cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clothianidin decomposition in Missouri wetland soils

Neonicotinoid pesticides can persist in soils for extended time periods; however, they also have a high potential to contaminate ground and surface waters. Studies have reported negative effects associated with neonicotinoids and nontarget taxa, including aquatic invertebrates, pollinating insect species, and insectivorous birds. This study evaluated factors associated with clothianidin (CTN) degradation and sorption in Missouri wetland soils to assess the potential for wetland soils to mitigate potential environmental risks associated with neonicotinoids. Solid-to-solution partition coefficients (Kd ) for CTN sorption to eight wetland soils were determined via single-point sorption experiments, and sorption isotherm experiments were conducted using the two most contrasting soils. Clothianidin degradation was determined under oxic and anoxic conditions over 60 d. Degradation data were fit to zero- and first-order kinetic decay models to determine CTN half-life (t0.5 ). Sorption results indicated CTN sorption to wetland soil was relatively weak (average Kd , 3.58 L kg-1 ); thus, CTN has the potential to be mobile and bioavailable within wetland soils. However, incubation results showed anoxic conditions significantly increased CTN degradation rates in wetland soils (anoxic average t0.5 , 27.2 d; oxic average t0.5 , 149.1 d). A significant negative correlation was observed between anoxic half-life values and soil organic C content (r2 = .782; p = .046). Greater CTN degradation rates in wetland soils under anoxic conditions suggest that managing wetlands to facilitate anoxic conditions could mitigate CTN presence in the environment and reduce exposure to nontarget organisms.
Short Selling Activity and Future Returns: Evidence from FinTech Data

We use a novel dataset from a leading FinTech company (S3 Partners) to study the ability of short interest to predict the cross-section of U.S. stock returns. We find that short interest (i.e. the quantity of shares shorted expressed as the fraction of shares outstanding) is a bearish indicator, consistent with theoretical predictions and with the intuition that short sellers are informed traders. The hedged portfolio long (short) in the top (bottom) short-interest decile generates an annual 4-Factor Fama-French alfa of -7.6% when weighting stocks equally and of -6.24% when weighting stocks based on market capitalization. Conditioning on past returns improves the predictive accuracy of short interest: the hedged short-interest portfolio that only uses stocks that appreciated the most in the past six months generates an alfa of -17.88%. Multivariate regressions that control for other known drivers of stock returns (e.g. size, value and liquidity) confirm the validity of these findings. In both Fama-MacBeth and Panel regressions we find that a one standard deviation increase in short interest predicts a drop in future adjusted returns of between 4.3% and 9.3%.
Empirical Estimation of Shortest Route Length along U.S. Interstate Highways Based on Great Circle Distance

In this study, 98 regression models were specified for easily estimating shortest distances based on great circle distances along the U.S. interstate highways nationwide and for each of the contine...
A Window into Mathematical Modeling in Kindergarten

Authentic mathematical modeling in the kindergarten classroom becomes feasible by recognizing and building on children’s ideas, which they construct, discuss, and represent in developmentally appropriate forms. This chapter present a case of mathematical modeling teaching and learning in a kindergarten classroom.
Top ten list in occupational pulmonary disease.

This is a consensus statement by a committee that included experts in allergy and clinical immunology, building engineering, environmental health, epidemiology, exposure assessment, microbiology, public health, and toxicology. The Institute of Medicine conducted a comprehensive review of the scientific literature regarding the relationship between damp or moldy indoor environments and the manifestation of adverse health effects, particularly respiratory and allergic symptoms. The review focused on the noninfectious health effects of fungi, including allergens, mycotoxins, and other biologically active products. Chapters include a multidisciplinary review of the literature on building issues related to wetness, mycology, epidemiology, as well as a review of the toxicology literature. In addition, it made recommendations or suggested guidelines for public health interventions and for future basic science, clinical, and public health research. This is the most up-todate statement on the health effects of molds in indoor air. It includes a good bibliography, and a well-reasoned evaluation of a very difficult area of environmental science. It is available on the World Wide Web through the National Academies Press at www.nap.edu, or the Institute of Medicine at iomwww@nas.edu, and will be available in portable document format (PDF) for printing.
International aid and education reform and the paradox of implementation: a case study of the Philippines

From 2005 to 2011, AusAID and the Philippine government launched Strengthening the Implementation of Visayas Education (Project STRIVE) to improve access and quality of education in rural Philippines. Using data from all participating schools (N=308) one question is raised: How successful was the international partnership in implementing education reform? This three-part inquiry critiques STRIVE from policy implementation and international partnerships perspectives generating mixed results. First, STRIVE goals and accomplishments are expounded. Second, using non-parametric analyses, hypothesised relationships between reform inputs and project outcomes are tested. Finally, STRIVE 'successes' related to project relevance, effectiveness and sustainability are critiqued revealing implementation paradoxes.
Rent Control in the Patent District: Observations on the Grady-Alexander Thesis

