cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical aspects of collective ion acceleration in relativistic electron beam deuterated polyethylene target interaction

The principal objective of this research has been to develop a 1-MJ plasma focus, which when operated in a low-density mode is expected to produce 10- nsec, 5-MA small diameter relativistic electron bursts. They will be used in fusion microexplosion studies to heat and compress solid targets in an effort to obtain significant thermonuclear yield. Some results on deuterated polyethylene are presented. (MOW)
Coronary microvascular dysfunction: sex-specific risk, diagnosis, and therapy

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. In the presence of signs and symptoms of myocardial ischaemia, women are more likely than men to have no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Women have a greater burden of symptoms than men, and are often falsely reassured despite the presence of ischaemic heart disease because of a lack of obstructive CAD. Coronary microvascular dysfunction should be considered as an aetiology for ischaemic heart disease with signs and symptoms of myocardial ischaemia, but no obstructive CAD. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is defined as impaired coronary flow reserve owing to functional and/or structural abnormalities of the microcirculation, and is associated with an adverse cardiovascular prognosis. Therapeutic lifestyle changes as well as antiatherosclerotic and antianginal medications might be beneficial, but clinical outcome trials are needed to guide treatment. In this Review, we discuss the prevalence, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction, with a particular emphasis on ischaemic heart disease in women.
Staff Nurse Clinical Leadership: A Concept Analysis

ChavezYoderPurpose The purpose of this article is to provide a concept analysis of staff nurse clinical leadership (SNCL). A clear delineation of SNCL will promote understanding and encourage communication of the phenomenon. Clarification of the concept will establish a common understanding of the concept, and advance the practice, education, and research of this phenomenon. Methods A review of the literature was conducted using several databases. The databases were searched using the following keywords: clinical leadership, nursing, bedside, staff nurse, front-line, front line, and leadership. The search yielded several sources; however, only those that focused on clinical leadership demonstrated by staff nurses in acute care hospital settings were selected for review. Findings SNCL is defined as staff nurses who exert significant influence over other individuals in the healthcare team, and although no formal authority has been vested in them facilitates individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared clinical objectives. Conclusion The theoretical definition for SNCL within the team context will provide a common understanding of this concept and differentiate it from other types of leadership in the nursing profession. This clarification and conceptualization of the concept will assist further research of the concept and advance its practical application in acute care hospital settings. ChavezYoder
Extending Information Retrieval Methods to Personalized Genomic-Based Studies of Disease

Genomic-based studies of disease now involve diverse types of data collected on large groups of patients. A major challenge facing statistical scientists is how best to combine the data, extract important features, and comprehensively characterize the ways in which they affect an individual’s disease course and likelihood of response to treatment. We have developed a survival-supervised latent Dirichlet allocation (survLDA) modeling framework to address these challenges. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) models have proven extremely effective at identifying themes common across large collections of text, but applications to genomics have been limited. Our framework extends LDA to the genome by considering each patient as a “document” with “text” detailing his/her clinical events and genomic state. We then further extend the framework to allow for supervision by a time-to-event response. The model enables the efficient identification of collections of clinical and genomic features that co-occur within patient subgroups, and then characterizes each patient by those features. An application of survLDA to The Cancer Genome Atlas ovarian project identifies informative patient subgroups showing differential response to treatment, and validation in an independent cohort demonstrates the potential for patient-specific inference.
Ethics Corner—Biospecimen Banking: Poetry of the Flesh

This Ethics Corners poses a series of queries concerning Biospecimen Banking. Particular attention is given to ownership v custodianship, and informed consent.
Differential uptake of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes by cultured neuroblastoma cells.

: The endocytotic uptake and intracellular decay of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes C and A by cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells were analyzed quantitatively by a direct spectrophotometric assay. At concentrations below 1 mg/ml, the rate of uptake of the isoenzyme C was more than three times as much as the isoenzyme A. This differential uptake suggests that previous claims of horseradish peroxidase being endocytosed only in the nonselective fluid phase are oversimplified. The implication of this selectivity in the biological significance of retrograde axonal transport of proteins by neuronal systems is discussed.
Thermodynamic properties of Mg−Ge alloys

The thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys and two-phase mixtures in the Mg−Ge system have been investigated in the approximate temperature range 660° to 1130°C by means of a galvanic cell based on MgCl2 as electrolyte. Derived thermodynamic properties for the germanium-rich liquid alloys have been found to be in good agreement with previous work. The standard free energy of formation of solid Mg2Ge from liquid magnesium and solid germanium has been derived from this work, and from previous studies as:\(\vartriangle F_{Mg_2 Ge}^o = - 29,900 + 7.98T cal.\) valid from 687° to 1115°C. The phase diagram for the system has been found to differ only slightly from that due to Klemm and Westlinning.
Active vibration suppression of a cantilever wing

