cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and survival vs. death in slasher films: A content analysis

The content of slasher films was examined, focusing on what portion of the violence is directed toward and committed by women vs. men and the survival rates, the juxtaposition of sex and violence for male and female victims, and differences between male and female survivors vs. nonsurvivors. Five student coders analyzed 56 slasher films (474 victims). Female and male victims were portrayed equally frequently in these films. Male characters were as likely to die as female characters as a result of the attack; however, more female than male characters survived the attacks. The slashers were primarily men. Sexiness was paired with nonsurvival of female victims, whereas male nonsurvivors were portrayed as possessing negative masculine traits. The reinforcement of the good vs. bad woman dichotomy and the portrayed cost of unmitigated extreme masculinity in men in slasher films are discussed.
Optimal design and evaluation criteria for acoustic emission pulse signature analysis

Design of pulse‐recording systems and evaluation criteria (method of analyzing the pulse signature) are investigated with the objective of defining optimal approaches to pulse signal analysis. A representative situation which this paper addresses is the modeling of acoustic emission (AE) pulse analysis as a nondestructive means of failure detection in which pulse density counting is presently the most common evaluative criterion. The instrumentation is modeled and selected analytical pulses are passed through the system. Two alternatives are considered here: frequency spectrum analysis, and time domain reconstruction of the pulse or pulse train (deconvolution). The pulse recording/analysis problem is modeled, and the various analysis techniques are considered. Within practical constraint optimal system designs are defined. It is shown that deconvolution of a pulse is a superior approach for transient pulse analysis. Reshaping of a transducer output back of the original input pulse is possible and gives an accurate representation of the generating pulse in the time domain. Frequency spectrum analysis methods and AE measurement systems have potential for segregation of different pulse shapes. Using deconvolution, in principle any definable transducer and filter system can be used to reconstruct pulse characteristics, i.e., to generate time domain signature. A number of major conclusions about the selection of design variables are made for general usage. In addition there are families of optimal selections for transducer and filter system parameters which give superior deconvoluted output signals. These may be significant when working with actual hardware and unknown characteristics. The optimal design results are new and possibly different from the expectations of engineers accustomed to working in the field of signal conditioning. In obtaining these results modern rational design techniques on a rather complex design problem are demonstrated.
Parenting in relation to child and adolescent vocational development

Abstract Processes of child and adolescent vocational development include acquisition of knowledge, beliefs, and values about work options and requirements, exploration of interests that will be relevant for occupational interest development, development of academic aspirations, self-efficacy, expectations, and attainment. These elements serve to provide preparation for entry into a range of occupations and provide for the establishment of vocational aspirations, occupational self-efficacy, expectations, planning, and attainment. Parenting occurs within a family context influenced by a myriad of factors, including availability of financial capital, human capital, social capital, child agency, work-family interfacing, family roles, family structure, and the historical conditions affecting parents. These family contextual factors promote our understanding of differences in parenting in relation to child and adolescent vocational development. Far more complex than specific steps to entering the labor market per se, child and adolescent vocational development includes the interfacing of parenting and developmental processes.
Directional Confusion as a Sign of Dyslexia

The concept of dyslexia is both important and ambiguous. In an effort to reduce the ambiguity of the concept, several hundred second-grade school children were tested for primary reading errors and...
CARBON ALLOCATION TO ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI CORRELATES WITH BELOWGROUND ALLOCATION IN CULTURE STUDIES

Ectomycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with most temperate and boreal tree species, but difficulties in measuring carbon allocation to these symbionts have prevented the assessment of their importance in forest ecosystems. Here, I surveyed allocation patterns in 14 culture studies and five field studies of ectomycorrhizal plants. In culture studies, allocation to ectomycorrhizal fungi (NPPf) was linearly related to total belowground net primary production (NPPb) by the equation NPPf 5 41.5% 3 NPPb 2 11.3% (r 2 5 0.55, P , 0.001) and ranged from 1% to 21% of total net primary production. As a percentage of NPP, allocation to ectomycorrhizal fungi was highest at lowest plant growth rates and lowest nutrient availabilities. Because total belowground allocation can be estimated using carbon balance techniques, these relationships should allow ecologists to incorporate my- corrhizal fungi into existing ecosystem models. In field studies, allocation to ectomycor- rhizal fungi ranged from 0% to 22% of total allocation, but wide differences in measurement techniques made intercomparisons difficult. Techniques such as fungal in-growth cores, root branching-order studies, and isotopic analyses could refine our estimates of turnover rates of fine roots, mycorrhizae, and extraradical hyphae. Together with ecosystem modeling, such techniques could soon provide good estimates of the relative importance of root vs. fungal allocation in belowground carbon budgets.
Resistance to bacterial wilt of potatoes in Colombian clones ofSolanum Phureja

