cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chronic alcohol consumption on neuronal function in the non-human primate BNST.

Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function contribute to many of the adverse behavioral effects of chronic voluntary alcohol drinking, including alcohol dependence and mood disorders; limbic brain structures such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) may be key sites for these effects. Here, we measured circulating levels of several steroid hormones and performed whole-cell electrophysiological recordings from acutely prepared BNST slices of male rhesus monkeys allowed to self-administer alcohol for 12 months or a control solution. Initial comparisons revealed that BNST neurons in alcohol-drinking monkeys had decreased membrane resistance, increased frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) with no change in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). We then used a combined variable cluster analysis and linear mixed model statistical approach to determine whether specific factors including stress and sex hormones, age and measures of alcohol consumption and intoxication are related to these BNST measures. Modeling results showed that specific measures of alcohol consumption and stress-related hormone levels predicted differences in membrane conductance in BNST neurons. Distinct groups of adrenal stress hormones were negatively associated with the frequency of sIPSCs and sEPSCs, and alcohol drinking measures and basal neuronal membrane properties were additional positive predictors of inhibitory, but not excitatory, PSCs. The amplitude of sEPSCs was highly positively correlated with age, independent of other variables. Together, these results suggest that chronic voluntary alcohol consumption strongly influences limbic function in non-human primates, potentially via interactions with or modulation by other physiological variables, including stress steroid hormones and age.
Sustainability and automobility among the elderly: An international assessment

In the next three decades there will a huge increase in both the absolute number of older people and in their percentage of the populationin almost all Western European countries, North America, and Australia. Most older people will have active lifestyles in which mobility and access play a major role and almost all older men and a majority of older women will be car drivers, used to the convenience and flexibility which the car provides.
Correlation between the physiologic and morphologic changes in experimental autoimmune uveitis induced by peptide G of S-antigen.

PURPOSE The authors followed and correlated the physiologic and morphologic changes occurring in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by the peptide G of S-antigen. METHODS EAU was induced in Lewis rats by footpad inoculation of a 13-amino acid synthetic peptide (peptide G) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Electroretinography (ERG) was used to follow the physiologic changes, and light and electron microscopy were used to examine the morphologic changes. RESULTS Serial ERG recordings showed a progressive decrease in the b-wave amplitude and a depression of retinal sensitivity beginning on day 18-21 postinoculation (PI). By day 35 PI, the b-wave was decreased by 91%, and the sensitivity was depressed by 4.68 log units. Negative ERG were recorded during the intermediate and late stage. Light and electron microscopy of the retina showed better correlation of the pathologic changes with b-wave depression than with PI day. CONCLUSIONS ERG recordings were a good method to detect, follow, and quantify the severity of EAU. Their good correlation with the morphologic changes showed that this method can be used to assess the condition of the retina noninvasively.
Cis Dideen Kat (When the Plumes Rise): The Way of the Lake Babine Nation

Cis Dideen Kat (When the Plumes Rise): The Way of the Lake Babine Nation. Jo-Anne Fiske. with assistance of Betty Patrick. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2000. 272 pp.
Socially Responsible Investing: Viable for Value Investors?

The author tests two value strategies on the Domini Social Index (DSI) as Compustat return data. He finds that a rebalancing strategy of ranking DSI stocks by valuation each quarter yields an 18.9% average annualized return versus an average of 16.7% for three value benchmarks for the time period fourth quarter 1990 through first quarter 1999. The DSI Shaper ratio was 0.99 versus a benchmark average of 0.93. A buy-and-hold strategy has good nominal returns (17.5%), but a below-benchmark Sharpe ratio of 0.85.
National borders, the global economy and geopolitics: A view from Yemen

The wider geographic scales of the new interdependencies called ‘globalisation’ are not new to peripheral states such as Yemen. In the colonial and post‐colonial world sensitivity to international developments has always been important in the course of local events. What is new is the particular configuration of political and economic institutions at various levels including, critically, the national level. This paper argues that, on the one hand, the new geography of economic and political ‘globalisation’ has left Yemen with distinctly ‘old’ forms of economic integration into world markets, but that, on the other hand, regional geopolitics have opened certain opportunities for Yemen's political elite to refashion itself as a strategic geopolitical player so as to maintain international flows of military and economic aid. The end result is the continued national dominance of these same elite. ‘Globalisation’ in this sense is a national political project.
Small bowel motility in diabetics

Small intestinal motility was recorded in diabetics with and without peripheral neuropathy, and with and without diarrhea and compared with normal controls. With the onset of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, there was a progressive decrease in upper small intestinal tone and an increase in the frequency and amplitude of large waves (peristaltic activity). These changes were most marked in subjects with diarrhea.
1994 Kuiper Prize Lecture: Electrons, Protons, and Planets

Abstract This paper briefly surveys present knowledge of the magnetic and magnetospheric properties of the Earth, the Moon, Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune as derived fromin situobservations by numerous spacecraft and hundreds of investigators. It has been prepared at the invitation of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society as a tribute to the long-term leadership of lunar and planetary astronomy by the late Gerard Peter Kuiper (1905–1973). The author hopes that this account will help bring magnetospheric physics into the mainstream of those subjects.
Audiogenic seizure susceptibility: inhibitory effect of glucose injection is counteracted by prior glucose.

