cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Futility of Contribution Limits in the Age of Super PACs

In the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s controversial decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the time has come for a fundamental reassessment of campaign finance law. This article proposes that Congress and the state legislatures reassert the primacy of candidate campaign committees by abandoning limits on direct contributions to candidates. Rather than persist with the futile effort to limit the influence of money on politics through contribution limits, reformers should adopt the more modest and achievable goal of complete transparency in campaign fundraising.This proposal is far less radical than it might seem at first. Currently, four states place no limits on contributions to candidate campaigns, and eight others impose only minimal restrictions. The experience of those 12 states — almost one quarter of the nation’s 50 states — demonstrates that elections without significant contribution limits are a viable and highly preferable alternative to the current state of affairs in federal elections.To be sure, lifting contribution limits is not a panacea for all of the problems that plague modern American politics. With or without contribution limits, corruption and the appearance of corruption will remain a troubling feature of our political life. But liberating candidate campaigns from contribution limits will eliminate the outrageous fundraising advantage that independent expenditure committees (or “Super PACs”) enjoy in the post-Citizens United world. By reemphasizing the role of candidate campaigns, we will restore at least a modest degree of transparency and accountability at a time when both are in short supply in American politics.
High output power 1540-nm vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers

Vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers operating at 1540 nm are presented. The use of optically pumped AlInGaAs MQW regions resulted in record-high saturation output power of +0.5 dBm and 17.6 dB of fiber-to-fiber gain.
Monitoring Technologies- Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Mobile Technology, Biomarkers of Glycemic Control

It is recognized that traditional measures of glucose control (such as hemoglobin A1c [A1C]) provide little information regarding the need for day to day changes in therapies. While intermittent self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) provides additional information with which to make treatment decisions, significant barriers to its use exist, such as inconvenience and lack of timely and regular feedback. Furthermore, important information regarding glucose trends may be missed. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has become increasingly reliable and has demonstrated efficacy in terms of improving A1C, reducing hypoglycemia, and improving the time in target glucose range. Incremental progress continues to be made toward a fully functional artificial pancreas, of which CGM will play a vital role. As more and more data are presented to patients and providers, it has become increasingly paramount that the data are organized in a standardized way and that communication of data is streamlined using patients’ mobile devices where available and within the existing clinic infrastructure. Systems that provide immediate feedback to patients and decision support tools for patients and providers have demonstrated superior outcomes compared to routine SMBG alone. Alternate markers of glucose control may provide complementary information about glucose control and long-term prognosis. This chapter will review the latest evidence for use of professional and personal CGM, mobile glucose monitoring approaches, and biomarkers of glycemic control. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG .
Linear dose response and quantitative attenuation by potassium of the inotropic action of acetylstrophanthidin

To evaluate the nature of the inotropic dose response of digitalis and to determine the effects of potassium on this response, isometrically contracting isolated supported right ventricular cat papillary muscles were studied relative to their peak tension and peak dT/dt increases to physiologic cumulative doses of acetylstrophanthidin (ACS) in different extracellular potassium concentrations in the muscle bath. The inotropic dose response to ACS was observed to be linear in cumulative glycoside concentrations ranging from 0.40 to 4.23 X 10(-7) M ACS in 3.5 mM K+ medium and from 1.22 to 7.47 X 10(-7) M ACS in 7.0 mM K+ medium. The influence of potassium alterations in the muscle bath from the low to the high K+ concentrations prior to ACS resulted in marked attenuation of the positive inotropic property of ACS. From these data, it is concluded that the dose inotropic response of digitalis is linear, with small doses producing proportionally the same effects as larger doses, and that extracellular potassium markedly influences this linear dose response such that higher K+ concentrations considerably attenuate the positive inotropic response of digitalis.
Preventing medication errors with a Pharmacy Admission Note for HIV-positive patients

Purpose: To describe the utility of a clinical pharmacist's evaluation of HIV-positive patients upon hospital admission. Methods: At our Veterans Affairs Medical Center, HIV-positive patients are assigned to the Infectious Diseases (ID) team for clinical follow-up. Since March of 1999, however, general medicine staff admit HIV-positive patients to the facility. To decrease possible medication errors, communicate medication regimens, and provide continuity of care, the ID clinical pharmacist writes a "Pharmacy Admission Note" for each HIV-positive patient A 2-year retrospective review of these notes was conducted. Results: Fifty-one patients were admitted during the study period. The ID clinical pharmacist provided 317 recommendations (median 4.2 per patient). One hundred seventy-three recommendations were intended to avoid medication errors (55%). The most common potential errors were "medication no longer needed" (n = 65, 38%) and "decrease dose" (n = 50, 29%). Conclusions: The use of a Pharmacy Admission Note facilitates communication with the admitting teams, provides continuity of care, and prevents medication errors.
Communicating intent on the road through human-inspired control schemes

