cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normal and amnesic learning, recognition and memory by a neural model of cortico-hippocampal interactions

Abstract The processes by which humans and other primates learn to recognize objects have been the subject of many models. Processes such as learning, categorization, attention, memory search, expectation and novelty detection work together at different stages to realize object recognition. In this article, Gail Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg describe one such class of model (Adaptive Resonance Theory, ART) and discuss how its structure and function might relate to known neurological learning and memory processes, such as how inferotemporal cortex can recognize both specialized and abstract information, and how medial temporal amnesia might be caused by lesions in the hippocampal formation. This model also suggests how hippocampal and inferotemporal processing might be linked during recognition learning.
Predictions of protein backbone bond distances and angles from first principles

Abstract Using φ(NC α ) ψ(C α C′) conformational geometry maps of N-acetyl-N′-methylalanine amide obtained from ab initio calculations, a simple procedure has been developed that allows one to model the backbone bond distances and angles of proteins as functions of the φ and ψ torsional angles. For bond angles, comparisons with protein crystal structures can be made, and calculated conformational variations in bond distances (several hundredths of an A) are more precise than the current resolution of experimental techniques. For the important backbone parameter NCαC′, the accuracy of the calculations is found to be comparable with that of high resolution protein crystallography. Further improvements are possible by applying empirical corrections. For example, the dipeptide derived modeled values of N CαC′ are consistently ≈ 2–3 ° above the values found in helical regions of oligopeptides and proteins. The procedure promises to be useful in many practical applications, for example in peptide and protein modeling and in the refinement of protein crystal data.
Case-Based Learning: Educating Future Human Service Managers.

Using teaching cases in professional education programs has gained increased attention in the past several decades. While the use of teaching cases has been an important part of social work education, the majority of current casebooks focus on micro or direct practice issues and settings. Over the past forty years only four major casebooks have focused exclusively on the macro practice of social work. This analysis of case‐based learning is divided into the following components: 1) the search for practice wisdom emerging from analyzing cases within the context of management knowledge and skills, 2) case discussion in the classroom, including student and instructor preparation, case selection and integration into the course, case debriefing, student‐designed cases, and conceptual frameworks for teaching management, 3) a conclusion that identifies the benefits and limitations of case‐based learning.
Blood–retinal barrier breakdown in experimental coronavirus retinopathy: association with viral antigen, inflammation, and VEGF in sensitive and resistant strains

Intraocular coronavirus inoculation results in a biphasic retinal disease in susceptible mice (BALB/c) characterized by an acute inflammatory response, followed by retinal degeneration associated with autoimmune reactivity. Resistant mice (CD-1), when similarly inoculated, only develop the early phase of the disease. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown occurs in the early phase in both strains, coincident with the onset of inflammation. As the inflammation subsides, the extent of retinal vascular leakage is decreased, indicating that BRB breakdown in experimental coronavirus retinopathy (ECOR) is primarily due to inflammation rather than to retinal cell destruction. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated only in susceptible mice during the secondary (retinal degeneration) phase.
Order-parameter-aided temperature-accelerated sampling for the exploration of crystal polymorphism and solid-liquid phase transitions

The problem of predicting polymorphism in atomic and molecular crystals constitutes a significant challenge both experimentally and theoretically. From the theoretical viewpoint, polymorphism prediction falls into the general class of problems characterized by an underlying rough energy landscape, and consequently, free energy based enhanced sampling approaches can be brought to bear on the problem. In this paper, we build on a scheme previously introduced by two of the authors in which the lengths and angles of the supercell are targeted for enhanced sampling via temperature accelerated adiabatic free energy dynamics [T. Q. Yu and M. E. Tuckerman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 015701 (2011)]. Here, that framework is expanded to include general order parameters that distinguish different crystalline arrangements as target collective variables for enhanced sampling. The resulting free energy surface, being of quite high dimension, is nontrivial to reconstruct, and we discuss one particular strategy for performing the free energy analysis. The method is applied to the study of polymorphism in xenon crystals at high pressure and temperature using the Steinhardt order parameters without and with the supercell included in the set of collective variables. The expected fcc and bcc structures are obtained, and when the supercell parameters are included as collective variables, we also find several new structures, including fcc states with hcp stacking faults. We also apply the new method to the solid-liquid phase transition in copper at 1300 K using the same Steinhardt order parameters. Our method is able to melt and refreeze the system repeatedly, and the free energy profile can be obtained with high efficiency.
Temporal patterns of hunger and fullness ratings and related cognitions in anorexia and bulimia.

