cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The C2H5 + O2 Reaction Mechanism: High-Level ab Initio Characterizations

The C2H5• + O2 reaction, central to ethane oxidation and thus of fundamental importance to hydrocarbon combustion chemistry, has been examined in detail via highly sophisticated electronic structure methods. The geometries, energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products for the reaction of the ethyl radical (X 2A‘) with O2 (X 3 , a 1Δg) have been investigated using the CCSD and CCSD(T) ab initio methods with basis sets ranging in quality from double-zeta plus polarization (DZP) to triple-zeta plus double polarization with f functions (TZ2Pf). Five mechanisms (M1−M5) involving the ground-state reactants are introduced within the context of previous experimental and theoretical studies. In this work, each mechanism is systematically explored, giving the following overall 0 K activation energies with respect to ground-state reactants, Ea(0 K), at our best level of theory: (M1) direct hydrogen abstraction from the ethyl radical by O2 to give e...
Branch involvement: Rewarding and fun: CSU — Chico student branch demonstrates how it is done

Each spring at California State University at Chico (CSUC) a week long celebration is held commemorating the pioneering figures of this country since the turn of the century. Fraternities, sororities, and other campus organizations participate in various activities throughout the week known as Pioneer Days. The festivities are culminated with a parade which is the second largest annually held parade in California. (The Rose parade is the largest.) The 1986 Pioneer Days marked the first time an IEEE Student Branch at CSUC has entered a float in this parade.
Modeled Effects of Double-Crested Cormorant Predation on Simulated Reservoir Sport and Forage Fish Populations in Oklahoma

Abstract Populations of the double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus have increased rapidly in recent years, eliciting concerns among anglers regarding their predation on reservoir fishes in the southern Great Plains. We adapted a Ricker equilibrium-yield model to evaluate effects of cormorant predation on standing crops and yields of reservoir sport and forage fishes. Measured cormorant abundances were highly variable among reservoirs and between years, but abundances at most reservoirs (14 of 16 reservoir observations; 8 reservoirs × 2 years) were low: mean monthly rate of 2.5 ± 4.2 (SD) cormorant use-days/ha during migration periods (Sep–December and Mar–May). At this level of predation, modeled sport fishery yields in a typical Oklahoma reservoir, based on density-dependent and density-independent fish growth, were reduced by 3.1% and 18.8%, respectively, for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, 2.9% and 22.0% for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and 1.8% and 5.3% for white crappie Pomoxis...
Optical techniques for multiscale damage assessment

Remotely sensed optical images coupled with advanced analysis techniques provide critical information for pre-disaster hazard and post-disaster damage assessment. Utilizing optical techniques, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and satellite imagery, this paper presents several geohazard studies with a broad range of scales, from regional to local component. In this analysis, a common workflow emerges, namely: (i) site survey, (ii) data acquisition, (iii) post-processing and (iv) analysis and interpretation. The end result will depend largely on the scale and type of hazards, degree and extent of damage, and acquisition method. Results from several case studies are presented that reflect this diverse dependency. These case studies include damaged structures from the Indonesia and American Samoa tsunamis, San Diego coastal erosion, and cracking of a historical building in Italy. The results show that recently developed change detection algorithms can quickly provide regional damage information if ...
Immunopathologic and Clinical Studies in Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract PH is an uncommon manifestation of SLE. The symptoms of PH develop within a few years after the onset of the multisystem disease. The most common presenting complaints of SLE patients with PH are dyspnea on exertion, chest pain, nonproductive cough, edema, and fatigue or weakness. The important physical findings are a loud second pulmonic heart sound and a right ventricular lift. The chest roentgenogram shows a cardiomegaly, a prominent pulmonary segment, and usually clear lung fields. Pulmonary function tests may show evidence of restrictive lung disease; however, the physiologic abnormalities are mild and out of proportion to the severity of the PH. The diagnosis of PH is established by cardiac catherization showing elevated pulmonary artery pressure, normal capillary wedge pressure, and no evidence of intracardiac or extracardiac shunts.
Failure of nonoperative management of splenic injuries: causes and consequences.

