cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The George W. Bush Defense Program: Policy, Strategy, and War

The events of 9/11 and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan make an obvious case for expert study of the George W. Bush defense program. During the Bush administration, the rise and fall of governments, the fates of peoples, and the very definitions of "war" and "victory" were up for discussion. The United States, with its unprecedented global military power at the dawn of the twenty-first century, created new opportunities for using foreign policy and military strategy on behalf of national and allied interests. But this power was limited, and its use against unconventional or otherwise unorthodox enemies required careful calibration of its various instruments. In this insightful series of essays edited by Stephen Cimbala, eleven academic experts prominent in the defense and security think-tank communities assess Bush's defense program. Many also have past or current experience in the U.S. government or the American armed forces. They examine Bush's defense policy and strategy across several critical issues, including Iraq, Afghanistan, terrorism, nuclear arms control, and foreign military sales. In addition, special chapters are devoted to the leadership style of former defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld, to the idea of"victory" as it might apply to Bush's defense decisions, and to the best exit strategy from Iraq for the United States. The lessons learned from the successes and failures in Bush's defense policy, clearly presented in The George W. Bush Defense Program, can also be applied to the appraisal of all presidents.
The Oily Debris Disposal Problem in Maine

This paper examines the problems of oil spill debris disposal encountered in the State of Maine. As well documented in many other states, the final disposition of oil spill debris is not an easy task. In Maine, this problem is compounded by geological, hydrological, and seasonal variations. To make matters even more difficult, recent contamination of groundwaters in several towns has caused the general public to view oil spill debris disposal sites in a negative light. This paper addresses the aforementioned conditions and the problems they cause in finding an acceptable oily waste disposal site. These objectives are to be accomplished by: (a) discussing the physical and sociological problems encountered in attempting to create an acceptable disposal site which will not endanger the environment, (b) discussing the historic and present methods of disposal, and (c) discussing proposed plans for future disposal sites, including an examination of several present day disposal methods and how it is believed they might work in Maine. This paper has been written in order to give an objective view of the problems of disposal site location encountered in Maine. It is hoped that other states, with similar problems, may gain insight from it.
The Evolution of Metanorms: Reproduction, Extension, and Insight

Axelrod's (1986) evolutionary computational model of metanorms was replicated and extended. Results were generally supportive of the original, with extensions increasing the number of generations resulted in increased stability and convergence to levels not achieved in the original. Replications of the groups game (two groups differing in numbers and power) yielded outcomes that were mixed, as the results depended on where group affiliation mattered, for group affiliation determined who would be punished. Metanorms emerged only if group affiliation was inhibited at the Norms game level. Meta-vengeance increased efficient implementation of metanorms supporting a dual-utility requirement for efficient metanorm emergence.
On the Complexity of Language Processing by the Brain

Language is man’s most powerful system for processing information internally and his most general system both for this purpose and for that of transmitting and receiving it externally; and language itself is subject to processing by the human nervous system, so that when we process information with the aid of language, our nervous systems process that information only indirectly. Language, then, implicates information processing in at least two ways and is, accordingly, quite a fitting topic at this Symposium.
Bladder rupture - a rare complication of extraperitoneal balloon dissection during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Introduction Balloon dissection to create the extraperitoneal space to facilitate laparoscopic procedures is generally a safe step. However, complications can include vascular and visceral injuries. Bladder injury during balloon dilation of extraperitoneal space has previously been described during herniorraphy. This is the first reported case of bladder injury during balloon dilation of the extraperitoneal space during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Methods We report transection of bladder at the prostato-vesical junction, during balloon dilation of extraperitoneal space, in a 66-year-old man undergoing extraperitoneal robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Results The patient had an uneventful procedure due to immediate recognition of this intra-operative complication. At 6-month follow-up, he reports complete return of urinary continence and is free from biochemical recurrence from prostate cancer. Discussion Albeit uncommon, balloon-related complications can occur. Surgeons performing extraperitoneal laparoscopic procedures should be aware of the range of potential complications specifically related to balloon dilation of extraperitoneal space. With experience, these complications can be mitigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate mutual information

The probability distribution of the sample mutual information is studied for p-variables under the assumption of multivariate normality. Exact and asymptotic approximations are obtained for the distribution of the sample mutual information for different structures of the correlation matrix P. As an application, the concept of mutual information is used to develop a quality control chart to determine the correlation structure of a process. When a correlation structure, given by the mutual information, is "out-of-control" we use a modified version of the Bonferroni inequality.
Evaluating biofilm activity in response to mass transfer-limited bioavailability of sorbed nutrients.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a methodology that aims to evaluate biofilm activity in response to mass transfer limited bioavailability in a flowing system. Of key importance to the method are design parameters that govern mass transfer rates and reactor flows. System design is based on an engineering process approach to modeling the mass transfer-biotransformation process kinetics. Methods for growing and monitoring biofilms are not new. However, few methods address the growth and analysis of biofilms under flowing conditions where biofilm activity is controlled by the bioavailability of nutrients localized at a solid-water interface. The method described in this chapter provides a standard protocol based on sound engineering principles that can be used to further investigate biofilm microbiology in these systems. A reactor-based methodology is introduced that affords the researcher a maximum amount of flexibility in reactor selection, coupon manufacture, and coupon analysis. The chapter investigates the applicability of the methodology and process analysis approach to determine the bioavailability of surface-embedded antimicrobial agents in an effort to evaluate the efficacy of engineered antimicrobial surfaces.
Bias and sensitivity in the haptic perception of geometry

