cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-stage elections, strategic candidates, and campaign agendas

Candidates employ strategies that depend on the electorate involved and the opponent(s) they face. In two-stage elections — elections that include both a primary and a general election — candidates must balance the need to satisfy their party's electorate and defeat their primary opponent(s) with the need to appeal to the electorate as a whole in order to defeat their general election opponent. That balance will depend on whether the primary stage is contested or not. We evaluate how candidates in 56 U.S. Senate and gubernatorial campaigns respond to these considerations by analyzing the bundles of issues candidates emphasize in their campaign advertising. As expected, electoral competition leads candidates to emphasize similar issues over the course of their campaigns. As a result, candidates involved in contested primaries adopt a mixed strategy, responding both to their primary election opponents and their eventual general election opponent during the primary-election phase of the contest.
Shadow and Shelter: The Swamp in Southern Culture

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Anthony Wilson Year: 2006 Pages: 208 Publisher: University Press of Mississippi ISBN: 1-57806-804-5 (hard cover). Prices: $45.00 USD(hard cover).
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments

This chapter discusses the requirements for recognition and enforcement in France of foreign judgments and arbitral awards. Discussion of the procedure for obtaining an exequatur (14.01–14.04) precedes treatment of foreign judgments relating to personal status that do not need an exequatur to be recognized (14.04). The chapter concludes with a description of the circumstances in which, and the procedure by which, foreign arbitral awards are recognized and enforced (14.06) and with a brief summary on international agreements dealing with the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards to which France is a party (14.07).
Formation, Movement, and Restoration of Dead Intertidal Oyster Reefs in Canaveral National Seashore and Mosquito Lagoon, Florida

ABSTRACT Globally, 85% of shellfish reefs have been lost during the past century. The severe loss of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica has encouraged different types of restoration efforts in the United States. In Mosquito Lagoon (ML), a shallow-water estuary on the east coast of central Florida, restoration focuses on providing additional substrate for larval recruitment via deployment of stabilized oyster shell. To assess the current number and area of natural, dead, and restored oyster reefs within ML, aerial photographs from 2009 were digitized using ArcGIS software. All reefs were screen digitized using a reef “signature” to estimate the surface area of each reef type. The maps from 2009 were then used as a guide to digitizing the historical aerial photographs (1943, 1951, 1967, 1971, 1984, 1995, and 2006). Oyster habitat within ML has decreased by almost 15 hectares between 1943 and 2009, which constitutes 24%of the 1943 lagoon-wide coverage. The impacts were greater in Canaveral National Sea...
The ups and downs of Hebrew verb movement

This paper puts forth a hypothesis on the nature of the transition from VSO word order to SVO word order and, more specifically, on the status of grammars which are in a state of transition. I argue that among such grammars one expects to find one in which [SPEC,IP] is never a so-called A-position and in which syntactic verb movement to I is optional and that Modern Hebrew is an example of such a language. The first part of the paper is dedicated to evidence in favor of the optional nature of verb movement, while the second part explores the properties of [SPEC,IP] and the consequences which its non-A-status has for quantification, movement and word order.
Dielectric Measurements of Millimeter-Wave Materials

It is no longer necessary to use extrapolated microwave dielectric data when designing millimeter-wave components, devices, and systems. Precision measurements can now be made to generate highly accurate millimeter-wave (5 to 1/2 mm) continuous spectra on complex refractive index, complex dielectric permittivity, and loss tangent for a variety of materials such as common ceramics, semiconductors, crystalline, and glassy materials. The continuous spectra reveal an increase in dielectric loss with increase in frequency in this wavelength range for most materials. Reliable measurements also reveal that the method of preparation of nominally identical specimens can change the dielectric losses by many factors. These broad-band measurements were carried out employing dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy applied to a modular two-beam polarization interferometer. Data obtained with Fabry-Perot open resonator methods at wavelengths of 5 mm and longer will also be compared.
Changes in the concentration of ribonucleic acid during wound tissue regeneration.

THE metabolism of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in regenerating wound tissue may be expected to be of special importance since the synthesis of protein is one of the principal metabolic activities of this tissue1,2. The relative amount of RNA in this tissue at different stages of regeneration should give some insight into the protein metabolism. A complicating factor is the fact that considerable amounts of two quite different types of protein are formed, the intracellular ‘metabolically-active’ proteins, and collagen.
Heterogeneous nucleation of calcium oxalate trihydrate in artificial urine by constant composition

Abstract Calcium oxalate is a major component of most human kidney stones. To improve our understanding of kidney stone formation, crystallization of calcium oxalate in a urine-like solution was investigated using constant composition technique. Artificial urine with a calcium oxalate relative supersaturation of 10 was incubated at 37°C in the reaction vessel of a constant composition system with or without seed crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). Reaction was allowed to proceed until its rate reached an equilibrium. Crystals were isolated and identified. A mixture of COM and calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT) crystals was produced in the absence of COM seeds. Addition of COM seeds resulted in their growth, formation of more COM crystals and unexpectedly, the nucleation of COT crystals. Seeded systems are generally considered to produce crystal growth only. Our results, however, indicate the occurrence of both nucleation and growth under these circumstances. It is proposed that low supersaturation in concert with high ionic strength as present in the artificial urine and exists in mammalian urine may lead to the coexistence of stable COM and unstable COT.
Applications of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant cytokines for the treatment of human colorectal and other carcinomas

