cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnographic approaches and methods in L2 writing research: a critical guide and review

In this paper, we discuss central concepts and issues regarding ethnographic research in education, particularly as they pertain to studies of L2 writing. After some necessary preliminaries we consider Watson-Gegeo's (1988) six principles of ethnographic research, and then propose our own 'prototype' definition. Following a discussion of some key concepts in our definition, we then review three recent studies of L2 writing which are ethnographic in nature. Next, we discuss the vexing issue of 'generalizability', and consider two further studies of L2 writing in that regard. We end by introducing a series of issues which are critical to recent ethnographic concerns in anthropology and sociology, but which have had little influence so far on ethnographically oriented L2 writing research.
Carbon-13 NMR Shielding in the Twenty Common Amino Acids: Comparisons with Experimental Results in Proteins

We have used ab initio quantum chemical techniques to compute the 13Cα and 13Cβ shielding surfaces for the 14 amino acids not previously investigated (R. H. Havlin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11951−11958) in their most popular conformations. The spans (Ω = σ33 − σ11) of all the tensors reported here are large (≈34 ppm) and there are only very minor differences between helical and sheet residues. This is in contrast to the previous report in which Val, Ile and Thr were reported to have large (∼12 ppm) differences in Ω between helical and sheet geometries. Apparently, only the β-branched (β-disubstituted) amino acids have such large CSA span (Ω) differences; however, there are uniformly large differences in the solution-NMR-determined CSA (Δσ* = σorth − σpar) between helices and sheets in all amino acids considered. This effect is overwhelmingly due to a change in shielding tensor orientation. With the aid of such shielding tensor orientation information, we computed Δσ* values for all of the amino...
DERIVATION OF THE MOST GENERAL RELATIVISTIC TRANSFORMATION LAW OF QUANTUM FIELDS.

In this note we derive the most general relativistic transformation law of quantum fields from the Relativity Principle. In the special case of frame-independent fields it reduces to the familiar forms [compare equation (8)] of the current QFT (-quantum field theory), due originally to Wigner. This is a modified, and perhaps simpler, version of that reported in a previous paper (Ingraham, 1962). Just a word of motivation. This more general relativistic formalism is not just a mathematical curiosity, but should be of vital interest because it allows the incorporation of a cut-off]- into quantum fields and thus into the S-matrix, while the conventional formalism does not (the latter is not proven, but forty years of vain effort in field theory teaches us this). In other words, we suggest that the unnecessarily restrictive form of relativistic invariance currently used is mainly responsible for QFT's well-known pathology. Start with the set of equivalent 'observers', or frames, 5r s162 5r .... ~o stands for a space-time frame and comprises also the 'coordinate frame', or basis, in state vector Hilbert Space J4 ~ when we are talking about QFT. Equivalent means that the theory should not prefer one to another, that they are intrinsically indistinguishable. Consider the orthonormal basis~ ]0), ]k), ]ki,k2), etc. where ]0) is the no-meson state (vacuum), ]k) is a free incoming one-meson state with 3-momentum k relative to ~'s axes, ]ki,k2) is an incoming two-meson state with 3-momenta kl, k2 relative to 5r etc. Similarly let [0)' (= ]0)), Ik')', ]kx', k2')', �9 �9 denote an orthonormal basis for any other frame ~', where k', etc. are the free meson 3-momenta relative to frame ~'. Consider the state ]k)', where k are the same three numbers that appear in ]k): these states are called subjectively identical for frames ~' and ~,o, with the corresponding definition for two and highermeson states. [k)' and [k~ are different (-objectively different) states of course, since if ~ sees a meson moving in the direction k, then these same three numbers for 5r define a (in general) different direction. But the name is justified because the state [k)' 'looks the same' to ~,o, as the state [k) does to s ~
Protective effects of isohelenin, an inhibitor of nuclear factor κB, in endotoxic shock in rats

Recent in vitro studies have shown that isohelenin, a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibits the NF-κB pathway. This study examines the effect of isoheleninin endotoxic shock induced by administration of Escherichia coli endotoxinin male Wistar rats. A group of rats received isohelenin (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally)15 min before endotoxin. In vehicle-treated rats, administration of endotoxin caused severe hypotension, which was associated with a marked hyporeactivity to norepinephrine and acetylcholine in ex vivo aortas. Elevated levels of plasma nitrate/nitrite, metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), were also found. These inflammatory events were preceded by cytosolic degradation of inhibitor-κBα (IκBα) and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the lung within 15 min of endotoxin administration. Treatment with isohelenin resulted in hemodynamicimprovement and reduced plasma levels of NO metabolites. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB was inhibited by isohelenin treatment in the lung, whereas degradation of IκBα was u...
The knowledge acquisition workshops: A remarkable convergence of ideas

