cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Descartes on Divine Indifference and the Transworld Validity of the Eternal Truths

Soulevant la question de savoir si Descartes croit que Dieu puisse avoir cree un monde ou les verites eternelles ne sont pas valides, l'A. tente de reconcilier la these de la validite transmondaine des verites eternelles, defendue dans «Le monde», avec la these de l'indifference divine developpee dans une reponse a Mersenne sur la question de la relation de Dieu avec les verites eternelles. Examinant la nature absolue ou ordonnee de la puissance divine a la lumiere des notions medievales de potentia ordinata et potentia absoluta, l'A. confirme la reponse negative de Descartes a la question de la pluralite des mondes en analysant ses arguments sur le lieu naturel et sur le vide dans les «Principes de la philosophie»
Radiologic and intraoperative findings in revision hip arthroscopy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify possible causes of failure of hip arthroscopy by reviewing the intraoperative and radiologic findings in a series of patients requiring revision hip arthroscopy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 24 revision hip arthroscopy cases performed in 23 patients (14 female and 9 male; mean age, 33.6 years; 1 bilateral). The review included indications for surgery, intraoperative findings, and arthroscopic interventions for both the primary and revision surgeries. Imaging studies, including radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 3-dimensionally reconstructed computed tomography scans, were analyzed for the presence of preoperative bony impingement lesions (e.g., femoral head-neck junction "cam" lesions or anterosuperior acetabular "pincer" lesions). Results: The mean interval between previous hip arthroscopy and recurrence of symptoms was 6.1 months. In 13 of 24 cases (54%), patients had no significant improvement at any point after the primary hip arthroscopy. The mean interval between the previous hip arthroscopy and revision surgery was 25.6 months. Unaddressed or undertreated bony impingement lesions were found in 19 of 24 cases (79%) and were identified on imaging studies before revision hip arthroscopy. A tight psoas tendon and corresponding labral impingement lesion were identified by arthroscopic visualization in 7 of 24 cases, for which partial psoas tendon release was performed. Eight cases of failed labral repair were addressed with labral debridement and removal of suture material. Of these 8 cases, 6 also had bony impingement, which was also addressed at the time of the revision surgery. Conclusions: Failure to address bony impingement lesions of the hip and a tight psoas tendon are key factors in unsuccessful hip arthroscopy and may require revision surgery. Furthermore, failure of labral repairs may be the result of unrecognized bony impingement at the time of initial surgery. Level of Evidence: Level IV, prognostic case series.
A Test for a Trade-Off in Salinity Tolerance in Early Life- History Stages in Lucania goodei and L. parva

Abstract Lucania goodei and L. parva are close phylogenetic relatives that differ in abundance along a salinity gradient where L. goodei is found predominantly in freshwater sites, and L. parva is found most often in brackish water sites. It has been suggested that these taxa diverged along a salinity gradient. In order for selection to cause divergence, there must be local adaptation where each species does best in the environment in which it is most often found. In this paper, I test for local adaptation in L. goodei and L. parva during early life-history stages by raising eggs and larvae of each species at 0, 10, 20, and 30 ppt salinity, covering the gradient between fresh water and sea water found along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Salinity tolerance differed between the two species. Lucania parva had high survival at all salinities. Lucania goodei had high survival at 0 and 10 ppt, but low survival at 20 and 30 ppt. Hence, there is no evidence for a trade-off in the early life-history stages betw...
Efficient Cost Allocation

Firms routinely allocate the costs of common corporate resources down to divisions. This paper explores cost allocation rules that induce efficient capital investments by these divisions. It examines efficient allocation rules that satisfy properties of actual rules used in practice, namely budget balance, fairness, and simplicity. The main idea is that any efficient allocation rule must reflect the firm's underlying costs. I explore the efficiency of linear allocation rules, and examine when nonlinear, simple allocation rules induce efficient investment. Finally, I propose a new allocation rule that achieves efficiency and approximates budget balance, and is feasible even when the firm does not know its cost function exactly but must estimate it from internal cost data.
Neurotrophic dependence of macromolecular synthesis in the early limb regenerate of the newt, Triturus.

SUMMARY The well-documented nerve dependence of limb regeneration in the newt was analysed by study of accumulation of newly synthesized macromolecules following denervation. The specific activity of RNA and DNA in the denervated early regenerate bud was determined following intraperitoneal injection of [ 3 H]-uridine and [ 3 H]-thymidine. Results showed an outburst in the incorporation into RNA and DNA which reached a peak 3 h after denervation for the former and 7 h for the latter. There was then a decline in incorporation to a plateau about 50-60% of the control non-denervated side within 48 h. Combining these results with our previous demonstration of a similar outburst in the accumulation of newly synthesized protein with a peak at 4 h, the sequence of the outbursts was in order RNA, protein and DNA. The results are interpreted to mean that the nerve influences either macromolecular synthesis or macromolecular processing and turnover, and therefore accumulation in the regenerate.
Exodus 32 and the Theory of Holy War: The History of a Citation

