cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Falls-risk post-stroke: Examining contributions from paretic versus non paretic limbs to unexpected forward gait slips

Community-dwelling stroke survivors show a high incidence of falls with unexpected external perturbations during dynamic activities like walking. Previous evidence has demonstrated the importance of compensatory stepping to restore dynamic stability in response to perturbations in hemiparetic stroke survivors. However, these studies were limited to either stance perturbations or perturbation induced under the unaffected limb. This study aimed to compare the differences, if any, between the non-paretic and paretic sides in dynamic stability and protective stepping strategies when exposed to unexpected external perturbation during walking. Twenty hemiparetic subjects experienced an unexpected forward slip during walking on the laboratory walkway either on the paretic (n=10) or the nonparetic limb (n=10). Both groups demonstrated a backward loss of balance with a compensatory stepping response, with the nonparetic-side slip group resorting mainly to an aborted step response (60%) and the paretic-side slip group mainly exhibiting a recovery step response (90%). Although both groups showed an equal incidence of falls, the nonparetic-side slip group demonstrated a higher stability at recovery step touchdown, resulting from lower perturbation magnitudes (slip displacement and velocity) compared to the paretic-side slip group. The results indicate that the paretic side had difficulty initiating and executing a successful stepping response (nonparetic-side slip) and also in reactive limb control while in stance (paretic-side slip). Based on these results it is suggested that intervention strategies for fall-prevention in chronic stroke survivors should focus on paretic limb training for both reactive stepping and weight bearing for improving balance control for recovery from unpredictable perturbations during dynamic activities such as walking.
The ethics of managed care financial incentives to limit care. Some thoughts for specialists.

This article supplies an introduction to the structure and purpose of managed care financial incentives, with particular attention to those affecting referrals to specialists. It then addresses some of the ethical problems attending such incentive schemes and discusses the characteristics that make some financial incentives preferable to others. An agenda for specialists such as plastic surgeons who are often on the “receiving end” of incentive schemes designed to limit the use of specialty care is outlined. This proposed agenda encourages specialists to participate actively in shaping incentive schemes in ways that help keep health care costs down without sacrificing patients’ interests in obtaining necessary specialty care.
The Personification of the Business Corporation in American Law

The personification of the corporation was once of central concern to American jurisprudence. Diverse political and economic views, phrased in the language of legal discourse, were essential to discussions of the corporation's design, form, function, and operation. After the Second World War, however, the place of the corporation in law had ceased to be controversial, and both theoreticians and practitioners concerned themselves instead with organizational theory and economic analysis of corporate behavior. The corporation as a legal institution ceased to be of interest. The historical and jurisprudential debates which had consumed the energies of some of the leading legal scholars were relegated to the introductory pages of corporation law textbooks, if they were discussed at all. As a result, a modern lawyer knows only that a corporation is considered a legal person but finds that terminology devoid of content. Nineteenth and early twentieth century lawyers, however, knew that when they called a corporation a person the reference meant something. The Dartmouth College decision defined the corporation for the American bar for much of the nineteenth century.1 Handed down in the period when corporations were first emerging as a regular vehicle for economic enterprise, the case held that a corporation was an artificial person that owed its existence more to government than to its corporators and, as a creature of positive law, had only the rights and privileges that obtained from the government's grant.2 By the late nineteenth century, however, the process for granting corporate charters had radically changed. Corporations had become, if not commonplace, then at least not unusual. While the artificial corporate person enjoyed favor among businessmen who sought the protections it offered, it had also become the object of
Visual laser ablation of the prostate: clinical experience in 108 patients.

AbstractVisual laser ablation of the prostate was performed on 108 patients (ages 44 to 84 years) as an outpatient procedure from May 1992 to October 1992. Preoperatively, the patients underwent digital rectal examinations, determination of prostate specific antigen levels and transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies when necessary to rule out the presence of prostate cancer.The Urolase laser fiber delivery system was used to transmit laser energy from a neodymium: YAG generator. For the 97 patients with preoperative and postoperative American Urological Association symptom index testing, scores decreased by an average of 12.59 (p <0.001). For the 75 patients with preoperative and postoperative uroflow rates an average increase of 4.92ml. per second (p <0.001) was noted following the procedure. Only 3 patients required hospitalization for an average of 1.33 days. No patient required a blood transfusion. There have been no fluid or electrolyte abnormalities following visual laser ablation of the prostate. Th...
Dynamic assessment of head motion compensation for the HRRT

