cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black carbon emissions and regulatory policies in transportation

Abstract The paper assesses evidence concerning the effects of transportation's black carbon emissions on climate change, public health, and food production; and it discusses policy issues posed by the emissions. Black carbon emission mitigation policies at all levels offer significant potential climate, health, and food co-benefits, and they are attractive in terms of economic cost-effectiveness and political feasibility. The paper presents an analysis of regulatory issues in maritime shipping and aviation, which are increasingly salient, and which are largely independent of the revelations of “diesel gate” in the motor vehicle industry. Yet, there are linkages in the technological and policy issues of the motor vehicle industry and issues confronting maritime shipping and aviation. Black carbon emissions are among the core regulatory policy issues in all three industries, and they have not been adequately addressed by policymakers. The paper concludes with specific policy recommendations at all governance levels.
Woman–Woman Mentoring Relationships and Their Roles in Tenure Attainment

Women working to attain tenure face multiple professional obstacles (e.g., isolation and navigating the professional environment), as well as personal issues (e.g., life balance), often without a s...
Hot flashes and awakenings among midlife women.

STUDY OBJECTIVES For most women, the menopause is accompanied by hot flashes and sleep problems. Although hot flashes reportedly wake women from sleep, in the few studies that have used objective measures of both sleep and hot flashes, links between hot flashes and nocturnal awakening have been inconsistent. In a well-characterized cohort of midlife women, we examined the association between objectively assessed hot flashes and actigraphically defined wake from sleep. We hypothesized that wake episodes would be more likely during an objective hot flash relative to minutes without a hot flash. METHODS Peri- and postmenopausal midlife women underwent simultaneous objective measurement of hot flashes (sternal skin conductance) and sleep (actigraphy) over 24 hours in the home. The likelihood of waking in the minutes during the hot flash relative to the minutes preceding the hot flash was compared using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS We studied 168 women with at least one objective nocturnal hot flash and actigraphy data. Actigraphy-assessed wake episodes were concurrent with 78% of the objective hot flashes. We found an increased likelihood of wake in the minutes during the objective hot flash (0 to +5 min: OR [95% CI] = 5.31 (4.46 to 6.33); p < .0001) relative to the minutes preceding it (-10 to -1 min). The increased likelihood of wake occurred irrespective of whether the women reported the objective hot flash. CONCLUSION Among these women who underwent objective measurement of sleep and hot flashes, nocturnal wakefulness was observed with the majority of hot flashes.
Authorship Attribution: Statistical and Computational Methods

Nontraditional authorship attribution attempts to determine the authorship of anonymous writings by using stylistics, statistics, and the computer in the framework of a scientific experimental design. This is in addition to standard attributional techniques. This entry gives an overview of the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the field. It goes on to give a short history, a simplified explication of the methodologies, and a ‘where to get started’ bibliography. The interdisciplinary nature and complexity of nontraditional attribution studies is shown by working through a sample problem – giving the steps necessary to complete the study and showing common errors to be avoided.
Overlooked Costs of Coloniality: Mislaid Eggs and the Double Incubation of Separate Nests

The evolution of colonial breeding remains an outstanding question in evolutionary biology due to our limited understanding of the costs and benefits of group living. We document 85 cases of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) laying, and subsequently abandoning, eggs in empty, unclaimed nests located adjacent to active nests during a 6 y study. The frequency of this behavior was positively correlated with total available nests, a metric that increases with colony size. In addition, two female swallows were observed alternately incubating multiple clutches after mislaying eggs in neighboring nests. We argue the potential to mislay eggs and allocate parental care across separate nests may represent an overlooked cost of colonial nesting in birds.
Research on the measurement system of drilling while engineering parameters for intelligent drilling in coal mine

In order to ensure safe and efficient mining and improve the efficiency of drilling construction, intelligent drilling technology has been studied in China. This technology is another development on the basis of automation. In addition to the automatic execution of the construction process, it also has the characteristics of intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making and intelligent correction. This technology requires engineering parameter measuring equipment to obtain the engineering parameters such as torque, WOB, inner and outer annulus pressure, rotation speed, vibration, temperature, etc. near the drill bit at the bottom of the hole in real time, so as to realize the real-time monitoring of the drilling process parameters at the bottom of the hole and the stress state of the drilling tool in the process of directional drilling, and increase the effective extraction distance of the drilling hole.
Municipal and Sub-Federal Debt Market in 2019

