cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Should the Law Convict Those Who Act from Conviction? Reflections on a Demands-of-Conscience Criminal Defense

How should the judge or jury in a just criminal court treat a civil disobedient, someone who performs a conscientiously motivated communicative breach of the criminal law? Kimberley Brownlee contends that all else equal a court of law should neither convict nor punish such offenders. Though I agree with this conclusion, I contend that Brownlee mischaracterizes the nature of the criminal defense to which civil disobedients are entitled. Whereas Brownlee maintains that such actors ought to be excused for their criminal breach, I argue that they ought to enjoy a justification defense. Acts of civil disobedience are not (morally) wrongful violations of the law for which an actor ought not to be blamed; rather, they are violations of the law that are not (morally) wrong in virtue of their illegality. It is the absence of wrongdoing, and not merely the absence of fault, that renders the conviction and punishment of those who perform acts of civil disobedience inappropriate.
Analytical Method for Measuring SBR Tire Debris in the Environment

Abstract A procedure has been developed for assaying submilligram amounts of debris from synthetic tire tread rubber in aerosol samples collected from the atmosphere. The procedure involves separation from the bulk of the sample by Soxhlet extraction with orthodichlorobenzene in a stream of oxygen, followed by infrared spectroscopic determination of the rubber hydrocarbon SBR (styrene-butadiene copolymer) in the extract. The procedure was developed to overcome serious difficulties having to do with the small amounts of rubber normally encountered and with losses of SBR during extraction from aerosol samples. These matters are discussed in some detail and some applications of the method are illustrated.
Relation of Spermatogenesis to the Factor in the Testis Which Increases Tissue Permeability

SummaryA study of the amount of spreading factor present in the undescended testes of young rabbits and of the cryptorchidized testes of mature rats showed that this factor was greatly reduced. From this we concluded that the spreading factor was related to spermatogenesis.
Computational and Experimental Studies Of Grain Growth

This paper addresses the validity of the single particle growth law rn-r0n=Kt in describing the formation of 3D grains during the vapor deposition of thin metal films, especially with respect to the value of the exponent n. Computer simulations based on the Huygen’s construction showed that the grain size distribution at full surface coverage did not depend significantly on the specific model chosen for initiating growth from nuclei. The particle size distributions obtained experimentally by STM measurements of thin Au films deposited on glass substrates agreed very well with the simulation results for n=2.
NATIONWIDE AVERAGE MEDICARE REIMBURSEMENTS FOR INPATIENT INTRA-CORONARY STENT DISCHARGES AND AREA DEPRIVATION INDEX

Inpatient Medicare reimbursement to hospitals is based on Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) rate. Singh’s Area deprivation Index (ADI) is a composite indicator of neighborhood deprivation based on 17 coefficients. We evaluate variation in Medicare reimbursement for coronary stents based on hospital
Abstract A45: The tumor suppressor role of ARID1A in gynecologic cancer

ARID1A (BAF250A), a gene participating in the formation of a BRG1 SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, has emerged as a potential tumor suppressor because of its frequent inactivating mutations in gynecological cancer (approximately 50% of ovarian clear cell and 30% of ovarian endometrioid carcinomas). The mutation is associated with loss of protein expression as assessed by immunohistochemistry. In this study, we analyzed ARID1A expression in a wide variety of carcinomas to determine the prevalence of ARID1A inactivation in carcinomas using immunohistochemical staining. Immunoreactivity was not detected in 36 (3.6%) of 995 tumors. Uterine low-grade endometrioid carcinomas showed a relatively high-frequency loss of ARID1A expression, as 15 (26%) of 58 cases were negative. Mutational analysis showed 10 (40%) of 25 uterine endometrioid carcinomas; none of 12 uterine serous carcinomas and none of 56 ovarian serous and mucinous carcinomas harbored somatic ARID1A mutations. These findings suggest that the molecular pathogenesis of low-grade uterine endometrioid carcinoma is similar to that of ovarian low-grade endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma, tumors that have previously been shown to have a high-frequency loss of expression and mutation of ARID1A. We further studied the functions of ARID1A and found that restoration of wild-type ARID1A expression in ovarian cancer cells harboring ARID1A mutations suppressed cellular proliferation and tumor growth in mice. Gene silencing of ARID1A in non-transformed epithelial cells enhanced cellular proliferation and tumorigenecity. Mutations in ARID1A and TP53 were mutually exclusive in tumor specimens, and knockdown of ARID1A affected multiple p53-regulated genes and pathways, including CDKN1A and SMAD3. The ARID1A/BRG1 complex bound to the promoters and enhanced transcriptional activity of CDKN1A and SMAD3 in a p53-dependent manner. We further showed that p21 mediated, at least in part, the tumor suppressive functions of ARID1A. These results provide new evidences that ARID1A functions as tissue-type-restricted tumor suppressor by directly modulating transcriptional activity of several p53-regulated genes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A45.
Problem orientation of medical records. Advantages in long-term illness.