Given the current capabilities of autonomous vehicles, one can easily imagine autonomy released on the road in the near future. However, it can be assumed that the transition will not be instantaneous, meaning they will have to be capable of driving well in a mixed environment, with both humans and other autonomous vehicles on the road. This leaves a number of concerns for autonomous vehicles in terms of dealing with human uncertainty and understanding of cooperation on the road. This work demonstrates the need for focusing on communication and collaboration between autonomy and human drivers. After analyzing how drivers perform cooperative maneuvers (e.g. lane changing), key cues were identified for conveying intent through nonverbal communication. It was found that human observers can predict lane changes with over two seconds in prior to the lane departure, without use of a turning signal. Building on this concept, an autonomous control scheme is proposed that aims to capture these subtle motions before executing a lane change. To compare the proposed human-inspired methods, three possible control schemes for autonomous vehicles are implemented for a validation study on human subjects to provide feedback on their experience. By properly conveying intent through nuanced trajectory planning, we show that drivers can predict the autonomous vehicle's actions with 40% increase in prediction time when compared to traditional control methods, both as a passenger and while observing the autonomous vehicle.
Preparing MSW Students to Provide Integrated Behavioral Health Services in Rural Communities: The Importance of Relationships in Knowledge-Building and Practice

The provision of behavioral health care services is dramatically changing. Specific components of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) encourage states to develop integrated models of service delivery that emphasize preventative services. This shift prompts the need for providers who understand the interrelationship among physical and behavioral health and who are prepared to practice in an interprofessional and team-based approach. This article presents preliminary evaluation results from the initial implementation of the Integrated Mental and Behavioral Health Training Program (IMBTP) within an MSW program which emphasizes rural practice. The IMBTP is funded through federal grants aimed at increasing the number of behavioral health providers nationwide. Results suggest that an intentional focus on relationships enhances the knowledge-building and skill development that are inherently emphasized in most training programs. Including opportunities for relationship-building both among trainees and with program faculty, clinical supervisors, and interprofessional colleagues may improve learning outcomes in behavioral health training programs.
Assessing the need for improved strategies and medication-related education to increase adherence for oral anticancer medications in the young adult oncology population.

RationaleOral anticancer medication adherence is a critical factor in optimizing cancer treatment outcomes and minimizing toxicity. Although potential adherence barriers exist, it is not well under...
The great transition: The dynamics of market transitions and the case of Russia, 1991–1995

L'A. analyse la dynamique de la transition vers l'economie de marche en Russie entre 1991 et 1995. Il souligne le caractere multidimensionnel des changements economiques survenus dans ce pays. Il rappelle que tout changement s'efforce de pallier l'obsolescence des anciens cadres institutionnels quand leur bien-fonde et leur efficacite apparaissent de plus en plus precaires. Il evoque la creation de la Banque centrale russe. Celle-ci a recu pour mission de servir de gendarme de l'economie russe. Elle doit egalement contribuer a enraciner de nouveaux principes de fonctionnement au sein du monde financier. Il estime qu'il est plus difficile d'insuffler de nouveaux principes d'organisation dans le secteur de l'industrie et du commerce que dans le domaine de la finance. Il considere que le modele de l'organisation de l'industrie et du commerce sovietique demeurent extremement pregnant. Ces deux secteurs doivent notamment faire face a la monetarisation des echanges. L'A. analyse le processus de restructuration des entreprises russes. L'acces a l'autonomie a favorise le developpement des relations sociales dans l'entreprise et une amelioration de la performance. Il insiste sur le fait que l'entreprise, en matiere sociale, tend a remplacer l'Etat-providence. Il met en exergue le peu de respect de l'autorite dans les entreprises russes
Determining the Optimal Mode Sequence 1 .

