cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free-living microscopic organisms as indicators of changes in drinking-water quality

Bacterial indicator organisms (e.g., coliforms, E. coli ) and some chemical parameters (e.g., turbidity, ammonia) are basic monitoring tools used to measure both changes in drinking-water quality and the presence of hard-to-detect pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Microscopically detectable free-living organisms, such as some groups of bacteria, fungi, nematodes, rotifers and protozoa, are usable as additional indicators of fecal or environmental contamination of drinking water as well as any changes in the drinking-water quality. Our aim in this paper is to summarize the results of microscopic examination of 913 drinking-water samples from different water sources in Hungary in 2004 and 2005 and to demonstrate how these results can be used to maintain safe and good-tasting drinking-water quality. A total of 277 drinking-water samples failed Hungarian microscopic water quality standards as a result of helminths (58%), protozoa (41%), iron bacteria (16%), sulfur bacteria (13%), fungi (11%), algae (5%) and multiple biological contaminants (34%). Based on these results, pipe washing or water storage tank cleaning was deemed necessary. In addition, a number of disinfection or filtration failures were found. Two detailed case studies show the usefulness of monitoring microscopic parameters to avoid disease outbreaks. To our knowledge this is the first paper discussing drinking-water microscopy based on Hungarian experience and practice, which could be useful and informative for other countries.
‘Audit-mindedness’ in counselling: Some underlying dynamics

Abstract Some key ideological beliefs that typically inform and underlie ‘audit-mindedness’ in counselling are critically examined. Specifically, and drawing upon the radical and neglected ideas of psycho-social analyst Wasdell, it is argued that the preoccupation with ‘quantity’ and measur-ability that typifies ‘objective’ counselling outcome studies reflects, at least in part, the disintegrative splitting process that pervades technocratic culture; and that this is in turn rooted in the pathological aspects of early developmental experience. Positivist conceptions of the scientific method are seen to be not only fundamentally ideological and pathology-driven, but a singularly inappropriate means of evaluating the efficacy of counselling and psychotherapy. The article then considers the possibility of transforming the ideological belief system that underlies the positivist conception of science which drives the demand for ‘objective’ outcome studies in counselling and psychotherapy. It concludes by consi...
Description of web-enhanced virtual character simulation system to standardize patient hand-offs.

Introduction The 80-h work week has increased discontinuity of patient care resulting in reports of increased medication errors and preventable adverse events. Graduate medical programs are addressing these shortcomings in a number of ways. Methods We have developed a computer simulation platform called the Virtual People Factory (VPF), which allows us to capture and simulate the dialogue between a real user and a virtual character. We have converted the system to reflect a physician in the process of “checking-out” a patient to a covering physician. The responses are tracked and matched to educator-defined information termed “discoveries.” Our proof of concept represented a typical post-operative patient with tachycardia. The system is web enabled. Results So far, 26 resident users at two institutions have completed the module. The critical discovery of tachycardia was identified by 62% of users. Residents spend 85% of the time asking intraoperative, postoperative, and past medical history questions. The system improves over time such that there is a near-doubling of questions that yield appropriate answers between users 13 and 22. Users who identified the virtual patient's underlying tachycardia expressed more concern and were more likely to order further testing for the patient in a post-module questionnaire (P = 0.13 and 0.08, respectively, NS). Conclusions The VPF system can capture unique details about the hand-off interchange. The system improves with sequential users such that better matching of questions and answers occurs within the initial 25 users allowing rapid development of new modules. A catalog of hand-off modules could be easily developed. Wide-scale web-based deployment was uncomplicated. Identification of the critical findings appropriately translated to user concern for the patient though our series was too small to reach significance. Performance metrics based on the identification of critical discoveries could be used to assess readiness of the user to carry off a successful hand-off.
Unsuspected Bronchogenic Carcinoma

1. This is a report of 32 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in which the correct diagnosis was never seriously considered before death. These errors occurred in 650 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma from among about 150,000 admissions. 2. The presenting complaints were extremely variable. Joint pain, neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms were present in most cases. Respiratory symptoms were the presenting complaints in only two. 3. Physical findings revealed neurological deficits in 13 and eight had abnormality on examination of the chest. 4. Negative chest x-ray films were obtained from six. Soft infiltrations suggestive of tuberculosis or pneumonia were present in 13; five of these shadows disappeared during hospitalization. Bullous emphysema was the next most common finding on x-ray film. 5. Half of the patients were considered to have tuberculosis and about a third had positive sputa. 6. Metastases were usually extensive, involving the liver, adrenal, bone, brain, heart, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, thyroid and skin. 7. Study of these errors in diagnosis indicates that spinal or brain compression, joint pain and pulmonary tuberculosis should make one cognizant of the possibility of coexisting bronchogenic carcinoma and that careful, repeated examinations should be made in patients with these conditions to prove or disprove the presence of cancer.
Hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization over sulfided ruthenium catalysts: I. Catalysts containing partial monolayers of adsorbed sulfur

Thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS), 1-hexene hydrogenation, and 1-hexene isomerization have been investigated over sulfided Ru/γ-Al2O3 catalysts (1.8–10 nm crystallites) and CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts using a differential microreactor operated at 101 kPa from 548 to 623 K. Catalysts were presulfided in 101 kPa of 10% H2S/H2 at T ≤ 673 K or in 101 kPa of 100% H2S at T ≤ 523 K such that sulfided ruthenium catalysts retained ca. 0.25 monolayer of adsorbed sulfur. Structure-sensitive adsorption of sulfur was observed using microgravimetry and pulse oxygen chemisorption. Crystallites of 1.8 nm retained 0.1 monolayer of strongly bound sulfur while crystallites greater than 3.2 nm retained 0.25 monolayer. Sulfur adatoms produced virtual ruthenium cations with high isomerization activity while the structure-sensitive adsorption of sulfur provided for an “apparent structure sensitivity” in the hexene hydrogenation rate. This anomalous result could be reconciled by counting sulfur-free ruthenium atoms using pulse oxygen adsorption. Thiophene HDS over sulfided ruthenium catalysts proceeded via direct hydrogenolysis in the absence of tetrahydrothiophene formation. Ruthenium crystallites of 1.8 nm possessed specific activities 23 times greater than those found over 10-nm crystallites. The higher specific activity found over small ruthenium crystallites during HDS was attributed to the multiatomic ensemble requirements of the reaction, the high activity associated with a “clean metal” surface, and the greater number of “clean metal sites” found on smaller crystallites. Both 1-hexene hydrogenation and thiophene HDS were well represented by Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions in which apparent activation energies, adsorption equilibrium constants, and heats of adsorption were found to depend on the ruthenium crystallite size. Sulfided Ru/Al2O3 (1.8-nm) catalysts provided ca. 13-fold higher 1-hexene hydrogenation rates than CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts when compared per square meter of active area, while specific 1-hexene hydrogenation rates were similar when compared per oxygen titratable site. Sulfided Ru/Al2O3 (1.8-nm) catalysts provided ca. 2-fold higher thiophene HDS rates than CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts when compared per square meter of active area, while specific thiophene HDS rates were ca. 7-fold higher over CoMo/Al2O3catalysts than over Ru/Al2O3 when compared per oxygen titratable site.
Real-Time Error Recovery in Cyberphysical Digital-Microfluidic Biochips Using a Compact Dictionary

A cyberphysical digital microfluidics system is an emerging technology that enables the integration of fluid-handling operations, reaction-outcome detection, and automated error recovery on a biochip. Cyberphysical biochip systems studied thus far suffer from a significant increase in reaction time for error recovery. We present a hardware-assisted method that can be implemented in real-time on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). In order to store the error dictionary in the limited memory available in the FPGA, we utilize and adapt two data compaction techniques from the literature. We use four laboratorial protocols to demonstrate that, compared to software-based methods, the proposed dictionary-based error-recovery method has low response time, and requires a simple experimental setup, and only a small amount of memory.
Epidermal structure of the scleractinian coral Mycetophyllia ferox: light-induced vesicles, copious mucocytes, and sporadic tentacles

Three colony fragments of the scleractinian coral Mycetophyllia ferox Wells from Florida were observed in flow-through seawater aquaria under light and dark conditions. The colonies were then anesthetized and fixed for microscopic examination. Small vesicles formed across the epidermis in response to light as gastrodermis containing approximately 1.9 × 106 zooxanthellae cm−2 migrated into them. The vesicles flattened in the dark and the gastrodermis retreated to a clumped position. The epidermis is dominated by mucus cells with more than 6300 per mm2. In contrast, there are very few epidermal cnidae. The polyps lack tentacles entirely, though small tentacles do occur, albeit sporadically, along the colline walls. Colline tentacles are expanded both day and night, and there is considerable intracolonial variability in the number of cnidae within them, ranging from as few as 316 to more than 3200 per mm2 tentacle. There may be several small cnidocyst batteries containing both spirocysts and nematocysts (all microbasic p-mastigophores), but the principal battery is at the tentacle tip where cnidae are much more densely packed. There is considerable variation in the ratio of the two cnidae among tentacles in the same colony. Since the tentacles occur inconsistently and do not appear to expand, their functional role is unclear. Comparisons of epidermal characters are made with other members of the genus Mycetophyllia.
Blinking—an unusual presentation of obstructive hydrocephalus relieved by endoscopic third ventriculostomy

