cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinal input to the lateral cerebellum mediated by infratentorial structures

Abstract Recently, the output of the dentate nucleus has been shown to monosynaptically activate a reticulo-spinal pathway via the descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum. Since other regions of the cerebellum receive afferents from the structures to which they project, experiments were undertaken in both cats and monkeys to determine if the activation of ascending spinal pathways was capable of evoking responses in dentate neurons and the Purkinje cells of the neocerebellar cortex. The results demonstrated that both of these populations of neurons responded to electrical stimulation of spinal afferents from many regions of the body surface. Identical unitary responses and field potentials were evoked by stimulation of the spinal cord in decerebrate preparations. In addition, both types of responses were extremely sensitive to the administration of halothane or sodium pentobarbital, and they were not capable of following stimuli applied at frequencies of 10/s. These characteristics suggest that the responses to the activation of spinal pathways were evoked via an indirect spinoneocerebellar projection involving only infratentorial structures.
Double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle: Anatomy, incidence, and clinical correlation

The anatomy of the double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle is investigated in a series of 50 hemifacial cadaver dissections. The double zygomaticus major muscle represents an anatomical variation of this muscle of facial expression. This bifid muscle originates as a single structure from the zygomatic bone. As it travels anteriorly, it then divides at the sub-zygomatic hollow into superior and inferior muscle bundles. The superior bundle inserts at the usual position above the comer of the mouth. The inferior bundle inserts into the modiolus below the corner of the mouth. The incidence of the double zygomaticus major muscle was 34% in the present study, as it was found to be present in 17 of 50 cadaver dissections. This study shows that variation in the individual morphology of the mimetic muscles can be a common finding. Clinically, the double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek "dimples." The inferior bundle was observed in several specimens to have a dermal attachment along its mid-portion, which tethers the overlying skin. When an individual with this anatomy smiles, traction on the skin may create a dimple due to this dermal tethering effect.
Critical elements and outcomes of a residential family-based intervention for aphasia caregivers

Background: Families living with aphasia often have unmet needs despite intervention provided in hospital and rehabilitation environments (Denman, 1998; Michallet, Le Dorze, & Tetreault, 2001). Michallet and colleagues found that families living with aphasia need information and support throughout the care continuum. If needs are unmet during the early stages of rehabilitation they persist, and as families deal with the long term sequelae of aphasia, new needs emerge in relation to communication and role changes. Few recent interventions have addressed the complex needs experienced by caregivers of people with aphasia (e.g., Hinckley & Packard, 2001; Hinckley, Packard, & Bardach, 1995; Pound, Parr, & Duchan, 2001). Aims: This research aimed to identify the critical elements and outcomes of a residential intervention for families living with aphasia. Methods & Procedures: Narrative data were collected from 19 spouses, siblings, and adult children of persons with aphasia who attended a residential intervent...
The Harmonic Structure of High-Frequency Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Accreting Black Holes

Observations from the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer have shown the existence of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (HFQPOs) in the X-ray flux from accreting black hole binary systems. In at least two systems, these HFQPOs come in pairs with a 2 : 3 frequency commensurability. We employ a simple "hot spot" model to explain the position and amplitude of the HFQPO peaks. Using the exact geodesic equations for the Kerr metric, we calculate the trajectories of massive test particles, which are treated as isotropic, monochromatic emitters in their rest frames. Photons are traced from the accretion disk to a distant observer to produce time- and frequency-dependent images of the orbiting hot spot and background disk. The power spectrum of the X-ray light curve consists of multiple peaks at integral combinations of the black hole coordinate frequencies. In particular, if the radial frequency is one-third of the azimuthal frequency (as is the case near the innermost stable circular orbit), beat frequencies appear in the power spectrum at two-thirds and four-thirds of the fundamental azimuthal orbital frequency, in agreement with observations. In addition, we model the effects of shearing the hot spot in the disk, producing an arc of emission that also follows a geodesic orbit, as well as the effects of nonplanar orbits that experience Lens-Thirring precession around the black hole axis. By varying the arc length, we are able to explain the relative amplitudes of the QPOs at either 2ν or 3ν in observations from XTE J1550-564 and GRO J1655-40. In the context of this model, the observed power spectra allow us to infer values for the black hole mass and angular momentum and also constrain the parameters of the model, such as the hot spot size and luminosity.
A Comparison of Amphotericin B Alone and Combined with Flucytosine in the Treatment of Cryptoccal Meningitis

We compared amphotericin B therapy for cryptococcal meningitis with a newer regimen containing both amphotericin B and flucytosine. In 50 patients with 51 courses of therapy adherent to the protocol, 27 courses were with amphotericin B and 24 with the combination. Even though the combination regimen was given for only six weeks and amphotericin B for 10 weeks, the combination cured or improved more patients (16 vs 11), produced fewer failures or relapses (three vs. 11), more rapid sterilization of the cerebrospinal fluid (P less than 0.001) and less nephrotoxicity (P less than 0.05) than did amphotericin B alone. The number of deaths was the same (five) with each regimen. Adverse reactions to flucytosine occurred in 11 of 34 patients but were not life threatening. We conclude that combined flucytosine-amphoericin B therapy is the regimen of choice in cryptococcal meningitis.
Assessment Strategies and the Effects of Fighting Experience on Future Contest Performance in the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis)

