cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous chemoradiation in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

We designed our study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of simultaneous chemoradiation therapy in an accelerated, twice-a-day schedule to improve local control and survival in advanced lung cancer patients. Forty-one patients were entered into the study. Twenty-three had stage IIIB and 18 had stage IIIA disease. They received cisplatin 30 mg/m2, VP-16 80 mg/m2, and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) 900 mg/m2 in iv infusion. Radiation therapy consisted of 2G twice a day for 5 days, followed by a 2-week rest. This cycle was repeated 3 times. Patients were evaluated for surgical resection after the second cycle. Acute toxicity was acceptable: 3 patients expired (1 congestive heart failure, 1 sepsis, 1 pulmonary embolism). The 1-year actuarial survival was 60.3%; the 2-year actuarial survival was 55.3%. Our results show that this regimen is well tolerated and that the 2-year actuarial survival appears to be comparable to that reported in the literature.
ENDOPYELOTOMY AFTER FAILED PYELOPLASTY: THE LONG-TERM RESULTS

AbstractPurpose: Endopyelotomy has been proposed as a technique to treat ureteropelvic junction obstruction after failed open pyeloplasty. However, to our knowledge no long-term results of this treatment have been reported. We report the long-term followup of a cohort of patients in whom pyeloplasty failed and who subsequently were treated with endopyelotomy.Materials and Methods: From January 1985 to February 1996, 72 patients in whom open surgical pyeloplasty failed were treated with percutaneous endopyelotomy. Mean patient age was 35 years (range 5 to 82). The interval between pyeloplasty and subsequent failure ranged from 2 months to 30 years (mean 57 months). The major presenting symptoms were pain in 82% of cases, fever and urinary tract infections in 37.5%, stone formation in 25% and gross hematuria in 21%.Results: Antegrade endopyelotomy using a hooked knife was performed in all patients with no unusual difficulty and minimal complications. A total of 63 patients (87.5%) had long lasting clinical ...
The Regular Education Initiative and Opinions of Regular Classroom Teachers

The Regular Education Initiative (REI) has been gaining momentum. However, the movement has not escaped criticism. One of the criticisms is that regular classroom teachers' views regarding many of the beliefs or assumptions of the REI are unknown. The present study was undertaken to provide this type of data. Ninety-four regular classroom teachers in northwest Iowa were asked to agree or disagree with a series of statements on the REI position. The results showed general disagreement with the statements, suggesting that the respondents do not share similar concerns or beliefs regarding the current delivery of special education services. Implications of the results with respect to implementation of the REI are discussed.
Deformation response of conformally coated carbon nanotube forests

The deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) forests conformally coated with alumina using atomic layer deposition (ALD) are investigated using in situ and ex situ micro-indentation. While micro-indentation of a CNT forest coated with a thin discontinuous layer using 20 ALD cycles results in a deformation response similar to the response of uncoated CNT forests, a similar test on a CNT forest coated with a sufficiently thick and continuous layer using 100 ALD cycles causes fracture of both the alumina coatings and the core CNTs. With a 10 nm coating, 4-fold and 14-fold stiffness increases are measured using a flat punch and a Berkovich tip, respectively. Indentation testing with the Berkovich tip also reveals increased recoverability at relatively low strains. The results show that ALD coated CNT forests could be useful for applications that require higher stiffness or recoverability. Also, fracturing of the nanotubes shows that upper limits exist in the loading of conformally coated CNT forests.
Neurochemical organization of the macaque retina: effect of TTX on levels and gene expression of cytochrome oxidase and nitric oxide synthase and on the immunoreactivity of Na+ K+ ATPase and NMDA receptor subunit I.

The present study examined the relationship between an important energy-generating enzyme (cytochrome oxidase; CO), a key energy-consuming enzyme (Na+K+ATPase) and neurochemicals associated with excitatory glutamatergic synapses (NMDAR1 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS) in the adult macaque retina. Polyclonal antibodies against neuronal nitric oxide synthase and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit I were generated for immunohistochemical examination and labeled sites not previously reported were found. We have also isolated cDNAs for cytochrome oxidase subunits III (mitochondrial-encoded) and IV (nuclear-encoded), as well as for a fragment of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, from a human cDNA library. The distributions of mRNAs of these genes were analyzed by in situ hybridization. We found that three or more of the markers examined coexisted in a number of sites: (a) In the inner segments of photoreceptors, high energy demand for maintaining the dark current was placed by Na+K+ATPase. This was partially met by ATP-generating enzymes such as CO. Neuronal NOS was also present there for the synthesis of NO and the cascading event leading to the generation of cGMP and the gating of channels for visual transduction. (b) Both the outer and inner plexiform layers had detectable amounts of all four markers, although the levels varied among them. This was most likely due to the presence of depolarizing glutamatergic synapses arising from photoreceptors and bipolar cells and such synaptic events were energy-demanding. The involvement of NMDA receptors and nNOS in these synaptic layers is strongly implicated in the present study. (c) All four markers were present in the majority of retinal ganglion cells, with some inherent heterogeneity related to intensity and size. Retinal ganglion cells are known to receive excitatory synapses from glutamatergic bipolar cells and are themselves highly active. The presence of both NMDAR1 and nNOS in these cells were verified in the present study and the energy demands related to these synaptic activities were necessarily high. Thus, active ion transporting functions related to synaptic or non-synaptically induced repolarization form the basis for an interrelationship between the neurochemicals/enzymes studied. Finally, (d) all four markers and the gene expression of CO and nNOS in the macaque retina were regulated by neuronal activity.
Gravitational Parameters of the Jupiter System from the Doppler Tracking of Pioneer 10

