cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biodegradation of Veterinary Ionophore Antibiotics in Broiler Litter and Soil Microcosms

Ionophore antibiotics (IPAs) are polyether compounds used in broiler feed to promote growth and control coccidiosis. Most of the ingested IPAs are excreted into broiler litter (BL), a mixture of excreta and bedding material. BL is considered a major source of IPAs released into the environment as BL is commonly used to fertilize agricultural fields. This study investigated IPA biodegradation in BL and soil microcosms, as a process affecting the fate of IPAs in the environment. The study focused on the most widely used IPAs, monensin (MON), salinomycin (SAL), and narasin (NAR). MON was stable in BL microcosms at 24-72% water content (water/wet litter, w/w) and 35-60 °C, whereas SAL and NAR degraded under certain conditions. Factor analysis was conducted to delineate the interaction of water and temperature on SAL and NAR degradation in the BL. A major transformation product of SAL and NAR was identified. Abiotic reaction(s) were primarily responsible for the degradation of MON and SAL in nonfertilized soil microcosms, whereas biodegradation contributed significantly in BL-fertilized soil microcosms. SAL biotransformation in soil microcosms yielded the same product as in the BL microcosms. A new primary biotransformation product of MON was identified in soil microcosms. A field study showed that MON and SAL were stable during BL stacking, whereas MON degraded after BL was applied to grassland. The biotransformation product of MON was also detected in the top soil layer where BL was applied.
Synergist Ratios, Epn Detoxication, Lipid, and Drug-Induced Changes in Carbaryl Toxicity in Megachile pacifica1

Megachile pacifica (Panzer) generally became more susceptible to carbaryl as adults aged. LD50 values for carbaryl toxicity were 240, 166.5, 109.2, and 51.3 μg/g for the 1, 2, 3, and 4-day-old adult male bees. For the female bees, these values were 245.5, 550.5, 289.4, and 262.4 μ/g. Lipid content and in vitro EPN detoxication decreased in both sexes as the bees aged. Synergist ratios were measured. They are the ratio of the LD50 of carbaryl alone to the LD50 of carbaryl applied after the synergist piperonyl butoxide. These ratios, which did not correlate with either decreasing LD50 values or decreasing EPN detoxication in the males, were 12, 21, 42, and 53 for the 1, 2, 3, and 4-day-old bees. female bees the synergist ratios corresponded more closely. They were 23, 49, 11, and 15 as the females aged from 1 to 4 days. The bees were very susceptible to the organo-phosphates monocrotophos, dicrotophos, or Gardona® [2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichloro-phenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate], (LD50 < 2 μg/g), but they were quite tolerant the carbamate Landrin® (3,4,5-trimethylphenyl methylcarbamate; 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl methylcarbamate). The use of enzyme-inducing drugs to protect bees from carbaryl poisoning was studied. Among the 3 drugs used, only chlorcyclizine increased the LD50 value (to ca. 2-fold) in the 4-day-old male. Aminopyrine increased the male's susceptibility carbaryl while phenobarbital had no effect at all. None of the drugs significantly changed the female's susceptibility to carbaryl except aminopyrine which lowered LD50 from 262.4 to 75.3 μg/g. Studies with in vitro EPN detoxication indicated that all 3 drugs caused increases in microsomal enzyme activity up to 4 or 5-fold and decreases in lipid content of ca. 20–30%.
Mulheres e Mães Negras: mobilidade social e estratégias sucessórias em Minas Gerais na segunda metade do século XVIII

Abstract: Through a critical examination of the possibilities of social improvement available to black women and their descendants, this article discusses social mobility among Afro-descending people in the town and precincts of Sabara, Minas Gerais, in the eighteenth century. Using various notarial documents (inventories, wills, deeds of sale, etc.) and papers from the municipal council of Sabara, this study investigates the types of economic success enjoyed by women of Afro-descent and the limits to their social mobility; the impact of inheritance procedures on the transfer of socio-economic resources from one generation to the next; and the strategies black women employed to ensure that transmission of their property to their children would translate into social advantages.
Comparative effects of aspirin, ACTH, and cortisone on the antistreptolysin O titer and gamma globulin concentration in rheumatic fever.

Abstract Antistreptolysin "O" and gamma globulin levels decrease most rapidly in patients with rheumatic fever who receive ACTH. Although the difference between the cortisone-treated and aspirin-treated groups was not statistically significant, cortisone appeared to decrease the elevated antistreptolysin and gamma globulin concentrations more rapidly than aspirin. Following the cessation of treatment in all three groups, there were slight increases in the average gamma globulin concentration without similar increases in the average antistreptolysin "O" titer.
Photodegradation of retinal bisretinoids in mouse models and implications for macular degeneration

