cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel high-impedance photoconductive sampling probe for ultra-high speed circuit characterization

Reports on a novel probe technology applied to the measurement of high-speed guided electrical signals. The probe, based on the optoelectronic technique of photoconductive sampling, consists of a high-impedance gate fabricated using an interdigitated electrode structure on semi-insulating low-temperature-MBE (molecular beam epitaxy)-grown GaAs or on silicon-on-sapphire. Its resistance is 100 M Omega and its capacitance is less than 0.1 fF, making this probe very attractive for the noninvasive, external circuit testing of ultrahigh-speed devices and circuits with a 120-GHz measurement bandwidth. A 30-ps switching time was measured for an E/D-mode InAlAs/InGaAs HIGFET inverter using the probe. >
State minimization for concurrent system analysis based on state space exploration

A fundamental issue in the automated analysis of concurrent systems is the efficient generation of the reachable state space. Since it is not possible to explore all the reachable states of a system if the number of states is very large or infinite, we need to develop techniques for minimizing the state space. This paper presents our approach to cluster subsets of states into equivalent classes. We assume that concurrent systems are specified as communicating state machines with arbitrary data space. We describe a procedure for constructing a minimal reachability state graph from communicating state machines. As an illustration of our approach, we analyze a producer-consumer program written in Ada. >
Development of Techniques for Spent Fuel Assay – Differential Dieaway Final Report

This report summarizes the work done under a DNDO R&D funded project on the development of the differential dieaway method to measure plutonium in spent fuel. There are large amounts of plutonium that are contained in spent fuel assemblies, and currently there is no way to make quantitative non-destructive assay. This has led NA24 under the Next Generation Safeguards Initiative (NGSI) to establish a multi-year program to investigate, develop and implement measurement techniques for spent fuel. The techniques which are being experimentally tested by the existing NGSI project do not include any pulsed neutron active techniques. The present work covers the active neutron differential dieaway technique and has advanced the state of knowledge of this technique as well as produced a design for a practical active neutron interrogation instrument for spent fuel. Monte Carlo results from the NGSI effort show that much higher accuracy (1-2%) for the Pu content in spent fuel assemblies can be obtained with active neutron interrogation techniques than passive techniques, and this would allow their use for nuclear material accountancy independently of any information from the operator. The main purpose of this work was to develop an active neutron interrogation technique for spent nuclear fuel.
Sex segregation by field of study and the influence of labor markets: Evidence from 39 countries:

Data from 39 countries for the years 2008–2011 are used to explore how features of a country’s labor market influence sex segregation by field of study in higher education. A new feature of this em...
Native Americans, Puritans and ‘Brahmins’: genesis, practice and evolution of archaic and pre-modern football in Massachusetts

AbstractFirst, this paper will track the origins of archaic and pre-modern football in Massachusetts. It will then analyse the genesis and development of the Boston Game. Finally, it will provide an explanation why the pre-modern Boston Game/Harvard Game was abandoned by the students of Harvard University in favour of modern rugby.
Sugar Diet Affects Odor Reception but Variation in Sugar Concentration Plays Minimal Role in the Response of the Parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), to Host-Related Plant Volatiles

Parasitoids utilize various sugar resources in nature, and rely on odor cues from plants to locate their food and hosts. However, lack of sugar in the diet may negatively impact odor reception in parasitoids, thus affecting foraging efficiency. We used Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as a model species to test the hypothesis that variation in sugar diet of parasitoids affects their olfactory response to host-related odors. Heliothis virescens is a major pest of cotton and other important crops. Response of female M. croceipes fed different diet treatments (i.e., 40%, 20%, 10%, or 0% sucrose/water solution [w/v]) to select cotton volatiles were tested in electroantennogram (EAG) and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. The following cotton plant odors were tested: cis-3-hexenol, α-pinene, 50/50 v/v binary mixture of cis-3-hexenol and α-pinene, and H. virescens-infested cotton. Sucrose-fed parasitoids showed higher EAG response to the binary mixture and host-infested plant volatile extract, compared with sucrose-starved (0% sucrose) parasitoids. However, there was no significant difference in EAG response of parasitoids to odor treatments among individuals fed 40%, 20%, or 10% sucrose. In a Y-tube olfactometer, female M. croceipes fed 40% sucrose were significantly more attracted to host-infested cotton than to a control (no plant). However, parasitoids were not significantly attracted to other odor stimuli. These results suggest that the availability of sugar diet affects odor reception in M. croceipes but variation in sugar concentration probably plays a minimal role in olfactory response of M. croceipes to host-related odors.
The Tyranny of Phylogeny: An Exhortation

