cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aromatic hydrocarbons production from ex situ catalysis of pyrolysis vapor over Zinc modified ZSM-5 in a packed-bed catalysis coupled with microwave pyrolysis reactor

Abstract Ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of biomass through a packed-bed catalysis close coupled with microwave pyrolysis was investigated to convert Douglas fir sawdust pellets to aromatic hydrocarbons by Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst. A comparison test from five different Zn loadings (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 wt.%) was first conducted, and it was found that the highest amount of aromatic hydrocarbons was produced from 0.5% Zn loaded on ZSM-5. Then a central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to optimize the upgraded bio-oil and syngas yields with 0.5% Zn loaded in ZSM-5. In comparison to the non-catalytic experiment, all the catalysts decreased the bio-oil yield and increased the syngas production. The product yields from Zn/ZSM-5 were sensitive with reaction conditions as the bio-oil yields varied between 22.3% and 44.8% compared with 32.2% and 37.8% over ZSM-5 catalyst, and syngas yields from 33.3% to 55.5% vs. 38.8% to 43.7% on ZSM-5 catalyst. GC/MS analysis showed that aromatic hydrocarbons become the most abundant compounds in the bio-oil. The high amount of aromatic hydrocarbons in the upgraded bio-oils from GC/MS analysis was confirmed by the FTIR analysis. The aromatic hydrocarbon was increased when the packed-bed temperature and inverse weight hourly space velocity (WHSV)−1 were increased. The comparison of coking on ZSM-5 and Zn/ZSM-5 catalysts at different reaction conditions showed that the coking increased with increasing (WHSV)−1 and decreasing packed-bed temperatures. Zn/ZSM-5 had lower coking than ZSM-5 on all the reaction conditions except packed-bed temperature at 269 °C and (WHSV)−1 at 0.048.
Mechanism of catalytic oxygenation of alkanes by halogenated iron porphyrins

Halogenation of an iron porphyrin causes severe saddling of the macrocyclic structure and a large positive shift in the iron(III)/(II) redox couple. Although pre-halogenated iron(II) porphyrins such as Fe(TFPPBr8) [H2TFPPBr8, beta-octabromo-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin] are relatively resistant to autoxidation, they rapidly reduce alkyl hydroperoxides. These and related reactivity studies suggest that catalysis of alkane oxygenation by Fe(TFPPBr8)Cl occurs through a radical-chain mechanism in which the radicals are generated by oxidation and reduction of alkyl hydroperoxides.
The effects of air pollution on vegetation from a geographic perspective

Researchers in many fields seek to understand the effects of anthropogenic changes in atmospheric chemistry on vegetation distributions. Particularly important needs for information from a pragmatic perspective include (1) relationships between short-and long-term metabolic consequences of pollutant uptake to vegetation distributions, and (2) indirect influences of air pollution on plant-community dynamics. Biogeography would be the appropriate discipline to make the most powerful contributions to these needs. This does not only mean gathering research output to show a broader picture. In addition, it means introducing new approaches from various fields in order to deepen understanding of spatial phenomena in the past and present, and to better predict patterns of the future. We review developments in both reductionist and holistic research approaches that have effectively enhanced knowledge of how atmospheric emissions affect vegetation. Limitations of these approaches are also discussed. We assume that ...
Sheath Flow Jet Expansions of Liquids and Supercritical Fluids

A method is described for performing supersonic jet spectroscopy of compounds dissolved in a liquid or supercritical fluid. The fluid is expanded through a capillary restrictor into a concentric sheath gas flow of argon. The resulting mixture undergoes further expansion through a 200-μm tapered nozzle. Laser-induced fluorescence of naphthalene is used to probe the cooling and focusing properties of the nozzle. A rotational temperature of 12 K has been obtained for a variety of fluid carriers. No fluorescence enhancement is observed along the centerline of the expansion relative to the results with a conventional free jet expansion.
Stable and unstable Rossby waves in the North Pacific current as inferred from the mean stratification

Abstract We have determined free Rossby waves in the North Pacific Current by numerical methods. We have found only two stable solutions — the barotropic and first-order baroclinic Rossby shear modes. The influence of the current on the dispersion features of these waves is small for the barotropic shear mode, but is significant for the baroclinic shear mode. An explicit comparison of the dispersion relations for the baroclinic wave in case of vanishing and non-vanishing current is given. We have found at most one unstable solution per wave number. The unstable wave with largest growth rate has an e-folding time of 1.1 year. We have calculated vertical profiles of the stream function and the temperature for the various shear modes at various wave numbers. The temperature shear modes have been calculated for later usage in a Rossby wave model to be fitted to observed temperature data from the North Pacific Current area.
Enhancing corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete structures with hybrid fiber reinforced concrete

