cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demographics and perceptions of barriers toward breast cancer screening among Asian-American women.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the differences in perceived barriers for mammography screening among four ethnic groups of Asian-American women. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 315 women in these four groups. Results: The results from the multivariate analyses indicated that even after taking into account insurance coverage and demographic variables, specific barriers still prevent Asian-American women from seeking mammography. Discussion: Recognizing similarities and differences in the barriers among demographic variables such as ethnicity, age, and length of U.S. residency among Asian subgroups can assist health professionals to address their needs when promoting adherence to mammography guidelines.
The determination of pion-baryon coupling constants

Abstract The same experimental information used to determine the KNY coupling constants is used to determine the ΠΣΛ and ΠΣΣ coupling constants. The results do not agree with exact SU(3) symmetry.
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange of nucleoside analogs in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer

Abstract Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions of protonated nucleoside analogs, including several antibiotics, are reported. Protonated nucleoside analogs contain a wide variety of labile hydrogens and undergo a different number of exchanges when reacted with the reagents ND3 and CH3OD. All of the protonated nucleoside analogs, except for tubercidin and cytidine, exchanged all of their labile hydrogens plus the protonating hydrogen when reacted with ND3. The protonated analogs underwent a more selective exchange with CH3OD, and only zidovudine exchanged all of its labile hydrogens plus the protonating hydrogen. The results indicate that H/D exchange involves both rings of the nucleoside analogs despite fairly large differences in basicities of specific sites in the two rings, suggesting that the protonating hydrogen can remain mobile or that hydrogen-bond formation between the deuterated reagent and the analyte may occur across the two rings.
Diphtheria-toxin based anti-human CCR4 immunotoxin for targeting human CCR4(+) cells in vivo.

CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) has attracted much attention as a promising therapeutic drug target for CCR4+ tumor cells and Tregs. CCR4 is expressed on some tumor cells such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), adult peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) and cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). CCR4 is also expressed on majority of Tregs, mainly effector Tregs. In this study we have successfully developed three versions of diphtheria-toxin based anti-human CCR4 immunotoxins (monovalent, bivalent and single-chain fold-back diabody). Binding analysis by flow cytometry showed that all three versions of the anti-human CCR4 immunotoxins bound to the human CCR4+ tumor cell line as well as CCR4+ human PBMC. The bivalent isoform bound stronger than its monovalent counterpart and the single-chain foldback diabody isoform was the strongest among the three versions. In vitro efficacy analysis demonstrated that the bivalent isoform was 20 fold more potent in inhibiting cellular proliferation and protein synthesis in human CCR4+ tumor cells compared to the monovalent anti-human CCR4 immunotoxin. The single-chain fold-back diabody isoform was 10 fold more potent than its bivalent counterpart and 200 fold more potent than its monovalent counterpart. The in vivo efficacy was assessed using a human CCR4+ tumor-bearing mouse model. The immunotoxin significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing NOD/SCID IL-2 receptor γ−/− (NSG) mice injected with human CCR4+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells compared with the control group. This novel anti-human CCR4 immunotoxin is a promising drug candidate for targeting human CCR4+ tumor cells and Tregs in vivo.
To Track or Not to Track: Curricular Differentiation and African American Students at Highview High School

This article explores tracking and its effect on African American students at Highview High School, a racially and socioeconomically diverse, first-ring suburban school. Mary Johnson, a White assistant principal, is troubled by the existence of racially identifiable course enrollment patterns and knows that meaningful change will only occur if a plan is created that appeals to everyone. The question remains: Should tracking continue in some form or be abolished completely? This study enables students to understand the implications of informal policies on various student populations and design comprehensive intervention strategies to address stratification due to tracking in their own schools.
Characterization of lipid domains in erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Fluorescence digital imaging microscopy was used to study the lateral distribution of the lipid components in erythrocyte membranes. Intact erythrocytes labeled with phospholipids containing a fluorophore attached to one fatty acid chain showed an uneven distribution of the phospholipids in the membrane thereby demonstrating the presence of membrane domains. The enrichment of the lipotropic compound chlor-promazine in domains in intact erythrocytes also suggested that the domains are lipid-enriched regions. Similar membrane domains were present in erythrocyte ghosts. The phospholipid enrichment was increased in the domains by inducing membrane protein aggregation. Double-labeling experiments were done to determine the relative distributions of different phospholipids in the membrane. Vesicles made from extracted lipids did not show the presence of domains consistent with the conclusion that membrane proteins were responsible for creating the domains. Overall, it was found that large domains exist in the red blood cell membrane with unequal enrichment of the different phospholipid species.
Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica-recessive: a possible role of anchoring fibrils in the pathogenesis.

