cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staatliche und private Regulierung der Elektronikindustrie in Mittel- und Osteuropa: Ersatz oder Ergänzung?

Staatliche und private Anstrengungen zur Regulierung von sozialen und okologischen Faktoren in globalen Lieferketten werden gemeinhin als gegensatzlich angesehen: Die eine Regulierungsform ersetzt die andere, anstatt sie zu erganzen. Angesichts der Analysen zur Effektivitat von CSR-Initiativen in der globalen Elektronikindustrie sollten wir diese Pramisse jedoch uberdenken, und stattdessen uber private und staatliche Regulierung als institutionelle Erganzungen nachdenken. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Interaktion zwischen staatlicher und privater Regulierung in Hinblick auf die Einhaltung internationaler Arbeitsstandards bei Elektronikzulieferern in Mittel- und Osteuropa (MOE).
Mutability of bifunctional thigh muscle activity in pedaling due to contralateral leg force generation.

Locomotion requires uninterrupted transitions between limb extension and flexion. The role of contralateral sensorimotor signals in executing smooth transitions is little understood even though their participation is crucial to bipedal walking. However, elucidating neural interlimb coordinating mechanisms in human walking is difficult because changes to contralateral sensorimotor activity also affect the ipsilateral mechanics. Pedaling, conversely, is ideal for studying bilateral coordination because ipsilateral mechanics can be independently controlled. In pedaling, the anterior and posterior bifunctional thigh muscles develop needed anterior and posterior crank forces, respectively, to dominate the flexion-to-extension and extension-to-flexion transitions. We hypothesized that contralateral sensorimotor activity substantially contributes to the appropriate activation of these bifunctional muscles during the limb transitions. Bilateral pedal forces and surface electromyograms (EMGs) from four thigh muscles were collected from 15 subjects who pedaled with their right leg against a right-crank servomotor, which emulated the mechanical load experienced in conventional two-legged coupled-crank pedaling. In one pedaling session, the contralateral (left) leg pseudo-pedaled (i.e., EMG activity and pedal forces were pedaling-like, but pedal force was not allowed to affect crank rotation). In other sessions, the mechanically decoupled contralateral leg was first relaxed and then produced rhythmic isometric force trajectories during either leg flexion or one of the two limb transitions of the pedaling leg. With contralateral force production in the extension-to-flexion transition (predominantly by the hamstrings), rectus femoris activity and work output increased in the pedaling leg during its flexion-to-extension transition, which occurs simultaneously with contralateral extension-to-flexion in conventional pedaling. Similarly, with contralateral force production in the other transition (i.e., flexion-to-extension; predominantly by rectus femoris), hamstrings activity and work output increased in the pedaling leg during its extension-to-flexion transition. Therefore rhythmic isometric force generation in the contralateral leg supported the ongoing bifunctional muscle activity and resulting work output in the pedaling leg. The results suggest that neural interlimb coordinating mechanisms fine-tune bifunctional muscle activity in rhythmic lower-limb tasks to ensure limb flexion/extension transitions are executed successfully.
Detecting and Managing Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes in Patients With Acute Stroke.

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes (pre-DM) in acute stroke patients, to evaluate recommendations of diabetes trea...
DNA Repair in Congenic Mice: Possible Influence of a Chromosome 4 Genetic Region on the Rate of Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced DNA Adduct Removal

An attempt was made to assign mouse lifespan-associated interstrain differences in DNA repair to a specific chromosomal region using a set of congenic mice. The sensitive 32P-postlabeling assay was employed to measure the removal of benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA adducts in liver DNA of three different chromosome 4 congenic mouse strains: B6.C-H-15c, B6.C-H-16c, and B6.C-H-26c and the two parental strains, C57B1/6 and BALB/c. The removal of the one main adduct detected, trans-(7R)-N2-[10-(7 beta,8 alpha,9 alpha-trihydroxy)-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo(a)-pyrene]-yl-deoxyguanosine (BPDE-N2-dG), in liver DNA of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice between one and three days after treatment, was approximately 86% and 57%, respectively. The percentage removal of BPDE-N2-dG in two of the three congenic mouse strains, B6.C-H-16c and B6.C-H-26c, resembled that found in BALB/c, whereas the third strain, B6.C-H-15c, removed about the same amount as C57B1/6, i.e., approximately 88% of BPDE-N2-dG between one and three days after treatment. The usefulness of congenic mouse strains for identifying genes putatively involved in aging and/or disease susceptibility is discussed.
Low toxicity in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy

Objective:To determine the short-term and long-term toxicity of abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesize that with newer techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and 3-dimensional conformal radiothera
On the frontline of CCSS implementation: A national study of factors influencing teachers’ perceptions of teaching conditions and job satisfaction

