cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minireview: Primary Aldosteronism—Changing Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment

Primary aldosteronism affects 5-13% of patients with hypertension. Patients with hypertension and hypokalemia and most patients with treatment-resistant hypertension should undergo screening for primary aldosteronism with a plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio. A high plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio is a positive screening test result, a finding that warrants confirmatory testing. For those patients that want to pursue a surgical cure, the accurate distinction between the subtypes (unilateral vs. bilateral adrenal disease) of primary aldosteronism is a critical step. The subtype evaluation may require one or more tests, the first of which is imaging the adrenal glands with computed tomography, followed by selective use of adrenal venous sampling. Because of the deleterious cardiovascular effects of aldosterone, normalization of circulating aldosterone or aldosterone receptor blockade should be part of the management plan for all patients with primary aldosteronism. Unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an excellent treatment option for patients with unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma. Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism should be treated medically. In addition, aldosterone-producing adenoma patients may be treated medically if the medical treatment includes mineralocorticoid receptor blockade.
The effects of name similarity on message processing and persuasion.

Abstract Prior studies have found that name similarity can serve as a cue that favorably affects evaluations without conscious deliberation. In a series of four experiments, we show that name similarity can increase the conscious processing of information with which it is associated. When exposed to student resumes or advertised brands with names similar (versus dissimilar) to theirs, respondents were more likely to relate the information to themselves (self-reference, Experiments 2–4) and thoughtfully examine it. Evidence of thoughtful processing included slower reaction times when reviewing resumes and greater information recall (Experiment 1), spending more time in resume review (Experiment 2), greater evaluative differentiation between resumes and product brands of different quality (Experiments 2 and 3), and developing stronger brand attitudes (Experiment 4). An expanded view of how and why name similarity can affect persuasion is offered and discussed.
Hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women: Past problems and future possibilities.

Oral administration of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) with and without the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in postmenopausal women is associated with side-effects that include increased risk of stroke and breast cancer. The current evidence that transdermal administration of estradiol may provide a safer alternative to orally administered CEE is reviewed. Transdermally administered estradiol has been shown to be an efficacious treatment for hot flushes possibly without the increase in blood clotting that is associated with administration of oral CEE. Further, natural progesterone may have a more beneficial spectrum of physiological effects than synthetic progestins. The substantial differences between CEE compared with estradiol and estriol, as well as the differences between synthetic MPA and natural progesterone, are detailed. Estriol is an increasingly popular alternative hormone therapy used for menopausal symptoms. There is evidence that estriol, by binding preferentially to ...
Code Collage: A Visual Meta-Language for Knowledge Structure Discovery

The programming assignments used in introductory computer science courses are insufficient as assessment tools. The project described here explores a visual programming meta-language, called code collage, as a medium for fuller expression, self-assessment, and understanding of novice programmer learning
Genetic modification of seed proteins

Knowledge concerning the genetic modification of seed proteins to improve their nutritional quality has advanced significantly over the past two years. Research in this area has focused almost exclusively on model systems, rather than on agronomically important plants. The extent to which genetic engineering of seed-protein genes will improve crop seed nutritional quality remains to be determined.
Time Relationship of Dynamic Events in the Cardiac Chambers, Pulmonary Artery and Aorta in Man

Exposure of the heart in the course of chest surgery affords a means of faithfully recording pressure pulses in the four chambers of the heart and in the large vessels of human subjects. This study in 13 individuals without any clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease, is concerned with the time relationship between electric and mechanical events and with the temporal sequence and respective characteristics of similar phases of the cardiac cycle in both sides of the heart. The results obtained by permutation of simultaneous pressure recordings confirm the classical observations made in dogs.
M(DM): an open framework for interoperation of multimodel multidatabase systems

The authors present M(DM), an extensible metalevel system in which the syntax and the semantics of data models, schemas, and databases can be uniformly represented. M(DM) consists primarily of a set of metatypes that capture and express data-model constructs in second-order logic: a data model is represented as a collection of M(DM) metatypes. To achieve extensibility, M(DM)'s metatypes are organized into an inheritance lattice. The robustness and openness of the approach are demonstrated by expressing a variety of data models in M(DM), and the authors show how to exploit M(DM)'s metalevel capabilities for hiding representational heterogeneities in multimodel multidatabase systems. >
An upper bound for the multidimensional dimer problem

A recently proved upper bound for the permanents of (0,1) matrices is used to improve the Fowler-Rushbrooke upper bound for the constant λ d occurring in the d -dimensional dimer problem, d ≥ 3.
Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Uncapped mRNAs in Arabidopsis Reveals Regulation of mRNA Degradation

