cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND AERATION ON PHYTOCHROME TRANSFORMATIONS IN PASTINACA SATIVA ROOT TISSUE

Phlox cuspidata (n = 7) and P. drummondii subsp. drummondii (n = 7) are closely related annuals which are indigenous to eastern and central Texas. The species typically occupy different ecological niches but may form contiguous or confluent populations in disturbed habitats and hybridize therein. On the basis of correlative interpretations of exomorphic, chromatographic and fertility information, hybridizing populations can be segregated into three distinct classes: (1) highly fertile plants with the morphological and phenolic attributes of P. drummondii; (2) highly fertile plants with the morphological and chemical attributes of P. cuspidata; (3) sterile plants with manifestly intermediate morphology and complementary chromatographic patterns. These data strongly suggest that hybridizing populations of P. drummondii and P. cuspidata are tritypic, being composed of "pure" or essentially "pure" parental species and a group of plants which has all of the attributes characteristic of an F, hybrid. THE STRUCTURE of populations derived through hybridization has been evaluated almost exclusively on the basis of morphological criteria. A number of techniques have been employed to analyze exomorphic expressions, the most popular being the pictorialized scatter diagram and hybrid index propounded by Anderson (1949, 1953, 1956, 1957), or the weighted hybrid index (Hatheway, 1962). These procedures may proI Received for publication 28 November 1966. This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB4326. The taxonomy herein basically is that of Erbe and Turner (1962). The writer, however, has not recognized subspecies within P. cuspidata. vide considerable information concerining gross population structure, the direction of gene flow and its extent, and the correlation and segregation of species characters. However, they may fail to provide a basis for ascertaining the specific nature of each hybrid. As a consequence of dominance, character cohesion, epistasis, complex mode of inheritance, varying degrees of expressivity and phenotypic plasticity, judgments concerning the parentage of individual organisms cannot be made, in most instances, with a high degree of confidence. The purpose of this paper is to describe the structure of populations derived through hybridization between Phlox drummondii and P. cuspidata as elicited This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 07:29:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Time difference of arrival to blast localization of potential chemical/biological event on the move

Integrating a sensor suite with ability to discriminate potential Chemical/Biological (CB) events from high-explosive (HE) events employing a standalone acoustic sensor with a Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) algorithm we developed a cueing mechanism for more power intensive and range limited sensing techniques. Enabling the event detection algorithm to locate to a blast event using TDOA we then provide further information of the event as either Launch/Impact and if CB/HE. The added information is provided to a range limited chemical sensing system that exploits spectroscopy to determine the contents of the chemical event. The main innovation within this sensor suite is the system will provide this information on the move while the chemical sensor will have adequate time to determine the contents of the event from a safe stand-off distance. The CB/HE discrimination algorithm exploits acoustic sensors to provide early detection and identification of CB attacks. Distinct characteristics arise within the different airburst signatures because HE warheads emphasize concussive and shrapnel effects, while CB warheads are designed to disperse their contents over large areas, therefore employing a slower burning, less intense explosive to mix and spread their contents. Differences characterized by variations in the corresponding peak pressure and rise time of the blast, differences in the ratio of positive pressure amplitude to the negative amplitude, and variations in the overall duration of the resulting waveform. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to extract the predominant components of these characteristics from air burst signatures at ranges exceeding 3km. Highly reliable discrimination is achieved with a feed-forward neural network classifier trained on a feature space derived from the distribution of wavelet coefficients and higher frequency details found within different levels of the multiresolution decomposition. The development of an adaptive noise floor to provide early event detection assists in minimizing the false alarm rate and increasing the confidence whether the event is blast event or back ground noise. The integration of these algorithms with the TDOA algorithm provides a complex suite of algorithms that can give early warning detection and highly reliable look direction from a great stand-off distance for a moving vehicle to determine if a candidate blast event is CB and if CB what is the composition of the resulting cloud.
REDUCTION OF INDICATOR LEACHING FROM DOPED SOL-GELS BY ATTACHMENT OF MACROMOLECULAR CARRIERS

The extent of leaching of indicator dyes of varying molecular mass, following encapsulation into hydrated sol-gel monoliths prepared from tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), was investigated. Dye modification of a water-soluble phthalocyanine with poly(ethylene glycol) side chains (2000 MW) reduced leaching relative to the unmodified dye, but significant losses were still observed. Monoliths doped with fluorescein modified with dextrans of higher molecular weight were investigated in an attempt to determine the minimum size necessary for dye retention. In comparison to monoliths doped with unmodified fluorescein, attachment to a dextran carrier significantly decreased the extent of dye leaching. However, even a 70 000 MW carrier was not sufficient to prevent some loss of dye. In contrast, no leaching of myoglobin (18 000 MW) occurred, which shows that when the entrapped molecule has a organized tertiary structure, diffusion within the pores is eliminated. Malachite green and its dextran conjugate were used to examine the effect of electrostatic interactions on leaching. Minimal loss of both the dye and the conjugate was observed, which indicates that when a favorable interaction between the dye and sol-gel matrix exists, attachment to a macromolecular carrier may not be necessary to prevent leaching.
Auditory and visual naming tests: Normative and patient data for accuracy, response time, and tip-of-the-tongue

