cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grab a Cup, Fill It Up! An Intervention to Promote the Convenience of Drinking Water and Increase Student Water Consumption During School Lunch

Objectives. We evaluated a low-cost strategy for schools to improve the convenience and appeal of drinking water.Methods. We conducted a group-randomized, controlled trial in 10 Boston, Massachusetts, schools in April through June 2013 to test a cafeteria-based intervention. Signage promoting water and disposable cups were installed near water sources. Mixed linear regression models adjusting for clustering evaluated the intervention impact on average student water consumption over 359 lunch periods.Results. The percentage of students in intervention schools observed drinking water during lunch nearly doubled from baseline to follow-up compared with controls (+9.4%; P < .001). The intervention was associated with a 0.58-ounce increase in water intake across all students (P < .001). Without cups, children were observed drinking 2.4 (SE = 0.08) ounces of water from fountains; with cups, 5.2 (SE = 0.2) ounces. The percentage of intervention students observed with sugar-sweetened beverages declined (–3.3%; P ...
Effect of cingulate and fornix lesions on emotional behavior in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Abstract The effects of fornix and cingulate lesions on two-way active avoidance, passive avoidance, and tonic immobility were studied in rabbits. Fornix lesions facilitated acquisition of the active avoidance task, impaired acquisition of passive avoidance, and prolonged the duration of tonic immobility. Cingulate lesions impaired the acquisition of the active avoidance task, facilitated acquisition of passive avoidance, and decreased the duration of tonic immobility. The pattern of degeneration produced by these lesions was determined using the Fink-Heimer procedure. In addition to their individual projection patterns, both lesions caused degeneration in the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus and in the area of the zona incerta. We propose that some form of response modulation hypothesis best accounts for the behavioral data and that the ventral anterior thalamus and zona incerta are probable regions where the cingulate gyrus, and structures which contribute to the fornix, directly interface in interactions which influence behavior.
Advances in engineering of fluorescent proteins and photoactivatable proteins with red emission

Monomeric fluorescent proteins of different colors are widely used to study behavior and targeting of proteins in living cells. Fluorescent proteins that irreversibly change their spectral properties in response to light irradiation of a specific wavelength, or photoactivate, have become increasingly popular to image intracellular dynamics and superresolution protein localization. Until recently, however, no optimized monomeric red fluorescent proteins and red photoactivatable proteins have been available. Furthermore, monomeric fluorescent proteins, which change emission from blue to red simply with time, so-called fluorescent timers, were developed to study protein age and turnover. Understanding of chemical mechanisms of the chromophore maturation or photoactivation into a red form will further advance engineering of fluorescent timers and photoactivatable proteins with enhanced and novel properties.
Interstellar scattering of compact radio sources near supernova remnants

A multifrequency VLBI search for interstellar scattering of extragalactic radio sources near supernova remnants is reported. VLBI observations at 610, 1663, and 4991 MHz were made of compact sources near the supernova remnants CTA 1, G33.6 + 0.1, G74.9 + 1.2, and HB 21, and 610 MHz observations were also made of a source near HB 9. These observations were motivated by the possibility of enhanced cosmic ray-induced turbulence in front of supernova remnants, as expected in 'diffusive' theories of shock wave acceleration. Angular broadening is definitely seen in the case of the source 2013 + 370, which lies within 4 arcmin of the supernova remnant G74.9 + 1.2. Present observations cannot unambiguously attribute the scattering material to the supernova remnant, as the line of sight also passes through the Cygnus OB1 association. The source 1849 + 005 appears to be highly scattered, as fringes were not detected even on short baselines at 5 GHz. This result may be due to the low galactic longitude of this source rather than its proximity to the supernova remnant G 33.6 + 0.1. Broadening was not detected for sources whose lines of sight pass close to the supernova remnants HB 9, HB 21, and CTA 1.
Saturation in weakly coupled relativistic systems.

The ability of nonrelativistic physics to correctly describe saturation in systems where relativistic effects are important is studied. A fully relativistic model system of nucleons interacting via weakly coupled mesons is utilized, for which perturbative methods can be used to generate results for the energy density of the uniform system and the two-body scattering cross section. The energy of the uniform system derived from the relativistic model is then compared with that obtained from performing a nonrelativistic calculation using a nonlocal two-body potential that exactly fits the two-body scattering cross section obtained from the relativistic model. The nonrelativistic and relativistic calculations differ, and the reasons for their difference are discussed. The differences can be reconciled by adding nonlocal many-body potentials to the nonrelativistic model.
An invitation to apply national survey data to ecological research

Steven G. Paulsen, Charles P. Hawkins, John Van Sickle, Lester L. Yuan, AND Susan M. Holdsworth 1 Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35 St., Corvallis, Oregon 97330 USA 2 Western Center for Monitoring and Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5210 USA 3 Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, 8623P, Washington, DC 20460 USA 4 Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, 4503T, Washington, DC 20460 USA
Beyond Solo End-User Programming: A Scientific Basis for Supporting Reuse