Of 1,061 clones ofSolatium tuberosum, S. andigenum, S. phureja, wild species and interspecific hybrids tested in the greenhouse against race 3 ofPseudomonas solanacearum E.F.S., six clones of S.phureja showed a high degree of resistance, which was maintained during testing of the resistant clones at different temperatures (20, 25 and 30 C) in growth cabinets and against races 1 and 2 in the greenhouse.
Surface area inequalities for ellipsoids using Minkowski sums

Given the convex body E=E(a,b,c) bounded by the ellipsoid with principal axes of lengths 2a, 2b, and 2c, its surface area, S(a,b,c), is a non-elementary integral unless a=b=c, (E is a ball) or two values of a,b, and c are equal (E is a solid spheroid). This leads to upper and lower estimates for S(a,b,c) in terms of the surface areas of balls or spheroids. We derive many of the known inequalities and some new inequalities for the surface areas of ellipsoids using Minkowski sums of ellipsoids and Minkowski's mixed volumes.
Ultrasonic diagnosis of the single screw behavior during extrusion—A case study

Ultrasonic diagnostic method of screw behavior during extrusion has been designed, developed, and carried out on a 63.5-mm single screw extruder, equipped with either a basic conveying screw or a mixing screw. It was found that the screw behavior depends on the screw speed and the die pressure. Whereas initially at low speed, the screw centered by the hydrodynamic forces rotates smoothly in the axial position, at higher screw speeds and high die pressures the screw starts vibrating. Thus, (1) the screw tip vibrated with the amplitude of 10–210 μm as the screw speed varied from 5 to 100 revolutions per minute; (2) the screw vibrations in the vertical and horizontal directions were asymmetrical; (3) the vibration pattern repeated itself at every two revolutions; (4) the vibrations originated in the poorly aligned engagement in the gearbox sleeve when the screw was pushed deeply into it by backpressure; (5) once pushed in the screw oscillated at any screw speed or die pressure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. Published by the Society of Plastics Engineers
Studies on the Nature of In Vitro and In Vivo Photosensitization Reactions By Psoralens and Porphyrins

This study was directed to examine the role of type II (photodynamic) reactions involving the production of reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and hydroxy radicals) in in vitro and in vivo photosensitization reactions induced by skin photosensitizing chemicals. Several porphyrins and psoralens, as model compounds representing examples of endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers, were examined for their ability to (a) produce singlet oxygen and superoxide anions, (b) induce damage to membranes and associated microsomal P-450, (c) promote lipid peroxidation of microsomal lipids of liver and epidermal cells, and (d) induce skin photosensitization reactions in vivo. Dose-response study in vitro of singlet oxygen production in H2O and D2O and inhibition studies involving the production of singlet oxygen and superoxide anion by specific quenchers indicated significant production of singlet oxygen by porphyrins, about 5-20 times higher than psoralen at 10(-5) M and 10(-6) M concentration and irradiation dose of 1-5 J/cm2 of UVA (greater than 320-400 nm radiation). The comparative studies on aerobic photodegradation of microsomal P-450 of guinea pig epidermis and liver indicated a significantly greater destruction of P-450 with porphyrins than with psoralens. A membrane-lipid peroxidation study involving malondialdehyde production, using liver and epidermal microsomal fractions with and without porphyrins, psoralens, and UVA radiation, indicated 10-20 times increased production of malondialdehyde with UVA and porphyrins than with psoralens.
Dissociation of the dehydrogenating and transhydrogenating activities of the 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of rat liver by β-mercaptoethanol and testosterone

Abstract A preparation of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase obtained from the soluble fraction of rat liver was treated with β-mercaptoethanol or testosterone and further purified by Cγ-alumina adsorption and ammonium sulfate precipitation. Although the dehydrogenating and transhydrogenating activities were inhibited by β-mercaptoethanol and testosterone, the transhydrogenating activity was inhibited to a relatively greater extent. The inhibition effected by testosterone was partially reversed on subsequent purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation, whereas that by β-mercaptoethanol remained substantially unchanged.
Calcium transport and distribution in ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cells

Data from isotopic uptake experiments were used to measure calcium fluxes and compartment sizes in ascites tumor cells. The data were analyzed with two kinetic models, A and B. In 80% of the experiments model A, which is based on one exchangeable calcium compartment, was rejected in favor of Model B, which predicts two exchangeable compartments. A statistical evaluation of the model's performance, when fit to the experimental data was used to select between the two models. The results show that calcium was distributed between three cellular compartments in the ratio, non-exchangeable (88%): rapidly exchanging (7%): slowly exchanging (5%). The undirectional fluxes suggested that calcium transport could be described as a series system with the temporal sequence: environment ⇄ rapidly exchanging ⇄ slowly exchanging.
Cathepsins in Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: Identification in Human Chronic Tears and Temporal Induction in a Rat Model

