cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Trichloroethylene on the Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol on TiO2

Abstract During photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), methanol reacts to formaldehyde, some of which desorbs from TiO2 at room temperature. Formaldehyde that remains on the surface oxidizes to adsorbed formate, which dehydrogenates to CO2 in a single step without forming any long-lived intermediates. Adding trichloroethylene (TCE) during PCO of methanol increases the rates of methanol ↠ formaldehyde and formic acid ↠ CO2. Trichloroethylene decreases the rate that formaldehyde oxidizes to formate, however. Adding TCE during PCO of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid does not produce any new surface species or reaction pathways. Chlorine radicals that are produced during PCO of TCE may be responsible for the increases in dehydrogenation rates of methanol and formic acid.
The Mythos of Educational Technology

In this article, the author examines the seemingly privileged position of technology in current educational thought. The article begins by considering Lewis Mumford’s notion of the myth of the machine and his insistence that only when tool making/using is modified by linguistic symbols, esthetic design, and socially transmitted knowledge does it become a significant contributor to human development. Through a sociohistorical critique, the author establishes a relationship between the ubiquity of the mythos and current educational discourse. The author provides examples from various historical events that have contributed to (a) the tradition of print-based culture, (b) the origins of the mythos of technology, (c) the increasingly popular notion that technology offers apanacea for educational woes, (d) the marginalization of critical discourse in regard to educational technology, and (e) corporate involvement in maintenance of the mythos.
On the Linear Stability of Blood Flow Through Model Capillary Networks

Under the approximation that blood behaves as a continuum, a numerical implementation is presented to analyze the linear stability of capillary blood flow through model tree and honeycomb networks that are based on the microvascular structures of biological tissues. The tree network is comprised of a cascade of diverging bifurcations, in which a parent vessel bifurcates into two descendent vessels, while the honeycomb network also contains converging bifurcations, in which two parent vessels merge into one descendent vessel. At diverging bifurcations, a cell partitioning law is required to account for the nonuniform distribution of red blood cells as a function of the flow rate of blood into each descendent vessel. A linearization of the governing equations produces a system of delay differential equations involving the discharge hematocrit entering each network vessel and leads to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. All eigenvalues in a specified region of the complex plane are captured using a transformation based on contour integrals to construct a linear eigenvalue problem with identical eigenvalues, which are then determined using a standard QR algorithm. The predicted value of the dimensionless exponent in the cell partitioning law at the instability threshold corresponds to a supercritical Hopf bifurcation in numerical simulations of the equations governing unsteady blood flow. Excellent agreement is found between the predictions of the linear stability analysis and nonlinear simulations. The relaxation of the assumption of plug flow made in previous stability analyses typically has a small, quantitative effect on the stability results that depends on the specific network structure. This implementation of the stability analysis can be applied to large networks with arbitrary structure provided only that the connectivity among the network segments is known.
Mixing and product distribution for a liquid‐phase, second‐order, competitive‐consecutive reaction

Mixing effects for the homogeneous, liquid-phase, second-order, competitive-consecutive reaction of iodine (B) with L-tyrosine (A) to form 3-iodo-L-tyrosine (R) and 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (S) were determined for the following conditions: vessel volume, 5 and 36 liters (baffled and unbaffled); turbine diameter (2 to 6 in.) and speed (95 to 1,600 r.p.m.); feed inlet locations (3), addition rate (0.25 to 18 min.), and distribution; temperature (11° to 43°C.); initial A concentration (0.1 to 0.4 g.-mole/liter); and kinematic viscosity (0.765 to 6.35 centistokes). A was initially charged to the reactor and an equimolar quantity of feed B was added over a time period. Yields of R are less than that expected for perfect mixing owing to local regions of excess B concentration that exist for time periods during which R over-reacts to S. Agitation power for a given yield is less in unbaffled vessels without an air-liquid interface than for baffled vessels. The local fluctuating velocity u′ where feed is introduced correlates the mixing variables and predicts mixing requirements for maintaining yields of R on scale-up. Regions of excess B concentration are related to a concept of partial segregation. The extent of reaction occurring under this condition is correlated by the dimensionless group (k1bτ) (a0/b), where τ is a microtime scale of mixing related to u′ and the characteristic length of a microscale eddy. The magnitude of this group provides a criterion for predicting the importance of mixing effects on other reaction systems.
The Purchasing Power Parity and the Russian Ruble

Since break up of the Soviet Union and formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, new set of data on the exchange rate and the price level are generated by market forces for Russia. The market based new data set coupled with new advances in econometric literature motivated us to test the Purchasing Power Parity theory between Russian ruble and the United States dollar using cointegration analysis. The empirical results supported the PPP.
Possible Anisotropies in the Production and Decay Correlations of the η'(958)

