cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Life of the Longhouse: Longhouses after the Raj

The centenary of the Brooke Raj was celebrated in September 1941 with processions and loyal speeches in Kuching and outstations all over Sarawak. Only three months later, it came to an abrupt end. Some 5,000 Japanese troops landed unopposed on the coast near the mouth of the Baram River. Their immediate strategic objective was the oil wells around Miri. There was little resistance, and within weeks, the invaders were in full control of Sarawak. The long Indian summer of Brooke rule was over. Four years later, as the Pacific war drew to close, the situation had hardly changed. There were in the final months some guerrilla actions, organised by a handful of Australian commandos airdropped into the interior. The Berawan longhouse at Long Beruang (later rebuilt at Long Terawan) was burned down by way of reprisal, but Upriver People sustained no combat casualties. Borneo was one of the islands bypassed by the American advance across the western Pacific, and consequently, there were no marines storming ashore from landing craft. Instead, the Japanese troops surrendered in situ in September 1945, following the orders of their Emperor (Reece n.d.). What is most remarkable about the war years in Sarawak is just how little happened, especially as compared to the devastation elsewhere. The Vacuum of Japanese Rule The direct impact of the Japanese occupation on Upriver communities was slight. Having secured the coast, Japanese commanders had little interest in projecting any kind of presence into the interior.
A 128 Mb NOR flash memory with 3 MB/s program time and low-power write performance by using in-package inductor charge-pump

Improved performance of flash memories requires programming more cells in parallel. This design uses an inductive pump to transfer the energy to a capacitor to achieve the needed voltage. The discrete inductor is bonded atop the die which also includes the control circuitry. With an inductive pump, the current saving in the program mode is 47.5 mA compared to a capacitive pump.
Propagation of Waves in Networks of Thin Fibers

This chapter contains a simplified and improved version of the results obtained by the authors earlier.Wave propagation is discussed in a network of branched thin wave guides when the thickness vanishes and the wave guides shrink to a one-dimensional graph. It is shown that asymptotically one can describe the propagating waves, the spectrum and the resolvent in terms of solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) on the limiting graph. The vertices of the graph correspond to junctions of the wave guides. In order to determine the solutions of the ODEs on the graph uniquely, one needs to know the gluing conditions (GC) on the vertices of the graph.
Evidence that TET protein functions as a multimer in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The inner membrane TET (TetA) protein, which is involved in Tn10-mediated microbial tetracycline resistance, consists of two domains, alpha and beta, both of which are needed for tetracycline resistance and efflux (M.S. Curiale, L.M. McMurry, and S.B. Levy, J. Bacteriol. 157:211-217, 1984). Since tetracycline-sensitive mutants in one domain can partially complement sensitive mutants in the other domain and since some sensitive mutants show dominance over the wild type, a multimeric structure for TET in the membrane had been suggested. We have studied this possibility by using tetA-phoA gene fusions. We fused all but the last 40 base pairs of the tetA gene with the carboxy terminus of the phoA gene for alkaline phosphatase (PhoA), whose activity requires its dimerization in the periplasm. The tetA-phoA fusion protein was under control of the tetracycline-inducible regulatory system for the tetA gene. Induction led to the synthesis of a 78,000-dalton inner membrane protein. Tetracycline resistance was expressed at reduced levels, consistent with the terminal beta domain deletion. Alkaline phosphatase activity was also present, but at low levels, suggesting that some, but not all, of the fusion proteins had their carboxy-terminal ends in the periplasm. When wild-type or mutant TET proteins were present in the same cell with the fusion protein, the tetracycline resistance level was affected (raised or lowered); however, phosphatase activity was reduced only when TET proteins with intact or near-intact beta domains were present. These findings suggest that TET functions as a multimer and that intact beta domains, on TET molecules in the heterologous multimer, either allow fewer PhoA moieties to project into the periplasm or sterically hinder PhoA moieties from dimerizing.
Substance use and exercise participation among young adults: parallel trajectories in a national cohort-sequential study

Aims This study examined the extent to which the trajectory of participation in sports, athletics or exercising (PSAE) covaried with substance use in early adulthood controlling for team sports participation using parallel process latent growth curve modeling. Design, setting and participants Analysis of data collected from a series of panel studies using a cohort-sequential design. Specifically, the analyses used longitudinal data from 11 741 individuals from the graduating classes of 1986‐2001, first surveyed as seniors in American high schools. Up to four additional follow-up surveys were administered to age 26 years. Data were collected using in-school and mailed self-administered questionnaires. Measurements Level of PSAE, past-30-day alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use frequency and any past-30-day use of illicit drugs other than marijuana (IOTM) were the main processes of interest. Self-reported race/ethnicity,collegestatusatage19/20years,parentaleducation,genderandteamsportsparticipationduringhigh school were included as covariates. Findings Results indicate that higher initial levels of PSAE related to lower initial substance use prevalence rates other than alcohol, and lower initial prevalence rates of substance use then corresponded with lower substance use rates throughout early adulthood. Further, as individuals increased PSAE levels throughout early adulthood, the frequency of their use of cigarettes, marijuana and IOTM correspondingly decreased. Conclusions Increasedparticipationinsports,athleticsorexercising(PSAE)isrelatedtosignificantlylowersubstance use frequency at modal age 18 and through significantly and negatively correlated growth trajectories through early
Transnational responses to commercial sexual exploitation: a comprehensive review of interventions

