cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult literacy/child literacy: One world or worlds apart?☆

Is adult literacy simply an extension of child literacy or is it something different, a world apart? Conversely, is child literacy simply socialization into adult literacy practices, or simply the construction of increasingly adultlike forms within particular functional tasks, or is it something different, a world apart? Both Susan Lytle, in writing about adult literacy, and Anne Haas Dyson, in writing about child literacy, argue for the alternative of something different, the worlds apart view. Paul Ammon discusses Lytle’s and Dyson’s views from a cognitive-developmental perspective, arguing for the similarity in processes of “understandings” that underlie all intellectual endeavors of humans, whether child or adult, within or outside the domain of literacy. Both Lytle and Dyson view literacy as thoroughly lived or situated. For both, literacy is an “ideological model” (Street, 1984) or dialectical process where opposing forces of form and function, self and others, shape literacy practices in different ways within and across societies. In other words, literacy is not simply a set of skills or tasks that can neatly be arranged in order of difficulty and then measured. Literacy is not a personal characteristic; rather, it is a range of activities in which people engage for various purposes (Scribner, 1987). Moreover, as Lytle points out, literacy is a process of critical reflection and action, encompassing Freire’s (1983) notion of “reading the word” in order to “read the world,” and Giroux’s (1983) notion of literacy as a critical decoding of one’s own experience. In “Living literacy: Rethinking development in adulthood,” Lytle provides an alternative image to that of the adult illiterate as “incompetent individuals need-
STRUCTURE AND EXTENSIONS OF A THEORY OF CURRENTS.

We show that Sugawara's theory of currents can be obtained as a formal limit of the massive Yang-Mills theory. In this limit, ${g}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ and ${m}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ in such a way that $\frac{{{m}_{0}}^{2}}{{{g}_{0}}^{2}}=C$, the constant appearing in Sugawara's theory. The limiting procedure is used to incorporate electromagnetism, the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current, and $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ breaking into the theory, retaining canonical structure for electromagnetism.
What Happened to Christian Canada

By asking “what happened to Christian Canada,” I begin with an assumption that there once was a Christian Canada which is now gone. That assumption is intentional. It is intended to highlight not only the dramatic changes that have taken place in Canadian religious life over the last sixty years, but also substantial contrasts between the religious histories of Canada and the United States, which otherwise are so similar in so many respects. This paper explores the question primarily with American observers in mind, for whom the Canadian past is often as much a shadowy mystery as the great expanse of Canadian geography. But I hope Canadians who read this account may benefit from observing how one sympathetic American views their history and also from realizing that the splendid array of marvelous historical studies that have been produced by a splendid array of marvelous Canadian historians have reached at least some appreciative readers in the United States.
Writing an Abstract for a Scientific Meeting

The scientific abstract is an example of precise, informative writing. This essay incorporates the advice of experts and lessons from personal experience in writing and grading abstracts. The aim is to help you achieve the seemingly impossible task of squeezing your research report into the small box on the abstract form. DECIDE ON THE MESSAGE First, your work must be original, must not have been previously published as a manuscript, and must be submitted with the full knowledge and agreement of your coauthors. Do not submit identical or nearly identical abstracts to different sections of the same meeting, as that is a form of double publication. Do not write the abstract based on anticipated data. You may find yourself in the embarrassing position of presenting different data, or withdrawing the abstract. An abstract is not a full-length article. You can only make one or two specific points in each abstract.
Interferon-gamma inhibits healing post scald burn injury

Abstract Impaired healing after severe burns remains a reason for prolonged hospitalization, opportunistic infections, and debilitating scarring. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is an important immune regulator that has been shown to inhibit collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, resulting in delayed healing in incision wounds. To determine whether IFN-γ plays similar roles in the healing process after severe burn, we induced scald injury in mice deficient or sufficient in IFN-γ and examined local responses. In the absence of IFN-γ, scalded areas healed faster. This was associated with attenuated local inflammatory responses, enhanced reepithelialization, increased proliferation of keratinocytes in reepithelialized leading edges, and up-regulation of growth factors in burned skin areas. Furthermore, angiogenesis and myofibroblast formation commenced and terminated earlier in IFN-γ(-/-) mice compared with wild type (WT) controls. Our observations demonstrate that inhibition of IFN-γ results in accelerated healing after burn injury by dampening excessive inflammation and facilitating reepithelialization, collagen deposition, and wound contraction.
Maternal and Child Roles in the Feeding Relationship: What Are Mothers Doing?

