cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing the Patent Bubble: An Exploration of Patent Monetization Entities from Sewing Machine Combination to Rockstar Bid Co.

The question I address in this paper is whether or not the patent marketplace is developing in a sustainable way that rewards inventors and business people according to the aims of past and current patent policy. This paper addresses developments in the private patent marketplace from a historical perspective, and focuses on recent innovations in monetization models. The companies covered in this paper have all risen from the relative freedom under which the government has allowed them to operate, and their stories as well as their struggles explain the trends we see today and provide insight into where the patent marketplace is headed tomorrow.
Gendered vulnerabilities and grassroots adaptation initiatives in home gardens and small orchards in Northwest Mexico

With the retreat of the state under neoliberalism, the lack of (or negligible) government and non-governmental support reasserts grassroots initiatives as a global-change strategy. A feminist political ecology approach and the concept of adverse inclusion were used to facilitate an analysis of social differences shaping local-level adaptive responses. Adaptive responses of small farmers in the border village of San Ignacio, Sonora, Mexico, who are increasingly vulnerable to climate change, water scarcity, and changing labor markets were studied. Gender differences in production sites translate into diverse vulnerabilities and adaptive strategies. Local capacities and initiatives should be a focus of research and policy to avoid viewing women and men as passive in the face of global change. The dynamic strategies of San Ignacio women and men in home gardens and small orchards hold lessons for other regions particularly related to adaptation to climate change via agrobiodiversity, water resource management, and diversified agricultural livelihoods.
Simulated Polarimetric Fields of Ice Vapor Growth Using the Adaptive Habit Model. Part I: Large-Eddy Simulations

AbstractThe bulk adaptive habit model (AHM) explicitly predicts ice particle aspect ratio, improving the representation of microphysical processes and properties, including ice–liquid-phase partitioning. With the unique ability to predict ice particle shape and density, the AHM is combined with an offline forward operator to produce fields of simulated polarimetric variables. An evaluation of AHM-forward-simulated dual-polarization radar signatures in an idealized Arctic mixed-phase cloud is presented. Interpretations of those signatures are provided through microphysical model output using the large-eddy simulation mode of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model.Vapor-grown ice properties are associated with distinct observable signatures in polarimetric radar variables, with clear sensitivities to the simulated ice particle properties, including ice number, size, and distribution shape. In contrast, the liquid droplet number has little influence on both polarimetric and microphysical variables in the...
Harvest and group effects on pup survival in a cooperative breeder.

Recruitment in cooperative breeders can be negatively affected by changes in group size and composition. The majority of cooperative breeding studies have not evaluated human harvest; therefore, th...
Focal reexpansion pulmonary edema after drainage of large pleural effusions: clinical evidence suggesting hypoxic injury to the lung as the cause of edema.

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe purposes of this study were to review possible causes of reexpansion pulmonary edema (RPE) and to attempt to explain atypical distributions of RPE after drainage of Jarge pleural effusions.MethodsFive patients had focal RPE after routine drainage of large pleural effusions. In
Effects of Grazing and Fire Frequency on Floristic Quality and its Relationship to Indicators of Soil Quality in Tallgrass Prairie.

Fire and grazing are widely used to manage grasslands for conservation purposes, but few studies have evaluated the effects of these drivers on the conservation value of plant communities measured by the floristic quality index (FQI). Further, the influence of fire and grazing on soil properties and functions are difficult for land managers and restoration practitioners to assess. The objectives of this study were to: (1) quantify the independent and interactive effects of grazing and fire frequency on floristic quality in native tallgrass prairie to provide potential benchmarks for community assessment, and (2) to explore whether floristic quality can serve as an indicator of soil structure and function for more holistic ecosystem assessments. A factorial combination of fire frequencies (1–2, 4, and 20 years return intervals) and grazing (by bison or ungrazed) treatments were sampled for plant species composition, and for several indicators of soil quality in lowland tallgrass prairie. Floristic quality, diversity, and richness were higher in grazed than ungrazed prairie over all fire frequencies (P < 0.05). Available inorganic N, microbial biomass N, total N, and soil bulk density were also higher in grazed prairie soil over all fire frequencies (P < 0.05). Microbial biomass C, total organic C, and total soil N were positively correlated with FQI (P < 0.05). This study shows that floristic quality and soil N pools are more strongly influenced by grazing than fire and that floristic quality can be an indicator of total soil C and N stocks in never cultivated lowland prairie.
Techniques for accelerating simulations of electric ships

