cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle of mature horses with growth factor enhanced chondrocyte grafts: A retrospective study of 49 cases

Summary Reasons for performing study: To evaluate the long-term clinical outcome after allogeneic chondrocyte and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) grafting of subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) of the femoral condyle in horses. Objective: To test the hypothesis that chondrocyte and IGF-I grafts will improve the long-term clinical outcome in arthroscopically debrided SCLs. Methods: Medical records of 49 horses with SCLs of the femoral condyle treated by debridement and implantation of chondrocytes and IGF-I were reviewed. Preoperative radiographs were obtained, and caudocranial radiographic projections were used to establish a ratio between cyst and femoral condyle size. Arthroscopic cyst debridement followed by filling of the bone void with autologous cancellous bone (45 horses) or tricalcium phosphate granules (4 horses) was performed. A paired syringe containing a fibrinogen and chondrocyte mixture in one syringe and calcium-activated bovine thrombin with IGF-I in the other was used to cover the surface. A successful outcome was defined as a horse that performed to its intended use without lameness. Results: A successful outcome was achieved in 36 of 49 horses (74%). Preoperative radiography was performed in all horses, with 33 horses having unilateral SCLs of the medial femoral condyle, 15 horses having bilateral SCLs of the medial femoral condyle, and one horse having bilateral SCLs of the lateral femoral condyle. Median age of the horses was 3.3 years. Fifteen horses had preoperative radiographic and arthroscopic evidence of osteoarthritis (OA). A successful outcome was not influenced by age of horse, presence of pre-existing osteoarthritis or preoperative size of the subchondral cyst. Grafting resulted in success for 80% of horses >3 years old, and in 80% of horses with OA. Conclusions: Implantation of allogeneic chondrocytes supplemented with IGF-I is an effective treatment for horses with SCLs of the femoral condyle, and particularly for older horses and horses with pre-existing osteoarthritis. Potential relevance: Chondrocyte implantation may offer a greater chance of long-term success in older horses and horses with osteoarthritis than has been previously reported with cyst debridement alone.
The membrane mucin MUC4 is elevated in breast tumor lymph node metastases relative to matched primary tumors and confers aggressive properties to breast cancer cells

Introduction Previous studies indicate that overexpression of the membrane-associated mucin MUC4 is potently antiadhesive to cultured tumor cells, and suppresses cellular apoptotic response to a variety of insults. Such observations raise the possibility that MUC4 expression could contribute to tumor progression or metastasis, but the potential involvement of MUC4 in breast cancer has not been rigorously assessed. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of the membrane mucin MUC4 in normal breast tissue, primary breast tumors and lymph node metastases, and to evaluate the role of MUC4 in promoting the malignant properties of breast tumor cells. Methods MUC4 expression levels in patient-matched normal and tumor breast tissue was initially examined by immunoblotting lysates of fresh frozen tissue samples with a highly specific preparation of anti-MUC4 monoclonal antibody 1G8. Immunohistochemical analysis was then carried out using tissue microarrays encompassing patient-matched normal breast tissue and primary tumors, and patient-matched lymph node metastases and primary tumors. Finally, shRNA-mediated knockdown was employed to assess the contribution of MUC4 to the cellular growth and malignancy properties of JIMT-1 breast cancer cells.
A Mechanism for Selectivity Loss during Tungsten CVD

The authors have investigated possible mechanisms for the loss of selectivity (i.e., deposition on silicon dioxide) during tungsten CVD by reduction of tungsten hexafluoride and found strong evidence that selectivity loss is initiated by desorption of tungsten subfluorides formed by the reaction of WF/sub 6/ with metallic tungsten surfaces. Adsorption and disproportionation of the tungsten subfluorides on the silicon dioxide surface produces a reactive state of tungsten that can lead directly to selectivity loss. The key feature of the experimental setup is the ability to independently heat a tungsten foil and a nearby oxide-covered silicon sample in the presence of tungsten hexafluoride. With the tungsten foil at 600/sup 0/C and the SiO/sub 2//Si sample at --30/sup 0/C under a WF/sub 6/ ambient, a tungsten subfluoride was found to deposit on the SiO/sub 2/ surface. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to measure a F/W ratio of 3.7 +- 0.5. Heating this tungsten subfluoride overlayer resulted in disporportionation to yield gas-phase WF/sub 6/ and metallic tungsten which remained on the surface. With the tungsten foil at 600/sup 0/C and the SiO/sub 2//Si sample at 300/sup 0/C in the presence of WF/sub 6/, metallic tungsten deposited directly on the SiO/sub 2/ without stoppingmore » at the subfluoride adsorption step. The net effect of this tungsten subfluoride desorption-disproportionation mechanism is the transport of tungsten from tungsten surfaces to silicon dioxide surfaces as well as other regions in the deposition chamber. Extrapolated rates for this process are high enough to explain the magnitude of the selectivity loss seen at normal CVD temperatures.« less
Use of confocal microscopy for nanoparticle drug delivery through skin

