cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tables of random letters

Two tables of computer-generated random letters are presented. One consists of 2,000 random letters sampled “with replacement”; all 26 letters are equally likely at any given entry. The other consists of 100 random permutations of the 26 letters of the alphabet; sampling was “without replacement.”
Pregnancy-Induced Acute Neurologic Emergencies and Neurologic Conditions Encountered in Pregnancy

Neurologic complications and conditions associated with pregnancy are rare. Frequently, presenting symptoms of neurologic conditions are nonspecific and can overlap with normal symptoms of pregnancy. As a result, clinical assessment can be insufficient to differentiate symptoms of a normal pregnancy from a neurologic disorder. It is imperative that the radiologist have a basic familiarity with the most common neurologic conditions encountered in pregnancy. The most commonly imaged acute and nonemergent disorders will be described, including eclampsia, cerebrovascular disease including cerebral venous thrombosis, postpartum cerebral angiopathy, multiple sclerosis, tumors, Bell palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and pituitary disorders.
Wind forced biological-physical interactions on an isolated offshore bank

Abstract Large advective losses of bank water during winter due to strong with forcing are hypothesized to be a significant factor limiting recruitment of spring spawning plankton and subsequent feeding success of larval fish. The plausibility of this “washout hypothesis” is examined using numerical models of plankton and physical dynamics on an idealized off-shore bank, approximating conditions on Georges Bank. A semi-spectral primitive equation model (SPEM) is used to study three-dimensional wind- and density-driven circulation. Biological models were used to represent: (1) a single generation of copepods; and (2) a simple planktonic food chain. No migration or swimming behavior was included in any of the models. Results indicate that the typically high winds during winter (velocity: 13 m s −1 ; duration: 20 days) can cause significant replacement of the bank water mass with surrounding waters. This large exchange causes major reductions in zooplankton populations and zooplankton and phytoplankton production over the bank. These alterations in bank trophic structure reduce the energy transfer from primary production to secondary production and may lead to poor recruitment at higher trophic levels.
Institutional design and conflict: an introduction

Among the prevalent objectives that we should set for our society, reduction of conflicts of all kinds is probably one of the easiest to agree upon. Any social contract that establishes peaceful ways to resolve disputes can Pareto-dominate, for some appropriate transfers or side payments, any social contract that instead lets individuals or groups resolve disputes through costly conflict. Given that the international order is a highly incomplete social contract and given that no authority has enforcement power over sovereign States, renegotiation is unavoidable when considering the international order. Moreover, such negotiations are more likely to become conflictual when the relevant players lack commitment power needed for side payments and/or lack precise information about the strength of the opponents. Since all these critical elements for peaceful negotiations to succeed, namely enforcement power, commitment power, and completeness of information, are most unlikely to exist in the international arena, international relations are the type of relations in which anarchy is most often the reality and conflict is the hardest to avoid. Yet, even in the most pessimistic world of anarchy, the quest for self enforcing institutions that may help conflict resolution or the reduction of negotiation and renegotiation costs is an important one, and a lot more work can be done by economists and political scientists to identify self-enforcing institutional mechanisms that work better than others and that therefore the relevant players could coordinate on. This issue contains some important contributions in this direction, and it can be viewed as divided in two parts: The first three papers deal with the difficult issues of alliance formation and alliance behavior in negotiations and contests, which is an important
THE THEORIES OF FUNCTORS AND MODELS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the theories of functors and models. Domain is the category of topological-spaces-with-base-points-and-continuous-base-point-preserving-maps, and its range is the category of groups-and-group-homomorphisms. It is precisely these properties that are formalized into the definition of functor. But first we must have a definition of category. The shortest known definition is so short that it is misleading. The objects of a category are usually thought of as sets with some sort of structure and the maps as functions which in some way preserve the structure. But note that the definition of category is a first-order definition. In most categories in nature the difference kernel of two maps is constructed as the set of elements in their domain on which the two maps agree. The dual notion, that of difference cokernel does not have a standard construction. The fact that these definitions do not always agree with the usual notions has turned out to be not a disadvantage but one of the main attractions of category theory.
Incipient nephropathy in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes

Patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes without proteinuria were studied to define those patients who will later develop persistent proteinuria (more than 0.5 g protein/24 h). Two investigations were performed; 71 patients were studied longitudinally for 6 years and another 227 patients were studied cross-sectionally. All were less than 50 years of age and had developed diabetes before the age of 40 years. At entry into the study they had no proteinuria (Albustix method), had normal blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion rates 200 μg/min was the initial urinary albumin excretion rate. During the longitudinal study, seven patients with an urinary albumin excretion rate of more than 70 μg/min at the start of the study developed persistent proteinuria or an albumin excretion rate > 200 μg/min. In contrast, only three out of the remaining 64 patients with urinary albumin excretion rate ⩽ 70 μg/min developed urinary albumin excretion rate > 200 μg/min. Patients with an urinary albumin excretion rate > 70 μg/min are thus at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy. We designate this stage of renal involvement incipient nephropathy. Patients with incipient nephropathy were further characterized in the cross-sectional study. Compared with normoalbuminuric patients, patients with incipient nephropathy had increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but normal serum creatinine. The glomerular filtration rate was higher than normal in patients with incipient nephropathy though not different from that of normoalbuminuric patients.
The mechanism of Acetobacter xylinum cellulose biosynthesis: direction of chain elongation and the role of lipid pyrophosphate intermediates in the cell membrane

Abstract The biosynthesis of Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 10821 cellulose has been studied with resting cells and a membrane preparation using 14C-pulse and chase reactions, with d -glucose and UDPGlc, respectively. Cellulose was biosynthesized from UDPGlc, and it was found to be tightly associated with both the cells and the membrane. The cellulose chains could be released from the cells and the membrane preparation by treating at pH 2, 100 °C for 20 min. The cellulose chains that were released from the pulse and pulse-chase reactions were purified and separated from any low molecular weight substances by gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P4. They were then reduced with sodium borohydride and hydrolyzed with 4 M trifluoroacetic acid at 121 °C for 2 h. Labeled products from the acid hydrolyzates were separated by paper chromatography and found to be d -glucose and d -glucitol. The amount of radioactivity in the products was determined by liquid scintillation counting. It was found that the pulsed products from the resting cells gave a ratio of d -[14C]glucitol to d -[14C]glucose of 1:11, and after chasing, the ratio decreased to 1:36. The pulsed products from the membrane gave a ratio of d -[14C]glucitol to d -[14C]glucose of 1:12, and after chasing for 5 min the ratio decreased to 1:43, and after 10 min, the ratio decreased to 1:66. These results show that the labeled d -glucitol obtained from the reducing end of the cellulose chain is chased into the interior of the cellulose chain during synthesis, showing that the cellulose chain is elongated from the reducing end. An insertion mechanism for the synthesis of cellulose from UDPGlc is proposed that involves lipid pyrophosphate glycosyl intermediates and three membrane enzymes: lipid phosphate:UDPGlc phosphotransferase, cellulose synthase, and lipid pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase.
Albedo asymmetry of Iapetus

Observational data for Iapetus and other Saturn moons are used to show that the dark areas on Iapetus feature organic chromophores caused by UV irradiation of CH4-rich ice. The Iapetus albedo pattern, brighter at the poles and in the trailing hemisphere, is suggested to originate from ballistic impact redistribution of surface material in terms of an impact flux gradient. The orange/violet color ratios from Voyager imagery were measured as 1.46 for the leading hemisphere and 1.24 for the trailing hemisphere. The evolution of the Iapetus regolith during processes of ice evaporation, impact ablation, material transport, and chemical alteration is discussed for factors causing the albedo asymmetry. Comparisons of surface features of Titan, Oberon,, and Hyperion with those of Iapetus indicate a balance may exist between UV photochemistry and ablation on Iapetus, with the impact gradient having been determined by the tidally locked revolution of the moon. Voyager 2 data on the uranian moons are expected to offer confirmation or denial of the model.
Questions About the Perception of “Christian Truth”: On the Affective Effects of Sin

This article engages David Bentley Hart's critique of coercive “demonstration” in apologetics in favor of Gospel proclamation in the mode of “persuasion.” More specifically, I evaluate Hart's articulation of persuasion as a discourse that is primarily aesthetic and traffics primarily in beauty. After expressing an appreciation for Hart's critique of the traditional apologetics of demonstration, I suggest that Hart's own proposal still has elements of an “apologetic”—a kind of natural “aesthetic” theology, but a natural theology nonetheless. I conclude by extrapolating the Reformed critique of natural theology (based on the “noetic effects of sin”) to include a critique of Hart's aesthetic quasi-natural theology by providing an account of the “affective” effects of sin.
A balloon-borne microwave limb sounder for stratospheric measurements

The balloon-borne microwave limb sounder (BMLS) measures atmospheric thermal emission from millimeter wavelength spectral lines to determine vertical profiles of stratospheric species. The instrument flown to date operates at 205 GHz to measure ClO, O3, and H2O2. A 63 GHz radiometer will be added to test the technique for determining tangent point pressure from the MLS experiment on the upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS). Many additional species could also be measured by the BMLS. A radiometer at 270 GHz would provide measurements of HO2, NO2, HNO3, N2O, O-16O-18O-16, and HCN. With this addition, the BMLS can test the current theory of O3 photochemical balance in the upper stratosphere.
The Role Of Organizational Controls In Managing Knowledge

