cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing phonon flow through one-dimensional interfaces by impedance matching

We extend concepts from microwave engineering to thermal interfaces and explore the principles of impedance matching in 1D. The extension is based on the generalization of acoustic impedance to nonlinear dispersions using the contact broadening matrix Γ(ω), extracted from the phonon self energy. For a single junction, we find that for coherent and incoherent phonons, the optimal thermal conductance occurs when the matching Γ(ω) equals the Geometric Mean of the contact broadenings. This criterion favors the transmission of both low and high frequency phonons by requiring that (1) the low frequency acoustic impedance of the junction matches that of the two contacts by minimizing the sum of interfacial resistances and (2) the cut-off frequency is near the minimum of the two contacts, thereby reducing the spillage of the states into the tunneling regime. For an ultimately scaled single atom/spring junction, the matching criterion transforms to the arithmetic mean for mass and the harmonic mean for spring constant. The matching can be further improved using a composite graded junction with an exponential varying broadening that functions like a broadband antireflection coating. There is, however, a trade off as the increased length of the interface brings in additional intrinsic sources of scattering.
A Deliberate Practice Approach to Teaching Phylogenetic Analysis

One goal of postsecondary education is to assist students in developing expert-level understanding. Previous attempts to encourage expert-level understanding of phylogenetic analysis in college science classrooms have largely focused on isolated, or "one-shot," in-class activities. Using a deliberate practice instructional approach, we designed a set of five assignments for a 300-level plant systematics course that incrementally introduces the concepts and skills used in phylogenetic analysis. In our assignments, students learned the process of constructing phylogenetic trees through a series of increasingly difficult tasks; thus, skill development served as a framework for building content knowledge. We present results from 5 yr of final exam scores, pre- and postconcept assessments, and student surveys to assess the impact of our new pedagogical materials on student performance related to constructing and interpreting phylogenetic trees. Students improved in their ability to interpret relationships within trees and improved in several aspects related to between-tree comparisons and tree construction skills. Student feedback indicated that most students believed our approach prepared them to engage in tree construction and gave them confidence in their abilities. Overall, our data confirm that instructional approaches implementing deliberate practice address student misconceptions, improve student experiences, and foster deeper understanding of difficult scientific concepts.
How Not to Land at Lake Tahoe

Model the plane’s approach path by means of a cubic polynomial, using a coordinate system with origin at the beginning of the runway, so that descent starts at the point in units of your choice. Impose suitable conditions at the beginning of descent and at touchdown. Discuss the implications of condition c) above, in the cases: 1) transcontinental flight; and, 2) peculiar airport situations (such as at South Lake Tahoe, CA).
Mitochondrial generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as the source of mitochondrial redox signaling

This review examines the generation of reactive oxygen species by mammalian mitochondria, and the status of different sites of production in redox signaling and pathology. Eleven distinct mitochondrial sites associated with substrate oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation leak electrons to oxygen to produce superoxide or hydrogen peroxide: oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes that feed electrons to NAD+; respiratory complexes I and III, and dehydrogenases, including complex II, that use ubiquinone as acceptor. The topologies, capacities, and substrate dependences of each site have recently clarified. Complex III and mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase generate superoxide to the external side of the mitochondrial inner membrane as well as the matrix, the other sites generate superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide exclusively in the matrix. These different site-specific topologies are important for redox signaling. The net rate of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide generation depends on the substrates present and the antioxidant systems active in the matrix and cytosol. The rate at each site can now be measured in complex substrate mixtures. In skeletal muscle mitochondria in media mimicking muscle cytosol at rest, four sites dominate, two in complex I and one each in complexes II and III. Specific suppressors of two sites have been identified, the outer ubiquinone-binding site in complex III (site IIIQo) and the site in complex I active during reverse electron transport (site IQ). These suppressors prevent superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from a specific site without affecting oxidative phosphorylation, making them excellent tools to investigate the status of the sites in redox signaling, and to suppress the sites to prevent pathologies. They allow the cellular roles of mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production to be investigated without catastrophic confounding bioenergetic effects. They show that sites IIIQo and IQ are active in cells and have important roles in redox signaling (e.g. hypoxic signaling and ER-stress) and in causing oxidative damage in a variety of biological contexts.
THE STUDY OF THE WATER-CUT OF THE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DURING THE DIFFERENT PERIOD

The water cut is usually determined by the buckely leverett equation, which represent water cut in certain time. with the development of oil field, the water cut varies continuously. so it is necessary to predict the water cut of well on the different location during the different period when the well pattern is adjusted. in this paper, the model of the water cut is set up by using the dynamic and static date of the well that is known by the method of fuzzy neural networks. this model can predict the water cut of the arbitrary well and period.
China's Assertiveness in the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands Dispute

This paper examines China’s behavior in the dispute with Japan over the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands. Before 2010, China adopted a low-key approach to the dispute. After 2010, however, China chose to escalate the dispute, first in response to Japan’s detention of a Chinese fishing vessel in September 2010 and then in response to the Japanese government’s purchase of three of the islands in September 2012. China escalated because Japan’s actions challenged China’s relatively weak position in the dispute. By escalating, China could counter Japanese actions and strengthen its position in the dispute. Since late 2013, the dispute appears to have stabilized. China’s patrols within twelve nautical miles of the islands have strengthened its position in the dispute, while Japan has refrained from developing the islands.
Protein-Based Bioelectronics.

