cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procedure to Evaluate Alternatives to Transit Bus Replacement

The addition of new buses to a transit agency's fleet is a capital-intensive project. In an average year, more than 3,500 buses are purchased by FTA grantees. The annual cost of bus replacement easily exceeds $1 billion. A procedure to evaluate alternatives to bus replacement is presented. Two generic alternatives are identified—rehabilitation and remanufacturing. The former approach focuses on the repair of engines and machine components. The latter approach is to restore a vehicle's structural integrity. The evaluation procedure is based on economic principles and quantifies the benefits and costs associated with postponing a bus replacement, either by rehabilitation or remanufacturing. A modified benefit-to-cost ratio (B/C) technique is proposed that incorporates intangible benefits and disbenefits, as well as a risk penalty associated with the extended use of an older bus. As an alternative to computing the B/C, the recommended approach is to estimate the maximum investment that can be justified in a ...
PEOPLE'S COLLEGES AT 25‐PLUS YEARS

Nevada was one of the last states to establish community colleges. The colleges developed from a grassroots movement of citizens. They were placed under the University of Nevada system, whose board of regents had little sense of the colleges' mission. Seven years into the movement, the regents abolished the division presidency. A 13‐year period of uncoordinated growth followed. Few state policies were developed specifically for community colleges. College personnel protested that they were stepchildren in a university system. The regents studied their complaints and developed policies to improve relations. Statewide coordination improved. Today, four colleges with modern facilities enroll a combined headcount of 58,000. Nevada has often been the first or second fastest growing state, but population growth has spotlighted social issues at the expense of the colleges.
A reviewer's perspective on multiple endpoint issues in clinical trials ∗

Multiplicity issues due to clinical endpoints frequently arise in clinical trials. Conducting tests of significance separately for each endpoint in a univariate manner or ignoring issue the could lead to inflation of the type I error probability in making treatment effect claims. This is of concern because inflation of the type I error probability could lead to approval of inefficacious therapies. Therefore, one generally requires that this error probability be controlled at some prespecified α-level. At the same time the method employed for this purpose should be one with optimal efficiency so as to be able to detect clinically meaningful treatment effect with high probability. In this presentation we give a clinical and statistical background to the problem with a few examples and show some simulation results that illustrate the impact of ignoring multiplicity due to multiple endpoints on the type I error probability. This is then followed by an overview and discussion of some global methods in the lite...
The shape of the sides of an arc

Associated with certain oriented Jordan arcs is a region which is called the side of the arc. Circles centered on the arc and passing through one of the end points of the arc have an envelope which permits one to find analytically the shape of the side of the arc. A condition, stated geometrically, is imposed on the arcs considered, to insure that the circles have an envelope. An analytic condition is then imposed (Theorem 3) to insure an envelope. As an example a parabola is given.
Genetic and physical map of the interferon region on chromosome 9p.

A region of chromosome 9, surrounding the interferon-β (IFNB1) locus and the interferon-α (IFNA) gene cluster on 9p13–p22, has been shown to be frequently deleted or rearranged in a number of human cancers, including leukemia, glioma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, and melanoma. To assist in better defining the precise region(s) of 9p implicated in each of these malignancies, a combined genetic and physical map of this region was generated using the available 9p markers IFNB1, IFNA, D9S3, and D9S19, along with a newly described locus, D9S126. The relative order and distances between these loci were determined by multipoint linkage analysis of CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain) pedigree DNAs, pulsedfield gel electrophoresis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. All three mapping approaches gave concordant results and, in the case of multipoint linkage analysis, the following gene order was supported for these and other closely linked chromosome 9 markers present in the CEPH database: pter-D9S33-IFNB1/IFNA-D9S126-D9S3-D9S19-D9S9/D9S15-ASSP3-qter. This map serves to extend preexisting chromosome 9 maps (which focus primarily on 9q) and also reassigns D9S3 and D9S19 to more proximal locations on 9p.
Professional Learning in Unlikely Spaces: Social Media and Virtual Communities as Professional Development

In this case study, results demonstrate that an individualâ??s use of social media as professional learning spans understanding, networking, professional identity development, and transformative learning. Specifically, virtual online communities facilitated through social media provide professional networks, social relationships and learning beyond the scope of the individualâ??s usual experience. Case study method reveals strategies, extent, and impact of learning providing insight into this phenomenon. The significance of the research includes purposefully facilitating professional learning through informal learning contexts, including social media and online communities beyond technology-centric fields. Discussion and recommendations include using social media and virtual communities as instructional strategies for graduate studies and continued learning beyond formal education.
Determination of Monoterpenes in Oleoresin: A Chemosystematic Study of the Interaction between Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri) and Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceae)

The Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), a conifer native to high elevation sites in the southern Appalachians, has suffered severe mortality attributed to an exotic insect, the balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) (Adelges piceae). Fraser fir, like many other plants, produce volatile organic compounds called monoterpenes in a variety of tissues, including the cortical oleoresin found in blisters on the bark. The purpose of this study was to perform a chemosystematic study to evaluate whether differences in monoterpene composition of Fraser fir oleoresin were observed as a function of the season sampled, the presence or absence of BWA infestation, the health of a tree, and the susceptibility of trees to BWA, based on geographic location. Oleoresin was collected in September and December, 1994, at two mountains, Mount Rogers, where the fir were relatively healthy, and Roan Mountain, where heavy to moderate mortality has been observed. The oleoresin samples were dissolved in methylene chloride, and the monoterpenes were determined by gas chromatography. This method was shown to have acceptable precision for chemosystematic studies for five monoterpenes and the total of all monoterpenes. The levels of monoterpenes in oleoresin were statistically the same for most compounds in September and December, although the total monoterpenes were higher in September at Mount Rogers and α-pinene was higher in December at Roan Mountain. Infested and uninfested fir had the same levels of oleoresin monoterpenes at both mountains. No differences in monoterpene levels were observed at Mount Rogers with healthy and unhealthy fir, but at Roan Mountain, the total monoterpene concentrations were different in these categories. A comparison of monoterpene concentrations in oleoresin from Mount Rogers and Roan Mountain showed statistically significant differences for 3-carene, β-phellandrene, and total monoterpenes.
On the advantage of being different: Nest predation and the coexistence of bird species

A long-standing debate in ecology centers on identifying the processes that determine which species coexist in a local community. Partitioning of resources, where species differ in resource use, is often thought to reflect the primary role of competition in determining coexistence of species. However, in theory predation can favor similar patterns. This theory premises that predators increase their search intensity with increasing density of prey. One set of experiments reported here supports this premise based on predators that search for bird nests. A second set of experiments documents that predation rates are lower when nest sites are partitioned among different sites than when the same number of nests are placed in similar sites. Moreover, predation rates on experimental nests are more similar to rates on real nests when experimental nests are partitioned among different sites. These results provide support for a hypothesis that nest predation is a process that can favor coexistence of bird species that partition resources, where nest sites are the resources.
Are Subcutaneous Transmitters Better Than Intracoelomic? A Response

We respond here to a critique of our paper (Small et al. 2004b) regarding the methodology used to implant subcutaneous transmitters in white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica). We agree with Mulcahy (2006) that more information regarding the methodology we used would have been appropriate. However, we refute the contention that we could not have followed the surgical protocol we cited and that protocols were not sterile. We believe this misinterpretation of our methods comes from a failure to note some of the finer points reported in our methodology. We address each issue made by Mulcahy (2006) in this response.
Not Just "Gym" Anymore: The Role of Journaling in Physical Education Courses

In this article, the author explores the use of journaling in high school physical education classes. An assistant professor of health and physical education, the author seeks to assist high school instructors with preparing students for the demands of college, both physical and intellectual. The author gives specific instructions on how best to incorporate journaling into the high school curriculum so that students will painlessly increase their writing skills while engaging in enjoyable self-discovery and self-improvement.
A carbon nanotube strain sensor for structural health monitoring

A carbon nanotube polymer material was used to form a piezoresistive strain sensor for structural health monitoring applications. The polymer improves the interfacial bonding between the nanotubes. Previous single walled carbon nanotube buckypaper sensors produced distorted strain measurements because the van der Waals attraction force allowed axial slipping of the smooth surfaces of the nanotubes. The polymer sensor uses larger multi-walled carbon nanotubes which improve the strain transfer, repeatability and linearity of the sensor. An electrical model of the nanotube strain sensor was derived based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and strain testing. The model is useful for designing nanotube sensor systems. A biomimetic artificial neuron was developed by extending the length of the sensor. The neuron is a long continuous strain sensor that has a low cost, is simple to install and is lightweight. The neuron has a low bandwidth and adequate strain sensitivity. The neuron sensor is particularly useful for detecting large strains and cracking, and can reduce the number of channels of data acquisition needed for the health monitoring of large structures.
Growth hormone regulation of follicular growth

