cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polysaccharides involved in slime-mold development I. Water-soluble glucose polymer(s)

Abstract A water-soluble glucose polysaccharide fraction, synthesized and degraded during cellular slime-mold morphogenesis has been isolated and characterized. The kinetics of its appearance and disappearance are correlated with the overall rate of morphogenesis. Mutant strains incapable of accomplishing all or parts of the normal morphogenetic sequence exhibit altered patterns of synthesis and degradation.
Impaired Growth Plate Chondrogenesis in Children with Chronic Illnesses

In mammals, statural growth is primarily accomplished by endochondral ossification, which takes place at the growth plate. Growth plate chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy/differentiation, apoptosis, and cartilage matrix synthesis all contribute to chondrogenesis or cartilage formation, a process tightly coupled to the simultaneous remodeling of the cartilage into bone at the metaphyseal border of the growth plate. Growth plate chondrogenesis is regulated by the complex interaction of molecular signals acting systemically as well locally within the growth plate. This network is often dysregulated during chronic illnesses, thus resulting in impaired growth plate chondrogenesis and, in turn, growth failure. The principal events responsible for altered growth plate chondrogenesis in chronic illness are inflammation, protein/calorie deprivation, uremia/metabolic acidosis, glucocorticoids, and impaired GH/IGF-I axis.
Backside illumination processing technology for InGaAs/lnAlAs/lnP photofets and MSMs

Abstract Despite the theoretical and demonstrated advantages of numerous discrete devices for electro-optical systems applications, integration remains a challenge. In particular, highly agile integration strategies, fully optimized device structures, and processing protocols have yet to be developed. Many of the unique processing and packaging constraints imposed by standard electro-optical circuit fabrication are overcome by the novel substrate removal process reported here. We demonstrate an InGaAs/ InAlAs/InP MSM and photofet process advance which lends itself generally to integration of dissimilar materials and device designs, and is applicable to many other component types. Passivation techniques for the frontside and backside are explored for optimized discrete components as well as integrated devices. Detector performance is seen to increase by 35x for the MSM detectors, and we have obtained responsivity of more than 2.5 A/W for the photofets. The bonding and substrate removal process allows polylithic integration with various surrogate substrates.
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with derivatized polyimide

Single-walled and multiple-walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized with derivatized polyimide for the homogeneous dispersion of the nanotubes. For the functionalization, the nanotube-bound carboxylic acids derived from the surface defects were targeted for esterification reactions with pendant hydroxyl groups in the derivatized polyimide. The functionalized nanotube samples, readily soluble in several common organic solvents, were thoroughly characterized by a series of instrumental techniques including NMR in both solution phase and solid state, optical absorption, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis, and microscopy methods. The results were consistent with well-dispersed nanotubes functionalized by the polyimide, and also with the expectation that the nanotube electronic properties were largely preserved in the specific mode of functionalization. The presumed formation of ester linkages in the functionalized samples was supported by the results from chemical defunctionalization. The potential applicat...
The distribution and policy implications of US state government general operating support to the arts and culture: Lessons from the great recession

The prolonged economic downturn has meant tough times for some nonprofit arts and culture organizations in the USA. This state of affairs has brought renewed attention to the importance of general operating support (GOS) to sustaining nonprofit arts and culture organizations. After the Culture Wars of the late 1980s and 1990s, federal GOS programs disappeared and philanthropy turned away from providing such unrestricted funds, which are typically used for salaries and overhead rather than projects. What GOS support remained was provided primarily by state and local governments. Currently, the Great Recession has prompted cuts – sometimes drastic cuts – to state arts agencies. This article uses data from the National Assembly of State Arts Agencies (NASAA) supplemented with new data on line items culled from the budgets of every US state to map state-level GOS support. Enhancing NASAA data with data on line items provides a truer picture of the levels of support state governments are providing to the secto...
Comment and Reply on ‘Rise of deep diapirs’

Basaltic magmas apparently separate from their source region pressures of the order of 30 kb. In a convecting mantle it is reasonable to suppose that melting begins in the ascending limb of a convection cell as material is brought across the solidus. In order to achieve observed equilibration temperatures and inferred degrees of partial melting, allowing for specific and latent melting must begin at depths of the order of 200 km. The solidus temperature at this depth is at least 1900 K (Yoder, 1976). The questions then are, How fast does material rise between about 200 and 90 km? and Is the material at 90 km representative of the deeper mantle source region, or has it been fractioned upon ascent? The question of whether melt separation occurs the upper 90 to 100 km of the mantle is not at issue.
Joe McCarthy's fantastic moment

