cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental limits of all nonlinear-optical phenomena that are representable by a second-order nonlinear susceptibility

Applying the three-level ansatz and the sum rules to the new dipole-free sum-over-states expression, we develop a rigorous method for calculating the fundamental limits of the dispersion of the real and imaginary parts of the second-order electronic nonlinear-optical susceptibilities. These results can be applied to all orders of nonlinearity, hence can be used to study any nonlinear-optical phenomena at any wavelength. The theory can be used to understand how strongly light interacts with matter and can be applied to optimizing a material’s properties for applications. In particular, we find that the resonant first hyperpolarizability peaks when the energy difference between excited states is small. In contrast, the maximal off-resonance hyperpolarizability requires the excited states to be well separated. Therefore, one molecular design strategy does not fit all applications.
Integrated optical waveguides: refractive-index profile control by temperature and electric-field programming

Ion exchange is often used to manufacture integrated optical waveguides in glasses and crystals. The manufacture of low-loss, compact, integrated optical waveguides can be achieved by varying the processing conditions (the temperature and the electric field) during the ion exchange. We have simulated the formation of waveguides in glass with a molten salt silver ion-exchange technique and have shown that, by simply linearly varying the temperature and electric field during processing of waveguides, one can tailor the refractive-index profiles to produce low-loss parabolic and hyperbolic secant dopant profiles or any other generic dopant profile.
The ion-optics of a two-grid electron-bombardment thruster

A detailed experimental investigation was performed to determine the ion-optical performance of an electron-bombardment ion thruster as a function of grid geometry changes. The results show that each geometrical grid parameter independently affects one aspect of ion-optical performance. These observations are used in developing a graphical technique to predict the ion-optical performance of an arbitrary ion source and grid geometry combination. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated by comparing predicted ion-optical performance of the 30-cm diameter engineering model ion thruster with independent experimental determinations. Good agreement is shown between predicted and experimental results.
PROTEINS OF HUMAN BRAIN TISSUE OBTAINED DURING SURGICAL PROCEDURES

— A series of normal and abnormal brain tissues were obtained during surgical procedures; adjacent portions were evaluated histologically or extracted with dilute buffer. The proteins were separated in acrylamide gels using electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Twelve of the patients showed a very similar distribution of the proteins on electrophoretic separation referred to as the ‘typical’ pattern. This group includes all of the histologically normal specimens, and in addition, one mild gliosis, two cases of juvenile lipidosis, one mucopolysaccharidosis and one Unverricht epilepsy. Remarkably little variability in the electrophoresis gel pattern was found in a series of five pairs of histologically normal gray and white matter samples. An increased density of several bands was apparent in extracts of gray matter when compared with corresponding white. No differences which could be correlated with the different areas of the cortex were seen. Six of the patients showed gel patterns different from the ‘typical’ pattern. One of these (glioblastoma) differed only in the increase in band 9. Another glioblastoma showed a virtual absence of nearly all of the brain proteins usually found in the gels. Two astrocytomas and one surgical scar specimen showed a very dense protein band (No. 15) and a novel minor protein component, band 20, while one case of SSPE showed only the heavy band in the area of band 15. The content of band 5 was reduced in those specimens which presented a dense band 15. The pronounced increase in band 15 and band 20 appears to correlate with the marked increase in astrocytic elements in these three patients.
Transmission line tower collapse investigation: A case study

Two adjacent 110kV self support suspension towers failed under broken conductor conditions. The conductor failed due to lightning damage and fatigue contributed to by Aeolian vibration. There were no earth wires on the structures which could prevent lightning damage and subsequent conductor breakage. The earth wires have a structural benefit of preventing a potential tower failure in excessive twisting of the tower top during broken phase conductor loading. This paper presents a methodology for the tower failure investigation using finite element modeling. The loading used under broken conductor conditions and the slenderness of members will be discussed. Recommendations for remedial strategies will be made.
Structure of the major lipopolysaccharide antigenic O-chain produced by Salmonella carrau (O:6, 14, 24).

Salmonella carrau, which belongs to group H (O:6, 14, 24) of the Kauffmann-White classification system, produced a major (90%) smooth lipopolysaccharide which by SDS-PAGE, glycose analysis, methylation, periodate oxidation, deamination, and 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. studies was shown to have an O-polysaccharide moiety composed of a repeating pentasaccharide having the structure: (formula: see text).
On the endothelial cell ISOC