Abstract Hunger and fullness during an experimental liquid meal were evaluated by ratings in 84 eating-disordered patients, including three diagnostic subgroups, and in 19 controls who were normal in weight and eating healthily. Anorectic-restrictors had lower hunger ratings and higher fullness ratings than controls. The same tendency was present in anorectic-bulimics. These ratings were relatively unaffected by treatment. Anorectic-restrictors had longer meals than the anorectic-bulimics and normal-weight bulimics. The anorectic-restrictors also tended to eat more slowly than did the bulimic patients. These groups did not, however, differ in amount consumed. At the end of the experimental meal, the anorectic-bulimics were more preoccupied with thoughts of food and anorectic-restrictors had a lower urge to eat, as compared with the controls. Hunger and fullness ratings were negatively correlated for all diagnostic groups; however, these correlations were less pronounced for the eating disorder groups. The eating-disordered patients had predominantly “abnormal” patterns of hunger and fullness curves, indicating a confusion of these concepts.
Therapeutic hypothermia in traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death by trauma in adults in the United States and a major contributor to permanent physical, emotional, and psychological disabilities. Therapeutic hypothermia, defined as cooling of the body to less than 36 degrees C, has been shown to decrease mortality and morbidity and improve long-term outcomes by protecting the brain from secondary brain injury. The most commonly seen benefits of hypothermic temperatures of 32 degrees C to 33 degrees C are a significant reduction in intracranial hypertension and improved cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. Although evidence to date is insufficient to recommend the routine use of therapeutic hypothermia outside of the research setting, therapeutic hypothermia is used in multiple healthcare facilities in the world. The following article will define hypothermia and provide critical information necessary to provide care for the critically ill patient under therapeutic hypothermia. It will define the processes of brain injury and how hypothermia is thought to counteract those to protect the brain. Also included is a review of 2 major randomized, controlled trials of hypothermia for traumatic brain injury that have been instrumental in establishing guidelines and directing further research.
The antibacterial activity and sensitivity of Streptococcus bovis strains isolated from the rumen of cattle

Approximately 50% of Streptococcus bovis isolates (n=90) from cattle fed hay- or grain-based diets inhibited the growth of S. bovis JB1. The bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) of the most active strain (HC5) was sensitive to Pronase E, and 16S rDNA analyses indicated that HC5 was closely related to S. bovis strains. When repetitive DNA (BOX) sequences were amplified by PCR, blis+ strains could be organized into 16 BOX-PCR groups, but the similarity indexes were as low as 40%. PCR analyses indicated that none of the blis+ strains had the gene for bovicin 255, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus gallolyticus LRC0255, and many of the blis+ isolates were sensitive to bovicin 255. Isolates that survived bovicin 255 and were transferred a second time became less sensitive (≤2 log reduction in viability). The isolates were more sensitive to the BLIS of S. bovis HC5 than bovicin 255, the initial average decrease in viability was approximately 3 logs greater (4.8±2.7 versus 1.8±2.1, respectively, P<0.001), and the HC5-sensitive strains did not adapt. Sixteen of the blis+ isolates were highly resistant to S. bovis HC5 (≤1 log reduction in viability), and BOX-PCR indicated that only five of them had the same BOX pattern as S. bovis HC5. The remaining blis+, HC5-resistant isolates (n=11) had distinctly different BOX patterns and were not always highly resistant to bovicin 255. Because blis+ and blis− strains could be isolated from the same animal, it appears that bacteriocin production is not the only factor affecting S. bovis competition in the rumen.
The magnetosome model: insights into the mechanisms of bacterial biomineralization

Though the most ready example of biomineralization is the calcium phosphate of vertebrate bones and teeth, many bacteria are capable of creating biominerals inside their cells. Because of the diversity of these organisms and the minerals they produce, their study may reveal aspects of the fundamental mechanisms of biomineralization in more complex organisms. The best-studied case of intracellular biomineralization in bacteria is the magnetosome, an organelle produced by a diverse group of aquatic bacteria that contains single-domain crystals of the iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4) or the iron sulfide greigite (Fe3S4). Here, recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial magnetite biomineralization are discussed and used as a framework for understanding less-well studied examples, including the bacterial intracellular biomineralization of cadmium, selenium, silver, nickel, uranium, and calcium carbonate. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological formation of these minerals will have important implications for technologies such as the fabrication of nanomaterials and the bioremediation of toxic compounds.
Life stress and maladaptation of children

Social environmental variables differentiating maladapting children from matched controls in four inner-city elementary schools were investigated. Teacher selection was used to identify the maladapting children. Identified maladapting children were more likely to have been on welfare and to have experienced significantly more stressful life events during the previous year than the matched control children. The maladapting group was subdivided into welfare and non-welfare groups. Comparisons between groups on the life stress event measures indicated that the nonwelfare maladapting group experienced more life events than either the nonwelfare controls or the maladapting welfare children. The measures of life events correlated with parent ratings of behavior problems for the nonwelfare maladapting group but not for the welfare maladapting or the control groups.
Decade in review-prostate cancer: a decade of progress in detection and treatment.

