cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasi-synchronous checkpointing: Models, characterization, and classification

Checkpointing algorithms are classified as synchronous and asynchronous in the literature. In synchronous checkpointing, processes synchronize their checkpointing activities so that a globally consistent set of checkpoints is always maintained in the system. Synchronizing checkpointing activity involves message overhead and process execution may have to be suspended during the checkpointing coordination, resulting in performance degradation. In asynchronous checkpointing, processes take checkpoints without any coordination with others. Asynchronous checkpointing provides maximum autonomy for processes to take checkpoints; however, some of the checkpoints taken may not lie on any consistent global checkpoint, thus making the checkpointing efforts useless. Asynchronous checkpointing algorithms in the literature can reduce the number of useless checkpoints by making processes take communication induced checkpoints besides asynchronous checkpoints. We call such algorithms quasi-synchronous. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework for characterizing and classifying such algorithms. The theory not only helps to classify and characterize the quasi-synchronous checkpointing algorithms, but also helps to analyze the properties and limitations of the algorithms belonging to each class. It also provides guidelines for designing and evaluating such algorithms.
Systemic activation of basophils and eosinophils: Markers and consequences

Basophils and eosinophils are important effector cells in human allergic diseases; they play a significant role in promoting allergic inflammation through the release of proinflammatory mediators (such as histamine, leukotriene C4, major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, IL-4, and IL-13, among others). Notably, in allergic subjects, these cells exist in higher numbers and in a more activated state compared with nonatopic control subjects. Evidence for the greater activation state includes increased expression of intracellular and surface markers and hyperreleasability of allergy mediators. We have been interested in the phenotypic markers of effector-cell activation for many years. There is considerable overlap among activation markers, and few activation markers have been found that define a unique phenotype that is quantifiable in the assessment of the presence and severity of allergic disease. This review summarizes the existing evidence for systemic activation of human basophils and eosinophils in allergic diseases. The potential mechanisms responsible for functional and morphologic alterations in these effector cells and the specificity and utility of surface markers in the assessment of allergic disease activity or severity are also discussed. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:S292-302.)
Pattern synthesis of conformal arrays for airborne vehicles

This paper extends a beam pattern synthesis technique to a conformal array geometry. An array of simple slot radiating elements is postulated to cover a surface typical of the nosecone of an aircraft or missile. The far field element patterns for both polarization components are derived and applied to an iterative synthesis algorithm based on maximizing directivity subject to specified sidelobe constraints. Synthesized patterns with specified sidelobe levels are presented. Null steering is demonstrated, and beamwidth and directivity performance is considered as a function of scan angle. Near hemispheric coverage is demonstrated by assuming a capability to switch elements around the cone periphery. These results indicate the potential utility of conformal arrays for airborne applications. By continuing demonstration of useful beam patterns, directivities, and wide scan angles, conformal arrays may routinely find their way onto airborne vehicles, where they can introduce the additional benefits of reduced aerodynamic drag, weight and space savings and reduction of radome signal distortion.
College Students' Views of Marriage on Television.

Content analyses indicate that television presents a consistent image of marriage as overwhelmingly traditional and happy. Conflicting reports about the beliefs about marriage of heavy television viewers, however, suggest that manifest and perceived television content might vary. We conducted this analysis to examine the congruence between the view of marriage identified in content analysis and that rated by an impressionable part of the audience. College students (N = 358) completed Fitzpatrick's (1998) Relational Dimensions Instrument to assess perceptions of married couples on television. Students rated 30 different marriages. Most marriages were seen as Traditional, and students rated Traditional marriages as the most realistic. Amount of television exposure, however, was unrelated to television marriage ratings. The discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for media effects research.
A Novel Direct Torque Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Used for Variable Speed Wind Power Generation

In this paper, a novel direct torque control of doubly-fed wound rotor induction machines is proposed and applied to variable speed wind power generation systems. The proposed control strategy was developed based on the control of the rotor power factor. By keeping the rotor power factor equal to one, a switching-table-based hysteresis direct torque control system was built and the corresponding rotor voltage vector table was obtained. The validity of the proposed method was examined using the simulation of the variable speed winding power generation. Promising results were obtained and attractive advantages of the proposed control idea were illustrated including simple structure of the control system, low capacity of the inverter, reduced harmonic pollution to the power grids as well as the other advantages.
Operational Energy Optimization for Pure Electric Ground Vehicles Based on Terrain Profile Preview

