cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A generally applicable hybrid unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes closure scaled by turbulent structures

This work demonstrates a strategy for hybrid turbulence modeling that relies on parameters identifying flow structures to regulate the model's level of scale resolution, independent of the computational grid and user input. The approach can be classified as second-generation unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS), where it is assumed that increased scale resolution inside rapidly deformed turbulence regions can consistently reduce modeling error compared to basic URANS closures. The methodology selects flow structures by evaluating the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor in the resolved field. The functions used for this purpose are similar to techniques applied in topology studies to identify coherent structures. The proposed formulation extends a baseline nonlinear eddy-viscosity URANS model and achieves completeness by means of a differential Lagrangian operator that approximates a locally computed average. The model addresses the lack of general applicability deriving from globally filtering at small scales by reverting to the baseline URANS in flow locations with low acceleration, in which the URANS solution achieves best accuracy. Three flow test cases are presented, demonstrating substantial accuracy enhancement over the baseline URANS on the same grid sizes. Results obtained with this new closure demonstrate robust applicability to internal flows, showing large-eddy simulation (LES)-like statistics on coarse RANS computational grids. The observed increase in computational cost compared to the baseline URANS is only 3% to 24%, which represents almost two orders of magnitude reduction from LES.
Grid Resilience analysis and planning of electric power systems: The case of the 2021 Texas electricity crises caused by winter storm Uri (#TexasFreeze)

Abstract The frequency of Very Large-Scale Weather Events (VLSWEs) such as Superstorm Sandy in 2012, Hurricane Maria in 2017 and Winter Storm Uri in 2021, among others, in the last decade have led increased conversations around the topic of grid resilience, by grid operators, planners, government agencies and other industry stakeholders. These events, which were to only occur “once in 100 years” exert a heavy toll on life and property. For example, winter storm Uri and the statewide power outages it caused in Texas directly and indirectly led to the death of 210 people and by some estimates caused over $120 billion in economic losses. The 2021 Texas electricity crises, which led to over 4 million people losing electricity and water for almost a week has brought about a renewed interest in the resilience of the electric power system in general and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) in particular. Historically these conversations have been about grid reliability, but with the increase in frequency and the sheer size of devastation caused by VLSWEs more holistic and robust approaches to addressing their effects on the grid are being considered by industry stakeholders and policy makers. In this paper the events of this crisis are analyzed using a syncretistic approach developed from analyzing and then synthesizing important resilience constructs, frameworks and concepts.
Prognosis and therapy of secondary myelodysplastic syndromes

This is an invited review of a condition that is likely to become increasingly frequent in coming years. The objective is to define the varying prognoses of the condition and to discuss treatment options for patients with better and worse prognoses. The source of the data is the literature. Of particular note are the paper by Greenberg et al. describing the International Prognostic Scoring System for MDS and that by Estey et al. describing the similar response of AML, RAEB-t, and RAEB to AML-type chemotherapy. The state of the art is that no satisfactory therapeutic options exist; consequently, the majority of patients with secondary MDS should participate in clinical trials.
An Events Data Base on Political Terrorism in Canada: Some conceptual and methodological problems

Very few studies, however, analyze political terrorism in Canada. Undoubtedly, Canada has had a limited experience with terrorism compared to other forms of political conflict. The majority of studies that do focus on Canada suffer from a multitude of problems. These studies, like those of the subject as a whole, are for the most part descriptive, atheoretical, and devoid of empirical analyses. The very few empirical analyses of terrorism generally focus on either international or transnational terrorist events while other types of terrorism, for example, interstate, state, and domestic, have been seriously underrepresented. Moreover, these studies have a number of methodological problems. While there are a variety of methodologies for studying terrorism the most popular is the events data approach. While the reliability and validity of events or conflict data in general has been criticized, a data set on political terrorism has definite advantages. From a statistical analysis of terrorist incidents researchers should be able to:
Moving beyond stigma – are concurrent palliative care and management of pulmonary arterial hypertension irreconcilable or future best practice?

