cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced 4Pi single-molecule localization microscopy with coherent pupil based localization

Over the last decades, super-resolution techniques have revolutionized the field of fluorescence microscopy. Among them, interferometric or 4Pi microscopy methods exhibit supreme resolving power in the axial dimension. Combined with single-molecule detection/localization and adaptive optics, current 4Pi microscopy methods enabled 10–15 nm isotropic 3D resolution throughout whole cells. However, further improving the achieved 3D resolution poses challenges arising from the complexity of single-molecule emission patterns generated by these coherent single-molecule imaging systems. These complex emission patterns render a large portion of information carrying photons unusable. Here, we introduce a localization algorithm that achieves the theoretical precision limit for a 4Pi based single-molecule switching nanoscopy (4Pi-SMSN) system, and demonstrate improvements in localization precision, accuracy as well as stability comparing with state-of-the-art 4Pi-SMSN methods. To further improve localisation precision and biases in all the three dimensions of 4Pi single molecule localisation microscopy, Huang and Liu develop a method based on coherent pupil functions and an algorithm to extract the position information content at the theoretical information limit while dynamically compensating the temperature-induced cavity drift.
Direct Instruction of Absolute Pitch Using the Theremin as a Musical Instrument and Experimental Apparatus

Direct Instruction (DI) is a method of education that has historically been applied to improve academic behaviors. Though DI has a modest history of teaching musical literacy skills, its application in teaching music performance skills has been limited. This article presents two methods derived from DI principles to teach the advanced musical skill of absolute pitch using the theremin as a unique musical instrument and experimental apparatus. The two methods are optimized for either fast learning of the new skill or assessment of the skill in a general sample of participants, and both are shown to significantly improve posttraining performance. Instructors recruited 53 college aged participants with a variety of music education histories across two studies (16 participants in Study 1; 37 participants in Study 2) for participation in either of the novel DI protocols for teaching absolute pitch using prompt fading. All participants showed significantly improved absolute pitch accuracy above baseline following 1 hr or less of DI with either method. Implications and suggestions for educators and researchers are discussed.
Headwinds and Opportunities Facing the Indian and Chinese Economies

The new Indian government of Prime Minister Modi promised a new economic frontier for the country in terms of job creation and openness to foreign investments in a number of sectors such as defense...
Enzymatic techniques for the study of pathways of carbohydrate utilization in the rumen.

Abstract Enzymatic techniques were used to study the metabolism of carbohydrates by ruminal bacteria. A direct relationship was observed between the proportions of acetate and propionate formed and the specific activities of the enzymes which participate in forming these acids. An inverse relationship between butyrate formation and butyrate-forming enzymes was observed. The relative activities of succinic dehydrogenase to fumaric reductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked glutamic dehydrogenase to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked glutamic dehydrogenase, and pyridine nucleotide-nonlinked lactic dehydrogenase to pyridine nucleotide-linked lactic dehydrogenase were affected by the level of concentrates in the diet. Lactyl coenzyme A dehydrase activity was below the limits of the assay technique in many samples from the alfalfa hay diet, and increased to relatively high levels when concentrates were fed. It is suggested that the enzymatic method will prove valuable for studying the contributions of individual microorganisms to the overall ruminal metabolism, and, with certain limitations, useful for estimating the relative contributions of alternate pathways.
Regent Trends in U.S. Trade and Investment

The research reported on is part of the NBER’s program in International Studies. This paper was prepared as part of the NBER’s studies of U.S. Trade Policy, Competitiveness, and Capital Mobility in the World Economy (NSF Grant No. PRA-8116459) and M Multinational Firms and Host-Country Technology (NSF Grant No. 8017543). I am indebted to Linda Molinari for statistical assistance and to Muriel Moeller for the preparation of the manuscript. This paper is not an official publication of the National Bureau of Economic Research. In particular, it has not been submitted to the Board of Directors for approval. Any opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the National Bureau of Economic Research or the National Science Foundation.
Condition, growth, and reproductive styles of fishes exposed to different environmental regimes in a prairie drainage