Many end-user programming environments are "reuse environments" that store and organize code so users can extend, adapt, and combine existing code. Yet to date, no well-validated, theory-based body of design principles exists for guiding the development of these reuse environments. The contribution of this survey paper is to identify relevant theoretical perspectives and candidate design principles by which these theories could be extended, adapted, and/or applied to the problem of understanding how and when end-user programmers reuse code. In particular, based on this survey, candidate principles are identified that 1 could be used to guide the design of environments for end-user reuse of code, 2 are grounded in theory, and 3 have preliminary empirical support. This contribution is beneficial because successfully applying these principles could increase the benefit of end-user programming by helping software engineers to deliver effective programming environments to end users.
Techniques to overlap computation and communication in irregular iterative applications

There are many applications in CFD and structural analysis that can be more accurately modeled using unstructured grids. Parallelization of implicit methods for unstructured grids is a difficult and important problem. This paper deals with coloring techniques to overlap computation and communication during the solution of implicit methods on message passing distributed memory multicomputers. An evaluation of coloring techniques for partitioned unstructured grids is first presented. Results show the importance of using partitioning information during coloring. It is next shown that overlapping computation and communication can be formalized as a generalized coloring problem. Modified coloring algorithms are used for this purpose. The PARTI library has been extended to support non-blocking gather-scatter operations and used in conjunction with these algorithms. Practicality issues are evaluated with experimental results on an Intel Paragon multicomputer.
Programmable Binary Nonlinear Optical Processor For Associative Retrieval

A programmable optical associative memory for two-dimensional image retrieval is described. Both the stored images and the input image are displayed spatially; therefore, they can be updated in real time more conveniently. The integral product between the input image and the stored images is obtained by a nonlinear correlation technique that has a superior performance compared with conventional optical correlation techniques in the areas of light efficiency, correlation peak to sidelobe ratio, and correlation spot size. Thus, better quality images can be reconstructed, and the need for optical gain and optical feedback may be eliminated. The losses in the system are small since no holograms are employed.
Polypeptides of Moloney sarcoma-leukemia virions: their resolution and incorporation into extracellular virions.

Abstract Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) using four different concentrations of acrylamide resolved 16 polypeptide and glycopeptide components of Moloney sarcoma-leukemia virions radiolabeled with amino acids and d -glucosamine. Virions labeled with one neutral (lecuine or tryptophan) and one basic (lysine) amino acid show a distinctive label incorporation ratio for polypeptides in clustered molecular weight groups. One low molecular weight polypeptide is lysine rich, but is not a true histone since it was found to contain tryptophan. Several distinctive patterns of incorporation of pulse labeled ([ 3 H]leucine) polypeptides into virions were observed. For most virion polypeptides the highest amount of pulse label recovered per unit time in extracellular virions was from early chase intervals (0–30, or 30–60 min). During subsequent chase intervals (60–120, or 120–180 min), the amounts of 3 H counts in these specific labeled polypeptides recovered in extracellular virus per unit time decreased exponentially. Pulse labeled copies of one low molecular weight polypeptide (16,000) and the two major virion glycoproteins (73,000 and 75,000) appeared in supernatant virions during early chase intervals (0–30 min) at a low level then increased in amount of label recovered per unit time during chase intervals of 30–60, and 60–120 min. A third unique incorporation pattern was observed for one low molecular weight polypeptide (18,000). Pulse labeled copies of this polypeptide were not detectable in supernatant virus during the first 30 min of chase, but appeared in increasing amounts recovered per unit time during chase intervals of 30–60, and 60–120 min.
Prescription Medication Borrowing among Adult Patients at an Urban Medical Center

Prescription medication borrowing can result in adverse health outcomes. We aimed to study the patterns of borrowing prescription medications in an adult urban population seeking healthcare in the outpatient, emergency, and inpatient units of an urban medical center. Participants indicated whether they (1) had a primary care doctor, medical insurance, a prior history of substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, or chronic pain; and (2) had borrowed a prescription medication. If so, they noted the medication obtained, source, frequency of use, and reasons why they had not obtained a prescription from a licensed medical provider. Of the 641 participants, most were African American (75%), urban residents (75%), high school educated or less (71%), and lacked full-time employment (68%). Many had health insurance (90%) and had recently seen their primary medical provider (75%). Eighteen percent reported ever borrowing a prescription medication. On multivariate analysis, history of chronic pain was marginally associated with increased medication borrowing (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58) while having Medicare insurance (OR = 0.436) or a primary care medical provider routinely ask about medication usage (OR = 0.589) were significantly associated with decreased medication borrowing. The most commonly obtained medications were for pain (74%), usually in the form of opioids, and were obtained from a family member (49%) or friend (38%). Thirty-five percent of those who borrowed medications did so more than once a year, with lack of convenient access to medical care the most frequently cited reason for use (67%). Only a third of those who borrowed medications had informed their primary medical providers of the behavior. In conclusion, borrowing prescription medications is a common behavior in the population studied. Further research is warranted into interventions to reduce such use, especially the impact of methods to improve the convenience of contacting licensed medical providers.
Hormonal Control of Growth and Reproduction in the Arthropods: Introduction to the Symposium

