cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auroral structures at Jupiter and Earth

Abstract This paper compares global structures of the aurora observed at Jupiter and Earth and our understanding of the mechanisms that produce these structures. Both planets have permanent, magnetically conjugate auroral ovals, although produced by quite different mechanisms. Both are multispectral, having been observed at X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and radio wavelengths. The brightest structures are produced by downward accelerated electron fluxes associated with upward Birkeland (magnetic-field-aligned) currents. At both planets, the auroral forms are time variable, especially at highest latitudes. The main power source for auroral emissions is planetary rotation at Jupiter, and the solar wind interaction at Earth. Thus Jupiter's auroral structures tend to be fixed with respect to magnetic (System III) longitude while Earth's are fixed with respect to local time. Earth's auroral structure is strongly dependent on the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). At Jupiter, no IMF dependence is known, but observations have not been sufficient to show such a dependence if it exists. A unique feature of Jupiter's auroral structure, with no counterpart at Earth, is the signature of the large (Galilean) satellites and, in the case of Io, even the corotational wake of the satellite.
Daily life hour by hour, with and without cocaine: an ecological momentary assessment study

Rationale Effects of an intervention cannot be understood without precise knowledge of the baseline behavior on which the intervention is superimposed. For misusers of illicit drugs, patterns of daily activities and moods have not been studied in a way that is amenable to statistical aggregation.
Perceptions of contraceptive effectiveness and health effects of oral contraception.

PIP: The hypothesis that misperceptions about the effectiveness of contraceptive methods and the risks and benefits of oral contraceptive (OC) use are widespread in the US, even among the most educated population groups, was investigated in 147 women presenting to the Brown University (Providence, Rhode Island) health service and 189 students solicited by female volunteers on the campus. 90% of respondents correctly estimated the effectiveness of OCs in preventing pregnancy, but 32-34% inflated the pregnancy rates associated with subdermal implants and Depo-Provera. 60% overestimated the failure rate of the IUD. On the other hand, a majority underestimated the failure rates of barrier methods and spermicides. 41% believed OCs increase the risk of breast cancer and 33% thought the pill increases cervical cancer risk. 66% knew that OCs reduce dysmenorrhea and 50% were aware the pill decreases menstrual bleeding. However, the majority were unaware OCs reduce the risk of benign breast disease (95%), ectopic pregnancy (91%), pelvic inflammatory disease (90%), and anemia (89%). 81% were unaware of the protective effects of OCs against uterine cancer and 77% did not know they have a protective effect against ovarian cancer. In general, OC users were more aware of the health benefits of OCs than condom users. Finally, respondents were asked to rate their satisfaction with their current birth control method on a scale of 1-12. Mean satisfaction scores were significantly higher among OC users (10.3) than condom users (7.1). These findings indicate that, even among highly educated US women, misperceptions persist about the reliability of birth control, the risks of pregnancy, and the health effects of OCs.
Frequency-Mixing Detection of Polarization-Modulated Light Using Different Periodic Analyzers

We derive the equations that permit the use of six different periodic analyzers for the frequency-mixing detection (FMD) of polarization-modulated light. The six periodic analyzers are (1) the rotating linear analyzer, (2) rotating half-wave plate and fixed linear analyzer, (3) rotating quarter-wave plate and fixed linear analyzer, (4) rotating linear analyzer and fixed linear analyzer, (5) oscillating-phase retarder and fixed linear analyzer, and (6) oscillating optical rotator and fixed linear analyzer. In all cases, the average polarization and the polarization and intensity modulation parameters of the light beam can be determined easily and explicitly from limited Fourier analysis of the detected signal.
Unemployment: an international perspective

Using standard OECD unemployment and national income account data, the rela-tionship between unemployment rates and the productivity-adjusted real wage rate is examined for six major countries, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom, using bivariate regression analysis. In addition, pooled cross-section estimates of the same relationship are provided for the 24 traditional OECD countries covering the period 1971-1995. The object is to determine whether the observed statistically significant positive relationship between these variables found for the United States exists in other economies. The basic conclusion is that the inter-national experience in this regard is similar to that for the United States.
Low power Null Convention Logic circuit design based on DCVSL

Null convention logic units are the most important logic units in asynchronous circuits. This paper propose a new design of Null Convention Logic(NCL) design method based on the differential cascode voltage-switch logic (DCVSL). Comparisons are analyzed on delay and power consumption between the conventional NCL circuits design methods and our proposed NCL circuit deisgn method. After each single NCL gate designs have been simulated and compared, the overall performance of the proposed NCL circuits design technique is compared with the previous designs with a test case of the 4×4 multiplier implementation in 110nm CMOS technology node. The comparison of NCL basic gates shows that the proposed design approach achieves more than 20% power savings and more than 30% delay improvement as well as transistor count reduction. These performance and power saving are also verified in 4×4 multiplier design case.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Hydroxo-Bridged Copper(II) Distorted Cubane Stabilized via Supramolecular Hydrogen Bonding with an Ionic Hexafluoroacetylacetonate

