cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Spanish Reformation and Christian Teaching: Timeless Educational Principles from Antonio Del Corro and Constantino Ponce De La Fuente:

In the Spanish Reformation, we find two excellent Spanish educators, Antonio del Corro and Constantino Ponce de la Fuente, who illustrate timeless principles for Christian teachers. In the middle o...
Mycobacterium Kansasii Infection and Microscopic Polyangiitis: An Unexpected Association.

Mycobacterium kansasii (M. kansasii) is a nontuberculous mycobacterium, which mainly infects the lungs in immunocompromised patients. We present here the case of a 27-year-old immunocompetent patient who developed pulmonary-renal syndrome, manifested with lung cavitation, miliary nodules, and necrotizing glomerulonephritis accompanied by elevated titers of myeloperoxidase antibody. Cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage were positive for M. kansasii, and the patient was treated with an anti-mycobacterial regimen. Additionally, given the presence of the myeloperoxidase antibody and glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy, our patient was diagnosed with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Unfortunately, the patient stopped his regimen and developed worsening respiratory failure and died. To our knowledge, this is the first case associating an M. kansasii infection with MPA, although more studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Raman study of the effects of solvent Lewis basicity on halogen bonding for short-chain primary and secondary iodo-perfluoroalkanes

Abstract Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate vibrational frequency shifts in two specific normal modes of 1-iodo-perfluorobutane, 1-iodo-perfluorohexane, and 2-iodo-perfluoropropane when each is mixed with 21 distinct solvents. The two normal modes studied each red-shift upon halogen bonding. The degree of the red-shift is in some sense a measure of the strength of the halogen bond. The shift is correlated with the Lewis base strength of the solvent compound. Data presented here show that the two normal modes respond differently to the basicity of the solvent and hence provide some insight into the halogen bond interaction.
Adoptive immunotherapy of disseminated malignancies

The potential role of genetically inappropriate histocompatibility antigens on tumor cells as immunogens and targets for immunotherapy is reviewed. The evidence for immunologic mediation of tumor resistance following individual and pool alloimmunization bothin vivo in murine andin vitro in murine and human systems is presented. The antileukemic reaction which follows transplantation of cells from alloimmunized MHC-compatible donors to mice bearing disseminated AKR leukemia is discussed in terms of antigen specificity, effector cell mechanisms and as an immunotherapeutic model. Possible advantages of utilizing cells from MHC-compatible allogeneic donors, rather than from tumor-bearing patients, for immunotherapy of human tumors are discussed. Although many investigators are assessing the significance of alien histocompatibility antigens on cancer cells and the mechanism by which alloimmunization induces antitumor immunity, it remains to be determined whether these efforts will result in an important advance in the treatment of patients with disseminated malignancies.
Quantum-state-resolved studies of aqueous evaporation dynamics: NO ejection from a liquid water microjet.

This work presents the first fully quantum-state-resolved measurements of a solute molecule evaporating from the gas-liquid interface in vacuum. Specifically, laser-induced fluorescence detection of NO(2Π1/2, 3/2, v = 0, J) evaporating from an ∼5 mM NO-water solution provides a detailed characterization of the rotational and spin-orbit distributions emerging from a ⌀4-5 μm liquid microjet into vacuum. The internal-quantum-state populations are found to be well described by Boltzmann distributions, but corresponding to temperatures substantially colder (up to 50 K for rotational and 30 K for spin-orbit) than the water surface. The results therefore raise the intriguing possibility of non-equilibrium dynamics in the evaporation of dissolved gases at the vacuum-liquid-water interface. In order to best interpret these data, we use a model for evaporative cooling of the liquid microjet and develop a model for collisional cooling of the nascent NO evaporant in the expanding water vapor. In particular, the collisional-cooling model illustrates that, despite the 1/r drop-off in density near the microjet greatly reducing the probability of collisions in the expanding water vapor, even small inelastic cross sections (≲ 20 A2) could account for the experimentally observed temperature differences. The current results do not rule out the possibility of non-equilibrium evaporation dynamics, but certainly suggest that correct interpretation of liquid-microjet studies, even under conditions previously considered as "collision-free," may require more careful consideration of residual collisional dynamics.
Perspective: Dimensions of the scientific method.