Adducts of retinaldehyde (bisretinoids) form nonenzymatically in photoreceptor cells and accumulate in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells as lipofuscin; these fluorophores are implicated in the pathogenesis of inherited and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here we demonstrate that bisretinoid photodegradation is ongoing in the eye. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of eyes of dark-reared and cyclic light-reared wild-type mice, together with comparisons of pigmented versus albino mice, revealed a relationship between intraocular light and reduced levels of the bisretinoids A2E and A2-glycero-phosphoethanolamine (A2-GPE). Analysis of the bisretinoids A2E, A2-GPE, A2-dihydropyridine-phosphatidylethanolamine (A2-DHP-PE), and all-trans-retinal dimer-phosphatidylethanolamine (all-trans-retinal dimer-PE) also decreases in albino Abca4(-/-) mice reared in cyclic light compared with darkness. In albino Abca4(-/-) mice receiving a diet supplemented with the antioxidant vitamin E, higher levels of RPE bisretinoid were evidenced by HPLC analysis and quantitation of fundus autofluorescence; this effect is consistent with photooxidative processes known to precede bisretinoid degradation. Amelioration of outer nuclear layer thinning indicated that vitamin E treatment protected photoreceptor cells. Conversely, in-cage exposure to short-wavelength light resulted in reduced fundus autofluorescence, decreased HPLC-quantified A2E, outer nuclear layer thinning, and increased methylglyoxal (MG)-adducted protein. MG was also released upon bisretinoid photodegradation in cells. We suggest that the lower levels of these diretinal adducts in cyclic light-reared and albino mice reflect photodegradative loss of bisretinoid. These mechanisms may underlie associations among AMD risk, oxidative mechanisms, and lifetime light exposure.
Community based system dynamic as an approach for understanding and acting on messy problems: a case study for global mental health intervention in Afghanistan

Afghanistan lacks suitable specialized mental healthcare services despite high prevalence of severe mental health disorders which are aggravated by the conflict and numerous daily stressors. Recent studies have shown that Afghans with mental illness are not only deprived of care but are vulnerable in many other ways. Innovative participatory approaches to the design of mental healthcare policies and programs are needed in such challenging context. We employed community based system dynamics to examine interactions between multiple factors and actors to examine the problem of persistently low service utilization for people with mental illness. Group model building sessions, designed based on a series of scripts and led by three facilitators, took place with NGO staff members in Mazar-I-Sharif in July 2014 and in Kabul in February 2015. We identified major feedback loops that constitute a hypothesis of how system components interact to generate a persistently low rate of service utilization by people with mental illness. In particular, we found that the interaction of the combined burdens of poverty and cost of treatment interact with cultural and social stigmatizing beliefs, in the context of limited clinical or other treatment support, to perpetuate low access to care for people with mental disorders. These findings indicate that the introduction of mental healthcare services alone will not be sufficient to meaningfully improve the condition of individuals with mental illness if community stigma and poverty are not addressed concurrently. Our model highlights important factors that prevent persons with mental illness from accessing services. Our study demonstrates that group model building methods using community based system dynamics can provide an effective tool to elicit a common vision on a complex problem and identify shared potential strategies for intervention in a development and global health context. Its strength and originality is the leadership role played by the actors embedded within the system in describing the complex problem and suggesting interventions.
Surface nanostructured aluminum by severe plastics deformation

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been known to be an effective method for producing nanostructured materials [1]. Examples of SPD methods are mechanical alloying and mechanical attrition to prepare nanostructured powders. The same concept can be used to develop a nanocrystalline surface region in bulk materials thus enhancing surface sensitive properties [2].
POLICY CHANGES IN MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL: IMPROVED AGENT BEHAVIOR AND ANCILLARY PRODUCTIVITY OUTCOMES

Offense in Major League Baseball (MLB) has decreased substantially since 2006, often attributed to increased testing and punitive action for use of performance enhancing drugs. However, there has been concurrent policy change affecting behavior of other league agents that may have also affected game play. I therefore examine the effect of these agents, MLB umpires, on offensive production in baseball. Estimates reveal that a substantial portion of the offensive reduction from 2008 through 2014 can be attributed to changes in the size of the strike zone. Implications are further discussed in the context of firm production relevant outcomes as they relate to the labor force and supervisor performance expectations. (JEL J44, Z22, Z28, L25)
Incorporating Sustainability into Computing Education

This column provides a survey of the educational resources and courses offered that integrate sustainability into computer science curricula at colleges and universities. The authors also discuss possible future avenues for the field of computational sustainability.
Homogeneity of echo intensity values in transverse ultrasound images.