Though remarkably unsuccessful in unmasking Communist conspirators, Joe McCarthy left a powerful legacy as a great demagogue and witchhunter, a legacy that continues to haunt political discourse today. This essay seeks to explain the power of McCarthy's rhetoric and its apparent resistance to exorcism by historical fact through the literary genre of fantasy. McCarthy, in this view, could not be discredited or argued against because he took no positions. He presented his audience with a sustained moment of hesitation and wonder in which every claim on credulity was offset by a denial of its legitimacy. In the process of creating this fantastic world, a certain ethos was created, an ethos that ultimately overshadowed and conquered its creator.
A smart grid vulnerability analysis framework for coordinated variable structure switching attacks

In this paper we have proposed an approach for vulnerability analysis of a class of cyber-physical reconfiguration attacks called coordinated variable structure switching. In such an attack, an opponent who gains control over a target circuit breaker, relay or switch can apply a given switching sequence to destabilize the system even if the system is stable in static switch positions. Our analysis approach is illustrated through a case study of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council 3-machine, 9-bus system. MATLAB and PSCAD® simulations are employed to validate the approach. Moreover the insights gained from the vulnerability analysis of the WECC system are consistent with intuition.
6b9b Encoding Scheme for Improving Single-Ended Interface Bandwidth and Reducing Power Consumption without Pin Count Increase

6b9b encoding scheme is proposed to effectively reduces single-ended interconnect. The noise reduction also translates into smaller silicon timing jitter numbers and additional system bandwidth. Moreover, this scheme also reduces active power consumption by 25%.
Combined operation for lung cancer and cardiac disease

Abstract From 1965 through 1992. 30 patients (23 men and 7 women) underwent pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer and a concomitant open heart operation (combined group). Median age was 68 years (range, 50 to 79 years). Coronary artery bypass was performed in 23 patients, mitral valve repair in 2, mitral valve replacement in 2, and other procedures in 3. Pulmonary resections included pneumonectomy in 1 patient bilobectomy in 1, lobectomy in 21, and wedge excision in 7. Twentythree patients were in postsurgical stage I. There were two operative deaths (6.7%), one from myocardial ischemia and one from pulmonary insufficiency. Overall 5-year survival was 34.9% and was not affected by the stage of the disease. During the same period, 15 other patients underwent an open heart operation (coronary artery bypass in 11, aortic valve replacement in 2, and other in 2) followed by pulmonary resection (pneumonectomy in 5, lobectomy in 9, and wedge excision in 1) for lung cancer 1 to 11 months later (median, 2 months) (staged group). There were no operative deaths. Six patients were in postoperative stage I. Overall 5-year survival was 53.0% ( p = not significant), but it was significantly affected by the stage of lung cancer. Most important, a significant difference was observed in stage I survival between the two groups. Five-year survival for stage I patients in the staged group was 100.0%, compared with only 36.5% for the combined stage I patients ( p
Arbitrary crystallographic orientation in QDAME with Ge 7.5 nm DGFET examples

QDAME (quantum device analysis by modal evaluation) has been extended to permit device simulations with arbitrary orientation between real-space and k-space coordinate systems. The work resembles in scope the extension of NanoMOS by Rahman, et al. to permit arbitrary crystallographic orientation and its subsequent invocation by Low, et al. in the context of Ge DGFETs. This work is differentiated from theirs as follows: (i) the two-dimensional Schrodinger equation with appropriately modified traveling wave boundary conditions was solved; no assumptions are invoked concerning the device geometry or the lumping of transport along a centerline of symmetry from source to drain, (ii) 'unusual' crystallographic directions to highlight our simulation capability and to demonstrate that current does not necessarily flow down the center of a symmetric Ge DGFET device structure were considered.
Effect of Tannation on Human Pituitary Gonadotropin as Determined by General Gonadotropin Assays

Tannate complexes of human pituitary gonadotropin (HPG) of urinary origin were assayed by 3 general gonadotropin assay methods-the rat ovarian and uterine weight methods and the mouse uterine weight method. Assays were also performed by injecting single doses · of tannated and untannated HPG and determining the magnitude of the response at daily intervals. It was found that tannation did not alter the potency of HPG as measured in these 3 assay systems. The results obtained with single-dose assays confirmed those obtained by conventional assays. (Endocrinology 77: 766,1965
Systemic lupus erythematosus: theories of pathogenesis and approach to therapy.

Human systemic lupus is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by multisystem inflammatory disease and the production of a variety of autoantibodies. For many years, in our ignorance, we had the freedom to imagine numerous abnormalities which might give rise to lupus: defects of the immune system, viruses, major histocompatibility driven predispositions, complement or complement receptor defects, biochemical abnormalities, impaired DNA repair, sex hormone imbalances, and many others. Now, the basis for lupus in lpr/lpr mice has been uncovered: a mutation in fas. The normal Fas cell surface molecule is important in programmed cell death, apoptosis. The lpr-associated defect in Fas interferes with normal apoptosis, allowing persistence of self-reactive lymphocytes. This finding is especially exciting to those of us who have stressed lupus-associated defects in tolerance. It also illustrates the apparent antigen-nonspecific nature of an etiologic abnormality leading to lupus. The multigenic NZB disorder is less well dissected. Recent work points to defects in an unusual bone marrow progenitor population. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus may have different and multiple pathogenic factors, including those listed above. We recently have found that some patients with lupus have persistence of T cells with random mutations, consistent with prior abnormal activation and, perhaps, impaired apoptosis. Future therapies of patients must consider both the heterogeneity and the multifactorial pathogenesis of the syndrome we call "lupus."
Thermal Convection Loop Study of the Corrosion of Incoloy 800 in Molten NaNO3-KNO3