Social experiences can be useful sources of information for animals charged with making fitness-related decisions. Fighting experience can alter an animal's perception of its fighting ability possibly leading to changes in future contest decisions, which may increase/decrease their probability of winning future contests. Winner and loser effects have been revealed in a wide array of animals, but studies using reptilian models are rare. This study investigated the impact of fighting experience on future contest performance and outcome in the green anole lizard and investigated the assessment strategies used by anoles during contests of different intensities. To determine whether the green anole expresses winner or loser effects, focal animals engaged in a primary contest with a smaller (larger) opponent to gain a winning (losing) experience; opponent size asymmetries were a significant predictor of contest outcome. Focal individuals were isolated for 2 d before being given a secondary contest with a size-matched, naive opponent. We found no evidence of winner or loser effects 2 d following a previous contest. Although previous contest outcome did not dictate future contest success, dynamics of the previous contest did. Highly aggressive primary contest losers won a significant proportion of the secondary contests, while less aggressive losers were more apt to lose the secondary contest. Secondary contest success of prior winners was not influenced by earlier contest performance. Further analyses of contest dynamics reveal that individuals may use different assessment strategies depending on the intensity of the contest. Our results demonstrate that future contest success may be driven more by individual performance in a prior contest and less by prior contest outcome.
Physician-Assisted Death: Can Philosophical Bioethics Aid Social Policy?

The debate regarding physician-assisted suicide continues in our society. Despite the recent opinions of the United States Supreme Court, this issue is unlikely to go away anytime soon. For a variety of reasons, this debate is now conducted in the legalistic terms of individual rights and liberties. As a result, perhaps we philosophers have been left behind. This is now a matter for the legal arena and philosophy is likely to be irrelevant. I would like to suggest otherwise for two reasons.
New versus traditional approaches to oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation.

For clinicians, atrial fibrillation (AFib) is not a disease that will probably be "cured" at some point during their professional lifetime. (online video available at: http://education.amjmed.com/video.php?event_id=445s risk reduction for the general patient population with AFib; the new oral anticoagulant agents that may offer alternatives to warfarin; risk reduction for the special patient populations (age, gender, triple-therapy patients).
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment: Identifying and Managing High Risk Patients

The challenge facing breast centers and physicians in private practice settings across the nation is the identification and intensive management before breast cancer develops in the 5% to 10% of breast and ovarian cancer cases that are due to hereditary predisposition. This article outlines a comprehensive high-risk program that has successfully managed identification, interdisciplinary care coordination, risk reduction education, genetic testing, psychosocial counseling and ongoing support, surveillance screening, treatment planning for prophylactic measures and lifestyle changes. The most critical message of this article is that the most clinically and financially effective high-risk services are best delivered in a program that considers outcomes management, ongoing data collection, and benchmark reporting as the hallmark of its delivery of high-quality hereditary risk management services.
Collagen glucosyl- and galactosyltransferases of cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts.

Abstract Collagen-galactosyltransferase and collagen-glucosyltransferase activities have been studied in cultured human fetal lung WI-38 and IMR-90 diploid fibroblasts. These enzymes functioned in concert to synthesize glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine units as found naturally in collagens, basement membranes, and certain serum glycoproteins. The transferases used UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc as glycose donors, collagens and collagen-derived peptides or glycopeptides as glycose acceptors, and worked best in the presence of manganese as a required divalent cation. Two pH optima, between pH 6 and 6.5 and between pH 7.5 and 8, were noted for each type of transferase, and these optima, particularly in the case of glucosyltransferase, were evident regardless of size of acceptor employed in the assay. About 35% of the total activity of each enzyme was found in the soluble fractions of cell homogenates, and, of the particulate fraction activities, about 50% could be released by mild sonication or by treatment with Triton X-100. Assessment of transferase activities as a function of cellular aging in culture revealed that significant decreases in enzyme levels occurred as the cell approached senescence (late Phase II), and these effects were reversed when cells attained senescence (Phase III). Addition of ascorbic acid to young cultures, under conditions known to increase endogenous collagenpeptide hydroxylation, caused no effects on the activities of the glycosyltransferases toward exogenous acceptors. These results suggested that the activities of collagen-hydroxylases and glycosyltransferase might not be coordinately regulated, and that, regardless of the hydroxylation events, glycosylation of the peptide might be limited to a specific fraction of hydroxylysine residues during the post-translational modification of collagen.
On the Mechanism of CFTR Inhibition by CFTRinh-172

