cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase diagram and low-temperature behavior of oxygen ordering in YBa 2 Cu 3 O z using ab initio interactions

The phase diagram and oxygen ordering in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{z}}$ are investigated, on a first-principles basis, by means of an asymmetric next-nearest-neighbor Ising model using Monte Carlo and cluster-variation-method statistics. It is shown that saturation of some pair-correlation functions at low temperature to a concentration-independent value makes the model quasi-one-dimensional. This correspondence between the two- and one-dimensional model explains some typical characteristics of the phase diagram at low temperature and provides a simple argument for the existence of a low-temperature, low-O-concentration, orthorhombic phase.
Petunia floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid genes are regulated in a similar manner

Petunia (Petunia x hybrida cv 'Mitchell Diploid' [MD]) flowers emit high levels of multiple floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) compounds from anthesis to senescence in a concerted manner. Here we show seven genes responsible for the production of emitted FVBPs share similar transcript accumulation profiles through an analysis of four expression criteria. As a group, the FVBP gene transcripts accumulate to high levels in petal limb tissue of MD flowers from anthesis to senescence. Two to four hours of exogenous ethylene exposure reduces transcript levels of all FVBP genes examined, but 2h of treatment will not accelerate senescence or reduce volatile emissions in MD flowers. The FVBP genes show two obvious rhythmic patterns of transcript accumulation; however, corresponding enzyme activities of a subset of FVBP gene products do not. Together, these results depict floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as a specific system with multiple regulatory features. One such feature is the highly regulated transcript accumulation of the FVBP genes. Additionally, ethylene may have a regulatory role in the FVBP system prior to a floral senescence program.
Extension of adaptive alpha allocation methods for strong control of the family-wise error rate

With recent advancements in clinical trial design and the availability of rigorous statistical methods that provide strong control of the family-wise type I error rate for multiple testing of hypotheses, it is now common for sponsors to design clinical trials with prospectively specified multiple testing of hypotheses of both primary and secondary endpoints and with the intent to obtain labeling claims for secondary endpoints. One of these recent advancements in multiple testing techniques is the adaptive alpha allocation approach (4A) proposed by Li and Mehrotra (Statistics in Medicine 2008; 27:5377–5391), which groups the hypotheses into two families on the basis of perceived trial power and allows the significance level for the second family to be set adaptively on the basis of the largest observed p-value in the first family. We introduce a class of flexible functions that generalize the 4A procedure and can lead to relatively more powerful test statistics. In the case when the test statistics are correlated, we introduce well-defined functions to calculate the significance level for the second family. The numerical computation for our methods is straightforward, making application in practice easy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonseparable two-dimensional-wavelet image representation

There are (in general) three common ways to arrive at a wavelet basis for R2. The first (separable) way takes the tensor product of two one-dimensional wavelets and their associated scaling functions. One wavelet (psi) (x) and scaling function (phi) (y) pair; one wavelet (psi) (x) wavelet (psi) (y) pair and one scaling function (phi) (x) and wavelet (psi) (y) pair leading to three `detail' terms per scale and translate. This leads to the familiar Mallat representation of the image. The second, less frequently used basis, is formed by taking all dilations of the product of two one dimensional wavelets, leading to one detail term per single scale and translate, but far more scales since the dilate changes between the two wavelets. In the third way, the basis is formed not by a tensor product, rather by dilation of a set of functions which is supported on a lattice, the translates of which complete the integer lattice. This technique leads to k detail terms corresponding to the k wavelets in the basis. In this paper, non-separable two dimensional Haar wavelets are considered to represent images for compression purposes. The irregular (self-similar) support of non-separable wavelets make them a natural candidate for image compression. A fast algorithm for decomposition and reconstruction of images in terms of the non-separable Haar wavelets is discussed, and the connection between the `best basis' representation and Quad (n-ary) Trees is discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prime-boost and recombinant protein vaccination strategies using Sm-p80 protects against Schistosoma mansoni infection in the mouse model to levels previously attainable only by the irradiated cercarial vaccine

Advent of an effective schistosome vaccine would contribute significantly toward reducing the disease spectrum and transmission of schistosomiasis. We have targeted a functionally important antigen, Sm-p80, as a vaccine candidate because of its consistent immunogenicity, protective and antifecundity potentials, and important role in the immune evasion process. In this study, we report that using two vaccination approaches (prime boost and recombinant protein), Sm-p80-based vaccine formulation(s) confer up to 70% reduction in worm burden in mice. Animals immunized with the vaccine exhibited a decrease in egg production by up to 75%. The vaccine elicited strong immune responses that included IgM, IgA, and IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3) in vaccinated animals. Splenocytes proliferated in response to Sm-p80 produced Th1 and Th17 response enhancing cytokines. These results again emphasize the potential of Sm-p80 as a viable vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis.
Approximation by exponential sums on discrete and continuous domains

