cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionospheric total electron content: Global and hemispheric climatology

[1] A new general linear model of the climatology of the ionosphere's total electron content (TEC) is described, accounting simultaneously for the influences of solar and geomagnetic activity, oscillations at four frequencies and a secular trend. The model captures more than 98% of the variance in the daily averaged, global TEC derived from GPS observations during the 16 years from 1995 to 2010, and enables the reconstruction of TEC variations since 1950. Solar EUV irradiance variations, the dominant ionospheric influence, directly increase TEC by as much as 40 TECU from solar activity minimum to maximum and produce additional 27-day fluctuations of as much as 15 TECU (in October 2003). Semiannual and annual oscillations in TEC are comparable in magnitude to the 27-day fluctuations, with (peak to valley) amplitudes that increase from a few TECU at low solar activity to ∼17 TECU during solar activity maximum. The phase and amplitude of the semiannual oscillation are identical in the northern and southern geographic hemispheres (and hence globally). In contrast, the annual oscillation is twice as large in the southern hemisphere (where it peaks in December–January) than in the northern hemisphere (where it peaks in April–May). Seasonal, semiannual and annual anomalies in TEC are direct effects of semiannual and annual oscillations produced by orbitally driven photoionization and thermospheric composition changes, not of corresponding oscillations in solar or geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetic influences on daily averaged global TEC are relatively modest, with the maximum effect a reduction of 11 TECU (in October 2003) and only 11 episodes in excess of 5 TECU depletions during the past 16 years.
Role of interactions in time-of-flight expansion of atomic clouds from optical lattices

We calculate the effect of interactions on the expansion of ultracold atoms from a single site of an optical lattice. We use these results to predict how interactions influence the interference pattern observed in a time-of-flight experiment. We find that for typical interaction strengths their influence is negligible, yet that they reduce visibility near a scattering resonance.
Theory of Sputtering. I. Sputtering Yield of Amorphous and Polycrystalline Targets

Sputtering of a target by energetic ions or recoil atoms is assumed to result from cascades of atomic collisions. The sputtering yield is calculated under the assumption of random slowing down in an infinite medium. An integrodifferential equation for the yield is developed from the general Boltzmann transport equation. Input quantities are the cross sections for ion-target and target-target collisions, and atomic binding energies. Solutions of the integral equation are given that are asymptotically exact in the limit of high ion energy as compared to atomic binding energies. Two main stages of the collision cascade have to be distinguished: first, the slowing down of the primary ion and all recoiling atoms that have comparable energies---these particles determine the spatial extent of the cascade; second, the creation and slowing down of low-energy recoils that constitute the major part of all atoms set in motion. The separation between the two stages is essentially complete in the limit of high ion energy, as far as the calculation of the sputtering yield is concerned. High-energy collisions are characterized by Thomas-Fermi-type cross sections, while a Born-Mayer-type cross section is applied in the low-energy region. Electronic stopping is included when necessary. The separation of the cascade into two distinct stages has the consequence that two characteristic depths are important for the qualitative understanding of the sputtering process. First, the scattering events that eventually lead to sputtering take place within a certain layer near the surface, the thickness of which depends on ion mass and energy and on ion-target geometry. In the elastic collision region, this thickness is a sizable fraction of the ion range. Second, the majority of sputtered particles originate from a very thin surface layer (\ensuremath{\sim}5 \AA{}), because small energies dominate. The general sputtering-yield formula is applied to specific situations that are of interest for comparison with experiment. These include backsputtering of thick targets by ion beams at perpendicular and oblique incidence and ion energies above \ensuremath{\sim}100 eV, transmission sputtering of thin foils, sputtering by recoil atoms from $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-active atoms distributed homogeneously or inhomogeneously in a thick target, sputtering of fissionable specimens by fission fragments, and sputtering of specimens that are irradiated in the core of a reactor or bombarded with a neutron beam. There is good agreement with experimental results on polycrystalline targets within the estimated accuracy of the data and the input parameters entering the theory. There is no need for adjustable parameters in the usual sense, but specific experimental setups are discussed that allow independent checks or accurate determination of some input quantities.
Global Positioning System (GPS): A Low-Cost Velocity Sensor for Correcting Inertial Sensor Errors on Ground Vehicles

