cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENERGETICS, MORTALITY, AND BODY MASS CHANGE OF BREEDER CHICKS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT POST-HATCH FEED DOSAGES

Newly hatched leghorn breeder chicks (averaging 38.5 g body mass) housed in shipping containers were subjected to four limited feeding regimens for a three-day (3-d) period. The chicks were then raised for five days with adlibitum access to feed and nipple drinkers. For the 3-d treatment, the chicks received an average of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, or 3.5 g starter feed (20.5% protein and 12,754 kJ/kg ME) and twice as much Aqua-Jel® (a water supplement) (AJ) placed directly on the honeycomb bedding of the containers. Air temperature at the chick level was maintained at 29.1 ± 0.2°C. Relative humidity was 28 to 37% during the treatment and 31 to 55% during the subsequent growth period. A photoperiod of 12L:12D cycle was provided throughout the experimental period. The 3-d mortality rate (1.0 to 1.7%) and body mass loss (15.4 to 16.8% initial value) showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Metabolic rate was also not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the treatments, although it was generally proportional to the level of nutrient supply. Lighting conditions had a major impact on the chick energetics. Specifically, moisture production (MP) averaged 5.6 to 7.2 g/(kgyh) during the light period, but 3.8 to 5.1 g/(kgyh) during the dark period (P < 0.05). Total heat production (THP) averaged 8.3 to 9.2 W/kg during the light period and 6.0 to 6.8 W/kg during the dark period. The reduced metabolic rate in the darkness could be a useful avenue for conserving energy and, thus, body mass loss of fasting chicks during prolonged overseas shipment. The 8-d mortality (2.4 to 3.1%) and the 5-d subsequent body mass gain (42.4 to 45.8% of the initial value) of the chicks also showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Thus a supply of up to 3.5 g feed and 7 g AJ per chick during 72-h post-hatch shipments seems insufficient to achieve a “normal”, postshipment chick performance. Energetic responses during the 5-d subsequent growth period were similar for all the treatments. Specifically, THP averaged 21.3 W/kg during the light period and 14.9 W/kg during the dark period (P < 0.05). The corresponding MP was 23.6 g/(kgyh) and 15.0 g/(kgyh) (P < 0.05), respectively.
Structural components and intellectual correlates of cognitive perspective taking in first- through fourth-grade children.

KURDEK, LAWRENCE A. Structural Components and Intellectual Correlates of Cognitive Perspective Taking in Firstthrough Fourth-Grade Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 1503-1511. Cognitive perspective taking, the ability to infer another person's cognitions, was assessed in 96 firstthrough fourth-grade children by 4 of the most widely used cognitive perspective-taking tasks: Feffer's RTT, Selman's social-moral dilemmas, Chandler's bystander cartoons, and a variation of Flavell et al.'s nickel-dime game. Task performance significantly increased with increasing grade level, and sex differences were nonsignificant. Results from both a consideration of task difficulty and a principal components analysis indicated that the 4 tasks were best viewed as 2 pairs of tasks: (a) RTT and dilemma, and (b) cartoon and nickel-dime variation; it is argued that only in the latter task pair can one be fairly certain that the child is coordinating his own and another person's perspective in the process of inferring another person's psychological status.
Poetry and the Ordinary Reader: A Study of Immediate Responses

Within the total picture of literary communication, the reader has usually been an expert, mainly the literary critic. This article explores the immediate responses reported by a group of ordinary readers after reading a contemporary poem by Richard Eberhart. These responses are classified according to typical operations: staging, hedging, citing, associating with key words, paraphrasing, normalizing and generalizing. Examples of each type are discussed.
ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATION OF PAPAIN

— Flash photolysis transient spectra (Λ > 250 nm) of aqueous papain show that the initial products are the neutral tryptophan radical Tip (Λmax 510 nm), the tryptophan triplet state 3Trp (Λm., 460nm), the disulfide bridge electron adduct –ṠS-— (Λmax 420nm) and the hydrated electron eaq-. The –ṠS-– yield was not altered by nitrous oxide or air, indicating that the formation of this product does not involve electrons in the external medium. The original papain preparation was activated by irradiating under nitrogen. The action spectrum supports previous work attributing the low initial activity to blocking of cysteinyl site 25 with a mixed disulfide. Flash lamp irradiation in nitrogen led to activation at low starting activities and inactivation at higher starting activities, while only inactivation at the same quantum yield was observed with air saturation. The results are consistent with photoionization of an essential tryptophyl residue as the key inactivating step.
SU‐E‐T‐419: Clinical Protocol for the Use of Scrotal Shields in IMRT Treatment of Anal Cancer