Abstract A method for the active vibration suppression of a cantilever wing is presented. The approach is based on modal control, in which a modal feedback control law relating the motion of the control surfaces to the controlled modes is implemented. Modal displacements and velocities required for feedback are extracted from sensor measurements by means of modal filters. A numerical example is presented.
Conformational stability determination of chloromethyl thiirane from variable temperature FT-IR studies of rare gas solutions, structural parameters, and ab initio calculations

Abstract The infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of rare gas solutions of chloromethyl thiirane (3-chloropropylene sulfide), c -SC 2 H 3 CH 2 Cl, at variable temperatures (−55 to −150°C), have been recorded and only the gauche -2 and gauche -1 conformers are present in detectable amounts at ambient temperature. Utilizing six conformer pairs in the xenon solution, an enthalpy difference of 105±15 cm −1 (1.26±0.18 kJ mol −1 ) has been obtained with the gauche -2 conformer, the more stable form. From these data, it is estimated that 38% of the gauche -1 form is present at ambient temperature. Complete vibrational assignments are provided for both stable conformers. The conformational stabilities, harmonic force constants, fundamental frequencies, infrared intensities, and Raman activities have been obtained from MP2/6-31G(d) calculations with full electron correlation. These quantities have been compared to the experimental values when appropriate. The optimized geometries have also been obtained with several different ab initio basis sets with full electron correlation up to MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p). The adjusted- r 0 structural parameters have been obtained for the gauche -1 conformer by combining the ab initio data with the previously reported microwave rotational constants. The predicted structural parameters for both conformers are compared to those reported from an electron diffraction study. These results are compared to the corresponding quantities of some similar molecules.
Heat activation/shock temperatures for Bacillus anthracis spores and the issue of spore plate counts versus true numbers of spores.

Assessing true numbers of viable anthrax spores is complex. Optimal heat activation conditions vary with species, media and germinants. Published time/temperature combinations for Bacillus anthracis spores range from 60 degrees C for 1, post-heating counts were less than their pre-heating counterparts on between 71% and 88% of occasions. A high probability was found of viable spore counts differing significantly from counts determined microscopically, with differences of almost 1 log possible. Viable counts were lower than microscopic counts in 15 of 18 tests.
Static 11B NMR studies of the short range order in alkali metal modified B2S3 glasses

Abstract The 11B NMR spectra of xRb2S+(1−x)B2S3 glasses in the range 0⩽x⩽0.75 and of xCs2S+(1−x)B2S3 glasses in the range 0⩽x⩽0.60 are reported. The addition of Rb2S to B2S3 creates on average approximately two and one-half tetrahedral borons for each added sulfur ion, whereas it is found that the addition of Cs2S creates approximately 2 tetrahedral borons for each added sulfur ion. This behavior while more similar to that seen in the alkali borate glasses, contrasts that seen in the Na and K thioborate glasses, where six to eight and three, respectively, tetrahedral borons are formed for every sulfide anion added to the glass. These findings are supported by the IR and 11B NMR spectra of the di-thioborate polycrystals (c-Rb2S:2B2S3 and c-Cs2S:2B2S3) whose structures appear to be comprised of two BS4 tetrahedrals and two BS3 trigonals (N4∼0.5) like that in the alkali di-borate phases for both Rb and Cs. Unlike the 11B NMR resonances of the sodium thioborate glasses where a single sharp line is observed for the tetrahedral boron site and a single quadrupolar broadened line is observed for all the trigonal sites, a third resonance line is observed at high alkali fractions for the rubidium and cesium thioborate glasses. This new structural feature may arise from asymmetric MBS2 (meta-thioborate groups) or tetrahedral boron groups possessing a non-bridging sulfur.
Mapping strategic decision-making in cross-functional contexts

Abstract This article examines the implemented decisions involving the marketing and production functions of a Latin American firm. In a strategic effort to become more market-oriented, firm managers sought to increase interdepartmental coordination and reduce conflicts. The mapping of processes and outcomes show that functional departments based in Colombia and the United States became more open to communications and higher levels of trust than that experienced previously. The study relates directly to the causal mapping literature in strategic management.
Temporal relationship between the development of anti-HLA antibodies and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation.