While overuse of the supraspinatus tendon is a leading factor in rotator cuff injury, the underlying biochemical changes have not been fully elucidated. In this study, torn human rotator cuff (supraspinatus) tendon tissue was analyzed for the presence of active cathepsin proteases with multiplex cysteine cathepsin zymography. In addition, an overuse injury to supraspinatus tendons was induced through downhill running in an established rat model. Histological analysis demonstrated that structural damage occurred by 8 weeks of overuse compared to control rats in the region of tendon insertion into bone. In both 4- and 8-week overuse groups, via zymography, there was approximately a 180% increase in cathepsin L activity at the insertion region compared to the controls, while no difference was found in the midsubstance area. Additionally, an over 400% increase in cathepsin K activity was observed for the insertion region of the 4-week overused tendons. More cathepsin K and L immunostaining was observed at the insertion region of the overuse groups compared to controls. These results provide important information on a yet unexplored mechanism for tendon degeneration that may operate alone or in conjunction with other proteases to contribute to chronic tendinopathy.
Bringing reality to drug-eluting stents

“Nothing ever becomes real till it is experienced” — —John Keats (1795–1821), letter to George and Georgiana Keats, March 19, 1819 TThe introduction of drug-eluting stents has unquestionably been one of the most important advances in interventional cardiology during the past decade. The impact has already been profound, despite the release of the first drug-eluting stent, the Cypher stent (Cordis Corp), in the United States earlier this year. Practitioners are now using these devices for a wide variety of clinical and anatomic situations, many of which have not been specifically studied. Many have expressed concerns about the widespread use of these devices in real practice situations because clinical experience might be significantly different from that reported in the randomized clinical trials that led to the devices’ approval. See p 190 The principal advantage of drug-eluting stents has been the substantial reduction in the incidence of in-stent restenosis. Until recently, the clinical experience has been largely confined to the sirolimus-coated Bx Velocity stent (Cypher stent). Sirolimus (rapamycin) is a macrolite antibiotic discovered on Easter Island.1 The agent is now recognized to activate the kinase target of rapamycin (TOR), which subsequently inhibits cyclin-induced transition from G0 to G1 cell cycle, thus preventing cell division. It also has potent antiinflammatory effects. The initial randomized clinical trial, RAVEL (RAndomized study with the sirolimus-eluting Bx VELocity balloon-expandable stent), evaluated 238 patients with de novo single lesions.2 The restenosis rate at 6 months (>50% stenosis) was an astounding 0% in the sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) group, compared with 26% in the bare metal stent group. Subsequently, the larger SIRIUS trial (multicenter randomized double-blind study of the SIRolImUS-coated Bx Velocity stent in the treatment of patients with de novo coronary artery lesions) studied 1058 patients, including patients with more complex disease.3 This pivotal trial demonstrated …
Region-Wide Ecological Responses of Arid Wyoming Big Sagebrush Communities to Fuel Treatments

If arid sagebrush ecosystems lack resilience to disturbances or resistance to annual invasives, then alternative successional states dominated by annual invasives, especially cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), are likely after fuel treatments. We identified six Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) locations (152‐381 mm precipitation) that we believed had sufficient resilience and resistance for recovery. We examined impacts of woody fuel reduction (fire, mowing, the herbicide tebuthiuron, and untreated controls, all with and without the herbicide imazapic) on short-term dominance of plant groups and on important land health parameters with the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Fire and mowing reduced woody biomass at least 85% for 3 yr, but herbaceous fuels were reduced only by fire (72%) and only in the first year. Herbaceous fuels produced at least 36% more biomass with mowing than untreated areas during posttreatment years. Imazapic only reduced herbaceous biomass after fires (34%). Tebuthiuron never affected herbaceous biomass. Perennial tall grass cover was reduced by 59% relative to untreated controls in the first year after fire, but it recovered by the second year. Cover of all remaining herbaceous groups was not changed by woody fuel treatments. Only imazapic reduced significantly herbaceous cover. Cheatgrass cover was reduced at least 63% with imazapic for 3 yr. Imazapic reduced annual forb cover by at least 45%, and unexpectedly, perennial grass cover by 49% (combination of tall grasses and Sandberg bluegrass [Poa secunda J. Presl.]). Fire reduced density of Sandberg bluegrass between 40% and 58%, decreased lichen and moss cover between 69% and 80%, and consequently increased bare ground between 21% and 34% and proportion of gaps among perennial plants .2 m (at least 28% during the 3 yr). Fire, mowing, and imazapic may be effective in reducing fuels for 3 yr, but each has potentially undesirable consequences on plant communities.
SOME EVIDENCE OF RACE BIAS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THE JUVENILE OFFENDER

Clinical and epidemiological evidence is presented indicating that many more black delinquent children and their families fail to receive needed psychiatric and medical services than do white delinquents. Explanations and implications of the reluctance or inability of white mental health professionals to diagnose serious psychopathology in the black delinquent population are explored.
When Screams Are Not Released: A Study of Communication and Consent in Acquaintance Rape Situations

This study examines the importance of modes of communication in the context of acquaintance rape, using 96 reported cases of acquaintance rape from a southeastern law enforcement agency. Through the demographic characteristics of each acquaintance rape, as well as the testimonies of the complainants and—in some cases—the accused, this research reveals the way in which victims communicate their responses to these attacks. A typology of modes of communication clearly emerges from these qualitative data. The patterns of communication further underscore the likelihood of passive responses, particularly the complete lack of communication when the victim “freezes.” The implications of such response modes are considered.
Role of angiotensin II in oral contraceptive hypertension in anesthetized rats.