Motion correction in PET has become more important as system resolution has improved. Our previous simulation study based on measured subject motions showed that event-by-event motion correction has the best accuracy in static acquisitions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of both event-by-event and frame-based motion correction methods in simulated dynamic studies. Image reconstructions with various motion correction methods were carried out on simulated HRRT list-mode data that contained a wide range of motion based on actual motion data. The time-activity curves (TAC) of all regions of interest were fitted to a one-tissue compartment model to estimate the distribution volume (VT) and the binding potential (BPND). In addition, we explored the figure-of-merit sum of squared difference (SSD) between the raw TAC and the fitted curve as a potential tool to assess the success of motion compensation in dynamic PET studies. This study showed that event-by-event motion correction method works reliably for a wide range of human head motion, generating VT and BPND estimates that are comparable to the motion-free case. Frame-based methods introduce 5-10% bias in these parameters, as intra-frame motion gets larger than 5mm. For event-by-event motion correction, the SSD between the raw TAC and the fitted curve is consistent with the static motion-free reference for a wide range of motions. For the frame-based methods, the ratio of the SSD to the motion-free reference rises to 2-4 when the intra-frame motion exceeds 5mm, suggesting that this may be a useful measure of quality of motion correction.
Demographic and Criminal Determinants of Mortality in Prison: The Odds of Surviving Confinement

Several studies have demonstrated the importance of sociodemographic factors on prison mortality. This study advances our understanding of mortality by expanding demographic models to include habitual offenders, primary offenses and sentence length. Using data from the Florida Department of Corrections, this article explores the relationship between demographic and criminal characteristics of inmates and the odds of surviving confinement. Results indicate that criminal characteristics of inmates and medical status more strongly affect the probability of surviving confinement than race and sex. Finally, there was no indication of confounding and interaction effects with the exceptions of a two-way interaction of good health and race, good health and prison offense, and prison offense and sentence length.
Assessing the Relevancy of Highly Cited Works in Neurosurgery. Part I: The 100 Most Relevant Papers in Neurosurgical Journals.

Background Bibliometric analyses based on total citation count come with many limitations, which investigators in other fields have overcome using the average number of citations per year since publication. Method The following study is presented in 2 parts. In this first part, the 100 most relevant articles in neurosurgical journals were identified and ranked by total citations per year since publication. We queried the Web of Science database for the 1000 most-cited articles in neurosurgical journals. The number of citations per year was calculated for these 1000 articles, and the top 100 were identified. Results Among the top 100 most relevant articles, 63 were from the Journal of Neurosurgery, 26 from Neurosurgery, 7 from the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 3 from Acta Neurochirurgica, and 1 from Surgical Neurology. The average year of publication for the 100 most relevant articles is 1995, compared with 1984 for the list of most-cited articles published by Ponce and Lozano in 2010 (P Conclusion These results suggest that ranking articles based on relevancy rather than historical popularity results in a list of more recently published articles and includes more studies addressing topics of surgical management and outcomes. The ability to appraise the literature in this fashion is worthwhile to those seeking a better understanding of the science underlying modern clinical practice and is thus a highly valuable tool for neurosurgical residents, program directors, and neuroscientists as they acquire an understanding of modern neurosurgery and its scientific foundation.
Studies in Microorganismal Behavior by Computerized Television

Up to the present time behavior of motile microorganisms has been investigated in general by two methods. (1) “The mass movement” method and (2) the “individual cell” method. Quantitative “mass movement” techniques involve the principle of the measurement of optical density of cell suspensions (vide Pohl, 1948; Bruce and Pittendrigh, 1956; Feinleib and Curry,1967, etc.) As is well known, this method records changes in optical density resulting from the movement of cells into or out of the point being “watched”. This is a good method to make measurements of the responses of populations of cells to changes in the environment (for example, studies of vertical or horizontal migration in gradients.) But the method is obviously not well suited to investigate the movement of the individual cell or to find out how such movements bring about the accumulation or dispersal that may be observed. A further weakness in the system results from the fact that mass movement takes time and this means that the observer may be monitoring movements of cells which are undergoing a change in physiological state when, indeed, he should be investigating them as nearly as possible in the steady state.
Development and evaluation of a mathematical model for the study of sediment-related water quality issues

A mathematical model (Sediment-Transport-Associated Nutrient Dynamics - STAND) has been developed for the study of sediment-associated water quality issues. The model is intended to simulate changes of water composition associated with sediment behavior. It has a 3-level structure. The first level accounts for the hydraulics of open-channel flow. The second computes sediment transport potential and actual rates based on the information provided by the first level. A non-equilibrium approach is used. In the third level, changes of nutrient concentrations along a studied river are computed with the consideration of nutrient transport, adsorption/desorption, and release. In order to calibrate the model, field data were collected from the Oconee River, a major tributary of the Altamaha River in Georgia, USA. Two stations, approximately 17 km distant from each other, were established along the river for the purpose of data collection. Observations of the river's hydraulics, suspended sediment, and water quality (mainly ortho-phosphate, nitrate, temperature, specific conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and pH) were collected at the two stations. Another data set collected along a major tributary of the Yellow River in China was also used for calibration of the model's hydraulics and sediment transport parts. Calibration and validation results are encouraging, which suggests STAND may be a useful tool for the thorough study and understanding of nutrient dynamics associated with sediment behaviour.
Tomorrow’s materials

