cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Aqueous and Vitreous Lymphocyte Populations From Two Rat Models of Experimental Uveitis.

Purpose To compare lymphocyte populations present within inflamed eyes in two rat models of autoimmune uveitis. Methods Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and primed mycobacterial uveitis (PMU) were initiated in Lewis rats. Aqueous and vitreous were collected at peak inflammation (PMU at day 2, EAU at day 14). The number of cells in the aqueous and vitreous was determined and compared for each eye and between the two models. Intraocular CD-19+ B cells, CD3+ T cells, and CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell subpopulations were identified by flow cytometry and compared between EAU and PMU. Results The median number of cells/mL collected from PMU aqueous (7.98 × 107 cells/mL), was not significantly different from the number of cells collected from EAU aqueous (1.61 × 107 cells/mL, P = 0.94). EAU aqueous contains a significantly larger mononuclear population (median 61%, interquartile range [IQR] 44%-67%) than PMU (median 9%, IQR 8%-10% [P < 0.0001]). Within the mononuclear population, EAU and PMU aqueous demonstrate similar proportions of CD3+, CD4+ T cells. However, EAU has a larger CD3+, CD8+, T-cell population than PMU, and this population also demonstrates co-expression of CD45R. B cells comprise a significantly larger median percentage of cells in EAU aqueous (median 18%, IQR 15%-20%) compared to PMU (median 13%, IQR 9%-15%, P = 0.006). Conclusions Flow cytometry analysis of intraocular lymphocytes from EAU and PMU identifies similarities and differences between the T-cell and B-cell populations present at peak inflammation. Complementary animal models that have well-defined mechanistic differences will improve our ability to test potential new therapies and bring meaningful advances into clinical practice for patients with uveitis.
The Changing Agenda

Black Life in Corporate America, which I published with a colleague in 1982, attempted to look at aspects of the mostly hidden effects on the personal lives of these men and women who, in ever-increasing numbers, are trying to “make it” in the mainstream. It is also an attempt to give a view of the mainstream itself from the point of view of black managers as they attempt to swim ahead or simply to survive in these multibillion-dollar organizations— these uniquely modern ways of organizing a good percentage of the world’s trained personnel into entities called Exxons and AT&Ts, IBMs, Sears, Fords, and U.S. Steels. Black Life in Corporate America (1982) is a vision of the human side of the story of men and women operating in foreign social space with unfamiliar protocol, with habits, manners, values, and styles of thinking that until recently were very new to them.
Shedding and Degradation of Cell-Surface Macromolecules and Melanoma-Associated Antigens by Human Melanoma

Tumor antigens, particularly those expressed on the surface of cells, are believed to have a critical though complex effect on tumor growth. They may stimulate immune responses and thus increase resistance to cancer. Conversely, alone or in complex with antibodies, they may interfere with humoral and cellular immune destruction of malignant cells and thus may enhance tumor growth. Since these effects can be mediated by soluble tumor antigens, the factors that influence their accumulation in body fluids may have an important impact on tumor growth.
Use of Individual, Premoistened, Disposable Wipes in Preparing Cow Teats for Milking and Resultant Raw Milk Quality and Production

Two methods of preparing cows for milking were compared. One preparation consisted of wiping each teat clean with individual, premoistened, disposable wipes. This method was compared with washing teats with a hand-held water nozzle and drying with individual paper towels. Two groups of eight Holstein cows each were randomly assigned to the two treatments. Aseptically collected weigh jar milk samples from individual cow milkings were analyzed for standard plate count, preliminary incubation count, laboratory pasteurization count, and coliform count. Pretrial bacterial counts were monitored for 2 d and were used as covariates in statistical analyses. Cows were sampled for 7 d followed by a 2-d rest after which treatments were switched and cows sampled for another week. Method of udder preparation did not affect daily milk production, fat or protein percent. Standard plate counts and preliminary incubation counts were significantly lower for wipe treatment (363 vs 933 CFU/ml and 263 vs 661 CFU/ml). There was no treatment difference for laboratory pasteurization count or coliform count. Raw milk quality as determined by standard plate count and preliminary incubation count was improved by the wipe treatment.
Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) in MS: Evaluation of a new visual test of rapid picture naming.