Abstract Service loads well below the yield strength of steel reinforcing bars lead to cracking of reinforced concrete. This paper investigates whether the crack resistance of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HyFRC) reduces the corrosion rate of steel reinforcing bars in concrete after cyclic flexural loading. The reinforcing bars were extracted to examine their surface for corrosion and compare microcell and macrocell corrosion mass loss estimates against direct gravimetric measurements. A delay in corrosion initiation and lower active corrosion rates were observed in the HyFRC beam specimens when compared to reinforced specimens containing plain concrete matrices cycled at the same flexural load.
Use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a framework for analyzing the Stroke Impact Scale-16 relative to falls

AbstractObjective: To determine if subscores based on grouping Stroke Impact Scale 16 (SIS-16) items according to International Classification of Functioning, Health and Disability (ICF) components are more accurate in identifying individuals with a history of falls than the total SIS-16 score.Design: Case series.Subjects: 43 community-dwelling people with chronic stroke.Methods: Participants were grouped based on six month fall history (no fall versus one or more falls). The SIS-16 items were categorized as belonging to the Body Structure and Function (BSF), Activity (ACT) or Participation (PART) component of the ICF. SIS-16 total score and ICF component subscores were analyzed for their association with falls. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves were (ROC) analyzed.Results: There were significant differences between groups on SIS-16 total (p = 0.006), BSF (p = 0.041) and ACT (p = 0.003) scores. The BSF and ACT component subscores had the highest specificity (0.91) and sensitivity (0.80), respective...
Whole-milk feeding duration, calf growth, and profitability of group-fed calves in an organic production system.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of early-life feeding duration on growth and economics of group-fed organic dairy calves. Heifer calves born during the spring of 2011 (n = 67) and the spring of 2012 (n = 57) were used to evaluate the effect of weaning age, growth, and profitability of group-fed calves fed once per day in an organic dairy production system. Calves were assigned to replicate feeding groups of 10 in super hutches by birth order, and were born at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris organic dairy. Breed groups were Holsteins (n = 15) selected for high production, Holsteins (n = 23) maintained at 1964 breed-average level, crossbreds (n = 54) including combinations of Holstein, Montbeliarde, and Swedish Red, and crossbreds (n = 32) including combinations of Holstein, New Zealand Friesian, Jersey, and Swedish Red. Groups of calves were weaned at 30 (EW, early weaning), 60 (MW, mid weaning), or 90 (LW, late weaning) d of age, and groups were fed 1.5% of birth weight of 13% total solids organic whole milk once daily and weaned when the group of 10 calves consumed an average of 0.91 kg of organic calf starter per calf per day for 4 consecutive days. Body measurements were recorded at birth, weekly during the preweaning period, at weaning, and monthly thereafter. Profitability was estimated as a function of the total cost for organic milk and organic calf starter for weaning groups to weaning and to the first 90 d of age. Preweaning group performance was weaning age, EW: 47.6d, MW: 64.5d, LW: 93.7d; weaning weight, EW: 61.8 kg, MW: 79.2 kg, LW: 108.1 kg; and gain per day, EW: 0.51 kg/d, MW: 0.63 kg/d, LW: 0.75 kg/d. Body weight (BW) did not differ among weaning groups at 90 d of age; however, MW calves had lower 120-d BW than did LW calves. The EW calves did not differ from either MW or LW calves for 120-d BW. Total feed costs to weaning for groups were $1,092.97 for EW calves, $1,871.24 for MW calves, and $2,956.64 for LW calves. The cost per kilogram of gain was higher for the EW ($5.54) group of calves than for the MW ($4.60) or LW ($4.14) groups during the preweaning period. Total costs and cost per kilogram of gain for the first 90 d of age were lowest for EW ($1,595.59, $3.02) calves and highest for LW ($2,956.64, $4.13) calves, respectively.
Performance Attributes of Internal Auditors: A Cross-Cultural Study

A sample of 1,497 chief audit executives (CAEs) from 19 countries selected the most important performance attributes from a list of 43 for the practice of internal auditing at various professional ranks. The performance attributes identified as most important are generally similar to those in external auditing, indicating that while some attributes (e.g., leadership, risk analysis) are more important for upper ranks, other attributes (e.g., data collection and analysis, analytical) are more important for lower ranks. The study’s main contribution to the literature is its investigation of the effects of culture on performance attributes. The results indicate significant effects of cultural clusters on performance attributes. For example, while Latin-American CAEs rated leadership skills at higher levels than other cultural clusters for staff, the East-European CAEs assessed the importance of technical skills at higher levels than other clusters for CAEs. Implications of the results are discussed.
DOCTOR: an integrated software fault injection environment for distributed real-time systems