Two archaea walk into a bar and the bartender says, “If you guys are going to start in with the jokes again, Woese is me.”
University of Virginia as a complex system of systems

In examining The University of Virginia as a Complex System of Systems, it is imperative to identify the interconnectedness and interdependencies of each subsystem while maintaining a focus on communication flow through the University systems. In modeling relations within the University, one can identify potential sources of redundancy or opportunities for improvements, and therefore address both the minute issues at hand and the bigger picture encompassing those smaller facets. After graphically depicting the University, the scope was narrowed to an evaluation of the UVA Help Desk. A survey was conducted in order to gauge student and faculty sentiment regarding the resource, and results were widely negative, or unknown due to lack of knowledge surrounding the Help Desk and its objective. This research is complemented with a parallel analysis of the courses offered through the University with the object to join overlapping offerings between the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) and the College of Arts and Sciences. The joint relationships enable the interface between students in SEAS and the College are vital to and harmonious with the vision of Thomas Jefferson, the founder of the University of Virginia. The current disjoint relationship and lack of collaboration between the College and SEAS ultimately affects the notion of graduating rounded students who appreciate and value science and engineering as much as humanities and social sciences. The research aims to narrow the prevailing gap characterizing the interface between the students and faculties of the two Schools by examining cross-school academic, cultural, financial and administrative barriers. Following the completion of the aforementioned research via further surveys and interviews, it is envisioned that redundancies be identified, possible solutions emerge, and a more harmonious relationship between SEAS and the College be solidified.
Mentoring Sideways—A Model of Resident-to-Resident Research Mentorship

The traditional apprenticeship model of research mentorship, where residents pursue research projects directed by attending surgeons, may be ill-suited to optimize research innovation, productivity, and leadership experience. This is particularly true in an era of ever mounting demands of academic attending surgeons, easier availability of powerful clinical databases, and more residents beginning training with prior research experience and advanced degrees. To help makeup the gaps of traditional research mentorship, we propose a complementary peer-focused, "sideways mentorship" approach. This model revolves around a consortium of residents who develop their own research ideas, and obtain feedback and technical input from fellow residents. Such a model provides trainees more opportunities to explore their own ideas, become exposed to a wider range of disciplines, share technical knowledge and prior experience, and practice being mentors themselves. We believe sideways mentoring model can be successful in this changing research era, and is a valuable addition to the traditional research model and encourage educational programs to support efforts in establishing resident-run research collaborative.
STRUCTURE STUDIES IN LIGHT NUCLEI WITH NEUTRONS

The progress in the study of structure of light nuclei at excitations above the neutron separation energy has been relatively slow compared to that at low excitations because of both theoretical difficulties with the more complex configuration space in shell-model calculations, and experimental problems inherent in neutron work. In recent years the more sophisticated shell-model programs as well as other approaches such as collective-model calculations by some theorists have given some encouragement in the difficult problem of the study of these nuclei. We will review here primarily some of the more prominent neutron experiments within the last couple of years or so on nuclei of mass number a 7≤A≤17 that have actually dealt with the deduction of J π, widths, etc. of energy levels from the data. Nuclei of A≤5 are left more properly to conferences on the few-nucleon problem. Studies on A = 6 with neutrons are sparse. Above A = 17 or so much of the emphasis begins to change toward that of isobaric analogs, finer structure, and intermediate structure which are better treated as separate topics.
Gene Therapy: Use of Viruses as Vectors

Gene therapy is a logical progression to clinical application of our fundamental appreciation of the mechanisms underlying human genetics. With the sequencing and mapping of the human genome, it has been possible to determine gene structure and the alterations which underlie a variety of genetic diseases. Gene therapy is a direct approach to the correction of such diseases. In other cases, it is possible to use gene therapy to block the effects of deleterious mutations. To carry out gene therapy there are two requirements, a corrective DNA sequence and a means (i.e., a vector) to deliver the sequence to cells in a manner which will allow it to be expressed, usually for an extended period of time. Viruses do this naturally and for this reason adaptation of various viruses has been the most frequent approach to the development of vectors for human gene therapy. In this article the most commonly used viral vectors are described.
Regulation of Membrane Transport

The intracellular levels of most nutrients are carefully controlled to meet the varying demands for nutrients presented by the normal growth cycle of the cell. The cell must balance the increases in nutrient levels (such as, synthesis) with the decreases in these nutrients (metabolism or macromolecular synthesis). Active transport is usually characterized as a process that will increase the cellular level of a nutrient. Most transport processes, however, are reversible to some extent and serve for exit as well as entry of nutrients. In a facilitated diffusion system the influx and efflux capacities are equal. In ative transport systems the coupling of metabolic energy can lead to chemical gradients of transported solutes. Since transport activities alter the cellular levels of nutrients it is important that the cell have a way of regulating them. Regulation of the biosynthesis of various cellular nutrients has been extensively studied in the past, but regulation of transport systems has been largely ignored until recently.
Time- and code-division SQUID multiplexing options for ATHENA X-IFU (Conference Presentation)