Purpose: To implement a clinical protocol for the use of scrotal shields for anal cancerIMRT treatment. Methods and Results: (1) Simulation The patient is immobilized in a full‐body alpha‐cradle mold in the frog‐leg position. Further, the mold is built up near the shield to provide a stable and reproducible setup. The planning CTimages are taken in 2 sets with patient in the same position: first one with shield to capture the actual position and shape of the shield, and the second without shield for actual planning and dose calculation. These two image sets are then fused for treatment planning and DRR generation.(2) IMRT planning To avoid irradiation of the PTV through the shield, jaw sizes and collimator rotations are manually optimized for each beam. Each beam only covers a portion of the projected PTV while avoiding the shield. When it is favorable to cover the entire PTV from the anterior directions, zero fluence is enforced in the region where the field overlaps with the shield's projection. In the inverse planning process, the shield structure is given a high priority as an avoidance structure so that the fluence through the shield is minimized. With the combination of these steps, the resulted IMRT has a highly conformal dose distribution with 95% of the target volume covered by the prescription dose and a global maximum dose of 112%. (3) IGRT Daily KV imaging ensures the proper alignment of the bony anatomy and the positioning of the shield, with the shield projected on the DRR. Day1 and weekly CBCTimaging further confirms soft tissue target alignment Conclusions: .A clinical procedure for using a scrotal shield in IMRT treatment of anal cancer is described in detailed steps from simulation and planning, to treatment verification and is demonstrated with a clinical patient case.
Analysis of population age balance

Single-value indices of population age balance have proved useful. Coulson's index, although an improvement over other measures, is deficient when applied to middle-aged dominant populations and violates normality assumptions required by the technique for deriving the index. An alternative index of age balance was developed to provide more information and flexibility than other measures without losing their primary advantages.
Efficient gating in data association with multivariate Gaussian distributed states

An efficient algorithm for evaluating the (weighted bipartite graph of) associations between two sets of data with Gaussian error, e.g., between a set of measured state vectors and a set of estimated state vectors, is described. A general method is developed for determining, from the covariance matrix, minimal d-dimensional error ellipsoids for the state vectors which always overlap when a gating criterion is satisfied. Circumscribing boxes, or d-ranges, for the data ellipsoids are then found and whenever they overlap the association probability is computed. For efficiently determining the intersections of the d-ranges, a multidimensional search tree method is used to reduce the overall scaling of the evaluation of associations. Very few associations that lie outside the predetermined error threshold or gate are evaluated. The search method developed is a fixed Mahalanobis distance search. Empirical tests for variously distributed data in both three and eight dimensions indicate that the scaling is significantly reduced. Computational loads for many large-scale data association tasks can therefore be significantly reduced by this or related methods. >
Observed suppression of ozone formation at extremely high temperatures due to chemical and biophysical feedbacks

Ground level ozone concentrations ([O3]) typically show a direct linear relationship with surface air temperature. Three decades of California measurements provide evidence of a statistically significant change in the ozone-temperature slope (ΔmO3-T) under extremely high temperatures (> 312 K). This ΔmO3-T leads to a plateau or decrease in [O3], reflecting the diminished role of nitrogen oxide sequestration by peroxyacetyl nitrates and reduced biogenic isoprene emissions at high temperatures. Despite inclusion of these processes in global and regional chemistry-climate models, a statistically significant change in ΔmO3-T has not been noted in prior studies. Future climate projections suggest a more frequent and spatially widespread occurrence of this ΔmO3-T response, confounding predictions of extreme ozone events based on the historically observed linear relationship.
The value of cytological examination in the diagnosis of recurrent epithelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder

Ninety patients with bladder disease were investigated. In 52 the clinical and histopathological diagnosis was already confirmed. The purpose of cytologic study was to test the reliability of the technique and the precision of cytological evaluation. p ]38 patients treated previously for epithelial tumours of urinary bladder were subjected to cytological examination to detect early eventual recurrences. In this group, including subjects suspected of malignancy, the cytologic results were verified by histopathological examinations. Authors conclude that cytological examination is of value in the early recognition of cancer of the urinary bladder or arouses suspicion of tumour recurrences.
Use of mixed tocopherols during preparation of samples for analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

Abstract The efficacy of mixed tocopherols in retarding lipid oxidation during sample preparation for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBRS) was investigated. In uncooked turkey muscle subjected to long-term storage and in cooked turkey muscle subjected to long-term storage prior to thawing and heating, mixed tocopherols (50 μg/mg of fat) were as effective as BHA (125 μg/mg of fat) in reducing TBRS values. Absorption spectra indicated reduction of color complexes at approximately 531 nm when tocopherols and BHA were added. The antioxidants were not effective in reducing TBRS values of uncooked turkey muscle subjected to short-term storage or in cooked catfish subjected to short-term storage prior to thawing and heating.
Abnormal fibroblast clone—An alternative hypothesis for pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease

Fibrosis is an ubiquitous process. Any tissue injury can culminate in fibroblast accumulation and multiplication with collagen synthesis and deposition. A large number of chronic disease states such as rheumatic heart disease, constrictive pericarditis, cirrhosis of the liver, renal interstitial fibrosis, chronic interstitial lung disease are characterized by extensive fibrosis. In many of these patients, when there is no clinical or laboratory evidence of previous injury, it is presumed that the initiating insult/injury had been 'subclinical'. I propose that 1) the fibroblasts can be activated even in the absence of preceding inflammation, 2) it is the type of 'fibroblast clone' in a given individual together with the 'milieu' in a particular tissue/organ which decides the occurrence and severity of subsequent fibrosis. This fibroblast clonal theory adds a new dimension to the pathogenesis of various disease states and may help in identifying those at high-risk and in evolving a unified therapeutic strategy for amelioration of various disorders characterized by extensive fibrosis.
Sample size: when is enough enough?