A 9-year-old girl presented with symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure over a period of 10 days. In addition, she had persistent fast blinking. The onset of this persistent blinking corresponded with the onset of symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. On examination, her corrected visual acuity was normal; however, bilateral papilloedema was present. There was no upgaze palsy. An urgent computerised tomographic (CT) scan identified dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles with associated periventricular lucency. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed obstructive hydrocephalus due to a lesion of the tectal plate. (Figure 1a and b). The radiological features of the tectal plate lesion were consistent with a tectal plate glioma. The hydrocephalus was treated by endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Following this procedure, there was immediate resolution of her headaches and the persistent blinking. The papilloedema resolved over the next 4 weeks. Follow-up MRI brain showed the ventricles had decompressed and the periventricular lucency had resolved (Fig. 2a and b). Discussion
On the Effect of a Secondary Structure upon the Interference of X-rays

Laue's dynamic theory of x-ray interference is shown to be applicable, with only a few minor changes, to crystals having a very general type of secondary structure. It is thus applied for the purpose of obtaining a quantitative estimate of the effect of such a structure upon the nature of the x-ray interference maxima. The estimate is relative insofar as it compares the intensities of respectively the "secondarily" and the "primarily" reflected interference beams and applies only in the region where the latter have been, or can be observed. In this region the "two-dimensional lattice" type of secondary structure is found to give rise to a fine structure which, with the present insufficient resolving power, would be manifested experimentally as a weak, diffuse background. The secondary structure of this type produces no broadening of the primary lines. The existence of this type of structure, therefore, is not inconsistent with the sharpness of the interference maxima obtained from such crystals as calcite, and a possible objection to the existence of the secondary structure in such crystals is removed. The extinction effect is briefly considered, but absorption is not taken into account, except with a few qualitative remarks.
P165 Survival of Patients with Lung Cancer Diagnosed at a Teaching Hospital in London, UK Between 2000 and 2010

Background Significant resources have been applied to improving outcomes for patients with lung cancer. Here we analyse trends in survival for patients diagnosed at our institution between 2000 and 2011. Methods All patients with suspected intra-thoracic malignancy were discussed at a weekly multi-disciplinary meeting and logged in a bespoke database. Relevant diagnostic and staging parameters were recorded. Data items were defined according to the specifications of the Lucada dataset. Patients were grouped into sequential 2 year epochs according to the date they were first seen. Analysis was restricted to the major cell types; squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, small cell and probable lung cancer unknown histology, first seen between January 1st 2000 and January 1st 2010. Survival time was censored on the 1st September 2011. Univariate analyses with survival as the dependent variable included age group, sex, histological cell type, stage, performance status and epoch used the Kaplan-Meier technique. Multivariate analyses used Cox’s proportional hazards model. Results 1105 patients met the entry criteria and vital status was firmly ascertained for 1099 (99.5%). The median age was 71 years (range 32 – 96). 698 63.5% were men. Median survival increased from 195 (95% CI 148,242) days to 231 days (95% CI 151,311) p Discussion These data suggest that survival for patients with lung cancer has improved over the last few years. Patients with adenocarcinoma live longer than patients with other cell types. Elsewhere we have shown that the proportion of patients with adenocarcinoma has increased in our cohort with time. Taken together these data suggest that increased longevity of lung cancer patients may be in part due to a shift towards adenocarcinoma cell type but also another factor that has occurred more recently.
A discrete calculus analysis of the Keller Box scheme and a generalization of the method to arbitrary meshes

Abstract The Keller Box scheme is a face-based method for solving partial differential equations that has numerous attractive mathematical and physical properties. It is shown that these attractive properties collectively follow from the fact that the scheme discretizes partial derivatives exactly and only makes approximations in the algebraic constitutive relations appearing in the PDE. The exact discrete calculus associated with the Keller Box scheme is shown to be fundamentally different from all other mimetic (physics capturing) numerical methods. This suggests that a unique exact discrete calculus does not exist. It also suggests that existing analysis techniques based on concepts in algebraic topology (in particular – the discrete de Rham complex) are unnecessarily narrowly focused since they do not capture the Keller Box scheme. The discrete calculus analysis allows a generalization of the Keller Box scheme to non-simplectic meshes to be constructed. Analysis and tests of the method on the unsteady advection–diffusion equations are presented.
High-contrast 3.8 μm Imaging of the Brown Dwarf/Planet-mass Companion to GJ 758

We present L' band (3.8 Micron) MMT/Clio high-contrast imaging data for the nearby star GJ 758, which was recently reported by Thalmann et al. (2009) to have one -- possibly two-- faint comoving companions (GJ 7588 and "C", respectively). GJ 758B is detected in two distinct datasets. Additionally, we report a \textit(possible) detection of the object identified by Thalmann et al as "GJ 758C" in our more sensitive dataset, though it is likely a residual speckle. However, if it is the same object as that reported by Thalmann et al. it cannot be a companion in a bound orbit. GJ 758B has a H-L'color redder than nearly all known L--T8 dwarfs. Based on comparisons with the COND evolutionary models, GJ 758B has Te approx. 560 K (+150 K, -90 K) and a mass ranging from approx. 10-20 Mj if it is approx. 1 Gyr old to approx. 25-40 Mj if it is 8.7 Gyr old. GJ 758B is likely in a highly eccentric orbit, e approx. 0.73 (+0.12,-0.21), with a semimajor axis of approx. 44 AU (+32 AU, -14 AU). Though GJ 758B is sometimes discussed within the context of exoplanet direct imaging, its mass is likely greater than the deuterium-burning limit and its formation may resemble that of binary stars rather than that of jovian-mass planets.
A solid-phase substrate of heparanase: its application to assay of human melanoma for heparan sulfate degradative activity.