Tetranuclear [CuII4(OH)4(aib)4)](hfac)4 (1; aib = 2-methyl-2-amino-4-iminopentane; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) forms from the reaction of aqueous ammonia and Cu(hfac)2·2H2O in acetone. The structure of 1 reveals that four noncoordinating hfac- counterions stabilize the distorted cubane complex via multiple H-bonding contacts. Magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that cubane-like 1 is best described as a pair of independent antiferromagnetically coupled dimers with g = 2.10 and J/kB = −298 K (207 cm-1) (H = −2JS1·S2).
The Dramatization of Beliefs, Values, and Allegiances: Ideological Performances Among Social Movement Groups and Religious Organizations

The recent ‘performative turn’ in sociology has meant a renewed interest in the dramaturgical aspects of social life. This has appeared in the literature on social movements as a concern with the performance of opposition, usually within public protest events. This focus on performance as a tactic to be used in public displays of meaning by political actors misses how social performance is woven into our everyday lives. This paper presents a review of relevant literature towards the end of creating a theoretical concept, the ‘ideological performance,’ which presents a more holistic approach to understanding performativity within social movements, both publicly and privately. I suggest that this concept provides a useful lens through which to look at the formation and maintenance of collective identity at the level of interaction. To demonstrate this theoretical concept, I apply it to qualitative data collected on religious organizations that conduct social justice work as well as participant observation a...
An Objective Evaluation of Four SAR Image Segmentation Algorithms

Because of the large number of SAR images the Air Force generates and the dwindling number of available human analysts, automated methods must be developed. A key step towards automated SAR image analysis is image segmentation. There are many segmentation algorithms, but they have not been tested on a common set of images, and there are no standard test methods. This paper evaluates four SAR image segmentation algorithms by running them on a common set of data and objectively comparing them to each other and to human segmentations. This objective comparison uses a multi-measure approach with a set of master segmentations as ground truth. The measure results are compared to a Human Threshold, which defines the performance of human segmentors compared to the master segmentations. Also, methods that use the multi-measures to determine the best algorithm are developed. These methods show that of the four algorithms, Statistical Curve Evolution produces the best segmentations; however, none of the algorithms are superior to human segmentations. Thus, with the Human Threshold and Statistical Curve Evolution as benchmarks, this paper establishes a new and practical framework for testing SAR image segmentation algorithms.
Understanding the effect of a numerical anchor

Abstract Wegener et al. extended the investigation of the anchoring phenomenon to include the manipulation of cognitive load and several traditional factors in persuasion such as source credibility. To this breadth strategy might be added approaches that focus more on depth. By depth is meant an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of anchoring and the forces driving those mechanisms.
Dimensional Analysis of Continuous High-capacity Electrodispersion of Aqueous Based Liquids in an Organic Continuous Phase

Abstract High-intensity electric fields can be used to disperse aqueous-based solutions in a relatively nonconducting immiscible organic phase. Dimensional analysis of electrical dispersion performance from a single grounded nozzle between two charged electrodes can be characterised in terms of five dimensionless groups: an electrode height; nozzle-electrode distance; a nozzle Reynolds number; an electrical Bond number, which relates electrical to surface forces; and a Taylor number, which relates electrical to viscous forces. Experimental results on the electrodispersion of water in 2-ethyl-1-hexanol indicate that pulsed DC fields can accomplish electrodispersion utilizing a lower rms-voltage than steady DC fields. In addition, the pulsed-field-behavior varies with pulse frequency with 200 Hz fields being more effective for higher continuous-phase viscosities while 2000 Hz fields are more effective when the viscosity is lower. A steady DC field displays invariant behavior with changing viscosity. In the ...
SMS notifications for missed calls expanding mobility for TDM environments

Users expect more mobility options for the services they use, including their corporate extension. For organizations who own PBXs, there can be financial barriers to adoption of services to support extension mobility. There are solutions to provide greater support with little to no cost. This article lists the steps that were taken to send missed call notifications via SMS when a user missed a call on a desk phone. This system infers the user's context as out of office when they miss a call, and quickly alerts them with relevant details such as time, calling number, called number, and even attempts the find the calling user. In doing so, the system attempts to provide greater mobility to end users than calling into a remote voicemail system to occasional check for messages, without even knowing if they missed a call to have a message. Index Terms-missed call, SMS, CDR
Characterizing prevalence and ecological impact of non-native terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) in tallgrass prairie.