Methodologie pour determiner la taille convenable des echantillons utilises dans les recherches medicales, en fonction de la puissance desiree, des moyens disponibles et des objectifs fixes
Maintaining Cyber Security: Implications, Cost and Returns

ABSTRACT Cyber security is one of the most critical issues that are faced globally by most of the countries and organizations. With the ever increasing use of computers and the internet, there has been tremendous growth of cyber-attacks. The attackers target not only high end companies but also banks and government agencies. As a result the companies and governments across the globe are sparing huge amount of money to create a cyber-secure niche. In every organization, whenever an investment has to be made, everybody is concerned about the return which the organization will be getting from that investment. Every investment has to be justified from the point of view of return. Investments made in cyber security are never preferred by the organizations as they do not give any return. Return on Investments made in Cyber security is not measured in terms of profits and gains, but rather in terms of prevented losses. This paper provides an insight in to various established approaches which can be used for measurement of return on cyber security investment. Cost-benefit analysis of cyber security investments can be useful to the organization to have insight into whether money is well spent or not.
Inflammation and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia: the role of gastroesophageal reflux and H. pylori infection.

Abstract Background & Aims: Whether inflammation of the cardia indicates gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or is a manifestation of pangastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori infection is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cardia inflammation, H. pylori infection, and cardia intestinal metaplasia in patients with and without GERD. Methods: Patients with GERD were compared with controls undergoing endoscopy for a variety of other conditions. Endoscopic biopsy specimens from the distal esophagus and cardia, fundus, and antrum were evaluated for inflammation, H. pylori infection, and intestinal metaplasia. Results: Neither the prevalence of H. pylori infection (controls, 48%; GERD, 41%) nor cardia inflammation (controls, 41%; GERD, 40%) differed between groups. All 11 controls and 22 of 23 patients with GERD (96%) and cardia inflammation had H. pylori infection. Esophagitis was more common among GERD patients (33%) than controls (7%; P = 0.01). Cardia intestinal metaplasia was more common among controls (22%) than GERD patients (3%; P = 0.01); all had cardia inflammation, 7 had H. pylori infection, and 6 had metaplasia elsewhere in the stomach. Conclusions: The prevalence of cardia inflammation is similar in patients with and without GERD and is associated with H. pylori infection ( P H. pylori –related cardia inflammation ( P = 0.01) and intestinal metaplasia elsewhere in the stomach, indicating that it is distinct from Barrett's esophagus. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;114:633-639
Fine positioning and signal processing techniques for automatic waveform comparison

Abstract VLSI circuits failure analysis demands a test environment with high automation degree. The purpose of this paper is to present an highly automated test sequence for waveform measurement and comparison by E-beam testing. This requires the combination of probe fine positioning and waveform processing techniques, which insures the optimized acquisition, automatic processing and comparison of the signals.
Development of Specific hypothesis tests for estimated markov chains

We develop and evaluate the validity and power of two specific tests for the transition probabilities in a Markov chain estimated from aggregate frequency data. The two null hypotheses considered are (1) constancy of the diagonal elements of the one-step transition probability matrix and (2) an arbitrarily chosen transition probability’s being equal to a specific value. The formation of tests uses a general framework for statistical inference on estimated Markov processes; we also indicate how this framework can be used to form tests for a variety of other hypotheses. The validity and power performance of the two tests formed in this paper are examined in factorially designed Monte Carlo experiments. The results indicate that the proposed tests lead to type I error probabilities which are close to the desired levels and to high power against even small deviations from the null hypotheses considered.
Splenic cell targets in gallium arsenide-induced suppression of the primary antibody response.

In vivo exposure of female B6C3F1 mice to gallium arsenide (GaAs) was evaluated for its effect on the in vitro IgM antibody-forming cell (AFC) response. In vivo exposure to a single intratracheal dose of GaAs (2.5–200 mg/kg) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the in vitro IgM AFC response to the T-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with a 97% decrease at 200 mg/kg when compared to vehicle controls. The response to the T-independent antigen DNP-Ficoll was significantly reduced at 100 and 200 mg/kg. Spleen cellularity decreased in a dose-related manner with a 54% decrease at 200 mg/kg. Enumeration of splenic subpopulations following GaAs (200 mg/kg) indicated a 58, 61, and 30% decrease in the total number of Thy 1.2 (T cells), Ig (B cells), and F480 (macrophages) positive cells, respectively, with no alterations in the percentages of these cells. Mitogenic responsiveness of splenocytes from GaAs-exposed mice was unaltered. To identify the splenic cell populations targeted by GaAs, the AFC response to SRBC was evaluated following cell separation/reconstitution of splenocytes from GaAs- (200 mg/kg, 24-hr exposure) and vehicle-exposed mice. Results demonstrated AFC suppression was due to functional alterations in both adherent (AD; macrophages) and nonadherent, (both T and B lymphocytes) cell populations. Further investigation focused on alterations in the AD population. Separation/reconstitution experiments demonstrated AFC suppression to SRBC was dependent on the concentration of macrophages from GaAs-exposed mice. This macrophage-mediated suppression of the in vitro AFC response could not be attributed to the presence of suppressor macrophages or release of prostaglandins.
Median nerve neurosecretory cells in the abdominal ganglia of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana☆

