cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operative and Nonoperative Management of Blunt Liver Injuries

The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications for operative and nonoperative management in patients with blunt liver injuries. Over the past several years, research has begun to show that nonoperative management in blunt liver injuries is feasible and has favorable outcomes over immediate operations in patients who are hemodynamically stable. This includes high-grade injuries who were previously taken to the operating room, in the absence of peritoneal signs or instability, for washout and packing. This trend in management is likely multifactorial and includes improved quality of critical care medicine, advances in imaging to accurately define the injury and trend changes, and other interventional techniques such as embolization, percutaneous drainage and endoscopy. The mainstay of treatment for hemodynamically unstable patients remains operative. This article will provide current recommendations for operative and nonoperative management strategies in patients with blunt liver injuries, taking into account initial clinical picture and resources available.
Comment on “Mixed effects of geolocators on reproduction and survival of Cerulean Warblers, a canopy-dwelling, long-distance migrant”

ABSTRACT A recent paper published in The Condor: Ornithological Applications by Raybuck et al. (2017) described the results of an analysis of potential effects of light-level geolocators on reproductive parameters and apparent annual survival of Cerulean Warblers (Setophaga cerulea). In a comparison of geolocator-tagged birds and color-banded control birds, the authors reported no discernible differences in several standard reproductive parameters, but a significant difference in apparent annual survival. Here, we show that the reported overall geolocator effect on annual survival may have obfuscated a large effect in one year, when one geolocator model and harness method were used, compared with no effect on annual survival in the second year of their study, when a different geolocator model and harness method were used. These more nuanced results suggest that Raybuck and colleagues may have identified variation in effects between geolocator marking methods for Cerulean Warblers, rather than a general ge...
Spinoza and the problem of other substances

Most of Spinoza’s arguments for God’s existence do not rely on any special feature of God, but instead on merely general features of substance. This raises the following worry: those arguments prove the existence of non-divine substances just as much as they prove God’s existence, and yet there is not enough room in Spinoza’s system for all these substances. I argue that Spinoza attempts to solve this problem by using a principle of plenitude to rule out the existence of other substances and that the principle cannot be derived from the PSR, as many claim. Abbreviation: PSR: Principle of Sufficient Reason
The Civil Suits

Earlier chapters have recounted how low antitrust fines were prior to 1990 and how these fines have grown in the 1990’s in the case of price fixing. This chapter will demonstrate that civil settlements for price fixing have grown apace. In part, the increased size of criminal and civil financial sanctions reflects the growth in the size of corporations and the markets that they exploited. In order to deter managers from contemplating the formation of future price fixing conspiracies, the penalties must rise at least proportionately with the size of the injuries that would be caused. However, there is evidence that the severity of the price fixing infractions has increased. Not only have most of the cartels prosecuted since 1995 been international cases (whereas most were national or regional in prior years), but also the percentage overcharges appear to have risen. Combined with the newly assertive stance of the federal antitrust agencies and the expanded opportunities for private suits, fines and settlements have both increased faster than the size of the affected markets.1
Modeling Machining Vibration for Stability Analysis

Up to this point inertial forces in cutting and grinding have been ignored. For the most part it has been assumed that the stiffness of the machine tool is infinite, except for the sparkout analysis in Chapter 6. This chapter will remove these restrictions to develop simplified dynamic models for cutting and grinding. Transfer functions based on these models will be used to analyze machining and grinding stability in the frequency domain. The equations of motion will illustrate how a simple time domain simulation can be used to analyze stability.
Increased vascular responsiveness to α2-adrenergic stimulation during NOS inhibition-induced hypertension

Increased vascular resistance during systemic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition is dependent on adrenergic vasoconstriction. This study tested the hypothesis that increased vascular sensitivit...
Appeal of Direct Appeal - Use of the New 28 U.S.C. & 158 (d)(2)

The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA)added a new provision to the Judicial Code, 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)2), which provides the court of appeals with jurisdiction over direct appeals from the bankruptcy court under certain circumstances. In this article I look at the background of the new § 158(d)(2), the statutory language included in BAPCPA, and the circuits and cases in which courts have made use (or declined to make use) of the new direct appeal option. I conclude that the new direct appeal process is being used for the purposes intended by those who advocated for its adoption, but that in the vast majority of those cases in which it is invoked the direct appeal is necessary because of the ambiguities created by the very statute in which the amendment was made, BAPCPA.
Roles of Micro-RNAs in Metabolism

Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small RNAs that inhibit gene expression by inducing mRNA degradation or repressing mRNA translation. miRNAs represent an ancient and evolutionally conserved mechanism to regulate gene expression in plants and animals. Growing evidence indicated that miRNAs participate in many metabolic processes, including adipocyte differentiation, development of pancreatic islet cells, insulin secretion and signaling, and fatty acid metabolism. Further, certain miRNAs are associated with metabolic dysregulation and thus are candidate targets for therapeutic development. Overall, the studies of miRNA have added a completely new dimension to our understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis.
Prototypical Transition-Metal Carbenes, (CO)5Cr═CH2, (CO)4Fe═CH2, (CO)3Ni═CH2, (CO)5Mo═CH2, (CO)4Ru═CH2, (CO)3Pd═CH2, (CO)5W═CH2, (CO)4Os═CH2, and (CO)3Pt═CH2: Challenge to Experiment.

