cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Techniques for preserving of plant germplasm

Preservation of genetic diversity in plants requires effective application of storage technologies. Active and base collections may require different storage conditions. Plant germplasm is stored as seeds and vegetative plants. Preservation strategies are categorized as in vivo (greenhouses, plantations, orchards, etc.), in vitro (plants in vessels under normal or restrictive growth conditions), cold (seeds and in vitro plants; some vegetative, in vivo propagules), or cryogenic (seed, excised embryos, pollen and buds/shoot tips from in vivo-or in vitro-grown materials). Desiccation tolerant seeds are stored at about 5°C (longevities of 5 to 20 + years) or about -10°C to -20°C (20 to 50 + years). Long-term storage data for most species are sparse and longevities vary considerably for seed lots within a species. Cryogenic storage (in liquid nitrogen) should give extremely long periods of viability (100 + years). Species with desiccation sensitive seed must be maintained as vegetative plants because of short seed longevity.
Change the system to halt harassment

Universities and their senior staff must do more to deter, detect and punish all forms of inappropriate behaviour, says Joan Schmelz.
7 – ECONOMICS OF VACCINES: FROM VACCINE CANDIDATE TO COMMERCIALIZED PRODUCT

This chapter discusses the role that the economics plays in vaccine development. The characteristics of the vaccine market and how they influence investment in vaccine research and development are described. An understanding of the economic factors encouraging or inhibiting investment in priority products allows public partners to work with the vaccine industry in new ways such as public-private partnerships that are designed to share risk and returns. A series of options for addressing the economic challenges categorized as “push” and “pull” approaches, and the types of public-private partnerships are also discussed. The vaccine market encompasses distinct product and target customer groups where children are the main recipients of vaccines, receiving between 8 and 12 different vaccines in the first year of life. The Vaccine Fund works in parallel with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) to support the immunization objectives.
Theoretical studies of the excited doublet states of SF and SCl and singlet states of SF2, SFCl, and SCl2.

In previous work, we reported that the lowest-lying excited states of SF, SCl, SF2, SFCl, and SCl2 have recoupled pair bonds. In this study, we examine the analogous low-spin states—the 2Σ– and 2Δ states of SF and SCl and the excited singlet states of SF2, SCl2, and SFCl—which also possess recoupled pair bonds. In contrast to the excited states treated previously, the states studied in the present work have the same spin multiplicities as their respective ground states and are thus potentially observable via electronic excitation. Of particular interest are the minima on the 1A″ potential energy surface of SFCl corresponding to bond-stretch isomers analogous to those found on the 3A″ surface. In addition, we discovered that the first two excited states (1A″) accessible via vertical excitations from the ground state of SFCl have the electronic structure of the bond-stretch isomers. Thus, electronic excitation spectroscopic studies of SFCl could reveal a signature of the bond-stretch isomers. We will also p...
Abstract IA04: Using genome editing to model MLL rearranged leukemias

MLL rearranged leukemias, particularly those associated with infant acute lymphoblastic leukemias, continue to have a generally poorer prognosis than other childhood leukemias. Improved understanding of these leukemias has been gained by using transgenic mouse models and retroviral transduction of human cells but each of these approaches has well recognized limitations. With the recent development of an expanded genome editing toolbox, it is now possible to use genome editing in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to directly re-create genomic rearrangements, including those involving the MLL gene. Using these tools we have generated MLL-AF4 and MLL-AF9 translocations in HSPCs and studied the biologic properties of these cells. Moreover, we have further used genome editing of HSPCs to knock-in the AF9 fusion partner into the MLL locus to create the MLL-AF9 fusion. When the modified HSPCs were transplanted into immunodeficient mice (NSG), these modified cells gave rise to ALL, mixed phenotype leukemias, and AML. These results now give a powerful new way to study the developmental biology and pathogenesis of MLL rearranged leukemias and provide a proof-of-concept of how genome editing of human HSPCs can be used to study a wide variety of hematologic disorders. Citation Format: Erin Breese, Corina Buechele, Michael Cleary, Matthew Porteus. Using genome editing to model MLL rearranged leukemias. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
Epidemiological Analysis on Scarlet Fever in Panzhihua City From 1982 to 2007

Objective To understand the morbidity characteristics and epidemic trend of scarlet fever in Pan- zhihua City from 1982 to 2007,and to provide basis for effective control measures.Methods To analyze the disease's distribution among time,districts and population according to epidemic situation data from 1982 to 2007 in Panzhihua City.Results 7 464 cases of scarlet fever were reported with 2 death in Panzhihua City from 1982 to 2007.The average annual incidence rate was 30.23/10~5,and mortality rate was 0.27%.Cases occurred in all the 5 counties.Incidence of urban area (54.81/10~5) was higher than that of rural area (11.22/10~5).The epidemic cycle was about 7-8 years.Cases occurred in each month through a year,and there was a peak in spring and summer.5-9 years old was the highest prevalence age group.Students ac- counted the most part of the cases,then were the children of kindergarten and dispersed children.Conclu- sion The prevalence of scarlet fever showed decreased trend in Panzhihua,but the present prevalence is still at a higher level.There for so the controlling and preventing of scarlet fever can't be taken lightly,the com- prehensive measures focused on management of infectious disease should be strengthend.
Biochemical and biophysical methods for studying mitochondrial iron metabolism.