HE MAJOR CAUSE of late morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation (LT) is the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), which is believed to represent chronic allograft rejection. The etiology and pathogenesis of this late-onset chronic lung allograft dysfunction are not yet known. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that BOS is caused by an immunologically mediated injury directed against endothelial and epithelial cells in the airways of the lung allograft. Previous studies have established an association between development of BOS and several predisposing factors, including HLA class I mismatch, and development of cytotoxic antiHLA antibodies (Ab) post-LT. 1‐ 4 In addition, recent studies have suggested an important role for noncytotoxic Abs directed against HLA class I antigens in the development of chronic rejection. 5,6 These in vitro studies show that antiHLA class I Abs stimulated the proliferation of endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). In vivo, noncytotoxic anti-HLA Abs may contribute to the development of chronic rejection by binding to HLA class I antigens in the allograft and stimulate the proliferation of different cell types including EC and SMC. A cause‐ effect relationship has not been established between development of anti-HLA Abs and development of BOS. In addition, a role for noncytotoxic anti-HLA Abs in the development of BOS after LT has not been assessed. This study was conducted to determine if a temporal relationship exists between the development of cytotoxic as well as noncytotoxic anti-HLA Abs and the development of BOS after LT.
Distilled water and tap water as factors in taste preference of the rat.

Schnorr and Brookshire demonstrated that naive rats reared from weaning on distilled water prefer distilled water to tap water; Ss reared on tap water also prefer distilled water, which result approaches statistical significance. This preference for distilled water is directly opposed to findings of Young and Falk who demonstrated a preference for tap water. The present paper is an analysis and interpretation of these experiments along with data from two further studies of taste preference.
OUTCOME ANALYSIS OF PENILE IMPLANT SURGERY AFTER EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION FOR PROSTATE CANCER

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the success and possible complication rates of penile implant surgery in patients who underwent external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of 43 patients who underwent penile implant surgery after radiation therapy for prostate cancer. The type, dose and volume of radiation were assessed. The types of surgical approach and prosthesis as well as complications were recorded. A total of 34 patients was alive and traceable, and 9 were untraceable (7 dead and 2 missing). The 34 traceable patients were interviewed personally or by telephone to evaluate the function of an satisfaction with the penile implant. Followup of the 9 untraceable patients was assessed through a chart review.Results: A total of 35 patients (81%) received definitive radiation therapy to the prostate and seminal vesicles, and 8 (19%) underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy followed by radiation therapy to the prostatic bed. Mean age at implant surgery w...
Atom trapping in nondissipative optical lattices.

Laser-cooled $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms have been confined in three-dimensional spatially periodic potentials that are nearly conservative. The potentials were formed from the intersection of four laser beams far-detuned from the optical resonance. By adjusting the relative orientations of the beams, lattices with primitive translation vectors larger than the laser light wavelength were created. We achieved an effective temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}80 \ensuremath{\mu}K through adiabatic reduction of the confining potential strength, and prepared ensembles with effective temperatures of \ensuremath{\sim}1.8 \ensuremath{\mu}K by initially confining atoms in weak potentials.
Glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1) activator ceftriaxone attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization in rats

Abstract Background The β-lactam antibiotic and glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1) activator ceftriaxone prevents relapse to cocaine-seeking and inhibits morphine-induced physical dependence and tolerance in rats, but its efficacy against amphetamine-induced behaviors is unknown. Methods Here, we tested the hypothesis that ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibits hyperactivity produced by acute amphetamine administration (2 mg/kg, i.p.) and sensitization of hyperactivity induced by repeated amphetamine exposure (2 mg/kg, i.p.). For acute experiments, rats treated with ceftriaxone for 5 days were injected with amphetamine or saline on day 6. Results Amphetamine elicited less ambulatory and stereotypical activity in ceftriaxone-treated rats than in ceftriaxone-naive rats. For chronic experiments, rats injected with ceftriaxone or saline for 8 days were also injected with amphetamine or saline on days 6–8 and then challenged with amphetamine 5 days later. Amphetamine produced greater ambulatory and stereotypical activity in amphetamine-pretreated rats than in rats previously naive to amphetamine. Amphetamine challenge produced less ambulatory and stereotypical activity in rats pretreated with a combination of ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg) and amphetamine than in rats pretreated with only amphetamine. Conclusion The present demonstration that ceftriaxone attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization suggests its documented efficacy against adverse cocaine and morphine effects extends to amphetamine.
Serum Amino Acid Concentrations in Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis

sential nutrients, they do not contain glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the body, considered by some to be an essential amino acid for preterm infants.1 Not only does GLN function as a major precursor for the endogenous synthesis of arginine by way of citrulline, it also plays a role in nucleotide synthesis and in providing “fuel” to intestinal and muscle cells.2 GLN increases protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in skeletal muscle, thereby promoting positive nitrogen balance under catabolic conditions. GLN is also essential for intestinal crypt cell proliferation and enhances the cellular response to growth factors.3
A new generalized residual multiple model adaptive estimator of parameters and states