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is aserious life-threatening condition. Althoughmedian survival was estimated at 2.8 years(1), recent studies suggest median survival insome patients may approach 9 years (2). Nev-ertheless, symptoms such as dyspnea, painand depression, among others have a negativeimpact on patient’s overall quality of life(QOL). This perspective aims to explore fac-tors that may account for a lack of palliativecare (PC) utilisation in PAH.The philosophy of PC is often misunder-stood by patients with PAH and their provid-ers, as PC is commonly mistaken for hospicecare, although the two are distinct (3). Pallia-tive care involves active total care of patientswhen diseases are not fully responsive tocurative therapy. PC seeks to achieve the bestQOL for patients by increasing comfort anddignity for as long as patients have to live.This often involves identifying and treatingproblematic symptoms and attempting tounderstand a patient’s goals of care in anongoing fashion, in the face of a life-limitingillness. However, PC does not have restric-tions regarding a speciﬁc prognosis or limita-tions in which therapy can be offered. Thisfreedom allows PC to be introduced earlier inthe disease trajectory, whereas hospice carerequires a terminal diagnosis and an averagelife expectancy of 6 months or less.Palliative care has beneﬁt to patients withlife-limiting illnesses, as evidenced by recentstudies in advanced lung cancer which dem-onstrate that PC can improve patient symp-tom burden and QOL without worseningmortality (4). Beyond malignancy, routine PCinvolvement has been suggested in advancedheart failure to maximise QOL and empowerpatient decision-making (5,6). While progno-sis with PAH may be better than somepatients with heart failure, signiﬁcant symp-tom burden and diminished QOL related toadvanced PAH, or the pharmacotherapy totreat PAH, are well-described (3,7–9). How-ever, attempts at utilising PC to mitigatesymptom burden may be met with fear orresistance.Palliative care involvement still allowspatients to receive concurrent PAH-directedtherapies, which is a commonly encounteredmisconception. As PAH is often treated by amultidisciplinary team, routine PC collabora-tion may be valuable with identifying andtreating symptoms. As a relative dearth ofliterature exists regarding PAH and PC, wepropose three potential barriers for a paucityof collaboration.
A COMPARISON OF THE ETHICS OF CONVICTED FELONS AND GRADUATE BUSINESS STUDENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS PRACTICE AND BUSINESS ETHICS EDUCATION

This research compares and contrasts the ethics of convicted felons in three midwestern United States prison systems with those of a cross section of MBA students from previous research. Building on and replicating seminal works in business ethics, this study identifies the differences and many similarities between students and inmates on several dimensions of ethics and values. Both groups expressed similar views of which ethical issues need attention from the business community, those constituencies that are most important to business firms, and perceptions of the ethics of other salient groups. When confronted with difficult ethical situations, inmates usually, although not always, tended to be more willing do what was asked and less willing to speak out regarding the conflict. Inmate priorities for ethical issues and constituency groups tended to be very similar to the MBA student sample. Implications for business practice and business ethics education are discussed.
Rolling Back State Civil Service Systems: Assessing the Erosion of Employee Rights and Protections, and Their Impacts

This study examines changing patterns of civil service coverage and employee job protections in U.S. state civil service systems during the period FY 1999-FY 2006. Data come from surveys of state personnel directors in 2000 and 2007 and secondary sources. Several research questions are addressed: has state civil service coverage expanded or contracted during the study period; have employee job protections increased or decreased; and how have these and other related changes affected employee turnover? Our findings show that considerable change occurred in some states during the study period, with civil service coverage both increasing and decreasing. However, not much change occurred across the states as a whole. We also found that levels and patterns of employee job protection varied across the states. Moreover, some states employ large numbers of non-classified workers, including political appointees and temporary workers, and they tend to give these employees varying levels of protection. Regression analyses show that these factors affect voluntary and involuntary turnover in interesting ways.
Assessment as Learning: Using Classroom Assessment to Maximize Student Learning

Este titulo proporcionara a los maestros y la escuela y los administradores escolares un entendimiento de las razones detras de su confusion e incomodidad al detallar la forma en que el papel cambiante de la educacion y nuestro creciente conocimiento sobre la naturaleza del aprendizaje han hecho que la evaluacion en el aula sea mucho mas compleja.
Influence of glucosylation of deoxyribonucleic acid on hydrolysis by deoxyribonucleases of Escherichia coli.

1. The influence of glucosylation of deoxyribonucleic acid on the hydrolysis by the four deoxyribonucleases of Escherichia coli has been described. 2. Exonuclease II, the nuclease associated with DNA polymerase, and exonuclease III (DNA phosphatase-exonuclease) hydrolyze DNA from T-even bacteriophages at less than 5% the rate of T7 DNA. Exonuclease I and endonuclease I hydrolyze T-even deoxyribonucleic acids at only slightly diminished rates compared to those observed with T7 DNA. 3. DNA isolated from T*2 or T*6 bacteriophages contains hydroxymethylcytosine in place of cytosine but is deficient in glucose. T*2 and T*6 deoxyribonucleic acids are degraded by exonuclease III at rates approximately 20-fold greater than those found for T2 and T6 DNA. Glucosylation of T*2 DNA by UDP-glucose and by the T2 α-glucosyltransferase converts T*2 DNA into a substrate which is hydrolyzed at the diminished rates found for normal T2 DNA. 4. The phosphatase activity of exonuclease III is not significantly influenced by glucosylation of the DNA substrates.
Simple and Reliable Method for Replica Plating Neurospora crassa

The details of a simple method for replica plating Neurospora crassa are described. The procedure has proved to be highly reliable for replica plating of colonies arising from either ascospores or conidia.
HIV/AIDS: India's Many Epidemics