Synopsis Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), a global social justice issue, reflects gross violation of basic human rights and extreme violence against women. Little research exists on interventions and approaches enabling women to successfully exit from, and rebuild their lives after involvement in, CSE. In this article, we investigate and compare strategies and interventions adopted in the United States (U.S.) and India for commercially sexually exploited women. A transcultural analysis of interventions that prevent entry into CSE and curb the demand for commercial sex, reduce the harm in CSE, and facilitate exit and transition post-exit are presented. The article emphasizes the lack of evidence in the literature on existing interventions, along with the need to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions within different cultural contexts. Research of this nature can promote international dialogue and disseminate information beneficial to combat CSE, a social evil that dehumanizes countless women and girls within varied settings.
Confirmation of malachite green, gentian violet and their leuco analogs in catfish and trout tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing electrochemistry with ultraviolet-visible diode array detection and fluorescence detection

Abstract A sensitive analytical procedure for the confirmation of residues of malachite green (MG), gentian violet (GV) and their leuco analogs (LMG and LGV) in catfish and trout tissue at 10 ng/g is described. Frozen (−20°C) fish fillets were cut into small pieces and homogenized in Waring blendors. The compounds of interest were extracted from 20-g amounts of homogenized fish tissue with acetonitrile-buffer, partitioned against methylene chloride, and isolated with tandem neutral alumina and propylsulfonic acid cation-exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges. Samples of 100 μl (0.8 g equiv.) were chromatographed isocratically in 10 min using an acetonitrile-buffer mobile phase on a short-chain deactivated (SCD) reversed-phase column (150×4.6 mm I.D.) in-line with a post-column oxidation coulometric electrochemical cell (EC), a UV-Vis diode array detector and a fluorescence detector.
In Defense of Criminal Possession

Criminal law casebooks and treatises frequently mention the possibility that criminal liability for possession is inconsistent with the Voluntary Act Requirement, which limits criminal liability to that which includes an act or an omission. This paper explains why criminal liability for possession is compatible with the Voluntary Act Requirement despite the fact that possession is a status. To make good on this claim, the paper (1) defends the Voluntary Act Requirement, (2) offers an account of the nature of omissions of the kind that need be included in that for which criminal liability is imposed in the absence of a voluntary act, and (3) argues that possession is a status that is constituted in part by an omission of this sort. The result is that to hold people criminally liable for possession is to hold them criminally liable both for a status and for an omission, an omission that is part of what it is to have that status. The paper also distinguishes possession from vagrancy, which is not a proper object of criminal liability, precisely because of constraints placed by the Voluntary Act Requirement. And the paper argues that possession incident to dispossession is not a proper object of criminal liability because it does not involve an omission of the kind that other forms of possession involve.
Growth of strained GaAs1−ySby layers using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract The growth of pseudomorphically strained GaAs 1− y Sb y layers with high Sb-mole fractions of y ⩾0.35 are desired on GaAs substrates for making lasers and detectors in the mid-infrared range. The effect of gas-phase precursor chemistry on the strained-layer Sb-incorporation efficiency in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) was determined using four combinations of ethyl- and methyl-Ga and Sb precursors. The Sb-mole fractions in the strained GaAs 1− y Sb y layers were found to be lower than those in relaxed films due to the strain-induced ‘lattice-latching’ effects. The Sb-mole fraction in the strained GaAs 1− y Sb y layers decreased with the increasing AsH 3 /Ga ratio for all the precursor chemistries. Higher Sb-incorporation efficiencies were observed for the ethyl-Ga chemistries. The experimental results were discussed in terms of lattice-latching effects, Sb-segregation phenomena and different decomposition kinetics for various precursor chemistries.
Spread Sheet Model of Continuous Casting

Spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel, Informix WINGZ, and Lotus 123, provide a framework for very fast and easy development of simple engineering models. The present paper describes a model of the continuous casting process that has been developed using a spreadsheet program, Microsoft Excel, running on a Macintosh II personal computer. The model consists of two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state finite-difference heat conduction calculations within a continuous casting mold coupled to a one-dimensional (1-D) transient solidification heat transfer model of the solidifying shell. The model structure and equations are described and the model predictions are compared with previous solutions. Practical examples using the model are discussed and sample results are provided. Spreadsheet programs running on personal computers are capable of relatively complex calculations that would require extensive effort using conventional programming languages.
Comparison of in-house polymerase chain reaction method with the Roche Amplicor™ technique for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cytological specimens