INTRODUCTION Echo intensity of skeletal muscle measured by means of ultrasonography has been used to assess muscle quality, however, the heterogeneity of echo intensity has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study examined echo intensity in different sections of panoramic ultrasound images captured in the transverse plane. METHODS Echo intensity of the vastus lateralis was assessed in 24 men (20.2 ± 1.6 years) using panoramic ultrasonography. Echo intensity homogeneity was examined by dividing each image into 3 compartments of equal horizontal length (tertiles). RESULTS No differences were found between echo intensity of the anterior tertile (59.1 ± 9.1 AU), posterior tertile (56.4 ± 9.9 AU), lateral tertile (58.7 ± 9.9 AU), or the overall panoramic image (58.0 ± 8.8 AU). CONCLUSIONS Echo intensity of the vastus lateralis appears to be homogeneous as assessed in the transverse plane. Further research is necessary to determine if still imaging is sufficient to obtain an accurate measure of echo intensity. Muscle Nerve 56: 93-98, 2017.
Incidence, Persistence, and Determinants of Human Papillomavirus: A Prospective Cohort Study of HIV-Negative Nigerian Women

Abstract 63Background:Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Africa. Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) infection is a necessary cause but little is known about the persistence and associated risk factors of HRHPV infection in African women. We undertook this work to determine risk factors and the incidence of HPV infection in Nigerian women.Methods:ACCME is a multicenter, prospective cohort study of host germline, cervical somatic and HRHPV genomics, epigenomics, and vaginal microenvironment and their association with HPV. From February 2014 to January 2016, 10,000 HIV-negative women were enrolled in the cohort and are being observed every 6 months. We used SPF25/LiPA10 to characterize HPV infection and defined persistent infection as two consecutive positive tests performed at least 12 months apart. Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between risk factors and persistent HPV.Results:The mean (± standard deviation) age of study participants at baseline...
Video Recording Delivery Room Resuscitation

Video recording provides an objective and reliable method to record and assess delivery room resuscitation. This tool supports delivery room quality improvement projects, research, and education. Initiating video recording entails consideration of patient and staff consent, privacy, data management and security, medical-legal issues, training and implementation, and equipment. In this article, we review these issues and present our institutional experience implementing a delivery room video program as a case example.
QM/MM Study of Static and Dynamic Energetic Disorder in the Emission Layer of an Organic Light-Emitting Diode

Static and dynamic energetic disorder in emission layers of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is investigated through combined molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The analysis is based on a comparison of ensemble and time distributions of site energies of guest and host components in an emission layer. The law of total variance is applied to decompose the total disorder into its static and dynamic contributions. It is found that both contributions are of the same order of magnitude. While the dynamic disorder is not affected by intermolecular interactions, the static disorder for both guests and hosts is determined by the polarity of host molecules. The amount of static disorder affects charge-transport properties and exciton formation pathways, which consequently influence the overall efficiency of an OLED device. The simulations indicate that the amount of static disorder induced by the host should be considered for the optimization of the emissi...
Safety in the Medical Laboratory

The clinical laboratory has achieved an enviable record for safety even though the opportunities for accident and misfortune are ever present. This article provides an overview of what constitutes an adequate safety program for a laboratory, as well as a list of sources from which more detailed information can be obtained.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): An Evolving Therapeutic Technique in Head and Neck Cancer Treatment

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive therapeutic technique used in the treatment of many cancers, including head and neck cancers. PDT is a two-step process: the patient is first given a drug (“photosensitizing agent”) that preferentially accumulates in the tumor. Light is then applied to the treatment site in order to active the drug, in turn leading to tumor destruction. A number of photosensitizing agents and light sources are used clinically for treating head and neck cancers. The PDT technique has been shown to be effective for treating premalignant lesions, early stage malignant tumors, and secondary or recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, as well as for aesthetic and cosmetic purposes. Additionally, a number of different head and neck tumor subtypes (larynx, oral cavity, neck, pharynx, etc.) have been successfully treated with PDT. This chapter serves to provide a general background of the PDT technique and discusses how PDT is currently used clinically to treat head and neck cancers. The future prospects of PDT in the treatment of head and neck cancers will also be discussed.
Making the Affective Turn: The Importance of Feelings in Theory, Praxis, and Citizenship

There is a thirst for meaning in theory, praxis, and citizenship that knowledge cannot quench. It is time for an affective turn in public administration scholarship, toward an appreciation for the ...
Bisphosphonates for Patients Diagnosed With Multiple Myeloma.

Clinical Question Among patients with multiple myeloma, is bisphosphonate therapy associated with lower rates of mortality, vertebral fractures, nonvertebral fractures, and skeletal-related events compared with placebo or no treatment? Bottom Line Among patients with myeloma, bisphosphonates were associated with lower rates of pathological fractures and skeletal-related events compared with placebo or no treatment. Direct meta-analysis showed no association between bisphosphonates and mortality. In network meta-analysis, zoledronate was associated with lower risk of mortality compared with placebo or no treatment.
Infant Feeding Practices and Perceived Optimal Breastfeeding Interventions among Low-Income Women Delivering at a Baby-Friendly Hospital.