Audiogenic seizure susceptibility was examined in SJL/J mice injected with glucose 15–30 min before priming and/or subsequent tests. The obtained results confirm previous reports that glucose will inhibit seizure activity if given shortly before a test. In addition, it was found that glucose given 2–4 days previously would counteract the inhibitory effect of glucose injected shortly before testing.
Seismology: speed and size of the Sumatra earthquake.

We now have a clearer picture of the seismic features of last year's gigantic event. Our seismological results reveal that Indonesia's devastating Sumatra–Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004 was 2.5 times larger than initial reports suggested — second only to the 1960 Chilean earthquake in recorded magnitude. They indicate that it slowly released its energy by slip along a 1,200-km fault, generating a long rupture that contributed to the subsequent tsunami. Now that the entire rupture zone has slipped, the strain accumulated from the subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Burma microplate has been released, and there is no immediate danger of a similar tsunami being generated on this part of the plate boundary, although large earthquakes on segments to the south still present a threat.
A robust noncrytographic protocol for collective coin flipping

A new protocol for global coin flipping in the model of Ben-Or and Linial is presented. In this model, global coin flipping is considered to be an asynchronous perfect information game among n players, some of whom are dishonest. Each player possesses a fair coin and they wish to agree on the value of a single bit, which the honest players want to be random. A protocol is $\varepsilon $-robust for t dishonest players if no set of t dishonest players can bias the bit by more than $\varepsilon $. The protocol given here is $\varepsilon $-robust against $\theta (n/\log n)$ dishonest players for any fixed $\varepsilon $, improving on the $\theta (n^{.63 \cdots } )$ robust protocol given by Ben-Or and Linial.
Distinguishing characteristics of a new neuroblastoma cell line.

Abstract The characteristics of a new neuroblastoma cell line (MC-NB-1) established from the bone marrow of a 2-year-old male are described. Morphologically, the cells appear as flattened and epithelial-like or as small and spherical. Electron microscopy demonstrated microtubules and dense core secretory granules. The doubling time was approximately 35 hr. Isoenzyme patterns and catecholamine secretion indicated a human line of neuronal origin. The soft agar tumor colony forming system demonstrated drug resistance in vitro comparable to in vivo nonresponsiveness. The stemline karyotype of MC-NB-1 is 44,Y,del(1) (p22:), −4, −7, +del(7)(q22:), −16, +t(7;16)(16pter→16q24::7q22→7q32), −17. Additionally, double-minute bodies were observed. However, no evidence of homogeneous staining regions (HSRs) were detected.
Valence band studies of clean and oxygen exposed GaAs(100) surfaces

We found, by correlating band bending, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, and partial yield spectroscopy measurements, that Fermi level pinning at midgap of n-type GaAs(110) is caused by extrinsic states. The exact nature of these states is not yet clear, but the surfaces with Fermi level pinning were strained as evidence by a smeared valence band emission. This smearing was removed by as little as one oxygen per 104 to 105 surface atoms. This implies that the oxygen has very long range effects in causing spontanesous but small rearrangement of the surface lattice and removing surface strains. When about 5% of a monolayer of oxygen is adsorbed, a major change in the electronic structure takes place. Again, the oxygen coverage is very small, which suggests long range effects now leading to a fairly large rearrrangement of the surface lattice. Finally, from comparing the oxygen induced emission for exposures greater than 107 L O2, with the spectra from gas photoemission measurements on molecular oxygen, we suggest that the oxygen is chemisorbed as a molecule on the (110) surface of GaAs.
THE PREFERENCES OF ESL STUDENTS FOR ERROR CORRECTION IN COLLEGE-LEVEL WRITING CLASSES

ABSTRACT The work of researchers like Zamel (24) and Krashen (12) on the effectiveness of teacher feedback on second language writing does not support a focus on surface error to help students improve their writing. However, students of English as a Second Language (ESL) may come to U.S. institutions of higher education with a notion different from that of their teachers here about what kind of teacher responses will help them improve their writing. This paper presents the results of a survey of 100 ESL students in freshman composition classes, asking the students to analyze their sense of what kinds of paper marking techniques help them the most to improve their writing, which kinds of corrections they even read, which corrections they feel they retain best, and what reactions they have to positive and negative comments on both the form and the content of their writing. The results of this preliminary study suggest that these students equate good writing in English with error-free writing and, therefore, that they want and expect their composition teachers to correct all errors in their written work. This paper argues that a given teacher and class of students must agree about what constitutes improvement in writing and suggests that students' expectations may need to be modified if students are to profit from teacher feedback on their compositions.
On the computational complexity of path cover problems

