cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute cardiovascular exercise and executive control function

Acute cardiovascular exercise effects on cognitive function were examined using an executive control task by comparing neuroelectric and behavioral performance at baseline with post-exercise in 20 undergraduates. A within-subjects design was used to assess the P3 component of an event-related brain potential (ERP) and behavioral performance using a task that varied the amount of executive control required. The baseline session involved participation on the Eriksen flankers task followed by a graded maximal exercise test to measure cardiovascular fitness. The exercise session consisted of a 30-min acute bout of exercise on a treadmill followed by the Eriksen flankers task after heart rate returned to within 10% of pre-exercise levels. Across midline recordings sites, results indicated larger P3 amplitude following acute exercise compared to baseline. Shorter P3 latency was observed during the baseline Eriksen flankers task for the neutral compared to the incompatible condition; an effect not found following the acute bout of exercise. These findings suggest that acute bouts of cardiovascular exercise affect neuroelectric processes underlying executive control through the increased allocation of neuroelectric resources and through changes in cognitive processing and stimulus classification speed.
Anemia in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis may have an anemia attributable to the chronic disease, to iron deficiency, or to a combination of the two. The contribution of iron deficiency is often difficult to determine by routine laboratory studies. We studied 51 patients with pauciarticular and polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with red blood cell counts, indices, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. Fifteen of the 18 who were anemic were restudied after a 3 to 6-month period of iron therapy. Thirteen of the 15 responded by these criteria: a rise in hemoglobin of 1.0 gm/dl or more and an increase in mean corpuscular volume of 3 fl or more; in 11 of these 13, hemoglobin values returned to the normal range for age. These findings indicate that iron deficiency can be a major component of the anemia that is commonly found in patients with active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
An optimal algorithm for the basic period approach to the economic lot scheduling problem

Abstract This paper develops a global optimum solution to the Economic Lot Scheduling Problem (ELSP) using the restrictions of the basic period approach as originally formulated by Bomberger. The ELSP is a classic problem in production which involves scheduling multiple products on a single facility, with the restriction that no two products may be produced at the same time. Ideally, a manufacturer could generate a schedule which would minimize the sum of setup and holding costs, but the complexities involved have so far precluded the attainment of such an ideal. This article presents a real time solution method for practical sized problems using the basic period version of the ELSP. The authors believe this is the first global optimal algorithm for the basic period ELSP to be presented in the literature. It is anticipated that future research will extend the idea presented in this article to cover more general approaches to the ELSP.
Size-dependent reproduction in the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudoplexaura porosa

Reproductive success among clonal taxa is often portrayed as a simple function of clone size, but reproduction in Pseudoplexaura porosa (Houtuyn), a common Caribbean gorgonian, reflects a more complex relationship between size and gamete production. Tagged colonies were sampled at two reefs in the San Blas Islands, Panama during the 1995 spawning season to determine the colony size at first reproduction, size-dependent polyp fecundities, and whole colony gonad production, and to follow the gametogenic cycle. Additional data were obtained during non-spawning months in 1984 and 1985. Of 120 colonies ranging in height from 20 to 250 cm, only colonies taller than 50 cm were reproductive. An average of 4.33 oocytes polyp−1, 560 to 800 μm in diameter, were released during monthly synchronous spawning events from June to September. Oocytes released each month developed from a group of intermediate size oocytes present at the end of the preceding month. Almost all oocytes >560 μm were released during each spawning event. Spermatogenesis was a shorter process than oogenesis. During each spawning month, mature spermaries developed from a group of 190 μm were released each month, and most of the spermary volume in mature male polyps was generated anew each month of spawning. Among reproductive colonies, polyp fecundity increased with colony height from 50 to 200 cm. Per capita fecundity of >200 cm tall female colonies was lower than for 150 to 200 cm colonies, but whole colony fecundity of large colonies was greater due to the exponential increase in the number of polyps that occurs with increasing colony height. In male colonies, both polyp and colony reproductive output increased with colony height. The large amounts of sperm produced by large male colonies probably contributes to the high rates of in situ fertilization observed in P. porosa. Differences in fecundity as a function of colony size and sex suggest differences in some combination of the cost of reproduction and/or allocation of resources to reproduction.
Enzymatic synthesis and degradation of anandamide, a cannabinoid receptor agonist.