Objective To determine infant feeding practices of low-income women at a Baby-Friendly Hospital and to ascertain breastfeeding interventions they believe would increase exclusive breastfeeding. Study Design This cross-sectional study occurred at a tertiary care Baby-Friendly Hospital. Low-income women without breastfeeding contraindications were recruited at scheduled obstetrician/gynecologist appointments within 6 to 9 months of delivering a term, nonanomalous infant. Participants completed a survey. Outcomes included infant feeding patterns and perceived usefulness of proposed breastfeeding interventions. Results Of 149 participants, 129 (86.6%) initiated breastfeeding; by postpartum day 2 (PPD2), 47 (31.5%) exclusively breastfed, 51 (34.2%) breastfed with formula, and 51 (34.2%) exclusively formula fed. On a scale of 1 (“strongly agree”) to 5 (“strongly disagree”), women who supplemented with formula on PPD2 were significantly more likely than those who exclusively formula fed to agree education on neonatal behavior, 1 (interquartile range [IQR] 1, 2) versus 2 (IQR 1, 3); p = 0.026 and on-demand access to breastfeeding videos on latch or positioning, 1 (IQR 1, 2) versus 2 (IQR 1, 3), p = 0.043; 1 (IQR 1, 2) versus 2 (IQR 1, 3), p = 0.021, respectively, would have helped them exclusively breastfeed. Conclusion Though low-income women at a Baby-Friendly Hospital had high breastfeeding initiation rates, the majority used formula by PPD2. To increase breastfeeding rates among low-income women, future interventions should provide appropriate and effective breastfeeding interventions.
The Impact of Rimed Ice Hydrometeors on Global and Regional Climate.

Rimed hydrometeors (graupel or hail) are added to a stratiform cloud scheme for global models and tested in a variety of configurations. Off-line tests compare well to other cloud microphysics schemes with rimed ice used in mesoscale models. Tests in single column and climate mode show expected production of small amounts of rimed ice in the middle troposphere and at high latitudes. The overall climate impacts of rimed ice (hail or graupel) at 100-km horizontal grid spacing are small. There are some changes to partitioning between cloud ice and snow that affect upper troposphere water budgets and clouds. High-resolution simulations are conducted with a global but regionally refined grid at 14 km over the Contiguous United States. High-resolution simulations show local production of graupel with realistic size and number concentrations. The maximum graupel frequency at high resolution is over Western U.S. mountain ranges. Differences in total precipitation with the addition of rimed ice in 8-year simulations are statistically significant only for orographic precipitation over the Cascade and Rocky mountains, reducing model biases when rimed ice is included. Rimed ice slightly improves summer precipitation intensity relative to observations. Thus, while the global climate impact of rimed ice in stratiform clouds may be negligible, there are potentially important and systematic regional effects, particularly for orographic precipitation. Rimed ice in cumulus clouds is not yet treated but is an important next step.
Impact of Cell Topology on Characteristics of 600V 4H-SiC Planar MOSFETs

This letter compares the measured electrical characteristics of 600 V planar-gate inversion-channel 4H-SiC power MOSFETs fabricated with four different cell topologies (Linear, Square, Hexagonal, and Octagonal) for the first time. The High-Frequency Figures-of-Merit (HF-FOMs) of these devices were compared with the commercially available SiC device and the Si CoolMOS product. It was found that the HF-FOMs of the 600-V SiC product and our fabricated conventional Linear cell device are much worse in comparison to the Si CoolMOS product. However, the 600 V SiC power MOSFET with comparable performance to the Si CoolMOS product could be achieved by using the Octagonal cell topology.
Serologic Tools and Strategies to Support Intervention Trials to Combat Zika Virus Infection and Disease.

Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that recently caused a large epidemic in Latin America characterized by novel disease phenotypes, including Guillain-Barre syndrome, sexual transmission, and congenital anomalies, such as microcephaly. This epidemic, which was declared an international public health emergency by the World Health Organization, has highlighted shortcomings in our current understanding of, and preparation for, emerging infectious diseases in general, as well as challenges that are specific to Zika virus infection. Vaccine development for Zika virus has been a high priority of the public health response, and several candidates have shown promise in pre-clinical and early phase clinical trials. The optimal selection and implementation of imperfect serologic assays are among the crucial issues that must be addressed in order to advance Zika vaccine development. Here, I review key considerations for how best to incorporate into Zika vaccine trials the existing serologic tools, as well as those on the horizon. Beyond that, this discussion is relevant to other intervention strategies to combat Zika and likely other emerging infectious diseases.
On the Genealogy of Kokujin: Critical Thinking about the Formation of Bankoku and Modern Japanese Perceptions of Blackness

This article examines how Japanese perceptions of blackness and modern knowledge about bankoku (myriad lands) were formed in early modern Japan. From about the mid-seventeenth century until the mid...
Connections between viewing media about President Trump's dietary habits and fast food consumption intentions: Political differences and implications for public health.

