cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment: Energy Accounting: The Case of Farm Machinery in Maryland

Prior to the 1970s, energy accounting was the primary domain of physical scientists or engineers. The world of thermodynamics, rigorous concepts of energy ratios and entropy, seemed safe within their laboratories where, for example, the relative energy efficiency of solid and liquid fuels was assessed for powering an industrial heating system. This apparent orderly state of affairs—measurement primarily in controlled laboratory conditions—seemed to change abruptly in 1973 with the OPEC oil embargo. Energy accounting became the chore, if not the mission, of a myriad of scientists, engineers, businessmen, bureaucrats, and politicians. Understandably, the journals and other periodicals of our profession now abound with proposals on how to measure energy and how to employ these measures in making decisions and developing government policies.
Combined Radiation and Thermal Injury after Nuclear Attack

The explosion of nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 dramatically changed the potential for thermally injured casualties as a result of warfare. Except for isolated radiation accidents over the ensuing years, little practical experience has been gained in the treatment of thermal injuries associated with radiation or nuclear warfare. In this chapter, we discuss the current status of burn care, review experimental animal data regarding combined injury of burns and radiation, and correlate the findings with the need to triage thermal injuries under the conditions of nuclear warfare.
Planktonic foraminifera, sea surface temperatures, and mechanisms of oceanic change in the Peru and south equatorial currents, 0–150 ka BP

by d 18 O. This partitioning of processes in eastern equatorial Pacific SST reveals that net ice-age cooling here reflects first a rapid response of equatorial upwelling to insolation, followed by a later response to changes in the eastern boundary current associated with high-latitude climate (which closely resembles variations in atmospheric CO2 as recorded in the Vostok ice core). Although precise mechanisms responsible for the equatorial upwelling component of climate change remain uncertain, one likely candidate that may operate independently of the ice
Seasonal variation of twin births in Washington State.

Twin births are known to vary across seasons in several countries. It has been hypothesized that this variation may be due to seasonal changes in luminosity leading to pineal gland-mediated multiovulation among susceptible mothers. To describe seasonal variation of twin births in Washington State, all mothers residing in Washington State who gave birth to both a pair of twins and a singleton baby between 1984-1990 (n = 1168) were identified through linkage of computerized State birth certificates. Using a "matched-on-mother" case-control design, the estimated month of conception of twin gestations (the "case" events) were compared to that for their singleton siblings (the "control" events) to determine their relative occurrence during periods of high vs low sunlight in accordance with local climatological data. For the study population as a whole, there was only a slight tendency for twins to have been conceived during the period of high sunlight compared to their singleton siblings (OR = 1.3, 95% C.I. = 1.0-1.7). When stratified by concordant-sex vs discordant-sex, however, more discordant-sex twin pairs were conceived during the light period than corresponding singletons (OR = 1.7, 95% C.I. = 1.0-2.8), whereas no association was found for concordant-sex twins (OR = 1.1, 95% C.I. = 0.8-1.6). The presence of an association only among discordant-sex twins, all of whom are dizygotic, is consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to sunlight may stimulate multiple ovulation, and thus increase the incidence of twin gestations among twin-prone mothers.
Performance Monitoring on an HPVM Cluster.

Clusters of workstations are becoming popular platforms for parallel computing, but performance on these systems is more complex and harder to predict than on traditional parallel machines. Hence, performance monitoring and analysis is important for understanding application behavior and improving performance. We present a performance monitor for HPVM, a high-performance cluster running Windows NT. The novel features of our monitor are: an integrated approach to performance information, a (software) global clock to correlate performance information across cluster nodes and leverage of Windows NT performance monitoring facilities. We discuss the design issues for this tool, and present results of using this tool to analyze the performance of a cluster application.
Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device Placement in a Premenopausal Breast Cancer Patient with a Bicornuate Uterus

Young women with breast cancer face contraceptive challenges. Data are limited and conflicting on the use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) in this patient population. A 32-year-old nulligravid woman with a history of breast cancer on tamoxifen presented with new-onset vaginal bleeding. Further workup revealed a previously undiagnosed bicornuate uterus. She underwent hysteroscopy, dilation and curettage, and LNG-IUD placement in each uterine horn. Postoperative follow-up confirmed retention and proper placement of both IUDs. Pathology from the dilation and curettage was benign, and the abnormal uterine bleeding abated. LNG-IUD placement in a young patient with a personal history of breast cancer on tamoxifen and a bicornuate uterus is a safe and feasible alternative for contraception.
Possibilities for V DD = 0.1V logic using carbon-based tunneling field effect transistors

A systematic evaluation of the possibilities of low-voltage logic using carbon-based tunneling field effect transistors (TFET) is performed using the non-equilibrium green function (NEGF) formalism [1] for device simulation and ring-oscillator and load-driven inverter circuits. We found that the on-current is severely limited by quantum mechanical reflections due to wavefunction mismatch. The lower bound of subthreshold swing (SS) is limited by tunneling through the channel. Although the projected performance is well-below that of a recent prediction [2], we show that digital logic at V DD = 0.1V is possible. Finally, we compare the TFET with its MOSFET counterpart and show that for V DD =0.1V, the TFET out-performs the MOSFET.
Determination of Urinary Testosterone and Epitestosterone in Men, Women, and Children

