cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy and death from cerebrovascular disease in patients with primary brain tumors.

Radiotherapy is often used in the management of primary brain tumors, but late cerebrovascular risks remain incompletely characterized. We examined the relationship between radiotherapy and the risk of death from cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in this population. We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program to identify 19,565 patients of any age diagnosed with a primary brain tumor between 1983–2002. Multivariable competing risks analysis and an interaction model were used to determine whether receipt of radiotherapy was associated with an increased risk of CVD-specific death, adjusting for tumor proximity to central arterial circulations of the brain. The median follow up in surviving patients was 12.75 years. Baseline characteristics were similar in patients who did and did not receive radiotherapy. Ten-year CVD-specific mortality in patients with tumors near central arterial circulations who did and did not receive radiotherapy were 0.64 % (95 % CI 0.42–0.93 %) versus 0.16 % (95 % CI 0.055–0.40 %), p = 0.01. After adjustment for demographic, tumor-related, and treatment-related covariates, patients with tumors near central arterial circulations were significantly more likely to experience CVD-specific mortality after radiotherapy (HR 2.81; 95 % CI 1.25–6.31; p = 0.01); no association was observed among patients with more distant tumors (HR 0.77; 95 % CI 0.50–1.16; p = 0.21). The interaction model showed that tumor location was a key predictor of the risk of radiotherapy-associated, CVD-specific mortality (p-interaction = 0.004). Patients receiving radiotherapy for tumors near but not distant from the central vasculature of the brain are at increased risk for death secondary to CVD, which should be considered when counseling patients.
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy Using Only Intravenous Analgesia with an Unmodified Dornier HM3 Lithotripter

The original Dornier HM3 lithotripter required general or regional anesthesia for virtually all patients. Treatment at lower pressures can be accomplished with this machine by reducing the kilovoltage (kV) to 12 kV to 16 kV, allowing treatment using intravenous sedation alone. Many patients with single or multiple stones of low to medium volume can be successfully treated with this new technique. General or regional anesthesia is reserved for patients requiring auxiliary procedures (i.e., retrograde stone manipulation, placement of ureteral stents), for patients with large stone volume or dense stones, for patients with a known high incidence of retreatment, or by patient preference. One hundred fifteen patients treated with this new approach are compared to previous experience with the HM3 utilizing 18 kV to 24 kV and general or regional anesthesia.
Application of a one-dimensional transient electrorefiner model to predict partitioning of plutonium from curium in a pyrochemical spent fuel treatment process

It has previously been proposed by safeguards experts that curium will track plutonium through a spent fuel pyroprocessing facility, enabling nondestructive assaying of plutonium via counting neutr...
Print Collections Management in the Wake of Digitization

Ross Housewright, a Research Analyst at Ithaka S+R (http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r/) delivered the keynote address at the E-Resources Symposium at Mississippi State University on September 16, 2010. Housewright challenged traditional thinking about collection and preservation activities in the academic library setting. He introduced two important Ithaka S+R programs—the Faculty Survey and the What to Withdraw Framework—and discussed how they can assist serials librarians struggling to maintain the proper balance between patron needs, budget pressures, and the library's mission to preserve materials in the age of mixed digital and print collections.
Regulation of Lawyers' Use of Competitive Keyword Advertising

Lawyers have enthusiastically embraced search engine advertisements triggered by consumers’ keywords, but the legal community remains sharply divided about the propriety of buying keyword ads triggered by the names of rival lawyers or law firms (“competitive keyword advertising”). This Essay surveys the regulation of competitive keyword advertising by lawyers and concludes that such practices are both beneficial for consumers and legitimate under existing U.S. law - except in North Carolina, which adopted an anachronistic and regressive ethics opinion that should be reconsidered.
Numerical Solution of Dynamic Non-Optimal Economies

This paper presents a recursive method for the computation of sequential competitive equilibria in dynamic models with heterogeneous agents and market frictions. This computational method builds on a convergent operator defined over an expanded set of state variables for which a Markovian equilibrium solution is shown to exist. We apply this method to a stochastic growth economy and two financial economies.
Diagramming Aesthetics: Modernism and Architecture in the 21st Century

In architectural design, diagramming has an equally important role in functional studies and in aesthetic studies. Diagrams are used to create and explore alternative schemes at the very early stages. They are also used to explain concepts once a project is completed. Learning to diagram is an important part of architectural education. A particular diagramming vocabulary can help to guide students into an appreciation and consciousness of aesthetics. As an introduction to theories of modernism, students have been instructed in the use of a set of diagrams that express abstract qualities of architectural aesthetics. The exercises are designed to wean students from a naive aesthetic that merely mimics popular taste and introduce them to the field of aesthetics as an intellectual discipline. The diagramming vocabulary has been developed from the “seven invariables,” described by Bruno Zevi in The Modern Language of Architecture. Students apply the diagrams to analyze examples of famous buildings. They then design a house, applying the aesthetic principles expressed by the diagrams. The resulting designs are compared to previous designs produced by the students to reveal the change that is due in part to learning the diagramming vocabulary.
“Microglial nodules” and “newly forming lesions” may be a Janus face of early MS lesions; implications from virus-induced demyelination, the Inside-Out model