Naming is typically assessed with visual naming tasks, yet, some patients with genuine word-finding difficulty (evident in auditorily based discourse) show minimal difficulty on such measures. Evidence from cortical mapping, brain imaging and neuropsychological studies suggests that auditory naming measures might provide more relevant or at least, complementary information. We developed comparable auditory and visual naming tests and present normative data for accuracy, response time, and tip-of-the-tongue responses based on 100 controls. Test validity was supported by findings that left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients (i.e., a population with expected naming difficulty) performed more poorly on auditory but not visual naming compared to right TLE patients (i.e., a population without expected naming difficulty). Internal and test-retest reliability coefficients were reasonable. Finally, test utility was assessed on an individual basis, and auditory but not visual naming performance predicted impairment.
Echinocereus viridiflorus var viridiflorus mortality in shortgrass plains of Texas: observations following wildfire and drought.

Abstract: A wildfire of unknown origin ignited in October 2005 at Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Randall County, Texas, burning approximately 300 ha of shortgrass plains typified by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides). Above-average rainfall in the year preceding the fire resulted in abundant herbaceous vegetation and, therefore, fine fuel production. Precipitation following the fire was below normal. We compared density, condition (dead or alive), basal diameters, and heights of Echinocereus viridiflorus var viridiflorus (nylon hedgehog cactus) in a population that was burned by the wildfire and a population in a nearby non-burned area. By May 2006, total density of cacti was similar in the burned and non-burned areas. However, percent mortality was significantly higher, and living plants were both shorter and narrower, in the burned population. Although mortality was high (91%), the wildfire did not kill all of the burned population. It is possible that more ...
Non-nebular origin of dark mantles around chondrules and inclusions in CM chondrites

Our examination of nine CM chondrites that span the aqueous alteration sequence leads us to conclude that compact dark fine mantles surrounding chondrules and inclusions in CM chondrites are not discrete fine-grained rims acquired in the solar nebula as modeled by Metzler et al. [Accretionary dust mantles in CM chondrites: evidence for solar nebula processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 1992, 2873-28971. Nebular processes that lead to agglomeration produce materials with porosities far higher than those in the dark mantles. We infer that the mantles were produced from porous nebular materials on the CM parent asteroid by impact-compaction (a process that produces the lowest porosity adjacent to chondrules and inclusions). Compaction was followed by aqueous alteration that formed tochilinite, serpentine, Ni-bearing sulfide, and other secondary products in voids in the interchondrule regions. Metzler et al. reported a correlation between mantle thickness and the radius of the enclosed object. In Yamato 791 198 we find no correlation when all sizes of central objects and dark lumps are included but a significant correlation (r(sup 2) = 0.44) if we limit consideration to central objects with radii >35 microns; a moderate correlation is also found in QUE 97990. We suggest that impact-induced shear of a plum-pudding-like precursor produced the observed "mantles"; these were shielded from comminution during impact events by the adjacent stronger chondrules and inclusions. Some mantles in CM chondrites with low degrees of alteration show distinct layers that may largely reflect differences in porosity. Typically, a gray, uniform inner layer is surrounded by an outer layer consisting of darker silicates with BSE-bright speckles. The CM-chondrite objects characterized as "primary accretionary rocks" by Metzler et al. did not form in the nebula, but rather on the parent body. The absence of solar-flare particle tracks and solar-wind-implanted rare gases in these clasts reflect their lithified nature and low surface/volume ratios during the period when they resided in the regolith and were subject to irradiation by solar particles. The clasts are analogous to the light-colored metamorphosed clasts in ordinary-chondrite regolith breccias (which also lack solar-flare particle tracks and solar-wind gas).
Measurement of Neutron Dose Equivalent and its Dependence on Beam Configuration for a Passive Scattering Proton Delivery System

Purpose To measure the neutron dose equivalent per therapeutic proton dose (H/D) in a passive scattering proton therapy system and study its dependence on the proton energy, aperture-to-isocenter distance, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) width, and field size. Methods and Materials We performed four experiments of varying proton energies, aperture-to-isocenter distances, SOBP widths, and field sizes. Etched track detectors were used to measure the neutron dose equivalent at both an in-field (isocenter, beyond the protons' range) and out-of-field (30 cm lateral to the isocenter) location in air. Results For a nonmodulated beam with all the protons stopping in the aperture and an aperture-to-isocenter distance of 30 cm, the H/D values measured at the isocenter were approximately 0.3 mSv/Gy for all snouts with a 100-MeV beam. The H/D values increased to 10.7, 14.5, and 15.1 mSv/Gy, respectively, for small, medium, and large snouts when the beam energy increased to 250 MeV. At the out-of-field location, H/D values increased from 0.1 to 2.7, 3.0, and 3.2 mSv/Gy, respectively, for small, medium, and large snouts. When the aperture-to-isocenter distance was changed from 10 to 40 cm, the H/D value at the isocenter dropped 70%. The H/D value doubled for the modulated beam relative to the nonmodulated beam. Open apertures reduced the neutrons produced in the nozzle, but increased those produced in the phantom. Conclusions Our data showed that changes in the four factors studied affect the H/D value in predictable ways which permits an estimate of a patient's neutron exposure.
Twelfth-nerve palsy. Analysis of 100 cases.