INTELLECTUAL property-especially patents-is a largely utilitarian discipline. So it is surprising that law and economics scholars such as Mark Grady and Jay Alexander are only now turning their attention to this fascinating and sometimes arcane field. But, late as it may be, this is a development that will be welcomed. At least if their article' in this issue is any indication, those of us interested in patents-some of whom have made stabs in this directioncan look forward to a stimulating stream of fresh ideas. Grady and Alexander's central idea is so fresh, in fact, it may need a few more minutes in the oven. The authors assert that the important patent decisions since the nineteenth-century have attempted to minimize rent dissipation in the patent system. As I will try to explain, I believe this opens up a new and important window into certain patent law doctrines. At the same time, I believe some of its broader claims need to be pruned back. These reservations should not, however, detract from my main point, which is that ideas such as the rent dissipation thesis make a profound contribution to the field.
Gene signature model for breast cancer risk prediction for women with sclerosing adenosis

Benign breast disease (BBD) is diagnosed in 1–2 million women/year in the US, and while these patients are known to be at substantially increased risk for subsequent development of breast cancer, existing models for risk assessment perform poorly at the individual level. Here, we describe a DNA-microarray-based transcriptional model for breast cancer risk prediction for patients with sclerosing adenosis (SA), which represent ¼ of all BBD patients. A training set was developed from 86 patients diagnosed with SA, of which 27 subsequently developed cancer within 10 years (cases) and 59 remained cancer-free at 10 years (controls). An diagonal linear discriminate analysis-prediction model for prediction of cancer within 10 years (SA TTC10) was generated from transcriptional profiles of FFPE biopsy-derived RNA. This model was tested on a separate validation case–control set composed of 65 SA patients. The SA TTC10 gene signature model, composed of 35 gene features, achieved a clear and significant separation between case and control with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.913 in the training set and 0.836 in the validation set. Our results provide the first demonstration that benign breast tissue contains transcriptional alterations that indicate risk of breast cancer development, demonstrating that essential precursor biomarkers of malignancy are present many years prior to cancer development. Furthermore, the SA TTC10 gene signature model, which can be assessed on FFPE biopsies, constitutes a novel prognostic biomarker for patients with SA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3513-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Consequences of mental models on online writing course design

To determine how patterns in design decisions for online professional and technical writing courses suggest underlying mental models and associated consequences, four case studies in the U.S. and Canada were analyzed using activity theory. The analysis considered the subjects driving development, the instruments used, the applicable rules, the community context, the personnel who supported development, and the motivations for each course. Cross-case analysis suggested two underlying mental models for course development. Core Need courses were quickly created and operated by professors to meet existing student demand, and focused on online social interaction. Portfolio-Workbook courses were slowly developed by teams and operated by contractors to add a new offering adapted from elsewhere, and focused on online content consumption. Administrators and professors should consider the consequences of mental models on course design, cost, and pedagogy.
A New Approach for Item Choice Recommendations

Market basket databases contain historical data on prior customer choices where each customer has selected a subset of items, a market basket, out of a large but finite set. This data can be used to generate a dynamic recommendation of new items to a customer who is in the process of making the item choices. We develop a statistical model to compute the probability of a new item becoming the next choice given the current partial basket, and make a recommendation list based on a ranking of this probability. What makes our approach different from the usual collaborative filtering approaches, is that we account not only for the choice making, or buying, associated with the items present in the partial basket (associative buying), but also for the fact that a customer exercises an independent choice unrelated to the existing partial basket (renewal buying). We compute the probability of both renewal choice and associative choice given the partial basket content, and obtain the probabilities for each item given one of these two buying modes. Our experiments on the publicly available "ms.com" data set shows our new approach yields faster and more accurate prediction compared to other techniques that have been proposed for this problem in the literature.
The measurement of attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons

The purpose of this research was to develop reliable measures of attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons, and to examine their relationship. The Attitudes Toward Obese Persons Scale (ATOP) consists of 20 Likert-type items and has an alpha reliability range of .80 to .84. The Beliefs About Obese Persons Scale (BAOP) consists of eight items and has an alpha reliability range of .65 to .82. Both scales and a questionnaire were administered to 514 members of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA), 52 graduate students, and 72 undergraduate students. The multiple correlations were .41 for the NAAFA sample, .53 for the graduate students, and .41 for the undergraduate students, all significant at the .001 level. The attitude score (ATOP) was most consistently and strongly correlated with the belief score (BAOP). Factor analysis yielded a simple factor structure with three highly interpretable factors: Different Personality, Social Difficulties, and Self-Esteem, accounting for 23%, 11%, and 8% of the variance respectively.
Simulation as a Tool for Market Design

