cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin signaling through insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 in normal liver development.

Abstract Background & Aims: The insulin growth factor signal transduction pathway is an important regulator of adult hepatocyte proliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine the roles of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1 and IRS-2)-mediated growth cascades in rapidly growing fetal rat liver. Methods: We determined the expression and tyrosyl phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit (IRβ), IRS-1 and IRS-2, the binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the presence or absence of insulin stimulation in vivo during development and in the adult liver. In addition, activation of other downstream components including PI3K, Akt, GSK3β, Bad, and p70S6 kinase was studied. Results: We observed reduced expression and tyrosyl phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the fetal liver compared with the adult liver. These developmental changes resulted in a lack of sensitivity to insulin stimulation and subsequent downstream activation of the PI3K and MAPK cascades until the postneonatal period. In contrast, there was a high level of IRS-2 expression and insulin-stimulated tyrosyl phosphorylation as early as embryonic day 15 with robust PI3K binding and activation, which may enhance hepatocyte survival during the rapid growth phase of the liver. Conclusions: The IRS-1 signal transduction pathway does not play a major role in fetal liver growth because IRS-2 functions as the major insulin responsive molecule in early development. However, insulin-mediated IRS-1/MAPK cascade activation contributes to growth in the adult.
Esophageal Stents for Leaks and Perforations

Inclusion Criteria Anastomotic Leaks After Esophagectomy 1. Gastric conduit: we only offer stents to patients with anastomotic leaks if they have viable gastric conduits. 2. Leak properties: free-flowing or contained. 3. Greater than 1-2 cm of proximal esophagus: stents should only be placed at a safe distance ( 1-2 cm) from the cricopharyngeus muscle; otherwise, patients experience intolerable foreign-body sensations during deglutition. 4. Time to presentation: we consider all patients for intervention regardless of time to presentation.
Script Development and Memory Organization in Preschool and Elementary School Children.

Young (3–4 years old) and old (7–8 years old) subjects participated in a three‐phase study investigating the development of scripts and the ability to use scripts as an information‐retrieval guide. In the script generation phase, young children did not verbalize as much script information as older subjects. In a typicality rating phase, all generated information was rated for typicality by both groups. No difference in overall typicality ratings between age groups was found, suggesting both groups had similar script content, regardless of differences in script generation abilities. A recognition test phase tested children's recognition memory for passages containing typical and atypical items. Memory discrimination varied significantly with age and typicality, and a significant age × typicality interaction was found. The script pointer plus tag hypothesis was employed to suggest that although younger children have similar scripts, their script “boundaries” may be less well defined. It was concluded that f...
Species Assembly Patterns in Polynesian Ants

The islands of remote Polynesia contain ant faunas that have been largely introduced anthropogenically. I employed nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination analyses to evaluate patterns of ant species assembly on 42 islands across remote Polynesia. Patterns on islands in the Hawaiian archipelago were distinctly separate from those of more southerly islands. Patterns on high islands were distinctly separate from those of atolls and low-lying islands. Patterns on small islets on the barrier reefs of high islands were more similar to those of distant atolls than those of the nearby high islands. Latitude and elevation were most strongly correlated with ordination axes; area and longitude were weakly correlated with ordination axes. Patterns are consistent with humanassisted dispersal through long-distance shipping as a primary vector of colonization, and with a greater diversity of habitat types with increasing island elevation. Similar results were obtained when a subset of 19 islands that had been more thoroughly surveyed was analyzed. I also examined patterns in species composition among communities (within islands) on three French Polynesian islands (Bora Bora, Huahine, and Moorea). On all three islands, sites grouped together distinctly in ordination space as a function of the dominant ant species. A substantial number of species pairs co-occurred less frequently than predicted by chance. Although interspecific competition appears to be important in structuring ant communities within islands, habitat affinities probably also play a role.
Simulation and Faculty Development

As members of the faculty, surgeons take on a variety of roles related to the use of simulation. Surgeons will continue to interact with simulation as learners given the emerging role of simulation in continuing medical education. Surgeons who regularly teach others will also be using simulation because of its unique properties as an instructional method. Leading a simulation effort requires vision, creativity in resource management, and team leadership skills. Surgeons can use simulation to innovate in surgical patient care and in surgical education.
Analysis of the Turkel-Zwas Scheme for the Two-Dimensional Shallow Water Equations in Spherical Coordinates

