cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voluntary language switching in English–Spanish bilingual children

Although bilingual children frequently switch between languages, the psycholinguistic mechanisms underlying the emerging ability to control language choice are unknown. We examined the mechanisms of voluntary language switching in English–Spanish bilingual children during a picture-naming task under two conditions: (1) single-language naming in English and in Spanish; (2) either-language naming, when the children could use whichever language they wanted. The mechanism of inhibitory control was examined by analysing local switching costs and global mixing costs. The mechanism of lexical accessibility was examined by analysing the properties of the items children chose to name in their non-dominant language. The children exhibited significant switching costs across both languages and asymmetrical mixing costs; they also switched into their non-dominant language most frequently on highly accessible items. These findings suggest that both lexical accessibility and inhibition contribute to language choice duri...
The Inframammary Fold (IMF) Fixation Suture: Proactive Control of the IMF in Primary Breast Augmentation.

Previous reports have suggested that inferior implant malposition following primary breast augmentation is secondary to violation of the inframammary fold (IMF) and subsequent poor reconstitution of the scaffold during the initial surgical procedure.1 Additionally, inferior malposition may be related to occult weakness at the level of the IMF incision over time. Specifically, in an inframammary dual-plane/submuscular pocket, instability of the IMF can result in continued inferior descent of the breast implant due to the weight of the implant, the weight of the breast parenchyma, and the downward force of pectoralis animation. Certain preoperative breast topography requires surgeons to alter the IMF to create optimal aesthetic results. In women with a short nipple-to-IMF distance or tuberous breast deformity, the IMF is intentionally lowered to expand the lower pole. However, inadequate subcutaneous release of the native IMF can result in a tight band across the inferior aspect of the implant. Additionally, failure to reconstitute a new IMF in these patients can also result in continued implant descent without banding.2 Although the etiology of implant malposition is multifactorial and patient dependent, the literature has focused on reactive, secondary techniques rather than proactive maneuvers in primary augmentation to prevent the deformity. These have included radial scoring, conversion to a subglandular plane or neo-submuscular pocket, creation of a dual plane, postoperative upper-pole compression and support of the neo-IMF, capsulorrhaphy, use of acellular dermal matrix, and deep fixation to the chest wall perichondrium.3 Prevention remains the most powerful solution, and preoperatively recognizing patients who are at high risk for this complication allows for prevention of the deformity. Our practice has categorized the following as high-risk: 1. Surgical …
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSES AND THE ORIGIN AND RELATIVE AGE OF PARTHENOGENETIC CNEMIDOPHORUS: PHYLOGENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON HYBRID ORIGINS.

Within the genus Cnemidophorus, parthenogenesis has arisen by hybridization several times. This provides the opportunity to investigate general features of hybridization events that result in the formation of parthenogenetic lineages. The relationships of mtDNA from all bisexual species of Cnemidophorus known to be parents of parthenogens were investigated to evaluate phylogenetic constraints on the hybrid-origin of parthenogenesis. No phylogenetic clustering of the parental species, either maternal or paternal, was apparent. However, the combination of bisexual species that have resulted in parthenogenetic lineages are generally distantly related or genetically divergent. This contrasts with the expectation if parthenogenesis in hybrids is due to the action of a single rare allele, but is consistent with the hypothesis that some minimal level of divergence is necessary to stimulate parthenogenetic reproduction in hybrids.
The safety and efficacy of vosaroxin in patients with first relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia - a critical review.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The outcomes of patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are dismal, and effective treatment options in this patient population are therefore desperately needed. Vosaroxin is a first-in-class anticancer quinolone derivative that has shown promising activity in patients with relapsed or refractory AML.Areas Covered: Studies in relapsed/refractory AML, including a large randomized phase III trial, have shown improved response rates when vosaroxin was combined with cytarabine, which translated to prolonged survival in certain subsets of patients, including older patients. Given the encouraging results of vosaroxin in the relapsed/refractory setting, several studies are also evaluating vosaroxin in older patients with untreated AML who are not candidates for intensive chemotherapy. The results from clinical trials evaluating vosaroxin in both treatment naive and relapsed/refractory AML will be reviewed.Expert Commentary: Vosaroxin has shown significant promise in...
Inducing Elasticity through Oligo‐Siloxane Crosslinks for Intrinsically Stretchable Semiconducting Polymers