The spin and parity analysis of the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(958)$ from the distribution of events on the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\eta}$ and the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ Dalitz plots has been shown to favor ${J}^{P}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ over ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, but not conclusively. The Brookhaven National Laboratory-University of Michigan data reported here indicate anisotropies in the production and decay correlation angular distributions. Earlier Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory data dilute these effects. The observed anisotropies weaken the evidence for a ${J}^{P}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ assignment for the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(958)$.
Vinyl derivatives of metals XXIV. Concerning the addition of dichloro- and difluorocarbene via the trihalomethyl-metal route to vinyl and allyl compounds of carbon, silicon and germanium

Abstract Vinyl derivatives of silicon are known to be very unreactive toward dichlorocarbene. A study of the relative reactivities of selected vinyl and allyl derivatives of carbon, silicon and germanium toward PhHgCCl 2 Br-derived dichlorocarbene gave results which are rationalized in terms of a decrease in the nucleophilicity of the CC bond of vinylsilanes, caused by π-overlap between the filled olefinic π orbital and vacant silicon d orbitals, contributing significantly to this lack of reactivity. However, it is suggested that steric hindrance to CCl 2 attack at the CC bond in vinylsilanes by the three other substituents on silicon also is of importance.
Estimating Stock Returns

How do we quantify the level of return that an investor can expect in the future? An examination of the historical distribution of total returns reveals declines in dividend yields and new likely lower boundaries for price appreciation. It is often asserted that low dividend yields brought about by higher earnings retention should be followed by greater price appreciation as a firm invests retained earnings into new projects. The available recent evidence refutes this assertion. Barring some significant reversal of current conditions, short-term and possibly intermediate-term returns from stocks will be lower than what many investors may be anticipating.
Comparison of inter- and intramolecular cyclodextrin complexes

Abstract We present the first comparative steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies of inter- and intramolecular cyclodextrin complexes. Specifically, we report equilibrium and kinetic results for dansyl-glycine complexed with β-cyclodextrin (intermolecular) and the dansyl-glycine-β-cyclodextrin adduct (intramolecular). The fluorescence intensity decay profile for the intermolecular system is best described by a discrete triple exponential decay law. This is consistent with stepwise 1:1 and 2:1 (β-cyclodextrin:guest) inclusion complexation. Equilibrium constants are in line with previous results on similar species. In contrast, we found that the intramolecular case was described by a doubly exponential decay law—consistent with a single intramolecular inclusion complex. Displacement experiments, with borneol, confirm the simplicity of the intramolecular complex. In all cases, continuous distribution models failed to fit the experimental data.
Siliceous microfossil succession in the recent history of Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Quantitative analysis of siliceous microfossils in a 21~ dated core from Green Bay of Lake Michigan shows clear evidence of eutrophication, but a different pattern of population succession than observed in the main deposition basins of the Great Lakes. Sediments deposited prior to extensive European settlement (ca A.D. 1850) contain high relative abundance of chrysophyte cysts and benthic diatoms. Quantity and composition of microfossils deposited during the pre-settlement period represented in our core is quite uniform, except for the 30-32 cm interval which contains elevated microfossil abundance and particularly high levels of attached benthic species. Total microfossil abundance and the proportion of planktonic diatoms begins to increase ca 1860 and rises very rapidly beginning ca 1915. Maximum abundance occurs in sediments deposited during the 1970's, with a secondary peak in the late 1940's - early 1950's. Increased total abundance is accompanied by increased dominance of taxa tolerant of eutrophic conditions, however indigenous oligotrophic taxa, particularly those which are most abundant during the summer, are not eliminated from the flora, as in the lower Great Lakes. It appears that a combination of silica resupply from high riverine loadings and replacement of indigenous populations by periodic intrusions of Lake Michigan water allow sequential co-existence of species usually exclusively associated with either eutrophic or oligotrophic conditions.
Restaurant Tips and Service Quality: A Commentary on Bodvarsson, Luksetich and McDermott

Bodvarsson et al. (2003) argue that a non-recursive relationship between service and tipping has led researchers to underestimate the strength of the causal impact of service on tipping. In this paper, their arguments, analyses, and conclusions are criticized. Then, their data is re-analysed to draw more appropriate conclusions as to what the data say concerning the effects of service on tipping.
Energetics of the break-up of dislocation dipoles into prismatic loops

Abstract The energetics of two different models leading to the formation of a row of prismatic loops from the fluctuation and subsequent break-up of dislocation dipoles or elongated dislocation loops have been evaluated as a function of fluctuation amplitude and wavelength. Break-up most likely occurs by spontaneous pinching off of small circular loops at the ends of closed-ended dipoles or elongated loops. The theoretical results agree well with experimental observations of the dislocation substructure in Ti 4+ -doped sapphire (α-Al 2 O 3 ) deformed by basal slip.
New and Old Soybean Cultivar Responses to Plant Density and Intercepted Light