A fundamental shift in the understanding, detection and treatment of prostate cancer has occurred over the past 10 years, especially in the use of screening, active surveillance, novel therapies and radical surgery. These discoveries have changed how clinicians and patients approach prostate cancer.
Effects of progesterone administration and APPswe+PSEN1Δe9 mutation for cognitive performance of mid-aged mice

Abstract Progesterone (P4) and its metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP) have trophic effects and may improve cognitive function. We investigated the role of progestins in a murine model of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in which transgenic mice co-overexpress a mutant form of amyloid precursor protein (APPswe) and a deletion in presenilin 1 Δ exon 9 (APPswe+PSEN1Δe9). We hypothesized that: (1) mice with the APPswe+PSEN1Δe9 mutation would have performance deficits compared to wildtype mice and (2) long-term administration of P4 would enhance cognitive performance and increase brain progestin levels over placebo. Mice were ovariectomized at 6 months of age and administered placebo or P4 via subcutaneously implanted pellets. Mice were tested between 9 and 12 months of age for cognitive performance in the object placement, water maze, object recognition, and T-maze tasks and for motor behavior in an activity monitor and then tissues were collected for steroid measurement. P4 administration increased progestin levels in cortex, diencephalon, midbrain, and cerebellum of wildtype and mutant mice, but increases in 3α,5α-THP levels in the hippocampus of APPswe+PSEN1Δe9 mutant mice were attenuated compared to that observed in wildtype mice. APPswe+PSEN1Δe9 mice showed poorer performance in hippocampus measures (object placement and water maze tasks). In the object recognition and T-maze task, which are mediated by the cortex and hippocampus, P4 administration improved performance in both wildtype and APPswe+PSEN1Δe9 mutant mice compared to placebo administration. Thus, APPswe+PSEN1Δ9 mice have deficits in hippocampal performance and capacity to form 3α,5α-THP in the hippocampus and both wildtype and APPswe+PSEN1Δ9 mice show beneficial effects of P4 in cortical function and similar capacity to form 3α,5α-THP in the cortex.
Synthesis of ZSM-5 films at elevated gravity

ZSM-5 zeolite films, with a thickness from 100 to 1,000 μm, have been synthesized in a colloidal silica-TPABr gel system without a support and under elevated gravity (16 G). Under high gravity, the films obtained were completely crystallized and were stronger than those produced under normal gravity. Parameters that influence the film crystallization process such as water content(H 2 O/SiO 2 ratio), alumina to silica ratio, and the reaction gel alkalinity were investigated. The optimum value of the water content was found to be approximately 33 in the synthesis of these films. The film growth became difficult with increasing aluminum content in the reaction mixture. The alkalinity of the reaction gel had to be increased at a higher aluminum content to form a continuous film. The alkalinity of the synthesis mixture was also used to control the thickness of the film. In zeolite film formation, the effect of providing seeds in the reaction mixture was also investigated. The thickness of the resulting films varied with the configuration of seeds used. In addition, thick zeolite films were produced when a vycor glass plate treated by a leaching and an unconsolidating process was used as a support.
Combined Effects of Phosphates and Sugar or Polyol on Protein Stabilization of Fish Myofibrils

Stabilization of fish myofibrils was investigated with respect to freeze-and heat-induced denaturation as affected by the addition of phosphates (0.25, 0.5% of sodium tripolyphosphate or neutralized pyrophosphate), alone or in combination with 8% Polydextrose® or a sucrose/sorbitol mixture. Freeze-induced aggregation was reduced effectively by combination of phosphates and carbohydrates, and, less effctively, by phosphates or carbohydrates alone. The most effective treatment consisted of 0.5% of either phosphate treatment combined with either carbohydrate treatment. Differential scanning calorimetric studies revealed that phosphate addition induced stabilization of myosin and carbohydrate addition generally induced a one-step denaturation process for myosin. No differences due to phosphate type were observed in any measured parameter.
The Perceived Other World in Mormon Near-Death Experiences: A Social and Physical Description:

During the past decade, behavioral and medical scientists have compiled an increasing amount of scientific work on the aspect of death known as the near-death experience. Investigators have found over 100 cases of near-death experience where persons have encountered another realm or mode of existence. This paper describes the perceived other world based on a limited number of insightful cases of Mormon near-death experiences. The social system of the other world is very organized and based on a moral order. The basic societal unit is the family. The other world has a system of social stratification and its most important desirable is morality. Social control processes are also evident in the other world. The Mormon findings suggest that a tremendous process of socialization is being undertaken there. The Mormon descriptions suggest the other world is vast and located near the earth. It contains buildings that are better constructed than the buildings on earth and landscape and vegetation “indescribably be...
Lunar thermal anomalies and internal heating

