cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Determination of the Density of States in Nickel

Energy distributions of photoemitted electrons and the spectral distribution of quantum yield from nickel in the range of photon energy 4.8-11.6 eV are presented and used in conjunction with the optical data of Ehrenreich, Philipp, and Olechna to deduce the electronic structure and optical selection rules of Ni. No evidence is found in these data consistent with the assumption that conservation of k is an important selection rule. Rather, it is found that first-order agreement is obtained between both the optical and the photoemission data if the optical transition probability is assumed to depend only on the initial and final densities of states. The density of states in the energy regions $\ensuremath{-}6.0\ensuremath{\le}(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F})\ensuremath{\le}0$ and $5.0\ensuremath{\le}(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F})\ensuremath{\le}11.6$ eV (${E}_{F}$ is the Fermi level) is determined directly from the photoemission data. The density of states in the region $0\ensuremath{\le}(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F})\ensuremath{\le}5.0$ eV is determined using the photoemission results in conjunction with optical data. The most notable feature of the experimentally determined density of states is a strong maximum at 4.6 eV below the Fermi level. Weaker maxima are found at 0.3 and 2.2 eV below ${E}_{F}$. A relatively high density of empty states is found in the conduction band within 0.5 eV of the Fermi level (empty $d$-like states), and the density of states is approximately constant in the region $0.5\ensuremath{\le}(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{F})\ensuremath{\le}11.6$ eV (low-density $s$- and $p$-like states). It is shown that the experimentally determined Ni density of states cannot be reproduced from that of Cu via the rigid-band model no matter what value of exchange splitting is chosen.
Socioeconomic status and the incidence of ESRD.

Background Persons of low socioeconomic status (SES) may be at increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study examines the association between SES and incidence of ESRD caused by all primary renal diseases and caused by 3 diseases that differ in the availability of effective treatment: diabetes mellitus, lupus nephritis, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Adults with incident ESRD in the United States from January 1, 1996, to June 30, 2004 (N = 747,556). Predictor SES, based on characteristics of the patient's ZIP code of residence. Outcomes Incidence of ESRD. Results In all sex-race groups, the incidence of ESRD caused by all primary renal diseases was greatest in those in the lowest SES score quartile and decreased progressively with higher SES. For example, for white women, the incidence of ESRD was 388.9 per million in the lowest quartile of SES and 200.8 per million in the highest quartile of SES (relative risk, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.89 to 1.95). However, this association differed among patients with primary renal diseases. There were strong associations between SES and ESRD caused by diabetes mellitus, weaker associations for ESRD caused by lupus nephritis, and generally no associations for ESRD caused by ADPKD. For example, for white women, relative risks of ESRD in the lowest compared with the highest SES quartile were 2.84 for ESRD caused by diabetes mellitus, 1.63 for ESRD caused by lupus nephritis, and 1.27 for ESRD caused by ADPKD. Limitations Use of an area-based measure of SES. Conclusions The strength of the association between SES and ESRD differs among patients with diabetes mellitus, lupus nephritis, and ADPKD, suggesting that socioeconomic factors act differently in the progression of chronic kidney disease in these conditions.
“A Summer Tragedy”: A Geriatric Case Study

Old Jeff Patton, the black share farmer, fumbled with his bow tie. His fingers trembled and the high, stiff collar pinched his throat. A fellow loses his hand for such vanities after thirty or forty years of simple life. Once a year, or maybe twice if there’s a wedding among his kinfolks, he may spruce up, but generally fancy clothes do nothing but adorn the wall of the big room and feed the moths. That had been Jeff Patton’s experience. He had not worn his stiff-bosomed shirt more than a dozen times in all his married life. His swallow-tailed coat lay on the bed beside him, freshly brushed and pressed, but it was as full of holes as the overalls in which he worked on weekdays....
Abstract 1861: Polymorphisms in antioxidant defense and DNA repair genes, dietary intake of antioxidants, and risk of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the US and other Western countries and has a dismal prognosis due to its fatal nature and lack of effective screening measures. Therefore, primary prevention is particularly important for this disease. However, the etiology of pancreatic cancer remains virtually enigmatic. Some epidemiologic studies have shown that dietary intake of antioxidants is inversely associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, which are consistent with the constitutive expression of COX enzymes in normal tissue. This finding suggests that genetic variability in antioxidant defense and repair of oxidative DNA damage may modulate pancreatic cancer risk. We sought to investigate this hypothesis using data collected from a case-control study conducted during 1994-1998 in Minnesota. Cases (n=189), aged 20 years or older, were ascertained from all hospitals in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities and the Mayo Clinic; from the latter, only cases residing in the Upper Midwest of the US were recruited. Controls (n=486) were randomly selected from the general population and frequency matched to cases by age (within 5 years) and sex. We genotyped polymorphisms in two antioxidant genes: catalase (CAT, −262C>T, rs1001179) and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2, Ala 16 Val, rs4880), and two DNA repair genes: human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1, Ser 326 Cys, rs1052133) and X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1, Arg 399 Gln, rs25487). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use, a protective effect [OR (95%CI): 0.66 (0.43-0.99)] was observed for the variant allele (Ala 16 Val) of SOD2, whereas a promoting effect [OR (95%CI): 1.51 (1.02-2.24)] was found for the variant allele (Ser 326 Cys) of hOGG1. It appeared that there were interactions between the above two polymorphisms and dietary intake of antioxidants (including supplements). The inverse relation with SOD2 (Ala 16 Val) was stronger for subjects with high intake of vitamin C (≥210 mg) [OR (95%CI): 0.51 (0.28-0.94)] or vitamin E (≥15 α- tocopherol equivalents) [OR (95%CI): 0.53 (0.29-0.96)]. Similarly, the positive relation with hOGG1 (Ser 326 Cys) was more pronounced among individuals with high intake of vitamin E (≥15 α- tocopherol equivalents) [OR (95%CI): 1.74 (0.99-3.05)]. Our study suggests that individual variations in capacities of antioxidant defense and repair of oxidative DNA damage influence pancreatic cancer risk; and these genetic effects are modified by dietary intake of antioxidants. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1861.
The occurrence of magnesian calcites in nature

