cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of Session and Discussion on Intercellular Communication

Cells can communicate in three ways: by direct exchange between their cytoplasms, by diffusable chemical signals, and by chemical signals (e.g., adhesion molecules) fixed to cell membranes. The morphological manifestation of the first method is the gap junction, which appears in the nervous system as the electrical synapse. Diffusable chemical messengers and their receptive mechanisms are much more diverse, and their most obvious (but not exclusive) embodiment in the nervous system is the chemical synapse. Specific cell contacts guided by membrane macromolecules are important in developmental and immune phenomena. The first two days of this symposium were devoted to characterizing the gap junctions, synapses, and chemical signals in simple animals and, by comparing them with those of more complex organisms, to extract some generalizations about the evolution of the nervous system.
Influence of material non-homogeneity on the shearing response of a neo-hookean slab

Vulcanized rubber components possess material non-homogeneities due to either non-uniform vulcanization during their fabrication or attack of thermal and oxidative environments durding their service life. The primary objective of this paper is to theoretically inveslighte the effect of a material non-homogencity on the shearing response of an isotropic, incompressible neo-Hookaan slab. The non-homogeneity considered in the slab is the spatially varying shear modulus that is approximately described by a spatial-distribution function. A parabolic and a boundary layer-like spatial-distribution function are assumed; then exact solutions for the stress-strain fields in the slab are obtained by solving the liness momentum balssex equations based on a postulated inhomogeneous shearing deformation. Our theoretical results show that the shear strain is more inhomogeneous and localized for the slabs with a greates degree of spatial non-homogencity. In the non-homogetneous slab, we have also determined the existence of a uniform shear stress and an inhomogeneous first normal-stress difference whose variation is similar to that of the shear strain. The implications of these results are considered in terms of the fabrication, performance and mechanical characterization of the rubber-elastic materials.
Targeted Agents for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Optimal Use in Older Patients

The HER2 gene is overexpressed in 15-20 % of all breast cancers. With the advent of HER2-directed therapies, HER2 overexpression is no longer considered an adverse prognostic factor. Despite significant improvements in clinical outcomes with the use of trastuzumab [herceptin (H)], women aged >65 years remain under-represented in most clinical trials. Cardiac safety in the elderly woman is a major concern because of pre-existing comorbidities. However, many studies suggest that elderly patients with HER2-positive disease derive the same benefit from trastuzumab as do their younger counterparts in both adjuvant and metastatic settings. Data are limited guiding safety and efficacy of other HER2 inhibitors such as pertuzumab and trastuzumab emtansine in elderly patients; however, in general, these drugs have a favorable toxicity profile.
Information cost for the state reconstruction of linear time invariant systems

This paper considers how much one must know, a priori, about a particular state space system to recover it from its transfer function. Knowing that one has access to full state measurements is clearly sufficient to uniquely specify a specific state space model from a given transfer function, but identifying what information is necessary for such state reconstruction is not as obvious. This work provides an exact, necessary and sufficient condition for state reconstruction, demonstrating that a priori knowledge equivalent to full state measurements is essentially necessary to recover the particular state representation generating a given transfer function. The information cost for state reconstruction is thus seen to be quite expensive for most large scale applications, motivating the need for alternative system representations that are not as structurally detailed as state space models and can be reconstructed from input-output information more easily.
The Adrianople Peace and the Growth of Russian Black Sea Trade

The Adrianople Treaty was signed at a fortunate time for both Russia and Turkey. As late as mid-August, Turkish prevarication mystified St Petersburg, with Nesselrode observing, ‘It is ... extremely difficult to know why the Sultan, currently threatened at the heart of his power in Europe, as well as Asia, has not become more tractable.’4 In Adrianople itself, former Janissaries approached Russian troops, gave them a secret sign, and requested aid to help them take their revenge.5 Rumours were rife in the Turkish capital; a British officer at Tarabya reported that the Russians had reached the Sea of Marmora, while Dibich’s main forces were within a twenty-hour march of Constanti-nople.6 The British ambassador numbered Dibich’s troops at 40 000, with 25 000 reinforcements expected daily.’
Notes on the Structure and Properties of Insulin

This chapter reviews the the amino acid sequence of the insulin protein, its three-dimensional structure, and its interaction with other substances of biological interest. At present, insulin is regarded as a protein containing two polypeptide chains. Langdon subjected insulin to reduction by thioglycollate in 8 M urea or by n -propyl mercaptan in formamide. The free sulf-hydryl groups of the A and B chains were converted to the phenylmercaptide derivatives, which were then separated by electrophoresis on potato starch or acrylamide gel. The A chain was found to be inactive; the B chain retained some insulin-like activity when tested at a concentration of 1 μ g. Insulin has been labeled with I l31 by a number of investigators. The usual procedure is to expose the insulin in aqueous solution briefly to iodine of high radioactivity, remove the unreacted iodine, dialyze the reaction mixture to reduce the iodide content, and then to employ the mixture of I 131 -labeled insulin and nondialyzable breakdown products without subjecting the product to the purification procedures, such as chromatography or countercurrent distribution, which are usually considered imperative.
Severe Hiatal Hernia as a Cause of Failure to Thrive Discovered by Transthoracic Echocardiogram

