cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fortifications and Democracy in the Ancient Greek World

In the modern world, access-limiting fortification walls are not typically regarded as promoting democracy. But in Greek antiquity, increased investment in fortifications was correlated with the prevalence and stability of democracy. This paper sketches the background conditions of the Greek city-state ecology, analyzes a passage in Aristotle’s Politics, and assesses the choices of Hellenistic kings, Greek citizens, and urban elites, as modeled in a simple game. The paper explains how city walls promoted democracy and helps to explain several other puzzles: why Hellenistic kings taxed Greek cities at lower than expected rates; why elites in Greek cities supported democracy; and why elites were not more heavily taxed by democratic majorities. The relationship between walls, democracy, and taxes promoted continued economic growth into the late classical and Hellenistic period (4th-2nd centuries BCE), and ultimately contributed to the survival of Greek culture into the Roman era, and thus modernity. We conclude with a consideration of whether the walls-democracy relationship holds in modernity.
Association of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Central Nervous System Injury With Neurocognitive and Brain Imaging Outcomes in Children Receiving Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Importance Little is known about treatment-related neurotoxic mechanisms in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with chemotherapy only. Objective To examine concentration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of brain injury at ALL diagnosis and during cancer therapy and to evaluate associations with long-term neurocognitive and neuroimaging outcomes and relevant genetic polymorphisms. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study included 235 patients with ALL who received a chemotherapy-only protocol. Patients provided CSF samples after diagnosis and throughout treatment. At 5 or more years after the diagnosis, 138 (69.7%) of 198 eligible survivors participated in long-term follow-up assessments. Children were treated from June 1, 2000, through October 31, 2010. Follow-up was completed on October 21, 2014, and data were analyzed from August 1, 2015, through September 30, 2016. Exposures Plasma concentration of high-dose intravenous methotrexate sodium and number of triple intrathecal chemotherapy injections. Main Outcomes and Measures The CSF samples were assayed at 5 points from diagnosis to reinduction for biomarkers of myelin degradation (myelin basic protein [MBP]), neuronal damage (nerve growth factor [NGF] and total and phosphorylated tau protein), astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]), and neuroinflammation (chitotriosidase). DNA was genotyped for polymorphisms in drug metabolism, oxidative stress, and neurodevelopment. Leukoencephalopathy was evaluated by brain imaging. At 5 or more years after the diagnosis, survivors completed neurocognitive testing and brain imaging of white matter integrity. Results Among the 235 patients with CSF samples (120 boys [51.1%] and 115 girls [48.9%]; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 6.8 [4.7] years), MBP and GFAP levels were elevated at baseline and through consolidation. The number of intrathecal injections was positively correlated with NGF level increase at consolidation (r = 0.19;P = .005). Increases in GFAP (risk ratio [RR], 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.40), MBP (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11), and total tau (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.11-2.78) levels were associated with a higher risk for leukoencephalopathy and higher apparent diffusion coefficient in frontal lobe white matter 5 years after diagnosis (standardized estimate, 0.05;P Conclusions and Relevance Glial injury may be present at diagnosis of ALL. Neuronal injury was associated with intrathecal chemotherapy. The CSF biomarkers may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for worse neurologic outcomes, particularly those with genetic susceptibility to poor brain function.
Experiments on Quadratic Solitons

Spatial solitons are beams that do not diffract by virtue of a strong nonlinear interaction with the medium in which they propagate.[1] Quadratic solitons are a rather special member of the spatial soliton family because their existence is not linked to a self- induced refractive index change and subsequent guiding of the beam by the induced waveguide. Instead they exist by virtue of the strong coupling via the second order nonlinearity χ(2) between beams of different frequencies.[2] For example, for Type I second harmonic generation (SHG) in which there is a single fundamental and harmonic beam, the beams exchange photons with propagation distance leading to mutual self- trapping. Although such solitons were predicted back in the 1970s, they were not observed experimentally until the mid 1990s. [2, 3, 4] Over the last five years there has been a great deal of experimental progress in this field and the purpose of this chapter is to review some aspects of this work. (A separate chapter by Sukhorukov in this book deals with the details of the theory of quadratic solitons and related effects.)
Cardiovascular Disease: Impact of Sex Steroid Replacement

Hormonal differences between the sexes are believed to play an important role in delaying coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. A prevalent belief has been that sex steroid replacement (SSR) may prevent or reverse adverse metabolic (lipid and glucose) changes, maintain vascular health, and reduce CHD risk in women after menopause. A multitude of observational studies lent support to this hypothesis. However, randomized clinical trials of both secondary prevention (e.g., the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study) and primary prevention (the Women's Health Initiative) did not demonstrate net benefit or suggested increased cardiovascular risk potential. Thus, SSR can no longer be recommended for primary or secondary CHD prevention. Whether a different outcome applies to estrogen replacement therapy (e.g., in women without a uterus) or to selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., with raloxifene) will be determined by ongoing clinical trials.
On Designing an ACL2-Based C Integer Type Safety Checking Tool

The C integer types are prone to errors due to unchecked casting that can leave programs vulnerable to a host of security exploits. These errors manifest themselves when there is a semantic disconnect between the programmer’s view of the language and the actual implementation of the programming language. To help detect these errors, we are developing a C integer type safety checking tool written in ACL2. This paper presents the justification and fundamental logic behind the tool, the basic operations of the tool, and discussion of future plans.
Curcumin supplementation mitigates NASH development and progression in female Wistar rats.

