cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal Dynamics of Iris Yellow Spot Virus and Its Vector, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Seeded and Transplanted Onion Fields

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), can reduce onion bulb yield and transmit iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus), which can cause additional yield losses. In New York, onions are planted using seeds and imported transplants. IYSV is not seed transmitted, but infected transplants have been found in other U.S. states. Transplants are also larger than seeded onions early in the season, and thrips, some of which may be viruliferous, may preferentially colonize larger plants. Limited information is available on the temporal dynamics of IYSV and its vector in onion fields. In 2007 and 2008, T. tabaci and IYSV levels were monitored in six seeded and six transplanted fields. We found significantly more thrips in transplanted fields early in the season, but by the end of the season seeded fields had higher levels of IYSV. The percentage of sample sites with IYSV-infected plants remained low (<12%) until August, when infection levels increased dramatically in some fields. The densities of adult and larval thrips in August and September were better predictors of final IYSV levels than early season thrips densities. For 2007 and 2008, the time onions were harvested may have been more important in determining IYSV levels than whether the onions were seeded or transplanted. Viruliferous thrips emigrating from harvested onion fields into nonharvested ones may be increasing the primary spread of IYSV in late-harvested onions. Managing T. tabaci populations before harvest, and manipulating the spatial arrangement of fields based on harvest date could mitigate the spread of IYSV.
Deconstructing College Students’ Perceptions of Thin-Idealized Versus Nonidealized Media Images on Body Dissatisfaction and Advertising Effectiveness

Previous studies focused on revealing the negative effects of media exposure to thin-ideals on body image, such as body dissatisfaction, but overlooked investigating a possible influence of deflated body image after thin-idealized media exposure on advertising effectiveness. Therefore, this study investigated how the exposure of thin- versus non-idealized model images in fashion ads influence body dissatisfaction and advertising effectiveness. A conceptual model was developed, based on social comparison theory. A total of 380 female college students responded to a web-based survey. Results indicate participants exposed to thin-idealized model images showed greater body dissatisfaction and lower advertising effectiveness than those participants exposed to non-idealized model images. However, inflated body dissatisfaction after exposure to thin-idealized model images did not significantly or negatively influence advertising effectiveness. For more positive body image development and managerial implications ...
Bite Force and Performance in the Durophagous Bonnethead Shark, Sphyrna tiburo

Bite force, a measure of performance, can be used to link anatomical form and function. Earlier studies have shown bite force to have a significant influence on dietary constraints and ontogenetic shifts in resource utilization. The bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is a durophagous member of the family Sphyrnidae. Its diet in South Florida waters consists almost entirely of blue crabs, which are crushed or ingested whole. This abundant coastal predator's feeding mechanism is specialized for the consumption of hard prey, including a modified biting pattern and molariform teeth. The goals of this research were to (1) characterize the mechanical function of the feeding mechanism of S. tiburo through biomechanical modeling of biting and in vivo bite force measurements; (2) compare the bite force of S. tiburo with those of other fishes; and (3) identify functional constraints on prey capture by comparing the bite force of S. tiburo with the fracture properties of its primary prey item, blue crabs. Maximum theoretical bite force ranged from 25.7 N anteriorly to 107.9 N posteriorly. S. tiburo has the second lowest mass specific bite force for any fish studied to date, and its posterior mechanical advantage of 0.88 is lower than other durophagous chondrichthyans, indicating that this independent evolutionary acquisition of durophagy was not accompanied by the associated morphological changes found in other durophagous cartilaginous fishes. Blue crab fracture forces (30.0-490.0 N) range well above the maximum bite force of S. tiburo, suggesting that prey material properties functionally constrain dietary ecology to some degree.
Tunable controlled release of bioactive SDF-1α via specific protein interactions within fibrin/nanoparticle composites

The chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), is a key regulator of the endogenous neural progenitor/stem cell-mediated regenerative response after neural injury. Increased and sustained bioavailability of SDF-1α in the peri-injury region is hypothesized to modulate this endogenous repair response. Here, we describe poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles capable of releasing bioactive SDF-1α in a sustained manner over 60 days after a burst of 23%. Moreover, we report a biphasic cellular response to SDF-1α concentrations thus the large initial burst release in an in vivo setting may result in supratherapeutic concentrations of SDF-1α. Specific protein–protein interactions between SDF-1α and fibrin (as well as its monomer, fibrinogen) were exploited to control the magnitude of the burst release. Nanoparticles embedded in fibrin significantly reduced the amount of SDF-1α released after 72 h as a function of fibrin density. Therefore, the nanoparticle/fibrin composites represented a means to independently tune the magnitude of the burst phase release from the nanoparticles while perserving a bioactive depot of SDF-1α for release over 60 days.
Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of Flagellin Genes fliC, fljB, and flpA from Salmonella