Intense interest in knowledge-acquisition research began 25 years ago, stimulated by the excitement about knowledge-based systems that emerged in the 1970s followed by the realities of the ''AI Winter'' that arrived in the 1980s. The knowledge-acquisition workshops that responded to this interest led to the formation of a vibrant research community that has achieved remarkable consensus on a number of issues. These viewpoints include (1) the rejection of the notion of knowledge as a commodity to be transferred from one locus to another, (2) an acceptance of the situated nature of human expertise, (3) emphasis on knowledge acquisition as the modeling of problem solving, and (4) the pursuit of reusable patterns in problem solving and in domain descriptions that can facilitate both modeling and system implementation. The Semantic Web community will benefit greatly by incorporating these perspectives in its work.
Differences in reactogenicity and antigenicity of acellular and standard pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus in infants.

Clinical and serological responses of infants to primary immunization with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine containing components of acellular pertussis vaccine (DTP-AC) were compared in a double-blind study with responses of infants receiving whole-cell DTP vaccine (DTP-WC). Three doses of either DTP-AC containing lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) or DTP-WC vaccine were given to infants at two, four, and six months of age. Nineteen infants received DTP-AC vaccine, and 20 infants received DTP-WC vaccine. Significantly more infants who received DTP-WC vaccine manifested fever, swelling, and/or total reactions than did infants who received DTP-AC vaccine. Infants who received DTP-AC vaccine had comparable antibody titers to LPF and significantly higher titers to FHA after three immunizations, as compared with the infants who received DTP-WC vaccine (P less than or equal to .001). The DTP-WC vaccine stimulated higher pertussis agglutination titers (P = .04) than did DTP-AC. The DTP-AC vaccine was immunogenic and significantly less reactogenic in infants than was the currently used DTP-WC vaccine.
Slavery and freedom in South Africa

The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840. By RICHARD ELPHICK and HERMANN GILIOMEE. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, 1989. Second Edition. xix, 623 pp. The Slave Question: Liberty and Property in South Africa. By R.L. WATSON. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1990. xi, 274 pp.
Evaluation of threading specificity and accuracy

Threading experiments with proteins from the globin family provide an indication of the nature of the structural similarity required for successful fold recognition and accurate sequence-structure alignment. Threading scores are found to rise above the noise of false positives whenever roughly 60% of residues from a sequence can be aligned with analogous sites in the structure of a remote homolog. Fold recognition specificity thus appears to be limited by the extent of structural similarity, regardless of the degree of sequence similarity. Threading alignment accuracy is found to depend more critically on the degree of structural similarity. Alignments are accurate, placing the majority of residues exactly as in structural alignment, only when superposition residuals are less than 2.5 A. These criteria for successful recognition and sequence-structure alignment appear to be consistent with the successes and failures of threading methods in blind structure prediction. They also suggest a direct assay for improved threading methods: Potentials and alignment models should be tested for their ability to detect less extensive structural similarities, and to produce accurate alignments when superposition residuals for this conserved “core” fall in the range characteristic of remote homologs. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 11
School Counselors Support Student Spirituality Through Developmental Assets, Character Education, and ASCA Competency Indicators.

This article identifies the Search Institute's Developmental Assets, character education, and the ASCA National Model's Competency Indicators as education-based programs in which spirituality is accessed for children to enhance resiliency. The author presents school counselor interventions based on these three programs that mutually support spiritual with other developmental domains. He also identifies responsibilities of school counselors, professional organizations, district stakeholders, and counselor educators to address ethical and legal concerns.
The basolateral amygdala complex is involved with, but is not necessary for, rapid acquisition of Pavlovian 'fear conditioning'.

A major hypothesis about lateral/basolateral amygdala complex (BLC) function in memory proposes that the BLC is the site where conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus (CS–US) associations are formed and permanently stored during Pavlovian ‘fear conditioning.’ Thus, according to this hypothesis, the BLC is necessary for the acquisition and expression of both discrete-cue and contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning. This hypothesis clearly requires that animals with complete lesions of the BLC be completely unable to acquire Pavlovian fear conditioning. In this experiment, distribution of training and testing trials over three sessions revealed that rats with complete BLC lesions rapidly acquired a contextual CS–US association (as assessed with freezing behaviour), although their performance, as expected, did not equal that of sham operated controls. Irrespective of the nature of the freezing deficit relative to controls, the learning in the BLC-lesioned rats strongly indicates that Pavlovian fear conditioning CS–US associations can be rapidly acquired in the absence of the BLC, and that the BLC cannot therefore be necessary for their acquisition.
Voltage-biased high-T/sub c/ superconducting infrared bolometers with strong electrothermal feedback

In the current generation of high-T/sub c/ bolometers the thermal conductance is often chosen for a short time-constant rather than for optimal sensitivity. We describe a novel bolometer bias and readout scheme that promises to relax this constraint. Voltage bias of the superconductor results in strong negative electrothermal feedback that greatly reduces the time-constant of the bolometer. We estimate that a decrease of more than one order of magnitude in time-constant should be possible with existing high-T/sub c/ thermometers. We give theoretical estimates of the performance gain with voltage bias for several bolometers that have been reported in the literature. We find cases where the sensitivity can be greatly improved (by changing the thermal conductance) while holding the time constant fixed and others where the bolometer can be made much faster while maintaining the sensitivity.
Scattering of discrete states in two-dimensional open string field theory.