Simulation execution time often becomes a barrier to rapid system design and analysis. Several techniques may reduce simulation execution time, including the selection of appropriate simulation time step, the use of multi-rate implementations, and simulation acceleration on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). However, these techniques present challenges in implementation and do not always yield benefits. Through an example model, the benefits, limitations, and challenges of using these techniques are presented to provide guidance on accelerating simulations of electric ships. The use of high-level synthesis tools is presented as an implementation path for users without expertise in FPGA-based design who are interested in simulation acceleration with FPGAs.
Spotted Wing Drosophila Prefer Low Hanging Fruit: Insights into Foraging Behavior and Management Strategies

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is an invasive insect that attacks ripe, small fruit such as raspberries, blackberries and blueberries. Little is known about its foraging ecology and current trapping methods and monitoring systems are ineffective at commercial scales. In semi-field studies, we evaluated adult alightment and ovipositional preference within and among raspberry plants using sentinel Tangletrap-coated and clean raspberry fruit, respectively, positioned within the exterior and interior plant canopy at four different heights (60, 85, 110 and 135 cm from the base) and conducted in field cages using sexually mature adults. Alightment of adults on Tangle-trap-coated fruit indicated a preference for fruit positioned at lower heights and/or interior locations based on significantly greater numbers being captured on sentinel sticky-coated berries at the two lowest heights. Oviposition in clean raspberry fruit also yielded a similar pattern. In mark-release-recapture studies conducted in the field, spotted wing drosophila prefer sentinel sticky fruit positioned on exterior rows as they alighted on these berries in significantly greater numbers than fruit at in the central portion of the plot. Likewise, in field trials with wild fly populations, infestations were significantly greater in edge rows compared with interior rows. Collectively, our results suggest that monitoring and behaviorally based management strategies may be more effective if they target adults foraging in the lower canopy of small fruit plants located on the crop perimeter.
Biochemical studies on adenovirus multiplication: IV. Isolation, purification, and chemical analysis of adenovirus☆

Abstract A method is described for the isolation and purification of type 2 adenovirus from infected suspension cultures of KB cells. Yields of 5–15 mg of purified virus were obtained from 6 to 9 × 10 8 cells. The procedure involved extraction with Tris buffer, treatment with genetron, centrifugation upon a layer of RbCl solution, and two RbCl-density gradient centrifugations. The virus was found to contain 13% DNA and 87% protein. Base analysis of viral DNA gave molar percentages of 22, 21, 27, and 29 for adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, respectively. These ratios are strikingly different from that of host cell DNA in which adenine and thymine predominate. Evidence for the purity of the virus and for the double-stranded nature of viral DNA is discussed. Type 4 adenovirus prepared by the above procedure had a similar chemical composition and DNA base ratios as type 2 adenovirus.
Numerical evaluations of time-domain Green's functions for the Treeby-Cox space-fractional wave equation with the Pantis method

The attenuation of ultrasound propagation in soft tissue follows a frequency-dependent power law. To model the power law attenuation while also accounting for the dispersion in soft tissue, Treeby and Cox proposed a space-fractional wave equation. Calculating the time-domain Green's function of the Treeby-Cox wave equation requires numerical evaluations of an inverse Fourier transform in the spatial domain, where a highly oscillatory function is integrated from 0 to infinity. This problem is solved by partitioning the integral into two parts with the Pantis method. Time domain Green's functions in breast (y = 1.5, α 0 = 0.086 Np/cm/MHz1.5, and c 0 = 1450 m/s) at two distances, r = 1 nm and r = 10 cm, are computed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Tres retos para la investigación y formación de docentes en inglés: reflexividad sobre las creencias y prácticas en literacidad

This article is based on the research work that comprised my doctoral dissertation about the evolution of the literacy beliefs and practices of a group of faculty and graduates from an English teacher education program. Inspired by the idea of reflexivity as a social reflection process that leads to rethinking educational practices, this article poses three challenges: (a) Instead of inquiring about the messages found in teacher education courses, we need to look at the unrecognized overlaps that are taking place; (b) we need to rethink literacy as a construct much larger than just talking about reading and writing; and (c) we need to rethink the characteristics of teachers education in regards to issues of literacy and second language in the social, political, and technological contexts of the new millennium.
Detailed experimental and numerical investigation of fluid–particle interactions of a fixed train of spherical particles inside a square duct

Abstract In this work, a detailed comparison of velocity fields obtained from Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experimental measurement and Particle-Resolved Direct Numerical Simulation (PR-DNS) of flow inside a square duct around a train of five spherical particles at a Reynolds number of 100 based on the particle diameter Dp for two different particle separation distances of l/Dp (l is the center to center distance between two neighboring particles) of 1.38 and 2.19 was performed. The PR-DNS numerical results were validated with PIV experimental data. It is argued that validations using point-wise flow measurement (such as drag on particle) are potentially unreliable for simulation verification and hence, field comparisons are needed. In addition, conclusions are drawn about the interaction of flow with spherical particles in the arrangement depending on the distance over diameter ratio and drag coefficient on the spheres were calculated.
Compact quantum groups and group duality