A linear analysis of the shallow water equations in spherical coordinates for the Turkel?Zwas (T?Z) explicit large time-step scheme is presented. This paper complements the results of Schoenstadt, Neta and Navon, and others in 1-D, and of Neta and DeVito in 2-D, but applied to the spherical coordinate case of the T?Z scheme. This coordinate system is more realistic in meteorology and more complicated to analyze, since the coefficients are no longer constant. The analysis suggests that the T?Z scheme must be staggered in a certain way in order to get eigenvalues and eigenfunctions approaching those of the continuous case. The importance of such an analysis is the fact that it is also valid for nonconstant coefficients and thereby applicable to any numerical scheme. Numerical experiments comparing the original (unstaggered) and staggered versions of the T?Z scheme are presented. These experiments corroborate the analysis by showing the improvements in accuracy gained by staggering the Turkel?Zwas scheme.
Update in Handheld Electronic Resources for Evidence-Based Practice in the Community Setting:

OBJECTIVETo provide an update on the handheld electronic resources for evidence-based practice (EBP) in the community setting.DATA SOURCESElectronic resources for EBP in the community setting were identified by compiling the commonly used, well-established resources and by searching MEDLINE and other Internet sites. Search terms included evidence-based medicine, evidence-based practice, resources, and abstraction. Only sources available for personal digital assistants were included.DATA EXTRACTIONThree databases were identified that provided abstraction and evaluation of the medical literature for the handheld platform. Content, features, ease of use, system requirements, and costs of each resource were evaluated.DATA SYNTHESISFIRSTConsult, InfoRetriever, and UpToDate were evaluated, and the utility of each in the community pharmacy setting was evaluated by tracking a clinically relevant example through each system. FIRSTConsult provides evidence-based information organized by diagnosis but is not searcha...
Evaluating Different Ranking Functions for Context-Based Literature Search

Context-based literature digital library search is a new search paradigm that creates an effective ranking of query outputs by controlling query output topic diversity. We define contexts as pre-specified ontology-based terms and locate the paper set of a context based on semantic properties of the context (ontology) term. In order to provide a comparative assessment of papers in a context and effectively rank papers returned as search outputs, prestige scores are attached to all papers with respect to their assigned contexts. In this paper, we present three different prestige score (ranking) functions for the context-based environment, namely, citation-based, text-based, and pattern-based score functions. Using biomedical publications as the test case and Gene Ontology as the context hierarchy, we have evaluated the proposed ranking functions in terms of their accuracy and separability. We have found that text-based and pattern-based score functions yield better accuracy and separability than citation-based score functions.
4 The Bones of the Ancestors as Inalienable Possessions: A Bioarchaeologial Persepctive

Ancient Maya mortuary practices provide crucial insight into how communities created and reproduced social memory and identity. In this chapter, I critically evaluate the concept of inalienable possessions in relationship to tomb contents, with particular focus on the body of the deceased and burial location. The concept of inalienability is evaluated using ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts of Maya worldview and archaeological data from the Chan site, an ancient Maya farming community in west central Belize. The concept of inalienable possessions is a potentially useful heuristic for understanding the mechanisms by which social memory was created through materials placed in tombs.
Estimating the Mean Ocean-Bay Exchange Rate of the Chesapeake Bay

[1] A model of the salt balance in the Chesapeake Bay is discussed, which takes into account only time-dependent riverine input and mean ocean-bay exchange. Estimates of (spatial) mean bay salinity are made using two different data sources: a 16 year record of surveys taken by the Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program, and a 10 year record of hydrographic sections taken in the lower bay by the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography at Old Dominion University. Using United States Geological Survey river flow data to force the model, both data sets are consistent with this simple model and both imply a mean oceanic exchange (e-folding) timescale of 90 days, which is equivalent to an effective exchange rate of roughly 8 x 10 3 m 3 s -1 .
Comparison of two platelet transfusion strategies to minimize ABO-nonidentical transfusion, outdating, and shortages using a computer-simulated “virtual blood bank”

Background Transfusion of ABO-incompatible platelets (PLTs) is associated with reduced PLT recovery and a risk of transfusion reactions. However, a policy of transfusing only ABO-identical PLTs may increase wastage due to product outdating. A prospective study attempting to compare the effects of different ABO compatibility strategies could be costly and disruptive to a blood bank's operations. Study Design and Methods We designed a “virtual blood bank,” a stochastic computer program that models the stocking and release of products to meet demand for PLT transfusion in a simulated hospital population. ABO-nonidentical transfusions (ABOni), outdates, and inventory shortages were recorded and compared under two different transfusion strategies: ABO-First, a strategy that prioritizes transfusion of ABO-identical PLTs, and Age-First, a strategy that minimizes outdating by transfusing products closest to expiration. Results The ABO-First strategy resulted in fewer ABOni but more outdates than the Age-First strategy. Under conditions that mimic a large hospital blood bank, the ABO-First strategy was more cost-effective overall than the Age-First strategy if avoiding an ABOni is valued at more than $19 to $26. For a small blood bank, the ABO-First strategy was more cost-effective if avoiding an ABOni is valued at more than $104 to $123. Conclusion Based on a virtual blood bank computer simulation, the cost of avoiding an ABOni using the ABO-First strategy varies greatly by size of institution. Individual blood banks must carefully consider these management strategies to determine the most cost-effective solution.
Effect of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation on diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine coverage: an independent assessment