Iron is a heavily utilized element in organisms and numerous mechanisms accordingly regulate the trafficking, metabolism, and storage of iron. Despite the high regulation of iron homeostasis, several diseases and mutations can lead to the misregulation and often accumulation of iron in the cytosol or mitochondria of tissues. To understand the genesis of iron overload, it is necessary to employ various techniques to quantify iron in organisms and mitochondria. This chapter discusses techniques for determining the total iron content of tissue samples, ranging from colorimetric determination of iron concentrations, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In addition, we discuss in situ techniques for analyzing iron including electron microscopic nonheme iron histochemistry, electron energy loss spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging, and confocal Raman microscopy. Finally, we discuss biophysical methods for studying iron in isolated mitochondria, including ultraviolet-visible, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray absorbance, and Mossbauer spectroscopies. This chapter should aid researchers to select and interpret mitochondrial iron quantifications.
Determination of the scattering length of the a {sup 3}{sigma}{sup +} potential of {sup 87}RbCs

We have determined the scattering length of the a {sup 3}{sigma}{sup +} potential of {sup 87}RbCs based on experimental observations from the literature and the known value for the long-range dispersion coefficient. Our analysis uses quantum defect theory and analytical solutions of the Schroedinger equation for a van der Waals potential. We find that the scattering length is either 700{sub -300}{sup +700}a{sub 0} or (176{+-}2)a{sub 0} with more confidence associated with the first value, where a{sub 0}=0.052 92 nm is the Bohr radius. An independent value of the van der Waals coefficient could not be determined and the best theoretically determined C{sub 6} value was used.
Methodological Approaches and Issues in Studying Siblings

A major aim of the present chapter is to acquaint the reader with some of the methodological difficulties inherent in undertaking studies of siblings and their relationships.
Exploring the Trajectory of an Educational Innovation: Instructors’ Attitudes Toward IPA Implementation in a Postsecondary Intensive Summer Language Program

To date, research on the Integrated Performance Assessment (IPA) has focused principally on student performance, largely neglecting the experiences of instructors. This is a substantial gap, for it is instructors who are responsible for both designing and administering the IPA. The present study, therefore, used concepts from the literature on educational innovations to investigate instructors’ attitudes toward summative IPA use in a postsecondary intensive summer language program, a context that is novel to research on the IPA. Findings include attitudes toward standardizing task procedures, using the IPA rubrics and assigning grades, and the sustainability of the innovation in the program. Based on these data, the authors call for the continued development of IPAs whose content/context correspond with the adult intellect, in addition to further research on IPA implementation and adaptation across a range of program types.
Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Data Mining in Bioinformatics

Average age of the population tends to increase and the number of people requiring care intensive medical monitoring is not small. This increases overall cost of medical care. Therefore, partially replacing the assistance of nursing staff by small health surveillance and communication equipments like sensors, networks, monitoring software could be cost effective and would also increase life standard. The objective is to develop and implement innovative solutions based on information technologies and wireless communication for the benefit of those needing medical permanence. Recent advances in technology have led to the development of small, intelligent, wearable sensors capable of remotely performing critical health monitoring tasks and then transmitting patient's data back to health care centers over wireless medium. Such wireless health monitoring platforms aim to continuously monitor mobile patients needing permanent surveillance.
The effect of density variation on photon dose calculation and its impact on intensity modulated radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy

Purpose: Inaccurate density information may introduce dose calculation errors when inhomogeneity correction is applied. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of density variation on photon dose calculation accuracy using the convolution/superposition (CS) algorithm with the focus on newer treatment technologies including intensity modulated radiotherapy, volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Methods: Calculations were first performed using simple inhomogeneity phantoms in order to determine clinically relevant tolerance levels for different tissue types. The clinical validity of these tolerance levels was then demonstrated by evaluating their dosimetric impact on clinical treatment plans. The dose difference was examined by comparing the dose–volume histogram statistics and the spatial distribution of dose errors calculated on a voxel-by-voxel basis. In order to gain some insight into this issue for the Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm, the authors also performed additional validation using a MC dose calculation system. Results: For soft tissue and bone, the tolerance levels determined from this study appear to be consistent with the values previously calculated using simpler inhomogeneity correction methods. However, the tolerance level for low density lung tissue has been found to be much smaller than what previous studies had reported. The results from this study also suggest that if density variation is restricted within ±0.02, ±0.03, and ±0.10 g/cm3 for lung, soft tissue, and bone, respectively, the resulting dose error in target volumes can be limited to <2% for most clinical cases and <3% for more challenging lung SBRT cases. When the same amount of density variation is introduced, MC algorithm yields ∼0.3%–0.9% and ∼0.0%–1.2% smaller dose errors for the target and organs-at-risk as compared to CS. Conclusions: It is important to include lung substitute material into the periodic quality assurance of CT simulators and treatment planning systems. This study suggests that the tolerance value of CT number for lung material is ∼ ± 20 HU in order to keep the associated dose uncertainty at 2%–3% or less. Further studies with larger number of lung cases are warranted to validate this new tolerance value before it can be applied to clinical practice.
Basic and Translational Science in a Surgical Career