A newborn infant with failure to thrive presented for murmur evaluation on day of life three due to a harsh 3/6 murmur. During the evaluation, a retrocardiac fluid filled mass was seen by transthoracic echocardiogram. The infant was also found to have a ventricular septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Eventually, a large hiatal hernia was diagnosed on subsequent imaging. The infant ultimately underwent surgical repair of the hiatal hernia at a tertiary care facility. Hiatal hernias have been noted as incidental extracardiac findings in adults, but no previous literature has documented hiatal hernias as incidental findings in the pediatric population.
Moral traps: When self-serving attributions backfire in prosocial behavior

Abstract Two assumptions guide the current research. First, people's desire to see themselves as moral disposes them to make attributions that enhance or protect their moral self-image: When approached with a prosocial request, people are inclined to attribute their own noncompliance to external factors, while attributing their own compliance to internal factors. Second, these attributions can backfire when put to a material test. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that people who attribute their refusal of a prosocial request to an external factor (e.g., having an appointment), but then have that excuse removed, are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior than those who were never given an excuse to begin with. Study 3 shows that people view it as more morally reprehensible to no longer honor the acceptance of a prosocial request if an accompanying external incentive is removed than to refuse a request unaccompanied by an external incentive. Study 4 extends this finding and suggests that people who attribute the decision to behave prosocially to an internal factor despite the presence of an external incentive are more likely to continue to behave prosocially once the external incentive is removed than are those for whom no external incentive was ever offered. This research contributes to an understanding of the dynamics underlying the perpetuation of moral self-regard and suggests interventions to increase prosocial behavior.
Reducing variability in anatomical definitions over time using longitudinal diffeomorphic mapping

We address the challenge of variability in the definition of anatomical structures over time in a single subject, using a template-based diffeomorphic mapping algorithm to filter out inconsistencies. Shape changes are parametrized through 2D surfaces, while data attachment is specified through dense 3D images. The mapping uses two geodesic trajectories through diffeomorphism space: template to baseline, and baseline through the timeseries. We apply this algorithm to a study of atrophy in the entorhinal and surrounding cortex in patients with mild cognitive impairment, characterized by rate of change of log-volume. We compare the uncertainty in atrophy rate measured from manual segmentations, to that computed with segmentations filtered using our longitudinal method, and to that computed from FreeSurfer. Our method correlates well with manual (correlation coefficient 0.9881, and results in significantly less variability than manual (p 8.86e-05) and FreeSurfer (p 1.03e-04).
Reliability evaluation of iBeacon for micro-localization

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) enabled iBeacon is a low-power device and is suitable for many proximity and location-based applications. Micro-localization refers to the phenomena of tracking a target with high accuracy, which is an integral part of location-aware applications, both indoor and outdoor. Although many approaches towards localization have already been proposed in many research works, Received Signal Strength Identification (RSSI) based localization using the latest BLE technology is comparatively a new concept and it reduces the energy requirements of such applications. But RSSI based distance calculation provide only a rough estimation of the proximity and does not give an accurate result for micro-localization. This paper presents and evaluates a computationally simple method for micro-localization of an object from the RSSI values from a collection of iBeacons so the method can be used in devices with very low processing power. Among the different scenarios the experiments were conducted, most of them resulted in localization error of less than 1m.
Widths of the Anisotropic Besov Classes of Periodic Functions of Several Variables

We establish the exact-order estimates for the Kolmogorov and orthoprojective widths of anisotropic Besov classes of periodic functions of several variables in the spaces Lq.
Pilot study evaluating presence of crown-like structures in high grade endometrial carcinoma.

e16504 Background: Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of Type I & II endometrial cancer (EC), decreased recurrence-free interval, and significantly increased mortality rate in EC. Obesity-induced pro-inflammatory state, hyperglycemia, elevated IGF-1, and subsequent mTOR pathway activation are all implicated in endometrial carcinogenesis. Crown-like structures (CLS), consisting of dead or dying adipocytes surrounded by macrophages, are a marker of obesity-associated white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation (WATi). Their presence in EC has never been examined. Methods: From 2009-2012, women with stage III or IV Grade 3 endometrioid or serous EC who underwent primary surgery at MSKCC and consented to an institutional tissue-banking protocol were identified. WAT was examined in perinodal tissue and omentum and subjected to immunostain with the macrophage marker, CD68, in order to detect CLS by light microscopy. WAT area was measured with NIH Image J in order to provide a standardized measurement...
Aqueous tantalum polyoxometalate reactivity with peroxide