Preliminary analyses of Doppler data from Pioneer 10 during its encounter with Jupiter indicate that the mass of Io is about 20% greater than previously thought and that Io's mean density is about 3.5 grams per cubic centimeter. A determination of the dynamical flattening of Jupiter (a - b)/a (where a is the semimajor axis and b is the semiminor axis) is found to lie in the neighborhood of 0.065, which agrees with the value determined from satellite perturbations.
Examining reoperation and readmission after hepatic surgery.

Background Although the perioperative mortality from hepatic resection has improved considerably, this procedure is still associated with substantial morbidity and resource use. The goal of this investigation was to characterize the incidence, patterns, and risk factors for early reoperation and readmission after hepatectomy. Study Design Perioperative outcomes of 1,281 patients undergoing hepatic resection at an academic center from 1996 to 2009 were analyzed. The indications for early reoperation and readmission (90 days) were reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine variables associated with reoperation and readmission. A scoring system was generated to predict the need for readmission after hepatectomy. Results Eighty-seven patients (6.8%) required reoperation. The perioperative mortality in patients requiring reoperation was significantly higher than for those not requiring reoperation (23.0% vs 3.4%; p One hundred and eighty-four patients (14.4%) required readmission. Variables associated with readmission included major hepatectomy, development of major postoperative complications, and index hospitalization >7 days. A Readmission Prediction Score ranging from 0 to 4 was generated and directly correlated with need for readmission. Conclusions In the current era of hepatic surgery, early reoperation and readmission remain relatively frequent. As we care for patients who are increasingly receiving regionalized care far from home, we must be mindful of patients at increased risk for readmission. The development of strategies to minimize the complications that necessitate reoperation and readmission is critical to improving patient care.
Latent Variable Modeling for Integrating Output from Multiple Climate Models

Numerical models of atmosphere–ocean circulation are widely used to understand past climate and to project future climate change. Although the same laws of physics, chemistry, and fluid dynamics govern any general circulation model, each model’s formulations and parameterizations are different, yielding different projections. Notwithstanding, models within an ensemble will have varying degrees of similarity for different outputs of interest. Multi-model ensembles have been used to increase forecast skill by using simple or weighted averages where weights have been obtained by considering factors such as estimated model bias and consensus with other models (Giorgi and Mearns, J. Clim. 15:1141–1158, 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30:1629–1632, 2003; Tebaldi et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 31:L24213, 2004, J. Clim. 18:1524–1540, 2005). This paper considers an alternative view of multi-model ensembles. For use with the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP), multivariate statistical models are employed to characterize modes of similarity within the members of an ensemble. Specifically, we propose a spatially-correlated latent variable model which facilitates the exploration of when, where, and how regional climate models are similar, and what factors best predict observed locations of model convergence.
The effects of sodium chloride concentration on electrophoretic patterns of adductor muscle proteins from bivalve molluscs

Abstract 1. 1. An extraction medium was sought that would produce the highest quality electrophoretic patterns of proteins from bivalve molluscan adductor muscles. 2. 2. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was conducted on adductor muscle proteins extracted with distilled water or various concentrations of saline, with and without dialysis, from three bivalve molluscan species: Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas ; Japanese littleneck clams, Prototheca semidecussata ; and Hawaiian mussels (Mahawele), Isognomon constellateum . 3. 3. The protein patterns obtained by electrophoresis revealed that muscle extracted and dialyzed in 0.030 g% NaCl solution produced superior patterns.
Comparison of obsessions and compulsions in patients with anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive disorder

Patients with anorexia nervosa ( n = 18) and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ( n = 16) had similar scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (19 ± 9 vs. 22 ± 6). This suggests that these disorders have similar magnitude of impairment from obsessions and compulsions; however, OCD patients endorsed a wide variety of obsessions and compulsions, whereas anorexics tended to endorse symptoms that were related to symmetry and order.
The effect of the matrix on film properties in matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation

Thin films of polyethylene glycol of average molecular weight 1400 amu have been deposited by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE). The deposition was carried out in vacuum (∼10−6 Torr) with an ArF (λ=193 nm) laser at a fluence of 220–230 mJ/cm2. Films were deposited on NaCl plates and glass microscope slides. Both deionized water (H2O) and chloroform (CHCl3) were used as matrices. The physiochemical properties of the films are compared via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The results show that the matrix used during MAPLE can greatly affect the chemical structure and molecular weight distribution of the deposited film. The infrared absorption spectrum shows evidence for C–Cl bond formation when CHCl3 is used as a matrix, while there is little evidence in the IR data for photochemical modification when H2O is used as a matrix. Time-of-flight analysis was performed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer to monitor evaporation of a frozen CHCl...
073 Interactions between Zebrafish embryos and ice crystals during isothermal freezing and rapid cooling

Cryopreservation of embryos from zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other teleosts would benefit biomedical research, commercial aquaculture, and ecological conservation, but is not yet feasible. Rapid changes in embryo opacity (e.g., darkening) observed almost immediately upon initial contact between zebrafish embryos and external ice crystals have previously been attributed to intracellular ice formation; the absence of any perceptible time delay between extracellular and intracellular ice formation events is recognized as an obstacle to ice-assisted cryopreservation using slow-cooling protocols. Despite the evident importance of the intraembryonic darkening process, the nature of this phenomenon has never before been elucidated. Using high-speed video cryomicroscopy techniques, we have previously shown that darkening events observed using conventional cryomicroscopy methods do not necessarily represent intracellular ice formation [Stott and Karlsson, Cryobiology 58 (1) (2009) 84–95]. Thus, we used our high-speed imaging system to visualize the response of zebrafish embryos to contact with external ice crystals. All experiments used embryos at 0.5-9 hours post fertilization, frozen in E3 medium without additives. One set of experiments subjected embryos to rapid freezing without controlled seeding of ice. High-speed video recordings acquired at up to 5000 frames/second revealed a sequence of events significantly more complex than the response of mammalian somatic cells during freezing. Through slow-motion playback of n=20 videos, we identified 17 distinct events that occurred within the embryos after the spontaneous formation of external ice. The initial intraembryonic event was the formation of (generally transparent) ice crystals in the perivitelline fluid at −22 ± 1°C, as external ice crystals penetrated the chorion. The second and third events were a rapid growth of a dark (i.e., opaque) area starting from the yolk center, followed by a rapid shrinkage and often complete disappearance of this dark spot, all within 156 ± 31 ms of the initial perivitelline crystallization. Other phenomena that were observed in >75% of the embryos included a secondary yolk darkening process, as well as two distinct darkening events in the blastoderm (usually in conjunction with an interim transient increase in blastomere transparency). Significantly, the initial darkening of both yolk and blastoderm was reversible during cooling, which suggests that these phenomena should not be interpreted as manifestations of ice formation. We also investigated ice-embryo interactions after controlled initiation of the external ice formation. After seeding of ice, embryos were held isothermally at −0.4°C for 20 min. Even though all embryos were fully enveloped in ice, there was no visible damage in 41% of embryos (out of n = 29), which is significantly larger than the hypothesized null viability (p Source of funding: National Science Foundation Grant No. CBET-1066619, awarded to JOMK. Conflict of interest: None declared. jens.karlsson@villanova.edu
A theoretical description of the beam induced heating of accelerator target foils

Abstract Targets designed for medical radionuclide production typically contain a foil that separates the accelerator vacuum from the target material and which must retain its integrity while being heated by 30 μA beams. The heat flow equation is solved in order to determine the radial temperature distribution across this foil and its dependence on different materials of various thickness. All three forms of heat transfer, radiation, forced convection and conduction, are considered in this mathematical treatment. The resulting nonlinear differential equation is solved by the method of successive approximations to determine a temperature distribution that is proven to converge arbitrarily close to the exact solution. In addition, an upper limit is given for the maximum error in the distribution after a finite number of iterations. These results are used to calculate the amount of convective cooling that must be incorporated into a target foil design.
Framing Effects and the Distributive Aspect of Integrative Bargaining

Abstract The earliest studies of negotiator framing effects demonstrated the benefits of positive framing of issues. However, several recent empirical studies and game theoretic models of bargaining contradict these findings. This paper seeks to develop a comprehensive explanation of the role of framing that will reconcile the various results. Because of the conflict between integrative and distributive aspects of bargaining, negotiators must confront a dilemma. Risk attitude and framing affect the approach negotiators take in dealing with the dilemma. Contrary to the view taken in the early framing studies, negatively framed bargainers should generally do better than their positively framed counterparts in most situations. However, a pair of positively framed bargainers should reach more integrative settlements than a pair of negatively framed bargainers. Two experiments are reported that tested these propositions. In each case the predictions were strongly supported. The implications of these results for theorists and negotiators are discussed.
Smooth estimation of the survival function for interval censored data

