cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sun Exposure of Young Children While at Day Care

Sun exposure in childhood has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. As an increasing number of young children are cared for in day-care centers, we were interested in examining the sun-protection practices in this setting. In our study of day-care centers, we found that while most day-care center staff were aware of the adverse effect of excess sun exposure and the need for sun protection, the use of sunscreen and protective clothing and avoidance of midday sun were limited. We conclude that intensive education of day-care center staff and parents regarding sun exposure and sun protection is necessary if we are to attempt to reduce the frequency of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer.
Retinal artery occulusion in the absence of a cherry red spot

Abstract This is a case of a 27-year-old man with metastatic chondrosarcoma with tumor emboli. The tumor emboli were found in the choroidal vessels and the central retinal artery, compatible with the clinical findings of an ischemic optic nerve head and central retinal artery occlusion.
Intergenerational Assistance in Australian Families: The Role of Parental Family Structure

The amount and type of assistance exchanged between adult offspring and their parents was examined in Australian families, considering whether the parents were married, divorced, remarried, or if one of the parents had died, while also comparing such intergenerational assistance in American society. Data collected revealed that, compared with the level of help exchanged between offspring and continuously married parents, offspring gave more help to widowed mothers and received less help from divorced parents and widowed fathers.
Hepatotoxicity of an HIV protease inhibitor in dogs and rats.

Oral administration of the HIV protease inhibitor L-689,502 caused cholestasis and hepatocyte injury in rats and dogs. These changes occurred rapidly, with elevations in serum transaminase observed as early as 6 hr after oral dosing in dogs. The acute phase of this hepatotoxic response was characterized in more detail in rats. Following intravenous administration, bile flow was decreased in a dose-dependent manner with greater than 90% decrease in less than 30 min at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The decrease in bile flow was associated with a decrease in erythritol clearance. The decrease in bile flow was not due to disruption of biliary tight junctions. Sucrose clearance was not increased and biliary bile acid concentrations in treated animals were not different from controls. Unlike control animals, bile flow was not stimulated by infusion of the bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid in animals treated with L-689,502. These cholestatic effects may be due, in part, to direct hepatocyte injury. Histological examination of perfusion-fixed livers 30 min after L-689,502 administration revealed periportal changes including hepatocyte vacuolation and occasional single cell necrosis. On a subcellular level, the nucleus and mitochondria were intact in less-severely affected cells. However, extensive vacuolation with multilamellar inclusions was pronounced in these cells. In addition, canalicular ectasia was also observed which was consistent with the cholestatic changes that were seen. In summary, L-689,502 is a potent, rapid acting hepatotoxin in dogs and rats. The mechanism by which this agent induces cholestasis is novel compared to other well-characterized cholestatic agents such as alpha-naphtylisothiocyanate and ethinyl estradiol.
The comparison theorem for Hilbert spaces of entire functions

A generalization of the Sturm comparison theorem is obtained for formally self-adjoint ordinary differential operators of finite order given in canonical form. The result is stated within the vector theory of Hilbert spaces of entire functions when the coefficient space is a finite-dimensional vector space.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell line expressing P450 2E1: evidence for apoptotic cell death.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an acute hepatotoxin and potent carcinogen. The metabolic activation of NDMA to reactive metabolites is a critical step for the expression of its toxic and carcinogenic potential. We have previously demonstrated a strong correlation between methylation of cellular macromolecules and NDMA-mediated cytotoxicity, and we have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species may partially contribute to the toxic effects in P450 2E1-expressing cells. The mode of cell death in NDMA-treated monolayer cultures exhibited the following characteristics: (i) condensation of nuclear chromatin as demonstrated by using Hoechst 33258 staining, (ii) DNA fragmentation as detected by combining pulsed field and conventional agarose gel electrophoresis, and (iii) DNA double strand breaks determined by using the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay and flow cytometric analysis. These results indicate that reactive metabolites of NDMA trigger activation of the signal pathway for apoptotic cell death in these P450-expressing cells. The NDMA-mediated cell death was partially prevented by the endonuclease inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid, as well as the caspase inhibitors, acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO and acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO. The cell cycle distribution was altered in NDMA-treated cells resulting in an increase in the G2/M phase and a decrease in the G1 phase. Our results suggest that DNA degradation, the inability to complete DNA repair, the biochemical events associated with G2/M arrest, and the process of apoptotic death all result from P450 2E1-catalyzed metabolism of NDMA.
Gaining and losing a friend I never knew: Reading Claire Philip's journal and poetry

Abstract Claire Philip used her journal of dying to sustain and know a self that was constantly changing under the threat of imminent extinction. This article discusses both the uniqueness and the universality of Philip's moving poetry and journal entries.
Ethics in Information Technology and Software Use