One area with strong potential to prevent or treat early childhood obesity is feeding dynamics.1 The concept of feeding dynamics includes 2 central components: caregiver feeding role (how, when, where, and what caregivers feed their children) and child eating behaviors (how much, when, what, and whether to eat of what is offered). The feeding dynamic approach was initially proposed as the trust model by Ellyn Satter.2,3 In this approach, caregivers are responsible for offering nutritious foods and exposing children to new foods, providing structured snack and mealtimes to decrease indiscriminate eating, identifying a designated area for eating or drinking within the home, sitting and eating with children, and keeping the eating atmosphere pleasant. Children are responsible for what to eat and how much (or even whether) to eat from the food provided. Unlike conventional interventions for obesity, the feeding dynamic emphasizes how to feed,4 placing less weight on conventional intervention areas such as portion sizes and low-fat or low-calorie food options as well as discourages excessively restrictive feeding practices. A growing body of literature reveals a complex relationship between controlling feeding behaviors and the child's weight.5-9 In particular, overly restrictive behaviors significantly reduce a child's ability to self-regulate their energy intake5,10-12 and result in weight gain or a higher body mass index (BMI).5,6 In order to examine the potential of a feeding dynamic approach to reduce childhood obesity in young children, it would be useful to know the extent caregivers already perform these roles as well as the relationships between these roles, other maternal feeding and eating practices, concerns about the child being or becoming overweight, and demographic variables. Therefore, the objective of this brief report is to provide this information and a foundation on which a feeding dynamic intervention can be developed.
Environmental fate model for ultra-low-volume insecticide applications used for adult mosquito management

One of the more effective ways of managing high densities of adult mosquitoes that vector human and animal pathogens is ultra-low-volume (ULV) aerosol applications of insecticides. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses models that are not validated for ULV insecticide applications and exposure assumptions to perform their human and ecological risk assessments. Currently, there is no validated model that can accurately predict deposition of insecticides applied using ULV technology for adult mosquito management. In addition, little is known about the deposition and drift of small droplets like those used under conditions encountered during ULV applications. The objective of this study was to perform field studies to measure environmental concentrations of insecticides and to develop a validated model to predict the deposition of ULV insecticides. The final regression model was selected by minimizing the Bayesian Information Criterion and its prediction performance was evaluated using k-fold cross validation. Density of the formulation and the density and CMD interaction coefficients were the largest in the model. The results showed that as density of the formulation decreases, deposition increases. The interaction of density and CMD showed that higher density formulations and larger droplets resulted in greater deposition. These results are supported by the aerosol physics literature. A k-fold cross validation demonstrated that the mean square error of the selected regression model is not biased, and the mean square error and mean square prediction error indicated good predictive ability.
Unnatural Dilemma: Synthetic Biology, DNA, and Diagnostics

If Dr. Frankenstein were alive, he surely would be proud of those scientists trying to create “Frankenstein DNA” with unnatural bases to help understand the fundamentals of DNA. A recent news feature in Nature has outlined their attempts (1). The article opens with a comment by Steven Benner on the structure of DNA, “The first thing you realize is that it is a stupid design.” That is a powerful statement about a molecule that has survived billions of years of self-propagating, mutating all along in creating the vast diversity of life on Earth. He may be right. DNA doesn't look like it's up to the challenge: a negatively charged backbone (potentially making the strands separate) and bases with hydrogen bonds (weak and not very sturdy). In their quest to create artificial bases and a backbone to “alter” DNA and “push the limits” of biological chemistry, however, scientists working in this area have been thwarted at almost every turn. The synthesis of artificial DNA is part …
Non-farm Income and Employment in Rural Honduras: Assessing the Role of Locational Factors

This article emphasises the role of locational factors in the determination of rural non-farm (RNF) employment possibilities in rural Honduras. It finds that while RNF wage jobs are predominantly located close to urban areas, RNF self-employment jobs are geographically dispersed around the country, depending on local motors such as a profitable agricultural activity, an important road, or a tourist attraction. In all, the importance of RNF income for rural households (31.3 per cent of total income) suggests that the RNF sector should be considered when designing policies to improve the capabilities and livelihood of the rural Honduran.
Interpersonal processes: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral activities in social interaction.