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which recognize a human tumor antigen, termed tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72), have successfully been used to localize primary as well as metastatic colorectal tumor lesions in patients. The localization of the anti-TAG-72 MAbs has also been exploited intraoperatively using a hand-held gamma probe. That procedure, termed radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS), has identified occult tumors which were not detected using standard external imaging techniques. In another clinical trial, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was administered intraperitoneally to patients diagnosed with either gastrointestinal or ovarian carcinoma with secondary ascites. Analysis of the tumor cells isolated from the malignant ascites revealed a substantial increase in TAG-72 expression on the surface of tumor cells isolated from seven of eight patients. The results provide evidence that the combination of an anti-carcinoma MAb with the administration of a cytokine, such as IFN-gamma, may be an effective approach for the detection and subsequent treatment, of colorectal carcinoma. 15 references.
Use of 2,2′-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) for the heterodimerization of cysteine containing peptides. Introduction of the 5-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl group

Abstract 2,2′-Dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) has proven to be a suitable reagent for the activation of the thiol function of cysteine in peptides and subsequent asymmetric disulfide formation. The utility of this reagent is tested in the preparation of de novo designed cytochrome model heterodimeric 62-mer peptides.
Patterns of near repeat temporary and permanent motor vehicle thefts

Recent studies have shown that there are spatio-temporal patterns in the distribution of motor vehicle thefts, but micro-level research has not considered the different forms of the crime. This research utilizes data on vehicle theft incidents (N=9417) from 2007 to 2009 in a mid-sized US city to determine whether repeat and near repeat patterns exist across overall, temporary and permanent thefts. The results show that there is an increased risk for repeat victimization in the days following an initial incident for all forms of vehicle theft. Near repeat patterns are found for temporary vehicle thefts but not for permanent thefts. The research and policy implications derived from this study include a more crime-specific research agenda and increased consideration of offender motivation in the development of crime prevention programmes.
Chronic kidney disease: High eGFR and mortality: high true GFR or a marker of frailty?

A recent report from the Alberta Kidney Disease Network demonstrates that high estimated glomerular filtration rate is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in both young and elderly individuals, as well as in those with and without proteinuria. Potential explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.
Red/Near-Infrared Atomic Analysis for H, C, N, O, S, Cl, and Br with a Fourier Transform Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer

Medium resolution (0.25 cm−1) Fourier transform atomic emission reference spectra of H, C, N, O, S, Cl, Br, and Ar are presented in the red/near-infrared (15,800-8300 cm−1) region for a
CCN1 is critical for acid-induced esophageal epithelial cell transformation

CCN1 is a matricellular protein involved in both wound healing and cancer cell invasion. Increased CCN1 expression has been associated with the development of Barrett's esophagus and the increased risk of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. In both cases, acid reflux is a major contributor. Low pH has been shown to induce CCN1 gene expression in esophageal epithelial cells. Here we demonstrated that both CCN1 and low pH could cause esophageal epithelial cell transformation, including loss of E-cadherin, disruption of cell-cell junctions, and expression of mesenchymal markers. Furthermore, knockdown of CCN1 through RNA interference sufficiently attenuated acid-driven cell phenotypic changes, while over-expression of CCN1 exacerbated these effects, indicating a critical role of CCN1 in acid-induced esophageal epithelial cell transformation. Given the pivotal role of low pH in gastro-esophageal reflux disease and its progression towards esophageal adenocarcinoma, our study identified CCN1 as a key molecule mediating this process.
Alimentary tract colonization by Candida albicans

Abstract The usual 20% incidence of rectal colonization by Candida albicans is significantly increased by hospitalization, oral sulfonamides, and systemic antibiotics. Administration of nystatin delays this yeast overgrowth and may well serve as an effective means of prophylaxis against Candida sepsis. Candida can colonize any area of the gastrointestinal tract, but are most prevalent in the mouth and rectum and least populous in the jejunum. Candiduria when possibly due to the intestinal transmucosal persorption of yeast can be eliminated in many cases by the oral administration of an effective antifungal agent, such as nystatin.
Photoelastic waveguides formed on bulk GaAs or Si