Abstract The global optimization of linear time varying hybrid systems in the continuous time domain is examined. A method is developed for determining the optimal mode sequence when the transition times are fixed. A reformulation of the problem by introducing binary decision variables while retaining the linearity of the underlying dynamic system is proposed. The linear structure of the resulting mixed-integer dynamic optimization problem is utilized to construct a convex relaxation, which enables the global solution to be found in a finite number of iterations using nonconvex outer approximation
Personalization of the Microbiota of Donor Human Milk with Mother's Own Milk

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that extremely preterm infants receive mother’s own milk (MOM) when available or pasteurized donor breast milk (DBM) when MOM is unavailable. The goal of this study was to determine whether DBM could be inoculated with MOM from mothers of preterm infants to restore the live microbiota (RM). Culture dependent and culture independent methods were used to analyze the fluctuations in the overall population and microbiome, respectively, of DBM, MOM, and RM samples over time. Using MOM at time=0 (T0) as the target for the restoration process, this level was reached in the 10% (RM-10) and 30% (RM-30) mixtures after 4 h of incubation at 37 °C, whereas, the larger dilutions of 1% (RM-1) and 5% (RM-5) after 8 h. The diversity indexes were similar between MOM and DBM samples however, different genera were prevalent in each group. Interestingly, 40% of the bacterial families were able to expand in DBM after 4 h of incubation indicating that a large percentage of the bacterial load present in MOM can grow when transferred to DBM however, no core microbiome was identified. In summary, the microbiome analyses indicated that each mother has a unique microbiota and that live microbial reestablishment of DBM may provide these microbes to individual mothers’ infants. The agreement between the results obtained from the viable bacterial counts and the microbiome analyses indicate that DBM incubated with 10 to 30% v/v of the MOM for 4 h is a reasonable restoration strategy.
Barriers to Accessing Detox Facilities, Substance Use Treatment, and Residential Services among Women Impacted by Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking

More than 50% of women entering substance use treatment in the United States reported having traded sex for money or drugs. Women's participation in addiction treatment and related services is essential to their recovery and increased safety, stabilization, and quality of life. This article's aim is to explore the barriers related to accessing detox facilities and essential services including substance use treatment and residential services for women impacted by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). Data are drawn from a larger, community-based, grounded theory study. In-depth interview data were collected from 30 adult women who traded sex as adults (through maximum variation and snowball sampling), as well as 20 service providers who come into contact with adult women who trade sex (through nominations and purposive sampling). Finding suggest that women often encountered sobriety requirements, which created barriers to accessing addiction treatment or residential services. Some organizations' policies required evicting women if they were caught using, which created additional challenges for women who relapsed. Women wanted to avoid becoming "dopesick" on the streets or at home, which partially contributed to them needing to maintain their addiction. Consequently, some returned to sex trading, thus increasing their risk of trafficking. Some women engaged in creative strategies, such as claiming they were suicidal, in order to access the detox facilities in hospitals. Some women indicated they were only able to detox when they were forced to do so in jail or prison, often without medical assistance. Implications to improve health care delivery for this population are discussed.
The PPARα-dependent rodent liver tumor response is not relevant to humans: addressing misconceptions

A number of industrial chemicals and therapeutic agents cause liver tumors in rats and mice by activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). The molecular and cellular events by which PPARα activators induce rodent hepatocarcinogenesis have been extensively studied elucidating a number of consistent mechanistic changes linked to the increased incidence of liver neoplasms. The weight of evidence relevant to the hypothesized mode of action (MOA) for PPARα activator-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis is summarized here. Chemical-specific and mechanistic data support concordance of temporal and dose–response relationships for the key events associated with many PPARα activators. The key events (KE) identified in the MOA are PPARα activation (KE1), alteration in cell growth pathways (KE2), perturbation of hepatocyte growth and survival (KE3), and selective clonal expansion of preneoplastic foci cells (KE4), which leads to the apical event—increases in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (KE5). In addition, a number of concurrent molecular and cellular events have been classified as modulating factors, because they potentially alter the ability of PPARα activators to increase rodent liver cancer while not being key events themselves. These modulating factors include increases in oxidative stress and activation of NF-kB. PPARα activators are unlikely to induce liver tumors in humans due to biological differences in the response of KEs downstream of PPARα activation. This conclusion is based on minimal or no effects observed on cell growth pathways and hepatocellular proliferation in human primary hepatocytes and absence of alteration in growth pathways, hepatocyte proliferation, and tumors in the livers of species (hamsters, guinea pigs and cynomolgus monkeys) that are more appropriate human surrogates than mice and rats at overlapping dose levels. Despite this overwhelming body of evidence and almost universal acceptance of the PPARα MOA and lack of human relevance, several reviews have selectively focused on specific studies that, as discussed, contradict the consensus opinion and suggest uncertainty. In the present review, we systematically address these most germane suggested weaknesses of the PPARα MOA.
metoo Through the Lens of Social Media.

