cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic dyes as corrosion inhibitors of commercial AA1050 aluminum alloy in sodium chloride environment

Considering corrosion control of aluminum is of great technical, economic, environmental and aesthetical importance, the use of inhibitors is one of the promising solutions for protecting aluminum and its alloys against corrosion. The research about green corrosion inhibitors which are environmentally friendly and do not contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds has gained a large interest. This study is an effort to investigate the role of a natural organic dye, Crocin, against the corrosion of a commercial aluminum alloy AA1050, in an aggressive chloride ions environment of NaCl 0,01M, in comparison with a synthetic dye, Alphazurine A. Corrosion behavior of AA1050 specimens in NaCl 0,01M solution at room temperature was studied by investigating their electrochemical behavior in the absence and presence of the two organic dyes, using DC Corrosion techniques, Linear Polarization and Tafel Polarization. The effect of the organic dyes as corrosion inhibitors was also evaluated by mass loss measurements. Study and characterization of the morphology of the surface of the specimens, before and after the corrosion measurements, was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results obtained showed that the examined dyes have a protective action against corrosion of aluminum surface in the corrosive environment.
Temporal Generalizability of Face-Based Affect Detection in Noisy Classroom Environments

The goal of this paper was to explore the possibility of generalizing face-based affect detectors across multiple days, a problem which plagues physiological-based affect detection. Videos of students playing an educational physics game were collected in a noisy computer-enabled classroom environment where students conversed with each other, moved around, and gestured. Trained observers provided real-time annotations of learning-centered affective states (e.g., boredom, confusion) as well as off-task behavior. Detectors were trained using data from one day and tested on data from different students on another day. These cross-day detectors demonstrated above chance classification accuracy with average Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC, .500 is chance level) of .658, which was similar to within-day (training and testing on data collected on the same day) AUC of .667. This work demonstrates the feasibility of generalizing face-based affect detectors across time in an ecologically valid computer-enabled classroom environment.
Enzymatic utilization of acetylenic compounds. I. An enzyme converting acetylenedicarboxylic acid to pyruvate.

The metabolism of naturally occurring derivatives of acetylene (2) is as yet unexplored and, indeed, the isolation and characterization of such compounds in a systematic manner is of only recent origin. These compounds consist of molecules of low water solubility bearing multiple functional groups, and they thus present difficulties when employed as substrates for investigations directed primarily at the enzymatic utilization of the acetylenic bond. With a view toward obtaining information on the utilization of this linkage it seemed desirable to employ simple acetylene derivatives as models and to obtain enzymes capable of using such model compounds. An effort was made to select compounds which were stable, water-soluble, available in high purity, and possessing a minimal number of functional groups. One of the simplest compounds which meets these criteria is acetylenedicarboxylic acid, the enzymatic utilization of which is the subject of the present report. An enzyme system metabolizing ADA’ was obtained by employing the enrichment culture technique for isolation of an organism with the ability to grow with ADA as the sole carbon source. A purified enzyme preparation obtained from the organism, identified as B species of Pseudomonas (3), catalyzes Reaction 1:
Development of cobalt doped lithiated NiO nano-composites and hot corrosion testing of LiAlO2 matrices for molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications

Abstract Dissolution of conventional NiO cathode for MCFCs is a major hurdle in its commercialization. Recent studies have shown an increase in exchange current density of cobalt doped cathode materials developed under controlled conditions. In this work, water-based solution has been used to synthesize lithiated NiO and cobalt doping has been done to improve the electrical conductivity of cathode material. Lower-cost precursors have been used with reduced calcination temperature of 650 °C for material synthesis. Structural characterization tools such as XRD, SEM, etc. have been used to investigate into high efficiency cobalt doped lithiated NiO prepared with various process parameters. Moreover, electrical properties show an improvement in electrical conductivity with a value of 12.16 Scm −1 . Meanwhile, highly pure tetragonal nano-LiAlO 2 matrix, stable at high operating temperatures, has been in-house developed by wet-mixing method. The tolerance of LiAlO 2 pellets is further reported in corrosive molten salt environment at 650 °C using Li/Na/K, Li/Na and Li/K carbonates mixtures at a loading rate of 15 mg/cm 2 . Studies revealed that Na 2 CO 3 had a pronounced impact on chemical and structural stability of LiAlO 2 causing formation of NaAlO 2 impure phase. However, potassium containing mixture had a minimal influence on matrix material and treated pellet remained chemically unaffected.
A Contextual Approach to Understanding Breast Cancer Survivorship Among Latinas

Objectives The purpose of this review is to describe the empirical literature on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Latina breast cancer survivors by exploring the social determinants of health. In framing the key domains of survivors’ quality of life within a ecological-contextual model that evaluates individual and societal contributions to health outcomes, we provide a comprehensive landscape of the diverse factors constituting Latina survivors’ lived experiences and their resultant quality of life outcomes.
Effect of chemical modification of lysine residues on the conformation of human immunoglobulin G.

