cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic mechanism of action induced by 5-HT in nerve terminals : Possible involvement of ryanodine and IP3 sensitive Ca2+ stores

Abstract Although modulation of transmitter release by serotonin (5-HT) at crayfish neuromuscular junctions has been known since 1965, the mechanisms of action have not been established in this classical synaptic preparation. We show that injections of adenophostin-A (an IP 3 analog) in the nerve terminals greatly enhances synaptic transmission. Exposure to ryanodine (Ry) produces a biphasic response: at low concentration it is excitatory and high concentration it is inhibitory. Likewise, a low concentration (1 μM) of caffeine enhances synaptic transmission, whereas a high concentration (10 mM) has little effect on transmission. The varied responses and sensitivity to Ry and caffeine suggest a Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ -release mechanism and/or the presence of an IP 3 -receptor within the terminal. Thus, it is likely 5-HT's response is due to activation of intracellular pathways, which subsequently release Ca 2+ from internal stores.
Nonlinear responses of spider mites to drought-stressed host plants

. 1. This study examines the shape of the population response curve of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, feeding on bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris L., which have been subjected to one of a range of drought stresses. 2. Abundance of spider mites declined at slight drought stress, increased at intermediate intensities of stress, and declined again at severe stress. 3. Fecundity showed the same pattern found for total abundance. Developmental rates of immatures, on the other hand, generally increased with stress intensity. Survivorship of immatures and adult females appeared unrelated to stress intensity. 4. These results indicate that responses of mites to drought-stressed beans are nonlinear. Such a pattern helps explain contradictory results obtained for spider mites and other arthropod herbivores.
Resveratrol decreases nitric oxide production by hepatocytes during inflammation.

Introduction The production of excessive amounts of nitric oxide (NO) through inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributes to organ injury, inflammation, and mortality after shock. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol that decreases shock-induced hepatic injury and inflammation. We hypothesized that RSV would mediate these effects by decreasing hepatocyte iNOS production. Methods Rat hepatocytes were isolated, cultured with varying concentrations of RSV, and then stimulated to induce iNOS with interleukin-1 and interferon. Induction of iNOS protein was measured by Western blot, iNOS mRNA by polymerase chain reaction, and NO production was measured by culture supernatant nitrite. Activation of intracellular signaling pathways involving Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were measured by Western blot using isoform-specific antibodies. Results RSV decreased the expression of iNOS mRNA, protein, and supernatant nitrite in a dose-dependent manner. Our previous work demonstrated that Akt and JNK both inhibit hepatic iNOS production, whereas NF-κB increases iNOS expression. Analysis of signaling pathways in this study demonstrated that RSV increased JNK phosphorylation but decreased Akt phosphorylation and increased NF-κB activation. Conclusion RSV decreases cytokine-induced hepatocyte iNOS expression, possibly through up-regulation of the JNK signaling pathway. RSV merits further investigation to determine its mechanism as a compound that can decrease inflammation after shock.
EtpE Binding to DNase X Induces Ehrlichial Entry via CD147 and hnRNP-K Recruitment, Followed by Mobilization of N-WASP and Actin

ABSTRACT Obligate intracellular bacteria, such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis, perish unless they can enter eukaryotic cells. E. chaffeensis is the etiological agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging infectious disease. To infect cells, Ehrlichia uses the C terminus of the outer membrane invasin entry-triggering protein (EtpE) of Ehrlichia (EtpE-C), which directly binds the mammalian cell surface glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein, DNase X. How this binding drives Ehrlichia entry is unknown. Here, using affinity pulldown of host cell lysates with recombinant EtpE-C (rEtpE-C), we identified two new human proteins that interact with EtpE-C: CD147 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K). The interaction of CD147 with rEtpE-C was validated by far-Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation of native EtpE with endogenous CD147. CD147 was ubiquitous on the cell surface and also present around foci of rEtpE-C-coated-bead entry. Functional neutralization of surface-exposed CD147 with a specific antibody inhibited Ehrlichia internalization and infection but not binding. Downregulation of CD147 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) impaired E. chaffeensis infection. Functional ablation of cytoplasmic hnRNP-K by a nanoscale intracellular antibody markedly attenuated bacterial entry and infection but not binding. EtpE-C also interacted with neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), which is activated by hnRNP-K. Wiskostatin, which inhibits N-WASP activation, and cytochalasin D, which inhibits actin polymerization, inhibited Ehrlichia entry. Upon incubation with host cell lysate, EtpE-C but not an EtpE N-terminal fragment stimulated in vitro actin polymerization in an N-WASP- and DNase X-dependent manner. Time-lapse video images revealed N-WASP recruitment at EtpE-C-coated bead entry foci. Thus, EtpE-C binding to DNase X drives Ehrlichia entry by engaging CD147 and hnRNP-K and activating N-WASP-dependent actin polymerization. IMPORTANCE Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligate intracellular bacterium, causes a blood-borne disease called human monocytic ehrlichiosis, one of the most prevalent life-threatening emerging tick-transmitted infectious diseases in the United States. The survival of Ehrlichia bacteria, and hence, their ability to cause disease, depends on their specific mode of entry into eukaryotic host cells. Understanding the mechanism by which E. chaffeensis enters cells will create new opportunities for developing effective therapies to prevent bacterial entry and disease in humans. Our findings reveal a novel cellular signaling pathway triggered by an ehrlichial surface protein called EtpE to induce its infectious entry. The results are also important from the viewpoint of human cell physiology because three EtpE-interacting human proteins, DNase X, CD147, and hnRNP-K, are hitherto unknown partners that drive the uptake of small particles, including bacteria, into human cells.
A Product Attribute to Impact Algorithm to Streamline IT Carbon Footprinting