The scientific method has been guiding biological research for a long time. It not only prescribes the order and types of activities that give a scientific study validity and a stamp of approval but also has substantially shaped how we collectively think about the endeavor of investigating nature. The advent of high-throughput data generation, data mining, and advanced computational modeling has thrown the formerly undisputed, monolithic status of the scientific method into turmoil. On the one hand, the new approaches are clearly successful and expect the same acceptance as the traditional methods, but on the other hand, they replace much of the hypothesis-driven reasoning with inductive argumentation, which philosophers of science consider problematic. Intrigued by the enormous wealth of data and the power of machine learning, some scientists have even argued that significant correlations within datasets could make the entire quest for causation obsolete. Many of these issues have been passionately debated during the past two decades, often with scant agreement. It is proffered here that hypothesis-driven, data-mining–inspired, and “allochthonous” knowledge acquisition, based on mathematical and computational models, are vectors spanning a 3D space of an expanded scientific method. The combination of methods within this space will most certainly shape our thinking about nature, with implications for experimental design, peer review and funding, sharing of result, education, medical diagnostics, and even questions of litigation.
An Innovation Framework for Innovation Management

A review of the innovation literature uncovered more than 20 separate models, each describing facets of innovation. There are few cross references among these publications, they are scattered across Marketing, Strategy, and Operations literatures. This paper summarizes key attributes of some of these models, creating a compendium of key of managerial practices and recommendations.
Skillset Diversification in Online Labor Markets: Reputation Losses and Opportunity Gains

In online labor markets (e.g., Upwork, Freelancer), contractors' ability to charge for their services largely depends on their skills and expertise. Because new skills emerge and old skills become obsolete faster than ever, contractors must be diligently re-educating and reskilling themselves. When contractors learn new skills, they alter the degree of diversification of their skillsets: new contextually similar skills increase specialization, while new contextually distant skills increase diversification. But how do skillset specialization and diversification affect contractors' market value in digital workplaces for short-term work? To investigate, we argue that new skill acquisition affects contractor market value by adjusting the contractor's perceived reputation on the new skills and by creating new job opportunities. By combining prior work on individual-level exploration-exploitation with research on contractor behavior in online labor markets, we theorize that compared with a new specialized skillset, a new diversified skillset will experience reputation losses and opportunity gains. If reputation losses are greater than opportunity gains, increasing diversification will result in lower market value than increasing specialization. However, if opportunity gains overcompensate for reputation losses, increasing diversification will result in higher market value than increasing specialization. Empirically, we measure a contractor's market value through hourly wages and hiring rates and a skillset's diversification through a new approach grounded on word embeddings. Analyses of a panel dataset of 47,638 completed tasks from a major online labor market highlight the trade-offs of increasing diversification: for hourly wages, opportunity gains are stronger than reputation losses; hence, all else being equal, increasing diversification leads to higher wages. However, for hiring rates, the opposite is true. As a result, increasing diversification decreases contractor hireability. As the first study to explain the effects of skillset diversification in digital workplaces, our work allows contractors to make better-informed decisions and guides managerial interventions.
COVID-19 responses: Food policy councils are "stepping in, stepping up, and stepping back"

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, food policy councils (FPCs) have emerged as a critical struc­ture for organizing community-based responses to multiple food system issues. Strong relationships with various food system stakeholders have proven essential in inspiring coordinated action. Using the early results of a Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future survey of FPCs (2020), we discuss some of the accomplishments and contributions that 118 FPCs have made toward addressing hunger and supporting producers, school food, food chain workers, racial equity, and resilience in the United States and in tribal nations.
Modern Economic Growth, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from Arctic Alaska

The life satisfaction of the indigenous population in Arctic Alaska is quite high, perhaps higher than that of the U.S. population in general. Is wage employment brought by modern economic growth responsible for their high life satisfaction? Probably not. Interestingly, we find that household wage income and job opportunities per working-age Native are negatively associated with their life satisfaction. In contrast, non-wage income, which does not involve the sacrifice of time that can be used for subsistence activities, is positively associated with life satisfaction. A household’s involvement in these traditional activities is found to be positively associated with life satisfaction as well. The findings challenge the common preconception about the effects of modernization and point to the importance of the non-wage subsistence activities as a preferred substitute for wage employment to this indigenous population. A combination of Christian religious beliefs and indigenous spiritual beliefs is also positively associated with their life satisfaction.
The Sunday Shopper

Sunday shopping prohibitions may not rank up there with inflation, the energy crisis or the struggle over the constitution, but they are a distinct annoyance to millions of residents. And what’s more, they are completely unjustified.
Face mask fit modifications that improve source control performance

BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks are used as source control devices to reduce the expulsion of respiratory aerosols from infected people. Modifications such as mask braces, earloop straps, knotting and tucking, and double masking have been proposed to improve mask fit. However, the data on source control are limited. METHODS The effectiveness of mask fit modifications was determined by conducting fit tests on human subjects and simulator manikins and by performing simulated coughs and exhalations using a source control measurement system. RESULTS Medical masks without modification blocked ≥56% of cough aerosols and ≥42% of exhaled aerosols. Modifying fit by crossing the earloops or placing a bracket under the mask did not increase performance, while using earloop toggles, an earloop strap, and knotting and tucking the mask increased performance. The most effective modifications for improving source control performance were double masking and using a mask brace. Placing a cloth mask over a medical mask blocked ≥85% of cough aerosols and ≥91% of exhaled aerosols. Placing a brace over a medical mask blocked ≥95% of cough aerosols and ≥99% of exhaled aerosols. CONCLUSION Fit modifications can greatly improve the performance of face masks as source control devices for respiratory aerosols.
Culture and Communication in International Marketing Channels

