cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the semantics of GD&T specifications of a product for tolerance analysis

The representation and management of product information in its life cycle require standardized data exchange protocols. ISO 10303, informally known as the Standard for Exchange of Product model data (STEP), is such a standard that has been used widely by the industries. The information language used for STEP is EXPRESS. Even though the EXPRESS language is capable of developing well defined and syntactically correct product models, the semantics of product data are represented implicitly. Hence, it is difficult to interpret the semantics of data for different product life cycle phases for different application domains. OntoSTEP, developed at NIST, provides semantically enriched product models in OWL. In this paper, we would like to present how to interpret the Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) specifications in STEP for tolerance analysis by utilizing OntoSTEP. This process requires (1) developing the tolerance-analysis-oriented information model in EXPRESS, (2) combining this model with the ISO 10303 product model, (3) translating the combined model into OWL and (4) defining semantic web rule language to map the GD&T specifications to the specifications needed for the tolerance analysis. This study will help users interpret the GD&T specifications of a product differently as required in different phases of the product's life cycle.
Plasmapheresis: An adjunct to medical management of severe hyperthyroidism

A woman with hyperthyroidism and myasthenia gravis developed respiratory failure in association with radiation-induced thyroiditis. Treatment with steroids, propylthiouracil, propranolol, iodine, and plasmapheresis was associated with dramatic reduction in serum triiodothyronine (T3), serum thyroxine (T4), and thyroglobulin levels and prompt recovery of the patient. The medications that this patient received have been shown to cause an abrupt decline in serum T3 levels with little or no effect on the serum T4 concentration. The 56% decline in serum T4 observed in this patient during the first 24 hours of therapy suggests that plasmapheresis may be a useful adjunct to medical therapy in selected patients with severe hyperthyroidism.
Radiative Energy Transfer in ZnS

The results indicate that there are radiative emission and absorption processes which overlap in most ZnS-type materials. An example of a radiative energy transfer process is presented. (W.D.M.)
Diabetes alters μ and κ opioid binding in rat brain regions: comparison with effects of food restriction

Abstract Diabetic rats display changes in opioid pharmacology and brain regional levels of opioid peptides and prodynorphin mRNA. Previous investigations of opioid receptor binding, carried out in whole-brain homogenates, have, however, failed to detect changes. In the present study, quantitative autoradiography was used to measure μ and κ opioid receptor binding in discrete brain regions of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Measurement was limited to regions that previously displayed opioid binding changes in chronically food-restricted rats, since our primary aim is to identify brain mechanisms that mediate adaptive responses to persistent metabolic need and adipose depletion. Diabetics displayed strong trends or statistically significant changes which matched seven of the thirteen binding changes observed in food-restricted rats. In no case did diabetics display changes in the opposite direction. The two statistically significant changes common to food-restricted and diabetic rats are increased κ binding in the medial preoptic area and decreased μ binding in the lateral habenula. The possible functional significance of these changes is discussed.
Cost of parental care in the woodroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae)

The objective of this study was to measure the effect of parental care on the reproductive capabilities and survival of adult Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder. Brood removal studies show that the long term parental care exhibited by this woodroach can exact a cost in terms of future reproduction by delaying a second reproductive episode. If C. punctulatus is used as a model of the ancestral state of the termites, changes in responsibility for care giving behavior can account for all the higher components of eusociality (overlap of worker generations, brood care by workers, non-reproductive castes) by shifting the cost of parental care from the adults to the oldest offspring.
Infant Bouncing: The Assembly and Tuning of Action Systems.

We outline a theory of infant skill acquisition characterized by an assembly phase, during which a task-specific, low-dimensional action pattern emerges from spontaneous movement in the context of task constraints, and a tuning phase, during which adjustment of the system parameters yields a more energetically efficient and more stable movement. 8 infants were observed longitudinally when bouncing while supported by a harness attached to a spring. We found an initial assembly phase in which kicking was irregular and variable in period, and a tuning phase with more periodic kicking, followed by the sudden appearance of long bouts of sustained bouncing. This "peak" behavior was characterized by oscillation at the resonant frequency of the mass-spring system, an increase in amplitude, and a decrease in period variability. The data are consistent with a forced mass-spring operating at resonance.
Differences in the Performance of Older and Younger Adults in a Natural vs. Synthetic Speech Dichotic Listening Task

It has been suggested that older adults have more difficulty processing synthetic (computerized) speech than natural speech. One of the reasons for this is that with age, understanding and interpreting speech require additional working memory resources. As synthetic speech is often listened to when one is engaged in an additional task, it is important to understand how adults process and understand it. The impact of synthetic speech to break into attention while shadowing speech, and blocking out an additional stimulus in a dichotic listening task has previously been examined with a younger adult population (Sinatra, Sims, Najle & Chin, 2011). In order to examine if the ability to process unattended stimuli differs with age, the current study has replicated this task and compared the performance of older adults to that of younger. It was found that while younger adults were able to process details and semantic information from unattended audio, older adults were only able to process physical characteristi...
Aromatic Profile of Aqueous Banana Essence and Banana Fruit by Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography−Olfactometry (GC-O)