This paper describes the use of various forms of simulation as tools to for designing electricity markets. Our focus is on experimentation using computer-based agents that play the role of market participants by formulating bids to maximize their profits. They exercise their skills quickly and in a more controlled manner than simulations with real people, and because they maximize their profits agent-based simulation differs fundamentally from traditional production simulations. Analysis of this sort is significant because it allows for in-depth studies that stress test designs in the proposal stage, before they are used in practice
Distribution and abundance of neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) in the alimentary tract of the rat

The distribution of neutral endopeptidase (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11) was examined in the alimentary tract of the rat. Immunoreactive NEP and NEP mRNA were localized to epithelial cells of the small intestine and to muscle cells in the stomach, small intestine, and colon by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. NEP antisera recognized a protein on Western blots of membranes from gastric, jejunal, and colonic mucosa and gastric muscle with an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of recombinant human NEP (approximately 95 kDa). An antisense cRNA probe to NEP hybridized to RNA of approximately 3.5 kb and approximately 6.5 kb, corresponding to the primary transcripts of rat NEP, on Northern blots of total RNA from the jejunal mucosa. NEP message was detected in mRNA from jejunal and colonic mucosa and gastric, jejunal, and colonic muscle using a ribonuclease protection assay. NEP enzymatic activity, assessed by DL-thiorphan-inhibitable degradation of glutaryl-Ala-Ala-Phe-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine, was highest in homogenates of jejunal mucosa (868 +/- 98 pmol.h-1 x micrograms protein-1) and was between 49- and 413-fold lower in other gastrointestinal tissues. The cellular origin of NEP in the gastric and colonic mucosa could not be determined.
The modular orientation of VLSI layout

After all (rectangular) circuit modules are placed, it may still be possible to flip the modules so as to reduce the total net length. The orientation of modules is formulated as a graph problem and proved to be NP-complete. The orientation problem is shown to be equivalent to finding a minimum cut of a graph with some arcs of negative capacities. In many cases, it is possible to decompose the graph into subgraphs and reduce the search space for optimum orientation. Experiments with real cases show that an optimum orientation reduces the total net length and improves the routability. >
Exocrine Gland Dysfunction in MC5-R-Deficient Mice: Evidence for Coordinated Regulation of Exocrine Gland Function by Melanocortin Peptides

Abstract The effects of pituitary-derived melanocortin peptides are primarily attributed to ACTH-mediated adrenocortical glucocorticoid production. Identification of a widely distributed receptor for ACTH/MSH peptides, the melanocortin-5 receptor (MC5-R), suggested nonsteroidally mediated systemic effects of these peptides. Targeted disruption of the MC5-R produced mice with a severe defect in water repulsion and thermoregulation due to decreased production of sebaceous lipids. High levels of MC5-R was found in multiple exocrine tissues, including Harderian, preputial, lacrimal, and sebaceous glands, and was also shown to be required for production and stress-regulated synthesis of porphyrins by the Harderian gland and ACTH/MSH-regulated protein secretion by the lacrimal gland. These data show a requirement for the MC5-R in multiple exocrine glands for the production of numerous products, indicative of a coordinated system for regulation of exocrine gland function by melanocortin peptides.
Plantmetabolomics.org: mass spectrometry-based Arabidopsis metabolomics—database and tools update

The PlantMetabolomics (PM) database (http://www.plantmetabolomics.org) contains comprehensive targeted and untargeted mass spectrum metabolomics data for Arabidopsis mutants across a variety of metabolomics platforms. The database allows users to generate hypotheses about the changes in metabolism for mutants with genes of unknown function. Version 2.0 of PlantMetabolomics.org currently contains data for 140 mutant lines along with the morphological data. A web-based data analysis wizard allows researchers to select preprocessing and data-mining procedures to discover differences between mutants. This community resource enables researchers to formulate models of the metabolic network of Arabidopsis and enhances the research community's ability to formulate testable hypotheses concerning gene functions. PM features new web-based tools for data-mining analysis, visualization tools and enhanced cross links to other databases. The database is publicly available. PM aims to provide a hypothesis building platform for the researchers interested in any of the mutant lines or metabolites.
Inverse temperature dependence of the dipolarophilic reactivity of carbonyl ylide photogenerated from trans-stilbene oxide

Abstract In methylcyclohexane at 295 – 353 K, cycloaddition reactions of carbonyl ylide photogenerated from trans-stilbene oxide have small or negative activation enthalpies. This behavior can be explained in terms of reversible formation of a bimolecular complex. The increase in reactivity from one dipolarophile to another is due to the increase in differential activation entropy for collapse and back-dissociation of the complex.
Reducing pulse distortion in fast light pulse propagation by Pulse-on-Background method through an erbium-doped fiber amplifier

A novel method (pulse-on-background) to reduce pulse distortion in fast light pulse propagation through an erbium-doped fiber amplifier by adding a background of appropriate power is suggested. The pulse-on-background method depends on pulse width, pump power, pulse power and background-to-pulse power ratio.
Predictors of Smallpox Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers and Other First Responders

