cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resting-state functional MRI signal fluctuation amplitudes are correlated with brain amyloid-β deposition in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

Mounting evidence suggests that amyloid-β (Aβ) and vascular etiologies are intertwined in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals, measured by resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), are associated with neuronal activity and cerebrovascular hemodynamics. Nevertheless, it is unclear if BOLD fluctuations are associated with Aβ deposition in individuals at high risk of AD. Thirty-three patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment underwent rs-fMRI and AV45 PET. The AV45 standardized uptake value ratio (AV45-SUVR) was calculated using cerebral white matter as reference, to assess Aβ deposition. The whole-brain normalized amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuations (sALFF) of local BOLD signals were calculated in the frequency band of 0.01-0.08 Hz. Stepwise increasing physiological/vascular signal regressions on the rs-fMRI data examined whether sALFF-AV45 correlations were driven by vascular hemodynamics, neuronal activities, or both. We found that sALFF and AV45-SUVR were negatively correlated in regions of default-mode and visual networks (precuneus, angular, lingual and fusiform gyri). Regions with higher sALFF had less Aβ accumulation. Correlated cluster sizes in MNI space (r ≈ -0.47) were reduced from 3018 mm3 to 1072 mm3 with stronger cardiovascular regression. These preliminary findings imply that local brain blood fluctuations due to vascular hemodynamics or neuronal activity can affect Aβ homeostasis.
Observing the Growth of Metal–Organic Frameworks by in Situ Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) can provide direct observations of solution-phase nanoscale materials, and holds great promise as a tool for monitoring dynamic self-assembled nanomaterials. Control over particle behavior within the liquid cell, and under electron beam irradiation, is of paramount importance for this technique to contribute to our understanding of chemistry and materials science at the nanoscale. However, this type of control has not been demonstrated for complex, organic macromolecular materials, which form the basis for all biological systems and all of polymer science, and encompass important classes of advanced porous materials. Here we show that by controlling the liquid cell membrane surface chemistry and electron beam conditions, the dynamics and growth of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be observed. Our results demonstrate that hybrid organic/inorganic beam-sensitive materials can be analyzed with LCTEM and, at least in the case of ZIF-8 dynamics, the resul...
Susceptibility of grc-Bearing Rats to DEN and Its Relationship to the HMP Pathway

The genetic factors underlining the susceptibility to cancer have been examined in a number of experimental1 and clinical2 settings, and there is substantial evidence for the existence of such factors. Studies in both rats3 and mice4 have provided evidence that genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play an important role in the susceptibility to cancer following exposure to chemical carcinogens. Previously, we3 showed that two strains that differ in their MHC’s (RT1) and in the presence of the MHC-linked growth and reproduction complex (grc) differed in their susceptibility to the chemical carcinogen N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). The R10 (RT1.A n B l D l E − grc) and BY1 (RT1.A l B l D l E • grc) strains were highly susceptible to AAF, whereas the BI (A n B a D a E u grc +) and BY2 (A u B u D u E u grc +) strains were not. These findings indicated that genes in, or linked to, the MHC were involved in the increased susceptibility to preneoplastic changes and suggest that the presence of the grc is critical in determining this susceptibility.
Heavy atom vibrational modes and low-energy vibrational autodetachment in nitromethane anions

We report infrared spectra of nitromethane anion, CH3NO2 (-), in the region 700-2150 cm(-1), obtained by Ar predissociation spectroscopy and electron detachment spectroscopy. The data are interpreted in the framework of second-order vibrational perturbation theory based on coupled-cluster electronic structure calculations. The modes in the spectroscopic region studied here are mainly based on vibrations involving the heavier atoms; this work complements earlier studies on nitromethane anion that focused on the CH stretching region of the spectrum. Electron detachment begins at photon energies far below the adiabatic electron affinity due to thermal population of excited vibrational states.
From “Wops and Dagoes and Hunkies” to “Caucasian”: Changing Racial Discourse in American Classrooms during World War II

Margaret Gillum was distressed. Her sophomore English students in Terre Haute, IN were making “sneering remarks” about “dirty foreigners,” even though she implored them to use language that reflected the principles of “brotherhood” and “true neighborliness.” Pressed into action by the catastrophic world war unfolding around her, Gillum decided to teach her students to be more tolerant of human diversity. Describing her successful lesson to colleagues in a popular teaching journal in 1941, Gillum explained, “There are in my city a number of racial groups gathered into neighborhoods, as one finds them everywhere: Syrians, Italians, French, and a large number of Germans and Jews, as well as three distinct communities of Negroes drifted up from the South.” Hoping to foster empathy for the “racial groups” in her community, Gillum initiated her lesson by asking students to list familiar racial epithets. Her students responded enthusiastically and as Gillum called out the names of different “races” her students shouted back their answers: And what do we call Italians—Dagoes! And the Germans?—Dutchmen! The Irish?—Oh, Pat or Mike!
Differentiation of Rat Fetal Retina Transplanted to the Occipital Cortex either in Isolation or Together with a Second Transplant of Superior Colliculus to Induce Sprouting of Optic Fibers