Summary Background The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI) was created in 1999 to enable even the poorest countries to provide vaccines to all children. We aimed to assess the effect of GAVI on combined diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTP3) coverage. Methods We examined the relation between DTP3 coverage for GAVI recipient countries from 1995 to 2004 and immunisation services support (ISS) and non-ISS expenditure per surviving child, controlling for income per head and local political governance variables. We analysed DTP3 coverage reported by governments and estimated by WHO/UNICEF. We also investigated the effect of GAVI on country reporting behaviour. Results In countries with DTP3 coverage of 65% or less at baseline, ISS spending per surviving child had a significant positive effect on DTP3 coverage (p=0·0005). This effect was not present in countries with DTP3 coverage of 65–80% or 80% or more at baseline. If ISS expenditure only is assessed, the estimated cost per additional child immunised in countries with baseline coverage of 65% or less is US$14 and if ISS and non-ISS expenditures are included the cost per child is almost $20. Interpretation The success of ISS funding in countries with baseline DTP3 coverage of 65% or less provides evidence that a public-private partnership can work to reverse a negative trend in global health and that performance-related disbursement can work in some settings. Because ISS funding seems to have no effect in countries with baseline coverage greater than 65%, GAVI should consider redistributing its resources to countries with the lowest coverage.
Comparison of systemic therapies used concurrently with radiation for the treatment of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer

Background This was a retrospective study of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer treated with concurrent systemic therapy and radiation. Methods Data were extracted through chart review, and statistical analyses included frequency tabulation, chi-square, and Kaplan–Meier tests. Results Three hundred thirty-nine patients were analyzed; 166 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. One hundred thirty-six patients were treated with cisplatin, 123 with cetuximab, and 59 with carboplatin. The 2-, 3-, and 5-year actuarial overall survival rates were 92%, 88%, and 78%, respectively. There were no significant differences in survival or disease control when analyzed by systemic agent. Platin-treated patients had greater hematologic toxicity, and required more intravenous hydration. The incidence of confluent mucositis was highest among patients treated with cetuximab. Conclusion Platin and cetuximab seem to have similar efficacy when delivered concurrently with radiation in our retrospective population study. Although platin did cause greater hematologic toxicity, radiation-specific side effects seemed relatively comparable. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
Indebted Relationships: Child Support Arrears and Nonresident Fathers' Involvement With Children

Low-income, nonresident fathers owe a disproportionate amount of child support arrears, creating potential challenges for these fathers and their family relationships. This article uses mediation analysis to provide new evidence about how and why child support debt is related to paternal involvement using information from 1,017 nonresident fathers in the Fragile Families Study. Results show that child support arrears are associated with nonresident fathers having significantly less contact with children, being less engaged with them in daily activities, and providing less frequent in-kind support 9 years after the birth. This negative association between child support debt and father involvement is most strongly and consistently mediated by the quality of the relationship between the biological parents. Although child support policies are designed to facilitate fathers' economic and emotional support, these results suggest that the accruement of child support debt may serve as an important barrier to father involvement.
Justifying Jurisprudence: Reflections on the Purpose and Method of Legal Theory

Legal theorists like Dworkin, Hart, and Kelsen all do legal theory differently. Which methodology is better? The core argument of this paper is that any attempt to answer that question must first address a more basic one: What is the point or purpose of theorizing about the law? This Article's claim is that one cannot justify a method of doing jurisprudence without knowing what that method will be used for. Clarity about the purposes of jurisprudence repesents an essential step in clarifying the methodology of legal theory. Unfortunately, there is a remarkable dearth of writing - in an area where there is no dearth of words - about the point and purpose of jurisprudence itself. The result is an enormous amount of confusion about the way legal theory should be undertaken. Methodological claims are made without any rationale for their form and content. This Article seeks to encourage a conversation about the overriding purposes and, ultimately, the appropriate methodology of legal theory. The approach is constructive: The Article advances an argument for a distinct theorietical objective, and then explains how that objective calls for a distinct methodology, which I call rational reconstruction. At the same time, the Article has a critical component too: The constructive argument is used to critique the methodological coherence of two leading theorists - Ronald Dworkin and Hans Kelsen. The result is to shine some light on what legal theorists are actually doing - and what they should be doing - when they do legal theory.
Impact of Family vs. School Factors on Cross-National Disparities in Academic Achievement: Evidence from the 2006 PISA Survey

