cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Left Colectomy

Over the past decades, advances in minimally invasive surgery have been observed in all surgical fields. Within colon and rectal surgery, the adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques has allowed for improvements in patient care and recovery. Patients can expect shorter recovery times, decreased hospital length of stays, less postoperative pain medication requirements, and decreased risk of incisional hernia development as a result of these minimally invasive approaches. This chapter aims to present a stepwise approach to laparoscopic left colectomy to aid in developing the necessary skills to master this approach.
Negative Affect-Related Factors Have the Strongest Association with Prescription Opioid Misuse in a Cross-Sectional Cohort of Patients with Chronic Pain

Objective Increased opioid prescription to relieve pain among patients with chronic pain is associated with increased risk for misuse, potentially leading to substance use disorders and overdose death. We aimed to characterize the relative importance and identify the most significant of several potential risk factors for the severity of self-reported prescribed opioid misuse behaviors. Methods A sample of 1,193 patients (mean age ± SD = 50.72 ± 14.97 years, 64.04% female) with various chronic pain conditions completed a multidimensional registry assessing four pain severity measures and 14 physical, mental, and social health status factors using the National Institutes of Health's Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). A validated PROMIS measure of medication misuse was completed by 692 patients who endorsed currently taking opioid medication. Patients taking opioid medications were compared across all measures with those who do not take opioid medications. Subsequently, a data-driven regression analysis was used to determine which measures best explained variability in severity of misuse. We hypothesized that negative affect-related factors, namely anxiety, anger, and/or depression, would be key predictors of misuse severity due to their crucial role in chronic pain and substance use disorders. Results Patients taking opioid medications had significantly greater impairment across most measures. Above and beyond demographic variables, the only and most significant predictors of prescribed opioid misuse severity were as follows: anxiety (β = 0.15, P = 0.01), anger (β = 0.13, P = 0.02), Pain Intensity-worst (β = 0.09, P = 0.02), and depression (β = 0.13, P = 0.04). Conclusions Findings suggest that anxiety, anger, and depression are key factors associated with prescribed opioid misuse tendencies in patients with chronic pain and that they are potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Depth Affects Seagrass Restoration Success and Resilience to Marine Heat Wave Disturbance

Accelerating losses of seagrass meadows motivate the restoration of these highly productive and beneficial ecosystems. Understanding how environmental parameters including depth and temperature affect restoration trajectories through time is key to conserving and restoring seagrass meadows. We used a long-term (12-year), landscape-scale experiment to test the effect of depth on eelgrass (Zostera marina) restoration success and resilience to a marine heat wave (MHW) disturbance. We found that depth was a critical determinant of seagrass restoration success, with no long-term success at sites deeper than 1.5 m below mean sea level (MSL) or shallower than − 0.8 m MSL. Seeds germinated below − 1.5 m MSL, but shoots did not persist, confirming earlier predictions from a hydrodynamic-vegetation model. Depth was also a significant predictor of seagrass resilience following MHW disturbance. Our results suggest that areas of restored seagrass that are resilient to temperature stress exist across an intermediate depth range, excluding the shallowest and deepest portions of the full habitable depth range for restored seagrass. Over the next decades, sea-level rise will likely affect both the habitable area and the resilient area, available for seagrass restoration. However, seagrass enhancement of sediment accretion may at least partially offset sea-level rise rates. As ocean temperatures warm and MHWs occur more frequently, the resilience of seagrass meadows to temperature stress will be of increasing concern. These results suggest that depth is a critical parameter that will help determine what areas are most resilient and therefore most suitable for conservation and restoration.
The development of the human cerebral cortex. A cytoarchitectonic theory

INTRODUCTION In order to understand the over-all organization of the neocortex, its development in the embryos of certain mammals has been studied using the Golgi method. DEVELOPMENT The neocortex starts its development with a primary plexiform layer in the telencephalon, which precedes and is essential for formation of the cortical plaque. Layer I and the sublayer are derived from this primary plexiform layer which represents the primitive cortical organization shared with reptiles and amphibians. The other layers (II, III, IV, V and VI) are derived from the cortical plaque which is an innovation occurring in mammals. During the development of the cortical plaque, migration, early differentiation and morphological and functional maturity of the neurones occur. The neurones, guided by the radial glia, reach layer I, develop an apical dendrite and establish contact with the cells of Cajal-Retzius, after which the migratory neurones assume a common pyramidal morphology. During ascending cortical maturity, controlled by the thalamus, the neurones acquire their specific morphology and function. The cortical plaque represents a biologically non-specific stratified nucleus which increases the number of pyramidal layers during the evolution of the mammal. CONCLUSIONS In this paper we emphasis the importance of the Cajal-Retzius cells in neuronal migration, formation of the cortical plaque, morphology of the pyramidal cell and ascending stratification--morphological and functional--of the neocortex. We also introduce a new cytoarchitectonic theory of the phylogenetic evolution of the mammalian neocortex.
Using ECG machine learning for detection of cardiovascular disease in African American men and women: The Jackson heart study