The coordinated development of neurons within the central nervous system is considered to follow an intrinsic, genetically coded series of morphological and biochemical changes during initial phases of growth, but the process of maturation and differentiation seems to be controlled, to some extent, by extrinsic determinants, including precise temporal and spatial interactions with the neurons of other, functionally related, centers (Jacobson 1978). Such interactions involve the establishment of an appropriate complement of afferent fiber inputs that appear to influence the modeling of the dendritic arbor of the postsynaptic cell (Cowan 1970). Similarly, axons arising from these cells must be guided to, and form a functional synaptic contact with, their proper targets (other neurons, muscles, etc.), in order for the cell to completely mature or even survive (Sperry 1963, Gaze, 1970, Cowan 1978).
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Originally released in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale marked the beginning of a new era in the measurement of intelligence. Initially designed as a diagnostic system primarily for identifying children with mental retardation, the first edition of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale included 30 pass-fail items such as word problems, paper cutting, and repeating sentences and digits. The original concepts, such as presenting items of varying levels of difficulty, the use of age-graded norms to predict mental age, and the provision of standardized instructions for administration, set the precedent for the development of future measures of intelligence. Keywords: Stanford-Binet; intelligence scales; CHC theory; Wechsler intelligence tests
Mechanical and chemical damage to lung tissue caused by meconium aspiration.

We investigated the effects of meconium on the lungs of an adult rabbit model to distinguish between mechanical obstruction of airways and chemical pneumonitis. After the rabbits were anesthetized and intubated, 20% human meconium in saline was instilled into the trachea. Arterial and mixed venous blood gases, functional residual capacity, cardiac output, vascular pressures, calculated venous admixture, and pulmonary vascular resistance were measured. Sections of affected lung tissue were examined microscopically. The results were consistent with an early mechanical obstruction of airways with gradual development of chemical pneumonitis over 48 hours.
Methods for mesophyll and bundle sheath cell separation.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods for the separation of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells from maize seedlings. The resultant cells, which can be easily manipulated, are physiologically active. The overall purity and viability are usually greater than 95%. Physical destruction method for bundle sheath cell isolation is used to purify intact bundle sheath strands from which bundle sheath protoplasts, nuclei, and chloroplasts can be isolated if desired. Mesophyll cells are broken during the grinding process. Although the suspension of the first grinding is enriched for mesophyll chloroplasts and nuclei, it is heavily contaminated with bundle sheath chloroplasts and nuclei. The grinding is usually performed with a Polytron homogenizer for its efficiency and flexibility. For large batch isolation, a Cuisinart food processor can be used instead of manual cutting to first chop the leaves into small pieces. Enzymatic digestion method allows the simultaneous isolation of mesophyll protoplasts and bundle sheath strands. To obtain pure bundle sheath strands by grinding, it is important to remove the thick midvein and cut leaves to 1- to 3-mm strips for efficient grinding to eliminate the contamination of mesophyll cells.
Intumescent Nanocoating Extinguishes Flame on Fabric Using Aqueous Polyelectrolyte Complex Deposited in Single Step

In an effort to produce a more effective and environmentally friendly flame-retardant (FR) treatment for cotton fabric, a two-ingredient aqueous polyelectrolyte complex was used to create a one-step deposition system. This easy-to-apply nanocoating, made with nitrogen-rich and phosphorous-rich polyelectrolytes, maintains the fabric's weave structure by spontaneously coating individual fibers. Coating pick-up is reproducible and is a function of both soak time and pot life of the polyelectrolyte complex. From microscale calorimetry data, cotton fabric soaked for only 1min in this “OnePot” flame-retarding complex exhibits a 52.7% reduction in total heat release, with only 2.3 wt% coating added.
Can dumbbell galaxies be equilibrium systems

There exists a large body of work on the interactions of close galaxy pairs. However, most of the theoretical work has concentrated on violent interactions between the components which lead to rapid evolution (mergers, tidal tails,…). In this work we attempt an equilibrium description of binary systems to investigate the circumstances under which close binary galaxies can be long-lived phenomena (Rix and White, 1989).
Effects of Mo/Si Ratio Inversion on the Oxidation of Nb-Cr-Mo-Si-B Alloys

The effect of inverting the Mo/Si ratio on the oxidation of two boron-containing alloys has been studied in air for temperatures 700–1400°C. The compositions of the alloys in atomic percent are Nb-25Cr-20Mo-15Si-15B, Nb-25Cr-20Mo-15Si-10B, Nb-25Cr-15Mo-20Si-10B, and Nb-25Cr-15Mo-20Si-15B hereafter referred to as 10B, 15B, 2010, and 2015 alloys, respectively. The as-cast microstructure of the alloys contains a mixture of NbCr2 Laves phase, Nb5Si3 silicide, and additionally Nb3Si silicide for the Mo/Si modified alloys. Primary oxides developed for all alloys are CrNbO4, Nb2O5, and SiO2. Improvements in high-temperature oxidation have been seen for the Mo/Si-modified 15B containing alloy under cyclic testing. Samples have shown similar oxidation responses in both long-term static and cyclic oxidation for 168-h exposures up to 1300°C. Characterization of oxide products was done by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.
A teaching technique using SOCKET model

