cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Age-1 Striped Bass Predation on Juvenile Fish in Western Albemarle Sound

Abstract Historically, the fisheries for adult river herring (i.e., alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring A. aestivalis) and American shad A. sapidissima were economically important in Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. Stocks of these species are in decline, while stocks of striped bass Morone saxatilis have increased roughly 10-fold in the Albemarle Sound-Roanoke River since the early 1990s. The goal of this study was to quantify the predatory impact of age-1 striped bass on age-0 prey fishes by estimating striped bass consumption rates and comparing loss rates from predation with total prey loss rates using catch curves. Age-1 striped bass and their potential prey were collected with beach and purse seines from western Albemarle Sound from spring to fall, 2002 and 2003. Commercially and ecologically important prey in one or both years included river herring, American shad, Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, and yellow perch Perca flavescens. Predation by age-1 striped bass had a marked ef...
Moral Epistemology and Ideological Conflict in American Political Behavior

Objective The nature and extent of polarization in the American electorate remains fiercely disputed. This study investigates the depth of ideological and value cleavages in political behavior by examining the influence of adherence to three categories of moral epistemology: premodern (morality is absolute, and stems from the guidance of a supernatural source), modern (morality is absolute, and can be determined through scientific and rational means), and postmodern (morality is nonabsolute, and stems from the subjective values of individuals or groups). Methods Multiple correspondence analysis and multiple regression are used to analyze data from Pew's 2008 U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Results Premodern adherence exerts a general rightward effect and postmodern adherence exerts a general leftward effect on political attitudes. Among politically attentive respondents, moral epistemology promotes ideological constraint across the economic, social, and foreign policy issue domains. Conclusion These findings indicate that ideological divisions in the American electorate are at least partly reflective of fundamental differences in beliefs about the nature and sources of moral knowledge.
The clinical management of acute intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype with high mortality and significant disability among survivors. The management of ICH has been influenced by the results of several major trials completed in the last decade. It is now recognized that hematoma expansion is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. However, efforts to improve clinical outcome through mitigation of hematoma expansion have so far been unsuccessful. Acute blood pressure management has recently been shown to be safe in the setting of acute ICH but there was no reduction in mortality with early blood pressure (BP) lowering. Two large trials of surgical evacuation of supratentorial ICH have not shown improvement in outcome with surgery, thus minimally invasive surgical strategies are currently being studied. Lastly, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of ICH has led to the identification of several new mechanisms of injury that could be potential therapeutic targets.
Biological Activities of Uric Acid in Infection due to Enteropathogenic and Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli

In previous work, we identified xanthine oxidase (XO) as an important enzyme in the interaction between the host and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli(EPEC) and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli(STEC). Many of the biological effects of XO were due to the hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme. We wondered, however, if uric acid generated by XO also had biological effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Uric acid triggered inflammatory responses in the gut, including increased submucosal edema and release of extracellular DNA from host cells. While uric acid alone was unable to trigger a chloride secretory response in intestinal monolayers, it did potentiate the secretory response to cyclic AMP agonists. Uric acid crystals were formed in vivo in the lumen of the gut in response to EPEC and STEC infections. While trying to visualize uric acid crystals formed during EPEC and STEC infections, we noticed that uric acid crystals became enmeshed in the neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) produced from host cells in response to bacteria in cultured cell systems and in the intestine in vivo Uric acid levels in the gut lumen increased in response to exogenous DNA, and these increases were enhanced by the actions of DNase I. Interestingly, addition of DNase I reduced the numbers of EPEC bacteria recovered after a 20-h infection and protected against EPEC-induced histologic damage.
Intravenous Injection of Aminoacids in Regeneration of Serum Protein Following Severe Experimental Hemorrhage

SummaryHealthy starving dogs subjected to a single severe hemorrhage revealed a much more striking regeneration of serum protein in 6 and 24 hours when treated by intravenous injection of a complete mixture of aminoacids and glucose than of glucose alone. The findings suggest that the aminoacids introduced in this way are utilized in the regeneration of serum protein. Clinical observations in patients unable to take protein by mouth have given similar results; nitrogen balance observations on them as well as on animals are now being carried out.
A temperature- and age-dependent simulation model of reproduction for the northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Based on data collected at seven constant temperatures, a temperature- and age-dependent model for reproductive development and oviposition by Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence was developed. The model couples temperature-dependent rate and temperature-independent distribution models to represent the observed variability in developmental times for pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive females. Using a cohort approach to maintain a physiological age structure, development was coupled with a temperature- and age-dependent model of oviposition. The model was validated at one constant-temperature and three variable-temperature regimes in the laboratory. The time spent in the pre-reproductive stage was slightly underestimated by the model, but the development of mature females and both the timing and magnitude of oviposition under fluctuating-temperature regimes were accurately predicted. The model was relatively insensitive to errors in estimation of the rate of development in the pre-reproductive stage but sensitive to errors in estimation of developmental rate of the reproductive stage and fecundity. Errors in input temperatures were found to be very important, stressing the need for accurately measuring temperature, The major driving variable. The model should be a valuable aid toward understanding oviposition by D . barberi in the field.
Co3O4 Epitaxial Formation on CoO(100)