Background: Almost half of African American (AA) men and women have cardiovascular disease (CVD). Detection of prevalent CVD in barbershops would facilitate secondary prevention of CVD. We sought to investigate the cross-sectional association of prevalent CVD and sex with global electrical heterogeneity (GEH) and develop a tool for CVD detection. Methods: Participants from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) with analyzable ECGs (n=3,679; age, 62 {+/-} 12 years; 36% men) were included. QRS, T, and spatial ventricular gradient (SVG) vectors magnitude and direction, and traditional metrics were measured on 12-lead ECG. Linear regression and mixed linear models with random intercept were adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, type of median beat, and mean RR intervals. Random forests, convolutional neural network, and lasso models were developed in 80%, and validated in 20% samples. Results: In fully adjusted models, women had a smaller spatial QRS-T angle (-12.2(-19.4 to-5.1) {degrees} ; P=0.001), SAI QRST (-29.8(-39.3 to -20.3) mV*ms; P<0.0001), and SVG elevation (-4.5(-7.5 to -1.4) {degrees} ; P=0.004) than men, but larger SVG azimuth (+16.2(10.5-21.9) {degrees} ; P<0.0001), with a significant random effect between families (+20.8(8.2-33.5) {degrees} ; P=0.001). SAI QRST was larger in women with CVD as compared to CVD-free women or men (+15.1(3.8-26.4) mV*ms; P=0.009). Men with CVD had smaller T area [by 5.1 (95%CI 1.2-9.0) mV*ms] than CVD-free men, but there were no differences when comparing women with CVD to CVD-free women. Machine-learning detected CVD with ROC AUC 0.69-0.74; plug-in-based model included only age and QRS-T angle. Conclusions: GEH varies by sex. Sex modifies an association of GEH with CVD. Automated CVD detection is feasible.
Insulin Dosing, Glycemic Control, and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnancies Complicated by Type-2 Diabetes.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of severe insulin resistance (insulin requirements ≥2 units/kg) at delivery and the relationship between severe insulin resistance, glycemic control, and adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of women with type-2 diabetes mellitus who delivered between January 2015 and December 2017 at a tertiary academic medical center. Maternal demographic information, self-monitored blood sugars, and insulin doses were abstracted from the medical record. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify maternal baseline characteristics associated with severe insulin resistance at delivery. Results Overall 72/160 (45%) of women had severe insulin resistance. Women in the severe insulin resistance group demonstrated evidence of suboptimal glycemic control as evidenced by higher mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values (7.2 [ ± 1.1] vs. 6.6 [ ± 1.3%], p = 0.003), higher mean fasting (104.0 [ ± 17.4] vs. 95.2 [ ± 11.7 mg/dL], p Conclusion Severe insulin resistance is common among pregnant women with type-2 diabetes, and it is associated with suboptimal glycemic control. Future studies are necessary to develop strategies to identify women with severe insulin resistance early in pregnancy and facilitate adequate insulin dosing. Key Points
HCI Tactics for Politics from Below: Meeting the Challenges of Smart Cities

As crucial public functions are transferred to computer systems, emerging technologies have public implications that are often shaped beyond public influence and oversight. “Smart city” and “modernization” projects are just some examples of such transformations. This paper focuses on struggles over the acquisition, control, and maintenance of these public, digital infrastructures. We focus on the forms of HCI knowledge and practice that proved useful to a coalition of community organizations claiming rights of input into and political oversight over surveillance technology. Their claims were a response to their exclusion from decision-making about smart city implementation in San Diego. We offer tactics “from below” as a way to attune HCI to the needs and practices of those excluded from power over widespread technology infrastructures. Ultimately, we argue that HCI cultivates a variety of capacities beyond design and redesign that can strengthen struggles to shape real-world technologies from below.
Considerations for testing full-scale wind turbine nacelles with hardware-in-the-loop

In this paper, pole placement control techniques are utilized to compensate for variations in the torsional dynamics resulting from the different boundary conditions experienced by a wind turbine nacelle when mounted on a test bench. Simulation case studies are used to understand the baseline torsional characteristics of the nacelle coupled to the test bench versus that coupled to the rotor. It was found that the frequency shifts by up to 200% and 400% for the first and second torsional modes, respectively. The feasibility of utilizing pole placement technique to match the torsional characteristics of the turbine on the test bench is investigated using PI and PID controllers. The performance of the tuned controller is then verified under two test scenarios: Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT), and a highly dynamic turbulent wind input. It is demonstrated that tuning the test bench speed controller can effectively shift the poles of the closed-loop system to match the desired first and second modes of the full turbine and replicate transient field events on the test bench.
Brief of International Intellectual Property Law Professors as Amici Curiae in Support of Neither Party - Ericsson v. Samsung