The promise of wearable and implantable devices has made stretchable organic semiconductors highly desirable. Though there are increasing attempts to design intrinsically stretchable conjugated polymers, their performance in terms of charge carrier mobility and maximum fracture strain is still lacking behind extrinsic approaches (i.e., buckling, Kirigami interconnects). Here, polymer crosslinking with flexible oligomers is applied as a strategy to reduce the tensile modulus and improve fracture strain, as well as fatigue resistance for a high mobility diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer. These polymers are crosslinked with siloxane oligomers to give stretchable films stable up to a strain e = 150% and 500 strain-and-release cycles of 100% strain without the formation of nanocracks. Organic field-effect transistors are prepared to assess the electrical properties of the crosslinked film under cyclic strain loading. An initial average mobility (μavg) of 0.66 cm2 V−1 s−1 is measured at 0% strain. A steady μavg above 0.40 cm2 V−1 s−1 is obtained in the direction perpendicular to the strain direction after 500 strain-and-release cycles of 20% strain. The μavg in the direction parallel to strain, however, is compromised due to the formation of wrinkles.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Resection of a Pelvic Schwannoma.

Abstract There is minimal data within the literature demonstrating the use of robotics to resect pelvic, benign schwannoma(s). Herein, we describe a case of a 46-year-old transgender male that presented with complaints of left-sided pelvic pain. Pre-operatively, the etiology was unknown. The patient underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic excision of the pelvic mass, including a 5–6 cm resection of the obturator nerve, successfully. Final pathology found a benign schwannoma. Schwannomas are difficult to diagnose pre- and intra-operatively and are thus frequently misdiagnosed as urologic or gynecologic lesions. This report demonstrates that robotics can be used safely to resect benign, pelvic schwannoma(s).
OPTIMALLY REPLACING MULTIPLE SYSTEMS IN A SHARED ENVIRONMENT

We consider the problem of optimally replacing multiple stochastically degrading systems using condition-based maintenance. Each system degrades continuously at a rate that is governed by the current state of the environment, and each fails once its own cumulative degradation threshold is reached. The objective is to minimize the sum of the expected total discounted setup, preventive replacement, reactive replacement, and downtime costs over an infinite horizon. For each environment state, we prove that the cost function is monotone nondecreasing in the cumulative degradation level. Additionally, under mild conditions, these monotonicity results are extended to the entire state space. In the case of a single system, we establish that monotone policies are optimal. The monotonicity results help facilitate a tractable, approximate model with state- and action-space transformations and a basis-function approximation of the action-value function. Our computational study demonstrates that high-quality, near-optimal policies are attainable and significantly outperform heuristic policies.
Angiotensin II signals to phospholipase D in the spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats by pharmacologically distinct mechanisms

P158 Angiotensin II (Ang II) differentially activates phospholipase D (PLD) in vascular smooth muscle from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We show that the Ang II concentration-response curve with regard to Ang II-induced PLD activity in preglomerular arteriolar smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) is shifted 10-fold to the left (SHR EC 50 = 6.0 x 10 -9 M and WKY EC 50 = 7.2 x 10 -8 M) indicating that PLD activation is hypersensitive to Ang II in SHR RASMCs. We hypothesize that this increase in PLD activity is due to a different signaling cascade in the SHR leading to increased activation of PLD. To examine this hypothesis, we systematically blocked, with pharmacological inhibitors and dominant negatives, all known pathways leading to PLD activation from a G-protein linked receptor (see figure). We observed that PLD activity in both the SHR and WKY RASMCs was inhibited by expression of a Rho A dominant negative, but only PLD activity in the SHR was sensitive to the ARF specific inhibitor Brefeldin A (BFA). Importantly, PLD activation in the SHR and WKY was not sensitive to expression of either an ARF 1 or ARF 6 dominant negative protein. This indicates that there is a different and novel BFA target in the SHR.
Evaluation of Strength and Conditioning Measures With Game Success in Division I Collegiate Volleyball: A Retrospective Study

Bunn, JA, Ryan, GA, Button, GR, and, and Zhang, S. Evaluation of strength and conditioning measures with game success in Division I collegiate volleyball: A retrospective study. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 183-191, 2020-The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess relationships between strength and conditioning (SC) measures and game performance in Division I volleyball. Five years of SC and game data were collected from 1 women's Division I collegiate team, n = 76. Strength and conditioning measures included T-drill, 18.3 m sprint, back squat, hang clean, vertical jump, and broad jump. All game and SC stats were normalized to Z-scores. Analyses included assessing SC differences by position and multiple stepwise regression to assess relationships between game and SC stats. There was a significant difference by position for broad jump (p = 0.002), 18.3 m sprint (p = 0.036), vertical (p ≤ 0.001), and total strength (p = 0.019). Overall, game performance and SC measures were significantly correlated (r = 0.439, p ≤ 0.001). Multiple regression analyses indicated significant relationships (p ≤ 0.05) between SC measures and game success by position as follows: defensive specialist stats with squat and total strength; setters game stats with hang cleans, T-drill, and broad jump; pin hitter game stats with vertical, squat, and total strength; middle blockers game stats with broad jump. These data indicate that SC measures correlate well with game performance and are specific by position. These data could help SC coaches create a more precise training approach to focus on improving specific measures by position, which could then translate to improved game performance. These data could also help coaches with talent identification to determine playing time and rotations to maximize player ability and achieve success.
Peer Instruction: an Analysis of Quality Improvement at Boonshoft School of Medicine (BSOM)