The composition of the transcriptome is determined by a balance between mRNA synthesis and degradation. An important route for mRNA degradation produces uncapped mRNAs, and this decay process can be initiated by decapping enzymes, endonucleases, and small RNAs. Although uncapped mRNAs are an important intermediate for mRNA decay, their identity and abundance have never been studied on a large scale until recently. Here, we present an experimental method for transcriptome-wide profiling of uncapped mRNAs that can be used in any eukaryotic system. We applied the method to study the prevalence of uncapped transcripts during the early stages of Arabidopsis thaliana flower development. Uncapped transcripts were identified for the majority of expressed genes, although at different levels. By comparing uncapped RNA levels with steady state overall transcript levels, our study provides evidence for widespread mRNA degradation control in numerous biological processes involving genes of varied molecular functions, implying that uncapped mRNA levels are dynamically regulated. Sequence analyses identified structural features of transcripts and cis-elements that were associated with different levels of uncapping. These transcriptome-wide profiles of uncapped mRNAs will aid in illuminating new regulatory mechanisms of eukaryotic transcriptional networks.
Exact S-Matrix Associated with Self-Avoiding Polymer Problem in Two Dimensions

We propose the exact factorizable S-matrix of the field theory corresponding to the scaling limit of the O(n) vector model with −2 < N < 2 away from the critical point. The limiting case n = 0 describes the scaling properties of the long self-avoiding polymer chains.
Enzymatic and mitochondrial responses to 5 months of aerial exposure in the slender lungfish Protopterus dolloi

Mitochondrial respiration and activities of key metabolic enzymes from liver and white skeletal muscle were compared between control aquatic slender lungfish Protopterus dolloi, and those exposed to air for 5 months. Activities of citrate synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in liver were not affected by air-exposure. In muscle, airexposure reduced citrate synthase and pyruvate kinase activities (relative to tissue wet mass) by 63 and 50%, respectively. Liver carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity (relative to mitochondrial protein) decreased by half following air-exposure, but there was no change in muscle. In mitochondria isolated from muscle, state 3 and state 4 respiration were reduced by 74 and 89%, respectively following air-exposure, but liver mitochondria were not affected. In liver, airexposure increased activities of ornithine-urea cycle enzymes including glutamine synthase, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase III and arginase, by 1� 9- to 4� 2-fold. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase III activity could not be detected in muscle, indicating that urea is not synthesized in this tissue. These data suggest that skeletal muscle metabolism is downregulated in air-exposure, conserving energy and protein during a period when the animals cannot forage. In contrast, ATP production capacities in the liver are maintained, and this may permit expensive urea biosynthesis to continue during aerial exposure.
A Disease in the Public Mind: A New Understanding of Why We Fought the Civil War. By Thomas Fleming. (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 2013. Pp. xiv, 339. $26.99.)

The author of this book promises a new angle on a topic of perennial interest to historians and the general public alike, Civil War causation. What he provides, instead, is a rather old explanation...
Trends in serum folate after food fortification

Summary From 1994 to 1998, median serum folate values in clinical specimens increased from 12·6 to 18·7 μg/L. The percentage of low values decreased. Food fortification with folic acid is a likely explanation.
Bit-Patterned Media With Written-In Errors: Modeling, Detection, and Theoretical Limits

We report a study of bit-patterned media recording channels containing written-in errors. From a signal processing point of view, we consider an abstract model for the overall recording channel, incorporating errors caused by timing and write ability. Based on the resulting channel model, we develop various trellis structures, and propose several detection algorithms that can be used to recover the recorded data. Furthermore, we investigate achievable information rates for patterned media recording systems with different levels of written-in error probability, providing an information theoretical performance assessment for such systems.
Use of capillary tube leukocyte adherence inhibition for the detection of tumor-specific immune responses.

The tumor-specific immune response of A/J mice was determined at various times after subcutaneous injection with a transplantable spindle-cell sarcoma (Sal) using a leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay carried out in capillary tubes. Solubilized antigens prepared by 3M KC1 extraction of the specific tumor, other transplantable tumors and normal A/J liver were used in the evaluation of LAI reactivity. The assay was found to be capable of detecting a significant antitumor response before the subcutaneous tumors became detectable by palpation. The response remained significant until the tumors were greater than 25 mm in diameter. Responsive cell populations did produce an active supernatant, inoicating the possible presence of a lymphokine and/or specific cytophilic antibody.
Cognitive Organizing in Classrooms