This brief seeks to draw to the Court’s attention historical, practical, and policy matters pertaining to technical standardization and dispute resolution that bear on the arguments made on appeal by Samsung and Ericsson, including by providing context on the use of anti-suit injunctions (ASIs) and anti-anti-suit injunctions (AASIs) in litigation involving global portfolios of standards-essential patents (SEPs) that are encumbered by “fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory” (FRAND) licensing commitments.
lncRNA BORG:TRIM28 Complexes Drive Metastatic Progression by Inducing α6 Integrin/CD49f Expression in Breast Cancer Stem Cells.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer, with its aggressive phenotype being attributed to chemotherapy resistance, metastatic dissemination, and rapid disease recurrence. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) are significant contributors to tumor initiation, as well as to the acquisition of aggressive tumorigenic phenotypes, namely due to their ability to self-replicate and to produce heterogeneous differentiated tumor cells. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms that drive BCSC tumorigenicity in TNBC, we identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) BMP/OP-Responsive Gene (BORG) as an enhancer of BCSC phenotypes. Indeed, we found BORG expression to: (i) correlate with stem cell markers Nanog, Aldh1a3, and Itga6 (α6 integrin/CD49f); (ii) enhance stem cell phenotypes in murine and human TNBC cells, and (iii) promote TNBC tumor initiation in mice. Mechanistically, BORG promoted BCSC phenotypes through its ability to interact physically with the E3 SUMO ligase TRIM28. Moreover, TRIM28 binding was observed in the promoter region of Itga6, whose genetic inactivation prevented BORG:TRIM28 complexes from: (i) inducing BCSC self-renewal and expansion in vitro, and (ii) eliciting BCSC metastatic outgrowth in the lungs of mice. Collectively, these findings implicate BORG:TRIM28 complexes as novel drivers of BCSC phenotypes in developing and progressing TNBCs. Implications: This work establishes the lncRNA BORG as a driver of BCSC phenotypes and the aggressive behaviors of TNBCs, events critically dependent upon the formation of BORG:TRIM28 complexes and expression of α6 integrin.
Improving patient care in neurosurgery through postoperative telephone calls: a systematic review and lessons from all surgical specialties.

OBJECTIVE Postoperative telephone calls are a simple intervention that can be used to improve communication with patients, potentially affecting patient safety and satisfaction. Few studies in the neurosurgical literature have examined the effect of a postoperative telephone call on patient outcomes, although several exist across all surgical specialties. The authors performed a systematic review and analyzed studies published since 2000 to assess the effect of a postoperative telephone call or text message on patient safety and satisfaction across all surgical specialties. METHODS A search of PubMed-indexed articles was performed on June 12, 2021, and was narrowed by the inclusion criteria of studies from surgical specialties with > 50 adult patients published after 1999, in which a postoperative telephone call was made and its effects on safety and satisfaction were assessed. Exclusion criteria included dental, medical, and pediatric specialties; systematic reviews; meta-analyses; and non-English-language articles. Dual review was utilized. RESULTS Overall, 24 articles met inclusion criteria. The majority reported an increase in patient satisfaction scores after a postoperative telephone call was implemented, and half of the studies demonstrated an improvement in safety or outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these studies demonstrate that implementation of a postoperative telephone call in a neurosurgical practice is a feasible way to enhance patient care. The major limitations of this study were the heterogeneous group of studies and the limited neurosurgery-specific studies.
Predicting Student Persistence: Pre-Entry Attributes that Lead to Success in a Collegiate Flight Program

The purpose of this study was to examine student pre-entry attributes to predict student persistence and academic success in a professional flight program. The data set constructed for this study was drawn from a sample of 390 full-time, first-time students enrolled at a University, with Commercial Aviation as their declared academic major at the time of entry. The data examined the students’ academic progress for the first year to the second year of enrollment. Pre-existing data were gathered from each student’s institutional record and financial aid record. Multiple regression analysis was used to calculate the degree to which pre-entry attributes predicted student persistence and academic success. The study found significant relationships between pre-entry attributes in determining student persistence and academic success. Pre-entry attributes accounted for 9.6% of the variance in persistence, and 32.3% of the variance in academic success.
Megaloptera: Alderflies, Fishflies, Hellgrammites, Dobsonflies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the Megaloptera, which include the alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies, and hellgrammites and are a small order of neuropterous insects with 328 described species. They are often considered to be the most primitive group of insects with complete metamorphosis. In the fossil record, Megaloptera first occur about 250 million years ago in the late Permian. The Megaloptera are most closely related to the Raphidioptera (snakeflies) and Neuroptera (lacewings and antlions). Among the major orders, they are most closely related to the Coleoptera (beetles). Larvae of all Megaloptera are aquatic predators. Their association with cool, well-oxygenated waters probably accounts for their greater species diversity in temperate regions than in the tropics. Although they are found throughout the world, the distributions are discontinuous, which is characteristic of a relict fauna. Megaloptera can be distinguished from other orders of insects by combination of characters: holometaboly, terrestrial adults and eggs, predaceous aquatic larvae, and exarate terrestrial pupae. The order of Megaloptera contains two families, Sialidae and Corydalidae. Sialids, or alderflies, are slow, awkwardly flying insects that range from 10 to 15 mm in length. Their bodies are black, brown, or yellowish orange. The wings are held tent-like over the abdomen so that they bear some resemblance to caddisflies (Trichoptera). The Corydalidae are much larger, 40 – 75 mm in length. Many species have pale, smoky wings mottled with brown, whereas others are nearly black, with white markings. This family is divided into two distinctive subfamilies: the Corydalinae or dobsonflies (larvae are hellgrammites), and the Chauliodinae or fishflies.
Interpolation and Basic Techniques

