cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INDUCIBLE AND CONSTITUTIVE DEFENSES OF VALUABLE SEAWEED TISSUES: CONSEQUENCES FOR HERBIVORE FITNESS

Optimal Defense Theory predicts that plants exposed to herbivory should allocate more resources to produce costly secondary metabolites in tissues with higher fitness values. To increase plant resistance, the secondary metabolites must have a negative impact on the preference and/or performance of herbivores. We tested the hypotheses that induction of secondary metabolites (phlorotannins) in a brown seaweed in response to grazing by herbivorous gastropods will differ between seaweed tissues with different fitness values (basal stipes and annual shoots), and that the subsequent change in food value will affect the fitness (growth and fecundity) of the gastropods. Induction of phlorotannins was significant in both tissue types but was more pronounced in basal stipes, which have a higher fitness value. Basal tissues also had significantly higher constitutive defense levels than did apical tissues. No effects of algal tissue type or grazing history on the growth rate of the gastropods were detected. However, the number of viable eggs was significantly lower for gastropods feeding on basal shoots, and there was a significantly lower proportion of viable eggs produced by gastropods that were offered previously grazed seaweed tissues. The results show that induced resistance, and its variation among different plant parts, can have significant negative effects on herbivore performance that may reduce future herbivore pressure and thus enhance plant fitness.
Testing predictions of macroscopic binary diffusion coefficients using lattice models with site heterogeneity.

Quantitatively predicting mass transport rates for chemical mixtures in porous materials is important in applications of materials such as adsorbents, membranes, and catalysts. Because directly assessing mixture transport experimentally is challenging, theoretical models that can predict mixture diffusion coefficients using only single-component information would have many uses. One such model was proposed by Skoulidas, Sholl, and Krishna (Langmuir, 2003, 19, 7977), and applications of this model to a variety of chemical mixtures in nanoporous materials have yielded promising results. In this paper, the accuracy of this model for predicting mixture diffusion coefficients in materials that exhibit a heterogeneous distribution of local binding energies is examined. To examine this issue, single-component and binary mixture diffusion coefficients are computed using kinetic Monte Carlo for a two-dimensional lattice model over a wide range of lattice occupancies and compositions. The approach suggested by Skou...
The influence of prey hardness on Daphnia's selectivity for large prey

Two comparable methods were used to study the feeding of four species of Daphnia on large spherical particles which differed in size and hardness. The first method used gut analysis to estimate the selectivities of daphnids feeding in a broad size range of a single particle type, including polystyrene beads (4–60 µm diameter) in the laboratory and Eudorina colonies (10–90 µm) in the field. In the second method, Daphnia of different sizes fed in a mixture of 6.5 µm Chlamydomonas and one of eight test particles. Smaller daphnids were less effective in feeding on large test particles. Nonlinear regression was therefore used to estimate the Daphnia body size at which the clearance rate on a test particle was reduced to 50% of that for Chlamydomonas. The results of both methods show that prey size and hardness are both very important in determining daphnid feeding selectivity. For a given particle size, ‘soft’ algae (naked and gelatinous flagellates) are more readily ingested than ‘hard’ algae (diatoms and dinoflagellates), and ‘hard’ algae are more readily ingested than polystyrene beads. Daphnia can feed effectively on algae that are 2–5 times larger than the largest ingestible bead.
Essential Oil of Scutellaria baicalensis G

(1987). Essential Oil of Scutellaria baicalensis G. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 1449-1451.
Collision Modeling for High Velocity Ions in a Quiescent Gas

on high velocity ions incident to a quiescent gas, as examined in an ion gun experiment being carried out by UCLA researchers. Two dierent collision mechanisms are implemented in the computational model: elastic and charge exchange (CEX) collisions. Because of very low ionization level observed in the ion beam experiment, Coulomb collision is not incorporated in the model. The two collision types are approximated by two dierent models depending on incident particle energy: variable hard sphere model and classical scattering with repulsive interaction potential. The classical scattering model predicts a high probability in small angle scattering at large ion energies of interest. Four dierent species (The primary and CEX ions, fast neutrals, and secondary electrons) are tracked separately, and their destinations within a well-dened domain are determined. Predicted currents as a function of the test cell pressure are compared with electrode currents measured in the ion gun experiment. The simulation results agree well with the experiment up to test cell pressure of 1 mTorr. Below this test cell pressure, each primary ion experiences one or two collisions on average. The simulation result starts to digress from the experimental result as an increasing number of collisions are involved at higher pressures. The computational results suggest that the primary ion energy can be reduced signicantly after many collisions, however, repulsive interaction potential is a good approximation only at high energies. Therefore, a better interaction potential function valid for lower energies is needed to resolve the disagreement.
Lymphoma of Prosthetic Aortic Graft Presenting as Recurrent Embolization