Abstract In this paper the complexity of a number of path cover problems in acyclic digraphs, acyclic structured digraphs, and rooted trees is considered. The problems deal with finding path covers of a certain size for (a) some elements of the digraph (e.g., required pairs, vertex subsets) or (b) the vertices of the digraph when restrictions are placed on the members of the path cover (e.g., impossible pairs, length-constrained covers). An attempt is made to characterize the complexity of path cover problems in general and a connection between the complexity of a path cover problem and the existence of a reachability relation on the elements that are to be covered in the digraph is pointed out.
Terrequinone A biosynthesis through L -tryptophan oxidation, dimerization and bisprenylation

The antitumor fungal metabolite terrequinone A, identified in extracts of Aspergillus sp., is biosynthesized by the five-gene cluster tdiA-tdiE. In this work, we have overproduced all five proteins (TdiA-TdiE) in the bacterial host Escherichia coli, fully reconstituting the biosynthesis of terrequinone A. This pathway involves aminotransferase activity, head-to-tail dimerization and bisprenylation of the scaffold to yield the benzoquinone natural product. We have established that TdiD is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent L-tryptophan aminotransferase that generates indolepyruvate for an unusual nonoxidative coupling by the tridomain nonribosomal peptide synthetase TdiA. TdiC, an NADH-dependent quinone reductase, generates the nucleophilic hydroquinone for two distinct rounds of prenylation by the single prenyltransferase TdiB. TdiE is required to shunt the benzoquinone away from an off-pathway monoprenylated species by an as yet unknown mechanism. Overall, we have biochemically characterized the complete biosynthetic pathway to terrequinone A, highlighting the nonoxidative dimerization pathway and the unique asymmetric prenylation involved in its maturation.
Summary of evaluation and comments

On the last day of the Symposium an evaluation form was distributed to all participants. About half responded; their comments are summarized here.Three-quarters of those responding felt the Symposium met their expectations well or very well. Important topics reported as being not discussed or not sufficiently discussed included real-time debugging, practical debugging strategies, implementation issues for production debuggers, human factors, and architectural support for debugging.
An electrodynamic model of electric currents and magnetic fields in the dayside ionosphere of Venus

The electric current configuration induced in the ionosphere of Venus by the interaction of the solar wind has been calculated in previous papers (Cloutier and Daniell, 1973; Daniell and Cloutier, 1977; Cloutier and Daniell, 1979) for average steady-state solar wind conditions and interplanetary magnetic field. This model is generalized to include the effects of (1) plasma depletion and magnetic field enhancement near the ionopause, (2) velocity-shear-induced MHD instabilities of the Kelvin-Helmholtz type within the ionosphere, and (3) variations in solar wind parameters and interplanetary magnetic field. It is shown that the magnetic field configuration resulting from the model varies in response to changes in solar wind and interplanetary field conditions, and that these variations produce magnetic field profiles in excellent agreement with those seen by the Pioneer-Venus Orbiter. The formation of flux-ropes by the Kelving-Helmholtz instability is shown to be a natural consequence of the model, with the spatial distribution and size of the flux-ropes determined by the magnetic Reynolds number.
The Dozens: An African-Heritage Theory

Repeated misinterpretation has been the fate of the AfroAmerican game generally referred to as the Dozens. The purpose of this paper is to review previous interpretive attempts made of the Dozens and to offer an alternative theory based on African folklore. The Dozens is an Afro-American contest game in which two contestants, in the presence of a spurring audience of peers, try to best each other in casting aspersions on each other or each other's relatives, particularly the mother. Such aspersions are made up of both nonsexual and sexual remarks, such as joking accusations of incest, promiscuity, and possession of unusual sexual or related organs. Elsewhere, in previous writings on the Dozens, games characterized by references to sexual organs or sexual intercourse have been termed dirty and those not so characterized, cleanhence, the "clean Dozens" and the "dirty Dozens" (Elton, 1950: 231). But in the present discussion, to avoid the annoying intrusion of the Euro-centric puritanical attitude toward sexual matters, which most probably is the basis for referring to one type of the Dozens as clean and the other as dirty, the terms "sexual" and "non-sexual" will be used to
Environmental correlates of evaluative appraisals of central business district scenes

Abstract This research examined the percieved quality of downtown scenes in relation to physical features of these scenes. Sixty passers-by (one at each of 60 downtown scenes in Columbus, Ohio) were asked to assess the emotional quality of the scenes. At the same time, five experts rated physical features of the scenes. It was found that enhancements in perceived quality were associated with decreases in the prominence of vehicles and increases in enclosure, sound, upkeep and unity. Tests of differences between scenes selected to differ on these features confirmed the correlational results; evaluative responses were more favorable for the scenes with fewer vehicles, more enclosure, more sound, better upkeep or more unity.
Impossible Decisions: Abortion, Reproductive Technologies, and the Rhetoric of Choice

Juno, directed by Jason Reitman and released in late 2007, portrays a quirky, pregnant sixteen-year-old, who decides not to obtain an abortion and finds an upper-middle-class family to adopt her ch...
Toward health reform for seniors in Bermuda: historical constraints on political possibilities.

