cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reporting Crime Victimizations to the Police and the Incidence of Future Victimizations: A Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND: Law enforcement depends on cooperation from the public and crime victims to protect citizens and maintain public safety; however, many crimes are not reported to police because of fear of repercussions or because the crime is considered trivial. It is unclear how police reporting affects the incidence of future victimization. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between reporting victimization to police and incident future victimization. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using National Crime Victimization Survey 2008-2012 data. Participants were 12+ years old household members who may or may not be victimized, were followed biannually for 3 years, and who completed at least one follow-up survey after their first reported victimization between 2008 and 2012. Crude and adjusted generalized linear mixed regression for survey data with Poisson link were used to compare rates of future victimization. RESULTS: Out of 18,657 eligible participants, 41% participants reported to their initial victimization to police and had a future victimization rate of 42.8/100 person-years (PY) (95% CI: 40.7, 44.8). The future victimization rate of those who did not report to the police (59%) was 55.0/100 PY (95% CI: 53.0, 57.0). The adjusted rate ratio comparing police reporting to not reporting was 0.78 (95%CI: 0.72, 0.84) for all future victimizations, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.90) for interpersonal violence, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.78) for thefts, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.07) for burglaries. CONCLUSIONS: Reporting victimization to police is associated with fewer future victimization, underscoring the importance of police reporting in crime prevention. This association may be attributed to police action and victim services provisions resulting from reporting. Language: en
Reflex Eye Movements (Doll’s Eyes and Caloric Testing)

1. Stand at the head of bed and grasp the patient’s head with both hands. 2. Use the thumbs of both of hands to open the patient’s eyelids. 3. Rapidly move the patient’s head to one side and hold. 4. Simultaneously observe for the presence or absence of horizontal movements. (a) Head movement to one side should result in conjugate eye movement to the opposite side and then in spontaneous return of the eyes to the midline (normal test). (b) Normal oculocephalic refl ex is the observation of conjugate eye movements to the opposite side of head turning. This indicates a functionally intact brainstem in a comatose patient. (c) Abnormal oculocephalic refl ex: incomplete or absent horizontal eye movements. The eyes remain in the midline. This indicates impairment of the brainstem; caloric testing should be done if not contraindicated. (d) A partially abnormal oculocephalic refl ex: conjugate eye movement opposite to head turning but does not return to the midline means the brainstem is intact but cerebrum function is not. 5. Repeat by rotating the head to the opposite side. 6. Vertical oculocephalic response can be tested by moving the patient’s head up and down. A compensatory vertical eye movement should be observed. (a) This test is useful only if the horizontal oculocephalic refl ex is negative. An intact vertical oculocephalic refl ex with a negative horizontal oculocephalic refl ex suggests a pontine lesion. 7. Document the observations.
Extending SPARQL for Data Analytic Tasks

SPARQL has many nice features for accessing data integrated across different data sources, which is an important step in any data analysis task. We report on the use of SPARQL for two real data analytic use cases from the healthcare and life sciences domains, which exposed certain weaknesses in the current specification of SPARQL, specifically when the data being integrated is most conveniently accessed via RESTful services and in formats beyond RDF, such as XML. We therefore extended SPARQL with generalized service, constructs for accessing services beyond the SPARQL endpoints supported by service. For efficiency, our constructs support posting data, which is also not supported by service. We provide an open source implementation of this SPARQL endpoint in an RDF store called Quetzal, and evaluate its use in the two data analytic scenarios over real datasets.
Decompressive Craniectomy for Severe TBI

Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in US patients aged 1–44 [2] and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is involved in approximately one-third of all injury deaths [3, 4]. According to the CDC there are more than 1.7 million new TBI cases each year; an estimated 275,000 are hospitalized, and 52,000 die [4, 5]. The current global TBI rate of 106 per 100,000 is increasing as developing countries expand and increase the use of motorized transportation [4, 6]. While the rate of TBI is increasing, the number of TBI-related deaths has decreased in the US. In 2010, there were approximately 17.1 TBI-related deaths per 100,000 US population compared to 18.5 per 100,000 in 2001 [4]. TBI-related medical expenses place significant short- and long-term burden on the US economy. In 2010, direct and indirect TBI-related costs were $76.5 billion dollars up from $60 billion in 2000 [3, 7, 8]. These numbers indicate the burden that TBI places only on the civilian population ignoring the military population.
Challenges in photocatalytic reduction of nitrate as a water treatment technology