Sexual abuse – a highly stigmatized topic in the society has spurred a revolution in the recent days especially through the shared posts on social media platforms via attaching the hashtag #metoo. Individuals from different backgrounds and ethnicities began sharing on the online venues about their personal experiences of getting sexually assaulted. This paper makes an initial attempt to asses the public reactions and emotions by utilizing the publicly shared #metoo posts by performing a comparative analysis of the tweets shared on Twitter as well as on Reddit. Though nearly equal ratios of negative and positive posts are shared on both platforms, Reddit posts are focused on the sexual assaults within families and workplaces while Twitter posts are on showing empathy and encouraging others to continue the #metoo movement. The data collected in this research helps in the preliminary analysis of the user engagement, discussion topics, word connotations and sentiment with respect to the #metoo movement.
The colon: Normal ultrastructure and pathological patterns

This chapter will focus on the large intestine, which begins at the ileocecal valve and includes the cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon and rectum. The histologic and ultrastructural organization of the colon reflects its main function, the absorption of water and elimination of undigested material, a process facilitated by mucus secretion.
Procedure for Prolapsed Hemorrhoids (Stapled Hemorrhoidectomy)

Second degree hemorrhoids after multiple failures with rubber band treatment. Third or fourth degree hemorrhoids.Rectal mucosal prolapse.
The Biology of Mammary Cancer

My laboratory has been interested in the study of mammary cancer from cellular and molecular standpoints. Most of our work has been done using a model system in the rat, and I will here present an outline of this work. Mammary cancer can be easily induced in female rats, with characteristics similar to those of human cancers. To understand cancer development in this model, we studied the normal evolution of the cellular types during mammary gland development, and then determined the cellular types present in cancer at the various stages. We studied the mechanism of carcinogenesis, of progression to malignancy, and, finally, the role of genes in cancer development.
Violence Against Women: Normative Developments in the Inter-American Human Rights System

The Inter-American human rights system is arguably the world’s most well-developed and effective human rights system in the violence against women context. The Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (known familiarly as the “Belem do Para Convention”), adopted in 1994, is the first specific instrument adopted on violence against women (VAW), and is the most ratified instrument in the Inter-American system. Other regional human rights instruments also recognize several core rights related to VAW, including the rights to life, non-discrimination, equal protection, physical and mental integrity, personal liberty, dignity, privacy, family, and access to justice. The Belem do Para Convention builds upon this foundation and provides specific norms applicable to the context of VAW. It is the only human rights treaty directed solely toward eradicating violence against women that includes an individual complaint mechanism. Despite serious limitations, the Inter-American system has an increasingly-effective track record. The Inter-American system directly addresses issues of state responsibility for responding to violence against women, broadens possibilities of a shared understanding for what it means to exercise due diligence in VAW cases, creates certainty in standards, and has served as a mobilizing force for advocates and survivors. Despite these positive developments, there are legitimate concerns about the norms, structure, and position of the Inter-American system. Any effort to replicate the Belem do Para Convention on the international level would be well-served by reviewing the successes, challenges, and limitations of the Inter-American system’s experience in the VAW context.
Integrating Landscape Hierarchies in the Discovery and Modeling of Ecological Drivers of Zoonotically Transmitted Disease from Wildlife

Changes in landscape and land use can drive the emergence of zoonoses, and hence, there has been great interest in understanding how land cover change and the cascade of ecological effect associated with it are associated with emerging infectious diseases. In this chapter, we review how a spatially hierarchical approach can be used to guide research into the links between landscape properties and zoonotic diseases. Methodological advances have played a role in the revival of landscape epidemiology and we introduce the role of methodologies such as geospatial analysis and mathematical modeling. Importantly, we discuss cross-scale analysis and how this would provide a richer perspective of the ecology of zoonotic diseases. Finally, we will provide an overview of how hierarchical research strategies and modeling might be generally used in analyses of infectious zoonoses originating in wildlife.
Review of Plural Temporality: Transindividuality and the Aleatory between Spinoza and Althusser by Vittorio Morfino

This review analyzes the six related essays that comprise Vittorio Morfino’s book Plural Temporality: Transindividuality and the Aleatory between Spinoza and Althusser, each of which involve key po...
Evaluation of a Conceptual Model Regarding Exercise Promotion Through the Patient–Provider Interaction in Multiple Sclerosis: Health Care Provider Perspectives

Nearly 80% of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) do not engage in sufficient amounts of exercise for managing symptoms and improving quality of life. We have addressed this problem by developing a systematic line of qualitative research targeting the patient-provider interaction for promotion of exercise within comprehensive MS care. This research resulted in a conceptual model that guides health care providers in promoting exercise among persons with MS. The current study involves a final evaluation of the model based on semistructured interviews with 28 MS health care providers. Providers perceived that the model was a strong conceptualization of practice that reflected the MS illness course and supported exercise behavior change, but more steps were required to translate the model from concept into practice, including improved clarity of the model, and the development of practice models. The evaluation yielded a final conceptual model for exercise promotion in MS through the patient-provider interaction.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus metastasectomy for oligometastases

