cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unpacking Green IT: A Review of the Existing Literature

Green IT is the latest manifestation of sustainable business practices. The decision surrounding whether or not to implement Green IT strategies, policies, and tools provides compelling challenges for organizations. While practitioners have been highly interested in this topic for a while, recently, there is also a growing interest on this topic among academicians. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive review of both the practitioner and academic literature surrounding Green IT. By presenting the overlaps and differences between both perspectives, we aim to identify noticeable gaps in the current literature. By presenting research questions, we aid scholars in determining rigorous academic research directions of this phenomenon.
A feasibility pilot using telehealth videoconference monitoring of home-based NMES resistance training in persons with spinal cord injury.

The objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility and initial efficacy of telehealth communication in conjunction with surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) resistance training (RT) to induce muscle hypertrophy. This was a home-based setting of within-subject control design of trained vs controlled limbs. Five men with chronic (>1 year postinjury) motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI) participated in a twice-weekly telehealth videoconference program using home-based NMES-RT for 8 weeks. Stimulation was applied to the knee extensor muscle group of the trained leg, while the untrained leg served as a control. Participants received real-time feedback to ensure a proper setup of electrodes and stimulator to monitor subject safety throughout the entire training session. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure cross-sectional areas (CSAs) and intramuscular fat (IMF) of the whole thigh and individual muscle groups. Average two-way travel time, distance traveled in miles and total cost of gas per mile were calculated. Participants had 100% compliance. Trained whole and absolute knee extensor muscle CSA increased by 13% (P=0.002) and 18% (P=0.0002), with no changes in the controlled limb. Absolute knee flexor and adductor CSAs increased by 3% (P=0.02) and 13% (P=0.0001), respectively. Absolute whole thigh and knee extensor IMF CSAs decreased significantly in the trained limb by 14% (P=0.01) and 36% (P=0.0005), respectively, with no changes in controlled limb. The pilot work documented that using telehealth communication is a safe, feasible and potentially cost-reducing approach for monitoring home-based NMES-RT in persons with chronic SCI. All trained muscles showed detectable muscle hypertrophy with concomitant decrease in ectopic adipose tissue.
Objective detection of auditory steady-state responses based on mutual information: Receiver operating characteristics and validation across modulation rates and levels

Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) are sustained potentials used to assess the physiological integrity of the auditory pathway and objectively estimate hearing thresholds. ASSRs are typically analyzed using statistical procedures in order to remove the subjective bias of human operators. Knowing when to terminate signal averaging in ASSR testing is also critical for making efficient clinical decisions and obtaining high-quality data in empirical research. Here, we investigated a new detection metric for ASSRs based on mutual information (MI) [Bidelman, G. M. (2014). Objective information-theoretic algorithm for detecting brainstem evoked responses to complex stimuli. J. Am. Acad. Audiol., 25(8), 711-722], previously bench tested using only a single suprathreshold stimulus. ASSRs were measured in n=10 normal hearing listeners to various stimuli varying in modulation rate (40, 80 Hz) and level (80 – 20 dB SPL). MI-based classifiers applied to ASSRs recordings showed that accuracy of ASSR detection ranged from ~75 - 99% and was better for 40 compared to 80 Hz responses and for higher compared to lower stimulus levels. Detailed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were used to establish normative ranges for MI for reliable ASSR detection across levels and rates (MI=0.9-1.6). Relative to current statistics for ASSR identification (F-test), MI was found to be a more efficient metric for determining the stopping criterion for signal averaging. Our new results confirm that MI can be applied across a broad range of ASSR stimuli and might offer improvements to conventional objective techniques for ASSR detection.
Fuzzy Multiobjective LP

This chapter continues Chapters 7 and 8. However now we have multiple objective functions we wish to maximize. We first discuss the general multiobjective fully fuzzified linear program in the next section. Then we study an example problem in Section 9.3. We have previously obtained an approximate fuzzy solution to this type of problem using an evolutionary algorithm [2]. In Section 9.4 we will apply our fuzzy Monte Carlo method to the problem to generate another approximate solution. Unfortunately, we will be unable to compare our Monte Carlo solution to our previous solution because we now are forced to use a different method of evaluating fuzzy inequalities.
Successfully Managing Multiple Uses of Water

