cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stone–Wales Rearrangements in Hydrocarbons: From Planar to Bowl-Shaped Substrates

Carbene, cyclobutyl, and potential diradical mechanisms were studied computationally for Stone–Wales rearrangements in several derivatives of as-indacene and pyracyclene, including cyclopent[hi]acephenanthrylene, dicyclopenta[cd,fg]pyrene, corannulene, diindeno[1,2,3,4-defg;1′,2′,3′,4′-mnop]chrysene, and semibuckminsterfullerene. At the UM06-2X/cc-pVDZ and BD(T)/cc-pVDZ//UM06-2X/cc-pVDZ levels of theory, free energies of reaction reveal that transformations involving an increase in curvature are thermodynamically unfavorable. In addition, the carbene transition states or intermediates (corrected to 1000 °C) are generally around 100–120 kcal/mol higher than starting substrates, except for as-indacene (80 kcal/mol), which is the only process considered here that is predicted to have a barrier accessible under typical flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions. For pyracyclene derivatives, the relative free energy of cyclobutyl intermediates rises steadily with increasing curvature of the substrate and increasing ann...
The Breakdown of Nuclear Quasi-Equilibrium in Highly Compact Binaries

We have calculated the secular evolution of a highly compact binary, composed of a degenerate-dwarf primary and a low-mass main-sequence secondary, using the techniques developed by Rappaport, Joss, and Webbink (1982). Our new calculations (see Fig. 1) take into account the combined effects of (i) the gradual breakdown of quasi-equilibrium of the 3He abundance in the interior of the secondary, and (ii) the progressive mixture of fresh 3He into the core of the secondary due to the increasing depth of the stellar surface convection zone (see also D’Antona and Mazzitelli 1982). We find that these effects can cause the nuclear energy generation rate to pass through a sharp maximum at, the time when the secondary becomes fully convective. The resultant variations in the radius of the secondary, the binary orbital period, and the mass transfer rate tend to enhance the discovery probability of systems whose orbital periods are greater than ∿3h, relative to shorter-period systems. This result may provide a natural explanation for the apparent sharp decrease in the discovery probability of h a see cataclysmic variable as its orbital period decreases through ∿3h (see Fig. 2). However, the effects that we consider do not account for the relatively large number of observed cataclysmic variables with orbital periods between ∿80m and ∿2h, so that the overall distribution of orbital periods among cataclysmic variables is not yet fully understood.
Tough Choices for the Illinois Pension System (TN)

This case describes the precarious fiscal situation of the Illinois public pension system in the spring of 2009 and the accounting of pension plans by nonfederal municipalities more generally. In February 2009, in the midst of a recession, recently appointed Governor Quinn had to lay out his budget for the coming fiscal year and tackle the state's underfunded public pension, its largest liability. Immediately, the governor needed to raise funds to make the state's annual contribution to the pension plan, and at the same time he needed to come up with a plan for pension reform to prevent the future insolvency of the state. Governor Quinn had a number of levers he could employ, including changing the asset allocation of the pension funds; directly tackling entitlements through a defined benefit or defined contribution plan; or implementing a package of pension bonds, taxes, and employee contributions. Through this case, students should more fully understand pension accounting and the hard choices that many states will face because of their outstanding pension liabilities.Learning Objective: To educate students about the serious problems facing public pension funds and the financial-political challenges of solving these problems.
Overvoltages and insulation coordination of 1000‐kV AC transmission systems in China

SUMMARY Overvoltages and insulation coordination requirements of 1000-kV AC transmission systems in China are introduced. On the basis of the single-circuit transmission project, which has been put into operation since 2009, and the planned double-circuit transmission projects, the control of temporary overvoltage and switching overvoltages and the determination of the rated voltage of metal oxide arrester are presented. The lightning protection measures for transmission lines and substations are given. Determination of insulation level of substation apparatus and clearance of external insulation for transmission lines and substations are provided. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lifecycle Welfare Migration Hypothesis: Evidence from the1980 and 1990 Censuses

Welfare eligibility has traditionally required presence of a minor child in the household. Welfare migration incentives should thus be stronger among mothers of young children than among mothers of older children. Moreover, once migration has occurred, it is less likely to occur in the future, so that the population distribution is selected on locational preferences after initial locational decisions are made. Both of these factors suggest that welfare migration should be observed primarily among mothers of relatively young children. Using several welfare migration measures, I present evidence of substantial lifecycle welfare migration among women observed in the 1980 Census, with 1990 Census data suggesting positive but relatively less welfare migration. I argue that this pattern of evidence is to be expected based on theoretical models of the joint determination of locational choice and state benefit determination; intergenerational correlation in income also leads to the prediction of declining welfare migration. My results suggest that previous literature on welfare migration has understated the extent of welfare migration because of failure to address dynamic incentive and selection effects.
Influence of aortitis on late outcomes after repair of ascending aortic aneurysms.