Two techniques have been approved by the United States FDA for diagnosis of tuberculosis in smear positive sputa: LCX M. tuberculosis, a ligase chain reaction procedure manufactured by Abbott Laboratories, and Amplicor, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure manufactured by Roche. However, these commercial methods are expensive and beyond the reach of laboratories in most developing countries. We compared the Roche Amplicor kit with an in-house PCR using a primer set for Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis directed at MPB 64 protein gene. It was able to distinguish between M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. gordonii, M. intracellularae, and M. kansasii. Fifty-seven cytological samples were submitted to the laboratory for molecular diagnosis of M. tuberculosis. Both procedures were run on every sample submitted and the two methods agreed completely. The custom-made method is less expensive than the commercial technique.
Ultra-wideband noise radar imaging of cylindrical PEC objects using diffraction tomography

In this paper, we show that a single transmission of a random noise waveform may not sufficient to obtain a successful tomographic image of an object. In order to overcome this shortcoming, multiple independent and identically distributed (iid) random noise waveforms over a frequency range from 8 to 10 GHz are transmitted to reconstruct the final image of various objects. Diffraction tomography theorem is applied for each noise waveform transmission so that the image of the multiple objects is reconstructed based on the backward scattered field at the end of each noise waveform transmission realization. After all iid noise waveforms are transmitted, the final tomographic image of the target is reconstructed by averaging all obtained images from multiple transmissions. Several numerical simulations in the spatial frequency domain are performed, and the successful tomographic image of the multiple cylindrical PEC objects is achieved after transmission of multiple iid ultra-wideband (UWB) random noise waveforms.
First Report of Stem Rot of Stevia Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in North Carolina.

Stevia (Stevia rebaundiana Bertoni) is an emerging perennial crop in the United States. The crop is grown for 3 to 5 years with two harvests per growing season. Stevia contains numerous glycosides that are used as a natural noncaloric sweetener, and in 2008 was approved by the USDA as a sugar substitute. In commercial plantings of second-year stevia in North Carolina, diseased plants were observed in April and May of 2013. Diseased plants were observed in several counties in the state in fields that had been planted primarily in a corn-soybean rotation prior to stevia planting. Symptoms included wilting, chlorotic leaves, necrotic leaves at the base of the stem, bleached stem lesions, and dead plants. Symptomatic plants often also had tufts of white hyphae present on stems and large, irregularly shaped 2- to 8-mm black sclerotia frequently were present on the base of the stem. Isolations from infected stem tissue were made on potato dextrose agar amended with 50 μg/ml of streptomycin sulfate and penicilli...
Effects of CPTA upon carotenogenesis and lipoidal constituents in Rhodotorula species

Abstract The effects of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-triethylamine (CPTA) upon carotenogenesis in Rhodotorula glutinis , and upon various lipoidal constituents of R. rubra were studied. CPTA was found to cause the accumulation of lycopene and γ-carotene and to inhibit the formation of fatty acids and ergosterol. Upon removal of the inhibitor lycopene was metabolized to the cyclic carotenes and the levels of ergosterol increased. It was proposed that CPTA inhibits the cyclase enzyme of carotenogenesis, inhibits the formation of ergosterol, and causes the build-up of intermediates of these compounds.
Life Stress as a Correlate of Depression Among Older Adults

Although there is some evidence that stressful life events are related to depression in the general population, there has been less research on this relationship with random community samples of older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine whether life stress (both stressful life events and chronic life strains) is correlated with depressive symptoms among a representative sample of noninstitutionalized elderly people. The findings indicate that chronic life strains (strains associated with financial and physical health problems) as well as bereavement are highly significant correlates of depression. Issues in the statistical estimation of these effects are also addressed.
Improved Early Survival With a Nonsternotomy Approach for Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Replacement

Background Even in the modern era of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF LVADs), device replacement may be required. Nonsternotomy (NS) approaches are being used more commonly for replacement procedures. Outcomes after this less invasive approach compared with those after a reoperative sternotomy (RS) have not been extensively studied. Furthermore, the clinical impact of concurrent cardiac procedures during device replacement has not been examined. Methods From 2005 to 2013, all consecutive implantable LVAD procedures were reviewed, and those using CF devices as both the initial and replacement device were identified. These CF LVAD replacement procedures were divided into those using an RS and those using an NS approach. Periprocedural morbidity and mortality were compared between the groups. Results A total of 42 CF LVAD replacements were performed in 39 patients, with 20 using an RS approach and 22 using an NS approach. Eleven of the 20 replacement procedures performed by RS included a concurrent cardiac procedure. Relative to the RS cohort, the NS approach was associated with shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time, reduced length of mechanical ventilation, decreased transfusion requirements, less inotropic support, decreased incidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and shorter intensive care unit (ICU) and overall hospital stays. An NS approach was also associated with improved 30- and 90-day survival (100% versus 79.0% in the RS group; p = 0.048). RS replacement procedures appeared to be associated with increased morbidity, regardless of whether they included concurrent cardiac procedures. Conclusions Patients who did not require an RS approach and who underwent CF LVAD replacement through an NS approach had improved survival and reduced morbidity compared with those who required an RS.
Rotation of a magnetic field does not impact vacuum birefringence