SQUID Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique for the readout of arrays of Transition-Edge Sensors (TESs) for x-ray and gamma-ray science. TDM has been deployed in many recent 250-pixel-scale instruments including at synchrotron light sources and particle-accelerator facilities, as well as in table-top experiments. Two TES spectrometers employing TDM readout will soon be deployed to electron-beam ion-trap facilities. TDM is also under development as a back-up readout option for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) of the Athena satellite mission. The 3,840 TES pixels of the X-IFU will enable efficient, high resolution spectroscopy (2.5 eV FWHM at 7 keV) of extended astrophysical sources. Multiplexing factors of 40 or more sensors per readout column are planned for the X-IFU. To advance the maturity of TDM readout for Athena, we are creating a focal-plane assembly for the readout of 960 TES pixels in a 24 column by 40 row configuration. We will describe the design and experimental progress on this technology demonstrator. In a TDM system, each dc-biased TES has its own first-stage SQUID. Rows of these first-stage-SQUIDs are turned on and off sequentially such that the signal from only one TES at a time per readout column is passed to a series-array SQUID, to a room-temperature preamplifier, and to digital-feedback electronics. Recent implementations of TDM have a row period of 160 ns and non-multiplexed amplifier noise of 0.19 micro-Phi_0/sqrt(Hz) referred to the first-stage SQUID. Some benchmark demonstrations of TDM with x-ray TES sensors include achievement of 2.55 eV FWHM energy resolution at 5.9 keV in a 32-row, 1-column configuration. Here, the fastest slew rates in the TES currents were similar to those of the X-IFU “LPA2” detector model. We have also achieved 2.72 eV FWHM resolution in a 32-row, 6-column configuration that contained 144 high-quality TESs that were similar to the much faster X-IFU “LPA1” pixels. We will describe on-going efforts to read out TDM arrays at the 6x32 scale and larger, as well as efforts to improve the performance of TDM system subcomponents. We will also describe system-level performance metrics such as cross-talk. SQUID Code-Division Multiplexing (CDM) is closely related to TDM but has important performance advantages. CDM and TDM operation are similar with the main difference being that in CDM, all TESs are observed by the multiplexer at all times, with the polarity of the TES signals switched between rows. Because all TESs are observed by the multiplexer at all times, the sqrt(N_rows) noise-aliasing degradation inherent to TDM is eliminated. We are developing flux-summing CDM to be drop-in compatible with existing TDM systems. The most recent CDM implementation has a nonmultiplexed noise level of 0.17 micro-Phi_0/sqrt(Hz) referred to the first-stage SQUID and a row period of 160 ns. We have demonstrated 2.77 eV FWM resolution at 5.9 keV in 32-row, 1-column CDM test.
Room-temperature high-speed control of quantum emitters with plasmonic nanostructures (Conference Presentation)

Plasmonic nanostructures offer a wide variety of optical modes that can be harnessed for controlling different radiation properties of single-photon emitters. These effects are broadband and are of special interest for quantum emitters at room temperature. We study these effects using nitrogen-vacancies in diamond nanocrystals. Extremely confined optical modes in hybrid cavity/nanoantenna structures lead to unprecedented levels of single-photon brightness at room temperature in the range of tens of million photons per second. Metamaterials offer highly broadband non-resonant brightness enhancement over 200 nm for all dipole orientations, which can be applied to emitters with broad spectrum or widely inhomogeneous line distributions. Dielectric bullseye corrugations on planar plasmonic films allow to reach highly directional Purcell enhanced emission within 5 degrees half-angle.
A Phase-Shifted Square Wave Modulation (PS-SWM) for Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) and DC Transformer for Medium Voltage Applications

In this letter, a phase-shifted square wave modulation strategy is proposed for modular multilevel converters (MMCs) as well as dc transformers for medium-voltage applications. The proposed technique can achieve a smaller cell capacitor size without increasing the total device rating (TDR) and degrading the dc current control capability. The operation principle of the proposed method is presented on an isolated modular multilevel dc–dc converter, which consists of an MMC stage and applied as a dc transformer for medium-voltage dc grid. The TDR and passive components sizing are derived and compared with those using other modulation methods. Finally a downscaled hardware prototype has been built and tested to verify the proposed modulation method.
Towards a Raman-based diagnostic approach for characterizing cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules

Thyroid nodules are very common, and their incidence increase with age. The majority of thyroid nodules are benign, but approximately 5-15% are thyroid cancer. The cornerstone to evaluation of most thyroid nodules is a neck ultrasound followed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) to evaluate for malignancy. Unfortunately, approximately 15-30% of FNAs are considered “indeterminate”. In these cases, cytopathologist cannot determine if the thyroid nodule is benign or malignant based on FNA alone. Although the majority of these “indeterminate” nodules are ultimately benign, majority of these patients require thyroidectomies to rule out cancer. This puts the patient at unnecessary risk of surgical complications and increases health care costs. A better method is needed to help physicians determine the risk of malignancy in patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules. In recent years there has been much interest in the use of optical diagnostic in cancer detection. Recent investigations potentially suggest that Raman spectroscopy (RS) can be used as a clinical tool that could confer great patient advantage with minimally invasive, non-destructive, rapid and accurate diagnosis. In this study, we investigate the use of line-scan RS and imaging in combination with multivariate statistical analysis of the spectral data for objective identification and classification of single cells isolated from frozen samples of different types of human thyroid nodules. Preliminary results indicate a high sensitivity and specificity for identifying different cell types.
Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature.

Visitation to natural environments has been linked to psychological stress reduction. Although most stress-related research has relied on self-report formats, a growing number of studies now incorporate biological stress-related hormones and catalysts, such as cortisol and α-amylase, to measure levels of stress. Presented here is a protocol to examine the effects on levels of biophysical and psychological stress following visitation to three different locations with differing levels of nature. Biophysical and self-reported psychological stress levels are measured immediately upon entering the selected locations and just prior to the visitors leaving the site. Using a "drool" method, the biophysical measure consists of 1-2 mL samples of saliva provided by study subjects upon entry to one of three study locations. As prescribed by extant literature, the saliva is collected within a 45 minute time frame following the end of the visitor’s engagement at the location. Following saliva collection, the samples are labeled and transported to a biological lab. Cortisol is the biophysical variable of interest in this study and measured using an ELISA process with a TECAN plate reader. To measure self-reported stress, the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), which reports levels of worry, tension, joy, and perceived demands. Data are collected at all three sites in the late afternoon through early evening. When compared across all three settings, stress levels, as measured by both the biological markers and self-reports, are significantly lower after visitation to the most natural setting.
Matters of the Heart: Cardiovascular Health in Women Throughout Their Lifetimes

The authors' goal is to review the current recommendations for optimizing cardiovascular health beginning in adolescent years to adulthood, and to expand on the role that pregnancy complications may have as implications for future cardiovascular health. Attention to cardiac health begins in adolescence; however, most young patients are not screened. Pregnancy, with its increased cardiovascular demands and host of antepartum cardiopulmonary complications, may provide a window into future cardiac health. The distinct shift in cardiac risk that occurs once a woman enters menopause is largely ignored in routine screening guidelines.
Black Power Utopia: African-American Utopianism and Revolutionary Prophesy in Black Power-Era Science Fiction

Tabone discusses the texts that Mark Bould calls Black Power Science Fiction (SF), arguing that these works are an underappreciated form of utopian literature. Drawing on utopian scholars and Black cultural studies, Tabone examines the connections between these works of SF, the rise of the Black Power Movement, and the efflorescence of new utopian literature that appeared during the 1960s. Using John A. Williams’s 1969 novel, Sons of Darkness, Sons of Light, as a representative example, Tabone also discusses the revolutionary or “apocalyptic” form of utopianism employed in these texts. Tabone further argues that this form has prior historical roots in the Black prophetic tradition.
Clinical Benefit in the Treatment of Patients with Early Breast Cancer.

Abstract Adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer involves multiple modalities with distinct toxicities and varying relative contributions to the improvement of long-term outcomes. In many situations the expected benefits of treatment may be modest and thus debated, and even in higher risk scenarios, when treatment is clearly indicated, several options are available with varying schedules and toxicities. Regulatory and professional society guidelines defining clinical benefit are available to guide decision-making, but do not capture clinical meaningfulness. There is wide variation among patients regarding the expected improvement in outcomes sufficient to make adjuvant chemotherapy or endocrine therapy worthwhile. While many consider small improvements in outcomes meaningful, some need greater benefit, and a small minority prefer to avoid adjuvant therapies at any rate. Shared decision making has a central role in bridging between clinical evidence, multiple treatment alternatives and patient preferences in the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. It is associated with increased patient involvement and responsibility, satisfaction, quality of life and in some instances increase the likelihood of accepting adjuvant treatment. A current understanding of evidence and clinical guidelines, combined with the skills to elicit and appreciate individual patient preferences, is necessary to determine an optimal treatment approach for every individual with breast cancer.
Towards Functionally Graded Sand Molds for Metal Casting: Engineering Thermo-mechanical Properties Using 3D Sand Printing