Abstract Objective To determine outcomes of repair of ascending aortic aneurysms in patients with histopathologic diagnoses of aortitis. Methods We reviewed histopathologic findings and outcomes of elective repair of ascending aortic aneurysms between January 1, 1955, and December 31, 2012. Noninfectious aortitis was identified in 186 patients, and we compared outcomes for these patients with outcomes for others operated on at the same time with diagnoses of medial degeneration (n = 317) or atherosclerosis (n = 232). Results Early mortality ( P P P = .006); concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (HR: 1.980; 95% CI: 1.520-2.600; P P = .003). Risk of aortic reoperation at 10 years was 21% for aortitis patients, compared with 11% for those with medial degeneration, and 19% for patients with atherosclerosis ( P = .028). Conclusions Patients with repaired ascending aneurysms secondary to noninfectious aortitis have low early mortality, but late risks of death and aortic reoperation are increased, compared with these outcomes for patients with aneurysms that result from medial degeneration.
Ultrastructural localization in the mouse lung of venom from the western diamondback (Crotalus atrox) rattlesnake.

Abstract R. L. Schiff , N. D. Cassai and J. F. Gennaro Jr. Ultrastructural localization in the mouse lung of venom from the western diamondback ( Crotalus atrox ) rattlesnake. Toxicon 22, 947– 956, 1984. — Procedures which make immunecomplexes between venom antigens and their complementary antibodies visible have been applied to detect the site of deposition of rattlesnake venom in the lung tissue of mice after in vivo envenomation. Lung tissue, from mice envenomated with reconstituted but otherwise unmodified Crotalus atrox venom, was incubated in commercially available polyvalent antiserum (against North American crotalid snakes) which had been conjugated to the enzyme horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme reaction was developed for visualization by transmission electron microscopy. The enzyme reaction products were located along alveolar surfaces and were associated with multilamellar bodies in cytosomes of type II pulmonary epithelial cells. It was concluded that the venom has a specific affinity towards the extracellular surfactant in the lung and towards intracellular sites of surfactant synthesis.
Temperamental correlates of disruptive behavior disorders in young children: preliminary findings.

Abstract Background: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that temperamental behavioral disinhibition measured in early childhood would be associated with disruptive behavior disorders. Methods: We used variables from laboratory-based behavioral observations originally devised to assess behavioral inhibition to construct a theory-based a priori definition of “behavioral disinhibition” in 200 young children at-risk for panic disorder, depression, or both and 84 children of parents without anxiety or major depressive disorder. We then compared behaviorally disinhibited and nonbehaviorally disinhibited children on rates of DSM-III-R disorders and measures of academic and social dysfunction. Results: Behavioral disinhibition was significantly associated with higher rates of disruptive behavior disorders and mood disorders. Children with behavioral disinhibition were significantly more likely than nondisinhibited, noninhibited children to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to have comorbid mood and disruptive behavior disorders. Moreover, disinhibited children had lower Global Assessment of Functioning Scale scores and were more likely to have been in special classes and to have problems with school behavior and leisure activities. Conclusions: These results suggest that behavioral disinhibition may represent a temperamental precursor to disruptive behavior problems, particularly ADHD. Longitudinal studies using behavioral assessments of behavioral disinhibition are needed to confirm these findings.
Chemical detection of carbon-metal bonds: From distinct sigma-bonding of main-group metals to ambiguous pi-bonding with transition metals☆

Abstract The detection, site of binding and quantification of bonds between carbon and a main-group metal can be readily achieved by a combination of proto- and deuteriodemetallation of such stable organometallics, combined with NMR spectral and mass spectrometric analyses of the organic products. Only with chiral sp 3 -carbon-metal bonds, with geometrically isomeric sp 2 -carbon-metal bonds or with allylic carbon-metal bonds will further structural physical data be required to identify the actual 3D-structure of the carbon binding site. The thermal and photochemical lability of carbon bonds to transition metals imposes restrictions on the detection of C−M t bonds by deuteriodemetallation. Often the homolytic rupture of such bonds competes greatly and will lead to geometric isomers. Results of such apparent protodemetallation should be cross-checked with other structural information. The detection of C=M t and possibly C≡M t bonds may prove to be generally achievable by cycloadditions of such metal carbenes or carbynes with nitriles or alkynes. The addition of low-valent transition metal salts to alkenes or alkynes leads to complexes viewable as pi -complexes or as epimetallated adducts. By examination of available structural parameters and the chemical reactions undergone by such adducts, the adducts between ethylene and Ti(O i Pr) 2 and between diphenylacetylene and α,α-bipyridyl-nickel(0) can best be considered as titana(IV)cyclopropane and nickel(II)cyclopropene structures, respectively.
Fatigue evaluation of highway bridges

