cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Galanin receptors as novel drug targets for the treatment of depression and anxiety

The neuropeptide galanin and its three receptors are widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain, with highest levels in limbic brain nuclei. Galanin is co-localized with classical neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and the monoamines serotonin and noradrenaline. Behaviorally, the galaninergic system regulates numerous cognitive and affective behaviors that are essential for normal homeostasis. Recently, a large body of preclinical evidence suggests that galanin and its receptors represent putative targets for the development of novel anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, which we describe in detail in the current review. Studies of galanin receptor knockout mice indicate a role for both the galanin receptor type 1 (GalR1) and GalR2 in mouse models of anxiety. We have previously demonstrated that levels of galanin mRNA are increased in limbic brain nuclei after different modalities of antidepressant treatment in rats, whereas the behavioral effects of a subchronic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor can be reversed by the galanin receptor antagonist M40. Furthermore, the systemically active GalR1/GalR2 agonists, galnon and galmic, display antidepressant-like effects in the rat forced swim test. Initial results with a selective GalR3 antagonist indicate similar antidepressant-like effects in both rat and mouse preclinical screens. These promising results warrant further study of the galaninergic system as a novel substrate for the development of both anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Drug Dev. Res. 65:227–236, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
South Africa and World War I

(1979). South Africa and World War I. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 8, The First British Commonwealth, pp. 68-85.
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces antigen-specific unresponsiveness in naive T cells.

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a cytokine with complex immunomodulatory effects including the ability to inhibit the onset or seventy of autoimmune disease. This study was designed to test the possibility that one mechanism by which TGF-β1 exerts its immunosuppressive effects is by inducing antigen (Ag)-specific unresponsiveness in CD4+ cells. TGF-β1 was shown here to inhibit the Ag-specific proliferation of naive CD4+ cells from T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. More importantly, the naive CD4+ cells exposed to TGF-β1 and Ag, but not to TGF-β1 alone, in primary cultures were unable to proliferate or secrete IL-2 in response to a subsequent Ag challenge following removal of TGF-β1 from the cultures. Anti-CD28 mAb partially blocked the Ag-specific inactivation induced by TGF-β1 in naive CD4+ cells. The inhibitory effects of TGF-β1 on CD4+ cells are not mediated by alterations in APC costimulation since TGF-β1 did not inhibit the Ag-induced expression of MHC class II molecules, CD80 or CD86 ...
Raman Spectroscopy of Monolayers Formed from Chromate Corrosion Inhibitor on Copper Surfaces

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was used to observe interactions of dilute Cr VI solutions with silver and copper surfaces in situ. Using silver as a model surface which supports strong SERS with a 514.5 nm laser, it was possible to observe Cr III at the near monolayer level, and the spectra were compared to those from Cr III oxyhydroxide species and Cr III /Cr VI mixed oxide. Similar experiments were conducted with Cu surfaces and 785 nm excitation. Upon exposure to Cr VI solution, the characteristic Cu oxide Raman bands disappeared, and a Cr III band increased in intensity over a period of ∼20 h. The intensity of the Cr III band on Cu became self-limiting after the formation of several Cr III monolayers, as supported by chronoamperometry experiments. This Cr III spectrum was stable after Cr VI was removed from the solution provided the potential remained negative of -200 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. The results support the conclusion that Cr VI is reductively adsorbed to Cu at the near neutral pH and open circuit potentials expected for Cu/Al alloys in field applications. The Cr III film is stable and is a strong inhibitor of electron transfer in general and oxygen reduction in particular. An important mechanistic feature of Cr III formation is the substitution lability of Cr VI compared to Cr III . The Cr VI -O bond can be broken much more rapidly than the substitution inert Cr III -O bond, making formation of Cr III /Cr VI mixed oxide kinetically favorable. Once reduced to Cr III , however, the substitution inert oxyhydroxide film is much less labile. An important and central feature of Cr VI as a corrosion inhibitor is its transformation via reductive adsorption from a mobile, substitution labile Cr VI form to an insoluble, substitution inert Cr III oxyhydroxide. Furthermore, Cr VI reduction is likely to occur at cathodic sites previously responsible for oxygen reduction, which are then permanently blocked by a stable Cr III film with a thickness of a few monolayers.
Pulses of prolactin before, during, and after luteolysis and synchrony with pulses of a metabolite of prostaglandin F2α in heifers.