Rats fed a diet containing an oral contraceptive estrogen-progestogen mixture (Enovid) for 26 weeks developed a significant (P<0.01) elevation in mean arterial pressure (145 ± 6 mm Hg) when compared to a control group of rats fed the same diet without oral contraceptive steroids (mean arterial pressure averaged 117 ± 6 mm Hg). Infusion of [Sar1, Ala8] angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, reduced the mean arterial pressure (P<0.01) in the oral contraceptive-treated rats to 117 ± 9 mm Hg, while infusion of this angiotensin II analogue into the control rats did not lower the arterial pressure. These studies provided evidence that angiotensin II may be involved in the hypertension produced by Enovid treatment in rats.
A penny for your thoughts: Patterns of sleep-related beliefs, insomnia symptoms and treatment outcome

The aim of this study was to determine how distinctive patterns of unhelpful beliefs about sleep endorsed by insomnia patients relate to their presenting symptoms and treatment responses. A sample of 281 primary insomnia sufferers completed items comprising the Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep scale (DBAS-16). Their resultant scores on the four DBAS-16 subscales were then subjected to a cluster analysis, which resulted in the identification of four distinctive age-matched subgroups. Two subgroups were characterized by pathologically elevated scores on at least two of the DBAS-16 subscales, whereas the other two subgroups had subscale scores that closely resembled those of a normative sample. Subsequent comparisons showed the insomnia subgroups differed in regard to their insomnia severity, use of prescribed medication for sleep, depression and anxiety symptoms, and daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, comparisons of treatment outcomes (i.e. analysis of change scores and normative comparisons) across clusters showed that the subgroups did not benefit equally from a standardized form of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for insomnia. Findings demonstrate the contribution of specific sleep-related beliefs on presenting insomnia symptoms and suggest the potential usefulness of tailoring CBT protocols to match the needs of distinctive insomnia subtypes.
Testing gravity in space and at ultrashort distances

In this paper we discuss experiments testing gravity in space and at ultrashort distances. We show that the proposed STEP experiment has sufficient sensitivity to test how gravity couples to neutrinos and to higher-order weak interactions. Then, after briefly reviewing the recent interest in ultrashort distance gravity experiments, we describe a preliminary round of atomic force microscope (AFM) experiments which utilize the ‘iso-electronic effect’. Our experimental results set new limits on proposed gravity-like forces over distance ranges ∼1–4 nm.
Using Hidden Markov Model to detect rogue access points

One of the most challenging security concerns for network administrators is the presence of rogue access points (RAPs). The challenge is to detect and disable a RAP before it poses a serious security risk. In this paper, we propose a statistical based approach to detect RAPs using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which is applied to passively measure packet-header data collected at a gateway router. The main idea is to process the sequence of packet traces in order to distinguish the normal packets from the abnormal ones. Our approach utilizes variations in packet inter-arrival time to differentiate between authorized access points and RAPs. We used the inter-arrival time of a packet as a distinguishing parameter because it varies drastically for a normal activity and an intrusive activity. We developed our HMM by analyzing Denial of Service (DoS) attacks of 802.11 based wireless local area networks. Our trained HMM can detect the presence of a RAP promptly within a second with extreme accuracy (very low false positive and false negative ratios are obtained). The success of our approach lies in the fact that it leverages knowledge about the behavior of the traffic characteristics of 802.11 based wireless local area networks and the properties of DoS attacks. Experiments were also performed to improve the accuracy of our HMM model. Our approach is scalable and non-intrusive, requiring little deployment cost and effort, and is easy to manage and maintain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deciding ML typability is complete for deterministic exponential time