The present work provides a comparison of current AASHTO bridge fatigue guidelines with fracture mechanics procedures. Specifically, the remaining fatigue life of several actual bridges with welded cover plate ends is estimated using the AASHTO specifications. The estimates are compared with predictions made using linear elastic fracture mechanics principles where the time required for an initial flaw to propagate to a critical depth is calculated. It is found that fatigue lives of actual steel highway bridges as determined using fracture mechanics far exceed the remaining safe fatigue life predictions made with current AASHTO guide specifications. For the case of redundant bridges, an adjustment factor is introduced which, at various probability levels, can produce closer estimates of bridge fatigue lives between the AASHTO specifications and fracture mechanics.
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided biopsy in the definitive diagnosis of osteosarcoma.

Thirty-three patients with 35 bone lesions suspicious for osteosarcoma underwent image-guided biopsy. Of those 35 biopsies, 12 were performed with use of fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) guidance to target the osseous abnormality. Diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging revealed a soft tissue component in 23 cases; in these cases, biopsies were performed with use of ultrasonography (US) to target the soft tissue component of the tumor. Of the 35 tumors in which biopsy was performed, 33 (94%) were definitively diagnosed as osteosarcoma by image-guided biopsy. All 23 US-guided biopsies resulted in definitive diagnosis. Two of the 12 fluoroscopyor CT-guided biopsies (17%) were inconclusive.
A nested relational approach to processing SQL subqueries

One of the most powerful features of SQL is the use of nested queries. Most research work on the optimization of nested queries focuses on aggregate subqueries. However, the solutions proposed for non-aggregate subqueries are still limited, especially for queries having multiple subqueries and null values. In this paper, we show that existing approaches to queries containing non-aggregate subqueries proposed in the literature (including rewrites) are not adequate. We then propose a new efficient approach, the nested relational approach, based on the nested relational algebra. Our approach directly unnests non-aggregate subqueries using hash joins, and treats all subqueries in a uniform manner, being able to deal with nested queries of any type and any level. We report on experimental work that confirms that existing approaches have difficulties dealing with non-aggregate subqueries, and that our approach offers better performance. We also discuss some possibilities for algebraic optimization and the issue of integrating our approach in a relational database system.
Analgesic tolerance without demonstrable opioid-induced hyperalgesia: A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sustained-release morphine for treatment of chronic nonradicular low-back pain

Although often successful in acute settings, long-term use of opioid pain medications may be accompanied by waning levels of analgesic response not readily attributable to advancing underlying disease, necessitating dose escalation to attain pain relief. Analgesic tolerance, and more recently opioid-induced hyperalgesia, have been invoked to explain such declines in opioid effectiveness over time. Because both phenomena result in inadequate analgesia, they are difficult to distinguish in a clinical setting. Patients with otherwise uncomplicated low-back pain were titrated to comfort or dose-limiting side effects in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial using sustained-release morphine or weight-matched placebo capsules for 1 month. A total of 103 patients completed the study, with an average end titration dose of 78 mg morphine/d. After 1 month, the morphine-treated patients developed tolerance to the analgesic effects of remifentanil, but did not develop opioid-induced hyperalgesia. On average, these patients experienced a 42% reduction in analgesic potency. The morphine-treated patients experienced clinically relevant improvements in pain relief, as shown by a 44% reduction in average visual analogue scale pain levels and a 31% improvement in functional ability. The differences in visual analogue scale pain levels (P = .003) and self-reported disability (P = .03) between both treatment groups were statistically significant. After 1 month of oral morphine therapy, patients with chronic low-back pain developed tolerance but not opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Improvements in pain and functional ability were observed.
THE EFFECT OF ESTRIN ON THE GONAD-STIMULATING COMPLEX OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY OF PARABIOTIC RATS

Sauerbruch and Heyde (1) reported in 1908 that it was possible to unite successfully two warm-blooded animals in such a way that a permanent and intimate exchange of humoral fluids was practicable (parabiosis). In 1921 Matsuyama (2) reported that the parabiotic union of a castrated or spayed rat with a normal female resulted in very striking changes in the ovaries and associated organs of the normal partner. He did not find a satisfactory explanation of the observed phenomena. Goto (3) in 1925 extensively confirmed the results of Matsuyama in a very careful work, and conjectured that the castrated animal develops a ‘Kastrohormon’ which, circulating in its blood and going to the normal twin is responsible for the outcome of the experiment. The results of the studies of the gonad-stimulating function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary body made
Incorporation of incompleteness in the k ⋅ p perturbation theory