This paper presents an operational energy optimization method for pure electric ground vehicles (EGVs) based on terrain profile preview. Dynamic programming is applied to obtain the global optimal energy point for torque distributions. The vehicles considered in this paper are powered by batteries and in-wheel motors. Different from the fuel optimization methods of conventional hybrid electric vehicles which adjust battery power supplies, a pure EGV actuated by in-wheel motors has only one energy source, whose power consumption is mainly determined by the torque distributions among in-wheel motors in terms of their operating efficiencies. Moreover, the optimization results show that different terrains will influence the optimal torque distributions and energy savings.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Realismo sponsorizzato : fiction e product placement

espanolLa Junta de la Victoria, un grupo de mujeres antifascistas argentinas, surgio en setiembre de 1941. Inspirada por propositos parecidos a los de la Junta, y del mismo modo relacionada al Partido Comunista, Accion Femenina por la Victoria se fundo en Uruguay en mayo de 1942. Ambas se convirtieron en asociaciones de Frente Popular, con miles de miembros diversos que produjeron ropa y materiales para los Aliados, defendieron ideales democraticos y promovieron la ciudadania de las mujeres. Al principio la Junta era mentora de Accion Femenina, pero las relaciones entre ellas se convirtieron en una alianza mas profunda y reciproca que facilito la mision de ambas. Las historias entrelazadas de la Junta de la Victoria y Accion Femenina por la Victoria ofrecen un ejemplo extraordinario de la colaboracion transnacional entre mujeres antifascistas EnglishThe Junta de la Victoria, an Argentine women’s antifascist group, arose in September 1941. Inspired by goals resembling those of the Junta, and similarly linked to the Communist party, Accion Femenina por la Victoria was founded in Uruguay in May 1942. Both became Popular Front associations, with thousands of diverse members who produced clothing and supplies for the Allies, defended democratic ideals, and promoted women’s citizenship. At first the Junta was Accion Femenina’s mentor, yet the relationship shifted into a deeper, more reciprocal alliance that enabled the organizations to fulfill their mission. The intertwined histories of the Junta de la Victoria and Accion Femenina por la Victoria offer an extraordinary example of antifascist women’s transnational collaboration
Tight Turns in Proteins

Polypeptides often exhibit folded conformations in which the chain reverses its direction over a few residues. Many proteins contain such sequences. In addition to proteins, such conformations have been found in oligopeptide hormones (see Chapter 9) and antibiotics, such as gramicidin SA. Reverse turns, also called tight turns, together with helices and beta sheets, elements of the secondary structure of proteins, control their tertiary structure by their variations. The tight turns are the most prevalent type of nonrepetitive structure recognized. As opposed to helices and beta structures, which have the property that successive residues feature similar φ and ψ angles, the nonrepetitive fragments of structure have different φ and ψ angles for each residue, so the residue position within the structure influences it more than in a repetitive structure (1).
Lateral membrane morphology and gap junction structure in rabbit corneal endothelium.

Abstract The morphology and the intercellular contacts of the lateral plasma membranes in the rabbit corneal endothelium have been observed by the lanthanum tracer technique. When the lateral cell boundaries show extensive interdigitation, they also send bulbous projections from one cell into its neighbor and gap junctions bridge the lateral plasma membranes. The basic features of the intercellular contacts are similar to the typical gap junction, having a polygonal array of subunits with a center-to-center spacing of about 90 A bridging a narrow intercellular space. In many of the junctions observed two additional features are prominent: the subunits form linear arrays and the intercellular space within the junction shows a periodic, 320–360 A center-to-center, widening. The latter feature appears as lanthanum-filled channels where the narrow intercellular space with the subunit array widens from 30–40 to 60–80 A.
GLOBAL EFFECTS OF INTERACTIONS ON GALAXY EVOLUTION

Recent observations of the evolutionary properties of paired and interacting galaxies are reviewed, with special emphasis on their global emission properties and star formation rates. Data at several wavelengths provide strong confirmation of the hypothesis, proposed originally by Larson and Tinsley, that interactions trigger global bursts of star formation in galaxies. The nature and properties of the starbursts, and their overall role in galactic evolution are also discussed.
Coherence-modulated third harmonic generation for vibrational spectroscopy: a theoretical treatment

An analytic model is developed to describe the influence of coherent vibrational motion on optical third harmonic generation. The vibrational coherence is prepared and probed by a pair of collinear optical pulses, focused at the interface of a crystal that has vibrational modes that are accessible to impulsive Raman scattering. Under these conditions, the probe pulse generates a third harmonic signal that is perturbed by the vibrational coherence through three mechanisms uncovered by this model: (1) coherent second hyper-Raman scattering, (2) cascaded amplitude modulation, and (3) perturbation of Fresnel transmission and reflection at the interface. Upon scanning the optical pulse delay and translating the crystal through the focal plane, these three contributions exhibit key differences, which may be observed experimentally.
Seismic Propagation from Humans in Open and Urban Terrain