We present a model demonstrating the role of organizational controls in managing organizational knowledge characterized by different combinations of knowledge attributes. Specifically, we show how particular controls (outcome, process, and clan) differ in their ability to acquire, transfer, interpret, and, finally, use knowledge. We argue that the use of different controls therefore creates distinguishably different knowledge management processes within the firm.
Toward Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cochlear Structure

Recent results from a three-dimensional model of the cochlea are summarized. The features include physically realistic values of basilar membrane stiffness, mass, and fluid viscosity. The simple ‘feed
Complete Transposition of the Great Vessels

A case of survival to the age of 11 years is reported in a patient with complete transposition of the great vessels. Additional malformations in the form of subpulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductcus arteriosus may have contributed to the unusually long period of survival. Surgical creation of an atrial septal defect and of a subclavian-pulmonary arterial anastomosis when the patient was 3 years old may have augmented the beneficial effects of the existing associated malformations.
When cancer and heart failure cross paths: a case report of severe cardiorenal compromise associated with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy.

The authors describe the case of a 41-year-old man with end-stage, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy of 11 years' duration. The patient had been deemed ineligible for transplantation, despite his young age, when he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 7 years previously. Since he had survived the lymphoma without significant chemotherapy, while his cardiovascular and renal status continued to deteriorate, the issue was revisited. In an attempt to at least render him eligible for an assist device, a novel, promising, and reportedly nontoxic immunomodulation therapy for his lymphoma was employed. This consisted of infusion of the monoclonal antibody rituximab, specifically targeting the CD20 antigen on B cells. Despite testimonials concerning the benign nature of the treatment, the patient was unable to tolerate it and his clinical condition deteriorated rapidly, eventually leading to his death. The authors discuss potential mechanisms that might have accounted for the patient's cardiorenal compromise, with a focus on a very rare “cytokine release” syndrome attributed to this type of monoclonal antibody therapy and the probable interplay of cytokines in advanced heart failure.
Reexamining the influence of work and nonwork accessibility on residential location choices with a microanalytic framework

The concept of accessibility has long been theorized as a principal determinant of residential choice behavior. Research on this influence is extensive but the empirical results have been mixed, with some research suggesting that accessibility is becoming a relatively insignificant influence on housing choices. Further, the measurement of accessibility must contend with complications arising from the increasing prevalence of trip chains, nonwork activities, and multiworker households, and also reconcile person-specific travel needs with household residential decisions. With this paper we contribute to the literature by addressing the gap framed by these issues and present a novel residential choice model with three main elements of innovation. First, we operationalize a time–space prism (TSP) accessibility measure, which we believe to be the first application of its kind in a residential choice model. Second, we represent the choice sets in a building-level framework—the lowest level of spatial disaggrega...
Capital Flight: A Response to Differences in Financial Risks

Empirical tests incorporating measures of capital flight from developing countries that are substantially different from those used in existing studies suggest that capital flight can be explained by differences in risk perceived by residents and nonresidents in holding claims on residents of the countries studied. To the extent that capital flight reflects differences among holders in expected yields on claims on residents of capital-flight countries, it may not be related to conventional determinants of net capital movements such as yield differentials between countries.
The US NRC's accident sequence precursor program: an overview and development of a Bayesian approach to estimate core damage frequency using precursor information

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) Accident Sequence Precursor Program. The objectives of the program are delineated; the screening, review and analysis methods for events involving an accident initiator are reviewed. The quantitative calculations are illustrated using an ASP event. A Bayesian framework for using ASP information to estimate annual core damage frequencies is then introduced. This method uses both failure and success information to estimate the core damage frequency. In addition, an alternative procedure is proposed to estimate the frequency of severe core damage accidents. The estimated occurrence rate is then used to define a retrospective accident sequence precursor measure of closeness to a core damage accident. The retrospective measure is the a posteriori probability of at least one core damage accident during a given period of time. Expressions for both the conditional and unconditional severe core damage probabilities are developed. The paper also shows that the sum of conditional severe core damage probabilities overestimates the rate at which severe core damage events occur.
Characterization of covalent Ene adduct intermediates in "hydride equivalent" transfers in a dihydropyridine model for NADH reduction reactions.