A novel teaching technique is introduced utilizing the Student Oriented Comprehensive Knowledge Enhancement Technique (SOCKET). There are three main components to this model: the Learning Objectives (LO), Class Activity Modules (CAM), and Assessment Module (AM). In the Learning Objectives, the course contents are broken into smaller concepts that progresses from basic to advanced level within the topic. The Class Activity Modules are developed strictly based on the concepts outlined in the LO. The design of these modules takes into account the student comprehension of the concepts and the completion of the classroom activities with minimal difficulty. The Assessment Module (AM) is basically a test bank that is used to assess the students' learning status. The development of a course using the SOCKET model can be both time consuming and challenging to the instructor but the end justifies the means. Assessment tools using student feedback are one of the key elements of this technique since it is intended to be dynamic in nature. One of the ultimate goals of SOCKET model is the development of self-learners and the promotion of active learning. The other goal focuses on the fact that when SOCKET is fully developed, it should lend itself easily to multi-platform delivery. Its application to classroom instruction has already proven to be simple, so we are confident that its subsequent application to Web/distance education should be simple as well. Samples of the SOCKET model are illustrated.
Cryptography-a state of the art review

Cryptography is the only known practical method for protecting information transmitted through potentially hostile environments, where it is either impossible or impractical to protect the information by conventional physical means. Also, damage resulting from message alteration, message insertion, and message deletion can be avoided. Administrative and physical security procedures often can provide adequate protection for offline data transport and storage. However, where file security methods are either nonexistent or weak, encryption may provide the most effective and economical protection. The authors gives an overview of cryptographic methods using symmetric and asymmetric algorithms and demonstrates why future cryptographic applications should use a hybrid approach, i.e., combination of symmetric and asymmetric (public key) methods. >
Melting experiments on the enstatite-diopside join at 70 224 kbar, including the melting of diopside

Melting relations on the enstatite−diopside (En, Mg2Si2O6−Di, CaMgSi2O6) join, including the compositions of crystalline phases and melts coexisting along the solidi, were experimentally determined in the pressure range 70–224 kbar with a split-sphere anvil apparatus (USSA-2000). Melting is peritectic in enstatite-rich compositions at 70–124 kbar (1840–2100° C) and eutectic at higher pressures, while the diopside-rich clinopyroxene melts azeotropically at 70–165 kbar and up to 300° C lower temperatures than the eutectic. Orthopyroxene is replaced with enstatite-rich clinopyroxene at 120 kbar and 2090°C. First garnet with 17 mol% Di forms on the solidus at 158 kbar and 2100° C. Two garnets coexist on the solidus at 165–183 kbar and 2100° C, garnet coexists with CaSiO3 perovskite at 183–224 kbar (2100–2230° C) and two coexisting perovskites are stable at higher pressures. The melting curve of diopside was determined at 80–170 kbar; the slope becomes negative at 140 kbar and 2155° C. At 170 kbar and 2100° C, diopside with 96% Di breaks down to garnet with 89% Di and CaSiO3 perovskite. The new data were used to calculate an improved temperature-pressure phase diagram for the CMAS system, which can be useful for estimating the mineralogy of the Earth's upper mantle.
Creep characteristics of wire-drawn Cu-20%Nb

Abstract In this study the creep deformation and rupture characteristics of a wire-drawn Cu-20%Nb composite are investigated at 500°C and compared with the results obtained from pure copper. The results show that the creep rupture strength of Cu-20%Nb is considerably higher than that for pure copper. The rupture strength of Cu-20%Nb increases up to a certain draw ratio, in contrast to the room temperature strengthening. The stress exponents n are in the range 6.6–8.1 for Cu-20%Nb, in comparison with 2.75 in pure copper. The increase in the creep strength and the higher stress exponent values in the Cu-20%Nb are associated with the reduction in the power law creep damage mechanism. This is due to the constraint introduced on the matrix creep flow by the niobium phase rather than the development of high threshold stress values. While the increase in the length of niobium filaments and reduction in interfilament spacing with increasing draw ratio increase the constraint on the creep flow of the matrix, they also enhance the creep damage caused by the diffusion mechanisms because of the easy diffusion paths along the niobium filaments and the reduction in the matrix gain size.
Powering mobile networks with green energy

Explosive mobile data demands are driving a significant growth in energy consumption in mobile networks, and consequently a surge of carbon footprints. Reducing carbon footprints is crucial in alleviating the direct impact of greenhouse gases on the earth environment and the climate change. With advances of green energy technologies, future mobile networks are expected to be powered by green energy to reduce their carbon footprints. This article provides an overview on the design and optimization of green energy enabled mobile networks, discusses the energy models for the analysis and optimization of the networks, and lays out basic design principles and research challenges on optimizing the green energy powered mobile networks.
Molecular engineering of intensely near-infrared absorbing excited states in highly conjugated oligo(porphinato)zinc-(polypyridyl)metal(II) supermolecules.