Abstract Enzymatic activities have been identified which catalyze both the hydrolysis and synthesis of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide). Anandamide was taken up by neuroblastoma and glioma cells in culture, but it did not accumulate since it was rapidly degraded by an amidase activity that resided mainly in the membrane fractions. This amidase activity was expressed in brain and the majority of cells and tissues tested. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) was found to be a potent inhibitor of this amidase. A catalytic activity for the biosynthesis of anandamide from ethanolamine and arachidonic acid was readily apparent in incubations of rat brain homogenates. The stability of anandamide in serum and its rapid breakdown in cells and tissues are consistent with the observation that it is active when administered systemically, and its duration of action will be regulated by its rate of degradation in cells. The psychoactive marijuana plant-derived cannabinoid, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, and numerous synthetic derivatives have been shown to bind to a specific brain receptor [1,2,3,4]. Arachidonylethanolamide has been identified recently as a naturally occurring brain constituent that binds to this cannabinoid receptor [5]. Furthermore, using a series of behavioral tests to evaluate cannabinoid analogs [6], anandamide has been shown to be a cannabinoid receptor agonist exhibiting pharmacological activity in mice parallel to that of other psychotropic cannabinoids [7]. In this study, the uptake and breakdown of anandamide in neuroblastoma and glioma cell cultures were characterized. Subcellular fractions of these cultured cells and crude homogenates of other cultured cells and of rat tissues were assayed for enzymatic breakdown of arachidonylethanolamide to arachidonic acid. It was observed that phenylmethylsulfonyl flouride (PMSF) was a potent inhibitor of the breakdown activity (anandamide amidase). Employing ethanolamine and arachidonic acid as substrates, a synthetic activity (anandamide synthase) was readily demonstrated in crude homogenates of rat brain.
Depression and Smoking Cessation in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study

Objective: To explore the relationship of smoking cessation and depression. Design: Cohort study with 3 years of follow-up. Setting: North Carolina community of the Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Participants: Stratified cluster sample of adults age 65 years and older, with an oversampling of African Americans. Main Measures: Depressive symptoms using a modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale; smoking cessation using change in self-reported smoking. Results: Current smokers had the highest prevalence of clinically significant CES-D scores (11.2%), followed by never smokers (9.6%) and former smokers (7.1%). After 3 years, 128 (25%) of 511 baseline current smokers had quit. Among women with a clinically significant CES-D score, 55% quit smoking, compared with only 25% among those with a normal score (P < 0.05). Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with nearly fourfold increased odds of smoking cessation among women (relative odds [RO] 3.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 11.0; P < 0.05), but not among men (RO 0.6, 95% CI 0.2, 2.0, not significant), after adjusting for potential confounding. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms may directly increase the likelihood of smoking cessation among older women. When predicting smoking cessation, depression and gender should be considered in combination since to consider them separately may be misleading. This challenges prior reports that depressed smokers are less likely to quit smoking than non-depressed smokers.
Cued recall in Amnesia

Use of a search procedure to control processing during learning results in apparently normal cued recall by some amnesic patients with impaired free-recall learning. This suggests that their ability to encode and retrieve may be relatively intact when they are induced to carry out effective processing during learning. When processing is controlled during learning, cued recall should be useful for neuropsychological evaluation of residual learning and memory capacity.
Analysis of proteolytic digests of genetic variants of αs1-casein

Abstract The genetic variants, A, B, and C, of αs1-casein from cow's milk were digested under controlled conditions with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin. The resulting peptides were examined by a mapping procedure and the patterns were compared within each set of digests. The B and C variants are known to differ in composition by a single amino acid substitution—a glutamic acid residue in B being replaced by a glycine in C. Probable difference peptides containing this substitution were observed in each set of proteolytic digestions. The results of specific staining for arginine, histidine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan residues suggest that the presumed difference peptides are related and indicate the presence of several of these amino acids in the vicinity of the amino acid substitution. The αs1-casein A variant, which differs from the other two proteins quite substantially in amino acid composition, revealed peptide patterns almost identical to those of B and C, with the main difference being the absence of one or two major spots in A. The hypothesis is proposed that αs1-casein A, which represents an unusual type of genetic variant, is devoid of a portion of the molecule, with the remaining sequence similar to the B protein.
Information Incorporation Policies in Product Development

In the present paper, we develop a dynamic programming (DP) model of the product development (PD) process. We conceptualize PD as a sequence of decisions: whether to incorporate a piece of information that just arrived (i.e. became available) or wait longer. We, then, utilize this formulation to analyze several different situations depending on the type and nature of information being exchanged: external versus internal information, and stationary versus dynamic information. We derive optimal decision rules to determine whether (and when) to incorporate or not for each case. An analysis of the model results in several important findings. First, we must not incorporate all available information that is related to the design activity. Once the information collection exceeds certain value, the design team should stop collecting further information. Second, only when past design work accumulates a certain threshold value should the team include the latest information and perform rework. Large uncertainty of the information and large sensitivity of the design activity make the information less likely to be incorporated. Lastly, the managerial implications are discussed with several numerical examples.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The effect of humic acids on the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles to a natural aquatic bacterial assemblage

