cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women in Groups: An Analysis of Women's Benevolent Organizations in New York and Boston, 1797–1840

Historians have long recognized the importance of organizations in women's history. From a pioneering 1940 article by Mary Bosworth Treudley, through the work of Eleanor Flexner, to recent works by Nancy F. Cott, Keith E. Melder, and Barbara J. Berg, scholars have outlined the basic pattern of women's organizational beginnings. By 1800 the first permanent women's societies, such as the Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children in New York, the Boston Female Asylum (founded in 1800), and women's missionary groups had appeared on the urban scene. Members of those societies combined an interest in social meliorism with an emphasis on social deference while also exhibiting concern for the spiritual welfare of those whom they aided. During the 1810s and 1820s, under the influence of the Second Great Awakening, there formed new women's organizations whose members sought first to alleviate spiritual want, then to deal with temporal deprivation. Through Sunday school, tract, Bible, and missionary societies, women labored to convert the objects of their attention as well as to minister to their daily needs. During the late 1820s and 1830s, more actively reformist, even millennialist, women's organizations developed. The New-York and the Boston Female Moral Reform societies worked to reform prostitutes and to eradicate the sexual double standard; female abolitionist societies sought immediate emancipation of slaves; and groups such as the Seamen's Aid Society, Boston, became actively involved in the problems of working women. 1
Electromigration: Void Dynamics

The detailed knowledge of the void evolution is helpful to understand and interpret traditional electromigration (EM) lifetime experiments. As void formation and subsequent evolution is highly dynamic, an in situ observation experiment was employed using an SEM allowing for void detection down to a few nanometers in diameter. For void nucleation, it has been suggested that due to the large anisotropy in modulus in Cu, incompatible grain boundaries can act as stress concentrators for both stress-induced and EM-induced voiding. In addition, during growth, the shape change and migration have been associated with the microstructure. To better understand void formation and evolution, we examined the Cu microstructure using EBSD during the experiment without interruption. We tested interconnects consisting of Cu-based damascene (M1) drift type structures, capped with SiCN. Void formation could be confirmed to be associated with features such as incompatible grain boundaries in some instances. In other cases, triple points and grain boundary/sidewall intersections were found as void nucleation sites. Void growth and migration is found strongly correlated with the driving current density. We show conditions under which void migration takes place or is suppressed. In particular, a critical current density of approximately 10 $\mbox{mA}/\mu\mbox{m}^{2}$ is observed, below which no void migration occurs. At current densities of 15 $\mbox{mA}/\mu\mbox{m}^{2}$ and above, all voids migrated at a net drift velocity proportional to the current density. Independent of migration, all voids are observed to grow at rates consistent with published data for a mixed near bamboo microstructure and interface diffusion.
Luminescent Enhancement of Reflective Displays

Achieving bright reflected colors is a major challenge for reflective display technologies.We demonstrate the potential for photoluminescence to enhance the color performance of simple reflective displays based on electrophoretic or dichroic guest-host technologies.
Characterization of the Variation of Hemagglutinin Gene of Influenza Virus Subtype H3N2 in Quanzhou Area

Objective To characterize the variation of the hemagglutinin1(HA1) gene of 4 isolates of influenza virus subtype H3N2 with low reactivity in the hemagglutination inhibition test(HI) from Quanzhou city.Methods The HA genes of the 4 isolates of influenza virus subtype H3N2 with low reactivity in HI from the samples in influenza surveillance in Quanzhou city in 2009 were sequenced.The phylogenetic tree was drawn according to the deduced amino acid sequences with the Mega software.The evolutionary characteristics of the genes were analyzed.Results The four isolated strains belonged to the same branch of the phylogenetic tree,which was different from the branch where the national reference strain in 2004-2008 and the vaccine strains recommended by WHO for 2007-2009 were located.It showed a typical ladder tree,with a long trunk.The stem of the cladogram developed with the time when the viruses were isolated.The longer the interval time between the isolations,the further the distance.Conclusions Although the HA titers of the 4 isolates in Quanzhou area are high,the titers in HI are so low that the subtypes can not be determined,which may be due to the low reactivity of the HI.This is related with the point mutations in the influenza virus genome,which might result in antigenic drift and variation.The gene mutations of the influenza A/H3N2 viruses fit well with the antigenic variations.
Micromagnetics-Based Analysis of Multi-Track Detection With Simplified 2-D Write Precompensation on Shingled Magnetic Recording

In shingled magnetic recording systems, a shingled writer is used to write narrow tracks by overlapping the previous tracks, which also leads to severe inter-track interference, jitter, and nonlinear transition shift (NLTS) in the cross-track direction. To deal with these challenges, we propose a simplified 2-D write precompensation (WPC) scheme that adjusts the write current magnitude instead of the timing, to mitigate the 2-D NLTS in the writing process. In the proposed WPC scheme, the WPC is only implemented for the few specific patterns that seem to cause large media noise mean and variance. During the training period, the optimum write field for current transition being written is obtained by subtracting demagnetizing field from the previous neighboring bits in the current and nearest previous tracks from a fixed write field, and the optimum writing current is determined by minimizing the mean-squared error between the needed field and the available fields within a writer field library. Then, the specific bits producing the dominant demagnetizing field and the obtained optimum writing current are stored in a lookup table during the training period. During the writing process, we can obtain the optimum writing current by matching the specific previous written bits against the bit patterns in the lookup table, avoiding the need for computing the demagnetizing field and optimum writing current for every written bit. Here, two simplified WPC schemes are investigated corresponding to precompensating two sets of data patterns. For readback, a joint pattern-dependent noise-predictive (PDNP) detector is investigated to further whiten the 2-D media noise. Simulations indicate that at the target bit error rate of $10^{-2}$ , the proposed simplified WPC schemes combined with the joint PDNP detector can provide the density gains of as high as 22% compared with the system without WPC and detected with a joint Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv detector.
Circulating levels of follistatin from puberty to menopause

Objective To determine the changes in circulating levels of follistatin, a binding protein for activin and inhibin, through the reproductive life cycle in women. Design An open, prospective descriptive study. Setting An academic endocrine research unit. Patients Prepubertal (n = 10), midpubertal (n = 7), and postpubertal (n = 25) (early adolescent) girls, normal cycling adult women (n = 8), postmenopausal women (n = 17), and men (n = 13) were studied. Interventions Normal cycling women were given Nal-Glu GnRH antagonist for 3 days in the follicular phase of the cycle. Main Outcome Measure Serum concentrations of follistatin determined in a heterologous RIA. Results Mean follistatin levels did not change during puberty but were higher in adult and postmenopausal women. Levels of immunoreactive follistatin in men were lower than levels found in normal cycling women and postmenopausal women. Daily immunoreactive follistatin levels during the menstrual cycle remained constant and did not change significantly after ovarian suppression with GnRH antagonist. Conclusion Because dynamic changes of serum immunoreactive follistatin do not occur during ovarian activation (puberty), suppression, and age-related ovarian failure, the increase in immunoreactive follistatin levels in adult and postmenopausal women may implicate sources of follistatin other than the ovary.
Mechanism of Divalent-Ion-Induced Charge Inversion of Bacterial Membranes.

The surface charge inversion (CI), critical for functions of many biological nanomachinery, is a counterintuitive phenomenon in which the net charge of a strongly charged surface bound with many counterions changes its sign. Many phenomena of CI cannot be explained in the framework of mean-field theories, such as linear Debye–Huckel and nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann, and is so far best described by the strongly correlated liquid (SCL) theory for multivalent (Z ≥ 3) ions. However, the potential CI by divalent ions, which are more relevant in the biological environment, is much less studied and remains mostly illusive. In this study, we examine the divalent-ion-induced CI of a negatively charged bacterium’s cell membrane and reveal its underlying mechanism, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation theory. Our simulation results are compared with theoretical predications from SCL, and noticeable discrepancies with SCL theory, originating from the fluidity of membrane lipids wh...
Sodium restriction corrects hyperfiltration of diabetes

The effect of a low-sodium diet on the abnormal glomerular hemodynamics of early diabetes was studied in rats. Starting 5 to 7 days after onset of streptozotocin-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), rats were fed a low-sodium diet for 4-5 days. Normal rats fed the same diet served as controls. Micropuncture measurements were made during a control period, followed by a second period when saralasin was infused into the left renal artery. During the first period, single-nephron glomerular rate (SNGFR), glomerular plasma flow (QA), glomerular blood flow (SNBF), filtration fraction (SNFF), and glomerular hydraulic pressure (PG) in the diabetic rats were not significantly different from the normal controls. Saralasin infusion resulted in striking increases in SNGFR, QA, SNBF, and Kf, and significant decreases in SNFF, PG, and delta P. The responses to saralasin imply that the low-sodium diet resulted in ANG II-mediated vascular constriction at pre- and postglomerular sites, and probably the glome...
Design investigations for robust and continuous online heartbeat monitoring using wearable vs. Doppler-based non-contact vital signs biosensors

Different types of cardiac bio-sensors have evolved over the past few decades, depending upon the type of cardiac signals used to estimate the heart-rate. Wearable cardiac biosensors use ECG as the input for heart-rate detection, whereas Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) uses EGM to monitor heart-rate as well as to provide necessary defibrillation to maintain proper heart rhythm. However, a Doppler-based non-contact vital signs sensor monitors the physiologically modulated cardio-pulmonary movement signal to detect the heart rate; more detailed physics of which will be discussed later in this chapter. Next, we will introduce and describe the wearable ECG sensors first, as they are getting smaller and cheaper and more popular on the market today.
Plant virus nanoparticles: new applications and new benefits

For over two decades now, plants have been explored for their potential to act as production platforms for biopharmaceuticals, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. More recently, plant viruses have been designed as nontoxic nanoparticles that can target a variety of cancers and thus empower the immune system to slow or even reverse tumor progression. The following paper describes the employment of plant virus expression vectors for the treatment of some of the most challenging diseases known today. The paper concludes with a projection of the multiple avenues by which virus nanoparticles could impact developing countries.
Combining Revealed Preference Data with Stated Preference Data: A Latent Class Approach

A substantial literature exists combining data from revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) sources, aimed either at testing for the convergent validity of the two approaches used in nonmarket valuation or as a means of drawing on their relative strengths to improve the ultimate estimates of value. In doing so, it is assumed that convergence of the two elicitation approaches is an “all or nothing” proposition; i.e., the RP and SP data are either consistent with each other or they are not. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative framework that allows for possible divergence among individuals in terms the consistency between their RP and SP responses. In particular, we suggest the use of a latent class approach to segment the population into two groups. The first group has RP and SP responses that are internally consistent, while the remaining group exhibits some form of inconsistent preferences. An EM algorithm is employed in an empirical application that draws on the Alberta and Saskatchewan moose hunting data sets used in earlier combined RP and SP exercises. The empirical results suggest that somewhere between one-third and one-half the sample exhibits consistent preferences. We also examine differences in welfare estimates drawn from the two classes.
Primary hyperparathyroidism with normal baseline intraoperative parathyroid hormone: A challenging population

Background Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and baseline intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels in the normal range are challenging. This study compares the predictive value of a commonly used intraoperative parathyroid hormone algorithm, a software model for cure prediction, and surgeon judgment in this population. Methods This was a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism at a single institution from March 2013 to October 2014. Results Of 541 operative patients, 114 (21.1%) had a mean normal baseline intraoperative parathyroid hormone of ≤69 pg/mL (median 59.0 ± 10.3; range 26–69). Of the 114 patients, 93 (81.6%) were women, median age was 61 years (range 18–88). Overall, 107/108 (99.1%) patients were cured; 47 (41.2%) patients had single adenomas, 16 (14%) had double adenomas, and 51 (44.7%) had multigland hyperplasia. Using the 50% decline algorithm, a correct prediction was made in 86 (75.4%) patients. Using the computer software, a correct prediction was made in 88 (77.2%) patients. Surgeon judgment, however, was 99.1% accurate. Conclusion Patients with normal baseline intraoperative parathyroid hormone have a high incidence of multigland disease (58.8%), greater than reported previously. Current software modeling and the 50% decline algorithm are insufficient to predict cure in this population; intraoperative parathyroid hormone interpretation combined with operative findings and surgical judgment yield optimal outcomes.
Friends Shrink Foes The Presence of Comrades Decreases the Envisioned Physical Formidability of an Opponent

In situations of potential violent conflict, deciding whether to fight, flee, or try to negotiate entails assessing many attributes contributing to the relative formidability of oneself and one's opponent. Summary representations can usefully facilitate such assessments of multiple factors. Because physical size and strength are both phylogenetically ancient and ontogenetically recurrent contributors to the outcome of violent conflicts, these attributes provide plausible conceptual dimensions that may be used by the mind to summarize the relative formidability of opposing parties. Because the presence of allies is a vital factor in determining victory, we hypothesized that men accompanied by male companions would therefore envision a solitary foe as physically smaller and less muscular than would men who were alone. We document the predicted effect in two studies, one using naturally occurring variation in the presence of male companions and one employing experimental manipulation of this factor.
Who pays and who benefits? The impact of state tax and expenditure limits on tax progressivity and redistributive spending

This paper investigates the impact of state governments’ “Tax and Expenditure Limits” (TELs) on their tax progressivity and redistributive spending. A two stage least squares (2SLS) regression model of data covering 1985-2007, was employed to allow for simultaneity in the relationships between intergovernmental transfer, tax progressivity, expenditure progressivity, and labor mobility. This model tested whether high- or low income residents had paid for and benefited from these fiscal institutions. As a result we find that TELs significantly decrease tax progressivity and increase poverty rate. These two policy effects should be explicitly accounted for in the design or revision of TELs.
Demand response aggregator stackelberg competition for selling stored energy

This work is concerned with the application of game-theoretic principles in a power market consisting of demand response aggregators which compete to sell energy stored in batteries to other aggregators. The amount and price of power transacted is controlled by the utility (as leader), and the sellers do not share information about their bidding strategy, or parameters determining their cost of providing the power, hence the competition takes the form of an incomplete-information Stackelberg game. The optimal bidding strategy for maximizing payoff is determined by the Nash equilibrium. The model is used to examine the effect of price-sensitive demand response scheduling by comparison with a similar game without scheduling. In an application to case study data from the island of Maui, USA, we show that the player who implements it markedly increases payoff compared to a player who does not.
The Child Who Needs a Liver Transplant

Liver transplantation (LT) is standard care for children with end-stage, irreversible liver disease. Multidisciplinary medical management and improvements in surgical techniques have led to improved survival. The common indications for pediatric liver transplantation are cholestatic diseases, especially biliary atresia (43%), metabolic diseases (13%), acute liver failure (11%) and hepatic tumours (Table 11.1).
Psychosocial Distress Screening: An Educational Program’s Impact on Participants’ Goals for Screening Implementation in Routine Cancer Care

Background Psychosocial distress screening is a quality care standard in cancer care. Screening implementation may be facilitated by an educational program that uses goals to evaluate progress over time. Objectives This article describes the content and design of the Screening for Psychosocial Distress Program (SPDP), reports on its delivery to 36 paired participants, and evaluates its effects on distress screening activities and goals. Methods The SPDP used a one-group pre-/post-test design. It was delivered at 2 workshops and 10 conference calls during a two-year period. Data on screening and goal achievement were collected at 6, 12, and 24 months. Data on the quality of dyads' relationships were collected at 24 months. Findings At 24 months, all 18 dyads had begun screening. Dyads reported working effectively together and being supportive of the other member of the dyad while achieving their goals for implementing psychosocial distress screening.
Torsion subgroups of elliptic curves over function fields of genus 0

Abstract Let K = F q ( T ) be the function field of a finite field of characteristic p, and E / K be an elliptic curve. It is known that E ( K ) is a finitely generated abelian group, and that for a given p, there is a finite, effectively calculable, list of possible torsion subgroups which can appear. For p ≠ 2 , 3 , a minimal list of prime-to-p torsion subgroups has been determined by Cox and Parry. In this article, we extend this result to the case when p = 2 , 3 , and determine the complete list of possible full torsion subgroups which can appear, and appear infinitely often, for a given p.
Debates over Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Mental Health Evaluations at Guantánamo

Ethical debates over the use of mental health knowledge and practice at the Guantanamo Bay detention facility have mostly revolved around military clinicians sharing detainee medical information with interrogators, falsifying death certificates in interrogations, and disagreements over whether the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) “enhanced interrogation techniques” violated bioethical principles to do no harm. However, debates over the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the mental health evaluations of detainees have received little attention. This paper provides the first known analysis of such debates over MRI use in the case of Abd al-Rahim al- Nashiri. Through a close reading of open-source legal documents such as defense motions, prosecution motions, judge rulings, and al-Nashiri’s mental health evaluation, debates over MRI use become interpretive contests over the very meanings of mental illness and the extent to which MRI results can verify whether he was tortured in CIA custody. Such work can revitalize interest in the neuroethics of national security.
Gang Activity and Overall Levels of Crime: A New Mapping Tool for Defining Areas of Gang Activity Using Police Records

In this note, a new method for defining gang activity areas based uponpolice records is illustrated using the Chicago Police Department's1996 incident files. This method is based upon standard geographictechniques and uses a uniform grid that divides the city into 150-msquares. It is shown that this technique may be useful both in describinggang activity areas and in describing the spatial distribution of crime inlarge cities. A strong relationship is found between the number of gangsthat are active in an area and the general level of criminal activity.
Toxicologic causes of acute abdominal disorders.

A variety of drugs and toxins can produce severe abdominal pain and, in some cases, a surgical abdomen. Toxins can be classified according to mechanisms of injury: 1. Corrosives often produce severe gastroenteritis and may result in gastric or esophageal perforations. Examples of corrosive substances include aspirin, iron, mercury, acids and alkali. 2. Drugs may cause intestinal ileus or obstruction by pharmacologic actions (i.e., anticholinergic drugs and narcotics) or by mechanical obstruction (charcoal and drug bezoars). 3. Abdominal pain simulating an acute abdomen may result from systemic effects of black widow spider envenomation or intoxication with heavy metals such as lead and arsenic. 4. Ischemic bowel disease may occur from use of vasoconstrictor drugs, such as ergotamines, amphetamines and cocaine, or may follow treatment with catecholamines or digitalis in critically ill patients. Small bowel ischemia is life-threatening and may require bowel resection. 5. Many drugs cause abdominal pain by directly injuring abdominal organs, such as the liver and pancreas. Antibiotic-associated colitis may present with abdominal pain and inflammatory diarrhea. Consideration of drugs and toxins plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen.
Imaging and Understanding Fracture Fixation

In this chapter, the radiological aspects of surgical fracture management are discussed in detail. History of fracture fixation and the work of the pioneers of the field in the early and mid-twentieth century are introduced. Biology of bone healing is discussed in detail, with emphasis on the new understanding of the effect of mechanical environment and the concept of direct and indirect. Techniques of absolute stability that result in direct bone healing, such as lag screw fixation and compression plating, are described. Generations of compression plates from the round hole plate of Muller to dynamic compression plate (DCP), limited-contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP), and the more recent locking compression plate (LCP) are discussed at length. Tension band principle and its application to fracture fixation is introduced. Techniques of relative stability resulting in indirect or callus healing are discussed, including a discussion of intramedullary nailing and its various modes, bridge plating, and external fixation. Different types of external fixators and the pioneering work of Gavriil Ilizarov are introduced. The new concepts of internal fixator and less invasive stabilization system (LISS) are also described.
Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States.

Mycotoxins are considered unavoidable contaminants in foods and feeds because agronomic technology has not yet advanced to the stage at which preharvest infection of susceptible crops by fungi can be eliminated. The aflatoxins have received greater attention than any of the other mycotoxins because of their demonstrated carcinogenic effects in susceptible animals and their acute toxic effects in humans. Since 1965, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has enforced regulatory limits on the concentrations of these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. The FDA routinely monitors the food and feed industries through compliance programs to ensure that the levels of exposure to these toxins are kept as low as practical. This report summarizes data generated from compliance programs on aflatoxins for the fiscal years 1989, 1990, and the first half of 1991. Commodities sampled included peanuts and peanut products, tree nuts, corn and corn products, cottonseed, and milk. Higher than usual levels of contamination were found in corn examined from all areas of the United States in 1989 as a result of the severe drought that affected the 1988 corn crop. The drought in parts of the South and Southeast in 1990 resulted in increased contamination in corn and peanuts from those areas. A review of the surveillance data obtained on deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid, and patulin over the years along with available toxicological data for these mycotoxins indicated that no regulatory actions were warranted. The lack of sufficient surveillance data on other mycotoxins that occur in the United States can be attributed in part to the unavailability of reliable analytical methodology.
The membrane attack complex in aging human choriocapillaris: relationship to macular degeneration and choroidal thinning.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common disease that can result in severe visual impairment. Abnormal regulation of the complement system has been implicated in its pathogenesis, and CFH polymorphisms contribute substantially to risk. How these polymorphisms exert their effects is poorly understood. We performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis on young, aged, and AMD choroids to determine the abundance of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and performed immunofluorescence studies on eyes from 117 donors to evaluate the MAC in aging, early AMD, and advanced AMD. Morphometric studies were performed on eyes with high- or low-risk CFH genotypes. ELISA confirmed that MAC increases significantly with aging and with AMD. MAC was localized to Bruch’s membrane and the choriocapillaris and was detectable at low levels as early as 5 years of age. Hard drusen were labeled with anti-MAC antibody, but large or confluent drusen and basal deposits were generally unlabeled. Labeling of retinal pigment epithelium was observed in some cases of advanced AMD, but not in early disease. Eyes homozygous for the high-risk CFH genotype had thinner choroids than low-risk homozygotes (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that increased complement activation in AMD and in high-risk genotypes can lead to loss of endothelial cells in early AMD. Treatments to protect the choriocapillaris in early AMD are needed.
The Impact of NCLB and the Reauthorization of IDEA on Academic Instruction of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.

The impact of recent legislative changes to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (No Child Left Behind) and those proposed for the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Educati...
Intraocular Lymphoma: Current Therapy and Future Trends

Intraocular lymphoma is a rare non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with three main presentations: primary retinal lymphoma, primary uveal lymphoma, and secondary uveal lymphoma in a patient with known central nervous system lymphoma. Primary intraocular lymphomas are usually diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and generally are associated with a poor prognosis. Patients present with recurrent vitritis or uveitis that may initially respond to topical steroids. Some complain of increased floaters or generalized blurry vision. Cytologic evaluation is the mainstay of accurate diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma; genetic information from flow cytometry evaluation may also be useful. There is no clear consensus on treatment, but generally whole-eye radiotherapy should be considered, possibly after administration of systemic high-dose methotrexate.
Enzymes of Membrane Phospholipid Metabolism in Animals

The physical nature of lipids has always provided a limitation to metabolic studies in that the surrounding aqueous medium provides an environment that is attractive for neither many of the precursors nor most of the products. Thus, the various hydrophobic regions of cellular membranes are sites of lipid metabolism at which substrate accessibility, critical micelle concentrations, and microenvironmental factors all play significant roles. In fact, as the integrated metabolism of other biological materials is elaborated, their intracellular compartmentation also becomes apparent, and much of the restrictive nature of the barriers to metabolite movement is attributed to the lipid components that are either deliberately or inadvertently located in the intracellular membranes. We still have too few guidelines to help us select the useful facts from the artifacts, and this chapter is designed to help the readers understand the multiple variables that influence our current understanding of the control of membrane phospholipids.
Predictors of Response to 4-Aminopyridine in Chronic Canine Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract 4-Aminopyridine (4AP), a potassium channel antagonist, can improve hindlimb motor function in dogs with chronic thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (SCI); however, individual response is vari...
Exploring Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use and Teen Dating Violence Among Adolescent Males.

Background: Reports indicate that 4% of the adolescent males in 2015 had taken steroids without a doctor’s prescription. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are illicit drugs that have commonly been...
Hox gene expression determines cell fate of adult periosteal stem/progenitor cells

Hox genes are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that during embryonic development function as master regulators of positional identity. In postnatal life, the function of Hox proteins is less clear: Hox genes are expressed during tissue repair, but in this context their function(s) are largely unknown. Here we show that Hox genes are expressed in periosteal stem/progenitor cells in a distribution similar to that during embryonic development. Using unbiased sequencing, we established that periosteal stem/progenitor cells from distinct anatomic sites within the skeleton significantly differ in their transcriptome, and that Hox expression status best defines these differences. Lastly, we provide evidence that Hox gene expression is one potential mechanism that maintains periosteal stem/progenitor cells in a more primitive, tripotent state, while suppression of Hox genes leads to fate changes with loss of tripotency. Together, our data describe an adult role of Hox genes other than positional identity, and the modulatory role of Hox genes in fate decisions may offer potential druggable targets for the treatment of fractures, non-unions and bone defects.
How to See the Good in the Foundation

In this final piece on evil, Rasmussen seeks to uncover thin lines by following six steps to a grander view of ultimate reality. In the first step, Rasmussen highlights a question that frames our entire inquiry: How much value does the foundation have? Here, Rasmussen draws attention to the virtues of simplicity and predictive success. On step two, Rasmussen seeks to kick away an obstacle to the good foundation hypothesis by showing why a supreme foundation could still be considered “natural.” Steps three, four, and five make crucial distinctions relevant to Leon’s points and to any analysis of evil and suffering. On step six, Rasmussen provides a summary of this vision from his position on the epistemic landscape, after separating sights from non-sights.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics

Unlike patients receiving implants or endodontic treatment, most orthodontic patients are children who are particularly sensitive to ionizing radiation. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) carries risks and benefits in orthodontics. The principal risks and limitations include ionizing radiation, the presence of artifacts, higher cost, limited accessibility, and the need for additional training. However, this imaging modality has several recognized indications in orthodontics, such as the assessment of impacted and ectopic teeth, assessment of pharyngeal airway, assessment of mini-implant sites, evaluation of craniofacial abnormalities, evaluation of sinus anatomy or pathology, evaluation of root resorption, evaluation of the cortical bone plate, and orthognathic surgery planning and evaluation. CBCT is particularly justified when it brings a benefit to the patient or changes the outcome of the treatment when compared with conventional imaging techniques. Therefore, CBCT should be considered for clinical orthodontics for selected patients. Prescription of CBCT requires judicious and sound clinical judgment. The central question of this narrative review article is: when does CBCT add value to the practice of orthodontics? To answer this question, this article presents discussion on radiation dosage of CBCT and other imaging techniques used in orthodontics, limitations of CBCT in orthodontics, justifying the use of CBCT in orthodontics, and the benefits and evidence-based indications of CBCT in orthodontics. This review summarizes the central themes and topics in the literature regarding CBCT in orthodontics and presents ten orthodontic cases in which CBCT proved to be valuable.
The use of machine learning for predicating complications of free flap head and neck reconstruction.

e18633Background: The use of machine learning (ML) in plastic and reconstructive surgery has increased over the last decade. However, its use to predict surgical outcomes in head and neck reconstru...
Rates of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Following Implementation of a Novel Prevention Bundle

Importance Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) rates in the United States remain high and have changed little in the last decade. Objective To develop a consistent BPD prevention bundle in a systematic approach to decrease BPD. Design, Setting, and Participants This quality improvement study included 484 infants with birth weights from 501 to 1500 g admitted to a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California system from 2009 through 2019. The study period was divided into 3 periods: 1, baseline (2009); 2, initial changes based on ongoing cycles of Plan-Do-Study-Act (2010-2014); and 3, full implementation of successive Plan-Do-Study-Act results (2015-2019). Interventions A BPD prevention system of care bundle evolved with a shared mental model that BPD is avoidable. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was BPD in infants with less than 33 weeks’ gestational age (hereafter referred to as BPD Results The study population included 484 infants with a mean (SD) birth weight of 1070 (277) g; a mean (SD) gestational age of 28.6 (2.9) weeks; 252 female infants (52.1%); and 61 Black infants (12.6%). During the 3 study periods, BPD Conclusions and Relevance A sustained low rate of BPD was observed in infants after the implementation of a detailed BPD system of care.
The role of sleep disturbance in the associations of borderline personality disorder symptom severity to nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide risk among patients with substance use disorders.

This study sought to examine the explanatory role of sleep disturbance in the associations of borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptom severity to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide risk within an at-risk sample of patients with substance use disorders (SUDs), as well as whether emotion regulation (ER) difficulties account for significant variance in the relations of sleep disturbance to NSSI and suicide risk. Patients in a residential SUD treatment facility (N = 166) completed a diagnostic interview and questionnaires. Results revealed significant indirect relations of BPD symptom severity to both NSSI frequency and suicide risk through sleep disturbance. In addition, ER difficulties accounted for significant variance in the relation of sleep disturbance to NSSI frequency (but not suicide risk). Findings highlight the relevance of sleep disturbance to the association between BPD symptoms and both suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury and suggest the potential utility of interventions aimed at improving sleep quality among individuals with BPD pathology.
Firearm access and dementia: A qualitative study of reported behavioral disturbances and responses.

Background Cognitive impairment and behavioral changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) can impair safe firearm handling ability, an issue that can be challenging for ADRD caregivers to address. In this qualitative analysis, we sought to explore behavioral disruptions that raise concerns about firearm access in dementia and how caregivers react and respond. Methods Secondary qualitative analysis using data from semi-structured, one-on-one interviews originally conducted as part of a study to develop firearm safety educational materials for ADRD caregivers. Interviewees were English-speaking adults (≥18 years) from three stakeholder groups: ADRD caregivers (professional or informal), medical professionals (geriatricians, neurologists), and firearm professionals (retailers, range employees, instructors). For secondary analysis, transcripts of interviews were recoded and analyzed after an inductive-deductive thematic analysis process. Results Among 24 participants, 17 (70%) were female and 20 (83%) white; 13 (54%) had personal or professional experience with ADRD caregiving; and 5 (21%) had a firearm affiliation. Major themes were: (1) behavioral disturbances that make caregivers concerned about firearm access; (2) caregiver emotional responses to and difficulties associated with these disturbances; and (3) caregiver actions (planned or actual) to limit firearms access. Conclusion Various behavioral disturbances and emotional burdens can trigger ADRD caregiver concern about firearms access, but strategies exist for restricting or safeguarding firearms in the home. Study findings suggest a need for caregiver support on this topic, including counseling by healthcare providers, advance planning for older firearm owners, and development of community resources.
Differential Algebra-Based Multiple Gaussian Particle Filter for Orbit Determination

The nonlinear filtering problem plays a fundamental role in multiple space-related applications. This paper offers a new filtering technique that combines Monte Carlo time propagation with a Gaussian mixture model measurement update. Differential algebra (DA) techniques are used as a tool to reduce the computational effort required by particle filters. Moreover, the use of expectation maximization (EM) optimization algorithm leads to a good approximation of the probability density functions. The performance of the new method is assessed in the nonlinear orbit determination problem, for the challenging case of low observations frequency, and in the restricted three-body dynamics.
A novel approach to measuring the useful field of view in simulated real-world environments using gaze contingent displays: the GC-UFOV

The Useful Field of View (UFOV) task assesses attentional breadth within a single glance. The UFOV has successfully predicted changes in attention that have real-world consequences (e.g. automobile collision likelihood), however its design prevents it from being incorporated into simulated environments (e.g. driving/flight simulators). Additionally, the UFOV task and other attentional breadth measures (e.g. the peripheral detection task) do not disentangle attention from hard-wired perceptual properties that change with retinal eccentricity (e.g., spatial resolution via cortical magnification). We therefore developed an alternative method of measuring attentional breadth using gaze-contingent (GC) displays, the GC-UFOV. Thirteen participants completed four sessions of testing to determine the effect of a secondary task (auditory N-back) on Gabor patch orientation discrimination at four retinal eccentricities (0o, 3o, 6o, and 9o). Gabor patches were occasionally presented gaze-contingently for single eye fixations while participants completed a scene recognition memory task. Gabors were size-thresholded under single-task conditions to disentangle eccentricity-dependent acuity from changes in attention occurring between single and dual-task conditions, while N-back levels were thresholded to ensure that cognitive load was equivalent across participants. RESULTS showed a significant decrease in orientation sensitivity in the dual-task condition, but not as a function of retinal eccentricity. We conclude that interference with executive attention produces general interference with visual attention equally across retinal eccentricity. N-back sensitivity was only minimally impaired under dual-task conditions compared to single-task trials. Picture recognition memory was no different between N-back single and dual tasks, but was significantly better in the Gabor single task condition. Thus, the Gabor task did not interfere with processing picture information, making this method ideal for use in simulated real-world tasks. Furthermore, we propose that future adaptations of this method employ other ecologically valid sources of cognitive load (e.g., stress, traffic density) to observe their effects on attentional breadth. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015. Language: en
Early Prediction of Student Self-Regulation Strategies by Combining Multiple Models

Self-regulated learning behaviors such as goal setting and monitoring have been found to be crucial to students’ success in computer-based learning environments. Consequently, understanding students’ self-regulated learning behavior has been the subject of increasing interest. Unfortunately, monitoring these behaviors in real-time has proven challenging. This paper explores a variety of data mining approaches to predicting student self-regulation capabilities. Students are classified into SRL-use categories based on evidence of goal-setting and monitoring activities. Prior work on early prediction of these categories pointed to logistic regression and decision tree models as effective techniques. This paper builds on these findings by exploring techniques by which these models can be combined to improve classification accuracy and early prediction capabilities. By improving classification accuracy, this work can be leveraged in the design of computer-based learning environments to provide adaptive scaffolding of self-regulation behaviors.
Posttransplant inflammation promotes memory T cell recovery following antibody-mediated lymphoablation (TRAN3P.900)

Antibody-mediated depletion is commonly used as an induction therapy in recipients of organ transplants subjected to prolonged cold ischemia. We tested how surgery-induced inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury affect the recipient T cell recovery after lymphoablation. We previously reported that preexisting memory T cells rapidly expand and mediate rejection in B6 recipients of BALB/c heart allografts treated with murine antithymocyte globulin (mATG). Memory CD8 T cell recovery was not influenced by specificity for donor alloantigens suggesting a role for posttransplant inflammation. In support of this, CD8 T cells recovered faster in B6 isograft recipients than in non-transplanted mice treated with mATG. The increase in cold ischemic time from 0.5 h to 8 h markedly enhanced the post-depletion expansion of memory CD8 T cells in allograft recipients (10 fold increase at d. 10 posttransplant). Treatment with neutralizing anti-TNFα Ab decreased the numbers of donor-reactive IFNγ producing cells in the spleens of mATG treated heart allograft recipient by 60%, but had little effect on the anti-donor responses in control IgG treated recipients suggesting that TNFα facilitates T cell recovery rather than priming. Our data show that posttransplant inflammation facilitates memory T cell reconstitution following antibody-mediated depletion and that neutralizing proinflammatory cytokines may improve the efficacy of induction therapies in sensitized transplant recipients.
The collision that changed the world

In connection with the Anthropocene, one might ask how climate is likely to evolve in the absence of man’s intervention and whether humans will be able to purposefully alter this course. In this commentary, I deal with the situation for very long time scales. I make a case that fifty million years ago, the collision between the northward drifting Indian land mass and Asia set the Earth’s climate on a new course. Ever since then, it has cooled. In the absence of some other dramatic disruption in the movement of the plates which make up our planet’s crust, on the time scale of tens of millions of years, this drift would cause the Earth to freeze over as it did during the late Precambrian. Evidence for this change in course comes from records of oxygen and lithium isotopic composition of foraminifer shells. It is reinforced by records of Mg to Ca in halite-hosted fluid inclusions and in marine CaCO3. In addition, the collision appears to have created abrupt changes in the sulfur isotope composition of marine barite and the carbon isotope composition of amber. Not only did this collision create the Himalaya, but more important, it led to a reorganization of the crustal plate motions. Through some combination of the building of mountains and lowering of sea level, these changes generated a mismatch between the supply of CO2 by planetary outgassing and that of calcium by the weathering of silicate rock. The tendency toward an oversupply of calcium has been compensated by a drawdown of the atmosphere’s CO2 content. This drawdown cooled the Earth, slowing down the supply of calcium. Although we are currently inadvertently compensating for this cooling by burning fossil fuels, the impacts of this CO2 on Earth climate will last no more than a tenth of a million years. So, if humans succeed in avoiding extinction, there will likely be a long-term effort to warm the planet.