Salmonella isolates have traditionally been classified by serotyping, the serologic identification of two surface antigens, O-polysaccharide and flagellin protein. Serotyping has been of great value in understanding the epidemiology of Salmonella and investigating disease outbreaks; however, production and quality control of the hundreds of antisera required for serotyping is difficult and time-consuming. To circumvent the problems associated with antiserum production, we began the development of a system for determination of serotype in Salmonella based on DNA markers. To identify flagellar antigen-specific sequences, we sequenced 280 alleles of the three genes that are known to encode flagellin in Salmonella, fliC, fljB, and flpA, representing 67 flagellar antigen types. Analysis of the data indicated that the sequences from fliC, fljB, and flpA clustered by the antigen(s) they encode not by locus. The sequences grouped into four clusters based on their conserved regions. Three of the four clusters included multiple flagellar antigen types and were designated the G complex, the Z4 complex, and the alpha cluster. The fourth cluster contained a single antigen type, H:z(29). The amino acid sequences of the conserved regions within each cluster have greater than 95% amino acid identity, whereas the conserved regions differ substantially between clusters (75 to 85% identity). Substantial sequence heterogeneity existed between alleles encoding different flagellar antigens while alleles encoding the same flagellar antigen were homologous, suggesting that flagellin genes may be useful targets for the molecular determination of flagellar antigen type.
Advanced imaging techniques in cervical spinal cord trauma.

paper recently published in WORLD NEUROSURGERY contains a very important article by Vedantam et al. that A expands on the use of fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in spinal cord injury (SCI). Acute SCI is a condition that carries potentially grave consequences for the patient, the health care system, and society in general. Successful treatment of acute SCI begins with rapid identification and characterization of the injury, and initiation of treatment. Although diagnosis by physical examination remains of the utmost importance, imaging has become a critical and ubiquitous component of assessing patients with acute SCI. Often in the acute trauma setting, computed tomography is the initial imaging of choice due to its low cost, detailed evaluation of bony anatomy, and rapid image acquisition. With a negative computed tomography scan and high clinical suspicion, physicians often rely on magnetic resonance imaging for further delineation of a possible spinal injury. However, recent literature suggests that T2-weighted imaging alone has a low sensitivity for identification of acute myelopathy (2, 5). Furthermore, high signal intensity on T2-weighted images appears in late clinical stages of compression. DTI images of the spinal cord white matter tracts reveal well-organized pathways traveling in different directions, with those oriented in the craniocaudal direction having a higher apparent diffusion coefficient compared with those extending primarily in a transverse direction (12).
GONAD DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHEASTERN ALASKAN DUNGENESS CRAB, CANCER MAGISTER, UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

The large percentage of nonovigerous adult female crabs in situ gave rise to the question of whether egg extrusion occurs annually in Dungeness crabs in Alaskan waters as is reported for lowerlatitude populations. Accordingly, we studied seasonal variation in gonadal development for 280 male, nonovigerous female, and ovigerous female crabs, reared in flow-through tanks from October 1997 through October 1998. Gonadosomatic indexes (GSI) were determined monthly from March through October 1998 for nonovigerous females, ovigerous females, and males. Oocyte area was also measured for females over the same period. Approximately 10 crabs from each treatment group were sampled monthly. Male GSI increased significantly over time. Nonovigerous females had significantly higher GSI and oocyte areas than ovigerous females. The GSI in October decreased significantly from the GSI in September among nonovigerous females in the laboratory and field, suggesting resorption of gonads. Most mature females do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska; however, under laboratory conditions, some females can extrude eggs in consecutive years.
Phase Field Simulation Coupling Microstructural Evolution and Crack Propagation during Performance Degradation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Microstructural evolution and crack propagation occur in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) at elevated operation temperatures (above 600°C). These phenomena cause performance degradation in electrochemical activity and compromise of structural integrity of SOFCs as well. Nickel (Ni) coarsening of Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in the anode of a SOFC is believed to lead to microstructural evolution. Meanwhile, stress concentration and pore aggregation causes crack propagation in the anode. Both microstructural evolution and crack propagation have a significant impact on the performance of SOFCs. Based on theories of diffuse-interface and Ginzburg-Landau, an integrated phase field model is developed to couple electrode microstructural evolution and crack propagation in the anode. Interfacial diffusion of the phases is observed to lead to Ni particle coarsening. The triple phase boundary (TPB) is found to be affected by microstructural evolution and the crack propagation.
Does Financial Aid Impact College Student Engagement?: Evidence from the Gates Millennium Scholars Program.

