cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a class of sequences of lattice points

Abstract All uniformly distributed sequences of k-dimensional lattice points of the form (([nα1], …, [nαk])), αi real, n = 1, 2,…, are determined, thereby settling a problem of L. A. Rubel.
Nuclear reaction rates and the nova outburst

In this paper we examined the consequences of improving the nuclear reaction library on our simulations of TNRs on 1.25M, WD and 1.35M, WDS. We have found that the changes in the rates have affected the nucleosynthesis predictions of our calculations but not, to any great extent, the gross features. In addition, we have used a lower mass accretion rate than in our previous studies in order to accrete (and eject) more material. This has, as expected, caused the peak values of some important parameters to increase over our previous studies at the same WD mass. However, because some important reaction rates have declined in the new compilation this has not increased the abundances for nuclei above aluminum and, in fact, they have declined while the abundances of both {sup 26}Al and {sup 27}Al have increased at both WD masses. In contrast, the abundance of {sup 22}Na has declined at both WD masses over the values predicted in our earlier work. This has important implications with respect to predictions of the observability of novae with INTEGRAL.
Luminescence properties of modified poly(m-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(p-phenylenevinylene): effects of side-chain length, blending and device configuration

Abstract The electroluminescence and photoluminescence of poly( m -phenylenevinylene)-alt-( p -phenylenevinylene) green light emitting copolymers have been studied. The effect of alkoxy substitutions (–OC 4 H 9 and –OC 6 H 13 ) in single and double layer device configurations was also investigated. In double layer devices, poly( p -phenylene vinylene), PPV (60 nm) was used as a hole transport layer and substantial increase in the longevity, stability and electroluminescence efficiency of the devices was observed. Blending of green light emitting copolymers with poly( N -vinylcarbazole), PVK and [2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (butyl-PBD)] gives further promising results, namely an increase in brightness and EL efficiency of the LEDs.
Studies on the mechanism of bacteriophage T4 interference with host metabolism.

The effect of T4 infection upon bacterial host synthesis has been studied using Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae as hosts. The behavior of the phage in the two hosts is different and in Shigella the arrest is not complete but depends upon the multiplicity of the infection, a situation which is similar to that of E. coli infected in the presence of chloramphenicol. It seems therefore that T4 has two mechanisms to inhibit host synthesis, one of which requires a newly synthesized protein and does not operate in Shigella . The other mechanism operates in both hosts and is similar to one previously described for bacteriophage λ.
Effect of Cultivar and Plant Population on Spotted Wilt in Virginia Market- Type Peanut

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the impact of cultivar and plant population on the incidence of symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus, w...
Surface characterization of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) co-polymers using XPS and AFM

Abstract The air surfaces of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) co-polymers with 9–70 wt% vinyl acetate (VA) and ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) co-polymers with 3–20 wt% acrylic acid (AA) were studied using XPS at three take-off angles, representing three depths of penetration from 15–58 A. The semi-crystalline EVA and EAA co-polymers with high wt% ethylene (9–27.5 wt% VA) had higher percentages of VA at the surface than in the bulk, regardless of the type of sample preparation. Excess VA or AA at the surfaces of the annealed semi-crystalline films was probably the result of the rejection of VA or AA units from the growing crystallites. Spin and solution cast films generally had a greater percentage of VA at their surfaces than annealed films; this additional excess may be caused by the lower solubility of the ethylene units in the toluene used for casting, leaving a layer of the more soluble VA units on the air surfaces. Amorphous EVA co-polymer (50–70 wt% VA) annealed films showed an excess of ethylene at the surface. This occurred even though there are only very short sequences of ethylene in these co-polymers and was probably caused by the lower surface free energy of the ethylene repeat units with respect to the VA repeat units. The EAA co-polymers, all of which were semi-crystalline, always showed an excess of AA at the air surfaces, probably because of the rejection of the AA units by the crystallites. AFM bearing-ratio curves showed a fractional coverage of VA on 9EVA and 18EVA annealed surfaces of 0.885 and 0.927, respectively. When the XPS data were used with a simple model, which assumed a partial VA layer over a polyethylene layer at annealed co-polymer surfaces, a 2.0 A layer of VA on the 9EVA and 18EVA surfaces, with surface coverages of 0.91 and 0.96, respectively, was calculated, in reasonable agreement with the AFM bearing-ratio data.
Stability of carbon fiber surface functionality at elevated temperatures and its influence on interfacial adhesion

a b s t r a c t The thermal stability of the surface chemistry of a surface treated carbon fiber, from room temperature to 1000 ◦C, was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Within a range of temperatures from room temperature to 400 ◦ C, the only surface functionalities that decomposed were carboxylic acids and dangling nitrogen containing functionalities like amines, amides or nitriles. Significant amounts of water were desorbed as well. This study enabled the testing of the coherence of the fitting of the C(1s), O(1s) and N(1s) peaks. Particularly, when considering the fitting of in the O(1s) peak, carboxylic acids were shown to be included in a single component peak centered at a binding energy of 532.1 eV. The reaction of the carbon fiber surface and an acrylate resin at high temperature, because of the decomposition of carboxylic acids, was highlighted by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal history of the composite material during its manufacture appeared to be a major influence on the nature of the interactions generated at the fiber–matrix interface and the resulting mechanical properties. © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Mechanisms by which discharge modulates diastolic depolarization in sheep and dog Purkinje fibers