A new series of chromophores, MPZnn, which combine ethyne-bridged bis(terpyridyl)metal(II)−(porphinato)zinc(II) (MPZn) and oligomeric, ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) (PZnn) architectures, have been synthesized and characterized, along with a series of derivatives bearing pyrrolidinyl electron-releasing groups on the ancillary terpyridine units (PyrmMPZnn). Cyclic voltammetric studies, as well as NMR, electronic absorption, fluorescence, and femtosecond pump−probe transient absorption spectroscopies, have been employed to study the ground- and excited-state properties of these unusual chromophores. All of these species possess intensely absorbing excited states having large spectral bandwidth that penetrate deep in the near-infrared (NIR) energy regime. Electronic structural variation of the molecular framework shows that the excited-state absorption maximum can be extensively modulated [λmax(T1 → Tn)] (880 nm < λmax < 1126 nm), while concomitantly maintaining impressively large T1 → Tn absorption man...
Options for patients with irritable bowel syndrome: contrasting traditional and novel serotonergic therapies

This article reviews the efficacy and toler- ability of traditional therapies for irritable bowel syn- drome (IBS) and concludes that they are limited by both poor efficacy and adverse effects. Serotonin, a neurotransmitter found mainly in the gut, appears to represent a link in IBS pathophysiological processes - altered gut motility, abnormal intestinal secretion and visceral hypersensitivity. Recently, available treat- ments for IBS have targeted serotonin receptors that are involved in motor, sensory and secretory functions of the gut. Serotonergic agents, such as alosetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) and tegaserod (a selective 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist), provide global relief of the multiple symptoms of IBS with diarrhoea and IBS with constipation, respectively, and represent import- ant additions to the IBS treatment armamentarium.
Oxidation of glutathione in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by methyl phenyldiazenecarboxylate (azoester).

Abstract Methyl phenyldiazenecarboxylate (azoester) rapidly oxidizes the reduced glutathione (GSH) of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells at 4 °C. The dose-response curve has two major components: an initial linear segment with a stoichiometry of between 1.8 and 3 moles azoester for oxidation of 1 mole glutathione, and a broad plateau at approximately 80 % oxidation. Azoester-treated cells regenerate GSH in vitro, cells harvested from young tumors being more efficient in this respect than those from old tumors. Exposure of cells to azoester causes transient depression of DNA synthesis and protein synthesis, but these parameters return to normal within one hour in vivo when the initial oxidation does not exceed 80 %. Azoester-treated cells remain viable, as indicated by growth, nigrosin-dye exclusion and tumor formation, when this limit is observed. These results demonstrate that azoester is a useful compound for studies of glutathione metabolism and function in nucleated mammalian cells.
Murine ovulatory response to ultrasound exposure and its gynecological relevance

Abstract Ultrasonographic assessment of ovarian follicular maturity was reportedly associated with atypically early ovulation in women; related studies reported reduced litter sizes in rats. To confirm these findings, mice which were midway between ovulatory gonadotropin (LH or human chorionic gonadotropin) stimulation and ovulation, were sham- or ultrasound-treated periovarially for 5 min. Exposure was at a spatial average, temporal maximum intensity of 60 W/cm 2 . Carrier frequency in the pulse was 2.2 MHz, pulse length was 10 μs , and pulse repetition frequency was 200 Hz. Spatial average, temporal average intensity was 0.12 W/cm 2 . At autopsy, ultrasound- and sham-treated groups responded similarly in proportions ovulating and in mean ova ovulated. Combined experiments had a 97% chance of detecting a significant (>1 h) advance in ovulation time, had it occurred. Thus, our adequately sensitive mammalian ovulatory tests revealed no association of ultrasound with decrease in ovum number or acceleration in ovulation time (as reported in humans).
A component of primitive nuclear composition in carbonaceous meteorites.