AbstractThe Common Core State Standards (CCSS) represent an unprecedented change in American education. As an increasingly integral part of the school accountability movement under No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top, responsibility for implementing CCSS rests largely with school leadership. One important factor in the success or failure of these efforts is the perceptions and experiences of the teachers who will ultimately employ CCSS in the classroom. This survey study examined teachers’ views of CCSS implementation, teaching conditions, collaboration, and job satisfaction. Factor analysis revealed that the openness and activeness of school leadership had a significant effect on teachers’ perceptions of implementation, suggesting that attention to these aspects of leadership is an important consideration during transition to CCSS.
OpenCL™ FFT Optimizations for Intel® Processor Graphics

In this paper, we explore a number of OpenCL™ optimization strategies and show the pros and cons relative to clFFT, the leading OpenCL Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) library. We implemented a 1D, multi-kernel, mixed-radix Cooley-Tukey power of two algorithms that improves upon clFFT for many cases under consideration. The computation is broken down into a set of auto-generated smaller-base FFTs that fit in the execution unit registers, avoiding the use of local memory and barriers; our implementation achieves high-thread occupancy and high memory bandwidth for a wide range of global and local sizes.
Characteristics of Differentiation and Treatment of Phlegm,Water Retention and Dampness Diseases ofGolden Chamber

The article summarizes and discusses the characteristics of differentiation and treatment on phlegm,water retention and dampness diseases of ZHANG Zhongjing.Zhongjing's differentiation is based on the location of the symptoms,organs or formulae and is therefore very practical.ZHANG Zhongjing made suggestions such as transforming phlegm and water retention with warm herbs,treating edema under the waist with diuresis while edema above the waist with diaphoresis,treating acute diseases first and chronic diseases second in accordance with the property,location and status of the diseases.The analysis is based on the explanation of the name and the relationship of the above diseases,combined with the statistics of the herbs and formulae used in Golden Chamber.The article explores Zhongjing's laws of treatment on the above diseases,including topics such as treating different diseases with the same principle and formula,treatment of disease according to the tendency and status of the disease,application of warm natured herbs for water metabolism disharmony and removing phlegm and water retention with purgatives.The discussion adds to our perspective on the treatment of such diseases.
“Roots” or the virtualities of racial imaginaries in Puerto Rico and the diaspora

This essay analyzes representations and imaginaries of blackness in contemporary Puerto Rico, by focusing on the debates raised by “Raices”/(Roots) (2001), the Banco Popular video special about traditional Afro-Puerto Rican rhythms of bomba and plena. These debates divided public opinion in Puerto Rico and included members of academia, musicologists, bomba and plena groups, and the San Anton (Ponce) community residents. They refer to the ways Puerto Ricans “speak the unspoken,” that is, the ways Puerto Ricans talk about race and its intersectionalities on the island and in the diaspora. Authenticity claims, particularly as to why bomba and plena appeared alongside reggae or hip-hop, are discussed in terms of four important elements: (1) the musical, cultural and social discourses of blackness in Puerto Rico and the ways they are represented in the media; (2) the complex dialogues between Puerto Rican definitions of blackness/whiteness and the African Diaspora; (3) forms of racialization of the Puerto Rican diaspora; and (4) the ways roots are also routes that articulate an understanding of blackness, race, and racialization in contemporary Caribbean/US global circuits.
IMMUNE ACTIVITIES OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the immune activities of the male and female reproductive tracts. A few people have sperm antibodies in their serum. This antibody activity is detected by a number of methods, including agglutination, immobilization, cytotoxicity, and immunofluorescence. There is a definite relationship between sperm antibodies and infertility. Genital secretions can contain serum proteins by means of a transudation process. In different individuals, there can be different proportions of locally-produced and systemically-produced antibodies in genital secretions. A number of infertile women show an activity of sperm antibody in their cervical mucus. The chapter discusses some speculations regarding the mechanisms whereby sperm antibodies interfere with fertility. The major methods that are most frequently used are the methods of agglutination and immobilization. Immunofluorescence methods are sometimes used.
Polarized Beam Angular Correlation Measurements in 41Ca

The structure of the two 3/2− states in 41 Ca at 1943 and 2463 keV has long been of interest.1,2 The simple shell model predicts just one 3/2− state, having the configuration P3/2 coupled to the 40Ca core. Both the 1943 and 2463 keV states are strongly populated in the 40 Ca(d,p)41Ca reaction however, indicating significant single particle configurations in each level. The γ-ray decay properties of these levels are very different though. The 1943 keV level decays to the 7/2− ground state with a strong BE2 transition of 65 e2fm4. The 2463 keV level has no observable ground state decay3 (BE2 < 0.06 e2fm4) but instead decays solely to the 1943 keV level via a low energy transition.
Allene-d4: Analysis of the bands