Abstract Pulses of prolactin (PRL) and a metabolite of prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) were determined from hourly blood samples collected before, during, and after luteolysis (n = 7 heifers). Progesterone concentrations were used to partition the results into six 12-h sets from 12 h before to 36 h after luteolysis. Pulses of PRL with a nadir-to-nadir interval of 4.4 ± 0.2 h were detected in each 12-h set. Pulses were rhythmic (P
Follicle-stimulating hormone responsiveness in antral follicles from aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout mice

Previous studies have demonstrated that pre-pubertal aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout (AHRKO) mice have slow antral follicle growth and reduced capacity to produce estradiol compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Although previous studies have suggested that this is likely due to a reduced ability of the AHRKO follicles to respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), this possibility was not directly tested. Thus, the goal of these studies was to test the hypothesis that low FSH responsiveness is responsible for the slow growth and reduced estradiol production observed in pre-pubertal AHRKO versus WT antral follicles. Antral follicles from WT and AHRKO mice were cultured with varying amounts of FSH (0–15 IU/mL) for up to 7 days, and subjected to measurements of growth, FSH receptor and steroidogenic regulator expression, sex steroid hormone levels, and inhibin beta-A expression. General linear models (GLM) for repeated measures were used to compare follicle diameters over time among treatments. If the global tests from GLM were significant, Tukey’s tests were used for pairwise comparisons. Remaining comparisons among groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The results indicate that FSH stimulated growth in both WT and AHRKO follicles, but that high levels of FSH (10–15 IU/mL) were required for AHRKO follicles to reach maximal growth, whereas lower levels of FSH (5 IU/mL) were required for WT follicles to reach maximal growth. Further, FSH stimulated expression of FSH receptor, steroidogenic factors, and inhibin beta-A as well as production of steroid hormones in both WT and AHRKO follicles, but the degree of stimulation differed betw een WT and AHRKO follicles. Interestingly, FSH treatment increased expression of FSH receptor, some steroidogenic regulators, inhibin beta-A, and steroid hormone production more in AHRKO follicles compared to WT follicles. Collectively, these data suggest that the slow growth, but not reduced steroidogenesis in AHRKO follicles, is due to their reduced ability to respond to FSH compared to WT follicles. These data also suggest that the AHR may contribute to the ability of FSH to stimulate proper follicle growth, but it may not contribute to FSH-induced steroidogenesis.
Die cracking in flip chip assemblies

Die cracking is one of the crucial issues that influences the reliability of flip chip assemblies. As the demand for inputs/outputs escalates, the die size required to handle these demands has also increased. This, in turn, has resulted in higher stresses in the die. Die cracking depends on a combination of several factors. These include back side defects induced in silicon during wafer fabrication, defects induced on the sides of the silicon die during the dicing process and properties of the encapsulant. In addition, die cracking may also occur due to inequalities in the forces that are applied on the package, for example, as a consequence of thermal loads. This paper discusses the different modes of die cracking seen in high end flip chip applications. The 'backside' defects introduced during wafer fabrication act as sites for stress concentration, thereby initiating vertical die cracking when the package is subjected to thermal loading. As the stresses required to cause vertical die cracking in flip chip applications are high, horizontal die cracking is more commonly witnessed. The relationship between the critical tensile stress required to cause vertical die cracking and the maximum allowable size of the surface defects is quantitatively stated. Factors that can help reduce the incidence of die cracking are discussed. These include an improved dicing process, a reduction of 'back side' defects, a reduction in the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the various constituents of a flip chip assembly, and a decrease in the warpage of the package.
Diagnostic and prognostic prediction models

Risk prediction models can be used to estimate the probability of either having (diagnostic model) or developing a particular disease or outcome (prognostic model). In clinical practice, these models are used to inform patients and guide therapeutic management. Examples from the field of venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) include the Wells rule for patients suspected of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and more recently prediction rules to estimate the risk of recurrence after a first episode of unprovoked VTE. In this paper, the three phases that are recommended before a prediction model may be used in daily practice are described: development, validation, and impact assessment. In the development phase, the focus is on model development commonly using a multivariable logistic (diagnostic) or survival (prognostic) regression analysis. The performance of the developed model is expressed by discrimination, calibration and (re-) classification. In the validation phase, the developed model is tested in a new set of patients using these same performance measures. This is important, as model performance is commonly poorer in a new set of patients, e.g. due to case-mix or domain differences. Finally, in the impact phase the ability of a prediction model to actually guide patient management is evaluated. Whereas in the development and validation phase single cohort designs are preferred, this last phase asks for comparative designs, ideally randomized designs; therapeutic management and outcomes after using the prediction model is compared to a control group not using the model (e.g. usual care).
B$sup 11$(d,n)C$sup 12$*$sub 4$.$sub 43$($gamma$-n) ANGULAR CORRELATIONS AT 0.94 AND 0.62 MeV

($\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}n$) angular correlations are reported for the ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}(d, n){{\mathrm{C}}^{12*}}_{4.43}$ reaction at incident deuteron energies of 1 MeV and 0.7 MeV. Correlations were measured with the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ detector perpendicular to the reaction plane and with the detector in the reaction plane. The latter were taken with the neutron detector at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Strong ${P}_{4}$ terms appear in the reaction plane corrections. This suggests either (1) the presence of compound nuclear effects in the reaction, or (2) a more complicated stripping situation than has previously been assumed for this reaction.
Effects of a developmental physical therapy program on oxygen saturation and heart rate in preterm infants.