Our ability to recognize and manipulate objects relies on our haptic sense of the objects' geometry. But little is known about the acuity of haptic perception compared to other senses like sight and hearing. Here, we determined how accurately humans could sense various geometric features of objects across the workspace. Subjects gripped the handle of a robot arm which was programmed to keep the hand inside a planar region with straight or curved boundaries. With eyes closed, subjects moved the manipulandum along this virtual wall and judged its curvature or direction. We mapped their sensitivity in different parts of the workspace. We also tested subjects' ability to discriminate between boundaries with different degrees of curvature, to sense the rate of change of curvature, and to detect the elongation or flattening of ellipses. We found that subjects' estimates of the curvature of their hand path were close to veridical, and did not change across the workspace though they did vary somewhat with hand path direction. Subjects were less accurate at judging the direction of the hand path in an egocentric frame of reference, and were slightly poorer at discriminating between arcs of different curvature than at detecting absolute curvature. They also consistently mistook flattened ellipses and paths of decreasing curvature (inward spirals) for circles—and mistook arcs of true circles for arcs of tall ellipses or outward spirals. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of haptic perception compared well with that of spatial vision in other studies. Furthermore, subjects detected curvature and directional deviations much smaller than those that actually arise for most reaching movements. These findings suggest that our haptic sense is acute enough to guide and train motor systems and to form accurate representations of shapes.
Studies on Cobalt Myoglobins and Hemoglobins III. ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF REVERSIBLE OXYGENATION OF COBALT MYOGLOBINS AND HEMOGLOBINS

Abstract Artificial myoglobins and hemoglobins containing cobaltous proto-, meso-, and deuteroporphyrins and their interaction with oxygen are examined by X- and K-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in a range from 4.2°K to room temperature. Deoxy cobalt porphyrin-substituted myoglobin (CoMb) and cobalt porphyrin-substituted hemoglobin (CoHb) exhibit an EPR absorption of axial symmetry (g⊥ = 2.3 and g|| = 2.0) with 59Co hyperfine and 14N superhyperfine splittings at the g|| extreme. These features are consistent with a penta-coordinated, square-pyramidal configuration of the low spin cobaltous ion (3d7, S = ½) in deoxy CoMb and deoxy CoHb. Upon oxygenation, the deoxy EPR absorption is replaced by another EPR absorption of a "free radical" type with axial symmetry (g⊥ = 2.00 and g|| = 2.08), indicating a substantial transfer of the unpaired spin density from the cobaltous ion to the bound oxygen. The oxy EPR absorption is sharpened upon measurements in D2O, suggesting a possible hydrogen bonding of the paramagnetic center (the bound oxygen) to the distal histidine residue. Oxy CoMb and oxy CoHb are readily photolyzed at 4.2°K. The reversion of the photolyzed products to the original oxy state is essentially retarded below 20°K. Visible absorption spectra of the photolyzed products are indistinguishable from those of the corresponding deoxy compounds. However, the photolyzed products exhibit new EPR extrema at g = 3.87 and ∼ 1.9, which may be attributable to a new intermediate of photolysis containing a high spin cobaltous ion (3d7, S = 3/2).
Why Do Women Invest Differently Than Men

Several recent studies have found that women invest their pensions more conservatively than men (Bajtelsmit and VanDerhei, 1996; Hinz, McCarthy, and Turner, 1996) and that women are more risk averse (Jianakoplos and Bernasek, 1996). Although these findings have serious implications for the well-being of women in retirement, the reasons for observed gender differences are less well- defined. This paper surveys the existing literature regarding gender differences in investment and considers the policy implications of these differences. The authors provide a summary and organization of the explanations for gender differences that have been offered in a variety of fields, including economics, sociology, education and gender studies.
On the computation of the Nielsen numbers and the converse of the Lefschetz coincidence theorem