We describe the case of a patient who presented with transient ischemic attack 4 years after bicuspid aortic valve repair, ascending aorta, and hemiarch replacement. Workup included cross-sectional imaging consistent with thrombus in the ascending aorta graft. Warfarin was initiated, but another episode of cerebral ischemia occurred despite therapeutic anticoagulation. Surgery was performed to avoid further embolization as re-replacement with a homograft aorta. Histologic analysis of the material found within the graft demonstrated large B cell lymphoma. At 39 months' follow-up, there have been no additional episodes of embolization and no evidence of recurrent cancer.
Ecology: Gini in the bottle.

An elaborate microcosm study has a message for the wider world: declining distributional equity among species, where the rare become rarer, and the dominant become more dominant, can put ecosystems at risk.
Effects of several benzodiazepines, alone and in combination with flumazenil, in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate pentobarbital from saline.

The purpose of the present study was to further investigate the relationship between the DS effects of PB and those of benzodiazepines (BZs) and to begin to collect pharmacological information concerning receptor mechanisms involved in this behavioral effect of BZs. Rhesus monkeys (n=3), trained to discriminate pentobarbital (PB; 10 mg/kg, IG) from saline under a discrete-trials shock avoidance procedure, were given IG diazepam (0.3–10 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (1.0–30 mg/kg), or etizolam (0.3–10 mg/kg) alone and in combination with flumazenil (0.01–1.7 mg/kg, IM). Flumazenil was administered 10 min prior to the administration of saline, PB or the BZs. All three BZs fully substituted for PB in all monkeys. Diazepam was the most potent with a mean ED50 of 0.81 mg/kg (SEM=0.04) while chlordiazepoxide was the least potent (mean ED50=5.78 mg/kg, SEM=1.22 mg/kg). The ED50 for etizolam was 1.22 mg/kg (SEM=0.37 mg/kg). Pretreatment with flumazenil (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) resulted in a dose-related parallel shift to the right in the dose-response function for PB-appropriate responding in all monkeys for all three BZs. The mean (n=3) pKB value with 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil was 6.51 (SEM=0.42) for diazepam and 6.57 (SEM=0.17) for chlordiazepoxide. This value could not be calculated for etizolam because only one monkey was tested with 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil. However, the mean pKB for etizolam considering all monkeys and all doses of flumazenil was 6.58 (SEM=0.47). Apparent pA2 values for flumazenil with diazepam were 6.02 for one monkey and 7.11 for another. All three BZs tended to increase average latency to respond. Apparent pKB and pA2 analysis may prove useful for elucidating receptor mechanisms involved in the behavioral effects of BZs.
Geometric requirements for the photolysis of aryloxiranes and cyclic carbonate esters

Abstract The photolysis of trans -β-methylstyrene oxide proceeds smoothly, but neither the corresponding cis -isomer nor β,β-dimethylstyrene oxide are photochemically active. Moreover, although styrene glycol carbonate undergoes photolysis to extrude carbon dioxide, the β,β-dimethylstyrene glycol carbonate is photochemically unreactive. These results are explained by looking at the energies required to obtain a conformation in which the plane of the aromatic ring is orthogonal to the orbitals of the epoxide moiety.
The limits of contract law harmonization

Contract law harmonization in the European Union has met with some significant but limited success. This Essay explores some of the psychological and political forces that can complicate or even hinder law reform efforts. Even when there is a general institutional drive for law reform, as there is in the EU, scarce reform resources force attention to be focused on salient issues, while a status quo bias in individual member states by government officials can provide a braking inertia regarding nonsalient legal reforms. This braking influence can be seized upon and enhanced by interest groups that oppose reforms, especially where there is an alternative to proposed law reforms for private entities. In the case of contract law harmonization, contract doctrine that is not focused on providing consumer protections remain nonsalient, commercial entities can solve the confusion of diverse laws by choosing their own, and interest groups in nations whose laws and dispute resolution forums are commonly chosen will oppose harmonization. Thus, the current state of affairs may prove relatively difficult to alter.
Hyperphoretic Dispersal of a Pyxidiophora Anamorph

It has been suggested that Thaxteriola species and other minute, nonmycelial fungi associated with arthropods have phylogenetic relationships with the Laboulbeniales. However, direct development of the thallus of Thaxteriola from an ascospore of Pyxidiophora has now been discovered. Thaxteriola is specialized for dispersal by mites carried on pine bark beetles; other fungi dispersed by arthropods in this symbiotic assemblage rely primarily on arthropod specializations.
Adaptive multi-level cache allocation in distributed storage architectures