The k\ensuremath{\cdot}p perturbation expansion for the energy of a nondegenerate band, familiar from solid-state texts, provides a convenient method for calculating the effective mass of the band in terms of the eigenstates of the system. As such, it would seem particularly useful in fitting the parameters of an empirical tight-binding model. Unfortunately, this expression is incorrect when applied to a model having an incomplete basis. We find that the correct expression may be derived from the usual result if the incompleteness of the basis is properly taken into account. In addition, since degenerate bands are often of interest, we discuss the correct calculation of their curvatures.
The genesis of the cellular precipitation reaction

The morphology of cellular precipitation in a Cu-9.5 at. pet In alloy has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Both cellular and general precipitation were observed to occur simultaneously in quenched and aged alloys while only cellular precipitation was observed to occur in isothermally aged alloys. Because of the presence of wide, solute rich, precipitate free zones in the vicinity of grain boundaries in the quenched and aged alloys, the early development of cellular precipitation was found to be identical for both types of heat treatment. From light and electron microscopy observations of the early stages of cellular precipitation a mechanism for the formation of cells was developed. At the start of aging, the unoccupied grain boundary begins to migrate under the influence of grain boundary migration forces as if it were in a single phase alloy. As the boundary migrates, solute segregates along it to form allotriomorphs which pin the boundary. The boundary continues to migrate and bows between the simultaneously forming allotriomorphs. With further aging, the allotriomorphs lengthen following the bowing boundary and the allotriomorphs become the initial precipitate lamellae of the developing cell as a steady-state lamellar structure develops. Assuming that the critical step in the development of a cell is the ability of the boundary to bow between the initial allotriomorphs, a criterion for the occurrence of cellular precipitation was developed.
Depletion and regeneration of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid in stored red blood cells.

2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid appears to be an important regulator of the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin in intact red blood cells. The rate of loss of 2,3-DPG under various storage conditions therefore was investigated. 2,3-DPG disappeared rapidly from conventional preservative media, CPD, and ACD solutions. After only two weeks' storage, 65 per cent to 85 per cent of erythrocyte 2,3-DPG had been lost from ACD-stored blood and slightly less from CPD-stored blood. Although the addition of adenine to ACD solution aided in the maintenance of ATP levels, it hastened the rate of loss of 2,3-DPG. The rate of 2,3-DPG depletion was strongly dependent on pH. In more alkaline storage media, levels of this compound were relatively well maintained for as long as two, or even three weeks. However, under these circumstances ATP maintenance was less satisfactory. The levels of 2,3-DPG and ATP in red blood cells incubated in fresh plasma at 37 C, pH 7.4, to simulate the conditions after reinfusion of stored cells also was investigated. ATP levels remained relatively stable under these circumstances and 2,3-DPG levels were restored gradually. However, the repletion of 2,3-DPG was sufficiently slow so that even after eight hours only approximately one third of the 2,3-DPG which had been lost was regenerated. Thus, stored blood may fail to transport oxygen efficiently for many hours after reinfusion.
Hospitalization risk following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) decreases long-term morbidity and mortality, its short-term effect on hospitalization rates is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine hospitalization rates over time in the year after HAART initiation for virological responders and nonresponders. Methods Hospitalizations among 1327 HAART-naive subjects in an urban HIV clinic in 1997–2007 were examined before and after HAART initiation. Hospitalization rates were stratified by virological responders (≥1 log10 decrease in HIV-1 RNA within 6 months after HAART initiation) and nonresponders. Causes were determined through International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes and chart review. Multivariate negative binomial regression was used to assess factors associated with hospitalization. Results During the first 45 days after HAART initiation, the hospitalization rate of responders was similar to their pre-HAART baseline rate [75.1 vs. 78.8/100 person-years (PY)] and to the hospitalization rate of nonresponders during the first 45 days (79.4/100 PY). The hospitalization rate of responders fell significantly between 45 and 90 days after HAART initiation and reached a plateau at approximately 45/100 PY from 91 to 365 days after HAART initiation. Significant decreases were seen in hospitalizations for opportunistic and nonopportunistic infections. Conclusions The first substantial clinical benefit from HAART may be realized by 90 days after HAART initiation; providers should keep close vigilance at least until this time.
A role for Mlh3 in somatic hypermutation.