With the recent focus in changing medical school educational pedagogy from a traditional lecture model to a problem-solving and critical-thinking model, Peer Instruction (PI) was instituted at Boonshoft School of Medicine (BSOM). Based on feedback from students, BSOM made several procedural changes between the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 academic school year (AYs) to improve PI. One course, Medical Neuroscience (MN), was consistently identified by students to be the model for PI. The purpose of this study was to identify if student and faculty perceptions toward PI had changed between the two academic years and to elucidate differences between PI in the MN course and other courses. Among students, there was a 68.5% increase in positive attitude toward PI between AYs. Faculty attitudes of positive/very positive improved by 18.7%. Faculty did not agree as strongly as did the students that the alterations in grading were a positive change. When PI was done well in a course (MN), 93.4% of students agreed that correct answers were well explained, whereas 60.5% of students agreed for other courses. For MN, 94.8% of students agreed that incorrect answers were well explained. For other courses, only 46.1% agreed despite 93.8% of faculty believing there is educational benefit in explaining incorrect answers. In conclusion, there was a positive change in attitude toward PI, and while faculty believe there is educational benefit in explaining incorrect answers, students did not feel both correct and incorrect answers were well explained suggesting a gap that needs to be fixed.
Ethnic and Racial Definitions as Manifestations of American Public Policy

Official definitions of race and ethnicity in American law reveal a great deal about public policy in an environment of ethnic pluralism. Despite some ambiguity over who is black or Hispanic or an Aleut, relatively few people fall between the wide cracks in the American patchwork of identity classifications. Those cracks, however, tell us a great deal about the ambivalence of the American polity toward ethnicity.
PT-symmetric epsilon-near-zero plasmonic waveguides

Plasmonic waveguides exhibit an effective epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) response at their cut-off frequency. In this work, we demonstrate a nanoscale parity-time (PT) symmetric nanophotonic device based on gain medium embedded inside the nanochannel of a plasmonic waveguide. The effect of introducing gain is more than loss compensation and can cause a plethora of new interesting phenomena. In particular, the interplay between loss and gain will lead to super scattering at the exceptional point obtained close to the ENZ resonance frequency. This interesting effect is made possible by introducing an active material with small gain coefficient inside the plasmonic waveguide. When the proposed active waveguide is illuminated by two counter-propagating plane waves, the output ENZ power becomes unidirectional. In addition, the ENZ response can be dynamically modulated from strong scattering to perfect absorption just by changing the phase difference between the two incident waves. Strong fields are obtained in the nanochannel of the proposed PT-symmetric plasmonic waveguide, which are found to drastically boost optical nonlinearities, leading to strong optical bistability and switching at the ENZ resonance.
Cash Transfers for Disaster Response: Lessons from Tropical Cyclone Winston

In 2016, following Tropical Cyclone (TC) Winston, Fiji became the First Pacific Island country to channel post-disaster assistance through its existing social safety net programs. With wind speeds of up to 306km/h, TC Winston was one of the most powerful cyclones ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, and the first Category 5 cyclone to directly strike Fiji. The Government swiftly mobilised funds through its existing social protection programs to channel cash assistance to poor households and vulnerable groups. Households covered under the Poverty Benefits Scheme, Social Pension Scheme, and Care and Protection Allowance were provided with a top-up payment equivalent to three months of their regular benefits, which was designed to help them meet their basic needs. This impact evaluation: (i) assesses the impact of these top-up cash transfers on poor households; and (ii) puts forward a list of recommendations on what measures could be put in place ex-ante to improve this type of response in the case of future natural disasters.
Sleep in Invertebrates

This article discusses the importance of identifying sleep in invertebrates. Based on the studies of insects, arachnids, and crayfish, it notes that the criteria for sleep (e.g., behavioral quiescence, postural changes, decreased behavioral responsiveness, homeostasis, and neural correlates) are met in some key invertebrates. The need for sleep is likely to have evolved in invertebrates, and the article concludes that studying these animals may prove valuable to understanding the mechanism and function of sleep in general.
North American and European Experience with Biological Toilets

A history of North American and European experience with biological toilets is provided. The early use of these devices in Scandanavia was to solve a specific problem, that of providing a low-cost solution for disposing of human wastes from recreational cabins. Because of their environmental attractiveness their popularity increased rapidly and their marketing area was widened to include year-round use. These same factors resulted in closer scrutiny by both Scandanavian and American agencies in the form of controlled and field testing programs. The results of these tests have been improved designs and understanding of the viable applications of these devices, which are significantly more limited than first implied.
Salukvadze's Ideal Distance Minimization Method