The effect of a terrestrial humic acid (HA) and a river HA on the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages (0 μM, 2.5 μM and 5 μM) was measured with spread plate counting. The effect of HA (20 and 40 ppm) on the cytotoxicity of AgNPs ranging in size between 15 and 25 nm was tested in the presence and in the absence of natural sunlight. The experiment was a full factorial, completely randomized design and the results were analyzed using the General Linear Model in SAS. LSMEANS was used to separate the means or combinations of means. Significant main effects of all independent variables, plus interaction effects in all cases except HA/LI and HA/AgNPs/LI were observed. The toxicity of AgNPs to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages appears to be concentration dependent for concentrations between 0 μM and 5 μM. The data indicate that the light exposure inhibited viability more than the darkness exposure. The HA treatment groups in the presence of light showed greater reduced viability count compared to darkness exposure groups. The inhibition of bacterial viability counts by AgNPs exposure was less in the light treatment groups containing a terrestrial HA compared to that with a river HA. Difference in the extent of reactive oxygen species formation and adsorption/binding of AgNPs was speculated to account for the observed phenomenon.
Kinetic evaluation of transdermal nicotine delivery systems

AbstractThe skin permeation and release kinetics of nicotine from four nicotine-releasing transdermal delivery systems (TDS) marketed recently was investigated under identical conditions to evaluate the effect of system design and the interchangeability of these products. In the study, hairless rat skin was first used as an animal model to evaluate the permeation mechanisms of various TDS's, which were then verified by studying the permeation through human cadaver skin. Three of the four TDS's were found to deliver nicotine at zeroth-order permeation kinetics at steady state with permeation rate ranging from 0.072 - 0.197 mg/cm2/hr, while the fourth one produced a triphasic zeroth-order permeation rate profile. Three TDS's released nicotine at non-linear manner, which could be described by a linear Q vs. t1/2 relationship, while one TDS yielded a constant release at steady state. The different skin permeation profiles of nicotine delivered by these TDS's could be explained by the difference in their syste...
Therapeutic hope, spiritual distress, and the problem of stem cell tourism

Managing patients' therapeutic hope and spiritual distress—in addition to tighter regulation of commercial therapies and improved patient understanding—may offer a more comprehensive approach to reducing the overall incidence of stem cell tourism. Such patient support must occur early in the clinical relationship after appropriate assessment and discussion.
Bryophyte Species Richness on Insular Boulder Habitats: The Effect of Area, Isolation, and Microsite Diversity

Abstract The bryophyte communities on glacial erratic boulders in the Adirondack Mountains of New York are used as an experimental system to test the predictions of island biogeographic theory. Moss species composition, abundance, richness, and diversity were determined for 39 boulders. Bryophyte species richness on these insular habitats ranges from 3 to 14. Competitive dominance of the component moss species was determined. Boulders were characterized as to size, degree of isolation, and microhabitat heterogeneity. Patterns of disturbance and gap formation in the moss cover, and patterns of recolonization were quantified. The distribution of bryophyte species among individual boulders does not conform to the predictions of island biogeographic theory. Neither the size of the boulder nor its degree of isolation are significantly related to species richness. Richness was also found to be independent of the abundance of the competitive dominants. Overall measures of microhabitat heterogeneity were not corr...
Drag Reducing Properties of Polyphosphates

It is well known that small amounts of certain polymers of high molecular weight can substantially reduce the frictional losses in liquids during turbulent flow1,2. In capillaries3 the reduction can reach 50% or more at concentrations well below 100 parts per million by weight (p.p.m.w.). This effect has been observed with a wide range of organic materials, both of natural and synthetic origins. Although there is no completely satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon, there are a number of characteristics which most good drag reducing agents seem to have in common—for example, the presence of pronounced viscoelasticity even at very low concentrations, a few hundredths of a per cent4. As a result the presence of viscoelasticity may indicate potential drag reducing ability. In this connection a series of solutions was recently tested in our laboratory and it was observed that a dilute solution of potassium polyphosphate was highly viscoelastic. The solution exhibited a large recoil on cessation of stirring even at very low stirring rates. Furthermore, the shear viscosity showed a strong reversible dependence on shear rate. Consequently, it was decided to test for drag reducing ability.
Intersections and Unions of Orthogonal Polygons Starshaped Via Staircase n -Paths

For n ≥ 1, define p (n) to be the smallest natural number r for which the following is true: For \({\cal K}\) any finite family of simply connected orthogonal polygons in the plane and points x and y in \(\cap \{K:K {\rm in} {\cal K}\}\), if every r (not necessarily distinct) members of \({\cal K}\) contain a common staircase n-path from x to y, then \(\cap \{K:K {\rm in} {\cal K}\}\) contains such a path. We show that p(1) = 1 and p(n) = 2 (n − 1) for n ≥ 2. The numbers p(n) yield an improved Helly theorem for intersections of sets starshaped via staircase n-paths.
Numerical simulations of square arrayed rod bundles

