cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Should Antihypertensive Therapies be Given to Patients with Acute Ischaemic Stroke

Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke and many patients with acute stroke have elevated blood pressures. The management of hypertension in the setting of acute ischaemic stroke remains a source of confusion and controversy. Lowering blood pressure in this setting may be hazardous because of impaired cerebral autoregulation. Treatment may be considered in patients who are otherwise candidates for thrombolytic therapy, patients who have severe hypertension or patients who have specific concomitant medical conditions including acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, hypertensive encephalopathy, or severe left ventricular failure. In choosing an agent for acute treatment, drugs that can produce a precipitous decline in blood pressure (e.g. sublingual calcium antagonists) should be avoided. Drugs with the capacity to dilate cerebral vessels should be used with caution as they have the potential to increase intracranial pressure. Long term management of hypertension in poststroke patients is often required. The potential for certain classes of drugs (e.g. α2-adrenergic receptor agonists and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists) to impair the recovery process should be considered when choosing an antihypertensive for treatment of these patients.
Genotype-environment correlation and IQ.

The estimation of various forms of genotype-environment (GE) correlation is considered. Two methods of estimating “passive” GE correlation from adoption studies are presented and illustrated with IQ data from five adoption studies. One method involves comparison of variances in adoptive and nonadoptive families, whereas the other compares parent-child correlations in such families. The second method yields more precise results for given sample sizes. Ignoring measurement errors leads to marked underestimation of GE correlations. Application of these methods to available adoption data on IQ suggests that typical passive GE correlations for IQ lie in the neighborhood of 0.30.
Cure of arthritis-dermatitis syndrome due to intestinal bypass by resection of nonfunctional segment of blind loop

Many complications that followed jejunoileal bypass operations performed for the relief of morbid obesity were caused by bacterial overgrowth in the excluded blind loop. The arthritis-dermatitis syndrome was one of the common distressing disorders. The pathogenetic mechanism was thought to be an immune-complex-mediated process related to bypass enteritis. Antiarthritic medication was ineffective in most instances, and the skin lesions were refractory to treatment. A 45-year-old woman was suffering from the disorder as described above. She also had diarrhea, a low hematocrit, an elevated white blood cell count, and an increased sedimentation rate. Her nutritional status was satisfactory, presumably because of adaptive hypertrophy of the short functioning small intestinal segment. The patient adamantly refused dismantling of the bypass or any gastric restriction operations. Therefore, the blind loop, the source of her disease, was excised with immediate relief of all ill effects and restoration of normal laboratory findings. The patient has been entirely well since, and her weight has remained stable for one year.
Information theoretical approach to single-molecule experimental design and interpretation.

We use Shannon's definition of information to develop a theory to predict a photon-counting-based single-molecule experiment's ability to measure the desired property. We treat three phenomena that are commonly measured on single molecules: spectral fluctuations of a solvatochromic dye; assignment of the azimuthal dipole angle; determination of a distance by fluorescence resonant energy transfer using Forster's theory. We consider the effect of background and other “imperfections” on the measurement through the decrease in information.
Professionalism in Global, Personalized Cancer Care: Restoring Authenticity and Integrity

Personalized medicine is revolutionizing cancer care and creating new expectations among oncologists and patients. At present the benefit is still marginal, however, and must be understood as incremental. In addition, cultural and resource disparities limit the sustainability of new cancer therapies on a global scale. Adequate instruments are needed to enable our exercise of sound and honest judgment in distinguishing breakthrough treatments from those that yield only marginal or doubtful improvements, and to develop strategies for formulation and correct application of balanced guidelines for sustainable cancer care. Professionalism requires that the acquisition of knowledge and skills go hand in hand with moral education in the intellectual virtues of humility, perseverance, adaptability, communicativeness, and commitment to resist self-deception or conflicts of interest. Hidden curricula undermine the moral values of medicine: these must be understood and uncovered. We should possess a special body of knowledge, skills, and values that allow us to change our practices when appropriate and to be stewards of society's limited resources through proper communication with our patients and families. In the era of personalized oncology and global issues of sustainability, professional authenticity and integrity in cancer clinical practice are key to bridging the gaps between true and false expectations of patients and the public.
On Quantifying Nonthermal Effects on the Lethality of Pressure-Assisted Heat Preservation Processes

Direct experimental identification and quantification of the pressure contribution to a pressure-assisted sterilization process efficacy is difficult. However, dynamic kinetic models of thermal inactivation can be used to assess the lethality of a purely thermal process having the same temperature profile. Thus, a pressure-assisted process' temperature record can be used to generate a corresponding purely thermal survival curve with parameters determined in conventional heating experiments. Comparison of the actual final survival ratio with that calculated for the purely thermal process would reveal whether the hydrostatic pressure had synergistic or antagonistic effect on bacterial spores survival. The effect would be manifested in the number of log cycles subtracted or added to the survival ratio, and in the length of time at the holding temperature needed to produce the final survival ratio of the combined process. A set of combined treatments would reveal how the temperature and pressure profiles affect the pressure's influence on the process' lethality to either vegetative cells or spores. The need to withdraw samples during the thermal and combined processes would be avoided if the thermal survival parameters could be calculated by the "three endpoints method," which does not require the entire survival curve determination. Currently however, this method is limited to thermal inactivation patterns characterized by up to 3 survival parameters, the Weibull-Log logistic (WeLL) model, for example.
CONSTRUCTION SURETY BONDING

