cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade Reforms and Welfare : An Ex-Post Decomposition of Income in Vietnam

This paper analyzes the impact of trade reforms on household welfare. In particular, it studies the importance of each of the links that together constitute the impact using data from the Vietnamese experience in the 1990s. The implementation of trade reforms in the 1990s, most noteworthy of which was the liberalization of rice, resulted in substantial improvement in welfare as evidenced by the drastic decline in poverty. Using analytical and empirical methods, the author examines the role of each channel (direct versus indirect) in this improvement for different groups of households. Results indicate that the growth has been broad based and pro-poor. Poorer households experienced more growth for each and every group analyzed. And contrary to the standard literature, net buyer households had more growth compared with net sellers, emphasizing the importance of indirect links. Decomposition of the growth shows that for rural households, both the direct effect and the multiplier effect drive growth while the multiplier effect was key in urban areas. The importance of the secondary effects underscores the need for a broader model to estimate the impact of trade reforms fully.
Spin–orbit effects and superconductivity in oxide materials

In a variety of materials superconductivity is associated with the existence of a quantum critical point (QCP). In the case of the hole doped cuprates there is evidence which suggests that the important quantum degrees of freedom near the superconducting critical point are localized charge and spin density fluctuations. We argue that if these degrees of freedom are strongly coupled by spin–orbit interactions, a new type of quantum criticality arises with monopole-like quasi-particles as the important quantum degrees of freedom. In layered material this type of quantum criticality can be modeled using a 2-dimensional non-linear Schrodinger equation with an SU(N) gauge field. We exhibit a pairing wave function for quasi-particles that has topological order and anisotropic properties. The superconducting transition would in some respects resemble a KT transition.
Electronic properties of hydrogen-related complexes in pure semiconductors

Hydrogen has been shown to activate the neutral impurities carbon, silicon and oxygen in ultra-pure germanium and form shallow level complexes. The double acceptors beryllium and zinc in silicon and germanium, as well as the triple acceptor copper in germanium, can be partially passivated, leading to single hole acceptors. The study of the electronic level spectrum of the single carrier bound to these centers at low temperatures has provided much information on symmetry and composition. Most centers reveal a symmetry axis along [1 1 1] and are static. In some cases hydrogen has been found to tunnel between equivalent real space positions. Photothermal ionization spectroscopy (PTIS) has been the most important tool for the study of the optical transitions of the hole (electron) in these hydrogen containing complexes. This photoconductivity technique combines high sensitivity with high resolution and permits the study of shallow acceptors or donors present at concentrations as low as 108 cm-3. Even lower limits may be attained under favorable circumstances.
Calculating Efficient Team Size: Balancing Deciding and Doing as an Elementary Optimization Problem

This paper builds elementary models of efficient team size by balancing costs of deciding and doing that often exists in team settings. A simple model assuming linear decision time and inversely linear execution time is first constructed and optimized. That model is augmented by a concern for solution quality using simple probability calculations. Thereafter, the basic model is generalized somewhat by permitting decision making and doing to be governed by power-law terms. Then, the idea of using simple, one-dimensional optimization as a modeling tool in organizational contexts and elsewhere is formalized as an elementary optimization problem (EOP), and the characteristics of EOPs and some exemplar problems are enumerated. The paper concludes by suggesting how the systematic study of EOPs, other simple models, and patchquilt integration using dimensional analysis may permit the formulation of a more sophisticated quantitative understanding of problems in organizational theory than would otherwise be possible.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
You Can't Put Old Wine In New Bottles: The Effect Of Newcomers on Coordination In Groups

A common finding in social sciences is that member change hinders group functioning and performance. However, questions remain as to why member change negatively affects group performance and what are some ways to alleviate the negative effects of member change on performance? To answer these questions we conduct an experiment in which we investigate the effect of newcomers on a group’s ability to coordinate efficiently. Participants play a coordination game in a four-person group for the first part of the experiment, and then two members of the group are replaced with new participants, and the newly formed group plays the game for the second part of the experiment. Our results show that the arrival of newcomers decreases trust among group members and this decrease in trust negatively affects group performance. Knowing the performance history of the arriving newcomers mitigates the negative effect of their arrival, but only when newcomers also know the oldtimers performance history. Surprisingly, in groups that performed poorly prior to the newcomers’ arrival, the distrust generated by newcomers is mainly between oldtimers about each other rather than about the newcomers.
Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

