically reported for vegetative cultures. In fertilized cultures, a slightly higher mass ratio of oleate was also observed. This difference was due to the developing asci: in developing asci and mature ascospores, oleate replaced α-linoleate as the predominant fatty acid (45 to 50% of the total). In germinating ascospores, the fatty acid composition approached that of vegetative cultures 6 h after inducing germination by heat activation. These results show that the fatty acid composition of sexual tissues of Neurospora differs substantially from the composition of asexual tissues, and that extensive changes in fatty acid composition correlate with several events in the sexual stage of development.
Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to discriminate among different sorption sites of micas: with implications for heterogeneous reduction of chromate at the mica-water interface

This contribution uses Cr2p and 3p binding energies (BEs) determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to distinguish Cr{sup III} sorbed to different mica sorption sites. The results were used to better understand mechanisms for coupled sorption-reduction of Cr{sub (aq)}{sup VI} by ferrous micas. The research is important because: (1) Cr contamination is a serious and wide spread problem associated with a variety of industries; (2) Micas are important sorbents for Cr because they are ubiquitous, sorb cations and anions over a wide range of pH, and participate in heterogeneous redox reactions via structural Fe{sup II} and FE{sup III}; and (3) The mobility of cations sorbed by micas will depend, in part, on the dominant sorption site. Micas (two biotites, end member phologopite and muscovite) were reacted with Cr{sup III} solutions that contained variable concentrations of NaCl and KCl. Samples were extracted at times intervals and mica edge orientations were analyzed by ZPS. Cr{sub (aq)}{sup III} sorption was greater in Cr{sup III}-NaCl solutions relative to Cr{sup III}-KCl solutions. Cr2p and 3p BEs were bracketed by those for Cr{sup III} in the structure of silicates and in Cr{sup III}-oxyhydroxides. The BE of Cr{sup III} sorbed to micas was higher by about 0.3more » eV after reaction with Cr{sup III}-NaCl solutions compared to Cr{sup III}-KCl aqueous solutions. At the experimental conditions, Na{sup +} and K{sup +} differentially block permanent charge sites but not variably charged edge sites of micas. Using the constraints inherent in the experimental design, the authors interpret the difference in CR{sup III} BE between the Cr{sup III}-NaCl and Cr{sup III}-KCl experiments to reflect a change in the dominant sorption site, where high and low Cr BEs indicate Cr sorbed by the interlamellar region and variably charged functional groups at mica edges, respectively. They conclude that small BE shifts for cations sorbed to silicates can be interpreted with confidence if strict protocols are employed. Biotites were also enacted with a Cr{sup VI}-NaCl solution. Cr{sup III} BEs systematically decrease with increasing sorption-reduction of Cr{sup VI}{sub (aq)}, consistent with a model of Cr{sup III} accumulation on external sorption sites during heterogeneous reduction of Cr{sup VI} at the biotite-fluid interface.« less
Reset of Secondary Compression Clock for Peat by Cyclic Straining

This is the final authors’ version. We are not permitted to 2 upload the typeset version due to copyright law. The 3 publisher’s version of the manuscript may be found at the 4 following URL: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE 6 %29GT.1943-5606.0001286 Reset of Secondary Compression Clock for Peat by 9 Cyclic Straining 11 Ali Shafiee, S.M.ASCE 1 ; Jonathan P. Stewart, F.ASCE 2 ; and Scott J. Brandenberg, M.ASCE 3 13 Peat soils are widely recognized as being highly compressible. The virgin compression index, C c , 14 is often 5 to 20 times larger than for soft clay, and the secondary compression index, C  , is in the 15 range of (0.05 to 0.07)C c , which is also higher than for typical clays (Mesri and Ajlouni, 2007). 16 Secondary compression is often the dominant source of volume change in peat over time. The 17 compressibility of peat has typically been investigated due to total stress increase imposed by 18 static loads. This manuscript discusses time-dependent volumetric strains due to cyclic shear 19 straining. A multi-stage cyclic simple shear laboratory testing program using the UCLA digitally 21 controlled direct simple shear device (Duku et al. 2007), modified for constant height testing, 1 1 PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. 3 2 Professor and Chair, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. 5 3 Associate Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
Invasive Species and Evolution