Abstract The infrared absorption spectrum of allene- d 4 was measured on a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer in the region 2200 to 2300 cm −1 , and deconvolution was used to attain an efective linewidth ∼0.0025 cm −1 . The two parallel bands occurring in this region, centered at 2228.442 and 2275.992 cm −1 , belong to the ν 5 fundamental in close Fermi resonance with the ν 2 + ν 7 combination. Both bands exhibit the effects of very strong anharmonic perturbations by the states 2 ν 4 + ν 7 , 2 ν 9 + 2 ν 11 , ν 4 + ν 7 + 2 ν 11 , and ν 2 + ν 10 + ν 11 and of x,y -Coriolis perturbations by additional states which have not been identified. The interacting upper states ν 5 ν 2 + ν 7 and 12 perturbing states were included in the Hamiltonian used for the treatment of this highly distorted spectrum. A set of spectroscopic constants is reported which reproduces all the assigned lines of the two bands with a standard deviation of 0.0045 cm −1 . The analysis indicates that the Fermi resonance between ν 5 and ν 2 + ν 7 is nearly exact, with the unperturbed origins of these states located at 2252.137 and 2252.164 cm −1 , respectively, and a coupling constant of 23.64 cm −1 .
Cytokines, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases.

The understanding of cytokines is in its infancy, but it appears that overproduction or deficiency of these intracellular mediators may contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis. As the complexities of cytokine actions and interactions Eire unraveled, therapeutic blockade or upregulation may be possible.
Insecticidal Effects on the Spatial Progression of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Movement of Its Whitefly Vector in Tomato.

Commercial management of whitefly-transmitted Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) typically relies on insecticide control of whitefly vectors as a first line of defense. We quantified this effect in crop tunnel studies, with validation in a tomato field setting. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-infected and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)-infested source plants were planted at the beginning of tunneled rows to serve as inoculum source, so that movement of whiteflies and TYLCV symptoms could be tracked down the length of the tunnel over time. Tunnel study results showed that proximity to the source plant was a more important factor than insecticide treatments. Insecticide-treated tomato transplants did tend to suppress whitefly incidence and slowed TYLCV movement in comparison with the untreated check; however, tomato plants planted closer to the source plant had higher incidence of whiteflies and TYLCV infection, regardless of treatment. In a large tomato plot study with a controlled inoculum source, insecticide treatments significantly reduced the spread of TYLCV. When uninhibited by insecticide treatment, 80% of the TYLCV spread was restricted to <15 m from the source plant (<11 m in the validation study), with insecticide treatment generally reducing the distance and magnitude of this spread.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Food allergy is a public health concern especially after recognizing its constantly increased prevalence and severity. Despite careful reading of food ingredient statements, food allergic individuals may experience reactions caused by "hidden", "masked", or "contaminated" proteins that are known major allergens. Many techniques have been developed to detect even small traces of food allergens, for clinical or laboratory purposes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the best validated and most routinely used immunoassay in allergy research, in allergy diagnosis in allergy-related quality control in various industries. Although as a technique it has been implemented for the last 45 years, the evolution in biochemistry allowed the development of ultrasensitive ELISA variations that are capable of measuring quantities in the scale of picograms, rendering ELISA attractive, robust, and very famous.
Perpetual Phosphorus Cycling: Eutrophication Amplifies Biological Control on Internal Phosphorus Loading in Agricultural Reservoirs

Nearly half of US lakes are impaired, primarily resulting from excessive nutrients and resultant eutrophication. The stability and recycling of sediment P results in differing degrees of internal P loading, which can alter lake water quality. In this study, we asked: (1) What are the underlying mechanisms controlling internal loading (net release) and retention of P? and (2) How does trophic state, specifically a hypereutrophic condition, affect internal P loading in agricultural reservoirs? We show that shifts in internal P loading are related to trophic-level indicators, including total P (TP) and chl-a concentrations. All study reservoirs were classified as hypereutrophic, and we grouped them as “less eutrophic” or “more eutrophic” based on TP and chl-a concentrations. In less eutrophic lakes, chemical variables (for example, oxygen) and sediment iron-bound P primarily controlled internal P loading under anaerobic conditions. However, in the more eutrophic lakes, biological variables, including phytoplankton biomass (as indicated by chl-a concentrations) and extracellular enzyme activity, drove internal P loading or reduced P retention under aerobic conditions. Biologically controlled aerobic internal P cycling was related to higher sediment organic P pools being broken down by enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, we theorize that as lakes become hypereutrophic, biological mechanisms begin to amplify internal P release by acting under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, thus creating a perpetual cycle of internal P loading. Thus, the role of biological processes and oxygen availability should be considered in water quality management strategies aimed at alleviating eutrophication in lakes.
Semiglobal Practical Stabilization of Uncertain Non-Minimum-Phase Nonlinear Systems via Output Feedback*