Hypothesis Presenting patient characteristics can predict which patients will fail nonoperative therapy of blunt splenic injuries. Design Retrospective descriptive population study. Setting All patients admitted with blunt splenic trauma were identified from a statewide trauma registry between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2001. Patients and methods Patients were characterized as requiring immediate intervention or successful or failed nonoperative management based on time from emergency department arrival to intervention (surgery or angioembolectomy). Injury and patient characteristics included age, the presence of hypotension, Injury Severity Score, and the Glasgow Coma Scale score. Risk factors for the failure of nonoperative management were evaluated using the chi(2) statistic. The failure of nonoperative management associated with the admitting hospital's trauma designation level was evaluated using logistic regression. Interventions None. Main outcome measures Determine factors associated with failure of nonoperative management of blunt splenic injuries. Results Two thousand two hundred forty-three patients met criteria for inclusion in the study. Six hundred ten patients (27%) underwent immediate splenectomy, splenorrhaphy, or splenic embolization (within 4 hours). Of the remaining 1633 patients who were admitted with planned nonoperative management, 252 patients (15%) failed. Of the injury and patient characteristics reviewed, being older than 55 years and having an ISS higher than 25 were significantly associated with failure. Risk of failure also increased with admission to a level III or IV trauma hospital compared with a level I trauma hospital. Conclusions Being older than 55 years and having an ISS higher than 25 along with admission to a level III or IV trauma hospital were associated with a significant risk of failure of nonoperative management of splenic injuries. The Glasgow Coma Scale score, associated injuries, and presenting hemodynamics were not predictive of failure in this large retrospective review.
Mutual information-based registration of cardiac ultrasound volumes

Real-time volume ultrasound imaging of the heart is a new trend, and the registration of acquired volume framesets is clinically important. This registration may be accomplished by processing a selected pair of volume frames having identical cardiac phase (preferably end diastolic) from two framesets. The registration solves for the optimal rigid transformation between selected volumes through maximization of mutual information, a voxel similarity measure. The accuracy of registration was estimated through retrieval of an artificially introduced misalignment. Two volume frames, belonging to the same frameset and separated in time by 250 ms, were selected. The secondary volume was translated by seven voxels along each axis and rotated by seven degrees about each axis relative to the primary prior to registration. The translational mismatch upon registration was within one voxel and the rotational mismatch less than two degrees. Reduction of the speckle noise by spatio-temporal averaging followed by intensity binning was a key step in successful application of mutual information approach to ultrasound imaging. The application of our method to nine framesets arising from four different patients demonstrates the feasibility of using of mutual information for automatic registration of cardiac ultrasound data.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of the hcp Co(0001) surface

Abstract Results of a spin polarized full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) study of the hcp Co(0001) surface is reported. The calculated surface magnetic moment (≈1.76μ B ) is enhanced by ≈7% from the calculated bulk value (≈1.64μ B ) and by ≈9% from the experimental bulk value (≈1.57μ B ), a result of the narrowing of the 3d electron bands at the surface. In this system, the surface effect is seen to extend into the second atomic layer below the surface, in contrast with the one layer range found for the non-close-packed cobalt surfaces (e.g., bcc or fcc (001)). As estimated from the total energy calculations, the surface energy of hcp Co(0001) is ≈2 J/m 2 .
Multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics

We argue that the many worlds of quantum mechanics and the many worlds of the multiverse are the same thing, and that the multiverse is necessary to give exact operational meaning to probabilistic predictions from quantum mechanics. Decoherence---the modern version of wave-function collapse---is subjective in that it depends on the choice of a set of unmonitored degrees of freedom, the environment. In fact decoherence is absent in the complete description of any region larger than the future light cone of a measurement event. However, if one restricts to the causal diamond---the largest region that can be causally probed---then the boundary of the diamond acts as a one-way membrane and thus provides a preferred choice of environment. We argue that the global multiverse is a representation of the many worlds (all possible decoherent causal diamond histories) in a single geometry. We propose that it must be possible in principle to verify quantum-mechanical predictions exactly. This requires not only the existence of exact observables but two additional postulates: a single observer within the Universe can access infinitely many identical experiments; and the outcome of each experiment must be completely definite. In causal diamonds with a finite surface area, holographic entropy bounds imply that no exact observables exist, and both postulates fail: experiments cannot be repeated infinitely many times; and decoherence is not completely irreversible, so outcomes are not definite. We argue that our postulates can be satisfied in hats (supersymmetric multiverse regions with vanishing cosmological constant). We propose a complementarity principle that relates the approximate observables associated with finite causal diamonds to exact observables in the hat.
Export of Extracellular Polysaccharides Modulates Adherence of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis

The field of cyanobacterial biofuel production is advancing rapidly, yet we know little of the basic biology of these organisms outside of their photosynthetic pathways. We aimed to gain a greater understanding of how the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 (Synechocystis, hereafter) modulates its cell surface. Such understanding will allow for the creation of mutants that autoflocculate in a regulated way, thus avoiding energy intensive centrifugation in the creation of biofuels. We constructed mutant strains lacking genes predicted to function in carbohydrate transport or synthesis. Strains with gene deletions of slr0977 (predicted to encode a permease component of an ABC transporter), slr0982 (predicted to encode an ATP binding component of an ABC transporter) and slr1610 (predicted to encode a methyltransferase) demonstrated flocculent phenotypes and increased adherence to glass. Upon bioinformatic inspection, the gene products of slr0977, slr0982, and slr1610 appear to function in O-antigen (OAg) transport and synthesis. However, the analysis provided here demonstrated no differences between OAg purified from wild-type and mutants. However, exopolysaccharides (EPS) purified from mutants were altered in composition when compared to wild-type. Our data suggest that there are multiple means to modulate the cell surface of Synechocystis by disrupting different combinations of ABC transporters and/or glycosyl transferases. Further understanding of these mechanisms may allow for the development of industrially and ecologically useful strains of cyanobacteria. Additionally, these data imply that many cyanobacterial gene products may possess as-yet undiscovered functions, and are meritorious of further study.
The evolutionary rates of HCV estimated with subtype 1a and 1b sequences over the ORF length and in different genomic regions.

