cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of methane and carbon dioxide in peatland ecosystems across North America: Effects of temperature, aeration, and organic chemistry of peat

Peat soil from 12 northern peatlands, spanning broad gradients in mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and plant species composition, was incubated in vitro at differing temperature (2, 12, 22°C), aeration (anoxic, oxic), and with or without added glucose to evaluate controls on potential production of CH4 and CO2 (and CH4 consumption). Methane production and CH4 consumption (at 12°C) were significantly higher in open (nonforested) than forested peatlands, and varied as a function of MAT at each site, with maximum CH4 production (>450 nmol g‐1 d‐1) and minimum CH4 consumption (‐0.03 h‐1 g‐1) at intermediate MAT (i.e., CH4 production <200 nmol g‐1 d‐1 and CH4 consumption ‐0.06 h‐1 g‐1 at lower and higher MAT). Differences in lignin chemistry of the peat helped explain the variation in CH4 cycling: Added glucose stimulated CH4 production, but only in lignin‐rich peat. Carbon dioxide production (10–60 μmol g‐1 d‐1 at 12°C) showed a strong negative relationship with MAT and with the...
The ultrastructure of the chloroplasts of algae.

The ultrastructure of the chloroplasts of 13 species of algae belonging to seven divisions is described. The chloroplasts of all the species studied are limited by a narrow double membrane and contain a granular matrix material made up of dense particles 90–150 A in diameter. Scattered lipidlike globules are present in the chloroplasts of all species. Starch grains are present only in the chloroplasts of green algae. The lamellar structures in all these chloroplasts are membrane-enclosed discs or flattened sacs. In the Rhodophyta the discs occur singly; in all the other divisions they are stacked together into bands. In the Cryptophyta, bands of two discs predominate; in the Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, and Phaeophyta, bands of three discs predominate. In the Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta, the number of discs per band is more variable, but is most commonly between two and six. In the Chrysophyta and Pyrrophyta, the bands are usually very compressed; the discs are narrower than in other groups and are very tightly appressed. In the Cryptophyta and Phaeophyta, the discs are loosely associated and have a distinct 20–30 A space between them. When cells of Ochromonas danica are fixed in potassium permanganate in order to resolve unit membrane structure, the chloroplast discs are seen to be collapsed internally as well as appressed together externally.
Seasonal changes in limestone and sand plant communities off the Florida west coast

. The benthic flora of the limestone (20%) and sand (80%) substrates typical of intermediate depths on the west coast of Florida was sampled using quadrats over a three year period. Twenty seven taxa of macroscopic algae and one seagrass, Halophila decipiens, were collected. No plants were found during February of two consecutive years. The biomass and available energy ranged from 0 (winter) to 12.4g dry weight and 128 kJ (summer) per 25cm: on the limestone outcroppings and from 0 to 4.4g dry weight and 43 kJ for the sand substrate. The flora was seasonal with no dominant macroscopic algae occurring throughout the year. The flora of the intermediate depths is subjected to abiotic disturbances and is rudcral in nature. Thus, secondary production in the extensive intermediate depths along the west coast of Florida must depend more on the inshore, shallow water seagrass communities for primary production.
DOSSIER: A Computer Expert System Simulation of Professional Judgments on Schoolteacher Promotion

AbstractThe purpose of this simulation study was to compare the judgments on 12 schoolteacher performance dossiers by a computer expert system with similar decisions by human experts reported in a previous study. An expert system contains questions, rules, linked advice, and an organizing logic. Both promotion decisions and ranking of dossiers by quality were included in the comparison. The expert system showed high levels of agreement with the human judges. This finding suggests that the computer knowledge base is useful for understanding the difficult task of determining teacher quality. Practical implications suggest that teacher evaluation requires complex and extensive data gathering. Support is provided for the theoretical view that teaching quality is a complex and variable phenomenon.
Theory and simulation studies of effective interactions, phase behavior and morphology in polymer nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites are a class of materials that consist of a polymer matrix filled with inorganic/organic nanoscale additives that enhance the inherent macroscopic (mechanical, optical and electronic) properties of the polymer matrix. Over the past few decades such materials have received tremendous attention from experimentalists, theoreticians, and computational scientists. These studies have revealed that the macroscopic properties of polymer nanocomposites depend strongly on the (microscopic) morphology of the constituent nanoscale additives in the polymer matrix. As a consequence, intense research efforts have been directed to understand the relationships between interactions, morphology, and the phase behavior of polymer nanocomposites. Theory and simulations have proven to be useful tools in this regard due to their ability to link molecular level features of the polymer and nanoparticle additives to the resulting morphology within the composite. In this article we review recent theory and simulation studies, presenting briefly the methodological developments underlying PRISM theories, density functional theory, self-consistent field theory approaches, and atomistic and coarse-grained molecular simulations. We first discuss the studies on polymer nanocomposites with bare or un-functionalized nanoparticles as additives, followed by a review of recent work on composites containing polymer grafted or functionalized nanoparticles as additives. We conclude each section with a brief outlook on some potential future directions.
Suppression of defective-sporulation phenotypes by theBacillus subtilis mutationrev4