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a well-used microscopic tool that provides valuable morphological and functional information within cells and tissues. The application of CLSM to skin and the topical penetration of nanoparticles (NP) will be addressed. First, we describe the advantages of confocal microscopy compared to other techniques and its use relative to skin research. Second, we discuss the ability of CLSM to detect single NP. Regarding their interaction with skin, the appropriate method to retain nanoparticle localization in the tissue with minimal fixation is critically important. Also, the interaction of several different types of NP (quantum dots, fullerene and dendrimers) and their interaction with skin detected by CLSM under various conditions (flexed, tape stripped and abraded skin) is reviewed. Finally, human epidermal keratinocytes and dendritic cells that serve as appropriate in vitro models for skin cell interactions and cellular uptake of NP are also discussed. In conclusion, the unique functions of CLSM such as the ability to detect fluorescence, optical sectioning, three dimensional remodeling, as well as its use in the reflection mode in tandem with other methods, provides great promise with broad applications regarding the interactions of nanomaterials with skin.
Reassessment Of The Role Of Theophylline In The Current Therapy For Nocturnal Asthma

Background: Symptoms of asthma commonly increase at night for a variety of reasons. While different options are available for the management of nocturnal asthma, theophylline has maintained a prominent role in treating this problem, and it is widely promoted as a first-line agent. Very recent reports stress the use of anti-inflammatory agents as the drugs of choice for the long-term treatment of asthma. Methods: Using the key words “asthma,” “theophylline,” “bronchodilators,” “adrenal cortex hormones,” “beclomethasone,” “triamcinolone acetonide,” and “disodium cromoglycate,” the MEDLINE files were searched from 1982 to the present. Articles dating before 1982 were accessed from cross-reference of the more recent articles. Results: Sustained-release theophylline preparations are effective in decreasing the rate of exacerbations of nocturnal asthma symptoms, but theophylline has risks of major toxicity and serum concentrations must be monitored. Inhaled corticosteroids are also useful in controlling nocturnal asthma, and they reduce inflammation, which is the basic problem in asthmatics. Inhaled anticholinergics and oral controlled-release albuterol are also helpful in reducing symptoms of nocturnal asthma. Conclusions: A suggested approach to managing nocturnal asthma includes corticosteroids inhaled through a spacer device at optimum doses, adding inhaled albuterol or oral sustained-release albuterol and then ipratropium with a spacer. If control is not maintained with this regimen, sustained-release theophylline may add benefit to inhaled steroid therapy in reducing nighttime asthma symptoms. Long-acting inhaled β2 agonists show promise and could be the adjunctive treatment of choice when they become available in the United States.
Molecular diagnostics of melanoma fine-needle aspirates: A cytology-histology correlation study

Patients with advanced-stage melanoma harboring a BRAF mutation are candidates for BRAF inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. The use of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) to diagnose metastatic melanoma is increasing. Studies examining the predictive value of BRAF mutation analysis on melanoma FNAs via correlation with follow-up excision findings are lacking. We examined 37 consecutive FNA cases of metastatic melanoma in which the aspirated lesion was subsequently excised. DNA was purified from Diff-Quik-stained FNA smears and tissue blocks from corresponding excisions in parallel. BRAF mutation status was successfully obtained from both specimen types in 34 (92%) of 37 cases. BRAF mutations were detected in 12 (35%) of 34 cases-11 V600E and 1 V600K. Results of BRAF mutational analysis were concordant in all 34 FNA smear/tissue excision pairs. Thus, melanoma FNA for molecular diagnostics represents a rapid, minimally invasive, and effective management strategy in this era of precision medicine.
Space-Time Correlation of Flow and Acoustic Field Measurements in Supersonic Helium-Air Mixture Jets Using Optical Deflectometry

The jet noise emission in the jet downstream direction has been experimentally investigated, highlighting the general features of the noise radiation in the dominant emission angle. The dominant noise radiation mechanism in the jet downstream direction is the Mach wave radiation provided the turbulent flow structures travel downstream supersonically. The Optical Deflectometry (OD) technique is used to investigate the flow-field density fluctuations to clarify the convection velocity dependence on turbulence frequency and wavenumber in the jet shear layer. The goal of these measurements is to clarify the physics of Mach wave radiation, and large scale structure noise being generated by turbulence structures conventionally thought to travel subsonically in the flow-field. As part of the OD measurements an investigation of turbulence wavenumber and wavelength variations with frequency are compared directly with predictions of a new theoretical model developed by Morris. The latter uses only far-field acoustic spectra (not cross spectra) in its predictions. Finally cross correlation measurements and cross spectra between OD flow-field and nearfield sensors and far-field microphone signals have illuminated the regions of high correlation and coherence in the region around the jet shear layer. There are subtle differences in these data but overall they show how the noise from the large scale turbulent structures that travel subsonically have characteristics that are very similar to Mach wave radiation in jets with supersonically convective Mach numbers. Such results demonstrate the importance of more clearly determining the role of the growth and decay of individual spectral components in the noise generation of subsonically convecting supersonic jets.
The Introduction and Culture Techniques for Zingiber purpureum Rosc. in Low-altitude Area