Ca2+ store depletion activates both Ca2+ selective and non-selective currents in endothelial cells. Recently, considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular make-up and regulation of an endothelial cell thapsigargin-activated Ca2+ selective current, I(SOC). Indeed, I(SOC) is a relatively small inward Ca2+ current that exhibits an approximate +40mV reversal potential and is strongly inwardly rectifying. This current is sensitive to organization of the actin-based cytoskeleton. Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins 1 and 4 (TRPC1 and TRPC4, respectively) each contribute to the molecular basis of I(SOC), although it is TRPC4 that appears to be tethered to the cytoskeleton through a dynamic interaction with protein 4.1. Activation of I(SOC) requires association between protein 4.1 and the actin-based cytoskeleton (mediated through spectrin), suggesting protein 4.1 mediates the physical communication between Ca2+ store depletion and channel activation. Thus, at present findings indicate a TRPC4-protein 4.1 physical linkage regulates I(SOC) activation following Ca2+ store depletion.
The Value of High-School Foreign Language for the Study of College Introductory Foreign Language

COLLEGE teachers of beginning courses in foreign language have often remarked that foreign language background in high school is extremely valuable for college foreign language students even when they start a new language in college. Learning foreign language in high school supposedly gives students some insights into the purposes, structure, and meaning of language which will generalize to other languages they take up in college. Students who do not take foreign language in high school have to start virtually from scratch in these aspects and often do so poorly in their college foreign language courses that they require a great deal of remedial help. The purpose of the present study is to discover whether students who do not take a foreign language in high school are handicapped in their study of foreign language in college and, if so, to see whether the deficiencies still exist after controls for general ability and linguistic aptitude are introduced. The sample consisted of 958 Fall 1956 University of Michigan freshmen who had either taken no foreign language in high school or were taking a college language different from the one taken in high school. The distribution of their high school and college language experience is shown in Table I. Since only 79 took a college language other than French, German, or Spanish, the remainder of this report deals with just the 879 who took one of these as their college language course. A Chi-square test showed that there was enough association between the amount of high school language and the particular language taken up in college to require treating each college language separately.
Investigation of POD Bases for Flow Control on Disk Wakes

This work investigates the effects of flow control on the near wake region of a disk in a water flow, utilizing the POD reconstructed time dependent velocity fields. Velocity measurements were collected using time resolved particle image velocimetry (TRPIV) at a Reynolds number of 20,000 based on the disk diameter, both with and without control. An open-loop control was applied via periodic synthetic jet excitation from the disk edge. With the advantage of a time resolved velocity database, we have the ability to reconstruct the time dependent velocity field in the wake of the disk. This reconstruction is done for the baseline and controlled cases using various POD truncations to observe velocity reconstructions, based on the overall energy of the system. In doing so, we will consider the convergence rate of the spatial eigenvalues when conducting our POD reconstruction of the fluctuating velocity field, for both the baseline and controlled cases. Since a complex flow exists in the wake of the disk, the goal will be to form a state space representation of the flow in the form of a linear time invariant (LTI) system. This model is simply a linearization of the flow around the baseline. Furthermore, our knowledge of the input control signal will allow us to predict the flow at a later instant in time. We would like to extract the most energetic modes of the system and thereby form our observer-based controller to close the loop. In order to accomplish this, and with a rich open-loop dataset at our disposal, we will first form the POD reconstruction of the baseline. We then form a new basis, obtained by taking the actuated (controlled) data and subtracting from it the components of the flow that fall in the subspace spanned by the baseline flow. This will characterize the flow field by capturing the effect of the control input (actuation), from which the parameters of the LTI system can be identified. Preliminary POD reconstruction shows that 60% of the energy is recovered from 20 POD modes of the total 511 modes for the baseline case; similarly 60% of the energy is also recovered from 100 POD modes of the total 1,024 modes for the actuated case.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Range and velocity estimation of radar targets by weighted OFDM modulation

In this paper, we address the problem of spectrum sharing and co-existence between radar and communications systems by using a reconfigurable dual-use radar/comm system on a single RF platform. We develop a nonlinear least-squares method for range and velocity estimation of moving targets using weighted orthogonal division multiplexing (WOFDM) waveform modulation scheme. The corresponding Cramer-Rao low bounds for the target parameter estimator are derived. Weighted OFDM waveform is derived subject to a low peak to average power ratio constraint. The proposed WOFDM modulation scheme shows improved accuracy for delay estimation compared with the classic constant envelope OFDM modulation method while achieving a lower peak to average power ratio.
Why color management

It seems that everywhere you look there is some article or discussion about color management. Why all the fuss? Do I need to management my colors? We have been creating colored artifacts for a very long time and I don't think we have needed color management. So why now? Most of these discussions also refer to the ICC. What is that? These and other questions will be answered in a straightforward manner in plain English. Adobe Systems has pioneered the use of desktop computers for color work, and the author has helped Adobe pick its way down conflicting color paths with confusing road signs over the last 10 years.
Observations on the Prolonged Occlusion Test

Prolonged occlusion has a relation to muscle imbalance similar to that of cycloplegia to ametropia, and is to be used in a complete study of appropriate cases, both as regards distance and near seeing. Illustrative cases show it cannot be replaced by deductions made from other tests. Theoretic objections urged against it are not well founded.
Optetrode: a multichannel readout for optogenetic control in freely moving mice