Abstract A design method is presented, for the construction of a dynamic controller which semiglobally practically robustly stabilizes, using output feedback only, a significant class of uncertain nonlinear systems whose zero dynamics are unstable.
Sex, Obesity, and Blood Pressure Among African American Adolescents: The Jackson Heart KIDS Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND This study examined the degree to which sex, weight status, and the presence of hypertension and obesity in parents/grandparents were associated with systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (BP) among African American youth in a pilot offspring study examining obesity-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks among adolescents. RESULTS Fully adjusted linear regression models of the total sample produced results indicating that obesity was associated with BP (SBP: β = 7.08, P < 0.01; DBP: β = 8.14, P < 0.001). Sex-stratified analyses indicated that overweight and obesity were associated with SBP (overweight: β = 6.77, P < 0.01; obese: β = 11.65, P < 0.001) and obesity was correlated with DBP (β = 9.86, P < 0.001) among males. For females, overweight was correlated with SBP (β = 4.11, P < 0.05) while obesity was associated with DBP (β = 6.98, P < 0.01). Attempting to lose weight was inversely related to SBP (β = -4.01, P < 0.05) in the full sample and among males (β = -11.94, P < 0.001). Familial presence of hypertension and/or obesity was significantly associated with SBP among adolescent females but not males. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between weight status, familial hypertension and obesity status, and BP among adolescents vary by sex. This study underscores the need for additional research investigating the relationship between individual sex, weight status, BP and familial BP, and obesity status on risk among African American adolescents.
Radiographic Evaluation of Patients with Anterior Shoulder Instability

Injuries to the labrum, joint capsule (in particular the inferior glenohumeral ligament), cartilage, and glenoid periosteum are associated with anterior shoulder instability. The goal of this review is to provide common radiographic images and findings in patients with anterior shoulder instability. Furthermore, we will demonstrate the best methods for measuring anterior glenoid bone loss. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is highly relied upon for evaluating anterior shoulder instability and can diagnose soft tissue injuries with high sensitivity. While 3D computed tomography (CT) scan has been considered the optimal tool for evaluating osseous defects, certain MR imaging sequences have been shown to have similar diagnostic accuracy. Repair of Bankart lesions is critical to stabilizing the shoulder, and in the recent years, there has been an increasing focus on imaging to accurately characterize and measure glenoid bone loss to properly indicate patients for either arthroscopic repair or anterior bony reconstruction. Furthermore, Hill-Sachs lesions are commonly seen with shoulder instability, and importance must be placed on measuring the size and depth of these lesions along with possible engagement, as these factors will dictate management. The labral-ligamentous complex and rotator cuff are primary stabilizers of the shoulder. With anterior shoulder instability, the labrum is frequently injured. MRI with an arthrogram or provocative maneuvers is the gold standard for diagnosis. Various imaging modalities and methods can be performed to identify and measure Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions, which can then be used for surgical planning and treating shoulder instability.
Cognitive Evaluation of Survey Instruments

Cognitive testing is an established means for pretesting and evaluating survey questionnaires. However, the current set of practices in the field have not been subjected to systematic evaluation, in order to select a set of ‘best practices.’ or even acceptable procedures. Looking to the survey of the future, there are several strands of research that could be helpful. In this (informal) piece, I present several ideas concerning the types of research and development, concerning cognitive interviewing, that could be productive.
Aurothioglucose does not improve alveolarization or elicit sustained Nrf2 activation in C57BL/6 models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

We previously showed that the thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) inhibitor aurothioglucose (ATG) improves alveolarization in hyperoxia-exposed newborn C3H/HeN mice. Our data supported a mechanism by w...
Issues in dextrous robot hands

In this chapter, we study grasp planning and coordinated manipulation by a multifingered robot hand under various contact constraints. First, we formulate the hand kinematics and establish force/velocity transformation relations for a hand manipulation system. Then, we propose two quality measures for evaluating a grasp. These measures can be used to plan for good grasps. Finally, we derive a set of control laws for coordinated manipulation by a robot hand under either fixed points of contact or rolling contact. These control schemes all give decoupled error equations between the position loop and the internal grasp force loop.
SPECT/CT Imaging of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection with [125I]anti-C3d mAb.

Diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of chronic bacterial infection requires methods to detect and localize sites of infection accurately. Complement C3 activation fragments are generated and covalently bound to selective bacterial pathogens during the immune response and can serve as biomarkers of ongoing bacterial infection. We have developed several probes for detecting tissue-bound C3 deposits, including a monoclonal antibody (mAb 3d29) that recognizes the tissue-bound terminal processing fragments iC3b and C3d but does not recognize native circulating C3 or tissue-bound C3b. To determine whether mAb 3d29 could be used to detect chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection non-invasively, aerosol-infected female C3HeB/FeJ mice were injected with [125I]3d29 mAb and either imaged using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging at 24 and 48 h after radiotracer injection or being subjected to biodistribution analysis. Discrete lesions were detected by SPECT/CT imaging in the lungs and spleens of infected mice, consistent with the location of granulomas in the infected animals as detected by CT. Low-level signal was seen in the spleens of uninfected mice and no signal was seen in the lungs of healthy mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that 3d29 in the lungs of infected mice co-localized with aggregates of macrophages (detected with anti-CD68 antibodies). 3d29 was detected in the cytoplasm of macrophages, consistent with the location of internalized M. tuberculosis. 3d29 was also present within alveolar epithelial cells, indicating that it detected M. tuberculosis phagocytosed by other CD68-positive cells. Healthy controls showed very little retention of fluorescent or radiolabeled antibody across tissues. Radiolabeled 3d29 compared with radiolabeled isotype control showed a 3.5:1 ratio of increased uptake in infected lungs, indicating specific uptake by 3d29. 3d29 can be used to detect and localize areas of infection with M. tuberculosis non-invasively by 24 h after radiotracer injection and with high contrast.
SOCIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS | Socially Controlled Sex Change in Fishes