Genetic gain for new soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars is substantial, and research suggests this is partially explained by greater tolerance to increased plant densities. We conducted an experiment to determine if greater tolerance to increased plant density and more efficient use of cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (CIPAR) partially explained the yield difference of two old soybean cultivars and two new cultivars. Soybean cultivars were grown in 38-cm spaced rows at final plant densities of 4.9, 14.8, 24.7, 34.6, and 44.5 plants m -2 for 2 yr in Ames, IA. New cultivars averaged 914 kg ha -1 and 4.9 g plant -1 greater yield compared with old cultivars averaged across years and plant densities. Yield plateaus occurred at plant densities of 23.0 plants m- 2 for new cultivars and 19.9 plants m- 2 for old cultivars. Each cultivar group showed a similar yield decline per plant to increased plant density. New and old cultivars showed a similar response to increasing values of CIPAR, attaining a 95% relative yield plateau at 466 MJ m- 2 . Soybean yield response to increased plant density and CIPAR has not changed over time, and genetic gain from new cultivars is associated with more efficient use of light.
Representation of the measured geosynchronous plasma environment in spacecraft charging calculations

[1] Historically, the characterization of the magnetospheric environment has limited our ability to determine spacecraft surface charging levels. One difficulty lies in the common practice of fitting the plasma data to a Maxwellian or Double Maxwellian distribution function, which may not represent the data well for use in spacecraft charging simulations. We use electron and ion flux spectra measured by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer (MPA) during eclipse in September 2001 to examine how the use of different spectral representations of the charged particle environment in computations of spacecraft potentials during magnetospheric substorms affects the accuracy of the results. We examine charging and noncharging flux spectra and the relationships between the density and temperature moments. We then calculate the spacecraft potential (zero net current) using both the measured fluxes and several different fits to these fluxes. The potential computed using the measured fluxes and secondary and backscattered fluxes computed for graphite carbon, with a constant fraction of 81% of secondary electrons escaping, is within a factor of three of the measured potential for 87% of the data. Potentials calculated using a Kappa function fit to the electron flux and a Maxwellian function fit to the ion flux agree with measured potentials nearly as well. Alternative spectral representations give less accurate estimates. The use of all the components of the net flux, along with spacecraft specific average material properties, gives a better estimate of the spacecraft potential than the measured flux from a single high-energy channel.
Optimal Contrast: Competition Between Two Referents Improves Word Learning

Does making an inference lead to better learning than being instructed directly? Two experiments evaluated preschoolers' ability to learn new words, comparing their memory for words learned via inference or instruction. On Inference trials, one familiar and one novel object was presented and children were asked to “Point at the [object name (i.e., pizer)].” These trials required the child to infer that the novel label referred to the novel object and not to the familiar object. On Instruction trials, a novel object label directly referred to a novel object (e.g., “This is a glark”) and no familiar distracter object was shown. We found that although children looked longer at the novel target on Instruction trials, they showed poorer retention of the newly learned label compared to words learned on Inference trials. Hence, we found that inferential learning was superior to instruction. Relevance for optimal learning contexts and education are discussed.
Neurocircuitry of illness-induced hyperalgesia

We have previously demonstrated that illness-inducing agents such as lithium chloride (LiCl) and the bacterial cell wall endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produce hyperalgesia on diverse pain measures. The present series of studies attempted to identify the neurocircuitry mediating these effects. These studies have demonstrated that illness-inducing agents produce hyperalgesia by activating: (a) peripheral nerves rather than by generating a blood-borne mediator (Expt. 1); (b) vagal afferents, specifically afferents within the hepatic branch of the vagus (Expt. 2); (c) as yet unidentified brain site(s) rostral to the mid-mesencephalon (Expt. 6); (d) a centrifugal pathway that arises from the nucleus raphe magnus, and not from the adjacent nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis pars alpha (Expts. 4 and 5); (e) a centrifugal pathway in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord (Expt. 3); and (f) the same centrifugal pathways for diverse illness inducing agents (Expts. 3, 7 and 8). These data call for the re-evaluation of a number of assumptions inherent in previous studies of hyperalgesia.
Ultrasonic estimation of tissue perfusion: A stochastic approach

