cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Casting Light on Shadow Government: A Typological Approach

Our fascination with the growth of special purpose entities has garnered substantial theoretical and empirical attention in the last several decades. Unfortunately, we still know very little about the unique characteristics of various special purpose entities. Our lack of understanding regarding special purpose entities has contributed to both their categorization as "shadow government" and a tendency for distinct types of special purpose entities to be generalized. The resulting perception is that the terms "public authorities," "special districts," "government corporations," and the like are interchangeable or synonymous. Because accurate understanding is necessary to achieve precise evaluation, this article explores the theoretical underpinnings of these complex entities and offers a typology based on these theories. The typology is then compared to the extant literature and individual special purpose entities.
Ras and neu oncogenes reverse serum inhibition and epidermal growth factor dependence of serum‐free mouse embryo cells

Serum-free mouse embryo cells, cultured in basal nutrient medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor, fibronectin, and high-density lipoprotein, do not exhibit growth crisis, lack detectable chromosomal aberrations, are nontumorigenic in vivo, are dependent on epidermal growth factor for survival, and are growth inhibited by serum or platelet-free plasma. These cells after transfection with the human Ha-ras or rat neu oncogenes no longer required epidermal growth factor for survival, were tumorigenic in vivo, and also proliferated in serum-containing medium. Autocrine activity capable of replacing epidermal growth factor was detected in conditioned medium from ras-transformed cultures, but little such activity was detected in medium from neu-transformed cultures. In addition, the capability of ras or neu-transformed cells to grow in serum-containing medium could not be mimicked in untransformed cells by the addition of growth factors or conditioned medium from transformed cells. These results suggest that the known structural similarity of the neu gene product to the EGF receptor is also reflected in a functional similarity by which the mutationally activated neu protein can replace the ligand-activated EGF receptor. These results also suggest that the ability of ras- and neu-transformed cells to escape the effect of the inhibitory serum activity is a nonautocrine property distinct from the acquisition of EGF autonomy.
Flow in an occluded circular cylindrical tube with permeable wall

L'eoulement d'un liquide dans un tube a paroi permeable se rencontre dans plusieurs problemes d'ingenieur, tels que la purification de l'eau, l'osmose inverse, l'ecoulement dans un milieu proeux, etc. Cet expose traite un probleme physiologique, a savoir, l'ecoulement du sang dans les plus petits vaisseaux sanguins, les «capillaires». L'experience de «micro-occlusion» de Landis (1927) etait un pas important dans le probleme du transport fluidique a travers un vaisseau sanguin. Recemment, Zweifach et Intaglietta (1966, 1968) ont obtenu des donnees importantes grâce a une experience perfectionnee du type de celle de Landis. L'interpretation de ces experiences se fonde sur l'hypothese de Starling de l'interaction des pressions osmotique et hydrostatique. Dans cet ouvrage, on etudie un modele simplifie du transport fluidique a travers la paroi d'un vaisseau sanguin capillaire. On donne une methode analytique pour etudier l'appliation de l'hypothese de Starling au mouvement d'un fluide visquex dans un tube circulaire occlu. On suppose que les pressions hydrostatique et osmotique de l'espace exterieur entourant le tube aient les memes valeurs d'equilibre avant et apres l'occlusion, de sorte que l'ecoulement de masse a travers la paroi du tube, conformement a l'hypothese de Starling, est simplement proportionnel au changement de la pression hydrostatique a travers le paroi. La solution demontre que, quand la constante de permeabilite depasse une certaine valeur, l'eoulement axial amont determine le mouvement fluidique; et que l'ecoulement a travers la paroi du tube est plus ou moins independant de la permeabilite de la paroi. Quand la constante de permeabilite est petite, l'ecoulement a travers la paroi est proportionnel a la permeabilite. L'hypothese de Starling etant applicable a la dialysation des membranes, la presente demonstration a d'autres domaines d'application pour l'ingenieur. Cette methode d'analyse peut etre appliquee pour resoudre un type general du probleme de valeur de limite associee a l'equation de Stokes dans laquelle deux conditions independantes sont donnees pour la surface et l'une des extremites de la region cylindrique circulaire.
Unraveling cis-regulatory mechanisms at the abdominal-A and Abdominal-B genes in the Drosophila bithorax complex