Background The goal of the National Smallpox Vaccination Program was to vaccinate a cadre of healthcare workers and first responders who could care for smallpox patients in the event of an attack. Methods Using a convenience sample of 36 health departments and 34 hospitals in California, we conducted a telephone interview between July 2003 and April 2004 of healthcare workers and first responders to determine predictors of smallpox vaccination. Findings The response rate was 54.1%. Of 477 respondents with no contraindications to vaccination, 106 were vaccinated and 371 were unvaccinated. Among the vaccinated, the leading reason for vaccination was wanting to be part of a smallpox response team (74%). Among the unvaccinated, leading reasons for not being vaccinated included thinking the risk of smallpox was not high enough (25%) and concern about side effects (19%). Factors independently associated with vaccination include previous smallpox vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2–14.1), having little or no concern about vaccine adverse events (AOR=3.0, CI=1.3–7.0, compared with somewhat/very), reporting their employer had a policy to reimburse for travel or other out of pocket costs (AOR=2.5, CI=1.1–5.7, compared with no policy), very high to high chance of compensation if adverse events occurred (AOR=2.9, CI=1.2–6.3, compared with low chance), and answering in the negative to questions about concerns about potential costs. Blacks were less likely than whites to be vaccinated (AOR=0.04, CI=0.03–0.6). Conclusions Clearly communicating the risks and benefits of vaccination and addressing issues of cost, convenience, and compensation may be important for any program where vaccination is provided in the national interest and when the direct benefits of vaccination are unknown.
A Pure Marine Aerosol Model, for Use in Remote Sensing Applications

Retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and related parameters from satellite measurements typically involve prescribed models of aerosol size and composition, and are therefore dependent on how well these models are able to represent the radiative behaviour of real aerosols, This study uses aerosol volume size distributions retrieved from Sun-photometer measurements at 11 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) island sites, spread throughout the world's oceans, as a basis to define such a model for unpolluted maritime aerosols. Size distributions are observed to be bimodal and approximately lognormal, although the coarse mode is skewed with a long tail on the low-radius end, The relationship of AOD and size distribution parameters to meteorological conditions is also examined, As wind speed increases, so do coarse-mode volume and radius, The AOD and Angstrom exponent (alpha) show linear relationships with wind speed, although there is considerable scatter in all these relationships, limiting their predictive power. Links between aerosol properties and near-surface relative humidity, columnar water vapor, and sea surface temperature are also explored. A recommended bimodal maritime model, which is able to reconstruct the AERONET AOD with accuracy of order 0.01-0.02, is presented for use in aerosol remote sensing applications. This accuracy holds at most sites and for wavelengths between 340 nm and 1020 nm. Calculated lidar ratios are also provided, and differ significantly from those currently used in Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) processing.
Regenerative healing of incisional wounds in murine fetal lungs maintained in organ culture

Abstract Although fetal dermal repair is known to be fundamentally different from adult healing, the response to wounding in other organs is less well characterized. Scarless repair in mid-gestation dermis with a transition to adult-type healing at term has been shown in fetal organ culture. A lung explant culture system was used to investigate whether wound repair in the fetal lung shows characteristics similar to those found in fetal dermis. Lungs from 14-day and 18-day CD-1 murine fetuses and 2-day-old newborns, (term = 20 days, n=24) were wounded by linear incision and incubated at 37°C, in a 21% O 2 , 5% CO 2 environment, in BGJb supplemented with vitamin C and antibiotics. Medium was changed daily. Samples were fixed at 7 days and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with hematoxalyn-eosin and Masson Trichrome. Additional 14-day and 18-day samples were frozen in freon and immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β performed. Other frozen tissues from each time point were homogenized and used to assay for endogenous TGF-β levels by Western blot analysis. Histology showed reconstitution of tissue architecture across the wound in 14-day and 18-day specimens. In representative histological sections, intact bronchial architecture developed across the previous wound site. No cellular inflammatory response was observed, and collagen deposition was undetectable at the site of the wound by Trichrome staining. By 22 days the lung explants showed a much less ordered repair, including disorganized collagen deposition. Immunohistochemistry showed TGF-β throughout the lung parenchyma of 14-day and 18-day lungs without recruitment at the wound site. Western blotting showed a marked increase in signal for TGF-β in 18-day compared to 14-day explants. A smaller increase was seen from 18 days to 22 days. The authors conclude that the murine fetal lung shows scarless repair even late into gestation. This implies a plasticity in lung not seen in the integument, as well as an ability of tissues to exert a strong degree of local control over the healing response.
Virtual network embedding and reconfiguration in elastic optical networks