Abstract Imaging of blood flow perfusion is an area of significant medical interest. Recently, the advantages of using the total integrated Doppler power spectrum as the parameter that is encoded in color has been shown to result in an approximately threefold increase in flow sensitivity, a relative insensitivity to acquisition angle and lack of aliasing. We have taken this mode a step further and demonstrated the potential for quantifying blood flow using correlation-based algorithms applied to the power signal. We show that Φ(τ) = Φ(0)e vt , τ > 0, where Φ(τ) is the two-time correlation of the fluctuation in the power signal, and v is the specific flow (reciprocal of mean transit time). Scans of a dog's blood, pumped at a constant rate through gum rubber tubing, were obtained using a Diasonics Spectra 10-MHz linear array transducer at standard range-gated spectral mode (PRF = 1400 Hz, wall filter = 50 Hz, sample gate = 1.5 mm). A fixed Doppler angle of 68° was used. Five different flow rates were tested, and the velocities determined by power decorrelation were compared to the mean velocities calculated from the Doppler shifts by linear regression (R2 = 0.987). We believe the results are very encouraging for using power decorrelation in perfusion evaluation.
Modern art patronage and democratic citizenship in Japan

Wakimura Yoshitarō, a prominent Japanese economics professor and art collector, helped establish or sustain at least eight art museums in postwar Japan. He did so to create important institutions of democratic empowerment rather than nationalist displays of power. The crucial context was defeat in World War II, which left many Japanese, including Wakimura, committed to taming capitalism. Wakimura was particularly interested in creating new practices of art appreciation that could mediate relations between potentially antagonistic groups of Japanese, and in building museums as fresh spaces to house these newly egalitarian relationships. He emphasized the value to society created when individuals developed their aesthetic and thus political judgment. His efforts help explain the proliferation of both public and private art museums in postwar Japan as well as the nature of postwar political culture.
Cell surface biotinylation in the determination of epithelial membrane polarity

The plasma membranes of polarized epithelial cells are divided into two distinct domains separated by tight junctions and characterized by distinct polypeptide compositions. Study of the cellular mechanisms involved in generating this anisotropy has recently been facilitated through the introduction of a surface labeling technique employing NHS-biotin (29). Incorporation of the biotin marker allows proteins present at one or the other cell surface domain to be identified and isolated. This methodology is applicable to investigations of both the steady state and the dynamic aspects of epithelial polarity. We discuss protocols through which this technique can be applied to various experimental situations. Methodologic details and special considerations are discussed. The utility of surface biotinylation for studies of epithelial polarity depends on this technique's capacity to report quantitatively on the surface distributions of plasmalemmal proteins. We find that under certain circumstances, surface biotinylation is extremely inefficient. Furthermore, in some cases the efficiency of surface biotinylation is dramatically different at the two plasmalemmal domains of epithelial cells grown on permeable filter supports. Thus, surface biotinylation does not always provide an accurate picture of plasma membrane protein distributions. These situations are discussed and methods to assess the efficiency and accuracy of surface biotinylation are proposed.
Isopiestic studies of aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures II. NaCl + KCl mixtures☆

Abstract Isopiestic studies have been made on aqueous solutions of the mixed electrolyte NaCl + KCl over the temperature range 383 to 474 K. Sodium chloride served as the isopiestic standard for the calculation of osmotic coefficients. The molality range covered in this study corresponded to about 0.6 to 6 mol kg−1 for NaCl. The system of equations developed by Pitzer was fitted to each set of osmotic coefficients with a standard deviation of fit (in the osmotic coefficient) ranging from 0.0025 to 0.0044. Only one mixing parameter (in addition to the pure-electrolyte parameters) was necessary to describe the results adequately. Activity coefficients for NaCl and KCl in the mixed electrolyte system were calculated from the equations. The activity coefficients showed a monotonic decrease with increasing temperature and became much less dependent on molality at the higher molalities. The activity coefficient of NaCl is much more dependent on composition than that of KCl. The trace activity coefficients of NaCl and KCl are very nearly equal over this temperature range. The ability to describe the NaCl + KCl system with only one mixing parameter in Pitzer's equation is equivalent to Harned's rule. Excess Gibbs free energies calculated from the mixing parameter were, to a very good approximation, independent of temperature.
A robotic multi-channel platform for interstitial photodynamic therapy

A custom-made robotic multichannel platform for interstitial photodynamic therapy (PDT) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) was developed and tested in a phantom experiment. The system, which was compatible with the operating room (OR) environment, had 16 channels for independent positioning of light sources and/or isotropic detectors in separate catheters. Each channel’s motor had an optical encoder for position feedback, with resolution of 0.05 mm, and a maximum speed of 5 cm/s. Automatic calibration of detector positions was implemented using an optical diode beam that defined the starting position of each motor, and by means of feedback algorithms controlling individual channels. As a result, the accuracy of zero position of 0.1 mm for all channels was achieved. We have also employed scanning procedures where detectors automatically covered the appropriate range around source positions. Thus, total scan time for a typical optical properties (OP) measurement throughout the phantom was about 1.5 minutes with point sources. The OP were determined based on the measured light fluence rates. These enhancements allow a tremendous improvement of treatment quality for a bulk tumor compared to the systems employed in previous clinical trials.
Decomposition of images by the anisotropic Rudin-Osher-Fatemi model