The authors describe the design of an optetrode, a device that allows for colocalized multi-tetrode electrophysiological recording and optical stimulation in freely moving mice. Recent advances in optogenetics have improved the precision with which defined circuit elements can be controlled optically in freely moving mammals; in particular, recombinase-dependent opsin viruses, used with a growing pool of transgenic mice expressing recombinases, allow manipulation of specific cell types. However, although optogenetic control has allowed neural circuits to be manipulated in increasingly powerful ways, combining optogenetic stimulation with simultaneous multichannel electrophysiological readout of isolated units in freely moving mice remains a challenge. We designed and validated the optetrode, a device that allows for colocalized multi-tetrode electrophysiological recording and optical stimulation in freely moving mice. Optetrode manufacture employs a unique optical fiber-centric coaxial design approach that yields a lightweight (2 g), compact and robust device that is suitable for behaving mice. This low-cost device is easy to construct (2.5 h to build without specialized equipment). We found that the drive design produced stable high-quality recordings and continued to do so for at least 6 weeks following implantation. We validated the optetrode by quantifying, for the first time, the response of cells in the medial prefrontal cortex to local optical excitation and inhibition, probing multiple different genetically defined classes of cells in the mouse during open field exploration.
American Jewish donations to Israel

Jewish philanthropy to Israel, as measured by the annual United Jewish Appeal (UJA) campaigns, declined in the 1990s. A model of donors’ costs of gathering and updating stocks of information about recipients predicts both the centralized structure of general Jewish philanthropic giving (the Federation system) and the recent shifts away from giving through umbrella organizations. Donors have been changing the paths of donations, increasing their giving directly to foreign groups like the “Friends of ...f#x201D; organizations. While the UJA has had lower amounts to send to Israel, the decline has been more than compensated for by increases in such direct giving to Israel, even when measured in real terms.
Resonance Raman and X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Intertriad Metal-Metal Bonds. 2. WRu and MoOs Porphyrin Dimers.

Solution (1H NMR, Evans method magnetic susceptibility, resonance Raman) and X-ray crystallographic spectroscopic studies of intertriad heterodimeric [(OEP)MoOs(OEP)] (3), [(OEP)WRu(OEP)] (4), [(OEP)MoOs(TPP)]PF6 (5+), and [(OEP)WRu(TPP)]PF6 (6+) metalloporphyrins are reported (OEP = 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinato; TPP = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato). Evans method magnetic susceptibility data indicate that 3 and 4 contain two unpaired electrons in the ground electronic configuration. Resonance Raman spectra of 3, 4, 5+, and 6+ suggest that WRu bonds are 5−10% stronger than corresponding MoOs species. Structural characterization of 5+ and 6+ demonstrates metal−metal bond lengths of 2.30 (WRu) and 2.24 (MoOs) A, respectively. The possibility of a special stability associated with polar heterometallic multiple bonds is discussed.
Detailed Analyses of Precipitation Patterns Associated With Mesoscale Features Accompanying United States East Coast Cyclogenesis

Abstract Detailed hourly precipitation patterns are analyzed for two major winter U.S. east coast storms that exhibited considerable mesoscale features. Pronounced spatial and temporal continuity is noted for individual convective rainfalls within the cold air. Such features can also be tracked in the wind and pressure fields. Finally, some thoughts are offered on the possible dynamic significance of organized mesoscale precipitation patterns, along with comments relevant to the forecasting of such patterns.
Hybrid 3D graphene and aligned carbon nanofiber array architectures

We report a one-step, low-pressure, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) carbon architecture consisting of vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays on multi-layered graphene films. The morphology and structure of the hybrid materials grown on transmission electron microscopy copper grids have been determined by electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
Self-organized complexity in geomorphology: Observations and models

The focus of this paper is to relate fundamental statistical properties of landforms and drainage networks to models that have been developed in statistical physics. Relevant properties and models are reviewed and a general overview is presented. Landforms and drainage networks are clearly complex, but well-defined scaling laws are found. Coastlines, topography contours, and lakes are classic self-similar fractals. The height of topography along a linear track is well approximated as a Brownian walk, a self-affine fractal. This type of behavior has also been found in surface physics, for example the surface roughness of a fracture. An applicable model is the Langevin equation, the heat equation with a stochastic white-noise driver. This model also reproduces the statistics of sediment deposition. Drainage networks were one of the original examples of self-similar fractal trees. An important advance in quantifying the structure of drainage networks is the application of the Tokunaga fractal side-branching statistics. A classic problem in statistical physics is the diffusion-limited aggregation. The resulting tree like structures have been shown to also satisfy the Tokunaga statistics. A modified version of the diffusion-limited aggregation model reproduces the statistics of drainage networks. It is concluded that the models developed in statistical physics have direct applicability to the fundamental problems in geomorphology.
Parenting of children with attention-defecit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the role of parental ADHD symptomatology.