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) were used to determine the aromatic composition and aroma active components of commercial banana essence and fresh banana fruit paste. Totals of 43 and 26 compounds were quantified in commercial banana essence and fresh banana fruit paste, respectively. Five new components in commercial banana essence were identified as methyl butyrate, 2,3-butanediol diacetate, 2-hydroxy-3-methylethylbutyrate, 1-methylbutyl isobutyrate, and ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate. A total of 42 components appear to contribute to the aromatic profile in banana. Isoamyl acetate, 2-pentanol acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methylbutanal, acetal, isobutyl acetate, hexanal, ethyl butyrate, 2-heptanol, and butyl butyrate had high concentrations and were most detected by GC-O panelists in the commercial banana essence. Volatile components found only in fresh banana fruit paste that were detected by aroma panelists include E-2-hexenal, limonene, and eugenol.
Effects of cadmium exposure on expression and activity of P-glycoprotein in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem, and cadmium (Cd) is one of the most noxious pollutants in aquatic environments. We studied P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression and function in control and Cd exposed (50microgL(-1) Cd, 30-40 days) oysters Crassostrea virginica as a possible mechanism of cell protection against Cd. Our data show that P-gp is expressed on cell membrane and in mitochondria of oyster gills and hepatopancreas. Inhibitor studies with verapamil, cyclosporine A and JS-2190 suggest that in the gills, mitochondrial P-gp pumps substrates from cytosol into the mitochondria, while cell membrane P-gp pumps substrates from cytosol out of the cell. Cd exposure resulted in a 2-2.5-fold increase in P-gp protein expression in cell membranes and a 3.5-7-fold increase in transport activity measured as the inhibitor-sensitive rhodamine B extrusion rate. In contrast, p-gp mRNA levels were similar in control and Cd-exposed oysters. No difference in P-gp protein expression was observed between mitochondria of control and Cd-exposed oysters but the apparent transport activity was higher in mitochondria from Cd-exposed oysters. Overall, a stronger increase in substrate transport activity in Cd-exposed oysters compared to a relatively weaker change in P-gp protein levels suggests that P-gp activity is post-translationally regulated. Our data show that direct determination of P-gp transport activity may be the best measure of the xenobiotic-resistant phenotype, whereas p-gp mRNA levels are not a good marker due to the likely involvement of multiple post-transcriptional regulatory steps. Cd exposure resulted in a significantly elevated rate of oxygen consumption of isolated oyster gills by 46%. Specific inhibitors of ATPase function of P-gp (cyclosporine A and JS-2190) had no significant effect on tissue oxygen consumption indicating that P-gp contribution to energy budget is negligible and supporting indirect estimates based on the ATP stoichiometry of substrate transport that also suggest low energy demand for P-gp function.
Dynamics of the composition of household asset portfolios and the life cycle

Panel data from the 1983 and 1986 Surveys of Consumer Finances is used to examine the dynamics of the composition of the portfolios of assets held by households. It analyses the determinants of households' choice of assets. It then considers the extent to which households restructure their asset portfolios between 1983 and 1986 and the impact upon it of changes in socioeconomic characteristics and labour market status in the intervening years, and of access to information about investment opportunities, of attitudes towards risk and illiquidity of investment opportunities, and of life-cycle events. It also investigates the determinants of the extent of diversification, as measured by the number and types of assets held, over the life cycle. The empirical results reported here suggest the following conclusion. Households do indeed set their asset portfolios with the long run in mind; they do not seem to restructure their portfolios as their labour market status changes. However, some restructuring is seen ...
Analysis of energy disposal - Thermodynamic aspects of the entropy deficiency of a product state distribution

A thermodynamic-like approach to the characterization of product state distributions is outlined. A moment analysis of the surprisal and the entropy deficiency is presented from a statistical mechanical viewpoint. The role of reactant state selection is discussed using the 'state function' property of the entropy.
Three-dimensional functional reconstruction of inner medullary thin limbs of Henle's loop.

