cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of ITO Electrode Surface Composition on the Growth and Optoelectronic Properties of Electrodeposited Cu2O Thin Films

Morphological inhomogeneity between electrodeposited cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films on nominally equivalent tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) electrodes under identical deposition conditions is reported. Dependence of the Cu2O photocurrent generation ability on thin-film morphology is also described. Films exhibiting compact, polyhedral crystallites produce short circuit photocurrents more than 10 times greater than those consisting of sparse, dendritic crystallites. A correlation between the ITO surface stoichiometry and the resulting Cu2O film morphology is established using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for identification of the ITO electrode surface chemical states. Variation in the Sn/In atomic ratio up to 33% is measured at the surfaces of ITO substrates from the same supplier lot, highlighting the importance of thorough electrode characterization prior to electrodeposition to obtain repeatable Cu2O performance for energy conversion applications.
Can replacement of native by non-native trout alter stream-riparian food webs?

Summary Non-native species can affect food web and community structure, including the flow of resources from one habitat to another. In many streams of western North America, non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have replaced native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). Because brook trout naturally occur at higher densities and exhibit different feeding habits, this replacement may have consequences for a range of organisms in stream-riparian food webs. We conducted a large-scale, 2-month field experiment to test whether, compared with cutthroat trout, brook trout reduce benthic insects, cause an increase in stream algae, and reduce emerging adult aquatic insects as well as riparian spiders that rely on emergence as prey. Twenty enclosed reaches from which trout were removed were treated by adding age-1 and older: (i) cutthroat trout at natural density (0.15 fish m−2); (ii) brook trout at a natural density (0.40 fish m−2); (iii) brook trout at a low density equal to the cutthroat trout treatment (0.15 fish m−2) or (iv) no trout added. Brook trout reduced the flux of emerging insects by 55% compared with cutthroat trout, but, surprisingly, only at the lower density. This reduction in emergent insects was predicted to reduce spider abundance by 20%, provided that sufficient branches were available to support riparian spider webs. We also detected an effect of trout on large-bodied benthic and emerging insects, but not on the entire assemblage of benthic insects, or periphyton. We hypothesise that our results were influenced by trout foraging behaviour mediated by their density and size structure. Regardless of the mechanisms responsible, our results indicate that non-native brook trout can reduce the flux of emerging insects, and further analysis showed that this could reduce riparian spiders and birds that prey on them. Similar effects of non-native fish are likely to occur in lotic and lentic waters beyond the western United States.
Supramolecular assembly of block copolypeptides with semiconductor nanocrystals.

We report the analogy between the self-assembly properties of amphiphilic phospholipids and the similar behavior observed for quantum dot (CdSe/CdS)−diblock copolypeptide hybrid systems, and the effect of the self-assembly on secondary structures of the polypeptides. At neutral pH, the diblock copolypeptide, poly(diethyleneglycol-l-lysine)−poly(l-lysine), comprises a positively charged poly-l-lysine (PLL) block and a hydrophilic and uncharged poly(diethyleneglycol-l-lysine) (PEGLL) block. By itself, the copolypeptide is not amphiphilic. However, when the polymers are mixed with water-soluble, negatively charged, citrate-functionalized quantum dots (QDs) in water, shell-like structures or dense aggregates are spontaneously formed. Electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the positively charged PLL residues and the negatively charged ligands on the QDs lead to charge neutralization of the PLL block, while the PEGLL block remains hydrophilic. As a result, a pseudo “amphiphilic” molecular unit ...
Experimental and Numerical Study of Single Bubble Dynamics on a Hydrophobic Surface

The growth and departure of single bubbles on two smooth surfaces with very different wettabilities are studied using high-speed video microscopy and numerical simulations. Isolated artificial cavities of approximately 10 μm diameter are microfabricated on both a bare and a Teflon-coated silicon substrate to serve as nucleation sites. The bubble departure diameter is observed to be almost 3 times larger and the growth period almost 60 times longer for the hydrophobic surface than for the hydrophilic surface. The waiting period is practically zero for the hydrophobic surface because a small residual bubble nucleus is left behind on the cavity from a previous ebullition cycle. The experimental results are consistent with our numerical simulation results. Bubble nucleation occurs on nominally smooth hydrophobic regions with root mean square roughness (R q ) less than 1 nm even at superheat as small as 3°C. Liquid subcooling significantly affects bubble growth on the hydrophobic surface due to increased bubble surface area. Fundamental understanding of bubble dynamics on heated hydrophobic surfaces will facilitate the development of chemically patterned surfaces with enhanced boiling heat transfer performance and novel phase-change based micro-actuators and energy harvesters.
Friends and Competitors: Policy Interactions between Local Governments in Metropolitan Areas:

This article explores intergovernmental policy interactions between cen tral city, county, and suburban city governments in 186 metropolitan ar eas. Two hypotheses are developed to test the existen...
Real-Time Self-Learning Optimization of Diesel Engine Calibration