To investigate effects of environmental variability on fish populations, we compared three species from two different stream segments that differed in their magnitudes of environmental fluctuations. Fish from the upper and lower basin of an Oklahoma prairie stream were sampled bi-weekly from 19 April to 12 October 1997. Along with condition factors of Campostoma anomalum (adults and juveniles), Etheostoma spectabile, and Notropis boops, growth rates of juvenile C. anomalum, and gonadal somatic indices (GSI) from adult C. anomalum were calculated. Individuals occupying the upper basin experienced the greatest environmental fluctuations, but also had condition factors that were similar or higher than conspecifics in the more stable lower basin for each species. Changes in length-frequency distributions suggested the existence of 2–3 cohorts and relatively rapid growth in the upper basin and a single slower-growing cohort in the lower basin. Additionally, reproductive styles, measured in terms of GSI and appearance of juveniles, varied among the two sites, suggesting that reproductive plasticity over small scales may result from the different environmental regimes of each stream segment. Overall results demonstrate that although large fluctuations in the environment may produce conditions that appear to be detrimental to an individual, in actuality, they may not be. In fact, areas with the largest environmental fluctuations produced robust individuals, and thus may offer some unseen benefit that counterbalances or outweighs the costs associated with a variable environment. Additionally, there is evidence that at least some resident taxa have sufficient life history plasticity to exploit these opportunities wherever or whenever they may arise.
Integration of supply chain IT and lean practices for mass customization: Benchmarking of product and service focused manufacturers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of specific supply chain information technologies (IT) for e‐commerce, e‐procurement, and enterprise resource planning (ERP), when implementing lean practices to achieve mass customization (MC) performance. The study further investigates how these technologies may be deployed differently in product and service focused contexts. “Best practices” of high performing MC firms are also explored.Design/methodology/approach – Survey method was employed to collect data from 711 firms in 23 countries. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to establish simple factor structure and construct validity. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyze relationships between lean practices, IT use, and MC performance in aggregated and bifurcated samples of product and service focused manufacturers. T‐tests were used to examine differences between the practices employed by high and low MC performers.Findings – Findings suggest that lean practices can reasona...
Widespread telomere instability in prostatic lesions.

Abstract A critical function of the telomere is to disguise chromosome ends from cellular recognition as double strand breaks, thereby preventing aberrant chromosome fusion events. Such chromosome end-to-end fusions are known to initiate genomic instability via breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Telomere dysfunction and other forms of genomic assault likely result in misregulation of genes involved in growth control, cell death, and senescence pathways, lowering the threshold to malignancy and likely drive disease progression. Shortened telomeres and anaphase bridges have been reported in a wide variety of early precursor and malignant cancer lesions including those of the prostate. These findings are being extended using methods for the analysis of telomere fusions (decisive genetic markers for telomere dysfunction) specifically within human tissue DNA. Here we report that benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and prostate cancer (PCa) prostate lesions all contain similarly high frequencies of telomere fusions and anaphase bridges. Tumor-adjacent, histologically normal prostate tissue generally did not contain telomere fusions or anaphase bridges as compared to matched PCa tissues. However, we found relatively high levels of telomerase activity in this histologically normal tumor-adjacent tissue that was reduced but closely correlated with telomerase levels in corresponding PCa samples. Thus, we present evidence of high levels of telomere dysfunction in BPH, an established early precursor (PIN) and prostate cancer lesions but not generally in tumor adjacent normal tissue. Our results suggest that telomere dysfunction may be a common gateway event leading to genomic instability in prostate tumorigenesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal Care and Infant Behavior in Japan and America

(1969). Maternal Care and Infant Behavior in Japan and America. Psychiatry: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 12-43.
American Spies: Espionage against the United States from the Cold War to the Present

The recent revelations of classified information by the likes of Edward Snowden are a reminder of the vast expanse of such data generated by the United States and other governments. Both adversarie...
Adaptive, Best-Effort Delivery of Digital Audio and Video Across Packet-Switched Networks

We present an overview of a “best-effort” transport protocol that supports conferencing with digital audio and video across interconnected packet switched networks. The protocol delivers the highest quality conference service possible given the current load in the network. Quality is defined in terms of synchronization between audio and video, the number of frames played out of order, and the end-to-end latency in the conference. High quality conferences are realized through four transport and display mechanisms and a real-time implementation of these mechanisms that integrates operating system services (e.g., scheduling and resource allocation, and device management) with network communication services (e.g., transport protocols). In concert these mechanisms dynamically adapt the conference frame rate to the bandwidth available in the network, minimize the latency in the displayed streams while avoiding discontinuities, and provide quasi-reliable delivery of audio frames.
DE LA BANDE DESSINÉE COMME MOSAÏQUE: Calypso de Baltus et Peeters

Par son ordonnancement vignettal complexe, sa juxtaposition d’images fixes, semantiquement et esthetiquement correlees, la bande dessinee s’indexe indubitablement au paradigme mosaical, dont Lucien Dallenbach a rappele l’importance historique et la validite contemporaine. Pour explorer la pertinence de cette metaphore critique quant a l’etude de la bande dessinee, nous proposons de nous pencher sur une bande dessinee qui evoque elle-meme la mosaique, non seulement comme theme narratif, mais egalement comme principe structurant : l’album Calypso d’Anne Baltus et Benoit Peeters (1995). La mosaique y joue en effet un role thematique primordial : il y est question d’une jeune historienne de l’art, occupee a restaurer un pan de mosaique. Image speculaire des amours impossibles de la jeune femme, cette mosaique s’affiche non seulement comme representation dans la representation (mise en abyme frequente dans les scenarios de Peeters), mais aussi comme un modele esthetique qui preside a la mise en page de l’album entier, et contribue plus specifiquement a ses effets fantastiques.
An Obituary for the Case Report in Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