For reasons unknown, a fast drive is prone to induce overdrive excitation in sheep Purkinje fibers under conditions that still induce overdrive suppression in dog Purkinje fibers. Our aim was to study by means of a microelectrode technique diastolic depolarization (DD) and its changes with overdrive in sheep and dog Purkinje fibers perfused in vitro under identical conditions. The major results are: (a) At a slow rate, diastolic depolarization is much faster and larger in sheep than in dog Purkinje fibers. (b) Faster rates increase DD slope and amplitude in sheep and decrease them in dog Purkinje fibers. (c) DD slope and amplitude increase in sheep and decrease in dog if the same number of action potentials are separated by a shorter diastole. (d) The change in DD slope and amplitude induced by a fast drive persists after a subsequent slow drive of approximately 20 s. (e) The fastest drives can induce an oscillatory potential superimposed on early DD in sheep. (f) In both species, high [Ca(2+)](o) increases and low [Ca(2+)](o) decreases DD slope and amplitude. (g) Neither high nor low [Ca(2+)](o) change the DD rate-dependence patterns peculiar to either species. (h) DD amplitude in dog in high [Ca(2+)](o) is still smaller than that in sheep in Tyrode solution. (i) Caffeine prevents the steepening of early DD by drive, but not the subsequent increase which can lead to overdrive excitation in both species. (j) TTX decreases DD slope and amplitude in both species. (k) Cs(+) markedly reduces DD slope and amplitude and more so at faster rates, especially in the sheep. We conclude that the differences in diastolic depolarization and the different behavior of DD with overdrive in the two species account for the propensity of sheep Purkinje fibers to develop overdrive excitation and for that of dog Purkinje fibers to develop overdrive suppression.
Patterns of Care for Men with Prostate Cancer After Failure of Primary Treatment

BACKGROUND. This study sought to determine trends in patterns of care after failure of primary prostate cancer treatment and to determine whether nonclinical factors influenced the receipt of secondary treatment. METHODS. The authors identified individuals treated for nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the years 1991–1999 from the linked databases of Medicare and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. The outcome of interest was receipt of secondary therapy. They performed Cox proportional hazard analyses to investigate the link between demographic and clinical characteristics and the likelihood of receiving secondary treatment after either surgery or radiation. RESULTS. Of 65,716 subjects who met our inclusion criteria, 10,200 (15%) received some form of secondary therapy. For men undergoing initial surgical or radiation therapy, tumor grade, year of diagnosis, and geographic region were associated with secondary therapy. No socioeconomic factors such as education, ethnicity, or income level were associated with secondary therapy. CONCLUSIONS. Patterns of care after primary prostate cancer therapy continue to vary regionally. Standardized clinical algorithms and utilization of prostate-specific antigen testing appear to have influenced secondary therapy rates. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Reactions of transition-metal carbonyls with organolithium compounds. III. Synthesis of tetracarbonyl (tertiary phosphite) oxy- and amino-carbene complexes of the group VIB metals

Abstract Compounds of the general composition M(CO) 4 (P(OCH 2 ) 3 CC 2 H 5 )C(OC 2 H 5 )R have been synthesized by the reaction of organolithium reagents with M(CO) 5 P(OCH 2 ) 3 CC 2 H 5 under mild conditions, where M = Cr, Mo, W; and R = CH 3 , C 6 H 5 . Aminolysis of these compounds at −70°C with ammonia and cyclohexylamine have led to the preparation of M(CO) 4 (P(OCH 2 ) 3 CC 2 H 5 )C(NHR′)R species, where M = Cr, Mo, W; R = CH 3 , C 6 H 5 ; and R′ = H, C 6 H 11 . Infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies have been carried out on these compounds. These carbene complexes have exclusively cis structures with respect to the metal, with the lone exception Cr(CO) 4 (P(OCH 2 ) 3 CC 2 H 5 )C(OC 2 H 5 )C 6 H 5 , which exists in both cis and trans isomeric forms. The significance of these stereochemical observations is discussed in terms of the steric and electronic effects involved in the nucleophilic addition reactions of the organolithium reagents with bound carbon monoxide ligands.
Integrated computer-aided retinal photocoagulation system

Successful retinal tracking subsystem testing results in vivo on rhesus monkeys using an argon continuous wave laser and an ultra-short pulse laser are presented. Progress on developing an integrated robotic retinal laser surgery system is also presented. Several interesting areas of study have developed: (1) 'doughnut' shaped lesions that occur under certain combinations of laser power, spot size, and irradiation time complicating measurements of central lesion reflectance, (2) the optimal retinal field of view to achieve simultaneous tracking and lesion parameter control, and (3) a fully digital versus a hybrid analog/digital tracker using confocal reflectometry integrated system implementation. These areas are investigated in detail in this paper. The hybrid system warrants a separate presentation and appears in another paper at this conference.
Decentering: A Construct to Analyze and Explain Teacher Actions as They Relate to Student Thinking.