To evaluate the physiologic responses of 14 preterm infants to physical therapy, pulse oximetry was used to measure the percentage of arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) and heart rate during baseline, intervention, and recovery phases. Treatment consisted of six one-minute activities that were equally divided between the side-lying and supported-sitting positions. The order of position and activities was randomly varied. A one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures revealed no significant changes in mean Sao2 as a function of the position or duration of intervention. Mean heart rate increased significantly as a result of intervention ( p < .0001), but there was no significant difference between the baseline and recovery phases. Further analysis indicated that the change in heart rate was not a function of duration of intervention. The results indicate that the preterm infants were able to tolerate the intervention without desaturation. The return of heart rate to baseline values during the recovery phase suggested a normal physiologic response to exercise. Despite some technical limitations, pulse oximetry is recommended to monitor preterm infants during physical therapy.
Product Positioning - What is it?

The term positioning as it applies to marketing is relatively new. Brown and Sims discuss the evolution of this term in marketing literature and they place positioning along with product differentiation and market segmentation. Product differentiation may be defined as taking a homogeneous marketing mix and through mass selling techniques, create in the mind of the buyer the idea that the mix is different. Market segmentation may be defined as creating a specific marketing mix for a certain segment of the market, based on that segment’s characteristics.
Collective Goods and Future International Collaboration

Certain institutional changes in the advanced industrial societies are said to be leading toward postindustrial, if not postmodern, forms of sociopolitical organization. Scientific and technological developments are usually seen as the generating forces of such change, a major dimension of which is thought to be a growing pre-occupation with goods and services which are produced and/or purchased communally.There exists a parallel phenomenon in the modern interstate system, namely, a growing incidence of joint production and joint regulation by states, much of it in scientific and technological fields. Factors both leading to and limiting such joint activities, and some consequences of different kinds of collective decision making and administrative arrangements for the interstate system, are here explored.It is an explicit aim of this inquiry, in addition, to avoid the evolutionary or functionalist assumptions informing much of the contemporary study of international organization. Instead, I argue that the processes of international organization are generated by how and why states choose from among alternate modes of performing tasks, both national and international, under varying conditions of possibilities and constraints. The bulk of the article develops and illustrates permutations of this basic posture.The analysis suggests a number of future modifications of the modern interstate system, and of the modern state as an actor in that system. But these modifications share little with the kinds of international arrangements and structures past theories have led us to expect.
A Laboratory Simulation of Parental Investment Decisions: The Role of Future Reproductive Opportunities and Quality of Offspring in Determining Levels of Parental Investment

Hagen's Defection Hypothesis (2002) predicts that a mother's age and the quality of her offspring are critical factors in determining her investment in her newborn. We tested this hypothesis using hamster races in which 113 college student participants received a hamster (“offspring”) and 10 poker chips (“resources”) to “invest” into the hamster based on information about the quality of the hamster and about the possibility of future races. Subjects invested the most in low quality offspring when they expected to run only one race and the least in low quality offspring when they expected more racing opportunities in the future. Offspring quality affected investment differently depending on the presence or absence of future investment opportunities and the sex of the subject. Overall, the results supported Hagen's model of parental investment and also suggest that parental investment may be explained by conscious as well as unconscious decision-making.
The Role of Residential Segregation in Explaining Racial Gaps in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity.

The present study used nationally representative data from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) merged with census-track data from the American Community Survey (ACS) to model race-ethnic disparities in overweight, obesity, and obesity-related disease among children and adolescents as a function of neighborhood race-ethnic segregation, socio-economic status, household size and structure, family history of obesity, and other important predictors. Results indicate that African American and Hispanic children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from obesity and obesity-related disease than their non-Hispanic White peers. We also found that race-ethnic segregation proxied by the Index of Dissimilarity has a strong and negative effect on the weight status and health outcomes mentioned above. Moreover, race-ethnic segregation appears to explain up to 20% of the difference between minority children and their non-Hispanic White peers in the prevalence rate of overweight, obesity, and obesity-relate...
Surveillance of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in Ma'anshan city,2010-2011