Oxygen isotope analysis of anhydrous high-temperature phases from carbonaceous meteorite chondrites indicates a high degree of O(17) and O(18) isotope depletion. The isotope decay is believed to be a result of nuclear rather than chemical processes caused by the admixture of a component consisting of almost pure O(16). It is theorized that this component may predate the solar system and may represent interstellar dust with a separate history of nucleosynthesis.
Regional Flux Estimation in a Convective Boundary Layer Using a Conservation Approach

Abstract During the Southern Great Plains 1997 Hydrology Experiment, a tethersonde system was deployed at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Cloud and Radiation Test Bed (ARM CART) central facility. Additional measurements included several surface flux stations at the central facility and radiosondes at the ARM CART central and boundary facilities. Combined, these data support an examination of regional flux estimates obtained via the atmospheric boundary layer conservation approach. Because the tethersonde was deployed successfully only under light to moderate wind conditions, the effects of advection on estimation of regional fluxes generally are found to be small. Consistent with previous studies, direct estimation of the sensible heat flux yields more accuracy than direct estimation of the latent heat flux. Use of available energy measured at surface flux stations along with the direct sensible heat flux estimates yields latent heat estimates of similar accuracy to those...
Cryptococcus albidus meningitis.

Summary A case of meningitis due to Cryptococcus albidus is reported. This organism, considered to be a non-pathogenic saphrophyte appears to share some of its capsular antigens with Cryptococcus neoformans . However, tests for the presence of cryptococcal antigen using latex agglutination were negative in this case. The isolation of this organism from human infections occur rarely; its potential for confusing the clinical situation is discussed.
From genomics to mechanistic insight: A global perspective on molecular deficits induced by environmental agents

As the postgenomic era continues to unfold, a new wave of scientific investigation is upon us focusing on the application of genomic technologies to study the meanings encrypted on the DNA code and the responses of living organisms to changes in their environment. Recent functional genomics studies in this laboratory have focused on the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ubiquitous transcription factor, in genetic programming during renal development. Also of interest is the application of genomics investigations to the study of chronic medical conditions associated with early life exposures to environmental contaminants. Molecular evidence is discussed in this review within the framework of human molecular medicine.
Myosins exist as homodimers of heavy chains: demonstration with specific antibody purified by nematode mutant myosin affinity chromatography.

Abstract The body-walls of Caenorhabditis elegans contain two different myosin heavy chains (Epstein, Waterston and Brenner, 1974) that associate to form at least two species of myosin (Schachat, Harris and Epstein, 1977a). To better define the distribution of these heavy chains in myosin molecules, we have characterized the myosin of C. elegans by immunochemical methods. Specific, precipitating anti-myosin antibody has been prepared in rabbits using highly purified nematode myosin as the immunogen. The difference in reactivity of the anti-myosin antibody with wild-type myosin containing both kinds of heavy chains (designated unc -54 and non- unc -54 heavy chains on the basis of genetic specification) and myosin from the mutant E190 that lacks unc -54 heavy chains Indicates that there are antigenic differences between myosin molecules containing unc -54 heavy chains and myosin molecules containing only non- unc -54 heavy chains. Antibody specific for the unc -54 myosin determinants has been prepared by the immunoadsorption of anti-myosin antibody with E190 myosin. This specific anti- unc -54 myosin antibody precipitates myosin that contains only unc -54 heavy chains. At the limits of resolution of our immunoprecipitation techniques, we could detect no heterodimeric myosin molecules containing both unc -54 and non- unc -54 heavy chains. The body-wall myosins of C. elegans therefore exist only as homodimers of either class of heavy chain. This specific anti- unc -54 myosin antibody promises to be a valuable tool in elucidating the role of two myosins in body-wall muscle and in molecular characterizations of mutant myosins in C. elegans. We report here the use of this antibody to detect antigenic differences between unc -54 myosin from the wild-type and the muscle mutant E675. In conjunction with the original anti-myosin antibody, other studies show that both unc -54 and non- unc -54 myosins exist within the same body-wall muscle cells (Mackenzie, Schachat and Epstein, 1978) and that both myosins are coordinately synthesized during muscle development in C. elegans (Garcea, Schachat and Epstein, 1978). We discuss the implications of the self-association of unc -54 and non- unc -54 myosin heavy chains into homodimeric myosins within the same body-wall muscles with respect to the assembly of thick filaments and their organization into a regular lattice.
NASA ESTO's strategic investments in space-based radiometer technology and flight validation

NASA's Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) performs strategic investments in instrument subsystems, information systems, and most recently the use of CubeSat platforms to advance the technology readiness level (TRL) of relevant Earth Science Decadal Survey technologies to reduce and retire risk before infusion into flight missions. In this talk we describe the ESTO philosophy to strategic investment focusing on radiometer technology development and testing including new work involving spaceborne flight validation of radiometer technologies using CubeSats.
Alternative methods for formal literature review and meta-analysis in AHCPR patient outcomes research teams