The paper presents an integrated software fault injection environment (DOCTOR) which is capable of (1) generating synthetic workloads under which system dependability is evaluated, (2) injecting various types of faults with different options, and (3) collecting performance and dependability data. A comprehensive graphical user interface is also provided. The software implemented fault-injection tools supports three types of faults: memory faults, CPU faults, and communication faults. Each injected fault may be permanent, transient or intermittent. A fault-injection plan can be formulated probabilistically, or based on the past event history. The modular organization of tools is particularly designed for distributed architectures. DOCTOR is implemented on a distributed real-time system called HARTS, and it capability has been tested through numerous experiments. >
Interactions between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C viral infection

This paper discusses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in terms of their clinical presentation, natural history, pathogenesis and treatment. Important interactions between these two diseases are then discussed, as well as fertile areas for further research.
Effect of glue on reliability of flip chip BGA packages under thermal cycling

Glue is widely used to improve the reliability of ball grid array (BGA) under mechanical shock and vibration. Although it has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on the reliability of BGA under mechanical impact, it can have adverse effects on BGA under thermal cycling. This paper investigates the effect of glue on the reliability of BGA under thermal cycling using both experimental and numerical methods. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to obtain the thermal mechanical behavior of the package. The experimental results explain in detail how the glue negatively affects the reliability of the BGA. Furthermore, a finite element analysis was performed and its results were verified with experimental results. A numerical parametric study was carried out on various mechanical properties, configurations of the glue, and introduction of a stiffener using the validated FEM model. The results show that the reliability of BGA strongly depends on geometries and material properties of the glue. Based on the results, a guideline of glue selection for BGA reliability under thermal cycling is formulated.
Authoritarianism and American Students' Attitudes about the Gulf War, 1990-1996

Studies with several different groups of students over the period from October 1990 to spring 1996 show a consistent set of relationships between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and aggressive support for U.S. policy during the Persian Gulf crisis and Gulf War Before the war, high-RWA scorers endorsed more aggressive responses (including the use of nuclear weapons) to hypothetical Iraqi actions. After the war, they expressed relatively more gloating and less regret and, in retrospect, endorsed more aggressive hypothetical U.S. policies. Overall, their opinions tended to be low in complexity, high in certainty, and brief.
Reverse polarity optical-OFDM (RPO-OFDM): dimming compatible OFDM for gigabit VLC links

Visible light communications (VLC) technology permits the exploitation of light-emitting diode (LED) luminaries for simultaneous illumination and broadband wireless communication. Optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (O-OFDM) is a promising modulation technique for VLC systems, in which the real-valued O-OFDM baseband signal is used to modulate the instantaneous power of the optical carrier to achieve gigabit data rates. However, a major design challenge that limits the commercialization of VLC is how to incorporate the industry-preferred pulse-width modulation (PWM) light dimming technique while maintaining a broadband and reliable communication link. In this work, a novel signal format, reverse polarity O-OFDM (RPO-OFDM), is proposed to combine the fast O-OFDM communication signal with the relatively slow PWM dimming signal, where both signals contribute to the effective LED brightness. The advantages of using RPO-OFDM include, (1) the data rate is not limited by the frequency of the PWM signal, (2) the LED dynamic range is fully utilized to minimize the nonlinear distortion of the O-OFDM communication signal, and (3) the bit-error performance is sustained over a large fraction of the luminaire dimming range. In addition, RPO-OFDM offers a practical approach to utilize off-the-shelf LED drivers. We show results of numerical simulations to study the trade-offs between the PWM duty cycle, average electrical O-OFDM signal power, radiated optical flux as well as human perceived light.
Distinct nucleic acid interaction properties of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein precursor NCp15 explain reduced viral infectivity

During human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) maturation, three different forms of nucleocapsid (NC) protein—NCp15 (p9 + p6), NCp9 (p7 + SP2) and NCp7—appear successively. A mutant virus expressing NCp15 shows greatly reduced infectivity. Mature NCp7 is a chaperone protein that facilitates remodeling of nucleic acids (NAs) during reverse transcription. To understand the strict requirement for NCp15 processing, we compared the chaperone function of the three forms of NC. NCp15 anneals tRNA to the primer-binding site at a similar rate as NCp7, whereas NCp9 is the most efficient annealing protein. Assays to measure NA destabilization show a similar trend. Dynamic light scattering studies reveal that NCp15 forms much smaller aggregates relative to those formed by NCp7 and NCp9. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies suggest that the acidic p6 domain of HIV-1 NCp15 folds back and interacts with the basic zinc fingers. Neutralizing the acidic residues in p6 improves the annealing and aggregation activity of NCp15 to the level of NCp9 and increases the protein–NA aggregate size. Slower NCp15 dissociation kinetics is observed by single-molecule DNA stretching, consistent with the formation of electrostatic inter-protein contacts, which likely contribute to the distinct aggregate morphology, irregular HIV-1 core formation and non-infectious virus.
Are we Willing to Fight for our Research

