cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilirubin and brain: A pharmacological approach

For many decades, the world scientific literature has accounted for a number of works on the biological effects of bilirubin-IXalpha (BR). The first studies focused on the neurotoxic effects of the excessive production of BR, in particular regarding both physiological neonatal jaundice and the more severe ones, typically as consequences of severe hemolysis or other underlying diseases. Only since 1987, has significant evidence, however, underlined the neuroprotective role of BR linked to the scavenging effect of free radicals as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and its congeners. Despite the presence in the literature of many excellent papers dealing with the multiple roles played by BR in health and disease, there were very few and somewhat dated reviews that summarize the key findings related to the neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of the bile pigment and underlying mechanisms. In light of the previous statements, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of the main discoveries in the last years on the effects of BR on the central nervous system. An analytical description about the synthesis of BR, its distribution in the systemic circulation, liver metabolism and elimination through feces and urine will be provided, together with the main mechanisms claimed to describe the neurotoxicity and neuroprotection by the bile pigment. Finally, the possible translational aspects of pharmacological modulation in the production of BR in order to prevent or counteract toxic effects or enhance the protective actions, will be discussed.
Hypothesis of K+-Recycling Defect Is Not a Primary Deafness Mechanism for Cx26 (GJB2) Deficiency.

K+-recycling defect is a long-standing hypothesis for deafness mechanism of Connexin26 (Cx26, GJB2) mutations, which cause the most common hereditary deafness and are responsible for >50% of nonsyndromic hearing loss. The hypothesis states that Cx26 deficiency may disrupt inner ear gap junctions and compromise sinking and recycling of expelled K+ ions after hair cell excitation, causing accumulation of K+-ions in the extracellular space around hair cells producing K+-toxicity, which eventually induces hair cell degeneration and hearing loss. However, this hypothesis has never been directly evidenced, even though it has been widely referred to. Recently, more and more experiments demonstrate that this hypothesis may not be a deafness mechanism underlying Cx26 deficiency. In this review, we summarized recent advances on the K+-recycling and mechanisms underlying Cx26 deficiency induced hearing loss. The mechanisms underlying K+-sinking, which is the first step for K+-recycling in the cochlea, and Cx26 deficiency induced cochlear developmental disorders, which are responsible for Cx26 deficiency induced congenital deafness and associated with disruption of permeability of inner ear gap junctional channels to miRNAs, are also summarized and discussed.
Requirements for efficient cotranscriptional regulatory switching in designed variants of the Bacillus subtilis pbuE adenine-responsive riboswitch

Abstract Riboswitches, generally located in the 5’-leader of bacterial mRNAs, direct expression via a small molecule-dependent structural switch informing the transcriptional or translational machinery. While the structure and function of riboswitch effector-binding (aptamer) domains have been intensely studied, only recently have the requirements for efficient linkage between small molecule binding and the structural switch in the cellular and cotranscriptional context begun to be actively explored. To address this, we have performed a structure-guided mutagenic analysis of the B. subtilis pbuE adenine-responsive riboswitch, one of the simplest riboswitches containing a secondary structural switch. Using a cell-based fluorescent protein reporter assay to assess ligand-dependent regulatory activity in E. coli, these studies revealed previously unrecognized features of the riboswitch. Most importantly, it was found that local and long-range conformational dynamics in two regions of the aptamer domain have a significant effect upon efficient regulatory switching. Further, sequence features of the expression platform including the pre-aptamer leader sequence, a nucleation helix and a putative programmed pause have clear affects upon ligand-dependent regulation. Together, these data point to sequence and structural features distributed throughout the riboswitch required to strike a balance between rates of ligand binding, transcription and secondary structural switching via a strand exchange mechanism.
Topology Identification of Dynamical Networks via Compressive Sensing

Abstract In this paper, we address the problem of topology identification of causal dynamical networks. Collecting the outputs of the nodes as time series, without any a priori knowledge about the structure of the network, we propose a data-driven algorithm that unveils the topology of the network and identifies the dynamics of connections. We cast the problem as a structured sparse signal recovery based on concepts borrowed from compressive sensing and matching pursuit. When sufficient data is available, the proposed algorithm results in perfect identification of general networks including feedback and self-loops. For noninvasive data, the proposed algorithm outperforms existing techniques. To demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method, we compare the simulation results with those of the Granger causality and other state-of-the-art techniques. As an empirical application, the proposed algorithm is deployed to construct a graphical network describing the interconnections of 30 companies in the Dow Jones stock market index with their prices ranging from January 2012 to June 2017.
The 21st-Century Movie Machine