Abstract Objective The Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) is a test of rapid picture naming that is under investigation for concussion. MULES captures an extensive visual network, including pathways for eye movements, color perception, memory and object recognition. The purpose of this study was to introduce the MULES to visual assessment of patients with MS, and to examine associations with other tests of afferent and efferent visual function. Methods We administered the MULES in addition to binocular measures of low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA), high-contrast visual acuity (VA) and the King-Devick (K-D) test of rapid number naming in an MS cohort and in a group of disease-free controls. Results Among 24 patients with MS (median age 36 years, range 20–72, 64% female) and 22 disease-free controls (median age 34 years, range 19–59, 57% female), MULES test times were greater (worse) among the patients (60.0 vs. 40.0 s). Accounting for age, MS vs. control status was a predictor of MULES test times (P = .01, logistic regression). Faster testing times were noted among patients with MS who had greater (better) performance on binocular LCLA at 2.5% contrast (P Conclusion The MULES test, a complex task of rapid picture naming involves an extensive visual network that captures eye movements, color perception and the characterization of objects. Color recognition, a key component of this novel assessment, is early in object processing and requires area V4 and the inferior temporal projections. MULES scores reflect performance of LCLA, a widely-used measure of visual function in MS clinical trials. These results provide evidence that the MULES test can add efficient visual screening to the assessment of patients with MS.
RPSA, a candidate gene for isolated congenital asplenia, is required for pre-rRNA processing and spleen formation in Xenopus.

ABSTRACT A growing number of tissue-specific inherited disorders are associated with impaired ribosome production, despite the universal requirement for ribosome function. Recently, mutations in RPSA, a protein component of the small ribosomal subunit, were discovered to underlie approximately half of all isolated congenital asplenia cases. However, the mechanisms by which mutations in this ribosome biogenesis factor lead specifically to spleen agenesis remain unknown, in part due to the lack of a suitable animal model for study. Here we reveal that RPSA is required for normal spleen development in the frog, Xenopus tropicalis. Depletion of Rpsa in early embryonic development disrupts pre-rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis, and impairs expression of the key spleen patterning genes nkx2-5, bapx1 and pod1 in the spleen anlage. Importantly, we also show that whereas injection of human RPSA mRNA can rescue both pre-rRNA processing and spleen patterning, injection of human mRNA bearing a common disease-associated mutation cannot. Together, we present the first animal model of RPSA-mediated asplenia and reveal a crucial requirement for RPSA in pre-rRNA processing and molecular patterning during early Xenopus development.
Induction of Tolerance Through Early Weaning and Oral Immunotherapy

The increase in IgE-mediated food allergy in the world with prevalence of egg, milk, peanut, and wheat allergies presenting and coexisting as multiple food allergies in young children. Earlier initiation in weaning and timing of exposure of specific food allergens to an atopic infant appears to affect the trajectory and progression of acquiring tolerance in these children for specific foods. In this review, the allergen-specific strategies for increasing tolerance (desensitization) and hastening the resolution of food allergy (SU) are reviewed for treatment of food allergy. Phenotypic complexity of the individual (eczema, asthma, rhinitis), age of the child at presentation and severity of food reactions, alongside skin test size and IgE levels can determine adopting a strategy for low-dose oral immunotherapy versus conventional oral immunotherapy to complete an immunotherapy program with the least adverse events.
Preserving the scenic views from North Carolina's Blue Ridge Parkway: A decision support system for strategic land conservation planning

Abstract Conservation Trust for North Carolina (CTNC) collaborates with the US National Park Service to preserve land along North Carolina's Blue Ridge Parkway. Escalating pressures from development in the region are threatening the park's scenic views, the primary visitor attraction. A ranked mapping of land parcels for conservation that takes into account visibility is therefore crucial for the park's sustainable management and success. The visibility of parcels within a two mile (3.22 km) buffer of the Parkway was modeled in a GIS-based viewshed decision support system. Using distance decay weightings and LiDAR data to capture obstructive vegetation curtains while driving and at scenic overlooks, a realistic representation of visitor experience was replicated and validated using satellite imagery. This decision support system allows for the efficient allocation of limited conservation resources based on the ranks of over 30,000 parcels within the study area and provides a replicable methodology for similar conservation planning elsewhere.
The design and operation of public-key cryptosystems

Recently, there has been a major advance in the area of communications security—that of a practical way to implement public-key cryptosystems (PKCS).
A Handbell Choir for Blind Students.

