cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary Fiber and Diabetes

Persons with diabetes mellitus may reap substantial benefits from increasing their intake of dietary fiber. The short-term use of selected fibers lowers blood glucose values and insulin requirements1,2; serum cholesterol and triglyceride values may also decline.1,3 The long-term effects of fiber intake have not been evaluated, but two potential benefits can be proposed. First, improved diabetic control should lessen the likelihood of the specific complications of diabetes.4 Second, improved diabetic control coupled with lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride values should lessen the risk of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological evidence supports both these suggestions. In regions such as Japan, India, and the West Indies where the intake of carbohydrate and dietary fiber is high, the specific complications of diabetes are less frequent than in Western countries, where the fiber intake is low.5–7 Heart attacks and diabetic gangrene among persons with diabetes are less common in India and Japan than in the United States.6,7 Thus, an increase in dietary fiber intake by persons with diabetes may improve diabetic control; the risk for the small-blood-vessel complications specific for diabetes as well as for large-blood-vessel disease may be decreased.
Improving Quality Metric Adherence to Minimally Invasive Breast Biopsy among Surgeons Within a Multihospital Health Care System

Background Minimally invasive breast biopsy (MIBB) is the procedure of choice for diagnosing breast lesions indeterminate for malignancy. Multihospital health care systems face challenges achieving systemwide adherence to standardized guidelines among surgeons with varying practice patterns. This study tested whether providing individual feedback about surgeons' use of MIBB to diagnose breast malignancies improved quality metric adherence across a large health care organization. Study Design We conducted a prospective matched-pairs study to test differences (or lack of agreement) between periods before and after intervention. All analytical cases of primary breast cancer diagnosed during 2011 (period 1) and from July 2012 to June 2013 (period 2) across a multihospital health care system were reviewed for initial diagnosis by MIBB or open surgical biopsy. Open surgical biopsy was considered appropriate care only if MIBB could not be performed for reasons listed in the American Society of Breast Surgeons' quality measure for preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer. Individual and systemwide results of adherence to the MIBB metric during period 1 were sent to each surgeon in June 2012 and were later compared with period 2 results using McNemar's test of marginal homogeneity for matched binary responses. Results Forty-six surgeons were evaluated on use of MIBB to diagnose breast cancer. In period 1, metric adherence for 100% of cases was achieved by 37 surgeons, for a systemwide 100% compliance rate of 80.4%. After notification of individual performance, 44 of 46 surgeons used MIBB solely or otherwise appropriate care to diagnose breast cancer, which improved systemwide compliance to 95.7%. Conclusions Providing individual and systemwide performance results to surgeons can increase self-awareness of practice patterns when diagnosing breast cancer, leading to standardized best-practice care across a large health care organization.
Application of Modern Human Resource Management Practices by Women SME Owner/Managers in Kenya

The purpose of this study was to explore the application of modern human resource management practices by women SME owner/managers in Kenya. The objectives of the study were two: to examine to what extend the women SME owner/managers applied human resources management practices in their organizations and to establish if the application of human resource practices affected employee job performance. KEY WORDS: SME, women, HRM, performance, employee
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: Its diagnostic value in patients with congenital vascular malformations of the limbs

Abstract Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) of the limb include simple and cavernous hemangiomas, microarteriovenous and macroarteriovenous fistulas, venous angiomas, and mixed CVMs. In differentiating these lesions, Doppler waveform analysis, labeled microsphere studies, arteriography, closed-space phlebography, and contrast-enhanced CT scans have all been advocated, but each has significant limitations. This article evaluates the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in characterizing CVMs. Limb CVMs were evaluated by MRI in eight patients: four in the upper and four in the lower extremity. Before MRI, seven of the patients had arteriography, five had phlebography, and five had Doppler waveform analysis. MRI showed a highly cellular network with little arteriovenous flow in five patients. In four of these, arteriography and phlebography confirmed the presence of a predominantly venous or microfistulous anomaly. In the other three patients, MRI demonstrated high-flow arterial and venous channels and were confirmed by arteriography to have macrofistulous arteriovenous malformations. In all eight patients, MRI revealed the anatomic location and the longitudinal and transverse extent of the vascular malformation as well as their relationships with contiguous muscle groups, bones, and vessels. We conclude that CVMs of the limbs can be characterized accurately with MRI, with the anatomic extent, degree of cellularity, and flow characteristics readily gauged. Because MRI provides the same basic information supplied by angiography and the noninvasive laboratory and assesses anatomic extent and cellularity, it serves well as the primary diagnostic test for suspected CVMs, particularly in infants and children in whom competitive tests pose additional limitations. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:64-70.)
Complementary DNA sequence of human neutrophil azurocidin, an antibiotic with extensive homology to serine proteases

Human neutrophils contain in their azurophil granules four antibiotic proteins with extensive homology to serine proteases, collectively termed serprocidins. Azurocidin is the only member of the group that lacks proteolytic activity. Using a monospecific antibody, we isolated from human bone marrow a cDNA encoding the complete azurocidin protein in its mature form, along with an N-terminal 24 residue hydrophobic peptide. The N-terminal third of the mature protein sequence contains a cluster of positively charged amino acid residues, many of which are predicted to be surface exposed. The primary sequence is highly homologous to elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, T-cell granzymes and other serine proteases. However, azurocidin has Gly for Ser and Ser for His substitutions in the catalytic triad. Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA suggests the existence of a single azurocidin coding sequence.
How reliable and valid is the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS-4) for youth of various racial/ethnic groups?

