cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Dependent Internal Field Distribution and Magnetic Susceptibility of a Dilute Ising Spin System

The temperature-dependent probability distribution of internal exchange fields, $\overline{H}$, is obtained for a set of randomly distributed Ising-model spins using a modified form of the statistical model of Margenau. The impurities are assumed to interact via a convergent long-range potential which alternates in sign as a function of position. When spin correlations between the magnetic impurities are neglected and a mean-random-field (MRF) approximation is used, the probability distribution $P (\overline{H})$ is given by a nonlinear integral equation. For a $\frac{1}{{r}^{3}}$ potential, the self-consistent probability distribution is, in the MRF approximation, a Lorentzian with a temperature- and concentration-dependent width $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\beta})$, where $\ensuremath{\beta}=\frac{1}{({k}_{B}T)}$ and $T$ is the temperature. The function $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\beta})$ is also given by a nonlinear integral equation which is solved for very high and very low temperatures. Using $P(\overline{H})$ derived for a $\frac{1}{{r}^{3}}$ potential, the magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(\ensuremath{\beta})$ and the specific heat ${C}_{v}(\ensuremath{\beta})$ are obtained for all temperatures. The model gives a magnetic susceptibility which exhibits a maximum as a function of temperature for all nonzero (but sufficiently small) impurity concentrations. The temperature of the maximum is proportional to the impurity concentration. Possible applications of the model to the temperature and concentration dependence of $\ensuremath{\chi}(\ensuremath{\beta})$ and ${C}_{v}(\ensuremath{\beta})$ of dilute magnetic alloys are discussed.
N-terminal polyhedrin sequences and occluded Baculovirus evolution

A phylogenetic tree for occluded baculoviruses was constructed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of occlusion body proteins from six baculoviruses including three lepidopteran nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs), [two unicapsid (Bombyx mori andOrgyia pseudotsugata) and one multicapsid (Orgyia pseudotsugata)]; one granulosis virus (Pieris brassicae); and NPVs from a hymenopteran (Neodiprion sertifer) and a dipteran (Tipula paludosa). Amino acid sequence data for theB. mori NPV were from a report by Sere-bryani et al. (1977) and that for theO. pseudotsugata NPVs were reported previously by us (Rohrmann et al. 1979). The other N-terminal amino acid sequences are presented in this paper. The phylogenetic relationships determined based on the molecular evolution of polyhedrin were also investigated by antigenic comparisons of the proteins using a solid phase radioimmune assay. The results indicate that the lepidopteran NPVs are the most closely related of the above group of viruses and are related to these viruses in the following order:N. sertifer NPV,P. brassicae granulosis virus, andT. paludosa NPV. These data, in conjunction withBaculovirus distribution and evidence concerning insect phylogeny, suggest that theBaculovirus have an ancient association with insects and may have evolved along with them.
Overload management as a fundamental service design primitive

This position paper makes the case that overload management should be a critical design goal for Internet-based systems and services. Few Internet service designs take overload into account, treating the problem as one of capacity planning rather than engineering the service to behave gracefully under extreme load. We argue that the right approach to overload management is to explicitly signal overload conditions to the application, allowing it to participate in resource management decisions. Furthermore, we claim that feedback-driven control, rather than static resource limits, should be the basis for detecting and controlling overload. We present a feedback-driven approach to overload control based on the staged event-driven architecture (SEDA) model for Internet service design. This approach makes use of adaptive admission controllers for meeting administrator-specified performance targets, such as 90th percentile response time. We demonstrate the use of these overload control mechanisms in two applications: a complex Web-based e-mail service, and a dynamic Web server benchmark.
Energy spectra for the Hubbard and t-J models.

Using symmetry considerations and exact diagonalization techniques, we examine the quantum numbers of the states that define the antiferromagnetic and superconducting gaps in the multiple-particle spectrum of the repulsive and attractive two-dimensional Hubbard models. Studying the behavior of the lowest-energy levels as a function of the chemical potential, we analyze all possible dopings in 10- and 16-site clusters for many values of U/t. The possibility of superconductivity in the repulsive Hubbard and in the t-J models is discussed.
Old Europe, New Europe, Eastern Europe: Reflections on a Minor Character in Fassbinder's Ali, Fear Eats the Soul

In today's Europe, the term Eurosceptic often accompanies accusations of retrograde nationalism, irrational feelings, even fanaticism. When applied to Europe, skepticism, one of the critic's formative traits, acquires a bad reputation, as if it can only be an annihilating, rather than constructive, form of doubt. And yet skepticism is a much-needed critical affect, particularly when it comes to Europe. If we need to be skeptical of anything, it is Europe. Today one hears claims about Europe having become postnational, postracial, even post-Europe. How else can the literary and cultural critic welcome such claims other than with a healthy dose of skepticism?
Formation and Breakdown of Amino-acids by Inter-molecular Transfer of the Amino Group