Isopods are terrestrial crustaceans whose role and impact in the tallgrass prairie ecosystem remains little explored despite being rather prevalent non-native inhabitants. To better understand this role, we conducted two related studies. The first was a rapid survey of isopods in experimental treatments at Konza Prairie LTER site to investigate the diversity and relative abundance of isopod species present. Of the four species known in Kansas thus far, all non-native, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) was the most abundantly found, accounting for 93% of individuals found. Armadillidium nasatum Budde-Lund, 1885, Cylisticus convexus (De Geer, 1778) and Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) were also found and we report the first record of Porcellio laevis Latreille, 1804 in the State of Kansas. Survey results showed no evidence for a relationship between isopod abundance and fire frequency or grazing treatment. The second experiment was a food preference study to explore granivory in non-native isopods and characterize their seed predator behavior on native plants. Individual isopods were placed in Petri dishes with food options including leaf litter and seeds from one of 15 species; dishes were then incubated for 6-12 days and preference was assessed based on pre- and post-trial weights of the feed and individual isopod. Isopods showed a significant preference for leaves compared to seeds in nine of the 15 seed species evaluated; no evidence for leaf-vs.-seed preference was apparent in the remaining six seed species. However, in all cases, isopods did consume some amount of seeds even when leaf litter was present. Taken together, the relatively low abundance of non-native terrestrial isopods and their lack of apparent preference for native plant seeds suggest that isopods are unlikely to pose considerable threat to tallgrass prairie ecosystems. More extensive research, including a preference study with greater representation of seed species and a quantitative survey throughout the year, would be needed to further characterize the ecological role of isopods in the tallgrass prairie.
Acute Optic Neuropathy associated with an Intracranial Mass in a Patient with POEMS syndrome

A 43 year old man with POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes) including long standing optic disc swelling had sudden painless vision loss in the left eye. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intracranial mass adjacent to the left optic nerve and enhancement of the optic nerve. The mass decreased in size following chemotherapy for myeloma with some recovery of vision. This represents a unique case of optic neuropathy due to presumed plasmacytoma in osteosclerotic IgA myeloma and POEMS syndrome.
Geographical Research on International and Domestic Tourism

Tourism is a worldwide industry which has become important at all levels of economic development. Although tourism was considered by academicians for decades to be primarily an economic activity, geographers and non-geographers in the 1970s turned largely to analyzing its impact upon cultures and the physical environments of the destination areas. The common goal is careful planning of future touristic developments. In addition, an increasing number of studies is on imagery created by the tourist industry and its impact on the decision-making processes of the tourists. Despite the increasing research efforts of geographers, their findings are usually not published in the major geographical journals nor in geography textbooks. Tourism is a form of spatial behavior and its many aspects need further investigation.
Modified glucose-oxidase/peroxidase residual glucose assay for use with anaerobic bacteria

Abstract Because Lactobacillus species compounds that interfere with the o -toluidine assay for glucose, use of the glucose-oxidase/peroxidase method was investigated. Although this method gave satisfactory results for Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum and L. lactis cultured in media with ≤ 40 mM glucose, at higher initial glucose concentrations, residual glucose values were anomalously high. This anomaly caused by hydrogen peroxide produced by the lactobacilli. Preincubating samples with catalase removed the endogenous hydrogen peroxide and resulted in accurate residual glucose values. The presence of catalase did not interfere with the subsequent peroxidase portion of the assay.
Correlations between motor learning and visual and arm adaptation under conditions of computer-stimulated visual distortion.

Adaptation to visual distortion, simulated with a computer-generated display, was studied under conditions of (a) S falsely believing a real prism to be present and the nature of the distortion produced by the prism explained to him, and (b) S not given an optical rationale for the distortion but merely told about the nature of the distortion. The computer technique allowed measurements of visual adaptation, arm adaptation, and of motor learning in a manual guidance task. In (a) visual adaptation was different from zero but no difference between (a) and (b) was found. On one measure, arm adaptation was significantly different from zero in both conditions. On the same measure, arm adaptation in (b) was greater than that in (a). In (a) a positive correlation was found between motor learning and visual adaptation. For (a) and (b) combined there was a negative correlation between one measure of motor learning and one measure of arm adaptation.
Post-ATHENA and beyond

Dronedarone, an amiodarone analog, was developed to be a safer alternative to amiodarone. Dronedarone is useful in suppressing atrial fibrillation/flutter and controlling the ventricular response. Dronedarone reduced cardiovascular hospitalization in the ATHENA trial (A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel arm Trial to assess the efficacy of dronedarone 400 mg bid for the prevention of cardiovascular Hospitalization or death from any cause in patiENts with Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter). This paper reviews the results of ATHENA, including subsequent sub-analyses of the trial. These results raise the hypothesis that many of the benefits noted from this trial may be secondary to more than the antiarrhythmic properties of dronedarone. Future studies will clarify the mechanisms of this beneficial effect.
Fabricating swinglock removable partial denture frameworks

A technique has been described which outlines the relief of the master cast and the wax-up and positioning of the attachments for swinglock removable partial denture frameworks. The advantages of the technique are that it reduces the bulk of the casting, provides an effective method of waxing and positioning the attachments, and reduces the amount of time needed for wax-up.
Constructive Metatheory: 1. Basic Features and Historical Foundations