Interval censored data arise naturally in large-scale panel studies where subjects can only be followed periodically and the event of interest can only be observed in some time intervals. To estimate the survival function the non-parametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) is commonly used, which is a step function having some large jumps. However, in many applications the underlying survival function can be reasonably assumed to be smooth, and then the NPMLE does not efficiently use this information. Two smooth estimators have been proposed in the literature: one is based on the kernel smoothing of the NPMLE; another is the logspline density model. However, to our knowledge there is no finite sample study yet to assess their performance in the literature. In this paper we first show by simulation that both smooth estimators improve over the NPMLE for smooth survival functions. We then apply these estimators to compare two survival curves. The test statistics based on the maximum difference between two survival functions (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test) and on the integrated weighted difference of two survival functions (IWDB test) are investigated via the bootstrap. From our simulation studies the IWDB test seems particularly promising for some stochastically ordered survival functions that do not satisfy the proportional hazards model. The methods are illustrated by reanalysing the Breast Cosmesis Study data set. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and decomposition of 1,4-disilabutane (SiH3CH2CH2SiH3) on Si(100) 2×1 and porous silicon surfaces

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of 1,4-disilabutane (SiH3CH2CH2SiH3) (DSB) was studied on Si(100) 2×1 and porous silicon surfaces. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) studies revealed that H2 and ethylene (C2H4) were the major reaction products from Si(100) 2×1. These reaction products were also confirmed using laser induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques. In addition, Auger analysis showed only ∼0.2–1.7% carbon deposition after saturation DSB exposures on Si(100) 2×1. This surprisingly low carbon incorporation may be explained by the efficient C2H4 desorption pathway. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra obtained after DSB adsorption on porous silicon surfaces at 200 K showed the presence of mostly SiH3 vibrational modes and the absence of CH3 vibrational features. These spectral characteristics suggest initial dissociative chemisorption of DSB through Si–C bond breakage. The FTIR spectra versus thermal annealing were consistent with a progressive SiH3→SiH2→SiH decomposition and a di-σ “ethylene-like” intermediate that produces the C2H4 desorption product. LITD studies also tested for the presence of SiH3 surface species on Si(100) 2×1 following DSB exposures and observed SiH3 LITD signals. Comparisons with LITD results following disilane saturation exposures suggest different bond breaking pathways for DSB and disilane adsorption on Si(100) 2×1.
Anchorage-Independent Culture Maintains Prostate Stem Cells

Freshly isolated mouse prostate epithelial cells regenerate fully differentiated prostate tissue when combined with embryonic urogenital sinus mesenchyme and grafted in vivo. We show here that this regenerative capacity, which has been attributed to a small population of pleuripotential progenitor epithelial cells, is rapidly lost when the cells are placed in monolayer culture but can be maintained by culture in anchorage-independent conditions. Epithelial cells placed in anchorage-independent culture formed proliferating spheres that could be serially passaged and exhibited increased expression of putative stem cell markers as compared to cells grown in monolayer culture. Epithelial cells isolated from the fetal urogenital sinus, the newborn, and adult prostate formed spheres with similar efficiency, while cells isolated from the post-castration prostate exhibited significantly higher sphere-forming abilities. When passaged spheres were recombined with E17 rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme and grafted in vivo, they generated fully differentiated mouse prostate glandular epithelium containing both p63+ basal cells and p63- luminal cells and expressing a variety of prostate-specific and terminal differentiation markers.
p-adic Proofs of congruences for the Bernoulli numbers

Abstract Many of the classical theorems for the Bernoulli numbers, particularly those congruences needed in the study of irregular primes, follow easily from the existence of the ( p − 1)st roots of unity in the ring of p -adic integers. Proofs are given for the von Staudt-Clausen theorem, the theorem of J. C. Adams, the Friedmann-Tamarkine congruence, a theorem of Vandiver, special cases of the congruences of Voronoi, Kummer, and Carlitz, and the congruences of E. Lehmer.
Mobile robot path planning based on hierarchical hexagonal decomposition and artificial potential fields

In this article, a new algorithm based on an artificial potential field and hierarchical cell decomposition technique is developed to solve the find-path problem for a mobile robot. The complete map of the workspace including obstacle locations is assumed to be known a priori. The basic cell structure used for decomposition is a hexagon. The artificial potential field is based on an attractive force from the goal position and repelling forces from the obstacles. Computer simulations of the algorithm for various obstacle scenarios are also presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparison of the Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination and the Mini-Mental State Examination for Detecting Dementia and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder—A Pilot Study