Genome sequencing has revealed that in metazoans, only a small percentage of DNA actually codes for functional proteins. Research efforts have focused on elucidating the purpose of the rest of the genome, which was initially largely thought of as mere 'junk' DNA. One genomic region that is proving to be a rich source of new information is the Drosophila bithorax complex (BX-C). At this homeotic gene complex, many different classes of cis-regulatory elements, such as insulators, silencers, enhancers, and promoters, work together to tightly control gene expression during development. Recent studies have begun to unravel the intricate nature of these regulatory interactions. The BX-C was first discovered and characterized by Ed Lewis over three decades ago. In his seminal 1978 Nature paper, Lewis speculated that "substances" originating from the nongenic regions of the BX-C may regulate expression of the neighboring abdominal-A and Abdominal-B homeotic genes. A number of discoveries in the last few years suggest that he was right. The activation of some of the cis-sequences at the complex appears to be controlled by nongenic transcription, providing a further level of regulatory complexity to regions of nonprotein coding DNA. The hope is that these studies of gene regulation at the BX-C in the humble fruit fly will provide clues as to how vast intergenic regions contribute to the incredible complexity of gene regulation in other species, including humans.
The research on security and stability control signal transmitted over public communication 2M circuit

In 2008, ice and snow disaster had made a great influence on control services to every power station, so in order to improve the ability of electric power communication net to cope large-area ice and snow such as in 2008, it is necessary to consider emergency channel of control signal as stand-by channel. Security and stability service is an important guarantee to grid running. This paper reveals that the performance of the public communication 2M circuit satisfy security and stability service requirements, through contrasting performance requirements between security and stability service and public communication 2M circuit. And use security and stability control system, located in Luo Ping and Bai Se, to connect to public communication net as model, then testing channel performance of public communication 2M circuit and the influences. Theoretical analysis and test results show that safety and stability control signal can be transmitted by 2M circuit of public communication net.
Socially Constructing Pacific Salmon

What does "nature" mean? This general question, central to the social construction of nature, is addressed here by examining one of nature's particulars, Pacific salmon, and by looking at how one group of people, salmon biologists, imbue the fish with meaning. Based upon historical, comparative, and qualitative data, it appears that nature is socially constructed through both cognitive and physical processes. "Salmon"- and indirectly nature - emerges not as a monolithic, timeless, certain entity, but rather as one that is manipulable, fleeting, and the product of a variety of social relations. In particular, public policy and economics appear to have profoundly influenced salmon biologists' cognitive and physical constructions of salmon.
Job Attribute Preferences and Work Commitment of Men and Women in the United States.

The extent of assumed sex differences in preferences for work attributes is explored utilizing data from five representative national samples. The results indicated only minimal differences in preferred job attributes between males and females. Both sexes identified meaningfulness of the work as the most important job attribute, and rank ordered the other four attributes studied in the following sequence: promotion, income, security, and hours. Factors such as education, occupational prestige, age and one's commitment to continue working were more important than sex of the respondent as predictors of job attribute preferences. However, these status variables did not affect the relationship of sex and job attribute preferences. Furthermore, these factors had approximately the same relative predictive value for both males and females. Nevertheless, these statistically significant predictors explained a small proportion of the variance in job attribute preferences. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
A New Tris(diphenylstannylene)triosmium Carbonyl Cluster Complex and Its Reactions with Pt(PBut3)2 and Pt(PPh3)4

The reaction of Os3(CO)12 with Ph3SnH yielded the bimetallic Os−Sn cluster complexes Os3(CO)11(SnPh3)(μ-H) (16) and Os3(CO)9(μ-SnPh2)3 (17) in 20 and 21% yields, respectively. Compound 16 consists of an Os3 triangle with a terminal SnPh3 group on one of the Os atoms and a bridging hydrido ligand across one of the Os−Os bonds. Compound 17 consists of a central Os3 triangle with SnPh2 groups bridging each of the three Os−Os bonds. Pt(PBut3)2 reacts with compound 17 to afford Os3(CO)9[Pt(PBut3)](μ-SnPh2)3 (18), a Pt(PBut3) adduct of 17, in 29% yield by adding a Pt(PBut3) group across one of the Os−Sn bonds. The osmium and tin atoms lie in a plane, while the Pt(PBut3) group is displaced slightly out of that plane. Pt(PPh3)4 reacts with 17 to give the cluster complex Os3(CO)9[Pt(Ph)(PPh3)2](μ-SnPh2)2(μ3-SnPh) (19) in 21% yield by insertion of a Pt(PPh3)2 into one of the Sn−C bonds to one of the phenyl groups. The osmium and tin atoms are coplanar, and there is a Pt(Ph)(PPh3)2 group terminally bonded to one of ...
Picosecond laser studies of the photodissociation of I2—aromatic complexes and the formation of 1 atom—aromatic complexes in solution

Abstract The dynamics of the photodissociation of I 2 —aromatic complexes, cage effect phenomena, and the formation of iodine atom—aromatic complexes in solution are reported. Using picosecond laser methods these various processes were investigated in the neat liquids benzene, mesitylene, and p -xylene and in solutions of CCl 4 and these aromatics.
A role for the acetylcholine receptor-inducing protein ARIA in oligodendrocyte development