This analytic review is concerned with the interpersonal processes, and the characteristics of situations and persons that influence them, that lead to the confirmation and disconfirmation of expectations in the course of social interaction. We examine the steps in the chain of events by which the expectations of one person guide and direct the dynamics of social interaction such that the behavior of the target of those expectations comes to confirm or disconfirm those expectations. We further inquire into the motivational and structural foundations of confirmation and disconfirmation in social interaction, using these inquiries to address frequently asked, but rarely answered, questions about expectations and social interaction. Finally, we argue that investigations of expectations in social interaction provide a paradigm for more general theoretical and empirical considerations of interpersonal processes and social relationships.
Social Beliefs for the Realization of the Speech Acts of Apology and Complaint As Defined in Ciluba, French, and English

Most cross-linguistic studies of speech acts have dealt mainly with two languages, a native language and a second or foreign language (Carrell and Konneker 1981; Castello 1981; Blum-Kulka 1982; Daikuhura 1986; Eisenstein1986; Wieland 1989; Chen Rong 1993, 2001; Sifianou 2001; Lee 2004, 2005). Neither have they dealt with an African language as the first language. The present study investigates a multilingual situation where the native speakers of Ciluba, French, and English are compared to the trilingual speakers of the three languages in terms of the realization of the speech acts of apologizing and complaining. It considers the social beliefs of the subjects of the four language groups for the realization of the two speech acts. The study is part of a larger study that was designed to discover the norms of the three languages under investigation and to see how people speaking a second and a foreign language, with different levels of fluency in each, can participate in the activity of the speech communities of the two languages without violating their socio-cultural norms, and what impact, if any, their knowledge of these languages has on each of the languages they speak.2 Data for the larger study was collected by means of a written questionnaire, role plays, and direct observation. The data and results presented and discussed in this paper come from the written questionnaire administered to the monolingual English and French speakers and trilingual speakers native in Ciluba; and from the same version of the questionnaire administered orally to the monolingual Ciluba speakers.3 It was found that for the realization of the speech acts of apologizing and complaining, Luba sociocultural beliefs were different from those of English and French, which are similar. In contrast to French and English, in Ciluba social distance and relative power between the participants play an important role in deciding whether the speech acts can be performed or not. The results also revealed that, despite the difference which exists between Ciluba and the other two languages, i.e., French and English, some subjects from the group of Ciluba monolingual subjects showed some similarities with the groups of French and English monolingual subjects in their responses to some items in the questionnaire. This deviation of some of the native speakers of Ciluba from their social beliefs was hypothesized to be a result of their contact with an urban environment and its mixed culture.
Bandstructure Effects in Silicon Nanowire Hole Transport

Bandstructure effects in p-channel MOS (PMOS) transport of strongly quantized silicon nanowire FETs in various transport orientations are examined. A 20-band sp3d5s* spin-orbit (SO) coupled atomistic tight-binding model coupled to a self-consistent Poisson solver is used for the valence-band dispersion calculation. A ballistic FET model is used to evaluate the capacitance and current-voltage characteristics. The dispersion shapes and curvatures are strong functions of device size, lattice orientation, and bias, and cannot be described within the effective mass approximation. The anisotropy of the confinement mass in the different quantization directions can cause the charge to preferably accumulate in the (110) and then on the (112) rather than on (100) surfaces, leading to significant differences in the charge distributions for different wire orientations. The total gate capacitance of the nanowire FET devices is, however, very similar for all wires in all the investigated transport orientations ([100], [110], [111]), and is degraded from the oxide capacitance by ~30%. The [111] and then the [110] oriented nanowires indicate highest carrier velocities and better on-current performance compared to [100] wires. The dispersion features and quantization behavior, although a complicated function of physical and electrostatic confinement, can be explained at first order by looking at the anisotropic shape of the heavy-hole valence band.
Retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists cooperate to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase gene expression