Abstract Human IgG (immunoglobulin G) was chemically modified by citraconic anhydride and the conformational transitions were tested by measuring CD (circular dichroism), hydrodynamic properties, and immunoprecipitation reactions. It was found that mild conversion of the lysine e-amino groups (at pH 7.7 and room temperature) into the negatively charged citraconyl groups caused expansion and loss of the β structure of IgG. The positive CD band at 202 nm became negative, while the weak bands in the near-ultraviolet zone changed only slightly; the intrinsic viscosity increased, the sedimentation coefficient decreased, and the immunoresponse against goat antiserum was lost. The citraconylated IgG was reconverted to native IgG by dialysis against 0.05 m acetate of pH 4.0 for 72 hours. The reversal to the native conformation was achieved also by raising the ionic strength to about 1.1. Carbamylation of 88% of the e-amino groups of IgG did not change the CD spectrum, hydrodynamic properties, or immunoprecipitation reaction. The results indicate that the conformational change on citraconylation was caused by electrostatic repulsion of the introduced carboxylate ions into the macromolecules. Moreover, according to these results the e-amino groups of lysine residues are not essential for the immunoprecipitation reaction, whereas the native rigid conformation of the macromolecules is decisive in this reaction.
Analysis of reactive jamming against satellite communications

Summary In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of reactive jamming in a satellite communications scenario and propose a countermeasure that takes advantage of the constraints associated with reactive jamming. A reactive jammer is a type of jammer that has the ability to sense a portion of spectrum and immediately transmit a jamming signal when it senses a signal it wants to jam. Thus, a reactive jammer can counter the processing gain associated with frequency hopping spread spectrum. This paper provides a three-step approach to analyzing the primary constraints associated with reactive jamming, as well as detailed example scenarios (both theoretical and simulated) that demonstrate the feasibility analysis. Additional clarity is provided by splitting the analysis into uplink and downlink jamming. A strategy to mitigate the effects of reactive jamming is presented, which takes advantage of the geometric constraints of reactive jamming by using a coding and interleaving scheme that results in the transmitted bits appearing at the very beginning of each hop. This work demonstrates that reactive jamming is a valid threat to satellite communication systems. The analysis and simulation results suggest that as long as the geographical area around user terminals is free of reactive jammers, substantial mitigation can be achieved using the proposed mitigation strategy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoprotein LprG binds lipoarabinomannan and determines its localization in the cell wall envelope and affects phagolysosomal fusion (MPF3P.818)

Genetic deletion of the lipoprotein LprG reduces the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but the function of LprG remains unclear. We report that LprG expressed in Mtb binds to lipoglycans, e.g. lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Lipoglycan binding to LprG was dependent on both insertion of lipoglycan acyl chains into a hydrophobic pocket on LprG and a novel contribution of lipoglycan polysaccharide components outside of this pocket. An lprG null mutant (MtbΔlprG) had lower levels of surface-exposed LAM, revealing a novel role for LprG in determining Mtb cell envelope structure. Furthermore, this mutant allowed accelerated Mtb phagosome-lysosome fusion, consistent with the role for LAM in blocking phagosome maturation. We propose that LprG binding to LAM facilitates its transfer from the plasma membrane into the cell envelope, increasing surface-exposed LAM, enhancing cell envelope integrity, allowing inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion and enhancing Mtb survival in macrophages
Sporulation of Bacillus stearothermophilus.

Abstract A broth medium containing tryptone and manganese sulfate supported heavy sporulation of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953 (NCA 1518) and four isolates identified as B. stearothermophilus. Maximal spore yields were obtained by use of inocula grown anaerobically in a medium containing glucose with aeration of sporulation medium via bubbling. After an extended stationary period, sporulation occurred concurrently with vegetative growth between 6 and 8 hr of incubation at 60 C. Omission of glucose from the inoculum or use of a “young” (2 hr) inoculum abolished the stationary period, but decreased spore yields. A requirement of oxygen for rapid vegetative growth and sporulation was demonstrated. Manganese (15 to 30 ppm) stimulated sporulation but did not enhance cell growth.
Perturbation solutions for vertical infiltration problems: A uniformly valid solution☆

Abstract The problem of vertical infiltration is solved by means of perturbation methods. The structure of the solution exhibits uniform validity for all times and all depths. For comparison between prediction and an exact result, the Burgers equation has been selected. This equation is mildly nonlinear and hence constitutes the most unfavourable known example.
Thermoresponsive nanocomposite double network hydrogels