The qualification process in the construction bond business is very complicated, labor-intensive, and time-consuming. The construction bond underwriting processes contain subjective judgments that require human involvement to reach decisions. Thus, underwriting evaluations are bound to be very difficult, ambiguous, and have potentially great losses. This paper identifies and classifies quantitative and qualitative risk factors impacting construction bond underwriting, to improve the quality of the evaluation analysis, and to reduce the highly unstructured environment and the subjectivity of the bond evaluation in underwriting. The methodology provides a systematic information analysis for the heuristic knowledge of the construction surety bonds underwriting process, provides better control over the risk assessment process by providing independent judgments for the major decision factors and an overall judgment for the final contractor’s risk assessment decision, and reduces the time and effort required of the current evaluation process to reach a certain decision and to simplify the complicated nature of this process.
Size, adherence, and phagocytic characteristics of alveolar macrophages harvested ‘early’ and ‘later’ during bronchoalveolar lavage

Alveolar macrophages (AM) harvested by sequential lung lavage procedures are physically, biochemically, and functionally heterogeneous. The present studies were undertaken in order to determine if such AM heterogeneity is a function of their sequential removal from the lung during episodic bronchoalveolar lavage. Our results demonstrate that AM harvested during 'early' lung wash cycles and during 'later' sequential lung wash cycles are essentially identical in terms of their: (1) abilities to exclude a vital dye; (2) volume distributions; (3) plastic substrate adherence characteristics; and (4) Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytic activities.
Cannon-bone fracture in the thoroughbred racehorse.

The high incidence of lameness in thoroughbred racehorses in California led to a study which indicated a relationship between track hardness and the percentage of occurrence of lameness. One type of lameness is due to a longitudinal fracture of the foreleg cannon bone (third metacarpal). A study was made to obtain the compressive strength of cannon bonein vitro due to single and cyclical loading, and material properties of bone material in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the bone. A theory for the interaction of bone-marrow fluid with the longitudinal compression predicts a transverse tension in the bone, which, coupled with weak transverse properties, explains the longitudinal fractures that are commonly observed in the racehorse.
Cross-border document delivery: the convenience and perils of sharing articles around the world, in the cloud

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe Article Exchange – OCLC’s cloud-based document delivery service. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, Article Exchange is described in detail. Findings – Article Exchange has proved popular with OCLC users with more than 50,000 documents uploaded in January 2013 alone by more than 1,000 libraries. Practical implications – The new service facilitates improved delivery of documents electronically. Originality/value – This article is useful for all librarians who are concerned with delivering documents electronically in an increasingly complex technical and legal environment.
Authoritarianism—With or Without Threat?

The Authoritarian Dynamic. By Karen Stenner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 392 pp., $75.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-82743-4), $29.99 paper (ISBN: 0-521-53478-X). Instead of inaugurating the prophesied “end of history” and the triumph of capitalist liberal democracy (Fukuyama 1992), the opening years of the twenty-first century have brought back some of the worst features of its predecessor. Internationally, genocide has ignited on several blurred frontiers where different religions mingle. US armed forces are bogged down in an endless and divisive Asian land war, and the head of an embattled Asian country has announced the failure of democracy and “increasing global hatred.” In the US domestic arena, a president has eavesdropped on US citizens without getting the required court approval, and a cultural divide has opened up over the issue of immigration. Given all this, it is fitting that social scientists are continuing to develop one of the most venerable psychological variables of the twentieth century—authoritarianism—to explain the situations in which we find ourselves. Theodor Adorno et al. (1950) originally developed the concept of authoritarianism, fusing psychoanalytic and Frankfurt School critical theory with US survey research technology, in order to explain anti-Semitism and the Holocaust. Their resulting F -scale measure of authoritarianism has proven to be extraordinarily useful in understanding prejudice, oppression, and aggression based on many different demographic dimensions. In recent years, Bob Altemeyer (1981, 1988, 1996) simplified the theory and refurbished the psychometric credentials of the F -scale, renaming it “right-wing authoritarianism.” In The Authoritarian Dynamic , Karen Stenner has elaborated on her earlier work with Stanley Feldman (Feldman and Stenner 1997) to create a comprehensive new theory and measure of authoritarianism that is intended to explain shifting levels and relationships of public opinion in the United States as well as other advanced industrial countries. Stenner believes that a “hopeless tautology” (pp. 54, 72) exists between the F -scale and the right-wing-authoritarian measures and the variables they are supposed …
A Dynamic Parallel Approach to Recognize Tubular Breast Cancer for TMA Image Building