Objective: To describe the causes and characteristics of hypoglossal nerve palsy. Design: A review of 26 years of personal experience in a large public hospital. Results: Twelfth-nerve palsies usually appear as signs rather than symptoms. Tumors, predominantly malignant, produced nearly half of the palsies (49 cases), while gunshot wounds made trauma (12) the second most common cause. Stroke (6), hysteria (6), multiple sclerosis (6), surgery (5), Guillain-Barre neuropathy (4), and infection (4) together accounted for about one third of the patients. Conclusion: Twelfth-nerve palsy proved to be an ominous sign, with only 15% of patients experiencing complete or nearly complete recovery.
Isolation and characterization of a calmodulin-encoding cDNA from the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

We describe in this paper the isolation and complete sequence of a calmodulin (CaM) encoding cDNA from the dimorphic pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum (GenBank accession U12505). The deduced amino acid sequence was identical to the CaM of Aspergillus nidulans and had only one amino acid difference from the CaM of Neurospora crassa. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CaM, however, has only about 60% amino acid identity compared with H. capsulatum. These data further support the close relationship of Histoplasma to the filamentous ascomycetes. Histoplasma CaM was expressed as a single major transcript of approximately 1200 nt. in both the yeast and mould growth forms. CaM mRNA levels were approximately two-fold greater in the yeast than in the mould form of the organism. Southern blot analysis indicated that the H. capsulatum CaM gene is present in a single copy.
Reply to J.R. Waits 'In defense of Stratton' (EM theory)

Additional comments on an ongoing controversy on Maxwell's equations are presented. Harmuth (see ibid., vol.EMC-30, no.1, p.90, 1988) claims that three scientists searching through Stratton's (1941) book could not find equations for the magnetic field strength associated with an electric excitation force or the electric field strength associated with a magnetic excitation force. >
Parameter Estimation for a Polymerization Reactor Model with a Composite-Step Trust-Region NLP Algorithm

We consider an application of the trust-region SQP algorithm described by Arora and Biegler (Comput. Optim. Appl., in press) to the parameter estimation for a polymerization reactor. In particular, we are interested in the robustness of this algorithm in solving ill-conditioned optimization problems with differential algebraic (DAE) models. For this system, it is possible to measure a variety of states, such as production and concentrations. Some of these states contain more information and lead to more reliable parameter estimates than would be obtained if the states were not measured. To minimize sensor costs, it is thus beneficial to select the smallest combination of state measurements that contains the most information. Because the polymer process model is nonlinear, we decide to test the information content of measurements by analyzing properties of the reduced Hessian and constructing joint-confidence regions. This approach is related to the observability analysis (Albuquerque, J. S.; Biegler, L. T...
Retained austenite and tempered martensite embrittlement

The problems of detecting the distribution of small amounts (5 pct or less) of retained austenite films around the martensite in quenched and tempered experimental medium carbon Fe/c/x steels are discussed and electron optical methods of analysis are emphasized. These retained austenite films if stable seem to be beneficial to fracture toughness. It has been found that thermal instability of retained austenite on tempering produces an embrittlement due to its decomposition to interlath films of M3C carbides. The fractures are thus intergranular with respect to martensite but transgranular with respect to the prior austenite. The temperature at which this occurs depends upon alloy content. The effect is not found in Fe/Mo/C for which no retained austenite is detected after quenching, but is present in all other alloys investigated.
Immunochemical assay of airborne cat allergen: value in assessing variability of allergen shedding and evaluating human bronchial response

Twelve cats were selected from the animal care facility to determine their individual rates of allergen shedding. Cats were placed in a lucite chamber with an air sampler attached. Radioallergosorbent (RAST) inhibition type and monoclonal two-site radioimmunosurveys (RIAs) were used to express air concentrations in allergy units (AU) orFel d 1 units), respectively. Inter-cat variability ranged from a factor of 6 (inFel d 1 units) to a factor of 100 (in AU). Production of individual cats over time varied by a factor of 10–20 (AU orFel d 1). Three of the highest shedders were placed in wire cages in a room-sized chamber with closed ventilation. Four cat-sensitive asthmatics were individually exposed to the cats in the chamber and had spiromatic and minute ventilation measurements performed while personal air sampling was performed. Allergen concentration in the chamber was higher than in homes we have measured. 11% (Fel d 1) or 17% (AU) of the allergen concentration was associated with respirable particles (<9 μm). The dose of allergen required to elicit a 20% drop in FEV1 from baseline was calculated from the measured air concentration, patients' ventilation, particle sizing data and estimated lung deposition. This dose was substantially less than that required by breathing nebulized cat extract for 3 of the 4 subjects.
Wave Propagation in Strings with Rigid Bodies

