cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal tuning of governors on synchronous generators in a multi-area power system with a large photovoltaic plant

The integration of renewables, such as solar and wind power, introduces new challenges for existing multi-area power system operations. These variable generation sources are transforming the grid into a more dynamic system which significantly affects real-time operation. With dynamic generation, supply and demand will deviate frequently over time causing severe frequency fluctuations. The generators on the grid must respond rapidly to these fluctuations in order to stabilize the system and ultimately return to nominal frequency. In this paper, a 210 MW photovoltaic (PV) plant is integrated into a two-area four-machine power system. Due to the output variations of the PV plant, especially during cloudy conditions, the system frequency will significantly fluctuate. The objective of this paper is the optimal tuning of governors on synchronous generators in order to damp and mitigate frequency deviations as fast as possible. The governor parameters are tuned using a heuristic optimization method to provide the least number of frequency events and minimum frequency deviation with varying penetration levels of PV power. With optimally tuned governor parameters, a multi-area power system can operate reliably while maximizing the utilization of clean power generation sources.
Basic Microstructure-Macroproperty Calculations

Many modern materialsare comprised of an assembly of various microscale components, typically ground up particulates or fibers in a binding matrix which is formed into engineering geometries.
AdaFT: A Framework for Adaptive Fault Tolerance for Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) frequently have to use massive redundancy to meet application requirements for high reliability. While such redundancy is required, it can be activated adaptively, based on the current state of the controlled plant. Most of the time, the plant is in a state that allows for a lower level of fault tolerance. Avoiding the continuous deployment of massive fault tolerance will greatly reduce the workload of the CPS, and lower the operating temperature of the cyber sub-system, thus increasing its reliability. In this article, we extend our prior research by demonstrating a software simulation framework Adaptive Fault Tolerance (AdaFT) that can automatically generate the sub-spaces within which our adaptive fault tolerance can be applied. We also show the theoretical benefits of AdaFT and its actual implementation in several real-world CPSs.
Sediment Transport in Grass Swales

Grass swales are vegetated open channels that collect and transport stormwater runoff. They are often used as an alternative to concrete gutters to transport r…
A Supplement to Karl Lashley’s Biographical Sketch of Paul Harkai Schiller

I provide information to supplement the biographical sketch of Paul Schiller written by Karl Lashley 40 years ago.
“My Insides Feel Like Keith Richards’ Face”: A Narrative Analysis of Humor and Biographical Disruption in Young Adults’ Cancer Blogs

ABSTRACTIn this thematic narrative analysis, I examine how three young adult (YA) cancer survivors use humor and the five functions of illness-related storytelling in personal blogs maintained across the cancer trajectory to describe and counter their age-distinct biographical disruption. In 370 blog entries, YA narrators employed humor to facilitate biographical reconstruction and achieve “aligning moments” with audiences. Researchers and practitioners can use YA blogs to better understand the interpersonal health communication challenges associated with medical decision-making, altered social identities, the “void” following the completion of primary treatment, uncertainty about disclosure, and social isolation from other YA survivors.
Energy decomposition analysis of single bonds within Kohn–Sham density functional theory

An energy decomposition analysis (EDA) for single chemical bonds is presented within the framework of Kohn–Sham density functional theory based on spin projection equations that are exact within wave function theory. Chemical bond energies can then be understood in terms of stabilization caused by spin-coupling augmented by dispersion, polarization, and charge transfer in competition with destabilizing Pauli repulsions. The EDA reveals distinguishing features of chemical bonds ranging across nonpolar, polar, ionic, and charge-shift bonds. The effect of electron correlation is assessed by comparison with Hartree–Fock results. Substituent effects are illustrated by comparing the C–C bond in ethane against that in bis(diamantane), and dispersion stabilization in the latter is quantified. Finally, three metal–metal bonds in experimentally characterized compounds are examined: a Mg I – Mg I dimer, the Zn I – Zn I bond in dizincocene, and the Mn–Mn bond in dimanganese decacarbonyl.
Effect of Emergency Physician-Performed Point-of-Care Ultrasound and Radiology Department-Performed Ultrasound Examinations on the Emergency Department Length of Stay Among Pregnant Women at Less Than 20 Weeks' Gestation.