Abstract Diagrams correlating X-ray spacing and Mg substitution in calcite, based upon spectrochemical analysis and powder diffraction data, are presented for several X-ray reflections. The Mg content of natural magnesian calcites is correlated with the P oo 2 , T relations in the system CaO—MgO—CO 2 . Sedimentary and other low-temperature calcites are shown to be very low in Mg, with the exception of certain metastable materials. Metamorphic carbonates commonly contain dolomite associated with calcite containing significant amounts of MgCO 3 in solid solution. MgCO 3 contents up to ~9 mol per cent have been observed in granulite-facies rooks and in predazzite from the Tyrol, corresponding to a minimum equilibrium temperature of ~600°C. Blebs of dolomite within single calcite grains of some metamorphic carbonates are believed to be exsolution textures, on the basis of optical and X-ray examination. Low Mg contents of calcites that may once have been at high temperatures may be a consequence of such factors as: (1) exsolution during cooling; (2) CO 2 pressures insufficient to maintain significant Mg in solid solution; (3) postmetamorphic retrograde processes, including low-temperature hydro thermal action and weathering; and (4) an environment poor in Mg.
Poly(aryleneethynylene)s with Orange, Yellow, Green, and Blue Solid-State Fluorescence

Polyester side-chain grafted poly(aryleneethynylene)s (PEPAE) containing benzene and thiadiazole units were synthesized. Electrospinning allowed processing these PEPAEs into nanostructured materials. Large surface areas could be uniformly covered (100 cm2) by this technique. Side chain length, polymer concentration and solvent determined the type of nanostructure (nanofibers or microspheres) formed. When a polyester substituted poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) was electrospun into liquid nitrogen, a unique type of nanoporous morphology emerged.
The utility of wet prep in predicting Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Abstract Background Diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) cervical infections can be difficult in the Emergency Department without real-time testing, as historical and physical elements are known to be unreliable. Objective To evaluate the utility of the vaginal wet mount preparation (wet prep) in predicting an infection with NG or CT. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on 12 months of data from September 2007 to August 2008 on patients aged 18 years and above who had a chief complaint requiring a pelvic examination and had concurrent testing for NG/CT and a wet prep. Wet preps were analyzed and reported as quantity of white cells and clue cells present (none, few, moderate, or many) as well as the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). Wet prep results were evaluated to see if there was a correlation with NG/CT. Results There were 2439 patient encounters reviewed. A total of 373/2439 (15.3%) patient encounters were positive for NG or CT; 272/2439 (11.2%) were positive for TV, whereas 966/2439 (39.6%) had white cells and 995/2439 (40.8%) had clue cells on wet prep. Clue cells and TV did not correlate with the presence of NG or CT. Only the presence of “moderate” and “many” white cells correlated with NG or CT (odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–2.22 and OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.86–3.27, respectively). Conclusion In patients who are diagnosed with NG or CT, the presence of TV or clue cells on wet prep is an unreliable marker for diagnosis. However, having moderate or many white cells present on wet prep does increase the probability of concurrent NG or CT infection and may be used in cases where the clinical suspicion is equivocal.
GUBERNATORIAL POPULARITY IN NINE STATES