CFTR is inhibited with high potency and selectivity by thiazolidinone, CFTRinh-172. It was reported that CFTRinh-172 decreased the Po by increasing the mean closed time (τc) without changing the mean open time (τo). These findings lead to the conclusion that CFTRinh-172 acts on the closed state. However, our data show that CFTRinh-172 not only increases τc, but also decreases τo by ∼40% ([CFTRinh-172] = 5 μM). For wild type (WT)-CFTR, the dose response relationship of CFTRinh-172 shows a Ki of 1.433±0.235 μM. Interestingly, G551D-CFTR, which manifests a τc ∼100 fold longer than that of WT-CFTR, demonstrates a similar degree of inhibition as WT-CFTR. In contrast, manipulating the channel open time dramatically affects the degree of inhibition. For example, 1 μM CFTRinh-172 causes 49% inhibition of the ATP-induced current, but the same concentration of CFTRinh-172 inhibits 82% of the current elicited by N6-phenylethyl-ATP, a high affinity ATP analogue that opens CFTR with a longer open time. The Ki of CFTRinh-172 for WT-CFTR locked open by ATP and PPi was estimated to be 5-10 nM. This drastic shift of the dose-response relationship is also seen with E1371S CFTR, a hydrolysis-deficient mutant. Due to impaired hydrolysis at NBD2, the current relaxation of E1371S mutant upon ATP withdrawal is very slow, 0.012±0.002 s−1. In the presence of 5 μM CFTRinh-172, the rate of current relaxation of E1371S increases to 0.289±0.096 s−1. This result indicates that the inhibitor acts after the channel is open. The rate of the recovery from inhibition is 0.0227±0.0038 s−1 for WT-CFTR, but 0.0036±0.0020 s−1 for WT-CFTR locked open by PPi, and 0.0022±0.0004 s−1 for E1371S. We conclude that the open state of the channel is favorable for CFTRinh-172 action and that the longer the open state, the higher the affinity for CFTRinh-172.
Subjective quality of life in the planning and evaluation of programs

This paper attempts to develop a more thorough understanding of the different components of subjective quality of life (SQL). Based on that understanding and other theoretical considerations, the utility of SQL measures in evaluation and planning is discussed. It is concluded that the use of SQL measures in evaluation will mostly be limited to community support programs for chronic mental patients. Contrary to prior research focus, the potential of SQL measures seems to lie in its contribution to need assessment, when considered together with objective social indicators. Life-domains scales are most relevant for the purposes discussed above.
A computational technique to determine the angular momentum of a human body

Abstract A general procedure for determining the angular momentum of a human body is presented. This procedure was used in the analysis of four activities each of which contained an airborne phase. The results were evaluated in terms of repeated determinations of the angular momentum during each airborne phase. It was concluded that the procedure is acceptably accurate for first approximations, that it shows potential for further development and that it is highly versatile.
Human communication revisited – A biblical perspective

Communication is very important in our daily lives. It is the most common everyday activity and it is at the core of all human contact. It permeates every aspect of who we are and what we do, and is a highly complex human phenomenon. The ability to communicate is a gift from God to enable us to develop relationships with others and to create culture. Studying and theorising about communication will enable us to discover ‘serviceable insights’ to help us to become good stewards of everything that God has entrusted to us. The Bible gives us a grand historical narrative of the cosmos, helping us to understand the fact that God created the world and its people. This article argued that the Creation-Fall-Redemption motif or theme, which is a highly schematised version of the Bible’s grand narrative, could be used as a framework to help us understand and teach communication from an integrated Christian perspective. The clarion call is to redeem communication so that it can be appropriately used directionally for what is true, noble, right, pure, lovely and admirable (Phlp 4:8). As far as communication is concerned, integration of faith and learning should encompass what we teach (content), how we teach that content (pedagogy), and how what we teach impacts the way we think, what we believe, and how we live (our character). Menslike kommunikasie herbesoek – ’n Bybelse perspektief. Kommunikasie is baie belangrik in ons daaglikse lewens. Dit is die mees algemene alledaagse aktiwiteit en vorm deel van die kern van alle menslike kontak. Dit deurdring elke aspek van wie ons is en wat ons doen en is ’n hoogs-komplekse menslike fenomeen. Die vermoe om te kommunikeer is ’n geskenk van God wat ons in staat stel om verhoudings met ander te ontwikkel en kultuur te skep. Die bestudering en teoretisering oor kommunikasie sal ons in staat stel om ‘diensbare insigte’ te ontdek, wat ons sal help om goeie rentmeesters te wees van alles wat God aan ons toevertrou het. Die Bybel gee aan ons ’n uitgebreide historiese narratief van die kosmos wat ons help om te verstaan dat God die wereld, asook die mens geskep het. Hierdie artikel het geargumenteer dat die Skepping-Sondeval-Verlossingstema of –motief, wat as ’n hoogs- geskematiseerde weergawe van die Bybelse uitgebreide narratief beskou kan word, as ’n raamwerk kan dien om ons te help om kommunikasie vanuit ’n geintegreerde Christelike perspektief te verstaan en te onderrig. Die wekroep is om kommunikasie vry te maak sodat dit rigtinggewend en gepas gebruik kan word vir wat waar, rein, regverdig, lieflik en loflik is (Fil 4:8). Wat kommunikasie betref, behoort die integrasie van geloof en leer te omsluit wat ons onderrig (inhoud), hoe ons die inhoud onderrig (pedagogie), asook die wyse waarop dit wat ons onderrig ons denke, ons geloof en hoe ons leef (ons karakter) beinvloed.
The morphology of the cervical giant fiber neuron ofDrosophila

