cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hitting the wall in the marathon: Phenomenological characteristics and associations with expectancy, gender, and running history

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to identify salient characteristics of hitting the wall in the marathon and to assess the frequency of self-reported occurrence of the wall as a function of expectancy, gender, and running history. Design A correlational research design was used. Method Participants (218 men and 97 women) from three Eastern Seaboard marathons in the United States responded to items regarding general demographic information and expectation of the wall prior to the marathon. After the marathon, participants were asked to report the occurrence of the wall, whether they experienced each of 24 potential characteristics of the wall, and the impact of these characteristics on performance. Results Approximately 43% of participants reported that they hit the wall during the marathon. Logistic regression analysis indicated that generalized fatigue, unintentionally slowing pace, desire to walk, and shifting focus to survival were salient characteristics of the wall. Logistic regression analyses indicated that male gender, expectancy of hitting the wall, shorter distance of longest training run, and previous episodes of hitting the wall were associated with reports of hitting the wall. Conclusions Several robust characteristics of the wall were identified. Occurrence of the wall phenomenon appears to be more prevalent among men than among women and may be influenced by expectancy.
Sequence of the human 40-kDa keratin reveals an unusual structure with very high sequence identity to the corresponding bovine keratin.

Abstract The complete amino acid and DNA sequences of the human 40-kDa keratin are reported. The DNA sequence encodes a protein of 44,098 Da, which is unique in that it lacks the terminal non-alpha-helical tail segment found in all other keratins. When the human 40-kDa keratin amino acid sequence is compared to the corresponding bovine keratin, the overall identity is 89%. The coil-forming regions are 89% identical and the head regions are 88% identical. This similarity is also evident in the DNA sequence of the coding region, the 5' upstream sequences, and the 3' noncoding sequences. The high degree of cross-species identity between bovine and human 40-kDa keratins suggests that there is strong evolutionary pressure to conserve the structure of this keratin. This in turn suggests an important and universal role for this intermediate filament subunit in all species.
Evidence for molecular reorientations on a surface: Coadsorption of CO and Na on Ru(001)

Abstract Evidence is presented for a local interaction between CO and Na adsorbed on Ru(001). For low coverages of Na (θNa ≲ 0.15 ML) and saturation coverages of CO at 80 K. a fraction of the CO molecules undergo a substantial change in bonding configuration: molecular CO bound perpendicular to the Ru(001) surface changes to an “inclined” configuration in the presence of low coverages of Na.
(3+1)-dimensional light-front model with spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry

We investigate a (3+1)-dimensional toy model that exhibits spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry, both in a light-front (LF) Hamiltonian and in a Euclidean Schwinger-Dyson (SD) formulation. We show that both formulations are completely equivalent, provided the renormalization is properly done. The counterterm can be constructed explicitly by eliminating zero-mode degrees of freedom, giving rise to to an effective interaction: i.e., zero-mode dynamics, in the sense of an effective action, leads to a very simple set of modifications for the nonzero modes. We find that it is sufficient to renormalize terms that exist already in the canonical LF Hamiltonian independently. Chiral symmetry breaking is manifested via a ``kinetic mass'' counterterm, which is eventually responsible for the mass generation of the physical fermion of the model. The vertex mass in the LF calculation must be taken to be the same as the current quark mass in the SD calculation.
Perceived science ability as a factor in the course selections of men and women in college

It was hypothesized in this study that men and women develop a belief about their ability in science during their school years that is based in part on their participation in certain science courses and on their level of performance in those courses. This belief about their ability in turn affects the science decisions that these students make when they enter college. Students who believe they have ability in science are more likely to choose a science curriculum in college than those who do not. The results indicated that even though their performance in high school science was better than that of the men, women in this study rated their ability in science lower, and that this had a negative effect on later participation in college science.
Dynamic light scattering characterization of the detergent-free, delipidated (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Dynamic light scattering studies have been conducted on the delipidated and detergent-removed (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase protein assemblies. Specific characterization of the state of aggregation and the extent of conformation change upon delipidation and detergent removal has been made. The results show that the prominent species are dimers and tetramers of very globular nature, with axial ratios of less than 2 : 1. The hydrodynamic radii of the dimers and the tetramers are, respectively, 57.5 A and 74.5 A. The globular nature of these observed entities differ from the delipidated ATPase proteins recently obtained (LeMaire, M., Jorgensen, K.E., Roigaard-Petersen, H. and Moller, J.V. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5805–5812). Present results suggest that upon the removal of detergents from the lipid-free ATPase protein assembly, only a rather limited degree of aggregation takes place. Such a condition is consistent with models of the membrane protein system which has limited regions of hydrophobic contact. Oligomeric assemblies with aqueous channels is a possible active Ca 2+ transport model consistent with results of the present data, as well as the data from several other recent studies.
Effect of single oral doses of benzbromarone on serum and urinary uric acid.