Over the past few decades, oncologists are increasingly recognizing the existence of an intermediate state between localized and metastatic cancer, known as the “oligometastatic” state (literally meaning the presence of a few metastases) (1). Radical treatment of these limited sites of metastases, initially in the form of surgical resection or “metastasectomy” has been performed for many years with encouraging outcomes in selected patient populations (2). Recent developments of more active systemic treatments and less invasive local treatment such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has allowed an increasing number of patients to undergo radical treatment of these oligometastases with the hope of improved oncologic outcomes or quality of life.
Evaporation of a sessile droplet on a slope.

We theoretically examine the drying of a stationary liquid droplet on an inclined surface. Both analytical and numerical approaches are considered, while assuming that the evaporation results from the purely diffusive transport of liquid vapor and that the contact line is a pinned circle. For the purposes of the analytical calculations, we suppose that the effect of gravity relative to the surface tension is weak, i.e. the Bond number (Bo) is small. Then, we express the shape of the drop and the vapor concentration field as perturbation expansions in terms of Bo. When the Bond number is zero, the droplet is unperturbed by the effect of gravity and takes the form of a spherical cap, for which the vapor concentration field is already known. Here, the Young-Laplace equation is solved analytically to calculate the first-order correction to the shape of the drop. Knowing the first-order perturbation to the drop geometry and the zeroth-order distribution of vapor concentration, we obtain the leading-order contribution of gravity to the rate of droplet evaporation by utilizing Green’s second identity. The analytical results are supplemented by numerical calculations, where the droplet shape is first determined by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy and then the evaporation rate is computed by solving Laplace’s equation for the vapor concentration field via a finite-volume method. Perhaps counter-intuitively, we find that even when the droplet deforms noticeably under the influence of gravity, the rate of evaporation remains almost unchanged, as if no gravitational effect is present. Furthermore, comparison between analytical and numerical calculations reveals that considering only the leading-order corrections to the shape of the droplet and vapor concentration distribution provides estimates that are valid well beyond their intended limit of very small Bo.
Wireless Virtualization Architecture: Wireless Networking for Internet of Things

In this article, we design, develop, and evaluate a wireless virtualization (WiVi) architecture for wireless networking for emerging Internet of Things (IoT) or 5G network applications by using a three-layer game theory model. WiVi is regarded as an emerging network paradigm to support different network service requirements (delay sensitive, bandwidth hungry, high data rate, etc.) for different IoT applications. In the proposed three-layer game model, interactions among three entities: 1) wireless resource providers (WRPs); 2) mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs); and 3) their subscribed wireless users (i.e., IoT devices), are formulated as strategies to optimize their respective utilities. The WiVi enables WRPs (also known as layer-1 leaders in the three-layer game) to sublease their wireless resources to MVNOs (also known as layer-2 leaders in the three-layer game) through RF slicing and adaptively setting their prices for subleasing. The MVNOs set the optimal competitive prices to attract more end-users/IoT devices (also known as followers in the three-layer game) to maximize their utilities. The end-users (IoT devices) maximize their data rates (i.e., utilities) by meeting the imposed quality of service (QoS) requirements and budget constraints. We investigate formal analysis of the uniqueness and existence of the equilibrium point of the three-layer game. Performance is evaluated using simulation results. Results show that the proposed three-layer game has unique and optimal equilibrium game. The numerical results show maximized utilities for WRPs, MVNOs, and IoT devices/users.
Multi‐Omics Reveals Impact of Cysteine Feed Concentration and Resulting Redox Imbalance on Cellular Energy Metabolism and Specific Productivity in CHO Cell Bioprocessing

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are currently the primary host cell lines used in biotherapeutic manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biopharmaceuticals. Cellular energy metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are known to greatly impact cell growth, viability, and specific productivity of a biotherapeutic; but the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The authors previously employed multi-omics profiling to investigate the impact of a reduction in cysteine (Cys) feed concentration in a fed-batch process and found that disruption of the redox balance led to a substantial decline in cell viability and titer. Here, the multi-omics findings are expanded, and the impact redox imbalance has on ER stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, and lipid metabolism is explored. The reduced Cys feed activates the amino acid response (AAR), increases mitochondrial stress, and initiates gluconeogenesis. Multi-omics analysis reveals that together, ER stress and AAR signaling shift the cellular energy metabolism to rely primarily on anaplerotic reactions, consuming amino acids and producing lactate, to maintain energy generation. Furthermore, the pathways are demonstrated in which this shift in metabolism leads to a substantial decline in specific productivity and altered mAb glycosylation. Through this work, meaningful bioprocess markers and targets for genetic engineering are identified.
Adjuvant chemotherapy administration and survival outcomes of lymphoma survivors with common solid tumors: a population-based study†