Let f, g : M1 → M2 be maps where M1 and M2 are connected triangulable oriented n-manifolds so that the set of coincidences Cf,g = {x ∈ M1 | f(x) = g(x)} is compact in M1. We define a Nielsen equivalence relation on Cf,g and assign the coincidence index to each Nielsen coincidence class. In this note, we show that, for n ≥ 3, if M2 = M2/K where M2 is a connected simply connected topological group and K is a discrete subgroup then all the Nielsen coincidence classes of f and g have the same coincidence index. In particular, when M1 and M2 are compact, f and g are deformable to be coincidence free if the Lefschetz coincidence number L(f, g) vanishes. 0. Introduction. In topological fixed point theory, the Lefschetz fixed point theorem states that the vanishing of the Lefschetz number L(f) of a self-map f : X → X on a compact manifold is necessary to deforming f to be fixed point free. The converse, however, is false in general. If X satisfies the so-called Jiang condition, L(f) = 0 is also sufficient. The essence of the Jiang condition is that all fixed point classes have the same index. Thus the Nielsen number N(f) divides L(f) which is easier to compute. A theorem of Anosov asserts that |L(f)| = N(f) for any self-map f on a nilmanifold. This result is recently generalized to coincidences independently by Jezierski [7], McCord [10], Brooks and Wong [3]. For nilmanifolds, coincidence classes have the same index. The technique used in [3] is a local version of the root theory developed by R. Brooks [1] (see also [9,V]). It is shown in [3] that if φ : N →M is a map from an oriented n-manifold N to an oriented triangulable n-manifold M such that the set of roots Rφ = {x ∈ N | φ(x) = e} is compact, then all the root classes have the same index. The purpose of this note is to use this fact about roots to show that (local) coincidence and hence (local) fixed point 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 55M20.
Voltage source based voltage-to-time converter

Voltage-to-time converter (VTC) circuits are used as the core component of single-slope analog to digital converters (ADCs). These VTC circuits have traditionally depended on the use of a constant current source as part of their implementation in order to have good linearity. An alternative approach is presented where only voltage sources and a few discrete components are needed without sacrificing linearity. This circuit can be realized in hardware using general purpose IO (GPIO) pins that are available on all microcontrollers, FPGAs, and CPLDs. This provides more flexibility than current source based VTCs that rely on specialized hardware, allowing for a full ADC to be built using GPIO pins with no specialized ADC hardware.
Anaerobic benzene oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in pure culture by two strains of Dechloromonas

Benzene contamination is a significant problem. It is used in a wide range of manufacturing processes and is a primary component of petroleum-based fuels. Benzene is a hydrocarbon that is soluble, mobile, toxic and stable, especially in ground and surface waters. It is poorly biodegraded in the absence of oxygen. However, anaerobic benzene biodegradation has been documented under various conditions. Although benzene biomineralization has been demonstrated with nitrate1, Fe(III)2,3,4,5, sulphate6,7 or CO28,9 as alternative electron acceptors, these studies were based on sediments or microbial enrichments. Until now there were no organisms in pure culture that degraded benzene anaerobically. Here we report two Dechloromonas strains, RCB and JJ, that can completely mineralize various mono-aromatic compounds including benzene to CO2 in the absence of O2 with nitrate as the electron acceptor. This is the first example, to our knowledge, of an organism of any type that can oxidize benzene anaerobically, and we demonstrate the potential applicability of these organisms to the treatment of contaminated environments.
Violence in patients with narcissistic personality pathology: observations of a clinical series.

The potential for violence in patients requires frequent assessment and monitoring with few accurate predictors of ultimate dangerousness. Narcissistically vulnerable patients may present with a co...
Causal Set Approach to Discrete Quantum Gravity

We begin by describing a sequential growth model in which the universe grows one element at a time in discrete time steps. At each step, the process has the form of a causal set and the "completed" universe is given by a path consisting of a discretely growing chain of causal sets. We then introduce a quantum dynamics to obtain a quantum sequential growth process (QSGP) which may lead to a viable model for discrete quantum gravity. A discrete version of Einstein's field equation is derived and a definition for discrete geodesics is proposed. A type of QSGP called an amplitude process is introduced. An example of an amplitude process called a complex percolation process is studied. This process conforms with general principles of causality and covariance. We end with some detailed quantum measure calculations for a specific percolation constant.
Mineral Metabolism of Rats Fed Moderate Levels of Various Aluminum Compounds for Short Periods of Time

The effects of ingesting moderate levels of aluminum (5-272 micrograms Al/g diet) were assessed in two short-term (18-d) studies with rats. Rats were fed diets that contained no added aluminum or aluminum lactate, aluminum palmitate, aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide in either reagent grade or desiccated gel forms. The average concentrations of aluminum in the tibias of rats fed 261-272 micrograms Al/g diet were 13.0-15.6 micrograms Al/g fresh weight, while those of control animals were 1.0-1.9 micrograms Al/g fresh weight. Rats fed aluminum accumulated less aluminum in their kidneys and brains than in their tibias. In study 1, animals fed aluminum hydroxide tended to accumulate more aluminum in tissues, i.e., brain, than animals fed the other aluminum compounds. In study 2 the type of aluminum hydroxide fed did not affect the accumulation of aluminum in tissues but rats fed 206 micrograms Al/g diet accumulated less aluminum in their tibias and more aluminum in their kidneys than rats fed 261 and 268 micrograms Al/g diet. Ingestion of these moderate doses of aluminum had no effects on tissue levels of calcium, magnesium and iron of rats and had only small effects on tissue levels of phosphorus, zinc and copper.
Plato's Statesman and the nature of business leadership: An analysis from an ethical point of view