This chapter discusses the low-level, basic techniques, concentrating on interpolation. The chapter also presents the basics of key-flame systems and animation languages and methods for precisely specifying the motion of objects. Using the mentioned techniques, the animator directly controls the motion of objects. There is little uncertainty about the positions and orientations to be produced, and the computer is used only to calculate the actual values. Procedures and algorithms are used, to be sure, but in a very direct manner in which the animator knows about the final motion on a flame-by-flame basis. Interpolation is fundamental to most animation, and the ability to understand and control the interpolation process is very important in computer animation programming. Interpolation of values takes many forms, including arc length, image pixel color, and shape parameters. The control of the interpolation process can be key framed, scripted, or analytically determined. But in any case, interpolation forms the foundation upon which most computer animation takes place, including those animations that use advanced algorithms.
Morphological Subsets of Circulating Tumor Cells in Advanced Prostate Cancers: A Potential Biomarker for Patients with Visceral Metastases

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are commonly identified in men with advanced prostate cancer (PC) but their significance beyond enumeration is unknown. We subclassified CTCs using a standard patholo...
Lactic acid bacteria and their uses in animal feeding to improve food safety.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in animal feeding to improve food safety. The protective effects of the LAB that can inhibit food‐borne pathogens in live animal before slaughter have been discovered. The chapter focuses on the use of LAB to inhibit pathogens in live animals. The biopreservation approach refers to the extended storage life and enhanced safety of food using their natural or controlled microflora and their antibacterial products. The LAB constitutes a group of Gram‐positive bacteria that share similar morphologic, metabolic, and physiologic characteristics. They are nonspore‐forming rods and cocci that ferment carbohydrates forming lactic acid as the major end‐product. Depending on the metabolic pathways they use to ferment carbohydrates and the resulting end‐products, LAB are divided into two major groups: homofermentative or heterofermentative. LAB is capable of producing inhibitory substances other than organic acids with inhibitory activity to different microorganisms. Not all LAB will give reductions of foodborne pathogens in farm animals, but carefully selected strains administered under appropriate conditions are effective in reducing E . coli O157 in cattle and Salmonella in poultry.
Reassessment of tigecycline bone concentrations in volunteers undergoing elective orthopedic procedures

Thegoalofthethisstudywastore‐evaluatetigecyclineboneconcentrationsinsubjectsundergoingelectiveorthopedicsurgery,usingmultipledosesand a more robust bone assay than was used in a previous study. Each subject received three intravenous doses of tigecycline (one 100‐mg infusion followed
Beyond Learning by Doing: Theoretical Currents in Experiential Education

What is experiential education? What are its theoretical roots? Where does this approach come from? Offering a fresh and distinctive take, this book is about going beyond "learning by doing" through an exploration of its underlying theoretical currents. As an increasingly popular pedagogical approach, experiential education encompasses a variety of curriculum projects from outdoor and environmental education to service learning and place-based education. While each of these sub-fields has its own history and particular approach, they draw from the same progressive intellectual taproot. Each, in its own way, evokes the power of "learning by doing" and "direct experience" in the educational process. By unpacking the assumed homogeneity in these terms to reveal the underlying diversity of perspectives inherent in their usage, this book allows readers to see how the approaches connect to larger conversations and histories in education and social theory, placing experiential education in social and historical context.
Rethinking Substance Abuse: What the Science Shows and What We Should Do About It. William R. Miller and Kathleen M. Carroll (Eds.)

This book addresses the “good news/bad news” situation that exists in relation to scientific research into the nature of drug problems (referring to problematic use of alcohol, prescription medicat...
Differential Requirements for eIF4E Dose in Normal Development and Cancer

eIF4E, the major cap-binding protein, has long been considered limiting for translating the mammalian genome. However, the eIF4E dose requirement at an organismal level remains unexplored. By generating an Eif4e haploinsufficient mouse, we found that a 50% reduction in eIF4E expression, while compatible with normal development and global protein synthesis, significantly impeded cellular transformation. Genome-wide translational profiling uncovered a translational program induced by oncogenic transformation and revealed a critical role for the dose of eIF4E, specifically in translating a network of mRNAs enriched for a unique 5' UTR signature. In particular, we demonstrate that the dose of eIF4E is essential for translating mRNAs that regulate reactive oxygen species, fueling transformation and cancer cell survival in vivo. Our findings indicate eIF4E is maintained at levels in excess for normal development that are hijacked by cancer cells to drive a translational program supporting tumorigenesis.
Identification of reservation capacity in critical peak pricing electricity demand response program for sustainable manufacturing systems