At year-end 2019, the regional consolidated budgets and local government off-budget funds’ budgets ran a surplus of RUB 17.4 billion or 0.02 percent of GDP (contraction by around 30-fold over the year). To compare, in 2018 the regional consolidated budgets and local government off-budget funds’ budgets ran a surplus of RUB 512.9 billion or 0.49 percent of GDP. In 2019, the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation ran a surplus of RUB 15.5 billion, urban districts’ budgets ran a deficit of RUB 16.3 billion, federal-status cities’ inner-city municipalities’ budgets ran a surplus of RUB 0.5 billion, municipal areas’ budgets ran a surplus of RUB 16.0 billion, urban settlements’ budgets ran a surplus of RUB 0.9 billion, local government off-budget funds’ budgets ran a surplus of RUB 12.7 billion. In 2018, the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation ran a surplus of RUB 491.5 billion, urban districts’ budgets ran a deficit of RUB 0.8 billion, federal-status cities’ inner-city municipalities’ budgets ran a deficit of RUB 0.4 billion, municipal areas’ budgets ran a surplus of RUB 6.7 billion, urban settlements’ budgets ran a deficit of RUB 0.2 billion, rural settlements’ budgets ran a deficit of RUB 0.6 billion, local government off-budget funds’ budgets ran a deficit of RUB 2.7 billion.
The Need for Patent-Centric Standard of Antitrust Review to Evaluate Reverse Payment Settlements

Reverse payment settlements have ignited a firestorm debate among all affected parties: consumer groups, brand-name pharmaceutical companies, generic manufacturers, pharmaceutical wholesalers and retailers, lawmakers, executive agencies, and the federal courts. The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) has waged a decade-long battle against such private settlements of pharmaceutical patent litigation as illegal market-sharing agreements, with skirmishes among the circuits trending in favor of the settling parties until recently. The Third Circuit’s recent decision in In re K-Dur Antitrust Litigation unsettled this trend, and the Supreme Court granted the FTC’s petition for a writ of certiorari in a separate case on the issue on December 7, 2012. A reverse payment settlement is an agreement ending a pharmaceutical patent infringement suit under which a putative patent holder agrees to compensate an alleged infringer, typically a generic firm, to settle a patent infringement case. In exchange, the alleged infringer agrees not to challenge the patent holder’s patent or sell a generic version of the drug for a stated term. Because the payment flows from the plaintiff to the defendant, it has been called a “reverse” payment. This Note argues that any standard of antitrust review for reverse payment settlements must involve an evaluation of the patent’s strength at the time the patent holder and generic firm enter into a settlement. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is the court of competent jurisdiction to review a district court’s evaluation of a patent’s strength. Part I reviews reverse payment settlements generally and the statutory schemes that promote their emergence. Part II presents three approaches the circuit courts have adopted to review reverse payment settlements: per se illegality, a rebuttable presumption of illegality, and the scope of the patent test. Part III argues that any standard of antitrust scrutiny must consider the patent’s strength at the time of the settlement — an approach no circuit has yet adopted — and that the Federal Circuit is the proper appellate court to review patent
Sleep quality and duration are associated with greater trait emotional intelligence.

Abstract Objectives Prior work suggests that short sleep and total sleep deprivation are associated with reduced trait Emotional Intelligence (trait EI) but not reduced ability Emotional Intelligence (ability EI). To expand this knowledge base, we investigated the role of habitual sleep quality on trait and ability EI above and beyond the known effects of recent sleep duration. Methods A large sample, comprising 477 healthy adults completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue; trait EI), and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Scale (MSCEIT; ability EI). Results Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression showed that recent sleep duration and PSQI sleep quality each independently predicted higher trait EI scores, including Emotionality, Self-Control, Sociability, and Well-being, but were unrelated to ability EI scores. Conclusions In this large community sample, recent sleep duration and habitual sleep quality both independently associated with self-perceived dispositional aspects of EI (ie, trait EI). In contrast, recent sleep duration and PSQI score were unrelated to more crystalized aspects of EI performance, which encompass the general fund of emotional information and the ability to understand and reason about emotional concepts (ie, ability EI). In sum, greater self-perceived sleep duration and quality was associated with subjective perceptions of better emotional functioning, but was unrelated to performance-based metrics of emotional reasoning.
TRUE CONGENITAL MEDIASTINAL THYMIC CYST

Congenital mediastinal thymic cyst is a rare tumor which can cause symptoms, and can be successfully excised. With modern x-ray equipment and With a high index of suspicion, it will be possible to identify a greater number of smaller mediastinal tumor masses. The details of a single case, suspected preoperatively, is reported.
Sequence, annotation, and analysis of synteny between rice chromosome 3 and diverged grass species

