cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurturin Effects on Nigrostriatal Dopamine Release and Content: Comparison with GDNF

Neurturin (NTN) is a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family; and, while GDNF has been shown to increase dopamine (DA) release in normal animals, the ability of NTN to alter DA release has not been previously reported. The purpose of the present study was to determine if NTN could alter striatal DA release, and to compare the effects of NTN to GDNF. Male Fischer-344 rats were given a single injection of vehicle or 5 μg NTN or GDNF into the right substantia nigra. Three weeks later microdialysis experiments were conducted to assess striatal DA release. Basal extracellular levels of striatal DA were not affected by either NTN or GDNF. However, both NTN and GDNF led to increases in amphetamine-evoked overflow of DA from the ipsilateral striatum, and there was a trend for potassium-evoked overflow to be augmented. Postmortem tissue levels of DA were decreased by approximately 20% in the striatum, and increased by approximately 100% in the substantia nigra, on the ipsilateral side of the brain compared to the contralateral side following both NTN and GDNF injection. Thus, NTN, like GDNF, can augment striatal DA release, and the magnitude of the NTN effects are similar to those of GDNF.
Residual Stress in Pzt Thin Films and its Effect on Ferroelectric Properties

The residual stress in solution derived Pb(Zr.53Ti.47)O3, PZT 53:47, films was determined by measuring the bending of the substrate due to the stress. The substrate consisted of an oxidized (100) silicon wafer with 300 nm coating of platinum. In all cases the stress was tensile. Films fired at a temperature in the range where pyrochlore formation occurs (500° to 575°C) had the highest residual stresses, 200 to 350 MPa, whereas those fired at higher temperatures, 600° to 650°C, where the perovskite phase forms had stresses of 100 to 200 MPa. Stress measurements made during film firing indicate that the pyrochlore containing films had higher residual stress because their coefficient of thermal expansion was much larger than that of predominantly perovskite films. The effect of the amount of stress on ferroelectric properties was studied by making measurements on a film with and without the application of an external stress. The external stress was applied by bending a circular section of the substrate, which effectively lowered the amount of tensile stress in the film by ~30%. Decreasing the stress in this manner was found to increase the remanent polarization by ~11% and the dielectric constant by ~2%.
Parallel β-Sheet Secondary Structure Is Stabilized and Terminated by Interstrand Disulfide Cross-Linking

Disulfide bonds between Cys residues in adjacent strands of parallel β-sheets are rare among proteins, which suggests that parallel β-sheet structure is not stabilized by such disulfide cross-links. We report experimental results that show, surprisingly, that an interstrand disulfide bond can stabilize parallel β-sheets formed by an autonomously folding peptide in aqueous solution. NMR analysis reveals that parallel β-sheet structure is terminated beyond the disulfide bond, which causes deviation from the extended backbone conformation at one of the Cys residues.
What will 1984 be like? Socioeconomic implications of recent twists in age structure.

Since 1940, under conditions of restricted immigration and high and sustained growth in aggregate demand, shifts in the relative number of younger versus older adults have had a pervasive impact on American life. Before 1960, younger males were in increasingly short supply and their relative economic position substantially improved; after 1960, the opposite was true. Since the early sixties, as the relative condition of young adults has deteriorated, marriage has been increasingly deferred and fertility reduced. The labor force participation of young women has risen at above average rates, and that of older women has risen at below average rates. Changes in the age structure of the working age population have also contributed to a combination of rising unemployment and accelerating inflation. Cohort divorce rates, suicide among young males, crime rates, and political alienation have worsened. The rise in college enrollment rates has been interrupted, and SAT scores have declined. In contrast, in the period 1940–1960, changes in these various magnitudes were typically of a more favorable sort. The United States is now at the start of a new period of growing scarcity of young adults as a result of the birth rate decline that set in after 1960. This implies that the 1980s will see a turnaround or amelioration in a wide variety of these social, political, and economic conditions, some of which have been taken as symptomatic of a hardening social malaise.
Shape Matching with Smart Material Structures Using Piezoceramic Actuators

In this paper, we consider the problem of driving a flexible structure from an "unforced" equilibrium position to a given desired shape. Within the context of smart materials, we focus on piezoceramic actuators as controls. Our approach is to base the choice of input voltages on a physical model of the structure, with "good" voltage choices being those whose modelbased displacements "'closely" match the desired shape. This shape matching problem is posed as a least squares problem in a Hilbert space that represents the displacement component of the state space of the flexible structure model. Here we treat the structure as a distributed parameter system, so that the state space is infinite dimensional. Thus, we must examine questions of existence of solutions and convergence of approximations. To illustrate our techniques, we give some numerical examples.
Minimum Two-Level Threslold Gate Realizations

This paper deals with the synthesis of two-level networks of threshold gate logic elements for realization of nonlinearly separable switching functions. The realization obtained contains the minimum number of threshold logic elements possible for a two-level realization. An algorithm based on the tree procedure of Coates and Lewis is developed which can be used to obtain the desired network realization for a given switching function. The function may be incompletely specified.
Recognition of red and green point sources by color-deficient observers.