In 2009, as the United States moved toward health care reform, the government of Bermuda implemented its FutureCare program to make health care for seniors more affordable. This article investigates how preferences for reform and its eventual design were shaped by the country's social history and commitment to free market values. Data derive from 36 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders deemed knowledgeable about health care financing and delivery in Bermuda, including government officials, provider representatives, insurance executives, and consumer advocates. Data also derive from a variety of documentary sources. Results indicate that although a clear need for health care and the ability to finance it for seniors exists in Bermuda, the scope of reform was circumscribed by preferences for prior policy decisions, creating a favorable tax and business environment for international corporations and a minimalist social welfare state for addressing racial and economic inequality. This suggests that wides...
Creating agents for locating images of specific categories

This paper describes a method for creating agents for locating images of specific categories such as sky, vegetation, fire, and smoke. The method uses only color information, and is based on vector quantization to build a category specific codebook from a set of training images. The method is shown to yield categorization of images collected from several web sites on Internet with a high success rate. The method can be used as an aid to image annotation or as a way to filter images in a content-based image retrieval system.
Dietary management of idiopathic hyperoxaluria and the influence of patient characteristics and compliance.

Objective To assess the efficacy of dietary management for the treatment of idiopathic hyperoxaluria in a large tertiary care center and examine the influence of patient factors, compliance, and follow-up on oxalate reduction, which has not been previously investigated. Methods Retrospectively, 149 patients with kidney stones with idiopathic hyperoxaluria who received dietary management at our stone clinic were evaluated. Changes in urinary parameters on 24-hour urine collections were calculated for all patients and those with abnormal values in the overall short-term (30-240 days) and long-term (>240 days) time periods. Changes in urinary oxalate were evaluated with respect to patient characteristics and compliance measures. Results Urine oxalate and supersaturation of calcium oxalate were significantly (P Conclusion This study confirms that meaningful reductions of urine oxalate and supersaturation of calcium oxalate can be achieved with dietary management of hyperoxaluria on a larger clinical scale. Furthermore, we identified that women and patients with low BMIs had greater urine oxalate reductions and urine volume may also be used by clinicians as a measure of dietary compliance.
Nash implementation in production economies

This paper provides a general way to incorporate private ownership production economies into the implementation of the Walrasian correspondence. We present two mechanisms, both of which permit agents to behave strategically with respect to their initial endowments, preferences, and production possibility sets. The first mechanism deals with the case of endowment destruction, the second deals with the case of endowment withholding. We show that each mechanism Nash implements the Walrasian correspondence. In addition, both mechanisms are individually feasible, balanced, continuous and only require the transmission of prices and quantities of goods as messages.
“Either a medal or a corporal”: The effects of success and failure on the evaluation of decision making and decision makers

Abstract This paper is concerned with judgment by outcomes—justifying decisions and rewarding decision makers in case of success, and condemning both in case of failure. Officers in the Israel Defense Forces evaluated four versions of the same case of decision making in a military setting. In two versions the decision maker obeys his orders, in two he disobeys them to take a normatively appropriate action; one of each decision is successful, one of each fails. Though the cases are identical except for the above differences, successful decisions are considered more justified and to follow from superior decision making processes; decision making processes are perceived as more satisfactory when they lead to success, and successful decision makers are perceived more favorably than their unsuccessful counterparts. Role expectations regarding appropriate action influenced the justification of decisions and perceived favorability of decision makers and interacted with outcome valence in determining the allocation of reward and punishment and the evaluation of the decision making process. The paper discusses implications of the findings to Behavioral Decision Theory, Attribution Theory, and Organizational Learning.
California Association of Criminalists 58th Semi-Annual Meeting

The 61st semi-annual seminar of the California Association of Criminalists was held in San Francisco California from 12–14 May 1983. The meeting was sponsored by the San Francisco Police Department Crime Laboratory and the following papers were presented.
The Cytomegalovirus US28 Protein Binds Multiple CC Chemokines with High Affinity

Abstract Human cytomegalovirus encodes several proteins with high similarity to seven transmembrane domain receptors. We investigated the ability of one of these proteins, the product of the US28 open reading frame, to bind various chemoattractant ligands. When transfected into COS-7 cells, the US28 product conferred high affinity binding to the labeled chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (K d = 6.0 × 10 −10 M) and RANTES (K d = 2.7 × 10 −10 M). Binding of these labeled ligands could be competed by the unlabeled macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP-1α and MIP-1β, with K d values in the range 1.2 × 10 −9 to 7.5 × 10 −9 M. Comparisons of the sequences of US28 and other receptors that bind chemokines should help to define regions responsible for receptor-ligand interactions.
Cancer clusters in the USA: what do the last twenty years of state and federal investigations tell us?

To the Editor:Goodman et al. (2012) conclude that extensive efforts to find causes of community cancer clusters have not been “successful”. They base their measure of success strictly on whether th...
Structure of transition-metal—oxygen-vacancy pair centers

The microscopic structure of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$-${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$-${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ pair centers has been considered using the Newman superposition model. This model yields the EPR parameter ${b}_{2}^{0}$ as a function of transition-metal-ion-oxygen distance $d$ and position. It is found, for the oxide perovskites, that the transition-metal ion moves by a distance $\ensuremath{\Delta}=0.1$ $d=0.2$ \AA{} towards the vacancy ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$. The four lateral oxygens move against the metal ion by 4% or 0.08 \AA{}. This is in agreement with the reduction of the metal ionic radius due to the five-fold coordination. The intrinsic two-center parameter ${\overline{b}}_{2}$ needed in the Newman model is based on the uniaxial strain data of MgO and SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, as well as on the measured spin-Hamiltonian parameter ${b}_{2}^{0}$ in the tetragonal phase of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The ${\overline{b}}_{2}$ parameters obtained also provide information on other centers reported in oxide and fluoride compounds.
Utility of the daily prospective National Institute of Mental Health Life-Chart Method (NIMH-LCM-p) ratings in clinical trials of bipolar disorder.

This study investigated the assets of the daily prospective National Institute of Mental Health Life-Chart Method (NIMH-LCM-p or LCM-p) for use in clinical trials in bipolar disorder. Fifty-two outpatients, who met DSM-III-R criteria for bipolar disorder, were randomly assigned in a double-blind design to an intended 1 year of treatment with lithium or carbamazepine, a crossover to the opposite drug in the second year, and then to a combination of both agents in the third year. For each patient, the LCM-p was initiated upon admission and was continued on a daily basis. Overall therapeutic effect for each phase (intended year) was assessed by using the Clinical Global Impressions-Bipolar Version (CGI-BP) scale. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to examine the detailed course-of-illness variables derived from the LCM-p (e.g., percentage of time ill, average severity of illness, episodes per year, and mood switches per year) in relation to the global assessments of treatment response (CGI-BP). Most of the individual LCM-p-derived illness variables varied significantly (P <.05) as a function of global treatment response. Since global ratings of the degree of improvement can represent very different proportions of improvement in percentage of time ill, average severity of mania or depression, or frequency of manic and depressive episodes, the LCM-p provides the basis for a comprehensive description of both the illness course and the response to treatment. The LCM-p appears to have considerable utility in clinical trials of pharmacological and other interventions of bipolar disorder. It provides a detailed characterization of the severity, frequency, and duration of manic and depressive episodes, which facilitates the assessment of global improvement and allows for the quantification of separate components of the illness, which are or are not responsive to a given treatment.
BLEEDING WITH ASPIRIN AND APIXABAN IN PATIENTS UNSUITABLE FOR VITAMIN K ANTAGONIST THERAPY: THE AVERROES STUDY

Patients with AF unsuitable for VKA therapy often receive aspirin for stroke prevention. The factor Xa inhibitor apixaban has been shown to reduce stroke in AF patients and understanding the predictors of bleeding compared to aspirin is part of a benefit/risk assessment. The Apixaban Versus
The “infantilization” of a cichlid fish

This paper reports a rather remarkable phenomenon, which we have termed “infantilization.” Young acaras, 7 to 17 days postspawning age and normally freely swimming, will resume their nesting phase when placed with foster parents' brooding embryos or wrigglers. The foster parents do not eat these alien young when the young assume a behavior pattern similar to that of their own brood, namely, nest-bound and quiescent.
The Primary Ionization of High Energy Electrons in Nitrogen and Neon

A large expansion chamber in a magnetic field of about 400 gauss is used to study the tracks of high energy betarays produced by bombarding a lead screen inside the chamber by gamma-radiation from radon. Two photographs at right angles are taken, and the tracks examined by projection on to a screen in their original configuration. Measurements are made of the number of primary ions per cm of path produced in nitrogen and neon. The results in nitrogen can be expressed approximately by the relation: $I=19{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15},$ and in neon by the relation: $I=12.6{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15},$ where $I$ is the primary ionization in ions per cm at normal temperature and pressure, and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is the velocity of the betaray in units of the velocity of light. Measurements on a few tracks in oxygen agree within experimental error with the results of Williams and Terroux. The primary ionization of the positive electrons observed is indistinguishable from the negative electrons. Comparisons are made with the theoretical calculations of Bethe, Moller, and Williams, and the agreement is satisfactory over the range of velocities used. The magnitude obtained for the primary ionization in nitrogen corresponds, on the basis of the formula obtained by hydrogen like wave functions, to an average ionization potential of 16.6 volts for the five outer electrons in the nitrogen atom, which is very near its minimum ionization potential. Theoretical calculations are made for neon, using ionization potentials for each electron calculated from critical absorption wave-lengths. The experimental results are somewhat greater than those calculated from the theory, but are as close as the somewhat arbitrary assumptions involved would allow one to expect. The variation of primary ionization with velocity checks well for values of less than 0.97, but the predicted increase for very high energies is not observed.
Motor performance decrement by midazolam: antagonism by Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216.