Mathematics educators and writers of mathematics education policy documents continue to emphasize the importance of teachers focusing on and using student thinking to inform their instructional decisions and interactions with students. In this paper, we characterize the interactions between a teacher and student(s) that exhibit this focus. Specifically, we extend previous work in this area by utilizing Piaget’s construct of decentering (The language and thought of the child. Meridian Books, Cleveland, 1955) to explain teachers’ actions relative to both their thinking and their students’ thinking. In characterizing decentering with respect to a teacher’s focus on student thinking, we use two illustrations that highlight the importance of decentering in making in-the-moment decisions that are based on student thinking. We also discuss the influence of teacher decentering actions on the quality of student–teacher interactions and their influence on student learning. We close by discussing various implications of decentering, including how decentering is related to other research constructs including teachers’ development and enactment of mathematical knowledge for teaching.
Detection of volcanic eruptions from space by their sulfur dioxide clouds

The capabilities of the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) on the Nimbus 7 satellite for tracking volcano plumes are assessed. TOMS was installed on the sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite to measure spatial variations in the global total ozone field. Radiance absorption coefficients of the atmosphere for four near-UV wavelengths from 312.5-380.0 are measured. Data from the El Chichon eruption in March-April 1982 revealed that SO2 was an absorbing species at 312.5 and 317.5 nm. The near-UV absorption level differences between SO2 and O3 permit discriminating the atmospheric densities of each species. An examination of the data base generated by TOMS since 1978 showed the perceptible tracks of all known major eruptions in the 1978-1982 time period. A constellation of three of the polar orbiting TOMS would be sufficient to provide near-real time alerts of plumes to warn aircraft of the hazards.
Long-term use of pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome.

Abstract Objective Few studies have examined the long-term use of dopamine agonists for restless legs syndrome (RLS). We report a cohort study of 50 patients initially prescribed pramipexole between 1998 and 2002. The objective was to determine duration of treatment, long-term efficacy, development of side effects and augmentation over an extended period. Methods We performed a long-term analysis on a previously reported group of patients initially followed for a mean of 27.2 months. Data were collected using retrospective chart reviews, written surveys and systematic telephone interviews. Results Pramipexole was used for a mean of 8 years (range 0.6–12 years). Nine (18%) discontinued pramipexole because of poor efficacy (four), impulse control disorders (ICD) (two), augmentation (one) and resolved symptoms (two). Pramipexole was reported completely effective in 40% (compared to 67% at the end of the initial study), partially effective in 58% and ineffective in 2%. The median daily dose increased from 0.38 mg after initial stabilization to 1.0 mg at the end of the study. As many as 74% of patients experienced side effects. A total of 56% reported daytime sleepiness including 10% reporting sleep attacks while driving and 10% developed ICDs. Augmentation developed in 42% of patients, after a mean of 16.5 months, and no later than 4.1 years after commencing treatment. A total of 28% needed additional non-dopaminergic medications. Conclusion The efficacy of pramipexole dropped with time, with increase in dose and addition of other agents, although the majority of patients remained on the drug. Problems included the development of augmentation within the first 4 years of therapy and side effects such as sleepiness increasing with time and the development of ICDs. The study highlights the need for further research into alternative non-dopaminergic treatments for RLS.
Transient flagellar waveforms in reactivated sea urchin sperm.

Flagellar waveforms have been studied during spontaneous stopping and starting transients of sperm of the sea urchinTripneustes gratilla reactivated at pH 7.7 with 1mM MgATP2− in the presence of 15 μm free Ca2+. A stopping transient begins abruptly when a reverse bend fails to be initiated at the proper time, and leaves the last-formed principal bend remaining stationary near the flagellar base while the more distal principal and reverse bends all propagate normally to the tip. After a brief quiescent interval lasting 0.5–4 beat periods, the starting transient begins with initiation of a new reverse bend that then propagates nearly normally to the tip. The total duration of stopping and starting transients is about 1.5 beat periods each, much shorter than the duration of the corresponding transients in the flagella of live sperm studied previously. The brief duration of reactivated transients is interpreted to indicate that the response time of the mechanochemical mechanisms regulating the tubule sliding associated with bend propagation is significantly faster than that of the mechanism responsible for Ca2+-induced asymmetry and quiescence.
The 3Ds + R: Quantifying Land Use and Urban Form Correlates of Walking

This paper focuses on objectively measured and individually observable micro-scale environmental variables. The process consists of initial variable screening, variable grouping and selection, variable prioritization, and statistical modeling. Using this method, small subset of correlates is isolated to be strongly associated with walking, that are grouped as destinations, distance, density, and route: the 3Ds + R. Distance measures to routine daily destinations are shown to be simple and effective alternatives to complicated composite measures often used to capture land use mix and street connectivity. The 3Ds + R can serve as the core constructs to quantify neighborhood walkability, and as practical targets for policies and interventions aimed at promoting walkable communities.
A compartment based model for the formation of 2-LTR circles after raltegravir intensification

