cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on Anomalous Theories

It is known that the. quantization procedure can spoil classical symmetries. The problem afflicts continuous chiral symmetries and gravitational symmetries of massless (Weyl) fermions, the former in any even-dimensional space-time, the latter in space-times with dimensionality 4k + 2, k = 0,1,.... [Similar quantum breaking afflicts discrete symmetries (P, T) in odd dimensions, and scale/conformai symmetries in any dimension; we shall not be concerned with these.] As a consequence, the symmetry current, whose classical conservation is assured by Noether’s theorem, ceases to be conserved after quantization. We call such a current anomalous; it possesses an anomalous divergence, and the coupling of gauge fields to this current becomes problematical [1].
Sample size calculations for noninferiority trials for time-to-event data using the concept of proportional time

Noninferiority trials intend to show that a new treatment is ‘not worse' than a standard-of-care active control and can be used as an alternative when it is likely to cause fewer side effects compa...
Coherent voltage beat distributions in the signals from piezoelectric energy harvesters in turbulent flow

The inherent randomness and non-tunability associated with turbulent flow usually make it a poor candidate as an energy source for piezoelectric harvesters. We have shown in prior work that when the turbulence is generated by a grid, however, there are certain predictable relationships between the power output and the turbulent flow that could potentially make the deployment of piezoelectric harvesters in such settings viable. In this paper, we look at the voltages recorded from harvesters placed in turbulence generated by passive rectangular, fractal I, fractal cross, semi-passive and active grids and statistically characterize the coherent “beats” present in these “random” signals. The effects of beam distance from the grid, average flow velocity, grid type and separation between multiple beams have been considered in this analysis. An important conclusion from this work is that the beat duration distribution pattern of a beam that is close to or has entered into flutter vibration is clearly identifiable, potentially providing an opportunity to use piezoelectric materials as sensors to detect flutter.
Act locally, transition globally: Grassroots resilience, local politics, and five municipalities in the United States with 100% renewable electricity

Abstract This paper examines five communities in the United States (U.S.) that have transitioned to 100% use of renewable resources for electricity. The paper describes and compares social, political, and economic similarities and differences among these communities to improve understanding of the factors that support successful renewable energy (RE) transitions. The analysis builds on Geels’ multi-level perspective theory in assessing sustainable energy transitions and the energy transition process based on these five case studies. Main variables of interest considered for 100% renewable energy transition in these municipalities are renewable energy resource availability (solar, wind, and hydro), utility ownership, partisanship of municipal leadership, population size, and supporting energy legislation at state level renewable portfolio standard (RPS). Findings from this paper show that utility ownership appears to play a critical role in the transition process, as most of the municipalities have municipally owned utilities. State RPS programs are also prominent among all the states in which these the municipalities are located, indicating the importance of state legislation. Further, RE resource availability may not be required, as possibilities for hybridization of energy technologies are evident in the studied places. The most common pathway typology in these 100% RE transitions is reconfiguration. This typology results from technological innovations fuelled by development in RE technologies and stakeholder advocacy. Identified drivers from this research provide helpful parameters of consideration for energy transitions in other places in the U.S. and beyond.
Artenschutz im Fokus der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung

Die Bedeutung des Artenschutzrechts nimmt rasant zu. Industrieanlagen, Infrastrukturprojekte oder sonstige grosere Bauvorhaben lassen sich kaum mehr ohne eine genauere Studie des Artenschutzrechts in Angriff nehmen, will man nicht unerwunschte Uberraschungen in der Realisierungsphase erleben. Dabei reicht es haufig nicht aus, nur die gesetzlichen Vorgaben zu studieren. Auch die einschlagige Rechtsprechung bedarf einer eingehenden Betrachtung. Dieser letztgenannten Aufgabe nimmt sich der vorliegende Beitrag an. Er analysiert die hochstgerichtliche Rechtsprechung zum Artenschutzrecht, destilliert deren Kernaussagen und ordnet die Judikate systematisch den Grundstrukturen des Artenschutzrechts zu. Betrachtungszeitraum sind die Jahre 2014 bis einschlieslich 2019.
Proposing minimum requirements for announcing clinical trial results during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recently, results from at least three major randomized clinical trials studying management of COVID-19 have been announced via press release without accompanying information. Given the unique nature of the pandemic, results of such trials often have immediate and worldwide relevance. Yet, while press releases serve the important purpose of disseminating top-level results quickly, they are inherently limited in scope, and rarely include sufficient data to inform practice. Herein, we propose a minimum set of trial characteristics and results to be released simultaneously with clinical trial announcements. This practice will ensure data related to management of COVID-19 can be used to appropriately impact care, while responding to the needs of diverse stakeholders in the scientific and publishing communities, as well as the public at large.
Experience with a Revised Hospital Policy on Not Offering Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

