cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadband reconstruction of inhomogeneous turbulence using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition and Gabor modes

A new methodology to construct three-dimensional, temporally stationary but spatially inhomogeneous, incompressible turbulence is presented. The method combines use of the data-driven spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) to identify and isolate large-scale coherent motions of the flow, together with a physics-based enrichment algorithm using spatiotemporally localized Gabor modes that capture the inertial subrange turbulence. This fusion of data-driven and physics-based methods enables a statistically correct reconstruction of broadband turbulent flows using fewer modes than would be required using SPOD alone. To demonstrate the approach, we consider the problem of reconstructing wake turbulence on a plane downstream of a dragging actuator disk impinged by homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The reconstructed flow has single- and two-point correlations that are consistent with the reference high-resolution simulation data and could be used to generate statistically consistent inflow boundary conditions for subsequent simulations.
Concurrent Governance Processes of California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act

California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) is a landmark policy that requires achievement of sustainability at the groundwater basin level. In this policy review and analysis, we de...
Time from Organ Donation Referral to Procurement Does Not Affect Survival in Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose A recent study showed increasing the time from referral to procurement for donor hearts increases mortality for heart transplant recipients. The purpose of this study is to look at the effect of the interval from referral to procurement on mortality in lung transplant recipients. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was retrospectively reviewed from 01/2007-03/2018 for donor lungs. After exclusions for multi-organ transplants and age (donor Results Donor age ranged from 15-77y (mean 35y, median 33y) and recipient age from 18-81y (mean 56y, median 59y). Sixty percent of donors were male as were recipients. Seventy percent of transplants were double lung transplants. Neither time from referral to procurement nor admission to procurement of the donor is a significant predictor for survival for lung recipients using either modeling approach (p-values ≥0.18 using Weibull regression and relative importance ≤0.003 compared to a maximum relative importance of 1.00 for recipient length of stay (LOS) post-transplant using random forests). Recipient LOS, age, and serum creatinine at the time of transplant as well as the number of previous lung transplants are the most important predictors of 3-year survival for lung transplant recipients. Conclusion The time from referral to procurement and from admission to procurement of lung transplant donors does not affect recipient survival.
Changes in Blueberry Polyphenol Metabolism Are Dependent on Dose and Food Matrix Over 90 Days in Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley Rats

Objectives Fruit and vegetable derived polyphenols are associated with many health benefits when consumed regularly. Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, leading to interest in their use as dietary supplements. With expanded use, it is critical to evaluate metabolic changes associated with repeated consumption of purified blueberry polyphenols at elevated doses relative to whole fruit. This includes potential for changes in gut microbial polyphenol metabolism and generation of putative biologically relevant phenolic metabolites. To address this, we investigated the dose-response of blueberry polyphenols and microbial metabolites produced over 90 days in rodents.
Nanotherapeutic modulation of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in acute brain injury

Excitotoxicity is a primary pathological process that occurs during stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and global brain ischemia such as perinatal asphyxia. Excitotoxicity is triggered by an ove...
The 3'tsRNAs are aminoacylated: Implications for their biogenesis

Emerging evidence indicates that tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are involved in fine-tuning gene expression and become dysregulated in various cancers. We recently showed that the 22nt LeuCAG tsRNA from 39 end of tRNALeu is required for efficient translation of a ribosomal protein mRNA and ribosome biogenesis. Inactivation of this tsRNA induced apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells and suppressed the growth of a patient derived orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. The mechanism involved in the generation of the 39-tsRNAs remains elusive and it is unclear if the 39-ends of 39-tsRNAs are aminoacylated. Here we report an enzymatic method utilizing exonuclease T to determine the 39charging status of tRNAs and tsRNAs. Our results showed that the LeuCAG 39-tsRNA is fully charged and originated solely from charged mature tRNA. When the leucyl-tRNA synthetase was knocked down, less tsRNA was generated while the mature tRNA was not reduced further supporting that tsRNA generation is regulated. The fact that the 39-tsRNA is aminoacylated has implications for their biogenesis and provides additional insights into their biological role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
Improving GaAsP/Si Tandem Solar Cells Using Silicon Passivated Contacts

The degradation of photocarrier bulk lifetime in Si wafer substrates during the heteroepitaxial growth of III-V materials has been widely reported and is known to limit the efficiency of III-V/Si tandem solar cells. There have been prior strategies to protect Si lifetime in III-V growth chambers, but most require the use of a protective layer that must be removed in subsequent device processing. It would be advantageous for protective layers to remain an active part of the device. In this work, we demonstrate that a polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) passivated contact can protect the minority carrier lifetime of the Si base wafer during the organometallic vapor phase epitaxy of III-V materials on silicon substrates.
Eviction Case Filings and Neighborhood Characteristics in Urban and Rural Places: A Michigan Statewide Analysis