Background Considerable progress has been made in the HCV evolutionary analysis, since the software BEAST was released. However, prior information, especially the prior evolutionary rate, which plays a critical role in BEAST analysis, is always difficult to ascertain due to various uncertainties. Providing a proper prior HCV evolutionary rate is thus of great importance. Methods/Results 176 full-length sequences of HCV subtype 1a and 144 of 1b were assembled by taking into consideration the balance of the sampling dates and the even dispersion in phylogenetic trees. According to the HCV genomic organization and biological functions, each dataset was partitioned into nine genomic regions and two routinely amplified regions. A uniform prior rate was applied to the BEAST analysis for each region and also the entire ORF. All the obtained posterior rates for 1a are of a magnitude of 10−3 substitutions/site/year and in a bell-shaped distribution. Significantly lower rates were estimated for 1b and some of the rate distribution curves resulted in a one-sided truncation, particularly under the exponential model. This indicates that some of the rates for subtype 1b are less accurate, so they were adjusted by including more sequences to improve the temporal structure. Conclusion Among the various HCV subtypes and genomic regions, the evolutionary patterns are dissimilar. Therefore, an applied estimation of the HCV epidemic history requires the proper selection of the rate priors, which should match the actual dataset so that they can fit for the subtype, the genomic region and even the length. By referencing the findings here, future evolutionary analysis of the HCV subtype 1a and 1b datasets may become more accurate and hence prove useful for tracing their patterns.
An update on adenomyosis in the adolescent

Purpose of reviewLimited evidence is available on the diagnosis and management of adenomyosis in adolescents. This review highlights the postulated pathophysiologic mechanisms, the prevalence of the condition among adult women and new reports of adenomyosis or adenomyotic cysts occurring in adolesce
Surface-film microheterotrophs: amino acid metabolism and solar radiation effects on their activities

Rates of microheterotrophic utilization (incorporation+respiration) of 3H-leucine and 3H-glutamic acid were measured in seawater surface films from oligotrophic, eutrophic and mesotrophic waters incubated in situ off Baja California in July 1981 and off Southern California in November 1982. Neither visible nor ultraviolet radiation had a marked detrimental effect on microbial heterotrophy, although solar radiation sometimes appeared to be stimulatory. Film microheterotrophs utilized glutamic acid at rates between 0.07 and 0.13 nM h-1 for oligotrophic waters and between 0.43 and 2.1 nM h-1 for eutrophic waters; the respective turnover times ranged between 101 and 313 h and between 8.6 and 21.5 h. Film microheterotrophs from oligotrophic waters utilized leucine at rates comparable to those observed for glutamic acid, but turnover times were shorter. Leucine metabolism rates of film microheterotrophs in eutrophic waters were slower than glutamic acid rates, but turnover times were similar. Naturally varying amino acid concentrations accounted, in part, for differences in turnover times. In oligotrophic waters, higher utilization rates were observed for surface-film microheterotrophs than for subsurface (10 cm) microheterotrophs, whereas in eutrophic waters, utilization rates were similar for surface-film microheterotrophs and subsurface microheterotrophs. Surface-film microheterotrophs, in most cases, had an average of 63% amino acid carbon assimilation efficiency, similar to euphotic-zone heterotrophs. Surface-film microheterotrophs are actively involved in the metabolism and turnover of amino acids.
Use of Drosophila mutants to investigate the effect of disuse on the maintenance of muscle

Abstract The effect of continued muscular inactivity and prolonged paralysis on the structure and function of muscles was investigated in Drosophila melanogaster. A number of flightless mutants was examined to see whether their flight muscles degenerated as a result of disuse. No sign of progressive deterioration was observed in any of these mutants. Further, by producing mosaic flies in which part of the body expressed the temperature-sensitive paralytic mutation shibireST139, reversible local paralysis was obtained, and maintained for prolonged periods. Flies in which parts of the leg or flight musculature had been paralysed for several days were examined; no effect of such inactivity on the structure and function of the muscles was observed in any of the flies. These results indicate that in Drosophila continued muscular inactivity does not result in extensive degeneration of the musculature.
Growth of Circulation around Supercell Updrafts