A well known but incorrect piece of functional programming folklore is that ML expressions can be efficiently typed in polynomial time. In probing the truth of that folklore, various researchers, including Wand, Buneman, Kanellakis, and Mitchell, constructed simple counterexamples consisting of typable ML programs having length n, with principal types having O(2cn) distinct type variables and length O(22cn). When the types associated with these ML constructions were represented as directed acyclic graphs, their sizes grew as O(2cn). The folklore was even more strongly contradicted by the recent result of Kanellakis and Mitchell that simply deciding whether or not an ML expression is typable is PSPACE-hard.We improve the latter result, showing that deciding ML typability is DEXPTIME-hard. As Kanellakis and Mitchell have shown containment in DEXPTIME, the problem is DEXPTIME-complete. The proof of DEXPTIME-hardness is carried out via a generic reduction: it consists of a very straightforward simulation of any deterministic one-tape Turing machine M with input k running in O(c|k|) time by a polynomial-sized ML formula PM,k, such that M accepts k iff PM,k is typable. The simulation of the transition function d of the Turing Machine is realized uniquely through terms in the lambda calculus without the use of the polymorphic let construct. We use let for two purposes only: to generate an exponential amount of blank tape for the Turing Machine simulation to begin, and to compose an exponential number of applications of the ML formula simulating state transition.It is purely the expressive power of ML polymorphism to succinctly express function composition which results in a proof of DEXPTIME-hardness. We conjecture that lower bounds on deciding typability for extensions to the typed lambda calculus can be regarded precisely in terms of this expressive capacity for succinct function composition.To further understand this lower bound, we relate it to the problem of proving equality of type variables in a system of type equations generated from an ML expression with let-polymorphism. We show that given an oracle for solving this problem, deciding typability would be in PSPACE, as would be the actual computation of the principal type of the expression, were it indeed typable.
The health effects of air pollution: a reanalysis.

Abstract Using a newly assembled data base, we explore the relationship between mortality and measures of sulfates and suspended particulates in 96 cities, counties, and metropolitan areas (SMSAs) of the United States. The data fit the previously estimated Lave-Seskin model and we cannot reject the null hypothesis of identical air-pollution coefficients in 1960, 1969, and 1974 cross sections. A strong, consistent, and statistically significant association between sulfates and mortality persists. The association is changed little by adding variables for smoking and alcohol consumption, by using a generalized least-squares estimator instead of OLS, by using city or county instead of SMSA data, or by adding medical care and nutrition variables and using a simultaneous equation framework. These results can be used to support stringent abatement of sulfur-oxides air pollution.
Constructing Consciousness: Diasporic Remembrances and Imagining Africa in Late Modernity

Abstract Several simultaneous aesthetic movements have emerged in the African Diaspora that critically explore and reference Africa to address the questions of ‘history, migrations and trans-national practices’. This paper critically examines some of these recent processes of deploying and displaying particular African aesthetic forms in North American museums to raise questions about the re-telling of Africa's past in the Western museum. The paper also seeks to explore the new deployments that diasporic blacks, who are revisiting, exploring and evoking Africa, are evolving in the process of making art. Art that nourishes the act of becoming, articulating new identities and forging new meanings of existence that extends the meanings and identities of the black self even as they speak from a particular place, history, and experience.
Some Emerging Trends in Psychlolgical Measurement: A Fifty-Year Perspective:

Developments in psychological measurement over a 50-year period reveal a growing awareness of the modifiability of human behavior, as exemplified in cross-cultural comparisons, as well as in intergenera tional changes within a single culture. Implications for testing are examined with special reference to the need for considering the context in which test takers devel oped and the contexts in which they are expected to function. Norms are viewed as the test performance of a population at a particular time and place. This orien tation affects the interpretation of test scores. At a more basic level, cohort studies reveal systematic pop ulation changes. Cognitive scores may rise or decline, depending on concomitant societal changes. Progres sive changes in attitudes, self-concepts, and other af fective traits may in turn influence cognitive develop ment. Affective variables may thus serve as intervening variables in the complex chain of events from genes to aptitudes. The traits identified by factor analysi...
Sodium Alloy Lamps

Discharge lamps with sodium alloys have been made in bulbs about 5 cm in diameter, a size chosen purposely small in order to attain readily the high current density required by the low vapor pressure of alloys. The most desirable elements, from the standpoint of both color and efficiency, proved to be cadmium and mercury in about equal proportions by weight with somewhat less than 10 percent sodium in solid solution with them. Such an alloy gave a white discharge, with good color values throughout the spectrum with the exception of reds, which were only fair. The overall efficiency was reduced by 30–40 percent, from 43 LPW for pure sodium to 25–30 LPW. Larger diameter bulbs would allow proportionately higher values. A reasonable maintenance was held for over 1000 hours. It could be improved by avoidance of the stem chamber, into which the alloy tends fractionally to diffuse.
Origin of the Transmitted Virus in HIV Infection: Infected Cells Versus Cell-Free Virus

All human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)–infected inocula, such as genital secretions, breast milk, and blood, contain both cell-free virus and infected cells. The relative contributions of cell-free and/or cell-associated virus in establishing an infection in a naive host during the different modes of HIV-1 acquisition remains unclear. Studies aim to elucidate the source of the acquired virus because strategies to prevent acquisition may have differential efficacy against the different modes of transmission. In this review, I will detail some of the challenges in identifying the source of the transmitted virus, genotypic and phenotypic differences among cell-free compared with cell-associated HIV-1, and implications on the efficacy for prevention strategies.
Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for patients with resectable liver metastases