Streaming is the future of cinema, and theaters are part of the past. Theatrical “real estate” was once essential to the opening of a film, but today, it’s not really necessary. Naturally, huge spectacle films look better on the big screen and are much more immersive, so for blockbusters that spend an enormous amount of money on CGI, theatrical screenings may have a niche in the future. But eventually even this will fade away. Who wants to go out to the movies when you can stay at home and watch a film on Netflix, Amazon, Hulu and other streaming services, especially when the cost is considerably less than a trip to the local multiplex? Theatrical cinema is being kept alive only by blockbusters, but now comic book movies and franchise films have become omnipresent, leaving no room for more thoughtful cinema.
Abstract TP540: Effects of Stimulant Use on the Temporal Course of Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background: Comorbid use of stimulants (cocaine and amphetamines) has been associated with worse outcomes in aneurysmal SAH (aSAH), however its effect on the course of cerebral vasospasm (CV) and d...
Pulmonary Delivery of Powders and Solutions Containing Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (rhG-CSF) to the Rabbit

Two powder formulations (MMAD <4 µm) containing rhG-CSF were insufflated (IF) via an endotracheal tube at doses of 5, 75 or 500 µg/kg to New Zealand white rabbits. Doses of 5 and 500 µg/kg of solutions were administered by intratracheal instillation (IT), subcutaneous (SC) injection in the thigh and intravenous injection (IV) via the marginal ear vein. Blood samples were removed at regular intervals from an indwelling jugular catheter. Blood was analyzed directly for total white blood cell counts (WBC). Plasma was assayed for rhG-CSF by a specific ELISA. The distribution of radioactive dose in lung tissue was found after administering Tc99m HSA in solution or when incorporated into powders. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were determined for all routes of administration. High dose IV concentration vs. time profiles declined biexponentially (t1/2 α = 0.6 ± 0.2 hrs, t1/2 β = 4.6 ± 0.2 hrs, n = 8). Clearance was dose dependent (11.6 ± 2.6 [500 µg/kg, n = 8] vs. 21.8 ± 3.3 ml/hr/kg [5 µg/kg, n = 5]). A normal systemic response was obtained after IF, indicating that rhG-CSF retains activity in the solid state. Dissolution and absorption of rhG-CSF from the powders were not rate limiting. The plasma concentration vs. time profiles peaked at similar times to those after IT (Tmax 1 -2 hrs) but were earlier than obtained after SC (Tmax 6-10 hrs). Powders were less efficiently dosed to the lung lobes after insufflation compared with instillates (14.7 ± 10.5 vs. 60.1 ± 10.6%), resulting in bioavailabilities ranging from 5 to 33%. Bioavailability after SC was 11.0 ± 7.0% and 95.3 ± 7.9% (n = 6) for the low and high doses, respectively.
Creating safe and healthy neighborhoods with place-based violence interventions

Violence is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and abroad, with far-reaching consequences for individuals and communities. Interventions that address environmental and social contexts have the potential for greater populationwide effects, yet research has been slow to identify and rigorously evaluate these types of interventions to reduce violence. Several urban communities across the US are conducting experimental and quasi-experimental community-based research to examine the effect of place-based interventions on violence. Using examples from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Flint, Michigan; Youngstown, Ohio; and New Orleans, Louisiana, we describe how place-based interventions that remediate vacant land and abandoned buildings work to reduce violence. These examples support the potential for place-based interventions to create far-reaching and sustainable improvements in the health and safety of communities that experience significant disadvantage. These interventions warrant the attention of community stakeholders, funders, and policy makers.
“Why the h**l is There a White House Correspondents’ Dinner?” Boundary Work in Political Journalism

Political journalism is a pertinent part of newsrooms across the world. This study aimed to analyze the shifting role conceptions of U.S. political journalists, primarily in reference to the White ...
Hypothesis testing with active information

Abstract We develop hypothesis testing for active information — the averaged quantity in the Kullback–Leibler divergence. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to derive exact probabilities of type-I errors for hypothesis testing in the area.
Simple Fault-tolerant Computing for Field Solvers

Fault-tolerant computing options based on the use of restart information stored on and off node and the use of reserve processes have been developed, implemented and tested in a large-scale, produc...
Spin-orbit-proximitized ferromagnetic metal by monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide: Atlas of spectral functions, spin textures, and spin-orbit torques in Co / MoSe 2 , Co / WSe 2 , and Co / TaSe 2 heterostructures

The authors demonstrate how to screen computationally heterostructures of ultrathin layers of conventional ferromagnetic metals and monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides, using first-principles Green functions and first-principles quantum transport techniques in order to find an optimal manifestation of the spin-orbit proximity effect within a ferromagnetic metal and the corresponding spin-orbit torque on its magnetization once the current is passed through the heterostructures. This approach identifies the Co/WSe${}_{2}$ bilayer as a potentially optimal heterostructure for spintronic applications based on effects that require large current-driven nonequilibrium spin density.
Measurements of Tendon Movement Within the Bicipital Groove After Suprapectoral Intra-articular Biceps Tenodesis in a Cadaveric Model.