The desire for flexible electronics is booming, and development of bioelectronics for health monitoring, internal body procedures, and other biomedical applications is heavily responsible for the growing market. Most current fabrication techniques for flexible bioelectronics, however, do not use materials that optimize both biocompatibility and mechanical properties. This Review explores flexible electronic technologies, fabrication methods, and protein materials for biomedical applications. With favorable sustainability and biocompatibility, naturally derived proteins are an exceptional alternative to synthetic materials currently used. Many proteins can take on various forms, such as fibers, films, and scaffolds. The fabrication of resistors and organic solar cells on silk has already been proven, and optoelectronics made of collagen and keratin have also been explored. The flexibility and biocompatibility of these materials along with their proven performance in electronics make them ideal materials in...
Problems of War, Depression, and Effective Competition

Clark’s own last estimate of his “chief published works” listed Studies in the Economics of Overhead Costs, Social Control of Business, and his final book Competition as a Dynamic Process.1 The two earlier works might have served as the foundation for a subsequent treatise on economic dynamics.2 There is sufficient evidence in the J. M. Clark Papers to indicate that Clark was thinking of a general treatise on economics as early as the 1920s; in view of his prodigious output this can hardly be taken as wishful thinking.3 Furthermore, this desire persisted into his mature years as Clark indicated at several points. For example, in response to Professor Ray B. Westerfield’s suggestion that Clark join him in a joint petroleum industry study, Clark wrote in 1949: The question is: what is the one most important thing I can do? I have long wanted to do a general treatise of a sort. I can’t tell just what it would look like — not much like the one I had outlined twenty-five years ago. At least it would bring together disconnected parts of my remarkably-scattered work. I had thought of it as my main job — still undone. To do it, I should have to refuse the tempting bribes that special projects offer. I suspect that is a case in which the dollar yardstick is an imperfect measure of the most useful direction in which to turn one’s efforts — and I hope that isn’t just a case of personal vanity. Another way of looking at it is: if I don’t do the oil industry job, it will still be well and competently done;… If I don’t do the general treatise, nobody else will do just the job I would do; the approaches I want to try out won’t get tried out in a systematic way.4
Calciphylaxis of the breast: a rare metabolic complication of kidney disease.

Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (CUA) or calciphylaxis affects 1–4% of the population with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and associated with high mortality. Most lesions (90%) occur on the lower extremities1 followed by the lower abdomen. We report a severe case of CUA in an uncommon location—the breasts. A 54-year-old Caucasian woman with end stage kidney disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy, on maintenance haemodialysis for a year, was admitted with painful, open wound of the right breast. The initial lesion was …
‘I never feel alone in my classroom’: teacher professional growth within a blended community of practice

Well-designed face-to-face and virtual communities of practice provide opportunities for teachers to learn, grow as professionals and make changes to their practice with the support of peers. However, as more K–12 teachers become Connected Educators and act as conduits between online spaces and communities in their schools, the boundaries between face-to-face and online communities of practice are blurred. While increasingly more teachers are engaging in blended learning opportunities, there is a dearth of research about how blended communities of practice shape K–12 teachers’ learning and professional growth. This manuscript reports the findings of a qualitative study that examined teachers’ experiences in a blended community of practice through in-depth interviews with 26 K–12 teachers. Data analysis suggests that multiple means of engagement, face-to-face learning activities and leadership roles are critical elements that shape participation and learning in a blended community of practice. Additionally...
Diffusion along triple junctions is this the pathway for narrow Cu conductor lines

The possibility that the major mass transport pathway in very thin small dimension metallic nanoconductors is explored theoretically. It is seen that if we consider the triple junctions of the grain boundary intersecting with the cap and/or the liner the observations can be accounted for and that the grain boundary is never an important pathway.
Ecological Developmental Biology