Socially controlled sex change in fishes represents an extreme, but useful example of the very general phenomenon of environmental control of reproductive development and function. Studies of sex change to date strongly implicate components of the reproductive axis at the level of the gonad and brain, with estrogen signaling mediated by the enzyme aromatase appearing to be of particular importance. The hormone arginine vasotocin and monoamine neurotransmitters also appear to play critical roles in behavioral sex change. While many aspects of this fascinating process remain poorly understood with detailed, plausible models yet to be put forward, rapid technical advances in teleost endocrinology and the continued development of powerful models for study suggest that our understanding of this fascinating reproductive pattern should improve rapidly.
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF THIOCARBAMATE ANTIDOTES

The incidence of corn injury from thiocarbamate herbicides is effectively reduced by seed treatment with 1 , 8-naphthalic anhyddride and seed or soil treatment with the dichloroacetamide R-25788. Additional selectivity provided by this dichloroacetamide expands the use areas for EPTC and butylate in weed control.
Recent advances in understanding and treating acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disorder associated with many disease processes that injure the lung, culminating in increased non-hydrostatic extravascular lung water, reduced compliance, and severe hypoxemia. Despite enhanced understanding of molecular mechanisms, advances in ventilatory strategies, and general care of the critically ill patient, mortality remains unacceptably high. The Berlin definition of ARDS has now replaced the American-European Consensus Conference definition. The recently concluded Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG-SAFE) provided worldwide epidemiological data of ARDS including prevalence, geographic variability, mortality, and patterns of mechanical ventilation use. Failure of clinical therapeutic trials prompted the investigation and subsequent discovery of two distinct phenotypes of ARDS (hyper-inflammatory and hypo-inflammatory) that have different biomarker profiles and clinical courses and respond differently to the random application of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and fluid management strategies. Low tidal volume ventilation remains the predominant mainstay of the ventilatory strategy in ARDS. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation, application of recruitment maneuvers, higher PEEP, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and alternate modes of mechanical ventilation have failed to show benefit. Similarly, most pharmacological therapies including keratinocyte growth factor, beta-2 agonists, and aspirin did not improve outcomes. Prone positioning and early neuromuscular blockade have demonstrated mortality benefit, and clinical guidelines now recommend their use. Current ongoing trials include the use of mesenchymal stem cells, vitamin C, re-evaluation of neuromuscular blockade, and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal. In this article, we describe advances in the diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment of ARDS over the past decade.
Choreografish: Co-designing a Choreography-based Therapeutic Virtual Reality System with Youth Who Have Autism Spectrum Advantages

Choreografish is a virtual reality, therapeutic arts engagement leveraging participatory research and design to collaborate with young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The research team was motivated by the social anxiety some with ASD have, and the attendant difficulties accessing art forms that may actually play well to Autism Spectrum Advantages (ASA). This project was co-designed with youth with ASA to explore the use of VR and choreographic thinking to empower users and designers to engage with the arts and self-manage anxiety. This paper describes the project, and gives a brief design history of Choreografish.
Residency Training: Enhancing resiliency in our residents: Combining the principles of business and neurobiology.

Burnout is a syndrome defined by 3 principal components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished feelings of personal accomplishment.1 Burnout negatively affects patient care, affects patient safety, and results in deleterious effects on practitioners.2 A recently published article reports that 73% of neurology residents describe at least one symptom of burnout.3
Probiotics for Children with Gastroenteritis.

In clinical practices for adults and children, probiotics — live bacteria that are intended to have a beneficial effect in the host — are frequently recommended to treat a wide variety of diarrheal...
Correction to: Robust Findings From 25 Years of PTSD Genetics Research.

The original version of this article contained an error in the title. The correct title should read "Robust Findings From 25 Years of PTSD Genetics Research" as shown above. The original article has been corrected.
Serial Strain Analysis Identifies Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Infants at Risk for Cardiac Morbidity and Mortality: A Pilot Study.