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) chromosome 3 is evolutionarily conserved across the cultivated cereals and shares large blocks of synteny with maize and sorghum, which diverged from rice more than 50 million years ago. To begin to completely understand this chromosome, we sequenced, finished, and annotated 36.1 Mb ( approximately 97%) from O. sativa subsp. japonica cv Nipponbare. Annotation features of the chromosome include 5915 genes, of which 913 are related to transposable elements. A putative function could be assigned to 3064 genes, with another 757 genes annotated as expressed, leaving 2094 that encode hypothetical proteins. Similarity searches against the proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed putative homologs for 67% of the chromosome 3 proteins. Further searches of a nonredundant amino acid database, the Pfam domain database, plant Expressed Sequence Tags, and genomic assemblies from sorghum and maize revealed only 853 nontransposable element related proteins from chromosome 3 that lacked similarity to other known sequences. Interestingly, 426 of these have a paralog within the rice genome. A comparative physical map of the wild progenitor species, Oryza nivara, with japonica chromosome 3 revealed a high degree of sequence identity and synteny between these two species, which diverged approximately 10,000 years ago. Although no major rearrangements were detected, the deduced size of the O. nivara chromosome 3 was 21% smaller than that of japonica. Synteny between rice and other cereals using an integrated maize physical map and wheat genetic map was strikingly high, further supporting the use of rice and, in particular, chromosome 3, as a model for comparative studies among the cereals.
6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses.

The 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, held at Cancun, Mexico, 24-27 February 2011, offered 84 participants from 18 countries, a snapshot of current research in numerous zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or prions. Co-chaired by Professors Heinz Feldmann and Jurgen Richt, the conference explored 10 topics: (i) The ecology of emerging zoonotic diseases; (ii) The role of wildlife in emerging zoonoses; (iii) Cross-species transmission of zoonotic pathogens; (iv) Emerging and neglected influenza viruses; (v) Haemorrhagic fever viruses; (vi) Emerging bacterial diseases; (vii) Outbreak responses to zoonotic diseases; (viii) Food-borne zoonotic diseases; (ix) Prion diseases; and (x) Modelling and prediction of emergence of zoonoses. Human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental challenges are viewed as a unity, which must be considered under the umbrella of 'One Health'. Several presentations attempted to integrate the insights gained from field data with mathematical models in the search for effective control measures of specific zoonoses. The overriding objective of the research presentations was to create, improve and use the tools essential to address the risk of contagions in a globalized society. In seeking to fulfil this objective, a three-step approach has often been applied: (i) use cultured cells, model and natural animal hosts and human clinical models to study infection; (ii) combine traditional histopathological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology; and (iii) obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, immune evasion and pathogenesis. This meeting review summarizes 39 of the conference presentations and mentions briefly the 16 articles in this Special Supplement, most of which were presented at the conference in earlier versions. The full affiliations of all presenters and many colleagues have been included to facilitate further inquiries from readers.
Trends in blood utilization in United States cardiac surgical patients

Background We sought to determine whether publication of blood conservation guidelines by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons in 2007 influenced transfusion rates and to understand how patient- and hospital-level factors influenced blood product usage. Study Design and Methods We identified 4,465,016 patients in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database who underwent cardiac operations between 1999 and 2010 (3,202,404 before the guidelines and 1,262,612 after). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to account for hospital- and patient-level clustering. Results Transfusion rates of blood products increased from 13% in 1999 to a peak of 34% in 2010. Use of all blood components increased over the study period. Aortic aneurysm repair had the highest transfusion rate with 54% of patients receiving products in 2010. In coronary artery bypass grafting, the number of patients receiving blood products increased from 12% in 1999 to 32% in 2010. Patients undergoing valvular operations had a transfusion rate of 15% in 1999, increasing to 36% in 2010. Patients undergoing combined operations had an increase from 13% to 40% over 11 years. Risk factors for transfusion were anemia (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01-2.09), coagulopathy (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.51-1.57), diabetes (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.28-1.36), renal failure (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.26-1.32), and liver disease (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.16-1.31). Compared to the Northeast, the risk for transfusion was significantly lower in the Midwest; higher-volume hospitals used fewer blood products than lower-volume centers. Cell salvage usage remained below 5% across all years. Conclusion Independent of patient- and hospital-level factors, blood product utilization continues to increase for all cardiac operations despite publication of blood conservation guidelines in 2007.
The chalcone butein from Rhus verniciflua Stokes inhibits clonogenic growth of human breast cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts

Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalone), a plant polyphenol, is a major biologically active component of the stems of Rhus verniciflua Stokes. It has long been used as a food additive in Korea and as an herbal medicine throughout Asia. Recently, butein has been shown to suppress the functions of fibroblasts. Because fibroblasts are believed to play an important role in promoting the growth of breast cancer cells, we investigated the ability of butein to inhibit the clonogenic growth of small numbers of breast cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts in vitro. We first measured the clonogenic growth of small numbers of the UACC-812 human breast cancer cell line co-cultured on monolayers of serum-activated, human fibroblasts in the presence of butein (2 μg/mL) or various other modulators of fibroblast function (troglitazone-1 μg/mL; GW9662-1 μM; meloxican-1 μM; and 3,4 dehydroproline-10 μg/mL). In a subsequent experiment, we measured the dose-response effect on the clonogenic growth of UACC-812 breast cancer cells by pre-incubating the fibroblasts with varying concentrations of butein (10 μg/ml-1.25 μg/mL). Finally, we measured the clonogenic growth of primary breast cancer cells obtained from 5 clinical specimens with normal fibroblasts and with fibroblasts that had been pre-treated with a fixed dose of butein (2.5 μg/mL). Of the five modulators of fibroblast function that we tested, butein was by far the most potent inhibitor of clonogenic growth of UACC-812 breast cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. Pre-treatment of fibroblasts with concentrations of butein as low as 2.5 μg/mL nearly abolished subsequent clonogenic growth of UACC-812 breast cancer cells co-cultured with the fibroblasts. A similar dose of butein had no effect on the clonogenic growth of breast cancer cells cultured in the absence of fibroblasts. Significantly, clonogenic growth of the primary breast cancer cells was also significantly reduced or abolished when the tumor cells were co-cultured with fibroblasts that had been pre-treated with a fixed dose of butein. We conclude that fibroblasts pre-treated with non-toxic doses of butein (a natural herbal compound) no longer support the clonogenic growth of small numbers of primary breast cancer cells seeded into co-cultures. These results suggest that interference with the interaction between fibroblasts and breast cancer cells by the natural herbal compound, butein, should be further investigated as a novel experimental approach for possibly suppressing the growth of micrometastases of breast cancer.
Using Biological Inspiration to Build Artificial Life That Locomotes

Nature's general principles can provide biological inspiration for robotic designs. Biological inspiration in the form of genetic programming and algorithms has already shown utility for automated design. However, reliance on evolutionary processes mimicking nature will not necessarily result in designs better than what human engineers can do. Biological evolution is more like a tinkerer than an engineer. Natural selection is constrained to work with pre-existing materials inherited from an ancestor. Engineers can start from scratch and select optimal raw materials and tools for the task desired. Nature provides useful hints of what is possible and design ideas that may have escaped our consideration. The discovery of general biological design principles requires a collapse of dimensions in complex systems. Reducing redundancies by seeking synergies yields simple, general principles that can provide inspiration. Even if we had all the general biological principles, we don't have the technology to use them effectively. Information handling has changed dramatically, but until recently the final effectors (metal beams and electric motors) have not. Nature will become an increasingly more useful teacher as human technology takes on more of the characteristics of nature. The design of artificial life will require unprecedented interdisciplinary integration.
The Relation Between Firm Characteristics and Dividend Covenants

We investigate and find evidence that a firm’s accounting characteristics affect the design of dividend covenants used to reduce agency costs that arise from conflicts between debtholders and stockholders. Firms with higher quality accounting receive a dividend covenant that is tied to accounting performance, whereas firms with lower accounting quality receive dividend covenants that set a fixed maximum payout. We find no evidence that firm manipulate their accounting quality or increase dividend payouts following the loan issuance, suggesting the design and use of dividend covenants is effective in mitigating agency conflicts. Our study 1) helps to reconcile conflicting results from prior studies, and 2) contributes to a literature that examines the role of accounting in the design of debt contract terms.
Pneumothorax in Pediatric Patients After Urological Laparoscopic Surgery: Experience With 4 Patients

ABSTRACTPurpose: Pneumothorax is a rare but known complication of adult urological laparoscopic surgery and has been described occasionally in children as well. The etiologies for pneumothorax during such procedures are discussed as is the management of pneumothorax in this setting. We investigate the occurrence of pneumothorax during laparoscopic pediatric urological procedures in children.Materials and Methods: Pneumothorax developed during urological laparoscopic procedures in 4 pediatric patients (3 females, 1 male). Patient age ranged from 8 months to 11 years (mean 5.4 years). Laparoscopic surgical procedures performed included right upper pole partial nephrectomy, left upper pole partial nephroureterectomy, removal of left multicystic dysplastic kidney and bilateral Cohen reimplantation of ureters. Procedures were performed with a maximum insufflation pressure of 15 mm Hg. During the same time period as these four cases, a total of 285 laparoscopic urologic procedures were performed at our institut...
A long RP-interval tachycardia: What is the mechanism?

c p I H d f “ l d c “ Case presentation A 31-year-old man with a long history of palpitations underwent diagnostic electrophysiologic study. Baseline 12lead electrocardiogram and echocardiography were normal. Atrio-His and His-ventricular intervals measured 83 and 44 ms, respectively. Dual atrioventricular (AV) node physiology was observed during programmed atrial extrastimulation. Spontaneous ventricular premature depolarizations repeatedly induced a long RP-interval supraventricular tachycardia that consistently terminated during attempts to entrain it from the ventricle (Figure 1, top). Retrograde ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction was midline and identical to that during tachycardia, with the response to para-Hisian pacing at a cycle length of 700 ms shown in Figure 1 (bottom). Figures 2 and 3 show reinduction of tachycardia after its termination during attempted entrainment and development of transient right bundle branch block during tachycardia, respectively. Based on these findings, what is the mechanism of tachycardia?
User defined interactions between devices on a 6LoWPAN network for home automation