The morphology of the cervical giant fiber (CGF) neuron of Drosophila melanogaster was studied by intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow dye. The CGF neuron is the command cell in a motor circuit causing visually driven escape behavior: a single action potential in a CGF axon produces patterned activity in jump and flight muscles. The present study identified the CGF cell body, a large soma located in the posterior part of the lower ipsilateral protocerebrum. The main process runs anteriorly from the cell body, extends three branches, and turns posteromedially while descending through the brain. The CGF axon courses through the cervical connective and ends within the mesothoracic neuromere of the thoracic ganglion. Thus, the CGF neuron is an interneuron, not a motoneuron as previously believed. We have been isolating mutants that affect CGF neuron-mediated behavior. Comparison of CGF neuron morphology in wildtype strains with that in these mutants will allow identification of genes that affect the development, structure, and connections of the CGF neuron.
Macrobenthic community colonization and community development in dredged material disposal habitats off coastal Louisiana

We examined marine benthic macroinvertebrate colonization and community structure at multiple spatial scales (study areas, reference and disposal sites, and depth zones within sites) within a 3-day period at three relatively widely separated (ca 60 km) dredged material disposal areas (Mermentau and Atchafalaya Rivers and Freshwater Bayou) in coastal Louisiana. Study areas had different histories of dredged material disposal, but all three are subject to frequent natural habitat disturbances (e.g. freshets). Nine phyla and 51 taxa were represented among the three study areas at reference (R) and disposal (D) sites (Freshwater Bayou: 21(R), 18 (D); Mermentau River: 14 (R), 17 (D) and Atchafalaya River: 38 (R), 40 (D)). Only 15 taxa were common to all three study areas. At the Freshwater Bayou, average taxa richness and abundance responded to water depth, not sites. These response variables averaged higher mean values at the Mermentau River disposal than at the reference site. No consistent pattern in the average of these response variables was detected between sites at the Atchafalaya River. Multidimensional scaling ordination and non-parametric multivariate inferential analysis provided a distinctly different picture of community structure within study areas compared to parametric analyses. A relatively moderate to strong separation in community structure between sites was detected depending on study area. Non-parametric multivariate inferential analysis detected significant differences in internal community structure at the scale of stations and sites within study areas. The weight of evidence suggests that frequent natural disturbances explain differences in macrobenthic animal community structure more than effects of dredged material disposal.
Experimentally determined model of atmospheric pressure CVD of graphene on Cu

We investigate the critical methane concentration (CMC) during the atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition (AP-CVD) of graphene on Cu from CH4. Above the CMC, graphene both nucleates and grows; below the CMC, it etches; while at the CMC, carbon intermediate species attach and detach from graphene at equal rates. By studying how the CMC varies with [H2] and temperature, we determine the reaction mechanism and the intermediates. We find that the CMC scales with [H2]3/2 and determine a single Arrhenius temperature dependence close to the expected equilibrium value. For [CH4] > CMC, the radial growth rate is proportional to the “building unit” supersaturation indicating that graphene growth occurs under capture-limited kinetics through an intermediate hydrocarbon that is first-order dependent on [CH4] and proportional to [H2]−3/2. We develop a CH4 decomposition and capture model which is consistent with all measurements indicating that the intermediate is CH. We find that uniform monolayer graphene can only be achieved in AP-CVD near the CMC, with a nucleation density that varies 5 orders of magnitude from 880 to 1075 °C. Thus, our work also provides a roadmap for growing uniform graphene at atmospheric pressure on Cu over a broad range of experimental conditions.
Biochemical genetics of plant growth

Abstract The plant growth hormones are ubiquitous compounds that act at low concentrations to regulate various aspects of cell growth. Genetic strategies have led to the identification of diverse proteins involved in hormone signaling or response. Included in this group are proteins that directly regulate transcription, enzymes involved in protein modification, receptor kinases, and the first plant adenylyl cyclase.
CT Diagnosis of Rib Fractures and the Prediction of Acute Respiratory Failure

Background:The number of rib fractures has been reported to correlate with mortality after blunt chest trauma. These reports, however, predate routine truncal helical computed tomographic (CT) scanning and their conclusions are based on data derived from plain chest radiographs (CXR). CT scan provid
Sex Differences in the Responses of the Human Amygdala

The amygdala is a structure in the temporal lobe that has long been known to play a key role in emotional responses and emotional memory in both humans and nonhuman animals. Growing evidence from recent neuroimaging studies points to a new, expanded role for the amygdala as a critical structure that mediates sex differences in emotional memory and sexual responses. This review highlights current findings from studies of sex differences in human amygdala response during emotion-related activities, such as formation of emotional memories and sexual behavior, and considers how these findings contribute to the understanding of behavioral differences between men and women. Clinical implications for the understanding of sex differences in the prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders are discussed, and future directions in the study of the amygdala’s role in human sex differences are outlined.
Phytochrome Control of Another Phytochrome-mediated Process.