The successful management of watersheds has increasingly become dependent on interdisciplinary study and the use of high technology for the interpretation and understanding of watershed resources. Research into the effects of land use and land cover change on water resources and landscape ecology is a critical component of long-term sustainability, and these results must be integrated and presented in a manner suitable to the people who will implement management decisions. Such investigations and techniques may have value to the management of scarce water resources in Central Asia. Techniques are presented in which spatially distributed landscape data are input to hydrologic modeling and landscape ecology tools and utilized for integrated watershed assessment. These tools, the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) and Analytical Tools Interface for Landscape Assessment (ATtILA) are automated computer modeling systems based on geographic information systems (GIS) and rely upon remote sensing and commonly available GIS data. Case studies are presented in which these tools were used to assess the impacts of land cover change on the Upper San Pedro River watershed, a critical basin in the southwestern United States, and the Cannonsville watershed in upstate New York that is used to provide drinking water to New York City. Results indicate that trends in land cover change within the San Pedro basin have negative implications for both water resources and landscape ecology, while the opposite trends have occurred within the Cannonsville watershed. Integrated landscape ecology and hydrologic modeling research can be used to investigate the localized and downstream effects of land management, and an approach using specialized GIS tools for these spatial analyses are presented.
Transgenetics and gene targeting in studies of prion diseases.

Prions cause a group of human and animal neurodegenerative diseases which are now classified together because their etiology and pathogenesis involve modification of the prion protein (PrP) (PRUSINER 1991). Prion diseases are manifest as infectious, genetic, and sporadic disorders (Table 1). These diseases can be transmitted among mammals by the infectious particle designated “prion” (PRUSINER 1982). Despite intensive searches over the past three decades no nucleic acid has been found within prions (ALPER et al. 1966, 1967; HUNTER 1972; RIESNER etal. 1992); however, a modified isoform of the host-encoded designated PrPSc is essential for infectivity (BUELER et al. 1993; PRUSINER 1991; PRUSINER et al. 1983, 1993b,c). In fact, considerable experimental data argue that prions are composed exclusively of PrPSc. Earlier terms used to describe the prion diseases include: transmissible encephalopathies, spongiform encephalopathies, and slow virus diseases (GAJDUSEK 1977, 1985; SIGURDSSON 1954)
Computationally Supported Study of Quadratic Functions Depending on Parameters

This chapter further emphasizes the importance of mathematical knowledge by teachers of secondary mathematics in the context of TEMP. Using quadratic functions as background, the chapter introduces the notion of necessary and sufficient conditions, the use of the concept of locus of an algebraic equation with a single parameter, the use of phase diagrams in the case of equations and functions depending on two parameters, the use of qualitative methods in exploring the behavior of solutions to quadratic equations with parameters. It further emphasizes the importance of seeing problem solving as a springboard into the domain of problem posing, demonstrates combinatorial connections, and investigates the behavior of solutions of two quadratic equations depending on the same as well as different parameters.
Understanding the fate of soil organic matter in submerging coastal wetland soils: A microcosm approach

Abstract Coastal wetland submergence can occur when rates of relative sea-level rise exceed that of soil elevation gain or landward transgression. In highly organic soils, the collapse of the wetland platform into open water can cause disarticulation of the soil structure, exposing previously protected anaerobic microzones to oxygenated seawater, which may accelerate mineralization rates. Nine soil cores (1 m deep) were collected from three sites within Barataria Bay, LA (USA), a region known for high rates of wetland submergence. Both the biogeochemical properties of the soils with depth were determined, as well as the impacts of the introduction of oxygenated seawater on carbon mineralization rates. Both field enzyme activity (β‑glucosidase, N‑acetyl‑beta‑ d ‑glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, β‑xylosidase, and β‑cellobiosidase) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) did not significantly change with depth until 50 cm, where activity increased dramatically, then gradually decreased. Total carbon (C), total nitrogen, and percent organic matter were highest between 50 and 100 cm. Following initial biogeochemical characterization, soil microcosms were created for 11 depth segments under anaerobic conditions (mimicking an intact wetland) and aerobic conditions (mimicking a submerging wetland mixing with oxygenated water); carbon dioxide (CO2) production was measured within the bottles over 14 days. Carbon dioxide production averaged 66% greater in the aerobic treatment than the anaerobic treatment. Both treatments exhibited a general trend of increasing CO2 production with depth (particularly from 40 to 100 cm), with the difference in CO2 production between aerobic and anaerobic treatments being 4× greater at 90–100 cm than at the soil surface (0–5 cm). The increase in C mineralization rates observed at depth was positively correlated with indicators of greater microbial activity (i.e., higher enzyme activity and MBC) and greater nutrient availability. Study results indicate coastal wetland submergence into open water could significantly enhance CO2 emissions, even in deep (40+ cm) soils, contrary to the typically observed pattern of soil microbial activity and soil quality decreasing with depth. These findings underline the need to analyze deeper soil samples (1+ m) in order to fully understand the implications of sea level rise on C loss from submerging coastal wetland soils.
Chapter 35 – Endocrine Pancreas