Recent innovations in Network Virtualization and Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) enable flexible deployment of optical networks as a service. However, one open challenge is how to embed Virtual Optical Network (VON) requests onto the physical substrate network to maximize the sharing of physical resources, which is the so called Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) problem. EONs are prone to the fragmentation of spectral resources during the process of routing and spectrum allocation. The fragmentation of spectral resources in the substrate fiber links may lead to the blocking of incoming virtual network requests. This degrades the utilization of the physical resources of the Infrastructure Providers and also, decreases the revenue of the Service Providers. In this paper, we propose a novel virtual network embedding algorithm called Alignment and Consecutiveness-aware Virtual Network Embedding (ACT-VNE), which takes into account the spectrum alignment and relative loss in spectrum consecutiveness when mapping virtual nodes/links onto the physical substrate nodes/links. We also propose a min-max reconfiguration scheme called Relative Consecutiveness Loss-aware and Misalignment-aware Virtual Network Reconfiguration (RCLM-VNR) that minimizes relative consecutiveness loss and maximizes alignment with adjacent links when reconfiguring the virtual network. Simulation results show that ACT-VNE and RCLM-VNR yield a lower blocking probability and a higher link utilization ratio, which leads to better utilization of the physical resources and increased revenue.
The occurrence and possible significance of generalized vascular disease in idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy

Abstract Widespread arterial medial hypertrophy and focal intimal fibrosis have been demonstrated in a small group of patients with idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy. The occurrence of similar but less severe lesions in patients with endocardial sclerosis has been demonstrated, and similar intimal lesions have been noted in other types of generalized vascular disease. The implications, that a functional vascular derangement (sometimes if not always hypertension) may explain the cardiomegaly of some patients with idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy and that some relation may exist between this condition and congenital endocardial sclerosis, have been discussed.
Automatic target-recognition system for hyperspectral imagery using ORASIS

We present an automatic target recognition system (ATR) for hyperspectral imagery. The system has been designed to use the output from ORASIS (the Optical Real-time Adaptive Spectral Identification System), a hyperspectral analysis package designed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The ATR system is capable of performing both target recognition (including subpixel identification) and anomaly detection, in near real-time and with no a priori scene knowledge. In this paper we discuss the algorithms we use in the ATR and include experimental results using the HYDICE Forest Radiance data set.
Calcium and pH dependency in the clotting of the blood of Balanus nubilus (Darwin, 1854)

1. 1. The clotting mechanism of Balanus nubilus was found to be affected by calcium ion with a threshold value for induced clot formation of blood dilited 1 : 3 : 1 with 10% EDTA and 3% NaCl respectively falling between 0·025 M and 0·1 M calcium chloride. 2. 2. The clotting mechanism of B. nubilus was also found to be affected by hydrogen ion concentration with an optimum value for clot formation at a pH value of approximately 6·7.
Sugar and Fat Effects on Sensory Properties of Ice Cream

Vanilla ice cream with 8, 13 or 18% sucrose and 10, 14 or 18% butterfat was evaluated by descriptive analysis (DA) with 15 judges, instrumental texture measurements (ITM), and hedonic rating with 146 consumers. Increased sugar caused higher vanilla, almond, buttery, custard/eggy, sweetness, fatty, creamy, doughy and mouthcoating characteristics, and lower coolness, ice crystals, melt rate (ITM) and hardness (ITM). Increased fat caused higher buttery, custard/eggy and sweet flavor, fatty, creamy, doughy and mouthcoating texture, and lower color, ice crystals and melting rate (DA). Acceptability was positively related to the vanilla, creamy, fatty and milky characters, and negatively related to color, ice crystals and ITM hardness.
The effect soaking pea seeds with or without seedcoats has on seedling growth.

Pea seeds ( Pisum sativum L. `Alaska9) with intact seedcoats (WC) and with seedcoats removed (WOC) were soaked in distilled water for 24 hours at 20°. The water, containing the pea diffusate, was decanted after the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, twelfth, and twenty-fourth hour and analyzed for total nitrogen, α-amino nitrogen, carbohydrate, and total solute dry weight. The seeds were germinated at 20° in a 16 hour photoperiod of 300 foot candles. Stem lengths and dry weights of roots, shoots and cotyledons were determined after 4, 11, and 18 days of growth. WOC seeds imbibed more water than WC seeds during the 24 hour imbibition period. Diffusates from WOC seeds always contained more solute than diffusates from WC seeds. Maltose, glucose, and fructose were not detected in the early diffusates from WOC seeds but were found in WC seed diffusates at all times. Seedlings from WC seeds had longer stems than those from WOC seeds. The dry weight of stems and roots of WC seedlings was greater than those from WOC seedlings. The dry weight of cotyledons from 18 day-old WC seedlings was less than from WOC seedlings. Water absorption by WC seeds was slower than by WOC seeds. Removal of the seedcoat allowed rapid imbibition resulting in seed injury presumably because of the loss of solutes which included monosaccharides, disaccharides, amino acids, and other nitrogen containing compounds. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that rapid imbibition disrupts membrane organization leading to reduction of seedling growth.
Renovation of Old Well Logs Run in Boreholes Drilled with Oil-Base Mud