Sir .—Mahieu and Van Acker 1 reported a case of visceral leishmaniasis (kalaazar) in the November 1991 issue of AJDC . Several case reports were included in the references, but only a few were from Mediterranean countries in which the disease is more prevalent, as mentioned by the authors. I would like to bring our experience with this disease into the discussion, emphasizing treatment, since the authors pointed out persistence of marked splenomegaly in their patient at the end of treatment. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in 156 children, with ages ranging from 7 months to 8 years, between 1960 and 1987 at Hacettepe Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. 2,3 Twenty-three (15%) of these children were treated with only pentavalent antimony (11 received stibosamine [Neostibosan] and 12 received meglumine antimoniate [Glucantime]), and 133 (85%) were treated with meglumine antimoniate followed by pentamidine isethionate every other day, for a total of 15 doses (2.5
Growing pains for new energy-saving technologies

As we contemplate a revolution in the lighting industry, it is yet unclear in what form tomorrow's solid-state lighting will emerge. Similarly, photovoltaic (PV) power supplied on a utility scale may take a different form from today's flat-plate silicon modules. The success of the PV industry-now a multibillion dollar a year industry and growing at more than 25% per year-has largely come from integrating solar cells into other products. In many cases, this integration required the formation of new business entities. The solid-state lighting industry faces hurdles that are similar to those faced by the PV industry. Therefore, based on the experiences of the PV industry and others, we predict that the growing pains of the solid-state lighting industry will include: (1) identifying entry markets, (2) integrating light-emitting diodes into attractive products, (3) attaining high reliability for these products, and (4) increasing production of these products, thus lowering costs and opening up new markets. These activities must be implemented, keeping in mind that most consumers do not care about buying “solid-state lighting” and “solar cells.” Rather, they want to buy attractive lighting and inexpensive electricity.
Steady-state plasma desmethyldiazepam during long-term clorazepate use: Effect of antacids

The effect of antacid on steady-state plasma desmethyldiazepam (DMDZ) concentrations during long-term treatment with clorazepate dipotassium (CZP) was evaluated in 10 subjects. Each took 7.5 mg CZP nightly for 30 consecutive nights divided into three 10-day treatments given in random sequence as follows: (1) 7.5 mg CZP nightly with no antacid, (2) CZP nightly with 30 ml Maalox, and (3) CZP nightly with Maalox with an additional 30 ml Maalox three times daily. The overall mean steady-state DMDZ plasma level, measured during the last 3 days of each treatment condition, was 175 ng/ml. Within-day means ranged from 159 to 202 ng/ml and were not influenced by treatment condition, time, or trial sequence. DMDZ washout after termination of the 30-day trial was slow, proceeding with a half-life of 75 hr (range, 63 to 109 hr). Thus, Maalox does not alter steady-state DMDZ levels during long-term CZP therapy. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 180–183; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.28
The Ethics of Killing in War

This paper argues that certain central tenets of the traditional theory of the just war cannot be correct. It then advances an alternative account grounded in the same considerations of justice that govern self-defense at the individual level. The implications of this account are unorthodox. It implies that, with few exceptions, combatants who fight for an unjust cause act impermissibly when they attack enemy combatants, and that combatants who fight in a just war may, in certain circumstances, legitimately target noncombatants who bear a significant degree of moral responsibility for a wrong, when the prevention or rectification of that wrong constitutes a just cause for war.
Inside the Black Box: College Graduation and Civic Engagement

Scholars agree that college graduation is positively associated with civic engagement. They are less certain about why. College graduates are more likely to grow up in advantaged households and have higher household income and access to social capital after graduation than non-graduates. These pre and post college factors are positively related to civic engagement. However, some suggest that college itself encourages graduates to be more involved. The goal of this study was to compare the pre college, college, and post college predictors of civic engagement using data from surveys of over 5,000 alumni of a large U.S. public university. Results show that college extracurricular activities and discipline studied in college, and post college social capital are the most important predictors of graduates' civic engagement. These findings help explain why college graduates are more involved, advance social capital theory, and suggest strategies for increasing civic engagement.
An axiomatization of the Nash bargaining solution

I prove that ‘Disagreement Point Convexity’ and ‘Midpoint Domination’ characterize the Nash bargaining solution on the class of two-player bargaining problems and on the class of smooth bargaining problems. I propose an example to show that these two axioms do not characterize the Nash bargaining solution on the class of bargaining problems with more than two players. I prove that the other solutions that satisfy these two properties are not lower hemi-continuous. These different results refine the analysis of Chun (Econ Lett 34:311–316, 1990). I also highlight a rather unexpected link with the result of Dagan et al. (Soc Choice Welfare 19:811–823, 2002).
SIMULTANEOUS MULTISTEP SYNTHESIS USING POLYMERIC REAGENTS