Abstract Somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) allow B cells to make high affinity antibodies of various isotypes. Both processes are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to generate dG:dU mismatches in the immunoglobulin genes that are resolved differently in SHM and CSR to introduce point mutations and recombination, respectively. The MutL homolog MLH3 has been implicated in meiosis and DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Since it interacts with MLH1, which plays a role in SHM and CSR, we examined these processes in Mlh 3-deficient mice. Although deficiencies in other MMR proteins result in defects in SHM, Mlh 3 −/− mice exhibited an increased frequency of mutations in their immunoglobulin variable regions, compared to wild type littermates. Alterations of mutation spectra were observed in the Jh4 flanking region in Mlh 3 −/− mice. Nevertheless, Mlh 3 −/− mice were able to switch to IgG3 or IgG1 with similar frequencies to control mice. This is the first instance where a loss of a DNA repair protein has a positive impact on the rate of SHM, suggesting that Mlh3 normally inhibits the accumulation of mutations in SHM.
Assessment of cerebral oxidative metabolism with breath holding and fMRI.

Carbon dioxide inhalation can be used to map changes in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) during neuronal activation with functional MRI (fMRI). A hypercapnic stress also can be achieved with a simple breath-holding test. Using this test as means of manipulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) independent of CMRO(2), we assessed changes in CMRO(2) during visual stimulation. With this task, CBF increased by 61 +/- 7%, whereas CMRO(2) changed by 2.43 +/- 4.97%. These results are in good agreement with previous positron emission tomographic (PET) data, indicating that changes in oxidative metabolism during focal neuronal activity can potentially be determined with the breath-holding test. This test could easily be performed during a routine MRI examination. Magn Reson Med 42:608-611, 1999.
The Development of Sarcoma in Mice Injected with Hormones or Hormone-Like Substances

Reference has been made in earlier papers (1, 2) to the development of sarcoma in a series of mice in which we were studying the carcinomatous changes in the mammary gland as well as in the vagina and cervix under the influence of estrogenic hormones. The formation of sarcoma following the injection of estrogenic hormones had previously been observed by Cori (3) in a mouse, in which it developed adjacent to an oil cyst. The development of sarcomas has been recorded also by Gardner, Smith, Allen and Strong (4), and by Burrows and other investigators, both in rats and mice injected with cancerigenic hydrocarbons (5–10). Recently Lacassagne (11) described the appearance of spindle-cell sarcomas in mice injected with four estrogenic hormones. Since our earlier reports we have found several additional sarcomas in mice, produced by the injection of hormones, and in particular one originating in striated muscle tissue. These observations will be described here and we shall include, also, in our report sarcomas in mice injected with lutein hormones and with liver extract prepared for the treatment of pernicious anemia.
Personality traits as predictors of good diabetic control

Abstract To identify personality characteristics that might contribute to overall good control of type I diabetes mellitus, we used a biological correlate of control, glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c values, as a means of selecting patients. Patients with evidence of good control (HbA lc lc > 10.4%). All patients were administered the Personality Research Form E. Need for achievement and a socially desirable response style were associated with good glycemic control. This finding is placed in the context of the complexity of health care behaviors required for adequate self-management.
Solitary wave formation through mth-order parametric interaction

Using a solitary wave solution for the Klein-Gordon equation with mth-order nonlinear term, a model of soliton formation is demonstrated in which the nonlinearity mediates the parametric generation of sum and difference frequencies.
Solid-phase extraction and determination of ranitidine in human plasma by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method utilizing midbore chromatography

An improved high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method utilizing solid-phase extraction (SPE) and midbore chromatography was developed for the determination of ranitidine in human plasma. A mobile phase of 20 mM K2HPO4-acetonitrile-triethylamine (87.9:12.0:0.1, v/v) pH 6.0 was used with a phenyl analytical column and ultraviolet detection (UV). The method demonstrated linearity from 25 to 1000 ng/ml in 500 μl of plasma with a detection limit of 10 ng/ml. The method was utilized in a pharmacokinetic study evaluating the effects of pancreatico-biliary secretions on ranitidine absorption.
Learning Partnerships in Practice: Orientation, Leadership, and Residence Life

Committed to improving how their various programs serve student learning, Taran Cardone, Elizabeth Stoll Turton, Gerald Olson, and Marcia Baxter Magolda describe how their participation in Miami University's Community of Practice on Engaged Learning (COPEL) helped them create developmentally appropriate, learning-centered approaches that support the complex task of student self-authorship.
A Battle-of-the-Sexes Game with Incomplete Information

A battle-of-the-sexes game with incomplete information presents two different efficiency problems: coordination, and maximizing ex ante expected utility by favoring a player facing high stakes. Communication and mediation can allow an optimal tradeoff between the two problems. This paper gives (1) necessary conditions for (and specification of) an incentive-efficient mediation mechanism and (2) necessary and sufficient conditions for mediation to be required for efficiency. These conditions yield additional results concerning the necessity of privacy in communications and the superfluity of enforcement. Contrary to some recent studies, our results demonstrate that unmediated communication is insufficient to achieve incentive efficiency. An application to the theory of regulation is suggested.
The NMR spectra of some substituted dibenzothiophenes