WE have previously reported1 the discovery in muscle of a highly active metabolic mechanism, by the action of which the amino group and two hydrogen atoms of glutamic acid are transferred to pyruvic acid (added or of metabolic origin) with the formation of alanine (and ketoglutaric acid). This is the key to the puzzling fact that glutamic acid is transformed into succinic acid by muscle tissue without the formation of either ammonia or amide nitrogen (D. Moyle-Needham).
Enhanced transport of bacteria through a soil matrix using colloidal gas aphron suspensions

Abstract The influence of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DDBS) in the form of either an aqueous solution or microgas dispersion known as colloidal gas aphron (CGA) on the transport of a Psendomonas psendoalcaligenes, strain through a saturated soil matrix was examined. The experiments were conducted in 30‐cm‐long and 6.35 cm internal diameter stainless steel columns packed with a sandy clay loam. A 10‐ml pulse (0.033 pore volumes) of a bacterial suspension containing 1010 colony forming units (cfu) per ml was injected, and the column was eluted with either deionized water, a solution of DDBS, or a CGA suspension at a surface loading rate of 0.16 cm/min. The bacterial distributions within the column were similar after the passage of the water and surfactant solutions; however, the distribution of bacteria in the columns and effluent after the passage of the CGA suspension was markedly enhanced. The bacterial concentration in the lower half of the column after the passage of the CGA ...
Endovascular Management of a Patient after SAH

Treatment of acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages consists of occluding the aneurysm to prevent rebleed, attempting to prevent vasospasm, and maintaining blood flow to the brain through vessels in vasospasm. Endovascular treatment has been shown to be as safe as, or safer, than surgical clipping for patients with SAH. Engineering solutions to our clinical problems continue to improve endovascular outcomes. This article reviews the current state of endovascular therapy.
Toxicity of Dispersants and Dispersed Oil To An Alaskan Marine Organism

ABSTRACT The University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) conducted toxicity assays on Alaskan tanner crab larvae (Chionoecetes bairdi) using the oil dispersant Corexit 9500, Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude...
Cherenkov Video Imaging Allows for the First Visualization of Radiation Therapy in Real Time

Purpose To determine whether Cherenkov light imaging can visualize radiation therapy in real time during breast radiation therapy. Methods and Materials An intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) camera was synchronized to the 3.25-μs radiation pulses of the clinical linear accelerator with the intensifier set × 100. Cherenkov images were acquired continuously (2.8 frames/s) during fractionated whole breast irradiation with each frame an accumulation of 100 radiation pulses (approximately 5 monitor units). Results The first patient images ever created are used to illustrate that Cherenkov emission can be visualized as a video during conditions typical for breast radiation therapy, even with complex treatment plans, mixed energies, and modulated treatment fields. Images were generated correlating to the superficial dose received by the patient and potentially the location of the resulting skin reactions. Major blood vessels are visible in the image, providing the potential to use these as biological landmarks for improved geometric accuracy. The potential for this system to detect radiation therapy misadministrations, which can result from hardware malfunction or patient positioning setup errors during individual fractions, is shown. Conclusions Cherenkoscopy is a unique method for visualizing surface dose resulting in real-time quality control. We propose that this system could detect radiation therapy errors in everyday clinical practice at a time when these errors can be corrected to result in improved safety and quality of radiation therapy.
Tensor product generalized ADI methods for separable elliptic problems

We consider solving separable, second order, linear elliptic partial differential equations. If an elliptic problem is separable, then, for certain discretizations, the matrices involved in the corresponding discrete problem can be expressed in terms of tensor products of lower order matrices. In the most general case, the discrete problem can be written in the form $(A_1 \otimes B_2 + B_1 \otimes A_2 )C = F$. We present a new Tensor Product Generalized Alternating Direction Implicit (TPGADI) iterative method for solving such discrete problems. We prove convergence and establish computational efficiency. The TPGADI method is applied to the Hermite bicubic collocation equations. We conclude that the TPGADI method is an effective tool for solving the discrete elliptic problems arising from a large class of elliptic problems.
Group decision-making theory and behavior under performance-based water quality payments

Abstract Two theoretical models explaining group allocation decisions under watershed level, performance-based payments are explored: (I) reward and penalize individual contributors; and (II) reduce the problem with cost-sharing and cooperative abatement. Under Model I, an optimal amount of pollution from individual contributors can be achieved with proper payment incentive and group allocation formula. Model II represents a cost effective solution to pollution reduction where the group optimizes its return from group payments, but does not necessarily achieve an optimal level of pollution. Field experiment observations support farmer behavior closer to Model II.
The Role of Rewards in Conflictual International Interactions