SYNOPSIS. An overview of hormonal control of growth and reproduction in the arthropods is presented.
Characterization and theoretical modeling of magnetostrictive strain sensors

Abstract This study deals with the modeling of a magnetostrictive strain sensor. The sensor comprised of a conducting wire of copper covered with a strain-sensitive magnetic film of Permalloy (80% Ni–20% Fe by weight) that was deposited electrochemically. The voltage response of the sensor as a function of applied stress, thickness and length of the film, amplitude and frequency of the input current was characterized. The sensor was modeled as an electrical circuit having resistive and inductive components and was in good agreement with experimental response.
Effects of dietary selenium on mood in healthy men living in a metabolic research unit.

Eleven healthy men were confined in a metabolic research unit for 120 days in a double-blind study of the effects of dietary selenium on mood as assessed by the Profile of Mood States-Bipolar Form. At an intake of 2800 kcal/day, the diet of conventional foods provided 80 micrograms/day of selenium for the first 21 days, then either 13 or 356 micrograms/day for the remaining 99 days. There were no significant changes in any of the mood scales due to dietary selenium. However, in the low-selenium group, the changes in the agreeable-hostile and the elated-depressed subscales were correlated with initial erythrocyte selenium concentration; that is, the lower the initial selenium status, the more the mood scores decreased. These results suggest that persons with low selenium status might experience relatively depressed moods and support the idea that selenium plays a special role in the brain. However, these studies do not support the notion that selenium supplementation could promote improvements in mood in persons eating a typical U.S. diet.
A new subunit of the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel in retinal rods.

RETINAL rods respond to light with a membrane hyperpolarization produced by a G-protein-mediated signalling cascade that leads to cyclic GMP hydrolysis and the consequent closure of a cGMP-gated channel that is open in darkness1–7. A protein that forms this channel has recently been purified from bovine retina8 and molecularly cloned9, suggesting that the native cGMP-gated channel might be a homo-oligomer10. Here we report the cloning of another protein from human retina which has only about 30% overall identity to the rod channel subunit. This protein, immunocytochemically localized to rod outer segments, does not form functional channels by itself. However, when co-expressed with the cloned human rod channel protein11, it introduces rapid flickers to the channel openings that are characteristic of the native channel12–16. The hetero-oligomeric channel is also highly sensitive to the blocker L-cis-diltiazem, like the native channel15,17,18. This new protein thus seems to be another subunit of the native rod channel. The hetero-oligomeric nature of the rod channel means that it is no exception to a common motif shared by other ligand-gated channels.
A theoretical model for high-frequency backscatter from the sea surface via the ionosphere

Abstract The sizable backscatter from the ocean for high-frequency radio waves propagated via the ionosphere is accounted for, using an essentially realistic model of the sea surface. The sea surface is in fact random; however, a good working approximation (at least in the case of high-frequency radio waves) is a perfectly-conducting doubly-trochoidal or doubly-sinusoidal surface. The average far-zone backscattered power is computed for each type of surface on the basis of the “current distribution” method and Breit-Tuve theorem. The assignment of realistic values to the ocean parameters then yields values of the back-scattered power which are of the same order of magnitude as those observed.
Open Chest Epicardial Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia Early after Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Purpose Patients with advanced heart failure who require left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implant are also susceptible to ventricular tachycardia (VT). Recurrent VT can compromise the hemodynamic support provided with LVADs and if not managed can cause RV failure and ultimately refractory shock. Methods and Materials Between March of 2009 and June of 2012, 5 patients underwent open chest hybrid epicardial mapping and ablation of recurrent VT early after placement of an LVAD. Patients had the VT ablation at the time of mediastinal washout or chest closure (median post-op day #3, range day #1-12). Results Five patients (4 males, median age 57, range 52-73, 3 ischemic cardiomyopathy) had received LVAD. Two patients had HeartMate II, one patient had HeartMate XVE, one patient had HeartMate XVE and right ventricular assist device (RVAD) and one patient had Levitronix for post-cardiotomy shock following coronary bypass surgery requiring placement of an ECMO. All patients had failed medical therapy for VT with at least 1 (median 3) antiarrhythmic agents. Two patients had had endocardial ablation of VT prior to LVAD. Four patients had acute success with VT ablation. The termination of VT allowed removal of the RVAD in one patient. In all patients, VT was either eliminated or significantly reduced with epicardial ablation. No procedure-related complications occurred. Three patients died in the index hospitalization due to other causes (intracranial hemorrhage, sepsis or refractory cardiogenic shock). Conclusions Open-chest hybrid epicardial ablation for recurrent or incessant VT is feasible in selected patients early after LVAD implant although the overall prognosis remains guarded.
Post‐hospitalization transitions: Examining the effects of timing of primary care provider follow‐up