A nationally representative sample (N = 1050) responded to a survey testing possible connections between Americans' attention to media about President Donald J. Trump's preference for fast food, their perceptions of Trump, and public perceptions and behavioral intentions regarding fast food consumption. This survey utilized measures aimed at integrating theory about audience responses to celebrity health issues with the Theory of Planned Behavior and found a significant positive relationship between attention to media about Trump's diet and perceptions that fast food is socially acceptable, as well as intentions to consume it. Some, but not all, media-related variables in the analyses were positively associated with fast food perceptions and intentions, even after controlling for demographic and psychosocial factors. Attention to media specifically about Trump's dietary habits was more often associated with fast food-related perceptions and outcomes than were other types of media attention. Additionally, having a positive parasocial relationship with Trump was positively associated with increased perceived acceptability of fast food. There were also differences in the connections between attention to media about Trump's diet, parasocial relationships with Trump, and fast food perceptions and consumption intentions for audiences with different political affiliations. For instance, attention to media about Trump in general was positively associated with more positive attitudes toward fast food for Republicans, but not for Democrats are those unaffiliated with either political party. Attention to media specifically about Trump's diet was positively related to fast food attitudes for both Republicans and Democrats but not unaffiliated individuals. This study demonstrates the important role of social, political, and media influences in shaping fast food related perceptions and preferences and offers many potential avenues for future research in this area.
In Vivo Modulation of the Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

tDCS has been used to treat various brain disorders and its mechanism of action (MoA) was found to be neuronal polarization. Since the blood–brain barrier (BBB) tightly regulates the neuronal microenvironment, we hypothesized that another MoA of tDCS is direct vascular activation by modulating the BBB structures to increase its permeability (P). To test this hypothesis, we used high resolution multiphoton microscopy to determine P of the cerebral microvessels in rat brain. We found that 20 min 0.1–1 mA tDCS transiently increases P to a small solute, sodium fluorescein (MW 376) and to a large solute, Dextran-70k, with a much higher increase in P to the large solute. By pretreating the vessel with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, we revealed that the tDCS-induced increase in P is NO dependent. A transport model for the BBB was further employed to predict the structural changes by the tDCS. Comparing model predictions with the measured data suggests that tDCS increases P by temporarily disrupting the structural components forming the paracellular pathway of the BBB. That the transient and reversible increase in the BBB permeability also suggests new applications of tDCS such as a non-invasive approach for brain drug delivery through the BBB.
Association between Food Deserts and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Large Metropolitan Area.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between urban food deserts and frequency and obstetric outcomes related to gestational diabetes. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton births in Chicago from 2010 to 2014. Birth certificate data were analyzed and geomapped by census tract. Census tracts were categorized as "food deserts" according to the USDA Food Access Research Atlas. The primary outcome was frequency of gestational diabetes. Secondary outcomes were assessed among women with gestational diabetes and their neonates. RESULTS Of the 191,947 eligible women, 8,709 (4.5%) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Those in food deserts were more likely to be younger, obese, minority race/ethnicity, and multiparous. Women in food deserts were less likely to develop gestational diabetes (3.8 vs. 4.8%, p < 0.01; adjusted odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.86-0.96). Women with gestational diabetes did not experience worse maternal and neonatal outcomes after controlling for potential confounders. CONCLUSION In contrast to prior work, women in Chicago living within food deserts were less likely to develop gestational diabetes and did not experience poorer outcomes, suggesting environmental factors other than food access contribute to perinatal outcomes.
Chapter 1 – Qualitative Relativity

The first chapter introduces the fundamental concepts behind special relativity. It requires no math beyond high school algebra. It is an intuitive introduction to relativity of simultaneity and length contraction. The two postulates of relativity, especially the second postulate—which is a direct consequence of electromagnetic theory—are explained as the foundation of special relativity. The conflict between the classical law of addition of velocities and the second postulate is explored and the notion of simultaneity is manifested as an intimate relation between light signal and time measurement. The concept of a reference frame is introduced and used to differentiate between simultaneity for observers in one reference frame and its absence for observers in two different reference frames moving relative to one another. The notion of simultaneity for two frames moving relative to one another leads naturally, in a nontechnical fashion, to the notion of length contraction.
Response of twelve different hyaluronic acid gels to varying doses of recombinant human hyaluronidase.

Summary Purpose Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers can be reversed with hyaluronidase, but their dose responses are not well-characterized. We evaluated 12 fillers’ in vitro responses to varying doses of recombinant human hyaluronidase (RHH). Methods For the 12 HA gels, 0.2 mL aliquots were placed on six slides. Samples received no injection, saline injection, or RHH (2.5, 5, 10, or 20 units). The most resistant gels received 40 units of RHH on a seventh slide. Photos of gels were taken from bird's-eye and lateral views with a ruler at multiple time points. Results Restylane-L and Restylane Lyft were the most easily dissolvable HA fillers. Both demonstrated a significant response to 2.5 units RHH/0.2 mL. Juvederm Ultra, Belotero, Restylane Silk, and Restylane Defyne had moderate resistance to RHH. Restylane Refyne, Juvederm Ultra Plus, Vollure, Versa, and Voluma were most resistant, requiring more than 20 units RHH/0.2 mL for complete dissolution. Volbella was moderately resistant up to 20 units RHH but demonstrated pronounced dissolution with 40 units RHH. Conclusions This study visually and objectively demonstrates the in vitro response of HA to dissolution by hyaluronidase. Fillers were categorized into least, moderate, and most resistant to RHH. Interesting findings include markedly different degrees of liquefaction for products used for similar indications (such as Restylane Lyft being more liquefied than Voluma), and Belotero easily flattening but retaining texture. Combined with in vivo data, this may help calculate hyaluronidase doses needed for controlled, partial reversal of commercially available HA gels.
Screening ‘Good Neighbors’: The Educational Uses of Julien Bryan’s Latin American Shorts Along the US Circuits of 16mm, 1940-1947

