cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detergent‐assisted oxidative folding of δ‐conotoxins

Conotoxins comprise a diverse group of disulfide-rich peptides found in venoms of predatory Conus species. The native conformation of these peptides is marginally stable in comparison with alternative conformations, often resulting in low folding yields. The oxidative folding of hydrophobic delta-conotoxins was found to produce less than 1% of the native peptide [Bulaj, G. et al. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 13201]. In order to identify factors that might improve folding yields, we screened a number of additives including water-soluble polymers, detergents and osmolytes for their ability to increase steady-state accumulation of the native delta-conotoxin PVIA. The presence of a non-ionic detergent Tween and low temperature appeared to be the most effective factors in improving the oxidative folding. The detergent was also effective in promoting folding of other hydrophobic delta-conotoxins. Based on our findings, we discuss a possible mechanism for detergent-assisted folding and the general applicability of this mechanism to facilitating the proper folding of hydrophobic, cysteine-rich peptides.
Base property exemplification and mixed worlds: remarks on the Shafer-Landau/Mabrito exchange

In this essay I distinguish between a synchronic view of base property exemplification and a diachronic one. I argue that only a diachronic view of base property exemplification can substantiate a ban on morally mixed worlds. I then argue that one of Robert Mabrito’s recent criticisms of Russ Shafer-Landau’s moral realism fails on either a synchronic or a diachronic view.
A Comparison of Longevity and Fecundity of Adult Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Reared from Eggs of the Cabbage Looper and the Angumouis Grain Moth, with and without Access to Honey

The effects of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) eggs on the size, fecundity, and longevity, and of honey on the fecundity and longevity of Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti were investigated. Variation in the average length of the hind tibiae (HTL), a measure of a wasp’s body size, accounted for 72% of the variance in the number of mature eggs present in the ovaries of a 24-h-old T. platneri . Females with longer HTLs produced significantly more eggs and lived longer than did those with shorter HTLs. Large females (HTL = 0.21 ± 0.009 mm, x ± SD) produced 2.3 times more offspring than medium-sized females (HTL =0.17 ± 0.009 mm) and 5.5 times more than small females (HTL = 0.15 ± 0.004 mm). Females reared from S. cerealella eggs were significantly smaller (HTL = 0.14 ± 0.006 mm) than those reared from T. ni eggs (HTL = 0.17 ± 0.020 mm) and produced fewer offspring (18.2 ± 13 eggs versus 42.6 ± 25 eggs, respectively); hence, S. cerealella eggs apparently produce low-quality T. platneri females. Furthermore, T. Platneri lived longer with than without honey whether or not host eggs were present. Thus, the absence of a carbohydrate source (e.g., honey or honeydew) at the time of field release may limit the effectiveness of T. platneri .
Does coupling to a condensed phase increase or decrease tunneling

Etude du desordre induit par effet tunnel dans des solides contenant des rotateurs empeches (exemple de H 2 et CH 4 ) ou des ferroelectriques a liaison hydrogene
Intramolecular energy transfer and predissociation in C-state HCN

Using our ab initio configuration interaction potential energy surface for the C state of HCN, we carried out classical trajectory calculations aimed at simulating the predissociation dynamics of various vibronic states of HCN and DCN. Our results provide an interpretation of the experimental photofragment excitation spectrum of this species. They also indicate that tunneling, which had been postulated as a rate-determining step in the predissociation, is not substantial. Intramolecular energy transfer seems to be the slow step. Finally, there is evidence that on a time scale up to one rotational period, the predissociation kinetics is quite mode specific.
Skill representation in the primary motor cortex after long-term practice

The acquisition of motor skills can lead to profound changes in the functional organization of the primary motor cortex (M1). For example, performance of movement sequences after prolonged practice is associated with an expansion of the effector representation in M1. Paradoxically, there is little evidence that the activity of M1 neurons reflects acquired skills, especially sequences of movements. We examined the activity of M1 neurons during skilled movement sequences in macaques trained to successively hit targets on a monitor. The targets appeared either pseudorandomly (Random mode) or in one of two repeating sequences (Repeating mode). With practice, response times for repeating sequences substantially declined and the monkeys performed the task predictively. Highly trained animals retained the acquired skill after long gaps in practice. After >2 yr of training, 40% of M1 neurons were differentially active during the two task modes. Variations in movement kinematics did not fully explain the task-dependent modulation of neuron activity. Differentially active neurons were more strongly influenced by task mode than by kinematics. Our results suggest that practice sculpts the response properties of M1 neurons. M1 may be a site of storage for the internal representation of skilled sequential movements.
Fractures of the radial head