As global competition has increased, there has been a renewed Interest in the effect of culture on marketing strategy (Aggarwal 1995; Black and Porter 1991; Bigoness and Blakely 1996; Dyer and Song 1997). The basic question, which has been argued for decades (see for instance, Buzzell 1968; Levitt 1983), is whether (or to what extent) management theories and practices are transferable across cultures (Douglas and Wind 1987). Some assert that globalization and changes in technology have lead to standardization, increasingly similar cultures, and universal management practices (Levitt 1983; Misawa 1987; Harpaz 1990; Ralston et al 1992). Others argue that despite the standardization of products and services, cultures are resistant to change, cultural differences are fairly stable over time, and different cultures require different management practices (Newman and Holten 1996; Hofstede 1980; 1991; Barkema and Vermeulen 1997; Erez 1986). Research findings have been mixed, but recently academicians have tended toward the view that culture does still matter. However, it has appeared that many organizations operate under the belief that cultures are converging and therefore, the transferability of management practices is a viable strategy (Callahan 1989; Marketing News June 1998). Thus, the impact of culture on marketing management strategies is still an important issue.
In Situ Microscopic Investigation to Validate Acoustic Emission Monitoring

A novel experimental mechanics technique using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is discussed to investigate microstructure-sensitive mechanical behavior and damage of metals and to validate AE related information. Validation for the use of AE method was obtained by using aluminum alloy sharp notch specimens with different geometries tested inside the microscope and compared to results obtained outside the microscope, as well as to previously published data on similar investigations at the laboratory specimen scale. Additionally, load data were correlated with both AE information and microscopic observations of microcracks around grain boundaries as well as secondary cracks, voids, and slip bands. The reported AE results are in excellent agreement with similar findings at the mesoscale, while they are further correlated with in situ and post mortem observations of microstructural damage processes.
Environmental cues, alcohol seeking, and consumption in baboons: effects of response requirement and duration of alcohol abstinence.

Background: Environmental stimuli (cues) that have been paired with alcohol drinking may evoke classically conditioned states that in turn influence alcohol consumption and relapse to heavy drinking. Animal models using chained schedules of alcohol reinforcement may be useful for examining such complex interactions. Methods: Alcohol drinking was established in 4 baboons. A sequence of lights and tones was presented during daily 3-hour sessions. First, cues were presented alone and no programmed contingencies were in effect. Second, cues were paired with 3 linked components consisting of different behavioral contingencies leading to and concluding with access to alcohol for self-administration in the last component (i.e., a chained schedule of alcohol reinforcement). Third, the effects of withholding alcohol access (i.e., forced abstinence) and increasing the number of lever responses required per drink were evaluated. Results: Cues paired with a chained schedule of alcohol reinforcement engendered behaviors that brought baboons into contact with alcohol-related cues and occasioned operant responding that facilitated access to alcohol (alcohol seeking) during components that preceded alcohol access. Increasing the response requirement for each drink decreased the number of drinks and volume of alcohol consumed, but did not alter alcohol seeking. On the first session after 14 days of alcohol abstinence, latency to complete the operant requirement that produced alcohol access was decreased while both alcohol self-administration and volume of alcohol consumed were increased. Conclusions: Alcohol self-administration and consumption were sensitive to increases in response requirement and duration of alcohol abstinence, while seeking was only enhanced by duration of alcohol abstinence. This animal model may be useful to further examine the interactions between environmental cues and behaviors associated with seeking and consumption of alcohol and to evaluate the efficacy of potential alcohol treatment drugs on these behaviors.
Tubular inclusions of systemic lupus erythematosus: Ultrastructural observations regarding their possible viral nature

Abstract The finding of tubular cytoplasmic inclusions in renal and skin endothelium of patients with SLE is confirmed. Similar inclusions were seen in a lymph node of a patient with SLE, focal and diffuse glomerulonephritis, Krabbe leukodystrophy and Coxsackie myocarditis. Although the inclusion resembles paramyxovirus nucleoprotein, definite proof of its viral nature is lacking. The hypothesis that the inclusion is a manifestation of cellular injury is supported by its occurrence in such a variety of unrelated conditions. It remains to be determined whether the prevalence of the inclusion or the frequency with which it is found in tissues from patients with SLE may be of diagnostic significance.
Exploring Intuitions on Moral Twin Earth: A Reply to Sonderholm