Management of ubiquitous nitrate contamination in drinking water sources is a major engineering challenge due to its negative impacts from eutrophication to immediate risk to human health. Several water treatment technologies exist to manage nitrate pollution in water sources. However, the most widely used technologies are phase separation treatments. In this context, nanoscale photocatalysis emerges as a highly promising transformative technology capable of reducing nitrate to innocuous nitrogen with noticeable selectivity. This critical review describes the photocatalytic reduction mechanisms of nitrate towards undesirable products (nitrite, ammonium) and the more desirable product (dinitrogen). The mechanisms are based on the standard reduction potential of each individual species and highlight the contribution of reducing species (e.g. CO2-) radicals formed from different hole scavengers. The strategic use of different pure, doped, and composite nanoscale photocatalysts is discussed on the basis of reduction mechanisms' overall conversion, kinetic rates, and selectivity towards N2. The choice of light source affects pathways and influences by-product selectivity because direct photolysis of N-intermediates, which has been overlooked in the literature. In addition, the re-oxidation of nitrite and ammonia as drawback process is explained. Finally, an exhaustive analysis presents the photocatalytic reduction applications for treating real water matrices and the competing effect of other species. Overall, this critical review aims to contribute to the understanding of the potential application/constraints of photocatalysis in inorganic nitrogen management, and guide researchers towards future efforts required for widespread implementation.
Quantitative Assessment of Statistical Reviews of Patient Safety Research Articles.

OBJECTIVES For 8.5 consecutive years, all patient safety articles of a journal underwent statistical review before publication. We sought to establish the prevalence of statistical themes in the statistical reviews, consideration of contemporary statistical methods, and their associations with time to journal receipt of authors' revision. METHODS An initial set of statistical themes was created using the statistical editor's notes. For example, for the statistical theme of "CONSORT checklist," the search term needed was "CONSORT." A complete (exhaustive) list of additional themes was obtained inductively. RESULTS Among the 273 subsequent reviews for manuscripts that were ultimately accepted, the number of paragraphs that included a theme of a statistical method was only weakly associated with longer revision times (Kendall τ = 0.139 ± 0.039, P = 0.0004). Among the total 3274 paragraphs of statistical reviews, 72.2% did not include a theme of a statistical method (e.g., the editor instead asked the authors to clarify what statistical method had been used) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 70.6%-73.7%, P < 0.0001 versus 50%).Among the 207 manuscripts with a review that included a statistical method, 47.3% included a contemporary topic (e.g., generalized pivotal methods) (95% CI = 40.4%-54.4%). However, among the 911 corresponding paragraphs of statistical review comments, only 16.0% included a contemporary theme (95% CI = 13.7%-18.6%). CONCLUSIONS The revised versions of patient safety articles, which are eventually to be accepted for publication, have many statistical limitations especially in the reporting (writing) of basic statistical methods and results. The results suggest a need for education of patient safety investigators to include statistical writing.
Pediatric Patients With Chronic Pain in the Emergency Department

Abstract This article presents an overview for the treatment of patients with chronic pain in the emergency department. In addition to best practices, it helps the emergency care provider to treat this patient population without having to use opioid medications. Referrals to physical therapists and pain psychologists are discussed, and information is included about the most effective nonopioid medications that can be used to treat patients with chronic pain. Finally, care providers, hospital administration, and social workers are provided with methods to help reduce the number of repeat visits by chronic pain patients.
Academic Libraries and Engagement: A Critical Contextualization of the Library Discourse on Engagement

Abstract This article argues that the concept of engagement as it is used in the academic library literature requires greater structure and depth if the librarian community intends to appropriate and advance the usage of a phrase that resonates loudly across higher education. In reviewing the literature around engagement as well as in introducing critical perspectives from outside the library literature, this literature review and investigation demonstrates that engagement is a variously defined and used term that is both difficult to nail down but is essential to the healthy participation of an academic library in its respective community. The external perspectives introduced stem from the behavioral, psychological, and conceptual organizational approach to student engagement, whose application to academic libraries could be strengthened with a more critical grounding in the compelling terms and discourses of engagement as they are understood by those outside libraries. The framework of intellectual capital is introduced as a productive way of capturing the differing definitions and usages of the terms ‘student engagement’ and ‘engagement’.
A New Approach to the Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Composite Plates

Several approximate solutions are available in the literature for plates of various geometries undergoing large amplitude flexural vibrations. In many cases the results are based on a single-mode approximation. Since closed-form solutions do not exist for many of these nonlinear problems, it is very difficult to evaluate the accuracy of any approximate solution. In this paper a new approach is used to check the accuracy and therefore improve the results in the nonlinear regime. Self-generating functions of zero, first and second order are used to investigate the effects of amplitude, geometry and material constants on the dynamic behavior of rectangular composite plates.
Abstract 5228: Mammary gland tumors in progesterone receptor transgenic mice