Abstract Recommendations regarding the management of radial head fractures have experienced an evolution over the past 2 decades. Prior recommendations consisted of early range of motion for nondisplaced fractures and radial head excision for displaced fractures. Development of improved surgical techniques and implants along with a better understanding of the biomechanics of the elbow have pushed recommendations toward restitution of the normal anatomy of the elbow by rigid open reduction and internal fixation of displaced radial head fractures. Radial head excision is recommended where rigid internal fixation is impossible, and prosthetic radial head replacement may be required with associated ligamentous instability of the elbow, forearm, or wrist. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
The effectiveness of UV irradiation on vegetative bacteria and fungi surface contamination

Ultraviolet irradiation has been used in the indoor environment to eliminate or control infectious diseases in medical care facilities. Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system components such as duct-liners, cooling coils, drip pans, interior insulation and areas subjected to high levels of moisture can create an environment which is prone to biological contamination on surfaces. The movement of indoor air being dominated by HVAC system operation can carry biological contaminants which can expose large numbers of building occupants to bioaerosols. The use of germicidal ultraviolet lamps (UVGI) in commercial and residential HVAC systems has increased. UVGI treatment has focused on HVAC component internal surfaces and airflow. A method to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of UVGI irradiation was developed and tested on the surface of agar plates with four species of vegetative bacteria and seven species of fungi. The percent kill and the kinetics of the rate of killing, k value, were calculated for each organism.
Presence and Persistence of Psychotic Symptoms in Cocaine‐ versus Methamphetamine‐Dependent Participants

The primary objective of this study was to compare and contrast psychotic symptoms reported by cocaine- and methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Participants included 27 cocaine-dependent and 25 methamphetamine-dependent males, as well as 15 cocaine-dependent and 18 methamphetamine-dependent females. After screening, participants were excluded if they met criteria for any Axis I diagnosis other than nicotine dependence, or methamphetamine or cocaine dependence (ie, participants had to use either methamphetamine or cocaine but were excluded if they met dependence criteria for both). The participants were administered the newly developed Psychotic Symptom Assessment Scale (PSAS), which assesses psychotic symptoms. A high proportion of both cocaine- and methamphetamine-dependent men and women reported delusions of paranoia and auditory hallucinations. However, during the abstinent and intoxicated conditions, methamphetamine-dependent men and women were more likely than cocaine-dependent men and women to report psychotic symptoms. Future studies will compare psychotic symptoms reported by non-dependent recreational stimulant users to stimulant-dependent individuals.
Software engineering for mathematics (keynote)

Since Turing, we have wanted to use computers to store, process, and check mathematics. However even with the assistance of modern software tools, the formalization of research-level mathematics remains a daunting task, not least because of the talent with which working mathematicians combine diverse theories to achieve their ends. By drawing on tools and techniques from type theory, language design, and software engineering we captured enough of these practices to formalize the proof of the Odd Order theorem, a landmark result in Group Theory, which ultimately lead to the monumental Classification of finite simple groups. This involved recasting the software component concept in the setting of higher-order, higher-kinded Type Theory to create a library of mathematical components covering most of the undergraduate Algebra and graduate Group Theory syllabus. This library then allowed us to write a formal proof comparable in size and abstraction level to the 250-page textbook proof of the Odd Order theorem.
Recrystallization of layered silicates to silicalite-1

Abstract Three methods for the synthesis of silicalite-1 by recrystallization of layered silicates were investigated. The layered silicates included magadiite, kenyaite and octosilicate, which were made using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 200) as a template. Both as-synthesized and calcined forms of the layered silicates were used as the silica source. In the system of NaOH–TPABr–SiO 2 –H 2 O (Method 1), silicalite-1 as a single phase was synthesized using as-synthesized kenyaite, octosilicate, or calcined magadiite at 150 °C. Silicalite-1 with impurity was obtained from as-synthesized magadiite or calcined kenyaite. In the system of TPAOH–SiO 2 –H 2 O (Method 2), silicalite-1 could be obtained at temperatures of 135, 150 and 175 °C, using either the as-synthesized or calcined forms of the layered silicates. Compared to fumed silica, the layered silicates had a higher reactivity in the synthesis of silicalite-1. In the system of NaOH–TPAOH–SiO 2 –H 2 O (Method 3), pure silicalite-1 could be synthesized using as-synthesized magadiite, kenyaite and octosilicate as well as calcined kenyaite as the silica source at 150 °C. For each of the three methods, the degree of crystallinity and morphology of silicalite-1 were dependent upon the synthesis parameters, including the gel composition and the type of layered silicate as well as the reaction temperature and time.
5.1.1 THE ROLE OF THE PROJECT MANAGER IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Some engineers regard the project manager as an obstacle to overcome in the systems engineering process. Their view is that the manager's obsession with program costs, concerns about making timely delivery, and interpretations of customer nuances work against the process. This paper suggests that, far from being an impedance, the project manager can be a facilitator of a balanced systems engineering approach. At the same time, engineers must appreciate and understand the project manager's role and work with him to avoid adversarial relationships. This paper reviews the role of the project manager in the systems engineering process and explores ways that he and the project engineers can work together to ensure application of good systems engineering practices in the development of the product while giving attention to the project manager's concerns.
Comparison of sleeping time, immobility time and arousal time in mice

The sodium salts of the five barbiturate hypnotics hexoba rbitone, pentobarbitone amylobarbitone, secobarbitone and phenobarbitone, were studied in mice for their effect on duration of sleeping time, immobility time and arousal time. The latter measurement is described herein for the first time and is a measure of the duration of sleep with a moderate shocking stimulus to differentiate sedation and hypnosis in the mouse. The comparative potency of the drugs by these measurements is evaluated.
Sterically selective reduction of protein carboxyl groups by disiamylborane or by 9-borabicylo(3,3,1)nonane.