Digital three-dimensional (3-D) functional reconstructions of inner medullary nephrons were performed. Antibodies against aquaporins (AQP)-1 and -2 and the chloride channel ClC-K1 identified descen...
Economic Actors' Lobbying Influence on the Prospects for War and Peace

Political scientists and economists have long been interested in the role of special interests in the policymaking process. In the past few years, a series of important new books have argued forcefully that the lobbying activities of economic actors have an important influence on the prospects for war and peace. All of these analyses claim that whether economic actors enhance or decrease the likelihood of conflict ultimately depends on the domestic political balance between economic actors who have a strong vested interest in pushing for peace versus those that do not. I advance two contrary arguments. At least among the advanced states, I posit there are no longer any economic actors who will be favorable toward war and who will lobby the government with this preference. All of the identified mechanisms that previously contributed to such lobbying in these states have been swept away with the end of colonialism and the rise of economic globalization. In particular, I show that the current structure of the global economy now makes it feasible for foreign direct investment to serve as an effective substitute for conquest in a way that was not possible in previous eras. My second argument concerns those economic actors in advanced states with a preference for peace. I posit that it has become unnecessary for them to directly lobby the government to avoid war on economic grounds because economic globalization�the accumulation of decisions by economic actors throughout the globe�now has sufficiently clear economic incentives for leaders
A Stereocontrolled and effective synthesis of leukotriene B (1).

Abstract An efficient synthesis of leukotriene B ( 1 ) is reported which renders this important substance accessible in quantity. The process is convergent and includes a novel method for stereospecific generation of the conjugated triene unit.
Male delinquents' perceptions of their parents: a factor analysis.

Schaeffer's revised version of the Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory was administered to 90 male delinquents. Factor analyses of their reports on both fathers and mothers yielded th...
Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics of Molecular Evolution

Abstract The evolution of the information complexity of a large database of protein sequences is investigated. The information entropy for protein sequences is determined from their algorithmic complexity and is found to change with evolutionary time at a constant rate. The information content of changed residues is always lower than the content of conserved residues. This indicates that sequences are becoming less and less random throughout evolution. It also shows that the system is being driven toward minimal complexity production. The change in information content per amino acid substitution is virtually identical for all the protein sequences studied. These results are interpreted with a statistical mechanical theory that ties sequence information to the thermodynamics of protein structure. Sequence evolution is viewed as a means to drive the system to minimise thermodynamic entropy production in a stable, non-equilibrium state. This theory provides a physical framework for understanding molecular evolution and incorporates features of both the neutralist and selectionist models.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY and SUPPORT STAFF COMPOSITION: AN EMPIRICAL VIEW OF INDUSTRY EVIDENCE

Despite the attention given to restructuring and trimming down manufacturing firms during the 198Os, little attention has been paid to the mix of skills they needed under different circumstances. We examined the patterns of employment by occupation in manufacturing industries utilizing different production technologies and the effect of establishment size on nonproduction employment. We found that a relationship exists between production technology and nonproduction employment per 100 production workers. Establishment size is found to be a moderator between nonproduction employment and production technology. Our findings imply two clear messages for managers. First, when considering major changes in production technology, managers should be aware that the supporting skills they will need from their nonproduction work force are likely to change greatly. Further, these changes involve technical and managerial workers as well as clerical and production support people. Second, they should restructure the functional or occupational mix of an organization in the context of the process technologies in place. Different process technologies require different structures.
The composition of honey. V. Separation and identification of the organic acids.

Abstract The acids from clover honey were isolated by ion-exchange adsorption and separated by silicic acid partition chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The different acids were identified by paper chromatography with six solvent systems, infrared spectra of the sodium salts, and derivatives. Acids definitely identified were butyric, acetic, formic, lactic, succinic, pyroglutamic, malic, citric, and gluconic. Oxalic acid was tentatively identified. Gluconic acid, not citric acid as previously proposed, was the principal acid of honey.
New detail on auroral processes

[1] High-resolution imaging from spacecraft is revealing new detail on structures in bright, dynamic auroras. In the auroral regions where particles are accelerated to high energies, dynamic structures evolve on time scales of seconds or less, although the processes that drive particle acceleration and transfer of energy to small scales are not fully understood. Chaston et al. show how new spaceborne auroral imagery combined with simultaneous particle measurements can help improve understanding of the physical processes involved in the aurora. In particular, they show how magnetic reconnection (in which magnetic field lines break and reconnect, releasing energy), tearing, and sheared flows can transfer energy from larger to smaller scales and help form the auroral structures observed. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL049185, 2011)
Photochemical reactions of triarylmethyl peroxides (II) α- and β-naphthyldiphenylmethyl peroxide

Abstract The photochemical decomposition of the title compounds and isotoplcally labeled analogs have been compared to the thermal reactions. Rapid radical 1,2-migration and reversible elimination of oxygen from the starting peroxides are indicated.
The study of nuclear collective motion by stripping reactions