In an effort to reduce the cost of life cycle assessment analyses, a research consortium of industry, academia and governmental/non-governmental organizations was convened in 2010 to look for ways to streamline environmental assessment in the IT sector. The resulting methodology, referred to as product attribute to environmental impact algorithms (PAIA), aims to 1) streamline the LCA process through statistically-based data triage and 2) map the characteristics (or attributes) of ICT products to their environmental performance. First developed for laptops and now extending to LCD modules and desktops, PAIA links a set of product attributes (type of display module, type of memory) to a bill-of-materials and process and finally maps to the resulting global warming impact at the product class level.
Childhood Adversity and Adult Physical Health

The experience of early adversity is a risk factor for a diverse set of poor outcomes across development, including poor physical health in adulthood. This chapter provides a critical review of studies examining the connections between exposure to adversity in childhood and physical health in adulthood. We discuss the varied ways that children encounter stressful experiences and adverse conditions in their daily lives, focusing on chronic and severe stressors. We then review evidence for links between childhood adversity and chronic diseases of aging, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. We describe conceptual models that help guide empirical investigation of the processes through which early adversity influences later health. We also review biological mechanisms that play an intermediary role in translating psychosocial stress into health problems, which can help explain how early adversity “gets under the skin” and influences the onset of disease in adulthood. Keywords: adversity; childhood; physical health; inflammation; HPA axis
A Classical Density Functional Theory Study of the Neat n-Alkane/Water Interface

In this work, classical density functional theory (DFT) is extended to model the n-alkane/water interface. The iSAFT density functional theory is applied to the n-alkane/water interface for even numbered alkanes. To apply the DFT, a simple parameter model is developed and all parameters are obtained from bulk property data only. It is shown that the iSAFT DFT combined with the simple parameter model yields accurate interfacial tensions, density profiles, alkane order parameters, and interfacial widths as compared to experiment and atomistic molecular dynamics simulation. A prediction of the DFT is that hexane dissolved in the water phase near the interface prefers a normal orientation to the interface.
The effect of anchors on reliability of endoscopic tremor ratings.

Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of anchors and training on intrarater and inter-rater reliability for visual-perceptual, endoscopic tremor ratings. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Nasoendoscopy recordings of 10 participants with a diagnosis of essential voice tremor were evaluated by five voice specialists using the Vocal Tremor Scoring System. Ratings were performed before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after implementation of a training program with anchor stimuli. Immediate and long-term post-training ratings were performed with simultaneous use of anchor samples for each rating. Results Intrarater reliability showed significant improvement from pretraining to immediate and long-term post-training. Mean correlation coefficients (Spearman's rho) increased from 0.71 at pretraining to 0.84 and 0.90 at immediate and long-term post-training, respectively. Inter-rater reliability was not affected by training with anchors, with mean correlation coefficients ranging from 0.62 at pretraining to 0.58 and 0.64 at immediate and long-term post-training, respectively. Conclusions Consistent, reproducible ratings are critical for the interpretation and comparison of endoscopic tremor data. Reliability findings from this study indicate that the use of anchor samples as referents for making ordinal judgments about the severity of tremor in oropharyngeal and laryngeal regions was helpful for improving internal standards and consistency but less useful for calibrating across different raters. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2016
Across Forest, Steppe, and Mountain : Environment, Identity, and Empire in Qing China's Borderlands

In this book, David Bello offers a new and radical interpretation of how China's last dynasty, the Qing (1644–1911), relied on the interrelationship between ecology and ethnicity to incorporate the country's far-flung borderlands into the dynasty's expanding empire. The dynasty tried to manage the sustainable survival and compatibility of discrete borderland ethnic regimes in Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and Yunnan within a corporatist 'Han Chinese' imperial political order. This unprecedented imperial unification resulted in the great human and ecological diversity that exists today. Using natural science literature in conjunction with under-utilized and new sources in the Manchu language, Bello demonstrates how Qing expansion and consolidation of empire was dependent on a precise and intense manipulation of regional environmental relationships.
Information Technologies in FPRS

Each year, information technology plays an increasingly important role in FPRS. This chapter reviews computer hardware, computer software, networking, the Internet, and the legality of information technology.
Direito, propriedade e reformas urbanas: Rio de Janeiro, 1903-1906