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed with square arrayed rod bundles featuring pitch to diameter (P/D) ratio of 1.194 and 1.326 in order to find an optimal mesh and turbulence model for simulations with more complex geometries in the future. With the tighter lattice a mesh sensitivity and turbulence model study were accomplished and the post processed turbulence quantities, velocity field and wall shear stress were compared with experimental data ( Hooper, 1980 Developed single phase turbulent flow through a square-pitch rod cluster. Nuclear Engineering and Design 60, 365–379.). The comparisons show that Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes method with the Reynolds stress model of Gibson and Launder in conjunction with an appropriate mesh can provide reasonable agreement with the experiment for this lattice. For pure bundle simulations the body fitted structured meshes are suggested, since slightly better agreement can be captured considering all quantities with the same number of cells. Based on the drawn conclusions the procession was repeated for P/D = 1.326, where, due to lack of experiment, just the correct tendencies of the turbulence quantities and velocity field were established. The results show Reynolds number independency correctly and the increase of P/D issues in more similar flow to axisymmetric pipe flow.
CT demonstration of brain infarcts due to deep venous thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Rapid development of low density bilateral lesions in the brain due to deep venous thrombosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosis is described. To the best of our knowledge, this type of symmetry, distribution andappearance of brain infarcts in CT due to deep venous thrombosis has not been reported previously.
Design of a robotic vehicle with self-contained intelligent wheels

The Center for Intelligent Systems has developed a small robotic vehicle named the Advanced Rover Chassis 3 (ARC 3) with six identical intelligent wheel units attached to a payload via a passive linkage suspension system. All wheels are steerable, so the ARC 3 can move in any direction while rotating at any rate allowed by the terrain and motors. Each intelligent wheel unit contains a drive motor, steering motor, batteries, and computer. All wheel units are identical, so manufacturing, programing, and spare replacement are greatly simplified. The intelligent wheel concept would allow the number and placement of wheels on the vehicle to be changed with no changes to the control system, except to list the position of all the wheels relative to the vehicle center. The task of controlling the ARC 3 is distributed between one master computer and the wheel computers. Tasks such as controlling the steering motors and calculating the speed of each wheel relative to the vehicle speed in a corner are dependent on the location of a wheel relative to the vehicle center and ar processed by the wheel computers. Conflicts between the wheels are eliminated by computing the vehicle velocity control in the master computer. Various approaches to this distributed control problem, and various low level control methods, have been explored.
Integrating automation and LC/MS for drug discovery bioanalysis

A novel, integrated approach for automated sample handling in drug discovery bioanalysis is described. The process includes aspects of animal study design, biological sample collection, sample processing and high-throughput APILC/MS operating in under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). A semi-automated 96-well liquid—liquid extraction technique for biological fluid sample preparation was developed and used in conjunction with the integrated sample-handling approach. One plate of samples could be prepared within 1.5 h compared with 4 h for a manual approach, and the resulting 96-well plate of extracts was directly compatible with the LC/MS. Feasibility studies for the development of the process included sample collection map generation and information management, sample collection formatting, evaluation of alternative dilution schemes for high-concentration samples, choice of biological fluid, and evaluating the capabilities of the two liquid-handling workstations. Numerous comparisons between the new approach and conventional sample-handling approaches gave equivalent drug-quantitation results for several example compounds. This new sampling process has approximately doubled the efficiency (as measured by studies assayed per month) of drug discovery bioanalysis in our laboratory. The approach was also used in conjunction with time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrumentation (LC/TOF/MS) to quantify and characterize the disposition of simultaneously dosed example drug compounds in the rat. Likely strategies for future automated sample preparation workstations are described.
Raman spectroscopic investigation of sodium borosilicate glass structure

Raman spectra of sodium borosilicate glasses with a wide range of Na2O/B2O3 ratios were systematically measured. Variations of the spectra with glass composition were studied to interpret the implied distribution of Na+ ions between silicate and borate units. When Na2O/B2O3 is less than 1, all Na+ ions are associated with borate units as indicated by the absence of the 1100 cm−1 band of Si-O− non-bridging bond stretching. For the (1−x)Na2O · SiO2 ·xB2O3 glass withx≦0.4 the peak-height ratio of the 950 cm−1 band to the 1080 cm−1 band was used to analyse semiquantitatively the distribution of the Na+ ions between silicate and borate units. Sodium ions are divided between silicate and borate units approximately in proportion to the amount of SiO2 and B2O3 present in these glasses. Some of the high sodium content glasses were crystallized and their spectra were compared with the bulk glass spectra. The distribution of Na+ ions in the glass was quite different from their distribution after crystallization. Spectra of high silica glasses that had been heat-treated for phase separation indicated exclusion of borate units from the silica network and the formation of borate groups. For high boron content glasses, no change was observed on heat treatment. Raman bands due to borate groups seem to be little affected by their environments.
Tethered cord syndrome in adults and children.