Abstract A synthesis was accomplished involving three transformations using three different polymeric reagents simultaneously in one reaction vessel to afford 2-[[4-chloro-1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]-1-phenylethanone ( 4 ).
Tattoo-Associated Uveitis

Purpose To describe the clinical presentation of uveitis with coincident onset of raised and indurated tattooed skin. Design Case series. Methods Seven consecutive patients were evaluated at a tertiary ophthalmologic facility with coincident uveitis and cutaneous tattoo induration over an 18-month period. All subjects underwent complete ophthalmic examination and a focused systemic medical evaluation including serologic testing and imaging studies. Two participants underwent biopsy of their tattoos. The patients' clinical courses and responses to treatment over a follow-up period of 1–20 months are reported (mean follow-up = 9 months). Main outcome measures included degree of intraocular inflammation, ocular complications, visual acuity, clinically observable tattooed skin changes, and biopsy results. Results Five of 7 patients had bilateral nongranulomatous anterior uveitis: 4 with chronic and 1 with recurrent disease. The remaining 2 patients had bilateral chronic granulomatous panuveitis. Biopsies of raised and indurated tattoos were performed in 2 patients and demonstrated noncaseating granulomatous inflammation surrounding tattoo ink in the dermis. The skin changes resolved in all patients, with a faster response noted in those treated with high-dose oral prednisone for intraocular inflammation. Five patients subsequently experienced recurrent flares of intraocular inflammation in conjunction with the recurrence of raised and indurated tattoos. Conclusions These cases represent a subset of patients in whom skin tattooing may have incited an immune response leading to simultaneous inflammation of the eyes and tattooed skin.
A preliminary system for the design of DBTG data structures

The functional approach to database design is introduced. In this approach the goal of design is to derive a data structure which is capable of supporting a set of anticipated queries rather than a structure which “models the business” in some other way. An operational computer program is described which utilizes the functional approach to design data structures conforming to the Data Base Task Group specifications. The automatic programming technology utilized by this program, although typically used to generate procedure, is here used to generate declaratives.
On the Function Coefficient, Euler's Theorem, and Homogeneity in Production Theory

This paper makes three related points useful in teaching first-year graduate production theory. First, the local applicability of the classical function coefficient idea for short-run nonhomogeneous production technologies is shown for returns to scale, satisfaction of second-order and total conditions for profit maximization, and delineation of the economic region of production in factor space. Second, the general applicability of Euler's Theorem results to nonhomogeneous (variable-proportional-return) cases is developed. Lastly, it is shown that short-run, nonhomogeneous production/yield functions are fully consistent with long-run linear homogeneity.
The structure of strongly stationary systems

Motivated by a problem in ergodic Ramsey theory, Furstenberg and Katznelson introduced the notion of strong stationarity, showing that certain recurrence properties hold for arbitrary measure preserving systems if they are valid for strongly stationary ones. We construct some new examples and prove a structure theorem for strongly stationary systems. The building blocks are Bernoulli systems and rotations on nilmanifolds.
The use of hard and soft money budgets, and prices to limit demand for centralized computer facility

A fundamental problem in any large organization is how to decentralize decision-making, and still insure that the decision-makers will act in a manner that is consistent with the goal of the larger organization. The advantages of decentralization are well-known, and will not be discussed. Two possible disadvantages of decentralization are relevant here.
Method of measurement of the cardio-thoracic ratio

Measurement of the cardio-thoracic ratio remains a practical and simple means of appreciating the heart size, especially in sequential studies of the same patient. Therefore, its routine use seems justified in spite of the variations encountered. We have constructed a table with which it is possible to measure the cardio-thoracic ratio rapidly with precision and without the need for calculations. We have successfully used this table for 20 years.
Balancing Acquisition and Retention Spending for Firms with Limited Capacity

This paper discusses the interaction between revenue management and customer relationship management for a firm that operates in a customer retention situation but faces limited capacity. We present a dynamic programming model for how the firm balances investments in customer acquisition and retention, as well as retention across multiple customer types. We characterize the optimal policy and discuss how the policy changes depending on capacity limitations. We then contrast the modeling results with those of a behavioral experiment in which subjects acted as managers making acquisition and retention decisions. In the modeling part of the paper, we introduce a concept of the value of an incremental customer VIC, and show that when capacity is unlimited, VIC equals customer lifetime value CLV, but when capacity is limited, VIC is much smaller and changes dynamically depending on the number of customers and their mix. As a result, the optimal spending is constant and depends on CLV for the firms with unlimited capacity, but changes dynamically and is generally unrelated to CLV when capacity is limited. In the experimental part, we introduce a concept of conditional optimality for the analysis of state-dependent decisions. Applying this concept to our data, we document a number of decision biases, specifically the subjects' tendency to overspend on retaining high-value customers and underspend on lower-value customers retention and acquisition. We show that providing CLV information exacerbates these biases and leads to a loss of net revenue when capacity is limited, but providing information about the marginal costs of acquisition and retention eliminated these biases and increases net revenue. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1842 . This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.
Multi-matrix vector coherent states