Abstract In this paper we develop an existence theory for approximation from an enlargement of the set of exponential sums, V n ( S ), where S is a closed subset of R . Here V n ( S ) denotes the set of all solutions of all n -th order homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients for which the roots of the corresponding characteristic polynomial all lie in the set S . Our theory encompasses a wide class of norms including the customary L p norms, 1 ⩽ p ⩽ ∞, on intervals of the type [0, b ], 0 b ⩽ + ∞, and the familiar l p norms, 1 ⩽ p ⩽ ∞, on (possibly infinite) discrete point sets where the points are not necessarily uniformly spaced.
Cellulose- and xylan-degrading thermophilic anaerobic bacteria from biocompost

Nine thermophilic cellulolytic clostridial isolates and four other noncellulolytic bacterial isolates were isolated from self-heated biocompost via preliminary enrichment culture on microcrystalline cellulose. All cellulolytic isolates grew vigorously on cellulose, with the formation of either ethanol and acetate or acetate and formate as principal fermentation products as well as lactate and glycerol as minor products. In addition, two out of nine cellulolytic strains were able to utilize xylan and pretreated wood with roughly the same efficiency as for cellulose. The major products of xylan fermentation were acetate and formate, with minor contributions of lactate and ethanol. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and glycosyl hydrolase family 48 (GH48) gene sequences revealed that two xylan-utilizing isolates were related to a Clostridium clariflavum strain and represent a distinct novel branch within the GH48 family. Both isolates possessed high cellulase and xylanase activity induced independently by either cellulose or xylan. Enzymatic activity decayed after growth cessation, with more-rapid disappearance of cellulase activity than of xylanase activity. A mixture of xylan and cellulose was utilized simultaneously, with a significant synergistic effect observed as a reduction of lag phase in cellulose degradation.
Closely Related Form I Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Molecules That Possess Different CO2/O2Substrate Specificities

Abstract The deduced primary sequence (cbbLandcbbS) of form I ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) fromBradyrhizobium japonicumplaces this enzyme within the Type IC subgroup of red-like rubisco enzymes. In addition,B. japonicumappears to organize most of the structural genes of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) pathway in at least one major operon. Functional expression and characterization of theB. japonicumandXanthobacter flavusenzymes from this group revealed that these molecules exhibit diverse kinetic properties despite their relatively high degree of sequence relatedness. Of prime importance was the fact that these closely related enzymes exhibited CO2and O2substrate specificities that varied from relatively low values [τ = (VcKo)/(VoKc) = 45] to values that approximated those obtained for higher plants (τ = 75). These results, combined with the metabolic and genetic versatility of the organisms from which these enzymes were derived, suggest a potential rich resource for future biological selection and structure–function studies aimed at elucidating structural features that govern key enzymological properties of rubisco.
IDENTIFYING HEALTH CARE COST CRISES IN OECD NATIONS

This study develops an empirical model for determining whether a nation's health care expenditures are experiencing a crisis based on the trend over time of the ratio of total health spending to total domestic expenditures. A dynamic regression model is applied to 22 OECD nations for the 1960–1994 period to estimate whether or not levels of health spending are converging towards a stable equilibrium and, if they are, what this equilibrium is and how long it will take to reach it. Crisis is defined as an empirically divergent process. The principal findings from this analysis are that: 1) three nations (France, Greece, and the United States) are experiencing a crisis according to this definition; 2) although the crisis potential is relatively high in all the OECD nations, there appears to be a critical region or threshold where the tendency towards crisis increases dramatically; 3) the time to reach equilibrium is generally quite long, indicating the opportunity for substantial policy intervention; and 4) Denmark stands out as a successful case where health costs have been contained.
Electrical and contractile activities of the human rectosigmoid

Electrical and mechanical activities were recorded from the rectosigmoid of normal subjects using an intraluminal recording tube with two sets of bipolar electrodes and strain gauges. Four distinct types of electrical activities were recorded. (1) Electrical control activity (ECA). This activity varied in amplitude and frequency over time and the control waves were not phase-locked. The means of dominant frequency components in the lower and higher frequency ranges were 3.86 +/- 0.18 SD and 10.41 +/- 0.46 SD c/min, respectively. The overall dominant frequency component was mostly in the lower frequency range of 2.0-9.0 c/min. (2) Discrete electrical response activity (DERA). This activity appeared as short duration bursts (less than 10 s) of response potentials whose repetition rate was in the total colonic electrical control activity frequency range of 2.0-13.0 c/min. The mean duration of this activity was 2.24 +/- 1.30 SD s. (3) Continuous electrical response activity (CERA). This activity appeared as long duration bursts (greater than 10 s) of response potentials which were not related to electrical control activity. Its mean duration was 14.78 +/- 3.68 SD s. This activity generally did not propagate. (4) Contractile electrical complex (CEC). This activity appeared as oscillations in the frequency range of 25-40 c/min and was also not related to electrical control activity. This activity propagated, sometimes proximally and sometimes distally. Its mean duration was 18.87 +/- 9.22 SD s. The latter three types of electrical activities were all associated with different types of contractions. These contractions, however, did not always occlude the lumen. Colonic electrical control activity controls the appearance of discrete electrical response activity in time and space. The mechanism of generation of continuous electrical response activity and contractile electrical complex is not yet known.
Jet lag and shift work sleep disorders: How to help reset the internal clock