Ecological developmental biology is the science that studies the interactions between developing organisms and their environmental contexts. It studies development in the ‘real world’ of predators, competitors, symbionts, toxic compounds, temperature changes and nutritional differences. The environment plays a substantial role in development, and in many instances, normal development cannot occur without environmental signalling. Symbionts, for instance are needed in many organisms for the development of particular organs. Environmental agents can elicit epigenetic changes in gene expression that can change an organism's phenotype. In many instances, however, substances in the environment of developing organisms can act detrimentally, causing birth defects and predisposing the organism to diseases in adulthood. Epigenetics has recently provided startling insights into how environmental agents experienced during embryonic development can predispose one to cancer, obesity, hypertension and diabetes later in life. Key Concepts The environment plays critical roles during normal development. The genome encodes a repertoire of possible phenotypes. Environment often selects which of those genes will become active and which phenotypes will become expressed. Reaction norms are phenotypes that quantitatively respond to environmental conditions, such that the phenotype reflects small differences in the environmental conditions. Polyphenisms represent ‘either/or’ phenotypes wherein one set of conditions elicits one phenotype, while another set of conditions elicits another phenotype. Organisms usually develop in symbiotic relationships with other organisms; and signals from the symbionts are often critical for normal development. Teratogens (such as ethanol) are compounds that can cause birth defects by disrupting normal development. Endocrine disruptors are compounds in the environment that can disrupt normal development by changing gene expression in ways that are not seen phenotypically for years after birth. Ecological developmental biology proposes new mechanisms through which evolution can occur. These include epialleles (inherited patterns of chromatin alterations giving inherited variants of gene expression patterns), plasticity-driven adaptation and symbiont-mediated variation. Keywords: ecological developmental biology; symbiosis; epigenetics; teratogens; plasticity; evolution
Iron-catalyzed intramolecular allylic C-H amination.

A highly selective C–H amination reaction under iron catalysis has been developed. This novel system, which employs an inexpensive, nontoxic [FeIIIPc] catalyst (typically used as an industrial ink additive), displays a strong preference for allylic C–H amination over aziridination and all other C–H bond types (i.e., allylic > benzylic > ethereal > 3° > 2° ≫ 1°). Moreover, in polyolefinic substrates, the site selectivity can be controlled by the electronic and steric character of the allylic C–H bond. Although this reaction is shown to proceed via a stepwise mechanism, the stereoretentive nature of C–H amination for 3° aliphatic C–H bonds suggests a very rapid radical rebound step.
After Chemotherapy Treatment for Maternal Cancer During Pregnancy, Is Breastfeeding Possible?

Abstract Objective: To report breastfeeding complaints of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy and correlate success with characteristics of their treatment. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy who attempted breastfeeding. We surveyed participants about breast engorgement, milk let down, and consistent breast milk production through mailed questionnaires. Treatment details, including the type and number of chemotherapy cycles given during pregnancy and antepartum or postpartum depression, were collected. A single pathologist evaluated surgical specimens to note lactational changes while blinded to patient's treatment. The primary endpoint was successful breastfeeding without reporting any lack of or decreased breast milk production. Results: When comparing women who underwent chemotherapy during pregnancy to women who did not, there was a significant difference in reporting a lack of or a perceived decrease in breast milk supply...
Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation of Autoignition-Dominated Supersonic Combustion

Simulations of combustion in high-speed and supersonic flows need to account for autoignition phenomena, compressibility, and the effects of intense turbulence. In the present work, the evolution-variable manifold framework of Cymbalist and Dimotakis (“On Autoignition-Dominated Supersonic Combustion,” AIAA Paper 2015-2315, June 2015) is implemented in a computational fluid dynamics method, and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and wall-modeled large-eddy simulations are performed for a hydrogen–air combustion test case. As implemented here, the evolution-variable manifold approach solves a scalar conservation equation for a reaction-evolution variable that represents both the induction and subsequent oxidation phases of combustion. The detailed thermochemical state of the reacting fluid is tabulated as a low-dimensional manifold as a function of density, energy, mixture fraction, and the evolution variable. A numerical flux function consistent with local thermodynamic processes is developed, and the approach for coupling the computational fluid dynamics to the evolution-variable manifold table is discussed. Wall-modeled large-eddy simulations incorporating the evolution-variable manifold framework are found to be in good agreement with full chemical kinetics model simulations and the jet in supersonic crossflow hydrogen–air experiments of Gamba and Mungal (“Ignition, Flame Structure and Near-Wall Burning in Transverse Hydrogen Jets in Supersonic Crossflow,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 780, Oct. 2015, pp. 226–273). In particular, the evolution-variable manifold approach captures both thin reaction fronts and distributed reaction-zone combustion that dominate high-speed turbulent combustion flows.
Preoperative doxycycline does not decolonize Propionibacterium acnes from the skin of the shoulder: a randomized controlled trial