In his 2013 Theoria article, “Unreliable Intuitions: A New Reply to the Moral Twin-Earth Argument,” Jorn Sonderholm attempts to undermine our moral twin earth (MTE) argument against Richard Boyd's moral semantics by debunking the semantic intuitions that are prompted by reflection on the thought experiment featured in the MTE argument. We divide our reply into three main sections. In section 1, we briefly review Boyd's moral semantics and our MTE argument against this view. In section 2, we set forth what we take to be Sonderholm's master debunking argument, along with his proposed Boydian explanation of the semantic intuitions he seeks to debunk. Then in section 3, we mount our defence of the semantic intuitions under scrutiny, arguing on abductive grounds that, contrary to Sonderholm, the semantic intuitions generated by reflection on MTE scenarios are to be trusted in evaluating the plausibility of Boydian moral semantics. Section 4 is our summary and conclusion.
Multisignatures Using Proofs of Secret Key Possession, as Secure as the Diffie-Hellman Problem

A multisignature scheme allows a group of nplayers to produce a short string which is equivalent to nseparate signatures on the same message. Assuming the Random Oracle Model (ROM), the aggregate signature schemes of Boneh et al. [BGLS03] and Bellare and Neven [BN06] provide multisignatures secure in the standard public key setting, but their multisignature verification algorithms involve respectively O(n) bilinear maps and O(n) exponentiations. Ristenpart and Yilek [RY07] recently showed two multisignature schemes relying on groups with bilinear maps, with just O(1) bilinear maps in multisignature verification, which are secure if each public key is accompanied by so-called "proof of (secret key) possession" (POP). We show how to achieve secure multisignatures in the POP model using any group where CDH or DDH problems are hard. Both schemes have multisignature verification with O(1) exponentiations, and their POP messages take O(1) group elements and require O(1) exponentiations to verify. Moreover, the security of the proposed schemes is tightlyrelated to the CDH and DDH problems, in ROM.
Intrauterine Treatment of a Fetus with Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to MYH7 Mutation

There is no clear consensus on optimal management of fetuses affected by familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Intrauterine treatment of the condition has not been attempted in any standardized fashion. We report the case of a fetus treated by maternal propranolol during the third trimester after septal hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction was diagnosed on fetal echocardiogram. The pregnancy went successfully to term, and fetal septal hypertrophy was noted to improve prior to delivery.
The Prevention of Cigarette Smoking in Children: Two- and Three-year Follow-up Comparisons of Four Prevention Strategies

Recent studies have suggested that a prevention program that addresses the social influences that encourage smoking can be effective in deterring cigarette use by adolescents. This study presents 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up results from two studies which evaluated three variations of the social influences curriculum and compared them to a health consequences program and a usual-care comparison group. These results suggest that a peer-led, social influences program can restrain smoking among both baseline nonsmokers and baseline experimental smokers at 2 years postintervention. Analyses of attrition data suggest no evidence to threaten the internal validity of these findings, although their generalizability to baseline smokers may be limited.
Robust and Sensitive Control of Ammonium Sequestration in Escherichia coli

The sequestration of essential nutrients is vital for organisms. Some nutrients, in particular gas molecules such as CO2 and NH3, are readily diffusible across the cell membrane. The large membrane permeability of these molecules is both a blessing and a curse: It obviates the need of transporters when the ambient nutrient level is high; however, when the ambient level is low, maintaining a high intracellular nutrient level against passive back diffusion is both challenging and costly. Here we study the delicate management of ammonia (NH3) sequestration by exponentially growing E. coli cells, using microfluidic chambers which provide steady, low ammonium concentrations not attainable previously in batch or continuous culture. Ammonium is the preferred nitrogen source for many microorganisms including E. coli, and the membrane protein AmtB is crucial for maintaining rapid cell growth at low ambient ammonium levels. Using a combination of time-lapse microscopy, gene expression and flux analysis, we show that as the ambient ammonium concentration is reduced, E. coli cells first maximize their ability to assimilate ammonia diffusing into the cytoplasm before abruptly activating AmtB for ammonium transport. The onset of ammonium transport varies under different growth conditions, always just barely maintaining the internal ammonium concentration such that cells can grow as if ammonia is replete. Quantitative data analysis along with mathematical modeling reveal an integral feedback strategy by which two sensors of the cellular nitrogen status are used to provide seamless coordination of the two lines of defense against ammonium shortage. Implementation of this tight control on ammonium sequestration ensures that the expensive cost of upholding the internal ammonia concentration against back diffusion be kept at a minimum, a survival strategy possibly employed by a variety of organisms in dealing with essential but rapidly diffusible substances.
Inviance of the Hall effect MOSFET to gate geometry

Abstract A theoretical and experimental evaluation was made of the Hall Effect MOSFET with various gate geometries. The numerical model of Fry and Hoey agreed very well with the experimental results for the circular, rectangular and diamond geometries studied. No variation of Hall voltage with gate geometry was observed. This result is consistent with elementary complex variable theory and is in direct disagreement with some published results. The discrepancy can be accounted for by this author's approach to device characterization. Piezoelectric phenomena were observed and their effect on device design described.
Design of instruction set architectures for support of high-level languages