The problem of correcting for oil-base mud filtrate invasion has been resolved using modern well logging technology of tools and interpretation techniques. However, many well logs from old wells remain uncorrected. Old interpretation assumed no oil base mud filtrate invasion. The consequences may vary between unnecessarily perforating a waterbearing zone to even worse by completely by-passing a hydrocarbon formation. Lau et al. (1989) developed a correction for oil-base mud effects on neutron and density logs, however the standard formation evaluation techniques from the Dual Induction Resistivity Log, DIL, relies on knowledge of the resistivity of the invaded zone, Rxo. Since no electrode-type tool can work in oil base mud to measure Rxo, a synthetically derived Rxo from the Electromagnetic Propagation Time (EPT) or the Thermal Neutron Decay time (TDT) logs is used. In the absence of these unconventional EPT or TDT logs, interpretation is performed assuming no oil mud invasion and the deep induction resistivity, RID, is reading the true formation resistivity, Rt. However, it has been proven that oil mud filtrate will invade the formation sometimes to a diameter greater than 120 inches. This invasion will greatly affect Rt masking the hydrocarbon potential of the reservoir to the extent that a water zone may appear as hydrocarbon-bearing. Without proper consideration to the oil-base environment surrounding the logging tools, essential petrophysical parameters such as true formation porosity and resistivity cannot be accurately measured. Techniques and concepts such as crossplotting log  versus log Rt or log Rxo, BVW, shale zonation index, fracture partitioning coefficient, etc. may not be all conducted. Evaluation of properties such as Sw, Sxo, Smo, m, n, ma, f, FII, etc. will not be reliable. Consequently, zonation of a heterogeneous reservoir into its hydraulic units cannot be accomplished. In this study, a new practical and cost effective technique is introduced to correctly evaluate formations with deep oil-base mud filtrate invasion of old well logs in the absence of EPT, TDT, logs, i.e. without a prior knowledge of Rxo or Rw. This will allow characterization of old reservoirs drilled with oil-base muds using the available old conventional well logs without the need for running new expensive well logs.
Promoting Nutrition in Breastfeeding Women

Nurses have a vital role in providing nutritional education to breastfeeding women. In this article, the authors discuss the nutritional requirements for breastfeeding women in terms of micronutrients, macronutrients, and minerals. They provide recommendations for women with vegetarian diets and low-income women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children program who may have dietary deficiencies, and they present a directed case study to provide an example of how to perform a dietary assessment and the educational support that may be offered by nurses to breastfeeing women.
HRX Leukemic Fusion Proteins Form a Heterocomplex with the Leukemia-associated Protein SET and Protein Phosphatase 2A

One of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in acute leukemia is a reciprocal translocation involving the HRX gene at chromosome locus 11q23, resulting in HRX fusion proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, in vitro binding studies, and human cell culture coimmunoprecipitation experiments, we show here that a region of the HRX protein that is consistently retained in HRX leukemic fusion proteins interacts directly with SET, another protein implicated in leukemia. We have identified the binding sites on HRX for SET and show that these sequences are clustered near the A·T hooks that have been shown to bind DNA. We also show that carboxyl-terminal SET sequences, possibly the acidic tail of SET, bind to HRX. We have also found serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase activity in anti-HRX coimmunoprecipitates. Using the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid and Western blotting, the phosphatase was identified as protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Mutation of a single amino acid in one of the SET binding sites of HRX resulted in lower amounts of both coimmunoprecipitated SET protein and coimmunoprecipitated PP2A. These results suggest that the leukemogenic effects of HRX fusion proteins may be related to interactions with SET and PP2A.
The analysis of multifactor experiments designed to contrast the within- and between-subjects manipulation of the independent variables

Experiments are frequently performed in which the major question of interest is whether the effect of the substantive independent variable depends on its manipulation within as opposed to between subjects. Erlebacher (1977) discussed the design of such experiments in which one independent variable is manipulated, and presented a method of analysis by an analysis of variance technique. This paper discusses the analysis of three different experimental designs in which the within-subjects/between-subjects design type is one factor and two substantive independent variables are manipulated. A rule is also presented that can be used to generate statistical tests in a generalized multifactor design.
Notes on the Life History and Anatomy of Trichogramma

During the last decade a considerable amount of information has accumulated concerning the biology and utilization of Trichogramma , yet recorded observations concerning the larval stages and the gross internal anatomy of the adult are very limited.
Monetary policy and PID control