Abstract Three groups of cells in the abdominal ganglia of Periplaneta americana have their endings in median nerve neurohaemal organs. There is some evidence that these endings are the same as those containing electron transparent vesicles in electron micrographs. The cell bodies of the median nerve cells are located in the midlines of ganglia 1 to 5. They do not exhibit any special staining reactions, but they do become labelled in animals injected with tritiated dopamine. Possible implications of this labelling are discussed.
Zur Theorie der Elektrolyse mit Zwei Eng Benachbarten Elektroden in Strömungsanordnungen. Allgemeine Formel für die Übertragungsausbeute

Zusammenfassung Ein grundsatzlicher Faktor fur das Elektrolysenverfahren mit zwei eng benachbarten Elektroden in Stromungsanordnungen ist die Ubertragungsausbeute N . Ein allgemeiner Ausdruck fur N , der fur verschiedene Stromungen gilt, wird in exakter Weise durch Auflosen der konvektiven Diffusionsgleichung abgeleitet. Als Beispiele der praktischen Anwendung wird die allgemeine Formel auf einige Stromungen, d.h. Stromung an der rotierenden Scheibe, Kanal- und Rohrstromung und Keil- und Kreiskegelstromung, angewandt.
Modified ultrafiltration may not improve neurologic outcome following deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Objective: Modified ultrafiltration (MUF) improves systolic blood pressure and left ventricular performance, as well as lowering transfusion requirements, after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). MUF has also been shown to enhance acute cerebral metabolic recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), but whether this improves neurologic outcome is unknown. Methods: Sixteen neonatal piglets underwent CPB and 90 min of DHCA. The hematocrit was maintained between 25 and 30%. Alpha-stat blood gas management was used. After separation from CPB, animals were randomized to 15 min of MUF ðn ¼ 8Þ or no intervention ðn ¼ 8Þ. Neurologic injury was assessed with behavior scores and histologic examination. Standardized behavior scores were obtained on post-operative days 1, 3, and 6 (0 ¼ no deficit to 95 ¼ brain death). The percentage of injured neurons by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the degree of reactive astrocytosis by glial filbrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry were assessed to determine histologic scores in the neocortex and hippocampus (0 ¼ no injury to 4 ¼ diffuse injury). Results: There were no statistically significant differences between groups during CPB. After MUF, the hematocrit was significantly higher (40% ^ 5.7 vs. 28% ^ 3.9, P , 0:001). There were no significant differences in behavior scores between groups ðp . 0:1Þ. There was resolution of deficits by day 6 in all animals. Neuronal injury was present in 81% (13/16) of the animals with no statistically significant differences between groups in incidence or severity. Conclusions: Use of MUF after DHCA does not prevent neuronal injury or improve neurologic outcome in this neonatal swine model. q 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Comparative geochemistry of migmatized, interlayered quartzofeldspathic and pelitic gneisses: A contribution from rocks of southern Finland and northeastern Saskatchewan

Abstract Migmatites in southern Finland and northeastern Saskatchewan are exposed on a regional scale and have similar geologic and metamorphic settings. At least casually similar cordierite-bearing metamorphic assemblages in other regions (e.g., Black Forest, Germany; Lapland, Finland; Vijayan Series, Ceylon; Westport Area, Ontario, Canada; East Kimberley, Cape Naturaliste, and Eyre Peninsula areas, West Australia) fit the description of low-pressure granulite facies. These low-pressure gneisses and migmatites contrast chemically with granulite facies rocks that are thought to have formed in a medium- or high-pressure environment; for example, they are not depleted in rubidium. Details of this study indicate that the transformation to migmatite in the interlayered gneisses is accompanied by an increase in grain size and sharpened segregation or layering between aluminum-rich mafic and quartzofeldspathic minerals. As a result, pelitic layers become richer in iron and magnesium and depleted in potassium. Reciprocal, complementary changes are found in the quartzofeldspathic layers. Variation in the abundance of Rb, Sr, Zr, Y and Nb correlates well with model mineralogic and major element compositions.
Influenza pandemics: past and future