The somatotropic axis-consisting of growth hormone (GH), the insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2), GH binding protein (GHBP), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1 to 6, and the cell-surface receptors for GH and the IGFs-has major effects on growth, lactation and reproduction. The primary target tissues for GH are involved in growth and metabolism. The functionality of the somatotropic axis depends in part on the expression of liver GH receptor (GHR), which determines the amount of IGF1 released from the liver in response to GH. The IGF1 acts as a pleiotropic growth factor and also serves as the endocrine negative feedback signal controlling pituitary GH secretion. Growth hormone and IGF1 undergo dynamic changes throughout the life cycle, particularly when animals are either growing, early post partum or lactating. Cells within the reproductive tract can respond directly to GH but to a lesser degree than the primary target tissues. The major impact that GH has on reproduction, therefore, may be secondary to its systemic effects on metabolism (including insulin sensitivity) or secondary to the capacity for GH to control IGF1 secretion. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and IGFBP are also synthesised within the ovary and this local synthesis is a component of the collective IGF1 action on the follicle. Future studies of GH should focus on its direct effects on the follicle as well as its indirect effects mediated by shifts in nutrient metabolism, insulin sensitivity, IGF1 and IGFBP.
Advanced Colorectal Adenomas in Patients Under 45 Years of Age Are Mostly Sporadic

Background The presence of advanced adenomas in younger individuals is a criterion for Lynch syndrome (LS). However, the utility of screening advanced adenomas for loss of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression to identify suspected LS remains unclear.
Deposition and characterization of thin electroless palladium films from newly developed baths

Abstract Thin palladium films of about 100 nm thickness have been successfully deposited on hydrogenated amorphous silicon using an electroless deposition process from palladium-ammine baths. The d.c. magnetron reactive sputtered 18% hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) possessed a hydrogen-passivated surface, necessitating an activation step prior to the electroless deposition to obtain a film with good uniformity. The specially prepared hypophosphite-based dilute metal ion bath exhibited good stability at low operating temperatures of 35–50 °C. The composition and microstructure of the active palladium aggregates were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, while the palladium films deposited from the citrate, NH 3 NH 4 Cl, ethylnediamminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and triethyleneammine (TEA) baths were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the activation step, marked differences in morphology and distribution of the palladium aggregates on the activated a-Si:H, a-Si, and crystalline silicon substrates were observed and discussed. The electroless palladium films with higher coverage from the NH 3 NH 4 Cl, EDTA, and TEA baths were more uniform and crack free, while those from the citrate bath suffered from damage due to incorporated hydrogen, resulting in bare spots, microcracks and even local a-Si film peeling. Auger electron spectroscopy revealed that codeposited phosphorus varied from a maximum of 14 at.% in the EDTA bath films to a minimum of 2–3 at.% in the citrate and TEA bath films.
Microchip dialysis of proteins using in situ photopatterned nanoporous polymer membranes.

Chip-level integration of microdialysis membranes is described using a novel method for in situ photopatterning of porous polymer features. Rapid and inexpensive fabrication of nanoporous microdialysis membranes in microchips is achieved using a phase separation polymerization technique with a shaped UV laser beam. By controlling the phase separation process, the molecular weight cutoffs of the membranes can be engineered for different applications. Counterflow dialysis is used to demonstrate extraction of low molecular weight analytes from a sample stream, using two different molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) membranes; the first one with MWCO below 5700 for desalting protein samples, and the second one with a higher MWCO for size-based fractionation of proteins. Modeling based on a simple control volume analysis on the microdialysis system is consistent with measured concentration profiles, indicating both that membrane properties are uniform, well-defined, and reproducible and that diffusion of subcutoff ...
History and Trends in Analog Circuit Challenges at the System Level

In contemporary systems much of the system is embodied in the silicon components. A good example is Intel’s Huron River mobile platform, comprising the Sandy Bridge microprocessor and Cougar Point PCH (Platform Controller Hub). The microprocessor component contains up to four CPU cores, an integrated memory controller supporting dual-channel DDR3, PCIe Generation 2, and integrated graphics. The SATA, USB, and display interfaces reside in the PCH component. Both the microprocessor and PCH components represent significant complexity, not only from a logic point of view, but also from an analog circuit point of view. Contemporary platform signaling speeds include up to 1600 Mb/s single-ended DDR3 and 5 Gb/s differential PCIe Gen2. The typical circuit board material in systems has limitations that require analog complexity to overcome the limits. The risk for post-Si bugs in these circuits is proportional to the circuit complexity. Complicating this is the need to conserve both power and silicon die area: both challenging to the analog circuit designer, and both adding to the overall design complexity. One other factor affecting analog circuitry is in the mixed signal domain, seen primarily in the timing convergence domain. Interfaces – whether single-ended memory channels or differential PCIe channels – are governed by strict clocking and timing budgets. As the signaling speed increases, the clock and timing budgets continue to shrink. This also fuels the risk of circuit bugs. This talk will examine the history and trends of analog and circuit issues that have evolved as system-level integration has been increasing.
Voltage control in a changing US electricity industry