The endocrine pancreas in rats consists of scattered islets of Langerhans, small clusters of cells and individual endocrine cells throughout the pancreas. The endocrine cells in the islets are spatially arranged and consist of at least six subtypes. The most common types are the β cells (insulin) and α cells (glucagon). Less common cells include the δ cells (somatostatin), PP or F cells (pancreatic polypeptide), enterochromaffin cells (substance P) and e cells (ghrelin). Cell types of the islets vary in composition in different regions of the pancreas. The islet cells are regulated by circulating hormones and metabolites, such as glucose, local paracrine factors and the nervous system. The islets are of considerable importance because failure of the β cells leads to diabetes mellitus. The islets cells are susceptible to toxin-induced degeneration and necrosis, inflammation, hyperplasia, and adenoma and carcinoma formation. The islets cells (particularly α and β cells) of the rat are unique because they are capable of regeneration with appropriate stimuli.
Neurobiological research with suicidal participants: A framework for investigators.

Abstract Objective Suicide is a public health threat. Nevertheless, the research literature on actively suicidal participants is relatively sparse, in part because they are often excluded from medical, psychiatric, and psychological research for a host of logistical, ethical, and safety concerns. These obstacles to research participation and enrollment may contribute to our lack of understanding regarding the neurobiology of the suicidal crisis as well as to the dearth of evidence concerning both risk prediction and treatment. Method In order to directly investigate neurobiological markers of acute suicide risk, the National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program (NIMH-IRP) implemented the Neurobiology of Suicide protocol. In this protocol, actively suicidal individuals consent to research for both neurobiological assessment and potential rapid-acting interventions. Results and conclusions This article reviews lessons learned from implementing this protocol in the hopes of assisting future research on the neurobiology of suicide. Areas of specific discussion include the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), recruitment and informed consent, participant monitoring, and the safety of the physical environment.
The Development of Cumulative Cultural Learning

Human culture is unique among animals in its complexity, variability, and cumulative quality. This article describes the development and diversity of cumulative cultural learning. Children inhabit ...
A Novel GUCY2C-CD3 T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Construct (PF-07062119) for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers

Purpose: Gastrointestinal cancers remain areas of high unmet need despite advances in targeted and immunotherapies. Here, we demonstrate potent, tumor-selective efficacy with PF-07062119, a T-cell engaging CD3 bispecific targeting tumors expressing Guanylyl Cyclase C (GUCY2C), which is expressed widely across colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies. In addition, to address immune evasion mechanisms, we explore combinations with immune checkpoint blockade agents and with antiangiogenesis therapy. Experimental Design: PF-07062119 activity was evaluated in vitro in multiple tumor cell lines, and in vivo in established subcutaneous and orthotopic human colorectal cancer xenograft tumors with adoptive transfer of human T cells. Efficacy was also evaluated in mouse syngeneic tumors using human CD3e transgenic mice. IHC and mass cytometry were performed to demonstrate drug biodistribution, recruitment of activated T cells, and to identify markers of immune evasion. Combination studies were performed with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-VEGF antibodies. Toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies were done in cynomolgus macaque. Results: We demonstrate that GUCY2C-positive tumors can be targeted with an anti-GUCY2C/anti-CD3e bispecific, with selective drug biodistribution to tumors. PF-07062119 showed potent T-cell–mediated in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy in multiple colorectal cancer human xenograft tumor models, including KRAS- and BRAF-mutant tumors, as well as in the immunocompetent mouse syngeneic tumor model. PF-07062119 activity was further enhanced when combined with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 treatment or in combination with antiangiogenic therapy. Toxicity studies in cynomolgus indicated a monitorable and manageable toxicity profile. Conclusions: These data highlight the potential for PF-07062119 to demonstrate efficacy and improve patient outcomes in colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies.
Expanding Long-Term Global Awareness and Cultural Sensitivity at a Rural Christian College.

A quasi-experimental design was employed to (a) assess the long-term impact of study abroad, service-learning, community service, and cultural coursework as alternative methods of expanding long-te...
Emergency Visits for Thunderstorm-Related Respiratory Illnesses Among Older Adults.

This cross-sectional study examines the association between thunderstorm-related atmospheric changes and emergency department visits for acute respiratory illnesses among Medicare beneficiaries.
ASSIMILATION IN A NEW CONTEXT: THE ROLE OF ORIGIN AND NATIONALITY ON SECOND GENERATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN GERMANY

Assimilation in a New Context: The Role of Origin and Nationality of Second Generation Educational Attainment in Germany Renee Reichl Luthra CCPR-2008-050 December 2008 Last Revised: December 2008 California Center for Population Research On-Line Working Paper Series
Cervical esophagostomy for application of intraluminal negative pressure therapy