Abstract Constructive metatheory is playing an increasingly apparent role in the evolution of theories of human personality and psychotherapy. Three basic features of constructivism are outlined: (1) proactive cognition, (2) morphogenic nuclear structure, and (3) self-organizing development. Parallels to and relationships with evolutionary epistemology and autopoiesis are briefly noted. The emergence of constructive metatheory is traced from Vico, Kant, and Vaihinger to its diverse contemporary expressions.
Predictive Factors for Radiation Pneumonitis in Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Receiving Combined-Modality Therapy

Purpose This study sought to quantify the risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients receiving mediastinal radiation therapy (RT) and to identify predictive factors for RP. Methods and Materials We identified 75 patients with newly diagnosed HL treated with mediastinal RT and 17 patients with relapsed/refractory HL treated with mediastinal RT before or after transplant. Lung dose–volumetric parameters including mean lung dose and percentage of lungs receiving 20 Gy were calculated. Factors associated with RP were explored by use of the Fisher exact test. Results RP developed in 7 patients (10%) who received mediastinal RT as part of initial therapy (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 1 in 6 cases). A mean lung dose of 13.5 Gy or greater ( p = 0.04) and percentage of lungs receiving 20 Gy of 33.5% or greater ( p = 0.009) significantly predicted for RP. RP developed in 6 patients (35%) with relapsed/refractory HL treated with peri-transplant mediastinal RT (Grade 3 in 4 cases). Pre-transplant mediastinal RT, compared with post-transplant mediastinal RT, significantly predicted for Grade 3 RP (57% vs. 0%, p = 0.015). Conclusions We identified threshold lung metrics predicting for RP in HL patients receiving mediastinal RT as part of initial therapy, with the majority of cases being of mild severity. The risk of RP is significantly higher with peri-transplant mediastinal RT, especially among those who receive pre-transplant RT.
In vivo antitumor activity of intratumoral fludarabine phosphate in refractory tumors expressing E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase

Systemically administered fludarabine phosphate (F-araAMP) slows growth of human tumor xenografts that express Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). However, this treatment has been limited by the amount of F-araAMP that can be administered in vivo. The current study was designed to (1) determine whether efficacy of this overall strategy could be improved by intratumoral administration of F-araAMP, (2) test enhancement of the approach with external beam radiation, and (3) optimize recombinant adenovirus as a means to augment PNP delivery and bystander killing in vivo. The effects of systemic or intratumoral F-araAMP in mice were investigated with human tumor xenografts (300 mg), in which 10 % of the cells expressed E. coli PNP from a lentiviral promoter. Tumors injected with an adenoviral vector expressing E. coli PNP (Ad/PNP; 2 × 1011 viral particles, 2 times per day × 3 days) and the impact of radiotherapy on tumors treated by this approach were also studied. Radiolabeled F-araAMP was used to monitor prodrug activation in vivo. Intratumoral administration of F-araAMP in human tumor xenografts expressing E. coli PNP resulted in complete regressions and/or prolonged tumor inhibition. External beam radiation significantly augmented this effect. Injection of large human tumor xenografts (human glioma, nonsmall cell lung cancer, or malignant prostate tumors) with Ad/PNP followed by intratumoral F-araAMP resulted in excellent antitumor activity superior to that observed following systemic administration of prodrug. Activation of F-araAMP by E. coli PNP results in destruction of large tumor xenografts in vivo, augments radiotherapy, and promotes robust bystander killing. Our results indicate that intratumoral injection of F-araAMP leads to ablation of tumors in vivo with minimal toxicity.
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei: implications for treatment of melioidosis.

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis. This multifaceted disease is difficult to treat, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Treatment of B. pseudomallei infections is lengthy and necessitates an intensive phase (parenteral ceftazidime, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid or meropenem) and an eradication phase (oral trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole). The main resistance mechanisms affecting these antibiotics include enzymatic inactivation, target deletion and efflux from the cell, and are mediated by chromosomally encoded genes. Overproduction and mutations in the class A PenA β-lactamase cause ceftazidime and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid resistance. Deletion of the penicillin binding protein 3 results in ceftazidime resistance. BpeEF–OprC efflux pump expression causes trimethoprim and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance. Although resistance is still relatively rare, therapeutic efficacies may be compromised by resistance emergence due to increased use of antibiotics in endemic re...
A Novel Methodology for Design Automation of CMOS Operational Amplifiers

In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to automate the transistor-level sizing of OpAmps. Given the net list and the specifications of the OpAmp, our methodology automatically produces a set of monomial design equations that can be solved using geometric programming. The use of monomial models eliminates the overhead of generating elaborate posynomial design equations. The proposed approach is based on the use of circuit heuristics to generate a first order design model, which is then refined by adopting a localized simulation scheme. This approach produces a design that has the accuracy of the BSIM models used for simulation and the advantage of a quick design time. The results of a two stage OpAmp designed in TSMC 0.25μ technology prove the efficacy of our approach.
Synergistic induction of apoptosis with glucocorticoids and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate reveals agonist activity by RU 486.