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) can suppress measured Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) plasma viral load below the standard limits of detection in most HIV-positive patients. However it has been shown that the virus persists at undetectable levels and rebounds rapidly when the treatment is interrupted. It has been hypothesized that the virus may continue to replicate efficiently in anatomical compartments with low antiviral concentration, so called “cryptic viremia”. Recent results from an experiment measuring the dynamics of 2-LTR HIV DNA episomes following intensification with the integrase inhibitor raltegravir have provided strong support for the “cryptic viremia” hypothesis. In this paper we introduce a multi-compartment model of HIV viral dynamics including 2-LTR episome concentrations. These compartments represent an isolated anatomical location similar in structure to a lymph node, with diffusion from the plasma decreasing with distance from the plasma. We show that when the size of the compartment is sufficiently large to allow efficient replication in the most remote compartment, the dynamics of measured 2-LTR in the plasma compartment is consistent with the observed patterns in the raltegravir intensification experiment, providing support to the “cryptic viremia” hypothesis. The model presented could be adapted for use in estimating cryptic viremia dynamics from 2-LTR measurements.
T-bet, a T cell–associated transcription factor, is expressed in Hodgkin's lymphoma

T-bet, a T-box transcription factor, is expressed in CD4+ T lymphocytes committed to Th1 T-cell development and may participate in immunoglobulin class switching in B lymphocytes. T-bet is also expressed in a subset of T-cell lymphomas, particularly those that express other markers of Th1 T cell differentiation, and in a subset of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Because of the evidence that Hodgkin's lymphoma is a neoplasm of B cells, we examined cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma for T-bet expression by immunohistochemical staining and found that neoplastic cells in most cases of classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (33 of 37 cases, 89%), including nodular sclerosis type (17 of 21 cases, 81%) and mixed cellularity type (15 of 15, 100%), express T-bet. Neoplastic cells in most cases of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (15 of 18, 83%), a distinct clinical entity that differs from classic Hodgkin's lymphoma, also express T-bet. A Hodgkin's lymphoma-derived cell line, L1236, expresses T-bet by Western blot analysis as well as by immunohistochemical staining. In contrast, almost all cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and most cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, neoplasms that may be confused with Hodgkin's lymphoma, are negative for T-bet. On that basis, T-bet should serve as a useful new marker for the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma. In addition, because T-bet expression is not detectable in the majority of reactive B cells, including germinal-center B cells, but is characteristically expressed by the neoplastic cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma, thought to be derived from germinal-center B cells, T-bet may play a role in Hodgkin's lymphoma oncogenesis.
Improve Student Teaching Experiences: Develop a Statewide Communication Network

(1995). Improve Student Teaching Experiences: Develop a Statewide Communication Network. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 51-55.
What to do about title IX

While Title IX certainly places pressures in the budgets of intercollegiate athletic programs, it is not directly responsible for the elimination of most men's teams. Title IX has had an uneven implementation since the 1970s. Male wrestling teams have been cut at faster rates during periods of relative dormancy of Title IX. Moreover, there are many sources of excess and waste in athletic budgets, which, if rectified, would provide more than enough resources to prevent the further attrition of men’s teams.
Concurrent performance of military tasks and robotics tasks: effects of automation unreliability and individual differences

This study investigated the performance and workload of the combined position of gunner and robotics operator in a simulated military multitasking environment. Specifically, we investigated how aided target recognition (AiTR) capabilities for the gunnery task with imperfect reliability (false-alarm-prone vs. miss-prone) might affect the concurrent robotics and communication tasks. Additionally, we examined whether performance was affected by individual differences in spatial ability and attentional control. Results showed that when the robotics task was simply monitoring the video, participants had the best performance in their gunnery and communication tasks and the lowest perceived workload, compared with the other robotics tasking conditions. There was a strong interaction between the type of AiTR unreliability and participants' perceived attentional control. Overall, for participants with higher perceived attentional control, false-alarm-prone alerts were more detrimental; for low attentional control participants, conversely, miss-prone automation was more harmful. Low spatial ability participants preferred visual cueing, and high spatial ability participants favored tactile cueing. Potential applications of the findings include personnel selection for robotics operation, robotics user interface designs, and training development.
Nanotube-assisted protein deactivation

Conjugating proteins onto carbon nanotubes has numerous applications in biosensing1,2, imaging and cellular delivery3,4,5. However, remotely controlling the activity of proteins in these conjugates has never been demonstrated. Here we show that upon near-infrared irradiation, carbon nanotubes mediate the selective deactivation of proteins in situ by photochemical effects. We designed nanotube–peptide conjugates to selectively destroy the anthrax toxin, and also optically transparent coatings that can self-clean following either visible or near-infrared irradiation. Nanotube-assisted protein deactivation may be broadly applicable to the selective destruction of pathogens and cells, and will have applications ranging from antifouling coatings to functional proteomics.
The spectrum of finite depth water waves