Objectives We sought to confirm retrospective studies that measured an approximately 20% reduction in emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS) in early-gestation pregnant women who receive emergency physician-performed point-of-care ultrasound (US) examinations rather than radiology department-performed US examinations for evaluation of intrauterine pregnancy (IUP). Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed at an urban academic safety net hospital and 2 Naval medical centers in the United States. The allocation was concealed before enrollment. Clinically stable adult pregnant women at less than 20 weeks' gestation who presented to the ED with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding were randomized to receive a point-of-care or radiology US to assess for IUP. The primary outcome measure was the ED LOS. Results A total of 224 patients (point-of-care US, n = 118; radiology US, n = 106) were included for the analysis. The ED LOS was 20 minutes shorter in the point-of-care US arm (95% confidence interval [CI], -54 to 7 minutes). Adjusting for variability due to the location, the ED LOS was calculated to be 31 minutes shorter (95% CI, -64 to 1 minute) than for patients in the radiology US arm. Excluding patients in the point-of-care US arm who crossed over to radiology US after an inconclusive point-of-care US examination, the ED LOS was 75 minutes shorter than in the radiology US arm (95% CI, -97 to -53 minutes). Conclusions Early-gestation pregnant ED patients requiring pelvic US were discharged earlier when point-of-care US was used rather than radiology US; however, this trial did not achieve our target of 30 minutes. Nevertheless, our data support the routine use of ED point-of-care US for IUP, saving the most time if a conclusive IUP is identified.
Taurine and niacin offer a novel therapeutic modality in prevention of chemically-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters.

Taurine, a sulfur containing s-amino acid, is present in high concentrations in most mammalian tissues. Although taurine is not a constituent of mammalian proteins, it plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and nervous systems1,2 and conjugation of bile acids3. The beneficial effects of taurine against oxidant-induced tissue injury have been attributed to its ability to stabilize biomembranes4,5 and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hypochlorous acid6–8. Several effects of taurine on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems may be related to calcium redistribution since taurine alters calcium transport9,10. It has been demonstrated that exogenously administered taurine would offer protection against oxidant-induced lung damage11,12 In addition, Nakashima et a1.13 reported therapeutic and prophylactic effects of taurine on experimentally-induced liver injury.
AN ALTERNATIVE SET OF OPERATORS FOR THREE-PARTICLE SCATTERING

This chapter presents a set of operators intermediate between the more conventional Faddeev M βα and Lovelace-type U βα operators. The set combines attractive features of both M βα and U βα , and it is the most natural one to be considered when starting from a wave-function approach. The splitting of the wave-function into Faddeev components corresponds to a splitting according to which pair of particles interacts last. The chapter defines a set of operators K βα . The wave-function approach is closely related to a formulation of three-particle scattering theory in terms of the operators K βα . The main advantage of U βα is its close relationship to the physical transition amplitudes that is shared by K βα . The chapter explores how the K βα operators combine features of both the Faddeev and Lovelace-type operators. The optimal three-particle amplitudes of Osborn and Kowalski can be understood as matrix elements of K βα . Most of the approximation techniques used for U βα -type operators are also applicable to K βα .
The Nature of Horizontal Resistance of Oats to Crown Rust

Development of Puccinia coronata in an oat cultivar with horizontal resistance (HR) was assessed using fluorescence microscopy. The first visible response was fluorescence in mesophyll cell walls. This reaction occurred about 18 h after inoculation, and seemed to depend upon development of substomatal vesicles. The growth of the parasite at individual infection sites was inversely related to the degree of host response, which was expressed as the number of fluorescing cells. A rapid and severe host reaction resulted in the arrest of growth of the parasite before haustorial mother cells formed, but slow host response retarded hyphal growth. The arrest of growth was associated with a reduction in the number of uredinia, while the retardation of hyphal growth reduced size of the uredinia and increased the latent period. Thus, fluorescence of the mesophyll cell walls was correlated with these three components of HR. In some sites, the host did not react to invasion by the parasite. When this happened, the hyphae grew at a normal rate. Seven days after inoculation, the average area of the uredinia of a susceptible type was about three times larger than that of the cultivar with HR. My results suggest that the substomatal vesicle produces a compound that is recognised by mesophyll cells, and that the time of host recognisation and the speed of host response condition three major components of HR to crown rust.
Compendium of Material Composition Data for Radiation Transport Modeling

Computational modeling of radiation transport problems including homeland security, radiation shielding and protection, and criticality safety all depend upon material definitions. This document has been created to serve two purposes: 1) to provide a quick reference of material compositions for analysts and 2) a standardized reference to reduce the differences between results from two independent analysts. Analysts are always encountering a variety of materials for which elemental definitions are not readily available or densities are not defined. This document provides a location where unique or hard to define materials will be located to reduce duplication in research for modeling purposes. Additionally, having a common set of material definitions helps to standardize modeling across PNNL and provide two separate researchers the ability to compare different modeling results from a common materials basis.
Practical Design Considerations for MV LCL Filter Under High dv/dt Conditions Considering the Effects of Parasitic Elements