Three models of popularity of executives were tested on governors in nine states. The three models are policy reactions, political predispositions, and generalized attitudes. Some support for all three was found, but strong and uniform support was found for the general attitudes model. Findings here are reconciled with the dominant policy reactions model.
Simplified aqueductal stenting for isolated fourth ventricle using a small-caliber flexible endoscope in a patient with neurococcidiomycosis: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE Endoscopic aqueductoplasty and stenting are a preferred treatment for isolated fourth ventricle syndrome related to membranous aqueductal obstruction. We describe a technique using a small-caliber flexible endoscope that may address some limitations of current strategies. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 39-year-old woman with hydrocephalus caused by neurococcidiomycosis and a functional right frontal ventriculoperitoneal shunt presented with vomiting and an isolated fourth ventricle. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged fourth ventricle and exuberant basilar arachnoiditis obstructing the outlet foramina of the fourth ventricle. Ventriculography indicated aqueductal obstruction. INTERVENTION Aqueductoplasty was planned to allow spinal fluid to flow from the fourth ventricle to the ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A stent-endoscope construct was prepared by feeding a flexible endoscope through a ventricular catheter cut 4 cm from the tip. The flexible endoscope was contoured to fit the anatomy of the aqueduct. Uncomplicated aqueductoplasty was performed through a single left frontal burr hole using the stent-endoscope construct to perforate a membranous veil and inspect the fourth ventricle. The stent was deployed over the endoscope using the proximal end of the catheter to deliver and secure the stent as the endoscope was withdrawn. CONCLUSION Aqueductoplasty and stenting using a small-caliber flexible endoscope is feasible. The endoscope can be contoured to suit the anatomy of the aqueduct and improves visualization of the leading edge of the stent during deployment. Furthermore, when the endoscope is used to create the perforation, the target is not obscured by the shaft of the device used to make the perforation.
Redox dynamics in the high-temperature float processing of glasses. I. Reaction between undoped and iron-doped borosilicate glassmelts and a gold–tin alloy

Abstract Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and wavelength-dispersive X-ray (WDS) spectroscopies were employed to study the redox dynamics in reaction couples of liquid Au–28at.%Ge alloy and lightly iron-doped sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses. Glassmelts were floated in a reducing atmosphere for 30 min at temperatures from 1300°C to 1450°C. The depth of diffusive penetration of Ge 2+,4+ into the glassmelt was generally ∼20 μm, similar to Sn ions in conventionally processed float glass. Doping of the glassmelt with Fe 3+ affected significantly the penetration: with additional Fe 3+ , the internal redox reaction that forces germanium into the distinctly immobile Ge 4+ (network-former) state occurs closer to the metal–alloy/glassmelt interface. The observed chemical profiles in the glassmelt are consistent fully with a description of the float reaction as a cation-diffusion-controlled reduction of the glassmelt that involves multiple diffusion steps and internal structural reactions acting in series.
Intramolecular interactions in molecular mechanics calculations

Abstract Some applications of quantum chemical calculations in studying intramolecular potentials are considered. The nature of the bond angle bending function is shown to be different for the small rings, cyclopropane and cyclobutane, than for other alicyclic compounds. The magnitudes of the CH bond dipoles are shown to be larger than commonly assumed and to be dependent on hybridization. The Coulombic interactions between the atomic charges is an important component of the interaction energy. Quantum chemical calculations also have a real potential for determining the angular dependence of non-bonded interactions.
Nitrate removal by entrapped zero-valent iron nanoparticles in calcium alginate.

Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) were successfully entrapped in calcium alginate beads. The potential use of this technique in environmental remediation using nitrate as a model contaminant was investigated. Kinetics of nitrate degradation using bare nZVI (∼35 nm dia) and entrapped nZVI were compared. Calcium alginate beads show promise as the entrapment medium for nZVI for possible use in permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation. Based on scanning electron microscopy images it can be inferred that the alginate gel cluster acts as a bridge that binds the nZVI particles together. Kinetic experiments with 100, 60, and 20 mg NO 3 − -N L −1 indicate that 50–73% nitrate-N removal was achieved with entrapped nZVI as compared to 55–73% with bare nZVI over a 2 h period. The controls ran simultaneously show little or no NO 3 − -N removal. Statistical analysis indicates that there was no significant difference between the reaction rates of bare and entrapped nZVI. The authors have shown for the first time that nZVI can be effectively entrapped in Ca-alginate beads and no significant decrease in the reactivity of nZVI toward the model contaminant (nitrate here) was observed after the entrapment.
Reversible multicomponent self-assembly mediated by bismuth ions

Bi(III) ions are capable of reversible, multicomponent self assembly with suitable tris-coordinate ligands. The nature of the self-assembled structures observed are dependent on the ligand coordination geometry, ligand protonation state and Bi concentration. These assemblies can exploit the maximum number of coordination sites at the Bi vertices (nine), and the self-assembly process has been studied by 1D NMR, Diffusion NMR, ESI-MS and X-ray crystallographic analysis. V-shaped coordinating ligands reversibly form discrete M2L4, M2L3, and M2L2 complexes dependent on ligand/bismuth concentration, whereas a linear coordinating ligand forms a single discrete M3L3 assembly.
On the calculation of mean beam length for a radiating gas

Abstract The mean beam length for a radiating gas is discussed in view of the experimental correlations for band absorptivity established recently.
Methylene blue protects intestinal mucosa from free radical-mediated sublethal radiation damage.