A prevailing view of education holds that the aims of schooling are dual: we wish our children to develop academic competence, while also forming a strong sense of self against the background of life and society. This duality of aims makes work difficult for those who study and seek to improve education, for it implies that our wisdom must span disciplines as well as subareas within disciplines. We must abstract, for example, from sociology and psychology in planning and interpreting our observations, and from theories and research in personality as well as in learning and motivation. It seems educational research has at last become the study of individuals in classrooms and schools with all the trappings and implications such an endeavor entails (cf. Solomon and Kendall 1979). In this article I offer one contemporary perspective on individuals in classrooms to suggest a means for fostering students' self-views as well as their scholastic achievement. There follows a density of information I have attempted to disperse and categorize with examples. For some readers the journey through this article may be analogous to the process it describes. First, I would make the point that the foundation of my perspective is observations of individuals in classrooms. Investigators of teaching have produced observations of hundreds of elementary classrooms throughout the continental U.S. (cf. Jackson 1968; Brophy and Evertson 1974; Doyle 1979; Berliner 1979). Second, one incontrovertible conclusion from these studies is that classrooms contain more stimuli, cues, and sources of information than just those associated with academic content. Multiple distractions, social comparisons, and nonacademic commentary are all part of the continuous information exchange in classrooms. Third, the multiplicity of information to which students in classrooms are exposed may alternatively contradict one or the other of the dual aims of
Dynamically Variable Blade Geometry for Wind Energy

This paper examines the application of dynamically variable blade geometry for the purposes of increasing annual energy output. Blade element momentum theory is used to simulate turbine performance, using empirical airfoil data when available and CFD results when it is not. Geometry characteristics under examination include the chord length, pitch, and camber at each element. Variable characteristics are used individually for oneparameter optimizations and in combinations for two-parameter optimizations. The optimization is performed across a range of wind speeds, assuming a fixed-speed transmission and constant radial velocity. The performance data is used in combination with constant radial velocity. The performance data is used in combination with statistical analysis to compute the annual energy output as a function of the average available wind speed. Preliminary one-parameter analysis indicates that variable chord produces the most significant performance enhancement.
Blood Culture in Evaluation of Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background and objective Current guidelines strongly recommend collection of blood cultures (BCs) in children requiring hospitalization for presumed moderate to severe bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Our objective was to systematically review the international pediatric literature to evaluate how often BCs are positive in hospitalized children with CAP, identify the most commonly isolated pathogens, and determine the impact of positive BCs on clinical management. Methods We identified articles in PubMed and Scopus published from January 1970 through December 2013 that addressed BCs in children with CAP. We extracted total number of BCs collected and prevalence of positive BCs and used meta-regression to evaluate whether subgroups had any impact on prevalence. Results Meta-analysis showed that the overall prevalence of positive BCs was 5.14% (95% confidence interval 3.61-7.28). Studies focusing on severe CAP had a significant effect on prevalence (P=.008), at 9.89% (95% CI 6.79-14.19) compared with 4.17% (95% confidence interval 2.79-6.18) for studies not focusing on severe CAP. The most commonly isolated organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (76.7%) followed by Haemophilus influenzae (3.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (2.1%). Contaminants accounted for 14.7%. Only 3 studies reported on BC-driven change in management, with contrasting findings. Conclusions BCs in pediatric CAP identified organisms in only a small percentage of patients, predominantly S. pneumoniae. False-positive BC rates can be substantial. The 3 studies that examined BC-driven changes in management had conflicting results. This systematic review was limited by heterogeneous case definitions, which may overestimate the true prevalence of positive BCs in hospitalized children.
Old model organisms and new behavioral end-points: Swimming alteration as an ecotoxicological response

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms have received much less attention than developmental or reproductive ones due to the scarce presence of user-friendly tools for their acquisition. The technological development of data acquisition systems for quantifying behavior in the aquatic environment and the increase of studies on the understanding the relationship between the behavior of aquatic organisms and the physiological/ecological activities have generated renewed interest in using behavioral responses also in marine ecotoxicology. Recent reviews on freshwater environment show that behavioral end-points are comparatively fast and sensitive, and warrant further attention as tools for assessing the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants. In this mini-review, we perform a systematic analysis of the most recent works that have used marine invertebrate swimming alteration as behavioral end-point in ecotoxicological studies by assessing the differences between behavioral and acute responses in a wide range of species, in order to compare their sensitivity.
Advances in the treatment of Paget's bone disease.

Remission is now possible for many patients. The underlying aggressiveness of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption can be inhibited—and often abrogated—with the new aminobisphosphonates. Long-term complications of Paget's disease may thus be substantially reduced in frequency and severity.
Reassessment of Circle Tube Nephrostomy in Advanced Pelvic Malignancy

AbstractThe dilemma created for and presented to the urologist by the combination of a patient with increasing uremia from advanced pelvic malignancy and a referring physician frustrated by the situation is solved best by individual decisions appropriate for each case. Urinary diversion should be reserved for the occasional circumstance when reasonable life expectancy approaches 6 months or more. Drainage by circle tube nephrostomy provides minimal trouble for patient and physician, while providing excellent relief from the obstructive uropathy. In this series of 20 patients the average survival was 5.3 months. An attempt to assess the quality of life after diversion by circle tube nephrostomy is made.
Arterial tortuosity in genetic arteriopathies.