Curcumin, a naturally occurring plant polyphenolic compound, may have beneficial effects in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development. We examined whether curcumin supplementation could be used in both prevention and treatment of NASH with fibrosis. Female Wistar rats were provided ad libitum access to a "western diet" (WD) high in fat (43% kcal), sucrose (29% kcal), and cholesterol (2% w/v), as well as 15% fructose drinking water. Intraperitoneal CC14 injections (0.5 mL/kg) were also administered at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 to accelerate development of a NASH with fibrosis phenotype. Rats were randomized to four groups (n = 9-12/group) and fed ad libitum: (1) WD for 8-weeks (8WD), (2) WD enriched with curcumin for 8-weeks (8WD+C; 0.2% curcumin, BCM-95, DolCas Biotech) to assess prevention, (3) WD for 12-weeks (12WD), (4) WD for 8-weeks followed by 4-weeks WD+C (12WD+C) to assess treatment. Curcumin prevention (8WD vs. 8WD+C) attenuated (P < 0.05) histological liver inflammation, molecular markers of fibrosis (Col1a1 mRNA) and a serum marker of liver injury (AST). Curcumin treatment (12WD vs. 12WD+C) reduced (P < 0.05) hepatocellular inflammation, steatosis, NAFLD Activity Scores, and serum markers of liver injury (AST, ALP). Moreover, curcumin treatment also increased hepatic pACC/ACC, ApoB100, and SOD1 protein, and decreased hepatic FGF-21 levels; whereas, curcumin prevention increased hepatic glutathione levels. Both curcumin prevention and treatment reduced molecular markers of hepatic fibrosis (Col1a1 mRNA) and inflammation (TNF-α, SPP1 mRNA). Curcumin supplementation beneficially altered the NASH phenotype in female Wistar rats, particularly the reversal of hepatocellular inflammation.
Beyond the message: advantages of snapshot proteomics with single‐cell mass cytometry in solid tumors

Single-cell technologies that can quantify features of individual cells within a tumor are critical for treatment strategies aiming to target cancer cells while sparing or activating beneficial cells. Given that key players in protein networks are often the primary targets of precision oncology strategies, it is imperative to transcend the nucleic acid message and read cellular actions in human solid tumors. Here, we review the advantages of multiplex, single-cell mass cytometry in tissue and solid tumor investigations. Mass cytometry can quantitatively probe nearly any cellular feature or target. In discussing the ability of mass cytometry to reveal and characterize a broad spectrum of cell types, identify rare cells, and study functional behavior through protein signaling networks in millions of individual cells from a tumor, this review surveys publications of scientific advances in solid tumor biology made with the aid of mass cytometry. Advances discussed include functional identification of rare tumor and tumor-infiltrating immune cells and dissection of cellular mechanisms of immunotherapy in solid tumors and the periphery. The review concludes by highlighting ways to incorporate single-cell mass cytometry in solid tumor precision oncology efforts and rapidly developing cytometry techniques for quantifying cell location and sequenced nucleic acids.
Infectious Complications After Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation for Hematological Malignancy.

Background Umbilical cord blood transplant (UCBT) is used for patients who do not have a matched donor, but engraftment often takes longer than with a standard allogeneic transplant, likely increasing the risk for infection. We characterized specific infections and outcomes in adults undergoing UCBT at our 2 centers. Methods All adults who underwent UCBT between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2015 were included. Infectious episodes from 6 months before to 2 years after UCBT were reviewed. Results Fifty-seven patients underwent UCBT; 47 had neutrophil engraftment. A total of 179 infectious episodes occurred in 55 patients, 73 (41%) within 30 days post-UCBT. Viruses caused 85 (47%) infections. Cytomegalovirus caused 32 infectious episodes and was most common from day 30 to 100. Human herpesvirus 6 occurred in 28 episodes, was most common within 30 days, and caused 1 death. Bacteria were responsible for 82 (46%) infections, most commonly bacteremias due to Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp, and Enterobacteriaceae. Of 11 invasive fungal infections, 9 were aspergillosis, 4 of which were fatal. Overall mortality was 56% in the first year. Thirteen deaths were from infection; 11 occurred in the first 100 days and 7 in the first 30 days post-UCBT. Of 10 patients who never engrafted, 9 died, 6 from infection, within 100 days post-UCBT. Conclusions Infectious complications were common after UCBT, especially in the first 30 days. Deaths from viral infections were fewer than expected. Delayed engraftment and nonengraftment continue to convey increased risk for fatal bacterial and fungal infections post-UCBT.
Quantitative trait loci mapping of leaf rust resistance in tetraploid alfalfa