This chapter focuses on Salukvadze's ideal distance minimization method. Initially, Salukvadze devised his method as a way to solve dynamic control problems with multiple functionals. To identify a best compromise trajectory in the control problem, he proposed minimizing the square of the Euclidean norm as a metric for gauging the distance between the ideal trajectory and the set of feasible trajectories. Specifically citing Salukvadze's research, Yu and Leitmann in 1974 pointed out that Salukvadze's choice of the Euclidean distance metric was arbitrary and that a more generalized form of the distance measure would take the form of a class of what at the time was called regret functions. They further noted that choosing a metric other than the Euclidean, where p = 2, results in a different best compromise trajectory. Subsequently, Salukvadze acknowledged Yu and Leitman's proposed extension of his original formulation, but asserted that in a series of practical cases, the choice of a quadratic metric as a measure of approximation to the ideal point in Euclidean space gives effective results.
Sex differences in restricted repetitive behaviors and interests in children with autism spectrum disorder: An Autism Treatment Network study:

Compared to the social communication domain, considerably less is known about the cause, development, and impact of restricted, repetitive behaviors interests and activities in children with autism spectrum disorder, including possible sex differences. This study examined sex differences in clinically identified (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) restricted and repetitive behavior symptoms using the largest known sample (N = 1024) of age-matched and intelligence quotient-matched female and male children with autism spectrum disorder. More similarities than differences were observed; however, younger higher functioning and older lower functioning females presented reduced rates on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule restricted and repetitive behavior subcategory unusually repetitive/excessive, stereotyped behaviors compared to similar males. These findings identify key restricted and repetitive behavior similarities and differences among young females and males with autism spectrum disorder and emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of the female autism phenotype.
Two-way multi-physics coupling for modeling high power RbCl isotope production targets

Abstract This work shows successful first application of two-way multi-physics coupling to model RbCl targets in a three-stacked target configuration used at Los Alamos National Laboratory’s (LANL) Isotope Production Facility (IPF). Targets are known to melt at production level beam currents and as in-beam monitoring of the targets in this configuration is not possible, high-fidelity simulation has been utilized to gain insight into target thermal behavior. Thermal hydraulic modeling was performed with ANSYS CFX and particle transport with the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code. Multi-physics coupling of these two codes was employed to fully capture the highly coupled nature of the problem physics. Both transient and equilibrium thermal hydraulic results were obtained using this process. The equilibrium thermal hydraulic results were then employed to predict measured 82Sr yields in molten RbCl targets. This technique demonstrates promise as a tool to investigating, understanding, and enhancing high power targetry behavior and limitations.
Spatial attention in vision. Evidence for early selection.

Human observers can selectively allocate processing resources to different areas of the visual field within a single fixation. This spatial attention system may affect either the quality of information extraction or the decisions and responses based on this information. This paper reviews evidence from behavioral, single-unit, and event-related potential paradigms; the evidence suggests a relatively “early” locus of spatial attention.
An Earth Science Course for Pre-service Teachers

This research examines the design and impact of an Earth in Action pre-service teacher course created at Kansas State University (KSU). The course connects content with pedagogical modeling for the K-12 classroom. Instruction is supplemented with projects, in-class activities, clicker assessments, and video case studies. The goal is to deliver content and best practice instruction together in a model that pre-service teachers can use when teaching earth science in their K-12 classrooms. Data was collected from 104 pre-service teachers enrolled in the Earth in Action course over three semesters. University course evaluations, open-ended pre-service teacher questionnaires, and the Middle School Science and Earth and Space PRAXIS II tests were used to collect data. University course evaluations showed high to very high (4–4.3/5) mean ratings for all of the instructional evaluation categories with pre-service teachers reporting the highest mean for the “overall effectiveness of the course.” Open-ended questio...
Transforming STEM Education in Hispanic Serving Institutions in the United States: A Consensus Report