A new, relatively simple method for simultaneous determinations of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone is described. The novel feature is the periodic oxidation of testosterone and epitestosterone glucuronides with sodium metaperiodate. The chromatographic purification of the ether extracts consisted of alumina-column chromatography, followed by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel of free testosterone and epitestosterone and their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. The final quantitation was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography. Average testosterone and epitestosterone excretion in 11 normal male subjects was 61.3 µg./24 hr. (range 9.7-109.7) and 45.8 µg./24 hr. (range 3.7-111.0), respectively; in 10 normal female subjects, 8.8 µg./24 hr. (range 2.1-13.8) and 10.7 µg./ 24 hr. (range 0.8-18.9), respectively; and in 7 normal children under 11 years of age, 1.7 µg./24 hr. (range 0.3-3.9) and 1.4 µg./24 hr. (range 0.4-3.2), respectively.
Combined ion, electron, and X-ray beams for studies of surfaces and thin films

Abstract An ultra high vacuum system permitting in-situ studies and analyses using monoenergetic proton, argon-ion, electron, and X-ray beams has been applied in studies of surfaces and thin films. The combination of the different beams in one chamber minimizes the uncertainties associated with analysis using just one of the techniques. Since the sample conditions are essentially unchanged between analyses, direct correlation of the results obtained by the various techniques is assured. A study of the interdiffusion of uranium and tellurium, using Rutherford backscattering and sputter-through Auger electron spectroscopy, is discussed as an example of this multi-technique approach.
Cement pulmonary embolism.

A 72-year-old man with a history of vertebroplasty 3 months ago presented with fever. Chest radiograph revealed thin radioopaque linear and branching opacities (arrows, Figure 1A). Findings were compatible with cement pulmonary embolism. Abdominal radiograph revealed evidence of prior vertebroplasty (arrows, Figure 1B). Percutaneous vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty are procedures performed to treat painful vertebral fractures. These procedures involve the injection of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) into the vertebral body. Cement pulmonary embolism is a potential complication of these procedures with incidence rates ranging from 3.5% to 23%. Cement pulmonary embolism results from the leakage of PMMA into the perivertebral veins. The PMMA eventually travels from the venous system into the pulmonary arteries. In most cases, cement pulmonary emboli are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on postoperative chest radiographs. Treatment depends on the presence of symptoms and may include clinical observation, anticoagulation, or in rare instances, surgical removal. The patient in this case was not treated because he was asymptomatic.
Regression of intracranial meningioma following intratumoral hemorrhage

An intratumoral hemorrhage within a meningioma occurs infrequently; in less than 3% of all lesions. When hemorrhage does occur, however, it is associated with a poor prognosis and significant mortality rates. We report a 66-year-old woman with a 10-year history of multiple intracranial meningiomas managed conservatively who underwent surgical resection of a spheno-orbital lesion for decompression of the right optic nerve. Postoperatively, an intratumoral hemorrhage developed in a contralateral lesion, which was managed conservatively. During follow up, the hemorrhaged lesion became significantly smaller. To our knowledge there are no published reports of spontaneous resolution of a meningioma after intratumoral hemorrhage without surgical management. We review the literature on hemorrhage in meningiomas and postulate some pathophysiologic mechanisms for the bleeding and subsequent tumor resolution seen in this patient.
Reasons for Living Following Success and Failure in Suicidal and Nonsuicidal College Students

To see if suicide ideators responded differently than nonideators after success or failure experiences, 61 college students who were relatively high or low ideators participated in a computer task on which half got bogus success feedback, the other half got bogus failure feedback. Both groups then completed the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL). Two (High versus Low Suicide) X 2 (Success or Failure) analyses indicated main effects for suicide on overall RFL and four of the six RFL subscales. Although there were no main effects for success versus failure, an interaction indicated that, in the failure condition, low suicidal subjects were significantly higher than high suicidal subjects in overall reasons for living. Results suggest that suicidal individuals may be vulnerable to failure, and may need interventions to help them avoid potential failure or to bolster their coping mechanisms.
Transmembrane Segment 3 of Drosophila melanogaster Odorant Receptor Subunit 85b Contributes to Ligand-Receptor Interactions

