cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucagon and cAMP inhibit cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7a1) gene expression in human hepatocytes: Discordant regulation of bile acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis†

The gene encoding cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is tightly regulated to control bile acid synthesis and maintain lipid homeostasis. Recent studies in mice suggest that bile acid synthesis is regulated by the fasted-to-fed cycle, and fasting induces CYP7A1 gene expression in parallel to the induction of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). How glucagon regulates CYP7A1 gene expression in the human liver is not clear. Here we show that glucagon and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) strongly repressed CYP7A1 mRNA expression in human primary hepatocytes. Reporter assays confirmed that cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibited human CYP7A1 gene transcription, in contrast to their stimulation of the PEPCK gene. Mutagenesis analysis identified a PKA-responsive region located within the previously identified HNF4alpha binding site in the human CYP7A1 promoter. Glucagon and cAMP increased HNF4alpha phosphorylation and reduced the amount of HNF4alpha present in CYP7A1 chromatin. Our findings suggest that glucagon inhibited CYP7A1 gene expression via PKA phosphorylation of HNF4alpha, which lost its ability to bind the CYP7A1 gene and resulted in inhibition of human CYP7A1 gene transcription. In conclusion, this study unveils a species difference in nutrient regulation of the human and mouse CYP7A1 gene and suggests a discordant regulation of bile acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis by glucagon in human livers during fasting.
Studies of learning to learn: III. Conditions of improvement in successive transfer tasks

A previous study in this series had shown that relative to a control condition positive transfer increases and negative transfer decreases as a result of experience with the relevant paradigms. The increases in positive transfer are more pronounced than the decreases in negative transfer. The present experiment investigated the question of whether the changes in transfer reflect the acquisition of learning skills specific to each paradigm or the development of general skills which can be applied with varying degrees of success depending on the paradigm. Separate groups of Ss were given practice under different paradigms and were then tested under the same conditions of transfer. There were four training paradigms, viz., A-B, A-B′; A-B, A-C; A-B, A-Br; and A-B, C-D. The two final common testing paradigms were A-B, A-B′ and A-B, A-C. All possible combinations of training and testing paradigms were used. During training improvement occurs more rapidly under conditions of positive than of negative transfer. Performance on the final common transfer task is, however, independent of the paradigm used in training. It is concluded that the learning skills acquired as a result of experience with transfer situations are general rather than paradigm-specific.
Degrees of heterogeneity of distribution of formaldehyde crosslinks in cotton cellulose

The distribution of formaldehyde crosslinks in cotton cellulose has been followed by electron micrographic analyses of fiber cross-sections and by kinetic analyses of rates of reactions of formaldehyde with cotton. Rapid and slow phases of the crosslinking reactions are indicated to extents which vary with the specific processes of reaction. A wide range in heterogeneity of distribution of crosslinks is found among the compositions investigated, the most heterogeneous distribution appearing in a high concentration of crosslinks in peripheral regions of the fiber. It is evident that additional substantial differences among the formaldehyde-crosslinked cottons are due to different extents of reaction of agent per accessible hydroxyl group.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in flow passages that are open along their lateral edges

Abstract Passage-average and local heat transfer coefficients and overall pressure drops were measured for both laminar and turbulent flow in a rectangular passage open along its lateral edges and closed at its downstream end. Parametric variations were made of the Reynolds number, the interwall spacing, and the passage configuration. For the latter, the inlet and exit fluid flow areas were: (1) both fully open, (2) half blocked at inlet, open at exit, and (3) half blocked at exit, open at inlet. The objective of the shrouding (i.e. the partial blockages) was to encourage the flow to penetrate into the downstream portion of the passage and, thereby, to promote the streamwise uniformity of the local transfer coefficient. For the unshrouded passage, the passageaverage heat transfer coefficient increased by about 40% in response to a halving of the interwall spacing. The Reynolds number dependence of the transfer coefficient obeyed two distinct power laws, respectively for the high and low Reynolds number ranges. Partial shrouding of the inlet increased the passage-average transfer coefficient by 25–40% at the higher Reynolds numbers, while side shrouding yielded 10–15% enhancement at the lower Reynolds numbers. Streamwise uniformity of the local transfer coefficient was promoted by shrouding and by increases in the interwall spacing and the Reynolds number. The overall pressure drop increased in the presence of shrouding.
Development of a Multiple Indicator Dilution Technique Using Fluorescent Dyes to Measure Cardiac Capillary Permeability