Peroxide ligation of aqueous metal–oxo clusters provides rich speciation and structural diversity, radiation sensitivity for manipulation with light, and both broadens and shifts pH-range stability. Here we demonstrate peroxide ligation of the polyoxometalate (POM) [Ta6O19]8−. We study in detail solution speciation of the peroxide-substituted cluster, and benchmark it to the peroxide-ligated niobate analogue, [Nb6O10(OH)3(O2)6]5−, whose solid-state structure has been reported. Raman and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy do not detect any significant differences between the two analogues. However, small and wide-angle and total X-ray scattering strongly indicate that peroxide promotes linking of the hexameric tantalate clusters, rather than terminating and capping the clusters, as observed for the niobate analogue. We used computational studies to identify Raman peak positions, determine the energetics of exchange of oxo-ligands for peroxo-ligands, and provide models to help explain the X-ray scattering data. Understanding the solution speciation of peroxide-substituted polyoxotantalates is an important step towards its use in solution processed thin film materials, as well as developing new Ta-POM chemistry.
Enhancing HIV/AIDS Surveillance in the Philippines to Ensure the Transgender Population's Visibility.

An editorial is presented which addresses the author's views about the enhancement of the Philippines' HIV/AIDS public health surveillance and the health of the transgender persons in the country. An effort to combat an HIV/AIDS epidemic is examined, along with the Philippines Department of Health, an Antiretroviral Therapy Registry, and the Filipino HIV/AIDS policy. The development of an HIV/AIDS survey is assessed, along with transgender terminology.
Science, Creation and the Bible: Reconciling Rival Theories of Origins / Mapping the Origins Debate: Six Models of the Beginning of Everything

The heated debates surrounding our cosmological and biological origins often are pursued as though only two positions are possible; on one side are the materialists who see no possibility of anythi...
Entangling and disentangling many-electron quantum systems with an electric field

We show that the electron correlation of a molecular system can be enhanced or diminished through the application of a homogeneous electric field antiparallel or parallel to the system's intrinsic dipole moment. More generally, we prove that any external stimulus that significantly changes the expectation value of a one-electron operator with nondegenerate minimum and maximum eigenvalues can be used to control the degree of a molecule's electron correlation. Computationally, the effect is demonstrated in ${\mathrm{HeH}}^{+}, {\mathrm{MgH}}^{+}$, BH, HCN, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, HF, formaldehyde, and a fluorescent dye. Furthermore, we show in calculations with an array of formaldehyde (${\mathrm{CH}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$) molecules that the field can control not only the electron correlation of a single formaldehyde molecule but also the entanglement among formaldehyde molecules. The quantum control of correlation and entanglement has potential applications in the design of molecules with tunable properties and the stabilization of qubits in quantum computations.
US hospital discharges documenting patient opioid use disorder without opioid overdose or treatment services, 2011–2015

Abstract Background Understanding more about circumstances in which patients receive an opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis might illuminate opportunities for intervention and ultimately prevent opioid overdoses. This study aimed to describe patient and clinical characteristics of hospital discharges documenting OUD among patients not being treated for opioid overdose, detoxification, or rehabilitation. Methods We assessed patient, payer, and clinical characteristics of nationally-representative 2011–2015 National Inpatient Sample discharges documenting OUD, excluding opioid overdose, detoxification, and rehabilitation. Discharges were clinically classified by Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) for analysis. Results Annual discharges grew 38%, from 347,137 (2011) to 478,260 (2015), totaling 2 million discharges during the study period. The annual discharge rate increased among all racial/ethnic groups, but was highest among the non-Hispanic black population until 2015, when non-Hispanic whites had a slightly higher rate (164 versus 162 per 100,000 population). Female patients and Medicaid and Medicare as primary payer accounted for an increasing annual proportion of discharges. Just 14 DRGs accounted for nearly 50% of discharges over the study period. The most prevalent primary treatment received during OUD inpatient stays was for psychoses (DRG 885; 16% of discharges) and drug and alcohol abuse or dependence symptoms (including withdrawal) or (non-opioid) poisoning (DRG 894, 897, 917, 918; 12% of discharges). Conclusions Now nearly half a million yearly US hospital discharges for a range of primary treatment include patients' diagnosis of OUD without opioid overdose, detoxification, or rehabilitation services. Inpatient stays present an important opportunity to link OUD patients to treatment to reduce opioid-related morbidity and mortality.
CHAPTER 11 – HEMICELLULOSES