Abstract Objective Esophageal perforation is a very serious condition carrying a mortality rate of 10–25%. Historically, primary treatment was an open approach, but over the last two decades minimally invasive treatments have been employed. Intraluminal negative pressure wound therapy has shown promise for esophageal perforation. We present a case of intraluminal negative pressure therapy through a novel approach. Method Case report. Results A 55 year old male presented in respiratory distress and intubated for airway protection. Outside hospital computerized tomography (CT) scan showed evidence of esophageal perforation. He underwent an esophageal stent placement by gastroenterology for a distal perforation. After extubation on hospital day (HD) 4, he did not tolerate his nasogastric (NG) tube and it was removed. His perforation failed to close despite stent placement, mediastinal drains and chest tubes. On HD#16 his swallow study showed persistent perforation, but the patient adamantly refused having an NG tube placed for decompression. On HD#17 a left sided cervical esophagostomy was performed in the operating room through a lateral neck incision. A wound vac sponge sutured to an NG tube was placed through the esophagostomy and advanced to the site of the perforation under fluoroscopic guidance. This was connected to continuous low suction. The sponge was changed weekly through the esophagostomy without difficulty. On HD#31 the leak had resolved and the sponge was removed. The esophagostomy was closed at bedside. Conclusion Esophagostomy offers safe access for intraluminal negative pressure therapy for esophageal perforations.
The Contributions of the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College: 2008–2017

This article reviews the research contributions of the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College in its second 10 years of operation (2008–2017) and the implications of those findings for Social Security and retirement policy. The article highlights a number of studies on a variety of topics grouped into three broad and forward-looking categories: (1) the Social Security program and its role in retirement security, (2) private retirement saving and its role in retirement security, and (3) the medical risks and health expenditures faced by an aging population. The studies address issues such as the effects associated with labor force patterns, changes in the nation’s retirement system, and growing life spans. In its 20 years, the center’s contributions have expanded both the breadth and the depth of knowledge on issues relevant to retirement security in general and Social Security in particular.
All failures are not equal: Degree of failure and the launch of subsequent crowdfunding campaigns

Abstract Despite the growing importance of crowdfunding as an alternative source of entrepreneurial finance and in driving innovation, we still have limited understanding of how failure impacts the entrepreneur's subsequent actions and decisions. In this study, we examine how the degree of failure in a crowdfunding campaign affects the entrepreneur's tendency and urgency to launch a subsequent crowdfunding campaign. Using a sample of 63337 entrepreneurs who failed in their initial crowdfunding campaigns and drawing on the near-miss effect, we test a series of hypotheses. Our results suggest that not only does marginal failures increase the likelihood that an entrepreneur will launch a subsequent crowdfunding campaign, it also increases the urgency in which the entrepreneur launches the subsequent crowdfunding campaign. The results reveal that the funding goal size is a moderating factor to the relationship between degree of failure and the launch of a subsequent crowdfunding campaign However, contrary to our expectation, it is such that entrepreneurs whose funding goal size are relatively large are more likely to launch subsequent crowdfunding campaigns.
Getting a little closure for closure

In this paper, I’ll survey a number of closure principles of epistemic justification and find them all wanting. However, it’ll be my contention that there’s a novel closure principle of epistemic justification that has the virtues of its close cousin closure principles, without their vices. This closure principle of epistemic justification can be happily thought of as a multi-premise closure principle and it cannot be used in Cartesian skeptical arguments that employ a closure principle of epistemic justification. In this way, then, it represents marked improvement over other contemporary closure principles of epistemic justification that require both sacrificing multi-premise closure and forcing anti-Cartesian skeptics who reject the closure principle employed in certain Cartesian skeptical arguments to cast aside justification closure.
Reconsidering Tweets: Intervening During Tweet Creation Decreases Offensive Content

The proliferation of harmful and offensive content is a problem that many online platforms face today. One of the most common approaches for moderating offensive content online is via the identification and removal after it has been posted, increasingly assisted by machine learning algorithms. More recently, platforms have begun employing moderation approaches which seek to intervene prior to offensive content being posted. In this paper, we conduct an online randomized controlled experiment on Twitter to evaluate a new intervention that aims to encourage participants to reconsider their offensive content and, ultimately, seeks to reduce the amount of offensive content on the platform. The intervention prompts users who are about to post harmful content with an opportunity to pause and reconsider their Tweet. We find that users in our treatment prompted with this intervention posted 6% fewer offensive Tweets than non-prompted users in our control. This decrease in the creation of offensive content can be attributed not just to the deletion and revision of prompted Tweets -- we also observed a decrease in both the number of offensive Tweets that prompted users create in the future and the number of offensive replies to prompted Tweets. We conclude that interventions allowing users to reconsider their comments can be an effective mechanism for reducing offensive content online.
Hippuric acid synthesizing system during development. Kinetic studies and inhibition with salicylic acid.