Transition-metal carbenes are useful in organometallic chemistry due to their demonstrated use as catalysts in carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions. Yet the prototypical transition-metal carbenes, consisting of a single metal center doubly bonded to a methylene ligand and surrounded by carbonyls, have been elusive to experimental synthesis. This theoretical work examines the structures and properties of nine prototypical transition-metal carbenes. Optimized values for M═CH2 bond lengths, dissociation energies, and vibrational frequencies are reported. The M═CH2 bond distances range from 1.81 (Ni) to 2.05 A (Pd). The M═CH2 dissociation energies fall in the range of 16.4 (Pd) to 92.3 kcal mol–1 (Os). The spectroscopic observation of several of these molecules should be possible.
Optimal Urban Traffic Model Predictive Control for NEMA Standards

Green splits are one of the three important types of control parameter in a modern traffic controller. Few studies have been done on coordinated optimal splits control under the National Electrical...
Phosphotyrosine signaling: a prototype for modular protein-protein interactions

Signal transduction pathways are typically controlled by regulated protein-protein interactions, mediated by dedicated interaction domains. The prototype for such interactions involves the recognit...
2,4-D deposition is reduced and more variable immediately adjacent to cereal rye cover crop rows

Horseweed, also known as marestail, is a problematic weed for no-till soybean producers that can emerge from late summer through the following spring. Overwintering cover crops can reduce both the density and size of fall-emerged weeds such as horseweed and reduce further spring emergence, although typically cover crops do not provide complete control. Cover crops may be integrated with additional spring herbicide applications to control emerged horseweed, and selective herbicides such as 2,4-D may be used to target horseweed while maintaining small grain cover crop growth. However, cover crops may affect herbicide deposition, which could reduce their efficacy to control weeds. The objective of this study was to determine how the amount and variability of 2,4-D ester spray solution deposition, measured with water-sensitive paper, was affected by a cereal rye cover crop and fall-applied saflufenacil. We also examined deposition at the soil surface relative to the cereal rye row position. In a year with greater cereal rye biomass accumulation, there was 44% less coverage and average deposit size was 45% smaller immediately adjacent to cereal rye rows compared with between rows and areas without cereal rye. Greater variability in these measurements was also noted in this position. Percent spray solution coverage was also 22% greater in plots that received saflufenacil in the fall, and deposits were 28% larger. In a year with less cover crop and winter weed biomass, no differences in spray deposition were observed. This suggests that small horseweed plants and other weeds immediately adjacent to cereal rye cover crop rows may be more likely to survive early spring herbicide applications, though the suppressive effects of cover crops may mitigate this concern. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; saflufenacil; horseweed; Erigeron canadensis L. ERICA; soybean; Glycine max L. Merr.; cereal rye; Secale cereale L.
A Coalition of Hope! A Regional Governance Approach to Indigenous Australian Cultural Wellbeing

The Rainbow Snake is a universal Indigenous Australian living creature responsible for the creation and protection of waterways. Countless generations of traditional owners have cared for the sacred ancestral being; it is a spiritual guardian. The ancient creation songs and stories shared across the continent create meaning and purpose for our collective responsibility in managing the health and survival of the rivers, wetlands, springs, billabongs, floodplains and soaks. This chapter presents an insider view about how to promote remote Aboriginal people’s wellbeing through a co-operative regional earth-centred governance model. The story reveals a powerful policy and investment approach to the planning and development of regional governance and showcases the unique cultural and environmental values of the Fitzroy River, and its Indigenous people as having local, national and international significance. The central theme is the responsibility of Indigenous leaders to facilitate knowledge building, which requires sharing a deeper understanding of continuing colonisation and the collective responsibility, as Australians, for managing water.
your Management Role in Handling People Problems at Work: General Session Paper from 1st NATIONAL HOSPITAL NURSING SUPERVISOR MANAGEMENT Conference

(1974). your Management Role in Handling People Problems at Work: General Session Paper from 1st NATIONAL HOSPITAL NURSING SUPERVISOR MANAGEMENT Conference. Hospital Topics: Vol. 52, No. 8, pp. 30-50.
Cinderella Dalam Arus Perubahan Sosial (Telaah Sosial Budaya Terhadap Film Cinderella)