The recent, rapid proliferation of higher education institutions with 25% or more undergraduate Hispanic student enrollment, particularly in the Southwest, coupled with the persistent gap in Hispanic student success in STEM fields, highlights a national need for building and strengthening capacity to better support all students at Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs). This report serves as an executive summary of key recommendations that emerged from extensive analyses of critical needs, challenges, and opportunities related to improving STEM education in HSIs. Inputs were generated during a 2017 working conference convened, in part, to inform the development of a HSI program through the National Science Foundation (NSF). The conference was intentionally designed to maximize opportunities for collaboration among students, faculty, and administrators from both 2-year and 4-year HSIs.
The Stepped Care Intervention to Suppress Viral Load in Youth Living With HIV: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Among youth living with HIV (YLH) aged 12-24 years who have health care in the United States, only 30% to 40% are virally suppressed. YLH must achieve viral suppression in order to reduce the probability of infecting others as well as increasing the length and quality of their own life. Objective: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an Enhanced Standard Care condition (n=110) compared to an Enhanced Stepped Care intervention condition (n=110) to increase viral suppression among YLH aged 12-24 years with established infection (not acutely infected). Methods: YLH (N=220) who are not virally suppressed will be identified at homeless shelters, health clinics, and gay-identified community-based organizations in Los Angeles, CA, and New Orleans, LA. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants. YLH will be randomly assigned to one of two study conditions: Enhanced Standard Care, which includes standard clinical care plus an automated messaging and monitoring intervention (AMMI), or an Enhanced Stepped Care, which includes three levels of intervention (AMMI, Peer Support via social media plus AMMI, or Coaching plus Peer Support and AMMI). The primary outcome is viral suppression of HIV, and YLH will be assessed at 4-month intervals for 24 months. For the Enhanced Stepped Care intervention group, those who do not achieve viral suppression (via blood draw, viral load<200 copies/mL) at any 4-month assessment will “step up” to the next level of intervention. Secondary outcomes will be retention in care, antiretroviral therapy adherence, alcohol use, substance use, sexual behavior, and mental health symptoms. Results: Recruitment for this study began in June 2017 and is ongoing. We estimate data collection to be completed by the end of 2020. Conclusions: This is the first known application of an Enhanced Stepped Care intervention model for YLH. By providing the lowest level of intervention needed to achieve viral suppression, this model has the potential to be a cost-effective method of helping YLH achieve viral suppression and improve their quality of life. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03109431; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03109431 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/10791
Religious Studies Scholarship is Not Widely Available via Open Access, but Some Authors Share Their Work through Institutional Repositories or Social Networking Sites

A Review of: Avery, J. M. (2018). The open access availability of articles from highly ranked religious studies journals: A study of ten journals. Theological Librarianship, 11(1), 12-17. Retrieved from https://theolib.atla.com/theolib/index Abstract Objective – To examine the current state of open access scholarship among the most highly rated religious studies journals. Design – Quantitative analysis. Setting – Research articles published in 2014, in the ten most highly rated religious studies journals. Subjects – 377 peer-reviewed articles. Methods – Using the SCImago Journal & Country Rank, the researcher identified the top ten most cited religious studies journals from mid-2015. Articles published in these journals during 2014 were evaluated. The researcher identified 377 research articles through online databases and journal websites. The researcher then used both Google and Google Scholar to search for these articles using titles and authors. If the article was not found, other search strategies were employed, such as the use of additional search terms, limits, and quotes, as well as other search engines. Main Results – Open access (OA) versions were found for 132 of the 377 articles (35%), and the percent of OA articles by journal ranged from 5% to 100%. The researcher found 70 OA articles in institutional repositories (53%), 70 in Academia.edu or ResearchGate.net (53%), 19 from organizational websites (14.4%), 13 on personal websites (9.8%), and 4 on other sites (3%). The researcher found 44 articles in more than one location (33.3%). Of the 132 OA articles found, 87 (65.9%) were found by both Google and Google Scholar, and 43 (32.6%) articles were found by either Google or Google Scholar, but not both. Conclusion – Overall, the research results reveal that finding OA content can be done via Google and Google Scholar. While articles in religious studies journals are not typically accessible through OA, authors who tend to publish in these journals who support OA may use institutional repositories or social networking sites to make their work available.
Trisections of 5-Manifolds

Gay and Kirby introduced the notion of a trisection of a smooth 4-manifold, which is a decomposition of the 4-manifold into three ekementary pieces. Rubinstein and Tillmann later extended this idea to construct multisections of piecewise-linear manifolds in all dimensions. Given a PL manifold Y of dimension n, this is a decomposition of Y into \(\left\lfloor {{\text{n}}/{2}} \right\rfloor + {1}\) PL submanifolds. We show that every smooth, oriented, compact 5-manifold admits a smooth trisection. Furthermore, given a smooth cobordism W between trisected 4-manifolds, there is a smooth trisection of W extending the trisections on its boundary.
The Northwestern Amazon malocas: Craft now and then

In the Northwestern Amazon, resilience in construction has been traditionally conceived as a capacity for social, climatic, and spatial adaptability. Through methods of seasonal reconstruction base...
Detection of differentially expressed genes in discrete single‐cell RNA sequencing data using a hurdle model with correlated random effects