BACKGROUND: The transition between the inpatient and outpatient setting is a high-risk period for patients. The presence and role of the primary care provider (PCP) is critical during this transition. This study evaluated characteristics and outcomes of discharged patients lacking timely PCP follow-up, defined as within 4 weeks of discharge. METHODS: This prospective cohort enrolled 65 patients admitted to University of Colorado Hospital, an urban 425-bed tertiary care center. We collected patient demographics, diagnosis, payer source and PCP information. Post-discharge phone calls determined PCP follow-up and readmission status. Thirty-day readmission rate and hospital length of stay (LOS) were compared in patients with and without timely PCP follow-up. RESULTS: The rate of timely PCP follow-up was 49%. For a patient's same medical condition, the 30-day readmission rate was 12%. Patients lacking timely PCP follow-up were 10 times more likely to be readmitted (odds ratio [OR] = 9.9, P = 0.04): 21% in patients lacking timely PCP follow-up vs. 3% in patients with timely PCP follow-up, P = 0.03. Lack of insurance was associated with lower rates of timely PCP follow-up: 29% vs. 56% (P = 0.06), but did not independently increase readmission rate or LOS (OR = 1.0, P = 0.96). Index hospital LOS was longer in patients lacking timely PCP follow-up: 4.4 days vs. 6.3 days, P = 0.11. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients discharged from this large urban academic hospital lacked timely outpatient PCP follow-up resulting in higher rates of readmission and a non-significant trend toward longer hospital LOS. Effective transitioning of care for vulnerable patients may require timely PCP follow-up. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Estrogen effects on the brain: actions beyond the hypothalamus via novel mechanisms.

From its origins in how the brain controls the endocrine system via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, neuroendocrinology has evolved into a science that now includes hormone action on many aspects of brain function. These actions involve the whole central nervous system and not just the hypothalamus. Advances in our understanding of cellular and molecular actions of steroid hormones have gone beyond the important cell nuclear actions of steroid hormone receptors to include signaling pathways that intersect with other mediators such as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This has, in turn, broadened the search for and identification of steroid receptors to include non-nuclear sites in synapses, dendrites, mitochondria and glial cells, as well as cell nuclei. The study of estrogen receptors and estrogen actions on processes related to cognition, mood, autonomic regulation, pain and neuroprotection, among other functions, has led the way in this new view of hormone actions on the brain. In this review we summarize past and current work in our laboratory on this topic. This exciting and growing field involving many laboratories continues to reshape our ideas and approaches to neuroendocrinology both at the bench and the bedside.
A Review of Recent OAS Research on Human Trafficking in the Latin American and Caribbean Region

No review of research on human trafficking worldwide would be complete without an examination of the situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the past few years the Latin American and Caribbean regions have witnessed increased activities by the US Government international organizations and civil society alerting governments and migrants on the continually evolving nature of human trafficking both domestically and across international boundaries. Effective policy responses to the scourge of human trafficking require reliable data based on solid empirical research. The clandestine nature of this criminal activity makes it only possible to rely on estimates primarily from the nongovernmental organization (NGO) community. As in most parts of the world before the year 2000 the problem had been overlooked and understudied in Latin America and the Caribbean. In an effort to ameliorate this problem and provide governments information that more fully addressed the scope and nature of the problem the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) and the Inter- American Children’s Institute (IACI) both of the Organization of American States (OAS) collaborated with the International Human Rights Law Institute (IHRLI) of DePaul University to study human trafficking in Latin America and the Caribbean. (excerpt)
Identification of Critical Steps Governing the Two-Component Alkanesulfonate Monooxygenase Catalytic Mechanism

The alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme (SsuD) catalyzes the oxygenolytic cleavage of a carbon–sulfur bond from sulfonated substrates. A mechanism involving acid–base catalysis has been proposed for the desulfonation mechanism by SsuD. In the proposed mechanism, base catalysis is involved in abstracting a proton from the alkane peroxyflavin intermediate, while acid catalysis is needed for the protonation of the FMNO– intermediate. The pH profiles of kcat indicate that catalysis by SsuD requires a group with a pKa of 6.6 ± 0.2 to be deprotonated and a second group with a pKa of 9.5 ± 0.1 to be protonated. The upper pKa value was not present in the pH profiles of kcat/Km. Several conserved amino acid residues (His228, His11, His333, Cys54, and Arg226) have been identified as having potential catalytic importance due to the similar spatial arrangements with close structural and functional relatives of SsuD. Substitutions to these amino acid residues were generated, and the pH dependencies were evaluated and...
Turbulence Observations in the Northern Bight of Monterey Bay from a Small AUV