Conventional instruction sets or directly interpretable languages (DILs) have not been designed with high-level languages (HLLs) in mind. The modern design problem is to derive a space-time efficient DIL for a HLL processing system. In this paper, we present our approach to the problem of designing well-matched, space-time efficient DILs. A systematic, syntax- and semantics-directed DIL design methodology is presented. It calls for an incremental transformation of the source HLL, until a suitable target DIL is obtained. At the heart of the methodology is a canonic set of language transformations. An experimental study, involving several systematically derived DILs is carried out in order to characterize the relative merits and disadvantages of various sequences of transformations. Various space, time and interpretability trade-offs implied by the transformations are studied.
Three-dimensional tumor dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy using serial autoradiography

Abstract Three-dimensional dose distributions have been calculated for LS174T human colon cancer xenografts in athymic nude mice treated with 131 I-labeled 174A monoclonal antibody. Autoradiographs were made for fifteen to twenty 32-micron-thick representative serial sections of tumors removed 1 and 4 days postinjection. Film density readings were converted to activity density and entered into a radiotherapy treatment planning system. Three-dimensional dose distributions were obtained by summing the dose contributions due to each voxel of uniform activity. Isodoserate distributions and dose-rate-volume histograms for representative tumors at 1 and 4 days following 131 I-labeled 171A injection showed a progressive change from a predominantly surface deposition (day 1) to a more volumetric deposition (day 4). Average tumor doses calculated using the assumptions of uniform source distribution and local dose deposition resulted in a poor estimation of the cumulative dose because of the significant time-dependent dose-rate nonuniformities.
Measuring physical properties of very young brown dwarfs

I discuss the problem of finding the fundamental parameters (mass, temperature, gravity, radius, and age) of ultra low-mass objects when they are very young. This is the part of parameter space where theoretical evolutionary models, which typically are used to extract the difficult parameters of age, mass, and radius from more observationally direct parameters like luminosity and spectral type, are expected to be least reliable. Studying binaries is one way to get around this problem; determining fundamental parameters from high resolution spectra is another (which is applicable to single stars). All these methods have their advantages and problems, and it is essential to make comparisons between them to develop trust in any of their answers. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
'I will not cut . . . ': the oath that defined urology.

OBJECTIVE To explore different interpretations of the clause embedded in the Hippocratic Oath, prohibiting surgery for stones, and its relevance for urology. METHODS Various translations of the Oath, from the original Greek edition to historical revisions, were reviewed. RESULTS Controversy surrounds different translations and interpretations of the Oath about the practice of lithotomy among ancient healers. The reasons Hippocratic physicians were prohibited from performing lithotomy are several, but the consensus is that untrained physicians pledged not to undertake such a complicated procedure, but to refer their patients to other healers who specialized in that practice. CONCLUSION The Hippocratic Oath actually defined, identified and legitimized urology as the first medical speciality.
Topography of the predifferentiation GD growth arrest state relative to other growth arrest states in the G1 phase of the cell cycle

The differentiation of 3T3 T proadipocytes is preceded by growth arrest at a state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (GD) which is distinct from other G1 growth arrest states including those induced by serum deprivation (GS) or nutrient deprivation (GN) (Scott et al., 1982). We now report that the GD, GS, and GN arrest states are also distinct in their topography in G1. This conclusion was derived from kinetic studies which measured the time required for cells arrested at various G1 states to synthesize DNA and from studies on the ability of GD-, GS-, or GN-arrested cells to be converted from one arrest state to another in the absence of DNA synthesis. The results suggest that relative to the start of the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the following arrest state topography exists: GD, GS, GN.
Outsourcing Military Force: A Transactions Cost Perspective on the Role of Military Companies

Since the mid‐1990s, the operations of private, for profit, military companies have been the subject of increased political and media scrutiny. Firms in this industry provide both combat and support functions to sovereign governments. In this paper, the current and potential future role of these companies is examined from the perspective of transactions cost economics. The transactions cost approach suggests that inevitable contractual hazards sharply limit the combat/combat support role of these companies, despite substantial potential cost savings, even for poor countries with weak governments. However, there is a growing market, even in developed countries, for private provision of training and support.
Uptake, depuration and biotransformation of anthracene by the scud Pontoporeia hoyi