Zingiber purpureum Rosc.is a kind of commonly used traditional Dai medicine,which is the main drug of the Dai patent medicine called "pills of shuangjiang weitong".At present,the cultivation of Zingiber purpureum Rosc.commonly is small area Garden cultivation.The study introduced the phenophase and growth characteristics of introduced Zingiber purpureum Rosc.,and summarized the culture techniques.It provided some references for expansion of cultivation of Zingiber purpureum Rosc..
Pompholyx (epidermophytosis, dermatophytosis, ringworm of the feet, infectious eczematoid dermatitis or ringworm, dyshidrosis).

„Pompholyx” as the oldest term for this disease in medical terminology, connoting a recurrent vesicular eruption on palms and soles, is recommended for general use in replacing a number of prejudicial terms connecting this condition either with a hypothetical and long reputed dysfunction of the sweat glands: dyshidrosis or with the causative role of fungi: epidermophytosis.
Cultivating a lesbiana seria identity

Based on 22 in-depth interviews and 14 months of participant observation, this article explores collective identity among Latina lesbians who participate in a social group herein referred to as Latinas Unidas. It addresses the layers of belonging Latinas Unidas maintain according to sexual morality. The author notes that the sexually moral (lesbiana seria) identity to which group members adhere allows them to resist dominant portrayals of themselves as hypersexual, promiscuous beings. Still, in developing this identity, Latinas Unidas members create a charmed circle around their group and distance themselves away from other sexually nonconforming women who do not uphold their values of sexual morality.
Basolateral sodium-coupled acid-base transport mechanisms of the rabbit proximal tubule.

We studied Na+-coupled acid-base transport at the basolateral membrane of single, isolated, perfused rabbit proximal tubules by monitoring the time course of intracellular pH (pHi). The latter was determined using a microspectrofluorometric apparatus to alternatively excite the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis-2-carboxyethyl-5(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) at 440 and 490 nm, while the fluorescence emission, was measured at 530 nm. All experiments were conducted in the nominal absence of HCO-3 S1, S2, and S3 segments from both superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons were examined individually. We found that removing Na+ from both the lumen and bath (i.e., basolateral solution) caused pHi to fall from 7.24 to 6.75 in the superficial S1 segment (SS1), from 7.14 to 6.67 in the SS2, and from 7.09 to 6.69 in the SS3. Similarly, in juxtamedullary nephrons (J), bilateral Na+ removal caused pHi to fall from 7.25 to 6.76 in the JS1, from 7.16 to 6.71 in the JS2, and from 7.10 to 6.75 in the JS3. In all six proximal tubule subtypes, returning Na+ to the bath caused pHi to recover (i.e., increase). 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 50 microM), an inhibitor of HCO-3 transport systems, blocked this Na+-dependent pHi recovery in all three superficial subtypes and the JS3 but had no effect in either the JS1 or JS2. On the other hand, 50 microM ethylisopropyl amiloride (EIPA), an inhibitor of Na-H exchange, blocked the Na+-dependent pHi recovery in the JS1 and JS2 but had no effect in the JS3 or any of the superficial subtypes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Emotion of Happiness

Ask most anyone to name a deeply held and sought-after life goal, and happiness is likely to top the list. Although this state plays a central role in our daily and long-term motivation and decision-making, for many years, it was a topic reserved for philosophers and self-help book writers rather than psychological scientists. However, this trend shifted in the 1990s, as researchers in the burgeoning field of positive psychology began studying happiness in earnest. Since then, great strides have been made in operationally defining and developing measures to reliably tap into this construct. In this chapter we cover three areas. First, we explain how happiness is defined and assessed in the research literature. Next, we describe some of the most commonly used measures of happiness, or subjective well-being. Finally, with the goal of application in mind, we lay out the benefits and drawbacks of the most commonly used measures of happiness.
Endocrine Regulation of Potassium Transport

Consideration of hormonal effects on renal potassium excretion not only provides useful information about the site and mechanism of tubular action of specific hormones, but also helps to assign a specific role to endocrine factors in maintaining potassium balance in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In the following we shall analyze recent work in the renal tubular action of mineralo- and glucocorticoids, of antidiuretic hormone, and of catecholamines. Common to the action of these hormones is their simultaneous effect on more than one mechanism known to modulate potassium transport. Hence, for a full understanding of their renal effects, it is necessary to separate interacting influences and to evaluate several components of the potassium transport system independently. Such an approach is made possible by application of micropuncture and microperfusion techniques at the single nephron level, and has allowed an incisive analysis of the individual transport components by which hormones exert their effect on renal potassium handling.
Assessment of Dual-Antiplatelet Regimen for Pipeline Embolization Device Placement: A Survey of Major Academic Neurovascular Centers in the United States