Background Propionibacterium acnes is frequently cultured in patients undergoing both primary and revision shoulder surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative oral administration of doxycycline in decreasing the colonization of skin around the shoulder by P. acnes . Methods This was a single-institution, prospective, randomized controlled trial of male patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy. Patients were randomized to receive oral doxycycline (100 mg twice a day) for 7 days or to the standard of care (no drug). Before skin incision, 2 separate 3-mm punch biopsy specimens were obtained from the sites of the anterior and posterior arthroscopic portals and were sent for culture in anaerobic and aerobic medium held for 13 days. Results There were 22 of 37 (59.5%) patients in the no-drug group and 16 of 37 (43.2%) patients in the doxycycline group who had at least 1 dermal culture positive for P. acnes ( P = .245). In the no-drug group, 10 patients (45.5%) had 1 positive culture and 12 (54.5%) had 2 positive cultures (34 total positive cultures [45.9%]). In the doxycycline group, 6 (37.5%) patients had 1 positive culture and 10 (62.5%) had 2 positive cultures (26 total positive cultures [35.1%]; P = .774). Discussion Administration of oral doxycycline for 7 days before surgery did not reduce colonization of P. acnes significantly. Given the potential risk for emergence of bacterial resistance and the adverse effects associated with administration of antibiotics, we do not recommend routine use of oral doxycycline for preoperative decolonization of the shoulder.
The tragedy of Americanist diplomacy: Pan-American networks and the consolidation of empire, 1910–1917

This article investigates the construction of Pan-American knowledge networks in the years before the U.S. declaration of war against Germany in 1917. As the United States expanded its economic and political presence in the Americas, South Americans undertook an extensive effort to “network” the North, hoping to create new models of continental multilateralism. This effort was rooted in both interests (the promotion of increased U.S. investment) and ideas (the adaptation by South Americans of the narrative of “American” exceptionalism). Hopes for continental multilateralism were dashed by the Wilson administration’s decision to turn its attention to Europe. Yet the networks created in the war years were central both to the consolidation of U.S. empire as well as to increasing Latin American challenges to emergent international organizations in the 1920s and 1930s.
Posterior Cervical Laminectomy Results in Better Radiographic Decompression of Spinal Cord Compared with Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

BACKGROUND Cervical spondylitic myelopathy is a degenerative condition resulting from chronic spinal cord compression and a leading cause of nontraumatic spinal cord dysfunction. The chief surgical goal in the management of cervical spondylitic myelopathy is adequate spinal cord decompression with or without fusion to slow or prevent further neurologic decline. We conducted a radiographic analysis of canal parameters preoperatively and postoperatively for patients undergoing either anterior or posterior cervical decompression. METHODS Preoperative and postoperative radiographic analysis was performed using midsagittal and axial magnetic resonance imaging at the level of the disc space for 37 patients who underwent anterior or posterior cervical decompression. Statistical comparisons between anterior and posterior groups were performed using independent t test and Mann-Whitney U test where appropriate. RESULTS Both postoperative anteroposterior canal diameter and posterior cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space were greater in patients undergoing posterior decompression (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001, respectively), although postoperative anterior CSF space was comparable between both groups. Both anterior and posterior approaches to decompression resulted in a statistically significant improvement in anteroposterior diameter, anterior CSF space, and posterior CSF space (P < 0.001). Posterior decompression yielded significantly greater change in anteroposterior diameter and posterior CSF space compared with the anterior approach (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this quantitative radiographic study, we found that although both posterior cervical laminectomy and anterior cervical discectomy yielded significant decompression, laminectomy yielded a greater degree of decompression of the posterior CSF space.
A Direct Measure of the Barrier to Interlayer Diffusion

We use Monte Carlo simulations to study interlayer diffusion during submonolayer epitaxial growth in systems where the ratio of the terrace diffusion coefficient to deposition flux D/F is very high, and propose a method for directly measuring the barrier to interlayer diffusion from real experimental diffraction data.
Competitive Behavior of Birds at Feeders

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on observing intraspecific (involving members of the same species), interspecific (involving members of different species) competition, and agonistic (submissive and aggressive) communication among locally wintering birds as they forage at stocked feeders. The strongest competition for limited resources arises among members of the same species. Socially dominant members of intraspecific flocks gain access to feeders (and to more protected feeders) over subordinate individuals and dominant flockmates gain access to preferred feeding microhabitats while foraging naturally. Males dominate females in the sexually dimorphic northern cardinal (Cadinalis cardinalis). Although less intense than intraspecific competition, interspecific competition for food also adversely affects the foraging behavior of socially subordinate species. Judging on the basis of the dominance relationship between two species, the larger usually dominates. Additionally, bird species that shell sunflower seeds inside their beaks by manipulating the seed with their tongues (such as northern cardinals and finches) usually remain at feeders for extended periods of time, often excluding birds (such as titmice and chickadees) that usually depart the feeder with a single seed to open it elsewhere.
Validation of the textural realism of a 3D anthropomorphic phantom for digital breast tomosynthesis