The influenza pandemic of 1918/1919 was a unique event in recorded history, costing on the order of 50 million lives within the time span of only several months. The virus is extinct, but the advent of reverse genetics techniques for negative strand RNA viruses (a family of viruses which includes the influenza viruses) makes it possible to reconstruct infectious influenza viruses. Based on the nucleotide sequence that was obtained from RNA fragments present in lung samples of victims of the 1918 influenza virus, we succeeded in rebuilding the extinct pandemic virus entirely from commercially available oligonucleotides. This virus turned out to be highly virulent in the mouse model, more than any other human influenza virus strain tested. It also was shown to be highly pathogenic for chicken embryos and grew in human tissue culture cells to high titers and replicated in cells in the absence of trypsin (also indicative of high virulence). On the other hand, the 1918 virus was shown to be sensitive to the FDA-approved antivirals (amantadine as well as the neuraminidase inhibitors). We were also able to show that vaccines worked perfectly well in protecting mice against a challenge with a virus containing the 1918 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. We also postulate that the human population, having experienced infections with currently circulating H1N1 viruses, is partially immune to a 1918 or 1918-like virus. Finally, we have recently developed a guinea pig transmission model for influenza which will help us to better understand the molecular basis of virulence and the mechanisms by which pandemic influenza viruses are transmitted. [1-3].
An experimental study of small-amplitude drop oscillations in immiscible liquid systems

Measurements of the characteristics of small-amplitude shape oscillations of drops immersed in a host liquid have been carried out by acoustical means. The resonance frequencies of the first few modes have been measured, as well as the damping constant for the fundamental mode, as functions of the drop radius and viscosities of the two liquids. A qualitative photographic study during steady oscillations has revealed a simple internal fluid-particle flow field with no circulation. The theory available at the present time has been found to provide results which are in general agreement with experimental findings for low-viscosity liquids.
Peer Relations in Children with Hyperactivity/Attention Deficit Disorder

The first two of this year's Topical Reviews provided a primarily educational perspective on the social skills problems of learning disabled children. As a compliment to that perspective, this month's Topical Review, written by two clinical psychologists, discusses the identification and treatment of social/behavioral problems in hyperactive children. As is well known, hyperactive and learning disabled children have many difficulties in common, and disturbed social/peer relationships appear to be one of them. The present review discusses the potential causes of disturbed peer relationships in these children, as well as evaluating the relative effectiveness of behavioral, pharmacological, and educational treatments for them.What is known and what needs to be known regarding the peer relationships of hyperactive children is reviewed. Hyperactive children, particularly those who are also aggressive, have serious disturbances in peer relations. Although several treatments have been investigated, no sufficient...
Drinking Correlates of DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnostic Orphans in College Students

One major limitation of the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence is that a cluster of individuals who endorse a subthreshold number of dependence criteria and no abuse criteria do not receive a formal diagnosis; despite elevated risk for alcohol-related problems relative to those with an abuse diagnosis. These individuals have been referred to as diagnostic orphans. The primary aim of this study was to examine alcohol use correlates of a group of diagnostic orphans in a sample of 396 nontreatment seeking college students who reported drinking on at least one occasion in the last 90 days. DSM-IV criteria were assessed using a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM). Diagnostic orphans represented 34.1% (n = 135) of the original sample who did not receive a formal diagnosis; with the most frequently endorsed dependence criteria being tolerance and drinking larger/longer amounts than intended. Diagnostic orphans reported a range of alcohol-related negative consequences and reported greater frequencies of social and enhancement drinking motives in comparison to coping motives. They were similar to alcohol abusers and dissimilar to those with dependence or those without a diagnosis on alcohol consumption, alcohol problem severity, drinking motives and restraint variables. The present findings indicate that diagnostic orphans in college students represent a distinct group of drinkers who may be at risk for the development of alcohol use disorders and may be in need of intervention, given their similarity to those with an abuse diagnosis. Prevention and intervention efforts across college campuses should target this group to prevent escalation of alcohol problem severity. (Am J Addict 2012;21:233-242). Language: en
Ca2+ signaling in mouse cortical neurons studied by two-photon imaging and photoreleased inositol triphosphate.

IP 3 -mediated Ca 2+ release is a crucial neuronal signaling mechanism that has not been extensively characterized in the mammalian cerebral cortex. We used two-photon, video-rate microscopy to image Ca 2+ signals evoked by photoreleased IP 3 in pyramidal neurons of mouse prefrontal cortex. Ca 2+ responses to photoreleased IP 3 varied greatly between different neurons; however, within IP 3 -responsive neurons, the soma invariably showed highest sensitivity, with signals increasing nonlinearly with [IP 3 ]. Responses to paired photorelease displayed inhibition, whereas IP 3 -evoked Ca 2+ liberation was potentiated by Ca 2+ entry during action potentials and vice versa. IP 3 -mediated Ca 2+ signals strongly inhibited spike firing through activation of K + membrane conductance. Metabotropic signaling via the phosphoinositide pathway thus serves as a powerful and sustained modulator of excitability in cortical neurons and displays complex reciprocal interactions between electrical and chemical signals.
VT-ASOS: Holistic system software customization for many cores