In order to use the NMR spectra of dibenzothiophenes to determine the position of substitution, a series of compounds has been prepared, most of which are new while some represent an improved method of preparation of previously reported compounds. With the exception of one, the structures of the compounds prepared were not in doubt, however the splitting patterns and chemical shifts presented here will facilitate future structure determinations of dibenzothiophenes.
Practical aspects of higher-order numerical schemes for wave propagation phenomena

This paper examines practical issues related to the use of compact-difference-based fourth- and sixth-order schemes for wave propagation phenomena with focus on Maxwell's equations of electromagnetics. An outline of the formulation and scheme optimization is followed by an assessment of the error accruing from application on stretched meshes with two approaches: transformed plane method and physical space differencing. In the first technique, the truncation error expansion for the sixth-order compact scheme confirms that the order of accuracy is preserved if a consistent mesh refinement strategy is followed and further that metrics should be evaluated numerically even if analytic expressions are available. Physical space-differencing formulas are derived for the five-point stencil by expressing the coefficients in terms of local spacing ratios. The order of accuracy of the reconstruction operator is then verified with a numerical experiment on stretched meshes. To ensure stability for a broad range of problems, Fourier analysis is employed to develop a single-parameter family of up to tenth-order tridiagonal-based spatial filters. The implementation of these filters is discussed in terms of their effect on the interior scheme as well as in a 1-D cavity where they are employed to suppress a late-time instability. The paper concludes after demonstrating the application of the scheme to several 3-D canonical problems utilizing Cartesian as well as curvilinear meshes. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the United States.
Sociolinguistics and the teaching of English in Europe beyond the 1990s

: This paper describes the need for awareness among English language teaching professionals in Europe of the social and cultural factors influencing the use and spread of English in the European context. It argues that this awareness can be achieved by extending the view of sociolinguistics in language preparation programs beyond concern with identification of what kind of language is appropriate in interpersonal encounters to recognition of language as a social institution which influences attitudes and behaviors. Sociolinguistic profiles are illustrated as a framework for identifying the features of the uses and users of English in Europe. The framework serves as a means for teacher education programs to prepare future teachers for the challenges of developing learners’ communicative competence in English for communication within and outside Europe in 1992 and beyond.
Achieving Quality of Service via packet distribution shaping

Conventional Quality of Service (QoS) for multimedia networking applications are typically specified by a certain set of requirements on latency, jitter, bandwidth, and packet loss rate. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to QoS via the notion of distribution shaping in which a pre-specified distribution of packets in a queue is achieved via queuing policies. In a way, the distribution-based QoS is more general since the distribution of packets in the queue captures all the statistical information regarding the throughput, latency, delay jitter, and packet loss rate. We present a convex optimization framework for obtaining the optimal queueing policy that drives any initial distribution of packets in the queue to the desired distribution in the fastest time. We then augment the proposed framework to obtain a queueing policy that produces ∈-approximation to the target distribution with even faster convergence time. The augmented framework is useful in dynamic settings where traffic statistics change frequently, and thus fast adaptation is preferable. Both simulation and theoretical results are provided to verify our approach.
Optimal projection equations for reduced-order modelling, estimation, and control of linear systems with multiplicative white noise

The optimal projection equations for quadratically optimal reduced-order modelling, estimation, and control are generalized to include the effects of state, control, and measurement dependent noise.
The New Star in Andromeda

DURING last week I examined on three evenings the spectrum of this star apparently in the nebula. It appears to be continuous, extending from about D, as far as, or perhaps a little past F. Both Mr. Percy Smith and I are able to confirm Lord Rosse's conviction of the existence of a bright line or band. We compared its position with spark spectra, and feel satisfied that its position is not far from the bright line of the spark in air near to, and on the more refrangible side of D. The slit was of course necessarily wide, and the spectrum faint, so that this must only be considered as approximate.
SIMILARITY FORMULATIONS FOR TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBERS

Data obtained from the high Reynolds number atmospheric boundary layer are used to analyze existing mean-flow and turbulence intensity similarity formulations. From the results of this analysis a new streamwise turbulence intensity formulation is proposed that is suggested to be applicable across the entire smooth-wall high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer. The new formulation is also shown to be consistent with the mixed-flow scaling suggested by other studies.
Depressed from deprivation? Look to the molecules.