Abstract The ‘intrisic’ probability for capture of nucleons is studied for nuclei which exhibit collective vibrations or rotations in addition to an underlying shell structure of independent nucleon orbits. Such probabilities or reduced widths for low-lying nuclear levels can be measured in ‘direct’ nuclear reactions; the present discussion is formulated chiefly in terms of deuteron stripping. Various selection rules are derived, and possible reasons for their breakdown studied. It is found that stripping is a particularly direct way of studying the wave functions of single particle orbits in strongly deformed nuclei. There are simple branching ratios between the capture probabilities into the various members of a rotational band in such nuclei. Finally, it is shown how such reduced width measurements can provide an independent check on the wave functions postulated by Osborn and Klema to correlate empirically the ground state properties of nuclei.
Chromosomal aberrations in v79 cells induced by superoxide radical generated by the hypoxanthinexanthine oxidase system

Abstract The effect of the Superoxide radical, generated by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system, on chromosomal mutation was examined in Chinese hamster V79 cells. When cells were treated with this system for 1 h in Hanks' solution, the incidence of metaphases with chromosomal aberrations was increased with hypoxanthine at concentrations of 2.5 to 10 μg/ml. On the other hand, in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) or MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, only hypoxanthine at 5 μg/ml plus xanthine oxidase induced chromosomal aberrations and higher concentrations of hypoxanthine were cytotoxic to V79 cells. The increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the cytotoxicity of hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase were not affected by Superoxide dismutase, but were strongly inhibited by catalase.
Effect of artificial selection on male colour patterns on mating preference of female guppies

Theoretical models predict that the evolution of female mating preference may depend on a genetic correlation with the male traits on which preference depends. This correlation has been the subject of controversy, and has been demonstrated to exist in only a few cases. The relative extent of orange coloration exhibited by male guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) contributes to the mating preference of female guppies in certain populations. If the predicted genetic correlation between preference and male traits exists, then artificial selection for increased and decreased amounts of orange in colour patterns of male guppies should result in corresponding shifts in female mating preference. Four separate selection experiments produced an immediate divergence in male colour patterns between high and low selection lines. Analysis of mate choice of females from the selection experiments provides some evidence for correlated divergence in preference as predicted by theory. Females from lines in which males were selected for increased orange tended to show stronger preference for orange than did females from lines selected for decreased orange. This kind of correlated change in preference could contribute to the correlated pattern of variation in colour pattern and female preference across guppy populations.
On the Validity of Paschen's Law at Values of pd Near and Below the Paschen Mini mum †

ABSTRACT Published work On electrical breakdown in gases is examined and the conclusion drawn: If similarity is preserved, Paschen's law is generally correct for pure gases at values of pd near and below the Paschen minimum (with the piohable exception of hydrogen).
Studies on regioselective acylation of cellulose with bulky acid chlorides

The regioselective esterification of cellulose by reaction with bulky acyl halides including pivaloyl chloride, adamantoyl chloride and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl chloride was studied. Functionalization conditions to achieve a given degree of substitution (DS) and the resulting ester substitution pattern were described in detail. One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy techniques were used to confirm the structure of the esters obtained. We compared the effects on substitution of using different esterifying reagents and solvent systems including DMAc/LiCl, DMSO/TBAF, and ionic liquids (ILs).
Robust performance for systems with component-bounded signals

Abstract This paper presents a non-conservative measure of performance for systems whose multivariable external inputs and performance outputs consist of arbitrary numbers of independently norm-bounded components. This measure is expressed as the structured singular value of an appropriate interconnection system.
Gel electrophoresis as a means of detecting ternary complex formation of thymidylate synthetase

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to resolve as many as three protein components from incubation mixtures containing the inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridylate, the cofactor, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate, and thymidylate synthetase. In a series of mixtures containing excess 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and constant levels of thymidylate synthetase, the relative amounts of the protein components were shown to be dependent on the concentration of the inhibitor. Evidence is presented which suggests that the three protein components correspond to (1) native enzyme, (2) an inhibitor-cofactor-enzyme complex in a 1:1:1 molar ratio, and (3) an inhibitorcofactorenzyme complex in a 2:2:1 molar ratio, respectively. Ternary complexes of thymidylate synthetase are stable to gel filtration and are shown to undergo a relatively slow rate of breakdown on storage at 25 °C.
Power broadening effects in resonant scattering from unstable atomic targets

Abstract It is shown that power-broadening can significantly change laser-absorption line widths between two unstable atomic states. An explicit expression for this power-broadening is given which shows how this effect can be used to determine otherwise inaccessible lifetimes (≈10 -12 s).
Runway performance of rats following amygdaloid lesions.