This paper investigates whether international differences in math and science achievement, and specifically the lower US scores, can be explained by school programmatic, institutional, and resource differences after controlling for family SES factors. Using 2006 PISA student-level data for the 10 largest developed OECD countries, the results show that, while family SES has a strong impact on students’ achievement, it does not explain the US achievement gap with other developed OECD countries. In contrast, a substantial number of school variables not only have significant impacts on math and science achievement, but they contribute more to these gaps than SES differences. Of particular importance for policy purposes are the lower amounts of time devoted to studying math and science in the US, as well as student-centered pedagogical techniques which are emphasized in the US but not in such high-scoring countries such as Korea.
Command and Control: a low cost framework to remotely monitor military training

The Command and Control theory of John Boyd, a 20th century military strategist, allow us to introduce computing techniques that are able to speed up the OODA loop (Observe--Orient--Decide--Act), especially on observing and orienteering steps. This paper introduces a low cost framework capable of monitoring people, vehicles, boats, or any other elements of interest, almost in real time. The goal of this design is to gather and present the best possible information for decision makers in a Theater of Operations.
Closed loop control of a robot assisted smart flexible needle for percutaneous intervention

This paper presents the experimental evaluation of a coordinated control system for a robot and robot-driven shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated smart flexible needle capable of following a curved path for percutaneous intervention. The robot driving the needle is considered the outer loop and the non-linear SMA actuated flexible needle system comprises the inner loop. The two feedback control loops are coordinated in such a way that the robot drives the needle while monitoring the needle's actual deflection against a preplanned ideal trajectory, so that the needle tip reaches the target location within an acceptable accuracy. In air and in water experimental results are presented to validate the ability of the proposed coordinated controller to track the overall desired trajectory which includes the combined trajectory of the robot driver and the needle.
Partner fidelity and reciprocal investments in the mating system of a simultaneous hermaphrodite

Simultaneous hermaphrodites that exchange gametes within pairs allow us to test whether equity of resource exchange is positively associated with duration of cooperative partnerships. The chalk bass (Serranus tortugarum) provides an excellent model system for such research because they spawn daily, trading sex roles with the same mating partners in repeated spawning bouts (a tactic called "egg parceling"). Even so, they live in site-attached aggregations with opportunities for extra-pair matings. We asked whether individuals spawn preferentially with 1 long-term partner and whether partner fidelity was associated with matching in the number of eggs produced in a single day by individuals within pairs. In addition, we observed random focal individuals during spawning to determine whether egg parceling was coordinated within pairs: we asked whether parcel number (per day) was well matched within pairs and whether parcels were exchanged in nonrandom sequences. We did not witness any "break-ups" in our long-term pairs; during each monthly census, all identified pairs were found spawning and courting with their "primary" mating partner until one or both of them disappeared. Daily egg production and the number of egg parcels exchanged within primary partnerships were coordinated. The sequence of parcel exchange was fairly regular, although ca. 20% of focal individuals fertilized or exchanged a few egg parcels with another partner(s); parceling allows individuals the option to exchange eggs outside of the primary pair. Our study provides novel empirical evidence of strong pair bonds and resource matching even in relatively large social groups with extra-pair trading opportunities.
Hospital Information System

Hoptial Infobahn has been developed by taking full advantage of modernized hardware communication platform,and multiple application system have been constructed,such as hospital management information system,clinical information system,clinic medication information consulation system and remote information service system.The full-scale of the comprehensive integrated system for the modern hospital information,network,scientific research resource information as the mainline will be established.
Enterprise cyclomatic complexity

This paper shows how the McCabe cyclomatic complexity measure can be applied to enterprise architectures using standard enterprise architecture framework tools.
The Role of Vitamin D in Innate Immunity: Antimicrobial Activity, Oxidative Stress and Barrier Function

Publisher Summary Rapid detection and antimicrobial activity against microbes are considered to be key direct functions of innate immune cells in relation to infection control. Many studies have identified genes which may confer some degree of susceptibility to tuberculosis, including—HLA-DR alleles, NRAMP1, interferon-γ signaling, SP110, complement receptor-1, and, notably, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Several studies have also linked serum levels of 25(OH)D to both tuberculosis disease progression and susceptibility. Through rheostatic regulation of CYP27B1 activity and conversion of substrate 25(OH)D to produce 1,25(OH)2D, the macrophage directly controls its intracellular level of 1,25(OH)2D. In recent studies, the ability of monocytes from human subjects to mount a cathelicidin response following toll-like receptors (TLR) challenge has been shown to be directly proportional to circulating levels of 25(OH)D but not 1,25(OH)2D. Importantly, this study also demonstrated TLR-induction of cathelicidin was enhanced in subjects supplemented with vitamin D (500 000 IU vitamin D2 over 5 weeks), indicating the immunomodulatory effects of 25(OH)D also occur in vivo. Another study demonstrated a single oral dose of vitamin D was able to increase the in vitro response to mycobacterium infection in a whole blood assay. In addition, the TLR2/1L-induced, vitamin-D-dependent antimicrobial pathway has been shown to involve autophagy mediated through the VDR, which highlights another key host defense pathway reliant upon the host's vitamin D status.
Antimicrobial Stewardship: Hospital Strategies to Curb Antibiotic Resistance