A distinguished metallurgist looks to the present work in physics and physical chemistry to predict the materials that materials researchers will turn out in the near future.
China's Rate-Based Approach to Reducing CO 2 Emissions: Attractions, Limitations, and Alternatives

A distinguishing feature of China's recently launched emissions trading system (ETS) is its rate-based structure. This structure governs the way emissions allowances are allocated and the conditions for compliance, and it has important implications for system performance. We show that the rate-based structure implies a wedge between the marginal costs of emissions abatement as perceived by firms and society's marginal costs of abatement. Moving to a mass-based system would eliminate this wedge and thereby yield significant gains in terms of cost-effectiveness and efficiency (aggregate net benefits). We indicate that these gains could be realized while addressing concerns about distributional equity.
Electric Field Effects in the Nematic and Smectic Phases of P-N-Nonyloxybenzoic Acid

Samples of p-n-nonyloxybenzoic acid have shown a positive conductivity anisotropy in the nematic phase immediately after heating from the solid, but after a number of hours the anisot-ropy changed to negative. A possible explanation for this change is the formation of clusters of molecules by polymerization. The clusters could be linear polymers involving hydrogen bonds. A study of the temperature dependence of the conductivity anisotropy indicated that other mechanisms are involved such as the formation of cybotactic groups involving dimers. Molecular alignment due to ionic conductivity is discussed in both the nematic and smectic phases. The dielectric anisotropy which is positive in the nematic phase decreases with decreasing temperature and reverses sign as the material enters the smectic phase.
Keats, the Vale of Health, and the Gentle Gendering of Cockney Coteries

Greg Kucich examines a different aspect of Keats’s Hampstead—its sociability, focusing on Leigh Hunt’s Vale of Health cottage, a formative place in Keats’s personal and poetic life. Kucich offers an intriguing new, gender-based perspective into the wealth of recent scholarship that has examined Hunt’s creatively enabling coterie and ‘Cockney’ topographies. Kucich suggests that this North West London suburban spot acted as a ‘transgendering’ site, a place where ‘alternative, transitional or transformative types of “masculinity” [could] emerge’.
Can I Get Better? Exploring Mindset Theory in the Introductory Communication Course.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mindset theory and public speaking apprehension, interpersonal communication competence, and student engagement in the introduc...
High Throughput and Low-Cost Detection of Short Nucleic Acid Biomarkers in Serum using Dielectrophoretic Biosensor

Short circulating nucleic acid molecules such as microRNA and DNA are recognized as potential biomarkers for early detection of diseases such as cancer. To efficiently quantify these biomarkers in serum, we have utilized dielectrophoresis to selectively concentrate and quantify the fluorophore labeled target biomarker molecules.
Uncertainty about Private Environmental Regulations: An Emerging Economies Perspective

While firms have historically only faced public environmental regulations which are designed and enforced by government agencies, recently various non-governmental bodies such as NGOs, standard setting organizations, and powerful customers have established initiatives and standards for acceptable environmental conduct of firms and pressure firms to adopt these standards, a phenomenon referred to as private regulation. Firms in emerging economies are frequently pressured by their customers in developed countries to adopt one or more of these private environmental initiatives. As a result, these firms face not only public, but also private regulatory uncertainty. Given the multitude of competing private initiatives, and the continuous development of new initiatives export-oriented firms in emerging economies generally face greater uncertainty resulting from private regulation than uncertainty related to public regulation. We present a framework that classifies the different types of regulatory uncertainty f...
Effect of teriparatide use on bone mineral density and spinal fusion: a narrative review of animal models

Purpose of the study: Teriparatide (Human recombinant Parathyroid Hormone 1-34) is an anabolic agent that is frequently used in patients with osteoporosis and has been extensively investigated with animal model and clinical studies in current literature. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of teriparatide on bone mineral density and fusion. Materials and methods: The findings from preclinical studies that have investigated the role of teriparatide in animal models are summarized in presented review. Results: Overall, the studies show an improvement in bone mineral density and increased fusion rates for osteoporotic animals undergoing spine fusion with teriparatide use. Conclusion: Further studies should be conducted for unanswered questions, such as teriparatide use before surgery, the effect on cervical fusion and surgery related complications.
Enhancing selectivity of cation exchange with anion receptors