Objective To understand the contamination situation of food-borne pathogenic bacteria,and control food biological contamination.Methods Totally,496 samples were collected aseptically from 10 sorts of food in supermarkets(including shops),farmers' markets and food restaurants,according to the requirements set in the "Manual of National Food-borne Disease Surveillance".Ten kinds of pathogenic bacteria were detected.Results Of the 496 samples,24 strains of 4 food-borne pathogenic bacteria were isolated from samples of meats,restaurant food,quick-frozen cooked wheat or rice products,ready-to-eat non-fermented bean products,aquatic animal products,including Listeria monocytogenes,Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Of the 24 strains of food-borne pathogenic bacteria,62.50% were Listeria monocytogenes,and 29.17% were Staphylococcus aureus.The positive rate of pathogenic bacteria in meats reached 11.21%.Conclusion Meats and meat products pose a relatively high risk of food-borne disease.Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus are the high-risk pathogenic bacteria that caused food-borne disease.
Capturing a substrate in an activated RING E3/E2–SUMO complex

Post-translational protein modification by ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins such as small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) regulates processes including protein homeostasis, the DNA damage response, and the cell cycle. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is modified by Ub or poly-Ub at lysine (Lys)164 after DNA damage to recruit repair factors. Yeast PCNA is modified by SUMO on Lys164 and Lys127 during S-phase to recruit the anti-recombinogenic helicase Srs2. Lys164 modification requires specialized E2/E3 enzyme pairs for SUMO or Ub conjugation. For SUMO, Lys164 modification is strictly dependent on the E3 ligase Siz1, suggesting the E3 alters E2 specificity to promote Lys164 modification. The structural basis for substrate interactions in activated E3/E2–Ub/Ubl complexes remains unclear. Here we report an engineered E2 protein and cross-linking strategies that trap an E3/E2–Ubl/substrate complex for structure determination, illustrating how an E3 can bypass E2 specificity to force-feed a substrate lysine into the E2 active site.
Effect of friction stir processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-processed Mg4Y3Nd alloy

Abstract The development of advanced structural materials is dependent, among many factors, on the choice of manufacturing processes. Laser processing and friction stir processing (FSP) are two such advanced manufacturing processes. Individually, they have been studied quite extensively to understand their potential for developing high efficiency structures. However, there is no study describing the sequential integration of laser processing and FSP on microstructure and mechanical properties. The present study deals with FSP of the laser processed Mg 4Y 3Nd (WE43) alloy. The laser surface melting was carried out in air at 1800 W laser power, 30 mm/s laser speed, and 0.6 mm spot size on the surface using continuous wave Nd:YAG fiber laser followed by FSP of laser processed region at 500 rpm and 4 ipm. Scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy were carried out to understand microstructural evolution within the laser melted and friction stir processed regions. Mechanical properties were evaluated using uniaxial tensile testing at a strain-rate of 10 − 3 s − 1 . FSP led to significant improvement in strength and ductility of the laser processed material. An analysis of the strengthening mechanisms revealed that the dominant strengthening mechanism(s) in the WE43 alloy was dependent on the processing step.
Mobility enhancement and quantum mechanical modeling in Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ channel MOSFETs from 90 to 300 K

A peak hole inversion layer mobility of 290 cm/sup 2//V-s has been achieved at room temperature in Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ buried channel pMOSFETs. The peak mobility rises to 970 cm/sup 2//V-s at 90 K. This corresponds to a 50% enhancement in the effective mobility over Si control devices at room temperature and enhancements of over 100% at 90 K. The mobility of MOS-gated Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ buried channel transistors can be effectively modeled at room temperature by considering the dependence of the surface scattering on the average separation of carriers from the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface. The mobility for devices with a 75-AA and a 105-AA Si spacer layer was tested and accurately modeled at room temperature using parameters extracted from a Si control device. At low temperatures ( approximately 90 K) an additional scattering term must be included to better fit the data. It is suggested that this additional term could result from alloy scattering in the Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ channel. >
What's Ideal? A case study exploring handoff routines in practice.