In this paper, texture calculations are used to validate the realism of a physical anthropomorphic phantom for digital breast tomosynthesis. The texture features were compared against clinical mammography data. Three groups of features (grey-level histogram, co-occurrence, and run-length) were considered. The features were analyzed over a broad range of technique settings (kV and mAs). These calculations were done in the central slice of the reconstruction as well as the synthetic 2D mammogram. For each feature, the clinical data were binned into strata based on the compressed breast thickness. It was demonstrated that the clinical features vary by thickness. To evaluate the realism of the phantom, each feature was compared against clinical data in the same thickness stratum. For the purpose of this paper, a feature was considered to be realistic if it was within the middle 95% of the statistical distribution of clinical values. In the reconstruction, most features were found to exhibit realism; specifically, all 12 grey-level histogram features, four out of seven co-occurrence features, and three out of seven run-length features. The realism of most features was robust to changes in the technique settings. However, in the synthetic 2D mammogram, fewer features were found to exhibit realism. In conclusion, this paper provides a validation of the textural realism of the phantom in the reconstruction, and shows that there is less realism in the synthetic 2D mammogram. We identify the features that should be considered to refine the design of the phantom in future work.
School-based adolescent obesity prevention programming: perceptions of school personnel in Southern Appalachia.

OBJECTIVES: Coordinated School Health (CSH) is a systematic approach to improving the health and well-being of school-age children. It is recommended for its potential to promote healthy weight in adolescents through strategic programming. Resources and programming for adolescent obesity prevention varies among schools, thereby limiting the intended benefits of CSH. The purpose of this study was to understand gaps in schools' approaches to healthy weight promotion and support for overweight/obese students. We evaluated perceptions of adolescent obesity and environmental factors and programs facilitating healthy weight in high schools in Appalachian Tennessee. METHODS: In 2012, 17 key school personnel from 5 randomly selected high schools were interviewed. Questions addressed their perceptions of adolescent obesity, school-based physical activity and nutrition programming, and support available to overweight/obese students. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify emerging themes. RESULTS: Participants consistently identified adolescent obesity and/or associated risk factors as major health problems within their schools. Barriers to physical activity and healthful eating were identified at multiple levels. Because of the sensitivity surrounding overweight/obesity, no particular programs or curricula targeted overweight/obese adolescents specifically, but they were available to all students. Support is not explicitly available; therefore, overweight/obese students must seek out these resources. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that although school personnel are concerned about the impact of adolescent obesity on health outcomes, there is wide variation across schools on the types and quality of programming available to address the issue. Results can be used to encourage school-based strengths and identify gaps in the CSH infrastructure in school systems.
High-Brightness Circular Accelerators

In plasma physics the magnetic fields are usually sufficiently large that the gyro-radius of particles is small compared to any characteristic dimension so that the adiabatic or drift approximation is valid. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 where the particles follow the helical field lines except for slow drifts of the guiding center. The small oscillations shown are the cyclotron motion which is averaged out, i.e., it does not appear in the approximate equations of motion.
Non-coding RNA in Ischemic and Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy

This review aims to summarize and discuss the function and molecular mechanism of miRNA and lncRNA in the heart, focusing on ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Extensive studies in the past decades have identified numerous protein-coding genes that are highly expressed in the heart, playing essential roles in the regulation of cardiac gene expression, heart development, and function. Furthermore, mutations in many of these genes have been identified and are linked to cardiovascular disease. Intriguingly, it is now recognized that majority of our genome is “non-coding,” which produces a large amount of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Emerging evidence has indicated that these classes of non-coding RNAs participate in most (if not all) aspects of cardiac gene expression, cardiomyocyte proliferation, differentiation, and cardiac remodeling in response to stress. Recent findings have demonstrated important functions for non-coding RNA in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. It is expected that non-coding RNAs will become promising therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
The rate of energy transport and direct measurements of group velocity

The Intensity Vector Autonomous Recorder (IVAR) is a bottom deployed system measuring both particle velocity and pressure (combined sensor). Results using IVAR in the Sediment Characterization Experiment (SCE17) conducted off New England (spring 2017), are presented. Data originate both from ship noise involving the closest point of approach (CPA) of a large transport vessel, and experimental SCE17 signals relating to Signal Underwater Sound (SUS) MK-64 explosive sources. Several vector and scaler metrics emerge based on different combinations of second-order acoustic fields; one is the rate of energy transport (U) to be emphasized here. For the CPA data, estimates of U versus frequency represent the speed of the net transport of acoustic energy [D’Spain et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 1991], and additional interpretations are presented. For the SUS data, arrivals from individual modes are resolved in time-frequency analysis. Vertical intensity is shown to be much less than horizontal, and estimates of U are identified with modal group velocity with some caveats to be discussed. For example, the group velocity associated with the Airy-phase for mode-2 (frequency ~29 Hz) is U ~ 1370 m/s. This estimate emerges directly from the analysis without recourse to range divided by travel time.
6-gingerol induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through multiple mechanisms in human colorectal cancer cells