Abstract Rats were trained in a fine motor control performance that required operation by a paw of a force transducer so that it remained between upper and lower limits of a force band for a continuous 1.5-sec period to deliver each food pellet. Acute doses of midazolam (0.75–3.0 mg/kg, SC) impaired indices of motor performance in a graded, dose-related fashion. When administered alone, Ro 15-1788 (0.1–5.0 mg/kg, SC) had no effect on motor behavior while CGS 8216 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, IP) alone had small effects. In general, the motor performance decrements produced by midazolam were antagonized in a dose-related fashion by both Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216.
An anti-apoptotic protein, Hax-1, inhibits the HIV-1 rev function by altering its sub-cellular localization.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein facilitates the nuclear export of viral mRNA containing the Rev response element (RRE). Although several host proteins co-operating with Rev in viral RNA export have been reported, little is known about the innate host defense factors that Rev overcomes to mediate the nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNAs. We report here that an anti-apoptotic protein, HS1-associated protein X-1 (Hax-1), a target of HIV-1 Vpr, interacts with Rev and inhibits its activity in RRE-mediated gene expression. Co-expression of Sam68 emancipates Rev activity from Hax-1-mediated inhibition. Hax-1 does not bind to RRE RNA by itself, but inhibits Rev from binding to RRE RNA in vitro. The impact of Hax-1 on Rev/RRE interactions in vitro correlates well with the reduced level of RRE-containing mRNA in vivo. Immunofluorescence studies further reveal that Hax-1 and Rev are cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, respectively, when expressed independently. However, in Hax-1 co-expressing cells, Rev is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is co-localized with Hax-1 in the cytoplasm. We propose that over-expression of Hax-1, possibly through binding to Rev, may interfere with the stability/export of RRE-containing mRNA and target the RNA for degradation. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:14–19, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thoughts on the future of research on mathematics and science learning and education

Abstract This paper offers reflections on future directions for early mathematics and science education. We argue that researchers and practitioners should examine carefully not only the possibility of unexpected competence in young children, but also its complexity and the limits on it; investigate the socio-emotional context of learning and teaching; attend closely to those children in need of extra help, including low-socio-economic status (SES) children, children with disabilities, and children who receive schooling in an unfamiliar language; create sensitive evaluation strategies that examine program quality, the effectiveness of teachers and administrators, and children’s achievement; develop creative and enjoyable curricula that stress thinking as well as content and integrate an organized subject matter with projects and the thoughtful use of manipulatives; investigate the complex processes of teaching in various contexts; and investigate the possible benefits and disadvantages of parental involvement in early mathematics and science education.
DNA topoisomerases and models of sister-chromatid exchange.

Abstract Pommier et al. (1985) suggested that sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) results from exchange of topoisomerase II subunits. “Homologous displacement”, an alternative mechanism, is proposed in which strand switching occurs during removal of parental helical turns by topoisomerases. The steps in the SCE model proposed by Ishii and Bender (1980) for SCE occurring at a blocked replication fork could occur by this mechanism and would require the action of both topoisomerases I and II. Homologous displacement involving topoisomerase II alone provides a mechanism for the strand switching required in the models of Kato (1977) and Cleaver (1981) in which SCE occur between replicated double strands. These mechanisms and models are discussed in relation to current knowledge of the locations and functions of topoisomerases during DNA replication.
Volume and surface photoemission processes from plasmon resonance fields