We introduce a new supramolecular strategy where an anion receptor modifies the selectivity ligands for cations. This is demonstrated by combining the classic anion receptor calix[4]pyrrole (C4P) and a phenolic ligand, which leads to remarkable enhancement in selectivity for Cs+ over Na+. Crystal structures and molecular simulations confirmed the persistent formation of ion-pair C4P-Cs+-phenolate complexes, while the smaller Na+ ion cannot efficiently interact.
The anti-MRSA compound 3-O-alpha-L-(2″,3″-di-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (KCR) inhibits protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) contributes to patient mortality and extended hospital stays. 3-O-alpha-L-(2″,3″-di-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (KCR) is a natural product antibiotic that is effective against MRSA but has no known mechanism of action (MOA). We used proteomics to identify the MOA for KCR. Methicillin sensitive S aureus and a mixture of four KCR stereoisomers were tested. A time-kill assay was used to choose a 4 h treatment using KCR at 5× its MIC for proteomic analysis. S aureus was treated in triplicate with KCR, oxacillin or vehicle and quantitative proteomic analysis was carried out using isobaric tags and mass spectrometry. 1190 proteins were identified and 552 were affected by KCR (q Upregulation of translation-related proteins in response to KCR indicates that KCR acts to disrupt S aureus protein synthesis. This was confirmed with an in vitro transcription/translation assay. Significance Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) contributes to patient mortality and extended hospital stays. 3-O-alpha-L-(2″,3″-di-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (KCR) is a natural product antibiotic that is effective against MRSA but has no known mechanism of action (MOA). Using proteomic analysis we determined that KCR acts by inhibiting protein synthesis. KCR is an exciting novel antibiotic and this work represents an important step in its development towards clinical use.
Molecular Characterization of Hamster-Adapted Yellow Fever Virus.

We previously reported two hamster models for viscerotropic yellow fever virus (YFV) infection: one using a YFV strain (Jimenez), isolated from a fatal human case in Panama in 1974, and the other using the prototype YFV strain (Asibi). Asibi hamster passage 7 (P7) was associated with accumulation of seven amino acid substitutions, including five in the envelope protein. In this study we report the genome sequences of the hamster Jimenez P0 and P10 viruses in which we identified only two amino acid substitutions during passage, one each in the nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS5, indicating a role for the nonstructural proteins in increased YFV viscerotropism in the Jimenez hamster model. Thus, there are multiple molecular mechanisms involved in viscerotropism of YFV in the hamster model. Neither Asibi P7 nor Jimenez P10 viruses were viscerotropic in mice or guinea pigs. Thus, the hamster viscerotropic phenotype did not translate to other laboratory rodent species.
Forbidden Subgraph Characterization of Bipartite Unit Probe Interval Graphs

A graph is a probe interval graph (PIG) if its vertices can be partitioned into probes and nonprobes with an interval assigned to each vertex so that vertices are adjacent if and only if their corresponding intervals intersect and at least one of the vertices is a probe. When all intervals have the same length (or equivalently, no interval contains another properly) the graph is a unit probe interval graph. We characterize, via a list of minimal forbidden induced subgraphs, and no a priori partition of vertices into probes and nonprobes, the class of bipartite unit probe interval graphs and present a linear time recognition algorithm for them which is based on this characterization.
Mobile Stroke Units: Taking the Emergency Room to the Patient

Treatment of ischemic infarcts has historically been restricted to supportive measures with the majority of innovations, research, and treatment focused on prevention. Since the development of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke, it has been found that functional outcome is improved when treatment occurs within 4.5 h of stroke onset and treatment benefits are greater with earlier treatment. Endovascular revascularization is also an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke and again earlier is better. The axiom “time is brain” refers to the approximately two million neurons lost every minute in an acute ischemic stroke. The Get With The Guidelines Stroke registry found that less than one-third of treatment-eligible acute ischemic stroke patients receive intravenous tPA within 60 min of hospital arrival. There have been many initiatives to improve public education and awareness of stroke symptoms, as well as the emergent nature of seeking evaluation to decrease time to presentation. The concept of a mobile stroke unit was first published as a way of “bringing treatment to the patient rather than the patient to the treatment.” Earlier computed tomography scans, delivery of tPA, proper triage, and on-scene goal-directed care were the primary goals of mobile stroke units. It was postulated that these early benefits would improve long-term outcomes in patients treated in mobile stroke units. Accumulating evidence indicates that mobile stroke units reduce time from stroke alarm to treatment by 25–40 min and increase the rate of intravenous tPA use without an increase in hemorrhage risk. In addition, 3-month favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–3) is increased. Robust long-term data are still being elucidated and so effective cost–benefit analysis is lacking. The concept of mobile stroke units likely will evolve further and be used for other acute neurologic disorders, help triage patients for endovascular therapy and be incorporated into systems of care in remote areas. Further studies are awaited to fully understand the overall medical and health economic benefit of mobile stroke units.
Antimatter as macroscopic dark matter

Abstract Antimatter macroscopic dark matter (macros) refers to a generic class of antimatter dark matter candidates that interact with ordinary matter primarily through annihilation with large cross-sections. A combination of terrestrial, astrophysical, and cosmological observations constrain a portion of the anti-macro parameter space. However, a large region of the parameter space remains unconstrained, most notably for nuclear-dense objects.
An Uncommon Case of Lichen Spinulosus in an Adult Patient Clinically Mmimicking Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides.