Background Validated, objective measures of right ventricular (RV) function assessment in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are needed. In other populations, speckle-tracking echocardiography-derived strain is a sensitive measure that outperforms conventional parameters of RV function. We hypothesized that speckle-tracking echocardiography–derived measures of RV function would be worse in patients with HLHS who have a poor cardiac outcome. Methods Prospective serial echocardiography was performed in 35 infants with HLHS during the first 6 months of life. Patients not undergoing staged palliation or with other variants of single RV were excluded. Traditional RV measurements and strain analysis were performed from standard apical and basal views. The primary outcome of cardiac death, heart transplantation, or persistent ≥ moderate RV dysfunction was examined using Cox regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to derive cutoff values. Results At median follow-up of 10.9 months (interquartile range 5.6, 15.2), eight patients reached the outcome and demonstrated worse RV strain measures compared with those without the outcome. A post-Norwood global longitudinal strain (GLS) of > –16% (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.76; P = .04) and pre-Glenn GLS > –13% (AUC, 0.98; P ≤ .01) were highly sensitive and specific for poor outcome. Other thresholds included post-Norwood GLS rate (GLSr) > –1.15 %/s (AUC, 0.78; P = .03), pre-Glenn GLSr = –0.85%/sec (AUC, 0.89; P –0.85%/sec (AUC, 0.92; P –0.85%/sec (AUC, 0.84; P = .02). Conclusions Strain analysis may help identify at-risk HLHS infants. In this pilot study, interstage strain indices were worse in infants with HLHS who had a poor cardiac outcome.
Achievement of 186-Gb/s PAM-4 under 20.5-GHz bandwidth limitation using MLSE based on 2 nd order Volterra filter

T-spaced 3-memory MLSE based on a Volterra filter using an RLS algorithm with a training sequence for nonlinear channel estimation and convergence stability of tap coefficient achieves 186-Gb/s PAM-4 signals under a 20.5-GHz bandwidth limitation.
Reversal of Toric Intraocular Lens-corrected Corneal Astigmatism after Kahook Dual Blade Goniotomy.

A 79-year-old man underwent phacoemulsification (phaco) with TORIC intraocular lens (IOL) insertion combined with Kahook dual blade (KDB) goniotomy of the right eye several months after a stand-alone phaco in the fellow eye. He had significant against-the-rule astigmatism in both eyes (2.41D @ 10° right, 2.40D @ 160° left) preoperatively. Postoperatively, nearly all corneal astigmatism disappeared in the right eye (0.60D @ 37°), while it remained the same in the left eye (2.00D @ 167°). Ophthalmologists should be aware that KDB may have an unreported effect of altering corneal astigmatism, which should be considered when inserting TORIC IOL. How to cite this article Hirabayashi MT, McDaniel LM, et al. Reversal of Toric Intraocular Lens-corrected Corneal Astigmatism after Kahook Dual Blade Goniotomy. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2019;13(1):42-44.
‘A conflict between the token guardians of society and a man’s private life’: Kenneth Anger, Palo Alto Kodak, the Kinsey Institute, and the circulation of Marvin Samuel’s amateur S/M pornography

This article traces the route that a piece of amateur, gay S/M pornography took in the era before the golden age of pornography, looking at how it moved through the stages of production, developmen...
Advocacy and Activism as Essential Tools in Primate Conservation

Primates are facing a global extinction crisis driven by an expanding human population, environmental degradation, the conversion of tropical forests into monocultures for industrial agriculture and cattle ranching, unsustainable resource extraction, hunting, climate change, and the threat of emerging zoonotic diseases. And, although many primate scientists have dedicated their careers to conservation, 65% of primate species are listed as Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered, and >75% are experiencing a population decline. Projections indicate that by the end of the century, an additional 75% of the area currently occupied by wild primates will be lost to agriculture. Clearly, we are losing the battle and must change business-as-usual if we are to protect wild primates and their habitats. This article is a call to action. Primate societies and their membership need to expand their engagement in scientific advocacy and scientific activism designed to educate, inspire, organize, and mobilize global citizens to join together, lobby business leaders and politicians in both primate habitat countries and in consumer nations, boycott forest-risk products, participate in demonstrations and letter writing campaigns, and use social media to effect transformational change. We are the experts, and the more we and our professional organizations drive the public policy debate on wildlife conservation and environmental justice, the more successful we will be in protecting the world's primates from extinction. The time to act is now!
Telemedicine For Prenatal Care: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of telehealth-enhanced prenatal care. Data Sources We searched for primary literature in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Methods of Study Selection Studies were included if they were written in English and used telehealth as an adjunct to or substitute for elements of a comprehensive prenatal care system, with pregnant women as the study population. Studies were excluded if they did not involve comprehensive prenatal care, were not in English, or were abstracts only. Two reviewers independently screened studies by titles, abstracts, and full text. Conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. Remaining conflicts were resolved by a fourth reviewer. Risk of bias was performed independently by two reviewers. Conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer. Tabulation, Integration and Results The initial search identified 2707 studies, of which 7 met inclusion criteria. One additional study was identified in the grey literature. Studies included 4 non-randomized controlled studies, 1 randomized controlled trial, 2 qualitative studies, and 1 active clinical trial. Telehealth-enhanced prenatal care included remote monitoring and/or virtual visits. Interventions reduced the number of in-person appointments. Patients and providers had high rates of satisfaction with prenatal care delivered via telehealth. Pregnancy outcomes were similar between the intervention and control groups with the exception of one study identifying higher rates of pre-eclampsia and another showing higher rates of gestational diabetes in the telehealth group. Risk of bias assessment revealed moderate bias in all of the non-randomized studies. The randomized controlled trial had low risk of bias. Conclusion Telemedicine-enhanced prenatal care may decrease the number of in-person prenatal care visits and increase access to care. Future studies should be done to determine neonatal and maternal outcomes of remote care and to study effectiveness of these interventions for women of color and low socioeconomic status.
The derivation of Poiseuille’s law: heuristic and explanatory considerations