Abstract Alfalfa leaf rust caused by the fungal pathogen Uromyces striatus compromises forage yield and quality. We investigated the genetic basis of leaf rust resistance in alfalfa using an F1 mapping population segregating for resistance to the disease in addition to segregation for fall dormancy (FD) and winter hardiness (WH). The objective of this work was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with alfalfa leaf rust resistance using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) SNP markers in the biparental F1 mapping population. The female parent 3010 displayed susceptibility to rust while the male parent CW 1010 was moderately resistant. The mapping population consisted of 184 F1 progenies that were planted with the parents in a randomized complete block (RCBD) design with three replications at Watkinsville and Blairsville, GA. Four clones generated from stem cuttings of each genotype were planted in each replication. Phenotyping rust severity (RS) was based on the NAAIC visual rating scores of 1–5. RS and FD exhibited a negative phenotypic correlation (r = −0.26). RS and WH also exhibited a negative correlation (r = −0.27) suggesting that the dormant and winter hardy genotypes were more susceptible to leaf rust than the non-dormant and cold sensitive. Four QTL for alfalfa leaf rust resistance and one QTL for rust susceptibility were identified in the CW 1010 genetic map while three QTL for rust susceptibility were identified in the 3010 parent. The most important QTL Us-RustR1 explained 13% (R2 = 0.13) of the phenotypic variance. This study suggests that leaf rust resistance in alfalfa is most likely incomplete and has polygenic inheritance. Comparative genome analysis of QTL regions using sequences of significant SNPs revealed homology to M. truncatula sequences that were previously reported for their role in plant defense mechanisms. Validation of the QTLs in different genetic backgrounds as well as fine mapping of the QTL regions would be the next step of this research. The markers presented in this study would be valuable resources for alfalfa genetic improvement via marker-assisted selection (MAS).
The Accidental Pragmatist: Jonathan Haidt’s Moral Psychology as Pragmatic Popular Science

While much of the work of rhetorical pragmatists has involved explicating the value of foundational pragmatist thinkers such as John Dewey and William James to new generations of scholars in composition and communication studies, less work has been devoted to seeing how contemporary scholars outside of the humanities already use these thinkers in ways that may nevertheless be fruitful for the study of language and discourse. This essay argues that the moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt provides an example of this less-explored category, using pragmatist influences in combination with modern empirical methods to articulate a theory of communication that offers tools for enhanced understanding of the psychology underlying rhetorical discourse.
Undiagnosed diabetes among Hispanic and white adults with elevated haemoglobin A1c levels.

AIMS The aim of this study is to compare the frequency and correlates of undiagnosed diabetes between Hispanic and white American adults ages 20 and older with known diabetes or elevated HbA1c . METHODS Using 2007 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey data, 1792 white and Hispanic Americans age 20 and older with known diabetes or elevated HbA1c (≥6.5%) were included in the analysis. Undiagnosed diabetes was defined as elevated HbA1c more than or equal to 6.5% without prior diabetes diagnosis. Covariates included demographics, health care access, and survey language. RESULTS Hispanics were younger (54.92 vs 61.45 y, p < .001) and had a higher rate of undiagnosed diabetes (28.2% vs 18.0%, p < .001) than their white counterparts. For Hispanics, those with undiagnosed diabetes had higher mean HbA1c than those with known diabetes (p = .03), but no significant difference was found between diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes among whites. Covariates that decreased the odds of undiagnosed diabetes among Hispanic Americans included having a routine place to receive health care. For whites, covariates that decreased the odds of undiagnosed diabetes were a higher ratio of income to poverty level, having health insurance and having a routine place for health care. CONCLUSION The high proportion of unknown diabetes among Hispanic Americans suggests the need for a culturally competent health campaign to improve community diabetes awareness. Emphasizing the importance of having a routine place of health care for regular health check-ups and expanded community resources for diabetes early detection and prevention among this population could decrease the burden of diabetes.
Unsupervised gait retraining using a wireless pressure-detecting shoe insole.

Abstract Background The knee adduction moment (KAM) is a surrogate measure of mediolateral distribution of loads across the knee joint and is correlated with progression and severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Existing biomechanical approaches for unloading the arthritic medial knee compartment vary in their effectiveness in reducing KAM. This study employed a completely wireless, pressure-detecting shoe insole capable of generating auditory feedback via a smartphone. Research question: To investigate whether auditory cues from a smartphone can prompt subjects to adjust their gait pattern and reduce KAM. Methods: Nineteen healthy subjects underwent gait training inside the lab (Phase 1) and received auditory cues during mid- and terminal stance to medialize their foot COP (center-of-pressure). This initial training period was continued unsupervised while walking around campus (Phase 2). Results After Phase 1, subjects reduced their KAM by 20.6% (p = 0. 001), a finding similar to a previous study that used a wired, lab-based insole system. After further unsupervised training outside the lab during Phase 2, subjects were able to execute the newly learned gait pattern without auditory feedback still showing a KAM reduction of 17.2% (p Significance Together, these results suggest that the wireless insole is a promising tool for gait retraining to lower the KAM and will be implemented in a home-based clinical trial of gait retraining for subjects with knee OA.
Hydrostatic Pressure in Peripheral Lymphatics — Correlation with Lymphography and Clinical Data