Lichen spinulosus (LS) is an uncommon skin condition mostly in children and adolescents but uncommon in adults. It presents as a group of hypopigmented or skin-colored follicular papules and keratotic spines with a sandpaper-like appearance. There is a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the dermis centered around hair follicles. We present a rare case of LS in a 52-year-old woman with a rough, bumpy, itchy rash affecting the trunk and extremities. Her rash consisted of clusters of hyperkeratotic follicular-based spiny papules. Histologic sections demonstrated several dilated hair follicles filled with keratotic plugs surrounded by a dense perifollicular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, particularly at the level of the infundibula, that extended into the follicular epithelium.
Joy and multiple identities

This article introduces the phenomena of multiple identities and their communication channels that today’s individuals have. Upon reviewing the sociological characteristics of multiple identity hol...
Correlation of Measured Load-Displacement Curves in Small Punch Tests with Tensile Stress-Strain Curves

Abstract The Small Punch Test (SPT) has demonstrated tremendous potential for high throughput evaluation of mechanical response of metal sheets. However, its application has thus far been limited to the estimation of plastic material properties such as yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. This paper demonstrates new analysis protocols for extracting the uniaxial stress-strain curves from the SPT measured load-displacement curves. This is accomplished by first establishing a correlation between the SPT measurements and corresponding finite element (FE) simulations that take as input the uniaxial stress-strain response of the material. After establishing this correlation, it is shown that the correlation can be inverted to estimate the uniaxial stress-strain response from the SPT load-displacement measurement on a new material sample.
New York Public Library, Stephen A. Schwarzman Building: “To Inspire Lifelong Learning, Advance Knowledge, and Strengthen Our Communities”

As an older and still functioning institution, The New York Public Library main branch in New York City will be discussed in this chapter by examining its design, function, and transformation to become one of the favorite sites for residents and tourists in the city. Completed in 1911 and designed by John Merven Carrere and Thomas Hastings, the New York Public Library is a research institution and has rare books and map collections that are unique. The library’s mission “to inspire lifelong learning, advance knowledge, and strengthen our communities” is evident in their constant addition of new services and programs. For instance, recently the library began their “Library after Hours” program where they open the library at night that under different themes provided live shows, installations, and programs using the library collection (maps and films). The event also provided food, beverages, music, and the opportunity to enjoy the Beaux-Arts architecture of the building. This chapter will provide background on the New York Public Library main branch, the design as well as current functions and programming. The chapter will focus on the kind of New York City image produced through the concept of public library developed in its main branch for residents and tourists.
Submillimeter Oscillator-Amplifier Systems

The topics which will be considered by the Oscillator-Amplifier Discussion Group will include suppression of spurious oscillator output, i.e. ouput at adjacent K levels, suppression of superradiance in a pulsed FIR amplifier and control of FIR pulse shape. Because of its verified high power output, emphasis will be placed on CH 3 F lasers; however, due to the rapidly expanding nature of FIR research transitions of other gases will also be discussed.
Office-Based Renal Tumor Biopsy: a Paradigm Change in the Management of a Small Renal Mass?

The goal of this paper is to evaluate the use of an office-based renal mass biopsy (RMB), whose feasibility could represent a paradigm shift in clinical practice. Despite the earlier diagnosis of patients with renal masses, the lack of evidence showing a reduction in cancer-specific mortality warrants an examination in treatment practices. RMB is underutilized when compared to biopsy practice for all other neoplasms in every other solid organ (except testis), and the majority of RMB performed are outsourced to interventional radiologists. Performing an ultrasound-guided, office-based RMB is safe, reproducible, and has a meaningful impact on management decisions. The use of percutaneous RMB in clinical practice is growing, and the use of RMB has meaningful impact on management decisions for renal masses. Incorporating ultrasound-guided biopsy of a renal mass into clinical practice is feasible, and in contemporary practice, the urologist has the skill set to perform the procedure reliably, with low morbidity, and with minimal patient discomfort.
Insertion-trigger residues differentially modulate endosomal escape by cytotoxic necrotizing factor toxins