Abstract p- Aminohippurate synthesis was investigated in mouse liver suspensions. It was found to be an age-dependent reaction with minimal activity in the neonatal period and adult values attained at 1 month of age. Sodium salicylate strongly inhibited the reaction; this inhibition was not suppressed by K or Mg ions. Kinetic studies indicated that the salicylate inhibition of p- aminohippurate synthesis is competitive in nature. Developmental kinetic experiments disclosed slightly different K m values in young versus adult animals; however, K i values at 7 and 68 days differed markedly.
Before the Windrush: Race Relations in 20th-century Liverpool

John Belchem's Before the Windrush: Race Relations in 20th-century Liverpool offers a fresh perspective on Liverpool's long experience with minority populations. In the broader context of his desir...
Examining the link between cash flow, market value, and research and development investment spending in the medical device industry

Unlike the pharmaceutical industry, no empirical research has focused on the factors influencing research and development (R&D) spending in the medical device industry. To fill that gap, this study examines how R&D spending is influenced by prior year cash flow and corporate market value using multiple regression analysis and a panel data set of medical device companies over the period 1962–2008. The empirical findings suggest that the elasticities of R&D spending with respect to cash flow and corporate market value equal 0.58 and 0.31, respectively. Moreover, based upon these estimates, simulations show that the recently enacted excise tax on medical devices, taken alone, will reduce R&D spending by approximately $4 billion and thereby lead to a minimum loss of $20 billion worth of human life years over the first 10 years of its enactment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytokines in Hematopoiesis: Specificity and Redundancy in Receptor Function

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the role of cytokine receptor signaling in the regulation and maturation of myeloid cells: erythrocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and eosinophils. Some cytokine receptors are involved in unique and lineage-specific effects, whereas others appear to have multiple, overlapping, or redundant effects. The biochemical events following receptor activation are identified. Each receptor activates a number of signaling molecules, and in many cases the same molecules are activated by a number of different receptors. Experiments with mutant mice demonstrate that growth factors with overlapping cellular functions nevertheless do have specific unique roles under certain circumstances. The chapter also describes experimental models available for the study, the principal ways in which cytokine receptors are thought to contribute to hematopoietic cell differentiation and survival, and the pathological effects of aberrant cytokine receptor function. Alterations in cytokine receptor structure and function can induce severe pathologies, including immunodeficiency, severe congenital neutropenia and leukemia, dwarfism, or obesity.
Foramen ovale puncture, lesioning accuracy, and avoiding complications: microsurgical anatomy study with clinical implications.

Object Foramen ovale (FO) puncture allows for trigeminal neuralgia treatment, FO electrode placement, and selected biopsy studies. The goals of this study were to demonstrate the anatomical basis of complications related to FO puncture, and provide anatomical landmarks for improvement of safety, selective lesioning of the trigeminal nerve (TN), and optimal placement of electrodes. Methods Both sides of 50 dry skulls were studied to obtain the distances from the FO to relevant cranial base references. A total of 36 sides from 18 formalin-fixed specimens were dissected for Meckel cave and TN measurements. The best radiographic projection for FO visualization was assessed in 40 skulls, and the optimal trajectory angles, insertion depths, and topographies of the lesions were evaluated in 17 specimens. In addition, the differences in postoperative pain relief after the radiofrequency procedure among different branches of the TN were statistically assessed in 49 patients to determine if there was any TN branch ...
Concussive Brain Trauma. Neurobehavioral Impairment And Maladaptation

Concussive Brain Trauma: Orientation Postconcussive Syndrome Controversial Issues of Concussion Consciousness Physical Principles and Neurotrauma Primary Brain Damage and Concussion Non-cerebral and Physiological Sources of Postconcussion Symptoms Pain and Posttraumatic Headaches Acute Alteration of Consciousness Chronic Posttraumatic Disorders of Consciousness Information Processing and Mental Efficiency Cerebral Personality Disorders: Mood Changes Syndromes Loss of Autoregulation Intelligence and Problem Solving Communications, Aphasia, and Expressive Deficits Memory and Learning Post-accident Stress, Pain, Physiological Disorders and Disease Psychodynamics: Identity, Insight and Stress The Outcome of Concussive Brain Trauma References
A Review of: “Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger”

Arjun Appadurai's Fear of Small Numbers reflects an effort to explore the unintended consequences of rapid globalization. The author raises issues affecting the cultural, political, and economic la...
Scaling technology-enhanced science curriculum: leadership development in a professional community

This three-year longitudinal study reports on a community of principals that supports scaling of technology-enhanced science. Twenty-one principals participated; seven participated in the community and fourteen provided a comparison group. Data include community of principal meetings, interviews and curriculum implementation records. Results describe: (a) shifts in principals' understanding of leadership for technology-enhanced science and (b) changes in numbers of teachers integrating technology-enhanced science over time. Research-based heuristics for developing community for scaling innovation are provided.
Is routine intraoperative cholangiogram necessary in the twenty-first century? A national view.