Models of international conflict often omit the option of offering rewards as a means of exerting influence. The author has developed a revised version of Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman's (1992) international interaction game that allows states either to offer rewards or threaten military force once they have made political demands and their adversary has rejected them. After laying out the game's logic, the author derives predictions about the conditions under which war occurs and rewards are offered and accepted with complete information. The costs of using force, relative military capabilities (i.e., the probability of victory in war), and the value of the rewards drive these predictions. The author also relaxes the complete information assumption and shows how uncertainty can affect the choices of both the maker of the demand and the recipient. Finally, the model is illustrated by applying it to two crises: the United States-Japan crisis leading to the Pearl Harbor attack and the Cuban missile crisis. T...
Serotonin and Serotonin Transport in the Regulation of Lactation

Serotonin (5-HT), classically known as a neurotransmitter involved in regulating sleep, appetite, memory, sexual behavior, neuroendocrine function and mood is also synthesized in epithelial cells located in many organs throughout the body, including the mammary gland. The function of epithelial 5-HT is dependent on the expression of the 5-HT receptors in a particular system. The conventional components of a classic 5-HT system are found within the mammary gland; synthetic enzymes (tryptophan hydroxylase I, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase), several 5-HT receptors and the 5-HT reuptake transporter (SERT). In the mammary gland, two actions of 5-HT through two different 5-HT receptor subtypes have been described: negative feedback on milk synthesis and secretion, and stimulation of parathyroid hormone related-protein, a calcium-mobilizing hormone. As with neuronal systems, the regulation of 5-HT activity is multifactorial, but one seminal component is reuptake of 5-HT from the extracellular space following its release. Importantly, the wide availability of selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) allows the manipulation of 5-HT activity in a biological system. Here, we review the role of 5-HT in mammary gland function, review the biochemistry, genetics and physiology of SERT, and discuss how SERT is vital to the function of the mammary gland.
Software comparison for evaluating genomic copy number variation for Affymetrix 6.0 SNP array platform

Copy number data are routinely being extracted from genome-wide association study chips using a variety of software. We empirically evaluated and compared four freely-available software packages designed for Affymetrix SNP chips to estimate copy number: Affymetrix Power Tools (APT), Aroma.Affymetrix, PennCNV and CRLMM. Our evaluation used 1,418 GENOA samples that were genotyped on the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. We compared bias and variance in the locus-level copy number data, the concordance amongst regions of copy number gains/deletions and the false-positive rate amongst deleted segments. APT had median locus-level copy numbers closest to a value of two, whereas PennCNV and Aroma.Affymetrix had the smallest variability associated with the median copy number. Of those evaluated, only PennCNV provides copy number specific quality-control metrics and identified 136 poor CNV samples. Regions of copy number variation (CNV) were detected using the hidden Markov models provided within PennCNV and CRLMM/VanillaIce. PennCNV detected more CNVs than CRLMM/VanillaIce; the median number of CNVs detected per sample was 39 and 30, respectively. PennCNV detected most of the regions that CRLMM/VanillaIce did as well as additional CNV regions. The median concordance between PennCNV and CRLMM/VanillaIce was 47.9% for duplications and 51.5% for deletions. The estimated false-positive rate associated with deletions was similar for PennCNV and CRLMM/VanillaIce. If the objective is to perform statistical tests on the locus-level copy number data, our empirical results suggest that PennCNV or Aroma.Affymetrix is optimal. If the objective is to perform statistical tests on the summarized segmented data then PennCNV would be preferred over CRLMM/VanillaIce. Specifically, PennCNV allows the analyst to estimate locus-level copy number, perform segmentation and evaluate CNV-specific quality-control metrics within a single software package. PennCNV has relatively small bias, small variability and detects more regions while maintaining a similar estimated false-positive rate as CRLMM/VanillaIce. More generally, we advocate that software developers need to provide guidance with respect to evaluating and choosing optimal settings in order to obtain optimal results for an individual dataset. Until such guidance exists, we recommend trying multiple algorithms, evaluating concordance/discordance and subsequently consider the union of regions for downstream association tests.
Roles and effects of pyroprocessing for spent nuclear fuel management in South Korea

Abstract Republic of Korea (ROK) changed its spent nuclear fuel policy from the once-through usage and direct disposal to a total system approach that includes pyroprocessing, sodium-cooled fast reactors, and a two-tier geological repository to achieve a breakthrough for domestic deadlock situation and thus enable sustainable utilization of nuclear power, but caused disagreement in the bilateral negotiation with the United States (US) for the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. Analysis has revealed that this shift is effective to make a breakthrough for domestic deadlock because it augments variety of technological options, with which more reversible decision-making process can be conducted to accommodate broad public needs. A trade-off has been explored first by deriving four engineering options from the ROK's system concept and then by comparing their performance from six viewpoints. The option including separation of high-heat emitting radionuclides by the electrolytic reduction process has been recommended. This option should be modified as exogenous and endogenous situations change in future. It is imperative for ROK to integrate a public-participatory decision-making process that works in concert with technology development. US can verify that ROK's motivation is not deviating from successful spent fuel management by checking if a transparent process with public participation is conducted.
Dumb Grids and Smart Markets

The paper presents building a smart grid having task to solve two kinds of problems in technical and social aspect. Many of the social and managerial problems come from the segmented structure of the nation's electrical infrastructure.
Astronomy: Elements of surprise.