In June of 1989 The Johns Hopkins Medical School celebrated its hun­ dredth anniversary. In the half-dozen speeches at the opening ceremonies, given by major figures at Hopkins, plus the Secretary of Health, the Postmaster General, and the chief executive officer of one of the country's leading pharmaceutical houses, all the important problems confront­ ing modern medicine were addressed, from AIDS to our legal system­ with one exception. Not one speaker mentioned the animal activists. After the convocation I asked my host, one of the world's leading neurophysiologists, how he could account for this. His answer: "David, they're scared to death." On February 8, 1990, the Dean of the Knoxville Tennessee School of Veterinary Medicine was murdered. He was found in the driveway of his home with eight bullets in his chest. Less than two weeks later the Boston Herald reported that animal-rights extremists had threatened to kill one veterinary-college dean each month for twelve months, as a protest against research involving the use of animals. At present these rumors remain unconfirmed, and there seems to be no shred of evidence that the murder had anything to do with the animal activists. What is significant is the immediate and instinctive reaction of those of us who use animals in our research, to have it even cross our minds that the murder might represent some new wave of fanaticism on the part of the animal-rights activists. No one who uses animals in medical research can doubt that these activists pose a most serious threat to our field and to society. I am not a scholar of the animal-activist movement and do not count myself an expert in its history or philosophy. My involvement comes partly from the fact
Method of Measuring Ultralow Water Vapor Permeation for OLED Displays

It is well known that proper encapsulation is crucial for the lifetime of organic LED (OLED) displays. With the development of better and better barrier coatings and perimeter seals, it has now become very desirable to be able to precisely measure the rate of water vapor and oxygen permeation through barrier coatings and perimeter sealing. This paper demonstrates a new permeation measurement method that uses tritium-containing water (HTO) as tracer materials. The theoretical detection limit is 2.4/spl times/10/sup -7/ g/(m/sup 2//spl middot/day).
Knockdown of p180 Eliminates the Terminal Differentiation of a Secretory Cell Line

We have previously reported that the expression in yeast of an integral membrane protein (p180) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), isolated for its ability to mediate ribosome binding, is capable o...
Predictive and Interpretive Simulation of Green Fluorescent Protein Expression in Reporter Bacteria

We have formulated a numerical model that simulates the accumulation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in bacterial cells from a generic promoter-gfp fusion. The model takes into account the activity of the promoter, the time it takes GFP to mature into its fluorescent form, the susceptibility of GFP to proteolytic degradation, and the growth rate of the bacteria. From the model, we derived a simple formula with which promoter activity can be inferred easily and quantitatively from actual measurements of GFP fluorescence in growing bacterial cultures. To test the usefulness of the formula, we determined the activity of the LacI-repressible promoter PA1/O4/O3 in response to increasing concentrations of the inducer IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside) and were able to predict cooperativity between the LacI repressors on each of the two operator sites within PA1/O4/O3. Aided by the model, we also quantified the proteolytic degradation of GFP[AAV], GFP[ASV], and GFP[LVA], which are popular variants of GFP with reduced stability in bacteria. Best described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the rate at which these variants were degraded was a function of the activity of the promoter that drives their synthesis: a weak promoter yielded proportionally less GFP fluorescence than a strong one. The degree of disproportionality is species dependent: the effect was more pronounced in Erwinia herbicola than in Escherichia coli. This phenomenon has important implications for the interpretation of fluorescence from bacterial reporters based on these GFP variants. The model furthermore predicted a significant effect of growth rate on the GFP content of individual bacteria, which if not accounted for might lead to misinterpretation of GFP data. In practice, our model will be helpful for prior testing of different combinations of promoter-gfp fusions that best fit the application of a particular bacterial reporter strain, and also for the interpretation of actual GFP fluorescence data that are obtained with that reporter.
Detecting and Localizing Identity-Based Attacks in Wireless and Sensor Networks

Wireless networks are vulnerable to identity-based attacks, including spoofing and Sybil attacks, which allows for many other forms of attacks on the networks. Although the identity of a node can be verified through cryptographic authentication, authentication is not always possible, because it requires key management and additional infrastructural overhead. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting both spoofing and Sybil attacks by using the same set of techniques. We first propose a generalized attack-detection model that utilizes the spatial correlation of received signal strength (RSS) inherited from wireless nodes. We further provide a theoretical analysis of our approach. We then derive the test statistics for detection of identity-based attacks by using the K-means algorithm. Our attack detector is robust when handling the situations of attackers that use different transmission power levels to attack the detection scheme. We further describe how we integrated our attack detector into a real-time indoor localization system, which can also localize the positions of the attackers. We show that the positions of the attackers can be localized using either area- or point-based localization algorithms with the same relative errors as in the normal case. We further evaluated our methods through experimentation in two real office buildings using both an IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) network and an IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) network. Our results show that it is possible to detect wireless identity-based attacks with both a high detection rate and a low false-positive rate, thereby providing strong evidence of the effectiveness of the attack detector utilizing the spatial correlation of RSS and the attack localizer.
Congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension: pharmacology and feasibility of late surgery