Abstract A formula is derived for the rate of change of circulation around an updraft perimeter at a constant elevation. This quantity depends on the continuous propagation of points on the edge, so an expression for local propagation of the edge is obtained from Petterssen's formula for the motion of an isopleth and the vertical equation of motion. On the edge of an updraft in inviscid anelastic flow, the local propagation velocity along the outward normal is equal to the local nonhydrostatic vertical pressure-gradient force (NHVPGF) divided by the magnitude of the local vertical-velocity gradient. Circulation around an updraft perimeter increases at a rate equal to the line integral around the edge of vertical vorticity times the outward propagation velocity. Formulas are also found for the propagation of an updraft's centroid at a given height and for the acceleration of an updraft's vertical helicity. All of the formulas are tested on exact Beltrami-flow solutions of the governing equations. The relev...
Adult partner-augmented communication input to youth with mental retardation using the system for augmenting language (SAL)

The primary purpose of this study was to characterize the frequency and nature of augmented input that adult partners provided to 13 youth with mental retardation as they began to use the System fo...
The Effects of Torso Geometry on Magnetocardiographic Lead Fields

A study of the effects of the torso on the sensitivity of magnetocardiograms (MCG's) is performed; comparisons with the effects on electrocardiograms (ECG's) are made. The effects are determined by comparing MCG or ECG lead fields (LF's) in a realistically shaped computer model of the human torso with the LF's that the same MCG or ECG measurements have when made on a semi-infinite volume conductor. Detailed data concerning the effects of the external torso boundary and lung regions on MCG and ECG LF's at various points in the ventricular region are presented. It is found that the boundary has effects on MCG LF's that are equal to or greater than the effects on ECG LF's. The effects of the lung regions on MCG LF's are found to be smaller than the effects of the boundary and to be equal to or greater than the effects of the lung regions on ECG LF's. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that MCG's have no advantage over ECG's in being able to simply and'accurately determine the nature and location of sources in the heart. In addition, the MCG LF's are compared with magnetic heart vector (MHV) LF's, i.e., the LF's that measure only the magnetic dipolar components of the sources in the heart. The MCG LF's are found to differ significantly from the MHV LF's; this indicates that accurate measurements of the MIHV in a real torso would be difficult to make.
The role of optical gain broadening in the ultrabroadband InGaAs/GaAs interband quantum-dot laser

The details of dynamic phenomena of broadband lasing in quantum-dot lasers in association with the role of both inhomogeneous and homogeneous optical gain broadening is theoretically investigated. The theoretical results of room temperature broadband laser signature are in well agreement with the experimental observation confirming the broadband stimulated emission from the laser is a result of the occurrence of multiple-state lasing in highly inhomogeneity quantum-dot systems.
Community recruitment: Settlement and juvenile survival of seven co-occurring species of sessile marine invertebrates

Recruitment of a group of co-occurring sessile invertebrates (a serpulid polychaete, an oyster, a bryozoan, and several colonial and one solitary ascidian) that encrust floating docks in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was studied in August 1985. Daily photographs were taken of acrylic settling plates over a 14 d period, and daily settlement and juvenile mortality were measured. Settlement rates were compared between species and days, while juvenile mortalities were compared between species, days, juvenile ages and densities of juveniles on the plates. Species differed in abundance of both settlers and juveniles, and in rate and pattern of juvenile mortality. Settlement intensity varied between days for some species. Significant juvenile mortality occurred during the 14 d for most species; it appeared to be caused by fish predation. For two species, mortality varied with juvenile age, with older individuals suffering higher mortality. Mortality was density-dependent for some species, increasing with numbers of juveniles on the plates. Mortality patterns varied even within the colonial species. Assessing larval settlement and juvenile mortality for a single species or type of organism in a community thus may not indicate that similar patterns exist for co-occurring species.
Mechanical properties of a Ti-6A1-4V dental implant produced by electro-discharge compaction.

Abstract Cylindrical, porous-surfaced implants were fabricated from Ti-6A1–4V atomized powders by an electro-discharge compaction technique (EDC). Input energy 1–2·5 kJ/g powder) was used to produce implant compacts having a solid core surrounded by a porous layer. The solid core size, neck size between core and particle, neck size between particles, and pore size in the porous layer varied as input energy was changed. Compression tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of the EDC compacts. The yield strength ranged from 270 to 530 MPa and the ultimate compressive strengths ranged from 390 to 600 MPa. The yield strengths for solid core, core-particle and particle-particle interfaces remained constant at 755 MPa regardless of input energy. The endurance limits estimated from these results were 190–310 MPa, which were higher than the reported values for sintered titanium implants. Microhardness testing revealed that hardness was independent of input energy and the position where the testing indentation was applied. The average hardness of the compacts was 3430 MPa.
Site-Selective Surface Reactions: Hydrocarbon Oxidation Processes on Oxidized Mo(110)