Background Although the precise mechanism of initial lesion development in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear, two different neuropathological findings have been reported as a potential early pathology of MS: “microglial nodules” and “newly forming lesions”, both of which contain neither T cell infiltration nor demyelination. In microglial nodules, damaged axons were associated with a small number of aggregated macrophages/microglia, while oligodendrocyte apoptosis was a characteristic in newly forming lesions. However, is the presence of “microglial nodules” and “oligodendrogliopathy” mutually exclusive? Might these two different observations be the same neuropathology (as proposed by the concept, “preactive lesions”), but interpreted differently based on the different theories of early MS lesion development, using different staining methods?
Unifying account of visual motion and position perception

Despite growing evidence for perceptual interactions between motion and position, no unifying framework exists to account for these two key features of our visual experience. We show that percepts of both object position and motion derive from a common object-tracking system—a system that optimally integrates sensory signals with a realistic model of motion dynamics, effectively inferring their generative causes. The object-tracking model provides an excellent fit to both position and motion judgments in simple stimuli. With no changes in model parameters, the same model also accounts for subjects’ novel illusory percepts in more complex moving stimuli. The resulting framework is characterized by a strong bidirectional coupling between position and motion estimates and provides a rational, unifying account of a number of motion and position phenomena that are currently thought to arise from independent mechanisms. This includes motion-induced shifts in perceived position, perceptual slow-speed biases, slowing of motions shown in visual periphery, and the well-known curveball illusion. These results reveal that motion perception cannot be isolated from position signals. Even in the simplest displays with no changes in object position, our perception is driven by the output of an object-tracking system that rationally infers different generative causes of motion signals. Taken together, we show that object tracking plays a fundamental role in perception of visual motion and position.
Eco-informatics for decision makers advancing a research agenda

Resource managers often face significant information technology (IT) problems when integrating ecological or environmental information to make decisions. At a workshop sponsored by the NSF and USGS in December 2004, university researchers, natural resource managers, and information managers met to articulate IT problems facing ecology and environmental decision makers. Decision making IT problems were identified in five areas: 1) policy, 2) data presentation, 3) data gaps, 4) tools, and 5) indicators. To alleviate those problems, workshop participants recommended specific informatics research in modeling and simulation, data quality, information integration and ontologies, and social and human aspects. This paper reports the workshop findings, and briefly compares these with research that traditionally falls under the emerging eco-informatics rubric.
Discovering spatial patterns accurately with effective noise removal

Cluster analysis is a common approach to pattern discovery in spatial databases. While many clustering techniques have been developed, it is still challenging to discover implicit patterns accurately when the data set contains two kinds of noise or outliers: 1) domain-specific noise; 2) noise similar to true data on size, shape, or density. This paper presents a two-step strategy to solve the problem effectively: firstly, groups of data points are separated into different layers according to their sizes and densities; then a layered visualization is provided to the user to separate noise and true data intuitively. Such a strategy not only produces user-desired results but also separates noise and true data accurately. After noise removal, a hierarchical clustering is performed on remaining data to discover natural clusters. The experimental studies on both benchmark data sets and real images show very encouraging results.
The Effects of Occupational Injuries After Returns to Work: Work Absences and Losses of On-the-Job Productivity

We extend the research on postinjury employment by estimating productivity losses for workers with permanent partial disabilities (PPDs) in the first three years after injury. Our method distinguishes between productivity losses attributed to spells of work absence versus reduced earnings during spells of employment. The method is applied to data for 800 Ontario workers with PPDs. The results document large productivity losses persisting at least three years after injury, with different loss patterns for workers returning to stable versus unstable employment. Human capital investments or job accommodations can reduce productivity losses, but the significant determinants of losses differ for the stable versus unstable employment groups.
Distribution and characteristics of a 90 kDa protein, KG-CAM, in the rat CNS