The total-variation-based image denoising model of Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi can be generalized in a natural way to favor certain edge directions. We consider the resulting anisotropic energies and study properties of their minimizers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introduction to perceptual linearization of video display systems for medical image presentation

The perceptual linearization of video display systems should play a significant role in medical image presentation. It maximizes the faithfulness of information transfer to the human observe; it provides a method for standardizing the appearance of images across different display devices; and it allows for calculation of the inherent contrast resolution of different display devices. This paper provides insight into the process of perceptual linearization by decomposing it into the digital driving level-to-monitor luminance relationship, the monitor luminance-to-human brightness perception relationship, and the construction of a linearization function derived from these two relationships. A discussion of previous work in these areas is given. We then compare and contrast the results of previous work with recent experiments in our laboratory and related work in vision and computer science. We conclude that (1) sufficiently good visual models exist for agreeing on a standard method of calculating the perceptual linearization function; (2) improvements in the resolution and luminance distribution of the digitalto-analog circuitry in display systems are required for medical imaging; and (3), methods for calculating a linearization remapping from a perceptual linearization function currently have significant error and should be replaced with methods that minimize perceptual error.
Transitions between the quantum Hall states and insulators induced by periodic potentials.

Transitions between two quantum Hall states or between a quantum Hall state and a Mott insulator induced by periodic potentials are studied in the 1/N expansion. The transitions are found to be continuous in the large-N limit and are described by a critical point that depends on a real parameter \ensuremath{\theta}, which is determined by the topological orders in the quantum Hall states involved in the transition. Some critical exponents and universal quantities are calculated in the large-N limit and shown to be \ensuremath{\theta} dependent.
Global Ethnography and Genetically Modified Crops in Argentina On Adoptions, Resistances, and Adaptations

Drawing on fieldwork developed between 2003 and 2011, this article examines the expansion of genetically modified (GM) crops in Argentina and its consequences, namely, cases of pesticide drifts affecting rural communities. I compare cases in which peasants in northern Argentina protested against pesticide drifts (in 2003) to cases in which they did not react contentiously when facing environmental contamination (2009). I analyze these cases to address three issues that have not received enough attention in the scholarship on GM crops: First, the articulation of multiple scales, ranging from global to local; second, the variation within subordinate actors and their responses, oscillating between resistance and adaptation; and third, the environmental problems brought about by agricultural biotechnology, specifically the use of agrochemicals and its negative consequences. An ethnographic approach to GM crops can shed light on how the global project of agricultural biotechnology looks like when seen "from the ground."
An Observation of a Partially Albinistic Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove)

Abstract Three of the 4 forms of albinism that occur in avifauna have been detected in Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove). Albinism is rare in this species, and the incidence rate of each age and sex cohort is not well known. Consequently, we examined the pigmentation of Mourning Doves encountered in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, and classified the age and sex of all individuals. One adult male Mourning Dove had unusually light coloration of some feathers and the upper mandible. This pigmentation is consistent with partial albinism. This was the only individual out of 10,749 examined that appeared to be albinistic. This low incidence rate of albinism supports the conclusion that this condition is relatively rare in Mourning Doves (Mirarchi 1993).
The utilization of MISR for polar cloud modeling

Satellites measure radiance, and inspection of data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) reveals that cloud cover does have an effect on the measured radiances over bright surfaces. MISR observations by employing a radiative transfer model to examine the effects of cloud micro- and macrophysical properties, surface albedo, sun and view angle on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) measured bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF). In this paper, the effects of cloud optical depth and solar zenith angle on the transition surface albedo, defined here as the Lambertian surface albedo at which an atmosphere with a specified cloud cover has the same TOA BRF as an atmosphere without cloud cover, are presented. Above this transition surface albedo, cloudy regions are darker than clear regions, while below this albedo, the cloudy regions appear brighter than clear regions. This transition albedo varies dramatically with cloud optical depth solar zenith angle
Disparities in the risk of gestational diabetes by race-ethnicity and country of birth

Little information exists on the association between maternal country of birth and risk of gestational diabetes (GDM). We examined within each race-ethnicity group whether the risk of GDM differs between women born inside and outside the US. The study was a cohort study of 216 089 women who delivered an infant between 1995 and 2004 with plasma glucose data from the screening 50-g glucose challenge test and the diagnostic 100-g, 3-h oral glucose tolerance test. The age-adjusted prevalence of GDM varied by race-ethnicity and was lowest for non-Hispanic white (4.1%) and highest among Asian Indians (11.1%). In multivariable models, being born outside of the US was associated with an increased risk of GDM among black, Asian Indian, Filipina, Pacific Islanders, Chinese, Mexicans and non-Hispanic white women, whereas, Japanese and Korean foreign-born women had a decreased risk of GDM. Clinicians should be aware that among certain race-ethnicity groups women born outside the US may be at increased risk of GDM and may warrant special preventive and culturally sensitive care.
Historical Perspectives in Marketing Education Justification and Implementation