This article develops a modification to the standard Multiple Model Adaptive Estimator (MMAE) which allows the use of a new ''generalized residual'' in the hypothesis conditional probability calculation. The generalized residual is a linear combination of the traditional Kalman filter residual and the ''post-fit'' Kalman filter residual which is calculated after measurement incorporation. This new modified MMAE is termed a Generalized Residual Multiple Model Adaptive Estimator (GRMMAE). A derivation is provided for the hypothesis conditional probability formula which the GRMMAE uses to calculate probabilities that each elemental filter contains the correct parameter value. Through appropriate choice of a single scalar GRMMAE design parameter, the GRMMAE can be designed to be equivalent to a traditional MMAE, a post-fit residual modified MMAE, or any linear combination of the two. The original GRMMAE design goal was to choose the GRMMAE design parameter which caused the fastest GRMMAE convergence to the correct hypothesis. However, this article demonstrates that the GRMMAE design parameter can lead to @b-dominance, a negative performance effect in the GRMMAE. That fact is a key result of this research as other researchers have previously suggested that the use of post-fit residuals may be advantageous in certain MMAE applications. This article demonstrates the @b-dominance effect and recommends that post-fit residuals not be used in an MMAE.
Naltrindole, an opioid δ antagonist, blocks the enhancement of morphine-antinociception induced by a CCKB antagonist in the rat

Abstract CCK has been shown to inhibit morphine antinociception, while antagonists of CCK receptors enhance morphine antinociceptive potency. These observations have led to the suggestion that CCK may function as an endogenous anti-opioid. Here, the involvement of the CCK B receptor in modulating the antinociceptive effects of morphine has been investigated by examination of the effects of a CCK B antagonist in the absence or presence of naltrindole, an opioid δ receptor antagonist. Intrathecal (i.th.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) L365,260 (a CCK B antagonist) did not produce any antinociceptive actions alone in either the rat tail-flick or hot-plate tests. L365,260 pretreatment enhanced the morphine antinociceptive response after either i.th. or s.c. administration. Naltrindole did not produce any antinociceptive effect alone and did not antagonize the antinociceptive actions of morphine after either i.th. or s.c. administration. However, naltrindole blocked the enhancement of morphine antinociception produced by L365,260 when evaluated by either route. These data suggest a tonic inhibition of enkephalin release by CCK via CCK B receptors. The subsequent enhancement of morphine antinociceptive potency may reflect the well-known modulation of morphine by enkephalins acting at opioid δ receptors.
Public Values, Public Official Associations, and Professionalism: A Cross-National Analysis

This article explores the role of public official associations (POAs) in the articulation of public values, the development of policy, and the dissemination of knowledge pertinent to the effective ...
Twelve-year experience with intraluminal sutureless ringed graft replacement of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta

Abstract Use of the intraluminal sutureless ringed prosthesis can reduce graft insertion time and avoid difficulties inherent in suturing to friable, diseased aortic tissue. Since 1976 this device has been inserted into the descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta in 42 procedures for aortic dissection and for aneurysmal disease. The operative mortality rate for descending thoracic aortic dissection repair was 14% and that for descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair was 8%, with an overall mortality rate of 10%. All three of the patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic replacement survived. The mean cross-clamp time for sutureless tube graft insertion was 9 minutes. The average blood replacement was 2.4 units/patient. No patient suffered serious neurologic or renal impairment. A single nonfatal case of graft dislodgement occurred after placement. No evidence of hemolysis, pseudoaneurysm formation, graft erosion, graft migration, or anastomotic bleeding was present in any of the remaining patients. Modification of the sutureless intraluminal device to suit the pathologic condition encountered at operation allows rapid repair with a low incidence of anastomotic complication. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:331-8.)
PREPARING THE GROUND FOR MEDIATION: FOOTHILLS REVISITED*

Recognizing fertile ground and preparing ground not yet ready is an essential skill of an effective intervenor. This sequence of diagnosis and action is studied in a theoretical framework in which mediators examine and alter four classes of disputants' perceptions. These classes are (1) the available set of actions, (2) the class of possible consequences, (3) the likelihoods of uncertain events and consequences of actions, and (4) preferences over consequences. Denver's increasing demand for water led to the Foothills environmental dispute in 1977. This dispute featured various forms of third party intervention. U.S. Representative Patricia Schroeder's failure to mediate the Foothills conflict, and U.S. Representative Timothy Wirth's success, are compared in terms of the disputants' key beliefs affected by the two self‐appointed intervenors' actions. Using the technique of counterfactual case analysis, an exploration is made of a range of possible timing and ground preparation decisions. Although the particular circumstances of any dispute play a key role in its resolution, the proposed perspective extracts features that are general and therefore transferable to other contexts, thereby enabling mediators to belter develop, transmit, and apply intervention skills.
A nation of millions: Hip hop culture and the legacy of black nationalism