Abstract A class of vector coherent states is derived with multiple of matrices as vectors in a Hilbert space, where the Hilbert space is taken to be the tensor product of several other Hilbert spaces. As examples vector coherent states with multiple of quaternions and octonions are given. The resulting generalized oscillator algebra is briefly discussed. Further, vector coherent states for a tensored Hamiltonian system are obtained by the same method. As particular cases, coherent states are obtained for tensored Jaynes–Cummings type Hamiltonians and for a two-level two-mode generalization of the Jaynes–Cummings model.
Characterization of a Disordered Protein During Micellation: Interactions of α-Synuclein with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

To better understand the interaction of α-synuclein (αSyn) with lipid membranes, we carried out self-assembly molecular dynamics simulations of αSyn with monomeric and micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a widely used membrane mimic. We find that both electrostatic and hydrophobic forces contribute to the interactions of αSyn with SDS. In the presence of αSyn, our simulations suggest that SDS aggregates along the protein chain and forms small-size micelles at very early times. Aggregation is followed by formation of a collapsed protein–SDS micelle complex, which is consistent with experimental results. Finally, interaction of αSyn with preformed micelles induces alterations in the shape of the micelle, and the N-terminal helix (residues 3 through 37) tends to associate with micelles. Overall, our simulations provide an atomistic description of the early time scale αSyn–SDS interaction during the self-assembly of SDS into micelles.
On identification and adaptive estimation for systems with interrupted observations

A linear discrete-time system with interrupted observations is considered. The interrupted observation mechanism is expressed in terms of a finite-state ergodic Markov chain. The transition probability matrix of the Markov chain and some system parameters may be unknown, but constant, and are assumed to belong to a compact set. A novel scheme, called truncated maximum likelihood estimation, is proposed for consistent estimation of the unknown parameters. Sufficient conditions for strong consistency are investigated. The truncated maximum likelihood procedure is computationally feasible whereas the standard maximum likelihood procedure is not, given large observation records. Finally, using the truncated ML algorithm, a suboptimal adaptive state estimator is proposed and its asymptotic behavior is analyzed.
Imploded capsule fuel temperature and density measurement by energy-dependent neutron imaging

Neutron imaging systems measure the spatial distribution of neutron emission from burning inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. These systems use a traditional pinhole geometry to project an image of the source onto a two-dimensional scintillator array, and a CCD records the resulting scintillation image. The recent history of ICF neutron images has produced images with qualities that have improved as the fusion neutron yields have increased to nearly 10{sup 14} neutrons. Anticipated future neutron yields in excess of 10{sup 16} at the National Ignition Facility and LMJ have raised the prospect of neuron imaging diagnostics which simultaneously probe several different characteristics of burning fusion targets. The new measurements rely on gated-image recording to select images corresponding to specific bands of neutron energies. Gated images of downscattered neutrons with energies from 5 to 8 MeV can emphasize regions of the target which contain DT fuel which is not burning. At the same time, gated images which select different portions of the 14-MeV spectral peak can produce spatial temperature maps of a burning target. Since the neutron production depends on the DT fuel density and temperature, simultaneous images of temperature and neutron emission can be combined to infer the an image ofmore » the source density using an Abel inversion method that is analogous to the method that has been used in x-ray imaging. Thus, with higher-yield sources, neutron imaging offers the potential to record simultaneously several critical features that characterize the performance of an ICF target: the neutron emission distribution, the temperature and density distributions, and the distribution of nonburning fuel within the target.« less
Are energy prices cyclical

Abstract Conventional analysis implies that energy price declines from 1981 to 1983 were caused by the world recession. The alternative view presented in this paper is that these declines arose largely in response to changes in US energy policy and were not due to the business cycle. After developing the theoretical conditions for cyclical prices in various oil and energy markets, we examine US macroeconomic data, 1947–1980, to test these competing views. We conclude that declining oil and energy prices are not a business cycle phenomenon; indeed, the evidence offers support for the reverse causation – that energy prices cause business cycles.
The role of organic tellurides as accumulators and exchangers of carbon radicals

Abstract Primary carbon radicals, generated by photolysis of acyl derivatives of N -hydroxy-2-thiopyridone, exchange efficiently on diisopropyl telluride to give isopropyl radicals which can in turn be trapped by radicophilic olefins.
A quantified logic of evidence