Anthracyclines are widely-used drugs for the treatment of cancer. Although these drugs are effective in reducing or containing tumor progress, their long-term use is limited by toxicity effects. A special area of concern is related to the toxic effects that these drugs have on the myocardial tissue, including interstitial edema, fibrosis, degeneration of myocardial cells, and cardiac dilatation, among others. The end result is an overall impairment in cardiac function that limits the use of these agents [1,2]. This damage in heart function can be life-threatening, and it causes special concern in patients with prior cardiac dysfunction, as well as in children [2]. As a result of these disadvantages, there is a trend in current research to develop anthracycline derivatives or modified formulations with reduced cardiotoxic effects, as well as to learn more of the mechanisms that mediate this cardiac toxicity. Our long-term goal is to measure changes in capillary endothelium permeability in the heart after administration of anthracyclines which may contribute to the overall deterioration in function observed after chronic treatment with this medication. The goal of this project was to develop a sensitive, non-radioactive technique to measure capillary permeability in experimental animal models. This technique could then be applied in future studies of anthracycline cardiotoxicity.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A Control Plane Architecture for Mobile Free Space Optical Network and Directional RF MANETs

As the traffic demands for tactical military operations increase and operational scenarios depend increasingly on robust, high speed inter-domain communication and inter-theater data transfer, military networks will likely rely on directional networking technologies. Networks with free space optical (FSO) and directional RF links provide higher data rates, secure operation, and frequency reuse. Forming and maintaining the network with directional links is, however, quite challenging due to a number of issues including the link fragility, the difficulty in pointing and tracking, and network/node discovery. In this paper an end-to-end systems architecture approach is presented which identifies and addresses critical technology challenges for mobile directional networks. In particular, this paper discusses network formation and scalability issues, dynamic topology control, algorithm and protocol requirements, distributed control plane function, control signaling schemes, and technology diversity.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE DATA FOR MAPPING WETLAND VEGETATION

Data acquired by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) with 224 bands, each with 0.01-μm spectral resolution and 20-meter spatial resolution, were used to produce a vegetation map for a portion of Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. The vegetation map was tested for classification accuracy with a pre-existing detailed GIS wetland vegetation database compiled by manual interpretation of 1∶40,000-scale color infrared (CIR) aerial photographs. Although the accuracy varied greatly for different classes, ranging from 40 percent for scrub red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) to 100 percent for spike rush (Eleocharis cellulosa) prairies, the Everglades communities generally were successfully identified, averaging 66 percent correct for all classes. In addition, the hyperspectral image data proved suitable for detecting the invasive exotic species lather leaf (Colubrina asiatica) that is sometimes difficult to differentiate on aerial photographs. The findings from this study have implications for operational uses of spaceborne hyperspectral image data that are now becoming available. Practical limitations of using such image data for wetland vegetation mapping include inadequate spatial resolution, complexity of image processing procedures, and lack of stereo viewing.
Developing a policy for an international experience requirement in a graduate teacher education program: a cautionary tale

This case study describes the process education faculty went through to craft a response to a school‐wide international experience initiative. Analysis revealed three competing frames that shaped individual faculty members’ expectations. This made developing an internationalization requirement in graduate teacher education multifaceted, often ambiguous, and at times contentious. Failure to acknowledge and reconcile the tensions of these competing frames limited the efficacy of the policy. This is a cautionary tale providing lessons learned from one university’s experience.
HMGA1 Mediates the Activation of the CRYAB Promoter by BRG1

αB-Crystallin (CRYAB) is a small heat-shock protein that is implicated in many cellular processes, such as transcription and differentiation, as well as pathologic process. It is expressed at high levels in vertebrate eye lens and at low levels in a variety of other cell types. We previously identified CRYAB as a target gene of the chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF-like Brg or hBrm-associated factors (BAF) complexes. In this report, we identify a 30 bp DNA element required for mediating the activation of CRYAB by brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1). This BRG1-response element is located at the edge of a positioned nucleosome immediately upstream of the transcription initiation site. An AT-rich sequence within this region is bound by the high-mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) proteins in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that the HMGA1 target sequences and HMGA1 proteins are required for the maximal activation of the CRYAB promoter by BRG1. Our data indicate that HMGA1 nonhistone chromatin proteins, the SWI/SNF chromat...
Continuous coronary flow velocity monitoring during coronary interventions: Velocity trend patterns associated with adverse events

Continuous measurement of blood flow velocity during interventional procedures has the potential to provide an early warning of coronary flow instability, which can lead to abrupt closure or other adverse events before angiography. The magnitude and fluctuations of the average velocity over time (trend) was studied by using a 0.018-inch Doppler-tipped angioplasty guide wire in 32 patients after coronary angiography (n = 20), atherectomy (n = 2), urgent stent (n = 6), urgent vein graft thrombolysis (n = 4), or acute myocardial infarction (n = 2). The patients (mean age 60 +/- 11 years) had postprocedural in-laboratory flow monitoring for a mean of 19 +/- 11 (range 8 to 36) minutes. The coronary artery monitored was the left anterior descending in 13, circumflex in 6, right coronary artery in 9, and saphenous vein graft in 4. Seven patients had flow-related events during continuous flow velocity monitoring before serial angiographic study. These events included coronary vasospasm (abrupt flow acceleration), vasovagal flow cessation, cyclical flow variations resulting from accumulation of intraluminal thrombus, and rapid decline of flow velocity. The last two patterns were associated with abrupt vessel closure during angioplasty. Continuous flow velocity monitoring is easily incorporated into routine interventional procedures and provides an early indication of unstable flow and the potential for abrupt vessel closure and other adverse events.
An institution for entrepreneurship in Chinese economic reform