SUMMARY Electricity demand response is considered an effective approach to balance the electricity demand and supply with existing infrastructure of generation, transmission, and distribution. A majority of existing literature on the electricity demand response has mainly centered on the commercial and residential building sectors while the application for the industrial sector is largely neglected. This paper presents a methodology for the application of a typical demand response program, Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) program, for the manufacturing enterprises. The configuration of the reservation capacity (in kilowatt, kW) in the CPP program, which plays a critical role in the cost of the final bill charge, will be identified by optimal production scheduling for the typical manufacturing systems with multiple machines and buffers. Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming formulation is used to establish the mathematical model with the objective to minimize the electricity bill cost as well as the potential penalty cost due to the non-fulfillment of the target production. An approximate technique is introduced to find a near optimal solution, and a numerical case study is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Onset of self-breakdown in a low-pressure spark gap

Conditions for self-breakdown are studied with a time-dependent one-dimensional model which includes effects of ionization by electrons, ions, and energetic neutrals, charge exchange, secondary-electron emission from the cathode due to impact of ions and neutrals, and backscattering of electrons from the anode. Theoretical predictions for the low-pressure branch of the Paschen curve are reported. $\mathrm{Pd}$ scaling is explicitly verified. In addition, the rates for current buildup above the critical pressure are calculated. The relative importance of various physical effects on the onset of self-breakdown are studied.
Nitrosative stress results in irreversible inhibition of purified mitochondrial complexes I and III without modification of cofactors.

Abstract The effects of both nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite on complexes I (NADH dehydrogenase) and III (cytochrome c reductase) isolated from bovine heart have been examined. EPR signals (“ g = 2.01”) previously detected in association with loss of complex I and III activities in cultured cells and isolated mitochondria subjected to nitrosative stress are shown not to arise from these particular enzymes. Neither NO nor peroxynitrite (ONO 2 − ) reacts to any appreciable extent with the oxidized forms of flavin mononucleotide, iron–sulfur clusters, or heme moieties found in complexes I and III. However, ONO 2 − is readily able to abstract electrons from the reduced forms of both complexes I and III, without any apparent modification of the enzyme cofactors. While no attempt was made in the present study to catalog all the possible modifications, it is clear that ONO 2 − can react with the protein moieties of the enzymes. For example, when added in excess, ONO 2 − derivatizes a select few tyrosine residues in both complexes I and III forming 3-nitrotyrosine as detected by immunoblots. In the case of complex I, we find a minimum of 3 out of the 46 subunits present were modified (49, ∼18, and ∼15 kDa); whereas in complex III, 4 out of the 13 subunits stained for 3-nitrotyrosine (46, 27, 7, and 6 kDa). Significant irreversible inhibition of activity required the addition of >10 2 -fold excesses of ONO 2 − to the enzymes. At 10 3 -fold excess of added ONO 2 − , the activity of complex I was only diminished by ∼18%, while a 60% loss of activity was observed for complex III.
Value of combined morphologic, cytochemical, and immunophenotypic features in predicting recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia

To evaluate the reliability of previously described morphologic, cytochemical and immunophenotypic criteria for the identification of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) with t(8;21), inv(16)/t(16;16) and t(15;17), 300 cases were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen AMLs with features of t(8;21), 31 with features of inv(16)/t(16;16), and 22 with features of t(15;17) were identified. Cytogenetic studies were available for 228 cases and identified 15 cases of t(8;21), 30 cases of inv(16)/t(16;16), 18 cases of t(15;17) and 11 cases 11q23 AML. The true positive rate for pre-cytogenetic evaluation was 95% for t(15;17), 88% for inv(16)/t(16;16) and 87.5% for t(8;21). No difference in 5-year survival was identified in the precytogenetic and corresponding cytogenetic disease groups. No specific features to predict 11q23 abnormalities were identified. This study confirms the reliability of a combined morphologic, cytochemical and immunophenotypic approach to the initial classification of AML. Cytogenetic studies are still needed on all cases to identify the small proportion of cases that will be missed by these methods and to identify other significant cytogenetic abnormalities in AML.
Ink temperatures in resistive ribbon thermal transfer printing

A knowledge of ink temperatures is important in thermal transfer printing technologies. This paper reports on an experimental technique which uses an infrared radiometric microscope to measure the temperature of ink deposited by the resistive ribbon process on transparent substrates. A detailed examination has been made of the spatial and temporal profiles of ink temperatures as a function of input current, printing speed, substrate materials, and number of active electrodes. The results on a ®Kapton substrate permit estimation of the ink temperatures reached during printing on paper. The peak ink temperatures are observed to depend linearly on input current and inversely on an approximately linear function of writing speed from 2 to 8 inches per second. Based on a phenomenological model, these results lead to a functional relationship among speed, print current, and ink temperature during printing. The model permits projections to be made of the current required over a wide range of printing speeds.
Systemic gene transfer reveals distinctive muscle transduction profile of tyrosine mutant AAV-1, -6, and -9 in neonatal dogs