Abstract Reduction of carboxyl groups in lysozyme and myoglobin was investigated employing two alkylboranes with differing degrees of steric requirements with the aim of achieving steric control of the direction of hydroboration. Disiamylborane, a dialkylborane with large steric requirements, enabled the specific reduction of accessible glutamic acids and unhindered end-chain carboxyl groups. On the other hand, 9-borabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane, a bicyclic dialkylborane with appreciable hindrance, exhibited good selectivity for glutamate and unhindered C-terminal carboxylate groups with only marginal reduction of β-carboxyl groups of aspartic acid. In addition to their usefulness in specific chemical modification, these reagents may also prove to be valuable conformational probes.
Role of glycosylation in conformational stability, activity, macromolecular interaction and immunogenicity of recombinant human factor VIII.

Factor VIII (FVIII) is a multi-domain glycoprotein that is an essential cofactor in the blood coagulation cascade. Its deficiency or dysfunction causes hemophilia A, a bleeding disorder. Replacement using exogenous recombinant human factor VIII (rFVIII) is the first line of therapy for hemophilia A. The role of glycosylation on the activity, stability, protein–lipid interaction, and immunogenicity of FVIII is not known. In order to investigate the role of glycosylation, a deglycosylated form of FVIII was generated by enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate chains. The biochemical properties of fully glycosylated and completely deglycosylated forms of rFVIII (degly rFVIII) were compared using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, size exclusion chromatography, and clotting activity studies. The biological activity of degly FVIII decreased in comparison to the fully glycosylated protein. The ability of degly rFVIII to interact with phosphatidylserine containing membranes was partly impaired. Data suggested that glycosylation significantly influences the stability and the biologically relevant macromolecular interactions of FVIII. The effect of glycosylation on immunogenicity was investigated in a murine model of hemophilia A. Studies showed that deletion of glycosylation did not increase immunogenicity.
Rho family proteins and Ras transformation: the RHOad less traveled gets congested

The Rho family of small GTPases has attracted considerable research interest over the past 5 years. During this time, we have witnessed a remarkable increase in our knowledge of the biochemistry and biology of these Ras-related proteins. Thus, Rho family proteins have begun to rival, if not overshadow, interest in their more celebrated cousins, the Ras oncogene proteins. The fascination in Rho family proteins is fueled primarily by two major observations. First, like Ras, Rho family proteins serve as guanine nucleotide-regulated binary switches that control signaling pathways that in turn regulate diverse cellular processes. Rho family proteins are key components in cellular processes that control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, activate kinase cascades, regulate gene expression, regulate membrane trafficking, promote growth transformation and induce apoptosis. Second, at least five Rho family proteins have been implicated as critical regulators of oncogenic Ras transformation. Thus, it is suspected that Rho family proteins contribute significantly to the aberrant growth properties of Ras-transformed cells. Rho family proteins are also critical mediators of the transforming actions of other transforming proteins and include Dbl family oncogene proteins, G protein-coupled receptors and G protein alpha subunits. Thus, Rho family proteins may be key components for the transforming actions of diverse oncogene proteins. Major aims of Rho family protein studies are to define the molecular mechanism by which Rho family proteins regulate such a diverse spectrum of cellular behavior. These efforts may reveal novel targets for the development of anti-Ras and anti-cancer drugs.
Managing asthma: it takes teamwork.

ccording to recent estimates, 15 million Americans have been diagnosed with asthma. And the number is rising every year, accompanied by a steady increase in patient deaths, especially among African Americans. In response to this trend, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute formed an international advisory panel in 1992 to evaluate the problem and develop a standard for asthma treatment worldwide. As a result of the panel's work, in 1995 the institute published the report "Global Initiative for Asthma," which defines asthma and provides information on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and classification, prevention, and management. Traditionally, clinicians have considered bronchospasm the primary disease process in asthma and have treated the condition accordingly. But the international advisory panel determined that the physiologic changes associated with asthma result from inflammatory responses in the airways, and they classify the disease as a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. So in addition to controlling acute bronchospasm, proper asthma management
Erratum to: The Ability to Diagnose Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Definitively Using Novel Branched DNA-Enhanced Albumin RNA In Situ Hybridization Technology