Tissue MicroArray technology aims to perform immunohistochemical staining on hundreds of different tissue samples simultaneously, allowing faster analysis and considerably reducing costs incurred in staining. The presented work supports the \emph{pre-array} phase of this technique, i. e. the automatic discrimination between normal and pathological regions within the analyzed tissues, and it works in the specific context of tubular breast cancer. The diagnosis is performed by automatically analyzing specific morphological features of the breast samples, in order to define if tissues present a normal behavior either they show pathological characteristics, in particular the absence of a double layer of cells around the lumen or the decay of a regular glands-and-lobules structure. Tissue structure is investigated through a parallel image processing algorithm, which performs the extraction of morphological parameters from the acquired images and compares them to experimentally validated threshold values. The input image is divided into a number of independent sub-images, to be singularly analyzed and labeled according to the result of the computed diagnosis. The time spent to actually analyze each sub-image generally varies depending on the pathological characteristics of each part of the tissue. In order to properly manage and exploit this feature of the algorithm, the analysis of the sub-images is dynamically dispatched among parallel processes. Experimental results, carried on by exploiting the parallel paradigm, certify the actual improvement in the execution time, leading to almost linear speed-up values on the actual tissue elaboration.
Neuregulin-1 enhances survival of human astrocytic glioma cells

Malignant astrocytic gliomas, referred to as astrocytomas, represent the most commonly diagnosed adult primary brain tumor. These tumors are characterized by unrelenting growth that is often resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Tumor expansion into the healthy surrounding brain tissue produces severe and often fatal consequences. In this study, we examine the potential for the neuregulin-1/erbB receptor signaling cascade to contribute to this process by modulating glioma cell growth. Using antibodies specific for the erbB receptors, we demonstrate the expression patterns for the erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 receptors in human glioma biopsy samples. We then verify receptor expression in a panel of human glioma cell lines. Next, we investigate the status of the erbB2 and erbB3 receptors in the human glioma cell lines and find that they are constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated and heterodimerized. Subsequently, we demonstrate that theses same cell lines express membrane bound and released forms of neuregulins, the erbB receptor ligands, suggesting a possible autocrine or paracrine signaling network. Furthermore, we show that exogenous activation of erbB2 and erbB3 receptors in U251 glioma cells by recombinant Nrg-1beta results in enhanced glioma cell growth under conditions of serum-deprivation. This enhancement is due to an increase in cell survival rather than an increase in cell proliferation and is dependent on the activation of erbB2 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). Moreover, Nrg-1beta activates an inhibitor of apoptosis, Akt, implying a possible role for this kinase in mediating Nrg-1beta effects in gliomas. This data suggests that glioma cells may use autocrine or paracrine neuregulin-1/erbB receptor signaling to enhance cell survival under conditions where growth would otherwise be limited.
Input-Output of Dairy Cows Fed a Complete Ration of a Constant or Variable Forage-to-Grain Ratio

Abstract Twenty dairy cows were allotted to two treatment groups in a continuous feeding experiment over two lactation cycles. Cows in Group 1 were fed ad libitum to assure 5% orts, a constant 60:40 forage-to-grain ratio (dry basis) whereas Group 2 cows were fed 50:50, 63:35, and 85:15 ratios during early (Period 1, 21 wk) and late (Period 2, 23 wk) lactation, and the dry period (Period 3, 8 wk). There was no significant difference between Groups in the 2-yr average 308-day actual or 4% fat-corrected milk. The 4% fat-corrected milk production during lactations 1 and 2 for Group 1 was 6591, 6398 and for Group 2 was 6006, 6678 kg. Fat test was higher during early lactation in Group 1; otherwise milk composition data were similar. The 2-yr average daily and yearly total dry matter intakes were not different between treatments. Digestible energy concentration of diets for Groups 1 and 2 during Periods 1, 2, and 3 were: 2.88, 2.93; 2.90, 3.08; and 2.99, 2.93 Mcal/kg dry matter. Cows in Group 2 had a more positive energy balance during early lactation, produced more actual milk, consumed more dry matter, lost less body weight, had higher blood glucose and lower ketone values, showed an earlier postcalving estrus, and recovered lost postpartum weight faster than cows in Group 1.
Surgery for substernal goiters

Abstract Substernal goiters can cause respiratory distress, dysphagia, vocal cord paralysis, vascular compression, and sudden death. Thyroidectomy is curative and can almost always be successfully performed through a collar incision in the neck. This article presents the technique of transcervical removal of a mediastinal goiter, with particular attention to safe induction of general anesthesia and safe extraction of the goiter from the thorax.
Comparison of ionization chambers of various volumes for IMRT absolute dose verification