This paper illustrates how an experimental discovery can prompt the search for a theoretical explanation and also how obtaining such an explanation can provide heuristic benefits for further experimental discoveries. The case considered begins with the discovery of Poiseuille’s law for steady fluid flow through pipes. The law was originally supported by careful experiments, and was only later explained through a derivation from the more basic Navier–Stokes equations. However, this derivation employed a controversial boundary condition and also relied on a contentious approach to viscosity. By comparing two editions of Lamb’s famous Hydrodynamics textbook, I argue that explanatory considerations were central to Lamb’s claims about this sort of fluid flow. In addition, I argue that this treatment of Poiseuille’s law played a heuristic role in Reynolds’ treatment of turbulent flows, where Poiseuille’s law fails to apply.
Compensatory hepatic adaptation accompanies permanent absence of intrahepatic biliary network due to YAP1 loss in liver progenitors.

Summary Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) regulates cell plasticity during liver injury, regeneration, and cancer, but its role in liver development is unknown. We detect YAP1 activity in biliary cells and in cells at the hepatobiliary bifurcation in single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of developing livers. Deletion of Yap1 in hepatoblasts does not impair Notch-driven SOX9+ ductal plate formation but does prevent the formation of the abutting second layer of SOX9+ ductal cells, blocking the formation of a patent intrahepatic biliary tree. Intriguingly, these mice survive for 8 months with severe cholestatic injury and without hepatocyte-to-biliary transdifferentiation. Ductular reaction in the perihilar region suggests extrahepatic biliary proliferation, likely seeking the missing intrahepatic biliary network. Long-term survival of these mice occurs through hepatocyte adaptation via reduced metabolic and synthetic function, including altered bile acid metabolism and transport. Overall, we show YAP1 as a key regulator of bile duct development while highlighting a profound adaptive capability of hepatocytes.
The Unintended Consequences of Raising Awareness: Knowing About the Existence of Algorithmic Racial Bias Widens Racial Inequality

In May 2016, a series of news articles on algorithmic racial bias went viral and triggered a nationwide outrage on social media, raising public awareness of the existence of algorithmic racial bias. The new public awareness raised an important question: How does awareness of the existence of racial bias in some algorithms influence the disadvantaged group’s receptivity to unrelated algorithms that are unbiased (i.e., race-blind) and offer significant financial, education, or health benefits? The current research is the first attempt to investigate this question. An analysis of an Airbnb dataset reveals that, before the 2016 media coverage of algorithmic racial bias, Black hosts were less likely than white hosts to use Smart Pricing (i.e., an unbiased pricing algorithm with a demonstrated financial benefit); after the media event, the racial gap in Smart Pricing usage widened by 61.2%. A controlled experiment further demonstrates the mechanism: awareness of algorithmic racial bias differentially affects the expected financial benefits of Smart Pricing along racial lines, increasing the expected benefits of Smart Pricing among white hosts and reducing the expected benefits of Smart Pricing among Black hosts. Theoretically, this research contributes to the nascent literatures on algorithmic bias and algorithm aversion and the classic literature on judgment and decision making. Practically, it offers important implications for policy makers, firms, and media outlets that wish to prevent the public’s awareness of certain algorithmic biases from spilling over to algorithms that are unbiased and beneficial.
Modelling the Spatial Distribution Differences of Compulsory Education Resource

This paper aimed to explore the difference in the spatial distribution of compulsory education resource allocation. Raw data were collected from the 2020 China Statistical Yearbook (county/district level) and Guangxi Province Statistical Yearbook of China. Data analysis was conducted using the entropy method, comprehensive evaluation method, K-means clusters analysis, analysis of variance, and spatial statistical analysis (Moran’s I index). It was determined that there were significant differences in the spatial distribution of compulsory education. The equilibrium degree to mandatory education resource allocation was divided into three classes: high level, medium level, and low level, and each class presented a spatial aggregation effect in the spatial distribution. Compared with the primary schools, the equilibrium degree of junior secondary school was higher. However, the equilibrium fluctuation of junior secondary schools was more significant among different counties/districts. The equilibrium of educational resources of junior secondary schools in the urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference for the primary school.
Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells promote remyelination and reduce neuroinflammation in the demyelinating central nervous system.