CHENNAI-- Many AIDS experts say they9re deeply worried about where the epidemic is headed in this country of over 1 billion people with a massive population of mobile workers and the largest number of people living beneath the World Bank poverty line of $1 per day.
Oxidative Addition of Ammonia to Form a Stable Monomeric Amido Hydride Complex

The insertion of an iridium complex into an N-H bond in ammonia leads to a stable monomeric amido hydride complex in solution at room temperature. This reaction advances the transition-metal coordination chemistry of ammonia beyond its role for more than a century as an ancillary ligand. The precursor for this insertion reaction is an iridium(I) olefin complex with an aliphatic ligand containing one carbon and two phosphorus donor atoms. Kinetic and isotopic labeling studies indicate that olefin dissociates to give a 14-electron iridium(I) fragment, which then reacts with ammonia. This cleavage of the N-H bond under neutral conditions provides a foundation on which to develop future mild catalytic transformations of ammonia, such as olefin hydroamination and arene oxidative amination.
SURFACE PLASMON NANOPHOTONICS

SURFACE PLASMON NANOPHOTONICS.- NEAR-FIELD AND FAR-FIELD PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLE ARRAYS.- THEORY OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH PERIODICALLY STRUCTURED NANO-APERTURES.- DEVELOPMENT AND NEAR-FIELD CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE PLASMON WAVEGUIDES.- NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF LONG-RANGE PLASMONIC TRANSMISSION LINES.- SURFACE PLASMON POLARITON GUIDING IN PHOTONIC BANDGAP STRUCTURES.- SUBWAVELENGTH-SCALE PLASMON WAVEGUIDES.- OPTICAL SUPERLENS.- OPTICAL FIELD ENHANCEMENT WITH PLASMON RESONANT BOWTIE NANOANTENNAS.- NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL EXCITATION AND DETECTION OF SURFACE PLASMONS.- PRINCIPLES OF NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL MAPPING.- OVERVIEW OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC DEVICES.- PLASMON HYBRIDIZATION IN COMPLEX NANOSTRUCTURES.- SENSING PROTEINS WITH ADAPTIVE METAL NANOSTRUCTURES.- INTEGRATED OPTICS BASED ON LONG-RANGE SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS.- LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMONS FOR OPTICAL DATA STORAGE BEYOND THE DIFFRACTION LIMIT.- SURFACE PLASMON COUPLED EMISSION.
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution in Porous Media: Current State of Knowledge and Research Needs

Our understanding of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution in the subsurface environment has been increasing rapidly over the past decade. This knowledge has provided the basis for recent developments in the area of NAPL recovery, including cosolvent and surfactant flushing. Despite these advances toward feasible remediation technologies, there remain a number of unresolved issues to motivate environmental researchers in this area. For example, the lack of an effective NAPL‐location methodology precludes effective deployment of NAPL recovery technologies. The objectives of this paper are to critically review the state of knowledge in the area of stationary NAPL dissolution in porous media and to identify specific research needs. The review first compares NAPL dissolution‐based mass transfer correlations reported for environmental systems with more fundamental results from the literature involving model systems. This comparison suggests that our current understanding of NAPL dissolution in small‐scale (on the order of cm) systems is reasonably consistent with fundamental mass transfer theory. The discussion then expands to encompass several issues currently under investigation in NAPL dissolution research, including: characterizing NAPL morphology (i.e. effective size and surface area); multicomponent mixtures; scale-related issues (dispersion, flow by-passing); locating NAPL in the subsurface and enhanced NAPL recovery. Research needs and potential approaches are discussed throughout the paper. This review supports the following conclusions: (1) Our knowledge related to local dissolution and remediation issues is maturing, but should be brought to closure with respect to the link between NAPL emplacement theory (as it impacts NAPL morphology) and NAPL dissolution; (2) The role of nonideal NAPL mixtures, and intra-NAPL mass transfer processes must be clarified; (3) Valid models for quantifying and designing NAPL recovery schemes with chemical additives need to be refined with respect to chemical equilibria, mass transfer and chemical delivery issues; (4) Computational and large-scale experimental studies should begin to address parameter up-scaling issues in support of model application at the field scale; and (5) Inverse modeling efforts aimed at exploiting the previous developments should be expanded to support field-scale characterization of NAPL location and strength as a dissolving source.
Assessing the Feasibility of Retrospective Cohort Studies

While most epidemiologic cohort studies are preceded by some sort of feasibility study, details of such prior investigations are rarely reported. Yet it is during such feasibility studies that critical decisions are made, such as site selection and definition of exposure. Here we present the details on one such feasibility study, conducted to determine the possibility of a cohort mortality study of workers exposed to ethylene oxide. Issues discussed include methods for estimating sample size and power, for estimating levels of exposure, and for assessing the adequacy of personnel records.
α-l-Iduronidase forms semi-crystalline spherulites with amyloid-like properties