VT-ASOS is a framework for holistic and continuous customization of system software on HPC systems. The framework leverages paravirtualization technology. VT-ASOS extends the Xen hypervisor with interfaces, mechanisms, and policies for supporting application-specific resource management schemes on many-core systems, while retaining the advantages of virtualization, including protection, performance isolation, and fault tolerance. We outline the VT-ASOS framework and present results from a preliminary prototype, which enables static customization of scheduler parameters and runtime adaptation of parallel virtual machines.
1. Basic sciences

Abstract This learning module highlights the basic sciences of brain disorders and their relevance to the rehabilitation process. It is part of the chapter on rehabilitation in brain disorders for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. The chapter is composed of four articles, and each builds on principles established in the others. This article contains essential information on the hierarchy and integration of cerebral neural processes, functional anatomy, and neurochemistry. It also highlights newer advances in brain plasticity and response to injury, at a cellular level and with reference to acute and secondary processes, which will likely be at the forefront of medical management and functional "damage control" in the near future. The learner is directed to articles 2, 3, and 4 in this chapter for supporting information.
Transversal filtering using charge-transfer devices

Techniques are presented for making transversal filters using charge-coupled devices and bucket-brigade devices. In a CCD transversal filter, the delayed signals are sampled by measuring the current flowing the clock lines during transfer, and the sampled signals are weighted by a split electrode technique. In a BBD transversal filter, the delayed signals are `tapped' with a source follower whose load determines the weighting coefficient. Examples are given of CCD and BBD filters that are `matched' to particular signalling waveforms, and the limitations of charge-transfer devices in matched filtering applications are discussed. Finally, the application of CTD transversal filters to other signal processing functions is discussed.
Enhancing Learning Effectiveness in Digital Design Courses Through the Use of Programmable Logic Boards

Incorporating programmable logic devices (PLD) in digital design courses has become increasingly popular. The advantages of using PLDs, such as complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), have been discussed before. However, previous studies have focused on the experiences from the point of view of the instructor, with some general impressions from the students. This paper instead focuses on the students' point of view, and most importantly, investigates whether the use of programmable logic has helped facilitate the learning process. This investigation was based on the results of a comprehensive survey that was given to the class shortly before the end of the term, and a comparison of final exam scores between a previous class that did not use PLDs and the current class that did use PLDs. The surveys and their test scores provide solid evidence as to gauge whether using PLDs really does benefit students trying to learn digital design and basic computer architecture.
Improvement of facial acne scars by the 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser.

Abstract Background: Hypertrophic or erythematous scars (or both) have remained notoriously difficult to treat because of their persistence or recurrence after traditional therapies. Recently, the 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser has been shown to be effective in treating similar traumatic and surgical scars. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the effectiveness of the 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser in the specific treatment of facial acne scars. Methods: Twenty-two patients with erythematous or hypertrophic facial acne scars were included in this Investigational Review Board-approved study. The 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser was used to treat scars on half of each patient's face, with the contralateral side used as control. Baseline, 6-week, and 6-month posttreatment photographs, erythema measurements made with reflectance spectrometry, and skin texture analyses were obtained from laser-irradiated and untreated scars. Clinical analyses were performed independently by two "blinded" observers. Results: Significant clinical improvement was observed in laser-irradiated acne scars compared with the untreated (control) scars after one or two 585 nm pulsed-dye laser treatments. Erythema measurements and skin texture analyses of laser-treated scars approximated those obtained in the adjacent normal skin. Conclusion: The 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser can significantly improve the clinical appearance of erythematous or hypertrophic facial acne scars.
Language disorders in children : Classification and clinical syndromes

This article reviews the normal pattern of language development in infants and young children. Classifications of childhood language disorders are presented and common clinical syndromes are described. Etiologic and comorbid factors associated with the development of language disorder are discussed in relation to current understanding of genetic and neuroanatomic aspects of brain development. Finally, the long-term outcome of individuals with childhood-onset language disorders is discussed.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains harbor at least three distinct sequence types of Shiga toxin 2a-converting phages