Objective: The present study examined the relation between parental ADHD symptomatology and parent-child behavior among 46 mothers and 26 fathers of ADHD children.Results: Fathers’ self-reports of inattention and impulsivity were strongly associated with self-reports of lax parenting both before and after parent training, and with self-reports of overreactivity after parent training. Fathers’ impulsivity was also associated with more arguing during audiotaped observations of parent-child interactions prior to parent training. Mothers’ self-reports of inattention were modestly associated with self-reports of laxness before and after parent training. Prior to parent training, there were nonlinear relations between mothers’ inattention and observations of mother-child behavior, with mothers who reported moderate levels of inattention engaging in the most negative parent-child interactions. After parent training, these relations were linear, with the mothers who reported the most inattention engaging in the m...
Circuit techniques for dynamic variation tolerance

Three circuit techniques for dynamic variation tolerance are presented: (i) Sensors with adaptive voltage and frequency circuits, (ii) Tunable replica circuits for timing-error prediction with error recovery, and (iii) Embedded error-detection sequential circuits with error recovery. These circuits mitigate the clock frequency guardbands for dynamic variations, thus improving microprocessor performance and energy-efficiency. These circuits are described with a focus on the different trade-offs in guardband reduction and design overhead. Opportunities for CAD to further enhance microprocessor performance and energy efficiency are offered.
Phycobilin Biosynthesis: Reductant Requirements and Product Identification for Heme Oxygenase from Cyanidium caldarium

Abstract Algal heme oxygenase is a soluble enzyme from Cyanidium caldarium that catalyzes the first committed step of phycobilin biosynthesis by converting protoheme to biliverdin IXα. Although the physiological substrate (protoheme) of algal heme oxygenase is identical to that of microsomal heme oxygenase, which catalyzes heme catabolism in animals, the two enzyme systems differ in several respects including the nature of the required reductants and solubility of the enzymes. Addition of the strong Fe 3+ ion chelators, desferrioxamine and Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid), greatly increased the yield of solvent-extracted bilin product. The effect of the Fe 3+ chelators was approximately equal whether they were added during or after the enzyme incubation. Postincubation treatment of the enzyme reaction mixture with strong acid also greatly increased the product yield. Addition of desferrioxamine to the reaction mixture after the incubation was terminated caused the appearance of an absorption spectrum, indicating an increase in the concentration of free bilin product. Acid and Fe 3+ chelators are known to cause dissociation of Fe(III)-bilin complexes. These results indicate that the in vitro enzymic reaction product of algal heme oxygenase is a nonenzyme-bound Fe(III)-biliverdin IXα complex that is poorly extracted and/or quantitated unless it is first dissociated. Algal heme oxygenase required the simultaneous presence of both reduced ferredoxin and a second reductant such as ascorbate for activity. The requirement for L-ascorbate could be substituted by Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) or D-ascorbate, but not by dehydroascorbate or dithiothreitol. Heme oxygenase was purified over 200-fold from C. caldarium by differential (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation and serial column chromatography over reactive blue 2-Sepharose, DEAE - cellulose, Sephadex G-75, and ferredoxin-Sepharose.
Higher-order in time quasi-unconditionally stable ADI solvers for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in 2D and 3D curvilinear domains

This paper introduces alternating-direction implicit (ADI) solvers of higher order of time-accuracy (orders two to six) for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in two- and three-dimensional curvilinear domains. The higher-order accuracy in time results from 1) An application of the backward differentiation formulae time-stepping algorithm (BDF) in conjunction with 2) A BDF-like extrapolation technique for certain components of the nonlinear terms (which makes use of nonlinear solves unnecessary), as well as 3) A novel application of the Douglas-Gunn splitting (which greatly facilitates handling of boundary conditions while preserving higher-order accuracy in time). As suggested by our theoretical analysis of the algorithms for a variety of special cases, an extensive set of numerical experiments clearly indicate that all of the BDF-based ADI algorithms proposed in this paper are "quasi-unconditionally stable" in the following sense: each algorithm is stable for all couples ( h , Δ t ) of spatial and temporal mesh sizes in a problem-dependent rectangular neighborhood of the form ( 0 , M h ) × ( 0 , M t ) . In other words, for each fixed value of Δt below a certain threshold, the Navier-Stokes solvers presented in this paper are stable for arbitrarily small spatial mesh-sizes. The second-order formulation has further been rigorously shown to be unconditionally stable for linear hyperbolic and parabolic equations in two-dimensional space. Although implicit ADI solvers for the Navier-Stokes equations with nominal second-order of temporal accuracy have been proposed in the past, the algorithms presented in this paper are the first ADI-based Navier-Stokes solvers for which second-order or better accuracy has been verified in practice under non-trivial (non-periodic) boundary conditions.
Increased Ribozyme Activity in Crowded Solutions