Critical care society guidelines recommend that ethics committees mediate intractable conflict over potentially inappropriate treatment, including Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) status. There are, however, limited data on cases and circumstances in which ethics consultants recommend not offering cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) despite patient or surrogate requests and whether physicians follow these recommendations. This was a retrospective cohort of all adult patients at a large academic medical center for whom an ethics consult was requested for disagreement over DNR status. Patient demographic predictors of ethics consult outcomes were analyzed. In 42 of the 116 cases (36.2%), the patient or surrogate agreed to the clinician recommended DNR order following ethics consultation. In 72 of 74 (97.3%) of the remaining cases, ethics consultants recommended not offering CPR. Physicians went on to write a DNR order without patient/surrogate consent in 57 (79.2%) of those cases. There were no significant differences in age, race/ethnicity, country of origin, or functional status between patients where a DNR order was and was not placed without consent. Physicians were more likely to place a DNR order for patients believed to be imminently dying (p = 0.007). The median time from DNR order to death was 4 days with a 90-day mortality of 88.2%. In this single-center cohort study, there was no evidence that patient demographic factors affected ethics consultants’ recommendation to withhold CPR despite patient/surrogate requests. Physicians were most likely to place a DNR order without consent for imminently dying patients.
mixIndependR : a R package for statistical independence testing of loci in database of multi-locus genotypes

Multi-locus genotype data are widely used in population genetics and disease studies. In evaluating the utility of multi-locus data, the independence of markers is commonly considered in many genomic assessments. Generally, pairwise non-random associations are tested by linkage disequilibrium; however, the dependence of one panel might be triplet, quartet, or other. Therefore, a compatible and user-friendly software is necessary for testing and assessing the global linkage disequilibrium among mixed genetic data. This study describes a software package for testing the mutual independence of mixed genetic datasets. Mutual independence is defined as no non-random associations among all subsets of the tested panel. The new R package “mixIndependR” calculates basic genetic parameters like allele frequency, genotype frequency, heterozygosity, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) by mutual independence from population data, regardless of the type of markers, such as simple nucleotide polymorphisms, short tandem repeats, insertions and deletions, and any other genetic markers. A novel method of assessing the dependence of mixed genetic panels is developed in this study and functionally analyzed in the software package. By comparing the observed distribution of two common summary statistics (the number of heterozygous loci [K] and the number of share alleles [X]) with their expected distributions under the assumption of mutual independence, the overall independence is tested. The package “mixIndependR” is compatible to all categories of genetic markers and detects the overall non-random associations. Compared to pairwise disequilibrium, the approach described herein tends to have higher power, especially when number of markers is large. With this package, more multi-functional or stronger genetic panels can be developed, like mixed panels with different kinds of markers. In population genetics, the package “mixIndependR” makes it possible to discover more about admixture of populations, natural selection, genetic drift, and population demographics, as a more powerful method of detecting LD. Moreover, this new approach can optimize variants selection in disease studies and contribute to panel combination for treatments in multimorbidity. Application of this approach in real data is expected in the future, and this might bring a leap in the field of genetic technology. The R package mixIndependR, is available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mixIndependR/index.html .
Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy in COVID-19.

Vaccines are one of the greatest medical innovations of all time, but there has been skepticism about them throughout history. Although initial concerns about scarcity increased public demand for COVID-19 vaccines, as supply meets demand, vaccine hesitancy may become a defining theme of the next stage of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Echoes of L1 Syllable Structure in L2 Phoneme Recognition

Learning to move from auditory signals to phonemic categories is a crucial component of first, second, and multilingual language acquisition. In L1 and simultaneous multilingual acquisition, learners build up phonological knowledge to structure their perception within a language. For sequential multilinguals, this knowledge may support or interfere with acquiring language-specific representations for a new phonemic categorization system. Syllable structure is a part of this phonological knowledge, and language-specific syllabification preferences influence language acquisition, including early word segmentation. As a result, we expect to see language-specific syllable structure influencing speech perception as well. Initial evidence of an effect appears in Ali et al. (2011), who argued that cross-linguistic differences in McGurk fusion within a syllable reflected listeners' language-specific syllabification preferences. Building on a framework from Cho and McQueen (2006), we argue that this could reflect the Phonological-Superiority Hypothesis (differences in L1 syllabification preferences make some syllabic positions harder to classify than others) or the Phonetic-Superiority Hypothesis (the acoustic qualities of speech sounds in some positions make it difficult to perceive unfamiliar sounds). However, their design does not distinguish between these two hypotheses. The current research study extends the work of Ali et al. (2011) by testing Japanese, and adding audio-only and congruent audio-visual stimuli to test the effects of syllabification preferences beyond just McGurk fusion. Eighteen native English speakers and 18 native Japanese speakers were asked to transcribe nonsense words in an artificial language. English allows stop consonants in syllable codas while Japanese heavily restricts them, but both groups showed similar patterns of McGurk fusion in stop codas. This is inconsistent with the Phonological-Superiority Hypothesis. However, when visual information was added, the phonetic influences on transcription accuracy largely disappeared. This is inconsistent with the Phonetic-Superiority Hypothesis. We argue from these results that neither acoustic informativity nor interference of a listener's phonological knowledge is superior, and sketch a cognitively inspired rational cue integration framework as a third hypothesis to explain how L1 phonological knowledge affects L2 perception.
Spatially resolved correlative microscopy and microbial identification reveal dynamic depth- and mineral-dependent anabolic activity in salt marsh sediment.