The role of progesterone and its receptor, the progesterone receptor, in breast cancer remains controversial. Although years of clinical trial data have shown that synthetic progesterone (progestins) increases breast cancer risk, the role for native progesterone in breast cancer development is the source of much debate. PR is post-translationally modified, primarily through phosphorylation, by many mitogenic kinases, including ck2, cdk2 and MAPK. These phosphorylation events on PR dictate many aspects of PR biology, including promoter specificity and transcriptional co-factor interactions. Ck2, a mitogenic kinase shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, has been shown to phosphorylate PR and regulate transcription of a certain subset of PR target genes. In an effort to determine how this translates to murine mammary gland tumor formation, we created a bi-transgenic mouse overexpressing both PR and ck2 in the murine mammary gland. We studied long-term tumor formation in the PR/ck2 bi-transgenic mice, as compared to the single transgene controls (PR only or ck2 only), in both virgin and multiparous mice. Our preliminary data suggest a number of interesting results. First, tumor development is the highest in the PR transgenic mice, as compared to ck2 alone or PR/ck2 bi-transgenic mice. This is of particular interest as previous studies in PR transgenic mice failed to show mammary gland tumor formation, despite the presence of dysplastic mammary gland tissue. Moreover, the rate of tumor formation appears to be unaffected by parity: virgin and multiparous mice develop tumors at the same rate. This is in contrast to ck2 single-transgenic mice, where multiparty increases the rate of tumor formation (as observed by us and others). Interestingly, and most significantly to our studies, the combination of ck2 and PR appears to slow tumor formation rates as compared to either single transgenic mouse control. This phenotype is potentiated by pregnancy, as all multiparous PR/ck2 bi-transgenic animals still remain tumor free. These data, while still preliminary, suggest that ck2-dependent modification of PR may prevent mammary gland tumor formation, suggesting that PR regulation of a subset of genes (those genes regulated by ck2-phopshorylation) may drive anti-proliferative, tumor-preventing gene programs. Citation Format: Katelin A. Gibson, Merit L. Goodman, Christy R. Hagan. Mammary gland tumors in progesterone receptor transgenic mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5228.
Getting a Genomic View of DNA Replication Stress

DNA replication forks collapse at numerous sites throughout the genome under replication stress. Studies by Shastri et al. (2018) and Tubbs et al. (2018) used different genomics approaches to map the sites of replication fork collapse, revealing the contribution of specific DNA sequences to replication stress.
Neuroergonomics In Situ: Differentiation Between Naviation Displays

Abstract The chapter aims at analyzing the impact of highly mobile computing devices on the situational awareness and mental workload of users navigating a college campus. Such devices could have a positive impact on quality of life, productivity, and performance. However, these concepts are difficult to measure. For this purpose, hemodynamic measures were combined with handheld displays and augmented-reality wearable displays, along with vision and hearing, to provide a behavioral assessment.
When Democracies Deliver: Governance Reform in Latin America

Why do governance reforms in developing democracies so often fail, and when might they succeed? When Democracies Deliver offers a dynamic framework for assessing the effectiveness and durability of policy change. Drawing on detailed analyses of public sector reforms in Brazil and Argentina, this book challenges conventional wisdom to reveal that incremental changes sequenced over time prove more effective in promoting accountability, increasing transparency, and strengthening institutions than comprehensive overhauls pushed through by political will. Developing an innovative theory that integrates cognitive-psychological insights about decision making with research on institutional change, Katherine Bersch shows how political and organizational factors can shape reform strategies and information processing. Through extensive interviews and field research, Bersch traces how two competing strategies have determined the different trajectories of institutions responsible for government contracting in health care and transportation. When Democracies Deliver offers a fresh insight on the perils of powering and the benefits of gradual reform.
Primary tumor types and origins in positive abdominopelvic washing cytology, a single institution experience.

Introduction Abdominopelvic washing cytology is a common specimen evaluated for ovarian, fallopian tubal, and peritoneal cancer staging or other nongynecologic malignancies presented as metastases. We reviewed our experience in diagnosing abdominopelvic washing specimens and assessing the primary tumor types and origins of the positive abdominopelvic washings. Materials and methods A pathology archive database search was performed for abdominopelvic washing specimens from 2007 to 2018. The corresponding cytologic diagnoses, results of ancillary studies, clinical histories, and surgical follow-up were reviewed. The primary sites were determined based on the synoptic reports, when available. Results A total of 5.8% (350 of 6023) of cases were positive for malignancy or neoplasm. Additionally, 1.3% (78 of 6023) were diagnosed as atypical cells. Of the 350 positive cases, 93.4% were mullerian tumors. The frequency of primary sites for mullerian tumors in descending order were: ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, peritoneum, and uncertain mullerian sites. The common ovarian tumors identified in pelvic washing in descending order were: high-grade serous carcinoma, serous borderline tumor, clear cell carcinoma, low-grade serous carcinoma, and endometrioid carcinoma. Gastrointestinal, breast, bladder, and lymphoma primaries were the 23 nongynecologic tumors identified in pelvic washings. Conclusions Positive findings in abdominopelvic washing cytology is rare. The majority of the positive cases were from mullerian origins, with ovary and uterus as the most common sites. Endometrial adenocarcinoma, endometrioid type and ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma were the most common tumor types. Knowing prior history of malignancy, morphologic comparison with concurrent surgical cases, and performing ancillary studies are keys to improve diagnostic accuracy of abdominopelvic washings.
Mapping the online social network of cancer bloggers