This paper presents a new concept of interaction among the devices within a 6LoWPAN network. More specifically, this concept defines a set of device classes with specific triggers and actions that can be linked to achieve certain tasks. For example, in home automation, an alarm clock can send a trigger command to a coffee machine and a radio when the alarm is activated. An important aspect of 6LoWPAN home automation network is the power management and security. The 6LoWPAN connects the devices within a network wirelessly at low power while maximizing the diversity and flexibility of the interconnections and communications. The 6LoWPAN neighbor detection allows for a “plug and play” utilization of the devices in the communication range of the network. Integration of 6LoWPAN requires minimal infrastructure modification, and consequently can become the preferred method for home automation. The interactions between the devices can be configured remotely by the user connected to a local network with the access control from other smart devices such as smartphones, tablets, computers or perhaps a server. In this paper, we present the architecture, design flow and implementation of a 6LoWPAN home automation platform to demonstrate the feasibility of the user defined interaction between the devices.
Race/ethnicity and untreated dental caries: the impact of material and behavioral factors.

– Objective: To use nationally representative data, group variables into categories of material and behavioral factors, and assess their relative contribution to racial/ethnic variation in untreated caries. Methods: Participants were from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), aged 20–50 years. Material factors were income, education, employment status, dental insurance status, and urban residence. Behavioral factors were marital status, tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity, and social support. All models were additionally adjusted for age, gender, and quartile of missing teeth. The outcome was three or more carious teeth. Results: Non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican-Americans displayed excess risk of untreated caries compared with non-Hispanic whites when adjusted for age, sex, and missing teeth (adjusted odds ratios 1.73 and 1.69, respectively). The addition of behavioral factors to this model resulted in virtually no changes in the adjusted odds ratios for race/ethnicity and untreated caries. When material factors were added to the basic model the excess risk for untreated caries among non-Hispanic blacks was reduced by approximately 21% and that of Mexican-Americans was no longer statistically significant compared with non-Hispanic whites (adjusted odds ratios 1.36 and 0.83, respectively). Conclusions: Much of the excess risk for untreated dental caries among non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican-Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites was eliminated when material factors were controlled, while no risk reductions were observed when behavioral factors were controlled. Addressing material factors may provide greater reductions in untreated caries disparities than behavioral interventions, and these risk reductions may vary with racial/ethnic group.
Parameter optimization in graded-index dispersion-shifted single-mode fibers

The characteristics of graded-index single-mode nonsegmented-core fibers with a single cladding region, in which the wavelength of zero dispersion is shifted to 1.55 μm, are studied analytically. It is found that for a given relative index difference above a certain value, there are two core sizes at which this zero dispersion shifting is realized. The larger core has certain advantages and has been invariably used in practice. For fibers in which the core is Ge-doped and the index of refraction has a triangular or a parabolic profile, we calculate the rate of change of dispersion with wavelength, the sensitivity of the zero dispersion wavelength to small changes in the core radius and in the refractive index difference, and the outer radius of the cladding needed to limit microbending losses in the cabled fiber. There is a doping level at which the wavelength of zero dispersion is not sensitive to the exact level of doping. The factors involved in choosing a doping level are expounded.
Sequence homologies near the C-termini of the variable surface glycoproteins of Trypanosoma brucei

African trypanosomes evade their mammalian host's immune system by the sequential expression of alternative surface glycoproteins. Comparison of the cDNA sequences of five antigenically distinct surface proteins and the C-terminal amino acid sequences of four additional ones demonstrates that these nine glycoproteins can be classified into two subsets based on C-terminal amino acid homologies that extend 75–105 amino acids into the protein.
EUKARYOTIC COMMUNITIES IN EPIZOOTIC SHELL DISEASE LESIONS OF THE AMERICAN LOBSTER (HOMARUS AMERICANUS, H. MILNE EDWARDS)

Epizootic shell disease (ESD) is a recently described form of shell disease affecting the American lobster (Homarus americanus, H. Milne Edwards). The disease has caused serious losses to the American lobster fishery. Affected lobsters are unmarketable as a result of the severe biofouling present on the carapace surface. Eukaryotic micro- and macro-organisms have been observed in ESD lesions, but their identity and the extent of their presence has not been determined. We amplified 18S rRNA gene sequences from eukaryotic communities in ESD lesions and separated them for sequencing using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The diversity of the eukaryotic communities was surprisingly high, with as many as 7 different organisms detected in a number of lesions. The eukaryotes identified belonged to broad taxa, including Metazoa, Protozoa, and Fungi. Some organisms were detected in a number of samples and may have a specific role in ESD lesion development and biofouling, including the nematode Geomonhystera disjuncta, various barnacles, stramenopiles, and bryozoans. Aside from G. disjuncta, the other eukaryotes were only sporadically detected and were, therefore, likely opportunistic. However, G. disjuncta is a known bacterivorous nematode; thus, it, too, is likely opportunistic because high numbers of bacteria are known to exist in ESD lesions. Although the eukaryotic organisms in ESD lesions are likely secondary invaders, they may contribute significantly to the biofouling of the carapace seen in severe ESD.
STIR MR imaging of the orbit