This article makes a qualitative analysis of judicial records from the first decade of the 20th century - found in the National Archives - in order to reconstruct the role of legal practices, institutions, and concepts in the resistance and adaptation of Rio de Janeiro's property owners to the urban reforms made by Pereira Passos and Rodrigues Alves. We use as complementary sources: parliamentary debates and legislation, to understand the reforms' legal bases; legal books and journals, to study the evolution of relevant concepts, such as "property"; and newspapers, to contextualize and access extra-legal aspects of lawsuits, i.e., what does not appear in court records.
Developing global competency skills in grades 9-12: Implications for school leadership

The purpose of the phenomenological study was to examine and understand public high schools, grades 9-12, which have implemented the full integration of global competency skills as an integral part of their core mission. This study also explored, how school leaders ensured that global competency skills are developed, implemented and integrated across all content areas. Data were collected through interviews, document analysis, foreign language student enrollment data and observation. Participants included Central Office school program administrators, principals, assistant principals, directors of guidance, Global program directors and World Language Department Leaders.
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal (Zellweger) Syndrome

Selective neuronal lipidosis and neuroaxonal dystrophy of the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and lateral cuneate nucleus were the neuropathological findings in 3 males with Zellweger syndrome examined at the Medical Unit S Carolina, Charleston, SC, the John F.
Abstract 23: Feasibility of the Stroke COunseling for Risk REduction (SCORRE) Intervention

Young adult African Americans (AA) are disproportionately affected by stroke and stroke risk factors. Hypertension, diabetes and obesity contribute to early-onset stroke and strategies are needed to help AA adopt healthy lifestyles early. Purpose: To assess feasibility of the SCORRE intervention in at risk, young adult AA. SCORRE consists of a video of young AA stroke champions sharing their experiences with stroke and advice for reducing stroke risk; the AHA’s, web-based Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) risk assessment and education tool, and a behavioral risk reduction diary. Methods: A randomized controlled, two-group pre-post design with a 6-week follow-up was used. Data were collected using questionnaires, physiological measures, and a diary. We assessed stroke risk factor knowledge, perceived and actual stroke risk, risk reduction behaviors, and intervention satisfaction. Results: Of the 52 individuals who responded to flyers, 30 were enrolled and 29 completed the 6-week follow up. On average, participants were 23 ± 4.4 years, female, had some college education, and low-income. Mean LS7 scores were less than ideal, 8.1 ± 1.2 out of 10; participants averaged 2.1 ± 1.1 out of 7 risk factors, mostly inadequate diet, obesity and pre-hypertension. SCORRE participants ( n =19) had significant improvements in stroke risk factor knowledge following SCORRE (pre=11.5 ± 1.6, post=13.2 ± 1.3 out of 15; p =.001) but not at 6 weeks (12.2 ± 2.5; p =.31); while control participants ( n =11) had no significant improvements. SCORRE participants with an accurate perception of their stroke risk almost doubled (47% to 89%) compared to control participants (36% to 46%). The majority (89%) of SCORRE participants had diet or physical activity improvements at 6 weeks compared to 27% of control participants. SCORRE satisfaction scores were high 3.49 ± .35 out of 4; ≥83% were motivated to achieve better health, enjoyed the video, LS7 and diary, and felt the program length was appropriate. Conclusion: Results demonstrate SCORRE is feasible; had low attrition, improvements in knowledge, accuracy, and health behaviors were observed, and satisfaction of SCORRE was high. Further testing of SCORRE as a stroke risk reduction intervention is needed in a larger sample with a longer follow-up period.
A Note on the Advice Complexity of Multipass Randomized Logspace

Investigating the complexity of randomized space-bounded machines that are allowed to make multiple passes over the random tape has been of recent interest. In particular, it has been shown that derandomizing such probabilistic machines yields a weak but new derandomization of probabilistic time-bounded classes. In this paper we further explore the complexity of such machines. In particular, as our main result we show that for any epsilon<1, every language that is accepted by an O(n^epsilon)-pass, randomized logspace machine can be simulated in deterministic logspace with linear amount of advice. This result extends an earlier result of Fortnow and Klivans who showed that RL is in deterministic logspace with linear advice.
Future directions for wireless data

In the mid-1990's, wireless data networks are growing in size and number with high hopes of attracting a large volume of traffic. Looking to the future, researchers see the full potential of wireless data services in the context of integrated multimedia networks. However, there is a need for new technology to satisfy this potential. Technical challenges arise from three phenomena: the power supply constraints of information terminals, the radio channels linking terminals to the network, and user mobility. This paper describes current work aimed at delivering efficient information services in the presence of these phenomena. >
Hazards inherent to control systems: Case studies and lessons learned