The measurement of hydrostatic pressure in human lymphatics has not previously been evaluated as a potential diagnostic modality. Szabo (1967) has measured pressures in various segments of the lymphatic system of dogs and has reported mean pressures in various vessels and trunks. He found the resting pressure in the extremities is close to zero. Drinker and Field (1933) also recorded near zero pressures in the dog leg at rest. Miller et al. (1963) found a mean pressure of 5 mmHg in the dog leg. Irisawa and Rushmer (1959) reported intralymphatic pressures in the dog leg slightly below corresponding venous pressures, i.e. between 2.5–12 cm of water.
History of Intellectual Disabilities

The field of intellectual disability (ID) traces its history back to early Egyptian, Greek, and Roman societies. Civilizations around the world interpret mental illness, specifically ID, in a variety of ways. Beliefs regarding ID are influenced by the current stigmas, society’s understanding of mental health, and the conceptualization of the cause of ID. Furthermore, the terminology used to identify individuals with ID has paralleled the societal climate of the era. To understand the current literature and perceptions of ID, it is important to first review the history of conceptualization, terminology, research, treatment, legislation, and beliefs in this area. In the following chapter, we provide a timeline to help outline the following information presented in this chapter; however, this highlights the most important aspects of history and does not exhaust ID in its entirety. As societies across history attempted to conceptualize ID, progress toward modern thinking has been nonlinear and often includes periods of backward regression due to the religious, political, or social beliefs of the time. Advocacy groups helped propel this movement forward as they disseminated information on ID and advocated for the rights of individuals with disabilities.
Traversing the wasteland: A framework for assessing ecological threats to drylands

Abstract Drylands cover 41% of the Earth's terrestrial surface, play a critical role in global ecosystem function, and are home to over two billion people. Like other biomes, drylands face increasing pressure from global change, but many of these ecosystems are close to tipping points, which, if crossed, can lead to abrupt transitions and persistent degraded states. Their limited but variable precipitation, low soil fertility, and low productivity have given rise to a perception that drylands are wastelands, needing societal intervention to bring value to them. Negative perceptions of drylands synergistically combine with conflicting sociocultural values regarding what constitutes a threat to these ecosystems. In the present article, we propose a framework for assessing threats to dryland ecosystems and suggest we must also combat the negative perceptions of drylands in order to preserve the ecosystem services that they offer.
Mass Spectrometry for Natural Product Discovery

Abstract Natural products chemistry is focused on the study of small organic molecules, especially secondary metabolites, produced by organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants. Natural products have proven to be rich sources of medically- and industrially-important bioactive molecules. Characterizing the diversity of organic compounds is challenging, however, advances in mass spectrometry have allowed for discovery of thousands of new compounds over the past few decades. Mass spectrometry is used in various stages of the discovery process, ranging from sample selection, screening and fractionation, to identification and dereplication. Here, we discuss the critical role of mass spectrometry in the discovery of novel natural products. We also discuss recent innovations in mass spectrometry imaging and genomic analysis that are accelerating the detection and improving our understanding in biosynthesis of natural products.
Limited Archaean continental emergence reflected in an early Archaean 18 O-enriched ocean

The origin and evolution of Earth’s biosphere were shaped by the physical and chemical histories of the oceans. Marine chemical sediments and altered oceanic crust preserve a geochemical record of these histories. Marine chemical sediments, for example, exhibit an increase in their 18O/16O ratio through time. The implications of this signal are ambiguous but are typically cast in terms of two endmember (but not mutually exclusive) scenarios. The oceans may have been much warmer in the deep past if they had an oxygen isotope composition similar to that of today. Alternatively, the nature of fluid–rock interactions (including the weathering processes associated with continental emergence) may have been different in the past, leading to an evolving oceanic oxygen isotope composition. Here we examine approximately 3.24-billion-year-old hydrothermally altered oceanic crust from the Panorama district in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia as an alternative oxygen isotope archive to marine chemical sediments. We find that, at that time, seawater at Panorama had an oxygen isotope composition enriched in 18O relative to the modern ocean with a δ18O of 3.3 ± 0.1‰ VSMOW. We suggest that seawater δ18O may have decreased through time, in contrast to the large increases seen in marine chemical sediments. To explain this possibility, we construct an oxygen isotope exchange model of the geologic water cycle, which suggests that the initiation of continental weathering in the late Archaean, between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago, would have drawn down an 18O-enriched early Archaean ocean to δ18O values similar to those of modern seawater. We conclude that Earth’s water cycle may have gone through two separate phases of steady-state behaviour, before and after the emergence of the continents. The water cycle was in two different steady states, before and after continental emergence, as recorded in the decreasing oxygen isotope values of seawater since the Archaean, according to an inverse geochemical model of the oceanic crustal record.
A new proximate structure for the APB (111) in L12 compounds