In this paper, we consider the *-representations of compact quantum groups and group duality. The main results in the paper are: (1) there is a one-to-one correspondence between the *-representations of compact quantum groups and *-representations of the dual Banach *-algebra; (2) the category of commutative compact quantum groups (semigroups) is a dual category to the category of compact groups (semigroups); (3) the dual category of the category of locally compact groups (semigroups) is the category of commutative Hopf C*-algebras with a particular property. Our group duality has the flavor of a Gelfand-Naimark type theorem for compact quantum groups, and for Hopf C*-algebras.
Brainstem Modulation of the Hippocampus

Our interest in examining the role of the brainstem in the modulation of the hippocampus developed from an early identification of a population of brainstem reticular cells with activity highly correlated with the theta rhythm of the hippocampus (Vertes, 1979). We found, for instance, that cells of the pontine tegmental field (primarily nucleus pontis oralis) discharged selectively during the theta-associated states of waking-movement and REM sleep (in the rat) and exhibited several additional characteristics in common with hippocampal theta. We suggested that these pontine reticular neurons were directly involved in generating the theta rhythm.
Building Program Coherence and the (Un)intentional Clinical Experiences for First-Semester Preservice Teachers

ABSTRACTDrawing on a theory of program coherence, the establishment of an educational third space, and intentional clinical experience, the authors created a unique entry point in a teacher education program. The authors developed the Onsite Secondary Education Project (OSSEP) to connect relevant educational theory and discipline-specific pedagogy through intentional clinical placements for first-semester preservice teachers. Results from this exploratory research demonstrate that program coherence and structured clinical experiences can help preservice teachers orient themselves to the teaching profession and connect educational theory and practice. However, unintentional experiences were identified, suggesting that increased exposure to the classroom helped shape participants’ views toward the teaching profession. Findings offer evidence of a teacher education that balances the idealism of teacher education with the practicalities of the PK-12 classroom.
Development of Loss of Control Eating

Abstract Loss of control eating is one of the most commonly reported disordered eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Given its associations with physical and psychosocial impairments, the development of exacerbated obesity, and full-syndrome eating disorders, loss of control eating is of considerable public health significance. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature concerning the assessment, prevalence, correlates, predictors, and course and outcome of loss of control eating in youth. Theoretical models, interventions, and future research directions are discussed.
Visible Light-Activated CO Release and 1O2 Photosensitizer Formation with Ru(II),Mn(I) Complexes.

Two diimine-bridged Ru(II),Mn(I) complexes with a [(bpy)2Ru(BL)Mn(CO)3Br]2+ architecture, where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine and BL = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp; Ru(dpp)Mn) or 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpm; Ru(bpm)Mn), were designed to both dissociate multiple equivalents of CO and produce 1O2 when irradiated with visible light. Analysis of the complexes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry suggest a stronger π-accepting ability for bpm compared to that of dpp. Both complexes absorb light throughout the UV and visible regions with lowest energy absorption bands comprising overlapping Ru(dπ)→BL(π*) and Mn(dπ)→BL(π*) singlet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) and Br(p)→dpp(π*) singlet halide-to-ligand charge transfer (1XLCT) transitions. This lowest energy band is centered at 510 nm (e = 12 000 M–1cm–1) for Ru(dpp)Mn and 553 nm (e = 3240 M–1cm–1) for Ru(bpm)Mn, and the absorption band extends to nearly 700 nm in each case. Irradiation with visible light (both 470 and 627 nm) ...
Examining reasoning biases in schizophrenia using a modified "Jumping to Conclusions" probabilistic reasoning task

Although the Jumping To Conclusion (JTC) bias has been extensively studied in relation to schizophrenia and persecutory delusions, the relationship between JTC and other reasoning biases implicated in delusional ideation is not fully understood. We modified the traditional JTC task to assess co-occurrence of reasoning biases in decision making. Forty-six patients with schizophrenia and 46 healthy controls completed two versions [neutral colored beads and salient comments] of the modified task. We replicated previous findings indicating that patients showed a greater JTC bias, and in both groups, the JTC bias was more pronounced for the salient task. However, we observed a significant effect for non-Bayesian judgments, indicating that patients showed greater difficulty in probabilistic reasoning. When controlling for probabilistic reasoning ability, the observed JTC bias effects were diminished. Our findings that faulty probability assessment accounts for the JTC bias indicates that the traditional JTC bias task may not represent an inherent hasty decision-making bias, but rather an inability to fully understand and execute the stated goals of the task. These results call into question the current understanding of the JTC bias and the independence of this bias apart from the cognitive demands of the task.
Exploiting High Millimeter Wave Bands for Military Communications, Applications, and Design