Control systems are an integral part of almost all chemical processes, regardless of size or complexity. As the demands for performance and safety increase, control systems will only proliferate. With automation comes the ability to develop more complex and interrelated processes, and to respond more rapidly to disturbances. However, increased reliance on control systems, both discrete and continuous, requires increased diligence with respect to their development and testing, as well as the implementation of independent layers of protection. A control system that provides optimal product for typical feed conditions may behave poorly during abnormal conditions, such as idling or turnarounds. Similarly, independent control systems charged with safety instrumented functions may not be called upon to act until they become necessary to prevent or mitigate an emergency situation. To recognize and mitigate hazards associated with control systems, process design and process hazard assessment teams may need to consider these and other potential issues. Presented here is a brief overview of the hazards associated with control systems. Finally, case studies are used to highlight the need for considering the potential hazards associated with control systems, from the design stage, through startup, operation, and turnarounds. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 36: 273–279, 2017
Incidence and Outcomes of a Rare Translocation t(3,5) in Patients (pts) with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

Abstract 1456 Background: Cytogenetic analysis of large pt cohorts allows us to evaluate the prognostic impact of rare and unique translocations. Little is known about the clinical outcomes of pts with t(3,5), which generally results in fusion of NPM and MLF1 in pts with MDS and AML. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 8,215 pts with a diagnosis of MDS or AML evaluated at our institution from 1985–2011. Results: A total of 17 pts with a t(3,5) either at diagnosis or post-treatment were identified (10 pts, as the sole cytogenetic abnormality, and 7 pts, as part of other/complex karyotype). Among evaluable cases (15/17), frequently occurring breakpoints included q25;q34 (n=4), p21;q15 (n=2), and p21;q13 (n=2).10 pts had MDS with IPSS of Int-1(n=5) and Int-2(n=5), and 7 pts had AML. Four pts had therapy-related MDS (3 pts with prior lymphoma, 1 pt small cell lung cancer) and one pt with MDS had PNH. Median age was 56 years (range, 20–78) at diagnosis. Four pts (24%) had a FLT3-ITD mutation (3 with AML and 1 with MDS), 1 of these FLT3-mutated pts had additional mutations in c-KIT and NRAS mutation, 9 pts were tested and negative for molecular abnormalities, and 4 pts did not have molecular analysis available. Therapies were diverse, with two most common: cytarabine-based regimens (n=6) and hypomethylating agent-based therapy (n=6). Overall, median number of therapies for all pts was 1 (range, 0–5), including 2 pts treated with upfront stem cell transplant (SCT) and 1 pt treated with only growth factors/supportive care. Six pts (35%) (MDS 3 pts, AML 3 pts) underwent SCT during their course of therapy (including 1 cord blood, 1 SCT with NK cells, and 4 allogeneic MUD SCT). Overall median survival for pts with MDS was 8.1 months (range, 1–57) and for pts with AML, 21 months (range, 2–53). CR was achieved overall in 12 pts (71%) with median CR duration of 3.2 months (range, 1–60 months). Three (18%) pts were refractory to all chemotherapy and one pt died during induction chemotherapy (infection and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage). One pt never received treatment. Conclusions: Survival is particularly poor among patients with MDS and t(3;5) while those with AML have survival comparable to normal karyotype (NK) AML. Further investigation with novel treatment approaches is warranted in this subpopulation of MDS/AML pts. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Substance Use Attitudes, Behaviors, Education and Prevention in Colleges of Pharmacy in the United States.

This review describes and summarizes student pharmacists’ substance use behavior in the United States. Current literature indicates that there are problems with alcohol and other drug use among student pharmacists. Although researchers have found variations in the type and rate of reported substance use, significant proportions of student pharmacists were identified as being at high risk for substance use disorders (SUDs). Findings from this review suggest that pharmacy schools should encourage and stimulate more research in order to implement effective screening and early intervention programs in an effort to address this important student health issue.
Biology and Pathogenesis of Satellite Viruses

Abstract Satellite viruses (SVs) are subviral pathogens that are entirely dependent upon the replication machinery of their helper viruses. There are only four known plant SVs: satellite tobacco necrosis virus, satellite tobacco mosaic virus, satellite panicum mosaic virus, and satellite maize white line mosaic virus. These SVs have positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes of 800–1400 nt that are encapsidated within ~17-nm T =1 icosahedral virions. SVs, in contrast to satellite-RNA or -DNA, encode a capsid protein for independent genome packaging of the cognate SV RNA. The unusually small and compact nature of these subviral agents has resulted in their use as models for fundamental virology studies, including gene expression, genome packaging, and virion structure.
An Improved Parameterization for Energy Exchange from Wind to Stokes Waves