Abstract As the US electricity industry is restructured, the generation, transmission, and system-control equipment and functions that maintain voltages within the appropriate ranges are being deintegrated. These changes in industry structure require new institutional rules and markets to plan for additional voltage-support capacity, to reserve capacity for future use, and to deploy capacity in real time to meet current and contingency conditions. These services can be obtained through engineering mandates or through markets. Whether the location-specific nature of voltage control will permit the creation of competitive markets is not yet known. Voltage control is accomplished by managing reactive power on an alternating-current power system. Reactive power can be produced and absorbed by both generation and transmission equipment. Reactive-power devices differ substantially in the magnitude and speed of response and in their capital costs. System operators, transmission owners, generators, customers, power marketers, and government regulators need to pay close attention to voltage control as they restructure the US electricity industry. When generators are required to supply excessive amounts of reactive power, their real-power production must be curtailed. These opportunity costs are not currently compensated for in most regions. Current tariffs are based on embedded costs. These embedded-cost tariffs average about $0.51/MWh, equivalent to $1.5 billion annually for the United States as a whole. Although this cost is low when compared with the cost of energy, it still aggregates to a significant amount of money. This paper explains why power systems require reactive power. It then examines the various types of generation and transmission resources used to supply reactive power and to control voltage. Finally it discusses how these resources are deployed and paid for in several reliability regions around the country.
Interstellar transport and local-establishment dynamics of spaceborne propagules

We discuss two new factors relevant to the dispersal of established life to hospitable and sterile planets. The first factor concerns the interstellar dispersal of viable microbes within the environment of old, metal-rich, open star clusters. We determine that these clusters present an excellent environment for the transfer of microbial life, since the likelihood of interstellar dispersal is enhanced: the stellar density on the order of 15 stars per pc-3, which decreases the interstellar travel time and raises the probability of collisions between the microbes and planets. As well, the old open clusters remain bound for billions of years, a time scale sufficient for life to arise and be dispersed amongst component starts, after which the open cluster are disrupted, and the component stars are dispersed throughout the Galactic disk. The second factor concerns the probabilistic dynamics of local establishment once an invading propagule is deposited on a planet's surface. We describe a population model relevant to the initial dynamics of invasion for a group of N initial colonists, and discuss processes that affect the long-term persistence of established colonizing groups, including temporal and spatial environmental fluctuations, mutation, and adaptation. This model places a strong constraint on the panspermia hypotheses: not only must microbes survive the hazards associated with transport through interplanetary and interstellar space, but we determined that demographic stochasticity can quickly lead to the extinction of small groups of invading microbes, even if the environment is hospitable for colonization.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prescription versus herbal medications for prostate cancer prevention: Why history cannot be allowed to repeat itself in your clinical practice

It is obvious that herbal dietary supplements have enjoyed a great deal of popularity and sales throughout the past decade and, in the area of prostate cancer prevention, this is especially the case. However, the lack of currently available evidence to indicate their effectiveness truly is a potential problem. In addition, the quality control, safety, and regulatory issues abound. However, regardless of this, one only needs to point toward the history of specific supplements for the prevention and treatment of cancer throughout the past 30 years to realize that there indeed is reason for concern. Beta-carotene supplements, shark cartilage, PC-SPES, vitamin C, and zinc are just a few examples of why clinicians cannot let history repeat itself. In other words, until the results of large randomized trials are published, the best course of action may be promoting no action at all. Lifestyle changes, supplements, and prescription medications that promote overall heart health for patients who qualify seem to make the most sense at this time because even in the worst-case scenario, patients still benefit. Most of the herbal medications that seem promising (eg, flaxseed) have been studied mostly using the dietary, not the supplement form, and this has to be emphasized to patients. The herbal prostate health supplements such as saw palmetto, pygeum, stinging nettle, and others have no adequate clinical data to suggest any impact on cancer prevention. However, their use by individuals at screening sites increases the probability that history may unfortunately repeat itself.
Cognitive‐behaviour therapy with youth: advances, challenges, and future directions

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is one of the most widely-researched therapies for children and adolescents. In this paper, the general tenets of CBT are described, followed by a review of the treatment outcome literature. Overall, there is strong empirical support for CBT with internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depressive disorders whereas more moderate empirical support exists for CBT with externalizing disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. The relative efficacy of individual, family, and group forms of CBT is also examined. Finally, future directions for research on CBT are discussed, including (a) determining the focal person(s) of treatment; (b) the importance of field effectiveness trials; and (c) the integration of CBT with other approaches (e.g. function analytic techniques, acceptance-based approaches). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel signaling pathway to facilitate synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex

Excessive and uncontrolled synaptic transmission resulting in increased glutamate release has been highlighted as responsible for neuronal death in a variety of neurological conditions including head trauma, stroke and status epilepticus. We are interested in synaptic transmission and how this can be regulated at times of critical illness. Ca2+ entry is a critical signal at the synapse where it triggers exocytosis, plasticity, and gene expression. The small volume and limited accessibility of the synaptic cleft has led to the prediction that pre-and postsynaptic Ca2+ influx during neurotransmission will reduce extracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]o), significantly attenuating the release probability of the synapse. Recordings in intact cortex and single synapses have demonstrated falls of one third in [Ca2+]o following moderate activity. It has been proposed that mechanisms to reduce the effect of the fall of [Ca2+]o at the synaptic cleft have a key role in sustaining neurotransmission during periods of high activity. Here we report direct electrophysiological recordings from rat cortical nerve terminals made to identify mechanisms which compensate for reductions of [Ca2+]o. We show that a novel voltage-sensitive, non-specific cation channel (NSCC) was a major contributor to the membrane current of the presynaptic terminal and that this channel was activated by decreases in [Ca2+]o. The [Ca2+]o sensor was also modulated by Mg2+, Gd3+, and spermidine, consistent with properties of identified extracellular Ca2+receptors (CaRs), and regulated the NSCC via a diffusible second messenger. We predict that the NSCC may act to counter the fall in release probability produced by physiological decreases in [Ca2+]o at the synaptic cleft, by favoring Ca2+ delivery via broadening of presynaptic action potentials. If this novel signaling pathway acts to ensure synaptic efficacy at times of excessive synaptic activity, inactivation of the pathway may provide a new route through which we can reduce glutamate excitotoxicity and so reduce neuronal death.
Imperial authority, benefactions and endowments (awqāf) in Mughal India

Islamic theology grants temporal rulers no divine right to command. Muslim kings have often tried to win a kind of legitimacy by offering various kinds of patronage to religious notables. In the Mamluk, Ottoman and Safavi states, endowments (awqdf) were the most common form of benefaction. The Timunds of India, however, favored other forms of grants. They did so, in part, to adjust to religious centers and networks of learned/holy men established by the Muslim rulers who had preceded them. Islam has often appeared in historiography on the early modern empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals as the universal political explanation. The faith of Islam was responsible for the successful beginnings and dismal conclusions of those states. At the birth of an empire, Islam supposedly provided the spiritual cement which united all participants and directed their energies toward a common goal. The simple Hanafi piety of Osman Ghazi's warriors made the Ottomans masters of Rumelia and Anatolia1). The millenarian fervor of the Turkman qtzzlbash devoted to Ismail Safavi enabled that dynasty to create an empire in the Iranian plateau and adjacent regions'). Islam gave Zahir al-Din Babar and his tiny band of Central Asian horsemen the confidence to conquer the Hindu masses of India3). At the same time, scholars have placed Islam at the root of Ottoman and Mughal declines (Having been annihilated by a usurper, the Safavis escaped that style of historical criticism). Islam as a supposedly irrational and backward looking orthodoxy did not prepare the Ottomans or Mughals to adapt to the challenges posed by the expansion of Europe. They became losers in the Darwinian political struggles of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the Ottoman case, the conservative Culamd) managed to frustrate every Ottoman attempt at reform4). As for the Mughals, Alamgir
The Effect of Buyers' Perceptions of Environmental Uncertainty on Satisfaction and Loyalty

This original research explores the influence of environmental factors on organizational buyer's satisfaction with service providers. Using survey data from a cross-section of organizational buyers in a structural equation model, empirical support is found for the interrelationships between perceptions of the environment and satisfaction with as well as loyalty to the service provider. Uncertainty about both the internal and external environment creates ambiguity for purchasers of services. Buyers cope with the external uncertainty by increasing their search for additional alternatives. An increase in internal uncertainty decreases positive evaluations of service performance. Each relationship directly affects satisfaction and loyalty.
Analyzing the impact of information technology investments using regression and data mining techniques

Purpose – Many attempts to justify the business value of increased investments in information technology (IT) have shown mixed results. While findings from earlier studies have been conflicting, recent firm level studies indicate that IT investments have a positive impact on productivity. However, whether IT adds value to organizations is an on going debating issue. Thus, thus it is worth of further investigation.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs multiple techniques – a regression, regression trees, and regression splines – and integrate the responses provided from each technique.Findings – While IT investments have a positive impact on productivity, the impact is conditional and is not uniform but depends on the amounts invested in other related areas, such as non‐IT labor, non‐IT capital, and/or IT investments.Practical implications – The IT impact on productivity can be maximized when investments in other related areas are considered together than when they are considered in isolation. Th...
Characteristics of the inhibition of interferon-α/β production after crystalline nickel sulfide exposure