Context The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is commonly used as a screening tool to detect dementia. However, it performs poorly in identifying persons with mild neurocognitive disorder. The Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) examination is a 30-point screening questionnaire that tests for orientation, memory, attention, and executive functions. Objective The objective of this study was to compare SLUMS and the MMSE for detecting dementia and mild neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM–IV) criteria. Methods Patients at the Veterans' Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, St. Louis, MO (N = 702) were clinically classified as having normal cognitive functioning, MNCD, or dementia based on DSM–IV criteria. The SLUMS and MMSE were administered for comparison. Results Mean age was 75.3 years (standard deviation: 5.5). Regarding education, 62.4% of the sample had at least completed high school and 30.6% had not. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and receiver operator curves (ROCs) generated for SLUMS and MMSE as a function of diagnosis (MCND versus dementia) and education. Both the SLUMS and MMSE produced acceptable ROCs for the diagnosis of dementia, but the ROCs for SLUMS were better than the MMSE for the diagnosis of MNCD in both education groups. Conclusion These results suggest that the SLUMS and MMSE have comparable sensitivities, specificities, and area under the curve in detecting dementia. Although the definition of MNCD is controversial, the authors believe that the SLUMS is possibly better at detecting mild neurocognitive disorder, which the MMSE failed to detect, but this needs to be further investigated.
Contributors to the social goals and outcomes of students with ADHD with and without LD

Abstract There is a significant overlap between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disability (LD) student populations. The inattentive subtype of students with ADHD, in particular, is difficult to differentiate from students with LD. What differentiates between these groups can be seen in their regulation of behavior and attention to attain different goals. In turn, their behavioral choices alter the social context and the social context alters their outcomes. These outcomes are increased emotionality and sensitivity to positive and negative social feedback, negative future expectations, as well as decreased social and academic participation and prosocial response. The educational implications presented are related to their primary goals and the long-term outcomes they experience.
Prevalence of Elevated Hemoglobin A1c among Patients Admitted to the Hospital without a Diagnosis of Diabetes

Context: One in four hospitalized patients has diagnosed diabetes. The prevalence of unrecognized, or undiagnosed, diabetes among hospitalized patients is not well established. Objective: Our objective was to determine the prevalence of unrecognized probable diabetes in this patient population determined by elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level. Design: We conducted a prospective observational cohort trial with retrospective follow-up of patients with elevated HbA1c levels and no diagnosis of diabetes. HbA1c levels were obtained for all patients. Setting: The study was conducted at an acute care general hospital. Patients: Patients included 695 adult, nonobstetric patients admitted on 11 d in 2006. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included rate of unrecognized probable diabetes, defined as admission HbA1c of more than 6.1% and no diagnosis of diabetes or treatment with antidiabetic medications before or during their admission and rate of unrecognized diabetes 1 yr after discharge. Results: Eighteen percent of hospitalized patients had elevated HbA1c levels without a diagnosis of diabetes. Random glucose levels poorly predicted elevated HbA1c levels (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.60). Neither diagnosed diabetes nor HbA1c level was associated with length of stay or costs (P > 0.1 for all comparisons). Only 15% of patients with elevated HbA1c levels who continued to receive care within the system studied had diabetes diagnosed in the year after the index admission. Conclusions: Nearly one in five adult patients admitted to a large general hospital had unrecognized probable diabetes, based on elevated HbA1c levels. Random glucose levels during the hospital stay were poorly predictive of this condition. Few hospitalized patients with elevated HbA1c levels were diagnosed within the year after admission.
Comparative studies of wild-type and cold-mutant (temperature-sensitive) influenza viruses: Nonrandom reassortment of genes during preparation of live virus vaccine candidates by recombination at 25° between recent H3N2 and H1N1 epidemic strains and cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60

Abstract Genetic compositions of 35 recombinant cold-adapted influenza A(H3N2 and H1N1) candidate live attenuated vaccine strains have been determined. The viruses, which had been obtained by recombination (reassortment) at 25° between contemporary epidemic wild-type strains and cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60(H2N2), followed by selection for growth at 25° of virus with wild-type HA and NA, have a highly restricted genetic composition. Eighteen of the thirty-five recombinants had RNAs coding for the three polymerase (P) proteins, NP, M, and NS, from the cold-adapted mutant A/Ann Arbor/6/60 had only the HA and NA of the wild-type strains. Only 4 out of 64 theoretically possible combinations of genes coding for nonglycoprotein viral products were detected. The restricted genetic composition of cold-adapted recombinants produced at 25° supports the evaluation of this method of preparing live vaccine strains to determine whether recombinants with constant gene composition have predictable levels of attenuation for man.
Quantum interference in the REMPI detection of aligned NO

Abstract We study the detection of collision induced alignment in ensembles of NO molecules scattered from He through (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of NO via the Rydberg states: H 2 Σ , H ′ 2 Π . The two-photon spectroscopy of the H–X transition is complicated by the state mixing due to L -uncoupling and the simultaneous presence of zeroth and second rank tensor components for this strong transition. The creation of an aligned ensemble of NO molecules in a well-defined collision process enables us to study in detail the polarization effect for different branches of the H–X two-photon spectrum. The polarization effect results from the interference of the second rank tensor components with the zeroth rank tensor of the two-photon absorption tensor. Variations in the polarization effect for perturbed levels of the excited state reflect directly the changes in the expansion coefficients for the involved electronic wavefunctions. The experimentally observed polarization effects are consistent with the non-vanishing components ( Z (0) 0 : Z (2) 0 : Z (2) 2 )=(1.0:−0.2:0.6) of the two-photon absorption tensors.
Application of a nutrient-saturated growth model to phytoplankton management in freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds in Hawaii