This is the second in a series of papers devoted to open string field theory in two dimensions. In this paper we aim to clarify the origin and the role of discrete physical states in the theory. To this end, we study interactions of discrete states and generic tachyons. In particular, we discuss at length four point amplitudes. We show that the behavior of the correlation functions is governed by the number of generic tachyons involved and values of the kinematic invariants $s$, $t$, and $u$. The divergence of certain classes of correlators is shown to be the consequence of the fact that certain kinematic invariants are nonpositive integers in that case. Explicit examples are included. We check our results by the standard conformal technique.
Exploring Spiritual Well-Being Among Survivors of Colorectal and Lung Cancer

This descriptive, exploratory study is part of a larger observational study of the quality of cancer care delivered to population-based cohorts of newly-diagnosed patients with lung and colorectal cancer. The current study explores the role of spiritual well-being in adjustment to life after the cancer diagnosis, utilizing the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Well-being - Expanded (FACIT-Sp-Ex) Scale. Survey data collected from 304 newly-diagnosed cancer survivors were analyzed to explore important aspects of spirituality, such as sense of meaning in one's life, harmony, peacefulness, and a sense of strength and comfort from one's faith. Spiritual well-being scores, particularly meaning/peace, were statistically significant for African Americans, women and colorectal cancer survivors. These findings amplify a need for oncology social workers and other practitioners to assess spiritual well-being in cancer survivors in an effort to strengthen psychosocial treatment plans. Implications for social work practice and research are discussed.
Aromatic polyamides. III. Mechanistic studies on the role of substituent chlorine in flame retarding aromatic polyamides

The flammability of poly(1,3-phenylene isophthalamide) and poly(chloro-2,4-phenylene isophthalamide) was measured by the oxygen index method. The chloro polyamide had reduced flammability shown by a 10–15 higher oxygen index. Analysis of the chars of the two polymers at 700°C by thermogravimetry (TGA) and elemental analysis showed that the chlorine caused a significant increase in the retention of C, H, N, and O in the pyrolysis residue. Most of the chlorine in the chloro polyamide, however, was lost by 700°C. Based on these results, we have suggested that the chlorine imparts flame retardancy by a combination of vapor- and condensed-phase mechanisms. The origin of condensed-phase activity is discussed.
The effect of "binge" ethanol exposure on growth hormone and prolactin gene expression and secretion.

The effects of ethanol (EtOH) on GH and PRL have been previously explored, and a dicotomy in results noted. While serum GH levels appear to fall after EtOH exposure, PRL levels rise. We have attempted to expand these studies by examining the impact of acute or "binge" EtOH in vivo on GH and PRL synthesis and secretion. At 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 h after one dose of ip EtOH, serum GH levels fell significantly compared with those seen in saline-injected controls. This correlated with a fall in GH mRNA levels, but no change in pituitary GH content. Conversely, serum PRL levels rose significantly, while the mRNA for PRL decreased by approximately 20%. There was no change in pituitary PRL content. Interestingly, the mRNA for pit-1 (GHF-1), a transcription factor important to both GH and PRL gene expression, was unchanged at any time point. Despite the fall in GH and PRL mRNA levels, the pituitary cAMP content was markedly elevated at 0.5 h, with no change at any other time point. In summary, acute EtOH exposure in v...
Parvovirus Infection in Pigs with Exudative Skin Disease

rier status of the rhesus monkeys and the high mortality rate 2. Centers for Disease Control: 1989, B virus infection in humansin humans clinically infected with B virus. He was advised Michigan. MMWR 38:453-454. to limit human contact with the remaining monkeys and 3. Hillard JK, Munoz RM, Lipper SL, Eberle R: 1986, Rapid idenconsult with his physician. Family members were seronegatification of Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) DNA from clinical tive for B virus antibodies. The owner, who was the primary isolates in nonhuman primate colonies. J Virol Methods 13:55caretaker of the monkeys, refused serologic testing. Upon the 62.
Representation and Expression in Sport and Art