Human movement produces dynamic forces that cause vibrations and seismic waves. Recent research illustrates that human movement can be recognized by measuring and analyzing mechanical responses to the movement, providing a new sensor modality to support established modes of human detection and movement tracking. Our objective is a high-performance-computing capability for simulating seismic waves propagating from walking and running humans on open terrain, on urban ground, and within buildings, to support development of human detection and signature analysis algorithms for seismic sensors. We apply viscoelastic finite-difference time-domain computations on a variable grid, using domain decomposition and MPI to operate in parallel on high performance computers. For walker/runner force inputs we develop an empirical model from published biomechanics research on human kinematics and measured ground reaction forces. Our open terrain results reveal the pulsating nature of seismic waves as they emanate from footsteps. We find that spectral characteristics of our simulated signals agree well with field signals. Our urban model results show realistic ground vibrations from runners outside of buildings, and our urban structures account for the effect of building vibrations on footstep signatures propagating from the inside to the outside of a building. We demonstrate the application of a seismic human detection algorithm using synthetic data, and conclude that the simulation method produces realistic wavefield data for virtual trials of human movement algorithms.
Building a transportation information system using only GPS and basic SMS infrastructure

This work consists of two main components: (a) a longitudinal ethnographic study in Kyrgyzstan that demonstrates the importance of transportation resources in the developing world and how to plan for an appropriate ICT solution, and (b) the results of a proof-of-concept system engineered to create a bottom-up, transportation information infrastructure using only GPS and SMS. Transportation is a very important shared resource; enabling efficient and effective use of such resources aids overall development goals.The system, *bus, involved the development of a hardware device (a *box) containing a GSM modem and a GPS unit, that can be installed on a vehicle and used to track its location. The *box communicates via SMS with a server connected to a basic GSM phone. The server runs route a prediction algorithm and users can send SMS messages to the server to find when a bus will arrive at their location.The paper discusses the system and early testing, as well as the development implications for a range of urban and rural environments where transportation is scarce or inefficient, and where a central authority or institution is not in a position to provide robust information resources for users. We describe how the solution is also situated within technology usage patterns common to the developing world.
SEMO6 - a multihoming-based seamless mobility management framework

Mobility protocols are designed to support handover between different wireless networks. Many of them suffer problems such as high handover latency, high packet overhead, high packet loss during handoff, lack of application transparency, etc. To remove these problems, we proposed a network layer based mobility protocol framework, SEamless MObility using shim6 (SEMO6), for host mobility. It is based on using the SHIM6 protocol and provides multihoming, mobility and application transparency. The goal of this paper is to present the system framework, analyze signalling cost, and evaluate the performance of this mobility management protocol.
The cytochrome P450 genesis locus: the origin and evolution of animal cytochrome P450s.

The neighbourhoods of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in deuterostome genomes, as well as those of the cnidarians Nematostella vectensis and Acropora digitifera and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens were examined to find clues concerning the evolution of CYP genes in animals. CYP genes created by the 2R whole genome duplications in chordates have been identified. Both microsynteny and macrosynteny were used to identify genes that coexisted near CYP genes in the animal ancestor. We show that all 11 CYP clans began in a common gene environment. The evidence implies the existence of a single locus, which we term the ‘cytochrome P450 genesis locus’, where one progenitor CYP gene duplicated to create a tandem set of genes that were precursors of the 11 animal CYP clans: CYP Clans 2, 3, 4, 7, 19, 20, 26, 46, 51, 74 and mitochondrial. These early CYP genes existed side by side before the origin of cnidarians, possibly with a few additional genes interspersed. The Hox gene cluster, WNT genes, an NK gene cluster and at least one ARF gene were close neighbours to this original CYP locus. According to this evolutionary scenario, the CYP74 clan originated from animals and not from land plants nor from a common ancestor of plants and animals. The CYP7 and CYP19 families that are chordate-specific belong to CYP clans that seem to have originated in the CYP genesis locus as well, even though this requires many gene losses to explain their current distribution. The approach to uncovering the CYP genesis locus overcomes confounding effects because of gene conversion, sequence divergence, gene birth and death, and opens the way to understanding the biodiversity of CYP genes, families and subfamilies, which in animals has been obscured by more than 600 Myr of evolution.
RTSTREAM: real-time query processing for data streams

Many real-time applications, such as traffic control systems, surveillance systems and health monitoring systems, need to operate on continuous unbounded streams of data. These applications also have inherent real-time performance requirements that have to be met under high-volume, time-varying incoming data streams. In this paper, we present a real-time data stream query model named PQuery, which provides periodic real-time queries on data streams for the aforementioned real-time applications. To support the PQuery model, a real-time data stream management prototype system named RTSTREAM is developed to provide deadline miss ratio guarantees for periodic queries over continuous and unbounded data streams. We describe the periodic query semantics and discuss why the periodic query model is appropriate for real-time applications. To handle irregular data arrival patterns and query workloads, we propose data admission as an overload protection mechanism. We conduct performance studies with synthetic workloads as well as real workloads from network traffic monitoring applications. The experimental results show that the proposed periodic query model suits the need of the real-time applications and the data admission overload protection approach is effective in managing the workload fluctuations.
Which juvenile crime victims get mental health treatment