The evidence for the existence of the so-called linear thermal anomaly recently reported on the western margin of Mare Humorum is examined critically. Whether the anomalous cooling of Mare Humorum considered as a whole can be caused by internal heating is rejected on the basis of (1) the measured temperature differential compared to the environs observed during the lunar day, (2) the required temperature gradient, and (3) energy considerations compared to terrestrial heat flow. It is concluded that the observed hot spots are unlikely to be caused by internal heating.
The neurobiology of knowledge retrieval

Recent investigations have explored how large-scale systems in the brain operate in the processes of retrieving knowledge for words and concepts. Much of the crucial evidence derives from lesion studies, because word retrieval and concept retrieval can be clearly dissociated in brain-damaged individuals. We discuss these findings from the perspective of our neurobiological framework, which is cited in Pulvermuller's target article.
Efficient error models for fault-tolerant architectures and the Pauli twirling approximation

The design and optimization of realistic architectures for fault-tolerant quantum computation requires error models that are both reliable and amenable to large-scale classical simulation. Perhaps the simplest and most practical general-purpose method for constructing such an error model is to twirl a given completely positive channel over the Pauli basis, a procedure we refer to as the Pauli twirling approximation (PTA). In this work we test the accuracy of the PTA for a small stabilizer measurement circuit relevant to fault-tolerant quantum computation, in the presence of both intrinsic gate errors and decoherence, and find excellent agreement over a wide range of physical error rates. The combined simplicity and accuracy of the PTA, along with its direct connection to the $\ensuremath{\chi}$ matrix of process tomography, suggests that it can be used as a standard reference point for more refined error model constructions.
Probability of error and capacity of multipolarization antenna systems for downlink mobile communications

A theoretical channel model is proposed to study the probability of error and channel capacity of multipolarization antenna systems for downlink mobile communications. The effect of scattering on polarization is first studied based on Fresnel reflection law. Expressions for correlation between antennas at both sides are derived for different polarizations. To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that there is only a single reflection and the path angular spread at the base station is approximately zero. Next, the probability of error and channel capacity are studied numerically for different antenna configurations. The impact of scattering environment on performance is also investigated. It is found that when a three-branch orthogonal structure is used for diversity at the mobile station, the error probability is invariant to receiver orientations, and the improvement is insignificant for more receive antennas. At the base station, both probability of error and channel capacity are substantially improved by using two transmit antennas that produce orthogonal polarizations in the direction of the mobile station, and the performance is invariant to rotations of the two transmit antennas. In addition, for almost all configurations, the performance becomes better in general for larger angular spread of reflectors.
A comparator-based I/sub DDQ/ testing of CMOS analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits

A new built-in current sensor (BICS) has been proposed in this paper for the detection of open and short faults. The BICS compares the quiescent current from the circuit under test (CUT) with the reference current. If a fault is detected it gives /spl plusmn/2.5 V at the output depending on the nature of defect. A two stage CMOS op-amp, 3 bit flash architecture based ADC, 3 bit charge scaling architecture based DAC have been used as the CUT. The faults in the circuits have been introduced using fault injection transistors (FITs). A combination of nine open and short faults has been randomly embedded in the op-amp. Twenty three faults were embedded in 3 bit ADC and ten faults were embedded in 3 bit DAC.
Remote sensing of the ocean contributions from ultraviolet to near-infrared using the shortwave infrared bands: simulations

In the remote sensing of the ocean near-surface properties, it is essential to derive accurate water-leaving radiance spectra through the process of the atmospheric correction. The atmospheric correction algorithm for Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) uses two near-infrared (NIR) bands at 765 and 865 nm (748 and 869 nm for MODIS) for retrieval of aerosol properties with assumption of the black ocean at the NIR wavelengths. Modifications are implemented to account for some of the NIR ocean contributions for the productive but not very turbid waters. For turbid waters in the coastal regions, however, the ocean could have significant contributions in the NIR, leading to significant errors in the satellite-derived ocean water-leaving radiances. For the shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths (approximately > 1000 nm), water has significantly larger absorption than those for the NIR bands. Thus the black ocean assumption at the SWIR bands is generally valid for turbid waters. In addition, for future sensors, it is also useful to include the UV bands to better quantify the ocean organic and inorganic materials, as well as for help in atmospheric correction. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of atmospheric correction for nonabsorbing and weakly absorbing aerosols using the NIR bands and various combinations of the SWIR bands for deriving the water-leaving radiances at the UV (340 nm) and visible wavelengths. Simulations show that atmospheric correction using the SWIR bands can generally produce results comparable to atmospheric correction using the NIR bands. In particular, the water-leaving radiance at the UV band (340 nm) can also be derived accurately. The results from a sensitivity study for the required sensor noise equivalent reflectance, (NE Delta rho), [or the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)] for the NIR and SWIR bands are provided and discussed.
Dynamic QoS mapping control for streaming video in relative service differentiation networks