Abstract Amygdaloid lesions in rats produced an initial increase in response latencies during the acquisition of a runway response which disappeared with further training. This disruption may have resulted from a lesion-produced interference with normal attentional processes. The lesions also decreased responsivity to shifts in magnitude of reward and decreased response latencies during extinction trials. This finding appears to reflect response perseveration by the amygdaloid rats.
Synthesis and characterization of a nano-structured sorbent for the direct removal of mercury vapor from flue gases by chelation

Abstract A novel adsorbent for the capture of mercuric chloride vapor from flue gases has been developed. The adsorbent uniquely combines a chelating ligand with an ionizing surface nano-layer on a mesoporous substrate. This enables selective, multi-dentate adsorption of mercury directly from the gas phase. The synthesis of the adsorbent is described, and detailed characterization data are reported. Based on elemental analyses, the maximum theoretical (equilibrium) capacity for mercury removal is estimated to be 33 mg Hg/g. Thermal stability tests indicate stable operation up to 135 ∘ C . The capture efficiency of the adsorbent was evaluated in the fixed-bed mode for oxidized mercury. A minimum operating capacity of 12 mg/g was observed, and removal of mercury through the formation of chelate was confirmed with Far-FTIR.
Molecular decay of enamel matrix protein genes in turtles and other edentulous amniotes

Secondary edentulism (toothlessness) has evolved on multiple occasions in amniotes including several mammalian lineages (pangolins, anteaters, baleen whales), birds, and turtles. All edentulous amniote clades have evolved from ancestors with enamel-capped teeth. Previous studies have documented the molecular decay of tooth-specific genes in edentulous mammals, all of which lost their teeth in the Cenozoic, and birds, which lost their teeth in the Cretaceous. By contrast with mammals and birds, tooth loss in turtles occurred in the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 Ma), providing an extended time window for tooth gene degradation in this clade. The release of the painted turtle and Chinese softshell turtle genomes provides an opportunity to recover the decayed remains of tooth-specific genes in Testudines. We queried available genomes of Testudines (Chrysemys picta [painted turtle], Pelodiscus sinensis [Chinese softshell turtle]), Aves (Anas platyrhynchos [duck], Gallus gallus [chicken], Meleagris gallopavo [turkey], Melopsittacus undulatus [budgerigar], Taeniopygia guttata [zebra finch]), and enamelless mammals (Orycteropus afer [aardvark], Choloepus hoffmanni [Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth], Dasypus novemcinctus [nine-banded armadillo]) for remnants of three enamel matrix protein (EMP) genes with putative enamel-specific functions. Remnants of the AMBN and ENAM genes were recovered in Chrysemys and retain their original synteny. Remnants of AMEL were recovered in both testudines, although there are no shared frameshifts. We also show that there are inactivated copies of AMBN, AMEL and ENAM in representatives of divergent avian lineages including Galloanserae, Passeriformes, and Psittaciformes, and that there are shared frameshift mutations in all three genes that predate the basal split in Neognathae. Among enamelless mammals, all three EMP genes exhibit inactivating mutations in Orycteropus and Choloepus. Our results highlight the power of combining fossil and genomic evidence to decipher macroevolutionary transitions and characterize the functional range of different loci involved in tooth development. The fossil record and phylogenetics combine to predict the occurrence of molecular fossils of tooth-specific genes in the genomes of edentulous amniotes, and in every case these molecular fossils have been discovered. The widespread occurrence of EMP pseudogenes in turtles, birds, and edentulous/enamelless mammals also provides compelling evidence that in amniotes, the only unique, non-redundant function of these genes is in enamel formation.
Form and Function in a Legal System – A General Study: Cumulative and Synergistic Effects of Legal Forms – A Schematic Practical Application

“Laws, like houses, lean on one another… .” – E. Burke “With the right combinations, one and one can make three.” – S. Kimble INTRODUCTION A highly concrete, felicitous, and revealing way to draw together, summarize, and highlight major contributions of duly designed form in a standard modern use of law that has itself been highly successful, is: (1) to present a synoptic overview of the main stages in an illustrative linear progression in which functional legal units are deployed concurrently or in sequence to create and to implement law to serve a standard legal policy, (2) to identify how systematizing devices, and resultant formal features of the legal system as a whole, contribute in this overall process, focusing especially on how various legal units are, at these main stages, combined, integrated, and coordinated within one or more of the law's five basic operational techniques for the creation and implementation of law, all in accord with principles of the rule of law, (3) to identify and review how major choices of form and of complementary material or other components in discrete legal units, and how major choices of form in the formation of the system as a whole, contribute by way of imprints and other effects to the operation of this progression at each stage, and (4) to consider the cumulative and synergistic effects of such choices of form and complementary material and other components, at each stage and at subsequent stages of the progression, as these imprints and other effects converge and add up in the processes and outcomes involved, and thus ultimately contribute to the realization of purposes.
Self-Healing of Byzantine Faults