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) often is a diagnosis determined by exclusion. Distinguishing ICC from other metastatic adenocarcinomas based on histopathologic or immunohistochemical analysis often is difficult and requires an extensive workup. This study aimed to determine whether albumin, whose expression is restricted to the liver, has potential as a biomarker for ICC using a novel and highly sensitive RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) platform. Modified branched DNA probes were developed for albumin RNA ISH. The study evaluated 467 patient samples of primary and metastatic lesions. Of the 467 samples evaluated, 83 were ICCs, 42 were hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and 332 were nonhepatic carcinomas including tumors arising from the perihilar region and bile duct, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, colon, breast, ovary, endometrium, kidney, and urinary bladder. Albumin RNA ISH was highly sensitive for cancers of liver origin, staining positive in 82 (99 %) of 83 ICCs and in 42 HCCs (100 %). Perihilar and distal bile duct carcinomas as well as carcinomas arising at other sites tested negative for albumin. Notably, 6 (22 %) of 27 intrahepatic tumors previously diagnosed as carcinomas of undetermined origin tested positive for albumin. Albumin RNA ISH is a sensitive and highly specific diagnostic tool for distinguishing ICC from metastatic adenocarcinoma to the liver or carcinoma of unknown origin. Albumin RNA ISH could replace the extensive diagnostic workup, leading to timely confirmation of the ICC diagnosis. Additionally, the assay could serve as a guide to distinguish ICC from perihilar adenocarcinoma.
Improved distal distribution of n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue by simultaneous injection of dextrose 5% through the guiding catheter: technical note

The use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) as an adhesive agent for embolization of high-flow intracranial and extracranial vascular lesions is well established. To be successful, the embolization of arteriovenous malformations and fistulas must achieve obliteration of the arteriovenous shunts themselves rather than simply occlude the feeders proximal to the lesion. However, the feeders cannot always be negotiated over their entire length. This is often the case with dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF), which are usually vascularized by long and intricate meningeal networks. In such situations, NBCA may not be able to reach the lesion itself, rendering the embolization ineffective. We present a new technique that improves distal distribution of NBCA glue. The technique described in this report consists of injecting dextrose 5% through the guiding catheter simultaneously with the superselective injection of NBCA glue into the targeted feeding branch. The technique is illustrated with three cases of posterior fossa DAVF. In the reported cases, flooding the territory of the targeted vessel with non-ionic dextrose 5% allowed deep progression of the glue by delaying contact with ionic substances. Excellent distribution of the NBCA glue reaching the site of the arteriovenous shunts was thus obtained despite suboptimal proximal microcatheter tip positions. Simultaneous perfusion of dextrose 5% through the guiding catheter during NBCA injection dramatically improves the distal progression of glue through small, tortuous arterial feeders. This technique has the potential to increase the therapeutic value of transarterial embolization for DAVFs.
The metabolism of high-density lipoproteins.

Although high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have been shown to be the best single indicator of the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), relatively little is known about their metabolism. Accordingly, only limited strategies are available for therapeutically raising plasma HDL levels. The circulating HDL particle is assembled in the blood as the result of remodeling the nascent discoidal HDL followed by transfer of lipid and protein components from other lipoproteins. The catabolism of HDL is equally complex. The receptor-mediated removal mechanism of HDL from the plasma has yet to be substantiated. Despite the extensive studies performed, no clear mechanism has emerged whereby HDL particles protect the arteries from atherosclerosis. Reverse cholesterol transport remains an attractive hypothesis, but several other potential mechanisms may also play a role in the interaction between HDL and the arterial surface. Recent studies related to the regulation of HDL metabolism are discussed with particular emphasis on the potential role of the postprandial state. A brief discussion is also provided on potential future strategies for regulating HDL levels through pharmacologic intervention.
A brassinosteroid‐cytokinin interaction on ethylene production by etiolated mung bean segments

Three cytokinins and their ribosides were tested in conjunction with brassinosteroid (BR) for their effects on ethylene production in etiolated mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Rwilcz cv. Berken) hypocotyl segments. When varying concentrations of BR were tried in combination with a fixed amount of kinetin (10 μM), there was an increase in ethylene production with increasing concentrations of BR up to 3 μM, and a decline beyond. A stimulation in ethylene production was observed with increasing concentrations of each of the cytokinins used. However, when applied in conjunction with 3 μM BR, all cytokinin concentrations produced similar stimulatory patterns. When 3 μM BR or 10 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was applied in conjunction with increasing concentrations of IAA, there was a stimulation in ethylene production with increasing concentrations of IAA. However, 3 μM BR and 10 μM BAP together with varying concentrations of IAA failed to alter the level of ethylene production.
Approximate algorithms for some generalized knapsack problems