ARIA acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity protein, is a member of a family of ligands that includes the Neu differentiation factor, heregulin, and glial growth factor. These ligands all act through one or more receptor tyrosine kinases of approximately 185 kDa. In some conditions these ligands promote proliferation, whereas in others they induce differentiation. ARIA was originally isolated from chick brain on the basis of its ability to induce synthesis of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle. In this paper we show that ARIA is expressed in the subventricular zone of the rat brain and that it enhances the development of oligodendrocytes from bipotential (O2A) glial progenitor cells. We have also found that ARIA induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a 185-kDa protein in O2A progenitor cells. ARIA does not increase bromodeoxyuridine incorporation by oligodendrocytes but is mitogenic when added to Schwann cells in vitro. Thus, ARIA accelerates the formation of oligodendrocytes in vitro and is expressed where it could exercise the same influence in vivo.
Prehospital care and outcome of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Cardiac arrest in children outside the hospital is associated with high mortality rates. Recent investigations have suggested that the use of advanced life support (ALS) measures by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel may decrease survival. These studies have used the pediatric Utstein style of defining ALS and basic life support (BLS) measures. The pediatric Utstein style defines BLS as “an attempt to restore effective ventilation and circulation” using noninvasive means to open the airway but specifically excludes the use of bag-valve-mask devices. Advanced life support is defined as the “addition of invasive maneuvers to restore effective ventilation and circulation.” The authors of the study described below believe that using this definition would categorize some patients into an ALS group who would otherwise be categorized as having received BLS (i.E., “bag-valve-mask only”). Objective: To compare survival rates among children receiving BLS or ALS following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using...
Developmental expression and differential cellular localization of obscurin and obscurin-associated kinase in cardiac muscle cells.

Obscurin and obscurin-associated kinase are two products of the obscurin transcriptional unit that encodes a recently identified giant muscle-specific protein obscurin. In this study, we characterized the developmental expression and cellular localization of obscurin and obscurin-associated kinase in cardiac muscle cells. We cloned murine obscurin-associated kinase and found that it is abundantly expressed in the heart as two isotypes encoded by 2.2 and 4.9 kb sequences. The 2.2 kb isotype of the kinase was more prominently expressed than the 4.9 kb isotype. Both obscurin and the kinase-like domains were progressively upregulated since the early stages of cardiac development. Obscurin-associated kinase was expressed at higher levels than obscurin at early stages of cardiomyogenesis. Increasing intensity of obscurin expression in the developing heart positively correlated with progressive cell differentiation and was higher in the ventricles compared to the atria. These data were supported by the results of experiments with primary cardiac cell cultures. Obscurin localization changed from a weakly immunopositive diffuse pattern in poorly differentiated cells to an intensely immunolabeled cross-striated distribution at the level of mid-A-bands and Z-disks during the assembly of the myofibrillar contractile apparatus. In dividing myocytes, unlike the interphase cells, obscurin translocated from disassembling myofibrils into a diffuse granulated pattern segregated separately from a-actinin- immunopositive aggregates. Obscurin-associated kinase was localized mainly to cell nuclei with increasing incorporation into the Z-disks during differentiation. Our results suggest that these two novel proteins are involved in the progression of cardiac myogenesis during the transition to advanced stages of heart development.
Guideline maintenance and revision : 50 years of the Jones Criteria for Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever

Objective: To understand better the factors that led to revisions of the Jones criteria, a widely used diagnostic guideline for diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Design: The original publication of the Jones criteria and the four revisions were examined to identify changes. A computer software maintenance paradigm was applied, and modifications were categorized ascorrective(error correction),perfective(enhancements in response to user needs), oradaptive(responses to new knowledge). Results: Modifications of the Jones criteria were primarily corrective and perfective. Disease characteristics, originally characterized as major manifestations, were subsequently categorized as minor manifestations and vice versa. Twenty years after the initial publication, a requirement was added to enhance specificity (evidence for antecedent streptococcal infection). Descriptions of rheumatic manifestations became more detailed over time to eliminate ambiguous definitions and provide information to help clinicians decide about borderline cases. This emphasis on corrective and perfective maintenance contrasts with an expectation that adaptive changes would predominate, as with most knowledge-based systems. In fact, despite 50 years of technologic and methodologic advances in medicine, only echocardiography and new antibody testing contributed new knowledge that bears on the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Conclusions: Corrective and perfective maintenance can be avoided by making effective use of knowledge that exists at the time a guideline is published. Despite the apparent durability of the Jones criteria, carefully structured, evidence-based guidelines should require less corrective and perfective maintenance. Adaptive maintenance can be anticipated if the quality of evidence or the level of consensus that supports each recommendation is explicitly recorded. (Arch Pedatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:727-732)
The Dialectic of Ancient and Modern Apocalypticism