Noncoding RNAs must function in the crowded environment of the cell. Previous small-angle x-ray scattering experiments showed that molecular crowders stabilize the structure of the Azoarcus group I ribozyme, allowing the ribozyme to fold at low physiological Mg2+ concentrations. Here, we used an RNA cleavage assay to show that the PEG and Ficoll crowder molecules increased the biochemical activity of the ribozyme, whereas sucrose did not. Crowding lowered the Mg2+ threshold at which activity was detected and increased total RNA cleavage at high Mg2+ concentrations sufficient to fold the RNA in crowded or dilute solution. After correcting for solution viscosity, the observed reaction rate was proportional to the fraction of active ribozyme. We conclude that molecular crowders stabilize the native ribozyme and favor the active structure relative to compact inactive folding intermediates.
Abundance and Biomass of the Meiobenthos in Nearshore Lake Michigan with Comparisons to the Macrobenthos

The meiobenthos of nearshore southeastern Lake Michigan was quantified by taking cores from three depths (11,17, and 23 m) at monthly intervals from May to November 1976–79. Total meiobenthic abundance ranged from 69,700/m2 to 1,300,000/m2 and total biomass ranged from 0.03 to 0.87 g/m2. Nematodes accounted for 80% of all individuals and 66% of the biomass. Most of the major groups peaked in late spring/summer, but some peaked in early spring and fall. With the exception of nematodes, mean annual densities varied from two-fold to twelve-fold at a given station. Harpacticoids, tardigrades, and ostracods tended to be more abundant at the deeper depths, while cyclopoids and cladocerans were less abundant. There was no consistent relationship between sampling depth and the abundance of nematodes and rotifers. Temporal and spatial variation in many of the groups appeared related to changes in the amount of bottom detritus. The overall macrobenthos:meiobenthos biomass ratio was 15:1 and ranged from 5:1 to 45:1 on an annual basis.
FER-1 regulates Ca2+ -mediated membrane fusion during C. elegans spermatogenesis.

FER-1 is required for fusion of specialized vesicles, called membranous organelles, with the sperm plasma membrane during Caenorhabditis elegans spermiogenesis. To investigate its role in membranous organelle fusion, we examined ten fer-1 mutations and found that they all cause the same defect in membrane fusion. FER-1 and the ferlin protein family are membrane proteins with four to seven C2 domains. These domains commonly mediate Ca2+-dependent lipid-processing events. Most of the fer-1 mutations fall within these C2 domains, showing that they have distinct, non-redundant functions. We found that membranous organelle fusion requires intracellular Ca2+ and that C2 domain mutations alter Ca2+ sensitivity. This suggests that the C2 domains are involved in Ca2+ sensing and further supports their independent function. Using two immunological approaches we found three FER-1 isoforms, two of which might arise from FER-1 by proteolysis. By both light and electron microscopy, these FER-1 proteins were found to be localized to membranous organelle membranes. Dysferlin, a human homologue of FER-1 involved in muscular dystrophy, is required for vesicle fusion during Ca2+-induced muscle membrane repair. Our results suggest that the ferlin family members share a conserved mechanism to regulate cell-type-specific membrane fusion.
Phase Change Memory and Breakthrough Technologies

Phase change memory has had issues of overwrite cycle, erase speed, and sensitivity characteristics. We found key technologies and resolved these issues. In this paper, we discuss sensitivity of phase change material, of the conventional optical disc, of femtosecond laser response, and of electrical switching of PRAM. This sensitivity comparison suggests two kinds of phase change process capability: thermal long-range structure change and localized short-range structure change.
Assessing Stalking Behaviors in a Control Balance Theory Framework

Tittle’s control balance theory is a modern exemplar of theoretical integration premised on the ratio of perceived control exerted versus control subjected, which predicts the probability of deviant acts. Although the theory offers promise for contextualizing both perpetration and victimization, relatively few empirical tests have been conducted to date. This study describes stalking as a crime representing a unique manifestation of power dynamics and perceived control imbalances for both offenders and victims. Using a large college student sample, we assess the empirical associations between control balance and stalking perpetration and victimization outcomes, including gender-specific models, featuring several different operationalizations of the control balance ratio. Results suggest partial support for the theory, demonstrating that control surpluses are associated with stalking perpetration among men, while control deficits are associated with stalking perpetration and victimization among women, net ...
Dent–Wrong disease and other rare causes of the Fanconi syndrome