Abstract The selection of institutions facilitating entrepreneurship in China is constrained by existing organizations, absorption capacity, and a concern for income equality. One institution, the locally based group enterprises, is feasible and has immense potential. Prototypes of these enterprises now exist and are flourishing, but additional policy measures with a sharper focus are needed. It is possible that they could play the same role as the Taiwan private firms in facilitating growth.
PTSD onset and course following the World Trade Center disaster: findings and implications for future research.

Objective We sought to identify common risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset and course, including delayed, persistent, and remitted PTSD following a major traumatic exposure.
Ultrastructure of the equatorial segment of hamster spermatozoa during penetration of oocytes

Diplotene oocytes from secondary follicles of the hamster ovary were transferred to the oviducal ampulla of recently mated hamsters and recovered from there 5–16 hr later. The absence of a block to polyspermy in the immature oocytes allowed the zona pellucida to be penetrated by several spermatozoa some of which fused with the oolemma. Examination of these eggs under an electron microscope revealed that: (a) Hamster spermatozoa in the perivitelline space commonly displayed an intact equatorial segment; (b) after incorporation into the vitellus, both membranes of the equatorial segment of the acrosome have the unusual characteristics of the membranes defining the equatorial segment of ejaculated and perivitelline spermatozoa; (c) there is no exocytosis of the cortical granules in response to sperm penetration of the vitellus of immature oocytes. These results indicate that in the hamster the equatorial segment is not required to vesiculate for sperm passage through the zona pellucida. Moreover the membranes of the equatorial segment of the acrosome remain during sperm penetration of the vitellus. This, in the intact immature oocyte, fails to initiate the release of cortical granules, demonstrating that they are not yet functionally “coupled” to the oolemma. Consideration is given to the implication of these results for understanding the mechanisms of sperm penetration through the zona pellucida and for the events of incorporation of the spermatozoon by the vitellus.
77Se, 13C and 1H NMR spectra of phenylselenenyl azide and chloride addition products of methylenecyclohexane and cyclohexene

The 77 Se, 13 C and 1 H NMR spectra of the products of phenylselenenyl azide and chloride addition to methylenecyclohexane and cyclohexene are presented. Scalar coupling between 77 Se and 1 H/ 13 C allowed the absolute assignment of the regioisomers in the 1 H and 13 C spectra. Low-temperature 77 Se NMR was used to determine the conformer ratios for 1-azidomethyl- and 1-chloromethyl-1-phenylselenenylcyclohexane anti-Markovnikov addition products
Seeding human arterial prostheses with mechanically derived endothelium *: The detrimental effect of smoking

Abstract Endothelial healing of Dacron arterial prostheses can be hastened in dogs by seeding autogenous venous endothelium onto the prostheses in a single-staged operation. To determine whether this technique enhances the patency of human grafts, we studied the results of 186 operations on 161 patients performed between February 23, 1978, and December 1, 1982. Alternately allocating patients to treatment with seeded and unseeded Dacron knitted prostheses, we performed axillary-femoral and axillary-femoral-femoral bypasses in 11 patients (six seeded and five unseeded) and femoral-femoral bypasses in 28 (13 seeded and 15 unseeded). By a randomized block method of treatment allocation, femoral-popliteal grafts were installed in 147 limbs (112 vein, 18 seeded, and 17 unseeded). Patency was analyzed by the life-table method. Overall, femoral-femoral and femoral-popliteal bypasses demonstrated no difference between the seeded and unseeded grafts. Patency was somewhat better in seeded than unseeded axillary-femoral bypasses. Nevertheless, nonsmokers with seeded femoral-popliteal Dacron grafts enjoyed a significantly better graft patency than those with unseeded grafts (p = 0.035), whereas a substantial deterioration of seeded Dacron grafts was observed in those patients who smoked (p = 0.008 at 6 months). Vein grafts performed better than either seeded or unseeded Dacron prostheses (p = 0.016). Serum beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) levels varied widely and did not differ among any of the treatment groups. We concluded that endothelial seeding improved the patency of human arterial prostheses but that results were worse if the patient was a smoker. BTG was not a useful measure of the platelet activation induced by an arterial prosthesis. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:279-89.)
Effect of anhydrous ammonia with and without nitrapyrin applied fall and spring on corn yield