Abstract A study of the reactions of an NADH model, 1,4-di(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine, 7 , with a series of α,β-unsaturated cyano and carbonyl compounds has produced the first direct evidence for an obligatory covalent adduct between a dihydropyridine and substrate in a reduction reaction. The reactions were monitored by NMR spectroscopy. In all reactions studied, the covalent adduct was the first new species detected and its decomposition to form products could be observed. Concentrations of adducts were sufficiently high at steady-state that their structures could be determined directly from NMR spectra of the reaction mixtures; adduct structures are those expected from an Ene reaction between 7 and the substrate. This first reaction step results in transfer of the C 4 hydrogen nucleus of 7 to the substrate and formation of a covalent bond between C 2 of the dihydropyridine ring and the substrate α-atom. Discovery of these Ene-adduct intermediates completes the spectrum of mechanisms observed in NADH model reactions to span those with free radical intermediates, no detectable intermediates and now covalent intermediates. The geometry of the transition state for formation of the Ene adduct is compared with those of theoretical transition state models and crystal structures of enzyme–substrate/inhibitor complexes to suggest a relative orientation for the dihydropyridine ring and the substrate in an initial cyclic transition state that is flexible enough to accommodate all observed mechanistic outcomes.
Eustachian tube function in older children and adults with persistent otitis media

Objective: Otitis media (OM) is most common in infants and young children. Despite a dramatic reduction in its incidence after the age of six, the disease still occurs in older children, adolescents, and may even persist into adulthood. The goal of this study was to identify characteristics of eustachian tube (ET) function in an older population which may underlie their persistent OM. Methods: Following a medical history and a head and neck examination, 38 subjects over 6 years of age (64 ears) had their ET function assessed with the forced-response test (FRT). Parameters derived from this test included opening and closing pressures as well as steady-state and active resistances. Results: Adenoidectomy had previously been performed in 71% of the sample. Clinically, 5% of these subjects had evidence of nasopharyngeal inflammation. The distributions of closing pressure and steady-state resistance were very similar to the distributions of the historic normal controls. The distributions of opening pressure and active resistance were highly skewed relative to the control sample. All study subjects had either abnormal opening pressures or high active resistance, with 79% having both abnormalities. Conclusions: If nasopharyngeal inflammation and hypertrophied adenoids are significantly correlated to ET dysfunction and persistent OM, this sample should be free of middle-ear (ME) disease. However, these individuals suffer persistent OM due to ET dysfunction characterized by high opening pressures and high active resistances. The abnormalities underlying these skewed forced-response parameters must be identified and corrected if we are going to alleviate the ME disease in these and similar patients.
Rapid inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on shell eggs by plant-derived antimicrobials

Salmonella Enteritidis is a common foodborne pathogen transmitted to humans largely by consumption of contaminated eggs. The external surface of eggs becomes contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis from various sources on farms, the main sources being hens' droppings and contaminated litter. Therefore, effective egg surface disinfection is critical to reduce pathogens on eggs and potentially control egg-borne disease outbreaks. This study investigated the efficacy of GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, plant-derived antimicrobials (PDA), namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), carvacrol (CR), and eugenol (EUG), as an antimicrobial wash for rapidly killing Salmonella Enteritidis on shell eggs in the presence or absence of chicken droppings. White-shelled eggs inoculated with a 5-strain mixture of nalidixic acid (NA) resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (8.0 log cfu/mL) were washed in sterile deionized water containing each PDA (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75%) or chlorine (200 mg/kg) at 32 or 42°C for 30 s, 3 min, or 5 min. Approximately 6.0 log cfu/mL of Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered from inoculated and unwashed eggs. The wash water control and chlorine control decreased Salmonella Enteritidis on eggs by only 2.0 log cfu/mL even after washing for 5 min. The PDA were highly effective in killing Salmonella Enteritidis on eggs compared with controls (P < 0.05). All treatments containing CR and EUG reduced Salmonella Enteritidis to undetectable levels as rapidly as within 30 s of washing, whereas TC (0.75%) completely inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis on eggs washed at 42°C for 30 s (P < 0.05). No Salmonella Enteritidis was detected in any PDA or chlorine wash solution; however, substantial pathogen populations (~4.0 log cfu/mL) survived in the antibacterial-free control wash water (P < 0.05). The CR and EUG were also able to eliminate Salmonella Enteritidis on eggs to undetectable levels in the presence of 3% chicken droppings at 32°C (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that PDA could effectively be used as a wash treatment to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis on shell eggs. Sensory and quality studies of PDA-washed eggs need to be conducted before recommending their use.
Biodegradable Luminescent Silicon Quantum Dots for Two Photon Imaging Applications

Cadmium- and lead-based quantum dots are normally coated for biological applications, because their degradation may result in the release of toxic heavy metal ions. Here, we synthesize silicon quantum dots that are expected to biodegrade to non-toxic products. A chitosan coating is used to render the silicon quantum dots stable in storage conditions and biodegradable at physiological conditions. The applications of these particles are demonstrated in cellular imaging with single and two-photon excitation. These results open the door for a new generation of silicon quantum dots that may have a wide variety of applications derived from the flexibility of chitosan.
Reducing Online Buyers' Perceptions of Risk: A Study of Online Auctions