In this work, we proposed a new waveguide structure that can be formed on bulk semiconductor substrates without requiring any epitaxial or separate cladding layers for vertical confinement of light. In the proposed structure, vertical confinement of light is achieved via a photoelastic effect induced by thin-film stress, and lateral confinement is obtained by a semiconductor mesa or a photoelastic effect itself. We have carried out numerical analyses on the stress distribution, dielectric constant changes, and mode profiles at 1.3 micrometer or 1.55 micrometer wavelength in GaAs or Si. The results show that the proposed structure can support guided modes with the amount of stress that can be obtained from typical thin-film/semiconductor interfaces. To demonstrate the proposed waveguide concept, we fabricated the photoelastic waveguides on bulk GaAs substrate. The fabricated structures were characterized in terms of their guided mode profiles, using ga 1.3 micrometer wavelength semiconductor laser as a light source. Both the vertical and the horizontal profiles were obtained, and the results show a good agreement with the simulation results, thus confirming the proposed concept.
A comparison of two methods for obtaining dietary intake data

Abstract In December, 1980 dietary intake data were obtained from 351 mothers living in four counties in south-central Georgia. Two counties were controls in a nutrition education program and data were from 24-hour diet recalls (1). The other two counties were part of another study (2) relating maternal diet to child I.Q., and the data were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. Energy intakes estimated from the two sets of data differed by two-fold (1000–1100 kcal vs 2000–2200 kcal). The non-directive 24-hour recall tended to miss five classes of foods: drinks, items eaten with other foods, snacks, less common foods and the fruits and vegetables. When used in the evaluation of a nutrition education program (which prompts the subject concerning important foods) it becomes difficult to tell if observed increases were due to an actual change in diet or were due to an improved recall response.
DNA-binding proteins in human serum.

Summary Human serum DNA-binding proteins were isolated by affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose. These proteins represent a significant fraction (1.5%) of the serum proteins. The isolated proteins were quantitatively assayed by a nitrocellulose membrane filter technique using human DNA. Analysis by radioimmunoelectrophoresis revealed that the major DNA-binding proteins migrated in the α 2 and β regions. Using thirty-nine different antisera against major serum proteins, Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis gave positive precipitin reactions only with antisera against immunoglobulin G and α 1 -antichymotrypsin. Neither of these comprised a major fraction of the DNA-binding proteins. Chromatography through Sephadex G-150 indicated that the proteins ranged in molecular weight from 50,000 to greater than 400,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis revealed two major protein bands with molecular weights of 126,000 and 94,000, and greater than 20 minor species.
Elastase activity of fungi with anamorphs similar to Coccidioides immitis

The elastin digestion assay was examined to determine if it would facilitate the identification of Coccidioides immitis when non-pathogenic fungi resembling C. immitis are encountered. Fungal isolants tested have anamorphs that closely resemble the macroscopic or microscopic morphology of C. immitis. Elastin hydrolysis was measured by elastin-agar plate assays. Approximately 80% of the isolants hydrolyzed elastin; thus, the elastin digestion assay as a differential test appears to have little value.
Turnaround Strategies for Mature Industrial-Product Business Units

A study of short-term turnaround attempts by mature industrial-product business units found that efficiency-oriented moves, but not entrepreneurial initiatives, were associated with successful turn...
ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN RHODOPSEUDOMONAS VIRIDIS* AT LOW TEMPERATURES

— When chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas viridis are briefly illuminated with very bright light at temperatures between —20°C and —196°C, reaction center chlorophyll (P985) is oxidized rapidly and becomes reduced in less than 0.1 sec upon cessation of illumination. In moderate exciting light one molecule of cytochrome 558 per molecule of P985 is oxidized rapidly and irreversibly while P985 oxidation is much slower and its oxidation rate is highly temperature-dependent. After a long illumination ends, P985 reduction occurs in two temperature-dependent phases, in 1 to 1 ratio. The data are interpreted as follows. 1 P985 and one mole of cytochrome 588 per mole of P985 can be photooxidized at low temperatures. 2 Electron transfer from the primary electron acceptor to the secondary acceptor or back to P985+ occurs in less than 0.1 sec at low temperatures. 3 There is one mole of secondary acceptor (a one-electron acceptor) per mole of P985. and electron transfer from the secondary acceptor to tertiary acceptors is highly temperature-dependent.
On rational invariants of a set of symmetric matrices

Abstract Some identities resulting from the Cayley-Hamilton theorem are derived. Some applications include: (a) for k = 1,2,…,n − 1 a condition is found for a pair (A,B) of symmetric operators acting in Euclidean n-space to have common invariant k-subspace (provided that A does not have multiple eigenvalues); (b) it is shown that the field of rational invariants of (A,B) is isomorphic to a subfield of a rational function field with n(n+3)/2 generators consisting of elements symmetric with respect to the permutaion group Pn; (c) it is shown that any rational invariant of (g+2) symmetric operators A,B,C1,C2,…, Cg can be expressed as a rational function of invariants of one or two operators that are taken for pairs (A,B), (A,C2),…, (A,Cg, (A,B+C1), (A,B+C2),…,(A,B+Cg).
Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx.