For high power medium voltage (MV) grid connected applications LCL filter proves to be an attractive solution to filter out the current harmonics when compared to $L$ or LC filters. The inductance requirement reduces drastically to meet the same Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) standards for grid connections for LC L filters compared to $L$ filter which makes the system dynamics much faster. The increasing use of Silicon Carbide (SiC) based power devices for MV applications has made the effects of the parasitic elements in the filter more prominent, due to the high dv / dt experienced by the passive filter elements during device switching transients. This paper addresses the issues associated with the high dv / dt experienced by the LC L filters for SiC-based MV applications. In order to study these effects, the parasitic elements of the inductor are modeled and analyzed. A suitable solution is proposed to improve the overall system performance. The effect of high dv / dt on the filter and the effectiveness of the proposed solution are validated using simulation. Experimental data is also provided to validate the proposed concept.
The Applicability of N: Ancient Debates and Modern Experimental Design

Medicine has always been characterized by a tension between the particular and the general. A clinician is obligated to treat the individual in front of her, yet she accomplishes this task by applying generalized knowledge that describes an abstract average but not necessarily a specific person. Efforts to systematize this process of moving between the particular and the general have led to the development of randomized controlled trials and large observational studies. Inclusion of tens of thousands of people in such studies, it is argued, will enhance the applicability of the data to more individual circumstances. Yet, as genetic sequencing data have become more widely obtained and used, there has been an increased focus on what has been broadly termed “precision medicine”, a highly individualized approach to therapeutics. Moreover, advances in statistical methods have enabled researchers to use N-of-1 study data—traditionally considered too individualized to be broadly applicable—in new ways. This paper contextualizes these apparently modern debates with reference to historical arguments about methods of disease diagnosis and treatment, and earlier physicians’ concerns about the tension between the particular and the general that is intrinsic to medical practice.
Exploring Childhood Obesity Perceptions Among Caregivers of African American Children

Childhood obesity efforts have been characterized by low levels of caregiver involvement. This qualitative study explores caregiver perceptions about childhood obesity prevention. We conducted 12 in-depth interviews with caregivers of African American children aged 8–11 years. We used thematic analysis to identify consistent patterns of preventing childhood obesity and encouraging healthy behaviors. Four themes emerged including rural culture and the built environment, physical and social health effects of childhood obesity, measuring childhood obesity, and preventive strategies. Caregivers are cognizant of childhood obesity risk factors and discussed challenges in their rural environment when attempting to practice and maintain health behaviors for their children. They also stated that caregivers were vital in preventing childhood obesity. Our findings highlight the value of involving caregivers in the design and implementation of childhood obesity initiatives. Additionally, future childhood obesity efforts should equip caregivers and children with behavioral skills and resources to assist in developing healthy habits.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP is a master regulator of ER functions: Getting by with a little help from ERdj friends

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) represents the entry point into the secretory pathway where nascent proteins encounter a specialized environment for their folding and maturation. Inherent to these processes is a dedicated quality-control system that detects proteins that fail to mature properly and targets them for cytosolic degradation. An imbalance in protein folding and degradation can result in the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, resulting in the activation of a signaling cascade that restores proper homeostasis in this organelle. The ER heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family member BiP is an ATP-dependent chaperone that plays a critical role in these processes. BiP interacts with specific ER-localized DnaJ family members (ERdjs), which stimulate BiP's ATP-dependent substrate interactions, with several ERdjs also binding directly to unfolded protein clients. Recent structural and biochemical studies have provided detailed insights into the allosteric regulation of client binding by BiP and have enhanced our understanding of how specific ERdjs enable BiP to perform its many functions in the ER. In this review, we discuss how BiP's functional cycle and interactions with ERdjs enable it to regulate protein homeostasis in the ER and ensure protein quality control.
A Critical Review and Perspective of Honey in Tissue Engineering and Clinical Wound Healing

Significance: Historically, honey has been regarded as a potent agent in bacterial inhibition and wound healing. An increased prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogens spurred an initial resurgence in honey's clinical popularity, with it quickly finding a place in wound care and regenerative medicine. However, this renewed usage demanded a need for improved delivery and overall research of its bioactive properties. This review provides an overview of the antibacterial properties and clinical use of honey. Recent Advances: The past and present clinical use of honey is noted, focusing specifically on burns and ulcers, as these are the most common applications of the natural agent. While honey is often used without modification clinically, there are also commercially available products ranging from dressings to gels, which are discussed. Critical Issues: Despite these products growing in popularity, the need for improved delivery and a structure to support wound healing could improve the treatment method. Future Directions: Tissue engineering scaffolds can provide an alternative method of honey delivery with research focusing primarily on electrospun scaffolds, hydrogels, and cryogels. Current studies on these scaffolds are discussed with respect to their advantages and potential for future clinical work. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the properties of honey, its current use in wound healing, and the potential for future incorporation into tissue-engineered scaffolds to provide an innovative wound healing agent.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of an Arsolyl Anion and Preparation of an Arsinogallate