The discovery of a very distant galaxy for which the abundances of around 25 elements can be measured promises new insight into the history of element creation and star formation in the Universe.
Agglomeration multigrid for two-dimensional viscous flows

Abstract Agglomeration multigrid, which has been demonstrated as an efficient and automatic technique for the solution of the Euler equations on unstructured meshes, is extended to viscous turbulent flows. For diffusion terms, coarse grid discretizations are not possible, and more accurate grid transfer operators are required as well. A Galerkin coarse grid operator construction and an implicit prolongation operator are proposed. Their suitability is evaluated by examining their effect on the solution of Laplace's equation. The resulting strategy is employed to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for aerodynamic flows. Convergence rates comparable to those obtained by a previously developed non-nested mesh multigrid approach are demonstrated, and suggestions for further improvements are given.
Dispersion in cellular thermal convection in porous layers

Abstract A numerical and experimental study is reported for the case of two-dimensional buoyancydriven convection in saturated horizontal packed beds. The classical Darcy model is extended by the Forchheimer (inertial) term and the effective thermal conductivity of the medium is represented by the sum of a stagnant and a (hydrodynamic) dispersive component, the latter being proportional to the local filtration velocity amplitude. Bifurcation analysis of the porous Benard problem with dispersive and inertial terms proves that the results of the classical Darcy model still hold at the onset of convection for weak dispersion. Both terms are important for steady convection in shallow packed beds. The effect of dispersion on Nusselt number is stronger than that of inertia unless the Prandtl number of the porous medium is of order 0.01 or less. The ratio of layer thickness to bead diameter is shown to be a significant parameter of the problem that can help explain some contradictory experimental results.
The prediction of the 19F NMR spectra of fluoro-substituted arenetricarbonylchromium complexes

Abstract A 19 F NMR data set for fluoroarenetricarbonylchromium complexes has been used to compute statistical SCS values for a number of groups. When these values are used to predict the 19 F NMR signal positions of these compounds they give a correlation coefficient of predicted versus observed values of 0.992 with a standard deviation of 1.89.
Catholic Social Teaching and American Politics: How Can a Church Contribute to Civic Dialogue in a Liberal Democracy?

This article examines how the Catholic Church has sought over the past 30 years to participate meaningfully in political life and civic dialogue in the US – a nation constitutionally predicated on a strict separation of church and state, but which accommodates compromises, and a society historically hostile to its minority Catholic population. *Corresponding author: Paul Christopher Manuel, Mount St. Mary’s University, Emmitsburg, MD, USA, e-mail: manuel@msmary.edu
Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The first hydrothermal fluid samples collected along the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) are remarkably similar in composition and temperature to fluids collected along the shallower, faster-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR). The MAR fluids, like those from the EPR, appear to be in equilibrium with a greenschist-facies mineral assemblage. In contrast to the EPR, the more fractured nature of the MAR apparently allows fluids at one of the MAR sites to interact with weathered basalt.
Urine vascular endothelial growth factor-A is not a useful marker for endometriosis.

Abstract Objective To determine whether urine VEGF is elevated in women with endometriosis. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Tertiary care government and private hospitals. Patient(s) During laparoscopy for pelvic pain or infertility, urine was collected and possible endometriosis lesions were excised. Of 62 women, 40 had histology-proven endometriosis and 22 had no histological proof of the disease. Intervention None. Main outcome measure(s) Urine VEGF-A 121, 165 was measured and compared in women with and without biopsy-proven endometriosis. Result(s) Urine VEGF levels corrected for creatinine excretion were similar in women with (83.6 ± 11.3 pg/mg Cr) and without (88.5 ± 10.4 pg/mg Cr) endometriosis ( P = .77). The frequency distribution of urine VEGF measurements for women with and without endometriosis was similar. No significant difference was noted in urine VEGF levels when comparing endometriosis stages or in those with endometriomas compared to controls. Urine VEGF did not vary significantly over the menstrual cycle or between groups by cycle phase. No cutoff point discriminated individuals with and without the condition. Conclusion(s) It is unlikely that urine VEGF-A 121, 165 , as measured in this study, will be a useful non-invasive marker for endometriosis.
The Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Cold Cardioplegia on Coronary Flow Velocity and the Reactive Hyperemic Response in Patients and Dogs