The views expressed in this Editorial do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. Case reports became a category of papers in Journal of Clinical Microbiology (JCM) in 1999. The number of case reports published was initially small but increased to about 100 each year since 2010
A single crystal study of eight-layer barium managanese oxide, BaMnO3

Abstract A single crystal study of hydrothermally prepared eight-layer BaMnO3 has been carried out which confirms the (Zhdanov notation) 121121 layer stacking scheme for the BaO3 layers. The MnO6 octahedra share faces in strings of four, and these strings are connected to each other by corner sharing. The compound has an hexagonal unit cell of dimensions a = 5.667 ± 0.003 and c = 18.738 ± 0.009 A, probable space group P6 3 mmc , Z = 8 . Its structure has been determined from 352 independent reflections, of which 242 were considered observed, collected manually by a counter technique and refined to a conventional R value of 0.079.
Mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor and estradiol on cultured human myometrial and leiomyoma cells

Abstract Objective: We compared the mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor with and without estradiol on myometrial and leiomyometrial cells. Study Design: The mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on myometrial cells was measured by thymidine incorporation and cell count. The mitogenic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor with and without estradiol as measured by thymidine incorporation was compared between myometrial and leiomyometrial cells. Results: Both human myometrial and leiomyometrial cells showed significant ( p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively), dose-dependent incorporation of thymidine in response to basic fibroblast growth factor. Leiomyometrial cells showed significantly ( p = 0.04) less thymidine incorporation compared with matched normal myometrial cells. The addition of estradiol with basic fibroblast growth factor did not result in a further increase in thymidine incorporation. Conclusions: Both myometrial and leiomyometrial cells respond to basic fibroblast growth factor with increased thymidine incorporation; however leiomyometrial cells are less responsive than are matched normal myometrial cells. The addition of estradiol is not synergistic with basic fibroblast growth factor.
Repeated cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure increases basal glutamate in the nucleus accumbens of mice without affecting glutamate transport

Repeated cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure increase voluntary consumption of ethanol in mice. Previous work has shown that extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is significantly elevated in ethanol dependent mice and that pharmacologically manipulating glutamate concentrations in the NAc will alter ethanol drinking, indicating that glutamate homeostasis plays a crucial role in ethanol drinking in this model. The present studies were designed to measure extracellular glutamate at a time point in which mice would ordinarily be allowed voluntary access to ethanol in the CIE model and, additionally, to measure glutamate transport capacity in the NAc at the same time point. Extracellular glutamate was measured using quantitative microdialysis procedures. Glutamate transport capacity was measured under Na+ dependent and Na+ independent conditions to determine whether the function of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs; also known as system XAG) or of system Xc- (Glial cysteine-glutamate exchanger) was influenced by CIE exposure. The results of the quantitative microdialysis experiment confirm increased extracellular glutamate (~2 –fold) in the NAc of CIE exposed mice (i.e. ethanol-dependent) compared to non-dependent mice in the NAc, consistent with earlier work. However, the increase in extracellular glutamate was not due to altered transporter function in the NAc of ethanol-dependent mice, because neither Na+ dependent nor Na+ independent glutamate transport was significantly altered by CIE exposure. These findings point to the possibility that hyperexcitability of cortical-striatal pathways underlies the increases in extracellular glutamate found in the nucleus accumbens of ethanol-dependent mice.
Toxic effects of octylphenol on cultured rat and murine splenocytes

Abstract Alkylphenol polyethoxylates and alkylphenols, such as 4- tert -octylphenol (OP), are environmental contaminants. Because these compounds are toxic to aquatic animals, we studied the effects of OP on splenocytes removed from male Fischer 344 rats or male Balb/c mice and cultured in vitro. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion after 5 or 27 hr of culture. Culture with 0.08% ETOH (vehicle) or any dose of OP did not alter total cell number or the percentage of viable cells after 5 hr. Culture of cells with two different alkylphenol polyethoxylates for 5 hr resulted in the loss of all cells. The percentages of viable rat or mouse cells after 27 hr of culture were decreased significantly by 10 −12 m OP or greater concentrations. The actions of OP, dexamethasone (DEX), and 17β-estradiol on rat splenocytes were compared. Dexamethasone was more toxic than OP after 24 hr of culture; 17β-estradiol was not toxic. Dexamethasone and OP, but not 17β-estradiol, caused significant nuclear condensation after 3 hr of culture (acridine orange staining) or 4 hr of culture (propidium iodide staining). The toxicity of 10 −6 m OP, but not that of 10 −6 m DEX, was eliminated when mouse splenocytes were cultured in Ca 2+ -free medium. Significantly more mouse splenocytes containing free 3′-OH DNA ends were detected by activated cell sorter analyses when the cells had been incubated for 4 hr with 10 −4 or 10 −6 m OP or 10 −6 m DEX. The results of these studies demonstrate that OP is toxic to cultured rat and mouse splenocytes and suggest that this toxic effect is exerted, at least partially, through Ca 2+ -dependent apoptosis.
A CRT editing system

A text-editing and manipulation program is described. The program operates from low-cost cathode-ray tube entry and display stations with keyboard and 13 function buttons. Applications, potential economy of operation, and some aspects of implementation are discussed.
Nativity differences in behaviors associated with high-risk HPV infection among Hispanic women in Houston, Texas, USA.