(2004). Tethered cord syndrome in adults and children. Neurological Research: Vol. 26, No. 7, pp. 717-718.
THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTION AND EXPERIENCE ON COLLEGE STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD THE ELDERLY

The goal of this study was to evaluate a program designed to promote attitude change among undergraduates, whose views of the elderly have traditionally been mixed. The subjects were college students enrolled in a psychology of aging class. They completed measures pertaining to knowledge of the aging process and attitudes toward the elderly during the first week of class and then again during the last week. In addition, a subgroup of the class who volunteered weekly with the elderly were compared with other subgroups who had limited or no contact with older adults. These volunteers were required to document their experiences in journals, which were then examined to provide qualitative data. Finally, a control group was included in an effort to control for positive bias in the aging class. A 2 (time) x 3 (group) multiple analysis of variance with repeated measures on the first factor was conducted on these data. There was a significant effect of time, F (1,94) = 20.47, p < .001. Students’ knowledge about a...
Asthma, arsenic, and cancer

Abstract A 56-year-old woman was found to have multiple skin lesions, one of which was biopsied and diagnosed as Bowen's carcinoma in situ. These were part of a suecession of keratoses and skin carcinomas appearing over an 8 year period. It is believed they were sequelae of the long-term ingestion of an asthma remedy containing arsenic. A study of much of the literature on the relation between arsenic and cancer led to the opinion that, while their causality is not completely established, it is highly suspect. There is a long latency period before cancer appears, and no safe dose has been determined. Thus, in our opinion, the use of a potential carcinogen for the treatment of even intractable asthma is unwisc.
The Coal Commission Reports and The Coal Situation

Importance of the coal problem, 541. — I. Occasion for appointment of the Commission, 543. — The Federal Act of October, 1923, 547. — Personnel of the Commission, 548. — II. The bituminous branch of the industry; striking irregularity of production, 550. — The causes: seasonal demand, strikes, overdevelopment above all, 551. — Effects on labor, 559. — No radical remedy proposed by the Commission, 660. — Changes in railroad car distribution recommended, 561. — Readjustment of freight rates, 563. — The Commission fails to urge the use by the Interstate Commerce Commission of its power to veto building of lines or sidings not needed, 565. — III. Anthracite coal problems simpler, 566. — The fundamental problem is that of monopoly, 568. — The Commission proposes a graded tax on royalties, 570. — IV. Unionization and non-union fields, 572. — The Commission on the whole commends the United Mine Workers, condemns operators in non-union fields, yet takes a neutral attitude, 573. — V. The Reports have high educational value, the remedies suggested are inadequate, 577. — Some more far-reaching plan must come, 581.
Efficient integration of spectral features for vehicle tracking utilizing an adaptive sensor

ABSTRACT Object tracking in urban environments is an important and challenging problemthat is traditionally tackled usingvisibleand nearinfraredwavelengths.By inserting extended datasuchasspectralfeatures of theobjectsonecan improve the reliability of the identication process.However, huge increase in data created by hyperspectralimaging is usually prohibitive.To overcome the complexity problem, we propose a persistent air-to-ground targettrackingsystem inspiredby a state-of-the-art,adaptive, multi-modal sensor.The adaptive sensoris capable ofprovidingpanchromatic images as wellasthespectraof desiredpixels. This addresses the datachallengeofhyperspectraltracking by onlyrecordingspectral dat aasneeded.Spectral likelihoods are integratedinto a dataassociationalgorithm in a #ayesian fashionto minimze the likelihoodof misidentication.A framework forcontrolling spectral data collection is developed by incorporating motion segmentation information and priorinformationfrom a GaussianSum lter(GSF) movement predictionsfrom a multi-modelforecasting set. An intersectionmask ofthesurveillancearea is extractedfrom OpenStreetMapsourceand incorporatedinto thetrackingalgorithm to performonline renement ofmultiplemodel set.The proposedsystem istestedusingchallenging and realisticscenarios generated in an adverse environment.Keywords: spectral likelihoods, persistent vehicle tracking, performance-driven sensor, adaptive forecasting
Auxiliary antenna approach to sidelobe discrimination for maximum dynamic range