Abstract A new approach which involves a diffuse multi-layer fault model coupled with a cluster approach to statistical mechanics (CASM) infrastructure has been developed to identify the proximate structure for the antiphase boundary (APB) on {111} planes in L12. We report a new structure, ‘ γ a ′ ’ which approximates the bonding environment of an APB better than a previously reported structure, ‘ω’. Density functional theory calculations were employed to predict the APB energies from structural energies of γ a ′ and L12 and were validated against estimations from supercell methods for several binary compounds. The implications of the discovery of the γ a ′ are discussed.
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma PDX Drug Screening Platform Identifies Cooperation between Inhibitions of PI3Kα/δ and HDAC

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that manifests initially in the skin and disseminates systemically as the disease progresses. Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are the most common subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Advanced mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are life threatening with few treatment options. We searched for new agents by high-throughput screening of selected targeted compounds and identified high-value targets, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and cyclin-dependent kinases. To validate these hits from the screen, we developed patient-derived xenograft mouse models that recapitulated the cardinal features of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome and maintained histologic and molecular characteristics of their clinical counterparts. Importantly, we established a blood-based biomarker assay using tumor cell-free DNA to measure systemic tumor burden longitudinally in living mice during drug therapy. A PI3K inhibitor, BKM120, was tested in our patient-derived xenograft model leading to disease attenuation and prolonged survival. Isoform-specific small interfering RNA knockdowns and isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors identified PI3K-δ as required for tumor proliferation. Additional studies showed a synergistic combination of PI3K-α/δ inhibitors with histone deacetylase inhibitors. The strong preclinical efficacy of this potent combination against multiple patient-derived xenograft models makes it an excellent candidate for further clinical development.
Direct Embedment and Alignment of Silver Nanowires by Inkjet Printing for Stretchable Conductors

Stretchable conductors have attracted tremendous attention owing to their potential applications as electrodes and sensing elements for wearable electronic devices. In this study, we have developed...
Transcriptomic Responses of Four Pelagophytes to Nutrient (N, P) and Light Stress

Pelagophytes are abundant picophytoplankton within open ocean ecosystems and the causative algae of harmful brown tide blooms in estuaries. The physiological capabilities facilitating the ecological success of pelagophytes in these diverse ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the transcriptional response of two coastal pelagophytes (Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis) and two open ocean pelagophytes (Pelagococcus subviridis and Pelagomonas calceolata) to conditions commonly found within the marine ecosystems where they thrive: low concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or light. OrthoMCL was used to generate a total of 62,653 orthologous groups (OGs) with only a small fraction of these OGs (2,776 or 4.4%) being commonly shared among all four pelagophytes. Of the commonly shared OGs, 8% were significantly differentially abundant under low N, P, or light with the majority associated with energy and lipid metabolism. Distinct responses among pelagophytes included increased abundance of transcripts encoding phosphate transporters (Aureococcus) and transcripts encoding a pyrophosphatase (Aureococcus and Pelagomonas) under low P, the expression of a suite of organic nitrogen-degrading enzymes under low N (Aureoumbra and Pelagomonas), increased abundance of transcripts encoding flavodoxins relative to ferredoxins (Pelagomonas) and transcripts encoding lysophospholipase (Pelagococcus) under low light, and both increases and decreases in abundance of transcripts encoding selenoproteins in all pelagophytes except Pelagococcus. Collectively, this study provides new information on the expressed gene compliment of these poorly characterized taxa and demonstrates that these pelagophytes possess a combination of shared and unique physiological features that likely facilitate their adaptation to distinct environmental conditions.
Engaging the Innate and Adaptive Antitumor Immune Response in Lymphoma

Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic strategy for many malignancies, including lymphoma. As in solid tumors, early clinical trials have revealed that immunotherapy is not equally efficacious across all lymphoma subtypes. For example, immune checkpoint inhibition has a higher overall response rate and leads to more durable outcomes in Hodgkin lymphomas compared to non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These observations, combined with a growing understanding of tumor biology, have implicated the tumor microenvironment as a major determinant of treatment response and prognosis. Interactions between lymphoma cells and their microenvironment facilitate several mechanisms that impair the antitumor immune response, including loss of major histocompatibility complexes, expression of immunosuppressive ligands, secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, and the recruitment, expansion, and skewing of suppressive cell populations. Accordingly, treatments to overcome these barriers are being rapidly developed and translated into clinical trials. This review will discuss the mechanisms of immune evasion, current avenues for optimizing the antitumor immune response, clinical successes and failures of lymphoma immunotherapy, and outstanding hurdles that remain to be addressed.
Projected Days Open

The study is designed to compare four reproductive indexes which attempt to evaluate "current" reproductive performance of the active breeding group by comparison to Actual Days Open. The four indexes are: (1) JMR/Projected Days Open (2) Michigan DHIA Average Days Open (3) Projected Minimum Days Open (4) Heat Detection/Conception Rate Average Days Open. Simple linear regression was used on a small data base to measure accuracy of the predictions versus Actual Days Open.
Older Adults Diagnosed With Schizophrenia in Long-term Care Facilities: Life Course Theory for Holistic Nursing Research and Practice.