Abstract A propositional logic of explicit proofs, LP , was introduced in [S. Artemov, Explicit provability and constructive semantics, The Bulletin for Symbolic Logic 7 (1) (2001) 1–36], completing a project begun long ago by Godel, [K. Godel, Vortrag bei Zilsel, translated as Lecture at Zilsel’s in: S. Feferman (Ed.), Kurt Godel Collected Works (Oxford, 1986–2003, five volumes) III, 1938, pp. 62–113]. In fact, LP can be looked at in a more general way, as a logic of explicit evidence, and there have been several papers along these lines. A major result about LP is the Realization Theorem, that says any theorem of S4 can be converted into a theorem of LP by some replacement of necessitation symbols with explicit proof terms. Thus the necessitation operator of S4 can be seen as a kind of implicit existential quantifier: there exists a proof term (explicit evidence) such that…. In this paper, quantification over evidence is introduced into LP , and it is shown that the connection between S4 necessitation and the existential quantifier becomes an explicit one. The extension of LP with quantifiers is called QLP . A semantics and an axiom system for QLP are given, soundness and completeness are established, and several results are proved relating QLP to LP and to S4 .
A class of Hilbert series and the strong Lefschetz property

We determine the class of Hilbert series H so that if M is a finitely generated zero-dimensional R-graded module with the strong Lefschetz property, then M ⊗ κ κ[y]/(y m ) has the strong Lefschetz property for an indeterminate y and all positive integers m if and only if the Hilbert series of M is in H. Given two finite graded R-modules M and N with the strong Lefschetz property, we determine sufficient conditions in order that M ⊗ k N has the strong Lefschetz property.
The chemistry of constrained crown ring systems and fluorescence sensor applications

Using anthraquinone as a useful synthetic scaffold and the ability of anthraquinone to form stable intermediate reduction products (i.e. anthrones and anthranols), we have synthesized a wide variety of constrained crown ring systems where the receptor includes several types and patterns of Lewis bases that can tune receptor selectivity for different metal cations. Constrained crown ring systems are defined as macrocycles that contain an intraannular heteroatom, in addition to the normal peripheral Lewis bases that compose the outer ring of the macrocycle. These fluorescence sensors predominantly utilizes the internal charge transfer mechanism to promote fluorescence, but has also led to the development of new photophysical mechanisms, i.e. metal-mediated tautomerization, to selectively detect Zn(II) ion in solution. We are currently pursuing a number of synthetic avenues to incorporate new functional groups and lumophores such that a myiad of different photophysical mechanisms under optimal conditions can be employed to improve solubility, sensitivity and take advantage of the cross pollination of electrochemistry and fluorescence spectroscopy with these sensors which incorporate closely integrated electrochemical, fluorescence and receptor subunits.
A framework for data quality and feedback in participatory sensing

The rapid adoption of mobile phones by society over the last decade and the increasing ability to capture, classifying, and transmit a wide variety of data (image, audio, and location) have enabled a new sensing paradigm - where humans carrying mobile phones can act as sensor systems. Human-in-the-loop sensor systems raise many new challenges in areas of sensor data quality assessment, mobility and sampling coordination, and user interaction procedures.
Ultraviolet scattering properties and the size distribution of interstellar grains

Recent work related to the determination of the size distribution of interstellar grains is reviewed briefly. It is shown that the scattering properties of interstellar grains determined from ultraviolet observations of reflection nebulae point toward the existence of a bimodal size distribution of grains, consisting of classical wavelength sized grains and a class of much more numerous smaller particles, which scatter far ultraviolet light isotropically with near unit albedo. The implications of this result are discussed briefly.
Graph theory roots of spatial operators for kinematics and dynamics

Spatial operators have been used to analyze the dynamics of robotic multibody systems and to develop novel computational dynamics algorithms for them. Mass matrix factorization, inversion, diagonalization, linearization are among the several techniques developed using operators. These techniques have been shown to apply broadly to systems ranging from serial, tree, to closed topology systems, as well as to systems with rigid and flexible links/joints. This paper uses concepts from graph theory to obtain a deeper understanding of the mathematical foundations of spatial operators. We show that spatial kernel operators are instances of block weighted adjacency matrices for the underlying multibody topology graphs, and that spatial propagation operators are 1-resolvents of these matrices. We explore at an abstract level the properties of such 1-resolvents in order to understand the precise requirements on and the range of applicability of spatial operators to the broad class of dynamics problems.
From EPOthilone to EPO: A challenge for natural product synthesis