Jet lag sleep disorder and shift work sleep disorder are the result of dyssynchrony between the internal clock and the external light-dark cycle, brought on by rapid travel across time zones or by working a nonstandard schedule. Symptoms can be minimized by optimizing the sleep environment, by strategic avoidance of and exposure to light, and also with drug and behavioral therapies.
Medical considerations in adolescent underachievement

Abstract Traditionally, the physician has not played a significant role in the multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of adolescent with learning disabilities. This paper discusses the potential contribution physicians can make in a “multidisciplinary team”, including some changes taking place in the field of pediatrics in the management of school problems. Two medical problems, minimal brain damage and malnutrition, are specifically discussed as they relate to learning disabilities.
Studies on the hyperglycemia and hepatic glycogenolysis produced by alpha and beta adrenergic agonists in the cat

Abstract Previous studies in this laboratory showed that both alpha and beta receptors can mediate adrenergically-induced hyperglycemia in the cat. In the present study, the results of experiments on the isolated perfused cat liver provide affirmation that hepatic glycogenolysis in this species can be subserved by both types of receptors. Thus, the acute hepatic release of glucose induced by isoproterenol was found to be antagonized by propranolol but not by phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. The opposite was found for the glycogenolytic action of phenylephrine. Experiments in vivo showed that the hyperglycemic response to the beta agonist was associated with activation of hepatic phosphorylase and increased intracellular cAMP content while the hyperglycemia induced by the alpha agonist was associated with an activation of phosphorylase which was independent of cAMP.
Performance of hot in-place recycled Superpave mixtures in Florida

Abstract It has been nearly two decades since the advent of flexible pavements designed following the Superpave process. This study focused on determining whether a Superpave mixture can be hot in-place recycled to meet the Superpave requirements. Recycling in-place can salvage existing asphalt pavements to incorporate them as part of a rejuvenated structure and represents a more sustainable rehabilitation practice. In this study, the key properties of the hot in-place recycled pavement were compared to the original performance criteria of an equivalent section of new asphalt pavement. Four mixes were obtained from existing Superpave pavements and the in-place (i.e., the properties of the existing asphalt before recycling) properties of the mixes were determined. The optimum amount of rejuvenator and aggregate screenings were evaluated. In addition, a volumetric analysis was performed to ensure compliance with Superpave requirements. The four mixes were tested and evaluated for rutting, moisture damage, and cracking performance. In general, there was an observed correlation between the aggregate gradation of the sample and the average quality control data obtained during construction. The recycled mix met the Superpave Performance Grade (PG) and the amount of rejuvenator was adjusted to achieve the binder PG requirements. The addition of finer aggregates was effective in increasing the air voids in all four mixes and all mixes had air voids near or at the 4% Superpave requirement. Performance testing using the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device and Indirect Tension Testing (IDT) indicated that all of the mixes exhibited good cracking, rutting, and moisture damage performance in the laboratory. The results of the experiments showed that a hot in-place recycled pavement can effectively meet the Superpave requirements. In order to improve the process, it is recommended that pavement designers refine the design method to optimize the air voids and binder grade for improving the performance of these mixtures.
Experiments re: clinical application of reflex modulation audiometry.

Two experiments were conducted on normal hearing adults to assess the audiometric test potential of reflex modulation (RM) when administered according to the descending method of limits. RM describ...
Zero principles for implicit feedback systems

A basic control engineer's adage-the poles of a feedback compensator become zeros of the closed-loop system-admits difficulties of interpretation even in the most simple of cases; that of single-input, single-output. An earlier investigation has provided an analysis of this adage in a module-theoretic context for systems in state space form while avoiding restrictive assumptions on system minimality or squareness. The main result is expressed concisely in terms of an exact sequence of modules which include Ω-zero modules corresponding to the feedback system and the plant. Extended zero modules of Ω-type incorporate both finite invariant zero structure, and generic zero information which occurs when a system fails to be right-invertible. In the case of compensation in the feedback path, this main exact sequence reduces to a mathematically clear expression of the aforementioned adage: the Ω-zero module of the feedback system is precisely the direct sum of the Ω-zero module of the plant and the system pole module of the feedback compensator. This paper extends the previous work in order to avoid assumptions on causality in the plant. Implicit dynamical systems are employed, in lieu of systems in state space form. Once again, it is not assumed that the system is one-to-one or onto; and so the concepts of generic zeros and their modules are brought into the arena of implicit systems. The implicit system itself is assumed in this work to be regular; however, decoupling zeros are permitted. Moreover, input-decoupling zeros and system pole feedback relationships are considered.
Efficacy and safety of fibrin sealant for tissue adherence in facial rhytidectomy.