We study how the rotation of a classical magnetic field influences vacuum birefringence. In spite of the fact that solutions of the wave equation depend in a nontrivial way on the relative magnitude of the strength of vacuum birefringence and the angular rotation frequency of the magnetic field, the induced ellipticity of the light ray does not depend on the magnetic field angular rotation frequency. Hence, in contrast to recent claims, the result of the PVLAS experiment cannot be explained by conventional nonlinear quantum electrodynamic000.
Sequence-Universal Recognition of Duplex DNA by Oligonucleotides via Pseudocomplementarity and Helix Invasion

The well-known Watson-Crick complementarity rules, which were discovered 50 years ago, elegantly direct the specific pairing of two DNA single strands. On the contrary, once formed, the double-stranded (ds) DNA lacks such a simple and sequence-universal recognition principle, since most of the characteristic chemical groups of nucleobases are now buried deep inside the double helix, the major DNA form. We report a promising versatile approach for highly selective recognition of designated sites within dsDNA featuring considerable practical potential for a variety of molecular-biological, biotechnological, gene-therapeutic, and diagnostic applications. It may also have implications for prebiotic evolution of genetic machinery at the primordial stages of the origin of life. Our design synergistically employs the robust helix-invasion ability of recently developed DNA mimics and analogs, pseudocomplementary peptide nucleic acids and pseudocomplementary oligonucleotides, thus enabling the sequence-unrestricted recognition of chosen DNA duplexes by nucleobase oligomers. Using this basically general approach, we selectively tagged a unique mixed-base site on the target dsDNA fragment with streptavidin and/or multiply labeled this site with fluorophores via the primer-extension reaction.
Transformative Curriculum Leadership

Chapter 1 Introducing Transformative Curriculum Leadership SECTION I Two Fundamental Challenges Chapter 2 Reconceptualizing Subject Matter Standards Chapter 3 Cultivating Reflective Inquiry SECTION II Four Interrelated Decision-Making Processes Chapter 4 Designing and Planning for 3S Education Chapter 5 Teaching for 3S Understanding Chapter 6 Evaluating 3S Education Chapter 7 Organizing for 3S Education SECTION III Sustaining the Curriculum Wisdom Problem Solving Chapter 8 Building Local Learning Communities Chapter 9 Engaging the Broader Public Sphere
Theory of the non-stationary arc column

The equations that describe the behaviour of a time-unsteady plasma column have been simplified by neglecting energy transfer by radiation and convection. Furthermore, the thermal diffusivity of the plasma was assumed to be constant and a simplified expression for the electrical conductivity was adopted. Thus the energy equation was cast into a universal form, requiring the specification of only two parameters to obtain solutions. Although some approximate closed form solutions were obtained it was necessary to solve the general a.c. arc problem on a digital computer. In view of the good agreement between the theoretically derived voltage waveforms and those found from a specially designed a.c. cascade it is concluded that the behaviour of the low current a.c. arc can be described by the solution of a complicated heat conduction problem. These solutions have the advantage over older theories that they can be directly related to measurable or calculable quantities that characterize a particular gas.
Plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde are correlated in an age- and gender-specific manner.

Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for peripheral vascular and coronary artery disease. The exact mechanism by which homocysteine promotes vascular dysfunction is unclear, but it is speculated to involve oxidative stress. Several studies have investigated the role of homocysteine in promoting oxidative stress and have obtained conflicting results. The age and gender of the subject populations in these studies may have influenced the outcome. Therefore, we investigated whether plasma homocysteine concentrations were correlated with plasma malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of oxidative stress), and if the subject's age and gender affected this correlation. Plasma homocysteine and MDA were measured in 35 premenopausal women, 14 young men, 38 postmenopausal women, and 18 older men. Homocysteine was significantly higher in men than women (P <.01) and in older subjects versus younger. However, MDA was significantly greater only in the young men (P <.01). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between homocysteine and MDA only in these young men (R(2) = 0.50, P <.01). Lastly, subjects undergoing a methionine load did not exhibit increased MDA despite significant increases in homocysteine. Since oxidative stress correlates with basal homocysteine only in young men and does not increase with acutely increased homocysteine, it is unlikely to be the result of a direct effect of homocysteine.
Experimental induction of pain: Utility in the study of clinical pain