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies are revolutionary tools allowing researchers to examine gene expression at the level of a single cell. Traditionally, transcriptomic data have been analyzed from bulk samples, masking the heterogeneity now seen across individual cells. Even within the same cellular population, genes can be highly expressed in some cells but not expressed (or lowly expressed) in others. Therefore, the computational approaches used to analyze bulk RNA sequencing data are not appropriate for the analysis of scRNA-seq data. Here, we present a novel statistical model for high dimensional and zero-inflated scRNA-seq count data to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes across cell types. Correlated random effects are employed based on an initial clustering of cells to capture the cell-to-cell variability within treatment groups. Moreover, this model is flexible and can be easily adapted to an independent random effect structure if needed. We apply our proposed methodology to both simulated and real data and compare results to other popular methods designed for detecting DE genes. Due to the hurdle model's ability to detect differences in the proportion of cells expressed and the average expression level (among the expressed cells), our methods naturally identify some genes as DE that other methods do not, and we demonstrate with real data that these uniquely detected genes are associated with similar biological processes and functions.
Hybridization Framework for Improved Dynamic Phasor Parameter Estimation Algorithms

With an increasingly wider application of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), the accuracy of phasor parameter estimation has become one of the major concerns in related research. The accuracy of phasor parameter estimation is closely associated with the accuracy of waveform model representation. The most commonly used waveform models in literature are Fourier models, and Taylor polynomial models, which are the backbones of frequency-domain and time-domain phasor estimation approaches, respectively. Usually, neither solution alone is capable of producing satisfactory results, despite various improvement strategies. This paper proposes a novel method for hybridization of existing Fourier and polynomial fitting-based estimation methods. The framework is introduced so that the merits from multiple algorithms can be leveraged without designing a completely new algorithm. Fourier method and Taylor expansion method are selected to demonstrate this approach. Both theoretical derivation and simulation results show that the proposed framework effectively integrates the benefits from both algorithms to achieve sufficient accuracy.
Attention distribution as a measure of issue salience

In spatial theory a central concept is salience, or the relative importance of issues in a voter’s mind in evaluating candidates’ platforms. Traditional, self-reported measures of salience have either been national in breadth (“which issues are most important to the nation as a whole?”) or personal (“which issues do you care most about personally?”). In the former case, the subjects are being asked to guess what issues other voters think are important; in the latter case, subjects are likely to report issues that are “socially” important to avoid seeming selfish or superficial. Unsurprisingly, such self-reported measures have not been found to explain actual candidate choices by individual voters very well. We introduce a simple process-tracing measure of salience, using mouse-tracking. Experimental participants were asked to rate three hypothetical candidates, using information accessed in a setting where the distribution of attention represents salience in the decision process. Four models were tested: standard city block distance and then the addition of each of the two measures of traditional salience—national and personal—and, finally, the attention distribution measure. Attention distribution improves model fit over the standard distance model and improves classification compared to the traditional salience measures.
First-Line Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Critical Appraisal of Emerging Options

Until recently, a dichotomy existed in the front-line approach of metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Specifically, patients received either targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Targeted therapy entailed use of agents blocking signaling through the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, such as cabozantinib, sunitinib, or pazopanib. Immunotherapy entailed dual therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab, both checkpoint inhibitors for intermediate/poor International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC)-risk disease patients. Within the past year, two datasets have emerged that led to recent approvals of combined therapy with VEGF and checkpoint inhibitors. These regimens (axitinib with either avelumab or pembolizumab) are among several that have been or will be evaluated for patients with newly diagnosed mRCC. We aim to facilitate treatment decisions through this comprehensive and contextualized overview of recent datasets in this therapeutic space.
Activity of DNA polymerase alpha in aging human fibroblasts.

During the past decade intense investigation hasfocused on cellular aging with the expectation ofdiscovering factors that regulate the replicationcomplex and contribute to the onset and progression ofcellular aging. The most striking feature of cellular aging is the failure of senescing diploidcells to enter or complete S phase of the cellcycle. The G1/S phase transition is an initialcritical step in the regulation of proliferation ineukaryotic cells, and significant advances have beenmade toward understanding the basic mechanisms ofaging by identifying components of the macromolecularassemblies participating in the G1/S transition. These studies have identified multiple DNA polymerasesand their accessory factors, and have providedimportant strategies for investigating the molecularevents that contribute to aging processes. DNAreplication, repair and recombination in eukaryoticcells require the action of a variety of DNApolymerases, at least six of which are known,α, β, γ, δ, ∈, andζ. Among them the highly conserved DNApolymerase α-primase (pol α-primase) isthe only enzyme capable of initiating DNA replicationat chromosomal origin sites and at sites of initiationof discontinuous synthesis of Okazaki fragments on thelagging side of the replication fork. Numerousprotein factors that play strategic roles in DNAreplication have been identified and the understandingof their regulation has been an important step foridentifying the elements that are involved in, andpossibly necessary for, governing cellular senescenceand aging. In this review we summarize the current informationregarding DNA pol α modulation during aging. We focus in particular on the coordinated actions of DNA pol α in the presence of other cellularproteins involved in the replication complex in thehope that understanding pol α interactions withcomponents of the replication complex may provideinsight into the mechanisms by which aging andage-related diseases occur.
"Structural and functional (electro-encephalographic) changes in the post-natal mammalian brain resulting from x-irradiation of the embryo".