Previous analysis for the generation of non-linear surface waves by shear flow (Croft & Sajjadi 1993, Sajjadi et al. 1997 and Sajjadi 1998) is extended by: (i) presenting results on Stokes wave; (ii) imposing the boundary condition at the surface wave, rather than at the mean surface; and (iii) including the dominant viscous term in the complete Orr-Sommerfeld equation. The inclusion (i) yields an energy transfer that is larger than those predicted for monochromatic waves, while (ii) has no real effect and (iii) only a small effect for gravity waves. The present analysis is mainly confined to the second-order Stokes wave but its extension to higher-order Stokes waves is straightforward and suggested. Results are also generalized for fully non-linear Stokes waves (nth order) which confirms the findings of previous studies by Sajjadi and coworkers. The energy transfer parameters are obtained via numerical integration of the full Orr-Sommerfeld equation, and it is found the results agree well with that of Conte & Miles (1959) and confirms that the extra energy associated with the growth of non-linear waves is due to higher harmonics of Stokes wave. An expression is derived for parameterized form of this energy exchange from wind to Stokes waves which is could be used in spectral wave models. The present parameterization is compared with other models formulations and its is shown to agree well with the numerical simulation of full Reynolds stress equations, Sajjadi (2002b).
Non-perturbative constraints on the quark and ghost propagators

Abstract In QCD both the quark and ghost propagators are important for governing the non-perturbative dynamics of the theory. It turns out that the dynamical properties of the quark and ghost fields impose non-perturbative constraints on the analytic structure of these propagators. In this work we explicitly derive these constraints. In doing so we establish that the corresponding spectral densities include components which are multiples of discrete mass terms, and that the propagators are permitted to contain singular contributions involving derivatives of δ ( p ) , both of which are particularly relevant in the context of confinement.
EMT Subtype Influences Epithelial Plasticity and Mode of Cell Migration

Summary Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is strongly implicated in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. EMT is thought to be regulated primarily at the transcriptional level through the repressive activity of EMT transcription factors. However, these classical mechanisms have been parsed out almost exclusively in vitro, leaving questions about the programs driving EMT in physiological contexts. Here, using a lineage-labeled mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to study EMT in vivo, we found that most tumors lose their epithelial phenotype through an alternative program involving protein internalization rather than transcriptional repression, resulting in a “partial EMT” phenotype. Carcinoma cells utilizing this program migrate as clusters, contrasting with the single-cell migration pattern associated with traditionally defined EMT mechanisms. Moreover, many breast and colorectal cancer cell lines utilize this alternative program to undergo EMT. Collectively, these results suggest that carcinoma cells have different ways of losing their epithelial program, resulting in distinct modes of invasion and dissemination.
Numerical Study of a Free-Burning Argon Arc with Copper Contamination from the Anode

The present modeling of a free-burning argon arc accounts for copper vapor contamination from the anode. Simulations are made for an atmospheric arc that has a length of 10 mm and an electric current of 200 amps. Predicted results for two different anode evaporation rates are compared to those from a pure argon arc with no copper vapor contamination. Copper vapor concentration, temperature, electric potential, and current density profiles are presented. Included in this analysis are radiation losses from both the argon and copper by using recently calculated net emission coefficients. It was found that evaporation of copper from the anode results in a cooling of the arc in a region close to the anode, but has an insignificant influence on the arc close to the cathode. Due to the arc flow characteristics most of the copper vapor tends to be confined to the anode region.
Gliding Resistance and Modifications of Gliding Surface of Tendon. Clinical Perspectives

The smooth gliding of the normal human digital flexor is maintained by synovial fluid lubrication and lubricants bound to the tendon surface. This system can be disrupted by degenerative conditions such as trigger finger, or by trauma. The resistance to tendon gliding after surgical repair of the lacerated digital flexor tendon relates to location of suture knots, exposure of suture materials, and type of surgical repair and materials. Restoration of a functioning gliding surface after injury can be helped by using low-friction, high-strength suture designs, therapy that enables gliding, and the addition of lubricants to the tendon surface.
Direct Repair of Iatrogenic Vertebral Artery Injury Associated With Anterior Cervical Corpectomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Vertebral artery (VA) injury during anterior cervical spine surgery has potentially devastating neurovascular consequences. Our video highlights the operative nuances of exposing and directly repairing the V2 segment of the VA from an anterior approach. A 67-year-old woman undergoing anterior cervical corpectomy at another hospital began briskly bleeding from a suspected VA injury. Upon emergency transfer of the patient to our facility, angiography confirmed a right VA pseudoaneurysm at the level of the C5 corpectomy. The decision was made to repair the VA directly, thus avoiding vessel sacrifice and stenting. The previous anterior exposure was reopened. The longus colli was mobilized laterally on the right side to expose the C4 and C6 anterior tubercles. A plane was developed in the transverse foramina from C4 to C6, and the foramina were unroofed anteriorly using a high-speed drill and Kerrison rongeurs. The injured segment of the VA was exposed, and the platelet plug over the injured VA was identified. The proximal and distal ends of the injured segment were temporarily clipped, and the platelet plug was removed, revealing a small, ovoid-shaped' full-thickness arterial wall defect. The VA injury was repaired with simple running 10-0 nylon sutures. Indocyanine green angiography confirmed rapid filling of the patent lumen. The corpectomy and anterior fixation were completed. The patient was placed on aspirin therapy postoperatively. The patient remained neurologically intact without neurovascular sequelae at the 1-yr follow-up. The patient consented to surgical treatment (Institutional Review Board review was not necessary). Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute.
EFFECTS OF PLANE OF NUTRITION, GROWTH HORMONE AND UNSATURATED FAT ON GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN AND PROLACTIN RECEPTORS IN PREPUBERTAL LAMBS