The emerging concern about software piracy and illegal or unauthorized use of information technology and software has been evident in the media and open literature for the last few years. In the course of conducting their academic assignments, the authors began to compare observations from classroom experiences related to ethics in the use of software and information technology and systems. Qualitatively and anecdotally, it appeared that many if not most, students had misconceptions about what represented ethical and unethical behaviors in these realms. Clearly, one can argue that if college students are uncertain about what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behavior then this uncertainty will be carried forward into their workplaces upon graduation. Furthermore, if their workplaces don't provide ethics training as a component of a new employee orientation program, one can project a potential for unintentional violations and infringements of copyrights and law in the field. This study was conducted among graduate and undergraduate students to gain insight into their attitudes, perceptions and understanding of some of the relevant ethics issues. A questionnaire of 11 statements was employed that described ubiquitous but most likely unethical (or surely dubious) behaviors in the prevailing business and academic environments. Each respondent was asked to evaluate each statement twice (once for “self” and once for “colleague”) on a five-option highly ethical (5) to neutral (3) to highly unethical (1) scale. The statements were worded such that lower instrument score was associated with higher ethical responses. The questionnaire's two-part structure was designed to solicit honest answers. The encouraging learning from this study was that the overall sample and its various sub-samples did not consider any of the eleven behaviors to be “ethical” or “highly ethical.” It was also encouraging to note that the overall sample and all sub-samples considered “highly unethical” those behaviors associated with personal privacy or property or outright theft. This indicated that moral judgment and probity prevail. The discouraging learning was that behaviors associated with the use of enterprise property were viewed as “neutral” i.e., neither “ethical” nor “unethical.” These findings suggested confusion and lack of clarity and definition around workplace deportment as it regards ethics in software and information technology use. The current study suggests that additional research needs to be conducted to define and clarify the issues, which in turn can form the basis for programs to rectify or at least ameliorate the situation.
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AND MARSH FORAMINIFERA1

Continuous records of the Following environmental factors were made in a marine marsh: air and water temperature, light intensity, wind speed, oxygen concentration, p11, Eh, sodium ion, sulfide ion, salinity, and tide height. Vertical changes in pH, Eh, oxygen, and sulfide were relatively large compared to other variations. IIorizontal differenccs in pII and oxygen were due to varying amounts of vegetation. Variations due to tidal action affected all water parameters. At ebb tide, salinities increased from approximately 34% to as much as 50%,, while pH decreased from approximately 8.2 at high water to as low as 6.8. Diurnal variations were large, with per cent oxygen saturation values varying from approximately 10% to as high as 270%. Maximum and minimum values as well as the per cent of time these values fall between a given set of conditions are presented and various applications to discussed.
Predictions and probabilities

i. Physical theory. First let us investigate what constitutes a prediction. In this connection an example will be instructive. By means of the Newtonian theory, astronomers have predicted the positions of the planets at various times. The assumptions that the mass times the acceleration equals the force, that the forces can be combined by vector addition, and that they obey the inverse square law of gra? vitation, form the basis of such predictions. When the precession of the perihelion of the planet Mercury was discovered and when it was found that this phenomenon could not be explained in terms of the Newtonian theory, then the above basis came to be considered inadequate for the more delicate requirements of modern astronomy. Newtonian mechanics was superseded by relativity which at some future time will very likely be replaced by a more comprehensive and sensitive theory. Certain conclusions can be drawn from this example. A basis of predictions can be acceptable even though we do not possess assurance that the predictions will always be successful. It is satis? factory as long as it accounts for the phenomena but when it fails to do so, a new theory should be sought. We shall now consider how this discussion applies to predictions in the field of probability. Can we obtain a satisfactory basis of predictions which is concerned only with one trial of an event? With respect to a single trial, we can predict either success or failure 14 Erkenntnis VI
The role of an α2-macroglobulin of rat serum in the phagocytosis of colloidal particles