Military communications networks can leverage much of the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology being investigated and developed for 5G cellular but require special attention to the unique military requirements. This paper highlights the special communications' requirements of specific military local area networks and discusses how higher band mm-wave technology can contribute to high data rates and simultaneously achieve covertness. Adaptive tuning for varying atmospheric absorption meets the military requirements for quickly adjusting covert communication zones to accommodate potentially rapid movements of network nodes, dynamic output power constraints, and changing environmental conditions.
Genesis, modification, and preservation of complex Upper Ordovician hardgrounds: Implications for sequence stratigraphy and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

Abstract Hardgrounds from the Upper Ordovician strata of eastern Laurentia exhibit a wide range of morphologies, though the development of their complex surface topographies remains poorly understood. These early lithified seafloors, which can be laterally very extensive, may provide key information about basin dynamics and global ocean fluctuations. Based on spectacular exposures and newly-excavated material, we examined a suite of hardgrounds from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of southern Ontario and the Cincinnati Arch region and documented the processes of genesis, development, and modification of simple, complex, and block hardgrounds. In this study, we used extensive field work, petrology, and cathodoluminescence to determine the evolution and shaping of hardgrounds as a result of intense submarine erosion and prolonged exposure of these surfaces and reveal a progression from simple to complex hardgrounds and ultimately to isolated cobble- to boulder-sized block hardgrounds. We survey the distribution of hardgrounds in a sequence stratigraphic framework to determine allocyclic controls on hardground development, highlight the important role that mixed siliciclastic-carbonate environments play in promoting the development of heterogeneous hardground topographies, and analyze the effects of high surface reliefs on local depositional and erosional regimes. In addition, we interpret the impact of increasingly abundant complex hardgrounds throughout the Ordovician on hard-substrate community diversification and their contribution to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. We also discuss time-specific aspects of the Late Ordovician that made it a peak interval of hardground proliferation.
Development and Scale-Up of a Continuous Aerobic Oxidative Chan–Lam Coupling

Despite the benefits of high atom economy and low cost, aerobic oxidations have found limited use in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) because of safety concerns and poor se...
The experiential aspect of Mandarin Chinese (-guo): Semantics and pragmatics

Abstract The study of the Chinese experiential aspect expressed by -guo is an important research topic in both Chinese theoretical linguistics and the semantics-pragmatics interface more broadly. Previous studies propose that the semantics of -guo has the property of what is called repeatability, and/or discontinuity. In this article, I show that previous theories do not adequately explain the distributional pattern of -guo. The semantics of -guo therefore remains unclear. Based on a comprehensive observation of the experiential aspect marker -guo, I propose that (1) -guo semantically is an existential quantifier indicating a non-empty set of a type of eventuality in a certain time frame which is presupposed to be before a reference time, and with this new proposal, the so-called perfective -guo described by previous studies can be explained in the same framework, and thus the two -guos can be unified; (2) the discontinuity property can be accounted for from a pragmatic perspective under the notion of Question Under Discussion ( Roberts, 1996 ).
Comparing older adult and child protection policy in the United States of America

Compared with policy related to child abuse, older adult protection policy developed later and made slower progress in the United States of America. Few studies have addressed older adult protection policy. This paper compares the two policies and provides implications about how to improve older adult protection policy by emulating child protection policy. The Dimensions of Choice Framework was utilised to illuminate the differences between child protection and older adult protection policies (i.e. allocation, provisions, delivery and finance), while Advocacy Coalition Framework theory was used to explain why these differences exist (i.e. the contentions between ally and opposite coalitions). The Dimensions of Choice Framework refined the descriptive comparison of the two policies while the Advocacy Coalition Framework unfolded the efforts and struggles between advocacy coalitions that result in policy changes; and the conceptual combination further provides a cross-disciplinary link between social work and public policy studies. Findings indicated that, compared to child protection policy, older adult protection policy lacked federal legislative and administrative direction, well-developed diagnosis and evaluation tools, a national data system, sufficient federal funds and a comprehensive response mechanism. This was the case because older adult protection advocates presented a more controversial argument regarding the role of government intervention in protecting victims while respecting individual autonomy, lower public and government awareness, and weaker efforts from ally coalitions.
Age Differences in Expression of Generalized and Social Anxiety Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

This study examined differences in generalized and social anxiety symptoms across two age groups of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) while accounting for overall anxiety level, gender, and intellectual functioning. Older children (12–18 years) expressed more overall and social anxiety symptoms than younger children (6–11 years), and social anxiety symptoms were predominant in the older group. Younger children expressed more generalized anxiety symptoms than the older youth, and there was a trend for generalized anxiety symptoms to be more dominant in the younger group. Findings are consistent with theory of differential expression of specific anxiety symptoms across different ages seen with typically developing children, yet social evaluative concerns may be even stronger for adolescents with ASD.
Characterization of Pica in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease.