Electroencephalography was used to follow the effect of relatively low levels of exposure to x rays of rat embryos as the effects persisted and changed throughout the critical maturation period of life. It was hoped that such a study might reveal how the electroencephalogram (EEG), at an early stage in life, could indicate the presence of a functional congenital anomaly caused by embryonic x irradiation. Irradiation of the rat embryo at gestational age of 9.5 days with 100 r caused the death of some in utero and of others within the first two weeks after birth, but in the same litters some lived at least for 24 weeks. Rats which survived the first two weeks of postnatal life, but died shortly thereafter showed marked deviations from the normal in their EEG's, independently of the presence of overt congenital anomalies. Rats, similarly exposed in utero but surviving for 24 weeks showed consecutive maturation EEG tracings which were similar to those of controls. Those photic responses which could be elicited were less in xirradiated than in control rats. Irregularities in the EEG seen in young rats, previously x-irradiated in utero, were usually associated with early or impending death, while tdentically x-irradiated littermore » mates, with essentially normal ECG's survived and continued to give almost normal tracings. Electroencephalography may provide, therefore, a supplemental check on the function of a brain previously subjected to x irradiation in utero and be of prognostic significance as to impending death. Congenital anomalies were also observed, especially eye defects and hydrocephalus. A survey of the authors' earlier results in mouse embryos and fetuses shows that the central nervous system in the developing mammalian embryo is particularly radiovulnerable. As neurogenesis begins, the sensitivity of the embryo as a whole rises abruptly, and gross congenital anomalies, usually involving the central nervous system, result from irradiation. Since neuroblasts are present from that time on, through intrauterine life, and for some days after birth, these neural elements make the embryo, fetus, and newborn particularly radiosensitive. It was found that in the embryo or fetus the LD/sub 50/ fluctuates between 95 and 800 r, sometimes showing a 3- or 4-fold change within a 24-hr developmental period. In both mouse and rat it has been established that at the time when neurogenesis is initiated there is the highest probability of producing central nervous system congenital anomalies. (BBB)« less
Tomorrow I’ll Be at the Table: Black Geographies and Urban Planning: A Review of the Literature:

This article reviews the literature on black geographies as it relates to the everyday work of urban planners. We outline the major claims and contributions of this scholarship to deepen our unders...
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Physical and Mental Health of Adults: Assessing the Mediating Role of Cumulative Life Course Poverty.

Objectives:Research has linked adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to a host of negative health outcomes in adulthood. However, most existing studies focused on traumatic ACEs and used samples col...
Changes in feeding behavior of longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) during laboratory exposure to pile driving noise

Anthropogenic noise can cause diverse changes in animals' behaviors, but effects on feeding behaviors are understudied, especially for key invertebrate taxa. With the offshore wind industry expanding, concern exists regarding potential impacts of pile driving noise on squid and other commercially and ecologically vital taxa. We investigated changes in feeding and alarm (defense) behaviors of squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, predating on killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, during playbacks of pile driving noise recorded from wind farm construction within squids' habitat. Fewer squid captured killifish during noise exposure compared to controls. Squid had more failed predation attempts when noise was started during predation sequences. Alarm responses to noise were similar whether or not squid were hunting killifish, indicating similar vigilance to threat stimuli in these contexts. Additionally, novel hearing measurements on F. heteroclitus confirmed they could detect the noise. These results indicate noise can disrupt feeding behaviors of a key invertebrate species, and will leverage future studies on how noise may disrupt squids' vital ecological interactions.
X-ray tubes.

The x-ray tube serves the function of creating x-ray photons from electric energy supplied by the x-ray generator. The process of creating the x-ray beam is very inefficient, with only 1% of the electric energy converted to x-ray photons and the remaining 99% converted to heat in the x-ray tube assembly. Thus, to produce sufficient x-ray output for diagnostic imaging, the x-ray tube must withstand and dissipate a substantial heat load, a requirement that affects the design and composition of the x-ray tube. The major x-ray tube components are the cathode and anode assemblies, the tube envelope, the rotor and stator (for rotating anode systems), and the tube housing. The design of the x-ray tube determines the basic characteristics of the x-ray beam such as focal spot size, x-ray field uniformity, and the x-ray energy spectrum. These x-ray beam characteristics are important because they affect radiologic parameters such as spatial resolution, image contrast, and patient dose.
O’Bannon is a Tie But Weighs Against NCAA in the Long Run