Experimental pain methods have been used historically to examine sensory and perceptual mechanisms of pain report and response, generally in healthy populations. However, recent research points to the utility of these methods to investigate a variety of questions related to clinical pain. In this paper, experimental pain induction and measurement are briefly overviewed to provide readers with some background in these techniques. The utility of experimental pain induction techniques are overviewed with respect to three important emerging areas of clinical pain research: a) extending our understanding of the mechanisms of pain report and response, b) assessment and prediction of pain report and response, and c) the use of experimental pain as a vehicle to train pain coping skills and to evaluate their effectiveness in cognitive behavioral treatment. In addition, the unique contribution of each empirical paper in this special series is highlighted with respect to these three emerging areas.
Information diffusion in populations with immigration

Abstract A deterministic model for the diffusion of information through a population in which there is continuous replacement by immigration is formulated and studied. Criteria are obtained under which the information persists in the population. If the immigration rate is constant, then the asymptotic size of the informed population is determined. Cases in which the immigration rate is time dependent are also considered.
Biofix arrow appearing as a subcutaneous foreign body

Abstract Summary: Recent progress in meniscal repair technology has included the development of bioabsorbable implants that can be inserted without a posterior incision. Satisfactory success rates have been reported. Reports of complications have been rare. We present 5 cases of failure of a biodegradable meniscal repair implant, each of which presented as a subcutaneous foreign body. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 6 (September), 2000: pp 652–655
Studies on translocation VI: Thiostrepton prevents the formation of a ribosome-G factor-guanine nucleotide complex

Abstract Prior treatment of ribosomes with an approximate molar equivalence of the antibiotic inhibitor of translocation, thiostrepton, destroys their ability to participate in the formation of a ternary complex involving the ribosome, G factor, and either GTP or GDP.
Toward an understanding of the role of water-soluble oligomers in the emulsion polymerization of styrene–butadiene–acrylic acid. Function of carboxylic acid

In a further effort to understand the role of water-soluble oligomers formed during the emulsion terpolymerization of styrene/butadiene/acrylic acid (St/Bu/AA), the reaction temperature, initiator concentration, and ionic strength were varied and the kinetics and resulting oligomers were characterized as a function of reaction time. The rate of polymerization (Rp) was observed to increase with increasing temperature and initiator concentration; the reasons for this vary. The increase in Rp with increasing initiator concentration is mainly attributed to the increase in the number of oligomeric radicals formed and, subsequently, the resulting number of particles (Np). Increasing the temperature increases the water solubility of both monomers and polymers, which results in changes in the composition and molecular weight of the oligomeric radicals being formed. The primary reaction locus in the St/Bu/AA system was noted to shift to the aqueous phase after most of the styrene and butadiene had reacted, based on the unreacted AA profile. The role of water-soluble oligomers (both oligomeric radicals and dead oligomers) during the emulsion polymerization of St/Bu with acrylic acid can be described by three periods: (1) particle generation and (2) before and (3) after the critical surface saturation concentration (CSSC) is reached during the particle growth period. The incorporation of AA monomer into the oligomer chains after the CSSC may cause destabilization of the latexes through a bridging flocculation mechanism. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1988–1999, 2003
Theoretical study of shear-modulus instabilities in the alkali metals under hydrostatic pressure.

The elastic stability of the bcc and fcc alkali metals is studied theoretically over wide ranges of hydrostatic pressure P. A pseudopotential model is employed to compute the variations of the bulk moduli \ensuremath{\kappa} and shear moduli \ensuremath{\mu} and \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{'}, as well as the differences between the Gibbs energies of the two structures. Stability is assessed according to the criteria of Hill and Milstein, i.e., \ensuremath{\kappa}(P)\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0, \ensuremath{\mu}(P)\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0, and \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{'}(P)\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0. In compression, the stability ranges of both phases are controlled primarily by the shear modulus \ensuremath{\mu}, and high pressure bcc\ensuremath{\rightarrow}fcc transitions in K, Rb, and Cs are found to be associated with the vanishing of this modulus. The ``interplay'' between the ranges of elastic stability and thermodynamic phase equilibrium (at 0 K) is also studied. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Possible metal-insulator transition at B=0 in two dimensions.

We have studied the zero magnetic field resistivity \ensuremath{\rho} of unique high-mobility two-dimensional electron systems in silicon. At very low electron density ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$ (but higher than some sample-dependent critical value ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$), conventional weak localization is overpowered by a sharp drop of \ensuremath{\rho} by an order of magnitude with decreasing temperature below \ensuremath{\sim}1--2 K. No further evidence for electron localization is seen down to at least 20 mK. For ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$${\mathit{n}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$, the sample is insulating. The resistance is empirically found to scale with temperature both below and above ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ with a single parameter that approaches zero at ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$=${\mathit{n}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ suggesting a metal-insulator phase transition.
The Hierarchical Face: Higher Rankings Lead to Less Cooperative Looks