The utility and efficacy of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogels as smart materials is limited by their physical properties. In this study, we sought to design PNIPAAm nanocomposite hydrogels which displayed enhanced mechanical properties as well as deswelling–reswelling kinetics but without reducing equilibrium swelling or altering the convenient volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of PNIPAAm. PNIPAAm hydrogels were formed as double networks (DN) comprised of a tightly crosslinked 1st network and a loosely crosslinked 2nd network. In addition, polysiloxane nanoparticles of two different average diameters (∼50 nm and ∼200 nm) were incorporated during formation of the 1st or 2nd network. The influence of the hydrogel composition on VPTT, morphology, equilibrium swelling, deswelling–reswelling kinetics and mechanical properties was evaluated. We observed that DN hydrogels formed with ∼200 nm polysiloxane nanoparticles introduced during formation of the 1st network achieved the best combination of the desired properties.
Experimental investigation of turbulent wall-jets in the presence of adverse pressure gradients in a rectangular diffuser

An experimental study of wall static pressure distributions and mean velocity profiles along a duct and diffuser downstream of wall-jet injection was conducted over a range of diffuser total angles from 15 to 40 deg at injection to core flow mass flux ratios from 0 to 6. Pressure recovery in the diffuser increased with injection ratio and decreased with diffuser total angle. Peak velocities in the wall-jet decayed along the flow and the inner shear layer and outer mixing region grew in thickness along the flow. The inner layer was near similarity condition, but non-similar variations were found in the outer layer. Estimated wall shear stresses depended upon injection mass fluxes, downstream distance and diffuser total angle. Greater decay of peak velocity and larger friction coefficients were found in the diffuser than indicated by correlations from data for a wall-jet without a pressure gradient. At the largest diffuser total angle and the highest injection ratio flow reversal occurred in the core region.
Estimation of Variances and Covariances under Multiple Trait Models

Abstract An algorithm is described for minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimation of additively genetic and environmental covariance matrices in the multiple trait model. This method has the undesirable property of producing solutions not in the parameter space. Presented are restricted maximum likelihood and maximum likelihood algorithms of the expectation-maximization type and guaranteed to converge in the parameter space. If selection has occurred with consequent alteration of the covariance structure of additive genetic values and errors, it appears that restricted maximum likelihood, maximum likelihood, and minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimators with good priors remove most of the bias due to selection in estimation of the parameters before selection commenced. These are the parameters needed for unbiased prediction of breeding values in a selection model.
Where Next for Agribusiness Research and Education? An Organizational Economics Perspective

My tasks are to highlight similarities and differences among the three preceding papers and then to consider our profession's challenges for future work in agribusiness management, viewed through the lens of organizational economics. Such a viewpoint offers a fresh perspective on program planning, outcome measurement, and goal attainment and helps elucidate the strategic relationships between economics and management. The approaches to controlling these relationships are a primary consideration in the future effectiveness of research and education in agribusiness management.
Problems facing school superintendents and school board presidents of large school districts

Superintendents and school board presidents from the 100 largest school districts in the nation were surveyed to determine the major problems confronting these education leaders. Both superintendents and school board presidents were in agreement on most concerns, including the top three major problems. They are in complete agreement that finance and related worries are the most important problems they face. The survey identified several critical variables, including the superintendents' age, gender, and experience; the school board presidents' gender and experience; and the school districts' size, geographical region, metropolitan setting, and ethnic student profile.
The Limit of Detection of a Reactant, in the Presence of Another, by Kinetic Analysis and Deviation-Pattern Recognition

Abstract When a solution containing a single reactant is subjected to kinetic analysis with a reagent giving rise to a pseudo-first-order reaction, non-linear regression analysis of the concentrationtime data yields a random scatter of the residuals around the best fit to the pseudo-first-order equation. If the same equation is used when a second reactant is also present, systematic errors arise and yield a deviation plot having a characteristic shape. If the amplitude of that plot is substantially larger than the random error of measurement, the presence of the reactant can be detected, and its concentration can then be evaluated by non-linear regression onto the equation that takes its presence into account. The amplitude passes through a maximum as the relative concentration of the second reactant increases, or as the ratio of the rate constants increases. For any given ratio of concentrations, detection of the second reactant is impossible unless the ratio of the rate constants lies within a certain r...
Valproate-Associated Coagulopathies in Children During Short-Term Treatment:

Valproic acid is one of the most frequently prescribed antiepileptic drugs for the therapy of generalized and focal epilepsies. Valproate induces a variety of hemostatic disorders such as thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet function, hypofibrinogenemia, and decreased concentrations of von Willebrand factor, and it rarely causes serious bleeding complications. It may also lead to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. However, there is still lack of knowledge about the incidence and occurrence of these particular side effects. In this prospective systematic study, we assessed the early effects of sodium valproate on both pro- and anticoagulatory factors, homocysteine, and lipoprotein (a) in 24 newly diagnosed epileptic children treated with valproate. Valproate causes decreased factor VII levels, platelet count, factor VIII, Protein C, fibrinogen, and increased lipoprotein (a) levels. To the best of our knowledge, our report is the first in the medical literature, which describes that valproate significantly reduces factor VII levels even during short-term therapy.
A model for the catalytic growth of carbon filaments