Activate. Couple. Deprotect. Repeat. So goes the cycle of peptide synthesis, whereby amino acids are iteratively connected to produce oligopeptides. However, only peptides that are fewer than approximately 50 residues can typically be accessed through solid-phase peptide synthesis. Thus, a defining moment in the field of peptide synthesis came about with the advent of native chemical ligation (NCL), a mild and selective reaction that allows two unprotected polypeptides to be joined together via a peptide bond (1). This convergent synthesis approach significantly expanded the accessible chemical space of peptide chemistry, and advances have continued to push the field forward to access even larger protein constructs. In PNAS, Brailsford and Danishefsky (2) use a number of these methodological developments and detail their synthetic adventures to produce a nonglycosylated form of erythropoietin (EPO). The protein of interest is EPO, a 166-aa glycoprotein that serves as the main hormonal regulator of red blood cell production. EPO contains three N-linked glycans (attached to asparagine residues 24, 38, and 83) and a single O-linked glycan at serine 126. The hormone is therapeutically administered to treat anemia that can result from kidney failure, cancer, and chemotherapy. Commercial overexpression of EPO results in a heterogeneous mixture of glycoforms (various sugar appendages that are not necessarily the canonical modifications), and the individual therapeutic contributions of each form are not known. Indeed, one study showed that enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans diminished in vivo activity but not in vitro activity (3). Other studies have found that increasing the sialic acid content through cell engineering techniques leads to advantageous in vivo therapeutic properties (4). Access to homogeneous samples of glycoproteins would lead to a better understanding of the individual roles of the glycans in tuning the folding and function of EPO, perhaps opening the way to more potent … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: muir{at}princeton.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Developmental venture capital: conceptualizing the field

Developmental venture capital is the financing of businesses with equity and near-equity in order to achieve both social and financial objectives. The social returns include economic development of distressed urban and rural geographies; creation of high-quality jobs for low-income populations; building wealth for women and people of color; and creation of products that benefit society, such as those that lower poverty or contribute to a cleaner environment. This article introduces a conceptual framework for the developmental venture capital industry based on the social objectives of individual funds. The framework distinguishes between funds that have corrective versus additive objectives. Funds with corrective objectives are designed to address inadequate access to traditional venture capital by specific geographies and populations. Funds with additive objectives are meant to further specific social goals, such as fighting poverty or environmental degradation. This framework further differentiates betwe...
Excitonic molecules and stimulated emission in a ZnSe single quantum well

Spectroscopy on a single ZnSe quantum well characterized by a sharp exciton resonance (\ensuremath{\Delta}E=0.6 meV) shows how a gas of interacting excitonic molecules induces blue-green laser emission in an optically pumped heterostructure at cryogenic temperatures. Spectrally resolved four-wave-mixing experiments yield a molecular binding energy of 5 meV. However, the lasing occurs in an electron-hole density regime, where strong many-exciton interaction effects are evident. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
CONFORMATIONAL PREFERENCES OF PENTACOORDINATE SPIROCYCLIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS

Abstract It is shown that existing nmr data on spirocyclic oxyphosphoranes are consistent with square pyramidal structures in agreement with X-ray data on these systems. Previously, the nmr data has been exclusively interpreted in terms of trigonal bipyramidal formulations. Structural principles are outlined for the square pyramidal model and appropriate mechanisms governing intramolecular exchange phenomena are advanced. Both reduced ring strain and enhanced electronic balance are cited as important factors stabilizing a square pyramidal conformation for spirocyclics containing highly electronegative atoms directly attached to phosphorus. Increasing distortion toward a trigonal bipyramid for these spirocyclics as the atom electronegativity is decreased is consistent with VSEPR theory.
Power Generation from Wind Turbines in a Solar Chimney

In past several years, several studies have shown that the shrouded wind turbines can generate greater power compared to bare turbines. A solar chimney not only generates an upward draft of the wind inside the solar tower but also creates a shroud around the wind turbine. There is large number of empty silos on farms, especially in mid-western U.S. They can be used as a solar chimney with minor modifications at very modest cost. The objective of this study is to determine the potential of these silos/chimneys in generating wind-power by installing a wind turbine inside the silo. An analytical/computational study is performed to evaluate this potential by employing the well known commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT. An actuator disc model is used to model the turbine. Calculations are performed for three cases using the dimensions of a typical silo and assuming Class 3 wind velocity: (a) bare turbine (without enclosing silo), (b) turbine enclosed by a cylindrical silo, and (c) the turbine enclosed by the cylindrical silo with a diffuser at the top of the silo. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with Boussinesq approximation and a two equation realizable k–e model are employed in the calculations. Cp and generated power are calculated for the three cases. It was found that the silo increases the Cp beyond the Betz’s limit significantly and as a result the generated power; this effect is consistent with that found in the recent literature that the shrouded wind-turbines can generate greater power than the bare turbines. The inclusion of a diffuser on top of the silo further increases the generated power and Cp. The results reported here are for typical silo dimensions and wind speeds; the results for silos with different dimensions and wind speeds can be easily generated. This study shows the potential of using abandoned silos in mid-west for wind power generation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Two New C13 nor-Isoprenoids from the Leaves of Casearia sylvestris