Abstract The corrosion behavior of Incoloy 800 was studied using a thermal convection loop that operated between the temperatures of 300 and 600 C for 5000 h. The extent of corrosion of the removable test coupons was determined by chemical descaling, which indicated a maximum loss of ∼5 µm at 600 C during the course of the experiment. The morphologies of corrosion products were examined by electron microprobe analysis (EMA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) and found to consist primarily of Fe3O4 and Fe(Fe,Cr)2O4 over most of the temperature range. At temperatures near 600 C, however, complex multilayer scales were observed that consisted of two magnetite spinels, a Cr-rich M2O3 oxide, subsurface oxide penetration, precipitation of metallic nickel, and internal nitridation. Other observations are reported concerning the occurrence of accelerated oxide penetration on unabraded surfaces of Incoloy 800 tubing and pitting at temperatures below 400 C, at which only very thin oxide layers are formed. Although chromiu...
Normally-Off Thin-Film Silicon Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors and Application to Complementary Circuits

A thin blocking structure is incorporated in the gate-stack of heterojunction field-effect transistor (HJFET) devices to substantially suppress the gate current when the gate heterojunction is forward-biased. As a result, normally-OFF HJFET devices with MOSFET-like characteristics are obtained. The HJFET devices are comprised of gate, source, and drain regions formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on thin-film crystalline Si substrates at temperatures below 200°C. The ON/OFF ratios larger than 106, operation voltages as low as 1 V, and subthreshold slopes of ~85 mV/decade are demonstrated. The HJFET devices can be integrated with MOSFET devices fabricated on the same crystalline Si substrates to form complementary circuits.
Access to services at assisted reproductive technology clinics : A survey of policies and practices

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to investigate policy on patient access to services at assisted reproductive technology clinics in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: Surveys asked about a variety of ethically and socially challenging cases and were mailed to directors of all Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology-associated assisted reproductive technology clinics. RESULTS: Written policies on access to services are present at 40% of assisted reproductive technology clinics. Universal agreement was not found on any issue; 79% of clinics treat single women, 27% treat patients with a history of schizophrenia, 10% treat patients who use alcohol excessively, 7% treat human immunodeficiency virus-positive women, and 2% would treat patients previously convicted of child abuse. A breakdown of the responses indicated that some clinics are more permissive in terms of access to services than others, whereas some are more restrictive. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate considerable variability in policy among clinics on most access-to-services questions. The results highlight the importance of ongoing discussion of the ethical and legal issues related to access and the need to develop consistent methods to deal with complex cases.
Cardiac Troponin I Threonine 144 phosphorylation: impact on myofilament function

Threonine 144 (T144) in the inhibitory region of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is an important site for PKC mediated phosphorylation in the heart. In addition, presence of this residue is sufficient to impart length dependent activation (LDA) properties onto the cardiac sarcomere (Tachampa Circ. Res., 2008). Here we studied the functional impact of a charge mutation so as to mimic phosphorylation of this residue (T144E). Wild-type (WT) or cTnI-T144E containing recombinant troponin (cTn) complexes were exchanged for endogenous cTn in skinned rat cardiac trabeculae. Force and ATPase activity were measured as function of [Ca2+] at short (2.0 μm) or long (2.2 μm) sarcomere length. T144E induced decreased maximum force development (Fmax) and Calcium sensitivity (EC50), increased cross-bridge cycling rate (tension cost) but, in contrast, did not affect LDA (ΔEC50). We conclude that T144E affects cross-bridge cycling and recruitment independent of sarcomere length.WT cTnT144E cTnEC50 2.0 (μM)4.0 ± 0.35.9 ± 0.4EC50 2.2 (μM)3.5 ± 0.25.2 ± 0.3Fmax 2.0 (mN/mm2)25.1 ± 4.713.0 ± 1.7Fmax 2.2 (mN/mm2)37.2 ± 4.724.5 ± 2.7Tension cost 2.07.7 ± 0.512.0 ± 1.3Tension cost 2.26.3± 0.59.4 ± 1.2ΔEC500.6 ± 0.10.7 ± 0.2
Regulated production and anti-HIV type 1 activities of cytidine deaminases APOBEC3B, 3F, and 3G.