Compression ignition engine technologies have been advanced in the past decade to provide superior fuel economy and high performance. These technologies offer increased opportunities for optimizing engine calibration. Current engine calibration methods rely on deriving static tabular relationships between a set of steady-state operating points and the corresponding values of the controllable variables. While the engine is running, these values are being interpolated for each engine operating point to coordinate optimal performance criteria, e.g., fuel economy, emissions, and acceleration. These methods, however, are not efficient in capturing transient engine operation designated by common driving habits, e.g., stop-and-go driving, rapid acceleration, and braking. An alternative approach was developed recently, which makes the engine an autonomous intelligent system, namely, one capable of learning its optimal calibration for both steady-state and transient operating points in real time. Through this approach, while the engine is running the vehicle, it progressively perceives the driver's driving style and eventually learns to operate in a manner that optimizes specified performance criteria. The major challenge to this approach is problem dimensionality when more than one controllable variable is considered. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a decentralized learning control scheme. The scheme is evaluated through simulation of a diesel engine model, which learns the values of injection timing and variable geometry turbocharging vane position that optimize fuel economy and pollutant emissions over a segment of the FTP-75 driving cycle.
A material model for the finite element analysis of metal matrix composites

Abstract A finite element based procedure is presented which accounts for micromechanical nonlinear behavior of the matrix material in continuous fiber reinforced composites. The micromechanical model is a periodic hexagonal array of elastic fibers embedded in an elastic-plastic matrix material. This model is used to calculate the overall instantaneous material matrix at material points of a macromechanical finite element model of the structure being analyzed. The procedure is applied to a number of metal matrix composite systems subjected to thermomechanical loads.
Calretinin-immunoreactive nerves in the uterus, pelvic autonomic ganglia, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia and lumbosacral spinal cord

Nerves containing the calcium-binding protein calretinin have been reported in several organs but not in female reproductive organs and associated ganglia. This study was undertaken to determine if nerves associated with the uterus contain calretinin and the source(s) of calretinin-synthesizing nerves in the rat (are they sensory, efferent, or both?). Calretinin-immunoreactive nerves were present in the uterine horns and cervix where they were associated with arteries, uterine smooth muscle, glands, and the epithelium. Calretinin-immunoreactive terminals were apposed to neurons in the paracervical ganglia; in addition, some postganglionic neurons in this ganglion were calretinin positive. Calretinin perikarya were present in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, nodose ganglia, and lumbosacral spinal cord. Retrograde axonal tracing, utilizing Fluorogold injected into the uterus or paracervical parasympathetic ganglia, revealed calretinin-positive/Fluorogold-labeled neurons in the dorsal root and nodose ganglia. Also, capsaicin treatment substantially reduced the calretinin-positive fibers in the uterus and pelvic ganglia, thus indicating the sensory nature of these fibers. The presence of calretinin immunoreactivity identifies a subset of nerves that are involved in innervation of the pelvic viscera and have origins from lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia and vagal nodose ganglia. Though the exact function of calretinin in these nerves is not currently known, calretinin is likely to play a role in calcium regulation and their function.
Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Pod Damage, Disease Incidence, and Yield in Two Peanut Fungicide Programs

Abstract The benefits of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G) soil insecticide treatment in standard (chlorothalonil) and developmental (tebuconazole) peanut fungicide programs were compared in five field tests over a 3-yr period. Chlorpyrifos treatment reduced incidence of southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and insect pod injury, while increasing yield in the standard fungicide program. In contrast, chlorpyrifos treatment did not measurably affect stem rot incidence or yield in the tebuconazole program, and insect pod injury was reduced in only one of three years. Tebuconazole reduced Rhizoctonia limb rot (R. solani AG-4) and stem rot incidence, and decreased pod injury relative to the standard chlorothalonil program. Tebuconazole increased yield 804 kg/ha (716 lb/ac) over the standard fungicide. Chlorpyrifos increased yield 503 kg/ha (448 lb/ac) for a net return of $315/ha ($128/ac) in the standard fungicide program. However, in the developmental program, chlorpyrifos increased yield only 79 kg/ha (70 lb/ac) ...
Segmentation and visualization of multispectral medical images with interactive control of parameters for a set of unsupervised classifiers

Multispectral classification uses registered 3-D image volumes from more than one imaging modality or from different sequences within a modality to classify tissues within those volumes. The complementary information contained within the different image volumes may allow for the separation of tissue class types in multidimensional feature space when the same tissue classes would be indistinct using just one image volume. When segmentation is complete, attributes of these classes may be determined (e.g., volumes), or the classes may be visualized as objects in 3-D. There are two main types of classification algorithms: supervised and unsupervised. Unsupervised classifiers offer the promise of totally automated classification of tissue types and calculation of tissue volumes and other tissue properties in medical images. This would have two benefits: (1) elimination of the time-consuming process of manual segmentation by medical experts, and (2) ensuring reproducible results. While accurate performance by unsupervised classifiers is, in general, still impossible, an intermediate step is the development of tools to allow users to obtain useful results in a relatively short period of time. This paper describes such a tool which allows users to quickly and easily experiment with various choices of unsupervised classification algorithms and their input parameters and evaluate the results.
Survival of beagles under natural and laboratory conditions