Abstract In this manuscript we show that in shallow water an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) can be used to quantify the horizontal and vertical structure of turbulence. We present data obtained during the Layered Organization in the Coastal Ocean (LOCO) experiment, which took place in a very shallow region of Monterey Bay at nighttime in the summer of 2006. The AUV employed was the T-REMUS vehicle, which contains a variety of the microscale and finescale sensors as well as supporting “hotel” sensors which monitor its position and performance. The vehicle was run in a 5-degree yoyo mode and, using the Rockland Microstructure Measurement System (RMMS), was able to obtain direct estimates of the turbulent dissipation rate on a vertical scale of 0.5 m. The yoyo sampling scheme allowed the finestructure and microstructure data to be obtained with an average horizontal sampling distance of 150 m. We examine the spatial structure of turbulence over a horizontal range of 2.5 km and throughout most of the water column, from 1 m from the surface to 4 m above the bottom. Eight hours of such data were collected. The experiment took place during a time period of very light wind forcing, little air sea exchange, and weak tidal flow. Nonetheless, strong turbulence, characterized by a turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate of e > 10 − 7 W/kg and buoyancy Reynolds number of Re b > 10 3 , was observed throughout the experimental region. The turbulence, for the most part, was patchy and typically confined to the surface and bottom boundary layer regions. However, towards the end of the experiment a spatially continuous region of turbulence of at least 2.5 km extent was observed in the upper part of the thermocline. This occurred during the time period when an internal wave train appeared in the experimental area. Evidence is presented which suggests that the internal wave induced vertical strain gradient was responsible for producing this turbulent field.
Non-traditional graduate CS program integrated with distance technology

A non-traditional graduate computer science program emphasizing "applied computer science" with integrated distance technology is examined. The program emphasizes a subset of the discipline that has direct application. By focusing on this subset rather than the entire breadth of the discipline, students with degrees in fields other than computer science but with substantial computing experience can successfully do graduate CS graduate work. The selected areas include embedded systems, software engineering, database, distributed-object computing, software architecture, and game theory and design. By incorporating the use of distance technology, this part-time program accommodates the working professional with substantial business, travel, and family commitments. Lectures are streamed over the internet live, and are recorded for later review and study.This paper presents the structure and philosophy behind this unique program, and its targeted curriculum and audience. The integration of distance technology with the curriculum is presented, along with the impact on pedagogy.
Ancestral Inbreeding Only Minimally Affects Inbreeding Depression in Mammalian Populations

Inbreeding depression can be reduced, or purged, by selection against deleterious alleles. This prediction is the basis of the recommendation that captive wildlife populations suffering from inbreeding depression be intentionally bred from healthy inbred animals. Yet data on the effectiveness of purging inbreeding depression are few. In this study I present and use two different regression models (an ancestral inbreeding model and a lethal recessive model) to test for the presence of purging effects in 25 captive mammalian populations. Fitness components examined were neonatal survival, survival from neonate to weaning, and litter size. In only one species was purging statistically significant. However, 15 of 17 species that showed inbreeding depression exhibited a slight decline in inbreeding depression in neonatal survival among descendants of inbred animals. These results show a small but highly significant trend of purging on neonatal survival. No trends in purging effects were observed in weaning survival or litter size. The effects were not likely to be strong enough to be of practical use in eliminating inbreeding depression.
Sites in TM2 and 3 are critical for alcohol‐induced conformational changes in GABAA receptors

Abstract gamma-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors are molecular targets for alcohols. Previous work suggests that S270 and A291 residues in the transmembrane (TM) 2 and 3 domains of the GABA(A) receptor alpha subunit are components of an alcohol-binding pocket, and S270I and A291W mutants abolished ethanol potentiation. Our results showed that A295C and F296C residues in the TM3 of the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit are accessible to hexylmethanethiosulfonate (HMTS) in the alcohol-bound state, but not in the resting state. Thus, the A295C and F296C sites become water-accessible as a result of alcohol-induced conformational changes. If S270 or A291 residues are sites of alcohol binding, then S270I or A291W mutations should prevent alcohol-induced conformational movements within the TM3 domain. To investigate this question, the accessibility of HMTS reagent to double mutants (A291W/A295C, A291W/F296C, S270I/A295C or S270I/F296C) in the presence of ethanol or hexanol was tested. The A291W or S270I mutations markedly reduced the accessibility of HMTS to all the double mutants in the ethanol-bound state, and to S270I/F296C, A291W/A295C and A291W/F296C double mutants in the hexanol-bound state, suggesting that the A291 or S270 residues are critical sites for alcohol binding and alcohol-induced conformational changes.
Event-related potentials to intact and disrupted actions in children and adults