Abstract A two-dimensional model of the growth of filamentous carbon using an iron catalyst is presented. A single catalyst particle in the shape of a pear, producing filament diameters in the range from 30 to 100 nm is considered. The steady-state mass balance on the carbon within the particle is solved numerically. The model predicts the hollow structure of carbon filaments accurately and also indicates a strong dependence of growth rate on diameter. These findings are consistent with previous one-dimensional models and experimental observations. This two-dimensional model refines previous one-dimensional models in that it accounts for the variation in diffusion path length with filament radius, and provides predictive capability both with respect to filament inner radius and growth rate. However, the results are not significantly better than those obtained via one-dimensional approximations, and they require significantly more computational effort.
The Evolving Role of Medical Imaging in Lymphoma Management: The Clinician’s Perspective

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms which arise from malignant lymphocytes. Imaging plays an important role in management of lymphoma patients during diagnosis, staging, and response assessment. Functional imaging may also provide prognostic information and improve the ability to detect extranodal disease. This article provides an overview of the evolving role of various imaging techniques in lymphoma from the clinician's perspective. It serves as an introduction to the other articles in this issue that focus on specific areas of lymphoma imaging.
MS-275 synergistically enhances the growth inhibitory effects of RAMBA VN/66-1 in hormone-insensitive PC-3 prostate cancer cells and tumours

Combining drugs, which target different signalling pathways, often decreases adverse side effects while increasing the efficacy of treatment. The objective of our study was to determine if the combination of our novel atypical retinoic acid metabolism-blocking agent (RAMBA) VN/66-1 and a promising histone deacetylase inhibitor N-(2-aminophenyl)4-[N-(pyridine-3-yl-methoxy-carbonyl)aminomethyl]benzamide (MS-275) would show enhanced antineoplastic activity on human PC-3 prostate cancer cells/tumours and also to decipher the molecular mechanisms of action. The combination of VN/66-1+MS-275 was found to be synergistic in inhibiting PC-3 cell growth, caused cell cytostaticity/cytotoxicity and induced marked G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. In mice with well-established PC-3 tumours, VN/66-1 (5 and 10 mg kg−1 day−1) caused significant suppression of tumour growth compared with mice receiving vehicle alone. Furthermore, treatment with VN/66-1 (10 mg kg−1 day−1)+MS-275 (2.5 mg kg−1 day−1) for 18 days resulted in an 85% reduction in final mean tumour volume compared with control and was more effective than either agent alone. Mechanistic studies indicated that treatment of PC-3 cells/tumours with VN/66-1+MS-275 caused DNA damage (upregulation of γH2AX), hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4, upregulation of retinoic acid receptor-β, p21WAF1/CIP1, E-cadherin, and Bad and downregulation of Bcl-2. These data suggest that the mechanism of action of the combination of agents is DNA damage-induced p21 activation, resulting in inhibition of the Cdc2/cyclin B complex and accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. In addition, the combination caused modulation and induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that VN/66-1 or its combination with MS-275 may be a novel therapy for the treatment of prostate carcinoma.
Product life cycle knowledge management using embedded Infotronics: methodology, tools and case studies

The retrieval of product information at every stage of the product life cycle is essential. This paper investigates and develops a systematic methodology for product life cycle knowledge management based on embedded informatics that utilises product maintenance data across the life cycle of the product. The paper presents a methodology, tools and two case studies. Emphasis is made on a major gap and dissociation that exist between the product designer and the customer and how product life cycle management through embedded Infotronics may remedy this situation and allow for product knowledge management through a closed-loop approach.
PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS AND PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are the most common chronic cholestatic liver diseases in adults. They represent clinically distinct diseases with a presumed autoimmune basis. Both conditions are characterized by progressive destruction of bile ducts leading to chronic cholestasis and biliary cirrhosis with its consequent complications, such as portal hypertension and liver failure. Although initially perceived by clinicians as rare diseases, PBC and PSC are being increasingly diagnosed and are currently among the most common reasons for hepatic transplantation.
Partial Testing can Potentiate Learning of Tested and Untested Material From Multimedia Lessons