Handbell ringing can be an enjoyable and educational experience for blind and visually handicapped students. Ringers should learn their parts from printed music or from braille music prepared accor...
Higher-order topological insulators in antiperovskites

We predict that a family of antiperovskite materials realize a higher-order topological insulator phase, characterized by a previously introduced ${\mathbb{Z}}_{4}$ index. A tight-binding model and a $k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}p$ model are used to capture the physics of the bulk, surface, and hinge states of these materials. A phase diagram of the higher-order and weak topological invariants is obtained for the tight-binding model. The mirror Chern number is also discussed. In order to reveal the gapless hinge states in the presence of mirror Chern surface states, several ways of opening the surface gap are proposed and confirmed by calculation, including cleaving the crystal to reveal a low-symmetry surface, building a heterostructure, and applying strain. Upon opening the surface gap, we are able to study the hinge states by computing the momentum-space band structure and real-space distribution of midgap states.
Simulating the relative influence of tire, vehicle and driver factors on forward collision accident rates

Abstract Introduction: There is currently a strong focus within the automotive industry centered on traffic safety, with topics such as distracted driving, accident avoidance technologies, and autonomous vehicles. These papers tend to focus on the possible improvements from a single factor. However, there are many factors that are present in each accident, and it is important to understand the influence of each factor on the relative accident risk in order to identify the most effective approaches for improving driver safety. Rear-end accidents tend to be the most common accident type with approximately 1.8 M cases, or 31% of all accidents, in 2012, according to NHTSA. Of the rear-end accident scenarios, approximately 18–23% occur on wet surfaces. Method: A Monte Carlo Forward Collision Simulation models the conditions of a wet rear-end accident and estimates the relative impact of various vehicle collision parameters. The model takes distributions of these parameters as inputs, and outputs a risk of collision relative to a known reference case. The parameters that can be studied include: tire grip level, road grip level, vehicle velocity, following distances, and the presence of vehicle technologies (ABS, FCW & AEB). Distributions of some of these parameters have been improved thanks to Naturalistic Driving Study data from SHRP2. Results: This study shows that these vehicle systems have a large impact on safety and can change the amount of influence attributed to other parameters such as tire grip levels. As the use of automated vehicle systems expands, so will the influence of tire grip performance levels on collision risks. Practical Applications: It is more important than ever for consumers and auto manufacturers to consider tire performance levels. Therefore, the tire industry should continue to focus on wet grip as a key performance related to safety and should strive to continue to improve tire performance.
Differentiating Exclusionary Tendencies

Despite an academic consensus that easing land use regulations to increase the supply of housing can help lower housing prices, local opposition to new development remains prevalent. Onerous zoning regulations and resistance to new housing persist not only in wealthy suburbs, but also in lower-income urban neighborhoods. In addition to making housing more expensive, such policies increase residential segregation, exacerbate urban sprawl, and have detrimental environmental effects. If increasing supply tends to reduce costs, what explains this opposition, particularly during a period of rising housing costs? One factor is concern about the localized costs of greater density and its effect on neighborhood character and livability. There is a perception that new development may, by changing the character and desirability of its immediate neighborhood, play some role in increasing housing prices and exacerbating gentrification and displacement in lower-income communities. Empirical evidence suggests this is not the case, but efforts to exclude new development and demands for greater local control over land use persist in lower-income urban neighborhoods. These tendencies mirror responses in wealthier communities. This Article compares these exclusionary tendencies and asks whether there is a normative basis for differentiating them. It concludes that there is a modest case for distinct treatment, based on a combination of factors including the historical treatment of lower-income urban communities, the more fragile relationship between property and personhood in such neighborhoods, the structure of local government law, and the principle of subsidiarity. However, any preferential treatment must avoid undermining broader efforts towards reducing regulatory and procedural obstacles to denser development and increased housing supply. It should primarily address concerns about neighborhood character and the claims of long-term residents to a distinct stake in the neighborhood that entitles them to some degree of deference and perhaps some share of the increased property values generated by a zoning change. Rather than provide additional process or opportunities for public participation, legal responses should carefully circumscribe local authority in the realm of planning and grant individual residents a property entitlement they can freely transfer. This entitlement, granted to both owners and tenants, would allow residents to derive some benefit from new development while strengthening the voice of a more representative share of the local population.
A pilot study on locomotion training via biomechanical models and a wearable haptic feedback system

Locomotion is a fundamental human skill. Real-time sensing and feedback is a promising strategy for motion training to reconstruct healthy locomotion patterns lost due to aging or disease, and to prevent injuries. In this paper, we present a pilot study on locomotion training via biomechanical modeling and a wearable haptic feedback system. In addition, a novel simulation framework for motion tracking and analysis is introduced. This unified framework, implemented within the Unity environment, is used to analyze subject’s baseline and performance characteristics, and to provide real-time haptic feedback during locomotion. The framework incorporates accurate musculoskeletal models derived from OpenSim, closed-form calculations of muscle routing kinematics and kinematic Jacobian matrices, dynamic performance metrics (i.e., muscular effort), human motion reconstruction via inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, and real-time visualization of the motion and its dynamics. A pilot study was conducted in which 6 healthy subjects learned to alter running patterns to lower the knee flexion moment (KFM) through haptic feedback. We targeted three gait parameters (trunk lean, cadence, and foot strike) that previous studies had identified as having an influence on reducing the knee flexion moment and associated with increased risk of running injuries. All subjects were able to adopt altered running patterns requiring simultaneous changes to these kinematic parameters and reduced their KFM to 30–85% of their baseline values. The muscular effort during motion training stayed comparable to subjects’ baseline. This study shows that biomechanical modeling, together with real-time sensing and wearable haptic feedback can greatly increase the efficiency of motion training.
Performance and Clinical Utility of Models Predicting Eradication of Nodal Disease in Patients with Clinically Node-Positive Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy by Tumor Biology