While social media has the ability to quickly disseminate information and reach large audiences, cancer blogs as a communication platform have not yet been well studied. A social network analysis was conducted on 89 active cancer blogs. Results demonstrated the overall cancer-blog-network was widely distributed and decentralized, with blogs clustered by cancer type, and that breast cancer blogs were the most significant and highly linked blogs. Efforts to disseminate cancer-related information may focus on identifying key breast cancer bloggers or linking key bloggers of various cancers to create a more interconnected network and expand its reach within this online community.
The Steward Alerts for Science System (SASSy)

The Steward Alerts for Science System (SASSy) supports transient science by ingesting alerts from various sources. Cross-referencing using Q3C spatial indexing is enabled on most database tables allowing astronomers to explore the data in a variety of ways. SassyCron, a layered application, is a specific targeted search to find promising early supernovae candidates and request spectra from telescopes available to Steward Observatory science staff.
Using an educational intervention to assess and improve disease-specific knowledge and health literacy and numeracy in adolescents and young adults with haemophilia A and B.

Introduction Health literacy (HL) and health numeracy (HN) are underestimated barriers to treatment adherence in patients with haemophilia. Aim To test the ability of an educational intervention to improve knowledge, HL, HN, adherence and joint health in adolescent and young adult (AYA) males with haemophilia. Methods We performed a longitudinal pilot study of 41 participants aged 12-21 years with haemophilia A or B during two clinic visits 6-12 months apart. The first visit included a comprehensive pre-intervention assessment: demographics, knowledge survey, Montreal Cognitive Assessment testing, 5-question tool to assess baseline HN, assessment of HL with the Rapid Estimate of Adolescent Literacy in Medicine tool, history of adherence and Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS). An educational intervention using a visual aid explained basic pharmacokinetic (PK) concepts and personal teaching regarding haemophilia treatment regimens was used during this visit. The second visit included a post-intervention assessment: a reassessment of knowledge, HL, HN, HJHS, adherence to prescribed therapy and number of joint bleeds since the pre-intervention visit. Results Forty-one males with haemophilia A or B were enrolled in the study. Of these, 33 completed the post-intervention assessment. Knowledge (p = .002) and HN (p = .05) were significantly improved post-intervention, although the HL, number of joint bleeds, adherence to prescribed therapy and HJHS were not. Conclusions Participants with low HL and/or HN may benefit from alternate methods of education such as audiovisual material. Education using audiovisual materials improved knowledge and HN in this study; however, this did not affect adherence to prescribed therapy.
High resolution slice to volume alignment of 2D histopathology to 3D optical coherence tomography (OCT) images

We introduce a novel technique, “optical barcoding”, which enables us to repeatedly extract the 2D OCT slice from a 3D OCT volume that corresponds to a given H and E tissue section, with high alignment precision of 25 microns. Our method is based on marking a specific geometric pattern that is preserved through the standard histological process and encodes all orientation, position and scaling information about how the section was cut. We demonstrate the robustness of our novel technique by collecting hundreds of high-quality OCT-H and E image pairs from more than 30 different human skin samples that were collected during Mohs surgery.
Tunable, division-independent control of gene activation timing by a polycomb switch

During development, progenitors often differentiate many cell generations after receiving signals. These delays must be robust yet tunable for precise population size control. Polycomb repressive mechanisms, involving histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), restrain the expression of lineage-specifying genes in progenitors and may delay their activation and ensuing differentiation. Here, we elucidate an epigenetic switch controlling the T cell commitment gene Bcl11b that holds its locus in a heritable inactive state for multiple cell generations before activation. Integrating experiments and modeling, we identify a mechanism where H3K27me3 levels at Bcl11b, regulated by methyltransferase and demethylase activities, set the time delay at which the locus switches from a compacted, silent state to an extended, active state. This activation delay robustly spans many cell generations, is tunable by chromatin modifiers and transcription factors, and is independent of cell division. With their regulatory flexibility, such timed epigenetic switches may broadly control timing in development.
Cellular engineering of plant cells for improved therapeutic protein production