This article provides a justification and an implementation plan for the establishment of a historical orientation across the undergraduate marketing curriculum. The justification for the historical perspective addresses three areas: tapping into the extensive body of knowledge in marketing history, practical implications, and critical thinking. The implementation plan involves recommendations drawing on two pedagogical approaches: (a) the degree to which topical marketing history can be infused into the marketing curriculum and (b) the development of a general historical perspective across marketing topics and courses (i.e., the role of marketing in history) by specifying historical contexts that are relevant to particular courses. General information on historical research methods in marketing is offered, and an example of a historical case analysis that illustrates a potential way to generate concrete practical outcomes from the historical context of marketing is included. Results of a survey of studen...
Ubiquitous Data Collection: Rethinking Privacy Debates

A discussion about the ubiquitous collection, dissemination, and processing of data requires a comprehensive perspective of the risks involved.
Reduced storage tree-structured vector quantization

Methods are presented for reducing the table storage required when encoding and decoding with tree-structured vector quantization (TSVQ). The latter is a technique that requires many fewer arithmetic operations than unstructured vector quantization but at least as much storage. The new methods for reducing storage integrate a secondary quantizer into the design of TSVQ, so as to produce a tree structure that can be efficiently stored. Two of the techniques make use of the hierarchical nature of TSVQ. It is shown that, at the expense of a decrease in signal-to-quantization-noise ratio of 0.3 dB or less, encoder storage can be reduced by a factor of about ten and decoder storage can be reduced by a factor of about five. Comparisons are made with the method of codebook sharing. >
Distribution of the Medea factor M4 in populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in the United States

The distribution of the maternally acting, selfish gene Medea 4 (M 4 ) was determined in populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), collected in the southern and midwestern United States. We found clear evidence for the existence of two major regional subpopulations, with a boundary that roughly corresponds to 331N latitude. All 26 strains collected in 10 states north of this latitude were homozygous for the M 4 allele, while only two of 29 strains collected in six states south of this latitude were homozygous for the allele. Of the remaining 27 southern strains, 21 lacked the M 4 allele entirely, while six contained a mixture of M 4 and non-M 4 alleles. This is the first evidence of either the existence of biotypes or the presence of major barriers to gene flow in wild populations of this ubiquitous insect species. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
The effects of atmospheric correction schemes on the hyperspectral imaging of littoral environments

We investigate the effects of several atmospheric correction schemes (ACS) on spectral determination, biophysical parameter estimation, and unsupervised classification from hyperspectral data collected over a coastal New Jersey tidal marsh. The ACS examined include: two modes from ACORN 4.0 (modes 1.0 and 1.5), ATREM, FLAASH, Tafkaa-6S, and Tafkaa-tabular. Results from the comparative analysis of derived spectra reveal a high degree of similarity for all methods for terrestrial derived spectra but considerably less so for spectra obtained from aquatic environments. Likewise, the similarities in the terrestrial spectra translate to significant correlations among the ACS for two of four computed biophysical reflectance indices (NDVI and Red Edge Wavelength). Of the remaining two indices, PRI and SIPI, computed values from both ACORN modes were not correlated with other ACS. Results from ISODATA classification for land and water environments, show a consistently high level of agreement (> 90% overall) between both Tafkaa methods. FLAASH also shows a relatively high level of agreement with the Tafkaa methods (> 70%) for land classes, however a relatively low agreement for water classes (< 40%). ACORN mode 1.5 consistently demonstrated the lowest agreement among correction methods
Homoepitaxial Growth Rate Studies on Diamond (110), (111), and (100) Surfaces in a Hot-Filament Reactor

Abstract : Growth rates of homoepitaxial (110), (111), and (100) diamond films were experimentally determined, for the first time, in a hot filament reactor using methane and carbon tetrachloride as the carbon source. Methane concentrations from 0.07% to 1.03% in H2 were studied at a subsum temperature of 970 'C. Growth ran were found to be crystal-face dependent with respect to methane concentration, being linear or first order for the (100) orientation, sublinear for (110), and sigmoidal for (111). The observed growth kinetics of (111) suggest the viability of an acetylene mechanism for (111), along with the methyl radical mechanism at methane concentrations above 0.73%. CC14 concentrations from 0.06% to 0.69% in H2 were also investigated at a substrate temperature of 970 C. Growth rate behavior was similar to that of methane for all three crystal faces. The temperature dependence of the growth rates was also crystal-orientation dependent. At subsum temperatures above 730 C, growth rates are thought to be mainly transport limited, yielding effective activation energies of 8+/-3, 18 + or - 2, and 12+ or - 4 kcal/mol for (100), (110), and (111) orientations, respectively. At substrate temperatures below 730 C, growth rates are thought to be surface reaction rate-limited, with an overall effective activation energy of 50 + or -19 kcal/mol for the three crystal-orientations studied.
Rapid Face-Selective Adaptation of an Early Extrastriate Component in MEG