The permethylated arsolyl anion C4Me4AsLi(TMEDA) (5) has been prepared; its crystal structure (determined by X-ray diffraction) revealed an aromatic heterocycle comparable to the homologous pyrrolyl and phospholyl anions.
An autoregressive (AR) model based stochastic unknown input realization and filtering technique

This paper studies the state estimation problem of linear discrete-time systems with stochastic unknown inputs. The unknown input is a wide-sense stationary process while no other prior information needs to be known. We propose an autoregressive (AR) model based unknown input realization technique which allows us to recover the input statistics from the output data by solving an appropriate least squares problem, then fit an AR model to the recovered input statistics and construct an innovations model of the unknown inputs using the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA). An augmented state system is constructed and the standard Kalman filter is applied for state estimation. A reduced order model (ROM) filter is also introduced to reduce the computational cost of the Kalman filter. One numerical example is given to illustrate the procedure.
Fair Inclusion and the Pursuit of Robustly Generalizable Clinically Relevant Knowledge

Douglas MacKay and Katherine Saylor’s careful reading of the literature articulating, defending, and invoking the principle of fair subject selection in research reveals a cluster of four ethical o...
Sustaining Cultures in the Music Classroom

Cultural diversity is not a new concept in the field of music education. Yet minoritized groups continue to face systematic discrimination. Given the shifting cultural realities, how we as music te...
Blood Transfusion Requirements for Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Purpose Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a rescue device used for cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction. Patients on ECMO often require blood transfusions to maintain oxygen delivery and recover from bleeding complications. Goals of the current study are to determine: 1) transfusion requirements while on ECMO, 2) incidence of bleeding complications, 3) transfusion requirements for bleeding complications. Methods Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) transfusions and bleeding complications were identified by retrospective chart review of patients on ECMO from 2010 to 2018 at our institution. Patients were categorized into those who did not bleed (group A) and those who bled (group B). Incidence and sites of bleeding were analyzed, and transfusion requirement for each bleeding event was determined. Results Among a total of 217 patients including veno-arterial (VA) (n=148) and veno-venous (VV) (n=69) ECMO, we identified 62 patients (29%) without bleeding complications (group A) and 155 patients (71%) with bleeding complications (group B). Overall PRBC transfusion requirement was significantly higher in group B (1.6 PRBC/day) than group A (0.5 PRBC/day) [p= Conclusion Various bleeding complications were observed during ECMO. Transfusion requirements dramatically increased once patients developed bleeding complications. Patient outcomes were exacerbated by bleeding complications. ECMO patients without any clinical bleeding still required transfusion, which was higher in VA than VV ECMO.
Consequences of Alcohol Use: Truancy as a Mediator between Drinking and Achievement.

Introduction: Adolescents may experience and engage in many risky consequences and behaviors after drinking. It is important to consider the consequences of substance use as these consequences can ...
Fourth- and Fifth-Order Virial Coefficients from Weak Coupling to Unitarity

In the current era of precision quantum many-body physics, one of the most scrutinized systems is the unitary limit of the nonrelativistic spin-1/2 Fermi gas, due to its simplicity and relevance for atomic, condensed matter, and nuclear physics. The thermodynamics of this strongly correlated system is determined by universal functions which, at high temperatures, are governed by universal virial coefficients b_{n} that capture the effects of the n-body system on the many-body dynamics. Currently, b_{2} and b_{3} are well understood, but the situation is less clear for b_{4}, and no predictions have been made for b_{5}. To answer these open questions, we implement a nonperturbative analytic approach based on the Trotter-Suzuki factorization of the imaginary-time evolution operator, using progressively finer temporal lattice spacings. By means of these factorizations and automated algebra codes, we obtain the interaction-induced change Δb_{n} from weak coupling to unitarity. At unitarity, we find that Δb_{3}=-0.356(4) in agreement with previous results, Δb_{4}=0.062(2), which is in agreement with all previous theoretical estimates but at odds with experimental determinations, and Δb_{5}=0.078(6), which is a prediction. We show the impact of those answers on the density equation of state and Tan contact, and trace their origin back to their polarized and unpolarized components.
Using Social Media to Communicate in an Emergency Situation

The Prevent a Protect publication series focuses on the creation of different material formats to resonate with various audiences and ways to maximize their efficacy in communicating risk to the public about mosquito control. This new 4-page publication of the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication explains how to engage in effective crisis communication and how to effectively use the Prevent a Protect emergency toolkit in a mosquito-related crisis situation. Written by Ashley Mcleod-Morin, Ricky Telg, Phillip Stokes, Alena Poulin, Shelli Rampold, Angela B. Lindsey, and Sandra Anderson. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc363
Transdermal delivery of breakthrough therapeutics for the management of treatment-resistant and post-partum depression.