AIMS: To assess the reliability and validity of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale BSSS-4 by race/ethnicity. DESIGN: Six waves of nationally representative, cross-sectional, Legacy Media Tracking Survey (LMTS) data. Analyses are based on a sample size of 24 328 individuals. Response rates for the individual survey administrations range from 60% to 30%. SETTING: Data were collected by telephone, from April 2001 to January 2004. PARTICIPANTS: Youth, aged 12-17 years, who completed the LMTS. MEASUREMENTS: Sensation seeking was measured using the four-item scale, BSSS-4, published by Stephenson et al. in 2003. A series of items from the LMTS was used to measure youth intention to smoke and smoking behavior. FINDINGS: Mean sensation seeking scores increased as the risk for established smoking increased. African American youth who are open to smoking or have experimented with cigarettes had lower mean sensation seeking scores than their white and Hispanic counterparts. Coefficient alpha and average corrected item-total correlations suggest that the BSSS-4 is a less reliable measure of sensation seeking for African American youth compared to white and Hispanic youth. CONCLUSIONS: The BSSS-4 is a useful tool for identifying youth at risk for smoking; however, it is less reliable and valid for African American youth compared with other youth. Future research should investigate whether other existing sensation seeking scales are equally reliable and valid across race/ethnicity, and whether an alternative scale could or should be developed that would measure sensation seeking more effectively among African American youth. Language: en
Characterization of hind paw licking and lifting to noxious radiant heat in the rat with and without chronic inflammation

The paw withdrawal latency to thermal radiant heat stimuli is a widely used nociceptive measure to study hyperalgesic mechanisms. In the present study, in addition to the paw withdrawal latency, two behavioral components of pain behaviors, paw licking and paw lifting have been characterized and quantified. The thermal stimuli were successively applied to the plantar surface of the rat hind paws and recorded the behavioral responses to each of the stimuli. Noxious radiant heat significantly increased the frequency of paw lifting behavior in naive rats. On the other hand, the thermal stimuli significantly evoked the occurrence of paw licking behavior in inflamed paws and it was maintained at all time points of measurements. The paw withdrawal latency decreased in inflamed rats in comparison with control rats. These data informs that noxious radiant heat specifically evokes the frequency of paw lifting behavior in normal physiological condition, and paw licking behavior in a pathological inflammatory condition. These findings suggest that in addition to the measurement of PWL, scoring of paw licking and lifting behaviors will improve the sensitivity of this pain test.
NADPH diaphorase histochemistry in the macaque striate cortex.

The distribution of the enzyme dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase was examined in the striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. The pattern of activity in the neuropil matched that of cytochrome oxidase in adjacent sections and the enzymes were similarly modulated by monocular deprivation. Scattered individual cells were also intensely positive for NADPH diaphorase. Labelled cells were most common in the white matter and layers 2 and 3; they were least common in layers 4 and 5. Diaphorase cells were morphologically diverse, but no pyramidal or spiny cells were labelled. Labelled cells often had multiple varicose processes, which extended laterally for over 1 mm. Although the function of this enzyme is unknown, the morphology and distribution of the diaphorase-positive cells resembles published reports of cortical cells containing somatostatin, avian pancreatic polypeptide, and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity, and NADPH diaphorase is colocalized with these substances in the rodent striatum (S.R. Vincent, O. Johansson, T. Hokfelt, L. Skirboll, R.P. Elde, L. Terenius, J. Kimmel, and M. Goldstein, J. Comp. Neurol. 217:252-263, '83).
Agent-based rumor spreading models for human geography applications

In this paper, two rumor spreading models to investigate information spread in disaster scenarios are described. In the experiments shown, the impact of various scenario parameters were examined in terms of percentage of agents able to reach a shelter within a prescribed amount of time. Future work will include adding rumors for information other than the availability of evacuation shelters. For example, additional rumors on traffic or road closings and conditions will be included. The inclusion of traffic and road information will cause agents to consider and update paths to evacuation shelters based on each agent's individual knowledge of the road structure and the information that gets passed to them. Furthermore, in the second rumor-spreading model, agents have some level of skepticism about the rumors. They must hear a rumor several times before trusting the information. The level of an agent's skepticism or how an agent perceives information may be related to personality. Future work will incorporate personality traits into each agent and these traits will be used to modulate how agents perceive and make use of the rumors they hear.
Molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization of a novel zebrafish cytosolic sulfotransferase.