Abstract Background Handoffs of care in the healthcare system between responsible providers have traditionally been conceptualized and studied at the point of patient transfer. Thus, clinical practice and associated information systems are designed with the concept of the handoff as a solitary event. This viewpoint does not consider the routine activities necessary for a successful handoff. We propose expanding the analysis of the handoff beyond the single point of transfer to include a routine of interrelated activities leading up to the transfer of responsibility. We used this expanded definition of handoffs to identify exceptions from standard practice as identified by ideal-type handoff routines. Method We used an ethnographic case method to study handoffs in an interventional cardiology unit in a Midwestern community hospital. This involved examining handoffs and their supporting routines. We conducted thematic analysis of the handoffs using NVivo, a qualitative software analysis program. These analyses include categorization of the types and causes of differences in practice and exceptions from ideal-type handoffs. Results Observed handoffs that took place within the clinical unit did not consistently align with the ideal-type routine, yet this variation did not necessarily lead to exceptions. However, for handoffs between clinical units, although more likely to follow the ideal-type routine, differences from the standardized routine more often led to exceptions. We found that problems with performing the routine activities leading up to the handoff and the context in which the handoff occurred affected whether the handoff was successful. Conclusions Considering the handoff as a routine rather than simply the point of transition gives broader insight about how care transitions function. Such consideration helps clinicians better understand how variations occur and how differences from ideal-type handoffs can lead to potential exceptions such as missing information. This analysis can be used to develop information systems that better support handoffs.
Format Aside: Applying Beall's Criteria to Assess the Predatory Nature of both OA and Non-OA Library and Information Science Journals

Jeffrey Beall’s blog listing of potential predatory journals and publishers, as well as his Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access (OA) Publishers are often looked at as tools to help researchers avoid publishing in predatory journals. While these Criteria has brought a greater awareness of OA predatory journals, these tools alone should not be used as the only source in determining the quality of a scholarly journal. Employing a three-person independent judgment making panel, this study demonstrates the subjective nature of Beall’s Criteria by applying his Criteria to both OA and non-OA Library and Information Science journals (LIS), to demonstrate that traditional peer-reviewed journals could be considered predatory. Many of these LIS journals are considered as top-tier publications in the field and used when evaluating researcher’s publication history for promotion and tenure.
Trump, Capitalism, and the Art of Branding

Trump rose to prominence in New York during the Reaganite ’80s as an embodiment of wild, entrepreneurial cowboy capitalism in an era of deregulation, the celebration of wealth, and the “greed is good” ethos of Wall Street, enabled by the Reagan administration.
A rare 'incidentaloma' found on low-dose CT screening for lung cancer: 'scanner beware'.

ABSTRACTScreening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been shown to reduce mortality and has been recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force for adults 55 to 80 years of age with a 30 pack-year smoking history who are either current smokers or those that quit within 15 years. However, the overwhelming majority of abnormalities detected are not from malignancy. We report a case of pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, here-to-fore thought of as extremely uncommon, and make readers aware that this may be increasingly found as LDCT is more widely adopted.
Superconductivity in quasi-one-dimensional BaNbS3

Abstract BaNbS 3 is a quasi-one-dimensional metal possessing Nb-Nb chains. Superconductivity was observed at the transition temperature T c = 0.89 K. Specific heat measurements reveal the bulk nature of the superconductivity, and an energy gap E g = 0.245(3) meV, which agrees well with BCS theory. The upper critical magnetic field was used to estimate the coherence lengths parallel ( ξ ∥ = 987(17) A) and perpendicular ( ξ ⊥ = 204(12) A) to the Nb-Nb chains. Despite the anisotropy evident through ξ ∥ / ξ ⊥ , the large magnitudes of each reveal that coherence extends over a large enough volume that superconductivity in BaNbS 3 can be viewed as isotropic on the scale of tens of Nb-Nb distances.
ANALYSIS OF THE DIASTOLIC PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP USING AN ELLIPSOIDAL REPRESENTATION OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of the diastolic pressure–volume relationship using an ellipsoidal representation of the left ventricle. It presents a time domain representation of the left ventricle. Previously, this model was used to analyze the isovolumic contraction phase and the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle. Results obtained from the simulation agreed with results from animal experiments. The chapter explores the properties of the model under conditions where the distributed strain in the ventricular wall was replaced by strain concentrated along a single surface within the myocardium. In the study described in the chapter, the left ventricle was modeled by two ellipses of revolution that represent the endocardial and epicardial surfaces of the chamber. The ellipsoids were truncated perpendicular to their long axis by a plane corresponding to the base of the left ventricle. The ellipsoids were approximated by a series of cylindrical shells. The model was tested utilizing 10 cylindrical segments. The stress in the walls of the cylindrical shells at end diastole was found from the end-diastolic pressure and end-diastolic configuration. The corresponding strain in the walls of the cylindrical shells was calculated from the stress–strain relationship of the model. As the assumed location of the strain is allowed to shift toward the epicardium, the results obtained from the model indicate that left ventricular internal pressure sensitivity to changes in chamber volume diminishes.
Parent perspectives on the clinician-client relationship in speech-language treatment for children