Test-potentiated learning occurs when testing renders a subsequent study period more effective than it would have been without an intervening test. We examined whether testing only a subset of material from a multimedia lesson would potentiate the restudy of both tested and untested material. In Experiments 1a and 1b, participants studied a multimedia lesson about star formation and then read facts (read participants) or took a test (test participants) on half the information from the lesson. All participants then restudied the entire lesson before taking a final cued-recall test after a 5-min (Experiment 1a) or 20-min (Experiment 1b) delay. On the final test, evidence for test potentiation was observed: Test participants recalled just as much untested material as tested material, whereas read participants recalled less of the unread information than the read information. Furthermore, untested information was better recalled than unread information. The results from these experiments suggest that taking a test on some information from a multimedia lesson aids restudy of both tested and untested information more effectively than does reading that same subset of information. Additionally, in Experiment 2, we found the potentiating benefit of testing to extend to the learning of new, unrelated information—specifically, the learning of a multimedia lesson on a completely different topic. Across all experiments, however, the test participants—despite learning more as reflected by final test performance—reported lower confidence regarding how well they had learned the material than did the read participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Geometry of Elastase-Induced Aneurysms in Rabbits

Thirty New Zealand White rabbits were used in the study. The diameter of the origin of the CCA measured immediately after elastase incubation correlated positively to the aneurysm neck at three week follow up. Moreover, the aneurysm neck both after creation and three week follow-up had a positive correlation with the final dome height. Finally, the dome height was found to be related to the angle between the innominate artery and the aneurysm centerline for dome diameter/neck ratio of <1.5. These results indicate that neck width immediately after creation and the curvature of the parent artery are linked to aneurysm dimensions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Analysis of the Possibility to Simulate a 3D Single-Roll Burnishing Process Using FEA

This simulation follows research conducted at The University of Toledo on single roll burnishing. A couple of FEM models using a commercial software have been developed for investigating stress and strain distribution within the workpiece material. Based on the data collected and analyzed from both a simulated and experimental indentation, adjustment of the initial surface of roll was performed, so that to correspond to the final shape of the real roll when the nominal load is reached. Finally, the burnishing process is simulated and some results are shown. The model developed in this paper could be used to predict stress and strain distribution in the workpiece material.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Symmetry and optimally properties of the single machine problem

Abstract This paper develops some useful concepts and properties for the problem of sequencing n jobs on one machine so as to minimize the maximum lateness when the jobs may have unequal ready times, processing times, and due dates, and pre-emption is not permitted. The properties established include the equivalence among three versions of the problem, the symmetrical nature of the problem and the additive and multiplicative characteristics of the job set parameters. These properties are applied to forward and backward sequencing. A strong sufficient optimality condition is developed and used to obtain tight lower bounds on the optimal solution. The paper demonstrates the applicability of the concepts and properties to the development of efficient optimal and heuristic procedures and to the design of experiments for evaluating the relative performance of solution procedures. Optimal single-pass solutions for special cases of the problem are given.
The Hydantoin Lesions Formed from Oxidation of 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine Are Potent Sources of Replication Errors in Vivo†

Single-stranded DNA genomes have been constructed that site-specifically contain the 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2‘-deoxyguanine (8-oxoG) oxidation products guanidinohydantoin (Gh) and the two stable stereoisomers of spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp1 and Sp2). The circular viral genomes were transfected into wild-type AB1157 Escherichia coli, and the efficiency of lesion bypass by DNA polymerase(s) was assessed. Viral progeny were analyzed for mutation frequency and type using the recently developed restriction endonuclease and postlabeling (REAP) assay. Gh was bypassed nearly as efficiently as the parent 8-oxoG but was highly mutagenic, causing almost exclusive G → C transversions. The stereoisomers Sp1 and Sp2 were, in comparison, much stronger blocks to DNA polymerase extension and caused a mixture of G → T and G → C transversions. The ratio of G → T to G → C mutations for each Sp lesion was dependent on the stereochemical configuration of the base. All observed mutation frequencies were at least an order of magnitude ...
Analysis of Single Integrin Behavior in Living Cells

Integrins are trans-plasma membrane receptors that mediate linkages between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the actin cytoskeleton. In migrating cells, integrins cluster into focal adhesions (FAs). Integrin binding to ECM involves induced conformational changes that increase the affinity of the extracellular domains to ECM ligands, while indirect protein-protein interactions in FAs mediate cytoskeletal linkages. How the motion of individual integrin molecules in the plasma membrane relates to integrin activation, ECM or cytoskeletal binding, and FA formation is unknown. To address these questions, we analyzed the dynamics of single integrin molecules in migrating U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Cells expressing integrin αv or a farnesylated peptide (CAAX) fused to the photoconvertible fluorescent protein, tdEos, were analyzed by single particle tracking photoactivation localization microscopy (SPT-PALM). We imaged a high density of single photoconverted tdEos molecules by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and tracked their trajectories using a globally-optimal SPT algorithm. Analysis of CAAX trajectories revealed that a majority of molecules (84%) exhibited Brownian diffusive behavior with 7% showing confined diffusion (D = 2.5-3×10−13 m2/s). In contrast, a majority of integrin αv trajectories exhibited confined diffusive behavior (74% confined, 21% Brownian; D = 2-5×10−14 m2/s). Image segmentation allowed classification of trajectories inside and outside FAs. Surprisingly, this showed that the proportion of confined or Brownian diffusive behavior was independent of whether molecules were inside or outside FAs. Analysis of integrin αv molecules specifically within FA showed that treatment with Mn2+ to induce integrin activation reduced the confinement radius of diffusion, whereas disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with latrunculin-A significantly increased the confinement radius. These results indicate that integrins can be immobilized without clustering, but can also remain mobile while clustered within FAs. In addition, both activation and cytoskeletal connection contribute to reduced integrin mobility within FAs.
Alkylated trimethylene-bridged bis(p-phenylenediamines).