The problem-oriented system of keeping medical records in long-term illness has many advantages. The system prevents neglect of minor problems; lessens ambiguity of management goals; promotes clearer communication, continuity of care, professional behavior of the health team, and objectivity of the physician and patient; helps the physician as a team leader; simplifies audit; and facilitates assessment of resident physicians.
Liquid chromatographic determination of morantel tartrate in cattle feed.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is proposed for measuring 0.485-0.970% morantel tartrate in cattle feeds. The drug is leached from feed, diluted, separated from interfering substances on a silica column, and measured in the effluent stream by 313 nm spectrophotometric detection. Two potential degradation products, i.e., cis-isomer of morantel tartrate and N-(3-methylaminopropyl)-trans-3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)acrylamide, and a related anthelmintic, i.e., pyrantel tartrate, do not interfere. Average recovery of drug from liquid spiked samples and laboratory blends was 98-100% with a maximum coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.3%. Results for pelleted and crumbled commercial scale feeds ranged from 94 to 102% of label claim, with a maximum CV of 1.5%.
Handbook of Project-Based Management: Leading Strategic Organizations by J. Rodney Turner

Rodney Turner has written extensively in the field of project management, including articles, conference papers, and 18 books. Past positions include professorships at Educatis University, in Zuric...
Laparoscopic Treatment of a Stone-Filled, Caliceal Diverticulum: A Definitive, Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Option

We describe the laparoscopic treatment of a symptomatic, stone-filled caliceal diverticulum in a patient who would have otherwise required open surgical excision of the diverticulum. Laparoscopic management was chosen as an alternative to an open operation in this patient because the anterior location of the diverticulum precluded treatment with percutaneous nephrolithotomy, while the stone burden and stenotic orifice precluded management with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The patient had no morbidity, returned to the preoperative activity level by 2 weeks and remains asymptomatic. The options for managing caliceal diverticula are discussed.
Intrinsic ferroelectric switching from first principles

The existence of domain walls, which separate regions of different polarization, can influence the dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric and electronic properties of ferroelectric materials. In particular, domain-wall motion is crucial for polarization switching, which is characterized by the hysteresis loop that is a signature feature of ferroelectric materials. Experimentally, the observed dynamics of polarization switching and domain-wall motion are usually explained as the behaviour of an elastic interface pinned by a random potential that is generated by defects, which appear to be strongly sample-dependent and affected by various elastic, microstructural and other extrinsic effects. Theoretically, connecting the zero-kelvin, first-principles-based, microscopic quantities of a sample with finite-temperature, macroscopic properties such as the coercive field is critical for material design and device performance; and the lack of such a connection has prevented the use of techniques based on ab initio calculations for high-throughput computational materials discovery. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations of 90° domain walls (separating domains with orthogonal polarization directions) in the ferroelectric material PbTiO3 to provide microscopic insights that enable the construction of a simple, universal, nucleation-and-growth-based analytical model that quantifies the dynamics of many types of domain walls in various ferroelectrics. We then predict the temperature and frequency dependence of hysteresis loops and coercive fields at finite temperatures from first principles. We find that, even in the absence of defects, the intrinsic temperature and field dependence of the domain-wall velocity can be described with a nonlinear creep-like region and a depinning-like region. Our model enables quantitative estimation of coercive fields, which agree well with experimental results for ceramics and thin films. This agreement between model and experiment suggests that, despite the complexity of ferroelectric materials, typical ferroelectric switching is largely governed by a simple, universal mechanism of intrinsic domain-wall motion, providing an efficient framework for predicting and optimizing the properties of ferroelectric materials.
Making Choices for a Sequence of Healthy and Unhealthy Options

When making food choices, consumers sometimes decide between simultaneously presented options, such as when choosing from items in a self-serve display case at a convenience store or coffee shop (i.e., Starbucks). However, in many instances, consumers choose from sequentially presented items, such as when navigating up and down the aisles of a supermarket or when progressing through the food line at a cafeteria/buffet. As these examples suggest, it is not only common for consumers to choose between sequentially presented food options, it is also practically relevant (Biswas et al. 2014; Biswas et al. 2010; O’Brien and Ellsworth 2012).
Copper-Silicon-Magnesium Alloys for Latent Heat Storage