Recent years have seen significant interest in designing networks that are self-healing in the sense that they can automatically recover from adversarial attacks. Previous work shows that it is possible for a network to automatically recover, even when an adversary repeatedly deletes nodes in the network. However, there have not yet been any algorithms that self-heal in the case where an adversary takes over nodes in the network. In this paper, we address this gap. In particular, we describe a communication network over n nodes that ensures the following properties, even when an adversary controls up to t ≤ (1/8 '—' e)n nodes, for any non-negative e. First, the network provides a point-to-point communication with bandwidth and latency costs that are asymptotically optimal. Second, the expected total number of message corruptions is O(t(log* n)2) before the adversarially controlled nodes are effectively quarantined so that they cause no more corruptions. Empirical results show that our algorithm can reduce bandwidth cost by up to a factor of 70.
Examination of selected synthesis parameters for typical wood adhesive-type urea–formaldehyde resins by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. II

The varying polymer structures of wood adhesive-type urea–formaldehyde resins resulting from different formaldehyde/first urea (F/U1) mole ratios used in the first step of resin manufacture were investigated using 13C. As the F/U1 mole ratio decreased progressively from 2.40 to 2.10 and to 1.80, the viscosity increase due to polymerization during resin synthesis became faster and resulted in decreasing side-chain branches and increasing free urea amide groups in the resin structure. The resultant UF resins, with the second urea added to an overall F/(U1 + U2) of 1.15, showed viscosity decreases when heated with stirring or allowed to stand at room temperature that were also characteristic with the F/U1 mole ratios used in resin synthesis. The formaldehyde emission levels of particleboards bonded with the freshly made UF resins showed relatively small but similarly characteristic variations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2800–2814, 2001
Connectivity and convergence of formations

In this work we consider the stability of vehicle formations in the case of a varying communication topology. We use a decentralized control law approach and explore the challenges and issues that arise in this framework. The vehicles considered are homogeneous, with discrete-time dynamics, and the communication between them is defined based on a predefined proximity rule. The resulting closed loop system is a switched dynamical system and in this paper we describe sufficient conditions that would lead to the stability of the vehicle formations.
Baseline Familiarity in Lie Detection.

Subjects judged the veracity of truthful and deceptive communicators after viewing 0, 1, 2, or 4 case‐relevant baseline exposures (familiarity) of truthful communication. A positive linear relationship was found between detection accuracy and amount of baseline familiarity. More specifically, observers who viewed four samples of baseline information judged deception more accurately than observers who viewed zero samples of baseline information. Results also indicated an increase in the frequency of truth judgments across familiarity conditions. This increase, however, only approached statistical significance. Results are discussed and future directions in lie detection research are suggested.
MEASUREMENT OF INTRINSIC BURNING RATE OF NITROMETHANE

An optically accessible, high-pressure liquid propellant strand burner (LPSB) was designed and established to measure the intrinsic burning rates of liquid propellants over broad ranges of pressures and initial temperatures. Compared to other methods, the current setup minimizes undesirable effects introduced by gelling agents and LP-containing tubes that may modify LP burning behavior. A temperature conditioning system allowed temperature sensitivity to be examined as well. To determine the intrinsic burning rate, chamber pressure was varied to achieve a steady-state position of the LP burning surface at a set actuator feeding rate. Operation of the LPSB was demonstrated with nitromethane monopropellant. Burning rates at three different initial temperatures were determined in an air environment. Over a pressure range of 2.5 to 15 MPa (250 to 2200 psig), the intrinsic burning rate of nitromethane was determined as a power law of chamber pressure: H, [mm/s] = 0.316 P1-02 [MPa] It was found that the burning rate of nitromethane was insensitive to the variation in initial temperatures tested (15 to 43 °C). The tube confinement encountered in conventional LP burningrate measurements was found to have non-negligible effects on the LP burning rate.
Histochemical studies on the distribution of beta-glucuronidase and succinic dehydrogenase in young and old spinal ganglion cells of the rat.

The present study compares the distribution of β-glucuronidase and succinic dehydrogenase in “young” and “old” spinal ganglion cells of rat. In “young” cells there are indications of cyclic activity of these enzymes, i.e., in some stages there are perinuclear concentrations of the enzymes, at other times β-glucuronidase and succinic dehydrogenase are uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. These stages have been discussed with the identical distribution of mitochondria. However, in “old” spinal ganglion cells both β-glucuronidase and succinic dehydrogenase become mainly concentrated in the pigment areas, suggesting thereby their possible role in the production of pigment, through the medium of the mitochondria.
BAMBi: Blackhole Attacks Mitigation with Multiple Base Stations in Wireless Sensor Networks