The OR class insect odorant receptors are ligand-gated ion channels comprised of at least one common subunit (OR83b in Drosophila) and at least one putative odorant-binding subunit. However, little else is known about the molecular details of insect OR architecture. For example, nothing is known about how these receptors bind odorants, greatly limiting efforts to develop insect OR-targeted compounds for the control of insects involved in disease propagation and agricultural damage. Here we identify a portion of a Drosophila OR that is involved in odorant activation of the receptor. Using the substituted cysteine accessibility method, we identified residues 146–150 of OR85b, located at the predicted interface between transmembrane segment 3 (TMS3) and extracellular loop 2 (ECL2), as playing a role in odorant (2-heptanone) activation. We found that occupation of the receptor by the competitive antagonist 2-nonanone protected the receptor from methanethiosulfonate action at position 148, placing this region close to the odorant-binding site. In addition, mutations at positions 142 and 143 within TMS3 altered odorant sensitivity. Our results identify the involvement of the extracellular half of TMS3 in Drosophila OR85b in odorant activation of the receptor. This finding can serve as a starting point for future detailed analysis of the molecular basis for odorant recognition by insect ORs, a novel class of ligand-gated channel.
Mechanism for unwinding of double-helical polynucleotides by formaldehyde.

We have formulated a mathematical model for the unwinding process of polynucleotides induced by formaldehyde by making use of the master equation approach. Our model assumes that the formaldehyde kinetics follows the helix–coil theory of Zimm and Bragg. The model incorporates experimental features such as the interplay between pH-dependent and -independent reactions and the dependence of the initial and final helix stability on the unwinding. That is, our model incorporates the existence of the critical point such that if the pH of the system is high enough (i.e., pH ≳ 7), the unwinding of polynucleotides occurs by means of two separate chemical reactions, either by the HCHO–imino reaction alone or by the HCHO–amino reaction alone. The critical point depends on the ionic strength, temperature, and the formaldehyde concentration satisfying the relation s = 1 + KUλ, where s is the helix stability parameter, KU is the binding constant for the HCHO–imino reaction, and λ is the formaldehyde concentration. Thus above the critical point, i.e., s (1 + KUλ), the unwinding is due to the reaction of amino groups with formaldehyde. Although, below the critical point, the imino group does not participate directly in the rate-determining step, it participates indirectly in such a manner that it reduces the initial helix stability parameter s to s/(1 + KUλ) by forming a complex. The kinetic constants in the master equation have been determined by making use of the principle of detailed balance and the breathing mechanism proposed in the past. With this model we have quantitatively explained the anomalous temperature dependence observed in the kinetics of formaldehyde-induced poly[d(A-T)] and the salt dependence observed in poly(A·U).
How far we've come: Impact of 20 years of multimedia information retrieval

This article reviews the major research trends that emerged in the last two decades within the broad area of multimedia information retrieval, with a focus on the ACM Multimedia community. Trends are defined (nonscientifically) to be topics that appeared in ACM multimedia publications and have had a significant number of citations. The article also assesses the impacts of these trends on real-world applications. The views expressed are subjective and likely biased but hopefully useful for understanding the heritage of the community and stimulating new research direction.
The Impact of Medicaid Reform on Children’s Dental Care Utilization in Connecticut, Maryland, and Texas

Objective To measure the impact of Medicaid reforms, in particular increases in Medicaid dental fees in Connecticut, Maryland, and Texas, on access to dental care among Medicaid-eligible children. Data 2007 and 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health. Study Design Difference-in-differences and triple differences models were used to measure the impact of reforms. Principal Findings Relative to Medicaid-ineligible children and all children from a group of control states, preventive dental care utilization increased among Medicaid-eligible children in Connecticut and Texas. Unmet dental need declined among Medicaid-eligible children in Texas. Conclusions Increasing Medicaid dental fees closer to private insurance fee levels has a significant impact on dental care utilization and unmet dental need among Medicaid-eligible children.
Associations Between Peer Victimization and Academic Performance

This article reviews the extant literature on the links between peer victimization and academic performance and engagement among children and adolescents. Although most of the research on this association is based on cross-sectional investigations, research using longitudinal designs is starting to point to the fact that peer victimization does impact changes in academic performance over time. This research also points to several mediators and moderators that explain the association between repeated victimization and academic challenges, including peer rejection, depression, and decreases in students' sense of school belonging. Teachers and administrators should address peer victimization through programs and frameworks such as positive behavior intervention supports and social-emotional learning approaches. These programs decrease aggression and victimization, increase peer acceptance and social competence, and improve academic engagement and test scores.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy for the Treatment of Groove Pancreatitis

Groove pancreatitis is a segmental form of chronic pancreatitis that can be treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), although outcome studies for this approach are lacking. We performed an assessment of pain symptoms, need for opioids, and weight gain following PD for symptomatic groove pancreatitis. The study was a retrospective case series describing all patients with groove pancreatitis who underwent PD at our medical center. The primary outcome was the change in pain level and opioid use following PD. Five patients underwent PD for treatment of groove pancreatitis. Patients’ perception of pain, using a 10-point visual analog scale, improved after surgery from 5.0 to 0.2. Opioid analgesics, as measured by oral morphine equivalents, dropped from 77.6 to 0 mg daily, with all five patients being completely free of opioids post-operatively. Weight loss ceased in all five patients, with an overall mean weight gain of 15.4 pounds post-operatively. PD reduces pain and opioid analgesic use in groove pancreatitis. This intervention should be considered for patients with this condition.
Wave-optical simulation of hard-x-ray nanofocusing by precisely figured elliptical mirrors