Background: Pica is known to be common in children with sickle cell disease but there is no information about this disorder in adults with SCD. The cause of pica in SCD is not known; a small minority of cases are due to iron deficiency. Aims: The purposes of this study are to characterize pica in adults with sickle cell disease, to compare it with pica as it occurs in children with the disorder, and to determine the prevalence of pica in the non-SCD siblings of individuals with SCD. The underlying hypothesis is that there is an unidentified nutritional deficiency which stimulates pica in individuals with SCD. The current report presents the data from adult SCD subjects. Subjects and Methods: A structured interview was designed and administered to a convenience sample from Sickle Cell Clinic at UNC. Laboratory and radiologic data were collected from the subjects’ medical records. The data used were from steady state on the date closest to the interview date. No data that were more than 5 years from the interview date were used. Results: There were 86 participants, 73 with SS or Sβ 0 thal, 13 with SC or Sβ + thal. The mean age was 37 years, with a range of 19 to 63. Fifty-five percent were female. Any pica. Seventy-six percent of the participants had had pica at some time during their lives; a similar proportion was found in both the SS/Sβ 0 thal as in the SC/Sβ + thal group. Pica was more prevalent in females, with 60% of females reporting ever having had pica vs 40 % of males. The majority of these reported having had pica as a child, with a mean age of onset of 7 years and a mean duration of 6 years. This group was significantly more likely to have a sibling with pica than those who had never had pica(52 vs 5%, p 0 thal, and 2 were SC or Sβ + thal. All reported having begun pica during childhood at a mean age of 6 years. They were significantly more likely to report having been diagnosed with a nutritional deficiency than those without recent pica(39 v 14%, p=.04). Males with current pica had significantly lower bmi than those without pica (20 vs 23kg/m 2 , p=.0002). Although none with recent pica had ferritin within the iron deficient range, those with recent pica had significantly lower mean ferritin than those without recent pica (374 vs 1256ng/mL. p Conclusions: Pica is common in SCD, but in a majority of cases it is a childhood phenomenon. Persistent pica in adults with SCD is associated with a low-normal bmi in males, significantly different than the unaffected males. Ferritin levels are high overall in this population but are significantly lower in those with recent pica than those without recent pica. The familial environment appears to affect the occurrence of pica; it cannot be determined from these data whether this influence is genetic or environmental.
Model United Nations and Experiential Learning: An Assessment of Changes in Knowledge and Attitudes

Despite the popularity of Model United Nations, no effort has been made to directly assess student learning since 1984. Accordingly, we developed and administered a pre- and post-conference survey to participants in the 2007 American Model United Nations (AMUN). We assessed whether participating in the simulation affected students’ general knowledge of the UN; their attitudes towards the UN and the most important member states; and their understanding of diplomatic strategies. We find that first-time participants increased their general knowledge, developed a more realist orientation towards international relations, and placed more emphasis on the importance of individual agency in world affairs.
Strategies in herbivory by mammals revisited: The role of liver metabolism in a juniper specialist (Neotoma stephensi) and a generalist (Neotoma albigula).

Although herbivory is widespread among mammals, few species have adopted a strategy of dietary specialization. Feeding on a single plant species often exposes herbivores to high doses of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), which may exceed the animal's detoxification capacities. Theory predicts that specialists will have unique detoxification mechanisms to process high levels of dietary toxins. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared liver microsomal metabolism of a juniper specialist, Neotoma stephensi (diet >85% juniper), to a generalist, N. albigula (diet ≤30% juniper). Specifically, we quantified the concentration of a key detoxification enzyme, cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B) in liver microsomes, and the metabolism of α-pinene, the most abundant terpene in the juniper species consumed by the specialist woodrat. In both species, a 30% juniper diet increased the total CYP2B concentration (2-3×) in microsomes and microsomal α-pinene metabolism rates (4-fold). In N. stephensi, higher levels of dietary juniper (60% and 100%) further induced CYP2B and increased metabolism rates of α-pinene. Although no species-specific differences in metabolism rates were observed at 30% dietary juniper, total microsomal CYP2B concentration was 1.7× higher in N. stephensi than in N. albigula (p < .01), suggesting N. stephensi produces one or more variant of CYP2B that is less efficient at processing α-pinene. In N. stephensi, the rates of α-pinene metabolism increased with dietary juniper and were positively correlated with CYP2B concentration. The ability of N. stephensi to elevate CYP2B concentration and rate of α-pinene metabolism with increasing levels of juniper in the diet may facilitate juniper specialization in this species.
The Imperative of Affirming Diverse Voices in the Envisioning of Pedagogies for Peaceful Coexistence