While the popularity of online shopping and participation in online auctions continues to increase, online exchanges are characterized by the problem of information asymmetry as buyers tend to approach purchase situations with a good deal of trepidation. In the context of online auctions, buyers have access to a variety of information that can be used to assess the trustworthiness of sellers. The present study uses data from eBay to investigate the manner in which these types of information increase or decrease buyers' propensities to engage in the auctions and the amount buyers are willing to pay.
Security-related behavior in using information systems in the workplace

Security-related behavior in the workplace has recently drawn much attention from scholars in the information systems literature. Many studies, however, have reported inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results about the effects of some key factors such as sanctions. We argue that one of the reasons causing the inconsistent findings is the divergent conceptualizations of security-related behavior. In this paper, we conducted an extensive review of the divergent concepts. Many of the concepts overlap with each other on some dimensions and yet are different on others. By delineating and synthesizing the differences, we proposed a framework for conceptualizing security-related behavior. The framework can facilitate the development of consistent and comparable terms and concepts in future studies. Implications for research are also discussed.
Probabilistic model for steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures of large dimensions considering crack effects

Abstract A probabilistic model for chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete structures is presented in this work. The main purpose of this model is to simulate the complex phenomena involved in a detailed yet simple way, appropriate for implementation on large-scale, real structures. Addressing this problem a time-dependent model is developed that can simulate all stages of reinforced concrete corrosion, i.e. corrosion initiation, crack initiation and propagation. The novelties of the formulation include a new empirical model for the crack propagation stage, which combines corrosion crack width with steel-bar cross sectional loss, based on published experimental results, and the dynamic influence of propagating cracks on the corrosion mechanism. Probabilistic concepts are also employed due to numerous sources of uncertainty in the degradation model and the extent of damage is quantified by considering the spatial variability of the various parameters. Probability density functions for certain variables and random model parts are suggested as well. A numerical application and a critical discussion are presented at the end. Finally, due to the variety of covered topics and the extensive reference list, the paper can also serve a secondary purpose as a state-of-the-art review source.
Magnetic Alignment of Type I Collagen as a Method for Altering Tensile Mechanical Properties

To date, ligament and tendon replacements largely utilize autograft/allograft transplantation, although the use of tissue engineered materials remain a promising solution [10]. The development of an engineered solution may depend on the choice of scaffold materials with optimal fiber alignment. Type I collagen is an abundant extracellular matrix component in musculoskeletal tissues. The controlled alignment of type I collagen for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications enables the fabrication of unique scaffolds that emulate the ultrastructure of their native counterparts. Moreover, the alignment of type I collagen has become a common technique to manipulate mechanical properties of tissue constructs and the biological response of embedded cells [1,2]. It is additionally important to develop noninvasive methods to align collagen structures while maintaining inherent structural integrity and biological activity.© 2012 ASME
Frequency dependence of dead space during high-frequency ventilation in dogs

A rotary valve ventilator, designed to allow the direct measurement of expired gas volume and composition, was used to maintain gas exchange in anesthetized, paralyzed, mongrel dogs at ventilatory frequencies up to 20 Hz. A total of eleven studies were carried out on four animals. Determinations of the minute ventilation required to maintain a normal steady-state PCO2, together with the FECO2 and arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH, were made at a number of frequencies. The results so obtained were used to calculate the Bohr (physiological) dead space. Dead space remained approximately constant at close to the value measured during spontaneous ventilation for each individual dog in the range of ventilatory frequencies from below 1 to around 5 Hz, but decreased with increasing frequency above 5 Hz. The calculated physiological dead space at 15 Hz was about half of the value at normal respiratory frequencies. These findings in dogs, obtained using a ventilator system which allows very accurate determinations of expired gas volume and content, are consistent with published results for this species from other laboratories. They contrast with our earlier findings in rabbits that dead space remains constant with increasing frequency, suggesting that the effects of high-frequency ventilation on CO2 transport are species-dependent.
Model studies of membrane disruption by photogenerated oxidative assault.