The influence of plane of nutrition, growth hormone (GH) treatment and dietary polyunsaturated fat on serum concentrations of GH and insulin (INS) and binding capacities of GH, INS and prolactin (PRL) in liver, mammary parenchyma and adipose tissue was assessed in prepubertal ewe lambs. Ten lambs were assigned to each of four treatment groups. Treatments included: (A) lambs with ad libitum access to a high-energy ration; (G) lambs fed as group A and treated with bovine GH (.08 mg/kg/d); (R) lambs with feed intake restricted to limit ADG to about 120 g; and (S) lambs with ad libitum access to a ration including formaldehyde-protected sunflower seed. Diets, all approximately isonitrogenous and isocaloric, were fed from about 7 to 22 wk of age. Weekly blood samples were collected during wk 6 to 14 of the trial. Averaged across sampling dates, mean serum concentrations of GH were elevated in G lambs (P less than .05) and INS concentrations differed in the order G greater than A greater than R = S (P less than .05). Crude membranes for binding assays were prepared from liver, mammary parenchyma and adipose tissue. Mean concentrations of GH receptors in liver and PRL receptors in mammary parenchyma were elevated in group S lambs (P less than .01). Dietary polyunsaturated fat increased the number of GH receptors in liver and PRL receptors in mammary parenchyma. Increased availability of receptors may mediate the stimulation of mammary growth observed in lambs fed polyunsaturated fat.
Resisting Islamophobia: Muslims Seeking American Integration Through Spiritual Growth, Community Organizing and Political Activism

Since 9/11, second-generation Muslims have experienced an increase in religious discrimination that has presented several challenges to their American integration. Scholars have noted that Muslims are often marginalized and “othered” because of their religious beliefs, attire choices and non-Western ethnic origins. In New York, Arabs, South Asians and Africans are the predominant ethnic groups practicing Islam. Although Muslim communities are ethnically and racially diverse, they are categorized in ways that have transformed their religious identity into a racialized group. This new form of racial amalgamation is not constructed on underlying skin color similarities but on their religious adherence to Islam. The War on Terror has complicated the image of Muslims by circulating Islamophobia, or the fear of Muslims and Islam, onto American society. Political rhetoric targeting Muslim communities has also incited new ways of misinterpreting Qur’anic text to further marginalize them. Second-generation Muslim Americans are responding to Islamophobia by reframing the negative depictions about their identities through community-based activism. This paper takes an intersectionality approach to understanding how Muslims across the New York metro area are managing their religious identities as they seek to develop a sense of belonging in American society. This ethnographic case study addresses how second-generation Muslims are resisting Islamophobia through community building, civic engagement, and college student associations. Countering Islamophobia has become part of the everyday life experience for Muslims in New York and is currently their main trajectory for integration into American society.
Evaluating the involvement of tryptophan on thiolated peptide-mercury(II) complexes: Cation-pi interactions

Abstract An understanding of how mercury(II) forms complexes with bis-cysteinyl peptides containing auxiliary binding groups could provide vital insights for optimal mercury immobilization. In this study, we investigate how tryptophan might participate in peptide-mercury(II) complex formation. Model pentapeptides consisting of a Cys-Xaa-Cys (CXC) sequence, where Xaa is Gly (Penta 1), Trp (Penta 2), and d -Trp (Penta 3) were designed. Their complexation with mercury(II) was studied by spectroscopic methods and molecular modeling. UV absorption difference spectra reflect the formation of bisthiolate-mercury(II) bonds. These spectra also show changes in the Bb absorption band of the indole group following complex formation. Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra indicate that mercury(II) bound peptides adopt a secondary structure resembling a type I β turn structure. Mercury(II) bound Penta 2 also develops a negative CD band at 221 nm, which suggests an association between the tryptophan indole ring and mercury(II) via cation-pi interaction. Fluorescence quenching in the presence of equimolar mercury(II) is significantly greater for Penta 2 than Penta 3. These CD and fluorescence data indicate that the indole ring of Penta 3 is not interacting with the coordinated mercury(II). Optimized 1:1 mercury(II)-peptide structures show that the indole pi system of Penta 2 participates in mercury(II) cation-pi interaction, whereas in Penta 3 it is involved in ammonium cation-pi association. These structural insights will be useful for designing more effective mercury chelators containing tryptophan as an auxiliary binding and hydrophobic shielding group in immobilizing mercury(II).
Association of blood pressure with knee cartilage composition and structural knee abnormalities: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.