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that causes severe human diseases including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The virulence factor that mediates HUS, Shiga toxin (Stx), is encoded within the genome of a lambdoid prophage. Although draft sequences are publicly available for a large number of E. coli O157:H7 strains, the high sequence similarity of stx-converting bacteriophages with other lambdoid prophages poses challenges to accurately assess the organization and plasticity among stx-converting phages due to assembly difficulties. To further explore genome plasticity of stx-converting prophages, we enriched phage DNA from 45 ciprofloxacin-induced cultures for subsequent 454 pyrosequencing to facilitate assembly of the complete phage genomes. In total, 22 stx2a-converting phage genomes were closed. Comparison of the genomes distinguished nine distinct phage sequence types (PSTs) delineated by variation in obtained sequences, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion sequence element prevalence and location. These nine PSTs formed three distinct clusters, designated as PST1, PST2 and PST3. The PST2 cluster, identified in two clade 8 strains, was related to stx2a-converting phages previously identified in non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) strains associated with a high incidence of HUS. The PST1 cluster contained phages related to those from E. coli O157:H7 strain Sakai (lineage I, clade 1), and PST3 contained a single phage that was distinct from the rest but most related to the phage from E. coli O157:H7 strain EC4115 (lineage I/II, clade 8). Five strains carried identical stx2a-converting phages (PST1-1) integrated at the same chromosomal locus, but these strains produced different levels of Stx2. The stx2a-converting phages of E. coli O157:H7 can be categorized into at least three phage types. Diversification within a phage type is mainly driven by IS629 and by a small number of SNPs. Polymorphisms between phage genomes may help explain differences in Stx2a production between strains, however our data indicates that genes encoded external to the phage affect toxin production as well.
Reactions Involving Carbocations, Carbenes, and Radicals as Reactive Intermediates

Trivalent carbocations, carbanions, and radicals are the most fundamental classes of reactive intermediates. Discussion of carbanion intermediates began in Chapter 1 and has continued in several other chapters. The focus in this chapter will be on electron-deficient reactive intermediates. Carbocations are the most fundamental example, but carbenes and nitrenes also play a significant role in synthetic reactions. Each of these intermediates has a carbon or nitrogen atom with six valence electrons, and they are therefore electron-deficient and electrophilic in character. Because of their electron deficiency, carbocations and carbenes have the potential for skeletal rearrangements. We will also discuss the use of carbon radicals to form carbon-carbon bonds. Radicals, too, are electron-deficient but react through homolytic bond-breaking and bond-forming reactions. A common feature of all of these intermediates is that they are of high energy, relative to structures with filled bonding orbitals. Their lifetimes are usually very short. Reaction conditions designed to lead to synthetically useful outcomes must take this high reactivity into account.
Modeling Residential Location in UrbanSim

This chapter provides a description of the residential location component of UrbanSim, drawing on applications of UrbanSim in numerous metropolitan areas. The first section provides an overview of the UrbanSim system, with particular attention to the role of the residential location choice model within it. The second section describes the Open Platform for Urban Simulation, and explains how choice models in general, and more specifically residential location choice models, are created in this framework. The third section provides a comparison of recent applications of the UrbanSim residential location choice framework, along with lessons learned. The final section summarizes the current status of the model system and outlines current development efforts.
Faculty Preface: Notes on Note-Taking

Why do people milling about universities these days have such little appreciation for note-taking? Some professors ignore it, awestruck perhaps by PowerPoint and other new instructional technologies. Undergraduates’ eyes glaze over when instructors mention note-taking, and then sit through lectures without ever putting pen or pencil to paper in old-fashioned notebooks, rattling the keyboards of newfangled notebook computers, or thumbing the miniscule keypads of ever-larger cell phones. Graduate students “engage with” authors (living or dead) or subject-matters of all sorts, and “theorize” peoples, places, spaces, and things—too often without committing these fruits of mental labor to paper or digital files. Yet, note-taking is a pivotal activity, a critical skill, and a useful craft in intellectual work, the kind done in anthropology anyway. It is difficult to imagine practicing any of anthropology’s subfields without note-taking. The point holds for fieldwork based on participant-observation, excavating archaeological sites, tracking voices, discourses, or language ideologies, capturing insights about laboratory research on biogenetics or biogenesis that finds no place in logs, and applying anthropology in the quest for solutions to practical human social problems. Note-taking is indeed valuable and useful, as Angela Storey’s editorial introduction to the first issue of “Notes from the Field” and papers by the ten contributors clearly show. When I was a graduate student, the University of Chicago’s Department of Anthropology offered a seminar called “Preand Post-Field Seminar.” For ten weeks, two kinds of
High-incidence 3-D Lid-driven Cavity Flow

This study is motivated by three-dimensi onal impinging flows with high angle of incidence between the flow and surrounding rigid walls in a spatial corner. To keep the simple cubic geometry, the 3-D rectangular cavity flow is considered where the cavity lid moves along its diagonal (Case A) as opposed to the previous studies where the lid moves parallel to the cavity side walls (Case B). These 3-D lid-driven cavity flows are studied by numerical modeling using secondorder upwind schemes for convective terms. In Case A, th€ integral momentum of the tertiary flow, which is perpendicular to the lid direction, is about an order of magnitude larger than that in Case B. The nonprimary vortices in the central part of the cavity in Case A distinguishes it from Case B, where only corner secondary vortices appear. The estimated Gortler number is approximately 4.5 times larger for Case A than that in Case B for the same Re number. This indicates that in Case A the flow becomes unsteady for substantially smaller Re numbers than in Case B.
Oligomerization and Oxide Formation in Bismuth Aryl Alkoxides: Synthesis and Characterization of Bi4(μ4-O)(μ-OC6F5)6{μ3-OBi(μ-OC6F5)3}2(C6H5CH3), Bi8(μ4-O)2(μ3-O)2(μ-OC6F5)16, Bi6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OC6F5){μ3-OBi(OC6F5)4}3, NaBi4(μ3-O)2(OC6F5)9(THF)2, and Na2Bi4(μ3-O)2(OC6F5)10(THF)2