Abstract In this paper we construct approximate algorithms for the following problems: integer multiple-choice knapsack problem, binary multiple-choice knapsack problem and multi-dimensional knapsack problem. The main result can be described as follows: for every e 0 one can construct a polynomial-time algorithm for each of the above problems such that the ratio of the value of the objective function by this algorithm and the optimal value is bounded below by 1 - e.
Relationship of the 24-Hour Pattern of Intraocular Pressure with Optic Disc Appearance in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose To study the relationship between the 24-hour pattern of intraocular pressure (IOP) with optic disc appearance in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Design Observational clinical study. Participants Seventy-five eyes of 45 POAG patients. Methods Patients underwent 24-hour IOP assessment in a sleep laboratory. Two observers classified the optic disc appearance for each eye as either concentric or nonconcentric. The IOP measurements were obtained with the subjects in the supine and sitting positions during the diurnal period and in the supine position during the nocturnal period. The mean, peak, and trough IOP and IOP range (peak through trough) were calculated for the office-hour period (9 am to 4 pm), the diurnal period (7 am to 11 pm), the nocturnal period (11 pm to 7 am), and the 24-hour period. Further, the difference in supine and sitting IOP during the diurnal periods was calculated, and generalized estimating equations were used to compare IOP measurements in both groups. Main Outcome Measures Diurnal and nocturnal IOP measurements. Results Forty eyes were classified as having concentric optic disc appearance and 35 eyes as having nonconcentric optic disc appearance. The mean nocturnal IOP was significantly greater in the concentric group (mean±standard deviation [SD], 24.0±3.8 mmHg) compared with the nonconcentric group (mean±SD, 21.9±1.9 mmHg; P = 0.004). Most IOP peaks of patients with the concentric optic disc appearance occurred during the nocturnal period, as opposed to the diurnal period of patients with the nonconcentric optic disc appearance. Conclusions Concentric optic disc appearance may be associated with higher nocturnal IOP compared with nonconcentric optic disc appearance. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Organic Analyses of Selected Areas of Surveyor III recovered on the Apollo 12 Mission

Results of organic analyses of certain parts of the Surveyor 3 television camera retrieved from the moon by the Apollo 12 astronauts. Organic contamination of the mirror surface and camera exterior (shroud) is reported and is attributed to spacecraft outgassing, Lunar Module descent engine blasting, possible Surveyor 3 engine exhaust products, and unknown sources.
Effect of photocatalytic surface roughness on reactors effectiveness for indoor air cleaning

Abstract Photocatalysis is a promising technique for remediation of indoor air pollution. This study focuses on the enhancement of the effectiveness of the photocatalytic process by the introduction of artificial roughness on the interior reactor surface. Artificial roughness elements on the catalytic surface could enhance the turbulence intensity close to the catalytic surface. The enhanced turbulence intensity would translate to an increased in the mass transfer of airborne contaminants to the catalyst surface, improving the efficiency of photocatalysis. Air flow properties in a model photoreactor channel with transverse rib roughness on the wall are investigated by the “realizable k –epsilon ( k – e )” model. The investigation includes different shapes, sizes, and arrangements of the roughness elements for determining the maximum enhancement of turbulence intensity in the photoreactor channel. The optimum roughness has been determined to be an isosceles triangle shape with the bottom angle ( α ) equal to 75°, the relative height ( e / h ) equal to 0.05, and the pitch ratio ( p / e ) equal to 10. An experimental study was also carried out, which verified that the photocatalytic reactor performance for indoor air cleaning is significantly improved by a roughness pattern on catalyst surface compared to a reactor with a smooth catalyst surface.
Mineralogic and Petrologic Study of Lunar Anorthosite Slide 15415,18

The anorthosite slide 15415,18 contains 98 percent subhedral plagioclase (97 mole percent anorthite), two pyroxenes: diopsidic augite (46 percent wollastonite, 39 percent enstatite, 16 percent ferrosilite) with subsidiary (100) lamellae and grains of hypersthene (2.5 percent wollastonite, 58 percent enstatite, 39.5 percent ferrosilite), and traces of ilmenite. The pyroxene occurs interstitial to, and as small grains enclosed within, plagioclase. The textures and compositions of the phases appear compatible with an origin by concentration and adcumulus growth of plagioclase from a gabbroic anorthosite (or hyperaluminous) magma in a "plutonic" environment.
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN ACIDS AND THEIR SODIUM SALTS UPON THE GROWTH OF SCLEROTINIA CINEREA