The purpose of this review is to clarify the present use of fibrin sealant in rhyditectomy procedures and help maximize the appropriate and safe application of this material. A set of terms and definitions for hemostats, sealants, and adhesives based on group, category, and class will be employed to highlight the specific capabilities of fibrin sealant. Fibrin sealant has now emerged as an example of maximizing the usefulness of a surgical agent and is the only product with Food and Drug Administration approval in all three groupings: hemostats; sealants; and adhesives. A variety of manufacturers’ fibrin sealant products are available including multiple liquids and one patch. A single liquid product is now specifically indicated for skin flap adherence during rhytidectomy. The unique characteristic of this particular two component fibrin sealant adhesive agent is its slower polymerization rate as a result of a low thrombin concentration which when combined with fibrinogen permits adequate time for manipulation of flaps and tissues prior to final fixation. In addition to its flap adherence and potential space elimination capability, fibrin sealant is also an excellent blood clotting agent and can seal tissues to prevent lymphatic leak or serous fluid accumulation. Thus, it is almost ideally suited to reduce the occurrence of fluid accumulation, hematomas, ecchymoses, and swelling, as well as to possibly eliminate the need for drains following rhytidectomy. A literature review of fibrin sealant in rhytidectomy is included to help define the current state of its clinical use. The author’s recommendations for the best use of this material during facial procedures are also provided.
SERUM FIBRONECTIN: AN INDICATOR OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Few techniques exist to evaluate nutritional status in infants and children. We determined serum fibronectin, prealbumin, and albumin values in 27 malnourished children (ages 1 mo - 21/2 yr) to assess serum fibronectin as a biochemical marker of nutritional state. Height, weight, estimated weight for age/height for age, head circumference to mid-humeral circumference ratio, and skinfold thickness measurements were obtained on admission to the study and serially. Patients' nutritional status was categorized as severe or mild-moderately malnourished or "nutritionally restored" by anthropometry; Prealbumin and serum fibronectin were significantly decreased in patients with severe malnutrition compared to mild-moderate malnutrition or "nutritionally restored" patients. There was no sigificant difference in prealbumin and serum fibronectin concentrations in study patients with mild-moderate malnutrition compared to "nutritionally restored" patients (prealbumin p = .24, fibronectin p = .06). Albumin concentrations were higher in the better nourished patient group, however, no significant increases were seen. Serum fibronectin significantly correlated (R = 0.64, p <.01) with prealbumin (all groups compared concomitantly). Serum fibronectin may be a sensitive indicator of nutritional adequacy.
Geological controls on submarine groundwater discharge in Long Bay, South Carolina (USA)

Abstract A combination of geophysical methods including continuous electrical resistivity and high-resolution Chirp sub-bottom profiling were utilized to characterize geologic controls on pore fluid salinity in the nearshore of Long Bay, SC. Resistivity values ranged from less than 1 Ω m to greater than 40 Ω m throughout the bay. Areas of elevated electrical resistivity suggest the influence of relatively fresher water on pore water composition. Geophysical evidence alone does not eliminate all ambiguity associated with lithological and porosity variations that may also contribute to electrical structure of shallow marine sediments. The anomalous field is of sufficient magnitude that lithological variation alone does not control the spatial distribution of elevated electrical resistivity zones. Geographical distribution of electrical anomalies and structures interpreted from nearby sub-bottom profiles indicates abrupt changes in shallow geologic units control preferential pathways for discharge of fresh water into the marine environment. Shore parallel resistivity profiles show dramatic decreases in magnitude with increasing distance from shore, suggesting a significant portion of the terrestrially driven fresh SGD in Long Bay is occurring via the surficial aquifer within a few hundred meters of shore.
Preformulation of an Ara-A transdermal delivery system: Membrane fabrication and characterization