This paper studies wave propagation in strings with rigid bodies using the method of transfer matrices. The transmission property of a single rigid body is investigated. It is found that when the size of a rigid body is included, a symmetrically defined rigid body will transmit wave energy completely at a non-zero frequency defined by the tension, the length of the body, the mass of the string replaced by the body, and the mass of the body. Using the concept of impedance matching, the effect of a discontinuity on wave transmission in an infinite string system is revealed. The same idea is extended to the study of wave propagation in a string with multiple, equally-spaced rigid bodies (a periodic structure). The input impedance of such a system and the conditions of complete transmission are expressed in terms of the transfer matrix. The input impedance is used to identify the frequencies at which there is complete wave transmission. These frequencies are related to the natural frequencies of the corresponding finite system and constitute the so-called propagation zones. The results of this work may be applied to the propagation of vibration in complex cable systems such as oceanographic moorings.
Characterization of the affinities of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins 1-4 for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I/insulin hybrid, and IGF-I analogs

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (BPs) bind IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity and modify the activity of IGF peptides in a complex manner. We have characterized the affinities of IGFBP-1-4 for IGF-I and -II by employing 1) purified IGFBP preparations, 2) both [125I]IGF-I and [125I]IGF-II as radioligands, and 3) multiple IGF analogs designed to have altered affinities for IGFBPs. To this end, human (h) IGFBP-1, hIGFBP-2, and rat (r) IGFBP-4 have been purified to homogeneity from human amniotic fluid, human prostate epithelial cell culture, and B104 rat neuroblastoma cells; for human IGFBP-3, the glycosylated recombinant form (rec-hIGFBP-3), produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, was employed. The IC50 values of IGF-I for hIGFBP-1, hIGFBP-2, rec-hIGFBP-3, rIGFBP-4, and human serum IGFBPs were 0.05 +/- 0.01, 5.0 +/- 0.01, 0.25 +/- 0.20, 0.6 +/- 0.4, and 0.1 +/- 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. While hIGFBP-1 and rIGFBP-4 had virtually equivalent affinities for IGF-I and IGF-II, hIGFBP-2 and rec-hIGFBP-3 demonstrated 2- to 5-fold higher affinities for IGF-II than for IGF-I. Studies with [Gln3,Ala4,Tyr15,Leu16]IGF-I and Des-(1-3)-IGF-I indicate that specific residues in the first 16 amino acids of the B domain of IGF-I appear to be critical for binding to all of the IGFBPs tested, but not to IGF receptors. However, severe modifications in the B domain disrupt binding affinity, not only for IGFBPs, but also for receptors (IGF-I/insulin hybrid and B-chain mutant). Interestingly, modifications in the A domain of IGF-I, which is believed to contain residues critical for binding to IGF-I and insulin receptors, show differential effects on binding affinity to BPs. [Thr49,Ser50,Ile51]IGF-I, which has normal affinity for the type I IGF receptor, shows at least a 500-fold decreased affinity for hIGFBP-1 and recombinant hIGFBP-3, in contrast to 50- to 100-fold reduced affinity for hIGFBP-2 and rIGFBP-4, and 5- to 10-fold reduced affinity for purified human serum IGFBP-3. More significantly, [1-27,Gly4,38-70]IGF-I shows a 30-fold decreased affinity for the type I IGF receptor and 10- and 2.5-fold reduced affinities for hIGFBP-1 and rec-hIGFBP-3, respectively, but no reduction in affinity for hIGFBP-2 or rIGFBP-4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Detecting Air-Water and Surface-Deep Water Gradients of PCBs Using Polyethylene Passive Samplers

Polyethylene passive samplers (PEs) were deployed in a vertical array (bottom water, surface water, near-surface air) to study the cycling of active polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between reservoirs in an urban estuary (Narragansett Bay, RI), from May to November 2006. Performance reference compounds were used to account for nonequilibrium of PCBs in PEs. Activity gradients were established from direct comparisons of temperature, salt, and nonequilibrium corrected PE concentrations. The uncertainty of determining air−water gradients was <70%, and <50% within the water column. Except during the height of summer, PCB activities were up to 30 times higher in the air than in the surface water, but closer to equilibrium in the water column. Surface waters became depleted in PCBs during periods of highest temperature and stratification, leading to the uptake of gaseous PCBs. Our results demonstrate that passive samplers are powerful tools to determine the flux directions of organic contaminants in the environ...
Relearning and the measurement of retention.