One and two electron oxidation of N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetramethyl-1,5,12,16-tetraaza[5,5]paracyclophane (Me3C), a bis-trimethylene bridged bis-p-phenylene diamine (PD), and its ethyl and isopropyl analogues are discussed. The monocation and dication are both stable, as demonstrated by optical studies that show they are in equilibrium in solution, with an especially small difference in first and second oxidation potentials for Me3C in MeCN (+23 to −20 mV, measured by simulation of the optical spectrum and of the cyclic voltammogram, respectively). The monocations have charge localized in one PD unit and show a Hush-type mixed valence transition between their PD0 and PD•+ groups. The dications Me3C2+ and Et3C2+ have optical spectra that appear to show large splittings between their PD•+ groups and have a weak ESR spectrum, and 1H NMR data show that the former is a ground-state singlet. iPr3C2+ has a very different optical spectrum and exhibits a triplet ESR spectrum at 120 K. X-ray crystal structures show that fo...
A multiband video system for quick assessment of vegetal condition and discrimination of plant species.

Abstract This paper describes the use of an inexpensive multiband video system that provides narrowband imagery within the visible/near-infrared region for assessment of vegetal condition and discrimination of plant species. The system provides adequate quality imagery which is immediately available for assessment. Vegetative stress or species differences were more apparent in some narrowband images than others, with no band always best. Images of a citrus orchard, for example, showed that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees had greater differences between them in the yellow-green band than in any of the other bands. Image results suggested that this multiband video system can be a versatile and effective tool for field research studies and some general applications.
Psychological adjustment to inflammatory bowel disease: Informational control and private self-consciousness

Until recently the psychological and social factors related to inflammatory bowel disease have been studied as causes rather than as consequences of this condition. This study looks at the impact of these diseases by investigating correlates of psychological adjustment to inflammatory bowel disease. A curvilinear hypothesis predicted that patient adjustment to living with the disease would be related to the amount of information possessed about the disease, and that this relationship would be mediated by the patient's degree of private self-consciousness. Questionnaire returned by 143 members of the Houston Chapter of the National Foundation for Ileitis and Colitis were analyzed. Results indicate that a patient's general level of self-esteem and social competence is the best predictor of disease-related adjustment. Information and adjustment were inversely related for patients with a high degree of private self-consciousness, and unrelated at lower levels of this variable. Perception of control through information predicted adjustment better than information per se.
Estimates of the bolometric albedos and radiation balance of Uranus and Neptune

Models possessing an upper haze layer of finite optical depth and a lower cloud layer of infinite optical depth at discrete altitudes are used to bound the wavelength-averaged phase integrals and bolometric albedos of Uranus and Neptune. The models differ in the assumed value of the particles' single scattering phase function and the wavelength dependence of the haze optical depth. A range of phase functions, from the isotropic to those characterizing Titan, Jupiter, and Saturn atmosphere particles, are discussed. The results obtained imply that the meteorological regimes in the observable atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune may differ considerably; internal heat flux could play a much more important role for Neptune than for Uranus.
Capillary electrophoretic development of aptamers for a glycosylated VEGF peptide fragment

The emergence of functional genomics and proteomics has added to the growing need for improved analysis methods that can detect and distinguish between protein variants resulting from allelic variation, mutation, or post-translational modification. Aptamers, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that fold into three-dimensional structures conducive to binding targets, have become an attractive alternative to antibodies for this type of analysis. Although aptamers have been developed for a wide range of target species, very few sequences have been identified that bind selectively to proteins with specific post-translational modifications. Using capillary electrophoresis-based selection, we have developed DNA aptamer sequences that selectively bind an N-glycosylated peptide fragment of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The selection method incorporates alternating positive- and counter-selection steps in free solution in order to obtain aptamers with both high affinity toward the glycosylated target and high selectivity versus a non-glycosylated variant. Affinity capillary electrophoresis and surface plasmon resonance binding assays indicate these sequences have low-µM dissociation constants and preferentially bind the glycosylated peptide with as much as 50-fold specificity. Such aptamers could serve as tools for rapid and simple monitoring of disease-linked functional changes in proteins, with potential applications in drug screening and disease diagnosis.
A Century of Ramjet Propulsion Technology Evolution