Abstract In order to develop a new transdermal delivery system providing variable drug delivery rates for antiviral Ara-A (9-β-arabino-furanosyladenine), it was first necessary to develop a method for designing rate-limiting polymeric membranes in transdermal devices having different permeability coefficients for Ara-A. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) and copolymers of styrene (St) or N -vinylpyrrolidone (VP) with HEMA have been synthesized and the relationship between the hydration of membranes and the diffusion parameters has been investigated. The results of swelling measurements showed that swelling of polymer membranes was affected by the composition of copolymers, in which VP has a strong swelling effect and St has a deswelling effect. It is possible to control swelling properties in a range of approximately 46% to 195% at 37 °C in saline solution. The permeability coefficients of Ara-A in the copolymers showed a significant increase with increasing swelling of the copolymer membranes, and a good correlation between the permeability coefficient and swelling was observed. The observed linear relationship between the reciprocal of the hydration and the diffusion coefficients supports a diffusion mechanism based on the free-volume theory. The results show that the permeability coefficient of AraA through p(HEMA-VP) and p (HEMA-St) could be controlled in the range from 10 −5 to 10 −8 cm/s by changing the copolymer composition following the concept of a hydration-controlled transport process.
Evidence of scuffing initiation by adiabatic shear instability

A mechanism for the initiation of scuffing based on adiabatic shear instability was assessed experimentally through the measurement of dislocation densities by X-ray diffraction. Scuffing was predicted to occur when the rate of local thermal softening exceeded that of work hardening in the tribological contact. Since these rates were dependent on microstructure, the theory was tested by performing scuffing tests on SAE 4340 steel subjected to five different heat treatments. The scuffing resistances were consistent with the theory, and thermal events during the tests and the resulting microstructural morphologies were consistent with a locally adiabatic environment. The dislocation densities measured in samples from tests stopped before, during, and after scuffing were consistent with the theory. Use of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-31-109-ENG-38.
Therapy of psychogenic erectile disorders

Therapy for patients with erectile problems begins with the initial response of the clinician the stated concern. As therapy continues in the clinician's office, it can be enhanced in several key respects: by the specific attitudes conveyed, by the recognition of the contributions made by the psychological, physiological and relationship factors involved, and by the choice of treatment goals. A schemata of increasingly complex therapeutic modalities is presented which provides the individual clinician with a strategy and the criteria for deciding upon an effective treatment method. Suggestions for when and how to make appropriate referrals are given.
Effects of Buried Charged Groups on Cysteine Thiol Ionization and Reactivity in Escherichia coli Thioredoxin: Structural and Functional Characterization of Mutants of Asp 26 and Lys 57†

To investigate the role of Asp 26 and Lys 57, two conserved, buried residues, in the redox mechanism of Escherichia coli thioredoxin (Trx), three mutant proteins, Asp 26 → Ala (D26A), Lys 57 → Met (K57M), and the double mutant D26A/K57M, were prepared, replacing the charged amino acids with hydrophobic residues with similar sizes. Both the oxidized (Trx-S2) and reduced [Trx-(SH)2] forms of the mutant thioredoxins are fully folded and similar in overall structure to the wild-type protein (wt). The structure of the active site hydrophobic surface is unchanged by the mutation of Asp 26 and Lys 57, since DNA polymerase activity in the 1:1 complex of the T7 gene 5 protein and mutant Trx-(SH)2 shows similar Kd values (∼5 nM) for both mutants and wt. In contrast, redox reactions involving thioredoxin as a catalyst of the reduction of disulfides or oxidation of dithiols are strongly affected by the mutations. In the reaction of Trx-S2 with thioredoxin reductase at pH 8.0, the kcat/Km value for the D26A mutant is ...
Substance Abuse by Young Adult Chronic Patients

Of 41 chronic psychiatric patients between the ages of 19 to 39 seen at a community mental health center, 44 percent were current substance abusers, 29 percent had a history of substance abuse, and only 27 percent had little or no substance abuse history. The three subgroups were similar in diagnosis, gender, and age at first hospitalization. However, the persistent substance abusers had a psychiatric hospitalization rate more than twice as high as the other two groups, and for these patients substance abuse frequently preceded hospitalization. The author recommends that consideration be given to routinely testing all hospitalized young adult chronic patients for drug and alcohol abuse. He also suggests using outside sources to obtain information on substance abuse, since most patients deny abuse. He stresses the need for more data on the physical and psychological effects of abused substances on the young mental patient.
Habitat use by lemmings near Barrow, Alaska

Brown lemmings reach much higher densities than collared lemmings near Barrow, Alaska, and captures from 19 summers of snap trapping confirm previous reports that brown lemmings prefer lower, wetter habitats than do collared lemmings. Data also support the hypothesis that brown lemmings concentrate in higher habitats during early summer when melt water floods lower habitats, then shift to lower habitats where preferred food is more available as the waters recede. This pattern appears similar to seasonal shifts in habitat use reported for Norwegian lemmings. Two hypotheses were not supported by our data: (1) Unlike Norwegian lemmings, brown lemmings did not expand their use of suboptimal habitats at higher population densities. Rather, absolute densities changed in concert so that the relative densities among habitats remained unchanged. (2) Preferential use of polygon troughs during winter, as indicated by patterns of winter grazing, was not simply a function of snow depth. Instead it appeared to be related to shoot density of preferred foods. Nearly all patterns of habitat use seemed to be linked to food availability. Other factors, such as protection from predators by vegetative cover in summer and increased insulation from deeper snow in winter, did not appear to influence the distribution of lemmings as strongly.
Antiracist, modern selves and racist, unmodern others: Chronotopes of modernity in Luso-descendants’ race talk