Determinations are made of the minimal intensities in mile-candles at which color-deficient observers could distinguish red and green point sources falling within or just outside the chromaticity limits proposed by Judd. For colors within these limits the minimal intensities are closely related to scores on the Air Forces Color Threshold Test. When slightly yellower greens are included the task is more difficult for the color-deficient observer.
Moving Forward With IT: A Framework for Success

Today companies are struggling to secure a sustainable competitive advantage in a market that is relentlessly more and more competitive. Traditional strategies, like cutting costs and expanding market share, have produced only minimal results. And ominously, these approaches are criticized for being guided by nonrelevant information produced by a firm's information technology (IT) system. But the authors of this article believe there is still a business empowerment role for the chief information officer (CIO)—by expanding IT services. And the authors give a step-by-step plan to make a company more competitive in this tough market by using a more advanced approach to IT management. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further Comparisons between Carbowax 6000 and Mannitol as Suppressants of Cucumber Hypocotyl Elongation

Stirring largely eliminated the greater effectiveness of Carbowax 6000 compared to mannitol in reducing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hypocotyl section elongation. Stirring increased elongation in water but reduced elongation in growth regulator solution. Shrinkage of cells without plasmolysis in hypertonic Carbowax solutions indicates that Carbowax 6000 did not penetrate cell walls. Sections prevented from elongating during pretreatment exposure to saturated air grew as much as those not pretreated. Sections pretreated with isotonic Carbowax responded similarly, but sections pretreated with isotonic mannitol grew less.
Endomyocardial biopsy findings after photopheresis treatment of cardiac transplant rejection.

Photopheresis is a potential therapy for allograft rejection in which reinfusion of mononuclear cells exposed to ultraviolet-A irradiation after pretreatment with 8-methoxypsoralen may initiate immunosuppressive responses. Endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) of cardiac transplant recipients with moderate acute rejection (IHSLT grades 2 and 3) treated with photopheresis (7 patients/9 treatments) and followed for six months or more were evaluated and compared with biopsies of patients treated with corticosteroids (7 patients/8 treatments) and followed for a similar time period. The first posttreatment EMB showed improvement in 100% of corticosteroid-treated patients, compared with 56% of photopheresis-treated patients (p 90% T-lymphocytes were present in a greater percentage of photopheresis-treated patients than in corticosteroid-treated patients on the first five posttreatment EMBs (p < 0.005) as follows: EMB 1, 90% vs. 25%; EMB 2, 90% vs. 25%; EMB 3, 78% vs. 0%; EMB 4, 56% vs. 0%, EMB 5, 56% vs. 0%. Postphotopheresis EMBs also showed giant cell reaction in 1 patient and extensive band-like infiltrates in 3 patients. Our results suggest that interstitial T-cell infiltrates are more prevalent and persist longer after photopheresis than after corticosteroid treatment of heart allograft rejection. Whether these T-lymphocytes are alloreactive or mediate immunosuppressive signals is unknown. The use of new immunosuppressive therapies may modify endomyocardial biopsy findings, requiring adjustment of the diagnostic criteria for assessing and grading allograft rejection.
Exchange stripping effects in the reaction B11 (d, n)C4.4312

Abstract Angular distributions for the B 11 (d, n) C 4.43 12 reaction are presented for bombarding energies of 1.1, 2.5 and 2.8 MeV (Lab.). These distributions are fitted with a two-mode stripping theory. This theory with all parameters fixed is used to fit n-γ correlations at 1.1 MeV and published data at 2.65 MeV. It is suggested that the descrepancies which still remain between theory and experiment may be reconciled by using a distorted wave Born approximation to the two-mode theory.
Distributed active radiation: Terahertz power-generation and beam-steering in CMOS

Silicon technology can potentially create low-cost, integrated solutions at Terahertz frequency ranges. However, there are significant challenges in generating sufficient power at these frequency ranges with devices operating near or above fmax and further radiating it directly from the chip with integrated beam-control. In this paper, we review some of our work where we propose a true circuit-electromagnetics co-design approach which removes the artificial partitions among the different levels of abstraction in a conventional system design methodology. In the proposed inverse design approach, we start with the desired radiated THz field and aim to formulate metal surface-currents that could generate such a patthern. We then aim to synthesize the current configuration using a judicious combination of actives and passive on chip. This holistic approach led to the conceptual evolution of Distributed Active Radiator. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the first integrated THz phase-darray in CMOS with a 4×4 array of DARs generating nearly 10 dBm Effective-isotropic-radiated-power at 280 GHz and digitally controlled beam-scanning covering more than 800 in 2D space.
Quality Indicators of Children's Mental Health Services: Do They Predict Improved Client Outcomes?.