The current research used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate neurophysiological responses to intact and disrupted actions embedded within an event in children and adults. Responses were recorded as children (24-month-olds) and adults observed a relatively novel event composed of three actions. In one condition pauses were inserted at intact boundaries (i.e., at the endpoint of each action), whereas in the other condition they were inserted at breakpoints that disrupted the action (i.e., in the middle of each action). Evoked responses revealed differences across conditions in both groups; disrupted actions elicited a prolonged negative slow wave from 100 to 700 ms in children, whereas adults demonstrated two distinct negative peaks between 50–150 and 250–350 ms. These findings contribute the first electrophysiological evidence that children readily detect disruptions to ongoing events by the end of the second year, even with limited exposure to the event itself. Furthermore, they suggest that adults rely on two distinct mechanisms when processing novel events. Results are discussed in relation to the role of perceptual and conceptual levels of analysis in the development of action processing.
Person-independent head pose estimation using biased manifold embedding

Head pose estimation has been an integral problem in the study of face recognition systems and human-computer interfaces, as part of biometric applications. A fine estimate of the head pose angle is necessary and useful for several face analysis applications. To determine the head pose, face images with varying pose angles can be considered to be lying on a smooth low-dimensional manifold in high-dimensional image feature space. However, when there are face images of multiple individuals with varying pose angles, manifold learning techniques often do not give accurate results. In this work, we propose a framework for a supervised formof manifold learning called Biased Manifold Embedding to obtain improved performance in head pose angle estimation. This framework goes beyond pose estimation, and can be applied to all regression applications. This framework, although formulated for a regression scenario, unifies other supervised approaches to manifold learning that have been proposed so far. Detailed studies of the proposed method are carried out on the FacePix database, which contains 181 face images each of 30 individuals with pose angle variations at a granularity of 1. Since biometric applications in the real world may not contain this level of granularity in training data, an analysis of the methodology is performed on sparsely sampled data to validate its eectiveness. We obtained up to 2average pose angle estimation error in the results from our experiments, which matched the best results obtained for head pose estimation using related approaches.
EFFECT OF DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN(DPH)ON ARGININE-INDUCED GLUCAGON(IRG) SECRETION IN JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS (JDM)

DPH has blocked IRG secretion in vitro (JCEM 35: 823, 1972 ) To evaluate DPH effects on α cell function in JDM, 9 controlled pts. (5c, 4c), ages 12-17 yrs., were studied with paired Arginine infusion tests (AIT) after 12-hr, fasts, and 3 days of isocaloric diets. Following AIT-1, DPH(3mg/kg)was infused not to exceed 100 mg/min. Atter 20 min., AIT-2 was done. Serial blood samples for BS and IRG were obtained over 300 min. IRG was measured by RIA using 30 K antisera and dextran-charcoal separation, with 95% confidence limits of ±26 pg/ml. Mean pre-and post-DPH BS increments were 75±13 and 67±13 mg/dl. Mean fasting pre-and post-DPH IRG were 174±34(M±SE)and 186±37. Mean pre-and post-DPH ΔIRG were 273±79 and 212±49. Mean % decrement in ΔIRG after DPH was 14.2±11.0(NS). Five pts. had 40.4±3.8 mean % decrement in ΔIRG post DPH. Absolute ΔIRG pre-and post-DPH in this group were 352±130 and 213±77(P > 0.05). Three randomly selected patients on b±daily insulin therapy received 6 mos. DPH (5mg/kg/day). Single AIT were done at 0,5, and 180 days. Mean fasting IRG values were 140±33, 122±24, 175±57; mean ΔIRG values were 159±41, 175±48, and 161±28 pg/ml, respectively. There was no significant statistic correlation between duration of JDM, age of pt., or insulin therapy and DPH effect on arginine-induced IRG secretion. This study appears to be the first in vivo evaluation of DPH effects on alpha-cell function in JDM suggesting some modification of arginine-induced IRG secretion.
Crystallographic controls on the frictional behavior of dry and water-saturated sheet structure minerals