APOBEC3G and 3F (A3G and A3F) cytidine deaminases incorporate into retroviral cores where they lethally hypermutate nascent DNA reverse transcripts. As substantiated here, the viral infectivity factor (Vif) encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) binds A3G and A3F and induces their degradation, thereby precluding their incorporation into viral progeny. Previous evidence suggested that A3G is expressed in H9 and other nonpermissive cells that contain this antiviral defense but not in several permissive cells, and that overexpression of A3G or A3F makes permissive cells nonpermissive. Using a broader panel of cell lines, we confirmed a correlation between A3G and cellular abilities to inactivate HIV-1(Δvif). However, there was a quantitative discrepancy because several cells with weak antiviral activities had similar amounts of wild-type A3G mRNA and protein compared to H9 cells. Antiviral activity of H9 cells was also attenuated in some conditions. These quantitative discrepancies could not ...
Note on the periodic properties of biochemical systems represented by linear equations

Simple linear systems in which there is a steady-state velocity may under some conditions have solutions which are periodic but damped. However, even under favorable circumstances it is not likely that the periodic property can be differentiated from a single overshoot because the effect of damping is so great.
Revised formulas for diffraction effects with point and extended sources

Revised formulas to estimate diffraction effects in radiometry for point and extended sources are derived. They are found to work as well as or better than previous formulas. In some instances the formulas can be written in closed form; otherwise their evaluation entails performing simple integrations as indicated. Formulas have been found for nonlimiting apertures, large defining apertures, and pinhole apertures. Examples of all three types of application are presented.
Characteristics of High-Rate Energy Spectroscopy Systems with Time-Invariant Filters

The effects of shaping time, energy level, and input count rate upon energy resolution, peak shift, and unpiledup output rate are presented for a representative set of germanium (Ge) spectrometer systems. The shaping amplifiers for each spectrometer incorporated semi-Gaussian time-invariant filters. Resoltion data for input count rates from 103 counts per second to greater than the maximum unpiled-up output rate are presented for each spectrometer. The resolution data presented for low energies (6keV), and medium and high energies (> 1MeV) should allow an experi-. menter to estimate the trade-offs between the conflicting requirements for resolution and output count rate for different types of Ge spectrometers.
Aptitude-Treatment Interaction in Mathematics Instruction Using Expository and Discovery Methods.

Aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) research, generally viewed as an outgrowth of the work of Cronbach (1957), has turned out to be more difficult than originally expected. Simple hypotheses about matching student abilities with appropriate treatments have proven difficult to substantiate. Nevertheless, Cronbach and Snow (1977), in their comprehensive review of the field, confirm that ATI exist and are important to educational practice. Cronbach and Snow (see also Snow, 1977) state that the most stable interactions occur with general ability. There are a number of interactions in the literature, however, especially with inductive and deductive instruction (Cronbach & Snow, 1977, pp. 320, 371), that do not seem to be related to general ability. General reasoning is one of the aptitude variables that is frequently involved in these more specific interactions. In mathematics education research, several studies have reported ATI between general reasoning and treatments that differed in the use of an inductive or a deductive sequence of instruction (Eastman & Carry, 1975; McLeod & Briggs, 1980). There are also studies that have failed to find the expected interactions (Behr & Eastman, 1975; Eastman & Behr, 1977), but this may have been because the level of difficulty of the treatments was not appropriate for the students. The theoretical framework for these interactions with general reasoning is not well established, but there are two explanations that have some appeal. Cronbach and Snow (1977) have suggested that a test of general reasoning might be a measure of crystallized ability, or achievement in traditional school subjects; therefore, it could be expected to produce steeper regression slopes in more traditional deductive instruction (Snow, Note 1). Carroll (1976) has analyzed the aptitude of general reasoning from a different perspective, using the concepts of information processing theory. From
Piezoelectric and electrostrictive polymeric actuator materials

Peizoelectric and electrostrictive polymers are widely used in many areas of electromechanical actuation and transduction. This paper summarizes the current status and recent works in this class of polymers. For the piezoelectric polymers, the electromechanical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymers (P(VDF-TrFE), which possess the best piezoelectric performance among the known piezopolymers, are presented. In order to improve the strain capability and other electromechanical properties, the large electrostrictive response and high electromechanical conversion efficient near a first order ferroelectric-paraelectric transition of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer were exploited. It is shown that the copolymer, treated with high energy electron irradiation, exhibits high electrostrictive strains (-5% longitudinal strain under 150 MV/m and 3.5% transverse starin under 100 MV/m) with high strain energy density, high load capability and improved electromechanical coupling factor. For the comparison, the works related to the Maxwell stress induced strain response in soft polymers are also discussed.
The relative timing of microwaves and hard X-rays in solar flares