Background:Lesions of the long head of the biceps can be successfully treated with biceps tenotomy or tenodesis when surgical management is elected. The advantage of a tenodesis is that it prevents...
Tissue Engineered Vascularized Patient-Specific Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction in a Yucatan Pig Model

Purpose Current pediatric temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction options are limited. The aim of this project was to develop a proof-of-principle porcine model for a load-bearing, customized, 3D-printed and bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2)–coated scaffold implanted in a pedicled (temporal) flap as a regenerative approach to pediatric TMJ mandibular condyle reconstruction. Materials and Methods Scaffolds were customized, 3D-printed based on porcine computed tomography, and coated with BMP-2. Two operations occurred: (1) implantation of the scaffold in temporalis muscle to establish vascularity and, (2) 6 weeks later, unilateral condylectomy and rotation of the vascularized scaffold (with preservation of superficial temporal artery) onto the defect. Six months later, pigs were sacrified. The experimental side (muscle-scaffold) and control side (unoperated condyle) were individually evaluated by clinical, mechanical, radiographic, and histologic methods. Results Scaffolds maintained physical properties similar in appearance to unoperated condyles. Vascularized scaffolds had new bone formation. Condyle height on the reconstructed side was 68% and 78% of the control side. Reconstructed condyle stiffness was between 20% and 45% of the control side. Conclusion In our porcine model, customized 3D-printed TMJ scaffolds coated with BMP-2 and implanted in vascularized temporalis muscle have the ability to (1) reconstruct a TMJ, (2) maintain appropriate condylar height, and (3) generate new bone, without impacting functional outcomes.
Medication administration behaviors in prelicensure nursing students: A longitudinal, cohort study.

Abstract Aim This longitudinal study identified changes in safe medication administration behaviors in a single cohort of students followed over four semesters of nursing school. Background Over 40% of a nurse’s shift is dedicated to the processes of medication administration, placing them in a position to interrupt costly medication errors. Yet, despite efforts to decrease medication errors, including electronic medical records, smart pumps, and standardized processes, 5% of hospitalized patients experience adverse drug events and the sequela costs billions of dollars annually. One cognitive aid first introduced in nursing school to help nurses administer medications safely is the rights method, including the foundational five (patient, medication, dose, route, and time). However, facility restrictions, complicated electronic health records, and high faculty-to-student ratios are limiting opportunities to apply these rights and develop safe medication administration competency. Although nursing faculty and clinical partners expect competency when initially licensed as professionals, graduating nursing students are not competent and new graduates feel ill prepared to deliver medications safely. Previous studies report findings on safe medication administration in different cohorts of nursing students, but none has followed the same cohort of students throughout nursing school. Design Using a non-experimental design, the same cohort of nursing students was followed over four semesters and observed independently administering medications in simulation scenarios. Methods Each semester, this cohort of students self-selected into 10–12 simulation groups. One student from each group was randomized to the role of primary nurse. Guided by the NLN/Jeffries simulation theory and the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning’s Standards of Best Practice: SimulationSM, students participated in four simulations that required the primary nurse to deliver medications as part of clinical care. A single investigator completed an observational checklist during the simulations on verification of the foundational five rights in these students. Results Verification of most rights varied each semester, but students consistently did poorly verifying right dose. One hundred percent of students observed in the first semester did not verify all five rights. At the time of graduation, 80% of students observed did not verify all five rights prior to medication administration. Conclusions These concerning findings align with previous research showing that students are not safely administering medications in patient care settings. Educators, administrators, and healthcare systems need to ensure that students receive consistent, high-quality experiences vital to training future nurses for competency in safe medication administration.
A Game Theory of Logic — A Logic of Game Theory

This paper does not deal with the applications of game theory for which this theory was first developed, that is, for modelling economic systems and rational decision making. But I do not want to consider games as abstract mathematical structures, either. I want to concentrate on what it is that makes a game actually playable. This playability means both the possibility of finding and formulating the strategy that a player uses and the feasibility of actually applying the strategy in question in making one’s moves.
Regulation of Histidine Catabolism by Succinate in Pseudomonas putida

The regulation of the histidine-degrading pathway is known to involve induction and repression. Our studies have shown that succinate may control the histidine-degrading pathway by sequential negative feedback inhibition. Succinate inhibited urocanase, and urocanate in turn inhibited histidase. Crude preparations of the two enzymes were made from Pseudomonas putida grown on l-histidine. Succinate was a competitive inhibitor of urocanase (Ki, 1.8 mm). Lactate, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and glutamate did not inhibit urocanase. Urocanate inhibited histidase competitively (Ki, 0.13 mm). A multienzyme system (histidine to glutamate), when incubated with histidine and succinate, exhibited the combined effect. Succinate caused the level of accumulated urocanate to increase and indirectly blocked histidine disappearance. Growth of cells on urocanate as a nitrogen source was inhibited by 1% succinate. Succinate may play a physiological role in the biological regulation of histidine metabolism.
Ganzzahlige Polynome und ganzwertige Funktionen