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides of plant cell walls. They vary in amount and in structure, depending on the plant type and the location of the cells within the plant. Generally, they constitute 20–30% of cell walls, but in certain annual plants, they may be present in somewhat larger amounts. Hemicelluloses represent an enormous reservoir of industrial material. Hemicelluloses are defined more narrowly as plant-cell-wall polysaccharides, other than cellulose and pectin. They are constituted of long chains—often highly branched—but frequently consist of a major, more or less linear chain with numerous short branches, consisting of one or several sugar units that are usually of a different kind than those making up the main chain. The commonest hemicellulose and perhaps the most abundant in annual plants, including farm crops, consists of (1 → 4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl units in the main chain with side chains of one to several α-L-arabinofuranosyl, D-galactopyranosyl, β-D-glucuronopyranosyl, or 4-O-methyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl units. Hemicelluloses from gymnosperms (softwoods) and angiosperms (hardwoods) differ from each other and from annual plants.
Newborn and the Kidney

Outcomes of critically ill neonates have improved significantly over the past few decades. Knowledge of evolving perinatal physiology of fluids, electrolytes and the renal system is essential for understanding the smooth transition from the in utero environment. This chapter outlines those aspects of perinatal physiology which are important in the management of the sick newborns. Neonatal kidney disorders may be isolated, part of a syndrome or multisystem disorder like perinatal asphyxia. Systemic indicators of renal disease and the approach to management of common electrolyte disturbances are highlighted. The issues specific to newborns such as acute renal failure, neonatal hypertension and nephrocalcinosis are discussed. Conditions such as osteopenia of prematurity and renal vein thrombosis which affect particularly newborns are mentioned.
Exploratory study of a new model for evolving networks

The study of social networks has gained new importance with the recent rise of large on-line communities. Most current approaches focus on deterministic (descriptive) models and are usually restricted to a preset number of people. Moreover, the dynamic aspect is often treated as an addendum to the static model. Taking inspiration from real-life friendship formation patterns, we propose a new generative model of evolving social networks that allows for birth and death of social links and addition of new people. Each person has a distribution over social interaction spheres, which we term "contexts." We study the robustness of our model by examining statistical properties of simulated networks relative to well known properties of real social networks. We discuss the shortcomings of this model and problems that arise during learning. Several extensions are proposed.
Distribution of Bone Quality in Patients Receiving Endosseous Dental Implants

Knowledge of the distribution of bone quality in the various jaw regions assists the clinician in dental implant treatment planning. Bone quality was assessed with radiographs and tactile sensation for 2,839 implants at the time of placement into four anatomic regions of the jaw. The Lekholm-Zarb classification system was used. Overall, bone quality types 1 and 4 were found much less frequently than types 2 and 3. Although variations in density existed in each region, quality 2 bone dominated the mandible, and quality 3 bone was more prevalent in the maxilla. For both anterior and posterior jaw regions, types 2 and 3 bone predominated. The anterior mandible had the densest bone, followed by the posterior mandible, anterior maxilla, and posterior maxilla.
Location-Directed Image Modeling and its Application to Image Interpolation

This paper explores the development and the use of a complex-valued, multi-resolution image representation to model and exploit local image structures in image-processing applications. Our approach distinguishes itself from prior approaches by constructing and exploiting the direct relationship between the locations of local structures and representation coefficients. Coefficients of our representation have magnitudes that measure the image energy within a specific region in both space and frequency, and phases that carry information about the distance of that energy from a local reference position. Our work proposes to model relationships, both across spatial regions and across different frequency bands, among the field of coefficient magnitudes, and among the field of coefficient phases. To illustrate the advantages of modeling these relationships, we present an algorithm for interpolating a natural image by a factor of two, both horizontally and vertically. Relationships among magnitudes and phases of available bands of coefficients are exploited to estimate local edge parameters (e.g. location, orientation, sharpness) that provide information about higher-frequency coefficients that are not available in the original image. Our work produces PSNR results that are competitive with state-of-the-art single image interpolation algorithms around edges and preserves both edge sharpness and contour smoothness.
The impact of planning reserve margins in long-term planning models of the electricity sector

Abstract The planning reserve margin is the predominant metric used in long-term planning models to ensure the resource adequacy of projected power systems. Considerable work has been done to estimate the contribution of variable renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar, to the planning reserve margin, but little work has been done to assess what planning reserve margin should be used in planning models. Typically, U.S.-based models use the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)-recommended reserve margin levels. However, historical reserve margins have often exceeded the NERC-recommended levels, suggesting that the use of NERC-recommended levels in planning models may negatively bias projected future capacity investments relative to real-world trends. Using the Regional Energy Deployment System capacity expansion model, we show that setting the planning reserve margin to observed levels in lieu of the NERC-recommended levels leads to substantial differences in near-term capacity additions. Scenarios using alternative specifications for the reserve margin resulted in increased national solar builds of 20–100 GW. Given that the magnitude on results from altering the reserve margin level is similar to or greater than many policies frequently analyzed with planning models, careful consideration of the reserve margin level is crucial for developing accurate power sector projections.
Heat transfer and flow regimes in large flattened-tube steam condensers