Purpose of reviewArterial tortuosity is emerging as a common feature in genetically mediated thoracic aortic disease that may be prognostic. This review will summarize recent literature on arterial tortuosity in the setting of genetic arteriopathies.Recent findingsAlthough arterial tortuosity has be
Teaching Critical Thinking Skills in the Psychomotor Domain

(1990). Teaching Critical Thinking Skills in the Psychomotor Domain. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 197-201.
Cardiovascular devices: Soft hugs for healing hearts

An implantable soft robotic sleeve restores circulation and muscle function in infarcted pig hearts.
Structure-based feeding strategies: A key component of child nutrition.

Abstract Objective This study examined the relationship between structure, autonomy promotion, and control feeding strategies and parent-reported child diet. Participants Participants (N = 497) were parents of children ages 2.5 to 7.5 recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. This sample was a Caucasian (79%), educated sample (61% college graduates) with most reports from mothers (76%). Methods and measures Online survey including measures of parent feeding strategies and child dietary intake. Results Use of structure-based feeding strategies explained 21% of the variance in child consumption of added sugar, 12% of the variance in child intake of added sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages, and 16% of the variance in child consumption of fruits and vegetables. Higher unhealthy food availability and permissive feeding uniquely predicted higher child added sugar intake and child consumption of added sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages. Greater healthy food availability uniquely predicted higher child fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions and Future Directions: In Caucasian educated families, structure-based feeding strategies appear to be a relatively stronger correlate of parent-reported child intake of added sugar and fruits and vegetables as compared to autonomy promotion and control feeding strategies. Longitudinal research may be needed in order to reveal the relationships between autonomy promotion and control feeding strategies with child diet. If future studies have similar findings to this study's results, researchers may want to focus more heavily on investigating the impact of teaching parents stimulus-control techniques and feeding-related assertiveness skills on child dietary intake.
Howard Thurman’s Mystical Logic: Creatively Encountering Oneness – A Logical Analysis of Thurman’s Theology

ABSTRACTHoward Thurman is described on his book covers, which were published during his lifetime, as a poet, mystic, philosopher, and theologian. Aside from this description, locating Thurman among other philosophers and theologians has been difficult owing to the description of his work as non-systematic. In this paper, I argue that (i) Howard Thurman can be located, historically, among other philosophical theologians in general and more specifically as a precursor to Black Theology because of his allowance for his experience to inform him. Then (ii), I also assert that he was systematic in his approach to philosophy and that such an approach was through a mystic framework, which is described in detail here, for the first time.
Lifecycle Cost Study of Underground Freight Transportation Systems in Texas

AbstractLifecycle cost analysis is a critical step in feasibility studies of future infrastructure projects. Lifecycle cost analysis of innovative infrastructure systems, such as a proposed undergr...
Multimode ultrasound viscoelastography for three-dimensional interrogation of microscale mechanical properties in heterogeneous biomaterials.

Abstract Both static and time-dependent mechanical factors can have a profound impact on cell and tissue function, but it is challenging to measure the mechanical properties of soft materials at the scale which cells sense. Multimode ultrasound viscoelastography (MUVE) uses focused ultrasound pulses to both generate and image deformations within soft hydrogels non-invasively, at sub-millimeter resolution, and in 3D. The deformation and strain over time data are used to extract quantitative parameters that describe both the elastic and viscoelastic properties of the material. MUVE was used in creep mode to characterize the viscoelastic properties of 3D agarose , collagen, and fibrin hydrogels. Quantitative comparisons were made by extracting characteristic viscoelastic parameters using Burger's lumped parameter constitutive model. Spatial resolution of the MUVE technique was found to be approximately 200 μm, while detection sensitivity, defined as the capability to differentiate between materials based on mechanical property differences, was approximately 0.2 kPa using agarose hydrogels. MUVE was superior to nanoindentation and shear rheometry in generating consistent microscale measurements of viscoelastic behavior in soft materials. These results demonstrate that MUVE is a rapid, quantitative, and accurate method to measure the viscoelastic mechanical properties of soft 3D hydrogels at the microscale, and is a promising technique to study the development of native and engineered tissues over time.
Socratic Tutoring with Software: An Example and a Prospectus

This paper describes a procedure for algorithmically generating a connected semantic graph that captures the structure of any algebraic modeling problem as it is being solved. The generated graph then allows a microcomputer-based tutor to guide a student in traversing any logically permissible path through the space of semantic relations of the problem situation. The generalizability of this approach to ICAI in geometry and other mathematical domains is discussed.
Resettled Refugees and Food Insecurity in the U.S.; Exploring the Caseworker’s Role