Verrucous carcinoma is a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with minimal cytologic atypia. Characteristically, the surface shows papillary fronds with prominent hyperkeratosis. Its benign appearance makes diagnosis difficult and often delays treatment. This is a review of 52 histologically confirmed cases of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1960 and 1987. The follow-up ranged from 2 to 304 months. The most common primary treatment modality was surgery. Two patients died of laryngeal cancer. In both cases, the recurrence was a high-grade carcinoma histologically distinct from the original verrucous carcinoma. The T stage, clinical stage, and type of surgical excision failed to predict survival. The presence of extensive leukoplakia surrounding the exophytic tumor approached statistical significance (p =.08) in predicting recurrence. Four patients were treated with radiotherapy — in each, to control residual disease. One of these patients developed a local recurr...
Decay and Scattering of Small Solutions of a Generalized Boussinesq Equation

Abstract We study the long-time behavior of small solutions of the initial-value problem for a generalized Boussinesq equation. We obtain a lower bound for the degrees of nonlinearity which allows us to establish a nonlinear scattering result for small perturbations; that is, the small solutions of the nonlinear problem behave asymptotically like the solution of the associated linear problem. Under certain hypotheses, we can construct a scattering operator for the Boussinesq equation which carries a neighborhood of 0 in the energy space X into X .
An architecture for heterogeneous computer integrated manufacturing system

In Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), a number of heterogeneous computing nodes are networked via either a local area network (LAN) or a geographically distributed computer network. Information in various forms and its processing will be distributed in the network, forming a distributed information processing system. Here, we describe a prototype architecture for a CIM system that integrates both: data distributed among heterogeneous databases and manufacturing applications distributed among heterogeneous computing nodes.
Advanced Milling and Containment Technologies for Superfine Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Besides a variety of dry grinding methods, wet grinding technology can be applied for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Agitated media mills are suitable for milling finest particles in any appropriate liquid even down to the nano-range. The issue of abrasion can be solved by the targeted combination of mill and bead material. Furthermore, optimization of the grinding parameters can reduce the required grinding energy as well as contamination of the products. To enable application of milling processes in the earliest stage of pharmaceutical R&D work, sample quantities need to be reduced to a few grams and processed with the highest possible recovery of the product. The small lab and research mills have to be designed analogously to the production machines to make scale-up and validation possible. The technology of pharmaceutical processing in general and agitated media mills in research, pilot, and production scale, test results for optimization of mill parameters and materials are presented and an insight into containment techniques is provided.
The Discovery of the Nuclides

The search for new nuclides has been one of the driving forces for discoveries of new phenomena in nuclear physics for over a hundred years. In order to understand the nuclear force acting between neutrons and protons it is necessary to explore a large range of possible configurations of neutrons and protons forming a specific nuclide. The first step in studying properties of these nuclides is always their formation in the laboratory. Over the years new discoveries have been made with the innovation of new techniques, primarily new accelerators or significant improvements in accelerator techniques.
Isolation of the tetrapeptide Gly-Val-Pro-Gly from an elastin digest.

Abstract Significant amounts of the tetrapeptide Gly-Val-Pro-Gly have been isolated from an elastase-nagarse digest of elastin. A novel method is described for the automated sequencing of the peptide through the attachment of a polar group to the C-terminal residue.
Radio properties of extragalactic IRAS sources

The present study identifies extragalactic sources from the IRAS Faint Source Catalog by position coincidence with radio sources stronger than 25 mJy and lying north of +5 deg on the Green Bank 4.85 GHz sky maps. Published VLA maps, new 4.86 GHz VLA maps made with 15-arcsec resolution, and accurate optical positions are used to confirm 122 of these candidate identifications. Normal and starburst spiral galaxies were found to comprise about 97 percent of the FIR flux-limited sample. Radio-loud 'monsters' with q less than 2.25 dominate the radio emission from about 2 percent of the FIR source sample, and radio-quiet monsters are responsible for the FIR emission from less than about 1 percent of the FIR sample. All of the radio-identified sources are optically identified, mostly with relatively bright nearby galaxies. No evidence was found for any new populations of high-redshift FIR sources, nonthermal sources with steep FIR/optical spectra, or dust-shrouded sources visible only at FIR and radio wavelengths.
Techniques for measuring the welfare effects of protection: Appraising the choices☆

Abstract In the last few years there have been a bewildering variety of proposals on how the static welfare costs of protection are best conceptualized and measured. A survey and appraisal appears called for to show how the concepts differ and under what conditions they turn out to be special cases of each other. Furthermore, if actual measures are required, what is the loss of accuracy that arises from using methods which, while conceptually inferior to others in most cases, require fewer, and less uncertain, informational inputs?
Genetic variation of fifteen folate metabolic pathway associated gene loci and the risk of incident head and neck carcinoma: The Women's Genome Health Study