Prediction models are useful to guide decision making. Our goal was to compare three published nomograms predicting axillary response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), clinically node-positive breast cancer. Patients with cT1–T4, cN1–N3 breast cancer treated with NAC and surgery from 2008 to 2019 were reviewed. The predicted probability of pathologic node-negative (ypN0) status was estimated for each nomogram. Area under the curve (AUC) was compared across models, overall and by biologic subtype. Of 581 patients, 253 (43.5%) were ypN0. ypN0 status varied by subtype: 23.9% for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−), 68.9% for HER2-positive (HER2+), and 47.2% for ER-negative (ER−)/HER2−. The three nomograms had similar AUC values (0.761–0.769; p = 0.80). The Mayo model-predicted probability was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the observed probability of ypN0 status, while the MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) 1- and 2-predicted probabilities were similar to the observed probability. At a predicted probability threshold of 50%, the Mayo model had the highest sensitivity (89.6%) for detecting ypN+ patients compared with MDACC models 1 and 2 (76.5%; p < 0.001). However, both MDACC models had higher specificity in identifying ypN0 status among HER2+ (81.7%) and ER−/HER2− (75.9–77.6%) patients compared with the Mayo model (59.5% and 43.1%; each p < 0.001). None of the models identified the ER+/HER2− patients with ypN0 status well at the ≥ 50% threshold (specificity 0–9.4%). All three models predicting nodal response to NAC performed well overall with respect to discrimination, but differed with respect to calibration and performance at a 50% probability threshold. However, none of the models performed well at the 50% threshold for ER+/HER2− patients.
Observation of Vapor Wall Deposition in a Smog Chamber Using Size Evolution of Pure Organic Particles

ABSTRACT Prior studies have shown that neglecting the vapor wall loss could lead to the underestimation of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields in smog chamber experiments. The majority of the previous studies investigated vapor wall loss of a wide range of semi-volatile organic vapors at room temperatures using extensive chemical analysis. This study poses a question: Can vapor wall deposition in a smog chamber be observed only using physical measurements of aerosol properties? This study assesses the significance of vapor wall loss using only the size evolution of pure organic compound particles. To our knowledge, this technique is used for the first time in assessing the vapor wall loss of chemical species in chamber experiments. Dark experiments were conducted by injecting pure levoglucosan particles into an outdoor smog chamber at multiple ambient temperatures, ranging from –10°C to +15°C. Peak diameter analysis revealed levoglucosan particles shrunk by ~37% at 15°C and ~20% at 10°C experiments, whereas no shrinkage was observed at temperatures below 0°C suggesting significant vapor wall loss of levoglucosan at warmer temperatures (> 10°C). Two-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) and additional simple kinetic model simulations suggest that the effects of temperature on vapor wall loss can primarily be explained by the change in saturation vapor pressure of the organic compound and that the lack of apparent vapor wall loss of levoglucosan below 0°C was due to kinetics, i.e., slow evaporation relative to the chamber experiment timescales. The same approach can be applied to other organic species to expand the range of volatility relevant to chamber experiments.
Rural Primary Care Providers' Experience and Usage of Clinical Recommendations in the CDC Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Guideline: A Qualitative Study.

Purpose In 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released an evidence-based guideline on pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) to educate health care providers on best practices of mTBI diagnosis, prognosis, and management/treatment. As residents living in rural areas have higher rates of mTBI, and may have limited access to care, it is particularly important to disseminate the CDC guideline to rural health care providers. The purpose of this paper is to describe rural health care providers' experience with pediatric mTBI patients and their perceptions on incorporating the guideline recommendations into their practice. Method Interviews with 9 pediatric rural health care providers from all US regions were conducted. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed for themes for each of the main topic areas covered in the interview guide. Findings Common causes of mTBI reported by health care providers included sports and all-terrain vehicles. While health care providers found the guideline recommendations to be helpful and feasible, they reported barriers to implementation, such as lack of access to specialists. To help with uptake of the CDC guideline, they suggested the development of concise implementation tools that can be referenced quickly, integrated into electronic health record-based systems, and that are customized by visit type and health care setting (eg, initial vs follow-up visits and emergency department vs primary care visits). Conclusion Length, accessibility, and usability are important considerations when designing clinical tools for busy rural health care providers caring for pediatric patients with mTBI. Customized information, in both print and digital formats, may help with uptake of best practices.
CMOS-Driven Pneumatic-Free Scalable Microfluidics and Fluid Processing with Label-Free Cellular and Bio-Molecular Sensing Capability for an End-to-End Point-of-Care System