Abstract In normal coronary arteries, reactive hyperemic responses to a 20-second occlusion, an index of coronary reserve, usually demonstrate a peak-to-resting flow velocity ratio of 4:1 or more. Most intraoperative studies that have assessed reactive hyperemic responses in bypassed vessels have reported peak-to-resting flow velocity ratios of 2:1 or less following a 20-second occlusion. These decreased reactive hyperemic responses could be due to coronary vasodilatation after cardiopulmonary bypass or to an inadequate physiological result of the surgical procedure. In 14 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries, the peak-to-resting flow velocity ratio following a 20-second coronary occlusion decreased significantly ( p In a second group of dogs studied for the effects of duration (200 to 240 minutes) of anesthesia and thoracotomy alone, peak-to-resting flow velocity ratio was significantly lower. These clinical and experimental studies suggest that major coronary vasodilatation occurs early following cardiopulmonary bypass and cold cardioplegia, and may contribute to the blunted coronary reactive hyperemic responses reported during this time. Consequently, an intraoperative peak-to-resting flow velocity ratio of 3:1 for bypassed coronary arteries may represent an excellent physiological result.
Null correctors for 6.5-m f/1.25 paraboloidal mirrors

The instruments used to interferometrically measure the optical surfaces of the 6.5-m f/1.25 primary mirrors for the MMT conversion and the Magellan telescope projects must compensate over 800 pm surface departure from the best fitting sphere. The errors in the optical test must not contribute more than 0.04 arc seconds FWHM to the final image and the conic constant must be held to 0.01%. This paper presents an overview of the instruments that were built to measure these giant mirrors to such high accuracy.
Using dissolved organic matter age and composition to detect permafrost thaw in boreal watersheds of interior Alaska

Recent warming at high latitudes has accelerated permafrost thaw, which can modify soil carbon dynamics and watershed hydrology. The flux and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils to rivers are sensitive to permafrost configuration and its impact on subsurface hydrology and groundwater discharge. Here, we evaluate the utility of DOM composition and age as a tool for detecting permafrost thaw in three rivers (Beaver, Birch, and Hess Creeks) within the discontinuous permafrost zone of interior Alaska. We observed strong temporal controls on Δ14C content of hydrophobic acid isolates (Δ14C-HPOA) across all rivers, with the most enriched values occurring during spring snowmelt (75 ± 8‰) and most depleted during winter flow (−21 ± 8‰). Radiocarbon ages of winter flow samples ranged from 35 to 445 yr BP, closely tracking estimated median base flow travel times for this region (335 years). During spring snowmelt, young DOM was composed of highly aromatic, high molecular-weight compounds, whereas older DOM of winter flow had lower aromaticity and molecular weight. We observed a significant correlation between Δ14C-HPOA and UV absorbance coefficient at 254 nm (α254) across all study rivers. Using α254 as an optical indicator for Δ14C-HPOA, we also observed a long-term decline in α254 during maximum annual thaw depth over the last decade at the Hess Creek study site. These findings suggest a shift in watershed hydrology associated with increasing active layer thickness. Further development of DOM optical indicators may serve as a novel and inexpensive tool for detecting permafrost degradation in northern watersheds.
An analytical expression for predicting the critical radius in the autoconversion parameterization

Received 19 November 2003; revised 7 January 2004; accepted 25 February 2004; published 25 March 2004. [1] An analytical expression for the critical radius associated with Kessler-type parameterizations of the autoconversion process is derived. The expression can be used to predict the critical radius from the cloud liquid water content and the droplet number concentration, eliminating the need to prescribe the critical radius as an empirical constant in numerical models. Data from stratiform clouds are analyzed, indicating that on average continental clouds have larger critical radii than maritime clouds. This work further suggests that anthropogenic aerosols affect the autoconversion process by increasing the critical radius and decreasing the characteristic radius, which in turn inhibits the initiation of embryonic raindrops, and by decreasing the autoconversion rate after the initiation process. The potential impact of this work on the evaluation of the second indirect aerosol effect is discussed. INDEX TERMS: 1600 Global Change; 1640 Global Change: Remote sensing; 1655 Global Change: Water cycles (1836); 1704 History of Geophysics: Atmospheric sciences; 1854 Hydrology: Precipitation (3354). Citation: Liu, Y., P. H. Daum, and R. McGraw (2004), An analytical expression for predicting the c ritical r adius i n t he autoconversion parameterization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06121, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL019117.
Classical Test Theory

Classical test theory (CTT) comprises a set of concepts and methods that provide a basis for many of the measurement tools currently used in health research. The assumptions and concepts underlying CTT are discussed. These include item and scale characteristics that derive from CTT as well as types of reliability and validity. Procedures commonly used in the development of scales under CTT are summarized, including factor analysis and the creation of scale scores. The advantages and disadvantages of CTT, its use across populations, and its continued use in the face of more recent measurement models are also discussed.
Pulsed Nd:YAG laser selective ablation of surface enamel caries: I. Photoacoustic response and FTIR spectroscopy