The phytochrome-mediated attachment of root tips of mung bean ( Phaseolus aureus ) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) to glass is affected by the prior exposure of hydrated seeds or seedlings to red or far red radiation. Prior irradiation of seeds or seedlings of mung bean with red light promotes attachment, while far red light promotes detachment of root tips. Similar exposure of barley seeds and seedlings to red light accentuates detachment, while far red light accentuates attachment of root tips. Red-far red light reversibility of the pretreatments indicates phytochrome control. Indoleacetic acid concentrations of 10 nM or higher appear to mimic the effects of far red light pretreatments in both mung bean and barley roots tips.
Modeling casting dimensions: effect of wax rheology and interfacial heat transfer

Abstract As investment castings grow in size and complexity, control of their dimensions becomes increasingly important. The traditional method is to pour castings, measure them, and adjust the tooling to produce accurate castings. This is a costly, time-consuming task. It is much preferable to predict casting dimensions from first principles, and build accurate tooling to produce them. However, the prediction of accurate casting dimensions depends on predicting how the patterns, molds and castings distort in each of the manufacturing steps. Two contributing factors to successful modeling of final casting dimensions have been largely neglected — pattern wax rheology and interfacial heat transfer. The interaction of wax rheological properties with injection parameters has been ignored as investment founders generally use trial-and-error to adjust injection parameters. The large number of custom-blended and proprietary pattern waxes has contributed to discouraging development of wax models based on wax properties. This situation will be reviewed. The suggestion of Campbell that interfacial heat transfer coefficients would affect casting dimensions has been confirmed in work in which we are currently engaged. However, our work has also called into question current methods of measuring interfacial heat transfer coefficients, especially in the thin sections found in investment castings. The measurement problem will be reviewed and methods of achieving more accurate measurements discussed.
Controlled remineralization of enamel in the presence of amelogenin and fluoride

Reconstructing enamel-like structures on teeth have been an important topic of study in the material sciences and dentistry. The important role of amelogenin in modulating the mineralization of organized calcium phosphate crystals has been previously reported. We used amelogenin and utilized a modified biomimetic deposition method to remineralize the surface of etched enamel to form mineral layers containing organized needle-like fluoridated hydroxyapatite crystals. The effect of a recombinant amelogenins (rP172) on the microstructure of the mineral in the coating was analyzed by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. At rP172 concentrations below 33 microg/mL, no significant effect was observed. In the presence of 1 mg/L F and at a concentration of 33 microg/mL rP172, formation of fused crystals growing from the enamel surface was initiated. Amelogenin promoted the oriented bundle formation of needle-like fluoridated hydroxyapatite in a dose dependent manner. Biomimetic synthesis of the amelogenin fluoridated hydroxyapatite nano-composite is one of the primary steps towards the development and design of novel biomaterial for future application in reparative and restorative dentistry.
Craniopharyngiomas in children

Summary 1. Experience with 16 craniopharyngiomas in children observed at The Children's Hospital and the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, during the period of 1933 to 1945, is reported. 2. Two cases are presented in detailed reports. 3. Embryologic, pathologic, physiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of craniopharyngiomas in children are discussed. 4. It is suggested that a critical appraisal be made of roentgen therapy as an adjunct to surgery in the management of these tumors.
Victim Talk: Defense Testimony and Denunciation Under Stalin

In 1929, the leader of the Central Executive Committee, Mikhail I. Kalinin, described the consequences of disenfranchising the so-called exploiting, non-laboring elements: This isn’t simply deprivation of voting rights; it means depriving [someone] of all rights … For us now, being deprived of voting rights is like being deprived of life …’1 Although disenfranchisement was a highly repressive policy by the late 1920s, many alleged that their neighbors and co-workers possessed the identity of persons who deserved to be disenfranchised. Party and state officials were not the only ones who accused people of being members of the exploiting classes; ordinary individuals accused others of belonging to the state’s enemy group as well. Even more striking, however, is the fact that the victims of Soviet policy, those already disenfranchised, participated in marking others. In their petitions for the reinstatement of rights, the disenfranchised (or lishentsy) sometimes identified others as alien and anti-Soviet elements and, in this way, reproduced and legitimized the repressive policy to which they themselves fell victim.2 This study examines how a particular response of Stalin’s victims had the effect of transforming them from mere pawns to participant agents in the system of repression.
Comparison of Deterministic and Stochastic Models of the lac Operon Genetic Network