Demonstrations of high-quality services have surpassed cost control as the primary task of health care. In this study we evaluated the relationship between several traditionally accepted standards of quality of children's mental health care and client mental health outcomes. Three customary performance guidelines (therapeutic relationship, satisfaction, and parent involvement) that are believed to be indicators of quality care were tested for their ability to account for improvement of mental health outcomes among adolescent clients. In addition, we examined service utilization to determine whether it represents an intermediate outcome of the treatment process.The results showed statistically significant, yet weak and inconsistent, relationships between these commonly accepted measures of quality and client outcomes among adolescents receiving outpatient treatment. We did not find service utilization to be a mediator. Limitations of the study and implications of the results are discussed.
Primary and secondary infertility in sub-Saharan Africa

Background No previous study has provided national estimates of the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in sizeable areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Primary infertility is measured by the proportion childless among women who entered their first marriage at least 7 years before date of censoring. Secondary infertility is measured by the 'subsequently infertile estimator' from parous ever-married women. Exposure begins at the age of the woman at the birth of her first child, and exposure ends when the woman is of an age, which is 5 years lower than her age at censoring. These last 5 years are used to determine her status as infertile or fertile at the last observation 5 years before censoring. A woman is considered infertile at last observation if she has had no livebirths during the last 5 years before censoring, otherwise she is considered fertile. A woman who has not given birth at age a or later is defined as being 'infertile subsequent to age a'. The index of the proportion subsequently infertile at age a is estimated as the number of women infertile subsequent to age a, divided by the total number of women observed at that age. Infertility is estimated for women age 20-44. Results Primary infertility is relatively low and it exceeds 3% in less than a third of the 28 African countries analysed. In contrast, elevated levels of secondary infertility prevail in most countries. Secondary infertility for women age 20-44 ranges from 5% in Togo to 23% in Central African Republic. Conclusions It is feasible to gauge national levels of primary and secondary infertility from population based surveys including a birth history. The prevalence of infertility of pathological origin is so high in sub-Saharan Africa that infertility is not merely an individual concern, it is a public health problem.
Plated armature contacts for solid armature electromagnetic railgun launchers

Solid armature firing tests have shown that, under electromagnetic railgun firing conditions, the armature contact areas wear excessively and after transitioning, lose contact with the rail surfaces. It is desirable to maintain rail contact as long as possible. Previous work, regarding the engineering design of metal armature contacts has shown that copper, plated on aluminum armatures, as a contact material in rail guns, may be over twice as good as aluminum. It was stated, also, that the armature contacts obey the same physics as pin-on-disk contact experiments have shown. Recent work has led to the development of a process for the copper plating of aluminum 7075-T6 armature contact surfaces. This paper reports on the armature fabrication process, the copper plating, an the associated testing required to assure that the copper adheres to the aluminum armature substrate material. The armatures were test fired at ARL and the results of these tests and observations are presented. >
Growth responses to planting density and management intensity in loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern USA Lower Coastal Plain

• Background A culture/density study was established in 1995 in the Lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA to evaluate the effects of intensive silviculture and current operational practices on the growth and yield of loblolly pine plantations across a wide range of planting densities (741–4,448 trees/ha). The operational regime consisted of bedding and herbicide application in site preparation and fertilizer applications at planting and in the eighth and 12th growing seasons. The intensive management regime had additional complete competition control, tip moths control, and more repeated fertilization treatments.
A model-based predictive operator aid for telemanipulators with time delay

A dynamic user aid was developed to help operators compensate for several-second time delays in telemanipulator systems. The approach includes state prediction, position feedback presentation, force feedback presentation, and slave impedance control. The aid helps the operator anticipate the delayed system response by providing predicted force and position feedback using dynamic models of both the manipulator and the environment. Three predictive force feedback techniques are also presented. Results of tests with a single-degree-of-freedom simulation showed operator performance to improve with the predictive aid. Tests also showed that 'dual' force reflection provides better performance than other techniques. >
Transient Cooling of Hot Porous and Nonporous Ceramic Solids by Droplet Evaporation

We present the results of an experimental investigation into transient cooling of low-thermal-conductivity porous and nonporous ceramic solids by individual water droplets. The initial surface temperature (T s ) of both solids ranged,from 75 to 200 o C. Both solids were instrumented with several surface and in-depth thermocouples and had the same thermal properties. This enabled investigation into the similarities and differences in the thermal behavior of porous and nonporous solids during droplet evaporation. The measured and theoretical contact temperatures, for both solids, were, found to be in good agreement until they became equal to the boiling point of water (which occurs at an initial solid surface temperature of 164 o C)
Addressing Low Base Rates in Intrusion Detection via Uncertainty-Bounding Multi-Step Analysis