Abstract An experimental study of steam condensation in a power-plant air-cooled condenser is presented. This is the third of a four-part group of papers. The first two parts (Kang et al., 2017; Davies et al., 2017), published in the same journal present the facility, pressure drop, void fraction, and flow regime results, while this study presents heat transfer results and analysis. A follow-up paper will investigate the effect of varying inclination angle. The condenser test section is half of a flattened steel tube with brazed aluminum fins. The full size of a condenser tube is 10.72 m × 214 mm × 18 mm. The condenser tube is cut in half lengthwise and covered with a polycarbonate window to perform visualization simultaneously with the heat transfer measurements. All tests are performed with condensing pressure slightly above atmospheric. Stratified flow is found for all test conditions and all locations along the condenser, with both filmwise and dropwise condensation along the condenser wall. Steam-side heat transfer coefficient is found to depend on wall-steam temperature difference, and not quality or Reynolds number for vapor. As a result, steam-side heat transfer coefficient does not decrease along the condenser length, as is common for smaller condenser tubes with higher mass flux. This phenomenon disagrees with the predictions of many of the published correlations. Overall condenser heat transfer coefficient is found to decrease along the condenser length, due to an increase in the thickness of the stratified condensate layer.
Oxygen, temperature and the deep-marine stenothermal cradle of Ediacaran evolution

Ediacaran fossils document the early evolution of complex megascopic life, contemporaneous with geochemical evidence for widespread marine anoxia. These data suggest early animals experienced frequent hypoxia. Research has thus focused on the concentration of molecular oxygen (O2) required by early animals, while also considering the impacts of climate. One model, the Cold Cradle hypothesis, proposed the Ediacaran biota originated in cold, shallow-water environments owing to increased O2 solubility. First, we demonstrate using principles of gas exchange that temperature does have a critical role in governing the bioavailability of O2-but in cooler water the supply of O2 is actually lower. Second, the fossil record suggests the Ediacara biota initially occur approximately 571 Ma in deep-water facies, before appearing in shelf environments approximately 555 Ma. We propose an ecophysiological underpinning for this pattern. By combining oceanographic data with new respirometry experiments we show that in the shallow mixed layer where seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely, thermal and partial pressure ( pO2) effects are highly synergistic. The result is that temperature change away from species-specific optima impairs tolerance to low pO2. We hypothesize that deep and particularly stenothermal (narrow temperature range) environments in the Ediacaran ocean were a physiological refuge from the synergistic effects of temperature and low pO2.
Fractal entropies and dimensions for microstates spaces

Abstract Using Voiculescu's notion of a matricial microstate we introduce fractal dimensions and entropies for finite sets of selfadjoint operators in a tracial von Neumann algebra. We show that they possess properties similar to their classical predecessors. We relate the new quantities to free entropy and free entropy dimension and show that a modified version of free Hausdorff dimension is an algebraic invariant. We compute the free Hausdorff dimension in the cases where the set generates a finite-dimensional algebra or where the set consists of a single selfadjoint. We show that the Hausdorff dimension becomes additive for such sets in the presence of freeness.
Ceiling Effects on Weight in Heavy NP Shift

This squib tests theories of heavy NP shift that link constituent order to parsing. Our results indicate that increasing the weight of an object NP cannot make a heavy NP shift construction more acceptable than a comparison sentence in the canonical order, contra parsing-based theories. In addition, we examine acceptability as it relates to verb disposition. We find no significant differences between different subcategorizations, contrary to the findings of corpus studies. These results reveal a disconnect between production and comprehension; we further conclude that parser sensitivity to constituent structure is unlikely to affect speaker production of heavy NP shift.
Independent sets in middle two layers of Boolean lattice

For an odd integer $n=2d-1$, let $\mathcal{B}(n, d)$ be the subgraph of the hypercube $Q_n$ induced by the two largest layers. In this paper, we describe the typical structure of independent sets in $\mathcal{B}(n, d)$ and give precise asymptotics on the number of them. The proofs use Sapozhenko's graph container method and a recently developed method of Jenssen and Perkins, which combines Sapozhenko's graph container lemma with the cluster expansion for polymer models from statistical physics.
Loss of membrane asymmetry alters the interactions of erythrocytes with engineered silica nanoparticles