Computer simulations of nanofocusing by elliptical mirrors are presented wherein the diffraction and propagation of coherent hard x rays are predicted using wave-optical calculations. Surface height data acquired via microstitching interferometry were used to calculate the complex pupil function of a mirror, taking into account the Fresnel reflectivity and treating the surface topography as an aberration to a perfect elliptical mirror. The reflected wave-field amplitude and phase downstream of the mirror were obtained by numerically evaluating the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral. Simulated intensity profiles and contours (isophotes) around the focal plane are presented for coherent illumination by a 15 keV point source, which indicate nearly diffraction-limited focusing at the 40 nm level. The effect of high spatial frequency microroughness on nanofocusing was investigated by low-pass filtering the Fourier spectrum of the residual height profile. Simulations using the filtered metrology data confirmed that roughness length scales shorter than 0.1 mm have a minor effect on the focal spot size and intensity.
Experimental and DFT Studies of the Conversion of Ethanol and Acetic Acid on PtSn-Based Catalysts†

Reaction kinetics studies were conducted for the conversions of ethanol and acetic acid over silica-supported Pt and Pt/Sn catalysts at temperatures from 500 to 600 K. Addition of Sn to Pt catalysts inhibits the decomposition of ethanol to CO, CH4, and C2H6, such that PtSn-based catalysts are active for dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Furthermore, PtSn-based catalysts are selective for the conversion of acetic acid to ethanol, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate, whereas Pt catalysts lead mainly to decomposition products such as CH4 and CO. These results are interpreted using density functional theory (DFT) calculations for various adsorbed species and transition states on Pt(111) and Pt3Sn(111) surfaces. The Pt3Sn alloy slab was selected for DFT studies because results from in situ 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy and CO adsorption microcalorimetry of silica-supported Pt/Sn catalysts indicate that Pt−Sn alloy is the major phase present. Accordingly, results from DFT calculations show that transition-...
Synthesis of serum albumin, embryo-specific α-globulin and conalbumin by the chick yolk sac

Abstract Using an antiserum against the serum proteins of the chick embryo, an α2-globulin, herein termed αf-globulin, was found in chick embryo serum, but was not present either in hen serum or in the unfertilized egg. Chick embryo liver, heart, lungs, intestines, allantois and yolk sac were cultured in media containing [14C]leucine; immunoelectrophoresis of the cultures followed by autoradiography revealed radioactively labeled αf-globulin in the yolk sac cultures, radioactively labeled serum albumin in the liver and yolk sac cultures, and radioactively labeled con-albumin in all of the tissue cultures.
Acetylated histone H3K56 interacts with Oct4 to promote mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency

The presence of acetylated histone H3K56 (H3K56ac) in human ES cells (ESCs) correlates positively with the binding of Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4 (NSO) transcription factors at their target gene promoters. However, the function of H3K56ac there has been unclear. We now report that Oct4 interacts with H3K56ac in mouse ESC nuclear extracts and that perturbing H3K56 acetylation decreases Oct4–H3 binding. This interaction is likely to be direct because it can be recapitulated in vitro in an H3K56ac-dependent manner and is functionally important because H3K56ac combines with NSO factors in chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to mark the regions associated with pluripotency better than NSO alone. Moreover, reducing H3K56ac by short hairpin Asf1a decreases expression of pluripotency-related markers and increases expression of differentiation-related ones. Therefore, our data suggest that H3K56ac plays a central role in binding to Oct4 to promote the pluripotency of ESCs.
Tissue distribution of boron compounds in relation to neutron-capture therapy of cancer.

Summary and Conclusions1) Recent application of the atomic pile to the neutron-capture therapy of human brain tumors has focussed attention on the biological behavior of boron compounds. 2) Studies reported in mice and man indicate that borax and boric acid are rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Uptake by the various organs and tumor describes a family of similar curves such that the faster the rise in concentration, the higher and earlier is the peak. All tissues studied, except brain, reach a peak by 30 minutes. Borate is rapidly excreted by the kidneys as a “low-threshold substance” in a class with urea and sulphate, and clearance from the blood in mice proceeds with an exponential half-time of approximately 65 minutes. 3) Concentrations of borate in the tissues of normal mice are directly proportional to dosage for at least 2 hours after injection over a range of 18 to 700 μg/g body weight. 4) At equilibrium distribution, studied in nephrectomized mice, borate is uniformly distribut...
Cell death and sexual differentiation of the nervous system