Co3O4 epitaxies grow readily on cobalt monoxide substrates under a wide range of oxidizing pretreatment conditions. The nucleation and growth of Co3O4 on CoO(lOO) have been investigated by XPS, HREELS and LEED. Both rocksalt CoO and spinel Co3O4 share the geometric characteristic of closest packed lattice O2+ with oxygen to oxygen distances that match to within 5%. We propose a mechanism whereby the Co2+ move from octahedral CoO(100) surface sites to bridging O2- -O2-, positions that correspond to tetrahedral Co2+ sites in the spinel. Oxygen added to the surface finds its way into the near-surface region both as lattice O2-, chemically indistinguishable in CoO and Co3O4, and as excess surface oxygen. The excess oxygen, which gives an XPS binding energy of 531.6 eV and a HREELS signature at 137 meV (1100 cm-1) identifies it as a superoxo species. This species can be added and removed reversibly from the surface by annealing under oxidizing/UHV reducing conditions.
Psychosocial Concerns of the Ventilator-dependent Child in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

An increasing number of infants and children suffer from respiratory and neuromuscular diseases that render them ventilator-dependent. These patients spend months in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) until they are either extubated or are stable enough to tolerate home ventilation. The critical nature of the PICU and its emphasis on meeting short-term goals is not readily compatible with the long-term and dynamic needs of developing children. In order to prevent the delays in growth and development that often occur during prolonged hospitalizations, this article addresses the impediments to normal growth and development in the PICU and offers specific suggestions on how the environment and nursing care can be changed to support the development of ventilator-dependent children and their families.
Application of real-time fluorescent PCR technique in detection of enterotoxin genes in Staphyloccocus aureus

Objective:Using real-time fluorescent PCR method to detect enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) isolates from different sources.Methods: Primers were designed based on enterotoxin SEA~SEE genes sequences from S.aureus and applied with SYBR Green I fluorescent dye to establish real-time PCR system.Results: 22 strains carrying enterotoxin genes were detected from 46 S.aureus strains,and the positive rate of enterotoxin gene in isolates was 47.83%.The most frequently found genes were SEA(31.82%) and SEB(27.27%).The detection rates of enterotoxin gene from different sources were different,and the isolates with more than one toxin gene accounted for 27.27%.Conclusion: SYBR Green I incorporation assay of real-time PCR can be applied in gene typing of S.aureus enterotoxin,which is more rapid,sensitive and specific.The typing and screening method could be promoted to use in grass roots CDC conveniently.
Research of Tools Rapid Preparation Based on Networked Manufacturing Environment

Firstly introduces the project background of tool rapid preparation,and then analyzes and studies the key technology of tool rapid preparation based on the urgent requirement of tool rapid preparation.Lastly studies the process and application infrastructure of tool rapid preparation system based on the fast diffusing manufacturing by introducing one civil aviation engine enterprise.
Extracorporeal Irradiation of the Blood

White blood cells are radiosensitive, red blood cells radioresistant. The arteriovenous shunt used for renal dialysis makes it feasible to pass the blood through an external radiation source. Would this approach prove effective against leukemia while sparing the red blood cells? Dr. Cronkite describes the problems that had to be solved and evaluates the status of ECIB in leukemia therapy.
Determination of Extractable Mirex in Whole Blood

A method for the determination of free mirex in blood has been developed in which whole blood is extracted with acetone-hexane (9+91), passed through Na2SO4, concentrated, and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatograpohy (GLC). Results were highest for fresh blood. Recoveries were verified by determining 14C-labeled mirex before and after extraction. Little mirex was detected in the samples after extraction. Hydrolysis of residual blood indicates that a metabolite of mirex is released. The possible metabolite has a GLC retention time and mass spectrum which resemble hydroxy metabolites of mirex.
Institutional Language(s) and the Enactment of Language

This chapter looks at institutional language (rhetoric) and its enactment (practice) through the lens of communication theory. Mayock here looks at codes of language, ways to challenge the status quo through language, women’s and men’s language uses and strategies, language on-script versus off-script, and the application of language to professional and social networking.
The New Middle Class as an Aristotelian Base for Democracy