We recently described the ability of retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand LG100268 (LG268) to inhibit interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-β)-driven matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 gene expression in SW-1353 chondrosarcoma cells. Other investigators have demonstrated similar effects in chondrocytes treated with rosiglitazone, a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), for which RXR is an obligate dimerization partner. The goals of this study were to evaluate the inhibition of IL-1-β-induced expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 by combinatorial treatment with RXR and PPARγ ligands and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of this inhibition. We used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to measure LG268- and rosiglitazone-mediated inhibition of MMP gene transcription in IL-1-β-treated SW-1353 chondrosarcoma cells. An in vitro collagen destruction assay was a functional readout of MMP collagenolytic activity. Luciferase reporter assays tested the function of a putative regulatory element in the promoters of MMP-1 and MMP-13, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays detected PPARγ and changes in histone acetylation at this site. Post-translational modification of RXR and PPARγ by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) was assayed with immunoprecipitation and Western blot. Rosiglitazone inhibited MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression in IL-1-β-treated SW-1353 cells at the mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA levels and blunted IL-1-β-induced collagen destruction in vitro. Combining LG268 and rosiglitazone had an additive inhibitory effect on MMP-1 and MMP-13 transcription and collagenolysis. IL-1-β inhibited luciferase expression in the MMP reporter assay, but rosiglitazone and LG268 had no effect. ChIP indicated that treatment with IL-1-β, but not LG268 and rosiglitazone, increased PPARγ at the proximal promoters of both MMPs. Finally, rosiglitazone or LG268 induced 'cross-SUMOylation' of both the target receptor and its binding partner, and IL-1-β-alone had no effect on SUMOylation of RXR and PPARγ but antagonized the ligand-induced SUMOylation of both receptors. The PPARγ and RXR ligands rosiglitazone and LG268 may act through similar mechanisms, inhibiting MMP-1 and MMP-13 transcription. Combinatorial treatment activates each partner of the RXR:PPARγ heterodimer and inhibits IL-1-β-induced expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 more effectively than either compound alone. We conclude that the efficacy of combined treatment with lower doses of each drug may minimize potential side effects of treatment with these compounds.
Categorizing Weight Loss in Breastfed Infants: A Good First Step

One of the most gratifying public health trends over the past 50 years in the United States has been the increasing rate of breastfeeding among newborn infants. In 1965, it was estimated that <30% of neonates born in the United States were breastfed; by 2011, the percentage of infants who were at least partially breastfed had risen to 79%.1,2 A major focus of contemporary care during the birth hospitalization is the management of breastfed infants. Although much effort is centered on the provision of optimal instruction and support to mothers initiating breastfeeding, an equally important goal is to appropriately diagnose and manage newborns with breastfeeding difficulties. The results of the study by Flaherman et al in this issue of Pediatrics provide much needed data for both of these efforts.3 Using a large database and an elegant methodology, Dr Flaherman and her colleagues have constructed nomograms that describe weight loss in breastfed infants during the first few days of life. With the nomograms, clinicians can plot the percent weight loss for a neonate at a specific age and determine, with precision, whether this percentage is normal for a … Address correspondence to James A. Taylor, MD, University of Washington, Box 354920, Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail: uncjat{at}uw.edu
The challenges for environment and development economics

I consider that the field of environment and development economics (EDE) began with the publication of The Control of Resources by Partha Dasgupta (1982). Although he did not confine his focus to developing countries, Dasgupta (1982: 10) suggested that managing environmental resources was much broader than conventional resource stock depletion or pollution control: To sum up: environmental discussions need to be conducted in the face of a clear recognition that, (a) these resource are often common property, (b) resolutions of environmental problems usually involve changes in the allocation of property rights, (c) resource use may well be irreversible (e.g. it may lead to their exhaustion when in fact this could have been avoided), (d) resource stocks often affect welfare directly, (e) the environmental impact of certain types of activity are cumulative and only become noticeable at some time in the future, and (f) the environmental impact of certain types of activity are uncertain. It is no wonder that environmental problems are formidable to analyse, let alone solve.
Expanding the Methodological Imagination

This article contains reflections provoked by the articles in this volume of The Counseling Psychologist. As a relative outsider to counseling psychology, the author thoroughly enjoyed immersing herself in these contributions and then extracting a set of thoughts inspired by the writers.
Surviving the Early Years of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

A system that increasingly stigmatized its recipients only became more stigmatizing with the enactment in 1996 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) program. This program has been so successful in deterring cashneedy people from applying for assistance that the decline in participation from the start of the program continues—even in times of economic downturn. The study reported here follows 150 impoverished families during the first three years of PRWORA, when the economy was booming. The data were derived from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project of 1996-2001. Through this secondary analysis a construct was developed that measured the men’s identity as fathers. In keeping with PRWORA’s use of the labor market as the source for economic well-being, the research studied the relationship between the construct for the fathers’ identity and the fathers’ long-term employment, and found the construct to positively affect the fathers’ employment.
Calcium supplementation on normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women.

Normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women participated in a study to determine the effects of calcium supplementation on blood pressure. Subjects were randomly as- signed to control or supplemented groups (1000 mg Ca/d). Blood pressure and serum total and ionic calcium were measured dun- ing the 20-wk supplementation period. Calcium supplementation had a significant lowering effect on diastolic blood pressure oven the course of the study in the hypertensive group only. The hypertensive control subjects' mean serum ionic calcium value decreased significantly (P < 0.05) over the course of the exper- iment. A significant (P < 0.05) inverse relationship was observed between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure (r = -0.386 for systolic pressure and -0.359 for diastolic pressure). Am J Clin Nuir l992;55:891-5.
Strong Exciton–Plasmon Coupling in MoS2 Coupled with Plasmonic Lattice

We demonstrate strong exciton–plasmon coupling in silver nanodisk arrays integrated with monolayer MoS2 via angle-resolved reflectance microscopy spectra of the coupled system. Strong exciton–plasmon coupling is observed with the exciton–plasmon coupling strength up to 58 meV at 77 K, which also survives at room temperature. The strong coupling involves three types of resonances: MoS2 excitons, localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of individual silver nanodisks and plasmonic lattice resonances of the nanodisk array. We show that the exciton–plasmon coupling strength, polariton composition, and dispersion can be effectively engineered by tuning the geometry of the plasmonic lattice, which makes the system promising for realizing novel two-dimensional plasmonic polaritonic devices.
Acceleration Factor to relate Thermal Cycles to Power Cycles for Ceramic Ball Grid Area Array Packages

There is a need for a new Acceleration Factor (AF) that can relate Accelerated Thermal Cycle (ATC) fatigue life to Power Cycle (PC) fatigue life quickly and accurately in order to avoid over designing electronic packages for benign environments. An AF, such as the Norris-Landzberg AF, is only applicable when using it to predict fatigue life within the same environment, i.e. ATC to ATC or PC to PC. This work proposes an AF that takes into account the differences between ATC tests and PC tests for ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) packages by considering relevant design and environmental parameters. The new AF is based on relevant design parameters such as substrate size, substrate thermal conductivity, substrate thickness, coefficient of thermal (CTE) mismatch between the substrate and printed wiring board (PWB), PWB thickness, and environmental parameters such as temperature range (ΔT), frequency of cycles (f), and peak/junction temperature (Tj). Finite Element Models (FEM), experimental data, laser moire in...
Symbiodinium population genetics: testing for species boundaries and analysing samples with mixed genotypes

Population genetic markers are increasingly being used to study the diversity, ecology and evolution of Symbiodinium, a group of eukaryotic microbes that are often mutualistic with reef-building corals. Population genetic markers can resolve individual clones, or strains, from samples of host tissue; however, samples may comprise different species that may confound interpretations of gene flow and genetic structure. Here, we propose a method for resolving species from population genetic data using tests for genetic recombination. Assigning individuals to genetically recombining populations prior to further analyses avoids critical errors in the interpretation of gene flow and dispersal. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, we first apply this method to a simulated data set. We then use the method to resolve two species of host generalist Symbiodinium that commonly co-occur in reef-building corals collected from Indo-West Pacific reefs. We demonstrate that the method is robust even when some hosts contain genotypes from two distinct species. Finally, we examine population genetic data sets from two recently published papers in Molecular Ecology. We show that each strongly supports a two species interpretation, which significantly changes the original conclusions presented in these studies. When combined with available phylogenetic and ecological evidence, the use of population genetic data offers a robust method for unambiguously delimiting morphologically cryptic species.
Patents, profit and the public good: the caseof a 19th-century artificial limb manufacturer.

Medecins Sans Frontieres recently expressed concern that patent provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership would make it harder for people to access affordable drugs.[1][1] The challenge of balancing profit with the public good is a familiar one in the history of medicine. For example, the 1847
THERMAL OXIDATION OF POLYMER BLENDS CONTAINING AN ANTIOXIDANT

Abstract Thermal oxidation of blends of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) containing a hindered phenol as antioxidant was studied at 110°C. The incorporation of the antioxidant in the miscible blend lengthens the induction period and lowers the rate of oxidation. Phase separation which preceded the end of the induction period caused the antioxidant to redistribute itself among the different phases. This in turn controlled the induction period and the oxidation rate. The molecular weight of the PVME component in the blend remained unchanged during the induction period but decreased rapidly afterwards. Polystyrene also underwent chain scission after the end of the induction period. When low molecular weight polystyrene was blended with PVME, the films remained homogeneous throughout the oxidation reaction. This resulted in a further increase in the induction period and decrease in the rate of oxidation.
Resection of residual mediastinal germ cell masses with the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator

Residual mediastinal masses after chemotherapy for germ cell tumors should be resected. Complete excision of bulky residual masses may sometimes be difficult because of problems with exposure in the region of the great vessels and important nerves. Two cases are presented in which the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (Valleylab Inc., Surgical Systems Division, Stamford, Conn.) facilitated excision of large masses after intensive chemotherapy. We found that the collapsed pseudocapsule remaining after aspiration of tumor mass allowed early improved exposure and safer dissection from neighboring vessels and neural structures. Complete excisions were accomplished and no viable tumor was found, so that the patients were spared the immediate need for further therapy. Both had uneventful recoveries.
Drug product advertising and prescribing: a review of the evidence

A review of the effect of advertising drug products in medical journals on the prescribing of drugs is presented. The scope of advertisiig, the content of advertising, the latent effects of advertising, the effects of advertising on prescribing, and the social costs and benefits of advertising are discussed. Advertising for antibiotic and psychotropic drug products is reviewed in some detail. It is concluded that there is inconclusive evidence that the pharmaceutical industry, through journal advertising, is persuading physicians to prescribe drugs too often or unwisely, or both. It is suggested that pharmacists study the information needs of health care practioners and provide good drug information services.
Physiology of aging.

Physiologic aging involves changes that tend to be linear with time and are characteristically decremental in nature. A number of the functional changes can be delayed in onset or slowed in their progress by lifestyle. Aging challenges the reserves of function that allow for activity above the resting level and for regulation of the internal environment.
Inhibition of thrombin-induced secretion from platelets by chlortetracycline and its analogs.

Chlortetracycline (CTC) (1.0 mM) blocks platelet secretion after a few seconds preincubation. The amount needed for inhibition can be reduced relative to time of preincubation. 50 micro M CTC. Two tetracycline analogs, anhydrotetracycline and demeclocycline (DMC), have different solubility properties in nonionic medium, but inhibit secretion at the same concentration, with little effect on the metabolic ATP level. The results suggest that CTC and its analogs do not inhibit platelet function by acting as metabolic inhibitors. While CTC causes increased leakage of cytoplasmic content at the concentrations where secretion is blocked more than 90%, DMC doses not cause leakage even at much higher concentration, so that there seems to be no connection between the induction of leakage (i.e. the membrane-active properties) and the inhibitory effect of the drugs.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of NiO and Fe-doped NiO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Chemical Co-precipitation Method☆

Abstract The NiO and Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles are prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method and calcinated at 400°C and 700°C. The structural, morphological, compositional and magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles are studied by powder XRD, FESEM, EDX, FTIR spectroscopy and VSM. The powder XRD result revealed that the obtained samples are nickel oxide with face centered cubic structure. The EDX and FTIR analyses confirm the formation of NiO nanoparticles and the presence of Ferrous in the Fe doped NiO. The crystallite size, determined from XRD, increases with calcination temperature and decreases with the insertion of Fe ions. FESEM analysis also indicates a decrease in the particle size with Fe insertion. The VSM studies show that NiO without Fe doping is superparamagnetic while the Fe doped NiO is ferromagnetic at room temperature.
The Genetic Regulation of Cell Fate During Preimplantation Mouse Development

The adult body is estimated to contain several hundred distinct cell types, each with a specialized physiological function. Failure to maintain cell fate can lead to devastating diseases and cancer, but understanding how cell fates are assigned and maintained during animal development provides new opportunities for human health intervention. The mouse is a premier model for evaluating the genetic regulation of cell fate during development because of the wide variety of tools for measuring and manipulating gene expression levels, the ability to access embryos at desired developmental stages, and the similarities between mouse and human development, particularly during the early stages of development. During the first 3 days of mouse development, the preimplantation embryo sets aside cells that will contribute to the extraembryonic tissues. The extraembryonic tissues are essential for establishing pregnancy and ensuring normal fetal development in both mice and humans. Genetic analyses of mouse preimplantation development have permitted identification of genes that are essential for specification of the extraembryonic lineages. In this chapter, we review the tools and concepts of mouse preimplantation development. We describe genes that are essential for cell fate specification during preimplantation stages, and we describe diverse models proposed to account for the mechanisms of cell fate specification during early development.
Conservatism: Rhetoric and Realities, 1981 to 2001