Older adults diagnosed with schizophrenia (OADWS) often enter long-term care facilities with unique challenges related to trauma and stress experienced throughout their life course. Health care wor...
Circulating value: convergences of datafication, financialization, and urbanization

Much scholarship has revealed the interrelationships of urbanization and financialization of cities in the past half century. However, these twin processes are modulating with the advent and application of digital platforms towards the production and experience of urban life. This paper demonstrates how the datafication process of platform urbanism and smart city projects is deeply intertwined with processes of financialization and urbanization. Though materially distinct, these processes converge over a shared purpose to instigate and accelerate the circulation of value in capitalist urban production. This paper examines the urban character of digital economic circulation and the increasingly financialized datafication of urban infrastructures. In foregrounding the circulation of value, datafication both conditions and is conditioned by financialization and urbanization.
Preservation of Sexual Function 5 Years After Water Vapor Thermal Therapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND Erectile dysfunction (ED) and ejaculatory dysfunction (EjD) are known outcomes of traditional surgery and some pharmacotherapies for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Minimally invasive treatment options, including water vapor thermal therapy (WVTT), are now available to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to BPH. AIM The objective of this analysis was to evaluate long-term impact of a single water vapor thermal therapy procedure on erectile and ejaculatory function in subjects enrolled in the Rezum II prospective, multicenter, randomized, blinded controlled trial. METHODS Fifteen centers enrolled 197 subjects with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥ 13, maximum flow rate (Qmax) ≤ 15 mL/s, and prostate volume 30-80 cc. Subjects were randomized (2:1) to (WVTT) or sham procedure (control) and followed for 5 years. Erectile and ejaculatory functions were quantitatively assessed at baseline and yearly thereafter. After 3 months, control subjects could opt to requalify for cross-over to WVTT and were followed for 5 years. Results of the per protocol analysis were reported previously. The current post hoc analysis was performed on all treated subjects who were sexually active at baseline with no other surgical or medical management for BPH during the 5-year study period. OUTCOMES LUTS was evaluated using IPSS, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Impact Index (BPHII), and Qmax. Sexual function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) and Male Sexual Health Questionnaire for Ejaculatory Dysfunction (MSHQ-EjD). RESULTS A total of 197 subjects (136 treated, 61 control) were enrolled in the study, and 53 control subjects opted to cross-over and receive WVTT. All subgroups experienced significant, durable improvement in IPSS (P < .0001). Subjects with normal sexual function at baseline had little change in function over 5 years (IIEF-EF: -2.4 ± 8.9, P = .1414; MSHQ-EjD Function: -1.6 ± 3.2, P = .0083; MSHQ-EjD Bother: -0.5 ± 1.6, P = .1107). Subjects with baseline medical history of ED and EjD showed slight decline over time that was not clinically significant (ED, IIEF-EF: -3.0 ± 10.1, P = .1259; MSHQ EjD Function: -2.3 ± 4.7, P = .0158; MSHQ-EjD Bother: -0.1 ± 2.6, P = .7764; EjD, IIEF-EF: -4.1 ± 9.2, P = .0127; MSHQ EjD Function: -1.6 ± 4.8, P = .1970; MSHQ-EjD Bother: -0.4 ± 2.6, P = .440). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Treatment for BPH with Rezum durably improved IPSS without clinically significant impact on sexual function. Patients with baseline ED/EjD may expect continued decline from other causes but are unimpacted by the therapy. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSION The results are limited by the post-hoc nature of the analysis and attrition over the 5-year follow-up but provide long-term evidence of durable outcomes after treatment with Rezum without impact on sexual function scores. McVary KT, El-Arabi A, Roehrborn C. Preservation of Sexual Function 5 Years After Water Vapor Thermal Therapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Sex Med 2021;9:100454.
Response of the serum hyaluronidase inhibitor and mucoproteins to adrenocorticotropic hormone in rheumatic states. Mucolytic enzyme systems XV.