Abstract In this contribution we study the spectrum of periodic traveling gravity waves on a two-dimensional fluid of finite depth. We extend the stable and highly accurate method of Transformed Field Expansions to the finite depth case in the presence of both simple and repeated eigenvalues, and then numerically simulate the changes in the spectrum as the wave amplitude is increased. We also calculate explicitly the first non-zero correction to the flat-water spectrum, which we observe to accurately predict the stability (or instability) for all amplitudes within the disc of analyticity of the spectrum. In addition to computations of the spectrum, we also compute the radius of the disc of analyticity of the spectrum—the amplitude boundary beyond which neither the asymptotics nor the TFE method is applicable. We observe an instability which is analytically connected to the flat state for k h ∈ ( 0.855 , 1 ) .
Subcritical crack growth in glasses under cyclic loads: Effect of hydrodynamic pressure in aqueous environments

Abstract The effect of hydrodynamic pressure developed in the wake of a crack growing in a brittle material under cyclic loads in an aqueous environment is considered. The pressure acts in opposition to the movement of the crack faces, thus shielding the crack tip from the applied loads. A general hydrodynamic fluid pressure relation based on a one-dimensional Reynolds equation, which is applicable to a crack with an arbitrary crack opening profile, is developed. The model is modified to account for side flow through the thickness of the sample and cavitation near the crack tip. Both effects significantly modify the hydrodynamic pressure distribution. Finally, the resulting hydrodynamic pressure relations are combined with a fracture mechanics model to account for the change in the near-tip stress intensity. Resulting predictions of the cyclic crack-growth rate are found to be in good agreement with measured values for a borosilicate glass tested at various frequencies in a water environment. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
The Local C-Fiber Contribution to Ozone-Induced Effects on the Isolated Guinea Pig Lung

We studied the local role of C-fibers, in the absence of systemic effects and blood components of inflammation, on lung responses to ozone. Guinea pigs were pretreated with capsaicin to deplete C-fibers or with vehicle. One week later their isolated, buffer-perfused lungs were exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone or air for 2 hr. In some lungs (9 or 10 each group), increasing doses of methacholine followed by capsaicin were injected into the pulmonary artery. In separate lungs (n = 5, each group), lung Substance P content by EIA and NK1 receptor characteristics by radioligand binding were measured. Analyses were performed by two-way ANOVA with a significant interaction indicative of C-fibers playing a role in ozone responses. Ozone increased R(L) and decreased C(dyn), effects which were apparently not dependent on C-fibers. Ozone increased responsiveness to methacholine, an effect which was reduced by depletion of C-fibers. Ozone increased and C-fiber depletion decreased lung responses to capsaicin. C-fiber depletion but not ozone decreased lung substance P content. C-fiber depletion increased the affinity but did not change the number of NK1 receptors, while ozone had no effect. We conclude that the ozone, in the absence of systemic effects and the blood components of inflammation, increased muscarinic reactivity in part via the local effects of C-fibers.
Distinct functions of antigen-specific CD4 T cells during murine Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

The immune response elicited after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is critically dependent on CD4 T cells during both acute and chronic infection. How CD4 T-cell responses are maintained throughout infection is not well understood, and evidence from other infection models has suggested that, under conditions of chronic antigen stimulation, T cells can undergo replicative exhaustion. These findings led us to determine whether subpopulations of CD4 T cells existed that displayed markers of terminal differentiation or exhaustion during murine Mtb infection. Analysis of antigen-specific effector CD4 T cells revealed that programmed death-1 (PD-1) and the killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) delineated subpopulations of T cells. PD-1–expressing CD4 T cells were highly proliferative, whereas KLRG1 cells exhibited a short lifespan and secreted the cytokines IFNγ and TNFα. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that proliferating PD-1–positive CD4 T cells differentiated into cytokine-secreting KLRG1-positive T cells, but not vice versa. Thus, proliferating PD-1–positive cells are not exhausted, but appear to be central to maintaining antigen-specific effector T cells during chronic Mtb infection. Our findings suggest that antigen-specific T-cell responses are maintained during chronic mycobacterial infection through the continual production of terminal effector cells from a proliferating precursor population.
Effects of speaking rate on voice-onset time in Thai, French, and English

Abstract This study investigated the effect of speaking rate on stop consonant production in three languages which have different phonetic categories of voicing. Voice-onset time (VOT) distributions and mean VOT values were examined for initial labial and alveolar stop consonants produced in CV(C) words in isolation and in context at both slow and fast rates of speech. Results revealed that the short lag category did not change as a function of speaking rate in any of the three languages examined, although VOT values for long lag (Thai and English) and pre-voiced (Thai and French) stop consonants were affected by changes in speaking rate. However, the shift of the long lag and pre-voiced categories toward the short lag VOT values in the fast rate condition resulted in little overlap between voicing categories. Implications of these results for the nature of phonetic categories are discussed.
Cloud Computing—What's in It for Me as a Scientist?