Especially in the United States, but also in Western Europe, the dramatic decline of the small business, small farmer, and independent professional classes has been well documented and is hardly controversial.1 Family farms produce a lower percentage of total food production each year; small store owners are replaced by franchise chains in most of the new shopping centres. Supermarkets, and now, even franchise all-night grocery stores, are taking a larger and larger share of the market. This latter process is ccurring more slowly in Europe than in the United States, but on the other hand, in Europe, health and service professionals are declining more quickly (as independent small businessmen), since they are becoming absorbed into the ‘socialized’ service sector. In the United States, of course, doctors, lawyers, accountants, and other professionals are rapidly becoming absorbed into hospital, court, corporate, and government bureaucracies.2
Introduction: The Problem of Post-Racialism

Barack Obama’s election as president of the United States in 2008 was no ordinary event. It represented a radical break in American history, a potent symbol of black progress, and a significant example of the society’s ability to move some way toward living up to its higher ideals. The startling truth of a black president juxtaposed against the backdrop of a brutal racial history explains the excitement expressed by Americans and people around the globe. Observers who claimed to be witnessing history were not being hyperbolic; nor were their tears mere expressions of sentiment. Obama’s victory seemed the very essence of Martin Luther King’s Promised Land, where content of character, rather than presumed group-based attributes, determines the individual’s fate.
Cases of remission of psychosis following resection of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma

The author previously proposed that schizophrenia has similar cytokine expression compared to melanoma, a neural crest cell tumor. One possible tumor model of schizophrenia includes anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, a paraneoplastic syndrome. While examining the possible relationship of neural crest cell tumors to schizophrenia, the author found several case reports of psychosis resulting from pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, types of neural crest cell tumors that secrete catecholamines. In most cases, surgical resection of the tumors resulted in remission of psychotic symptoms, and some remissions were associated with reduced levels of peripheral catecholamine levels. These reports suggest, first, that the differential diagnosis of psychosis with autonomic instability should include these tumors. Second, the cases raise a theoretical question as to how these tumors might cause psychosis. On one hand, the elevated peripheral catecholamines caused by these tumors generally agree with aspects of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia although the mechanism of how peripheral dopamine would cause psychosis is unknown. On the other hand, these tumors could possibly secrete an unidentified antibody to a receptor similar to what is observed in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome Asociated with Topiramate for Adolescent Migraine Prevention

Neuroscientists at the University Medical Centre Hamburg, Germany, report the case of a 17-year-old girl with migraine without aura who developed an intermittent “Alice in Wonderland Syndrome” associated with prophylactic treatment of migraine headaches with topiramate.
Mental illness and violent behavior: the role of dissociation

The role of mental illness in violent crime is elusive, and there are harmful stereotypes that mentally ill people are frequently violent criminals. Studies find greater psychopathology among violent offenders, especially convicted homicide offenders, and higher rates of violence perpetration and victimization among those with mental illness. Emotion dysregulation may be one way in which mental illness contributes to violent and/or criminal behavior. Although there are many stereotyped portrayals of individuals with dissociative disorders (DDs) being violent, the link between DDs and crime is rarely researched. We reviewed the extant literature on DDs and violence and found it is limited to case study reviews. The present study addresses this gap through assessing 6-month criminal justice involvement among 173 individuals with DDs currently in treatment. We investigated whether their criminal behavior is predicted by patient self-reported dissociative, posttraumatic stress disorder and emotion dysregulation symptoms, as well as clinician-reprted depressive disorders and substance use disorder. Past 6 month criminal justice involvement was notably low: 13% of the patients reported general police contact and 5% reported involvement in a court case, although either of these could have involved the DD individual as a witness, victim or criminal. Only 3.6% were recent criminal witnesses, 3% reported having been charged with an offense, 1.8% were fined, and 0.6% were incarcerated in the past 6 months. No convictions or probations in the prior 6 months were reported. None of the symptoms reliably predicted recent criminal behavior. In a representative sample of individuals with DDs, recent criminal justice involvement was low, and symptomatology did not predict criminality. We discuss the implications of these findings and future directions for research.
Self-Expression Cues in Product Rating Distributions: When People Prefer Polarizing Products

Previous research has shown that material goods can help people self-express, either because the products are themselves self-expressive (e.g., a band T-shirt) or because the products are associated with a desired group. This article examines a new signal of self-expressiveness: whether the product is polarizing—that is, whether some people strongly like the product and other people strongly dislike the product. Eight studies examine how polarization and its associated indicator in the online domain (a bimodal distribution of user star ratings) affects consumer preferences. The results indicate that polarizing products are perceived to be more self-expressive and to serve as stronger indicators of one’s tastes and personality. As a result, people find products with bimodal rating distributions to be more desirable when they experience temporary or chronic low self-concept clarity. Further, people evaluate products with bimodal distributions more favorably in consumption contexts in which self-expression is important. These effects emerge when the bimodal distribution pertains to a self-expressive attribute (e.g., style) but not when it pertains to a non-self-expressive attribute (e.g., quality). Last, the effect is especially strong when people have the motivation to express an individual- rather than group-level identity. Hence, polarizing products are seen as vehicles for individual self-expression.
Conditioned-hunger drive as indicated by avoidance of a situation previously associated with hunger