This paper demonstrates the ability of a standard low-cost Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to reduce errors inherent in low-cost accelerometers and rate gyroscopes used on ground vehicles. Specifically GPS velocity is used to obtain vehicle course, velocity, and road grade, as well as to correct inertial sensors errors, providing accurate longitudinal and lateral acceleration, and pitch, roll, and yaw angular velocities. Additionally, it is shown that transient changes in sideslip (or lateral velocity), roll, and pitch angles can be measured. The method utilizes GPS velocity measurements to determine the inertial sensor errors using a kinematic Kalman Filter estimator Simple models of the inertial sensors, which take into account the sensor noise and bias drift properties, are developed and used to design the estimator. Based on the characteristics of low-cost GPS receivers and IMU sensors, this paper presents the achievable performance of the combined system using the covariance analysis from the Kalman filter. Subsequent simulations and experiments validate both the error analysis and the methodology for utilizing GPS as a velocity sensor for correcting low-cost inertial sensor errors and providing critical vehicle state measurements.
Augmenting the Instant Messaging Experience Through the Use of Brain–Computer Interface and Gestural Technologies

Interpersonal communication benefits greatly from the emotional information encoded by facial expression, body language, and tone of voice. However, these cues are often lost when sending text-based instant messages. This article describes a novel approach utilizing gestural and brain–computer interface (BCI) input to replace the missing emotional cues, with the aim of augmenting the instant messaging process. A set of exploratory studies were conducted using a commercially available BCI headset. An initial study validated the emotional data automatically captured by the device. Subsequently, an instant messaging application was developed, which detected emotions and facial gestures that are presented to the user's chat partner via progress bars and an avatar. Findings from an evaluation revealed that the novel approach facilitates communication containing a greater percentage of affective terms compared with traditional, text-based instant messaging environments. Strong levels of confidence were expresse...
Reduction of dye coupling in glial cultures by microinjection of antibodies against the liver gap junction polypeptide

Intracellular injection of antibodies to the 27-kDa liver gap junction polypeptide have been shown previously to uncouple pairs of cultured mammalian hepatocytes, cardiac myocytes, and ganglionic neurons (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82 (1985) 2412–2416). In confluent primary cultures of astrocytes, similar injections significantly reduced dye coupling for cells closer than 80 μm to the injected glial cell. Western blots identified a 27-kDa protein in extracts of the astrocyte cultures that cross-react with the gap junction-specific antibodies. These results suggest that hhe homologous gap junction polypeptides exist in liver and glial cells.
Dynamical local-field factor in the response function of an electron gas

A simple parametrized form for the dynamic local-field factor, which enters the expression for the dielectric function of an electron liquid, is proposed. The parametrization is such that it satisfies both the low- and high-frequency limits exactly. The relation of such a local-field factor to the time-dependent local-density approximation is examined. The dynamic structure factor, the plasmon damping, and the stopping power of a homogeneous electron liquid are calculated with use of a proposed complex dynamic local-field factor.
The Incorporation of Telemedicine With Medical Tourism: A Study of Consequences

This article examines the impact of the complementary use of telemedicine before and after a medical tour upon medical tourist satisfaction. It concludes that the integration of telemedicine technologies into the medial tourism system offer a unique opportunity for medical service providers to increase patient satisfaction and loyalty. The research establishes that remote consultations before the medical tour facilitate in generating more realistic expectations in the minds of the patients, thus minimizing the perception-expectation gap. However, this does not necessarily lead to higher levels of patient satisfaction. Likewise, remote consultations held following the medical tour assist in minimizing cognitive dissonance, redressing patient complaints, and boosting service loyalty.
Fraternities and ITexts: Composing in the post-industrial turn

Abstract Web sites are a ubiquitous Internet genre employed by student organizations. This article investigates the role of a web site in an Interfraternity Council at a large midwestern university in the United States. The web site is examined through the work of Anthony Giddens, specifically his structuration theory, and the recent research on ITexts. In turn, the composing process required for such IText creation and maintenance is considered in light of the complicated network of forces and restraints surrounding the Interfraternity Council and the web site. By positioning the web site as an IText, the article revisits the field's understanding of genre as well as the knowledge creation surrounding such genres. Ultimately, the article contends that it may be in everyday (I)texts, such as organization web sites, where the intertwined shifts to post-industrialism and an emphasis on multiliteracies are most recognizable and accessible for teachers of writing.
An isolated buoyant thermal in a stratified medium

Abstract Consistent with various averaged conservation equations, the entrainment velocity for a buoyant thermal is shown to be dependent on the buoyancy and velocity of the rise of the thermal in a homogeneous medium. The two separate cases of buoyancy dominated and momentum dominated thermals are investigated. Assuming similar decay law between buoyancy, mean velocity and size of the thermal at any instant, the mean velocity induced entrainment coefficients are lower in the case of buoyancy dominated thermal than in the case of momentum dominated thermal. The height of ascent and the growth of thermal together with its mean velocity variations are found to be highly dependent on its initial momentum and buoyancy. The stratification introduces an entrainment dependent on the shape and size of the thermal, ambient density gradients and the mean velocity of ascent of the thermal. With increasing weak linear stratification, the movement of the thermal is damped and the thermal growth and its height of ascent is retarded at large times.
A Comparison of Teacher-Rated Classroom Conduct, Social Skills, and Teacher–Child Relationship Quality Between Preschool English Learners and Preschool English Speakers