Many scientists would love access to large-scale computational resources but find that the programming demands of using a supercomputer—as well as the cost and queuing time—are too daunting. Privately owned cloud computers—large data centers filled with computers that mainly run their company's software—are now becoming available to outside users, including scientists and educators. Companies are leasing their computing resources on demand from a large shared pool to individuals who run their own software on a pay-as-you-go basis. This approach is an example of cost associativity ( 1 ): 1000 computers used for 1 hour costs the same as one computer used for 1000 hours. If your problem can be computed in a way that takes advantage of parallel processing, you can now get the answer 1000 times as fast for the same amount of money.
The Influence of Time on the Response to Dopamine after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Assessment of Left Ventricular Performance and Contractility Using Pressure/Dimension Analyses

Abstract Pressure and dimension analyses were used to quantitate the changing cardiac response to dopamine over a 24-hour interval after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Ultrasonic dimension transducers were utilized to measure the minor-axis diameter of the left ventricle, and matched micro-manometers were inserted to measure intracavitary left ventricular pressure and intrathoracic pressure. Pressure and dimension data were recorded and analyzed by computer during dopamine infusion at 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 μg per kilogram per minute, at periods designated as early (2 to 4 hours after CABG) and late (18 to 24 hours after CABG). Myocardial contractile responses to dopamine (peak velocity of minor-axis shortening, maximal excursion) were similar at each dose in the early and late studies. However, overall hydraulic performance, as reflected by cardiac outputs and the areas of the pressure/diameter work loops, had augmented late dose responses. This study suggests a major change in the relationship between the heart and peripheral control mechanisms that may partially explain diminishing inotropic requirements over time, in addition to the generally accepted occurrence of improvement in contractile state and functional reserve following cardiac operation.
Insight into the Mechanisms of Middle Distillate Fuel Oxidative Degradation. Part 1: On the Role of Phenol, Indole, and Carbazole Derivatives in the Thermal Oxidative Stability of Fischer−Tropsch/Petroleum Jet Fuel Blends

The U.S. Air Force (USAF) has committed to use 1/1 volumetric blends of conventional jet fuels with Fischer−Tropsch (FT) derived fuels by 2016. Previous work by Balster et al. (Balster, L. M.; Zabarnick, S.; Striebich, R. C.; Shafer, L. M.; West, Z. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 2564−2571) examined the relationship between thermal oxidative deposit and the concentration of various polar compounds present in 20 petroleum jet fuels. The thermal oxidative stability of FT blends, derived from four conventional jet fuels selected from the study of Balster et al. (Balster, L. M.; Zabarnick, S.; Striebich, R. C.; Shafer, L. M.; West, Z. Energy Fuels 2006, 20, 2564−2571), was examined with the Penn State University (PSU) flow reactor. Excellent linear correlations were found between fuel thermal oxidative deposit and indigenous fuel phenol, indole, and carbazole concentrations. This data is consistent with a mechanism previously proposed for the thermal oxidative degradation of both jet and diesel fuels (Beaver, B.; Gao...
Testosterone Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Male Dog

In the first experiment, plasma levels of testosterone (T) and LH were determined in male mongrel dogs following castration. Blood samples were collected every 4 h for 48 h and daily from days 3–12 post-castration. Plasma T concentrations became undetectable by 8 h post-castration, and remained undetectable until the end of the study. Plasma LH concentrations were undetectable for 16–20 h post-castration, but increased to 4.5 ng/ml by 24 h. By 48 h, post-castration, the LH reached 12.5 ng/ml, similar to levels reported previously in the castrated male dog. In a second experiment, studies were carried out to determine the effect of various numbers of T-filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDS) capsules on plasma concentrations of T and LH in castrated male dogs. Dogs were implanted with either 1 empty PDS capsule or 1, 3, or 5 T-filled PDS capsules. Blood samples were collected daily prior to implantation, following implantation, following castration, with capsules left in situ and following capsule removal. Replacement of T, using one T-filled capsule, did not prevent the post-castration rise of LH. Replacement of T. using 3 and 5 T-filled capsules, maintained intact concentrations of both LH and T in castrated dogs. Removal of capsules from castrated dogs resulted in hypersecretion of LH similar to that observed in the first experiment. These studies indicate that T replacement within physiological limits will maintain LH in the castrated male dog at concentrations similar to those observed in the intact, untreated animal.
Voriconazole, an antifungal triazol that causes visual side effects, is an inhibitor of TRPM1 and TRPM3 channels.