Abstract By searching the zebrafish expressed sequence tag (EST) database, we have identified a cDNA clone encoding a putative zebrafish cytosolic sulfotransferase (ST). This cDNA was isolated and subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Analysis of the sequence data revealed that this novel zebrafish ST displays 32–35% amino acid sequence identity to members of all major cytosolic ST gene families. Therefore, this zebrafish ST, while belonging to the cytosolic ST gene superfamily, appears to be independent from all known constituent ST gene families. Recombinant zebrafish ST, expressed using the pET23c prokaryotic expression vector and purified from transformed Escherichia coli cells, migrated as a 34-kDa protein upon sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified zebrafish ST displayed sulfating activities toward dopamine and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), with a pH optimum spanning 7–9. The enzyme also exhibited activities toward a number of xenobiotics including some flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. A thermostability experiment revealed the enzyme to be relatively stable over a temperature range between 20 and 48 °C. Among 10 divalent metal cations tested, Fe++, Hg++, Co++, Zn++, Cu++, and Cd++ exhibited dramatic inhibitory effects on the activity of the enzyme. These results constitute a first study on the cloning, expression, and characterization of a zebrafish cytosolic ST.
Identification and interpretation of complexity in sedimentation velocity boundaries

Synthetic sedimentation velocity boundaries were generated using finite-element solutions to the original and modified forms of the Lamm equation. Situations modeled included ideal single- and multicomponent samples, concentration-dependent samples, noninteracting multicomponent samples, and reversibly self-associating samples. Synthetic boundaries subsequently were analyzed using the method of van Holde and Weischet, and results were compared against known input parameters. Results indicate that this analytical method provides rigorous diagnostics for virtually every type of sample complexity encountered experimentally. Accordingly, both the power and utility of sedimentation velocity experiments have been significantly expanded.
Development of an adaptive workload management system using the Queueing Network-Model Human Processor

Drivers overloaded with information from in-vehicle systems significantly increase the chance of vehicle collisions. Developing adaptive workload management systems (AWMS) to dynamically control th...
Will the Real Clinical Performance Requirements For X-Ray Diagnostic Systems Please Stand Up?

The recent trend, on the part of radiologists and physicists, of developing equipment performance specifications to assure the purchaser of the best possible performing system is a big step in the right direction, but the current approach raises some strong concerns. The method of defining the state-of-the-art or requiring the best available performance on subsystem parameters without reconciling that requirement with overall system performance is unrealistic. This short paper appeals to the medical community to strive for a closer corelation between performance specifications and the actual clinical requirements of the application.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of dopamine autoreceptor stimulation on the release of colocalized transmitters: In vivo release of dopamine and neurotensin from rat prefrontal cortex

Abstract The in vivo release of dopamine and neurotensin from the rat medial prefrontal cortex was studied using perfusion microdialysis coupled with sensitive radioimmunoassay and HPLC techniques. Following stimulation of dopamine autoreceptors with either apomorphine (30 μg/kg, s.c.) or EMD-23448 (10 μM in the perfusion buffer) a decrease in dopamine and an increase in neurotensin release was observed. The release of both substances was measured in the same dialysis sample. These data suggest that activation of dopamine autoreceptors in the prefrontal cortex produces opposing effects on the release of dopamine and neurotensin.
Diabetic Neuropathy: Pathogenetic Mechanisms And Treatment Implications

Chronic hyperglycemia underlies the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy (DN). Recent research emphasizes the roles of ischemia-hypoxia, oxidative stress, glycation, ω6 fatty acid metabolism and the interacting roles of excessive lipolysis, hyperactive polyol pathway and PKC activity and deficiencies of growth factors. In DN, oxidative stress is due primarily to nerve ischemia and auto-oxidation/glycation, but all the above mechanisms are interactive and all can cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress appears to be a particularly important mechanism in the pathogenesis of DN. Antioxidant enzymes are reduced in peripheral nerve and are further reduced in DN. That lipid peroxidation will cause neuropathy is supported by the development of neuropathy de novo when normal nerve is rendered α-tocopherol deficient. Recent studies emphasize the prominent pathological alterations in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and nerve roots of experimental DN. DRG mitochondrial cytopathy is suggested to result. Histochemical studies of DRG shows defective respiratory enzyme activity, TUNEL staining and caspase-3 immunostaining, suggesting apoptosis, especially apoptosis lente, a process that results in impairment of funtion with modest and slow cellular loss. These pathogenetic observations have spawned clinical trials with aldose reductase inhibitors, growth factor, protein glycation, γ-linolenic acid, PKC-β, and α-lipoic acid. Clinical trials on human diabetic neuropathy have been underpowered, especially with the short duration of the studies. Treatment with antioxidants have been especially efficacious in experimental diabetes, mainly in a preventive role. In established human DN, a minimum of 2 years is likely required to demonstrate benefit. A 4 year study of α-lipoic acid in human DN is underway.
Octave equivalence as measured by similarity ratings.