Throughout much of the history of political thought in the West, the Bible was at once a constitutional document and a kind of case book, putatively setting limits to speculation as well as to conduct. Theologians and political theorists were forced to be judges interpreting a text or, more often, lawyers defending a particular interpretation before the constituted powers in church and state or before the less authoritative court of opinion. The Bible became, like other such texts, a dissociated collection of precedents, examples and citations, each of which meant what the lawyers and judges said it meant.
A formula for evaluating certain integrals

We present a method for evaluating certain improper integrals. The method is based on the Taylor expansion of the integrand centered at the origin. Several examples are provided.
Residual Structures in Growth Models With Ordinal Outcomes

Growth models allow for the study of within-person change and between-person differences in within-person change. Typically, these models are applied to continuous variables where the residuals are assumed to be normally distributed. With normally distributed residuals there are a variety of residual structures that can be imposed and tested, which have been shown to affect model fit and parameter estimation. This article concerns residual structures in growth models with binary and ordered categorical outcomes using the probit link function. Different residual structures and their appropriateness for growth data are discussed and their use is illustrated with longitudinal data collected as part of Head Start’s Family and Child Experiences Survey 1997 Cohort. We close with recommendations for the specification and parameterization of growth models that use the probit link.
Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures: Advances in Computational Techniques

Electromagnetic band gap structures (the counterpart of the optical photonic band gaps, PBG) are synthesized 2-D or 3-D multi-layered periodic structures that effectively prevent the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a specified band of frequency. Generally speaking, it is desired that this property be held for any incidence angles and polarizations of electromagnetic waves in the prevention band. These band gap structures may be constructed in a variety of ways either through periodic perforations of multi-layered substrates or through the development of properly stacked 2-D or 3-D periodic metallic or dielectric structures. Because of the wide-bandwidth of the propagation prevention band gap, these structures may be used in various microwave/millimeter wave devices and antennas. Potential applications may be found in antenna gain enhancement, miniaturization of antenna dimensions, ground planes, cavities, waveguide structures, etc.
Thermodynamics and intrinsic structure of the Al-Pb liquid-liquid interface: a molecular dynamics simulation study.

We examine the thermodynamics and intrinsic structure of the Al–Pb liquid–liquid interface using molecular dynamics simulation and embedded atom method potentials. The instantaneous interfacial positions, from which the intrinsic structure and the capillary fluctuation spectrum are determined, are calculated using a grid-based method. The interfacial free energy extracted from the capillary fluctuation spectrum is shown to be in excellent agreement with that calculated mechanically by integrating the stress profile. The intrinsic liquid–liquid interfacial density profile shows structural oscillations in the liquid phases in the interfacial region that are shown to be quantitatively similar to the radial distribution functions of the bulk liquid, consistent with theoretical predictions from classical density functional theory and with earlier simulations on liquid–liquid and liquid–vapor interfaces. In addition, we show the mean interfacial density profile for this system is well described as a convolution...
Spatial Distribution of the Ants Formica subsericea, F. neogagates, and Aphaenogaster fulva (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Connecticut

In a Connecticut forest, foraging distances were measured and nests of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were located by following rewarded individuals back to their nests. Nests were also located by removing all forest litter within an area and counting numbers of ants per nest. Of the three most common species, Formica subsericea Say foraged further from its nest than did either F. neogagates Emery or Aphaenogaster fulva Roger. A computer-intensive nearest-neighbor analysis showed that nests are distributed without relation to other nests of the same or different species. Also, there was no consistent correlation between a nest's nearest neighbor and the combined size of both nests, but some ants appeared to avoid foraging in the same areas. At baits, F. subsericea was much more common than would be expected from its population density. The implications these results have for ant effectiveness as biological control agents are discussed.
Models for the pressing rate response of rats and pigeons on a certain class of variable interval schedules of behavior

Two mathematical models are proposed for a certain class of variable interval schedules. These schedules are derived from the fixed interval schedule by adding (with probabilityp on any interval) reinforcing stimuli at a fixed point within the interval. The first model is a deterministic one in which the excitation producing the response is treated as a superposition of an excitation generated by the added reinforcements upon that generated by the fixed interval reinforcements. A method for estimating some of the parameters is presented. The model is applied with slight variations to data from performances by pigeons and by normal and brain-operated rats. The second model is a probabilistic one in which the basic entity is the interval between successive responses. This quantity must be represented by a probability distribution which is changing throughout the intervals between reinforcements. A solution is presented for a class of interresponse time distributions. Results from a simulation of a variant of this model are discussed briefly.
Using Twitter to Support Peer Instruction: A Case Study