In vitro cultured plant cells, in particular the tobacco BY-2 cell, have demonstrated their potential to provide a promising bioproduction platform for therapeutic proteins by integrating the merits of whole-plant cultivation systems with those of microbial and mammalian cell cultures. Over the past three decades, substantial progress has been made in improving the plant cell culture system, resulting in a few commercial success cases, such as taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso®), the first FDA-approved recombinant pharmaceutical protein derived from plant cells. However, compared to the major expression hosts (bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells), plant cells are still largely underutilized, mainly due to low productivity and non-human glycosylation. Modern molecular biology tools, in particular RNAi and the latest genome editing technology CRISPR/Cas9, have been used to modulate the genome of plant cells to create new cell lines that exhibit desired "traits" for producing therapeutic proteins. This review highlights the recent advances in cellular engineering of plant cells towards improved recombinant protein production, including creating cell lines with deficient protease levels or humanized glycosylation, and considers potential development in the future.
How Atmospheric Pollution Affects Sunlight and Life

As seen from a satellite, the atmosphere wraps around the earth like a gaseous membrane, thin in comparison to the earth’s diameter yet protective of life and constantly in flux because of natural processes and human activities. Since the Industrial Revolution we have dumped gaseous and fine particulate wastes into the air in even-increasing quantities without a thought. But, just like land and water, the atmosphere is finite. It can absorb only so much waste without losing its protective function.
Effect of Endoscopic Variceal Sclerotherapy on Gas Exchange and Hemodynamics in Humans

Abstract Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been reported after endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy with sodium morrhuate. It has been proposed that sclerosant entering the pulmonary circulation during intravariceal injections may cause pulmonary hypertension and capillary injury. The purpose of this study was to determine whether variceal sclerotherapy with sodium morrhuate causes capillary injury or pulmonary edema in humans. We studied the effect of sclerotherapy on gas exchange and pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics in 8 patients who required endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy for treatment of variceal hemorrhage. The pulmonary vascular resistance index increased from 246 ± 67 dyn · s · cm −5 /m 2 (mean ± SEM) at baseline to a high of 303 ± 85 dyn · s · cm −5 /m 2 60 min after sclerotherapy (normal range 250–500 dyn · s · cm −5 / m 2 ). Pulmonary artery pressure remained stable while cardiac index decreased by 12% over the same period. There were also small increases in systemic vascular resistance index and systemic arterial pressure after sclerotherapy. Although there was no change in arterial oxygen tension, the alveolararterial oxygen difference improved after sclerotherapy. These results indicate that variceal sclerotherapy with sodium morrhuate is associated with clinically insignificant changes in pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics. We did not detect evidence of acute lung injury after sclerotherapy.
Persistence of Memory and Prion Mechanisms: A Perspective

Long-term memory for behavioral sensitization is synapse specific and requires local protein synthesis at the activated synapse. Kausik Si next found that local protein synthesis is regulated by a ...
Broadband monolithic single and double ring active/passive mixers

Several double balanced multi-octave bandwidth mixers, comprised of active center-tapped baluns and diode rings are discussed that were fabricated using planar monolithic circuit technology. This novel balun topology uses common gate and common source circuit techniques, so that an ideal 180 degrees phase shift occurs for the signals present between the upper and lower halves of the circuit. The balun exhibits excellent balance through the design band on 2-18 GHz. The performance of a center-tapped balun, designed to operate throughout the 2 to 18 GHz frequency band, is described for both up-converter and down-converter mixer designs. >
Mirrorless optical bistability with the use of the local-field correction

A semiclassical model of two-level atoms driven by a local field is developed. It is shown that this leads to optical bistability without the presence of an optical cavity. The quantitative and qualitative character of this mirrorless bistability is different from cases considered earlier.
Calculation of the compressive stress-strain relationships of layered arrays of cellular solids using equation solving computer software

The uniaxial compression of many spongy or cellular solid slabs is not accompanied by a significant expansion of their cross-sectional area. Consequently, the deformability of a layered array of such slabs can be calculated by assuming that the stress along the array is equal while the total strain is the sum of the weighted strains of the individual layers. The sigmoid compressive stress-strain relationships of such arrays can be computed from that of the individual layers even when the latter cannot be described in the form of an algebraic relationship between strain and stress
The Development of Cost Estimating Relationships Via Goal Programming

(1978). The Development of Cost Estimating Relationships Via Goal Programming. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 37-48.
Introduction to Mineralogy

A course in mineralogy is a rite of passage for most undergraduate Earth sciences majors. As fluency with minerals is so basic for deciphering a range of geologic processes, many Earth scientists can recall long hours in the lab memorizing mineral samples, their chemical formulae and crystal systems, and perhaps staring through a petrographic microscope wondering, what exactly is 2V? In this venerable field with so many classic textbooks, one might ask why another mineralogy text is warranted. Introduction to Mineralogy is organized in a traditional way, with Part I covering the topics of symmetry, crystallography, crystal chemistry and structure, and crystal growth. Part II covers physical properties of minerals and methods for studying mineral structures and chemistry (including optical mineralogy and x-ray diffraction), and Part III presents the systematic mineralogy of all of the mineral groups.
Structural Models and Thermal Desorption Energetics for Multilayer Assemblies of the n-Alkanes on Pt(111)

