cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived coach support and concussion symptom-reporting: differences between freshmen and non-freshmen college football players

This paper examines college athletes' perceived support for concussion reporting from coaches and teammates and its variation by year-in-school, finding significant differences in perceived coach support. It also examines the effects of perceived coach support on concussion reporting behaviors, finding that greater perceived coach support is associated with fewer undiagnosed concussions and returning to play while symptomatic less frequently in the two weeks preceding the survey. Coaches play a critical role in athlete concussion reporting.
Respiratory viruses are associated with common respiratory pathogens in cystic fibrosis.

SummaryObjectives Test the hypothesis that the link between respiratory viruses and pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis (CF) reflects increased frequency or severity of lower airways infection. Study Design Molecular respiratory viral panels (RVPs), cell counts, and quantitative bacterial cultures were assessed in 235 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 138 children with CF. Relationships among the data were analyzed using multivariate methods. Results RVPs were positive in 67 (28.5%) BALF samples from 52 (37.7%) patients, with rhinovirus/enterovirus most common (82.4% of RVP+). RVP+ patients were younger (5.4 years, IQR 3.0–9.7 vs. 8.0 years, IQR 3.5–12.9; P < 0.01), more likely to have respiratory symptoms (74.6% vs. 55.2%, P < 0.01), and had higher BALF percent neutrophils (70.5%, IQR 46–85% vs. 59.3%, IQR 34–77%; P < 0.05). Percent predicted FEV1 at bronchoscopy was diminished from baseline in both groups, but recovered in the RVP− (90.2 ± 22.2% vs. 89.6 ± 19.7%, P = 0.62) but not the RVP+ subjects (95.7 ± 21.1% vs. 89.1 ± 18.0%, P < 0.05). RVP status did not alter recovery rates of typical CF respiratory pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (44.8% vs. 42.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.4% vs. 25.6%). However, common respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus species, Moraxella species, and Streptococcus pneumoniae) were recovered more frequently from RVP+ samples independent of age (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8–7.5, P < 0.001). Conclusions Respiratory viruses were frequently detected in BALF from CF patients and associated with markers of disease severity. Respiratory viruses did not impact frequency or severity of infection with typical CF pathogens, but rates of infection with common respiratory pathogens were increased. This finding may have treatment implications. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:926–931. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fibrous filter techniques for aerosol collection in surface engineering applications

With increased scope and activity of the nanotechnology industry, there is a need for greater understanding about filter collection performance and efficiency. Filtration is a process which is used to control the particulate fluxes in exhaust streams throughout various manufacturing and laboratory processes. Filtration becomes a key factor in effective ventilation system design, particularly in relation to environmental and health concerns. The purpose of this paper is to explore filtration theory and techniques, summarise the various filter types employed, and illustrate the effectiveness for reducing particulate emissions during the machining process.
Desire for personal feedback: Who wants it and what does it mean for psychotherapy?

Individual differences in desire for feedback did not exhibit any significant correlations with a variety of self-report personality dimensions. Additional survey studies indicated that a higher proportion of individuals in nonclinical as compared to clinical samples reported a strong desire to receive feedback about themselves. Subsequent studies revealed that the higher as compared to lower desire for feedback individuals: (1) were more willing to seek psychological help and to participate in therapy once in treatment; (2) exhibited more positive expectancies for change at the beginning of therapy; and (3) were more “responsive” to diagnostic feedback. Within the limitations of the present findings, the potential “adaptiveness” of desire for feedback is discussed and the negative motivational therapeutic consequences associated with a low desire for feedback are explored.
Analysis of Tooth Development in Mice Bearing a TGF-β1 Null Mutation

While transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and its related mammalian isoforms TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 are coexpressed in developing tooth organs, the specific biological role of each isoform is unknown. To delineate the role of TGF-β1 in odontogenesis, we have studied tissues from mice that lack a functional TGF-β1 gene. Histologic analyses revealed that in TGF-β1 (-/-) mice, tooth morphogenesis, cytodifferentiation and histogenesis were unaffected. Using in situ hybridization we studied the patterns of distribution of TGFs-β1, β2 and β3 in the TGF-β1 (+/+, +/-and-/-) genotypes. Our results indicate no detectable TGF-β1 mRNA in null tissues while TGFs-β2 and β3 showed normal temporal-spatial patterns of distribution. Using antibodies against TGF-β1, we observed immunoreactive TGF-β1 in tissues from null mice suggesting that maternally-derived TGF-β1 may be involved in the rescue of several developmental events in TGF-β1 knockout mice.
Forms of externalism and privileged access

En reponse au debat qu'elle a suscite dans le domaine de la philosophie de l'esprit, l'A. developpe sa these de l'incompatibilite entre l'externalisme semantique et le principe cartesien de l'acces privilegie au contenu de notre propre activite mentale. Distinguant les notions d'implication logique, implication metaphysique et implication conceptuelle, l'A. defend l'idee d'un acces privilegie aux proprietes d'individuation de nos pensees.
Susceptibility of various animals to the vesiculoviruses Isfahan and Chandipura