While seeking conditions for single crystals of human α-l-iduronidase, solutions were discovered (pH 3.0–8.5 containing calcium or zinc salts) that transform soluble α-l-iduronidase to a solid aggregate. This aggregate is a spherulite of semi-crystalline protein. The X-ray diffraction pattern and ability to bind Congo red characterize the α-l-iduronidase spherulite as `amyloid-like', in that it displays two of the characteristics of amyloidogenic proteins. In addition, α-l-iduronidase also interacts with heparin, as do some amyloid-forming proteins.
An assessment handbook with “personality”

Measures of personality and emotional functioning are administered nearly as frequently as measures of cognitive ability in clinical neuropsychological practice (Camara, Nathan, & Puente, 2000; Rab...
The Balance Sheet of Economic Development

The astute reader even of detective stories makes a practice of looking at the end of the book because the ending reveals the basic values of the book more quickly than any other single part of the whole. An audience is at a disadvantage unless the speaker furnishes some preliminary sketch of the problems to be explored and some brief answers to the questions to be examined. It is therefore appropriate to state the purpose of the paper in a few words. It is proposed to show that his torical analysis affords no support for the uncritical faith in progress that characterized most of the nineteenth century. The development of the power economy has not brought the abundance for all nor the general recognition of the advantages of world-wide freedom of trade that was confidently anticipated by idealists like Cobden.
Directive effects in hydroborations of 1-(trialkylsilyl)-1,3-diynes. Syntheses of (Z)-enynes and α-ketoacetylenes

Chemo- and regioselective hydroborations of 1-(dimethylthexylsilyl)-1,3-diynes with dicyclohexylborane or with [bis(1,2-dimethylpropyl)borane] furnishes organoboranes which afford on protonation (Z)-enynes and on oxidation alkynyl ketones.
Massive gastrointestinal bleeding from splenojejunal varices in a child: A complication of splenic-vein occlusion following near-total pancreatectomy for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia

Severe jejunal variceal bleeding occurred in a child with splenic-vein occlusion following a near-total pancreatectomy for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. This rare sequela of splenic-vein occlusion required dismantling of the varices and splenectomy.
Elastic Properties and Representative Volume Element of Polycrystalline Silicon for MEMS

A nanoscale mechanical deformation measurement method was employed to obtain the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of polycrystalline silicon for Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) from different facilities, and to assess the scale at which these effective properties are valid in MEMS design. The method, based on in situ Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) imaging and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) analysis, employed 2–2.5 μm thick freestanding specimens with surface measurement areas varying between 1×2 and 5×15 μm2. The effective mechanical properties were quite invariant with respect to the fabrication facility: the Poisson’s ratio of polycrystalline silicon from the Multi-user MEMS Processes (MUMPs) and from Sandia’s Ultra planar four layer Multilevel MEMS Technology (SUMMiT-IV) was 0.22±0.02, while the elastic moduli for MUMPs and SUMMiT-IV polysilicon were 164±7 and 155±6 GPa, respectively. The AFM/DIC method was used to determine the size of the material domain whose mechanical behavior could be described by the isotropic constants. For SUMMiT polysilicon with columnar grains and 650 nm average grain size, it was found that a 10×10-μm2 specimen area, on average containing 15×15 columnar grains, was a representative volume element. However, the axial displacement fields in 4×4 or 2×2 μm2 areas could be highly inhomogeneous and the effective behavior of these specimen domains could deviate significantly from that described by isotropy. As a consequence, the isotropic material constants are applicable to MEMS components comprised of 15×15 or more grains, corresponding to specimen areas equal to 10×10 μm2 for SUMMiT and 5×5 μm2 for MUMPs, and do not provide an accurate description of the mechanics of smaller MEMS components.
Long-term follow up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

With improving treatment strategies for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) infants, an increase in survival of more severely affected patients can be expected. Consequently, more attention is now focused on long-term follow up of these patients. Many reports have emphasized associated morbidity, including pulmonary sequelae, neurodevelopmental deficits, gastrointestinal disorders, and other abnormalities. Therefore, survivors of CDH remain a complex patient population to care for throughout infancy and childhood, thus requiring long-term follow up. Much information has been provided from many centers regarding individual institutional improvements in overall survival. Few of these, however, have reported long-term follow up. The aim of this review is to describe the long-term outcome of survivors with CDH and to suggest a possible follow-up protocol for these patients.
The Natural History of Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia as Diagnosed by North American Urologists