The timing of impulsive microwave and hard X-ray emission in solar flares with sub-second precision was compared. In flares demonstrating time structure on a scale less than approximately 1 s, 10.6 GHz microwaves were delayed with respect to hard X-rays by about 0.2 s. The delay varied from flare to flare and also within flares. No significant correlation was shown between the observed time delays and the peak X-ray or microwave flux or their ratio. Discussion included the electron propagation time from the top to the bottom of the loop, differential light travel time caused by the possible varying locations of the X-ray and microwave sources and the possible contamination of the microwave spikes with approximately 2 x 10 to the 7th K thermal emission.
Effects of Family-Related Factors on Female Project Managers’ Salaries in the Construction Industry in the United States

This study explores predictors of female project managers’ salary in the construction industry and analyzes the relationship between salaries and specific variables. Although prior research indicates a relationship does exist between certain variables and women’s salaries that research does not focus on the construction industry. This research sought to identify correlations between experience, age, marital status, motherhood, having children at home, and the number of children at home, and female project manager’s salaries in the construction industry. To our knowledge, this study represents the only research of its kind specific to women project managers in the U.S. construction industry. Utilizing a snowball sampling method, 206 survey responses were collected and analyzed through comprehensive descriptive and statistical analyses. A regression model was constructed to determine the predictive power of the variables studied. Fifty percent of the variability in female project manager’s salary can be acc...
ICPEMC working paper 4/2 extrapolations from species to species and from various cell types in assessing risks from chemical mutagens

Strategies for estimating human mutation frequencies can be based on extrapolations of dose: mutation ratios in other species.
Development of a resonant trailing-edge flap actuation system for helicopter rotor vibration control

A resonant trailing-edge flap actuation system for helicopter rotors is developed and evaluated experimentally. The concept involves deflecting each individual trailing-edge flap using a compact resonant piezoelectric actuation system. Each resonant actuation system yields high authority, while operating at a single frequency. By tailoring the natural frequencies of the actuation system (including the piezoelectric actuator and the related mechanical and electrical elements) to the required operating frequencies, one can increase the output authority. The robustness of the device can be enhanced by increasing the high authority bandwidth through electric circuitry design. Such a resonant actuation system (RAS) is analyzed for a full-scale piezoelectric induced-shear tube actuator, and bench-top testing is conducted to validate the concept. An adaptive feed-forward controller is developed to realize the electric network dynamics and adapt to phase variation. The control strategy is then implemented via a digital signal processor (DSP) system. Analysis is also performed to examine the rotor system dynamics in forward flight with piezoelectric resonant actuators, using a perturbation method to evaluate the system's time-varying characteristics. Numerical simulations reveal that the resonant actuator concept can be applied to forward flights as well as to hover conditions.
High-resolution photoemission study of Co/Si(111) interface formation

We have examined the formation of the Co/Si(111) interface at room temperature using high-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy. Two chemically shifted Si 2p core-level components have been identified. The evolution of these components with Co coverage makes it possible to model the development of this interface. Heterogeneous ${\mathrm{CoSi}}_{2}$-like cluster formation is observed for nominal Co coverages of less than \ensuremath{\approxeq}4 A\r{}. Continued reaction to form ${\mathrm{CoSi}}_{2}$ becomes diffusion limited when the clusters coalesce, and a solid solution forms with Si atoms in a Co matrix. For Co coverages of more than 8--10 A\r{}, the interfacial region is buried by a metallic Co film.
Role diversification in the education of advanced practice psychiatric nurses

The mode, location, and focus of health care services are changing rapidly, especially delivery of psychiatric services. The high prevalence of psychiatric and medical comorbidity, the national shift in health care to a managed care arrangement with one professional designated as principle provider, and problems with access to comprehensive services for individuals with psychiatric problems interact to create a compelling need for a clear definition of advanced psychiatric-mental health nursing practice. This article is, in part, a response to the national dialogue and debate sparked by the beginning development of a psychiatric nurse practitioner certification exam. However, this debate will be used merely as a starting point to articulate and document the need for a flexible, diverse, and evolving definition of advanced psychiatric-mental health nursing practice that can inform and shape educational programs in the discipline.
Total central vein obstruction: resolution with angioplasty and fibrinolysis.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has assumed an important role in the chronic management of malfunctioning and failed fistulas [1–8]. Stenotic lesions, most commonly occurring in the venous limbs of such fistulas, are the most common anatomic cause of malfunction [4]. If left untreated, these stenoses may progress to total occlusion. Central vein stenosis has emerged as a serious new medical complication of hemodialysis catheter insertion [5, 6]. Previous publications suggest that the duration of a peripheral fistula is an important associated factor in addition to a previous central vein cannulation [5, 6]. These central vein lesions are not amenable to simple surgical revision or thrombectomy because of their intra-thoracic location [5, 6]. Previous reports have documented the excellent response of subtotal central vein lesions to PTA [2–6]. This study describes a four year experience with patients presenting with total obstruction of their central venous system. To our knowledge, there have been no other reported series detailing the technique for and results of angioplasty of totally obstructed central veins in hemodialysis patients.
Healing Requires Recognition The Case for Race-Based Traumatic Stress