This study examined the differences between preschool English learners and preschool English speakers in the areas of classroom conduct, social skills, and teacher–child relationship quality, as rated by their teachers. Data were taken from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Students who were English learners were rated significantly more positively on classroom conduct and teacher–child relationship quality than students who were English speakers. There were no significant effects of the language(s) spoken in the classroom on teacher-rated skills. The need for further research and implications for the social interactions of English learners are discussed.
Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Growth Record in a Reef Coral from the Florida Keys and a Deep-Sea Coral from Blake Plateau

Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis through a 30-year (1944 to 1974) growth of Montastrea annularis from Hen and Chickens Reef (Florida Keys) shows a strong yearly variation in the abundances of both carbon-13 and oxygen-18 and a broad inverse relationship between the two isotopes. Normal annual dense bands are formed during the summer and are characterized by heavy carbon and light oxygen. "Stress bands" are formed during particularly severe winters and are characterized by heavy carbon and heavy oxygen. The isotopic effect of Zooxanthellae metabolism dominates the temperature effect on the oxygen-18/oxygen-16 ratio. The isotopic results on the deep-sea solitary coral Bathypsammia tintinnabulum, where Zooxanthellae are nonexistent, indicates that the abundance of the heavy isotopes carbon-13 and oxygen-18 is inversely related to the growth rate, with both carbon and oxygen approaching equilibrium values with increasing skeletal age.
A short proof of macdonald's conjecture for the root systems of type a

We give a new proof of I. G. Macdonald's conjecture for the root systems of type A (or equivalently, the equal parameter q-Dyson Theorem) that is short, elementary and direct. We also give a short proof of the equal parameter case of a constant term identity due to D. Bressoud and I. Goulden.
Traffic Flow Characteristics and Capacity in Police-enforced and Intelligent Work Zones

Abstract The effects of police enforcement on vehicle speeds in freeway work zones were examined in several studies. Likewise, many past studies investigated the effects of ITS implementation on vehicle speeds in freeway work zones. However, the effects of police enforcement and ITS implementation on work zone traffic flow characteristics and capacity have not yet been extensively studied. Hence, this study investigates the distinct effects of police enforcement and ITS implementation on work zone speedflow curve and capacity. Three sets of traffic data were collected in a two-lane-open work zone located on I-55 near Chicago. The first data set was collected when there was only the traditional Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) signage in the work zone. The second and the third data sets were collected when there was additionally police enforcement and Speed Photo Enforcement (SPE) in the work zone, respectively. The results showed that both the police enforcement and SPE led to significant changes in the work zone speed-flow curve compared to only MUTCD signage conditions. The general shape of the speed-flow relationship inside the work zone was similar to the speed-flow curve under basic freeway conditions, but the bending point of the upper branch of the curve occurred at lower traffic flow rates and the rate of the decrease in speed was higher. The speed-flow curve for the MUTCD signage-only casereturned a work zone capacity of around 1,850 passenger cars per hour per lane (pcphpl). Compared to that speed-flow curve, both the police enforcement and SPE moved the upper (uncongested) branch of the speed-flow curve downward, which caused a work zone capacity reduction of about 50 pcphpl in the case of police enforcement and 100 pcphpl in the case of SPE implementation. The results obtained through this study reveals the distinct effects of police enforcement and ITS on work zone capacity. Accurately estimating the capacity of work zones with different speed reduction treatments provides more efficient operation in a real-time system, more accurate diversion and traveler information for alternate routing, improved reliability of the system, and better understanding of the traffic flow characteristics in work zones. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Stereotypes of African Americans and Media Use Among Chinese High School Students

Little research has examined stereotypes of American racial minorities held by people living abroad. This study attempts to fill this gap by surveying Chinese high schools students to find out their stereotypes of African Americans, their sources of information about Americans in general, and whether stereotypes were related to media use. The results were mixed: Use of Chinese media sourcesled to positive stereotypes of African Americans, and use of American media sources led to negative stereotypes. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Underwater acoustic communication channel characterization in the presence of bubbles and rough sea surfaces