The effects of various single oral doses of micronized benzbromarone on serum and urinary uric acid and urinary oxypurines were studied in 5 healthy volunteers and in 5 patients with gout. There was an effective, unequivocal, and dose-related reduction in serum uric acid levels in both groups. The simultaneous increased excretion of urinary uric acid but not of oxypurines suggests the mechanism of effect is uricosuria. The prolonged duration of action up to 48 hours after dosing is advantageous as the drug need be taken only once a day. The data presented favor a protracted trial of benzbromarone in patients with gout and hyperuricemia.
On the use of operator-splitting methods for the equations of combustion

Abstract A model problem is analyzed to illustrate the operator-splitting method for combustion problems with low Mach-number flows. In the limit of high Damkohler number, it is shown that the solution of the combustion equations can be separated at each time step into two parts, (1) a spatially homogeneous explosion calculation over the initial part of the time step and (2) a transport calculation over the remainder of the time step that redistributes the chemical energy released in (1). The limit of high activation energy (β → ∞) allows approximate analytical solution of the explosion equations. The method is applicable primarily for problems with two time scales, a short chemical time scale and a much longer convection or diffusion time scale. Nevertheless, it can still be profitably used for problems described only by the single chemical scale if certain restrictions are obeyed. The operator-splitting method is then applied to solve the problem of two initially separated coflowing streams of fuel and oxidizer that subsequently mix and react. Many advantages and disadvantages of operator splitting are well represented by this example; some, such as those for confined flames, are not. Error norms are evaluated, CPU times compared, and influences of the Damkohler number D and characteristic time step ratio χ analyzed. Extensions to more general cases are discussed.
Magnetic and structural properties of Y6−xErxFe23 alloys and their hydrides☆

Abstract The magnetic characteristics and structural features of the Y6−xErxFe23 alloys and their hydrides are reported. The parent alloys all formed in a face-centered cubic structure. A pronounced minimum in the lattice parameter was observed for Er4Y2Fe23. A similar minimum was also observed in the 1 atm hydrogen capacity of the alloys. The hydrides of the Y-rich compounds were found to retain the cubic structure of the parent compounds, whereas the hydrides of Er5YFe23 and Er6Fe23 adopt tetragonally distorted structures. Both the intermetallics and their hydrides were observed to be ferrimagnetic, exchange-dominated systems. In all cases, absorption of hydrogen resulted in an increase in both the saturation magnetization and the Curie temperature.
Satellite-Observed Black Water Events off Southwest Florida: Implications for Coral Reef Health in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

A “black water” event, as observed from satellites, occurred off southwest Florida in 2012. Satellite observations suggested that the event started in early January and ended in mid-April 2012. The black water patch formed off central west Florida and advected southward towards Florida Bay and the Florida Keys with the shelf circulation, which was confirmed by satellite-tracked surface drifter trajectories. Compared with a previous black water event in 2002, the 2012 event was weaker in terms of spatial and temporal coverage. An in situ survey indicated that the 2012 black water patch contained toxic K. brevis and had relatively low CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) and turbidity but high chlorophyll-a concentrations, while salinity was somewhat high compared with historical values. Further analysis revealed that the 2012 black water was formed by the K. brevis bloom initiated off central west Florida in late September 2011, while river runoff, Trichodesmium and possibly submarine groundwater discharge also played important roles in its formation. Black water patches can affect benthic coral reef communities by decreasing light availability at the bottom, and enhanced nutrient concentrations from black water patches support massive macroalgae growth that can overgrow coral reefs. It is thus important to continue the integrated observations where satellites provide synoptic and repeated observations of such adverse water quality events.
Evolution of consciousness in responses to terrorist attacks: Towards a transpersonal theory of cultural transformation

Abstract Through the analyses of responses to attacks to September 11, the authors interpret trauma as a catalyst of transformation of cultural consciousness and American self, and articulate the foundations for a transpersonal theory of cultural evolution. Accounts feature positive values, humanistic and spiritual aspirations, direct intuition of the evolution of consciousness, and the instances of new type of integral consciousness identified with both oneness and multiplicity. Authors use the theory of emergent evolution of Sri Aurobindo and Gebser, and the spiritual psychology of Ibn‐Arabi, as opposed to positivist and critical theory evolutionary perspectives. Imaginative responses to complexity and trauma, re‐focusing attention on spiritual values, and transpersonal dialog are indicated as components of the new cultural strategies.
Quantitation of microparticles released from coated-platelets