The lac operon has been a paradigm for genetic regulation with positive feedback, and several modeling studies have described its dynamics at various levels of detail. However, it has not yet been analyzed how stochasticity can enrich the system's behavior, creating effects that are not observed in the deterministic case. To address this problem we use a comparative approach. We develop a reaction network for the dynamics of the lac operon genetic switch and derive corresponding deterministic and stochastic models that incorporate biological details. We then analyze the effects of key biomolecular mechanisms, such as promoter strength and binding affinities, on the behavior of the models. No assumptions or approximations are made when building the models other than those utilized in the reaction network. Thus, we are able to carry out a meaningful comparison between the predictions of the two models to demonstrate genuine effects of stochasticity. Such a comparison reveals that in the presence of stochasticity, certain biomolecular mechanisms can profoundly influence the region where the system exhibits bistability, a key characteristic of the lac operon dynamics. For these cases, the temporal asymptotic behavior of the deterministic model remains unchanged, indicating a role of stochasticity in modulating the behavior of the system.
Superimposed deformation in seconds: breccias from the impact structure at Kentland, Indiana (USA)

Abstract Breccias from the central uplift at the Kentland, Indiana impact structure have outcrop and microscopic characteristics that give insight into events that may occur in a carbonate-dominated sedimentary sequence in the moments following hypervelocity impact. Three distinct types of brecciated rock bodies — fault breccias, breccia lenses, and breccia dikes — suggest multiple mechanisms of fragmentation. The fault breccias occur along steeply dipping faults that coincide with compositional discontinuities in the stratigraphic succession. The breccia lenses and dikes are less localized in occurrence and show no systematic spatial distribution or orientation. The fault breccias and breccia lenses show no consistent cross-cutting relationships, but both are transected by the breccia dikes. Textural analysis reveals significant differences in particle size distributions for the different breccias. The fault breccias are typically monomict, coarsest and least uniform in grain size, and yield the highest power-law exponent (fractal dimension) in plots of particle size vs. frequency. The polymict dike filling is finest and most uniform in grain size, has the lowest power-law exponent, and is locally laminated and size-sorted. SEM images of the dike-filling breccia show that fragmentation occurred to the scale of microns. Material within the breccia lenses has textural characteristics intermediate between the other two types, but the irregular morphology of these bodies suggests a mechanism of formation different from that of either of the other breccia categories. The breccia lenses and dikes both have sub-mm-scale spheroidal vugs that may have been formed by carbon dioxide bubbles released during sudden devolatilization of the carbonate country rock. Collectively, these observations shed light on the processes that occur during the excavation and modification phases of crater formation in carbonate strata — heterogeneous, polyphase, multiscale deformation accomplished over a time interval of seconds.
A taste of copper.

New structures of copper containing proteins with cupredoxin-like folds confirm earlier predictions, and reveal electron-transfer routes in cytochrome oxidase, while a new fold for amine-oxidase reveals a new use for copper in forming self-derived quino-cofactor.
Analytic analysis of ground penetrating radar wave scattering of reinforced concrete bridge decks

Ground penetrating radar analysis of reinforced, layered concrete bridge decks requires fast, fully three dimensional modeling for analysis and inversion of measured data. However, numerical methods are often computationally expensive and impractical for real-time use. 2D modeling is fast, but lacks a comprehensive analysis of the problem. Here, we develop and test an analytic method to effectively simulate layered concrete bridge deck reinforced by a grid of rebars, excited by air-coupled GPR. The Green's function analysis in combination with the method of moments (MoM) is utilized to efficiently model the scattering effects of the rebar buried inside a stratified bridge deck. The results are validated well with finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) method.
Spatial and temporal variation in statolith and protoconch trace elements as natural tags to track larval dispersal

Trace elements in larval hard parts may serve as useful tags of natal origin in inverte- brate population studies. Using field-collected encapsulated veliger larvae of the marine gastropod Kelletia kelletii, this study examined the extent of spatial and temporal variation in the elemental composition of larval parts formed at the natal source. For both protoconchs and statoliths, results of multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) indicated that the elemental compositions show signif- icant among-site and among-region differences. Linear discriminant-function analysis (DFA) cor- rectly classified 89% of protoconchs and 80% of statoliths to their region of formation. However, there were significant interannual differences in elemental composition for statoliths at 2 sites and for protoconchs at 3 sites over a 3 yr period. Despite within-site interannual differences, the elemental compositions of hard parts formed during different years resembled one another to such a degree that a DFA generated with a single year's data could correctly predict the region of formation for 83.9% of statoliths and 82.5% of protoconchs formed in other years. A comparison of magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) incorporation patterns with per-site temperature profiles indicated statistically significant positive relationships between temperature and Mg and Sr incorporation into protoconchs, and inverse relationships between temperature and Sr (statoliths) and Ba (both proto- conchs and statoliths) incorporation. These data, together with results from other studies, suggest that larval statoliths and protoconchs can meaningfully record variation in the physical and chemical properties of seawater and, hence, have potential as natural tags of natal origin.
Can we assess the impacts of climatic changes