In this paper we model the underwater acoustic communication channel in shallow water. We put particular emphasis on the effect of the bubbles caused by wave breaks under strong winds. Underwater bubble clouds provide locally significant modifications of the sound speed field. The modified sound speed field contributes to a major transmission loss to sound propagation and scattering of the signals. We adopt the bubble field model developed by Norton, et al., generate range dependent discrete bubble plumes and compute the sound speed profile of each bubble plume. In addition, we model the rough surface using a spectral model to generate realizations of rough sea surfaces. With a bubble perturbed sound speed field and sea surface spectrum, we model the communication channel using a rough surface parabolic equation model to generate a complex pressure field at a selected set of ranges and depths. These pressure fields form the basic frequency response of the channel. Our results show that under strong winds, bubbles contribute to large transmission loss and cannot be neglected. Furthermore, for high wind speeds the dominate attenuation mechanism is the scattering from the bubble plumes rather than the scattering from a rough sea surface.
Distance from source and fluoride concentrations in municipal water supply

Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of fluoride in community water at the point of source, compared to the concentration delivered to various locations within the Las Vegas Valley, to determine if the levels of fluoride change over distance. Methods Ten samples per week over an 8-week period were taken from four locations, totaling 320 samples. The first location included the water treatment facility where fluoride is added to the municipal water to bring the concentrations to the desired amount. The other locations included three residences at an increasing distance from the source of fluoridation. The 320 samples were submitted for fluoride analysis. Repeated-measure anova was used to compare the means between the four data points. Results The fluoride concentration data for the four test locations ranged from 0.73 to 0.89 mg/L. Mauchly's test of sphericity revealed no significant difference in the fluoride concentrations in Las Vegas from the point of source to distant locations. Conclusions The analysis of the collected data revealed that there was no statistical difference in the fluoride concentration in the Las Vegas municipal water supply from the source to the remote locations, and that distance does not affect fluoride concentration in the Las Vegas Valley municipal water supply.
Developing complex systems - Incorporating human variability into the process

Few researchers have addressed human variability in process modeling or in process centered environments, even though such variability can have a major effect on system development. It is well known that influences, both internal and external to a person, can affect situation assessment and decision making in operational situations. In this paper, variables are defined that can act internally or externally to affect situation assessment and decision making during system engineering. The method for specifying the variance in these variables is consistent with the principles of the selected process modeling paradigm. Multiple states and state values are attached to the variables, and methods to alter the influence of simulated variables on individual and team behavior during system development are proposed.
Towards measurement of testability of concurrent object-oriented programs using fault insertion: a preliminary investigation

There is a lack of methods and techniques for measuring testability of concurrent object-oriented programs. Current theory and practice for testing sequential programs do not usually apply to concurrent systems. An approach towards measuring the testability of concurrent Java programs is proposed in this paper. The key idea is to take a program and insert faults that are related to the concurrency aspects. The approach is based on two methods: (1) mutation of the program based on keywords, and (2) creation of conflict graphs based on static analysis of the code.
BTPS Correction for Ceramic Flow Sensor

Several commercially available spirometers use unheated ceramic elements as flow sensors to determine flow and calculate volume of air. The usual method of correcting the resulting flow and volume values to body temperature pressure saturated (BTPS) is to apply a constant factor approximately equal to 30 percent of the full BTPS correction factor. To evaluate the usual BTPS correction factor technique, we tested several sensors with a mechanical pump using both room air and air heated to 37°C and saturated with water vapor. The volume signals used to test the sensors were volume ramps (constant flow) and the first four American Thoracic Society (ATS) standard waveforms. The percent difference in FEV 1 obtained using room vs heated-humidified air (proportional to the magnitude of the BTPS correction factor needed) ranged from 0.3 percent to 6.2 percent and varied with the number of maneuvers previously performed, the time interval between maneuvers, the volume of the current and previous maneuvers, and the starting temperature of the sensor. The temperature of the air leaving the sensor (exit temperature) showed a steady rise with each successive maneuver using heated air. When six subjects performed repeated tests over several days (each test consisting of at least three maneuvers), a maneuver order effect was observed similar to the results using the mechanical pump. These results suggest that a dynamic, rather than static, BTPS correction factor is needed for accurate estimations of forced expiratory volumes and to reduce erroneous variability between successive maneuvers. Use of exit air temperature provides a means of estimating a dynamic BTPS correction factor, and this technique may be sufficient to provide an FEV 1 accuracy of less than±3 percent for exit air temperatures from 5° to 28° C.
Invariant subpixel target identification in hyperspectral imagery

We present an algorithm for subpixel material identification that is invariant to the illumination and atmospheric conditions. The target material spectral reflectance is the only prior information required by the algorithm. A target material subspace model is constructed from the reflectance using a physical model and a background subspace model is estimated directly from the image. These two subspace models are used to compute maximum likelihood estimates for the target material component and the background component at each image pixel. These estimates form the basis of a generalized likelihood ratio test for subpixel material identification. We present experimental results using HYDICE imagery that demonstrate the utility of the algorithm for subpixel material identification under varying illumination and atmospheric conditions.
21-year-old woman with palpitations and vomiting.