A growing body of evidence documents the negative impacts of eviction case filings on U.S. tenants, including forced moves, additional costs, and obstacles tenants face in finding future housing. E...
InGaAs microdisk cavities monolithically integrated on Si with room temperature emission at 1530 nm

III-V semiconductors are ideal for light sources due to their tunable and direct band gap in the telecommunication band [1] , [2] , but their monolithic integration on Si is challenging, because of the significant thermal, polarity and lattice mismatch. At IBM Research we developed template-assisted selective epitaxy (TASE) [3] , [4] , where III-Vs nucleate at a confined Si seed and grow within an empty predefined oxide template. Using TASE, InP whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasers on Si emitting at ~840nm with comparable performance to wafer bonded devices were demonstrated [5] . To fully leverage the potential of integrated photonics, operation beyond the Si absorption edge is desired. Here, we extend TASE to the growth of InGaAs WGM cavities and demonstrate evidence of lasing at 300 K and 1530 nm. We subsequently compare the devices with previously reported InP WGM lasers.
Ascending palatine branch from the lingual artery with multiple other variations of the external carotid artery.

The external carotid artery (ECA) is the major blood supply for structures in the head and neck. Typically, it has eight separate branches; but there are many anatomical variations, making it difficult to predict surgical outcomes and complications without three-dimensional imaging. This case study focuses on a cadaver with multiple anatomical variations in the ECA, i.e., lingual, facial, occipital, ascending pharyngeal, and posterior auricular arteries, found during routine dissection of the right cadaveric neck. We also discuss the incidences of several other anatomical variations of the ECA branches and their surgical implications and potential complications.
POEM: People-Oriented EMail for Social Connectedness

Email has lost much of its original function: connecting people. Today, people use it as a task list, a database, and even legal documentation. For these and other reasons, email has become a source of stress; pushing us apart rather than bringing us together. In this paper, we describe POEM (People-Oriented EMail), a prototype email client designed to restore and strengthen email’s socially connective role. Because much of human communication is non-verbal, POEM features a visualization that summarizes user’s inbox by correspondent, using their profile pictures. To highlight human relationships, POEM offers access to detailed correspondent messages only by clicking on their pictures. Encouraging deeper relationships, POEM organizes correspondents by social importance measures including communication effort, balance, and delay before response. We conclude by sketching our plans to evaluate POEM.
Networks and Political Attitudes: Structure, Influence, and Co-Evolution

How do political views and social affiliations co-evolve? A long stream of research has focused on the relationship between political views and social affiliations, however, it is typically difficult to discern the causal relationship between views and affiliations. Here we use longitudinal attitudinal and whole network data collected at critical times (notably, at the inception of the system) to pinpoint and specify the determinants of attitudes and affiliations. We find significant conformity tendencies: individuals shift their political views toward the political views of their associates. This conformity is driven by social ties rather than task ties. We also find that, while individuals tend to associate with similar others, political views are notably less a basis for associational choices than demographic and institutional factors.
New Development: What are the Challenges in Transferring Lean Thinking to Government?

Lean government is part of a growing trend of management tools designed to lower costs and improve the efficiency of government operations. However, the transference of lean techniques from the private sector to the public sector requires a careful balancing of administrative law, management-labour relations in order to realize these efficiency and cost improvements.
Cytochrome and Alternative Pathway Respiration in Tobacco (Effects of Salicylic Acid)

In suspension cultures of NT1 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow) cells the cytochrome pathway capacity increased between d 3 and d 4 following subculturing and reached the highest level observed on d 7. The capacity decreased significantly by d 10 and was at the same level on d 14. Both alternative pathway capacity and the amount of the 35-kD alternative oxidase protein increased significantly between d 5 and d 6, reached the highest point observed on d 7, remained constant until d 10, and decreased by d 14. The highest capacities of the alternative and cytochrome pathways and the highest amount of the 35-kD protein were attained on the day that cell cultures reached a stationary phase of growth. Addition of salicylic acid to cell cultures on d 4 caused a significant increase in alternative pathway capacity and a dramatic accumulation of the 35-kD protein by 12 h. The alternative pathway capacity and the protein level reached the highest level observed by 16 h after salicylic acid addition, and the cytochrome pathway capacity was at about the same level at each time point. The accumulation of the 35-kD alternative oxidase protein was significantly decreased by addition of actinomycin D 1 h before salicylic acid and was blocked by addition of cycloheximide. These results indicate that de novo transcription and translation were necessary for salicylic acid to cause the maximum accumulation of the 35-kD protein.
The Political Psychology of Redistribution

Welfare economics suggests that the tax system is the appropriate place to effect redistribution from those with more command over material resources to those with less - that is, in short, to serve "equity." Society should set other mechanisms of private and public law, including public finance systems, to maximize welfare - that is, in short, to serve "efficiency." The populace, however, may not always accept first-best policies. Perspectives from cognitive psychology suggest that ordinary citizens can react to the purely formal means by which social policies are implemented, and thus may reject welfare-improving reforms. This Article sets out the general background of the problem. We present the results of original experiments that confirm that the means of implementing redistribution affect its acceptability. Effects range from such seemingly trivial matters as whether or not tax burdens are discussed in dollars or in percent terms, to more substantial matters such as how many different individual taxes there are, whether the burden of taxes is transparent or not, and the nature and level of the public provision of goods and services. The findings suggest a deep and problematic tension between the goals of equity and efficiency in public finance.
Quantitative analysis of crystal growth : tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase crystal polymorphism and its relationship to catalysis

We show that quantitative analysis of replicated, full-factorial crystal growth experiments and, by implication, similar studies of a wide variety of other phenomena, can be a powerful tool for analyzing macromolecular systems with complex, interacting dependencies on functionally significant factors. Bacillus stearothermophilus tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase crystallizes in three different crystal forms depending on the ligands present under otherwise identical conditions. Comparison of crystallographic space groups for complexes with different ligands reveals that the three forms entail at least two very different families of packing arrangements that are correlated with specific changes in the enzyme ligation state. One is associated with the ligand-free enzyme, substrate ligands, and the binding of the activated amino acid; the other results from the presence of high ATP concentrations and/or the synthesis of the unusual acyl-transfer product, tryptophanyl-2'(3') ATP. Together with previous physico-chemical studies of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, these observations suggest that the two families are related, respectively, to the biochemical processes of amino acid activation and acyl transfer. Further evidence that the crystal polymorphism results from an underlying protein conformational polymorphism has now been obtained by quantitative analysis of how crystal growth depends on pH and the substrates tryptophan and ATP. The analysis consists first in showing that crystallization conditions for the unliganded protein are very favorable, suggesting that variation in crystal growth induced by pH and substrates under otherwise identical conditions is due to their effects on the protein conformation and not on incidental perturbations of crystal growth, per se. Next, crystal growth experiments are shown to be reproducible enough to support statistical analysis of quantitative scores assigned to the results. Finally, the observed variation in scores can be attributed at high confidence levels chiefly to three effects: that of pH alone, the synergistic effects of pH plus tryptophan, and of tryptophan plus ATP. These statistical inferences are consistent with other biochemical data, and support the conclusions based on crystal packing that representative stages of the enzyme mechanism have been trapped in the different crystal forms. The pH-tryptophan interaction implies that there is a pH-dependent conformational change favoring high affinity substrate binding at high pH. The pH-ATP interaction implies that a subsequent conformational change, not previously considered, occurs between tryptophan activation and acyl transfer.
Supersonic wave drag of thin airfoils

The linearization of the equations of motion for the supersonic flow of a perfect fluid is discussed, and methods of solution using elementary source sink solutions are developed. These methods are applied to the calculation of performance of several types of three-dimensional supersonic airfoils; in particular, the drag at zero lift of a family of almost triangular, symmetrical wings is calculated. The significance of the results is discussed.
Efficient conversion of primary azides to aldehydes catalyzed by active site variants of myoglobin

The oxidation of primary azides to aldehydes constitutes a convenient but underdeveloped transformation for which no efficient methods are available. Here, we demonstrate that engineered variants of the hemoprotein myoglobin can catalyze this transformation with high efficiency (up to 8500 turnovers) and selectivity across a range of structurally diverse aryl-substituted primary azides. Mutagenesis of the ‘distal’ histidine residue was particularly effective in enhancing the azide oxidation reactivity of myoglobin, enabling these reactions to proceed in good to excellent yields (37–89%) and to be carried out at a synthetically useful scale. Kinetic isotope effect, isotope labeling, and substrate binding experiments support a mechanism involving heme-catalyzed decomposition of the organic azide followed by alpha hydrogen deprotonation to generate an aldimine which, upon hydrolysis, releases the aldehyde product. This work provides the first example of a biocatalytic azide-to-aldehyde conversion and expands the range of non-native chemical transformations accessible through hemoprotein-mediated catalysis.
Shear Evolution of Fiberglass Composites Under Compression

Woven composites can offer mechanical improvements over more traditional engineering materials, yet understanding the complex interplay between the fiber-matrix architecture during loading remains a challenge. This paper investigates the evolution of shear failure behavior during the compression of high performance fiberglass composites with varying resin binders at both quasi-static and dynamic strain rates. All samples are comprised of commercially available woven glass cloth with approximately 56 % fiber volume fraction. Laminates with thermosetting resin binders of silicone, melamine, and epoxy were examined. High-speed imaging reveals that failure occurs within a localized shear band region through multiple fiber-weave matrix interface failure with a characteristic macroscopic angle. The shear evolution was spatially mapped using grayscale histograms of the light intensity in the shear regions, and the resulting characteristic angles were measured and analyzed in the context of a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Optical microscopy and high-speed imaging of the shear formation shows initiation appears due to local instabilities from kinking and microbuckling, influenced by the stacking and interlacing regions of tows.
3-D Micro Electro Magnetic Radio Frequency Systems (3-D MERFS) and other DARPA RF MEMS Programs

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Microsystem Technology Office (MTO) currently sponsors a number of efforts to improve the performance of Radio Frequency (RF) systems using Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. These include the 3-Dimensional Micro Electromagnetic Radio Frequency Systems (3-D MERFS), Analog Spectral Processors (ASP), Harsh Environment Robust Micromechanical Technology (HERMIT), and Micro Cyrogenic Coolers (MCC). In this talk, Dr. Evans will provide an overview of these four efforts, focusing specifically on recent advances in the 3-D MERFS program.
A terrorist's rhetoric: Citizen Lequinio's “de l'éloquence”

Joseph‐Marie Lequinio (1775–1813), an obscure provincial lawyer who secured numerous political offices and powerful Jacobin friends during the French Revolution, wrote an impassioned book purporting to be a philosophy for maintaining revolutionary ideals. A chapter and scattered passages from his Les Prejuges detruits are translated here. Bitterly condemning eloquence, Lequinio attempted to rationalize for the public a simplistic dialectic based on truth, reason, and philosophy. Arguing that oratory is the weapon of charlatans and the scourge of liberty, he proposed that eloquence give way to the printed word, which allows time for reflection.
Editorial: Can We Measure Diarrhea?

(2007). Editorial: Can We Measure Diarrhea? HIV Clinical Trials: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 109-111.
Transmural electrical potential across rat jejunum. Effects of eversion and rapid temperature changes

Immediately after warming everted sacs of rat jejunum from 0° to 37°, the transmural potential difference (PD) averages 5.1 mV, a value close to that which can be recorded in vivo; however, the PD is not maintained at this level but rapidly declines to a relatively steady value of about 1.4 mV. This rapid decline is apparently not caused by depletion of energy supplies and is not seen unless the intestine is everted. The non-everted sac maintains a PD similar in magnitude to that which can be recorded in vivo for a much longer time than does the everted sac, and may be a better preparation for certain types of study in vitro.
Detection of Feigned Mental Disorders A Meta-Analysis of the MMPI-2 and Malingering

The validity of test data from multiscale inventories is dependent on self-reports that may be easily distorted by malingering. In examining the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2's (MMPI-2) role in the assessment of feigning, this review provides a conceptual analysis of the detection strategies underlying the MMPI-2 validity scales. The conceptual analysis is augmented by comprehensive meta-analysis of 65 MMPI-2 feigning studies plus 11 MMPI-2 diagnostic studies. For the rare-symptoms strategy, Fp (Cohen's d = 2.02) appears especially effective across diagnostic groups; its cut scores evidence greater consistency than most validity indicators. The data supported the F as an effective scale but questioned the routine use of Fb. Among the specialized scales, Ds appeared especially useful because of its sophisticated strategy, consistent cut score, and minimalfalse-positives. General guidelines are offeredfor specific MMPI-2 validity scales in the assessment of malingering with specific diagnoses.
Theory of Rearrangement Collisions and Resonances

The theory of rearrangement collisions is examined in terms of the channel-projection method, and the singularities in the wave functions are analyzed in detail. Ambiguities in the coupled equations are pointed out, which are the direct consequence of the nonuniqueness in the multicomponent wave functions. Boundary conditions on the wave functions play a crucial role in determining the boundedness of the closed-channel operators. A convenient set of equations whose solutions describe the resonances is derived, and an explicit variational procedure is given to calculate the resonance energies. The method used in deriving the different equivalent sets of coupled equations in terms of the channel-mixing operator is based on the multidimensional formulation of the reaction theory and is quite general. Nonorthogonality of the rearrangement channels allows essentially such arbitrariness, and this can be used to simplify the theory.
Improved isotope separation in laser dissociation of trifluoromethyl halides: Scavenging of CF3 with HI

The efficiency of13C isotope separation by multiphoton dissociation using a CO2 laser has been shown to increase by ∼33% upon addition of small amounts of HI to the starting mixture. The reason for this increase is that the CF3 radicals are scavenged by HI more rapidly than they recombine with free iodine atoms to reform the starting material. For\(P_{CF_3 } = 0.05\) Torr and for 0.5J/cm2 roughly 65% of the CF3 and I radicals reform the starting material in the absence of HI. The results of this study indicate that at −80°C the rate constants for CF3+CF3→C2F6 and CF3+I→CF3I are about equal and are roughly 8 times higher than that for CF3+HI→CF3H+I.
Pulmonary circulation time: Comparison of mean, median, peak, and onset (appearance) values using indocyanine green and first-transit radionuclide techniques

Abstract To assess the difference between a variety of mathematical methods for assessing pulmonary transit time, we evaluated 11 acutely anesthetized and instrumented mongrel dogs at a control stage and then during infusions of isoproterenol or phenylephrine, or after the induction of ischemia. Green-dye optical density curves were obtained to evaluate a variety of pulmonary circulation times. Mean transit time, median time, peak time, and onset time all correlated well ( r ≥ 0.93), with the mean time being the longest, followed by the median time (4% less than the mean time, p p p
Truncus repair with a valveless conduit in neonates.

R E F E R E N C E S 1. Gross RE. Arterial malformations which cause compression of the trachea or esophagus. Circulation 1955; 11:124-34. 2. Conti VR, Lobe TE. Vascular sling with tracheomalacia: surgical management. Ann Thorac Surg 1989;47:310-1. 3. Bollinger CT, Probst R, Tschopp K, Soler M, Perruchoud AP. Silicone stents in the management of inoperable tracheobronchial stenoses: indications and limitations. Chest 1993;104:1653-9. 4. Rousseau H, Dahan M, Lauque D, et al. Self-expandable prostheses in the tracheobronchial tree. Radiology 1993;188:199203. 5. Nashef SAM, Dromer C, Velly JF, Labrousse L, Couraud L. Expanding wire stents in benign tracheobronchial disease: indications and complications. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:937-40. 6. O'Laughlin MP, Perry SB, Lock JE, Mullins CE. Use of endovascular stents in congenital heart disease. Circulation 1991;83:1923-39.
Electrostatic complexation of linear polyelectrolytes with soft spherical nanoparticles

Abstract We use Langevin molecular dynamics simulations to study the complexation of a linear polyelectrolyte (LPE) chain with an oppositely charged soft nanoparticle, modeled by a spherical polyelectrolyte brush (SPB). By changing core radius of the SPB and length of polyelectrolyte (GPE) chains grafted at it, a structural transition from a charged, LPE-covered sphere via a softer nanobrush toward a star-like polyelectrolyte is identified. As a result, the LPE chain develops various wrapping conformations around the SPB. Our systematic analysis reveals all relevant conformational binding modes for the polyelectrolyte–nanoparticle complex.
Temperature and pressure effects on the supercritical fluid extraction profiles of sulfonamides from a spiked matrix using CHF3 and CO2

Abstract The effect of temperature and pressure upon the extraction profiles of polar sulfonamides from sand using supercritical CO 2 , methanol-modified CO 2 , CHF 3 , and methanol-modified CHF 3 was investigated. Increasing temperature showed less effect upon extraction rates at 450 atm than at 300 atm using pure CO 2 . No change in extraction rates was observed with increasing temperature using methanol-modified CO 2 , but recovery improved by increasing the pressure at constant temperature. Extraction rates were altered using pure CHF 3 by increasing the temperature at 300 atm causing a distinct change in the extraction profile for sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM). However, at 450 atm increasing temperature served only to decrease recovery and did not greatly affect the extraction profile. Sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) achieved similar total recovery regardless of temperature at constant pressure, although extraction rates varied with temperature. Methanol-modified CHF 3 exhibited no temperature dependence at 300 atm. However, decreased recovery was obtained at 450 atm and 40 °C compared to the higher temperatures.
Changes in drug prescribing patterns related to commercial company funding of continuing medical education

In order to determine the impact of commercial company funding of continuing medical education (CME) courses, a survey was undertaken. Drug prescribing rates for drugs related to course content were determined by self-report survey of physician attendees (374 in number) for three different CME courses. The survey was performed immediately before and six months after the courses. A single, though different, drug company provided the majority of the funding for each course. Courses I and III were related to calcium channel blockers and Course II to beta blockers. The return rate before Course I was 73.0 percent; after, 54.0 percent (unmatched). The return rate for Course II was 49.4 percent before and 42.9 percent after (unmatched). There were 121 (61.4%) matched returns for Course III. While the rates for prescribing some of the related drugs increased after the courses, overall the sponsoring drug company's products were favored. Although physicians attending CME and accredited sponsors of CME need to be aware of this potential influence, the final burden of adequate evaluation of drugs remains with the physician prescriber. Further studies should be done to substantiate the findings and elucidate the mechanism(s) of the increase in sponsoring company's drug prescriptions.
Optimal industrial load control in smart grid: A case study for oil refineries

The current literature on optimal load control is mainly focused on residential and commercial load sectors. In this paper, we investigate optimal load control for industrial load which involves several new and distinct research challenges. For example, while most residential appliances operate independently, industrial units are highly inter-dependent and must follow a certain operational sequence. This is particularly the case in industries that involve process control: each unit can start operation only if its feeding units finish their operations. Considering an oil refinery industry as an example, we not only identify some of the most important operational sequences in this particular industry, but also develop mathematical models that can help us integrate the identified operational sequences in an optimization-based industrial load control framework. We assess the performance of our design through various simulations.
Martin Luther King, Jr, and the Possibilities of Democratic Politics