The cellular specificity, potency, and modular nature of bacterial protein toxins enable their application for targeted cytosolic delivery of therapeutic cargo. Efficient endosomal escape is a critical step in the design of bacterial toxin-inspired drug delivery (BTIDD) vehicles to avoid lysosomal degradation and promote optimal cargo delivery. The cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) family of modular toxins represents a useful model for investigating cargo-delivery mechanisms due to the availability of many homologs with high sequence identity, their flexibility in swapping domains, and their differential activity profiles. Previously, we found that CNFy is more sensitive to endosomal acidification inhibitors than CNF1 and CNF2. Here, we report that CNF3 is even less sensitive than CNF1/2. We identified two amino acid residues within the putative translocation domain (E374 and E412 in CNFy, Q373 and S411 in CNF3) that differentiate between these two toxins. Swapping these corresponding residues in each toxin changed the sensitivity to endosomal acidification and efficiency of cargo-delivery to be more similar to the other toxin. Results suggested that trafficking to the more acidic late endosome is required for cargo delivery by CNFy but not CNF3. This model was supported by results from toxin treatment of cells in the presence of NH4Cl, which blocks endosomal acidification, and of small-molecule inhibitors EGA, which blocks trafficking to late endosomes, and ABMA, which blocks endosomal escape and trafficking to the lysosomal degradative pathway. These findings suggest that it is possible to fine-tune endosomal escape and cytosolic cargo delivery efficiency in designing BTIDD platforms.
Comments on the β-deformed Script N = 4 SYM theory

Several calculations of 2- and 3-point correlation functions in the deformed theory are presented. The central charge in the Lunin-Maldacena gravity dual is shown to be independent of the deformation parameter. Calculations show that 2- and 3-point functions of chiral primary operators have no radiative corrections to lowest order in the interactions. Correlators of the operator tr(Z1Z2), which has not previously been identified as chiral primary, also have vanishing lowest order corrections.
Tribological applications of biomaterials: an overview

Tribological research is the study of lubrication, friction, and wear. Tribology of biomaterials is to study how the materials work and fail. This will help us to produce better biomaterials. Tribology plays a very important role in improving the design and making successful biomaterials for medical purposes. Joints of human body, such as hip, knee, jaw, dental parts etc., all need to consider the wear and lubrication problem. In this paper, we give a general introduction of biomaterial research in tribological applications. Materials, the synthetic characterization, and their failure are introduced.
High sacrectomy for locally recurrent rectal cancer: Can long-term survival be achieved?

Background Locally recurrent rectal cancer involving the upper sacrum is generally considered a contra-indication to curative surgery. The aim of this study was to determine if a survival benefit was seen in patients undergoing high sacrectomy. Methods All patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer involving the sacrum above the 3rd sacral body between 1999 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed. Results Nine patients were identified with a median age of 63 years. The proximal extent of sacral resection was through S2 (n = 6), S1 (n = 2), and L5-S1 (n = 1). All patients had R0 negative-margin resection. Median operative time was 13.7 hr, and median operative blood transfusion was 3.7 L. Thirty-day mortality was nil. Postoperative complications requiring surgical intervention occurred in three patients. Local re-recurrence in the pelvis occurred in one patient. The overall median survival was 31 months (range, 2–39 months). Three patients still alive are free of disease after 40, 76, and 101 months, respectively. Ultimately, all deaths were due to metastatic disease. Conclusions High sacrectomy that achieves clear margins in patients with recurrent rectal cancer is safe and feasible. A majority will die of metastatic disease, but long-term survival may be possible in some patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:105–109. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Impulse of a Vortex System in a Bounded Fluid

We derive, from the equation of motion of a classical constant-density fluid, the dynamic equation for the fluid impulse of a vortex system in a bounded charged or uncharged fluid. The result is an integral theorem which primarily describes the effect of nonpotential forces upon the vorticity ω ≡ ∇ × v [or ω ≡∇ × v + (q/m) B field for charged fluids]. Although the equations treat ω as a continuous field, the main application of the theorem* has been to quantum fluids where a vortex core is usually considered to be a δ-function singularity in the field ∇ × v. Figure 1, however, shows how the concept of a continuous vorticity field can be applied to a quantum fluid if we redefine w as the curl of the physical current j = ρv.
Efficient Specification of Interneurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Dorsoventral and Rostrocaudal Modulation

GABAergic interneurons regulate cortical neural networks by providing inhibitory inputs, and their malfunction, resulting in failure to intricately regulate neural circuit balance, is implicated in brain diseases such as Schizophrenia, Autism, and Epilepsy. During early development, GABAergic interneuron progenitors arise from the ventral telencephalic area such as medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) by the actions of secreted signaling molecules from nearby organizers, and migrate to their target sites where they form local synaptic connections. In this study, using combinatorial and temporal modulation of developmentally relevant dorsoventral and rostrocaudal signaling pathways (SHH, Wnt, and FGF8), we efficiently generated MGE cells from multiple human pluripotent stem cells. Most importantly, modulation of FGF8/FGF19 signaling efficiently directed MGE versus CGE differentiation. Human MGE cells spontaneously differentiated into Lhx6-expressing GABAergic interneurons and showed migratory properties. These human MGE-derived neurons generated GABA, fired action potentials, and displayed robust GABAergic postsynaptic activity. Transplantation into rodent brains results in well-contained neural grafts enriched with GABAergic interneurons that migrate in the host and mature to express somatostatin or parvalbumin. Thus, we propose that signaling modulation recapitulating normal developmental patterns efficiently generate human GABAergic interneurons. This strategy represents a novel tool in regenerative medicine, developmental studies, disease modeling, bioassay, and drug screening.
Hepatic lipid metabolism in experimental diabetes. II. Incorporation of [I-14C]palmitate into lipids of the liver and of the d less than 1.020 perfusate lipoproteins.