The site specificity for elementary steps important in hydrocarbon oxidation are investigated on oxidized Mo(110). Our studies illustrate how detailed mechanistic information is obtained about surface reactions by separating complex problems into elementary reaction steps on well-defined materials. This methodology is particularly powerful for the study of fundamental structure−reactivity relationships, including issues of site specificity. Methods for synthesizing and characterizing oxidized surfaces with specific types of oxygen coordination are described to demonstrate how a model system can be constructed. We have focused on the C−O bond formation step in the oxidation of methane via our investigations of methyl radical reactions with surface oxygen and the microscopic reverse, methyl evolution from adsorbed methoxy. A combination of infrared and electron energy loss spectroscopies is used to identify specific intermediates on the surface. Our results are discussed in terms of hydrocarbon oxidation on...
Comparison of two classification approaches for automatic density separation of Florida citrus

Abstract A non-parametric classification technique was utilized to develop breakpoints for density separation of freeze-damaged citrus and compared to Gaussian distribution results. Class probability and economic loss factors were included in both models. The techniques were applied to density sorting based on optical dimensional sizing coupled with real-time weight measurements. A major change in density occurs in citrus when exposed to freezing conditions after which internal desic-cation can be correlated to a reduction in the density of the fruit. For a three-category separation, density breakpoints ranged from 0.80 to 0.90, non-parametric, and 0.80 to 0.98, Gaussian.
Studies concerning a GTP regulatory subunit of rat luteal adenylate cyclase

Abstract The ADP-ribosylation of rat luteal membrane proteins has been investigated. In the presence of cholera toxin two membrane proteins, Mr 115,000 and 46,000, incorporated [32P]ADP-ribose from [32P]NAD+. The larger protein also incorporated [32P]ADP-ribose in the absence of cholera toxin. The smaller protein was identified as the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase. To facilitate studies concerning this species, a simple and convenient method of measuring ADP-ribose incorporation into the protein was developed. Levels of the protein were found to be approximately equal to those of the hCG receptor and 7- to 10-fold higher than those of the β-adrenergic receptor. Luteinization of rat ovaries by injection of hCG indicated that G F concentrations increased approximately 2-fold over a 5- to 11-day period and correlated significantly with increased β-adrenergic receptors and β-adrenergic and NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase, but not with hCG receptors or hCG-stimulated adenylate cyclase. The distribution of the G F protein in purified luteal membrane preparations mimicked the distribution of adenylate cyclase activity. No evidence could be found for hormonally induced alterations in ADP-ribose incorporation into this protein under either ribosylation or adenylate cyclase conditions. The exact role of the protein in the activation of rat luteal adenylate cyclase has yet to be determined.
Sociodemographic Influences in the Prediction of Attitudes toward Transracial Adoption

An exploratory study of attitudes toward transracial adoption was conducted, using data from a 1991 national telephone opinion survey of 916 respondents. Seventy-one percent of those surveyed believed that race should not be a factor in who should be allowed to adopt a child. However, in a logistic regression analysis, respondents in the highest age category (i.e., those older than 64 years) were 63% less likely to approve of transracial adoption, compared with 18- to 29-year-olds. There was also an interaction of race and sex. African-American women were 84% less likely than African-American men to approve of transracial adoption. Compared with African-American men, Caucasian men were 72% less likely to approve. The importance of considering subpopulation differences in applying such findings to adoption policy, research, and practice is discussed.
Two-dimensional kinematic and rheological modeling of the 1912 pyroclastic flow, Katmai, Alaska

Pyroclastic flow emplacement is strongly influenced by eruption column height. A surface along which kinetic energy is zero theoretically connects the loci of eruption column collapse with all coeval ignimbrite termini. This surface is reconstructed as a two-dimensional “energy line” for the 1912 Katmai pyroclastic flow in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes from mapped flow termini and the runup of the ignimbrite onto obstructions and through passes. Extrapolation of the energy line to the vicinity of the source vent at Novarupta suggests the eruption column which generated the ignimbrite eruption was approximately 425 m high. The 1912 pyroclastic flow travelled about 25 km downvalley. Empirical velocity data calculated from runup elevations and surveyed centrifugal superelevations indicate initial velocities near Novarupta were greater than 79–88 m s−1. The flow progressively decelerated and was travelling only 2–8 m s−1 when it crossed a moraine 16 km downvalley. The constant slope of the energy line away from Novarupta suggests the flow was systematically slowed by internal and basal friction. Using a simple physical model to calculate flow velocities and a constant kinetic friction coefficient (Heim coefficient) of 0.04 derived from the reconstructed energy line, the flow is estimated to have decelerated at an average rate of −0.16 m s−2 and to have taken approximately 9.5 minutes to travel 25 km down the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. The shear strength of the flowing ignimbrite at the moraine was approximately 0.5 kPa, and its Bingham viscosity when it crossed the moraine was 3.5 × 103P. If the flow was Newtonian, its viscosity was 4.2 × 103P. Reynolds and Froude numbers at the moraine were only 41–62 and 0.84–1.04, respectively, indicating laminar, subcritical flow.
GROWTH IN MEDEOLA VIRGINIANA CLONES. II. STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF VEGETATIVE SPREAD