The use of potent broad-spectrum antibiotics has led to the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance and Clostridium difficile infections worldwide. Multidrug-resistant infections account for a significant portion of hospital-acquired infections, having a major impact on clinical outcomes and costs. It has been reported that a large proportion of antimicrobial use in acute care hospitals is inappropriate or suboptimal. Antimicrobial stewardship promotes the judicious use of antimicrobials to improve patient care while minimizing unintended consequences such as antibiotic resistance, C. difficile infections, and antibiotic-related toxicities. Core stewardship interventions include formulary restriction, prospective auditing with feedback, and antibiotic time-outs. Several supplemental strategies are also effective, including education, pharmacy-driven interventions, and early laboratory diagnostics. The transition to electronic medical records has also made stewardship efforts more efficient. As the world proceeds to meet the urgent problem of antimicrobial resistance by implementing more comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship programs, better ways to measure results are essential.
B decays dominated by ω–ϕ mixing

Abstract Recently Belle has established the 90% confidence level (CL) upper limit B 9.4 × 10 −7 for the branching ratio for B 0 → J / ψ ϕ , a process expected to be suppressed by the Okubo–Zweig–Iizuka (OZI) rule disfavoring disconnected quark diagrams. We use information on ω – ϕ mixing to establish likely lower bounds on this and related processes. We find that the Belle result is about a factor of five above our limit, while other decays such as B 0 → D ¯ 0 ϕ and B + → π + ϕ , for which upper limits have been obtained by BaBar, could be observable with similar improvements in data. We argue that a significant enhancement of our predicted decay rates by rescattering is unlikely.
Assessing the hydrologic and water quality impacts of biofuel‐induced changes in land use and management

The Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas, where cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is grown in vast acreage, and the Texas Rolling Plains (TRP), which is dominated by an invasive brush, honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) have the potential for biofuel production for meeting the U.S. bioenergy target of 2022. However, a shift in land use from cotton to perennial grasses and a change in land management such as the harvesting of mesquite for biofuel production can significantly affect regional hydrology and water quality. In this study, APEX and SWAT models were integrated to assess the impacts of replacing cotton with Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Miscanthus × giganteus in the upstream subwatershed and harvesting mesquite in the downstream subwatershed on water and nitrogen balances in the Double Mountain Fork Brazos watershed in the SHP and TRP regions. Simulated average (1994–2009) annual surface runoff from the baseline cotton areas decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by 88%, and percolation increased by 28% under the perennial grasses scenario compared to the baseline cotton scenario. The soil water content enhanced significantly under the irrigated switchgrass scenario compared to the baseline irrigated cotton scenario from January to April and August to October. However, the soil water content was depleted significantly under the dryland Miscanthus scenario from April to July relative to the baseline dryland cotton scenario. The nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and organic-N loads in surface runoff and NO3-N leaching to groundwater reduced significantly by 86%, 98%, and 100%, respectively, under the perennial grasses scenario. Similarly, surface runoff, and NO3-N and organic-N loads through surface runoff reduced significantly by 98.9%, 99.9%, and 99.5%, respectively, under the post-mesquite-harvest scenario. Perennial grasses exhibited superior ethanol production potential compared to mesquite. However, mesquite is an appropriate supplementary bioenergy source in the TRP region because of its standing biomass and rapid regrowth characteristics.
Model for degradation of band gap photo-luminescence in GaAs

Degradation of near band gap photo-luminescence emission in GaAs with time of exposure to low power, c.w. laser excitation at room temperature is quantitatively described by a model based on defect reactions that are promoted by trapping and recombination of excess carriers at nonradiative recombination sites. The proposed model accurately describes the observed degradation rate, its power and temperature dependence, as well as the absence of degradation at a surface with shallow ion implantation.
Weed Management with Fluazifop (Fusilade), Haloxyfop (Verdict), Sethoxydim (Poast) and Oxyfluorfen (Goal) in Groundcovers and Woody Landscape Plants