This articles explores the political dimensions of black popular and cultural production. A main goal of the article is to consider the legacy of 1960s black nationalism and its relationship to the transformation and com‐modification of black youth expressive culture. The first part of the article examines how the changing state of black popular music in the 1960s and 1970s established some of the key tensions and contradictions that continue to influence the production of black popular music. The next part of the essay considers how the hyperpoliticization of rap music was driven by social, economic, and technological change. The final part of the article considers how a new generation of cultural producers seek to connect sixties‐styled black nationalism to the burgeoning field of digital technology and the online music industry.
Species concentration measurements using CARS with nonresonant susceptibility normalization

An investigation of in situ background normalization for obtaining sensitive and accurate concentration measurements with coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is reported. Flame species concentrations measured with CARS were in good agreement with IR laser absorption measurements of CO in extracted flame gases and with equilibrium calculations. Time-averaged detectivity for CO at the 1000-ppm level was obtained at 1900 K. Background normalization was also shown to be capable of improving CARS pulse-to-pulse signal reproducibility nearly to the shot-noise limit. We consider factors important for concentration measurements with CARS, including laser-induced Stark effects, accuracy of susceptibility calculations, and effects of different laser linewidth models.
Fiber-optic microsphere-based antibody array for the analysis of inflammatory cytokines in saliva.

Antibody microarrays have emerged as useful tools for high-throughput protein analysis and candidate biomarker screening. We describe here the development of a multiplexed microsphere-based antibody array capable of simultaneously measuring 10 inflammatory protein mediators. Cytokine-capture microspheres were fabricated by covalently coupling monoclonal antibodies specific for cytokines of interest to fluorescently encoded 3.1 μm polymer microspheres. An optical fiber bundle containing ∼50 000 individual 3.1 μm diameter fibers was chemically etched to create microwells in which cytokine-capture microspheres could be deposited. Microspheres were randomly distributed in the wells to produce an antibody array for performing a multiplexed sandwich immunoassay. The array responded specifically to recombinant cytokine solutions in a concentration-dependent fashion. The array was also used to examine endogenous mediator patterns in saliva supernatants from patients with pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as as...
Mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has potentially debilitating long-term sequelae if left untreated. Conventional treatment (systemic anticoagulation with heparin followed by coumadin or low molecular weight heparin) often does not adequately relieves clot burden or symptoms, and patients may be left with post-thrombotic syndrome. Although the advent of catheter-directed thrombolysis has markedly improved the treatment of DVT and long-term outcomes of patients treated for DVT, it remains only partially effective on subacute or chronic clot. Mechanical thrombolysis may work synergistically with catheter-directed thrombolysis to decrease clot burden, treatment time, and complication rates, thereby improving outcomes.
Update: high-speed/high-volume radiometric testing of Z-technology focal planes

Performance testing of large area mosaic focal planes requires high speed and high volume test methods because of the large number of individual elements to be tested. Extensive use of parallel activities is required to avoid the sequential delays involved in loading, evacuating, cooling, testing, warming, pressurizing, and unloading the test articles. A parallel path production test system designed for automated testing of over twelve thousand detector channels per hour has been built and placed into operation. Operation of the test system will be described and early performance data will be presented.
Lineage-specific expression of a human β -globin gene in murine bone marrow transplant recipients reconstituted with retrovirus-transduced stem cells

Recombinant retroviral genomes encoding a chromosomal human beta-globin gene have been used to transduce murine haematopoietic stem cells in vitro. After permanent engraftment of lethally irradiated recipients with the transduced cells, the human beta-globin gene is expressed at significant levels only within the erythroid lineage. These results indicate that it is possible to obtain stable expression of exogenous chromosomal DNA sequences introduced into mature haematopoietic cells in vivo via stem cell infection, and that human disorders of haemoglobin production may be more feasible candidates for somatic cell gene therapy than previously suspected.
Effect of HCl on sulfidation of calcium oxide

The sulfidation of calcined limestone and dolomite was studied in an ambient pressure quartz thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) reactor unit at 982°C. Comparative sulfidation experiments were performed with and without the presence of HCl using both calcined limestone and dolomite in two particle sizes. The reactant gas contained H2S, H2, H2O, and nitrogen. The H2S and HCl content of the reactant gas was chosen to represent oxygen-blown and air-blown coal gasification environments. The results of this study indicate that the addition of both steam and HCl enhances the overall rate of sulfidation reaction and that the rate is linearly dependent on the HCl content of the reactant gas up to 100 ppm for limestone and 150 ppm for dolomite. The sulfidation reaction rate is insensitive to HCl concentrations above these levels for these sorbents. The results obtained in this study suggest that the enhancement of the sulfidation reaction rate in the presence of HCl is caused by surface phenomena that are related to the presence of steam.
Detection Of Mine Hazards With Infrared Imagers

Infrared imagers have been used to remotely sense several potentially hazardous conditions in mining operations; among these are loose rock, misfires, shorted power cables, overheated bearings, and combustion (both existing and incipient). In addition, the potential use of infrared imagers as mine rescue tools has been evaluated.
Measurements of O3, SO2, NO2 and HCHO column amounts using a Brewer spectrometer