Disruption of plasma membrane integrity is a primary mechanism of nanoparticle toxicity in cells. Mechanistic studies on nanoparticle-induced membrane damage have been commonly performed using model membranes with a focus on symmetric bilayers, overlooking the fact that the membrane has an asymmetric phospholipid composition. In this study, erythrocytes with normal and scrambled membrane asymmetry were utilized to examine how the loss of membrane asymmetry and the resulting alterations in the outer leaflet lipid composition affect nanoparticle-membrane interactions. Unmodified, amine-modified, and carboxyl-modified silica (30 nm) were used as nanoparticle models. Loss of membrane asymmetry was achieved by induction of eryptosis, using a calcium ionophore. Erythrocyte membrane disruption (hemolysis) by unmodified silica nanoparticles was significantly reduced in eryptotic compared to healthy cells. Amine- and carboxyl-modified particles did not cause hemolysis in either cell. In agreement, a significant reduction in the binding of unmodified silica nanoparticles to the membrane was observed upon loss of membrane asymmetry. Unmodified silica particles also caused significant cell deformation, changing healthy erythrocytes into a spheroid shape. In agreement with findings in the cells, unmodified particles disrupted vesicles mimicking the erythrocyte outer leaflet lipid composition. The degree of disruption and nanoparticle binding to the membrane was reduced in vesicles mimicking the composition of scrambled membranes. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed the presence of lipid layers on particle surfaces, pointing to lipid adsorption as the mechanism for vesicle damage. Together, findings indicate an important role for the lipid composition of the membrane outer leaflet in nanoparticle-induced membrane damage in both vesicles and erythrocytes.
Efficacy of LGBTQI cultural competency training for oncology social workers.

Oncology social workers rarely receive training on the health care needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI) cancer patients. This study examined the efficacy of an...
Myosin-driven actin-microtubule networks exhibit self-organized contractile dynamics

The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of proteins, including actin, microtubules, and their associated motor proteins, that enables essential cellular processes such as motility, division, and growth. While actomyosin networks are extensively studied, how interactions between actin and microtubules, ubiquitous in the cytoskeleton, influence actomyosin activity remains an open question. Here, we create a network of co-entangled actin and microtubules driven by myosin II. We combine dynamic differential microscopy, particle image velocimetry, and particle tracking to show that both actin and microtubules undergo ballistic contraction with unexpectedly indistinguishable characteristics. This contractility is distinct from faster disordered motion and rupturing that active actin networks exhibit. Our results suggest that microtubules enable self-organized myosin-driven contraction by providing flexural rigidity and enhanced connectivity to actin networks. Beyond the immediate relevance to cytoskeletal dynamics, our results shed light on the design of active materials that can be precisely tuned by the network composition.
Factors associated with reduced infliximab exposure in the treatment of pediatric autoimmune disorders: a cross-sectional prospective convenience sampling study.

Inadequate systemic exposure to infliximab (IFX) is associated with treatment failure. This work evaluated factors associated with reduced IFX exposure in children with autoimmune disorders requiring IFX therapy. In this single-center cross-sectional prospective study IFX trough concentrations and anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) were measured in serum from children diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n = 73), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (n = 16), or uveitis (n = 8) receiving maintenance IFX infusions at an outpatient infusion clinic in a tertiary academic pediatric hospital. IFX concentrations in combination with population pharmacokinetic modeling were used to estimate IFX clearance. Patient demographic and clinical data were collected by chart review and evaluated for their relationship with IFX clearance. IFX trough concentrations ranged from 0 to > 40 μg/mL and were 3-fold lower in children with IBD compared to children with JIA (p = 0.0002) or uveitis (p = 0.001). Children with IBD were found to receive lower IFX doses with longer dosing intervals, resulting in dose intensities (mg/kg/day) that were 2-fold lower compared to children with JIA (p = 0.0002) or uveitis (p = 0.02). Use of population pharmacokinetic analysis to normalize for variation in dosing practices demonstrated that increased IFX clearance was associated with ADA positivity (p = 0.004), male gender (p = 0.02), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p = 0.02), elevated c-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.001), reduced serum albumin concentrations (p = 0.0005), and increased disease activity in JIA (p = 0.009) and IBD (p ≤ 0.08). No significant relationship between diagnosis and underlying differences in IFX clearance was observed. Multivariable analysis by covariate population pharmacokinetic modeling confirmed increased IFX clearance to be associated with anti-IFX antibody positivity, increased ESR, and reduced serum albumin concentrations. Enhanced IFX clearance is associated with immunogenicity and inflammatory burden across autoimmune disorders. Higher systemic IFX exposures observed in children with rheumatologic disorders are driven primarily by provider drug dose and interval selection, rather than differences in IFX pharmacokinetics across diagnoses. Despite maintenance IFX dosing at or above the standard recommended range for IBD (i.e., 5 mg/kg every 8 weeks), the dosing intensity used in the treatment of IBD is notably lower than dosing intensities used to treat JIA and uveitis, and may place some children with IBD at risk for suboptimal maintenance IFX exposures necessary for treatment response.
Life at low Reynolds Number Re-visited: The apparent activation energy of viscous flow in sea water