The muscular dystrophies are a group of devastating genetic disorders that affect both skeletal and cardiac muscle. An effective gene therapy for these diseases requires bodywide muscle delivery. Tyrosine mutant adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been considered as a class of highly potent gene transfer vectors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that systemic delivery of tyrosine mutant AAV can result in bodywide muscle transduction in newborn dogs. Three tyrosine mutant AAV vectors (Y445F/Y731F AAV-1, Y445F AAV-6, and Y731F AAV-9) were evaluated. These vectors expressed the alkaline phosphatase reporter gene under transcriptional regulation of either the muscle-specific Spc5-12 promoter or the ubiquitous Rous sarcoma virus promoter. Robust skeletal and cardiac muscle transduction was achieved with Y445F/Y731F AAV-1. However, Y731F AAV-9 only transduced skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, Y445F AAV-6 resulted in minimal muscle transduction. Serological study suggests that the preexisting neutralization antibody may underlie the limited transduction of Y445F AAV-6. In summary, we have identified Y445F/Y731F AAV-1 as a potentially excellent systemic gene transfer vehicle to target both skeletal muscle and the heart in neonatal puppies. Our findings have important implications in exploring systemic neonatal gene therapy in canine models of muscular dystrophy.
Breakdown of self-incompatibility in tetraploid Lycopersicon peruvianum: inheritance and expression of S-related proteins

Lycopersicon peruvianum displays gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). We have isolated self-compatible (SC) tetraploids of L. peruvianum from tissue-cultured leaves and have explored the expression and inheritance of their S-related proteins. The Srelated protein profiles of styles of SC tetraploids were indistinguishable from the diploid self-incompatible (SI) explant source based on SDS-PAGE. All progeny obtained from self-fertilization of two tetraploids were SC. Cloned cDNA sequences of the S-related proteins were used to determine the inheritance of this locus in these progeny through Southern hybridization. The allelic ratio, as determined from the intensity of DNA restriction fragments, was consistent with the predicted ratio if only pollen bearing two different alleles was successful in achieving fertilization. All progeny obtained had at least one copy of each allele, and individuals fully homozygous for either allele were not found, indicating that pollen grains bearing two identical alleles were inhibited. In addition, the level of expression of the S-related proteins in the progeny correlated with the allelic dosage at the DNA level. We demonstrate that the observed self-compatibility in the tetraploids was not caused by an alteration in the expression of S-related proteins.
Insulator-superfluid transition of spin-1 bosons in an optical lattice in magnetic field

We study the insulator-superfluid transition of spin-1 bosons in an optical lattice in a uniform magnetic field. Based on a mean-field approximation we obtained a zero-temperature phase diagram. We found that depending on the particle number the transition for bosons with antiferromagnetic interaction may occur into different polar superfluid phases with spins aligned along or opposite to the field direction. This is qualitatively different from the field-free transition for which the mean-field theory predicts a unique polar superfluid state for any particle number.
EVALUATION OF THE FLOWABILITY OF MELTED MOZZARELLA CHEESE BY CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY

Flow curves of mozzarella cheese at 30, 40, 55, and 70°C were determined by a capillary piston-driven rheometer. The shear stresses and rates were calculated using the Bagley and Rabinowitch correction formulae. The standard test and correction procedure was applicable to melted mozzarella cheese, but not to other types of cheese (notably cheddar) in which slippage and other effects played a dominant role.
EFFECT OF FEEDING MODALITY ON GROWTH: A REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY QUALITY IMPROVEMENT COLLABORATE

Achieving adequate growth following stage 1 palliation (S1P) for single ventricle heart defects often requires supplemental nutrition through enteral tubes. The effect of specific feeding modalities on infant growth remains unclear. The National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement
Species variation in the cross-linking characteristics of collagen from the intramuscular connective tissues of striated muscles (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Sus scrofa)

1. 1. The intra- and intermolecular cross-linking characteristics of collagen isolated from the intramuscular connective tissues of ovine, bovine, and porcine l. dorsi muscles were investigated. 2. 2. Species differences in extent of synthesis and intermolecular cross-linking were observed. 3. 3. No difference in α/β ratio was found in the salt-soluble fractions, but bovine collagen had a significantly lower β12/ β11 ratio than ovine or porcine. 4. 4. In the acid-soluble fractions, porcine samples had 64 per cent dimer subunits, while ovine had 55 per cent and bovine 53 per cent. The greatest increase in the dimer content of the porcine samples was in the β12 fraction. 5. 5. The thermal shrinkage temperature of porcine muscle collagen was also significantly lower (P<0.01) than that from the other species. 6. 6. Only slight differences between species were found in amino-acid composition.
Geologic assessment of environmental impact in Lake Macatawa, Michigan