A general review is presented of the worldwide evolution of ramjet propulsion since the Wright brothers e rst turned man’ s imagination to e y into a practical reality. A perspective of the technological developments from subsonic to hypersonic e ight speeds is provided to allow an appreciation for the advances made internationally from the early 1900s to current times. Ramjet, scramjet, and mixed-cycle engine types, and their operation and rationale for use are considered. The development history and principal contributing development programs are reviewed. Major airbreathing technologies that had signie cant impact on the maturation of ramjet propulsion and enabled engine designs to mature to their current state are identie ed. The general state of e ight-demonstrated technology is summarized and compared with the technology base of 1980. The current status of ramjet/scramjet technology is identie ed. Ramjet and scramjet propulsion technology has matured dramatically over the years in support of both military and space access applications, yet many opportunities remain to challenge future generations of explorers.
Interpreting relational meanings: The influence of sex and gender‐role

This study addresses three types of sex differences in relational communication. Male and female respondents completed an assessment of gender‐role measuring agency and communion and read four scenarios with messages attributed to male and female sources. Respondents rated the relational dimensions of affiliation and dominance. Female sources are judged higher in affiliation. Sex and agency interact with situation for perceptions of affiliation. Situation and communion affect judgments of dominance. Individuals higher in communion perceive less dominance. The results provide insight into dominance and affiliation as competing frames for interpreting situations.
Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization over Nickel Phosphide Catalysts: Effect of the Precursor Composition and Support

Silica- and alumina-supported nickel phosphide (Nix Py ) catalysts have been prepared, characterized by bulk and surface sensitive techniques, and evaluated for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene. Series of 30 wt% Nix Py /SiO2 and 20 wt% Nix Py /Al2O3 catalysts were prepared from oxidic precursors with a range of P/Ni molar ratios by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) in flowing H 2 .O xidic precursors with molar ratios of P/Ni = 0.8 and 2.0 yielded catalysts containing phase-pure Ni2P on the silica and alumina supports, respectively. At lower P/Ni ratios, significant Ni 12P5 impurities were present in the Nix Py /SiO2 and Nix Py /Al2O3 catalysts as indicated by X-ray diffraction. The HDS activities of the Nix Py /SiO2 and Nix Py /Al2O3 catalysts depended strongly on the P/Ni molar ratio of the oxidic precursors with optimal activities obtained for catalysts containing phase-pure Ni 2P and minimal excess P. After 48 h on stream, a Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst was 20 and 3.3 times more active than sulfided Ni/SiO 2 and Ni–Mo/SiO2 catalysts, respectively. A Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst was 2.7 times more active than a sulfided Ni/Al 2O3 catalyst but only about half as active as a sulfided Ni–Mo/Al 2O3 catalyst.
Results of Simulated Temperature Control Device Operations on In-Reservoir and Discharge Water Temperatures Using CE-QUAL-W2

ABSTRACT A computer model of the operation of the Shasta Lake temperature control device (TCD) confirms the device's ability to maximize power production and simultaneously reduce summer discharge water temperatures. The TCD's in-reservoir thermal effects were consistent for a wide range of hydrologic conditions. Changes in the thermal structure were most pronounced in the hypolimnion, where summer water temperatures were about 1°C cooler, but up to 5°C warmer in the late fall compared to without-TCD conditions. Epilimnetic effects of the TCD were negligible, with mean temperature differences between with- and without-TCD conditions in the top 20 meters of the reservoir of less than 0.5°C throughout die year. The zone of impact of the TCD was unexpectedly large; in-reservoir temperature changes were seen up to 20 km upstream of the dam in all three major branches. However, in-reservoir temperature changes did not carry over into subsequent years with continued TCD use. Discharge temperature targets were n...
Agendas, Side Issues and Leadership in the US House

We introduce a view of congressional party leaders as strategic manipulators of issue dimensions, similar in spirit to Riker's (1982, 1986) heresthetics. Party leaders have incentives to add to bills content from a secondary dimension in order to attract moderates’ support. This strategy can be cheaper than compromising along the liberal-conservative dimension. Empirically, moderates differ in their second-dimension preferences from non-moderates–a necessary condition for the strategy to work as we suggest it might. House passage of a 1997 emergency appropriations bill illustrates this strategy. Our view of party leadership challenges to some extent the argument that legislative parties reduce the dimensionality of congressional decision making and questions the one-dimensional picture of congressional politics.
Anchoring Expectations of Inflation