Abstract Susceptibility of the intestine to radiation damage is a primary reason for the reacon for the failure of external beam radiation to cure intra-abdominal cancer. High-dose irradiation causes intestinal denudation, fluid loss, and resultant shock. Simple and effective methods for protecting the intestine from irradiation damage are not available. Many biological effects of ionizing irradiation are caused by free radical intermediates. We have previously reported that many of the toxicities of doxorubicin, a classic free radical generating anticancer agent, are blocked by methylene blue pretreatment. We have nor found that pretreatment with methylene blue protects rats from intestinal damage, as measured histologically and by quantitative stool blood determinations. Wherease the exact mechanisms of this protection remain elusive, we believe this method of modulating the therapeutic index of ionizing radiation deserves additional preclinical and clinical study.
Physician-Patient Discussions With African American Men About Prostate Cancer Screening:

Prostate cancer is the second leading cancer killer in men. Men in general and African American men in particular face crucial decisions regarding prostate cancer screening and perhaps treatment for this disease. Major health organizations agree that men should discuss prostate cancer screening with their physicians or other health care professionals. The purpose of the study was to examine sociodemographic and other correlates of physician-patient discussions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test among African American men aged 40 or older. A majority of African American men reported having discussed the advantages and disadvantages of prostate cancer screening and/or testing with their physicians before ordering it, and physician-patient discussions about the PSA test were associated with increased screening in African American men. Inasmuch as African American men have greater prostate cancer incidence and mortality over other groups, future attempts should be made to find meaningful correlates of PSA screening and test use to help reduce the burden of this disease.
Role of lipids in the Neurospora crassa membrane: IV. Biochemical and electrophysiological changes caused by growth on phytanic acid

Neurospora crassa strain cel, which is deficient in fatty acid synthesis, was grown with phytanic acid supplementation. The temperature dependence of membrane potential is increased by growth on phytanic acid. A temperature change of 40 degrees C produces a change of 184 mV in phytanic acid-grown cells as compared to a 50 mV change for cel grown on palmitic acid or wild-type. Membrane resistance (measured as DC input resistance) of phytanic acid-grown cells did not differ from cel grown on palmitic acid or wild-type. Lipid analysis of cel grown on phytanic acid revealed approximately 7 mole percent phytanic acid incorporation into phospholipids, no change in phospholipid base composition, a reduction of ergosterol content from 80 to 30 percent, and the induction of beta sitosterol, a sterol not usually present in Neurospora. beta sitosterol accounted for approximately 60 percent of the sterol present. Incorporation of 7 mole percent phytanic acid into phospholipids lowers the phase transition temperature by approximately 5 degrees C, and decreases the heat content of the phase transition (delta H) slightly. Results are discussed in relation to Refsum's disease, a human neurological disorder associated with high plasma levels of phytanic acid. It is proposed that high intracellular phytanic acid concentration induces novel sterol synthesis and that the incorporation of the novel sterol into the membrane is responsible for the increased temperature sensitivity of membrane potential. The excitable membrane deficits observed in patients with Refsum's disease may be explained by such a mechanism.
Thermodynamic analysis of ion effects on the binding and conformational equilibria of proteins and nucleic acids: the roles of ion association or release, screening, and ion effects on water activity.

The purpose of this review is to examine the various effects of low- molecular-weight electrolytes on the associations and interactions of proteins and nucleic acids. Our primary interest is in general electrostatic effects, rather than chemical effects (specific interactions) of particular ions (e.g. transition metals, protons). We consider those interactions in which a variation in salt concentration has a significant effect on the macromolecular equilibrium, and analyse the effects of salt in these situations in terms of (i) direct participation of ions in the biopolymer reaction, (ii) Debye—Huckel screening by salt ions of the charge interactions on the biopolymers, and (iii) the reduction in water activity brought about at high salt concentrations.
Evaluation of the physical stability of the EC5 domain of E-cadherin: Effects of pH, temperature, ionic strength, and disulfide bonds