The systematic development of microstructure, solidification characteristics, and heat of solidification with composition in copper-silicon-magnesium alloys for thermal energy storage is presented. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to relate the thermal characteristics to microstructural development in the investigated alloys and clarifies the location of one of the terminal three-phase eutectics. Repeated thermal cycling highlights the thermal storage stability of the transformation through multiple melting events. Two near-terminal eutectic alloys display high enthalpies of solidification, relatively narrow melting ranges, and stable transformation hysteresis behaviors suited to thermal energy storage.
Ritual, identity and nation: when the historian becomes the high priest of commemoration

This chapter is an exploration, and speculative discussion, of the relationship between ritual acts of commemoration, national and ethnic identities, the discipline of history and the professional historian. It is built around a number of observations and propositions that together raise questions about the engagement of historians with commemorations for 1916. In short, I want to argue that history has a relationship with ritual commemorative practice which, due to the ideological construction of ritual commemorations, is unlike that of other academic disciplines. Consequently, the professional historian plays a legitimising role in commemorative practice by endorsing what are acts of political identity. I will make this argument through the following four propositions. First, whilst commemorative practices appear to be about the past, they are actually about the present and the future. Commemorations are a way of capturing the sacrifices of the past for the legitimation of the political present and the imagined political future. Consequently, the nature of contemporary acts of commemoration is better understood by exploring the relationship between identity and contemporary politics than by examining the event being ‘remembered’. Second, the discipline of history plays a role in modern Irish society that has a different status from related subjects in the humanities and the social sciences. Our identities, particularly as imagined communities such as nations, but also as ethnic groups, are invariably built around a historical narrative. As an explanatory tool for understanding ‘who we are’, history is predominant. Thus, in popular culture, the examination of group identities is usually undertaken by narrative histories. Disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, social psychology, political science and social psychology are better at dealing with the identity questions, but in popular discourse, they are less often utilised. The status that history has, over and above allied disciplines, is most clearly operative in the school curriculum but is also predominant in the popular media, particularly with regard to commemorative practice. Third, commemorations are conducted by the utilisation of symbols endowed through acts of ritual. To understand how commemorations are controlled, we must understand the nature of ritual practice. Rituals appear to defy time by linking participants with the past. Through culturally embedded practice, the rituals form part of a narrative that imbues groups with a past that suggests they are in communion with those that are being remembered.
May I Have Your Attention Please? The Effectiveness of Attention Checks in Validity Assessment

In experimental design, manipulation checks are often employed in order to test theoretical notions (Laczniak and Muehling 1993), and it is posited that manipulation checks are required, in most studies, to establish cause-and-effect relationships (Cook and Campbell 1979; Perdue and Summers 1986). Although manipulation checks are often discussed in research design literature, little to no consideration has been paid to attention checks, which are a type of manipulation check. Attention checks are often used by researchers in scale development to ensure that respondents are actively participating (i.e., paying attention) in the research at hand. For example, the question “Please select answer choice ‘Agree’” might be placed randomly in a scale to assess that survey takers are reading and paying attention to all questions. Respondents who fail the checks are usually discarded from the final analysis. It stands to reason that attention checks are successful at discarding “bad data,” as researchers should want to exclude those respondents who are not attentively participating in the survey they are completing. However, no current research has assessed whether these attention checks are successfully “weeding out” bad data. Further, if it is only that the attention check confused the respondent causing them to fail, it is possible that the rest of the data is still useful in the researcher’s analysis.
Development of a Comprehensive Genotype-to-Fitness Map of Adaptation-Driving Mutations in Yeast

Adaptive evolution plays a large role in generating the phenotypic diversity observed in nature, yet current methods are impractical for characterizing the molecular basis and fitness effects of large numbers of individual adaptive mutations. Here, we used a DNA barcoding approach to generate the genotype-to-fitness map for adaptation-driving mutations from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae population experimentally evolved by serial transfer under limiting glucose. We isolated and measured the fitness of thousands of independent adaptive clones and sequenced the genomes of hundreds of clones. We found only two major classes of adaptive mutations: self-diploidization and mutations in the nutrient-responsive Ras/PKA and TOR/Sch9 pathways. Our large sample size and precision of measurement allowed us to determine that there are significant differences in fitness between mutations in different genes, between different paralogs, and even between different classes of mutations within the same gene.
GPi Oscillatory Activity Differentiates Tics from the Resting State, Voluntary Movements, and the Unmedicated Parkinsonian State