Heynen and colleagues provide direct evidence for the molecular cascade underlying monocular deprivation, also providing a critical link between changes in sensory experience and a well studied form of synaptic plasticity, long-term depression.
World society, family planning programs and the health of children

Purpose – Drawing on world society and policy analysis literatures, the purpose of this paper is to examine the uneven diffusion of family planning programs in the developing world and the subsequent consequences for child health. The study begins by assessing the effect of world society ties on countries' commitment to and capacity for family planning programs. It then examines the impact such programs have on child health inputs and survival.Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a cross‐national, quantitative study design on a sample of less developed countries.Findings – Countries' world society embeddedness is a robust predictor of their institutional commitment to and capacity for family planning programs. Such program efforts are also shown to have a significant impact on child survival rates, mediated by reduced fertility and higher rates of childhood immunization.Research limitations/implications – Future research should further explore the way in which such programs contribute to and/or s...
Alternative futures for communities

Abstract Scenario building is an essential element for working on, and creating, alternative futures. This paper, based on the work at the Institute of Alternative Futures, discusses the use of scenarios in the context of community development and explores three basic types of scenarios—`the official future', `hard times' and paradigm shift or visionary scenarios. With examples from Washington and elsewhere, the paper tries to show how communities can reinvent themselves and meet the challenges of the future with the aid of scenarios.
State-of-the-Art Infection Control In Dentistry

This paper defines infection control in dentistry as it exists in 1991 and makes some predictions about the future of this area. A total of 21 items form the basis of a comprehensive infection control program.
The Role of Terrestrial Invertebrates in Allopatric Brook Trout Headwater Streams in the Central Appalachian Mountains

ABSTRACT We investigated the importance of terrestrial organisms to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) diet in six headwater streams in the Greenbriar River Watershed, West Virginia. The mean number of prey items and mean biomass per brook trout stomach decreased between July and September 2002. While the percent total number of terrestrial inputs (TI) was similar between July and September (45% to 46%), the percent total biomass of TI increased from almost 45% in July to nearly 75% in September. Dipteran larvae were highest in percent relative importance for both periods (35.6% and 45.5%), and lepidopteran larvae showed a large increase between July and September (7.7% to 29.6%). The large biomass of terrestrial organisms in headwater streams shows the importance of allocthonous inputs to instream food cycles.
Characterization of Toxic Effects of Sediment-Associated Organic Pollutants Using the λ Transgenic Medaka

A novel sediment-contact assay using embryos of the λ transgenic medaka was developed to fully characterize the toxic effects induced by exposure to a mixture of organic pollutants in sediments. Em...
The Pilgrims And Pocahontas: Rival Myths Of American Origin

Introduction Exploring the Myths * Invented Traditions * Myths and History * Ancestors and Commemoration Articulating the Myths * Lady Rebecca or the Forest Siren? * The Landing of the Forefathers * Vanishing Indians and Noble Women * Compact with Destiny Combating the Myths * Saints and Sinners * Prelude to Battle * The Pilgrims Versus Pocahontas Transforming the Myths * The Pilgrims Triumphant * The Myths Triumphant
Different Diasporas and the Hype of Hybridity

In a progressive attempt to find sites of resistance to dominant hegemonies of race and nation, many cultural theorists have begun to rely on notions of in-betweenness and ambivalence, and terms such as diaspora and hybridity, However, in much of this recent cultural criticism, these concepts have become increasingly disarticulated from history and political economy. The fetishization of these terms, and the general overuse of abstract spatial metaphors such as ‘third space’, can lead to theories and politics which neglect the everyday, grounded practices and economic relations in which social identities and narratives of race and nation unfold. Without denying the potential for resistance, it is argued in this paper that these abstract liminal spaces are easily appropriated by reactionary forces, and can be used for the purposes of capital accumulation quite as effectively as for the intervention in hegemonic narratives of race and nation.
Studies of the biological function of vitamin E. I. Tocopherol and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-cytochrome c reductase.

1. 1. The DPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity was determined in heart-muscle preparations from normal and vitamin-E-deficient chicks. Although no α-tocopherol was demonstrable in the deficient preparations, the enzyme activity was not significantly different from the control preparations which contained α-tocopherol. 2. 2. Substances which react with FeCl3-bipyridyl reagent, other than α-tocopherol, were found in Florex-treated extracts of unsaponifiable matter from tissues, No unequivocal evidence was obtained for the presence of tocopherylquinone in tissues. 3. 3. The inactivation of certain enzymes in the respiratory chain by isooctane extraction was duplicated by homogenizing the enzyme preparations with small amounts of isooctane. The inactivation, which was overcome by the addition of various lipid substances, was also reversed by simply lyophilizing or centrifuging the isooctane-treated enzyme solutions.
Amsonia species: Potential new crops for acid lands