Abstract In a 1976 lecture entitled “Life at low Reynolds Number,” Edward Purcell examined constraints on mobility of small aquatic animals defining the energetic challenge as “to move far enough to beat diffusion.” We show that the essential requirement is the need to do sufficient work to overcome the activation energy of viscous flow. Raman spectroscopy shows that sea water is dominated (78–85%) by the hydrogen bonded forms, primarily as the large (H2O)5 tetrahedral pentamer form. Two hydrogen bonds must be broken to disrupt this structure. The strength of the hydrogen bond in water is ~8.4 kJ/mol and the experimentally determined activation energy of viscous flow (~16.7 kJ/mol) is approximately equal to that required to break two hydrogen bonds in water. For viscous flow to occur a molecular vacancy must form for a flowing molecule to move into; the smaller the vacancy needed the less energy required. The heat created by a small animal swimming breaks hydrogen bonds thus forming a layer of small non-hydrogen bonded H2O molecules around the animal. These “lubricate” the surface yielding far more efficient viscous flow. The activation energy of the viscous flow of water decreases with pressure most likely due to the weaker strength of the hydrogen bond under pressure – lab and field data support this observation. The dissipation of tidal energy as heat, often attributed to “intermolecular forces,” is directly related to the breaking of hydrogen bonds.
Chronic kidney disease in adult horses: causes, diagnosis and management

Chronic kidney disease is a rare disease in horses, unlike humans and companion animals where it is frequently encountered. There are multiple causes, although, since the disease typically presents...
India, China, and the World: A Connected History: by Tansen Sen, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2018, 541/540 + xviii pp., Rs1,100.00 (paperback), ISBN 9780199485543

As India–China tensions have recently risen in the Himalayan region, so has Asia come back into the headlines of Western media. They, in turn, tend to frame the two Asian giants as rivals and to re...
Regulation of protein synthesis in heart muscle. I. Effect of amino acid levels on protein synthesis.

Protein synthesis in heart muscle has been studied in the isolated rat heart perfused with buffer containing glucose and various amino acid mixtures. The rate of synthesis was evaluated by measuring incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into whole heart protein and myosin. Protein degradation was estimated by measuring the fall in the specific activity of the free phenylalanine pool and the release of phenylalanine from the heart. 14C-Phenylalanine was suitable for these studies since it equilibrated rapidly with an intracellular pool of stable size and was not converted to other amino acids. Participation of the intracellular free amino acid pool as an intermediate in the pathway of protein synthesis was established. Synthesis of whole heart protein and myosin was increased about 40% when amino acid levels were increased from 1 to 5 times normal plasma levels. A group of 12 amino acids substituted for the complete mixture in producing this effect. Protein degradation appeared to occur at about twice the rate of protein synthesis during perfusion with normal plasma levels of amino acid. When perfusate levels of amino acid were raised, cellular levels of 12 amino acids increased. In general, intracellular amino acid levels reached stable values within 30 min. These studies indicated that protein synthesis in heart muscle could be stimulated by raising perfusate amino acid levels above those normally found in rat plasma. Although net uptake of isoleucine and leucine was observed, suggesting that these amino acids were used as oxidative substrate, the increased rate of synthesis appeared to be due to a direct effect on the pathway of protein synthesis rather than an indirect effect mediated by changes in energy levels of the cell.
Regularization Techniques for Numerical Approximation of PDEs with Singularities

The rate of convergence for numerical methods approximating differential equations are often drastically reduced from lack of regularity in the solution. Typical examples are problems with singular source terms or discontinuous material coefficients. We shall discuss the technique of local regularization for handling these problems. New numerical methods are presented and analyzed and numerical examples are given. Some serious deficiencies in existing regularization methods are also pointed out.
Temperature Distribution in the Laser‐Heated Diamond Cell

The relative importance of different heat transfer mechanisms is evaluated, and thermal conduction is found to dominate under most conditions achieved in the diamond anvil cell. The temperature distribution is calculated for metals and dielectrics heated by a laser. A comparison of calculated and measured temperature profiles across laser-heated perovskite samples indicates that the thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to temperature, as expected for dielectrics in which thermal conduction is due to phonon transport. A model is developed which relates laser power and sample temperature and permits the determination of thermal conductivity and absorption at high pressures and temperatures. The bias introduced by axial temperature gradients on measurements is negligible for experiments in which a metal foil is heated, but may lead to underestimating melting temperatures by 10% for dielectric samples at 4000 K.
Clouds, Cores, and Stars in the Nearest Molecular Complexes