Plato's paradigm for statesmanship in the Statesman, the “weaving” of temperate and courageous properties, provides the contemporary business ethics theorist with an aid for determining certain problems and solutions with regard to business leadership. The history of American business values manifests the destructive, and especially unethical, effects of deviating from this paradigm by over-emphasizing one or the other of the above types of qualities. However, with the aid of Plato's model for leadership in the Statesman and suggestions from Peters and Waterman's In Search of Excellence, progress can be made towards constructing an adequate model for corporate leadership, especially from an ethical standpoint.
Acute toxicities of eleven metals to early life-history stages of the yellow crab Cancer anthonyi

We report findings from the first laboratory experiments to assess toxicities of metals found in drilling muds to embryos and prezoeae of a brachyuran crab. Embryos of Cancer anthonyi are brooded externally on the abdomen of female crabs; thus, embryos may be continuously exposed to pollutants contained in sediments of contaminated benthic habitats. Lethal concentrations of metals to embryos after 7 d exposures were: iron and barium (sulfate), 1 000 mg l−1; barium (chloride), 100 mg l−1; aluminum and nickel, 10 mg l−1; copper and lead, l mg l−1; cadmium, chromium VI and manganese, ≦0.01 mg l−1; mercury, ≦0.001 mg l−1. All metals effectively retarded embryos from hatching at concentrations equal or lower to those causing mortality, except for cadmium. Particularly impressive was iron, which suppressed hatching at l to 10 mg l−1, concentrations previously found non-deleterious to marine organisms and 100 times more dilute than concentrations causing significant embryo mortality. The effects of metals on embryos increased as a function of exposure duration. Embryo mortality was delayed for at least 120 h at concentrations ≦1.0 mg l−1, with the exception of mercury. Lethal concentrations established at 96 h were meaningless for crab embryos, because acute toxic thresholds were not attained by that time. Larval survivorship to chromium VI, copper, and zinc increased following exposure of embryos to these metals at low concentrations (≦1.0 mg l−1), suggesting induction of biochemical pathways for products which bind or metabolize metals. Identical exposures of embryos to lead failed to enhance subsequent larval survivorship, showing that inductions may be metal-specific. We suggest that exposures of brachyuran embryos at field sites and the success of their subsequent hatching in the laboratory may be a means of assessing environmental contamination otherwise difficult to monitor.
Alternating multiagent chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer

A chemotherapy regimen consisting of hexamethylmelamine (H) 150 mg/ m2 orally days 1–14, cyclophosphamide (C) 500 mg/m2 IV day 1 of a 28-day cycle with Adriamycin (A) 40 mg/m2 IV day 1 alternating with cisdiamminechloroplatinum (C-P) 50 mg/m2 IV day 1 every other cycle was administered to 29 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Toxicity to this regimen included alopecia, nausea, and vomiting in all patients. Mild paresthesias occurred in four patients. Hematologic toxicity required only minimal dose modification. There was no cardiac, renal, or auditory toxicity. The clinical response rate of 55% and median survival of 14 months compare favorably with that of other reported series. This chemotherapy regimen seems to be well tolerated without jeopardizing the patients' response.
New banding species, with densities of phage-ghost clusters, produced from lambda phage particles on storage

Density gradient analysis of purified lambda phage particles after storage reveals that minor species with new banding desities arise during storage. These have densities expected for phage-ghost clusters containing integra rations of ghosts to phage particles. A lage numbersof new banding species has been observed.
Perfectivity and grounding in Mandarin Chinese

This paper analyses the encoding of perfectivity in Chinese, focusing on its form, interpretation, and grounding functions. Three major points are made based on examinations of narrative text. First, perfectivity is indicated not only by the perfective marker -le, but also by an array of “bounding expressions” that explicitly designate the endpoint of events. Second, Chinese perfective clauses as currently defined vary in grounding roles. They may present bounded dynamic events and play a foregrounding role or denote stative situations and have a backgrounding function. The different grounding functions are determined not by the verb form but by the transitivity features of the clauses and the context in which they occur. Third, the flexibility is closely related to the nature and semantics of perfectivity and the structural components of the Chinese perfective constructions. The study adds unique features of an isolating language to our existing knowledge of grounding.
The Normal Sensory Control of the Perfected Double-Alternation Spatialmaze Habit of the Albino Rat

* Accepted for publication by Walter S. Hunter of the Editorial Board. 1 This study was carried out under the direction of Professor W. S. Hunter. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Professor Hunter for constant aid and helpful criticism in the prosecution of this research and in the preparation of this manuscript.
Training Standards in Endovascular Neurosurgery