The emergence of the pandemic has demonstrated the necessity of point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnostic platforms that encompass an end-to-end system (from sample fluid to diagnostic information) with the ability to allow rapid analysis on the spot. While POC sensing technologies have been demonstrated in miniaturize chip-scale platforms [1–5], the bottlenecks in enabling end-to-end low-cost handheld platforms have often been bio-sample handling, filtering, mixing with re-agents that are critical to the robustness of the assay chemistry and sensing sensitivity/specificity. These processes are typically carried out either manually or by employing complex pneumatic flow control with multiple bulky syringe pumps, which have been a severe limitation to enable end-to-end biosensing systems (Fig. 18.2.1). While electrically driven droplets, molecular and cell manipulation techniques, such as electro-wetting, electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis, have been demonstrated in singular systems before [1], they do not have the ability to process bulk bio-sample fluids that is required for POC devices. In this paper, we present a scalable approach that merges the functionalities of sample processing and cellular/bio-molecular sensing in a single system and eliminates any pneumatic pumping mechanisms by exploiting CMOS-based electrically driven electro-kinetic flow of bulk fluids. We demonstrate, for the first time, a CMOS-microfluidic system that is capable of 1) pumping bulk electrolyte fluid with AC electro-osmosis, 2) cell manipulation and separation with dielectrophoresis (DEP), 3) label-free biomolecular and cell sensing, classification with dedicated 16-element impedance spectroscopy receivers. While we demonstrate these kernel functionalities in a multichip module/microfluidic interface (Fig. 18.2.1), the overall architecture, fluidics and sensing components can be massively scaled up for various POC applications due to elimination of pressure-driven flows (Fig. 18.2.1).
Liquid Nitrogen Cloud Demonstration for Large and Small Groups

The liquid nitrogen cloud demonstration is an effective, dramatic, large-scale demonstration to illustrate gas laws and cloud/fog (aerosol) formations for classes and large-scale outreach events. When performed at full scale, it is common to produce a cloud 20–30 feet in height. Its effect can be further enhanced by adding brightly colored ping-pong balls. Though there are examples on the internet of this demonstration being performed, there is a need for a detailed description of how to perform the demonstration safely at various sizes and of the science behind the phenomenon. This article includes instructions on how to perform the liquid nitrogen cloud demonstration both indoors and a discussion of important safety features. Novel quantitative and spectral data are presented to explore the background science, and a student guided activity is included for use in the classroom.
Development of an in vitro model for animal species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 replication based on expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in avian cells

ABSTRACT The SARS-CoV-2 (SC2) virus has caused a worldwide pandemic because of the virus’s ability to transmit efficiently human-to-human. A key determinant of infection is the attachment of the viral spike protein to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Because of the presumed zoonotic origin of SC2, there is no practical way to assess every species susceptibility to SC2 by direct challenge studies. In an effort to have a better predictive model of animal host susceptibility to SC2, we expressed the ACE2 and/or transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) genes from humans and other animal species in the avian fibroblast cell line, DF1, that is not permissive to infection. We demonstrated that expression of both human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes is necessary to support SC2 infection and replication in DF1 and a non-permissive sub-lineage of MDCK cells. Titers of SC2 in these cell lines were comparable to those observed in control Vero cells. To further test the model, we developed seven additional transgenic cell lines expressing the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 derived from Felis (cat), Equus (horse), Sus (pig), Capra (goat), Mesocricetus (Golden hamster), Myotis lucifugus (Little Brown bat) and Hipposideros armiger (Great Roundleaf bat) in DF1 cells. Results demonstrate permissive replication of SC2 in cat, Golden hamster, and goat species, but not pig or horse, which correlated with the results of reported challenge studies. The development of this cell culture model allows for more efficient testing of the potential susceptibility of many different animal species for SC2 and emerging variant viruses. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 (SC2) is believed to have originated in animal species and jumped into humans where it has produced the greatest viral pandemic of our time. Identification of animal species susceptible to SC2 infection would provide information on potential zoonotic reservoirs, and transmission potential at the human-animal interface. Our work provides a model system to test the ability of the virus to replicate in an otherwise non-permissive cell line by transgenic insertion of the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes from human and other animal species. The results from our in vitro model positively correlate with animal infection studies enhancing the predicative capability of the model. Importantly, we demonstrate that both proteins are required for successful virus replication. These findings establish a framework to test other animal species for susceptibility to infection that may be critical zoonotic reservoirs for transmission, as well as to test variant viruses that arise over time.
Towards Zero-shot Cross-lingual Image Retrieval and Tagging.