SUMMARY To determine the pathogenic potential of the vesiculoviruses Isfahan and Chandipura for domestic animals, two ponies, two steers, three sheep, three goats and three pigs were inoculated with each virus intradermally in the tongue or, in the case of the pigs, in the snout, heel and coronary band. The ponies were also inoculated intradermally in the right commissure of the mouth. Animals inoculated with each virus were housed in one room and allowed to mingle freely with an equal number of uninoculated contact animals of each species. Clinical signs of infection, consisting of ulcers at the inoculation sites, were observed in the Chandipura study in two inoculated ponies, one inoculated steer and one inoculated goat. No elevated temperature was observed. Virus was isolated from the ulcerated tongue tissue, but not from serial blood samples, oesophageal-pharyngeal mucus samples, or from the tissues which were collected at necropsy. Precipitating antibody was not detected by the immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) test in any of the pre- or post-serum samples except from two inoculated sheep at 29 days post-inoculation (D.P.I.). Low levels of neutralizing activity were detected in pre-inoculation serum from all steers, pigs, contact sheep, and one contact goat. By 15 D.P.I. all inoculated animals and contact ponies and steers exhibited increased neutralizing antibody titres. In studies with the Isfahan virus, lesions developed only at the inoculation sites in the two ponies, and the virus was isolated. No virus was isolated from any blood, oesophageal-pharyngeal mucus samples or tisues collected at necropsy. All preinoculation sera were negative for neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. By 14 D.P.I. all inoculated animals exhibited neutralizing antibody, while all the contacts remained negative. The IEOP test remained negative for all animals throughout the experiment. A subpassage of a suspension of Isfahan-infected tongue tissue injected into ponies and steers also yielded only firm swellings of lesser extent than the original reaction at the inoculation sites. With both viruses, lethal infections were produced by intracranial or intraperitoneal inoculation of day-old mice and hamsters, and by allantoic inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs. Adult mice, hamsters, guinea-pigs and rabbits produced serum antibodies but lacked clinical signs.
Applications of electron microscopy to the characterization of semiconductor nanowires

We review our current progress on semiconductor nanowires of β-Ga2O3, Si and GaN. These nanowires were grown using both vapor–solid (VS) and vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanisms. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we studied their morphological, compositional and structural characteristics. Here we survey the general morphologies, growth directions and a variety of defect structures found in our samples. We also outline a method to determine the nanowire growth direction using TEM, and present an overview of device fabrication and assembly methods developed using these nanowires.
Sapling growth as a function of light and landscape-level variation in soil water and foliar nitrogen in northern Michigan

Interspecific differences in sapling growth responses to soil resources could influence species distributions across soil resource gradients. I calibrated models of radial growth as a function of light intensity and landscape-level variation in soil water and foliar N for saplings of four canopy tree species, which differ in adult distributions across soil resource gradients. Model formulations, characterizing different resource effects and modes of influencing growth, were compared based on relative empirical support using Akaike's Information Criterion. Contrary to expectation, the radial growth of species associated with lower fertility (Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra) was more sensitive to variation in soil resources than the high fertility species Acer saccharum. Moreover, there was no species tradeoff between growth under high foliar N versus growth under low foliar N, which would be expected if growth responses to foliar N mediated distributions. In general, there was functional consistency among species in growth responses to light, foliar N, and soil water availability, respectively. Foliar N influenced primarily high-light growth in F. grandifolia, A. rubrum, and Q. rubra (but was not significant for A. saccharum). In A. saccharum and A. rubrum, for which soil water availability was a significant predictor, soil water and light availability simultaneously limited growth (i.e., either higher light or water increased growth). Simple resource-based models explained 0.74-0.90 of growth variance, indicating a high degree of determinism. Results suggest that nitrogen effects on forest dynamics would be strongest in high-light early successional communities but that water availability influences growth in both early successional and understory environments.
EST-PAGE---managing and analyzing EST data

Summary: EST-PAGE provides a bioinformatics solution for expressed sequence tags (EST) data entry, database management, GenBank submission, process control and data retrieval from a unified web interface that can be easily customized and adapted by groups working on diverse EST sequencing projects. Availability: The system and source code are available upon request from the authors. Supplementary information: http://EST-PAGE.binf.gmu.edu
A vascular disease educational program in the preclinical years of medical school increases student interest in vascular disease