Few studies have explored clinician-client relationships in speech-language treatment for children, although evidence indicates that these relationships may be important. Parents play a unique role in clinician-client relationships and their views have yet to be considered in the speech-language pathology literature. This study explored parents' perspectives on the clinician-client relationship in speech-language treatment for children using both quantitative and qualitative information. An online survey collected responses from 159 parents with children enrolled in speech-language services. Respondents were asked to complete a rating of the clinician-client relationship, provide information on length of treatment and treatment setting, and respond to open-ended questions about what enhances the clinician-client relationship. Length of treatment was unrelated to the parent rating of the clinician-client relationship. However, ratings did vary by treatment setting; parents of children enrolled in treatment services in schools provided lower ratings than parents with children enrolled in other settings. Thematic analysis of parent views on what enhances the clinician-client relationship yielded four main themes: qualities of the speech-language pathologist (SLP), session characteristics, the child-SLP bond, and communication. The most frequent subthemes in the analysis related to characteristics of the sessions: the integration of play and fun, and a child-oriented approach to sessions. These results provide insight into the development of clinician-client relationships in children's speech-language treatment, with implications for both clinicians and researchers.
Dimethyl fumarate targets GAPDH and aerobic glycolysis to modulate immunity

Activated immune cells undergo a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis akin to the Warburg effect, thereby presenting a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune disease. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a derivative of the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate, is an immunomodulatory drug used to treat multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. Although its therapeutic mechanism remains uncertain, DMF covalently modifies cysteine residues in a process termed succination. We found that DMF succinates and inactivates the catalytic cysteine of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in mice and humans, both in vitro and in vivo. It thereby down-regulates aerobic glycolysis in activated myeloid and lymphoid cells, which mediates its anti-inflammatory effects. Our results provide mechanistic insight into immune modulation by DMF and represent a proof of concept that aerobic glycolysis is a therapeutic target in autoimmunity.
Discrete Dynamic Modeling of Cellular Signaling Networks

Understanding signal transduction in cellular systems is a central issue in systems biology. Numerous experiments from different laboratories generate an abundance of individual components and causal interactions mediating environmental and developmental signals. However, for many signal transduction systems there is insufficient information on the overall structure and the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling network. Moreover, lack of kinetic and temporal information makes it difficult to construct quantitative models of signal transduction pathways. Discrete dynamic modeling, combined with network analysis, provides an effective way to integrate fragmentary knowledge of regulatory interactions into a predictive mathematical model which is able to describe the time evolution of the system without the requirement for kinetic parameters. This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of discrete dynamic modeling, particularly focusing on Boolean dynamic models. We describe this method step-by-step in the context of cellular signaling networks. Several variants of Boolean dynamic models including threshold Boolean networks and piecewise linear systems are also covered, followed by two examples of successful application of discrete dynamic modeling in cell biology.
New Algebras from Old

In this chapter, we present several popular constructions for algebras, each one in a separate section. We introduce tilted algebras, trivial extensions, cluster-tilted algebras, triangular matrix algebras, and one-point extensions.
A Sex Steroid Receptor in the Water Mold Achlya ambisexualis

Publisher Summary Historically, studies designed to define the mechanism of action of steroid hormones have employed target tissues or cells obtained from a few types of vertebrates. However, these classical model systems represent only a fraction of the total number of known steroid responsive systems among the plant and animal kingdoms. Recent studies have revealed that some members of the kingdom Fungi possess steroid-binding proteins. One of these, Achlya ambisexualis, is the only known eukaryotic microorganism in which sexual reproduction is controlled by steroid hormones and has been under study in the laboratory. This chapter discusses the biochemical characterization of the fungal sex steroid receptors and presents evidence that supports the use of Achlya as a new model system for the study of the mechanism of action of steroid hormones in general. The study indicates that steroid hormone action in Achlya involves a mechanism that closely resembles that of steroids in higher eukaryotes. Therefore, Achlya provides a new model system with some unique advantages.
Skin, Melanocytic Neoplasms

There has been an explosion of molecular data on melanocytic neoplasms in recent years, emerging from studies utilizing a variety of methods that include whole genome or exome sequencing, targeted sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These data have greatly enhanced our understanding of melanocytic tumor biology and have resulted in new therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, the role for molecular diagnostic testing of melanocytic lesions remains undefined, and histopathological analysis remains of primary importance in the diagnosis and management of melanocytic neoplasms. This chapter presents the relevant molecular data and indications for its use as a diagnostic aid within the context of clinical and histopathologic findings.
A Bayesian randomized phase II study of guadecitabine (SGI-110) based regimens comparing guadecitabine 5 days (SGI5), 10 days (SGI10), 5 days + idarubicin (SGI5 + Ida), 5 days + cladribine (SGI5 + Clad), in untreated patients ≥ 70 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