From 1941-1945, the educational filmmaker and travel-film lecturer Julien Bryan (1899-1974) produced 23 documentary shorts on Latin American ‘Good Neighbors’ for Nelson Rockefeller’s Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, which distributed them widely across US sites of formal and informal learning during World War II. Although cultural historians in the past twenty years have provided considerable insight into the production mandates of Julien Bryan’s films and their alignment with soft power discourse, the distribution and exhibition history of these shorts remains underexamined. This essay describes my research on this history in its intersection with the longer US history of US non-commercial, and specifically educational, film. Looking at digital governmental and local newspaper archives, non-commercial trade and amateur film magazines, educational film journals and curricula and Julien Bryan’s personal archive at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, I trace the travels of these shorts along the circuits of wartime 16mm, examining their appropriation by social studies teachers, Spanish language instructors, art historians, and African American and Latinx activists at universities as sources of Latin American knowledge along a spectrum of ideological perspectives on Pan-Hemispheric relations and ‘Good Neighbor’ understanding.
PAPPA-mediated adipose tissue remodeling mitigates insulin resistance and protects against gestational diabetes in mice and humans

Pregnancy is a physiological state of continuous adaptation to changing maternal and fetal nutritional needs, including a reduction of maternal insulin sensitivity allowing for appropriately enhanced glucose availability to the fetus. However, excessive insulin resistance in conjunction with insufficient insulin secretion results in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), greatly increasing the risk for pregnancy complications and predisposing both mothers and offspring to future metabolic disease. Here, we report a signaling pathway connecting pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) with adipose tissue expansion in pregnancy. Adipose tissue plays a central role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, and we show that, in both mice and humans, pregnancy caused remodeling of adipose tissue evidenced by altered adipocyte size, vascularization, and in vitro expansion capacity. PAPPA is known to be a metalloprotease secreted by human placenta that modulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) bioavailability through prolteolysis of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 2, 4, and 5. We demonstrate that recombinant PAPPA can stimulate ex vivo human adipose tissue expansion in an IGFBP-5– and IGF-1–dependent manner. Moreover, mice lacking PAPPA displayed impaired adipose tissue remodeling, pregnancy-induced insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, recapitulating multiple aspects of human GDM. In a cohort of 6361 pregnant women, concentrations of circulating PAPPA are inversely correlated with glycemia and odds of developing GDM. These data identify PAPPA and the IGF signaling pathway as necessary for the regulation of maternal adipose tissue physiology and systemic glucose homeostasis, with consequences for long-term metabolic risk and potential for therapeutic use.
Investigation of influence of compact actuators on air cavity in water flow under recessed hull

Air cavity drag reduction is one promising method for reducing power consumption of ships. Its current practical applications are rather limited, owing largely to the fact that air cavity size and ...
A preliminary study in medical anthropology in Brunei, Borneo

Nine rural village communities in the jungle of Brunei, Borneo were studied to ascertain possible effects of rapid social change on the health of the inhabitants. The social mores and religious beliefs of the rural tribes—Iban, Dusun, and Punan—have undergone but little change over many hundreds of years. During the past three decades, however, enormous social pressures for change have evolved from extraordinary economic prosperity of the region, due to the exploitation of large discoveries of oil and gas. Much of the money has been invested in health care, with the result that malaria, typhus and other tropical scourges have been virtually wiped out. Child and maternal mortality have been reduced to the standards of some of the healthiest countries in the world. The young of the formerly illiterate population are being rapidly educated in new schools scattered throughout the nation. New roads are penetrating the jungle and a thriving lumber industry has been established. Motor boats for the rivers, T.V. and even a national airline have been added. Despite these incursions a vigorous proseletizing by the Moslem and to a lesser extent by the Christian church, the villagers have held tenaciously to their ancient animistic beliefs. Living in long houses, they have also been able to maintain a tightly cohesive patriarchal family structure. Against this background there is as yet little or no evidence of the major diseases of Western society—coronary artery disease and hypertension, although most forms of cancer are commonly encountered. Brunei offers a splendid opportunity to test the putative relationship of chronic vascular disease to social structure and a way of life. Future studies may be made prospectively as the almost inevitable breakdown of old customs and patterns of living occurs in the face of rapid modernization.
Outpatient insulin-related adverse events due to mix-up errors: Findings from two national surveillance systems, United States, 2012-2017.