Abstract Objective Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of folate metabolic pathway (FMP) in the pathogenesis of head and neck carcinoma (HNC). Whether the genetic variation within the FMP associated genes modulates HNC remains elusive. To date, prospective, epidemiological data on the relationship of FMP gene variation with the risk of HNC are sparse. Methods The association between 203 tag-SNPs (tSNPs) of 15 FMP associated genes ( CBS , BHMT , DHFR , FOLR1 , FOLR2 , FOLR3 , MTHFR , MTR , MTRR , MTHFD1 , RFC1 , SHMT1 , SLC19A1 , TCN2 , and TYMS ) and incident HNC was investigated in 23,294 Caucasian female participants of the prospective Women's Genome Health Study. All were free of known cancer at baseline. During a 15-year follow-up period, 55 participants developed a first ever HNC. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between genotypes and HNC risk assuming an additive genetic model. Haplotype-block analysis was also performed. Results A total of 11 tSNPs within DHFR , MTHFR , RFC1 , and TYMS were associated with HNC risk (all p-uncorrected RFC1 with HNC risk (all p-uncorrected Conclusion If corroborated in other large prospective studies, the present findings suggest that genetic variation within the folate metabolic pathway gene loci examined, in particular, the replication factor C-1 (RFC1) gene variation may influence HNC risk.
Acetate-dependent photoheterotrophic growth and the differential requirement for the Calvin–Benson–Bassham reductive pentose phosphate cycle in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas palustris

Rhodobacter sphaeroides ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO)-deletion strain 16 was capable of photoheterotrophic growth with acetate, while Rhodopseudomonas palustris RubisCO-deletion strain 2040 could not grow under these conditions. The reason for this difference lies in the fact that Rba. sphaeroides and Rps. palustris use different pathways for acetate assimilation, the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway, and glyoxylate-bypass cycle, respectively. The ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway is distinct from the glyoxylate cycle as one molecule of CO(2) and one molecule of HCO(3) (-) per three molecules of acetyl-CoA are co-assimilated to form two malate molecules. The glyoxylate cycle directly converts two acetyl-CoA molecules to malate. Each pathway, therefore, also dictates at what point, CO(2) and reductant are consumed, thereby determining the requirement for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham reductive pentose phosphate cycle.
Stimulation of vasopressin by calcium microinjections in the area of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Abstract The present experiments were designed to investigate the effect of local calcium application on the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release and blood pressure. A microinjection of 2 μl of calcium gluconate 10% in the PVN elevated AVP levels to 71.6 ± 8.7pg/ml compared to 3.3 ± 0.6pg/ml in control rats receiving iso-osmolar solution of dextrose 11% ( P ), whereas peripheral plasma epinephrine were normal. Despite the increase of plasma AVP levels, blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged indicating that other unknown mechanisms counteract AVP's pressor effect. These data suggest that locally applied Ca 2+ in the vasopressinergic neurons of the hypothalamus strongly stimulates the release of AVP.
Robust Speech Recognition Using a Cepstral Minimum-Mean-Square-Error-Motivated Noise Suppressor

We present an efficient and effective nonlinear feature-domain noise suppression algorithm, motivated by the minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) optimization criterion, for noise-robust speech recognition. Distinguishing from the log-MMSE spectral amplitude noise suppressor proposed by Ephraim and Malah (E&M), our new algorithm is aimed to minimize the error expressed explicitly for the Mel-frequency cepstra instead of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectra, and it operates on the Mel-frequency filter bank's output. As a consequence, the statistics used to estimate the suppression factor become vastly different from those used in the E&M log-MMSE suppressor. Our algorithm is significantly more efficient than the E&M's log-MMSE suppressor since the number of the channels in the Mel-frequency filter bank is much smaller (23 in our case) than the number of bins (256) in DFT. We have conducted extensive speech recognition experiments on the standard Aurora-3 task. The experimental results demonstrate a reduction of the recognition word error rate by 48% over the standard ICSLP02 baseline, 26% over the cepstral mean normalization baseline, and 13% over the popular E&M's log-MMSE noise suppressor. The experiments also show that our new algorithm performs slightly better than the ETSI advanced front end (AFE) on the well-matched and mid-mismatched settings, and has 8% and 10% fewer errors than our earlier SPLICE (stereo-based piecewise linear compensation for environments) system on these settings, respectively.
Encapsulation of molecular hydrogen in zeolites at 1 atm

About 1 μmol/g of molecular H2 is encapsulated in the sodalite cages of NaX zeolite at 37°C and 1 bar H2 pressure. The removal of this hydrogen by diffusion can be studied by temperature programming between 40 and 150°C under 1 bar Ar gas. The activation energy for diffusion is 8.1 kcal/mol. The amount of H2 trapped is more than an order of magnitude less than that expected for chemisorption on a catalyst like cobalt on NaX. Exchanging Cs+, Ni2+, and Eu3+ for Na+ cations into the supercages, hexagonal prisms, and sodalite cages, respectively, of X zeofite, leads to the conclusion that H2 is trapped in the sodalite cages.
My Baby Was Premature

This is a first person account of the events surrounding the author's, son's premature birth and three-week hospitalization. Suggestions are made as to how nurses can be more helpful to the parents of premature babies.
Bipolar switching of layer-tilted state in ferroelectric liquid crystals

Abstract Continuous bipolar switching of layer-tilted states in ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLC) can be explained by a collective mode including the interaction of the external field with the spontaneous polarization and the dielectric anisotropy of the FLC medium. A domain-nucleation model is more suitable to account for the switch-on starting from a quiescent state. Simple director relaxation seems adequate to explain the field-off optical decay. Experimental results on the field-induced fast switch-offs are also presented.
DNA repair in photoreceptor survival.