Abstract With significant modification in only two of nine parameter values, a model of nutrient-saturated growth of Chlorella was found to give an excellent description of experimental data collected from six large experimental tanks and one earthern production pond. The results indicate that in order to maintain system stability with respect to oxygen fluctuations, primary production rates in other commercial ponds are usually kept well below levels that could be attained under optimal conditions. Application of the model to field data shows that phytoplankton populations in prawn ponds should be kept between 150 and 400 mg·m −3 Chl a in order to prevent anoxia in worst case situations such as calm nights. Due to a negative correlation between light-limited growth rates and Chl a concentrations, there is little increase in photosynthesis if Chl a concentrations are raised above 2 g·m −3 , and there is a negative correlation between photosynthesis and Chl a concentrations for Chl a > 5 g·m −3 . Therefore even under ideal conditions 1-m deep ponds should probably be operated with Chl a concentrations −3 . The success of the light-limited model in describing data from both monospecific continuous culture systems and from diverse populations in prawn ponds suggests that the model may have wide applicability in algal mass culture systems.
DNA Catalysts with Tyrosine Kinase Activity

We show that DNA catalysts (deoxyribozymes, DNA enzymes) can phosphorylate tyrosine residues of peptides. Using in vitro selection, we identified deoxyribozymes that transfer the γ-phosphoryl group from a 5'-triphosphorylated donor (a pppRNA oligonucleotide or GTP) to the tyrosine hydroxyl acceptor of a tethered hexapeptide. Tyrosine kinase deoxyribozymes that use pppRNA were identified from each of N30, N40, and N50 random-sequence pools. Each deoxyribozyme requires Zn(2+), and most additionally require Mn(2+). The deoxyribozymes have little or no selectivity for the amino acid identities near the tyrosine, but they are highly selective for phosphorylating tyrosine rather than serine. Analogous GTP-dependent DNA catalysts were identified and found to have apparent Km(GTP) as low as ∼20 μM. These findings establish that DNA has the fundamental catalytic ability to phosphorylate the tyrosine side chain of a peptide substrate.
Sophisticated solar heating controllers: Are they cost effective

This paper describes the results of a study to investigate the value of applying sophisticated controls to solar heating systems. A residential solar heating system utilizing a heat pump operating in the series-storage mode is considered and optimal control theory is used to derive a control strategy. The basic question addressed is how much of an improvement in efficiency can be gained, relative to a conventionally designed controller, if an unrestricted control strategy is applied in an optimal fashion. The efficiency comparison is made on the basis of the amount of auxiliary energy required to attain an acceptable level of room temperature regulation. The second-order model for the system is derived using basic energy balance techniques and 4 control inputs are employed overall. The optimal control inputs are determined using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle which requires solution of a two-point boundary value problem. This is solved numerically using an iterative technique.
Hidden Empirical Research Ethics: A Review of Three Health Journals from 2005 through 2006.

We hypothesized that a significant amount of empirical data pertinent to research ethics is currently inaccessible to research ethics committee or Institutuional Review Board (IRB) members for at least three reasons: it is published in non-ethics journals; articles are not adequately indexed using ethics-related keywords; and articles do not discuss the ethical significance of their data. We reviewed all articles from three health journals from January 2005 to December 2006, and identified 26 articles that contained data pertinent to research ethics. Only 7 articles contained keywords clearly related to research ethics; 15 of the articles contained no discussion of the ethical significance of their findings. Overall the articles we found constituted 2.2% of the research articles published in the three journals during the two-year period. If the same average number of articles were extrapolated to the top 100 of the approximately 5,000 journals indexed in MEDLINE, then at least 433 hidden ethics articles would be published each year. We conclude that better indexing of articles is needed, that IRB members and researchers need training to identify relevant data in the literature, and that IRB composition should include members from diverse disciplines familiar with ethics-relevant empirical data in their respective disciplines.
Methods for Measuring the Economic Impact of Ambient Pollutants on the Agricultural Sector: Discussion

The author faults three papers showing alternative methods of measuring the impacts of ozone on crop yields (which progress from experimental test plot to farm-level profits to aggregate welfare implications) for not informing the reader on the importance of the problem. In analyzing the results of four models, he concludes that we have discovered that tropospheric ozone tends to reduce soybean yields more than corn yields, and that the welfare gains from reducing the ozone concentration 25% in the Corn Belt is only about $650 million, or less than 4% of total net farm income for the US. What the papers fail to tell is the total cost to society of reducing the concentrations of ozone and the overall benefit cost ratio. 3 references.
In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. VII. The generation of rabbit anti-mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes☆