IMRT plans are usually verified by phantom measurements: dose distributions are measured using film and the absolute dose using an ionization chamber. The measured and calculated doses are compared and planned MUs are modified if necessary. To achieve a conformal dose distribution, IMRT fields are composed of small subfields, or "beamlets." The size of beamlets is on the order of 1 x 1 cm2. Therefore, small chambers with sensitive volumes < or = 0.1 cm3 are generally used for absolute dose verification. A dosimetry system consisting of an electrometer, an ion chamber, and connecting cables may exhibit charge leakage. Since chamber sensitivity is proportional to volume, the effect of leakage on the measured charge is relatively greater for small chambers. Furthermore, the charge contribution from beamlets located at significant distances from the point of measurement may be below the small chambers threshold and hence not detected. On the other hand, large (0.6 cm3) chambers used for the dosimetry of conventional external fields are quite sensitive. Since these chambers are long, the electron fluence through them may not be uniform ("temporal" uniformity may not exist in the chamber volume). However, the cumulative, or "spatial" fluence distribution (as indicated by calculated IMRT dose distribution) may become uniform at the chamber location when the delivery of all IMRT fields is completed. Under the condition of "spatial" fluence uniformity, the charge collected by the large chamber may accurately represent the absolute dose delivered by IMRT to the point of measurement. In this work, 0.6, 0.125, and 0.009 cm3 chambers were used for the absolute dose verification for tomographic and step-and-shoot IMRT plans. With the largest, 0.6 cm3 chamber, the measured dose was equal to calculated within 0.5%, when no leakage corrections were made. Without leakage corrections, the error of measurement with a 0.125 cm3 chamber was 2.6% (tomographic IMRT) and 1.5% (step-and-shoot IMRT). When doses measured by a 0.125 cm3 chamber were corrected for leakage, the difference between the calculated and measured doses reduced to 0.5%. Leakage corrected doses obtained with the 0.009 cm3 chamber were within 1.5%-1.7% of calculated doses. Without leakage corrections, the measurement error was 16% (tomographic IMRT) and 7% (step-and-shoot IMRT).
Brillouin-zone Unfolding of Perfect Supercells Having Nonequivalent Primitive Cells Illustrated with a Si/Ge Tight-Binding parameterization

Numerical calculations of nanostructure electronic properties are often based on a nonprimitive rectangular unit cell, because the rectangular geometry allows for both highly efficient algorithms and ease of debugging while having no drawback in calculating quantum dot energy levels or the one-dimensional energy bands of nanowires. Since general nanostructure programs can also handle superlattices, it is natural to apply them to these structures as well, but here problems arise due to the fact that the rectangular unit cell is generally not the primitive cell of the superlattice, so that the resulting E! k" relations must be unfolded to obtain the primitivecell E! k" curves. If all of the primitive cells in the rectangular unit cell are identical, then the unfolding is reasonably straightforward; if not, the problem becomes more difficult. Here, we provide a method for zone unfolding when the primitive cells in a rectangular cell are not all identical. The method is applied to a Si! 4" Ge! 4" superlattice using a set of optimized Si and Ge tight-binding strain parameters.
Chlorination Chemistry 4. Ab Initio Study of the Addition, Metathesis, and Isomerization Channels Governing the Reaction of Chlorine Atom with Propargyl Chloride

Highly correlated ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to map out the potential energy surface corresponding to the reaction of Cl + propargyl chloride (C3H3Cl) in the gas phase. Ten transition state structures governing the mechanism of the title reaction were computed at seven different levels of theory up to QCISD(T)/6-311+G(d,p)//QCISD(T)/6-31+G(d,p). Chlorine atom additions at the center and end unsaturated carbons are barrierless processes forming incipient, chemically activated 2,3-dichloro-1propen-1-yl and 1,3-dichloro-1-propen-2-yl radicals, respectively. The incipient radicals cannot isomerize by transferring a hydrogen atom because the governing transition state structures reside at g 95 kJ‚mol -1 above the initial reactants. The presence of a transition state for chlorine atom transfer below the energy of the initial reactants enables isomerization between the incipient radicals. A second accessible chlorine transfer transition state enables the 1,3-dichloro-1-propen-2-yl radical to isomerize into the more stable 1,2-dichloroallyl radical. The chemically activated 1,3-dichloro-1-propen-2-yl radical also undergoes bond scission of the chlorine atom in the chloromethyl group forming chloroallene and Cl atom. Chlorine atom attack on the chloromethyl group encounters metathesis transition states for HCl and Cl 2 formation at 5 kJ‚mol -1 and 124 kJ‚mol -1 above the initial reactants, respectively. The accord demonstrated between master equation calculations, based on the ab initio results, and experimental data validate the proposed reaction mechanism and predict that the dominant products of chlorine atom addition to propagryl chloride are chloroallene and the 1,2-dichloroallyl radical at 298 K and HCl, chloropropargyl radical, and chloroallene at 1000 K.
Cataracts and abnormal proliferation of the lens epithelium in mice carrying the CatFr gene