Ein Polynom $$ P\left( x \right) = {a_0}{x^m} + {a_1}{x^{m - 1}} + \cdots + {a_{m - 1}}x + {a_m} $$ ist ganzzahlig, wenn seine Koeffizienten a0, a1, a2,…,a m−1 ,a m ganze Zahlen sind. Das Polynom P(x) heiβt ganzwertig, wenn die Werte P(0), P(1), P(2),…, P(n),… ganze Zahlen sind. Wenn ein Polynom ganzzahlig ist, so ist es auch ganzwertig.
Chapter 35 Economic policy formation: Theory and implementation (applied econometrics in the public sector)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theory and implementation of economic policy to put policy measures in a more general perspective, only some of which are purely demand management and aggregative. The evolution of econometric models for policy application to many supply-side characteristics is discussed in the chapter. For purposes of exposition, two types of policy are examined—(1) overall macro policies and (2) specific structural policies. “Macro policies” refer to traditional monetary and fiscal policies, principally of central governments but the model applications to local government policies are also relevant. As the world economy becomes interdependent, more economies are recognizing their openness; therefore, trade/payments policies are also part of the complement known as “macro policy.” Structural policies are aimed at the specific segments of the economy, specific groups of people, specific production sectors, and distributions of aggregative magnitudes or markets. Economists focus on macro policies because they have overall impacts and leave the distributive market process unaffected.
Signifying Williamson's Contribution to the Transaction Cost Approach: An Agent‐Based Simulation of Coasean Transaction Costs and Specialization

This article simulates Ronald Coase's transaction cost approach to firm organizing using agent-based modelling, and contextualizes and contrasts it with a division-of-labour/specialization view of the firm that Coase challenged and sought to replace. The simulation tests the firm formation process based on the different implications of transaction costs and specialization as drivers of integration, focusing especially on Coase's rejection of specialization as an explanation for integration in the firm. The results show little support for, and suggest an important shortcoming to, Coase's transaction cost theory. My findings thereby indicate a potential relationship between the specialization theory and Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics, especially the latter's emphasis on co-specialization through relationship-specific investments, which helps shed light on TCE's significant influence in the theory of the firm literature.
Self‐Assembling Sieves

A modular strategy has been applied to synthesize large, porous, self-assembling capsules. The coupling of tricyclic building blocks incorporating glycoluril hydrogen-bonding units and derivatives of triethylbenzene produces monomers which readily form homo- and heterodimeric assemblies (calculated structure is shown). Large guests can be trapped while small solvent molecules flow freely through the pores of the capsules.
Renal artery trauma

The ability to preserve renal function in patients with renal artery trauma is a goal sought by all urologists. We have reviewed our own experience as well as data published in the literature to formulate guidelines concerning which patients should be treated with revascularization and what factors are most likely to make this procedure successful.
Some divalent 3d metal perchlorate complexes with the 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine nitroxide free radical

Abstract Interaction of 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine nitroxide free radical (AMPNO·) with 3d metal perchlorates, in the presence of triethyl orthoformate, leads to the formation of M(ClO 4 ) 2 . TMPNO· (M = Co, Ni) and M(ClO 4 ) 2 . 2TMPNO· (M = Fe, Zn) complexes. Characterization studies suggest that the new complexes are most probably bi- or poly-nuclear, with terminal TMPNO·, a bidentate perchlorato ligand, and a bridging perchlorato group. Magnetic susceptibility and esr data were interpreted in terms of partial spin-spin coupling between the unpaired ligand- and d-electrons, in the paramagnetic metal ion complexes; in the Zn II complex partial spin-spin coupling between the unpaired electrons of different ligand molecules occurs.
Game theory applied to big data analytics in geosciences and remote sensing

This paper introduces the basic concepts of game theory and outlines the mechanisms for applying game theory models to big data analytics and decision making in the field of geosciences and remote sensing. The author proposes the use of strategic, competitive game theory models for the purpose of spectral band grouping when exploiting hyperspectral imagery. The proposed system uses conflict data filtering based on mutual entropy and a strategy interaction process of multiple band groups in a conflict environment, the goal of which is to maximize the payoff benefit of multiple groups of the whole system. The proposed system uses the Nash equilibrium as the means to find a steady state solution to the band grouping problem, and implements the model under the assumption that all players are rational. The author uses the proposed band grouping as a component in a multi-classifier decision fusion (MCDF) system for automated ground cover classification with hyperspectral imagery. The paper provides experimental results demonstrating that the proposed game theoretic approach significantly outperforms the comparison methods.
Neurally triggered breaths reduce trigger delay and improve ventilator response times in ventilated infants with bronchiolitis