Background New training paradigms in vascular surgery necessitate medical student interest in vascular disease. We examined the effects of incorporation of a vascular disease educational program during the second year of the medical school curriculum on student acquisition of knowledge and interest in the treatment of vascular disease. Methods We developed and administered a new educational program on vascular disease and delivered the program to all second-year medical students. The new program encompassed 9 didactic hours, including 7 traditional lecture hours and 2 hours of problem-based learning. After completing the program, students were surveyed regarding vascular disease-specific knowledge, interest in treating vascular disease, and career choices. Third-year students who were not exposed to the program were surveyed as a control group. We recorded the voluntary student enrollment in the vascular and endovascular surgery rotation during the following academic year. Voluntary enrollment of the students exposed to the vascular disease education program was compared with enrollment for the previous 8 years. Results Before the introduction of the new educational program, 946 total lecture hours were delivered to first- and second-year medical students, comprising 490 hours (52%) given by nonsurgeon physicians, 445 (47%) by nonphysicians, and 11 (1%) by surgeons. Survey response rate was 93% (112 of 121) for second-year students and 95% (39 of 41) for third-year students. After the vascular disease program, second-year students answered 7.1 ± 1.4 of 9 vascular disease questions correctly, whereas unexposed third-year students answered 7.2 ± 1.7 questions correctly ( P = .96). Most second-year medical students described a "somewhat" or "much greater" interest in the medical (63%), procedural (59%), and overall (63%) management of vascular disease after exposure to the program. Most also had a "somewhat" or "much greater" interest in a vascular medicine (64%) or vascular and endovascular surgery (60%) rotation. Enrollment in the vascular surgery third-year clerkship increased significantly to a mean of 3.0 students/month from 1.16 students/month in the prior year ( P = .0032, postintervention year vs 8 prior years). Conclusion A vascular disease educational program administered to second-year medical students increases interest in vascular disease and interest in further training. The increased interest translates to greater student enrollment in the vascular surgery clerkship in the subsequent academic year.
Scoping Analyses and Limitations of Transport Phenomena Modeling for Laser Surface Modification

This paper presents a discussion of the basic relationships for commonly encountered transport phenomena in laser surface modification, with the laser serving as the heat source for the processes. In recent years numerical modelings of the transport phenomena have contributed much to our understanding. On the other hand, in quantitative details and some key qualitative details there are still some disagreement among the different computations. It will be demonstrated in this paper that much important qualitative and semi-quantitative information can be obtained more economically, and perhaps with greater insight, by approximate scoping analyses. Such an analysis usually can directly yield scaling information, valuable for process optimization. In addition, a scoping analysis of neglected or poorly known mechanisms can also point out difficulties and limitation in the predictability of certain processes. Understanding these limitations a priori will permit a worker to judge the validity and limitations of numerical modeling results and properly evaluate the potential worth of planning modeling efforts.
The Reliability and Validity of Selected Physical Fitness Tests for High School Girls

Abstract The Rogers' Strength Test, the Kraus-Weber Test of Minimum Muscular Fitness, and a battery of motor fitness tests were administered to 169 freshmen, sophomore, and junior girls at Shoreline High School, Seattle, Washington. Each test was administered two or more times in order to investigate the reliability of the tests. The results seemed to indicate that the Rogers' Strength Test and Washington Battery were reliable, that those who scored high on the Washington Battery and on the PFI had a much lower percentage of failures on the Kraus-Weber test than did those with poor Washington Battery and PFI scores, and that there was a moderate correlation (.54) between the Washington Battery and the PFI.
The Effect of Body Mass Index, Negative Affect, and Disordered Eating on Health-Related Quality of Life in Preadolescent Youth

OBJECTIVE: To examine the indirect effect of body mass index z-score (BMIz) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) through disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in a community sample of preadolescent children, and the degree to which negative affect moderated the association between BMIz and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. METHODS: Participants included 165 children between 8 and 12 years of age (M = 9.41). HRQOL, disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, and negative affect were assessed using self-report measures. Height and weight were collected by research staff. RESULTS: Consistent with previous research in treatment-seeking and adolescent samples, the indirect effect of BMIz on HRQOL through disordered eating attitudes and behaviors was significant. Negative affect did not moderate the relationship between BMIz and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. CONCLUSION: Intervening on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in preadolescents with higher weight status is critical to prevent the risk for poor HRQOL. Language: en
Refraction of Finite-Height and Breaking Waves

The primary objective of this study was to ascertain the influence of wave height and breaking on wave refraction over a three-dimensional shoal. The subject wave transformations were studied in an hydraulic model. Wave shoaling, decay in the breaker zone, and phase velocities were analyzed in a base test series over a bottom slope of 1:30. A second test series was conducted over a three-dimensional shoal. Wave patterns were photographed and wave heights and celerities were measured. The measurements were compared with wave refraction patterns and coefficients computed by analytical methods. Wave shoaling observed over the constant 1:30 slope was 25 percent greater than predicted by Airy theory at the breaking point for wave steepness H0/L0=.030 and 50 percent greater than predicted for H0/Lo = •002. Shoaling measurements were compared with other empirical data sets, confirming the inadequacy of commonly used practice using linear wave theory near the breaker zone. The celerity measurements indicated that the non-breaking celerity was given by C = (1+.25 H/d)Ca, where Ca is the Airy celerity. The discussion and results give a basic understanding of wave refraction near the breaker zone, supplementing analytical papers on refraction procedures using finite amplitude wave theories.
Crystal Structure of Aspirin-Acetylated Human Cyclooxygenase-2: Insight into the Formation of Products with Reversed Stereochemistry.

Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs target the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) to block the formation of prostaglandins. Aspirin is unique in that it covalently modifies each enzyme by acetylating Ser-530 within the cyclooxygenase active site. Acetylation of COX-1 leads to complete loss of activity, while acetylation of COX-2 results in the generation of the monooxygenated product 15(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15R-HETE). Ser-530 has also been shown to influence the stereochemistry for the addition of oxygen to the prostaglandin product. We determined the crystal structures of S530T murine (mu) COX-2, aspirin-acetylated human (hu) COX-2, and huCOX-2 in complex with salicylate to 1.9, 2.0, and 2.4 A, respectively. The structures reveal that (1) the acetylated Ser-530 completely blocks access to the hydrophobic groove, (2) the observed binding pose of salicylate is reflective of the enzyme–inhibitor complex prior to acetylation, and (3) the observed Thr-530 rotamer in the S5...
An Anti-Reductionist Account of Singular Causation

When it comes to the conceptual analysis of causation, no one theory enjoys widespread acceptance. It is generally acknowledged that counter factual and probabilistic accounts of causation are subject to serious objections, at least when they are offered as reductive conceptual analyses. Process or transference accounts?again, if offered as reductive concep tual analyses?also face major difficulties. Given the prolonged failure to uncover a successful reductionist conceptual analysis of causation, anti reductionist accounts can become attractive. Perhaps the reason that we haven't yet found a successful reductionist analysis is simply that there isn't one to be found?perhaps causation is primitive. What is more, an account which posits a primitive relation of causation between particulars can handle many of the cases that cause trouble for reductive accounts. Yet the move toward primitivist or anti-reductionist accounts is resisted by many philosophers. After spelling out his reductive analysis of pro ductive causation, for example, Ned Hall writes:
A Metabolic Immune Checkpoint: Adenosine in Tumor Microenvironment.

Within tumors, some areas are less oxygenated than others. Since their home ground is under chronic hypoxia, tumor cells adapt to this condition by activating aerobic glycolysis; however, this hypoxic environment is very harsh for incoming immune cells. Deprivation of oxygen limits availability of energy sources and induces accumulation of extracellular adenosine in tumors. Extracellular adenosine, upon binding with adenosine receptors on the surface of various immune cells, suppresses pro-inflammatory activities. In addition, signaling through adenosine receptors upregulates a number of anti-inflammatory molecules and immunoregulatory cells, leading to the establishment of a long-lasting immunosuppressive environment. Thus, due to hypoxia and adenosine, tumors can discourage anti-tumor immune responses no matter how the response was induced, whether it was spontaneous or artificially introduced with a therapeutic intention. Preclinical studies have shown the significance of adenosine in tumor survival strategy by demonstrating tumor regression after inactivation of adenosine receptors, inhibition of adenosine-producing enzymes or reversal of tissue hypoxia. These promising results indicate a potential use of the inhibitors of the hypoxia-adenosine pathway for cancer immunotherapy.
How Many Bridge Auctions

The game of bridge is played with four players comprising two teams, North-South, and East-West. We will assume that North opens the bidding, which proceeds clockwise. Each player bids or passes. The 35 possible bids are (in increasing order) 1 club, 1 diamond, 1 heart, 1 spade, 1 no trump; 2 clubs, . . . 2 no trump; . . . ; 7 clubs, . . . 7 no trump. Each bid must be higher than the preceding bid. The bidding terminates if all four players pass on the first round, or when 3 consecutive passes occur after the first bid. In place of a pass or bid, a player may "double" the last bid provided that this bid was not made by his partner. For example, South cannot double North's bid if East passes. Following a double, a player may "redouble" provided that he does not redouble his partner's double. There can be no more doubling of a bid after a redouble is made, unless a subsequent bid is made in which case it too may be doubled and then redoubled.
PROTON-PUMP INHIBITORS REDUCE RISK OF GASTROINTESTINAL EVENTS REGARDLESS OF ASPIRIN DOSE IN PATIENTS REQUIRING DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY: INSIGHTS FROM THE COGENT TRIAL

The COGENT trial showed that proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) safely reduced rates of gastrointestinal (GI) events in patients requiring dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). However, utilization of appropriate prophylactic PPI therapy remains suboptimal, especially with low-dose aspirin. Randomized
To Screening Survivin Binding-peptide from Phage Peptide Library

Objective:To screening Binding-peptide from phage peptide library utilizing the decoy of the purified Survivin proteinum.Methods: By using a 35mm plastic culture capsule invested by purified Survivin proteinum,dodeca-peptid of phage peptide library was added.To removed the unconjugated and competing eluted the conjugated bacterial invader by target molecule liquid,the adsorbing and enriching effect were evaluated by the titre of bacterial invader.Positive negative colony was screeninged and then was made to DNA sequencing template.Results:After three times screening,bacterial invader shows the enriching effect.From the third time,eight blue bacterial invader(positive clone) was choosed for DNA sequencing,they had common sequence: GIANNFFTLKIS.Conclusion:Binding-peptidewhich can be screened from phage peptide library by the decoy of the purified Survivin proteinum,and is the foundation of investigating the Survivin proteinum.
Simulated optic flow and extrastriate cortex. I. Optic flow versus texture.