© 2010 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research A 21-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with chest palpitations, nausea, and vomiting of 6 hours' duration. Her symptoms originated as a bandlike tightness across the sternum that progressed to include a racing heart with “skipped beats.” She then began to feel nauseous and experienced more than 10 episodes of vomiting. She described the emesis as watery without any signs of blood with eventual progression to retching without output. Before experiencing these symptoms, she had slept for 6 hours without difficulty and had no symptoms entering into sleep. Her medical history was notable for 2 uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. She reported no surgical or psychiatric history. She did not use prescription medications. Although she lived with her mother and 2 children, she spent several nights per week at friends’ homes. During these nights, she drank up to 10 shots of liquor (estimated at 148 mL [5 oz] of alcohol) and occasionally used illicit drugs, including marijuana and cocaine. Physical examination yielded the following vital sign information: heart rate, 120 beats/min; blood pressure, 118/82 mm Hg; respiration rate, 19 breaths/min; and temperature, 36.5°C. The patient appeared uncomfortable. Cardiac examination revealed a regular, rapid tachycardia without murmur or extra heart sounds. Findings on lung and abdominal examinations were unremarkable, as were the remainder of the examination results. Laboratory tests yielded the following results (reference ranges provided parenthetically): hemoglobin, 12.9 g/dL (12.0-15.5 g/dL); white blood cell count, 12.3 × 10/L (3.510.5 × 10/L); lactate, 3.6 mmol/L (0.6-2.3 mmol/L); and unremarkable levels of electrolytes, creatinine, troponin I, and D-dimer.
A steganographic computational paradigm for wireless sensor networks

This article provides a brief review of steganography, steganalysis and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It also presents a computational framework for steganography in WSN. The technique uses the concept of redundancy and distributed computing to add robustness to the steganographic embedding and extraction algorithms.
Building effective defect-prediction models in practice

Defective software modules cause software failures, increase development and maintenance costs, and decrease customer satisfaction. Effective defect prediction models can help developers focus quality assurance activities on defect-prone modules and thus improve software quality by using resources more efficiently. These models often use static measures obtained from source code, mainly size, coupling, cohesion, inheritance, and complexity measures, which have been associated with risk factors, such as defects and changes.
Stressful Life Events and Depressive Symptoms among the Elderly Evidence from a Prospective Community Study

We examined the effect of a series of common stressful life events on change in depressive symptoms among the elderly. The subjects were 1,962 noninstitutionalized people 65 years of age or older f...
Nelfinavir treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma: A case report.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for about 1% of all head and neck cancers and most commonly arises from the major and minor salivary glands, but may also develop in other sites.1 Complete resection with negative margins, the recommended surgical treatment, is commonly compromised by extensive perineural spread. Anatomic constraints such as extension to or through the skull base may also preclude meaningful resection, in which case the standard postoperative radiation therapy may serve as primary therapy instead. Despite displaying an indolent behavior, ACC is highly lethal. Disease-free survival at 5 years is around 50% and decreases to 30% to 40% at 15 years.2,3 Management options for recurrence are usually limited by the location and extent of the cancer (which is often metastatic), precluding further surgery or reirradation. Systemic treatment has been limited to toxic chemotherapy regimens with low efficacy. As a result, management of recurrent disease warrants further investigation.
Sample Complexity of Composite Likelihood

We present the first PAC bounds for learning parameters of Conditional Random Fields [12] with general structures over discrete and real-valued variables. Our bounds apply to composite likelihood [14], which generalizes maximum likelihood and pseudolikelihood [3]. Moreover, we show that the only existing algorithm with a PAC bound for learning high-treewidth discrete models [1] can be viewed as a computationally inecient method for computing pseudolikelihood. We present an extensive empirical study of the statistical eciency of these estimators, as predicted by our bounds. Finally, we use our bounds to show how to construct computationally and statistically ecient composite
An Educational Project to Improve Knowledge Related to Pulse Oximetry