Medeola virginiana, a forest understory herb, has been hypothesized to minimize competition among ramets by positioning ramets regularly in space (Bell, 1974). We have constructed a computer model that simulates vegetative spread in Medeola by incorporating the variation in growth form found in natural populations. This stochastic model, based on data in Cook (1988), includes variation in the number and type of daughter ramets, the distance between parent and daughter ramets, and the angle of divergence between the lines of growth of the parent and daughter rhizomes. Over a wide range of initial ramet densities, initial degrees of ramet dispersion, and intensities of ramet mortality, our simulations indicate that the growth pattern of M. virginiana leads to aggregated distributions of ramets with overlapping leaf canopies. The observed aggregation of ramets may result from the tendency for directional but variable growth in clones. Such variable growth calls into question adaptive interpretations based on deterministic models that utilize the mean values of growth parameters but ignore the highly variable nature of clonal growth.
The nature of electronic states in anodic zirconium oxide films part 1: The potential distribution

In order to derive the potential distribution in anodic films formed on zirconium in 1 M H3PO4, various optical and electrochemical techniques have been employed. All of the results demonstrate the existence of a linear relationship between the film thickness and the applied voltage. Once the films are formed, neither chemical nor electrochemical dissolution of the metal oxide can be observed in our electrolyte. The applied potential proves to be distributed over a space charge region, presumably located at the metal/film interface, and the neutral oxide, as can be concluded from capacitance-voltage (cv) profiles. A band model is proposed in which the energies of the conduction and valence bands are compared with the work function of Zr. Also the space charge region at the metal/film interface is included. This model not only fully accounts for the cv profiles, but also explains the observed strongly rectifying current-voltage (i-V) behavior, in the cathodic and anodic regions.
Three-dimensional microstructural characterization of GaN nonplanar substrate laterally epitaxially overgrown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy techniques are applied to investigate three-dimensional (3D) microstructures of the GaN nonplanar substrate selectively grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Two-step lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) has been utilized and optimized to fabricate fully coalesced nonplanar mesa substrate templates with the trapezoidal cross-section. All threading dislocations (TDs) penetrating beyond the two adjacent mask windows are engineered to bend 90° in the lower TD bending layer after the first step of growth. The dislocations, which approach the GaN mesa top, are predominantly perfect a type dislocations with Burgers vectors of 1 3 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 and a density of 8×10 7 cm −2 , which is reduced by three orders of magnitude compared with that of bulk GaN. The spatial distribution of different types of dislocations in the LEO nonplanar substrate is demonstrated herein. The main sources of a type dislocations in the post-bending layer are byproducts of dislocation reactions occurring at the TD bending layer.
A linear max—min problem

We consider a two person max—min problem in which the maximizing player moves first and the minimizing player has perfect information of the outcome of this move. The move of the maximizing player influences not only the objective function but also the constraints of the minimizing player. The joint constraints as well as the objective function are assumed to be linear.
Fayalite-silica association in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites: Evidence for aqueous alteration on a parent body

We report ten occurrences of high-fayalite (Fa56-99 mol%; four with Fa greater than 82 mol%) olivine in association with silica in type-3 ordinary chondrites. Pyroxene with high Fs contents is much less common; Fs contents do not exceed 66 mol%, and most maxima are less than 50 mol%. In those cases where the amount of fayalite is minor relative to that of silica, the fayalite forms a layer on the silica, and shows textural evidence of formation by reaction of silica with oxidized Fe; the latter seems to have resulted from reaction of metallic Fe-Ni with an oxidant, most likely H2O vapor. The fayalite is generally in contact with pyroxene (and, in one case, olivine) having a much lower Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios, indicating that lattice diffusion has been minimal. Formation of fayalite from SiO2 explains the low Mg content of this olivine; the Mg was sequestered inside the lattices of mafic minerals and was thus inaccessible. In contrast, the moderately high Mn contents of the fayalite indicate that an appreciable fraction of the Mn in the precursor assemblage was accessible; it was probably sited in the matrix in the form of tiny, poorly crystallized oxide grains produced by nebular condensation at temperatures too low to permit diffusion into forsterite or enstatite. The reaction of SiO2 with FeO produced by oxidation (during metamorphism) of Fe-Ni can also account for fayalitic olivine associated with SiO2 microspherules in the fine-grained matrices of type-3 ordinary chondrites and, because matrix is SiO2 normative, for other occurrences of fayalite in matrix. The presence of Mn in the fayalitic rims on the olivine of carbonaceous chondrites does not require a nebular sign.
Expenditure on Durable Goods: A Case for Slow Adjustment