ABSTRACTPurpose: We defined outcomes for men with a clinical diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: We followed for 4 years 500 candidates for elective prostatectomy treated nonoperatively in 5 North American urology practices.Results: There were 371 survivors with complete data at 4 years. Of 60 men with mild, 245 with moderate and 66 with severe baseline symptoms 10, 24 and 39%, respectively, had undergone surgery; 27, 31 and 27%, respectively, were on pharmacological therapy, and 63, 45 and 33%, respectively, were off active treatment at 4 years. Mild or moderate symptoms were noted at 4 years in 83, 59 and 23% of the patients, respectively, while 17, 41 and 77%, respectively, had severe symptoms or had undergone surgery.Conclusions: Outcomes for men with a clinical diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia depend on initial symptom severity. However, the course of symptoms also varies among patients even with the same initial symptom severity.
Incorporation of p-cresol into lignins via peroxidase-catalysed copolymerization in nonaqueous media

Abstract Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose, is a low value by-product of agricultural and wood conversion processes, including wood pulp manufacture. Copolymerization with phenols has the potential to convert by-product lignins to higher-value phenolic resins. In this initial investigation, we have studied the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in aqueous dioxane to catalyse the grafting of p-cresol (p-methylphenol) onto milled wood lignin, kraft lignin, and a lignin selectively o-demethylated by a brown-rot fungus. Advantages of this system are (1) the mild reaction conditions employed and (2) the ability of HRP to function in the dioxane: water solutions which solubilize lignin. The reaction is monitored by gel permeation chromatography using a reaction system of [14C]-p-cresol with unlabeled lignins. We have found that optimal incorporation of cresol into high-molecular-weight polymer occurs at 50–70% dioxane in water under the conditions used; a maximum incorporation of ca. 4 mol% (e.g., p-cresol incorporated per C9 lignin unit) was obtained. Blocking the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the lignin inhibits copolymerization, consistent with the proposed mechanism of phenoxy radical copolymerization for this reaction.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF DEXTRINS TO BEER SENSORY PROPERTIES PART I. MOUTHFEEL

The effect of dextrins on the mouthfeel of beer was assessed using instrumental and sensory techniques. By measuring the viscosity of beer with a rheogoniometer, it was shown that beer is a newtonian fluid, i.e., shear stress increased linearly with shear rate. A capillary viscometer and a rheogoniometer gave viscosity measurements that did not differ significantly for six beers ranging in viscosity from 1.1 to 2.6 centipoise (cP). In carbonated beer, the amount of dextrins needed to produce an increase in viscosity detectable by judges was 52 g/litre, which raised the viscosity by 0.31 cP as measured by capillary viscometry. Since beer usually contains between 10 and 50 g/litre of dextrins, it is concluded that dextrins are not the sole determinant of beer viscosity.
A Complex Number Facility for the C Programming Language

Development of a software facility for complex number operations in the C programming language on the UNIX1 Time-Sharing System is described. This facility enables definition and use of a "complex" data type and includes a rich library of functions for performing operations, elementary functions, and input-output. The facility has been used successfully in several biomedical computing applications.
Validity, accuracy, and efficiency of multiple-scattering theory for space-filling scatterers.

The equations of multiple-scattering theory (MST) are solved for the case of a lattice of square-well potentials in the shape of squares that fill the plane. We find that multiple-scattering theory is exact within reasonably achievable numerical accuracy. There {ital is} a problem with the convergence of MST in its traditional formulation that has obscured the fact that it is an exact theory even for non-muffin-tin, space-filling potentials. We show that this problem can be easily circumvented and describe a rapidly convergent, exact formulation of MST.
Organotin Polyethers as Biomaterials

Organotin polyethers are easily synthesized employing interfacial polymerization systems involving the reaction of hydroxyl-containing Lewis bases and organotin halides. A wide variety of organotin-containing polymeric products have been synthesized including those derived from natural and synthetic polymers such as lignin, xylan, cellulose, dextran, and poly(vinyl alcohol). Others have been synthesized employing known drug diols such as dicumarol, DES, and dienestrol and a wide variety of synthetic diols. Included in these materials are the first water soluble organotin polymers. The organotin polyethers exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Some selectively inhibit a number of unwanted bacteria, including Staph. MRSA, and unwanted yeasts such as Candida albicans. Some also inhibit a variety of viruses including those responsible for herpes infections and smallpox. Others show good inhibition of a wide variety of cancer cell lines including cell lines associated with ovarian, colon, lung, prostrate, pancreatic and breast cancer. The synthesis, structural characterization, and biological characterization of these materials is described in this review.
State, Capitalism, and Democracy in Latin America

This text examines the obstacles Latin American countries face in their efforts at democratic reform, including political institutions, a strong authoritarian tradition, the influence of neoliberal economic policies, the shortsightedness of the ruling classes and hopelessness among the poor.
Nuclear Position Leaves Its Mark on Replication Timing

The multiple replication origins of eukaryotic chromosomes are programmed to replicate at specific times throughout S phase of the cell cycle. The functional significance of this program is not understood, but, in general, transcriptionally active chromatin replicates early in S phase, whereas
Patient satisfaction with decision-making for breast cancer therapy