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), previously termed pulmonary vascular obstructive disease or pulmonary vascular disease is a frequent complication of congenital heart disease (CHD).While there have been advances in the medical treatments available for classic Eisenmenger syndrome patients who are not suitable for repair, the sub-group of patients with moderate sized congenital systemic to pulmonary shunts and mild to moderately elevated PVR remains challenging. With the development of targeted medical treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the concept of a combined medical and interventional/surgical approach for patients with PAH associated with CHD (APAH-CHD) has emerged. Careful evaluation and an understanding of the predominant physiologic features will help guide the management of these complex patients and whether late surgical repair is feasible.
Childhood predictors of adolescent competence and self-worth in rural youth.

Studies of resilient children showed that despite the presence of numerous risk factors (e.g., poverty, psychopathology, stress, and disruptions in the family unit), many have become competent adults (Werner, 1989; 2003). Resilience theory suggests that these children have resources such as caring parents and other adults in their lives (Croll, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Ireland, 2002; Henrich, Brookmeyer, & Shahar, 2005). They also use adaptive coping strategies for dealing with environmental stressors (Compas, Connor-Smith, Saltzman, Thomsen, & Wadsworth, 2001) Some may have a temperament high in task persistence (McClowry, 2003), which serves as a protective resource. Both intrapersonal and interpersonal risk factors and protective resources discernible in childhood may predict competence and self-worth in adolescence. Much of the research on risk and protective factors among adolescents has been done with urban samples in which the majority of the sample was white (Appleyard, Egeland, & Sroufe, 2007; Goodman, McEwen, Dolan, Schafer-Kalkhoff, & Adler, 2005). Do these same factors increase risk or offer protection to rural and Hispanic adolescents as well? The purpose of this study was to determine whether selected risk and protective factors measured in childhood predicted competence and self-worth during adolescence.
Tutorial 3: AR mobile game development: Getting started

This tutorial is a half-day project based tutorial to demonstrate how to create an AR mobile game prototype from game design to art, animation and technical production. Tools such as Unity, Maya and Vuforia will be used in this tutorial. Standard game development topics which can be applied to all digital game projects such as the game design process, pre-production planning, 3D modeling, rigging and animation techniques, game engine workflow as well as the unique elements of AR mobile game development will be covered in this tutorial.
The Estrogen/Neurotrophin Connection during Neural Development: Is Co-Localization of Estrogen Receptors with the Neurotrophins and Their Receptors Biologically Relevant?

Estrogen enhances neurite growth within the developing rodent forebrain. Estrogen receptor mRNA is co-expressed with the mRNA for the neurotrophins and their receptors. Estrogen may act independently by altering growth-related genes directly, but may interact additionally with growth factors (neurotrophins) and their receptors (trks). Estrogen may also act permissively to facilitate neurotrophin actions by genomic cross-talk with neurotrophin regulatory pathways whose nuclear end points may be the same estrogen-responsive genes. Differential and reciprocal regulation of estrogen and nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor gene expression by their ligands suggests that estrogen and the neurotrophins may influence each other's actions by regulating receptor/ligand availability or by reciprocal regulation at the level of gene transcription or signal transduction. Steroid/neurotrophin interactions may stimulate the synthesis of proteins required for neuronal differentiation, survival and maintenance of function.
Reductive weathering of black shale and release of barium during hydraulic fracturing