This essay moves beyond the limits of the post-September 11 debate over national security versus civil liberties to consider again the possibilities of democratic politics. It briefly surveys three Protestant interpretations of American democracy that have dominated recent debates. These interpretations leave us with the dilemma of having to choose between democratic dissent and the political pursuit of the good. Such a dilemma begs for other interpretations. Martin Luther King, Jr, stands as an obvious but neglected resource. His interpretation of democracy reconciles the pursuit of the good, a substantive politics, with diversity and dissent. This argument requires the retrieval or reconstruction of King's interpretation, which involves an examination of King's religious convictions as well as his engagement in and reflection on the political arena. The essay concludes by suggesting how King's interpretation informs contemporary debates and shapes Christian practice.
Polarities in Mammalian Evolution Seen Through Homologs of the Inner Cell Mass

Embryogenetic pathways differ markedly among monotremes, marsupials, and placentals, and their analysis provides information of fundamental importance to recognition of mammalian evolutionary directions. The cap of cuboidal cells of the marsupial late unilaminar blastocyst, generally known as the “embryonic area,” probably is induced to form (prior to origin of Hensen's node) by signals from earliest hypoblastic cells (“anterior visceral endoderm”). The thickened cap is a “medullary plate” of sauropsid terminology because it includes epiblastic cells presumptive to neurectoderm (including neural crest), Hensen's node, primitive streak, and gut endoderm. The remainder of the definitive embryo (i.e., parts of epidermal origin, including ectodermal placodes) derives from squamous ectoderm (surrounding the medullary plate) of the blastocyst's ill-named “trophoblastic area.” Amniotic ectoderm develops farther distally within the “trophoblastic area.” The autapomorphic inner cell mass (ICM) of placental mammals is homologous to medullary plate of the marsupial blastocyst plus morphologically undefined, proximal parts of surrounding ectoderm (of the “trophoblastic area”). Considerations of early cell lineages in marsupials are greatly affected by recognition that the boundary between future embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues does not match the margin of the medullary plate (i.e., “embryonic area”). Marsupials and monotremes largely conform to sauropsid early embryogenesis, but placentals express, at earliest developmental stages, innovations unique within Amniota that are linked to early establishment of the brain. Neonatal marsupials and hatchling monotremes are extremely altricial and closely comparable anatomically/physiologically; they share a temporal pattern in combining early morphogenesis of craniofacial features (related to suckling) with deferral of telencephalic completion into postnatal/posthatching life. Placentals contrast greatly in establishing the central nervous system prior to rudiments of the cranial skeleton and associated musculature, and they complete essentials of forebrain development before birth. Comparative evidence from transitory periderm suggests that primordial eutherians had extremely altricial hatchlings or newborns, whichever was the mode of early development. Details remain unknown about the origin of the unique specialization of ICM plus encapsulating trophoblast from the more generalized blastula of ancestral synapsids.
Fuel cell power conditioning for electric power applications: a summary

Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Unfortunately, multiple complications exist in fuel cell operation. Fuel cells cannot accept current in the reverse direction, do not perform well with ripple current, have a low output voltage that varies with age and current, respond sluggishly to step changes in load and are limited in overload capabilities. For these reasons, power converters are often necessary to boost and regulate the voltage as a means to provide a stiff applicable DC power source. Furthermore, the addition of an inverter allows for the conversion of DC power to AC for an utility interface or for the application of an AC motor. To help motivate the use of power conditioning for the fuel cell, a brief introduction of the different types, applications and typical electrical characteristics of fuel cells is presented. This is followed by an examination of the various topologies of DC-DC boost converters and inverters used for power conditioning of fuel cells. Several architectures to aggregate multiple fuel cells for high-voltage/high-power applications are also reviewed.
Parents of psychiatrically hospitalized children: A decade of changing perceptions

Psychiatric hospitals for children have changed dramatically during the last decade. The lengths of hospitalizations have been shortened; the psychopathology of children qualifying for admission is more severe, often with neurological or biochemical components. In some hospitals, there has been an increasing emphasis on research. All of these changes have affected the staff's perceptions of the children's parents; these changes appear to have resulted in a more supportive, less critical attitude toward these parents. This may be significant in increasing parents' confidence in coping with their child's illness and their family's stress. The need for empirical, longitudinal research is emphasized.
The polarization of the fluorescence of tetraphenylporphine