Abstract Life-span data obtained in this study indicate that the 50 per cent survival of Beagles from birth and kept under natural (field) conditions was 4 1 2 years. Survival of 215 Beagles from time of release (post-weaned) was 7 1 2 years. When Beagles were kept under a “protected” environment, the 50 per cent survival approximated 12 to 13 years of age. No sex difference in survival was observed in this study.
Identifying the lineages of individual cells in cocultures by multivariate analysis of Raman spectra

The cellular and matrix cues that induce stem cell differentiation into distinct cell lineages must be identified to permit the ex vivo expansion of desired cell populations for clinical applications. Combinatorial biomaterials enable screening multiple different microenvironments while using small numbers of rare stem cells. New methods to identify the phenotypes of individual cells in cocultures with location specificity would increase the efficiency and throughput of these screening platforms. Here, we demonstrate that partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models of calibration Raman spectra from cells in pure cultures can be used to identify the lineages of individual cells in more complex culture environments. The calibration Raman spectra were collected from individual cells of four different lineages, and a PLS-DA model that captured the Raman spectral profiles characteristic of each cell line was created. The application of these models to Raman spectra from test sets of cells indicated individual, fixed and living cells in separate monocultures, as well as those in more complex culture environments, such as cocultures, could be identified with low error. Cells from populations with very similar biochemistries could also be identified with high accuracy. We show that these identifications are based on reproducible cell-related spectral features, and not spectral contributions from the culture environment. This work demonstrates that PLS-DA of Raman spectra acquired from pure monocultures provides an objective, noninvasive, and label-free approach for accurately identifying the lineages of individual, living cells in more complex coculture environments.
Control of flies on cattle by frequent, low-volume mist spray applications of Ciodrin.

Frequent mist spray applications of small quantities of 0.1–1.0% Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate) applied by cow-actuated sprayers, provided excellent control of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), associated both with dairy and beef herds. Other flies (stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans [L.]; house fly, Musca domestica L.; horse fly, Tabanus spp.), and mosquitoes (Culex spp., Aedes spp.) associated with the cattle at the time of each spray application were usually killed and the animals given temporary relief from attack by these species. However, practical control of these latter species was not obtained by employing only the mist spray method.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF NUTRIENT BASED SERVING SIZES OF FOOD1

Monte Carlo simulation and linear programming are combined to form a procedure for evaluating the serving sizes of foods needed to meet minimum nutritional standards (RDA female and male and U.S. RDA). The procedure is described and applied using over 400 common food items to simulate hundreds of thousands of meals. Once each meal is randomly chosen via Monte Carlo simulation, linear programming is used to determine the food serving size that meets nutrient standards while at the same time minimizing the deviation from currently accepted standard serving sizes. The serving sizes are to be analyzed to compare the effect of different standards, calorie levels, and meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner). The paper describes the methodology used in the simulation and presents examples of the results obtained.
Androgens and sexuality

A review of the literature reveals that the endocrine determinants of female sexuality are complex and difficult to characterize. In adolescent males, free testosterone directly affects sexual motivation, with social factors exerting little or no effect. In adolescent girls, by contrast, societal and peer pressure play a pivotal role in the appearance of certain sexual behaviors. Throughout a woman's life, hormonal and psychosocial factors are critical influences. It is possible that cyclic patterns of testosterone are less important for female sexual behavior than the "tonic" effect of overall testosterone levels. Although the estrogen dependence of the vaginal epithelium--important for postmenopausal women--has been clearly established, the role of other hormonal factors and treatments, particularly those involving androgens, in human female sexual behavior remains enigmatic. The search for an understanding of these relationships is not merely an interesting academic exercise but is necessary to determine what role, if any, androgens may play in the treatment of sexual dysfunction during the female reproductive years.
Spatial variations of effective moisture in the western United States

[1] Spatial patterns of actual evapotranspiration (AE), potential evapotranspiration (PE), and their ratio (AE/PE) in the western United States are examined to describe the annual cycle of moisture availability. Long-term (1971–2000) averages of observed temperature and precipitation, and sunshine data were used to calculate AE and PE. A cluster analysis identifies regions with similar annual cycles of AE/PE. We identify three different spatial scales of variability in AE/PE: (1) broadscale patterns reflect the trade-off between winter-dominated precipitation of the Pacific Northwest and summer-dominated precipitation east of the Rocky Mountains, and the south-to-north decrease in PE related to latitudinal variations in net radiation; (2) mesoscale patterns show the influence of regional-scale features (e.g., the North American Monsoon); and (3) local-scale patterns are related to topography. Understanding the scales of effective-moisture variations is valuable from the perspective of terrestrial ecosystems and water resources management in the mostly arid western United States.
Triple knotting of a central venous catheter