Adaptation paradigms are becoming increasingly popular for characterizing visual areas in neuroimaging, but the relation of these results to perception is unclear. Neurophysiological studies have generally reported effects of stimulus repetition starting at 250-300 ms after stimulus onset, well beyond the latencies of components associated with perception (100-200 ms). Here we demonstrate adaptation for earlier evoked components when 2 stimuli (S1 and S2) are presented in close succession. Using magnetoencephalography, we examined the M170, a "face-selective" response at 170 ms after stimulus onset that shows a larger response to faces than to other stimuli. Adaptation of the M170 occurred only when stimuli were presented with relatively short stimulus onset asynchronies (< 800 ms) and was larger for faces preceded by faces than by houses. This face-selective adaptation is not merely low-level habituation to physical stimulus attributes, as photographic, line-drawing, and 2-tone face images produced similar levels of adaptation. Nor does it depend on the amplitude of the S1 response: adaptation remained greater for faces than houses even when the amplitude of the S1 face response was reduced by visual noise. These results indicate that rapid adaptation of early, short-latency responses not only exists but also can be category selective.
Can administrative data be used to ascertain clinically significant postoperative complications

The purpose of this study is to assess whether postoperative complications can be ascertained using administrative data. We randomly sampled 991 adults who underwent elective open diskectomies at 30 nonfederal acute care hospitals in California. Postoperative complications were specified by reviewing medical literature and by consulting clinical experts. We compared hospital-reported ICD-9-CM data and independently recoded ICD-9-CM data with complications abstracted by clinicians using detailed criteria. Recoded ICD-9-CM data were more likely than hospital-reported ICD-9-CM data to capture true complications, when they occurred, but they also mislabeled more patients who never experienced clinically significant complications. This finding was most evident for mild or ambiguous complications, such as atelectasis, posthemorrhagic anemia, and hypotension. Overall, recoded ICD-9-CM data captured 47% and 56% of all mild and severe complications, respectively, whereas hospital reported ICD-9-CM data captured on...
Progress in vaccination for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis: Coping with cellular immunity

Human infection with Histoplasma capsulatum or Blastomyces dermatitidis is sufficiently frequent to warrant exploring the development of vaccines. This review examines the advancements that have been accomplished over the last few years. The availability of molecular tools to create recombinant antigens or mutant strains has produced a small number of useful vaccine candidates. More importantly, the studies summarized herein demonstrate that understanding the host response to a protein or mutant fungus is critical to creating a vaccine that may be useful for the immunocompromised patient.
On Raymond Aron, passion, identity, and the intricate paths of intellectual filiation

In this discussion, I reflect on the intellectual kinship between Raymond Aron and other scholars. By parsing this heritage I explore his position as a member of my extended intellectual family. Divergences in our thought and scholarly orientation are analyzed. This article highlights the complex links forged between individual scholars in the chain of cultural development.
Chandler v. Florida: Cameras get probation in courtrooms

The article traces the history and conflicting policies of the camera in the courtroom debate, analyzes the United States Supreme Court's decision in Chandler v. Florida, and concludes that Chandler is fundamentally a victory for states’ rights.
P1B-2 Design and Construction of a Flow Phantom for HIFU Research

The objective was to create a flow phantom as a testing apparatus for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) research. This flow phantom mimicked muscle tissue in its acoustic attenuation, speed of sound, and density. Agar was used as the gelling agent. Gels produced using only agar and water did not adequately mimic muscle tissues. Scattering and attenuating particles had to be added to the gel to improve the properties. The particles had a diameter in 10-100 mum range to facilitate ultrasound scattering. These particles also needed to have a significantly higher molecular weight than the water. Sawdust, graphite, egg whites, multivitamins, calcium, magnesium and potassium were all tried as additive materials. Along with a tissue mimic the flow phantom includes a blood mimic, artery mimic, peristaltic pump and a dampening column to modify the pressure wave produced by the pump.
Dependence of aerosol-precipitation interactions on humidity in a multiple-cloud system