The purpose of this study was to define the ultrastructural defects and pathogenesis of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica-recessive (EBD-R). The only consistent ultrastructural alteration found in EBD-R was an absence of anchoring fibrils. In many specimens of nonblistered, nontraumatized EBD-R skin, absence of anchoring fibrils was the only ultrastructural abnormality observed. The possibility that lack of anchoring fibrils was a secondary change resulting from previous blistering and scarring was eliminated by our observation that anchoring fibrils were consistently absent in the never previously blistered skin of two newborns with EBD-R. In experimentally traumatized skin, the epidermis and dermis separated in the region of the epidermal-dermal junction normally occupied by anchoring fibrils. Basal lamina and dermal microfibril bundles appeared to be normal. Using recombinant grafts, we demonstrated that anchoring fibrils were not formed by EBD-R dermis when combined with EBD-R epidermis or normal epidermis. Anchoring fibrils were formed when normal dermis was combined with normal and EBDR epidermis. These studies indicate that the defect in EBD-R resides in the dermis and that the defect may he associated with impaired formation of anchoring fibrils.
Direct determination of the rate constant for the reaction of oxygen atoms with carbon monosulphide

Abstract The overall rate constant for the reaction of oxygen atoms with carbon monosulphide has been directly determined in flow-reactor experiments at 305 K and found to be (2.06±0.14) × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 .
The flower constancy of bees.

The flower constancy of the honey-bee was first accurately described by Aristotle (2) in the following terms: "On each expedition the bee does not fly from a flower of one kind to a flower of another, but flies from one violet, say, to another violet, and never meddles with another flower until it has got back to the hive". The phenomenon was well known to the 19th century floral biologists, Charles Darwin, Herman Muller and their colleagues (5, 6, 18, 21, 37, 53, 54). It was subsequently investigated by several students of insect behavior at the turn of the century, particularly by Felix Plateau, Gaston Bonnier, August Forel and Karl von Frisch (9, 26, 27, 29, 61). More recently the bearing of bee constancy on certain practical aspects of agriculture, such as problems of orchard management (10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 51), production of forage crops (40) and contamination of seed crops (4, 20), has come to the fore. The flower-visiting behavior of the honey-bee, which is a domesticated animal, has thus been the subject of numerous studies during this century and the last. One of the purposes of the following review is to summarize this scattered information for botanists. The flower-visiting habits of wild bees are not so well known as those of the honey-bee. An attempt has nevertheless been made to summarize the principal published observations on flower constancy in wild bees. These observations indicate that wild bees possess an instinct of flower constancy similar in general to that of honeybees. The writer will undertake, finally, to consider some of the possible consequences of the phenomenon of flower constancy in the evolution of the angiosperms.
Structural Studies of the Coupling Products Between (C6H5)CH=NR (R = C6H5, i-C3H7) and the Ti(C5H5)(2,4-C7H11) Fragment (C7H11 = dimethylpentadienyl)

The reactions of imines of the formula (C6H5)CH=NR (R = C6H5, i-C3H7) with Ti(C5H5)(2,4-C7H11)(PMe3) (C7H11 = dimethylpentadienyl) lead to expulsion of the PMe3 and coupling between the imine’s carbon atom and a single terminus of the 2,4-C7H11 ligand, resulting in C5H5, “diene,” and π-amide coordination in the 16 electron products. Examination of the Ti–C and C–C bonding parameters for the “diene” ligands reveals that they may be more appropriately regarded as enediyl ligands, leading to a formal +4 oxidation state for titanium. Both complexes crystallize in the triclinic space group $$ P\overline{1} $$ . For the R = C6H5 coupling product, a = 10.4590(2) A, b = 11.6407(2) A, c = 17.3729(3) A, α = 74.7610(7)°, β = 79.8600(6)°, γ = 82.2895(11)°, V = 2000.28(6) A3, D calc = 1.293 g/cm3 at 150(1) K. For the R = i-C3H7 coupling product, a = 8.1039(2) A, b = 9.4115(2) A, c = 13.0116(4) A, α = 88.9906(18)°, β = 73.2780(15)°, γ = 83.3088(16)°, V = 943.82(4) A3, D calc = 1.250 g/cm3 at 150(1) K. Structural studies of the coupling products between imines and the Ti(C5H5)(2,4-C7H11) (C7H11 = dimethylpentadienyl) fragment reveal significant shortening of the Ti–N bond when a more electron donating substituent is present on the nitrogen center.
Incarcerated inguinal hernia and small bowel obstruction as a rare complication of a penile prosthesis