Introduction Flow diversion with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) currently is adopted for treatment of a variety of intracranial aneurysms. The elevated risk of thromboembolic complications associated with the device necessitates the need for administration of antiplatelet agents. We sought to assess current dual-antiplatelet therapy practices patterns and their associated costs after PED placement. Materials and Methods An online questionnaire that assessed dual-antiplatelet regimens after flow diversion for treatment of intracranial aneurysms was developed and disseminated to 80 neurosurgeons at major academic cerebrovascular centers. Pricing information from 2 of the largest prescription payers in Massachusetts was used to calculate the monthly cost of these agents. Results Twenty-six responses (32.5%) were received. All respondents (100%) affirmed using clopidogrel and aspirin dual-antiplatelet therapy as a first-line regimen. Twenty-three (88.5%) routinely use platelet function testing. Eleven respondents (42.3%) each identified that they administer aspirin/ticagrelor and aspirin/prasugrel to clopidogrel hypo- or nonresponders. For uninsured patients, prasugrel was found to have the highest cumulative monthly cost ($471), followed by ticagrelor ($396), clopidogrel ($149), and ticlopidine ($110). Conclusions Significant heterogeneity in dual-antiplatelet regimens after PED placement and associated costs exists at major academic neurovascular centers. The most commonly used first-line dual-antiplatelet regimen consists of aspirin and clopidogrel. Two major alternate protocols involving ticagrelor and prasugrel are administered to clopidogrel hyporesponders. The optimal dual-antiplatelet regimen for patients with cerebrovascular conditions has not been established, given limited prospective data within the neurointerventional literature.
Electrochemically Induced Film Formation on CoCrMo Alloy for Hip Implant Application

Metal-on-metal (MoM) hip retrievals exhibited the presence of carbonaceous tribofilms, derived from synovial proteins, particularly on the articulating surfaces. Studies suggest that the films decrease corrosion and wear. To extend implant longevity and minimize the side effects due to released metal ions/debris, it is important to investigate the possibility of generating such films artificially on the implant surfaces (before implantation) and evaluate its corrosion resistance in a simulated hip environment. Hence, in this study, a film that mimics tribolayer is generated on CoCrMo alloy surface through electrochemical treatment. The mechanism of formation and corrosion resistance is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. A standard three-electrode corrosion cell was used to conduct the experiments on polished (R a < 10.0 nm) CoCrMo alloy disks in bovine calf serum with three different protein concentrations (0, 15, and 30 g/L) and at four different treatment potentials (−0.4, +0.6, +0.7, and +0.8 V). EIS testing (at E oc, potential amplitude: ±10 mV, frequency range 100 kHz to 0.005 Hz) was conducted pre- and post-potentiostatic treatment. Tribofilm was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, white light interferometry, and Raman spectroscopy. Results suggest evidence of electrochemically induced film formation and their potential ability to increase the corrosion resistance of biomedical implants.
Analysis of the Thermal and Hydraulic Stimulation Program at Raft River, Idaho

The Raft River geothermal field, located in southern Idaho, roughly 100 miles northwest of Salt Lake City, is the site of a Department of Energy Enhanced Geothermal System project designed to develop new techniques for enhancing the permeability of geothermal wells. RRG-9 ST1, the target stimulation well, was drilled to a measured depth of 5962 ft. and cased to 5551 ft. The open-hole section of the well penetrates Precambrian quartzite and quartz monzonite. The well encountered a temperature of 282 °F at its base. Thermal and hydraulic stimulation was initiated in June 2013. Several injection strategies have been employed. These strategies have included the continuous injection of water at temperatures ranging from 53 to 115 °F at wellhead pressures of approximately 275 psi and three short-term hydraulic stimulations at pressures up to approximately 1150 psi. Flow rates, wellhead and line pressures and fluid temperatures are measured continuously. These data are being utilized to assess the effectiveness of the stimulation program. As of August 2014, nearly 90 million gallons have been injected. A modified Hall plot has been used to characterize the relationships between the bottom-hole flowing pressure and the cumulative injection fluid volume. The data indicate that the skin factor is decreased, and/or the permeability around the wellbore has increased since the stimulation program was initiated. The injectivity index also indicates a positive improvement with values ranging from 0.15 gal/min psi in July 2013 to 1.73 gal/min psi in February 2015. Absolute flow rates have increased from approximately 20 to 475 gpm by February 2 2015. Geologic, downhole temperature and seismic data suggest the injected fluid enters a fracture zone at 5650 ft and then travels upward to a permeable horizon at the contact between the Precambrian rocks and the overlying Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic deposits. The reservoir simulation program FALCON developed at the Idaho National Laboratory is being used to simulate and visualize the effects of the injection. The simulation model uses a discrete fracture network generated for RRG-9 using acoustic borehole imaging and analysis of microseismic activity. By adjusting the permeability of the fractures, a pressure history match for the first part of the stimulation program was obtained. The results of this model indicate that hydraulic fracturing is the dominant mechanism for permeability improvement for this part of the stimulation program.
Lightfoot, Natasha Troubling Freedom: Antigua and the Aftermath of British Emancipation Durham, NC: Duke University Press 336 pp., $25.95, ISBN 978-0-8223-6007-0 Publication Date: December 2015