Abstract In these studies an α 1 -an α 2 -macroglobulin were isolated from rat serum. The α 2 protein had all the opsonic activity, promoting phagocytosis of various colloidal particles by rat liver slices. The opsonin was stable in the lyophilized form or in solution kept in ice. The opsonic activity was lost slowly at 37 °C at all pH values between 3.5 and 9.5. The activity increased when the protein was preincubated at 37 °C for 20 min. Measurement of optical rotatory dispersion suggested that no major change of conformation occurred when the temperature was raised to 37 °C. The protein dissociated, however, into two subunits at 37 °C. The activity was lost when the protein was incubated at 60 °C. The opsonin contained 6.5% carbohydrate comprised of hexosamine, hexose and sialic acid. Neuraminidase treatment released all the sialic acid without affecting the opsonic activity. Trypsin treatment inactivated the protein after prolonged incubation. The α 2 -opsonic promoted phagocytosis of the test lipid emulsion of the reticuloendothelial system, colloidal gold and sulfur. It also stimulated the uptake of membrane fragments from heart, liver, skeletal muscle, skin and cancer cells. It is suggested that one of the most important physiological roles of the opsonin is to promote clearance of tissue debris produced under various adverse conditions. The uptake of two species of bacteria was also enhanced by the protein. The opsonin did not bind trypsin, all the trypsin binding activity was associated with the α 1 -macroglobulin fraction. In this respect the α 2 -opsonin is not related to the α 2 -macroglobulin of human serum or to the α 2 acute phase macroglobulin of rat serum, both of which are known to bind proteolytic enzymes. Furthermore, an antiserum prepared against human α 2 -macroglobulin did not show a precipitin line when tested against the opsonin even though it reacted weakly with rat serum indicating the presence of a cross-reacting antigen in rat serum. These data showed that the human α 2 -macroglobulin and the rat α 2 -opsonin are not related antigenically. The uptake of colloids in vitro required heparin as an obligatory cofactor, 5 units of heparin were optimal. Polyethylene sulfonate could replace heparin but chondroitin sulfate A and C were without effects.
A New Fibrinogen Preparation.

SummaryA method is described for dehydration (in vacuo) of salted-out fibrinogen for “stock” usage of the protein in coagulation studies. Modifications of the method of preparation are considered with a view to (a) lessening denaturation, (b) making the preparation available for biochemical analysis of its protein content, and (c) preparing it free from all traces of prothrombin.
Electron density reduction in re-entry plasma due to nitrogen atom removal

Electron density reduction in plasma surrounding reentry vehicle due to N atom removal by water droplets injection
From Love to Melancholy The Evolution of the Black Bohemian Identity in Black Indie Love Films From Gen-X to Gen-Y

The Black bohemian is a largely overlooked character in both “Black” and White Hollywood despite an established subculture that has existed for years. This article looks at how Black American bohemian identity in two independent love films has evolved from the segregated world of Generation-X in Love Jones to the integrated world of two young millennial Black bohemians in Medicine for Melancholy. Using the markers of culture, space, and politics, this article posits that while we can read major superficial changes in the way Black bohemian identity has evolved between Generation-X and Generation-Y using these two films, on a fundamental level, Hollywood has not changed in its depictions of alternative Black life and love and continues to rely on the cliche tropes of a monolithic Black identity.
Multisystem dystrophy syndrome due to novel missense mutations in the amino-terminal head and alpha-helical rod domains of the lamin A/C gene.

Abstract Purpose Mutations in different domains of the LMNA (lamin A/C) gene encoding nuclear envelope proteins lamin A and lamin C cause familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety), dilated cardiomyopathy, and autosomal dominant forms of Emery-Dreifuss and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. The objective of this study was to evaluate LMNA variants in two families with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety) who also had cardiac conduction system defects and other manifestations related to cardiomyopathy. Methods We performed mutational analysis of the lamin A/C gene in affected and unaffected subjects by deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing of the exons. Results Two novel missense mutations were identified in exon 1 of the lamin A/C gene. One mutation, R28W (CGG→TGG), affected the amino-terminal head domain, and the other, R62G (CGC→GGC), affected the α-helical rod domain. Affected subjects from both families had an increased prevalence of cardiac manifestations, such as atrioventricular conduction defects, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure due to ventricular dilatation, as well as pacemaker implantation. The proband from one of the families also had proximal muscle weakness. Conclusion Novel genetic defects in the LMNA gene in two families with the Dunnigan variety of familial partial lipodystrophy, cardiac conduction system defects, and other manifestations related to cardiomyopathy suggest the occurrence of a multisystem dystrophy syndrome due to LMNA mutations.
Information filtering and information retrieval: two sides of the same coin?

Information filtering systems are designed for unstructured or semistructured data, as opposed to database applications, which use very structured data. The systems also deal primarily with textual information, but they may also entail images, voice, video or other data types that are part of multimedia information systems. Information filtering systems also involve a large amount of data and streams of incoming data, whether broadcast from a remote source or sent directly by other sources. Filtering is based on descriptions of individual or group information preferences, or profiles, that typically represent long-term interests. Filtering also implies removal of data from an incoming stream rather than finding data in the stream; users see only the data that is extracted. Models of information retrieval and filtering, and lessons for filtering from retrieval research are presented.
Set2-Catalyzed Methylation of Histone H3 Represses Basal Expression of GAL4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Recent work has shown that histone methylation is an important regulator of transcription. While much is known about the roles of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) in the establishment of heterochromatin, little is known of their roles in the regulation of actively transcribed genes. We describe an in vivo role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HMT, Set2. We identified SET2 as a gene necessary for repression of GAL4 basal expression and show that the evolutionarily conserved SACI, SACII, and SET domains of Set2 are necessary for this repression. We confirm that Set2 catalyzes methylation of lysine 36 on the N-terminal tail of histone H3. Conversion of lysine 36 to an unmethylatable arginine causes a decrease in the repression of GAL4 transcription, as does a Δset2 mutation. We further show that lysine 36 of histone H3 at GAL4 is methylated and that this methylation is dependent upon the presence of SET2.
Compose: an object-oriented environment for parallel discrete-event simulations