Abstract The distribution of a 90 kDa protein, termed KG-CAM, was examined in the developing and adult rat central nervous system (CNS) using the monoclonal antibody 11–59. The amino acid sequence of this protein revealed a sequence homology with a group of chick cell adhesion molecules from the immunoglobulin superfamily: DM-GRASP; SC1; and BEN. Immunolabeling of cells cultured from the embryonic and neonatal rat brain demonstrates that the protein recognized by 11–59 is on the external surface of a subpopulation of neurons and a limited population of glial cells. When the 11–59 antibody was used to stain sections of the adult brain and spinal cord, a number of different structures were labeled. The most intense immunoreactivity was found in the somatosensory system, the basal ganglia, the cortex, the olfactory system, and the circumventricular organs. One of the more interesting aspects of KG-CAM is the spatially and temporally regulated patterns of expression observed during the development of the CNS. For example, the dendrites of layer II pyramidal cells in the granular retrosplenial cortex are immunopositive for 11–59 while the dendrites are in the process of bundling in layer I, but not before bundling begins or after the process is completed. These findings reveal the varied roles of this adhesion molecule in the developing brain and spinal cord, as well as its potential role in the maintenance of the structural integrity of the adult CNS.
Toward a generalized theory of the shift to retrieval in cognitive skill learning

Prior research on cognitive skill learning has shown that algorithmic and direct memory retrieval strategies are not executed in parallel if the algorithm entails a series of long-term memory (LTM) retrieval steps (as in the case, for example, of mental arithmetic). This phenomenon has been hypothesized to reflect a bottleneck in LTM retrieval processes that forces a strategy choice during an early stage of processing. Here, we investigate simple perceptual–motor algorithms that involve no memory retrieval steps, a largely unexplored case in which parallel strategy execution models remain viable. Pronounced strategy interference was again observed, albeit interference that was different in important respects from that observed for LTM retrieval algorithms. It appears that neither parallel nor choice models, as developed to date, are sufficient as a generalized theory of this skill learning phenomenon. Issues central to the development of a more comprehensive theory are discussed.
Switchable Neutral Bistable Rotaxanes

Two switchable neutral bistable [2]rotaxanes have been synthesized, and their chemically induced mechanical switching has been studied in solution by 1H NMR spectroscopy. One of the rotaxanes was prepared by a thermodynamically controlled slippage mechanism, while the other rotaxane was obtained by a dynamic covalent chemistry protocol involving the assembly of its dumbbell component by olefin metathesis. The recognition sites present in the rod section of the dumbbell component, namely, naphthodiimide (NpI) and pyromellitic diimide (PmI) residues, were chosen in the knowledge that the ring component, 1,5-dinaphtho[38]crown-10 (1/5DNP38C10), will bind preferentially to the NpI site. However, upon introduction of Li+ ions into the solution, a 1:2 complex is formed between the PmI site, encircled by the 1/5DNP38C10 ring and two Li+ ions. Since this complex is more stable overall than the binding between the 1/5DNP38C10 ring and the NpI site, the ring component moves from the NpI site to the PmI one. This me...
VICTORIA L. BERGVALL, JANET M. BING, & ALICE F. FREED (eds.), Rethinking language and gender research: Theory and practice . (Real Language series.) London: Longman, 1996, Pp. xi, 303.

Linguistics, as one of the last academic disciplines in the US to adopt guidelines for gender-inclusive language (Thorne 1998), has not been in the forefront of the analysis of language and gender. Indeed, it has been slow to give – either to the social context of language use, or to the socially constructed concept of gender – the kind of serious analytic consideration that it regularly gives to the mental representation of language. This collection of articles edited by Bergvall, Bing & Freed signals a change within the profession itself in its re-examination of basic concepts to be taken into account in future research on language and gender.
Effect of a camera on scene correlation length

There has been much interest in scene correlation length as a tool for characterizing backgrounds. However, since a camera acts as a band-pass filter for spatial frequencies, with the high frequency cutoff determined by the resolution and the low frequency cutoff being determined by the field of view estimates of scene correlation length that have been calculated from digital images must be interpreted in terms of the pass-band of the camera used. The investigator must consider whether the pass band of the camera has significantly affected the spatial frequency spectrum and, as a result, the measured correlation length. In addition to filtering, the spatial frequency spectrum and the measured correlation length may be affected by aliasing. In general, high-pass filtering results in a reduction in the apparent correlation length while aliasing and low-pass filtering result in an increase in the apparent correlation length. Varying the position of the camera provides a means of detecting both filtering and aliasing, and the authors suggest criteria for determining whether these effects have significantly affected the spatial frequency spectrum and the resulting correlation length.
The Use of Cases in Teaching Business Courses in Central and Eastern Europe and the United States

Abstract The extent of case methodology use in teaching business courses in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and in the United States (US) differ. This paper discusses the reasons for these differences utilizing the available literature and the author's recent experiences in teaching business courses in CEE under the Fulbright Scholar Program. It also presents a framework for developing and delivering case-based business courses with the objective of maximizing teaching effectiveness.
Size-dependent surface-plasmon resonances of bare silver particles.