In Natasha Lightfoot's Troubling Freedom: Antigua and the Aftermath of British Emancipation, the island of Antigua, often seen as peripheral to the British Empire, decenters and reorients our narra...
Integrated Super-Couplers Based on Zero-Index Metamaterials

There has been strong interest in the confinement of electromagnetic energy in sub-diffraction limit waveguide configurations. Such an achievement would offer applications in in telecommunications, subwavelength imaging, optical memory storage, and on-chip photonic processes. Materials with a refractive index of zero have been considered as strong contenders for such “super-coupling” applications (Silveirinha MG, Engheta N, Phys Rev B 76:245109, 2007; Engheta N, Science 340:286–287, 2013). Though e-near-zero and μ-near-zero metamaterials, where zero index is obtained by tuning the effective electric permittivity or permeability to zero, have been proposed as a possible candidate, their infinite or zero impedance causes large reflections which pose a challenge for coupling applications.
Built Environment and Walking to School: Findings from a Student Travel Behavior Survey in Massachusetts:

Thousands of communities across America now promote walking and biking (active commuting) to school as a mechanism to increase physical activity, reduce traffic congestion, and improve air quality. Distance to school and attributes of the built environment are crucial factors in a child’s mode choice, and some of the most difficult determinants to influence with programmatic interventions. Further understanding the built environment’s role may help in assessing a school’s mode shift potential and more effectively planning and implementing strategies that increase walking and biking to school. Based on a student travel behavior survey of 18,713 responses from 105 schools in Massachusetts, a multilevel model was used to investigate the effects of route, neighborhood, and school characteristics on walking to school. The model results indicate that the built environment affects the odds of walking to school. Specifically, short routes along less-trafficked streets with mixed land use are associated with the i...
On the Limits of Type 1 and Type 2 Nudges as Instruments of Public Policy

The work of Lin, Osman, and Ashcroft (2017, this issue) provides an informed discussion of Type I and Type II nudges as policy instruments for promoting health. Although I have some critique of the...
Spatial Patterns in a Prosopis – Juniperus Savannah

We determined the distribution patterns and distance to nearest neighbor for Prosopis glandulosa and Juniperus pinchotii plants on deep and shallow soils. Ordination was used to compare microsite vegetation associated with open grassland habitat and the habitat proximal to big and small Prosopis and Juniperus plants. Analysis of similarities was used to provide a probability of plant group similarities to outside group similarity. Big Juniperus trees were randomly distributed on both soils, while the big Prosopis trees were random on the deep soil but aggregated on the shallow soil. Saplings of both species were strongly aggregated on both soils. Big and small Juniperus plants were positively associated with the dominant, established Prosopis trees and with litter cover but were negatively associated with bare ground and C 4 grasses. In contrast, small Prosopis plants were negatively associated with both Juniperus and Prosopis trees on either soil and were positively associated with bare ground and C 4 grasses. Prosopis trees facilitate establishment of Juniperus on deep or shallow soils, but Prosopis presence is probably not necessary for Juniperus establishment on either soil.
Overview of Analytical Proteomics

Before we consider the elements of analytical proteomics in detail, let’s sketch out the basic approach. Analytical protein identification is built around one essential fact: most peptide sequences of approximately six or more amino acids are largely unique in the proteome of an organism. Put another way, a typical six amino acid peptide maps to a single gene product. Thus, if we can obtain the sequence of the peptide or if we can accurately measure its mass, we can identify the protein it came from simply by finding its match in a database of protein sequences (Fig. 1). Of course, some hexapeptides may map to more than one protein, but multiple “hits” typically come from highly conserved regions of related proteins (such as the paralogs discussed in Chapter 2). If one can obtain sequences of several peptides that map to the same gene product, this strengthens the validity of the match. Accordingly, the essence of analytical proteomics is to convert proteins to peptides, obtain sequences of the peptides, and then identify the corresponding proteins from matching sequences in a database.
Chance Constraints for Improving the Security of AC Optimal Power Flow

This paper presents a scalable method for improving the solutions of ac optimal power flow (AC OPF) with respect to deviations in predicted power injections from wind and other uncertain generation resources. The aim of this paper is on providing solutions that are more robust to short-term deviations, and that optimize both the initial operating point and a parametrized response policy for control during fluctuations. We formulate this as a chance-constrained optimization problem. To obtain a tractable representation of the chance constraints, we introduce a number of modeling assumptions and leverage recent theoretical results to reformulate the problem as a convex, second-order cone program, which is efficiently solvable even for large instances. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed procedure improves the feasibility and cost performance of the OPF solution, while the additional computation time is on the same magnitude as a single deterministic AC OPF calculation.
Newborn screening for Pompe disease: impact on families