This investigation concerned evidence for conditioned hunger in terms of the tendency for animals to leave an environment previously associated with hunger. The Ss were placed in a distinctive white box for 30 minutes a day for 45 days; one group always was 21½-hours hungry, a control group was relatively satiated (one-hour hungry). The Ss were then tested by being allowed a 10-minute period in the white box during which they could move freely into (or out of) a black box attached to one side of the white box. The amount of time out of the 10-minute period that Ss spent in the black box was recorded along with the number of crossings between the white and black box. The Ss were tested on two separate days. They were satiated the first test day, 22-hours hungry the second test day. Experimental Ss spent significantly more time in the black box than the controls and made significantly more crossings. Various interpretations of the differences in exploratory behavior were discussed. In view of the greater number of crossings the results were regarded as reflecting differences in exploratory activity rather than avoidance of the white box.
Nonclinical toxicities associated with enzastaurin, a potent and specific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), in dogs

266 Enzastaurin is being developed as a therapy in solid malignant tumors, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiation. Enzastaurin, an oral, targeted multi-kinase inhibitor, suppresses signaling through PKCs and the PI3K/AKT pathway to induce tumor cell apoptosis, reduce proliferation, and suppress tumor-induced angiogenesis. Enzastaurin has been studied in dogs in repeat-dose toxicity studies of up to 6 months duration. Enzastaurin-related effects identified in dogs include ocular cataracts and hepatobiliary toxicity in a 6-month study and prolongation of the QT interval in a 1-month study. In a 6 month repeat dose study, non-reversible bilateral lenticular cataracts, identified following 13 weeks of daily oral dosing, were noted in dogs given 200/100 mg/kg. These dogs were orally administered 200 mg/kg daily for 24 days. Due to anorexia and body weight loss, dosing for this group was suspended, the dose was reduced to 100 mg/kg, and dosing was resumed on Day 33. The cataracts were first noted in the posterior capsular region, and, in some animals, progressed over the course of the study to the cortical and nuclear regions of the lens. By the end of the study, cataracts were observed in 5 of 7 males and 6 of 8 females given 200/100 mg/kg. Hepatobiliary toxicity was noted after 4 weeks of dosing in dogs given 200 mg/kg and was characterized by increased aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyltransferase. The effects on liver enzyme activities for most of the high-dose dogs were partially to completely reversed following the reduction of the dose to 100 mg/kg. Important histomorphologic changes in the liver included chronic cholangiohepatitis. Hepatobiliary pigment, randomly distributed inflammation, and/or minimal biliary hyperplasia were also noted in this dose group. At the end of a 1-month repeat dose study, prolongation of the QT interval (the time from the onset of ventricular depolarization [the Q wave] to completion of repolarization [the end of the T wave]) and of the QTc interval (QT interval corrected for heart rate) was noted at 60 mg/kg (the highest dose administered in this study). This finding was not replicated in dogs at higher administered doses (up to and including 200 mg/kg) and higher maximum plasma concentrations in the 6-month repeat-dose toxicity study. In summary, toxicologically important findings in dogs were limited to irreversible hepatobiliary toxicity and cataracts in dogs given 200/100 mg enzastaurin/kg in a 6-month study and QT/QTc prolongation in dogs given 60 mg enzastaurin/kg in a 1-month study.
Automatic generation and simulation of urban building energy models based on city datasets for city-scale building retrofit analysis

Abstract Buildings in cities consume 30–70% of total primary energy, and improving building energy efficiency is one of the key strategies towards sustainable urbanization. Urban building energy models (UBEM) can support city managers to evaluate and prioritize energy conservation measures (ECMs) for investment and the design of incentive and rebate programs. This paper presents the retrofit analysis feature of City Building Energy Saver (CityBES) to automatically generate and simulate UBEM using EnergyPlus based on cities’ building datasets and user-selected ECMs. CityBES is a new open web-based tool to support city-scale building energy efficiency strategic plans and programs. The technical details of using CityBES for UBEM generation and simulation are introduced, including the workflow, key assumptions, and major databases. Also presented is a case study that analyzes the potential retrofit energy use and energy cost savings of five individual ECMs and two measure packages for 940 office and retail buildings in six city districts in northeast San Francisco, United States. The results show that: (1) all five measures together can save 23–38% of site energy per building; (2) replacing lighting with light-emitting diode lamps and adding air economizers to existing heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are most cost-effective with an average payback of 2.0 and 4.3 years, respectively; and (3) it is not economical to upgrade HVAC systems or replace windows in San Francisco due to the city’s mild climate and minimal cooling and heating loads. The CityBES retrofit analysis feature does not require users to have deep knowledge of building systems or technologies for the generation and simulation of building energy models, which helps overcome major technical barriers for city managers and their consultants to adopt UBEM.
NEARFIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMEDICAL ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS

Abstract Medical ultrasonic systems are currently being used in a wide variety of diagnostic applications. Although there is an increasing research effort to develop multi-element systems using phased array techniques, the systems in present clinical use are primarily single element systems which utilize acoustic near field information. The initial portion of the present paper reports the development of an automated digitally controlled measurement system which can be used for both harmonic and pulsed acoustic near field studies of biomedical ultrasonic transducers which operate in the megahertz range. The latter portion of the paper presents the results of a brief experimental investigation of the near field characteristics of several typical ultrasonic transducers. Both transverse and axial near field scans are presented for the transducers.
EMOTION, METAPHOR, MUSIC, AND HUMOR

I will first give a sampling of the arguments in my 1995 book Emotion in Aesthetics.1 John Hospers and Peter Kivy basically gave up on understanding how music renders emotion claiming that it is a mysterious necessity and divine mystery.2 Diana Raffman recently argued that our knowledge of emotion in music is ineffable.3 One of the most lucid statements in this regard comes from Harold Osborne, President of the British Society of Aesthetics, who advised that the entire controversy regarding the problem of expressionism in music be given up: He stated that “Problems that have no solution are problems to be repudiated.”4 I will propose a solution.
An Escherichia coli-based bioengineering strategy to study streptolysin S biosynthesis

Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is a leading human pathogen that produces a powerful cytolytic bacteriocin known as streptolysin S (SLS). We have developed a bioengineering strategy to successfully reconstitute SLS activity using heterologous expression in laboratory strains of Escherichia coli. Our E. coli-based heterologous expression system will allow more detailed studies into the biosynthesis of other bacteriocin compounds and the production of these natural products in much greater yield.
Comment on ‘Cross-border emerging market lending’ by Peter Aerni and Georg Junge

As capital reflows to the developing world in general, and to Latin America in particular, the big question is are these countries reaping rewards for all their gains in liberalizing their economies or are we witnessing a rebuilding on a flood plain? This paper offers an cogent if perhaps optimistic overview of the issues, reviewing the basic empirical facts and theoretical considerations.1 Though generally careful, the paper sometimes slips into lumping all emerging markets together, which perhaps masks some important issues. The problems in Africa are quite different from those of Latin America, and the fast-growing countries of Asia face very different obstacles from those confronting the debt-crisis countries. I will focus my remarks on Latin America, since that region appears to be the locus of the most dramatic swings in investor sentiment.
Teaching NeuroImages: Spinal cord syrinx secondary to a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula.

A 60-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of progressive lower limb weakness, numbness, urinary retention, and chronic constipation with superimposed episodes of severe paraparesis. MRI showed a cervicothoracic syrinx with flow voids (figure). Spinal angiography revealed a type I spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF), which was treated with surgical ligation. The patient demonstrated dramatic clinical improvement and resolution of the syrinx. We are aware of one other case report of syrinx associated with SDAVF with similar outcome.1 Thoracic SDAVF often occurs in men in the seventh decade, with leg weakness exacerbated by exercise,2 and may be a treatable cause of syrinx.
A Population-Based Descriptive Atlas of Invasive Pneumococcal Strains Recovered Within the U.S. During 2015-2016.

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has greatly decreased since implementation in the U.S. of the 7 valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in 2000 and 13 valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 2010. We used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to predict phenotypic traits (serotypes, antimicrobial phenotypes, and pilus determinants) and determine multilocus genotypes from 5334 isolates (~90% of cases) recovered during 2015-2016 through Active Bacterial Core surveillance. We identified 44 serotypes; 26 accounted for 98% of the isolates. PCV13 serotypes (inclusive of serotype 6C) accounted for 1503 (28.2%) isolates, with serotype 3 most common (657/5334, 12.3%), while serotypes 1 and 5 were undetected. Of 305 isolates from children 0.12 μg/ml) was found among 22.4% (1193/5334) isolates, with higher penicillin MICs (2-8 μg/ml) found in 8.0% (425/5334) of isolates that were primarily (372/425, 87.5%) serotypes 35B and 19A. Most (792/1193, 66.4%) penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates were macrolide-resistant, 410 (34.4%) of which were erm gene positive and clindamycin-resistant. The proportion of macrolide-resistant isolates increased with increasing penicillin MICs; even isolates with reduced penicillin susceptibility (MIC = 0.06 μg/ml) were much more likely to be macrolide-resistant than basally penicillin-susceptible isolates (MIC < 0.03 μg/ml). The contribution of recombination to strain diversification was assessed through quantitating 35B/CC558-specific bioinformatic pipeline features among non-CC558 CCs and determining the sizes of gene replacements. Although IPD has decreased greatly and stabilized in the post-PCV13 era, the species continually generates recombinants that adapt to selective pressures exerted by vaccines and antimicrobials. These data serve as a baseline for monitoring future changes within each invasive serotype.
To abstain or not to abstain