(1985). Representation and Expression in Sport and Art. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 8-24.
TNF-αneutralization ameliorates the severity of murine Crohn's-like ileitis by abrogation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is an important mediator of programmed cell death, and TNF-alpha blockade significantly improves disease severity in several inflammatory conditions, including Crohn's disease (CD), one of the idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the precise mechanism(s) of action of anti-TNF-alpha therapy in CD remains poorly understood. SAMP1/YitFc mice develop a spontaneous ileitis with similarities to human CD in regard to histological features as well as response to conventional treatments. In this report, we tested the novel hypothesis that the beneficial effects of anti-TNF-alpha therapy in CD are mediated by a mechanism that involves down-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis. Similar to the efficacy of monoclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibodies in human CD, a single injection of a chimeric anti-murine TNF-alpha antibody into SAMP1/YitFc mice resulted in a marked suppression of intestinal inflammation and epithelial cell damage compared with mice injected with an isotype control antibody. These effects were associated with a significant reduction in apoptosis of freshly isolated IEC as assessed by propidium iodide staining and DNA laddering. In contrast, an increase in lamina propria mononuclear cell apoptosis was observed in anti-TNF-alpha-treated mice compared with control. These results were confirmed in vivo by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-assay. In addition, neutralization of TNF-alpha reduced membrane bound FAS/CD95 expression in IEC from SAMP1/YitFc mice compared with control antibody. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism of action of anti-TNF-alpha therapy that involves homeostatic regulation of mucosal cell apoptosis, which results in the net decrease of chronic inflammation typically found in CD.
“Black is Blak”: Bamboozled and the Crisis of a Postmodern Racial Identity

The authors contend that, although ostensibly supportive of and open to previously marginalized points of view, the postmodern age has effectively challenged the stability of all racial identities, and of African American identities in particular. Spike Lee's Bamboozled, as a decidedly postmodern document, serves as a useful lens through which to examine the process of identity building and reinforcement in contemporary times. By focusing on the primacy of the authentic self, by reinforcing the centrality of the image in contemporary thought, and by engaging a self-reflexive critique of its own message on race, Bamboozled both reflects and speaks to the ongoing struggle to forge and maintain a strong sense of racial self in a postmodern America.
SPIRAL: A Scalable Private Information Retrieval Approach to Location Privacy

Protecting users' location information in location-based services, also termed location privacy, has recently garnered significant attention due to its importance in satisfying users' privacy concerns when using location-aware services. Several approaches proposed in the literature blur the user's location in a region by increasing its spatial extent or anonymizing the user among several other users. Such approaches in nature require users to communicate through a trusted anonymizer for all of their queries which can impose unrealistic overall communication/computation overhead between the server and the anonymizer for users with more stringent privacy requirements. We revisit the location privacy problem with the objective of providing significantly more stringent privacy guarantees and propose SPIRAL, a scalable private information retrieval approach to location privacy, which is to the best of our knowledge, the first approach to utilize practical private information retrieval (PIR) as a more fundamental approach to enable blind evaluation of range queries. We perform several experiments on real-world data to evaluate the effectiveness and the feasibility of our approach.
Analyzing Emotions as Culturally Constructed Scripts

In this essay, I comment on some of the points Ratner makes in his paper, ‘A Cultural-Psychological Analysis of Emotions’ (Ratner, 2000). I suggest that, as Ratner implies, emotions are best unders...
GLC Assay of Verapamil in Plasma: Identification of Fluorescent Metabolites after Oral Drug Administration

The fluorometric assay for verapamil in plasma is not useful after oral drug administration because of interference by inactive, but fluorescent, metabolites extracted along with the parent drug. A GLC method using a flame-ionization detector after silylation allows the separation of unchanged active verapamil from the metabolites and quantitation to a sensitivity of 0.025 μg/ml. After a single oral dose of drug in dogs, up to 80% of “fluorescent verapamil” represented inactive metabolites.
Fully Nonlinear Boussinesq-Type Equations for Waves and Currents over Porous Beds

The paper introduces a complete set of Boussinesq-type equations suitable for water waves and wave-induced nearshore circulation over an inhomogeneous, permeable bottom. The derivation starts with the conventional expansion of the fluid particle velocity as a polynomial of the vertical coordinate z followed by the depth integration of the vertical components of the Euler equations for the fluid layer and the volume-averaged equations for the porous layer to obtain the pressure field. Inserting the kinematics and pressure field into the Euler and volume-averaged equations on the horizontal plane results in a set of Boussinesq-type momentum equations with vertical vorticity and z -dependent terms. A new approach to eliminating the z dependency in the Boussinesq-type equations is introduced. It allows for the existence and advection of the vertical vorticity in the flow field with the accuracy consistent with the level of approximation in the Boussinesq-type equations for the pure wave motion. Examination of...
Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX Activity and Expression