Most historians struggle with the difference between what people say and what they actually do. This has become even more of a problem since the development in the early twentieth century of public relations, an organizational profession dedicated to providing us with the words and pictures we want to hear and see. Euphemisms abound. Advertising is so omnipresent that even our children soon learn to be cynical about the spoken and written word. As we look at the most recent cycle of conservatism in American politics, we need to be careful about separating words from actions, rhetoric from reality. As fascinating as developments were in the nation's capitol, we also need to use a wide-angle lens and try to bring some of the politics outside of the Beltway around Washington, DC, into this account of recent U.S. history. When we do that and let our gaze sweep back as far as the 1950s, we can see that a particular brand of conservatism was already beginning to acquire a base in a number of states. This was originally a style of compromising, moderate conservatism that Ike referred to as the “middle way.” It was from time to time accompanied by fierce rhetoric in foreign affairs. But the policies were, in reality, moderate and cautious in the exercise of power abroad and at home. That kind of moderation was very popular when it provided Americans with peace and prosperity.
Expanded Substrate Activity of OXA-24/40 in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Involves Enhanced Binding Loop Flexibility.

Gram-negative bacteria resist β-lactam antibiotics primarily by deploying β-lactamase proteins that hydrolytically destroy the antibiotics. In clinical settings, these bacteria are producing variant β-lactamases with “gain-of-activity” mutations that inactivate a broader range of β-lactams. Learning how these mutations broaden substrate activity is important for coping with β-lactam resistance. Here, we investigate a gain of activity mutation in OXA-24/40, a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamase (CHDL) in Acinetobacter baumannii. OXA-24/40 was originally active against penicillin and carbapenem classes of β-lactams, but a clinical variant of OXA-24/40, the single-site substitution mutant P227S, has emerged with expanded activity that now includes advanced cephalosporins and the monobactam aztreonam. Using solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we have compared the site-specific backbone dynamics of wild-type OXA-24/40 and the P227S variant. P227S changes local backbone flexibil...
Barriers to Adherence to Child Assessment Recommendations

We conducted a one-year follow-up study of child psychoeducational assessment cases to examine whether and how the assessments were helpful to families. The current report focuses on parents’ views of their child’s assessment as well as the parents’ adherence with the written recommendations provided to them following their child’s assessment. Fifty-one of 72 eligible parents whose child received an assessment in an urban, Midwest university clinic participated. Based on semistructured interviews with the parents about the assessment recommendations, we grouped the recommendations and any barriers to adherence the parents mentioned into categories, and we also rated the clarity and complexity of the recommendations. Findings showed that, on average, parents identified the assessment process as useful and attempted or fully adhered to 71.5 % of recommendations. Parents reported the lowest adherence when referrals were recommended for their child to be seen by other professionals such as a pediatrician or psychiatrist; and they cited significantly more stigma barriers for recommendations to seek counseling/therapy or psychotropic medication than for recommendations pertaining to changes at home or school. Higher parental compliance was predicted by a combination of parents reporting fewer barriers and receiving more home based recommendations. The results support the utility of psychological assessments from parents’ perspectives and suggest ways in which psychologists may increase the likelihood that parents will adhere to their recommendations.
Putting China's Patent Rise into Context

By all accounts, China became a trail-blazing world economic power in the early 21st century. Adjusting for purchasing power parity, China’s gross domestic product per capita increased by 240% from 2000 to 2011. China’s State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) currently receives more patent applications than any other patent-granting authority, with 80% of applications coming from Chinese residents. To compare, fewer than half of all applications to the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) come from US-based inventors.This growth in patenting represents a new reliance on technological development. Patent applications to SIPO from large and medium-sized enterprises grew at an average annual rate of 38% over the same period. Instead of relying solely on manufacturing, the Chinese are attempting to grow their economy through technological advancements.This article presents an empirical study of Chinese patenting trends in the United States across several decades and uses three primary approaches to present a comparative analysis of these trends. First, it compares current US patenting trends from Chinese applicants to those from other Asian countries, as well as from emerging economies in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). Second, it uses historical data to compare the recent growth in Chinese patent applications filed in the United States to similarly active periods of growth for applications from South Korea and India during the late 20th century. Third, it examines data on the influx of foreign capital into China.The results show that China’s patenting trends at the USPTO have much in common with other East Asian technology booms. These similarities are striking when looking at the growth of South Korea in the 1980s. The role of foreign direct investment can also be observed as shifting in technological focus and geographic concentration. This analysis provides helpful insights into possible future developments.
EM-AI model of microgrids in islanding mode

An Electromagnetic-Artificial Intelligence (EM-AI) based model, for the characterization of microgrids in normal or islanding modes of operation, is presented. This EM-Data Mining based model is used to characterize microgrids with high-speed ac synchronous generators during normal and out of phase operation. The model could form the basis of a framework for online characterization of microgrids during normal or islanding modes of operation.
Neural activity during attentional conflict predicts reduction in tinnitus perception following rTMS