4971 6-gingerol, natural product of ginger, has been known to possess the anti-tumorigenic and pro-apoptotic activity although the mechanisms by which it prevents cancer growth are not well understood. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activatedgene (NAG-1) is a novel gene associated with pro-apoptoticand anti-tumorigenic activities. In the present study, we examined whether 6-gingerol altered cyclin D1 and NAG-1 expression and determined cell growth in human colorectal cancer cells. 6-gingerol suppressed cell growth and induced G1 cell cycle arrest. 6-gingerol also inhibited cyclin D1 expression and induced NAG-1 expression. Transient transfection and promoter assay revealed that 6-gingerol inhibited β-catenin activity as well as cyclin D1 transactivation. In addition, 6-gingerol increased proteosomal degradation of cyclin D1. The induction of NAG-1 by 6-gingerol is mediated by GSK-3β pathway and PKC epsilon. The results suggest that 6-gingerol stimulates apoptosis through up-regulation of NAG-1 and G1 arrest through downregulation of cyclin D1.
Us-ing: Producing Qualitative Inquiry Pedagogies With/in Lively Packets of Relations:

We share about an introductory qualitative inquiry (QI) class when we asked students to bring their “thinking with theory” assignment paper and then invited them to think with theory-tissue paper-s...
Attributional Bias as a Source of Conflict Between Users and Analysts in an Information Systems Development Context—Hypotheses Development

One potential obstacle to effective information systems development involves the conflict between users and developers. It has been argued that information systems development personnel have different perceptions of what constitutes systems effectiveness than do users. System objectives are accomplished from the developer's viewpoint when a system has technical validity. System objectives are accomplished from the user's viewpoint when the system has organizational validity. Differences in the assessment of information systems project success are accentuated when users perceive the project as a failure. Attribution theory, a social psychology theory, is employed here to explain the source and outcome of such conflict. Also discussed are alternative ways of resolving those differences.
CogCompTime: A Tool for Understanding Time in Natural Language Text

Automatic extraction of temporal information in text is an important component of natural language understanding. It involves two basic tasks: (1) Understanding time expressions that are mentioned explicitly in text (e.g., February 27, 1998 or tomorrow), and (2) Understanding temporal information that is conveyed implicitly via relations. In this paper, we introduce CogCompTime, a system that has these two important functionalities. It incorporates the most recent progress, achieves state-of-the-art performance, and is publicly available.1 We believe that this demo will be useful for multiple time-aware applications and provide valuable insight for future research in temporal understanding.
Aids to the development of network simulators

In this paper we describe the features of a program designed to simulate computer networks. The networks are assumed to consist of hosts attached to one or more network nodes (communication units) which in turn communicate with one another via one or more communication channels. The program accounts for user-host, host-node, node-node, node-host, and host-user protocols, as well as network topology and hardware characteristics. As reported in a later section, the program has been primarily used to conduct simulations to ascertain the performance (in terms of message or packet throughput and delay) for a variety of node-node channel access protocols, for nodes connected to a single common communication medium (e.g. a multi-drop cable or radio channel). It is, however, possible to accommodate networks in which nodes may be connected to several separate communication channels. Further, it is possible to simulate the behavior of store-end-forward networks as they can be viewed as a network in which the nodes are connected to multiple communication links. For either class of network the program can be used to verify protocol correctness or to assess network performance.
Mitral Valve Surgery for Congenital Anomalies and Degenerative Diseases

The majority of congenital heart abnormalities of the mitral valve that require surgery in adulthood are regurgitant lesions. Congenital mitral stenosis that requires treatment in adulthood is often in the setting of the Shone complex or rheumatic valve disease and occasionally atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). A brief summary of the regurgitant and stenotic lesions associated with congenital heart disease is given below. While this valve may be more accurately referred to as the left atrioventricular valve in many circumstances, particularly in the setting of AVSD, the term mitral is used to simplify the prose throughout these sections. In addition, while the term zone of apposition is more accurate anatomically, the term cleft is often used throughout this (and the AVSD) section.
Personal resilience and coping abilities of extension agents post-hurricane

Purpose: While Extension agents should be ready to deal with recovery efforts, emotional stress can hinder their ability to respond effectively. This study sought to provide overall insights into F...
ESD Ideas: Why are glaciations slower than deglaciations?