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an emerging treatment strategy for severe, medication-refractory Tourette syndrome (TS). Thalamic (Cm-Pf) and pallidal (including globus pallidus interna, GPi) targets have been the most investigated. While the neurophysiological correlates of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the GPi and subthalamic nucleus (STN) are increasingly recognized, these patterns are not well characterized in other disease states. Recent findings indicate that the cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between beta band and high frequency oscillations (HFOs) within the STN in PD patients is pathologic. Methods: We recorded intraoperative local field potentials (LFPs) from the postero-ventrolateral GPi in three adult patients with TS at rest, during voluntary movements, and during tic activity and compared them to the intraoperative GPi-LFP activity recorded from four unmedicated PD patients at rest. Results: In all PD patients, we noted excessive beta band activity (13-30Hz) at rest which consistently modulated the amplitude of the co-existent HFOs observed between 200-400Hz, indicating the presence of beta-HFO CFC. In all 3 TS patients at rest, we observed theta band activity (4-7Hz) and HFOs. Two patients had beta band activity, though at lower power than theta oscillations. Tic activity was associated with increased high frequency (200-400Hz) and gamma band (35-200Hz) activity. There was no beta-HFO CFC in TS patients at rest. However, CFC between the phase of 5-10Hz band activity and the amplitude of HFOs was found in two TS patients. During tics, this shifted to CFC between the phase of beta band activity and the amplitude of HFOs in all subjects. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study that shows that beta-HFO CFC exists in the GPi of TS patients during tics and at rest in PD patients, and suggests that this pattern might be specific to pathologic/involuntary movements. Furthermore, our findings suggest that during tics, resting state 5-10Hz-HFO CFC shifts to beta-HFO CFC which can be used to trigger stimulation in a closed loop system when tics are present.
Inhibition of Amputation-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Blocks Salamander Tail Regeneration

Very little is known about signaling mechanisms that initiate and sustain tissue regeneration responses after injury. Here, we investigated the requirement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NOX activity for tail regeneration using a Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) embryo model. In vivo imaging using dihydroethidium (DHE) revealed a marked increase of ROS and superoxide anions O2●– only minutes after tail amputation. Surprisingly, ROS production was observed at 48 hours post amputation (hpa), long after wound healing. To establish that ROS production is dependent upon early NAPDH oxidase activity, we treated embryos with NOX inhibitor VAS2870 and observed a significant reduction in ROS at 6 hpa. We also observed that VAS2870 strongly inhibited tail regeneration at 72 hpa and 168 hpa. Our findings show that axolotl tail amputation induces ROS production at the amputation site and NOX activity is required for successful tail regeneration. Given the requirement of ROS production for Xenopus tadpole tail and zebrafish fin regeneration, our results suggest that ROS is a conserved mechanism of appendage regeneration.
Use of Photovoice to Understand the Experience of Taking Psychotropic Medications

Previous work has reported that medication experience may affect medication-related problems, adherence, and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to explore medication experience of individuals taking psychotropic medication from the patient perspective using photovoice methodology. Nineteen participants were given a camera and were asked to photograph their medication experience. Individual and focus group sessions were held for photo reflection and discussion. Transcript data were analyzed to arrive at a model of medication experience. Specific medication experiences, including recognizing medication's benefits, occurrence of side effects, developing medication-taking routine, feeling burden from medications, and benefiting from nonmedication therapies, influenced medication acceptance, but in varying ways. Participants wanted their providers to understand their medication experience. Health care providers should consider exploring medication experience of patients with mental illness. Additional research is needed to evaluate whether exploring patients' medication experience in the clinical setting can improve patient-centered health care outcomes.
Review: The Arid Lands. History, Power, Knowledge, by Diana K. Davis

Diana K. Davis, The Arid Lands. History, Power, Knowledge . Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 2016. 296 pp., 24 black & white illustrations, 8 color plates. ISBN: 9780262034524. US $32/UK £23.95. Prof. Diana K. Davis, a geographer and veterinarian in the History Department at the University of California, Davis, has written an intriguing account about deserts and dry lands, which cover 40-45% of the earth and support about 38% of its population. Deserts come in several varieties: 1) hot and dry, 2) foggy, 3) cold/frigid, and 4) marine; Davis examines the torrid, arid ones. These are, in fact, ecologically dynamic zones due to quantities and variability of rainfall. Davis relies on her own fieldwork among peoples in southern Morocco, southeastern Afghanistan, and Baluchistan; she also draws more broadly on extensive publications that focus on other desert and dry land regions and their inhabitants around the world and through time. The book, written for specialists, comprises a list of illustrations, a forward, a preface, a list of abbreviations, six chapters, extensive endnotes, and an index. Davis traces the history of attitudes by non-desert dwellers (mainly Europeans and other Westerners from classical antiquity until the present) about “desertification,” an erroneous, ideologically and politically driven concept lacking universally accepted definition or quantification and a notion whose meaning has morphed over the centuries. She argues persuasively that many current policies endorsed by the UN, national governments, various NGOs, and other institutions and individual specialists have been conceived, in part, based on western ignorance about desiccated places and what caused them to become so. Attempts over approximately the last two centuries to impose anti-desertification programs on marginal arid lands, especially in North Africa and the Middle East during colonial times, have …
The Mayo Clinic experience with the use of kinase inhibitors (KIs), ipilimumab, and bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic ocular melanoma.