APOCALYPTICISM LIVES in a mythical world, and a world which appears initially to be far removed from our own. Yet, our time is again and again proclaimed to be an apocalyptic time, and there would seem to be little doubt that apocalypticism has played and is playing a decisive role in modern politics and the modern imagination. Is it possible to establish an organic and essential or necessary relationship between ancient and modern apocalypticism? Both ancient and modern apocalypticism proceed out of and are directed to historical and human situations of crisis, just as each so universalizes its own world as to make it absolute and total. Moreover, both ancient and modern apocalypticism are directed toward an eschatological end and goal, an end which is mythically envisioned as a totality, and yet which is expected and celebrated in the actuality of time and history. Recent analysis has led us to see that ancient and modern apocalypticism share a common imagery and a common form, and each embodies a resurrection and yet revolutionary transformation of the archaic world of myth. But obviously modern and ancient apocalypticism are not identical, and thus far little clarity has been established as to the relationship existing between them.
Preseasonal intranasal immunotherapy with nebulized short ragweed extract

Abstract We determined the effect of preseasonal intranasal short ragweed (SRW) immunotherapy in a double-blind, nonpaired, 20-wk study involving 33 SRW-sensitive patients. Patients were selected on the basis of an elevated IgE serum antibody level, a positive intradermal skin test, and a positive intranasal challenge to SRW antigen. SRW-treated patients sprayed SRW solutions intranasally six times a day for 12 wk preseasonally. Placebo-treated patients used nebulized solutions containing buffer or histamine that were interchanged randomly throughout this period. The SRW-treated group reported more preseasonal symptoms than the placebo-treated group (p
Impact of the parasite, Chrysomelobia labidomerae Eickwort, on the Colorado potato beetle

ABSTRACT Laboratory and field studies were conducted at the University of Rhode Island and in Cuernavaca, Mexico to determine the impact of parasitism by Chrysomelobia labidomerae Eickwort on the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Mite infestation significantly reduced longevity of adult Colorado potato beetles in the laboratory (an average of 40% over all treatment combinations). Longevity shortened with increasing initial mite inoculation density. Temperature did not affect this relationship, but the source of the mite population can affect the level of mortality in infested beetles. Beetles in field cages in Rhode Island, U.S.A. did not die from mite infestation and there was no reduction in beetle fecundity or overwintering success. Experiments in Mexico showed that mite infested beetles initiated flight less often than non-infested beetles and flew shorter as mite density increased.
A theoretical comparison of the effects of the shape of the pinning potential and a distribution of pinning energies of the apparent pinning energy as measured by magnetic flux creep

In the analysis of magnetic flux creep experiments, it is assumed that, at a given temperature, the pinning energy, which must be overcome by thermal activation, depends on the magnetic induction and its gradient by U(B, Delta B) equivalent to U/sub p/(B)(1-( Delta B/ Delta B/sub max/))/sup n/, where U/sub p/ is the pinning well depth and Delta B/sub max/ corresponds to the critical current density with no thermal activation. Customarily, n is assumed to be unity, and any unusual temperature dependence of U/sub p/ is then ascribed to a distribution of well depths. However, realistic assumptions about the shape of the pinning potential yield 3/2<or approximately=n<or approximately=2, which yields an apparent distribution of well depths in the conventional analysis. Simple models are used to illustrate the characteristics of these two quite different origins for the apparent temperature dependence of well depth obtained from magnetic flux creep rates.
Victor Fray Marshall: Twentieth Century Renaissance Urologist

Purpose: Victor Fray Marshall (1913 to 2001) contributed to advancements in a variety of fields within urology, including incontinence, oncology, stone disease and pediatrics.Materials and Methods: We reviewed historical records from the New York Hospital archives as well as the original publications of Marshall. Personal experiences of former residents and others were recounted.Results: While Marshall may be most recognized for Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz vesicourethral suspension, designed to correct stress urinary incontinence, he was among the earliest advocates of surgical extirpation for bladder cancer and helped introduce the use of urinary cytology for the diagnosis of urothelial malignancy. At the same time Marshall contributed to the development of ureteroscopy for stone disease. His contributions to pediatric urology include the description of a nonrefluxing ureteral re-implantation technique for the surgical correction of reflux as well as his investigation of the embryology and surgical repair ...
Eimeria tenella: Clinical Effects in Partially Immune and Susceptible Chickens