Uptake, depuration and biotransformation rates of /sup 14/C-anthracene were determined for Pontoporeaia hoyi, the dominant benthic invertebrate in the Great Lakes, at 4/sup 0/, 7/sup 0/, 10/sup 0/ and 15/sup 0/C. The uptake rate constants for anthracene increased from 136+/-22 h/sup -1/ (n=4, X+/-1SD) to 215+/-45 h/sup -1/ (n=4) over the temperature range studied and were seasonally dependent. The depuration rate constant at the apparent optimum temperature of 7/sup 0/C was 0.015 h/sup -1/ for anthracene. The biotransformation ability of P. hoyi is low, and degradation of anthracene was undetectable even after exposures of 48 h. The bioconcentration factor can be predicted from the uptake and depuration kinetics to be approximately 16,800 at 4/sup 0/. These experiments imply that P. hoyi may be very important in food chain biomagnification of some toxic organics.
Modeling Pluto-Charon mutual eclipse events. I. First-order models

The present 'first order' analytical and numerical models of light curves due to mutual events between close planetary binaries, the effects of shadowing are included. Attention is given to the case of the Pluto-Charon system. The results of the analytical and numerical approaches agree to well within the expected light curve measurement error. The model predicts that the current mutual eclipse event series will end by November 1990.
Solid-State Production of Ethanol from Sorghum

The main goal of this research is to study the solid-state fermentation of sorghum-sudangrass, Grazex II (Fl hybrid of Sorghum vulgare X Sorghum sudanese), to ethanol. Our research focuses on using a modified method of ensiling to produce ethanol directly in the silo. Thirty-eight liters of ethanol/metric ton (L/MT) on a wet-weight basis were produced from sorghum receiving cellulase compared to 23. 4 L /MT for sorghum not receiving cellulase additives. Based on total free sugar content, 101 and 84% of theoretical yield are achieved for cellulase-amended and nonamended sorghum, respectively.
An epistle to Dr Robicsek

Surgery of the heart has probably reached the limits set by nature to all surgery. Stephen Paget, 1897 If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants. Isaac Newton.
50-GHz repetition-rate, 280-fs pulse generation at 100-mW average power from a mode-locked laser diode externally compressed in a pedestal-free pulse compressor

280-fs pedestal-free pulses are generated at average output powers exceeding 100 mW at a repetition rate of 50 GHz by compression of the output of a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD) by use of a pedestal-free pulse compressor (PFPC). The MLLD consists of a monolithically integrated chirped distributed Bragg reflector, a gain section, and an electroabsorption modulator. The PFPC is composed of a dispersion-flattened dispersion-decreasing fiber and a dispersion-flattened dispersion-imbalanced nonlinear optical loop mirror. Frequency modulation for linewidth broadening is used to overcome the power limitation imposed by stimulated Brillouin scattering.
Synthesis of germanium nanocrystals in high temperature supercritical fluid solvents

Crystalline germanium (Ge) nanocrystals were synthesized by arrested precipitation in supercritical hexane and octanol at 400∼550 °C and 20.7 MPa in a continuous flow reactor. Two Ge precursors wer...
The path of carotenoid synthesis in a photosynthetic bacterium.

Abstract Exponentially growing cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum contain a mixture of carotenoids: lycopene, P481, spirilloxanthin, and their monohydroxy derivatives. When such cells are resuspended in buffer and incubated anaerobically in the light, the total amount of carotenoid pigment in the cells remains constant, but there is a net synthesis of spirilloxanthin at the expense of the other carotenoids originally present. This synthesis proceeds from lycopene through P481. Added to a photosynthetically growing culture of R. rubrum at a final concentration of 7 · 10 −5 M , diphenylamine causes a complete arrest of normal carotenoid synthesis, accompanied by a rapid accumulation of carotenoids more saturated than lycopene. Phytoene, phytofluene, hydroxyphytofluene, ζ-carotene, hydroxy-ζ-carotene, neurosporene and hydroxyneurosporene are the principal accumulating compounds. If the diphenylamine is removed and the cells are resuspended in buffer and incubated anaerobically in the light, an endogenous synthesis of normal carotenoids takes place at the expense of all the accumulated precursors with the probable exception of phytoene. The kinetic analysis of this endogenous synthesis reveals the sequential relationships between the participating carotenoids.
Cardiac responses to attended and ignored stimuli

Heart-rate measures were taken on grade-school children induced to attend to, ignore, or make judgments about passively presented tactile stimuli. Some evidence was found for differential cardiac responses to attended and ignored stimuli, with relative heart-rate deceleration to attended stimuli, even though the attended and ignored stimuli were physically identical. The positive evidence was found, however, only under the experimental condition that would be expected to induce S to make the greatest attempt to ignore the stimuli he was asked to ignore.
An NMR Phased Array for Human Cardiac 31P Spectroscopy