Surface-plasmon resonances of silver microparticle aerosols have been measured as a function of average particle size. Resonance line shapes are modeled as a function of particle size and complex refractive index. The surface-plasmon frequency is found to exhibit a red shift from 3.8 to 3.4 eV as the average particle diameter is decreased by approximately a factor of 3 in contrast to the blue shift observed for matrix-isolated silver particles.
Iterative abstraction-based CTL model checking

A paradigm for automatic approximation/refinement in conservative CTL model checking is presented. The approximations are used to verify a given formula conservatively by computing upper and lower bounds to the set of satisfying states at each sub-formula. These approximations attempt to perform conservative verification with the least possible number of BDD variables and BDD nodes. We present new forms of operational graphs to avoid limitations associated with previously used operational graphs. Three new techniques for efficient automatic refinement of approximate system are presented. These methods make it easier to find the locality. We also present a new type of don't cares (approximate satisfying don't cares) that can make model checking more efficient in time and space. On average, an order of magnitude speedup was achieved.
Effect of lumen narrowing within sirolimus-eluting stents on proximal and distal vessel segments.

Background Flow dynamics and shear stress may influence downstream vessel segments. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of lumen narrowing within sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) on vessel response at adjacent reference sites. Methods and Results In 135 patients after SES implantation, minimal lumen area (MLA) within the stent and average lumen area at distal or proximal adjacent reference segments (5 mm) were obtained at baseline and follow up. In the smaller in-stent MLA group (MLA <3 mm2), lumen area decreased significantly at the distal reference compared with the larger in-stent MLA group (MLA ≥3 mm2), although no significant difference was seen at the proximal reference. Conclusion In-stent lumen patency may influence vascular responses at adjacent reference segments after SES implantation. (Circ J 2008; 72: 534 - 537)
Planning for multiple-generation product lines using dynamic variable state models with data input from similar products

Highlights? Proposed a model to forecast the sales behaviors and introduction timings of a new MGPL. ? The model incorporates a functional similarity analysis technique, DSVM and the use of Monte Carlo forward iteration. ? The model the advantages of low application difficulty and low computational complexity. ? The proposed model can effectively generate reasonable predictions. Multiple-generation product lines require carefully planned strategies in order to reap the benefits of utilizing technology assets and resources efficiently over an elongated time span. In this paper, we build on our previous work in which we successfully implemented dynamic variable state models (DVSMs) to forecast the introduction timing of future generations for an existing multiple-generation product line. Here we implement DVSMs for the design of a new multiple-generation product line. We investigate the potential for using historical sales data about similar products to generate a complete set of forecasts and relevant strategic moves using DVSMs. We present a case study implementing the proposed framework on Apple Inc.'s iPad product line. Results show that the forecast performance of the model matches the realized real data, and hence we deem the DSVM to be appropriate for modeling a new multi-generation product line.
The effect of short term calf removal in combination with GnRH treatment and the effect of limited nursing on reproductive performance of postpartum suckled beef cows administered PGF2α for ovulation control

Abstract Over a two year period, postpartum suckled Hereford and Angus Cows (n=213) were administered two injections of PGF 2 α (25 mg/injection) and divided into three groups. No additional treatments were administered to cows in Group I and calves were allowed to nurse their dams ad libitum . In Group II, calves were removed for 48 hours beginning on the third day following the initial PGF 2 α injection. These cows were given a subcutaneous injection of 250 μg GnRH dissolved in 2% carboxymethylcellulose midway through the 48 hour period. In Group III, calves were allowed to nurse their dams for only one hour per day for the first 7 days after the initial PGF 2 α injection. In year 1, PGF 2 α was administered 14 days apart whereas in year 2, PGF 2 α was administered 11 days apart. Cows were artificially inseminated at 72 and 96 hours after the second injection of PGF 2 α. In year 1, the numbers of cows that conceived to the timed inseminations were similar (P > .10) for the three groups. In year 2, a higher percentage of cows in groups II (P .10) between groups for both years 1 and 2. In summary, limited nursing and short term calf removal in conjunction with GnRH treatment may improve the pregnancy rate in cows administered PGF 2 α for ovulation control.
Implications of statin adverse effects in the elderly.