To investigate the associations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with changes in knee cartilage composition and joint structure over 48 months, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). A total of 1126 participants with right knee Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score 0–2 at baseline, no history of rheumatoid arthritis, blood pressure measurements at baseline, and cartilage T2 measurements at baseline and 48 months were selected from the OAI. Cartilage composition was assessed using MRI T2 measurements, including laminar and gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture analyses. Structural knee abnormalities were graded using the whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging score (WORMS). We performed linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, KL score, number of anti-hypertensive medications, and number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Higher baseline DBP was associated with greater increases in global T2 (coefficient 0.22 (95% CI 0.09, 0.34), P = 0.004), global superficial layer T2 (coefficient 0.39 (95% CI 0.20, 0.58), P = 0.001), global contrast (coefficient 15.67 (95% CI 8.81, 22.53), P < 0.001), global entropy (coefficient 0.02 (95% CI 0.01, 0.03) P = 0.011), and global variance (coefficient 9.14 (95% CI 5.18, 13.09), P < 0.001). Compared with DBP, the associations of SBP with change in cartilage T2 parameters and WORMS subscores showed estimates of smaller magnitude. Higher baseline DBP was associated with higher and more heterogenous cartilage T2 values over 48 months, indicating increased cartilage matrix degenerative changes.
Meet Me in the Sand: Stories and Self-Expression in Sand Tray Work with Older Adults

This article reviews the historical development and theoretical underpinnings of sand tray work in counseling and offers a critical examination of the use of sand tray with older adults, exploring ...
C. elegans dauer recovery varies with worm-bacteria interactions

Many species use dormant stages for habitat selection by tying recovery from the stage to informative external cues. Other species have an undiscerning strategy in which they recover randomly despite having advanced sensory systems. We investigated the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans dormant (dauer) stage to determine whether elements of its habitat structure and life history have barred the species from evolving a discerning recovery strategy. C. elegans colonization success is profoundly influenced by the bacteria found in its habitat patches. We exposed dauers of three genotypes to a range of bacteria acquired from the worms natural habitat. We found that C. elegans dauers recover in all conditions but increase recovery on certain bacteria depending on worm genotype, suggesting a combination of undiscerning and discerning strategies. Additionally, worm responses did not match the bacteria9s objective quality, suggesting that their decision is based on other characteristics.
Changes in National Google Trends and Local Healthcare Utilization After High-Impact Gastroenterology Publications.

INTRODUCTION We examined national Google Trends and local healthcare utilization after 3 high-impact gastroenterology publications. METHODS Changes in US Google Trends and Olmsted County health utilization were studied. RESULTS Publication views within 30 days were 51,458 (Imperiale), 49,759 (Pimentel), and 18,750 (Gomm). Colonoscopy searches (P = 0.04) and Cologuard tests performed (P < 0.01) increased while colonoscopies decreased (P < 0.01). Searches for rifaximin (P = 0.05), irritable bowel syndrome (P < 0.01), diarrhea (P < 0.01), and rifaximin prescriptions (P = 0.02) increased. Increase in hydrogen-2 blocker searches (P = 0.02) and prescriptions (P < 0.01) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (P < 0.01) and dementia office visits (P < 0.01) occurred. DISCUSSION High-impact gastroenterology publications influence Google searches and local population-based healthcare utilization.
Watching Paint Dry: I/VOC Emissions from Architectural Coatings and their Impact on SOA Formation

Emissions from volatile chemical products (VCPs) are emerging as a major source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Paints and coatings are an important class of VCPs that emit both volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (VOCs and IVOCs). In this study, we directly measured I/VOC emissions from representative water-based (latex) and oil paints used in the U.S. Paint I/VOC emissions vary over several orders of magnitude by both solvent and gloss level. Oil paint had the highest emissions (>10^5 microgram/g-paint) whereas low-gloss interior paints (Flat, Satin, and Semigloss) all emitted ~10^2 microgram/g-paint. Emissions from interior paints are dominated by VOCs, whereas exterior-use paints emitted a larger fraction of IVOCs. Extended emissions tests showed that most I/VOC emissions occur within 12-24 hours after paint application, though some IVOC-dominated paints continue to emit for 48 hours or more. We used the emissions measurements to estimate paint I/VOC emissions and subsequent SOA production in the U.S. Total annual paint I/VOC emissions are 168 +/- 15 Mg. This amounts to 291 g/kg of paint used and 0.51 kg/person, which are significantly larger than comparable emissions factors from combustion systems. These emissions contribute to the formation of 8 Mg of SOA annually. Oil paints contribute ~90% of the I/VOC emissions and SOA formation, even though it only accounts for ~20% of paint usage.
A Catholic Looks at Quakerism

A Catholic Looks at Quakerism Michael Mullett Lancaster University Quaker Studies 2 (1997):57-64 In this article Michael Mullet first sketches the well-advertised dissimilarities between Catholicism, the epitome, for many, of 'conservative' Christianity, and Quakerism, which brought to a high point of development the religious radicalism implicit in the Reformation. However, Mullett argues that, underlyingly, relatively superficial dissonances over such issues as church order and (more significantly) sacrament, Tridentine Catholicism and Quakerism shared, in opposition to the Reformation's key principles of justification by faith alone and its corollary predestination, an abiding, soteriological and anthropological acceptance (grounded in the Epistle of James) of the role of free will and of justification and sanctification by works as well as faith and grace. Comparisons of texts from Robert Barclay (1676) and the Canons of the Council of Trent (1545) sustain his argument.
7 – Category IIac Cyclizations