Race-based traumatic stress has been studied in the literature under various names including but not limited to insidious trauma, intergenerational trauma, racist incident-based trauma, psychological trauma, and racism. This article reviews and analyzes R. T. Carter’s article in this issue. The author underscores and reacts to the trauma of racism as discussed in Carter’s article, and also highlights efforts that should be directed to racist incident-based trauma counseling. Counselors have to be trained to effectively conduct assessment and interventions with clients who have been victimized by race-based traumas. In addition, counselors should be aware that intersecting identities can result in multiple traumas or forms of oppression, such as 1 client experiencing racism, sexism, poverty, and heterosexism. While it is important to study the dynamics of race-based traumatic stress within the United States, as Carter comprehensively does, it is also essential for counselors to examine and respond to race-...
Statistical observations of position errors in two dimensional antenna array

The authors observe how the errors in location of the elements of a two-dimensional antenna array affect the gain pattern of the array in a statistical manner. A procedure for deriving the expectation and variance of the two-dimensional array pattern when the array uses Tseng window weight for its gain at each element is presented. By computing the expectation, variance, and deviation of the array pattern, the critical value for the position error can be determined depending on the desired sidelobe level of the array. Numerical results are presented. >
Valenzisomerisierungen ausgewählter Heterocyclen

In diesem Aufsatz werden Valenzisomerisierungen und die phanomenologisch verwandten Valenztautomerisierungen einiger Stickstoffheterocyclen diskutiert. 1H-Azepine lagern sich nur in Ausnahmefallen in Azanorcaradiene um; Homo-1H-azepine existieren dagegen als Bicyclen mit dem Stickstoffatom im siebengliedrigen Ring. Azocine (Azacyclooctatetraene) sind deshalb interessant, weil sich das Gleichgewicht je nach Art der Substitution von der Seite der monocyclischen Verbindung praktisch vollstandig auf die Seite der bicyclischen Form verschiebt. Der Fahigkeit der Azabullvalene zur entarteten Valenzisomerisierung werden die Eigenschaften der Benzazabullvalene und eines Azasemibullvalen-Derivats gegenubergestellt.
Emplacement and erosive effects of lava in south Kasei Valles, Mars

Abstract Although it has generally been accepted that the Martian outflow channels were carved by floods of water, observations of large channels on Venus and Mercury demonstrate that lava flows can cause substantial erosion. Recent observations of large lava flows within outflow channels on Mars have revived discussion of the hypothesis that the Martian channels are also produced by lava. An excellent example is found in south Kasei Valles (SKV), where the most recent major event was emplacement of a large lava flow. Calculations using high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) demonstrate that this flow was locally turbulent, similar to a previously described flood lava flow in Athabasca Valles. The modeled peak local flux of approximately 106 m3 s− 1 was approximately an order of magnitude lower than that in Athabasca, which may be due to distance from the vent. Fluxes close to 107 m3 s− 1 are estimated in some reaches but these values are probably records of local surges caused by a dam-breach event within the flow. The SKV lava was locally erosive and likely caused significant (kilometer-scale) headwall retreat at several cataracts with tens to hundreds of meters of relief. However, in other places the net effect of the flow was unambiguously aggradational, and these are more representative of most of the flow. The larger outflow channels have lengths of thousands of kilometers and incision of a kilometer or more. Therefore, lava flows comparable to the SKV flow did not carve the major Martian outflow channels, although the SKV flow was among the largest and highest-flux lava flows known in the Solar System.
Clinical Commentary: therapist supervised clinic-based therapy versus instruction in a home program following distal radius fracture: a systematic review.

0894-1130/$ e see front matter 2014 Hanley & Bel http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2014.05.001 There is considerable controversy as to how to best treat patients with healing distal radius fractures (DRF). The authors of this study assert that ‘as many as one in four patients following DRF will incur a complication that can impact their functional outcome.’ Yet, many of the studies conducted examining outcomes within this patient population appear to exclude those with complications. Several investigators have examined outcomes (i.e. changes in motion, strength and function) among individuals recovering from DRF treated with a supervised therapy program as opposed to instruction in and independent performance of a home exercise program. The results of these studies have varied considerably; therefore, it is difficult for clinicians to arrive at best clinical practices to optimally treat this patient population.
Dependence of Thermal Boundary Conductance on Interfacial Mixing at the Chromium-Silicon Interface

The thermal conductance at solid-solid interfaces is becoming increasingly important in thermal considerations dealing with devices on nanometer length scales. Specifically, interdiffusion or mixing around the interface, which is generally ignored, must be taken into account when the characteristic lengths of the devices are on the order of the thickness of this mixing region. To study the effect of this interfacial mixing on thermal conductance, a series of Cr films are grown on Si substrates subject to various deposition conditions to control the growth around the Cr/Si boundary. The Cr/Si interfaces are characterized with auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling. The thermal boundary conductance (hBD ) is measured with the transient thermoreflectance technique. Values of hBD are found to vary with both the thickness of the mixing region and the rate of compositional change in the mixing region. The effects of the varying mixing regions in each sample on hBD are discussed and the results are compared to the diffuse mismatch model.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Exploiting enzyme specificities in digestions of chondroitin sulfates A and C: production of well-defined hexasaccharides