Abstract Injury of oligodendrocytes (OLs) induces demyelination, and patients with neurodegenerative diseases exhibit demyelination concomitantly with neurological deficit and cognitive impairment. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are present in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and they can proliferate, differentiate, and remyelinate axons after damage. However, remyelination therapies are not in clinical use. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major demyelinating disease in the CNS. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic promise in animal models and in clinical trials of MS. Exosomes are nanoparticles generated by nearly all cells and they mediate cell-cell communication by transferring cargo biomaterials. Here, we hypothesize that exosomes harvested from MSCs have a similar therapeutic effect on enhancement of remyelination as that of MSCs. In the present study we employed exosomes derived from rhesus monkey MSCs (MSC-Exo). Two mouse models of demyelination were employed: 1) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS; and 2) cuprizone (CPZ) diet model, a toxic demyelination model. MSC-Exo or PBS were intravenously injected twice a week for 4 weeks, starting on day 10 post immunization in EAE mice, or once a week for 2 weeks starting on the day of CPZ diet withdrawal. Neurological and cognitive function were tested, OPC differentiation and remyelination, neuroinflammation and the potential underlying mechanisms were investigated using immunofluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy and Western blot. Data generated from the EAE model revealed that MSC-Exo cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and target neural cells. Compared with the controls (p
Can I get a witness?: The resilience of four Black women senior student affairs administrators at predominantly White institutions

The purpose of this qualitative research guided by resilience theory was to investigate the experiences of four Black women senior student affairs administrators at predominantly White institutions in order to understand the strategies for success that led to their advancement to senior level positions. Participants included four deans of students and/or vice presidents for student affairs (reporting directly to the president of the institution) at four-year small private predominantly White institutions (enrollment under 5,000). The participants’ recounted experiences of tokenism, perceptions of the appearance, perceptions of communication styles, and inequitable compensation. They also reported support systems such as mentors, giving back, and spirituality that influence their thoughts, actions, reactions, decisions, and motivation to continue in the field, in their position, and ultimately in higher education. The implications of the study encourages institutions to provide funding, personnel resources, and training for all employees as well as encourages current Black women administrators to discuss their professional experiences to continue to inform scholarship and practice.
Experimental studies of solution processes: Part III. Thermodynamic and spectroscopic constants for the nitromethane complex dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, n-heptane, or methanol

Abstract Dilute solutions of nitromethane in methanol, n -heptane, or carbon tetrachloride do not obey Beer's Law. Their ultraviolet absorption spectra can be resolved into contributions by associated and unassociated species of nitromethane. The equilibrium constant at 20°C for the reaction, 2 MeNO 2 ⇄ (MeNO 2 ) 2 , is found to be 105.1, 104.2, and 501 liter-moles −1 in carbon tetrachloride, n -heptane, and methanol, respectively. Δ H for the reaction equals −0.20 kcal/mole in methanol and −0.34 kcal/mole in carbon tetrachloride and n -heptane. Both the associated and unassociated species have an absorption maximum near 2750 A and a sharply increasing band which rises to shorter wavelengths from near 2450 A. The molar extinction coefficients for both species are independent of temperature, but they vary slightly with the nature of the solvent.
Consumption of a durable termite bait matrix by subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and resulting insecticidal activity

Background A novel durable termite bait was developed to enable continuous bait availability and lengthen the monitoring interval to 1 year. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the palatability and insecticidal activity of this bait to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), R. virginicus (Banks), R. hesperus Banks, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Heterotermes aureus (Synder). Results Consumption of the blank durable bait matrix was significantly higher than consumption of a blank preferred textured cellulose matrix (PTC) by R. virginicus, R. flavipes and C. formosanus. R. flavipes, R. hesperus and H. aureus consumed significantly more durable bait than PTC when both contained the active ingredient noviflumuron. All bait treatments resulted in significant mortality relative to the untreated controls. Survivorship of R. virginicus, C. formosanus and H. aureus was 2% or less and not significantly different between the durable bait and PTC treatments containing noviflumuron. The durable bait matrix lagged behind the PTC matrix in mortality over time for all species tested except H. aureus. Conclusion The durable bait was highly palatable and effective in inducing mortality to R. flavipes, R. virginicus, R. hesperus, C. formosanus and H. aureus in the laboratory. This unique bait matrix will be available to termites continuously and allows for an annual monitoring interval. The durability of this bait matrix is unprecedented, allowing for bait to remain active for years and thus providing continuous structural protection.