cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
G378(P) Benefits of an integrated retrieval service

Introduction Transport of the critically ill child has emerged as a sub-specialty of paediatric intensive care over recent years, with increasing numbers of stand-alone specialist transport services now running throughout the UK. There is limited literature to support this trend with conflicting views over the superiority of a stand-alone model.1-3The PICANet 2017 annual summary reports that independent RTV services have increased. South Thames Retrieval Service (STRS) runs as an integrated service from Evelina London Children’s Hospital PICU. With well documented shortage of both medical and nursing PICU staff, we sought to review the benefits of an integrated service with regards to staffing. Method The STRS database was consulted looking at the proportion of shifts where no retrieval was undertaken. We also sought the views of integrated retrieval service nursing and medical staff via interview and online survey. Results In 2017, 1637 referral calls were taken, with 853 retrievals. Despite being the second busiest paediatric intensive care transport service, on 233 shifts, no retrievals were activated; representing 31% of shifts across the year. Survey of staff showed that when not on retrieval, they were utilised within PICU: providing clinical care to PICU patients, facilitating intra-hospital transfers, performing PICU outreach reviews, covering nursing breaks and partaking in provision of educational activities. This allowed staff to keep up their clinical activity in areas where they might otherwise become de-skilled in a stand-alone retrieval service. The in-house retrieval service also provides the flexibility to facilitate simultaneous retrievals, by releasing retrieval-competent PICU staff as needed. Conclusion There are huge advantages of an integrated retrieval service for staffing and service provision, even more apparent with the shortfall in PICU staffing that the UK is currently facing. We suggest that this model should be more widely considered throughout the UK. References Ramnarayan P. The state of paediatric intensive care retrieval in Britain. Arch Dis Child 2012. Hanna S. Stand alone vs integrated PIC retrieval. Is it true that a large integrated service can’t deliver 24/7. Arch Dis Child 2012. PICU retrieval and sustainability staffing. Macintosh I. Arch Dis Child 2012. PICANet Annual Report 2017: Summary Report.
Microplate immunocapture coupled with the 3M molecular detection system and selective plating for the rapid detection of Salmonella infantis in dry dog food and treats

Abstract The objective of this study was to use microplate immunocapture (IC) to reduce the enrichment time required for detection of Salmonella in pet food with the 3 M Molecular Detection System (MDS) or selective plating on XLD. Dog food and pig ear treats were inoculated with Salmonella Infantis at concentrations of 100–104 CFU/25 g, followed by a 3-h enrichment, then microplate IC and 3 M MDS or microplate IC and selective plating on XLD. Another set of samples underwent a traditional 24-h enrichment followed by 3 M MDS or selective plating. Based on the results of three independent trials, microplate IC followed by selective plating enabled detection of Salmonella in 100% of dog food and treat samples tested, including at levels as low as 100 CFU/25 g. Microplate IC coupled with 3 M MDS enabled detection of Salmonella in dog food and treat samples down to levels of 100 CFU/25 g, with an overall detection rate of 92%. These results indicate high potential for microplate IC to be used in place of the traditional 24-h enrichment step, enabling detection of Salmonella in complex matrices when coupled with 3 M MDS or selective plating.
Presentation and Management of Type 2 von Willebrand Disease

Type 2 von Willebrand disease (VWD) is caused by qualitative defects of von Willebrand factor (VWF). It is further divided into four subtypes (2A, 2B, 2M, 2N), based on underlying defect. The bleeding symptoms are primarily mucocutaneous for subtypes 2A, 2B, and 2M. In type 2N, factor VIII (FVIII) binding is the underlying defect, and hence deeper tissue bleeding may also be seen. Diagnosis is complex, and an algorithmic approach is ideal. Beyond VW activity, antigen levels, and their ratio, advanced evaluations like multimer testing, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, genetic testing, and FVIII and collagen binding assays may be needed for correct diagnosis. Management varies based on disease subtype: factor replacement and antifibrinolytics can be used in all four, while desmopressin/DDAVP is helpful only in types 2A and 2 M.
Heterospecific eavesdropping on an anti-parasitic referential alarm call.

Referential alarm calls occur across taxa to warn of specific predator types. However, referential calls may also denote other types of dangers. Yellow warblers (Setophaga petechia) produce “seet” calls specifically to warn conspecifics of obligate brood parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), which lay their eggs in the warblers’ and other species’ nests. Sympatric hosts of cowbirds that do not have referential alarm calls may eavesdrop on the yellow warbler’s seet call as a warning system for brood parasites. Using playback presentations, we found that red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) eavesdrop on seet calls of yellow warblers, and respond as much to seet calls as to cowbird chatters and predator calls. Red-winged blackbirds appear to eavesdrop on seets as warning system to boost frontline defenses on their territories, although they do not seem to perceive the warblers’ seets as a cue for parasitism per se, but rather for general danger to the nest. Lawson et al. study the response of the redwinged blackbirds to referential alarm calls in other bird species. They show that the blackbirds eavesdrop on heterospecific warning calls of the yellow warbler related to the nest parasites and respond by boosting their defenses to general danger on their territories.
Diazo coupling for surface attachment of small molecules to TiO2 nanoparticles

Robust surface attachment of molecular species to metal oxide semiconductors is desirable for many applications. Here, we report the interfacial diazo coupling of surface-bound amines with aromatics to bind them to the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles via a siloxane anchor and a diazo linker. The technique shows potential for the inexpensive, stable, modular and tunable attachment of molecules to metal oxide surfaces.
The Current Conflict of Interest Landscape and the Potential Role of Information Professionals in Supporting Research Integrity

Conflict of interest (COI) is an ongoing topic among many groups, including scientific researchers and authors, academic publishers and editors, readers, and information professionals. As scientifi...
Base-catalyzed aryl halide isomerization enables the 4-selective substitution of 3-bromopyridines

The base-catalyzed isomerization of simple aryl halides is presented and utilized to achieve the 4-selective etherification, hydroxylation and amination of 3-bromopyridines. Mechanistic studies support isomerization of 3-bromopyridines to 4-bromopyridines proceeds via pyridyne intermediates and that 4-substitution selectivity is driven by a facile aromatic substitution reaction. Useful features of a tandem aryl halide isomerization/selective interception approach to aromatic functionalization are demonstrated. Example benefits include the use of readily available and stable 3-bromopyridines in place of less available and stable 4-halogenated congeners and the ability to converge mixtures of 3- and 5-bromopyridines to a single 4-substituted product.
The Year in Review: Economics at the Antitrust Division, 2008-2009

This paper covers the activities of the Economic Analysis Group (EAG) of the Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice, during 2008–2009. It describes the economic analysis undertaken by EAG in several important investigations, and in other activities as an advocate for competition.
A Computational Method for Learning Disease Trajectories From Partially Observable EHR Data

Diseases can show different courses of progression even when patients share the same risk factors. Recent studies have revealed that the use of trajectories, the order in which diseases manifest throughout life, can be predictive of the course of progression. In this study, we propose a novel computational method for learning disease trajectories from EHR data. The proposed method consists of three parts: first, we propose an algorithm for extracting trajectories from EHR data; second, three criteria for filtering trajectories; and third, a likelihood function for assessing the risk of developing a set of outcomes given a trajectory set. We applied our methods to extract a set of disease trajectories from Mayo Clinic EHR data and evaluated it internally based on log-likelihood, which can be interpreted as the trajectories’ ability to explain the observed (partial) disease progressions. We then externally evaluated the trajectories on EHR data from an independent health system, M Health Fairview. The proposed algorithm extracted a comprehensive set of disease trajectories that can explain the observed outcomes substantially better than competing methods and the proposed filtering criteria selected a small subset of disease trajectories that are highly interpretable and suffered only a minimal (relative 5%) loss of the ability to explain disease progression in both the internal and external validation.
Conformational dynamics of androgen receptors bound to agonists and antagonists

The androgen receptor (AR) is critical in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Small molecule antagonists that bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the AR have been successful in treating PCa. However, the structural basis by which the AR antagonists manifest their therapeutic efficacy remains unclear, due to the lack of detailed structural information of the AR bound to the antagonists. We have performed accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations of LBDs bound to a set of ligands including a natural substrate (dihydrotestosterone), an agonist (RU59063) and three antagonists (bicalutamide, enzalutamide and apalutamide) as well as in the absence of ligand (apo). We show that the binding of AR antagonists at the substrate binding pocket alter the dynamic fluctuations of H12, thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the agonistic conformation of AR. Two antagonists, enzalutamide and apalutamide, induce considerable structural changes to the agonist conformation of LBD, when bound close to H12 of AR LBD. When the antagonists bind to the pocket with different orientations having close contact with H11, no significant conformational changes were observed, suggesting the AR remains in the functionally activated (agonistic) state. The simulations on a drug resistance mutant F876L bound to enzalutamide demonstrated that the mutation stabilizes the agonistic conformation of AR LBD, which compromises the efficacy of the antagonists. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the structural fluctuations shows that the binding of enzalutamide and apalutamide induce conformational fluctuations in the AR, which are markedly different from those caused by the agonist as well as another antagonist, bicalutamide. These fluctuations could only be observed with the use of aMD.
Using ondansetron as an oral premedication drug for prevention of postanesthesia shivering

Introduction Postanesthesia shivering (PAS) is one of the most common complications after surgeries. There are two methods to reduce the shivering, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. Aim This study compared the efficacy and safety of 4-mg oral ondansetron premedication on preventing PAS, perioperative core body temperature changes, and hemodynamic stability. Patients and methods This prospective, observational study consisted of 100 adult patients scheduled for general surgery or interventional structural heart disease. The patients were randomized into two groups of 50 patients each. Group I received 4 mg of oral ondansetron, and group II received an oral placebo 60–90 min before the operation. All patients were assessed for perioperative hemodynamic changes, core body temperature changes, and PAS. Results Regarding the efficacy of the preoperative administration of oral ondansetron, this study reports the valuable preventive effect on shivering for ondansetron group (8.1%) compared with control group (44.3%), and there was a highly significant difference between both groups according to the incidence and scoring of shivering. On the contrary, we found no significant difference between groups according to heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. However, reduction in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure was recorded in both groups after induction, which came back up at the end of surgery. In addition, tympanic temperature reduction was recorded intraoperatively and came back up during the recovery period, with no statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusion Oral ondansetron premedication adequately decreases PAS compare with placebo. Ondansetron does not have any significant effect on the core or peripheral temperature.
Inheritance of Repressed Chromatin Domains during S-phase Requires the Histone Chaperone NPM1

Abstract The epigenetic process safeguards cell identity during cell division through the inheritance of appropriate gene expression profiles. We demonstrated previously that parental nucleosomes are inherited by the same chromatin domains during DNA replication only in the case of repressed chromatin. We now show that this specificity is conveyed by NPM1, a histone H3/H4 chaperone. Proteomic analyses of late S-phase chromatin revealed NPM1 in association with both H3K27me3, an integral component of facultative heterochromatin and MCM2, an integral component of the DNA replication machinery; moreover NPM1 interacts directly with PRC2 and with MCM2. Given that NPM1 is essential, the inheritance of repressed chromatin domains was examined anew using mESCs expressing an auxin-degradable version of endogenous NPM1. Upon NPM1 degradation, cells accumulated in S-phase of the cell-cycle and parental nucleosome inheritance from repressed chromatin domains was markedly compromised. Appropriate inheritance required the NPM1 acidic patches that function in chaperone activity, pointing to NPM1 being integral to the epigenetic process. One-Sentence Summary The histone H3/H4 chaperone, NPM1, fosters epigenetic inheritance from parental repressed chromatin during DNA replication.
Stability of multiloop LQ regulators with nonlinearities. I - Regions of attraction. II - Regions of ultimate boundedness

An investigation is conducted for the closed loop stability of linear time-invariant systems controlled by linear quadratic (LQ) regulators, in cases where nonlinearities exist in the control channels lying outside the stability sector in regions away from the origin. The estimate of the region of attraction thus obtained furnishes methods for the selection of performance function weights for more robust LQ designs. Attention is then given to the closed loop stability of linear time-invariant systems controlled by the LQ regulators when the nonlinearities in the loops escape the stability sector in a bounded region containing the origin.
The Decision to Arrest

Police decisions have not been a neglected area of study and commentary by social scientists and legal scholars.1 On the contrary, the literature about police work is vast, diverse, and impossible to summarize briefly without violating its complexity.2 Our purposes, however, do not require a thorough review. Rather, we seek to investigate the information requirements, goals, and alternatives of the decision to arrest; to review studies bearing on the ways in which arrest decisions are made routinely; and to offer some comments on directions for the enhancement of rationality. This itself is no small task, for no single aspect of police work has received more scholarly attention recently than has the decision to arrest. Our review must therefore be selective, including only the most informative studies and commentaries.
Application of 2-D Gel Electrophoresis to Study Intracellular Events in Industrial Fermentations

Most industrial bioprocesses are generally conducted in batch or fed batch modes with limited process control capabilities. The cell is essentially treated as a black box which takes up nutrients and produces the desired product. Improvements in product yield and productivity have been achieved primarily by random media manipulation and shotgun mutation programs. Although traditional biochemical and genetic methods have resulted in dramatic improvements in production since the late 1940s, they are not based on fundamental understanding of cellular metabolism. Attempts to optimize product yield and nutrient availability have met with only limited success because of a lack of knowledge concerning regulatory metabolism in these organisms. Environmental factors which trigger the onset of bioproducts production are not completely understood, and means to sustain biosynthesis of these bioproducts are usually unknown. Catabolite repression, feedback regulation of product synthesis, degeneration of synthesis, and degradation of the extracellular product are some problems frequently associated with these industrial fermentations [3]. In addition, the diversity of industrial significant metabolites and the organisms which produce them makes it even more difficult to draw general conclusions about cellular regulation. A general and convenient means is needed to study and to monitor intracellular events of cellular metabolism associated with product biosynthesis of industrial significant organisms at a fundamental level. Such a method would allow meaningful comparisons among different industrial significant bioproduct producing cells.
Stories of Transformative Leadership in the Human Services: Why the Glass is Always Full, by Burghardt, S., & Tolliver, W.

Through Stories of Transformative Leadership in the Human Services, Steve Burghardt and Willie Tolliver inspire nonprofit leaders to view the glass that is social services as not merely half-full, ...
Herniorrhaphy in the elderly. Benefits of a clinic for the treatment of external abdominal wall hernias.

Abstract Elective abdominal herniorrhaphy carries morbidity and mortality rates of 26 percent and 1.5 percent, respectively, in patients over 65 years of age. These figures climb to 55 percent and 15 percent during emergent surgery. Our purpose was to investigate if standardization of treatment could improve such results. Our program stressed centralization of care in a hernia clinic; early operation of patients at risk of incarceration; optimization of underlying systemic disorders by consultative services; operation under local anesthesia; preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocol; and continuity of care by senior personnel. Over a 4 year period, we have performed 241 abdominal herniorrhaphies in patients over 65 years of age (median age 71.5 years old) who exhibited an 84 percent incidence of significant preoperative systemic disorders. Since the inception of our program, our rate of emergent operation has decreased significantly from 7 percent to 2 percent (chi-square ≤ 0.05). Our rate of systemic complications after elective operation was 1.2 percent and 0 after emergent operation. These data are statistically better than those reported in the literature (chi-square ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that the creation of a hernia clinic significantly improves the care of herniated patients.
A Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration Method for Block Adaptive Mesh Refinement.

A prototype two-dimensional Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration (DSA) method on a Block-based Adaptive Mesh Refinement (BAMR) transport mesh has been developed. The Block-Adaptive Mesh Refinement Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration (BAMR-DSA) method was tested in the PARallel TIme-Dependent SN (PARTISN) deterministic transport code. The BAMR-DSA equations are derived by differencing the DSA equation using a vertex-centered diffusion discretization that is diamond-like and may be characterized as 'partially' consistent. The derivation of a diffusion discretization that is fully consistent with diamond transport differencing on BAMR mesh does not appear to be possible. However, despite being partially consistent, the BAMR-DSA method is effective for many applications. The BAMR-DSA solver was implemented and tested in two dimensions for rectangular (XY) and cylindrical (RZ) geometries. Testing results confirm that a partially consistent BAMR-DSA method will introduce instabilities for extreme cases, e.g., scattering ratios approaching 1.0 with optically thick cells, but for most realistic problems the BAMR-DSA method provides effective acceleration. The initial use of a full matrix to store and LU-Decomposition to solve the BAMR-DSA equations has been extended to include Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) storage and a Conjugate Gradient (CG) solver. The CSR and CG methods provide significantly more efficient and faster storage and solution methods.
Support concept-based multimedia information retrieval: a knowledge management approach

Identified as an important management concept five years ago (Garner 1999), knowledge management (KM) aims to enable organizations to capture, organize, and access their intellectual assets. This paper proposes a prototype system that applies a knowledge management approach to support concept-based multimedia information retrieval by integrating various information analysis and image processing techniques. The proposed system uses geographical information as its testbed and aims to provide flexibility to users in terms of specifying their information needs and to facilitate parallel extraction of information in different formats (i.e., text, image). Our testbed selection is based not only on the fact that geographical information has become an important resource supporting organization decision making, but also on the diversity of its information media and the fuzziness of geo-spatial queries. We hope that the proposed system will improve the accessibility of geographical information in different media and provide an example of integrating various information and multimedia techniques to support concept-based cross-media information retrieval.
Flagellar synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium: requirement for ribonucleic acid synthesis.

The micro-complement-fixation assay has been demonstrated to be a sensitive assay for flagella which occur in nanogram amounts. By use of this assay, it was found that flagellar synthesis occurs during starvation of Salmonella typhimurium for tryptophan, an amino acid not present in flagellar protein. Under these conditions net ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was reduced to approximately 10% of the control rate. Less than 1 μg of actinomycin D per ml further reduced RNA synthesis to less than 1% of the control rate in a culture sensitized by prior treatment for 5 min at 37 C with 5 × 10−4m ethylenediaminetetraacetate in 0.33 m tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-chloride (pH 8.0). In the presence of actinomycin D, no synthesis of flagellar protein could be detected. Analysis of fractions of RNA separated by zone centrifugation indicated that actinomycin D reduces the production of template RNA as well as of ribosomal RNA. This suggests that in S. typhimurium the production of flagellar protein requires the concomitant synthesis of RNA. There is no evidence that a stable messenger RNA specific for flagellar synthesis is present.
Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among US large-herd dairy parlor workers.

Background Dairy production in the US is moving towards large-herd milking operations resulting in an increase in task specialization and work demands. Methods A modified version of the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was administered to assess MSS prevalence among 452 US large-herd parlor workers. Worker demographics and MSS prevalences were assessed, and differences based on parlor configuration (i.e., herringbone, parallel, rotary) were computed. Results Three-fourths (76.4%) of parlor workers reported work-related MSS in at least one body part. Highest prevalences were reported in the upper extremity (55%). Herringbone workers reported a higher prevalence of MSS in the wrist/hand, and rotary workers reported higher prevalences of MSS in the neck, upper back, and shoulders. Conclusions Our findings draw attention to higher work-related MSS in the upper extremity among dairy parlor workers. As the trend toward larger herd sizes on US dairy farms continues, the need for further health and safety research will increase. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:370–379, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overlay Assay: Enzyme Zymography of Plasminogen Activators and Inhibitors

This article has no abstract. Keywords: overlay assay: enzyme zymography of plasminogen activators and inhibitors
A long-term (1975–1988) study of atmospheric SO42−: Regional contributions and concentration trends

Abstract A long-term study of aerosol SO42− concentrations ([SO42−]) has been conducted at Mayville in the western and Whiteface Mountain in the northeastern New York State. From 1975 to 1988, 2382 daily aerosol samples were collected at Whiteface Mountain using high-volume samplers. Similarly, 1863 samples were collected at Mayville for the 1981–1988 period. Both sites are downwind of large SO2 sources in the Midwest. Whiteface Mountain is located approximately 600 km to the northeast of Mayville. The [SO42−] at Mayville were approximately twice that of Whiteface Mountain. The highest concentrations at both locations were observed in summer and the lowest during winter. Photochemical reactions appear to be the primary reason for this behavior. Air trajectories (Hefter model) were used to relate the observed [SO42−] with the upwind SO2 source regions. In addition, a method based on V/Se ratios was used to resolve SO42− contributions between Midwestern sources and those in the East Coast. Approximately, two-thirds or more of the total SO42− at the two sites was derived from the Midwestern emissions. At Whiteface Mountain the [SO42−] for summer months from 1975 to 1988 suggest a decrease of approximately 3% per year between 1978 and 1988. A similar decrease was also observed in SO2 emissions.
A determinative soil development index for pedo-stratigraphic studies☆

Abstract Pedologists and Quaternary scientists working with stratigraphic columns which may include paleosols have need of a simple, quantitative procedure to distinguish paleosols from unweathered sediments and to represent the degree of soil development. Soil development indices which are most widely used have been derived for soil chronosequences on relatively stable landscapes and require that soil properties be compared to those of the parent material in order to quantitatively assess soil development. In studying stratigraphic columns, which may represent dramatically unstable landscapes, parent material may not always be readily determined, or there may be multiple soil parent materials which make a comparative approach untenable. This paper presents a determinative index based on morphological and micromorphological properties which are most effective in distinguishing “soil” from “non-soil”. This index successfully separated soils and paleosols from unweathered sediments in a stratigraphic sequence in northern New Hampshire. A Kruskal-Wallis test determined that means of index value groups which corresponded to sets of observed chemical and morphological soil properties were significantly different. This index was also successful in distinguishing independently-assessed morpho-genetic soil horizons and correlated well with Harden index values for a set of soil toposequences in southern Wyoming.
The Workplace, Technology, and Theory in American Labor History

Assessing the state of American labor history nearly a decade ago, David Brody hailed the emergence of "the study of workers within the workplace" and argued that, among all the fresh initiatives in the "new" labor history, "the shop-floor approach is probably the most important." For Brody, the difficulties encountered in operationalizing "the notion of a unified working-class culture" made attractive the pursuit of "an economic approach, taking as its starting point not culture, but the work and the job, and broadening out from there."1 These comments inter sected what has been a rising, though not uncontested,2 wave of "labor process" and "worker control" studies that recently culminated in David Montgomery's The Fall of the House of Labor, a synthetic portrait of American workers and their struggles from 1865 to 1925. However, by concentrating on the social relations of the workplace, it seems to me that researchers have elided the question of how to regard technology and technological change as one of its core elements. The purpose of this essay is to explore the problems inherent in coming to terms with technology, the different ways solutions to those problems have been framed, and the theoretical implications of those solutions for the practice of labor history. In so doing the essay will move from the terrain of historians to that of geographers, economists, and social theorists in order to return with questions about the diversity of experience and the possibility of synthesis, a matter Brody also raised and to which Montgomery's volume is, in a sense, a response. What elements constitute the "labor process"? As much recent work has flowed from the reconsideration of Marx's work, it is useful to begin with his classic formulation. In Donald MacKensie's words, Marx's conception ofthe labor process displays three elements: "purposive activity" (i.e., work), "objects on which that work is performed" (i.e., materials), and "the instruments of work" (most commonly, tools). Practically, the labor process is social, rather than private or individual, and in capitalism (not to speak of all existing socialisms) has an economic character as a "valorization process," in that it adds determinate value to products realized from inputs.3 The necessity of accumulation, competition among capitalists, and conflicts between capital and labor over the fruits of
Model-based tracking of deformable filaments

We describe a model-based tracking algorithm designed to follow bright, slowly deforming filaments through a series of two dimensional, gray-scale images. The images can have both structured and unstructured background noise. Tens of filaments can exist in each image; the filaments can cross each other and need not be uniformly bright along their lengths. The algorithm has 3 basic steps. First, a line segment detector (AVS) is applied to find parts of the filaments. Second, these parts are matched to a model of the filaments in the image. The match uses an interpretation tree to find the globally best match of parts of filaments. Third, a new model is produced by choosing a subset of the parts matched to the filaments and interpolating between neighboring parts on the same filament. The algorithm is applied to moving, fluorescently labelled cells.
DMBA-induced mammary tumor growth in rats exhibiting increased or decreased ability to cope with stress due to early postnatal handling or antidepressant treatment

Abstract Depression and an ability to cope with stress are suggested to play a role in the vulnerability to breast cancer. In rats, neonatal clomipramine administration induces subsequent behavioral abnormalities that closely resemble those seen in human endogenous depression. Early postnatal handling, on the other hand, improves subsequent ability to cope with stress in rodents. The present study examined whether early clomipramine treatment or handling influences the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Between postnatal days 5 and 20, rat pups were injected daily with 25 mg/kg clomipramine, handled either by holding them in a hand (H-handling) or by giving them a saline injection (I-handling), or left nonhandled. During these manipulations, but not later, body weight gain was lower in the I-handled and clomipramine-treated pups than in the H-handled rats. As adults, the time spent immobile in the swim test, a model of depressive behavior and an ability to cope with stress, was significantly lengthened in the clomipramine-treated female rats, and shortened in the handled females. Measurement of plasma 17-β-estradiol (E2) did not reveal any significant differences between the groups. The percentage of animals developing mammary tumors was significantly higher, and the length of survival shorter among the clomipramine-treated rats than among the I-handled rats. However, both groups exhibited less tumors and longer survival than the nonhandled controls. There were no differences in mammary tumor incidence or survival between the nonhandled and H-handled rats. These findings indicate that DMBA-induced tumor growth is increased in animals that receive early postnatal clomipramine treatment and subsequently exhibit increased depressive tendencies. However, an improved ability to cope with stress was not directly related to tumor growth. Although immobility in the swim test was shortened in both groups of handled animals, only those animals that were handled to receive a daily saline injection showed reduced tumor growth. This suggests that early weight gain, which was high in the H-handled and low in the I-handled rats, may play a critical intervening role in mediating the effects of neonatal handling on subsequent mammary tumorigenesis.
On the feeding habits of oysters.

Studies of the feeding habits of oysters have been in progress since the spring of 1919 to determine: (1) the duration of active filtration of water, and (2) the effects of salinity, temperature, light, food content, and turbidity of the water upon the rate and the extent of feeding. The animals were studied while lying on an oyster reef in their natural environment. By means of recording apparatus continuous kymograph records of all shell movements of the oysters for over 2 months were obtained. Water samples were taken at regular intervals of time and tide, and in addition whenever the animals closed completely or opened after a period of closure in excess of 2 minutes.1The investigations have been carried on in several different environments, under widely varying conditions, and warrant the following conclusions:1. With the water temperatures of late spring, summer, and early fall oysters are active throughout most of the day and part of the night. At temperatures above 20° C. New Jersey natural oyster...
[3H]Monoamine releasing and uptake inhibition properties of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetaimne and p-chloroamphetamine analogues

Abstract The ability of several 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogues to inhibit the uptake of [3H]serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) into synaptosomes was examined. In addition, the ability of the compounds to inhibit the uptake of [3H]-HT and DA into synaptosomes from rats pretreated with reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p., 16 h pretreatment) was compared to control experiments. All of the test compounds were found to be potent releasers of non-vesicular 5-HT (the reserpine IC50 was significantly smaller than the control IC50). The range of 5-HT inhibitory activity corresponds well to the small range of ED50 values of the test compounds to substitute in drug discrimination experiments with animals trained to discriminate MDMA or S-(+)-N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-aminobutane (S-MBDB) from saline. In contrast, there was a wide range of potency for the inhibition of NE and DA uptake. In addition, several of the analogues appeared to be pure uptake inhibitors of DA while others were found to be releasers of non-vesicular DA. Several of the compounds were very selective for 5-HT over DA or NE uptake inhibition, including 3-methoxy-4-methylamphetamine (MMA) and 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan (MMAI). A correlation was noted between the 5-HT neurotoxic potential of some of the test compounds and their relative ability to induce a release of non-vesicular DA. The potential catechol metabolites of the methylenedioxy-substituted compounds also showed potent monoamine releasing properties, suggesting that metabolism may play a role in the neurotoxic actions of some of these drugs. The present data support the hypothesis that drug-stimulated non-vesicular 5-HT release is primarily responsible for the discriminative cue of MDMA.
Dr. Leary's Concord prison experiment : A 34-year follow-up study

Abstract This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic psychotherapy literature. The Concord Prison Experiment was conducted from 1961 to 1963 by a team of researchers at Harvard University under the direction of Timothy Leary. The original study involved the administration of psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy to 32 prisoners in an effort to reduce recidivism rates. This follow-up study involved a search through the state and federal criminal justice system records of 21 of the original 32 subjects, as well as personal interviews with two of the subjects and three of the researchers: Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Gunther Weil. The results of the follow-up study indicate that published claims of a treatment effect were erroneous. This follow-up study supports the emphasis in the original reports on the necessity of embedding psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy with inmates within a comprehensive treatment plan that includes pos...
Layout optimization considering production uncertainty and routing flexibility

The unequal area facility layout problem is studied considering both production uncertainty and routing flexibility. Stochastic production quantities are introduced under the assumption of dependent demands and incorporated into the usual objective of material handling cost minimization. Concurrently, alternative routings are considered based on production quantity. An efficient simulation approach is used to estimate the resulting department pairwise flows, both their expected values and variances. Using these estimates, a tabu search heuristic procedure performs the layout design optimization.
Bureaucratic and Public Attitudes on Environmental Regulation and the Economy

This article analyzes bureaucratic and public attitudes on the relationship between environmental regulation and the economy. Specifically, the analysis compares responses to the State Environmental Managers Survey – a 2005 survey of senior-level officials working in state environmental agencies, and the 2005 MIT Public Opinion Research Training Lab Survey – a nationally-representative public opinion poll. The responses to these surveys suggest that the bureaucrats and the public share basic attitudes about the appropriate level of environmental regulation on business, but that they differ in their understandings of the role of environmental regulation in industry investment decisions.
Effects of the Calcium Channel Activator BAY-K-8644 on in Vitro Secretion of Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone

The recently discovered calcium (Ca) channel activator BAY-K-8644 [methyl-l,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylate], an analog of the calcium channel blockers nifedipine and nitrendipine, was tested to determine its potential for altering hormone secretion in an in vitro system designed to study concurrent secretion of calcitonin (CT) and PTH. Addition of BAY-K-8644 (10−4-10−6 m) to medium (1 mM Ca) bathing baby rat thyroparathyroids enhanced secretion of CT at least 2- to 4-fold and suppressed PTH release by as much as 75–85%. Addition of BAYK-8644 alone to medium containing high (2.5 mM) Ca did not further enhance the already high rate of CT release, nor did it cause any further suppression of PTH secretion. BAY-K-8644 did not stimulate CT release or suppress PTH release in the absence of medium Ca. Addition of the Ca channel blocker nitrendipine (10−6 M) inhibited CT release at either 1 or 2.5 mM Ca, and at 1 mM Ca, nitrendipine negated the simulatory effect of...
A first report on the A# compiler

Abstract Machine A major part of the A ] compiler is concerned with producingoptimized intermediate code, or Foam code. “Foam” is anacronym for “First Order Abstract Machine.” The abstractmachine is ﬁrst order in the sense that it does not treat itstypes as values.Foam is designed to contain only those concepts whichcan have an eﬃcient realization in both Lisp and C. Forexample it is not possible to take an address of a variablebecause that would be ineﬃcient in Lisp (a closure wouldbe created). Nor are dynamic type tests allowed, as thatwould be ineﬃcient in C. We have been asked how the lackof address arithmetic limits the potential performance ofcompiled A ] vs hand-coded C which uses pointers to traversearrays in inner loops. It is our experience that this is a minorconcern on current architectures with optimizing compilers.Foam is not restricted to the precise intersection of Cand Lisp. Some aspects are handled by support libraries.Big integer arithmetic is assumed as part of Foam, and thisis provided as a library for C. Also the memory model diﬀersfrom both C and Lisp in some details: garbage collection isassumed (this is a run time support library in C) and it ispossible to make an explicit request to free storage (in Lispthis is ignored).A Foam program is comprised of a ﬂat sequence of com-mands. Foam types have various sizes and uses. or example,“Char” is a text character whereas “Byte” is a charactersized integer, “DFlo” is a double precision ﬂoating point,“Ptr” can point to an array, record, arbitrary sized inte-ger, etc. Reference instructions contain the kind of refer-ence and the position, e.g., “Loc 3” refers to the third localvariable of the current function and “RElt 7 x 2” indicatesthe 2nd ﬁeld of the record x, using the 7th layout format.Foam operations consist of instructions, such as “If b n,”which indicates that if b is true then proceed to label n, andbuiltin operations, e.g., “HIntLT a b” is a half-word-integerless-than comparison. The builtin operations are type spe-ciﬁc and conversion operations are generally provided. Adetailed description of Foam is given elsewhere [26].27
Competing risks analysis in mortality estimation for breast cancer patients from independent risk groups

This study quantifies breast cancer mortality in the presence of competing risks for complex patients. Breast cancer behaves differently in different patient populations, which can have significant implications for patient survival; hence these differences must be considered when making screening and treatment decisions. Mortality estimation for breast cancer patients has been a significant research question. Accurate estimation is critical for clinical decision making, including recommendations. In this study, a competing risks framework is built to analyze the effect of patient risk factors and cancer characteristics on breast cancer and other cause mortality. To estimate mortality probabilities from breast cancer and other causes as a function of not only the patient’s age or race but also biomarkers for estrogen and progesterone receptor status, a nonparametric cumulative incidence function is formulated using data from the community-based Carolina Mammography Registry. Based on the log(−log) transformation, confidence intervals are constructed for mortality estimates over time. To compare mortality probabilities in two independent risk groups at a given time, a method with improved power is formulated using the log(−log) transformation.
Size differences of the post-anoxia, biotic recovery brachiopod, Dyoros sp., in Hughes Creek Shale (Carboniferous), Richardson County, Nebraska.

Two localities of the Carboniferous Hughes Creek Shale in southeastern Nebraska contain both fossiliferous limestones and shales, as well as black shales interpreted as being deposited under anoxic conditions in ancient oceans. Fossils within strata above the anoxic layers represent life that had recovered from a local killing event. Examining the killing/recovery patterns on expanded, regional scales is made difficult due to the relative lack of good exposures between outcrops. Previous miscorrelations have occurred for the Hughes Creek Shale in two established collecting localities separated by only a few kilometers. Specimens of the brachiopod fossil, Dyoros sp., abundant at both localities were compared using the size frequency distributions of their length measurements. Null hypotheses of the equality of the medians and equality of the overall distributions were not able to be rejected, adding support to the current accepted interpretation of correlation for the two localities, allowing for future use of both for examining killing/recovery of life on expanded geographic scale.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a disease of decreased availability of GM-CSF rather than an intrinsic cellular defect.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) deficient mice develop a pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) syndrome which is corrected by the administration/expression of GM-CSF. These observations implicate GM-CSF in the pathogenesis of human PAP. We hypothesized that human PAP may involve an intrinsic cellular defect in monocytes/macrophages with an inability to produce GM-CSF and/or respond to GM-CSF. Thus, we investigated the cytokine responses to GM-CSF and LPS from peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages from patients with idiopathic PAP and healthy controls. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1-alpha (MIP) was measured from GM-CSF-stimulated cells and GM-CSF was measured from LPS-stimulated cells by ELISA. The MIP and GM-CSF production by monocytes and alveolar macrophages did not differ between PAP patients and healthy controls. Growth of the GM-CSF-dependent human myeloid cell line TF-1 was inhibited by serum from all patients studied (n = 10) and all patients had anti-GM-CSF antibody in their serum. The BAL from PAP patients had less detectable GM-CSF by ELISA than healthy controls (P = 0.05); in contrast, the inhibitory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), was increased in PAP compared to controls (P = 0.04). IL-10 is a potent inhibitor of LPS-stimulated GM-CSF production from healthy control alveolar macrophages. These studies are the first to demonstrate that circulating monocytes and alveolar macrophages from PAP patients are able to synthesize GM-CSF and respond to GM-CSF, suggesting no intrinsic abnormalities in GM-CSF signaling. In addition, these observations suggest that PAP in a subset of patients is the result of decreased availability of GM-CSF due to GM-CSF blocking activity and reduced GM-CSF production by IL-10.
Emotion in the Pursuit of Understanding

Theories of cognitive processes, such as decision making and creative problem solving, for a long time neglected the contributions of emotion or affect in favor of analysis based on use of deliberative rules to optimize performance. Since the 1990s, emotion has increasingly been incorporated into theories of these cognitive processes. Some theorists have in fact posited a "dual-systems approach" to understanding decision making and high-level cognition. One system is fast, emotional, and intuitive, while the other is slow, rational, and deliberative. However, one's understanding of the relevant brain regions indicate that emotional and rational processes are deeply intertwined, with each exerting major influences on the functioning of the other. Also presented in this paper are neural network modeling principles that may capture the interrelationships of emotion and cognition. The authors also review evidence that humans, and possibly other mammals, possess a "knowledge instinct," which acts as a drive to make sense of the environment. This drive typically incorporates a strong affective component in the form of aesthetic fulfillment or dissatisfaction.