TheB. subtilis intergenic suppressor mutationrev4 suppresses defective-sporulation phenotypes caused by several mutations in RNA polymerase and in components of the ribosome. These suppressible mutations cause either temperature-sensitive sporulation (Spots) or oligosporogenous phenotypes, arresting sporulation at temporal stages 0 to IV. Double mutants containing Spots lesions in both RNA polymerase and the ribosome are also suppressible. In addition to strains altered in the transcription and translation systems, spontaneous Spots mutants and oligosporogenousspoOA andspoOK mutants respond torev4 suppression. Finally, Spots phenocopies, induced in wild-typeB. subtilis by the addition of the antibiotic cerulenin, ethanol, or phenethyl alcohol to sporulating cultures, are alleviated by therev4 mutation, suggesting thatrev4-suppressible sporulation phenotypes may be associated with defective membrane structure or function.
Chromatin-modifying agents permit human hematopoietic stem cells to undergo multiple cell divisions while retaining their repopulating potential

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) exposed to cytokines in vitro rapidly divide and lose their characteristic functional properties presumably due to the alteration of a genetic program that determines the properties of an HSC. We have attempted to reverse the silencing of this HSC genetic program by the sequential treatment of human cord blood CD34(+) cells with the chromatin-modifying agents, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5azaD) and trichostatin A (TSA). We determined that all CD34(+)CD90(+) cells treated with 5azaD/TSA and cytokines after 9 days of incubation divide, but to a lesser degree than cells exposed to only cytokines. When CD34(+)CD90(+) cells that have undergone extensive number of cell divisions (5-10) in the presence of cytokines alone were transplanted into immunodeficient mice, donor cell chimerism was not detectable. By contrast, 5azaD/TSA-treated cells that have undergone similar numbers of cell divisions retained their marrow repopulating potential. The expression of several genes and their products previously implicated in HSC self-renewal were up-regulated in the cells treated with 5azaD/TSA as compared to cells exposed to cytokines alone. These data indicate that HSC treated with chromatin-modifying agents are capable of undergoing repeated cell divisions in vitro while retaining their marrow-repopulating potential.
Health planning rationality

Health planning theory has failed to operationalize the concept of rationality into terms useful for theory building. The concept of rationality has also generally not been translated into a useful tool for the health planning practitioner. In order to decrease the mystique associated with rationality and to aid in refinement of the concept, four attributes of health planning rationality are proposed: (1) Health planning rationality is “bounded” due to the magnitude of problems and man's limited problem-solving abilities; (2) Health planning rationality has multiple dimensions (technical, social, legal, political and economic); (3) The multiple dimensions of health planning rationality interact as complements and substitutes; and (4) Health planning rationality may be conceived of as the exposure of problems to cognitive processes.
Estimation of σ2 in a Two-Way Classification Model with Interaction

Abstract A method is given for estimating the error variance σ2 in a two-way classification model with interaction and with exactly one observation per cell. The method can also be used to help determine the pattern of interaction.
Reversal by high-density lipoprotein of the effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on nitric oxide synthase protein expression in human platelets.

Abstract Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) induce vasoconstriction and platelet activation, and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) reverse these effects of ox-LDL. To determine the involvement of the L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway in the effects of lipoproteins on platelets, washed human platelets were incubated with nativeLDL, ox-LDL, or HDL plus ox-LDL. Ox-LDL, but not native LDL, potentiated thrombininduced platelet aggregation and carbon 14-labeled serotonin release, and these effects of ox-LDL were blocked by pretreatment of platelets with HDL. Incubation of ox-LDL with platelets resulted in reduction in the uptake of tritiated L-arginine by intact platelets and in NO synthase activity in platelet lysate. These effects of ox-LDL on platelet NO synthase activity were also reversed by pretreatment of platelets with HDL. Western blot analysis demonstrated about a 50% reduction in the expression of NO synthase protein in platelets treated with ox-LDL. Whereas HDL alone had no effect on NO synthase protein expression, it blocked the decrease in NO synthase expression caused by ox-LDL. Thus ox-LDL stimulates platelet function primarily by diminishing NO synthase expression, and this effect of ox-LDL can be blocked by pretreatment of platelets with HDL.
A new species of firefinch Lagonosticta from northern Nigeria and its association with the Jos Plateau Indigobird Vidua maryae