While increasing numbers of students have gained access to higher education during the last several decades, postsecondary persistence and academic success remain serious concerns with only about half of college entrants completing degrees. Given concerns about affordability and resources, policymakers and administrators wonder how financial aid impacts student outcomes, particularly among low-income students. We investigate this question looking at a range of outcomes beyond just academic performance by focusing on the Gates Millennium Scholars (GMS) Program, a generous grant program that provided a renewable scholarship to talented undergraduate students of color with financial need. We isolate the impact of financial aid on academic and community engagement by comparing the outcomes of GMS recipients to similar non-recipients who were likely to have comparably-high levels of motivation and potential for success. With information about the application process, we use similar applicants not selected for the award as a comparison group. We then employ a Regression Discontinuity research design to provide causal estimates of the effects of GMS. The results suggest that GMS recipients were more likely to engage with peers on school work outside of class. Additionally, GMS recipients were much more likely to participate in community service activities and marginally more likely to participate in other extracurricular activities than their non-GMS peers.
The Unrapeable Black Woman: How the Lack of Legal Protection Through the Centuries Promoted the Tradition of Unreported Sexual Assaults

“Rape, as racially constructed, is ‘something that only happen[s] to white women; what happens to black women is simply life.’” A legacy paved by the atrocities of slavery lingers today, reflected in the lack of rapes and sexual assaults reported by Black women. The lack of reported rapes among Black women is not a new phenomenon, but rather a learned reaction to slavery, lynch mobs, and the general disregard of Black lives. Horrific historical events, coupled with an anemic legal system, set a precedent in Black culture that “…white folks, [are] not to be trusted,” because Blacks rarely found protection or justice in the legal system. Inevitably, the rape culture in this country is tied to race. One of the most egregious remnants of slavery that persist today is the legal system’s failure to recognize the rape of Black women as crime...
Behavioral Disorders Associated with GnRH Agonist Therapy

A number of adverse effects have been described with the use of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) therapy in children namely, localized reaction at the site of injection such as pain, erythema, rash, infection or abscess formation and systemic effects such as headache, syncope, fever, or weight gain. These effects have been reported in fewer than 2% of patients receiving GnRHa. While psychological changes have been reported in adult women receiving therapy, these types of adverse events have not been well documented in children. In this report, we describe 3 distinct cases of acute behavioral problems including emotional lability and aggression that were observed in patients being treated with GnRHa implant for central precocious puberty and with dramatic improvement of psychologic changes upon the discontinuation of therapy.
Using 4d Echocardiography Imaging to Evaluate the Effect of Stroke Volume on Myocardial Strain

The implicative relationship between stroke volume (SV) vs. strain is said to be a positive correlation. However, no formal studies have been completed to show this relationship. The goal of this project is to formally define the relationship between SV and strain by 4D echocardiography. A
Physical properties of raw materials used in producing rare earth silicide alloy by carbon thermal reduction method(II) ——Pore ratio and compressive strength

This study was focussed upon the porosity (pore ratio) and compressive strength of the raw material, which was mixed the rare earth concentrates with two kinds of carbon reductants, A 0 and B 0, and pressed into compacts. After the compacts were roasted at 773 K, 1 573～1 773 K respectively, their porosity and compressive strength were measured, and were compared with those of the compacts un roasted. The results show that, the porosity of all compacts decreases with increasing pressing pressure linearly, and the porosities of the compacts roasted at 1 573～1 773 K reach to 50%～55%; the compressive strength of the compacts roasted at 773 K increases remarkably, but those of the compacts roasted at 1 273～1 673 K decrease with the increase of roasting temperature and time.
Study on Creep Constitutive Relation of P92 Steel

Fracture failure of P92 steel servicing under high temperature creep damage has arose researchers more recognition.According to the characteristics of P92 steel high temperature creep and considering the engineering application,the paper design experiment to measure and calculate the creep constitutive relation of secondary creep,which provides the experiment data for sdudying on P92 steel welding joints life assessment.
Parent and child reports of animal cruelty and their correlations with parent and child reports of child delinquency

The purpose of this study was to determine whether child and parent reports of animal cruelty in children correlated with child- and parent-reported delinquency in these same children. A group of 3...
Systematic Review of Knowledge Assessments for Glaucoma Patients

Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease affecting millions of people worldwide; it is frequently treated with daily eyedrop medications when patients are asymptomatic. Patient education is an essential feature for adherence to treatments. Developing useful patient education interventions is predicated on understanding what glaucoma patients know about their disease and identifying gaps in their knowledge. Thirteen studies that have measured and described glaucoma patient knowledge using questionnaires were identified from the literature, including cross-sectional studies of disease knowledge and studies evaluating the efficacy of an educational intervention, both randomized controlled and observational. All studies found significant knowledge gaps in glaucoma patients. Both the controlled studies and the observational studies supported the efficacy of various educational interventions for improving glaucoma knowledge.
Inpatient Urine Cultures Are Frequently Performed Without Urinalysis or Microscopy: Findings From a Large Academic Medical Center

OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency of urine cultures performed in inpatients without additional testing for pyuria DESIGN Retrospective cohort study SETTING A 1,250-bed academic tertiary referral center PATIENTS Hospitalized adults METHODS This study included urine cultures drawn on 4 medical and 2 surgical wards from 2009 to 2013 and in the medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) from 2012 to 2013. Patient and laboratory data were abstracted from the hospital's medical informatics database. We identified catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in the ICUs by routine infection prevention surveillance. Cultures without urinalysis or urine microscopy were defined as "isolated." The primary outcome was the proportion of isolated urine cultures obtained. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess predictors of isolated cultures. RESULTS During the study period, 14,743 urine cultures were obtained (63.5 cultures per 1,000 patient days) during 11,820 patient admissions. Of these, 2,973 cultures (20.2%) were isolated cultures. Of the 61 CAUTIs identified, 31 (50.8%) were identified by an isolated culture. Predictors for having an isolated culture included male gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.22; 95%; confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.35], urinary catheterization (aOR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.89-2.46), ICU admission (medical ICU aOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.47-2.00; surgical ICU aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.51-2.19), and obtaining the urine culture ≥1 calendar day after admission (1-7 days aOR, 1.91; 95% CI. 1.71-2.12; >7 days after admission aOR, 2.81; 95% CI, 2.37-3.34). CONCLUSIONS Isolated urine cultures are common in hospitalized patients, particularly in patients with urinary catheters and those in ICUs. Interventions targeting inpatient culturing practices may improve the diagnosis of urinary tract infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:455-460.
Images of the Future

This concluding essay outlines several alternative futures for Russia in the coming decades, building upon the perspectives and information in the preceding essays in this volume and relating these to my own thinking about the future of Russia. Hence, this essay does not represent a consensus of the issue's twelve authors, but rather a meld of their thoughts and my own.
Circadian Variation of Breast Milk Components and Implications for Care.

Abstract Several components of breast milk show circadian variability. It is likely that at least some of these macronutrients, hormones, and micronutrients produce circadian stimuli that enhance the well-being of breast-fed infants. Future research should determine whether high-risk infants benefit if breast milk is given during the same circadian phase as it was expressed.
A robust approach to infrastructure security games

Abstract Most infrastructure security games assume that the parameters of the game are either deterministic or follow a known distribution. Whereas in reality some parameters of the game may be uncertain with no known distribution or distributional information about them may be unreliable. In this paper we develop distribution-free models of the incomplete-information infrastructure security game with and without private information. We assume that the players are uncertain about the node values and detection probabilities and they use a robust optimization approach to contend with such uncertainty. Moreover, the aim of the attack, to inflict maximum damage or to infiltrate, may be private to the adversary. Depending on the objective of the adversary and the existence of private information, we present three models for this game. We then prove the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium for the first two models and characterize the shape of the Nash equilibrium for the third model. Our results show that the equilibrium strategy for the robust game with private information is of threshold type. Finally, we apply the proposed approach to real data in order to determine the best allocation of defense resources.
Extended Abstract: Utilizing Event Rate As a Manipulation of Task Difficulty in Vigilance

Vigilance refers to the ability of an observer to maintain attention over extended periods of time, and to respond to critical signals that occur (Davies & Parasuraman, 1982). Vigilance has been ex...
Fundamentals of Exploratory Laparotomy for Trauma

The exploratory laparotomy for trauma focuses on efficient surgical techniques to control rapidly hemorrhage and contamination. This chapter will follow the patient from arrival in the trauma resuscitation bay to decision to operate and travel to the operating room, to incision, to key intraoperative maneuvers and associated pitfalls, and to the surgical ICU postoperatively. The general approach to the procedure and the detailed management of specific intra-abdominal injuries are addressed.
High-throughput metabolism-induced toxicity assays demonstrated on a 384-pillar plate

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Transform Tox Testing Challenge in 2016 with the goal of developing practical methods that can be integrated into conventional high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to better predict the toxicity of parent compounds and their metabolites in vivo. In response to this need and to retrofit existing HTS assays for assessing metabolism-induced toxicity of compounds, we have developed a 384-pillar plate that is complementary to traditional 384-well plates and ideally suited for culturing human cells in three dimensions at a microscale. Briefly, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells in a mixture of alginate and Matrigel were printed on the 384-pillar plates using a microarray spotter, which were coupled with 384-well plates containing nine model compounds provided by the EPA, five representative Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), and one no enzyme control. Viability and membrane integrity of HEK 293 cells were measured with the calcein AM and CellTiter-Glo® kit to determine the IC50 values of the nine parent compounds and DME-generated metabolites. The Z' factors and the coefficient of variation measured were above 0.6 and below 14%, respectively, indicating that the assays established on the 384-pillar plate are robust and reproducible. Out of nine compounds tested, six compounds showed augmented toxicity with DMEs and one compound showed detoxification with a Phase II DME. This result indicates that the 384-pillar plate platform can be used to measure metabolism-induced toxicity of compounds in high-throughput with individual DMEs. As xenobiotics metabolism is a complex process with a variety of DMEs involved, the predictivity of our approach could be further improved with mixtures of DMEs.
Transrectal Ultrasound of the Prostate