Abstract For the first time in over three decades, the year 2019 saw the approval of two new classes of antidepressants: Spravato™ esketamine intranasal spray for treatment-resistant depression, and Zulresso® brexanolone infusion against post-partum depression. Although both therapies were granted “breakthrough” designations, topical application of both drugs could offer several advantages over their current routes of administration. However, delivery of their high therapeutic doses (0.5 mg/kg ketamine in 1 h; 90 µg/kg/h brexanolone over 52 h) is unachievable by conventional means. We evaluated physical enhancement techniques such as iontophoresis, microneedle-treatment, and ablative laser for the rapid delivery of ketamine. Additionally, the sustained delivery of brexanolone across microporated skin employing chemical enhancers and novel microemulsions was also accomplished. The target therapeutic flux of ketamine after skin pre-treatment with laser (534.51 ± 146.93 µg/cm2), and the application of anodal iontophoresis (681.93 ± 74.35 µg/cm2) on ablated skin, was observed within one hour. Microporation of skin using laser was more effective than microneedles, for the delivery of ketamine as well as brexanolone. The developed microemulsions resulted in significantly higher transdermal delivery across laser-treated skin. Although brexanolone demonstrated higher solubility in the w/o microemulsion (21.31 ± 0.14 mg/mL) than the o/w microemulsion (10.69 ± 0.09 mg/mL), percutaneous absorption from the o/w microemulsion (6.04 ± 0.16%) was significantly higher than the w/o microemulsion (1.92 ± 0.02%).
LOW TEMPERATURE THERMAL CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS

The two major carriers of heat in solids are phonons and free electrons. Lattice waves or phonons carry heat in all solids, electrons in metals and alloys. In the case of highly conducting or pure metals, the electronic component is often so large as to dominate the conduction process. In alloys and in metals of lower conductivity, the lattice component is usually an appreciable fraction of the total. In insulators (which at low temperatures include semiconductors) the thermal conductivity is entirely due to lattice waves. There are, in principle, other carriers of heat, such as mobile magnetic excitations and internal electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is usually negligible at low temperatures, but can be important at high temperatures.
14. Genital Bleeding in Trans Masculine Persons with Mullerian Structures on Testosterone

Background Uterine bleeding (UB) on testosterone is an emerging problem in trans masculine (TM, sex assigned female at birth who identify on the masculine spectrum) health. While most TM individuals achieve amenorrhea within a year of testosterone initiation, not all do. Little data exists on the frequency of UB following amenorrhea induction, and no guidelines exist to provide a clinical approach. The study goal was to characterize UB patterns and associated risk factors in TM adolescents on testosterone for greater than a year, and describe the diagnostic and management approaches. Methods This was an IRB approved retrospective cohort study of all TM patients seen for gender affirming testosterone therapy between 2010 and 2020. Inclusion criteria were testosterone use more than 1 year, Mullerian anatomy, and documentation of the presence or absence of UB. Variables included demographics, characteristics of testosterone therapy, serum sex steroid levels, and use of non-androgen hormones. Primary outcome was the presence of UB after 1 year on testosterone. Results Of the 232 patients who met inclusion criteria, 25% (n=58) had at least 1 episode of UB after 1 year on testosterone. No significant differences between the UB and non-UB groups were found for mean age of testosterone initiation (16.3+/-2.2 vs 16.3+/-1.8 years, p=0.86) or BMI (p=0.33). The mean duration of testosterone use was significantly longer in the UB group (37.3+/-17.0 vs 28.5+/-14.6 months, p= Conclusions This is the first long term study to describe UB patterns in TM patients. GnRHa users had the highest odds of inducing or maintaining amenorrhea following new onset UB. All menstrual suppression options should be offered, as no other method was felt to be superior for addressing new onset UB. Future studies will be needed to better stratify the success of various UB management.
Prescribing Home Hemodialysis

Home hemodialysis (HHD), performed more frequently than in-center hemodialysis, is underutilized in the United States but has had a recent resurgence driven predominantly by innovative dialysis equipment that is easy to use, less intrusive to the home, and requires less storage space. There are 3 different hemodialysis machines approved for use in the home but currently NxStage™ accounts for the overwhelming majority of HHD patients. Therefore, it is the focus of this article. To minimize storage space in the home, the NxStage platform minimizes the volume of dialysate that is used per treatment. We refer to this method as the Frequent Low Dialysate Volume Approach (FLDVA). The approach to urea removal with the NxStage platform is much different compared to traditional in-center HD. To minimize the volume of dialysate per treatment, and still achieve target urea removal, the dialysate must be highly saturated. In this article, we explain how to increase the saturation of dialysate fluid. We also draw a parallel between urea removal in peritoneal dialysis and NxStage therapy and use that model to estimate an initial HHD prescription and to alter prescriptions when necessary.
The Present State of Gravitational Theory