• BACKGROUND Pulse oximetry is a frequently used, noninvasive monitoring tool for assessing arterial blood oxygenation. Physicians, registered nurses, and respiratory therapists are responsible for the accurate interpretation of pulse oximetry data as part of the evaluation and management of acutely and critically ill patients. • OBJECTIVES (1) To evaluate the extent of current knowledge about pulse oximetry and (2) to increase clinicians’ knowledge of research-based practices related to the appropriate use of pulse oximetry and interpretation of its results. • METHODS A test/survey of 17 true-false questions based on the research-based practice protocol of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses was developed to evaluate current knowledge of pulse oximetry. A convenience sample of medical, nursing, and respiratory therapy staff was invited to complete the test/survey before and several months after an educational program to improve staff members’ knowledge of pulse oximetry. The program included educational forums, policy changes, competency checklists, and verification of inclusion of research-based principles in orientation programs. • RESULTS A total of 442 staff members completed the test/survey given before the educational program: 331 nurses, 82 physicians, and 29 respiratory therapists. The overall mean percentage of correct answers was 66%. Differences between disciplines were significant: respiratory therapists scored slightly higher (76%) than did nurses (64%) and physicians (66%) (P = .01). The scores on the test/survey given after the educational program increased significantly, from 66% to 82% (P < .01). • CONCLUSIONS This educational project improved staff members’ knowledge of pulse oximetry monitoring. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11:529-534)
Performance analysis of Godard-based blind channel identification

We analyze a blind channel impulse response identification scheme based on the cross-correlation of blind symbol estimates with the received signal. The symbol estimates specified are those minimizing the Godard (1980) (or constant modulus) criterion, for which mean-squared symbol estimation error bounds have been derived previously. We derive upper bounds for the average squared parameter estimation error of the blind identification scheme which depend on the mean-squared error of the Wiener symbol estimator, the kurtoses of the desired and interfering sources, and the channel impulse response. All results are derived in a general multi-user vector-channel context.
Investigation of Static and Dynamic Android Anti-virus Strategies

Nowadays e-commerce is being substituted by m-commerce with the strong push from smart phone. Android phone, iPhone, BlackBerry and Windows Phone are typical smart phone models. According to comScore [1] Android takes more than 50% and iPhones takes more than 31% of smart phone market share in US in 2012. This research paper focuses on Anti-Virus strategies on Android platform because it is the most popular smart phone platform, it is an open-source environment, and it has more applications than Apple Store. The anti-virus strategies will be introduced in two categories with three samples: static analysis and dynamic analysis. Detail descriptions about Stowaway, AASandbox and Droidbox are provided. The analyses of their advantages/disadvantages are followed. The research paper is focused to develop an outline of Android anti-virus strategies to individuals, government agencies and private sectors that are interested in and help you to decide which anti-virus application to choose.
Planar Alignment of Isolated Magnetic Disks in Newtonian Fluids by a Rotating Field

Magnetic anisotropy can be induced in soft magnetic composites by aligning constituent anisotropic magnetic particles. While the uniaxial alignment by a constant field has been extensively investigated, reported studies on alignment of magnetic particles in a rotating field lack experimental validation. In this effort, we present a systematic experimental and theoretical investigation of the alignment dynamics of isolated disk-shaped magnetic particles in a planar rotating magnetic field in order to fabricate composites with planar anisotropy. The theoretical model is developed assuming: 1) quiescent flow field, 2) low-Reynolds-number Stokes flow, 3) negligible Brownian motion, and 4) oblate-ellipsoid approximation for the magnetic disks. The model is experimentally verified by optical microscopy of disk suspensions for varied rotating field strength and frequency, fluid viscosity, and disk size. Good agreement is obtained between the predicted and measured results, yielding insight to parameters important for the control of anisotropy of composite magnetic materials.
Police Crisis Intervention

Abstract We seem to be experiencing a spate of school killings. Until recently, the Post Office was the venue for such senseless killings. A printing plant in Louisville, Kentucky experienced this phenomenon a few years ago. The scenario is: the disgruntled student or employee comes into the school or work place and suddenly starts shooting. The usual outcome is that the perpetrator kills himself or asks to be killed when caught. To this point, the perpetrators have all been male. Such murders/massacres leave a lot of victims in their wakes, some dead and many grieving or suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. As intervenes, we must often deal with the question, “Why?” We would like to give simple answers, but they will usually be wrong. The problems underlying such alienation are quite complex and none of the commentators, politicians, or armchair theorists has any idea why. This article seeks to point out some of these complications because saying, “I don't know” is a better answer than launching...
Haloperidol produces increased defecation in rats in habituated environments

For animals placed in novel environments, haloperidol has commonly been shown to decrease defecation. The present study observed the effects of this neuroleptic on defecation of animals in well-habituated environments. After being injected with haloperidol, male Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrated an increase in daytime home cage defecation. This drug-induced defecation was repeatedly observed when rats were tested during the daytime or nighttime in the home cage or in the habituated open field. Significant differences were observed in both fecal weight and fecal boli number. Increased defecation is classically used as an index for animal emotionality. It is possible that the involuntary restriction of locomotion, resulting from haloperidol administration, caused increased levels of emotion in the environmentally habituated animal, thereby increasing defecation. These results may be similar to those described in recent reports of increased anxiety induced by neuroleptics in some humans. Alternatively, this effect could also be due to haloperidol’s action on dopamine receptors located centrally within the telencephalon or peripherally within the gastrointestinal tract. Although further studies are required to clarify these possible mechanisms, this is the first report in which a major tranquilizer has been shown to increase animal fecal elimination under certain conditions.
The Hubble expansion as ascribed to mutual magnetic induction between neighboring galaxies