We show that many currently popular monetary policy rules fall structurally within a class of robust industrial control known as proportional-integral-differential, or PID, control. From this identification we propose a general class of PID-based monetary policy rules that include as limiting cases the original Taylor rule as well as lagged and forward-looking extensions of thereof. The effectiveness of parsimonious extensions of the Taylor rule are consistent with the well-known effectiveness and parsimony of PID control. We find that for the same reason encountered in other PID control applications—noisy data—most monetary policy rules fall in the proportional-integral subset of PID control known as PI control. We estimate both PID and PI monetary policy rules using the historical analysis approach of Taylor and compare the performance of our PI rule to other policy rules using a recently-developed macroeconomic-model comparison methodology. A key feature of PID control is its remarkable effectiveness for systems where the equations of motion are not known. Thus, PID-based rules both link monetary policy with a tradition of practical control in the absence of known dynamical equations and provide baseline rules for monetary policy in the face of macroeconomic model uncertainty.
III-V/Si distributed feedback laser with sidewall modulated grating

We demonstrate an optically pumped hybrid DFB laser with sidewall modulated Bragg gratings for a feedback. Low loss coupling to a silicon waveguide is proposed through an III-V/Si adiabatic taper coupler with beveled edges.
Crisis Intervention Teams as the Solution to Managing Crises Involving Persons with Serious Psychiatric Illnesses: Does One Size Fit All?

Police interactions with persons who display behaviors suggestive of mental illness are extremely common. How officers manage these encounters has significant consequences for the subjects of those encounters, the criminal justice and mental health systems, and for public safety. For the past three decades, the police Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) has gained popularity as the approach for ensuring optimal outcomes of these interactions. Despite this popularity, questions remain about this approach. This article addresses two such questions: (1) What might be alternative models? and (2) What research needs to be implemented to assess the effectiveness of CIT and its impact on the mental health systems in which it is developed? We do not provide empirical answers to these questions; rather we develop a background discussion and plan for a research framework that would address these issues.
Cyclooxygenase‑2 expression in non‑metastatic triple‑negative breast cancer patients

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterised by lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu gene amplification. TNBC patients typically present at a younger age, with a larger average tumor size, higher grade and higher rates of lymph node positivity compared to patients with ER/PR-positive tumors. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 regulates the production of prostaglandins and is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors. In breast cancer, the overexpression of COX-2 is associated with indicators of poor prognosis, such as lymph node metastasis, poor differentiation and large tumor size. Since both TNBC status and COX-2 overexpression are known poor prognostic markers in primary breast cancer, we hypothesized that the COX-2 protein is overexpressed in the primary tumors of TNBC patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there exists an association between TNBC status and COX-2 protein overexpression in primary breast cancer. We prospectively evaluated COX-2 expression levels in primary tumor samples obtained from 125 patients with stage I–III breast cancer treated between February, 2005 and October, 2007. Information on clinicopathological factors was obtained from a prospective database. Baseline tumor characteristics and patient demographics were compared between TNBC and non-TNBC patients using the Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. In total, 60.8% of the patients were classified as having ER-positive tumors, 51.2% were PR-positive, 14.4% had HER-2/neu amplification and 28.0% were classified as TNBC. COX-2 overexpression was found in 33.0% of the patients. TNBC was associated with COX-2 overexpression (P=0.009), PR expression (P=0.048) and high tumor grade (P=0.001). After adjusting for age, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), lymph node status and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), TNBC was an independent predictor of COX-2 overexpression (P=0.01). In conclusion, the association between TNBC and COX-2 overexpression in operable breast cancer supports further investigation into COX-2-targeted therapy for patients with TNBC.
Multigenerational study of chemically induced cytotoxicity and proliferation in cultures of human proximal tubular cells.

Primary cultures of human proximal tubular (hPT) cells are a useful experimental model to study transport, metabolism, cytotoxicity, and effects on gene expression of a diverse array of drugs and environmental chemicals because they are derived directly from the in vivo human kidney. To extend the model to investigate longer-term processes, primary cultures (P0) were passaged for up to four generations (P1–P4). hPT cells retained epithelial morphology and stained positively for cytokeratins through P4, although cell growth and proliferation successively slowed with each passage. Necrotic cell death due to the model oxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) increased with increasing passage number, whereas that due to the selective nephrotoxicant S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC) was modest and did not change with passage number. Mitochondrial activity was lower in P2–P4 cells than in either P0 or P1 cells. P1 and P2 cells were most sensitive to DCVC-induced apoptosis. DCVC also increased cell proliferation most prominently in P1 and P2 cells. Modest differences with respect to passage number and response to DCVC exposure were observed in expression of three key proteins (Hsp27, GADD153, p53) involved in stress response. Hence, although there are some modest differences in function with passage, these results support the use of multiple generations of hPT cells as an experimental model.
Measurement of flow fields in a large transonic wind tunnel using a laser velocimeter

An investigation to determine the feasibility of using a laser velocimeter for measuring the mean flow velocities about airplane models in the Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel has recently been completed. The laser velocimeter was a two-component fringe-type used in the back scatter mode. The tunnel airflow was seeded with oil droplets to provide scattering sources for the laser velocimeter. Measurements of the tunnel free-stream velocity were in good agreement with the tunnel calibration, and measurements of the velocity along the stagnating streamline of a hemisphere model, when adjusted for particle lag, were in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The study showed that the laser, optics, and electronics system operated satisfactorily, but that further development is required to reduce scattering particle size and substance accumulation in the tunnel.
Long-term follow-up after polypectomy treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis.