When refugees arrive in their new resettlement country, they are designated to work with a caseworker employed with a resettlement agency who helps them acclimate to their new environment and break...
Origins of Soviet Multi-Objective Programming

This chapter discusses origins of Soviet multi-objective programming. In the Soviet Union, multi-objective programming is a relatively new area of research, emerging only in the 1960s and 1970s as a separate subfield of Soviet operations research, systems analysis, and what is called cybernetics in the USSR. Early Soviet work in multi-objective programming appears to spring from two major sources: (1) the indigenous work of Soviets engaged in operations research, and (2) the cross-influences from both Eastern bloc and Western countries. As in the West, interest in multi-objective programming arose from an ever-increasing awareness of the serious limitations of optimization methods built around a single objective function. During the 1960s and 1970s, this theme sounded again and again as Soviet researchers advocated the multi-objective approach for an increasingly diverse range of problems. By far, the earliest and one of the most extensive and insightful treatments of the subject appeared in 1964 in E. S. Ventsel's Vvedeniev issledovanie operaisti (Introduction to Operations Research). In this textbook, on military applications of operations research, Ventsel placed the issue of multiple objectives among the basic concepts of operations research.
Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with cancer.

Purpose This review summarizes the available evidence concerning direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) use to treat venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer as well as pertinent safety data on the use of DOACs in patients with both cancer and atrial fibrillation. Summary The introduction of DOACs into clinical practice changed the way thrombotic complications are managed and prevented in diverse patient populations, including VTE and atrial fibrillation. Low-molecular-weight heparins have been the standard of care for treating VTE in cancer patients due to superiority over vitamin K antagonists in preventing recurrent VTE. Therefore, widespread DOAC use for VTE in patients with active cancer has not been adopted. Conclusion Recent randomized clinical trials (SELECT-D, Hokusai VTE Cancer) have provided evidence that DOACs may have a role in treating VTE in cancer patients.
Endothelial heterogeneity across distinct vascular beds during homeostasis and inflammation

Blood vessels are lined by endothelial cells engaged in distinct organ-specific functions but little is known about their characteristic gene expression profiles. RNA-Sequencing of the brain, lung, and heart endothelial translatome identified specific pathways, transporters and cell-surface markers expressed in the endothelium of each organ, which can be visualized at http://www.rehmanlab.org/ribo. We found that endothelial cells express genes typically found in the surrounding tissues such as synaptic vesicle genes in the brain endothelium and cardiac contractile genes in the heart endothelium. Complementary analysis of endothelial single cell RNA-Seq data identified the molecular signatures shared across the endothelial translatome and single cell transcriptomes. The tissue-specific heterogeneity of the endothelium is maintained during systemic in vivo inflammatory injury as evidenced by the distinct responses to inflammatory stimulation. Our study defines endothelial heterogeneity and plasticity and provides a molecular framework to understand organ-specific vascular disease mechanisms and therapeutic targeting of individual vascular beds.
In Vitro Models of the Small Intestine: Engineering Challenges and Engineering Solutions

Pathologies affecting the small intestine contribute significantly to the disease burden of both the developing and the developed world, which has motivated investigation into the disease mechanisms through in vitro models. Although existing in vitro models recapitulate selected features of the intestine, various important aspects have often been isolated or omitted due to the anatomical and physiological complexity. The small intestine's intricate microanatomy, heterogeneous cell populations, steep oxygen gradients, microbiota, and intestinal wall contractions are often not included in in vitro experimental models of the small intestine, despite their importance in both intestinal biology and pathology. Known and unknown interdependencies between various physiological aspects necessitate more complex in vitro models. Microfluidic technology has made it possible to mimic the dynamic mechanical environment, signaling gradients, and other important aspects of small intestinal biology. This review presents an overview of the complexity of small intestinal anatomy and bioengineered models that recapitulate some of these physiological aspects.
Understanding Gaps in Developmental Screening and Referral.