Purpose We used data from two public health surveillance systems for national estimates and detailed descriptions of insulin mix-up errors resulting in emergency department (ED) visits and other serious adverse events to help inform prevention efforts. Methods ED visits involving patients seeking care for insulin medication errors collected by the NEISS-CADES project in 2012-2017 and voluntary reports of serious insulin medication errors submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016-2017 were analyzed. National estimates of insulin product prescriptions dispensed from retail pharmacies were obtained from IQVIA National Prescription Audit. Results Between 2012 and 2017, based on 514 NEISS-CADES cases, there were an estimated 5636 (95% CI, 4143-7128) ED visits annually for insulin mix-up errors; overall, over three-quarters (77.5%; 95% CI, 71.6%-83.3%) involved taking rapid-acting instead of long-acting insulin. Between 2012 and 2017, the proportion of mix-up errors among all estimated ED visits for all insulin errors decreased by 60%; concurrently, the proportion of pens among all insulin package types dispensed increased by 50%. Among 58 voluntary reports submitted to FAERS, over one-half (56.9%) of cases involved taking rapid- instead of long-acting insulin. Among 27 cases with documented contributing factors, approximately one-half involved patients having difficulty differentiating products. Conclusions Among all ED visits for insulin errors collected by NEISS-CADES in 2012-2017, the proportion involving mix-up errors has declined. Continued reductions may require additional prevention strategies, including improving insulin distinctiveness, particularly for rapid- vs long-acting insulins. Ongoing national surveillance is important for identifying the impact of interventions.
Addiction, Fentanyl, and the Border

This chapter focuses on the issue of drug addiction as well as the trafficking of drugs through Mexico en route to the United States. It begins with an examination of OxyContin and the Sackler family. It focuses on the role that marketing played in the opioid crisis in the United States. This chapter also provides stories of addiction, focusing on the real-world impact that the opioid epidemic has had on people. It then turns to the case of fentanyl and Philadelphia, analyzing not only drug trafficking but also alternative policies, such as safe injection sites. Finally, it explains how drugs are trafficked through the border from Mexico.
Insurance against Ransomware

In a simple equilibrium model, I show how the presence of liquid cyberinsurers increases the frequency and severity of ransomware attacks. Even accounting for the benefits of risk- sharing and optionality vis-a-vis ransom payments, insurers may harm social welfare. I show that regulatory sublimit caps (including but not necessarily zero) for cyberinsurance policies covering ransomware can enhance social welfare relative to a regulation-free benchmark; unlike banning firms from making effectively untraceable ransom payments, this is an enforceable and practical regulatory measure. Finally, I discuss external hazards responsive to the provision of insurance more broadly and argue conclusions may generalize to other settings.
Generalized Non-Redundant Sparse Array Designs

We present novel generalized non-redundant sparse array design strategies that achieve the highest possible number of degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. These array designs offer difference co-arrays that do not contain any lag redundancies except the unavoidable redundancies at lag zero. We first develop a co-array-based zero-redundancy design rule which serves as a baseline for constructing these non-redundant arrays, and a large-aperture naive structured non-redundant sparse array is presented. We then develop a systematized design framework based on disjunctive programming to obtain non-redundant sparse array structures with a minimum array aperture, resulting in minimum hole arrays. The disjunctive programming framework is then extended to an equivalent mixed-integer linear programming problem. As a result, given the same number of physical sensors, the design framework provides a difference co-array with the maximum number of correlation lags and resolves more sources than existing sparse array structures. The non-redundant sparse array design is further generalized in two new directions, respectively achieving an arbitrary array aperture and reducing mutual coupling effects. Among the several new sparse array designs obtained from such generalizations, the hybrid non-redundant sparse array design simultaneously achieves the highest number of DOFs, meets a desired array aperture requirement, and reduces mutual coupling effects. Structured matrix completion methods are employed to interpolate the missing lags in the resulting difference co-arrays, thereby enabling high-resolution gridless DOA estimation with improved performance. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the generalized non-redundant sparse array design strategies over existing sparse array structures
Education and training in applied microbiology.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the problems faced in education and training of microbiologists in the United States. There is a rarely appreciated aspect in the training of applied microbiologists—that it is relatively rare for a college student to decide on a career in applied microbiology at the start of the program. In the United States, there is a lack of facilities and opportunities for the training of technicians. There is at the college level neglect of training in applications; at the graduate level, there is the general lack of broad training in applied microbiology, although specialty training is adequate. Each training level has certain problems, but the general assessment is that there is reasonably adequate response to the demand. The problems of training in applied microbiology in the developing countries are at least different, if not more complex, than those of the developed countries. Because so many different kinds of skills are required in many fields of applied microbiology and because young people do not deliberately choose applied microbiology as a career, one cannot set up a training program for applied microbiologists as such.
Der posttraumatische Kopfschmerz