Existing environments for parallel discrete-event simulation provide support for either conservative or optimistic algorithms, with very few supporting both. This paper describes a parallel simulation environment that supports the execution of a model using an existing adaptive simulation algorithm where sub-models may be synchronized using conservative or optimistic algorithms, and an object may dynamically change its mode of synchronization. The environment has been designed as a C++ class library and has been implemented on an IBM SP2 multicomputer.
Measurement of Anti-Neutrino Spectral Distortion by Kamland

The KamLAND experiment uses reactor anti-neutrinos to study the solar neutrino oscillation parameters. KamLAND recently updated the reactor neutrino measurement, with almost a factor 5 more statistics than previously reported. The measured spectral distortion in the anti-neutrino spectrum favors neutrino oscillation as the explanation for neutrino disappearance and gives the best value of $\Delta m^2_{12}$ to date.
When words were a power loosed: Audience expectation and finished narrative technique in the gospel of mark

This essay examines the expectation on the part of audiences in antiquity that Hellenistic narratives would be emplotted according to the compositional technique of architectonic parallelism. After setting the debate concerning the recognition of this technique in the context of the emerging theory of orality and literacy in the work of Lord, Havelock, and Ong, the term finished narratives (as contrasted with an unfinished or half‐finished narrative) is proposed as the theoretical means by which Dionysius of Halicamassus and Diodorus Siculus distinguished narratives with reference to this organizing technique. This is followed by a rhetorical analysis of two narrative complexes from the Gospel of Mark. They are offered as evidence that the first century A.D. author, Mark, could assume a Greco‐Roman audience would expect this phenomenon as a genre restraint, which, in turn, permitted him to allow argument to be a function of arrangement.
Understanding protein dispensability through machine-learning analysis of high-throughput data

Motivation: Protein dispensability is fundamental to the understanding of gene function and evolution. Recent advances in generating high-throughput data such as genomic sequence data, protein--protein interaction data, gene-expression data and growth-rate data of mutants allow us to investigate protein dispensability systematically at the genome scale. Results: In our studies, protein dispensability is represented as a fitness score that is measured by the growth rate of gene-deletion mutants. By the analyses of high-throughput data in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that a protein's dispensability had significant correlations with its evolutionary rate and duplication rate, as well as its connectivity in protein--protein interaction network and gene-expression correlation network. Neural network and support vector machine were applied to predict protein dispensability through high-throughput data. Our studies shed some lights on global characteristics of protein dispensability and evolution. Availability: The original datasets for protein dispensability analysis and prediction, together with related scripts, are available at http://digbio.missouri.edu/~ychen/ProDispen/ Contact: xudong@missouri.edu
Changes in resistance to radiation and heat during sporulation and germination of Clostridium botulinum 33A.

Abstract During sporulation, Clostridium botulinum 33A developed resistance to ultraviolet and gamma rays about 2 hr prior to its development of heat resistance. During germination, loss of resistance to heat, ultraviolet radiation, and gamma radiation occurred essentially simultaneously.
All-optical logic circuits based on polarization properties of nondegenerate four-wave mixing

This thesis investigates a new class of all-optical logic circuits that are based on the polarization properties of non-degenerate Four-Wave Mixing. Such circuits would be used in conjunction with a data modulation format where the information is coded on the states of polarization of the electric field. Schemes to perform multiple triple-product logic functions are discussed and it is shown that higher-level Boolean operations involving several bits can be implemented without resorting to the standard 2-input gates that are based on some form of switching. Instead, an entire hierarchy of more complex Boolean functions can be derived based on the selection rules of multi-photon scattering processes that can form a new class of primitive building blocks for digital circuits. Possible applications of these circuits could involve some front-end signal processing to be performed all-optically in shared computer back-planes. As a simple illustration of this idea, a circuit performing error correction on a (3,1) Hamming Code is demonstrated. Error-free performance (Bit Error Rate of < 10^-9) at 2.5 Gbit/s is achieved after single-error correction on the Hamming word with 50 percent errors. The bit-rate is only limited by the bandwidth of available resources. Since Four-Wave Mixing is an ultrafast nonlinearity, these circuits offer the potential of computing at several terabits per second. Furthermore, it is shown that several Boolean functions can be performed in parallel in the same set of devices using different multi-photon scattering processes. The main objective of this thesis is to motivate a new paradigm of thought in digital circuit design. Challenges pertaining to the feasibility of these ideas are discussed
Logical Reasoning Necessary to Make Line Graphs.