While Hispanics in the U.S. are a population with significant within-group heterogeneity, epidemiologic studies often aggregate Hispanics into one homogenous group without considering differences by nativity. The objective of this study is to evaluate nativity differences in the risk behavior profile associated with prevalent high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) among U.S.- and foreign-born Hispanic women. Using a clinical trial dataset, we compare risk behavior and HR-HPV infection patterns among U.S.- and foreign-born participants and assess factors associated with infection in each group. While the prevalence of HR-HPV infection was similar among U.S.- and foreign-born participants, U.S.-born cases had a higher HR-HPV risk profile. The similar prevalence of HR-HPV despite foreign-born women’s lower risk profile suggests a role for unmeasured risk factors among foreign-born Hispanics. More importantly, nativity differences in behavioral risk factors associated with HR-HPV suggest the need to further research cervical cancer risk factors among disaggregated Hispanic subgroups.
Binding interactions control SNARE specificity in vivo

Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two SNAP25 paralogues, Sec9 and Spo20, which mediate vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane and the prospore membrane, respectively. Fusion at the prospore membrane is sensitive to perturbation of the central ionic layer of the SNARE complex. Mutation of the central glutamine of the t-SNARE Sso1 impaired sporulation, but does not affect vegetative growth. Suppression of the sporulation defect of an sso1 mutant requires expression of a chimeric form of Spo20 carrying the SNARE helices of Sec9. Mutation of two residues in one SNARE domain of Spo20 to match those in Sec9 created a form of Spo20 that restores sporulation in the presence of the sso1 mutant and can replace SEC9 in vegetative cells. This mutant form of Spo20 displayed enhanced activity in in vitro fusion assays, as well as tighter binding to Sso1 and Snc2. These results demonstrate that differences within the SNARE helices can discriminate between closely related SNAREs for function in vivo.
Characterization of unstable products of flavin- and pterin-dependent enzymes by continuous-flow mass spectrometry.

Continuous-flow mass spectrometry (CFMS) was used to monitor the products formed during the initial 0.25–20 s of the reactions catalyzed by the flavoprotein N-acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAO) and the pterin-dependent enzymes phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH). N,N′-Dibenzyl-1,4-diaminobutane (DBDB) is a substrate for PAO for which amine oxidation is rate-limiting. CFMS of the reaction showed formation of an initial imine due to oxidation of an exo-carbon–nitrogen bond. Nonenzymatic hydrolysis of the imine formed benzaldehyde and N-benzyl-1,4-diaminobutane; the subsequent oxidation by PAO of the latter to an additional imine could also be followed. Measurement of the deuterium kinetic isotope effect on DBDB oxidation by CFMS yielded a value of 7.6 ± 0.3, in good agreement with a value of 6.7 ± 0.6 from steady-state kinetic analyses. In the PheH reaction, the transient formation of the 4a-hydroxypterin product was readily detected; tandem mass spectrometry confirmed attachment of the oxygen to C(4a). With wild-type TyrH, the 4a-hydroxypterin was also the product. In contrast, no product other than a dihydropterin could be detected in the reaction of the mutant protein E332A TyrH.
Peripheral CD4loCD40+ auto‐aggressive T cell expansion during insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus

The generation of auto-aggressive T cells involves failure of central or peripheral tolerance. We previously demonstrated that peripheral CD4loCD40+ T cells give rise to pathogenic T cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) model. Here we show that peripheral CD4+CD40+ T cells from diabetic or pre-diabetic NOD mice induce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Consistent with breach of peripheral tolerance, CD4loCD40+ T cells expand with age in NOD mice but not in MHC-matched non-obese resistant (NOR) or BALB/c controls. Suggestive of a causal role for CD40 in autoimmunity, blocking CD40–CD154 interactions early during NOD development prevents autoaggressive T cell expansion while promoting increases in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Importantly, CD40 signals promote expansion of Vα3.2+ and Vα8.3+ T cells. Furthermore, peripheral Vα3.2+CD40+ T cells induce diabetes in NOD.scid recipients while Vα8.3+ T cells or Vα3.2+-depleted T cell populations do not. This is the first demonstration that primary T cells transfer disease with the kinetics of auto-aggressive T cell clones and that specific TCR Vα expansion promotes diabetes.
Chemical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Composts