Fifteen patients with CT-documented orbital lesions were evaluated with MR imaging at 1.5 T with both conventional spin-echo (SE) and short inversion time inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. Fat signal was reliably nulled at inversion times of approximately 120-200 msec in all cases, thereby allowing clear detection of all retrobulbar lesions and normal structures on STIR images as markedly hyperintense relative to fat. All lesions were also clearly depicted on SE images; in fact, short repetition time/short echo time SE sequences were at least as useful as STIR images for illustrating anatomic structures and mass lesions, and in a much shorter scanning time. Separation of optic nerve from perioptic subarachnoid space was clear on SE images, but often difficult or impossible on STIR images owing to the relatively high intensity of normal optic nerves on STIR images. The synergism of relaxation prolongation with STIR actually resulted in loss of information, as any ability to separate the effects of T1 from T2 on signal intensity was impossible when STIR was the sole pulse sequence. We believe that more information is obtained with standard SE sequences than with STIR sequences, and therefore SE remains the method of choice for orbital MR imaging.
What is benefit taxation

Abstract Benefit taxation is a system in which individuals are taxed according to the benefits they receive from public expenditures. This paper describes an alternative to the Standard Lindahl method of determining the distribution of individual benefits from government-provided public goods, and uses this alternative to calculate benefit taxes. This alternative avoids some of the paradoxial features of Lindahl pricing, and generates outcomes in which all consumers benefit from reduced costs of providing public goods. An illustrative calculation shows that benefit taxes defined in this way may be quite regressive.
Scaling properties of induction times in heterogeneous nucleation

The heterogeneous-to-homogeneous induction time ratio is obtained as a function of the contact angle in the asymptotic limit of a high nucleation barrier. Model-dependent corrections to t(ind) are investigated, particularly in cases of the Turnbull-Fisher model used in numerical simulations by Greer et al. (1990).
Observations on the formation of wastewater zoogloeae

Abstract Finger-like bacterial zoogloea formation was observed microscopically in wet mount preparations of activated sludge flocs. Elongated zoogloeae were shown by time lapse cinephotomicrography to emerge from flocs as a result of the unidirectional movement and multiplication of bacteria which synthesized an exocellular gelatinous substance. Seventy per cent of the finger-like zoogloeae measured extended at a rate of between 5.1 and 15.0 μm h−1. Certain bacteria moved freely within zoogloeae and the mean generation time of cells in three zooglocae ranged from 1.5 to 1.6 h. The development of finger-like zoogloeae may have been stimulated by an aerotactic response by the etiologic bacteria. The gelatinous nature of the zoogloeal matrix is evidenced by the slow movement of bacteria in the colony.
Effects of Occupational Prestige, Employment Status and Marital Status on Perceptions of Mothers.

Perceptions of mothers were investigated as a function of their marital status, employment status and prestige of their jobs. College students (128 females and 96 males) evaluated a briefly described adult female stimulus person on 24 7-point bipolar scales that described job performance characteristics and personality traits. Each subject rated one of 16 mothers of a young child. The mother was portrayed as either divorced or married and as either currently employed or formerly employed (by choice) in an occupation of either moderate or low prestige. Employed mothers were perceived as more competent in their jobs but as less well-adjusted than nonemployed mothers. Mothers with moderate-prestige occupations were viewed as more competent than those in low-prestige occupations, especially if they were currently employed. Married mothers were seen as better adjusted than divorced mothers.
Energy transfer from the second excited singlet state of spirobifluorene

Energy transfer from the second excited state of spirobifluorene is examined by polarization spectroscopy. Evidence against spiroconjugation and evidence in favor of a coulombic mechanism is reviewed and discussed. This coulombic interaction is categorized as an intramolecular energy transfer caused by the ‘extrinsic factors’ of the Weber nomenclature.
Does Dream Interpretation Have Any Limits? An Evaluation of Interpretations of the Dream of “Irma's Injection”

Dream interpretative efforts appear unconstrained by methodological standards. An examination of the re-interpretations of Freud's dream of “Irma's Injection,” the dream specimen of psychoanalysis, illustrates the undisciplined nature of dream interpretation. Reading “in” from presumed day residues or infantile experiences rather than “out” from the dream report per se lies at the heart of the problem. The failure to spell out inferences, to link inferences to the dream text, to explain and maintain the relationships in the dream report, and to offer a substitute text for the entire dream text all contribute to the inadequacies of dream interpreatation.
Surfactant effects on drop formation in co-flowing fluid streams