Annual preemergence applications of granular Goal (oxyfluorfen) [2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene] at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) were applied on several kinds of woody landscape plants alone or with a subsequent postemergence treatment of either Fusilade (fluazifop) [( ± )-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid], Verdict (haloxyfop) [2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid] or Poast (sethoxydim) [2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one] at 0.3 kg/ha (0.25 lb/A) or 0.6 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A). The postemergence treatments were also applied without previous applications of Goal. The investigation was conducted at Beltsville, Maryland, from 1983 through 1985. Application of Goal (oxyflurofen) alone reduced the yearly growth of broadleaf and grass weeds, however, over-time horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) and white heath aster (Aster pilosus Willd.) increased their contribution to t...
Conversion and Revisional Surgery: Sleeve Gastrectomy

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) was initially conceived as a component of a biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch operation. Later, noting significant weight loss with the gastric sleeve alone, the paradigm shifted toward SG as the first stage of a two-stage biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch and eventually gained significant popularity as a stand-alone bariatric operation. Thus SG has always been a revisable procedure. Numerous indications for revision of a prior SG exist, with an equal number of possible operative conversion. Generally SG revisional surgery addresses complications of a SG, most notably either staple-line leak or stenosis, mechanical issues related to sleeve construction, and development of treatments of new comorbid conditions, failure to lose weight, or weight recidivism. In other cases SG revision is pre-planned as a second operation in patients with super-morbid obesity. Consideration of the indication for revision commonly directs the surgeon to the most reasonable revisional operation.
Pulmonary Capillary Hemorrhage Induced by Diagnostic Ultrasound in Ventilated Rats.

Pulmonary capillary hemorrhage (PCH) can be induced by diagnostic ultrasound-a potential safety issue. Anesthetized rats were intubated for intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) with 0 end-expiratory pressure, +4 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and -4 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure (NEEP). Rats were imaged at 7.6 MHz with a Philips HDI 5000 ultrasound machine. The output was low (mechanical index [MI] = 0.22) for aiming and then was raised for 5 min in 20 different exposure groups with n = 8. Peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes were measured in water and de-rated for chest attenuation. The PCH areas were measured on the lung surface. At 2.2 MPa, PCH was 9.3 ± 6.6 mm2 for IPPV, 1.6 ± 3.2 mm2 for PEEP (p <0.001) and 26.8 ± 6.4 mm2 for NEEP (p <0.001). Thresholds were 1.3 MPa for IPPV, 2.1 MPa for PEEP and 1.0 MPa for NEEP. The small ventilator pressures subtracted or added to trans-capillary stress generated by diagnostic ultrasound pulses, virtually eliminating PCH for PEEP but enhancing PCH for NEEP.
Uses of sex appeals in prime-time television commercials.

This study examines how sex appeals employed bymale and female models were utilized in Americantelevision commercials. It centers on the physicalcharacteristics and behavior of models appearing during primetime network programs, including bodilyshape, clothing revealment, physical contact, sexiness,attractiveness and physical as well as verbal innuendo.The study was based on 505 coding units sampled from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. on the major broadcastnetworks taped during a composite week of programming.The racial background of models was as follows:Caucasian (89.3%), Black (10.1%), Hispanic (.2%), Native American (.2%) and Asian (.2%). Resultsindicate that these commercials generally were notdominated by sex, although 12% of models appear in somestate of undress, and 8% feature sexually-orientedconduct. As both male and female models were depicted asequal sensual beings, females were presented as sexobjects more often than males.
A template-based modeling approach for system design: theory and implementation

Previous research has developed search algorithms for deducing Proper Models of dynamic systems. These minimum complexity models (with physically meaningful parameters) can reduce the design cycle where modeling and simulation is (or should be) a part of the design process. To apply these algorithms effectively to realistic systems, a Component Modeling Procedure consisting of a two-level representation is proposed. This procedure along with the algorithms are implemented in a computer program CAMBAS (Computer Aided Model Building Automation System). CAMBAS uses expandable bond graph models (templates) of components stored in libraries, which the design engineer selects to build a “word bond graph like” representation of the system. CAMBAS then automatically assembles the global bond graph of the system. This system bond graph is processed by the deduction search algorithms to generate the Proper Model. An illustrative example is provided to show the potential of CAMBAS for automating the production of Proper System Models for the design of multi-energy domain systems.
Massive Blood Transfusions and Outcomes in Trauma Patients; An Intention to Treat Analysis.