There has been a recent spike in interest in multi-modal Language and Vision problems. On the language side, most of these models primarily focus on English since most multi-modal datasets are monolingual. We try to bridge this gap with a zero-shot approach for learning multi-modal representations using cross-lingual pre-training on the text side. We present a simple yet practical approach for building a cross-lingual image retrieval model which trains on a monolingual training dataset but can be used in a zero-shot cross-lingual fashion during inference. We also introduce a new objective function which tightens the text embedding clusters by pushing dissimilar texts away from each other. For evaluation, we introduce a new 1K multi-lingual MSCOCO2014 caption test dataset (XTD10) in 7 languages that we collected using a crowdsourcing platform. We use this as the test set for zero-shot model performance across languages. We also demonstrate how a cross-lingual model can be used for downstream tasks like multi-lingual image tagging in a zero shot manner. XTD10 dataset is made publicly available here: this https URL.
The Angle Trisection by Ahmad ibn Müsä

The Text of the Angle Trisection by Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir (here denoted as B) is taken from the Bodleian Arabic ms. Thurston 3, f. 131v28–132r8. This has already been edited by J.P. Hogendijk (“Trisections of the Angle…,” pp. 433–436), and his suggested emendations have been included here, denoted as B(H). I have also collated a second manuscript of this work (B*), as taken from Bodleian ms. Marsh 720, f. 260v. Although the latter is merely a copy of B, hence of no real textual value, it can sometimes be of use in cases where B is only barely legible. I have set in parallel with the translation of B portions of the treatment of angle-trisection by Pappus in Collection (IV), I, secs. 36–42 (ed. Hultsch, pp. 272–276).
Formal Models of Argumentation

As this is an artificial intelligence book, our goal is a computational model of some legal process. The discourse norms from Alexy’s theory of legal argumentation are quite abstractly stated, and it is still less than clear how or whether they can be modeled in a computer program. One result of the previous chapter on legal philosophy is a set of dimensions for classifying discourse games. In this chapter, several existing formal models of argumentation will be described and then classified along these dimensions. The goal is not so much to assess their suitability for modeling legal argumentation as to gather ideas and techniques which can be adapted in a discourse game designed expressly for this purpose.
Sierpinski-Zygmund Uniform Limits of Extendable Connectivity Functions

We show that the class $SZ$ of Sierpinski-Zygmund functions has a nonempty intersection with the class $\extb$ of all uniform limits of sequences of extendable connectivity functions $f_n:\R\to\R.$ We reconsider the idea of $f$-negligible sets this time with respect to $f\in \extb.$ We also show that under MA, $SZ\cap \extb$ cannot be characterized by preimages of sets.
A validation study for GPS radio occultation data with moist thermodynamic structure of tropical cyclones

[1] We exploit the cloud-penetrating capability and insensitivity to precipitation of the Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPSRO) technique to study the humidity environment of tropical cyclones (TCs). We focus in regions within and around the vicinity of TCs' eye, where infrared and microwave observations are difficult to acquire due to cloudiness and heavy precipitation. We use data from the National Hurricane Center TC Best Tracks to identify the location of North Atlantic TCs. The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) Data Analysis and Archive Center provides concurrent refractivity, temperature, and humidity measurements from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload and COSMIC missions and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The distribution of GPSRO-derived humidity profiles as functions of altitude and distance from the storms' center identifies a pronounced low-level inflow, characteristic of mature TCs, at distances between 50 and 90 km, which coincide with the area where the eyewall of TCs forms. We also capture wavelike structures resembling spiral rainbands beyond the eyewall. The distribution of water vapor as functions of altitude and TC intensity shows a decrease at all altitudes when a tropical system matures from a tropical depression to a Category 1 (Cat 1) hurricane. The water vapor gradually increases from Cat 2 to Cat 5 hurricanes—a result that is also identified in ECMWF data sets and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations. We conclude that GPSRO data can contribute significantly to the understanding and modeling of the vertical structures of TCs.
Cross-cultural Communication and Multicultural Team Performance: A German and American Comparison

This study builds on work by Matveev & Nelson (2004) which investigated the relationship between cross-cultural communication competence and multicultural team performance using American and Russian managers. This study examines the impact of national culture on German and American subjects. While a relationship between cross-cultural communication competence and multicultural team performance was found, it did not differ by overall national culture. Of the four dimensions of cross-cultural communication competence, only Cultural Empathy was found to be significantly different between Germans and Americans. No differences were found for the dimensions of Interpersonal Skills, Team Effectiveness, and Cultural Uncertainty.
Incidence of swallowing during exercise in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate.