AND GARTH L. NICDLSON* Department oj Tumor Biologv. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030 Received February 6, 1986 We found a tumor me&stasis-associa ted heparan sulfate (HS)degrading endoglycosidase in melanoma cells that is a unique endo-&ghzuronidase (hepamnam ) capable of speciftcally cleaving HS at intrachain sites (M. Nakajima, T. Irimura, N. DiFerrame, and G. L. Nicolson, 1984, J. Biof. Chem. 259.2283-2290). To perform rapid and microscale quantitative assays of heparanase we developed a solid-phase HS substrate by crosslinking radiolabeled HS onto agarose gel beads using one covalent linkage. The HS from bovine lung was partially Ndesulfated and labeled with [“C]acetic anhydride. Free HS amino groups were completely acetylated, and reducing terminal saccharides were reductively aminated. The HS derivatives with amino groups at their reducing termini were coupled to amino-reactive agarose beads Incubation of the solid-phase HS substrates with B 16 melanoma cell extracts in the presence of ~saccharic acid 1 +lactone (a potent exo-j3- glucuronidase inhibitor) resulted in the time- and dosedependent release of [%]HS fragments. Human melanoma cell lines were tested for HS-degrading endoglycosidase using the newly de veloped solid-phase HS substrates. The human malignant melanoma cells tested had high levels of HSdegrading activity that were comparable to those of highly metastatic murine B16-FlO melanoma cells. 0
Anaerobic reductive dechlorination of chlorinated dioxins in estuarine sediments

The biotransformation of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4-tetraCDD) under anaerobic sulfate-reducing, methanogenic, and iron-reducing conditions was examined with anaerobic enrichment cultures established with sediment from an estuarine intertidal strait in the New York/New Jersey harbor. In addition, the effect of prior enrichment on 2-bromophenol or a mixture of 2-, 3-, and 4-bromophenol on dioxin dechlorination was examined. All enrichments were spiked with 1 ppm 1,2,3,4-tetraCDD and monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for up to a 3-year period. Reductive dechlorination was initially observed only under methanogenic conditions in the cultures enriched on all three bromophenol isomers. 1,2,3,4-TetraCDD was dechlorinated in the lateral position to 1,2,4-triCDD. The initial appearance of 1,2,4-triCDD was observed after 2 months, with further dechlorination to 1,3-diCDD within 17 months.
General solution for diffusion-controlled dissolution of spherical particles. 1. Theory

Three classical particle dissolution rate expressions are commonly used to interpret particle dissolution rate phenomena. Our analysis shows that an assumption used in the derivation of the traditional cube-root law may not be accurate under all conditions for diffusion-controlled particle dissolution. Mathematical analysis shows that the three classical particle dissolution rate expressions are approximate solutions to a general diffusion layer model. The cube-root law is most appropriate when particle size is much larger than the diffusion layer thickness, the two-thirds-root expression applies when the particle size is much smaller than the diffusion layer thickness. The square-root expression is intermediate between these two models. A general solution to the diffusion layer model for monodispersed spherical particles dissolution was derived for sink and nonsink conditions. Constant diffusion layer thickness was assumed in the derivation. Simulated dissolution data showed that the ratio between particle size and diffusion layer thickness (a0/h) is an important factor in controlling the shape of particle dissolution profiles. A new semiempirical general particle dissolution equation is also discussed which encompasses the three classical particle dissolution expressions. The success of the general equation in explaining limitations of traditional particle dissolution expressions demonstrates the usefulness of the general diffusion layer model.
Effect of silicate, amalgam, and cast gold on the gingiva

Abstract This report verifies the previous findings that silicate and amalgam restorations produce a chronic inflammation of the gingival sulcus epithelium. It also shows that cast gold restorations were well tolerated in the gingival sulcus area. The physical injury of cavity preparation adds another insult to the soft tissues, as demonstrated by the controls. This injury, however, is repaired within 30 days. The inflammation subsides, and the budding epithelial invaginations into the submucosa apparently subside to the normal microscopic anatomy of the dental epithelium. The mechanism of this sequence is well suited for future investigation.
Interleukin-10 regulates the fetal hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix via a STAT3-dependent mechanism