The structural and thermodynamic properties of linear hydrocarbon multilayer assemblies supported on a Pt(111) single-crystalline substrate are investigated with temperature-programmed desorption and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopies. The multilayer assemblies are comprised of all-trans chains preferentially aligned with their ccc planes parallel to that of the surface. Coverage-dependent vibrational spectra reveal that the deposition process, up to the first monolayer total coverage, proceeds first via an island growth mechanism. This result demonstrates that an important contribution is made by (chain-length-dependent) attractive lateral interactions to the binding energies of the monolayer films. The subsequent layers deposited in a multilayer appear to contain a modest concentration of conformational/orientational defects (and perhaps layer misplacements as well). The energetics of the desorption processes for these hydrocarbon assemblies are rationalized on the basis of a conserved value ...
Commodity chain systems and the housing market

Abstract A system of gross substitutes, referred to here as a chain system, is analyzed and the results applied to the housing market. The stability conditions and comparative statics properties of the system are examined in detail. One of the results is that a specific numerical magnitude is of special importance to the system's stability and comparative statics behavior. Implications of the analysis for the housing market and for government policy are discussed.
Hot switching damage mechanisms in MEMS contacts—evidence and understanding

Using an AFM-based test setup, experiments were performed on Ru microcontacts under a variety of leading and trailing edge hot switching conditions, including different voltages, different currents, different polarities (including bipolar and ac up to 20?MHz), and different approach and separation rates. It was found that hot switching damage is a complex phenomenon for microcontacts. It consists of a number of different mechanisms occurring simultaneously to different degrees depending on the hot switching conditions. It was determined through a combination of experiments and models that the mechanisms leading to contact erosion operate when the electrodes are separated by less than a few ? or are barely touching. For leading edge hot switching, i.e. hot switching when the contacts are closing, the main damage mechanism was found to be associated with currents less than 0.15?mA. Pre-contact currents were observed on uncleaned contacts and were not found to contribute to contact damage. Despite the damage caused by hot switching, it was found that unless the contact material is almost or completely eroded, hot switching does not lead to high contact resistance or high adhesion on Ru contacts. Under bipolar hot switching conditions, microcontacts with a 400??N contact force maintained a contact resistance of less than 1?? and a pull-off force less than 60??N for more than 100 million cycles.
WE-C-304A-05: Angiographic Analysis of Aneurysms Treated with a Novel Self-Expanding Asymmetric Vascular Stents (SAVS)

Purpose: To quantify hemodynamic modification in animal model aneurysms caused by image‐guided deployment of a new self‐expanding asymmetric vascular stent (SAVS) using x‐ray contrast digital subtraction angiography(DSA) thus providing an indication of expected treatment outcome. Materials and Methods: A novel nitinol‐SAVS containing a low porosity patch to cover only the aneurysm neck was used to treat five rabbit‐model aneurysms. Contrast flow in the aneurysm dome was recorded before‐treatment, and after‐treatment, using rapid‐sequence (15 fps) DSA. The DSAs were analysed using time‐density curves (TDC) measuring the contrast in the aneurysm as a function of frame‐time for each case. The TDCs were normalized to the maximum value of the initial curve (before‐treatment). Results: Before‐treatment TDC's showed clearance of the contrast from the aneurysm dome in less than 3 seconds indicating strong blood flow in the dome. Post‐treatment TDC's showed in 3 of 5 cases negligible contrast entering the aneurysms (almost 100% drop in the TDC peak), 1 of the 5 had strong inflow followed by prologue contrast residence in the dome, and the last of the 5 had moderately reduced flow (75% of the initial peak), fast clearance, however only a remnant neck was observed at 30 day follow‐up. TDC's generated from the DSA acquisitions of the Nitinol‐SAVS‐treated aneurysms indicated drastic reduction of the hemodynamicflow in the aneurysm dome and completely successful treatment except for the one case where incomplete treatment was predicted by only moderate flow modification. Conclusions: Changes in angiographically derived TDC's appear to be a very useful tool to predict treatment outcome. Based on TDC‐analysis, the new Nitinol‐SAVS is a very promising option for treatment of intracranial aneurysms. (Support: NIH‐R01NS43924, NIH‐R01EB002873)
Expression of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat open reading frame promotes tumorigenic potential of hyperplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells.