Increasing complexity of large-scale applications and continuous increases in data set sizes of such applications combined with slow improvements in disk access latencies has resulted in I/O becoming a performance bottleneck. While there are several ways of improving I/O access latencies of dataintensive applications, one of the promising approaches has been using different layers of the I/O subsystem to cache recently and/or frequently used data so that the number of I/O requests accessing the disk is reduced. These different layers of caches across the storage hierarchy introduce the need for efficient cache management schemes to derive maximum performance benefits. Several state-of-the-art multi-level storage cache management schemes focus on optimizing aggregate hit rate or overall I/O latency, while being agnostic to Service Level Objectives (SLOs). Also, most of the existing works focus on different cache replacement algorithms for managing storage caches and discuss different exclusive caching techniques in the context of multilevel cache hierarchy. However, the orthogonal problem of storage cache space allocation to multiple, simultaneously-running applications in a multi-level hierarchy of storage caches with multiple storage servers has remained an open research problem. In this work, using a combination of per-application latency model and a linear programming model, we proportion storage caches dynamically among multiple concurrently-executing applications across the different levels of the storage hierarchy and across multiple servers to provide isolation to applications while satisfying the application level SLOs. Further, our algorithm improves the overall system performance significantly.
Low-cost antenna-in-package solutions for 60-GHz phased-array systems

A low-cost, fully-integrated antenna-in-package solution for 60-GHz phased-array system is demonstrated. Sixteen patch antennas are integrated into a 28 mm × 28 mm ball grid array together with a flip-chip attached phased-array transmitter or receiver chip. The packages have first been fabricated using low temperature co-fired ceramic technology, and then built using conventional printed circuit board processes for lower manufacturing cost. Antenna chamber measurement has shown ∼5 dBi unit antenna gain across the 60-GHz frequency band covering all four IEEE 802.15.3c channels. The packaged transmitter and receiver chipsets, each mounted on an evaluation board, have demonstrated beam-steered, non-line-of-sight links with data rates up to 5.3 Gb/s.
Absolute Intensities in the ν2Fundamental of N2O at 17 μm

Abstract Absolute intensity measurements have been made in the ν 2 fundamental band of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The experiments were carried out independently in two laboratories and despite the fact that the two Fourier transform instruments are very different and required different data reduction techniques the results agree within the estimated experimental errors. The square of the transition dipole is found to be 4.7538(58) × 10 −3 D 2 and in addition there is a large linear Herman–Wallis factor which gives rise to an R branch that is significantly stronger than the P branch.
On independent sets in hypergraphs

The independence numberαH of a hypergraph H is the size of a largest set of vertices containing no edge of H. In this paper, we prove that if Hn is an n-vertex r+1-uniform hypergraph in which every r-element set is contained in at most d edges, where 0 0 satisfies cr~r/e as ri¾?∞. The value of cr improves and generalizes several earlier results that all use a theorem of Ajtai, Komlos, Pintz, Spencer and Szemeredi J Comb Theory Ser A 32 1982, 321-335. Our relatively short proof extends a method due to Shearer Random Struct Algorithms 7 1995, 269-271 and Alon Random Struct Algorithms 9 1996, 271-278. The above statement is close to best possible, in the sense that for each ri¾?2 and all values of d∈i¾?, there are infinitely many Hn such thatαHni¾?brndlogi¾?nd1/rwhere br>0 depends only on r. In addition, for many values of d we show br~cr as ri¾?∞, so the result is almost sharp for large r. We give an application to hypergraph Ramsey numbers involving independent neighborhoods.Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 44, 224-239, 2014
The relationship between social alienation and disorganized thinking in normal subjects and localized cerebral glucose metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography.

Abstract This study investigated the relationships between the relatively mild manifestations in verbal behavior of social alienation and disorganized thinking in normal subjects and cerebral glucose metabolic rates measured by positron emission tomography (PET). Three groups of 10 young normal male subjects were injected with d -[ 18 F]deoxyglucose (FDG) during either wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM), or non-REM (NONREM) sleep, and 32 to 45 minutes later they were asked to report their thoughts, emotions, or dreams and free-associations to these mental events. Nonparametric correlations were obtained between measures of interpersonal social alienation, intrapsychic conflicts, and thought disorder derived from the typescripts of these reports by content analysis—using the Gottschalk-Gleser Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization Scale—and regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates obtained from PET scans. Total social alienation-personal disorganization scores obtained from the reports of wakeful, silent mentations showed significant positive correlations with glucose metabolic rates in the left temporal lobe. The patterns of significant correlations involving these verbal behavior measures derived from the content analysis of verbal reports of dreams or other mental events occurring during REM and non-REM sleep were in different cerebral locations from those found with these variables during silent, waking mentation. Previous observations suggesting that increased left temporal lobe glucose may typify chronic schizophrenia may instead be indicative of a wide range of thought disorder and/or social alienation manifestations occurring, at times transiently and minimally, in normal people.
Deception detection in human reasoning