Existing approaches to characterizing intrusion detection systems focus on performance under test conditions. While it is well-understood that operational conditions may differ from test conditions, little attention has been paid to the question of assessing the effect on IDS results of parameter estimation errors resulting from these differences. In this paper we consider this question in the context of multi-step attacks. We derive simulated distributions of the posterior probability of exploit given the observation of a series of alerts and bounds on the posterior uncertainty given a particular distribution of the model parameters. Knowledge of such bounds introduces the novel prospect of a confidence versus agility tradeoff in IDS administration. Such a tradeoff could give administrators flexibility in IDS configuration, allowing them to choose detection confidence at the price of detection latency, according to organizational priorities.
A further study on alleviation of the psychological effects of LSD in man by pretreatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan

Abstract On the basis of the peripheral antagonism between lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and serotinin on smooth muscle, the concept arose that a similar central antagonism might account for the psychotomimetic properties of LSD. (1−3) Recently, Brengelmann et al. , (4) after studying the evidence for such a central antagonism, have obtained experimental evidence of their own which supported the hypothesis. These authors tested the hypothesis in man by using 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in an effort to increase brain concentrations of serotonin. As predicted, the effects of LSD when preceded by 5-HTP were less than those following a similar injection preceded by saline. However, the moderating effects of 5-HTP were apparent only in the results of psychometric tests; with the dosage of 5-HTP used (25 mg), the after effects of the two LSD injections could not be distinguished on clinical observation. Only five subjects were used. The present investigation was designed to repeat these experiments using higher doses of 5-HTP hoping that a clinically apparent alleviation of the LSD symptoms might be obtained.
Treatment of a mycotic descending thoracic aortic aneurysm using endovascular stent-graft placement and rifampin infusion with postoperative aspiration of the aneurysm sac.

Purpose Mycotic aortic aneurysms are rare but are associated with high morbidity and mortality due to their propensity for rupture. Traditional therapy consists of open surgical repair with resection and aortic reconstruction or extra-anatomic bypass combined with long-term antibiotic therapy. Case report An 85-year-old male with persistent bacteremia was found to have a descending mycotic aortic aneurysm. Surgical options were discussed and endovascular treatment was recommended with stent-graft placement followed by intra-aortic rifampin infusion. This approach led to resolution of the aneurysm and eradication of bacteremia at 4-month follow-up. Conclusion By combining traditional surgical strategies with a contemporary endovascular approach, the perioperative mortality and long-term risk of infection associated with mycotic thoracic aneurysms can potentially be decreased.
Children's receipt of health care services and family health insurance patterns.

PURPOSE Insured children in the United States have better access to health care services; less is known about how parental coverage affects children’s access to care. We examined the association between parent-child health insurance coverage patterns and children’s access to health care and preventive counseling services. METHODS We conducted secondary analyses of nationally representative, cross-sectional, pooled 2002–2006 data from children (n = 43,509), aged 2 to 17 years, in households responding to the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). We assessed 9 outcome measures pertaining to children’s unmet health care and preventive counseling needs. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, among US children (aged 2 to 17 years) living with at least 1 parent, 73.6% were insured with insured parents, 8.0% were uninsured with uninsured parents, and the remaining 18.4% had discordant family insurance coverage patterns. In multivariable analyses, insured children with uninsured parents had higher odds of an insurance coverage gap (odds ratio [OR] = 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.02–2.97), no usual source of care (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.10–1.56), unmet health care needs (OR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01–1.22), and having never received at least 1 preventive counseling service (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04–1.39) when compared with insured children with insured parents. Insured children with mixed parental insurance coverage had similar vulnerabilities. CONCLUSIONS Uninsured children had the highest rates of unmet needs overall, with fewer differences based on parental insurance status. For insured children, having uninsured parents was associated with higher odds of going without necessary services when compared with having insured parents.
Telling Huaorani Stories

Films in this review: “Nomads of the Rainforest” 59 min. 1983. Color, in English, Spanish and Waorani, with English subtitles. (currently unavailable); “Trinkets and Beads”; 52 min. 1996. Color, in English, Spanish and Waorani, with English subtitles. “Beyond the Gates of Splendor” 96 min. 2002. Color, in English, Spanish and Waorani, with English subtitles. Commercially available, VHS or DVD $12.99; “The End of the Spear”; 111 min. 2005. Color, in English and Spanish, with English subtitles. In theatrical release. “People of the Path”http://www.peopleofthepath.com/
A Myopic Approach to Ordering Nodes for Parameter Elicitationin Bayesian Belief Networks