Introduction Intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC) can define biliary ductal anatomy. Routine IOC has been proposed previously. However, current surgeon IOC utilization practice patterns and outcomes are unclear.
Seismic Velocity Model of the Central United States (Version 1): Description and Simulation of the 18 April 2008 Mt. Carmel, Illinois, Earthquake

Abstract We have developed a new three‐dimensional seismic velocity model of the central United States (CUSVM) that includes the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) and covers parts of Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The model represents a compilation of decades of crustal research consisting of seismic, aeromagnetic, and gravity profiles; geologic mapping; geophysical and geological borehole logs; and inversions of the regional seismic properties. The density, P ‐ and S ‐wave velocities are synthesized in a stand‐alone spatial database that can be queried to generate the required input for numerical seismic‐wave propagation simulations. We test and calibrate the CUSVM by simulating ground motions of the 18 April 2008 M w 5.4 Mt. Carmel, Illinois, earthquake and comparing the results with observed records within the model area. The selected stations in the comparisons reflect different geological site conditions and cover distances ranging from 10 to 430 km from the epicenter. The results, based on a qualitative and quantitative goodness‐of‐fit (GOF) characterization, indicate that both within and outside the Mississippi Embayment the CUSVM reasonably reproduces: (1) the body and surface‐wave arrival times and (2) the observed regional variations in ground‐motion amplitude, cumulative energy, duration, and frequency content up to a frequency of 1.0 Hz. In addition, we discuss the probable structural causes for the ground‐motion patterns in the central United States that we observed in the recorded motions of the 18 April Mt. Carmel earthquake. Online Material: Simulated and observed waveforms, and response spectral acceleration ground‐motion prediction equation comparison.
Regularity properties of ideals and ultrafilters

Abstract For an arbitrary ideal I on the regular cardinal κ we consider the problem of refining a given collection { A α :α P (κ)−I by another collection { B α :α P (k)−I so that the sets in the latter collection are as nearly pairwise disjoint as possible. In this context we discuss regularity of ultrafilters, saturation of ideals and some problems of Fodor and Ulam.
Multivariate Analysis of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data

Imaging mass spectrometry can be used to reveal spatial distributions of multiple molecular species in a 2D biological sample. Due to the large amount of data produced by this technology, it is difficult and time-consuming to manually extract meaningful results from imaging mass spectrometry experimentation. We have developed and implemented an original approach to easily and consistently process mass spectrometry imaging data with the goal of automatically identifying interesting regions of molecule expression. Based on multivariate analysis techniques such as principal component analysis, the system allows researchers to conveniently define and visualize spatial regions based on spectral similarity. Features of our system are demonstrated on mouse cerebellum data.
High-Resolution Downscaled Simulations of Warm-Season Extreme Precipitation Events in the Colorado Front Range under Past and Future Climates*

AbstractA high-resolution case-based approach for dynamically downscaling climate model data is presented. Extreme precipitation events are selected from regional climate model (RCM) simulations of past and future time periods. Each event is further downscaled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to storm scale (1.3-km grid spacing). The high-resolution downscaled simulations are used to investigate changes in extreme precipitation projections from a past to a future climate period, as well as how projected precipitation intensity and distribution differ between the RCM scale (50-km grid spacing) and the local scale (1.3-km grid spacing). Three independent RCM projections are utilized as initial and boundary conditions to the downscaled simulations, and the results reveal considerable spread in projected changes not only among the RCMs but also in the downscaled high-resolution simulations. However, even when the RCM projections show an overall (i.e., spatially averaged) decrease in the ...
Ultrastructural characterization and hepatic pathogenesis of duck plague virus

Six-week-old white Pekin ducks were inoculated intravenously with duck plague virus (DPV) isolated from wild waterfowl. The virus replicated in hepatic macrophages, hepatocytes, and bile duct epithelium. In ultrathin sections, herpes-like nucleocapsids and virions were found respectively in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. Typical herpesviral capsids and virions were seen in negatively-stained preparations of duck embryo fibroblasts. Antibodies against Holland-attenuated strain of DPV reacted with virions of this isolate.
Histological Reaction to Polyimide Films in the Cochlea

The biocompatibility of commercially available polyimides was examined in relation to the sensory and neural structures of the cochlea. Thin films of four different polyimides were prepared as substrates for photolithographically produced scala tympani electrode arrays and implanted in 32 cat cochleae. Following at least three months implantation time, the animals were sacrificed and the cochleae were evaluated histologically for toxicity, differences in the severity of ototoxic effects among the four polyimide groups, and relationships among the different kinds of histopathology secondary to implantation. Findings included the following. Inflammatory reaction to the implants, when present, was generally mild and confined to the immediate vicinity of the implant. Additionally, ototoxic effects were essentially the same across the four groups. Finally, a clear interdependence among the different kinds of cochlear damage secondary to implantation was demonstrated.
Sectoral Contributions to Total Factor Productivity: Another Perspective on the Growth Slowdown