Formal literature review and synthesis is an important component of Patient Outcomes Research Teams (PORTs) and the development of clinical practice guidelines supported by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). Investigators face unresolved methodological issues and practical problems in carrying out this work because the use of such systematic reviews is relatively new in medicine. In addition, standard metaanalytic methods may not readily be applied to the literature pertinent to most PORTs. Representatives of the InterPORT Work Group on Literature Review and Meta-Analysis exchanged information to identify and assess their respective approaches to these challenges. All 12 PORTs used systematic approaches to identifying relevant studies and to gather and analyze data abstracted from these studies. Most PORTs had undertaken or made plans for several separate reviews, which focused on a specific question about the outcomes of therapeutic health care services or procedures, diagnosis, prevention or prognosis. The descriptive information provided by PORTs reveals substantial commonalities in their methods for searching literature and organizing bibliographic databases. However, there was considerable variation in other aspects of reviews, such as selection/exclusion criteria, the use of blinding, and the techniques used to assess the quality of studies. Alternative approaches to literature review and synthesis warrant further examina
Virtual photon scattering at high energies as a probe of the short distance Pomeron

Perturbative QCD predicts the behavior of scattering at high energies and fixed (sufficiently large) transferred momenta in terms of the BFKL Pomeron (or short distance Pomeron). We study the prospects for testing these predictions in two-photon processes at CERN LEP 200 and a possible future e{sup {plus_minus}}e{sup {minus}} collider. We argue that the total cross section for scattering two photons sufficiently far off shell provides a clean probe of BFKL dynamics. The photons act as color dipoles with small transverse size, so that the QCD interactions can be treated perturbatively. We analyze the properties of the QCD result and the possibility of testing them experimentally. We give an estimate of the rates expected and discuss the uncertainties of these results associated with the accuracy of the present theoretical calculations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Hereditary protein S deficiency in a large New Jersey kindred

Abstract Purpose: Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant protein that serves as a cofactor for activated protein C. Deficiency of protein S has been associated with recurrent thrombotic events. To characterize better the risks of thrombosis in protein S deficiency, we studied 62 members in a large kindred. Method: All members were evaluated by a thorough clinical history. Plasma samples were assayed for total protein S antigen and protein S activity. Upper and lower extremity venous duplex examinations were performed in the majority of adult members. Results: Twenty-six (40%) of the 62 family members were classified as deficient on the basis of either low total protein S antigen levels or low protein S functional activity. Five members deficient in protein S had 16 venous thrombotic events. In all members the onset of thrombotic events occurred after 19 years of age, with a tendency for recurrence. Three lower extremity deep venous thromboses that had been occult previously were first diagnosed on surveillance duplex scanning. Only one member whose protein S level was not deficient had a single episode of superficial thrombophlebitis. Conclusion: Our findings in this large kindred confirm an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. Thrombotic events occurred after the age of 19 years in affected individuals and tended to be recurrent. The diagnosis of protein S deficiency is based on functional and immunologic plasma assays. In this study venous duplex scanning proved to be a useful diagnostic adjuvant. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:932-8.)
TIME OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ‘GOLDEN DELICIOUS’ APPLE YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY

Nitrogen (N) fertilization influences apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) yield and quality, but less is known about the effect of rate and timing of fertilization on fruit quality. Rate and time of N fertilization (114 g/tree in Nov.+68 g/tree in May, 227 g/tree in Aug., 45 g/tree for 4 weeks starting in Aug., 136 g/tree in Aug., and 68 g/tree Aug. and May) affected N concentrations in flowers, bourse leaves, and in mid-terminal leaves of current season's growth. Return bloom and yield were highest for trees with the highest rate of N applied in August and they were lowest for trees with the lowest rate of N applied in a split application in May and August. Fruit size, color, firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acids, either at harvest or after 90 days in regular atmosphere storage, were not influenced by all five relatively low rates of N application. The best N treatment for fruit quality was with the low rate of N application in August. Highest fruit firmness, soluble solids content, and titratable ...
Liver Retransplantation in Superobese Patients: A Single Center Experience

A retrospective review of patients who had body mass indeces greater than 40 kg/m(2) who underwent liver retransplantation (LR) from February 1998 to December 2008 at our institution. There were 73 patients who had body mass indeces greater than 40 kg/m(2) and had orthotopic liver transplantation. Six of 73 patients required retransplantation. Median time between orthotopic liver transplantation and LR was 131 days (range, 2 to 2812 days). Indications for LR were ischemic cholangiopathy, hepatic necrosis, recurrent hepatitis C, and primary non-function. Four patients are still alive with median survival of 37 months after LR. Two patients had perioperative death.
Media relations in Bosnia: A role for public relations in building civil society

Abstract This paper offers a benchmark of the status of media relations in Bosnia. Public relations has expertise at relationship building and, therefore, it can influence democracy building. In a place such as Bosnia, the practice can be more than merely a business function; it has an important role in the development of civil society. The media relations function of public relations is a tool to bring like-minded groups together to articulate needs, pressure government, and represent interest group needs. Thus, the function of media relations places the practice of public relations squarely at the center of building civil society in Bosnia. Maureen Taylor is an assistant professor in the School of Communication, Information and Library Studies at Rutgers University, NJ.
The radiation and reflection of surface waves at a discontinuity