The auxiliary antenna approach to sidelobe/mainbeam discrimination is a classic technique based on comparing the signal strength from a small co-boresighted auxiliary antenna with the signal from the main antenna. A piecewise linear boundary is usually drawn in the main channel/auxiliary channel signal space to perform the discrimination. The Automated Remote Tracking Station (ARTS) program has a requirement to automatically acquire and track a satellite when the initial ephemeris information is only approximately known. This requirement is satisfied by using an auxiliary antenna approach to detect the mainbeam intercept, while the antenna is scanning. Once the mainbeam is detected, standard monopulse tracking is engaged to complete the acquisition and lock onto the satellite. The ARTS system requirements for mainbeam/sidelobe lock can be treated as probabilities of detection and false alarm. This system requirement can be visualized as constraint surfaces in the main channel, auxiliary channel, and aperture power signal space. The classic approach to designing a decision boundary in the presence of an unwanted or unknown parameter (aperture power) is to project the constraint space so that it is independent of that parameter. The decision boundary can then be drawn in the projected space. When this approach was applied to the ARTS requirement, it yielded several decibel (dB) of increased dynamic range, at low signal strengths, over conventional sidelobe discrimination boundary designs.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chlorination treatment to improve the oxidation resistance of Nb-Mo-Si-B alloys

Recent studies have shown that the quaternary Nb-Mo-Si-B system is not oxidation resistant. The difference in oxidation resistance between Mo-Si-B and Nb-Mo-Si-B may be interpreted in terms of the volatility of the metal oxide that forms. MoO3 evaporates from the surface scale at about 650 °C, leaving a porous borosilicate glassy scale. Nb2O5 persists as a rapidly growing condensed phase that overwhelms the ability of the borosilicate glass to form a protective layer. In the present work, a novel chlorination process was employed to selectively remove Nb2O5 from the scale of the quaternary alloy as volatile NbCl5. A Nb-Mo-Si-B alloy was studied with a nominal composition of 63(Nb,Mo)-30Si-7B (at. pct) with Nb/Mo = 1:1. The alloy consisted of a three-phase microstructure of (Nb,Mo)5Si3B x (T1)-(Nb,Mo)5(Si,B)3 (T2)-(Nb,Mo)5Si3B x (D88). The oxidation behavior of these alloys in air was studied both before and after chlorination. Results showed that Nb2O5 can be selectively removed from the scale to leave a borosilicate-rich scale, which then forms a dense scale after heat treatment at 1100 °C in argon. The oxidation rate of the chlorinated alloy was about one-third that of the unchlorinated alloy under identical conditions. Alloy oxidation during heating to the test temperature was studied, and a plausible mechanism for the formation of porosity in the oxide scale has been offered.
Ringing the interferon alarm: differential regulation of gene expression at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity.

Abstract The genes for type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) are rapidly induced in response to viral infection. IFN regulatory factor (IRF) proteins are key to the regulation of IFN gene expression; the early response to virus results in secretion of a subset of IFN genes through the action of IRF3 in conjunction with additional transcription factors, such as NF-κB and AP-1 (c-jun–ATF2). This early IFN acts in an autocrine manner to stimulate the production of IRF7, a transcription factor capable of activating the many additional members of the IFN-α gene family. The dependence of IRF7 on virus-induced phosphorylation for its activity ensures that IFN production is limited to virus-infected cells. Additional members of the IRF family may provide additional levels of control, in both a cell-type and virus-specific manner, particularly in dendritic cells that serve as major producers of IFN and a key interface between innate and adaptive immunity.
Growth rates and longevity of some gastropod mollusks on the coral reef at Heron Island

Information on growth, gained from individually marked animals, is provided for at least one species of each of the families Trochidae, Neritidae, Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Thaisidae, Fasciolariidae, Vasidae and Conidae. Except in the cowries and strombs, which have determinate growth, shell growth is adequately described by a von Bertalanffy curve only to a certain point. Beyond this, growth continues slowly and at a rate that is independent of size. Size frequency distributions are characteristically negatively skew, mainly because early growth is fast relative to the total life span. Longevities seem to indicate that turnover rates are comparable to those of Prosobranch mollusks from colder seas.
Biochemical characteristics of rat alveolar macrophages with chlorphentermine-induced phospholipidosis: variations with increasing cell size.

Abstract Rats treated with chlorphentermine 5 days a week for 4 weeks develop a phospholipidosis in their alveolar macrophages. During this time many of these cells become enlarged resulting in a population of macrophages of widely varying size. The present study was undertaken in order to examine biochemical changes which occur as the cells increase in size with the purpose of better understanding the progression of the disorder. Macrophages were lavaged from the lungs of control and chlorphenterminetreated rats. On a per cell basis, the cells from treated rats have 18 times the phospholipid content, seven times the β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, three times the protein content and acid phosphate activity and twice the lactate dehydrogenase activity of controls. Using centrifugal elutriation, macrophages from treated rats were separated into four fractions with mean cell volumes of 1543, 4262, 8477 and 17,052 μm3, respectively. Under the same conditions, control macrophages gave two fractions with mean cell volumes of 1289 and 1949 μm3. While phospholipid and protein content and the lysosomal enzyme activities increased linearly with increasing cell size (r > 0.99), the change in phospholipid most closely paralleled the increase in cell size. Therefore, as the cells, enlarge, they show more of an increase in phospholipid than any of the other biochemical properties studied.
Admixture Estimation Using Skin Reflectance Data