Dual agonist stimulation of platelets with thrombin and convulxin results in generation of coated-platelets, a sub-population of cells known formerly as COAT-platelets (collagen and thrombin). Coated-platelets retain several procoagulant proteins on their surface and express phosphatidylserine (PS). In this report, we utilize a new methodology to demonstrate that coated-platelets also release microparticles. Platelets were prelabeled with 2.5 microm Bodipy-maleimide and then stimulated with convulxin plus thrombin. Microparticles, 0.3-0.5 microm in diameter, were observed by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Confocal microscopy was also used to demonstrate that microparticles were positive for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, glycoprotein Ib, CD9, and PS, but negative for fibrinogen and thrombospondin. Furthermore, microparticles released from Bodipy-labeled platelets were observed by flow cytometry, and activation with convulxin plus thrombin produced 15 +/- 5 microparticles per coated-platelet. In contrast, platelets stimulated with thrombin or convulxin alone produced few microparticles. Phenylarsine oxide and diamide, both of which potentiate the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and coated-platelet production, significantly increased the number of microparticles released per coated-platelet.
Activity-based anorexia: relationship to gender and activity-stress ulcers.

Abstract The phenomena of activity-based anorexia (ABA) and the activity-stress ulcer (ASU) both involve paradigms in which the food intake of rats is restricted and the animals are allowed voluntary exercise in a running wheel. This study determined the susceptibility of male and female rats to ABA and ASU following 25- and 30-percent losses of their original body weights. Male rats reached both weight loss criteria in a fewer number of days than did female rats. None of the male and female rats sacrificed at the 25% weight loss criterion evidenced gastric lesions; 52% of the animals sacrificed at the 30% weight loss criterion had one or more lesions. No gender differences with respect to gastric lesions were observed at the 30% weight loss criterion; however, at both weight loss criteria, females ate and ran more than males. It is concluded that ASUs are a consequence rather than a cause of ABA, and that there is a sexually “dimorphic” susceptibility to ABA but not ASUs. The utility of using a 25% weight loss criterion for defining ABA is also discussed.
THE FATE OF MITOCHONDRIA DURING AGING IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

During the growth cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis the mitochondria undergo changes in position, number, and structure. Ciliates in the logarithmic growth phase possess elongated mitochondria which are aligned along the plasma membrane and are closely associated with the kinetosomes and kinetodesmata. Mitochondria appear to divide across the long axis at this time, resulting in two or more products. Throughout this phase of growth mitochondrial divisions keep pace with cytokinesis so that the population of mitochondria remains at essentially the minimal level. As the ciliates enter the stationary growth phase the mitochondria increase in number, become oval to spherical in shape, and some migrate into the cytoplasm. Intramitochondrial masses of various configurations appear at this time. Some of the mitochondria lying in the cytoplasm become incorporated into vacuoles. Within these vacuoles either a single mitochondrion appears or several mitochondria may be seen along with other cytoplasmic structures. Later in the stationary growth phase the contained mitochondria are dense and the tubules are more compact than normal. Various stages in disorganization of the mitochondria are observed in a single large vacuole. Cytochemical tests reveal the presence of acid phosphatase, suggesting that hydrolysis of the vacuolar contents occurs. Lipid droplets increase in number during the middle and late stationary phase of growth. These events are interpreted as being associated with the normal process of aging in T. pyriformis.
Role of Intron I in Expression of the Human Factor IX Gene (

The first intron (intron I) of the human factor IX gene, which has been previously suggested of having an expression-augmenting activity, was systematically studied for its potential enhancer activity. When tested with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression vector with a minimal factor IX promoter, subregions of intron I showed only marginal enhancing activities (1.7-1.9-fold enhancement at the highest). Smaller subregions encompassing nucleotides 5660-6350 of the intron sequence even showed some weak negative regulatory activities (∼50% suppression at the highest), while a cytomegalovirus enhancer sequence, which was used as the positive control, had a 7-fold enhancement. A set of three factor IX minigene expression vectors with the same factor IX promoter were then constructed: p-416FIXc which contained the factor IX cDNA, p-416FIXm1 which contained the factor IX cDNA with a largely truncated intron I, and p-416FIXm2 which contained the factor IX cDNA with the intron I sequence further truncated. The p-416FIXm1 and p-416FIXm2 constructs showed 7-9-fold higher expression activities than p-416FIXc. The elevated factor IX antigen levels agreed well with the grossly elevated factor IX clotting activity and mRNA levels. These results indicate that the expression enhancing activity of intron I is not due to specific enhancer elements present in the intron subsequences, but is due to functional splicing sequences present in the precursor mRNAs produced from the minigene constructs containing intron I. By being efficiently assembled into spliceosome complexes, transcripts with splicing sequences may be better protected in the nucleus from random degradations than those without such sequences.
Minimax detection of signals with unknown parameters

Abstract To be detected is a signal depending on certain parameters whose values are unknown a priori. Their least-favorable distribution is that for which the average detection probability of the Neyman-Pearson optimum detector is minimum. A criterion that a prior distribution must satisfy in order to be least favorable is given. A corresponding criterion valid in the weak-signal limit is derived and applied to the detection in Gaussian noise of narrowband signals with random phase. Determining this approximately least-favorable distribution is shown to be a problem in quadratic programming. The method is applied to signals whose frequencies are known only to lie in a specific band, such as, for example, radar echoes from targets moving with unknown velocities.
Loss of T-bet, But Not STAT1, Prevents the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

The transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and T-bet control the differentiation of interferon (IFN)-γ–producing T helper type (Th)1 cells. Here we compare the role of T-bet and STAT1 in the initiation and regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease initiated by Th1 cells. T-bet–deficient mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) were resistant to the development of EAE. This protection was also observed when T-bet−/− mice were crossed to the MOG-specific 2D2 T cell receptor transgenic strain. In contrast, although T-bet is downstream of STAT1, STAT1−/− mice were highly susceptible to EAE and developed more severe and accelerated disease with atypical neuropathologic features. The function of T-bet was dominant as mice deficient in both T-bet and STAT1 were also protected from EAE. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells from these two mice strains were fully competent and do not explain the difference in disease susceptibility. However, enhanced EAE in STAT1−/− mice was associated with continued generation of IFN-γ–producing Th1 cells and up-regulation of selective chemokines responsible for the increased recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils in the central nervous system. Although the two transcription factors, STAT1 and T-bet, both induce IFN-γ gene transcription, our results demonstrate marked differences in their function in regulating pathogenic Th1 cell responses.
Proximate Composition and Collagen Concentration of Processing Residue of Channel Catfish

Abstract Residues—including heads, skin, viscera, frames, and trimmings—from the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus processing industry have generally been made into catfish meal and catfish oil that are used in animal feeds. There may be more efficient uses for these materials, such as producing collagen and other products. A study was conducted to determine the percentages of each component of the processing residue relative to whole fish weight and their crude protein, crude fat, moisture, ash, and collagen concentrations. Of a market-size channel catfish, the head accounted for 24% of the whole weight, the frame 13.6%, the viscera 10.8%, the skin 4.7%, and the trimmings 3.7%. These processing residues represent a total of 56.8% of the total fish weight. The highest crude protein and collagen concentrations were found in the skin (protein, 19.9% of wet tissue and 82.1% of dry matter; collagen, 14.2% of wet tissue and 58.7% of dry matter). The viscera had the highest fat level (32.7% of wet tissue and ...
The role of APOE-ɛ4 genotype in early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI): Preliminary results from ADNI-2

differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) between groups.Results: The neuropsychological assessment did not show an influence of ApoE4 on measures of memory or attention. Structural analyses with VBM and DTI did not reveal any significant differences in gray matter and white matter volume or in FA between groups. In contrast to the neuropsychological and structural findings, there was an effect of APOE-e4 on functional activation patterns during episodic memory associative encoding. Compared to the homozygote APOE-e3 group, APOE-e4 carriers showed reduced task-induced activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in the left parietal cortex. Conclusions: These results suggest that the APOE-e4 genotype affects neuronal function in young adults but not microand macrostructure, as detectable with VBM and TBSS. These findings are relevant to the question of potential preclinical disease-driving factors, providing a rationale for further studies assessing functional neuronal aberration as a possible independent risk factor for the development of subsequent neurodegeneration at older age.
Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: Colonization, infection, treatment, and emergence of fluconazole resistance

Abstract purpose: To study the epidemiology of oral candidiasis and the effect of treatment of thrush in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. patients and methods: We conducted a prospective observational study of 92 patients over 1 year, including a nonblinded, randomized treatment trial of thrush with clotrimazole troches or oral fluconazole. Oral sites were cultured monthly and when thrush occurred. Candida albicans strains were typed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis. Changes in strains were evaluated over time and in regard to their associations with particular sites, episodes of thrush, relapse after treatment, and colonization of sexual partners. Susceptibility to fluconazole was tested and CHEF analysis was done on these strains to determine the epidemiology of fluconazole resistance. results: Yeasts colonized 84% of patients. C albicans accounted for 81% of all isolates and was separated into 34 distinct strains. Most patients had persistent carriage of 1 or 2 dominant strains of C albicans . Three couples shared strains. Nineteen different C albicans strains caused 82 episodes of thrush in 45 patients. CD4 Torulopsis glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased after treatment with either drug, but these organisms were never a sole cause of thrush. In a subset of 35 patients followed for over 3 months in whom fluconazole susceptiblities were performed, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to fluconazole increased only in those on fluconazole prophylaxis. Clinical failure of fluconazole was associated with an MIC ≥ 64 μg/mL in 3 patients, and with an MIC of 8 μg/mL in 1 patient. In 2 of these 4 patients, the prior colonizing strain developed fluconazole resistance. In the other 2, new resistant strains were acquired. conclusions: Many different strains of C albicans colonize and cause thrush in patients infected with HIV. Patients are usually persistently colonized with a single strain, and recurrences following treatment are usually due to the same strain. Transmission of strains may occur between couples. Fluconazole and clotrimazole are equally effective in treating thrush, but mycologic cure occurs more often with fluconazole. Fluconazole resistance in C albicans occurs most often in patients who have low CD4 counts and are taking fluconazole prophylactically for recurrent thrush. Fluconazole resistance may occur through acquisition of a new resistant strain or by development of resistance in a previously susceptible strain.
The evaporating meniscus in a channel