Background: Many sources have suggested that mastectomy is inappropriately performed too frequently for breast cancer, leading to excessive patient dissatisfaction and unnecessary multilation. Hurried decision-making based on inadequate information has been proposed as an explanation.
How we won the battle but lost the war in software engineering

Software Engineering is a degree program in the IT (Information Technology) discipline that has been defined by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) with the Support of ACM (Automated Computer Manufacturers), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and CSAB (Computer Science Accreditation Board). The SEI document Guidelines for Software Engineering Education focuses on four perspectives or curricula including General Software Engineering, Information Systems, Computer Science, and Computer Engineering. However, at Purdue University Calumet, the IT department met resistance from the School of Engineering, and the Department of Math and Computer Science. This is the battle referenced in the title of this paper.This article will explain the challenge that the department of CIS/IT (Computer Information Systems and Information Technology) at Purdue University Calumet encountered when they proposed the Software Engineering curricula. CIS/IT won the battle at Purdue Calumet, but lost the war for accreditation since it is not one of the IT programs.
Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery for palliation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review our experience with laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery for palliative purposes and to assess its safety and efficacy. METHODS: This was a prospective analysis of 30 patients with incurable colorectal cancer considered for laparoscopic surgery for palliative purposes. RESULTS: Resection of a single segment of the bowel was performed in 15 patients (6 right and 1 left colectomies and 8 proctosigmoidectomies). One patient underwent both right colectomy and sigmoidectomy because of double lesions. Stoma creation only was performed in 11 patients (5 colostomies and 6 ileostomies). Three patients were converted to an open procedure. For resection, median operative time was 170 minutes, and median estimated blood loss was 150 ml. For stoma creation, median operative time was 60 minutes, and median blood loss was 50 ml. There were no intraoperative complications. Postoperative death occurred in two severely debilitated patients after stoma creation. One patient developed a pulmonary embolism eight days postoperatively, later dying of pulmonary failure. Another patient died six hours after loop colostomy. Autopsy was refused. There were no other postoperative complications. Median time to passage of flatus was two days and of stool five days after resection and two days for both flatus and stool after stoma creation. Median time to discharge was eight days after resection and seven days after stoma creation. All patients were able to eat and recover normal bowel function. Among the resection group, six patients died (median time to death, 12 months) during a median follow-up period of 13 months. Among the stoma creation group, five patients died (median time to death, 8 months) during median follow-up period of ten months. There were no port-site recurrences. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic approach for patients with incurable colorectal cancer can provide effective palliation with avoidance of a major laparotomy in the majority of cases.
Variable and Constant Components of Chromosomes

A STUDY of isolated chromosomes has shown that they contain desoxyribonucleic acid, histone and another protein of an entirely different character from a histone1. This protein remains as a microscopic fibre after extraction of desoxyribonucleic acid and histone from the chromosome. The coiled thread that is left after removing desoxyribonucleic acid and histone is called a 'residual chromosome', and the protein of the thread is referred to as the 'residual protein' of the chromosome. Some ribonucleic acid is combined with residual protein. The thread of residual protein is the basis for the thread-like structure of the chromosome. In the isolated chromosomes that were first prepared, those of nucleated erythrocytes of the carp and of calf thymus, the residual protein represented only 4 and 8·5 per cent respectively of the dried mass of the total chromosome, the remainder of the lipid-extracted chromosome being almost entirely nucleohistone.
High-yield reassortant influenza vaccine production virus has a mutation at an HLA-A 2.1-restricted CD8+ CTL epitope on the NS1 protein.

Abstract Current influenza virus vaccines are prepared using high-yield reassortant virus strains obtained from a mixed infection of the new virus strain and a prototype high-yielding virus strain. The high-titered reassortant virus strain used as vaccine seed virus possesses the recent virus HA and NA and contains the internal genes from the high-growing prototype parent. We established a human CD8 + cytotoxic T cell (CTL) line, 10-2C2, which recognizes an HLA-A2.1-restricted influenza A virus H1, H2, H3 cross-reactive T cell epitope on amino acids 122–130 of the NS1 protein, and unexpectedly we observed that there was decreased lysis of target cells infected with the A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1) vaccine virus strain compared to the lysis of target cells infected with the prototype A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus. RT-PCR results showed that the A/Texas vaccine virus strain contained a quasispecies. Approximately 50% of viral RNA of the NS1 gene had a nucleotide substitution that resulted in the N → K amino acid change at the sixth position of the nonamer peptide. Current influenza vaccines are inactivated and do not contain the NS1 protein; however, future influenza vaccines may include live attenuated vaccines and with this mutation a live virus would fail to induce a CD8 + CTL response to this epitope in individuals with HLA-A2.1, a very common allele, and potentially have reduced efficacy.
SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF CHIRAL TITANIUM BIS(SULFONAMIDO) BIS(AMIDE) COMPLEXES : DIFFERENCES IN LIGAND HAPTICITY CAUSED BY CRYSTAL PACKING FORCES

Titanium bis(sulfonamido) bis(amide) complexes 3rac and 3res were prepared by the reaction of racemic and resolved bis(sulfonamide) ligands 2rac and 2res with Ti(NMe2)4 and have been crystallographically characterized. For both 3rac and 3res, the bis(sulfonamido) ligand binds through the oxygens of the sulfonyl group as well as through the nitrogen atoms. Coordination of the ligand in 3rac and 3res (η4 or η3) is different due to the crystal packing forces.
The economic value of novel means of ascending high mountain peaks: a travel cost demand model of Pikes Peak cog railway riders, automobile users and hikers.