Sebuah cerita dongeng yang menyebar ke segenap penjuru dunia, biasanya menjadi inspirasi untuk dilakukan atau pun sebaliknya dihindari oleh seseorang. Selain itu, penyebaran dari sebuah cerita akan semakin meluas dan ingatan masyarakat akan disegarkan kembali manakala cerita dongeng ditampikan dalam bentuk film. Film Cinderella adalah salah satu contoh yang menarik untuk dikaji. Penelitian ini beranjak dari anggapan bahwa sebuah cerita pada umumnya dilihat pada permukaan saja. Pun, cerita Cinderella dapat menjadi inspirasi bahwa kesuksesan itu dapat terjadi tanpa kerja keras. Pengumpulan data penelitian yang dilakukan secara penuh melalui observasi dengan cara menonton film dan mentransformasikan cerita kedalam teks sinopsis, telah mendapatkan temuan bahwa perubahan sosial yang dilakukan oleh agen perubah yakni Cinderella dilakukan penuh perjuangan, ketabahan, keberanian dan kejujuran serta tanpa ambisi kekuasaan. .
Chapter 3 – Physiological Foundations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the motor neuroscience that is a dynamic field. The central aim of motor neuroscience is to understand how the physical makeup of the nervous system and musculoskeletal system allows for the adaptive control of posture and movement. Specialized mechanisms allow motor control to be carried out in such a way that attention to the detailed properties of muscle activity is generally unnecessary. The chapter explains that the muscles contract when they are stimulated at the neuromuscular junction. Muscles stretch when they are subjected to mechanical loads. The tension developed by muscle during active contraction is an inverted U-shaped function of muscle length. The shape of the function is due to the strength of actin-myosin bridges at different muscle lengths. A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates comprise a motor unit, the most basic element of motor control. It is impossible to voluntarily contract some but not all of the muscle fibers within a motor unit. With feedback, however, it is possible to activate a single motor unit. Motor units tend to be recruited in an orderly size-dependent fashion. Units containing small muscle fibers are generally activated before units containing large muscle fibers.
This thing of darkness: Eisenstein’s Ivan the terrible in Stalin’s Russia: by Joan Neuberger, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2019, xvii, 404 pp., illustrations, bibliography, index, $48.95 (cloth), $23.99 (ebook), ISBN 978-1-5017-3276-8

In a 1946 review of Sergei Eisenstein’s Ivan the Terrible, Rostislav Iurenev wrote that Ivan ‘enters the consciousness of each of us’ from childhood, delivered in part through ‘the pages of Karamzi...
Low Weber number droplet impact on heated hydrophobic surfaces

Abstract This study investigates low Weber number droplet impact on heated hydrophobic surfaces. Using synchronized high-speed optical and infrared (IR) imaging, we correlate the droplet dynamics to the spatial distribution of the solid-liquid interfacial temperature, heat flux, and the total heat transfer to the droplet. The total transferred heat of a completely rebounding droplet is also modeled analytically. Denoting the drop diameter and impact velocity as D and v, we find that the total transferred heat Q scales as D1.25v, which is validated using experiments. A unique feature of low-We droplet impact on non-wetting surfaces is the formation of a sub-millimetric entrapped bubble that forms during receding. The substrate temperature in the bubble region is significantly higher than the surrounding area due to the low thermal conductivity of air. Right after the bubble forms, the local heat flux remains stable at the inner contact line (bubble contact line), but decreases at the retracting primary outer contact line. As a result, the local heat flux at the inner contact line becomes increasingly important as the droplet recedes. Nonetheless, the overall heat transfer is reduced by 5.6% and 7.1% at surface temperatures of 50 ℃ and 65 ℃, respectively, as the entrapped bubble reduces the total liquid-solid interface area. The influence of surface roughness on the heat transfer is also quantified. Droplets on the rough surface have a smaller maximum spreading diameter, leading to a smaller heat transfer area and lower heat transfer rate. Moreover, the average heat flux on the rough surface is also lower compared to the smooth surface, indicating a larger interfacial thermal resistance of the rough surface. Overall, the findings highlight the dominance of thermal conduction (as compared to convection or evaporation) as the prominent mode of heat transfer during droplet impact.
Paganism, Goddess Spirituality, and Elsa in Disney’s Frozen 2

Audiences in the United States recognize Pagan elements like the use of magic and animism in the Disney film Frozen 2. This article discusses such Pagan ideas in the Frozen films and then applies t...
Comparison of Associate and Baccalaureate New Graduate Hospital Orientations