Objective: To explore factors that facilitate the receipt of mental health treatment among juvenile crime victims. Method: Telephone interviews were conducted with a national sample of 157 caretakers whose children had suffered a serious sexual or physical assault in the previous year. Results: Twenty-two percent of caretakers had thought about getting professional counseling for their child victims, and 20% of the child victims actually received it. But half of the families who thought about it did not follow through on their consideration. Moreover, nearly half of those victimized children who actually received counseling did so without their families reporting that they had considered it in advance. The level of symptoms and parent-child relationship factors were related to considering counseling which was in turn strongly related to actually getting counseling. Other factors were independently related to receiving counseling, such as the victimization occurring at school and the victim being perceived as at fault to some degree. Advice to get counseling and medical insurance also played roles. Conclusions: These findings suggested two pathways to counseling. One occurred via direct parental concern, and was associated with such variables as parental perceptions that the child was depressed or withdrawn or that the parent-child relationship had been negatively affected. The other pathway occurred independent of parental concern, most likely via school interventions, because this counseling was in conjunction with school victimizations. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Job performance assessment for public affairs officers in the U. S. air force

Effectiveness of an information program requires cooperation between those who make decisions and those who explain them to the various persons and groups affected. This study explores difficulties between public affairs officers and their commanders in the U. S. Air Force. A census survey, analyzing questionnaire responses of 118 com’ manding officers, compared preferred to perceived actual time allocations of their public affairs officers across sixteen job assignments. Results indicate low levels of agreement between what commanders perceive as happening and what they prefer. Discussion focuses on four specific problem areas and possible explanations. Directions for improved working relationships are identified.
n‐Butylmagnesium Bromide–Methylcopper(I)

[59532-66-0] C5H12BrCuMg (MW 239.90) InChI = 1S/C4H9.CH3.BrH.Cu.Mg/c1-3-4-2;;;;/h1,3-4H2,2H3;1H3;1H;;/q;;;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = KKODDMXRKZGPIW-UHFFFAOYSA-M (n-BuMeCu−) [70196-77-9] C5H12Cu (MW 135.70) InChI = 1S/C4H9.CH3.Cu/c1-3-4-2;;/h1,3-4H2,2H3;1H3;/q;;-1 InChIKey = NYOHWJAWJJSSAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (MgBr+) [43245-19-8] BrMg (MW 104.21) InChI = 1S/BrH.Mg/h1H;/q;+2/p-1 InChIKey = QINUQMKKKJWFBE-UHFFFAOYSA-M (serves as a butyl transfer reagent in substitution reactions) Alternate Names: butylmethylcopper(I)magnesium bromide; bromomagnesium butylmethylcuprate. Solubility: sol ether, THF. Preparative Methods: a suspension of CuI (1.5 mmol) in THF (3 mL) is stirred at −78 °C and treated with a solution of salt-free MeLi (1.5 mmol) in ether. The resultant yellow precipitate of MeCu dissolves when a THF solution of n-BuMgBr (1.5 mmol) is added and a purple solution is formed.2, 3 In a similar fashion, the reagent is prepared from CuI, salt-free n-BuLi, and MeMgI.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent must be generated and immediately used in the absence of moisture and oxygen. Use in a fume hood.
Patterns of visual sensory and sensorimotor abnormalities in autism vary in relation to history of early language delay.

Visual motion perception and pursuit eye movement deficits have been reported in autism. However, it is unclear whether these impairments are related to each other or toclinical symptoms of the disorder. High-functioning individuals with autism (41 with and 36 without delayed language acquisition) and 46 control subjects participated in the present study. All three subject groups were matched on chronological age and Full-Scale IQ. The autism group with delayed language acquisition had bilateral impairments on visual motion discrimination tasks, while the autism group without delay showed marginal impairments only in the left hemifield. Both autism groups showed difficulty tracking visual targets, but only the autism group without delayed language acquisition showed increased pursuit latencies and a failure to show the typical rightward directional advantage in pursuit. We observed correlations between performance on the visual perception and pursuit tasks in both autism groups. However, pursuit performance was correlated with manual motor skills only in the autism group with delayed language, suggesting that general sensorimotor or motor disturbances are a significant additional factor related to pursuit deficits in this subgroup. These findings suggest that there may be distinct neurocognitive phenotypes in autism associated with patterns of early language development.
Insect-Attracting and Antimicrobial Properties of Antifreeze for Monitoring Insect Pests and Natural Enemies in Stored Corn