This paper reports on a case study in which Twitter served as a backchannel to mediate and support the peer-teaching activity in a face-to-face, science education traditional course. Surveys and interviews were utilized to understand the effectiveness of the Twitter integration and students' perceived learning in a Twitter-supported peer teaching environment. Tweets and reflections were used to determine how pre-service teachers used Twitter to support reflection on peer instruction. Most students were able to use the Twitter platform to produce and retrieve peer feedback, while some encountered technical difficulties. Our current analysis suggests the Twitter-based peer feedback was moderately successful in this peer teaching activity. There existed a large variability of students' perceptions towards Twitter as a tool to support the delivery and reception of peer feedback.
Applications of Red Calcium Indicators for Imaging Neural Activity

We present new red genetically-encoded calcium indicators with sensitivity comparable to the GCaMP6 sensors. These indicators were tested in various conditions and perform well for deep-tissue imaging and combining optogenetics with calcium imaging.
Danazol but not gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists suppresses autoantibodies in endometriosis.

The effect of treatment with danazol (n = 10) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a) (n = 10) on autoantibody (AA) production (IgG, IgM and, IgA to 6 phospholipids, 5 histones, and 4 polynudeotides) in endometriosis was evaluated blindly in a longitudinal, prospective, randomized study. Clinical improvement, ovarian suppression, and resolution of endometriosis were comparable in both groups. Approximately 50% of patients had significant AA abnormalities initially. During treatment with danazol but not GnRH-a, AA gradually decreased in concentration and in number/patient. Total immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM, and IgA) also decreased only in the danazol group. This study indicates that danazol, but not GnRH-a, lowers abnormal AA associated with endometriosis.
Increasing Health-Promoting Behaviors and Health Education Efficacy Among Clinical Staff:

Reducing rates of overweight and obesity is now an international health priority. Nonphysician clinical staff are uniquely well positioned to deliver or support the delivery of interventions to promote health behaviors in Americans. Yet levels of health-promoting behaviors among clinical staff are not higher than in the general population. Moreover, clinical staff often feel unprepared to encourage health-promoting behaviors among their patients. The Clinical Staff Health-Smart Behavior Program (CS-HSBP) is an employment site-based health promotion program to increase health-promoting behaviors among health care clinical staff members. The major aims of this study are to examine whether training clinical staff to implement the CS-HSBP with a group of peers increased (a) participants’ engagement in health-promoting behaviors, and (b) participants’ sense of efficacy at educating patients on health-promoting behaviors, the percentage of patients participants educated on health-promoting behaviors, and partic...
Adaptive Reduction of the Frequency Search Space for Multi- $V_{\mathrm{ dd}}$ Digital Circuits Using Variation Sensitive Ring Oscillators

Increasing process variations, coupled with the need for highly adaptable circuits, bring about tough new challenges regarding circuit testing. Circuit adaptation for process and workload variability require costly characterization/test cycles for each chip, to extract particular $ {V_{\mathrm{ dd}}/f_{\textrm {max}}}$ behavior of the device under test (DUT). Consequently, the test cost associated with frequency binning and the $ {f_{\textrm {max}}}$ search is significant. This cost is further increased for chips that support dynamic voltage scaling, necessitating the calibration of $ {f_{\textrm {max}}}$ at multiple $ {V_{\textrm {dd}}}$ levels. In order to reduce this burden, we propose an adaptive statistical technique to reduce the $ {f_{\textrm {max}}}$ search space across multiple $ {V_{\textrm {dd}}}$ levels by reusing the information previously obtained from the DUT during test-time. The proposed solution employs statistical relations between the speed of the ring oscillators sensitive to different process parameters and speed of the DUT as well as the correlation between the DUT speeds at multiple $ {V_{\textrm {dd}}}$ levels in improving the prediction of the DUT’s $ {f_{\textrm {max}}}$ . The proposed adaptive solution reduces the test/characterization time and cost at no area or test overhead; such an approach is being explored for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Experiments on a set of ISCAS benchmarks show up to 8x improvement in adaptively reducing the search space for $ {f_{\textrm {max}}}$ at multiple $ {V_{\textrm {dd}}}$ levels.
On the optimal evaluation of a set of n-linear forms

At the heart of a number of arithmetic complexity problems are some basic questions in tensor analysis. Questions regarding the complexity of multiplication operations which are n-linear are most easily studied in a tensor analytic framework. Certain results of tensor analysis are used in this paper to provide insight into the solution of some of these problems. Methods are given to determine a partial ordering on the set of tensors corresponding to a partial ordering with respect to complexity on the set of n-linear operations. Different classes of algorithms for evaluating n - linear operations are studied and a generalized cost criterion is used. Algorithms are given for determining the rank of a class of third order tensors and a canonical form for such tensors is presented. Bounds on the complexity of a wide class of operations are also derived.
Acetazolamide-augmented dynamic BOLD (aczBOLD) imaging for assessing cerebrovascular reactivity in chronic steno-occlusive disease of the anterior circulation: An initial experience.