Invasive species are a major threat to modern ecosystems and cause billions of dollars in economic damage annually. The long-term impacts of species invasions are difficult to assess on ecological timescales available to biologists, but the fossil record provides analogues that allow investigation of the long-term impacts of species invasions. Two case studies of ancient invasions, the Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis (~375 million years ago) and the Late Ordovician Richmondian Invasion (~446 million years ago), provide insight into the effect of invasive species on extinction, speciation, and ecosystem structuring. During both intervals, invasive species are characterized by broad ecological tolerances, broad geographic ranges, and higher-than-average survival potential through the crisis interval. Among the native species, narrowly adapted ecological specialists are more likely to become extinct, while broadly-adapted generalist species persisted through the invasion interval by modifying aspects of their ecological niche through niche evolution. In addition, formation of new species practically stopped during the invasion intervals due to reduced opportunities for geographic isolation and speciation. The results of these impacts produced post-invasion biotas with less diversity, greater biotic homogenization between regions, and a lack of new species forming. Conservation efforts to eradicate invasive species may help mitigate these outcomes in the current biodiversity crisis.
Relationship of Eugenolate Formation to the Setting Mechanism of Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cements

In Dentistry, a mixture of eugenol liquid (extract of oil of cloves) and zinc oxide powder enjoys many favored uses. The mixture is used as an obtunding temporary filling material, for temporarily cement­ ing dental inlays, crowns and bridges, for endodontic treatment and for taking impressions of edentulous cases. Despite this popularity of the material and its significance in dentistry, the hardening or setting mechanism of the material is not full y understood. Review of the literature 1 • 6 indicates that the major problem with respect to the setting of zinc oxide­ eugenol (ZOE) cement is whether zinc cugenolate crystals form as a result of the setting reaction and whether their formation causes the setting of the mix. The studies that dealt with the acceleration of ZOE 7 • 11 showed no systematic work to study the ef­ fect of an accelerator on the setting time of ZOE. The accelerator's efficiency was referred to its cation by some investigators 11 and to its anion3 by others. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of several accelerators when used in a powder form and as eugenol solutions on the setting time of ZOE; to study the relationship between the time of formation of eugenolate crystals and the setting time of ZOE; to illustrate whether the acceleration of ZOE is cationic or anionic in nature; and to study the effect of accelerator concentration 12 and eugenolate con­ centration on the compressive strength of ZOE.
Lanthanide-binding tags as luminescent probes for studying protein interactions.

Herein, we report a method for studying protein−peptide interactions which exploits the luminescence properties of Tb(III). Lanthanide-binding tags (LBTs) are short peptide sequences comprising 15−20 naturally occurring amino acids that bind Tb(III) with high affinity. These genetically encodable luminescent tags are smaller in size than the Aequorea victoria fluorescent proteins (AFPs) and benefit from the long-lived luminescence lifetime of lanthanides. In this study, luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) was used to monitor the interaction between SH2 domains and different phosphopeptides. For the study, the SH2 domains of Src and Crk kinase were each coexpressed with an LBT, and phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptides were chemically synthesized with organic fluorophores. The LRET between the protein-bound Tb(III) and the peptide-based organic fluorophore was shown to be specific for the recognition of the SH2 domain and the peptide binding partner. This method can detect differences in ...
HEAT: a combined approach for thread escape analysis

Thread escape analysis can determine whether and when a variable becomes shared by multiple threads, which is a foundation for many other program analysis and software testing techniques. Most existing escape analysis tools are either purely dynamic or static analyses. Static analysis, which considers all possible behaviors of a program, may produce false positives; whereas dynamic approaches miss the information from unexecuted code sections of a program. This paper presents a hybrid approach that integrates static and dynamic analyses to address this problem. We first perform static analysis to obtain succinct summaries of accesses to all variables and interprocedural information. Dynamic analysis is then used to confirm variable sharing; for unexecuted code, we determine the sharing of variables by performing an interprocedural synthesis based on the runtime information and static summaries. Compared to dynamic analysis, the hybrid approach is able to determine the escape property of variables in unexecuted code. Compared to static analysis, the hybrid approach produces fewer false alarms. We implemented this hybrid escape analysis in Java. Our experiments on several benchmarks and real-world applications show that the hybrid approach improves the accuracy of escape analysis compared to existing approaches and significantly reduces the performance overhead of a subsequent program analysis.
Neutron Numbers 98, 108 and 116