Abstract Lymphocytes from normal or immunized rabbits generated cell-mediated cytotoxic activity (CML) after culture with mitomycin C-treated mouse stimulator cells for 4–7 days. CML activity was detected in short term (4–6 h) isotope-release assays using 51 Cr-labeled tumor cells or mitogen stimulated blast cells as targets. Rabbit CML effectors could distinguish between different mouse strains including congenics differing only at H-2. It was previously shown that rabbit CML precursors and effectors expressed antigens recognized by a specific anti-T cell serum (ATS). The current results demonstrated that T-enriched fractions from nylon wool columns were enriched for CTL precursors and were sufficient to generate CML responses. These data were most consistent with the xenogeneic CML being mediated by rabbit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) analogous to murine CTL. Rabbit lymphocytes also produced a strong mixed lymphocyte (MLC) response when tested in microculture with mouse stimulator cells. However, optimal CML and MLC responses did not occur in lymphocytes from the same organ sources or subpopulations. These data implied that CML activity could be generated with little, if any, proliferation necessary.
When social pain is not automatic: Personality disorder traits buffer ostracism’s immediate negative impact

Abstract The immediate impact of ostracism is painful. Thus far, no published studies find evidence for the moderation of ostracism’s immediate impact by individual difference variables. We explore meaningful configurations of personality traits, specifically personality disorders, as potential moderators of ostracism’s immediate impact. We focused on traits descriptive of Cluster A personality disorders, characterized by severe interpersonal distrust, detachment, and/or discomfort. We assessed personality disorder scores using individuals’ Five Factor Model profiles. Participants were ostracized during a virtual ball-toss game, Cyberball, and immediately after, completed measures of social pain, basic need satisfaction, and affect. Only traits characteristic of Cluster A personality disorders, not Cluster B or C disorders, buffered ostracism’s impact on social pain, basic need satisfaction, and positive affect.
The effects of green and blue-green algal diets on the reproductive rate of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Abstract The reproductive rate of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis cultured on a variety of diets was investigated. Unialgal and mixed diets of the green alga Chlorella and the blue-green alga Schizothriz were compared. Rotifer reproductive rate was found to be an average of 2.7 times higher on a mixed diet of Chlorella and Schizothrix than on either Chlorella or Schizothrix as a unialgal diet. Enhancement of rotifer reproductive rate was not observed on a mixed diet of Chlorella and Dunaliella compared with a unialgal diet of Chlorella. Ingestion of Schizothrix was shown not to be required for enhancement of rotifer reproduction. It was further shown that the enhancing factor is a heat labile substance.
Low-latency and high bandwidth TCP/IP protocol processing through an integrated HW/SW approach

Ultra low-latency networking is critical in many domains, such as high frequency trading and high performance computing (HPC), and highly desirable in many others such as VoIP and on-line gaming. In closed systems - such as those found in HPC - Infiniband, iWARP or RoCE are common choices as system architects have the opportunity to choose the best host configurations and networking fabric. However, the vast majority of networks are built upon Ethernet with nodes exchanging data using the standard TCP/IP stack. On such networks, achieving ultra low-latency while maintaining compatibility with a standard TCP/IP stack is crucial. To date, most efforts for low-latency packet transfers have focused on three main areas: (i) avoiding context switches, (ii) avoiding buffer copies, and (iii) off-loading protocol processing. This paper describes IBM PowerENTM and its networking stack, showing that an integrated system design which treats Ethernet adapters as first class citizens that share the system bus with CPUs and memory, rather than as peripheral PCI Express attached devices, is a winning solution for achieving minimal latency. The work presents outstanding performance figures, including 1.30μs from wire to wire for UDP, usually the chosen protocol for latency sensitive applications, and excellent latency and bandwidth figures for the more complex TCP.
Relapse to cocaine seeking increases activity-regulated gene expression differentially in the prefrontal cortex of abstinent rats

Rationale Alterations in the activity of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices of cocaine addicts have been linked with re-exposure to cocaine-associated stimuli. Objectives Using an animal model of relapse to cocaine seeking, the present study investigated the expression patterns of four different activity-regulated genes within prefrontal cortical brain regions after 22 h or 15 days of abstinence during context-induced relapse. Materials and methods Rats self-administered cocaine or received yoked-saline for 2 h/day for 10 days followed by 22 h or 2 weeks of abstinence when they were re-exposed to the self-administration chamber with or without levers available to press for 1 h. Brains were harvested and sections through the prefrontal cortex were processed for in situ hybridization using radioactive oligonucleotide probes encoding c-fos, zif/268, arc, and bdnf. Results Re-exposure to the chamber in which rats previously self-administered cocaine but not saline, regardless of lever availability, increased the expression of all genes in the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices at both time points with one exception: bdnf mRNA was significantly increased in the medial prefrontal cortex at 22 h only if levers previously associated with cocaine delivery were available to press. Furthermore, re-exposure of rats to the chambers in which they received yoked saline enhanced both zif/268 and arc expression selectively in the orbitofrontal cortex after 15 days of abstinence. Conclusions These results support convergent evidence that cocaine-induced changes in the prefrontal cortex are important in regulating drug seeking following abstinence and may provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes.
Middle atmosphere electrical structure, dynamics and coupling