Abstract I discuss the metadiscursive work in race talk among transnationally mobile Luso-descendants, who frequently compare race and racism in French and Portuguese contexts. Participants’ race talk may index the speaker’s stance toward referent, i.e. racialized others whom they discuss. It may also index the speaker’s demeanor as a racist/antiracist type. As such, the indexicality of Luso-descendants’ race talk is multifocal. Participants shift the indexical focus from referent to speaker, when they invoke personalist ideologies which interpret talk as reflecting the speaker’s inner beliefs about racialized others. Based on assumptions about those beliefs, participants then assign speakers to spatiotemporally locatable types: the French, modern “antiracist,” vs. the Portuguese, nonmodern, “racist.”
SU-D-141-02: KV OBI Spectroscopy: Measurement Vs Monte Carlo Simulation

Purpose: With IGRT there has been a dramatic increase in the use of kV based on‐board imaging (OBI). Although, numerous Monte Carlo (MC) simulation studies on the OBI kV source exist, the only validation of the actual OBI photon energy spectrum has been in the form of half‐value‐layers. Realistic MC OBI simulation requires correct modeling of the kV beam spectrum. Here, we present for the first time, actual experimentally measured OBI spectra together with their MC simulated counterparts. Methods: The spectra produced by a commercial LINAC OBI were measured using a thermoelectric cooled CdTe detector and a multichannel analyzer. To reduce detector over saturation, the kV radiation source photon flux was reduced by the use of collimating disks placed before the CdTe surface and by setting the kV source to its minimum mAs. Preliminary measured spectra for 60 kVp, 80 kVp, 100 kVp, and 125 kVp beams for the OBI were compared to MC results based on a model of the OBI. For the 125 kV beam, a percent depth dose (PDD) curve was measured with a diamond detector, and compared to a PDD generated by MC based on the simulated spectrum. Results: The corrected measured spectra correspond roughly to the MC generated spectra, with the MC spectra generally showing more high energy photons and fewer low energy photons. The MC PDD and measured PDD agree to within 2% of absolute dose. Conclusion: We present new measurements of kV OBI spectrometry to advance kV dosimetry and more sophisticated modeling of kV imaging systems. The discrepancy between measured and simulated spectra is small, and the dosimetric effect of the discrepancy is also small.
25-year-old man with recurring headache and confusion.

Individual reprints of this article are not available. Address correspondence to Brian G. Weinshenker, MD, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 (e-mail: weinb @mayo.edu). A 25-year-old right-handed man was brought to our emergency department because of confusion and right arm and right leg weakness. Two days earlier, during an evening meal, he developed a severe left-sided headache that lasted several hours and forced him to bed; he was afebrile and had no other neurologic symptoms. He had “migraines” in the past that occurred only once a year. He also had frequent, less severe headaches that were controlled with aspirin. He suspected that the current headache was a migraine. On the evening of onset of the headache, he was examined at his local emergency department; he was afebrile and had no focal neurologic findings. Findings on a computed tomographic (CT) scan without contrast were normal. He was treated with ketorolac methamine, hydroxyzine, and sumatriptan and discharged. The next morning, the patient’s headache had not resolved. His temperature was 38.6°C, and his physician prescribed ceftriaxone. Throughout the rest of the day, his headache did not improve. Family members noted that the patient appeared “confused.” The next morning, 2 days after onset of the headache, the patient’s family brought him to our emergency department because of worsening confusion, disorientation, and unsteadiness when walking. A general examination revealed an athletic man in no acute distress. He was afebrile, and vital signs were normal. He was drowsy and inattentive; neglect of his right hemispace was apparent. He had nonfluent aphasia with poor naming and repetition and followed only simple 1step commands. The patient was able to move all 4 extremities spontaneously, although he moved his right arm and leg less than his left arm and leg. A pronation drift of the outstretched right upper extremity was evident. Reflexes were symmetrical, and the plantar responses were flexor. No nuchal rigidity was noted. A complete blood cell count was unremarkable, and no leukocytosis was present. 1. Which one of the following diagnoses is most likely in this patient? a. Encephalitis b. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) c. Meningitis d. Migraine with prolonged aura e. Seizure
New modes of ventilation in paediatric intensive care

Mechanical ventilation is a fundamental intervention in intensive care. The way we ventilate sick children has changed owing to advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of acute lung injury, and technical developments in ventilators. The goals of ventilation have also changed. Nowadays, the aim is to minimize iatrogenic damage to the lungs whilst maintaining acceptable arterial pH and oxygen tension (PaO2). This aim may be achieved more effectively by alternatives to conventional mechanical ventilation. Some techniques such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and liquid ventilation offer a fundamentally different approach to the management of acute respiratory failure in children. While some of these newer modes have already been incorporated into practice, others are more experimental or require the expertise of specialist units. It is common, for example, to find neonates ventilated by high frequency oscillation, but high frequency jet ventilation is still unusual.
How Do US Economic Sanctions Affect EU's Trade with Target Countries?