Various studies have been made of the toxic effects of certain acids upon diverse plant and animal material, and in some cases the investigators have tried to account for the toxic action observed. The results are somewhat conflicting. Wolf and Harris (I8), working with Bacillus perfringens and B. sporogenes, came to the conclusion that hydrochloric, lactic, formic, butyric, acetic, malic, and succinic acids affect the growth of B. perfringens in proportion to the hydrogen-ion concentration. The anions and undissociated acids behave merely as foreign bodies possessing a certain inhibiting influence in proportion to their molecular concentration. From their studies of the action of formic acid and certain salts upon B. typhosus, Norton and Hsu (I3) concluded that the disinfecting power of an acid is approximately proportional to the hydrogen-ion concentration. Kronig and Paul (io), as a result of their investigations on the effect of a series of compounds, organic and inorganic, upon Bacillus anthracis, state that there is a general relationship between the disinfecting power and the amount of dissociated hydrogen present with the acids employed. However, certain investigators find that the toxic action of certain acids may be attributed in large part to other causes than the hydrogen ion. Clark (2), who used the hanging-drop method to study the toxic effect of certain deleterious agents upon the germination and subsequent development of Aspergillus flavus, Sterigmatocystis nigra, Oedocephalum albidum, Penicillium glaucum, and Botrytis vulgaris, found that the toxic properties of acetic acid are to be attributed almost wholly to the undissociated molecule. Collett (4) worked with Paramoecium caudatum, Stylonichia pustulata, Euplotes patella, land Vorticella nebulifera. She observed that the hydrogen ion is not the only factor in toxicity, for, in solutions of equal pH, the acids used were not equally toxic. Depression of ionization showed that the anions of formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, citric, benzoic, phthalic, and salicylic acids are toxic to Paramoecium and Euplotes. She also found that mixtures of certain acids (formic, acetic, butyric, and valeric) with non-toxic concentrations of their salts are more toxic than can be accounted for by the pH of the mixtures. The same thing applied to salicylic acid when mixed with a dilute solution of the sodium salt. This seems to indicate that the molecules are in themselves toxic. Kahlenberg and True
Auditory and visual attention-based apparent motion share functional parallels

A perception of coherent motion can be obtained in an otherwise ambiguous or illusory visual display by directing one's attention to a feature and tracking it. We demonstrate an analogous auditory effect in two separate sets of experiments. The temporal dynamics associated with the attention-dependent auditory motion closely matched those previously reported for attention-based visual motion. Since attention-based motion mechanisms appear to exist in both modalities, we also tested for multimodal (audiovisual) attention-based motion, using stimuli composed of interleaved visual and auditory cues. Although subjects were able to track a trajectory using cues from both modalities, no one spontaneously perceived (“multimodal motion”) across both visual and auditory cues. Rather, they reported motion perception only within each modality, thereby revealing a spatiotemporal limit on putative cross-modal motion integration. Together, results from these experiments demonstrate the existence of attention-based motion in audition, extending current theories of attention-based mechanisms from visual to auditory systems.
Organic Analysis on the Pueblito de Allende Meteorite

Organic analysis of Pueblito de Allende meteorite using thin layer chromatography or combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Two-level tunneling states and the constant density of states in quadrupolar glasses.

Starting from a microscopic Hamiltonian for interacting quadrupoles (QP's) randomly placed in a solid, we obtain a model for the two-level tunneling states and the constant density of states in quadrupolar glasses from fundamentals. We use perturbation theory to show that in a quenched system of strongly interacting QP's, 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} reorientational flips of single QP's give low-energy excitations. These low-energy excitations arise from our starting Hamiltonian and are described in the form of an effective two-level state (TLS) Hamiltonian. For intermediate concentrations of ${\mathrm{CN}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions dissolved in KBr, we propose that it is the center of mass displacement of the ${\mathrm{CN}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion that leads to a constant density of states rather than the electric dipole interaction between the cyanides, as was proposed earlier by Sethna et al. The physical mechanism for the glasslike low-energy excitations proposed here thus involves 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} tunneling flips with a translation of the center of mass of the tunneling unit. We then show that it is the elastic random fields experienced by the QP's that give a constant density of states and specific heat linear in temperature and logarithmic in time and that this result is not sensitive to the exact form of the QP-QP interaction or the presence of a weak electric dipole interaction. We suggest that the concepts developed for KCN-KBr mixed crystals may also help to explain the quasiuniversal low-temperature thermal properties of canonical and other quadrupolar glasses.
Penning trap mass spectrometry of neutron-rich Fe and Co isotopes around N=40 with the LEBIT mass spectrometer

Penning trap mass spectrometry is presented as a complementary tool to nuclear spectroscopy experiments for the study of nuclear structure in the vicinity of $N=40$, $Z=28$. High-precision mass measurements of the $^{63\ensuremath{-}66}\mathrm{Fe}$ and $^{64\ensuremath{-}67}\mathrm{Co}$ isotopes have been carried out with the Low Energy Beam and Ion Trap (LEBIT) Penning trap mass spectrometer. The newly obtained mass values for $^{66}\mathrm{Fe}$ and $^{67}\mathrm{Co}$ are presented, together with the previously reported LEBIT mass measurements in this region. In the case of $^{65}\mathrm{Fe}$ the existence of a new isomer is reported, and an isomer recently discovered by decay spectroscopy in $^{67}\mathrm{Co}$ is confirmed. Relative mass uncertainties as low as $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ are obtained. All mass values are found to be in good agreement with previous experimental results with the exception of $^{64}\mathrm{Co}$, where a $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ deviation is observed. Using these data the two neutron separation energies ${S}_{2n}$ are calculated. However, the large error bars in the mass values of the neighbor Fe and Co isotopes with $Ng40$ complicate the validation of a weak subshell closure at $N=40$ for the Co isotopes or the possible reduction in the neutron shell gap in the case of the Fe isotopes, in accordance with the theoretical predictions of an onset of deformation in the region.
Pre-existing AAV Capsid-specific CD8+ T Cells are Unable to Eliminate AAV-transduced Hepatocytes