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is an important technological advance in the extraction of natural gas and petroleum from black shales, but water injected into shale formations in the fracturing process returns with extraordinarily high total-dissolved-solids (TDS) and high concentrations of barium, Ba. It is generally assumed that high TDS comes from the mixing of surface water (injected fluid) with Na–Ca–Cl formation brines containing elevated Ba, but the mechanisms by which such mixing might occur are disputed. Here we show that Ba in water co-produced with gas could originate from water-rock reactions, with Ba levels observed in produced waters reached on a time scale relevant to hydraulic fracturing operations. We examined samples from three drill cores from the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and New York to determine the possible water-rock reactions that release barium during hydraulic fracturing. Two samples, one containing microcrystalline barite (BaSO 4 ) and one without barite, contain elevated concentrations of Ba relative to the crustal average for shale rocks. A third sample is slightly depleted in Ba relative to the crustal average. Micro-XRF measurements and SEM/EDS analysis combined with chemical sequential extraction methods reveal that a majority of the Ba in all samples (55–77 wt.%) is present in clays and can only be leached from the rock by dissolution in hydrofluoric acid. Thus, a majority of barium in our samples is relatively inaccessible to leaching under hydraulic fracturing conditions. However, the balance of Ba in the rocks is contained in phases that are potentially leachable during hydraulic fracturing (e.g., soluble salts, exchangeable sites on clays, carbonates, barite, organics). We next studied how shale reacts with water at elevated temperatures (80 °C), low Eh (−100 to −200 mV), and a range of ionic strengths (IS = 0.85–6.4) that emulate conditions prevalent at depth during hydraulic fracturing. Our experimental results indicate that the amount of Ba released from the bulk rock has a positive correlation with the ionic strength of the reacting fluid. Between 5 and 25% of the total Ba in the rock can be leached from shale under ionic strength conditions and leachate compositions typical of produced waters over a contact time of just 7 days. We suggest that reductive weathering of black shale occurs during hydraulic fracturing due to: 1) Ba 2+ in clays exchanging with Na + and Ca 2+ ions that are present in high concentrations in produced water, and 2) increased solubility and dissolution kinetics of barite under high ionic strength conditions. At the low Eh conditions prevalent during hydraulic fracturing the sulfate deficient water allows Ba to be dissolved into the produced water. Based on Ba yields determined from laboratory leaching experiments of Marcellus Shale and a reasonable estimate of the water/rock mass ratio during hydraulic fracturing, we suggest that all of the Ba in produced water can be reconciled with leaching directly from the fractured rock.
MATERNAL-ZYGOTIC LETHAL INTERACTIONS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: THE EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCIES IN THE ZESTE-WHITE REGION OF THE X CHROMOSOME

The possibility that essential loci in the zeste-white region of the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome are expressed both maternally and zygotically has been tested. Maternal gene activity was varied by altering gene dose, and zygotic gene activity was manipulated by use of position-effect variegation of a duplication. Viability is affected when both maternal and zygotic gene activity are reduced, but not when either maternal or zygotic gene activity is normal. Tests of a set of overlapping deficiencies demonstrate that at least three sections of the zeste-white region yield maternal zygotic lethal interactions. Single-cistron mutations at two loci in one of these segments have been tested, and maternal heterozygosity for mutations at both loci give lethal responses of mutant-duplication zygotes. Thus, at least four of the 13 essential functions coded in the zeste-white region are active both maternally and zygotically, suggesting that a substantial fraction of the genome may function at both stages. The normal survival of zygotes when either maternal gene expression or zygotic gene expression is normal, and their inviability when both are depressed, suggests that a developmental stage exists when maternally determined functions and zygotically coded functions are both in use.
Acute intracranial hypertension, cerebral blood flow, and the EEG

Abstract Rapid expansion of an extradural balloon is a form of compression concussion and results in decreased EEG amplitude and profound alterations in the animal's vital signs. The latter consist of bradycardia, hypotension and bradypnea or respiratory arrest. When intracranial pressure is suddenly increased by this method, large pressure differentials are established throughout the intracranial space resulting in movement of the brain. This displacement, particularly of the brain-stem, could then account for the observed changes in both the EEG and vital signs. However, by expanding the balloon at many different rates of injection it has been demonstrated that the signs of compression concussion can occur when intracranial pressure is minimally elevated and movement of the brain is insignificant. We believe that the EEG changes observed at this time are due to local stress and that the alterations in vital signs result from electrophysiological excitation or inhibition of medullary centers, not direct physical involvement of the brain-stem. With more gradual expansion of the balloon the EEG remains normal until the intracranial pressure approaches the systemic arterial pressure, and the changes which occur at this time are due to cerebral ischemia.
Evaluation of the RZWQM for Simulating Tile Drainage and Leached Nitrate in the Georgia Piedmont

Models have become an important tool for evaluating the impact of agricultural management practices on water quality. We evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM version 1.3.2004.213), for simulating tile drainage and NO3 leaching under conventional and notillage management practices in cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.) production and rye (Secale cereale L.) cover cropping practices in a Cecil (kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludult) soil in Georgia, USA. We calibrated the model for tile drainage and NO3 leaching in maize (Zea mays L.) production and for cotton development and water use in a previous study based on experimental data collected from 1992 through 1993 at Watkinsville, GA. For the current study, we used an independent data set collected from 1997 through 2000. Differences in measured and simulated tile drainage were 926 mm in conventional tillage and 712 mm in no-tillage treatments. Measured and simulated values of leached NO3 were different by 62 and 73 kg ha 21 , respectively, for the two tillage treatments. Some of the differences in simulated drainage compared with the calibration study could be attributed to differences in simulated evapotranspiration and runoff. Comparing the simulated and calculated water balances and winter rye production of the calibration study with the current study, however, the effects of winter cover cropping practices during the 4-yr period at the study site since the model was calibrated have affected the amount of soil water available for drainage and NO3 leaching at the depth of the drains.
ChatAmp: talking with music and text

Current systems for synchronous, text-based communication offer more varied interactions than e-mail, but cannot easily convey non-verbal or emotional information in an unobtrusive and intuitive manner. In this report we introduce ChatAmp, a new chat system which incorporates music as a central part of social interaction. Music is used in order to create an unobtrusive ambient soundscape that gives information about conversational activity and emotion using changes to instrument behavior. This soundscape acts as a peripheral channel to let a multitasking user monitor the conversation while focused else-where without being interrupted by jarring alert sounds. By combining this with non-sequential visualization which groups all of a user’s activity in his area of the screen, ChatAmp provides "at-a-glance" information through both auditory and visual channels. Informal user tests support the effectiveness of integrating music and conversation in achieving the goals above and suggest directions for further research.
Egg of the Karner Blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis): morphology and elemental analysis.