7019Background: Guadecitabine is a next generation hypomethylating dinucleotide of decitabine and deoxyguanosine resistant to degradation by cytidine deaminase. This allows prolonged exposure of le...
Safety of Deep Sedation with General Anesthesia for Minor Invasive Procedures in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients

Background: Multiple invasive procedures are routinely performed in diagnosis and treatment of hematologic/oncologic diseases. Because these procedures are painful, they may cause stress and anxiety in patients and their parents. Especially in patients with malignancies, the repeating procedures can lead to psychiatric disorders like depression and post-traumatic stress disorders. Therefore, general anesthesia is recommended during these invasive procedures for pain control. Objectives: The goal of this study was to evaluate safety and outcome of deep sedation with general anesthesia in hematology/oncology patients during invasive interventions in pediatric outpatient sedation unit. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed records of 129 patients (59 girls and 70 boys) who had undergone 155 invasive procedures with general anesthesia. Patient demographics, reason of operations, anesthesia complications, duration of procedures, and time for recovery from anesthesia were recorded from anesthesia charts. Patients received ketamine (maximum dosage 2 mg/kg) plus midazolam, ketamine plus midazolam plus sevoflurane inhaler (sevoflurane inhaler was added when 2 mg/kg of ketamine was inadequate to obtain deep sedation) and sevoflurane inhaler in 140, 10 and 5 of operations, respectively. Results: Complications occurred in 31 (20%) of these operations. Majority of complications were mild and included post-op agitation, vomiting and local pain which occurred in 6, 5 and 4 of the operations, respectively. Only 2 patients developed severe complications (fall off the stretcher and bronchospasm) which did not lead to any long term morbidity. The complication rate did not differ according to the anesthetic drugs, reason of operations or patient demographics. Conclusions: In this group of patients, deep sedation with general anesthesia in an outpatient sedation unit, administered by trained professionals, was safe, quick, and effective for short-term invasive painful procedures.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of structurally diverse α-conformationally restricted chalcones and related analogues

Numerous members of the combretastatin and chalcone families of natural products function as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization through a binding interaction at the colchicine site on β-tubulin. These molecular scaffolds inspired the development of many structurally modified derivatives and analogues as promising anticancer agents. A productive design blueprint that involved molecular hybridization of the pharmacophore moieties of combretastatin A-4 (CA4) and the chalcones led to the discovery of two promising lead molecules referred to as KGP413 and SD400. The corresponding water-soluble phosphate prodrug salts of KGP413 and SD400 selectively damaged tumor-associated vasculature, thus highlighting the potential development of these molecules as vascular disrupting agents (VDAs). These previous studies prompted our current investigation of conformationally restricted chalcones. Herein, we report the synthesis of cyclic chalcones and related analogues that incorporate structural motifs of CA4, and evaluation of their cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines [NCI-H460 (lung), DU-145 (prostate), and SK-OV-3 (ovarian)]. While these molecules proved inactive as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization (IC50 > 20 μM), eight molecules demonstrated good antiproliferative activity (GI50 < 20 μM) against all three cancer cell lines, and compounds 2j and 2l demonstrated sub-micromolar cytotoxicity. To the best of our knowledge these molecules represent the most potent (based on GI50) cyclic chalcones known to date, and are promising lead molecules for continued investigation.
Marine Ecosystems as Complex Adaptive Systems: Emergent Patterns, Critical Transitions, and Public Goods

Complex adaptive systems provide a unified framework for explaining ecosystem phenomena. In the past 20 years, complex adaptive systems have been sharpened from an abstract concept into a series of tools that can be used to solve concrete problems. These advances have been led by the development of new techniques for coupling ecological and evolutionary dynamics, for integrating dynamics across multiple scales of organization, and for using data to infer the complex interactions among different components of ecological systems. Focusing on the development and usage of these new methods, we discuss how they have led to an improved understanding of three universal features of complex adaptive systems, emergent patterns; tipping points and critical phenomena; and cooperative behavior. We restrict our attention primarily to marine ecosystems, which provide numerous successful examples of the application of complex adaptive systems. Many of these are currently undergoing dramatic changes due to anthropogenic perturbations, and we take the opportunity to discuss how complex adaptive systems can be used to improve the management of public goods and to better preserve critical ecosystem services.
Advancing Sexual Health for Christian Clients: Data and Dogma

This is a unique book in the field of Christianity and sexuality. I know of no other book like it for those in the sexual health fields who want to help Christian clients, students, or professional...
Professional decision-making in medicine: Development of a new measure and preliminary evidence of validity.