Curative resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer is associated with high 5-year overall survival rates, making complete resection the goal of therapy for many patients. Improved outcomes in recent years have resulted in the application of increasingly aggressive multidisciplinary approaches for patients with metastatic disease. The addition of newer, more active chemotherapeutic regimens has prolonged patient survival in those with advanced disease and increased the number of patients eligible for surgical therapy. Furthermore, integration of chemotherapy with hepatectomy in patients with initially resectable disease offers the potential for improving survival beyond that seen with resection alone. Recent randomized studies have demonstrated a benefit of both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, questions regarding the optimal indications, regimen, and sequence of therapy remain. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has potential advantages over postoperative adjuvant therapy, including improved patient selection, determining response to therapy, and achieving earlier delivery of systemic therapy. The disadvantages sometimes seen with neoadjuvant therapy include chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity and inability to identify resectable lesions. Ultimately, a therapeutic strategy that includes all aspects of multidisciplinary and multimodality care is required to select and treat this complex group of patients.
Neighborhoods and cumulative biological risk profiles by race/ethnicity in a national sample of U.S. adults: NHANES III.

Purpose To examine race/ethnic-specific patterns of association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and a cumulative biological risk index in a nationally representative population. Methods The study sample included 13,199 white, black, and Mexican-American men and women, ages 20 and older, who attended the National Health and Examination Survey examination (1988–1994). Neighborhoods were defined as census tracts and linked to U.S. Census measures from 1990 and 2000, interpolated to the survey year; the NSES score included measures of income, education, poverty, and unemployment and was categorized into quintiles, with the highest indicating greater NSES. A summary biological risk score, allostatic load (AL; range 0–9), was created from 9 biological indicators of elevated risk: serum levels of C-reactive protein, albumin, glycated hemoglobin, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate. Regression models stratified by race/ethnicity examined AL as a continuous and dichotomous (≥3 vs. Results We found strong inverse associations between NSES and AL for black subjects, after adjusting for age, sex, U.S. birth, urban location, and individual SES. These associations were weaker and less consistent for Mexican Americans and whites. Conclusions Our results indicate that living in low NSES neighborhoods is most strongly associated with greater cumulative biological risk profiles in the black U.S. population.
Developmental profile of storage reserve accumulation in soybean somatic embryos

Soybean somatic embryos were developed as a model for investigating the developmental relationships of lipid biosynthesis and accumulation in this important crop. Batch cultures of embryos grown for 8 wk in liquid culture medium exhibited typical sigmoidal growth kinetics as they passed through characteristic globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledon stages. Exponential growth occurred for the first 4 wk in culture with net growth terminating when total embryo fresh weight per culture flask reached a maximum of 4–4.5 g at 6 wk. This was followed by a slight decrease in embryo fresh weight (FW) and the onset of apparent tissue senescence as judged by yellowing and browning of embryos. On a FW basis, embryos accumulated up to 4% protein, 2.5% soluble sugars, 1.9% starch, and 1.5% lipid relatively early in development. Levels decreased to 0.8% protein, 0.5% soluble sugars, 0.03% starch, and 0.09% lipid at the end of the culture period. On a mass percent basis, lipid extracts were comprised of approximately 80–90% polar lipid early in embryo development. This shifted to 56% storage lipid (triacylglycerol) and 44% polar lipid after 4–5 wk in culture and then reverted back to 91% and 9% polar vs. storage lipid, respectively, by the end of the 8-wk culture period. On the average, polar and storage lipid fractions were comprised of 24% palmitic acid, 7% stearic acid, 8% oleic acid, 36% linoleic acid, and 26% linolenic acid. However, the amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids declined sharply during embryo senescence at the end of the culture period, with corresponding increases in the combined amounts of palmitic and stearic acids. This is the first report that documents the progress of storage reserve accumulation in soybean somatic embryos in relation to their continuous growth in liquid batch cultures.
Deconstructing the Zeilberger algorithm

By looking under the hood of Zeilberger's algorithm, as simplified by Mohammed and Zeilberger, it is shown that all the classical hypergeometric closed-form evaluations can be discovered ab initio, as well as many “strange” ones of Gosper, Maier, and Gessel and Stanton. The accompanying Maple package FindHypergeometric explains the various miracles that account for the classical evaluations, and the more specialized Maple package twoFone, also accompanying this article, finds many “strange” 2 F 1 evaluations, and these discoveries are in some sense, exhaustive. Hence WZ theory is transgressing the boundaries of the context of justification into the context of discovery.
Holmium:YAG laser prostatectomy: results of U.S. pilot study.

The holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser wavelength's ability to vaporize and incise soft tissue offers potential advantages for prostatectomy compared with the Nd:YAG laser, which primarily produces tissue coagulation. In this initial U.S. trial, Ho: YAG laser prostatectomy was performed in 20 men, including 2 men treated immediately prior to radical prostatectomy to assess Ho:YAG laser tissue effects in the prostate. A total of 18 men were treated for clinically symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Estimated excess BPH tissue averaged 24 g (range 5-50 g). A mean of 129 kJ of Ho:YAG laser energy was delivered, combined with a mean of 11 kJ of Nd:YAG energy to provide supplemental coagulation for hemostasis. The mean operative time was 1 hour 34 minutes. No significant intraoperative changes in hematocrit or serum electrolytes were documented. No perioperative or late complications occurred. The mean postoperative catheterization time was 1.4 days. Of the 18 patien...
The Influence of Distributed Sources and Upwelling on the Baroclinic Structure of the Abyssal Circulation

Abstract The study of a simple, continuously stratified model of the abyssal ocean driven by upwelling out of the abyss into the main thermocline and by source fluid entering the basin through northern, western, and southern bound-aries is reported. Our approach divides the deep mean into an inviscid interior and frictional boundary-layer regions. The interior circulation is fully determined by the horizontal distribution of upwelling and by the net, vertical distribution of sources entering the basin. Forcing by the local upwelling drives a barotropic velocity field, and remote forcing by both the upwelling and sources generates an underlying baroclinic flow, which can be considerably stronger and of opposite sign at some depths. The boundary current functions to redistribute around the perimeter fluid entering the boundary regions either through the basin walls or from the interior. In contrast to the interior flow, it depends also on the geographical location of sources. The boundary current is divided...
Collection development and management in the twenty‐first century with special reference to academic libraries: an overview

Every library collection should be established for a definite purpose. In an academic library setting, the collection may be developed primarily for research and instructional support. In recent years traditional formats for information, such as books and microfilm, have increasingly been supplemented by information which is accessible electronically through the use of computer technology. This means then that the existing collection development policy for an academic library must include selection criteria and collection parameters covering these new media formats. This paper examines some of the concepts and problems which an academic library must consider in order to align its collection development activities with the changing environment of digital librarianship in the twenty‐first century.
Surgical strategies in the management of sequestrated disc herniations in the lumbar and cervical spines.

Orief et al. have reported six cases of sequestrated disc herniation, five in the lumbar spine and one in the cervical spine, which regressed in the follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) corresponding to neurological improvement. We also experienced the same kind of cases of cervical and lumbar disc herniations in the repeated MRI several months after the initial study. With their thorough review of the literature, they concluded that the possible mechanism of resorption of the sequestrated disc was dehydration and inflammationmediated resorption as a foreign body in the vascular-rich epidural space, which seemed to be quite reasonable. Ahn et al. (1) reported an interesting observation on effect of the transligamentous lumbar disc herniation on their regression and clinical outcome. Of 36 patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniations that were treated conservatively and followed up by MRI, 25 decreased in size. Ten (56%) of 18 subligamentous herniations, 11 (79%) of 14 transligamentous herniations, and all 4 (100%) of sequestrated herniations were reduced in size. The authors concluded that transligamentous extension of herniated discs through the ruptured ligament was important to its reduction in size than its initial size of the herniated discs. Komori et al. (3) emphasized the importance of contrast-enhanced MRI in conservative treatment of lumbar disc herniations. In all cases of migrated discs, circular enhancement was visualized on contrastenhanced MRI, and 17 (77%) of 22 cases showed gradual thickening of enhanced area and decrease in size of migrated discs. The herniated discs disappeared in nine and markedly decreased in seven, corresponding to their good clinical course of sciatica. They concluded that contrast-enhanced MRI was a useful prognostic parameter.
The effects of leukocytes on blood flow in a model skeletal muscle capillary network

A model of blood flow in a skeletal muscle microvascular network, typical of a rat spinotrapezius muscle, was used to analyze the effects of white blood cells (WBCs) on network resistance and on the pathways followed by WBCs as they transit the network. This model incorporated plugging of vessel entrances by WBCs and the effects of vessel hematocrit, shear rate, and WBCs on blood apparent viscosity. Blood flow and HCT in each vessel and WBC positions were computed at discrete time steps. WBC introduction increased the network resistance 2.98% under normal conditions, and 14.4% above that of plasma alone when WBCs were considered to be suspended in plasma. This resistance increase was predominantly due to WBC plugging at vessel entrances. Comparison of resistance increases to the number of WBC plugs showed an exponential relationship once a threshold value of plugging was reached. Increased WBC plugging resulted from increases in either the feeding concentration of WBCs or the duration of individual plugs. Increased plug duration was the direct result of using alternate WBC deformation models and increasing WBC viscosity. A WBC viscosity range of 45 to 2400 P was used in the model, corresponding to the viscosities reported by various in vivo and in vitro studies. WBC plugging also significantly affected the pathways taken by WBCs. Under normal conditions, WBCs tended to flow through preferred pathways in the distal portions of the network. With increased plugging, WBC flow became more homogeneous. For significant increases in the network resistance to occur, it is essential that the WBC pathways be distributed throughout the network.
Single-handed recognition of a sorting traffic motif by the GGA proteins

Selective transport of cargo between membrane-bound organelles is vital for the well-being of cells. The crystal structure of a short peptide signal from the cytoplasmic tail of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor bound to the VHS domain of GGA proteins gives hints to how sorting works.
XY chain with random anisotropy: Magnetization law, susceptibility, and correlation functions at T=0.