Schadel-Hirn-Traumen (SHT) und HWS-Schleudertraumen (HWS-ST) werden in 90% von einem posttraumatischen Kopfschmerz (PK) gefolgt. Der PK nach leichtgradigem HWS-ST ist meist okzipital betont (67%), von dumpf-druckendem und/oder ziehendem Charakter (77%) und halt im Mittel 3 Wochen an. Der Spannungskopfschmerz ist mit 85% der haufigste Typ der posttraumatischen Kopfschmerzen. Neben zervikogenem Kopfschmerz und einem symptomatischen (sekundaren) Kopfschmerz bei SDH, SAB, ICB oder intrakranieller Druckerhohung sind in seltenen Fallen posttraumatische Kopfschmerzen moglich, die der Mitgrane oder dem Cluster-KS ahneln. Es kann sich ein Medikamenten induzierter Dauerkopfschmerz entwickeln, wenn bei akutem PK Analgetika langer als 4 Wochen verabreicht werden. Nach SHT sind nach 1/2 Jahr uber 80% der Patienten kopfschmerzfrei; 20% chronifizieren zumindest uber einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 4 Jahren. Prognostisch ungunstige Faktoren sind ein Alter uber 40 Jahre, ein geringes intelektuelles und soziookonomisches Niveau, ein geringer Ausbildungsstand, eine positive SHT-Anamnese oder ein Alkoholabusus. Eine langere Kopfschmerzdauer nach HWS-ST ist zu erwarten bei initial heftigem Kopfschmerz, bei ausgepragter Einschrankung der passiven HWS-Mobilitat, bei Patienten mit schlechter Befindlichkeit, mit depressiver Verstimmung oder mit somatisch-vegetativen Beschwerden und bei Patienten hoheren Alters. Die Behandlung des PK erfolgt in der Akutphase mit einfachen Analgetika, Antiphlogistika und/oder Muskelrelaxantien, falls erforderlich mit transienter HWS-Immobilisation mit Hilfe einer Halskrause; bei langer anhaltendem PK mit Gabe von trizyklischen Thymoleptika (z.B. Amitriptylin oder Amitriptylin-Oxid) begleitend zu einer allgemein-roborierenden, physikalischen und physiotherapeutischen Behandlung, im Bedarfsfall mit begleitender psychotherapeutischer Stutzung. Zur Vermeidung einer PK-Chronifizierung wird eine rasche Klarung forensischer Angelegenheiten empfohlen.
Mechanics of proplatelet elaboration

The cellular and molecular basis of the intricate process by which megakaryocytes (MKs) form and release platelets remains poorly understood. Work has shown that proplatelets, long cytoplasmic extensions made by mature MKs, are essential intermediates in platelet biogenesis. Microtubules are the main structural component of proplatelets and it is microtubule sliding, driven by dynein motors within cortical bundles, which elongates and thins proplatelets. Kinesin motors carry their cargo of platelet-specific granules and organelles into the proplatelets using the microtubule bundles as tracks. Extension of proplatelets is associated with repeated actin-dependent bending and bifurcation, which results in considerable amplification of free proplatelet ends. Large proplatelets, dissociated from the residual MK cell body, have the capacity to mature platelets. Only the ends of proplatelets form marginal microtubule coils similar to that observed in mature platelets, demonstrating that platelet formation completes primarily at proplatelet ends. Understanding the molecular basis of platelet formation requires detailed knowledge of how the MK microtubule machinery interacts to generate proplatelets and release platelets.
Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass in vivo.

Publisher Summary Recently, it has been found that in transplanted islets, the amount of functional β-cell mass changes, dependent on demand, with changes in replication and/or cell size. In a study described in this chapter, isolated islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule of diabetic or control mice. There were three groups, the first two having been diabetic before transplantation: (1) animals that were transplanted with enough islets (300) to return to normoglycemia, (2) animals transplanted with insufficient islets (150) to become normoglycemic and remain diabetic, and (3) control mice transplanted with 300 islets. In this model, some initial loss of islet tissue was expected as a result of anoxia during the engraftment procedure; however, in the diabetic animals that became normoglycemic with transplantation, the β-cell mass was maintained at the original transplanted mass. There was no change in the replication rate; however, at 30 days, there was hypertrophy of the β cells. In the group that remained diabetic, the graft was decreased in mass at 10 and 30 days.
Real-time system for data acquisition and control of batch dyeing

A real-time system has been developed for the monitoring and control of batch dyeing processes. The system, though developed for batch dyeing, is a generic data acquisition and control tool compliant with POSIX (IEEE 1003.4) and other standards. The system allows for the rapid prototyping of general real-time data acquisition and control systems, while supporting a rich set of development tools to enable networking, window-based applications programming, and object-oriented programming. Currently, the system combines a real-time multitasking operating system with full TCP/IP networking support. Using a VMEbus backplane, the system can also support multiple CPUs and full bus arbitration. Various drivers have been written to enable A/D, D/A, DIG, GPIB, SCSI, as well as serial and parallel communication (RS232). >