Several different methods are suggested for the estimation of admixture proportions in hybrid populations based on skin reflectance data. These methods are applied to hybrid populations of known ancestry and yield results generally quite similar to those expected based on a simple genetic model. Results indicate the usefulness of these methods in hybridization studies and in the development and refinement of models of the genetics of skin color.
Schema equivalence in heterogeneous systems: bridging theory and practice

Abstract Current theoretical work offers measures of schema equivalence based on the information capacity of schemas. This work is based on the existence of abstract functions satisfying various restrictions between the sets of all instances of two schemas. In considering schemas that arise in practice, however, it is not clear how to reason about the existence of such abstract functions. Further, these notions of equivalence tend to be too liberal in that schemas are often considered equivalent when a practitioner would consider them to be different. As a result, practical integration methodologies have not utilized this theoretical foundation and most of them have relied on ad-hoc approaches. We present results that seek to bridge this gap. First, we consider the problem of deciding information capacity equivalence and dominance of schemas that occur in practice, i.e., those that can express inheritance and simple integrity constraints. We show that this problem is undecidable. This undecidability suggests that in addition to the overly liberal nature of information capacity equivalence, we should look for alternative, more restrictive notions of equivalence that can be effectively tested. To this end, we develop several tests that each serve as sufficient conditions for information capacity equivalence or dominance. Each test is characterized by a set of schema transformations in the following sense: a test declares that Schema S1 is dominated by schema S2 if and only if there is a sequence of transformations that converts S1 to S2. Thus, each test can be understood essentially by understanding the individual transformations used to characterize it. Each of the transformations we consider is a local, structural schema change with a clear underlying intuition. We demonstrate the power of these tests by showing that one can reason about the equivalence and dominance of quite complex schemas. Because our work is based on structural transformations, the same characterizations that underly our tests can be used to guide designers in modifying a schema to meet their equivalence or dominance goals.
Evaluation of thermal-ignition models from hot-wire ignition tests

The ignition response of several composite solid propellants was measured by use of embedded, electrically heated wires having diameters from 25.6 to 1024 μ. Reproducible ignition times ranging from 0.02 to 40 see were observed. A comparison of these measured ignition times for the larger wires with the predictions of the thermal ignition model indicates excellent agreement between measurement and predictions when the parameters for the single-interfacial-reaction model are those which best describe data for the ignition of exposed flat surfaces. Ignition data from the fine-wire tests indicate the presence of a distributed reaction, and these data are used to evaluate the characteristies of this distributed reaction.
Management of the nasolacrimal system during transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy.

BACKGROUND During transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy (TEMM) for sinonasal tumors, the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) is resected as it forms part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. This disrupts the nasolacrimal drainage system. To ensure that epiphora does not develop after such resection, an endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is traditionally performed. This is based primarily on prior experience with open medial maxilloethmoidectomy. It is unclear whether a concurrent DCR during endoscopic medial maxillectomy is necessary, however. This study was designed to compare patients undergoing TEMM with or without concurrent DCR for postoperative patency of the NLD. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study comparing12 patients undergoing TEMM, 5 with concurrent DCR and 7 without, to assess for patency of the NLD system. In the group that underwent a concurrent DCR, a Jones silastic stent was inserted for 2-3 months. Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year for assessment of epiphora. The patency of the NLD was judged by clinical and qualitative evidence for epiphora. RESULTS None of the patients in either group developed epiphora. All were completely symptom free for epiphora during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION It appears that after TEMM, patients do not develop epiphora, whether or not a concurrent DCR is performed. Hence, a concurrent DCR does not seem necessary during TEMM.
Geographically indirect immigration to Canada: description and analysis.

"This article is concerned with geographically indirect immigration to Canada over the period 1968-1988. A geographically indirect immigrant is an individual legally admitted to Canada whose country of last permanent residence differs from country of birth. Records maintained by Employment and Immigration Canada on every immigrant legally admitted over the period were used in the study. Relative to geographically direct immigrants, geographically indirect immigrants tend to be older, more educated, and more highly skilled. Moreover, if they were not born in an English or French speaking country, indirect immigrants are more likely to speak English and/or French capably than direct migrants born in such countries. The study also contains bivariate logit estimates of a model of geographically indirect Canadian immigration. This model suggests that indirect migrants tend to be influenced by personal characteristics (age, sex, marital status, occupation, language ability), as well as by various characteristics of the country of birth (distance from Canada, income level, political conditions)."
A 2T1C Embedded DRAM Macro With No Boosted Supplies Featuring a 7T SRAM Based Repair and a Cell Storage Monitor