A historical record of the effects of human development upon Lake Macatawa is established using geologic criteria. Significant cultural events are recognized using the pollen record, particularly ambrosia/vesiculate pollen ratios, and occurrences of detrital and chemical contaminants within the more recent sedimentary column. Detrital contaminants include such things as cinder and ash from coal burning power plants and animal hair from early tanning operations. Trace metal contaminants, frequently associated with specific industrial events, are particularly useful in establishing a modern sedimentary chronology. The impact of human activity upon Lake Macatawa is measured using fossil diatoms. The advantage of this method of environmental impact assessment is that it provides a historical perspective in which changes within an environment are related to its natural conditions.
Antichlamydial Antibodies, Human Fertility, and Pregnancy Wastage

Genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) continue to be a worldwide epidemic. Immune response to chlamydia is important to both clearance of the disease and disease pathogenesis. Interindividual responses and current chlamydial control programs will have enormous effects on this disease and its control strategies. Humoral immune response to C. trachomatis occurs in humans and persistent antibody levels appear to be most directly correlated with more severe and longstanding disease and with reinfection. There is a close correlation between the presence of antichlamydial antibodies in females and tubal factor infertility; the closest associations have been found for antibodies against chlamydial heat shock proteins. The latter antibodies have also been shown to be useful among infertile patients with prior ectopic pregnancy, and their presence has been correlated with poor IVF outcomes, including early pregnancy loss. We review the existing literature on chlamydial antibody testing in infertile patients and present an algorithm for such testing in the infertile couple.
Microscopic study of tunneling processes via localized states in amorphous-Si/ SiO x tunnel barriers

We report a detailed microscopic investigation of tunneling processes in a-Si/${\mathrm{SiO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ barriers via localized states. In submicrometer a-Si/${\mathrm{SiO}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ tunnel junctions we observed a clear step pattern (quantum Ohm's law) in the I-V curves, reflecting the discrete indirect (resonant) conductance channels via the individual localized states. We conclude that inelastic effects are crucially involved in such indirect tunneling processes. Furthermore we present evidence for a new threshold effect for the onset of the indirect tunneling, which may be due to Coulomb interactions with the metal electrodes.
The mechanism of sodium fluoride and cycloheximide inhibition of hemoglobin biosynthesis in the cell-free reticulocyte system.

Abstract The mechanism by which sodium fluoride and cycloheximide inhibit protein synthesis in the rabbit reticulocyte complete, cell-free system has been investigated. Both compounds have been found to inhibit the initiation of new chains on ribosomes. Studies of the rate of amino acid incorporation indicate that cycloheximide also inhibits incorporation into nascent chains that were initiated in intact cells and remain attached to ribosomes during their isolation. Sodium fluoride was found to have no apparent effect on the rate of incorporation into these previously initiated nascent chains, but to cause an apparent breakdown of polysomes to single ribosomes in intact cells. These 80 s ribosomes isolated from sodium fluoride-treated reticulocytes actively incorporate amino acids in the cell-free system and exhibit other properties that indicate they are similar or identical to monomeric ribosomes isolated from untreated cells. These observations are interpreted to indicate a sodium fluoride-sensitive reaction related to the initiation of new peptide chains on ribosomes. The sodium fluoride inhibition of this reaction may bring about the increase in the proportion of monomeric ribosomes because of a failure to re-form polysomes.
Doughnut-Hole Economics

Both the recently enacted Medicare prescription drug benefit and a new cohort of consumer-directed health benefit models offer doughnut-shaped insurance coverage with large deductibles that begin around the mean annual spending for enrollees. These policies leave enrollees to bear more risk than policies with equal expected payouts that rely on first-dollar deductibles. This risk to enrollees is substantial, given the skewed distribution of health care spending and the placement of the typical deductible. I consider alternative explanations for this new benefit design trend and conclude that the desire to distribute tangible benefits to the largest number of constituents is most plausible.
Fossil track and thermoluminescence studies of Luna 20 material

Track densities in 85 feldspar crystals from L-2009 range from 2,500,000 per sq cm to greater than one billion per sq cm. This track distribution represents an intermediate case between what have been previously defined as lightly and heavily irradiated soils and suggests that the Luna 20 sample consists of a mixture of a mature, heavily irradiated component with another, lightly irradiated component. Using a two-component mixing model, the age of the lightly irradiated component is about 270,000,000 yr. It is possible, but by no means certain, that this is associated with the formation of the crater Apollonius C. At about 200 C the ratio of natural thermoluminescence to that induced by a standard irradiation is similar to that in Apollo 12 and 14 cores below about 7 cm. This confirms that most of the Luna 20 sample represents subsurface material.
Stimulation of Uridine Incorporation in Isolated Bone Cells by Parathyroid Hormone and Cyclic AMP