IN a discussion of neutron capture processes and theories of element origin, Malkiel1 has suggested that the neutron numbers 98, 108 and 116 may be favoured. Malkiel mentions that mass data also appear to support the “special character” of N = 116. It may be recalled that these numbers are not predicted as significant by the shell model of the nucleus.
Negative regulation of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity by ionomycin in T cells

CD45 is a leukocyte-specific, transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) required for T cell responsiveness. How the activity of PTPases is regulated in vivo is unclear. Treatment of murine thymocytes and a variety of murine T cell lines with the calcium ionophore ionomycin decreased CD45 PTPase activity. Ionomycin treatment also led to a decreased phosphorylation of serine residues in CD45. These results indicate that increased intracellular calcium modulates CD45 PTPase activity, demonstrating regulation of CD45 PTPase activity in vivo, and also implicate serine dephosphorylation as a possible mechanism.
Chemical aspects of nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract An unexpurgated historical synopsis is given of the author's role in the early applications of NMR to chemical problems, with emphasis upon the importance of chance, serendipity, ignorance and faculty clubs. Several research areas are discussed, including the broad lineshapes in solids and their motional narrowing, fluorine and proton chemical shifts, multiplets in liquids, chemical exchange, and an unsuccessful search for the ESR of conduction electrons. A brief account is given of some current work in which chemical exchange rates are being determined from the dependence upon resonance frequency of the coalescence temperature for several n,N-dimethylamides.
Discovering your inner Gibson: reconciling action-specific and ecological approaches to perception-action.

Both the action-specific perception account and the ecological approach to perception-action emphasize the role of action in perception. However, the action-specific percep- tion account demonstrates that different percepts are possible depending on the perceiver's ability to act, even when the same optical information is available. These findings chal- lenge one of the fundamental claims of the ecological ap- proach—that perception is direct—by suggesting that percep- tion is mediated by internal processes. Here, we sought to resolve this apparent discrepancy. We contend that perception is based on the controlled detection of the information avail- able in a global array that includes higher-order patterns defined across interoceptive and exteroceptive stimulus ar- rays. These higher-order patterns specify the environment in relation to the perceiver, so direct sensitivity to them would be consistent with the ecological claims that perception of the environment is direct and animal-specific. In addition, the action-specific approach provides further evidence for the theory of affordances, by demonstrating that even seemingly abstract properties of the environment, such as distance and size, are ultimately perceived in terms of an agent' sa ction capabilities.
CASE 4-2014: ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm repair with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in an adult congenital heart disease patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography was notable for a mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (47%), moderate stenosis of the mechanical valve in the pulmonic position (peak gradient 59 mmHg), and a well-seated mechanical prosthesis in the aortic position, without stenosis. Gated computed tomography angiography (Fig 1) showed the pseudoaneurysm and the proximity of the lesion to the coronary arteries. Multidisciplinary planning included the use of bivalirudin (The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ) at a targeted activated coagulation time (ACT) of 250-300 seconds to facilitate endovascular repair through the retrograde deployment of a stent from open access to the left common carotid artery through a neck incision. After uneventful initiation of general anesthesia and line placement (left radial arterial cannula, right internal jugular triple lumen, and introducer sheath catheters), the endovascular stent graft (Zenith TX2 36� 50 mm stent graft, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) was deployed but did not completely cover the pseudoaneurysm, so a second stent graft was inserted under a combination of fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) guidance. However, adequate positioning could not be achieved during deployment of the second stent, and the device remained malpositioned in the arch. No hemodynamic changes occurred despite stent malposition. At the time, TEE did not show evidence of aortic dissection; left ventricular function remained at baseline (mildly depressed) without dynamic changes to suggest ischemia. Because the attempted endovascular repair had been performed in the cardiac catheterization suite (this institution does not have
Microdynamics of the piezo-driven pipettes in ICSI