A firefinch of the Jos Plateau, northern Nigeria, is described as a new species, Rock Fire-finch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis. This firefinch has distinctive songs and a distinctive habitat—bushy and grassy rocky outcrops on the plateau and inselbergs to the north and east. It has a blue-grey bill, red back in the male and reddish brown back in the female and juvenile and broad primaries in both the adult and juvenile. It appears most closely related to the Mali Firefinch Lagonosticta virata and the Chad Firefinch Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis. Its songs are mimicked by the brood-parasitic Jos Plateau Indigobird Vidua maryae, which occurs within the range of the firefinch and whose songs led to the discovery of the firefinch. The songs of the firefinch, the song mimicry of the indigobird and the apparent continuity of song mimicry across 27 years indicate a unique association of this distinct pair of species.
Effect of cataract on pattern reversal visual evoked potential

The effect of cataract on the pattern reversal visual evoked potential (PRVEP) was evaluated in 42 patients. Moderate cataract delayed the latency and mildly decreased the amplitude. Dense cataract and mature cataract significantly altered the PRVEP characteristics. As the cataract density increased, the latency of the PRVEP increased and its amplitude decreased. Most patients with absent PRVEP had severe cataract. Thus, cataract affects the latency and amplitude of the PRVEP.
ℒ 1 adaptive control of event-triggered networked systems

This paper studies the implementation of ℒ 1 adaptive controller over real-time networks using event-triggering. Event-triggering schedules the data transmission dependent upon errors exceeding certain threshold. We provide event-triggering schemes to characterize the time instants of data transmissions, while using ℒ 1 adaptive controller in the feedback loop. Lower bounds on transmission periods are provided. We show that with the proposed event-triggering schemes the states and the input in the networked system can be arbitrarily close to those of a stable reference system by increasing the rate of adaptation and the transmission frequency.
Ignition of a combustible gas near heated vertical surfaces

Abstract A theoretical investigation of the ignition of a combustible gas by a heated vertical surface is described. Laminar, natural convection conditions were treated by numerical solution of the nonsimilar boundary layer equations, assuming an ideal gas and a one-step reaction and neglecting radiation. The plume above the surface was also analyzed, so that the ignition criterion could be specified as the least severe surface condition where a deflagration wave develops in the plume. Heated surfaces included both isothermal and constant heat flux boundary conditions. Plume conditions involved free-standing surfaces and surfaces along a wall. In the latter case, wall boundary conditions included adiabatic and isothermal (equal ambient and wall temperatures) wall plumes. Isothermal surfaces required less severe conditions for ignition than constant heat flux surfaces having the same maximum temperature. The required severity of surface conditions for ignition increased as plume conditions varied in this order: adiabatic wall plume, free-standing plume, isothermal wall plume. The frequently used ignition criterion for heated surfaces, which assumes that ignition occurs where the temperature gradient normal to the surface becomes zero, is shown to overestimate the severity of surface conditions required for ignition in some circumstances. Other limitations of this earlier criterion are that it cannot be applied to either constant heat flux or high-temperature surfaces.
The Technical Communicator as Corporate Spokesperson: A Public Relations Primer.

A survey of CEOs, corporate spokespersons, and media representatives suggests that the evolving roles and responsibilities of corporate spokespersons may result in greater opportunities for technical communicators in corporate public relations. However, these opportunities require communication principles and skills that have not traditionally played a strong role in technical communication education. This essay discusses these requisite considerations so they can be more explicitly addressed in the contemporary technical communication curriculum
Receptor localization of steroid hormones and drugs: discoveries through the use of thaw-mount and dry-mount autoradiography

The history of receptor autoradiography, its development and applications, testify to the utility of this histochemical technique for localizing radiolabeled hormones and drugs at cellular and subcellular sites of action in intact tissues. Localization of diffusible compounds has been a challenge that was met through the introduction of the "thaw-mount" and "dry-mount" autoradiographic techniques thirty years ago. With this cellular receptor autoradiography, used alone or combined with other histochemical techniques, sites of specific binding and deposition in vivo and in vitro have been characterized. Numerous discoveries, some reviewed in this article, provided information that led to new concepts and opened new areas of research. As an example, in recent years more than fifty target tissues for vitamin D have been specified, challenging the conventional view about the main biological role of vitamin D. The functions of most of these vitamin D target tissues are unrelated to the regulation of systemic calcium homeostasis, but pertain to the (seasonal) regulation of endo- and exocrine secretion, cell proliferation, reproduction, neural, immune and cardiovascular responses, and adaptation to stress. Receptor autoradiography with cellular resolution has become an indispensable tool in drug research and development, since information can be obtained that is difficult or impossible to gain otherwise
Method for calculating strong synchrotron tune modulation of depolarizing resonances in storage rings

An approximate method that deals with both parent spin resonances and strong synchrotron tune modulation is presented. This approach addresses the problem of slow convergence of the power series expansion for the synchrotron sidebands and may provide a starting point for the eventual development of a suitably fast algorithm to deal with the problem of strong synchrotron tune modulations. >
Human fibroblasts as a relevant model to study signal transduction in affective disorders.