Growing applications of additive manufacturing (AM) have now been adopted for metal castings via indirect hybrid AM, i.e., 3D sand printing (3DSP). A comprehensive study on the thermo-physical properties of 3DSP molds based on 3DSP processing conditions and their effects on materials and mechanical properties of resulting aluminum castings is presented. The effect of furan binder content (i.e., 1–3%) on as-printed 3DSP molds is evaluated to determine changes in dimensional accuracy, density (helium pycnometry), actual binder content (loss on ignition) and mechanical strength (three-point bending and tensile testing) and thermal properties (transient plane source technique and casting runs). Pore network characterization via mercury intrusion porosimetry does not reveal any significant differences in the morphology of pore structures due to varying binder concentrations. However, bulk permeability is reduced with increasing binder content. Thermal analysis shows a reduction in conductivity and heat capacity due to binder degradation. Findings from this study will enable the optimum selection of binder content for functional grading of 3DSP molds/cores for adequate degassing and mechanical strength, which is ready for adoption by both foundries and 3DSP service providers.
Capillary Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids, Vol. 1: Introduction to the Capillary Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids. Keith R. Mitchelson and Jing Cheng, eds. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001, 484 pp., $125.00. ISBN 0-89603-779-7.Capillary Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids, Vol. 2: Practical Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis. Keith R. Mitchelson and Jing Cheng, eds. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001, 408 pp., $125.00. ISBN 0-89603-765-7.

The past decade has been witness to significant advances in the area of DNA analysis with capillary electrophoresis (CE). This two-volume set provides a much-needed, authoritative and up-to date (through the early months of 2001) compilation of work in this rapidly maturing field. These volumes comprehensively and accurately present CE technology and techniques with an emphasis on providing an understanding of the theory and instrumentation (Vol. 1), as well as detailed examples of successful analytical protocols (both volumes). Included are discussions of CE methodology for the analyses of genetic variation and detection of mutation, DNA sizing and sequencing, genotyping, the study of interactions between DNA …
Central sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: A review on pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Precipitating factors and chronic diseases associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) are detailed in the literature. Emerging evidence over the last several decades suggests a potential causal relationship between central sleep apnea (CSA) and AF. Mechanisms including apnea-induced hypoxia with intermittent arousal, fluctuating levels of carbon dioxide, enhanced sympathetic/neurohormonal activation and oxidative stress causing inflammation have been implicated as etiologic causes of AF within this subpopulation. CSA affects the efficacy of pharmacologic and catheter-based antiarrhythmic treatments, which is why treating CSA prior to these interventions may lead to lower rates of AF. Subsequently, a reduction in the AF burden with transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation (TPNS) has become a topic of interest. The present review describes the relationship between these conditions, pathophysiologic mechanisms implicating the role of CSA in development of AF, and emerging therapeutic interventions.
The entrainment due to a turbulent fountain at a density interface

We describe new experiments to measure the penetrative entrainment by a turbulent fountain in a steady two-layer stratification. A theoretical model was established by assuming that the stratification consists of two uniform layers, and the penetrative entrainment rate is estimated quantitatively by three independent formulae. Two quasi-uniform layers were observed in the steady state in the laboratory experiments. Experimental results gave a nearly constant dimensionless penetrative entrainment rate (0.65±0.17) across a density interface when the local Richardson number is smaller than 1.2.
Autocorrecting for Whiteness

Autocorrect presumes Whiteness. Across a range of products and applications, autocorrect consistently “corrects” names that do not look White or Anglo. Sometimes autocorrect changes names to their closest Anglo approximations (as in Ayaan to Susan). Sometimes it suggests replacements that are not proper names (as in DaShawn to dash away). Often, autocorrect asserts the implausibility of non-Anglo names by underlining them in red. Autocorrect’s changes to names such as these are not just trivial product glitches. In a world rife with the multiplying effects of algorithmic bias in increasingly essential domains of decision-making, autocorrect produces social and cultural harms that disproportionately affect communities of color and those who do not have Anglo identities. Harnessing both empirical evidence and theory, this Article argues that while autocorrect’s Anglo bias harms such individuals and communities, it adds value to the intellectual property of autocorrect’s proprietors as well as to the “status property” of more privileged users. We all increasingly rely on smartphones, tablets, word processors, and apps that use autocorrect. Yet autocorrect incorporates a set of defaults—including dictionaries—that help some of its users to communicate seamlessly at the expense of others who cannot. It is a simple but powerful means of self-realization, providing a modern forum for the reinstantiation of Cheryl Harris’s concept of Whiteness as property. It is a medium for governing social relations that depends on the devaluation of non- Anglo names. It is a form of smart technology that maintains structural racism today. The essential nature of autocorrect technology—and its far-reaching effect in structuring social, cultural, and even epistemic understandings of our world—demands legal intervention to fix autocorrect’s Anglo bias. Drawing on core norms from property law, as well as consumer law and culture, this Article proposes design principles for ensuring more transparency, access, and participation in the design and deployment of autocorrect technology.
120 Disseminating equine science with infographics on social media