Basic and translational science—in which investigators perform laboratory experiments to answer fundamental biological questions and directly link laboratory discoveries to clinical care—is essential to expanding our understanding of surgical disease and improving our ability to care for affected patients. Academic surgeons play a crucial role in surgical basic science because of their expertise in the clinical manifestations of disease, the nuances of operative treatment, and the challenges of postoperative care. This expertise imparts the surgeon with a unique perspective that informs clinically relevant basic science hypotheses. As the gap between clinical care and fundamental science continues to expand, the surgeon-scientist who speaks both languages is ideally suited to ensure that basic research focuses on clinically-relevant questions and that important new discoveries are ultimately translated into improvements in patient care.
Gaussian Mixture Models

In this chapter we first introduce the basic concepts of random variables and the associated distributions. These concepts are then applied to Gaussian random variables and mixture-of-Gaussian random variables. Both scalar and vector-valued cases are discussed and the probability density functions for these random variables are given with their parameters specified. This introduction leads to the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) when the distribution of mixture-of-Gaussian random variables is used to fit the real-world data such as speech features. The GMM as a statistical model for Fourier-spectrum-based speech features plays an important role in acoustic modeling of conventional speech recognition systems. We discuss some key advantages of GMMs in acoustic modeling, among which is the easy way of using them to fit the data of a wide range of speech features using the EM algorithm. We describe the principle of maximum likelihood and the related EM algorithm for parameter estimation of the GMM in some detail as it is still a widely used method in speech recognition. We finally discuss a serious weakness of using GMMs in acoustic modeling for speech recognition, motivating new models and methods that form the bulk part of this book.
Targeted flipped classroom technique applied to a challenging topic

The significant initial time commitment to create online content required for flipped classrooms may pose an obstacle to their implementation, despite the known learning benefits. We hypothesize that flipping only specific, problematic topics may still provide benefits to students with less instructor preparation. In this study, we targeted a flipped classroom toward a single, difficult course unit (the Reynolds Transport Theorem in fluid mechanics) to reduce the total time required for course preparation. Six lectures on this topic were converted to online videos and in-class time was used for group-based problem solving. Comparisons were made between a traditional lecture section (n=8) and flipped classroom sections (n = 15). A statistically significant improvement was seen when comparing exam performance on a question-by-question basis. Student survey responses about the method were unanimously positive, and students specifically noted the ability to rewatch sections of the video as a benefit to their learning. The interview responses also produced an unanticipated result. Students indicated that they preferred the partial approach to a hypothetical full course flip, stating they felt “it would get old.” While the use of a targeted flipped classroom was investigated here to reduce the initial faculty time commitment, this finding may warrant future investigation on reaction to partial versus full course flipped classrooms.
Coherent perfect absorption in chiral materials

We derive analytically the coherent perfect absorption condition of a transversely isotropic chiral structure. We use a THz chiral metamaterial structure to numerically demonstrate coherent absorption and polarization control.
Sensitive and Accurate 13C Kinetic Isotope Effect Measurements Enabled by Polarization Transfer

Polarization transfer is demonstrated as a sensitive technique for the measurement of isotopic fractionation of protonated carbons at natural abundance. This method allows kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) to be determined with substantially less material or shorter acquisition time compared with traditional experiments. Computations quantitatively reproduce the KIEs in a Diels–Alder reaction and a catalytic glycosylation. The glycosylation is shown to occur by an effectively concerted mechanism.
Growth and reproduction of the squid Illex coindetii Verany, 1839 in the central Mediterranean Sea

Life span, growth and cost of reproduction of Illex coindetii were examined for the first time in the southern Adriatic Sea, central Mediterranean Sea. Age and growth were investigated through statoliths reading. Cost of reproduction was explored by studying the relative investment between somatic and gonad growth. The life span of I. coindetii was less than nine months in both sexes. Females (128-234 days) showed longer life span than males (124-178 days). In both sexes the linear model best described the mantle length-at age data, while the exponential model provided the best fit to the total weight-at-age data. In terms of mantle length, females grew faster than males (average growth rate was 1.33 mm day - 1 in females and 1.00 mm day -1 in males). In terms of total weight, no significant differences were highlighted between growth curves of males and females. Mantle length, total weight, mantle weight and fin weight increased up to the latest maturity stage in both sexes. Immature and maturing individuals showed poorer body condition than mature counterparts in both sexes. Some evidences of a reproductive strategy more similar to a multiple-spawning than to a single-spawning species were found.
Printing Silver Nanogrids on Glass