Treatment of isolated bone cells with purified bovine parathyroid hormone (5 ng/ml-2 ¼g/ml) augmented the incorporation of 214C-uridine into acid-soluble RNA precursor pools and into RNA. Stimulation developed within 15 min and gradually declined after 30 min. A synthetic N-terminal 1–34 amino acid fragment of PTH was one-half as potent as native hormone. A 2–34 amino acid fragment, oxidized native hormone, and several basic polypeptides were inactive. PTH enhanced the labeling of cellular UDP and UTP pools appreciably and increased that of UMP slightly but failed to modify the total radioactivity of cellular free uridine, pointing to uridine or UMP phosphorylation (or both) as the site(s) of PTH action. Stimulation of 2–14C-uridine incorporation was not associated withalterations in total cell ATP levels. The effect of PTH on uridine metabolism appeared during simultaneous treatment of bone cells with actinomycin D, indicating that it was independent of RNAsynthesis. Exogenous (Bt)2 cAMP (0.1–1.0 min) an...
Desalting protein ions in native mass spectrometry using supercharging reagents

Effects of the supercharging reagents m-NBA and sulfolane on sodium ion adduction to protein ions formed using native mass spectrometry were investigated. There is extensive sodium adduction on protein ions formed by electrospray ionization from aqueous solutions containing millimolar concentrations of NaCl, which can lower sensitivity by distributing the signal of a given charge state over multiple adducted ions and can reduce mass measuring accuracy for large proteins and non-covalent complexes for which individual adducts cannot be resolved. The average number of sodium ions adducted to the most abundant ion formed from ten small (8.6–29 kDa) proteins for which adducts can be resolved is reduced by 58% or 80% on average, respectively, when 1.5% m-NBA or 2.5% sulfolane are added to aqueous solutions containing sodium compared to without the supercharging reagent. Sulfolane is more effective than m-NBA at reducing sodium ion adduction and at preserving non-covalent protein–ligand and protein–protein interactions. Desalting with 2.5% sulfolane enables detection of several glycosylated forms of 79.7 kDa holo-transferrin and NADH bound to the 146 kDa homotetramer LDH, which are otherwise unresolved due to peak broadening from extensive sodium adduction. Although sulfolane is more effective than m-NBA at protein ion desalting, m-NBA reduces salt clusters at high m/z and can increase the signal-to-noise ratios of protein ions by reducing chemical noise. Desalting is likely a result of these supercharging reagents binding sodium ions in solution, thereby reducing the sodium available to adduct to protein ions.
CURIE TEMPERATURE OF MAGNETIC BILAYER HETEROSTRUCTURES

Abstract The analytical approach to the critical point of Ising films proposed recently by Lin, Che and Xia is extended to investigate the Curie temperature T c of magnetic bilayer heterostructures. T c ( m , n ) is obtained as a function of N = m + n for a structure with m monolayers of spin film grown on a magnetic substrate of n monolayers. A strong dependence upon the lattice structure is found. In particular, effects of the interface on T c ( m , n ) for systems consisting of different films are discussed.
Institutional Ownership and the Liquidity of Common Stock Offerings

This paper investigates the extent to which institutional ownership of equity affects the market's response to announcements of new issues of common stock. We find that the absolute magnitude of the share price reaction is negatively related to the level of institutional ownership in the announcing firm. These results are consistent with the argument that the information acquisition activities of institutional investors reduce preannouncement information asymmetries between managers and the capital market.
4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide (CMH) targets mRNA of the c-FLIP variants and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major resistance factor for the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand TRAIL and in drug resistance in human malignancies. c-FLIP is an antagonist of caspases-8 and -10, which inhibits apoptosis and is expressed as long (c-FLIPL) and short (c-FLIPS) splice forms. c-FLIP is often overexpressed in various human cancers, including breast cancer. Several studies have shown that silencing c-FLIP by specific siRNAs sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL and anticancer agents. However, systemic use of siRNA as a therapeutic agent is not practical at present. In order to reduce or inhibit c-FLIP expression, small molecules are needed to allow targeting c-FLIP without inhibiting caspases-8 and -10. We used a small molecule inhibitor of c-FLIP, 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide (CMH), and show that CMH, but not its inactive analog, downregulated c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS mRNA and protein levels, caused poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation, reduced cell survival, and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These results revealed that c-FLIP is a critical apoptosis regulator that can serve as a target for small molecule inhibitors that downregulate its expression and serve as effective targeted therapeutics against breast cancer cells.
Reactive compounds and in vitro false positives in HTS

An important component of the successful highthroughput screening (HTS) strategy in drug discovery is the ability to assess HTS structure-activity data, and to distinguish between promising drug leads and the many useless false positives that can plague screening efforts. The author discusses simple chemistry guidelines for the evaluation of ‘positives’ in biochemical screens, with the aim of selecting stable, non-covalent binders (ligands) and eliminating protein-reactive compounds (reagents) from consideration as drug leads at an early stage.
High-Impedance Cable

A cable with an impedance of the order of 1000 ohms is described. It resembles the usual flexible concentric cable with a 3/8-inch outside diameter, but its inner conductor is a single-layer coil continuously wound on a flexible core of 0.110-inch diameter. The cable is suitable for video connections from chassis to chassis and to remote indicators.