In mice carrying the dominant gene Cotaract-Fraser (or Shrivelled) pyknosis of the nuclei of the lens fibers is followed by cytoplasmic abnormalities and eventually complete destruction of the main lens fiber mass. The process begins at 14 days of embryonic life and is continuous throughout life. In addition to this degeneration of the fibers, the anterior epithelium becomes abnormal postnatally leading to anterior polar cataracts. The epithelial cells show unusual proliferative activity and form multiple layers of atypical cells. The cell masses may become very large and sometimes seem to infiltrate the remainder of the lens fibers. Occasionally whorls of spindle-shaped cells are present. The anterior capsule is much thicker than normal and irregular clumps of capsule-like material are found in between the epithelial cells. It is possible, that the changes in the anterior epithelium and capsule are secondary to the damage found in the fibers.
Interfacial viscoelasticity, yielding and creep ringing of globular protein–surfactant mixtures

Protein–surfactant mixtures arise in many industrial and biological systems, and indeed, blood itself is a mixture of serum albumins along with various other surface-active components. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions, and globular proteins in general, exhibit an apparent yield stress in bulk rheological measurements at surprisingly low concentrations. By contrasting interfacial rheological measurements with corresponding interface-free data obtained using a microfluidic rheometer, we show that the apparent yield stress exhibited by these solutions arises from the presence of a viscoelastic layer formed due to the adsorption of protein molecules at the air–water interface. The coupling between instrument inertia and surface elasticity in a controlled stress device also results in a distinctive damped oscillatory strain response during creep experiments known as“creep ringing”. We show that this response can be exploited to extract the interfacial storage and loss moduli of the protein interface. The interfacial creep response at small strains can be described by a simple second order system, such as the linear Jeffreys model, however the interfacial response rapidly becomes nonlinear beyond strains of order 1%. We use the two complementary techniques of interfacial rheometry and microfluidic rheometry to examine the systematic changes in the surface and bulk material functions for mixtures of a common non-ionic surfactant, polysorbate 80, and BSA. It is observed that the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of the interface are significantly suppressed by the presence of even a relatively small amount of surfactant (csurf > 10−3 wt.%). Preferential interfacial adsorption of the mobile surfactant at these surfactant concentrations results in complete elimination of the bulk apparent yield stress exhibited by surfactant-free BSA solutions.
AMINO ACID UPTAKE AND INCORPORATION INTO MACROMOLECULES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES

— The uptake and incorporation of various isotopically labelled amino acids by the amphibian peripheral nerve were analysed within 5 to 24 hr after intraperitoneal injection. Amino acid was accumulated rapidly by nerve and some was incorporated into macromolecules. Nerve separated by transection from its cell bodies showed similar accumulation and incorporation. The uptake by nerve was found to be as high as that for brain and liver. A substantial amount of the isotope was recovered in the protein fraction of peripheral nerve. A lesser, but significant, amount was isolated with aminoacyl-tRNA. The contribution of specific amino acids to the nucleic acid and lipid fractions was also assessed. Finally, the significance of our findings in the understanding of nerve metabolism is discussed.
The mineralogic transformation of ferrihydrite induced by heterogeneous reaction with bioreduced anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS) and the role of phosphate

Abstract Bioreduced anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AH2DS; dihydro-anthraquinone) was reacted with a 2-line, Si-substituted ferrihydrite under anoxic conditions at neutral pH in PIPES buffer. Phosphate (P) and bicarbonate (C); common adsorptive oxyanions and media/buffer components known to effect ferrihydrite mineralization; and Fe(II)aq (as a catalytic mineralization agent) were used in comparative experiments. Heterogeneous AH2DS oxidation coupled with Fe(III) reduction occurred within 0.13–1 day, with mineralogic transformation occurring thereafter. The product suite included lepidocrocite, goethite, and/or magnetite, with proportions varing with reductant:oxidant ratio (r:o) and the presence of P or C. Lepidocrocite was the primary product at low r:o in the absence of P or C, with evidence for multiple formation pathways. Phosphate inhibited reductive recrystallization, while C promoted goethite formation. Stoichiometric magnetite was the sole product at higher r:o in the absence and presence of P. Lepidocrocite was the primary mineralization product in the Fe(II)aq system, with magnetite observed at near equal amounts when Fe(II) was high [Fe(II)/Fe(III)] = 0.5 and P was absent. P had a greater effect on reductive mineralization in the Fe(II)aq system, while AQDS was more effective than Fe(II)aq in promoting magnetite formation. The mineral products of the direct AH2DS-driven reductive reaction are different from those observed in AH2DS-ferrihydite systems with metal reducing bacteria, particularly in presence of P.
COMPARISON OF WISC AND WISC-R SCORES OF HIGHLY GIFTED STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOL

26 highly gifted students, aged 10 to 12 yr., were administered the WISC to compare their scores with previously obtained WISC-R scores. The interval between the administration of the two instruments ranged from 9 to 12 mo. Correlation coefficients for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were .44, .52, and .42, respectively. A significant difference in the mean Verbal and Full Scale IQs was found; the WISC-R showed higher means, while the mean difference between the Performance IQs was not significant. Significant differences were found on three verbal subtests, Information, Similarities, and Comprehension, and on one performance subtest, Coding. The results indicated that these highly gifted students performed consistently better on the recently revised WISC-R which they had been given previously than on its predecessor, the WISC.
Short-Term Complications Associated With TPLO in Dogs Using 2.0 and 2.7 mm Plates

The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term complications associated with the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) procedure in dogs of small and medium sizes. These study findings could then be compared with similar studies in dogs of all sizes. Ninety-eight procedures (82 dogs) using 2 or 2.7 mm TPLO plates were included spanning a 6 yr period with a minimum of an 8 wk follow-up period. The overall complication rate was 36%. Complications were grouped into three categories: intraoperative (2%), those occurring up to 2 wk postoperatively (11%), and those occurring >2 wk postoperatively (30%). Radiographic evidence of delayed healing of the TPLO osteotomy site was the most common complication in the dogs (9%), none of which had clinical signs attributed to delayed healing. Other common complications included patellar tendon thickening (8%) and tibial tuberosity fracture (6%). Seven percent of the complications were considered major (requiring additional surgical intervention). Fifty-two perce...
The validity of the letter memory test as a measure of memory malingering: Robustness to coaching

The letter memory test (LMT) is a computerized forced-choice test of malingering detection including two face valid difficulty manipulations: increase in target stimulus length and increase of response foils. Prior research suggests the LMT shows promise as a malingering detection measure. In the present study, the utility of the LMT in the identification of malingering was further explored, using a counterbalanced design in a simulated malingering sample. Prior work was extended by assessing the robustness of the LMT to coaching and assessing the effectiveness of an additional scoring method, utilizing the face valid difficulty manipulations. Results were consistent with prior research on the LMT, with the standard cutoff score yielding high indices of accuracy. The LMT showed no order effects and was superior to the 15-item test in accuracy indices. Both the standard LMT score and the proposed score based on difficulty manipulations were relatively robust to coaching. Overall, findings indicate the LMT is a viable contender among measures of memory malingering.
Drosophila LSD1-CoREST demethylase complex regulates DPP/TGFβ signaling during wing development.

The choice and timing of specific developmental pathways in organogenesis are determined by tissue-specific temporal and spatial cues that are acted upon to impart unique cellular and compartmental identities. A consequence of cellular signaling is the rapid transcriptional reprogramming of a wide variety of target genes. To overcome intrinsic epigenetic chromatin barriers to transcription modulation, histone modifying and remodeling complexes are employed. The deposition or erasure of specific covalent histone modifications, including acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination are essential features of gene activation and repression. We have found that the activity of a specific class of histone demethylation enzymes is required for the specification of vein cell fates during Drosophila wing development. Genetic tests revealed that the Drosophila LSD1-CoREST complex is required for proper cell specification through regulation of the DPP/TGFβ pathway. An important finding from this analysis is that LSD1-CoREST functions through control of rhomboid expression in an EGFR-independent pathway. genesis 51:16–31, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observation and the Hidden

Summary A new form of expiricism has developed recently which drives a wedge between the principles that science alone will provide a true account of reality and that any such account must be grounded in observation. These empiricists hold firm to the first principle, but have qualified adherence to the second. Using arguments like Putnam's Twin Earth scenario, they contend that a search for reality must go beneath the observable to find the microstructure of substances (or animals). Their arguments are fallacious and are susceptible to definite counter-examples, as the author shows. Resume II s'est developpe recemment une nouvelle forme d'empirisme qui cree un clivage entre les deux principes selon lesquels, d'une part, seule la science presente une description exacte de la realite et, d'autre part, une telle description doit se fonder sur l'observation. Ces empiricistes tiennent fermement au premier principe mais manifestent des reserves a l'egard du second. A l'aide d'arguments semblables au scenario de la terre jumelle de Putnam, ils veulent montrer que la recherche de la realite doit depasser les limites de l'observable, afin de trouver la microstructure des substances (ou des animaux), Leurs arguments sont fallacieux et pretent le flanc a des contres-exemples, comme l'auteur le montre. Zusammenfassung In letzter Zeit entwickelte sich eine neue Form des Empirizismus, welche einen Keil treibt zwischen dem Prinzip, das Wissenschaft allein eine wahre Darstellung der Realitat zur Verfugung stellt und jenem, das verlangt, dass jede solche Darstellung in der Beobachtung verankert sein muss. Diese Empirizisten halten entschlossen an dem ersten fest, haben jedoch eine eingeschrank-te Zuneigung zum zweiten. Mit Beispielen wie Putnams Zwillingserde-Scenario mochten sie zeigen, dass die Suche nach der Realitat uber die Grenzen des Beobachtbaren gehen muss, urn die Mikrostruktur der Substanzen (oder der Lebewesen) zu finden. Ihre Argumente sind jedoch irre-fuhrend und empfanglich fur bestimmte Gegenbeispiele, wie der Autor dies zeigt.
Load balancing loosely synchronous problems with a neural network