Sex differences in nuclear volume or neuron number often are attributed to the hormonal control of cell death. In the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, the central portion of the medial preoptic nucleus, and the principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis testicular hormones decrease cell death during perinatal life, resulting in a male advantage in neuron number in adulthood. Conversely, males have more dying cells during development and fewer neurons in adulthood than do females in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This review discusses several limitations and unresolved issues in the literature on sexually dimorphic cell death, and identifies molecular mechanisms by which gonadal steroids may control cell survival. In particular, evidence is presented for the hormonal regulation of neurotrophic factors and involvement of Bcl-2 family proteins in the determination of sex differences in neuron number.
TIMED COLOR CHANGES AMONG RAW AND BAKED POTATO VARIETIES

Color changes in twenty two lines of potatoes by the browning reaction were measured and evaluated by Hunter color value and National Bureau of Standard (NBS) unit of color difference (AE). The relationship between color change and total solids content was evaluated (p < 0.05). C087106-5 and AC87313-3 contained the highest solids content, while C086218-2 and C082142-4 had the lowest solids content. Overall color change in raw potatoes by browning showed C086142-3 with the least color change and AC87084-2 with the most. Hunter color values for the browning reaction changed with time. As time increased, potatoes became darker, redder and bluer. Moreover, all of the Hunter color values were significantly changed by baking. Color of baked BC0894-2, C086142-3 and C087106-5 were the least changed, while that of the baked C080011-5, Russet Norkotah and TC1406-1 were the most changed. Degree of browning in raw potato was not correlated with total solids content, but did show a negative relationship (r = -0.12). Also, rate of color change by the browning reaction in raw potato was not related to potato total solids (r = -0.10). Color change by baking also was not correlated with total solids content (r = -0.36). Raw potato color change was positively correlated to baked potato color change (r = 0.42). Genotype of the potatoes was closely related with degree and rate of raw potato browning, total solids content, and degree of browning by baking.
SU‐GG‐T‐129: Sparing of Neural Stem Cells during Whole‐Brain Radiation Treatments

Purpose: Sparing of neural stem cells during whole‐brain radiation treatments could help retain cognitive function. However, these cells are extremely radiosensitive, with impairment of neurogenesis being observed even at 2 Gy. This study investigates the fundamental physics issues associated with sparing the neural stem cells. Method and Materials: Three factors are particularly important in determining the stem cell dose: intracranial scattering, collimator leaf leakage, and jaw positioning. A simple planning system was developed to study the relative contributions of these factors. This planning system includes a basic representation of scatter and average collimator leakage. In addition to these theoretical investigations, an IMRT plan was delivered in conjunction with blocks to further test collimator leakage. The effect of the blocks on the delivered fluence patterns was measured with a 2‐D diode array. Results: Plans covered 50% of the PTV at 30 Gy. With fixed collimator jaws and average leaf leakages of 0, 0.37, 0.5, 0.9, 1, 1.5, and 2%, half of the stem cells were kept below the doses of 2.27, 3.61, 4.00, 5.01, 5.24, 6.25, and 7.09 Gy, respectively. Moving collimator jaws to the edge of the field reduced these doses to 2.27, 2.62, 2.74, 3.05, 3.12, 3.44, and 3.73 Gy, respectively. These results are in qualitative agreement with an extrapolation of the experimental data, which indicates that collimator transmission from a machine with 0.9% leaf leakage contributes a dose of 2.4 Gy to the stem cells. Conclusion: Intracranial scattering creates a substantial dose to the stem cells; thus, it is important to minimize the other contributing factors, in particular collimator leakage. Utilization of moving jaws and state‐of‐the‐art collimators can minimize this leakage. In addition, treatment with these collimators could be combined simultaneously with blocks to further decrease this dose.Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Siemens corporation.
Human cognitive analysis of disassembly planning using Fuzzy Petri Nets

Disassembly, as the process of systematic removal of desirable constituent parts from an assembly, is of growing importance due to the increasing environmental and economic pressures. Designing and improving disassembly process towards a more economic manner is worthwhile investigating. This paper extends our previous work on human factors in disassembly. More specifically, a Fuzzy Petri Net (FPN) is proposed to mathematically model uncertainties in the disassembly process due to the variations in operator skill level and product condition. An adaptive fuzzy system is further developed for the decision-making in disassembly process planning (DPP), where a learning mechanism is engaged to monitor the quality of various parameter estimates and exploit the past “knowledge” regarding uncertainties. This idea is exemplified through the disassembly of a discarded product with three components.
Tensor products of closed operators on Banach spaces

Let A and B be closed operators on Banach spaces X and Y. Assume that A and B have nonempty resolvent sets and that the spectra of A and B are unbounded. Let 01 be a uniform cross norm on X @ Y. Using the Gelfand theory and resolvent algebra techniques, a spectral mapping theorem is proven for a certain class of rational functions of A and B. The class of admissable rational functions (including polynomials) depends on the spectra of A and B. The theory is applied to the cases A @ I + I @ B and A 0 B where A and B are the generators of bounded holomorphic semigroups.
Use of over-the-counter medications during pregnancy.