Abstract. The Earth's climate during the Quaternary is dominated by short warm interglacials and longer cold glaciations paced by external forcings such as changes in insolation. Although not observed in the solar radiation changes, the time series of the cycles display asymmetry since transitions to full glacial conditions are slower than the termination of glaciations. Here an idea is proposed for the slower transition by identifying and describing two negative sea ice feedbacks dominant during the glaciation process that could serve as a control on the intermediate stage and decrease the pace of the process.
Neural network optimal control in astrodynamics: Application to the missed thrust problem

Abstract While high-efficiency propulsion techniques are enabling new mission concepts in deep space exploration, their limited thrust capabilities necessitate long thrusting arcs and make spacecraft more susceptible to missed thrust events. To correct for such mishaps, most spacecraft require updated trajectories that are relayed from Earth. While this solution is viable for spacecraft near Earth, in deep space, where one-way communication time is measured in hours, a delay in transmission may prolong the time of flight or result in a complete loss of mission. Such problems can be alleviated by increasing the spacecraft's onboard autonomy in guidance. This paper demonstrates how a computationally lightweight neural network can map the spacecraft's state to a near-optimal control action, autonomously guiding a spacecraft within different astrodynamic regimes and optimality criteria. The neural network is trained using supervised learning and datasets comprised of optimal state-action pairs, as determined through traditional direct and indirect methods. Additionally, the neural network-designed solutions retain optimality and time of flight corresponding to traditional trajectories. Finally, the same neural networks can autonomously correct for most missed thrust events encountered on long-duration low-thrust trajectories. The presented results provide a path for mitigating risks associated with the use of high-efficiency low-thrust propulsion techniques.
An Unusual Case of Resistant Hypertension Secondary to Fibromuscular Dysplasia.

Abstract A 28-year-old woman with resistant hypertension was given a diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia with 100% occlusion of a right renal artery branch supplying an atrophied lower pole, collateralized by the right adrenal artery. Successful adrenal collateral coil embolization restored normotension, but hypertension recurred, necessitating right partial heminephrectomy with blood pressure normalization off medications. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)
Analysis of the Shattered Pellet Injection Fragment Plumes Generated by Machine Specific Shatter Tube Designs

Shattered pellet injector systems have been installed on DIII-D, JET, and KSTAR and used to experimentally determine the effectiveness of the shattered pellet injection (SPI) process in mitigating ...
Cultural Models of Emotional Experience

Subjective emotional experience emerges from several sources: physiological changes and body sensations, awareness of these changes, perception of an event eliciting emotion, and its appraisal. Being biologically based in its roots, the experience of emotions may still be influenced by cultural factors through appraisal, interpretation, and labeling, which in turn depend on the culture-specific meaning of the event (Matsumoto & Hwang, 2012).
Pass-through of the Oakland, California, sugar-sweetened beverage tax in food stores two years post-implementation: A difference-in-differences study.

INTRODUCTION Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have gained support as a policy response to adverse health effects associated with SSB consumption. On July 1, 2017, Oakland, California, implemented a one-cent/ounce tax on SSBs with ≥25 calories/12 fluid ounces. This study estimated the long-term impact of the tax on taxed and untaxed beverage prices. METHODS Data on 5,830 taxed and 5,146 untaxed beverage prices were obtained from 99 stores in Oakland and 111 stores in Sacramento (comparison site), California, in late May-June 2017 and June 2019. Linear regression difference-in-differences models were computed with store and product fixed effects, with robust standard errors clustered on store, weighted based on volume sold by beverage sweetener status, type, and size. RESULTS Taxed beverage prices increased by 0.73 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.47,1.00) on average in supermarkets and grocery stores in Oakland relative to Sacramento and 0.74 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.39,1.09) in pharmacies, but did not change in convenience stores (-0.09 cents/ounce, 95% CI = -0.56,0.39). Untaxed beverage prices overall increased by 0.40 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.05,0.75) in pharmacies but did not change in other store types. Prices of taxed individual-size soda specifically increased in all store types, by 0.91-2.39 cents/ounce (p<0.05), as did prices of untaxed individual-size soda in convenience stores (0.79 cents/ounce, 95% CI = 0.01,1.56) and pharmacies (1.66 cents/ounce, 95% CI = 0.09,3.23). CONCLUSIONS Two years following SSB tax implementation, there was partial tax pass-through with differences by store type and by beverage type and size within store type.
Evidence for Synergetic Dynamics in a Mammalian Pituitary Cell Perifusion System