Pompe disease (PD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder causing progressive glycogen accumulation in muscles, with variability in age of onset and severity. For infantile-onset PD (IOPD), initiation of early treatment can be life-saving; however, current newborn screening (NBS) technology cannot distinguish IOPD from late-onset PD (LOPD) without clinical workup. Therefore, families of LOPD infants diagnosed by NBS may now spend years or even decades aware of their illness before symptoms appear, creating a pre-symptomatic awareness phase with which the medical community has little experience. The present study examines the effects of receiving a positive NBS result for PD on families. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with mothers of nine children (three IOPD and six LOPD) diagnosed via NBS, exploring their experiences, understanding of PD, how they are coping, and what impact diagnosis is having on family life. Interviews were coded using MaxQDA v.12 and analyzed for thematic trends. While overall opinion of NBS was favorable, it is clear many of the concerns anticipated by HCPs, patients, and families regarding NBS for late-onset LSDs are being realized to varying degrees; LOPD families are becoming patients-in-waiting. Increased fear/anxiety and living with uncertainty (regarding diagnosis, their children's future, and when to start treatment) were predominant themes, with all families voicing considerable emotional reactions and varied social and healthcare support concerns. Coping strategies and psychosocial challenges are interpreted using Rolland & Williams' Family Systems Genetic Illness model. Recommendations for improvement in delivery of service, as well as families' advice for future parents and HCPs, are discussed.
CHAPTER 48 – Cholinesterases

Cholinesterases (ChEs)—acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)—are of special concern to the toxicology of pesticides. This chapter discusses ChEs, their importance in understanding the toxicity of organophosphate esters (OPs) and carbamate pesticides (CBs), and their application to risk assessment of anticholinesterase pesticides and other agents. ChEs are specialized carboxylic ester hydrolases that break down esters of choline. The knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the ChEs has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of drugs and chemical agents that inhibit the hydrolysis of choline esters. In general, there are three major domains for inhibitors to bind: the acyl and choline pockets of the active center, and the peripheral anionic site. CBs and OP pesticides inhibit enzyme activity by acting as alternate substrates to acetylcholine (Ach). The toxicities of OPs and CBs often are correlated with the extent of their inhibitions of brain AChE. One example of a carboxyesterase is serum paraoxonase (PON1), an A-esterase associated with high-density plasma lipoproteins; PON1 destroys OPs such as the oxon analogs of parathion and chlorpyrifos. Direct evidence for its role in detoxifying OPs was provided by showing that mice exposed to chlorpyrifos were protected against cholinesterase inhibition and toxicity by administration of purified PON1.
Transmission Electron Microscopy

This chapter will introduce the analyst to scanning/transmission electron microscopy (STEM/TEM). Basic concepts required for understanding scanning/transmission electron microscopy will be given. Simple introduction of TEM instrumentation, specimen preparation, and basic TEM operation will be discussed from the perspective of the instrument user. Diffraction will cover selected-area diffraction, nano-beam electron diffraction, and convergent-beam electron diffraction. Several typical TEM imaging techniques such as thickness-mass contrast imaging, diffraction contrast imaging, weak-beam dark-filed TEM imaging, high-resolution TEM imaging, energy-filtered TEM imaging will be presented. STEM imaging techniques will include high-angle annular dark-field imaging, STEM-bright-field imaging, and annular bright-field imaging. Spectroscopy (including energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy), energy-filtered TEM imaging and spectrum imaging will be described in a practical way. Aberration-corrected STEM/TEM including high-angle annular dark-field imaging and annular bright-field imaging, negative Cs TEM imaging, atomic column channeling contrast imaging, and chromatic aberration-corrected energy-filtered TEM imaging will also be presented in this chapter.
American Pika (Ochotona princeps) Population Survival in Winters with Low or No Snowpack

A prediction that has gained considerable traction in the American pika (Ochotona princeps) literature is that because of climate change, high mortality is likely to occur in winters of low or early snowmelt and cause extirpation of local populations. The basis for this prediction is the perception that the absence of an insulative layer of snow to protect pikas from severe winter cold temperatures may cause animals to utilize metabolic reserves through excessive thermoregulation before the spring emergence of fresh vegetation, or die directly from exposure to extreme winter temperatures. The Sierra Nevada of east central California experienced its lowest snowfall in recorded history during the winter of 2014/2015. We observed patch occupancy as a proxy for overwinter survivorship of American pikas in the Sierra Nevada during summer 2015 in comparison to baseline populations at the same sites during summer 2014. In summer 2015, pika presence was documented at 36 of 37 sites where pikas had been observed in summer 2014. Contrary to the low snowfall-high mortality prediction, there was no evidence that the nearly total lack of snow caused unusual overwinter mortality in Sierra Nevada pikas.
A Language-Independent Approach to Smart Contract Verification