The elderly differ from younger people in the relation of cholesterol to heart disease and mortality. Clinical trial evidence supports epidemiological findings in showing that high cholesterol weak...
A Biophysical Model of the Mitochondrial ATP-Mg/Pi Carrier

Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide (AdN) content is regulated through the Ca2+-activated, electroneutral ATP-Mg/Pi carrier (APC). The APC is a protein in the mitochondrial carrier super family that localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). It is known to modulate a number of processes that depend on mitochondrial AdN content, such as gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis, and citrulline synthesis. Despite this critical role, a kinetic model of the underlying mechanism has not been developed and validated. Here, a biophysical model of the APC is developed that is thermodynamically balanced and accurately reproduces a number of reported data sets from isolated rat liver and rat kidney mitochondria. The model is based on an ordered bi-bi mechanism for heteroexchange of ATP and Pi and includes homoexchanges of ATP and Pi to explain both the initial rate and time course data on ATP and Pi transport via the APC. The model invokes seven kinetic parameters regarding the APC mechanism and three parameters related to matrix pH regulation by external Pi. These parameters are estimated based on 19 independent data curves; the estimated parameters are validated using six additional data curves. The model takes into account the effects of pH, Mg2+, and Ca2+ on ATP and Pi transport via the APC, and supports the conclusion that the pH gradient across the IMM serves as the primary driving force for AdN uptake or efflux. Moreover, computer simulations demonstrate that extramatrix Ca2+ modulates the turnover rate of the APC and not the binding affinity of ATP, as previously suggested.
Supercritical Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Refrigerant R410A

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on heat transfer and pressure drop at critical and supercritical pressures of refrigerant R410A inside a horizontal 9.4 mm I.D. tube. Knowledge of heat transfer and pressure drop in such refrigerants blends at elevated pressures is gaining increasing attention for the design of vapor-compression space-conditioning and water heating systems at high heat rejection temperatures. Local heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops were measured for the mass flux range 200 < G < 800 kg/m2 -s for the temperature range from 30–110°C. A technique that simultaneously allows accurate measurement of low local heat duties and deduction of the tube-side heat transfer coefficient from the measured overall resistance was used. A primary cooling loop using water at high flow rates ensures that the refrigerant side presents the governing thermal resistance. Heat exchange with a secondary cooling water stream at a much lower flow rate amplifies the coolant temperature difference, which in turn enables accurate heat duty measurements. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient exhibits a sharp peak in the vicinity of the vapor-liquid dome. These data are compared with the most relevant correlations from the literature and possible explanations for agreement and discrepancies between the data and predictions are provided.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Control of Water Quality in a Complex Natural System

An approach to water quality control is presented for the case where there could be significant interaction of wastes in a stream. In most previous studies, a single pollutant was considered and a single related water quality parameter was used as a constraint. In highly developed river basins, it is reasonable to expect more than one important pollutant. If they interact in the stream, traditional analysis, which assumes independence, may lead to improper control policies. A free-flowing stream which receives thermal and organic wastes is modeled as an N-stage serial system. Two-dimensional dynamic programming is used to determine minimum-cost control policies. The response of total system cost and control policy to variation of quality standards is presented.
Students' voices: the lived experience of faculty incivility as a barrier to professional formation in associate degree nursing education.

summary article i nfo Article history: Accepted 30 May 2012 Background: Nursing faculty play an important role in constructing learning environments that foster the positive formation of future nurses. The students' construction of a nursing identity is grounded in social in- teractions with faculty and is shaped by values and norms learned in both the formal and informal curricu- lum. The informal curriculum is communicated in faculty teaching practices and relationships established with students. Purpose: To acquire an understanding of the students' lived experience in associate degree nursing education and identify educational practices that support students' professional formation. Methods: A phenomenological design was chosen to study the lived experience of nursing education. In- depth interviews were conducted with 13 participants. Five students participated in second interviews for a total of 18 interviews. Symbolic interactionism guided data analysis. Participants: Participants represented three ADN programs in the northeastern U.S. and were diverse in terms of gender and age and to a lesser extent race, and sexual orientation. Findings: Faculty incivility included demeaning experiences, subjective evaluation, rigid expectations, and targeting and weeding out practices. Targeting practices contributed to a perceived focus on clinical evalua- tion and inhibited clinical learning. Faculty incivility hindered professional formation by interfering with learning, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and confidence. Conclusions: Faculty who model professional values in the formal and hidden curriculum contribute to the positive formation of future nurses. Nursing faculty should be formally prepared as educators to establish re- spectful, connected relationships with students. Faculty should role model professional values, deemphasize their evaluative role, provide constructive formative feedback, and remain open to the student's potential for growth.
Prediction Intervals, Factor Analysis Models, and High-Dimensional Empirical Linear Prediction