A study was conducted to determine the logical reasoning necessary to construct line graphs. Three types of line graphs were used: a straight line with a positive slope, a straight line with a negative slope, and an exponentially increasing curve. The subjects were students in grades six through twelve enrolled in a laboratory school. The responses were classified into one of nine categories. The categories ranged from no attempt to make a graph to a complete graph with a statement of a relationship between the variables. Subjects in grades six through eight exhibited behaviors mainly in the first four categories, ninth- and tenth-grade subjects scored in the middle categories, and eleventh and twelfth graders scored mainly in the upper categories. These response categories also showed a close fit with Piagetian concrete operational structures for single and double seriation and formal operational structures for proportional reasoning and correlational reasoning.
Integrity of online testing in e-learning: empirical study

An online upper division undergraduate MIS course has been designed and delivered over consecutive five semesters to a sample of over 200 students. The same course was also delivered in a Web-enhanced version (paperless course with regular classroom lectures). This paper reports on a study, which attempts to answer numerous questions regarding impact of an e-learning format on quality of educational experience. Specifically, in this part of the study we try to find out whether online testing with an open book format is compromising integrity of assessment in e-learning by encouraging cheating among students, and what is the difference in online testing and assessment between students in Web based (fully online) class versus Web enhanced class.
Thymine Dimers and Inhibition of DNA Synthesis by Ultraviolet Irradiation of Cells

Measurements of the inhibition of DNA synthesis in bacteria and the formation of thymine dimers by ultraviolet irradiation of the cells indicate that one thymine dimer per 350-IA strand of DNA acts as a block to further synthesis. In a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli the blocks are permanent. In a resistant strain the blocks are only temporary but recovery of synthesis is not the result of splitting dimers.
Environmental Factors Predict Adaptive Phenotypic Differentiation Within and Between Two Wild Andean Tomatoes

Environmental variation is widely viewed as a major force driving morphological change and speciation. Although many environmental attributes are potentially critical for adaptive responses within and between species, the individual and relative importance of these diverse attributes remain poorly understood. Here we combine a geographical information systems (GIS)-based analysis of environmental variation with a multipopulation analysis of phenotypic, physiological, and genetic variation, to generate and test hypotheses of environmental factors likely driving adaptive divergence within and between two wild Andean plant species. First, we document large environmental differences between population locations of the two species, and among regions within species. Second, we show evidence for inter- and intraspecific differences in genetically based phenotypic and physiological variation. Third, combining these data, we report evidence for trait-environment associations both among populations within species, and between species, that are strongly indicative of recent and rapid adaptive responses. Finally, we show that these trait-environment associations cannot be simply explained by genetic relatedness within species, reinforcing our inference that local, regional, and species-wide environmental conditions are responsible for phenotypic and physiological diversification. The strongest trait-environment associations involve temperature and precipitation gradients, suggesting these climatic factors are predominant drivers of adaptive diversification in these species.
Bubble Formation and Detachment in Liquid Flow Under Normal and Reduced Gravity

Two-phase flows are present in a wide variety of applications for spacecraft thermal control systems design. Bubble formation and detachment is an integral part of the two-phase flow science. The authors objective is to experimentally investigate the effects of liquid cross velocity, gas velocity, and nozzle diameter on the bubble diameter at detachment under reduced and normal gravity and under relatively low gas flow rates. Results from ground (1 g) and reduced gravity experiments will be presented in this paper. For the 1 g experiment, a flow loop was designed and built to accommodate a range of liquid and gas flow rates. The reduced gravity experiment was conducted on the NASA DC-9 reduced gravity platform using the two-phase flow loop qualified for operation on the low-gravity platform. Flow visualization is accomplished using a high speed 500 frames/s camera. The results suggest that the existence of buoyancy force contributes to the faster detachment of bubbles. Buoyancy helps the detachment process which results in smaller bubbles being formed. In reduced gravity, although drag force is present, the virtual non-existence of buoyant force results in larger bubbles and longer times for detachment. Theoretical predictions are also presented in this paper and seem to agree with the experimental results.
Hydrogels in controlled release formulations: network design and mathematical modeling