Response to the Presidential Address by Professor Hanan A. Alexander from the University of Haifa in Israel, delivered at the 2019 Religious Education Association annual meeting in Toronto, Canada.
Fluoronanogold: An Efficient Labeling Reagent for Immunocytochemistry

The field of immunocytochemistry comprises a large body of methodologies whose purpose is to obtain spatial and temporal information about biological samples with a high degree of chemical specificity. The major differences in immunocytochemical methods are: (1) type of sample preparation (i.e., pre-embedding or post-embedding) and (2) type of detection system (i.e., chromogenic, fluorochromes, or particulate). The history of advances in immunocytochemistry can be understood, to a large extent, through the development of the various detection systems. All of these labeling systems have their appropriate applications and are in use today.The introduction of colloidal gold as a particulate immunoprobe revolutionized immunocytochemistry, particularly at the ultrastructural level. The fact that these probes are discrete particles that are electron dense contributes to their wide acceptance. Due to the particulate nature of these probes, labeling density over a given structure or region of a cell can be determined by simple counting procedures.
Obesity and Cancer: 27-Hydroxycholesterol, the Missing Link

Obesity is currently affecting more than 40% of the Americans, and if it progresses with this rate, soon one out of two Americans will be obese. Obesity is an important risk factor for several disorders including cardiovascular disease, the first cause of death in the United States. Cancer follows as the second deadliest disease, and a link between obesity and cancer has been suggested. However, it is very hard to establish an exact connection between obesity and cancers due to the multifactorial nature of obesity. Hypercholesterolemia is a comorbidity of obesity and also linked to several cancers. Recently a cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) was found to be an endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which opened new doors toward several interesting studies on the role of this molecule in biological disorders. It is speculated that 27HC might be the missing link in the obesity and cancer chain. Here, we explored the effects of 27-hydroxycholesterol on obesity and cancers with a focus on the SERM capacity of 27HC.
Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts

Explained here is the new approach of designing electrocatalysts with dramatically reduced Pt content while enhancing catalytic performance that entails a nanoparticle of another metal covered by a monolayer of platinum. A monolayer of Cu is formed by underpotential deposition (UPD) on a metal core, followed by galvanic displacement of Cu atoms by Pt ions. Pt monolayer on Pd substrate can be formed by controlled reduction of Pt2+ by ethanol, and by controlled surface-mediated growth by cycling potential between Cu and Pt bulk deposition. Besides the ultimately low Pt content and complete utilization of Pt atoms in the reaction, this method allows tunable activity induced by substrate electronic and geometric structure. The morphology of nanoparticles and their performance were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroelectrochemistry, and rotating disk electrode, and the principles of operation were summarized.
Ortega y Gasset, democracy, and the rule of the people

Scholars of Jose Ortega y Gasset often read him as a straightforwardly democratic figure. However, many of these readings adopt Ortega’s own terminology and assumptions and so neglect to place him ...
Scorpius X-1: The Evolution and Nature of the Twin Compact Radio Lobes

The motion and variability of the radio components in the low-mass X-ray binary system Sco X-1 have been monitored with extensive VLBI imaging at 1.7 and 5.0 GHz over 4 yr, including a 56 hr continuous VLBI observation in 1999 June. We detect one strong and one weak compact radio component, moving in opposite directions from the radio core. Their relative motion and flux densities are consistent with relativistic effects, from which we derive an average component speed of v/c = 0.45 ± 0.03 at an angle of 44° ± 6° to the line of sight. This inclination of the binary orbit suggests a mass of the secondary star that is less than 0.9 M☉, assuming a neutron star mass of 1.4 M☉. We suggest that the two moving radio components consist of ultrarelativistic plasma that is produced at a working surface where the energy in dual-opposing beams disrupt. The radio lobe advance velocity is constant over many hours, but differs among lobe-pairs: 0.32c, 0.46c, 0.48c, and 0.57c. A lobe-pair lifetime is less than 2 days, with a new pair formed near the core within a day. The lobe flux has flux density that is variable over a timescale of 1 hr, has a measured minimum size of 1 mas (4 × 108 km), and is extended perpendicular to its motion. This timescale and size are consistent with an electron radiative lifetime of less than 1 hr. Such a short lifetime can be caused by synchrotron losses if the lobe magnetic field is 300 G or by adiabatic expansion of the electrons as soon as they are produced at the working surface. The lobes also show periods of slow expansion and a steepening radio spectrum. Two of the core flares are correlated with the lobe flares under the assumption that the flares are produced by an energy burst traveling down the beams with a speed greater than 0.95. The radio morphology for Sco X-1 differs from most other Galactic jet sources. Possible reasons for the morphology difference are that Sco X-1 is associated with a neutron star, it is a persistent X-ray source, and the source is viewed significantly away from the angle of motion. However, the lobes in Sco X-1 are similar to the hot spots found in many extragalactic radio double sources. Scaling the phenomena observed in Sco X-1 to extragalactic sources implies radio source hot-spot variability timescales of 104 yr and hot-spot lifetimes of 105 yr.
Implementation of a Service-Learning Project Focused on Handwashing and Vaccinations Within an Undergraduate Microbiology Laboratory Course