Author(s): Morris, SJS | Abstract: We consider the evaporating meniscus of a perfectly wetting liquid in a channel whose superheated walls are at common temperature. Heat flows by pure conduction from the walls to the phase interface; there, evaporation induces a small-scale liquid flow concentrated near the contact lines. Liquid is continually fed to the channel, so that the interface is stationary, but distorted by the pressure differences caused by the small-scale flow. To determine the heat flow, we make a systematic analysis of this free-boundary problem in the limit of vanishing capillary number based on the velocity of the induced flow. Because surface tension is then large, the induced flow can distort the phase interface only in a small inner region near the contact lines; the effect is to create an apparent contact angle Θ depending on capillary number. Though, in general, there can be significant heat flow within that small inner region, the presence of an additional small parameter in the problem implies that, in practice, heat flow is significant only within the large outer region where the interface shape is determined by hydrostatics and Θ. We derive a formula for the heat flow, and show that the channel geometry affects the heat flow only through the value of the interface curvature at the contact line. Consequently, the heat flow relation for a channel can be applied to other geometries.
Drainage and agriculture impacts on fire frequency in a southern Illinois forested bottomland

Postsettlement (1909-2003) fire history of a forested bottomland in the Mississippi Embayment of southern Illi- nois, USA, was determined using fire-scar analysis. The study area is a forested bottomland hardwood site, with remnant pockets of the dominant presettlement bald cypress - tupelo (Taxodium-Nyssa) vegetation. Ditch drainage was installed in 1919, with agricultural clearing and abandonment varying throughout the early and mid-twentieth century. Commercial agricultural activities ceased after the site became part of a conservation area ca. 1950. The hydrology of the site was fur- ther modified in 1957 when it was inundated for waterfowl management. Both drainage and land clearing for agriculture were associated with increased fire frequency. Although drainage was a necessary precursor to agriculture across much of this landscape, land improvement played the stronger role in determining fire frequency. The mean fire interval for the study period (1895-1965) was 1.73 years, with a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of 15 years. This frequency contrasts with the complete fire exclusion that has prevailed in the area since 1965. These results have important implications for the maintenance and restoration of forested wetland ecosystems where the present fire regime differs dramatically from that under which the now-dominant forest vegetation developed. Resume´ : L'historique des incendies survenus depuis la colonisation (1909-2003) d'une plaine alluviale boisee dans la Baie Mississippi du sud de l'Illinois, aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique, a etereconstitueen utilisant l'analyse des cicatrices de feu. La zone d'etude est une station occupee par la foret feuillue dans la plaine alluviale avec des o
Recent Eurasian river discharge to the Arctic Ocean in the context of longer‐term dendrohydrological records

[1] Mapped correlations between annual discharges (AD 1938–1990) of the major Eurasian rivers entering the Arctic Ocean (Severnaya Dvina, Pechora, Ob', Yenisey, Lena, and Kolyma) demonstrate a positive relationship between discharge and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) within the individual basins and more distant areas. The relationship between recent discharge and PDSI supports the application of dendrohydrological modeling to produce reconstructions of discharge extending back before the 20th century. The dendrohydrologic models explain from 41% (Yenisey) to 55% (Pechora) of the observed variability of flow in the individual basins and 39% of the total combined discharge. Discharge reconstructions for the period AD 1800–1990 indicate that there is no long-term monotonic trend toward higher discharge over the past 200 years. Reconstructed annual discharge for the individual rivers and the total discharge from all the rivers experienced in the 20th century are within the bounds of natural variability experienced over the past 200 years. The S. Dvina, Pechora, Ob, and Kolyma reconstructions do display significant multidecadal variability in discharge similar to that observed in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Northern Hemisphere climatic parameters. Although the translation of such variability to the river discharges remains uncertain, the presence of multidecadal variability makes it more difficult to detect or ascribe annual discharge changes that may be attributable to global warming.
The b-Locus and c (Albino) Series of Alleles

Four mutations have been assigned to the b-locus (or to one very closely associated with it) on the fourth chromosome of the mouse. B, the wild type allele at this locus, produces black (Plate 1-E) and the most recessive allele, b, produces brown (Plate 1-F) eumelanin. Thus b, when homozygous, changes the gray color of the wild mouse to a brownish hue, which is generally known as cinnamon agouti or cinnamon. This phenotype results from the occurrence of yellow banded brown (instead of black) hairs.
Value of the MOC-31 monoclonal antibody in differentiating epithelial pleural mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma

MOC-31 is a monoclonal antibody that has recently become commercially available that recognizes an epithelial-associated, transmembrane glycoprotein often expressed in epithelial tumors. Although some authors have indicated that MOC-31 immunostaining can assist in distinguishing epithelial mesotheliomas from metastatic adenocarcinomas to the pleura, others have concluded that this marker has no value in separating these conditions. To determine whether MOC-31 immunostaining can assist in discriminating epithelial pleural mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma or from other carcinomas metastatic to the pleura, 38 epithelial pleural mesotheliomas, 40 pulmonary adenocarcinomas, 55 nonpulmonary adenocarcinomas, six squamous cell carcinomas of the lung (SCCLs), three small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs), 19 bronchial carcinoids (BCs), and 15 transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) were studied. Reactivity was obtained in two (5%) of the mesotheliomas, in all 40 (100%) pulmonary adenocarcinomas, in 45 (82%) nonpulmonary adenocarcinomas, in six (100%) SCCLs, three (100%) SCLCs, 15 (83%) BCs, and 10 (67%) TCCs. The staining in the two positive mesotheliomas was restricted to a few cells, in contrast to the pulmonary adenocarcinomas and most of the other carcinomas where it was often strong and diffuse. It is concluded that MOC-31 can be useful in separating epithelial pleural mesothelioma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma or from other epithelial malignancies involving the pleura.
Schema Learning: Experience-Based Construction of Predictive Action Models

Schema learning is a way to discover probabilistic, constructivist, predictive action models (schemas) from experience. It includes methods for finding and using hidden state to make predictions more accurate. We extend the original schema mechanism [1] to handle arbitrary discrete-valued sensors, improve the original learning criteria to handle POMDP domains, and better maintain hidden state by using schema predictions. These extensions show large improvement over the original schema mechanism in several rewardless POMDPs, and achieve very low prediction error in a difficult speech modeling task. Further, we compare extended schema learning to the recently introduced predictive state representations [2], and find their predictions of next-step action effects to be approximately equal in accuracy. This work lays the foundation for a schema-based system of integrated learning and planning.
A Novel Approach to Reduce Traffic Chaos in Emergency and Evacuation Scenarios

This paper proposes a novel chaos reducing information dissemination approach for spatio-temporal traffic information related to first responders and evacuation scenarios using Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In our approach, we provide an emergency vehicle path clearing technique. Therefore, traffic confusion and chaos is lowered on evacuation and emergency vehicle routes. Simulation results show that our approach works efficiently without fully relying on any message relaying infrastructure.
The Na-K-Cl cotransporters

The Na-K-Cl cotransporters are a class of membrane proteins that transport Na, K, and Cl ions into and out of cells in an electrically neutral manner, in most cases with a stoichiometry of 1Na:1K:2...
The New Style of Science

One of the oldest legends of our culture dates back to the era before the Libyan dynasties of Egypt, many centuries before the Christian era. It relates to the town of Sais, in the delta of the Nile, where a great temple had been dedicated to Osiris, the god of the underworld. The ruins of that temple are still visible today.
Biomechanics of the deconditioned left ventricle

To determine if strain and wall motion are enhanced in the left ventricle (LV) in a chronically afterload-reduced milieu, a magnetic resonance tagging technique was used to examine 19 subjects: 11 with transposition of the great arteries who have undergone an atrial inversion operation (TGA-LV, 11.6 +/- 4.3 yr postoperative) and eight normal adults. Finite strains (E1), regional twist, and radial motion were calculated at the atrioventricular valve and apical short axis levels in four anatomic wall regions. Strain was greatest in TGA-LV patients (-0.20 +/- 0.02 at the atrioventricular valve septal wall) and was significantly greater than controls in six out of eight regions. Marked differences were noted in the distribution of strain between TGA-LV and normal subjects as well as within the TGA-LV group. Ten of 11 LV of TGA-LV patients twisted clockwise in the lateral or inferior walls and counterclockwise in other walls (more counterclockwise than control subjects), whereas control LV twisted uniformly counterclockwise. The lateral wall of TGA-LV demonstrated the greatest radial inward motion, whereas controls demonstrated uniform radial inward motion. We conclude that the biomechanics of the LV faced with a chronic afterload reduction is enhanced; a marked increase in regional strain is observed in TGA-LV patients. Abnormalities in the distribution of strain were also observed. Markedly abnormal clockwise twist and increased lateral wall motion were demonstrated in TGA-LV patients.
The Opportunity Cost of Discipleship: Ethical Mutual Funds and Their Returns

lannaccone's (1988) formal model of church and sect predicts that members of sects, defined as groups with moral or ethical standards at variance with the social environment, should suffer costs because of their adherence to their standards. After noting the strong resemblance of this notion to that of Bonhoeffer's concept of costly grace (1963), the empirical validity of the hypothesis is tested by examining the performance of ten mutual funds that impose ethical restrictions on their portfolios. Nine of the ten had risk-adjusted returns lower than their category average over a five-year period. On average, an ethical investor sacrificed about one percentage point of return per year compared to comparable funds, or about ten percent of the return that otherwise could have been expected. This finding provides solid support for Iannaccone's hypothesis. Certain implications and extensions of this finding are then discussed.
Endosonography for mediastinal disease: esophageal ultrasound vs. endobronchial ultrasound