Octave equivalence refers to the musical equivalence of notes separated by one or more octaves; such notes are assigned the same name in the musical scale. The present series of experiments was an attempt to determine whether octave equivalence would be incorporated into subjects’ similarity ratings of pairs of tones or tone sequences. In the first experiment, subjects on each trial rated the similarity of two successively presented tones. The results failed to show evidence of octave equivalence. In subsequent experiments, the range of frequency values presented and the musical context were manipulated. Evidence of octave equivalence was found only when the range of tone height differences presented was small; the effect of musical context was negligible. The implications of these results for theories of music perception and recognition are discussed.
The Locutionary-Illocutionary Distinction

In a recent article1 Richard Gale proposes an analysis of the fictive use of language founded on the distinction between locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. What I wish to discuss is something which Gale has to say about the locutionary-illocutionary distinction. Implicit in his discussion of this distinction is the assumption that the locutionary content (i.e. propositional content) of any given sentence always remains constant, while the illocutionary act performed in uttering the sentence on different occasions may or may not vary. This point is made explicitly by Gale elsewhere. In his discussion of Strawson's theory of referring he contends that the attempt to avoid the absurdities engendered by Strawson's restricted theory of referring by denying that the same statement is made in two different cases in which the same sentence is used is to 'confound what is said with the illocutionary act performed'.2 What I wish to suggest, on the contrary, is that there are cases in which what is said by a given sentence (the locutionary content) may vary while the illocutionary act performed in uttering the sentence on different occasions remains constant. Gale refers to the locutionary content of a sentence as its customary sense or meaning. What I want to contend is that the customary sense or meaning of a sentence is a function not only of the semantical elements and syntactical structures which it embodies, but also a function of various other elements-specifically the stress and intonation pattern with which it is uttered; and that once the importance of this element is taken into account, Gale's position will turn out to be unable to withstand analysis. The upshot of this will be that it is incorrect to speak of the proposition expressed by a given sentence; rather we should speak of various different propositions which may be expressed by the same sentence. I will try to show that a given locutionary content of a sentence is to be identified by determining what a particular utterance of that sentence 'suggests' (in a loose sense of 'suggest' which will become clearer) and what sorts of response to it would count as appropriate. All of this will be made much clearer by an example. Consider the following sentence:
Partial Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil in a Piston Oscillating Monolith Reactor

The partial hydrogenation of soybean oil was carried out in a novel piston oscillating monolith reactor (POMR). POMR performance was studied under the application of low frequency (0−17.5 Hz) and amplitude (2.5 mm) vibrations at 110 °C and 0.41 MPa H2 using a Pd/Al2O3 monolith catalyst. Results show observed rate improvements of up to 220% for 17.5 Hz, 2.5 mm piston oscillations over low frequency pulsing conditions. For comparison purposes, the reaction was also carried out in a stirred tank reactor using the monolith catalyst. The POMR showed better activity at an equivalent power per unit volume when compared to a stirred tank. With the monolith catalyst, both external and internal mass transfer limitations exist. Using standard diffusion-reaction calculations and measurements over a range of particle sizes it was shown that the vibrations improve external mass transfer rates as well as internal transport within the washcoat. The POMR showed equal or better serial pathway selectivity than a stirred tan...
Broadband Optical Mammography: Visualization, oximetry, and depth assessment of blood vasculature

We present diffuse optical mammography images that capitalize on the large optical absorption contrast (two orders of magnitude) between blood vessels and breast tissue, thus displaying breast vasculature. We have found a good correspondence between blood vessels displayed in the optical mammogram and those visible in the x-ray mammogram from the same subject in the same view (craniocaudal). By using broadband spectral information (wavelength range: 650-900 nm), we measured the hemoglobin saturation for the blood vessels displayed in the optical mammogram, for which we obtained an average value of 70%. In order to assess the z-axis depth of optical inhomogneities detected in this planar scanning approach, we have introduced pairs of detector optical fibers that are off-axis with respect to the illumination optical fiber. The spatial shift between the locations of the optical inhomogeneities in the two off-axis images can be translated into a depth measurement through a quasi-universal depth-shift reference curve. We report Monte Carlo simulations that show how this depth-shift reference curve is affected by the distance between the source and detector scanning planes (sample thickness) and to the specific arrangement of the two off-axis detectors. Liquid tissue-like phantoms were used to test this depth assessment approach for an absorbing rod placed at a depth of 33.6 mm. The depth measured with our method over the rod length ranged within 33-35 mm, in excellent agreement with the actual rod depth. The ability to identify blood vessels, measure their hemoglobin saturation, and assess their depth within breast tissue is a valuable feature that can advance optical mammography by providing additional structural and functional information about breast tissue.
Myocardial remodeling with aortic stenosis and after aortic valve replacement: Mechanisms and future prognostic implications