Two relevant topics in keeping populations healthy are handwashing and vaccinations. Thus, the service-learning project titled "We Are Healthy" campaign was introduced within a microbiology laboratory course with two objectives; our biologists would better understand the importance of these actions by designing activities that engage the student community and to obtain an understanding of the campus community's behaviors and beliefs concerning these topics. Students designed the campaign to include handwashing stations, pictures of bacterial cultures from swabbing common surfaces, and trivia questions testing their peers' knowledge of various vaccines, as well as handwashing and vaccination surveys. To assess the impact of the campaign on microbiology students (n = 34), they were provided 10 questions that were scored on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). Student gains (score > 3) were reported for depth in knowledge, development of better public speaking skills, and greater respect for volunteers suggesting that the campaign was beneficial. This study subsequently led to the receiving of grants that allowed the continuation of the campaign within the course, the securing of funding for handwashing and hand sanitizing stations and the initiation of new undergraduate research projects.
Heritage Not Hate? Confederate Flag Supporters Less Likely to Perceive Criminal Injustice, More Likely to View Police as Friends:

Although the post-civil rights era has motivated many people to avoid appearing racist, they may still be unwilling to relinquish privileges derived from the U.S. racial hierarchy. Because the Conf...
Editorial overkill

Mandatory revision in accordance with reviewers’ comments has apparently become the norm for articles published in certain quarters. Of the regular articles published in the 9-year period 1972–1980 by a sample of highly reputable journals (British Journal of Psychology, Econometrica, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association), 68% to 99% had to be revised subsequent to submission. These high rates of coerced revision place enormous power in the hands of reviewers to enforce conformity to their views while largely escaping responsibility, or accountability, for their actions. This situation is conducive to a variety of abuses that detract from the efficiency of the peer-review system and therefore constitute editorial overkill. These abuses are extensively discussed and illustrated.
Household Transmission and Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 Infections by Age in 2 US Communities

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES Examine age differences in SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk from primary cases and infection risk among household contacts, and symptoms among those with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS People with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Nashville, Tennessee and central and western Wisconsin and their household contacts were followed daily for 14 days to ascertain symptoms and secondary transmission events. Households were enrolled between April 2020 and April 2021. Secondary infection risks (SIR) by age of the primary case and contacts were estimated using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS The 226 primary cases were followed by 197 (49%) secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections among 404 household contacts. Age group-specific SIR among contacts ranged from 35% to 53%, with no differences by age. SIR was lower from primary cases aged 12-17 years than from primary cases 18-49 years (risk ratio [RR] 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.92). SIR was 56% and 45%, respectively, among primary case-contact pairs in the same versus different age group (RR 1.54; 95% CI 1.03-2.31). SIR was highest among primary case-contacts pairs aged ≥65 years (77%) and 5-11 years (70%). Among secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections, 19% were asymptomatic; there was no difference in the frequency of asymptomatic infections by age group. CONCLUSIONS Both children and adults can transmit and are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. SIR did not vary by age, but further research is needed to understand age-related differences in probability of transmission from primary cases by age.
Lattice effect for enhanced hot-electron generation in nanoelectrodes

A stronger electric field in metal nanostructures can be realized by exciting nanoparticle plasmonic resonances to enhance hot electron generation. One can alter the nanoparticle shape, size, material, and/or the refractive index of the surrounding medium to achieve higher efficiency. Here, we report the nanostructure design that enhances the generation of plasmonic hot electrons from the periodically arranged gold nanoelectrodes. The periodic arrangement results in the excitation of collective lattice resonances in proximity to the Rayleigh anomalies (diffraction order transitions). We show how to select a lattice period that gives the highest field enhancement and the potential for the most efficient generation of plasmonic hot electrons, which are injected into the water environment from gold nanoelectrodes. Our study can serve as a general guideline in designing plasmonic nanostructures with nanoelectrodes injecting hot electrons into an aqueous environment.
(E)-Benz-yl(1-phenyl-ethyl-idene)amine.