A dynamic quality of service (QoS) mapping control scheme, which includes feedforward and feedback QoS control, is proposed for the differentiated services (DiffServ) networks in this work. To achieve reliable and con- sistent end-to-end video streaming with relative service differentiation, the proposed solution consists of two parts: (I) relative priority-based indexing and categorization of streaming video content at the sending end-system and (2) dynamic and aggregate QoS mapping control with packet, session, and class-based gnnularity level for categorized packets at the edge of the DiffServ domain, called the video gateway (VG), based upon the load variation of the network. In particular, we focus on dynamic solutions to handle QoS demand variations of continuous media applications (e.g. varying priori- ties from aggregatedcategorizedpackets) and QoS supply variations of the DiffServ network (e.g. varying loss/delay due to fluctuating network loads). Thus, with the proposed dynamic QoS mapping control, video streaming with enhanced quality is demonstrated under a pricing model.
Chemical and sensory analysis of strawberry flavoured yogurt supplemented with an algae oil emulsion

A yogurt mix (2 g fat and 17g solids/100 g) was supplemented with an algae oil emulsion to provide 500 mg omega-3 fatty acids per 272 g serving of yogurt white mass. The emulsion was added to the yogurt mix either before or after the homogenization step and prior to pasteurization. It was then flavoured with a strawberry fruit base and fermented and stored for up to three weeks. The oxidative deterioration of the products was determined by hydroperoxide measurements and by trained and consumer sensory evaluations. The hydroperoxide content of the supplemented yogurts increased over the storage treatment and was unaffected by the stage of addition. The trained panel could distinguish a stronger fishy flavour in both of the supplemented yogurts after 22 days storage, but the consumer panel rated both control and supplemented samples similarly, as 'moderately liked'.
Viability in a pink environment: why “white noise” models can be dangerous

Analysis of long time series suggests that environmental fluctuations may be accurately represented by 1/f noise (pink noise), where temporal correlation is found at several scales, and the range of fluctuations increases over time. Previous studies on the effects of coloured noise on population dynamics used first or second order autoregressive noise. I examined the importance of coloured noise for extinction risk using true 1/f noise. I also considered the problem of estimating extinction risk with a limited sample of environmental variation. Pink noise environments increased extinction risk in random walk models where environmental variation affected the growth rate. However, pink noise environments decreased extinction risk in the Ricker model where environmental variation modified the carrying capacity. Underestimation of environmental variance almost always yielded underestimation of extinction risk. For either population viability analysis or management, we should carefully consider the long-term behaviour of the environment as well as how we include environmental noise in population models.
MaSTech: An on-line community to support preservice and new teachers of middle grades mathematics and science

MaSTech was designed to connect middle grades mathematics preservice teachers and beginning teachers with their peers as well as with university education supervisors and two graduates students experienced in teaching mathematics. Its purpose was to provide a forum for peer-mediated learning and to promote effective problem-solving among preservice teachers and beginning teachers. The study examined the impact of participating in such a forum; a variety of findings that may provide guidance for others are reported.
A Computer-Based Instructional Management System for General Psychology

We describe the development and impact of a minicomputer-based system of instructional management for the General Psychology program at Texas Tech University. We also discuss ways that such a program might be useful in other university settings and in stimulating research concerning the educational process. An increase in cheating, the excessively large pools of test items, and the failure to provide an enriching educational experience for students.
Wandering Stent within the Pulmonary Circulation

To present a case of a wandering stent within the pulmonary circulation that was managed conservatively with the "wait-and-see" strategy. Accidental dislodgement of a left brachiocephalic vein stent into the left lower lobe pulmonary artery occurred in an 83-year-old patient suffering from end-stage renal disease during placement of a left jugular vein catheter. The following day, a second X-ray revealed migration of the stent from the left to the right lower lobe pulmonary artery. Our patient was managed conservatively with low-molecular-weight heparin and was discharged on clopidogrel. The patient remained asymptomatic with regard to the migrated stent for four and a half years and died of old age. This is the first case of a wandering stent within the pulmonary circulation reported in the literature, supporting the "wait-and-see" policy in the management of such patients.
Acute effects of chocolate milk and a commercial recovery beverage on postexercise recovery indices and endurance cycling performance