We have investigated the response of solid-supported phospholipid bilayers to short doses of photogenerated oxidative stress to characterize physical membrane changes during early phases of membrane oxidation. The low-dose oxidative stress is generated by uniformly exposing the bilayer samples using short-wavelength UV radiation (184−257 nm) for short periods (∼3 min) and resulting membrane morphological transformations characterized using a combination of wide-field epifluorescence microscopy and imaging ellipsometry measurements. Our results establish that the early phase of membrane oxidation is characterized by the nucleation and growth of discrete microscopic voids within the bilayer. The locations of the voids are randomly distributed throughout the sample surface, despite the uniform illumination. Over longer time scales, the voids continue to grow after the termination of the UV radiation. We also find that the voids heal as sample temperature is raised and that the supported bilayers consisting o...
Pressure Tuning of Many‐Electron Impurity Interactions in Confined Semiconductor Structures

We report studies of the free carrier and donor-bound FIR excitations of a confined electron gas in modulation doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (QW) as a function of the QW electron density. Applied pressure is used to tune the electron density via the Γ–X well–barrier crossover. As electrons are removed from the QWs, we observe successively the quenching of cyclotron resonance, the evolution of the D— singlet-like magnetoplasmon resonance into the D— singlet transition of isolated donors, and the emergence of the neutral donor D0 1s–2p+ line. Calculations predict a sharp drop in the QW electron density for 2.3 to 3.1 GPa, in accordance with experiment. A rapid decrease with B-field in the blue shift of the magnetoplasmon resonance at 2.2 GPa in one sample shows that pressure has shifted the ν < 1 filling-factor regime to a factor-of-two lower field.
Multinational family conference in Kiev Grief as a transformative component

Abstract Conferences utilizing personal and profcssional growth models require an atmosphere that is flexible and responsive, recognizing the importancc for a safe, supportive environment. This paper describes an international conference that taught various tools designed to improve outcomes when working with families and children. These tools are derived from the principles of family systems intervention developed by Virginia Satir (1964167, 1972188, 1983). As the articlc recounts the conference events, the reader will learn how tragedy and grief brought about changes in the conference's direction and outcomes–important opportunities for personal and professional growth.
A texture thesaurus for browsing large aerial photographs

A texture-based image retrieval system for browsing large-scale aerial photographs is presented. The salient components of this system include texture feature extraction, image segmentation and grouping, learning similarity measure, and a texture thesaurus model for fast search and indexing. The texture features are computed by filtering the image with a bank of Gabor filters. This is followed by a texture gradient computation to segment each large airphoto into homogeneous regions. A hybrid neural network algorithm is used to learn the visual similarity by clustering patterns in the feature space. With learning similarity, the retrieval performance improves significantly. Finally, a texture image thesaurus is created by combining the learning similarity algorithm with a hierarchical vector quantization scheme. This thesaurus facilitates the indexing process while maintaining a good retrieval performance. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the overall system in searching over a large collection of airphotos and in selecting a diverse collection of geographic features such as housing developments, parking lots, highways, and airports.
Differential Collection of Cranberry Pollen by Honey Bees

Six colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were near a cranberry bog. Pollen was collected and One colony consistently collected greater than 98% cranberry pollen, compared with 0.0-86.8% for the other colonies. Apparently, maximum collection of cranberry pollen can be achieved by placing colonies at cranberry bogs before peak bloom.
Observation of CW laser action in chlorine, argon, and helium gas mixtures

CW oscillation on several lines from 1.9 to 3.1μ has been attained in mixtures of Cl, He, and A. Power outputs up to 65 mW have been observed at 2.45μ in a 187-cm-long by 2.5-cm-diameter laser. Evidence of energy transfer between A and Cl has also been observed.
Beyond drunk texting: investigating recorded media sharing at parties

We conducted field observations and interviews of college-aged users at parties to understand how they share recorded media. We collected 36 observations from seven private parties and conducted semi-structured follow-up interviews with six selected participants observed at the parties. Three different sharing themes emerged from our data which we term participatory, personal, and open sharing. The type of sharing used in a particular instance was strongly influenced by the context of the environment and the content of the media being shared.
Milliwatt mixer for small fluid samples

Mixing without excessive heating is sometimes needed for temperature‐sensitive fluids. We modified an inexpensive low‐frequency electronic filter based on a mechanical resonator to produce a compact (16 mm) and low‐power (1–3 mW) mixer for low viscosity fluids. Tests made in air and methanol at room temperature and in fluoroform near its critical point are compared against the predictions of an electromechanical model.
Simulated Effects of Transgenic Bt Crops on Specialist Parasitoids of Target Pests