Abstract Background : Previous studies have demonstrated a blunted beta adrenoceptor-linked protein kinase A (PKA) response in the 900× g supernatant fraction of human fibroblasts cultured from patients with major depression. Results : Results of the present studies demonstrate a significant reduction in the B max value of [ 3 H]cyclic AMP binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA in the supernatant fraction of fibroblasts from patients with major depression with no change in the K d values. The data are consistent with the previous observation that the maximal stimulation of PKA by cyclic AMP is reduced without a change in the EC 50 value. The blunted beta adrenoceptor-mediated PKA response in fibroblasts from patients with major depression is reflected in a significant reduction in the isoproterenol-stimulated phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor CREB. Both, the isoproterenol-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear CREB and the activation of the stably transfected luciferase reporter gene, pAD neo2-C12-BGL, were inhibited by the beta 2 adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118551, thus indicating that the gene activating action of isoproterenol in human fibroblasts is mediated via the beta 2 adrenoceptor cascade. The low EC 50 value of 1 nM isoproterenol for activation of gene expression in stably transfected human fibroblasts appears to be a reflection of the amplification mechanism occurring via the beta adrenoceptor–cyclic AMP–PKA–CREB transduction cascade. Conclusions : The results support the notion that human fibroblasts represent a relevant model for studying processes of signal transduction in patients with affective disorders.
Physical, Social, and Experiential Knowledge in Pervasive Computing Environments

Pervasive computing designers and researchers often create services and applications to help people record their experiences. At the same time, cheap, small, and easy-to-deploy recording technologies are quickly emerging throughout public spaces. In many ways, these technologies are pervasive computing realized. Understanding how people deal with audio and video recording is therefore a good way to explore how people might adopt, adapt, and react to pervasive computing technologies in general. A long-term deployment of a system for recording experiences in informal spaces demonstrates that people use physical, social, and experiential knowledge to determine new technologies' relative utility and safety. In this paper, we aim to add significantly to the research surrounding security and privacy concerns by focusing on them rather than just noting them as a side effect of testing an application's utility and usability.
Stress Relief during Solid-State Transformations in Minerals

This work estimates the power dissipated by solid-state phase changes in the transition layer of the mantle. Earlier studies have shown these transitions occur by nucleation and growth, and that dislocations are induced in the matrix around the grain during growth. The small-scale flow allowed by the dislocations dissipates power as a sample transforms. This dissipation is easily found in high-pressure experiments by studying the growth of an isolated grain in a rigid, perfectly plastic solid, and using the observed dislocation densities to infer the yield stress. Extrapolation of this result to the mantle raises a difficulty. If the deviatoric stress depends on the strain rate, the high shear stresses inferred around the grains in the experiments may not occur at the low dilatation rates typical of the transition layer. This difficulty is treated here by studying growth in two limits. Either the growth rate is determined by: (i) the kinetics of interface propagation, or (ii) the kinetics of matrix deformation. In case (i) it is argued that the deviatoric stress in the matrix can be taken as independent of strain rate, and the problem of extrapolation is trivial. It is shown that some form of layered convection is likely in case (i), because the yield stress inferred from experiments is such that if all the volume flow in the mantle were to cross the transition layer, the extra power loss would exceed the total viscous dissipation outside the transition layer. In case (ii), the difficulty of extrapolation is significant, and a test is given to identify this case in practice. Such ‘ slip-controlled ’ growth is shown to have a characteristic signature: if the pressure is fixed, the volume of an isolated spherical grain grows exponentially with time if the matrix is isotropic, and the deviatoric stress is a functional of the strain history. The small-scale flow can then be used as a rheometer.
Occupational asbestos exposure and the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: An ecologic study

Abstract Purpose A previous case-control study observed a strong association between occupational exposure to asbestos and the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract (GINHL). To test this hypothesis, we sought to determine whether the geographic pattern of the incidence of GINHL in the US has paralleled that of mesothelioma. Methods Using data obtained from the nine US regions participating in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, we examined the incidence of malignancies among men ages 50 to 84 years between 1973 and 1984. Results The rates of mesothelioma, but not of GINHL, were about two times higher in the areas of Seattle and San Francisco, than in the other regions. Overall, there was no correlation between the rates of mesothelioma and of GIHNL (Pearson correlation coefficient−0.12, p = 0.77). Conclusions This ecologic study finds no support for the hypothesis that occupational asbestos exposure is related to the subsequent incidence of GINHL.
A Numerical Study of Hurricane Erin (2001), Part 1: Model Verification and Storm Evolution