e20011 Background: We sought to evaluate our experience treating metastatic ocular melanoma (metOM), for which no standard treatment exists. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of metOM ...
Radar research at the University of Kansas

Radar research has been synonymous with the University of Kansas (KU) for over half a century. As part of this special session organized to highlight significant radar programs in academia, this paper surveys recent and ongoing work at KU. This work encompasses a wide breadth of sensing applications including the remote sensing of ice sheets, autonomous navigation methods for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), novel laser radar capabilities, detection of highenergy cosmic rays using bistatic radar, different forms of waveform diversity such as MIMO radar and pulse agility, and various radar-embedded communication methods. The results of these efforts impact our understanding of the changing nature of the environment, address the proliferation of unmanned systems in the US airspace, realize new sensing modalities enabled by the joint consideration of electromagnetics and signal processing, and greater facilitate radar operation in an increasingly congested and contested spectrum.
Perspectives on System Identification

ABSTRACT There exist many requirements, in contemporary application areas for information technology, for the “identification” of system characteristics. This is especially the case in automated systems of various types, particularly when there is a human supervisory control element involved. This paper presents a brief overview and taxonomy of system identification problems. Some perspectives on the use of system identification approaches are given for cases where knowledge imprecision is an important concern.
Virtual Visitors: Facebook Users and National Parks

Social media is ubiquitous in society today and shows no signs of slowing down. Many organizations have been trying to benefit from the large number of people using this communication tool. The National Park Service (NPS) is no exception to this. For the NPS, social media is a tool that can be used to engage, interpret, and communicate with people. However, we know next to nothing about the people who “like” national park Facebook pages, who are called “virtual visitors.” This research begins to uncover the characteristics, motivations, and preferences of these virtual visitors. Additionally, comparisons are made between younger “millennial” and nonmillennial virtual visitors to evaluate how social media may be impacting different audiences. A survey conducted on Yellowstone National Park’s Facebook virtual visitors is used as a case study in this research. Results from this research indicate that virtual visitors are very similar to in-park visitors in regard to demographic variables, and the vast majority of them had visited Yellowstone National Park previously. Virtual visitors were motivated to “like” the Facebook page for education and entertainment, social, and affective reasons. Two different types of engagement were also revealed: passive and active, with passive engagement being more frequently participated in. Lastly, virtual visitors preferred communication scenarios where the park was highly engaged and interactive and users could build content. They were less supportive of solely user-driven scenarios, as well as solely park generated content scenarios. Comparisons between millennials and nonmillennials showed that millennials had different motivations, levels of engagement, and preferences for communication scenarios as well. Managers can use the information in this research to help develop more effective social media plans. Suggestions are provided for how to better fulfill the purposes of social media in the NPS by using the data from this research. This includes how to better engage users, as well as potentially reach users who are currently not as engaged. Several suggestions are also provided that focus on future research avenues, including continuing to refine and develop information on virtual visitors, trying to improve outreach via social media to underserved or desirable populations, and merging past research and management techniques with social media efforts.Subscribe to JPRA
Improvement of Cell Permeability of Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Using Potent and Selective 2-Aminopyridine-Based Scaffolds with a Fluorobenzene Linker.

Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a promising therapeutic approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have achieved considerable progress in improving the potency and isoform selectivity of human nNOS inhibitors bearing a 2-aminopyridine scaffold. However, these inhibitors still suffered from too low cell membrane permeability to enter into CNS drug development. We report herein our studies to improve permeability of nNOS inhibitors as measured by both PAMPA–BBB and Caco-2 assays. The most permeable compound (12) in this study still preserves excellent potency with human nNOS (Ki = 30 nM) and very high selectivity over other NOS isoforms, especially human eNOS (hnNOS/heNOS = 2799, the highest hnNOS/heNOS ratio we have obtained to date). X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that 12 adopts a similar binding mode in both rat and human nNOS, in which the 2-aminopyridine and the fluorobenzene linker form crucial hydrogen bonds with glutamate and tyrosine residues, respect...
AUTOMATED IDENTIFICATION OF SUDDEN DEATH RISK PHENOTYPES FROM ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS OF PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients are at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). The study aim was to build natural language processing (NLP) systems for automated identification of HCM-SCD risk phenotypes from electronic health records (EHRs). EHRs of randomly selected HCM patients (n=200)
An application of work engagement in the job demands–resources model to career development: Assessing gender differences