Glucocorticoids induce a programmed cell death in immature murine T cells through a process that has been named apoptosis. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity contributes to this response but acts through an undefined mechanism. Steroid-induced cytolysis can be completely blocked by the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 486, which inhibits the transformation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) into a fully activated transcription factor. However, the ability of cAMP to act synergistically with steroids to cause apoptosis has revealed that a limited portion of RU 486-bound GR can translocate to the nucleus and contribute to a loss of cell viability. The combination of cAMP and RU 486 was also found to act cooperatively to regulate mRNA levels of specific genes. A 5-kilobase VL30 retroviral element transcript, which had previously been shown to be regulated synergistically by cAMP and dexamethasone, was strongly induced by the combination of RU 486 and cAMP. There was no agonist effect of RU 486 o...
Effect of Lidocaine on Production of Migration Inhibitory Factor and on Macrophage Motility: In Vitro Exposure of Guinea Pig Lymphocytes and Macrophages

Exposure of lymphocytes from guinea pigs sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and of macrophages from nonsensitized animals to noncytotoxic doses of lidocaine (10(-4) to 10(-6) M) resulted in the inhibition of the production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and of macrophage motility. The inhibition of both processes was related to the concentration of lidocaine in the medium. The effects of lidocaine, a membrane-stabilizing drug, were apparently related to its ability to interact with the cell surface and cause changes in the surface ionic configuration of the cells, as determined by cell electrophoresis. The drug conferred permanent changes in the surface of lymphocytes at all concentrations tested, but the changes in the surface of macrophages induced in the presence of 10(-5) and 10(-6) M of the drug were reversible. The presence of noncytotoxic doses of lidocaine in the cellular environment resulted in significant changes in cellular functions that appeared to be related to the ability of the drug to interact with cell membranes in a manner determined by the specific surface properties of the cell.
A DoS Resilient Flow-level Intrusion Detection Approach for High-speed Networks

Global-scale attacks like viruses and worms are increasing in frequency, severity and sophistication, making it critical to detect outbursts at routers/gateways instead of end hosts. In this paper we leverage data streaming techniques such as the reversible sketch to obtain HiFIND, a High-speed Flow-level Intrusion Detection system. In contrast to existing intrusion detection systems, HiFIND I ) is scalable to flow-level detection on high-speed networks; 2) zs DoS resilient; 3) can distinguish SYN flooding and various port scans (mostly for worm propagation) for effective mitigation; 4 ) enables aggregate detection over multiple routers/gateways; and 5) separates anomalies to limit false positives in detection. Both theoretical analysis and evaluation with several router traces show that HiFIND achieves these properties. To the best of our knowledge, HiFIND is the first online DoS resilient flow-level intrusion detection system for high-speed networks (approximately 10s of Gigabit/second), even for the worst case trafic of 40-byte-packet streams with each packet forming a flow.
Could the San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge Serve to Protect Marine Areas? Building on Existing Institutions and Legal Authorities to Create Marine Protected Areas

The San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge (San Juan NWR) is comprised of 83 small islands, rocks, and reefs scattered throughout the San Juan Archipelago in the inland waters of Washington State. Current guidelines, set forth by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), advise vessels to stay 200 yards offshore from refuge sites to provide a marine buffer for birds and marine mammals who utilize the refuge (Murray, 1998). Compliance with the existing USFWS guidelines provides inherent protection to the intertidal and subtidal resources within these marine buffer zones and could arguably constitute a de facto network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the region. This article explores how marine areas currently set aside from pbulic use and/or adjacent to upland protected areas, such as the San Juan NWR, could provide a politically feasible and cost-effective means for establishing MPAs. The idea is to build upon existing upland management by creating partnerships with other agencies and institution...
Valuing Women in Management An Impression Management Perspective of Gender Diversity

As organizations become increasingly sensitive to cultural diversity, gender issues are likely to exert a more powerful influence on their policies, operations, and social processes. Using a self-p...
Are There Ratchets in the Growth of Federal Government Spending

The ratchet theory of government growth hypothesizes that temporary crises cause government spending to rise and to remain permanently higher than if the crises had not occurred. An examination of federal government spending in the United States since 1800 reveals apparent ratchets associated with the Great Depression, the two world wars, and the Civil War. After taking account of war-related spending and serial correlation in the data, however, only the World War I and Great Depression ratchets can be clearly identified, and they are closely associated with a major change in the underlying growth rate of government spending early in the 20th century. This casts doubt on the ratchet theory of government growth and instead raises the question of why the trend growth rate of government was so much greater in the 20th century than in the 19th.
Synthesis and reactivity of 1-Methyl-4-ethynylpyridinium triflate