Abstract The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Hurricane Erin (2001) at high resolution (4-km spacing) from its early development as a tropical depression on 7 September 2001, through a period of rapid intensification into a strong hurricane (8–9 September), and finally into a stage during which it maintains its intensity on 10 September. These three stages of formation, intensification, and maintenance in the simulation are in good agreement with the observed evolution of Erin. The simulation shows that during the formation and early portions of the intensification stages, intensification is favored because the environmental wind shear is weak and the system moves over a warm tongue of water. As Erin intensifies, the wind shear gradually increases with the approach of an upper-level trough and strengthening of a low-level high pressure system. By 10 September, the wind shear peaks and begins to decr...
Symmetry study on the phase response of 2D filters

Symmetry properties of phase responses of 2D filters are reported. The classes of functions that possess the various types of symmetries in their phase responses are determined. The relationships between the magnitude symmetry and phase symmetry that a filter frequency response may possess are also established. Characteristics of the factors that possess the different standard symmetries in their magnitude response are also discussed. >
Direct manipulation authoring of object behavior in an interactive graphical modeling environment

A direct-manipulation model-authoring environment called RAPIDS II is presented. Its graphical models are composed of object components that have associated behaviors. These behaviors include changing appearance in response to user actions, changing the value of an attribute associated with an object, changing the appearance of an object in response to attribute value changes in that object or in some other object, scheduling future changes in response to an event, and starting a process of continuous change. All of these behaviors are determined by behavior rules that are authored by experts in the device or system that is being modeled. The model-based interactive graphical simulations of RAPIDS II are driven by a specialized expert system shell that directly supports real-time effects in its inference engine. The rules can be composed using either a structure-sensitive text editor or a menu-driven rule composition system. Menu-based rule authoring can be used to describe the behavior of an object without typing. >
Planned postradiotherapy bilateral neck dissection for head and neck cancer.

Abstract Purpose: This is a retrospective analysis of 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with radiotherapy (RT) to the primary site and bilateral neck followed by a planned bilateral neck dissection approximately 4 to 6 weeks after completion of RT. Patients and Methods: Between November 1964 and March 1997, 50 patients underwent bilateral neck dissections after RT, with minimum 2-year follow-up. Forty-eight patients had bilateral positive neck nodes. Results: At 5 years, the rates of neck disease control, local-regional control, and cause-specific survival were 76%, 70%, and 39%, respectively. Five severe complications developed after surgery, and 1 developed after RT. Conclusions: Radiotherapy followed by a planned bilateral neck dissection resulted in a high rate of local-regional control with acceptable morbidity. The likelihood of severe complications after simultaneous (as opposed to staged) neck dissection was not significantly different ( P = .24). (Am J Otolaryngol 2001;22:383-386. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
X-Ray and Optical Observations of Quasars

The first Einstein observations established that quasars, as a class, are luminous X-ray emitters (Tananbaum et al. 1979). Since then, one of our major programs has been to carry out further X-ray and optical observations to improve our estimate of the contribution of quasars to the 2 keV extragalactic isotropic X-ray background and also to reconcile number counts of discrete X-ray sources with reported optical number counts of quasars (cf. Zamorani et al. 1981 and references therein). This paper is a preliminary report on our observations of the 1.7 square degree field studied originally by Braccesi and his colleagues (Formiggini et al. 1980 and Braccesi et al. 1980). A more detailed presentation of our results is in preparation (Marshall et al., 1981).
Inconsistencies in edge detector evaluation

In recent years, increasing effort has gone into evaluating computer vision algorithms in general, and edge detection algorithms in particular. Most of the evaluation techniques use only a few test images, leaving open the question of how broadly their results can be interpreted. Our research tests the consistency of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and demonstrates why consistent edge detector evaluation is difficult to achieve. We show how easily the framework can be manipulated to rank any of three modern edge detectors in any order by making minor changes to the test imagery. We also note that at least some of the inconsistency is the result of the erratic nature of the algorithms themselves, suggesting that it is still possible to create better edge detectors.
Application of the method of integral relations to boundary layer flows over blunt bodies

Calculations of boundary layer flows past blunt bodies at angles of incidence are presented. Using the method of integral relations together with the method of lines, the full three-dimensional boundary layer equations are reduced to a system of first-order ordinary differential equations. The streamwise shear stress function and the cross-flow velocity component are represented as suitable functions of the streamwise velocity component. The role of the zone of dependence is automatically satisfied by the choice of differencing in the method of lines. Solutions correct to the second order are obtained in the positive shear region for flow over an ellipsoid at 30-deg incidence. The results are compared with corresponding finite difference solutions.
Functional Properties of Minimum Mean-Square Error and Mutual Information

In addition to exploring its various regularity properties, we show that the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) is a concave functional of the input-output joint distribution. In the case of additive Gaussian noise, the MMSE is shown to be weakly continuous in the input distribution and Lipschitz continuous with respect to the quadratic Wasserstein distance for peak-limited inputs. Regularity properties of mutual information are also obtained. Several applications to information theory and the central limit theorem are discussed.
Theme Appreciation as a Construct for Organizational Change