Photo yield was measured as a function of incident angle for polarized light incident through a Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ semicylinder onto thin (\ensuremath{\sim} 200-\AA{}) films of Al. Photon energies from threshold at 4.8 up to 10.2 eV were used. For $p$-polarized light near threshold, a surface-plasmon resonance peak was observed at about 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from normal incidence with yields more than 100 times those at normal incidence. If the yield at normal incidence is assumed to result from pure volume photoemission, the angular yield ratio $\frac{Y(\ensuremath{\theta})}{Y(0)}$ can be calculated for the volume process. Only (35 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 10)% of the yield observed at the plasmon peak could be accounted for by the volume process. The remaining yield was attributed to the surface emission process. The ratios of yields from Al with light normally incident from vacuum and through the Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ substrate were analyzed to obtain values of the escape depths for the volume process. Escape lengths were determined ranging from 45 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 15 \AA{} for 5-eV electrons to 20 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 10 \AA{} for 8.2-eV electrons.
Cognitive functioning and sex steroid hormone gene polymorphisms in women at midlife.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype frequencies were examined to determine whether variation in 6 estrogen-related genes was associated with differences in cognitive functioning in women at midlife. DNA from a multiracial/multiethnic sample of 875 African American, Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese women aged 45 to 56 years participating in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) was genotyped. Gene markers from the sex steroid hormone pathway were linked to measures of cognitive functioning including the Digit Span Backward Test (DSB), a measure of working memory; the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), a measure of perceptual speed; and the East Boston Memory Test (EBMT), a measure of episodic memory. Statistical models were fit using logistic regression and general linear models to estimate the strength of association of estrogen-related polymorphisms with DSB, SDMT, and EBMT scores. On the EBMT, African American women and Caucasian women with ESR1 rs9340799 GG genotypes had about 1.5 to 2.0 times greater odds of remembering story elements on the EBMT-immediate recall test. Caucasian women with ESR1 rs2234693 CC genotypes had 1.3 to 1.5 times greater odds of remembering story elements on the EBMTdelayed recall test. Chinese women with 17HSD rs615942 GG genotypes, 17HSD rs592389 TT genotypes, and 17HSD rs2830 GG genotypes had about 1.7 times greater odds of remembering story elements on the EBMT-immediate recall test. African American women with CYP 19 rs936306 CC genotypes had about 0.25 to 0.40 lower odds of remembering story elements on the EBMT-immediate recall test, whereas Chinese women with CYP 19 rs936306 CC genotypes had about 2.3 times greater odds of remembering story elements on both the EBMT-immediate and -delayed recall tests. On the DSB, African American women with CYP 19 rs749292 GG genotype had a higher mean score. On the SDMT, Japanese women with ESR1 rs728524 GG genotypes had a higher mean score. On the 3 tests of cognitive functioning, there was 1 significant finding for CYP1A1 and none for the CYP1B1 or ESR2 SNPs. We conclude that selected genes involved in estrogen synthesis and metabolism may be associated with performance differences on cognitive function tests. Also, the relevant
Influence of Boundary Conditions and of Electronic and Vibrational Surface Phenomena on Low-Energy-Electron Diffraction from the Low-Index Faces of Aluminum

An overlapping-atomic-charge-density model is used to construct muffin-tin potentials of surface ion cores on the (100), (110), and (111) faces of aluminum. When applied to bulk ion cores, this model leads to potentials whose associated elastic-low-energy electron diffraction (ELEED) intensities are indistinguishable from those predicted by a "correct" self-consistent muffin-tin potential. Moreover, the alterations in the ELEED intensities wrought by the differences between the surface and bulk potentials are small relative to those caused by plausible variations of the vacuum-solid boundary conditions among those commonly used by the various theoretical groups specializing in intensity calculations. The enhanced vibrations of the surface ion cores relative to those in the bulk, however, can lead to substantial changes in the ELEED intensities at fixed temperature as well as in the temperature dependence of these intensities. When their consequences are incorporated into the model, excellent correspondence with experimental ELEED spectra on Al(111) is achieved, but the comparable correspondence for Al(100) is poor. The absolute intensities of ELEED spectra from a planar Al(100) surface can be described by the model only if surface-plasmon loss processes are regarded as extending the inelastic collision damping about one lattice spacing in front of the outermost layer of ion cores.
Carotenemia in Infancy and its Association with Prevalent Feeding Practices

Carotenemia in infancy is a relatively rare but benign condition, invariably of dietary origin, that can be confused with jaundice. It is characterized by an abnormal yellowish orange pigmentation of the skin, most prominently seen in the palms, soles, and naso-labial folds. Infant feeding patterns have shown an increasing trend toward the usage of homogenized and pureed vegetables as well as meat-based commercial preparations. Whether this is reflected in an increased incidence of carotenemia in this age group still remains unclear. We report a series of infants identified by a retrospective review of records, observed over a 3-year period (1999-2002) in a tertiary children's hospital, who developed the condition that resolved spontaneously without intervention, as they grew older, on a changing diet.
Electrical characteristics of r.f.-sputtered CdTe thin-films for photovoltaic applications

Abstract A method of preparing self-doped p - and n -type and In-doped n -type CdTe thin-films for photovoltaic applications has been developed using r.f. sputtering. Ohmic contacts to n -type films with contact resistivity less than 10 −2 Ω — cm 2 have been obtained. Schottky barrier diode test devices, formed by evaporation of various metals including Au on n -CdTe films, have been examined for electrical and photovoltaic evaluation of the sputtered films. Although S.B. diodes based on In doped films, prepared under Cd overpressure, show promising electrical and photovoltaic performance ( V oc ∼ 315 mV, I sc ∼ 4.6mA/cm 2 ), much improvement remains to be made by further control of dopant concentration and structural details of films.
Tissue distribution of zinc-65 in tumour tissue and normal tissue in man.