The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the job demands-resources (JD-R) model to work engagement and career development based on the extended conceptual model proposed by Lee, Kwon, Kim, and Cho (2016). This study also aims to examine gender differences within this model. To achieve these goals, this study adopts a multigroup analysis using a sample from the Generations of Talent data set, which is composed of 1,997 employees in 11 countries. The results of the analysis show that career identity and perceived supervisor support are positively associated with work engagement, while work engagement is positively associated with career commitment and career satisfaction across the study's male and female groups. However, the effect of career development opportunities on work engagement is not significant, and there are no gender differences in the structural relationships among research variables. Given these results, this study suggests implications for both researchers and practitioners.
A Game-Theoretic Model of Tenure

Contingent contracts for university faculty, based on output or investment, are not possible since neither output nor investment are verifiable. Further, the accumulation of discipline-specific human capital by academics is often detrimental to their opportunities outside their occupations. We have shown in this paper that the confluence of these effects results in a lifetime employment contract. Universities prefer it because it encourages increased levels of investment. Faculty members prefer it since it prevents employers from taking advantage of the erosion of their outside opportunities as they strive for results in their discipline.
Future Directions for IPF Research

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease defined by usual interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology. Despite advancements derived from decades of biomedical research, including the recent advent of nintedanib and pirfenidone therapies, the prognosis for patients diagnosed with IPF remains poor. Here, we seek to identify current gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF and highlight challenges that remain for the translation of basic IPF research into clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. Through a discussion of cutting-edge discoveries and outstanding questions in the areas of epithelial injury and repair, myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix function, immune activation, gene-environment interactions, preclinical model development, and the status of recent clinical investigations, we seek to set the stage for the next phase of impactful IPF research.
Semantics in the Age of the Data Deluge

Semantic technologies are usually considered as a key factor for dealing with the huge amount of data available today (also called “Data Deluge”). However, there are analysts who say that the availability of massive data volumes gives boost to statistical analysis in a way that will make semantics (as well as theories in general) useless. This paper is a brief refutation of this point of view. Meanings are important, and there is not a statistical way to capture their essence. On the other hand, the slow progress of the Semantic Web and the success of semantic-less engines like Google, support semantic scepticism someway. This paper argues that semantics is not an easy matter, and most of computer scientists have not taken it seriously enough so far. Nonetheless, semantics is there and plays a crucial role. More focused research can help leveraging few but important things that we know about meanings, to drive the development of better information systems at the age of the Data Deluge.
A Lithium Niobate Soliton Microcomb

We demonstrate a soliton microcomb in a monolithic high-Q lithium niobate resonator. Second-harmonic generation of the soliton spectrum is also observed.
Oil and Urbanization on the Pacific Coast: Ralph Bramel Lloyd and the Shaping of the Urban West

Michael R. Adamson. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press, 2018. 384 pp., maps, photos, diagrams, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $99.99 cloth (ISBN 978-1-946684-43-1); $29.99 p...
Symptom Burden and Profiles in Concussed Children with and without Prolonged Recovery

Although symptom burden and symptom profile severity are independent predictors of post-concussion symptom duration, few studies have examined their effects on prolonged recovery simultaneously. This study examined differences in symptom burden and symptom profile scores between concussed children with prolonged recovery and those with typical recovery. We conducted a retrospective case-control study of concussed children aged 10–18 years. Prolonged recovery was defined as symptom duration beyond 28 days post-injury. Symptom burden was measured as total symptom score (TSS) at injury. Symptom profiles included: (1) vestibular, (2) ocular, (3) cognitive/fatigue, (4) migraine, and (5) anxiety. A total of 4380 unique concussions sustained by 3777 patients were included; 80.3% white, 60.0% male, and 44.0% aged 13–15 years. The prolonged recovery group had a significantly higher TSS and greater number of symptoms than the typical recovery group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The prolonged recovery group had significantly higher scores on all five symptom profiles, including vestibular (p < 0.001), ocular (p < 0.001), cognitive/fatigue (p < 0.001), migraine (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.001), than the typical recovery group, even after adjusting for number of symptoms and other covariates. Further studies using prospective cohort designs are needed to better understand the influence of symptom burden and profiles on pediatric concussion recovery.
The Taliban at War: 2001-2018

Among the many NATO-Afghanistan bases in Regional Command East in 2010–2011, Forward Operating Base (FOB) Finley-Shields in Nangarhar and FOB Joyce in Kunar had great care-package distribution poin...
What do others’ reactions to body posting on Instagram tell us? The effects of social media comments on viewers’ body image perception:

Studies have highlighted the influence of social media comments on users’ perceptual consequences, but whether this holds true in the body image context is still largely unknown. This experimental ...
Period Sex: Mediated Unruliness in Rachel Bloom’s Crazy Ex-Girlfriend

Rachel Bloom rose to prominence in the early 2010s through her YouTube channel, racheldoesstuff, where she posted music videos like, “Fuck Me, Ray Bradbury” and “Pictures of Your Dick.” Bloom’s ski...
Virtual reality-based physical therapy for patients with lower extremity injuries: feasibility and acceptability.