Kim, Jong-Nam, Kathleen Mulligan, and Helen Sherk. Simulated optic flow and extrastriate cortex. I. Optic flow versus texture. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 554–561, 1997. A locomoting observer sees a very ...
Treatment of Infertility Due to Ovulatory Failure

With the availability of clomiphene citrate and human gonadotropins, it is now possible to induce ovulation in the majority of women whose infertility results from failure to ovulate; accordingly, it is extremely important to avoid doing so unless the patient wishes to become pregnant. The physiologic basis for the effectiveness of these agents is detailed, as are the situations in which their use is inappropriate.
An introduction and integration of cross-classified, multiple membership, and dynamic group random-effects models

In longitudinal studies, time-varying group membership and group effects are important issues that need to be addressed. In this article we describe use of cross-classified and multiple membership random-effects models to address time-varying group membership, and dynamic group random-effects models to address time-varying group effects. We propose new models that integrate features of existing models, evaluate these models through simulation, provide guidance on how to fit these models, and apply the models in 2 real data examples. The discussion focuses on challenges in the application of these models.
[To the northernmost part of the airlift bridge: the Puerto Ricans in the United States].

This article examines the available data on the health status of Puerto Rican women in the United States. Statistics on reproductive health, cancer and AIDS indicate that the health status of these women is lower than that of both their U.S. and island counterparts. Usually, the health of immigrants lies somewhere between that of the population of the country of origin, and that of the 'host' country. Puerto Rican women, however, deviate from this pattern. The health lag which U.S. Puerto Rican women are experiencing suggests that the social dislocation which accompanies migration has not diminished over time. Puerto Rican women in the U.S., on the contrary, seem to have lost protective factors that shielded them from certain risks without acquiring the monetary, psycological, and information resources which would allow them to adopt preventive measures and make a more effective use of the existing health services.
A Generalized Alon-Boppana Bound and Weak Ramanujan Graphs

A basic eigenvalue bound due to Alon and Boppana holds only for regular graphs. In this paper we give a generalized Alon-Boppana bound for eigenvalues of graphs that are not required to be regular. We show that a graph $G$ with diameter $k$ and vertex set $V$, the smallest nontrivial eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ of the normalized Laplacian $\mathcal L$ satisfies $$ \lambda_1 \leq 1-\sigma \big(1- \frac c {k} \big) $$ for some constant $c$ where $\sigma = 2\sum_v d_v \sqrt{d_v-1}/\sum_v d_v^2 $ and $d_v$ denotes the degree of the vertex $v$. We consider weak Ramanujan graphs defined as graphs satisfying $ \lambda_1 \geq 1-\sigma$. We examine the vertex expansion and edge expansion of weak Ramanujan graphs and then use the expansion properties among other methods to derive the above Alon-Boppana bound. A corrigendum was added on the 3rd of November 2017.
Saving Smokers from Themselves: The Paternalistic Use of Cigarette Taxes

Governments at all levels have significantly increased cigarette taxes in recent years. Under the framework traditionally used by tax policy analysts, these tax increases are justified (1) if they are necessary to force smokers to internalize the harm that smoking causes others or (2) if they are a fair and efficient way to fund the government. But economists have generally concluded that on net, smokers do not impose large costs on third parties. In addition, heavily taxing cigarettes places a significant financial burden on low-income smokers and their families, which raises fairness concerns. As a result, scholars who support cigarette tax increases have begun to rely less on conventional tax policy arguments and to instead invoke novel arguments based on paternalism. Paternalists argue that people smoke because they are incapacitated by addiction or because they suffer from failures of rationality. Smoking is a mistake, so the government should intervene to save smokers from themselves. And because cigarette taxes reduce smoking, the government should use them as its primary tool in this effort. Moreover, contrary to conventional wisdom, cigarette taxes may actually benefit the poor by encouraging them to give up a habit that reduces their welfare. This Article challenges the claim that the government should use cigarette taxes for paternalistic purposes. The evidence suggests that most smokers are not incapacitated by addiction. But to the extent that they are, cigarette taxes effectively penalize them for using a product that they find difficult to quit. Additionally, smokers appear to be heterogeneous with respect to rationality. Some people may smoke due to failures of rationality, but for others, smoking appears to be a rational choice. This is problematic because cigarette taxes are a one-size-fits-all solution, and they harm rational smokers. Moreover, many smokers respond to cigarette taxes in dangerous ways. For example, some smokers switch to cigarettes that are higher in tar and nicotine. This allows them to get more tar and nicotine per cigarette smoked. But because high-tar cigarettes pose a greater risk, this response undermines the goal of improving public health. Finally, despite large cigarette tax increases in recent years, the smoking rate among the poor remains high, which suggests that regressivity is still a serious drawback. Given the many problems with cigarette taxes, the Article recommends that policy makers focus instead on alternatives that can help smokers but that are more suitable for a heterogeneous population and that do not unfairly burden low-income families. The Article examines several proposals that satisfy these criteria, including the commitment contract for smoking cessation and the smoking license.
Crystallographic Structure of Truncated CCL21 and the Putative Sulfotyrosine-Binding Site.