To maximize training quality, athletes have sought nutritional supplements that optimize recovery. This study compared chocolate milk (CHOC) with a carbohydrate replacement beverage (CRB) as a recovery aid after intense exer- cise, regarding performance and muscle damage markers in trained cyclists. Ten regional-level cyclists and triathletes (maximal oxygen uptake 55.2 ± 7.2 mLkg -1 min -1 ) completed a high-intensity intermittent exercise protocol, then 15-18 h later performed a performance trial at 85% of maximal oxygen uptake to exhaustion. Participants consumed 1.0 g carbohydratekg -1 h -1 of a randomly assigned isocaloric beverage (CHOC or CRB) after the first high-intensity intermittent exercise session. The same protocol was repeated 1 week later with the other beverage. A 1-way repeated measures analy- sis of variance revealed no significant difference (p = 0.91) between trials for time to exhaustion at 85% of maximal oxy- gen uptake (CHOC 13 ± 10.2 min, CRB 13.5 ± 8.9 min). The change in creatine kinase (CK) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the CRB trial than in the CHOC trial (increase CHOC 27.9 ± 134.8 UL -1 , CRB 211.9 ± 192.5 UL -1 ), with dif- ferences not significant for CK levels before the second exercise session (CHOC 394.8 ± 166.1 UL -1 , CRB 489.1 ± 264.4 UL -1 ) between the 2 trials. These findings indicate no difference between CHOC and this commercial beverage as
Quality of institutions and foreign direct investment in developing countries: Causality tests for cross‐country panels

Abstract This paper analyzes the short‐run and long‐run dynamics between quality of institutions and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the sample of 62 developing countries covering the period 1984–2003. Panel cointegration test and FM OLS (Fully Modified OLS) estimators are used to test for cointegration. For short‐run dynamics, we estimate error correction model using fixed effect OLS and system GMM estimators. Institutional quality and FDI are found to have bi‐directional cointegrating relationship in the long‐run. However, there is no evidence in favor of short‐run causality between two variables. JEL Classification: C23, F23, O17
Hierarchical design of robust and low data dependent FinFET based SRAM array

This paper proposes a new FinFET based SRAM cell and a cache architecture that efficiently exploits our SRAM cell for low-power and robust memory design. Our cache architecture uses invert coding scheme to encode the input data of a word line by taking into account the data composition. Based on the new data distribution, we propose two new asymmetric SRAM cells (AABG and ADWL) utilizing adaptive back-gate feedback that significantly improve cache power consumption and reliability, and provide higher performance in state-of-the-art SRAM caches. The results show that the AABG cell is a good candidate for robust and low power caches, while the ADWL-based SRAM cache is low power and high performance cache. The simulations are performed on SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks with GEM5 and HSPICE in 20nm independent gate FinFET technology. The results show that the proposed AABG (ADWL)-based cache improves static and dynamic power by at least 13% and 35% (17% and 12%) respectively, compared to other state-of-the-art cells, while guaranteeing 2.7X (1.98X) lower NBTI degradation with less than 1.5% area overhead.
Inhibitory Function of p21Cip1/WAF1 in Differentiation of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes Independent of Cell Cycle Control

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1/WAF1 has been implicated as an inducer of differentiation. However, although expression of p21 is increased in postmitotic cells immediately adjacent to the proliferative compartment, its expression is decreased in cells further along the differentiation program. Expression of the p21 protein was decreased in terminally differentiated primary keratinocytes of mice, and this occurred by a proteasome-dependent pathway. Forced expression of p21 in these cells inhibited the expression of markers of terminal differentiation at both the protein and messenger RNA levels. These inhibitory effects on differentiation were not observed with a carboxyl-terminal truncation mutant or with the unrelated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a, although all these molecules exerted similar inhibition of cell growth. These findings reveal an inhibitory role of p21 in the late stages of differentiation that does not result from the effects of p21 on the cell cycle.
Combined use of transesophageal echocardiography and endocardial mapping to localize the site of origin of ectopic atrial tachycardia.

Abstract The results of surgical ablation of ectopic atrial tachycardia are related to the ability to localize accurately the site of origin of the arrhythmia.1,2 Since induction of anesthesia may terminate automatic atrial arrhythmias and preclude intraoperative mapping,1,2 careful preoperative endocardial mapping of the sequence of atrial activation is essential. We describe the pre- and intraoperative use of transesophageal echocardiography combined with endocardial catheter mapping to localize the site of origin of ectopic atrial tachycardia.
Is ADHD a risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Results from a large longitudinal study of referred children with and without ADHD.