Abstract We conduct a numerical study to investigate the effect of surfactants on the drop formation process in a co-flowing system using a hybrid volume-of-fluid (VOF) method combined with a front-tracking scheme. The drop and bulk phases are treated as incompressible Newtonian fluids, and the surfactants are modeled using a Langmuir adsorption framework. We consider the effect of soluble surfactants in the adsorption–desorption limit on the drop formation process. A drop in the co-flowing geometry typically breaks up at the primary neck, close to the primary drop, in the absence of surfactants. When surfactants are present, they accumulate in the neck region resulting in Marangoni stresses that slow down the neck thinning rate. This results in longer breakup times with larger drop volumes. At high surfactant coverages, the primary neck formation slows down enough and breakup occurs at the secondary neck, close to the remnant drop. Increasing the outer co-flowing flow weakens the retarding effect of the high surfactant coverage leading to breakup again at the primary neck. The adsorption–desorption kinetics also affects the neck breakup position, and the primary drop volume and breakup time depend non-linearly on the Biot number. For any given Biot number, a critical fractional coverage exists beyond which the drop fails to neck. The presence of a confining wall may lower the value of the critical equilibrium fractional coverage required for the drop to enter the no-necking regime.
Diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease in dialysis patients

Ischemic heart disease is the major cause of death in dialysis patients. Efforts at coronary artery disease detection in end-stage renal disease patients have primarily focused on the cardiac evaluation of 'high-risk' renal transplant candidates. Despite their high cardiac risk, no data exist on the results of reperfusion therapy in dialysis patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the outcome of coronary revascularization procedures remains controversial. This review highlights recent work on the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease in dialysis patients.
A preliminary study of Ricinus communis survivorship at Ballona Wetlands and Temescal Canyon, Los Angeles, California

Invasive plants such as Castor bean (Ricinus communis) are known to threaten ecosystems due to their competition for resources. The Ballona Wetlands and Temescal Canyon managers employ different techniques to manage the spread of R. communis, potentially resulting in differences in plant survivorship. To investigate this possibility, height of the stems of individual R. communis plants at each site were recorded in order to assign them to cohort groups. Based on the hypothesis predicted that R. communis would have a similar cohort structure at both sites but would exhibit higher survivorship at Temescal Canyon, where R. communis are removed less frequently than at the Ballona Wetlands. However, results indicate that management does not affect cohort structure or stability at either site, but rather, it may have contributed to the significantly higher overall survivorship of R. communis at Temescal Canyon.
Improvement in very thin gate oxide integrity by ion implantation

It has been found that implanting silicon substrates prior to oxidation considerably improves the quality of very thin gate oxides (70 A). Data is presented on leakage characteristics and breakdown distributions of these oxides.
Proton tunneling at 150 K

Degagement electrolytique d'hydrogene a une electrode en platine a partir d'un electrolyte acide. Influence de la temperature sur le coefficient de diffusion de l'hydrogene
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation prevents the urinary alcohol level cycling caused by feeding ethanol continuously at a constant rate.

Abstract The mechanism of the UAL cycle in the intragastric feeding model of alcoholic liver disease in the rat was investigated by administering dinitrophenol (DNP) with ethanol in the diet. The question was: is the rate of oxidative phosphorylation fluxuation essential for the cycle to occur? The question has been partially answered by showing that rotenone, which inhibits complex I, blocks the cycle by preventing the generation of NAD from NADH. This would inhibit ATP generation from complex I but would not affect oxidative phosphorylation by complex 2 and 3. Since the rate of O 2 consumption is normal at the troughs of the cycle and decreases at the peaks of the cycle and the levels of ATP are reduced at the peaks of the cycle, it is likely that the rate of oxidative phosphorylation also cycles. Since 2–4 dinitrophenol (DNP) uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, it was anticipated that feeding it with ethanol would prevent the cycle from occurring. This proved to be the case. In addition, DNP caused energy wasting and prevented the increase in serum alanine aminotranspeptidase caused by ethanol feeding, probably by preventing the hypoxia which occurs at the peaks of the cycle.
Silica aerogel can capture flying particles in EUV tools