In addition to hiking trails, some peaks have alternative transportation routes such as cog railways, trams or roads to reach the summit. The authors use a count data travel cost model to estimate the recreational demand for traditional and novel means of ascending Pikes Peak in Colorado. Their analysis shows statistically significant differences in the demand curve slopes and in the net willingness to pay (consumer surplus) for three categories of recreationists who take alternative means to ascend the mountain. The more exotic or unique the means of ascent, the higher the visitor benefits are. Cog railway and automobile users and those ascending by hiking receive consumer surpluses of US$98, US$54 and US$31, respectively, per day trip.
Sr and Nd diffusion in titanite

Abstract Chemical diffusion of Sr and Nd has been measured in natural titanite under anhydrous conditions. The diffusing species were introduced via powder sources containing Sr or Nd. Concentration profiles were measured by the technique of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Over the temperature range 925–1175°C, the following Arrhenius relations were determined [D in m2 s−1, transport parallel to (100)]: Strontium: log D=−3.57(±0.59)+(−415±27 kJ mol −1 ) 2,303RT Neodymium (buffered at QFM): log D=−0.59(±1.11)+(−498±29 kJ mol−1) 2.303RT Sr diffusion appears to be relatively insensitive to fO2 and orientation, while diffusion of Nd in air is approximately an order of magnitude faster than diffusion under QFM conditions. RBS profiles and supplementary measurements of Al using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) suggest that Sr chemical diffusion involves simple Sr2+→Ca2+ exchange. Processes involved in the chemical diffusion of Nd are more complex and appear to depend on the fO2 of the system. Given the slow diffusion rates of both Sr and Nd (and presumably other REE's), closure temperatures are relatively high. Fine-scale zoning in titanite should be preserved under all but the most extreme thermal conditions.
Churg-Strauss Syndrome: Diagnostic Difficulties and Pathogenesis

A 52-year-old woman with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presented with symmetrical polyarthritis involving her metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, knees, ankles, and hips and with a purpuric rash involving her lower extremities. She had a history of recurrent episodes of purulent otitis often associated with myalgias and arthralgias. Laboratory studies at presentation included leukocytosis with 16% eosinophils, an elevated rheumatoid factor titer, and an elevated antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody titer. Cultures from the right ear canal grew Staphylococcus aureus. Skin biopsy revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis with pericapillary eosinophils. The patient was treated with prednisone and then with azathioprine after the rash relapsed during the tapering of prednisone. Four months after her initial presentation, she developed bilateral foot drop. A sural nerve biopsy revealed vasa nervosum vasculitis. The diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome was established, and she was treated with an increased dose of azathioprine and a slowly tapering prednisone regimen. This case report suggests that patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome can present with a syndrome suggesting rheumatoid arthritis. In this particular patient, recurrent staphylococcal infections may have triggered the vasculitic process.
The Element(s) at the Nontranscribed Xist Locus of the Active X Chromosome Controls Chromosomal Replication Timing in the Mouse

In female mammalian cells, the inactive X chromosome is replicated late in S phase while the active X chromosome is replicated earlier. The replication times of the X chromosomes reflect a general trend in which late replication is associated with gene repression and earlier replication with transcriptional competence. The X-linked Xist gene is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome where it is involved in the initiation and maintenance of X-inactivation. In contrast, no biological activity has been assigned to the Xist locus of the active X chromosome where the Xist gene is transcriptionally silenced. Here, we provide evidence that the element(s) at the nontranscribed Xist locus of the active X chromosome controls chromosomal replication timing in cis.
Influence of Cartilage Geometry On the Pressure Distribution in the Human Hip Joint

To elucidate the role of mechanical factors in the etiology of osteoarthritis, the detailed geometry of the weight-bearing cartilage layer over the human hip socket is compared with the corresponding pressure distribution. The shape of the pressure distribution is strongly correlated with the shape of the cartilage compression distribution.
Modulation of the electronic communication between two equivalent ferrocene centers by proton transfer, solvent effects and structural modifications