We investigate the impact of US economic sanctions on EU's trade using a panel data approach expressed in a two-level framework. Both multilateral and unilateral sanctions involving the US and the EU have a negative impact on EU trade (total, imports and exports). We argue that unilateral sanctions, if extensive in nature, would have a depressing impact on target countries’ trade, especially in the stage after sanctions have been imposed. Over time, both multilateral and unilateral sanctions lead to an increase in a target country's exports to the EU, lending support to the third-country effect of sanctions.
Is There an On-line Advertisers' Dilemma? A Study of Click Fraud in the Pay-Per-Click Model

This study develops a theoretical model, based on the theory of reasoned action and the concept of behavioral calculus, for understanding on-line advertiser behavior. Structural equation modeling and survey data are used to test hypotheses on how beliefs about on-line pay-per-click advertising shape the attitudes and subjective norms that lead advertisers to advertise on-line. The roles of trust, third-party tools, and support from search engine providers are explored. The study confirms that attitudes and subjective norms significantly influence intention to advertise on-line using the pay-per-click model, but trust in search engine providers and third-party monitoring and filtering tools are also found to have central roles. Trust can significantly increase the perceived benefits, in addition to its direct positive impact on attitude and subjective norms. The perceived effectiveness of third-party tools has a positive impact on attitude and trust, and thus on intention to advertise on-line.
Life is a journey: a genetic look at neocortical development

Although the basic principles of neocortical development have been known for quite some time, it is only recently that our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that are involved has improved. Such understanding has been facilitated by genetic approaches that have identified key proteins involved in neocortical development, which have been placed into signalling pathways by molecular and cell-biological studies. The challenge of current research is to understand the manner in which these various signalling pathways are interconnected to gain a more comprehensive picture of the molecular intricacies that govern neocortical development.
Multiple species of HPRT polypeptides in mouse L cells.

Abstract Mouse L cells contain three polypeptide species which react with antibody specific for HPRT; loss or diminution of these polypeptides can occur in association with a heritable deficiency in HPRT enzymatic activity. Although HPRT activity is not detectable in deficient A9 cells, two of the three polypeptide species are detectable. Clonal revertant A9 cells which spontaneously regained HPRT activity also have re-acquired apparently normal amounts of all three polypeptide species; by contrast, HPRT-positive A9 cells which acquired the enzymatic activity via human metaphase chromosome transfer exhibited the human polypeptide species characteristic of that expressed in human cells. The heterogeneity exhibited by the mouse HPRT polypeptides suggests that the active mouse enzyme may be subject to a form of modification and/or regulation which is not shared by human HPRT.
SU-E-J-63: Estimating the Effects of Respiratory Motion On Dose Heterogeneity for ITV-Based Treatments

Purpose: To quantify the relationship between the amount of dose heterogeneity in a treatment plan that uses an internal target volume (ITV) to account for respiratory motion and the true amount of heterogeneity in the dose delivered to the tumor contained within that ITV. Methods: We develop a convolution-based framework for calculating dose delivered to a tumor moving inside an ITV according to a common sinusoid-based breathing model including asymmetry. We model the planned ITV dose distribution as a centrally peaked analytic function approximating the profile of clinical stereotactic body radiotherapy treatments. Expressions for the minimum and maximum dose received by the tumor are derived and evaluated for a range of clinically relevant parameters. Results of the model are validated with phantom measurements using an ion chamber array. Results: An analytic expression is presented for the maximum and minimum doses received by the tumor relative to the planned ITV dose. The tumor dose heterogeneity depends solely on the ratio of tumor size to ITV size, the peak dose in the planned ITV dose distribution, and the respiratory asymmetry parameter. Under the assumptions of this model, using a typical breathing asymmetry parameter and a dose distribution with a fixed size ITVmore » covered by the 100% line and with a 130% hotspot, the maximum dose to the tumor varies between 113%–130%, and the minimum dose varies between 100%–116% depending on the amount of tumor motion. Conclusion: This modeling exercise demonstrates the interplay between motion and dose heterogeneity. Tumors that exhibit large amounts of respiratory motion relative to their size will receive a more homogeneous dose and a larger minimum dose than would be inferred from the ITV dose distribution. This effect is not captured in current clinical treatment planning methods unless 4D dose calculation techniques are used. This work was partially supported by a Varian Medical Systems research grant.« less
Cutting SRC-1 down to size in endometriosis