Publisher Summary Path a is the Fischer indole synthesis, which is the most widely used of all indole syntheses. The Fischer cyclization converts arylhydrazones of aldehydes or ketones into indoles by a process, which involves ortho-substitution via a sigmatropic rearrangement. The rearrangement generates an imine of an o-aminobenzyl ketone which cyclizes and aromatizes by loss of ammonia. One of the virtues of the Fischer indole synthesis is that it can be frequently used to prepare indoles having functionalized substituents. This versatility extends beyond the range of very stable substituents, such as alkoxy and halogens and includes esters, amides and hydroxy substituents. Anomalous Fischer cyclizations are observed with certain o-substituted arylhydrazones, especially 2-alkoxy derivatives. The products which are formed can generally be accounted for by an intermediate, which would be formed by ipso-substitution during the sigmatropic rearrangement step. The Japp-Klingemann coupling of aryldiazonium ions with enolates and other nucleophilic alkenes provides an alternative route to arylhydrazones. The reaction has most frequently been applied to β-ketoesters, in which deacylation follows coupling and the indolization affords an indole-2-carboxylate ester.
Gamma-Ray Lines from Nucleosynthesis and from Cosmic-Ray and Solar-Flare Particle Interactions

Gamma-ray lines provide a versatile probe for sites of nuclear reactions in astrophysical objects. Two sets of nuclear reactions can be explored: (1) build-up reactions of atomic nuclei from lighter constituents (nucleosynthesis), and (2) break-up of heavier nuclei in nuclear spallation reactions, including nuclear excitation reactions. Nucleosynthesis occurs in pre-supernova stars, in supernova events (e.g., explosive carbon and oxygen burning and silicon burning) and in novae (explosive hydrogen burning). Spallation reactions occur when cosmic rays interact in interstellar clouds, in the Galactic gas towards the region of the Galactic center, and with matter near their acceleration sites. Spallation and nuclear excitation are also induced by solar-flare particles. Recent experimental observations include solar lines of several elements observed at the time of the large 27 April 1981 flare and from several other flares, the galactic 26A1 line, the e+ annihilation line from an extended region about the Galactic center, and the 56Co decay lines from Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
On the role duality and switching in human-robot cooperation: An adaptive approach

As the expansion of the field of robotics has continued, the physical interaction between robots and humans has become an increasingly important area of study. Many of these physical interactions can be seen as a cooperative task conducted by both the robot and the human. Often, when two humans are interacting, one of them will act as the leader of some aspect of the task and the other will act as a follower. This cooperation may require the switching of roles between leader and follower. This can be further complicated by the fact that different participants may be the leaders of different aspects of the task. Previous research in human-robot cooperation focused on the switching of only a single role. In this paper, we investigate a novel method for the simultaneous switching of two roles between a robot and a human participant. This switching method was examined using both fixed and adaptive parameters that control role switching. Overall, human-robot cooperation was successful in the task 85% of the time when using a non-adaptive method and 95% when using an adaptive control method.
Squaring, Cubing, and Cube Rooting.

SummaryWe present mentally efficient algorithms for mentally squaring and cubing 2-digit and 3-digit numbers and for finding cube roots of numbers with 2-digit or 3-digit answers.
DPCM for quantized block-based compressed sensing of images

Differential pulse-code modulation is coupled with uniform scalar quantization to provide block-based quantized compressed sensing of images. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvement in rate-distortion performance as compared scalar quantization used alone in several block-based compressed-sensing reconstruction algorithms. Additionally, rate-distortion performance superior to that of alternative quantized-compressed-sensing techniques relying on optimized quantization or reconstruction is observed.
Chapter 24 Stable isotope techniques in drug development: An economic evaluation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an economic evaluation of stable isotope labeled (SIL) techniques in drug development. This evaluation covers two areas: (1) use of SIL methods to perform single studies required for Phase I; and (2) use of SIL methods to perform multiple studies required for Phase I, including combining two or more studies into a single more efficient study. When used for a single study, SIL methods are least efficient economically. However, by performing several studies with SIL tracers, start-up costs are spread over several studies, and the potential cost savings with SIL methods can be better exploited. Mass balance/metabolite identification studies have been performed by: (1) administering radioactive ( 14 C)-labeled drug, (2) measurement of radioactivity in urine and feces, (3) chromatography of urine to divide dissolved material into peaks, (4) recognition of peaks containing drug or metabolite by presence of radioactivity, and (5) identification of structure of drug or metabolite in “hot” peaks by mass spectrometry (MS). The overall cost of a mass balance/metabolite identification study performed with SlL- or 14 C-labeling is approximately equal. Multiple-dose volunteer studies are performed to determine the type of pharmacokinetic properties (linear, concentration-, or time-dependent) and the pharmacokinetic values (clearance, half-life dependent, volume of distribution) a new drug has during chronic administration and to obtain information on safety during long term administration.