CCL21 chemokine binds the G protein-coupled receptor CCR7, aiding not only in immune response but also in cancer metastasis. Compared with other chemokines, CCL21 has a unique extended unstructured C-terminus that is truncated in some naturally occurring variants. We have determined the X-ray crystallographic structure of a truncated CCL21 (residues 1–79) lacking the extended C-terminus and identified, via two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a putative sulfotyrosine-binding site that may recognize such post-translationally modified tyrosine residues on the receptor. Compared to the previously determined NMR structure of full-length CCL21, the crystal structure presents new druggable binding hot spots resulting from an alternative N-loop conformation. In addition, whereas the previous NMR structure did not provide any structural information after residue 70, the C-terminus of the truncated CCL21, ordered up to Ala77 in our crystal structure, is placed near the N-loop and sulfotyrosine-binding...
Estimation of time-variable fast flow path chemical concentrations for application in tracer-based hydrograph separation analyses

Mixing models are a commonly used method for hydrograph separation, but can be hindered by the subjective choice of the end-member tracer concentrations. This work tests a new variant of mixing model that uses high-frequency measures of two tracers and streamflow to separate total streamflow into water from slowflow and fastflow sources. The ratio between the concentrations of the two tracers is used to create a time-variable estimate of the concentration of each tracer in the fastflow end-member. Multiple synthetic data sets, and data from two hydrologically diverse streams, are used to test the performance and limitations of the new model (two-tracer ratio-based mixing model: TRaMM). When applied to the synthetic streams under many different scenarios, the TRaMM produces results that were reasonable approximations of the actual values of fastflow discharge (±0.1% of maximum fastflow) and fastflow tracer concentrations (±9.5% and ±16% of maximum fastflow nitrate concentration and specific conductance, respectively). With real stream data, the TRaMM produces high-frequency estimates of slowflow and fastflow discharge that align with expectations for each stream based on their respective hydrologic settings. The use of two tracers with the TRaMM provides an innovative and objective approach for estimating high-frequency fastflow concentrations and contributions of fastflow water to the stream. This provides useful information for tracking chemical movement to streams and allows for better selection and implementation of water quality management strategies.
Upright and Inverted Single-Junction GaAs Solar Cells Grown by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) is a low-cost alternative to conventional metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth of III–V solar cells. In this work, we show continued improvement of the performance of HVPE-grown single-junction GaAs solar cells. We show over an order of magnitude improvement in the interface recombination velocity between GaAs and GaInP layers through the elimination of growth interrupts, leading to increased short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage compared with cells with interrupts. One-sun conversion efficiencies as high as 20.6% were achieved with this improved growth process. Solar cells grown in an inverted configuration that were removed from the substrate showed nearly identical performance to on-wafer cells, demonstrating the viability of HVPE to be used together with conventional wafer reuse techniques for further cost reduction. These devices utilized multiple heterointerfaces, showing the potential of HVPE for the growth of complex and high-quality III–V devices.
Innovativeness as an Unintended Outcome of Franchising: Insights from Restaurant Chains

A growing trend in improving innovation outcomes is to go outside the firm's boundaries. One mechanism by which firms extend organizational boundaries is through franchising their channels. Yet, the effects of franchising on innovation outcomes have been overlooked in the literature. We propose that a firm's emphasis on franchising will affect its organizational innovativeness, conceptualized as product and process innovativeness, independently and with other firm characteristics—franchising experience, firm size, financial leverage, and slack resources. We find support for our hypotheses using a nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression model estimated using panel data from 38 U.S. restaurant chains between 1992 and 2005. The positive effect of the emphasis on franchising on product innovativeness is stronger for firms with high financial leverage, but weaker for firms with high slack resources. For process innovativeness, the effect is stronger for firms with high financial leverage but weaker for large firms, and for firms with high franchising experience and high slack resources. The findings indicate that a firm's emphasis on franchising has contingent effects on product and process innovation outcomes. Thus, franchising emerges as a competing mechanism (to alliances and joint ventures) that extends organizational boundaries and affects organizational innovativeness.
Molybdenum, vanadium, and uranium weathering in small mountainous rivers and rivers draining high-standing islands