The title compound, C15H15N, represents an E isomer. The mol­ecule exhibits a minor [9.1 (2)%] disorder with methyl­benzyl­idene and benzyl groups inter­changing their positions. The C=N bond length is 1.292 (2) A. The mol­ecular geometry is essentially planar, with the maximal twist of 8.5 (3)° for the benzyl group. The herringbone packing arrangement does not exhibit any π-stacking inter­actions.
Sets, Logic, and Computation

In any survey of the history of mathematics it is hard to ignore the twentieth century. At the very least, we have to admit that our conception of classical mathematics is influenced by the mathematical ideas that are fashionable today. Indeed, it can be argued that most of classical mathematics becomes clearer when presented in modern terms, and that this is the best way to make it accessible to mathematicians who are not professional historians. As will be evident by now, this is the point of view I have adopted in this book.
Evaluation of an automated immunodiagnostic assay system for direct detection of herpes simplex virus antigen in clinical specimens

The Vitek ImmunoDiagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) is a 2 1/3-h automated qualitative enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay developed for the direct detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigen in clinical specimens. A total of 356 clinical specimens submitted for HSV isolation were prospectively evaluated with the VIDAS, and the results of the technique were compared with those of both HSV isolation in cell culture and Herpchek, a nonautomated enzyme immunoassay. Compared to cell culture, VIDAS had a sensitivity of 91.6% and a specificity of 89.3%, with positive and negative predictive values of 82.6 and 95.0%, respectively. In comparison to Herpchek, VIDAS had a sensitivity of 93.7% and a specificity of 93.0%, with positive and negative predictive values of 89.4 and 95.9%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the VIDAS required minimal manipulation in order to produce results comparable to those of Herpchek and HSV isolation in cell culture.
Two is Infinite, Gender is Post-Social in Papua New Guinea

This paper reads the works of Jacques Lacan and Gilles Deleuze through the anthropological imperative of “multinaturalism” (E. Viveiros de Castro) – a counter-proposal to multiculturalism. Multinaturalism, as I interpret, posits the body as the limit-point of a “fault-line,” where the “impossibility” of both sexual and species relation is given an expression. The fault-lining body, in this view, is a sexed body. The twoness of a sexed body, in turn, inscribes none other than the self-generative nature of socius: how “culture” auto-affectively gives itself the appearance of “nature,” by enfolding the latter into it. Seen this way, the works of Lacan and Deleuze show an impressive fidelity to the anthropological imperative of capturing the self-generative “miracle” (G. Bataille) of socius as it is frequently encountered in non-Western societies. Detailed in the current paper is a case from Melanesia, reported by Marilyn Strathern. I further argue in conclusion that to think multinaturally is to relinquish a...
Terrain traversability prediction by imaging thermal transients

The inability of current robotic perception techniques to adequately detect non-geometric terrain hazards is a primary cause of failure for robots operating in natural terrain on Mars, the Moon, and Earth. Classical approaches detect surface appearance but do not measure the underlying mechanical properties that determine wheel-terrain interaction. Diurnal temperature variations of a granular material, however, are strongly correlated with both its surface appearance and subsurface geophysical properties. This paper presents a technique for determining relative differences in looseness and traversability of granular terrain through analysis of thermal imagery. Terrain compaction and traversability are predicted by estimating a material's thermal inertia from observations of thermal transients. Results from a set of experiments in sandy terrain demonstrate the ability of this approach to differentiate between safe, compact and hazardous, loose terrain.
In Vivo Labeling of Red Blood Cells with 99mTc: A New Approach to Blood Pool Visualization

A simple and rapid procedure for in vivo labeling of red blood cells (RBC) is presented. The labeling is done with two consecutive intravenous injections, first of "cold" stannous pyrophosphate (Sn-PYP) and then of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Experimentally, a lag time of 30 min between the two injections was found to result in a mean RBC labeling of greater than 95% during the first hour after pertechnetate injection. A total of 75 patients have been explored by scintillation camera imaging of brain, heart, great vessels, aortic bifurcation, testicles, and lower extremities using the technique outlined. High-quality images were obtained.
Partition Measures for Data Mining

We investigate a number of measures associated with partitions. The first of these is congruence measures, which are used to calculate the similarity between two partitions. We provide a number of examples of this type of measure. Another class of measures we investigate are prognostication measures. This measure, closely related to a concept of containment between partitions, are useful in indicating how well knowledge of an objects class in one partition predicts its class in a second partitioning. Finally we introduce a measure of the non-specificity of a partition. This measures a feature of a partition related to the generality of the constituent classes of the partition. A common task in machine learning is developing rules that allow us to predict the class of an object based upon the value of some features of the object. The more narrowly we categorize the features in the rules the better we can predict an objects classification. However counterbalancing this is the fact that to many narrow feature categories are difficult for human experts to cognitively manage, this introduces a fundamental issue in data mining. We shown how the combined use of our measures prognostication and non-specificity allow us navigate this issue.