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2015), we compared adjuvant chemotherapy use and survival for three common solid tumors in patients with and without history of ...
Does socioeconomic development lead to more equal distribution of green space? Evidence from Chinese cities

Despite the wide implementation of green spaces to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization, there is little evidence of how cities' socioeconomic development impacts the equality of urban green space (UGS) distribution. This paper addresses this knowledge gap. Employing longitudinal data analysis and the Gini index with various socioeconomic factors, we investigated potential driving factors for UGS equality at the prefectural city level (221 out of 341 cities in total) in China during the rapid urbanization from 2000 to 2015. Results indicated that 72% of Chinese cities (160 of 221) in our sample improved their UGS equality level from 2000 to 2015, whereas 14% of cities studied (31 out of 221) declined in both quantity and equality of green space. Nationwide, economic development levels reflected by gross domestic product per capita exerted a positive and significant impact on the equality of green space distributions. Urban afforestation-related policies in China were successful in promoting the equal distribution of green space. Regional analysis indicated divergent impacts of socioeconomic development and government policies on green space equality. Other institutional development factors, such as adopting a freer land market, might harm efforts toward equal green space distribution without appropriate safeguarding regulations and enforcement powers to ensure the implementation of an equal distribution of green spaces. These findings inform decision-makers about spatial variances in the equality of green space distribution in urban areas, which demand location-oriented interventions to promote inclusive urban afforestation in Chinese cities.
Consideration of a metabolic disorder in the differential of mild developmental delay: A case of nonketotic hyperglycinemia revisited 36 years later.

We present a 53-year-old male with nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) who presented in decompensated state to our university hospital several months prior to a primary diagnosis of multifocal pneumonia accompanied by reports of seizure-like activity, altered mental status, tremors, and fever. He was initially diagnosed with NKH in his preschool years, over 40 years previously, along with his younger sister. At that time, he had developmental and physical delays (which his sister also experienced). His health course has been relatively uneventful otherwise, as regards decompensation of his disease, and he has not been on the standard regimens of reduced dietary glycine intake along with dextromethorphan and sodium benzoate. Recent molecular confirmation of NKH was completed and both he and his sibling likely have an attenuated form of NKH mediated by the combined effects of their variants. This paper presents what we believe to be report of the oldest surviving individuals with attenuated NKH.
Radiologic Findings in Pediatric Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Objective Pediatric sudden sensorineural hearing loss (pSSNHL) is a rare phenomenon. There is currently no consensus on the role of imaging in the work-up for this patient population. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) studies in determining the etiology of pSSNHL. Study design Retrospective case review. Setting Tertiary Hospital and Ambulatory Otolaryngology Clinic. Patients Patients ≤18 years of age with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and who had either MRI or CT imaging between January 2010 and May 2019 were included. Intervention Diagnostic imaging. Main outcome measures Clinical characteristics and radiology impressions. Results A total of 11 patients were identified, and 10 had unilateral SSNHL. MRI was performed on all patients, five patients had additional CT imaging. Abnormal imaging findings relevant to SSNHL were observed in five patients (45.5%), which included enlarged endolymphatic duct and sac, labyrinthine ossification, apical petrositis, hypoplastic cochlear nerve, and arachnoid cyst in the internal auditory canal; one patient had unrelated findings (enlarged pituitary gland), all remaining imaging studies were normal. Conclusion In our cohort, we found a higher imaging yield on pSSNHL than what has been reported for adult populations, indicating that the use of imaging in the diagnostic work-up is especially important in children.
Renal tumor versus renal cyst

The precise diagnosis of carcinoma of the kidney is of particular importance because renal mass lesions are frequently encountered which require nephrectomy if malignant, and renal tissue conservation if benign. The diagnostic problems include those of differentiating benign from malignant tumors and tumors from cysts. Delineation of the extent of tumors is also essential for treatment planning and prognostic implications.
Deep Sound Change: Deep and Iterative Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Language Change.