This article reviews currently available literature on chemical properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and the effects of compost application on soils. It is concluded that the positive effects resulting from compost application far outweigh the negative effects, but more research is needed on a wide range of MSW composts with more precise determination of the fate of MSW compost-applied trace element in the environment
Computation of linear acceleration through an internal model in the macaque cerebellum

In this study, the authors recorded from the cerebellum while monkeys experienced an illusory perception of self-motion, and found that the neurons encoded the erroneous linear acceleration. Their findings provide evidence that the cerebellum might be involved in the implementation of internal models, as previously hypothesized by theorists.
NLO Hierarchy of Wilson Lines Evolution

The high-energy behavior of QCD amplitudes can be described in terms of the rapidity evolution of Wilson lines. I present the hierarchy of evolution equations for Wilson lines in the next-to-leading order.
Abasic Sites Induce Triplet-repeat Expansion during DNA Replication in Vitro

The occurrence of triplet-repeat expansion (TRE) during transmission of genetic information is involved in many neurological and neuromuscular diseases including Fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. DNA slippage during replicative synthesis appears to cause TRE. The causes of DNA slippage, however, remain mostly unknown. We investigated the effects of abasic sites on the occurrence of TRE during DNA replication in vitro using Escherichia coli Klenow polymerase I as the model polymerase. Here we show that a single abasic site analog, synthesized in the triplet-repeat tract at the 5′ end of the template strand, induced dramatic TRE during DNA synthesis. The amount of TRE induced decreased when the abasic site was moved to the middle of the repeat tract, consistent with effectively decreasing the length of the repeat tract. Placing the abasic site in the primer did not induce TRE. TRE was sequence-dependent. The damage-induced increase in growing strand TRE depended on the sequence of the growing strand repeat as AAT ∼ ATT > CAG > CTG. The expansions required replication from a primer complementary to the repeat tract. The expanded tracts were sequenced and contained multiple additions of the original repeat. The results imply that DNA damage can play a significant role in generating TRE in vivo.
High-performance focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice heterostructures

Recent progress in growth techniques, structure design and processing has lifted the performances of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors. A double heterostructure design, based on a low band gap (11 μm) active region and high band gap (5 μm) superlattice contacts, reduced the sensitivity of the superlattice to surface effects. The heterodiodes with an 11 µm cutoff, passivated with SiO 2 , presented similar performances to unpassivated devices and a one order of magnitude increase of the resistivity of the sidewalls, even after flip-chip bonding and underfill. Thanks to this new design and to the inversion of the polarity of the devices, a high performance focal plane array with an 11 μm cutoff was demonstrated. The noise equivalent temperature difference was measured as 26 mK and 19 mK for operating temperatures of 81 K and 67 K. At an integration time of 0.08 ms, the FPA presented a quantum efficiency superior to 50%.
Prognostics Health Management of Electronic Systems Under Mechanical Shock and Vibration Using Kalman Filter Models and Metrics

Structural damage to ball grid array interconnects incurred during vibration testing has been monitored in the prefailure space using resistance spectroscopy-based state space vectors, rate of change of the state variable, and acceleration of the state variable. The technique is intended for condition monitoring in high reliability applications where the knowledge of impending failure is critical and the risks in terms of loss of functionality are too high to bear. Future state of the system has been estimated based on a second-order Kalman Filter model and a Bayesian Framework. The measured state variable has been related to the underlying interconnect damage in the form of inelastic strain energy density. Performance of the prognostic health management algorithm during the vibration test has been quantified using performance evaluation metrics. The methodology has been demonstrated on leadfree area-array electronic assemblies subjected to vibration. Model predictions have been correlated with experimental data. The presented approach is applicable to functional systems where corner interconnects in area-array packages may be often redundant. Prognostic metrics including α - λ precision, β accuracy, and relative accuracy have been used to assess the performance of the damage proxies. The presented approach enables the estimation of residual life based on level of risk averseness.
North Polar Region Craterforms on Mars: Geometric Characteristics from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter

Abstract This study focuses on topographic characterization of ice-associated north polar region impact craters and several enigmatic polar craterforms using new information from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), an instrument aboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) orbiter. We find that, for ice-associated craters, the topography reveals several surprising results not previously apparent from orbital images alone. First, geometric properties for several impact craters associated with ice and frost deposits suggest that cavity infill is as high as 80% of reconstructed, preerosion levels. Second, craters associated with ice also demonstrate unique cavity geometries relative to their nonpolar counterparts. Finally, in some cases, ice-associated impact features are anomalously deep, on the basis of depths modeled from the best available scaling laws. We suggest that burial of these impact features by either episodic advance of the polar cap margin or by continuous deposition at the highest rates previously estimated for the north polar region of Mars has occurred. Subsequent stripping has exhumed the features, leaving behind cavity infill deposits, and a few of these display topographic levels above the surrounding preimpact surface. In at least one case, cavity interior deposits show layering with a typical thickness of ∼10 m, suggesting episodic deposition and ablation of materials as in the polar layered terrain. In addition to ice-associated craters, we investigated the topography of several enigmatic polar craterforms. In particular, a few craterforms within ∼150 km of the permanent north polar cap appear to resemble simple, effusive lava shield volcanoes found on Earth. Their geometric properties cannot be reconciled with previous suggestions that they were manifestations of martian hydromagmatic processes (i.e., maar volcanism). MOLA's initial measurements of impact craters and other craterforms in the north polar latitudes of Mars support the concept of a geologically recent surface, with evidence of effusive volcanism and enhanced sedimentation. In addition, the measured impact crater depths for ice-associated craters suggest at least a few cases of enhanced excavation and thus a possibly weaker target relative to the typical northern hemisphere plains.
The Authority for Federalism: Madison's Negative and the Origins of Federal Ideology

The Philadelphia convention of 1787 looms enormous in many accounts of U.S. constitutional history, serving as the set piece in which various and muddled worldviews, theories, interests, and allegiances gelled into a coherent science and structure of politics. The Convention thus becomes time zero in the chronology of U.S. political and constitutional development, a finite and forward-looking first moment defining, for good or ill, the terms according which subsequent debates regarding the nature of U S. government would be conducted.
Growth and yield response of rice to rice water weevil injury

Analysis of larval and pupal age-structured data indicates that the soil core sampler–soil separation method underestimates the abundance of early instar rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel. The estimates for bias were used to derive seasonal larval age-structured population estimates for 4 yr of field data from 2 experiments representing untreated and carbofuran treated plots. These estimates were used as input to a physiologically based rice population model to simulate the response of rice to rice water weevil injury. An iterative halving-grid size optimization approach enabled least squares estimation of the larval feeding rate as a function of larval mass, the effect of larval crowding on root mass consumption by larvae, and the effect of larval feeding on root nitrogen uptake efficiency. A statistically based parameterization-verification-validation procedure was used to quantify the robustness of the model at simulating rice straw mass, grain yield, and total above ground mass. The model accurately simulated each of these variables for the range of rice water weevil seasonal age-structured population patterns, and explained 95% of the yield variability in the observed data. In contrast, a multiple linear regression of grain yield as a function of cumulative larval-density degree-days and the timing of peak density explained only 58% of the variability. An analysis of the benefits and costs accrued from the carbofuran treatments suggests that the current rice water weevil action threshold may be too high when infestations begin during early stages of crop growth. Results from sensitivity analyses indicate that the stage of crop growth during which rice water weevil injury occurs greatly affects crop tolerance for root injury, suggesting that optimal timing of rice water weevil controls should take into account both larval density and stage of crop growth.
Extracolonic abnormalities discovered incidentally at CT colonography in a male population.

PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively the prevalence of incidental extracolonic findings at computed tomographic (CT) colonography and to estimate the cost of their imaging work-up in male patients with high and those with average risk of colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study was compliant with requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. CT colonography was performed in 500 men (mean age, 62.5 years). Of these patients, 194 (38.8%) were at average risk for colorectal cancer and presented for routine screening. The other 306 (61.2%) were at high risk for colorectal cancer. Extracolonic findings were recorded and categorized as either clinically important or clinically unimportant. Clinically important findings were defined as those that necessitated further diagnostic studies or medical or surgical follow-up. The cost of additional imaging required to furth...
Loss of a non-histone chromatin protein parallels in vitro differentiation of cartilage

SEVERAL lines of evidence have implicated the proteins associated with the nuclear DNA of eukaryotic cells in the control of differential gene expression1–6. In contrast to the histones of eukaryotic chromatin which are relatively conserved in both primary structure and distribution across cell types within an organism, and from species to species4, the non-histone chromosomal proteins are very variable in size and distribution. This lends weight to the presumption that they are the specific regulators of transcription5,6.
Thermodynamics of carbon monoxide photodissociation from the fully reduced cytochrome aa3 oxidase from Rb. sphaeroides.