Aortic valve stenosis is a common cause of left ventricular pressure overload, a pathologic process that elicits myocyte hypertrophy and alterations in extracellular matrix composition, both of which contribute to increases in left ventricular stiffness. However, clinical and animal studies suggest that increased myocardial extracellular matrix fibrillar collagen content occurs later in the time course of left ventricular pressure overload at a time coincident with severe abnormalities in diastolic function followed by the development of symptomatic heart failure. Aortic valve replacement remains the most effective treatment for elimination of chronic pressure overload secondary to aortic stenosis but has traditionally been recommended only after the onset of clinical symptoms. Long-term follow-up of patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis after aortic valve replacement suggests that valve replacement may not result in complete reversal of the maladaptive changes that occur within the myocardial extracellular matrix secondary to the pressure overload state. To the contrary, residual left ventricular extracellular matrix abnormalities such as these are likely responsible for persistent abnormalities in diastolic function and increased morbidity and mortality after aortic valve replacement. Defining the mechanisms and pathways responsible for regulating the myocardial extracellular matrix during the natural history of aortic stenosis may provide a means by which to detect crucial structural milestones and thereby permit more precise identification of the development of maladaptive left ventricular remodeling.
Design of an elliptically bent refocus mirror for the MERLIN beamline at the advanced light source

There is an increasing demand for well-focused beam with high quality imaging of the full field to further explore the potential of novel instruments. For beamlines operating at focal point, mechanical benders have often been used to shape the refocusing mirror into an ideal elliptical cylinder. Unfortunately, the limited number of couplings for these mechanisms requires specific substrate side-shaping, often calculated using beam bending theory [J.H. Underwood, Space Sci. Instrum. 3 (1977) 259; M. Howells et al., Opt. Eng. 39 (2000) 2748; T. Warwick et al., Document available at OSTI website: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/842557-JYZCS3/native/], to meet demanding figure requirements. Here, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to validate the side-shaping algorithm and then couple the output with SHADOW to evaluate mirror performance when an ideal ellipse is not achieved.
The Political Construction of the ‘Whole Curriculum’

This article focuses upon the conflicts which emerged between powerful interest groups in determining the shape of the curriculum during 1988 and 1989. It explores the ideological and political processes of developing what became known as the 'whole curriculum', that is, the 'basic curriculum' of the National Curriculum and religious education, and the cross-curricular themes, skills and dimensions. Specifically, it explores the micro-political educational and bureaucratic tensions between politicians, Department of Education and Science civil servants and National Curriculum Council professional officers within what have been called the 'context to influence' and the 'context of text production'.
Time-shifts Generalized Multiresolution Analysis over Dyadic-Scaling Reducing Subspaces

A Generalized Multiresolution Analysis (GMRA) associated with a wavelet is a sequence of nested subspaces of the function space ℒ2(ℝ), with specific properties, and arranged in such a way that each of the subspaces corresponds to a scale 2m over all time-shifts n. These subspaces can be expressed in terms of a generating-wandering subspace — of the dyadic-scaling operator — spanned by orthonormal wavelet-functions — generated from the wavelet. In this paper we show that a GMRA can also be expressed in terms of subspaces for each time-shift n over all scales 2m. This is achieved by means of "elementary" reducing subspaces of the dyadic-scaling operator. Consequently, Time-Shifts GMRA associated with wavelets, as well as "sub-GMRA" associated with "sub-wavelets" will then be introduced.
The VASE scales: Measures of viewpoints about sexual embeds in advertising

A set of six scales was developed for measuring viewpoints toward the use of sexual embeds in print advertisements. Four scales measured attitudinal aspects, including whether or not subjects found the use of such embeds to be (1) objectionable, (2) manipulative, (3) morally harmful, and (4) sufficiently controlled. Psychometric analyses indicate that, except for the morally harmful dimension, the scales were reliable and exhibited convergent validity; furthermore, a finding of discriminant validity was partially supported. Two other scales, which measured beliefs about (1) the economic benefits to a firm of using sexual embeds and (2) how frequently sexual embeds are used. were found to be reliable.
Criteria for neutron fusion

Abstract The reaction 6Li(n, α) T is studied as a possible mechanism for driving a fuel pellet of 6LiD to fusion temperatures through bombardment with low energy neutrons. The criterion Jt ⩾ 1023 for fusion by this scheme is derived where J is incident neutron current (cm−2 · s−1) and t is time (s). The possibility of fusion through implosion is also examined. Ablation pressure exerted by products of the Li(n, α) T reaction is found to be independent of the cross section of this reaction. The index of refraction of neutrons in the neV to eV range indicates total absorption on a sample of 6Li.
Globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation for tardive dyskinesia: Case report and review of the literature