Introduction Traditional physical therapy (PT) requires patients to attend weekly in-office supervised physical therapy appointments. However, between 50% and 70% of patients who would benefit do not receive prescribed PT due to barriers to access. Virtual Reality (VR) provides a platform for remote delivery of PT to address these access barriers. Methods We developed a VR-PT program consisting of training, games, and a progress dashboard for 3 common lower extremity physical therapy exercises. We enrolled orthopaedic trauma patients with lower extremity injuries. Patients completed a VR-PT session, consisting of training and one of the exercise-based games. Pre- and post-VR-PT questionnaires were completed. Results We enrolled 15 patients with an average age of 51 years. Fourteen patients said they would enroll in a randomized trial in which they had a 50% chance of receiving VR-PT vs receiving standard of care. When asked to rate their experience using the VR-PT module on a scale from 0-10-with 0 being anchored as "I hated it" and 10 being anchored as "I loved it"-the average rating was 7.5. Patients rated the acceptability of VR-PT as a 3.9 out of 5, the feasibility as a 4.0 out of 5, and the usability as a 67.5 out of 100. Conclusion The response to VR-PT in this pilot study was positive overall. A VR-based PT program may add value for both patients and clinicians in terms of objective data collection (to aid in compliance monitoring, progression toward goals and exercise safety), increased engagement and increased access.
The emerging neurological spectrum of AARS2-associated disorders

Abstract Background The AARS2 gene encodes a mitochondrial alanyl-transfer RNA synthetase. Defects in this gene have been linked with autosomal recessive inheritance of a variety of different clinical phenotypes. Case A 13 year-old boy developed behavioral and psychiatric problems following a mild head injury. At age 21 he developed tremor, parkinsonism, and eye nystagmus. MRI revealed white matter changes consistent with a leukoencephalopathy. Genetic studies revealed two pathogenic mutations in the AARS2 gene (c.647dupG and c.595C > T). Literature review Only 47 cases of AARS2-associated disorders have been reported, with equal numbers of males and females, and age at onset ranging from infancy to 44 years. The most common clinical problems include movement disorders (71%), cognitive impairment (67%), corticospinal signs (64%), behavioral or psychiatric features (46%), and eye signs (34%). Imaging evidence suggestive of leukoencephalopathy is common, but not invariant. Premature ovarian failure is frequent in females, but not universal. Conclusions Defects in the AARS2 gene are a rare cause for a variety of movement disorders, often associated with brain imaging evidence suggestive of leukoencephalopathy.
Investigations of Matrix Isolated, (UV) Laser Induced Polymer Sublimation Using a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

The matrix isolated, laser induced polymer sublimation (also referred to as matrix assisted laser desorption) process for the production of gas phase protein ions was originally described phenomenologically by Karas and Hillenkamp [1]. A macromolecule of interest, e.g. a protein, was dissolved in a solution containing a large molar excess of nicotinic acid. This solution was dried to form a deposit on a metal substrate. The substrate was then placed into the ion source of a timfe-of-flight mass spectrometer and irradiated by a pulsed UV laser. The laser light was absorbed by the nicotinic acid “matrix” and then, by some process involving ablation of the matrix, protein molecules were expelled from the surface with one to three positive charges per peptide chain. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that a range of matrix molecules can produce the macromolecule sublimation effect [2], wavelengths other than 266 nm can be employed [3] and that the originally broad peaks demonstrated by Karas and Hillenkamp were caused by photochemically generated reactions that resulted in the addition of a variable number of matrix molecules to the protein [4]. Both positive and negative ions have been observed from this process [3,5]. Recently, it has been demonstrated that infra-red laser wavelengths can be used to produce a similar effect [6].
Search for NDE Methods to Characterize Thermal History and Mechanical Properties of Al-Li Alloys