Abstract We discuss a technique that provides prediction intervals based on a model called an empirical linear model. The technique, high-dimensional empirical linear prediction (HELP), involves principal component analysis, factor analysis and model selection. In fact, a special case of the empirical model is the factor analysis model. A factor analysis model does not generally aim at prediction, however. Therefore, HELP can be viewed as a technique that provides prediction (and confidence) intervals based on a factor analysis model or a more generalized model, possibly with unknown dimension to be estimated. Although factor analysis models do not typically have justifiable theory due to nonidentifiability, we show that our intervals are justifiable asymptotically. An interval for a future response is called a prediction interval; an interval for the mean of the future response is called a confidence interval. These intervals were compared to the intervals of Hwang and Liu, which were derived using stand...
Contribution of pits dug by goannas (Varanus gouldii) to the dynamics of banded mulga landscapes in eastern Australia

Abstract The densities of pits made by goannas Varanus gouldii were estimated in the three distinct zones of banded mulga landscapes (erosion slope, interception zone, and mulga grove) in paddocks of a grazing study in north-western New South Wales, Australia. In light and moderately grazed paddocks, soil pits were significantly more abundant in the interception zones (M=119.057 m −2 ) than in the groves and erosion slopes (M=16.057 m −2 ). In the overgrazed paddock there were no differences in densities of pits in any of the zones. In the groves and erosion slopes approximately 70-80% of the pits contained litter, seeds, and fruits. However, on the erosion slopes less than 20% of the pits contained litter and seeds. The data support the hypothesis that soil disturbance by Varanus lizards produces a positive feedback mechanism for the viability of the interception zone and the functioning of banded vegetation landscapes.
Identification and hydrogenation of C2 on Pt(111).

Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) were used to identify the molecular species formed upon the reaction of hydrogen with surface carbon that is deposited by exposing acetylene to a Pt(111) surface held at 750 K. At this temperature, the acetylene is completely dehydrogenated and all hydrogen is desorbed from the surface. Upon subsequent hydrogen exposure at 85 K followed by sequential annealing to higher temperatures, ethylidyne (CCH3), ethynyl (CCH), and methylidyne (CH) are formed. The observation of these species indicates that carbon atoms and C2 molecules exist as stable species on the surface over a wide range of temperatures. Through a combination of RAIRS intensities, hydrogen TPD peak areas, and Auger electron spectroscopy, quantitative estimates of the coverages of the various species were obtained. It was found that 79% of the acetylene-derived carbon was in the form of C2 molecules, with the remainder in the form of carbon atoms. Ess...
Field-oriented Control of Induction Motor Drives with Direct Rotor Current Estimation for Applications in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

This paper demonstrates the implementation of field-oriented control and rotor current estimation of an induction machine. A mathematical model was developed in Matlab/Simulink. A control system was implemented on a three-phase wound field induction motor to confirm the proposed method and estimated rotor currents. A dSPACE embedded real time controller is used to implement the control and experimental results have been obtained to confirm the proposed method.
It is a threat, but is it dissonance? Comments on Gire and Williams (2007).

(2008). It Is a Threat, But Is It Dissonance? Comments on Gire and Williams (2007) The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 148, No. 5, pp. 517-522.
Calculation Of Small Signal Gain Coefficients In CO 2

Recent spectroscopic data is used to calculate small signal gain and absorbtion coefficients for the P and R branches of the 9 micron and 10 micron transitions in CO2. It is shown that in order to accurately calculate such quantities one must include the effects of overlapping lines and near coincidences due to higher lying vibrational transitions. Comparison with measured gain and absorbtion coefficients shows agreement to the level of several percent.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
YouTube as a source of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient education A social media content analysis

The aim of the present study is to conduct a social media content analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient education videos on YouTube. A systematic search protocol was used to locate 223 videos. Two independent coders evaluated each video to determine topics covered, media source(s) of posted videos, information quality as measured by HONcode guidelines for posting trustworthy health information on the Internet, and viewer exposure/engagement metrics. Over half the videos (n = 113, 50.7%) included information on medication management, with far fewer videos on smoking cessation (n = 40, 17.9%). Most videos were posted by a health agency or organization (n = 128, 57.4%), and the majority of videos were rated as high quality (n = 154, 69.1%). HONcode adherence differed by media source (Fisher's exact test = 20.52, p = 0.01), however with user-generated content receiving the lowest quality scores. Overall level of user engagement as measured by number of "likes," "favorites," "dislikes," and user comments was low (median range = 0-3, interquartile range = 0-16) across all sources of media. Study findings suggest that COPD education via YouTube has the potential to reach and inform patients; however, existing video content and quality varies significantly. Future interventions should help direct individuals with COPD to engage with high-quality patient education videos on YouTube that are posted by reputable health organizations and qualified medical professionals. Patients should be educated to avoid and/or critically view low-quality videos posted by individual YouTube users who are not health professionals.
Dyslexia and web accessibility: synergies and challenges