Abstract The retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR) contains an open reading frame (ORF) for a 36-kDa protein and encodes a superantigen activity [pORF(sag)]. We have tested the potential oncogenic activity of pORP(sag) in two immortalized mouse mammary epithelial cells. We subcloned MMTV LTR ORF DNA into the pRc/CMV mammalian expression vector in order to place LTR ORF transcription under the control of the constitutive CMV promoter. Mouse mammary epithelial cell lines TM3 and FSK7e4 were transfected and G418-resistant cell clones were isolated. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analyses revealed modest overexpression of LTR RNA in several transfected cell clones of each line. Individual cell clones were transplanted into cleared mammary gland fat pads of syngeneic BALB/c mice. The parental cell lines and FSK7e4-derived clones did not form tumors, whereas ORF-transfected clones derived from the TM3 cells formed tumors within 8 weeks in 100% of transplanted fat pads in multiple experiments. The tumor cells expressed exogenous LTR ORF RNA and were proven to he derivatives of TM3 cells based on a marker p53 mutation. Immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antiserum raised against pORF(sag) expressed in insect cells revealed a cytoplasmic reaction in TM3-CMV-LTR tumor cells; a much weaker cytoplasmic reaction was detected in the transfected tissue culture cells. These observations suggest that MMTV pORF(sag) may act as an oncogene in certain mouse mammary epithelial cells and raise the possibility that pORF(sag) may have a role in mammary tumorigenesis. As the parental FSK7 cell line has produced only ductal outgrowths upon transplantation in vivo and the TM3 cell line produces a nontumorigenic hyperplasia, the results suggest further that pORF(sag) may influence the latter stages of mammary tumorigenesis, namely, the preneoplastic to neoplastic transformation.
A method for studying the depolarization-induced calcium ion release from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract An optical method of studying the ‘depolarization’-induced Ca 2+ release from isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum was presented. The method, which involves the use of metallochromic indicators, has the advantage of being able to perform the rapid kinetic measurement of the release. It was suggested that the velocity of the ‘depolarization’-induced Ca 2+ release was rapid enough to account for the velocity of muscle contraction if the phenomenon is involved in the contraction mechanism. The change of membrane potential was also measured optically using a potential-sensitive dye. The possibility that this type of release is caused by osmotic effects is discussed.
The inventory of interstellar materials available for the formation of the solar system.

Dr. Derek Sears, the editor of the journal Meteoritics and Planetary Science, has established a policy of having each issue of the journal contain an invited review of an area that he deems to be of special cur-rent importance. Typically 20 to 25 pages of the beginning of the journal are devoted to each review. He has asked me to prepare such a review summarizing what we know about the composition and structure of interstellar materials. The attached paper is the result. This is a good time for such a review since tremendous progress has been made in the field of interstellar dust in recent years through the use of telescopic observations, theoretical studies, laboratory studies of analogs, and the study of actual interstellar samples found in meteorites. It is increasing clear that the interstellar medium (ISM) contains an enormous diversity of materials created by a wide range of chemical and physical processes. This understanding is a far cry from the picture of interstellar materials held as recently as two decades ago, a picture which incorporated only a few generic types of grains and few molecules. In the paper I review our current knowledge of the more abundant materials thought to exist in the ISM. The review concentrates on matter in interstellar dense molecular clouds since it is the materials in these environments from which new stars and planetary systems are formed, although materials in circumstellar environments and in the diffuse ISM are also discussed. The paper focuses largely on solid materials since they contain a major fraction of the heavier elements in clouds and because solids are most likely to survive incorporation into new planetary systems in identifiable form. The paper concludes with discussion of some of the implications resulting from the identification of these interstellar materials. I also present some new thoughts, the most intriguing being that meteoritic 'microdiamonds' may be the same material that modelers of the interstellar extinction call graphite! If my suggestion is correct it will help resolve the dilemma associated with the current over-subscription of cosmic C and should lead to some new approaches to both extinction models and the study of meteoritic interstellar microdiamonds.
An ultra-low power ASK modulator for back telemetry applications

This paper presents a CMOS 130nm near-threshold implantable transmitter which supports a 40Mb/s baseband data rate that utilizes the MedRadio spectrum for biomedical wireless communication. The proposed transmitter achieves a total power consumption of 780μW with the use of a reduced supply-rail voltage of 0.7V. The design incorporates a near-threshold VCO and ASK modulator that can be integrated into the ultra-low power biomedical transceiver for an implantable reverse telemetry communication.
A comparison of the NADH oxidase electron transport systems of two obligately chemolithotrophic bacteria.