Two new C13 nor-isoprene glycosides, (6S,9S)-6,9-dihydroxymegastiman-4-en-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (6S,9S)-6,9-dihydroxymegastiman-4-en-9-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) were isolated from the leaves of Casearia sylvestris, along with icariside B5 (3), byzantionoside B (4), blumenol B (5), blumenol C (6) and loliolide (7). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, MS and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analyses, chemical methods and comparison with the literature data.
Optical Coating Materials For The Ultraviolet - Selection And Characterization

Experiences at Pacific Northwest Laboratory in the selection, deposition and characterization of oxide optical coatings for use with excimer lasers are reviewed. Fabrication results for all-dielectric high reflectors at 248 and 308 nm are presented. Glassy or amorphous coating materials such as Si02 and Ta205 appear to be more promising for ultraviolet use than polycrystalline materials such as Y203, A1203, Zr02 and Hf02 because of reduced surface roughness. Glassy materials, formed by ion bombardment or by mixing oxides according to the method of Sanders, Farabaugh and Haller, appear to be a promising direction for future ultraviolet coating development.
Cadherin-6, a Cell Adhesion Molecule Specifically Expressed in the Proximal Renal Tubule and Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Cadherins are a family of calcium-dependent, cell-cell adhesion molecules that play an important morphoregulatory role in a wide variety of tissues. Alterations in cadherin function have been implicated in tumor progression in a number of adenocarcinomas. Despite the increasing number of new cadherins identified, little is known about cadherins in normal renal tissue and renal carcinomas. A novel cadherin transcript, cadherin-6, was recently described to be present in renal cancer cell lines and fetal kidney, but no data on protein expression nor tissue localization has been reported. In this study, we demonstrate that the expression of cadherin-6 is restricted to the proximal tubule epithelium. This finding is critical because these cells give rise to the majority of neoplasms of this organ. Furthermore we demonstrate typical cadherin features of cadherin-6, including cytoplasmic binding to α- and β-catenin. We present data of cadherin-6 expression in a series of 32 primary renal cell cancers. Cadherin-6 expression tended to vary with histology in these samples. Whereas the majority of renal cell cancers with histology-associated poor prognosis (i.e., high grade clear cell carcinomas and sarcomatoid renal tumors) show aberrant expression of cadherin-6, in tumors with a favorable prognosis (i.e., low grade clear cell carcinomas and papillary cancers), normal cadherin-6 expression was predominant. Overall, these findings demonstrate specific expression of cadherin-6 in the proximal renal tubules in normal human kidney and suggest that alterations of cadherin-6 expression are associated with progression of renal cell carcinoma.
Sparse integrative clustering of multiple omics data sets

High resolution microarrays and second-generation sequencing platforms are powerful tools to investigate genome-wide alterations in DNA copy number, methylation, and gene expression associated with a disease. An integrated genomic profiling approach measuring multiple omics data types simultaneously in the same set of biological samples would render an integrated data resolution that would not be available with any single data type. In this study, we use penalized latent variable regression methods for joint modeling of multiple omics data types to identify common latent variables that can be used to cluster patient samples into biologically and clinically relevant disease subtypes. We consider lasso (Tibshirani, 1996), elastic net (Zou and Hastie, 2005), and fused lasso (Tibshirani et al., 2005) methods to induce sparsity in the coefficient vectors, revealing important genomic features that have significant contributions to the latent variables. An iterative ridge regression is used to compute the sparse coefficient vectors. In model selection, a uniform design (Fang and Wang, 1994) is used to seek "experimental" points that scattered uniformly across the search domain for efficient sampling of tuning parameter combinations. We compared our method to sparse singular value decomposition (SVD) and penalized Gaussian mixture model (GMM) using both real and simulated data sets. The proposed method is applied to integrate genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic data for subtype analysis in breast and lung cancer data sets.
In Vivo Pathogenic Role of Mutant SOD1 Localized in the Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space