[1] We compare the frictional strengths of 17 sheet structure mineral powders, measured under dry and water-saturated conditions, to identify the factors that cause many of them to be relatively weak. The dry coefficient of friction μ ranges upward from 0.2 for graphite, leveling off at 0.8 for margarite, clintonite, gibbsite, kaolinite, and lizardite. The values of μ (dry) correlate directly with calculated (001) interlayer bond strengths of the minerals. This correlation occurs because shear becomes localized along boundary and Riedel shears and the platy minerals in them rotate into alignment with the shear planes. For those gouges with μ (dry) < 0.8, shear occurs by breaking the interlayer bonds to form new cleavage surfaces. Where μ (dry) = 0.8, consistent with Byerlee's law, the interlayer bonds are sufficiently strong that other frictional processes dominate. The transition in dry friction mechanisms corresponds to calculated surface energies of 2–3 J/m2. Adding water causes μ to decrease for every mineral tested except graphite. If the minerals are separated into groups with similar crystal structures, μ (wet) increases with increasing interlayer bond strength within each group. This relationship also holds for the swelling clay montmorillonite, whose water-saturated strength is consistent with the strengths of nonswelling clays of similar crystal structure. Water in the saturated gouges forms thin, structured films between the plate surfaces. The polar water molecules are bonded to the plate surfaces in proportion to the mineral's surface energy, and μ (wet) reflects the stresses required to shear through the water films.
The cultural context of family-peer linkages in adolescence.

Adolescents' family and peer social systems influence each other in many ways. Considering these systems in light of how ethnicity has been conceptualized by researchers, we offer a set of general principles to guide future research on ethnic or cultural influences on family-peer linkages in adolescence.
Drosophila mixed lineage kinase/slipper, a missing biochemical link in Drosophila JNK signaling

Abstract Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) belong to the family of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) and cause neuronal cell death mediated through c-Jun, N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Recently, genetic studies in Drosophila revealed the presence of an MLK termed slipper (slpr) . However, its biochemical features like physiological substrate, role in different MAPK pathways and developmental and tissue-specific expression pattern were not reported. Here, we report cDNA cloning, expression analysis and biochemical characterization of a Drosophila mixed lineage kinase (dMLK) that is also known as slipper . The protein structure analysis of dMLK/ slipper revealed, in addition to the conserved domains, a stretch of glutamine in the amino terminus and an asparagine–threonine stretch at the carboxy-terminus. In situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that dMLK is expressed in early embryonic stages, adult brain and thorax. Ectopic expression of dMLK either in Drosophila S2 or in mammalian HEK293 cells leads to activation of JNK, p38 and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Further, dMLK directly phosphorylates Hep, dMKK4 and also their mammalian counterparts, MKK7 and SEK1, in an in vitro kinase assay. Taken together, our results provide for the first time a comprehensive expression profile and new biochemical insight of dMLK/ slipper.
Agreement, locality, and OVS in Bantu

Despite exhibiting a high degree of uniformity, Bantu languages display a surprising amount of variation in extraction contexts, particularly with regard to agreement patterns. This paper examines this variation, focusing first on Bantu OVS relatives and topicalization structures in which the raised operator triggers morphological subject agreement on the verb. After critiquing accounts by Henderson (2006) and others, this paper proposes an analysis of OVS structures in which the establishment of agreement relations is delayed until the end of the derivation. I then take this account of OVS as the basis for discussing variation in the agreement properties of operator constructions across Bantu languages.
Local integrability of strong and iterated maximal functions

Let MS denote the strong maximal operator. Let Mx and My denote the one-dimensional Hardy{Littlewood maximal operators in the horizontal and vertical directions in R 2 . A function h supported on the unit square Q = (0; 1) (0; 1) is exhibited such that Q MyMxh < 1 but Q MxMyh = 1. It is shown that if f is a function supported on Q such that Q MyMxf <1 but Q MxMyf =1, then there exists a set A of nite measure in R 2 such that A MSf =1.
Photophoretic trapping-Raman spectroscopy for single pollens and fungal spores trapped in air

Abstract Photophoretic trapping-Raman spectroscopy (PTRS) is a new technique for measuring Raman spectra of particles that are held in air using photophoretic forces. It was initially demonstrated with Raman spectra of strongly-absorbing carbon nanoparticles (Pan et al. [44] (Opt Express 2012)). In the present paper we report the first demonstration of the use of PTRS to measure Raman spectra of absorbing and weakly-absorbing bioaerosol particles (pollens and spores). Raman spectra of three pollens and one smut spore in a size range of 6.2–41.8 µm illuminated at 488 nm are shown. Quality spectra were obtained in the Raman shift range of 1600–3400 cm −1 in this exploratory study. Distinguishable Raman scattering signals with one or a few clear Raman peaks for all four aerosol particles were observed within the wavenumber region 2940–3030 cm −1 . Peaks in this region are consistent with previous reports of Raman peaks in the 1600–3400 cm −1 range for pollens and spores excited at 514 nm measured by a conventional Raman spectrometer. Noise in the spectra, the fluorescence background, and the weak Raman signals in most of the 1600–3400 cm −1 region make some of the spectral features barely discernable or not discernable for these bioaerosols except the strong signal within 2940–3030 cm −1 . Up to five bands are identified in the three pollens and only two bands appear in the fungal spore, but this may be because the fungal spore is so much smaller than any of the pollens. The fungal spore signal relative to the air-nitrogen Raman band is approximately 10 times smaller than that ratio for the pollens. The five bands are tentatively assigned to the CH 2 symmetric stretch at 2948 cm −1 , CH 2 Fermi resonance stretch at 2970 cm −1 , CH 3 symmetric stretch at 2990 cm −1 , CH 3 out-of-plane end asymmetric stretch at 3010 cm −1 , and unsaturated =CH stretch at 3028 cm −1 . The two dominant bands of the up-to-five Raman bands in the 2940–3030 cm −1 region have a consistent band spacing of 25 cm −1 in all four aerosols. Finally we discuss improvements to the PTRS that should provide a system which can trap a higher fraction of particle types and obtain Raman spectra over a larger range (e.g., 200–3600 cm −1 ) than those achieved here.
Talking about rates conceptually, Part II: Mathematical knowledge for teaching