Abstract Fall application of N for corn [Zea mays (L)] on clay pan soils in northeastern Missouri has not become an accepted practice as wet soils conductive to denitrification often delays corn plantings. Since nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce denitrification loss of fall applied N, a 4‐year study (1979–82) was conducted on a Mollic Albaqualf soil, subject to excessive spring wetness and representative of the corn growing region in northeastern Missouri to study the effect of the nitrification inhibitor, nitrapyrin, on fall and spring applied anhydrous ammonia. A randomized block design with 4 replications was employed using 0, 56, 112, 168 and 224 kg N/ha as anhydrous ammonia applied fall and spring with and without 0.56 kg/ha of nitrapyrin. Measurements included grain yield, leaf N and grain protein. The second year, 1980, high day and night temperatures and July rainfall 118 mm below normal eliminated any response due to N and nitrapyrin treatments. Grain yield, leaf N and grain p...
Secondary pollen types characteristic of Louisiana honeys

Nine secondary pollen types (those comprising 16–45% of the pollen sample) were recovered from 54 honey samples (10 g) collected from the major beekeeping areas of Louisiana. The pollen types in order of decreasing importance are:Berchemia scandens, rattan vine;Rubus spp., blackberry and dewberry;Salix spp., willow;Trifolium repens, white clover;Glycine max, soybean;Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia creeper; Rosaceae, rose family;Cephalanthus occidentalis, buttonbush; andCornus spp., dogwood. The first four secondary types also appeared as dominant pollen (over 45%) in some of the Louisiana honey samples investigated and were previously reported. The remaining five pollen types and the “bee plants” associated with each pollen type are identified and described.
HETEROTROPHIC GROWTH OF SELECTED WASTE‐STABILIZATION POND ALGAE1

SUMMARY Growth of 39 axenic algal isolates from the Austin, Texas, waste-stabilization pond system and the Colorado River, aerobically and with air excluded, in light and in darkness in a basal inorganic medium supplemented with glucose, mannose, fructose, urea, sodium acetate, casein hydrolysate, and coconut milk, could be classified in 5 categories: (1) inhibition by certain carbon compounds; (2) growth aerobically in light only; (3) growth in light only, either aerobically or with air excluded; (4) growth in light aerobically or with air excluded and in the dark aerobically; and (5) growth in light or darkness, aerobically or with air excluded. Apparently, under conditions of air exclusion or darkness, growth of certain algae can continue provided that the proper organic compounds are present to act as a carbon source and if the algae have the enzymes to metabolize them. In addition, the algae which can metabolize such organic sources are, in effect, able to carry out processes usually associated with the bacteria in sewage treatment in waste-stabilization ponds. It is suggested that autochthonous development of algae under such conditions may be partially instrumental in “bloom” formation.
Coculture of dorsal root ganglion neurons and differentiated human corneal stromal stem cells on silk‐based scaffolds

Corneal tissue displays the highest peripheral nerve density in the human body. Engineering of biomaterials to promote interactions between neurons and corneal tissue could provide tissue models for nerve/cornea development, platforms for drug screening, as well as innovative opportunities to regenerate cornea tissue. The focus of this study was to develop a coculture system for differentiated human corneal stromal stem cells (dhCSSCs) and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) to mimic the human cornea tissue interactions. Axon extension, connectivity, and neuron cell viability were studied. DRG neurons developed longer axons when cocultured with dhCSSCs in comparison to neuron cultures alone. To assess the mechanism involved in the coculture response, nerve growth factors (NGF) secreted by dhCSSCs including NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neurotrophin-3 were characterized with greater focus on BDNF secretion. DhCSSCs also secreted collagen type I, an extracellular matrix molecule favorable for neuronal outgrowth. This coculture system provides a slowly degrading silk matrix to study neuronal responses in concert with hCSSCs related to innervation of corneal tissue with utility toward human corneal nerve regeneration and associated diseases.
Explosive magnetic reconnection - puzzle to be solved as the energy supply process for magnetospheric substorms

It is pointed out that magnetospheric substorms are perhaps the most basic type of disturbances which occur throughout the magnetosphere. There is little doubt that the energy for magnetospheric substorms is delivered from the sun to the magnetosphere by the solar wind, and theoretical and observational studies have been conducted to uncover the processes associated with the energy transfer from the solar wind to the magnetosphere, and the subsequent processes leading to various magnetospheric substorm phenomena. It has been widely accepted that explosive magnetic reconnection supplies the energy for magnetospheric substorm processes. It is indicated that the auroral phenomena must be various manifestations of a large-scale electrical discharge process which is powered by the solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo. Certain problems regarding explosive magnetic reconnection are discussed.
Broadband matching network design with sloped response for microwave GaAs f.e.t. amplifiers

An effective synthesis procedure is presented for the design of broadband microwave amplifiers using GaAs f.e.t.s. Based upon Youla's theory of matching, the equivalent input and output impedances of the GaAs f.e.t. are equalised to resistive source and load by lossless networks to achieve the nth order Chebyshev and Butterworth bandpass transducer power gain responses. The matching networks can also be designed to compensate for the gain rolloff of the GaAs f.e.t. which is approximately 6 dB/octave. The synthesis produces lumped lossless matching networks which can be approximated by distributed networks to a very good extent for 40% bandwidth or less. Examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the synthesis procedure.
Multifamily Group Treatment for Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury: What Is the Value to Participants?