Abstract In this study of three xerophytic Amsonia spp., A. kearneyana and A. palmeri were found to be good crop candidates for arid lands. All three species tested required less irrigation than most crops currently grown in polar-extractable materials, although nearly half the sugar fraction copnsisted polar-extractable materials, although nearly half the sugar fraction consisted of non-fermentable sugars. This indicated that these plants have limited utility as a fermentation feedstock. However, analyses showed Amsonia grandiflora to be equivalent to alfalfa in both chemical composition and in vitro digestibility and could thus serve as excellent forage crops.
The progressive construction of mind

We propose a vision of the structure of knowledge and processes of learning based upon the particularity of experience. Highly specific cognitive structures are constructed through activities in limited domains of experience. For new domains, new cognitive structures develop from and can call upon the knowledge of prior structures. Applying this vision of disparate cognitive structures to a detailed case study, we present an interpretation of addition-related matter from the corpus and trace the interplay of specific experiences with the interactions of ascribed, disparate structures. The interpretive focus is on learning processes through which a broadly applicable skill emerges from the interaction and integration of knowledge based on specific, particular experiences.
Prenatal detection of trisomy 18: Accuracy of targeted ultrasound

WILLIAM WATSON, RICHARD C. MILLER, WENDY HANSEN, YASUKO YAMAMURA, SUSAN LANNI, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Rochester, Minnesota, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Livingston, New Jersey, University of Kentucky, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, Virginia Commonwealth University, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Richmond, Virginia OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of sonographic detection of trisomy 18 at 10-22 weeks gestation in a large multicenter prenatal population. Previous reports on this topic have potential limitations of small numbers, and findings that may reflect the experience of only one institution. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the cytogenetic databases at our institutions from 1996-2006 and evaluated all cases of trisomy 18. The ultrasound reports and clinical history of each patient were reviewed, and individual anatomic findings were recorded. IUGR was considered present if any growth parameter (BPD, AC, FL) was !5%ile. Ultrasound was defined as abnormal if a fetal anomaly and/or IUGR was noted in the original study (prior to the knowledge of abnormal karyotype). RESULTS: A total of 79 fetuses with trisomy 18 had ultrasounds performed at 10-22 weeks gestation in our perinatal centers. Seven had only first trimester scans, and 72 had second trimester ultrasound. The overall accuracy rate for detection of trisomy 18 in the second trimester was 94.4% (68 of 72). IUGR with anomalies were present in 35 cases (49%), anomalies alone were noted in 30 cases (42%) and IUGR alone in 3 (4%). The most common anomalies found are listed in the table. Three of the 4 cases missed had a gestational age of 17 weeks or less. There was only 1 case where the diagnosis was missed after 18 weeks. CONCLUSION: Second trimester targeted ultrasound has high accuracy in detection of trisomy 18. The ultrasound study should focus not only on a careful search for anomalies, but also on detection of abnormal fetal growth. In patients with increased risk of trisomy 18, this information can be used to reduce risk and assist with decision making for invasive prenatal testing.
Neural localization for androgen activation of copulatory behavior in the male rat.

Testosterone propionate (TP) implants into the preoptic anterior hypothalamic region of adult castrate male rats restore the complete copulatory response pattern. Other hypothalamic implant locations were less effective or produced no response. Implants located in the mammillary region resulted in hyperexcitability in the presence of the female but mounting did not occur. A complete mating response resulted only after bilateral implantation of a blob of TP in the anterior hypothalamus. Smaller surface areas of TP and all implant sizes of testosterone were less effective. None of these implants resulted in repair of the sexual accessary organs. (Endocrinology 80: 754, 1967)
Patient Perspectives on Fluid Management in Chronic Hemodialysis

Objective We sought to describe the perspectives and experiences of chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients regarding self-care and adherence to fluid restrictions. Design Semistructured focus groups. Setting Two outpatient hemodialysis centers. Participants Nineteen patients on chronic hemodialysis. Intervention Patients were asked a series of open-ended questions to encourage discussion about the management of fluid restriction within the broad categories of general knowledge, knowledge sources or barriers, beliefs and attitudes, self-efficacy, emotion, and self-care skills. Main outcome measure We analyzed session transcripts using the theoretical framework of content analysis to identify themes generated by the patients. Results Patients discussed both facilitators and barriers to fluid restriction, which we categorized into six themes: knowledge, self-assessment, psychological factors, social, physical, and environmental. Psychological factors were the most common barriers to fluid restriction adherence, predominantly involving lack of motivation. Knowledge was the most discussed facilitator with accurate self-assessment, positive psychological factors, and supportive social contacts also playing a role. Dialysis providers were most commonly described as the source of dialysis information (54%), but learning through personal experience was also frequently noted (28%). Conclusion Interventions to improve fluid restriction adherence of chronic hemodialysis patients should target motivational issues, assess and improve patient knowledge, augment social support, and facilitate accurate self-assessment of fluid status.