A four-coil phased-array 31P NMR receiver was designed and tested for human cardiac applications, to determine whether the combination of relatively high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and large field of view produced in 1H imaging is also realized for in vivo31P spectroscopy. Spectra were acquired in parallel from an array of four overlapping 6.5-cm surface coils using one- and two-dimensional phase-encoding pulse sequences and were optimally combined to yield composite spectroscopic images. The phased array was found to generate useful 31P spectra from a 2.5-fold wider lateral region around the anterior myocardium than a single receiver of the same size as the array elements, with no increase in imaging time. In addition, the sensitive depth was increased by up to 2 cm over that of a single coil. Spectra could be acquired in roughly 15 min from a region extending to the middle of the heart, with voxel sizes of 2 X 2 X 4 cm3. For the average heart voxel, the SNR of the combined spectrum was higher than that of the best spectrum from any one coil in the array by 30%, with some voxels showing an increase as high as 60%.© 1992 Academic Press,Inc.
Preclinical Evidence for a Role of Glutamatergic Systems in Opioid Tolerance and Dependence

Abstract Opioid tolerance and physical dependence are undesirable consequences of chronic opioid use or misuse. Evidence from rodents, using a variety of modes of drug coadministration, reveals that drugs with glutamatergic antagonist activity at the competitive, noncompetitive, or glycine binding sites of the NMDA receptor complex or inhibitors of certain forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can attenuate the development of morphine tolerance and in some cases reverse established tolerance or dependence. Some of these drugs modulate tolerance and dependence without affecting morphine's analgesic effects, suggesting that they prevent neuronal plasticity associated with adaptive changes mediated by the NMDA/NO cascade. Drugs that have a favorable preclinical safety margin are providing leads for new drugs for clinical evaluation.
Genetically-manipulated microorganisms and their products in the oil service industries

Abstract Aerobic microorganisms belonging to various genera can oxidize a variety of hydrocarbons present in crude oil and use crude or heavy oil as a sole source of carbon and energy. They generate various metabolites, including surfactants and polysaccharide biopolymers, that may find wide use in oil service industry. The role of genetic manipulation in constructing strains potentially useful for dewaxing, desulfurization and oil recovery, or for enhanced synthesis of surfactants and biopolymers is discussed.
Internal tides around the Hawaiian Ridge estimated from multisatellite altimetry

[1] Satellite altimetric sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) data from Geosat Follow-on (GFO) and European Remote Sensing (ERS), as well as TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), are merged to estimate M2 internal tides around the Hawaiian Ridge, with higher spatial resolution than possible with single-satellite altimetry. The new estimates are compared with numerical model runs. Along-track analyses show that M2 internal tides can be resolved from both 8 years of GFO and 15.5 years of ERS SSHA data. Comparisons at crossover points reveal that the M2 estimates from T/P, GFO, and ERS agree well. Multisatellite altimetry improves spatial resolution due to its denser ground tracks. Thus M2 internal tides can be plane wave fitted in 120 km × 120 km regions, compared to previous single-satellite estimates in 4° lon × 3° lat or 250 km × 250 km regions. In such small fitting regions the weaker and smaller-scale mode 2 M2 internal tides can also be estimated. The higher spatial resolution leads to a clearer view of the M2 internal tide field around the Hawaiian Ridge. Discrete generation sites and internal tidal beams are clearly distinguishable, and consistent with the numerical model runs. More importantly, multisatellite altimetry produces larger M2 internal tidal energy fluxes, which agree better with model results, than previous single-satellite estimates. This study confirms that previous altimetric underestimates are partly due to the more widely spaced ground tracks and consequently larger fitting region. Multisatellite altimetry largely overcomes this limitation.
Stereotactic technology in tumor surgery: concepts and principles.

We are currently in a period of rapid technological change, with great implications for neurosurgery. Stereotactic guidance is becoming widely available, inexpensive and transparent, and with this technology the ability to execute surgical procedures with assurance of desired resection and preservation of surrounding normal tissue will be increasingly facilitated.
Sensitivity of Simulating Hydrologic Processes to Gauge and Radar Rainfall Data in Subtropical Coastal Catchments

This research evaluated the impact of three rainfall datasets on hydrologic process simulations in two coastal catchments located in Alabama. In this study, rain gauge time series recorded by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Geological Survey (USGS) along with radar precipitation data derived from NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) were input into the Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN (HSPF). Automatic parameter calibration was performed using daily streamflow data recorded at USGS Fish and Magnolia River gauge stations from 07/01/2002 to 12/31/2008. HSPF parameters were optimized using the Model-Independent Parameter Estimation (PEST) program. Model parameter ranges were refined by incorporating physical characteristic of the study areas and after analyzing observed streamflow time series. This approach, in turn, helped PEST optimization tool to find the most physically-related set of parameters that can be transferred to any watershed with similar characteristics and minimum parameter calibration. On average, annual USGS and radar rainfall values were around 480 mm and 250 mm, respectively lower than NOAA precipitation records. Overall, it is found that the NOAA precipitation input data resulted in better daily flow simulations than results from radar and USGS rainfall time series. Streamflows derived from USGS rainfall time series showed the worst model performance at both catchment outlets because of missing data, low amounts, and temporal delay of peaks. This study found that annual actual evapotranspiration values were closed among rainfall time series and varied from 900 to 958 mm. Deep percolation values for Magnolia and Fish River, regardless of rainfall source, ranged from 66 to 192 mm/year. Major discrepancies were found at storm runoff values. Gauge rainfall time series yielded the closest streamflow values compared to observed flow time series at both watershed outlets. Rainfall derived from radar yielded consistent and acceptable runoff results in Fish and Magnolia River models. In both case studies, the high spatial variability of rainfall storm events was not adequately captured by any of the rainfall datasets and yielded high uncertainty in model results.
STUDIES ON A FACTOR FROM BOVINE PLASMA TOXIC FOR MAMMALIAN CELLS CULTURED IN VITRO.