Background: Respiratory Therapy is moving toward baccalaureate degree as the standard for new graduates to enter the profession. Differences have been noted in the curriculums within associate and bachelor’s degree programs. To our knowledge, there is currently no data comparing orientation outcomes in associate degree versus bachelor degree graduates. We sought to compare new graduate orientations in hospital settings. Methods: After approval from IRB, a request to participate in data collection was sent to 181 RT managers Pennsylvania. Each center was asked to complete a survey on their orientation process, attend a call on the study to learn operational definitions and data collection methods for new graduates completing orientation. A data entry log was provided to collect the required information until each individual completed orientation for entry into the database. For comparison between groups we included only the extra hours spent on general care orientation beyond institutional standard as it was anticipated that dedicated orientation time would vary. Results: Fourteen hospitals agreed to participate. Of those, 8 (57%) returned data on 55 new graduate RTs from May 2019 – September 2020. Five individuals terminated before the end of the orientation process were not included in the analysis. Twenty-six RTs earned an associate degree and 24 earned a baccalaureate degree. RTs with an associate degree spent a total 340 extra hours on general care orientation versus those with a bachelor’s degree, who spent a total of 656 extra hours. A combined mean of 216 extra hours was spent on general care orientation. Individuals with associate degrees spent a mean 34 ± 21.44 extra hours. Bachelor’s degree earners spent a mean 51.2 ± 21.33 extra hours orienting to general care. The mean difference between groups was 17.2 hours (P = 0.178). Thirty-two individuals included (64%) were new hires from a free-standing children’s hospital in an urban center and likely heavily skews the data as their educational needs may greatly differ from the other institutions. Conclusions: Differences in extra hours spent in orientation between newly hired associate degree and bachelor’s degree RTs did not differ statistically. However, differences in orientation programs likely contribute and should be unified for future investigations.
Do Descriptive Norm Appeals in Public Service Ads Reduce Freedom Threats? Examining the Effects of Normative Messages and Media Literacy Skills on Decreasing Reactance.

While health communication campaigns seek to encourage and promote healthy behaviors, they are not always successful. Health communication efforts may fail for several reasons, such as viewers experiencing excessive freedom threats and reactance. This study (n = 201) proposes and demonstrates that descriptive norm appeals in health PSAs can indirectly lead to enhanced behavioral intentions toward the message advocacy via reducing perceived freedom threats, inhibiting psychological reactance, and improving message credibility. However, this serial mediation was only found for message viewers with relatively low media literacy skills - precisely, who did not show considerable critical thinking toward media content. For participants who reported a high level of critical thinking toward media content, the use of descriptive norm appeals did not decrease freedom threats, nor did it indirectly affect behavioral intentions. The findings of this study contribute to the theory of psychological reactance and norms-based research. Both theoretical and practical implications are provided for health communication scholars and practitioners.
Pressing ethical issues in considering pediatric deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Abstract Background Refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among adults is the first psychiatric indication of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to receive an FDA Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE). Given the HDE approval and encouraging evidence that has since emerged, exploration of DBS for OCD may expand to adolescents in the future. More than 100,000 adolescents in the U.S. suffer from refractory OCD, and there is already a precedent for the transition of DBS in adults to children in the case of dystonia. However, the risk-benefit analysis of pediatric DBS for OCD may be more complex and raise different ethical questions compared to pediatric DBS for dystonia. Objective This study aimed to gain insight into pressing ethical issues related to using DBS in adolescents with OCD. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with clinicians (n = 25) caring for pediatric patients with refractory OCD. Interview transcripts were coded with MAXQDA 2018 software and analyzed using thematic content analysis to identify emergent themes. Results Five central themes were identified in clinician responses, three of which were exacerbated in the pediatric DBS setting. Clinicians expressed concerns related to conditions of decision-making including adolescents' capacity to assent (80%), the lack of evidence about the outcomes and potential unknown effects of using DBS in adolescents with OCD (68%), and the importance of exhausting other treatment options before considering DBS (20%). Conclusions Strategies to address clinician concerns include implementation of validated decision support tools and further research into the outcomes of pediatric DBS for OCD to establish clear guidelines for patient selection.
Efficient Conditional Simulation of Spatial Patterns Using a Pattern-Growth Algorithm

Reproduction of complex 3D patterns is not possible using algorithms that are constrained to two-point (covariance or variogram) statistics. A unique pattern-growth algorithm (GrowthSim) is presented in this paper that performs multiple point spatial simulation of patterns conditioned to multiple point data. Starting from conditioning data locations, patterns are grown constrained to the pattern statistics inferred from a training image. This is in contrast to traditional multiple-point statistics based-algorithms where the simulation progresses one node at a time. In order to render this pattern growth algorithm computationally efficient, two strategies are employed—(i) computation of an optimal spatial template for pattern retrieval, and (ii) pattern classification using filters. To accurately represent the spatial continuity of large-scale features, a multi-level simulation scheme is implemented. In addition, a scheme for applying affine transformation to spatial patterns is presented to account for local variation in spatial patterns in a target reservoir. The GrowthSim algorithm is demonstrated for developing the reservoir model for a deepwater turbidite system. Lobes and channels that exhibit spatial variations in orientation, density and meandering characteristics characterize the reservoir. The capability of GrowthSim to represent such non-stationary features is demonstrated.
What drives short‐ and long‐term crustal deformation in the southwestern United States?