Insect infestations in stored grain cause extensive damage worldwide. Storage insect pests, including the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and their natural enemies [e.g., Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)] inhabit a temporary, but stable ecosystem with constant environmental conditions. The objective of the present experiment was to assess the efficacy of using ethylene glycol antifreeze in combination with nutrient solutions to monitor storage insect pest and natural enemy populations in three bins of corn, Zea mays L. The treatments were deionized water, a diluted (1:5 antifreeze:water) antifreeze solution, 10% honey, 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% beer in the diluted antifreeze solution, 10% sucrose in the diluted antifreeze solution, and a commercial pheromone trap suspended in a 3.8-liter container filled with 300-ml of diluted antifreeze solution. The seven treatments captured storage insect pests and their natural enemies in the bins at 33-36 degrees C and 51-55% RH. The pheromone trap in the container with the diluted antifreeze captured significantly more P. interpunctella than the other treatments, but a lower percentage (7.6%) of these captures were females compared with the rest of the treatments (> 40% females). All trapping solutions also captured Sitophilus spp. and other beetle species, but the captures of the coleopteran pests were not significantly different among the seven treatments (P > 0.05). Two parasitoid wasps also were captured in the study. The number of A. calandrae was different among the seven treatments (P 0.05). Most A. calandrae adults were captured by the 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze, whereas the fewest were captured in the deionized water. Microbial growth was observed in the 10% honey solution, but no microbial growth occurred in the rest of the treatments, including 10% honey in the diluted antifreeze solution. The results of insect captures and microbial growth demonstrated that antifreeze could be used as a part of storage insect monitoring and/or control programs.
The Role of Facility Design in Achieving CAD/CAM Productivity

Role de la conception des locaux dans la rentabilite des systemes de conception et fabrication assistees par ordinateur
Dynamics at Unimolecular Transition States

Ketene undergoes three unimolecular reactions with thresholds near 29,000 cm−1, dissociation to either the singlet or triplet state of methylene and carbon monoxide and isomerization through exchange of its methylene and carbonyl carbons atoms. Energy-resolved rate constant measurements near the threshold for triplet methylene formation reveal a stepwise increase in rate at the energy corresponding to each quantized energy level for vibration orthogonal to the reaction coordinate in the region of the transition state. Thus the dynamics in the immediate region of the transition state are approximately adiabatic. The isomerization reaction has a high barrier with a broad shallow well at the top surrounding the oxirene configuration. This well gives rise to quantum resonances for motion along the reaction coordinate and a reaction rate which exhibits narrow peaks as the total energy increases above the reaction threshold. These results provide a clear and detailed confirmation of the fundamental hypothesis of the statistical transition state theory (RRKM) that reaction rates are controlled by the number of energetically accessible vibrational levels at the transition state and a striking demonstration of the importance of the detailed shape of the potential energy surface in the region of the transition state.
ONC201: Stressing tumors to death

The small molecule ONC201 was identified in a screen for compounds that would induce expression of the gene encoding tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in tumors and thus cause an autocrine- or paracrine-induced death in tumor cells. Two Research Articles in this issue of Science Signaling by Ishizawa et al. and Kline et al. describe how ONC201 can also trigger cytotoxicity by inducing a stress response. The mechanisms of the stress response induced differ between hematological malignancies and solid tumors, highlighting the complexity of ONC201-induced toxicity and raising intriguing issues of tissue-specific pathways activated by the drug.
Effect of energy level and nitrate on hepatic vitamin A and performance of fattening steers.

Summary(1) With fattening steers, a high TDN ration resulted in a significantly larger liver Vit. A depletion than did a low TDN ration. The addition of 1% KNO3 reduced liver Vit. A stores but the reduction was not significant. (2) Neither TDN level nor nitrate addition had a significant effect on gain, but there was a significant interaction between TDN level and nitrate addition. (3) Feed intake was significantly affected by both TDN level and nitrate addition.
Perpetuation of Specific Schemata in Literature for Children

In a sample of 600 books written for children it was found that stories about a boy and an animal far outnumbered stories about a girl and an animal. The only animal with which girls were associate...
Rat situation survey and its killing countermeasure efficacy in passenger train