Large-scale adoption of transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins could greatly reduce populations of target pests and their specialist parasitoids. We used a spatially explicit model of host-parasitoid population dynamics to examine effects of Bt crops on parasitoid persistence. We modeled a 9,000-ha region with 900 fields of 10 ha, each planted with either a Bt crop or a non-Bt crop refuge. In the 13,524 simulations we conducted, the pest (i.e., host) was never lost from the region before the parasitoid. The parasitoid was lost from the region in 36% of the simulations. The host was lost after the parasitoid in 12% of all simulations. The probability of regional parasitoid loss increased as the percentage of Bt fields and rotation of field types (Bt and non-Bt) increased and as host reproductive rate and parasitoid attack rate decreased. Regional parasitoid loss also increased as the insecticide spray threshold for target pests in non-Bt fields decreased and as parasitoid susceptibility to insecticide increased. With field types fixed, regional parasitoid loss increased as parasitoid movement increased. However, with field types rotated, parasitoid movement did not influence regional parasitoid loss. Host movement did not influence regional parasitoid loss. Factors not modeled that would reduce risk of regional parasitoid loss include use of alternate hosts by the parasitoid, use of alternate host plants by the target pest, and evolution of resistance to the Bt crop by the pest. The results suggest that risk of regional parasitoid loss can be assessed from the parasitoid life history traits and reduced by increasing the percentage of refuge fields, fixing refuge locations, and increasing the insecticide spray threshold for target pests in refuges.
“Narrow and Filthy Alleys of the City”?: The Residential Settlement Patterns of Black Southern Migrants to the North

Considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the social, economic, and cultural forces thatproduced the Great Migration and to descibing the success ofsouthern African American migrants upon their arrival in the North. In contrast, relatively little research has examined the settlementpatterns of southern migrants. This article uses the 1970 Neighborhood Characteristics Public Use Microdata Sample to determine whether migrants were more likely than northern-born blacks to reside in neighborhoods that (1) were more highly segregated, (2) had morefamilies living in poverty, and (3) were characterized by higher levels offamily instability. The results reveal that, on average, recent migrantsfrom the South resided in the "best" neighborhoods, thatpast migrants were located in the "worst" neighborhoods, and that northern-born blacksfell between the two migrant groups. Recent migrants also received the greatest locational returns to human capital characteristics such as education and employment.
Successive overrelaxation for support vector machines

Successive overrelaxation (SOR) for symmetric linear complementarity problems and quadratic programs is used to train a support vector machine (SVM) for discriminating between the elements of two massive datasets, each with millions of points. Because SOR handles one point at a time, similar to Platt's sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm (1999) which handles two constraints at a time and Joachims' SVM/sup light/ (1998) which handles a small number of points at a time, SOR can process very large datasets that need not reside in memory. The algorithm converges linearly to a solution. Encouraging numerical results are presented on datasets with up to 10 000 000 points. Such massive discrimination problems cannot be processed by conventional linear or quadratic programming methods, and to our knowledge have not been solved by other methods. On smaller problems, SOR was faster than SVM/sup light/ and comparable or faster than SMO.
Pump to signal RIN transfer in silicon Raman amplifiers

The pump to signal RIN transfer in chip-scale silicon Raman amplifiers is investigated in the presence of nonlinear losses. Pump RIN frequency components as high as 1.5 GHz will be transferred to the signal.
Numerical Simulation of Pressure Recovery and Distortion in an Aircraft Engine Intake Serpentine Diffuser with Vortex Generator Vanes

Compressible flow through an S-shaped compact offset intake diffuser with vortex generator vanes is studied computationally using the general purpose CFD code ANSYS Fluent. Comparison of performance of the duct with and without VG vanes is studied. Steady-state converged solutions are calculated using second-order upwind discretization. A hierarchy of three computational meshes, Coarse, Medium and Fine, is applied to evaluate grid independence of both the cases i.e. with and without VG vanes. The near-wall resolution in all meshes is fine enough to resolve the viscosity-affected near-wall region all the way to the laminar sublayer. Performance of three turbulence models is compared: SA, SST k-and Reynolds Stress model with stress-omega formulation of the pressure-strain term. Numerical predictions of total pressure recovery and pressure distortion are compared with the experimental data.
A stochastic Lagrangian model for near-wall turbulent heat transfer

The modeling of near-wall turbulent heat transfer necessitates appropriate description of near-wall effects, namely, molecular transport, production of turbulence by inhomogeneities, and dissipation of the temperature fluctuations by viscosity. A stochastic Lagrangian model, based on the velocity-composition joint probability density function (PDF) method, has been proposed. The proposed model, when compared with experimental and direct numerical simulation (DNS) data, overdamps the dissipation of the temperature fluctuations in the inertial sublayer, but reaches the correct limit at the wall. The performance of the model has also been compared to the standard k-e and the algebraic Reynolds stress model (ARSM) for both constant heat flux and constant temperature boundary conditions at large Reynolds numbers. The Lagrangian nature of the model helps eliminate numerical diffusion completely.
Potential economic impact of introduction and spread of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in Hawaii