In 3 studies, we tested the hypothesis that the higher ranked an individual's group is, the less cooperative the facial expression of that person is judged to be. Study 1 established this effect among business school deans, with observers rating individuals from higher ranked schools as appearing less cooperative, despite lacking prior knowledge of the latters' actual rankings. Study 2 then experimentally manipulated ranking, showing that the effect of rankings on facial expressions is driven by context rather than by individual differences per se. Finally, Study 3 demonstrated that the repercussions of this effect extend beyond the perception of cooperativeness to tangible behavioral outcomes in social interactions. Theoretical and practical implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
Traumatic cataract formation after vigorous ocular massage

We report a case of traumatic anterior subcapsular cataract that occurred after vigorous ocular massage with a massaging device.
Coral reefs : Conserving the evolutionary sources

The current worldwide degradation of coral reefs constitutes an international problem that calls for immediate attention. A multitude of conservation hotspots scattered over the circumtropical seas have been identified, but there has been no general agreement as to how to attack the problem. The major difficulty seems to be the lack of a priority system. Are some reefs more important than others? If so, where are they located and what needs to be done? Some reefs are located in areas where the biodiversity (species, genera, families) is exceptionally high and where there is evidence of past and present evolutionary production. These areas are called centres of origin and one is located in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and the other in the Atlantic. The Indo-Pacific centre, located in the East Indies Triangle, is considered to be the primary tropical center due to its broad geographic influence. The Atlantic centre, located in the southern Caribbean Sea, is considered a secondary centre because its influence is restricted to the tropical Atlantic. These centres, although occupying relatively small geographic areas, are evidently the source of dominant species that have played the major role in assembling coral reef communities across each ocean. The existence of the two centres permits one to realize that, in the coral reef environment, there is a geographical separation between process and pattern. Recognition of the separation will allow significant improvements in conservation planning. The evolutionary process in the centres must be protected in order to maintain the outlying diversity patterns.
Crystal Structure of I-Ak in Complex with a Dominant Epitope of Lysozyme

Abstract We have determined the structure of murine MHC class II I-A k in complex with a naturally processed peptide from hen egg lysozyme (HEL residues 50–62) at 1.9 A resolution. These results provide a structural basis for the I-A k peptide-binding motif. Binding is established by the deep burial of five anchor side chains into specific pockets of the I-A k binding groove, with a zen-like fit of an aspartic acid in the P1 pocket. We also show that in the I-A k α chain, a bulge occurs in the first strand of the peptide-binding platform, an insertion probably common to all I-A and HLA-DQ alleles. The I-A k β chain has a deletion in the helical region adjacent to the P7 pocket and an insertion in the helical region neighboring the P1 pocket. As a result of these structural features, the extended HEL peptide dips low into the center of the I-A k groove and reaches toward solvent at its C-terminal end.
TYPES OF ENDOLYMPHATIC POTENTIALS.

Abstract 1. 1. The potential difference between the endolymph and perilymph was recorded in a lizard, snake, turtle and bird. 2. 2. The level of this potential in the lizards and snakes is essentially the same as in other coldblooded groups. 3. 3. Only slight differences were found between the cochlear and vestibular parts of the labyrinth in the reptiles. 4. 4. A small, but definite, difference was found between the cochlear and vestibular parts of the pigeon labyrinth. 5. 5. Three types of endolymphatic potentials (Poikilotherm, Avian and Mammalian) are characterized.
Population movements and integrated rural development.

The potential significance of the relation between population movements and rural development is widely appreciated. In recent years there have been a number of conferences and a large volume of research and writing aimed at better understanding the nature of population movements in developing societies and attempting to specify relations between the physical mobility of people and development. This concern takes on particular significance in the context of the newer emphasis in rural development away from simply maximizing output through capital intensive industry and agriculture to a more direct concern with problems of employment and the alleviation of poverty. In rural development this means helping poor people to continue in agriculture by implementing institutional changes such as land reform and the creation of support services to moderate income and status discrepancies. It is generally assumed that such activities should be associated with lower levels of out-migration from rural areas and in fact a common argument for this emphasis is that it can slow the large scale movement of people into cities where poverty and unemployment are rife. (excerpt)
Clinical and pathological features associated with the testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome.