Summary Reasons for performing study: The relationship between dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) and swallowing is unclear. Objective: To quantify the relationship between DDSP and swallowing in horses at exercise. Hypotheses: The frequency of swallowing increases immediately prior to DDSP in horses at exercise. Methods: Videoendoscopic and upper airway pressure data were collated from horses with a definitive diagnosis of DDSP at exercise. Horses with no upper airway abnormalities were matched by age, breed and sex and used as controls. Sixty-nine horses were identified with a definitive diagnosis of DDSP during the study interval. Airway pressure data were available for 42 horses. Results: The majority of horses displaced at high exercising speeds while accelerating; a smaller number displaced during deceleration after peak speed had been reached. Horses swallowed significantly more frequently in the 1 min immediately preceding DDSP than in the control horses at equivalent speeds. DDSP at exercise results in a significant increase in tracheal expiratory pressure, a significant decrease in pharyngeal expiratory pressure and a significantly less negative pharyngeal inspiratory pressure compared to matched controls and compared to the pressures during the 1 min interval prior to DDSP. There was no significant difference between any measure of airway pressure before or after a swallow when examined at each time interval in the DDSP population. Conclusions: The frequency of swallowing decreases with increasing speed in normal horses. In contrast, the frequency of swallowing increases immediately prior to onset of DDSP. This is not a result of pharyngeal and tracheal pressure changes. Potential relevance: The increased frequency of swallowing observed prior to DDSP may be related to the aetiology of the disease.
Broadening Our Horizons: Toward a Plurality of Methodologies in Learning Disability Research:

This article serves as an introduction to a special double issue of the Learning Disability Quarterly that seeks to engage the field in a respectful exchange about the need to expand research metho...
Digital Feudalism : Enclosures and Erasures from Digital Rights Management to the Digital Divide

Abstract The Internet is argued to be the most participatory telecommunications medium ever developed—it is, in essence, a vast commons—originally developed with taxpayer funding and built to ensure that no one entity owned (or could control) the entire network. Developed using an end-to-end architecture, the Internet places the intelligence at the network's edges, allowing users to define what applications and services to run and which hardware and devices to use. However, the democratic potential of the Internet is being threatened by structural changes that, if left unchecked, will limit future innovation and participation. If these trends continue, the Internet will devolve into a feudalized space—one that limits democratic freedoms while enriching an oligopoly of powerful gatekeepers. While incumbent phone, cable, and software companies stand to gain financially from these enclosures, as this chapter documents, the negative outcomes stemming from this digital feudalization will have profound detrimental impacts on democratic and affordable communications. This chapter highlights specific policy debates, both within United States and internationally, that undergird these vulnerabilities, and illuminates normative understandings about the role of the Internet in supporting a democratic, civil society. Using the seven-layer OSI model as a framework, our analysis catalogs current threats to this telecommunications commons and examines the policy provisions that should be implemented to prevent the feudalization of the Internet.
The Spectrum and the Spectral Type of the Off-Diagonal Fibonacci Operator

Author(s): Damanik, David; Gorodetski, Anton | Abstract: We consider Jacobi matrices with zero diagonal and off-diagonals given by elements of the hull of the Fibonacci sequence and show that the spectrum has zero Lebesgue measure and all spectral measures are purely singular continuous. In addition, if the two hopping parameters are distinct but sufficiently close to each other, we show that the spectrum is a dynamically defined Cantor set, which has a variety of consequences for its local and global fractal dimension.
Chronology of Pleistocene glacial advances in the central Rocky Mountains

