cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermo-optic coefficients of polymers for optical waveguide applications

Abstract Polymers with diverse chemical structure were evaluated to establish an empirical relationship between their thermo-optic coefficients (d n /d T ) and coefficients of thermal expansion ( α ) according to the Lorentz–Lorenz equation. The results have showed that, regardless their chemical structure and T g s, all the evaluated polymers follow a single linear relationship between their d n /d T values and α values with the slope ( δn / δT ) ρ equal to 0.56 and the interception ( ρδn / δρ ) T equal to −3.7×10 −6 . The relationship can be used to estimate the d n /d T value of a given polymer using its α value, which is widely available and can be easily measured using TMA and other conventional equipment, and the estimated d n /d T value is useful for developing polymers and evaluating device performance in optical waveguide applications.
Comparison of Balloon Dacryocystoplasty to Probing as the Primary Treatment of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

Abstract Purpose: In children older than 18 months, primary probing procedures for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) are thought to have lower rates of success. This study compares the results of primary probing to balloon dacryocystoplasty (DCP) in children stratified by age category. Methods: In a retrospective chart review, 29 eyes with CNLDO that underwent balloon DCP in children older than 18 months were identified and age-matched to 29 eyes that underwent probing. The eyes were divided into 3 age categories: category 1 (18-24 months), category 2 (24-36 months), and category 3 (>36 months). Results: Of the 29 eyes treated with balloon DCP (mean age, 37.1 months), 26 were successfully treated. Twenty-five of the 29 matched probed eyes (mean age, 31.1 months) were successfully treated, resulting in an overall success rate of 90% for balloon DCP and 86% for primary probing. Within each age category, the success rate varied but did not show an advantage to balloon DCP. The presence of crusting and expressible discharge from the puncta during preoperative evaluation predicted a successful probing (OR, 16; 95% CI, 1.3-192). Conclusion: Overall, balloon DCP did not appear to present an advantage as compared with primary probing as the initial treatment in these children. Primary probing has an impressive overall success rate that did not diminish in the children older than 36 months. (J AAPOS 2001;5:139-42)
The relationship between carbon input, aggregation, and soil organic carbon stabilization in sustainable cropping systems

One of our current challenges is to quantify the mechanisms, capacity, and longevity of C stabilization in agricultural lands. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long-term (10 yr) role of C input in soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and to identify underlying mechanisms of C stabilization in soils. Carbon input and SOC sequestration, as governed by crop management strategies, were assessed across 10 Mediterranean cropping systems. Empirically derived relationships between yield and aboveground plus belowground crop biomass as well as estimates of C contributions from crop residues and manure amendments were used to quantity cumulative C inputs into each cropping system. Soil samples were separated into four aggregate size dasses (>2000, 250-2000, 53-250, and 2000 μm) and small (250-2000 μm) macroaggregates. Aggregate stability increased linearly with both C input (r 2 = 0.75, p = 0.001) and SOC (r 2 = 0.63, p = 0.006). Across the 10 cropping systems annual soil C sequestration rates ranged from -0.35 to 0.56 Mg C ha -1 yr We found a strong linear relationship (r 2 = 0.70, p = 0.003) between SOC sequestration and cumulative C input, with a residue-C conversion to SOC rate of 7.6%. This linear relationship suggests that these soils have not reached an upper limit of C sequestration (i.e., not C saturated). In addition, C shifted from the <53-μm fraction in low C input systems to the large and small macroaggregates in high C input systems. A majority of the accumulation of SOC due to additional C inputs was preferentially sequestered in the microaggregates-within-small-macroaggregates (mM). Hence, the mM fraction is an ideal indicator for C sequestration potential in sustainable agroecosystems.
Characterization of the Acid−Base Properties of the TiO2(110) Surface by Adsorption of Amines

The adsorption of ammonia, dimethylamine, and ethylamine on stoichiometric and slightly defective TiO2(110) surfaces was studied by means of TPRS and XPS. The slightly defective surfaces were prepa...
Signatures of Strings

The parity of a permutation π can be defined as the parity of the number of inversions in π. The signature e(π) of π is an encoding of the parity in a multiplicative group of order 2: e(π) = (−1)inv(π). It is also well known that half of the permutations of a finite set are even and half are odd. In this paper, we explore the natural notion of parity for larger moduli; that is, we define the m-signature of a permutation π to be the number of inversions of π, reduced modulo m. Unlike with the 2-signatures of permutations of sets, the m-signatures of the permutations of a multiset are not typically equi-distributed among the modulo m residue classes, though the distribution is close to uniform. We present a recursive method of calculating the distribution of m-signatures of permutations of a multiset, develop properties of this distribution, and present sufficient conditions for the distribution to be uniform.
Ultraviolet absorption lines associated with the Vela supernova remnant

Two stars behind the Vela supernova remnant and two stars offset from the remnant have been observed with the UV spectrometer aboard the Copernicus satellite. Over 200 interstellar atomic and molecular absorption features between 1000 and 1400 A have been identified and measured for radial velocity and equivalent width. In many cases, additional information was obtained by studying the detailed shapes of the recorded profiles. Most of the stars show several absorption components, with clouds of the highest radial velocity appearing in the spectra of stars behind the remnant. For each component, column densities were derived using velocity dispersion parameters which yielded the most self-consistent results. Qualitatively, the gas toward the remnant exhibits a number of unusual properties, when compared with normal interstellar material. First, abnormally high radial velocities were evident. Second, the degree of ionization of some elements suggested the existence of ionizing processes significantly more potent than those found in general regions of space. Finally, an investigation of electron densities shows that much of the gas, especially that at high velocity, must exist in the form of relatively thin sheets or filaments. If cosmic abundances prevail, the column densities of high-velocity excited material suggest that H-alpha emission measures could be as large as 100 sq cm/cu pc.
Sex differences in musculoskeletal stress markers: Problems with activity pattern reconstructions

Anthropology Department, San Jose State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0113,USAABSTRACT This study examined six musculoskeletal stress marker (MSM) scores that showed reverse sex differences inthe previously published research. MSM scores often differ by sex within a population. Most often femaleshave lower MSM scores than do males; however, reverse sex differences do occur. If reverse sex differencesare culturally speciﬁc, then these MSM scores are more likely caused by activity patterns than biology. Yet, ifthe same MSM scores show reverse trends in multiple populations, then perhaps these reversals may be theresult of biological sex differences, such as hormonal differences and body size, or methodological reasons,such as MSM location. In the current study, deltoideus, pronator quadratus and trapezius MSM scores weresigniﬁcantly more pronounced in males in the California Amerind population examined. Most MSM scoresexamined signiﬁcantly correlated with body size and age. With articular size and age controls, only thepronator quadratus and trapezius continued to display signiﬁcant sex differences. Males had greater MSMpronator quadratus and trapezius scores than did females. The lack of sex differences in four out of six MSMscores may relate to the confounding factor of body size. Thus, it is suggested that some reverse sexdifferences in the published literature may not relate to activity patterns whereas other MSM sites show morepromise. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key words: musculoskeletal stress markers; upper limb; sex differences; body size
Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in enterocytic cells.

Abstract Background. Mucosal hypoxia due to intestinal hypoperfusion is characteristic of a number of clinical disorders. An early event in the adaptive response to cellular hypoxia is the binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) to cis -acting regulatory sites in target genes. Methods. We characterized the expression of HIF-1 in transformed (Caco-2 BBe and T84) and nontransformed human (FHs 74 Int) and rat (IEC-6) intestinal epithelial cell lines. Results. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay detected increased HIF-1 DNA-binding activity in each cell line within 2 h of hypoxia (1% O 2 ). HIF-1 binding was maximal within 4 h and remained stable for 24 h. HIF-1 DNA-binding activity was maximal in the established IEC-6 cell line below 2% oxygen, but HIF-1 DNA-binding activity was not detectable above 0.5% O 2 in the primary human FHs 74 Int cell line. The nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor genistein (200 μM) inhibited HIF-1 binding at 4 h. Transfection of Caco-2 cells with a wild-type, but not a mutant, HIF-1-dependent luciferase expression vector resulted in a fourfold induction of reporter gene expression during hypoxia. Conclusions. In conclusion, HIF-1 regulates gene expression in enterocytes and an undefined phosphorylation event is important for O 2 sensing.
Is Ukraine part of Europe's future?

Brussels cannot indefinitely insist that Kiev pursue reforms to prove its commitment to European values without an offer of future EU membership. Thus far, only NATO has offered Ukraine a safe haven in the West, but the EU will only be able to put off a decision until 2008.
Task-irrelevant learning occurs only when the irrelevant feature is weak

The role of attention in perceptual learning has been controversial. Numerous studies have reported that learning does not occur on stimulus features that are irrelevant to a subject's task [1,2] and have concluded that focused attention on a feature is necessary for a feature to be learned. In contrast, another line of studies has shown that perceptual learning occurs even on task-irrelevant features that are subthreshold, and concluded that attention on a feature is not required to learn that feature [3-5]. Here we attempt to reconcile these divergent findings by systematically exploring the relation between signal strength of the motion stimuli used during training and the resultant magnitude of perceptual learning. Our results show that performance improvements only occurred for the motion-stimuli trained at low, parathreshold, coherence levels. The results are in accord with the hypothesis that weak task-irrelevant signals fail to be 'noticed', and consequently to be suppressed, by the attention system and thus are learned, while stronger stimulus signals are detected, and suppressed [6], and are not learned. These results provide a parsimonious explanation of why task-irrelevant learning is found in some studies but not others, and could give an important clue to resolving a long-standing controversy.
Perceptions of ceremonial and nonceremonial uses of tobacco by American-Indian adolescents in California

American-Indian adolescents have the highest tobacco use prevalence of all ethnic groups in the United States. Although much has been written about the role of tobacco in traditional Native-American cultures, little is known about modern-day perceptions of tobacco among American-Indian adolescents. METHODS: This study conducted focus groups of 40 American-Indian adolescents in urban and rural areas of Southern California. Participants discussed the role of traditional ceremonial tobacco use in their lives, the use of commercial tobacco as a substitute for sacred tobacco, the perceived safety of traditional versus commercial tobacco, and the perceptions of American-Indian imagery in tobacco advertising. RESULTS: Many American-Indian adolescents may be introduced to traditional tobacco use at early ages. Smoking is viewed as a sign of respect for the elders, but there are acceptable ways for adolescents to participate in ceremonies without inhaling smoke. Commercial cigarettes often are substituted for homegrown tobacco at ceremonies and events. Traditional tobacco was perceived as less dangerous than commercial tobacco because it does not contain chemical additives. However, respondents still perceived that smoking traditional tobacco and breathing tobacco smoke conferred health hazards. Participants found the use of American-Indian imagery in tobacco advertising offensive and stereotypical. Indian casinos were mentioned frequently as places where smoking occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Continued health education efforts are needed to decrease habitual use of commercial tobacco products and secondhand smoke exposure among American-Indian youth. Further research is needed to identify ways for American-Indian youth to participate in their cultural traditions while minimizing their risk for tobacco-related diseases.
Differential Chemosensitivity of Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Areas on the Neuronal Surface Membrane in Parasympathetic Neurons of the Frog, Tested by Microapplication of Acetylcholine

1. The chemosensitivity of the surface of parasympathetic neurons in the interatrial septum of the heart of the frog has been explored by focal iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh). 2. There is a specific highly chemosensitive area on the cell surface near synaptic boutons. ACh released close to visually identified boutons produced depolarizing responses which arise more rapidly and are larger than responses evoked at randomly chosen spots on the neuronal surface. 3. Individual synapses, or small numbers of them, can be desensitized by applied ACh without blocking synaptic transmission at nearby synapses on the same neuron. This shows that the method of ACh application resolves chemosensitivity in patches restricted to a few micrometres in diameter.
The Direct and Indirect Effects of Parental Bonds, Parental Drug Use, and Self-Control on Adolescent Substance Use

ABSTRACT Research indicates that parenting has important effects on adolescent substance use. However, the indirect effect of parenting on adolescent substance use via self-control is less understood. Gott-fredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime has been extensively tested by researchers in the field of criminology, but the theory rarely has been used to predict adolescent substance use. Although Goffredson and Hirschi clearly assume that self-control is predicated on parenting, its mediating effect is rarely assessed. We find direct effects of self-control and maternal marijuana use on substance use and also find that self-control mediates the relationship between other parenting variables and adolescent substance use.
Variable selection problem in the censored regression models

Abstract In this paper we discuss the variable selection problem for the censored regression models. The Schme-Hahn (1979) estimator for the censored normal model and the Buckley-James (1979) estimator for the non-parametric censored model are discussed. It is shown, through the EM algorithm, that the variable selection problem for these estimators can be converted into a variable selection problem in a standard linear regression model. We show that the expectation of maximum likelihood residuals converges to zero in large samples.
Novel In Vivo Murine Model to Study Islet Potency: Engraftment and Function

Standard islet potency testing uses transplantation of islets under the kidney capsule in diabetic severe combined immunodeficient (d-SCID) mice. Even though it is possible to achieve normoglycemia in the majority of recipients by this method, the surgical procedure, by itself, is technically difficult and associated with an appreciable mortality of animals. In addition, the spatially limited renal subcapsular site restricts the mass of islet tissue that can be transplanted. Matrigel basement membrane matrix (MATRIGEL), extracted from a mouse sarcoma, is rich in angiogenic growth factors and has been shown to support the growth of mammalian cells using murine models. In this report we demonstrate that subcutaneous islet transplantation with MATRIGEL can effectively achieve normoglycemia and that this is a simple and reproducible model for in vivo islet potency testing in d-SCID mice that overcomes many drawbacks of the conventional method of kidney subcapsular islet transplantation.
A first year common course on computational problem solving and programming (abstract only)

This is work-in-progress on an entry-level course on computational problem-solving and programming for engineering students. It has been run since 2006 at our institution at a scale of 800 students/term, as a hybrid in-person lab and out-of-class on-line autograded exercises using Maple TA. The course is in the process of changing languages (from Maple to Matlab), with upgraded resources: a lecture period, some manually graded assignments, projects, and automatic code testing. To date the assessment of the impact of the course has been through conventional means: assigning grades and indications as to whether student grades are consistent with those obtained in other courses taken. During the transition from Maple to Matlab more detailed and individualized performance assessment plans are being developed which are intended to enable the staff and students to better judge weaknesses in program knowledge and who would benefit from additional personal contact.
Adjustable solute distribution between polymers and supercritical fluids

The sorption of toluene, dilute in CO/sub 2/, and likewise the distribution coefficient of toluene between silicone rubber and CO/sub 2/ have been explored from gaseous to supercritical fluid conditions. Sorption and desorption isotherms were determined by frontal analysis using a new inverse supercritical fluid chromatography technique at 35 and 70{sup 0}C up to 250 bar. Complementary swelling data are presented for pure CO/sub 2/ in silicon rubber up to 315 bar. A new result is that the sorption of toluene goes through a maximum and highly adjustable over a continuum in the highly compressible region of carbon dioxide. This behavior is explained physically and predicted quantitatively with the Flory equation and the Peng-Robinson equation of state using only information from binary systems.
Transforming the cell surface through proteolysis

Protein shedding, or the proteolytic cleavage of a protein from the surface of a cell, is emerging as an important mechanism in the regulation of cellular activity but it is poorly understood. Growing evidence suggesting that protein shedding and protein function are closely linked may lead to new strategies for the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
Two-compartment model for whole-cell data analysis and transient compensation.

Recording and analysis of neuronal patch-clamp data involve many assumptions about membrane properties and cell morphology. Some of these assumptions introduce large errors or oversimplifications into the results. In particular, dendritic branching with high intracellular resistance leads to difficulty with capacitance calculation and transient subtraction, and may significantly distort measured currents. A two-compartment model, presented in detail here, provides a simple method of reducing many of these problems for the relatively simple case of cultured neurons studied with whole-cell patch electrodes. Some passive membrane properties may be accurately calculated, and the results may be used to correct recorded currents for resulting series resistance, intracellular resistance, and capacitive transient errors. The model may be tailored to particular cell types or experimental conditions. Programs to implement the algorithms are available from http://www.its.caltech.edu/ approximately nadeau/Rscomp.html.
Broadband and flexible textile RFID tags for tires

A flexible, passive UHF RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) tag antenna is presented and tested for automotive tire applications. RFID tags on tires can be adapted to provide information on the tire health, retreading interval, pressure and temperature among others. However, typical tags are narrowband. In this paper, we propose a broadband tag that retains its functionality as the surrounding material and location of the RFID tag vary. The tag is fabricated on conductive textiles and embedded into polymer to improve its flexibility and bonding with the tire rubber. Experimental results show that the proposed tag antenna achieves excellent performance when mounted on tires.
Deterministic annealing and robust scalable data mining for the data deluge

We describe data analytics on large systems using a suite of robust parallel algorithms running on both clouds and HPC systems. We apply this to cases where the data is defined in a vector space and when only pairwise distances between points are defined. We introduce new O(N logN) algorithms for pairwise cases, where direct algorithms are O(N2) for N points. We show the value of visualization using dimension reduction for steering complex analytics and illustrate the value of deterministic annealing for relatively fast robust algorithms. We apply methods to metagenomics applications.
On the Unsteady Supersonic Cascade With a Subsonic Leading Edge—An Exact First Order Theory—Part 2

Pursuant to Part 1, the analysis of the aerodynamic forces acting on slowly oscillating airfoils in a supersonic cascade with a subsonic leading edge is presented. First the flow field between adjacent airfoils is determined. In the limit of sonic leading edge, the present results for the velocity potential agree with the sonic limit of Lane’s supersonic leading edge analysis. The requirement of the continuity of pressure in the “train” leads to functional equations for the train velocity; their solutions, obtained in closed form, are found to involve arbitrary constants which are related to the back pressure. The effect of the back pressure on the “train” is discussed in detail. For a cascade with zero pressure rise across it, the train velocity is determined completely and the formulas for lift and moment, accurate to the first order of a frequency parameter, are obtained in closed form. Stability criteria for a single-degree-of-freedom motion are examined. A pure bending motion is found to be stable, but a pure torsional motion becomes unstable under certain circumstances. These results are consistent with analogous oscillations of an isolated airfoil. However, the stability boundary for a typical cascade differs significantly from the case of the isolated airfoil, being strongly influenced by such cascade parameters as solidity, blade-to-blade phase difference, and stagger angle.
Combustion-MHD Power Generation for Central Stations

The history of the basic concept used in MHD power generation and the progress made in its implementation during the last decade are reviewed briefly. The operating principles of a simple MHD generator are described and the projected improvements in generation efficiency gained from use of such generators in MHD topping cycles are discussed. Some present problem areas -electrical conductivities of the working fluid, magnets and materials problems, gas chemistry, and economics-are described together with prospects for future development.
CLEARANCE OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE IN PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS.

Clearance of Particulate Matter from the Tracheobronchial Tree in Patients with Tuberculosis
Changes in finger tremor during prolonged submaximal contractions

Abstract This study was undertaken to resolve conflicting reports of the effect of fatigue on tremor. Finger tremor was recorded continuously during a middle finger extension task lasting 50–60 min. A progressive increase of 8–12 Hz physiological tremor was observed in 12 subjects during prolonged contractions of extensor digitorum. Stretch reflexes decreased in four of six subjects after contractions, consistent with decreases contributing to enhanced 8–12 Hz tremor. Four subjects showed the onset of a separate 4–7 Hz tremor after 15 min; after 30 min, three of these subjects showed the 8–12 Hz peak shifted downward from the original peak. Results included qualitative changes in finger tremor in different subjects.
Self-assembly of polymer/nanoparticle films for fabrication of fiber optic sensors based on SPR

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is an optical phenomenon which can be used for the sensitive detection of macromolecular interactions at a sensor surface by detecting small changes in refractive index resulting from adsorbed species. Previous work toward fiber-optic SPR sensors has employed metal films sputtered or evaporated onto waveguides. In this work, a novel nanofabrication approach using a combination of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) self assembly was investigated toward precise deposition of metal nanomaterials onto fibers, which could enable excellent control over surface properties as well as provide an enhanced plasmon signal due to the roughened metal surfaces. Furthermore, nanoassembly allows production of nanocomposite materials that may possess attractive optical properties. To study this possibility, ultrathin films with architecture {Au/polymer}n (n=1-10) were deposited on flat silica substrates, then on optical fibers. Physical measurements of deposited mass were performed with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The influence of particle size, number of layers, and distance from surface on the magnitude of optical signals was investigated by measuring the absorption spectrum for each configuration. In addition, sequential and simultaneous bimetallic (Au/Ag) film layering and testing was also completed to assess the effect of nanocomposite metal films on SPR signals. Fluorescent anti-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was deposited on the outside surface, which was then exposed to IgG for observation of shifting resonance peak due to target binding. The results show that nanoassembly is a promising approach to precise yet cost-effective fabrication of optical biosensors.
Prediction of pneumonia in outpatients with acute cough—A statistical approach

Cough is the fifth most common reason for physician visits, but data on acute cough have rarely been collected in a standardized manner and have not been analyzed in a multivariate fashion. We report data on 1819 patients presenting with cough, all of whom received a standardized history and physical, and a chest X-ray. Only 48 (2.6%) were found to have an acute radiographic infiltrate (pneumonia). The prevalence of common signs and symptoms is shown for the patients with and without pneumonia. Thirty-two of these findings were significant predictors of pneumonia (p less than 0.05, one-tailed). These 32 did not include some of the expected predictors of pneumonia and did include some predictors not previously described in the literature. A diagnostic rule is developed which identifies pneumonia patients with 91% sensitivity and 40% specificity, or 74% sensitivity and 70% specificity. The study results suggest that many pneumonias could be predicted based only on the patients histories. Physician visits to determine physical findings and chest X-rays might be avoided by telephone triage, with substantial cost savings.
Skull melter single crystal growth of magnetite (Fe3O4) - ulvospinel (Fe2TiO4) solid solution members

A modified Bridgman technique by crucibleless skull melting has been applied to the growth of equiaxed, centimeter sized titanomagnetite [(Fe3O4)1 - x·(Fe2TiO4)x] single crystals, in oxygen-buffered atmospheres. The relation between atmo sphere and spinel phase compositions has been systematically investigated, through characterization by X-ray diffraction, polarized reflected light microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. Guidelines are discussed for generalization of the method to single crystal growth of ferrites of arbitrary composition.
Interhemispheric relations in hierarchical perception: A second look

Abstract This study reevaluates the role of interhemispheric interactions in the consistency effect (global interference with local decisions) in hierarchical perception. In an earlier study, Robertson et al . [22] ( Neuropsychology , Vol. 7, pp. 325–342, 1993) tested three split-brain patients on a hierarchical perception task in which stimuli, consisting of large (global) letters made up of smaller (local) letters, were unilaterally or bilaterally presented for identification. They found that, in general, the consistency effect did not occur in split-brain patients and argued that the effect is interhemispheric and normally mediated by the corpus callosum. We repeated the experiment with new stimuli in two of the same split-brain patients. We found that both patients demonstrated evidence for global interference, implying that the neocortical commissures are not necessary for eliciting the consistency effect in hierarchical perception.
XRay Imaging and Computed Tomography

This chapter contains sections titled: General Principles of Imaging with X-Rays X-Ray Production Interactions of X-Rays with Tissue Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficients of X-Rays in Tissue Instrumentation for Planar X-Ray Imaging X-Ray Image Characteristics X-Ray Contrast Agents X-Ray Imaging Methods Clinical Applications of X-Ray Imaging Computed Tomography Image Processing for Computed Tomography Spiral/Helical Computed Tomography Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography Radiation Dose Clinical Applications of Computed Tomography This chapter contains sections titled: Exercises Further Reading ]]>
The Design of Reading Research

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of factorial design methods for research on reading and reading instruction. I will begin with a brief sketch of the historical context behind the present state of affairs in experimental research on reading. Next comes a section separating the concepts of “experiment” and “design”—the remainder of the paper focuses on the topic of factorial design. While my remarks emphasize applications to reading research, it will be obvious that the issues hold for most areas of the social sciences.
The envelope method of analysis applied to surface waves

The envelope method of analysis of vibrations is described briefly; examples are given of its application to the main phase of teleseisms and to microseisms, where beating occurs. The importance of its use in the theoretical study of microseisms caused by storms is emphasized, as it readily separates the minor component of the resultant vibration from the major component; the minor component had a period about 14 per cent greater than that of the major and contributed about 45 per cent of the total maximum amplitude of the beat cycle, in the examples given. This component has been ignored heretofore. The application of the method to the study of traffic microseisms is mentioned.
Deletion of a conserved dinucleotide inhibits the second step of group II intron splicing

Few point mutations have been described that specifically inhibit the second step of group II intron splicing. Furthermore, the effects of such mutations are typically not apparent unless the mutations are studied in the context of a substrate that harbors a very short 59 exon. Truncation of the 59 exon slows the second step of splicing. Once the second step has been slowed, the effects of point mutations can be seen. We report the unexpected observation that the deletion of a conserved GA dinucleotide dramatically inhibits the second step of splicing, even when the mutation is studied in the context of a full-length substrate. In contrast, we find that this mutation does not significantly affect the first step of splicing, unless the mutation is studied in combination with a second point mutation that is known to inhibit the first step. Even in that context, the effect of the GA deletion mutation on the first step is modest. These observations, together with the inferred location of the GA dinucleotide in the three-dimensional structure of the intron, suggest that this dinucleotide plays a particularly important role in the second step of splicing.
Mechanism of tumor rejection with doublets of CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1, or IDO blockade involves restored IL-2 production and proliferation of CD8 + T cells directly within the tumor microenvironment

Blockade of immune inhibitory pathways is emerging as an important therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer. Single agent treatments have partial anti-tumor activity in preclinical models and in human cancer patients. Inasmuch as the tumor microenvironment shows evidence of multiple immune inhibitory mechanisms present concurrently, it has been reasoned that combination therapies may be required for optimal therapeutic effect. To test this notion, we utilized permutations of anti-CTLA-4 mAb, anti-PD-L1 mAb, and/or the IDO inhibitor INCB23843 in the murine B16.SIY melanoma model. All three combinations showed markedly improved tumor control over single treatments, with many mice achieving complete tumor rejection. This effect was seen in the absence of vaccination or adoptive T cell therapy. The mechanism of synergy was investigated to examine the priming versus effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response. Only a minimal increase in priming of anti-tumor T cells was observed at early time points in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TdLN). In contrast, as early as three days after therapy initiation, a marked increase in the capacity of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells to produce IL-2 and to proliferate was found in all groups treated with the effective combinations. Treatment of mice with FTY720 to block new T cell trafficking from secondary lymphoid structures still enabled restoration of IL-2 production and proliferation by intratumoral T cells, and also retained most of the tumor growth control. Our data suggest that the therapeutic effect of these immunotherapies was mainly mediated through direct reactivation of T cells in situ. These three combinations are attractive to pursue clinically, and the ability of intratumoral CD8+ T cells to produce IL-2 and to proliferate could be an important biomarker to integrate into clinical studies.
All the world's a stage: the use of theatrical performance in medical education.

Purpose Student exposure to illness-related theatrical performances holds intriguing educational possibilities. This project explored uses of theatrical performance within the context of medical education. Method Two 1-person shows, dramatically addressing AIDS and ovarian cancer, were presented to audiences totalling approximately 150 medical students, faculty, community doctors, staff and patients. Results Evaluations for both performances indicated increased understanding of the illness experience and greater empathy for patients. They also showed that respondents obtained additional insights into patient care issues, and developed new ways of thinking about their situations. Conclusions Presenting illness-related dramatic performances as an adjunct method of enhancing empathy and insight toward patients in a self-selected group of students, doctors, staff and patients was successful. Although this approach might not be effective with all learners, those who participated felt they gained important insights into the nature of the patient experience.
Clinical data on Fluarix®: an inactivated split seasonal influenza vaccine

Influenza viruses cause annual winter epidemics in temperate regions, with significant morbidity, mortality and economical impact. Fluarix is a split, trivalent, inactivated vaccine, manufactured from highly purified, egg-grown influenza viruses by GlaxoSmithKline. In 2005, Fluarix underwent accelerated approval for use in adults by the US FDA following a US-based, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that established its safety and immunogenicity in adults. The vaccine has been licensed in Europe since 1992 for all age groups. Multiple registration trials in all age groups in Europe have demonstrated that the vaccine was safe and well tolerated and of immunogenicity standards that met the requirements of the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. There are no published clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness or efficacy of Fluarix against influenza and its complications. Currently, Fluarix plays an important role in the diversification of the supply chain of influenza vaccine to the community. However, vaccines with improved immunogenicity in at-risk populations, such as the elderly, and with less reliance on growth in eggs, as well as the inherent demanding timelines, are needed to enhance the control of influenza.
Pervasive multi Giga bit links - an ATE challenge?

The data rates of high-speed serial communications have increased to the point where many communications designers are implementing multilane serializer/deserializer I/O architectures on their highly complex SOCs. Taking such an approach maximizes the use of limited pins on these devices while enabling ultra high bandwidths at data rates beyond 2.5 Gbits/second for highspeed communications protocols. A review of test methodologies to deal with these challenges is required. The leading theme for manufacturing needs to be: where do we need to rely on external judgement (ATE), where can DFT/BIST be best used and how do we compliment the solution space at best?.
The Effect of Body Fat Distribution on Pulmonary Function Tests

Although the influence of obesity on pulmonary function tests has been examined, the role of body fat distribution has received limited attention. Pulmonary studies of patients severely affected by upper body obesity suggest they have more severely compromised lung volumes than obese patients with lower body obesity. We examined 42 healthy but normal or mildly obese men to determine if body fat distribution influences pulmonary function tests. Multiple measures of adiposity showed a significant inverse relationship with both spirometry and static lung volumes. However, the biceps skinfold thickness had the strongest inverse relationship with total lung capacity (TLC) compared to other anthropometric measures. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) demonstrated a significant inverse relationship with static lung volumes only when controlling for cigarette smoking. However, comparing pulmonary function tests between patients with a WHR less than 0.950 (lower body fat distribution) and subjects with a WHR of 0.950 or greater (upper body fat distribution) revealed that FVC, FEV 1 , and TLC were significantly lower in the patients with upper body fat distribution. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was done using all anthropometric variables and age which generated predictive equations that included the biceps skinfold thickness for residual volume (RV) and TLC. This suggests that upper body fat distribution may be associated with a modest impairment of lung volumes in normal and mildly obese men. Until the findings of this study can be applied to a larger, ethnically and anthropometrically diverse population, and to women, we believe caution is warranted when standard equations are used to predict pulmonary function tests in an anthropometrically diverse population.
How perception, action, functional value, and context can shape the development of infant reaching

Le developpement de la prehension chez le bebe a fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches depuis plusieurs decennies. Des explications ont ete avancees pour rendre compte des processus developpementaux qui conduisent a l’apparition de ce comportement fondamental. Cependant, ces dernieres annees, les theories des systemes dynamiques, de la selection de groupes neuronaux, et du controle optimal approximatif offrent une explication plus elaboree des differents facteurs qui contribuent au processus d’emergence de ce comportement. Ces nouvelles theories permettent aussi de bien comprendre le concept de trajectoires de developpement, dans lesquelles action, perception, valeurs fonctionnelles, et contexte jouent un role preponderant dans l’emergence et la formation de ce comportement volontaire precoce. Dans cette revue de question, nous resumons brievement les principes de base de deux theories classiques qui ont ete les plus utilisees pour rendre compte du developpement de la prehension dans la petite enfance. Ensuite, nous nous concentrons sur les nouveaux concepts theoriques fournis par les perspectives contemporaines pour illustrer comment la notion de trajectoires du developpement et leur formation s’articulent au sein de ces approches modernes. En ce faisant, nous soulignons un point central commun a toutes ces approches. En particulier, nous mettons l’accent sur le role essentiel que les cycles de perception et d’action repetes jouent dans l’exercice des processus d’exploration et de selection d’action, ces processus conduisant essentiellement au faconnement d’actions qui deviennent de plus en plus adaptees au but fixe et aux caracteristiques de l’environnement.
Search for the presence of H particles in a neutral beam

Abstract A search was made to detect the presence of long-lived H particles in a neutral beam by diffractive dissociation into two lambda particles. Preliminary results are presented.
DOMESTIC SERVANTS, MIDNIGHT MEETINGS, AND THE MAGDALEN'S FRIEND AND FEMALE HOMES’ INTELLIGENCER

Published monthly from April 1860 until 1864, The Magdalen's Friend and Female Homes’ Intelligencer was a periodical with a very specific mission. Launched at the height of the mid-Victorian concern with prostitution – when institutions devoted to the reclamation of penitent prostitutes began to emerge across Britain – it only ceased publication after the sudden death of its editor, the Reverend William Tuckniss. In its opening issue, the editors describe their explicit purpose: “Christians and Philanthropists who are now labouring single-handed [in the cause of reclaiming prostitutes and fallen women] will here find a rallying point, where they may exchange words of encouragement and advice, and confer with others who are their Fellow-labourers in the same cause” (“Opening Address” 1.1 1–2). It was, then, a trade publication for a movement that had grown remarkably – seven years after its founding in 1853, the Society for the Rescue of Young Women and Children (commonly known as the “Rescue Society”) was operating twelve houses of reclamation in London.
WOMEN WHO USE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SHELTERS Changes in Depression Over Time

This study examined the levels of depression reported by women who had used a domestic violence shelter. Depressive symptoms were assessed three times: immediately after shelter exit, 10 weeks thereafter, and 6 months later. Whereas 83% of the women reported at least mild depression on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale upon shelter exit, only 58% were depressed 10 weeks later. This did not change at the 6–month follow-up. An ecological, longitudinal model was evaluated to predict battered women's depression 8/12 months postshelter exit. Results of hierarchical regression analyses suggested that, after controlling for previous levels of depression, the women's feelings of powerlessness, experience of abuse, and decreased social support contributed to their depression symptoms. The women's scores on these three variables (feelings of powerlessness, abuse, and social support) at 10 weeks postshelter exit and at 6-month follow-up predicted depression at 6 months. Thus, there were both predictive and concurrent effects for these constructs. Implications for clinical and community interventions are discussed.
Context-Aware Insider Threat Detection

We are researching ways to detect insider threats in computer usage data crossing multiple modalities ‐ e.g., resources and devices used, network and communication patterns ‐ and where signals of possible threat are highly contextual ‐ e.g., detectable only after inferring user roles, peer groups, collaborators and personal history. The contexts are also dynamic ‐ reflecting a user’s rapid shifts in focus when working on different tasks and longer term changes in interests ‐ and take place in a setting that is identity-aware but privacypreserving. Although currently focused on the insider threat domain, the architecture, representations and algorithms we are developing are broadly applicable and can lead to interesting future research directions for context-aware computing. 1
Nerve injury induces a new profile of tactile and mechanical nociceptor input from undamaged peripheral afferents

Chronic pain after nerve injury is often accompanied by hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli, yet whether this reflects altered input, altered processing, or both remains unclear. Spinal nerve li...
Biogeography-Based Optimization

Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of biological organisms. Mathematical equations that govern the distribution of organisms were first discovered and developed during the 1960s. The mindset of the engineer is that we can learn from nature. This motivates the application of biogeography to optimization problems. Just as the mathematics of biological genetics inspired the development of genetic algorithms (GAs), and the mathematics of biological neurons inspired the development of artificial neural networks, this paper considers the mathematics of biogeography as the basis for the development of a new field: biogeography-based optimization (BBO). We discuss natural biogeography and its mathematics, and then discuss how it can be used to solve optimization problems. We see that BBO has features in common with other biology-based optimization methods, such as GAs and particle swarm optimization (PSO). This makes BBO applicable to many of the same types of problems that GAs and PSO are used for, namely, high-dimension problems with multiple local optima. However, BBO also has some features that are unique among biology-based optimization methods. We demonstrate the performance of BBO on a set of 14 standard benchmarks and compare it with seven other biology-based optimization algorithms. We also demonstrate BBO on a real-world sensor selection problem for aircraft engine health estimation.
Short-Term Effects of Cattle Exclusion on Riparian Vegetation in Southeastern Kansas

Abstract Effects of cattle exclusion on the structure and composition of riparian vegetation were observed in a 2-yr study in southeastern Kansas. The study was conducted within riparian habitats on the 5,263-ha Kansas Army Ammunition Plant in north-central Labette County, Kansas. Three grazed and three ungrazed riparian areas were sampled in 1996 and 1997 to monitor vegetation changes in response to livestock exclusion. Total understory, grass, and litter cover were significantly different between the grazed and ungrazed study sites with mean cover estimates being higher (16.3%, 14%, and 12.1% greater respectively) in the ungrazed sites. A significant difference in the percentage of bare ground was observed between the grazed (24.6%) and ungrazed (12.5%) study sites. No difference in herbaceous vegetation height was detected between study sites in 1996. In 1997, mean herbaceous vegetation height differed significantly from 1996 (study sites combined) and was greater (95.6 cm vs. 65.6 cm) in the ungrazed ...