Abstract Background The midgestational fetus is capable of regenerative healing. We have recently demonstrated a novel role for the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) as a regulator of hyaluronan (HA) in the extracellular matrix. The signaling pathway of IL-10 has been studied in monocytes but is unknown in dermal fibroblasts. We hypothesized IL-10 signals through its primary receptor, IL-10R1, to activate STAT3, resulting in HA synthesis. Methods Murine midgestational (E14.5) fetal fibroblasts were evaluated in vitro . Pericellular matrix was quantified using a particle exclusion assay. STAT3 levels and cellular localization were evaluated by Western blot/band densitometry and immunocytochemistry/confocal microscopy. HA levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of IL-10R1 signal blockade by a neutralizing antibody and STAT3 inhibition were evaluated. An ex vivo midgestation fetal forearm culture incisional wound model in control and transgenic IL-10−/− mice was used to evaluate the role of STAT3 on the extracellular matrix. Results Fetal fibroblasts produce a robust hyaluronan-rich pericellular matrix that is IL-10R1 and STAT3 dependent. Inhibition of IL-10R1 signaling results in decreased phosphorylated STAT3 levels and inhibition of nuclear localization. Inhibition of STAT3 results in decreased HA production. At day 3, midgestation fetal wounds have efficient re-epithelialization, which is significantly slowed in IL-10−/− wounds at the same gestation and with inhibition of STAT3. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that IL-10 regulates HA synthesis through its primary receptor IL-10R1 and STAT3 activation. This supports a novel nonimmunoregulatory mechanism of IL-10 in its role in fetal regenerative wound healing.
Numerical simulation of air pollution in urban areas: model performance

Abstract The numerical model developed in the first part of this investigation is applied to assess the behavior of sulfur dioxide and sulfate concentration distributions in an urban area using the St Louis Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) data. Statistical techniques chosen to determine the accuracy and uncertainty associated with the numerical model results include paired analysis and resampling analysis. The results of the numerical model are also compared with those of RAM, a Gaussian plume model. Finally, the behavior of point and area emission sources in an urban area is assessed to provide an insight into the complex interrelationships between the emissions and meteorological conditions which determine the distribution of ground level concentrations.
Data quality in neural network models: effect of error rate and magnitude of error on predictive accuracy

Neural networks have been applied in a wide variety of business domains. Although databases used in many organizations have been found to contain errors, little is known about the effect of these errors on predictions made by neural network models. The article uses a real-world example, the prediction of the net asset values of mutual funds, to investigate the effect of data quality on neural network models. The results of two experiments are reported. The first experiment shows that the error rate (ranging from 25 to 100%) and magnitude of error (5 and 10%) in data used in model prediction affect the predictive accuracy of neural networks. The second experiment shows that the error rate (ranging from 5 to 20%) and the magnitude of error (5 and 10%) in data used to build the model affect the predictive accuracy of neural networks. The findings have managerial implications for users and builders of neural networks working with databases containing errors.
On 3-Hypergraphs with Forbidden 4-Vertex Configurations

Every 3-graph in which no four vertices are independent and no four vertices span precisely three edges must have edge density $\geq4/9(1-o(1))$. This bound is tight. The proof is a rather elaborate application of Cauchy-Schwarz-type arguments presented in the framework of flag algebras. We include further demonstrations of this method by re-proving a few known tight results about hypergraph Turan densities and significantly improving numerical bounds for several problems for which the exact value is not known yet.
The effects of tenascin C knockdown on trabecular meshwork outflow resistance.

Purpose. Tenascin C (TNC) is a matricellular glycoprotein whose expression in adult tissue is indicative of tissue remodeling. The purpose of the current study was to determine the localization of TNC in trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue and to analyze the effects of TNC on intraocular pressure (IOP).
Quality of life assessment between laparoscopic appendectomy at presentation and interval appendectomy for perforated appendicitis with abscess: analysis of a prospective randomized trial.

Abstract Purpose The current study examined the impact of immediate laparoscopic surgery vs nonoperative initial management followed by interval appendectomy for appendicitis with abscess on child and family psychosocial well-being. Methods After obtaining Internal Review Board approval, 40 patients presenting with a perforated appendicitis and a well-formed abscess were randomized to surgical condition. Parents were asked to complete child quality of life and parenting stress ratings at presentation, at 2 weeks postadmission, and at approximately 12 weeks postadmission (2 weeks postoperation for the interval appendectomy group). Results Children in the interval arm experienced trends toward poorer quality of life at 2 and 12 weeks postadmission. However, no group differences in parenting stress were observed at 2 weeks postoperation. At 12 weeks postadmission, participants in the interval condition demonstrated significant impairment in both frequency and difficulty of problems contributing to parenting distress. Conclusion Families experience significant parenting distress related to the child's functioning and disruption in the child's quality of life that may be because of the delay in fully resolving the child's medical condition. In addition, parents experience negative consequences to their own stress as a result of the delay before the child's appendectomy.
Control of Chlorine inductively coupled plasma using optical-emission spectroscopy