Abstract 1. The NADH oxidase electron transport systems of two obligate autotrophs were investigated. Cytochromes c547, c550, c552, b or c554, b558 and a were found in Thiobacillus neapolitanus, and cytochromes c549, 551, c or b555, a1, and a or a3 in Thiobacillus thioparus. A soluble cytochrome c552 not present in the particulate fractions was detected in T. neopolitanus. Low potential c-type cytochromes were found in both organisms. NADH reduced both cytochromes c547 and c550 in the large particle fraction of T. neapolitanus, but only c550 in the small particle fraction. 2. Both organisms contained the ubiquinone, Q-8. The levels of flavin, quinone, and cytochrome c were comparable to those of heterotrophic bacteria. No naphthoquinone was detected. 3. The levels of NADH and ascorbate oxidases were similar to those of heterotrophic bacteria, while NADH dehydrogenase and ascorbate: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine·.2HC1 (TMPD) oxidase levels were higher. In T. Thioparus, NADH oxidase activity was located exclusively in the large-particle fraction, and in T. neapolitanus in both the large- and small-particle fractions. 4. The NADH oxidase activities of both organisms were sensitive to inhibitors usually employed in studies of electron transport. NADH oxidase of T. thioparus was completely inhibited by KCN, while that of T. neapolitanus was never inhibited by more than 80%. Ascorbate and ascorbate: TMPD oxidases were sensitive to KCN but insensitive to 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-moxide. 5. Electron transport pathways are proposed for both organisms.
Genetic duplication in the white-split interval of the X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster

A detailed cytogenetic study of male-viable and lethal deficiencies affecting the w-spl interval in Drosophila melanogaster has revealed the existence of genetic duplication such that, for example, the consequences of the loss of salivary chromosome band 3C3 are essentially compensated for by the presence of band 3C5-6, and vice versa. Although each of the duplicate elements possesses rst + and vt + activity, rst and vt phenotypes appear in males when 3C3 and part, but not all, of 3C5-6 are deleted. The degree of rst and vt expression can be correlated with the amount of material lost from 3C5-6. Deletions removing the entire 3C3-6 interval are male lethal. Despite the duplicate elements, at least one EMS-induced, presumptive point mutation expressing only rst is known; two others express both rst and vt. No loci other than rst and vt occur between W and spl. Band 3C2 appears to be associated with the w locus, which probably extends into the interband space between 3C1 and 3C2. The w locus is not involved in the rst-vt duplication in the 3C3-6 region. — The cytogenetic characteristics of the 3C region—a high coefficient of crossing over, frequent induced chromosome breakage, ectopic pairing, constriction, and an extended replication period—can be correlated with the fact that in 3C a relatively long stretch of DNA, nearly 2% of the entire X chromosome, is highly compacted into but few adjacent bands. These characteristics do not necessarily represent special properties of intercalary heterochromatin; they can be interpreted as reflecting the properties of any similarly organized euchromatic region.
Production and Characterization of DHA and GLA-Enriched Structured Lipid from Palm Olein for Infant Formula Use

Palm olein was modified via lipase-catalyzed acidolysis reaction to obtain fatty acid composition and positional distribution similar to human milk fat. In the reaction, a free fatty acid mix containing 23.23 % docosahexaenoic (DHA), 31.42 % gamma-linolenic (GLA), and 15.12 % palmitic acid was employed. The DHA and GLA were incorporated into the structured lipid (SL) product to improve its nutritional value. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effects of reaction time and substrate mole ratio (palm olein to a free fatty acid mix) on the amount of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position of SL triacyglycerols (TAG), and on the total DHA and GLA incorporation. Gram-scale production of SL was performed using the conditions predicted by RSM to maximize the content of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position. Verification of the predictions from RSM confirmed its practical utility. The resulting SL had 35.11 % palmitic acid at the sn-2 position, with 3.75 % DHA and 5.03 % GLA. Differential scanning calorimetry and HPLC analyses of the TAG revealed changes in their polymorphic profiles and TAG molecular species of SL compared to palm olein. The SL from this study can potentially be used in infant formula formulations.
Control of Sliding and Rolling at Natural Joints

The planar motion of the human knee joint is modeled, involving the relative motion of the geometry of the contacting surface between the tibia and the femur. The pure gliding motion and the pure rolling motion are formulated including the holonomic and nonholonomic constraints that must be satisfied. A control strategy with two classes of inputs: muscle forces that stabilize and bring about the motion and the ligament forces that maintain the constraints is presented. Finally, the effectiveness of this control structure is demonstrated via digital computer simulations in the pure gliding motion and the pure rolling motion of the knee.
Electro-optical characterization of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films by waveguide refractometry

Electric field‐induced changes in the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indices of a Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 thin film were independently determined using waveguide refractometry. Under an electric field, applied normal to the film plane and corresponding to saturation of the electric polarization, the ratio of the extraordinary to ordinary refractive index change (Δne/Δno) is found to be −4/1, contributing to a net birefringence change [Δ(ne‐no)] of −0.021. Using this technique, both diagonal and off‐diagonal elements of the electro‐optic response tensor describing the macroscopic behavior of the polycrystalline film were accessed, illustrating the importance of this approach in evaluating orientation‐specific electro‐optic characteristics in these films.
Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection

Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection