cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of wild Beta populations in and adjacent to sugar beet fields in the Imperial Valley, California

Populations of wild Beta L. species exist as weeds in commercial sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subspecies vulgaris) fields in the Imperial Valley, California. Significant losses to sugar yield and quality result if these wild plants are not removed. In cases of extreme infestation, fields are abandoned without harvest. No selective chemicals are available to differentiate conventional sugar beet from wild relatives and hand removal is labor intensive and expensive. Planting sugar beet varieties with tolerance to glyphosate is a potential solution for infested fields, but risk of gene flow to adjacent wild relatives must be determined. Previous research identified these populations as either Beta vulgaris L. subspecies maritima (L.) Arcang. or Beta macrocarpa Guss. This distinction is critical because B. v. subsp. maritima will readily cross hybridize with cultivated sugar beet while B. macrocarpa rarely will. In April 2011, we collected herbarium samples, mature seed, and leaf tissue from wild Beta populations in 25 infested sugar beet fields throughout the Imperial Valley. Bolting cultivated beets were identified at two locations. Taxonomy of whole plant herbarium samples was unclear due to wild beet stem elongation when under competition with sugar beet plants for canopy light. Morphology of plants from collected seed grown in non-competitive conditions assigned taxonomy of these populations to B. macrocarpa. We used molecular tools to determine the genetic structure of wild Beta populations throughout the Imperial Valley. Extracted DNA was genotyped with 22 simple sequence repeat molecular markers and evaluated for population structure. The bolting beet samples were clearly separated from the majority of B. macrocarpa samples, except for two. The remaining wild populations were further divided into two subgroups suggesting exchange of genetic information or a common ancestor.
Semantically enhanced user modeling

Content-based implicit user modeling techniques usually employ a traditional term vector as a representation of the user's interest. However, due to the problem of dimensionality in the vector space model, a simple term vector is not a sufficient representation of the user model as it ignores the semantic relations between terms. In this paper, we present a novel method to enhance a traditional term-based user model with WordNet-based semantic similarity techniques. To achieve this, we use word definitions and relationship hierarchies in WordNet to perform word sense disambiguation and employ domain-specific concepts as category labels for the derived user models. We tested our method on Windows to the Universe, a public educational website covering subjects in the Earth and Space Sciences, and performed an evaluation of our semantically enhanced user models against human judgment. Our approach is distinguishable from existing work because we automatically narrow down the set of domain specific concepts from initial domain concepts obtained from Wikipedia and because we automatically create semantically enhanced user models.
Current-definition freedom in a derivative-coupling model.

The problem of the construction of a covariant current operator in a two-dimensional field theory is reviewed and subsequently applied to a recently proposed derivative-interaction model. It is found both by solving the equations of motion as well as by path-integral techniques that there exists a family of admissible solutions labeled by a parameter \ensuremath{\xi}, only one choice of which corresponds to that previously derived. This is shown to be in agreement with results for the other known soluble two-dimensional field theories in which a gauge principle is absent.
Ontogenetic analysis of embryonic palatal type I and type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase isozymes.

Abstract The developmental processes of cell growth and differentiation are important mechanisms regulating tissue and organ formation. These processes appear to be dependent on the ligand-receptor interactions of various hormones, growth factors, and extracellular matrix molecules. In turn, ligand-receptor interactions may elevate intracellular levels of second messengers. Among the second messengers, cyclic AMP (cAMP) is known to activate cAMP-dependent protein kinases (cAMP-dPK) by binding to two major regulatory subunit isoforms, RI and RII, of this enzyme. The present study examined the occurrence of changes in the cAMP-dPK isozyme patterns during the critical period of murine palatal ontogeny between days 12 and 14 of gestation. Cyclic AMP-dPK in cytosolic preparations (27 000 × g) of murine embryonic maxillary and palatal tissue were analyzed by DEAE chromatography and photoaffinity labelling with 8-azido-[32P]cAMP followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Both techniques indicated shifting patterns of expression of RI (45 000 Mr) and RII (52 000 Mr) regulatory subunits during palatal ontogeny. Immunohistochemical localization of RI and RII revealed more intense fluorescence in the palatal epithelial layer by days 13 and 14 with an apparent greater intensity of immunostaining on the basal aspect of the epithelial layer. These results suggest an important role for cAMP-dPK in epithelial-mesenchymal cell signalling during development of the murine palate.
Evidence-based medicine in dermatology.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of the best current evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. 37 The term evidence-based medicine was introduced to the medical literature in 1992, although its origins can be traced back to the nineteenth century. 9,33,37 The principles of EBM were developed by physicians and epidemiologists to teach medical students and were then used to assist busy physicians and other health care providers with the difficult task of using the best and most up-to-date evidence when making decisions about patient care. 21 Although the practice of EBM has been controversial and contested, it has been firmly established as an integral part of the practice of medicine. The principles of EBM are part of medical school curricula and most residencies in internal medicine and primary care to varying degrees. Continuing medical education courses in medicine frequently boast that they are evidenced based. Two journals devoted to EBM are published in the United States (ACP Journal Club) and the United Kingdom (EBM Journal). The Cochrane Library is one of the crowning achievements of the EBM movement. Through collaborative efforts of volunteers, The Cochrane Library is an impressive and useful compendium of systematic reviews, abstracts of systematic reviews, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry (CCTR), a database of more than 224,000 controlled clinical trials. EBM acceptance in the specialty of dermatology has been slow and reluctant (e.g., a systematic review has never been presented at an American Academy of Dermatology annual meeting). The term and principles are understood by few and misunderstood by many. EBM is perceived as an attempt to cut cost, impose rigid standards of care, and restrict dermatologists' freedom to exercise individual judgment. Practicing EBM in dermatology is hampered by lack of sufficient data in many areas, perceived inadequacies of dermatologists to understand and practice its concepts, and difficulties in defining precisely clinical outcomes in dermatology. This article reviews the guiding principles and techniques of EBM and discusses the unique problems and potential benefits of EBM in dermatology.
On the nonlinear features of time-delayed feedback oscillators

Abstract An alternative approach to using phase plots, bifurcation diagrams, or Fourier analysis for characterizing the various responses displayed by time-delayed feedback oscillators of both autonomous and non-autonomous types is presented. The alternative employs the fundamental notion of instantaneous frequency to describe characteristics innate to periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions in response to varying positive feedback and forcing parameters. Simultaneous periodicity-modal aberrations are seen to precede the birth of new modes, which explicitly signifies the inception of bifurcation. Modes thus defined in the context of instantaneous frequency are obtained using a separation scheme referred to as the empirical mode decomposition and thus, by definition, they are also an orthogonal set of intrinsic monocomponents each retaining the physical features inherent to the motions being studied.
Spatial Variability of Erosion Rates Inferred from the Frequency Distribution of Cosmogenic 3He in Olivines from Hawaiian River Sediments

Abstract To constrain the spatial distribution of erosion rates in the Waimea river watershed, on the western side of the island of Kauai, Hawaii, we calculate the frequency distribution of cosmogenic 3He concentrations ([3He]c) from helium isotopic measurements in olivine grains from a single sample of river sediment. Helium measurements were made in 26 aliquots of ∼ 30 olivine grains each. The average [3He]c from the 26 aliquots was used to estimate a basin-wide average erosion rate of 0.056 mm/yr, a value that is similar to erosion rates obtained from geochemical analyses of river sediments from tectonically stable landforms. However, forward models of cosmogenic nuclide production and sediment generation rates are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the observed [3He]c frequency distribution is the result of a homogeneous, basin wide, erosion rate. Instead, a distribution of erosion rates, from ∼ 0 to 4 mm/yr, may account for the observed frequency distribution. The distribution of erosion rates can be modeled by both non-linear slope- and curvature-dependent erosion rates with power law exponents ranging from 2.0 to 2.5. However, the spatial distribution of cosmogenic nuclides for slope- and curvature-dependent erosion rates are distinct, and we propose strategies to test further the extent to which erosion rates are controlled by the macroscale topographic features. These results demonstrate that the observed frequency distribution of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in river sediments, combined with numerical modeling of erosion rates, can provide constraints on both the spatial variability of erosion rates in a drainage basin and the form of parameterized erosion laws.
Host selection by a mycophagous fly and its impact on fly survival

Epichloe fungi interact with Botanophila flies in a co-evolved mutualism that appears to be analogous to angiosperm pollinator-parasite systems. Female flies act as vectors of fungal spores as they lay eggs on the fungi which grow within and on grass stems. To understand selective pressures operating on choice of host fungi by flies, we monitored the interaction of two species of Epichloe with Botanophila at two sites in southern England. At one site (Ashurst), the hosts Epichloe clarkii and Epichloe baconii co-occurred, while at a second site (Farm Gate), only E. clarkii was present. Flies ovipositing on E. baconii showed preferences for large, somewhat isolated fungi occurring within small clumps of grass. Flies ovipositing on E. clarkii at the Ashurst site did not select hosts based on any physical features of fungi that we measured. However, flies ovipositing on E. clarkii at the Farm Gate site tended to prefer large fungi that occurred within small clumps of grass. Fungal characteristics preferred by the flies showed no correlation with egg/larval survivorship. Insect survival on E. clarkii varied between sites and was related to differences in egg dispersion among fungi at the two sites. The absence of an alternate host (E. baconii) was associated with greater aggregation of eggs on E. clarkii at the Farm Gate site and these insects experienced higher levels of mortality at this compared to the other site.
East and Middle West

WE SEEM, TODAY, to be revaluating our national heritage in terms of world needs and perspectives, and, usually, in the name of liberalism. Our history texts, to be sure, now tend to display more tolerance of American radicalism than one can discover, let us say, in Oberholtzer; but the emphasis is surely less upon the positive qualities of the Molly Maguires, for instance (assuming, for the moment, that they were radicals), than upon the social and economic conditions which drove some of them to mayhem. In other words, there appears to be an effort in the making-and not only by historians-to define a liberal position with strength and substance: that will be neither a pretty appendage of a social conservatism, nor a petty foil to radicalism; and that can point the way to a more promising world than that which created the Mollys. The problem is to define our heritage. Harold Stassen, not long ago, urged us to export our concept of freedom. But what is it? There appears to be a general belief that it is equivalent to liberalism. But what is liberal? The New York Herald Tribune made a commendable attempt to determine its meaning, and threw open its columns to interested readers. The replies, though numerous, and including correspondence from wellknown persons, were remarkably thin. The two most interesting responses were neither by historians nor political scientists: one was a poem, and the other a brief definition: "A liberal is a radical with a wife and two children."' The newspaper even assigned a reporter to interview a variety
Towards a Political Economy of Hemispheric Relations A Structural and Historical Sketch

Conceptual frameworks on inter-American relations based on conservative ‘realism’ and liberal ‘complex interdependency’ have lacked a capacity to explain and understand – and above all, predict – the dynamics in regional interactions. A common epistemological and ideological problem emerges from a distinctly ethnocentric perspective. This essay attempts to bridge this analytical gap by presenting a systemic, historical and structural model for policy analysis, looking at policy-making and coalition building in the hemisphere (the Americas) as a whole. It examines transnational alliances and conflict-management modes around two fundamental policy options, ‘Pentagonism’ and ‘Trilateralism’ and the effects on inter- and intra-coalition conflict for the region.
Perspective on reconstruction after mastectomy.

Abstract Background: We sought to evaluate the factors influencing our patients to receive or forego reconstruction after mastectomy and their subsequent satisfaction with their decision. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 819 patients who underwent mastectomy from 1994 to 1998 in a community-based health system. Results: Response rate was 50% (408 of 819). Overall, 92% (n = 243) of women who did not have reconstruction and 89% (n = 152) of women who did proceed with reconstruction were happy with their decision. Fifty-five (17%) respondents were not offered reconstruction. For this group, age was a significant factor as 64% of them were 60 years or older ( P Conclusion: Ninety percent of patients adjust well to mastectomy whether or not they receive reconstruction if they make informed decisions with realistic expectations. Surgeons should offer reconstruction to women of all ages although patients over 60 years old are less likely to proceed with and complete reconstruction.
A 3-D method for autonomously controlling multiple spacecraft orbits

The need for innovative technical approaches for achieving and maintaining formations of spacecraft has come to the forefront as scientific objectives for Earth observation programs become more ambitious and spacecraft become more autonomous. The trend to develop small low-cost spacecraft has led many scientists to recognize the advantage of flying several spacecraft in formation to achieve the correlated instrument measurements formerly possible only by flying many instruments on a single large platform. Yet, formation flying imposes additional complications on orbit maintenance, especially when each spacecraft has its own orbit requirements. Advances in automation and technology by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) allow the burden in manoeuvre planning and execution to be placed onboard the spacecraft, mitigating some of the associated operational concerns while increasing autonomy. This paper presents GSFC's Guidance, Navigation, and Control Center's (GNCC) 3-D operational control theory for formation maintenance of multiple Low Earth Orbit (LEO) spacecraft and an algorithm for formation flying of the low earth orbiting spacecraft that are part of the New Millennium Program (NMP). This system will be implemented as a closed-loop flight code onboard the NMP Earth Orbiter-1 (EO-1) spacecraft. This paper describes the orbital dynamics necessary to quantify proposed methods for the guidance and control of spacecraft required to fly in formation with either a reference spacecraft or a predicted orbit. Simulation results from an integrated autonomous "fuzzy logic" control system called AutoCon/sup TM/ are presented which use an autonomous closed-loop three-axis navigation control system.
Prions in Saccharomyces and Podospora spp.: protein-based inheritance.

Genetic evidence showed two non-Mendelian genetic elements of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, called [URE3] and [PSI], to be prions of Ure2p and Sup35p, respectively. [URE3] makes cells derepressed for nitrogen catabolism, while [PSI] elevates the efficiency of weak suppressor tRNAs. The same approach led to identification of the non-Mendelian element [Het-s] of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, as a prion of the het-s protein. The prion form of the het-s protein is required for heterokaryon incompatibility, a normal fungal function, suggesting that other normal cellular functions may be controlled by prions. [URE3] and [PSI] involve a self-propagating aggregation of Ure2p and Sup35p, respectively. In vitro, Ure2p and Sup35p form amyloid, a filamentous protein structure, high in β-sheet with a characteristic green birefringent staining by the dye Congo Red. Amyloid deposits are a cardinal feature of Alzheimer’s disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and many other diseases. The prion domain of Ure2p consists of Asn-rich residues 1 to 80, but two nonoverlapping fragments of the molecule can, when overproduced, induce the de nova appearance of [URE3]. The prion domain of Sup35 consists of residues 1 to 114, also rich in Asn and Gln residues. While runs of Asn and Gln are important for [URE3] and [PSI], no such structures are found in PrP or the Het-s protein. Either elevated or depressed levels of the chaperone Hsp104 interfere with propagation of [PSI]. Both [URE3] and [PSI] are cured by growth of cells in millimolar guanidine HCl. [URE3] is also cured by overexpression of fragments of Ure2p or fusion proteins including parts of Ure2p.
Families, Resources, and Adult Health Where Do Sexual Minorities Fit?

Extensive research documents the relevance of families and socioeconomic resources to health. This article extends that research to sexual minorities, using 12 years of the National Health Interview Survey (N = 460,459) to examine self-evaluations of health among male and female adults living in same-sex and different-sex relationships. Adjusting for socioeconomic status eliminates differences between same- and different-sex cohabitors so that they have similarly higher odds of poor health relative to married persons. Results by gender reveal that the cohabitation disadvantage for health is more pronounced for different-sex cohabiting women than for men, but little difference exists between same-sex cohabiting men and women. Finally, the presence of children in the home is more protective for women's than men's health, but those protections are specific to married women. In all, the results elucidate the importance of relationship type, gender, and the presence of children when evaluating health.
A phase I trial of liposomal doxorubicin, paclitaxel and valspodar (PSC-833), an inhibitor of multidrug resistance

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine (i) the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of liposomal doxorubicin (L-DOX) and paclitaxel (DP), (ii) the MTD of DP plus valspodar (DPV) and (iii) pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions of valspodar with L-DOX and paclitaxel. Methods: Twenty-three patients with metastatic cancers received DP, followed 4 weeks later by DPV. Dose levels of DP were (mg/m2 for L-DOX/paclitaxel): 30/135 (n = 7), 30/150 (n = 4), 35/150 (n = 8) and 40/150 (n = 4). Dose levels of DPV were 15/70 (n = 10) and 15/60 (n = 10). Serial, paired PK studies were performed. Results: The MTD of DP was 40/150. For DPV at 15/70, five of 10 patients experienced grade 4 neutropenia. In the next cohort, a reduced dose of 15/60 was well tolerated. Valspodar produced reversible grade 3 ataxia in seven patients, requiring dose reduction from 5 to 4 mg/kg. Paired PK studies indicated no interaction between L-DOX and valspodar, and a 49% increase in the median half-life of paclitaxel. Two partial and one minor remissions were noted. Conclusions: The use of valspodar necessitated dose reductions of DP, with neutropenia being dose limiting. Valspodar PK interactions were observed with paclitaxel but not L-DOX.
Radiofrequency ablation of regional recurrence from well-differentiated thyroid malignancy.

Abstract Background. Regional recurrence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WTC) is primarily detected with ultrasonography (US), and current treatment is surgical. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been used primarily for liver tumors as an alternative to a surgical procedure. We have applied RFA to a group of patients with locally recurrent WTC. Methods. Eight patients underwent percutaneous RFA for biopsy-proven recurrent WTC in the neck (mean size, 2.4 cm; range, 0.8-4.0 cm) while under intravenous conscious sedation and with US guidance. The RF electrode was inserted into the site of recurrence and treated with the maximum allowable current for between 2 and 12 minutes. Follow-up consisted of US in 8 patients, thyroglobulin levels in 6 patients, biopsy in 4 patients, and surgical treatment in 2 patients. Results. All 8 patients with no bleeding or infectious complications were treated as outpatients. A minor skin burn and 1 vocal cord paralysis occurred. No recurrent disease at the treatment site was detected, with a mean follow-up of 10.3 months. Histological examination showed no evidence of a tumor in the treated lymph nodes in 6 patients. Follow-up US examinations showed disappearance of previously detected color Doppler flow, as well as mass shrinkage and internal cystic change, or both. Conclusions. US-guided RFA is an exciting new treatment modality that appears to have a future role in treating locally recurrent WTC. (Surgery 2001;130:971-7.)
Linkage of Plasma Membrane Proteins with the Membrane Skeleton: Insights into Functions in Polarized Epithelial Cells

Interactions between integral membrane proteins and components of the cytoskeleton, termed the membrane skeleton, are thought to be important in many cellular functions in a wide variety of cell types (Bennett, 1990, Nelson, et al., 1990). A limited number of the proteins involved in these interactions have been identified and characterized, including: interactions between the actin-based cytoskeleton and cell-cell (Ozawa, et al., 1990, Takeichi, 1991, Nelson, et al., 1990, McCrea and Gumbiner, 1991) and cell-substratum adhesion proteins (Burridge, et al., 1988), and ion transport proteins (Nelson and Veshnock, 1987, Morrow, et al., 1989, Srinivasan, et al., 1988). These interactions may be important in restricting protein distributions in the plane of the lipid bilayer, regulating the assembly of protein complexes, and modulating the response of cells to their external environment. Although the identity of membrane proteins that interact with the cytoskeleton is limited at present, detailed analyses of those interactions are providing insight into functions of the membrane skeleton complex.
A stochastic control approach to avoiding emergency department overcrowding

Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding is a common problem in hospitals in the United States. Presenting a barrier to safe delivery of healthcare, hospitals address ED overcrowding by diverting ambulances to the nearest available facility, leading to delays in healthcare delivery and losses in revenue. Control policies on hospital resources could greatly improve healthcare delivery by preventing overcrowding and ambulance diversion. In this paper, we use Petri-nets (PNs) to model patient and resource flow in a hospital system. Simulating these PNs, we can observe changes in the availability of resources over time and obtain a stochastic differential equation (SDE) which models the hospitals proximity to entering a divert state (in a Euclidean sense). Likening the resource allocation problem to a stochastic control problem, we derive the related free-boundary problem. The solution of this problem is the optimal control policy that dictates when and how many resources should be added or removed.
Work in progress - distance learning: the path to lifelong education

At the University of Virginia, the School of Engineering and Applied Science established a formal distance-learning program in 1983. Both of us have been teaching in this program for nearly 20 years. Between us we have taught five distinct types of courses, most through multiple iterations. In this paper, we describe our uses of information technology to enhance the learning environment for our students including solids modeling, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and statistics and data visualization. We then reflect on the distance learning experience from both the professor's and student perspectives.
Fine-Grained Message Pipelining for Improved MPI Performance

By its nature, MPI leads to coarse grained communications. This is because all current MPI implementations deliver two orders of magnitude more bandwidth for large message sizes (kilobytes) than small message sizes (bytes). This translates into applications that bundle their small communications into larger communications whenever possible. In modern implementations, this sacrifice in the granularity of communication translates directly into a sacrifice in the granularity of synchronization. MPI requires that the entire message arrive before any of the data can be delivered to the application, because message completion is the only synchronization semantic the network can expose to the processor. This paper explores the implications of providing synchronization between the network and the processor at the memory word level using a mechanism such as Full/Empty Bits. This enables the application to begin computing as soon as the data for the first memory referenced has arrived without having to wait for all of the data in the message.
Effects of land‐cover changes on the hydrological response of interior Columbia River basin forested catchments

The topographically explicit distributed hydrology–soil–vegetation model (DHSVM) is used to simulate hydrological effects of changes in land cover for four catchments, ranging from 27 to 1033 km 2 , within the Columbia River basin. Surface fluxes (stream flow and evapotranspiration) and state variables (soil moisture and snow water equivalent) corresponding to historical (1900) and current (1990) vegetation are compared. In addition a sensitivity analysis, where the catchments are covered entirely by conifers at different maturity stages, was conducted. In general, lower leaf-area index (LAI) resulted in higher snow water equivalent, more stream flow and less evapotranspiration. Comparisons with the macroscale variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model, which parameterizes, rather than explicitly represents, topographic effects, show that runoff predicted by DHSVM is more sensitive to land-cover changes than is runoff predicted by VIC. This is explained by model differences in soil parameters and evapotranspiration calculations, and by the more explicit representation of saturation excess in DHSVM and its higher sensitivity to LAI changes in the calculation of evapotranspiration. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil Moisture Controls the Denitrification Loss of Urea Nitrogen from Silty Clay Soil

Relative control of soil moisture [30, 60, and 80 percent water-holding capacity (WHC)] on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Fargo-Ryan soil, treated with urea at 0, 150, and 250 kg N ha−1 with and without nitrapyrin [2-chloro-(6-trichloromethyl) pyridine] (NP), was measured under laboratory condition for 140 days. Soil N2O emissions significantly increased with increasing nitrogen (N) rates and WHC levels. Urea applied at 250 kg N ha−1 produced the greatest cumulative N2O emissions and averaged 560, 3919, and 15894 µg kg−1 at 30, 60, and 80 percent WHC, respectively. At WHC ≤ 60 percent, addition of NP to urea significantly reduced N2O losses by 2.6- to 4.8-fold. Additions of NP to urea reduced N2O emission at rates similar to the control (0 N) until 48 days for 30 percent WHC and 35 days for 60 and 80 percent WHC. These results can help devise urea-N fertilizer management strategies in reducing N2O emissions from silty-clay soils.
A new universal and fault-tolerant quantum basis

A novel universal and fault-tolerant basis (set of gates) for quantum computation is described. Such a set is necessary to perform quantum computation in a realistic noisy environment. The new basis consists only of two single-qubit gates (Hadamard and 1=4 z ), and one two-qubit gate (Controlled-NOT). Moreover, a new general method for fault-tolerant implementation of quantum gates like Toffoli is introduced. This method is a generalization of the methods suggested by Shor (Proc. FOCS’96, 1996, p. 56) and later by Knill et al. (Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 454 (1998) 365). © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Modeling and Social Skills Training

In this chapter we shall examine two techniques that are largely derived from the principles of observational learning: modeling and social skills training. Both techniques have been utilized in the acquisition and facilitation of adaptive behaviors and in the reduction and elimination of maladaptive ones. In this chapter, we shall illustrate their utilization in the treatment of fear, social withdrawal, and aggression.
Measuring the Economic Costs of Schizophrenia

This article reviews recent data on the cost of mental illness and schizophrenia in the United States, comparing figures for 1985 with data from 1955. The rate of increase in all categories of direct costs has exceeded growth in other health care expenditures. Several major issues in measuring the economic cost of schizophrenia and mental illness are important both from the perspective of costs involved and from the perspective of policy. Two of these are discussed: costs to families with a mentally ill family member and costs of publicly owned capital facilities. Correct accounting for these costs is important for making decisions about the relative cost-effectiveness of community-based and hospital-based treatment programs.
Traditional and feminist organizational communication ethical analyses of messages and issues surrounding an actual job loss case

Abstract The difficulties of studying organizational communication ethics often deter researchers and practitioners from addressing ethics in the workplace. In this article, we present an actual job loss case then analyze it from both traditional and feminist organizational communication ethics approaches. Although Redding's (1996) classification of unethical messages offers a useful starting point for ethical analyses, our discussion displays the ways in which his system is incomplete and aligned with managerial biases. We develop a feminist organizational communication ethical approach by adapting Steiner's (1997) broad outline of feminist ethical concerns to messages and message‐related practices. By contrasting these two ethical systems, we offer a more coherent and illuminating framework for problematic issues and future courses of action.
Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation of Spleen in a 3-year-old Child.

Background Reports of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation in the pediatric population are rare.
Evaluation Algorithms for Event Nugget Detection : A Pilot Study

Event Mention detection is the first step in textual event understanding. Proper evaluation is important for modern natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we present our evaluation algorithm and results during the Event Mention Evaluation pilot study. We analyze the problems of evaluating multiple event mention attributes and discontinuous event mention spans. In addition, we identify a few limitations in the evaluation algorithm used for the pilot task and propose some potential improvements.
Structure–function analysis of myomaker domains required for myoblast fusion

During skeletal muscle development, myoblasts fuse to form multinucleated myofibers. Myomaker [Transmembrane protein 8c (TMEM8c)] is a muscle-specific protein that is essential for myoblast fusion and sufficient to promote fusion of fibroblasts with muscle cells; however, the structure and biochemical properties of this membrane protein have not been explored. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis to disrupt myomaker expression in the C2C12 muscle cell line, which resulted in complete blockade to fusion. To define the functional domains of myomaker required to direct fusion, we established a heterologous cell-cell fusion system, in which fibroblasts expressing mutant versions of myomaker were mixed with WT myoblasts. Our data indicate that the majority of myomaker is embedded in the plasma membrane with seven membrane-spanning regions and a required intracellular C-terminal tail. We show that myomaker function is conserved in other mammalian orthologs; however, related family members (TMEM8a and TMEM8b) do not exhibit fusogenic activity. These findings represent an important step toward deciphering the cellular components and mechanisms that control myoblast fusion and muscle formation.
STIRAP preparation of a coherent superposition of ThO $H^3\Delta_1$ states for an improved electron EDM measurement

A quantum-state preparation scheme is demonstrated for the next generation ACME experiment searching for the electron electric dipole moment in ThO molecules, where the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage technique, together with other experimental improvements, brings in at least a 75 times increase in combined preparation and detection efficiency of the molecules in the target state.
Response of a Sympathetic Ganglion to High Frequency Stimulation.

If a preganglionic mammalian nerve is stimulated at a low frequency, each volley of impulses initiates a fairly well synchronized discharge in the postganglionic nerve.1 When the rate of stimulation is increased to 30 or 40 per second there is a progressive decrease in the height of the postganglionic spike potential. This apparent failure in the capacity of the ganglion to transmit impulses at a high frequency is a property of the synapse which must be taken into consideration in the formulation of any theory which attempts to explain the mechanism of synaptic transmission.All of our experiments were performed on cats in a room maintained at close to body temperature. The pregaglionic fibers in the third or fourth thoracic root were stimulated by means of a thyra-tron stimulator and the impulse discharge from the stellate ganglion was recorded in the inferior cardiac nerve.The effect which we are considering can be demonstrated by stimulating the preganglionic nerve at a frequency of about 60 per second....
Screening for minor changes in the distal part of the human dystrophin gene in Greek DMD/BMD patients

Screening for minor changes in the distal part of the human dystrophin gene in Greek DMD/BMD patients
Beyond binaries: Conservative Catholic visions and real estate in Ave Maria, FL

Ave Maria is a New Urban university town in rural southwest Florida that embodies a conservative Catholic world view. The way it responded to the recent housing market crash is a good example of how negotiations between religious and non-religious spheres are constantly spatialising new, and reinterpreting existing, values, landscapes and practices. At times, the outcome of these dynamics clearly articulates distinctions between religious and non-religious domains. However, there are also circumstances where the difference between religious and non-religious domains is a matter of degree rather than a binary. In Ave Maria, planned ‘religicity’ and its interplay with non-religious forces result in varying gradients of spatial sacralisation. This paper shows that planned religious developments ultimately rework the concept of belief in ways that cannot be fully controlled, open up new possibilities for spiritual practice and broaden the identification of influential agencies at work in the construction of u...
Jaundice and liver disease in infancy and childhood.

Nonobstructive jaundice in the neonate is “physiologic” in most cases. Operative cholangiography for the purpose of differentiating between neonatal hepatitis and atresia of the bile ducts as causes of obstructive jaundice in the neonate is best postponed until the infant is three to four months old. Infectious hepatitis is the most common hepatic disease in older infants and children.
CADD score has limited clinical validity for the identification of pathogenic variants in noncoding regions in a hereditary cancer panel.

Several in silico tools have been shown to have reasonable research sensitivity and specificity for classifying sequence variants in coding regions. The recently developed combined annotation-dependent depletion (CADD) method generates predictive scores for single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in all areas of the genome, including noncoding regions. We sought for non-coding variants to determine the clinical validity of common CADD scores. We evaluated 12,391 unique SNVs in 624 patient samples submitted for germ-line mutation testing in a cancer-related gene panel. Stratifying by genomic region, we compared the distributions of CADD scores of rare SNVs, SNVs common in our patient population, and the null distribution of all possible SNVs. The median CADD scores of intronic and nonsynonymous variants were significantly different between rare and common SNVs (P < 0.0001). Despite these different distributions, no individual variants could be identified as plausibly causative among the rare intronic variants with the highest scores. The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) for noncoding variants is modest, and the positive predictive value of CADD for intronic variants in panel testing was found to be 0.088. Focused in silico scoring systems with much higher predictive value will be necessary for clinical genomic applications. Genet Med 18 12, 1269–1275.
Effects of vitamin E-modified dialysis membrane on lipid for haemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the effects of vitamin E-modified dialysis membrane on lipid for patients on haemodialysis. Methods In our study, 40 patients on maintenance haemodialysis were divided into two groups randomly. Patients in group A (n=20) received haemodialysis with VitE-modified membrane; patients in group B(n=20) received haemodialysis merely with conventional dialyzers for a period of four weeks. Blood samples were collected prior to the first and thirteenth dialysis sessions to determine the concentrations of malonylaldehyde (MDA) and vitamin E in plasma and red blood cells (RBC), and of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCH), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), lipoprotein A [Lp(a)], apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) in plasma. Results In group A, as compared with the parameters at the initiation of the study, it was demonstrated that there was significant increase in Vit E in both plasma (P=0.003) and RBC (P=0.032), and obvious decline in MDA in both plasma (P=0.043) and RBC (P=0.033); it was also demonstrated that there was no marked changes in TC, TG, LDL and HDL, but obvious decline in Lp(a) (P=0.049) and ApoB (P=0.040) and significant increase in ApoA1(P=0.027). In Group B, there was, however, no significant changes detected at all in all the relevant parameters upon conclusion of the study. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that Vit E-modified membrane may have anti-oxidant effects on haemodialysis patients, and exhibit an advantage in improving lipoprotein metabolism, conducive to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
THE SIMULTANEITY OF TWO PREPOSITION PHRASE BETWEEN SUBJECT AND PREDICATE IN LIANYUAN DIALEET’S ACTIVE VOICE

In Lianyuan Dialect ’s Active Voice,there are many preposition phrases between Subject and Predicate.The other preposition phrases which are simultaneous with the treatment preposition phrase should abide by the semantic meaning rules and be restricted by some factors.
The evaluation of family practice residents: a national survey.