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) can be a disabling condition and is frequently refractory to medical therapy. Over the past decade there have been many reports of TD patients experiencing significant benefit with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus interna (GPi). The growing literature on this treatment option for TD consists predominantly of case reports and series. The reported benefit ranges widely, but the majority of cases experienced at least a 50% improvement in symptoms. The anatomical distribution of dyskinesias has not clearly influenced outcome, though fixed postures appear less likely to improve than phasic movements. Onset of benefit can be immediate or take months, and benefit is sustained in most cases, for at least 6 months and up to several years. A wide variety of voltages, frequencies, and pulse widths have demonstrated efficacy. A small number of reports which examined psychiatric symptoms before and after surgery did not find any decline, and in some cases revealed improvement in mood. However, these overall positive results should be interpreted with caution, as the majority of reports lacked blinded assessments, control groups, or standardized therapy parameters. Finally, we present an illustrative case of refractory tardive dyskinesia treated with GPi-DBS with 5 years of follow-up and 4 accompanying video segments.
Simultaneous prediction of the development of loblolly pine and woody competitors in young plantations

A system for examining the effects of hardwood density and cover of herbaceous components on mean size in newly established loblolly pine plantations was developed using a site preparation study located in the piedmont province of Georgia (USA). Multispecies density models were derived to predict the sum of crown heights for eight important hardwood species using both the current or age 1 number of rootstocks and herbaceous vegetation to account for intra- and interspecific effects. The predicted sums of crown heights for the woody species were then used as predictors of mean height, diameter, and volume for loblolly pine. A seemingly unrelated regression procedure was used to compensate for correlations in error components within each system of equations that result from using predicted crown heights as regressor variables. The effects of varying sweetgum density and andropogon cover on the inter-related components of the systems based on current and age 1 competition were examined for mean height and mean diameter of the planted loblolly pines. The cumulative impacts of associated vegetation on loblolly pine growth and the relative sensitivity of height and diameter to competing vegetation were demonstrated.
The Pharmacology of mTOR Inhibition

A flurry of reports indicates that we are entering a new phase in the development of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-based therapies for oncology. Here, we summarize exciting findings regarding mTOR signaling and the outlook for mTOR inhibitors as tools to study the mTOR pathway and as drugs in the clinic.
Beyond mentoring: toward the rejuvenation of academic libraries

If academic libraries assumed responsibility for the recruitment and career advancement of their employees, rather than relying on the common mentoring practice of arranging a temporary series of functional pairings designed to orient or tenure employees, they could assist in rejuvenating the ranks of academic librarianship and meet their coming workforce needs.
Distance-dependent interactions between the rod and the cone systems in goldfish retina.

We recorded from ganglion cell axons in the optic tracts of self-respiring goldfish, and examined the interaction of rod-effective and cone-effective stimuli within their receptive fields. The summation of influences due to the rod system and the long wavelength sensitive cone system was analyzed by the methods of response-summation and sensitivity-summation. Different spatial relationships between the rod- and cone-effective stimuli allowed examination of distance-dependent effects.
Stagnant lid convection in a spherical shell

A compelling explanation for the observed lack of mobile surface plates on the terrestrial planets is that the strong temperature dependence of silicate rheology leads to a quasi-rigid stagnant lid at the cool surface of the convecting planetary mantle. We investigate such stagnant lid convection in an internally heated spherical shell. For the parameter range we study, convection beneath the lid is steady in time and characterized by cylindrical upwellings surrounded by cold sheet-like downwellings that exhibit dodecahedronal (l=6, m={0,5}) symmetry. The scaling relationship we obtain for the heat flux is very similar to results from two-dimensional numerical experiments and asymptotic boundary layer analyses. It seems that the predictions of two-dimensional models, in particular, low heat transport efficiency and extensive melting, also apply in fully three-dimensional spherical geometry.
Using Smart Cameras to Localize Self-Assembling Modular Robots

In order to realize the goal of self assembling or self reconfiguring modular robots the constituent modules in the system need to be able to gauge their position and orientation with respect to each other. This paper describes an approach to solving this localization problem by equipping each of the modules in the ensemble with a smart camera system. The paper describes one implementation of this scheme on a modular robotic system and discusses the results of a self assembly experiment.
A highly efficient chemoselective synthesis of 3,5-diketoesters by lipase-catalyzed transesterification: application to the resolution of secondary alcohols

Abstract A large number of 3,5-diketoesters have been synthesized by an immobilized lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction. Excellent yields and chemoselectivity were observed. The immobilized lipase could be reused without significant loss of activity up to three reaction cycles. The same enzyme system has been used for resolution of secondary alcohols. Overall good chemical and optical yield were observed.
Search for low-mass objects. II