Training Standards in Endovascular Neurosurgery Jay U. Howington, MD, L. Nelson Hopkins, MD, FACS*, David G. Piepgras, MD, Robert E. Harbaugh, MD Department of Neurosurgery and Toshiba Stroke Research Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3 Gates Circle, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Care of the Medical Ethos: Reflections on Social Darwinism, Racial Hygiene, and the Holocaust

The core values of medicine-healing, relief of suffering, and compassion-have ancient roots and have been reiterated on countless occasions over the millennia. Most physicians have adopted these va...
SU‐FF‐J‐109: Comparison of Lung Tumor Motion Profiles From 4D CT and a Treatment Tracking System

Purposes/Objectives: Breathing‐induced tumor motion is a major challenge in the radiotherapy of lungcancer. 4D CT can be used to define the tumor motion profile in order to create a patient‐specific internal target volume (ITV) that can be used for treatment planning. On the other hand, CyberKnife tracking using implanted fiducial markers is used in real time to align a pre‐planned treatment volume to the moving anatomy during radiation delivery. This study compares the area of the ITV to the motion of tumors seen during treatment by the CyberKnife. Methods/Materials: One patient who had a 4D CTradiotherapy planning scan were subsequently treated with CyberKnife using fiducial markers. ITVs were drawn based on the gross tumor visualized on all phases of the planning 4D CT. The motion trajectories of the fiducials were recorded during the treatment. A motion profile was generated for each tumor based on the profile of the 0% inhale phase of the CT and the motion trajectory recorded by CyberKnife over 20 second and 10 minute periods. The volume the tumor traversed (Vt) and the ITV volume (Vi) were compared, to calculate the ratio of the volumes Vt/Vi and the percent difference (Vt‐Vi)/(Vt) for each 20 second and 10 minute segment. Results: The ratios of the volumes for the patient was 78%. The percentage of Vt outside of Vi was 19%. For the 10 minute segments the rations ais 94%. Vt ‐Vi is 22%. Conclusions: We developed a method to compare internal target volumes acquired with 4D CT to the actual volume tumors traversed during CyberKnife treatment. The tumor volumes traversed during treatment were usually smaller than the ITV's derived from 4D CT. However, the tumor trajectory was still seen to travel outside of the ITV volumes.
Spontaneous Formation of Heteroligated PtII Complexes with Chelating Hemilabile Ligands

The spontaneous formation of the heteroligated complex [PtCl(kappa(2)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)SMe)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)SPh)]Cl (8 a) by a novel ligand rearrangement process has been observed. By using the weak-link approach, the relative arrangement of the alkyl and aryl groups can be controlled by abstraction of chloride from 8 a to form the closed complex [Pt(kappa(2)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)SMe)(kappa(2)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)SPh)][BF(4)](2) (5) and reopening using halide ions to form semi-open complexes [PtX(kappa(2)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)SMe)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)SPh)]BF(4) (8 b; X=Cl(-)) and (8 c; X=I(-)). Analogous procedures using Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)SMe and 1,4-(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)S)(2)C(6)H(4) lead to heteroligated bimetallic complexes 7 and 9, illustrating that this ligand rearrangement process can be used as a tool for the assembly of complementary metallosupramolecular structures.
Computer-based instruction and the practical aspects of memory

This article examines the relationship between basic memory research and computer-based instruction (CBI). The results of basic memory research have helped determine the current directions of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) research and development. These directions have included examining the utility of such learning systems for facilitating memory outcomes and developing CBI systems based on cognitive instructional principles. Examples of such systems include the emerging generation of hypermedia and artificial tutoring systems. Inconclusive results, however, have been found regarding CBI's effects on memroy phenomena. The CBI literature has thus not established the utility of any memory theory for naturally occurring phenomena. Several plausible reasons for this “null finding” are discussed.
Four paradoxes in GNP

Abstract This note presents four paradoxes inherent in the time-series structure of real American GNP.
A Comparison of Sensitized Words and Sentences for Distinguishing Nonperipheral Auditory Changes as a Function of Aging

Summary Several investigators have reported that changes in central auditory processing develop with advancing age. The central auditory changes accompanying aging are not obvious on routine speech discrimination tests but the weaknesses are evident on some distorted speech discrimination tasks. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effectiveness of various difficult speech discrimination tasks for identifying the central auditory differences between younger and older adults. Auditory discrimination scores for frequency selectively filtered words and periodically interrupted sentences were determined for 32 normal hearing adults under age forty and 32 normal hearing adults over forty. Discrimination of the distorted words was not affected by the age of the subjects but distorted sentence discrimination was reduced in the older group. A dichotically presented competing message masker did not result in a larger divergence in discrimination between age groups, nor did it produce an ear difference.
The Relationship Between Experiential Avoidance and Impulsiveness in a Nonclinical Sample