A 32-year-old hypothesis of the formation of barred-spiral galaxies (Bostick 1957, 1958, 1986; Laurence, 1956) which become coherent-self-exciting homopolar generators has recently gained confirmative support from 3-D, particle-in-cell computer simulations (Nielsen et al. 1979; Buneman et al . 1980; Peratt et al. 1980, 1984, 1986). Such galaxies should be able to convert an appreciable fraction, f , of the energy from their gravitationally-collapsing plasmas to coherently-increasing magnetic energy via their coherent, self-exciting, homopolar-generator action. The following simple calculation shows that the resulting mutually-induced magnetic repulsions (Len's law) between neighboring galaxies is greater than the gravitational attractive forces between the galaxies. The observed expansion of the Universe can be thus simply accounted for without recourse to the ‘Big Bang’ hypothesis, with its unaccounted-for mysteries.
Digital Image Processing System For Landsat 3

The Department of Interior (DOI) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have entered into a joint program to provide a digital image processing system in support of the Landsat 3 mission. NASA will provide the data reception and pre-processing facilities, while the DOI provides the production image processing system that generates film products and computer compatible tapes for users. The system procured by the DOI's U.S. Geological Survey was installed at the Earth Resources Observation System Data Center (EDC) in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The EDC Digital Image Processing System (EDIPS) is capable of operating in standard or special formats. During 13 hours of operation, the system can process up to 200 five-band Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes and 160 Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) subscenes in the standard mode plus up to 60 scenes/subscenes in the special-order mode. The input media for the system are High Density Tapes (HDT's) generated by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). These tapes contain two types of data: those that have been radiometrically and geometrically corrected with resampling of the data to fit a known map projection, and those that have been radiometrically corrected but have not been geometrically corrected or resampled. The system can provide 185 mm (MSS) and 198 mm (RBV) black and white film products for each MSS band or RBV subscene via a high resolution laser beam recorder. The CCT's generated by the system are compatible with the HDT format, and are available either in Band Sequential (BSQ) or Band Interleaved by Line (BIL) data. This paper will present both an overview of the total NASA/DOI system and a detailed discussion of the EDC Digital Image Processing System that is installed at the USGS facility in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sonic Hedgehog in pancreatic cancer: from bench to bedside, then back to the bench.

Developmental genes are known to regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation; thus, it comes as no surprise that the misregulation of developmental genes plays an important role in the biology of human cancers. One such pathway that has received an increasing amount of attention for its function in carcinogenesis is the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Initially the domain of developmental biologists, the Hh pathway and one of its ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), have been shown to play an important role in body planning and organ development, particularly in the foregut endoderm. Their importance in human disease became known to cancer biologists when germline mutations that resulted in the unregulated activity of the Hh pathway were found to cause basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Since then, misexpression of the Hh pathway has been shown to play an important role in many other cancers, including those of the pancreas. In many institutions, investigators are targeting misexpression of the Hh pathway in clinical trials, but there is still much fundamental knowledge to be gained about this pathway that can shape its clinical utility. This review will outline the evolution of our understanding of this pathway as it relates to the pancreas, as well as how the Hh pathway came to be a high-priority target for treatment.
Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on photosynthesis and Rubisco in rice and soybean