Coastal salt marshes are key sites of biogeochemical cycling and ideal systems in which to investigate the community structure of complex microbial communities. Here, we clarify structural-functional relationships among microorganisms and their mineralogical environment, revealing previously undescribed metabolic activity patterns and precise spatial arrangements within salt marsh sediment. Following 3.7-day in situ incubations with a non-canonical amino acid that was incorporated into new biomass, samples were resin-embedded and analysed by correlative fluorescence and electron microscopy to map the microscale arrangements of anabolically active and inactive organisms alongside mineral grains. Parallel sediment samples were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to link anabolic activity to taxonomic identity. Both approaches demonstrated a rapid decline in the proportion of anabolically active cells with depth into salt marsh sediment, from ~60% in the top centimetre to 9.4%-22.4% between 2 and 10 cm. From the top to the bottom, the most prominent active community members shifted from sulfur cycling phototrophic consortia, to putative sulfate-reducing bacteria likely oxidizing organic compounds, to fermentative lineages. Correlative microscopy revealed more abundant (and more anabolically active) organisms around non-quartz minerals including rutile, orthoclase and plagioclase. Microbe-mineral relationships appear to be dynamic and context-dependent arbiters of biogeochemical cycling.
Sovereign Digital Currencies: Parachute Pants or the Continuing Evolution of Money

Facebook’s Diem proposal, the growing interest in cryptocurrencies, and the decreasing use of cash have all raised concerns regarding the government’s ability to enact monetary policy and retain monetary sovereignty. While China has already launched their own sovereign digital currency (SDC), the U.S. Federal Reserve (the Fed) appears to be more concerned with getting an SDC “right rather than quickly.” As money and payment systems keep evolving, and the divergence between money and legal tender becomes greater, there is a need to investigate not only what effect any potential SDC would have on the financial system, including the possible disintermediation of banks, but also its impact on privacy and data security. In this article we delve into the evolution of money and why the government finds itself at a crossroads with regard to the establishment of an SDC. Although numerous reasons have been given for establishing a SDC, the one aspect that must be acknowledged is the potential for a global stablecoin to displace any potential SDC due to the network effect. We explore money alternatives, types of sovereign digital currencies, and the design decisions involved with creating an SDC. Whether direct or indirect, token-based or account-based, there are risks that must first be discovered and addressed. After discussing the global impact of SDCs, including the potential first-mover advantage and impact on reserve currency, we explore the future of money alternatives concluding policymakers in the U.S. have an unbelievably difficult series of decisions to make. This article endeavors to highlight some of the most pressing issues.
Mechanical Power: A New Concept in Mechanical Ventilation.

Abstract Mechanical ventilation is a potentially life-saving therapy for patients with acute lung injury, but the ventilator itself may cause lung injury. Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is sometimes an unfortunate consequence of mechanical ventilation. It is not clear however how best to minimize VILI through adjustment of various parameters including tidal volume, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). No single parameter provides a clear indication for onset of lung injury attributable exclusively to the ventilator. There is currently interest in quantifying how static and dynamic parameters contribute to VILI. One concept that has emerged is the consideration of the amount of energy transferred from the ventilator to the respiratory system per unit time, which can be quantified as mechanical power. This review article reports on recent literature in this emerging field and future roles for mechanical power assessments in prospective studies.
Walking Speed Alters Barefoot Gait Coordination and Variability.

Using the dynamic system approach, we examined the pattern and variability of inter-joint coordination in barefoot and shod walking in 20 women at three speeds: SLOW, FAST, and comfortable walking ...
Cis 3,4', 5-trimethoxy-3'-aminostilbene (stilbene 5c) induces apoptosis and protective autophagy in B16F10 melanoma cells