Objective: To determine if there exists an upper limit for amount of blood transfused in trauma patients before it reaches a point of futility. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 131 patients who received massive blood transfusion (MBT), defined as 10 U or higher of PRBCs received in the initial 24 hours. Data collected from a Level II trauma center registry were used to analyze reports of adult patients from July 2014 to 2017. Cohorts were divided by amount of blood received - 0 to 9 U, 10-19 U, 20 to 29 U, 30-39 U, 40 U or higher - odds ratio for mortality and p-values for mean Injury Severity Score and overall hospital length of stay were calculated for each group. Results: Odds ratios for massive blood transfusion groups from 10 units to 39 units each contained the null value, while our 40 units and above group did not (OR 12.52, 95% CI 1.3-117.7). Conclusion: Although this study is limited by its sample size, these results suggests that 40 units of PRBCs may be a threshold at which survival rates begin to decrease significantly.
Designing Health Promotion Programs for Latinos

In this chapter we examine strategies in program design that include the politics of working with Latino1 communities. We also examine strategies for reaching hard-to-reach members of this population, for enhancing program effectiveness (effect size), and for maintaining initial gains in healthy behavior change. Our views are based on prior health promotion studies including our recent study, “Companeros en la Saltier” (Partners in Health), which is a church-based study of cancer-risk reduction among Latinas, that is, Latino women.2 Health promotion in Latino populations is challenging, particularly when working with Latinos who live in low-income, disrupted communities where many unhealthy environmental conditions compete with efforts at health promotion. This challenge calls for a deeper understanding of the cultural, social, and psychological factors that must be addressed in designing potent and effective programs that succeed in promoting sound health in various Latino populations.
Multi-attribute Decision Making in Urban Studies

Multi-attribute decisions consider several measures of the effects of alternative actions. Utility theory is the basis for eliciting judgments from the decision maker about preferences among alternatives with respect to each attribute, common units of value across attributes, and uncertainty. Simplifying assumptions and techniques for reducing the necessary number of judgments are used to put multi-attribute theory into practice.
How School Socioeconomic Status Affects Achievement Growth across School Transitions in Early Educational Careers

Our study investigates how changing socioeconomic status (SES) composition, measured as percentage free and reduced priced lunch (FRL), affects students’ math achievement growth after the transitio...
Origins of the enantioselectivity of a palladium catalyst with BINOL–phosphoric acid ligands

Transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation with high enantioselectivity is a new and challenging field. BINOL-phosphoric acid ligands ((R)-TRIP) were found to be able to induce high enantioselectivity in aziridination of aliphatic amines by palladium-catalysis, and its origins are investigated in this study. We unveiled that in the effective catalyst, it is the acetate ligand rather than the phosphate group that participates in assisting palladium catalysis due to its weaker Bronsted acidity. By comparison with two other modified ligands, we demonstrate that the isopropyl groups of (R)-TRIP provide it with extra degrees of freedom to affect the transition states leading to the S and R aziridination products in different ways. They create a roomy space for the acetate in the S transition state but cause a steric repulsion for it in the R transition state, making the former pathway much more favorable and achieving the enantioselectivity. This determination occurs entirely within the catalyst. This study deepens our understanding of transition metal-catalysis and provides new insights into the rational design of catalysts of high enantioselectivity.
Leaf litter decay rates differ between mycorrhizal groups in temperate, but not tropical, forests

Whereas the primary controls on litter decomposition are well established, we lack a framework for predicting interspecific differences in litter decay within and across ecosystems. Given previous research linking tree mycorrhizal association with carbon and nutrient dynamics, we hypothesized that the two dominant mycorrhizal groups in forests - arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi - differ in litter decomposition rates. We compiled leaf litter chemistry and decay data for AM- and ECM-associating angiosperms and gymnosperms (> 200 species) from temperate and tropical/subtropical, and investigated relationships among decay rates, mycorrhizal association, phylogeny and climate. In temperate forests, AM litters decayed faster than ECM litters, with litter nitrogen and phylogeny best explaining variation in litter decay. In sub/tropical forests, we found no significant difference in litter decay rate between mycorrhizal groups, and variation in decay rates was best explained by litter phosphorus. Our results suggest that knowledge of tree mycorrhizal association may improve predictions of species effects on ecosystem processes, particularly in temperate forests where AM and ECM species commonly co-occur, providing a predictive framework for linking litter quality, organic matter dynamics and nutrient acquisition in forests.
UNIT 1.4 The UCSC Genome Browser

The University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser is a popular Web-based tool for quickly displaying a requested portion of a genome at any scale, accompanied by a series of aligned annotation “tracks.” The annotations generated by the UCSC Genome Bioinformatics Group and external collaborators include gene predictions, mRNA and expressed sequence tag alignments, simple nucleotide polymorphisms, expression and regulatory data, phenotype and variation data, and pairwise and multiple-species comparative genomics data. All information relevant to a region is presented in one window, facilitating biological analysis and interpretation. The database tables underlying the Genome Browser tracks can be viewed, downloaded, and manipulated using another Web-based application, the UCSC Table Browser. Users can upload personal datasets in a wide variety of formats as custom annotation tracks in both browsers for research or educational purposes. This unit describes how to use the Genome Browser and Table Browser for genome analysis, download the underlying database tables, and create and display custom annotation tracks. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 40:1.4.1-1.4.33. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: Genome Browser; Table Browser; human genome; genome analysis; comparative genomics; human variation; next-generation sequencing; human genetics analysis; biological databases; BAM; bioinformatics; bioinformatics fundamentals
College students' use of strategies to hide facial flushing: A target for alcohol education.