Light triggers a sequence of events that damage photoreceptor cells within the superior central portion of the retina, resulting in apoptotic cell death. This damage is mediated by energy absorbed by rhodopsin and the intermediates of the rhodopsin-bleaching process. Furthermore, inhibition of the visual cycle and the re-isomerization of all-trans retinol preserve photoreceptors. We have recently shown light-induced DNA fragmentation to occur only within photoreceptors, and, in time-courses following light treatment, these cells exhibit two peaks of damage, approx 24 h apart. This was also observed by quantification of nucleosome-length DNA fragments and their multimers (DNA ladders) as well as by highly repetitive short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) analysis. This bimodal pattern of photoreceptor DNA fragmentation suggests two populations of cells, and each of these were affected by light at a different rate or time. However, the rat retina is composed of 500 nm-sensitive rods, and approx 2% cones, suggesting that a two-cell-type hypothesis is incorrect. Thus, there is a possibility that light-induced DNA fragmentation is triggered and that some photoreceptors are able to initiate a repair mechanism, resulting in a temporary decrease in DNA damage followed by another wave of fragmentation that ultimately leads to cell death. Subsequently, we observed that the repair enzyme DNA polymerase β was upregulated following light treatment, again suggesting the presence of a repair mechanism. Our results suggest that a DNA-repair mechanism exists within photoreceptors, and indicate that manipulation of this process may provide additional protection and/or recovery from events that trigger DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death in photoreceptors.
Use of gastrointestinal contrast studies in obstruction of the small and large bowel.

Gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed in 96 (27 percent) of 342 patients with small-bowel obstruction including 57 upper gastrointestinal and 39 barium-enema examinations. In 34 patients, upper gastrointestinal examination disclosed either obstruction or failure of contrast to reach the cecum in 24 hours; all 34 patients required surgery. The remaining 23 patients who had upper gastrointestinal studies recovered with tube decompression. Barium enema demonstrated obstruction in 13 (33 percent) of 39 cases of suspected small-bowel obstruction and localized obstruction in the colon rather than small bowel in 9 of 13 cases. Barium enema was 100 percent predictive of surgery when obstruction was shown, but was not helpful in predicting surgery when obstruction was not demonstrated. Surgery was required in 42 percent of patients whose barium enema did not show obstruction. Barium enema also was performed in 19 of 23 patients with large-bowel obstruction and showed the level of obstruction in all cases. All patients with largebowel obstruction required surgery except for three who recovered after barium-enema reduction of intussusception or volvulus. Barium upper gastrointestinal examination is recommended in small-bowel obstruction when plain films are nondiagnostic, and in selected cases of small-bowel obstruction that do not resolve with a short trial of tube decompression. Barium enema is not recommended in suspected small-bowel obstruction but should be performed in all cases of largebowel obstruction, except when perforation is a possibility or when the cecum measures 10 cm or larger in diameter.
Ion mobility spectrometry: A personal view of its development at UCSB

Ion mobility is not a newly discovered phenomenon. It has roots going back to Langevin at the beginning of the 20th century. Our group initially got involved by accident around 1990 and this paper is a brief account of what has transpired here at UCSB the past 25 years in response to this happy accident. We started small, literally, with transition metal atomic ions and transitioned to carbon clusters, synthetic polymers, most types of biological molecules and eventually peptide and protein oligomeric assembly. Along the way we designed and built several generations of instruments, a process that is still ongoing. And perhaps most importantly we have incorporated theory with experiment from the beginning; a necessary wedding that allows an atomistic face to be put on the otherwise interesting but not fully informative cross section measurements.
Printed Circuits and Microelectronics

In the two decades since the concept of ceramic based "printed circuits" was first suggested for an Army Ordnance application, substantial changes have taken place in the techniques of electronic circuit construction in the United States. Today, such ceramic circuits, in simple and complex networks, are complemented by printed wiring assemblies in several variations. Both technologies, now well established and in mass use on production lines, represent the current plateaus in miniature circuit construction for general commercial and military usage. Other construction philosophies and technologies are now shaping in the country's industrial and military laboratories, all aimed at new orders of size reduction of electronic equipments. In the several microelectronic techniques under development, the elemental electronic part appears destined to lose its logistic identity completely, and yield its classical position as a building block to black boxes called "circuit functions." The paper provides a summary review of the evolution of current ceramic printed circuits and printed wiring practices and, in the light of today's microelectronic activities, frames the trend in equipment design in the years ahead.
Purpose in Life: A Moderator of Recovery from Bereavement.