[1] The driving forces for crustal deformation are often inferred from the crustal kinematics. In the Southwestern United States, however, crustal kinematics delineated by the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements differs significantly from that reconstructed from the geological records. This discrepancy is likely due to the different timescales reflected in these datasets. Here we explore the geodynamic links between the short- and long-term crustal deformation in the Southwestern US using regional-scale three-dimensional elastic and viscous finite element models. We show that the GPS-measured short-term crustal deformation results mainly from interseismic traction along the San Andreas Fault (SAF). Much of the short-term strain is transient that does not contribute to permanent deformation. The long-term traction on the SAF is ∼10 MPa lower than that constrained by the GPS data, which, together with gravitational spreading, can reproduce the geologically reconstructed long-term crustal deformation.
The effects of chloroplast coupling factor reduction on the energetics of activation and on the energetics and efficiency of ATP formation.

There are two separate aspects to the energetic control over the initiation of ATP formation by chloroplast thylakoid membranes: (i) the free energy requirement for the phosphorylation of ADP and (ii) the energy-dependent transformation of the coupling factor into a catalytically active state. Using flash excitation, we have been able to distinguish between limitations imposed on ATP formation by the energetics of coupling factor activation from limitations imposed by the thermodynamics of ADP phosphorylation. We have placed particular emphasis on the effects of coupling factor reduction. ATP hydrolysis, ATP synthesis, and the release of tightly bound [14C]ADP were initiated by fewer flashes in thylakoid membranes in which the coupling factors were prereduced than in membrane samples in which the coupling factor remained oxidized. Only under conditions in which ATP synthesis occurred against a large chemical potential (i.e. delta GATP) did the onset of net ATP synthesis require a larger electrochemical potential than did the activation of the coupling factor. Thus, only at delta GATP values greater than about 51 kJ.mol-1 for thylakoid membranes with oxidized coupling factors and about 45 kJ.mol-1 when the coupling factors are reduced was the onset of ATP synthesis dictated by the thermodynamic equilibrium between ATP and ADP. At lower delta GATP values, the electrochemical potential became energetically adequate to phosphorylate ADP prior to becoming adequate to activate the coupling factor. These data indicate that reduction of the coupling factor lowers the delta pH necessary for activation from approximately 2.9 to approximately 2.6 units. Accompanying the lower energetic requirement for the activation of the reduced coupling factor was an increase in the efficiency of ATP synthesis under conditions of limiting energization.
Effects of Varying Pictorial Detail and Presentation Strategy on Concept Formation

For lack of sufficient empirical evidence, designers of instruction must still rely largely on intuition in deciding how to design and present visuals. Researchers in visual instruction have cited the need to evaluate systematically the relative effectiveness of varied pictorial illustrations on the attainment of specific learning tasks. Gropper (1966) would base research on an analytic look at the roles visuals play in instruction and how these roles may vary according to the kind of learning and type of task. Dwyer (1969) sees more research needed to identify the physical characteristics of the different types of visual illustration that facilitate student achievement of different types of educational objectives. Among the possible avenues of research are questions of how much detail to include in visuals used for instruction, how to present the visuals, and whether the effects of amount of detail and presentation strategy vary with the age of the students. The purpose of the study reported here was to nar-
Domestic Division of Labor and Self/Organizationally Employed Differences in Job Attitudes and Earnings

This study analyzes the association between self-employment and work-related outcomes including negative spillover between work and home, earnings, and job attitudes. National Study of the Changing Work Force 1997 data support the idea that self-employment provides workers with more scope for matching work activities to their presumed roles in the domestic division of labor. Among married women, the self-employed experience is associated with less negative spillover from job-to-home, greater job satisfaction, and less job burnout. Where pre-school children are present, the earnings of self-employed women are much less than the earnings of the organizationally employed. Among men, self-employment is associated with more job-to-home spillover when there are small children in the family, and with greater job satisfaction.
General human capital and employee mobility: How tuition reimbursement increases retention through sorting and participation

Using administrative data from a large establishment that implemented a tuition reimbursement program, the author examines the relative importance of two channels by which these employer-sponsored general training programs increase employee retention. The first channel operates through the type of workers that sort into firms with tuition reimbursement programs versus firms without a program. The second channel is the direct effect on retention due to employees participating in the program. In this setting, the author finds that 80% of the program's overall effect on retention comes through sorting. The author also exploits information on degree major to evaluate potential mechanisms outside standard human capital theory for how participation in general training increases retention.
Transcriptome and proteome expressions involved in insulin resistance in muscle and activated T-lymphocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes.