This manuscript describes a laboratory experiment that provides students with an opportunity to create conductive silver nanogrids using polymeric templates. A microcontact-printed polyvinylpyrrolidone grid directs the citrate-induced reduction of silver ions for the fabrication of silver nanogrids on glass substrates. In addition to template-directed nanofabrication, students gain experience using a sputter coater, a scanning electron microscope, and an atomic force microscope. Students are also introduced to elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Institutions with limited characterization capabilities can use a compound light microscope to view the structures reported in this manuscript.
A Potential Tool for Clinicians; Evaluating a Computer-Led Dietary Assessment Method in Overweight and Obese Women during Weight Loss.

Many Americans are attempting to lose weight with the help of healthcare professionals. Clinicians can improve weight loss results by using technology. Accurate dietary assessment is crucial to effective weight loss. The aim of this study was to validate a computer-led dietary assessment method in overweight/obese women. Known dietary intake was compared to Automated Self-Administered 24-h recall (ASA24) reported intake in women (n = 45), 19–50 years, with body mass index of 27–39.9 kg/m2. Participants received nutrition education and reduced body weight by 4%–10%. Participants completed one unannounced dietary recall and their responses were compared to actual intake. Accuracy of the recall and characteristics of respondent error were measured using linear and logistic regression. Energy was underreported by 5% with no difference for most nutrients except carbohydrates, vitamin B12, vitamin C, selenium, calcium and vitamin D (p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, p = 0.022, p = 0.010, p = 0.008 and p = 0.001 respectively). Overall, ASA24 is a valid dietary assessment tool in overweight/obese women participating in a weight loss program. The automated features eliminate the need for clinicians to be trained, to administer, or to analyze dietary intake. Computer-led dietary assessment tools should be considered as part of clinician-supervised weight loss programs.
Dynamic Musculoskeletal Models of Human Locomotion: Perspectives on Model Formulation and Control

Abstract This chapter describes how dynamic musculoskeletal models of human gait can be formulated and used to better understand the causal relationship between applied muscular forces, or joint moments, and the body-segmental motions that result. We have chosen here to focus upon the particular problem of synthesizing gait with models rather than the reverse process, which seeks to uncover the joint moments or muscular forces that created a previously-observed motion. Synthesizing movements from force or torque inputs is consistent with the natural “flow” of events by which movements are produced in a living organism, which proceeds outward from the nervous system to the muscular system, and the muscular system to the skeletal system (Zajac & Gordon, 1989). In Section II, we show how the synthesis approach yields a different perspective of muscle action than do inverse-dynamic approaches. Both planar and three-dimensional models are presented. For the models studied, we have found that simple torque or muscular controls are sufficient to synthesize gait movements. Torque-actuated, mechanical models of normal and pathological gait are described in Section III, as they provide a foundation for the more complex, 3-D muscle-actuated models described in Section IV. One of these walking models suitably synthesizes both the single-leg support (SLS) and double-leg support (DLS) phases of normal gait.
Effects of a One-to-One Fatigue Management Course for People With Chronic Conditions and Fatigue.

Objective We assessed the impact of a one-to-one fatigue management course on participants' fatigue, self-efficacy, quality of life, and energy conservation behaviors. Method This observational study used a one-group, pretest-posttest, follow-up design. Forty-nine people with chronic conditions and fatigue participated in the one-to-one fatigue management course in outpatient and community-based settings. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Scale was used to measure fatigue; the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General measured quality of life; and the Self-Efficacy for Performing Energy Conservation Strategies Assessment was used to measure self-efficacy. Results Participants showed significant reductions in fatigue and significant increases in self-efficacy and quality of life at posttest. These beneficial effects were maintained at follow-up. The Social Well-Being subscale was the only measure on which outcomes did not change significantly. Conclusion The one-to-one fatigue management course is a beneficial intervention for people with chronic conditions and fatigue.
Silent Star: The Forgotten Film Career of Margarita Fischer

Childhood fame, a clandestine marriage, national popularity, nude photos, premature retirement from the public eye, a spouse's early death--the progression of silent film star Margarita Fischer's career from 1911 to 1927 was as colorful as the plot of any of her pictures. The moviegoing public loved Fischer's work. A June 1914 Photoplfly poll named her America's most popular actress, and American Beauty Films selected Fischer's face as one of the nation's most beautiful and recognizable to serve as its logo the same year. 1 Her final film, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927), directed by husband Harry Pollard, was one of the most expensive and highly-hyped films then made by a major studio. 2
Comparison techniques utilized in spatial 3D and 4D data visualizations: A survey and future directions

Abstract A variety of visualization techniques can be utilized to compare multiple Spatial 3D or time-varying Spatial 3D data instances (e.g., comparing pre- versus post-treatment volumetric medical images). However, despite the fact that comparative visualization is frequently needed – scientists, engineers, and even humanists must routinely compare such data – visualization users and practitioners suffer from a lack of adequate Spatial 3D comparative visualization tools and guidelines. Here we survey the field and present a taxonomy for classifying existing and new comparison visualization techniques for such data into four fundamental approaches: Juxtaposition, Superimposition, Interchangeable, and Explicit Encoding. The results clarify the key design decisions and tradeoffs that designers must make to create an effective comparative Spatial 3D data visualization and suggest the potential of emerging hybrid approaches, ones creatively combining aspects of the four fundamental approaches.
Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate versus Platelet Rich Plasma to Enhance Osseous Integration Potential for Osteochondral Allografts.

Fresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation is an attractive treatment option for symptomatic articular cartilage lesions in young, healthy patients. Since a lack of OCA bone integration can be a cause of treatment failure, methods for speeding and enhancing OCA bone integration to mitigate this potential complication are highly desirable. This study sought to determine and compare the potential of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMC) and leukoreduced platelet rich plasma (PRP) to repopulate the osseous portion of an OCA with cells and deliver osteogenic proteins. It was hypothesized that BMC would have significantly higher colony forming units (CFUs)/mL and seed the osseous portion of OCA with more cells than PRP. Finally, we hypothesized that the media of BMC and PRP treated OCAs would have significantly higher concentrations of osteogenic proteins compared with negative control OCAs. Cylindrical OCAs (n = 36) created from tissue stored for 21 days were treated with BMC (n = 12) or PRP (n = 12) obtained for 6 dogs, or left untreated as a negative control (n = 12). After treatment, OCAs were cultured for 7 or 14 days. Media were collected for analysis of osteogenic biomarker concentration. Samples of each BMC and PRP were tested for CFU concentration. On day 7 or 14, the grafts were assessed for cell surface adhesion and penetration using fluorescent microscopy. Significant differences in CFU and media biomarker concentration between the groups were determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test with the significance set at p
Seismic evidence for a possible deep crustal hot zone beneath Southwest Washington

Crustal pathways connecting deep sources of melt and the active volcanoes they supply are poorly understood. Beneath Mounts St. Helens, Adams, and Rainier these pathways connect subduction-induced ascending melts to shallow magma reservoirs. Petrogenetic modeling predicts that when these melts are emplaced as a succession of sills into the lower crust they generate deep crustal hot zones. While these zones are increasingly recognized as a primary site for silicic differentiation at a range of volcanic settings globally, imaging them remains challenging. Near Mount Rainier, ascending melt has previously been imaged ~28 km northwest of the volcano, while to the south, the volcano lies on the margin of a broad conductive region in the deep crust. Using 3D full-waveform tomography, we reveal an expansive low-velocity zone, which we interpret as a possible hot zone, linking ascending melts and shallow reservoirs. This hot zone may supply evolved magmas to Mounts St. Helens and Adams, and possibly Rainier, and could contain approximately twice the melt volume as the total eruptive products of all three volcanoes combined. Hot zones like this may be the primary reservoirs for arc volcanism, influencing compositional variations and spatial-segmentation along the entire 1100 km-long Cascades Arc.
Failure of Outpatient Management With Different Observation Times After Racemic Epinephrine for Croup

Background. Observation is necessary following racemic epinephrine (RE) for patients with croup. The ideal length of this observation period is unclear. Objective. To compare the rate of failed out...
Exploring antecedents of customer citizenship behaviors in services

Social exchange theory explains how a party in social interaction provides the other party with reciprocal rewards. Applying this concept to the customer context, this study empirically investigate...
Toward Accessible Authentication: Learning from People with Visual Impairments

Current authentication mechanisms often pose significant challenges for people with disabilities. Drawing from a contextual inquiry study of visually impaired individuals experiences with authentication, we uncover specific difficulties that these users encounter in a wide range of authentication scenarios. These difficulties are related to web accessibility issues and limitations of assistive technologies. For instance, locating web login elements is time-consuming and error-prone for visually impaired users. We highlight the importance of accessibility in privacy and security, and share lessons learned for designing accessible authentication experiences.
Abstract 15384: Targeting the Angiopoietin-Tie2 Pathway to Regulate Microvascular Thrombus Formation in Sepsis

Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a common and deadly complication in sepsis. An increased understanding of the mechanisms driving coagulation and thrombus formation in the setting of infection and systemic inflammation may aid in the development of novel treatment strategies. To this aim, we performed unbiased proteomic profiling on septic patients with and without severe sepsis and DIC to gain a broad understanding of disease associated parameters. We utilized protein-specific slow off-rate modified DNA aptamers (SOMAmers) for simultaneous and sensitive analysis of ~1,300 plasma proteins. The 173 differentially expressed proteins (p value cut off ≤ 0.05) were queried using STRING network analysis. Interestingly, Angpt-2, a Tie2 antagonist and established marker of endothelial activation, was highly upregulated in DIC (4.56 fold, p=0.005) and linked distinct clusters of vascular function and inflammation to coagulation. We then assessed the hypothesis that coagulation in sepsis may be driven by LPS-induced perturbations in the Angpt-Tie2 pathway, an integral regulator of vascular quiescence. Real-time in vivo intravital microscopy was utilized to monitor laser-induced microvascular thrombus formation in mice with genetic, pharmacological and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxemia mediated alterations in the Ang-Tie2 pathway. LPS exposure (10 mg/kg) resulted in reduced Angpt-Tie2 signaling and increased thrombus formation (platelet and fibrin AUC p=.0.0255 and p=0.0005, n=36). Independently of LPS, partial Tie2 deficiency was sufficient to enhance fibrin formation (AUC, p=0.0082, n=35) compared of TIE2 +/+ mice, providing direct evidence that Tie2 impairment contributes to a pro-thrombotic microvascular state. Activation of Tie2 by agonist Angpt-1 attenuated fibrin generation in endotoxemic mice (p In conclusion, these studies suggest a pivotal role for the Angpt-Tie2 pathway in regulating microvascular thrombus formation and suggest that LPS-associated DIC may result, in part, from impaired Tie-2 signaling. THIS WORK WAS SUPPORTED BY AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION GRANT #16POST31200017 (HIGGINS).
Perelman on Analogy

Perelmana's writings on rhetoric treat the four term analogy as an argument establishing the structure of reality. This article explores his definition of analogy, explains how analogy works, and e...
Applying Generalized Linear Models

(1999). Applying Generalized Linear Models. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 353-354.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Family

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen, chemoattractant, and survival factor for cells of mesenchymal origin (such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, or glial cells). PDGF exists as a number of isoforms that initiate signaling via two closely related receptor tyrosine kinases named α - and β -receptors. PDGFs and their receptors (PDGFRs) are important for embryonic and postnatal development. Knockout mice lacking either PDGFs or receptors develop severe defects in various tissues and organs, and die before or shortly after birth. In adult organisms, PDGFs participate in wound healing, regulation of blood vessel tonus, and maintenance of the interstitial fluid pressure. PDGF signaling is also involved in the pathogenesis of various proliferative diseases (certain tumors, atherosclerosis and restenosis, and fibrotic conditions). PDGFs and their receptors have been best characterized in mammals. However, there is evidence that PDGFR-like proteins are expressed in lower vertebrates, and PDGF-like growth factors have been found in molluscs, annelids, sea urchins ( Lytechinus pictus ), and Drosophila . Taken together, these findings indicate that PDGFs and their receptors play an important role in a variety of biological processes throughout eukaryotic species.
Comparison of once-daily intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: are they all the same?

Objective The purpose of this review is to describe the similarities and differences among the 4 aqueous once-daily intranasal corticosteroids (INS) for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). INS are the recommended first-line therapy for all patients with AR that is greater than mild intermittent in severity. DATA SOURCE/STUDY SELECTION: Data were obtained from MEDLINE searches of all English-language articles published from January 1966 to January 2005 with the following search terms: allergic rhinitis and intranasal corticosteroid, nasal steroid, budesonide aqueous nasal spray, fluticasone propionate nasal spray, mometasone furoate nasal spray, or triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray. Also selected for review were data from published abstracts from recent scientific meetings. Data extraction Data comparing efficacy, safety, patient preferences, and cost-effectiveness of any of the 4 available aqueous once-daily INS were extracted from the studies and are summarized. Conclusion All 4 aqueous once-daily INS available in the United States for the treatment of AR are similar with regard to efficacy and safety at the recommended starting dose. However, differences in patient preference, cost, and safety of use during pregnancy may contribute to primary care physicians' selection of an INS therapy for their patients.
MILESTONES, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND CURRENT STUDIES ON NERVE GROWTH FACTOR

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the low- and high-molecular forms of nerve growth factor (NGF). It describes the remarkable similarity in the amino acid sequence of the primary NGF subunit and in those of human proinsulin and guinea pig insulin. This hypothesis, though necessary speculative, presents some attractive features. A comparison of the biological effects produced by NGF, and insulin in their respective target cells, and of their sources of origin, indicates that, even if they share a distant common precursor, they have then engaged along different routes, and differ to a marked extent from each other. Both call forth a pleiotypic response from their different target cells. Similar pleiotypic effects are however also produced by other hormones, including the stereoids and tyroxine, as well as growth-promoting substances such as EGF, erythropoietin and phytohaemoagglutinin. The finding suggests that a common pleiotypic mechanism underlies the growth promoting properties of a number of seemingly unrelated biological effectors and therefore does not provide evidence for similarity between otherwise vastly different biological agents.
Subgoals, Problem Solving Phases, and Sources of Knowledge: A Complex Mangle.