CIS-3,4’, 5-TRIMETHOXY-3’-AMINOSTILBENE (STILBENE 5C) INDUCES APOPTOSIS AND PROTECTIVE AUTOPHAGY IN B16F10 MELANOMA CELLS By Betelehem Mulu Asnake A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.S. in Pharmacology/Toxicology at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Major Director: Dr. David Gewirtz Professor in Pharmacology and Toxicology The weak selectivity of chemotherapeutic drugs against tumors has sustained efforts to develop better chemotherapeutic agents that are more potent and selective at destroying tumor cell populations versus normal tissues. This project focuses on evaluating the cell killing effects of the microtubule inhibitor, stilbene 5c, against melanoma cancer. We utilized an in vitro murine melanoma model to study the effects of stilbene 5c on tumor proliferation and survival, as well as growth arrest and cell death. Our findings indicate that stilbene 5c promotes dose dependent cell death in melanomas with the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. The role of autophagy was further assessed using the pharmacological autophagy inhibitor, bafilomycin A1. It was concluded that autophagy was partially cytoprotective as inhibition of autophagy was shown to induce extensive cell death through an increase in apoptosis. Residual surviving cells were shown to be in a state of growth arrest characterized to be senescence. These findings indicate that stilbene 5c could potentially be developed for the treatment of melanoma.
FRACTIONATION OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPONENTS OF HUMAN GASTRIC JUICE BY ELECTROPHORESIS, CHROMATOGRAPHY, AND OTHER PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses fractionation of macromolecular components of human gastric juice by several methods. The methods include electrophoresis, chromatography, and several physicochemical methods. The chapter discusses that human gastric juice represents a complex mixture of water, electrolytes including hydrochloric acid, and large molecular substances. The latter include enzymes, mucopolysaccharides and mucoproteins, serum proteins and their degradation products, and many other biologically active materials. The chapter states that number of technical difficulties has hindered the fractionation and identification of the gastric macromolecular substances. Despite difficulties, considerable progress has been made recently in fractionating large molecular gastric juice materials, mainly by the use of several physicochemical methods. They include—electrophoresis, immunodihsion, and column chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50, Dowex 50, Ecteola, and DEAE- and CM-cellulose as well as DEAE- and CM-Sephadex, partition paper chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex, ultracentrifugation, and polarography. These methods, as applied to macromolecular materials of gastric juice, and their results are also discussed. The review demonstrates that much new knowledge has been derived from these investigations.
Fabrication of Microchannel Chemical Reactors Using a Metal Lamination Process

Incorporation of microchannel arrays into small-scale chemical processing devices offers significant advantages in improving thermal control in the reaction region. Development of methods to produce high aspect ratio microchannels within solid metallic structures is an important step in the evolution of man-portable and other small-scale chemical processing units requiring high temperature and/or high pressure capabilities. Microchannel arrays can be used to facilitate heat removal or addition at the reaction zone or can be used to pre-heat gases prior to reaction. Staff at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) have developed a method for producing solid metal components incorporating complex microchannel arrays by using a lamination and diffusion bonding process. This method uses metal shims that have been machined such that, when properly stacked, alternating microchannels and fins are produced in the laminated structure. The widths of the microchannels are determined by the thickness of the shim material, and heights and lengths of the channels are determined by the machined areas on the shims forming the channels. Machining of the shims can be accomplished in large quantities at low cost per shim by using photochemical machining or stamping processes. Consolidation of the laminated stack into a solid, leak-tight metal device is accomplished at elevated temperature and pressure by diffusion bonding. Microchannel arrays formed using this process can be produced either on the interior of the finished device or on an exterior surface. Typical microchannel dimensions in chemical processing devices produced at PNNL are 250 microns wide by 5000 microns deep. Application of the lamination process combined with a sheet-flow architecture can be used to produce highly compact chemical processing units. Among the devices produced at PNNL using this method are catalytic fuel processors and fuel vaporizers. Examples of all-metal stainless steel microchannel chemical processing devices produced using the lamination/diffusion bonding process will be presented and discussed.
Re-Emergent Inhibition of Cochlear Inner Hair Cells in a Mouse Model of Hearing Loss.

Hearing loss among the elderly correlates with diminished social, mental, and physical health. Age-related cochlear cell death does occur, but growing anatomical evidence suggests that synaptic rearrangements on sensory hair cells also contribute to auditory functional decline. Here we present voltage-clamp recordings from inner hair cells of the C57BL/6J mouse model of age-related hearing loss, which reveal that cholinergic synaptic inputs re-emerge during aging. These efferents are functionally inhibitory, using the same ionic mechanisms as do efferent contacts present transiently before the developmental onset of hearing. The strength of efferent inhibition of inner hair cells increases with hearing threshold elevation. These data indicate that the aged cochlea regains features of the developing cochlea and that efferent inhibition of the primary receptors of the auditory system re-emerges with hearing impairment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic changes in the auditory periphery are increasingly recognized as important factors in hearing loss. To date, anatomical work has described the loss of afferent contacts from cochlear hair cells. However, relatively little is known about the efferent innervation of the cochlea during hearing loss. We performed intracellular recordings from mouse inner hair cells across the lifespan and show that efferent innervation of inner hair cells arises in parallel with the loss of afferent contacts and elevated hearing threshold during aging. These efferent neurons inhibit inner hair cells, raising the possibility that they play a role in the progression of age-related hearing loss.
Finite difference on grids with nearly uniform cell area and line spacing for the wave equation on complex domains