The first thing to understand is that the Einstein Theory is extremely good. There are the three original tests proposed by Einstein. (1) The motion of the perihelion of Mercury. (2) The deflection of light passing close by the sun. (3) The displacement of spectral lines emitted by atoms in a gravitational potential.
One old and two new species of Phyllanthus from northwestern South America

Phyllanthus lacerilobus sp. nov. / Phyllanthus Haughtii. sp. nov. / Phyllanthus popayanensis Pax in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 26: 503. 1899.
Application of perturbed datasets to evaluate genomic biomarkers identified by microarray analysis

An important application of microarray analysis is to identify a subset of differentially expressed genes as biomarker s. Microarray experiments are often performed with few replicates and data are obtained from a limited sample size. To overcome the impact of small sample size on gene marker identification , we used a new approach to validate the candidate gene markers. In this study, candidate genes were first identified based on the statistically significant p-value levels and the biologically significant levels of fold-change from original microarray data. Multiple new, perturbed datasets were then generated from the original dataset by introducing artificial errors at different level s. Subsequently, the performance of candidate genes in the new perturbed datasets was evaluated using t-test at various statistical significance levels. Based on t he stability of candidate genes in the perturbed datasets at different error levels, a subset of ca ndidate genes can be selected as potential target biomarkers. Perturbed artificial datasets provide a new opportunity to validate ca ndidate target genes identified by microarray experiments w ith a limited sample size.
QoS Routing in Wired Sensor Networks with Partial Updates

QoS routing is an important component of Traffic Engineering in networks that provide QoS guarantees. QoS routing is dependent on the link state information which is typically flooded across the network. This affects both the quality of the routing and the utilization of the network resources. In this paper, we examine establishing QoS routes with partial state updates in wired sensor networks.
Physical self-concept and strength changes in college weight training classes.

(2002). Physical Self-Concept and Strength Changes in College Weight Training Classes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 113-117.
Mapping of RNA initiation sites by high doses of uv irradiation: evidence for three independent promoters within the left 11% of the Ad-2 genome.

Abstract Cells infected with Ad-2 virus were irradiated so that uv-induced lesions were introduced every 500–1000 nucleotides in the genome, consequently leading to the premature termination of RNA transcription. Such cells when labeled with [ 3 H]uridine accumulate labeled promoter proximal RNA. Hybridization of this RNA after size fractionation to restriction fragments of the Ad-2 genome allowed the identification of DNA sequences containing active RNA initiation sites. Early during the infectious cycle two active RNA initiation sites were found within the left 11% of the Ad-2 genome within the 0–3.0 and 4.4–8.0 restriction fragments. During late infection (15 hr) an additional uv resistant transcript was detected indicating that a newly activated RNA initiation site, presumably for protein IX, resides within the fragment 8.0–11.,2.
Mode-locked laser pulse train repetition frequency multiplication: the optical rattler

We present a simple method for multiplying the pulse repetition frequency of a given cw mode-locked laser. We report, in particular, the doubling and tripling of the c/2L frequency of a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser. This technique should prove useful for a variety of ultrashort pulse applications including high repetition rate optical pulse amplification studies, electronic and optical material characterization, optical chaos experiments, and impulsively driven spectroscopy.
An evolutionary model for the origin of modularity in a complex gene network

Scale-free cellular networks are organized into a complex topology by massive interactions (links) between nodes, which can be typically characterized by a power-law degree. In contrast, almost all cellular networks show the feature of modularity. The popular BA model (Barabasi and Albert) demonstrated the origin of scale-free property by the attachment preference, but not for the origin of modularity. We propose a BBA model (Biological BA) by introducing the random link-loss mechanism under the original BA model, showing that scale-free and modularity can emerge as a derived property of the BBA model. Data analysis has shown that, roughly, the rate of gene network evolution can be described as a 2-2-1 pattern (adding two new genes and two new links with the cost of one link-loss).
Maintaining levels of activity using a haptic personal training application

This paper describes the development of a novel mobile phone-based application designed to monitor the walking habits of older adults. Haptic cues integrated within the prototype, are designed to inform an individual of changes which should be made to maintain a prescribed level of activity. A pilot study was conducted with fifteen older adults walking at varying speeds, both with and without the presence of assistive haptic feedback from the prototype. The results confirm that more steps were taken when haptic feedback was provided while walking at normal and fast paces. However, results also indicate that further refinements would be needed to improve the identification of haptic cues while individuals are in motion.
Analysis of the Radiative and Conductive Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Waste Package Canister

The effects of stabilizers on the heat transfer properties and temperature distribution inside a radioactive waste canister are studied. The two-dimensional energy equations are solved numerically. (AIP)
Resources of adaptation for daily living.