Abstract 1. 1. An extract prepared from Cohn Fraction IV-1 of bovine plasma has been shown to be toxic for two mammalian cell lines maintained in suspension culture in vitro. The active factor directs its effect against the viability of the cells, as evidenced by the permeability of trypan blue, and does not cause any appreciable lysis of cells. It appears to exhibit the properties of a protein, but is not identical with complement. 2. 2. The death curve obtained with this system is not that usually seen with single-cell suspensions of bacteria and may possibly be explained on the basis of a nonuniform sensitivity of the cell population. After 15–30 min contact with the cells, the toxicity of this agent cannot ne reserved by repeated washings. The toxicity is inhibited by whole serum or serum albumin.
Proteomics on the diagnostic horizon : Lessons from rheumatology

ABSTRACT Rheumatology abounds in diseases that are relatively poorly understood or diseases that are not easily managed clinically. Recently DNA microarray and proteomic-based approaches have made steady inroads into the study of various rheumatic diseases. Herein we review recent proteomic approaches that have been applied to the study of rheumatic diseases. These methods include two-dimensional gel eletrophoresis/mass spectrometry (MS), multidimensional high-pressure liquid chromatography–MS/MS, capillary electrophoresis–MS/MS, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization–time of flight–MS/MS, and a variety of targeted antibody-based protein arrays. Although each of these different methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, the application of these proteomic tools to rheumatology has given birth to a steadily increasing panel of molecules that may have the potential to serve as early biomarkers in various rheumatic diseases.
Femoral revision: Distal fixation with fluted, tapered grit-blasted stems

Fluted, tapered grit-blasted titanium stems for revision total hip arthroplasty have been used extensively in Europe and have been reported to provide mostly favorable results. These stems are tapered to gain axial stability and fluted to gain rotational stability in the femoral diaphysis. Grit-blasted titanium provides a surface for bone ongrowth. Such implants can solve certain problems not addressed easily by other standard revision techniques. The clinical durability of modular implants, introduced to make these implants more user-friendly and more versatile, remains to be proved. These implants require special techniques for implantation, particularly when long-stemmed implants are used.
Experimental determination of probabilistic edge-delamination strength of a graphite–fiber/epoxy composite

Abstract Probabilistic edge-delamination strength of a thermosetting polymer composite was studied experimentally in this work. During the procedure, by means of edge-delamination tensile test, the graphite–fiber/epoxy laminate made of unidirectional Toray P7051S-20Q-1000 prepregs with an optimized lay-up of [122/–122/02]S was used for examining its probabilistic distributions of the edge-delamination onset stress and the ultimate tensile strength. Acoustic emission (AE) equipment and optical microscope were utilized to capture the edge-delamination initiation and characterize the failure modes during delaminating. Fractographical analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) was conducted for the characterization of the microscopic failure mechanisms of the composite laminate during edge delaminating. Probabilistic models were introduced for data reduction. Test results show that the edge-delamination onset stress and the ultimate tensile strength of the laminate tested satisfy two two-parameter Weibull distributions very well. AE signals show the main failure mode during edge delaminating is interlaminar shear failure, corresponding to that predicted by numerical simulation and confirmed by SEM fractographical results in this study.
Implementation of unmanned aircraft systems by the U.S. Geological Survey

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Project Office is leading the implementation of UAS technology in anticipation of transforming the research methods and management techniques employed across the Department of the Interior. UAS technology is being made available to monitor environmental conditions, analyse the impacts of climate change, respond to natural hazards, understand landscape change rates and consequences, conduct wildlife inventories and support related land management missions. USGS is teaming with the Department of the Interior Aviation Management Directorate (AMD) to lead the safe and cost-effective adoption of UAS technology by the Department of the Interior Agencies and USGS scientists.
Diversity Science and Institutional Design

Ideas about diversity and how to deal with difference—for example, to avoid race or attend to it—reside at the center of debates on how to build fair, inclusive, diverse environments. Social-psycho...