A finite difference time-dependent numerical method for the wave equation, supported by recently derived novel elliptic grids, is analyzed. The method is successfully applied to single and multiple two-dimensional acoustic scattering problems including soft and hard obstacles with complexly shaped boundaries. The new grids have nearly uniform cell area (J-grids) and nearly uniform grid line spacing (@[email protected]). Numerical experiments reveal the positive impact of these two grid properties on the scattered field convergence to its harmonic steady state. The restriction imposed by stability conditions on the time step size is relaxed due to the near uniformity cell areas and grid line spacing. As a consequence, moderately large time steps can be used for relatively fine spatial grids resulting in greater accuracy at a lower computational cost. Also, numerical solutions for wave problems inside annular regions of complex shapes are obtained. The use of the new grids results in late time stability in contrast with other classical finite difference time-dependent methods.
Topological Invariants in Fermi Systems with Time-Reversal Invariance

We discuss topological invariants for Fermi systems that have time-reversal invariance. The TK${\mathrm{N}}^{2}$ integers (first Chern numbers) are replaced by second Chern numbers, and Berry's phase becomes a unit quaternion, or equivalently an element of SU(2). The canonical example playing much the same role as spin \textonehalf{} in a magnetic field is spin \textonehalf{} in a quadrupole electric field. In particular, the associated bundles are nontrivial and have \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1 second Chern number. The connection that governs the adiabatic evolution coincides with the symmetric SU(2) Yang-Mills instanton.
Corrigendum to “A systematic review of sexual concerns reported by gynecological cancer survivors” [Gynecologic Oncology. 124 (2012) 477–489]

On page 487, the author mistakenly reports that “ten” studies reported only physical sexual concerns and “eleven” reported concerns in all three dimensions. The correct numbers are “five” and “eight”, respectively. Also on page 487, the author regrets that Lindau et al. was cited as using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). They did not use the FSFI, but rather developed an instrument consistent with established clinical measures such as the FSFI.
An atomic model of AlCuFe, and its comparison with high-resolution electron microscope images

Abstract We present an atomic-structure model for high-quality AlCuFe icosahedral quasicrystals which is simple and yet incorporates most of what is known about the microscopic structure of the AlCuFe alloy. Using realistic image simulations, we compare this model with actual lattice-image micrographs of thermodynamically stable quasicrystal. We find good agreement between the micrographs and the models, although we find that lattice imaging is incapable of distinguishing small differences in the atomic structure. We have also determined the microscope defocus conditions that produce the most faithful images.
An ab initio study of ammonia-hydrocarbon complexes

Abstract Complexes formed between NH 3 and such hydrocarbons as ethane, ethylene, benzene and fluorobenzene are studied with ab initio methods, using 6-31G * and 6-31G basis sets. It is found that the most stable complexes in all cases are the ones formed by a hydrogen bond between the nitrogen and a hydrogen of the hydrocarbon, as well as between the fluorine of the fluorobenzene and a hydrogen of the NH 3 .
PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY IN CLADOPHORA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN THE CLARK FORK OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, MONTANA1

Cellular nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptake rates of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kuetzing were determined during summer and fall in 1989–1990 at a site on the upper Clark Fork of the Columbia River, Montana. Both physiological tests indicated that Cladophora growth is likely to be limited by nitrogen during late summer-early fall. Maximum uptake rates of ammonia-N and nitrate-N were 5935–6991 and 507–984 μg · g DW−1· h−1, respectively, during July–October when dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in the river were less than 10 μg · L−1. During November-December, when DIN was 72–376 μg · L−1, maximum ammonia-N uptake was 1137–1633 μg · g DW−1· h−1 and maximum nitrate-N uptake was 0–196 μg · g DW−1· h−1. Cellular nitrogen during summer–early fall was 0.78–1.80% of Cladophora dry weight, frequently at or below 1.1%, a level suggested as a critical minimum N concentration for maximum growth. In contrast, cellular P was 0.18–0.36% of dry weight, 3–6 times the suggested critical P concentration of 0.06%. Molar ratios of cellular N:P (< 16:1) and DIN: SRP (< 4:1) during late summer-early fall also indicated potential N limitation. Cellular N and P from Cladophora collected from a second site influenced by a municipal wastewater discharge in 1990 displayed similar seasonal trends. At both sites, seasonal fluctuations in DIN were closely tracked by changes in cellular N, Cellular P, however, increased through the growing season despite declining levels of SRP in the river.
Changing the pharmacy practice model: A health-system executive’s view

Today’s health-system executives are faced with many challenges, including ensuring quality improvement and public reporting of quality measures, dealing with declining revenue and stagnation in the general economy, managing the growing numbers of uninsured and underinsured patients, finding
Aqueous Developable, Negative Working Resist Made Of Chlorinated Novolac Resin