Metastatic tumors are often hypoxic exhibiting a decrease in extracellular pH (~6.5) due to a metabolic transition described by the Warburg Effect. This shift in tumor cell metabolism alters the tumor milieu inducing tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell motility, invasiveness, and often resistance to common anti-cancer treatments; hence hindering treatment of aggressive cancers. As a result, tumors exhibiting this phenotype are directly associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival rates in cancer patients. A key component to this tumor microenvironment is carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX). Knockdown of CA IX expression or inhibition of its activity has been shown to reduce primary tumor growth, tumor proliferation, and also decrease tumor resistance to conventional anti-cancer therapies. As such several approaches have been taken to target CA IX in tumors via small-molecule, anti-body, and RNAi delivery systems. Here we will review recent developments that have exploited these approaches and provide our thoughts for future directions of CA IX targeting for the treatment of cancer.
Endoscopic Collagen Injection Therapy in Elderly Women with Type I Stress Urinary Incontinence

AbstractPurpose: The safety and efficacy of collagen injection therapy for the treatment of type I stress urinary incontinence were determined.Materials and Methods: A total of 12 women 68 to 85 years old (mean age 76) with type I stress urinary incontinence underwent collagen injection. Incontinence was subjectively categorized as grades 0 to 3, and Valsalva leak point pressures were measured before and after injection.Results: At a mean of 10.3 months (range 3 to 24) 10 of the 12 women (83 percent) were cured, while the remaining 2 noticed subjective improvement in incontinence. Average number of injections per patient was 1.25 (1 injection in 9 and 2 in 3), average total collagen injected per patient was 2.2 cc (range 1.0 to 3.5) and average increase in Valsalva leak point pressure after collagen injection was 22 cm. water (range 0 to 40).Conclusions: Collagen injection appears to be an effective alternative method for the treatment of type I stress urinary incontinence in elderly women.
Initiation of DNA Fragmentation during Apoptosis Induces Phosphorylation of H2AX Histone at Serine 139

Histone H2AX is a ubiquitous member of the H2A histone family that differs from the other H2A histones by the presence of an evolutionarily conserved C-terminal motif, -KKATQASQEY. The serine residue in this motif becomes rapidly phosphorylated in cells and animals when DNA double-stranded breaks are introduced into their chromatin by various physical and chemical means. In the present communication we show that this phosphorylated form of H2AX, referred to as γ-H2AX, appears during apoptosis concurrently with the initial appearance of high molecular weight DNA fragments. γ-H2AX forms before the appearance of internucleosomal DNA fragments and the externalization of phosphatidylserine to the outer membrane leaflet. γ-H2AX formation is inhibited byN-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone and the inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase, and it is induced when DNase I and restriction enzymes are introduced into cells, suggesting that any apoptotic endonuclease is sufficient to induce γ-H2AX formation. These results indicate that γ-H2AX formation is an early chromatin modification following initiation of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis.
Alterations in uterine sodium pump abundance may contribute to the onset and progression of term and preterm labor in mice.

Objective Other investigators have shown that reductions in active sodium pump units increase uterine contractility. Therefore, our goal was to determine whether uterine sodium pump abundance is decreased in mouse models of term and preterm labor. Study design Mice were studied during the final one-third of pregnancy. Other pregnant mice had preterm labor induced with lipopolysaccharide and were studied at timed intervals thereafter. Uterine sodium pump α3-isoform messenger RNA and protein were measured. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results Uterine sodium pump α3-isoform messenger RNA fell significantly from day 14 to day 18 and remained low on the day of birth. Uterine sodium pump α3-isoform protein levels decreased significantly also. In lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm labor, uterine sodium pump α3-isoform protein, but not messenger RNA, decreased significantly. Conclusion Sodium pump α3-isoform protein levels decreased in uterus before term labor and lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm labor. These findings are similar to those in humans, which suggests that this mouse model may be useful in the study of the sodium pump in human pregnancy. Reductions in sodium pump number can increase uterine contractile force and may contribute to labor.
Sin Coyote Ni Patrón: Why the “Migrant Network” Fails to Explain International Migration

The “migrant network” concept cannot explain large-scale international migratory flows. This article goes beyond a critique of its ahistorical and post factum nature. First, I argue that restrictio...
Pyrenedodecanoylcarnitine and pyrenedodecanoyl coenzyme A: kinetics and thermodynamics of their intermembrane transfer.

The intermembrane transfer kinetics and transition-state thermodynamics of pyrenedodecanoylcarnitine (PDC), pyrenedodecanoyl coenzyme A (PDCoA), and pyrenedodecanoic acid (PDA) were measured by observing the time-dependent decay in pyrene excimer fluorescence. Probe molecules transferred more slowly with an increase in vesicle size. Rates of PDC and PDA transfer were increased from a liquid lipid phase when compared to a gel phase, while a saturated lipid phase had variable effects on the transfer kinetics when compared to an unsaturated lipid vesicle. Increasing vesicle surface charge by the introduction of phosphatidylserine (PS) into the vesicle matrix had two distinct effects: (i) a decrease in PDC transfer rates as the PS concentration increased and (ii) an initial increase in transfer rates of the amphiphilic anions PDA and PDCoA, followed by a decrease as the PS content increased. Transfer from natural membranes (cardiac and hepatic reticular and mitochondrial membranes) was markedly decreased (up to 35-fold) when compared to large phospholipid vesicles. These decreases in rates were accompanied by significant increases in the transition-state free energies. Finally, the pyrenedodecanoate esters had critical micelle concentrations similar to the natural long-chain esters, i.e., palmitate. In the presence of acceptor vesicles all probes showed only slight accessibility to quenching by the aqueous quencher nicotinamide.
Nanoimprinting of topographical and 3D cell culture scaffolds