The development of protein drugs has been hampered by difficulties in formulating them due to their inherent chemical and physical stability, which could generate problems during the late stages of development. Thus, a basic understanding of the effect of structural features on the physicochemical stability of proteins can provide fundamental solutions to the formation of proteins. In this work, the physical stability of the EC5 protein under variable pH, temperature, and ionic strength and the role of the disulfide bond on the physical stability of EC5 were evaluated. All spectroscopic measurements were integrated in empirical phase diagrams, and these diagrams showed the stable and unstable regions of EC5. The native EC5 is more stable at high than at low ionic strength in a wide pH range during temperature elevation to 70°C. The empirical phase diagrams also show that the reduced EC5 has lower stability than the parent EC5. The reduced EC5 has secondary structure only at pH 3 and 4 and is unfolded at other pH values. Finally, the reduced EC5 rapidly forms a precipitate at pH 4 and 5 upon heating. In conclusion, this study shows that ionic strength and the presence of the disulfide bonds are critical for the stability of EC5.
Pulse Oximetry for the Diagnosis and Prediction for Surgical Exploration in the Pulseless Perfused Hand as a Result of Supracondylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus

Background: The management of the pulseless perfused hand in association with a supracondylar humerus fracture following operative stabilisation remains controversial. Previous authors have suggested the use of color-flow duplex monitoring, magnetic resonance angiography and segmental pressure monitoring as objective steps to ascertain blood flow following adequate internal fixation. We examine the use of the waveform of the pulse oximeter in objectively determining a perfused limb and in predicting the need for surgical exploration in patients who present with a pulseless perfused hand after operative stabilisation for supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Methods: A retrospective review of all supracondylar fractures over a 60 month duration (2005-2009) in our instituition was performed. Each electronic record was reviewed and limbs which had absent radial pulse following admission were identified. X-ray films of each of the patients were reviewed. A search using the Pubmed database was performed with the following keywords, supracondylar humerus fracture, pediatric, pulseless, vascular injury, arterial repair. Results: In this series of pulseless perfused hands following operative fixation of supracondylar fracture, a total of 26 patients were reviewed. All were Gartland grade III extension type fractures. Postoperative pulse oximeter waveforms were present in all but 4 patients. These patients subsequently had exploration of the brachial artery with significant findings. In the remaining 22 pa tients, waveforms were present and the child had return of the radial pulse soon after operative fixation without any further need for surgical exploration. At 24 months follow-up, all children were well with no neurovascular compromise. Conclusions: The presence of a waveform on a pulse oximeter is a sensitive and easily available modality in determining vascular perfusion as compared to other more complex investigations. The high sensitivity of this test will allow surgeons to objectively determine the requirement for surgical exploration of the brachial artery.
Componential skills of beginning writing: An exploratory study

The present study examined the components of end of kindergarten writing, using data from 242 kindergartners. Specifically of interest was the importance of spelling, letter writing fluency, reading, and word- and syntax-level oral language skills in writing. The results from structural equation modeling revealed that oral language, spelling, and letter writing fluency were positively and uniquely related to writing skill after accounting for reading skills. Reading skill was not uniquely related to writing once oral language, spelling, and letter writing fluency were taken into account. These findings are discussed from a developmental perspective.
Trinitroglycerol metabolism: denitration and glucuronide formation in the rat.

Abstract Approximately 80–90% of an oral dose of [1,3- 14 C]trinitroglycerol ([1,3- 14 C]TNG) was absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract of the rat at 24 hr. Most of the absorbed radioactivity was excreted in the expired air and in the urine, averaging 25.5 and 39.8% of the administered dose, respectively. A significant amount of radioactivity was recovered in the liver at 4 hr and remained unchanged at 24 hr. Only small amounts of radioactivity were found in the other tissues. In the urine, free dinitroglycerols (DNG) and mononitroglycerols (MNG) represented 1.1 and 10.6% of the administered dose, respectively. Only a negligible amount of free TNG was detected. Conjugation played a major role in the metabolism of TNG. DNG-glucuronides and MNG-glucuronides represented 13.5 and 1.5% of the administered dose, respectively. A conjugate of TNG was not detected. In addition, glycerol and two unidentified polar metabolites averaged 6.9, 4.9, and 1.3% of the administered dose, respectively.
On the screw dislocation in a functionally graded piezoelectric plane and half-plane

Abstract In this paper closed-form expressions of the electroelastic field induced by a piezoelectric screw dislocation in a functionally graded piezoelectric plane and half-plane are derived. The material properties are assumed to vary exponentially along the x and y-directions. The solution for a screw dislocation in a functionally graded piezoelectric plane is obtained through introduction of two generalized stress functions. The solution for a screw dislocation in a functionally graded piezoelectric half-plane is derived by using the method of image. It is also found that the interaction between a piezoelectric screw dislocation and a circular insulating hole in the functionally graded piezoelectric material can be solved by using series expansion method.
Parent Education: The Cornerstone of Excellent Neonatal Nursing Care