Recently, three approaches to sub-micron imaging using negative working, aqueous developable, novolac resin or poly(hydroxystyrene)-based resists have been reported: (1) Image reversal of positive working photoresists (2) Acid hardenable resist with post-bake process, and (3) Contrast enhanced-resist with deep uv flood exposure. Negative working resists with high resolution are important for fabrication of advanced devices. In the present study we examine a simple two component system consisting of a chlorinated novolac resin and an aromatic bisazide suitable for uv, electron and x-ray exposure. The resist is conventionally processed in aqueous developer, and provides negative working resist images with 0.25 μm space and line resolution without swelling or scum.
A cytological study of the ovaries of the bats Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and Myotis grisescens

Ovaries of bats, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and M. grisescens, have been studied in all phases, except gestation, of the annual reproductive cycle. Oocytes arise in the germinal epithelium and grow with an orderly differentiation of the storage products of metabolism—chondriosomes, fat drops, and yolk vesicles. The evidence indicates that the zona pellucida is derived from the oocyte. Squamous cells of the primary follicle become cuboidal and then columnar as follicular growth begins (unilaminar secondary stage). The secondary follicle becomes multilaminar and in a very few cases gives rise to a tertiary follicle by antrum formation. Most growing follicles undergo retrogression by one of two methods. Degeneration of type I is common in multilaminar follicles and begins in the granulosa which is almost completely obliterated before the oocyte is affected. Spindles occur in some of these oocytes and fragmentation is common; phagocytes eliminate the contents of the zona. In type II, which is rare and has been found only in unilaminar secondary follicles, the oocyte degenerates, leaving an uninjured granulosa. Medullary cords are common embryonic vestiges in these ovaries; epithelial nodules are less frequent. Interstitial cells are very numerous in newborn bats, arise throughout life from the hypertrophied thecae internae of retrogressing follicles of type I, are phagocytized and, also, undergo hyaline degeneration, are hypertrophied in late pregnancy, and continue so during lactation.
Parasite infection rates of impala (Aepyceros melampus) in fenced game reserves in relation to reserve characteristics

Under certain conditions reserves can pose a threat to wildlife conservation by increasing the transmission of parasites and pathogens. In this study, I investigated associations between reserve characteristics including area, density and species richness and parasite infection rates in impala (Aepyceros melampus). Using coprological methods to measure gastrointestinal parasitism rates of impala inhabiting five fully or partially fenced game reserves in central Kenya, I found that bovid species richness was correlated with parasite taxa richness across reserves, and that prevalence rates of multi-host strongyle nematodes were higher in reserves with more species. In addition, reserve size was also implicated as a potential predictor of infection risk. Overall, these results suggest that wildlife inhabiting highly diverse and small reserves may suffer from higher than normal rates of infection. Given the potential debilitating effects increases in parasitism can have on wildlife, these results underscore the importance of considering parasite transmission dynamics in the management of small, fenced protected areas.
Relationship between Changes in Muscle Volume and Muscle Action Potential

THE method which was developed for measuring small rapid changes in volume occurring in a muscle during a single twitch1 has been applied to the case of a frog sartorius muscle immersed in hypertonic Ringer's solution. As reported by various authors, one of the principal effects of hypertonic Ringer's solution on a muscle is to eliminate the twitch tension on stimulation, but not to interfere with the propagation of the muscle action potential. This provides a method of determining whether or not the previously reported muscle volume changes are a direct consequence of the action potential and are thus not connected with contraction as such.
Simulation Insights for Graphene-Based Water Desalination Membranes

Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to study the transport of water and ions through pores created on the basal plane of one graphene sheet (GS). Graphene pore diameters ranged from 7.5 to 14.5 A. Different pore functionalities were considered, obtained by tethering various functional groups to the terminal carbon atoms. The ease of ion and water translocation across the pores was monitored by calculating the potential of mean force along the direction perpendicular to the GS pore. The results indicate that effective ion exclusion can be achieved only using nonfunctionalized (pristine) pores of diameter ∼7.5 A, whereas the ions can easily penetrate pristine pores of diameters ∼10.5 and 14.5 A. Carboxyl functional groups can enhance ion exclusion for all pores considered, but the effect becomes less pronounced as both the ion concentration and the pore diameter increase. When compared to a carbon nanotube of similar pore diameter, our results suggest that GS pores functionalized with COO– groups a...
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: Potential induction and detection of drug-dependent antiplatelet antibodies

Development of acute, severe thrombocytopenia has been reported in several patients treated with a chimeric monoclonal antibody fragment to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) complex. However, the propensity of oral GPIIb/IIIa antagonists to induce antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction with chronic exposure is unknown. There is evidence to suggest that a small percentage of otherwise healthy individuals have preexisting serum antibodies to conformation-dependent epitopes in the GPIIb/IIIa complex that are induced by certain members of this class of compounds that function as mixed agonists/antagonists. Additional studies are needed to identify the epitopes recognized by these antibodies and the requirement for the drug or a drug-metabolite to be present for antibody binding and detection. Detailed immunologic studies of antibodies from patients in whom immune thrombocytopenia develops after receiving oral GPIIb/IIIa antagonists may also provide insight into the mechanism by which activated platelets are normally cleared from the circulation.
Cloning of the Bacillus subtilis recF gene.