The purpose of this study was to measure cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in chronic steno-occlusive disease using a novel approach that couples BOLD imaging with acetazolamide (ACZ) vasoreactivity (aczBOLD), to evaluate dynamic effects of ACZ on BOLD and to establish the relationship between aczBOLD and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion MRI. Eighteen patients with unilateral chronic steno-occlusive disease of the anterior circulation underwent a 20-min aczBOLD imaging protocol, with ACZ infusion starting at 5 min of scan initiation. AczBOLD reactivity was calculated on a voxel-by-voxel basis to generate CVR maps for subsequent quantitative analyses. Reduced CVR was observed in the diseased vs. the normal hemisphere both by qualitative and quantitative assessment (gray matter (GM): 4.13% ± 1.16% vs. 4.90% ± 0.98%, P = 0.002; white matter (WM): 2.83% ± 1.23% vs. 3.50% ± 0.94%, P = 0.005). In all cases BOLD signal began increasing immediately following ACZ infusion, approaching a plateau at ~ 8.5 min after infusion, with the tissue volume of reduced augmentation increasing progressively with time, peaking at 2.60 min (time range above 95% of the maximum value: 0-4.43 min) for the GM and 1.80 min (time range above 95% of the maximum value: 1.40-3.53 min) for the WM. In the diseased hemisphere, aczBOLD CVR significantly correlated with baseline DSC time-to-maximum of the residue function (Tmax) (P = 0.008 for the WM) and normalized cerebral blood flow (P = 0.003 for the GM, and P = 0.001 for the WM). AczBOLD provides a novel, safe, easily implementable approach to CVR measurement in the routine clinical environments. Further studies can establish quantitative thresholds from aczBOLD towards identification of patients at heightened risk of recurrent ischemia and cognitive decline.
Delineating The Multiple Roles of B(C6F5)3 in the Chemoselective Deoxygenation of Unsaturated Polyols

A set of B(C6F5)3-catalyzed methods for diversification of unsaturated carbohydrate derived substrates is disclosed. Lewis acid cyclization, allylic alcohol hydrosilylation, and selective silyl group exchange is achieved with this single versatile catalyst. Allylic polyols and highly enriched (Z)-triols are obtained in high yields under a single-step protocol.
Red-State Medicaid Expansions — Achilles’ Heel of ACA Repeal?

Surveys of low-income adults in four Southern U.S. states show that Medicaid expansions have improved access to care, affordability, chronic disease management, and self-reported health. Attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act vary according to state Medicaid policies.
N-H Bond Dissociation Enthalpies and Facile H Atom Transfers for Early Intermediates of Fe-N2 and Fe-CN Reductions.

Fe-mediated biological nitrogen fixation is thought to proceed via either a sequence of proton and electron transfer steps, concerted H atom transfer steps, or some combination thereof. Regardless of the specifics and whether the intimate mechanism for N2-to-NH3 conversion involves a distal pathway, an alternating pathway, or some hybrid of these limiting scenarios, Fe–NxHy intermediates are implicated that feature reactive N–H bonds. Thermodynamic knowledge of the N–H bond strengths of such species is scant, and is especially difficult to obtain for the most reactive early stage candidate intermediates (e.g., Fe–N═NH, Fe═N–NH2, Fe–NH═NH). Such knowledge is essential to considering various mechanistic hypotheses for biological (and synthetic) nitrogen fixation and to the rational design of improved synthetic N2 fixation catalysts. We recently reported several reactive complexes derived from the direct protonation of Fe–N2 and Fe–CN species at the terminal N atom (e.g., Fe═N–NH2, Fe–C≡NH, Fe≡C–NH2). These ...
Pirated siderophores promote sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

In microbial communities, bacteria chemically and physically interact with one another. Some of these interactions are mediated by secreted specialized metabolites that act as either intraspecies or interspecies signals to alter gene expression and to change cell physiology. Bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized soil microbe that can differentiate into multiple cell types, including metabolically dormant endospores. We were interested in identifying microbial interactions that affected sporulation in B. subtilis Using a fluorescent transcriptional reporter, we observed that coculturing B. subtilis with Escherichia coli promoted sporulation gene expression via a secreted metabolite. To identify the active compound, we screened the E. coli Keio Collection and identified the sporulation-accelerating cue as the siderophore enterobactin. B. subtilis has multiple iron acquisition systems that are used to take up the B. subtilis-produced siderophore bacillibactin, as well as to pirate exogenous siderophores such as enterobactin. While B. subtilis uses a single substrate binding protein (FeuA) to take up both bacillibactin and enterobactin, we discovered that it requires two distinct genes to sporulate in response to these siderophores (the esterase gene besA for bacillibactin and a putative esterase gene, ybbA, for enterobactin). In addition, we found that siderophores from a variety of other microbial species also promote sporulation in B. subtilis Our results thus demonstrate that siderophores can act not only as bacterial iron acquisition systems but also as interspecies cues that alter cellular development and accelerate sporulation in B. subtilisIMPORTANCE While much is known about the genetic regulation of Bacillus subtilis sporulation, little is understood about how other bacteria influence this process. This work describes an interaction between Escherichia coli and B. subtilis that accelerates sporulation in B. subtilis The interaction is mediated by the E. coli siderophore enterobactin; we show that other species' siderophores also promote sporulation gene expression in B. subtilis These results suggest that siderophores not only may supply bacteria with the mineral nutrient iron but also may play a role in bacterial interspecies signaling, providing a cue for sporulation. Siderophores are produced by many bacterial species and thus potentially play important roles in altering bacterial cell physiology in diverse environments.
Evaluating strategies for reducing scattered radiation in fixed-imaging hybrid operating suites