Interactions between proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the extracellular matrix are important to the regulation of cellular processes including growth, differentiation and migration. Understanding these processes can benefit greatly from the study of protein–GAG interactions using GAG oligosaccharides of well-defined structure. Materials for such studies have, however, been difficult to obtain because of challenges in synthetic approaches and the extreme structural heterogeneity in GAG polymers. Here, it is demonstrated that diversity in structures of oligosaccharides derived by limited enzymatic digestion of materials from natural sources can be greatly curtailed by a proper selection of combinations of source materials and digestive enzymes, a process aided by an improved understanding of the specificities of certain commercial preparations of hydrolases and lyases. Separation of well-defined oligosaccharides can then be accomplished by size-exclusion chromatography followed by strong anion-exchange chromatography. We focus here on two types of chondroitin sulfate (CS) as starting material (CS-A, and CS-C) and the use of three digestive enzymes with varying specificities (testicular hyaluronidase and bacterial chondroitinases ABC and C). Analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry focuses on isolated CS disaccharides and hexasaccharides. In all, 15 CS hexasaccharides have been isolated and characterized. These serve as useful contributions to growing libraries of well-defined GAG oligosaccharides that can be used in further biophysical assays.
A pyrosequencing-based assay for the rapid detection of the 22q11.2 deletion in DNA from buccal and dried blood spot samples.

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is one of the most common deletion syndromes in newborns. Some affected newborns may be diagnosed shortly after birth because of the presence of heart defects, palatal defects, or severe immune deficiencies. However, diagnosis is often delayed in patients presenting with other associated conditions that would benefit from early recognition and treatment, such as speech delays, learning difficulties, and schizophrenia. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the gold standard for deletion detection, but it is costly and time consuming and requires a whole blood specimen. Our goal was to develop a suitable assay for population-based screening of easily collectible specimens, such as buccal swabs and dried blood spots (DBS). We designed a pyrosequencing assay and validated it using DNA from FISH–confirmed 22q11 deletion syndrome patients and normal controls. We tested DBS from nine patients and paired buccal cell and venous blood specimens from 20 patients. Results were 100% concordant with FISH assay results. DNA samples from normal controls (n = 180 cell lines, n = 15 DBS, and n = 88 buccal specimens) were negative for the deletion. Limiting dilution experiments demonstrated that accurate results could be obtained from as little as 1 ng of DNA. This method represents a reliable and low-cost alternative for detection of the common 22q11.2 microdeletions and can be adapted to high-throughput population screening.
Online Collection of Midterm Student Feedback

Evaluation Online offers a variety of options to faculty who want to solicit formative feedback electronically. Researchers interviewed faculty who have used this system for midterm student evaluation.
Monte Carlo simulation to determine conditions for optical molecular imaging of vascular disease

Atherosclerosis is a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease, which is a leading cause of death in the United States. Optical imaging is emerging as a promising molecular imaging tool to detect the biomarkers of vascular disease and plaque vulnerability. We describe a Monte Carlo method of investigating the use of targeted fluorescent nanoparticles as a reporter agent for optical molecular imaging. In particular, we used the model to provide insight into the optimum excitation and emission wavelengths for in vivo imaging in the presence of blood and auto fluorescence.
Market Mechanism Designs with Heterogeneous Trading Agents

Market mechanism design research is playing an important role in Computational Economics for resolving multi-agent allocation problems. A genetic algorithm was used to design auction mechanisms in order to automatically generate a desired market mechanism in agent based E-markets. In previous research, a hybrid market was studied, in which the probability that buyers rather than sellers are able to quote on a given time step, this probability was adapted by the GA which attempted to minimise Smith?s coefficient of convergence. However, in previous experiments, all trading agents involved are of the same type or have identical preferences. This assumption does not hold in real-world markets which are always populated with heterogeneous agents. In this paper, the research of using evolutionary computing methods for auction designs is extended by using heterogeneous trading agents.
An integration of deductive retrieval into deductive synthesis

Deductive retrieval and deductive synthesis are two conceptually closely related software development methods which apply theorem proving techniques to support the construction of correct programs. In this paper, we describe an integration of both methods which combines their complementary benefits and alleviates some of their drawbacks. The core of our integration is an algorithm which automatically extracts queries from the synthesis proof state and submits them to a specialized retrieval system. Retrieved components are then used to close open subgoals in the proof. We use a higher-order framework for synthesis in which higher-order meta-variables are used to represent program fragments still to be synthesized. Hence, the introduction of a new meta-variable is an attempt to synthesize a new fragment and so highlights a possible reuse step. This observation allows us to invoke retrieval only after a substantial change rather than at every proof step and prevents overloading the retrieval mechanism. Our integration raises the granularity level of synthesis by avoiding a substantial number of proof steps. It also provides a framework for adapting "near-miss" components in the case that an exact match cannot be retrieved.
Operating experience with the ALS linac