Even though people deal with deceptions throughout their whole lives, deception detection remains a challenging problem. The average detection rate for humans is only around chance, and detection skill is unlikely to be improved through training. Therefore, researchers have studied the features of deceptive behaviors that were largely ignored in human detection. For example, physiologists look at the physiological signals such as breathing rate and blood pressure, psychologists focus on non-verbal cues such as facial expressions and gestures, and computer scientists search for linguistic cues such as length of sentences. Although they all provide promising results, they seem to neglect a critical part in a person's communication: the reasoning behind the communicated content. In this paper, a method is proposed to detect deception by identifying inconsistencies, explaining the reasoning behind the inconsistencies, and measuring the likelihood of deception based on cues in reasoning. The initial experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach in identifying and explaining communications containing inconsistencies. Reasoning cues that can best discriminate deception from truth are proposed, and aspects of the verification and measurement of such cues as possible future directions of work are discussed.
What can randomized controlled trials tell us about nutrition and cancer prevention

Randomized controlled trials are regarded as the most definitive of study designs. The randomized controlled trials that have tested nutritional factors for cancer prevention are reviewed. Trials that have tested the effects of nutrients given as high-dose supplements have been largely disappointing, typically showing either no or harmful effects. Possible benefits of vitamin E for prostate cancer prevention and selenium for prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer prevention have emerged only as secondary endpoints in trials conducted for other purposes; confirmatory new trials for these nutrients are now underway or are planned. The limitations of both past and current randomized controlled trials for studying diet-cancer relationships are discussed. The disappointing findings that have emerged from short-term studies of high-dose supplements cannot be interpreted as direct tests of the diet-cancer relationship because high-dose supplements cannot fully simulate the effects of whole foods on cancer risk. As we await findings from current and future trials, we should not forget that the ample evidence from observational epidemiologic research--suggesting that diets rich in fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of many of the most common cancers--can provide a sound basis for nutritional recommendations aimed at reducing cancer risk.
Comparison of atomic force microscope and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry data of nanometre size zinc islands

Abstract Atomic force microscopes (AFM) form images by sliding a sharp tip over a surface in a raster pattern and recording the height of the tip at each position. There is distortion in these images caused by a non-ideal shape and the size of the probe tips. Previously reported convolution and deconvolution algorithms have been implemented to study and simulate the interaction between the tip and the sample. The first part of this work is a comparison between AFM and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) data taken on nanometre size zinc islands on a flat substrate. Zinc islands were deposited on a silicon substrate using the ionized cluster beam deposition technique. An algorithm was developed to calculate the volume of the islands and the number of zinc atoms present from AFM images. The number of zinc atoms per unit area of the same samples was also measured by RBS. The AFM and RBS results agree qualitatively but there is an offset with AFM reporting more zinc than RBS. A possible explanation for this difference is a convolution of the tip and sample making the islands appear larger. After deconvolution of the AFM images there was better agreement between AFM and RBS on the number of zinc atoms per unit area.
A new boundary meshfree method with distributed sources

A new boundary meshfree method, to be called the boundary distributed source (BDS) method, is presented in this paper that is truly meshfree and easy to implement. The method is based on the same concept in the well-known method of fundamental solutions (MFS). However, in the BDS method the source points and collocation points coincide and both are placed on the boundary of the problem domain directly, unlike the traditional MFS that requires a fictitious boundary for placing the source points. To remove the singularities of the fundamental solutions, the concentrated point sources can be replaced by distributed sources over areas (for 2D problems) or volumes (for 3D problems) covering the source points. For Dirichlet boundary conditions, all the coefficients (either diagonal or off-diagonal) in the systems of equations can be determined analytically, leading to very simple implementation for this method. Methods to determine the diagonal coefficients for Neumann boundary conditions are discussed. Examples for 2D potential problems are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of this new meshfree boundary-node method.
Deprenyl in attention deficit associated with Tourette's syndrome.