Ozge Tuncalp considers whether abstinence-only sex education programmes are really the best method to prevent unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections
Comprehensive study of nuclear receptor DNA binding provides a revised framework for understanding receptor specificity

The type II nuclear receptors (NRs) function as heterodimeric transcription factors with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate diverse biological processes in response to endogenous ligands and therapeutic drugs. DNA-binding specificity has been proposed as a primary mechanism for NR gene regulatory specificity. Here we use protein-binding microarrays (PBMs) to comprehensively analyze the DNA binding of 12 NR:RXRα dimers. We find more promiscuous NR-DNA binding than has been reported, challenging the view that NR binding specificity is defined by half-site spacing. We show that NRs bind DNA using two distinct modes, explaining widespread NR binding to half-sites in vivo. Finally, we show that the current models of NR specificity better reflect binding-site activity rather than binding-site affinity. Our rich dataset and revised NR binding models provide a framework for understanding NR regulatory specificity and will facilitate more accurate analyses of genomic datasets.
Development of gynecomastia following initiation of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide.

Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) is a recently approved single-tablet antiretroviral regimen and is recommended as a first-line agent. No cases of gynecomastia were rep...
Acute appendicitis and rotavirus infection in an infant

Abstract Appendicitis is the most common surgical disease in the pediatric population, yet most patients are preschool age or older at the time of diagnosis. Rarely, appendicitis does occur in infants. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis in an infant is less commonly considered, given its rarity and often vague presenting symptoms. When the diagnosis is missed in this age group, greater morbidity and mortality may occur. Typically, appendicitis is not associated with gastroenteritis, however, we present a 3-month-old with acute appendicitis with concurrent rotavirus infection.
Quantizing Spiking Neural Networks with Integers

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are a promising approach to developing autonomous agents that continuously adapt to their environment. Developing low-power SNNs that can be implemented on a digital platform is a critical step to the realization of such agents. One of the most important methods of implementing low-power SNNs requires operating at reduced precision. While traditional computer vision has seen a lot of research examining the trade-offs between precision and model performance, such trade-offs are underexamined for contemporary SNNs. This paper studies the trade-offs associated with learning-performance and the quantization of neural dynamics, weights and learning components in SNNs. Our results show that SNNs trained using only integer fixed-point representations can still retain their accuracy while occupying dramatically lower memory footprints and using only energy-efficient fixed-point arithmetic. We show that the memory usage of SNNs trained with reduced precision weights, errors, gradients and neural dynamics can be downsized by 73.78% at the cost of 1.04% test error increase on the DVS gesture data set.
Testing an Integrated Model of Alcohol Norms and Availability, Binge Drinking, and Teen Dating Violence

This study examined an integrated model that proposes that alcohol availability and alcohol norms will directly and indirectly via binge drinking predict physical, sexual, and emotional teen dating...
Advances in the diagnostic options for prostate cancer.

Over the past decade, despite the controversies surrounding prostate cancer screening, significant refinements have improved its application. PSA screening, although it has been questioned, appears...
Ph-Like ALL: Diagnosis and Management

Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like or BCR-ABL1-like ALL) is a recently described subset of B-ALL occurring in children, adolescents and young adults (AYAs), and older adults. Ph-like ALL has a gene expression profile similar to that of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) ALL, but without the characteristic BCR-ABL1 fusion oncogene expressed from t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2). Similar to Ph+ ALL, Ph-like ALL is associated with a kinase-activated gene expression signature and frequent concomitant deletions of IKZF1, a gene encoding the lymphoid transcription factor IKAROS, as well as with high relapse risk and poor clinical outcomes. In this chapter, we discuss the biologic and clinical features of Ph-like ALL and describe the current and planned precision medicine trials for these high-risk patients.
A Tutorial on Horizon-Based Optical Navigation and Attitude Determination With Space Imaging Systems

Images of a nearby celestial body collected by a camera on an exploration spacecraft contain a wealth of actionable information. This work considers how the apparent location of the observed body’s horizon in a digital image may be used to infer the relative position, attitude, or both. When the celestial body is a sphere, spheroid, or ellipsoid (as is the case for most large bodies in the Solar System), the projected horizon in an image is a conic—usually an ellipse at large distances and a hyperbola at small distances. This work develops non-iterative and analytically exact methods for every case (all combinations of unknown state parameters and quadric shapes), completely superseding older horizon-based methods that are iterative, approximate, or both. Some of the analytic methods presented in this work are new. Recognizing that these developments build on techniques that may be unfamiliar to many spacecraft navigators, this work is fashioned as a tutorial. Descriptive illustrations and numerical examples are provided to make concepts clear and to validate the proposed algorithms.
Demographic performance of a large herbivore: effects of winter nutrition and weather