This paper develops an organizational change construct from the activities of the Jamestown New York Area Labor-Management Committee, a community-based program of labor-management cooperation. As part of this program, projects to increase productivity and to improve the quality of working life were undertaken by internal labor-management committees in ten factories over a four-year period. Although each organizational experience was episodic, these efforts collectively gave rise to community "themes"-such as skills development, gains-sharing, and layout redesign-which served to stimulate further organizational change, often in unanticipated ways. Diffusion typically was from part of one organization to part of another, rather than from a part, to the whole, of the same organization. In effect, a community "theme-set" evolved out of many piecemeal organizational projects. The various themes then served to integrate the micro projects and the Area Committee's macro objectives. Singly and in combination, the eight themes comprising the set rendered general community objectives more concrete, and concrete organizational projects more general. A two-phase change process is described, and a thematic reappreciation is made. The concept of theme developed in this paper then is considered in light of other, related concepts. Based on the timing of theme appearance and the degree of organizational appreciation, four theme subsets are distinguished. Development within each subset is elaborated, and the subsets are contrasted in terms of certain theme attributes. Four partial explanations are posited for general appreciation of themes: 1 community coherence, 2 organization-theme fit, 3 the existence of alternative participative options, and 4 the nature of the intervention process. After subsequent developments in Jamestown are shown to support theme appreciation, the paper examines the relevance of theme appreciation to change within organizations-irrespective of links to a community program. Three issues are treated: 1 unit of analysis, 2 the role of non-participants in organizational change, and 3 organization-wide transformation. In each case, the potential value of theme-appreciation is suggested. The paper concludes by expressing some cautions about pseudo-appreciation of themes.
Atmospheric effects on radiation reflected from soil and vegetation as measured by orbital sensors using various scanning directions.

Ground-measured spectral reflectance data for Avondale loam and drought-stressed and unstressed wheat were converted into digital counts for spectral bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner System (MSS). For dry loam, the differences between ratios of MSS bands 7-5 as determined from space and from ground level measurements were 2.3 percent for clear and 5.6 percent for turbid atmospheric conditions. By contrast, for wet loam the differences were 10.4 and 29.5 percent. It is found that atmospheric conditions may cause a delay of from 3 to 7 days in the discrimination between drought-stressed and unstressed wheat. For oblique angle observations the atmospheric modification of ground-measured reflectances increased with angle at a greater rate in the 0/180 deg azimuth than in the 90/270 deg azimuth. Implications of this result are discussed for oblique angle Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (SPOT), Mapsat, future multispectral linear array system imagery, and wide-angle imagery collected from scanners in high-altitude aircraft.
The Mladic and Karadzic Rule 61 Hearing

This contribution to The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice describes the Rule 61 hearing held in 1996 after which international arrest warrants were issued for Radovan Karadzic and General Ratko Mladic.
Oculomotor tracking in two dimensions.

Oculomotor tracking in two dimensions. Results from studies of oculomotor tracking in one dimension have indicated that saccades are driven primarily by errors in position, whereas smooth pursuit m...
The revised estimated survival probability index of trauma severity

The construction of a revised version of the Estimated Survival Probability Index (or ESP index) is described. The original index had been proposed as a tool that would be useful in grading from hospital medical records the severity of injuries sustained by patients hospitalized with trauma conditions. The revised index (RESP) is based on a data set of 61,419 records. Unlike the ESP, the RESP index is based upon parameters that are age specific and specific to decimal ICDA codes. The RESP is validated by correlating RESP scores with observed mortality by using an independent set of multiple-trauma patients. Overall, a strong monotonic relationship between the RESP index and increasing mortality was demonstrated. Also, the RESP index correlated with mortality in selected subsets of multiple trauma patients with extremely severe injuries. Some uses and limitations of this index are discussed. Language: en
Eye tracking indices of attentional bias in children of depressed mothers: Polygenic influences help to clarify previous mixed findings.

Information-processing biases may contribute to the intergenerational transmission of depression. There is growing evidence that children of depressed mothers exhibit attentional biases for sad faces. However, findings are mixed as to whether this bias reflects preferential attention toward, versus attentional avoidance of, sad faces, suggesting the presence of unmeasured moderators. To address these mixed findings, we focused on the potential moderating role of genes associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity. Participants included children (8–14 years old) of mothers with (n ¼ 81) and without (n ¼ 81) a history of depression. Eye movements were recorded while children passively viewed arrays of angry, happy, sad, and neutral faces. DNA was obtained from buccal cells. Children of depressed mothers exhibited more sustained attention to sad faces than did children of nondepressed mothers. However, it is important that this relation was moderated by children’s genotype. Specifically, children of depressed mothers who carried reactive genotypes across the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CHRH1) TAT haplotype and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) rs1360780 (but not the solute carrier family C6 member 4 [SLC6A4] of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region [5-HTTLPR]) exhibited less sustained attention to sad faces and more sustained attention to happy faces. These findings highlight the role played by specific genetic influences and suggest that previous mixed findings may have been due to genetic heterogeneity across the samples. One of the strongest single risk factors for depression is a positivefamilyhistoryofdepression.Childrenofdepressedmothers
Induced versus natural earthquakes: Search for a seismic discriminant