A case of unusual triple knotting of a central venous catheter inserted through the left basilic vein is reported. The catheter with intact triple knots could be withdrawn without an invasive maneuver. A possible cause of triple knotting was discussed in regard to the anatomic configuration of the central veins. This case emphasizes that a central venous catheter should not be advanced if resistance is encountered.
BP-Wrapper: A System Framework Making Any Replacement Algorithms (Almost) Lock Contention Free

In a high-end database system, the execution concurrency level rises continuously in a multiprocessor environment due to the increase in number of concurrent transactions and the introduction of multi-core processors. A new challenge for buffer management to address is to retain its scalability in responding to the highly concurrent data processing demands and environment. The page replacement algorithm, a major component in the buffer management, can seriously degrade the system's performance if the algorithm is not implemented in a scalable way. A lock-protected data structure is used in most replacement algorithms, where high contention is caused by concurrent accesses. A common practice is to modify a replacement algorithm to reduce the contention, such as to approximate the LRU replacement with the clock algorithm. Unfortunately, this type of modification usually hurts hit ratios of original algorithms. This problem may not exist or can be tolerated in an environment of low concurrency, thus has not been given enough attention for a long time. In this paper, instead of making a trade-off between the high hit ratio of a replacement algorithm and the low lock contention of its approximation, we propose a system framework, called BP-Wrapper, that (almost) eliminates lock contention for any replacement algorithm without requiring any changes to the algorithm. In BP-Wrapper, we use batching and prefetching techniques to reduce lock contention and to retain high hit ratio. The implementation of BP-Wrapper in PostgreSQL version 8.2 adds only about 300 lines of C code. It can increase the throughput up to two folds compared with the replacement algorithms with lock contention when running TPC-C-like and TPC-W-like workloads.
Your Lot In Life

The game we call Your Lot in Life promotes students' understanding of contemporary research on developmental issues white nurturing their skills in obtaining and disseminating information from scholarly and community resources. Students arc assigned a hypothetical “lot” representing a life event that centers on a developmental issue. The lot serves as the topic for empirical research and investigations into community agencies. In addition, students consider how the lot will affect the course of individual development and its implications for the quality of family life. Findings from students' research are presented in a final paper and in poster format. Benefits of the project include enhancement of critical-thinking skills and exposure to theoretical as well as applied aspects of developmental issues
An adaptive reduction algorithm for efficient chemical calculations in global atmospheric chemistry models

We present a computationally efficient adaptive method for calculating the time evolution of the concentrations of chemical species in global 3-D models of atmospheric chemistry. Our strategy consists of partitioning the computational domain into fast and slow regions for each chemical species at every time step. In each grid box, we group the fast species and solve for their concentration in a coupled fashion. Concentrations of the slow species are calculated using a simple semi-implicit formula. Separation of species between fast and slow is done on the fly based on their local production and loss rates. This allows for example to exclude short-lived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their oxidation products from chemical calculations in the remote troposphere where their concentrations are negligible, letting the simulation determine the exclusion domain and allowing species to drop out individually from the coupled chemical calculation as their production/loss rates decline. We applied our method to a 1-year simulation of global tropospheric ozone-NO x -VOC-aerosol chemistry using the GEOSChem model. Results show a 50% improvement in computational performance for the chemical solver, with no significant added error.
The Absorbency of Terry Towels: Part I: Effect of Home Laundering

Samples from eleven undyed cotton terry towels, ranging from 9.7 to 14.8 oz. per square yard, were laundered up to 100 times in a household type washer. Their weights, maximum rates of absorption, and ultimate absorptions were determined after various numbers of laundering and drying cycles. The unlaundered samples had the lowest values for both rate and ultimate absorption. Both values increased markedly with successive launderings up to about 10; after that the increase, were slight. At 100 laundering the rate had passed maximum, but the ultimate absorption was still increas ing. Ultimate absorption correlates well with fabric weight, but the rate shows no such correlation. The absorption per gram of cotton was somewhat greater for the lighter weight fabrics.
Volumetric and asymmetry determinations on recent hominid endocasts: Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the Sale Homo erectus specimens, with some notes on Neanderthal brain size

Full brain endocast reconstructions of the Neanderthals, Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the Homo erectus specimen from Sale, Morocco have yielded accurate volumes. Spy I = 1,305 ml; Spy II = 1,553 ml; Djebel ihroud I = 1,305 ml; Sale = 880 ml. While there are no remarkable gyral and sulcal patterns one can delineate, the brain endocasts do show evidence of left-occipital, right-frontal petalias, suggesting right-handedness, and possibly human cognitive specialization, involving symbol processing and visuospatial integration. Some speculations regarding Neanderthal brain size are also offered, in which it is suggested that their possibly larger brain sizes were related to greater muscularity than in modern Homo sapiens.
A case of chondrodysplasia punctata with features of osteogenesis imperfecta type II.