• While central nervous system stimulants usually improve attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated with Tourette's syndrome, they often exacerbate tics and can produce other potentially serious complications. Because deprenyl may have a stimulatory effect and monoamine oxidase inhibitors have been shown to ameliorate hyperactive behavior, we studied this drug in children with the Tourette's syndrome—ADHD combination. Twenty-nine patients, 25 boys and four girls, with a mean age of 11.2 years (range, 6 to 18 years) and duration of symptoms for an average of 6.2 years (range, 1 to 13 years), were enrolled in this open trial after they became refractory to conventional treatments for ADHD. The average duration of treatment with deprenyl was 6.7 months (range, 3 to 15 months) and the average daily dose was 8.1 mg/d (range, 5 to 15 mg/dL). Twenty-six of all patients (90%) reported clinically meaningful improvement in their ADHD (score ≥2 on a scale of 0 to 4), with the mean global improvement rated at 2.6. There were no serious adverse side effects and only two patients noted exacerbation of their tics. Deprenyl appears to be a safe and effective treatment of ADHD in patients with Tourette's syndrome.
A Framework for Evaluating Collaborative Systems in the Real World

Collaboration technologies are seeing widespread deployment even though it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of these systems. This paper presents an evaluation method that addresses this issue and the use of the method in the field. The method uses a framework to structure evaluations by mapping system goals to evaluation objectives, metrics, and measures. The upper-most levels of the framework are conceptual in nature, while the bottom level is implementation-specific, i.e., evaluation-specific. Capitalizing on this top-down approach, an evaluation template specifying the conceptual elements can be constructed for a series of evaluations. Then implementation-specific measures are specified for individual experiments. This structure makes use of the framework ideal for comparison of the effectiveness of collaboration tools in a particular environment. We present our findings from use of the method in the field to assess the performance of a particular collaboration technology deployment and its impact on the work process.
Chemical changes in soil and soil solution after calcium silicate addition to a northern hardwood forest

Liming has been used to mitigate effects of acidic deposition in forest ecosystems. This study was designed to examine the effects of calcium (Ca) supply on the spatial patterns and the relations between soil and soil solution chemistry in a base-poor forest watershed. Watershed 1 at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA was experimentally treated with wollastonite (CaSiO3) in October, 1999. Exchangeable Ca (Ex-Ca), soil pHs (in 0.01 M CaCl2), effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), and effective base saturation (BSe) increased, while exchangeable acidity (Ex-Acid) decreased in organic soil horizons in 2000 and 2002. Mineral soils experienced either small increases in Ex-Ca, pHs, CECe, BSe, small decreases in Ex-Acid or no changes. Thus, most of the added Ca remained in the forest floor during the study period. Prior to the treatment the BSe decreased with increasing elevation in organic and mineral soil horizons. This spatial pattern changed significantly in the forest floor after the treatment, suggesting that soils at higher elevations were more responsive to the chemical addition than at lower elevations. Soil solutions draining the forest floor responded to the treatment by increases in concentrations of Ca, dissolved silica, pH, and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), and a decrease in inorganic monomeric Al (Ali). Treatment effects diminished with increasing soil depth and decreasing elevation. Positive correlations between Ca/total monomeric Al (Alm) in soil solution and Ex-Ca/Ex-Al ratios in soil indicated that changes in the chemistry of soils significantly influenced the chemistry of soil water, and that Ca derived from the dissolution of wollastonite mitigated the mobilization of Al within the experimental watershed.
Reactive and bioactive cationic α-helical polypeptide template for nonviral gene delivery.

Poly(γ-(4-vinylbenzyl)-l-glutamate) (PVBLG) served as a bioactive and reactive template for the generation of a library of cationic α-helical polypeptides for gene delivery. The top performing polymer outperformed 25-kDa polyethylenimine by 12-fold. Preliminary data indicates that helicity of these cationic polypeptides is essential for their improved performance, with enhanced membrane disruption a likely source of their transfection efficiency.
Modeling of a carbon nanotube ultracapacitor

The modeling of carbon nanotube ultracapacitor (CNU) performance based on the simulation of electrolyte ion motion between the cathode and the anode is described. Using a molecular dynamics (MD) approach, the equilibrium positions of the electrode charges interacting through the Coulomb potential are determined, which in turn yield the equipotential surface and electric field associated with the capacitor. With an applied ac voltage, the current is computed based on the nanotube and electrolyte particle distribution and interaction, resulting in the frequency-dependent impedance Z.!/. From the current and impedance profiles, the Nyquist and cyclic voltammetry (CV) plots are then extracted. The results of these calculations compare well with existing experimental data. A lumped-element equivalent circuit for the CNU is proposed and the impedance computed from this circuit correlates well with the simulated and measured impedances. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Religiousness and depression: evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