ACTH was administered to 13 patients with acute rheumatic fever and to two with rheumatoid arthritis. The following observations were made: [See Chart 6 in Source Pdf] 1. The elevated nonspecific hyaluronidase inhibitor concentration of the serum dropped rapidly, usually to normal values, within 10 to 15 days, and subsequently the values became subnormal. This seemed to follow closely the subjective improvement in the patient9s condition. 2. The elevated serum mucoprotein concentrations slowly returned to normal over a period of 3 to 4 months. 3. In instances in which the ACTH was withdrawn, or in which the dosage was reduced before a substantial drop of the mucoprotein level had taken place, the disease recurred. 4. ACTH administered to a patient with combined diabetes mellitus and rheumatic fever effected an increase in the insulin requirement to approximately double that of the pre-ACTH period. As the ACTH was gradually withdrawn, the insulin need returned to the pre-ACTH amount. The effect of ACTH on this patient9s rheumatic fever was similar to the others receiving the hormone.
Glycolysis and the Pasteur Effect in Rat Reticulocytes

Under aerobic conditions, glucose consumption by rat reticulocytes was relatively low. When cellular respiratory activity was blocked by antimycin A, both glucose uptake and lactate formation were greatly increased. Pasteur control (the ratio of the rate of glycolysis in the respiratory-inhibited state to that in the uninhibited aerobic state) was very high in these cells and varied from 9 to 12. A crossover plot of the concentrations of glycolytic intermediates in the respiratory-inhibited cell as percentages of the control values showed forward crossovers at the phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase steps and a reversed crossover at the phosphoglyceromutase step. A third forward crossover at the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase step was suggested by an increase in the steady state concentration of 3-phosphoglycerate in the respiratory-inhibited state. Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by p-trifluoromethoxy-carboxycyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP) increased the rate of glycolysis, but this was further increased after the addition of antimycin A. The ratio of the rate of glycolysis in cells treated with antimycin A to that in cells treated with FCCP varied from 1.5 to 2.0. Oxidative utilization of glucose through mitochondrial activity in these cells was very low and accounted for about 6% of the total glucose utilized in the aerobic regulated state; in the uncoupled state this value rose to only about 12%. Rat reticulocytes utilized glycerol to support glycolysis and a high Pasteur control was maintained with this substrate. This demonstrates that there is strong regulation of glycolysis beyond the phosphofructokinase step. Glycerol 3-phosphate was found in these cells when glycerol was the added substrate but was absent when glucose was the added substrate. This demonstrates the presence of glycerokinase in rat reticulocytes.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Mimicking Multiple Sclerosis With Spontaneously Remitting Lesions (P5.172)

OBJECTIVE: To present two cases of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) that presented with relapsing remitting lesions reminiscent of multiple sclerosis (MS). One patient received natalizumab prior to diagnosis with subsequent clinical and radiological deterioration. BACKGROUND: PCNSL frequently mimics demyelination, which often delays the correct diagnosis. Indeed, PCNSL and other malignancies are rarely considered in the differential of CNS lesions that spontaneously improve or resolve. Prior reports have suggested a link between demyelination and PCNSL, and spontaneously remitting PCNSL has been reported. Additionally, natalizumab has been associated with PCNSL in a few case reports, suggesting that disrupting immune surveillance can worsen PCNSL. DESIGN/METHODS: Two case reports. RESULTS: Two patients were identified with relapsing and spontaneously remitting lesions that were biopsy confirmed as PCNSL. Case 1) A 38 year old woman presented with relapsing, steroid-responsive CNS lesions and CNS-restricted oligoclonal bands. New enhancing lesions continued to develop, though some of these improved without steroids. She was started on natalizumab. Shortly thereafter, she developed a rapidly expanding tumefactive lesion. This led to a brain biopsy and PCNSL was ultimately diagnosed 22 months after symptom onset. Case 2) A 69 year-old man presented with a left temporal mass lesion that rapidly improved with steroids. Surveillance MRIs subsequently identified asymptomatic enhancing lesions that were not treated and improved. He continued to have clinical relapses. Initial brain biopsy showed luxol fast blue pallor, but repeat brain biopsy diagnosed PCNSL 19 months after symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS: PCNSL should be carefully considered in patients suspected of having MS even if lesions spontaneously improve without steroids. Biopsies should be considered in patients with unusual lesions. Natalizumab should be used with care if PCNSL is suspected as it decreases immune-surveillance and allows lesions to expand rapidly. Disclosure: Dr. Longbrake has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schmidt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cross has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Genzyme Corporation, GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Hoffman-La Roche, Teva Neuroscience, Novartis, and Questcor. Dr. Cross has received research support from Hoffman-La Roche and Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience.
Striped Bass Spawning in a Tidal Bore River: The Shubenacadie Estuary, Atlantic Canada

Abstract The only remaining self-sustaining population of striped bass Morone saxatilis in the Bay of Fundy spawns in the tidal bore-dominated Shubenacadie–Stewiacke watershed, Nova Scotia, but how this population spawns in such a harsh watershed is unknown. Egg deposition and water quality were monitored in the Stewiacke River about 2 km downstream of the spawning grounds from May 23 to June 15, 1994. Replicate samples taken every 1.5 h (16 times/d) were cued to within 30 min before and after the tidal bore and 15 min after high slack tide. On spring tide, the tidal bore and flood tide changed the river elevation 3.7 m and the salinity from 0‰ to 20‰ within 1 h; neap tide changes were the smallest measured during the study. Three major spawning peaks were observed: June 2–4, 6–9, and 13–14. Major spawning activity was cued to the neap tide, which had the smallest fluctuations in salinity (0–8‰) and temperature (16.2–18.1°C) and the greatest water clarity (10–45 cm). Major spawning activity commenced when...
Discrete ('acral nonpapular') localised lichen myxedematosus.