The osteogenesis imperfecta syndromes constitute a group of heterogeneous, heritable skeletal dysplasias. Of the 4 types, type II is the most severe, with an incidence of 1 per 55,000. It is characterized by malformed bones secondary to abnormal collagen type I synthesis. Affected fetuses are divided into 3 groups: A, B, and C. All groups have long bones described as "wrinkled" or "crumpled" secondary to repeated fractures. Many bones also show evidence of demineralization, which is especially evident in the bones of the face and calvaria. In groups A and C, the chest is generally small, with thickened and shortened ribs, and each rib has characteristic "beading" patterns secondary to repeated fracturing. Sonography has traditionally been successful in the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta at an early gestational age. Chondrodysplasia punctata describes a heterogeneous group of skeletal disorders characterized by abnormal mineralization of bones during gestation. There are many different causes of it, but some of the specific subtypes include rhizomelic, X-linked dominant (also known as Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), X-linked recessive, and tibia-metacarpal. We report a case of severe X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata, which sonographically had common features with osteogenesis imperfecta type II.
TNFAIP3(A20) genetic alterations in AIDS-related lymphomas

Background AIDS-related lymphomas (ARLs), which include Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders that occur in the setting of HIV-mediated immune suppression. A subset of cases are associated with EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) infection. EBV expresses latent viral oncoproteins that constitutively activate the transcription factor NFB, a potent inducer of genes involved in promoting B cell survival and proliferation [1]. In immunocompetent individuals, lymphomas that are not associated with EBV can also display increased NFB activity, and recent reports have described mutations in regulators of NFB. One of the frequently mutated regulatory genes is TNFAIP3, which encodes A20, a ubiquitin modifying enzyme involved in the termination of NFB signaling. Mutations resulting in the inactivation of A20 have been found in a significant proportion of marginal zone lymphomas [2], classical Hodgkin’s lymphomas and primary mediastinal B cell lymphomas [3], and DLBCLs [4]. In ARL the role of NFB activation and the incidence of mutations in A20 have not been described.
Magnifying superlens based on plasmonic metamaterials

In this paper we introduce a new design for the magnifying superlens and demonstrate it in experiments. Our design has some common features with the recently proposed "optical hyperlens", "metamaterial crystal lens", and the plasmon-assisted microscopy technique. The internal structure of the magnifying superlens consists of concentric rings of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) deposited on a gold film surface.
Development of In‐Cell Western Assays Using Far‐Red Fluorophores

The in-cell western (ICW) technique is a cell-based immunoassay method for quantitative measurement of protein expression or phosphorylation levels that can be used for both small molecule and siRNA screening. The method involves growth of cells in microplates, fixation, permeabilization, and staining with specific antibodies and/or cell labeling dyes. ICW assays take advantage of the properties of near-infrared dyes to achieve higher signal-to-noise ratios than are possible for methods utilizing fluorophores in the visible range of the spectrum, and typically involve measurements using two fluorescent channels: one to measure levels of the target of interest, and one to measure total cell number for normalization. The ICW method is readily adaptable to high-throughput format and has been successfully used with a variety of targets and cell lines. The protocols in this unit describe an ICW procedure for quantitative measurement of rpS6-phosphorylation as an endpoint for monitoring mTORC1 signaling in HeLa cells. This assay can be used for small molecule or siRNA screening, and with modification is adaptable to other cell lines and targets. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 3:39-52 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: in-cell western; ICW; high-throughput screening; mTOR; rpS6; rapamycin; phosphorylation
A Survey of the Publication History of Randomly Selected IADR/AADR Abstracts Presented in 1983 and 1984

IADR/AADR abstracts of research projects to be presented at the Annual Meeting are published each year in the Journal of Dental Research. An assumption often made is that the material in these abstracts is subsequently published as journal articles. The validity of this assumption was assessed in this study. Following a review of the literature to establish study criteria, the specific objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the percentage of IADR/AADR abstracts subsequently published as articles, (2) the length of time from abstract to publication, and (3) the amount of discrepancy between abstract and article. Ten percent of the IADR/AADR abstracts from the years 1983 (n = 125) and 1984 (n = 150) were randomly selected and surveyed for their publication history. Major reference sources were checked for determination of whether articles had resulted from the abstracts. Of the 1983-1984 abstracts surveyed, the results indicated that more abstracts were not published (78.5% in 1983/76.0% in 1984) t...
Drug Use and Psychiatric Hospitalization Among Homeless Patients