The random-anisotropy model in one dimension, at zero temperature, is studied analytically and in Monte Carlo simulations, focusing on the magnetization curve as a function of disorder strength D, and on the susceptibility and correlation functions. The predicted scaling of the susceptibility (for weak disorder), \ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4/3}$, is verified, as is the prediction \ensuremath{\Vert}M-1\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3/2}$ on approaching saturation. The correlation length does not follow the expected behavior, ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{f}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2/3}$. Nonequilibrium effects are evident: Hysteresis persists even for small disorder, and (steady-state) correlation functions depend strongly upon the initial state of the system. A new simulation method is introduced, which is more effective than the usual Metropolis algorithm for weak disorder.
The VPH2 gene encodes a 25 kDa protein required for activity of the yeast vacuolar H+‐ATPase

Strains bearing the vph2 mutation are defective in vacuolar acidification. The VPH2 gene was isolated from a genomic DNA library by complementation of the zinc-sensitive phenotype of the mutant. Deletion analysis localized the complementing activity to a 1.2 kb DNA fragment. Sequence analysis of this fragment revealed the presence of a single open reading frame that encoded a protein of 215 amino acids. Computer analysis indicated that the protein, which has a predicted molecular mass of 25,286 Daltons, has two distinct membrane-spanning domains. Biochemical studies indicated that strains bearing the vph2 mutation have greatly reduced levels of vacuolar proton pumping and ATPase activity and that the nucleotide binding subunits of the multimeric vacuolar H(+)-ATPase failed to be correctly targeted to the vacuolar membrane. The vph2 mutant fails to grow on YEP glycerol medium and on media containing 100 mM-CaCl2 or 4 mM-ZnCl2 or buffered to pH 7.5, a phenotype observed in strains carrying deletions in the genes encoding several vacuolar H(+)-ATPase subunits. The VPH2 gene is identical to the VMA12 gene (T. Stevens and Y. Anraku, personal communication).
Points of increase for random walks

Say that a sequenceS 0, ..., Sn has a (global) point of increase atk ifS k is maximal amongS 0, ..., Sk and minimal amongS k, ..., Sn. We give an elementary proof that ann-step symmetric random walk on the line has a (global) point of increase with probability comparable to 1/logn. (No moment assumptions are needed.) This implies the classical fact, due to Dvoretzky, Erdős and Kakutani (1961), that Brownian motion has no points of increase.
Exploiting Rank Idle Time for Scheduling Last-Level Cache Writeback

we propose a predictor-guided last-level cache (LLC) write back technique. This technique uses a to predict when a rank will have significant idle time. The scheduled dirty cache blocks can be written back during this idle rank period. Write-induced interference is significantly reduced by our technique.
Contexts for Conflict: Conceptual Tools for Interpreting Archaeological Reflections of Warfare

AbstractThere has been a long history of interest in the material remains of conflict, but in the last two and a half decades archaeologists have made strides in the study of war and warfare. Techniques have been developed, refined, and borrowed to expose the material record of combat. Sites associated with other military undertakings have been discovered and the material culture of conflict has been documented. This growth has expanded an understanding of past conflicts and challenged previously held ideas about warfare. Although archaeologists do not currently have interpretive frameworks to link the diverse sites and objects that form the archaeological record of war, modern military planners have developed such models. This paper uses sites from the North American Great Plains to suggest that military models of conflict analysis can contribute to a synthetic archaeological interpretation of conflict.
Cognitive engineering based knowledge representation in neural networks

Abstract A model of a human neural knowledge processing system is presented that suggests the following. First, an entity in the outside world lends to be locally encoded in neural networks so that the conceptual information structure is mirrored in its physical implementation. Second, the knowledge of problem solving is implemented in a quite implicit way in the internal structure of the neural network (a functional group of associated hidden neurons and their connections to entity neurons) not in individual neurons or connections. Third, the knowledge system is organized and implemented in a modular fashion in neural networks according to the local specialization of problem solving where a module of neural network implements an inter-related group of knowledge such as a schema, and different modules have similar processing mechanisms, but differ in their input and output patterns. A neural network module can be tuned just as a schema structure can be adapted for changing environments. Three experiments ...