The goal of these studies was to test whether adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid-specific CD8+ T cells cause loss of hepatic AAV-mediated gene expression in experimental animals. Mice immunized with adenoviral vectors expressing AAV capsid or with AAV vectors developed CD8+ T cells in blood, lymphatic tissues, and liver to epitopes shared between AAV2 and AAV8, and serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. At the height of the T cells' effector phase, mice were infused with a heterologous AAV vector expressing human factor IX under a hepatocyte-specific promoter. Despite the presence of lytic CD8+ T cells in the liver, hepatic Factor IX expression was sustained and comparable in AAV-preimmune and naive animals. These results suggest that, in mice, pre-existing CD8+ T cells to AAV capsid do not affect the longevity of AAV-mediated hepatic gene transfer. These results are in contrast to the outcome of a recent gene therapy trial of hemophilia B patients who were treated by hepatic gene transfer of AAV2 vectors expressing Factor IX. The loss of Factor IX expression, accompanied by a rise in liver enzymes and detectable frequencies of circulating AAV capsid-specific T cells, suggested T-cell-mediated destruction of transduced hepatocytes following reactivation of AAV-specific T cells upon AAV transfer.
Pupillary dysautonomia and migraine: is Adie's pupil caused by migraine?

SYNOPSIS Adie's pupil and migraine occur in the same population. Migraine is an extremely common disease and Adies is not rare. Among 22 patients presenting with Adie's pupillotonia, eight patients had a migraine history and nine had a family history of migraine. Therefore, if a history is meticulously undertaken in patients with Adie's Syndrome, the history of migraine in the patient or in his family may be found. Since Adie's Syndrome is a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, as is the migraine syndrome, these entities may be related.
Microbubbles as biocompatible porogens for hydrogel scaffolds

In this study, we explored the application of lipid-shelled, gas-filled microbubbles as a method for creating on-demand microporous hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. The technique allowed for homogenous distribution of cells and micropores within the scaffold, increasing the absorption coefficient of large solutes (70kDa dextran) over controls in a concentration-dependent manner. The stability of the gas phase of the microbubbles depended on several factors, including the initial size distribution of the microbubble suspension, as well as the temperature and pressure during culture. Application of pressure cycles provided controlled release of the gas phase to generate fluid-filled micropores with remnant lipid. The resulting microporous agarose scaffolds were biocompatible, leading to a twofold increase in engineered cartilage properties (E(Y)=492±42kPa for the bubble group vs. 249±49kPa for the bubble-free control group) over a 42-day culture period. Our results suggest that microbubbles offer a simple and robust method of modulating mass transfer in cell-seeded hydrogels through mild pressurization, and the methodology may be expanded in the future to include focused ultrasound for improved spatio-temporal control.
VEHICLE AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR YARD WASTE COLLECTION

Curbside collection of yard waste material is costly because the amounts collected per residence are small compared to the total waste stream and time is wasted driving by non-setting-out residences. In this paper, mathematical models are presented capable of estimating route time based on the distribution and amount of materials collected, and route and collection method characteristics. A method is presented that uses route time, set-out rate, and average set-out amount to estimate vehicle and labor requirements for compost curbside collection programs. The effect of collection practice on vehicle and labor needs is also explored.
It's the economy, and then some: modeling the presidential vote with state panel data

Using data for the 50 US states for presidential elections from 1972 to 2004 two theories for determining state voting outcomes are considered jointly: the ‘economy matters’ and ‘home grown-ness’ theories. Fixed-effects regressions show that measures of the ‘economy matters’ (real income, unemployment and a proxy for inflation) have the predicted effects on state voting patterns for presidential elections. The home grown theory receives mixed support. There is weak evidence that incumbent-party candidates garner greater support in their home states. There is strong support, however, for the proposition that incumbent-party candidates fare worse in the home state of rival-party candidates.
AGU Appoints New Journal Editors

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems has added Janne Blichert-Toft (Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) to its editorial board.
Bridging to Cardiac Transplantation with Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Devices