Purpose: Testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome is a rare clinical entity found in young men with endocrine disorders. Histologically it resembles Leydig cell tumor. We 1) reviewed the clinical features of testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome and 2) determined if special histopathological features of the tumor and synaptophysin reactivity could distinguish testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome from Leydig cell tumor.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical and pathological records for all patients with testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome seen at our institution from 1978 to 2004. These tumors were examined by histological and immunophenotypic methods for comparison to Leydig cell tumor.Results: A total of 14 males with an endocrine disorder had pathological evidence of testicular tumor of the adrenogenital syndrome. These tumors were often bilateral (93% or 13 of 14 cases), associated with pain (92% or 12 of 13) and refractory to medical management with high dos...
Disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis and JC virus expression

Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis (MS) occurred in two individuals also treated with interferon β1a, raising concerns about the interaction of these disease-modifying agents and leading to the recommendation to avoid their concomitant administration. However, type I interferons are antiviral. Using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection and quantification of the John Cunningham virus (JCV), DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and urine in MS patients, we tested the hypothesis that MS disease-modifying drugs (DMD) qualitatively and quantitatively alter JCV prevalence and viral copy numbers. Two hundred thirty-nine patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study in which blood and urine specimens were collected at a single time and 37 newly diagnosed, treatment-naive MS patients were enrolled in a longitudinal study in which specimens were obtained at diagnosis and 6 months after treatment initiation. JCV DNA was detected in PBMCs of only two patients (0.07 %), but was commonly detected in the urine (46.8 %) in this population. There was no effect of DMDs on blood or urinary JCV prevalence or viral copy numbers with either glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) or interferon-β therapy (Avonex®, Betaseron®, or Rebif®). The small number of patients on other therapies precluded meaningful comment about their effects. No obvious effect of the platform DMDs on JCV prevalence was observed even for the interferon-βs.
Lung transplant immunosuppression – time for a new approach?

Outcomes after lung transplantation remain worse compared to other solid organ transplants, which is in large part due to high rates of graft rejection. Despite emerging data that immune responses to lungs differ from other organs, immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients is still based on strategies established for recipients of other grafts. There exists an urgent need to develop immunosuppressive strategies for lung transplant recipients that take the unique immunological features of this organ into account.
A model of temporal variations in ozone density in the Martian atmosphere

Temporal variations of the ozone density profile in the Martian atmosphere at high latitudes are calculated for the course of a Martian year, taking into account seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature, water vapor and solar radiation. Calculations are based on a model including 35 neutral photochemical reactions, and vertical eddy diffusion using a time step of 12 min for the region from the surface to 240 km altitude. Results are found to be in better agreement with Mariner 9 observations of the time and magnitude of the seasonal maximum than previous model calculations. The diurnal variation is predicted to be small near the solstices, with the nighttime ozone density greater than the daytime and the magnitude of the difference dependent on season. Opposite temporal variations are predicted for ozone densities above and below about 25 km, and an ozone density maximum at 35-40 km is obtained. It is suggested that the effects of an aerosol layer may not be important in enhancing predicted ozone concentration, and may even decrease it.
Binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to oxyhemoglobin.

Abstract Extensive binding of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate to oxyhemoglobin is demonstrated both by diafiltration and by Sephadex gel filtration. The average concentration of both 2,3 DPGA and hemoglobin in human erythrocytes is about 5 mM; a portion of the 2,3 DPGA remains bound to oxyhemoglobin and cannot be removed by Sephadex gel filtration.
Discrete Fourier transforms by single-mode star networks

A single-mode star network, made from polarization-preserving components, can perform the spatial discrete Fourier transform of coherent light patterns presented at the inputs. This can be accomplished with passive components, such as 2 x 2 couplers, and propagation delays. The Hadamard transform can be performed similarly.
The Ribosome: a Metabolite-Responsive Transcription Regulator

Diverse mechanisms for transcription antitermination are widespread ([24][1], [47][2]). Recently, a new type, in which the ribosome and the TnaC leader peptide control Rho-dependent transcription termination upstream of the tnaAB operon, was characterized for Escherichia coli (Fig. [1][3]) ([1][4
Effects of the Ay substitution on mouse activity level: Spurious pleiotropy

Inbred mice of four genotypes were tested over a 165-min. period in an activity apparatus. The data support the conclusion that obesity, principally determined by a single gene substitution, can account for about one-half of the variance in activity scores when compared with a normal body-weight group. The interpretation considers the remaining variance which is also of genetic origin and argues for the study of stable behavioral phenotypes in tracting gene-behavior pathways via the non-congruent model of gene action.
Metrical characterization of tridentate tetrahydroborate ligation to a transition-metal ion. Structure and bonding in Hf(BH4)4 by single-crystal neutron diffraction