Purpose Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a mode of ventilation designed to improve patient–ventilator interaction by interpreting a neural signal from the diaphragm to trigger a supported breath. We hypothesized that neurally triggered breaths would reduce trigger delay, ventilator response times, and work of breathing in pediatric patients with bronchiolitis.
Approaches for Identifying Consumer Preferences for the Design of Technology Products: A Case Study of Residential Solar Panels

This thesis investigates ways to obtain consumer preferences for technology products to help designers identify the key attributes that contribute to a product's market success. A case study of residential solar PV panels is conducted in the context of the California, USA market within the 2007-2011 time span. First, interviews are conducted with solar panel installers to gain a better understanding of the solar industry. Second, a revealed preference method is implemented using actual market data and technical specifications to extract preferences. The approach is explored with three machine learning methods: Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forest decision trees, and Gradient Boosted regression. Finally, a stated preference self-explicated survey is conducted, and the results using the two methods compared. Three common critical attributes are identified from a pool of 34 technical attributes: power warranty, panel efficiency, and time on market. From the survey, additional non-technical attributes are identified: panel manufacturer's reputation, name recognition, and aesthetics. The work shows that a combination of revealed and stated preference methods may be valuable for identifying both technical and non-technical attributes to guide design priorities.
Residual Stresses in Bulk Metallic Glasses due to Thermal Tempering

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are attractive structural materials that develop residual stresses during processing due to thermal tempering. In this process, compressive surface stresses are generated within thin layers balanced with tension in the interior. In the present study, stress generation was analyzed experimentally and theoretically in a BMG plate and a cylinder. The residual stresses were measured using the crack compliance method. It was shown that high stresses can be attained in metallic glasses due to thermal tempering: over −300 MPa compression on the surface balanced by +150 MPa tension in the middle. The experimental data were then compared to the predictions of a viscoelastic model that took into account the equilibrium viscosity of BMG as a function of temperature. The model was shown to be accurate within 5 to 25% of the experimental stress data. It is therefore a powerful tool for estimating processing-induced residual stresses in bulk metallic glasses.
Subcellular localization and PKC-dependent regulation of the human lysophospholipase A/acyl-protein thioesterase in WISH cells.

Abstract Lysophospholipases play essential roles in keeping their multi-functional substrates, the lysophospholipids, at safe levels. Recently, a 25 kDa human lysophospholipase A (hLysoPLA I) that is highly conserved among rat, mouse, human and rabbit has been cloned, expressed and characterized and appears to hydrolyze only lysophospholipids among the various lipid substrates. Interestingly, this enzyme also displays acyl-protein thioesterase activity towards a G protein α subunit. To target the subcellular location of this hLysoPLA I, we have carried out immunocytochemical studies and report here that hLysoPLA I appears to be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope in human amnionic WISH cells and not the plasma membrane. In addition, we found that the hLysoPLA I can be up-regulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, a process in which phospholipase A2 is activated and lysophospholipids are generated in WISH cells. Furthermore, the PMA-induced hLysoPLA I expression can be blocked by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Go6976. The regulated expression of the LysoPLA/acyl-protein thioesterase by PKC may have important implications for signal transduction processes.
Negative stiffness induced by shear along wavy interfaces

Abstract The extension of an elastic body almost always leads to mechanical tension in the stretching direction. Here, we report an unusual phenomenon of global mechanical compression in the stretching direction of an elastic body containing sinusoidal wavy interfaces. When the elastic body with a wavy interface is subjected to tensile loading, the local stress state along the interface is mixed-mode. Finite element simulations show that the resistance of the interface to shear-slip locks the interface together, and generates a moment couple which rotates the interface. Once the local adhesive shear strength of the interface is reached, the interface slips and separates. Then, the rotated interface triggers a restoring moment couple which releases the stored elastic energy. The structure subsequently undergoes global compression in the stretching direction until the interface completely separates. This moment-couple-induced internal energy storage and release mechanism leads to a material structure that exhibits high initial strength and toughness, followed by post-peak compliant softening with negative stiffness. This structural negative stiffness behavior is closely-tied with the ability of the interface to store and release energy by rotation, and is also exhibited by polycrystalline structures where grain rotation is possible.
Semantic priming and identification of near threshold primes in a lexical decision task