Background and study aims: One can approach mediastinal pathology via esophageal ultrasound (EUS) and/or endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). It has been suggested that EUS is better tolerated by patients. If so, EUS might be the procedure of choice when suspect lesions are accessible via EUS. We studied procedural characteristics of EUS with fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and EBUS with transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) to see how they differed. Patients and methods: Retrospective review of consecutive EBUS and EUS procedures performed on patients over nine months. One hundred fifty-five procedures were analyzed (61 EUS, 73 EBUS, 21 EUS + EBUS). For EUS, EBUS, and EUS + EBUS, 1.4, 2.0 and 2.5 sites (mean) were sampled, respectively. EUS required approximately one-half of the time of EBUS or the combined procedures; 13.1 vs. 24.1 and 26.9 min, respectively ( P Conclusions: EUS involved statistically significant economies of time and sedation. This has implications with respect to safety and productivity. When applicable, EUS is the procedure of choice.
Mixed Method Lessons Learned From 80 Years of Q Methodology

Q methodology blends qualitative and quantitative, yet was only recently identified as a mixed method. Q has had a challenging 80-year history that can inform the broader but younger mixed methods community. This article introduces Q methodology and its position within mixed methods before discussing Q’s struggles against dismissive voices and faulty assumptions. The benefits of research communities and mentoring are also discussed within the context of Q’s history. Many of the struggles of mixed methods currently can be seen within Q’s history. The purpose of this article is to use the experiences within the Q community to benefit and inform the practice of mixed methods researchers in ways that assist all of us to best study our world.
All-Semiconductor Negative-Index Plasmonic Absorbers

We demonstrate epitaxially grown all-semiconductor thin-film midinfrared plasmonic absorbers and show that absorption in these structures is linked to the excitation of highly confined negative-index surface plasmon polaritons. Strong (>98%) absorption is experimentally observed, and the spectral position and intensity of the absorption resonances are studied by reflection and transmission spectroscopy. Numerical models as well as an analytical description of the excited guided modes in our structures are presented, showing agreement with experiment. The structures investigated demonstrate a wavelength-flexible, all-semiconductor, plasmonic architecture with potential for both sensing applications and enhanced interaction of midinfrared radiation with integrated semiconductor optoelectronic elements.
Simulation of compressible fluid-elastic solid interactions

A numerical model for studying the interaction between a compressible fluid and an elastic solid is described. The fluid is only slightly compressible, but large pressure changes in the problem require that the compressibility be taken into account. The fluid is treated as barotropic, which means that the pressure is a function of the density alone. It is modeled using a stabilized spacetime finite element formulation which can automatically handle the changes in the size and shape of the computational domain caused by the deformation and motion of the solid. The solid is treated as linearly elastic and is modeled using a Galerkin FEM. The solid is modeled using classical linear elasticity theory, instead of, e.g., plate or beam theory. This allows the modeling of structures of arbitrary shapes. The coupled model is used to study an interior flow problem in which a deformable piston controls the size of an orifice through which the liquid flows. The vibration of the piston may have an important effect on the mass flow rate of the liquid. (Author)
Electrical Detection of Photonic Spin Hall Effect on Metasurfaces

Strong spin-orbit interaction can be induced by light-bending metasurfaces. We show that the resulting photonic spin Hall effect can be detected electrically on a conductive metasurface by measuring the electrical current transverse to light bending direction.
The Stanford–Santa Clara County Methamphetamine Task Force

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease with immunological and neuropsychiatric implications including depression, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction. Significant social factors such as poverty, stigma, and rejection are also frequently encountered. Further complicating the picture, substance abuse in HIV/AIDS is not uncommon, affecting not only the patient but also the health and well-being of the community. Methamphetamine has been a major challenge in many western states, and its link to HIV/AIDS is well documented, both as a risk factor for infection and a contributor to morbidity in those already infected. The Stanford–Santa Clara County Methamphetamine Task Force was founded in 2004 by providers on the frontline to address this complex problem.
Discovering Health Beliefs in Twitter.