Hopfield and Tank have introduced the use of neural networks for the solution of optimization problems such as the traveling salesman problem. Here we show how to generalize this method to decompose loosely synchronous problems onto parallel machines and in particular the hypercube. In this case, decomposition or load balancing can be formulated graph theoretically in terms of optimal partitioning of the computational graph into N = 2d subgraphs. The algorithm has a suggestive spin system interpretation, with the ferromagnetic interaction minimizing the communication and the long range paramagnetic force balancing the load. The optimal fixed point of the network is in the Higgs phase of the magnet, with the domains of constant spontaneous magnetization representing the optimal decomposition map.The method is fast, reliable and admits various simple implementations: sequential, concurrent on the hypercube, analog on the neural network with adaptive weights (“learning”).We analyze the sequential performance of various mean field based network algorithms and we compare the network approach with the statistical Monte Carlo technique of simulated annealing.
MDCT diagnosis of ileocolic intussusception secondary to an appendiceal mucocele: value of multiplanar reformation

We describe an extremely rare case of an ileocolic intussusception with an appendiceal mucocele as the lead-point and cause of acute right lower quadrant pain in an adult patient. There are only few reported cases of this entity in the radiologic literature. We describe the multislice (computed tomography) CT features and emphasize the value of multiplanar reformations. We also discuss how specific findings on CT should allow for a correct preoperative diagnosis.
Morphological systems for multidimensional signal processing

The basic theory and applications of a set-theoretic approach to image analysis called mathematical morphology are reviewed. The goals are to show how the concepts of mathematical morphology geometrical structure in signals to illuminate the ways that morphological systems can enrich the theory and applications of multidimensional signal processing. The topics covered include: applications to nonlinear filtering (morphological and rank-order filters, multiscale smoothing, morphological sampling, and morphological correlation); applications to image analysis (feature extraction, shape representation and description, size distributions, and fractals); and representation theorems, which shows how a large class of nonlinear and linear signal operators can be realized as a combination of simple morphological operations. >
Models of multifactorial inheritance: IV, asymmetric transmission for a scalar phenotype

Abstract The influence of asymmetric transmission is more finely studied in this paper. We focus on cases of (i) equal parental transmission not necessarily midparental; (ii) maternal and paternal distinguished transmission including the case of strict uniparental transmission; (iii) different levels of transmission depending on the offspring sex; and others. The explicit equilibrium covariance structure is worked out and a number of qualitative properties of the equilibrium variances are delineated as functions of the model parameters.
Bit error rate performance of multicarrier CDMA system with application to image transmission

Abstract In this paper, we proposed and analyzed a multicarrier CDMA system with application to image signal transmission over wireless communication channels. Instead of the conventional method of transmitting signal with one carrier frequency, the image signal is partitioned into subsets and a different subband carrier modulates each subset. By so doing, the probability that all the subcarrier will simultaneously fade and be in error is minimized. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of the average bit error rate in the presence of multipath fading and thermal noise and as a function of data rate, bandwidth, delay range, and space diversity. The effectiveness of multicarrier modulation in resisting fading is demonstrated for a maximal ratio combining space diversity system. Results reveal considerable performance improvement using multicarrier modulation, compared to single carrier modulation.
Building greenway policies within a participatory democracy framework

Abstract Institutional arrangements which promote collaborative policy outcomes are critical to greenway protection within a participatory democracy framework. An example of greenway protection at the local level where coordinated land use policy efforts are under way is investigated to demonstrate how various kinds of existing cooperative arrangements between communities and governments may facilitate greenway protection. Personal interviews are conducted with three groups of greenway policy participants in the Tug Hill region of upstate New York. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify and describe available opportunities for collaboration, and (2) describe the implications of these opportunities in terms of their contribution to the development of greenway policies in a participatory democracy context. The case study findings show that opportunities for cooperative discourse are described by all three groups as specific roles played by individuals, or as objects, occasions, processes, or organizations which encourage talk about public issues among citizens and people representing different organizations. A large portion of the opportunities described by study participants are organizations which function as communication linkages, and to a lesser extent, roles assumed by individuals in the community or society. Opportunities for discussion of public issues tend to be described by the three groups in terms of two organizational attributes: authority level and degree of formality. Cooperative discourse occurs between study participants and five different levels of authority: federal, state, local, private, and citizen. Although each group can identify formal-impersonal linkages with most other levels of authority, a portion of the study participants prefer to rely on informal-personal linkages when discussing public issues with local governments and landowners. Linkages described by study participants encourage either simple or complex forms of public deliberation, with the former being more common. Simple forms are superficial communicative exchanges about public issues between citizens and private or public organizations. More complex forms are closely aligned with theoretical definitions of participatory democracy, where policy participants come to a shared understanding during the course of policy deliberation. The potential for building greenway policies in a participatory democracy context by focusing on local authority levels and informal-personal linkages among relevant organizations is discussed.
Evaluation of Life-Cycle Air Emission Factors of Freight Transportation