When an infant is admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), a family is also admitted. With this admission come parents, siblings, the extended family, and friends who each have different educational needs as they learn to care for and interact with the newborn, as well as provide support for the family. Numerous studies have been conducted identifying the various stressors NICU families experience and how best to meet their emotional as well as educational needs. Neonatal intensive care unit nurses play an integral role in educating NICU families during hospitalization and also in preparing them for discharge. The goal of parenting education is to provide support and information that allows parents to move from the hospital setting, where care for the newborn is overseen by health professionals, to caring for the newborn confidently and independently at home. How NICU parents adapt and gain confidence in their parenting experience is influenced by previous experience, support from others, parental stress and coping, individual learning styles including literacy and communication, and individual infant characteristics. Neonatal intensive care unit nurses must identify factors influencing the parents' learning styles and adapt necessary education strategies to meet the needs of families in their care. Neonatal intensive care unit parents bring an array of backgrounds to the parenting experiences that influence their ability to learn. Parents who have previous parenting experience may feel confident in their ability to care for newborns yet challenged by feelings of inadequacy in their ability to care for a premature infant who seems fragile and vulnerable. Added to the perception of vulnerability can be the premature infant's immature neurobehavioral state that may not provide parents with feedback or cues indicating care is meeting the infant's needs. Reassurance and education addressing the immature responses and how to read premature infant cues can reassure
Large-Scale Influences Upon the Generation of a Mesoscale Disturbance

Abstract A case of squall line generation in the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) network has been examined with the intention of capturing synoptic-scale influences. A telescopic analysis approach was used whereby observations from both synoptic and mesoscale networks were combined. The squall line formed in the warm air behind the surface position of the cold front. Large-scale circulation was responsible for creating a shallow layer (∼1-km thick) of convectively unstable air immediately above this front. Horizontal gradient of low-level moisture, pronounced low-level wind shear, and surface convergence were the large-scale factors that combined to produce the unstable region. Mesoscale analysis showed that vertical velocity in the low levels exhibited a persistent small-scale variation prior to convective activity. The horizontal variation in vertical velocity was ultimately responsible for creating a favored position within the mesonetwork. Conservation of potential temperature and specific hu...
STUDIES ON THE LEAF OF POPULUS DELTOIDES (SALICACEAE): QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS, AND SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS OF THE SIEVE‐TUBE MEMBERS

Etude quantitative et par plasmolyse du systeme vasculaire foliaire afin de determiner les gradients de concentration dans les tubes cribles et interpreter les relations structure-fonction au niveau foliaire
Studies on the control of myelinogenesis. 3. Signalling of oligodendrocyte myelination by regenerating peripheral axons

Abstract Continuing from earlier work which demonstrated the peripheral axonal regulation of Schwann cell myelination, this study has investigated the possibility that a peripheral axon can stimulate oligodendrocyte myelination. To test this hypothesis, regenerating PNS axons were allowed to interact with uncommitted oligodendrocytes by transecting a rat peroneal nerve and inserting a segment of the autologous optic nerve between the cut ends. Grafts were maintained for 4–28 weeks and then examined by light and electron microscopy. A few regenerating peripheral myelinated nerve fibers penetrated the optic nerve graft. Some axons penetrated the outer margin of the graft, were myelinated by Schwann cells, and surrounded by astrocyte processes bordered by basal lamina. More centrally in the optic nerve graft, regenerating peripheral axons displayed myelin of CNS type. The outer myelin lamella abutted directly on the plasmalemma surface of surrounding astrocytic processes and was expanded focally to form a glial tongue. These observations demonstrate the experimental induction of central myelination by regenerating peripheral axons and suggest the existence of a common neuronal mechanism to stimulate myelin formation by both the Schwann cell and the oligodendrocyte.
Using fMRI to Test Models of Complex Cognition

This article investigates the potential of fMRI to test assumptions about different components in models of complex cognitive tasks. If the components of a model can be associated with specific brain regions, one can make predictions for the temporal course of the BOLD response in these regions. An event-locked procedure is described for dealing with temporal variability and bringing model runs and individual data trials into alignment. Statistical methods for testing the model are described that deal with the scan-to-scan correlations in the errors of measurement of the BOLD signal. This approach is illustrated using a “sacrificial” ACT-R model that involves mapping 6 modules onto 6 brain regions in an experiment from Ravizza, Anderson, and Carter (in press) concerned with equation solving. The model's visual encoding predicted the BOLD response in the fusiform gyrus, its controlled retrieval predicted the BOLD response in the lateral inferior prefrontal cortex, and its subgoal setting predicted the BOLD response in the anterior cingulate cortex. On the other hand, its motor programming failed to predict anticipatory activation in the motor cortex, its representational changes failed to predicted the pattern of activity in the posterior parietal cortex, and its procedural component failed to predict an initial spike in caudate. The results illustrate the power of such data to direct the development of a theory of complex problem solving, both at the level of a specific task model as well as at the level of the cognitive architecture.
"My tv is the family oven/toaster/grill": personalizing tv for the indian audience