Objective To find out relationship between the rat density,invasion and rats activities in the train,and get feasible deratization technique in the train.Methods Rat situation investigation and deratization effect evaluation.Results In 2006,average rat density was 21.50%,invasion rate was 31.84%,rat hazard sorted by density:CAYZYWRZRW,by invasion rate :YZYWCARZRW;Caught species composition:Rattus flavipectus 94.7%,Mus musculus 5.3%.Improved on administrating fashion,60 days later,the rate of decline of density and invasion were 81.21% and 73.33% respectively.Conclusion Utilizing simutaneously rat density with invasion can be better to describe rodent hazard and evaluate deratization effect.For a long-term strategy against rat hazard in the train,it's feasible by using train specific bait-box.
Anatomical Studies of Blood Brain Barrier Disruption Following Intracarotid Bile Salt Infusion

Experimentally induced blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption by the intracarotid infusion of the bile salt sodium dehy drocholate is under investigation in our laboratories. Although the ability of bile salts to break the BBB has been recognized for over thirty-five Years (Broman and Lindberg-Broman 1945), information concerning the anatomic features of this method of barrier disruption has been previously lacking. The goal of the present investigation is to characterize the morphologic consequences of sodium dehydrocholate induced barrier opening.
Effects of melatonin and thyrotropin releasing hormone on mares during the nonbreeding season.

Two hormonal treatments, chosen for their effectiveness in other seasonally breeding species, were tested in mares during the nonbreeding season to determine if they could induce ovarian activity and estrus during the winter. Of 15 functionally anestrous (anovulatory) mares, five received intravaginal, polyurethane sponges containing .75 g of melatonin on December 16; fresh sponges containing melatonin were inserted weekly until February 3. These mares also received daily injections of saline. Five other mares received daily im injections of 100 micrograms of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and control sponges during the treatment period. The remaining five mares were given control injections and control sponges throughout the experiment. Intravaginal sponges containing melatonin increased (P less than .05) concentrations of melatonin in systemic plasma for at least 7 d to levels at least 10-fold higher than those expected during the nighttime hours. The TRH significantly increased concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone within 60 min after injection, whereas there was no detectable increase in concentrations of prolactin after TRH. Ovarian size in all three groups of mares was increased (P less than .05) shortly after the onset of the treatment regimens. Moreover, there were surges in concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in plasma closely associated with sponge insertion and(or) injection of TRH or saline in mares of all groups. Due to the temporal correlation of gonadotropin surges and sponge insertion, we suspect that placement of intravaginal sponges may have caused the release of LH and FSH, perhaps through a neuroendocrine reflex. These surges in gonadotropins may have mediated the ovarian response. Alternatively, ovarian activity may have been stimulated by an unknown environmental factor, a possibility that was not examined in this study. Melatonin or TRH did not augment or inhibit this nonspecific response.
‘Witness to my times’: Sarah Schulman and the Lower East Side

New York has fifty-nine ‘district communities’ and hundreds of ‘neighbourhoods’ whose physical areas are geographically, socially and ethnically but not legally defined, and which historically may or may not have been experienced as ‘communities’. For all the ambiguity of this term we may say that it signifies a sense of shared subculture and social-psychological belongingness for local people or those using a given urban area (see Krieger, 1982). Even so, such subcultural communities may overlap, coexist in harmony, mutual indifference, or tension, and be internally perceived in different ways
Future of Cold Plasma in Food Processing

Abstract Cold plasma is a disruptive technology to many current food processes, including thermal processing and chlorine wash. The three major challenges to a widespread adoption of atmospheric plasma technologies as a food-manufacturing tool are: (1) regulatory approval, (2) designing the plasma source, and (3) process control. This chapter provides a discussion of these challenges, the current developments and the future research needs.
Graduate education and training in the neoliberal university

This essay explores the impacts of neoliberal policies on graduate education, focusing attention on issues of curriculum, decision-making, and the role of graduate students at the university.
“A brilliant and pleasant light”: Investigating the springfield gas machine system at Ashland, the Henry Clay Estate, Lexington, Kentucky

Recent historical and archaeological investigations related to the gas works at Ashland, the Henry Clay Estate, have revealed a unique and important lighting system. A self-contained gas generating unit, known as the Springfield Gas Machine, was installed at Ashland sometime during the last quarter of the 19th century. This unit generated gas from liquid gasoline to power lighting fixtures throughout the house. Self-contained gas generating units, powered by both gasoline and acetylene, were introduced in the mid-19th century, and offered alternative gas sources for individuals and businesses outside the reach of municipal gas works systems. These machines represent an important technical innovation and one with considerable social consequences. Although the Springfield machines were found in greater numbers in the northeastern states, they also were used throughout the Midwest and South.
Traditional and Nontraditional High-Achieving Black Males’ Strategies for Interacting With Faculty at a Historically Black College and University:

This study explored the academic and social experiences of high-achieving Black males attending a historically Black university and their interactions with faculty. In particular, this study invest...
Activities of Dysregulated ALK2 Receptor Kinases Provide Insight Into the Protein Structural-Functional Basis of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Although structurally similar to type II counterparts, type I or Activin-like receptors (ALKs) are set apart by a metastable helix-loop-helix (HLH) element preceding the protein kinase domain that ...
The Performance of the AUDIT-C and the Examination of Risks Associated With Postdeployment Alcohol Misuse in Air Force Medical Service Personnel

This study assessed the performance of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) in diagnosing a postdeployment alcohol disorder in a cohort of Air Force Medical Services p...
Water productivity of maize in the US high plains

Maize water production functions measured in a 4-year field trial in the US central high plains were curvilinear with 2.0 kg m−3 water productivity at full irrigation that resulted from 12.5 Mg ha−1 grain yields with 630 mm of crop evapotranspiration, ETc. The curvilinear functions show decreasing yield but relatively constant water productivity up to 25% ETc reduction. Water productivity declined rapidly with ETc reductions greater than 25% and was zero at about 40% of full ETc because about 270 mm of ETc was required to produce the first unit of grain yield. These results corroborate those of previous studies that show reduction in irrigated area rather than deficit irrigation will usually provide higher net returns if water consumption (ETc) is limited. Water balance techniques adequately estimated ETc when precision irrigation was carefully scheduled and seasonal precipitation was low. Water productivity relationships based on ETc are more transferable than those based on irrigation water applied.
Modalities and Pain in the Rehabilitation Patient

Modalities, which include therapeutic electrophysical agents, achieve improved mobility via application of energy to alter pain perception. Modalities may be helpful in the overall physical therapy plan of care if a patient has significant pain such that he/she cannot participate in exercise or manual therapy.
Colombian Organized Crime: From Drug Trafficking to Parastatal Bands and Widespread Corruption

This essay traces the evolution of Organized Crime (OC) in Colombia in the post WWII period. It also highlights the country’s structure: its geography, historical and institutional development that made it very vulnerable to the development of transnational OC. By today’s definition, OC has always existed in Colombia but it was a local fixture. The development of the illegal drug industry in the 1970s globalized Colombian OC. It is shown that when the illegal cocaine industry started it was dominated by two large cartels (drug lords) and then in their adaptation to government actions it evolved into one controlled by warlords (guerrillas and paramilitary groups) and finally, after the government improved its capacity to fight the guerrillas and negotiated with paramilitary groups, has become fragmented and dominated by parastatal bands that control the political establishment in many areas and also have become involved in many other criminal activities. These bands have increasingly developed links with international criminal organizations. In this process, OC has penetrated the political structures of many regions and many government agencies and it diversified from illegal drugs into illegal money making activities, generating widespread corruption. The essay also schematically compares Colombia with Mexico and presents a few conclusions that are not optimistic about the possible modernization of the Colombian state in the short term.
Therapeutic landscapes and nationalism: Turkey and the curative waters of Kemalism

Hypothesised as a promising research concern for medical geographers, the therapeutic landscape concept promised to bridge divides between methods and approaches in humanistic, structural, and crit...
The estimation of profit efficiency

ABSTRACTThis article discusses a way of solving the ‘Greene Problem’ that has been termed for a technical difficulty in estimating a profit system with technical and allocative inefficiencies. As the ‘Greene Problem’ is due to the existence of unobserved technical inefficiency interactive in a nonlinear form, the article proposes a use of homogeneity in technology to untangle the nonlinear form, enabling the estimation of a profit system as well as the identification of the source of inefficiencies.
Noticing and Deciding the Next Steps for Teaching: A Cross-University Study with Elementary Pre-service Teachers

Teaching is a complex endeavor which requires teachers to make decisions based on children’s thinking. Pre-service teachers (PSTs) training to be future teachers need experiences to increase their ability to notice, understand, and analyze children’s responses/work to make sense of children’s mathematical thinking. This chapter examines elementary PSTs’ skills to recognize, identify, and make instructional decisions in their teacher preparation programs when provided with opportunities to engage in noticing practices in their mathematics methods courses. Qualitative analysis using open coding was used to analyze data sets collected from three different universities across the U.S. to find commonalities and themes. Results of the study provide insight into the effectiveness of the instructional activities and PSTs’ next-step instructional decisions.
C O -Sufficiency of Jets

The notion of universal unfolding has been discussed in this book on many occasions. The question of dimensional minimality of the universal unfolding will be one of our concerns in this chapter. Recall that in the definition of the universal unfolding, the map Φ is a C∞-mapping. Thus, according to Theorem 2.2 of Chapter 3, the universal unfolding of the germ x4 + y4 is of codimension eight. However, it seems that if the map Φ is only required to be continuous (CO-) then the codimension of the universal unfolding of the germ x4 + y4 is seven [18]. This motivates us to discuss CO-sufficiency in greater depth.
Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study.