Abstract Globally, many invasive alien species have caused extensive ecological and economic damage from either accidental or intentional introduction. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, has created billions of dollars in costs annually, spreading as an invasive species across the southern United States. In 1998, the red imported fire ant spread into California creating a highly probable future introduction via shipped products to Hawaii. This paper presents the estimation of potential economic impacts of the red imported fire ant (RIFA) to the state of Hawaii. Evaluation of impacts focuses on the economic sectors of (1) households, (2) agriculture (cattle and crop production), (3) infrastructure (cemeteries, churches, cities, electrical, telephone, and cable services, highways, hospitals and schools), (4) recreation, tourism and business (hotels/resort areas, golf courses, commercial businesses and tourists), and (5) government expenditures (with minimal intervention). The full annual economic costs of the red imported fire ant to Hawaii are estimated (in US$ 2006) to be $211 million/year, comprised of $77 million in damages and expenditures and $134 million in foregone outdoor opportunities to households and tourists. The present value of the projected costs of RIFA over a 20-year period after introduction total $2.5 billion. RIFA invasions across the globe indicate that economic cost-effective action in Hawaii entails implementation of prevention, early detection and rapid response treatment programs for RIFA.
Chronic hypersensitivity lung disease with recurrent episodes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to a contaminated central humidifier

A child with a 4-year history of acute and chronic respiratory symptoms of unknown aetiology was investigated for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Lung disease due to inhalation of material from a contaminated central humidifier was suggested by the clinical history, the presence of precipitating antibodies in the serum against the humidifier water, a pulmonary response to challenge with the humidifier water, and marked improvement after removal of the humidifier. No fungi were cultured from the humidifier nor were antibodies against a number of fungal antigens identified by radioimmunoassay inhibition techniques. Antigenic material was found in the humidifier water and the household water prior to its reaching the humidifier. This antigenic material was not found in laboratory tap water supplied from the same general source (Lake Michigan) but from a different pumping station. Three of the child's siblings gave histories suggestive of a single concurrent episode of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis and one sibling had a history suggestive of chronic hypersensitivity lung disease. No association could be found between HLA-haplotypy and disease in the patient and the siblings.
Sclerosing Cholangitis Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The asymptomatic course of two adolescents with hepatobiliary complica tions of inflammatory bowel disease are reported. As has previously been documented in adult patients, liver biopsy and cholangiography of the biliary tree are indicated procedures when the cholestatic enzymes are elevated in children with colonic involvement.
Partner Burden in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Background & Aims Studies have described the burden experienced by caregivers and next of kin to patients with diseases such as cancer. However, the burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders on partners of patients has not been determined. We aimed to quantify the degree of burden to partners of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), to describe the factors that affect the burden perceived, and to identify the areas of relationship that are affected. Methods We surveyed 152 patients diagnosed with IBS at a tertiary gastrointestinal clinic, on the basis of Rome III criteria, and their partners. Their partners completed questionnaires including the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Relationship Satisfaction Scale, and questions on sexual relationships. Patients with IBS were rated for disease severity by using the Functional Bowel Disease Severity Index. We compared findings with those from 39 partners of healthy individuals (controls). Results There were no significant demographic differences between the partners of patients with IBS and controls; demographics had no effect on burden. Burden was significantly higher among partners of IBS patients (mean ZBI score, 22.1) than controls (mean ZBI score, 11.5) ( P = .0002). The degree of burden was directly related to IBS severity ( P R = −0.60; P R = −0.56; P P = .78) or sexual relationship (6.47 vs 6.21; P = .64) between partners of IBS patients and controls, respectively. Conclusions Partners of patients with IBS have a significant burden (on the basis of ZBI score), compared with partners of healthy individuals. Perceived burden increases with IBS severity and poorer sexual and relationship satisfaction.
Pavane: A System for Declarative Visualization of Concurrent Computations

Abstract This paper describes the conceptual model, specification method and visualization methodology for Pavane —a visualization environment concerned with exploring, monitoring and presenting concurrent computations. The underlying visualization model is declarative in the sense that visualization is treated as a mapping from program states to a three-dimensional world of geometric objects. The latter is rendered in full color and may be examined freely by a viewer who is allowed to navigate through the geometric world. The state-to-geometry mapping is defined as a composition of several simpler mappings. The choice is determined by methodological and architectural considerations. This paper shows how this decomposition was molded by two methodological objectives: (1) the desire visually to capture abstract formal properties of programs (e.g. safety and progress) rather than operational details; and (2) the need to support complex animations of atomic computational events. All mappings are specified using a rule-based notation; rules may be added, deleted and modified at any time during the visualization. An algorithm for termination detection in diffusing computations is used to illustrate the specification method and to demonstrate its conceptual elegance and flexibility. A concurrent version of a popular artificial intelligence program provides a vehicle for demonstrating how we derive graphical representations and animation scenarios from key formal properties of the program, i.e. from those safety and progress assertions about the program which turn out to be important in verifying its correctness.