In this paper, we present a rare case of a small bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated inguinal hernia as a short-term complication of a penile prosthesis implantation. The patient underwent prosthesis implantation to treat refractory erectile dysfunction after a robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. He presented 2 weeks later with the incarcerated hernia to our emergency department and surgical service. The hernia was repaired in a tension-free manner, and the bowel was uncompromised. The patient is symptom free at follow-up.
The practice of restoration and the science of ecology

‘Theories are essential for intellectual progress, but if they become divorced from reality they may become no more than an intellectual game’ [1] argued A.D. Bradshaw almost 20 years ago about the need to integrate ecological theory with the practice of restoring degraded or damaged ecosystems. Much progress has been made since then. The Society of Ecological Restoration (http://www.ser.org/) has several thousand members and publishes two international journals. Multiple books on the subject have been authored [2–5].
Music and Meaning: An Evolutionary Story

The literature on the evolution of music is quite sparse, and the topic is often mentioned only in passing as part of larger proposals concerning the origin of language and the emergence of modem human cognitive abilities. Although music, no less than language, is a uniquely human behaviour, most evolutionary scenarios either do not mention music at all, or make ethnocentric assumptions concerning the nature of music and its relationship to language, assumptions that are at odds with findings in ethnomusicology concerning the social embeddedness and mutual interdependence of music and language across a wide range of socio-cultural contexts.This paper attempts to articulate an evolutionarily plausible and socially grounded theory of musical meaning in light of recent proposals concerning the origins of human cognitive abilities. Expanding upon Donald's (1991) suggestion that the capacity for representation evolved prior to the development of language, this paper proposes that music is grounded in a capacit...
Determination of particle size distribution of salt crystals in aqueous slurries

Abstract A method for determining particle size distribution of water-soluble crystals in aqueous slurries is described. The salt slurries, containing sodium salts of predominantly nitrate, but also nitrite, sulfate, phosphate, aluminates, carbonate, and hydroxide, occur in radioactive, concentrated chemical waste from the reprocessing of nuclear fuel elements. The method involves separating the crystals from the aqueous phase, drying them, and then dispersing the crystals in a non-aqueous medium based on nitroethane. Ultrasonic treatment is important in dispersing the sample into its fundamental crystals. The dispersed crystals are sieved into appropriate size ranges for counting with a HIAC brand particle counter. A preponderance of very fine particles in a slurry was found to increase the difficulty of effecting complete dispersion of the crystals because of the tendency to retain traces of aqueous mother liquor. Traces of moisture produce agglomerates of crystals, the extent of agglomeration being dependent on the amount of moisture present. The procedure is applicable to particles within the 2 – 600 μm size range of the HIAC particle counter. The procedure provides an effective means for measuring particle size distribution of crystals in aqueous salt slurries even when most crystals are less than 10 μm in size.
Distal biceps brachii tendon repair: Suture anchor technique

Abstract Rupture of the biceps brachii tendon has been associated with significant loss of flexion and supination strength.Several techniques have been described with reports of clinical success. The single incision suture anchor repair technique produces clinical results comparable with other methods of fixation with low complication rates. The procedure can be performed through a limited 3-cm transverse incision with minimal dissection. The surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation are described.
Sensation-seeking and differentially arousing television commercials

The authors predicted (a) that disinhibited consumers would react more favorably to advertising that was high in arousal and (b) that inhibited consumers would react more favorably to advertising that was low in arousal. They tested these predictions by having U.S. college students evaluate both the commercial and the product being marketed in 1 of 2 beer commercials. The prospective buyers then completed a measure of dispositional sensation-seeking tendencies. Although the participants who differed in disinhibition reacted differently to the 2 commercials, the nature of their responses was more complex than predicted.
Kinetics of trapping, detrapping, and trap generation

The trapping and detrapping of charge in the oxides have been studied for two decades. While there has been a lot of progress in understanding the mechanisms responsible for charge trapping and detrapping in these oxides, it is still not fully understood. For example, even under low field injection conditions first order trapping kinetics do not accurately model the observed data. Under high field injection the situation is exacerbated by the generation of additional trapping sites during the injection process, which is also not completely understood. The paper presents a review of the kinetics of trapping and detrapping and describes various models that have been proposed to explain experimentally observed trapping-detrapping behavior.
Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in chronic hemodialysis patients: effect of hepatitis B immunization

Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in chronic hemodialysis patients: effect of hepatitis B immunization
Stability of iron species in heat-treated polyaniline–iron–carbon polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathode catalysts

Abstract This paper describes the stability of Fe species in a heat-treated polyaniline–iron–carbon (PANI–Fe–C) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst in an aqueous acidic electrolyte and in a membrane–electrode assembly (MEA) at various potentials. Linear combination fitting of ex situ and in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra to the spectra for a suite of Fe standards was used to determine the catalyst iron speciation at various potentials, after potential cycling in an aqueous electrolyte, and after 200 h potentiostatic holds in MEAs. XANES edge-step analysis and inductively-coupled mass spectrometry were used to determine the amount of Fe lost from the catalyst into the aqueous electrolyte and from the MEA cathodes. Results showed that the Fe was lost from the catalyst in the electrochemical environment and the rate and extent of this loss were dependent on potential and on the type of electrolyte. The Fe specie primarily responsible for this loss was iron sulfide. Despite the large overall loss of Fe species from the catalyst that had been subjected to potentiostatic holds in an MEA at either 0.4 V or 0.6 V for 200 h, H 2 –air polarization curves showed only moderate loss of cathode kinetic performance while the performance in the mass transport region improved. Correlating the performance loss to the XANES speciation, the kinetic losses may be attributed to the oxidation of active site(s) and/or loss of pyrrolic-like and pyridinic-like coordination, as well as the mass transport improvement due to removal of inactive Fe species, predominantly sulfides. Species with porphyrazin-like coordination were stable in both the aqueous and MEA environments. It is speculated that the stability of the porphyrazin is responsible for the durability of this catalyst.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum in homosexual men: CT findings.

Objective Homosexual men are at risk for a variety of infectious and neoplastic diseases of the anus and rectum, many of which have been reported in the radiologic literature. The purpose of this study was to describe the CT findings in homosexual men with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum, a topic that has received little attention. Materials and methods Computed tomography examinations of the abdomen and pelvis of nine homosexual men with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum were reviewed retrospectively. Six HIV-positive men were 28-44 years old (average, 37 years). Three HIV-negative men were 47-61 years old (average, 54 years). Results In six of the nine patients, CT showed a mass involving the anal canal. In five of these six patients, the tumor extended caudad to involve perianal fat and skin (one patient), cephalad to involve the rectum and perirectal fat (two patients), or both (two patients). In three of the nine patients, the anal canal did not appear to be involved by the tumor; CT showed circumferential rectal wall thickening (one patient), an excavated eccentric rectal tumor (one patient), or a cystic extramucosal rectal mass (one patient). Computed tomography evidence of noncontiguous metastasis was limited to inguinal and iliac lymph node enlargement in two of the nine patients. Conclusion Because CT findings are varied and nonspecific, squamous cell carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of anorectal lesions in homosexual men.
Desulfurization of syngas in a transport reactor

During gasification, sulfur present in carbonaceous materials is converted into reduced sulfur species, such as H2S and COS. These sulfur species are conventionally removed from syngas by catalytic hydrolysis of COS into H2S, followed by scrubbing of H2S with liquid-phase amine systems. Amine-based processes are subject to equipment corrosion, foaming, amine-solution degradation, and evaporation, and require extensive wastewater treatment. As a result, this sulfur removal technology is complex, capitalintensive, and expensive. Furthermore, this conventional technology requires the syngas be cooled to nearly ambient temperatures, thus wasting valuable energy. New emerging technologies for sulfur removal from syngas use regenerable sorbents, primarily based on ZnO. Recent advances in sorbent technology allow sulfur species to be removed from syngas over a wide temperature range (260° to 760° C), making it an attractive alternative for a wide variety of applications, including power generation, chemical production, and fuel cells. This sorbent technology has advanced to the point that syngas desulfurization can be carried out in both fixed-and fluidized-bed reactors, depending upon process design needs. Additional applications of this technology in desulfurization of natural gas and removal of sulfur species from a syngas generated from gasification of black liquor were investigated.
Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiac autonomic modulation in children.

Objectives To investigate the adverse cardiac autonomic effects of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in a large population-based sample and a clinical sample of children.
A 240GHz wideband QPSK transmitter in 65nm CMOS

This paper demonstrates a 240GHz wideband QPSK transmitter in 65nm bulk CMOS. The proposed transmitter employs an 80GHz local oscillator, a quadrature differential hybrid, and a QPSK modulator. Additionally, an 80GHz class-E switching power amplifier is used to efficiently boost the phase-modulated wideband signal. A frequency tripler then regenerates the modulated signal at 240GHz while preserving the QPSK constellation. By using on-chip slotted loop antennas, the transmitter achieves an EIRP of 1dBm. A maximum data rate of 16Gbps is achieved with a total power consumption of 220mW.
Substation Equipment Diagnostics

Recent advances in signal processing techniques have paved the way for utilities to effectively meet the challenge of using existing assets more fully while maintaining traditional service reliability. Over the last 10 years, the author's institute has been applying these technological advances in the area of transmission substations to develop substation diagnostic devices and systems. Their involvement with transformer diagnostic is discussed in this paper.
Forearm fractures in children and bone health

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Summary highlighting the evidence that bone health may affect forearm fracture risk in children. RECENT FINDINGS: Although the incidence of other fractures and injuries are decreasing, the incidence of forearm fractures is increasing in otherwise healthy children. There is a growing volume of research that forearm fracture risk in children may be related to deficiencies in parameters of bone health. Available evidence of this relationship was summarized and included direct links to bone health (measurement of bone properties), indirect links to bone health (diet, vitamin D status, BMI), and genetic analyses. SUMMARY: There is consistent and convincing evidence of an association between bone mineral density and forearm fracture risk in children. Studies of calcium intake and supplementation are less extensive in scope but suggest that effects of calcium deficiency on the radius may contribute to childhood forearm fracture risk. Forearm fracture risk in obese children is likely to reflect a combination of suboptimal bone health status and behavioral characteristics. Published data on the role of vitamin D status and genetic factors are limited but merit further consideration. Further investigation is needed to better understand the factors contributing to forearm fracture risk in children and translate this knowledge into effective clinical prevention and practice. Language: en
Bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration: early results of a prospective double-masked, randomized clinical trial.

Purpose To report early outcomes of a prospective, double-masked, controlled trial comparing bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA) to ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech Inc) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Design Prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. Methods This is a single-center, randomized clinical trial at the Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Patients who met inclusion criteria were randomized 2:1 to bevacizumab or ranibizumab. Each patient contributed 1 eye to the study. All subjects and investigators (except for the pharmacist responsible for study assignments) were masked to treatment arms. Visual acuity (VA) was checked on Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. Patients were given either bevacizumab or ranibizumab every month for the first 3 months, followed by optical coherence tomography–guided, variable-dosing schedule. Main outcomes measured were VA and foveal thickness. Results Twenty patients completed the 6-month follow up. Thirteen patients received bevacizumab and 7 patients received ranibizumab. No subjects in either group lost more than 15 letters on ETDRS chart. The average preoperative VA was 31.6 letters in the bevacizumab group and 30.4 letters in the ranibizumab group. At 6 months follow-up, mean vision was 46.4 letters in the bevacizumab group and 37.4 letters in the ranibizumab group. Two-tailed t test failed to show statistical significance between the two groups. Patients in the bevacizumab group underwent an average of 5 injections, while patients in the ranibizumab group underwent a mean of 4 injections. Conclusion Early results of a head-to-head, randomized, double-masked, prospective, single-center controlled trial between bevacizumab and ranibizumab show no difference in efficacy between the two treatments for choroidal neovascularizaton in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. As this study conveys results of a small number of patients, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed in order to establish statistical significance.
Time-accurate Navier-Stokes computations of self-excited two-dimensional unsteady cavity flows

Time-accurate Navier Stokes computations were performed to study self-excited oscillatory shear layer behavior over a two-dimensional rectangular cavity and to gain insight into the vortex-acoustic coupling that sustains these oscillations. Results were obtained solving the full, unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations for Reynolds-averaged turbulent air flow past a cavity with L/d = 2. Conditions duplicated test conditions in experiments by Rossiter at Mach numbers varied from 0.6 to 1.2. The computational scheme was the USA 2D series code developed by Rockwell's Science Center with an algebraic turbulence model for the shear layer and recirculating region. Two physical conditions were simulated: an isolated cavity situated (1) in an infinite plane wall and (2) in an infinite channel with an opposing parallel wall. Computed results for (1) showed excellent agreement with Rossiter's measured amplitudes and frequencies. A tuned acoustic duct resonance effect was observed in (2), demonstrating a controlled change in the acoustic feedback mechanism and resultant amplification in computed oscillations.
The RPA at high spin and conservation laws

Abstract RPA corrections to the self-consistent cranking model are studied for the self-contained system, with special emphasis on conservation of angular momentum and particle number. Some problems associated with the cranking interaction are solved, and a prescription is given for writing down wave functions and calculating transition amplitudes within the accuracy of the RPA.
Phonon Band Structures and Resonant Scattering in Na8Si46 and Cs8Sn46 Clathrates

The low and glasslike thermal conductivity of metal doped semiconductor clathrate compounds makes them potentially high efficiency thermoelectric materials. The cause of this unique and remarkable property has been postulated to be due to resonant scattering of lattice phonons by localized vibrations of the dopants. We present theoretical evidence in support of this hypothesis through the analysis of electronic and vibrational interactions between dopant atoms with the host framework. In particular, the contrasting behavior of two clathrates: the glasslike thermal conductivity in Na 8 Si 46 and the normal behavior in Cs 8 Sn 44 can be rationalized.
Recursive Functionals and Quantifiers of Finite Types Revisited II

In my June 13, 1977 Oslo address (Generalized recursion theory 11, 1978) I overcame the limitations in my 1959, 1963 theory on substitution of γ-functionals and on the use of the first recursion theorem by introducing a new list of schemata, with computation rules that do not require values of parts to be computed unless and until they are needed. Computation thereby became starkly formal. The present paper takes steps toward developing a certain semantics to flesh out the formal bones of those computations. The old types 0,1,2 are represented within new types where type 0 = {u, 0, 1,2,…} (u = “undefined” or “unknown”), and the higher types are composed of the “unimonotone” partial one-place functions from the preceding type into {0,1,2,…}. These are the functions which are monotone and can each be embodied in an oracle who, e.g. at type 2, has been programmed by Apollo to respond (if she does), to any question “ 2 ( 1 )?” we ask, on the basis of information about 1 which she obtains by asking in turn questions of an oracle embodying 1 and observing her responses.
Causes and Outcome of Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With Hemispheric Ischemic Stroke

Objective To attempt to determine factors that influence outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with ischemic hemispheric stroke. Material and Methods We reviewed data on 24 mechanically ventilated patients with an ischemic stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, who had been admitted to a medical, neurologic, or neurosurgical intensive-care unit during the period between 1976 and 1994. Results The circumstances surrounding mechanical ventilation were generalized tonic clonic seizures or status epilepticus (N = 6), progression to stupor and inability to protect the airway from brain swelling (N = 8), or—most commonly—bilateral pulmonary edema from congestive heart failure (N = 10). Of the 24 patients, 17 patients died (12 of neurologic causes and 5 of cardiac arrest or cardiac arrhythmias). Of the seven surviving patients, however, four with seizures and one with pulmonary edema were functionally independent. Conclusion Three clinical scenarios generally underlie mechanical ventilation in patients with ischemic hemispheric stroke (generalized tonic-clonic seizures, brain swelling, and bilateral pulmonary edema). The outcome in patients with an ischemic hemispheric stroke and a subsequent need for mechanical ventilation is poor; however, survival and independent function are possible if seizures or pulmonary edema prompt ventilatory support.
Enhanced reactivity to quinine and saccharine solutions following septal lesions in the rat

Septal lesions were found to exaggerate reactivity to negative and positive taste properties of the drinking solution as measured by daily fluid consumption. These findings support the supposition of a septal role in inhibitory regulation of incentive-reward processes, and suggest some commonality of function with the ventro-medial hypothalamus.
Isolated traumatic gallbladder avulsion: a case report

While the incidence of blunt traumatic gallbladder injury is uncommon, occurring in only 2% of patients who undergo laparotomy, the presence of an isolated injury to the gallbladder is very rare since other associated intraabdominal injuries are also usually found. However, we present a case of isolated gallbladder avulsion involving an unrestrained driver in a high-speed motor vehicle collision that was suggested based on imaging findings and corroborated at surgery. Since gallbladder injury can be a difficult diagnosis to make both clinically and radiologically, early detection with computed tomography (CT) is essential in decreasing patient morbidity and mortality. We discuss the different types of gallbladder injuries as well as the CT imaging findings associated with traumatic gallbladder injury, many of which are illustrated with our case. The importance of delayed postcontrast imaging in distinguishing traumatic from nontraumatic gallbladder findings is also emphasized.
3,5'-Anhydrosynadenol: A Polycyclic Anhydronucleoside Analogue.

Cyclization instead of O-phosphorylation is the result of the reaction of the antiviral nucleoside anologue 1 with highly reactive phosphorylating agents. The formation of the novel polycyclic compound 2 shows that 1 has the Z configuration, which is important for the antiviral activity of 1 and related compounds.
The Role of Leaders in Democratic Deliberations: Results from a Field Experiment in São Tomé and Príncipe

Despite a widespread trend toward the adoption of increasingly participatory approaches to political decision making in developing countries, there is little or no evidence that these practices in fact return the benefits attributed to them. This article investigates one specific worry—that participatory decision-making processes may be vulnerable to manipulation by elites. The authors report on a field experiment, drawing on a unique nationwide experiment in democratic deliberation in Sao Tome and Principe in which the discussion leaders were randomly assigned across meetings. The randomization procedure provides a rare opportunity to identify the impact of leaders on the outcomes of group deliberations. They find that leader effects were extremely large, in many cases accounting for over one-third of all variation in the outcomes of the national discussions. These results have important implications for the design of such deliberative practices. While the total effect of leadership cannot be assessed, it may still be possible to observe when leader influence occurs and to correct for leader effects in comparisons of outcomes across deliberations.
Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease

Autoantigen-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Tissue-specific homing properties of autoantigen-specific CD4(+) T cells suggested that these cells might be ideal vehicles for delivery of retroviral-encoded regulatory proteins in a site-specific manner as a therapy for autoimmune diseases. Application of retroviral transduction of autoantigen-reactive CD4(+) T cells in gene therapy of autoimmunity must include systems capable of targeting these rare populations of antigen-activated T cells. Studies discussed below suggest that retroviral transduction of autoantigen-specific murine CD4(+) T cells may provide a method to target and isolate nontransformed autoantigen-specific murine CD4(+) T cells and provide a rational approach to gene therapy in animal models of autoimmunity.
Nonlinear optical generation and detection of ultrashort electrical pulses in transmission lines

The nonlinear optical generation and detection of subpicosecond electrical pulses on coplanar transmission lines is demonstrated. The electrical pulses are generated by optical rectification of ultrashort optical pulses and detected by electro-optic sampling. Both processes are the result of a second-order nonlinear optical response that occurs in the same poled polymer medium. A bipolar temporal waveform with a FWHM duration of 180 fs for the positive lobe that was measured after a propagation distance of 125 μm was observed. Pulse broadening was minimized by careful attention to the device structure.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- channels with R domain deletions and translocations show phosphorylation-dependent and -independent activity.

Phosphorylation of the R domain regulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- channel activity. Earlier studies suggested that the R domain controls activity via more than one mechanism; a phosphorylated R domain may stimulate activity, and an unphosphorylated R domain may prevent constitutive activity, i.e. opening with ATP alone. However, the mechanisms responsible for these two regulatory properties are not understood. In this study we asked whether the two effects are dependent on its position in the protein and whether smaller regions from the R domain mediate the effects. We found that several portions of the R domain conferred phosphorylation-stimulated activity. This was true whether the R domain sequences were present in their normal location or were translocated to the C terminus. We also found that some parts of the R domain could be deleted without inducing constitutive activity. However, when residues 760-783 were deleted, channels opened without phosphorylation. Translocation of the R domain to the C terminus did not prevent constitutive activity. These results suggest that different parts of the phosphorylated R domain can stimulate activity and that their location within the protein is not critical. In contrast, prevention of constitutive activity required a short specific sequence that could not be moved to the C terminus. These results are consistent with a recent model of an R domain composed primarily of random coil in which more than one phosphorylation site is capable of stimulating channel activity, and net activity reflects interactions between multiple sites in the R domain and the rest of the channel.
Aphelinus albipodus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andDiaeretiella rapae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitism onDiuraphis noxia(Homoptera: Aphididae) Infesting Barley Plants Differing in Plant Resistance to Aphids☆

Abstract Russian wheat aphid,Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko), as a pest of small grains, has prompted research into biological control and host plant resistance. In the presence of Russian wheat aphid, leaves of a susceptible barley (Morex) are curled and chlorotic and sustain large densities of this aphid, while leaves of a resistant barley (STARS-9301B) remain flat and green and sustain fewer aphids. Might parasitism of Russian wheat aphid byAphelinus albipodusHayat & Fatima andDiaeretiella rapaeMcIntosh be affected differently by these plant types? When presented the plants separately and based on parasitism rate relative to aphid density, the largerD. rapaewas more effective in parasitizing relatively high densities of aphids within curled leaves of Morex than relatively low densities of aphids on uncurled leaves of STARS-9301B. Parasitism byA. albipodusdid not significantly differ among the plants. When given a choice of plants, approximately equal rates of parasitism occurred on the two plant lines for both parasitoid species, and parasitism byD. rapaewas greater thanA. albipodus.These data indicate that using parasitoid size as an indicator of success in a physically restricted environment may be misleading, when considered in a plant environment responsive in several manners to aphids (chlorosis, curling, and ability to sustain Russian wheat aphid). We expect that use of resistant barley will result in decreased parasitoid abundance as aphid densities decrease. However, parasitism rates are expected to be approximately equal on resistant and susceptible barley. In this system, plant resistance and biocontrol are compatible management strategies.
Role of NF-κB in the skeleton

Since the discovery that deletion of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p52 causes osteopetrosis in mice, there has been considerable interest in the role of NF-κB signaling in bone. NF-κB controls the differentiation or activity of the major skeletal cell types – osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes and chondrocytes. However, with five NF-κB subunits and two distinct activation pathways, not all NF-κB signals lead to the same physiologic responses. In this review, we will describe the roles of various NF-κB proteins in basal bone homeostasis and disease states, and explore how NF-κB inhibition might be utilized therapeutically.
A model for the origin of chert in limestone

It is proposed that many nodular cherts in limestone have formed in the ground water of mixed meteoric-marine coastal systems where dissolution of biogenic opal and mixing of marine and fresh waters can produce waters highly supersaturated with respect to quartz and undersaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite. Aspects of cherts readily explained by this model include the observed isotopic ratios in cherts, typical field relationships, the relative resistance of dolomite to silicification, the source-of-silica problem, the preservation of siliceous fossils in cherts, and aspects of chert morphology and mineralogy.
Meson properties at finite density in an extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model

Abstract Properties of various mesons such as π, σ, ϱ, a1 and ω at finite density are studied in an extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. The bosonization technique is applied as an alternative convenient method rather than solving the Bethe-Salpeter equations. We recover many of the previous results obtained by Bernard and Meissner. In addition, a possible density dependence of the parameter a is pointed out.
Effects of Electrodermal Lability and Introversion on Vigilance Decrement

Previous research has suggested that an autonomic nervous system measure, electrodermal lability, and a personality measure, introversion-extraversion, both predict vigilance decrement; mixed results have been obtained in research seeking to correlate these two variables. Two vigilance tasks requiring an easy and a difficult sensory discrimination produced an overall decline in performance over time, but electrodermally labile subjects (those with high frequencies of spontaneous fluctuations of skin conductance and slow habituation to a series of tones) did not show a decline on the difficult task. Signal detection measures of sensitivity and response bias suggest that the Observed differences reflected changes in sensitivity over time and not just differences in criterion for responding. While not correlated with electrodermal lability, introversion was related to a higher initial level of performance on the difficult task. Vigilance tasks requiring rapid but cognitively sample discriminations appear to be more effective in eliciting overall declines in performance. The presence of such a decline may be necessary for observing differential declines in performance between electrodermal labiles and stabiles.
A global timestamp-based scalable framework for Multi-player Online Games

Massive Multi-player Online Games (MMOGs) are rapidly gaining in popularity, as the access to high bandwidth connectivity becomes a commodity in the consumer market. With player subscriptions for popular games reaching seven digit numbers and concurrent player participation in the hundreds of thousands, new high-performance adaptive frameworks, which aid system programmers, are required. Primary research challenges that have to be addressed are compensating network latency and jitter, keeping system-wide data consistent, enabling fair resource sharing and interaction between game players, and expanding the scale of the system as the number of players increases. A global timestamp based approach is presented and describes issues and implementation approaches based on a high-level object-oriented real-time programming methodology called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme.
Voxel-wise co-analysis of macro- and microstructural brain alteration in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using anatomical and diffusion MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To determine if a voxel-wise “co-analysis” of structural and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) together reveals additional brain regions affected in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) than voxel-wise analysis of the individual MRI modalities alone. METHODS Twenty-one patients with MCI, 21 patients with AD, and 21 cognitively normal healthy elderly were studied with MRI. Maps of deformation and fractional anisotropy (FA) were computed and used as dependent variables in univariate and multivariate statistical models. RESULTS Univariate voxel-wise analysis of macrostructural changes in MCI showed atrophy in the right anterior temporal lobe, left posterior parietal/precuneus region, WM adjacent to the cingulate gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, consistent with prior research. Univariate voxel-wise analysis of microstructural changes in MCI showed reduced FA in the left posterior parietal region extending into the corpus callosum, consistent with previous work. The multivariate analysis, which provides more information than univariate tests when structural and FA measures are correlated, revealed additional MCI-related changes in corpus callosum and temporal lobe. CONCLUSION These results suggest that in corpus callosum and temporal regions macro- and microstructural variations in MCI can be congruent, providing potentially new insight into the mechanisms of brain tissue degeneration.