This is the first study comparing community-based and hospitalized homeless dually diagnosed men to assess correlates of psychiatric hospitalization. A retrospective review was carried out comparing housing, substance abuse, and psychiatric histories of three cohorts: 53 previously homeless men interviewed while hospitalized for dual psychiatric and addictive disorders, 87 homeless men previously hospitalized, and 500 homeless men never hospitalized. Individuals reporting current or past psychiatric hospitalization more often reported a history of illicit drug use. The findings suggest that history of illicit drug use by homeless men is associated with a higher risk of psychiatric hospitalization.
Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective

Within the New World nine-primaried oscine assemblage, feeding morphology and behavior have long been used as a guideline for assigning membership to subgroups. For example, birds with stout, conical bills capable of crushing heavy seeds have generally been placed within the tribe Cardinalini (cardinal-grosbeaks). Many workers have tried to characterize this group more definitively, using a variety of morphological characters; however, the characters used often conflicted with one another. Previous molecular studies addressing the monophyly of Cardinalini have had only limited sampling within the group. In this study, we analyze mtDNA sequence data from all genera and 34 of the 42 Cardinalini species (sensu [Sibley, C.G., Monroe, B.L., 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT]) to address the monophyly of the group and to reconstruct the most complete phylogeny of this tribe published to date. We found strong support for a redefined Cardinalini that now includes some members previously placed within Thraupini (tanagers; the genera Piranga, Habia, Chlorothraupis, and Amaurospiza) and some members previously placed within the Parulini (wood-warblers; the genus Granatellus). In addition, some genera traditionally considered members of the Cardinalini are shown to have affinities with other groups (the genera Porphyrospiza, Parkerthraustes, and Saltator). Our redefined Cardinalini contains 48 species, six more than are listed in Sibley and Monroe's (1990) taxonomy of the group. Within the nine-primaried oscine assemblage, the Cardinalini are more closely related to the Thraupini (tanagers) than they are to the Emberizini (sparrows), Parulini (wood-warblers), or Icterini (blackbirds), consistently forming a monophyletic group with Thraupini across all analyses. The reconfigured Cardinalini is comprised of five well-supported, major clades: (1) a "masked" clade (Piranga, Cardinalis, Caryothraustes, Periporphyrus, and Rhodothraupis), (2) a "blue" clade (Amaurospiza, Cyanocompsa, Cyanoloxia, Passerina, and Spiza), (3) a clade containing the genera Habia and Chlorothraupis, (4) a clade containing all species of Granatellus, and (5) a clade containing only species of Pheucticus. Diversification of these five lineages from one another occurred relatively rapidly during the mid-Pliocene, around 5 or 8 million years ago. Each of these major clades includes both North and South American species; thus, a complex biogeographic history is inferred for the group.
On the Wear Assessment of Multilayer Nanocrystalline Diamond Coated Implants of the Temporomandibular Joint

We deposited multilayer Nanocrystalline Diamond (NCD) thin films on Ti-6Al-4V substrates that were machined to imitate the shapes of the condyle and fossa of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We performed low stress wear assessment experiments on condyle/fossa pairs mounted in a custom-built mandibular movement simulator (MMS) for 5 x 10 5 loaded cycles at 1.2 Hz, which is equivalent to 4.4 years of clinical use. Analysis of wear surfaces on the control and the NCD-coated pairs indicated that no film delamination occurred on the NCD-coated condyle/fossa couple and that wear damage was extensive on the uncoated condyle/fossa pair. The high stress wear tests performed using the Ortho-POD machine at loads of 80 and 165 N showed that loss of film on the condyle specimens occurred after 3300 and 341 cycles, respectively. A subsequent evaluation of the influence of condyle curvature on wear by articulating a multilayer condyle/disk pair at a load of 50 N and 250 000 cycles at 1.2 Hz, showed that film delamination on the condyle occurred after 12500 cycles and no loss of film was observed on the disk after 250 000 cycles of articulation. Our results show that the observed lower film lifetimes on the condyles at high stresses are not related to intrinsic stresses in the film but probably due to lower film adhesion on the curved surfaces of the condyle.
Human operator studies of portable touchscreen crane control interfaces

Controlling a crane is often very difficult for human operators due to the slow response of the heavy structures and the lightly-damped payload oscillation. Manipulation tasks are made even harder when the interface between the human and crane is unintuitive. Although there have recently been significant advancements in portable electronic devices, this useful technology has not migrated into crane control applications. In order to facilitate this technology cross over, this paper presents results from an operator study that evaluated various user interfaces for a touchscreen crane controller.
Involvement of WalK (VicK) phosphatase activity in setting WalR (VicR) response regulator phosphorylation level and limiting cross‐talk in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 cells