Over the past few decades, advances in hydrogel technologies have spurred development in many biomedical applications including controlled drug delivery. Many novel hydrogel-based delivery matrices have been designed and fabricated to fulfill the ever-increasing needs of the pharmaceutical and medical fields. Mathematical modeling plays an important role in facilitating hydrogel network design by identifying key parameters and molecule release mechanisms. The objective of this article is to review the fundamentals and recent advances in hydrogel network design as well as mathematical modeling approaches related to controlled molecule release from hydrogels. In the first section, the niche roles of hydrogels in controlled release, molecule release mechanisms, and hydrogel design criteria for controlled release applications are discussed. Novel hydrogel systems for drug delivery including biodegradable, smart, and biomimetic hydrogels are reviewed in the second section. Several mechanisms have been elucidated to describe molecule release from polymer hydrogel systems including diffusion, swelling, and chemically-controlled release. The focus of the final part of this article is discussion of emerging hydrogel delivery systems and challenges associated with modeling the performance of these devices.
Race-Based Shifting Standards and Racial Discrimination:

Members of stereotyped groups tend to be judged relative to group-specific standards such that subjective descriptions (smart, aggressive, tall) mean something different when they are applied to members of different groups. A "shifting standards" effect is present when judgments of group members on objective rating scales show stronger evidence of assimilation to stereotypes than the same judgments on subjective scales. This research asks whether the tendency to shift standards when judging the academic competence of Black and White students is related to measures of racial prejudice and to race-relevant decisions. In three studies, the tendency to shift standards was uncorrelated with other measures of prejudice but predicted reduced allocation of funds to a Black student organization, an effect moderated by implicit prejudice. The importance of examining interactions among indicators as they predict behavioral outcomes and implications for the conceptualization of prejudice are discussed.
On the Coates–Sinnott Conjecture

In [5], Coates and Sinnott formulated a far reaching conjecture linking the values ΘF/k,S(1 — n) for even integers n ≥ 2 of an S -imprimitive, Galois-equivariant L -function ΘF/k,S associated to an abelian extension F/k of totally real number fields to the annihilators over the group ring ℤ[G (F/k)] of the even Quillen K -groups K2n–2 (OF) associated to the ring of integers OF of the top field F. In the same paper, Coates and Sinnott essentially prove the -adic etale cohomological version of their conjecture, in which K2n–2(OF) is replaced by H2et(OF [1/ ], ℤ(n)), for all primes > 2, under the hypothesis that k = ℚ. Refinements of this result for k = ℚ, involving Fitting ideals rather than annihilators of H2et(OF [1/], ℤ(n)), were obtained in particular cases by Cornacchia–Ostvaer [7] and in general by Kurihara [14]. More recently, Burns and Greither [3] proved the same type of refinements (involving Fitting ideals of etale cohomology groups) for arbitrary totally real base fields k, but working under the very strong hypothesis that the Iwasawa μ -invariants μF, vanish for all odd primes . In this paper, we study a class of abelian extensions of an arbitrary totally real base field k including, for example, subextensions of real cyclotomic extensions of type k (ζ)+/k, where p is an odd prime. For this class of extensions, we prove similar refinements of the etale cohomological version of the Coates–Sinnott conjecture, under no vanishing hypotheses for the Iwasawa μ-invariants in question. Our methods of proof are different from the ones employed in [3], [14] and [7]. We build upon ideas developed by Greither in [10] and Wiles in [23] and [22], in the context of Brumer's Conjecture. If the Quillen–Lichtenbaum Conjecture is proved (and a proof seems tobe within reach), then we have canonical ℤ[G (F/k)]-module isomorphisms for all n ≥ 2, all i = 1,2, and all primes > 2, and all these results will yield proofs of the original K -theoretic version of the Coates–Sinnott Conjecture, in the cases and under the various hypotheses mentioned above (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
INTERACTIONS OF THE TECHNICAL AND THE SOCIAL

This article compares two kinds of socio-technical formations: electronic financial networks and local social activist movements that are globally networked. Both cut across the global/national duality and each has altered the economic and political landscapes for, respectively, financial elites and social activists. Using these two cases helps illuminate the very diverse ways in which the growth of electronic networks partially transforms existing politico-economic orderings. They are extreme cases, one marked by hypermobility and the other by physical immobility. But they show us that each is only partly so: financial electronic networks are subject to particular types of embeddedness and local activist organizations can benefit from novel electronic potentials for global operation. Financial electronic networks and electronic activism not only reveal two parallel developments associated with particular technical properties of the new interactive digital technologies, but also reveal a third, radically ...
Design and validation of a message-passing system

The paper describes a case study for designing and validating the core of a message-passing communication system. The approach is based on the use of the Petri Net Workbench, the protocol validation language, PROMELA, and its simulator/validator, SPIN. By using these tools, a protocol and underlying hardware for communicating between two heterogeneous computer systems is designed and validated. A reachability analysis is performed which includes a check for live- and dead-lock system states. >
Evaluation of the Suitability of Polarimetric Scattering and Emissivity Models with Scene Generation Software