Murine L-929 cells were treated with crystalline nickel sulfide (NiS), washed, and then exposed to polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) to induce interferon-α/β (IFN-α/β). Addition of crystalline NiS at different time points, from 24 hr prior to IFN induction (pretreatment) up to 12 hr after IFN induction, resulted in significant inhibition of IFN-α/β production. In addition, 24-hr pretreatment of L-929 cells with crystalline NiS resulted in significantly decreased production of IFN-α/β even 120 hr after addition of IFN inducer. IFN-α/β at a known concentration was titered by means of a viral plaque reduction assay in crystalline NiS-treated L-929 cell cultures. Crystalline NiS did not show a significant inhibitory effect on the antiviral activity of IFN on L-929 cells as compared to controls. The results described here suggest that NiS has a rapid and a long-lasting inhibitory activity on the production of IFN-α/β.
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in a University Health Population: Clinical Manifestations, Epidemiology, and Implications

Abstract Objective: The authors described clinical presentations of oral and genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in a university health population and implications of these findings. Participants and Methods: Using a standardized data collection tool, 215 records of patients with symptomatic culture-positive HSV infections were reviewed. Results: HSV-1 accounted for 78% of female and 85% of male genital herpes (GH) infections, and oral herpes (OH) infections presented as an acute febrile illness (AFI) in 51% of those 18 to 24 years old. HSV-2 accounted for 68% of GH infections among adults 25 or older. Conclusions: As seroprevalence for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 in the United States is decreasing, a growing college age cohort is at risk for primary HSV-1 infection. The proportion of GH caused by HSV-1 also continues to increase. This understanding has implications for clinical care, sexual health programming, and counseling strategies.
Relationships between Soil-Landscape and Dryland Cotton Lint Yield

Topographical land features shape the spatial variability of soils and crop yields, especially in dryland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The objectives of this study were to (i) quantify the relationships between cotton lint yields vs. derived topographical attributes in combination with measured soil physical properties, and (ii) quantify the relationships between measured soil physical properties and derived topographical attributes. The dominant soil of the study area was classified as Vaiden soil series (very-fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Dystruderts). More than 4500 elevation point data were recorded in a 42-ha field using a real-time kinematic-global positioning system (RTK-GPS) used in a geographic information system (GIS) to derive topographic (slope, curvature and aspect) and hydrologic attributes (wetness index, flow direction, flow length, flow accumulation, and sediment transport index). Surface (0-17 cm) sand, clay, saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s ), bulk density (ρ b ), water content at seven equilibrium pressure levels ranging from -0.01 to -1.5 MPa, and 2-yr cotton lint yield data were measured from sites selected based on classified normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Stepwise linear regression indicated that cotton lint yield variability was explained by soil properties (65% in 2001 and 58% in 2002), and topographic and hydrologic attributes (40 and 21%), as well as their combined effects (82 and 72%). Elevation, flow direction, sediment transport index, percentage sand content, and volumetric water content (0,) at -0.001 MPa pressure explained most of the lint yield variation. Overall, statistical analysis indicated that higher elevation areas generally yielded lower (r = -0.50, P < 0.01) and may experience water stress earlier in the season, as compared with lower elevation areas. We expect that once these features are derived and interpreted, they will have a long-lasting impact on cotton management under dryland conditions.
Corrosion and corrosion inhibition in the petroleum industry

This lecture reviews some representative types of aqueous corrosion problems encountered in the various facets of the petroleum industry. The fundamental processes underlying these corrosion problems are examined. In addition, commonly used methods for corrosion prevention and control which rely on modification of the corrosive environment or the use of corrosion inhibitors are discussed. Korrosion und Inhibierung in der Erdolindustrie Die Arbeit behandelt einige reprasentative Typen der durch Wasser verursachten Korrosion in verschiedenen Bereichen der Erdolindustrie. Dazu werden die grundlegenden Vorgange untersucht, die zu diesen Korrosionsproblemen fuhren. Auserdem werden die Methoden erortert, die zur Verhutung der Korrosion benutzt werden und die eine Veranderung der einwirkenden Medien und die Verwendung von Korrosionsinhibitoren zur Grundlage haben.
EMS1: AN ELEGANT ALGORITHM FOR EDIT DISTANCE BASED MOTIF SEARCH