Most insect eggshells are ornately sculptured; that of the Karner Blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, exhibits a series of interwoven ridges and depressions. Scanning electron microscopic views of the shell show that the patterning resides in the outer chorion, while the inner vitelline membrane is relatively flat and featureless. We here describe the morphology of the egg and introduce a physical technique, use of a Dynamitron accelerator, to identify and localize elements in the eggshell. Most elements present are represented in the chorion, but sulfur appears restricted to the vitelline membrane. The micropyle is particularly rich in calcium and, in unhatched eggs, phosphorus as well. J. Morphol. 251:140–148, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identifying orthogonal solvents for solution processed organic transistors

Abstract Identification of solvents for dissolving polymer dielectrics and organic semiconductors is necessary for the fabrication of solution-processed organic field effect transistors (OFETs). In addition to solubility and printability of a solvent, orthogonality is particularly important when forming multilayer structure from solutions. Currently, the process of finding orthogonal solvents is empirical, and based on trial-and-error experimental methods. In this paper, we present a methodology for identifying orthogonal solvents for solution-processed organic devices. We study the accuracy of Hildebrand and Hansen solubility theories for building solubility boundaries for organic semiconductor (Poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (PBTTT) and polymer dielectrics (Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Polystyrene (PS)). The Hansen solubility sphere for the organic semiconductor and polymer gate dielectrics are analyzed to identify solvents that dissolve PMMA and PS, but are orthogonal to PBTTT. Top gate/bottom contact PBTTT based OFETs are fabricated with PMMA gate dielectric processed with solvents that are orthogonal and non-orthogonal to PBTTT. The non-orthogonal solvents swell the semiconductor layer and increase their surface roughness.
Using qualitative methods to develop a survey measure of math and science engagement

Abstract Student engagement in math and science is vital to students' academic achievement and long-term participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematic (STEM) courses and careers. In this study, we conducted in-depth interviews with 106 students from sixth to twelfth grade and 34 middle and high school teachers about how they conceptualized math and science engagement and disengagement. Our qualitative analysis of student and teacher interviews supported the multidimensional construct of engagement outlined in the academic literature. Our analysis also revealed additional indicators that have been included in prior measures of engagement less frequently. We then described how we used this qualitative information from students and teachers to develop and validate a new student self-report measure of math and science engagement.
The Effect of Quinic Acid and Similar Compounds on the Growth and Development of Physarum Flavicomum in Pure Culture

During an investigation on pure culture of Myxomycetes (Ross, 1964), the effects of various cyclic compounds were tested on the growth and development of Physarum flavicomum Berk. This study was initiated after gallic acid and similar compounds had been found to affect the growth of Badhamia curtisii (Berk.) Rost. amoebae in pure culture, (Ross, unpublished data) and Daniel and Rusch (1962) had reported that low concentrations of quinic acid could induce sporula? tion in Physarum polycephalum Schw. Still and Ward (1963) reported finding IAA oxidase in the plasmodia of P. polycephalum but not in the spores, whereas they found IAA in the spores but not in the plasmodia, indicating a possible relationship of the IAA-IAA oxidase system to sporulation. Since gallic and quinic acids can operate as oxidase inhibi? tors, it was hoped that these compounds may have some influence on the sporulation of P. flavicomum by affecting the IAA-IAA oxidase mech? anism. This end has not been attained in full, but the results so far obtained seemed interesting enough to be reported at this time.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN COGNITIVE BALANCE.

(1965). Developmental Changes in Cognitive Balance. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 39-50.
Clinical curative effect of Compound Phenergan Oral Solution for treatment on children with dry cough and night cough

Objective To observe the efficacy and adverse reactions of Compound Phenergan Oral Solution(Yekeling) in treating children with dry cough and night cough.Methods 80 children with dry cough and night cough symptoms were randomly divided into two groups,40 in the treatment group and 40 in the control group.Conventional therapy was adopted in control group,including anti-infection,aerosol inhalation and symptomatic treatment(with Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide,Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride Solution as a positive control);Compound Phenergan Oral Solution was taken base on the same anti-infection and inhaled basic conditions in treatment group.During the therapy session,cough,course of disease and adverse reactions were observed.Results The initial time to play the efficacy,the antispasmodic and antitussive effect in treatment group were significantly better than the control group,and the treatment group can significantly shorten course of disease.2 patients in the control group had gentle sicchasia and emesis,two groups had no other adverse reactions.Conclusion The compound Phenergan Oral Solution(Yekeling) had quick,reliable efficacy,safety and high-compliance for the treatment of children with dry cough and night cough.
Performance analysis and improvement of single-terminal fault location in transmission lines with DFIG wind farm connecting