Abstract A measure of direct and indirect sectoral contributions to total factor productivity growth is developed and estimated. The measure allows decomposition of productivity growth into changes caused by the input composition of specific sectors and the use of specific outputs by all sectors of the economy. Viewed in terms of input composition, increased requirements by energy, durable manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing account for most of the productivity decline. For specific outputs, the direct and indirect demand for goods produced by wholesale and retail trade, construction, and energy is responsible.
Synthesis of New Hydroxylated Monomers Based on Methacrylate, Dimethacrylate, and Tetramethacrylate Michael Adducts and Photopolymerization Kinetics of Bulk Cross-Linkers

A series of new hydroxylated monomers was synthesized from the Michael addition reaction between ethanolamine, diethylene glycol amine, triethylene glycol amine, tetradecylamine, and adamantanamine with 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (AHM). Selective formation of secondary amine (mono adduct) or tertiary amine (bis adduct) products was obtained by controlling the stoichiometry of the reactants and reaction temperature. The Michael addition reactions were highly exothermic and carried out without the need of catalyst. The use of solvent, however, was required in some systems. The tetramethacrylate monomer was synthesized via the Michael addition reaction of 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA) to AHM. The photopolymerization kinetics of the synthesized monomers were investigated using differential scanning calorimeter. The rates of polymerization for the hydroxylated dimethacrylate systems were significantly higher than that of a typical dimethacrylate monomer (HDDMA) and approached that of the diacrylate...
Reactivation of Hand-Schüller-Christian disease six and thirteen years after discontinuation of systemic therapy.

We present two cases of reactivation of Hand-Schuller-Christian disease or multifocal eosinophilic granuloma 6 and 13 years after discontinuation of systemic therapy. Both patients received oral therapy with methotrexate and prednisone continuing for 2--3 years after the disease was thought to be in remission. Relapses were detected because of disease symptoms and treated with surgery with or without radiation. Neither patient has required reinstitution of systemic therapy. These cases are cited as evidence of the chronicity of the disorder and as a reminder that reactivation is possible after years of disease inactivity. Therefore, long-term clinical follow-up of patients in remission is indicated.
Short-rotation intensive culture for the production of energy feedstocks in the US: a review of experimental results and remaining obstacles to commercialization

Abstract Short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) research has demonstrated that biomass yields can be substantially increased over those for conventional forestry. Moreover, this research has shown that the concept is technically feasible, and that costs of production are potentially competitive. The greatest potential for cost reduction lies in genetics, which appears to have the promise to increase productivity by as much as 40%. The development of innovative harvesting equipment can further reduce production costs by 30% compared with costs now experienced with conventional equipment. Although stand management research is now completed with regard to defining proper practices, there nonethe-less remains the potential for further cost reduction (e.g. refinement of yield-response relationships for various management practices). Many experimental plots are now entering the coppice stage. Productivity gains are almost certainly possible with development of management practices for established rootstocks. The ultimate test of the concept will require the demonstration of much larger monocultural plantations to identify uncertainties and financial risks.
Sandstone: Secular Trends in Lithology in Southwestern Montana

Long-term secular trends in the composition and texture of sandstones in southwestern Montana reflect changing provenance and depositional environment, which in turn reflect changing tectonic patterns in the Cordilleran mobile belt just to the west.
Random resistor network with an exponentially wide distribution of bond conductances.

We use a percolation analysis to study the conductivity of a random resistor network with bond conductances ${g}_{i}={g}_{0}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{\lambda}{x}_{i})$, where ${x}_{i}$ is a random variable. In the limit $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, we may write the network conductivity as $\ensuremath{\sigma}=C{a}^{2\ensuremath{-}d}{g}_{c}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}y}$ where $a$ is the lattice constant, $y$ a critical exponent, $C$ a constant, and ${g}_{c}$ the percolation conductance. We derive rigorous bounds to $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and we present evidence that supports the hypothesis that $y=0$ for all two-dimensional lattices. Numerical results for a $d=3$ simple-cubic lattice are presented.
Expansion of Industrial Logging in Central Africa

Industrial logging has become the most extensive land use in Central Africa, with more than 600,000 square kilometers (30%) of forest currently under concession. With use of a time series of satellite imagery for the period from 1976 to 2003, we measured 51,916 kilometers of new logging roads. The density of roads across the forested region was 0.03 kilometer per square kilometer, but areas of Gabon and Equatorial Guinea had values over 0.09 kilometer per square kilometer. A new frontier of logging expansion was identified within the Democratic Republic of Congo, which contains 63% of the remaining forest of the region. Tree felling and skid trails increased disturbance in selectively logged areas.
Water Cooled Targets for Intense Ion Beams