Building Bayesian belief networks in the absence of data involves the challenging task of eliciting conditional probabilities from experts to parameterize the model. In this paper, we develop an analytical method for determining the optimal order for eliciting these probabilities. Our method uses prior distributions on network parameters and a novel expected proximity criteria, to propose an order that maximizes information gain per unit elicitation time. We present analytical results when priors are uniform Dirichlet; for other priors, we find through experiments that the optimal order is strongly affected by which variables are of primary interest to the analyst. Our results should prove useful to researchers and practitioners involved in belief network model building and elicitation.
Simulation and analysis of transient faults in digital circuits

To study the effect of transient faults in large digital circuits, a simulation tool called DYNAMO has been developed. It allows transient faults to be introduced in a circuit during a transient analysis so that its behavior can be observed and recorded. For efficiency, a dynamic mixed-mode simulation approach is employed whereby the representation of various portions of the circuit may switch between different levels of abstraction during the simulation, as dictated by the location of the transient fault and the resulting behavior of the circuit. Experiments have shown very encouraging results with significant speedups in CPU run times relative to the previous approach. The results of transient-fault simulation using the DYNAMO program on an avionic control microprocessor are also included. >
BIFURCATION OF EQUILIBRIUM IN MICROMACHINED ELASTIC STRUCTURES WITH LIQUID INTERFACE

The determination of bifurcation of equilibrium in micromachined elastic structures with liquid interface is posed as nonlinear boundary-value problems associated with spatially distributed models involving fluid forces. Explicit nonlinear algebraic equations for determining the bifurcation points associated with micromachined cantilever beam and membrane are derived. These equations permit bifurcation analysis involving any system parameter. It is shown that bifurcation of equilibrium in these structures is of the fold type. Numerical results are obtained for typical cantilever beam and membrane.
An energy-efficient replacement policy for data cache

This paper proposes an enhanced LRU-SEQ (ELRU-SEQ) replacement policy to save energies for data caches. We develop an integrated power model for the skewed-associative cache with ELRU-SEQ. Spectre simulations and Cacti are used to model our new cache to generate the experimental results. Our results show that ELRU-SEQ saves 23.5% to 35.4% more energy than LRU for SPEC2000 benchmark programs.
Adsorption of Fe(II) and U(VI) to carboxyl-functionalized microspheres: The influence of speciation on uranyl reduction studied by titration and XAFS

Abstract The chemical reduction of U(VI) by Fe(II) is a potentially important pathway for immobilization of uranium in subsurface environments. Although the presence of surfaces has been shown to catalyze the reaction between Fe(II) and U(VI) aqueous species, the mechanism(s) responsible for the enhanced reactivity remain ambiguous. To gain further insight into the U–Fe redox process at a complexing, non-conducting surface that is relevant to common organic phases in the environment, we studied suspensions containing combinations of 0.1 mM U(VI), 1.0 mM Fe(II), and 4.2 g/L carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene microspheres. Acid-base titrations were used to monitor protolytic reactions, and Fe K-edge and U L-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy was used to determine the valence and atomic environment of the adsorbed Fe and U species. In the Fe + surface carboxyl system, a transition from monomeric to oligomeric Fe(II) surface species was observed between pH 7.5 and pH 8.4. In the U + surface carboxyl system, the U(VI) cation was adsorbed as a mononuclear uranyl–carboxyl complex at both pH 7.5 and 8.4. In the ternary U + Fe + surface carboxyl system, U(VI) was not reduced by the solvated or adsorbed Fe(II) at pH 7.5 over a 4-month period, whereas complete and rapid reduction to U(IV) nanoparticles occurred at pH 8.4. The U(IV) product reoxidized rapidly upon exposure to air, but it was stable over a 4-month period under anoxic conditions. Fe atoms were found in the local environment of the reduced U(IV) atoms at a distance of 3.56 A. The U(IV)–Fe coordination is consistent with an inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism between the redox centers and involvement of Fe(II) atoms in both steps of the reduction from U(VI) to U(IV). The inability of Fe(II) to reduce U(VI) in solution and at pH 7.5 in the U + Fe + carboxyl system is explained by the formation of a transient, “dead-end” U(V)–Fe(III) complex that blocks the U(V) disproportionation pathway after the first electron transfer. The increased reactivity at pH 8.4 relative to pH 7.5 is explained by the reaction of U(VI) with an Fe(II) oligomer, whereby the bonds between Fe atoms facilitate the transfer of a second electron to the hypothetical U(V)–Fe(III) intermediate. We discuss how this mechanism may explain the commonly observed higher efficiency of uranyl reduction by adsorbed or structural Fe(II) relative to aqueous Fe(II).
Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Coronary Catheterization in Swine