Objective The most common medications used in pregnancy are nonprescription or over-the-counter medications, although there has been little research on their risks or safety. We describe the patterns of over-the-counter medication use among pregnant women. Study design Data were collected in 2 case-control studies of birth defects: the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study (BDS) and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). Results Among 7563 mothers of malformed and nonmalformed offspring in the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study and 2970 mothers of nonmalformed offspring in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and pseudoephedrine were used by at least 65%, 18%, and 15%, respectively. Among women in the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study, the use in pregnancy of aspirin and chlorpheniramine decreased from 1976 to 2004 and of ibuprofen, pseudoephedrine, diphenhydramine, dextromethorphan, and guaifenesin increased. Among women in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, the use of acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine, diphenhydramine, and guaifenesin was higher during pregnancy than before pregnancy. Conclusion Findings show that over-the-counter medications are used by most pregnant women. Studies that examine specific over-the-counter medications in relation to specific birth defects are necessary to better inform pregnant women about risks and safety.
P1-S2.40 HIV and syphilis coinfection among men who have sex with men, 34 states, USA―2009

Background During the early 2000s, reports of the re-emergence of syphilis among men who have with men (MSM) in the USA described a high prevalence of HIV coinfection in different localities, often among middle-aged men. Since 2001, syphilis has increased among men in younger age groups. Here, we present a description of HIV coinfection among MSM of different races and ethnicities with primary and secondary syphilis across multiple states during 2009. Methods We reviewed data reported to CDC from states in the USA that reported HIV coinfection status for at least 70% of cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis during 2009. These data originated from P&S syphilis patient interviews and included census region, sex, sex of sex partner, race, ethnicity, and HIV infection status. Prevalence of coinfection was calculated using coinfected patients as the numerator, and all P&S syphilis patients who were asked about their HIV status as the denominator. Results 34 states and Washington, DC from all regions of the USA met inclusion criteria, accounting for 82% of all PS RR 20−24-year old =1.8, p Conclusion Regardless of race, ethnicity or region, MSM with P&S syphilis had high rates of HIV coinfection. Interventions at young ages are urgently needed to prevent HIV and P&S syphilis among MSM.
Irradiated and Bent Jets in the Orion Nebula

We present new images and proper-motion measurements of irradiated outflows from young stars in the outskirts of the Orion Nebula obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The images reveal many new outflows and new details in previously detected flows. The large-scale bipolar flows such as HH 502, 505, 874, and 876 contain multiple shocks whose velocities systematically decrease with increasing distance from their sources as the flows bend away from the core of the Orion Nebula. We consider several mechanisms for bending jets, including radiation pressure, the rocket effect on a neutral jet, and the impact of a side wind. While mild bends may be explained by either radiation pressure or the rocket effect, the extreme bends of some Orion jets and LL Ori–type bow shocks are best explained by the interaction of these outflows with a large-scale flow from the nebular core. The jet Hα emission measures and geometry are used to estimate their mass-loss rates, which range from about ~ 10-9 to 10-6 M⊙ yr-1. Many of the quasi-parabolic bow shocks that wrap around young stars in Orion (the LL Ori–type objects) exhibit large gaps between the observed jets and the parabolic fronts facing the core of the nebula. These may indicate the additional action of a wide-angle outflow component such as a T Tauri stellar wind, a proplyd photoablation flow, or possibly a photoablation flow from the jet itself. The Hα surface brightness and radii of the LL Ori fronts are used to estimate that the Vw products of the wide-angle flow components have values around 10-6 M⊙ yr-1 km s-1. The side-wind density and velocity are also constrained. Outside the nebular core, the greatest concentration of bent jets and LL Ori–type parabolic fronts is located south and west of the Trapezium. The nonuniform, clumpy spatial distribution of jets, outflow sources, and proplyds in the outskirts of the Orion Nebula indicate that star formation occurred in small hierarchical clusters.
Identification of a Spinal Circuit for Light Touch and Fine Motor Control

Sensory circuits in the dorsal spinal cord integrate and transmit multiple cutaneous sensory modalities including the sense of light touch. Here, we identify a population of excitatory interneurons (INs) in the dorsal horn that are important for transmitting innocuous light touch sensation. These neurons express the ROR alpha (RORα) nuclear orphan receptor and are selectively innervated by cutaneous low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMs). Targeted removal of RORα INs in the dorsal spinal cord leads to a marked reduction in behavioral responsiveness to light touch without affecting responses to noxious and itch stimuli. RORα IN-deficient mice also display a selective deficit in corrective foot movements. This phenotype, together with our demonstration that the RORα INs are innervated by corticospinal and vestibulospinal projection neurons, argues that the RORα INs direct corrective reflex movements by integrating touch information with descending motor commands from the cortex and cerebellum.
Quantum dynamics and statistical mechanics of sine-gordon ø-particles

Abstract We examine quantal corrections to the dynamics and statistical mechanics of classical sine-Gordon o-particles (solitons) in weakly-pinned quasi-one- dimensional charge-density-wave condensates at low temperatures. We find that (i) the motion of the quantum o-particle is governed by Schrodinger's equation, and (ii) the sine-Gordon system at low temperatures can be regarded as a low-density “ideal gas” of o-particles, anti-o-particles, phase phonons, and bound pairs of o- and anti-o-particles.
Tiger Girls on the Soccer Field