For more than a half a decade the fact that expenditure on durables can be well approximated by a random walk has remained a hidden puzzle, challenging almost any theory in which agents smooth the use of their wealth. This paper shows that once a nonparsimonious approach is used, or lower frequencies of the data are examined, the fact itself disappears; changes in expenditures on durables reveal a degree of reversion consistent with the permanent income hypothesis (PIH), although this reversion occurs at a rate significantly slower than what is suggested by a frictionless PIH model.
Learning Information Literacy through Drawing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore drawing as an instructional method to teach information literacy. Design/methodology/approach – The authors describe their work using Collaborative Speed Drawing with students in a collection of information literacy workshops for students enrolled in English 100 (first-year composition). Examples of student drawings from the workshops are examined to demonstrate the benefits and problems of this teaching method. Findings – Drawing is an excellent low-tech teaching method that helps students demonstrate their competence (or ignorance) of information literacy concepts. This method enables librarians to clarify, reinforce, challenge or change the pictures in student’s heads that underpin their understandings of library instruction and information literacy. Practical implications – This article provides ideas on how to use drawing in information literacy sessions or credit courses. Many of the ideas shared can be copied, enhanced or tailored to meet the needs ...
Vascular permeability factors (PF/Nat and PF/Dil)--their relationship to Hageman factor and the kallikrein-kinin system.

Abstract Permeability factor/native (PF/Nat) and permeability factor/dilute (PF/Dil), the factors in diluted plasma exposed to glass which increase vascular permeability of small blood vessels, were examined for their ability to hydrolyze p-tosylarginine methyl ester and to activate prekallikrein. The direct arginine esterase activity of diluted plasma gave a pattern of activity and inhibition similar to that previously described for PF/Nat, while the ability of diluted plasma to activate prekallikrein was similar to that for PF/Dil. Electrophoretic analyses on polyacrylamide gel of these dilutions showed that the direct arginine esterase activity was distributed through the gel with a major peak of activity in the globulin region. PF/Dil, on the other hand, like active Hageman factor (HF) preparations, had two major peaks of activity located in the globulin and albumin regions. Studies with plasma deficient in HF, PTA (Factor XI), prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) and plasmin suggested that HF, prekallikrein and possibly PTA, but not plasmin, are required for maximal generation of these activities in plasma. Plasma deficient in C'l esterase inhibitor generates far more direct arginine esterase activity and PF/Dil than normal plasma. A number of inhibitors of HF, of plasmin and of trypsin were examined for their ability to inhibit the activation of HF during dilution, the active HF found after dilution and plasma kallikrein. The present data would suggest that active HF and/or its fragments and PF/Dil are identical enzymes. The direct arginine esterase activity generated by glass contact in these experiments may be kallikrein bound to α-2-macroglobulin.
Hyaluronic acid is radioprotective in the intestine through a TLR4 and COX-2-mediated mechanism.

The intestinal epithelium is sensitive to radiation injury. Damage to the intestinal epithelium is dose limiting in radiation therapy of abdominal cancers. There is a need for agents that can be gi...
ALTERNATIVE RESEARCH ORIENTATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS

(1987). ALTERNATIVE RESEARCH ORIENTATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS. Agrekon: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 8-17.
Beyond irreducibility and back

Abstract One of the tacit assumptions in the geometric quantization literature seems to be that irreducible representations are the representations of relevance to physics. We show why and how this assumption deserves further scrutiny.
Comparison of the Electrical Properties and Chemical Stability of Crystalline Silicon(111) Surfaces Alkylated Using Grignard Reagents or Olefins with Lewis Acid Catalysts

Four methods were used to functionalize crystalline Si(111) surfaces with alkyl groups (C_nH_(2n+1), n = 1, 2, 6, 8): chlorination with PCl_5 followed by alkylation with C_nH_(2n+1)MgX (X = Cl, Br), chlorination with Cl_2(g) followed by alkylation with C_nH_(2n+1)MgX, Lewis acid-mediated reduction of a terminal alkene, and anodization in diethyl ether containing 3.0 M CH_3MgI. The chemical properties of each surface were characterized as a function of time exposed to air using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the electrical properties of the various surfaces were probed using time-resolved radio frequency (rf) photoconductivity decay methods. Both chlorination/alkylation routes produced alkylated Si surfaces that displayed low ( 600 h of exposure to air. Surfaces functionalized through this route also displayed a significantly lower rate of oxidation than did unalkylated, H-terminated or Cl-terminated Si(111) surfaces. In contrast, surfaces modified by the Lewis acid-catalyzed reduction of 1-hexene and 1-octene exhibited high S values (S > 400 cm s^(-1)) when initially exposed to air and oxidized as rapidly as H-terminated Si(111) surfaces. Methyl-terminated Si(111) surfaces functionalized by anodization in a solution of CH_3MgI in ether exhibited stable, albeit high, S values (460 cm s^(-1)), indicating that the surface had been partially modified by the anodization process. The fractional monolayer coverage of oxide on the alkylated surface after exposure to air was determined for each functionalization technique. Although all four of the functionalization routes studied in this work introduced alkyl groups onto the Si surface, subtle changes in the extent and quality of the alkyl termination are significant factors in determining the magnitude and degree of chemical and electrical passivation of the resulting functionalized Si surfaces.
Suppression of Inhaled Particle Cytotoxicity by Pulmonary Surfactant and Re-Toxification by Phospholipase: Distinguishing Properties of Quartz and Kaolin