Three experiments examined both the impact of semantic analysis of 50-msec, masked visual primes on a target response and the impact of semantic analysis of the target on a prime response. The first two experiments used a prime-target interval of 1000 msec. In Experiment 1, subjects reported the identity of each prime: (a) after a lexical decision about the target, (b) both before and after a lexical decision, or (c) after a target detection response. Prime report after both types of target response showed retroactive priming in which report was facilitated by related targets and inhibited by unrelated targets. Analyses of lexical decision latency and accuracy conditionalized on prime report showed that semantic priming was restricted to reported related primes. In Experiment 2, subjects made no overt response to the primes. Priming was conditionalized on recognition of the primes on a subsequent test. The pattern was the same as Experiment 1: There was priming only for recognized primes; recognition memo...
Rousseau on Fundamental Law

How can we understand Rousseau's use of entrenched fundamental law? Given that absolute sovereignty is of paramount importance to Rousseau, and given that he rejects the possibility of binding the future, fundamental law might be viewed as a paradoxical restraint on the sovereign. However, through a consideration of their substantive form, and of the procedural mechanisms of enactment and abrogation, these laws are shown to serve an ‘enabling’ purpose. For Rousseau, fundamental law does not constrain the sovereign will, but is constitutive of the sovereign or transforms its operation with respect to morality and justice. Fundamental law should be understood to enhance the capacity of the sovereign; this reading also explains the most familiar limitation that does not take the form of a fundamental law, the double-generality requirement.
Three proton pumps, morphology and movements.

The diameter of F1 coupling factor and the distance it protrudes from the membrane of bovine heart submitochondrial particles were measured quantitatively using horse spleen ferritin as a standard. Employing the freeze-etch technique, particles of similar size were found on membranes of submitochondrial particles and on membranes of particles first depleted by F1, then reconstituted by addition of F1. The extramembranous size of F1 is 9.7 nm and F1 protrudes from the membrane surface by about 13.6 nm. Bacteriorhodopsin and cytochrome oxidase were incorporated into lipids derived from membranes of extremely thermoacidophilic microorganisms by the octylglucoside dilution method. The bacteriorhodopsin pump was fully functional provided high concentrations of valinomycin were added. With decanoyl-N-methylglucamide as detergent the pump was very active in the absence of valinomycin. Concentrations of gramicidin that collapsed the ΔpH in bacteriorhodopsin liposomes prepared with soybean phospholipid had little or no effect on these rigid proteoliposomes. Very high concentrations (30 µg per ml) were partially effective, suggesting a mechanism other than formation of a gramicidin dimer channel. Cytochrome oxidase lost virtually all activity when incorporated into these rigid liposomes but was fully reactivated on addition of suitable detergents.
Numerical Investigation of the Grid, Turbulence Model and Discretization Sensitivity of an Automotive Cyclone Particle Separator

The accuracy of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of complex flows in general, and highly swirling flows in particular, depends on a number of parameters. In this paper we report on the sensitivity of CFD simulations of transient flow in an automotive reverse flow type cyclone particle separator to mesh size/type, turbulence models, and temporal discretization schemes. More specifically, this study is concerned with the effect of these modeling choices on the two main performance measures of the cyclone: overall pressure drop and particle separation efficiency.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Endogenous central κ-opioid systems augment renal sympathetic nerve activity to maximally retain urinary sodium during hypotonic saline volume expansion

Intracerebroventricular injection of κ-opioid agonists produces diuresis, antinatriuresis, and a concurrent increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). The present study examined whether e...
The Decoupling Theorem and Minimal Subtraction

Abstract We show to the two-loop level that the decoupling theorem of Appelquist and Carazzone is valid, and a consistent light effective field theory exists, for quantum electrodynamics renormalized by minimal subtraction. It is also shown that irreducible, mixed light-heavy graphs must be included when integrating out the heavy fields to obtain the correct effective lagrangian for light particles.
Multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in developing Xenopus.

Das Isoenzymmuster der Monoaminoxidase verandert sich wahrend der fruhen Entwicklung der Larven vonXenopus laevis. Die Anzahl elektrophoretischer Banden verkleinert sich wahrend der Entwicklung von vier auf eine.
Provider Attitudes toward Pay‐for‐Performance Programs: Development and Validation of a Measurement Instrument