Continuous increases in technology use have improved the opportunity for extension professionals to engage with a broader audience and maximize dissemination of information through social media platforms. Infographics utilize visuals to narrate complex information in a simple and concise manner and therefore may represent a key educational tool for extension professionals. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of communication mode on audience engagement and reach in extension programming through social media. The authors hypothesized that Facebook posts containing infographics would elicit a greater number of reactions, comments, shares, and reach compared with posts containing webpage links. Four informational webpages discussing colic, ration balancers, round-bale feeders, and planning a pasture were selected from the University of Minnesota (UMN) Equine Extension website and were utilized to create corresponding infographics (n = 4). The infographics were designed following a consistent style guide (e.g., 20 pt body text, single page, etc.) and UMN Extension formatting (e.g., approved fonts and colors). Infographic-webpage pairs were systematically assigned to a month (February, May, July, October 2020) and posted on the UMN Equine Extension Facebook page. Infographic posts contained an introductory sentence and infographic. Webpage posts contained a similar introductory sentence, image, and webpage link. Posts occurred on the first and third Mondays of the month with a one-week washout period between post types (webpage or infographic). The order of post type was alternated each month. Facebook metrics (number of reactions, comments, shares, and reach) were recorded at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 168 h following posting. Results were compared on the log scale using mixed ANOVA models with post type and hour as fixed effects and repeated measures and pairs as random effects. Reported results were back transformed and P-values
Facilitating the Approval Process of Anti-Infective Technologies and Advancing Them to the Market: Insights from an FDA Workshop on Orthopaedic Device-Related Infections.

ABSTRACT Orthopaedic device-related infection is one of the most devastating complications in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. With increasing life expectancies as well as the lifelong risk of bacterial seeding on an implant, the prevention and treatment of device-related infection remains an important area for research and development. To facilitate information exchange and enhance collaboration among various stakeholders in the orthopaedic community, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) organized an inaugural workshop on orthopaedic device-related infections, exploring the regulatory challenges that are faced when proceeding from the bench level to marketing and clinical implementation of new infection-control devices and products. This article summarizes the perspectives of scientists, clinicians, and industry partners on the current regulatory approval process for orthopaedic anti-infective technologies as well as the proposed strategies to overcome these regulatory challenges.
A Postcolonial Theory of Spousal Rape: The Caribbean and Beyond

Many postcolonial states in the Caribbean continue to struggle to comply with their international treaty obligations to protect women from sexual violence. Reports from various United Nations programs, including UNICEF, and the annual U.S. State Department Country Reports on Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, and Saint Lucia (“Commonwealth Countries”), indicate that sexual violence against women, including spousal abuse, is a significant problem in the Caribbean. Despite ratification of various international instruments intended to eliminate sexual violence against women, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Commonwealth Countries have retained the common law spousal rape exemption. While much has been written on the topic of spousal rape in common law jurisdictions, this Article is unique in at least three respects. First, this Article uses postcolonial theory to provide a theoretical framework for critiquing the colonial roots of the modern-day spousal rape exemption in Commonwealth Countries. Second, this Article posits that postcolonial theory offers many insights regarding the history of colonialism and modern-day power dynamics and identities in Commonwealth Countries. The Article uses postcolonial theory to advocate for a norms-based approach to changing the structures that perpetuate inequality, and goes on to suggest the need for changes to negative norms regarding the role of women in marriage, with the aim of creating national and individual identities that value compliance with modern human rights norms. The Article recommends legal, social, legislative, and judicial internalization of human rights norms. While these solutions are not new, the Article uses postcolonial theory to assess which solution may be more viable, as well as to determine the best way to implement internalization of human rights norms given the colonial heritage and politics of postcolonial Commonwealth Countries. Third, this Article is part of a larger project that seeks to trace the connections be-tween colonial history and contemporary law in postcolonial states with the aim of developing a typology of the enduring effects of colonial laws and norms.
Bioelectric Potential Changes in Bone During Immobilization