The ram current to ion traps and the insensitivity of ion conductivity to compressibility provide the basis of robust techniques for middle atmosphere measurements. Gerdien condensers are more difficult to implement but provide more information. Mesospheric electrical conductivity shows many orders of magnitude variability, with depressions below gas phase model values indicating dominance by aerosol particles. The mobility of these ions has been directly measured and indicates particles of thousands of AMU. Large mesospheric fields have come into question, and diagnostic measurements show that many such measurements may be artifacts. However, some measurements of V/m fields with symmetrical and redundant sensors appear to be real. These fields complicate the 'mapping' picture of electrical coupling and may also modulate the transport of aerosol particles. They are probably related to neutral atmospheric dynamics and/or the aerosol particles. Lightning couples much more energy to the middle atmosphere and above than previously suspected, primarily in the ELF-UHF range. There are many important unanswered questions in this relatively unexplored frontier area which may be answered with low cost balloon and sounding rocket experiments.
The Use of Cation-exchange Resins for the Hydrolysis of Sucrose in Plant Extracts.

There are a number of reports in the literature regarding the use of ionexchange materials for the catalytic hydrolysis of esters, proteins, and sucrose (1, 2, 3, 6, 7). The work of Bodamer and Kunin (1) on the hydrolysis of sucrose by several readily available synthetic cation exchangers suggested that it might be possible to use this method for the determination of the total sugars in plant samples. The present paper is concerned with some comparative studies on the hydrolysis of sucrose in plant extracts by a cation-exchange resin, acid, and invertase.
Carbon-carbon bond activation of cyclopropane by subsurface hydrogen on the Ni(111) surface

Carbon−carbon bond activation by subsurface hydrogen has been observed for adsorbed cyclopropane at 170 K on the Ni(111) surface. Propane was the dominant product, and no multiple C−C bond activation processes were observed. Cyclopropane desorbs at 124 K from both the clean and the hydrogen-coadsorbed Ni(111) surface. Neither coadsorbed hydrogen nor disproportionation induces propane formation. These observations are consistent with previous results that energetic forms of hydrogen are necessary to activate the C−C bond even in strained cyclopropane under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions.
A counterclockwise P-T path for anatectic pelites, south-central Massachusetts

Pelitic gneisses, cordierite ± garnet-bearing pegmatites and leucocratic garnetiferous melt segregations (garnet leucosomes) from within the Acadian (360 Ma) granulite-facies of south-central Massachusetts were investigated to further understand the counterclockwise P–T evolution of the Merrimack synclinorium. The rocks were investigated with specific reference to phase equilibria in the system Na2O–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NaKFMASH) in the context of the petrogenetic grid proposed by Spear et al. (1999). An early low pressure history is suggested by the widespread occurrence of sillimanite pseudomorphs after andalusite as well as abundant matrix K-feldspar in both gneisses and partial melts. Biotite-consuming, fluid-absent melting of pelitic gneisses produced cordierite ± garnet-bearing pegmatites and garnet ± cordierite leucosomes at conditions of 700–750 °C and 4–5 kbar. The major reaction is Qtz + Sil + Bt = Kfs + Crd + Grt + Melt (KFMASH). Magnesian gneisses melted to form cordierite ± garnet-bearing pegmatites and iron-richer gneisses melted to form garnet ± cordierite-bearing leucosomes. Previous studies of the quartz ± plagioclase–K-feldspar–sillimanite–biotite ± garnet ± cordierite assemblages in the gneisses suggest peak metamorphism at 700–750 °C and 6–7 kbar. Retrograde reactions are essentially the reverse of prograde reactions and produced intergrowths of pale green biotite + sillimanite + quartz on cordierite and/or garnet grain boundaries within the melt products as well as late muscovite. Water dissolved in the melt during prograde metamorphism was available for retrogression as the melts cooled. The rocks investigated record part of a counterclockwise P–T path.
Expression of human interleukin-2 receptor cDNA in E. coli.

cDNAs for human interleukin-2 receptor were recently cloned and sequenced (Leonard et al., 1984, Nature 311, 626–631; Nikaido et al., 1984, Nature 311, 631–635; Cosman et al., Nature 312, 768–771). In the studies reported here, we describe the expression of a cDNA clone for the human interleukin-2 receptor in E. coli using an “open reading frame” expression vector pMR100. The inserted cDNA was expressed in E. coli transformants as a tripartite fusion polypeptide fused to the λcI protein at its amino terminus and to β-galactosidase at its carboxy terminus. We demonstrate that the bacterially produced IL-2 receptor protein can bind to IL-2.