cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biologic Characterization of H4, H6, and H9 Type Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from Wild Birds in Chickens and Turkeys

chickens and three-week-old turkeys were given 1 3 10 6 EID50 of LPAI per bird, intrachoanally, and examined for clinical signs for 3 wk. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, and fecal samples, were collected at 2, 4, and 7 days postinoculation (PI) for virus detection by real-time RT-PCR. Serum was collected at 7, 14, and 21 days PI and examined for antibodies against avian influenza virus (AIV) by the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Tissue samples for histopathology were collected from three birds per group at 3 days PI. The hemagglutinin genes of the viruses were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Clinical signs ranged from no clinical signs to moderate depression, decreased activity, and decreased food and water consumption. Based on virus detection results, SPF chickens were generally found to be shedding more virus from both the oropharynx and cloaca than were commercial turkeys. Microscopic lesion results in both species showed the predominance of lesions in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, which is consistent with the fact that these viruses are of low pathogenicity. In chickens and turkeys, oropharyngeal shedding strongly correlated with the lesions found in the upper respiratory tract. Turkeys had fewer lesions in the respiratory tract and more lesions in the gastrointestinal tract compared to chickens. Thirteen LPAI viruses caused seroconversion in commercial turkeys, whereas only 6 LPAI viruses caused seroconversion in SPF chickens. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed that the H4, H6, and H9 viruses evaluated here represented the full genetic diversity of North American AIVs of their respective subtypes. This data is important for surveillance and control because some of the LPAI viruses (of wild bird origin and examined in this study) that can infect and be shed by chickens and turkeys would be difficult to detect in commercial poultry. Specifically, detection is difficult because these viruses did not cause overt clinical disease or mortality, but only induced mild microscopic lesions and exhibited poor seroconversion.
Model Identification from the Transfer Function Equations

In Sections 16 through 21 we investigated the compartmental model identification problem from a number of different directions. Here we are concerned with the particular system of nonlinear algebraic equations used for the identification of the positive fractional transfer coefficients aij that arise from the transfer function of the system (A, B, C). The general form that these equations take was hinted at in Section 19, with concrete examples in (19.5), (19.8), and (19.15). The derivation of that form is given presently. Once we have the form of these equations well in mind, then simple necessary conditions for the existence of positive solutions to the equations can be presented.
Performance of field-dependent and field-independent subjects on a rod and frame discrimination task.

This study assessed the relative ability of 7 field-independent and 8 field-dependent persons to detect changes in rod and frame positions. Each subject received 90 discrimination trials. Each tria...
Detecting Spoofing and Anomalous Traffic in Wireless Networks via Forge-Resistant Relationships

Many wireless networks are susceptible to spoofing attacks. Conventionally, ensuring the identity of the communicator and detecting an adversarial presence is performed via device authentication. Unfortunately, full-scale authentication is not always desirable as it requires key management and more extensive computations. In this paper, we propose noncryptographic mechanisms that are complementary to authentication and can detect device spoofing with little or no dependency on cryptographic keys. We introduce forge-resistant relationships associated with transmitted packets, and forge-resistant consistency checks, which allow other network entities to detect anomalous activity. We then provide several practical examples of forge-resistant relationships for detecting anomalous network activity. We explore the use of monotonic relationships in the sequence number fields, the use of a supplemental identifier field that evolves in time according to a reverse one-way function chain, and the use of traffic statistics to differentiate between anomalous traffic and congestion. We then show how these relationships can be used to construct classifiers that provide a multilevel threat assessment. We validate these methods through experiments conducted on the ORBIT wireless testbed.
Atomistic simulations for SiGe pMOS devices — Bandstructure to transport

SiGe pMOSFETs show considerable improvements in device performance due to the smaller hole effective mass exhibited by Ge.Further improvement in device performance can be obtained by growing pseudomorphically compressively strained SiGe on Si. Despite a lattice mismatch of ~4% between Si and Ge, researchers have been recently able to fabricate ultrathin body and nanowire pMOSFETs with high Ge concentrations and compressive strain [1,2]. Strained SiGe pMOS devices are being considered as one of the designs for the ultimate pMOS [3]. To treat quantum confined devices atomistic modeling becomes important. Here we present tight-binding (TB) based bandstructure calculations in the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) for bulk relaxed SiGe and strained SiGe on (100) Si benchmarked against experimental data.
A satellite communications controller

A satellite communications controller, which is a component of satellite earth stations, establishes a time division multiple access structure that provides flexibility and efficiency in the use of satellite transmission capacity. The controller blends digital, computer, and communications technology to establish precise timings required for system synchronization. It also performs signal conversion and switching necessary to transmit voice and business machine traffic over the satellite. This paper discusses a particular satellite communications system and the architecture and implementation of the satellite communications controller.
Annihilation /spl gamma/-ray background characterization and rejection for a small beta camera used for tumor localization during surgery

The authors have developed a miniature (1.2 cm/sup 2/) beta-ray camera prototype to assist a surgeon in locating the margins of a resected tumor. With this technique, one directly detects betas emitted from exposed radio-labeled tissue. When imaging positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals, annihilation gamma ray interactions in the detector can mimic those of the betas. The extent of the background contamination depends on the detector, geometry and the tumor specificity of the radiopharmaceutical. The authors have characterized the effects that annihilation gamma rays have on positron imaging with their small camera. They studied beta and gamma ray detection rates and imaging using small positron or electron sources directly exposed to the detector to simulate hot tumor remnants, and a cylinder filled with /sup 18/F to simulate annihilation background from the brain. For various ratios of phantom head/tumor activity, a background gamma rate of 2.0 cts/sec//spl mu/Ci was measured in the CaF/sub 2/(Eu) detector. The authors present two gamma-ray background rejection schemes that require a /spl beta/-/spl gamma/ coincidence. The first configuration uses a high efficiency scintillator coincidence "shield", the second, a "phoswich". Results show that these coincidence methods work with /spl sim/99% gamma ray rejection efficiency.
Relationships of the Big Five Personality Domains and Facets to Dimensions of the Healthy Personality

This study was designed to compare a new inventory measuring concepts of the ‘‘healthy personality’’ with the most widely used inventory of the Big Five personality traits, the NEO personality inve...
Hybrid cotangent bundle reduction of simple hybrid mechanical systems with symmetry

This paper begins by introducing the notion of a simple hybrid mechanical system, which generalizes mechanical systems to include unilateral constraints on the configuration space. From such a system we obtain, explicitly, a simple hybrid system. The main contribution of this paper is to provide conditions on when it is possible to reduce the phase space of hybrid systems obtained from simple hybrid mechanical systems, and general simple hybrid systems, due to symmetries in the systems. Specifically, given a Hamiltonian G-space minus; which is the ingredient needed to reduce continuous systems - we find conditions on the hybrid system and the G-space so that reduction can be carried out in a hybrid setting - conditions that are explicitly related to conditions on the original hybrid mechanical system.
Cell-free production of trimeric influenza hemagglutinin head domain proteins as vaccine antigens

In order to effectively combat pandemic influenza threats, there is a need for more rapid and robust vaccine production methods. In this article, we demonstrate E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) as a method to rapidly produce domains from the protein hemagglutinin (HA), which is present on the surface of the influenza virus. The portion of the HA coding sequence for the “head” domain from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain was first optimized for E. coli expression. The protein domain was then produced in CFPS reactions and purified in soluble form first as a monomer and then as a trimer by a C-terminal addition of the T4 bacteriophage foldon domain. Production of soluble trimeric HA head domain was enhanced by introducing stabilizing amino acid mutations to the construct in order to avoid aggregation. Trimerization was verified using size exclusion HPLC, and the stabilized HA head domain trimer was more effectively recognized by antibodies from pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine recipients than was the monomer and also bound to sialic acids more strongly, indicating that the trimers are correctly formed and could be potentially effective as vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2962–2969. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impacts and Management of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in National Parks of the Eastern United States

Abstract Introduced forest pests and pathogens are a major threat to national parks. This paper reviews existing impacts, projected impacts, and management options for Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) forests in US national parks threatened by the introduced insect Adelges tsugae (Hemlock Woolly Adelgid [HWA]). Eighty-five national parks, or 21% of all parks in the US national park system, are encompassed within the range of Eastern Hemlock. These 85 parks include iconic areas such as national battlefields and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. Four focal parks of this study—Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Shenandoah National Park, and New River Gorge National River—are collectively visited by 16 million people annually and Eastern Hemlock is a forest component in 2–26% of their area. Results of research on HWA impacts to forest species composition, soil nutrient cycling, watersheds and fisheries, wildlife habitat, and visitor experiences and safety ...
Centerline Rumble Strips: Study of External Noise

Centerline rumble strips (CLRS) are patterns installed on the center of undivided, two-lane highways. Their main function is to alert drivers by producing noise and vibration. This treatment has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing crossover crashes. However, there are some disadvantages in their utilization, such as the exterior noise created by the strips. The objectives of this study were to quantify the levels of exterior noise; to verify the effects of speed, vehicle, CLRS shape, and distance on exterior noise; and to investigate the amount of noise created by CLRS that affects roadside residences and businesses. Two types of vehicles [2006 Ford Taurus (sedan) and 2008 Chevrolet Express (15 passenger van)] were driven over two different patterns of milled-in CLRS and over smooth asphalt pavement at two different speeds. Researchers collected the noise levels at three distances from the road at 10 different locations. Results indicated that vehicle type, speed, CLRS presence, and distance affect exterior noise levels. CLRS noise levels were statistically greater than smooth pavement noise levels, and the difference would be perceived by human ears at distances up to 45 meters.
The Middle Eocene North American Myomorph Rodent Elymys, Her Asian Sister Aksyiromys, and Other Eocene Myomorphs

Abstract The early Bridgerian (early middle Eocene) myomorph rodent Elymys complexus, from the Sheep Pass Formation near Ely, Nevada, is more variable in its dental morphology than originally described. Its similarity to Aksyiromys and other middle Eocene myomorphs from China and Central Asia suggests close relationships, which requires intercontinental interchange of these small rodents during the middle Eocene. At present, the biogeographic scenario for the origin and early evolution of Myomorpha that best fits the known record of occurrences is: evolution of Myomorpha from Sciuravidae in North America at least as early as the beginning of the middle Eocene, emigration of an Elymys-like myomorph from North America to Asia in the early middle Eocene, diversification of dipodoids and muroids in the later Eocene of Asia, emigration of Eucricetodon-like cricetids from Asia to North America (eumyine cricetids) in the latest Eocene, followed later by dipodids in the Miocene.
Ghost hunters in the library Using an interactive mystery game for freshman library orientation

Pace University requires all first-year students to take a freshman seminar course called University 101 (UNV 101), and library orientation is a mandatory part of the course. The library used to provide in-person tours and orientations to each section of UNV 101. However, this has become impossible, as the size of the freshman class continues to grow. To address the problem, in Fall 2012 I created a mystery game to serve as the required freshman library orientation. The library mystery game used local history and university lore to introduce students to the library’s physical layout, services, and online resources.
Kp Permanent Make-Up, Inc. V. Lasting Impression I, Inc.: An Analysis of the Fair Use Defense

The U.S. Supreme Court has yet again been forced to mitigate the Ninth Circuit's creative interpretation of statutory law. In KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., decided in 2004, the Supreme Court was faced with a circuit split over the Lanham Act's fair use defense. In a decision that failed to rock the earth from its axis, the Court sided with a strict interpretation of the statute and disregarded the Ninth Circuit's two-part fair use analysis as inconsistent with the Lanham Act. This note analyzes the competing fair use defense tests in effect across the circuits, the rationale employed by the Supreme Court in reaching its decision in KP, and an analysis of some of the more recent trademark and intellectual property cases before the Court. These decisions prompted a further return to strict construction and an abandonment of some more creative approaches to statutory interpretation. In sum, while the following decision came as little surprise to those following the Supreme Court, the case stands for a continued emphasis by the Court that the lower courts comply strictly with the letter of the statute. The Supreme Court also seeks to give further notice and warning to those intellectual property owners and attorneys who have continued to stretch these laws to their advantage.
Plasma ANP levels and protein extravasation during graded expansion with equilibrated whole blood

The relationship between plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (irANP) and radiolabeled albumin clearance (CBSA) in multiple tissues after graded volume stimuli was examined. To obtain a pure volume stimulus, pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats (5 or 6 per group) were equilibrated with a reservoir of blood by a femoral arteriovenous shunt, and volume expansion (VE) was produced by adjusting reservoir outflow. Peak increases in central venous pressure (CVP) during VE equal to 2 and 4% of the body weight over 5 min were 3.6 +/- 0.2 and 7.0 +/- 0.3 mmHg, and plasma irANP levels measured at 40 min post-VE were elevated 1.9- and 4.1-fold above baseline, respectively. Graded increases in CBSA measured between 5 and 35 min post-VE occurred in selective tissues, including intestine, visceral fat, lung, and muscle (P < or = 0.05). In separate animals, the level of VE was maintained after 2% VE by slower administration of an additional 2% VE for the remaining 30 min. This resulted in a more sustained CVP elevation and larger increases in irANP levels and CBSA compared with either 2 or 4% VE. Furthermore, equations derived from previous work in this laboratory involving intravenous administration of ANP predicted the magnitude of CBSA elevation during maintained VE. These findings support a role for ANP in regulating transcapillary protein distribution during acute intravascular expansion.
The UCLA Experience with Assist Devices as a Bridge to Transplantation in End-Stage Heart Failure

Our experience consisted of 16 patients with end-stage heart failure who needed assist devices as a bridge to transplantation before June, 1996. There were 14 males and two females; aged 15–59 (mean 49.0 ± 2.5) years. Thirteen had ischemic cardiomyopathy; three had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (one was associated with muscular dystrophy). Four types of assist devices were included in this study: 16 Bio-Medicus centrifugal pumps [seven for unilateral left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), six for biventricular assist devices (BVAD), and three for right ventricular assist devices (RVAD) combined with other pumps], four Abiomed pumps (left side), one Novacor pump (left side), and one HeartMate pump (left side). The period of support ranged from 0 to 75 days (mean 10.8 ± 4.5 days). Nine patients had an intra-aortic balloon pump inserted in conjunction with the assist devices. Complications during the support period included bleeding that required reopening of the sternotomy (n = 6), infection (n = 4), neurologic disorders (n = 2), renal failure (n = 1), and respiratory failure (n = 5). Ten patients had cardiac transplantation and six died awaiting a donor heart. One patient was weaned from the LVAD, but died before transplant. Causes of deaths before transplant were right heart failure (n = 3), neurological disorder (n = 2), and respiratory/renal failure (n = 1). After transplantation, there were two early and one late mortalities. The mean survival period was 28.3 ±11.4 months. In conclusion, assist devices may allow for a substantial number of patients with end-stage cardiac failure to receive transplants. Early ventricular assist device implantation and appropriate right ventricular support may reduce patient mortality and improve transplantation outcome.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TYPE OF MEDIUM ON OOSPORE PRODUCTION BY PHYTOPHTHORA SYRINGAE

Reliable methods for oospore production by Phytophthora syringae were developed using low temperatures and media amended with vegetable oil or made from the leaves of stone fruit trees. All of the fourteen isolates tested individually produced oospores in media after 4 weeks at 5 and 9 C but most did not produce oospores at temperatures above 12 C. Similarly, oospores were observed only in almond leaves kept at 12 C and below. Oospore production was greatly increased when corn oil, linseed oil, or wheat germ oil was added to various base media and the number of oospores produced increased with the amount of wheat germ oil added (up to 48 ml/L medium). The addition of /-sitosterol resulted in a slight but significant increase in oospores. Abundant oospores were produced by an almond isolate of P. syringae in almond leaf medium (75 g fresh leaves per liter medium). Oospores were also produced in media made from the leaves of other stone fruit trees, but not in apple leaf medium.
Automated Blocking for Structured CFD Gridding with an Application to Turbomachinery Secondary Flows

This paper describes an automated blocking methodology for structured mesh generation for computational fluid dynamic applications. Methodology is capable of generating structured blocking layout (topology) for arbitrary 2D geometry models, which then can be used to generate structured finite element meshes for CFD applications. Automated blocking is based on Cartesian fitting method in which initial geometry model is de-featurized and subsequently fitted into rectangular framework preserving model characteristics important for topology definition. Blocking layout is being defined on Cartesian model and subsequently morphed to original geometry. Considerations are taken during morphing to maintain quality metrics of the blocking layout. Structured CFD meshing process, that follows, is described with attention to steps needed to generate high quality mesh in the regions of singularities. The method has been integrated into a structured mesh generation system, and applied to secondary flowpath turbomachinery CFD meshing. Several examples of end-wall cavity meshes of a typical aircraft engine, and gas and steam turbines are studied.
Some Factors Affecting Broken-out Yolk Position

Abstract YOLK position in the unopened egg has long been a factor used by candlers to estimate albumen quality. Hauver et al. (1961) states, “normally the yolk in a new laid egg of high quality occupies a central position within the egg—vertically as well as horizontally.” Similar references to candled appearance have always been a part of the Federal Egg Quality Standards. After reviewing the available literature, however, Baker and Forsythe (1951) conclude, “It appears that centering of the yolk is not a satisfactory criterion of quality; …” Recently McNiece (1961) reported an unusual condition in which 10 to 15% of the newly laid eggs from a particular flock, upon candling, showed the yolk to appear to be in the small end of the egg. This apparent displacement was severe enough to cause these eggs to be declared of “B” or “C” quality. Upon direct observation, through a hole in …
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ON LITTORAL SAND TRANSPORT

Quantities of sand transported along beaches are generally related to the "longshore component of wave power", F^, through the proportionality is = KF£ where l8 is the immersed-weight sand transport rate and K is a dimensionless proportionality factor. A more-generally applicable relationship is that of Bagnold, ls = K'(ECn)bvL/um where (ECn)b is the energy flux or total power of the breaking waves, y^ is the longshore current, um is the mean orbital velocity under the waves, and K' is another dimensionless coefficient. It is apparent that sediment transport rates on beaches should depend on environmental factors such as the grain diameter or settling velocity, and possibly on factors such as the beach slope or wave steepness. However, examinations of such dependencies for K and K' within the field data are hampered by problems with large random scatter within any one data set, and by systematic differences between separate studies which have employed diverse measurement techniques. Examinations of the field data for K and K' variations indicate that meaningful dependencies on sediment grain diameters and other factors cannot be established with confidence in the sand-size range. Limited data available from gravel beaches support the expected decreases in K and K' with increasing grain sizes. These data are too few in numbers to establish firm trends, but do suggest that future investigations to establish dependencies on environmental factors would be most profitably undertaken on gravel beaches. The measurements collected in recent years from sand beaches suggest revisions in average K and K' coefficients to be used in transport evaluations, but such revisions must be coordinated such that K/K' = 2.7 so as to maintain agreement with the longshore current data.
Tolerance Assignment Using Genetic Algorithm for Production Planning