Scholar Hilary Levey Friedman investigates how parental decisions result in different classed forms of femininity for girls who learn to be either “graceful girls” through dance, “aggressive girls” through soccer, or “pink warrior girls” through chess. She finds that parents higher up in the hierarchy of the middle class promote a more aggressive femininity, and we see this with both soccer and chess.
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis in a Patient Treated With Interferon-α for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Several renal pathologic entities have been reported to be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The most common is focal glomerulosclerosis, but several different types of glomerulonephritis have been observed in patients with HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the kidney disease remain obscure. We studied an HIV-infected patient treated with interferon-a who had developed proteinuria and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis to determine whether the renal disease was associated with HIV infection or with chemotherapy. Circulating HIV antibodies were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; circulating immune complexes (CICs) were measured by C'1q assay and isolated by polyethylene glycol precipitation, then subjected to gel electrophoresis and immunochemical analysis. Renal biopsy tissue underwent acid elution, and the eluates were analyzed similarly. In addition the eluted antibody and the antibody from the CIC were assessed by immunodiffusion with eluate and immune complex antigens. A single CIC was detected, which was composed of an immunoglobulin G antibody complexed to a 26-kd protein antigen that was shown to be interferon-α. Eluate from the renal biopsy tissue demonstrated identical material, which cross-reacted with the components of the isolated CIC. Immune complex renal diseases, such as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, may be related to biologic response modifying agents in patients with HIV infection. The relative roles of their biologic response modification and the disordered immunoregulation seen in such patients in the pathogenesis of the renal disease is unclear. Renal biopsy is necessary to assess the etiology of the renal disease in HIV-infected patients.
The diffusivity of Ni in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-P martensites

The diffusivity of Ni in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-P martensite,\(D_{\alpha _2 }^{N_1 } \), has been determined between 700 and 300 °C using electron microprobe (EMP) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) techniques. Alloys of various bulk compositions (0 to 30 wt pct Ni, Fe) were homogenized in the single phase austenite (γ-fee) field and quenched to form martensite, α2 (bcc). Appropriate alloys were tempered isothermally at 300 to 700 °C. The γ nucleated and grew in the parent α2. The composition of the γ phase and the concentration gradients in the α2 were measured with the EMP andJor STEM. In order to determine\(D_{\alpha _2 }^{N_1 } \) experimentally measured Ni concentration gradients were matched to Ni concentration gradients calculated by a simulation model. The calculated gradients were obtained by solving the appropriate form of Fick’s second law using the Crank-Nicholson numerical technique. The observed diffusivities varied with temperature. Above approximately 410 °C,\(D_{\alpha _2 }^{N_1 } \) while below 410°C,\(D_{\alpha _2 }^{N_1 } \) = (2.27 × 10−15) exp (− 10,600/RT) cm2/s. The effect of P is to increase the Fe-Ni diffusivities at any temperature by the factor (1 + 1.27Cp + 0.623Cp2) whereCp is the amount of P (wt pct) in α2. The discontinuous diffusion behavior of\(D_{\alpha _2 }^{N_1 } \) is attributable to the high dislocation density of the α2. Above approximately 410 °C lattice diffusion is dominant while below 410 °C dislocation pipe diffusion is dominant.
The reactive group of biotin in catalysis by biotin enzymes

Abstract The difficulties of using model reactions to establish the role of biotin in catalysis by enzymes
Divergent regulation of fuel utilization in human fibroblasts by epidermal growth factor.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is known to enhance wound healing, partly by stimulating fibroblast proliferation. We studied the effects of EGF on the cell membrane transport of glutamine (GLN) and glucose, the two major fuels utilized by fibroblasts. Human foreskin fibroblasts were grown to confluence on culture wells in Dulbecco's MEM. EGF (10 ng/ml) or vehicle was added to the cells; substrate uptake was assayed at various timepoints. As previously shown, GLN uptake was predominantly Na+-dependent and occurred via two distinct carriers, the low-affinity System A and the high-affinity System ASC. Activity of the high affinity system was assayed with [3H]GLN while blocking the low-affinity system with excess α-methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB), a selective System A substrate. [3H]-MeAIB uptake was used to assay activity of the low affinity carrier. EGF caused a time-dependent increase in GLN transport by fibroblasts. The activity of the low-affinity GLN carrier (System A) increased by 60% after 18 hr of exposure to EGF. The increase in the high-affinity agency revealed an early increase at 1-2 hr and a late increase at 18-24 hr. The enhanced transport activity was due to an increase in Vmax with no change in carrier affinity. In contrast, glucose uptake was Na+-independent and EGF caused a decrease in glucose uptake at early time points. EGF treatment results in divergent regulation of glutamine and glucose transport in human fibroblasts. This response may be designed to provide GLN for both energy production and nucleotide biosynthesis to support cell metabolism and proliferation.
Axial Transport of Low Density, Simple Fluid in Nanochannel Systems with Partial Molecular Wall Slip: Modeling and Simulation