O 3 , SO 2 and NO 2 vertical column amounts and aerosol optical depths at 18 wavelengths from 303 to 363nm were measured daily for the past two years by using a Brewer MK3 double spectrometer in direct-sun mode. The algorithms used are described and compared to the standard algorithm. For O 3 and SO 2 the standard algorithm was modified by using all 6 measured wavelengths instead of only 4 or 5 and by including a correction for the diffuse irradiance entering the instrument's field of view. This reduces the statistical error of the retrievals by 40% and 50%, respectively, for O 3 and SO 2 . The NO 2 retrievals are based on a spectral fitting technique using wavelengths between 349 and 363nm. A 'Bootstrap method' has been developed to calibrate the Brewer for NO 2 measurements. This method selects data with lowest NO 2 -amounts and uses them to derive the needed extraterrestrial solar spectrum. We discuss possible reasons why an intent to apply to same technique for deriving total HCHO columns failed. The main advantage of direct sun methods compared to Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy DOAS is that the uncertainty in the air mass factor is significantly smaller. We think that a better correction for the diffuse irradiance entering the instrument's field of view will further improve the retrievals, especially in the low wavelength range (303 to 320nm) used for O 3 and SO 2 .
Challenges of Standardization: Marker Compounds in Plant Species Related and Unrelated to Top-Selling Herbs

Many herbal supplements sold today are standardized by a specific chemical constituent or constituents, the presence of which is presumed to validate the botanical identity of the herb. This assumption, however, does not take into account the variability of occurrence for these constituents among other members of the plant kingdom. This paper discusses whether chemical constituents generally used for standardization of 13 top-selling herbs are unique in their occurrence and, if not, indicates other plants that may potentially play a role as adulterants.
The relative merit of cloud/clear identification in the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder AVHRR Land 10-day composites

Abstract The Pathfinder Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Land (PAL) dataset is a new generation of globally mapped long-term datasets produced from AVHRR onboard NOAA satellites. The PAL data, particularly their compressed version—the 10-day composites, are expected to be used quantitatively in climate applications/modelling and land cover/land cover change studies. There are, however, geographic areas that are not limited to tropics, where the 10-day composites are not cloud free. As a result, significant errors in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), reflectances and brightness temperatures may occur. The PAL daily data processing included cloud/clear identification using the Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR) procedure. The CLAVR flags were appended to each pixel but were not used for generating PAL 10-day data products. In this Letter, we use global PAL data for July 1988 to estimate quantitatively the effect of residual cloud contamination on PAL composite NDVI, reflectance, and ...
Dendritic cell-T cell interactions in the generation and maintenance of CD8 T cell memory.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the critical antigen-presenting cells involved in initiating CD8 T cell responses to microbial and viral pathogens. Hence the generation of memory T cells from naive T cells is intricately intertwined with DCs at every level. This review broadly addresses DC-CD8 T cell interactions that result in the generation and maintenance of CD8 memory T cells.
Role of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in the Nongenomic Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Estradiol • 93

Role of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in the Nongenomic Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Estradiol • 93
Purification of a human milk protein closely similar to tumor-secreted phosphoproteins and osteopontin.

A wide variety of rodent and human tumor cells secrete antigenically related phosphoproteins with molecular weights (Mr) of ∼ 58 000 (hamster), 62 000 (rat, mouse), 67 000 (human) (Senger, D.R. and Perruzzi, C.A. (1985) Cancer Res. 45, 5818–5823). Expression of these phosphoproteins is transformation-related; tumor cells produce at least 10-fold or more of this protein as compared to their normal or untransformed counterparts. N-terminal and internal sequences derived from the rat tumor-secreted phosphoprotein indicate that it is identical to rat osteopontin, a bone protein with an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence (Oldberg, A., Franzen, A. and Heinegard, D. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8819–8823). Antibody raised to the Mr 62 000 rat tumor-secreted phosphoprotein was found to bind Mr 75 000 and Mr 35 000 components of human milk, indicating that milk contains antigenically related proteins. The Mr 75 000 protein, which is present in human milk at concentrations ranging from 3 to 10 μg/ml, has been purified to homogeneity. The Mr 35 000 component is apparently derived from the Mr 75 000 protein by proteolytic cleavage, and this cleavage also occurs in vitro in the presence of thrombin. N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences were derived from the Mr 75 000 milk protein and found to be similar (12/21 residues) to N-terminal and internal sequences derived from the rat tumor-secreted phosphoprotein and osteopontin. Moreover, sequence derived from the N-terminus of the human milk protein is identical to that of human bone sialoprotein I (the likely human homolog of rat osteopontin) (Fisher, L.W., Hawkins, G.R., Tuross, N. and Termine, J.D. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9702–9708).
Family life of older black men