A truly logic-compatible gain cell eDRAM macro with no boosted supplies is presented. A 2T1C gain cell implemented only with regular thin oxide devices consists of an asymmetric 2T cell and a coupling PMOS capacitor. The PMOS capacitor ensures proper operation even without a boosted supply by utilizing a beneficial coupling for read and a preferential boosting for write. A repair scheme based on a single-ended 7T SRAM has features such as a local differential write and shared control with the main 2T1C array. A storage voltage monitor is proposed to track the retention characteristics of a gain cell eDRAM under PVT variations and to adjust its refresh rate adaptively. A 128 kb eDRAM test chip implemented in a 65 nm Low-Power (LP) process operates at a random access frequency of 714 MHz with a static power dissipation of 161.8 μW per Mb for a 500 μs refresh rate at 1.1 V and 85°C.
Two Trips across One Globe: Earth and Planet Earth Fothergill, A., & Linfield, M. (Directors). (2007). Earth [Documentary]. United States: Disneynature. Fothergill, A. (Director). (2006). Planet Earth. [Television series]. United Kingdom: BBC/Greenlight Media/Discovery Channel.

This review explores the twin documentaries Earth and Planet Earth . Both are structured with the same goal of exploring our planet and its nonhuman animal inhabitants, but they diverge in approach. Using Disney’s “True-Life Adventure” series as an ideal, the view of human-nonhuman animal relations presented in Earth differs from the one presented in Planet Earth . While the former relies strongly on a purified image that mirrors traditional (Western, human) ideals, the latter presents an image that is both less “neat” and less reliant on attributing humanlike qualities to nonhuman animals. There are some similarities, however, especially regarding the human role in the future survival of the planet’s nonhuman animals.
PET-CT demonstration of extensive muscle metastases from breast cancer.

Abstract: Distant hematogenous spread of metastases to muscle is a distinctly uncommon manifestation of malignancy. With respect to breast cancer, occasional reports of solitary muscle metastases have appeared, although diffuse metastases to muscle is distinctly uncommon. We report an 83-year-old woman with breast cancer previously diagnosed and treated 27 years earlier who presented with decreased vision and extraocular muscle palsies. MRI showed nodular thickening of the orbital muscles and biopsy confirmed metastasis from breast cancer. Subsequent PET-CT demonstrated extensive foci of increased F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in muscle and bones throughout the body consistent with metastases. Of interest, the patient had undergone bilateral hip replacement for degenerative disease 1 year previously; pathologic review of the previously resected femoral bone sample revealed no evidence of metastasis at that time.
The incoherence of agreeing to disagree

The agreeing-to-disagree theorem of Aumann and the no-expected-gain-from-trade theorem of Milgrom and Stokey are reformulated under an operational definition of Bayesian rationality. Common knowledge of beliefs and preferences is achieved through transactions in a contingent claims market, and mutual expectations of Bayesian rationality are defined by the condition of joint coherence,i.e., the collective avoidance of arbitrage opportunities. The existence of a common prior distribution and the impossibility of agreeing to disagree follow from the joint coherence requirement, but the prior must be interpreted as a ‘risk-neutral’ distribution: a product of probabilities and marginal utilities for money. The failure of heterogenous information to create disagreements or incentives to trade is shown to be an artifact of overlooking the potential role of trade in constructing the initial state of common knowledge.
Fine-scale stratigraphy in proximal and distal deposits of sediment dispersal systems in the East China Sea

Abstract The East China Sea contains the proximal deposit of the Changjiang (Yangtze) dispersal system and the distal deposit of the Huangho (Yellow) dispersal system. Despite similarity of sediment characteristics and oceanic setting, the two deposits show a significant difference in fine-scale stratigraphy. The proximal Changjiang deposit is characterized by physically stratified mud and the distal Huangho deposit is characterized by homogeneous mud. The difference in fine-scale stratigraphy is explained by the ratio of mixing rate to accumulation rate, which is much larger for the distal Huangho deposit (∼ 17) than for the proximal Changjiang deposit (⩽ 1); a larger ratio allows biological mixing to destroy physical stratification. With increasing distance away from the mouth of a major river, generally mixing rate increases and accumulation rate decreases along the sediment dispersal system. Therefore, the ratio of mixing rate to accumulation rate should increase and sedimentary structure should change from physically stratified to homogeneous. At the leading edge (extreme distal portion) of a prograding mud deposit, the relatively rapid mixing and slow accumulation can cause a transitional boundary between the mud and the ambient sediment (which is transgressive sand in the East China Sea). For a prograding mud deposit of a major dispersal system, sedimentary sequences should reveal the following upward changes: a transitional boundary with underlying sediment, homogeneous sediment representing distal deposits, successively more stratified sediment representing proximal deposits.
Dismemberment, Dualism, and Theology of the Body in the Gospel of Matthew

Contemporary Christian body theology focuses on recovering a Jewish understanding of the unity of the body and soul against a dualism inherited from Greek philosophy. The Gospel of Matthew presents...