A demonstration experiment is described in which saving scores are computed for the attainment of a series of successive criteria during relearning. It is shown that the traditional terminal criterion is far less reliable than intermediate criteria. Saving scores based upon an average of successive criteria are shown to increase the validity of measurement of retention of an entire learning process. This is equally applicable to the measurement of transfer effects where the principle of saving scores continues to be widely used.
Bayesian filtering of speckled images

Abstract Speckle noise arises in imaging systems that use coherent or partially coherent illumination. We demonstrate that such noise may be reduced by use of bayesian filters. The usual assumption that speckle noise is approximately equivalent to multiplicative image noise is replaced with an exact analysis.
Coupling of CFD model and FVCOM to predict small-scale coastal flows

In order to accurately simulate small-scale coastal ocean phenomena, we propose to couple a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the Unstructured Grid Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The CFD model resolves small-scale flows, the FVCOM predicts large-scale background currents, and the resulting hybrid system is able to capture flow phenomena with spatial scales from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers. The coupling is two-way and realized using domain decomposition with aid of Chimera overset grids. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed hybrid approach.
Physical processes in fusion welding

In recent years, major advances have taken place in our understanding of welding processes and welded materials. Because of the complexity of fusion welding processes, solution of many important contemporary problems in fusion welding requires an interdisciplinary approach. Current problems and issues in fusion welding are reviewed. Solution of these problems, apart from being a contribution to the advancement of science, is also necessary for science-based tailoring of composition, structure, and properties of the welded materials.
The hindlimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces.

Video (60 Hz) and force (2000 Hz) data were collected from 5 sound horses during walking. Forelimb data were analysed for 8 strides (4 left, 4 right) per horse to determine sagittal plane kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRFs). The results suggested that brachial rotation was responsible for protraction and retraction of the limb as a whole, while rotations of the scapula and antebrachium elevated the distal limb during breakover and early swing then lowered it in preparation for ground contact. The coffin joint was flexed maximally at the time of peak longitudinal braking force, which occurred during breakover of the contralateral forelimb. The metacarpus was vertical at 28% stride. This was considerably earlier than the change from a braking to a propulsive longitudinal force (34% stride), which coincided with maximal extension of the fetlock joint. The longitudinal propulsive force peaked just after contact of the contralateral forelimb. During the swing phase the joints distal to the shoulder showed a single flexion cycle that peaked at 76% stride at the carpus, 81% stride at the fetlock and 84% stride at the elbow and coffin joints. The coffin and shoulder joints began to extend in the terminal swing phase and continued to extend through ground contact and early stance. The results provide normative data that will be applied in detecting changes in kinematics and ground reaction forces that are associated with specific lamenesses.
Serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone levels, and carotid atherosclerosis.

Evidence suggests low vitamin D and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations may increase risk for cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the association between vitamin D or PTH and subclinical atherosclerosis. This cross-sectional study included 654 community-dwelling older adults aged 55–96 years (mean age, 75.5 years) without a history of coronary heart disease, revascularization, or stroke enrolled in the Rancho Bernardo Study who completed a clinic examination in 1997–1999 and provided a blood sample for determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and PTH concentrations. Carotid artery intima-media wall thickness (IMT) was measured as an indicator of atherosclerosis at two sites with B-mode ultrasound. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, waist-to-hip ratio, exercise, season of blood draw, diabetes, and hypertension, geometric mean internal carotid IMT (ptrend 0.022), but not common carotid IMT (ptrend 0.834) decreased in a dose-dependent fashion with increasing concentration of 25(OH)D. There was no association of 1,25(OH)2D or PTH with either measure of carotid IMT. In subgroup analyses, 1,25(OH)2D was inversely associated with internal carotid IMT among those with hypertension (p for interaction 0.036). These findings from a population-based cohort of older adults suggest a potential role for vitamin D in the development of subclinical atherosclerosis. Additional research is needed to determine whether vitamin D may influence the progression of atherosclerosis, including the effects of supplementation on the atherosclerotic process.
Mechanical properties of toughened ZrO2-Y2O3 Ceramics

Tetragonal zirconia polycrystals were produced from high purity powders containing 1.5 to 5.0 mol% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ by cold isostatic pressing and sintering, hot-pressing, and hot isostatic pressing. The mechanical properties and microstructures of these resulting materials were examined, with emphasis on the relation between strength and fracture toughness.
Spectral Dependence and Wavelength Selectivity in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. I. Experimental Evidence from the Photocatalyzed Transformation of Phenols

The photocatalyzed transformation of phenol (PhOH) and 4-chlorophenol (ClPhOH) in air-equilibrated TiO2 dispersions has been used to examine the spectral behavior of the quantum yields Φ (and photonic efficiencies, η) of loss of these two substrates at various wavelengths. Contrary to the band model of semiconductors and conventional wisdom which predict rapid thermalization of photogenerated charge carriers to the lowest energy levels in their respective conduction and valence band states, and consequently to spectrally independent quantum yields, experimental results demonstrate that in fact the quantum yields of loss of PhOH and ClPhOH are spectrally dependent, displaying well resolved band structures at 3.13, 3.21, 3.32, 3.60, 3.81, 4.28 and 4.57 eV for phenol and at 3.16, 3.25, 3.41, 3.59, 3.70 and 4.15 eV for 4-chlorophenol. These energies correlate with absorption and emission band energies of direct and indirect band-to-band transitions reported earlier by Serpone et al. (J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99,...
The Chandra X-ray Observatory data processing system