Experiential avoidance (EA) has been connected to various behavioural indicators of psychological distress, implicated in the etiology and maintenance of psychological disorders, and is the target of prevalent psychological treatments. However, the reasons that individuals engage in dysfunctional EA are little understood. One hypothesis focuses on the preference for small, immediate rewards above larger, delayed rewards — in other words, impulsiveness. We examined the relationship of impulsiveness, measured both by self-report and behaviourally, to EA, while statistically controlling for possible confounding variables (i.e., intellectual functioning, gender, ethnicity), in a sample of normal undergraduate participants. Regression analyses suggest a significant relationship exists between EA and self-reported (but not behaviourally measured) impulsiveness. Exploratory analyses indicate nonplanning-type impulsiveness might be the best predictor of EA. Possible confounding variables did not account for a significant amount of variance within either model examined. Thus, support is provided for a theoretically proposed relationship within the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy model of psychopathology between EA and impulsiveness.
An empirical examination of megalopolitan structure.

Recently, the emergence of a new community form has attracted considerable attention. Gottmann has written of the “megalopolis,” and others have written of the development of “urban fields” which will replace the traditional concepts of “city” and “metropolis.” The belief underlying these efforts is that an increasing intermetropolitan division of labor is bringing about a new type of community. Now, if we are to understand the process of urbanization in an industrialized society which is characterized by constantly shrinking spatio-temporal barriers, it seems necessary to determine if a new community form actually is present.
Rectification of a Modified Nanofluidic Diode Dependent on the pH

We study the affect of varying pH on the rectification of a nanofluidic diode. The diode is a conically shaped nanopore in PET or Kapton that has a distribution of charge along the surface. The distribution is such that there is a boundary where one side is positively charged and the other side is negatively charged. We also measure nanopores that have neutral and negative charges on either side of the boundary. The charges are modified by a 2 step chemical reaction using EDC/PFP for the 1st step and ethylenediamine or propylamine for the second step. Characterization of the nanopore was done by taking I-V curves from −5V to 5V with buffered solutions of KCl.
Residual stress-induced warping in direct metal solid freeform fabrication

Tolerance loss due to residual stress-induced warping is a major concern in solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes, particularly those which involve direct deposition of molten metals. An understanding of how residual stresses develop and how they lead to tolerance loss is a key issue in advancing these processes. In this paper, results are presented from warping experiments on plate-shaped specimens created by two direct metal deposition methods, which are utilized by a particular SFF process termed shape deposition manufacturing (SDM). Results from these experiments give insight into the differences between the two deposition methods, the role of preheating and insulating conditions during manufacture and the influence of deposition path on magnitudes and distributions of warping displacements. Results are then compared to numerical predictions from both one and two-dimensional residual stress models, which are applicable to SDM and similar direct metal deposition processes. Results from the experiments and numerical models suggest that a combination of initial substrate preheating and part insulation can be applied to SDM and similar SFF processes to limit warping deflections, which is substantially simpler than active control of part temperatures during manufacture. Results also suggest that 3-D mechanical constraints are important in achieving precise control of warping behavior in SFF processes.
Ethical Review of Health Systems Research: Vulnerability and the Need for Philosophy in Research Ethics

As part of an argument calling for improved oversight of health systems research (HSR) that does not fit the clinical ethics review model, Hyder and colleagues (2014) discuss eight ethical issues, ...
An experimental investigation of non-premixed turbulent spray flames and their self-similar behavior

An experimental investigation was conducted in well-defined, turbulent non-premixed spray flames of methanol. An ultrasonic atomizer was used to disperse the liquid into droplets with a small velocity slip with respect to the gas. As a result, the influence of the liquid injector on the flowfield was deliberately minimized. Turbulence was enhanced by the use of a combination of perforated plate and contoured geometry. Close to the burner exit, where the liquid loading was high, the spray flames had a dense droplet core providing the vapor source, and an outer envelope flame. Two components of the velocity and temperature of the gaseous phase, as well as size, velocity, and concentration of the droplet phase, along with the relevant statistical quantities, were measured by phase Doppler anemometry and spontaneous Raman thermometry. The characterization of the temperature field, and, indirectly, of the gaseous density field, via equation of state, allowed for the mapping of the experimental data to a constant density space, by using a Howarth transformation. In this transformed space, the spray flames could be described as a combination of point source of vaporization and point source of momentum. In particular, detailed characterization of two spray flames showed that the vapor source in the gas-phase mass governing equation and the axial momentum behave in a self-similar fashion, the former throughout the spray flame. Close to the burner exit, where the droplet concentration was large, the scaling of point source of momentum did not apply because of the two-way coupling between the phases.
Risk chair for concurrent design engineering: Satellite swarm illustration

Whereas concurrent design engineering (CDE) processes show great promise for reducing design time and cost, the implicit management of technical risk raises questions about the reliability of resulting designs. CDE team members (chairs) may not possess the skills to perform risk assessment. The authors propose that a risk analyst be integrated into concurrent design engineering teams to explicitly manage a design objective. The contributions that such an analyst could make in the aerospace industry and the tools and information that would be needed to support real-time analysis are discussed. A terrestrial observer swarm problem illustrates the top-down approach to technical risk assessment during the concurrent design process. The swarm model is analyzed in increasingly adaptable models, starting with an instant dual-redundant system and ending with a discrete-time Markov model of swarm life involving dependent satellite lifetimes and an uncertain number of satellites due to the possibility of failures of launch and dispensing operations.
Contemplating Fuzzy-Trace Theory: The Gist of It.