During the past 5 years, an increasing number of health plans and self-insured employers have instituted financial incentive programs as a strategy for motivating health care providers to improve quality of care. Under these programs, known as pay-for-performance (P4P), providers receive money for achieving predefined quality targets that usually encompass primary care or preventive services (Young et al. 2005). A recently published paper reports that over 100 quality incentive programs now exist in the United States in both the private and public sector (Baker and Carter 2005). As the number of P4P programs increases, efforts are underway to evaluate their impact. These evaluations will need to investigate whether and to what degree improvements in the relevant quality measures are attributable to the incentive programs. To understand what features of incentive programs are associated with positive or negative results, it will be important to assess the attitudes of providers, particularly those of the physicians who are the target recipients of most P4P programs. For example, providers' attitudes toward key program features, such as the amount of the incentive or the attainability of the quality targets, may help predict the extent to which they change their clinical behavior. Certain program features, such as the frequency and type of performance feedback, could potentially affect provider awareness and understanding of particular programs. Further, as many P4P programs are in the early stages of their life cycle, program managers need a tool for assessing provider attitudes so that they can gauge problem areas early on and make mid-course corrections as needed during implementation. Such advance “intelligence” can be especially important given that a long lag may occur between the time a program is implemented and its actual impacts can be detected from either medical records or administrative data. At present, however, the health care community lacks a valid, reliable, and responsive measurement tool. In this paper, we describe the development of an instrument for assessing provider attitudes toward quality incentive programs and present evidence regarding its reliability and validity. We developed this instrument as part of our role as the national evaluator for the Rewarding Results program, which consists of seven demonstration projects that are testing different ways to incentivize providers to improve quality of care. The basic characteristics of these demonstrations have been described elsewhere (Young et al. 2005).
Predicting gestational diabetes: choosing the optimal early serum marker.

Objective Serum markers measured early in pregnancy have been associated with the later diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. To select an optimal early ( Study Design A nested case-control design was used to evaluate the association of sex hormone-binding globulin, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and measures of fasting glucose and insulin (homeostasis assessment model) obtained in the late first trimester and early second trimester of pregnancy with the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Multivariate modeling and log likelihood ratios were used to identify the optimal biomarker associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Results In both first and second trimester samples, sex hormone-binding globulin was lower and high-sensitive C-reactive protein higher among women who subsequently developed gestational diabetes mellitus. Similarly an elevated second-trimester homeostasis assessment model was associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Multivariate analysis suggested that sex hormone-binding globulin measured from nonfasting first-trimester sera was the best predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus in our population. Conclusion Among 3 biomarkers examined prospectively, first-trimester nonfasting sex hormone-binding globulin appeared to be the optimal marker to predict subsequent gestational diabetes mellitus.
Trans-Planckian signals from the breaking of local Lorentz invariance

This article examines how a breakdown of a locally Lorentz-invariant, pointlike description of nature at tiny space-time intervals would translate into a distinctive set of signals in the primordial power spectrum generated by inflation. We examine the leading irrelevant operators that are consistent with the spatial translations and rotations of a preferred, isotropically expanding, background. A few of the resulting corrections to the primordial power spectrum do not have the usual oscillatory factor, which is sometimes taken to be characteristic of a ``trans-Planckian'' signal. Perhaps more interestingly, one of these leading irrelevant operators exactly reproduces a correction to the power spectrum that occurs in effective descriptions of the state of the field responsible for inflation.
Giant cell tumor of bone: are we stratifying results appropriately?

Background There is no consensus as to which surgical approach to the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone is most appropriate or which patients are at a higher risk for recurrence or metastasis.
A 98nW wake-up radio for wireless body area networks

A 0.13µm CMOS low power wake-up radio is presented. The wake-up radio operates with −41dBm sensitivity at 915MHz using OOK modulation with a data rate of 100kbps while consuming 98nW active power, 11pW sleep power, and has an energy efficiency of 0.98pJ/bit. The wake-up radio occupies 0.03mm2 and uses two off-chip components (an inductor and a capacitor). All biasing and calibration for process variation and mismatch is included on-chip. The entire radio operates from a single 1.2V supply.
Use of Specifically Labeled Glucose and Gluconate in the Evaluation of Catabolic Pathways for Glucose in Corn Roots.

In a previous paper from this laboratory (7) it was reported that root tips from 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-treated pea, corn or oat seedlings converted the 1st carbon of glucose to C02 more rapidly than did the controls, but C02 production from the 6th carbon was not changed appreciably. It was concluded from these results that 2,4-D increased the amount of glucose catabolised through the pentose phosphate pathway. If this conclusion is correct, then a larger proportion of the glucose catabolised by the 2,4-D-treated tissues should follow the same pathway as gluconate. This greater similarity of pathway should show up when C1402 production rates from specifically labeled glucose and gluconate are measured and compared. The results of such experiments are presented in this report. The point is made that it is not possible to quantitatively evaluate catabolic mechanisms for glucose from only a comparison of the yields of C140.> from the 1st and 6th carbons of glucose.
Biopsychosocial risk factors for driving cessation: findings from the Health and Retirement Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify social, psychological, and biomedical risk factors for current and future driving cessation in older adults. METHOD: Data from six waves (1998-2008) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were pooled. Participants aged 65 and above were included in the study (N = 17,349). RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression models to identify risk factors for current and future driving cessation were consistent (age, gender, education, race, marital status, income, cognitive function, limits in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, vision, health, diabetes, stroke, arthritis, and hip fracture). Only one variable, falls, was associated with future driving cessation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92; confidence interval [CI] = [0.85, 1.0]), but not current driving cessation. DISCUSSION: Older age, female gender, and minority race were risk factors for current and future cessation. Adults with arthritis were more likely to keep driving compared with those without arthritis. Language: en
Near Surface Nanomechanical Behavior of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Using Lateral Modulation Scanning Probe Microscopy