The extracellular matrix exhibits several nanostructures such as fibers, filaments, nanopores and ridges that can be mimicked by topographical and 3D substrates for cell and tissue cultures for an environment closer to in vivo conditions. This review summarizes and discusses a growing number of reports employing nanoimprint lithography to obtain such scaffolds. The different nanoimprint lithography methods as well as their advantages and disadvantages are described and special attention is paid to cell culture applications. We discuss the impact of materials, nanotopography, size, geometry, fabrication method, and cell type on growth guidance and differentiation. We present examples of cell guidance, inhibition of cell growth, cell pinning and engineering of 3D cell sheets or spheroids. As current applications are limited and not systematically compared for various cell types, this review only suggests promising substrates for particular applications. Future possible directions are also proposed in which this field may proceed.
Inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 in UHT whole milk by high hydrostatic pressure

Cell suspensions of Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 in ultra-high temperature (UHT) whole milk were exposed to high hydrostatic pressure at 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 MPa at ambient temperature (ca. 21 degrees C). Tailing was observed in all survival curves, and sigmoidal survival curves were observed at relatively high pressure (500-600 MPa). Four modeling methods (linear and nonlinear including Weibull, modified Gompertz, and log-logistic models) were fitted to these data at 500, 550, and 600 MPa. Performances of the modeling methods were compared using mean square error (MSE). The linear regression model at these three pressure levels had a mean square error (MSE) of 1.260-2.263. Nonlinear regressions using Weibull, modified Gompertz, and log-logistic models had MSE values in the range of 0.334-0.764, 0.601-1.479, and 0.359-0.523, respectively. Modeling results indicated that first-order kinetics could not accurately describe pressure inactivation of S. typhimurium DT 104 in UHT milk; the log-logistic model produced the best fit to data.
Ivy league delinquency: A self-report analysis

Since the 1940s, self-report technology has been utilized to improve our understanding of the frequency and distribution of crime and delinquency. Findings based upon self-reports have called into question the traditional class-based view of criminality. It is now apparent that middle- and upper-class young people are involved in delinquent activity, although the precise extent and nature of such involvement remains unclear. The research detailed in this report attempts to add to our understanding of class and illegal activities by examining a sample of Ivy League undergraduates for evidence of participation in serious forms of delinquency. It can be argued that such a sample is especially interesting both because these respondents represent the “best and the brightest,” and because they possess relatively advantaged positions regarding access to conventional kinds of power and success. The findings indicate that serious delinquency is by no means rare among these youth. Involvement in violence, however, appears to be relatively infrequent and weighted toward the less serious end of the continuum of violent delinquency. In addition, the delinquent activity of this sample was highly diverse. Even for the most serious offenders the results provide little evidence of offense specialization.
Denominations as Dual Structures: An Organizational Analysis*

The central thesis of this article is that denominations are composed of two parallel structures overlying congregations: a religious authority structure and an agency structure. This artide elaborates the notion of religious authority structure, provides a brief overview of agency structure origins, and sociologically distinguishes the two structures. Placing denominational dual structure at the center of organizational analysis: (a) leads to a heretofore elusive sociological definition of religious organizations; (b) reveals the horizontal rather than vertical nature of intradenominational power shifts, thereby challenging the common (mis)perception that congregations are increasingly beholden to agencies; (c) highlights both the largely ignored role of agencies and the often overlooked top-down component in intradenominational conflict and schism; and (d) makes it easier to conceptualize and investigate processes of internal secularization. This approach to denominational organization is in line with a recent development in the sociology of organizations in which organizational subunits rather than organizational wholes occupy the center of attention. What are denominations, organizationally? In this article I argue that the national organizational structure of denominations has been misunderstood in a subtle but fundamental way. Contrary to how denominations usually are treated, they are not in general unitary organizations. Rather, they are essentially constituted by dual, parallel structures: a religious authority structure and an agency structure. This dual structure has been overlooked or, when noticed, underemphasized, and this has had great cost in terms of understanding a number of sociologically important developments within American religion. The primary purposes of this article are to elaborate the conceptualization of denominations as dual structures, and to illustrate how this insight alters our vision of organizational developments within American religion and points to new directions for research into
Investigation of grating dynamics using a phase conjugate mirror