Abstract 1-Methyl-4-ethynylpyridinium triflate has been prepared by treatment of 4-ethynylpyridine with methyl triflate in methylene chloride. This new active acetylenic monomer trimerized to tris -1,3,5-(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)benzene triflate when heated in aqueous solution. The new compounds were isolated and characterized.
Receptor occupancy and blocking of STAT5 signaling by an anti-IL-7 receptor α antibody in cynomolgus monkeys

Background Interleukin-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) is associated with autoimmune disease. Blocking its activation by interleukin-7 (IL-7) with a therapeutic monoclonal antibody may reduce pathogenic T cells and effectively control the autoimmune response in these disorders. Methods Two flow cytometry-based assays were developed and implemented to evaluate the interaction between cell surface IL-7Rα and an anti-IL-7Rα monoclonal antibody (Ab1). The receptor occupancy assay utilized competing and noncompeting commercial detection antibodies for “free” and “total” IL-7Rα, respectively. STAT5 phosphorylation (pSTAT5) was measured as a proximal biomarker of IL-7Rα inhibition by Ab1. Results Monkeys administered Ab1 had no free IL-7Rα detectable on the CD3+ T cell surface at 0.25 hours postdose through day 4, in all treatment groups. Ab1 treatment resulted in a significant reduction in total IL-7Rα, dropping to 53%, 44%, and 55% on day 4 at 0.3, 3, and 30 mg/kg, respectively, compared to predose levels. There were treatment-related decreases in the ability of IL-7 to induce STAT5 phosphorylation in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in monkey blood samples from all treated animals from 0.25 hours through Day 4 postdose. Conclusions The nonclinical receptor occupancy assay was developed and applied to detect free and total IL-7Rα on the surface of CD3+ T cells in cynomolgus monkeys treated with Ab1. The results showed good correlation with the phosphorylation of STAT5 and serum concentration of Ab1. The approach for IL-7Rα occupancy and pSTAT5 measurements established in monkeys can be utilized in clinical trials for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of Ab1 effect in humans. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Dicobalt octacarbonyl‐catalyzed cationic polymerization of allylic and enolic ethers

In the presence of silanes bearing SiH groups, dicobalt octacarbonyl [Co2(CO)8] efficiently catalyzes the cationic polymerization of a wide variety of enol ether and other related monomers including vinyl ethers, 1-propenyl ethers, 1-butenyl ethers, 2,3-dihydrofuran, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, ketene acetals, and allene ethers. In addition, this catalyst system is also effective for the polymerization of complimentary allylic and propargylic ethers by a process involving tandem isomerization and cationic polymerization. This latter process occurs by a stepwise mechanism in which the allylic or propargylic ether is first isomerized, respectively, to the corresponding enol ether or allenic ether and then this latter compound is rapidly cationically polymerized in the presence of the catalyst. In accord with this mechanism, it has been shown that the structure of the polymers prepared from related enol and allyl ethers using the above catalyst system are identical. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1579–1591, 1997
Rectoanal Mucosal Swab Culture Is More Sensitive Than Fecal Culture and Distinguishes Escherichia coli O157:H7-Colonized Cattle and Those Transiently Shedding the Same Organism

Enrichment and direct (nonenrichment) rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) culture techniques were developed and compared to traditional fecal culture for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in experimentally infected and naturally infected cattle. Holstein steers (n = 16) orally dosed with E. coli O157:H7 were sampled after bacterial colonization starting 15 days postinoculation. Enrichment RAMS cultures (70.31% positive) were more sensitive than enrichment fecal cultures with 10 g of feces (46.88% positive) at detecting E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.01). Holstein bull calves (n = 15) were experimentally exposed to E. coli O157:H7 by penning them with E. coli O157:H7-positive calves. Prior to bacterial colonization (1 to 14 days postexposure), enriched fecal cultures were more sensitive at detecting E. coli O157:H7 than enriched RAMS cultures (P < 0.01). However, after colonization (40 or more days postexposure), the opposite was true and RAMS culture was more sensitive than fecal culture (P < 0.05). Among naturally infected heifers, enriched RAMS or fecal cultures were equally sensitive (P = 0.5), but direct RAMS cultures were more sensitive than either direct or enriched fecal cultures at detecting E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.01), with 25 of 144, 4 of 144, and 10 of 108 samples, respectively, being culture positive. For both experimentally and naturally infected cattle, RAMS culture predicted the duration of infection. Cattle transiently shedding E. coli O157:H7 for <1 week were positive by fecal culture only and not by RAMS culture, whereas colonized animals (which were culture positive for an average of 26 days) were positive early on by RAMS culture. RAMS culture more directly measured the relationship between cattle and E. coli O157:H7 infection than fecal culture.
CEBAF new digital LLRF system extended functionality