A series of long term immobilization studies have been conducted on rabbits to investigate the validity of the working hypothesis that the bioelectric potentials induced by an external force field (stress) on bone mediate its normal physiology and structural integrity. The results of these studies demonstrate that a causal relationship does exist between bone decalcification and the bioelectric potential.
Not radical enough: Why Jimmy Carter failed to change American Foreign Policy

President Jimmy Carter failed to translate his words and ideals concerning human rights into deeds and practices in US foreign policy. Carter, already in the formative period of his administration in 1976-7, was too conservative and traditional in his outlook on international relations. While his heart was at the right place, the Cold War was still his focus rather than a consistent implementation of a new human rights paradigm, especially with respect to American allies in the Developing World. Carter did not sufficiently reform the practice of US foreign policy. He did not believe enough in advocating human rights so a meaningful recast of traditional priorities was difficult. Carter relied on existing policies, conduct, personalities and administrative structures. Carter's earnest intention to change America's policy, blending principles and commitment, was severely undermined by the National Security Council (especially Zbigniew Brzezinksi) well before the well known shifts to SALT II, Panama Canal Treaties, and the Middle East.
Application of biotechnology in waste management for sustainable development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper covers a perspective as related to sustainable development of natural resources with a focus on application of biotechnology in waste management.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an overall view of industrial waste management practices as pertaining to substantiality of resources with emphasis on biodegradation of industrial pollutants. Methodologies employing biotechnology and striving towards the goal of sustainable development/production are discussed in this regard and particular attention is given to: regulatory consideration and trends; characterization of toxics for resource reuse; ecotoxicological assessment evaluations; treatment trends and innovative techniques, residual management.Findings – Biotechnology is an important component needed to successfully achieve the goal of sustainability. “Value‐added” products from by‐products/waste and novel technologies employing biotechnical principles represent areas where significant opportunities exist.P...
An Introduction to the TriggerMan Asynchronous Trigger Processor

A new type of system for testing trigger conditions and running trigger actions outside of a DBMS is proposed in this paper. Such a system is called an asynchronous trigger processor since it processes triggers asynchronously, after triggering updates have committed in the source database. The architecture of a prototype asynchronous trigger processor called TriggerMan is described. TriggerMan is designed to be able to gather updates from a wide variety of sources, including relational databases, object-relational databases, legacy databases, flat files, the web, and others. TriggerMan achieves the ability to gather updates from so many sources using an extensible data source mechanism. TriggerMan can make use of the asynchronous replication features of commercial database products to gather updates: When cooperating with a source DBMS with direct support for asynchronous replication, TriggerMan can gather updates in an efficient and robust manner. TriggerMan supports simple, single-table (single data-source) triggers, as well as sophisticated multiple-table (multiple-data-source) triggers. It also will support temporal triggers using an extensible temporal function mechanism.
Hypertension and cardiac rupture

Abstract 1. 1. In a series of 25,000 autopsies at the Los Angeles County Hospital between July 1924, and August 1941, there were 865 hearts which contained unhealed infarcts caused by coronary disease. 2. 2. Among these were 72 instances of spontaneous rupture through an area of ventricular infarction; 50 (70 per cent) were on the anterior surface of the heart. In 13 instances the rupture was through the interventricular septum. 3. 3. Scarring was present in 58.4 per cent of the unruptured hearts and in only 26.3 per cent of the ruptured hearts. 4. 4. In the ruptured hearts the infarcts tended to be smaller, more completely necrotic, and more heavily infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leucocytes. 5. 5. Of 100 patients who had nonfatal myocardial infarction, 23 (23 per cent) had a blood pressure of 140 90 or above. The average blood pressure was 125 78 . 6. 6. Of 657 patients who had myocardial infarction that terminated fatally without rupture, 210 (32 per cent) had a blood pressure of 140 90 or above. The average was 128 81 . 7. 7. In 62 patients who died as a result of cardiac rupture, the blood pressure was 140 90 or above in 39 (63 per cent). The average was 148 93 . 8. 8. The average calculated time between infarction and rupture was 7.4 days. Ninety-eight per cent occurred on or before the sixteenth day after infarction. Seventy-eight per cent occurred between the third and twelfth days. 9. 9. Among 368 patients with heart weights of 400 grams or more and a blood pressure of less than 140 90 after infarction, only 4 per cent had cardiac rupture. 10. 10. Rupture of the heart occurred in 25 per cent of the 28 patients whose hearts weighed less than 400 grams and whose blood pressures were 140 90 or above after myocardial infarction. 11. 11. In the first 12,500 autopsies in this series, done between 1924 and 1935, 266 instances of myocardial infarction and 23 (8.6 per cent) ruptures were observed. In the second half, done between 1935 and 1941, myocardial infarcts were present in 599 cases and ruptures in 49 (8.2 per cent).
Rate turnover in mechano-catalytic coupling: A model and its microscopic origin.