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease. The biologically active estrogen, estradiol, aggravates the pathological processes (e.g., inflammation and growth) and the symptoms (e.g., pain) associated with endometriosis. Abundant quantities of estradiol are available for endometriotic tissue via several mechanisms including local aromatase expression. The question remains, then, what mediates estradiol action. Because estrogen receptor (ER)β levels in endometriosis are >100 times higher than those in endometrial tissue, this review focuses on this nuclear receptor. Deficient methylation of the ERβ promoter results in pathological overexpression of ERβ in endometriotic stromal cells. High levels of ERβ suppress ERα expression. A severely high ERβ-to-ERα ratio in endometriotic stromal cells is associated with suppressed progesterone receptor and increased cyclo-oxygenase-2 levels contributing to progesterone resistance and inflammation. ERβ-selective estradiol antagonists may serve as novel therapeutics of endometriosis in the future.
Taste cultures, culture classes, affective alliances, and popular music reception: Theory, methodology, and an application to a Beatles song

(1996). Taste cultures, culture classes, affective alliances, and popular music reception: Theory, methodology, and an application to a Beatles song. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 127-155.
Sales Territory Alignment: A Review and Model

The sales territory alignment problem may be viewed as the problem of grouping small geographic sales coverage units into larger geographic clusters called sales territories in a way that the sales territories are acceptable according to managerially relevant alignment criteria. This paper first reviews sales territory alignment models which have appeared in the marketing literature. A framework for sales territory alignment and several properties of a good sales territory alignment are developed in the course of the review. A general sales territory alignment model which accommodates these properties is developed. A solution procedure for the general model is presented. Finally, an actual implementation of the general model is described. The implementation provides a comparison of the general model with a similar model which has been frequently cited in the marketing literature.
On the Importance of Internal Control Systems in the Capital Allocation Decision: Evidence from SOX

I examine the effect of information frictions across corporate hierarchies on internal capital allocation decisions using the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) as a quasi-natural experiment. I find that after SOX, the capital allocation decision in conglomerates is more sensitive to the performance reported by their business segments. The effects are most pronounced in conglomerates that are prone to information problems and agency conflicts within the organization. In addition, conglomerates’ productivity and market value relative to stand-alone firms increase after SOX. These results support the argument that inefficiencies in the capital allocation process are partly due to information frictions across corporate hierarchies.
Suppressor of Hairless-independent events in Notch signaling imply novel pathway elements

The Notch (N) pathway defines an evolutionarily conserved cell signaling mechanism that governs cell fate choices through local cell interactions. The ankyrin repeat region of the Notch receptor is essential for signaling and has been implicated in the interactions between Notch and two intracellular elements of the pathway: Deltex (Dx) and Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)). Here we examine directly the function of the Notch cdc10/ankyrin repeats (ANK repeats) by transgenic and biochemical analysis. We present evidence implicating the ANK repeats in the regulation of Notch signaling through homotypic interactions. In vivo expression of the Notch ANK repeats reveals a cell non-autonomous effect and elicits mutant phenotypes that indicate the existence of novel downstream events in Notch signaling. These signaling activities are independent of the known effector Su(H) and suggest the existence of yet unidentified Notch pathway components.
Do neonates, infants and young children need a higher dose of enoxaparin in the cardiac intensive care unit?

BackgroundThromboembolic events are a serious complication occurring in critically ill children admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit. Although enoxaparin is one of the current anticoagulants of choice, dosages in children are extrapolated from adult guidelines. Recent data suggest that this population may need a higher dose than what is currently recommended to achieve target anti-factor Xa levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether children less than 2 years old admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit require a higher enoxaparin dose than that currently recommended to achieve target anti-factor Xa levels.MethodsRetrospective chart review including patients who received enoxaparin for the treatment or prophylaxis of venous thrombosis between January, 2005 and October, 2007. Patients were classified as younger and older as well as prophylactic and therapeutic on the basis of age and enoxaparin dose, respectively. Younger patients were those 2 month old or less and older patients were those older than 2 months of age.ResultsA total of 31 patients were identified; 13 (42%) were 2 months or younger and 25 (81%) were postoperative patients. Ten (32%) received prophylactic and 21 (68%) received therapeutic enoxaparin doses. To achieve optimal anti-factor Xa levels, enoxaparin dose was increased in all groups and reached statistical significance in all patients except those older than 2 months who received prophylactic enoxaparin. An average of 2.8 dosage adjustments was needed. No bleeding complications were reported.ConclusionsYoung children, infants, and neonates admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit required a significantly higher enoxaparin dose than that currently recommended to achieve target anti-factor Xa levels.