A theoretical study of the radiation and reflection of a electromagnetic surface wave at a guiding structure discontinuity is given in this paper. A TE surface wave is considered. It is supported by a dielectric coated conductor which has a contour deformation of the guiding surface. When the deformation is small, the problem may be treated by the boundary perturbation technique to yield the radiated electromagnetic wave and the reflected surface wave. A numerical example is given to illustrate how the radiation pattern and the reflection coefficient vary for different degrees of surface deformation.
First- and second-order responses of a floating toroidal structure in long-crested irregular seas

The first- and second-order heave and pitch motions of a freely floating toroidal body in unidirectional irregular seas are studied using a ring-source boundary integral equation method and a two-term Volterra statistical model. For two different body geometries, added mass and damping coefficients, as well as first- and second-order wave excitations are computed. Since highly tuned resonances of the inner fluid occur at discrete frequencies, second-order wave effects become important when individual incident frequencies or their sum coincide with those natural frequencies. To illustrate this, the second-order sum-frequency rms body motions are computed for three different sea states and compared with the first-order rms motions. Depending on the peak frequency of the input wave spectrum and the parameters of the body geometry, it is shown that the sum-frequency heave and pitch motions can be as large as the first-order motions. These findings have direct implications for the design of toroidal structures such as moonpools, floating breakwaters or pneumatic wave energy absorbers in the ocean.
CB1 cannabinoid receptor: cellular regulation and distribution in N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells

In order to characterize cellular regulation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors, synthesis and turnover studies were performed. Metabolic labeling of N18TG2 cells with 35S-labeled amino acids was followed by immunoprecipitation from cell lysates using an affinity-purified antibody generated to the N-terminal 14-amino-acid segment of the CB1 receptor. During a 2 h labeling period, CB1 receptors were rapidly and constitutively synthesized (rate: 0.86%/min). The majority of newly synthesized CB1 cannabinoid receptors (70%) was degraded rapidly by a first-order process (t1/2=4.8 h). The remaining nascent receptors, which were degraded slowly (t1/2>24 h), may represent the pool of potentially functional receptors. Trypsin treatment of intact confluent cells, designed to cleave the extracellular antibody recognition site, did not alter the recovery of metabolically labeled immunoprecipitated CB1 receptors. This suggests that a large percentage of newly synthesized receptors was inaccessible to the protease and is probably intracellular. Immunocytochemistry revealed CB1 cannabinoid immunoreactivity both intracellularly and on the cell surface. Subcellular membrane fractions exhibited receptor binding activity on plasma membranes and nuclear-associated membranes. Only low-affinity binding was seen in the chromatin fraction. An hypothesis has been developed to explain these results and form the basis for future studies.
X-ray mask repair

A method for repairing X-ray lithographic masks using focused ion beam technology is described and demonstrated. The ion beam is used for mask imaging, for absorber milling for opaque repair, and for deposition of X-ray-opaque material for clear repair. Solutions to the unique problems faced in executing these tasks on the high-resolution, high-aspect-ratio patterns characteristic of X-ray masks are discussed. Several effects of material redeposition during opaque repair are explored. The significance of this same redeposition during clear repair and the resulting advantage gained in using a high-yield deposition process are illustrated. Examples of repairs and printed images of these repairs are shown for feature sizes smaller than 0.25 µm.
Effects of Heating System, Temperature and Rate of Heating on Sensory Characteristics of Beef

Sensory scores for appearance and texture of oven-roasted beef semitendinosus were compared with those of samples heated in glass tubes in a water bath. Roasts heated in 93 and 149°C ovens appeared to be less done and were moister than water bath samples heated at comparable rates. Samples heated to 60°C in both systems appeared to be less done and were moister and less mealy than samples heated to 70°C. Few differences in sensory scores for textural parameters were attributed to heating system, endpoint or heating rate. Correlations between scores for intact roasts and objective measurements for the small samples were not always of the same direction or strength as were the relationships between scores and objective values for roast samples.
Glucocorticoids and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity

Abstract The present study was carried out in order to explore the role of glucocorticoids in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity of the central serotonergic system. The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)_was used as an index of this drug-induced neuronal degeneration. One week after a single high dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg), a significant decrease in the enzyme activity was measured in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Adrenalectomy (ADX) attenuated or blocked this decrease in TPH activity in the hippocampus but not in the frontal cortex. This protective effect of ADX on hippocampal serotonergic neurons disappeared with concurrent administration of corticosterone (CORT) and MDMA administration. The long-term MDMA-induced decreases in hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were similarly affected by CORT replacement. However, ADX did not alter the short-term decline in hippocampal TPH activity and 5-HT concentrations measured 3 h after a single dose of MDMA (10 mg/kg s.c.). This study suggests that CORT play a role in the development of neurotoxicity induced by MDMA in the hippocampal serotonergic system, but may be less important in other brain structures.
Orbit Determination from Single Pass Doppler Observations