Abstract As cardiac transplantation becomes more commonplace in the treatment of end-stage heart failure and as suitable donors become less available, an increasing number of patients will require mechanical circulatory assistance to bridge to transplantation. Since 1982, refractory hemodynamic instability requiring placement of pulsatile ventricular assist devices (VADs) has developed in 11 candidates for transplantation aged 24 to 54 years (mean, 39.6 years). A pneumatic Pierce-Donachy pump was used in 9 patients and an electrical Novacor pump in 2. The cause of the cardiomyopathy was ischemic in 6, postpartum in 2, idiopathic in 2, and doxorubicin hydrochloride toxicity in 1. Seven patients required left ventricular support (LVAD); 4 required biventricular mechanical support (BVAD). Duration of support ranged from 8 hours to 91 days with flows ranging from 4.1 to 8.5 L/min (mean, 5.5 L/min). Although hemodynamic stability was achieved in all 11 patients, contraindications to transplantation developed in 5 patients during VAD support (renal failure in 4, sepsis in 3, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in 1). The remaining 6 patients (4 with an LVAD, 2 with a BVAD) remained good candidates for transplantation despite major complications in 5 (mediastinal bleeding in 3, driveline infection in 3, development of preformed antibodies in 2, small embolic stroke caused by device malfunction in 1). The 3 patients who were supported the longest (24, 75, and 91 days) were ambulatory while awaiting a donor heart. All 6 patients underwent successful transplanation after 8 hours to 91 days (mean, 24 days) of support. Other than one sternal wound infection, there were no major complications after transplantation. The 6 survivors have been followed 4 to 30 months (mean, 14 months) with 1 late death due to medical noncompliance; the remaining 5 patients are in New York Heart Association Functional Class I. These results indicate that pulsatile VADs can provide prolonged hemodynamic support prior to transplantation with good preservation of end-organ function. Using strict criteria for determining suitability for transplantation, successful short-term outcome in this series was uniform.
Nursing assessment program in infection control procedures

Abstract To assess the infection control educational needs of the nursing service while providing a “hands-on” in-service exercise, nurses were invited to test their infection control knowledge as part of a clinical scenario. After a brief review of the “case,” participants surveyed for 10 minutes a mock patient's room where a manikin served as the “patient.” Through staged breaks in technique, various components of infection control practice were to be identified by the participants. Five basic areas of infection control practice including handwashing and isolation technique, Foley catheter care, intravenous therapy and line maintenance, use of suctioning equipment and fluids, and general sanitation were presented at 12 stations within the room. Immediately after this exercise, members of the infection control staff revealed the errors in the exhibit and demonstrated the correct procedures. The average score among 548 participants was 57% (11.4 out of 20 possible correct answers). Scores were not influenced by the number of years of experience in nursing. However, differences were seen regarding educational degree and nursing units, which served as a basis to recommend specific infection control education.
Lessons learned in community research through the Native Proverbs 31 Health Project.

Background American Indian women have high rates of cardiovascular disease largely because of their high prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. This population has high rates of cardiovascular disease-related behaviors, including physical inactivity, harmful tobacco use, and a diet that promotes heart disease. Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to establish health behavior change to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Community context This study was conducted in Robeson County, North Carolina, the traditional homeland of the Lumbee Indian tribe. The study's goal was to develop, deliver, and evaluate a community-based, culturally appropriate cardiovascular disease program for American Indian women and girls. Methods Formative research, including focus groups, church assessments, and literature reviews, were conducted for intervention development. Weekly classes during a 4-month period in 4 Lumbee churches (64 women and 11 girls in 2 primary intervention churches; 82 women and 8 girls in 2 delayed intervention churches) were led by community lay health educators. Topics included nutrition, physical activity, and tobacco use cessation and were coupled with messages from the Proverbs 31 passage, which describes the virtuous, godly woman. Surveys collected at the beginning and end of the program measured programmatic effects and change in body mass index. Outcome Churches were very receptive to the program. However, limitations included slow rise in attendance, scheduling conflicts for individuals and church calendars, and resistance to change in cultural traditions. Interpretation Churches are resources in developing and implementing health promotion programs in Christian populations. Through church partnerships, interventions can be tailored to suit the needs of targeted groups.
Taking arrays from the lab to the field: trying to make sense of the unknown

With the rapid pace of nucleic acid microarray technology development and a renewed national emphasis on detecting and characterizing microorganisms in environmental samples, there is a rush to operationalize existing microarray technologies and apply them to uncharacterized environmental backgrounds. The purpose of this article is to pause and ask a basic question: what do microarray data actually mean in the face of uncharacterized sample backgrounds? In attempting to answer this question, we draw a clear distinction between hypothesis-driven fundamental science and operational uses of microarray technology; assess microarray technology assumptions in the face of uncharacterized environments; offer an environmental microbiologist's perspective on technology needs and requirements for quantitatively analyzing microbial communities; and hopefully stimulate a scientific and technical dialogue around the concept of analytical environmental microbiology and future technology development.