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and helpfulness of implementation of multifamily group treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) among veterans who sustained a TBI during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and their families or caregivers.MethodsVeterans and their family members who participated in an open clinical trial (August 2010–March 2011) of multifamily psychoeducation for TBI at two Veterans Affairs medical centers were invited to one of three focus groups. Participants were asked about problems experienced before and during the intervention, aspects of treatment that were helpful, and improvements that would facilitate effective implementation of multifamily group treatment for TBI. Postintervention focus group transcripts were analyzed by utilizing qualitative content analysis.ResultsParticipants included eight veterans with TBI and eight family members. Five themes emerged: exploring common struggles and reducing isolation, building skills to cope with TBI and relat...
Possible Warfarin Interaction with Menthol Cough Drops

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of possible interaction of menthol cough drops (Halls) with warfarin in a patient awaiting cardioversion.CASE SUMMARY:A 57-year-old white male awaiting cardioversion for atrial fibrillation was prescribed warfarin. His dosage was adjusted to 7 mg daily to provide stable international normalized ratio (INR) values of 2.28–2.68. Approximately one week later, his INR fell to 1.45. During a follow-up interview, the patient reported that he experienced a flu-like illness during the previous week and had been using menthol cough drops. No other potential causes for the decreased INR were found. Illness will most often elevate the INR; we therefore concluded that the cough drops were the likely cause of this reaction, and the warfarin dose was increased to 53 mg/wk. After discontinuing use of menthol cough drops, the warfarin dose was returned to the previous amount and the INR remained stabilized.DISCUSSION:An objective causality assessment suggests that the decreased INR was possibly...
Infinite-Dilution Viscoelastic Properties of Polystyrene in θ-Solvents and Good Solvents

The Birnboim-Schrag multiple-lumped resonator has been used to measure storage (G′) and loss (G″) shear moduli, in the concentration range (c) from 0.0015 to 0.018 g/cc, of a polystyrene of molecular weight 860000 in two θ-solvents (decalin and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and two good solvents (α-chloronaphthalene and Aroclor 1232), as well as a polystyrene of molecular weight 410000 in Aroclor 1232. The frequency range was from 106 to 6060 Hz. Comparison of the initial concentration dependences of G′ and G″ (i.e., the initial slopes of plots of G′/c and G″−ωηs/c, where ω is radian frequency and ηs solvent viscosity), and examination of their changes with frequency, show that the longest relaxation time is affected much more than others by incipient intermolecular interactions. The intercepts, [G′] and [G″], of these extrapolation plots and their frequency dependence can be compared with infinite-dilution theories. In the two θ-solvents, they agree closely with the Zimm theory; the proportionality of relaxation times to ηs and the 23-fold difference in ηs affords an extended scale of reduced frequency. In the two good solvents, they fit the Tschoegl theory with hydrodynamic parameter h=40 and the non-Gaussian parameter e=0.13.
Hypoactive Labyrinths and Motor Development

This study examines the relation of hypoac tive labyrinths to the achievement of motor milestones such as sitting and walking. Two children with genetic sensorineural hearing losses with vestibular dysfunction who walked very late did not show any evidence to suggest a diffuse neurologic cause for this delay at follow-up examinations. A review of electronys tagmographic (ENG) vestibular tests of 353 children under age ten years discovered 17 children who had been tested twice or more. There was disagreement between the two tests in four (24%), suggesting less than adequate relia bility of ENG test results in infants and chil dren. Forty-nine children had hypoactive labyrinths. The records of 22 of these were suitable for surveying the relation of the vestibu lar dysfunction to age at walking. Ten of the 22 children walked at 18 months or later, indicating that some, but not all children with vestibular dysfunction will be late walkers. Some of the children who walked at a normal age were described as havi...
A new metric that generates the graph topology and is quite computable

Presented is a metric, the ngraph-metric on the set of rational transfer matrices. It generates the same graph topology as the graph metric. However, it avoids the two main drawbacks associated with the graph metric; standard software and algorithms can be used to compute the ngraph-metric, and it gives distances between 0 and infinity . >
Public Finance and Economic Development: Reflections based on Experience in China

Public ﬁnance pressures are a central concern in developing countries. With large informaleconomies, thetaxbaseisnarrowandtheresultingrevenueonaverageonlyabouthalfthefractionof GDP seen in developed countries. In response to the resulting tax distortions favoring the in-formal sector, countries commonly impose a variety of restrictions favoring the formal sector andhindering the entry of new ﬁrms that likely join the informal sector. While these policies help pro-tect the country’s tax base, they also unfortunately can hinder economic growth, by discouragingentrepreneurial activity.The experiences in China show this trade off dramatically. When restrictions on ﬁrm entry wereeliminated, economic growth rates jumped but tax revenue fell by two-thirds, since the growthlargely took place in sectors that were hard to tax.How should a country then handle these revenue costs of growth-promoting policies? The choicesare few: cut expenditures, borrow in the hopes of higher revenue in the future, come up with newsources of revenue such as user fees, or undertake only partial reforms that yield some growth butalso help preserve the existing tax base. The paper argues that the latter approach is likely to bethe most successful, in spite of the lower resulting growth rate.KEYWORDS: public ﬁnance, China, development
High fidelity equation of state for xenon