The new digital LLRF system for the CEBAF 12GeV accelerator will perform a variety of tasks, beyond field control [1]. In this paper we present the superconducting cavity resonance control system designed to minimize RF power during gradient ramp and to minimize RF power during steady state operation. Based on the calculated detuning angle, which represents the difference between reference and cavity resonance frequency, the cavity length will be adjusted with a mechanical tuner. The tuner has two mechanical driving devices, a stepper motor and a piezo-tuner, to yield a combination of coarse and fine control. Although LLRF piezo processing speed can achieve 10 kHz bandwidth, only 10 Hz speed is needed for 12 GeV upgrade. There will be a number of additional functions within the LLRF system; heater controls to maintain cryomodule's heat load balance, ceramic window temperature monitoring, waveguide vacuum interlocks, ARC detector interlock and quench detection. The additional functions will be divided between the digital board, incorporating an Altera FPGA and an embedded EPICS IOC. This paper will also address hardware evolution and test results performed with different SC cavities.
Mars: South polar pits and etched terrain

Sharply delineated closed depressions, one-half to tens of kilometers across, with 400 meters estimated maximum depth, are locally abundant in the south polar region. They indent the surface of a massive homogeneous blanket that mantles the cratered bedrock surface. Some pits extend through the blanket exposing the underlying rock floor, and, where the blanket is thin (50–100 meters), its extensive removal exposes large ares of exhumed rock floor producing a terrain described as etched. The blanketing material is speculatively interpreted to be an eolian sedimentary deposit containing a mixture of fine particulate matter, possibly including volcanic ash, and particles of frozen volatiles, principally CO_2and H_2O. Fields of dunes, groups of linear grooves and flutes, and an unusual scoured topography on the surface of layered blanketing material suggest strong wind action. For this reason, deflation by wind, aided by ablation (evaporation) of included frozen volatiles, is regarded as the most likely mechanism for producing the south polar pits and etched terrain. Pitted and etched terrains and the deposits into which they are cut suggest that the south polar region, and presumably the north polar area as well, have experienced alternating episodes of eolian deposition and erosion.
A high-sensitivity micromachined biosensor

The Force Amplified Biological Sensor (FABS) is a desktop or portable instrument currently under development at the Naval Research Laboratory. FABS will use a rapid, automated immunoassay to detect analytes such as proteins, viruses, and bacteria. The assay uses forces produced by micron-sized magnetic particles to pull on antibody-antigen bonds. Microfabricated piezoresistive cantilevers measure the resulting piconewton-level forces with sufficient sensitivity to detect single antibody-antigen bonds. These forces also serve to characterize the bonds, allowing FABS to distinguish specific antibody-antigen bonds from nonspecific interactions.
Float Observations of the Southern Ocean. Part II: Eddy Fluxes

Abstract Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (ALACE) floats are used to examine eddy fluxes in the Southern Ocean. Eddy fluxes are calculated from differences between ALACE float data and mean fields derived from hydrographic atlas data or objectively mapped float observations. Heat fluxes indicate an average poleward eddy heat transport across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) of about 3–7 kW m−2 at 900-m depth. Because analysis of current meter data suggests that ALACE's 9–25-day averaging underestimates the total heat flux, the initial ALACE estimates are rescaled to account for this undersampling. This results in a total corrected heat flux of 5–10 kW m−2 at 900 m, depending on the mean field used for the calculations. If the cross-ACC heat flux is assumed to vary exponentially through the water column with an e-folding depth of 1000 m, then the implied net poleward heat flux across the ACC is between 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.3 (×1015 W). These estimates are in agreement with previous Southe...
The Development of the Capacity for Systemic Anaphylactic Shock in the Chicken

Abstract INTRODUCTION ATTEMPTS to immunize chick embryos have generally proven unsuccessful (Grasset, 1929; Burnet, 1941; and Burnet et al., 1950). However, if immunized immediately after hatching they show the presence of circulating antibody by the eleventh day of age (Wolfe and Dilks, 1948; Buxton, 1954; and Wolfe et al., 1957). Although humoral antibody cannot be detected during embryonic development, cellular bound antibody may be present (Engelhart and Lendle, 1955; Tyler, 1955; and Ebert, 1960). One report has described the occurrence of systemic anaphylaxis in chicks at three days post-hatch, if previously immunized at fourteen to fifteen days of incubation (Van Alten and Schechtman, 1963). The immunobiology of the chicken has been reviewed by Jaffe (1966). Attempts by this investigator to induce systemic anaphylaxis in three day post-hatch chicks have been unsuccessful. It was therefore decided to undertake this investigation to determine the age at which an immunized chicken will normally respond . . .
Phonon transport on two-dimensional graphene/boron nitride superlattices