Magneto-resistive random access memory (MRAM) technology is recognized as one of the next key advances in computer memory. To create MRAM, various metals are successively laid down by sputtering to create stacks, which are then etched into suitable patterns. Each layer requires a different process and maximum plasma energy to efficiently etch the metal while maintaining the stack at the lowest possible temperature to preserve magnetic properties. Computer control is necessary for fast response as the reaction progresses through different layers. This control system design enables high-speed control of the energy available in the plasma using high-speed spectrometers without extensive calculation of extraneous state variables.
Adaptive Temperature Control of Multiproduct Jacketed Reactors

This paper presents a new adaptive cascade temperature control system for jacketed stirred tank reactors in which multiple products are produced. The adaptive control system consists of two cascade input−output linearizing controllers and an inversion-based parameter estimator that estimates the rate of heat production by reactions and the overall jacket−reactor heat-transfer coefficient. Without a need for retuning, it can provide tight temperature control in highly exothermic, multiproduct, jacketed, stirred-tank reactors in which the reaction rate and the overall heat-transfer coefficient are unknown and vary significantly. The application and performance of the adaptive cascade control system are shown and compared with those of a proportional-integral (PI) cascade control system by an exothermic chemical reactor with varying overall heat-transfer coefficient. Compared to a PI cascade control system, the adaptive cascade control system exhibits better performance and is much easier to tune.
Using Frequency-dependent Seismic Attributes In Imaging of a Fractured Reservoir Zone

Author(s): Goloshubin, Gennady; Silin, Dmitry | Abstract: Normal reflection from a fractured reservoir is analyzed using frequency-dependent seismic attributes. Processing of 3D low-frequency seismic data from a West-Siberian reservoir produced an accurate delineation of the fracturedhydrocarbon-bearing zones. P-wave propagation, reflection and transmission at an impermeable interface between elastic and dual-porosity poroelastic media is investigated. It is obtained that the reflection and transmission coefficients are functions of the frequency. At low frequencies, their frequency-dependent components are asymptotically proportional to the square root of the product of frequency reservoir fluid mobility and fluid density.
SU‐FF‐J‐22: A Comparison of Calypso Based Localization for Post Prostatectomy Patient in the Presence of High Geometric Residual (GR) Beacon Error: Comparison/correlation with Ultrasound Alignment

Purpose: For Calypso‐guided treatment of post‐prostatectomy patients, the geometric residual (GR) error of beacon positions can increase due to local tissue deformations second to healing. We evaluated the Calypso localization inaccuracy resulting from beacon positional errors in such circumstances, using ultrasound(US)image guidance. We report the difference of these two image guidance methods and measure degree of correlation of US shifts with the GR value. Method and Materials: The Calypso system calculates a GR value prior to each treatment, and warns against using the system if the value is greater than 0.2 cm. For a post prostatectomy patient under treatment in our clinic we used US guidance to determine shifts on days when Calypso GR was out of tolerance. We compared US‐derived shifts with Calypso derived shifts both on days when GR was acceptable, and on days when it was not. We calculated degree of correlation between high GR and large US‐derived shifts. Results: On days with large GR value (e.g. 0.33 cm), the Calypso and BAT did not agree well, with A/P differences as large as 0.55 cm, thus suggesting potential shifting of the Calypso transponders. We found a correlation (R2=0.798) between Calypso localization inaccuracy, characterized by large US shifts, and high GR values. When GR values were less than 0.15 cm, Calypso agreed well with US alignment. Conclusion: When using Calypso for post‐prostatectomy patient alignment, special attention should be paid when geometrical residual limit is exceeded, as GR value is a strong indication of the Calypso localization inaccuracy.
Ultrastructure of the chondroid regions of benign mixed tumor of salivary gland

Methods of light and electron microscopy were employed to determine the exact nature of the chondroid portions of the benign mixed tumor of salivary gland. Although these regions could not be distinguished from normal hyaline cartilage when examined with the light microscope, no normal or metaplastic chondrocytes could be identified when the ultrastructure of these regions was examined with the electron microscope. Instead, neoplastic myoepithelial cells embedded in a matrix quite similar to that of immature hyaline cartilage were found to be present. It is concluded that in the benign mixed tumor neoplastic myoepithelial cells undergo partial metaplasia enabling them to produce a typical chondroid matrix. Further, because of the similarity in structure and function between myoepithelial cells and visceral smooth muscle cells, it is suggested that the myoepithelial cell is of mesenchymal origin and, therefore, after metaplasia entirely capable of producing a mesenchymal mucin.
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