Abstract Chickens made partially immune to E. tenella infection exhibited cecal lesions after challenge. Some of the chickens had cecal lesions of severity similar to those of birds having their first infection with the parasite. The presence of severe cecal lesions in the partially resistant birds was not accompanied by lowered body weight gain or packed erythrocyte volumes and prothrombin time was not extended. It is suggested that there are at least three stages of immunity to E. tenella; birds may be totally resistant to parasite and no development occurs, birds may be resistant to a degree where oocysts are discharged after challenge but no lesions occur, or birds may be resistant to the clinical effects of the disease despite having severe lesions.
Problems of pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is not one disease but several and perhaps many. Diagnosis is imperfect in all forms and the usual lack of histologic material has hampered attempts to understand the pathogenesis and possible interrelationships of the different forms of pancreatic inflammation. Acute pancreatitis does not as a rule evolve into chronic pancreatitis, even after multiple recurrences. Recurrent acute attacks can be ended by identifying and treating the factor causing the disease, including recently recognized entities such as accessory papilla stenosis associated with pancreas divisum. Attempts to improve the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis are focussing upon preventing injury to pancreatic cell structures, enhancing endogenous mechanisms for capture and disposal of activated enzymes, and upon early detection and debridement of damaged pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues. Pancreatic duct stricture or obstruction as a consequence of scarring from necrotizing pancreatitis may produce recurrent symptoms, now designated as obstructive pancreatitis. Obstructive pancreatitis has its own unique histologic characteristics and is appropriately treated by resection of the blocked segment of pancreas when the point of obstruction is distal to the papilla. Chronic pancreatitis differs from acute or obstructive pancreatitis in that it is difficult or impossible to halt its progression. The role of intraductal protein precipitates, whether of enzymes or perhaps of other unique pancreatic secretory proteins, in the pathogenesis of the disease is being evaluated. The goal of surgical treatment is not to cure, but to reduce pain, overcome associated obstruction of the bile duct or duodenum, and to treat pancreatic duct disruptions including pseudocysts and internal pancreatic fistulas. Because continuing deterioration of pancreatic function is to be expected in chronic pancreatitis, maximum conservation of pancreatic tissue by avoiding resectional procedures is advisable.
Biofouling research needs for the United States Navy: program history and goals

(1992). Biofouling research needs for the United States Navy: Program history and goals. Biofouling: Vol. 6, Aspects of current research in the US Navy biofouling program, pp. 91-95.
The role of speculation in the oil price ratchet process

Abstract The world price of oil could be as low as extraction costs or so high that alternative energy resources would displace oil on a massive scale. The actual price depends on the interactive policies of exporting and importing countries. In fact, the world oil price has increased sharply three times since 1970 and exhibited relative stability between the sharp upward movements; this is what is meant by the upward price ratchet. This paper emphasizes the role of inventory speculation in driving oil prices upward. Inventory speculation is also responsible for much of the variability in OPEC production. The oil importing countries could hold oil prices down by invoking stand-by measures to temporarily increase production, reduce consumption and mitigate the procyclical effects of inventory speculation. The timing of intervention into the market mechanism is critical. Elimination of stand-by measures after the market has stabilized is also important. Policies designed to reduce consumption in the long-run may cause the price to be ratcheted to even higher levels in the near future and should be rethought in light of the ratchet process.
Teaching children to add and subtract

Abstract At a 1980 conference, leading mathematics educators synthesized previous knowledge on children's early understanding of addition and subtraction and proposed central parameters for future research in these areas form a cognitive science perspective. We have, since 1980, increased our knowledge about how children learn to add and subtract, but we need to know more about the best ways for teachers to guide children as they construct knowledge of addition and subtraction. In this article, we review several studies that focus on an enhanced role for teachers in enabling children to learn addition and subtraction. These studies describe efforts that have been made to teach children to use diagrams and mediational representations, number sentences, or algorithms and procedures. The studies report improvement in children's problem-solving performance, but the impact of the efforts described on children's conceptual understanding is less clear. Thus, we analyze this research, pose questions on the relationship of instruction to children's knowledge construction, and propose a research agenda that we believe will enable us to understand how teaching can best help children learn to add and subtract.
Human rights, principled issue-networks, and sovereignty in Latin America

International relations theorists have devoted insufficient attention to the processes through which state sovereignty is being transformed in the modern world. The human rights issue offers a case study of a gradual and significant reconceptualization of state sovereignty. In the human rights issue-area, the primary movers behind the international actions leading to changing understandings of sovereignty are transnational nonstate actors organized in a principled issue-network, including international and domestic nongovernmental organizations, parts of global and regional intergovernmental organizations, and private foundations. These networks differ from other forms of transnational relations in that they are driven primarily by shared values or principled ideas. Through a comparative study of the impact of international human rights pressures on Argentina and Mexico in the 1970s and 1980s, this article explores the emergence and the nature of the principled human rights issue-network and the conditions under which it can contribute to changing both state understandings about sovereignty and state human rights practices.
Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma: radiographic and histopathologic analysis of a rare pediatric tumor

Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma (NCMH) is an extremely rare benign pediatric tumor that was described in 1998. Only 19 cases are reported in the literature. We present a 15-year-old girl with nasal obstruction and recurrent sinusitis. Her medical history was significant for a rare ovarian tumor and pleuropulmonary blastoma. CT demonstrated a partially calcified soft-tissue mass obstructing the nasal cavity. The patient underwent endoscopic surgical excision. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses of the tumor were consistent with NCMH. The imaging characteristics of the tumor are reviewed. NCMH may be part of a syndrome associated with other pediatric neoplastic and dysplastic disease.
Mathematical Analysis of Bipolar Transistors