Part I of this report (Thompson & Thompson, 1994) described the attempts of one teacher, Bill, to teach concepts of speed to one child, Ann. We analyzed sources of their eventual dysfunctional communication, concluding that Bill had encapsulated his deep understandings of rate and proportionality within his language for numbers and operations. Part II presents the session of the researcher, Pat, with Ann, analyzing his instructional actions in light of his agenda for having Ann build a scheme of operations by which to understand distance, time, and speed. We contrast Pat's agenda with Bill's, focusing on the mathematical knowledge that guided their instructional decisions and actions and briefly discuss implications for the preparation of teachers with regard to content knowledge.
Can Insulin Resistance Exist as a Primary Defect in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus?*

In this study we have attempted to quantify the plasma insulin response to glucose and insulin action in 22 nonobese subjects: 11 with normal glucose tolerance and 11 with mild [mean fasting plasma glucose concentration, 128 ± (±sem) 5 mg/dL] noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Estimates of the plasma insulin response were made by determining the plasma insulin concentration at hourly intervals from 0800–1600 h, before and after mixed meals consumed at 0800 h (breakfast) and 1200 h (lunch). Insulin action was assessed by measuring glucose uptake during insulin clamp studies performed at steady state plasma insulin levels of approximately 10 and 60 μU/mL, with the difference between the 2 values defined as insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Plasma glucose (P < 0.001) and insulin (P < 0.001) concentrations were significantly higher in patients with NIDDM throughout the 8-h period (by two-way analysis of variance). However, mean (± sem) insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was markedly reduced (P < ...
From learning from accidents to teaching about accident causation and prevention: Multidisciplinary education and safety literacy for all engineering students

Abstract In this work, we argue that system accident literacy and safety competence should be an essential part of the intellectual toolkit of all engineering students. We discuss why such competence should be taught and nurtured in engineering students, and provide one example for how this can be done. We first define the class of adverse events of interest as system accidents, distinct from occupational accidents, through their (1) temporal depth of causality and (2) diversity of agency or groups and individuals who influence or contribute to the accident occurrence/prevention. We then address the question of why the interest in this class of events and their prevention, and we expand on the importance of system safety literacy and the contributions that engineering students can make in the long-term towards accident prevention. Finally, we offer one model for an introductory course on accident causation and system safety, discuss the course logistics, material and delivery, and our experience teaching this subject. The course starts with the anatomy of accidents and is grounded in various case studies; these help illustrate the multidisciplinary nature of the subject, and provide the students with the important concepts to describe the phenomenology of accidents (e.g., initiating events, accident precursor or lead indicator, and accident pathogen). More importantly, the case studies invite a deep reflection on the underlying failure mechanisms, their generalizability, and the various safety levers for accident prevention. The course then proceeds to an exposition of defense-in-depth, safety barriers and principles, essential elements for an education in accident prevention, and it concludes with a presentation of basic concepts and tools for uncertainty and risk analysis. Educators will recognize the difficulties in designing a new course on such a broad subject. It is hoped that this work will invite comments and contributions from the readers, and that the journal will support the publication of exchanges on this subject.
Study on the Control Strategy of PV-Energy Storage Microgrid Working in Islanded Mode

This paper mainly discussed the control strategy of PV-energy storage microgrid that run in islanded mode , the PV inverter and the energy storage inverter use constant power control and constant voltage and constant frequency control respectively,with such a control strategy to ensure the microgrid in islanded mode supply the load stably. To verify the proposed theory,built the simulation model on the Simulink platform.In order to facilitate the parameters modification and improve the speed of the simulation,PQ controller was programmed by C language and embedded in the Simulink platform.Through the analysis of the simulation results,proved that the correctness and validity of the control strategy.