A model for gas transport through nanochannels is presented. Molecular simulations of Argon (modeled as a Lennard–Jones fluid) flowing over a carbon surface were performed to develop a correlation for molecular wall slip based on temperature and angle of collision. The correlation is used to modify the oscillatory model of diffusion. Molecular transport is argued to be in one of two domains: near wall localized diffusion at low and moderate temperatures, and delocalized diffusion at high temperatures. The molecular diffusivity is found to exceed that predicted by Knudsen diffusion at high temperatures, and diffusive oscillatory models at all temperatures. Molecular simulations compare favorably with the presented model.
Predictors of Learner Satisfaction and Transfer of Learning in a Corporate Online Education Program

Abstract This study explores factors that predict learner satisfaction and transfer of learning in an online educational program at a multinational corporation, established to improve organizational learning by providing training in technical skills. A mixed-methods design was used, selecting both quantitative methods (utilizing survey research) and qualitative methods (employing open-ended questionnaire items, face-to-face and phone interviews), gathering the perspective of students, instructors, and instructional designers. The online courses were designed using a problem-centered and case-based approach to learning and utilized technologies including learning management systems such as Blackboard and SharePoint as well as instructional design tools such as Breeze, Captivate, and PowerPoint. Online self-efficacy emerged as the strongest predictor of learner satisfaction; collegial support was the strongest predictor of transfer of learning. Qualitative analysis provided additional insight on these findi...
Theory of path length distributions I

The Path Length Distribution (PLD) of a (p, q) graph is defined to be the array (X"0, X"1, X"2, ..., X"p-1), where X"0 is the number of (unordered) pairs of vertices which have no path connecting them and X"l, 1 =< l =< p-1, is the number of pairs of vertices which are connected by a path of length l (see [1, 2]). The topic of this paper is the occurence of non-isomorphic graphs having the same path length distribution. For trees, a constructive procedure is given, showing that for any positive integer N there exist N non-isomorphic trees of diameter four which have the same PLD. Also considered are PLD-maximal graphs - those graphs with p vertices such that all pairs of vertices are connected by a path of length l for 2 =< l =< p-1. In addition to providing more examples of non-isomorphic graphs having the same PLD, PLD-maximal graphs are of intrinsic interest. For PLD-maximal graphs, we give sufficient degree and edge conditions and a necessary edge condition.
Periosteal chondroma: A radiographic spectrum

The radiographic features of 22 cases of histologically proven periosteal chondroma are analized in detail. The typical tumor consisted in an area of outer cortex remodeling (scalloping) involving the metaphyseal lesion of a long bone with slightly overhanging edges and a small amount of cartilage calcified matrix adjacent to the scalloping. The presence of a visible soft tissue mass was uncommon, present in only one third of the cases.
Influence of source of potash on yield, specific gravity, and surface russeting of the Russet Burbank variety in Maine

Potassium sulfate and potassium chloride were compared as a source of potash for growing the Russet Burbank in Maine. Yields and specific gravities were not statistically different for the 3-year period of 1956–58 between sources of potash. Sulfate of potash improved the surface russeting of Russet Burbank tubers significantly when compared with potassium chloride. It appears from the data presented in this paper that for improvement of russeting on Russet Burbank tubers, sulfate of potash should be used as the source of potash in fertilizer used to grow the Russet Burbank in Maine.
On the flow of an electrically conducting nonlocal viscous fluid between parallel plates in the presence of a transverse magnetic field in magnetohydrodynamics

Abstract A continuum theory is constructed for the flow of an electrically conducting nonlocal viscous fluid between two nonconducting parallel plates. The flow is subject to the influence of a transverse magnetic field. The effects of long range or nonlocal interactions at a material point in the fluid arising from all material points in the rest of the fluid are taken into account by means of a nonlocal influence function. Equations of motion governing the nonlocal viscous flow are derived from localized forms of global balance laws and constitutive equations appropriate for electromagnetically active media. These field equations are analytically solved for the nonlocal velocity and the nonlocal stress fields. The effects of varying the magnetic field strength on the shear stress are investigated. The effects of such variations on the shear stress exerted on the walls of microscopic channels are also determined. Numerical computations are provided for these results.
State-building in Southern Iraq

The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) in Iraq was a civilian administration conjured up from almost nothing after the initial conflict was already over. It was inevitable that it should have suffered from grave shortcomings in management, organisation, staffing, direction and resources. But some of these were avoidable. While governments and the headquarters in Baghdad focussed on high political and constitutional mafters and the organisation of large-scale contracts, CPA staff on the ground elsewhere faced very different challenges with which they were ill equipped to deal. The prevailing security environment was the key to all other activity, but there was a close relationship between this and progress over reconstruction, the development of local as well as national government, and the perceptions of the Iraqis.