The measurement of lateral force in response to small amplitude lateral oscillations of a sample using a scanning probe microscope (X-modulation) is presented as an effective means of identifying key qualitative differences in the nanomechanical behavior of adhesive surfaces. The technique itself has recently been developed by others, but is applied here to the study of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) for the first time. A model PSA of poly(ethylene propylene) and n-butyl ester of abietic acid was studied. The characteristic features of “stickiness” and elasticity manifest themselves in the presence or absence of a “stick−slip” transition and changes in the forcing amplitude at which this transition takes place. While conventional lateral force microscopy imaging of a heterogeneous PSA surface leaves the impression that the polymer-rich matrix regions are responsible for the adhesiveness of the surface, X-modulation measurements make it clear that the tackifier-enriched domains provide the adhesivenes...
Evaluation of trail erosion in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas.

Abstract Guadalupe Mountains National Park, located in southwest Texas, is primarily a park for hiking and backpacking. Trails provide the only access to most scenic features and attractions. Permanently established erosion transects were studied to determine whether on-trail erosion was significantly greater than that occurring off-trail and to establish the factors which significantly contribute to the erosional/depositional process. Results after 3.5 years of study indicate that the net erosion and deposition of soil on the trails closely approximate those occurring naturally off the trail. Trail sites are relatively more unstable and experience greater soil movement (measured as absolute area change) than do off-trail sites. Differences in environmental site factors did not significantly affect the on-trail erosion process. Factors resulting from human impact (trail width and visitor use) were directly related to increased amounts of soil movement (absolute area change), but did not necessarily result in greater net erosion.
What Is a Tree Worth? Green-City Strategies, Signaling and Housing Prices

We investigate the correlation between curbside tree plantings and housing price movements in Philadelphia from 1998 to 2003, comparing two programs, one by the Philadelphia Horticultural Society (PHS) that requires block-group effort that focuses on low-income neighborhoods and the other by the Fairmount Park Commission that is individual-based without specific target areas. A 7 to 11% price differential is identified within 4,000 feet of the Fairmount tree plantings. We argue that this is largely driven by either social capital creation or a signaling mechanism, on top of an intrinsic tree value (around 2%). Findings using the PHS tree program suggest that development of social capital or environmentally conscious behavior might be a less important channel. Any positive changes brought by the PHS tree plantings were not detected with sufficient statistical power.
Looped-oxide catalysis: a solar thermal approach to bio-oil deoxygenation

A critical step in the conversion of pyrolysis and liquefaction bio-oils to transportation fuels is deoxygenative upgrading. With this perspective we introduce a two-step thermochemical cycle which harnesses concentrated solar radiation to drive bio-oil deoxygenation. In this cycle, which we have termed “looped-oxide catalysis” (LOC), a metal oxide is reduced in a high-temperature solar thermal reactor and subsequently reacted with bio-oil, reforming the original metal oxide and yielding a deoxygenated biofuel product. By augmenting the chemical energy stored in bio-oil with solar thermal energy, LOC may increase fuel yields for a given quantity of biomass beyond what is currently achievable with standalone biomass-to-fuel pathways. We identify five promising candidate LOC materials based on equilibrium thermodynamics, diffusion kinetics and catalytic performance in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions. Additionally, we present new experimental results and mechanistic implications from an investigation of the LOC upgrading of acetic acid. The formation of acetaldehyde with comparable selectivity in LOC with zinc metal as well as HDO with zinc oxide suggests that surface oxygen vacancies are the catalytically relevant sites in both processes.
Supratentorial cavernous malformations in eloquent and deep locations: surgical approaches and outcomes. Clinical article.

Object Resection of cavernous malformations (CMs) located in functionally eloquent areas of the supratentorial compartment is controversial. Hemorrhage from untreated lesions can result in devastating neurological injury, but surgery has potentially serious risks. We hypothesized that an organized system of approaches can guide operative planning and lead to acceptable neurological outcomes in surgical patients. Methods The authors reviewed the presentation, surgery, and outcomes of 79 consecutive patients who underwent microresection of supratentorial CMs in eloquent and deep brain regions (basal ganglia [in 27 patients], sensorimotor cortex [in 23], language cortex [in 3], thalamus [in 6], visual cortex [in 10], and corpus callosum [in 10]). A total of 13 different microsurgical approaches were organized into 4 groups: superficial, lateral transsylvian, medial interhemispheric, and posterior approaches. Results The majority of patients (93.7%) were symptomatic. Hemorrhage with resulting focal neurologic...