Variation among demographic rates for a population reflects the allocation of available energy by individuals to competing life-history strategies. Species exhibiting slow-paced life histories often prioritize energy allocation to adult survival over any single reproductive event, therefore maximizing future reproductive potential. Survival of adult female ungulates is generally high with little variability, whereas survival of young is lower and often highly variable. When adult survival is high with low variability, juvenile survival may have a proportionally greater effect on population growth or decline. Weather also may affect population dynamics directly by influencing survival of young or adults, or indirectly through changes in nutritional condition of adult females that influence population growth rates. We experimentally manipulated forage availability during winter, by supplementing native forage with high-energy pelleted feed ad libitum, to a subset of a population of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to understand the effects of winter nutrition on survival of adult females and their young born the subsequent summer. We evaluated the effects of winter nutrition, individual-based parameters, and environmental covariates on survival of adult female mule deer from 2013 to 2018, and neonatal mule deer from 2014 to 2016. We documented a 26% decrease in annual survival of adult female mule deer in 2017 in response to increased snowpack during the preceding winter. Neonates born to females that receive enhanced nutrition during winter preceding parturition had higher survival to weaning (0.49, SE = 0.12), compared to neonates born to females that did not receive enhanced nutrition (0.29, SE = 0.07).We observed no effect of enhanced winter nutrition on survival of adult females. Our results suggested winter nutrition of maternal females may influence juvenile survival and demonstrates the importance of forage quality available to adult females during mid-pregnancy. Although we were unable to detect an effect of winter forage on survival of adults, direct effects of deep winter snow resulted in lower survival of adult females. Low survival of adult females in our study population is indicative of a declining population.
Dynamic Simulation as an Approach to Understanding Hurricane Risk Response: Insights from the Stormview Lab

This article investigates the use of dynamic laboratory simulations as a tool for studying decisions to prepare for hurricane threats. A prototype web-based simulation named Stormview is described that allows individuals to experience the approach of a hurricane in a computer-based environment. In Stormview participants can gather storm information through various media, hear the opinions of neighbors, and indicate intentions to take protective action. We illustrate how the ability to exert experimental control over the information viewed by participants can be used to provide insights into decision making that would be difficult to gain from field studies, such as how preparedness decisions are affected by the nature of news coverage of prior storms, how a storm’s movement is depicted in graphics, and the content of word-of-mouth communications. Data from an initial application involving a sample of Florida residents reveal a number of unexpected findings about hurricane risk response. Participants who viewed forecast graphics, which contained track lines depicting the most likely path of the storm, for example, had higher levels of preparation than those who saw graphics that showed only uncertainty cones — even among those living far from the predicted center path. Similarly, the participants who were most likely to express worry about an approaching storm and fastest to undertake preparatory action were those who, ironically, had never experienced one. Finally, external validity is evidenced by a close rank-order correspondence between patterns of information use revealed in the lab and that found in previous cross-sectional field studies.
FedMask: Joint Computation and Communication-Efficient Personalized Federated Learning via Heterogeneous Masking

Recent advancements in deep neural networks (DNN) enabled various mobile deep learning applications. However, it is technically challenging to locally train a DNN model due to limited data on devices like mobile phones. Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm which allows for model training on decentralized data residing on devices without breaching data privacy. Hence, FL becomes a natural choice for deploying on-device deep learning applications. However, the data residing across devices is intrinsically statistically heterogeneous (i.e., non-IID data distribution) and mobile devices usually have limited communication bandwidth to transfer local updates. Such statistical heterogeneity and communication bandwidth limit are two major bottlenecks that hinder applying FL in practice. In addition, considering mobile devices usually have limited computational resources, improving computation efficiency of training and running DNNs is critical to developing on-device deep learning applications. In this paper, we present FedMask - a communication and computation efficient FL framework. By applying FedMask, each device can learn a personalized and structured sparse DNN, which can run efficiently on devices. To achieve this, each device learns a sparse binary mask (i.e., 1 bit per network parameter) while keeping the parameters of each local model unchanged; only these binary masks will be communicated between the server and the devices. Instead of learning a shared global model in classic FL, each device obtains a personalized and structured sparse model that is composed by applying the learned binary mask to the fixed parameters of the local model. Our experiments show that compared with status quo approaches, FedMask improves the inference accuracy by 28.47% and reduces the communication cost and the computation cost by 34.48X and 2.44X. FedMask also achieves 1.56X inference speedup and reduces the energy consumption by 1.78X.
Status of Tests of Double-Sided Solid State Multistripe Detectors