Background—We tested the hypothesis that real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can guide coronary artery catheterization in swine via a percutaneous femoral artery approach. Methods and Results—In 12 pigs, we accessed femoral arteries percutaneously. We used 6- or 7-French coronary Judkins catheters filled with dilute 4% gadolinium (Gd) contrast agent and coaxially inserted 0.030-inch diameter active guidewires as endovascular devices. For catheter tracking, we used a 2-dimensional (2D) inversion recovery–prepared spoiled gradient echo sequence at a temporal resolution of 7 frames/s. For guidewire tracking, we used 2D steady-state free precession imaging at a temporal resolution of 9 frames/s. Coronary artery catheterization under MRI guidance was successful in 12/12 pigs. Successful coronary catheterization was verified by obtaining MR angiographic images after direct catheter-based injections of dilute Gd. Conclusions—Real-time MRI-guided catheterization of coronary arteries in swine is feasible via a percutaneous femoral artery approach. Selective coronary MR angiography can then be performed with dilute contrast agent injections. (Circulation. 2003;107:2656-2659.)
Effect of speed and experience on kinetic and kinematic factors during exercise on a stair-climbing machine

The purpose of this project was to explore the interaction between kinematic and kinetic factors and to investigate whether this relationship was affected by different speed conditions when subjects exercised on stair-climbing machines A secondary purpose was to determine if there were any differences in kinematic and kinetic factors between experienced and inexperienced subjects The kinematic parameters included hip angle, knee angle, and pedal angle The kinetic parameters were maximum force applied on the pedals, maximum force applied on the handrails, maximum hip moment, and maximum knee moment Data from a two-way (Speed × Experience) analysis of variance suggested that there were significant differences in maximum force applied on the pedal maximum force applied on the handrail and maximum hip moment across the speed and experience conditions. In all the testing conditions, using a stair-climbing machine had a smaller impact force on the feet than was found in a previous study that examined impact for...
On misinterpretation of the asymptotic property of system time‐between‐failures

If a system, not necessarily one in series, is composed of components having various time-to-failure distributions and components are replaced good-as-new as they fail, then the system time-between-failure distribution tends toward the exponential. Many practicing reliability engineers, incorrectly invoking this property, model their systems with an exponential time-to-failure. We show, under two conditions, using a hypothetical fleet of vehicles, the severity of this error. Modeling time-to-failure as exponential results in gross over-sparing and high unavailability costs as well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Culture-Centered Counseling Theory with Ethnically Diverse LGBT Clients

The intersection of ethnocultural and sexual orientation identities presents unique challenges that mandate cultural competence in assessing and intervening with ethnically diverse lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Effective counseling with this population requires an understanding of non-Eurocentric, nonheterosexual worldviews as well as an awareness of the sociopolitical realities of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender life. Culture-centered counseling theory provides an effective framework for addressing the needs of ethnically diverse lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients. A review of the literature on counseling ethnically diverse lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people is provided along with case illustrations to illuminate the use of culture-centered counseling theory with this population. Recommendations focus on counselor training to increase ethnocultural knowledge and clinical competence and to reduce personal bias.
The Social and Cultural Construction of Singlehood among Young, Single Mormons

Religious young adults interpret their single experiences based on an intricate system of influences that include personal beliefs, family, religious teachings, and friendships. This qualitative study of 24 nevermarried, young Mormon men and women examined the social and cultural construction of singlehood based on: (1) definitions of singlehood, (2) influences on the construction of singlehood, and (3) feelings about being single. A major theme of this research emerged in the way participants defined singlehood: by what they lacked and by seeking to end their temporary single state through marriage. Families and religious teachings interacted to form the strongest influences on participants’ construction of singlehood, while supportive friends helped respondents feel that they
Mutations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase D,D(35)E Motif Do Not Eliminate Provirus Formation

The core domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) contains a D,D(35)E motif, named for the phylogenetically conserved glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues and the invariant 35 amino acid spacing between the second and third acidic residues. Each acidic residue of the D,D(35)E motif is independently essential for the 3'-processing and strand transfer activities of purified HIV-1 IN protein. Using a replication-defective viral genome with a hygromycin selectable marker, we recently reported that a mutation at any of the three residues of the D,D(35)E motif produces a 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold reduction in infectious titer compared with virus encoding wild-type IN (A. D. Leavitt et al., J. Virol. 70:721-728. 1996). The infectious titer, as measured by the number of hygromycin-resistant colonies formed following infection of cells in culture, was less than a few hundred colonies per microg of p24. To understand the mechanism by which the mutant virions conferred hygromycin resistance, we characterized the integrated viral DNA in cells infected with virus encoding mutations at each of the three residues of the D,D(35)E motif. We found the integrated viral DNA to be colinear with the incoming viral genome. DNA sequencing of the junctions between integrated viral DNA and host DNA showed that (i) the characteristic 5-bp direct repeat of host DNA flanking the HIV-1 provirus was not maintained, (ii) integration often produced a deletion of host DNA, (iii) integration sometimes occurred without the viral DNA first undergoing 3'-processing, (iv) integration sites showed a strong bias for a G residue immediately adjacent to the conserved viral CA dinucleotide, and (v) mutations at each of the residues of the D,D(35)E motif produced essentially identical phenotypes. We conclude that mutations at any of the three acidic residues of the conserved D,D(35)E motif so severely impair IN activity that most, if not all, integration events by virus encoding such mutations are not IN mediated. IN-independent provirus formation may have implications for anti-IN therapeutic agents that target the IN active site.
The Relationship of Seborrheic Keratosis and Basal‐Cell Carcinoma?