Abstract Livers from normal rats, from rats treated 48 h before use with alloxan, and from alloxan-diabetic animals treated with insulin, were perfused in vitro with a medium containing [1- 14 C]palmitic acid. 1. 1. It was observed under our experimental conditions that hepatic release of triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesterol into the d 2. 2. During these perfusions of livers from diabetic animals with small loads of palmitic acid, hepatic triglyceride concentration was diminished, whereas it appeared to be unchanged in livers from normal rats. 3. 3. Incorporation of 14 C into triglycerides and phospholipids of the d 14 C and the specific activity of liver phospholipid was depressed. Although the incorporation of 14 C into hepatic triglyceride did not appear to be depressed in these experiments as a result of the alloxan diabetes, we can not say that rates of esterification of non-esterified fatty acid to triglyceride were normal; this reservation is necessary since these data were obtained at the termination of the perfusion experiment during which time the hepatic concentration of triglyceride was declining, fatty acid was being oxidized, and triglyceride was not being released at normal rates. 4. 4. These observations were discussed in an attempt to evaluate the mechanisms by which the fatty liver develops in the intact alloxan-diabetic animal at a time when hepatic triglyceride catabolism appears to be increased.
Organizationally‐induced work stress

Purpose – This paper offers a model that illustrates the relationship between organizational structure, work stress and perceived strain based on the concept of bureaucratic orientation.Design/methodology/approach – After a brief review of the stress and structure literatures, a number of propositions are developed concerning organizationally‐induced stressors that are fostered by mechanistic or organic structures. Next, a model is presented illustrating the impact of members' bureaucratic orientation on the organizationally induced stressor‐strain relationship.Findings – It is argued that highly‐mechanized structures manifest different stressors for employees from highly organic structures. The model also demonstrates how organizationally‐induced stressors such as role conflict and ambiguity mediate the relation between structure and strain. However, the extent to which these stressors result in perceived strain is also dependent on employees' predisposition toward dominance, autonomy, achievement, ambig...
Infrared spectra of isotopic CO2-He complexes.

Infrared spectra of three isotopic forms of the weakly bound CO2–He van der Waals complex have been studied in the region of the CO2 ν3 fundamental band around 2300cm−1, using a tunable diode laser to probe a pulsed supersonic expansion. The complex is a T-shaped near-oblate asymmetric rotor, and it is found that O18 isotopic substitution is sufficient to interchange the a and b inertial axes. For the symmetric isotopes, such as the normal species and the O16C13O16 and O18C13O18 forms studied here, half of the normal rotational levels of the complex are missing due to the effects of O16 (or O18) interchange symmetry. However, for asymmetrically substituted ones, such as O16C13O18, all rotational levels are present. Moreover, for the asymmetric isotope, both a- and b-type transitions were observed, so that the spectrum was much richer. The CO2–He system is of interest both as a benchmark for intermolecular potential energy surface calculations, and because CO2 is a valuable probe molecule for helium cluste...
Theorizing Inequality: Comparative Policy Regimes, Gender, and Everyday Lives

Sociological explanations of inequality are incomplete unless they fully recognize the importance of social policy regimes, the policy logics embedded within them, and how policy arrangements work ...
Generation of 8 nJ pulses from a normal-dispersion thulium fiber laser

We report a study of a mode-locked thulium (Tm) fiber laser with varying normal dispersion. It is difficult to reach the high-energy dissipative-soliton regime due to the anomalous dispersion of most fibers at 2 μm. With large normal dispersion, the laser exhibits elements of self-similar pulse evolution, and is the first Tm fiber laser to achieve the performance benefits of normal-dispersion operation. The laser generates 7.6 nJ pulses, which can be dechirped to 130 fs duration. The resulting peak power is 4 times higher than that of previous Tm fiber lasers.
How “Just” Gets Its Meanings: Polysemy and Context in Psychological Semantics:

The adverb just is polysemous in having several related senses (e.g., It's just a cold; I just notice it at night; or I love cookies, just as you love cake). We present three studies looking at how readers determine the appropriate sense of just in context. The first study analyzed 871 naturalistic sentence contexts containing just, and revealed six senses for the adverb as well as some interesting patterns in which particular classes of words regularly followed particular senses of just. Study 2 experimentally tested the idea that a reader's choice of a sense of just can to a great degree be accounted for by knowing the word following just. Study 3 tested the hypothesis that entire sentence contexts assist people in narrowing down their choices of a sense of just. These findings suggest that people's choice of a sense of just is largely determined by the statistical co-occurrence of just with particular classes of words in one's life experience with language: in the case that co-occurrence information is...
Race Socialization Messages Across Historical Time