AbstractObjectives. Preclinical studies link prenatal nicotine exposure with the development of both ADHD-like phenotype in rodents and blockade of extinction learning in a fear conditioning paradigm, a preclinical model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While these findings suggest that either ADHD, prenatal nicotine exposure, or both could be a risk factor for PTSD, such associations have not been investigated in humans. Methods. Subjects were ascertained from family-genetic, longitudinal studies of paediatrically and psychiatrically referred children with and without ADHD of both sexes and their siblings followed for 10 years from childhood into adulthood (n = 403 probands; n = 464 siblings; mean age at follow-up of probands and siblings = 22.0 years). All subjects were comprehensively evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews that included questions regarding prenatal use of cigarettes. Results. A total of 12% (104/867) of the sample had been exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. ...
Understanding the Costs and Benefits of Using 3D Visualization Hardware in an Undergraduate Mechanics-Statics Course

The work presented in this paper focuses on our Mechanics-Statics course. When solving 3D free-body diagram problems, students often have difficulty in interpreting the spatial layout of structures when problems are presented on the written page or on a chalkboard/whiteboard. Our method projects free-body diagrams on a 3D display where they can be rotated or translated. Students were tested on their ability to recognize whether 3D vectors acting on the diagrams had components in the positive or negative x, y, and z axes. The diagrams were modeled from 2D drawings from standard textbook homework problems. The control for this experiment was students viewing the model in this classic sense. To date we have quantitative and qualitative data from three different semesters of the course. The contributions of this work include an assessment of how much is gained by teaching statics using virtual reality hardware and an analysis of students' abilities in interpreting free body diagrams presented in different formats.
Residential solar electricity adoption: What motivates, and what matters? A case study of early adopters

Abstract This research explores the question, what motivates homeowners to adopt residential solar electric technology? Through interviews with 48 people across the state of Wisconsin, this paper examines the relative importance environmental motivations, economic considerations, and the demographic characteristics and network relations influencing the adoption and diffusion of innovations. This study suggests (1) environmental values alone are not enough, and are not always necessary, to motivate adoption; (2) rational economic calculation in the narrow sense of calculated return on investment or payback period is less important than the particular timing of economic events within a household; and (3) perceiving oneself as an early adopter is only important for some, while communication through social networks occurs in the context of communities of information. Further, these Wisconsin homeowners shared an unexpected characteristic that they identified as motivating adoption – an interest in technical innovation and enjoyment of the technical aspects of energy systems. The findings from this empirical case study offer general insight for understanding investment in renewable energy technologies at the residential scale, suggesting means of improving environmental and energy policy and highlighting avenues for future research.
Hyperbolic householder transformations

A class of transformation matrices, analogous to the Householder matrices, is developed, with a nonorthogonal property designed to permit the efficient deletion of data from least-squares problems. These matrices, which we term hyperbolic Householder, are shown to effect deletion, or simultaneous addition and deletion, of data with much less sensitivity to rounding errors than for techniques based on normal equations. When the addition/deletion sets are large, this numerical robustness is obtained at the expense of only a modest increase in computations, and when only a relatively small fraction of the data set is modified, there is a decrease in required computations. Two applications to signal processing problems are considered. First, these transformations are used to obtain a square root algorithm for windowed recursive least-squares filtering. Second, the transformations are employed to implement the rejection of spurious data from the weight vector estimator in an adaptive array.
An Information Theoretic Approach Toward Assessing Perceptual Audio Quality Using EEG

In this paper, we propose a novel information theoretic model to interpret the entire “transmission chain” comprising stimulus generation, brain processing by the human subject, and the electroencephalograph (EEG) response measurements as a nonlinear, time-varying communication channel with memory. We use mutual information (MI) as a measure to assess audio quality perception by directly measuring the brainwave responses of the human subjects using a high resolution EEG. Our focus here is on audio where the quality is impaired by time varying distortions. In particular, we conduct experiments where subjects are presented with audio whose quality varies with time between different possible quality levels. The recorded EEG measurements can be modeled as a multidimensional Gaussian mixture model (GMM). In order to make the computation of the MI feasible, we present a novel low-complexity approximation technique for the differential entropy of the multidimensional GMM. We find the proposed information theoretic approach to be successful in quantifying subjective audio quality perception, with the results being consistent across different music sequences and distortion types.
Influence of Immobilization Time on Functional Outcome in Radial Neck Fractures in Children