Abstract This report explores family structure and functioning among 58 men whose ages range from 65 to 96. In comparison to women in this study, men are no more likely to be isolated from their family. In fact, more men are married and live with others, and there are no significant differences in other indicators of family integration. There were no significant differences in the instrumental and expressive supports from members of the extended family. Those men who are married have a strong relationship with their wives. Most fathers have active relationships with their children but are closer to sons over daughters and proximal children over distant ones. Collateral relationships include strong bonds with siblings and siblings' children. Those with few family relationships have pieced-together networks of friends and kindred.
A Lens model analysis of covariation research

Researchers have obtained conflicting results regarding which of the four cells of a two-by-two information matrix affect covariation judgments. Here published covariation studies are used as data in a lens model study. Regression models were estimated for actual correlation and subjects' judged correlation, with the four cells used as independent variables in the models. It was concluded that all four cells affected covariation judgments in this meta-analysis and that the complex Pearson's phi was well approximated by a linear model. Additionally, aggregated judgments of covariation matched phi better than they matched the linear model of phi. Additional analyses were conducted to test whether cell usage results differed when data sets with negative correlation were deleted (they did not), whether experimenter emphasis on cells affected subjects' use of cell data (it appears likely), and to test whether the match with Pearson's phi was an artifact of using aggregated data (it appears likely).
High dose intravenous streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction: preliminary results of a multicenter trial

To assess the efficacy of intravenous streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction, 40 patients (30 men and 10 women, mean age 54 years) with acute myocardial infarction were given 1.5 million U of streptokinase intravenously in 1 hour, and coronary arteriography was performed repeatedly to assess reperfusion. Streptokinase treatment was begun 270 ± 86 (mean ± SD) minutes after the onset of chest pain. Of the 40 patients, 34 had total or near total coronary occlusion before streptokinase administration. In 14 (41%) of these 34 patients, some reperfusion occurred during the 90 minutes after the administration of streptokinase, but in only 11 of the 14 was reperfusion present at 90 minutes. After streptokinase administration, all patients received heparin for 8 to 10 days; they were subsequently administered aspirin and dipyridamole. Clinical evidence of reocclusion during the first 24 hours of heparin therapy occurred in one patient. Thus, when given to patients with acute myocardial infarction and total coronary occlusion an average of 4½ hours after the onset of chest pain, high dose intravenous streptokinase achieves reperfusion in only about 40% and results in sustained reperfusion in only about 30%.
Behavior of western blacknose dace in a turbulence modified flow field

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the behavioral responses of western blacknose dace ( Rhinichthys obtusus ) along swimming pathlines in modified turbulent flow fields. Dace are a small lotic prey species inhabiting shallow clear streams that migrate into the headwater reaches. The goal of this study was to develop an understanding of how these fish behave in a turbulent flow field and to test the hypothesis that dace preferentially adjust their swim paths to seek out lower turbulence conditions while traversing lotic environments. Experimental data were collected through digital imaging of fish pathlines in a shallow flume populated with various configurations of obstructions and by collection of water velocity measurements using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter. These observations were used to evaluate dace pathlines against the backdrop of time-averaged flow field conditions as represented by turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress. Data analysis focused on quantifying the proportion of the path choices selected by a dace on the basis of turbulence magnitude. Fish paths were graphically compared to the turbulence flow fields to qualitatively assess the presence of swim path preferences or patterns. Video footage of each trial also was evaluated to qualitatively assess the presence of swimming behaviors that could explain the observed pathlines. Results indicate that the dace did not preferentially seek lower turbulence magnitude locations as they navigated the turbulence flow field. Instead, the dace overwhelmingly choose path directions that took them to locations with relatively consistent turbulence conditions, rather than to regions of lower or higher turbulence conditions. The video footage suggests that non-hydraulic factors, such as the presence of conspecifics, also influence the swim pathlines. It is envisioned that these results can provide guidance for developing biologically-based design criteria for stream restoration designs and enhanced fish passage through hydraulic infrastructure.
Brief communication: paleoanthropology and the population genetics of ancient genes.