Software based polarimetric image generation models and hardware based infrared scene projectors commonly utilize analytical forms of polarized bi-directional reflectance distribution function and emission models. Many of these models are based in first principles physical concepts, but in practice are configured as least error fits to measured signatures. The resulting analytical model may well describe the lab measured data points, but provide erroneous results when integrated into a wide ranging radiometric simulation environment. In this work we present a methodology for characterizing the suitability of incorporating limited range lab measured data, usually through fitting to an analytical model, into a wider range modeling environment. We have found lab measured reflectance data can be fit to analytical models with parameters straying significantly from the first principles physical description of the surface. This effect may be due to over parameterization or an under sampled measurement space, resulting in radiometric anomalies when integrated into a larger scale, multi-surface, multi-material, modeling environment. Our methodology consists of a series of sanity tests that each scattering and emission model configuration must pass before confidence is had in the polarimetric optical property description.
Immunochemical identification of UGT isoforms in human small bowel and in caco-2 cell monolayers.

Previous work had suggested the presence of significant levels of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) catalytic activity in human small intestinal microsomes, with undetectable to low UGT1A6 and 2B7 activities. To confirm the presence of UGT1A1 isoform in human small bowel, to explore the possible absence of UGT1A6 and 2B7 in the organ, and to examine induced Caco-2 cells as a potential model for human intestinal metabolism, Western blot analysis was performed using specific antibodies to the relevant UGT isoforms. Significant expression of UGT1A1 protein was observed in all samples of human small intestinal microsomes, while UGT1A6 expression was undetectable to faint and UGT2B7 immunoreactivity was faint to detectable. Caco-2 cells treated with typical enzyme-inducing agents resulted in low UGT2B7 expression but failed to mimic the UGT1A1 levels found in human small bowel. Further work needs to be performed to develop a comprehensive in vitro model for human small intestinal first-pass metabolism.
Grape Seed Extract Efficacy against Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Tumorigenesis in A/J Mice: Interlinking miRNA with Cytokine Signaling and Inflammation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths, suggesting that additional strategies are needed to prevent/control this malignancy. As CRC growth and progression involve a large window (10-15 years), chemopreventive intervention could be a practical/translational strategy. Azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice resembles human CRC in terms of progression of ACF to polyps, adenoma, and carcinomas and associated molecular mechanisms. Accordingly, herein we investigated grape seed extract (GSE) efficacy against AOM-induced colon tumorigenesis in A/J mice. GSE was fed in diet at 0.25% or 0.5% (w/w) dose starting 2 weeks after last AOM injection for 18 or 28 weeks. Our results showed that GSE feeding significantly decreases colon tumor multiplicity and overall tumor size. In biomarker analysis, GSE showed significant antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities. Detailed mechanistic studies highlighted that GSE strongly modulates cytokines/interleukins and miRNA expression profiles as well as miRNA processing machinery associated with alterations in NF-κB, β-catenin, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Additional studies using immunohistochemical analyses found that indeed GSE inhibits NF-κB activation and decreases the expression of its downstream targets (COX-2, iNOS, VEGF) related to inflammatory signaling, downregulates β-catenin signaling and decreases its target gene c-myc, and reduces phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 levels. Together, these finding suggested that inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis are targeted by GSE to prevent CRC. In summary, this study for the first time shows alterations in the expression of miRNAs and cytokines by GSE in its efficacy against AOM-induced colon tumorigenesis in A/J mouse sporadic CRC model, supporting its translational potential in CRC chemoprevention.
The Interaction of CF3+ and CH4+ with SiO2 Surfaces

In this paper we present experimental results and a theoretical model for the interaction of CF3+ and CH4+ with SiO2 surfaces. A comparision of the sputter rates for CF3+ and CH4+ with a molecular sputtering model shows that there is a chemical enhacment in the etch rate for CF3+ but not for CH4+. By comparing the Si (LVV) AES spectra for these two surfaces we have determined that the enhancement is due to the strong Si-F bond promoting the formation of volatile carbon containing compounds.
Multiple Objective Fractional Subset Programming Based on Generalized $(\rho, \eta, A)$-Invex Functions

Motivated by the recent investigations [7,8,10,11,12], a general framework for a class of $(\rho, \eta, A)$-invex n -set functions is introduced, and then some results on the optimality conditions for multiple objective fractional subset programming on the generalized $(\rho, \eta, A)$-invexity are explored. The obtained results are general in nature and seem to be application-oriented to other results on fractional subset programming in literature.
Hearts or Minds? Persuasive Messages on Climate Change and the Global AIDS Crisis