Negative pressure wound therapy has become an increasingly important part of wound management. Over the last decade, numerous uses for this method of wound management have been reported, ranging from acute and chronic wounds, to closure of open sternal and abdominal wounds, to assistance with skin grafts. The biophysics behind the success of this treatment largely have focused on increased wound blood flow, increased granulation tissue formation, decreased bacterial counts, and stimulation of wound healing pathways through shear stress mechanisms. The overall success of negative pressure wound therapy has led to a multitude of clinical applications, which are discussed in this article.
Videolaryngoscopes in Paediatric Anaesthesia

The use of videolaryngoscopy is an ever expanding and developing branch of both routine and advanced airway management. An array of ‘tried and tested’ videolaryngoscopes is increasingly being used routinely in adults. However, due to the anatomical differences between adults and children, the proposed benefits are not readily transferrable without supporting evidence. With an increase in paediatric-sized equipment, the last 10 years has seen a rise in the number of relevant clinical investigations in the use of videolaryngoscopes for paediatric airway management. This narrative review focuses on videolaryngoscopes currently available for paediatric patients. The supporting literature is analyzed for their clinical use and effectiveness.
Core/Shell CdSe/CdTe Heterostructure Nanowires Under Axial Strain

An ab initio computational study was performed to assess the impact of uniaxial strain (along the wurtzite c axis) on the electronic structure of CdSe and CdTe systems of decreasing dimensionality....
Cultivars of Apple Fruits That Are Not Marketed with Potential for Anthocyanin Production

The red coloration of apple skin is mainly due to anthocyanins that are reported to possess health benefits. The aim of the present study was to determine the anthocyanin content in three underutilized Malus pumila Mill cultivars, Cranberry, Kerr, and Niedzwetzkyana, and confirm their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Our analysis revealed that the three cultivars studied contained primarily cyanidin-3- O-glucosyl rutinoside ( 1) at >99%. The anthocyanin was purified by C-18 medium pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by NMR spectral methods. The quantification of anthocyanins in M. pumila cultivars revealed that Cranberry, Kerr, and Niedzwetzkyana contained 1.12, 0.55, and 0.36 mg/g of fresh weight of 1, respectively. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) inhibitory activities of 1 in water were compared with the activities of cyanidin-3- O-rutinoside ( 2) and cyanidin-3- O-glucoside ( 3) found in cherries and berries. There is a significant increase in LPO ...
Low mutational burden of individual acquired mitochondrial DNA mutations in brain.

Neurons may be particularly susceptible to oxidative damage, which has been proposed to induce somatic mutations, particularly in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Therefore, acquired mtDNA mutations might preferentially accumulate in the brain and could play a role in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, a somatic T to G mtDNA mutation at noncoding nucleotide position 414 was reported in fibroblasts specifically from elderly subjects, with mutational burdens of up to 50%. We screened for this mutation in brain-derived mtDNA from 8 Alzheimer's disease patients, 27 Parkinson's disease patients, 4 multiple system atrophy patients, and 44 controls using up to three RFLP analyses. A total of 73 of these subjects were over the age of 65. The 414 mutation was absent in all cases. Next, individual mtDNA fragments from 6 elderly subjects were cloned, and a total of 70 clones were sequenced. The 414 mutation was absent in all clones, though occasional sequence variations were identified at other sites in single clones. The 414 mutation also was absent in blood (n = 6) and fibroblasts (n = 11) from elderly subjects. Our data suggest that it is rare for any one particular acquired mtDNA mutation to reach levels in the brain that are functionally significant. This does not exclude the possibility that the cumulative burden of multiple, individually rare, acquired mutations impairs mitochondrial function.
Word-level stress patterns in the academic word list

Abstract This paper addresses teachers and researchers of English as a second or foreign language who are interested in speech intelligibility training and/or vocabulary acquisition. The study reports a stress-pattern analysis of the Academic Word List (AWL) as made available by Coxhead [TESOL Quarterly 34 (2000) 213]. To examine the AWL in a new way, we identified patterns of word-level stress in the AWL's 525 headwords and 2454 sublist items, or 2979 polysyllabic academic words in all. The report's final table rank orders 39 patterns of word-level stress. We learned that the first 14 patterns encompass over 90% of the AWL's lexical items, while the remaining 25 patterns are low in frequency of occurrence. Results of our analysis may be coupled with information on word-level stress already available in the literature (e.g., systematic shifts in word-level stress—as well as corresponding changes in vowel quality—due to such phenomena as suffixation, derivational morphology, and other aspects of rule-based pedagogy). The paper's concluding section highlights the importance of introducing English for Academic Purposes (EAP) learners to such pattern phenomena in coordination with the word stress frequency data reported in the study.
Effect of Stress Cracks on Corn Wet-Milling Yields