This paper reviews the main challenges of studying dyslexia for web accessibility. These are: (1) measuring the impact of dyslexia in the population; (2) the limitations of the up-to-date studies; and (3) including dyslexia in the Web accessibility guidelines. While some aspects are already addressed by the guidelines, we propose the inclusion of simple recommendations for typeface and font size that would benefit both people with and without dyslexia. We also suggest a change in the current methodologies to overcome up-to-date research limitations using larger and more representative datasets.
Transitional cell neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Can biologic potential be predicted from histologic grading

The concept that most transitional cell neoplasms of the urinary bladder exist as either nonaggressive lesions of low cytologic grade or aggressive anaplastic cancers is gradually gaining acceptance. The extent to which the biological potential of these neoplasms is revealed in their pathologic features is the subject of this article. Using guidelines developed in experimental models, a series of 400 transitional cell neoplasms selected for long-term follow-up were classified into the WHO system. The results indicate that (1) almost all transitional cell tumors can be grouped into low and high grades at initial presentation; (2) the low grade lesions (usually designated transitional cell carcinoma, Grade I) are benign and should be called papillomas rather than carcinomas; (3) the risk of progression is not a function of the number of recurrences for these noninvasive, low-grade, papillary tumors; (4) the high-grade neoplasms are aggressive whether papillary or nodular and account for greater than 93% of tumor-related deaths; (5) patients with high-grade lesions have a reduced life expectancy even if progression does not occur; (6) depth of invasion and growth pattern are limited as predictive factors compared with histologic grade; (7) histologic grading of the initial tumor tissue can be highly predictive of outcome.
The Impact of an Environmental Education Program on Knowledge and Attitude

Abstract The authors evaluated the impact of the environmental education program NatureScope in regular classrooms where it was used as a curriculum supplement. Teachers used the materials in the classroom for 8 weeks. A pretest/posttest design produced few significant differences between groups exposed to the materials and the control groups.
ORGANOMETALLOIDAL DERIVATIVES OF THE TRANSITION METALS I

Abstract The reactions of bis-trimethylsilylacetylene and bis-trimethylsilylbutadiyne with various transition metal carbonyls have been studied. Both form stable complexes of iron, cobalt and manganese. The infrared spectral data indicates that for the group IV substituted ligands the pi-accepting ability increases in the order C < Si < Sn. Mass spectral data provides evidence for the existence of novel bis-cyclobutadiene iron fragments and also the unknown tetra-silylcyclobutadiene.
Bioanalysis of cimetidine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Cimetidi, N′-cyano-N-methyl-N′-[2[[(5-methyl- H -imidazol-4-yl)methyl]- thio]ethyl]guanidine, is a specific histamine H 2 -receptor antagonist drug that is widely used in medicine to treat gastric ulcer disease and other pathological hypersecretory states. To study the bioavailability of cimetidine, it was necessary to develop a rapid and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography procedure for quantitating the drug in body fluids. In this new procedure, cimetidine is adsorbed directly from urine or plasma, without prior clean-up, on to a mini-column prepacked with C 18 material (Sep-Pak C 18 cartridge). Acetonitrile is used to elute the drug, and the eluate is analyzed by high-performance reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a Partisil 10 ODS column, with an aqueous phosphate-methanol mixture as the mobile phase and UV detection at 228 nm. This method for analysing cimetidine in body fluids is rapid, accurate and precise and differs from previously reported methods in that it eliminates the need for performing bothersome single or multiple, dual- phase solvent extractions. Moreover, slight modifications in the composition of the mobile phase permit the simultaneous determination of cimetidine metabolises.
A higher-order Robert-Asselin type time filter

The Robert-Asselin (RA) time filter combined with leapfrog scheme is widely used in numerical models of weather and climate. It successfully suppresses the spurious computational mode associated with the leapfrog method, but it also weakly dampens the physical mode and degrades the numerical accuracy. The Robert-Asselin-Williams (RAW) time filter is a modification of the RA filter that reduces the undesired numerical damping of RA filter and increases the accuracy. We propose a higher-order Robert-Asselin (hoRA) type time filter which effectively suppresses the computational modes and achieves third-order accuracy with the same storage requirement as RAW filter. Like RA and RAW filters, the hoRA filter is non-intrusive, and so it would be easily implementable. The leapfrog scheme with hoRA filter is almost as accurate, stable and efficient as the intrusive third-order Adams-Bashforth (AB3) method.
Meconium Increases Surfactant Secretion in Isolated Rat Alveolar Type II Cells