Brainerd and Reyna (1998, this issue) have described fuzzy-trace theory as a basic-processing theory, emphasizing age differences in children's disposition to use verbatim versus gist representations. The theoretical climate of the 1980's, when fuzzy-trace theory was first formulated, is described. Fuzzy-trace theory integrated new ideas about how cognitive development was viewed into a coherent framework, which only gradually gained acceptance as critical aspects of the theory were confirmed, counterintuitive findings were predicted and demonstrated, and other researchers began applying the theory. Fuzzy-trace theory converges with other contemporary theoretical accounts in raising the general issue of the relation between two developing representational systems and is consistent with the idea that immature (a bias toward verbatim encoding) and mature (a bias toward gist encoding) have both advantages and disadvantages at different times in development. By integrating the theory with ideas from social-contextual perspectives, the theory may have a greater impact in the future for issues of social significance.
Effect of Flavor Mixing on Proton Decay in SU(5) Grand Unified Theories

I discuss the effect of flavor mixing on proton-decay Hamiltonian in SU(5) grand unified theories with arbitrary number of fermion families and show that in the simplest model with only one {5} Higgs multiplet, all fermion interactions (with Higgs as well as gauge bosons) are describable in terms of a single mixing matrix. For the more complicated case of several {5} multiplets, the above feature persists for gauge-boson interactions though not for Higgs bosons.
Litigation amidst Reform :The Boston Medical Center Case

In July the Boston Medical Center filed suit in Massachusetts state court challenging the state's Medicaid reimbursement formula. Wendy Parmet writes that this case raises critical questions about the Massachusetts model of health care reform as well as litigation's role in health care reform debates.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES ON PREGNANT WOMEN AT WORK

In this article, we review trends in the employment of American women in both the civilian labor force and the military over the course of the 20th century, with a particular emphasis given to the years after World War II. The occupational distribution of women in the civilian labor force and in the military is examined with consideration given to the hazards these female-dominated jobs may pose for workers. Finally, we briefly discuss several simple steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of occupational hazards to women's health while remaining within the federal legislative mandates granting women full access to employment.
The NGC 1275 enigma

The following arguments suggest that NGC 1275 does not consist of a giant elliptical (E) galaxy that is colliding with (or is superimposed on) a late-type spiral (L): 1The total diameter of the region containing young associations is 33 (100/H) kpc. This size is characteristic of ScI galaxies. Neither the morphology nor the integrated luminosity of the L component of NGC 1275 supports such a classification. 2The chaotic appearance of the L component of NGC 1275 is unlikely to be due to tidal damage. This is so because: (a) the E and L components are still approaching each other, (b) their relative velocity is ≈ 3000 km s−1, (c) no stripped galaxy core (which would survive a catastrophic tidal encounter) is seen near NGC 1275. 3The core of the Perseus cluster contains only one (anemic) spiral. The a priori probability that NGC 1275 represents a chance superimposition (or collision) of a spiral and an elliptical galaxy is therefore low. 4The assumption that the L component of NGC 1275 is superimposed on, but not interacting with, the E component does not account for (a) the presence of an active SEYFERT nucleus, (b) the peculiar filamentary HII shell, discovered by LYNDS, (c) the presence of recently-formed stars, (d) the X-ray emission and the radio emission of NGC1275.
RED: A red-cell antibody identification expert module

We describe a software module in an expert system RED, which interprets data related to red cell antibody identification. There are three portions to this module: (1) the problem-solving component, which incorporates the knowledge required for antibody identification as a hierarchy of programs. The programs in the hierarchy organize within themselves small pieces of knowledge represented in the form of production rules, which are capable of making judgments concerning a specific hypothesis; (2) an intelligent data base for storage of patient data, red cell attributes, and test results; (3) the “overview critic” portion, which combines the atomic hypotheses judged favorably by the antibody programs into a unified judgment concerning the case. Overview makes the decision to terminate processing with a conclusion about which antibodies are actually present and what specific further tests need to be performed to resolve any remaining ambiguities.
General method for determination of the activation, deactivation, and initiation rate constants in transition metal-catalyzed atom transfer radical processes.