Abstract. This study examines the dependence of aerosol-precipitation interactions on environmental humidity in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) which is composed of convective and stratiform clouds. The author found that increases in aerosol concentration enhance evaporative cooling, which raises not only the intensity of vorticity and entrainment but also that of downdrafts and low-level convergence. The increase in vorticity tends to suppress precipitation. The increase in low-level convergence tends to enhance precipitation by generating more secondary clouds in a muptiple-cloud system simulated here. At high humidity, the effect of the increased vorticity on cloud-liquid mass and, thus, precipitation is outweighed by that of the increased low-level convergence. This leads to the precipitation enhancement induced by the increase in aerosol concentration. When humidity lowers to mid humidity, the effect of aerosol on low-level convergence still dominates that on entrainment, leading to the precipitation enhancement with the increased aerosol concentration. With the lowest humidity in the current work, the effect of aerosol on entrainment dominates that on low-level convergence, leading to the precipitation suppression with the increased aerosol concentration. Hence, there is not only a competition between the effect of evaporation on vorticity and that on low-level convergence at a given humidity level but also the variation of the competition with the varying humidity. This competition and variation are absent in a single-cloud system where the effect of low-level convergence on secondary clouds is absent. This exemplifies a difference in the mechanism which controls aerosol-precipitation interactions between a single-cloud system and a multiple-cloud system.
Hypotheses Testing in a Distributed Environment

The problem of optimum detection with n decentralized sensors selecting among m possible signals is considered from the decision theory point of view. The loss function is defined in terms of the decisions made by each observer and the transmitted signal. Then the average of this loss function is minimized. This leads to sets of coupled inequalities in terms of the likelihood ratio of each observer and the decisions made at the other sensors. This determines the structure of the optimum decentralized detection for an arbitrary number of sensors and an arbitrary number of possible signals. These results are valuable in numerous situations that may arise in large-scale and distributed systems.
Functional build: integrating automotive body-design and process-development

This paper presents a new paradigm for the validation phase of product and process development. Manufacturers that continue to embrace new methodologies and business practices will not only remain competitive in the global market but also set the benchmark for competition. By using an integrated validation approach like functional build, manufacturers may accelerate the product development life cycle while saving costs in manufacturing process development.
Extremely low serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in children with familial hypophosphatemic rickets.

The apparent vitamin 8-6 status of 31 children with familial hypophosphatemic rickets (FHR) was determined. All children had alkaline phosphatase activity that was high- normal to elevated for their ages. A sensitive assay for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) indicated that 15 of the 31 children had an undetectable (< 0.2 nmol/L) concentration ofthe vitamer-the lowest values yet reported in human serum. The 16 remaining children had concentrations of the vitamer so low that they in- dicated a potential severe vitamin 8-6 deficiency. However, none of the children had ever presented with any of the classical vi- tamin B-6-deficiency symptoms. Treatment ofthree additional FHR children with 100 mg pyridoxine - HC1/d resulted in a moderate and transient elevation of their serum PLP concen- trations, a dramatic elevation of their erythrocyte PLP concen- trations, and no improvement in clinical condition. Serum or plasma PLP concentrations are an inappropriate index for de- termining vitamin 8-6 status in people with FHR and perhaps in others with elevated alkaline phosphatase activity. Am J C/inNutr 199l;53:698-701
William Paley: A Preliminary Introduction

Given the length and breadth of William Paley’s influence in the English-speaking world it seems fair to say that the scholarship on Paley is scanty in extent compared to that on most of the other thinkers in The English Philosophers. And the scholarship devoted to Paley such as it is sometimes betrays a certain condescending attitude towards him as a figure who might not ultimately deserve time and effort which might otherwise be devoted to a Locke or even a Mill for example. But I believe it is possible to make an argument for Paley as worthy of more sustained examination than has been the case in recent times. In short I would argue that the general tendency has been to dismiss him too promptly before adequate analysis has been allowed to yield fruit. Perhaps if there were to be more “hovering” over Paley’s arguments than has been usual there will be less reason to think that it is adequate to give his work the “quick once over” under some sort of impression that more serious burrowing is required in the case of other thinkers. My case is that we should approach Paley with more of the kind of esteem in which he was held by the reading public two hundred years ago. Paley’s absence from E. A. Burt’s "The English Philosophers" suggests his considerable marginalization within the scope of the study of modern thought. Clearly we have to reject this longstanding marginalization if we are to pay serious attention to Paley as a moral-political thinker. In order to make such a rejection plausible we need to seek the reasons for Paley’s diminished status in the first place.
Sub-Compton quantum non-equilibrium and Majorana systems

We study the Majorana equation from the point of view of the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave theory (according to which a quantum ensemble of fermions is not only described by a spinor but also by a distribution of position configurations). Although the Majorana equation involves a mass parameter, we show that the positions undergo luminal motion. In the case of free systems, we also show that the trajectory can be strongly helical (the diameter of the helix being the Compton wavelength). On a coarse-grained level (coarse-graining with respect to the Compton wavelength), these trajectories appear subluminal. The peculiar nature of the Majorana trajectory suggests a study of the temporal evolution of quantum non-equilibrium distributions, which are distributions allowed in the pilot-wave theory, in which the configurations are not distributed according to Born's law. We do such simulations for Dirac and Majorana systems, and we investigate whether quantum non-equilibrium might survive at the sub-Compton scale in systems described by Majorana spinors.