The IR (K and L) magnitudes of 20 white dwarfs have been measured with a view to discovering brown dwarf companions, as previously discussed by Kumar (1985). The white dwarf mass was taken to be 0.7 solar masses, with progenitor and brown dwarf masses being 2.1 and 0.05, respectively; a brown dwarf companion with this mass, an age of less than 5 Gyr, and a distance 1-20 AU from the white dwarf's progenitor would have been detected. However, none was discovered.
Creep brack growth behavior of Two Al-Li alloys

Creep crack growth behavior of two Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloys with and without the addition of Ge was determined under static load at 150 °C and the results were analyzed using the linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics methods. The alloys were produced through conventional ingot metallurgy processing and extruded into a plate form. Texture is more pronounced in the alloy that does not contain Ge. Because of the texture, crack growth rates in the two alloys differ significantly for the L-T and T-L orientations. The growth occurs by the nucleation of microcracks ahead of the main crack which grow and coalesce with the main crack. While this leads to rapid crack growth in the T-L orientation, it causes crack tip bifurcation and even complete crack arrest in the L-T orientation.
Effect of altitude and cobalt polycythemia, hypoxia, and cortisone on susceptibility of rats to endocarditis.

Rats with polycythemia induced by exposures to simulated high altitudes developed a significantly higher incidence of endocarditis following intravenous bacterial injections than rats with cobalt polycythemia or ground level controls. No increase occurred in altitude rats when polycythemia was prevented by repeated bleedings. These findings suggest that both polycythemia and hypoxia are necessary to explain increased susceptibility of altitude rats. Cortisone increased susceptibility of ground level rats injected with Streptococcus faecalis . Unlike altitude exposures, however, cortisone did not render rats susceptible to endocarditis due to Hemophilus parainfluenza.
Flow birefringence of T2 bacteriophage DNA.

The streaming birefringence and extinction angles of DNA from T2 bacteriophage in neutral aqueous buffers have been determined over a range of concentrations from 5 to 44 μg./ml. and of velocity gradients from 5 to 50 sec.−1. Although the extinction angles are relatively small even at the lowest velocity gradients and concentrations studied, a lower limit estimate of the limiting extinction angle to shear rate ratio can be made, and this value is interpreted in terms of available dynamical theory. The statistical segment length has been estimated from the birefringence data as ∼ 1100 A. This figure is in satisfactory agreement with the results of independent calculations by others.
Behavior of stratified sand–silt–gravel composites under seismic liquefaction conditions

Abstract Laboratory seismic liquefaction studies have generally dealt with homogeneous soil conditions only, although stratified soils exist for various soil deposits. The main objective of this research project was to compare the behavior of stratified and homogeneous sand–silt–gravel composites during seismic liquefaction conditions for various silt and gravel contents. An experimental program was undertaken in which a total of eighty stress-controlled undrained cyclic triaxial tests were performed. Two methods of sample preparation were used for each soil type. These methods included moist tamping (representing homogeneous soil conditions) and sedimentation (representing layered soil conditions). The silt contents ranged from 0 to 50%, and soils with 10 and 30% gravel contents were tested. The confining pressure in all test series was 100 kPa. The results indicate that the liquefaction resistances of layered and uniform soils are not significantly different, despite the fact that the soil fabric produced by the two methods of sample preparation is totally different. This finding justifies applying the laboratory tests results to the field conditions for the range of variable studied.
Vocal fold bulging effects on phonation using a biophysical computer model

Summary Glottal adduction is a primary laryngeal variable that helps to determine glottal configuration and phonatory output. Greater adduction of the vocal folds can be produced by narrowing the gap between the vocal processes or by bulging the medial surface of the vocal folds. This study examined phonatory effects due to changing the degree of bulging using a computational model. Bulging was modeled as a quadratic surface and was related to active muscle stress. Results indicated that bulging had a significant effect on glottal flow resistance, maximum glottal width and area, and mean glottal volume velocity. The results are discussed relative to clinical issues of hyperfunction.
Expanding Alaska–Canada Rail: Jointly Visualizing Revenue Freight, Development Cost, Mineral Commodity Value, and Impact of Carbon Dioxide

Recent changes in global markets have raised the value of mineral resources in northwestern Canada and Alaska. The development of these resources depends on the economics of rail infrastructure expansion. Transportation decision makers need revenue and cost assessments to plan investment in rail infrastructure. A tool based on a geographic information system was developed for mineral resource evaluation and visualization. The tool incorporated expert-augmented mineral resource data for more than 22,000 occurrences in the region. The tool included the proposed Alaska-Canada Rail Link, which would connect Alaska rail to the lower 48 states. Users selected locations of known mineral occurrences near actual or proposed rail routes and used statistical mineral deposit models to estimate resource sizes and extractable value over time by combining current or user-entered commodity prices with multimodal revenue freight volumes and optimally routed transportation costs. The tool translated the revenue scenario in...
Routine postpartum treatment of dairy cattle with intrauterine neomycin sulfate boluses.