Abstract The polarization of the fluorescence of tetraphenylporphine has been measured in viscous solution, as a function of exciting wavelength. The orientations of the transition moments are consistent with existing theory. However, the transitions to vibrationally excited states are polarized very differently from the corresponding (0-0) transitions.
Managing marketing channel opportunism: The efficacy of alternative governance mechanisms

Abstract The authors examine three governance mechanisms according to how well they mitigate opportunism in marketing channels. Using the U.S. hotel industry as the research context, the authors investigate how opportunism is limited by (1) ownership, (2) investment in transaction-specific assets, and (3) norms of relational exchange. They also investigate how various combinations of these governance mechanisms affect opportunistic behavior in hotel channels. Overall, the results generally support emphasizing relational norms in managing opportunism in marketing channels. The results also indicate that opportunism can be exacerbated when ownership or investments in transaction-specific assets are accentuated as governance mechanisms.
One-Dimensional Pulse Propagation in an Obliquely Laminated Half Space

Abstract : A solution is presented for the response of a periodically laminated half-space to a suddenly applied surface pressure. The lamination angle is arbitrary. Dispersion due to the structure of the composite is included by using a continuum theory that approximately models such behavior. The predominant long-time far-field solution is obtained using the head-of-the-pulse technique. This solution is contrasted with the first-order approximation obtained when the composite is represented by an equivalent homogeneous anisotropic elastic medium. Both theories yield a response to the step load consisting of two pulses, each traveling with a separate velocity. For the anisotropic elasticity theory, the pulses are simple steps, while for the dispersive theory, oscillations are superposed on the steps. The character of these oscillations is highly dependent on the lamination angle and other properties of the composite, particularly for the slower pulse. Representative numerical examples are presented. (Author)
CALCULATIONS OF BUCKLE-DRIVEN DELAMINATION USING COHESIVE ELEMENTS

Plane strain, elastic calculations of buckle-driven thin film delamination from compliant substrates using finite element models are considered. The interfacial properties between the film and the substrate are modeled using cohesive elements with a tractionseparation law formulated in terms of a potential. The model yielded the geometry of the buckles given the properties of the film and the substrate, the interfacial toughness and the value of the compressive equi-biaxial stress. Results for the relation between the buckle width and the interfacial toughness were very close to similar results by Yu and Hutchinson (2002), thus giving confidence that the cohesive element approach presented can be used in applications where buckle-driven delamination of thin films is an issue.
Hochschild cohomology of II1 factors with Cartan maximal abelian subalgebras

In this paper we prove that, for a type-II1 factor N with a Cartan maximal abelian subalgebra, the Hochschild cohomology groups Hn(N,N)=0 for all n≥1. This generalizes the result of Sinclair and Smith, who proved this for all N having a separable predual.
Use of text-to-speech software to improve reading skills of high school struggling readers

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present research findings on the effectiveness of a TTS software intervention in two pilot studies with approximately 104 high school students (grades 9-12) with a disability and at-risk for referral to special education services because of reading difficulties. The conceptual framework underlying the research is that the use of TTS software with content reading materials (e.g., social studies) for a minimum of 30 minutes per week improves subjects’ reading performance when they are not using the software. Improved reading is also expected to improve subjects’ academic performance and aspirations. The results indicated that study participants had significantly improved reading skills in the two pilot studies. The researchers attribute this improvement to students’ exposure to more text and incidental vocabulary learning through the use of the TTS software.
Experimental study of stratified jet by simultaneous measurements of velocity and density fields

Stratified flows with small density difference commonly exist in geophysical and engineering applications, which often involve interaction of turbulence and buoyancy effect. A combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) system is developed to measure the velocity and density fields in a dense jet discharged horizontally into a tank filled with light fluid. The illumination of PIV particles and excitation of PLIF dye are achieved by a dual-head pulsed Nd:YAG laser and two CCD cameras with a set of optical filters. The procedure for matching refractive indexes of two fluids and calibration of the combined system are presented, as well as a quantitative analysis of the measurement uncertainties. The flow structures and mixing dynamics within the central vertical plane are studied by examining the averaged parameters, turbulent kinetic energy budget, and modeling of momentum flux and buoyancy flux. At downstream, profiles of velocity and density display strong asymmetry with respect to its center. This is attributed to the fact that stable stratification reduces mixing and unstable stratification enhances mixing. In stable stratification region, most of turbulence production is consumed by mean-flow convection, whereas in unstable stratification region, turbulence production is nearly balanced by viscous dissipation. Experimental data also indicate that at downstream locations, mixing length model performs better in mixing zone of stable stratification regions, whereas in other regions, eddy viscosity/diffusivity models with static model coefficients represent effectively momentum and buoyancy flux terms. The measured turbulent Prandtl number displays strong spatial variation in the stratified jet.
Analysis of ciliary beat frequencies in hamster oviducal explants.