A sizeable body (150 records) of three-component, wideband (0.2 to 50 Hz) digital seismic data has allowed a direct comparison between earthquakes at The Geysers geothermal area, California and along nearby active faults of the San Andreas system. An attempt has been made to find analog or spectral parameters which would permit discrimination between 12 events within the steam production field and 30 outside it. Results of the study for both classes of events are: (1) seismic moments vary with local magnitude ML as log M = (1.06 ± 0.11) ML + 16.9 ± 0.1; (2) the ratio of vertical P -wave to horizontal S -wave spectral corner frequencies is near unity; (3) seismic stress drops are low (1.0 to 10 bars); and (4) focal mechanisms are quite comparable during the time period of this study.
In Situ immunization by bispecific antibody targeted T cell therapy in breast cancer

Metastatic breast cancer remains an incurable disease. Most patients experience objective treatment responses associated with palliation of symptoms; however, progression inevitably occurs. Thus, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies that may halt disease progression. Adoptive T-cell therapy is a potent and promising treatment option with the potential to harness the intrinsic antitumor power of the immune system and provide long-term immunity against cancer.
Trust Evidence for IoT: Trust Establishment from Servers to Sensors

Trust Evidence provides a framework for demonstrating the trustworthiness of a device, a system, or a service, a key requirement in managing risk within interactions associated with a broad spectrum of electronic processes (sensor networks, data analytics, ecommerce, etc.) As an addition to authentication and proof of integrity, Trust Evidence comprises a broader range of factors when demonstrating the trustworthiness of a computing device, for example, considering its configuration, software stack, and operational context.
Intrinsic Capacitance and Redox Activity of Functionalized Graphene Sheets

We present a general method for characterizing the intrinsic electrochemical properties of graphene sheets, such as the specific double-layer capacitance, in the absence of porosity-related artifacts and uncertainties. By assembling densely tiled monolayers of electrically insulating or conductive functionalized graphene sheets onto electrode substrates (gold and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite), we demonstrate our ability to isolate their intrinsic electrochemical response in terms of surface-specific double-layer capacitance and redox behavior. Using this system, the electrochemical properties of various types of graphene can be directly compared without the need to take into account changes in electrode morphology and electrolyte accessibility arising because of varying material properties.
Orally Administered Cation Exchange Resin-Sorbital Regimen for Treatment of Ammonia Intoxication in Dogs.

Ammonia intoxication, a complication of advanced liver disease, is believed responsible for part of the clinical syndrome of hepatic coma. When massive hemorrhage occurs from gastroesophageal varices, intestinal microorganisms break down blood proteins to ammonia. Portal-systemic venous collateral channels permit portal blood with high ammonia content to bypass the liver and enter the systemic circulation, thereby avoiding conversion to urea. Elevated levels of blood ammonia in the systemic circulation act on the central nervous system, and are thought to contribute to confusion, irritability and stupor.Ammonia intoxication may be produced experimentally in dogs by oral administration of blood or protein substances to Eck-fistula animals. Certain cation exchange resins are known to have an affinity for ammonium ions. Oral administration of such resins following administration of the challenging dose of blood would place the resin at the site of ammonia formation within the intestines. This should permit t...
Enhanced Salt Toxicity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

SummaryChronic ingestion of 1% salt solution causes accelerated hypertension leading to death in the SH rat at a more rapid rate than in the normal rat given 1% salt or in the SH rat given tap water.
Separation, concentration, and transfusion of platelets.

Summary(1) A simple method is presented for the efficient separation and concentration of platelets from human, dog, and guinea pig blood in quantities sufficient for transfusion. (2) This method depends upon the use of Sequesterene Na2 as an anticoagulant, which prevents the development of platelet stickiness and clumping in shed blood. (3) Platelets prepared by this method and transfused into the thrombopenic, irradiated dog remain in the circulation, reverse the coagulation defect, and prevent hemorrhage.
Constituents of the Boll Weevil. V. Factors Inhibiting Larval Development1

Solvent extracts from larvae and adults of Anthonomus grandis Boheman produced numerous morphological changes when they were applied topically (1–100 µg/insect) to larvae and pupae; egg hatch also was decreased. The extracts possessed a potency (ED50 = 1–25 µg/insect) comparable to that of synthetic cecropia juvenile hormone (a mixture of isomers). Larval development was arrested for 3–4 weeks when larvae were treated with the acetone and petroleum ether extracts.
Preparation and characterization of high-surface-area aluminum nitride thin films