The distribution and ages of moraines in the Wyoming-type localities for pre-Pinedale Rocky Mountain glacial deposits are not well known. Through morphostratigraphic mapping, river-terrace longitudinal-profile analysis, and tephrochronology, we place the age of Sacagawea Ridge moraines in the Dinwoody Lakes type area at about 660 ka. Outwash and river terrace deposits in the Bull Lake type area, previously considered to be Sacagawea Ridge, are actually older by one or two glacial cycles. In the Bull Lake type locality, 15 individual moraines are divided into 4 groups on the basis of relative age criteria. Using 36Cl/10Be cosmogenic dating of boulders, the two older groups must be >130 ka; the younger groups are given age ranges of 130 to 100 ka and 120 to 95 ka. A terrace along Wind River can be morphostratigraphically traced to the youngest of these moraine groups; 36Cl dating of boulders on the terrace provides an age range of 125 to 100 ka. The combined relative age and cosmogenic nuclide chronology is consistent with previously published evidence from Yellowstone National Park demonstrating that mountain glaciers advanced not only prior to and during the later portion of marine isotope stage 6 but also during marine isotope stage 5d. In contrast with some other areas of the Rocky Mountains, we found no evidence for advances during marine isotope stage 4. At Bull Lake, Pinedale moraines that have a 36Cl/10Be age range of 23 to 16 ka suggest that glacial advances were limited to the later part of marine isotope stage 2. A river terrace that can be traced to these moraines has an age range of 23 to 16 ka. A possible glacial advance during early marine isotope stage 2 is indicated by a river terrace whose age range is estimated by incision-rate modeling at 46 to 28 ka, but no moraines were identified. Along Wind River, there are eight terrace levels capped with outwash that are older than Sacagawea Ridge; although the terraces are the record of early to middle Pleistocene climatic cycles, there are no correlative moraines preserved at the land surface.
Inviting the Amateurs into the Studio: Understanding How Consumer Engagement in Product Design Creates Value

Consumers are voluntarily becoming the designers of their own products across a wide range of product categories. With the explosive growth in online toolkits and DIY retail stores, consumers are increasingly being lured into this role with the promise of products that embody their highly individual and idiosyncratic tastes. The terms ‘‘selfdesign’’ and ‘‘user-design’’ have emerged as the constructs in the marketing literature to describe this voluntary shift in design responsibility from the producer to the consumer (Moreau and Herd, 2010). By choosing to self-design, consumers are rejecting the professionally designed ‘‘off the rack’’ alternatives offered by the manufacturer (Moreau and Herd, 2010). Consumers have direct access to their own preferences in a way that professional designers do not. Importantly, the empirical research to date suggests that, holding product quality constant, consumers show a dramatic preference for their own individual designs (e.g., Franke, Keinz, and Steger, 2009; Franke and Piller, 2004). This premium can be attributed not only to the superior fit with preferences that self-designed products provide (Franke et al., 2009), but also to the sense of accomplishment (the ‘‘I designed it myself ’’ effect; Franke, Schreier, and Kaiser, 2010) consumers feel when they successfully complete the design process and to the design’s ability to represent the consumer’s identity (Herd and Moreau, 2010). In this issue, Luchs and Swan advance a comprehensive definition of product design that encompasses a number of aspects of the design process as well as the definition and realization of the actual product’s form and function. While this definition is flexible enough to include firms whose design strategies intentionally involve consumers in the design process, the definition focuses mainly on product design from the firm’s perspective. Consumers take on the role of designer in many aspects of their lives, both online (e.g., using customization toolkits) and off-line (e.g., decorating their homes, coordinating their wardrobes, structuring their schedules). As consumers increasingly participate in design throughout many aspects of their lives, new research opportunities emerge.
Managerial and Other White-Collar Employees’ Perceptions of Ethical Issues in their Workplaces

Understanding what types of issues working adults perceive as ethical in their workplaces will allow better teaching of business ethics. This study reports findings of a thematic analysis of 764 ethical challenges described by working adults in a part-time MBA program and combines its findings with the other published studies on perceptions of ethical issues in the workplace. The results indicate that most people are assured about what they describe as ethical transgressions although experts might disagree. It also highlights certain issues and contexts as being more frequently perceived than others. Ideas for future research in this area are also explored.
Articulatory movements in adolescents: evidence for protracted development of speech motor control processes.

In order to contribute to a more comprehensive model of speech motor development, we examined the movement trajectories of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw to determine (a) if there are changes in...
Cross-border access to US investors: some recent proposals

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to analyze and draw conclusions from recent SEC staff proposals and commissioners' comments and a recent roundtable discussion concerning access to foreign exchanges and broker‐dealers by US investors.Design/methodology/approach – The paper summarizes a proposal by Erik Sirri, Director of the SEC Division of Market Regulation; a proposal by Ethiopis Tafara and Robert J. Peterson, respectively, the Director of the SEC Office of International Affairs and its Senior Counsel; and comments in speeches by Commissioners Roel Campos, Paul Atkins, and Annette Nazareth; and draws conclusions regarding the SEC's current efforts to develop and articulate a strategic approach to mutual recognition.Findings – As the securities market becomes globalized, there is a growing interest among US investors for foreign securities and for more direct access to foreign broker‐dealers and exchanges. The SEC is determined to remain in the forefront among US government agencies on securities...