Abstract Photodissociation of the fully reduced carbonmonoxy bound cytochrome aa3 from Rb. sphaeroides results in ultrafast ligand transfer between heme a3 and CuB, which is followed by thermal dissociation from CuB on longer time scales. We have utilized photoacoustic calorimetry to obtain a detailed thermodynamic description of the mechanism of ligand photodissociation and transfer between heme a3 and CuB. Subsequent to ligand photodissociation an additional process, which has not been characterized previously, was observed with the lifetime of 485 ns at 18 °C and is coupled to a volume expansion of 3.3 ml mol−1. From the temperature dependence, an activation barrier of 4 kcal mol−1 was determined. We attribute the observed 500 ns process to changes in CuB ligation subsequent to ligand translocation. In a photoacoustic study on CO photodissociation from bovine heart aa3 oxidase, no volume changes were observed on the ns timescale, indicating that a different mechanism may control ligand dissociation and binding within the binuclear center of the bacterial and bovine enzymes.
Excitation of pressure modes in common envelopes

The excitation of oscillatory modes by a low-mass star orbiting inside a common envelope with a more massive star is investigated, with emphasis on adiabatic high spherical harmonic degree (l is much greater than 1) modes propagating outward in the envelope. The dominant oscillatory modes are those for which the spherical harmonic order is large, and thus the amplitudes are large close to the equatorial plane and small closer to the poles. A secondary of mass about 1 percent of the primary mass excites modes with relative surface amplitudes of a few x 10 percent. Even a Jupiter-like brown dwarf, when it is very deep in the envelope of an asymptotic giant branch star, can cause perturbations of relative surface amplitudes of about 10 percent near the equatorial plane. If mass loss is influenced by oscillation, then this mechanism can lead to higher mass loss in the equatorial plane. In case of an asymptotic giant branch primary, this might lead to the formation of an elliptical planetary nebula.
Structure−Activity Relationships of Alkyl- and Alkoxy-Substituted 1,4-Dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-diones: Potent and Systemically Active Antagonists for the Glycine Site of the NMDA Receptor

We report on a series of alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-diones (QXs), prepared as a continuation of our structure−activity relationship (SAR) study of QXs as antagonists for the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The in vitro potency of these antagonists was determined by displacement of the glycine site radioligand [3H]-5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid ([3H]DCKA) in rat brain cortical membranes. In general, methyl is a good replacement for chloro or bromo in the 6-position, and alkoxy-substituted QXs have lower potencies than alkyl- or halogen-substituted QXs. Ethyl-substituted QXs are generally less potent than methyl-substituted QXs, especially in the 6-position of 5,6,7-trisubstituted QXs. Fusion of a ring system at the 6,7-positions results in QXs with low potency. Several methyl-substituted QXs are potent glycine site antagonists that have surprisingly high in vivo activity in the maximal electroshock (MES) test in mice. Among these, 7-chloro-6-methyl-5-nit...
Construction of a chimeric gene cluster for the biosynthesis of apoemulsan with altered molecular weight

Acinetobacter venetianus RAG-1 produces an extracellular protein/high-molecular-weight (HMW) polysaccharide complex termed emulsan. As an emulsion stabilizer, emulsan has potential industrial applications. To control the molecular weight of the polymer, a stable chromosomal mutant was generated where RAG-1 wza, wzb, wzc genes were replaced by Escherichia coli homologs. The heterologous Wza, Wzb, Wzc proteins restored production of HMW polysaccharide. The polymer produced was of higher molecular weight than from the parent strain and with the cells exhibiting modified hydrophobicity.
Electrophysiological correlates of adult decisions made during a conservation of quantity task

Visual evoked responses were recorded from 10 scalp locations over the left and right hemisphere while adults were involved in a conservation of quantity task. Multivariate analyses involving principal components analysis and ANOVA identified bilateral and left hemisphere lateralized components of the visual evoked responses which discriminated between conservation judgments made by subjects.
On the implicit time integration of semi‐discrete viscous fluxes on unstructured dynamic meshes

Numerical simulations of viscous flow problems with complex moving and/or deforming boundaries commonly require the solution of the corresponding fluid equations of motion on unstructured dynamic meshes. In this paper, a systematic investigation of the importance of the choice of the mesh configuration for evaluating the viscous fluxes is performed when the semi-discrete Navier-Stokes equations are time-integrated using the popular second-order implicit backward difference algorithm. The findings are illustrated with the simulation of a laminar viscous flow problem around an oscillating airfoil
Irrigation Scheduling—Role of Weather Forecasting and Farmers’ Behavior