A novel aspect in the area of mechano-chemistry concerns the effect of external forces on enzyme activity, i.e., the existence of mechano-catalytic coupling. Recent experiments on enzyme-catalyzed disulphide bond reduction in proteins under the effect of a force applied on the termini of the protein substrate reveal an unexpected biphasic force dependence for the bond cleavage rate. Here, using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations combined with Smoluchowski theory, we propose a model for this behavior. For a broad range of forces and systems, the model reproduces the experimentally observed rates by solving a reaction-diffusion equation for a “protein coordinate” diffusing in a force-dependent effective potential. The atomistic simulations are used to compute, from first principles, the parameters of the model via a quasiharmonic analysis. Additionally, the simulations are also used to provide details about the microscopic degrees of freedom that are important for the underlying mechano-catalysis.
COMPLETE DETERMINATION OF RELAXATION PARAMETERS FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Using the model of a weakly-anharmonic, underdamped oscillator coupled to a bath, we demonstrate that the 2D time-resolved Raman signal carries information about the population decay T1, the homogeneous dephasing T2, and the inhomogeneous dephasing T1 relaxation timescales. We distinguish between two projections of the 2D signal: first, the echo signal, which is stretched in the diagonal direction decays with T2, and the second which is stretched along one axis is related to the population relaxation and decays with T1. The width of both signals reflects T1. Equations of motion for vibrational coherence and population variables are employed in these calculations.
Graph Model of Coalescence with Recombinations

One of the primary genetic events shaping an autosomal chromosome is recombination. This is a process that occurs during meiosis, in eukaryotes, that results in the offsprings having different combinations of (homologous) genes, or chromosomal segments, of the two parents. The presence of these recombination events in the evolutionary history of each chromosome complicates the genetic landscape of a population, and understanding the manifestations of these genetic exchanges in the chromosome sequences has been a subject of intense curiosity (see [Hud83, Gri99, HSW05] and citations therein).
How much do they know? A survey of the foundational knowledge of incoming technology management undergraduates

As technology management continues to evolve as an academic discipline, it becomes increasingly important for educators to determine an incoming student's foundational knowledge. This study examined the results from 149 surveys distributed to incoming students in an undergraduate technology management program to determine what technology management related strengths and competencies they identify themselves as possessing. The study also looked for correlations between the results of these self-assessments and key variables (i.e., age, gender). The results indicated that students felt most confident in their understanding of technology project management and least confident in understanding quality management. An ANCOVA was used to identify whether age or gender had a statistically significant relationship with the results from the self-assessment. The analysis resulted in two statistically significant relationships: (1) the relationship between gender and the assessment/evaluation of technology, and (2) the relationship between age and strategic management of technology. The results of this study did not provide evidence to explain these relationships; however, it uncovered outcomes indicating a future line of inquiry focusing on age, gender, and curriculum design.
MEMS-Based Micro Instruments for In-Situ Planetary Exploration

NASA's planetary exploration strategy is primarily targeted to the detection of extant or extinct signs of life. Thus, the agency is moving towards more in-situ landed missions as evidenced by the recent, successful demonstration of twin Mars Exploration Rovers. Also, future robotic exploration platforms are expected to evolve towards sophisticated analytical laboratories composed of multi-instrument suites. MEMS technology is very attractive for in-situ planetary exploration because of the promise of a diverse and capable set of advanced, low mass and low-power devices and instruments. At JPL, we are exploiting this diversity of MEMS for the development of a new class of miniaturized instruments for planetary exploration. In particular, two examples of this approach are the development of an Electron Luminescence X-ray Spectrometer (ELXS), and a Force-Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FDNMR) Spectrometer. The ELXS is a compact (< 1 kg) electron-beam based microinstrument that can determine the chemical composition of samples in air via electron-excited x-ray fluorescence and cathodoluminescence. The enabling technology is a 200-nm-thick, MEMS-fabricated silicon nitride membrane that encapsulates the evacuated electron column while yet being thin enough to allow electron transmission into the ambient atmosphere. The MEMS FDNMR spectrometer, at 2-mm diameter, will be the smallest NMR spectrometer in the world. The significant innovation in this technology is the ability to immerse the sample in a homogenous, uniform magnetic field required for high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. The NMR signal is detected using the principle of modulated dipole-dipole interaction between the sample's nuclear magnetic moment and a 60-micron-diameter detector magnet. Finally, the future development path for both of these technologies, culminating ultimately in infusion into space missions, is discussed.