Abstract A series of six new dinuclear ferrocene compounds with the bridging fragment CH2–N(R)–CH2 were prepared and characterized. Bis(ferrocenylmethyl)-t-butylamine (1), bis(ferrocenylmethyl)-isopropylamine (2), bis(ferrocenylmethyl)-hexylamine (3), bis(ferrocenylmethyl)-p-methoxyaniline (4), bis(ferrocenylmethyl)aniline (5) and bis(ferrocenylmethyl)-p-nitroaniline (6), as well as the quaternized amine bis(ferrocenylmethyl)hexylmethylammonium hexaflurophosphate (3+·PF6−), were investigated using electrochemical techniques, 1H NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The voltammetric data indicate that the extent of electronic communication between the equivalent ferrocene centers increases in low polarity solvents and when bulky aliphatic groups are covalently attached to the central tertiary nitrogen. The observed experimental data are consistent with through-space communication effects, essentially electrostatic in nature. The extent of electronic communication can be modulated by reversible and irreversible reactions in the solution phase. Protonation or methylation of the tertiary nitrogen in the middle of the bridge disrupts the electronic communication between the ferrocene residues.
Posterior vaginal sling experience in elderly patients yields poor results.

Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate our experience with the posterior vaginal sling in an elderly population. Study design Elderly patients with significant vaginal prolapse underwent a posterior vaginal sling using the IVS Tunneller device (Tyco Healthcare, United States Surgical, Norwalk, CT). Primary failure was defined as a postoperative pelvic organ prolapse quantitative point C (the apex of the vagina) within 2 cm of the preoperative value. Secondary failure was defined as any portion of the anterior or posterior vaginal walls protruding to or beyond the hymeneal ring (pelvic organ prolapse quantitative points Aa or Ap equal to or greater than 0). Results Twenty-one patients underwent the procedure; 19 were seen for follow up. The average age was 70 years (range 60-78). Twelve patients had primary or secondary failures (12 of 19, 63%). There were 5 primary failures (5 of 19, 26%) and 7 secondary failures (7 of 19, 37%). The mean time to failure was 7 weeks (range 1-18). Conclusion In our elderly population, the posterior vaginal sling has a high failure rate, occurring early in the postoperative period.
Importance of hepatitis C coinfection in the development of QT prolongation in HIV-infected patients

Abstract Background Case reports and unblinded studies suggest that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is associated with QT prolongation and torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia. Hepatitis C coinfection is common in patients with HIV disease, and cirrhosis is also associated with QT prolongation. We therefore undertook a systematic analysis of the role of liver injury, nutritional state, and coinfection with hepatitis C in the etiology of QT prolongation in HIV disease. Methods We performed a blinded, controlled retrospective cohort study of 1648 patients over a 3-year period at a university-affiliated municipal hospital. All electrocardiograms were included if patients with HIV disease had measurements of CD4 count and viral load within 3 months and serum electrolytes within 30 days (n = 816). Control subjects were chosen randomly from the general medicine service (n = 832). QT interval was measured in lead II and corrected for heart rate by Bazett's formula (QTc). Results QTc was slightly but significantly longer in patients with HIV disease than in controls (443 ± 37 vs 436 ± 36 milliseconds, P P P = .336). Multiple linear regression revealed that both HIV and hepatitis C infection predicted QTc prolongation, as did age, female sex, history of hypertension, use of opiates, low serum K + and albumin, and high AST. Hepatitis C coinfection nearly doubled the risk of QTc of 470 milliseconds or greater in patients with HIV disease (29.6% vs 15.8%, P Conclusions Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C infections both independently prolong QTc. Coinfection with hepatitis C greatly increases the likelihood of clinically significant QTc prolongation in patients with HIV disease.
Measures of inset information on the open domain — I: Inset entropies and information functions of all degrees

This is one in a series of papers studying measures of information in the so-called “mixed” theory of information (i.e. considering the events as well as their probabilities) on the “open” domain (i.e. without empty sets and zero probabilities). In this paper we find allβ-recursive, 3-semisymmetric inset entropies on the open domain. We do this by solving the fundamental equation of inset information of degreeβ (β∈ℝ) on the open domain.
A correlational and experimental examination of reality television viewing and interest in cosmetic surgery.

Abstract Two studies are presented that examine the influence of media messages about cosmetic surgery on youths’ interest in altering their own physical appearance. In Study 1, 170 participants (59% female; M age = 19.77 years) completed surveys assessing their impression of reality television shows featuring cosmetic surgery, appearance satisfaction, self-esteem, and their interest in cosmetic surgery. Results indicated that participants who reported favorable impressions of reality television shows featuring cosmetic surgery were more likely to indicate interest in pursuing surgery. One hundred and eighty-nine participants (51% female; M age = 19.84 years) completed Study 2. Approximately half of the participants were exposed to a television message featuring a surgical make-over; the other half was exposed to a neutral message. Results indicated that participants who watched a television program about cosmetic surgery wanted to alter their own appearance using cosmetic surgery more than did participants who were not exposed to this program.