Two double-sided multistripe silicon detectors purchased from Micron Semiconductor, Ltd. have been bench tested. The devices are 40 mm x 40 mm x 300 μm thick, with 40 stripes on each side, in directions orthogonal to each other. Interstripe resistances of 250 ± 100 kΩ. were measured on the non-diode (ohmic) side when the detectors were fully depleted. A Sr90 source and charge sensitive amplifiers were used to measure charge correlations between orthogonal stripes on opposite sides of the detectors as a function of bias voltage. At a full depletion voltage of 42 V, the difference in pulse heights from opposite-side stripes gave a Gaussian distribution consistent with the amplifier noise, indicating that the detectors work well as two dimensional position sensitive devices.
A commentary on David A. Hounshell's commentary on "software as labor process"

We particularly value David Hounshell’s commentary for the way in which it situates our work in relation to both the old “new” and new “new” labor historiography. We endorse his suggestion to draw a connection between the recent professionalization efforts of “software engineers” and the larger histories of the established engineering disciplines. Hounshell challenges us to engage further with the professionalization literature. In retrospect we could have been more explicit, but it had been our intention to pose provocative questions rather than provide definitive analysis. We expect that our readers will have no difficulty recognizing our description of the historical controversy over “what is programming?” and “what makes for an exceptional programmer?” as attempts to establish autonomous control over what sociologists of professions refer to as “socially valuable body of esoteric knowledge.” The psychological profiles and programming aptitude tests of the early 1950s, the certification debates of the mid-1960s, and the persistent tension between the “art” of programming and the “science” of software engineering are expressions of an ongoing struggle by computer programmers to establish professional and intellectual legitimacy.
Competition of normal beta chains and sickle haemoglobin beta chains for alpha chains as a post-translational control mechanism.

ADULT human haemoglobin (HbA) is a tetrameric protein with two α and two β polypeptide chains. Theoretically, individuals heterozygous for a β-chain mutation should have equal amounts of the normal HbA (αA2βA2) and an abnormal variant (αA2βX2) in their red cells. However, these people usually have different amounts of the two haemoglobins. For example, the red cells of sickle cell trait individuals usually contain about 60% HbA and 40% HbS1–5. Those who also have an α-thalassaemia gene(s), which decreases production of α chains, have an even lower proportion of HbS6–12. Each of these two haemoglobin polymers has an α-chain type common to both proteins as well as a specific βA or βS chain type. The individual α, βA, and βS chain types can be isolated in vitro in a functional form so that the haemoglobin tetramers can be reconstituted from appropriate mixtures of α and β chains13. Here we report that more HbA than HbS was formed when a mixture of equal amounts of βA and βS chains was incubated with limiting concentrations of α chains. These results suggest that a similar form of post-translational control of haemoglobin assembly may exist in some erythroid cells in vivo. The accomplishment of these experiments and the interpretation of the results were greatly facilitated by the use of radiolabelled haemoglobin chains of high specific activity.
Estimation of the Fraction of the Lactose in a High Lactose Diet Available for Fermentation in the Cecum and Colon of the Rat

Experiments were conducted to determine the amount of lactose which passed into the large intestine and the lactase activity in the small intestine of rats (200 g) fed a control diet or a diet containing 30% lactose. The fraction of lactose consumed in a single 1-hour meal that escaped hydrolysis in the small intestine was estimated by measuring the area under a smooth curve of a plot of lactose:marker ratio in the terminal ileum expressed as a fraction of intake, against the fraction of the total marker that passed into the large intestine. This amounted to approximately 30% and 31.5% of the lactose consumed for the rats fed the control and 30% lactose diets, respectively. In another experiment in which the rats were fed a diet containing 30% lactose and the Cr-EDTA marker ad libitum for 1 week, approximately 43% of the lactose consumed became available for fermentation in the large intestine. This work suggests that a substantial fraction of the lactose ingested is available for fermentation in the large intestine. The lactase activity of homogenates of the small intestine of rats fed the control or high lactose diet was 106 +/- 5 or 115 +/- 4 mg lactose/30 minutes/rat (P less than 0.05), respectively. The lactase activity in the small intestine homogenate (mucosa + contents) was significantly higher than that actually available in vivo (110 +/- 7 versus 69 +/- 4 mg/30 minutes/rat).
The effect of an intrauterine contraceptive device on the histologic pattern of the endometrium

Abstract The histologic pattern of the endometrium of women wearing Margulies polyethylene spirals differs from the normal. The most consistent changes are increased superficial vascularity with the development of large thin-walled vascular channels and the presence of edema in the superficial layers. No cellular changes suggestive of neoplasia were observed.