BACKGROUND There is a significant lack of information regarding the evaluation of family practice residents. METHODS A questionnaire was sent to all 397 family practice residency directors in the United States to determine the methods used in evaluating family practice residents. RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of residency directors returned the survey. Family practice faculty are involved in the majority of resident evaluations and are trained in the evaluation process in 46% of the programs. The most common evaluation method was a written form completed in 99% of the programs for inpatient evaluations and in 67% for outpatient evaluations. The evaluation forms were five years or older in 30% of the programs and were rotation specific in 40% of the programs. Other evaluation methods included videotaping, peer and self-evaluations, and structured clinical examinations. CONCLUSIONS Faculty development in evaluation performance is strongly encouraged. Written evaluation forms are used extensively, but the quality of these forms remains unknown. Further investigations into appropriate family practice evaluation methods are recommended.
Effect of Queen Cell Construction on the Rate of Invasion of Honeybee Brood Cells by Varroa Jacobsoni

SummaryIn 6 honeybee colonies, the number of Varroa jacobsoni mites leaving adult bees and entering brood cells increased after queen cell construction. The number of mites per cell was greater on comb sides with queen cells than in other parts of the brood nest.
Median and ulnar nerve suture. An experimental study comparing primary and secondary repair in monkeys.

There is a rather uniform opinion that under conditions of warfare secondary nerve suture gives the best return of motor and sensory function.In civilian life, where the types of trauma and the availability of medical care differ from those in warfare, there is difference of opinion as to whether pr
Final Report on DTRA Basic Research Project #BRCALL08-Per3-C-2-0006 "High-Z Non-Equilibrium Physics and Bright X-ray Sources with New Laser Targets"

This project had two major goals. Final Goal: obtain spectrally resolved, absolutely calibrated x-ray emission data from uniquely uniform mm-scale near-critical-density high-Z plasmas not in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) to benchmark modern detailed atomic physics models. Scientific significance: advance understanding of non-LTE atomic physics. Intermediate Goal: develop new nano-fabrication techniques to make suitable laser targets that form the required highly uniform non-LTE plasmas when illuminated by high-intensity laser light. Scientific significance: advance understanding of nano-science. The new knowledge will allow us to make x-ray sources that are bright at the photon energies of most interest for testing radiation hardening technologies, the spectral energy range where current x-ray sources are weak. All project goals were met.
Case Report: Dominantly Inherited Childhood Gigantism Resembling Sotos’ Syndrome

ABSTRACT Excessive growth in infancy and onset of puberty at age four was observed in a boy with features resembling Sotos syndrome. Early development of secondary sexual characteristics and advanced osseous maturation were observed. The family history was significant; excessive weight gain tended to occur in female family members in association with rapid growth in infancy and childhood. A delayed insulin response to glucose was observed in both mother and sister, and diabetes developed during his mother’s gestation. These observations suggest that undetermined factors associated with excessive growth may be inherited as a dominant trait with variable expression.
The Enormity of the Damage Done by the Climate Change Disinformation Campaign as the World Struggles to Implement the Paris Agreement

This chapter explains the enormous damage to people around the world and ecological systems on which hundreds of millions depend caused by a climate change disinformation campaign which has successfully blocked government action to reduce the threat of climate change for almost 50 years in the United States and several other developed countries. This damage is most notable in light of the staggering challenge to the world of limiting future warming to non-catastrophic levels as the international community strives to implement the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC 2015) which was concluded at the twenty-first Conference of the Parties (COP-21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 1992) in December, 2015.
Surgical treatment of resistant hypertension after the operation of huge retroperitoneal teratoma: a case report and literature review

Objective To summarize the treatment strategies of resistant hypertension after operation of huge retroperitoneal teratoma and conduct a literature review to boost the awareness and management of pediatric renovascular hypertension. Methods The clinical data were collected for a 4-month-22-day-old child undergoing left side nephrectomy for resistant hypertension at Day 9 after operation of huge retroperitoneal teratoma. The clinical characteristics of pediatric renovascular hypertension were summarized and the experiences of diagnosis and treatment reviewed through both English and Chinese literature reports by searching the databases of Chinese Hownet (CNKI), Wanfang, Weipu, PubMed, SpringerLink and Google Scholar. Results The child had excellent postoperative recovery. The diagnosis of pediatric renovascular hypertension was pathologically confirmed. No hypertension recurred during a follow-up period of 6 months. A total of 364 cases of pediatric renovascular hypertension were retrieved. Two cases failed to respond to initial interventional therapy and underwent kidney excision. One case was not relieved. After anastomosing affected renal artery, the symptoms of hypertension gradually disappeared. During a postoperative follow-up period of 6 months to 12 years, all children were normotensive. Conclusions Pediatric renovascular hypertension is refractory to drug treatment. For different causes, treatment modalities vary. Resection of kidney should be the last resort when other treatments are ineffective. Key words: Hypertension, renal; Nephrectomy; Postoperative complications