In O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 14-16601 (Sept. 30, 2015), an appellate panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled on (1) if the NCAA is immune from antitrust scrutiny; and (2) whether increases in monetary benefits to NCAA athletes, both to full cost of attendance limits and cash payments for licensing of athlete intellectual property, are valid alternative means of promoting NCAA amateurism versus the Association’s bylaws.
Nonparametric Array Manifold Calibration for Ice Sheet Sar Tomography

Array manifold calibration improves parametric direction of arrival angle estimator performance by reducing mismatch between the model of the array transfer function and truth. This paper demonstrates the estimation and application of a measured manifold for a multichannel ice penetrating synthetic aperture radar (SAR) used to image subglacial features with tomography. We apply SAR tomography to produce digital elevation models of exposed rock and sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago using both nominal and measured manifolds in angle estimation. We compare reconstructed topography to a fine resolution satellite-derived digital elevation model of the Arctic and demonstrate improvements realized when a measured manifold is used in 3D image formation.
Accessibility of world germplasm resources: animal health constraints

Germplasm is not distributed evenly about the globe for a variety of natural and artificial reasons. This uneven distribution creates a demand for germplasm movement into new areas. Animal diseases are not distributed evenly about the globe either, and for a variety of natural and artificial reasons also. This uneven distribution creates a demand for animal health barriers to germplasm movement. In response to demands from livestock breeders we have developed methods to overcome these barriers with a minimal risk of spreading disease.
The Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on Human Health and Agriculture: A Review

ABSTRACT Significant volcanic hazards exist for large numbers of people in many areas of the world. The effects of these hazards are systematically reviewed by first considering the direct effects of each of the physical phenomena produced by volcanoes on human health, agricultural and other activities, and then by considering their broader secondary consequences.
Cell-Free Biosystems for Biomanufacturing

Although cell-free biosystems have been used as a tool for investigating fundamental aspects of biological systems for more than 100 years, they are becoming an emerging biomanufacturing platform in the production of low-value biocommodities (e.g., H(2), ethanol, and isobutanol), fine chemicals, and high-value protein and carbohydrate drugs and their precursors. Here we would like to define the cell-free biosystems containing more than three catalytic components in a single reaction vessel, which although different from one-, two-, or three-enzyme biocatalysis can be regarded as a straightforward extension of multienzymatic biocatalysis. In this chapter, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of cell-free biosystems versus living organisms, briefly review the history of cell-free biosystems, highlight a few examples, analyze any remaining obstacles to the scale-up of cell-free biosystems, and suggest potential solutions. Cell-free biosystems could become a disruptive technology to microbial fermentation, especially in the production of high-impact low-value biocommodities mainly due to the very high product yields and potentially low production costs.
Using temperature effects on polymer-composite sensor arrays to identify analytes

The sensor response of six different polymer-carbon-black composite sensors to three different analytes has been investigated as a function of temperature where the temperature range is 28-36/spl deg/C (/spl Delta/T is 4-8/spl deg/C). We tested the response of these polymer-carbon-black sensors to water, methanol and methane from 28-36/spl deg/C. All of the sensors showed a decrease in response to an analyte with increasing temperature; however, each sensor's response changes differently with temperature. This variation of response to temperature change creates distinct temperature-dependent fingerprints and will be useful in extending the range of data available for analyte identification and quantification.
Board Information and Strategic Tasks Performance

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: Examining how corporate boards can create a sustainable competitive advantage is an understudied area of research in corporate governance. This area of research is advanced in this study, which examines: How can boards improve the performance of their strategic tasks by using their information advantages? Research Findings/Insights: The study examines 318 responses of CEOs from survey data collected in the years 2003 and 2005 from Norway. We found differences between using diverse information and possessing diverse information. Using diverse information has a higher impact on the board's current strategic tasks performance than possessing diverse information. However, possessing diverse information is more likely to improve both the board's current and future strategic tasks performance than using diverse information. Theoretical/Academic Implications: First, this study has extended the analysis of board capital by including a dynamic dimension of using diverse information. Second, this study links a resource-based view with a perspective of information biases in a diverse group. Diverse information is valuable for improving the quality of group decision-making; however, improper use of diverse information due to information biases could reduce the quality. We thus suggest examining possible behavioral biases in using information in a diverse board, specifically through each of the three practices of open discussion, effective leadership, and active search. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Controlling sampling, repetition, and evaluation biases is necessary in a diverse board. It helps to reduce behavioral biases, and therefore ensure the quality of using diverse information. Consequently, it improves the board's current strategic tasks performance that may not necessarily be achieved by merely having a diverse board.