Interactive TV is a new, exciting entry into the drawing rooms of Indian families. By examining current and nascent interactive TV services we trace ways in which they are deployed, received and consumed in the Indian home. From ethnographic probes we offer observations from Indian domestic contexts in the threshold of adopting interactivity as part of everyday TV viewing. We foreground India as a new and primary emerging site adopting interactive TV and to expand attention from the predominance of designing for Western cultural contexts. We develop a specific focus on personalizing TV, a dominant media attribute of interactive TV, conflicting with conventional viewing patterns in the Indian home. We note emergent challenges for interactive TV adoption patterns, particularly for personalization, in the Indian home. Here, TV is viewed as a) Comfort media b) Shared media c) Media for family bonding and raise concerns for viewer preferences around personalizing TV
Use of High-Temperature Reactor Heat in Refineries, Underground Refining, and Biorefineries for Liquid Fuels Production

The production of liquid fuels (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel) from hydrocarbons or biomass is energy intensive. For example, the thermal energy input into U.S. refineries is approximately equal to the thermal energy output of the nation’s nuclear power plants. The yield of liquid fuels per barrel of oil or ton of biomass can be increased if nuclear energy provides the thermal heat necessary for conversion of such feedstocks into liquid fuels. This allows the hydrocarbons and biomass that would have been burnt for the production of heat to be used as additional feedstocks for production of additional liquid fuels. Simultaneously, the carbon dioxide emissions from production facilities are reduced. The use of heat from high-temperature reactors would increase liquid fuels production by 10 to 30% per ton of hydrocarbon or biomass feedstock with corresponding reductions in greenhouse gas releases. The maximum temperature of heat to be supplied is generally less than 700°C to avoid thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbons or biomass. The temperature requirements, heat requirements, and the ultimate market size for these different applications of high-temperature heat are described.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A new relevance for multimedia when we record everything personal

Extended Abstract Even school children know Moore’s Law, but the effects of exponential change are only clear when the change arrives to impact our lives. For example, in the last decade, all of us moved from 50 Megabyte disks to 50 Gigabyte disks, enabling video to become an everyday data-type as common as text. Research needs to be predicated on the ubiquity of Terabyte sized disks that will enable content of all types to be held and maintained.
Spiral and vestibular ganglion estimates in archival temporal bones obtained by design based stereology and Abercrombie methods.

Abstract The objective of this study was to make direct comparisons of the estimates of spiral and vestibular neuronal number in human archival temporal bone specimens using design-based stereology with those using the assumption-based Abercrombie method. Archival human temporal bone specimens from subjects ranging in age from 16 to 80 years old were used. The number of spiral and vestibular ganglia neurons within the counting areas was estimated using the stereology-optical disector technique and compared with estimates obtained using the assumption-based Abercrombie method on the same specimens. Using the optical disector method, there was an average of 41,480 (coefficient of variation = 0.12) spiral ganglia neurons and 28,930 (coefficient of variation = 0.15) vestibular ganglia neurons. The mean coefficient of error was 0.076 for the spiral ganglion estimates, and 0.091 for the vestibular ganglion estimates. Using the Abercrombie correction method of two-dimensional analysis, an average of 23,110 (coefficient of variation of 0.08) spiral ganglia neurons, and 16,225 vestibular ganglia neurons (coefficient of variation of 0.15) was obtained. We found that there was a large disparity between the estimates with a significant 44% underestimation of the spiral and vestibular ganglion counts obtained using the Abercrombie method when compared with estimates using the optical disector method.
Effect of glutathione depletion on the uptake of acrylonitrile vapors and on its irreversible association with tissue macromolecules

Cellular GSH may influence the metabolism of the rodent brain and forestomach carcinogen acrylonitrile (ACN) and its subsequent binding to tissue macromolecules. To investigate the role of GSH in ACN metabolism and binding to macromolecules, we studied the effect of GSH depletion on the irreversible association of radiolabel with tissue macromolecules in male F-344 rats given a 4 mg/kg dose of [2,3-14C]ACN by inhalation. A combined phorone/buthionine sulfoximine treatment (300 mg/kg and 2 mmol/kg, respectively) was given 30 minutes prior to ACN exposure to deplete GSH. The uptake of ACN vapor by control rats was biphasic and characterized by a rapid phase lasting about 60 min and by a slower phase from 60 min to the end of exposure. The rate of uptake for both phases was linearly related to the initial concentration of ACN in the chamber. GSH depletion caused an increase in the rate of ACN uptake in both phases. It also caused a decrease in total radioactivity recovered in brain, stomach, liver, kidney, and blood and a concomitant decrease in the ACN-derived nondialyzable radioactivity in these organs. In control rats, accumulation of radiolabel was greatest in brain RNA, but no radioactivity was detected in DNA of any organ examined. In GSH-depleted rats, the radiolabel concentration was higher in brain RNA than in the liver or stomach RNA, but was also 50% lower than that observed in brain RNA of control rats. Urinary excretion of thiocyanate (SCN-), a metabolite derived from the epoxide pathway of ACN metabolism, was doubled in GSH-depleted rats. These results suggest that GSH might be involved in the distribution of ACN-derived reactive species and, therefore, might play a role in the binding of ACN-derived species to tissue macromolecules and nucleic acids.
Long-Wavelength Photoeffect in Mercury Selenide*