This invited paper reports the current progress on smart contract verification with the \(\mathbb {K}\) framework in a language-independent style.
Case 1: Electrolyte Abnormalities in 7-day-old Girl

1. Inna Kaminecki, MD* 2. Thomas Vates, MD* 3. Frank Barrows, DO* 4. Susan Hudome, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, The Unterberg Children’s Hospital at Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ While many of our patients are excitedly back in school this month, others are struggling to adjust to educational programs for their special needs, and others are getting used to medication regimens and having access to emergency medications. This month’s Index of Suspicion cases all touch on endocrinology, but they also remind us of our need to adapt school and medication administration to maximize outcomes for all of our patients. Philip R. Fischer, MD Associate Editor, Index of Suspicion A newborn girl was admitted to the NICU for prematurity and respiratory distress. The mother's pregnancy had been complicated with gestational diabetes and preeclampsia with severe hypertension. After administering 2 doses of betamethasone to the mother to promote fetal lung maturation before delivery, the infant was delivered vaginally at 34.1 weeks' gestational age after labor induction. The mother, a 49-year-old woman (gravida, 4; para, 2) had a significant obstetric history, including 1 miscarriage, 1 stillbirth, and 1 healthy child with another partner. The current partner and father of this newborn had 1 healthy child from a previous marriage. The current patient was a product of in vitro fertilization performed outside of the United States with a donor egg and the father's sperm. Preimplantation genetic testing was performed to detect aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y. Prenatal care was administered outside of the United States until 27 weeks' gestational age; thereafter, the mother received obstetric care in the United States. Fetal ultrasonography at 34 weeks' gestational age yielded normal results. At birth, the patient’s weight was 1,790 g. Initially she received respiratory support with nasal continuous positive …
Is the likelihood of dysphagia different in patients undergoing one-level versus two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion?

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT Dysphagia following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common complication, the etiology of which has not been established. Given that one potential mechanism for dysphagia is local tissue edema, it is thought that a greater number of operative levels may result in higher dysphagia rates. However, prior reports comparing one-level to two-level ACDF have shown varying results. PURPOSE To determine if there is a difference in dysphagia between one-level and two-level ACDF. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. PATIENT SAMPLE Patients who underwent one- or two-level ACDF with a plate-graft construct by a single-surgeon at a high-volume academic medical center. OUTCOME MEASURES Neck Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale for neck pain and arm pain, Short Form-12 physical and mental health components, and Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL-QOL) Questionnaire. METHODS Patient demographics, operative data, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs; Neck Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale, Short Form-12, and SWAL-QOL) of patients undergoing one- and two-level ACDF were compared using Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Student's t test for continuous variables. Regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with 6- and 12-week SWAL-QOL scores in order to determine whether the number of surgical levels impacts these outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients (22 one-level and 36 two-level ACDF) were included. Patients undergoing two-level fusions were older (54.17+8.67 vs 48.06+10.68 years, p=.02) and had longer operative times (69.08+10.51 vs 53.5+14.35 minutes, p 61.5 minutes had a sensitivity and specificity of 62.1% for worse dysphagia scores at 6 weeks compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that there is no difference in the degree of postoperative dysphagia in one- versus two-level ACDF. However, other variables associated with increased postoperative dysphagia in our population included younger age, male sex, procedural time >61.5 minutes, and worse preoperative dysphagia. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings and identify additional risk factors for postoperative dysphagia.
Depth-Sensitive Tissue Measurements Using a Multi-Pixel Photodetector Probe

A densely-packed, custom multi-pixel photodetector probe permits spatially resolved diffuse reflectance (SRDR) measurements of phantoms of varying thicknesses, showing high signal contrast between thin phantoms and high depth sensitivity.
Twenty-Parameter Eigenfunctions and Energy Values of the Ground States of He and He-Like Ions

The nonrelativistic energies of the ground states of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, He, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{+++}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{6+}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{8+}$, ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{10+}$ have been calculated by using 20-parameter Hylleraas functions. The coefficients of these functions are listed. The correction due to the motion of the nucleus (mass polarization correction) has been calculated on the basis of these 20-parameter functions. Except for He this correction is found to be quite different from earlier values in the literature. The present status of the problem of the Lamb shift of the ground state of He is briefly discussed.
Beetlemania: Is the bark worse than the bite? Rocky Mountain subalpine forests recover differently after spruce beetle outbreaks and wildfires