Aluminum-lithium alloys have attracted the interest of the aerospace industry for some time now since the use of such alloys would reduce the weight of an airframe by roughly ten percent. The production of these alloys, however, requires precise thermal and/or thermomechanical treatments to insure required material properties, such as the yield strength and ductility. On-line monitoring of the state of the material thus seems to be desirable for quality control of these materials. This paper presents results of an investigation of fieldable NDE methods capable of providing information on the state of the material. Eddy current measurements were found to be particularly sensitive to Li in solid solution. Furthermore, it appears that hardness measurements are sensitive to the volume fractions, and probably the morphology, of the various precipitates formed. The results obtained so far (see also [1]) as well as by other authors on different aluminum alloys [2–4], this work will continue with additional results to be reported in future publications.
Simulation of Anderson localization in two-dimensional ultracold gases for pointlike disorder

Anderson localization has been observed for a variety of media, including ultracold atomic gases with speckle disorder in one and three dimensions. However, observation of Anderson localization in a two-dimensional geometry for ultracold gases has been elusive. We show that a cause of this difficulty is the relatively high percolation threshold of a speckle potential in two dimensions, resulting in strong classical localization. We propose a realistic pointlike disorder potential that circumvents this percolation limit with localization lengths that are experimentally observable. The percolation threshold is evaluated for experimentally realistic parameters, and a regime of negligible classical trapping is identified. Localization lengths are determined via scaling theory, using both exact scattering cross sections and the Born approximation, and by direct simulation of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. We show that the Born approximation can underestimate the localization length by four orders of magnitude at low energies, while exact cross sections and scaling theory provide an upper bound. Achievable experimental parameters for observing localization in this system are proposed.
The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics: China’s Discourse for the Rule of Law and a Bitter Experience

The rule of law both as a legal concept and as a practice in China has become the subject of great attention. There is increasing international pressure on China to build a legal system that is premised on the "rule of law." Domestically, the three-decades of economic reform generated a growing demand for the production of a legal system that will secure justice and restore the public confidence in the judiciary. China's commitment to the rule of law is implicated by its effort to develop a socialist legal system that maintains Chinese characteristics.The specifics of what is a socialist legal system and what constitutes Chinese characteristics in terms of the rule of law are subject to further debate. The Confucian heritage rooted legal tradition and the single party ruling system have significantly shaped the legal landscape of the country, making the route to the rule of law in China a long and thorny one. Despite China's socialist laurel, the civil law influence apparent since the late 19th century remains highly visible in the modem Chinese legal system.China is determined to develop a legal system under the banner of the rule of law that is consistent with its unique philosophy of governance. Whatever difference there may exist between China's rule of law discourse and the rest of the world's, the development of a rule of law in China that incorporates Chinese characteristics signals China's determination to move the country toward a sound legal system meaningful for China and for the international community as well. Among many challenges, however, the biggest one is perhaps how to reconcile the role of the ruling communist party and the "rule of law."
Expression of Alzheimer-Like Pathological Human Tau Induces a Behavioral Motor and Olfactory Learning Deficit in Drosophila melanogaster

A key characteristic of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies is the progressive accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In the present study, we use transgenic Drosophila melanogaster as a model to analyze in vivo the effect of expressing pseudophosphorylated tau (S199E/T212E/T231E/S262E tau) on pathological human tau (PH-tau) and on the FTDP-17 mutant R406W (PH-tauR406W). We used two different inducers that produced different levels of tau expression. The expression of these forms of tau did not significantly affect the lifespan of the flies. Flies expressing PH-tau displayed a clear locomotor dysfunction compared to those expressing normal tau regardless of the level of expression. At lower level of expression, this pathological phenotype was found to be age-dependent. At 35 days old, PH-tau flies showed the strongest locomotor impairment compare to flies expressing human tau or control flies (46%, 18% and 18% of flies remained on the bottom of the vials, respectively). At higher levels of expression, PH-tau flies showed these defects at seven days of age and the dysfunction also became significant for flies expressing tauR406W and PH-tauR406W. Whole brain immunochemistry analysis revealed that PH-tau as well as PH-tauR406W appeared to have abnormal mushroom body structures, critical structures involved in olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila. Severe olfactory learning deficits were induced by the expression of PH-tau. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PH-tau induced a toxic effect in Drosophila, as flies develop both an abnormal motor deficit, associated with disruption of the mushroom body neurons, and impaired olfactory learning.
A Simple Model to Teach Business Cycle Macroeconomics for Emerging Market and Developing Economies

The canonical neoclassical model is insufficient to understand business cycle fluctuations in emerging market and developing economies. The author reformulates the model proposed by Aguiar and Gopinath (2007) in a simple setting that can be used to teach business cycle macroeconomics for emerging market and developing economies at the undergraduate level. The simplified model is employed for qualitatively explaining facts such as the highly countercyclicality of the trade balance and the higher volatility of output and consumption compared with those observed in advanced countries.