Abstract Background Subjective idiopathic tinnitus is an intrusive, distracting, and potentially disabling disorder characterized by phantom perception of sounds. Although tinnitus has no approved pharmacologic treatment, recent evidence supports the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to alleviate tinnitus symptoms. Objective/Hypothesis Repetitive TMS delivered over the middle superior temporal gyrus (STG) may alter ratings of tinnitus awareness and annoyance more than loudness due to change in attentional processing. STG has reciprocal connections to regions of the prefrontal cortex that mediate attention. To probe the hypothesized influence of STG stimulation on attention, a subset of patients with tinnitus enrolled in an rTMS clinical trial [n = 12, 9 male, mean (sd) age = 49 (15) years] underwent an attentional conflict task before and after rTMS treatment in a repeated-measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Methods The Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), a Stroop-based visual attentional conflict fMRI task, was used to map participants' neural processing of attentional conflict prior to rTMS intervention (Baseline) and after three rTMS intervention arms: Sham, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz (four sessions per arm, 1800 pulses per session, delivered @110% of the motor threshold over the posterior superior temporal gyrus). Results All measures of tinnitus severity (awareness, loudness, and annoyance) improved with 1 Hz rTMS intervention; however, the greatest and most robust changes were observed for ratings of tinnitus awareness (mean 16% reduction in severity from Baseline, p Conclusion These candidate neural reactivity markers of treatment response have potential clinical value in identifying tinnitus sufferers who would or would not therapeutically benefit from rTMS intervention.
Pieri algebras and Hibi algebras in representation theory

A class of algebras that unify a variety of calculations in the representation theory of classical groups is discussed. Because of their relation to the classical Pieri Rule, these algebras are called double Pieri algebras. A generalization of the standard monomial theory of Hodge is developed for double Pieri algebras, that uses pairs of semistandard tableaux, rather than a single one. SAGBI theory and toric deformation are key tools. The deformed double Pieri algebras are described using a doubled version of Gelfand–Tsetlin patterns. The approach allows the discussion to avoid dealing with relations between generators.
Evolving Conformation Paths to Model Protein Structural Transitions

Proteins are dynamic biomolecules. A structure-by-structure characterization of a protein's transition between two different functional structures is central to elucidating the role of dynamics in modulating protein function and designing therapeutic drugs. Characterizing transitions challenges both dry and wet laboratories. Some computational methods compute discrete representations of the energy landscape that organizes structures of a protein by their potential energies. The representations support queries for paths (series of structures) connecting start and goal structures of interest. Here we address the problem of modeling protein structural transitions under the umbrella of stochastic optimization and propose a novel evolutionary algorithm (EA). The EA evolves paths without reconstructing the energy landscape, addressing two competing optimization objectives, energetic cost and structural resolution. Rather than seek one path, the EA yields an ensemble of paths to represent a transition. Preliminary applications suggest the EA is effective while operating under a reasonable computational budget.
Transcriptional response of the harmful raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo to nitrate and phosphate stress

The marine eukaryotic alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) is known for forming ichthyotoxic harmful algal blooms (HABs). In the past 50 years, H. akashiwo blooms have increased, occurring globally in highly eutrophic coastal and estuarine systems. These systems often incur dramatic physicochemical changes, including macronutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) enrichment and depletion, on short timescales. Here, H. akashiwo cultures grown under nutrient replete, low N and low P growth conditions were examined for changes in biochemical and physiological characteristics in concert with transcriptome sequencing to provide a mechanistic perspective on the metabolic processes involved in responding to N and P stress. There was a marked difference in the overall transcriptional pattern between low N and low P transcriptomes. Both nutrient stresses led to significant changes in the abundance of thousands of contigs related to a wide diversity of metabolic pathways, with limited overlap between the transcriptomic responses to low N and low P. Enriched contigs under low N included many related to nitrogen metabolism, acquisition, and transport. In addition, metabolic modules like photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism changed significantly under low N, coincident with treatment-specific changes in photosynthetic efficiency and particulate carbohydrate content. P-specific contigs responsible for P transport and organic P use were more enriched in the low P treatment than in the replete control and low N treatment. These results provide new insight into the genetic mechanisms that distinguish how this HAB species responds to these two common nutrient stresses, and the results can inform future field studies, linking transcriptional patterns to the physiological ecology of H. akashiwo in situ.