The association between religiousness and depressive symptoms was examined with meta-analytic methods across 147 independent investigations (N 98,975). Across all studies, the correlation between religiousness and depressive symptoms was –.096, indicating that greater religiousness is mildly associated with fewer symptoms. The results were not moderated by gender, age, or ethnicity, but the religiousness– depression association was stronger in studies involving people who were undergoing stress due to recent life events. The results were also moderated by the type of measure of religiousness used in the study, with extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping (e.g., avoiding difficulties through religious activities, blaming God for difficulties) associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, the opposite direction of the overall findings.
How Does Neuroscience Affect Our Conception of Volition

Although there is no clear concept of volition or the will, we do have intuitive ideas that characterize the will, agency, and voluntary behavior. Here I review results from a number of strands of neuroscientific research that bear upon our intuitive notions of the will. These neuroscientific results provide some insight into the neural circuits mediating behaviors that we identify as related to will and volition. Although some researchers contend that neuroscience will undermine our views about free will, to date no results have succeeded in fundamentally disrupting our commonsensical beliefs. Still, the picture emerging from neuroscience does raise new questions, and ultimately may put pressure on some intuitive notions about what is necessary for free will.
Parsing the Effects of Nitric Oxide, S-Nitrosothiols, and Peroxynitrite on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase–Dependent Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis

The actions of nitric oxide (NO) mediating vasorelaxation through activating guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP are now well-established, as recognized by the award of the Nobel prize in 1998. However, the production of NO is also implicated in a much broader range of physiological and pathological actions that are independent of cGMP. Cytokines in particular are known to greatly stimulate NO production as part of the nonspecific immune system and may play a significant role in heart disease. Cytokines are known to induce expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cardiac myocytes, which contributes in part to myocyte contractile dysfunction. In this issue of Circulation Research , Arstall et al1 demonstrate that iNOS upregulation by interleukin-1β and interferon-γ increases apoptosis in cultured myocytes by a process that was independent of guanylate cyclase activation and cGMP. Cell death was blocked by both selective and general iNOS inhibitors, clearly implicating the production of NO in cell death. However, concentrations of an NO donor added in similar concentrations to the amount of endogenous nitrite produced by myocytes after cytokine treatment did not stimulate cell death, suggesting that NO itself was not cytotoxic. The chemical reactivity and toxicity of NO can be greatly increased by its diffusion-limited reaction with superoxide (O2.−) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO−). A …
Envisioning a Counseling Psychology of the World The Mission of the International Forum

The International Forum (IF) has been a feature of the The Counseling Psychologist for two decades. The current coeditors of the IF offer their observations about why a manuscript might have been rejected in the past, offer suggestions on how to increase a document's potential for being published, and discuss new features of this forum. They also invite authors to contribute articles to the IF on a host of specific topics.
Schizophrenic individuals' cognitive functioning and performance in interpersonal interactions and skills training procedures

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between schizophrenic individuals' cognitive functioning and their performance in interpersonal interactions and skills training procedures. Thirty schizophrenic individuals and 15 non-mentally ill individuals were administered two versions of the Continuous Performance Test, the Span of Apprehension Test, the Digit Span Distractibility Test, the Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills, and three elemental skills training tasks. Vigilance level as measured by the Continuous Performance Test was substantially correlated with performance in both roleplayed interactions and skills training tasks, while recall memory as measured by the Digit Span Distractibility Test was correlated with performance in the skills training tasks independently of vigilance level. Thus, the results indicated that the cognitive dysfunctions of schizophrenia are associated with poorer social functioning and with reduced performance in the elemental procedures that constitute efforts to improve that functioning.
Cognitive Decline and Mortality in a Community-Based Cohort: The Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey

OBJECTIVES: To compare, in a longitudinal cohort study, declines in specific cognitive domains on their ability to predict time to death, in the presence and absence of dementia, and to explore an explanatory role for vascular disease. DESIGN: Prospective population-based epidemiological study. SETTING: The mid-Monongahela valley of southwestern Pennsylvania from 1987 to 2002. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred eighty-nine community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older enrolled in the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Biennial assessments of a range of cognitive domains for up to 12 years. Mortality was modeled as a function of decline in each domain, adjusting for vascular diseases and stratified according to age (≤75 (younger-old) and >75 (older-old)) using Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: Average annual declines in almost all cognitive domains were significant predictors of mortality in the cohort as a whole. However, after adjustment for dementia, only general cognition, processing speed, the language composite, and the executive function composite remained significant. Adjustment for vascular diseases did not alter the results. In the younger-old group, decline in memory (hazard ratio (HR)=21.4) and executive function (HR=25.5) remained strong predictors after adjustment for dementia and vascular disease. In the older-old group, decline in processing speed was a strong predictor of mortality before (HR=7.4) and after (HR=5.3) controlling for dementia and vascular diseases. CONCLUSION: Decline in most cognitive domains predicted mortality across the cohort, but declines in memory and learning were not independent of dementia. Different domains predicted mortality in the younger and older subgroups.
Advancing lie detection by inducing cognitive load on liars: a review of relevant theories and techniques guided by lessons from polygraph-based approaches.