Abstract Within location, 119 dairy cattle from two experiment station herds, which had no problems associated with parturition, were randomly either treated by insertion of two intrauterine boluses containing a total of 1000 mg neomycin sulfate 24 h postpartum or maintained as a control. Uteri and ovaries of all cows were palpated 17 to 24 days postpartum and at 14 day intervals thereafter until inovulation of the uterus was judged complete and an estrus had been observed. All cows were inseminated at the first estrus after 60 days postpartum and at each estrus thereafter until conception. Cows treated with neomycin sulfate required more services per conception (1.7 to 1.4) and were open more days before conception (100.5 to 88.5) than the controls. The probable cause of the lowered reproductive efficiency is discussed. Treatment did not alter significantly days to ovulation, estrus, involution, or first service. Three treated and five control animals needed additional uterine treatment. Routine intrauterine treatment of all cows with neomycin sulfate boluses should not be recommended.
Proof of the ionization conjecture in a reduced Hartree-Fock model

The ionization conjecture for atomic models states that the ionization energy and maximal excess charge are bounded by constants independent of the nuclear charge. We prove this for the Hartree-Fock model without the exchange term.
Alcohol Use Potentiates Marijuana Problem Severity in Young Adult Women

Abstract Background Most young adult women who smoke marijuana also drink alcohol. Marijuana-related problems are associated with marijuana use frequency. We hypothesized that increased alcohol use frequency potentiates the association between frequency of marijuana use and marijuana-related problem severity. Methods We recruited women aged 18 to 24 who smoked marijuana at least monthly and were not treatment seeking. Marijuana and alcohol use were measured using the timeline follow-back method. Problems associated with marijuana use were assessed using the Marijuana Problems Scale. Findings Participants (n = 332) averaged 20.5 ± 1.8 years of age, were 66.7% non-Hispanic White, and reported using marijuana on 51.5 ± 30.6 and alcohol on 18.9 ± 16.8 of the 90 previous days. Controlling for education, ethnicity, years of marijuana use, and other drug use, frequency of marijuana use (b = .22; p p p Conclusions Concurrent alcohol use impacts the experience of negative consequences from marijuana use in a community sample of young women. Discussions of marijuana use in young adults should consider the possible potentiating effects of alcohol use.
Production of somatic embryos and shoots from sugarbeet callus: Effects of abscisic acid, other growth regulators, nitrogen source, sucrose concentration and genotype

Two sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes, REL-1 and REL-2, were used to measure the level of somatic embryo and shoot production from hormone-autonomous callus plated under varied nutrient medium combinations of abscisic acid with the growth regulators 6-benzyladenine, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with eight sole nitrogen sources, or with different sucrose concentrations. Clone REL-2 produced embryos up to 35-fold more frequently than clone REL-1. Inclusion of abscisic acid at some concentrations consistently improved embryo production in all experiments and was observed to stimulate shoot production. At some concentrations, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid as well as urea and glutamine stimulated greater embryo production over the control, but only for REL-1, for which there was greater room for improvement. Three and five percent sucrose were superior to 1, 7, and 9%. Higher initial 6-benzyladenine concentration [in the range 0, 0.1−1.0 mg/L (0.44−4.44 µM)] was associated with lower embryo production but greater shoot regeneration for both clones. REL-2 was significantly better than REL-1 in shoot regeneration. The range of embryo production was more than 35-fold between genotypes, whereas the range of physiological effects was no greater than 10-fold. REL-2 has been released to sugarbeet researchers because of its superior embryogenic and shoot regeneration abilities for application in biotechnology.
Nonlocal regularization of supersymmetric QED

Abstract We apply the technique of nonlocal regularization to the supersymmetric version of quantum electrodynamics. The regulated classical theory is shown to be manifestly supersymmetric, and invariant under a nonlocal gauge transformation. Provided that a suitable measure factor exists (we show that it exists to lowest nontrivial order), the quantum theory is pertubatively unitary. The lowest order corrections to the gauge field kinetic term are computed and shown to possess the correct properties.
Calculation of neutron yield from a dense Z pinch

Measurements of neutron yield from a Z pinch formed from a solid deuterium fiber have been reported recently. The scaling of yield with applied current was a surprising ${I}^{10}$. Although the neutrons were believed to result from a plasma instability, no explanation for the magnitude or scaling of the yield with current was suggested. A model of a sausage, or m=0, instability has been generated which gives the observed yield to a multiplicative constant and the scaling of yield with current. It is predicted that the yield can be increased by increasing the applied current, but the model indicates that yields from this mechanism may be limited to ${10}^{12}$ unless tritium is added to the pinch.