This paper presents a method for determining the orbit of a satellite by observing, in the course of a single pass, the Doppler shift in the frequency of a CW signal transmitted from the ground and reflected by the satellite to one or more ground-based receivers at remote sites. The method is sufficiently general that, with minor modification, it may be applied to any type of satellite or ICBM tracking measurements. The computation consists of improving approximations for initial position and velocity components by successive differential corrections which are obtained from a least squares treatment of an over-determined system of condition equations while imposing elliptic motion as a constraint. Methods for obtaining approximations for the initial position and velocity components are likewise discussed. Results are presented for computations with typical input data.
The liver-blood fluid exchange and the morphology of hepatic cell mitochondria

This work was undertaken in an effort to determine the reason why the hepatic cell mitochondria of some animals show a structural response to adrenalin while others show no such reaction. It was found that those animals whose mitochondria are altered by adrenalin undergo a relatively great increase in the percentage of water in the liver. This acquisition of fluid by the liver is accompanied by a disturbance of the cell-plasma ratio of the blood. Those species whose mitochondria show no reaction to adrenalin have no change of volatile liver water, haematocrit reading, and probably have no change of total blood volume.
Distribution and Condition of Fishes in a Small Reservoir Receiving Heated Waters

Abstract The effects of a thermal effluent on the distribution and condition of fishes were determined in a 330-ha reservoir in northeastern Texas. Fish were collected at five stations with 41-m experimental gill nets and a 6.1-m seine every 2 weeks between May 1971 and June 1972. Water temperatures at the mouth of the effluent canal were highest (42.2 C) in July and were typically 3-8 C higher at this location than in other areas of the reservoir. Two forage species (Mississippi silversides, Menidia audens, and pugnose minnow, Notropis emilae) were never found near the mouth of the effluent canal. White crappie (Pomoxis annularis) and river carpsucker (Cyprinus carpio) may have been attracted to the effluent area in spring and summer. Channel catfish, (Ictalurus punctatus), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), threadfin shad (D. petenense), and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were rather evenly distributed over the entire reservoir during all seasons. The size and condition of fishes collected at the mouth...
A review of research on laminar mixed convection flow over backward- and forward-facing steps

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive review of the flow and heat transfer results of single-phase laminar mixed convection flow over vertical, horizontal and inclined backward- and forward-facing steps that have been reported in several studies in the open literature. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed summary of the effect of several parameters such as step height, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, inclination angle, expansion ratio, temperature difference between the heated wall and the free stream, and buoyancy force (assisting and opposing) on the flow and thermal fields downstream of the step. Several correlation equations that were reported in many of these studies to predict the reattachment lengths of the recirculation regions that may develop upstream and/or downstream of the step are also summarized in this review.
Minimum-Variance Deconvolution

The purpose of this paper is to make the Mendel/Kormylo minimum-variance deconvolution (MVD) procedure, that is based on a state-space model of a signal distortion system and is derived from estimation theory, more accessible to users and potential users. The following aspects of their MVD procedure are covered: how to obtain the order and parameters in a state space model of a signal distortion system; signal-to-noise ratio as a filter tuning parameter; scaled MVD equations; and, MVD filter transfer functions.
Adults with diabetes who perceive family members’ behaviour as unsupportive are less adherent to their medication regimen

Commentary on: Mayberry LS, Osborn CY. Family support, medication adherence, and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35 :1239–45. Adults with type 2 diabetes see their physician more often than most other patients. National survey data indicate that the typical patient with diabetes will have seven to nine appointments in a year with their primary provider and additional visits with specialists, nurses and educators.1 Added together over the course of a year clinical care interactions represent <1% of an individual's daily life. For the other 99% of the time, people must self-manage their disease within the context of their families, workplaces and communities. …
Engaging Community Health Care Providers in Genomic Research

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The purpose of this presentation/poster is to describe the process of working in partnership with the hospital, physicians, and their staff to recruit participants for perinatal and neonatal whole‐genome research. We will share the challenges in placing the right clinical research staff in the office or unit, staff preparation and education, and the tools necessary to support our study. Proposed Change We made specific efforts to recruit subjects of diverse race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. To do this, we hired a multicultural staff of clinical research coordinators and associates to recruit subjects. We provided enrollment materials in English and Spanish as well as at average‐reading and low‐reading levels. We placed an emphasis on creating partnerships with hospital and community health care providers to be able to approach their patients for our studies. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Our Translational Medicine Institute enrolled more than 1,200 family trios from more than 70 countries in three whole‐genome research studies. Recruitment for the preterm birth study required our team to join forces with multicultural health care providers from neonatology, obstetrics, perinatology, and a richly diverse nursing staff. Enrollment for the longitudinal study occurs during the pregnancy, which requires our staff to approach patients in the prenatal care setting. We are currently recruiting from several large obstetric practices, including a safety‐net community clinic. Implications for Nursing Practice Knowing the community, the health care providers, and the staff at the offices and hospital will enhance the ability of nurse researchers to recruit participants in their studies.