Black hole attacks occur when an adversary captures and re-programs a set of nodes in the network to block/drop the packets they receive/generate instead of forwarding them towards the base station. As a result any information that enters the black hole region is captured. Black hole attacks are easy to constitute, and they are capable of undermining network effectiveness by partitioning the network, such that important event information do not reach the base stations. Several techniques based on secret sharing and multipath routing have been proposed in the literature to overcome black hole attacks in the network. However, these techniques are not very effective, and as we demonstrate in this paper, they may even end up making black hole attacks more effective. We propose an efficient technique that uses multiple base stations deployed in the network to counter the impact of black holes on data transmission. Our simulation results demonstrate that our technique can achieve more than 99% packet delivery success. We prove that our scheme can identify 100% of the black hole nodes and demonstrate by simulation results that the technique suffers from very little false positives.
PRF ambiguity determination for Radarsat ScanSAR system

PRF ambiguity is a potential problem for a spaceborne SAR operated at high frequencies. For a strip mode SAR, there were several approaches to solve this problem. This paper, however, addresses PRF ambiguity determination algorithms suitable for a burst mode SAR system such as the Radarsat ScanSAR. The candidate algorithms include the wavelength diversity algorithm, range look cross correlation algorithm, and multi-PRF algorithm. This paper gives detailed description for the later two algorithms and suggests a reliable data processing step to accomplish all three processes. >
The Floating Dollar in the Greenback Period: A Test of Theories of Exchange-Rate Determination

Some leading modem theories of exchange-rate determination are pitted against each other in explaining fundamental movements of the freely floating U.S. dollar in the foreign-exchange market during the greenback period, 1862-1878. A purchasing-power-parity theory augmented to incorporate interest-rate, and possibly income, effects provides the best explanation of the exchange rate. The standard works on the greenback period are subject to some amendments in light of the study. ONE of the unique features of the greenback period (1862-1878) in U.S. economic history is the freely floating dollar in the foreign-exchange market. This paper provides a survey of the U.S. monetary system and foreign-exchange market at the time. The primary objective of the study, however, is to explain econometrically fundamental movements in the exchange value of the dollar during this period. The approach here differs from previous studies in that it specifies systematically some leading modem theories of exchange-rate determination for a freely floating currency and pits those theories against each other to explain the external value of the floating dollar in 1862-1878. Three theories that purport to explain fundamental movements in the exchange rate are tested: the purchasing-power-parity theory, the Keynesian theory, and the recently developed monetary theory of exchange-rate determination. The purpose is to search for evidence from the greenback period for these competing theories of exchange-rate determination and to use the results to reconsider findings of the standard works on the greenback period.' This study also has a data objective, namely, to assemble available macroeconomic data series for the greenback period and to use these series to generate the variables called for in the various models of exchangerate determination. In particular, annual estimates of the U.S. and British money supplies for 1862-1878 are developed for the first time. Further
Predicting Posttraumatic Distress in Hospitalized Trauma Survivors With Acute Injuries

OBJECTIVE: Each year approximately 2.5 million Americans are hospitalized after sustaining traumatic physical injuries. Few investigations have comprehensively screened for posttraumatic symptomatic distress or identified predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in representative samples of surgical inpatients. METHOD: The subjects were 101 randomly selected survivors of motor vehicle crashes or assaults who were interviewed while hospitalized and 1, 4, and 12 months after injury. In the surgical ward, inpatients were screened for PTSD, depressive, and dissociative symptoms, for prior trauma, for pre-event functioning, and for alcohol and drug intoxication. Patient demographic and injury characteristics were also recorded. Random coefficient regression models were used to assess the association between these clinical, injury, and demographic characteristics and PTSD symptom levels over the year after the injury. RESULTS: Of the 101 surgical inpatients, 73% screened positive for high levels of sy...
Titration of mean airway pressure and FiO2 during high frequency oscillatory ventilation in a porcine model of acute lung injury.

Background High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is frequently utilized for patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, precise criteria to titrate mean airway pressure (mPaw) and FiO2 as the patient’s condition improves are lacking. We hypothesized that reducing mPaw and FiO2 too quickly after reaching target arterial oxygen saturation levels would promote ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). Materials and Methods ALI was induced by instilling 3% Tween 20. Pigs were placed supine and received 30 min of nonprotective ventilation. Pigs were separated into two groups: HFOV constant (HFOVC, n = 3) = constant mPaw and FiO2 for the duration; HFOV titrated (HFOVT, n = 4) = FiO2 and/or mPaw were reduced every 30 min if the oxygen saturation remained between 88%–95%. Hemodynamic and pulmonary measurements were made at baseline, after lung injury, and every 30 min during the 6-h study. Lung histopathology was determined by quantifying alveolar hyperdistension, fibrin, congestion, atelectasis, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration. Results Oxygenation was significantly lower in the HFOVT group compared to the HFOVC group after 6 h. Lung histopathology was significantly increased in the HFOVT group in the following categories: PMN infiltration, alveolar hyperdistension, congestion, and fibrin deposition. Conclusions Rapid reduction of mPaw and FiO2 in our ALI model significantly reduced oxygenation, but, more importantly, caused VILI as evidenced by increased lung inflammation and alveolar hyperdistension. Specific criteria for titration of mPaw and inspired oxygen are needed to maximize the lung protective effects of HFOV while maintaining adequate gas exchange.
Does the Building Still Matter? Usage Patterns in New, Expanded, and Renovated Libraries, 1995–2002