The purpose of irrigation scheduling is to coordinate the timing and amount of water used to irrigate crops in a way that maximizes profits. Using a case study on corn production in the Havana Lowlands region, Illinois, this paper examines the extent to which the incorporation of different types of weather forecasts into irrigation scheduling can increase the profitability of irrigated agriculture. A soil water atmosphere plant (SWAP) model is employed to simulate crop yields using weather forecasts from the growing seasons during a period running from 2002 to 2006. The net profits from the modeling analysis based on the modeled soil moisture and weather forecasts are compared to that from an irrigation schedule that the farmers roughly followed in 2002. The results show that if farmers just use the real-time soil moisture information and the empirical rules set with the SWAP model, crop profits may increase by 16%; the inclusion of 7-day forecasts in a rule-based simulation model boosts the net profit by 21%. Over the 5 testing years, it is found that the proper use of the 7-day forecast can save irrigation water and increase crop yield in dry years. Next, these results are also compared to ones derived using deterministic optimization techniques that assume perfect 2-week and seasonal forecasts to assess the extent to which net profits could increase with further weather forecasting improvements. On average over the 5 testing years, the perfect 2-week and seasonal forecasts yield profits of 42% and 48%, respectively, greater than the scenario based on the 7-day weather forecasts. Furthermore we conduct a stochastic optimization analysis using the monthly probabilistic climate prediction provided by the Climate Prediction Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A review of the retrieved irrigation schedule shows that the farmers at the study site sometimes applied more water than necessary and, at other times, less than the model based on a 7-day weather forecast and soil moisture simulation suggested.
Using onboard electrical propulsion systems to provide plug-in charging, V2G and mobile power generation capabilities for HEVs

The onboard electrical propulsion system (OEPS) in a hybrid electric vehicle can be used to eliminate the need for a standalone charger for providing plug-in battery charging, vehicle-to-grid, and mobile power generation capabilities. This paper discusses several possible configurations for using OEPSs as bidirectional battery chargers. Pulse width modulation control methods uniquely afforded by some of the configurations, which can significantly reduce the switching losses and substantially increase the efficiency of the resultant chargers, are also discussed. Test results on an OEPS consisting of a dual inverter/motor drive prototype configured as a bidirectional battery charger and mobile power generator are included.
Symptom Distress, Psychosocial Variables, and Survival From Lung Cancer

Fifty-three patients with inoperable lung cancer were interviewed one and two months after their diagnosis to obtain data on their level of symptom distress, as well as on selected psychosocial and demographic variables. These patients were then followed for about four years, at which time 45 had died of lung cancer, 2 had died of other causes, 4 remained alive, and 2 were lost to follow-up. The patients' postdiagnosis symptom distress score was found to be the most important predictor of survival (from among the variables considered) after adjusting for age, functional status, and personality traits. Thus, the magnitude of symptoms that patients report soon after diagnosis may influence how long they live.
Characterization of a serum-free culture system comparing growth factor requirements of transformed and untransformed cells

We describe the first completely serum-free model culture system for comparing growth control in transformed and untransformed cells. Continuous maintenance of untransformed AKR-2B fibroblasts and chemically transformed AKR-MCA cells in the presence of serum-free medium containing epidermal growth factor (E), insulin (I), and transferrin (T) resulted in cell lines which proliferated with similar doubling times (14 h), comparable to parental lines maintained in 10% serum (16 h). The transformed MCA-SF cells and untransformed AKR-SF cells did not differ in their saturation densities in medium containing E + I + T. However, the monolayer proliferation of MCA-SF cells was significantly greater than that of the AKR-SF cells in the presence of E + T, I + T, or T alone. Both cell lines required T to proliferate in monolayer culture. [3H]-Thymidine incorporation experiments and autoradiographic analysis indicated that quiescent MCA-SF cells could reenter the cell cycle by addition of nutrients alone. The combination of E + I + T produced no additional stimulation of DNA synthesis. In contrast, individual polypeptide growth factors (E, I, IGF-I, PDGF, FGF a or b, or TGF-beta 1) were required to elicit a mitogenic response in the untransformed AKR-SF cells. Peak mitogenesis occurred from 18-20 h for all growth factors except TGF-beta 1 (32 h). Neither AKR-SF nor MCA-SF cells could grow with anchorage independence in serum-free medium, unless both TGF-beta 1 and FGF a or b were simultaneously present. The results indicate that this well-defined, serum-free model system can be utilized to detect growth factor-related alterations associated with the transformed state.
Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates

Abstract Using optical and TEM microscopy we have determined that three regimes of dislocation creep occur in experimentally deformed quartz aggregates, depending on the relative rates of grain boundary migration, dislocation climb and dislocation production. Within each regime a distinctive microstructure is produced due primarily to the operation of different mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization. At lower temperatures and faster strain rates the rate of dislocation production is too great for diffusion-controlled dislocation climb to be an effective recovery mechanism. In this regime recovery is accommodated by strain-induced grain boundary migration recrystallization. With an increase in temperature or decrease in strain rate, the rate of dislocation climb becomes sufficiently rapid to accommodate recovery. In this regime dynamic recrystallization occurs by progressive subgrain rotation. With a further increase in temperature or decrease in strain rate dislocation climb remains sufficiently rapid to accommodate recovery. However, in this regime grain boundary migration is rapid, thus recrystallization occurs by both grain boundary migration and progressive subgrain rotation. The identification of the three regimes of dislocation creep may have important implications for the determination of flow law parameters and the calibration of recrystallized grain size piezometers. In addition, the identification of a particular dislocation creep regime could be useful in helping to constrain the conditions at which a given natural deformation has occurred.