One of the underlying causes of pathophysiology of meconium aspiration syndrome is access of meconium to the alveolar space and inhibition of activity of lung surfactant. This study examines the effects of meconium on type II cell function by following surfactant secretion. Isolated rat alveolar type II cells were labeled with [methyl-3H]choline during the initial 21-22 h of incubation. During the subsequent 150 min of incubation, phosphatidylcholine (PC) secretion in the presence of 1% meconium was increased 250 ± 11% (mean ± SE, n = 23) over controls. The secretagogue effect was concentration-dependent and reached a maximum at 0.5% meconium. The meconium effect was not due to cellular toxicity as evaluated by vital dye exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase release, and PC synthesis. The secretagogue effect of meconium was associated with the particulate fraction pelleted by centrifugation of the suspension for 1 h at 100,000 × g. Heat treatment of meconium decreased the effect, suggesting the active component to be a protein. The effect of meconium was additive with that of 0.1 mM terbutaline, or 1 mM ATP, suggesting different pathways of action of each agent. The effect of meconium was reduced in the presence of 0.1 mM 4,4′-diisothiocyanato-2,2′-disulfonic acid, or 100 ng/mL surfactant protein A. These agents were previously shown to inhibit surfactant secretion in a stimulus-independent manner. Our results suggest that meconium at low concentrations is not toxic to type II cells, and a component of meconium, possibly a protein, increases PC secretion.
“GodMode is his video game name”: situating learning and identity in structures of social practice

In this paper, we report on the structural nexus of one youth’s gaming practices across contexts and over time. We utilize data from an ethnography of youth science and technology learning, as well as expertise development, across settings and developmental time. We use Ole Dreier’s theory of persons to understand how this youth is able to develop considerable gaming expertise. Additionally, we explicate the learning practices embedded in the structural nexus of this youth’s gaming and we examine associated issues of learning and identity. We problematize the lack of continuity between his formal schooling experiences and the structural nexus of his gaming practices as situated in a variety of other contexts and we reflect on the implications for the design of STEM gaming experiences in formal school environments.
Recent Latin American Experience with Bilateral Trade and Payments Agreements

N THE PERIOD between World Wars I and II, Latin America had a consistent export surplus in its balance of payments with Europe, which was approximately offset by a deficit on invisible account resulting mainly from European shipping and investment earnings.' At the same time, there was a Latin American import surplus and a deficit on invisible account with the United States. The usefulness of this over-all picture is very limited, however, since the positions of individual Latin American countries varied widely. The southern countries of South America traditionally had very large export surpluses with Europe, and import surpluses with the United States, the former financing the latter; while in many of the other Latin American countries, export surpluses with the United States were accompanied by import surpluses with Europe. After World War II, the countries in the first group were anxious to regain their export markets in Europe, where, however, most countries were short of dollars. They therefore entered into a number of bilateral payments agreements under which payments in convertible currencies occur only in exceptional circumstances, viz., when swing ceilings have been exceeded. Since this elimination of the need to pay for imports in convertible exchange leads to discriminatory import licensing in favor of countries with which payments agreements are in force, other Latin American countries also signed a number of
Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology

The method we introduced in 1992 for measuring hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation techniques has widely been adopted and used in the characterization of small-scale mechanical behavior. Since its original development, the method has undergone numerous refinements and changes brought about by improvements to testing equipment and techniques as well as from advances in our understanding of the mechanics of elastic–plastic contact. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanics governing elastic–plastic indentation as they pertain to load and depth-sensing indentation testing of monolithic materials and provide an update of how we now implement the method to make the most accurate mechanical property measurements. The limitations of the method are also discussed.
Characterization of the Mitochondrial Localization of the Nuclear Receptor SHP and Regulation of Its Subcellular Distribution by Interaction with Bcl2 and HNF4α

The nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner SHP was shown recently to translocate to the mitochondria, interact with Bcl2, and induce apoptosis in liver cancer cells. However, the exact mitochondrial localization of SHP remains to be determined. In addition, the detailed interaction domains between SHP and Bcl2 have not been characterized. Using biochemistry and molecular biology approaches, we demonstrate that SHP is localized to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Interestingly, compared with the full-length SHP, the N-terminal deleted protein exhibits increased expression in the mitochondria and decreased expression in the nucleus. GST pull-down assays demonstrate that the interaction domain of SHP shows the strongest interaction with Bcl2. Furthermore, the interaction of Bcl2 with SHP is completely abolished by deletion of the Bcl2 transmembrane domain (TM), whereas deletion of the Bcl2 BH1 domain enhances the interaction. As expected, AHPN, a synthetic SHP ligand, markedly augments the direct protein-protein interaction between Bcl2 and SHP. Ectopic expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) results in exclusive nuclear translocation of SHP proteins that contain either the full-length or the N-terminal domain, but has a minimal effect on the subcellular distribution of SHP protein containing only the interaction domain or repression domain. These results indicate that the N-terminal domain of SHP is important for itsnuclear translocation via HNF4α. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the domains of SHP that are critical for its shutting between different subcellular compartments.