Raw data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory are processed by a set of standard data processing pipelines to create scientifically useful data products appropriate for further analysis by end users. Fully automated pipelines read the dumped raw telemetry byte stream from the spacecraft and perform the common reductions and calibrations necessary to remove spacecraft and instrumental signatures and convert the data into physically meaningful quantities that can be further analyzed by observers. The resulting data products are subject to automated validation to ensure correct pipeline processing and verify that the spacecraft configuration and scheduling matched the observers request and any constraints. In addition, pipeline processing monitors science and engineering data for anomalous indications and trending, and triggers alerts if appropriate. Data products are ingested and stored in the Chandra Data Archive, where they are made available for downloading by users. In this paper, we describe the architecture of the data processing system, including the scientific algorithms that are applied to the data, and interfaces to other subsystems. We place particular emphasis on the impacts of design choices on system integrity and maintainability. We review areas where algorithmic improvements or changes in instrument characteristics have required significant enhancements, and the mechanisms used to effect these changes while assuring continued scientific integrity and robustness. We discuss major enhancements to the data processing system that are currently being developed to automate production of the Chandra Source Catalog.
Isolation of reovirus-like agents from patients with Crohn's disease.

Abstract 220 nm filtrates of intestinal resections from 6 of 10 patients with Crohn's disease produced a cytopathic effect in WI-38 tissue-culture monolayers, whereas controls had no effect. Characterisation of the virus responsible has been completed in 3 of the 6 positive isolates and indicates that it is an R.N.A. virus, 55-60 nm in diameter, heat, ether, and acid stable, and antigenically related to Nebraska calf-diarrhœa virus. It therefore belongs to the Reoviridae family.
Enceladus' south polar sea

Recent observations of the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus by the Cassini spacecraft have revealed an active world, powered by internal heat. In this paper, we propose that localized subsurface melting on Enceladus has produced an internal south polar sea. Evidence for this localized sea comes from the shape of Enceladus, which does not match a differentiated body at its current orbital position. We show that melting induced by the observed heat flow at the south pole produces a large enough pit to match the shape of Enceladus with a differentiated rock and ice interior. Numerical modeling of melting and ice flow shows that the sea produced beneath the south pole is stable against inflow of ductile ice from its surroundings for the duration of the heating. The shape modification due to melting also produces a negative degree-two gravity anomaly, which can reorient the spin axis of Enceladus in order to place the sea at the pole.
The origin of infrared emission from the nucleus of NGC 1068

Recent infrared observational results for the nucleus of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 are reviewed and analyzed in terms consistent with information available at other wavelengths. It is concluded that the infrared and optical data imply that more than 85 percent of the infrared emission at 10 microns is radiation from dust grains in the nucleus. Observed reddening of spectral lines implies geometrical optical depths at visual wavelengths of about 7-15 if the nuclear dust cloud is approximately spherically symmetric. The dust grains emitting the infrared radiation could be silicates with a 10-micron optical depth near unity, but this identification is not uniquely established. The grains are heated radiatively by an underlying source or sources of radiation also responsible for ionizing the emission-line-producing gas. The underlying source could be nonthermal, or it could be a hot plasma. Physical constraints on each of these models are derived.
The Comparative Reproductive Physiology of Sea Turtles

Although the reproductive ecology of marine turtles has been the subject of numerous long-range studies, the reproductive physiology of these unique animals is little known. Recently, however, preliminary anatomical and endocrinological studies have provided a good basis on which to begin to attempt to explain several of their unusual biological systems. New findings related to the anatomy of Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys olivacea are presented. The female, although having a very massive pair of simultaneously functioning ovaries, appears in most ways very similar to other chelonians. Corpora hemorrhagica, corpora lutea and corpora atretica from active ovaries are briefly described. Ovulation coincides with a luteinizing hormone and progesterone surge. Sperm are probably stored for the season after a single mating period which appears to occur prior to the first ovulation. Males may also cycle and mating as well as nesting are seen as more or less seasonal. The seasonality could be controlled in part by melatonin or other endocrines from the sea turtle's massive pineal complex. A hypothetical model for reproduction is presented in hopes of stimulating interest in physiological approaches to the study of marine turtle reproduction.
Media and peacebuilding: the new army stability doctrine and media sector development:

In October 2008, the US Army released Field Manual 3-07 laying out its dramatically revised doctrine for peace and stability operations. At the heart of the new doctrine is a comprehensive approach to stability operations in fragile states that integrates the work of the military with that of international partners, humanitarian organizations and the private sector. Within this framework, the manual recognizes the important role media plays in successful stability operations. However, it stops short of recommending concrete steps for integrating media sector development with the full spectrum of reconstruction and stabilization activities. This article reviews what the new doctrine says about media sector development, what the gaps are in its treatment of media development, and provides six guidelines for closing these gaps.
Effect of season on milk temperature, milk growth hormone, prolactin, and somatic cell counts of lactating cattle.