Enamel caries lesions on extracted teeth were ablated with a pulsed Nd:YAG or Er:YAG laser. Tissue ablation was accompanied by a popping' sound (the photoacoustic response). Analysis of the photoacoustic response yields insights into the laser / tissue interactions. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of lesions before ablation show a strong protein component associated with organic material (i.e., bacteria). Following ablation this protein component is absent.
Environmental Chemistry of Beryllium-7

In addition to the stable isotope 9Be, Be is also formed as two cosmogenic isotopes of interest to earth scientists. Cosmogenic Be is formed primarily in the stratosphere from cosmic-ray spallation of oxygen and nitrogen, but some is produced in the troposphere and in situ on the surface of the earth. Production of cosmogenic Be was hypothesized by Peters (1955). Soon after, naturally occurring 7Be was identified in precipitation by Arnold and Al-Salih (1955) and essentially concurrently and independently by Goel et al. (1956). 10Be (T1/2 = 1.5 × 106 yr) was first detected by Arnold (1956) in marine sediment cores. The 10Be/7Be production ratio is approximately 0.5 (Lal and Peters 1967). After its formation in the atmosphere, cosmogenic Be adsorbs electrostatically to aerosols that may be washed out by precipitation and delivered to ecosystems. The amount of cosmogenic Be that reaches the surface of the earth is a function of production rate (cosmic-ray intensity), stratosphere-troposphere mixing, circulation and advection within the troposphere, and efficiency of removal from the troposphere (wet and dry deposition) (Feely et al. 1989). Since the discovery of cosmic-ray produced Be, numerous researchers have gathered data on its (1) production, (2) fluxes to the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems, (3) distribution and inventory in soils, snow, sediments, and vegetation, and (4) geochemical behavior. In 1955, Peters suggested that the relatively long half-life of 10Be could make it useful for quantifying Tertiary sedimentation rates and other surficial processes. The focus of this chapter is the short-lived radionuclide 7Be (T1/2 = 53.12±0.07 days; Jaeger et al. 1996). Due to its short half-life, relative ease of measurement, and well-defined source term, 7Be serves as a useful tool for tracing and quantifying environmental processes on the …
Hybrid Atomistic/Continuum Study of Contact and Friction Between Rough Solids

A hybrid simulation method is used to study the effect of atomic structure and self-affine roughness on non-adhesive contact and friction between two-dimensional surfaces. Rough-on-flat and rough-on-rough contact are compared as a function of system size up to several micrometers. In order to contrast elastic and plastic behavior, interactions within the deformable substrate are either harmonic or Lennard-Jones. The ratio of lattice constants in the solids is varied to examine the effect of commensurability. In all cases the true area of contact rises linearly with load, but the slope is much larger than expected from continuum calculations. These calculations considered a continuous distribution of surface heights that is appropriate for large scales, rather than the discrete height distribution of the crystalline surfaces used here. The ratio of contact area to load depends on the ratio of lattice constants in the solids and varies with system size in small systems that deform plastically. While some dislocations are observed, plasticity is dominated by an asperity flattening mechanism where surface atoms are displaced into a lower layer. The kinetic friction rises linearly with load and is independent of system size, as predicted by Amontons’s laws. Variations in friction with commensurability are smaller for rough surfaces than for flat surfaces, because most of the contact area is in small patches. Asperity flattening increases patch sizes and thus the effect of commensurability on friction. Rough-on-rough contact leads to additional friction associated with the local slope of the contacting regions.
Cosmological Effects of Primeval Fermion Degeneracy in the Grand Unified Theories

Generalized grand unified big-bang models which include initial fermion degeneracies are considered, and limits are obtained on specific entropy and lepton number valid for any theory which contains SU(5). Lepton degeneracies may occur which significantly affect element production. These results affect inferences about the early universe based on the standard model.
Differential effects of metabolites on the active and inactive forms of hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase.

Abstract Partially purified acetyl CoA carboxylase was converted in vitro to its predominately phosphorylated (less active, b ) or dephosphorylated (active, a ) form. Studies of the properties of the two forms of carboxylase indicated that the a -form had a greater V than the b -form in the presence of different concentrations of citrate, pyruvate, MgATP 2− , MnATP 2− , acetyl CoA, and palmityl CoA. The concentration required for half-maximum stimulation of the a -form was less for citrate and the same as the b -form for MgATP 2− , MnATP 2− , and acetyl CoA. The concentration required for half-maximum inhibition of the a -form was higher for palmityl CoA, avidin, and ATP. The b -form was more strongly inhibited by palmityl CoA and avidin and this inhibition was partially reversed by citrate. These studies indicate that under normal physiological concentrations of metabolites, the b -form is virtually inactive. The physiological significance of the interconversion between the two forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase thus appears to lie in their differential response to the various metabolites which regulate the enzyme activity.
Movement dynamics reflect a functional role for weak coupling and role structure in dyadic problem solving