The variation characteristics of sequence equivalent impedance of MW DFIG wind farms are absolutely different due to the complicate impacts of wind generator unit type,capacity,and low voltage ride through control strategy etc.The dynamic changing of the sequence equivalent impedance of wind farm will also indirectly influence the measurement at the power system side by the effects of fault branches,hence there are big fault location errors for single terminal impedance fault location at power system side,and for two terminal impedance fault location.According to the problem,this paper built a MW DFIG wind farm model and analyzed its transientoutput characteristics,quantified the key factors producing the fault location errors,and then proposed an improved algorithm based on phase error compensation.The simulations proved good performance of the novel algorithm.The achievement in this paper also can apply into the design and setting of distance protection in transmission lines with wind farms connection.
Quantitative Genetic Variation

Most phenotypes of evolutionary importance are quantitative traits, with continuous phenotypic variation in natural populations due to segregating alleles at multiple loci whose effects are sensitive to the environment. Classical quantitative genetics theory uses additive, dominance, and epistatic effects of loci affecting trait variance and their allele frequencies to determine the magnitudes of genetic variance components relative to the total phenotypic variance; however, estimates of variance components give little insight into the underlying genetic architecture. Recent advances in genotyping and sequencing technologies have enabled high-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci in many species, revealing that most quantitative traits are highly polygenic and that segregating alleles have context-dependent effects. These studies lay the groundwork for addressing long-standing questions in evolutionary quantitative genetics.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of moniliformin in corn

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method using UV absorption was developed for determining moniliformin in corn. The toxin was extracted with water containing 1% tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (w/v). Paired moniliformin was partitioned into dichloromethane, which was evaporated to dryness at 50 degrees C. The residue was dissolved in water and applied to a disposable strong-anion exchange solid-phase extraction tube. Adsorbed moniliformin was eluted from the tube with 0.05M sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (pH 5). It was determined by ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography and UV measurement at 229 nm. The minimum detectable amount of pure moniliformin was 0.25 ng/injection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3:1). The detector response was linear from 0.25 to at least 20 ng. The limit of determination was 0.025 microgram/g corn. Recoveries of moniliformin from corn spiked at 0.025, 0.05, 0.25, and 1.0 microgram/g averaged 96.5, 96.2, 97.2, and 97.8% respectively.
Student Perceptions of Virtual Education: An Exploratory Study

Over the years instructors and administrators have worked together to provide education to students in academic institutions. The role of the participants in this educational system were well defined. Instructors and administrators were responsible for the dissemination of knowledge and the methodology used was simple, the instructor transferred the knowledge to the students. The merging of computers and communications technology is transforming the way we teach and learn. Physical classrooms are being replaced by electronic classrooms. The roles of the participants is being redefined where the instructor is becoming a facilitator in the electronic classroom and students are participating in these classes from anywhere and anytime. Questions that arise for universities include: Is this the future of higher education? Will electronic classrooms replace traditional classrooms. In this study we explore and discuss the perceptions of students in a mid-western rural university regarding virtual education. Implications for the participants in the educational system are also discussed.
The Buzz about Honey Bee Viruses.

In this short review, we present our current understanding of the role of viruses on honey bee health and address some overarching questions in honey bee virology.
Origin and Structure of Turbulence in Stably Stratified Media

The origin and the structure of turbulence in stably stratified media are investigated through theoretical reasoning and laboratory experiments. The limitations of existing stability theories of parallel horizontal shear flows and the resulting critical gradient Richardson number are discussed. The reader is cautioned not to use the gradient Richardson number criterion for predicting the onset of clear air turbulence at high altitude, as evidence shows that the flows are often sloping and non-parallel. The use of numerical computations to study the instability of finite disturbances in sloping flows is proposed. Three different types of turbulent flows in stably stratified fluids are observed experimentally with flow visualization techniques. The first and second experiments are concerned respectively with the turbulent rotors in the lee of a barrier and the breaking of travelling internal waves on a sloping surface. These experiments show that, in flow with large Richardson numbers, turbulence tends to be sporadic, patchy and violent. The third experiment is concerned with the turbulent wake of a cylinder. In this experiment, the combined wave-turbulence behavior is clearly demonstrated with shadowgraph pictures, in which the turbulence is attenuated rapidly downstream while the internal waves persist. Some preliminary results of spectra and correlations measured with quartz-coated hot-film probes are presented.