Undesirably low success rates have been reported in the intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure. Recently a method using piezo-driven pipettes with a very small mercury column contributed substantial improvements in this process. Despite the toxicity of mercury, this new procedure is commonly utilized in many laboratories. However, there is no study available to date on the micromechanics of this procedure. The underlying principles of piercing are not clear for both cases, with and without the mercury. Presently, the pressure burst, which is caused by the abrupt axial motion of the mercury column, is attributed to this effect. Here, we take the mercury-filled pipettes and try to understand the governing physics. The findings point out the occurrence of considerable lateral tip oscillations of the injection pipette as the piezoelectric pulse train is introduced. We claim that the lateral dynamics play an important role in the piercing and should be considered to enlighten the process and the effects of the mercury. These claims are analytically studied and experimentally verified.
THE IMPACT OF MEDIA EXPOSURE ON MALES BODY IMAGE

Abstract Mass media are believed to be a pervasive force in shaping physical appearance ideals and have been shown to negatively impact females' body image. Little research has attended to the effects of media exposure on males' body image. The current experiment exposed 158 males to television advertisements containing either ideal male images or neutral images that were inserted between segments of a television program. Participants were blocked on dispositional body image and attitudes toward appearance variables to assess for moderating effects. Results indicated that participants exposed to ideal image advertisements became significantly more depressed and had higher levels of muscle dissatisfaction than those exposed to neutral ads. Inconsistent with past research, no dispositional effects were noted that would suggest the influence of schematicity on mood and body image changes.
A 5Gb/s automatic sub-bit between-pair skew compensator for parallel data communications in 0.13µm CMOS

A between-pair skew compensator for parallel data communications is presented. It can detect time skew between two independent data sequences using continuous-time correlations and then automatically align the two using a voltage controlled wide-bandwidth data delay line. A 5Gb/s sub-bit between-pair skew compensator in 0.13µm CMOS occupies 0.03mm2 active die area and dissipates 22.5mW.
Cratering history of the Uranian satellites: Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon

Crater size-frequency data for Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon are presented, and the implications of those data are discussed in terms of the geologic histories of these bodies and the populations of objects that have cratered them. The surfaces of Oberon and Umbriel are old and are inferred to date to a period early in their histories when the cratering rate was significantly higher than at present. No significant endogenic resurfacing appears to have occurred on either body after that inferred period of intense cratering. Titania exhibits the youngest surface of these three and appears to have undergone almost complete endogenic resurfacing. Among the Uranian satellites the surfaces of Oberon and Umbriel are interpreted to be the oldest, that of Titania intermediate, and those of Ariel and parts of Miranda the youngest. The size-frequency distributions for these satellites have an average slope of about -3, indicative of a steep crater production function. The cumulative size-frequency data for these Uranian satellites may be interpreted to indicate that parts of their surfaces are saturated with craters at small diameters.
Positron annihilation spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering characterization of nanostructural features in high-nickel model reactor pressure vessel steels

Abstract Irradiation embrittlement in nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels results from the hardening by a high number density of nanometer scale features. In steels with more than ≈0.10% Cu, the dominant features are often Cu-rich precipitates typically alloyed with Mn, Ni and Si. At low-Cu and low-to-intermediate Ni levels, so-called matrix hardening features are believed to be vacancy-solute cluster complexes, or their remnants. However, Mn–Ni–Si rich precipitates, with Mn plus Ni contents greater than Cu, can form at high alloy Ni contents and are promoted at irradiation temperatures lower than the nominal 290 °C. Even at very low-Cu levels, late blooming Mn–Ni–Si rich precipitates are a significant concern due to their potential to form large volume fractions of hardening features. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and small angle neutron scattering neutron (SANS) measurements were used to characterize the fine-scale microstructure in split-melt A533B steels with varying Ni and Cu contents, irradiated at selected conditions from 270 to 310 °C between ≈0.04 and 1.6 × 10 23 n m −2 . The objective was to assess the character, composition and magnetic properties of Cu-rich precipitates, as well as to gain insight on the matrix features. The results suggest that the irradiated very low-Cu and intermediate Ni steel contains small vacancy-Mn–Ni–Si cluster complexes, but not large, well-formed and highly enriched Mn–Ni–Si phases. The hardening features in steels containing 0.2% and 0.4% Cu, and 0.8% and 1.6% Ni are consistent with well-formed, non-magnetic Cu–Ni–Mn precipitates. The precipitate number densities and volume fractions increase, while their sizes decrease, with increasing Ni and decreasing irradiation temperature. The precipitates evolve with fluence in stages of nucleation, growth and limited coarsening.
MAD SUBALGEBRAS AND LIE SUBALGEBRAS OF AN ENVELOPING ALGEBRA