We analyzed the genes expressed (transcriptomes) and the proteins translated (proteomes) in muscle tissues and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes (T-cells) of five Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects using Affymetrix microarrays and mass spectrometry, and compared them with matched non-diabetic controls. Gene expressions of insulin receptor (INSR), vitamin D receptor, insulin degrading enzyme, Akt, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), IRS-2, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and enzymes of the glycolytic pathway were decreased at least 50% in T2DM than in controls. However, there was greater than two-fold gene upregulation of plasma cell glycoprotein-1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and gluconeogenic enzymes in T2DM than in controls. The gene silencing for INSR or TNFα resulted in the inhibition or stimulation of GLUT4, respectively. Proteome profiles corresponding to molecular weights of the above translated transcriptomes showed different patterns of changes between T2DM and controls. Meanwhile, changes in transcriptomes and proteomes between muscle and activated T-cells of T2DM were comparable. Activated T-cells, analogous to muscle cells, expressed insulin signaling and glucose metabolism genes and gene products. In conclusion, T-cells and muscle in T2DM exhibited differences in expression of certain genes and gene products relative to non-diabetic controls. These alterations in transcriptomes and proteomes in T2DM may be involved in insulin resistance.
Phase diagram for stripes in YBa2Cu3O6+x superconductors

Abstract Neutron scattering has been used to measure the charge and spin structure in the YBa2Cu3O6+x superconductors. Incommensurate static charge ordering is found at low doping levels while only charge fluctuations are found at higher doping. The spin structure is complex with both a commensurate resonance and incommensurate structure observed at low temperatures. The scattering results are used to construct a phase diagram for stripes in the YBa2Cu3O6+x system.
Correlating Low-temperature Hydrogenation Activity of Co/Pt(111) Bimetallic Surfaces to Supported Co/Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts

The low-temperature self-hydrogenation (disproportionation) of cyclohexene was used as a probe reaction to correlate the reactivity of Co/Pt(111) bimetallic surfaces with supported Co/Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments show that cyclohexene undergoes self-hydrogenation on the ~1 ML Co/Pt(111) surface at ~219 K, which does not occur on either pure Pt(111) or a thick Co film on Pt(111). Supported catalysts with a 1:1 atomic ratio of Co:Pt were synthesized on a high surface area γ-Al2O3 to verify the bimetallic effect on the self-hydrogenation of cyclohexene. EXAFS experiments confirmed the presence of Co–Pt bonds in the catalyst. Using FTIR in a batch reactor configuration, the bimetallic catalyst showed a higher activity toward the self-hydrogenation of cyclohexene at room temperature than either Pt/γ-Al2O3 or Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. The comparison of Co/Pt(111) and Co/Pt/γ-Al2O3 provided an excellent example of correlating the self-hydrogenation activity of cyclohexene on bimetallic model surfaces and supported catalysts.
Advertising appeal and tone: Implications for creative strategy in television commercials

Abstract This research investigates the relationship between two components of creative strategy in television advertising—message content and message execution—and the resulting appeal and tone of the commercials. The empirical findings indicate that message content discriminates rational commercials from emotional commercials and message execution discriminates positive commercials from negative commercials. This research further suggests that emotional commercials have more message content than rational commercials and positive commercials have more executional elements than negative commercials. Implications for creative strategy design and directions for future research are discussed.
Trends in the study of presolar dust grains from primitive meteorites

— A series of trends can be discerned in the study of presolar dust grains from primitive meteorites, and these trends might give us hints in which direction this new field of astronomy is developing. They include: (1) a focus on ever smaller components of meteorites; (2) a shift from the study of the elemental abundances in the solar system to the study of isotopic abundances; (3) a shift of emphasis from averages of the isotopic abundances as represented by the whole solar system to individual isotopic components preserved in circumstellar dust grains; (4) the preferential study of rare types of presolar dust grains; (5) the emergence of new technical capabilities for the study of individual presolar dust grains; examples include isotopic imaging and resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS); and (6) a shift from a situation in which grain data confirm previously held theoretical ideas to a situation in which the experimental data impose new constraints on theoretical models of nucleosynthesis, stellar mixing and grain formation in stellar outflows. In other words, the data do not confirm but drive the theory. An example is the distribution of Si isotopic ratios in individual mainstream SiC grains for which many different theoretical explanations have been offered. There are still many unsolved problems posed by the grain data, the most difficult being the interpretation of the isotopic ratios of grains with a supernova signature (evidence for 44Ti and excesses in 28Si) in terms of theoretical models of nucleosynthesis and the mixing of supernova ejecta. Future progress is expected to come from the analysis of larger numbers of grains, the search for new types of presolar grains, the analysis of smaller grains and of more elements in a given grain, both made possible by the increase in sensitivity of ion microprobes and the extended application of RIMS, from multi-dimensional models of stellar evolution with enlarged nuclear networks, and from new measurements of nuclear cross sections.
High efficiency of type I muscle fibers improves performance.