The mathematical theory of bipolar transistor operation is founded upon conclusions drawn primarily from one-dimensional models for this semiconductor device. These models are of varying complexity. The simple models offer the advantage of computational ease and, thereby, represent practical engineering tools. Other, more complex models require extensive computer time; these models are more applicable to research investigations into problems relating to the theory of transistor operation. Using statistical methods of analysis it is shown that many elementary models for transistor operation provide satisfactory agreement with experiment. A similar degree of agreement is seldom (if ever) obtained for the current gain or switching speed. It is suggested that this current gain problem arises from emitter region mechanisms for which there is only limited understanding. Additionally, it is suggested that this same problem has important implications in the theory of I2L logic structures.
Capture Cross Sections for Slow Neutrons

A method for measuring capture cross section for slow neutrons has been developed. Neutrons from a $\mathrm{Ra}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Be}$ source are slowed down in a paraffin block containing a cylindrical cavity. A B${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ detector in the center of the cavity measures the reduction in neutron intensity which results when an element or compound under investigation "suspended" in graphite powder is introduced into the cavity. The arrangement is calibrated with boron. The method has been used to measure the capture cross section of 19 elements. The results are tabulated at the end of the paper.
An analytical algorithm for calculation of spectral distributions of x‐ray tubes for quantitative x‐ray fluorescence analysis

Fundamental parameter methods for quantitative x-ray fluorescence analysis require a knowledge of the spectral distributions of x-ray tubes used for sample excitation. The theoretical models for the calculation of the spectral distributions include a number of parameters which are not known with sufficient accuracy. Also, spectral distributions have been measured for only a few x-ray tubes operated at 45–50 kV. We have developed an algorithm for calculating x-ray tube spectral distributions by utilizing extensive electron microprobe data obtained under various operating conditions with a Si(Li) detector. The algorithm includes the calculation of the continuum and the ratio of the characteristic line(s) to the underlying continuum intensity at the wavelength of the characteristic line(s).
Tumor growth of FGF or VEGF transfected MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells correlates with density of specific microvessels independent of the transfected angiogenic factor.

We have previously shown that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1-, FGF-4-, or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF/VPF)-transfected MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells growing as tumors in nude mice are tamoxifen resistant and/or estrogen independent. These transfectants provide opportunity for study of in situ tumor-induced angiogenesis promoted by the individual angiogenic factors under growth-promoting versus growth-inhibiting hormonal conditions. In the present study, vessels in tumors harvested at varying times after tumor cell injection were immunohistochemically highlighted and vessel morphology and topography were scored on a scale of 0 to 4 by blinded observers. In tumors produced by all cell lines under all growth-promoting hormonal conditions, there was significantly increased abundance ( P in vivo . Study of gene expression in endothelial cells in edge-associated or intratumor vessels using this model might reveal mechanisms important in tumor-induced angiogenesis in human breast cancer.
Simplifying surfaces with color and texture using quadric error metrics

There are a variety of application areas in which there is a need for simplifying complex polygonal surface models. These models often have material properties such as colors, textures, and surface normals. Our surface simplification algorithm, based on iterative edge contraction and quadric error metrics, can rapidly produce high quality approximations of such models. We present a natural extension of our original error metric that can account for a wide range of vertex attributes.
Computational Complexity of Lyapunov Stability Analysis Problems for a Class of Nonlinear Systems

Nonlinear control systems can be stabilized by constructing control Lyapunov functions and computing the regions of state space over which such functions decrease along trajectories of the closed-loop system under an appropriate control law. This paper analyzes the computational complexity of these procedures for two classes of control Lyapunov functions. The systems considered are those which are nonlinear in only a few state variables and which may be affected by control constraints and bounded disturbances. This paper extends previous work by the authors, which develops a procedure for stability analysis for these systems whose computational complexity is exponential only in the dimension of the "nonlinear" states and polynomial in the dimension of the remaining states. The main results are illustrated by a numerical example for the case of purely quadratic control Lyapunov functions.
Characteristics of a 30-cm thruster operated with small hole accelerator grid ion optics

Small hole accelerator grid ion optical systems have been tested as a possible means of improving 30-cm ion thruster performance. The effects of small hole grids on the critical aspects of thruster operation including discharge chamber performance, doubly-charged ion concentration, effluent beam characteristics, and plasma properties have been evaluated. In general, small hole accelerator grids are beneficial in improving thruster performance while maintaining low double ion ratios. However, extremely small accelerator aperture diameters tend to degrade beam divergence characteristics. A quantitative discussion of these advantages and disadvantages of small hole accelerator grids, as well as resulting variations in thruster operation characteristics, is presented.
Comparison of SAR-interferometric and surveyed velocities on a mountain glacier: Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A