For those with relatively low purpose in life, the experience of bereavement may induce an existential crisis, particularly if the cause of death is suicide. To assess whether this happens in recent bereavement, 122 people (31% of those who received questionnaires) recently bereaved (mode < two years) completed scales measuring life purpose, life satisfaction, reasons for living, and social support. Multivariate analysis followed by univariate analysis indicated that purpose was associated with greater life satisfaction, stronger reasons for living, more social support, and less impact. Unexpectedly, those bereaved by suicide were not different from other cause of death groups on these measures. High purpose in life apparently can buffer the negative aspects of the bereavement experience, regardless of the cause of death.
Lymphvascular space involvement—A prognostic indicator in endometrial adenocarcinoma

Abstract The present study evaluates the effects of various prognostic indicators on survival of patients with clinical Stage I endometrial carcinoma. Ninety-three patients who were treated for clinical Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma at Maimonides Medical Center from October 1979 to October 1987 had sufficient surgical-pathological information for retrospective surgical staging according to the new FIGO classification. Histology was reviewed. A new grade and surgical stage was assigned to each patient in accordance with the recent FIGO guidelines for surgical staging of corpus cancer. Poor prognostic indicators, namely, tumor grade, depth of myometrial invasion, peritoneal cytology, lymph node metastases, and lymphvascular space (LVS) involvement, were correlated with 5-year survival rates. Survival rates were calculated by the life table method. Depth of myometrial invasion, lymph node involvement, and peritoneal cytology had significant statistical correlation with poor survival. Positive finding of each of the prognostic indicators, including LVS involvement, was significantly associated with poor survival (all P
Momentum, energy and power densities of TEM wave packet

Abstract The question as to whether the momentum of a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave packet in a simple, but selfconsistent, model of an electromagnetic material described by time- and field-independent scalars e and μ, is given by ∫ D × B d V or ∫ ( E × H )/c 2 d V is re-examined. It is found that the momentum of the wave packet is given by neither of these two expressions. ∫ ( E × H )/c 2 d V has to be supplemented by a momentum attributable to the material. It is also found that the power flow density of the electromagnetic field E × H has to be supplemented by a mechanical contribution. The net energy momentum four-tensor is symmetric. These conclusions apply to a model of the electromagnetic medium forming a closed system, including Newton's law for the material. Finally, it is pointed out that a strict linearization of the equations describing the wave propagation, treating the system under consideration as an open system in that momentum interchange occurs with the higher order terms omitted in a linearization, leads to the assignment of ∫ D × B d V as the momentum of a wave packet. The dispute as to whether the Abraham or Minkowski energy stress tensor is the correct one is, hopefully, clarified by pointing out that self-consistency can be achieved only by a careful consideration of the assumptions contained in the model of the electromagnetic material.
The management of subacute bacterial endocarditis superimposed on rheumatic heart disease in the immediate pre-penicillin era: the case of Pasquale Imperato.

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) was invariably a fatal disease in the pre-penicillin era. The availability of sulfonamide antibiotics beginning in the mid-1930s raised hopes that they would be effective in SBE. Unfortunately, except in rare instances, they were not. This paper reviews the clinical experience with sulfonamides in the pre-penicillin period in treating patients with SBE. It presents in detail the case of Pasquale Imperato, who died from the disease at the age of 72 years on 30 November 1942. In so doing, it focuses on the medical management measures then available to treat patients with SBE and on the inevitable course of the illness once it began. Also discussed is the relationship of acute rheumatic fever and its sequela, rheumatic heart disease, to predisposing people to SBE and possible genetic factors. The well-known case of Alfred S. Reinhart, a Harvard Medical School student who died from SBE in 1931 and who kept a detailed chronicle of his disease, is also discussed and contrasted with Pasquale Imperato’s case.
Testing whether the survival distribution is new better than used of specified age

The cumulative distribution function F, of a nonnegative random variable, is said to be new better than used of specified age t 0 if F(x+t 0 )≤F(x)F(t 0 ) for all x≥0, where F=1−F. Let A={F:F(x+t 0 )=F(x)F(t 0 ), for all x≥0}. We propose a class of test statistics T k , indexed by a positive integer k, for testing the null hypothesis that F belongs to A against the alternative hypothesis that F is new better than used of specified age t 0 but not in A. We compare the performance of our proposed test statistics with the test given by Hollander, Park & Proschan (1986)
Direct Observation of Microbial Adhesion to Membranes

Direct microscopic observation and an interfacial force model were used to better understand and control microbial adhesion to polymeric ultrafiltration membranes. The model was used to predict a “critical flux”, below which cells deposited reversibly, and direct observation was used to visually quantify cell deposition and removal. In preliminary direct observation experiments, permeate reversal (backpulsing) was more effective than cross-flow hydrodynamics at removing deposited cells. In experiments conducted below the critical flux, no cell accumulation was observed over repeated forward−reverse filtration cycles; however, a small fraction of cells deposited irreversibly regardless of the flux, membrane, or solution chemistry. The fraction of irreversibly deposited cells was consistent with the equilibrium surface coverage attained without permeation (i.e., due to heterogeneous adsorption). Although steric forces were not invoked to establish a critical flux, when operating above the critical flux, a b...
Fe2+ catalyzed iron atom exchange and re-crystallization in a tropical soil