Abstract Rivers draining high standing islands (HSIs) and small mountainous rivers (SMRs) are known to have extremely high sediment fluxes, and can also have high chemical weathering yields, which makes them potentially important contributors to the global riverine elemental flux to the ocean. This work reports on the riverine concentrations, ocean flux, and weathering yields of Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V), and Uranium (U) in a large number of small but geochemically important rivers using 338 river samples from ten lithologically-diverse regions. These redox-sensitive elements are used extensively to infer paleo-redox conditions in the ocean, and Mo and V are also important rock-derived micronutrients used by microorganisms in nitrogen fixation. Unlike in large river systems, in which dissolved Mo has been attributed predominately to pyrite dissolution, Mo concentrations in these rivers did not correlate with sulfate concentrations. V was found to correlate strongly with Si in terrains dominated by silicate rocks, but this trend was not observed in primarily sedimentary regions. Many rivers exhibited much higher V/Si ratios than larger rivers, and rivers draining young Quaternary volcanic rocks in Nicaragua had much higher dissolved V concentrations (mean = 1306 nM) than previously-studied rivers. U concentrations were generally well below the global average with the exception of rivers draining primarily sedimentary lithologies containing carbonates and shales. Fluxes of U and Mo from igneous terrains of intermediate composition are lower than the global average, while fluxes of V from these regions are higher, and up to two orders of magnitude higher in the Nicaragua rivers. Weathering yields of Mo and V in most regions are above the global mean, despite lower than average concentrations measured in some of those systems, indicating that the chemical weathering of these elements are higher in these SMR watersheds than larger drainages. In regions of active boundaries with andesite/dacite lithologies, rivers draining young Pleistocene rocks had higher concentrations than did older Miocene-Pliocene rocks of a similar composition. This work shows that weathering yields of Mo, V, and U from SMRs are slightly higher than from large rivers, and the age of igneous lithologies in these regions exhibits a measurable control on riverine concentrations of these elements.
Exposure to Alcohol Content in Movies and Initiation of Early Drinking Milestones

Background Exposure to alcohol content in movies has been shown to be associated with adolescent use of alcohol, including earlier onset. This study examined the influence of movie alcohol exposure on subsequent alcohol onset, considering the social context (whether the movie was viewed with a friend or parent). We examined whether media's influence holds across a spectrum of early drinking milestones: sipping (but not consuming a full drink of) alcohol, consuming a full drink of alcohol, and engaging in heavy episodic drinking (HED). Methods Data were taken from a sample of 882 middle school youth (52% female; 24% non-White) enrolled in an ongoing study on alcohol initiation and progression. Exposure to alcohol content in films was measured using a method that combines content analysis and random assignment of movie titles to youth surveys. The hazard of initiating alcohol use (sip, full drink, HED) as a function of exposure was estimated using survival analysis. Associations were adjusted for demographic, personality, and social influence factors known to be associated with both movie exposure and alcohol use. Results Exposure to alcohol content was common. Hours of exposure prospectively predicted earlier onset of alcohol involvement across all outcomes. Viewing movies with friends appeared to augment the media exposure effect, in contrast to viewing movies with parents, which was not a significant predictor of initiation. Conclusions Exposure to alcohol in films is involved in the entry into early stages of alcohol involvement. Findings support further investigation into the role of the media in underage drinking, especially in the context of consuming media with friends and peers. Limiting media exposure and/or stronger Federal Trade Commission oversight of movie ratings should be a priority for preventing underage drinking.
Modeling Dynamic Competition on Crowdfunding Markets

The often fierce competition on crowdfunding markets can significantly affect project success. While various factors have been considered in predicting the success of crowdfunding projects, to the best knowledge of the authors, the phenomenon of competition has not been investigated. In this paper, we study the competition on crowdfunding markets through data analysis, and propose a probabilistic generative model, Dynamic Market Competition (DMC) model, to capture the competitiveness of projects in crowdfunding. Through an empirical evaluation using the pledging history of past crowdfunding projects, our approach has shown to capture the competitiveness of projects very well, and significantly outperforms several baseline approaches in predicting the daily collected funds of crowdfunding projects, reducing errors by 31.73% to 45.14%. In addition, our analyses on the correlations between project competitiveness, project design factors, and project success indicate that highly competitive projects, while being winners under various setting of project design factors, are particularly impressive with high pledging goals and high price rewards, comparing to medium and low competitive projects. Finally, the competitiveness of projects learned by DMC is shown to be very useful in applications of predicting final success and days taken to hit pledging goal, reaching 85% accuracy and error of less than 7 days, respectively, with limited information at early pledging stage.
Bounds for Exotics

Due to the complex structures of exotic options, it is difficult to derive exotic option pricing bounds using the conventional "no-arbitrage argument" approach. In this paper we present a new approach called the volatility bound approach to derive distribution and preference-free bounds on exotics. In particular, the bounds on Asian options, barrier options, and compound options are presented, with the possibility to extend to other exotic options. Further, we show that the bounds can provide many important insights which sharpen our understanding of those complex instruments.
The New “Proposed” Doctoral Degree in Educational Leadership (Ed. D.) at a Comprehensive University in Southern California

The Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) degree – a major vehicle for developing school leaders – recently reached a crossroads. Some think the Ed.D. should concentrate more on the work of practitioner leaders in education (Golde & Walker 2006; Murphy 2006); others think it should be discontinued altogether (Deering 1998; Levine 2005). Educators struggle with the wide-spread perception that education doctorates lack rigor and substance. Unlike other fields education uses doctorates to prepare both scholars and the highest level of leading practitioners (McClintock 2005) – often doing neither very well (Murphy and Vriesenga 2004, 2005; Schulman, Golde, Conklin-Bueschel, and Garabedian 2006). Although there is strong evidence that many doctoral recipients trained in the United States are excellent researchers and scholars whose subsequent work contributes significantly to the advancement of educational study and practice (Walker, Golde, Jones, Conklin-Bueschel, and Hutchings 2008) it is critical to continue developing doctoral education programs for the next generation of disciplinary leaders.
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli : Detection by Commercial Enzyme Immunoassays

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by Christine Vernozy-Rozand, volume 3, pp 2232–2236, © 1999, Elsevier Ltd.
THE ZONA PELLUCIDA AS A POSSIBLE TARGET IN IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents zona pellucida as a possible target in immunocontraception. The zona pellucida is an acellular gelatinous-like layer, which surrounds the mammalian egg and early embryo. Antibodies against zona antigens block fertilization in vitro and in vivo , and prevent implantation. The most sensitive test for determining the presence or absence of antizona antibodies is the inhibition or block to sperm attachment to zona, following exposure of the egg to antibody. These tests are usually performed in combination with in vitro fertilization experiments with eggs being exposed to antibody prior to insemination. The species specificity of zona antigen is important because a source for antigenic material can be necessary for large scale immunization in human. Zona antigens are among the strongest in the ovary. The human ovary can have as many as a million eggs at the time of birth, and a high proportion of these eggs become zona coated during egg maturation.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Using Electroporation: Back to the Future?

In 1982, Scheinman et al. [(1)][1] first described use of high-energy direct-current (DC) shock via a transvenous catheter for performing closed-chest atrioventricular (AV) node ablation in humans. By current standards, this was a crude method for ablating cardiac tissue, but it transformed the
Exceptionally High, Strongly Temperature Dependent, Spin Hall Conductivity of SrRuO3.

Spin–orbit torques (SOT) in thin film heterostructures originate from strong spin–orbit interactions (SOI) that, in the bulk, generate a spin current due either to extrinsic spin-dependent, skew, or/and side-jump scattering or to intrinsic Berry curvature in the conduction bands. While most SOT studies have focused on materials with heavy metal components, the oxide perovskite SrRuO3 has been predicted to have a pronounced Berry curvature. Through quantification of its spin current by the SOT exerted on an adjacent Co ferromagnetic layer, we determine that SrRuO3 has a strongly temperature (T)-dependent spin Hall conductivity σSH, increasing with the electrical conductivity, consistent with expected behavior of the intrinsic effect in the “dirty metal” regime. σSH is very high at low T, e.g., σSH > (ℏ/2e)3 × 105 Ω–1 m–1 at 60 K, and is largely unaffected by the SrRuO3 ferromagnetic transition at Tc ≈ 150 K, which agrees with a recent theoretical determination that the intrinsic spin Hall effect is magneti...
Black box groups isomorphic to PGL(2,2e)

Abstract A deterministic polynomial-time algorithm constructs an isomorphism between PGL ( 2 , 2 e ) and a black box group to which it is isomorphic.
Waterpipe tobacco smoke toxicity: the impact of waterpipe size

Introduction Waterpipe tobacco smoking continues to show increasing popularity, especially among individuals between 18 and 22 years old. Waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) is a mixture of particulates and gases formed from the combustion of the charcoal and volatilisation and humidification of the tobacco+humectant+flavouring substrate known as shisha or mu’assel. As such, variation in the configuration of the waterpipe may affect the particles produced. Our study focuses on the effects of waterpipe size on the physical properties and cytotoxicity of the smoke produced. Methods Shisha type and headspace volume were held constant and a modified Beirut puff protocol was followed while the size of the waterpipe was varied. Particle concentrations and size distributions were measured using a TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer. Type II alveolar cells were exposed to smoke at the air-liquid interface and two metrics of cell health analysed. Results In a 30 min session, we observed a decrease in total particle concentration (1014–1013) and mass (10 000–2800 mg/m3) and an increase in particle size (125–170 nm) as pipe height increases from 22 to 55 cm and bowl size from 300 to 1250 mL. Smoke from all pipe sizes caused decreases in lysosomal function (>40%) and membrane integrity (>60%) 24 hours post 57 min exposure, and meet the National Institutes of Health definition of a cytotoxic agent (≥30% decrease in cell viability). Conclusion Smoke from waterpipes of all sizes causes significant alveolar cellular harm, indicating that this device needs regulation as a hazard to human health.