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), first described by Watanabe and colleagues in the 1960s, is an essential tool for the diagnosis of prostate cancer as well as for image-guided prostate interventions [1]. By the 1970s TRUS imaging had achieved wide use in clinical practice. Most commonly, TRUS is used to guide core needle biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis. This was first described by Hodge in 1989 when he advocated the systematic biopsy of the prostate gland [2]. Treatment modalities including brachytherapy, cryotherapy, and high-intensity focus ultrasound (HIFU) also rely on TRUS to appropriately treat prostate cancer patients [3]. In addition, TRUS provides valuable information for follow-up and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). TRUS may be helpful in the evaluation of patients with idiopathic infertility [4–8]. The indications and techniques for TRUS, proper documentation, anatomy of the prostate, and new ultrasonographic technologies will be discussed in this chapter. The topic of TRUS with prostate biopsy is covered in a separate chapter.
IT Systems to Support Innovation

The provision of systems to support and promote innovation has become a significant concern for New Product Development (NPD) processes as they try to cope with the rapid rate of technology development, change of customer’s needs, and shortened product life cycles. Companies such as Analog Devices Inc. (ADI) see the creation of an environment that encourages knowledge to be created, stored, shared and applied for the benefit of the organization and its customers as a key strategic activity. Despite the fact that such initiatives have been widely reported in the business press, the role of IT systems to support innovation in new product development is not well understood. This paper describes one such in initiative — as it was executed in practice in Analog Device’s NPD organization in Ireland. The work is presented in the context of current research in Knowledge Management Systems (KMS). The structure of the paper is set out in Table 1.
Characterization of near tip stress and deformation fields in creeping solids

Finite element solutions for near tip stress and deformation fields in elastic-power law creeping solids are used to investigate the dominance of the asymptotic crack tip fields. With geometry changes neglected, the full range from small scale to extensive creep is analyzed. A full finite deformation analysis is carried out under small scale creep conditions. Our analyses show that, in the transient regime, Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren type singular fields dominate over a region that is about one fifth the extent of the creep zone. Finite deformation effects are found to dominate over a size scale of the order of the crack tip opening as is the case for rate independent solids. Our numerical results for the time dependence of the amplitude of near tip fields are in good agreement with the approximate relation given by Riedel and Rice [7] and Ohji, Ogura and Kubo [5].
Determination of the Strain Energy Density Function for Compressible Isotropic Nonlinear Elastic Solids by Torsion - Normal Force Experiments

Penn and Kearsley derived expressions for the derivatives of the strain energy density function for an incompressible elastic material in terms of the measured torque - twist and axial force - twist relations obtained during experiments involving torsion of a circular cylinder. The present work is concerned with a method for determining the derivatives of the strain energy density function for a compressible isotropic elastic material by means of experiments involving torsion of a circular cylinder. The problem is made more difficult in the compressible case because cylindrical surfaces undergo deformation, which is then used to show why the Penn and Kearsley result cannot be extended to compressible materials. We then discuss the material identification method for determining the derivatives of the strain energy density function from the torque - twist, axial force - twist, and volume change - twist relations, which can be measured using the torsional dilatometer developed by Duran and McKenna. In this method, a polynomial representation for the strain energy density function is assumed and the constants are determined from the measured data.
Key Ways to Prevent Infection When There Is No “Building”: Aspects for the Field

Abstract Background: Infection control is a critical aspect in the continuum of surgical care. Much of what is outlined in the literature pertains to hospital-based practice, with only recent atten...
Development and Evaluation of a Model for Clarifying ACCE Student Learning Outcomes

ABSTRACTConstruction programs seeking accreditation from the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE) must now demonstrate student achievement of 20 Student Learning Outcomes (SLO). Part ...
Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Progression of Subclinical Arterial Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution

Background: Long-term ozone (O3) exposure is associated with cardiovascular mortality, but little is known about the associations between O3 and subclinical arterial disease. Objectives: We studied...
Structure and Properties of Albite Melt at High Pressures