Localised lichen myxedematosus (LM) is a chronic idiopathic papular mucinosis that can be divided into five subtypes: a discrete papular (DPLM) form, acral persistent papular mucinosis (APPM), papular mucinosis of infancy, a nodular form and self-healing cutaneous mucinosis.1 DPLM presents as a chronic eruption of red or flesh-coloured 2–5 mm papules, symmetrically involving the limbs and trunk. It is seen equally in both genders and is histologically characterised by diffuse mucin deposition in the upper and mid-dermis, with slight lymphocytic infiltration and fibroblast …
The correlates of campus crime: An analysis of reported crimes on college and university campuses

Congress passed legislation requiring colleges and universities in the United States that receive federal financial aid funds to publish campus crime figures starting in the fall of 1992. While this legislation was intended to bring about widespread dissemination of information concerning campus crime, the problem remains that little systematic research has been done on campus crime. This article presents the results of a preliminary analysis of the correlates of crime at over 500 college and university campuses in the United States. It describes the extent and nature of campus crime, presents a preliminary model of the correlates of crime on these campuses, and presents a framework for further research based in ecological theory and theories of the community.
Improving urban and disadvantaged schools: Dissemination and utilization perspectives

There has been increasing concern in a number of countries about the perceived deterioration of schools that serve immigrant, minority or poor children. Field reports suggest that such schools tend to be bureaucratic, politicized, and isolated from the most up-to-date information about educational innovations that may improve the educational opportunities for disadvantaged children. Even in countries with relatively well-established dissemination systems, these schools may be “out of the knowledge utilization loop.” In this paper, the organizational properties of U.S. urban schools that may lead to their isolation from knowledge will be discussed, and a variety of strategies to improve dissemination and utilization will be outlined, including political/community organizing, linking dissemination to organization development, increasing the salience of ties between universities and schools, the development of teacher networks, and action research. The paper will conclude with some principles for designing a dissemination system that will effectively promote knowledge utilization in urban centers. p]The conditions in some of our schools are so bad, and the physical and social environments in which these schools are located are so frightful, that we may have to cross off some...as expendable. (Halpin, 1966, as quoted in Englert, 1993: 3.)
Anthropogenic Nickel Cycle: Insights into Use, Trade, and Recycling

The anthropogenic nickel cycle for the year 2000 was analyzed using a material flow analysis at multiple levels: 52 countries, territories, or country groups, eight regions, and the planet. Special attention was given to the trade in nickel-containing products at different stages of the cycle. A new circular diagram highlights process connections, the role and potential of recycling, and the relevance of trade at different life stages. The following results were achieved. (1) The nickel cycle is dominated by six countries or territories: USA, China and Hong Kong, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and South Korea; only China also mines some of its nickel used. (2) Nickel is mostly used in alloyed form in stainless steels (68%). (3) More scrap is used for the production of stainless steels (42%) than for other first uses (11%). (4) Industrial machinery is the largest end use category for nickel (25%), followed by buildings and infrastructure (21%) and transportation (20%). (5) 57% of discarded nickel is recycled within the nickel and stainless steel industries, and 14% is lost to other metal markets where nickel is an unwanted constituent of carbon steel and copper alloy scrap.
Climatic and Agricultural Factors in Nutrient Exports from Two Watersheds in Ohio

Export of agricultural nutrients and sediment to lakes and oceans is of great environmental concern in many agricultural watersheds. Recent years have seen efforts to reduce loads through agricultural practices such as conservation tillage, efficient fertilization, and reservation of erodible areas. Monitoring the efficacy of such efforts is complicated by the fact they take place against a varying climatic and hydrologic background. In this study, statistical analysis was used to identify those climatic, hydrologic, and agricultural variables that best explained variations in nitrate, phosphorus, and total suspended solids over the period 1976-1995 in two large agricultural watersheds that feed Lake Erie, those of the Maumee and Sandusky Rivers. The dominant variable was stream discharge; after curvefits to remove its influence, the residual loads were tested via stepwise linear regression to reveal the most significant explanatory variables. Loads of nitrate, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus tended to decrease when previous months were wet, except in the summer, and to decrease when snow cover was extensive. It is speculated that stores of nitrate in the soil were lost during wet periods through increased crop uptake and/or leaching. Nitrogen fertilizer application in the Maumee watershed decreased following dry periods, but not enough to decrease stream loads. Soluble reactive phosphorus loads were negatively correlated to conservation tillage and reserves, and positively correlated to fertiliser and manure sources. Results for total phosphorus were similar to those for total suspended solids, on which most transported phosphorus is adsorbed.