WalRK (YycFG) two-component systems (TCSs) of low-GC Gram-positive bacteria play critical roles in regulating peptidoglycan hydrolase genes involved in cell division and wall stress responses. The WalRK (VicRK) TCSs of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and other Streptococcus species show numerous differences with those of other low-GC species. Notably, the pneumococcal WalK sensor kinase is not essential for normal growth in culture, unlike its homologues in Bacillus and Staphylococcus species. The WalK sensor kinase possesses histidine autokinase activity and mediates dephosphorylation of phosphorylated WalR~P response regulator. To understand the contributions of these two WalK activities to pneumococcal growth, we constructed and characterized a set of walK kinase and phosphatase mutants in biochemical reactions and in cells. We identified an amino acid substitution in WalK that significantly reduces phosphatase activity, but not other activities. Comparisons were made between WalRK regulon expression levels and WalR~P amounts in cells determined by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. Reduction of WalK phosphatase activity resulted in nearly 90% phosphorylation to WalR~P, consistent with the conclusion that WalK phosphatase is strongly active in exponentially growing cells. WalK phosphatase activity was also shown to depend on the WalK PAS domain and to limit crosstalk and the recovery of WalR~P from walK+ cells.
DIETARY FIBER SOURCES FOR BAKED PRODUCTS: COMPARISON OF WHEAT BRANS AND OTHER CEREAL BRANS IN LAYER CAKES

Layer cakes were prepared with 30% of the flour substituted with two varieties each of hard red, soft red and soft white wheat bran, commercial wheat bran, corn bran, soy bran and oat bran. Source of the wheat bran had little effect on cake quality. White bran produced lighter colored cakes but taste panel scores were similar to those of red. Batter viscosity was higher for cakes with nonwheat brans but cakes were less tender and received lower total sensory scores. However, the cake with the corn bran had the highest volume. Cakes with corn and all types of wheat bran were acceptable; however, oat and soy bran substitution produced cakes with poor flavor.
O'Shea on Hodder's Domestication

John O'Shea's recent review of Ian Hodder's The Domestication of Europe (AA 94:752753, 1992) does the reader a disservice by failing to point out the historical context and implications for social science research of the methodology developed in the text. Entrenched in a positivist processualism, O'Shea can only conclude that this methodology lacks "explanatory value," is "simply preposterous," and produces "fiction." Hodder muddies the issues, too, by not explicating the rationale and intellectual history of his fledgling methodology, by shifting once again without explanation from earlier positions, and by not situating more clearly the relevance of his hermeneutic and postmodern musings ("These ideas, these structured thoughts, will be explored and expanded as I read the data in their terms"; "you the reader begin to write the text in the sense that you begin to create patterns and meanings in my text") within the context of his project. When read more carefully, Domestication becomes an enterprise more familiar and interesting to sociocultural anthropologists than the tired systemic functionalism of processual archeology. Domestication straddles deep structuralist, symbolic realist, and postmodern/poststructuralist traditions of social theory. A brief synopsis of currents in each apparently is necessary to show what Hodder is up to. Structuralists, such as the Annales School historians and L6vi-Strauss, envisage a structure as something abstract that has the causal power to influence the observable world. Because
Sarbanes-Oxley and the Relentless Pursuit of Government Accountability: The Perils of 21st Century Reform

In the wake of the corporate financial scandals of the late 1990s, Congress responded by passing the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 to improve accountability of both the private sector and of government. Although discussions of accountability and Sarbanes‐Oxley are pertinent to both the public and private sectors, the authors focus on the attempts of the act to encourage government accountability through the creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In a broader context, the passage of Sarbanes‐Oxley fits within public administration’s constant emphasis of reform—particularly those reforms under the rubric of New Public Management that are intended to promote accountability. The authors’ purpose in this article is twofold. First, public administration literature is largely silent on Sarbanes‐Oxley despite its implications for the field. Second, and perhaps more importantly, Sarbanes‐Oxley illustrates the perils of modern government reform efforts. Using Koppell’s five conceptions of accountab...
Development of the crystallinity and rigid amorphous fraction in cold‐crystallized isotactic polystyrene

The phase structure of crystalline isotactic polystyrene (iPS) has been investigated with temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. Quenched amorphous samples have been cold-crystallized at 140 or 170 °C for various crystallization times. The degree of crystallinity obtained from WAXS, with the ratio of the crystal peak intensity to the total peak intensity, shows excellent agreement with the crystallinity determined from TMDSC total heat flow endotherms. For the first time, FTIR results show that the absorbance peak ratio (I 9 8 1 c m - 1 /I 1 0 2 6 c m -1) has a linear correlation with the crystalline mass fraction (Χ c ) for cold-crystallized iPS according to the following relation: I 9 8 1 c m -1/I 1 0 2 6 c m -1 = 0.54Χ c + 0.16. This relationship allows the crystallinity of iPS to be determined from infrared spectroscopy analyses in cases in which it is difficult to perform thermal or X-ray measurements. On the basis of the measurements of the heat capacity increment at the glass transition, we find that a significant amount of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) coexists with the crystalline and mobile amorphous phases in cold-crystallized iPS. The RAF increases systematically with the crystallization time, and a greater amount is formed at a lower crystallization temperature. A three-phase model (crystalline phase, mobile amorphous phase, and rigid amorphous phase) is, therefore, appropriate for the interpretation of the structure of cold-crystallized iPS. The origin of the low-temperature endothermic peak (annealing peak) has been investigated with TMDSC and FTIR spectroscopy and has been shown to be due to irreversible relaxation of the RAF.
Establishment of a Tractable Genetic Transformation System in Veillonella spp.