We have used first-principles molecular dynamics simulation to examine the high-pressure behavior of an aluminosilicate melt with albite stoichiometry (NaAlSi3O8). We have explored the equation of state and transport properties up to a pressure of 25 GPa and over a range of temperatures (2500–4000 K). Our results show that upon compression of up to 5 GPa, the initial densification in an albite melt occurs by the reduction of the T–O–T bond angle; however, the Si–O coordination remains virtually unchanged. Upon compression beyond 5 GPa, the densification occurs via changes in the T–O coordination. We also find that at lower isotherms, i.e., 2500–3000 K, the viscosity decreases upon compression and there is a concomitant enhancement of the diffusivity of the network-forming tetrahedral cations (silicon/aluminum) and oxygen anions. However, there is a reversal in the trend of viscosity and diffusivity upon further compression. For all of the temperatures explored in this study, at higher pressures, i.e., >10...
Standardized Risk Assessment and Risk-Stratified Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis for Patients Undergoing Breast Operation

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis has become routine for patients undergoing most operations, but it remains controversial for breast operations due to a perceived low risk of VTE. There is limited evidence to support routine or extended VTE prophylaxis in breast surgery. We investigated the benefits and risks of the Caprini risk stratification tool and corresponding prevention program, including extended prophylaxis for high-risk groups, in patients undergoing operations for benign and malignant breast lesions. Study Design Using Boston Medical Center data, we reviewed records of patients who underwent lumpectomy or total mastectomy (with or without axillary surgery and/or reconstruction), between 2011 and 2018, to collect information about operation, Caprini score, administration of prophylaxis, and postoperative VTE or bleeding events. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results Seven hundred fifty patients underwent 881 operations; 48.9% were at low or moderate risk of VTE, 43.8% were at high risk, and 7.3% were at highest risk. There were no VTE events in the low- and moderate-risk groups, 5 (1.3%) in the high-risk, and 1 (1.6%) in the highest-risk group. One patient was diagnosed with VTE during hospitalization. None of the 5 patients who developed VTE after discharge was prescribed the recommended extended chemoprophylaxis. There were 19 bleeding events that did not require reoperation; 3 patients returned to the operating room. There was no correlation of bleeding with receipt of extended chemoprophylaxis. Conclusions The Caprini protocol can identify high-risk breast surgery patients who may benefit from extended VTE chemoprophylaxis, as well as low-risk patients who require no chemoprophylaxis. Furthermore, administration of extended chemoprophylaxis was not associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
The price is right? How pricing and incentive mechanisms in California incentivize building distributed hybrid solar and energy-storage systems

Abstract Distributed energy resources, including photovoltaic solar and energy storage, are seeing increased deployment. The optimal configuration and operation of these resources depend on several external factors, including energy pricing, incentive programs, and the provision of capacity payments. We model, as a mixed-integer optimization problem, the design and operation of a hybrid energy system that consists of photovoltaic solar arrays that are coupled with energy storage using a shared inverter. We apply our optimization model to a case study that considers two locations in California and a variety of pricing and subsidy regimes. We demonstrate that a well designed time-variant retail tariff provides reasonable incentives for building and operating a hybrid energy system. On the other hand, investment tax credits and the provision of capacity payments can be considerably more distortionary. In particular, constraints that govern the investment tax credit in the United States can hamper significantly the deployment of the hybrid energy systems that we examine.
Chapter 14 – Leukoreduced Products

Publisher Summary Leukocyte reduction of blood has become an established technology for the prevention of several complications of transfusion. Leukocyte reduction technology refers to methods to decrease the number of residual donor leukocytes in cellular blood components. Both packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and platelets may be leukoreduced. The current American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) standards and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for leukoreduction states that leukoreduced whole blood (WB), leukoreduced packed red blood cells (PRBCs), and leukoreduced apheresis platelets should contain not more than 5 x 106 residual white blood cells per unit. There is an increasing trend toward the use of prestorage leukoreduced blood components. Potential advantages of prestorage leukoreduction over bedside leukoreduction include prevention of cytokine accumulation in platelets during storage and greater consistency and quality control of leukoreduction processing. Most leukoreduction is accomplished by filtration. Leukoreduction blood filters consist of a nonwoven web of surface-treated synthetic microfibers that have been compressed to a controlled functional pore size. These filters remove leukocytes from PRBCs and platelets by several mechanisms, including barrier size exclusion, cell adhesion to the filter media, as well as biologic interactions between leukocytes, plasma proteins, and the filter media.
Expect delays: poor connections between rural and urban health systems challenge multidisciplinary care for rural Americans with diabetic foot ulcers.