An interferogram reflecting the motion of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., was obtained from two European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS-1) syntheticaperture radar (SAR) images, acquired on 22 and 25 January 1992. We investigate whether the interferometric data are quantitatively consistent with terrestrial velocity measurements along three transverse profiles. These terrestrial data are from different years (1987, 1990, 1996) and cover different periods (6–28 April, 23 May–7 July and a whole year) than the SAR interferogram. Terrestrial ice velocity at the date of the SAR imagery is obtained via seasonal and annual corrections that are calculated from other terrestrial velocity measurements available at higher time resolution for selected sites on the glacier. Interferometric and terrestrial velocity are in excellent agreement if a (terrestrially measured) surface-normal velocity component (v ⊥) is properly accounted for. This suggests that both the interferometric velocities and the conversions of terrestrial data to the winter period are reliable. The terrestrial velocity measurements show that ice flow in the upper ablation area (14–16 km sites) changes from longitudinal compression in mid-winter (v ⊥ = + 0.82 cm d−1) to moderate longitudinal extension during summer (v ⊥ ≈ –0.25 cm d−1). In the lower ablation area, the seasonal variations of the longitudinal strain rate are much smaller: +1.0 and about +0.85 cm d−1 for the respective mid-winter and summer values of v ⊥ at the 20 km site.
Noninvasive vascular elastography using plane-wave and sparse-array imaging

Stroke may occur when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures in the carotid artery. Noninvasive vascular elastography (NIVE) visualizes the strain distribution within the carotid artery, which is related to its mechanical properties that govern plaque rupture. Strain elastograms obtained from the transverse plane of the carotid artery are difficult to interpret, because strain is estimated in Cartesian coordinates. Sparsearray (SA) elastography overcomes this problem by transforming shear and normal strain to polar coordinates. However, the SA's transmit power may be too weak to produce useful elastograms in the clinical setting. Consequently, we are exploring other imaging methods to solve this potential problem. This study evaluated the quality of elastograms produced with SA imaging, plane-wave (PW) imaging, and compounded-plane-wave (CPW) imaging. We performed studies on simulated and physical vessel phantoms, and the carotid artery of a healthy volunteer. All echo imaging was performed with a linear transducer array that contained 128 elements, operating at 5 MHz. In SA imaging, 7 elements were fired during transmission, but all 128 elements were active during reception. In PW imaging, all 128 elements were active during both transmission and reception. We created CPW images by steering the acoustic beam within the range of -15° to 15° in increments of 5°. SA radial and circumferential strain elastograms were comparable to those produced using PW and CPW imaging. Additionally, side-lobe levels incurred during SA imaging were 20 dB lower than those produced during PW imaging, and 10 dB lower than those computed using CPW imaging. Overall, SA imaging performs well in vivo; therefore, we plan to improve the technique and perform preclinical studies.
Characterization of pancreatic islet Ca2+-ATPase.

Ca2+-dependent ATPase (Ca2+-dependent ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) present in a subcellular fraction derived from rat pancreatic islet homogenates was examined to determine kinetic parameters and responses to various substances with known effects upon insulin secretion. Experiments demonstrated the presence of a Ca2+-ATPase with a Km ATP of 7 · 10−5 M and two Km Ca of 1.3 · 10−7 M and 5.7 · 10−6 M. The enzyme had little activity in acidic media while retaining considerable activity in basic media. Optimal activity was obtained at pH 7.5. The enzyme was relatively temperature insensitive (Q10 = 1.49), since activity decreased less than 50% with a 15°C decrease in temperature. Studies on the stability of enzyme activity upon storage at −20°C indicated that for intact islets activity was stable for 3 weeks, while in homogenates activity was stable for only 1 week, after which activity rapidly declined in both cases. Certain substances known to either stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion were tested for their ability to alter enzyme activity. Potassium, glibenclamide and cyclic AMP had no effects upon activity. Mannoheptulose significantly suppressed enzyme activity while 2-deoxyglucose did not alter activity. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a Ca2+-ATPase present in pancreatic islets may act as a modulator of pancreatic islet β cell activity.
Contrast enhancement visualized by computerized tomography in acute multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Eight patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis had CT evidence of enhancement. In 5 cases, CT showed multiple lesions and in 3 others there was a single enhancing lesion. The lesions were usually located in the periventricular or corona radiata region. Six patients had isodense enhancing lesions whereas two had hypodense enhancing lesions. The enhancement pattern was usually dense homogeneous nodular; less common patterns included diffuse, peripheral edge and ring enhancement. Mass effect was seen in only one case.
A gynaecologic clinic dedicated to student teaching