Monthly fluctuations in milk temperature, somatic cell counts, milk growth hormone and prolactin of lactating cows were measured in milk samples over a 1 year period. The seasonal patterns in milk temperature, somatic cell count and milk prolactin concentration showed a positive trend with increasing environmental temperatures. Milk growth hormone concentration increased with lactation level and declined significantly during summer heat. Milk temperature and the measured hormonal levels may serve as indicators of the impact of the climatic environment on lactating cattle.
Changes of collagen, elastin, and tryptophan contents in laser welded porcine aorta tissues studied using fluorescence spectroscopy

The emission spectra from welded and un-welded (normal) porcine aorta tissues were measured on both sides of intima and adventitia layers. A tunable Forsterite laser and a Cr4+: YAG laser with wavelengths of 1250nm, 1455nm and 1460nm were used to weld porcine aorta tissues. Three emission bands emitted from three key fluorophores were studied under different welding and excitation conditions. With excitation wavelength of 340nm, the 395nm band is associated with the emission from the structural proteins of collagen type III and type I. The 445nm band obtained is associated with the emission of the structural protein of elastin. The 350nm band recorded with excitation wavelength of 300nm is associated with the amino acid of tryptophan. The relative emission intensities of collagen, elastin and tryptophan at their fluorescence peaks changes with laser tissue welding wavelengths indicate the change of contents of those tissue molecules. The ratio of emission peak intensities of collagen to elastin with welding laser wavelength of 1250nm increases by 0.13 as compared to the normal aorta tissue at the intimal side. For the adventitial side of aorta tissue, this ratio decreases by 0.38 in comparison with the normal tissue. These results indicate that content of collagen changes relative to elastin due to laser tissue welding. The peak fluorescence intensity of tryptophan for both sides of welded tunica intima and adventitia increases significantly in comparison with the normal tissue when the optimum laser welding wavelength of 1455 nm was used.
Inhibition of the EGFR and hedgehog signaling pathways demonstrate potent growth inhibition in an animal model of esophageal carcinogenesis

Abstract Introduction. Advancements in experimental therapeutics for esophageal cancers have been hampered by the lack of a reliable preclinical model that recapitulates the biology of human cancer, including in vivo growth and metastases. Methods. Bilious reflux was induced by esophago-jejunostomy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight of nine SD rats developed squamous or adenosquamous cancers, and three new cell lines were created by in vitro propagation, JA and JB lines from one, and AMY line from the other. We subsequently tested the ability of these cell lines to propagate long-term in vitro and form tumors in vivo. In addition, we determined the effects of small molecule inhibitors of two important oncogenic pathways---the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways, in vitro. Relative growth inhibition was measured as described (Berman et al Nature 2003) at 48 and 96 h, using standard MTS assay. Results. JA, JB, and AMY cell lines are able to grow continuously in vitro, with consistent in vivo growth in athymic mice, both as subcutaneous xenografts and as orthotopically implanted tumors at the gastroesophageal serosa (N = 2 mice per line, six of six engrafted each). By histology, the tumors grow in vivo as a well-differentiated keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas. Iressa (gefitinib), an EGFR inhibitor (5 μm), caused significant growth inhibition in all three cell lines (JA > JB > AMY) compared to mock-treated cells, mirrored functionally by down regulation of activated targets of the EGFR pathway, phospho-ERK1/2, and phospho-MEK levels, in the EGFR-inhibited cells. Cyclopamine, an Hh pathway antagonist (dose 6 μm), caused significant growth inhibition in the AMY cell line, but not JA or JB lines; growth inhibition was accompanied by significant down regulation of Hh reporter activity at 24 h in the AMY cells but not JA or JB lines, consistent with specific antagonism of the Hh signaling pathway. Conclusions. We have established a model of esophageal carcinogenesis, with ability for long-term in vitro and in vivo passage and exhibiting pathway-specific antagonistic effects.
Modified porous metal-surfaced Björk-Shiley monostrut heart valve. Long-term study in goats without anticoagulation.