In production planning, series of operations are designed to control the geometry, size, and location of workpiece features. The tolerance assignment is to determine a set of manufacturing tolerances in each operation that can ensure the final product meet the design tolerance requirements. In this paper, the tolerance assignment for production planning with multi-setups is investigated. An optimal tolerance assignment strategy is developed and implemented. The optimization criteria are to minimize the manufacturing cost and cycle time while maintaining product quality. The cost model considers effective factors at machine level, part level, and feature level. Optimization of tolerance assignment plan with genetic algorithm is formulated. The Monte Carlo simulation based tolerance stack up analysis is employed to determine the satisfaction of design tolerance requirements. A case study with real product and process data shows that this approach is reliable and efficient for tolerance assignment. The developed system can be easily integrated into production planning.
SKUID: sketching dynamic drawings using the principles of 2D animation

Skuid is a sketching tool for crafting animated illustrations that contain the exaggerated dynamics of stylized 2D animations. Skuid provides a set of motion amplifiers which implement a set of established principles of 2D animation. These amplifiers break down a complex animation effect into independent, understandable chunks. Each amplifier imposes deformations to an underlying grid, which in turn updates the corresponding strokes. Users can combine these amplifiers at will when applying them to an existing animation, promoting rapid experimentation. Skuid leverages the freeform nature of sketching, allowing users to rapidly sketch, record motion, explore exaggerated dynamics using the amplifiers, and fine-tune their animations. Practical results confirm that users with no prior experience in animation can produce expressive animated illustrations quickly and easily with Skuid.
Experimental attosecond science makes its debut

For the first few decades after the invention of the laser in 1960, the record for the shortest laser pulse fell by a factor of two every three years or so. Each development provided new insights into the microworld of atoms, molecules and solids. In 1986, however, this trend essentially stopped when the pulse length reached 6 femtoseconds (6×10-15 seconds). For visible light this corresponds to just three oscillations of the electromagnetic field in the laser.
Instrumented Urethral Catheter and Its Ex Vivo Validation in a Sheep Urethra.

This paper designs and fabricates an instrumented catheter for instantaneous measurement of distributed urethral pressure profiles. Since the catheter enables a new type of urological measurement, a process for accurate ex vivo validation of the catheter is developed. A flexible sensor strip is first fabricated with nine pressure sensors and integrated electronic pads for an associated sensor IC chip. The flexible sensor strip and associated IC chip are assembled on a 7 Fr Foley catheter. A sheep bladder and urethra are extracted and used in an ex vivo set up for verification of the developed instrumented catheter. The bladder-urethra are suspended in a test rig and pressure cuffs placed to apply known static and dynamic pressures around the urethra. A significant challenge in the performance of the sensor system is the presence of parasitics that introduce large bias and drift errors in the capacitive sensor signals. An algorithm based on use of reference parasitic transducers is used to compensate for the parasitics. Extensive experimental results verify that the developed compensation method works effectively. Results on pressure variation profiles circumferentially around the urethra and longitudinally along the urethra are presented. The developed instrumented catheter will be useful in improved urodynamics to more accurately diagnose the source of urinary incontinence in patients.
Interim analysis of a phase II trial of nab-paclitaxel in patients with very advanced relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RR-MM).

e19537 Background: Nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane) has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in a murine model of MM. We report the results of a single arm phase II trial in RR-MM patients (pts). Methods: Eli...
A feasibility study of damage detection in beams using high-speed camera (Conference Presentation)

In this paper a method for damage detection in beam structures using high-speed camera is presented. Traditional methods of damage detection in structures typically involve contact (i.e., piezoelectric sensor or accelerometer) or non-contact sensors (i.e., laser vibrometer) which can be costly and time consuming to inspect an entire structure. With the popularity of the digital camera and the development of computer vision technology, video cameras offer a viable capability of measurement including higher spatial resolution, remote sensing and low-cost. In the study, a damage detection method based on the high-speed camera was proposed. The system setup comprises a high-speed camera and a line-laser which can capture the out-of-plane displacement of a cantilever beam. The cantilever beam with an artificial crack was excited and the vibration process was recorded by the camera. A methodology called motion magnification, which can amplify subtle motions in a video is used for modal identification of the beam. A finite element model was used for validation of the proposed method. Suggestions for applications of this methodology and challenges in future work will be discussed.
Interrelationships between yield strength, low-temperature impact toughness, and microstructure in low-carbon, copper-precipitation-strengthened, high-strength low-alloy plate steels