This article critically reviews techniques of and theories relevant to the emerging field of “lie detection by inducing cognitive load selectively on liars.” To help these techniques benefit from past mistakes, we start with a summary of the polygraph-based Controlled Question Technique (CQT) and the major criticisms of it made by the National Research Council (2003), including that it not based on a validated theory and administration procedures have not been standardized. Lessons from the more successful Guilty Knowledge Test are also considered. The critical review that follows starts with the presentation of models and theories offering insights for cognitive lie detection that can undergird theoretically load-inducing approaches. This is followed by evaluation of specific research-based, load-inducing proposals, especially for their susceptibility to rehearsal and other countermeasures. To help organize these proposals and suggest new direction for innovation and refinement, a theoretical taxonomy is presented based on the type of cognitive load induced in examinees (intrinsic or extraneous) and how open-ended the responses to test items are. Finally, four recommendations are proffered that can help researchers and practitioners to avert the corresponding mistakes with the CQT and yield new, valid cognitive lie detection technologies.
Fostering Creativity in Service Development: Facilitating Service Innovation by the Creative Cognition Approach

This article focuses on analysis of the human aspect in service systems and investigates the role of creativity in enhancing service innovation. Applying the creative cognition approach, a conceptual framework of creative process for service development is constructed to demonstrate the general process of designing creative services, with the emphasis on consumer satisfaction and business success. Five strategies are proposed to facilitate creative service generation: abstraction and multi-perspective, conceptual expansion, conceptual combination, analogical thinking, and meta-design. Concrete examples are provided to illustrate the application of the general creative service design process and the proposed strategies. [Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962 (print), ISSN 2164-3970 (online), was published by Services Science Global (SSG) from 2009 to 2011 as issues under ISBN 978-1-4276-2090-3.]
Debris studies for the tin-based droplet laser-plasma EUV source

We are developing a mass-limited, laser plasma target concept that utilizes excited state transitions in tin ions as the source of 13.5 nm radiation, offering in-band conversion efficiencies greater than 1%. The ultimate objective of this EUV source strategy is the utilization of a target that is completely ionized by the laser. To determine the viability of this source for EUVL, we are making extensive measurements of the debris emanating from the target. Here we report on some of these measurements. Also under investigation are various methods of debris mitigation. We have previously shown the effectiveness of electrostatic fields for repelling ions from mass-limited targets, demonstrating improvements in multilayer mirror lifetimes in excess of an order of magnitude, positioning water droplet targets within reach of the EUVL roadmap requirements. Our investigation of debris utilizes various diagnostic techniques including ion collection, ion sputtering and witness-plate capture of particulate debris, and extensive post-mortem microscopic materials analysis.
Form or Function? An Examination of ESPN Magazine's “Body Issue”

This study compared coverage differences in gender of athletes in the photographs over the five years of publication of ESPN The Magazine's annual “Body Issue.” Grounded in the theoretical basis of framing, gender, photograph motion and context, and amount of clothing worn in photographs were examined for incidence of gender bias. Though males and females were represented and framed in relatively equal amounts, the manner in which the athletes were framed was troubling. Overall passive in nature in their framing, the photographs of the athletes seem to do anything but highlight the athleticism in the vast majority of the photographs. The findings suggest that gender bias is still present in mainstream sports media.
Multi-Attribute Dynamic Pricing for Online Markets Using Intelligent Agents

Intelligent agents called pricebots provide a convienient mechanism for implementing automated dynamic pricing algorithms for sellers in an online economy. Pricebots enable an online seller to dynamically calculate a competitive price for a product in response to variations in market parameters such as competitorsý prices and consumersý purchase preferences. Previous research on pricebot mediated pricing makes certain simplifying assumptions of online markets such as providing sellers with complete knowledge of market parameters to facililate calculations by the dynamic pricing algorithm, and, considering product price as the only attribute that determines consumersý purchase decision. In this paper, we address the problem of dynamic pricing in a competitive online economy where a product is differentiated by buyers and sellers on multiple attributes, and, sellers possess limited knowledge about market parameters. A seller uses a collaborative filtering algorithm to determine temporal consumersý purchase preferences followed by a dynamic pricing algorithm to determine a competitive price for the product. Simulation results using our market model show that collaborative filtering enabled dynamic pricing techniques compare favorably against other dynamic pricing algorithms. Collaborative filtering enables sellers to rapidly identify temporal customer preferences and improve sellersý profits.
Electromagnetic transients in conducting media