Abstract A cloned DNA fragment from the ori region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome permits three separate recF mutants to grow in the presence of mitomycin C (MC) and survive after ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The recF gene has been localized to a 2.3-kb EcoRI-SalI restriction fragment on the cloned sequences. This fragment directs expression of a 34.7-kDal protein in Escherichia coli maxicells. Cloned DNA containing the recF gene does not complement or rescue recL, recM or spoOJ B. subtilis mutants. The B. subtilis recF gene also does not complement any of several of the E. coli recombination-deficient (Rec−) mutants tested.
Different nucleotide changes in the large rRNA gene of the mitochondrial DNA confer chloramphenicol resistance on two human cell lines

The nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the region coding for the 3' end of the large rRNA has been determined for two human cell lines bearing independent cytoplasmic chloramphenicol-resistant (CAP-r) mutations. Comparison of the sequences of these two phenotypically different CAP-r mutants with their CAP-sensitive (CAP-s) parental cell lines has revealed a single base change for each in a region which is highly conserved among species. One CAP-r mutation is associated with an A to G transition on the coding strand while the second contains a G to T transversion 52 nucleotides away. Comparable sequence changes in this region had previously been found for mouse and yeast cell mitochondrial CAP-r mutants. Thus, changes in the large rRNA gene eliminate the inhibition of the ribosome by CAP and different nucleotide changes may result in variations in the drug-r phenotype.
Preventive role of vitamin a in colon carcinogenesis in rats

Recent literature reviews (Cancer Res. 35:3295, Cancer Res. 35:3427, 1975) have re-emphasized the importance of vitamin A in the differentiation and maintenance of integrity of epithelium and increasing resistance to some forms of cancer. We have observed an increased incidence of colon carcinoma (100% vs. 60%) in rats deficient in vitamin A and exposed to dimethylhydrazine (Cancer Res. 33:1003, 1973). Other studies have shown that a marginal dietary level of vitamin A not only enhanced liver cancer in rats exposed to aflatoxin B1 but resulted in a 29% incidence of colon cancer as well (J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 50:439, 1973). Recent unpublished results with DMH-induced colon tumors indicated a significant protection from increased dietary levels of vitamin A analog, 13-Cis retinoic acid (20/20 vs. 8/20 animals with tumors, 3.1 vs. 2.3 average tumors/animal). These data correlate with depressed glycopeptide synthesis by the gut epithelium (J. Biol. Chem. 245:4551, 1970). Results of these studies indicate that a deficiency of dietary vitamin A can increase susceptibility to DMH-induced colon tumors in rats, resulting in colon tumors as well as liver tumors in rats exposed to aflatoxin B1 and that that the retinoid, 13 Cis-retinoic acid can inhibit colon tumor induction by DMH. These findings further substantiate the importance of adequate vitamin A and the potential for the therapeutic use of 13-Cis retinoic acid.
Willingness-to-punish the corporate brand for corporate social irresponsibility

Abstract This research addresses consumers' willingness-to-punish the corporate brand for corporate social irresponsibility (CSI). It is supported by the extant literature on consumer stakeholders, corporate brands, brand personality, regulatory fit, and psychological contract, as well as by punishment in psychology and philosophy, which are new to the marketing literature. Using an experimental design with a control group, this research examines consumers' willingness-to-reward and its converse willingness-to-punish a corporate brand under three treatment conditions of socially responsible, socially irresponsible, and environmentally friendly. Data were collected on four outcome variables of willingness-to-punish, willingness-to-reward, brand attitude, and purchase intention for each treatment group. MANOVA results indicated that there were systematic differences in the levels of outcomes among the four groups. Discriminant function analysis found the socially irresponsible group was statistically significantly different from the other three experimental groups for all four outcome variables. Consumers dealing with socially irresponsible corporate brands were more likely to punish and less likely to reward than consumers in the other three treatment conditions. This study illustrates the latent negative impact from CSI activities on four important dimensions of consumer response. The findings indicate there is a pragmatic need for corporate brand strategists to recognize consumers' willingness-to-punish the corporate brand and the subsequent necessity to avoid activities that consumers may perceive to be socially irresponsible.
ISSUES AND OUTCOMES IN STATE SUPREME COURT JUDICIAL REVIEW CASES