Abstract Interrelationships between room-temperature yield strength and low-temperature impact toughness are examined for low-carbon, copper-precipitation-strengthened, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) plate steels. Three steels, designated as HSLA-80, HSLA-80/100, and HSLA-100, are compared based on plots of yield strength versus 50% shear fracture-appearance transition temperature, followed by comparison of yield strength versus energy absorbed during Charpy V-notch testing at −84 °C. Analysis of both approaches produced similar outcomes, indicating that either is acceptable for predicting the influence of microstructure on the combination of strength and toughness. Data from over 15 studies including over 160 data points are amassed into a single master plot. Strengthening for the highest-strength steels is associated with a strength-toughness vector with slope equal to −0.67 J/MPa. A grain-refinement vector is associated with a slope of approximately +0.18 J/MPa. Since austenite grain size variation was virtually nonexistent in this study, variation of effective grain size was related to the differences in crystal size and/or packet size for low-carbon martensite (finest), low-carbon bainite, and polygonal ferrite (coarsest). A detrimental effect of untempered, brittle, medium-carbon martensite islands was hypothesized. Tempering of this microconstituent during aging heat treatment reduces, but does not eliminate, the negative effect of these islands. Base microstructures of low-carbon martensite show a superior combination of strength and impact toughness, followed by low-carbon martensite with islands of stable austenite, low-carbon bainite, and polygonal ferrite. A vector approach to strength-toughness in HSLA-100 steels is used to clarify property differences from previous studies. Future developments for this class of steels should address grain refinement and changes in processing or alloying that avoid islands of medium-carbon martensite.
Polymorphic Human Sulfotransferase 2A1 Mediates the Formation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-3-O-Sulfate, a Major Circulating Vitamin D Metabolite in Humans

Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) plays a central role in regulating the biologic effects of vitamin D in the body. Although cytochrome P450–dependent hydroxylation of 25OHD3 has been extensively investigated, limited information is available on the conjugation of 25OHD3. In this study, we report that 25OHD3 is selectively conjugated to 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate by human sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) and that the liver is a primary site of metabolite formation. At a low (50 nM) concentration of 25OHD3, 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate was the most abundant metabolite, with an intrinsic clearance approximately 8-fold higher than the next most efficient metabolic route. In addition, 25OHD3 sulfonation was not inducible by the potent human pregnane X receptor agonist, rifampicin. The 25OHD3 sulfonation rates in a bank of 258 different human liver cytosols were highly variable but correlated with the rates of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfonation. Further analysis revealed a significant association between a common single nucleotide variant within intron 1 of SULT2A1 (rs296361; minor allele frequency = 15% in whites) and liver cytosolic SULT2A1 content as well as 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate formation rate, suggesting that variation in the SULT2A1 gene contributes importantly to interindividual differences in vitamin D homeostasis. Finally, 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate exhibited high affinity for the vitamin D binding protein and was detectable in human plasma and bile but not in urine samples. Thus, circulating concentrations of 25OHD3-3-O-sulfate appear to be protected from rapid renal elimination, raising the possibility that the sulfate metabolite may serve as a reservoir of 25OHD3 in vivo, and contribute indirectly to the biologic effects of vitamin D.
Intermarriage in the Twenty-First Century: New Perspectives

Intermarriage is one of the most important – and controversial – issues in American Jewish life. Ever since the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey published its widely known intermarriage rate of 52%, two predominant discourses have emerged: 1. the "in-reach/outreach debate," focusing on whether to reach out to the intermarried or to actively discourage intermarriage and 2. the "damage assessment debate," focusing on an actuarial assessment of intermarriage. The implications for these discourses are examined by introducing three theoretical frameworks: 1. a demographic framework, which suggests that Jewish in-marriage is the unexpected behavior; 2. an economic framework, emphasizing "rational choice" in understanding religious behavior; and 3. a sociological framework, drawing on the emerging field of "mixed-race studies." Data from the National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS 2000-01) and the Pew Survey (2013) are utilized to create a comprehensive overview of American Jewish intermarriage in the twenty-first century.
Spontaneous stereotypy in an animal model of Down syndrome: Ts65Dn mice.