Introduction This study developed a new Professional Decision-Making in Medicine Measure that assesses the use of effective decision-making strategies: seek help, manage emotions, recognize consequences and rules, and test assumptions and motives. The aim was to develop a content valid measure and obtain initial evidence for construct validity so that the measure could be used in future research or educational assessment. Methods Clinical scenario-based items were developed based on a review of the literature and interviews with physicians. For each item, respondents are tasked with selecting two responses (out of six plausible options) that they would choose in that situation. Three of the six options reflect a decision-making strategy; these responses are scored as correct. Data were collected from a sample of 318 fourth-year medical students in the United States. They completed a 16-item version of the measure (Form A) and measures of social desirability, moral disengagement, and professionalism attitudes. Professionalism ratings from clerkships were also obtained. A sub-group (n = 63) completed a second 16-item measure (Form B) to pilot test the instrument, as two test forms are useful for pre-posttest designs. Results Scores on the new measure indicated that, on average, participants answered 75% of items correctly. Evidence for construct validity included the lack of correlation between scores on the measure and socially desirable responding, negative correlation with moral disengagement, and modest to low correlations with professionalism attitudes. A positive correlation was observed with a clerkship rating focused on professionalism in peer interactions. Conclusions These findings demonstrate modest proficiency in the use of decision-making strategies among fourth-year medical students. Additional research using the Professional Decision-Making Measure should explore scores among physicians in various career stages, and the causes and correlates of scores. Educators could utilize the measure to assess courses that teach decision-making strategies.
How does a celebrity make fans happy? Interaction between celebrities and fans in the social media context

Abstract This research investigates how structural and situational factors related to a celebrity's activities on social media influence fans' self-congruity, friendship, quality of life, well-being, commitment and ultimately, celebrity loyalty. Based on the theory of parasocial interaction, this research formulates a model specifying the influences of virtually established parasocial interaction between fans and celebrities in social media related to fans' quality of life and well-being. After collecting data from Amazon's Mechanical Turk, this study conducted analysis with structural equation modeling to empirically test the proposed relationships. The empirical findings show that self-congruity is significantly influenced by language similarity, interest similarity and interaction frequency, and friendship is significantly affected by language similarity, interest similarity and self-disclosure. Also, the results indicate the significant relationships among self-congruity, friendship, quality of life, well-being, commitment and loyalty. Based on the findings, this study suggests theoretical and practical implications for the extant literature and industry.
Diagnostic yield and technical aspects of fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous transpedicular biopsy of the spine: A single-center retrospective analysis of outcomes and review of the literature.

Background: The technique of a percutaneous transpedicular biopsy of spinal lesions has been shown to be a useful alternative to paraspinal biopsy for vertebral body lesions in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine. Percutaneous vertebral biopsy is less invasive, cost-effective, and is suitable for patients with intractable back pain and vertebral body lesions that are detected with noninvasive imaging modalities. Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish the diagnostic utility and spectrum of fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous transpedicular biopsies of the thoracolumbar spine performed at our institution. Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study to establish the diagnostic utility and spectrum of percutaneous fluroscopic guided transpedicular biopsy of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral lesions has been performed on 42 patients in a tertiary care hospital between April 2017 and December 2019. There were 28 male patients and 14 female patients. The mean age was 48 years (range: 12–66 years). There were one 14 thoracic, 26 lumbar, and 2 sacral biopsy specimens. The lesion level was determined under fluoroscopy. Biopsy was taken with a trephine needle under local anesthesia. Accuracy and effectiveness of the technique were analyzed on histopathologic confirmation. Results: The fluoroscopic guided percutaneous transpedicular spine biopsies of 42 patients with spinal pathology were performed through the posterior transpedicular approach percutaneously. Of the 42 patients, 28 were male (66.7%) and 14 were female (33.3%). Vertebral involvement was observed to be more in the lower thoracic region (26.2%), followed by the upper dorsal region (7.1%), L1 (23.6%), L2 (6.4%), L3 (14.6%), L5 (17.3%), and sacrum (4.8%). There were 21 cases with tumor etiology (14 metastasis, 2 malignant round cell tumor, 2 multiple myeloma, and 3 lymphomas), 14 tuberculosis (TB), 4 osteomyelitis, 2 inflammatory, and 1 isolated compression fractures. Twelve patients of the 14 diagnosed cases who were diagnosed with TB on histopathology had positive TB culture and sensitivity pattern. Conclusion: Percutaneous transpedicular fluoroscopy-guided biopsy with a Jamshidi trocar with an internal diameter of 3.1 mm is a simple, safe, and reliable method for the etiological diagnosis of vertebral lesions. The use of this technique, however, is dependent on the accurate placement of the trocar and on close qualified interdisciplinary clinical cooperation. This minimally invasive technique is simple, safe, and effective in the diagnosis of malignant and infective lesions.