Abstract This paper studies the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in a monetary model in which the fiscal policy is Ricardian. The innovation of the paper is to model agents’ expectations as endogenous probabilities which are determined in equilibrium. Since economies with a Ricardian fiscal policy typically exhibit indeterminacy of equilibrium when the monetary policy instrument is the short-term interest rate, we augment the instruments of monetary policy to the interest rates on a family of bonds of maturities 1 , … , T and derive conditions under which this ensures uniqueness of equilibrium.
Intron-flanking EST–PCR markers: from genetic marker development to gene structure analysis in Rhododendron

With a long-term goal of constructing a linkage map of Rhododendron enriched with gene-specific markers, we utilized Rhododendron catawbiense ESTs for the development of high-efficiency (in terms of generating polymorphism frequency) PCR-based markers. Using the gene-sequence alignment between Rhododendron ESTs and the genomic sequences of Arabidopsis homologs, we developed ‘intron-flanking‘ EST–PCR-based primers that would anneal in conserved exon regions and amplify across the more highly diverged introns. These primers resulted in increased efficiency (61% vs. 13%; 4.7-fold) of polymorphism-detection compared with conventional EST–PCR methods, supporting the assumption that intron regions are more diverged than exons. Significantly, this study demonstrates that Arabidopsis genome database can be useful in developing gene-specific PCR-based markers for other non-model plant species for which the EST data are available but genomic sequences are not. The comparative analysis of intron sizes between Rhododendron and Arabidopsis (made possible in this study by aligning of Rhododendron ESTs with Arabidopsis genomic sequences and the sequencing of Rhododendron genomic PCR products) provides the first insight into the gene structure of Rhododendron.
Growth and multiplication ofRhodotorula glutinis as determined by viable and total cell counts

Excellent correlation has been shown between two total and two culture, or viable, count techniques used for cell enumeration studies ofRhodotorula glutinis. The culture methods examined, the “drop plate” and the spread plate proved equally reliable for enumeration except for slight variations during the period of maximal budding of the organism. The Coulter Counter was a valuable tool as it permitted rapid cell population analysis with minimal preparatory procedures. The Petroff-Hausser counting chamber was found applicable only when cell numbers approached 109 or greater.
Tracer gas evaluations of local exhaust hood performance

A local exhaust hood is one of the most commonly used controls for harmful contaminants in the working environment. In Japan, the performance of a hood is evaluated by hood velocity measurements, and administrative performance requirements for hoods are provided as control velocities by the Japanese Industrial Safety and Health Law. However, it is doubtful whether the control velocity would be the most suitable velocity for any industrial hood since the control velocity is not substantiated by actual measurements of the containment ability of each hood. In order to examine the suitability of the control velocity as a performance requirement, a hood performance test by the tracer gas method, using carbon dioxide (CO(2)), was conducted with an exterior type hood in a laboratory. In this study, as an index of the hood performance, capture efficiency defined as the ratio of contaminant quantity captured by the hood to the total generated contaminant quantity, was determined by measuring the CO(2) concentrations. When the assumptive capture point of the contaminant was located at a point 30 cm from the hood opening, a capture efficiency of >90% could be achieved with a suction velocity of less than the current control velocity. Without cross draft, a capture efficiency of >90% could be achieved with a suction velocity of 0.2 m/s (corresponding to 40% of the control velocity) at the capture point. Reduction of the suction velocity to 0.2 m/s caused an 80% decrease in exhaust flow rate. The effect of cross draft, set at 0.3 m/s, on the capture efficiency differed according to its direction. When the direction of the cross draft was normal to the hood centerline, the effect was not recognized and a capture efficiency of >90% could be achieved with a suction velocity of 0.2 m/s. A cross draft from a worker's back (at an angle of 45 degrees to the hood centerline) did not affect the capture efficiency, either. When the cross draft blew at an angle of 135 degrees to the hood centerline, a capture efficiency of >90% could be achieved with a suction velocity of 0.4 m/s. The reduction of suction velocity would beneficially reduce running costs of local exhaust hoods and air conditioning. Effective and economical exhaustion would be achieved if the minimum velocity obtained by the tracer gas method were to be substituted for the excessive control velocity.
Solution and Solid Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Photochemistry: Persistence of TNT-like Ultraviolet (UV) Resonance Raman Bands

We examined the 229 nm deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman (DUVRR) spectra of solution and solid-state trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its solution and solid-state photochemistry. Although TNT photodegrades with a solution quantum yield of ϕ ∼ 0.015, the initial photoproducts show DUVRR spectra extraordinarily similar to pure TNT, due to the similar photoproduct enhancement of the -NO2 stretching vibrations. This results in TNT-like DUVRR spectra even after complete TNT photolysis. These ultraviolet resonance Raman spectral bands enable DUVRR of trace as well as DUVRR standoff TNT detection. We determined the structure of various initial TNT photoproducts by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Similar TNT DUVRR spectra and photoproducts are observed in the solution and solid states.