Stereotyped behaviors (e.g., body rocking) occur at high rates in individuals with mental retardation (e.g., Down syndrome). To determine if spontaneous stereotypy occurs in a murine model of Down syndrome, the home cage behavior of Ts65Dn and control mice was monitored during the dark cycle. Motor activity was further assessed in novel automated test chambers, with acoustic startle and rotor rod paradigms providing additional environmental challenges. Spontaneous stereotypy (repetitive jumping and cage top twirling) was observed in the home cage in approximately half of the Ts65Dn mice, compared with approximately 10% of diploid controls. Repetitive jumping was observed exclusively in the Ts65Dn mice. In the open field, although no differences were found between Ts65Dn and control mice, stereotypic Ts65Dn mice exhibited significantly less locomotor activity and rearing relative to control and nonstereotypic Ts65Dn mice. Ts65Dn mice attained significantly lower rotor rod speeds but did not differ from controls in the amplitude of the acoustic startle response. These environmental challenges did not increase stereotypy over home cage rates but induced stereotypy in two additional animals. The Ts65Dn model may aid in identifying genes associated with the development and expression of stereotypy.
The Theoretical Character of Husserl’s Account of Time Consciousness (Comments on Professor Rubenstein’s Paper)

Professor Rubenstein is wrestling with an important and fertile problem: how can the temporality of consciousness be understood in terms of strictly present states of consciousness. He is right to turn to Husserl, to wonder whether Husserl’s account is a good one, and to see some connection with Kant’s view of time. I will suggest, however, that Husserl would say that he solved the problem Rubenstein points to, and, rather than needing Kant’s help, Husserl would say that he has gone beyond Kant. My interpretation of Husserl’s theory varies somewhat from Rubenstein’s, but my intention is complimentary. We have more to learn from this problem and Husserl’s theory.
HCV and Blood Cells: How Can We Distinguish Infection from Association?

The liver is the primary target of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, HCV RNA and protein are often observed to associate with B cells and other blood cells. Are these cells truly infected, and if so, does the infection lead to B cell abnormalities? Not all investigators agree. This chapter discusses our recommendations for a rigorous evaluation of the potential roles of blood cells as sites of HCV infection. The detection of HCV RNA and protein should be combined with evaluations of whether levels of these markers are sensitive to potent antiviral compounds that block HCV infection in liver cells. RNA quantitation should include documentation of sensitivity and specificity as well as a number of critical controls. Similarly, reports of protein detection should include documentation of the specificity of the antibodies used, and particularly of the frequency of antigen-positive cells relative to the number of HCV genomes detected. B cells, like other blood cells, do not express all of the cellular factors believed to be required for HCV entry or productive infection. Thus, a number of significant questions must be addressed before we understand whether, and how, infection of B cells contributes to the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Comparison of Primates and Rabbits as Animal Models in Experimental Atherosclerosis

The need for a satisfactory animal model in experimental atherosclerosis arises from the fact that it is very difficult to study this multifactorial disease in man. It develops slowly, and accurate and easy measurement of the extent and severity in vivo, as well as controlled investigations of human subjects are very difficult. The essence of a satisfactory study is reproducibility — a formidable problem in human studies because of variant environments and lifestyles.
Management of High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (HGPIN)

The diagnosis of isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is based on findings of atypical nuclei in cells lining architecturally benign glands. This premalignant entity is associated with increased risk of coexistent cancer or delayed progression to carcinoma. Extended biopsy schemes have improved the ability to rule out concurrent cancers, increased the detection of isolated HGPIN, and removed the routine necessity for immediate repeat biopsy. Current evidence suggests that men with isolated HGPIN have a continued risk of developing prostate cancer during long-term follow-up, regardless of the changes in the serum PSA level.
Adjuvant Biologic Agents for Breast Cancer

In the year 2013, a total of 234,580 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in the USA. Although the incidence of breast cancer is increasing, the 5-year survival rate has continued to improve. This improvement to overall survival (OS) is largely due to new chemotherapeutic and biologic agents. Biologic agents currently in use in early-stage breast cancer mainly target the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). HER2 belongs to the family of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and is overexpressed in 20–30 % of all breast cancers. Further, the overexpression of HER2 is a negative prognostic and predictive factor. Patients with HER2+ breast cancers have more aggressive disease, a higher likelihood of lymph node involvement, decreased estrogen receptor (ER) expression, and increased resistance to endocrine therapy, while also found to have an increased responsiveness to anthracycline treatment. Initially approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998 for treatment of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer, trastuzumab has been approved in the adjuvant setting after pivotal trials revealed a statistically significant reduction in the risk of recurrence by nearly 50 % and an improvement of overall survival (OS) by a third. Several other biologic agents are currently under investigation with the goal to improve the long-term survival in women with early-stage breast cancer.
The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400