ZINC is a trace metal of physiological importance which is widely distributed in many enzyme systems. Changes in the activity of certain enzymes have been reported in normal and tumour tissues of tumour-bearing animals1 and of man2, and in the serum of patients with neoplastic diseases3–7. Since the activity of some enzymes depends on the presence of specific trace metals, cellular derangement resulting in neoplasia may be linked with changes in trace metal concentration. Differences in zinc concentration in normal and tumour tissue in experimental animals and in man have been previously reported8–15.
Fluctuations in the Correlation between Psychological Test Scores and University Grades

The psychological examination is an instru ment widely used for the purpose of predict ing educational and vocational success. In college personnel work we are anxious to de termine early in his carreer a student's prob able success in academic work. It is very desirable, therefore, to have available instru ments which will predict scholastic success with a rather high degree of precision. The effectiveness of a personnel program is in part dependent upon the intelligent use of prognos tic measuring devices. It was the purpose of this investigation to determine the relationship between Ohio Psy chological test scores and freshman grades over a five year period. If there is consider able relationship between grades and psycho logical test scores, then it should be possible to use the psychological examination for the purpose of guiding the individual with respect to his educational program. Particularly is it necessary to know whether the instrument used for purposes of prediction operates with a great deal of consistency from semester to semester and from year to year. If we can expect the same degree of efficiency from year to year, then it becomes possible to place greater reliance upon the psychological test as a prognostic instrument in college personnel work than would otherwise be the case. The Ohio Psychological Examination, Form 17, was administered to the majority of Teachers College freshmen from 1932 to 1935 inclusive. Form 18 of the examination was used in 1936-37. The scores on these tests are recorded in the office of the freshman ad
Properties of heavily irradiated mosfets

Studies of channel mobility reduction in P channel MOSFETS with gamma and/or neutron irradiation are reported. For pure gamma irradiation, the reduction in mobility is caused by increased surface charge scattering. The surface charge scattering mobility is found to have a temperature and surface charge dependence of T−0.5/N SC . For pure neutron irradiation, the reduction in channel mobility arises from scattering at neutron-produced bulk-centers. In reactor neutron irradiations, gamma fluence can be as important as the neutron fluence in reducing channel mobility.
Structural Basis for Ternary Complex Formation Between tau, Hsp90, and FKBP51

The normal function of the microtubule associated protein tau is to bind and stabilize microtubules (MT) via its C-terminal assembly domain. When tau dissociates from MTs it can be phosphorylated and targeted for proteasomal degradation. Hyperphosphorylated forms of tau can form aggregates that are thought to be toxic in Alzheimer's Disease. The molecular chaperone Hsp90 binds to and promotes the clearance of tau, which is thought to reduce the formation of neurotoxic aggregates. Tau is an intrinsically disordered protein and it is unclear what role, if any, Hsp90 has in controlling its structure and dynamics. Hsp90 cooperates with numerous co-chaperones such as the immunophilin FKBP51, which assists in regulating the folding and processing of client proteins like tau. Defining the precise interactions between tau and the Hsp90 chaperone network is important for understanding the role of tau in Alzheimer's Disease. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to probe the interaction between 15N-labeled tau, Hsp90 and FKBP51. The results demonstrate that two hydrophobic hexapeptide motifs located at residues 275-280 and 306-311 in tau's C-terminus bind to Hsp90 and FKBP51. This was determined by observing a significant reduction in the intensity ratios of HSQC spectra for free tau and tau in complex with Hsp90 and FKBP51. Resonances that show reduced intensities in the absence of line broadening are probably undergoing chemical exchange with a bound conformation. Several residues near the N-terminus of the protein also show a similar reduction in intensity upon addition of Hsp90 and FKBP51. Formation of the ternary complex around the client protein tau is congruent with currently proposed models suggesting that the binding of FKBP51 and Hsp90 assist in tau regulation, thereby triggering its recycling back to the MT surface.
The design of multiplayer online video game systems

The distributed Multiplayer Online Game (MOG) system is complex since it involves technologies in computer graphics, multimedia, artificial intelligence, computer networking, embedded systems, etc. Due to the large scope of this problem, the design of MOG systems has not yet been widely addressed in the literatures. In this paper, we review and analyze the current MOG system architecture followed by evaluation. Furthermore, we propose a clustered-server architecture to provide a scalable solution together with the region oriented allocation strategy. Two key issues, i.e. interesting management and synchronization, are discussed in depth. Some preliminary ideas to deal with the identified problems are described.
Peripheral Apparent Motion as a Function of Location, Contrast, and Direction of Stimulus Motion

This study investigated the perception of the direction of peripheral apparent motion as a function of stimulus location in the peripheral visual field, stimulus contrast, and the direction of the apparent motion. Results indicated that each of these independent variables was significant as a main effect while the interactions were not.