Occupational therapy addresses the chronically disabled person's adaptation to problems in daily living. Resources of adaptation are those inherent abilities and lifelong learnings which the individual uses to deal with daily living problems. Adaptation is described as flexible behavior to meet the changing needs of a changing environment. A review of the literature from a bio-social frame of reference identifies resources of adaptation. These resources are classified into a conceptual framework of three hierarchical levels corresponding to three time spans of adaptation: evolution, ontogenesis, and immediate learning. The classification of the resources of adaptation has implications for therapeutic evaluation and treatment, including the discovery and assessment of the resources of adaptation, a strategy for resource reorganization, and the environmental management of limited resources by the policy of "mini-max."
Classification in neuropsychology: A theoretical framework and research paradigm

Classification research is not well understood in neuropsychology. A major purpose of classification research is to establish and investigate inclusion and exclusion criteria for group formation. Therefore, classification represents the foundations of clinical assessment as well as traditional contrasting groups research designs in neuropsychology. Null results in neuropsychological research do not pinpoint the basis for the absence of group differences. The most frequent research focuses on the original theory or the validity of the dependent variables. Classification research focuses on a third potential problem area, which has received little attention: poor subject classifications (invalid independent variables). The purpose of this paper is to describe a general theoretical framework and outline a set of decisions for conducting classification research in neuropsychology.
Cognitive outcomes after carotid revascularization: the role of cerebral emboli and hypoperfusion.

OBJECTIVE Carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) are currently being compared in ongoing randomized, controlled trials using postprocedural 30-day stroke rate, myocardial infarction, and mortality as primary endpoints. Recent data suggest that cognitive function may decline after CEA. Understanding the mechanisms that affect cognitive outcomes after carotid revascularization will be important in the design of future comparative studies of CAS and CEA incorporating cognitive outcome as an endpoint. SUMMARY OF REVIEW The effects of carotid revascularization procedures on cognitive outcome are unclear. Several factors contribute to the difficulty in interpreting cognitive data, including patient heterogeneity, variability of surgical techniques, and the differences in neuropsychological testing methodology. Mechanisms underlying cognitive effects during CEA have emerged, including the potential detrimental effect of procedural emboli and the beneficial effect of improved cerebral hemodynamics. The emergence of CAS as an alternative to CEA for treating carotid stenosis again raises questions about cognitive outcomes. Despite the use of distal protection devices, CAS is associated with a higher burden of microemboli. CAS does not, however, require the extent of temporary vessel occlusion associated with CEA. Quantifying microemboli and changes in cerebral hemodynamics along with standardization of neuropsychological testing may lead to meaningful comparisons of cognitive data for patients undergoing carotid revascularization procedures. CONCLUSION As use of CAS increases, it is important for randomized, controlled trials comparing CAS with CEA to include cognitive outcomes assessments. Furthermore, understanding the key mechanisms resulting in cognitive impairment during carotid revascularization procedures might limit injury.
Axotomy of developing rat spinal motoneurons: cell survival, soma size, muscle recovery, and the influence of testosterone.

During the period of synapse elimination, motoneurons are impaired in their ability to generate or regenerate axonal branches: following partial denervation of their target muscle, young motoneurons do not sprout to nearby denervated fibers and after axonal injury, they fail to reinnervate the muscle. In the rat levator ani (LA) muscle, which is innervated by motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), synapse elemination ends relatively late in development and can be regulated by testosterone. We took advantage of this system to determine if the end of synapse elimination and the development of regenerative capabilities by motoneurons share a common mechanism, or, alternatively, if these two events can be dissociated in time. Axotomy on or before postnatal day 14 (P14) caused the death of SNB motoneurons. By P21, toward the end of synapse elimination in the LA muscle, SNB motoneurons had developed the ability to survive axonal injury. Altering testosterone levels by castration on P7 followed by 4 weeks of either testosterone propionate or control injections did not change the ability of SNB motoneurons to survive axonal injury during development, although these same treatments alter the time course of synapse elimination in the LA muscle. Thus, we dissociated the inability of SNB motoneurons to recover from axonal injury from their developmental elimination of synaptic terminals. We also measured the effect of early axotomy on motoneuronal soma size and on target muscle weight. Axotomy on P14 caused a long-lasting decrease in the soma size of surviving SNB motoneurons, whereas motoneurons axotomized on P28 recovered their normal soma size. Axotomy on or before P7 caused severe atrophy of the target muscles, matching the extensive loss of motoneurons. However, target muscle recovery after axotomy on P14 was as good as recovery after axotomy at later ages, despite greater motoneuronal death after axotomy on P14. This result may reflect an increase in motor unit size, a decrease in polyneuronal innervation by SNB motoneurons that survive axotomy on P14, or a combination of the two. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Information from Markets Near and Far: Mobile Phones and Agricultural Markets in Niger

Price dispersion across markets is common in developing countries. Using novel market and trader-level data, this paper provides esti mates of the impact of mobile phones on price dispersion across grain markets in Niger. The introduction of mobile phone service between 2001 and 2006 explains a 10 to 16 percent reduction in grain price dispersion. The effect is stronger for market pairs with higher transport costs. (JEL 013, 033, Qll, Q13)
Adsorption of O2 and CO on thin films of palladium