Abstract Due to the shifting global climate, the frequency and severity of disturbances are increasing, inevitably causing an increase in disturbances overlapping in time and space. Bark beetle epidemics and wildfires have historically shaped the disturbance regimes of Western North American forests. Their interactive effects on stand dynamics and recovery are inadequately studied in Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce)-Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir) dominant forests; understanding these interactions is imperative to the management and health of forested ecosystems. This study focuses on the effects of epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreaks, high-severity fires, and the subsequent species and structural diversity of subalpine forest regeneration and structure in Northern Colorado and Southern Wyoming. We compared tree seedling densities and species composition, surface fuel loading, and stand structure characteristics across 80 sites that experienced either high tree mortality from epidemic spruce beetle outbreaks (>50% affected basal area), high-severity wildfire, post-outbreak high-severity wildfire (1–3 years post-outbreak), or no disturbance (control). The beetle outbreak sites span multiple years post-outbreak from 1996 to 2017, ultimately comprising a chronosequence of beetle-affected stands. Analyses indicate a significant increase in fuel loading over time-since-outbreak, as aerial fuels are transferred to the forest floor following high tree mortality. Tree seedling densities among outbreak and control sites differ significantly from burned areas, indicating that wildfires override the effects of repeated disturbances on regeneration. There was consistent Engelmann spruce seedling survival following beetle outbreaks, providing evidence for stable forest recovery following a single disturbance. However, fire was a dominate force in determining post-disturbance species composition, indicating continued prevalence of high severity fire may prove detrimental for the persistence of spruce-fir species, while promoting shifts toward more drought and fire tolerant tree species (e.g., Pinus contorta). It is critical to understand post-disturbance fuel dynamics and stand recovery to identify hazards for subsequent fire suppression, implement treatments to enhance forest resilience, and to understand the potential consequences of climate-induced shifts in disturbance regimes on forest health.
Hicks Never Generalized Keynes's General Theory with IS-LM Because Keynes had Already Done so in Chapter 21 of the General Theory

The belief that Hicks generalized Keynes’s General Theory with his IS-LM model is contradicted by Keynes’s own, explicit IS-LP(LM) model that was presented in Chapter 21 of the GT. This erroneous belief is based on a misreading of Chapter 13 of the General Theory that only considers Keynes’s initial M=L(r) model on page 168 while ignoring Keynes’s own generalization on page 199 of Chapter 15 where M=M1 plus M2=L1(Y) plus L2 (r) =L. Keynes’s applications in Section IV of Chapter 15 on pp. 208-209 and Section IV of Chapter 21 on pp. 298-299 of the General Theory clearly demonstrated that his analysis required the use of (r,Y) space and not (r; Dm, Sm) space. The correct way of describing the history of the development of IS –LM is as Keynes-Hicks-Hansen and not as Hicks-Hansen.
Community Wireless Networks (Chapter 19)

This chapter explores the history of community wireless networks (CWNs) through diverse case studies in Europe, Africa and the United States. Mesh networks are a prime example of a peer production practice. Anyone willing to place a router on his or her rooftop or window can play a role in helping a mesh network thrive. CWNs emerge for a variety of reasons. For some, a grassroots network is the sole option for Internet connectivity. For individuals concerned about the erosion of online privacy, security and anonymity, peer networks enable confidential online communications. Compared to vulnerabilities inherent in a centralized Internet design, mesh networks are disaster proof—whether the disaster is caused by a totalitarian government cutting of Internet access, or by a hurricane. Ideology also drives the current resurgence in mesh networks. Many CWN participants value the possibilities associated with sharing resources and deciding for themselves how—and where—to deploy Internet infrastructure. Rather than rely on Internet service providers, peer networks represent a bottom-up scheme of governance open to anyone with a desire to contribute. This chapter also examines how these projects serve as a testbed for related technologies, such as FreedomBox’s secure software. The case studies highlighted in this chapter suggest that developing open source applications, infrastructure and platforms—on which competitive providers may offer content and services—is as important to community wireless projects as connectivity itself.
Semantically Constrained Memory Allocation (SCMA) for Embedding in Efficient Recommendation Systems.

Deep learning-based models are utilized to achieve state-of-the-art performance for recommendation systems. A key challenge for these models is to work with millions of categorical classes or tokens. The standard approach is to learn end-to-end, dense latent representations or embeddings for each token. The resulting embeddings require large amounts of memory that blow up with the number of tokens. Training and inference with these models create storage, and memory bandwidth bottlenecks leading to significant computing and energy consumption when deployed in practice. To this end, we present the problem of \textit{Memory Allocation} under budget for embeddings and propose a novel formulation of memory shared embedding, where memory is shared in proportion to the overlap in semantic information. Our formulation admits a practical and efficient randomized solution with Locality sensitive hashing based Memory Allocation (LMA). We demonstrate a significant reduction in the memory footprint while maintaining performance. In particular, our LMA embeddings achieve the same performance compared to standard embeddings with a 16$\times$ reduction in memory footprint. Moreover, LMA achieves an average improvement of over 0.003 AUC across different memory regimes than standard DLRM models on Criteo and Avazu datasets
Clonidine Suppression Test

Indication This test is performed to evaluate for pheochromocytoma when plasma norepinephrine (NE) is 1000–2000 pg/ml and/or plasma normetanephrine (NM) elevation that is less than four times the upper limit of the normal reference range. The test is performed to distinguish patients with pheochromocytoma from those with elevated plasma norepinephrine and normetanephrine levels from other etiologies.