Since the mid-1990s, more than 390 academic institutions have constructed new libraries or have expanded, renovated, or reconfigured an existing library. Given current concern about the future of libraries and the nature of space needs, it is important to know what impact these improvements have had on use of the physical library. Using responses from a 68-item Web survey conducted in early 2003, this article examines the impact of building improvements on usage of the physical facility. Recommendations for facility planning are offered, and implications for the “library as place” debate are explored. This report is a companion piece to an article published in the November 2003 issue.
Dynamic Introduction of Whole-Blood Samples into Fast Analyzers

A new automated method of sample preparation and introduction that may circumvent the problems of measurement of micro-scale quantities of samples and preparation of serum or soluble blood fraction is being developed for use in fast analytical systems based on the GeMSAEC principle. This method involves the dynamic introduction of reagents or blood samples into the centrifugal field of the Fast Analyzer during rotation of the rotor. The rotor can be designed to fractionate the fluid into discrete, measured portions that are transferred to the cuvets for photometric monitoring. Whole-blood samples can be directly introduced into the rotating rotor where, after fractionation into measured volumes, the particulates are automatically removed by the centrifugal field and the resulting measured quantities of plasma are transferred directly to the cuvets. The dynamic proportionation of reagents, serum, and whole blood has been shown to be precise, and automatic analyses for specific chemicals have been performed on whole blood samples with a coefficient of variation of less than 2%.
Muscle proteins in the chick myotome examined by the immunofluorescent method

In previous studies on the development of the somite (Langman & Nelson, 1968), the majority of the cells of the myotome appeared to arise from the dermatome and not, as previously suggested, from the cells of the so-called dorso-medial somite lip (Williams, 1910; Hamilton, 1952; Boyd, 1960). Once the myotome cells, characterized by a pale, round to irregular, nucleus and darkly stained nucleolus, are formed, they fail to synthesize DNA. During subsequent development, the myotome appears to extend in ventro-lateral direction by the addition of new cells originating primarily from the dermatome. After the dermatome has lost its epithelial structure, the myotome, in transverse section, consists of a tissue band with an abundance of cytoplasm and a large number of round to spindle-shaped nuclei. Though DNA synthesis was rarely observed among the cells of the extended myotome, considerable proliferative activity was observed in the adjacent tissues.
Integrating neuroscience into psychiatric residency training.

There are few areas of medicine undergoing the profound changes we see in psychiatry today. Over the past decade, the fundamental sciences underlying psychiatry have begun to shift from psychology and pharmacology to neuroscience and cognitive science. As the tools of neuroscience have progressed, we can begin to understand the disorders of the mind by studying the brain. The two related disciplines of systems neuroscience and cognitive science hold particular promise for revealing how brain activity is converted to mental activity and behavior. This progress is most evident in laboratory studies. Over the past five years, with techniques like optogenetics and chemogenetics that permit precise manipulation of neuronal activity, neuroscientists have mapped the detailed circuitry for fear, mood, reward, and social behavior in the mouse brain. The development of new optics and new tools for visualizing calcium release in individual cells now permit neuroscientists to watch a specific circuit in real time in a behaving mouse. With these kinds of tools, neuroscientists are beginning to decode brain signals to read out how the brain is processing information nearly at the speed of thought. These extraordinary laboratory tools have not yet been translated into the clinic. But even with the less precise techniques of human neuroimaging and neurophysiology, we can begin to see how the brain is working in health and disease. Systems neuroscience is giving us maps of the circuitry for complex cognition. Studies of affective bias and cognitive control are helping us to understand some of the processes underlying mood disorders and psychosis. Neuroscience and cognitive science may not yet be actionable in the clinic, but they will likely have a transformative effect in the near future in two major areas. First, we will see major changes in diagnosis. Psychiatric diagnosis, in contrast to diagnosis in most areas of medicine, relies solely on observable signs and subjective symptoms. Our
Parasitic ovarian cysts

Abstract 1. The literature on parasitic ovarian cysts has been briefly reviewed. Pathogenesis with arbitrary division into four stages is discussed. 2. A case with three parasitic dermoid cysts involving both ovaries has been presented. 3. The finding of ovarian tissue in the omental cyst may explain the etiology of some dermoid cysts thought to be primary in the omentum. 4. The evidence of calcification found by x-ray and histological study are indicative of the degenerative changes associated with slow pedicle torsion. 5. The case also demonstrates the process of new vascularization following pedicle torsion.