Abstract Presented are results of fast (ns) grating formation and decay in the semiconductor gallium phosphide and an acridine dye doped glass saturable absorber measured by a new pump-probe technique. In both cases a moveable BaTiO 3 phase conjugate mirror was used to effect a delayed probe pulse with a reflectivity of ∼50% over a wide range of mode-locked and Q -switched mode-locked repetition rates at 532 nm. The advantages of our pump-probe scheme are considered which has enabled the first measurements of singlet and excited triplet state grating formation in acridine doped glass to be performed and also to distinguish between competing processes of free-carrier and thermal grating formation in GaP.
Comparison between the Backbone Dynamics of an 11-Amino Acid Peptide Sequence in α-Helical and β-Hairpin Structural Contexts†

To investigate the relationship between backbone motions and the structural environment of a peptide sequence, we have used (15)N NMR relaxation data to characterize the backbone motions of the "chameleon-alpha" (Chm-alpha) and "chameleon-beta" (Chm-beta) proteins designed previously by Minor and Kim [Minor, D. L., Jr., and Kim, P. S. (1996) Nature 380, 730-734]. These two proteins contain an identical 11-amino acid sequence (dubbed the "chameleon" peptide sequence) in alpha-helix and beta-hairpin conformations, respectively, within the B1 domain of protein G. When placed in an alpha-helical context, the chameleon peptide shows very limited backbone motions, but some remote regions of the protein are induced to undergo conformational exchange motions, apparently due to modification of packing interactions with the chameleon peptide. In contrast, within a beta-hairpin context, the chameleon peptide displays substantial motions on both picosecond and microsecond-to-millisecond time scales, suggesting that it cannot be readily accommodated within the native reverse turn structure. These observations are consistent with the relatively low stability of the Chm-beta protein and can be rationalized in terms of native turn-stabilizing interactions that may be disrupted in the Chm-beta protein.
Generalization of a theorem of Fleck, Hedetniemi and Oehmke on δ *-semigroups of automata

A solution to a conjecture of Fleck, Hedetniemi and Oehmke [4] on @d^*-semigroups of automata is presented. This also generalizes a result in [1].
Mass-Rearing of the Tephritid Fruit Fly Parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)1

Abstract Fopius (= Biosteres ) arisanus (Sonan) (= Opius oophilus (Fullaway)) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies was successfully bred in captivity, resulting in the development of a laboratory-adapted strain. Subsequently, we developed a mass-rearing method that facilitated large scale production of F. arisanus for the first time. Over 13 months, nearly 10 million parasitoids were propagated on the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera (= Dacus ) dorsalis (Hendel). The rearing procedures and equipment used for mass production of F. arisanus are described.
A stable isotope study of soil water: evidence for mixing and preferential flow paths

Oxygen isotope compositions of precipitation and soil water from profiles at six sites near Hanover, NH reveal information about rates and mechanisms of soil water movement. The 18O-enrichment of shallow ( 50 cm depth) soil water is only replaced during snowmelt or by substantial rainfall events and so residence times of this water can be several months or more. There is evidence that some of the water from smaller rainfall events bypasses the deep soil through preferential flow paths. A comparison of profiles from two sites on the same hill with different soil textures and moisture contents suggests that the proportion of immobile soil water and thus the amount of preferential flow can vary on a small scale depending on local soil characteristics. The observed soil water processes may have significant effects on plant water use, which is relevant for interpretations of isotopic tree-ring data as a record of paleoclimate.
Adaptive EAP Estimation of Ability in a Microcomputer Environment

Expected a posteriori (EAP) estimation of ability, based on numerical evaluation of the mean and variance of the posterior distribution, is shown to have unusually good properties for computerized adaptive testing. The calculations are not complex, precede noniteratively by simple summation of log likelihoods as items are added, and require only values of the response function obtainable from precalculated tables at a limited number of quadrature points. Simulation studies are reported showing the near equivalence of the posterior standard deviation and the standard error of measurement. When the adaptive testings terminate at a fixed posterior standard deviation criterion of .90 or better, the regression of the EAP estimator on true ability is virtually linear with slope equal to the reliability, and the measurement error homogeneous, in the range ± 2.5 standard deviations.
Regulation of p57kip2 and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA during adrenal regeneration

(1998). Regulation of p57kip2 and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA during adrenal regeneration. Endocrine Research: Vol. 24, No. 3-4, pp. 975-976.
Analysis of potential phosphorylation sites in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax.