J F Horowitz, L. S. Sidossis and E. F Coyle, High Efficiency of Type I Muscle Fibers Improves Performance. Int. 1. Sports Med., Vol. 15, No.3, pp. 152-157, 1994. Accepted after revision: September 28, 1993 We have recently demonstrated that people with a high percentage of Type I muscle fibers display a relatively high muscular efficiency when cycling. These individuals generate a relatively high muscular power output at a given steady-state level of oxygen consumption and caloric expenditure. The purpose of this study was to directly determine the extent to which differences in muscle fiber composition and efficiency influence endurance performance in competitive cyclists. The percentage of Type I and II muscle fibers was determined from several biopsies from the vastus lateralis which were histochemically stained for ATPase activity. During a laboratory performance test, 14 endurance trained cyclists (mean:!:SE; V02max, 5.2:!:0.11/min; body weight, 74:!: 1kg) cycled an ergometer for 1h at the highest work rate they could tolerate. V02 and RER were simultaneously measured using open circuit spirometry for calculating caloric expenditure. Subjects were divided into two groups of seven according to their muscle fiber type composition: High % Type I Group (> 56 % Type I fibers); Normal % Type I Group (38-55 % Type I fibers). Each subject from High % Type I Group was paired with a subject from the Normal % Type I Group according to their similarity in V02max, blood lactate threshold and average V02 maintained during the I h performance test. Both groups averaged 4.5:!: O.1l/min during the 1h performance test (i.e., 86-88 % V02max). However, the High % Type I Group, which possessed an average of 72:t 3 % Type I fibers, was able to maintain a 9 % higher power output (i.e., 342:!:9 vs 315:!:11 watts; p<O.OOI) than the Normal % Type I Group which possessed an average of 48:t 2 % Type I fibers. Gross efficiency was thus significantly higher in the High % Type I Group compared to the Normal % Type I Group (i.e., 21.9:!:0.3 % vs. 20.4:!:0.3 %; p<O.OOI). We conclude that a high percentage of Type I muscle fibers improves endurance performance ability by significantly increasing the power output generated for a given rate of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure.
Preparation and photoelectronic properties of the system Cd2Ge1−xSixO4

Abstract Members of the system Cd2Ge1−xSixO4 where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 have been prepared. These compounds were observed to crystallize with the olivine structure, space group Pbnm. The resistivity, Hall mobility, flat-band potential, band gaps, and stability were determined as functions of composition. The variation of these photoelectronic properties can be attributed to the reduction of the cell parameters with increasing silicon substitution. The substitution of silicon for germanium reduces the loss of photocurrent from 25% after 1 hr for x = 0.0 to only 6% after 22 hr for x = 0.4.
Humanistic Behaviorism: A Tool for Creating Healthy Learning Environments.

Abstract Behavior modification techniques have been both highly revered and highly criticized by educators. Unfortunately, both viewpoints have often been based on a superficial understanding of theory and research. More significantly, the application of behavioristic principles has frequently failed to integrate techniques derived from research in the areas of personality development and communication (much of which is currently incorporated under the term humanistic psychology). This article presents a school-based model for creating a synthesis of behavioristic and humanistic technologies. Examples from the author's work as a teacher and consultant are combined with an examination of associated research findings to demonstrate the practical application of such a synthesis.
Activated human eosinophils synthesize new proteins

Abstract In order to study the biochemical consequences of prolonged in vitro activation of human blood eosinophils, aqeous whole cell lysates, cell-free supernatants from resting eosinophils, and cells activated with opsonized zymosan, calcium ionophore (A23187), N -formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). In comparison to resting eosinophils, opsonized-activated eosinophil extracts demonstrated altered protein composition on both the native PAGE and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) -PAGE. Three new polypeptides of apparent molecular mass 24 kDa, 43 kDa and 60 kDa appeared on SDS-PAGE gels when opsonized zymosan-activated eosinophil extracts were electrophoresed. In constrast, extracts from fMet-Leu-Phe, A23187, and PMA-activated eosinophils demonstrated neither altered polypeptide composition nor new polypeptides. Opsonized zymosan also induced the incorporation of L -[ 35 S]methionine into eosinophil proteins and this was completely blocked by pretreating the cells with cycloheximide. This finding suggests that eosinophils activated by certain stimuli synthesize new proteins. These newly synthesized proteins, which are freely secreted into the medium during cell activation, may possess important immunological functions.
The Two Myosin Isoenzymes of Chicken Anterior Latissimus dorsi Muscle Contain Different Myosin Heavy Chains Encoded by Separate mRNAs