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics EI — : early intervention In this issue of Pediatrics , Lipkin et al1 describe trends in pediatrician-reported developmental screening and referral practices between 2002 and 2016. The authors compare data across serial American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Periodic Surveys conducted in 2002, 2009, and 2016. They demonstrate that pediatricians’ self-reported use of formal developmental screening tools increased from 21% in 2002 to 63% in 2016 and that referral of patients identified as at risk for developmental delay to early intervention (EI) services increased concomitantly from 41% to 59%. Their data, however, also suggest that in 2016, more pediatricians considered lack of available treatment options to be a barrier to screening than did so in 2002 (21% vs 9%). Although developmental screening, surveillance, and referral to services has long been an important aspect of pediatric primary care, the AAP issued its first policy statement calling for universal developmental screening in 2001.2 The unique sampling frames queried with each Periodic Survey included in the current study preclude a true longitudinal analysis of individual-level practice changes; however, the current study represents an important barometer of screening and referral practices over the nearly 20 years since the AAP’s initial policy … Address correspondence to Mei Elansary, MD, MPhil, Division of General Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Boston University, 801 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: mei.elansary{at}bmc.org
Contact etch process control application for advanced NAND memory structures

CD measurements of advanced 3D-NAND Staircase process require development of new approaches in CD metrology [1]. The current CD SEM Contact Analysis used for 3D-NAND assumes that process control could be provided through a set of geometric parameters defining the contact shape (i.e. parameters of contact shape elliptic fit such as equivalent contact top diameter (Top CD), equivalent contact bottom diameter (Bottom CD), ellipticity, minor, major axis). The limitation of this approach for process control of complex structures was considered, and a new approach based on Grey Level Analysis of contact features in SEM images was proposed. However, this analysis is not enough for controlling the complicated 3D-NAND Staircase formation process steps, as contact holes with same geometric parameters but different depths cannot be separated by traditional CD SEM metrology measurement procedure (Figures 1 and 2). Thus, traditional CD SEM approach needs revisiting in order to work in situations where process control requires analysis of sophisticated Grey Level uniformity distribution. We propose a novel approach combining traditional metrology with machine learning methods. The essence of this new approach is to combine Grey Level attributes and traditional CD measured geometric parameters of the feature, obtained by traditional CD metrology flow, in a classification scheme (Figures 2 and 3). The proposed approach was qualified at Micron site demonstrating ~98% purity classification results. The proposed approach is generic and can be extended to a large variety of process control applications. Enhancing regular metrology flow with the capability to classify Etch process quality eliminates the need for the expensive and destructive cross-sectional SEM analysis. Furthermore, this method has a clear advantage during the early R&D phase of process development as it increases the usefulness of the in-line metrology tool while the process is still immature and unstable.
Rhetorical Witnessing: Recognizing Genocide in Guatemala

The article explores the rhetorical dimensions of witnessing. We concentrate, in particular, on two groups: 1) university students at the University of San Carlos, Quetzaltenango, whose murals are dramatic reminders of the massacres that resulted in the deaths of over 200,000 indigenous people in the 1980s and early 90s and of the corrupt governmental leaders responsible for them, and 2) U.S. accompaniers sponsored by an organization within our own community, the Copper Country Guatemala Accompaniment Project (CCGAP).
In-situ Terrain Classification and Estimation for NASA’s Humanoid Robot Valkyrie

This research is aimed at investigating the interaction for a bipedal humanoid robot during locomotion on deformable terrains. The knowledge of deformable terrain properties has major implications in modelling the robot walking dynamics, which is the key to achieve stable gait patterns. We propose an in-situ terrain classification and estimation method in this paper to provide robots with such terrain properties. In particular, we introduce our method for classifying known terrains using recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and estimating the unknown terrain’s stiffness adopting the Bernstein-Goriatchkin model. We present our experimental procedures and analysis of the resulting data using NASA’s humanoid robot, Valkyrie, while it is performing a set of prespecified motions on different terrains, including gym foam mat, wood mulch, rubber mulch, and sand. It is concluded that using RNNs, we can efficiently classify the terrain types. For unknown terrains, our approach can estimate the terrain’s stiffness that demonstrates support forces under deformation.
Diasporic placemaking: the internationalisation of a migrant hometown in post-socialist China

International migration profoundly reshapes the urban landscape in sending and receiving countries. Compared to ethnic enclaves in migrant-receiving metropolises and remittance houses in sending co...
Why Have Greenhouse Emissions in RGGI States Declined? An Econometric Attribution to Economic, Energy Market and Policy Factors

Abstract The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a consortium of northeastern U.S. states that limit carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation through a regional emissions trading program. Since RGGI started in 2009, regional emissions have sharply dropped. We use econometric models to quantify the emissions reductions due to RGGI and those due to other factors such as the recession, complementary environmental programs, and lowered natural gas prices. The analysis shows that after the introduction of RGGI in 2009 the region's emissions would have been 24% higher without the program, accounting for about half of the region's emissions reductions during that time, which were far greater than those achieved in the rest of the United States.
ST 2 GPU: An Energy-Efficient GPU Design with Spatio-Temporal Shared-Thread Speculative Adders