The noble gas xenon is a particularly interesting element. At standard pres- sure xenon is an fcc solid which melts at 161 K and then boils at 165 K, thus displaying a rather narrow liquid range on the phase diagram. On the other hand, under pressure the melting point is significantly higher: 3000 K at 30 GPa (1). Under shock compression, electronic excitations become important at 40 GPa (2). Finally, xenon forms stable mole- cules with fluorine (XeF2) suggesting that the electronic structure is significantly more complex than expected for a noble gas. With these reasons in mind, we studied the xenon Hugoniot using DFT/QMD (3) and validated the simulations with multi-Mbar shock com- pression experiments. The results show that existing equation of state models lack fidelity and so we developed a wide-range free-energy based equation of state using experimental data and results from first-principles simulations.
Knowledge of knowledge and intelligent experimentation for learning control

It is shown that if a learning system is able to provide some estimate of the reliability of the generalizations it produces, then the rate of learning can be considerably increased. The increase is achieved by a decision-theoretic estimate of the value of trying alternative experimental actions. A further consequence of this kind of learning is that experience becomes concentrated in regions of the control space which are relevant to the task at hand. Such a restriction of experience is essential for continuous multivariate control tasks because the entire state space of such tasks could not possibly be learned in a practical amount of time. >
Can Autistics Identify with Jake Barnes? The Case of Autism and the Hemingway Narrator in the Sun Also Rises

Ernest Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises is an early example of paraliptic narration, or the rhetorical technique of revealing by omission. Jake Barnes, the narrator, fits this bill because he exhibits startling incommunicability with respect to tale-telling and “reading” of other characters. I argue that this technique, gives Jake Barnes autistic qualities. At the same time, cognitive literary theorists have indicated that autistic readers might have difficulty understanding narrators of this type due to what they call “mindblindness”. They argue that without T.O.M. (Theory of Mind Mechanism), readers cannot make appropriate judgments about the narration. I argue the counter-point; invoking Kenneth Burke, I argue that autistic readers can understand paraliptic narrators because they can identify with them.
Multi-stage Stochastic Optimal Operation of Energy-efficient Building with Combined Heat and Power System

Abstract Due to the integration of volatile renewable energy and random energy consumption in the building grid, uncertainties have become a big concern for the operation of energy-efficient buildings. To minimize energy usage expenses under uncertainty, it is necessary to determine the optimal power production for a building from various energy sources, including the electric grid, battery, and combined heat and power with a boiler unit. This article presents a multi-stage mixed-integer stochastic programming model for optimal operation of energy-efficient building systems considering controllable electric and thermal loads. Taking into account the randomness of non-controllable electric and thermal loads, as well as solar power generations through the multi-stage scenario tree, the operation of energy-efficient buildings will be more robust against changes in uncertain variables. With information of uncertainties updated hourly, the rolling scheduling method is introduced to determine an adaptive power ...
Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: An Empirical Evaluation of Their Interrelationship

A survey of job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and work related attitudes was administered to 129 employees of an auto parts manufacturer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between job and life satisfaction. Using three-stage least squares, the results suggest that the two variables are jointly determined.
Subpopulations of CD4-, CD8- thymocytes.

A population of highly purified CD4−, CD8− thymocytes was analyzed by both flow microfluorometry and in situ hybridization in an attempt to further elucidate thymocyte subpopulations. The double-negative cells had a marked increase in expression of the c-myb and T cell gamma genes relative to unseparated thymocytes. Approximately 27% were Ly-24+, 8% Ly-6C+ and 6% 6B2+. All of the Ly-6C+ cells were also Ly-24+. A small population (6%) of the CD4−, CD8− thymocytes had surface expression of the T cell receptor for antigen (F23.1); all were bright Ly-1+ and half were Ly-24+. These studies demonstrate that there are further subdivisions of the CD4−, CD8− thymocytes based upon cell surface expression of markers previously found on bone marrow cells and their non-T cell progeny. Studies are in progress to determine whether these represent different stages of activation-maturation or different lineages of cells.
National Trends in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Prescribing of Methylphenidate among School-Age Children: 1990-1995:

It has been reported that during the past decade the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (ICD-9-CM code 314.00 or 314.01) and its pharmacologic treatment have increased dramatically in the United States. Herein, a single national data source is used to discern trends in the prevalence of U.S. office-based visits resulting in a diagnosis of ADHD, and trends in the prescribing of stimulant pharmacotherapy (including methylphenidate) for its treatment. Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for the years 1990 through 1995, for children aged 5 through 18 years, were utilized for this analysis. Results indicate that the number of office-based visits documenting a diagnosis of ADHD increased from 947,208 in 1990, to 2,357,833 in 1995. Between 1990 and 1995, the number of visits by girls diagnosed with ADHD rose 3.9-fold (p < 0.05), and the mean patient age increased by more than 1 year, from 9.7 in 1990, to 10.8 in 1995 (p < 0.05). The percentage of office-based visits resulting in a diagnosis of ADHD increased from 1.1% of all visits in this age group in 1990, to 2.8% by 1995. We discerned a 2.3-fold increase (p < 0.05) in the population-adjusted rate of office-based visits documenting a diagnosis of ADHD; a 2.9-fold increase (p < 0.05) in the population-adjusted rate of ADHD patients prescribed stimulant pharmacotherapy; and a 2.6-fold increase (p < 0.05) in the population-adjusted rate of ADHD patients prescribed methylphenidate.
The Theoretical Energy Densities of Dual-Electrolytes Rechargeable Li-Air and Li-Air Flow Batteries

The theoretical energy densities of dual-electrolytes rechargeable Li-air batteries using a nonaqueous electrolyte in the anode andan aqueous electrolyte in the cathode are estimated based on the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and the solubility of thedischarge product. It is assumed that there is no solid deposition in a cathode during discharge. A number of basic and acidicelectrolytes with high solubility of the discharge product are proposed. The theoretical energy densities of these rechargeable Li-airbatteries vary from 140 to over 1100 Wh/kg depending on the type of the electrolytes in a cathode.Afew structures of Li-air ﬂowbattery systems for possible large scale applications are also proposed.© 2010 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/1.3515330 All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted August 3, 2010; revised manuscript received September 19, 2010. Published November 23, 2010.
Mutation of K234 and K236 in the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 impairs its insertion into the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Previous in vitro studies indicated that mutation of bothK234 and K236 to arginine, glutamine, or glutamic acid impaired the abilityof the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC1) to insert into the outermembrane of the mitochondria (Smith et al. 1995). These same mutantswere expressed in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with adisruption in the VDAC1 gene. The mutant VDAC1 forms were found in themitochondria suggesting that they were correctly sorted to the outermembrane. However, only very small amounts of the mutants were inserted intothe mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondria isolated from the strains expressingthe mutants were capable of catalyzing the translocation of both wild-typeVDAC1 and pre-alcohol dehydrogenase III indicating that the translocationapparatus was functional. These results confirm the previously drawnconclusion that K234 and K236 are part of a membrane insertion motif. Thefailure of the mutant VDAC1 forms to insert did not cause VDAC1 precursors toaccumulate in the soluble cell cytoplasm or in the microsomal fraction. Theapparent lack of a “precursor pool” suggested that apost-transcriptional control mechanism might limit the amounts of VDAC1precursors in the cell. Such a control mechanism is consistent with theobservation that the amount of VDAC1 was very similar after epichromosomal(gene in a 2u plasmid controlled by a Gal1 promoter) and chromosomalexpression (endogenous gene controlled by the endogenous promoter).
Thermal Decomposition of CFCl3

The thermal decomposition of CFCl3 (CFC-11) has been studied in reflected shock waves using the Cl-atom atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS) detection technique. The first thermal rate measurements for CFCl3 (+M) → CFCl2 + Cl (+M) are reported. The experimental Cl-atom concentration profiles show two distinct rates of formation. The initial fast process gives a Cl-atom yield of 2, and this is followed by slow secondary processes that are density and temperature dependent. The final Cl-atom yield is greater than 2[CFCl3]0. This behavior confirms that C−Cl bond scission is the dominant dissociation pathway for both CFCl3 and the product radical, CFCl2, as observed in an earlier study from this laboratory on the related CF2Cl2 decomposition. Profile fits require the fast subsequent dissociation of CFCl2, and therefore, the short-time kinetics can be best explained as being due to C−Cl bond breaking in the parent, CFCl3. The temperature and density dependences of the later time Cl-atom profiles sug...
Effect of Social Groups on the Capacity of Wireless Networks

In this paper, we study the effects of social interactions among nodes on the capacity of wireless networks. We consider three scenarios. In the first scenario, the size of the social group for all nodes is fixed while the frequency of communication within members of a social group follows power law distribution. In the second scenario, scale-free networks are studied where the size of the social group differs from node to node, and the destination in each group is selected uniformly among the members of that group. Further investigation in the second scenario reveals that traditional transport capacity definition provides misleading conclusions for such network models. We show that nodes with different social status impact the capacity differently. By separating nodes with different social status and allocating separate bandwidth to them, it is shown that majority of nodes scale in this network. In the third scenario, both the size of the social groups and the destination in each group are selected according to power law distributions. Our simulation results corroborate the analytical results. Further, we observe consistently that social interaction improves the capacity of wireless networks, which implies that the Gupta–Kumar results were pessimistic for practical networks.
Identifying and Measuring Changes in the Frequency of Event Data