Abstract Objective High-resolution fixed C-arm fluoroscopic systems allow high-quality endovascular imaging but come at a cost of greater scatter radiation generation and increased occupational exposure for surgeons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two methods in reducing scattered radiation exposure. Methods There were 164 endovascular cases analyzed in three phases. In phase 1 (P1), baseline radiation exposure was calculated. In phase 2 (P2), staff used real-time radiation dose monitoring (dosimetry badges [RaySafe; Unfors, Hopkinton, Mass]). In phase 3 (P3), a software imaging algorithm was installed that reduced radiation (EcoDose software; Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands). Results A total of 72 cases in P1, 34 cases in P2, and 58 cases in P3 were analyzed. Total mean dose-area product decreased across each phase, with statistical significance achieved for P1 vs P3 (mean ± standard error of the mean, 186,173 ± 16,754 mGy/cm 2 vs 121,536 ± 11,971 mGy/cm 2 ; P = .002) and P2 vs P3 (171,921 ± 26,276 mGy/cm 2 vs 121,536 ± 11,971 mGy/cm 2 ; P = .04), whereas total mean fluoroscopy time did not significantly differ across any phase. The radiation exposure to the primary operator did not change significantly from P1 to P2 but fell significantly in P3 (0.08 ± 0.02 mSv vs 0.03 ± 0.01 mSv; P = .02). The addition of dose reduction software had the most impact on endovascular aneurysm repair, with reductions in median room dose ( P = .03) and primary operator exposure (P2 vs P3; 0.19 ± 0.04 mSv vs 0.03 ± 0.02 mSv; P Conclusions Dose reduction software may be an effective technique to lower radiation exposure. Implementation of system-based strategies to reduce radiation is needed to reduce lifetime occupational radiation exposure for endovascular staff and to improve patient safety.
The Problem of Monopolies & Corporate Public Corruption

Defining corruption as the exercise of public power for private, selfish ends, many theorists have argued that individuals can be corrupt even if their actions are legal. This essay explores the kn...
mHealth Products, Markets, and Trends

While much is being written in the popular press and online about the growing consumer interest in mHealth apps and the increasing availability of free and low-cost apps, the reality is that mHealth app usage has been relatively flat over the past couple of years. The general assumption is that well-designed, useful, and cost-effective apps will help consumers become more engaged in their health-care decisions and engage in healthier behaviors to achieve improved health outcomes. The mHealth product market is expected to grow in number, types, and sophistication of available devices and apps well into 2017, when sales are expected to reach US$ 26 million, with the greater portion of revenue coming from accessory devices and associated services. While many apps and devices with good functionality are available, the challenge for developers and investors is sustainability. Seemingly, the product life cycle in mHealth is short—technology capability enables fast development and fast replacement—and consumers are fickle, especially when apps are available at little to no cost to them. A key business approach for developers is to use freebie apps to provide easy access to more lucrative products and services for a sustainable consumer market base. The conundrum for players in the mHealth market is whether providers and consumers truly want virtual health care, or whether developers and marketers are creating a perception that virtual care is to be preferred over traditional delivery models.
Electronic Shearography: Current Capabilities, Potential Limitations, and Future Possibilities for Industrial Nondestructive Inspection

Image-shearing speckle pattern interferometry, more commonly referred to as ‘shearography’, is a full-field, laser-based interferometric technique first developed for applications in experimental mechanics [1,2]. Shearography is sensitive to derivatives of the out-of-plane surface displacement of a body under load, as opposed to other full-field methods such as holographic interferometry and conventional speckle pattern interferometry, which typically contour the surface displacement directly [3]. The early shearography experiments used high-resolution photographic film to record images of the laser speckle patterns. In contrast to traditional film-based techniques, electronic shearography uses an electronic camera for image recording [4]. This technology, commercially available for the past several years, has received much interest within the NDE community because of its potential for rapid, non-contacting optical inspection of large areas. While there are advantages and disadvantages specific to either imaging medium, electronic shearography is the clear choice for industrial inspection because image acquisition and processing is accomplished at a video frame rate of 30 Hz to produce shearographic fringe patterns in real time. Real-time inspection is not possible with film- based shearography, which requires time-consuming development of the filmplate and optical high pass filtering for readout of the fringe patterns.
On the Relation between Numerical and Non-Numerical Magnitudes: Evidence for a General Magnitude System