Rural Americans with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) face a 50% increased risk of major amputation compared to their urban counterparts. We sought to identify health system barriers contributing to this disparity. We interviewed 44 participants involved in the care of rural patients with DFUs: 6 rural primary care providers (PCPs), 12 rural specialists, 12 urban specialists, 9 support staff, and 5 patients/caregivers. Directed content analysis was performed guided by a conceptual model describing how PCPs and specialists collaborate to care for shared patients. Rural PCPs reported lack of training in wound care and quickly referred patients with DFUs to local podiatrists or wound care providers. Timely referrals to, and subsequent collaborations with, rural specialists were facilitated by professional connections. However, these connections often were lacking between rural providers and urban specialists, whose skills were needed to optimally treat patients with high acuity ulcers. Urban referrals, particularly to vascular surgery or infectious disease, were stymied by 1) time-consuming processes, 2) negative provider interactions, and 3) multiple, disconnected electronic health record systems. Such barriers ultimately detracted from rural PCPs’ ability to focus on medical management, as well as urban specialists’ ability to appropriately triage referrals due to lacking information. Subsequent collaboration between providers also suffered as a result. Poor connections across rural and urban healthcare systems was described as the primary health system barrier driving the rural disparity in major amputations. Future interventions focusing on mitigating this barrier could reduce the rural disparity in major amputations.
Dekolonisasi Arsip sebagai Warisan Budaya: Kajian Awal Pengembalian Arsip Statis Era Hindia Belanda

Dekolonisasi dapat terjadi di segala bidang, termasuk juga bidang kearsipan. Konvensi Wina tahun 1983 telah menggariskan bahwa arsip yang tercipta di negara asal (negara jajahan) akan menjadi milik negara tersebut ketika negara itu merdeka. Dekolonisasi arsip sudah banyak terjadi, contohnya di negara-negara jajahan Inggris dan Prancis. Di Indonesia sendiri, dekolonisasi terjadi ketika kerja sama dilakukan di tahun 1970 untuk mengembalikan arsip Djogdja Documenten dari Belanda. Penelitian ini akan menginvestigasi literatur-literatur terkait dekolonisasi pada umumnya, dan dekolonisasi arsip pada khususnya. Lebih jauh lagi, penelitian ini akan membahas kajian awal dekolonisasi arsip era Hindia Belanda, baik pada lingkungan analog maupun di lingkungan digital. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sudah ada dekolonisasi terjadi di dua lingkungan tersebut.
Yeast Nup84-Nup133 complex structure details flexibility and reveals conservation of the membrane anchoring ALPS motif

The hallmark of the eukaryotic cell is the complex endomembrane system that compartmentalizes cellular functions. Transport into and out of the nucleus occurs through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The heptameric Nup84 or Y complex is an essential scaffolding component of the NPC. Here we report two nanobody-bound structures: the full-length Nup84-Nup133 C-terminal domain complex and the Nup133 N-terminal domain, both from S. cerevisiae. Together with previously published structures, this work enables the structural description of the entire 575 kDa Y complex from one species. The structure of Nup84-Nup133CTD details the high flexibility of this dimeric unit of the Y complex. Further, the Nup133NTD contains a structurally conserved amphipathic lipid packing sensor motif, confirmed by liposome interaction studies. The presented structures reveal important details about the function of the Y complex that affect our understanding of NPC structure and assembly. The Y complex is an essential component of the nuclear pore complex but a full model based on experimental structures is lacking. Here, the authors complete the model of the yeast Y complex with two nanobody-bound crystal structures, providing molecular insights into its flexibility and membrane anchoring.
Postoperative Management of Salivary Gland Tumors

Salivary gland tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by varied histologies and disease outcomes. Initial treatment for the primary and gross nodal disease is usually surgery. Management of the clinically node-negative neck depends upon the risk of lymph nodal involvement. This is usually determined by the AJCC “T” stage and histology. Both surgery and radiation may be utilized to address the lymph nodes at risk. This is especially important for minor salivary gland tumors. Radiation plays an important role in the adjuvant management of salivary gland tumors by reducing the risk of locoregional recurrence. Certain histologies like adenoid cystic carcinoma have a predilection for neurotropic spread to the skull base. Radiation is particularly important in controlling disease at the skull base. The role of concurrent chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of salivary gland tumors is not established and remains an area of active research. Certain histologies like salivary duct carcinoma exhibit readily identifiable molecular targets amenable to targeted therapy. Finally, advanced testing of these tumors using next-generation sequencing can also potentially identify molecular targets amenable to therapy. While useful in the management of metastatic disease, the role of these therapies in the adjuvant setting remains unknown.
The Federal Estate Tax Exemption and the Need for Its Reduction

One of the central components of the nation’s transfer tax system is the federal estate tax exemption. This is the amount that taxpayers can pass free of transfer tax imposition. While over the last 100 years the size of this exemption has fluctuated, Congress most recently increased it exponentially, jeopardizing the vitality of the entire transfer tax regime and potentially sapping it of its strength. To enhance the nation’s fiscal solvency and to reduce wealth inequality, this analysis contends that Congress must reduce the estate tax exemption (and, along with it, the gift and generation-skipping transfer tax exemptions). Furthermore, it proposes ways for Congress to efficiently and equitably accomplish this goal. As a practical matter, the failure to take action will relegate the nation’s transfer tax system to obscurity.
Ex Post Uncertainty and the Consumer Problem