Event data has emerged as a major focus of attention in both international and comparative politics. McClelland (1964, 1961) pioneered its use. The early work of Rummel (1964, 1963) on conflict within and between states led to other data collection and research (Tanter, 1966; Bwy, 1968; Wilkenfeld, 1968; Gurr, 1968). Feierabend, Feierabend, and Nesvold have collected information on violent and nonviolent events within states., Taylor and Hudson (1971) include daily event data for seventeen categories of events within states as well as international interventions. The World Event/Interaction Survey provides a rich source of information on foreign policy activities of states (McClelland and Hoggard, 1969). Azar (1970) has directed a project providing an alternative approach to international events. A number of collections reflecting more narrow geographic or substantive areas have been undertaken.
The Numerical Solution of Laplace’s Equation in Three Dimensions—II

A numerical procedure will be described and analyzed for the solution of various boundary value problems for Laplace’s equation $$ \Delta u \equiv 0 $$ in three dimensional regions. This paper will discuss both the Dirichlet and Neumann problems, on regions both interior and exterior to a smooth simple closed surface S. Each such problem is reduced to an equivalent integral equation over S by representing the solution u as a single or double layer potential; and the resulting integral equation is then reformulated as an integral equation on the unit sphere U in ℝ3, using a simple change of variables. This final equation over U is solved numerically using Galerkin’s method, with spherical harmonics as the basis functions. The resulting numerical method converges rapidly, although great care must be taken to evaluate the Galerkin coefficients as efficiently as possible.
Construction of Common Simulation Platform for Design of Container Terminal Stevedoring Technology

Applying discrete event system simulation technology, and analyzing the internal role of container terminal stevedoring technology, the common simulation platform for optimization design of container terminal stevedoring technology was constructed. On the basis of analyzing the present development and problems of container terminal simulation technology, the set of container terminal stevedoring technology schemes, and their operation methods and processes were concluded. Then, the functions of common simulation platform system for optimization design of container terminal stevedoring technology were given. The logic structure of the simulation model was constructed The data collection and statistics method of container terminal stevedoring activities were introduced., and the evaluation standards of container terminal stevedoring technology schemes based on simulation were offered.
Rapid simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol,thiamphenicol and florfenicol in foodstuffs of animal origin by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Objective:To develop a method for simple and rapid simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol,thiamphenicol and florfenicol in foodstuffs of animal origin by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Methods:After the sample was extracted with ethyl acetate,it was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen stream,then the residue was reconstituted in H2O,and the lipids in the extracts were removed by liquid-liquid partiton with n-hexane.The analytes were separated by UPLC with an BEH C18 column under gradient of water and methanol,detected using a negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the MRM mode,and quantified by matrix-match standard solution.Results:The standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.05~5.0 ng/ml.The average recoveries for chloramphenicol,thiamphenicol and florfenicol ranged from 78% to 99% with the relative standard deviation of 3%~13%(n=5).Estimated values for the limit of detection(LOD) and the limit of quantification(LOQ) were 0.02 and 0.06 μg/kg,respectively.Conclusion:This method is sensitive and accurate for determination chloramphenicol,thiamphenicol and florfenicol in foodstuffs of animal origin.
Tetrahydroisoquinolines in vivo. I. Rat brain formation of salsolinol, a condensation product of dopamine and acetaldehyde, under certain conditions during ethanol intoxication.

Summary Acute ethanol intoxication in rats pretreated with pyrogallol results in the formation of salsolinol in brain. Concentrations of the tetrahydroisoquinoline product of dopamine were estimated at ca.l7 ng/g in the combined midbrain, caudate nucleus and brain stem regions of pyrogallolethanol rats, or nearly 1% of the control dopamine concentrations. Salsolinol was not observable in rats given acute ethanol in the absence of pyrogallol, nor in pyrogallol controls given saline in place of ethanol. Furthermore, monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline in pyrogallol-saline and pyrogallol-ethanol rats produced significant increases in control brain dopamine and experimental brain salsolinol. Pyrogallol's facilitation of ethanol-dependent salsolinol biosynthesis is believed to be due principally to a potentiation of the blood levels of acetaldehyde derived from ethanol. In all ethanol experiments with pyrogallol-pretreated rats, brain concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine were significantly depleted, presumably because of the increased acetaldehyde. This is the first demonstration of salsolinol in mammalian tissue during alcohol metabolism, although the alkaloid has been detected in urine of DOPA-treated Parkinsonian patients. It is conceivable that salsolinol, as a biologically active compound forming centrally in small amounts during certain chronic alcohol consumption situations, may have a role in the physical aspects of alcoholism.