The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is a phosphoprotein, however, the contribution of phosphorylation to Tax activity is unknown. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of Tax occurs on serine residue(s), within one tryptic fragment, in response to 4β-phorbol-12β-myristate-13α-acetate, in both mouse and human cells. Studies were conducted in multiple cell lines to identify the specific phosphorylated serines as a prelude to functional analysis. The phosphorylation pattern of Tax was found to be different in 293T and COS-7 cells in comparison with MT-4 and Px-1 cells. However, one tryptic fragment remained consistent in comigration analyses among all cell lines. Using selected Tax serine mutants a tryptic fragment containing a serine at residue 113 believed to be the site of phosphorylation of Tax did not comigrate with the common phosphorylated tryptic fragment. Analysis of selected Tax mutants for ability totrans-activate the cytomegalovirus promoter demonstrated mutation of serine 77 to alanine reducedtrans-activation by 90% compared to wild-type Tax. However, examination of the phosphorylation pattern of the serine 77 mutant demonstrated that it is not the site of phosphorylation. These studies demonstrate the importance of using relevant cell lines to characterize the role of phosphorylation in protein function.
LIQUID FILM SPRAYED ON A STRETCHING CYLINDER

ABSTRACT The fluid dynamics of a film sprayed on a stretching cylinder is solved using similarity transform. The problem is governed by a stretching Reynolds number R and the mass flux rate, which is related to the film thickness. Perturbation solutions for small and large R compare well with exact numerical solutions of the universal curves. The heat transfer problem is discussed.
Glucose transfer from male to female schistosomes

The rate of glucose assimilation by male and female Schistosoma mansoni was significantly greater in copulating than separated flukes, especially in copulating females. In the three medically impor...
The photochemistry of the paleoatmosphere

The ideas of Harold Urey on the origin and evolution of the atmosphere have dominated thinking in this area for 3 decades. Recent progress in this area is reviewed, with particular emphasis on photochemical modeling studies of atmospheric evolution. Research into the paleoatmosphere can be divided into 3 distinct areas: (1) The photochemistry/chemistry of the prebiological paleoatmosphere, (2) the evolution of oxygen and the transition to an oxidizing atmosphere, and (3) the origin and evolution of ozone. Photochemical calculations indicate that the stability of a heavily reducing paleoatmosphere of CH4—NH3 was extremely shortlived, if such a prebiological atmosphere ever existed at all. A more mildly reducing early atmosphere of CO2—N2 is favored by photochemical considerations. Recent calculations of O2 in the prebiological paleoatmosphere vary from less than 10−14 of present atmospheric level (PAL) to 10−1 PAL. Clearly, additional work is indicated. The evolution of O3 as a function of O2 level has been investigated with increasingly detailed photochemical models that have included the photochemistry/chemistry of the oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and chlorine species, as well as the effects of eddy transport, the rainout of water-soluble species, dry deposition and lightning as a source of trace atmospheric gases.
Si/SiGe Nanostructures Fabricated by Atomic Force Microscopy Oxidation

In this work, local AFM oxidation technique in a controlled humidity environment has been used to create small features in strained SiGe alloys. When directly oxidizing SiGe alloys, minimum line widths of 20nm were achieved by adjusting parameters such as the bias voltage on the microscope tip and the tip writing speed. It was found that when bias voltage increases, and/or when the tip writing speed decreases, the oxidation height of silicon-germanium increases. In contrast to conventional thermal oxidation, the oxide height on SiGe alloys is slightly less than that on Si. Finally, this method was used to successfully cut conducting SiGe quantum well lines with high resolution.
Intercomparison and evaluation of four semi-continuous PM2.5 sulfate instruments

Abstract The development and evaluation of time-resolved (minutes) measurement technologies to characterize the physical and chemical make up of ambient aerosols/particulate matter in the atmosphere are essential to our improved understanding of aerosol process science, source attribution, and population exposure. During the PMTACS-NY summer 2001 campaign in Queens/New York, a wide variety of on-line aerosol analysis instruments were deployed together with gas-phase and filter sampling techniques. Here, we report on the intercomparison of four semi-continuous PM 2.5 sulfate instruments and evaluation of these instruments with one set of 6 h and three sets of 24-h filter measurements, collected at the same site. The semi-continuous instruments were an aerosol mass spectrometer, a particle-into-liquid sampler coupled with ion chromatograph, a Rupprecht & Patashnick Sulfate Monitor (R&P 8400S), and a continuous sulfate monitor developed by George Allen at Harvard School of Public Health and built in the field by one of us (J.J.S.). We found an excellent almost one-to-one correlation between the four semi-continuous instruments with typical multiple R -squared values >0.9. In addition, the correlations of the semi-continuous data with the filter measurements are also highly linear ( R 2 0.86–0.98) but the semi-continuous instruments recover only about 85% of the sulfate mass collected by the filter techniques. The most likely explanation for this deviation is a combination of positive sampling artifacts on the filters (collection of particles with diameter greater then 2.5 μm, oxidation/condensation processes on the filters) with negative biases of the semi-continuous measurements (inlet line losses, limited collection efficiency for small particles below ca. 0.1 μm).