Summary Background: To compare medical student experiences in an innovative out-patient clinic, in which women are cared for directly by medical students, versus the traditional resident continuity clinics (RCCs). Methods: A prospective study with medical students randomly assigned to either the Medical Student Out-patient Clinic (MSOC) or the RCC. Students rated their preceptors on a five-point Likert scale and completed an experience log. The primary outcome was student perception of overall teaching quality. Secondary outcomes included the numbers of patients they saw, as well as the number of speculum examinations, bimanual examinations and breast examinations they personally performed, and the number of sessions in which a preceptor did not submit an evaluation of the student. Results: A total of 62 out of 63 students (98%) completed surveys during the study period. MSOC students performed more bimanual exams (1.7 versus 1.2, p = 0.015) and breast exams (1.0 versus 0.3, p < 0.001), saw fewer patients (1.8 versus 4.2, p < 0.001), and rated both the overall teaching quality (4.8 versus 4.0, p < 0.001) and the preceptor (5.0 versus 4.2, p < 0.001) higher. MSOC students received more feedback from their preceptors. Conclusions: The MSOC programme provided our students with an improved learning experience. The high ratings were likely to have resulted from the one-on-one teaching from the attending physician and the absence of competing resident learners.
Amiloride in primary hyperaldosteronism

Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in spontaneous and diuretic-induced hypokalemia. The effect of amiloride was studied prospectively in 12 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. Four patients had unilateral adrenal adenomas and eight had bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. All patients were hypertensive and their mean plasma potassium levels were low. Amiloride, 10 to 40 mg daily, was given for 6 mo. Mean plasma potassium levels rose (0.96 mEq/l, P less than 0.001) and remained normal throughout the study without potassium supplementation. Mean blood pressure was lowered by amiloride (22/10 mm Hg, P less than 0.001) but normotension required concomitant antihypertensive therapy in most patients. No significant adverse clinical or laboratory experiences could be directly attributed to amiloride therapy. There was no correlation between the response to therapy and the plasma aldosterone levels, aldosterone secretion rate, or presence of a unilateral adrenal adenoma. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of amiloride in the correction of hypokalemia and amelioration of hypertension in primary hyperaldosteronism.
The problem of optimal placement of sub-resolution assist features (SRAF)

In this paper, we present a formulation of the Sub-Resolution Assist Feature (SRAF) placement problem as a geometric optimization problem. We present three independent geometric methodologies that use the above formulation to optimize SRAF placements under mask and lithographic process constraints. Traditional rules-based methodology, are mainly one dimensional in nature. These methods, though apparently very simple, has proven to be inadequate for complex two-dimensional layouts. The methodologies presented in this paper, on the other hand, are inherently two-dimensional and attempt to maximize SRAF coverage on real and complex designs, and minimizes mask rule and lithographic violations.
Superconductivity in restricted geometries

Abstract Some aspects of superconductivity in restricted geometries are reviewed. In particular, the suppression of the critical temperature and the order parameter in homogeneously disordered thin films, on the basis of a systematic, self-consistent (one-loop) approximation, is discussed. Furthermore, theoretical results for persistent currents (nonlinear magnetic response in equilibrium) in mesoscopic rings, as well as possible experimental scenarios, are described.
Base-catalyzed hydrogenation : Reduction of polycyclic aromatic compounds

Dihydrogen can be activated by lithium and potassium organoamides, particularly the diisopropyl and bis(trimethylsilyl) derivatives, to reduce aromatic compounds at 1000 psig and 200 °C. Naphthalene was hydrogenated to tetralin in 100% yield by both reagents; anthracene was reduced with the bis(trimethylsilyl)amide catalyst to a mixture of the corresponding monocyclic aromatic derivatives, 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydroanthracene (15%) and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroanthracene (84%); phenanthrene was reduced with this base to a mixture of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydrophenanthrene (63%), 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene (33%), and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (4%); chrysene was converted by the same reagent to 1,2,2a,3,4,5,6, 6a,9,10,11,12-dodecahydrochrysene (70%) and 1,2,2a,3,4,5,6,6a-octahydrochrysene (25%); and 1,2-benzanthracene was hydrogenated to a mixture of dihydro- and dodecahydro-1,2-benzanthracenes. The reaction products show a striking selectivity for the preservation of an interior benzen...
Information Technology and Teacher Education Dissertations, 1989-91

(1992). Information Technology and Teacher Education Dissertations, 1989-91. Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 139-145.
Diffraction by Polygonal Arrays of Semi-Infinite Cylinders

We consider the diffraction problem of a scalar plane wave incident upon an array of semi-infinite cylinders whose parallel axes lie at the vertices of a regular polygon. For the Dirichlet boundary condition and under the assumption of small radii and large inter-element spacings, an exact solution to the problem is obtained by means of the Wiener-Hopf technique. Far field expressions are derived and the approximate evaluation of some difficult integrations given. Results are presented for axial incidence on double, triangular and square arrays.