The two myosin isozymes (SM1 and SM2) of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the chicken change in relative concentration during development. As SM1 decreases from 13 days of embryonic growth through 1 year of adult maturation, SM2 increases. In the adult muscle SM2 accounts for over 95% of the total myosin. The myosin heavy chains of the two isozymes are distinctly different and may be separated from each other by 5% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The faster migrating myosin heavy chain is identified as originating from SM1 and the slower migrating myosin heavy chain from SM2 myosin isozymes. The myosin heavy chains change in relative concentration during development exactly parallel with changes in SM1 and SM2 isozyme levels. Peptide map analysis also reveals that SM1 myosin heavy chains and SM2 myosin heavy chains are distinctly different. When RNA from the ALD muscle is added to reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing systems the translation products are shown to include both SM1 and SM2 myosin heavy chains. These comigrate exactly on 5% SDS polyacrylamide gels with authentic counterparts from ALD muscle. Finally, when peptide maps of SM1 and SM2 myosin heavy chains synthesized in the reticulocyte lysate are compared they are again found to be distinctly different and each is identical to a peptide map of respective authentic SM1 and SM2 myosin heavy chains. It is concluded that the myosin heavy chains of SM1 and SM2 myosin isozymes of ALD muscle have different primary structures and that they are encoded by two distinctly different mRNAs.
The effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol physical dependence on brain cannabinoid receptors

Abstract The effects of chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cannabinoid receptor levels and receptor–G-protein coupling were investigated. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were infused continuously with low or high dose regimens of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol or vehicle for 4 days. Following treatment, rats were sacrificed for cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding analysis or challenged with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide HCl (SR141716A). The rats receiving Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exhibited antagonist-precipitated withdrawal signs. Each brain region (cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia) from high-dose rats showed 30–70% decreases in [3H] (−)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexanol (WIN55212-2) Bmax values, indicating receptor down-regulation. Most regions showed decreased WIN55212-2-stimulated [35S]guanosine-5′-O-3-thiotriphosphate (GTPγS) binding, indicating desensitization of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Additional receptor binding assays in cerebellar membranes showed a significantly greater decrease in agonist than in antagonist Bmax values, indicating a lower fraction of coupled receptors after treatment. Concentration–effect analysis of five agonists revealed that the treatment resulted in greater decreases in the efficacy of low-efficacy agonists.
Enhancement of Phototransduction Protein Interactions by Lipid Surfaces

The G protein cascade of vision depends on two peripheral membrane proteins: the G protein, transducin (Gt), and cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE). Each has covalently attached lipids, and interacts with transduction components on the membrane surface. We have found that their surface interactions are critically dependent on the nature of the lipid. Membranes enhance their protein-protein interactions, especially if electrostatic attraction is introduced with positively charged lipids. These interactions are less enhanced on highly curved surfaces, but are most enhanced by unsaturated or bulky acyl chains. On positively charged membranes, Gt assembles at a high enough density to form two-dimensional arrays with short-range crystalline order. Cationic membranes also support extremely efficient activation of PDE by the GTPγS (guanosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate)) form of Gαt (Gαt-GTPγS), minimizing functional heterogeneity of transducin and allowing activation with nanomolar Gαt-GTPγS. Quantification of PDE activation and of the amount of Gαt-GTPγS bound to PDE indicated that Gt activates PDE maximally when bound in a 1:1 molar ratio. No cooperativity was observed, even at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, under these conditions, the one binding site for Gαt-GTPγS on PDE that stimulates catalysis must be of higher affinity than one or more additional sites which are silent with respect to activation of PDE.
The J-Machine: A fine-grain parallel computer

Abstract Most modern computers, whether parallel or sequential, are coarse grained. They are composed of physically large nodes with tens of megabytes of memory. Only a small fraction of the silicon area in the machine is devoted to computation. By increasing the ratio of computation area to memory area, fine-grain computers offer the potential of improving cost/performance by several orders of magnitude. To efficiently operate at such a fine grain, however, a machine must provide mechanisms that permit rapid access to global data and fast interaction between nodes. The MIT J-Machine is a fine-grain concurrent computer that provides low-overhead mechanisms for parallel computing. Prototype J-Machines have been operational since July 1991. The J-Machine communication mechanism permits a node to send a message to any other node in the machine in μ s. On message arrival, a task is created and dispatched in μ s. A translation mechanism supports a global virtual address space. These mechanisms efficiently support most proposed models of concurrent computation and allow parallelism to be exploited at a grain size of 10 operations. The hardware is an ensemble of up to 65,536 nodes each containing a 36-bit processor, 4K 36-bit words of on-chip memory, 256K words of DRAM and a router. The nodes are connected by a high-speed three-dimensional mesh network.