Objective To increase understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the association, we investigated the individual relations to cognitive decline of the primary nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables, including vitamin K (phylloquinone), lutein, β-carotene, nitrate, folate, kaempferol, and α-tocopherol. Methods This was a prospective study of 960 participants of the Memory and Aging Project, ages 58–99 years, who completed a food frequency questionnaire and had ≥2 cognitive assessments over a mean 4.7 years. Results In a linear mixed model adjusted for age, sex, education, participation in cognitive activities, physical activities, smoking, and seafood and alcohol consumption, consumption of green leafy vegetables was associated with slower cognitive decline; the decline rate for those in the highest quintile of intake (median 1.3 servings/d) was slower by β = 0.05 standardized units ( p = 0.0001) or the equivalent of being 11 years younger in age. Higher intakes of each of the nutrients and bioactives except β-carotene were individually associated with slower cognitive decline. In the adjusted models, the rates for the highest vs the lowest quintiles of intake were β = 0.02, p = 0.002 for phylloquinone; β = 0.04, p = 0.002 for lutein; β = 0.05, p p = 0.02 for α-tocopherol; β = 0.04, p = 0.002 for nitrate; β = 0.04, p = 0.003 for kaempferol; and β = 0.02, p = 0.08 for β-carotene. Conclusions Consumption of approximately 1 serving per day of green leafy vegetables and foods rich in phylloquinone, lutein, nitrate, folate, α-tocopherol, and kaempferol may help to slow cognitive decline with aging.
Racial/ethnic differences in parental concern about their child's drug use in a nationally representative sample in the United States.

Introduction Parental concern and negative attitudes toward drug use may prevent youth from being involved in drug use. However, few studies have addressed parental concern about children’s drug use and its possible variation by race/ethnicity. In this study, we explored the potential racial/ethnic differences in parental concern about their children’s drug use with a nationally representative sample. Methods The data were from the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health, a random household telephone survey of parents of children up to age 17 (n = 102 353). The analytic sample was restricted to parents of children aged 6 to 17 years (n = 61046). Multivariate logistic regression models, controlling for children’s age, gender, family structure, and family poverty level, were fitted, simultaneously accommodating the complex survey design. Results Parents of African American and Hispanic children expressed more concern than parents of white children, even after controlling for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.9; 95% CI, 1.8-2.1 and AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.1, respectively). Conclusions The level of parental concern about adolescent drug use was different across race/ethnicity groups. The results may have implications for parental participation in school-based adolescent prevention programs.
On the Evolution of the Lactose Utilization Gene System in Enteric Bacteria

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of the lactose utilization gene system in enteric bacteria. This system provides an interesting case history in gene evolution. The lactose-utilizing members of the group, such as Escherichia coli , have β-D-galactosidase and galactoside permease, plus galactoside transacetylase, determined by adjacent genes, z + and y + , members of the lac operon. The absence of the permease and the resulting inability to use lactose effectively has played some remarkable evolutionary tricks on the rest of the lactose-utilizing gene set. The loss of permease has played the key role in the evolution of the lac region by rendering the galactosidase inoperative in lactose utilization and has permitted the accumulation of a variety of mutations within the z gene.
Depression and Chronic Fatigue in Athletes

For the most part, the competitive athlete is a well-adjusted individual who demonstrates considerable vigor and well-being, as well as less depression, anxiety, and fatigue than nonathletic counterparts. The well-trained athlete, however, may also have a personality that is somewhat rigid, strongly goal oriented, and perfectionist. It is not unrealistic to expect that when confronted with diminished performance or success, such an athlete may be compelled to drive himself or herself harder to succeed. Such behavior typically leads to the phenomenon of overtraining, which can express itself in the form of chronic fatigue and depression. There are a number of other organic causes of chronic fatigue and depression, however, which must be excluded by careful evaluation and appropriate diagnostic testing. Although the evaluation of the athlete who presents with chronic fatigue and depression can be somewhat complex, a diagnostic framework has been outlined here to assist the clinician in the assessment of an athlete who presents with such complaints.
An Essay on Modeling: The Social Model of Disability

From its first exposition almost half a century ago, the social model of disability has been aimed at altering both theory and practice, bringing about profound changes in people’s understanding of disability, and in the daily lives of disabled people as well. The social model’s foil, and on some accounts its antithesis, is the medical model of disability. Both models treat disability as a locus of difficulties. While the medical model takes disability to be a problem requiring medical intervention—and as both the prerogative and the responsibility of medical professionals to fix—the social model understands disability as a political problem calling for corrective action by citizen activists who alter other people’s attitudes and reform the practices of the state. These two conceptualizations of disability have been treated as competitors, as if one must prevail over and eradicate the other in thinking about who disabled people are and what should be said and done in regard to them.