Educational researchers have increasingly drawn attention to how students develop computational thinking (CT) skills, including in science, math, and literacy contexts. A key component of CT is the process of abstraction, a particularly challenging concept for novice programmers, but one vital to problem solving. We propose a framework based on situated cognition that can be used to document how instructors and students communicate about abstractions during the problem solving process. We develop this framework in a multimodal interaction analysis of a 32-minute long excerpt of a middle school student working in the PixelBots JavaScript programming environment at a two-week summer programming workshop taught by undergraduate CS majors. Through a microgenetic analysis of the process of teaching and learning about abstraction in this excerpt, we document the extemporaneous prioritization of subgoals and the back-and-forth coordination of problem solving phases. In our case study, we identify that (a) problem solving phases are nested with several instances of context-switching within a single phase; (b) the introduction of new ideas and information create bridges or opportunities to move between different problem solving phases; (c) planning to solve a problem is a non-linear process; and (d) pedagogical moves such as modeling and prompting highlight situated resources and advance problem solving. Future research should address how to help students structure subgoals and reflect on connections between problem solving phases, and how to help instructors reflect on their routes to supporting students in the problem solving process.
General Aspects of Organofluorine Compounds

Organofluorine compounds have unique physicochemical properties such as enhanced chemical, thermal, and metabolic stability; bioavailability; and membrane permeability, and are widely used components of materials, agrochemical, and pharmaceuticals. Although the effect of fluorine is not completely predictable, strategically fluorinated pharmaceutical compounds often show enhanced binding affinity to the active sites of enzymes, and the fluorinated pharmaceuticals or drug candidates have relatively improved oxidative and metabolic stability, as exemplified by the widely used pharmaceuticals such as celecoxib, ciprofloxacin, and ezetimibe. Due to its high sensitivity, wide chemical shift range, and absence of background 19 F signals, 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is ideally suited for monitoring the biochemical reaction mechanisms and in the design of drug candidates. The rapid and convenient 19 F NMR-based screening of fluorinated drug candidates, which is based on their relative binding affinity to the enzymes, would lead to the development of novel and more effective therapeutics. This chapter summarizes the unique physicochemical properties of fluorinated compounds relevant to drug design, and for probing biochemical mechanisms.
Screws are at a safe distance from critical structures after superior plate fixation of clavicle fractures

Injuries to the critical structures underlying the clavicle are possible during open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and afterward secondary to prominent screws. The purpose of this study was to identify patients who received chest computerized tomography (CT) scans after clavicle ORIF to evaluate the distance between the screws and the subclavian vessels. A retrospective review was performed at a single level-one trauma center. Nineteen patients with chest CT scans after superior plate fixation were included. Coronal CT reconstructions were analyzed to determine distances between the subclavian vessels and screw tips along with the prominence of the screws. Vessels within 15 mm of the screw were considered at risk. None of the screws (0/142) were within 15 mm of the subclavian vessels. Average screw prominence was 1.3 ± 1 mm (range, 0–3.6 mm). One of the 19 patients had a complication, a re-fracture requiring revision ORIF. The remaining 18 patients had no complications, including neurovascular or pulmonary, at the last follow-up. None of the screws were excessively prominent or within 15 mm of the subclavian vessels. Attentive superior plate fixation of the clavicle with screws is a safe technique. Level IV, case series.
Wheelchair Mobility-Related Injuries Due to Inadvertent Lower Extremity Displacement on Footplates: Analysis of the FDA MAUDE Database From 2014 to 2018.

Objectives The aims of the study were to assess reports of wheelchair mobility-related injuries from inadvertent lower extremity displacement (ILED) on footplates, which were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database during 2014-2018, characterize injury types, and evaluate MAUDE data quality. Methods A systematic MAUDE database review was performed. Annual reports were searched using keywords: (a) "power wheelchair" and "injury" and (b) "mechanical (also known as manual) wheelchair" and "injury." Reports related to injuries from ILED on the footplate were reviewed. Results Reports of 1075 wheelchair injuries were found across the review period. Twenty nine (3%) met our inclusion criteria. The most common source of reports was "manufacturer." The wheelchair was unavailable for evaluation in 55.17% of reports. Manufacturers' submission dates (number of days that passed after they were notified) ranged from 3 to 159. Reported injuries decreased by 60% from 2014 to 2018. The end user used a power wheelchair for all but one report. The most common injuries were single fractures, multiple fractures, wounds/cuts/infections, and amputations (in order of incidence). The most common mechanism was the foot slipping off the footplate during wheelchair mobility. Conclusions We observed inherent weaknesses in the MAUDE database reporting process and a concerning level of reporting bias. Although there were limited reports of injuries related to ILED on the footplate during wheelchair mobility, the injuries reported were significant. More standardized reporting of the mechanism and impact of these injuries is needed to better inform wheelchair design, prescription, and patient/family education.
Engaging (or not) in coalition politics: a case study of Black and Latinx community advocacy toward educational equity

The potential for cross-racial coalitions between minoritized communities in educational advocacy and policymaking is enhanced as communities become increasingly diverse. In this qualitative case s...
Effects of providing artificial shade to pregnant grazing beef heifers on vaginal temperature, growth, activity, and behavior.