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-72) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Bragg), which have been reported to differ in acclimation to elevated CO2, were grown for a season in sunlight at ambient and twice-ambient [CO2], and under daytime temperature regimes ranging from 28 to 40°C. The objectives of the study were to test whether CO2 enrichment could compensate for adverse effects of high growth temperatures on photosynthesis, and whether these two C3 species differed in this regard. Leaf photosynthetic assimilation rates (A) of both species, when measured at the growth [CO2], were increased by CO2 enrichment, but decreased by supraoptimal temperatures. However, CO2 enrichment more than compensated for the temperature-induced decline in A. For soybean, this CO2 enhancement of A increased in a linear manner by 32–95% with increasing growth temperatures from 28 to 40°C, whereas with rice the degree of enhancement was relatively constant at about 60%, from 32 to 38°C. Both elevated CO2 and temperature exerted coarse control on the Rubisco protein content, but the two species differed in the degree of responsiveness. CO2 enrichment and high growth temperatures reduced the Rubisco content of rice by 22 and 23%, respectively, but only by 8 and 17% for soybean. The maximum degree of Rubisco down-regulation appeared to be limited, as in rice the substantial individual effects of these two variables, when combined, were less than additive. Fine control of Rubisco activation was also influenced by both elevated [CO2] and temperature. In rice, total activity and activation were reduced, but in soybean only activation was lowered. The apparent catalytic turnover rate (Kcat) of rice Rubisco was unaffected by these variables, but in soybean elevated [CO2] and temperature increased the apparent Kcat by 8 and 22%, respectively. Post-sunset declines in Rubisco activities were accelerated by elevated [CO2] in rice, but by high temperature in soybean, suggesting that [CO2] and growth temperature influenced the metabolism of 2-carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate, and that the effects might be species-specific. The greater capacity of soybean for CO2 enhancement of A at supraoptimal temperatures was probably not due to changes in stomatal conductance, but may be partially attributed to less down-regulation of Rubisco by elevated [CO2] in soybean than in rice. However, unidentified species differences in the temperature optimum for photosynthesis also appeared to be important. The responses of photosynthesis and Rubisco in rice and soybean suggest that among C3 plants species-specific differences will be encountered as a result of future increases in global [CO2] and air temperatures.
Now that i think about it, i'm in the mood for laughs: decisions focused on mood

Four studies examined the impact that thinking about mood can have on people’s choices. In Study 1, participants who were asked to suppose they were in good, bad, or neutral moods were more likely to choose a silly comedic movie over an otherwise more attractive drama, compared to others who had not thought about mood. Similar patterns were observed when people introspected about how they felt before making a hypothetical choice (Study 2) or an actual choice (Study 3). In Study 4, participants who pursued mood-relevant information chose to see a comedic play more often than those who had not focused on such information. Thinking about their own mood appears to increase decision makers’ concern with the hedonic consequences of decisions, thereby promoting mood regulatory activities and altering preference, possibly in favor of suboptimal outcomes. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Union Type and Depressive Symptoms Among Mexican Adults

Diversity in union type is increasing around the world as cohabitation and higher order unions become more prevalent in developing and developed countries. This necessitates a more nuanced understanding of how different union types relate to individual well-being across social settings. In this study, the authors analyze nationally-representative data from Mexico in cross-sectional and change models to evaluate differences in depressive symptoms across union type (marital vs. cohabiting and first vs. higher order unions) among Mexican men and women. The findings suggest that cohabiting unions do not provide the same mental health benefits as marital unions (especially for men). Repartnering is also associated with higher depressive symptoms (especially for women), which indicates possible lasting mental health disadvantages of divorce/separation or entrance into lower quality second unions. These results suggest that the changing family context in Mexico, which includes increasing cohabitation and union i...
Twenty-five years of error (Presentation Recording)

Today, the phrase, “Target Registration Error”, typically shortened to TRE, is an integral part of the vernacular of both surgical guidance and image registration, but it was not always so. This terminology, along with “Fiducial Registration Error” and “Fiducial Localization Error” was developed circa 1990 to facilitate the communication of information among researchers who were contending with the errors that arise when one view of a patient is aligned with another, particularly when that alignment is based on fiducial markers. The work required to develop a theoretical understanding of these errors and to develop algorithms and experimental methods to probe them has involved many people and many institutions, and it continues today. This twenty-five year effort is the subject of this address, but we will not dwell on the details, almost all of which have been presented first at this very same symposium. Instead we will focus on the backstory. It is a story of people and events, of lab rivalry and cooperation, of heroes and villains, of sour reviews and sweet vindication, of disappointment when things keep going wrong, and gratification when they finally go right. And it even includes a murder mystery. This address is meant to be entertaining, but it is hoped that it might also send an encouraging message to those researchers, particularly students, who are having troubles of their own. And that message is that setbacks and criticism today do not mean that success won’t come tomorrow.
Scaling Optical Parametric Oscillators in Power, Energy, and Beam Quality

A non-critically phase-matched KTA OPO produces a 30 % efficient source of 4 pm radiation, with tunability from 3.4 to 4.4 pm obtained by tuning the 2μm KTP OPO pump source while maintaining non-critical phase matching in the KTA OPO. The influence of pump beam quality upon optical parametric oscillator (OPO) performance is measured for both non-critical phase-matching, and OPOs with walkoff. Multimode OPO pumping is shown to be efficient, provided appropriate OPO cavities are employed. For low order pump modes, the OPO can be made to match the mode of the pump. Calculations of OPO efficiency for multimode pumping show fair agreement with experiment. Walkoff is shown to have a similar degrading effect upon efficiency to that caused by multimode pumping.