The linac injector for the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at LBL (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory) was recently put into operation. Energy is 50 MeV, and frequency is 3 GHz. The electron gun delivers up to 6 nC in a 3.0-ns bunch at 120 kV. A train of bunches is injected into a 1-Hz booster and accelerated to 1.5 GHz for storage ring injection. A magnetic analysis system is used for optimizing the linac. Measured beam properties from the gun and after acceleration in the linac are described. >
Network configuration for optimal utilization efficiency of wireless sensor networks

This paper addresses the problem of configuring wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, we seek answers to the following questions: how many sensors should be deployed, what is the optimal sensor placement, and which transmission structure should be employed. The design objective is utilization efficiency defined as network lifetime per unit deployment cost. We propose an optimal approach and an approximation approach with reduced complexity to network configuration. Numerical and simulation results demonstrate the near optimal performance of the approximation approach. We also study the impact of sensing range, channel path loss exponent, sensing power consumption, and event arrival rate on the optimal network configuration.
Estrogen replacement therapy and the surgeon

Abstract Background: The number of patients over the age of 65 years has increased to 33.2 million, with a life expectancy of 76.5 years. With an aging population, the number of surgical procedures is expected to increase as much as 50%. The majority of individuals over 65 years are women. Estrogen replacement therapy is commonly recommended to postmenopausal women for relief of vasomotor symptoms, protection against heart disease, and prevention of osteoporosis. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to address estrogen replacement therapy with regard to wound healing, fracture repair, perioperative cardiac morbidity, and thrombosis. Data source: Medline Literature review. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to withdraw estrogen replacement therapy at the time of admission for surgery. Patients not receiving estrogen replacement therapy should be offered therapy upon return to ambulatory status.
An adjuvant-free mouse model to evaluate the allergenicity of milk whey protein

Milk allergy is the most common type of food allergy in humans with the potential for fatality. An adjuvant-free mouse model would be highly desirable as a preclinical research tool to develop novel hypoallergenic or nonallergenic milk products. Here we describe an adjuvant-free mouse model of milk allergy that uses transdermal sensitization followed by oral challenge with milk protein. Groups of BALB/c mice were exposed to milk whey protein via a transdermal route, without adjuvant. Systemic IgG1 and IgE antibody responses to transdermal exposure as well as systemic anaphylaxis and hypothermia response to oral protein challenge were studied. Transdermal exposure resulted in a time- and dose-dependent induction of significant IgE and IgG1 antibody responses. Furthermore, oral challenge of sensitized mice resulted in significant clinical symptoms of systemic anaphylaxis within 1 h and significant hypothermia at 30 min postchallenge. To study the underlying mechanism, we examined allergen-driven spleen cell T-helper 2 cytokine (IL-4) responses. There was a robust dose- and time-dependent activation of memory IL-4 responses in allergic mice but not in healthy control mice. These data demonstrate for the first time a novel transdermal sensitization followed by oral challenge mouse model of milk allergy that does not use adjuvant. It is expected that this model may be used not only to study mechanisms of milk allergy, but also to evaluate novel milk products for allergenic potential and aid in the production of hypo- or nonallergenic milk products.
Long-term results after early primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

Abstract Objective: Early primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot has been routinely performed at Children's Hospital, Boston, since 1972. We evaluated the long-term outcome of this treatment strategy including the influence of a transannular patch. Methods: Fifty-seven patients less than 24 months of age (median 8 months) underwent primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot between January 1972 and December 1977. Thirty-one patients had a transannular patch. Survival and freedom from reintervention were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There were 8 early deaths, and 1 patient died 24 years after initial repair. Recent follow-up was obtained for 45 of the 49 long-term survivors (92%). Median follow-up was 23.5 years. Ten patients underwent reintervention, 8 of whom underwent relief of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction occurred in 6 patients without a transannular patch and 2 with a transannular patch (33% vs 6%, P =.04). One pulmonary valve replacement was performed at another institution 20 years after the repair. Forty-one long-term survivors were in New York Heart Association class I and 4 were in class II. Actuarial survival was 86% at 20 years (95% confidence intervals=80%-92%). Freedom from reintervention was 93% at 5 years (95% confidence intervals=87%-99%) and 79% at 20 years (95% confidence intervals=70%-86%). No significant differences were found between patients with and without a transannular patch (survival, P =.34; freedom from reintervention, P =.09, log-rank tests). Conclusions: Long-term survival is excellent and the freedom from reintervention is satisfactory after early primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot in the 1970s. Use of a transannular patch does not reduce late survival and is associated with a lower incidence of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:154-61