Motifs are biologically significant patterns found in DNA/protein sequences. Given a set of biological sequences, the problem of identifying the motifs is very challenging. This problem has been well studied in computational biology. Identifying motifs through experimental processes is extremely expensive and time consuming. This is one of the factors influencing computational biologists to come up with novel computational methods to predict motifs. Several motif models have been proposed in the literature and for each model numerous algorithms have been devised. Three popular motif models are (l, d)-motif search or Planted Motif Search (PMS), Simple Motif Search (SMS), and Edit-distance based Motif Search (EMS). For PMS and SMS several algorithms have been proposed and implemented. On the other hand, even though some algorithms exist in the literature for the problem of EMS, no implementations of these algorithms are known. This is mainly because the proposed algorithms are complex. In this paper we present an elegant algorithm for EMS. We have implemented this algorithm and compared it against 14 other algorithms in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Our experimental results indicate that the new algorithm is very competitive in practice.
Evaluation of hypophosphataemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-exposed and TDF-unexposed HIV-infected out-patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives Cases of hypophosphataemia (often coincident with renal dysfunction) have been reported in HIV-infected patients taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), but randomized placebo-controlled trials of HIV-infected persons with normal baseline renal function have found a comparable incidence of hypophosphataemia in the TDF and placebo groups. We assessed the incidence of grade 2 and higher hypophosphataemia in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS). Methods We analysed a prospective cohort of patients who initiated either a TDF-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen [TDF-exposed (TDF+) group; n=165] or a TDF-sparing HAART regimen [TDF-unexposed (TDF–) group; n=90], and who had normal baseline phosphate and creatinine values. Results The TDF+and TDF−groups had comparable median follow-up times (10.9 vs 8.8 months, respectively; P=0.18) and number of phosphate measurements (median=3 for both) and were similar on most clinical and demographic factors. During follow up, 12.7% of TDF+vs 6.7% of TDF−patients developed grade 2 hypophosphataemia (2.0–2.4 mg/dL), and 2.4% of TDF+patients vs 0% of TDF−patients developed grade 3 hypophosphataemia (1.0–1.9 mg/dL); none developed grade 4 hypophosphataemia (<1.0 mg/dL). The incidence of grade 2 or higher hypophosphataemia was 16.7 per 100 person-years among TDF+patients vs 8.0 per 100 person-years among TDF−patients (P=0.11). Conclusions The incidence of hypophosphataemia was somewhat elevated in HOPS patients who took TDF-containing HAART compared with those who took TDF-sparing HAART during the first 1 to 2 years of observation, but the difference was not statistically significant. Longer follow-up of a larger population is needed to determine if this trend towards an association achieves statistical significance and to evaluate the clinical consequences of hypophosphataemia.
Photometry of the Globular Cluster M54 and the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy: The Age-Metallicity Relation

We present deep VI-band photometry of the globular cluster M54, a nearby field in the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, and a control field. The color-magnitude diagrams reach well below the oldest main-sequence turnoffs, thus enabling an analysis of the galaxy's age-metallicity relation with unprecedented clarity. We also study the variable stars in the direction of M54. From 67 RR Lyrae variables, we confirm and improve on our previous estimates of the cluster horizontal branch magnitude, foreground reddening, and horizontal branch morphology. These values are used in determining the ages of M54 and the Sagittarius field populations. We confirm our previous result that M54 is the same age as Galactic globular clusters of similar metallicity. We also derive ages on a self-consistent scale for the other three globular clusters in Sagittarius. We find strong evidence for multiple episodes of star formation (or continuous star formation with a variable rate) in the field of Sagittarius. We characterize the principal episodes with the ages 11, 5, and 0.5 through 3 Gyr and with [Fe/H] values of -1.3, -0.7, and -0.4, respectively. On this scale, M54 has an age of 15 Gyr. Surprisingly, the age-metallicity relation we have derived for the galaxy as a whole is described quite well by a closed-box chemical evolution model. We also find that the populations associated with the Sgr field are clumped spatially around M54, and we consider several explanations for this phenomenon. We again speculate that Sagittarius is a nucleated dwarf elliptical galaxy with M54 as its nucleus.
Simple but sophisticated immobilization casts.

Abstract A fast and easy method of immobilization cast fabrication is described. There is no need for a special mold room or mold technologist, since either the radiotherapist or the radiation technologist is able to construct these casts in less than 10 min. A one-piece tbree-layer composite “casting blank” is used. A first sheet of resilient, water absorbable, non-allergenk open cell polyurethane foam, an inner layer of seven or more plaster splints, and a third outer layer of fibrous water absorbable cotton flannel comprise the composite casting blank. This paper outlines the steps in construction of this cast.
Dimensional Information-Theoretic Measurement of Facial Emotion Expressions in Schizophrenia

Altered facial expressions of emotions are characteristic impairments in schizophrenia. Ratings of affect have traditionally been limited to clinical rating scales and facial muscle movement analysis, which require extensive training and have limitations based on methodology and ecological validity. To improve reliable assessment of dynamic facial expression changes, we have developed automated measurements of facial emotion expressions based on information-theoretic measures of expressivity of ambiguity and distinctiveness of facial expressions. These measures were examined in matched groups of persons with schizophrenia () and healthy controls () who underwent video acquisition to assess expressivity of basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) in evoked conditions. Persons with schizophrenia scored higher on ambiguity, the measure of conditional entropy within the expression of a single emotion, and they scored lower on distinctiveness, the measure of mutual information across expressions of different emotions. The automated measures compared favorably with observer-based ratings. This method can be applied for delineating dynamic emotional expressivity in healthy and clinical populations.
Hollow Cathode and Low-Thrust Extraction Grid Analysis for a Miniature Ion Thruster