This paper proposes a framework for modeling sound change that combines deep learning and iterative learning. Acquisition and transmission of speech is modeled by training generations of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) on unannotated raw speech data. The paper argues that several properties of sound change emerge from the proposed architecture. GANs (Goodfellow et al. 2014 arXiv:1406.2661, Donahue et al. 2019 arXiv:1705.07904) are uniquely appropriate for modeling language change because the networks are trained on raw unsupervised acoustic data, contain no language-specific features and, as argued in Begus (2020 arXiv:2006.03965), encode phonetic and phonological representations in their latent space and generate linguistically informative innovative data. The first generation of networks is trained on the relevant sequences in human speech from TIMIT. The subsequent generations are not trained on TIMIT, but on generated outputs from the previous generation and thus start learning from each other in an iterative learning task. The initial allophonic distribution is progressively being lost with each generation, likely due to pressures from the global distribution of aspiration in the training data. The networks show signs of a gradual shift in phonetic targets characteristic of a gradual phonetic sound change. At endpoints, the outputs superficially resemble a phonological change -- rule loss.
NP-112: Onboarding advanced practice providers to myeloma clinical teams

Background Advanced practice providers (APP), also known as nurse practitioners and physician assistants, are essential members of the multidisciplinary myeloma care team. APP’s within our organization train and specialize in myeloma specific clinics practicing at the top of their license with independent schedules collaborating with their physician colleagues. APP’s working in clinic have independent schedules, participate in clinical research, and run a malignant hematology procedure clinic. We also have dedicated APPs working on our inpatient service. As our myeloma program continues to grow, we have developed a distinct advanced practice provider orientation and onboarding program to better prepare our new team members. Methods The APP leadership team reviewed the current onboarding process, performed a literature review of onboarding best practices, and developed an onboarding structure for newly hired APPs. All APPs were evaluated at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months during the first year of employment. Each new APP was assigned a preceptor/mentor, an orientation/onboarding timeline, and competency tools. Employment satisfaction, retention, and productivity were measured during each time frame. Results Over the last three years our institution has onboarded 16 new APPs to our myeloma program in both outpatient and inpatient clinical settings. Our competency tools specifically outlined expected reading materials, number of patients seen each week, and number of procedures to be completed by the end of orientation. At this point we have successfully integrated new advance practice providers into the team and have a retention rate of 81%. One APP did not make it through orientation, one left after 2 years and went to work at another hospital, and one left after a year due to pregnancy. Conclusion Having a dedicated approach to onboarding APPs in the myeloma program, increases productivity and patient access to care. Our myeloma APP providers are integrated into the clinical setting from the beginning and are given a period of training and ramp up allowing them to practice at the top of their license. Having independent schedules has been essential for APP job satisfaction and retention. Collaboration between the APP and myeloma physician is essential as is the relationship of the multidisciplinary team which includes nursing, research, and a clinical pharmacist. We evaluated our competencies on a yearly basis to ensure that our APPs are learning the information as it pertains to the changes in landscape of myeloma diagnosis and treatments. The success of our onboarding process has led to higher retention rates and increased job satisfaction, making our APPs experts in the field of myeloma.
Introduction: Early Development of Nucleoside Markers for Cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses early development of nucleoside markers for cancer. In the early 197Os, the decision was made to initiate a program within the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the development and evaluation of biochemical materials as potential biological markers to aid in the clinical management and assessment of cancer patients during the course of their illness. In early and mid-l970s, two developments led to major advances in the analysis of modified constituents of nucleic acids in physiological fluids. At the University of Missouri, research was pursued that focused both on the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of the nucleosides and on the development of boronate gel affinity chromatography for isolation of the nucleosides from urine. The hydrolysis parameters were systematically investigated and the optimized hydrolysis conditions were established for quantitative hydrolysis of tRNAs. The relationships of parameters that were established as a result of these studies, allowed prediction of separation and increased the number of nucleosides that could be resolved in a single analysis to some 18 nucleosides, a number which would later more than double.
Effects of aged PAM on cancer cells

The study of the effects of low temperature plasma (LTP) on cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo, is today one of the most active research areas of plasma medicine. Here, we study the interaction of LTP with cancer cells which were grown overnight and then seeded into MEM (minimal essential medium) growth culture treated by the plasma pencil at different exposure times. Plasma activated media (PAM) proved to be very effective in killing cancer cells. In our study we used “aged” PAM for different lengths of time to determine how long the treated media can be stored and still maintain its potency against cancerous cells. We found that fresh PAM (not aged) is most potent, but PAM produced by 4 minutes exposure to LTP and aged for up to 8 hours was still able to induce cell killing. Cell viability was determined immediately after treatment and at various times (hours/days) post plasma exposure, by Trypan Blue exclusion assay. The pH of the medium was monitored by a pH meter at various exposure times. Our measurements showed that buffered PAM maintained a stable pH value and therefore acidification of the media was not an issue. We hypothesize that it was the long lived solvated oxygen reactive species and nitrogen reactive species and their reaction by-products in the media that are responsible for the observed effects.
Transatlantic Trade-Offs in the Age of Balanced Budgets and European Monetary Union