Successful interaction requires complex coordination of body movements. Previous research has suggested a functional role for coordination and especially synchronization (i.e., time-locked movement across individuals) in different types of human interaction contexts. Although such coordination has been shown to be nearly ubiquitous in human interaction, less is known about its function. One proposal is that synchrony supports and facilitates communication (Topics Cogn Sci 1:305–319, 2009). However, questions still remain about what the properties of coordination for optimizing communication might look like. In the present study, dyads worked together to construct towers from uncooked spaghetti and marshmallows. Using cross-recurrence quantification analysis, we found that dyads with loosely coupled gross body movements performed better, supporting recent work suggesting that simple synchrony may not be the key to effective performance (Riley et al. 2011). We also found evidence that leader–follower dynamics—when sensitive to the specific role structure of the interaction—impact task performance. We discuss our results with respect to the functional role of coordination in human interaction.
The Fragmented Warehouse: Location Assignment for Multi-Item Picking

Warehouse operations typically aggregate identical stock keeping units (SKU) into the same storage bin for easier bookkeeping and organizing of goods. With the emergence of automatic identification and tracking technologies like RFID, free-form storage of goods becomes a viable alternative. We consider the strategy of storing identical copies of an SKU in a fragmented manner and evaluate the operational characteristics that benefit from fragmented storage. Fragmented storage of identical SKUs creates a greater number of feasible pick- list opportunities -- with greater choice, greater optimization follows. We present an abstract warehouse model to evaluate the location assignment problem in warehouse systems. Specifically, we investigate picking operations that retrieve multiple items during a warehouse pass. We provide an analytical result for operations using a 'hybrid-cost' cost metric, and a brute force analysis for operations using the more common 'maximum-cost' picking metric. We show that fragmentation is more favorable when the number of copies picked for each SKU is small.
Frequency of Breast Cancer Attributable to BRCA1 in a Population-Based Series of American Women

Context.—Previous studies of BRCA1 mutation prevalence have been based on high-risk groups, yielding estimates that do not reflect the experience of the general population of US patients with breast cancer.Objective.—To determine prevalence of known disease-related mutations and other variants in BRCA1 and how it differs by race, age at diagnosis, and family history status in a population-based sample of white and black patients with breast cancer unselected for family history.Design.—Case-control study.Setting.—A 24-county area of central and eastern North Carolina.Participants.—Cases were women aged 20 to 74 years diagnosed as having a first invasive breast cancer between May 1993 and June 1996. Controls were frequency matched to cases by 5-year age range and race. The first 211 cases and 188 controls regardless of race and the subsequent 99 cases and 108 controls of African American ancestry are included in this report.Main Outcome Measure.—Germline variants at any site in the coding sequence, splice junctions, 5′ untranslated region, or 3′ untranslated region of the BRCA1 gene were analyzed in cases, and selected variants were analyzed in controls. Screening was performed using multiplex single-strand conformation analysis, with all potential variants confirmed using genomic sequencing.Results.—Three of 211 patients with breast cancer had disease-related variants at BRCA1, all of which were protein-truncating mutations. After adjustment for sampling probabilities, the proportion of patients with breast cancer with disease-related variants was 3.3% (95% confidence interval, 0%-7.2%) in white women and 0% in black women. Young age at diagnosis alone did not predict BRCA1 carrier status in this population. In white women, prevalence of inherited mutation was 23% for cases with family history of ovarian cancer, 13% for cases from families with at least 4 cases of breast cancer with or without ovarian cancer, and 33% for cases from families with both breast and ovarian cancer and at least 4 affected relatives. Because these results are based on few families at the highest levels of risk, confidence intervals around these estimates are wide. An additional 5 patients had rare missense mutations or a single amino acid deletion, the biological significance of which is unknown. In black women, a variant in the 3′ untranslated region was statistically significantly more common in cases than in controls.Conclusions.—These data suggest that in the general US population, widespread screening of BRCA1 is not warranted. In contrast, BRCA1 mutations are sufficiently frequent in families with both breast and ovarian cancer, or at least 4 cases of breast cancer (at any age), that genotyping might be considered. The emerging picture of BRCA1 population genetics involves complex interactions of family history, age, and genetic ancestry, all of which should be taken into account when considering testing or interpreting results.
Perceiving Age Discrimination in Response to Intergenerational Inequity

Young (N = 57), middle-aged (N = 57), and older adults (N = 47) were presented with an editorial that argued in favor of their age group's economic interests (e.g., their privilege was fair; their disadvantage was unfair)or against their age group's economic interests (e.g., their privilege was unfair; their disadvantage was fair). Participants completed measures of perceived age discrimination, attributions for outcomes, and support for age-based spending. Unfavorable intergenerational comparisons elicited higher perceived age discrimination in middle-aged adults, and more support among all age groups for funding to middle-aged adults compared to favorable comparisons. Young and older adults reported more age discrimination than middle-aged adults regardless of comparison type. Age group status consequences for responses to the intergenerational conflict debate are discussed.
Mechanism of Purinergic Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Endothelial Cells