Alcohol-related facial flushing occurs in individuals who are unable to metabolize ethanol effectively and is associated with increased cancer risk. This study describes college students’ understan...
Nondestructive Characterization of Cryogenic Materials for Quality and Process Control

Nondestructive characterization techniques offer not only the possibility of testing total production or completed structures but also of monitoring microstructures while they evolve during fabrication. Amid the wide range of techniques presently available or under development, a few are described which relate to cryogenic structural materials: nondestructive measurements of grain size and mechanical properties such as yield strength and fracture toughness, the development of noncontact ultrasonic transducers and cure monitoring of fibre-reinforced polymers.
Intra-abdominal infections among adult intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients in the 2-year post-operative period.

Background Intestinal and multivisceral transplantations are treatment options for patients with intestinal failure. Transplantation is often complicated by abdominal and/or bloodstream infections in the post-operative period. Methods A retrospective chart review of all adults who underwent intestinal or multivisceral transplantation at our institution from 2003 to 2015 was performed. Data were collected for 2 years post transplant. Results A total of 106 intestinal or multivisceral transplants were performed in 103 patients. The median age at the time of transplant was 44 (IQR: 34-52) with 55% (n = 58) male and 45% (n = 48) female. There were 46 (43%) intra-abdominal infections post transplant among the 103 patients, and six transplant recipients (13%) developed concurrent bloodstream infections. The median time to first intra-abdominal infection was 23 days (IQR: 10-48). For those with organisms isolated in culture, forty-seven percent of the isolates were gram negative, 39% gram positive, 7% anaerobes, and 7% yeast. The most common isolates were enterococci at 28%, E. coli at 14%, and Klebsiella spp at 13%. Sixty-three percent of the enterococci were vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and 22% of the gram-negative isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Patients with intra-abdominal infections had longer hospital post-transplant length of stays at a median of 35 days (IQR: 25-48) vs 23 days (IQR: 17-33) for those without infections, P = .0012. There was no difference in all-cause mortality in patients with or without intra-abdominal infections, P = .654. Conclusions Intra-abdominal infections are common in intestinal or multivisceral transplant recipients, but despite this complication, we found no increased risk of mortality. These transplant recipients are also at risk for infection with drug-resistant organisms.
"POST-POSTSTRUCTURALIST" OR PRELAPSARIAN? CULTURAL STUDIES AND THE NEW HISTORICISM

A comparison of New Historicism and Cultural Studies as contemporary theoretical approaches to the problem of cultural analysis.
The production of within-family inequality: Insights and implications of integrating genetic data

Abstract The integration of genetic data within large-scale social and health surveys provides new opportunities to test long standing theories of parental investments in children and within-family inequality. Genetic predictors, called polygenic scores, allow novel assessments of young children’s abilities that are uncontaminated by parental investments, and family-based samples allow indirect tests of whether children’s abilities are reinforced or compensated. We use over 16,000 sibling pairs from the UK Biobank to test whether the relative ranking of siblings’ polygenic scores for educational attainment is consequential for actual attainments. We find strong evidence of compensatory processes, on average, where the association between genotype and phenotype of educational attainment is reduced by over 20% for the higher-ranked sibling compared to the lower-ranked sibling. These effects are most pronounced in high socioeconomic status areas. We find no evidence that similar processes hold in the case of height or for relatives who are not full biological siblings (e.g. cousins). Our results provide a new use of polygenic scores to understand processes that generate within-family inequalities and also suggest important caveats to causal interpretations the effects of polygenic scores using siblingdifference designs.
Professionally responsible clinical management of obese patients before and during pregnancy

Abstract Professionally responsible clinical management of obese patients before and during pregnancy should be guided by professional ethics in obstetrics. We provide an introduction to professional ethics in obstetrics, focusing on the ethical principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy and the professional virtues of compassion and self-effacement. We deploy these ethical principles and professional virtues to address professionally responsible clinical practice with obese patients before and during pregnancy. We describe the distinctive roles of directive counseling, or making recommendations, and nondirective counseling, or shared decision–making, and emphasize a preventive ethics approach to preconception counseling. We describe the ethically justified use of a concept from behavioral psychology, “nudging” patients to change their eating habits. We then identify the tools that professional ethics provides for managing the strong responses that obese patients can evoke.