Modern GPUs employ thousands of cores, yielding higher performance but also higher power consumption. To meet performance targets while staying within a reasonable power budget, designers have to make these execution cores increasingly more power efficient. One way to increase their power efficiency is to employ power-efficient adders. In this paper, we observe that consecutive arithmetic computations from the same code location are highly correlated and propose ST2 GPU, a GPU architecture that uses history-based speculative adders that produce guaranteed correct results while saving 70% of the nominal adder power. We estimate that ST2 GPU saves 21% of the GPU chip energy with practically no performance and area overheads.
Flexible and Robust Method for Missing Loop Detector Data Imputation

This study is primarily focused on missing traffic sensor data imputation for the purpose of improving the coverage and accuracy of traffic analysis and performance estimation. Missing data, whether attributable to hardware failure or error detection and removal, are a constant problem in loop and other traffic detector data sets. As the rate of missingness increases, the treatment of missing values quickly becomes the controlling factor in overall data quality. Previously, several imputation approaches have been developed for traffic data. However, few studies aim at handling the traffic data with large blocks of missing values for networkwide implementation. A proven predictive mean matching multiple imputation method is introduced; it was applied to loop detector volume data collected on Interstate 5 in Washington State. With the use of the iterative multiple imputation by chained equations approach, the spatial correlation between nearby detectors was considered for prediction, and the presence of mis...
Evaluation of a “Shotgun” Regimen for Sudden Hearing Loss

One hundred nine patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss were treated with a "shotgun" regimen that included dextran, histamine, Hypaque, diuretics, steroids, vasodilators, and carbogen inhalation. Thirty-three patients received the entire protocol and 76 patients received most, but not all, of the protocol drugs. Some improvement of hearing (greater than 10 dB in pure-tone average) was seen in 52% of patients treated with the complete protocol and in 54% of patients who received the partial protocol. All patients were analyzed for potential prognostic indicators. Patients with thresholds at 8000 Hz better than at 4000 Hz fared better than the group as a whole. Vertigo at the time of onset of hearing loss was a sign of poor prognosis. There was no correlation between hearing improvement and the age of the patient or the sedimentation rate. Most importantly, there was no statistically significant difference in outcome between patients treated with the complete protocol and those who received only part of the protocol. Furthermore, when the effect of each drug was examined individually, there was no significant difference between those patients receiving and not receiving treatment. The results suggest that this "shotgun" approach for treatment of sudden hearing loss offers no better outcome than is reported in the literature for spontaneous recovery.
Bayesian Modality Fusion: Probabilistic Integration of Multiple Vision Algorithms for Head Tracking

We describe a head-tracking system that harnesses Bayesian modality fusion, a technique for integrating the analyses of multiple visual tracking algorithms within a probabilistic framework. At the heart of the approach is a Bayesian network model that includes random variables that serve as context-sensitive indicators of reliability of the different tracking algorithms. Parameters of the Bayesian model are learned from data in an offline training phase using ground-truth data from a Polhemus tracking device. In our implementation for a real-time head tracking task, algorithms centering on color, motion, and background subtraction modalities are fused into a single estimate of head position in an image. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of Bayesian modality fusion in environments undergoing a variety of visual perturbances.
Characterization of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Expression and the Tumorigenic Potential of γ-irradiated HeLa × Fibroblast Cell Hybrids

Fusion of tumorigenic HeLa cells with human skin fibroblasts results in genetically stable hybrids which are nontumorigenic and no longer express the HeLa tumor-associated antigen, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Previous analysis of spontaneous segregants of the nontumorigenic hybrid have implicated the loss of one copy of human fibroblast chromosome 11 with reexpression of IAP and tumorigenicity. This observation suggests that a putative HeLa tumor suppressor gene(s) is located on chromosome 11 and that this gene may be a negative regulator of the IAP gene. We have isolated several γ-ray-induced mutants (GIMs) of the nontumorigenic HeLa × skin fibroblast hybrid CGL1 that were specifically selected for reexpression of IAP to further investigate the potential linkage between IAP regulation and the putative tumor suppressor locus. The GIMs have a wide range of cell morphology and level of IAP expression (nearly a factor of 40). The tumorigenicity of the GIMs was examined by s.c. injection into nude mice and all were found to be tumorigenic. The tumor volume-doubling time is in the range of 4 to 8 days for all the cell lines; however, the lag time to reach 500 mm3 tumor volume was significantly longer when the GIM IAP activity was low (<20% relative activity), suggesting perhaps that there is a threshold level of IAP expression required for tumor formation and selection for high IAP expression in vivo . However, studies with tumor reconstitutes of the GIMs and transfection studies with an IAP complementary DNA expression vector indicate that high IAP expression alone is not sufficient to confer rapid tumor growth. Therefore, while the data lend strong support to the continued tight correlation between IAP reexpression and tumorigenicity and to our proposal that the tumor suppressor may negatively regulate the IAP gene, it suggests that selection for other gene activities may be responsible for aggressive tumor growth in this cell hybrid system.
Predicting broad-scale occurrences of vertebrates in patchy landscapes