In a recent paper, Richards derives expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a short pulse of electric or magnetic dipole moment in a conducting medium. An alternative analysis is given which explains certain unusual results of the original work as arising from dispersion in the conducting medium and from the frequency dependence of the attenuation factor of the fields. The conclusion drawn is that communication by pulses is expected to be inferior to that by low-frequency continuous waves.
Legged robots on rough terrain: experiments in adjusting step length

For a legged system to operate on rough terrain, it must place its feet on footholds that provide good support and traction. This can be done by adjusting the step length, the distance traveled between successive steps. The author explores three methods for controlling step length: adjusting the duration of flight, the duration of stance, or the forward velocity. She has tested these three methods for step length control on a planar, two-legged machine in the laboratory. The strategies which adjust flight duration and forward velocity produce similar accuracy in following a pattern of footholds, but adjusting forward velocity allows a greater range of step lengths. Changes in stance duration are not large enough to produce a large change in step length. The author has used these methods to enable the biped to climb up and down a short flight of stairs. >
Predicting the transient response of a serpentine flow-field PEMFC: I. Excess to normal fuel and air

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transient response of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) subjected to a variable load is presented. The model parameters are typical for a laboratory-scale cell with a serpentine flow path and a 10 cm 2 reactive area. The simulation uses a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver modified to include the electrochemical behavior. The predictions are based on an isothermal set of equations and include transient responses of the cell in terms of local distributions of the current density and gas mole fractions. The predictions show transients in the current density that overshoot the final state value when the cell voltage is abruptly changed from 0.7 to 0.5 V for fixed excess initial stoichiometric flowrates. The fixed flowrates are excess because they correspond to stoichiometries of 2.6 and 4.4 at 0.7 V for the 0.35 A/cm 2 predicted initial current density. The percent overshoot decreases with the rate of voltage change and it is shown to change with anode gas flow rates. Also the magnitude of this overshoot and undershoot can be adjusted by changing the rate of voltage change and the operating conditions. The overshoot behavior for these excess stoichiometric flowrates is shown to depend on changes in the oxygen mole fraction distributions. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Current Status of a NASA High-Altitude Balloon-Based Observatory for Planetary Science

Recent studies have shown that progress can be made on over 20% of the key questions called out in the current Planetary Science Decadal Survey by a high-altitude balloon-borne observatory. Therefore, NASA has been assessing concepts for a gondola-based observatory that would achieve the greatest possible science return in a low-risk and cost-effective manner. This paper addresses results from the 2014 Balloon Observation Platform for Planetary Science (BOPPS) mission, namely successes in the design and performance of the Fine Pointing System. The paper also addresses technical challenges facing the new Gondola for High Altitude Planetary Science (GHAPS) reusable platform, including thermal control for the Optical Telescope Assembly, power generation and management, and weight-saving considerations that the team will be assessing in 2015 and beyond.
Some sixteenth century European earthquakes as depicted in contemporary sources

Abstract Illustrated accounts of a number of 16th century earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are presented, collected from literature contemporary with the events. Although for the most part describing occurrences known from the comprehensive catalogs of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the accounts given here provide many more details and yield interesting historical insights and divergences.
Electronic Journal Holdings Data Usage: Results of a Survey☆

Abstract Results of the CONSER Publication Pattern Initiative, Task Force to Explore the Needs and Uses for Holdings and Pattern Data for Electronic Journals survey, are presented. Following the survey data, two information professionals react with contrasting views on the usefulness and effectiveness of providing detailed e-journal holdings information to the end user. Serials Review 2003; 29:295–301.
Frequency and Time-Domain Performance of LTCC Transmission Lines Fabricated Using Multiple Printing Techniques

The many advantages of low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) materials are increasing their use in multi-layer systems containing multiple high-frequency / high-speed digital interconnects. Although construction of such interconnects is possible with current fabrication techniques, the loss exhibited by transmission lines at high frequencies limits their application by increasing system power consumption or requiring complex transceivers. Use of non-standard metal printing processes provides one possibility for realizing lower insertion loss desired for these interconnects. We have fabricated and evaluated representative single-ended and differential stripline transmission line structures using single, double, and mirror printing techniques for Ag metalization in DuPont 9K7 LTCC, to explore their suitability for high-frequency/high-speed applications. Discussion of analysis performed on cross-sections of these structures to determine post-firing geometry, as well as the level of fabrication control affo...
The Securities Acts and public accounting: Financial statement audits as symbolic reform:

This article attempts to provide a new look at the goals and achievements of the accounting and auditing provisions of the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. While endorsing the view that the Acts, ...