Dent–Wrong disease, an X-linked recessive disorder of the proximal tubules, presents with hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, renal insufficiency, low-molecular-weight proteinuria, rickets and/or osteomalacia. Dent and Friedman initially characterized the disorder in 1964 following studies of two patients with rickets who presented with hypercalciuria, hyperphosphaturia, proteinuria and aminoaciduria. Since then, extensive investigation identified two genetic mutations (CLCN5 and OCRL1) to be associated with Dent–Wrong disease. Clinical features supported by laboratory findings consistent with proximal tubule dysfunction help diagnose Dent–Wrong disease. Genetic analysis supports the diagnosis; however, these two genes can be normal in a small subset of patients. The differential diagnosis includes other forms of the Fanconi syndrome, which can be hereditary or acquired (e.g. those related to exposure to exogenous substances). Treatment is supportive with special attention to the prevention of nephrolithiasis and treatment of hypercalciuria. We review the rare forms of Fanconi syndrome with special attention to Dent–Wrong disease.
The AGS Improvement Program

require heavy ions accelerated in the top energies of the AGS. The AGS recently acquired a new capability of accelerating polarized protons to 16.5-GeV and will extend its energy to full energy of the machine. This new capability will open the way to extend the surprising lower energy result of spin-spin correlation at high momentum transfer collisions to much higher enerSY. The acceleration of polarized protons at th; AGS is a subject of other papers in this conference.
A dose response study of cognitive behavioral therapy in cocaine abusers.

In order to evaluate the effect of frequency of counseling sessions, we studied retention, cocaine use and craving, and psychiatric symptoms of 68 cocaine-dependent outpatients randomly assigned to twice weekly, once weekly, or biweekly sessions in a 12-week treatment program that utilized manual-based, individual cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. All participants were tested and monitored twice a week. Retention was comparable among treatment groups, and improvement was found regardless of counseling frequency. Cocaine use (urine toxicology and self-report), cocaine craving (VAS), and total psychiatric symptoms (SCL-90) decreased by modest but statistically significant (p < 0.05) amounts in all treatment groups. Findings suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in reducing cocaine use even if a less intensive schedule is used.
The use of a masking signal to improve empirical mode decomposition

Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) provides a new method for analyzing signals from a nonlinear viewpoint. EMD is defined by an algorithm requiring experimental investigation instead of rigorous mathematical analysis. We show that EMD yields its own interpretation of combinations of pure tones. We present the problem of mode mixing and give a solution involving a masking signal. The masking signal method also allows EMD to be used to separate components that are similar in frequency that would be inseparable with standard EMD techniques.
In vitro epithelial differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells for vocal fold tissue engineering.

Objectives:We determined the feasibility and optimization of differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) into nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells for vocal fold engineering.Methods:hiPS were cultured and assessed for differentiation in 3 conditions: A 3-dimensional (3D) hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel scaffold, a 3D HA hydrogel scaffold with epidermal growth factor (EGF), and a 3D HA hydrogel scaffold co-cultured with human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFF). After 1, 2, and 4 weeks of cultivation, hiPS were selected for histology, immunohistochemistry, and/or transcript expression analysis.Results:At 4 weeks, hiPS cultivated with hVFF or with EGF had significantly decreased levels of Oct 3/4, indicating loss of pluripotency. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of pancytokeratin and of cytokeratin (CK) 13 and 14 epithelial-associated proteins at 4 weeks after cultivation in hiPS EGF and hiPS hVFF cultures. The transcript expression level of CK14 was significantly increased fo...
Elucidating cell signaling mechanisms using antisense technology

Many diseases result from defects in cell signaling. Achieving an in-depth understanding of the complex mechanisms by which cells transduce extracellular signals into cellular responses in both normal and diseased systems is a crucial step in the discovery of more effective drugs to treat human diseases. Traditional approaches for studying cell signaling have some limitations. Antisense oligonucleotides represent a novel approach for studying signal transduction processes that offers significant advantages in terms of specificity and versatility. This article reviews the opportunities that antisense oligonucleotides offer for the study of signal transduction pathways and identification of inhibitors of these pathways for drug development.
Strategies for demand forecasting in corporate real estate portfolio management

Planning for future real estate and facility needs in a highly uncertain competitive environment can benefit from a four‐stage process of demand forecasting. Based upon research conducted within the Corporate Real Estate Portfolio Alliance and a review of general business forecasting techniques, each successive stage relies on more abstract data and increased dialogue about business strategy with the lines of business as uncertainty about the future increases. Each stage requires increasing flexibility in the supply of real estate as the range of probabilities around the forecast widens.
Correcting for Fat Mass Improves DXA Quantification of Quadriceps Specific Strength in Obese Adults Aged 50–59 Years

Abstract Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for bone mineral density and body composition assessments. However, DXA is known to overestimate muscle mass in obese adults. We used single-slice CT (ssCT) to derive a correction factor to enhance accuracy of DXA estimation of specific strength (strength per unit muscle). One hundred and sixty-two adults (age: 55.0±2.7yr, range: 50–59) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and divided into groups based on body mass index (BMI: r =0.82, 0.53, 0.84 and 0.74, 0.59, 0.57, p r =0.81, 0.79, and 0.96 in the lowest to highest BMI groups in men and 0.94, 0.81, 0.85 in women, p 30 and all BMI groups in women greatly improved using a correction factor for DXA estimates of thigh lean mass.
BEYOND THEORY TO APPLICATION AND EVALUATION: DIFFUSION APPROXIMATIONS FOR POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS

Census data on endangered species are often plagued by problems that make quantitative population viability analysis (PVA) a challenge. This paper addresses four such problems: sampling error, density dependence, nonstable age structure, and population supplementation that masks the true population status. Estimating trends and extinction risks using such corrupted data presents serious parameter estimation difficulties. Here I review diffusion approximation (DA) methods for estimating population status and risks from time series data. A variety of parameterization methods are available for DA models; some correct for data corruption and others do not. I illustrate how stochastic Leslie matrix models can be used to evaluate the performance of a proposed DA model and to select among different DA parameterization methods for a given application. Presenting the un- certainty in estimated risks is critical, especially when the data are highly corrupted and estimated parameters are more uncertain. Using a Bayesian approach, I demonstrate how the level of data support for different risk levels can be calculated using DA parameter likelihood functions.
Evidence for the regulatory function of intergroup emotion: Emotional consequences of implemented or impeded intergroup action tendencies

If intergroup emotions are functional, successfully implementing an emotion-linked behavioral tendency should discharge the emotion, whereas impeding the behavioral tendency should intensify the emotion. We investigated the emotional consequences of satisfying or thwarting emotionally induced intergroup behavioral intentions. Study 1 showed that if an attack on the ingroup produced anger, retaliation increased satisfaction, but if an attack produced fear, retaliation increased fear and guilt. Study 2 showed that outgroup-directed anger instigated via group insult dissipated when the ingroup successfully responded, but was exacerbated by an unsuccessful response. Responding in an emotionally appropriate way was satisfying, but ingroup failure to respond elicited anger directed at the ingroup. Study 3 showed that intergroup guilt following aggression was diminished when the ingroup made reparations, but was exacerbated when the ingroup aggressed again. Satisfying behavioral intentions associated with intergroup emotions fulWlls a regulatory function.
Weaving Authenticity and Legitimacy: Latina Faculty Peer Mentoring

As an alternative to typical top-down mentoring models, the authors advance a conception of peer mentoring that is based on research about collectivist strategies that Latina faculty employ to navigate the academy. The authors advance recommendations for institutional agents to support mentoring for faculty who are members of historically underrepresented groups.
Wound healing of tendon--II. A mathematical model.

Abstract A mathematical model for healing tendon was developed reflecting correlations of biomechanical and biochemical factors. The model provided values for the physical and mechanical property changes during isometric thermal denaturation utilizing differences associated with treatment and length of healing period, along with the selected biochemical covariates of hydroxyproline, protein, and hexosamine concentration levels. Application of the biochemical values to the model estimated the physical and mechanical property changes of both the wounded and control tendon when the property changes between the two groups were small. When property differences were large, the wounded group was predictable for all property changes except dry tendon weight. The model showed the fifth healing day to be different from the other healing periods supporting the observation that day 5 was the shortest possible test day. Significance of the modeling approach to tendon healing is discussed.
Transmission of Duplication-Deficiencies from Cotton Translocations Is Unrelated to Map Lengths of the Unbalanced Segments

Adjacent-1 duplication-deficiencies (dp-dfs) are readily recovered from most heterozygous translocations in Gossypium hirsutum L., but frequencies of specific cytotypes differ widely in progenies from heterozygote (♀) x standard crosses. Surprisingly, these frequencies seem to be unrelated to the primary (postmeiotic) frequencies predicted by metaphase I configurations or to the proportion of the chromosome arm that is duplicate or deficient. Deficiencies and duplications from different translocations involving the same arm, as well as the two complementary dp-dfs from the same translocation, seldom exhibit similar frequencies. We conclude that the frequency of each of 101 different adjacent-1 cytotypes is largely idiosyncratic and may depend in part on interactions between the specific chromosome regions that are respectively trisegmental and monosegmental. Few, if any, of these interactions can be between homoeologues of the Ah and Dh genomes. Adjacent-2 dp-dfs are seldom recovered, even if they involve chromosomes that are readily tolerated in monosomic condition. Comparison of monosomes and telosomes with deficiencies suggests that some chromosomes and chromosome regions may be more dosage-sensitive than others, but their identification is not strongly supported by these data.
Threshold Signatures, Multisignatures and Blind Signatures Based on the Gap-Diffie-Hellman-Group Signature Scheme

We propose a robust proactive threshold signature scheme, a multisignature scheme and a blind signature scheme which work in any Gap Diffie-Hellman (GDH) group (where the Computational Diffie-Hellman problem is hard but the Decisional Diffie-Hellman problem is easy). Our constructions are based on the recently proposed GDH signature scheme of Boneh et al. [8]. Due to the instrumental structure of GDH groups and of the base scheme, it turns out that most of our constructions are simpler, more efficient and have more useful properties than similar existing constructions. We support all the proposed schemes with proofs under the appropriate computational assumptions, using the corresponding notions of security.
Organizing Ecologies of Complex Innovation