This paper reports the molecular structure of the transition-metal tetrahydroborate complex Hf(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ by single-crystal neutron diffraction at 110 K. The compound crystallizes in the cubic space group P43m (T/sub d//sup 1/, No. 215) with a unit cell of dimensions a = 5.827 (4) angstrom. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gave a final value of R(F/sub 0//sup 2/) = 0.103 for 71 unique reflections with F/sub 0//sup 2/ > sigma(F/sub 0//sup 2/). The molecular structure consists of monomeric Hf(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ units having rigorously T/sub d/ symmetry and tridentate tetrahydroborate coordination. Important bond distances are Hf-B = 2.281 (8) angstrom, Hf-H(bridging) = 2.130 (9) angstrom, B-H(bridging) = 1.235 (10) angstrom, and B-H(terminal) = 1.150 (19) angstrom. Important bond angles are Hf-H(bridging)-B = 80.6 (6)/sup 0/, H(bridging)-B-H(bridging) = 105.8 (6)/sup 0/, and H(bridging)-B-H(terminal) = 112.9 (10)/sup 0/. It is seen that the internal BH/sub 4//sup -/ metrical parameters do not differ significantly from those in Hf(CH/sub 3/C/sub 5/H/sub 4/)/sub 2/(BH/sub 4/)/sub 2/, in which the tetrahydroborate ligands are coordinated in an unsymmetrical bidentate fashion. However, Hf-B is 0.17 (1) angstrom longer and Hf-H(bridging, average) 0.035 (9) angstrom shorter in the latter molecule.
Facile preparation of the α-Gal-recognizing Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4 isolectin

The B4 isolectin from Griffonia simplicifolia is of great utility as a reagent for the identification of alpha-D-galactopyranosyl end groups. Its separation from isolectins containing A subunits has been greatly improved by a simple, rapid procedure using a column of N-acetylgalactosamine coupled to vinyl sulfone-activated Sepharose 4B to selectively retain the A subunit-containing isolectins. The procedure has the advantages over previous affinity procedures of speed (the isolation of B4 isolectin can be achieved in one day), simplicity, and high degree of resolution of the B4 isolectin.
The Bite Plate—An Adjunct in Periodontic and Orthodontic Therapy

This report reviews bite plate therapy and describes several variations of bite plates. Bite plates may be useful as an adjunct to periodontic and orthodontic therapy. They may be used as a diagnostic appliance, to take mobile teeth out of trauma by disarticulating them, to allow teeth to extrude and shallow out associated osseous deformities, and to eliminate the superimposed occlusal trauma that may be caused by the parafunctional habits that can develop during orthodontic tooth movement. The change in vertical position of the dentition and the decrease in overbite are primarily due to eruption of the posterior teeth and not intrusion of the lower anterior teeth. The decrease in overbite may be accompanied by an increase in overjet and an alteration of the mesio-distal and bucco-lingual occlusal landmarks. In some cases the use of a bite plate may cause the development of an anterior open bite. Any such occlussal alterations produced by the bite plate should be corrected by occlusal adjustment or orthodontic therapy and occlusal adjustment.
Polyakov path integrals with ghosts: Closed strings and one-loop a,plitudes

Abstract A technique for evaluating the Polyakov path integral with ghosts, previously applied by us to the bosonic open-string propagator, is used to obtain the bosonic closed-string propagator. One-loop vacuum amplitudes for oriented and unoriented open and closed strings are computed using these results, and aspects of the “sewing rules” needed to construct string field theory from the path integral are discussed.
Estimation of Mercurial-Protein Binding by a Polarographic Method

Abstract The polarographic method of Tadao Hata has been studied as a means of estimating both primary and secondary binding of organic mercurials on proteins. p -Chloromercuric benzoate and ethyl mercuric hydroxide were found to bind strongly with native crystalline egg albumin in a molar ratio of 2 : 1 while phenylmercuric hydroxide was found to exhibit weak sulfhydryl binding and a large amount of secondary binding. Urea, 3 M , eliminated the secondary binding of the PMOH and increased the primary binding to the level of the PCMB and EMOH. Stronger denaturants such as 6 M urea and guanidine increased the sulfhydryl binding of the PCMB but decreased the binding of the PMOH. The results are interpreted in terms of two mechanisms of binding, whole molecule binding and dissociation, with whole molecule binding playing the primary role in mercaptide formation and dissociation accounting for the secondary binding of the PMOH.
The Thailand Archaeometallurgy Project

Over the last twenty years, there has been a discernable increase in the number of scholars who have focused their research on metal production, working and use in antiquity, a field of study which has come to be known as archaeometallurgy. Materials scientists and conservators have worked primarily in the laboratory while archaeologists have conducted fieldwork geared to the study of metal technology in cultural context with laboratory analysis as one portion of the interpretive program.
Absence of second-order phase transitions in the Dobrushin uniqueness region

The Dobrushin uniqueness theorem assures that in a very large class of high-temperature classical statistical mechanical lattice models with short or long range, many-body interactions, and arbitrary compact spin space there are no first-order phase transitions. It will be shown that for the same class of interactions there are also no second-order phase transitions.
Superplastic Bulging of Fine‐Grained Zirconia

This paper reports a tetragonal zirconia, containing 2 mol% Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}, with 0.3 mol% CuO addition as a grain-boundary phase, superplastically stretched at 1150{degrees}C using a hemispherical punch. Mechanical analyses were performed to establish that a biaxial tensile stress/strain state was achieved in the process with a maximal strain of 0.5 in the thinned hemispherical shell. The material was damage tolerant up to a critical strain rate, approximately 10{sup {minus} 3} s{sup {minus} 1}.