Abstract When deciding which security line at the airport might be the quickest, do we rely on the number of people in each of the lines or the non-numerical sources of information such as the physical lengths of the lines? Do the mind and brain isolate number from other magnitudes such as spatial extent, or are different magnitudes processed in integrated form? Many researchers argue for differentiation between representations of numerical and non-numerical magnitude. One prevalent view is that numerical representations engage the approximate number system (ANS), which is specific to the processing of discrete numerical magnitude. In this chapter, I outline the evidence consistent with a general magnitude system, which encompasses numerical and non-numerical magnitudes such as spatial extent (length, area, etc.) and duration. Beyond highlighting a common analog format for representing different magnitudes, this system emphasizes shared neural mechanisms in the frontoparietal cortex and overlapping representational content. In support of this model, I describe findings from human infants, children, and adults showing cognitive interactions between different representations of magnitudes and transfer of representational precision across magnitudes following training. These effects are described in the context of simple (nonverbal) discrimination tasks as well as in relation to mathematical competence. Emerging work showing that, starting early in development, the precision of both nonverbal numerical and non-numerical magnitude representations predict mathematical competence, including arithmetic and geometry, suggests an important role for a general magnitude system in learning relatively formal math concepts and computations. A general magnitude system better accommodates evidence for relations between representations of numerical and non-numerical magnitudes than does the alternative ANS model.
Azithromycin-based Extended-Spectrum Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Cesarean: Role of Placental Colonization with Genital Ureaplasmas and Mycoplasmas.

Objective To explore whether the effect of azithromycin (AZI) on postcesarean infections varied by the presence/absence of genital mycoplasmataceae placental colonization. Study Design This was a single-center substudy of multicenter double-blind C/SOAP (Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis) trial of women randomized to AZI or placebo (+cefazolin) antibiotic prophylaxis at cesarean. Chorioamnion/placenta specimens were tested for genital mycoplasmataceae colonization by polymerase chain reaction. Primary outcome was a composite of endometritis, wound infection, or other infections up to 6 weeks postpartum. Analysis was intent-to-treat; logistic regression was used to evaluate interactions between treatment assignment (AZI/placebo) and the presence/absence of mycoplasmataceae and to quantify effects of AZI in analyses stratified by the presence/absence of these microorganisms. Results Specimens from 613 women (303 AZI and 310 placebo) were evaluated. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, and approximately 1/3 (30.3%) had mycoplasmataceae placental/chorioamnion colonization. There was no evidence of effect modification (p interaction = 0.79) between treatment assignment and the presence/absence of organisms. Stratified analyses showed fewer events in the AZI group in the presence (odds ratio [OR]: 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–1.01) and absence (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.24–1) of mycoplasmataceae. Results were similar with endometritis/wound infections and with ureaplasmas/mycoplasmas considered separately. Conclusion The reduction in postcesarean infection with AZI does not vary based on the presence or absence of genital mycoplasmataceae placental colonization.
Jet quenching in a multi-stage Monte Carlo approach

Abstract We present a jet quenching model within a unified multi-stage framework and demonstrate for the first time a simultaneous description of leading hadrons, inclusive jets, and elliptic flow observables which spans multiple centralities and collision energies. This highlights one of the major successes of the JETSCAPE framework in providing a tool for setting up an effective parton evolution that includes a high-virtuality radiation dominated energy loss phase (MATTER), followed by a low-virtuality scattering dominated (LBT) energy loss phase. Measurements of jet and charged-hadron R A A set strong constraints on the jet quenching model. Jet-medium response is also included through a weakly-coupled transport description.
Chapter 26 – Tumor Markers

Publisher Summary A tumor marker, in the broadest sense, might be considered as a laboratory measurement of a substance or a process that provides clinically useful information with regard to tumor diagnosis and patient management. Tumor markers might be unique attributes of neoplasms or may reflect the neoplastic process by a high level of expression relative to that of normal cells. Ideally, a marker of cancer should be sensitive, specific, and noninvasive; allow identification of affected patients and those at risk for the disease; reflect tumor burden; have value as a prognostic indicator; be predictive of tumor recurrence; and serve as an aid for the selection of an effective treatment strategy. Cancer markers should also accurately reflect the disease process, rather than any side effects of medication or treatment; be well understood with regard to any possible influences of the patient's age and gender; be reproducible in measurement and have a clear normal range; and be rapidly responsive to changes thus reflecting current disease load.
Radiographic Pneumonia in Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger.