In this major new history of Muslim merchants and their trade links with China, John W. Chaffee uncovers 700 years of history, from the eighth century, when Muslim communities first established themselves in southeastern China, through the fourteenth century, when trade all but ceased. These were extraordinary and tumultuous times. Under the Song and the Mongols, the Muslim diaspora in China flourished as legal and economic ties were formalized. At other times the Muslim community suffered hostility and persecution. Chaffee shows how the policies of successive dynastic regimes in China combined with geopolitical developments across maritime Asia to affect the fortunes of Muslim communities. He explores social and cultural exchanges, and how connections were maintained through faith and a common acceptance of Muslim law. This ground breaking contribution to the history of Asia, the early Islamic world, and to maritime history explores the networks that helped to shape the pre-modern world.
Daily relationship between positive affect and drinking to cope: the moderating role of difficulties regulating positive emotions.

Background: Alcohol use is highly prevalent and linked to a wide range of negative outcomes among college students. Although emotion dysregulation has been theoretically and empirically linked to a...
High order integration factor methods for systems with inhomogeneous boundary conditions

Abstract Due to the high order spatial derivatives and stiff reactions, severe temporal stability constraints on the time step are generally required when developing numerical methods for solving high order partial differential equations. Implicit integration method (IIF) method along with its compact form (cIIF), which treats spatial derivatives exactly and reaction terms implicitly, provides excellent stability properties with good efficiency by decoupling the treatment of reaction and spatial derivatives. One major challenge for IIF is storage and calculation of the potential dense exponential matrices of the sparse discretization matrices resulted from the linear differential operators. The compact representation for IIF (cIIF) was introduced to save the computational cost and storage for this purpose. Another challenge is finding the matrix of high order space discretization, especially near the boundaries. In this paper, we extend IIF method to high order discretization for spatial derivatives through an example of reaction diffusion equation with fourth order accuracy, while the computational cost and storage are similar to the general second order cIIF method. The method can also be efficiently applied to deal with other types of partial differential equations with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous boundary conditions. Direct numerical simulations demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the approach.
Assessment of Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety is a normal emotional and behavioral response that occurs across development and serves an adaptive function. However, some individuals develop severe anxiety and fear that impairs daily functioning. This chapter discusses the nature of anxiety disorders, including causal and maintaining factors, and factors which complicate the accurate assessment of anxiety disorders in youth. This is followed by a summary of the most commonly used interviews, rating scales, and questionnaires for assessing anxiety in youth. Recommendations for assessing anxiety disorders in children and adolescents are included.
Silicon Photonics Based System-On-Chip Gas Sensor

We design silicon photonics based system-on-chip multi-gas sensor and experimentally demonstrate the temperature insensitive CO2 gas sensing. In the preliminary measurement results, we observe a sensitivity of ~500 ppm based on the optical L-band wavelength light source and on chip all-silicon photodetectors.
The individual determinants of support for open space bond referendums

Abstract The ubiquitous use of ballot referendums in the public finance of land conservation means that conservation policy is often made at the individual voter level. However, studies to date have relied on either aggregate vote outcomes or surveys of residents of small geographic areas facing high growth. In this article, we utilize an original national survey to investigate a series of questions that pertain to individual opinion on open space preservation with a special focus on respondents’ perception of open space in their community. We find that most demographic variables that are determinants of open space and land use preferences in studies that use aggregate data and cover a limited geographic range are not statistically significant in our models. We also find that perceptions about the amount of open space available in ones’ community, not objective open space measurements, are a statistically significant and robust determinant of open space bond support. Our results indicate that policy advocates may be able to increase the probability of support for public financing of open space preservation by focusing on people’s perceptions of the scarcity and disappearance of open space.
Runtime Power Limiting in GAMESS on Dual-Socket Nodes

Energy efficiency and energy-proportional computing have become a central focus in modern supercomputers. With the exascale computing throughput purported to be bound by the 20 MW power wall, there is an urgent need for strategies that could maximize the performance under a given power budget. In this paper, the quantum chemistry application GAMESS in studied with respect to its behavior under variable power budgets on a dual-socket node. Then, based on the study, a power capping strategy is proposed which dynamically allocates power to various components within a node to maximize performance under a given power budget. Experiments on a 20 core Haswell-EP platform depict that the proposed strategy delivers performance within 2% of the best possible performance for various power budgets in GAMESS.
Automating the calculation of the Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity and F-signature

Abstract The Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity and F -signature are important invariants for researchers in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. We provide software, and describe the automation, for the calculations of the two invariants in the case of intersection algebras over polynomial rings.
Predictors of early hemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukemia

Fatal hemorrhage is the most common cause of induction failure and death among patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, there remains no established means of hemorrhagic risk stra...