A flying particle in a vacuum tool necessarily has a higher velocity than the critical velocity determined by the particle material and the surface material of chamber walls or tool structures. A flying particle loses kinetic energy at every collision with a surface and the velocity is reduced by about 10% a collision. When the velocity of the particle is below the critical velocity, the particle is captured by the surface at the next collision. We must catch the particles before they reach the reticle surface not protected by pellicle. It is a well-known fact that silica aerogels can capture stardust in space. Typical size of the stardust is a few tens of microns and the estimated velocity is a few tens of kilometers per second. On the other hand, typical size of particles in EUV tools is about 100 nm and the typical velocity is about a few hundreds of meters per second. The ratio of kinetic energy of the two is about 1:300,000,000,000. Can silica aerogels capture such low energy particles in the same way as stardust without bouncing the particles or generating debris? The question motivated us to evaluate the properties of silica aerogels in a vacuum; we evaluated the outgassing rate and the particle trapping performance of several aerogels with different densities, 0.012 - 0.19 g/cm 3 . We found that some aerogels captured more than 90% incident particles and the outgassing rate is sufficiently low for EUV tools.
Acupuncture for dysphagia after chemoradiation in head and neck cancer: rationale and design of a randomized, sham-controlled trial.

Introduction Dysphagia is a common side effect following chemoradiation therapy (CRT) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Current dysphagia management includes swallowing therapy and dilation procedures, but these treatments have limitations. While acupuncture has been reported to positively impact swallowing function and quality of life (QOL) in patients with dysphagia, current evidence is inconclusive.
A SYSTEMATIC X-RAY SEARCH FOR CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES BEHIND THE MILKY WAY. II. THE SECOND CIZA SUBSAMPLE

We present the latest results of the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance (CIZA) survey, which is mapping large-scale structures behind the Milky Way by performing the first systematic search for galaxy clusters at low Galactic latitudes. The survey's approach, which uses X-ray emission to locate cluster candidates, minimizes the problems faced by optically selected cluster surveys, which have traditionally avoided this region of the sky due to the severe extinction present along the Galactic plane. We here present the second flux-limited CIZA cluster catalog, containing 57 X-ray-selected galaxy clusters, of which 88% are new discoveries. We use this sample to examine the degree to which known large-scale structures extend into the zone of avoidance and highlight newly discovered structures that have previously gone unnoticed. We note that the CIZA survey has thus far found fewer rich clusters in the Great Attractor region than would be expected given the region's proposed mass. Instead, we find a significant increase in the number of clusters behind the Great Attractor, with the most notable being an association of clusters near the Shapley supercluster. We propose that these clusters trace an extension of the large-scale filament network in which the Shapley concentration is embedded. We also highlight an association of clusters near the Galactic anticenter, which form the first supercluster found to be completely hidden by the Milky Way. Our preliminary findings of a less massive Great Attractor and the detection of significant structures behind the complex support studies that suggest the motion of nearby galaxies is due, in part, to a large-scale bulk flow, which is induced by overdensities beyond the Hydra-Centaurus region.
Descriptive social norms as underappreciated sources of social control.

Bockenholt and van der Heijden’s results regarding compliance with insurance regulations—that the enforcement activities of a regulatory agency were relatively unpredictive of compliance—are consistent with findings from other domains (e.g., tax adherence), where personal factors and informal social controls have been shown to play a more significant role. However, the specific form of informal social control investigated in Bockenholt and van der Heijden’s study (the perceived approval/disapproval of friends and family) is not the only kind of informal social control that has proven effective in spurring compliance. Descriptive social norms, which involve perceptions not of what others approve but of what others actually do, also influence compliance decisions powerfully. Yet, the role of descriptive social norms in rule adherence is often underappreciated by governed and governors alike. The consequences of this relative lack of recognition are discussed within the arena of compliance with pro-environmental regulations and requests.
Formation of homogeneous unilamellar liposomes from an interdigitated matrix.

Phospholipid–ethanol–aqueous mixtures containing bilayer-forming lipids and 20–50 wt.% of water form viscous gels. Further hydration of these gels results in the formation of liposomes whose morphology depends upon the lipid type. Upon hydration of gels containing mixtures of the lipids 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), small homogeneous and unilamellar liposomes were produced. In contrast, hydration of gels containing only POPC resulted in formation of large multilamellar liposomes. Likewise, mulitlamellar liposomes resulted when this method was applied to form highly fusogenic liposomes comprised of the novel negatively charged N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) mixed with di-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) (7:3) [T. Shangguan, C.C. Pak, S. Ali, A.S. Janoff, P. Meers, Cation-dependent fusogenicity of an N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1368 (1998) 171–183]. In all cases, the measured aqueous entrapment efficiencies were relatively high. To better understand how the molecular organization of these various gels affects liposome morphology, we examined samples by freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. We found that phospholipid–ethanol–water gels are comprised of highly organized stacks of lamellae. A distinct feature of the gel samples that result in small unilamellar liposomes is the combination of acyl chain interdigitation and net electrostatic charge. We speculate that the mechanism of unilamellar liposome formation proceeds via formation of stalk contacts between neighboring layers similar to membrane hemifusion intermediates, and the high aqueous entrapment efficiencies make this liposome formation process attractive for use in drug delivery applications. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.