Let 𝒰(𝔯(1)) denote the enveloping algebra of the two-dimensional nonabelian Lie algebra 𝔯(1) over a base field 𝕂. We study the maximal abelian ad-nilpotent (mad) associative subalgebras and finite-dimensional Lie subalgebras of 𝒰(𝔯(1)). We first prove that the set of noncentral elements of 𝒰(𝔯(1)) admits the Dixmier partition, 𝒰(𝔯(1))−𝕂=⋃ 5i=1Δi, and establish characterization theorems for elements in Δi, i=1,3,4. Then we determine the elements in Δi, i=1,3 , and describe the eigenvalues for the inner derivation ad Bx,x∈Δi, i=3,4 . We also derive other useful results for elements in Δi, i=2,3,4,5 . As an application, we find all framed mad subalgebras of 𝒰(𝔯(1)) and determine all finite-dimensional nonabelian Lie algebras that can be realized as Lie subalgebras of 𝒰(𝔯(1)) . We also study the realizations of the Lie algebra 𝔯(1) in 𝒰(𝔯(1)) in detail.
Monte Carlo Matrix Inversion and Reinforcement Learning

We describe the relationship between certain reinforcement learning (RL) methods based on dynamic programming (DP) and a class of unorthodox Monte Carlo methods for solving systems of linear equations proposed in the 1950's. These methods recast the solution of the linear system as the expected value of a statistic suitably defined over sample paths of a Markov chain. The significance of our observations lies in arguments (Curtiss, 1954) that these Monte Carlo methods scale better with respect to state-space size than do standard, iterative techniques for solving systems of linear equations. This analysis also establishes convergence rate estimates. Because methods used in RL systems for approximating the evaluation function of a fixed control policy also approximate solutions to systems of linear equations, the connection to these Monte Carlo methods establishes that algorithms very similar to TD algorithms (Sutton, 1988) are asymptotically more efficient in a precise sense than other methods for evaluating policies. Further, all DP-based RL methods have some of the properties of these Monte Carlo algorithms, which suggests that although RL is often perceived to be slow, for sufficiently large problems, it may in fact be more efficient than other known classes of methods capable of producing the same results.
Elites, Masses, and Media Blacklists: The Dixie Chicks Controversy

Several studies have shown the influence of ownership on media content in routine contexts, but none has quantitatively tested it in the context of a crisis. Recently the country musicians the Dixie Chicks were blacklisted from the radio for criticizing the president in wartime. I use this event to test the role of media ownership in a crisis. Through analyzing airplay from a national sample of radio stations, this paper finds that contrary to prominent allegations grounded in the political economy tradition of media sociology, this backlash did not come from owners of large chains. Rather, I find that opposition to the Dixie Chicks represents grassroots conservative sentiment, which may be exacerbated by the ideological connotations of country music or tempered by tolerance for dissent.
Polypropylene for high voltage high frequency airborne applications

Polypropylene is characterized for airborne high-power applications under high-voltage, high-frequency conditions. The properties that are measured include the dielectric constant and dielectric loss (at electrical stresses of up to 40 V/ mu m) and the breakdown voltages at frequencies of up to 400 Hz. The aging characteristics of the film under these conditions were also determined. There is a slight decrease in the breakdown voltage of polypropylene as frequency is increased from 60 to 400 Hz. Also, life is reduced with an increase in frequency. This decrease is probably due to heat buildup in the insulating material caused by partial discharges and by dielectric losses. Dielectric properties show no change at low-voltage, high-frequency conditions. However, at high-field-stress, 60-Hz conditions, the dissipation factor shows an increase with an increase in electric field stress. This increase is most probably caused by partial discharges in voids and air bubbles of the insulating material. Based on the preliminary results obtained, polypropylene is suitable for low-stress, high-frequency airborne applications. >
Proto-Industry, Women's Work and the Household Economy in the Transition To Industrial Capitalism:

Using samples of households from the 1851 and 1881 censuses of Arnold, Nottinghamshire, a proto-industrial village specializing in framework knitting, the research reported in this article examines the changes in the economic activities of household members as the domestic industry was being superseded by the factory system. The data show the continuing importance of the family economy to the economic viability of households and the increasing significance of the economic contribution of wives. These economic contributions were made possible by an increased demand for women to do homework as seamers of hosiery, which occurred as a consequence of changes in the methods of manufacturing knitted garments.
Survival rates of a neotropical parrot: implications for latitudinal comparisons of avian demography

Latitudinal variation in avian demography played an important early role in the development of life history theory, especially in the idea of a cost of reproduction. Recent attempts to determine the survivorship of tropical birds with mark-recapture sta- tistics have proved controversial. Here, we use a small neotropical bird, the Green-rumped Parrotlet (Forpus passerinus), as a model system for investigating sources of heterogeneity that might bias interspecific comparisons. Mark-resighting data were collected on 1334 adult parrotlets over a decade. We expected adult survival to be low because this parrot lays a large clutch (mean 5 7 eggs), is a cavity nester, and breeds in a highly seasonal environment. A two-age-class term in local survival was nonsignificant, indicating that an age or transience effect was unimportant. Local survival of males did not vary annually, but 19.3% of the yearly variation in female survival was explained by rates of nest loss during stages when females were incubating or brooding young. The overall local survival rate of parrotlets ( f5 0.565) was identical to temperate hole-nesting species of the same body size but was lower than that of tropical birds that lay smaller clutches. However, we also detected considerable heterogeneity in parrotlet survival. Females and males that were sighted but did not breed comprised a mean 23.5% and 52.9% of our population, respec- tively. Using multistate models, we found that breeders had significantly higher probabilities of local survival ( f5 0.678 vs. 0.486), of retaining their status as breeders ( c5 0.719 vs. 0.279), and of detection ( p 5 0.997 vs. 0.375) than did nonbreeders. Overall, males and females had comparable local survival rates (breeders f5 0.698 vs. 0.658, nonbreeders f5 0.536 vs. 0.436). Our estimates of local survival could be affected by breeding dispersal, but site fidelity of parrotlets was strong: 95% of adults moved ,500 m in consecutive years. A literature review for tropical birds showed that mark-resighting studies usually report return rates based on resightings of breeding or territorial adults, whereas mist net studies rely on recaptures and pool birds of different age and social status in their calcu- lations of local survival. Future studies should attempt to compare subsets of avian pop- ulations that are similar in demography. Because rates of site fidelity and social system may differ among species, these factors must also be considered in interspecific comparisons of avian life histories.
Optimization strategies for simulated moving bed and PowerFeed processes

Simulated moving bed (SMB) processes have been applied to many important separations in sugar, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. However, systematic optimization of SMB is still a challenging problem. Two tailored approaches are proposed, full discretization and single discretization, where both the optimal operating condition and concentration profiles are obtained by a Newton-type solver. In a case study of fructose and glucose separation, it has been found that the full-discretization method implemented on AMPL with IPOPT is more efficient than single-discretization method on gPROMS with SRQPD. The reliability of the full-discretization method is also demonstrated with case studies of a bi-Langmuir isotherm and a PowerFeed optimization problem. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Hexagonal Anorthite via Hydrothermal Processing

Hexagonal anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) has been prepared by hydrothermal processing of monocalcium aluminate and quartz at temperatures as low as 200°C. The successful development of this phase is dependent upon several processing parameters, including the hydration of the calcium aluminate precursor material to the hydrogarnet phase (Ca3Al2O6·6H2O) prior to hydrothermal treatment and the use of quartz as opposed to amorphous sources of SiO2. Quartz has partial solubility in the hydrogarnet lattice for additions up to 40 wt%. Increased SiO2 substitution has been shown to reduce the conversion of hydrogarnet to Ca4Al6O13·3H2O, thereby increasing its thermal stability and improving its strength characteristics at temperatures greater than 200°C. Quartz additions greater than 43 wt% lead to the formation of CaAl2Si2O8 as the sole reaction product. The moderate temperatures involved in forming this anhydrous material are an order of magnitude lower than those necessary to form this phase by melt crystallization, making it a true chemically bonded ceramic. The reaction can form a bonded matrix with strengths up to 40000 psi (280 MPa). Strengths are limited due to density changes during anorthite formation, but the matrix is thermally stable up to 1000°C.
Structure and Expression of a Dhurrinase (β-Glucosidase) from Sorghum