To diminish the risk of thrombosis on a mechanical heart valve without anticoagulation, specific areas of the valve ring should be polished, as thrombosis has not been found to start there. By limiting the porous-surfaced area to the groove and the adjacent part of the flange, the thin endothelialized covering of the carbonized suture ring will continue over the groove and top of the flange to the high-flow area. As the high-flow areas that are not completely covered with the neointima, i.e. the struts and the vertical or central portion of the valve ring, are at increased risk of bacterial invasion if their surface is porous, they should be left uncoated and polished.
Relations between Technology, Parent Education, Self-Confidence, and Academic Aspiration of Hispanic Immigrant Students

The purpose of this project is to test a theoretical model explaining the relationship between technology use, parent educational background, academic aspiration, and self-confidence as predictors ...
Structure of and bonding in I,5-cyclooctadiene-duroquinone nickel

Abstract The structure of I,5-cyclooctadiene-duroquinone-nickel, C8H12NiC10H12O2, has been determined from a three-dimensional X-ray analysis. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell of symmetry P2/n and dimensions a = 14.26 A, b = 7.95 A, c = 14.17 A, and β = 94°27′. There are four molecules per unit cell with each molecule located on a crystallographic two-fold axis. A three-dimensional least-squares refinement yielded a final unweighted discrepancy factor of R1 = 101%. Each discrete monomeric molecule consists of a nickel atom sandwiched between a boat- form I,5-cyclooctadiene ring and a duroquinone ring. The two sets of parallel double bonds in the cyclooctadiene and duroquinone rings are perpendicular; the nickel therefore can be considered to possess an idealized tetrahedral configuration. The cyclooctadiene ring of C2 symmetry shows significant skeletal skewing similar to that present in free I,5-cyclooctadiene, whereas the idealized D2h symmetry of free duroquinone is reduced to C2c in the nickel-complexed duroquinone due to a deformation of the carbonyl groups out of the plane of the ring. The detailed geometry of the rings, and the nature and implications of the bonding are discussed with respect to related complexes.
A condensed state in a system of stored and cooled ions

Condensation phenomena may be observed within the cooled ion beams contained in heavy-ion storage rings. Their properties have been investigated with the techniques of molecular dynamics. The results indicate interesting possibilities - crystallization would occur in cylindrical shells with two-dimensional order in each shell, yet an overall approximate bcc pattern in the correlation function. Similar results are seen in a spherical geometry that may crudely approximate a cold plasma in a Penning trap.
Cathodoluminescence of GaN doped with Sm and Ho

Abstract We report the first observation of visible cathodoluminescence of the rare earth (RE) elements Sm, Ho implanted in GaN. The implanted samples were given isochronal thermal annealing treatments at a temperature of 1100°C in N2, at atmospheric pressure to recover implantation damages and activate the RE ions. The sharp characteristic emission lines corresponding to Sm3+ and Ho3+ intra-4fn-shell transitions are resolved in the spectral range from 400 to 1000 nm, and observed over the temperature range of 11–411 K. The cathodoluminescence emission is only weakly temperature dependent. The results indicate that RE doped GaN epilayers are suitable as a material for visible optoelectronic devices.
Evaluation of Bioelectric Impedance to Predict Carcass Yield, Carcass Composition, and Fillet Composition in Farm-Raised Catfish

Abstract.— Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) was evaluated as a method for predicting carcass yield, fat, and moisture in live channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (N = 20), and fat and moisture in fillets from channel catfish (N= 20) and channel catfish female × blue catfish male, I. furcatus, hybrids (N= 20). Fish were cultured in ponds, fed a commercial catfish diet (28% protein), and harvested at market weight (450 g-900 g, ∼19 months post-hatch). Live channel catfish were tranquilized, weighed, and sexed. Resistance and reactance were measured with a four-terminal impedance analyzer. Fish were then deheaded, eviscerated, weighed, and carcass yield was calculated. Fillets from channel catfish and channel catfish × blue catfish hybrids were measured for weight, resistance, and reactance. Carcasses and fillets were ground and fat and moisture were determined by chemical analysis. Regression models including total weight, resistance, and reactance as independent variables explained 71%, 75%, and 65% of the variation in carcass yield, fat, and moisture, respectively, in live fish. Regression models with fillet weight, resistance, and reactance as independent variables explained 62% and 41% of the variation in fillet fat and moisture, respectively, in channel catfish, and 53% and 58% of the variation in fillet fat and moisture, respectively, in channel catfish × blue catfish hybrids. Models including resistance and reactance explained significantly more variation in the traits measured than did models containing only whole weight as an independent variable. Improvements in prediction accuracy will be needed to make BIA a useful tool for predicting carcass yield, carcass composition, and fillet composition in farm-raised catfish.
Gender Differences: Vocabulary Retention and Access to Translations for Beginning Language Learners in CALL

This study investigated the effect of first language (L1) translations on males and females who are beginning French students engaged in a computer assisted language learning (CALL) lesson. Specifically, it examined whether access to L1 translations affected their performance differently on receptive vocabulary tests. It also examined whether there were differences in how much time they spent looking up translations. Analyses indicated that, when the students were given bilingual multiple-choice tests, there were no significant differences between males and females on their short-term (ST; immediately after the lesson) or long-term (LT; 2 weeks after the lesson) retention test scores, though all learners in the translation group demonstrated significantly greater ST and LT retention than those without translations (p < .001). In addition, there were no significant differences in the amount of time males and females spent in looking up translations. Findings suggest that males and females can benefit from a CALL environment that renders meaning clearly and that they should be free to select their preferred modes of learning when learning from a CALL lesson.