Abstract Aqueous ferrous iron (Fe2+(aq)) is known to transfer electrons and exchange structural positions with solid-phase ferric (FeIII) atoms in many Fe minerals. However, this process has not been demonstrated in soils or sediments. In a 28-day sterile experiment, we reacted 57Fe-enriched Fe2+(aq) (57/54Fe = 5.884 ± 0.003) with a tropical soil (natural abundance 57/54Fe = 0.363 ± 0.004) under anoxic conditions and tracked 57/54Fe in the aqueous phase and in sequential 0.5 M and 7 M HCl extractions targeting surface-adsorbed and bulk-soil Fe, respectively; we also analyzed the reacted soil with 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy. In 28 days, the aqueous and bulk pools both moved ∼7% toward the isotopic equilibrium (57/54Fe = 1.33). Using a kinetic model, we calculate final adsorption-corrected 57/54Fe ratios of 5.56 ± 0.05 and 0.43 ± 0.03 in the aqueous and bulk pools, respectively. The aqueous and surface/labile Fe initially exchanged atoms rapidly (10–80 mmol kg−1 d−1) decreasing to a near constant rate of 1 mmol kg−1 d−1 that was close to the 0.74 mmol kg−1 d−1 exchange-rate between the surface and bulk pools. Thus, after 28 days we calculate aqueous Fe has exchanged with 20.1 mmol kg−1 of bulk Fe atoms (1.9% of total Fe) in addition to the 17.0 mmol kg−1 of surface/labile Fe atoms (1.6% of total Fe), which have likely turned over several times during our experiment. Extrapolating these rates, we calculate a hypothetical whole-soil turnover time of ∼3.6 yrs. Furthermore, Mossbauer spectroscopy indicates the soil-incorporated 57Fe label re-crystallized as short-range-ordered (SRO) FeIII-oxyhydroxides: our model suggests this pool could turnover in less than seven months via Fe2+-catalyzed recrystallization. Thus, we conclude Fe atom exchange can occur in soils at rates fast enough to impact ecological processes reliant on Fe minerals, but sufficiently slow that complete Fe mineral turnover is unlikely, except perhaps in permanently anoxic environments.
The Dunedin Program, a Florida Geriatric Screening Process: Design and Initial Data

The Dunedin program was started in 1975 for the purpose of screening participants over the age of 65, for medical disorders. Data are collected on family history, past medical history, drug history, current symptoms and disorders, and numerous biochemical and physiologic factors. In the past four years, 4,363 participants have been evaluated and a large data base has been derived concerning the 65+ age group. It is hoped that data from this program will facilitate the future assessment, treatment and care of the elderly.
Significant Left Main Stenosis following Asymptomatic Dissection during Coronary Arteriography

The natural history of minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic iatrogenic coronary dissection is not well-defined. While generally considered a serious and life-threatening complication of coronary arteriography, there have been some reported cases of spontaneous resolution without residuals. We describe a case demonstrating that coronary artery dissection, even when initially asymptomatic, may later progress and result in significant or complete coronary occlusion. The implications of this are discussed.
A Double-Blind Methodology for Biofeedback Research

A number of investigators have suggested that the beneficial effects attributed to biofeedback (BF) might be due, in part, to placebo factors. The double-blind design is well-suited to test this hypothesis; however, the major difficulty has been to devise a system to present undetectable placebo BF and simultaneously keep the experimenter “blind” while he conducts BF training in his normal fashion. The system described accomplished this objective when tested on 29 opiate addicts who received 14 sessions of contingent or noncontingent EEG/EMG BF training for symptom reduction during detoxification. The 4 experimenters could not determine subject status at better than chance levels, and the 29 addicts were equally unsuccessful in determining their own status. Although contingent subjects demonstrated more control over EMG activity, no difference in therapeutic outcome was observed between the groups under double-blind conditions. These findings demonstrate that the procedures used to implement the double-blind biofeedback system were highly effective, and that the integrity of the system was maintained under clinical treatment conditions.
Cómo hacer realidad la ley: métodos y logros de la inspección del trabajo brasileña

Resumen. ? Es posible conciliar los derechos de los trabajadores y la protection social con la competitividad y la productividad de las empresas? Apartandose de la li-neapolitica en boga, quepreconiza la desreglamentacion y la «flexibilizacion» de las salvaguardias en favor de los trabajadores, el autor se adentra en el debate acerca de los estilos de ordenacion y afirma que los metodos de los inspectores del trabajo in-fluyen en el grado de cumplimiento de las normas. Indaga en la labor que efectuan a pie de calle los inspectores brasilenos, y descubre que han logrado promover soluciones duraderas que apuntalan el cumplimiento de la ley; por ejemplo, para que sean contratados oficialmente los trabajadores rurales temporeros o para fomentar unas condiciones de trabajo mas seguras sin poner en peligro la productividad de la em-presa. Es decir, conjugan las medidas punitivas con otras de car aeter pedagogico.