Abstract The adsorption of O2 and CO on polycrystalline and (111) monocrystalline thin palladium films formed by vapor deposition has been studied by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and mass spectrometry. The palladium film thickness ranged from 15 to approximately 1500 A. The experiments were carried out at 298 K. Surface topographical effects were studied in various ways, one of which was a method consisting of repeated alternating vapor deposition of palladium and gaseous exposure. In all cases studied, no LEED pattern other than the normal Pd(1x1) pattern was observed after gaseous exposures up to 6000 langmuir of O2 or 7200 langmuir of CO. However, AES showed clearly that some O2 and CO adsorbed on polycrystalline and monocrystalline surfaces that were either contaminated or rough. Thick (1500 A) smooth Pd(111) films grown on mica showed no evidence of significant O2 or CO adsorption, and in both cases the AES intensity ratio of the O(512 eV) line to the Pd(329 eV) line was near zero.
Developing a model curriculum for a university course in health impact assessment in the USA

As health impact assessments (HIAs) become increasingly common in the USA, there is growing demand for instruction beyond short courses and online training. As of October 2013, there are graduate level courses that include instruction on HIA in at least 17 universities in the USA, including four courses that focus explicitly on HIA. Instructors of these four courses collaborated to develop a model curriculum for teaching HIA that draws on a framework for experiential learning and on a theoretical model of curriculum formulation. This article includes an in-depth analysis of these courses and presents a model curriculum for HIA instruction during an academic quarter or semester course in a university. This model curriculum may help faculty develop a graduate level HIA course at their institution, as well as inform public health and community design professionals interested in building capacity to conduct HIAs, and students considering taking an HIA course. International instructors could also learn from th...
Exploring an approach to capability maturity assessment: Towards an evidence-based framework

Accurately assessing capability maturity is an important practice for reducing costs, time to production, and adverse events for any system development activity [1]. This was as true for the vacuum-tube avionics of the early 20th century as it is for today's enterprise digital systems. Within the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) program, an accurate assessment of capability maturity is crucial to successfully transfer concepts and software technology from one organization to another throughout concept development and acquisition phases. This paper describes the current status of an ongoing effort to develop a new maturity assessment framework for automation technology concepts and their related capabilities. The purpose of the new framework is to collect, organize, and report information about the maturity of technology concepts and capabilities. The information that is organized through this analysis identifies specific areas where additional design and validation efforts would be most fruitful. Specifically, the framework seeks to indicate what has been done, under what conditions, with what results. By doing this, the framework identifies what specific components need further development. The new framework also aims to allow the comparison of results across capabilities or time frames, as well as being applicable to a variety of programs within the FAA or other government agencies.
Deactivation of nickel methanation catalysts induced by the decomposition of iron carbonyl: II. Interactions between iron and nickel

Catalysts prepared by thermally decomposing Fe(CO)/sub 5/ on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (alumina) powder or Ni/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalysts were studied using both methanation reaction kinetics measurements and in situ Moessbauer spectroscopy. Iron-induced shifts in the kinetic parameters of the methanation reaction over supported nickel catalysts are the consequence of both pore-mouth blocking of the alumina micropores by iron particles and the interaction of iron with nickel particles in the macropores of the support. The presence of nickel appears to facilitate the formation of zero-valent iron during the decompoition of Fe(CO)/sub 5/. In addition, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) studies of model Ni/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ samples composed of nickel evaporated onto thin films of alumina demonstrated that, at low partial pressures, Fe(CO)/sub 5/ decomposes preferentially on nickel surfaces rather than on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Besides pore-mouth blocking, iron-induced deactivation of nickel methanation catalysts can also be attributed to the deposition of carbon on the catalyst. 20 references, 4 figures, 2 tables.
Optical emission spectroscopy of plasma formation in a xenon theta pinch

Analyses of xenon spectral emission data in the IR range primarily from Xe I transitions and estimations of electron temperature are performed on a theta pinch test article. Estimations are based on a collisional-radiative model originally written for Hall-effect thrusters by Karabadzhak et al. which takes into account metastable species in the 1s excited state of xenon. Tests performed on a pulsed xenon plasma at an energy of 80 joules, neutral back-fill pressures of 10-2 to 10-1 Torr, and discharge frequency of 460 kHz yield electron temperatures of 6.5 to 11.3 eV for cumulative spectra in the first 20 μs. Spectra acquired in the UV range verify the presence of 2nd order diffraction from Xe II transitions. Low single-to-noise ratios for optical gate widths of 250 nanoseconds produce substantial fluctuation in intensities and thus estimation errors, while not quantified here, are assumed high.