Background Radial neck fractures represent 20 to 30% of elbow fractures in children. Incorrect treatment can lead to significant permanent functional impairment. Posttraumatic avascular necrosis may cause a deformity of the radial head and neck. Deformation of the radial head and neck can be more severe after open rather than closed reduction or orthopedic treatment without reduction. The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of immobilization time on functional outcome. Patients and Methods Retrospective, descriptive study of all children who had been treated for a radial neck fracture between 1999 and 2013 at the University Children's Hospital Basel. Patients were allocated to two groups (group 1: patients treated between 1999 and 2008, group 2: patients treated between 2009 and 2013). The fractures were classified according to the classification of Metaizeau. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients who reached the full range of elbow motion at the end of the treatment period or the last follow-up. Secondary endpoints were immobilization time and number of patients with persistent physical restrictions of the elbow range of motion as well as the type of restrictions and subjective complaints. Results A total of 67 patients treated for radial neck fracture were included in the first group (1999–2008). A total of 47 patients were allocated to the second group (2009–2013). Overall, 59 patients in group 1 and 39 patients in group 2 were treated nonoperatively. Average immobilization time was 22.7 days (range, 6–60 days) in group 1 and 13.2 days (range, 0–27 days) in group 2. Full range of motion was observed in 50 to 72.7% of patients in group 1 and in 71.4 to 92% of patients in group 2, depending on the grade of fracture displacement. Overall, 21 patients (31%) of group 1 showed a persistent functional restriction. In group 2, only six patients (12%) suffered from a persistent functional restriction of the elbow range of motion. Conclusion Aside from the severity of fracture displacement and treatment modality (conservative vs. operative, closed vs. open reduction), the duration of immobilization may also influence the functional outcome. Further prospective studies are required to confirm our results.
What Shall We Call Ourselves? Last Names Among Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Couples and Their Adopted Children

ABSTRACTChoices of last names for both adults and children are important family decisions that are often made upon marriage or upon the birth of a child. The gendered nature of such choices among heterosexual populations is well known, but they have not been widely studied among lesbian or gay populations. We studied selection of last names among 106 adoptive families—27 headed by lesbian couples, 29 headed by gay couples, and 50 headed by heterosexual couples—all of whom had adopted children at birth or in the first weeks of life. Whether in selection of last names for adults or for children, we found that heterosexual adoptive couples were more likely than lesbian and gay adoptive couples to follow patronymic conventions. Thus, heterosexual parents and their children were most likely to have identical last names. For lesbian and gay couples, in contrast, the most common scenario was for both adults to retain last names given to them at birth and hyphenate them to create last names for their children. Pa...
Animal models that mimic human male reproductive defects.

SUMMARY All stages of male reproductive development and function are highly regulated, not only by the gonadotropins FSH, LH, and testosterone, but also by local control signals regulating cell function, mitosis, meiosis, and differentiation. The present approach to the treatment of many types of male infertility focuses on the use of suboptimal or defective sperm with protocols designed to overcome specific abnormalities. Elucidation of the molecular events required for normal male reproduction using animal model systems will eventually permit the design of new diagnostic procedures and therapeutic modalities. These advances may lead to enhancement or restoration of fertility in previously sterile men.
K activity of CCD principal cells from normal and DOCA-treated rabbits

We used liquid ion exchanger and conventional microelectrodes to evaluate the effects of mineralocorticoids on the intracellular K activity (aiK) and K transport properties of principal cells (PC) of isolated cortical collecting ducts (CCDs). Hoffman modulation optics and electrophysiological methods were used to identify PC. K activity was measured with two single-barreled electrodes. We found that aiK of PC from deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-treated rabbits (97.6 mM) was not different from controls (94.8 mM). The driving forces for K transport across the basolateral membrane favored cell to bath (reabsorption) in PCs from controls and bath to cell (secretion) in PCs from DOCA-treated rabbits. However, the driving force for K secretion across the apical membrane was not significantly different between the two groups. We used the intracellular aiKs and bath ion substitutions (gluconate for Cl and K for Na) to evaluate the effects of DOCA on the ion-selective properties of the basolateral membrane of PC. DOCA increased PK/PCl from 0.33 to 0.89. Our conclusion was as follows: in PC of control rabbits K is above electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral membrane. However, the basolateral K conductance is probably too small for significant K recycling. In PC of DOCA-treated rabbits the aiK is below electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral membrane and the K conductance is increased. These effects enhance K secretion across this border while maintaining cell K constant.
Recurrence of Afebrile Status Epilepticus

Risk factors for recurrence of afebrile status epilepticus (SE), in residents of Rochester, MN, were determined by researchers at Columbia University, New York; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
A retrospective on aliasing type systems: 2012-2022

Introduction. Over the last ten years, type systems for reasoning about aliasing have begun to be adopted into mainstream languages and tools. The most obvious benefits came in the area of concurrency, expanding on pioneering work that applied ownership [8], regions [6], and permissions [9,4] to ensure the safety of concurrent programs. However, concurrency alone was insufficient to drive adoption. Aliasing type systems really caught on when researchers found common abstractions that were also useful for other purposes: providing encapsulation [17], enhancing security [7,2], and assisting verification [16,10]-though verification remains a niche application due to the engineering time required to specify and verify code.