The Mezmaiskaya cave mtDNA is similar in many ways to the Feldhofer cave Neandertal sequence and the more recently obtained Vindija cave sequence. If we accept the contention that the Mezmaiskaya cave specimen is a Neandertal infant, its mtDNA provides no new information about the fate of the European Neandertals. However, there is reason to believe that the Mezmaiskaya cave infant is not a Neandertal, and this places its importance in another light, because it delimits the possible hypotheses of Neandertal and recent human genetic relationships. One possibility is a that the pattern found in ancient mtDNA results from the replacement of an isolated gene pool (Neandertals) by one of its contemporaries (modern humans). A second possibility is natural selection expressed as the substitution of an advantageous mtDNA variant within a single large species, including both Neandertals and modern humans. The geologic, archaeological, and dating evidence shows the Mezmaiskaya cave infant to be a burial from a level even more recent than the Upper Paleolithic preserved at the site, and its anatomy does not contradict the assessment that the Mezmaiskaya cave infant is not a Neandertal. Therefore, the second pattern can be favored over the first.
Integration of time and cost in the planning and monitoring of the Hong Kong mass transit railway project

Abstract One of the many functions of project management is the forecasting, monitoring and hence control of the project in terms of both time and cost. A computerized system, integrating the elements of time and cost, was used on the Hong Kong mass transit railway project to assist in this function and also in the financial evaluation of tenders.
Assessment of the geochemical reactivity of Fe-DOM complexes in wetland sediment pore waters using a nitroaromatic probe compound

Abstract The reductive capacity of Fe(II) present in anoxic sediment pore waters affects biogeochemically significant processes that occur in these environments, such as metal speciation, mineral solubility, nutrient bioavailability, and the transformation of anthropogenic organic compounds. We studied the reduction of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) in natural pore waters to elucidate the reductive capacity of Fe(II) complexes, and monitored the redox-active species responsible for the observed kinetics. Differential pulse polarography (DPP) scans of sediment pore waters from a coastal Lake Erie wetland (Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve, Huron, OH) revealed an increase in both Fe(III)-organic and Fe(II) species to a depth of ∼30 cm below the sediment-water interface. Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in pore waters increased while pH decreased with depth. We found that Fe(II) was necessary for rapid PCNB reduction ( T speciation in the pore waters, as the Fe(III)-DOM peak current was lowered or disappeared completely in the preserved pore water samples. These data show that pH-adjustment of pore waters presumably alters both their complexation chemistry and reactivity towards PCNB, and shows how small changes in Fe complexation can potentially affect redox chemistry in anoxic environments. Our results also show that reactive organic Fe(II) complexes are naturally present in wetland sediment pore waters, and that these species are potentially important mediators of Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox biogeochemistry in anoxic sedimentary environments.
School restructuring American style: flattening the decision‐making pyramid

Highlights the fact that the call for educational reform in the USA remains a persistent concern for educators. Suggests that one avenue receiving considerable attention to meet the reform agenda is school‐based management through shared decision making. Shared decision making is based on the practices of successful organizations in the private sector, where decisions are made collectively by front‐line personnel, as well as by supervisors and corporate department heads. Argues that this practice allows for decisions to be made as close as possible to the actual locus of implementation. Staff members involved in such decision making generally exhibit a high level of job satisfaction. This decentralized decision making is characteristic of schools identified in the literature as being effective.
National healthcare capital project benchmarking--an owner's perspective.

Few sectors of the economy have been left unscathed in these economic times. Healthcare construction has been less affected than residential and nonresidential construction sectors, but driven by re-evaluation of healthcare system capital plans, projects are now being put on hold or canceled. The industry is searching for ways to improve the value proposition for project delivery and process controls. In other industries, benchmarking component costs has led to significant, sustainable reductions in costs and cost variations. Kaiser Permanente and the Construction Industry Institute (CII), a research component of the University of Texas at Austin, an industry leader in benchmarking, have joined with several other organizations to work on a national benchmarking and metrics program to gauge the performance of healthcare facility projects. This initiative will capture cost, schedule, delivery method, change, functional, operational, and best practice metrics. This program is the only one of its kind. The CI...
New approach to multiresidue pesticide determination in foods with high fat content using disposable pipette extraction (DPX) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in corn muffin mix and cocoa beans were analyzed using disposable pipette extraction (DPX) for rapid cleanup followed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The DPX method in this study used weak anion exchange (WAX) mechanisms to remove the major sample matrix interferences, fatty acids, from the chromatographic analyses. The limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be <10 ppb for all studied pesticides in corn muffin. DPX-WAX exhibited average recoveries reaching 100% for most targeted pesticides, with relative standard deviations below 10%. These results indicate that DPX with weak anion exchange sorbent is effective at eliminating fatty acid interferences in foods of high fat content prior to multiresidue pesticide analysis. Furthermore, the DPX cleanup method takes approximately 2 min to perform. In addition, removal of fatty acids from cocoa beans demonstrates the high capacity of this extraction method for samples containing up to 50% fat.
Assessing the teen parent family: the role for nurses.

Imagine you're a nurse caring for a 15-year-old new mother and her family. You anticipate some of the challenges this new family may face. As you proceed with your assessment, you wonder about the special issues you need to consider in order to ensure optimal teaching, planning and referral. This article presents a framework for conducting a comprehensive assessment of the teen parent family and selected questions to help you in your care.