We develop a model of monetary and fiscal policies appropriate for considering U.S.-European policy interactions in an era of near-balanced budgets and European monetary union. We study the determinants of policy trade-offs and incentives for central banks and governments across the Atlantic. Smaller, more open economies face more favorable trade-offs, since openness enhances policy effectiveness via the exchange-rate channel. Changes in Europe's monetary arrangements do not affect U.S. trade-offs, although they alter the trade-offs facing European policy-makers. Fiscal trade-offs depend crucially on the extent to which fiscal policy is distortionary. Changes in taxes and spending move both employment and inflation in the desired direction following a worldwide supply shock when spending is financed with distortionary taxes.
Abstract T MP18: In Vivo Expansion of Regulatory T cells with Interleukin-2/Interleukin-2-antibody Complex Protects against Transient Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose: Our previous work documents the transfer of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in rodent models of ischemic stroke protects acute ischemic brain injury by regulating poststroke inflammatory response and thereby ameliorating BBB disruption. However, the low number of Tregs restricts the clinical feasibility of Treg transfer. Recently, in vivo expansion of Tregs with IL-2/IL-2-antibody complex (IL-2/IL-2Ab) was validated protective in autoimmune diseases model,renal ischemia reperfusion model and atherosclerosis. Here we investigate the beneficial effect of IL-2/IL-2Ab on ischemic stroke and decipher the underlying mechanisms. Methods: IL-2/IL-2Ab or isotype IgG was ip injected into C57/BL6 mice for 3 consecutive days. The mice are then subjected to 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham operation. Brain infarction, inflammation and neurological performance was assessed up to 7 days after reperfusion. Results: Flow cytometry analysis reveals a marked increase of CD4+CD25+F...
Advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Systemic treatment options

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), the most common sarcoma arising in the gastrointestinal tract, typically expresses the tyrosine-kinase receptor, C-KIT, and contains activating mutation in the c-kit or platelet-derived growth factor receptor (pdgfr) gene. Recently, development of small molecules that inhibit the kinase activity of mutant C-KIT and PDGFR proteins has radically changed treatment and prognosis of patients diagnosed with advanced GIST as this molecularly ‘‘targeted’’ therapy has demonstrated remarkable high-level of activity in this disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;104:888–895. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Videotape Instructional Package on Purchasing Skills of Children with Autism

This study evaluated the effects of a videotape instructional package (i.e., viewing videotapes, on-site prompting, and reinforcement) on the acquisition and generalization of children's grocery-purchasing skills in community settings. A multiple-baseline design across settings and within three children with autism was implemented to evaluate the training program. Acquisition of the skills taught was rapid and transferred to other settings. After training in two stores, all students increased their level of performance in the third store. Results show that the use of a videotape instructional package is an effective training tool to teach community survival skills.
Experiential Learning and Academic Libraries: An Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography primarily features journal articles published within the last decade that discuss experiential learning in connection with academic libraries. Some additional articles and electronic resources are included because they either provide background information or describe specific forms of experiential learning in higher education. Taken together, this annotated bibliography provides a collection of recent, professional literature that can be used to either begin or to further enhance one’s knowledge of a growing area of importance in academia. This work will be of greatest use to academic librarians seeking information regarding either experiential learning or examples of its various forms that appear in higher education. In particular, academic librarians will find relevant sources here regardless of whether they are formally teaching information literacy, are embedded within courses, or wish to begin or to support experiential learning opportunities in their institutions. Library and Information Science (LIS) graduate students and faculty may also find these materials of use when discussing experiential learning, information literacy, or education for the LIS profession.
Reaction of mercuric chloride with plasmalogen.

IT has been found that aqueous mercuric chloride reacts with the enol-ether double bond of plasmalogen1 to form a mercury-organic compound. This reaction clarifies the mercuric chloride catalysis in the Feulgen-Voit-Schiff identification of plasmalogen2.
The Chemical Assay of Aureomycin.

A fluorometric method and a colorimetric method are presented for the quantitative determination of aureomycin. Both procedures are simple and require only common reagents. Time rate studies are included for the separate steps in the procedures. In addition, the results obtained by the chemical methods are compared with those found by the cup-plate bioassay. The products used in this study were commercial samples of aureomycin in the dosage forms of powders, capsules, and troches.