This experiment evaluated the effects of providing artificial shade during summer on activity, behavior, and growth performance of pregnant grazing beef heifers. Thirty-six black-hided Angus and Angus crossbred pregnant heifers [418 ± 9 kg body weight (BW); approximately 90 d of gestation] were stratified by breed, blocked by BW, and allocated to 12 "Pensacola" bahiagrass pastures (Paspalum notatum Flugge; 1.3 ha, n = 3 heifers/pasture) with or without access to artificial shade (SHADE vs. NO SHADE; 6 pastures each) for 7 wk during summer. The shade structures were composed of shade cloth (11 × 7.3 m length, 2.4 m height: 26.8 m2 of shade per heifer). Shrunk BW was recorded on enrollment (day 0) and week 7 (day 47), whereas full BW was obtained on week 2 (day 14), 4 (day 28), and 6 (day 42) to assess average daily gain (ADG). Vaginal temperature was recorded for five consecutive days during weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7 using an intravaginal digital thermo-logger, and individual GPS devices were used to quantify the use of shade for an 8-h period. Activity was monitored using automated monitoring devices (HR-LDn tags SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel) through the experimental period. Vaginal temperature was lower (P < 0.01) for heifers in the SHADE compared with heifers in the NO SHADE treatment from 1200 to 1600 h and 1100 to 1900 h for weeks 1 and 3, respectively. Heifers in the SHADE treatment spent 70% of the 8-h period evaluated under the shaded structure. Provision of shade increased (P < 0.01) daily lying time (11.4 ± 0.2 vs. 10.3 ± 0.2 h/d) and standing bouts per day (P < 0.01; 12.6 ± 0.4 vs. 10.8 ± 0.4 bouts/d), whereas it reduced (P < 0.01) standing bout duration (61.6 ± 3.0 vs. 82.9 ± 3.0 min/bout) relative to heifers without access to shade. The interaction between treatment and hour affected (P < 0.01) daily rumination time because heifers with access to SHADE had greater rumination between 1000 and 1200 h. Although ADG tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for the heifers in the SHADE treatment (0.20 vs. -0.02 kg, respectively), the access to shade did not (P = 0.79) affect the final BW. In conclusion, providing artificial shade during summer to pregnant grazing beef heifers was effective in reducing vaginal temperatures and exerted changes in heifer behaviors that translated into slight improvements in growth performance.
The Effect of the Liberalization of the Chinese Stock Market on Returns

We examine the short term effects of the liberalization of the Chinese stock market on returns. We find a positive and significant abnormal return associated with the announcement of the liberalization for the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Exploiting features of the reform, we are able to compare stocks directly and indirectly affected by the liberalization. We find that all stock prices reflect this announcement premium equally, suggesting that the premium does not reflect an increase in expected liquidity. We further find that observed liquidity, as measured by price impact, did not increase following the liberalization. We conclude that the observed premium reflects a diversification benefit for Chinese investors.
新規N-フタロイル-L-スレオニン類及びそれらの脱水フタルイミド類の合成と植物成長調節活性

植物成長調節活性を有する新規N-フタロイル-L-スレオニン類 (P-Thrs) 及びそれらの脱水フタルイミド類 (2-フタルイミド-2-ブテン酸, P-BTEAs) は容易に合成され, イネ幼植物に対して強い根の成長促進活性を示した. 合成P-ThrやP-BTEA類のうちで, 特に (Z)-2にフタルイミド-2-ブテン酸 (P-BTEA, 6a), (Z)-2-(4-クロロフタルイミド)-2-ブテン酸(4-ClP-BTEA, 6b), (Z)-2-(3-フルオロフタルイミド)-2-ブテン酸 (3-FP-BTEA, 6c) はイネ幼植物に対して特に強い根の成長促進活性を示した. それらの根の成長促進活性は1×10-4Mの濃度で対照区の3.3～3.7倍であった. 何れのP-BTEAは元のP-Thrよりもイネ幼植物に対して強い根の成長促進活性を示した. 一方, レタス幼植物に対しては4-Cl-P-BTEA (6b) と4-Me-P-BTEA (6e) のみが1×10-4Mの濃度で弱い根の成長促進活性を示し, いくつかのP-ThrとP-BTEAは1×10-3Mの高濃度においては根および胚軸の壊死を引き起こした.
The genetics of chicken 7S immunoglobulin allotypes.

Studies on the phylogeny of immunoglobulins (Ig) focus on the structural similarities and differences between the Ig of various vertebrate species. Such structural comparisons, particularly those utilizing amino acid sequencing data, have been used to reveal the theoretical evolution of Ig structural genes. Evolutionary genetic mechanisms, such as complete gene duplication, partial gene duplication, and gene fusion are common postulates of phylogenetic theory (1). Yet, there is a paucity of information on the genetic organization of the Ig structural genes in non-mammals. With hopes of obtaining this kind of information in avian species, we have begun studies on the genetic organization of chicken 7S Ig structural genes.