Abstract Inhaled particle contact with pulmonary surfactant in the hypophase lining pulmonary alveoli was modelled in vitro by exposing two respirable sized dusts, kaolin and silica quartz, to lecithin, a major component of pulmonary surfactant, emulsified in physiological saline. Lecithin adsorbs to the dusts upon incubation at 37°C and suppresses their cytotoxicity as measured by pulmonary macrophage and erythrocyte assays, suggesting that pulmonary surfactant provides a defence system against prompt cell membrane lysis by inhaled dusts. Subsequent pulmonary macrophage phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme digestion of the coated dusts was modelled in vitro by incubation with phospholipase A 2 for one hour. With increasing lipase activity, silica haemolytic potential was restored to native silica levels. Kaolin was retoxified to levels far in excess of native kaolin haemolytic potential. Elution, thin layer chromatography and phosphate assay of treated dusts indicate that most lecithin on silica is digested to lysolecithin and desorbed, silica retoxification being due to surface and adherent lysolecithin effects. Most lecithin on kaolin is not digested in the same time; that which is, results in adherent lysolecithin which is responsible for the kaolin retoxification. Digestion with phospholipases A 2 and C together produces only weakly retoxified kaolin. Results suggest that surface adsorption properties which control the adherence of prophylactic surfactant distinguish the pathogenic potentials of quartz, kaolin and mixed dust.
Endovascular strategies for inferior vena cava obstruction

Inferior vena cava (IVC) syndrome is a relatively uncommon yet debilitating disorder. Traditional medical and surgical therapy has been suboptimal in dealing with this entity. Endovascular therapy depends on the nature and chronicity of the lesion, requiring correlation with presenting symptoms, noninvasive imaging findings, and angiographic findings. We present a brief review of the literature on the treatment of vena cava obstruction, as well as our experience in IVC recanalization in 17 patients with chronic obstructions. Of the 17 patients, 15 had initial technical success, with 14 of these undergoing stent deployment. At a follow-up time of up to 19 months, a primary patency rate of 80% and secondary patency rate of 87% was observed. Endovascular therapy of IVC syndrome is a promising and successful approach to the treatment of IVC syndrome, both in cases of acute obstruction due to malignant cause, as well as chronic obstruction of benign cause.
Isolation of Aurantiacin from Hydnellum caeruleum

Two procedures were employed for the isolation of aurantiacin from an ether extract of the basidiomycete Hydnellum caeruleurn. Identification of the compound was based on its melting point, spectral properties (infrared, visible, and ultraviolet), and alkaline degradation to atromentin and benroic acid.
SEXUAL MATURITY OF MALE CHICKENS SELECTED FOR MATING ABILITY.

Abstract INTRODUCTION IN THE female fowl, selection for early sexual maturity can easily be practiced, if desired. Since the hormonal mechanisms for spermatogenesis and oogenesis are basically the same, a positive correlation between age at first egg in the female and age at first sperm production in the male, might be expected. Grosse and Craig (1960) found these two traits to be significantly correlated in a study involving two breeds, with four strains per breed. Large differences in the age at which males attain sexual maturity have been reported in the literature (Hogue and Schnetzler, 1937; Parker et al., 1942; Grosse and Craig, 1960) and are, in part, due to differences among breeds, strains within a breed and methods of measurement. The present study was conducted to determine if selection for high and low mating ability had any influence on male sexual maturity and to obtain additional estimates of the age…
Successful self-management of severe bulimia: a case study.

Abstract A young woman with a nine-year history of bingeing and purging was given instruction in behavioral principles. She then designed and carried out a program that included paced eating of pre-planned meals, followed by differential reinforcement of non-purging behaviors, which featured high frequency of reinforcement early in training. Inter-meal “binge-feelings” were treated by reinforcing abstentions. A graded system of contingent exercise also was employed for purging behaviors. Episodes decreased to a low level after one month and were completely absent nine months later. The amelioration of this problem resulted in progress being made for the first time with her emotional problems that were being treated elsewhere by psychodynamic psychotherapy.