This paper examines the types of laws challenged and overturned in the supreme courts of all 50 states from 1981 through 1985. Major findings are that criminal statutes are challenged more frequently but overturned less often than other types of statues. Challenges to laws regulating economic activity account for just under a quarter of our cases and these laws are overturned over 20 percent of the time. Private cases, which make up about 14 percent of the data set result in invalidation about a fifth of the time. While there are fewer civil liberties and governmental cases, these cases result in laws being declared unconstitutional more frequently, over one-third of the time. More specifically, death penalty laws are overturned in less than three percent of the cases in which they are challenged. On the other hand, cases involving statutes alleged to unconstitutionally discriminate and those regulating local government result in invalidation over half the time.
Disaster, Death, and Human Ecology:

The “bolt-from-the-blue” hypothesis oversimplifies the complex and intimate relationship between disaster, death, and human ecology. The definition of “disaster” and our response to the event may b...
Functional characterization of PmHS1, a Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase.

Heparosan synthase 1 (PmHS1) from Pasteurella multocida Type D is a dual action glycosyltransferase enzyme that transfers monosaccharide units from uridine diphospho (UDP) sugar precursors to form the polysaccharide heparosan (N-acetylheparosan), which is composed of alternating (-α4-GlcNAc-β1,4-GlcUA-1-) repeats. We have used molecular genetic means to remove regions nonessential for catalytic activity from the amino- and the carboxyl-terminal regions as well as characterized the functional regions involved in GlcUA-transferase activity and in GlcNAc-transferase activity. Mutation of either one of the two regions containing aspartate-X-aspartate (DXD) residue-containing motifs resulted in complete or substantial loss of heparosan polymerizing activity. However, certain mutant proteins retained only GlcUA-transferase activity while some constructs possessed only GlcNAc-transferase activity. Therefore, it appears that the PmHS1 polypeptide is composed of two types of glycosyltransferases in a single polypeptide as was found for the Pasteurella multocida Type A PmHAS, the hyaluronan synthase that makes the alternating (-β3-GlcNAc-β1,4-GlcUA-1-) polymer. However, there is low amino acid similarity between the PmHAS and PmHS1 enzymes, and the relative placement of the GlcUA-transferase and GlcNAc-transferase domains within the two polypeptides is reversed. Even though the monosaccharide compositions of hyaluronan and heparosan are identical, such differences in the sequences of the catalysts are expected because the PmHAS employs only inverting sugar transfer mechanisms whereas PmHS1 requires both retaining and inverting mechanisms.
The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought

The long-term and widely shared resistance among African-American women can only have been sustained by an enduring and shared standpoint among Black women about the meaning of oppression and the actions that Black women can and should take to resist it. Efforts to identify the central concepts of this Black women's standpoint figure prominently in the works of contemporary Black feminist intellectuals. Moreover, political and epistemological issues influence the social construction of Black feminist thought. Like other subordinate groups, African-American women not only have developed distinctive interpretations of Black women's oppression but have done so by using alternative ways of producing and validating knowledge itself. Black women's everyday acts of resistance challenge two prevailing approaches to studying the consciousness of oppressed groups. Black feminist scholars offering knowledge claims that can be partially accommodated by both epistemologies can create a body of thought that stands outside of either.
Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding glutamine synthetase from the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida

Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the addition of ammonium to glutamic acid to form glutamine and plays a crucial role in the nitrogen assimilation of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its endosymbiotic algae. We describe the cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of GS mRNA from A. pallida based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology that employed a combination of degenerate and A. pallidaspecific primers. The sequenced cDNA approximates 1620 nucleotides and is characterized by an open reading frame of 1107 nucleotides that encodes a protein of 369 amino acid residues. Comparisons of the deduced sea anemone GS protein to a wide range of species demonstrated greatest amino acid sequence identity to sea urchin GS (66%) and least identity to green algae GS (51%). The sequenced cDNA can be used in future research to study GS gene expression in A. pallida.
Cytological diagnosis of endocrine tumors of the pancreas by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors and to analyze their cytomorphology. Between March 1999 and June 2004, a total of 30 patients with a cytological diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors were found. Their records were retrieved and the cytological materials were analyzed. The mean size of the tumors assessed by EUS was 3.0 cm. Immediate preliminary interpretation was rendered after an average of 1.5 passes. Based on the cellular patterns, cases were divided into three categories: loosely cohesive aggregates, discohesive single cells, and cohesive flat sheets. Most tumor cells had abundant cytoplasm and eccentric nuclei. Chromatin was fine or coarse but was evenly distributed in all cases. Nuclear pleomorphism, multinucleation, intranuclear inclusions, mitotic figures, and necrosis were seen. Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies on cell blocks confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. EUS-guided FNA is efficient and accurate in establishing the diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors. The variety of cellular patterns presents several differential diagnostic issues that should be considered to avoid erroneous interpretation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:204–210. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.