Target backings cooled by water in linear flow have proven capable of dissipating heat loads from 2 kW ion beams focused to about 20 mm2 for extended periods without structural failure. In addition to the more obvious modes of failure by plastic deformation and melting, metallographic studies of damaged targets have revealed deep void penetrations along grain boundaries. The targetry limitations imposed on maximum usable beam power by heat transfer from the backing to the cooling fluid have been investigated. Neutron producing lifetimes of LiF targets have been compared for different proton beam and coolant flow conditions.
John C. Slater and the SSMTG in 1954-1956

Here are the author's reminiscences of his postdoctoral years in the SSMTG of Prof John C. Slater at MIT.
"As soon as the bat met the ball, I knew it was gone": outcome prediction, hindsight bias, and the representation and control of action in expert and novice baseball players.

A virtual-reality batting task compared novice and expert baseball players’ ability to predict the outcomes of their swings as well as the susceptibility of these outcome predictions to hindsight bias-a measure of strength and resistance to distortion of memory for predicted action outcomes. During each swing the simulation stopped when the bat met the ball. Batters marked where on the field they thought the ball would land. Correct feedback was then displayed, after which batters attempted to remark the location they had indicated prior to feedback. Expert batters were more accurate than less-skilled individuals in the initial marking and showed less hindsight bias in the postfeedback marking. Furthermore, experts’ number of hits in the previous block of trials was positively correlated with prediction accuracy and negatively correlated with hindsight bias. The reverse was true for novices. Thus the ability to predict the outcome of one’s performance before such information is available in the environment is not only based on one’s overall skill level, but how one is performing at a given moment.
Synthesis of TiC and (Ti, W)C in solvent metals

Abstract The direct synthesis of TiC and (Ti, W)C in liquid nickel or iron in an electric arc furnace has been studied. The synthesis of carbides in solvent metals proceeds differently from self-propagating high temperature rate synthesis. The solvent metal constitutes the matrix in which the carbides are embedded after the solidification of the melt. Molten metal promotes the dissolution of carbon, titanium and also tungsten and leads to their complete reaction to form carbides with a high level of combined carbon. The combined carbon within carbides as well as the chemistry of the metal matrix, evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis and microhardness measurements, depends upon the carbon-to-titanium atomic ratio of reagents. Even though the synthesis of composites containing 40–80 vol.% has been successfully achieved, the 60 vol.% carbide composite seems to be more adapted for further development because of its microstructure. It is composed of fine, rounded and well-dispersed crystals in a nickel or iron matrix. Crystalline carbon as graphite is preferred to carbon black because it leads to dense composites. To adapt the direct synthesis of carbides in solvent metals so as to obtain composite plasma-sprayed coatings, it is, however, necessary to compensate for carbon loss.
Trends in Mass Murder

From 1976 to 1996, the proportion of murder incidents with 5 or more victims showed no linear trend or association with selected social indicators, e.g., birth rate, unemployment rate, and homicide rate.
A Comparison of Victimization and Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence Among Drug Abusing Heterosexual and Lesbian Women

The study describes types and rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) reported by active drug using women enrolled in a street outreach HIV prevention research study located in Tucson, Arizona. IPV data were collected on 434 women at the baseline assessment who reported being in a current intimate partner relationship. The data collected included types of violence as well as rates of victimization and perpetration of IPV. Using profile analysis, we examined similarities and differences in patterns of incidence rates of both victimization and perpetration of IPV across different IPV behaviors experienced by heterosexual and lesbian women. Results indicate substantial rates of IPV among both heterosexual and lesbian women with both similarities and differences in IPV behaviors reported. Results suggest that type of relationship and type of IPV behavior are important factors in identifying and preventing IPV, and improving interventions aimed at addressing IPV.
Tactual localization in cats deprived of cortical areas SI and SII and the dorsal columns

Seven cats were trained in a double grill box to cross when a repeated stimulation of the leg was changed to an alternating stimulation of leg and arm. After learning, cortical areas SI and SII were removed. The cats showed a loss of the habit but could relearn. After reaching the criterion the second time the cats were subjected to a section of the dorsal column and once again all cats re-learned the discrimination.
Bipolar disorder: imaging state versus trait.

Cover and Figure 1. Resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was higher in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and caudate (pink) in patients with bipolar disorder in the manic state compared to the euthymic state. In the manic state it was also higher in the subgenual cortex (yellow) and lower in the orbitofrontal cortex (blue) compared to normal. In all three states (depressed, manic, euthymic), bipolar disorder patients had reduced activity in prefrontal (blue) and parietal cortices, and increased activity in cerebellum (orange) compared to healthy individuals.