. Adjoining basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) and seborrheic keratosis (SK) are rarely reported despite the frequency of the two tumors. Unusual ulcerative changes in an SK are indications for biopsy.
Learning Disabilities: A Neurobiological Perspective in Humans:

Learning disabilities are pervasive in over 10% of the population. They are evident in many areas of higher level functioning, and can occur in any combination of type and of severity within the individual. Definition in educational or standardized test performance provides some utility for immediate characterizing of the individual. The general problem of learning disabilities affects individuals for life, and affects many areas of daily living in addition to academic or occupational skills. The mechanisms of several learning disabilities are presented within the framework of central nervous system development and the compromises to that development that arise from genetic, hormonal, antibody, medication, and postnatal compromises. The general area of learning disabilities represents a constellation of right hemisphere, left hemisphere, and cerebellar compromises to function that arise as a result of genetic, vascular, hormonal, or toxicologic effects from the pre- and perinatal environment. Such comprom...
Was There a Golden Age of Flexible Wages? Evidence from Ohio Manufacturing, 1892–1910

Several macroeconomic studies have found evidence of diminishing cyclical wage flexibility in the United States since the turn of the century. But the importance of wage reductions during downturns must be questioned even for the era of allegedly flexible wages. This article shows that during the severe contractions of 1893 and 1908 only a small minority of Ohio manufacturing workers experienced cuts in their wage rates.The apparent downward flexibility of average earnings in these data was largely the consequence of changes in the occupational composition of the employed work force rather than pay cuts for individual workers.
Unpacking Racial Socialization: Considering Female African American Primary Caregivers' Racial Identity

The relationship between female African American primary caregivers' racial identity and their racial socialization emphases was examined. Three components of racial identity were evaluated: (1) the importance of race to the self-concept (centrality); (2) affective feelings towards group membership (private regard); and, (3) perceptions of how group members are perceived by nonmembers (public regard). Latent class cluster analysis was used to identify racial identity profiles, or dominant combinations of racial centrality, private regard, and public regard among a sample of 208 female African American primary caregivers. Mean differences in the content of caregivers' socialization emphases by profile group were then assessed. Findings indicated that caregivers' with different identity profiles emphasized different messages. These findings and their implications are discussed.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Priming plus Papillomavirus E6 DNA Vaccination: Effects on Papilloma Formation and Regression in the Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus-Rabbit Model

A cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E6 DNA vaccine that induces significant protection against CRPV challenge was used in a superior vaccination regimen in which the cutaneous sites of vaccination were primed with an expression vector encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that induces differentiation and local recruitment of professional antigen-presenting cells. This treatment induced a massive influx of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells. In a vaccination-challenge experiment, rabbit groups were treated by E6 DNA vaccination, GM-CSF DNA inoculation, or a combination of both treatments. After two immunizations, rabbits were challenged with CRPV at low, moderate, and high stringencies and monitored for papilloma formation. As expected, all clinical outcomes were monotonically related to the stringency of the viral challenge. The results demonstrate that GM-CSF priming greatly augmented the effects of CRPV E6 vaccination. First, challenge sites in control rabbits (at the moderate challenge stringency) had a 0% probability of remaining disease free, versus a 50% probability in E6-vaccinated rabbits, and whereas GM-CSF alone had no effect, the interaction between GM-CSF priming and E6 vaccination increased disease-free survival to 67%. Second, the incubation period before papilloma onset was lengthened by E6 DNA vaccination alone or to some extent by GM-CSF DNA inoculation alone, and the combination of treatments induced additive effects. Third, the rate of papilloma growth was reduced by E6 vaccination and, to a lesser extent, by GM-CSF treatment. In addition, the interaction between the E6 and GM-CSF treatments was synergistic and yielded more than a 99% reduction in papilloma volume. Finally, regression occurred among the papillomas that formed in rabbits treated with the E6 vaccine and/or with GM-CSF, with the highest regression frequency occurring in rabbits that received the combination treatment.
Treatment of Carcinoma of the Pancreas with Radon Seed Implantation and Intra-Arterial Infusion of 5-FUDR

Radon seed implantation is able to provide high dose cancericidal radiation with relatively few side effects. Concomitant chemotherapy, both regional and systemic, can therefore be given with less fear of additive toxicity from therapeutic levels for control of disseminated microscopic foci of disease.
Abstract 43: Recycling Controls Procoagulant and Cell Signaling Functions of Tissue Factor