In this study we investigated whether the content of race socialization messages varied by birth cohort, using data from a national probability sample. Most respondents recalled receiving messages about what it means to be black from their parents or guardians; these messages were coded into five mutually exclusive content categories: individual pride, racial group pride, deference to and fear of whites, color-blind, and whites are prejudiced. We examined three birth cohorts: pre-Brown v. Board of Education, protest, and post-protest. The content of messages varied significantly by cohort. For example, messages conveying deference to and fear of whites were more likely to be transmitted to children coming of age during the pre-Brown v. Board of Education era. We also found that respondents' current racial attitudes were correlated with messages they received during childhood.
Inhibition of Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced leukemia in transgenic mice expressing antisense RNA complementary to the retroviral packaging sequences.

Abstract Recombinant plasmids pLP psi as and pCP psi as were constructed by positioning the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) proviral packaging (psi) sequences in reverse orientation under the transcriptional regulation of lymphotropic promoter/regulatory elements from the M-MuLV long terminal repeat or the cytomegalovirus immediate-early region. Linear fragments containing the antisense psi and the appropriate transcriptional regulatory sequences from these plasmids were introduced into the mouse germ line by zygote microinjection. The chromosomal integration, germ-line transmission, and lymphocyte-directed expression of the antisense psi RNA were confirmed. Control (nontransgenic) and transgenic mice containing either the pLP psi as or the pCP psi as sequences were infected with M-MuLV on the day of birth and assayed for signs of leukemia between 12 and 14 weeks of age with standard assay procedures. While 31% (11 of 36) of the control, nontransgenic, mice developed leukemia, none of the antisense psi transgenic mice developed any symptoms of leukemia. The pCP psi as sequences were also introduced into mouse NIH 3T3 cells and stably transformed cell lines were isolated. When infected with M-MuLV these cells were shown to produce virus devoid of packaged viral RNA.
A determination of the mass and some energy levels of the nuclide 44Ar

Abstract The mass and some energy levels of the nuclide 44 Ar have been determined from the 48 Ca( 3 He, 7 Be) 44 Ar reaction. A comparison with theoretical values of the mass is made.
Identification of a series of C(21)O(2) pregnanes from fecal extracts of a pregnant black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor).

Abstract Fecal extracts from a pregnant black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis , were analyzed by radioimmunoassay, HPLC, and by GC-mass spectrometry. From 40 g of dried feces a total of 33 pregnanes in the C 21 O 2 series, including a number of novel 17α epimers were identified. No progesterone was recovered. The principal progesterone metabolite by mass was 5α-pregnan-3β,20α-diol (44.5%), which did not cross react with the antibody used in our RIA. The antibody recognized progesterone and pregnanes with 20-one configuration, which when combined made up less than 15% of the total C 21 O 2 steroid mass. Of the 33 pregnanes in the C 21 O 2 series identified, 81%, by mass, were in the 5α-configuration. These results are compared with studies in other rhinoceros species (Asian and Sumatran) in which pregnanes in the 5β-configuration are the major fecal metabolites, and the white rhinoceros in which pregnanes in the 5α-configuration are the dominant form.
Inactivation of the SR Protein Splicing Factor ASF/SF2 Results in Genomic Instability

SR proteins constitute a family of pre-mRNA splicing factors now thought to play several roles in mRNA metabolism in metazoan cells. Here we provide evidence that a prototypical SR protein, ASF/SF2, is unexpectedly required for maintenance of genomic stability. We first show that in vivo depletion of ASF/SF2 results in a hypermutation phenotype likely due to DNA rearrangements, reflected in the rapid appearance of DNA double-strand breaks and high-molecular-weight DNA fragments. Analysis of DNA from ASF/SF2-depleted cells revealed that the nontemplate strand of a transcribed gene was single stranded due to formation of an RNA:DNA hybrid, R loop structure. Stable overexpression of RNase H suppressed the DNA-fragmentation and hypermutation phenotypes. Indicative of a direct role, ASF/SF2 prevented R loop formation in a reconstituted in vitro transcription reaction. Our results support a model by which recruitment of ASF/SF2 to nascent transcripts by RNA polymerase II prevents formation of mutagenic R loop structures.
Schedule-induced polydipsia and reinforcement magnitude

Abstract Polydipsia was induced in four female rats reduced to 80% of their free-feeding weights and exposed to a 120 sec response-independent fixed-time (FT) schedule of food delivery. Animals were then presented with either one, two, three or six 45 mg Noyes food pellets per interval. For three animals the multiple pellet per interval conditions resulted in increased water consumption over the single pellet condition. The two, three and six pellet conditions, however, resulted in similar amounts of water being ingested. These results indicated that an increase in the magnitude of reinforcement beyond a certain limit does not lead to an increase in schedule-induced polydipsia.