Two recent studies of the release of gonadotropin luteinizing hormone (LH) by cultured pituitary cells in vitro in response to continuous perifusion with hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) have demonstrated a progressive decrease in levels of LH release, a desensitization response usually attributed to the down-regulation of pituitary cell membrane receptors for the secretagogue [1,2]. In contrast, in our laboratory over the past year, continuous perifusion of a similar preparation of pituitary cells revealed statistically consistent patterns of sustained, large-amplitude oscillations in growth hormone (GH) release in nearly 100 experiments. In addition to the potential clinical relevance of such a finding (self-organized, near periodic behavior may become resistant to regulatory input [3]), these data suggest the presence of a dynamical system with such features as nonlinear responses to linear changes in experimental conditions and the potential for the emergence of a variety of time-dependent behavior beyond stimulation or inhibition of release and receptor desensitization [4]. In fact, the biphasic behavior reported for some experiments in [2] may be an example of such bifurcations. Here we describe the oscillatory phenomena, present evidence that the cell culture behaves in many ways like a coupled system of relaxation oscillators, and report experiments suggesting that cAMP may, as in the case of the slime mold [5], play a role in its synergetic dynamics. The oscillatory patterns reported here were not observed previously [1,2] because of low sampling rates.
Tapping into the Hexagon spy imagery database: A new automated pipeline for geomorphic change detection

Abstract Declassified historical imagery from the Hexagon spy satellite database has near-global coverage, yet remains a largely untapped resource for geomorphic change studies. Unavailable satellite ephemeris data make DEM (digital elevation model) extraction difficult in terms of time and accuracy. A new fully-automated pipeline for DEM extraction and image orthorectification is presented which yields accurate results and greatly increases efficiency over traditional photogrammetric methods, making the Hexagon image database much more appealing and accessible. A 1980 Hexagon DEM is extracted and geomorphic change computed for the Thistle Creek Landslide region in the Wasatch Range of North America to demonstrate an application of the new method. Surface elevation changes resulting from the landslide show an average elevation decrease of 14.4 ± 4.3 m in the source area, an increase of 17.6 ± 4.7 m in the deposition area, and a decrease of 30.2 ± 5.1 m resulting from a new roadcut. Two additional applications of the method include volume estimates of material excavated during the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption and the volume of net ice loss over a 34-year period for glaciers in the Bhutanese Himalayas. These results show the value of Hexagon imagery in detecting and quantifying historical geomorphic change, especially in regions where other data sources are limited.
The "Dreadful Visitation": public health and public awareness in seventeenth-century London.

The decision was made in Britain three centuries ago that an educated populace was best able to deal with a public health crisis of staggering proportions--outbreaks of bubonic and pneumonic plague. As early as 1603, the printing press was enlisted to educate the public about urgent health issues. This education took several forms. The City of London, with the tacit permission of the Crown, printed bills of mortality that reported who was dying of what in London, detailed by parish, for the years in the seventeenth century when plague deaths were reported. New books about plague prevention and cures were published; older works were reprinted. The resulting wealth of data gave impetus to the evolution of the new field of epidemiological demographics, founded by John Graunt and Sir William Petty. Publishing in the plague years also established a model for informing the general populace that is not without parallel in today's "information society."
NG2-positive cells in the mouse white and grey matter display distinct physiological properties

Cells that express the NG2 proteoglycan are the largest proliferative progenitor population in the postnatal central nervous system (CNS). Although this entire population has long been considered to be oligodendrocyte progenitors, numerous NG2+ cells are present in the cerebral cortex, where relatively little myelination occurs, and also persist long after myelination is complete in the CNS. Several studies have alluded to the presence of distinct NG2+ cell subtypes based on marker expression, but no experimentally derived hypotheses about the physiological role of these subtypes has been proposed. In the current study, whole-cell patch-clamp data from acutely isolated slices demonstrate that subcortical white matter and cortical NG2+ cells display distinct membrane properties in addition to possessing differing K+- and Na+-channel expression profiles. A striking observation is that a subpopulation of cortical, but not white matter NG2+ cells, elicit depolarization-induced spikes that are akin to immature action potentials. Our data demonstrate that a population of cortical NG2+ cells display physiological properties that differ from their white matter counterparts.
Project GLOBE: Insights into the Study of Culture and Leadership

This article contains a summary of global leadership and organizational behavior (GLOBE) project. The article includes a discussion of the theoretical framework used by project GLOBE, which includes the nine culture dimensions and six global leadership dimensions (with 21 leadership subdimensions). A general overview of the three phases of GLOBE is provided. The first phase focuses on the development of research instruments to assess culture and leadership. The second phase examines the relationships between societal culture and the leadership dimensions for mid-level managers. The third phase is dedicated to examining culture and leadership at the executive level of leadership. A discussion of future research directions in cross-cultural leadership research is also discussed. Keywords: GLOBE; leadership; culture; cross-cultural; management; executive leadership; multinational