What kinds of appeals does the public find persuasive for global causes? Are arguments that appeal to so-called rational self-interest more persuasive than those that appeal to morality? The causal mechanisms by which transnational advocacy movements are able to generate political support for their campaigns are poorly specified in the literature in international relations and public opinion. This paper explores the relative persuasiveness of advocacy appeals for two global issues, climate change and the AIDS crisis in the developing world. Using an experimental design, this paper reports the results of an experiment in which subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, a control condition with no message appeal, an economic self-interest appeal, a secular moral appeal, and a mixed appeal combining self interest and morality. Subjects were then asked a series of questions about their willingness to support advocacy efforts. We hypothesized that for issues like climate change for which the costs of action are higher and for which there is a more direct cost to individuals or the country, arguments based on economic self-interest are more likely to be persuasive than moral appeals. Where the direct risks or costs to individuals or the country are lower (like the global AIDS crisis), moral messages are more likely to have appeal.
Yardangs in Ancient, Reddened Aeolian Sands South of Mogadishu, Somalia

Yardangs in quartz-feldspar, reddened dune sands (Brava sands) south of Mogadishu, Somalia, have been produced by east-northeast winds transporting beach sand during the northeast monsoon dry season. The yardangs are developed obliquely in dune flanks sloping 10-20° to the south. Porites coral (82 ±6 ka) from the Ras Aw Maki calcarenite, deposited during marine isotope substage 5a, suggests that the easternmost Brava dunes, which appear to inter-finger or overlie it, are younger than 80 ka. The most important post-depositional change in the Brava sands that allowed yardangs to form was the addition of authigenic kaolinite clay by weathering of feldspars and hornblende.
Serologic evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis myocarditis.

Serologic studies in a 9-year-old black girl with acute infectious myocarditis revealed a dramatic rise in antichlamydial antibodies. All viral titers obtained during the course of her illness remained nonreactive or demonstrated no change. Chlamydia trachomatis infection, as a cause of myocarditis, is strongly suggested by this case report.
Ordering Rules Make Your Head Spin? Here's Some Aspirin

In this report, the authors provide a guide to negotiating the labyrinthine section 959 rules for ordering taxable events.
Thermodynamic Properties of α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

The thermodynamic properties of hydrated α-Fe2O3 (hematite) and Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanoparticles have been comprehensively assessed. In addition to 9 nm Fe3O4, three α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles samples of different sizes (11, 14, and 25 nm) and bulk α-Fe2O3 have been evaluated by inelastic neutron scattering methods. The contribution of the two-level magnetic spin flip transition to the heat capacity of the α-Fe2O3 particles has been determined. The isochoric heat capacity of the water confined on the surface of these two types of iron oxide particles have been calculated from their INS spectra, and is affected by the chemical composition of the underlying particle. Furthermore, the heat capacity and dynamics of the particle hydration layers appear to be influenced by a complex array of factors including particle size, water coverage, and possibly the magnetic state of the particle itself.
Shoulder Arthroplasty and Its Effect on Strain in the Subscapularis Muscle

Introduction: The subscapularis muscle experiences significant strain as it accommodates common movements of the shoulder. Little is known about what happens with this obligatory strain once the subscapularis insertion is disrupted and repaired in the course of shoulder arthroplasty. Subscapularis failure is a serious known complication after shoulder arthroplasty. It is not known what the effect of increasing the thickness of the shoulder head will have on subscapularis strain. It is our hypothesis that the use of large or expanded humeral heads during shoulder replacement will cause increased tension in the repaired subscapularis. The primary purpose of this study was to identify the optimal manner to perform a passive range of motion (PROM) program without invoking a significant increase in strain in the repaired subscapularis. The secondary purpose was to determine the impact of varying the thickness of the humeral head on subscapularis strain using the same PROM protocol. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen, forequarter cadaver (four female, four male) specimens were obtained following IRB approval. An extended deltopectoral incision was performed so that the subscapularis insertion site could be well visualized. PROM exercises with the following motions were evaluated: external rotation, abduction, flexion and scaption. An optical motion analysis system was used to measure strain in the subscapularis. The same measurement protocol was repeated after performing a subscapularis osteotomy and after placement of an anatomic hemiarthroplasty of three different thicknesses (short, tall, expanded). Results: A decrease in joint laxity (less strain but more tension on the subscapularis) was observed in abduction, external rotation, and forward flexion, following implantation of the shoulder arthroplasty components. For abduction and forward flexion, we observed a trend of decreasing laxity with increasing humeral head component thickness. For external rotation, all components displayed a similar reduction in joint laxity. With the short humeral head, strain was similar to native joint with passive scaption and flexion but not with external rotation or abduction. Discussion: The PROM that tends to minimize tension on the subscapularis is forward flexion and scaption whereas external rotation and abduction will stress the subscapularis repair. Therefore passive forward flexion or scaption do not need to be limited but clearly external rotation should have passive limits and abduction should probably be avoided. The subscapularis muscle is under greater preload tension after shoulder joint arthroplasty. Even the short head size humeral component demonstrated decreased laxity compared to the intact joint. This suggests that even the shortest head size available may not be anatomical and perhaps a thinner humeral head size would be more representative of the normal anatomy.