Assessing the impact of a given human-induced climatic change, like a global warming brought about by carbon dioxide, involves balanced examination of the implications of the specific environmental change and the other implications of the assumptions which generate the CO2 in the first place. There will be many, simultaneous impacts on ecosystems; these are illustrated by looking at effects on photosynthesis and on marine biota. For several reasons economics is quite limited in the evaluation it can provide of such effects. Nevertheless, useful ‘scenarios’ can be constructed by combining description of possible CO2-induced impacts with the other implied changes, for example, the increases in world mining, trading, and burning of coal. Several, often divergent pictures are likely to persist because of inherent uncertainties and cultural bias.
Neurokinin-1 receptors in cholinergic neurons of the rat ventral pallidum have a predominantly dendritic distribution that is affected by apomorphine when combined with startle-evoking auditory stimulation.

Cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain are implicated in startle reflex inhibition by a prior weak stimulus often referred to as prepulse inhibition (PPI) and used as an index of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia. Gating deficits can be produced in rodent models by acute systemic administration of apomorphine, a non-selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonist that also affects trafficking of neurokinin-1 (NK 1 ) receptors induced by startle evoking auditory stimulation (AS) in midbrain neurons. We used electron microscopic immunolabeling of NK 1 receptors and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAchT) to test the hypothesis that the subcellular distributions of these receptors in cholinergic neurons of the rat ventral pallidum are subject to a similar regulation. In vehicle controls, NK 1 immunogold was often seen near cytoplasmic endomembranes in somata and large dendrites, but was more equally distributed in cytoplasmic and plasmalemmal compartments of medium dendrites, and principally located on the plasma membrane of small dendrites. These labeling patterns appeared to be largely independent of whether the NK 1 receptor was co-expressed with VAchT, however only the medium and small VAchT-labeled dendrites showed significant treatment-specific differences in NK 1 immunogold distributions. The NK 1 receptor immunogold particle density on the plasma membrane of medium cholinergic dendrites was significantly enhanced by combined apomorphine and AS, while neither alone affected either the plasmalemmal density or the equality of the plasmalemmal and cytoplasmic distributions of NK 1 receptors in these dendrites. Small cholinergic dendrites showed a significant AS-induced increase in both the plasmalemmal and cytoplasmic density of NK 1 gold particles, and an apomorphine-induced disruption of the preferential plasmalemmal targeting of the NK 1 receptors. These results provide ultrastructural evidence that NK 1 receptors in cholinergic neurons of the ventral pallidum have subcellular locations and plasticity conducive to active involvement in dopamine-dependent sensorimotor processing.
Mechanical design for modification of a neutral beam for off-axis injection

Abstract DIII-D is planning to implement off-axis neutral beam current drive by neutral beam injection through a midplane port at angles up to 15° from horizontal. To accommodate the beam-line tilting, the following modifications are planned: (1) move the beam line away from the tokamak by 0.39 m to allow for a 0.68 m inside diameter welded bellows of necessary length to provide 15° of vertical motion between the vessel port and the beam line; (2) reduce the vertical height of the injected beam from 0.48 m to 0.43 m to provide clearance for the inclined beam as it passes through the length of the vessel port; (3) add a linkage system between the front of the beam line and the tokamak to restrain the NB against the vacuum loading from the bellows while maintaining zero roll about the axis of the beam line as it is moved about a virtual pivot axis; (4) add a forward and two rear vertical actuators for raising and lowering the beam line (These actuators require coordinated position control to rotate the NB about a virtual pivot axis.); (5) incorporate lateral restraint to comply with seismic requirements.
Equivalence of saddle-points and optima for non-concave programmes

A basic result of optimisation theory is that a saddle-point of the Lagrangian is an optimum of the associated programming problem, independently of any concavity assumptions. It is also well known that under concavity assumptions the two are equivalent; i.e., an optimum is always a saddle-point. It is demonstrated that this basic equivalence of saddle-points and optima in fact holds for a much larger class of problems, which are not necessarily concave, but are equivalent to concave programmes up to a diffeomorphism. This class generalises the class of geometric programmes.
Indirect Photo-induced Phosphorylation via a Photolabile Troika Acid C-Ester: o-Nitrobenzyl (E)-(Hydroxyimino)(dihydroxyphosphinyl)acetate