ABSTRACT U.S. No. 2 yellow dent corn was randomly probe-sampled from rail cars being shipped to a wet-milling plant from a Corn Belt local elevator. The probe samples were blended together and kernels were sorted into four levels of stress cracks (0, 1, 2, or multiple). Each level of stress cracking was then laboratory wet-milled in triplicate. The only statistically observed differences were in total fiber and in protein content of the gluten meal fraction. The starch yield difference between zero stress cracked corn and multiple stress cracked corn was smaller (0.8%) than would be expected if stress cracking were an indicator of damage to the wet-milling characteristics of the corn.
Textbooks for Responsible Data Analysis in Excel

With 27 million users, Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, WA) is the most common business data analysis software. However, audits show that almost all complex spreadsheets have errors. The author examined textbooks to understand why responsible data analysis is taught. A purposeful sample of 10 textbooks was coded, and then compared against spreadsheet development best practices. The results show a wide range of approaches, and reveal that none of the 10 books fully cover the methodologies needed to create well-rounded Excel data analysts. There is a need to re-evaluate the teaching approaches being used in office application courses.
Health Effects of Acid Rain: Are There Any?:

THE SCIENTIFIC and medical literature was reviewed to determine the relationship between acid rain and human illness. Rain and a pH below 5.6 is referred to as acid rain. Although 'acid rain' or mo...
Symmetric Functions, Formal Group Laws, and Lazard's Theorem☆

Lazard's theorem is a central result in formal group theory; it states that the ring over which the universal formal group law is defined (known as the Lazard ring) is a polynomial algebra over the integers with infinitely many generators. This ring also shows up in algebraic topology as the complex cobordism ring. The main aim of this paper is to show that the polynomial structure of the Lazard ring follows from the polynomial structure of a certain subalgebra of symmetric functions with integer coefficients. The connection between symmetric functions and the Lazard ring is provided by a certain Hopf algebra map from symmetric functions to the covariant bialgebra of a formal group law. We study this map by deriving formulas for the images of certain symmetric functions; in passing, we use this map to prove some symmetric function and Catalan number identities. Based on the above results, we prove Lazard's theorem, and present an application to the construction of certainp-typical formal group laws over the integers. Combinatorial methods play a major role throughout this paper.
Combining competition assays with genetic complementation strategies to dissect mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency

Substantial scientific interest has been dedicated recently to the crucial factors that control the pluripotent state of stem cells. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) self-renewal and lineage differentiation, we have developed a robust method for studying the role of a particular gene in these processes. This protocol describes detailed procedures for the design and generation of the complementation rescue system and its application in dissecting the network of pluripotency-associated factors, using mESCs as a model. Specifically, three main procedures are described: (i) screening pluripotency-associated factors by competition assay; (ii) setting up an inducible complementation rescue system; and (iii) dynamically studying the pluripotency network response to target depletion. Completion of the competition assay and complementation rescue system takes 35 and 30 d, respectively, and an additional 16 d to study the dynamic molecular effects of a gene of interest in the pluripotency network.
CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA AND MATERNAL INFECTIONS DURING PREGNANCY

The Connecticut Tumor Registry has records of 431 children who developed leukemia during their first ten years of life and who were born in Connecticut. These children were grouped into 27 annual birth cohorts for the years 1935 through 1961. Time/space clustering was studied by various statistical methods using the date and place of residence at birth. The hypothesis that children born of women pregnant during epidemics of infectious diseases are at a higher risk of developing leukemia was tested extensively. Evidence was sought for a relation between the occurrence of influenza, chickenpox, measles, German measles, mumps, poliomyelitis and whooping cough during pregnancy and leukemia in the offspring. No significant positive correlations were found. *State of Connecticut Department of Health, Chronic Disease Control Section, Connecticut Tumor Registry, Hartford
Underserved and Unprepared: Postsecondary Learning Disabilities

The adolescent and adult population with learning disabilities (LD) continues to be underserved and underprepared to meet the demands of postsecondary education. Evidence pertaining to postsecondary education outcomes for the population with LD is extremely bleak. One purpose of this article is to situate thinking about adolescents and adults with LD across the spectrum of ability and socioeconomic status within the current world context. The second objective is to heighten awareness of the changing needs of this population based on social, educational, economic, and political directives. Several academic options are presented as alternative pathways available to individuals in the transition from secondary to postsecondary environments.
B‐Vitamin Content of Natural Lactic Acid Fermented Cornmeal

The content of nine B vitamins was determined in cornmeal after 24,48,72, or 96 hr of natural lactic acid fermentation. Compared to the nonfermented control, all fermented samples had significantly (P < 0.05) increased levels of vitamin Bta, riboflavin, and folacin. Samples fermented 96 hr had significantly (P < 0.05) increased pantothenic acid compared to the control. All fermented samples contained significantly (P < 0.05) less pyridoxine than the control. There were no significant (P < 0.05) differences in niacin and biotin contents. Samples fermented for 24 hr had decreased thiamin and choline compared to the control or to other fermented samples, but there were no other significant (P < 0.05) differences in thiamin and choline contents.