An infrared detector using a photoeffect in mercury selenide is described which responds from the visible to 15 μ. Although the detector construction and sample geometry are similar to that employed in the photoelectromagnetic (PEM) effect, performance differs from that expected of the PEM effect. The spectral response for constant power input per unit wavelength interval peaks in the visible and is wavelength independent in the interval from 3 to 15 μ. The frequency response indicates a detector response time of 150 μsec. A thermal response mechanism is proposed.
864 SUPPRESSOR T CELL FUNCTION IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Autoaggression against pancreatic islet cells has been described in patients with diabetes mellitus. Based on the hypothesis that a loss of immune regulatory suppressor T cells could be important in the development of these autoaggressive reactions, we examined suppressor T cell function in 14 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Suppressor cell activity was determined by assessing the effect of concanavalin A-treated lymphocytes on the one-way mixed leukocyte culture reaction. Suppressor cell activity was demonstrated in 15 of 15 normal controls. However, 11 of 14 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus lacked suppressor T cell function. In our sample, age, sex, duration of diabetes mellitus and control of the disease did not correlate with the presence or absence of suppressor cell activity. Our data suggest that decreased suppressor T cell function may be important in the pathogenesis of some forms of diabetes mellitus. The relationship of HLA (HLA-A,B,C,D) and suppressor T cell function in diabetes mellitus is being investigated.
Formation of the arthrodial membrane in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

In this study the pattern of arthrodial membrane deposition in Callinectes sapidus was determined by histological and ultrastructural examination of tissues from the carpus joint of the cheliped collected during premolt, ecdysis, postmolt, and intermolt. Apolysis in the arthrodial membrane occurs at stage D0 and is synchronous with apolysis of the calcified cuticle. Epicuticle formation begins at early stage D1 and is completed in late stage D1. Procuticle deposition starts at D2 and continues until ecdysis. Numerous cytoplasmic extensions occur throughout the lamellae. Component fibers of the arthrodial membrane are intimately associated with dense plaques on the apical membrane of the underlying hypodermal cells, suggesting a site for fiber polymerization. Deposition of the arthrodial membrane continues after ecdysis, with most of the cuticle thickening occurring during stage C. When stained with PAS and counterstained with hematoxylin, a difference can be discerned between preecdysial and postecdysial procuticle of the arthrodial membrane, a distinction not made in previous studies. The boundary between the arthrodial membrane and calcified cuticle is thicker than either of the two layers and the layers overlap rather than butting up against one another. This pattern suggests that underlying hypodermal cells have to produce multiple types of cuticle over the molt cycle. A summary of the various molting patterns in C. sapidus suggests that the control of these diverse events may prove to be complex. J. Morphol. 256:260–269, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mate calling induced by electrical stimulation in freely moving leopard frogs, Rana pipiens

Abstract Electrodes were implanted chronically into the preoptic areas of normal or castrated male frogs, Rana pipiens, and monopolar monophasic stimulating currents (100 Hz, 0.5-msec duration, and mainly 50–200 μA in intensity) were delivered through the implanted electrodes in freely moving frogs. When the electrodes were placed in the rostral part of the preoptic nucleus, mating calls (mainly trills and sometimes chuckles) were inducible. Fifty microamperes was generally an effective stimulus intensity for induction of calls, and 20 μA was the minimum effective stimulus intensity observed. There was no difference in the threshold to induce calls between pituitary-treated intact and castrated frogs.
Hierarchical organization in serial pattern learning

Abstract Theorists have long hypothesized how organisms represent the organized sequences of stimuli that they encounter. Such models often posit that the items that are encountered are not coded individually, but instead that the organism constructs an abstract representation of the sequence based upon their experience. Later, this representation can be drawn upon to reconstruct the entire sequence. However, the nature of that representation continues to be debated. Through two experiments with human undergraduates in a pattern production paradigm, we consider whether one popular model, the hierarchical model ( Restle, 1972 , Restle and Brown, 1970 ), accurately describes such learning. The hierarchical model predicts that humans should form an abstract representation of the sequence with which they are presented that is the simplest possible in order to reduce memory load. It posits a nested organization of relationships in which the highest-order rules relate the largest number of pattern elements and sets of elements while the lower-order rules are nested within this higher-order structure; the lowest-order rules relate individual pattern elements. However, our results indicate that participants did not abstract the simplest representation of the sequence available, contradicting the prediction of the hierarchical model. This suggests that the hierarchical model does not fully account for the learning of patterned sequences in humans.