For many sectors like health care, financial services, or renewable energy, new products and services are generated by an ecology of business firms, nonprofit foundations, public institutions, and other agents. Knowledge to innovate is dispersed across ecologies, so no single firm or small group of firms can innovate alone. Moreover, many new products and services in ecologies such as health care or energy are complex or comprise many parts with unknown interactions. New products, knowledge, business models, and applications all emerge unpredictably over considerable time periods, as various agents in the ecologies of innovation interact with and react to the actions of others. However, the existing organizing structure in these ecologies stifles emergence and precludes much innovation, simply because theory and practice do not adequately address how to organize for complex innovation. We develop a preliminary model for organizing ecologies of complex innovation. We suggest that innovations can continually emerge productively if people work locally in ecologies to set and solve problems of orchestrating knowledge capabilities across the ecology, strategizing across the ecology to create new businesses and applications, and developing public policies to embrace ambiguity. Using examples from biopharmaceuticals and alternative energy, we develop specific organizing ideas that can be examined and elaborated upon. This new direction for organization science integrates existing ideas around a new kind of organizing and shows how organization science can add real value in addressing major challenges of public welfare and safety in the 21st century.
An Inverse Problem in Elastodynamics

We show that the p-wave and s-wave speeds of an isotropic elastic object are determined in the interior by surface measurements, and that the density and elastic properties are determined to infinite order at the boundary. The material properties of the bounded, fully 3-dimensional object, that is, the density and elastic properties, are represented by the (nonconstant, leading) coefficients of the system of linear differential equations for elastodynamics. Surface measurements are modelled by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on a finite time interval.
Experimental and Modeling Study of Na+ Current Heterogeneity in Rat Nodose Neurons and Its Impact on Neuronal Discharge

Schild, J. H. and D. L. Kunze. Experimental and modeling study of Na+ current heterogeneity in rat nodose neurons and its impact on neuronal discharge. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3198–3209, 1997. This pa...
How Accounting Companies and Auditors Use These PCAOB and AS No. 5 to Harmonize Their Workload in an Organization Through Their Role and Function

Many public accounting companies faced scandals back in 2002, including accounting scandals affecting Enron, WorldCom and Tyco. Cost investors in these companies invested billions of dollars, which collapsed the whole securities market, and made stock prices plummet. On June 30, 2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was established to protect the investors involved with those accounting scandals. It also established rules for financial practices and restructure of the public companies compliance processes. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees the corporate governance of public organizations in the United State helps to re-establish the confidence of the investors. This paper primarily focuses on history of establishing the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and Auditing Standard No.5 (AS 5) with its roles and duties in public accounting companies. It also analyzes why Auditing Standard No. 5 superseded Auditing Standard No. 2. It also describes about how AS5 was successful in establishing the principle based approach and how auditors of the company’s focus particular on the most critical risks and controls related to the financial reporting process. It also describes about the issues related to public accounting companies and how they were success to re-establish their goal through adopting PCAOB and AS5.
A Hybrid Numerical Method For Modeling Microwave Sintering Experiments

We describe a hybrid numerical method for modeling the electromagnetic interaction of a low-loss material in a single-mode waveguide applicator. The method we propose utilizes a combination of asymptotic and numerical techniques. The interaction between the applicator and the electromagnetic fields is described using scattering matrix theory and the interaction between the electromagnetic fields and the ceramic is determined numerically. Several simulations are presented to show the accuracy and simplicity of this method along with the relatively small amount of computer resources it requires.
Biographical Dictionary of Modern British Radicalism 1790–1914 Purpose and Scope of Project

The dictionary is intended as a reference volume for students and scholars whose interests lie in the area of Modern British Radicalism. We have attempted to include the major and minor figures active in the labor movement, parliamentary reform, Chartism, socialism, republicanism, feminism, positivism, disestablishment, temperance, education, and imperial reform.
Culture and Nutrition of Caloglyphus anomalus (Acarina: Acaridae)

Caloglyphus anomalus Nesbitt, a saprophagous scavenger on decaying matter of high protein content, was reared in small, well-aerated cells and in mass culture on microorganisms grown on nutrient agar. Eggs and hypopi were surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite and placed on pure cultures of food organisms. From these preparations, mites could be grown in axenic culture consistently on Bacillus cercus, Eschericia coli, and Penicillium sp. on artificial media which supported growth of the microbes. The food organism was found to be more important than the substrate, though the latter was consumed when it had been invaded by the microorganisms. The broad tolerances of the mites allows them to feed during most of the stages of decay of the food mass, despite changes in the microbes.