Abstract Indirect photo-induced phosphorylation of hydroxylic solvents via UV photolysis of a C - o -nitrobenzyl ester ( E - 9 : anilinium salt) of ( E )-(hydroxyimino)(dihydroxyphosphinyl)acetic acid ( E- 1 , ‘troika acid’) is demonstrated. Comparable phosphorylation (MeOH) was observed for the dicyclohexylammonium salt ( E - 10 ). Photolysis of E - 9 in 1:1 EtOH/ t -BuOH gave Et-phosphate/ t -Bu-phosphate in a ratio (~3:1) suggesting phosphorylation involves dissociative fragmentation of E - 1 formed via photo-induced de-esterification of E - 9 . Broad-band (Hg-lamp), 308 nm (XeCl excimer laser) or 355 nm (YAG laser) UV irradiation of E - 9 also promoted significant E → Z isomerization and concurrent photolysis leading to phosphorocyanidate. C-Me esters of E - 1 and Z - 1 were photo-isomerized by the 308 nm laser but not the 355 nm laser, showing that the o -nitrobenzyl group is required for photo-isomerization at 355 nm.
The blood volume of fetuses carried by ewes at high altitude.

Estimates of the circulating plasma volume (fetus and placenta) and the hematocrit were made on the fetuses of ten ewes indigenous to the high Andean pastures at about 14,000 ft. The results when compared with data on fetuses of ewes at sea level indicate: (1) that the plasma volume expressed as per cent of fetal weight is not regularly increased above the values recorded at sea level; (2) with but one exception the hematocrits of the fetuses of the ewes at altitude were higher than the levels reported for sea level; (3) as a result of the larger hematocrit the blood volume circulating through the fetus and placenta is higher in proportion to the fetal weight than it is in the fetuses of comparable size and age carried by ewes at sea level.
Leadership in the New Millennium: Communicating Beyond Temporal, Spatial, and Geographical Boundaries

Organizations in diverse sectors are utilizing dispersed work groups. Individuals within these organizations now face the challenge of leading others across time and space, a phenomenon known as “distanced leadership.” The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive synthesis and critique of the existing literature on distanced leadership. To this end, we examine the various ways that scholars have conceptualized distance in leadership contexts; we argue that communication is central to leadership in these emergent organizational forms; and we suggest avenues for future communication research to explore that will address organizational trends in the 21st century and beyond.
Improving management of chronic venous disorders: exploration, description, and understanding-parallels in the worlds of the Renaissance and the American Venous Forum.

From the Division of Vascular Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; and Section of Vascular Surgery, Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System; and President, American Venous Forum 2003-2004. Competition of interest: none. Correspondence: Frank Padberg, Jr, MD, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Surgery, Doctors Office Center, 90 Bergan Street, Suite 7200, Newark, NJ 07103 (e-mail: padbergjr@aol.com) J Vasc Surg 2005;41:355-65. 0741-5214/$30.00 Copyright © 2005 by The Society for Vascular Surgery. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.017 With organized review and prospective observation, these tools lead us to a better understanding of the disease process and its effects. However, much remains to be learned, as new knowledge often brings more questions than answers. Ultimately, the role of the AVF is to identify value, based upon good evidence for interventions that make a difference to the patient, to improve the management of patients with these diseases.
Children's Selective Listening to Stories: Familiarity Effects Involving Vocabulary, Syntax and Intonation

Summary.-Grade-school children's selective listening preferences for natural and altered narrarives were investigated. The listening material involved variations in the linguistic familiaricy of the following: vocabularysyntax-intonation (English versus German), syntax (natural versus random word order), and intonation (natural versus flat). Each child listened freely to pairs of stories; response frequency and duration were aucornatically recorded. Findings were: (a) patterns of listening preference changed with age (older children showed increasing preference for familiar versions) ; (b) preference for familiar syntax patterns arose at a later age than preference for other dimensions; (c) ability co verbalize differences between natural and altered versions paralleled selective listening skills. Discussion of results is in terms of current psycholinguistic theory and the potential utility of the selective lis
Efficient trust management policy analysis from rules

This paper describes a systematic method for deriving efficient algorithms and precise time complexities from extended Datalog rules as it is applied to the analysis of trust management policies specified in SPKI/SDSI, a well-known trust management framework designed to facilitate the development of secure and scalable distributed computing systems. The approach of expressing policy analysis problems as extended Datalog rules is much simpler than previous techniques for analysis of SPKI/SDSI policies. Our method also derives better, more precise time complexities than before in addition to generating complete algorithms and data structures. The method is general, with many applications beyond policy analysis. It extends our previous method for Datalog to handle list constructors, external functions, and queries.
1H-NMR spectra of epimerized polymers derived from isotactic poly(β,β-dideuterio-2-vinylpyridine)

Abstract 400 MHz 1 H-NMR spectra of isotactic, atactic and epimerized poly(β,β-dideuterio-2-vinylpyridine)s in D 2 SO 4 and CDCl 3 solution were measured. n-Ad stereosequence distributions derived from Monte Carlo simulations of the epimerization process were used to make assignments for the methine proton resonances. Simulated spectra based on these assignments and on the Monte Carlo results were in reasonably good agreement with experimental spectra.