Objective Few prospective studies have assessed the occurrence of radiographic pneumonia in young febrile infants. We analyzed factors associated with radiographic pneumonias in febrile infants 60 days or younger evaluated in pediatric emergency departments. Study design We conducted a planned secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study within 26 emergency departments in a pediatric research network from 2008 to 2013. Febrile (≥38°C) infants 60 days or younger who received chest radiographs were included. Chest radiograph reports were categorized as "no," "possible," or "definite" pneumonia. We compared demographics, Yale Observation Scale scores (>10 implying ill appearance), laboratory markers, blood cultures, and viral testing among groups. Results Of 4778 infants, 1724 (36.1%) had chest radiographs performed; 2.7% (n = 46) had definite pneumonias, and 3.9% (n = 67) had possible pneumonias. Patients with definite (13/46 [28.3%]) or possible (15/67 [22.7%]) pneumonias more frequently had Yale Observation Scale score >10 compared with those without pneumonias (210/1611 [13.2%], P = 0.002) in univariable and multivariable analyses. Median white blood cell count (WBC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and procalcitonin (PCT) were higher in the definite (WBC, 11.5 [interquartile range, 9.8-15.5]; ANC, 5.0 [3.2-7.6]; PCT, 0.4 [0.2-2.1]) versus no pneumonia (WBC, 10.0 [7.6-13.3]; ANC, 3.4 [2.1-5.4]; PCT, 0.2 [0.2-0.3]; WBC, P = 0.006; ANC, P = 0.002; PCT, P = 0.046) groups, but of unclear clinical significance. There were no cases of bacteremia in the definite pneumonia group. Viral infections were more frequent in groups with definite (25/38 [65.8%]) and possible (28/55 [50.9%]) pneumonias than no pneumonias (534/1185 [45.1%], P = 0.02). Conclusions Radiographic pneumonias were uncommon, often had viruses detected, and were associated with ill appearance, but few other predictors, in febrile infants 60 days or younger.
Tracking smell loss to identify healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers (HCW) treating COVID-19 patients are at high risk for infection and may also spread infection through their contact with vulnerable patients. Smell loss has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is unknown whether monitoring for smell loss can be used to identify asymptomatic infection among high risk individuals. In this study we sought to determine if tracking smell sensitivity and loss using an at-home assessment could identify SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCW. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a prospective cohort study tracking 473 HCW across three months to determine if smell loss could predict SARS-CoV-2 infection in this high-risk group. HCW subjects completed a longitudinal, behavioral at-home assessment of olfaction with household items, as well as detailed symptom surveys that included a parosmia screening questionnaire, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our main measures were the prevalence of smell loss in SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW versus SARS-CoV-2-negative HCW, and timing of smell loss relative to SARS-CoV-2 test positivity. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 17 (3.6%) of 473 HCW. HCW with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to report smell loss than SARS-CoV-2-negative HCW on both the at-home assessment and the screening questionnaire (9/17, 53% vs 105/456, 23%, P < .01). 6/9 (67%) of SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW reporting smell loss reported smell loss prior to having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, and smell loss was reported a median of two days before testing positive. Neurological symptoms were reported more frequently among SARS-CoV-2-positive HCW who reported smell loss compared to those without smell loss (9/9, 100% vs 3/8, 38%, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study of HCW, self-reported changes in smell using two different measures were predictive of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Smell loss frequently preceded a positive test and was associated with neurological symptoms.
Incidence of carditis and predictors of pacemaker implantation in patients hospitalized with Lyme disease.

BACKGROUND Lyme carditis, defined as direct infection of cardiac tissue by Borrelia bacteria, affects up to 10% of patients with Lyme disease. The most frequently reported clinical manifestation of Lyme carditis is cardiac conduction system disease. The goal of this study was to identify the incidence and predictors of permanent pacemaker implantation in patients hospitalized with Lyme disease. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient sample was performed to identify patients hospitalized with Lyme disease in the US between 2003 and 2014. Patients with Lyme carditis were defined as those hospitalized with Lyme disease who also had cardiac conduction disease, acute myocarditis, or acute pericarditis. Patients who already had pacemaker implants at the time of hospitalization (N = 310) were excluded from the Lyme carditis subgroup. The primary study outcome was permanent pacemaker implantation. Secondary outcomes included temporary cardiac pacing, permanent pacemaker implant, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Of the 96,140 patients hospitalized with Lyme disease during the study period, 10,465 (11%) presented with Lyme carditis. Cardiac conduction system disease was present in 9,729 (93%) of patients with Lyme carditis. Permanent pacemaker implantation was performed in 1,033 patients (1% of all Lyme hospitalizations and 11% of patients with Lyme carditis-associated conduction system disease). Predictors of permanent pacemaker implantation included older age (OR: 1.06 per 1 year; 95% CI:1.05-1.07; P<0.001), complete heart block (OR: 21.5; 95% CI: 12.9-35.7; P<0.001), and sinoatrial node dysfunction (OR: 16.8; 95% CI: 8.7-32.6; P<0.001). In-hospital mortality rate was higher in patients with Lyme carditis (1.5%) than in patients without Lyme carditis (0.5%). CONCLUSIONS Approximately 11% of patients hospitalized with Lyme disease present with carditis, primarily in the form of cardiac conduction system disease. In this 12-year study, 1% of all hospitalized patients and 11% of those with Lyme-associated cardiac conduction system disease underwent permanent pacemaker implantation.
Batch-Mask: An automated Mask R-CNN workflow to isolate non-standard biological specimens for color pattern analysis