Background— Decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activity and NO production are critical contributors to the endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications observed in many diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Extracellular nucleotides activate eNOS and increase NO generation; however, the mechanism of this observation is not fully clarified. Methods and Results— To elucidate the signaling pathway(s) leading to nucleotide-mediated eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1177, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with several nucleotides, including ATP, UTP, and ADP, in the presence or absence of selective inhibitors. These experiments identified P2Y1, P2Y2, and possibly P2Y4 as the purinergic receptors involved in eNOS phosphorylation and demonstrated that this process was adenosine independent. Nucleotide-induced eNOS phosphorylation and activity were inhibited by BAPTA-AM (an intracellular free calcium chelator), rottlerin (a protein kinase Cδ inhibitor), and protein kinase C...
Quantized Multi-Rank Beamforming for MIMO-OFDM Systems

We consider the sum-rate maximization via linear preceding in downlink MIMO-OFDM systems with quantized feedback. We address the preceding codebook design based on the capacity measure by introducing a new distance metric. We propose a codebook structure and its associated design algorithm that allows for significant reduction in the memory requirement and computational complexity in real-time system implementation. We then provide a system design approach comprising of four main ingredients: (i) a multi-rank beamforming (MRBF) scheme, (ii) an efficient CQI-based precoder selection algorithm, (iii) reduced feedback strategies, and (iv) novel channel quality indicator (CQI) combining. Our simulation results show that the proposed MRBF scheme can approach the precoding upper bounds with relatively few feedback bits. Moreover, with the same number of bits, the proposed scheme simultaneously achieves higher throughput and lower computational complexity in comparison to the other existing precoding schemes.
Atypical manifestations and poor outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis in the immunocompromised

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize clinical features, neuroimaging, and outcomes of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in immunocompromised individuals. Methods: We performed a retrospective case control review of patients diagnosed with HSE. Adult patients were dichotomized into immunocompromised (n = 14) and immunocompetent groups (n = 15). Results: Fewer immunocompromised patients presented with prodromal symptoms and focal deficits. While the majority of CSF profiles in the immunocompromised patients were mononuclear cells predominant, 3 had polymorphonuclear predominance and another 3 had normal profiles. MRI showed widespread cortical involvement, with brainstem or cerebellar involvement in some. Two immunocompromised patients had recurrent HSE. The immunosuppressed state was associated with a decrease in Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPSS) score of 23.1 ( p = 0.018). Every 1-day delay in initiation of acyclovir was associated with a decrease in KPSS of 10.2 ( p = 0.002), and every 10 cell/mm 3 increase of CSF leukocytosis was associated with an increase in KPSS of 0.7 ( p = 0.009). Mortality rate was 6 times higher in the immunocompromised patients. Conclusions: Immunocompromised states may predispose to HSE with atypical clinical and neuroradiologic features. Immunocompromised individuals with HSE have significantly worse outcomes and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment is associated with improved outcome. The findings are particularly important in light of the increasing use of potent immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies.
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN CHILDREN

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious condition that warrants immediate and aggressive intervention. Even with appropriate intervention, DKA is associated with significant morbidity and possible mortality in diabetic patients in the pediatric age group. With appreciation of its severity, proper understanding of the pathophysiology, and careful attention to the details of management and close monitoring, most cases will have a satisfactory outcome. Because treatment is costly and because the risk for morbidity remains even under the best of circumstances, prevention of DKA must be a major goal in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Involvement and close follow-up by a multidisciplinary team of health care professionals with experience in dealing with diabetes in children and adolescents is the best way to avoid DKA.
Prisoner Reentry: What Works, What Does Not, and What Is Promising

During the past decade, there has been a renewed interest in prisoner reentry. This is due to a change in many of the factors surrounding the release of prisoners and their reentry to the community. These changes include a modification of sentencing from the use of parole to determinate release with fewer ex-offenders having supervision in the community, an increased emphasis on surveillance rather than assistance for those under supervision, less community stability and availability of community social service support, and dramatically larger numbers returning to the community. More releasees are being violated and returned to the community than ever before. Therefore, it is important to identify prisoner reentry programs that work. We define reentry, categorize reentry programs, and use the Maryland Scale of Scientific Method to determine the effectiveness of program categories. We conclude that many such categories are effective in aiding reentry and reducing recidivism.
Novel non planar ultra wide band quasi self-complementary antenna

In this paper we are presenting a novel compact, low profile, non-planar ultra wide band feed that has an input matching better than -11 dB over a decade of frequency bandwidth. In addition, the phase center location of this feed is also invariant over the frequency band.
Symmetry realization of BSIM model with dynamic reference method for circuit simulation

The dynamic reference method is implemented in BSIM4 to realize both continuity and symmetry under the source referencing MOSFET model framework. The method achieves accurate results at a much faster speed compared with other body-referencing and surface potential based approaches.