Miniature ion thrusters are well suited for future space missions that require high efficiency, precision thrust, and low contamination in the mN to sub-mN range. JPL's miniature xenon Ion (MiXI) thruster has demonstrated an efficient discharge and ion extraction grid assembly using filament cathodes and the internal conduction (IC) cathode. JPL is currently preparing to incorporate a miniature hollow cathode for the MiXI discharge. Computational analyses anticipate that an axially upstream hollow cathode location provides the most favorable performance and beam profile; however, the hot surfaces of the hollow cathode must be sufficiently downstream to avoid demagnetization of the cathode magnet at the back of the chamber, which can significantly reduce discharge performance. MiXI's ion extraction grids are designed to provide > 3 mN of thrust; however, previous to this effort, the low-thrust characteristics had not been investigated. Experimental results obtained with the MiXI-II thruster (a near replica or the original MiXI thruster) show that sparse average discharge plasma densities of ∼ 5 × 10 15 – 5 × 10 16 m - 3 allow the use of very low beamlet focusing extraction voltages of only ∼ 250 –500 V, thus providing thrust levels as low as 0.03 mN for focused beamlet conditions. Consequently, the thrust range thus far demonstrated by MiXI in this and other tests is 0.03–1.54 mN.
Backbone network bandwidth prediction and plan technology research based on Smart Grid telecommunication service analysis

The development of Smart Gird has higher demand on the support of electric power telecommunication network. Considering the “strong smart Grid construction and development mode, service modeling, bandwidth prediction and plan technology of electric power telecommunication network which covers the main parts of smart grid (Generation, Transmission and Power Dispatching) is studied in this paper. Then methods of service modeling of smart grid telecommunication network and backbone network bandwidth prediction method based on service models are carried out. It is proved that the model and method is strongly operational and practical according to the calculated result. The bandwidth calculated satisfies the development of telecommunication services. The method carried out in this paper that has already used in the “the 12th five year plan” of state grid telecommunication will do great help for the bandwidth management and plan of power system telecommunication network.
The development and refinement of continental arcs by primary basaltic magmatism, garnet pyroxenite accumulation, basaltic recharge and delamination: insights from the Sierra Nevada, California

The lower crust of the Mesozoic Sierra Nevada batholith was made up of high MgO, garnet-poor and low MgO, garnet-rich pyroxenites. Both groups are genetically linked and are collectively complementary to the mafic to intermediate Sierran plutons. High MgO pyroxenites represent high pressure cumulates from a mantle-derived hydrous basalt or basaltic andesite, resulting in derivative magmas having unusually low MgO for a given SiO2 as represented by the numerous mafic enclaves found in many Sierran plutons. The low MgO pyroxenites are either (1) shallow pressure cumulates from these derivative magmas or (2) partial melting residues (restites) of these derivative magmas after they were emplaced and solidified at lower crustal levels. In both cases, the complementary melt to the low MgO pyroxenites is driven to higher SiO2 contents, generating diorites and granodiorites. However, this simple two-stage scenario for the origin of Sierran granitoids cannot explain the observation that the Mg# of Sierran intermediate magmas remains roughly constant at ∼0.45–0.50 with increasing SiO2. Basaltic recharge/mixing with the lower crust is suggested as one means of buffering Mg#s and re-melting the lower crust to generate granitic melts, the latter of which mix with more juvenile magmas to complete the Sierran differentiation series.
Planning or e-Planning?: Implications for Theory, Education and Practice

Planning theory is hardly relevant for E-Planning, because generic "planning" does not exist for practical purposes, except as distinct planning practices. E-Planning is such a practice, with implications for E-Planning theory, education and practice. Defining planning as "what planners do" makes planning a socially recognized practice; for such practices "planning" always has a qualifyer: urban-, environmental-or strategic planning. Meaningful discussion of planning demands contingent referents not abstract generalizations. Diverse planning practices are identifyable on several dimensions: sector, level or domain, and country. With various actors and blends of usable knowledge, planning practices contribute expertise to the co-construction of knowledge. The case for E-Planning follows the prototype of spatial planning, including tools: knowledge that E-planners contribute; practice: the E-Planner's role and social purpose; and context: E-planners' workplaces and their institutional environment. Evidence of institutionalization including the IJEPR confirms that E-Planning is a real planning practice, with E-Planning theory in development and awaiting integration.