A general method for the determination of the activation (ka), deactivation (kd), and initiation (ki) rate constants in atom transfer radical processes is reported. The method involves the monomer trapping techniques and the analytical solution of the persistent radical effect. For tert-butyl 2-bromopropionate, using ATRP catalyst [CuI(dNbpy)2][Br] and methyl methacrylate in CH3CN at 22 °C, the values of ka, kd, and ki were determined to be (9.4 ± 0.6) × 10-3 M-1 s-1, (8.5 ± 1.2) × 106 M-1 s-1 and (5.5 ± 0.9) × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively. The determined initiation rate constant was in good agreement with the literature value (6.0 × 104 M-1 s-1), confirming the validity of the proposed approach. For methyl 2-bromopropionate, under the same conditions, ka, kd, and ki values were found to be (26 ± 5.9) × 10-3 M-1 s-1, (29 ± 7.3) × 106 M-1 s-1, and (5.7 ± 1.6) × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively.
Nuclear and mitochondrial tRNA-lookalikes in the human genome.

We are interested in identifying and characterizing loci of the human genome that harbor sequences resembling known mitochondrial and nuclear tRNAs. To this end, we used the known nuclear and mitochondrial tRNA genes (the “tRNA-Reference” set) to search for “tRNA-lookalikes” and found many such loci at different levels of sequence conservation. We find that the large majority of these tRNA-lookalikes resemble mitochondrial tRNAs and exhibit a skewed over-representation in favor of some mitochondrial anticodons. Our analysis shows that the tRNA-lookalikes have infiltrated specific chromosomes and are preferentially located in close proximity to known nuclear tRNAs (z-score=-2.54, P-val ≤ 0.00394). Examination of the transcriptional potential of these tRNA-lookalike loci using public transcript annotations revealed that more than 20% of the lookalikes are transcribed as part of either known protein-coding pre-mRNAs, known lncRNAs, or known non-protein-coding RNAs, while public RNA-seq data perfectly agreed with the endpoints of tRNA-lookalikes. Interestingly, we found that tRNA-lookalikes are significantly depleted in known genetic variations associated with human health and disease whereas the known tRNAs are enriched in such variations. Lastly, a manual comparative analysis of the cloverleaf structure of the transcribed tRNA-lookalikes revealed no disruptive mutations suggesting the possibility that these loci give rise to functioning tRNA molecules.
The Influence of Domain Specificity on Motivation in Physical Education

With the assumption that domain specificity would significantly influence students' motivation, our study was designed to investigate between- and within-domain relations of task value, perceived autonomy and competence, and achievement goal orientations across physical education and mathematics. Urban adolescents (N = 273, ages 12–14 years) completed questionnaires assessing these motivational constructs in both subjects. Based on our confirmatory factor analyses and fit indexes, all motivational constructs demonstrated strong subject specificity. Strengths of associations between physical education and mathematics differed by individual motivational constructs. Within-domain interrelations of these constructs were not consistent across physical education and mathematics. Our findings suggest that domain specificity in physical education plays a significant role in students' motivation.
Body mass and basal metabolism of extinct mammals

Abstract 1. 1. Body mass and basal metabolic rate of extinct mammals are estimated by equations derived from the relationship between two skeletal measurements and body weight in extant mammals. 2. 2. Accurate estimation of mass and basal metabolism allows the construction and testing of new hypotheses dealing with general scaling phenomena, organismal and faunal energetics, extinction, and community population dynamics.
The biological effects of ozone on representative members of five groups of animal viruses

Abstract In an effort to establish the biological relevance of the reactions of ozone with soluble proteins and lipid bilayer membrane systems, representative viruses from five major virus groups were exposed to moderate concentrations of ozone. The virus suspensions were exposed at 37°C to 0.00, 0.16, and 0.64 ppm ozone in the gas phase. The ozone reacted with the virus suspensions as a thin film of fluid on the surface of a rotating culture bottle as the gas was drawn through the bottle at a flow rate of 2 liters/min. The three enveloped viruses tested exhibited different susceptibilities to ozone inactivation which correlated with their thermolability in the absence of ozone. The order of susceptibility to ozone inactivation of the enveloped viruses was vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (Rhabdoviridae) > influenza A virus (WSN strain) (Orthomyxoviridae) > infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) (Herpesviridae). The inactivation reactions of the enveloped viruses with ozone showed pseudo-first-order kinetics. A simple reaction model was used to derive a reaction rate expression from which rate constants and reaction stoichiometry were estimated. In contrast to the enveloped viruses, the two nonenveloped viruses examined were relatively resistant to ozone inactivation. Polio virus type I (Picornaviridae) was found to be completely resistant to ozone inactivation after 60 hr exposure to either ozone concentration, while infectious canine hepatitis virus (Adenoviridae) showed only slight inactivation after exposure to 0.64 ppm ozone for 66 hr. The significance of these results with regard to the reactions of ozone with cell membranes and other components is discussed.