Life-cycle air emission factors associated with road, rail, and air transportation of freight in the United States are analyzed. All life-cycle phases of vehicles, infrastructure, and fuels are accounted for in a hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA). It includes not only fuel combustion, but also emissions from vehicle manufacturing, maintenance, and end of life, infrastructure construction, operation, maintenance, and end of life, and petroleum exploration, refining, and fuel distribution. Results indicate that total life-cycle emissions of freight transportation modes are underestimated if only tailpipe emissions are accounted for. In the case of CO2 and NOx, tailpipe emissions underestimate total emissions by up to 38%, depending on the mode. Total life-cycle emissions of CO and SO2 are up to seven times higher than tailpipe emissions. Sensitivity analysis considers the effects of vehicle type, geography, and mode efficiency on the final results. Policy implications of this analysis are also discussed. For example, while it is widely assumed that currently proposed regulations will result in substantial reductions in emissions, we find that this is true for NOx, emissions, because fuel combustion is the main cause, and to a lesser extent for SO2, but not for PM10 emissions, which are significantly affected by the other life-cycle phases.
Prospects for future enhanced solar energetic particle events and the effects of weaker heliospheric magnetic fields

[1] Recent work based on nitrate abundances in ice cores has shown that large solar energetic (E > 30 MeV) particle (LSEP) events during the spacecraft era of observations (1960–present) are diminished in comparison with those of some preceding eras and that LSEP events have occurred during low cycles of solar activity. McCracken et al. (2004) have reported an inverse correlation between those LSEP events and the magnitude of the associated reconstructed heliospheric magnetic field (HMF). A physical explanation by McCracken (2007a, 2007b) is that the lower HMF and coronal magnetic field B imply that fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) produce shocks with enhanced Alfvenic Mach numbers MA and higher compression ratios r, leading to more numerous and energetic LSEP events. From a possible decline of the HMF over the next several solar cycles, he has warned of a return to the environment of the more intense LSEP events preceding the current spacecraft era. We formulate and discuss seven questions using recent published observational, modeling, and theoretical work to assess the assumptions and the validity of his explanation and watch. We conclude that a return to more intense LSEP events is certainly possible, but (1) the inferred large increase in HMF characterizing the spacecraft era is in doubt; (2) there is no good evidence to connect more intense LSEP events with weaker HMFs; (3) a new Gleissberg minimum, with lower HMF, may not be imminent; (4) a lower active region B should result in slower CME speeds V less likely to produce shocks; (5) the average CME V increases significantly with SSN; (6) a lower coronal B likely results in a lower VA as the explanation requires; and (7) the lower coronal B leads to weaker, not more intense, LSEP events because of decreased spectral cutoff energies.
Intensity dependence in the dissociation branching ratio of ND+ using intense femtosecond laser pulses

We investigate the dependence of the dissociation branching ratio of ${\text{ND}}^{+}$ on intensity in the strong-field regime. ${\text{ND}}^{+}$, unexplored previously using an intense laser, offers an interesting, alternating sequence of dissociation limits to ${\text{N}}^{+}+\text{D}$ and $\text{N}+{\text{D}}^{+}$ separated by less than the photon energy at 795 nm wavelength. By exposing an ${\text{ND}}^{+}$ beam to a 40 fs Ti:sapphire laser pulse and measuring the ion fragments in coincidence with the neutral fragments, we find that the branching ratio of the final dissociation channel depends strongly on intensity in the range $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}\char21{}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\text{ }\text{W}/{\text{cm}}^{2}$. Furthermore, we use measurements of the kinetic energy release and angular distributions for these channels to identify their most probable dissociation pathways.
Costly information transmission in continuous time with implications for credit rating announcements

Abstract This paper formulates a continuous-time information transmission model in which an altruistic sender privately observes a stochastic state variable, and incurs a communication cost when she broadcasts a message. We characterize the sender's optimal announcement strategy using an ordinary differential equation. We prove the optimality of the sender's strategies using a martingale verification argument and show that the sender's optimal strategy involves sending discrete messages. Furthermore, we apply the model to the timing decision of credit rating announcements and provide a framework to study various aspects of rating announcements, such as the probability of rating reversals and the expected time before a rating change.