We have developed a simple direct method, requiring minimal manipulation, to measure beat frequencies of the cilia on the external surface of hamster oviducal infundibula in vitro. Two perfusion chambers (closed and open) were used; both can be hand-made in a few minutes and discarded after use. Ciliary beat frequencies were determined by measuring variations in light intensity with time in a single pixel positioned over a video image of the beating cilia. Data files were collected using Image 1 software and later transferred to PSI Plot or Lotus 123 spreadsheets for analysis by counting the number of brightness peaks recorded per second or by subjecting the data to Fourier transformation with or without smoothing. These methods of analysis gave similar results. To verify that Image 1 data files contain accurate representations of CBF, videotapes of beating cilia were made and subjected to frame-by-frame analysis. Image 1 interfaced with a standard video camera was found to collect reliable data over a beat frequency range of 0--15 cycles/sec. In some Fourier transforms, secondary peaks were observed and were shown to represent cilia beating at more than one frequency in a sampled region. Coefficients of variation for repeated measurements taken on the same region varied from 4.1% to 9.0%. Small but significant differences were found between beat frequencies at different regions of the same oviduct. When chambers were perfused discontinuously and measurements of beat frequency were made at least 5 min after each perfusion, no effect of perfusion on frequencies was observed. However, during continual perfusion of the open chamber, a slight but significant increase in beat frequency was observed after perfusion was initiated. Muscle contraction, which sometimes occurs in the open chamber, did not affect beat frequency measurements. Infundibula could be stored at 4°C overnight without any negative effect on beat frequencies. Cold storage also reduced muscle contraction. Placement of a small coverslip on infundibula in the open chambers was also found to reduce muscle contraction and facilitate beat frequency measurements. Coverslipping did not affect beat frequencies. This method of beat frequency analysis will be valuable for analyzing factors that regulate or influence cilia in mammalian oviducts. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Technical Note-A New Proof of the Optimality of the Shortest Remaining Processing Time Discipline

We present a new proof of the fact that for a work-conserving queue, the queuing discipline that always serves a job with the shortest remaining processing time minimizes the number of jobs in the system. A key feature of the proof is a definition of work dominance, allowing comparison of two systems based on the remaining service times of jobs present. Work dominance is both necessary and sufficient for stochastic comparison of the number of jobs present under identical but arbitrary arrival processes.
Effects of septal-fiber knife cuts on rat open-field social behavior.

Abstract Rats that received various septal fiber tract knife cuts were observed in an open-field to assess preoperative and postoperative social behaviors. Ventral septal fiber knife cuts, isolated septum knife cuts, and anterior-lateral knife cuts result in increases in contact time; in decreases in aggressive behaviors/100 sec contact time; and in no change in the number of contacts. Anterior, posterior, or dorsal fiber knife cuts failed to produce significant changes in contact time, aggressive or submissive behavior, number of contacts, and activity. A postoperative decrease in initiating aggressive behaviors may explain increases in contact time following ventral septal fiber, isolated septum, and anterior-lateral knife cuts. The ventral-septal fiber tracts were critical in mediating social behavior, implying that — in relation to social behavior — there is a functional connection through the ventral fibers between structures beneath the septum (hypothalamus) and the septal nuclei.
Nifedipine Cardioplegia Experience: Results of a 3-Year Cooperative Clinical Study

Previous animal studies and a preliminary clinical trial of the addition of nifedipine to cardioplegic solution demonstrated salutary effects in terms of postischemic performance. This report examines the combined results of extended clinical trials conducted in two centers: Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, and Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh. From an open-heart population of 4,777 patients, 205 highest-risk persons were selected for study. One hundred seventy of them were given nifedipine in cardioplegic solution. The remaining 35 served as controls to compare with 39 treated patients in the randomized subset of 74. Thirty-eight percent were women; the average age was 61 +/- 1 year; and most were in New York Heart Association Class IV. One-third had valve replacement, one-quarter had coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and 37% had valve, CABG, and other procedures in combination. Characteristically, these patients had a 50% increase in end-diastolic volumes, low cardiac indexes (1.7 +/- 1 L/min/m2), and low left ventricular stroke work indexes (22 +/- 2 gm-m/m2). Average cross-clamp time was 77 minutes. At Allegheny, an extracellular hyperkalemic solution was used to deliver an average dose of 407 +/- 22 micrograms per patient. At Barnes, a low-sodium hyperkalemic solution was used; the average dose was 476 +/- 22 micrograms. The results of hemodynamic studies in the randomized subset demonstrated approximately a twofold greater improvement in the treated group in cardiac index, stroke volume, left ventricular stroke work index, and pulmonary vascular resistance immediately after bypass. The incidence of acute low cardiac output death was 4% versus 11% in the nontreated group. The hospital survivorship for all treated patients was 84%. It is concluded that the addition of a calcium antagonist, nifedipine, reduced the incidence of acute global cardiac failure in the immediate postoperative interval.