Wealth uncertainty may be resolved before consumption in which case consumption is optimal. But if uncertainty remains at the consumption level, after allocative decisions are made, ex post relative consumption is suboptimal. Therefore, ex ante the consumer has to balance attitudes to risk with underlying preferences. We study this problem in the context of expected utility with preferences over two goods, one of which is subject to additive ex post uncertainty. State preferences determine the utility gambles, and attitudes to risk evaluate these gambles, in order to choose an optimal consumption gamble. We study how risk aversion interacts with preferences to determine the direction and size of comparative statics effects using lattice programming, monotone comparative statics, methods. Comparative statics depend on the evaluation of comparative utility loss along the distribution of uncertainty and lattice theoretic properties allow us to determine how these relate to preferences and consumption. With the global regularity imposed by LSE (quasi-supermodularity) properties in direct value lattices we study the comparative statics of comparative risk aversion, income and underlying risk. We give conditions for a more risk averse consumer to choose a less or more risky consumption bundle and show that the direct LSE property determines comparative statics under first order stochastic dominant changes in ex ante uncertainty. Extensive examples demonstrate.
Hard-to-Abate Sectors: The role of industrial carbon capture and storage (CCS) in emission mitigation

Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is an important option in the portfolio of emission mitigation solutions in scenarios that lead to deep reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We focus on CCS application in hard-to-abate sectors (cement industry, iron and steel, chemicals) and introduce industrial CCS options into the MIT Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, a global multi-region multi-sector energy-economic model that provides a basis for the analysis of long-term energy deployment. We use the EPPA model to explore the potential for industrial CCS in different parts of the world, under the assumptions that CCS is the only mitigation option for deep GHG emission reductions in industry and that negative emission options are not available for other sectors of the economy. We evaluate CCS deployment in a scenario that limits the increase in average global surface temperature to 2 °C above preindustrial levels. When industrial CCS is not available, global costs of reaching the target are higher by 12% in 2075 and 71% in 2100 relative to the cost of achieving the policy with CCS. Overall, industrial CCS enables continued growth in the use of energy-intensive goods along with large reductions in global and sectoral emissions. We find that in scenarios with stringent climate policy, CCS in the industry sector is a key mitigation option, and our approach provides a path to projecting the deployment of industrial CCS across industries and regions.
Producing the “molecules of life” from CO2 through hybrid catalytic relay

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important feedstock for essential chemicals synthesis, but its transformation into biological macromolecules remains challenging. In a recent issue of Science, Ma et al. integrated chemical and enzymatic catalysis to convert CO2 into starch, a vital source of calories and feedstock in industry, with significantly higher efficiency than plants.
High-pressure structural changes in the Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 pyrochlore

Pressure-induced structural changes in ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ pyrochlore have been investigated at pressures up to $43\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ by synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements. With increasing pressure, the ordered pyrochlore begins to transform to a disordered defect-fluorite-type (cubic) structure up to $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. Above $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, a high-pressure (HP) phase forms that has a distorted defect-fluorite-structure of lower symmetry. Upon release of pressure, the HP phase is not stable and gradually transforms back to the cubic defect-fluorite structure.
John W. Reed and the High Style

John Reed is the Fred Astaire of the law school world. That doesn't mean John would win prizes for his waltzing and tangoing; the kinship runs much deeper. There is the same purity of line in gesture and speech, the same trimness of content and grace of expression, and the same ineffable talent for brightening up a scene just by entering it. John certainly brightened up the law school days for this former student, a generation or so ago. We jaded upperclass people actually looked forward to John's Evidence classes, and he seldom if ever let us down. The sessions could have been choreographed. John was constantly in motion, playfully juggling one idea after another before our bedazzled gazes. The timing was impeccable. Somehow, magically, he managed not to bore the quick-witted and not to leave the slower learners behind. Did our attention begin to flag? Out would come the sly quip or the droll story, and once more we would be back under the conjurer's spell. And it was all done so effortlessly, so spontaneously that it took years before we realized how much forethought and rehearsal time must have gone into the performance. Yet, in John's hands, the showmanship was only a means to an end. After participating over the years in many hearings of various kinds, I became convinced that my schoolmates and I were among a privileged few lawyers in the whole country. Painlessly, even entertainingly, John had let us in on some of the profession's most arcane and inaccessible secrets: the true nature of hearsay; the distinction between competency, materiality, and relevance; the best evidence rule; and divers similar conundrums. Fred Astaire was not Laurence Olivier, and John Reed would not claim to be a Frederic Maitland or a Roscoe Pound. But John looms