Background & Aims: A previously published study by our group suggested that adenoma-like dysplasia-associated lesions or masses (DALMs) in ulcerative colitis (UC) may be treated adequately by polypectomy and continued endoscopic surveillance. The length of follow-up evaluation in these patients averaged only 42 months. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of our previously defined group of UC patients, all with adenoma-like DALMs, who were treated by polypectomy. Methods: The clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic outcome of 34 UC patients, 24 with an adenoma-like DALM, and 10 with a coincidental sporadic adenoma, 28 of whom were treated by polypectomy and continued endoscopic surveillance, and 6 by colonic resection, were compared with the outcome of 49 non-UC patients who were treated similarly for a sporadic adenoma. The mean length of follow-up evaluation averaged 82.1 months and 71.8 months for the 2 UC subgroups, respectively, and 60.4 months for the non-UC controls. Results: Overall, 20 of 34 UC patients (58.8%) developed at least one further adenoma-like DALM on follow-up evaluation. One patient had flat low-grade dysplasia present in the colon, which was resected within 6 months of the initial polypectomy, and another patient, with primary sclerosing cholangitis, developed adenocarcinoma 7.5 years after her initial polypectomy. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of polyp formation on follow-up evaluation between UC patients with an adenoma-like DALM (62.5%) and UC patients with a sporadic adenoma (50%), or between either of these 2 UC patient subgroups and the non-UC sporadic adenoma patient group (49%; P > 0.05). Conclusions: UC patients who develop an adenoma-like DALM may be treated adequately by polypectomy with complete excision and continued endoscopic surveillance.
Functional Genomics Reveals Extended Roles of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stress Response Factor σH

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful pathogens of humankind. During infection, M. tuberculosis must cope with and survive against a variety of different environmental conditions. Sigma factors likely facilitate the modulation of the pathogen9s gene expression in response to changes in its extracellular milieu during infection. σ H , an alternate sigma factor encoded by the M. tuberculosis genome, is induced by thiol-oxidative stress, heat shock, and phagocytosis. In response to these conditions, σ H induces the expression of σ B , σ E , and the thioredoxin regulon. In order to more effectively characterize the transcriptome controlled by σ H , we studied the long-term effects of the induction of σ H on global transcription in M. tuberculosis . The M. tuberculosis isogenic mutant of σ H (Δ-σ H ) is more susceptible to diamide stress than wild-type M. tuberculosis . To study the long-term effects of σ H induction, we exposed both strains to diamide, rapidly washed it away, and resumed culturing in diamide-free medium (post-diamide stress culturing). Analysis of the effects of σ H induction in this experiment revealed a massive temporal programming of the M. tuberculosis transcriptome. Immediately after the induction of σ H , genes belonging to the functional categories “virulence/detoxification” and “regulatory proteins” were induced in large numbers. Fewer genes belonging to the “lipid metabolism” category were induced, while a larger number of genes belonging to this category were downregulated. σ H caused the induction of the ATP-dependent clp proteolysis regulon, likely mediated by a transcription factor encoded by Rv2745c, several members of the mce1 virulence regulon, and the sulfate acquisition/transport network.
1454 A PATHOLOGIC REAPPRAISAL OF KERNICTERUS

Kernicterus, or bilirubin staining of specific nuclei of the brain in newborns, is traditionally considered to represent a deleterious manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia. All infants (32) from January, 1970 through January, 1977 found at autopsy to have characteristic gross bilirubin staining were identified. They were matched with 32 other infants without gross staining for gestational age, weight, length of survival and year of birth. In our initial clinical review we found no differences when multiple factors thought to potentiate risk for kernicterus were compared between the matched pairs. The neuropathologic changes in these two groups were evaluated without knowledge of the clinical or gross findings. While the pattern of gross bilirubin staining followed that classically described for kernicterus, specific histologic changes were found in only two kernicteric and one non-kernicteric infant. The nonspecific finding of diffuse spongy change was more common in the grossly stained brains (p<0.05), but other histologic findings did not differ significantly between the two groups. In the current population of newborns the majority of bilirubin staining in the brain at autopsy may be secondary to prior nonspecific damage, rather than an indication of bilirubin toxicity. Our results emphasize that this yellow staining as seen today, while grossly indistinguishable, is not equivalent to the classical kernicterus of previous years.
Machiavelli and the Gale-Shapley Algorithm

Gale and Shapley have an algorithm for assigning students to universities which gives each student the best university available in a stable system of assignments. The object here is to prove that ...