Social networking websites such as Twitter have invigorated a wide range of studies in recent years ranging from consumer opinions on products to tracking the spread of diseases. While sentiment analysis and opinion mining from tweets have been studied extensively, surveillance of beliefs, especially those related to public health, have received considerably less attention. In our previous work, we proposed a model for surveillance of health beliefs on Twitter relying on the use of hand-picked probe statements expressing various health-related propositions. In this work we extend our model to automatically discover various probes related to public health beliefs. We present a data driven approach based on two distinct datasets and study the prevalence of public belief, disbelief or doubt for newly discovered probe statements.
The efficacy and safety of sumatriptan intranasal powder in adults with acute migraine.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: There are multiple choices of agents for the acute management of migraine available. Patient-specific factors such as associated symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and gastroparesis are important considerations. Oral administration may often be the patient-preferred route of delivery because of comfort or convenience but when it is important to bypass gut absorption then either parenteral or intranasal administration may be appropriate delivery approaches. A new formulation of a low-dose sumatriptan intranasal powder administered via a novel breath-powered delivery device may be a viable optionAreas covered: Our search of the available literature pertaining to the topic of intranasal sumatriptan powder yielded pharmacokinetic studies and randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (including The TARGET Study, The COMPASS study) published between 2010 and 2015.Expert commentary: A new formulation of a low-dose sumatriptan intranasal powder administered via a novel breath-pow...
18F-FDG PET imaging of brown adipose tissue to evaluate {beta}3-adrenoreceptor agonist efficacy in vivo

1216 Objectives The β3-adrenoreceptor (β3-A) on brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known as a regulator of glucose metabolism. Here, we report the evaluation of two β3-A agonists, CL316, 243 (CL; affinity 3 nM) and Mirabegron (YM178, 40 nM), and compared with norepinephrine (NE, 475 nM) using NE transporter inhibitor, Atomoxetine (ATX), in activating BAT using 18F-FDG dynamic PET. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fasted for 17 hrs prior to experiments. Rats were administered iv with either normal saline or 0.5 mg/kg of either CL or YM178 or ATX. The rats were then imaged for upper-body Inveon MicroPET/CT for 120 minutes 18F-FDG uptake in BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT), myocardium, skeletal muscle, brain, and liver. The magnitude of 18F-FDG uptake was expressed as standard uptake value (SUV). Separate 30 min static 18F-FDG scans were also used to evaluate dose-dependence (0.03, 0.3, 3 mg/kg) of YM178. Results IBAT and other areas of BAT were visualized with all three treatments. SUV curves of IBAT in drug-treated were compared with those in untreated rats (Fig. 1). The average 18F-FDG SUV of IBAT was increased to 2.27±0.40 (6.5-fold increase) in CL-treated; to 0.76±0.2 (2.2-fold increase) in Mirabegron-treated; and to 0.67±0.1 (1.85-fold increase) in ATX-treated rats as compared to control (0.35±0.1). This enhancement was due to upregulation of both 18F-FDG delivery into the tissue (glucose transporter) and its restriction to intracellular metabolism (hexokinase activity). A dose-dependent effect on 18F-FDG uptake was observed with YM178. Conclusions Affinity of CL, Mirabegron and norepinephrine for β3-A are each an order of magnitude apart but activation by YM178 and ATX was similar, while CL was 3-fold higher compared to YM178 and ATX. This suggests that although β3-A receptor activation increases 18F-FDG uptake and retention, additional factors such as drug bioavailability, drug kinetics at the receptor and other cellular mechanisms may be involved. Further evaluation of drug development for diabetes and obesity is in progress. Research Support NIH DK092917, EB006110
Scripting Autobiographical Subjectivity Online: Confessions of a Latina Cyber-Slut

(2000). Scripting Autobiographical Subjectivity Online: Confessions of a Latina Cyber-Slut. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 15, Autobiographical Que(e)ries, pp. 223-247.
Relationship Quality with Parents: Implications for Own and Partner Well-Being in Middle-Aged Couples.

Relationships with parents have significant implications for well-being throughout the lifespan. At midlife, these ties are situated within both developmental and family contexts that often involve the adult offspring's spouse. Yet, it is not known how ties with aging parents are related to psychological well-being within middle-aged couples. This study examined how middle-aged wives’ and husbands’ views of the current quality of relationships with their own parents (positive and negative) are linked to their own and their partner's psychological well-being. Using a sample of 132 middle-aged couples from Wave 1 of the Family Exchanges Study, we estimated actor–partner interdependence models to evaluate these dyadic associations while controlling for each spouse's marital satisfaction. Both actor and partner effects were observed. With respect to actor effects, wives who reported more negative relationship quality with their own parents had elevated depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. Husbands who reported more negative relationship quality with their own parents had lower life satisfaction. In terms of partner effects, husbands had lower depressive symptoms and greater life satisfaction when wives reported more positive relationship quality with their own parents. Finally, the link between wives’ positive ties with parents and husbands’ lower depressive symptoms was intensified when husbands had less positive relationships with their own parents. Findings suggest that relationship quality with wives’ aging parents has implications for both spouses’ well-being and may serve as a critical social resource for husbands.