Purpose. Administration of voriconazole, an antifungal triazole, causes transient visual disturbances in patients and attenuates the b-wave of the ERG. We sought to identify the retinal target of voriconazole underlying the effect on the ERG b-wave.
Solid-solid transition temperatures in SrCl2 from differential thermal analyses to 0.6 GPa

Abstract The reversible phase transition between the high-temperature, cubic C1 and the low-temperature, orthorhombic C23 polymorphs of SrCl 2 has been investigated by differential thermal analysis under hydrostatic pressure to 0.63 GPa. The C23→C1 transition temperature varies linearly with pressure at the rate of 0.42 4 μK(Pa) −1 from the highest pressures down to ca. 0.34 GPa, and also linearly with slope 1.73 μK(Pa) −1 at pressures ≲0.26 GPa; the reverse, C1→C23 transition is not observed or deduced ≲0.21 GPa. The observed curvature for the C1–C23 phase boundary over the range ≲0.26–0.34 GPa, 1000–1050 K can be attributed to intersection with the “diffuse” transition in C1; the latter transition, however, could not be observed unambiguously. Linear extrapolation to 0.1 MPa places the C23→C1 transition near 553 K, which implies that C23 - not C1 - is the stable low-temperature polymorph. The recently-investigated transitions in PbF 2 closely parallel these in in SrCl 2 .
Sequence-specific 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments of the N-terminal, 135-residue domain of KaiA, a clock protein from Synechococcus elongatus.

An endogenous, self-sustaining circadian clock (also called an oscillator or pacemaker) modulates metabolic, physiological and behavioral activities of virtually all organisms with a period of ∼24 h. The fact that evolutionarily divergent organisms are commonly endowed with the ability to anticipate daily environmental oscillations suggests that a healthy circadian pacemaker is of fundamental importance to the survival of most life forms. In the past few years large strides have been made in elucidating the genetic and biochemical bases of the circadian clock in cyanobacteria, fungi, plants, insects, and mammals; however, the structural basis of any circadian clock remains unknown as no clock protein structures have been determined yet. The basic timing oscillator of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus consists of three proteins KaiA, KaiB and KaiC whose expression and mutual interactions drive the circadian rhythm (Ishiura et al., 1998; Xu et al., 2000; Iwasaki et al., 1999). Point mutations in these proteins are known to alter these interactions and thereby the periodicity of the circadian clock. KaiA acts as the positive element of the oscillator by enhancing kaiBC expression and therefore maintains the robustness of the oscillation. We have been able to identify a stable, independently folded domain for KaiA, which resists proteolytic cleavage by trypsin for up to 5 h. This domain,
Reversible binding of long-chain fatty acids to purified FAT, the adipose CD36 homolog.

Transport of long-chain fatty acids into rat adipocytes was previously shown to be inhibited by the reactive derivative sulfosuccinimidyl oleate consequent to its binding to a membrane protein FAT, which is homologous to CD36. In this report, the ability of the purified protein to bind native fatty acids was investigated. CD36 was isolated from rat adipocytes by phase partitioning into Triton X-114 followed by chromatography on DEAE and then on wheat germ agglutinin. Fatty acid binding was determined by incubating CD36, solubilized in buffer containing 0.1 Triton X-100, with fatty acids at 37°C, and then by adsorbing the unbound ligand with Lipidex 1,000 at 0°C. Bovine serum albumin was used as a positive control and gelatin, a protein that does not bind fatty acids, as a negative control. Measurements with albumin yielded reproducible binding values which were not altered by the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100. Under the same conditions, gelatin yielded reproducibly negative measurements that did not differ significantly from zero. CD36 bound various long-chain fatty acids at low ligand to protein ratios. Warming the protein-FA-Lipidex mixture to 37°C removed the FA off the protein. Thus, binding was reversible and distinct from the palmitoylation of the protein known to occur on an extracellular domain. Comparison of the predicted secondary sequence of CD36 with that of human muscle fatty acid binding protein suggested that a potential binding site for the fatty acid on CD36 may exist in its extracellular segment between residues 127 and 279.
Fault-tolerant design of the IBM pSeries 690 system using POWER4 processor technology

The POWER4-based p690 systems offer the highest performance of the IBM eServer pSeries™ line of computers. Within the general-purpose UNIX® server market, they also offer the highest levels of concurrent error detection, fault isolation, recovery, and availability. High availability is achieved by minimizing component failure rates through improvements in the base technology, and through design techniques that permit hardand soft-failure detection, recovery, and isolation, repair deferral, and component replacement concurrent with system operation. In this paper, we discuss the faulttolerant design techniques that were used for array, logic, storage, and I/O subsystems for the p690. We also present the diagnostic strategy, fault-isolation, and recovery techniques. New features such as POWER4 synchronous machine-check interrupt, PCI bus error recovery, array dynamic redundancy, and minimum-element dynamic reconfiguration are described. The design process used to verify error detection, fault isolation, and recovery is also described.
The Disparate Racial Neighborhood Impacts of Metropolitan Economic Restructuring

The authors examine the relationship between economic restructuring in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and 1980-1990 changes in poverty rates in its census tracts. A summary indicator of economic restructuring, encompassing changes in employment/population ratios, shares of manufacturing employment, and shares of MSA manufacturing in a tract's county, is developed to explain why MSA restructuring is particularly distressing for blacks. Most poverty growth in predominantly black census tracts occurred in MSAs with greater restructuring, and each increment of restructuring was significantly associated with the poverty growth there. Black tracts in a central city with, or in a county with, a larger share of the MSA's manufacturing were most vulnerable.
Antibodies That Detect O-Linked β-d-N-Acetylglucosamine on the Extracellular Domain of Cell Surface Glycoproteins *

The transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to Ser or Thr in cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins is a well known post-translational modification that is catalyzed by the O-GlcNAc transferase OGT. A more recently identified O-GlcNAc transferase, EOGT, functions in the secretory pathway and transfers O-GlcNAc to proteins with epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats. A number of antibodies that detect O-GlcNAc in cytosolic and nuclear extracts have been described previously. Here we compare seven of these antibodies (CTD110.6, 10D8, RL2, HGAC85, 18B10.C7(#3), 9D1.E4(#10), and 1F5.D6 (#14) for detection of the O-GlcNAc modification on extracellular domains of membrane or secreted glycoproteins that may also carry various N- and O-glycans. We found that CTD110.6 binds not only to O-GlcNAc on proteins but also to terminal β-GlcNAc on the complex N-glycans of Lec8 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that lack UDP-Gal transporter activity and express GlcNAc-terminating, complex N-glycans. We show that CTD110.6, #3, and #10 antibodies can be used to detect cell surface glycoproteins bearing O-GlcNAc. Cell surface glycoproteins recognized by CTD110.6 antibody included NOTCH1 that possesses many EGF repeats with a consensus site for EOGT. Knockdown of CHO Eogt reduced binding of CTD110.6 to Lec1 CHO cells, and expression of a human EOGT cDNA increased the O-GlcNAc signal on Lec1 cells and the extracellular domain of NOTCH1. Thus, with careful controls, antibodies CTD110.6 (IgM), #3 (IgG), and #10 (IgG) can be used to detect membrane and secreted proteins modified by O-GlcNAc on EGF repeats.
Matrix-Similarity Based Loss Function and Feature Selection for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis

Recent studies on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) or its prodromal stage, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), diagnosis presented that the tasks of identifying brain disease status and predicting clinical scores based on neuroimaging features were highly related to each other. However, these tasks were often conducted independently in the previous studies. Regarding the feature selection, to our best knowledge, most of the previous work considered a loss function defined as an element-wise difference between the target values and the predicted ones. In this paper, we consider the problems of joint regression and classification for AD/MCI diagnosis and propose a novel matrix-similarity based loss function that uses high-level information inherent in the target response matrix and imposes the information to be preserved in the predicted response matrix. The newly devised loss function is combined with a group lasso method for joint feature selection across tasks, i.e., clinical scores prediction and disease status identification. We conducted experiments on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, and showed that the newly devised loss function was effective to enhance the performances of both clinical score prediction and disease status identification, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods.
Re-Examination of the Fakability of the Gordon Personal Inventory and Profile: A Reply to Schwab

S ~ m m r y . 6 1 undergraduates completed the Gordon Personal Inventory and 90 completed the Gordon Personal Profile, with approximately half of each group instructed to be honest and forthright, and half instructed to fake like an ideal candidate for a topmanagement executive position. The majority of scales on both devices were found to be markedly susceptible to faking, thus verifying previous studies by Braun. Total score on both insuuments was again found to be useful in faking detection. The use of independent groups of Ss to represent performance under standard versus faking instructions was advocated in preference to repeated measurements with counterbalancing for order of administration.
The fate of a polymer nanoparticle subject to flow-induced shear stresses

Polymer nanoparticles are used for the targeted delivery of drugs, where their mechanical response to hydrodynamic flows can influence their performance. In this study, computer simulations elucidate the deformation of a polymer nanoparticle in a fluid under shear. It is found that hydrodynamic stresses can significantly deform polymer nanoparticles, with the particle becoming both stretched and squeezed (potentially expressing, or wringing out, an encapsulated fluid), and that the porous nature of polymer networks can allow fluid flow through the nanoparticle (potentially facilitating the release of an encapsulated drug). The use of computer simulations, therefore, which can capture the interactions between the mechanics of a polymer nanoparticle and the fluid dynamics of blood flow will play a significant role in developing and optimising polymer nanoparticle drug delivery systems.
An information-processing explanation of some perceptual phenomena.

An information-processing system that scans stimuli serially, part-by-part, and attempts ‘simple’ interpretations of the parts would experience a number of the well-known perceptual illusions that human subjects report. The hypothesized system has the same basic characteristics as systems which have been used to explain a wide range of cognitive phenomena. The description of the system is proposed as an explanation of some of the mechanisms for human perceptual processing.
Red, white and pink: Linking public good contributions to private good sales ☆

Abstract This paper explores a common form of Corporate Social Responsibility practiced by firms, where firms link the sales of private goods to charitable contributions. We build a model to explore the profitability of a market for such “linked” goods when the purchase of the private good allows the consumer to exhibit her altruism while direct contributions towards the public good do not. We also study the effect of linked goods on total contributions towards the public good and explore the role of advertising and publicity in this market.