O_LIEfficient comparisons of biological color patterns are critical for understanding the mechanisms by which organisms evolve in ecosystems, including sexual selection, predator-prey interactions, and thermoregulation. However, elongate or spiral-shaped organisms do not conform to the standard orientation and photographic techniques required for automated analysis. Currently, large-scale color analysis of elongate animals requires time-consuming manual landmarking, which reduces their representation in coloration research despite their ecological importance. C_LIO_LIWe present Batch-Mask: an automated and customizable workflow to facilitate the analysis of large photographic data sets of non-standard biological subjects. First, we present a user guide to run an open-source region-based convolutional neural network with fine-tuned weights for identifying and isolating a biological subject from a background (masking). Then, we demonstrate how to combine masking with existing manual visual analysis tools into a single streamlined, automated workflow for comparing color patterns across images. C_LIO_LIBatch-Mask was 60x faster than manual landmarking, produced masks that correctly identified 96% of all snake pixels, and produced pattern energy results that were not significantly different from the manually landmarked data set. C_LIO_LIThe fine-tuned weights for the masking neural network, user guide, and automated workflow substantially decrease the amount of time and attention required to quantitatively analyze non-standard biological subjects. By using these tools, biologists will be able to compare color, pattern, and shape differences in large data sets that include significant morphological variation in elongate body forms. This advance will be especially valuable for comparative analyses of natural history collections, and through automation can greatly expand the scale of space, time, or taxonomic breadth across which color variation can be quantitatively examined. C_LI
Intrafirm Bargaining Under Nonbinding Contracts

We present a new methodology for studying the problem of intra-firm bargaining, based on the notion that contracts cannot commit the firm and its agents to wages and employment. We develop and analyse a general non-cooperative multilateral bargaining framework between the firm and its employees and consider outcomes which are immune to renegotiations by any party. Equilibrium firm profits are characterizable as both a weighted average of a neo-classical (non-bargaining) firm's profits and a generalization of Shapley value for a corresponding cooperative game. Furthermore, the resulting payoffs induce economically significant distortions in the firm's input and organizational-design decisions.
The Invisible Hand

6:45 p.m. The Aquarium Closes The most basic law of economics is "supply and demand," which states that the less you have of something the more valuable it becomes. Like time. Of course the examples in the economics textbooks are less dramatic. I remember widgets. Guns and butter. "Time to go." I pass through clusters of families, murmuring. "Time to leave the aquarium." I say it so soft that it becomes their idea instead of mine, almost a whisper. These families look so normal. A little girl touches my hand. "Where's the bathroom, sir?" She's wear ing tights and patent leather shoes. Anyone would agree she's cute. Her mother turns and grabs her by the wrist, says, "Sweetie, he's just the janitor. Don't call him 'sir.'" She says it like I can't hear her, though I'm less than a foot away. On my last employee evaluation, my boss wrote: "Tends to abstraction." When I asked what that meant, she said, "You forget to remove gum wads out of the drinking fountains." None of the janitors here at the Baltimore Aquarium thought they'd be janitors. We were certain we'd end up rock and roll guitarists or NBA stars or radio deejays. Anything except janitors. I have an all-but-dissertation PhD in economics. I've been on the night shift for about a year. Day shift means you're mopping up overflowing toilets or kids' barf. Sweeping the cafeteria and hauling bags of garbage. Night shift is vacuuming and cleaning gum out of drinking fountains. Wiping fingerprints off fish tanks. Time slows during night shift so you think there's plenty of it. I like to watch the fish at night. They don't sleep, they circle those aquariums like it's something new to them.
On the Role of Barotropic Energy Conversions in the General Circulation

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the role of barotropic energy conversions in the general circulation. Baroclinic instability is the main source of transient variability in the general circulation. In the later stages of their life cycle, baroclinic waves feed energy into the time-mean zonally averaged flow and planetary-scale low-frequency transients by barotropic exchange processes. The evidence in favor of baroclinic instability/barotropic stability as a conceptual model for interpreting the energetics of large-scale atmospheric motion is based on theoretical analyses, modeling studies, and observational diagnostics. The interactions between the transient eddies and the longitudinally dependent time-mean flow are studied. It is found that the fastest-growing normal mode associated with barotropic instability resembles two observed teleconnection patterns. The normal modes associated with barotropic instability of the time-mean flow are characterized by much lower-frequency oscillatory components than those associated with baroclinic instability. It is observed that the low-frequency fluctuations apparently feed on the time-mean flow, and thereby serve to damp the longitudinally dependent, climatological-mean features at the jet-stream level.