Exposing [Bi(OR)3(toluene)]2 (1, R = OC6F5) to different solvents leads to the formation of larger polymetallic bismuth oxo alkoxides via ether elimination/oligomerization reactions. Three differen...
Rating Los Angeles' Top Cop Descriptive Representation and Support for the Police Chief

Many scholars have analyzed the approval for the police force but few have examined the factors that influence support for the police chief. This is a surprising omission, given the high visibility of most police chiefs places them squarely in the arena of local politics where support constitutes a key strategic asset. Examining two polls of Los Angeles residents conducted in 2002 and 2007 when a different chief of police was nearing the end of his first 5-year term of office—one African American and one White—we find that the police chief receives more support when residents believe that the police force is performing well. We also find that Black residents expressed greater support for police chiefs whose race is the same as their own. Overall, the results provide insight into how and where police chiefs may draw support in an era where police chief turnover is increasing. Moreover, the results indicate that the ascension of an African American to the upper echelons of the police department may be an ef...
Carbon dioxide exchange characteristics of C4 Hawaiian Euphorbia species native to diverse habitats.

The characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus of 11 Hawaiian Euphorbia species, all of which possess C4 photosynthesis but range from arid habitat, drought-deciduous shrubs to mesic or wet forest evergreen trees and shrubs, were investigated under uniform greenhouse conditions. Nine species exhibited CO2 response curves typical of C4 plants, but differed markedly in photosynthetic capacity. Light-saturated CO2 uptake rates ranged from 48 to 52 μmol m-2 s-1 in arid habitat species to 18 to 20 μmol m-2 s-1 in mesic and wet forest species. Two possessed unusual CO2 response curves in which photosynthesis was not saturated above intercellular CO2 pressures [p(CO2)] of 10 to 15 Pa, as typically occurs in C4 plants.Both leaf (g'1) and mesophyll (g'm) conductances to CO2 varied widely between species. At an atmospheric p(CO2) of 32 Pa, g'1 regulated intercellular p(CO2) at 12-15 Pa in most species, which supported nearly maximum CO2 uptake rates, but did not result in excessive transpiration. Intercellular p(CO2) was higher in the two species with unusual CO2 response curves. This was especially apparent in E. remyi, which is native to a bog habitat. The regulation of g'1 and intercellular p(CO2) yielded high photosynthetic water use efficiencies (P/E) in the species with typical CO2 response curves, whereas P/E was much lower in E. remyi.Photosynthetic capacity was closely related to leaf nitrogen content, whereas correlations with leaf morphological characteristics and leaf cell surface area were not significant. Thus, differences in photosynthetic capacity may be determined primarily by investment in the biochemical components of the photosynthetic apparatus rather than by differences in diffusion limitations. The lower photosynthetic capacities in the wet habitat species may reflect the lower light availability. However, other factors, such as reduced nutrient availability, may also be important.
On the Necessity of Repealing the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force

September 11th, was a watershed moment in U.S. counterterrorism policy. Until this time the U.S. had pursued a prosecutorial stance towards al-Qaeda, that is, the U.S. favored a post-criminal act means of counterterrorism.
Guillain-Barré syndrome occurring synchronously with systemic lupus erythematosus as initial manifestation treated successfully with low-dose cyclophosphamide.

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is frequently encountered in clinical practice; a widespread immunological response can involve any organ system, sometimes leading to rare and diagnostically challenging presentations. We describe a 38-year-old female who presented with symmetric numbness and tingling of the hands and feet, and cervical pain. Imaging studies were not diagnostic of any serious underlying pathology. The patient developed ascending paresis involving lower extremities and cranial muscles (dysphagia and facial weakness). Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) was diagnosed on the basis of electromyography and lumbar puncture showing albuminocytologic dissociation. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) were administered for 5 days. Supported by anti-dsDNA antibody, oral ulcers, proteinuria of 0.7 g in 24 h, and neurological manifestation, she was diagnosed with lupus. After completion of IVIG, she received pulse-dose corticosteroids and one dose of low-dose cyclophosphamide. Her neurological symptoms improved and she had complete neurological recovery several months after her initial presentation. Literature search provides evidence of co-occurrence of lupus and GBS occurring mostly later in the course of the disease. However, GBS as initial manifestation of SLE is exceedingly rare and less understood. The association of GBS with lupus is important to recognize for rapid initiation of appropriate therapy and for consideration of immunosuppressive therapy which may affect the outcome. Keywords: Guillain–Barre syndrome; systemic lupus erythematosus; intravenous immunoglobulin; cyclophosphamide; electromyography (Published: 25 April 2016) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2016, 6 : 30689 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v6.30689