Mutations in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutant SOD1 causes a complex array of pathological events, through toxic gain of function mechanisms, leading to selective motor neuron degeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction is among the well established toxic effects of mutant SOD1, but its mechanisms are just starting to be elucidated. A portion of mutant SOD1 is localized in mitochondria, where it accumulates mostly on the outer membrane and inside the intermembrane space (IMS). Evidence in cultured cells suggests that mutant SOD1 in the IMS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and compromises cell viability. Therefore, to test its pathogenic role in vivo we generated transgenic mice expressing G93A mutant or wild-type (WT) human SOD1 targeted selectively to the mitochondrial IMS (mito-SOD1). We show that mito-SOD1 is correctly localized in the IMS, where it oligomerizes and acquires enzymatic activity. Mito-G93ASOD1 mice, but not mito-WTSOD1 mice, develop a progressive disease characterized by body weight loss, muscle weakness, brain atrophy, and motor impairment, which is more severe in females. These symptoms are associated with reduced spinal motor neuron counts and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics, characterized by decreased cytochrome oxidase activity and defective calcium handling. However, there is no evidence of muscle denervation, a cardinal pathological feature of ALS. Together, our findings indicate that mutant SOD1 in the mitochondrial IMS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration, but per se it is not sufficient to cause a full-fledged ALS phenotype, which requires the participation of mutant SOD1 localized in other cellular compartments.
The survival value of assuming others to be rational

I study the evolution of rationality, using an indirect evolutionary approach, in which nature selects a decision-making procedure, and the procedure chooses actions in matching-games. The main result is that in order for (knowledge of) rationality to survive, it is necessary and sufficient that the rational procedure respects the attraction principle. That is, when a rational agent eliminates a strictly dominated action A, he should only increase the choice probability of the actions actually dominating A and not change the choice probability of other undominated actions. The attraction principle sharpens gametheoretic predictions. Attraction effects have been verified in psychological experiments.
The Enumeration of Maximally Clustered Permutations

The maximally clustered permutations are characterized by avoiding the classical permutation patterns {3421, 4312, 4321}. This class contains the freely braided permutations and the fully commutative permutations. In this work, we show that the generating functions for certain fully commutative pattern classes can be transformed to give generating functions for the corresponding freely braided and maximally clustered pattern classes. Moreover, this transformation of generating functions is rational. As a result, we obtain enumerative formulas for the pattern classes mentioned above as well as the corresponding hexagon-avoiding pattern classes where the hexagon-avoiding permutations are characterized by avoiding {46718235, 46781235, 56718234, 56781234}.
IMPROVED FUNCTIONAL GROUP COMPATIBILITY IN THE PALLADIUM-CATALYZED AMINATION OF ARYL BROMIDES

Abstract Aryl bromides are coupled with amines in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a stoichiometric amount of cesium carbonate. Using these conditions base-sensitive functional groups, which were incompatible with our previously reported catalytic-amination reaction conditions, are well tolerated. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
What Factors Drive Analyst Forecasts

Using survey data to judge how analyst forecasts are related to evaluations of companies’ industry competitiveness, strategic choices, and internal capabilities, the authors found that analyst forecasts are associated with many of the factors that money managers rate as important in their assessments of analyst contributions. They also found wide variation in ratings consistency across variables among analysts covering the same company. On average, consistency is higher for sell-side analysts than for buy-side analysts.
Estimation of thyroxine output by the thyroid glands of normal and adrenalectomized rats by means of a simple cooling test.

Adrenalectomy, administration of propylthiouracil (PTU), or a combination of these two treatments significantly increased rate of cooling of rats restrained and subjected to air at 5 °C. Propylthiouracil administration increased rate of cooling 55% above that of untreated control rats while adrenalectomy increased rate of cooling 84%. The combination of these two treatments increased rate of cooling 94%. Dead rats cooled 201% faster than control rats. Administration of graded doses of thyroxine to both adrenalectomized PTU-treated rats and to normal PTU-treated rats indicated that 1.9 and 4.4 μg/day of thyroxine respectively was required to return rate of cooling to that of comparable controls. These doses are therefore best estimates of daily thyroxine outputs by thyroid glands of these animals. The results suggest that adrenalectomy is accompanied by diminished thyroid function.
Probing for ultraheavy quanta at LHC

Abstract Experiments at the LHC are sensitive to the presence or absence of matter quanta at mass scales far beyond the scales they can probe directly. The production of Z boson pairs by gluon-gluon fusion is gratly enhanced if there are ultraheavy quanta that carry SU (3) Color and get their mass from electroweak symmetry breaking. For example, a fourth generation quark doublet with an arbitrarily heavy mass would induce a large excess in the ZZ yield that could be detected at the LHC with only ∼- 10% of the design luminosity.