Macrophages are central orchestrators in the detrimental cycle of inflammation and coagulation in cardiovascular diseases. Cell danger signals in form of high level of extracellular ATP trigger the macrophage P2X7 receptor leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and the release of pro-thrombotic tissue factor (TF) positive microparticles (MP). P2X7 receptor signaling uncouples the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system and induces inflammasome activation leading to decryption of cell-surface TF and its trafficking onto filopodia for incorporation into MP. These MP have a distinct composition of thiol-regulated proteins and a high surface density of procoagulant PS. Besides its well-established function in IL-1β processing and secretion, we found an entirely unexpected role for caspase 1 in the release of TF from the final severing of highly thrombotic TF-positive MP. Thus, caspase 1 directly couples the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic mediators. P2X7 activation not only causes MP r...
The Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

In this chapter we shall study the integral ∫ s K of the Gaussian curvature over a compact oriented 2-surface S. We shall see that (1/2π) ∫ s K always turns out to be an integer, the Euler characteristic of S. This is the 2-dimensional version of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. A similar result is valid in all higher even dimensions but the computations are less transparent so we shall be content with a few comments about this more general case at the end of the chapter.
The effect of two training sets on transposition in adults

Transposition in the intermediate size problem as a function of training on two sets with the same relationally defined element reinforced was explored with 96 adults. The data indicated that the relationship between the dual training sets was critical in determining whether or not relational transfer occurred in test.
Time Limit of Document Examination Under UCP600

The passage mainly focused on the rationality of Article 14 Paragraph b of UCP600,which concerns time limit of document examination.Comparing UCP400 and UCP500,discussing related cases as well as analyzing the content of UCP600 and its advantages and disadvantages,the article reached the conclusion that the current 5 days of document examination under UCP600 still needs further discussion and proposed a suggestion that 3-day examination is reasonable while 4-5 days should be proved to be reasonable."Safe Harbor" article should be reconsidered and adopted.Nevertheless,under the current UCP600,for import and export enterprises as well as related banks which still apply documentary credits,it is essential to choose efficient counter-measures to apply 5 days of documents examination and the article also made discussion about it.
Localized pancreatic cancer with positive peritoneal cytology as a sole manifestation of metastatic disease: a single-institution experience

Abstract Background Pancreatic cancer patients with positive peritoneal cytology (PPC) as a sole metastatic site are poorly characterized. Whether they behave similarly to other stage IV patients is unknown. Methods Patients with stage IV disease at our institution between 2003 and 2013 were identified. Inclusion criteria for PPC cohort were PPC at laparoscopy and no laparoscopic and/or radiographic evidence of metastasis. Patients with gross metastasis had laparoscopic and/or radiographic evidence of metastasis. Results Among 308 patients, 43 patients had PPC and 265 had gross metastasis. PPC cohort: 3 (7%) resectable, 8 (19%) borderline resectable, and 32 (74%) unresectable tumor. Disease progression occurred in 37 (86%). Sixteen of 43 (37%) also received local therapy (1 surgery and 15 chemoradiation). PPC vs gross metastasis cohort differed as follows: baseline Ca 19-9 (440 vs 1,904 IU/mL, P P = .04); median overall survival (13.9 vs 9.4 months, P = .0001). Conclusions Patients with PPC failed to display long-term disease-free survival, although overall survival was superior compared with those with gross metastasis. Patients with PPC may need to be considered a specific subgroup for staging and survival analysis.
Sleep Related Cognitions in Individuals with Symptoms of Insomnia and Depression.

Study Objectives:Depression has been identified as the most common condition comorbid to insomnia, with findings pointing to the possibility that these disorders may be causally related to each oth...
Detection of Benzene and Alkylated Benzene Derivatives in Fuel Contaminated Environments

Reported herein is the sensitive and selective detection of benzene and alkylated benzene derivatives as well as the practical application of this system in the detection of fuel contaminated environments following a March 2015 tanker truck crash at the Bourne Rotary in Bourne, Massachusetts. This detection method relies on the ability of cyclodextrin to promote proximity-induced fluorescence modulation of a high quantum yield fluorophore, which led to unique modulation responses for each cyclodextrin-analyte-fluorophore combination investigated. The measured changes in fluorescence emission were used to generate arrays using linear discriminant analysis to generate unique pattern identifiers for each combination. The method was successful in detecting ppm levels of analytes with 100% success in differentiating analytes in purified buffer solution and 100% success in differentiating between analytes in water samples from three collection locations related to the crash site: downstream, upstream, and directly from the drainage pipe. Notably, this method was successful in generating well-separated signals for structural isomers of xylene (ortho, meta, para) which is difficult without specialized mass spectrometry-based techniques. The high selectivity, sensitivity, and broad applicability of this method have significant potential in the detection of aromatic analytes in a wide range of complex environments.