Assessing the level of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about Ebola virus disease among college students

American Journal of Infection Control xxx (2015) 1-2 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect American Journal of Infection Control American Journal of Infection Control journal homepage: www.ajicjournal.org Letter to the Editor Assessing the level of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about Ebola virus disease among college students To the Editor: The ﬁrst conﬁrmed case of Ebola virus disease in the United States was on September 30, 2014. 1 Between October 7 and November 3, 2014, the Ebola virus had substantial coverage in news and social media. 2 Approximately 1,000 news segments appeared, and Twitter postings soared from 100 to more than 6,000 tweets per minute. 3 One study suggests students learn about stories ﬁrst through social media (53%) and last through news media (8%), reﬂecting the type of sources that students access for daily news consumption. 4 We investigated the type of news sources that college students utilized during the 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak and their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about Ebola virus disease. Between February and April 2015, we conducted an online survey among University of California, Irvine (UCI), students recruited via convenience sampling, using department e-mail, social media pages, and snowball sampling. The 24-item survey evaluated students’ knowledge of symptoms, transmission, atti- tudes toward Ebola virus disease, and beliefs concerning the gov- ernment’s involvement in the outbreak. Most questions were true or false, those on attitudes used a Likert scale, and those that asked students to rank their sources of information provided a scale from most to least used. Sources included news media (eg, television, radio, and newspaper); social media (eg, Facebook, Twitter, You- Tube, and LinkedIn); websites of ofﬁcial government agencies (eg, World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Institutes of Health); and friends, family, or colleagues. Ethical approval from the UCI Institutional Review Board was obtained. A total of 514 UCI undergraduate students participated in the survey, including women (74.2%), men (25.4%), and transgender students (0.4%). Age ranged from 18-54 years (mean, 21 years). A total of 10 UCI academic programs were represented, including pharmaceutical sciences (n ¼ 5), public health (n ¼ 77), biological sciences (n ¼ 27), education (n ¼ 1), engineering (n ¼ 4), human- ities (n ¼ 72), information and computer sciences (n ¼ 33), physical sciences (n ¼ 73), social ecology (n ¼ 13), and social sciences Funded by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program at the Univer- sity of California, Irvine. Conﬂicts of interest: None to report. (n ¼ 161). The majority (96%) had heard of Ebola virus disease before the study. Students ranked news media as their main source of Ebola virus disease information (41%), followed by social media (22%); a combination of sources (21%); ofﬁcial government websites (12%); and friends, family, or colleagues (4%). Eighty-eight percent of re- spondents knew that the Ebola virus can be transmitted through “body ﬂuids of an infected person,” but many believed Ebola virus can be transmitted through mosquitoes (31%) or through asymp- tomatic carriers in an airplane (25%). The mean knowledge score was 10.9 5.3 out of 24, with those accessing ofﬁcial government websites having a signiﬁcantly higher score than other sources (P ¼ .02) (Fig 1). Most students (75%) agreed that the Ebola virus disease epidemic is under control in the United States, and 20% believed we should close the US borders to prevent Ebola virus from entering. Beliefs regarding the US government’s role in the outbreak did not differ across news sources utilized (P > .05). We may be the ﬁrst to report on Ebola virus disease knowledge among American college students. Our study revealed that UCI undergraduates have low knowledge and rely mostly on news media for obtaining information on Ebola virus disease. A previous study of college students in India revealed a similar deﬁciency in knowledge about Ebola virus disease during this outbreak. 5 Studies have also revealed that college students have misconceptions and insufﬁcient knowledge about cervical cancer prevention, 6 HIV transmission, 7 and smoking-related cancers. 8 Our ﬁndings suggest that students possess some knowledge of Ebola virus disease; however, their knowledge is deﬁcient. Students who utilized government websites had more comprehensive knowledge, but few (12%) reported accessing this source. A change in communication methods with college students during future outbreaks may be needed. National public health institutions should strengthen existing partnerships with news media, social media, and college administrators. References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cases of Ebola diagnosed in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/united-states-imported- case.html. Published December 2014. Updated December 16 2014. Accessed May 2. Mitman G. Ebola in a stew of fear. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1763-5. 3. Luckerson V. Watch how word of Ebola exploded in America. Time Magazine. Available from: http://time.com/3478452/ebola-twitter/. Published October 2014. Accessed May 27 2015. 4. Rosengard D, Tucker-McLaughlin M, Brown T. Students and social news: how college students share news through social media. ENews 2014;8: 5. Jain M, Sharma A, Khanna T, Arora K, Khari PM, Jain V. Primordial prevention: Promoting preparedness for Ebola virus disease. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9: OC21-4. 6. Birsen A, Ilknur AA, Selda R, Hatice O, Damla M. Breast and cervical cancer knowledge and awareness among university students. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 7. Tung W-C, Lu M, Cook DM. HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among Chinese college students in the US. J Immigr Minor Health 2012;15:788-95. 0196-6553/$36.00 - Copyright ! 2015 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.012