The properties and structure of six molecular complexes within 500 pc of the Sun are described and compared. They are generally organized into elongated filaments which appear connected to less elongated, more massive clouds. Their prominent star clusters tend to be located in the massive clouds rather than in the filaments. The complexes have similar structure, but big differences in scale, from a few pc to some 30 pc. They show a pattern of regional virial equilibrium, where the massive, centrally located clouds are close to virial equilibrium, while the less massive filaments and other small clouds have too little mass to bind their observed internal motions. Complexes can be ranked according to increasing size, mass, core mass, and the mass and number of the associated stars: they range from Lupus to Taurus to Ophiuchus to Perseus to Orion B to Orion A. The cores in nearby complexes tend to have maps which are elongated, rather than round. The core size, velocity dispersion, and column density of most cores are consistent with virial equilibrium. Cores in Orion tend to exceed cores in Taurus in their line width, size, temperature, mass, and in the mass of the associated star, if any. Stars in Orion tend to be more numerous and more massive than in Taurus, while those in Taurus tend to be more numerous and more massive than in Lupus. The mass of a core tends to increase with the mass of the cloud where it is found, with the mass of the star cluster with which it is associated, and with its proximity to a star cluster. These properties suggest that complexes and their constituent cores and clusters develop together over time, perhaps according to the depth of the gravitational well of the complex.
Suppressor Cell Activation by Anti-Thy 1.2 in NZB/WF1 Mice

A single injection of anti-Thy 1.2 serum was used to study the spontaneous loss of suppressor cells in NZB/WF1 mice. When given 1 day before primary allografting with C57BL/6 skin, anti-Thy 1.2 significantly prolonged mean graft survival (MGS) in 5-week-old NZB/NZWF1 graft recipients. However, four times the dose of anti-Thy 1.2 was required to cause graft prolongation when compared with BALB/c recipients. In contrast to its graft-prolonging effect in 5-week NZB/WF1 mice, anti-Thy 1.2 failed to prolong MGS in either 17- or 34-week-old NZB/WF1 animals. Spleen cells from anti-Thy 1.2-treated 5-week-old NZB/WF1 mice could transfer suppression of graft rejection to otherwise untreated 5-week-old syngeneic recipients. This transfer required viable, radioresistant T cells. Although spleen cells from anti-Thy 1.2-treated 5-week-old mice transferred the suppression to 5-week-old recipients, the same cells were not effective if given to 17-week-old recipients. However, spleen cells from 17-week-old-pretreated donor mice were able to prolong MGS when given to the younger 5-week-old syngeneic recipients. The transfer studies of skin allograft prolongation by anti-Thy 1.2-treated spleen cells suggest that the ability to initiate suppressor cell activation is present in both young and older NZB/WF1 mice, whereas suppressor effector mechanisms are deficient in the older mice. In addition to its usefulness in studying the details of suppressor cell action, the studies suggest that anti-Thy 1.2 treatment may be a valuable probe for the presence of suppressor cells and/or their precursors.
Long-range effects in B(5273)→γ+ K ∗ (892)

Abstract The effects of long-range processes in B(5273)→γ+K ∗ (892) are investigated and are found to be non-negligible. Implications for t-quark mass determination are considered.
Issues in automatic provenance collection

Automatic provenance collection describes systems that observe processes and data transformations inferring, collecting, and maintaining provenance about them. Automatic collection is a powerful tool for analysis of objects and processes, providing a level of transparency and pervasiveness not found in more conventional provenance systems. Unfortunately, automatic collection is also difficult. We discuss the challenges we encountered and the issues we exposed as we developed an automatic provenance collector that runs at the operating system level.
Catecholamine-containing cells of the guinea pig heart: an ultrastructural study.

Abstract Clusters of small cells in the interatrial septum of the heart fluoresce yellow-green when prepared according to the Falck-Hillarp method for biogenic amines. An attempt was made to locate these cells in electron microscopic preparations. Cells were found that contained many typical amine-storage granules. There were two types of granule; each cell contained one variety or the other, but none contained both. The granule-containing cells were in highly vascular, glomus-like clusters, most of which were in the vicinity of the AV node. Nerve terminals containing 550 A transclucent vesicles made synaptic contact with granule-containing cells. These were typical efferent synapses. It is possible therefore that the granule-containing cells, under neural control, secrete catecholamines into the capillaries of the interatrial septum. However, in view of the several similarities between the glomus-like bodies of heart and the carotid and aortic bodies, the possibility of chemoreceptor function also must be considered.
Regulating by Capping Prices

The purpose of this article is to look at the theoretical underpinnings and properties of price caps, specifically, the rules governing how a multiproduct regulated firm may adjust its prices. To identify a standard for implementing price caps, we begin by identifying the constrained optimization to which “price caps” are the solution. Since price caps are at heart a policy in which a firm can do what it likes as long as prices do not rise, the relevant optimization is maximization of welfare or profit subject to a constraint that aggregate consumer welfare must not fall below a given level. Permitting prices to be flexible, subject to maintaining a constant weighted average where the weights are based only upon the quantities sold for each service, can approximate the behavior of a firm maximizing profit subject to an aggregate consumer surplus constraint. Flexibility to change prices is in this sense “optimal,” subject to the acceptability of the consumer welfare achieved under the original prices.