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and lattice dynamics, we investigate phonon conduction on two-dimensional graphene/boron nitride superlattices with varying periods and interface structures. As the period of superlattice increases to a critical value near 5 nm the lattice thermal conductivity drops sharply to a minimum, and beyond that it smoothly increases with the period. We show that the minimum in the thermal conductivity arises from a competition between lattice dispersion and anharmonic effects such as interface scattering. The initial reduction of thermal conductivity can partially be accounted for by harmonic wave effects induced by interfacial modulation, such as the opening of phononic band gaps and reduction of group velocity. Beyond the minimum, reduced inelastic interface scattering is responsible for the recovery. The overall range of thermal conductivity exhibited by the superlattices is substantially reduced with respect to the parent materials. A universal scaling of the thermal conductivity with total superlattice length is found, suggesting that the critical period is independent of total length and that long-wavelength phonons are dominant carriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ultrasensitivity of thermal conductivity to interfacial defects and superlattice periodicity disorder.
Anatomic configuration and clinical significance of left lumbar veins, left ascending lumbar vein and middle sacral vein

Objective: To provide anatomic varieties of left lumbar veins, left ascending lumbar vein and mid-dle sacral vein for anterior extraperitoneal approach of artificial lumbar intervertebral disc replacement, andprevent vascular injuries.Method: 40 human cadavers were dissected especially to view the vein branches ofinferior vena cava below L3 vertebral body level, the anatomic configuration of left lumbar veins, left ascendinglumbar vein and middle sacral vein.Result: The 3rd, 4th and 5th left lumbar vein were present in 85%, 97.5%and 67.5% of the specimens respectively, their location and diameter were relatively consistent, they enteredinferior vena cave or left common iliac vein at medial side and communicated with left ascending lumbar veinat lateral side.The left ascending lumbar vein was present in 47.5% of the specimens, its location was relative-ly invariable, but it had a marked variability in its origination, diameter and morphology.The middle sacral veinwas present in 100% of the cadavers, it was quite variable except for its diameter, and it was not always ac-companied by the middle sacral artery.Conclusion: The branches of inferior vena cava adjacent to the lowerlumbar spine shows a high frequency of variations.As for left extraperitoneal approach for exposure of lowerlumbar intervertebral disc, these branches should be investigated preoperatively and dealt with appropriatelyduring operation.
Dynamic Terrain Simulation in Construction Machinery Virtual Training

A scheme of simulation of the real time dynamic height field for construction machinery earthwork simulation was proposed to solve the problem of scene modeling of the development of the construction machinery virtual training sytem.And a method based on sample texture synthesizing for dynamic texture was proposed.The experiment results show good immersion and real-time performance,which proved that the schemes proposed solve the key problem of the simulation of the engineering machine earthwork.It is applicable to interrelated applications.
Impact of Solder Paste Quality on Reliability of Solder Joint In Lead-free Micro-assembly

With component micromation and product multifunction,the product design three-dimensional assembly and integration,the micro-assembly technology age is coming.It is of the characteristics of high integration and small size and fine pitch more and more.List soldering defects of common lead-free solder joint based on the analysis of small size developing and leading to assembly process problem.Discuss the requirement of applied performance of solder paste on lead-free assembly joint reliability.With reliability experiment,the difference of solder pastes is listed between made in inside the country and outside the country.
Current use of live tissue training in trauma: a descriptive systematic review.

I was pleased to read the article by da Luz and colleagues (DOI: 10.1503/cjs.014114) addressing the increasingly important and controversial issue of live tissue training (LTT) versus simulation-based medical training. The authors rightly acknowledged that the anatomic differences between animals and humans is a disadvantage of LTT, that LTT does not confer a “clear benefit” in improving providers’ self-confidence when performing emergency procedures whereas manikin and patient experience does, and that simulators have been developed that “have already replaced some use of live animals in many areas of trauma training.” Yet, da Luz and colleagues concluded that LTT cannot be fully replaced until “more realistic simulators” are developed, a statement not supported by the evidence in the paper or elsewhere. For instance, a recent Canadian Forces Health Services study found that a human patient simulator is as effective as LTT at teaching traumatic injury management to military medical technicians.1 Also, researchers at the University of Toronto conducted a study that found simulator-based trauma training was superior to animal-based training and that students and instructors overwhelmingly preferred the simulator-based training. As a result, the researchers ended animal use in their trauma program, stating that they “could not justify identifying animals as the only suitable source for providing the necessary training in [their] ethics application for renewal.”2 Similarly, last year the United States military found that a human simulator teaches trauma skills as well as LTT and concluded that “if the goal for trainers is to produce individuals with high self-efficacy, artificial simulation is an adequate modality compared with the historical standard of live animal models.”3 In a related commentary, one of the authors noted, “we have entered into an age where artificial simulator models are at least equivalent to, if not superior to, animal models. …. [T]he military should make the move away from all animal simulation when effective equivalent artificial simulators exist for a specific task. For emergency procedures, this day has arrived.”4 There are ethical, educational and economical advantages to ending LTT in favour of simulators for teaching trauma skills. It’s time to follow the evidence where it leads and replace the use of animals in medical training.
Articulatory Feedback Deficit in Dyslexia

An efferent or “motor-articulatory feedback” hypothesis for developmental dyslexia-phonological type is proposed from the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.