Free-standing aluminum nitride (AlN) films were prepared by ammonia heat-treatment of pseudoboehmite [AlO(OH)] gels derived from an alumina sol. Supported films on sapphire substrates were also made by spin-coating the alumina sol, followed by ammonia nitridation. The conversion of the specimens to AlN as a function of heat-treatment temperature was studied using various characterization techniques. For the free-standing films, X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that upon ammonia treatment, the specimens were first transformed from pseudoboehmite to {eta}-alumina and finally to AlN above 1,000 C. {sup 27}Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the appearance of Al[N]{sub 4} coordination at 1,000, indicative of AlN. Complete conversion to AlN was achieved after 5 hour nitridation at 1,200 C. The 1,200 C heat-treated films consisted of crystallites of AlN in the size range 0.01-0.15 {micro}m, with pores between 0.03--0.25 {micro}m in diameter, as observed by TEM/electron diffraction analyses. These films had BET surface areas of approximately 25 m{sup 2}/g. Nitridation of the supported films to AlN occurred at lower temperatures ({approximately} 900 C), as shown by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Saturation-recovery EPR with nitroxyl radical-Dy(III) spin pairs: distances and orientations.

We describe a method for measuring the distance between a radical and a Dy(III) ion using saturation-recovery electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and demonstrate its application using four chemically modified DNA duplexes. The four DNA duplexes contain a terminal nitroxide spin-label and a midsequence, EDTA-bound Dy(III) ion but differ in the nitroxyl radical (NO)-Dy(III) distance. Distances can be determined with high precision because of their sixth-root dependence on the experimentally determined dipolar rate constant. Furthermore, the orientation of the NO-Dy(III) interspin vector in the Dy(III) g-tensor reference frame can be determined for two of the DNA duplexes. The shortest mean NO-Dy(III) distance, 18.3 ± 0.3 A, and the longest, 50.3 ± 2.4 A, are near the lower and upper distance limits of what can be measured with the NO-EDTA(Dy(III)) pair at X-band. These methods are applicable to structural studies of nucleic acids, proteins, and their complexes.
The League of Nations and the United Nations in World Politics: A Plea for Comparative Research on Universal International Organizations

This essay focuses attention on an area that has been largely neglected in the theoretical literature on international organizations: the relationships between universal international organizations dedicated to the maintenance of peace and security and the systemic contexts within which these operate. Of all the variables affecting the behavior of such organizations, the systemic forces which envelop them are clearly the most crucial. In fact, it has become banal to assert that the successes or failures of international organizations stem not so much from their formal-legal covenants as from changing configurations and distributions of power, systemic issues and forces, and the attitudes and resources of member-states. As Inis Claude ( 1967: viii) put it in discussing the United Nations: "Changes in the political context within which the organization exists and functions-not the relatively minor changes that have been made in the Charter-account for the difference between the United Nations of 1946 and that of today."
Geographic variation in declining ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States, 1968-1978. I. Rates and change, whites aged 35-74 years.

Despite the well known geographic pattern for heart disease mortality studies of the decline in ischemic heart disease have not provided a comprehensive examination of its spatial component. In this study the authors computed and mapped mean rates and per cent change in ischemic heart disease mortality for whites aged 35-74 years for the period of the Eighth Revision (1968-1978) of the International Classification of Diseases. Visual evidence of clustering and markedly different spatial patterns were found for mean rate and per cent change among the state economic areas of the United States. (EXCERPT)
Lack of Elevated Respiration in Injured Pupae of the Southern Armyworm, Prodenia eridania (Lepidoptera)

Sussman (1952) and Schneiderman and Williams (1953) showed that very minor damage to the cuticle of the diapausing Cecropia pupa induces a significant and long-lasting elevation of oxygen uptake rate. Schneiderman (1957) noted that this elevated injury respiration is not seen in Galleria pupae (nondiapausing), but no actual data were presented. Since experiments were planned in this laboratory involving the injection into Prodenia eridania (Cram.) pupae of materials that might in themselves have effects on the respiratory rate, it was necessary to test the effects of sham injection on this nondiapausing species. At the same time, opportunity was taken to follow the oxygen uptake rate of normal pupae throughout development, which has not previously been done in this species.
Reactive Bone Marrow Plasmacytosis: An Update for the Modern Era

Bone marrow (BM) polytypic plasmacytoses (PP) were characterized decades ago and found to be associated with neoplastic, autoimmune and liver diseases and infections. We sought to update the associated conditions and morphologic features of PP. We examined BM reports from 2011–2013 (n = 3,435) for cases with plasma cells (PCs) >2% by BM differential. Polytypic was defined by a kappa/lambda ratio of …