Spatially explicit landscape-scale models that predict species distributions, where patches of habitat are shown as having potential to be occupied or unoccupied, are increasingly common. To successfully use such data, one should understand how these predicted distributions are created and how their relative accuracies are assessed. Geographic ranges, defined upon observations (e.g., atlases), literature review, and expert review, are a primary data layer. A map of land cover is created, often from interpretation of satellite imagery or other remotely-sensed data. Species/habitat associations are defined based upon a literature review and expert review, describing associations for habitats derived from the cover map. Included as ancillary associations are how species relate to physical features, where appropriate, such as elevation and hydrography. The three layers of information (range, land cover, and associations) are merged, often using raster-based algebraic statements that exclude unused habitats or patches outside the range of a species. The accuracy of predictions for a suite of species is typically assessed with surveys by comparing the species predicted to occur in an area to the species observed. Omission (i.e., present in species lists but not predicted) and commission (i.e., predicted but not present in lists) errors are reported. Errors may be due to many sources. For example, ranges of species change, cover types may be misidentified, species/habitat associations may be incorrect or change, or species may be rare and unlikely to be seen in surveys and judged in-error even though the species may be present. An example is given of an appropriate use of broad-scale species predicted distributions, in which patterns and threats to Maine terrestrial vertebrate diversity are summarized.
THE CONSERVATION OF ARP’S BRONZES: PRESERVING THE SCULPTURE’S HISTORY OR THE ARTIST’S INTENT?

AbstractThe appearance of Jean Arp’s bronze and brass cast sculptures varies. Some have no chemical patina: the untreated metal surface is reflective to varying degrees. Other casts have a brown chemical patination. Moreover, different casts of the same sculpture may exist with different finishes. What is the origin of these variations? Were they intended by the artist? These questions, hitherto unanswered, directly affect decisions on how to conserve these artworks. This paper summarizes research into the factors that determined the appearance of Arp’s bronzes. By reconstructing the artist’s working methods and examining many extant surfaces, it is concluded that only some of them currently present the artist’s intent. A number of them result from the aesthetic tastes of certain art dealers and collectors and, to a lesser extent, lack of information during previous restorations. Because these factors are integral to the history of the artworks, the findings present difficult choices for their care and ma...
Delayed neutrons from the τ- and α-induced fission of 238U, 232Th and 209Bi

Abstract The production of delayed neutrons from fission of 238 U, 232 Th and 209 Bi with 20–34 MeV τ- and α-particles has been studied. For 238 U and 232 Th, delayed-neutron decay curves were analysed into 7 components, three of which correspond to the particular precursors 87 Br, 88 Br and 137 I. The cross sections for delayed-neutron production increase up to about 30 MeV due to the increase in fission cross section, but then decrease with 34 MeV τ-particles. The number of delayed neutrons per fission as a function of excitation energy shows structure attributed to enhanced chain yields for certain light masses. For τ-fission of 209 Bi, four components were sufficient to fit the observed delayed-neutron decay curves. Half-lives of 55, 16.2±1.5, 3.2±0.7 and 1.4±0.8 s were obtained corresponding to the half-lives of known Br precursors. Heavy-mass precursors in the iodine mass region are noticeably absent as expected from the symmetric mass-yield curve for Bi.
Literacy Instruction, Technology, and Students with Learning Disabilities: Research We Have, Research We Need.

Technology, whether assistive (AT) or instructional (IT), has played an uneven role in the field of learning disabilities since its inception more than a half century ago. In addition, tech- nology is in a constant state of flux; hence, researchers have been challenged to conduct appropriate experimental testing of inter- ventions before they are outdated or made irrelevant by advances in hardware and software. As schools seek to improve learning outcomes for all students using tiered instructional models such as response to intervention (RTI), practitioners need assistance in capitalizing on AT, IT, or a combination of the two, to guide and enrich literacy instruction for students with learning disabilities. This article presents a conceptual framework for multimedia instructional design grounded in theory and empirical research. The article concludes with recommendations for how to integrate multimedia literacy instruction within RTI frameworks
Thermodynamics of Electromagnetism

In the past chemical engineers have paid scant attention to the thermodynamics of electromagnetic systems. With the advent of new processing concepts, novel systems, and new materials including higher temperature superconductors, the topic is assuming a greater importance. This treatment introduces the student or graduate to the subject, building on fundamental principles in sequential fashion with the goal of encompassing both physicochemical and transport principles. A number of diverse but related topics are developed in a unified fashion in comparison to the existing literature in the area which is incomplete, scattered, and often deficient. Certain of the topics developed are important in current engineering practice and others represent areas for future innovation.