We have constructed the first Escherichia coli-Veillonella shuttle vector based on an endogenous plasmid (pVJL1) isolated from a clinical Veillonella strain. A highly transformable Veillonella strain was also identified. Both the shuttle vector and the transformable strain should be valuable tools for future Veillonella genetic studies.
Experimental hypercupremia does not result in increases in copper in lens, iris, or ocular fluids

Rabbits were continuously administered copper sulfate via subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. After one month, plasma, liver, ocular tissues and fluids were analyzed for copper by atomic absorption spectrophotoraetry. No elevation in copper content of the ocular fluids, lens or iris was noted although, dose-related increases were seen in the plasma and liver indicating that the copper was absorbed and disseminated systemically. It is likely that excess copper, like that which is normally ingested and absorbed, is largely protein-bound in the circulation, preventing crossing of the blood-ocular barrier.
Economia Política e as raízes da posição original em Rawls

O impacto e a relevância da teoria economica para o desenvolvimento de A Theory of Justice sao, frequentemente, deixados de lado na imensa literatura a respeito das obras de John Rawls. Ainda assim, entender os elementos de economia politica na obra de Rawls e fundamental para a compreensao dos motivos pelos quais ele abandonara uma abordagem utilitarista para a filosofia politica e, consequentemente , par a noss o entendiment o das principais questoes que dao origem a nocao de justica como equidade. Este artigo tem dois objetivos principais: primeiramente, descrever a influencia de John Stuart Mill, Kenneth Arrow e Vilfredo Pareto na virada metodologica encontrada na ideia de posicao original; segundo, descrever os elementos historicos pressupostos para a compreensibilidade dos ideais rawlsianos. Concluirei com algumas observacoes que sugerem um complemento historicista e fenomenologico para as descricoes ideais encontradas no liberalismo politico tal como e entendido por Rawls.
Unitary Pattern A Review of Theoretical Literature

It is the purpose of this article to illuminate the phenomenon of unitary pattern through a review of theoretical literature. Unitary pattern is a phenomenon of significance to the discipline of nursing because it is manifested in and informs all person-environment health experiences. Unitary pattern was illuminated by: addressing the barriers to understanding the phenomenon, presenting a definition of unitary pattern, and exploring Eastern and Western theoretical literature which address unitary pattern in a way that is congruent with the definition presented. This illumination of unitary pattern will expand nursing knowledge and contribute to the discipline of nursing.
Orthopaedic Considerations of Silver's Syndrome

The literature on forty-seven cases of Silver's syndrome—congenital somatic asymmetry, low birth weight, and short stature—is reviewed with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of leg-length discrepancy which may be as much as six centimeters. Four new cases are described, and the variety of associated skeletal anomalies (scoliosis, anomalies of fingers, and so forth) are listed.
Life cycles of yeast spindle pole bodies: Getting microtubules into a closed nucleus

The spindle pole body (SPB) is the principal microtubule organizing center of budding and fission yeast. We have examined SPBs and their associated microtubules from both organisms, using electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, to identify the structural changes that accompany progression through the cell cycle. In this report, we compare these changes in the two kinds of yeasts and present a model for how microtubules get into a closed nucleus.
Hierarchical Bayes prioritization of marker associations from a genome‐wide association scan for further investigation

We describe a hierarchical regression modeling approach to selection of a subset of markers from the first stage of a genomewide association scan to carry forward to subsequent stages for testing on an independent set of subjects. Rather than simply selecting a subset of most significant marker-disease associations at some cutoff chosen to maximize the cost efficiency of a multistage design, we propose a prior model for the true noncentrality parameters of these associations composed of a large mass at zero and a continuous distribution of nonzero values. The prior probability of nonzero values and their prior means can be functions of various covariates characterizing each marker, such as their location relative to genes or evolutionary conserved regions, or prior linkage or association data. We propose to take the top ranked posterior expectations of the noncentrality parameters for confirmation in later stages of a genomewide scan. The statistical performance of this approach is compared with the traditional p-value ranking by simulation studies. We show that the ranking by posterior expectations performs better at selecting the true positive association than a simple ranking of p-values if at least some of the prior covariates have predictive value.