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has two isozymes of the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase dhurrinase: dhurrinase-1 (Dhr1) and dhurrinase-2 (Dhr2). A nearly full-length cDNA encoding dhurrinase was isolated from 4-d-old etiolated seedlings and sequenced. The cDNA has a 1695-nucleotide-long open reading frame, which codes for a 565-amino acid-long precursor and a 514-amino acid-long mature protein, respectively. Deduced amino acid sequence of the sorghum Dhr showed 70% identity with two maize (Zea mays) beta-glucosidase isozymes. Southern-blot data suggested that beta-glucosidase is encoded by a small multigene family in sorghum. Northern-blot data indicated that the mRNA corresponding to the cloned Dhr cDNA is present at high levels in the node and upper half of the mesocotyl in etiolated seedlings but at low levels in the root-only in the zone of elongation and the tip region. Light-grown seedling parts had lower levels of Dhr mRNA than those of etiolated seedlings. Immunoblot analysis performed using maize-anti-beta-glucosidase sera detected two distinct dhurrinases (57 and 62 kD) in sorghum. The distribution of Dhr activity in different plant parts supports the mRNA and immunoreactive protein data, suggesting that the cloned cDNA corresponds to the Dhr1 (57 kD) isozyme and that the dhr1 gene shows organ-specific expression.
Vascular Calcification Pathobiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Once thought to result from passive precipitation of calcium and phosphate, it now appears that vascular calcification is a consequence of tightly regulated processes that culminate in organized extracellular matrix deposition by osteoblast-like cells. These cells may be derived from stem cells (circulating or within the vessel wall) or differentiation of existing cells, such as smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or pericytes. Several factors induce this transition, including bone morphogenetic proteins, oxidant stress, high phosphate levels, parathyroid hormone fragments, and vitamin D. Once the osteogenic phenotype is induced, cells gain a distinctive molecular fingerprint, marked by the transcription factor core binding factor alpha1. Alternatively, loss of inhibitors of mineralization, such as matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid Gla protein, fetuin, and osteopontin, also contribute to vascular calcification. The normal balance between promotion and inhibition of calcification becomes dysregulated in chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and as a consequence of aging. Once the physiological determinants of calcification are perturbed, calcification may occur at several sites in the cardiovascular system, including the intima and media of vessels and cardiac valves. Here, calcification may occur through overlapping yet distinct molecular mechanisms, each with different clinical ramifications. A variety of imaging techniques are available to visualize vascular calcification, including fluoroscopy, echocardiography, intravascular ultrasound, and electron beam computed tomography. These imaging modalities vary in sensitivity and specificity, as well as clinical application. Through greater understanding of both the mechanism and clinical consequences of vascular calcification, future therapeutic strategies may be more effectively designed and applied.
Flexible Link Continual Reassessment Methods for Trivariate Binary Outcome Phase I/II Trials

Even though the primary goal of a Phase I clinical trial is to determine the dosing schedule of a new treatment subject to toxicity or other safety concerns, treatment efficacy often remains an important secondary consideration. In such settings, the trial may collect both information on final efficacy as well as a surrogate efficacy marker that is obtained more easily, quickly, or both. Extended versions of Bayesian continual reassessment methods (CRMs) offer an attractive approach for a principled combination of all three sources of information, but the precise shape of the dose-response curve may be difficult to specify, especially with the small sample sizes typical of early phase studies. In this article, we propose flexible semi- and nonparametric link functions for a trivariate binary outcome CRM that allows for differential weighting of the outcomes, or even within outcome (say, higher penalties for over- rather than undershooting toxicity). Illustrating in the context of a non-Hodgkin lymphoma tr...