cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical detection of monovalent metal ion binding sites within RNA.

Abstract Many RNAs, including the ribosome, RNase P, and the group II intron, explicitly require monovalent cations for activity in vitro. Although the necessity of monovalent cations for RNA function has been known for more than a quarter of a century, the characterization of specific monovalent metal sites within large RNAs has been elusive. Here we describe a biochemical approach to identify functionally important monovalent cations in nucleic acids. This method uses thallium (Tl+), a soft Lewis acid heavy metal cation with chemical properties similar to those of the physiological alkaline earth metal potassium (K+). Nucleotide analog interference mapping (NAIM) with the sulfur-substituted nucleotide 6-thioguanosine in combination with selective metal rescue of the interference with Tl+ provides a distinct biochemical signature for monovalent metal ion binding. This approach has identified a K+ binding site within the P4–P6 domain of the Tetrahymena group I intron that is also present within the X-ray crystal structure. The technique also predicted a similar binding site within the Azoarcus group I intron where the structure is not known. The approach is applicable to any RNA molecule that can be transcribed in vitro and whose function can be assayed.
Interaction of 11 MeV neutrons with 89Y

Abstract Differential cross section for scattering of 11 MeV neutrons by 89 Y were measured using the Ohio University beam swinger time-of-flight facility. Measurements were taken in the angular range between 15° and 145°. Empirical optical model parameters have been obtained from the measured elastic scattering data. Deformation parameters were obtained for low-lying excited states using these optical-model parameters in a DWBA collective formalism. A comparison with deformation parameters in neighboring even-even nuclei 88 Sr and 90 Zr is presented. The weak-coupling model is used to describe neutron scattering to low-lying states in 89 Y.
Serum Amyloid P Component: A Predictor of Clinical β2-Microglobulin Amyloidosis

Beta 2 -microglobulin (β 2 M) amyloidosis is common in patients on long-term hemodialysis, but the clinical conditions associated with disease activity are poorly understood. This study was designed to determine if the serum amyloid P (AP) component concentration is predictive of β 2 M amyloid disease activity. Serum AP component concentrations were determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and β 2 M concentrations by a commercially available kit. Radiographic evidence of β 2 M amyloidosis was determined from bone films of the hips, shoulders, and hands. Serum AP component concentrations were not different in dialysis and control patients. However, AP component concentrations in longterm (≥5 years) dialysis patients were significantly lower than in short-term ( P 2 M amyloidosis were significantly older (57.9 ± 9.5 v 38.3 ± 11.3 years, P P 2 M amyloidosis. Thus, serum AP component concentrations are decreased in long-term dialysis patients, suggesting accelerated deposition into amyloid deposits. Low serum AP component concentrations and increased age in long-term hemodialysis patients are good predictors of radiographic disease activity, suggesting that both the AP component and factors associated with aging are involved in the pathogenesis of µ 2 M amyloidosis.
Evaluation of Burbot (Lota lota) Acceptability for Processing

Abstract Burbot ( Lota lota ) collected from Lakes Michigan and Superior yielded about 35% total fillets, but high quality anterior fillet sections were limited to yields of 15-20%. Development of severe surface-browning and excessive drip and cooking losses as a result of freezing or refrigerated storage were inhibited by dipping fillets in sodium tripolyphosphate solutions. Descriptive and preference sensory analysis showed that anterior burbot fillet sections prepared into fish sticks and portions, minced fish sticks, and chunks for poaching were similar in quality to commercially obtained cod, haddock, and pollack products. Burbot fillets were quite stable to oxidative deterioration during frozen storage, and Lake Michigan burbot fillets contained less than 1 ppm chlorinated hydrocarbon microcontaminants on a wet weight basis.
Nervous system of ascidian larvae: Caudal primary sensory neurons

In larvae of Diplosoma macdonaldi one sensory nerve extends along the dorsal midline of the tail and another extends along the ventral midline. Each nerve is composed of 50–70 naked axons lying in a groove in the base of the epidermis, and each projects to the visceral ganglion. The cell bodies of the caudal sensory neurons occur in pairs within the epidermis, and are situated along the courses of the nerves. A single cilium arises from an invagination in the soma of each neuron, passes through the inner cuticular layer of the tunic and enters a tail fin formed by the outer cuticular layer. We propose that these cells are mechanoreceptors. The caudal sensory system is similar in representative species of ten families of ascidians.
Measuring mandibular asymmetry in Class I normal subjects using 3D novel coordinate system

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment plays a major role in cosmetic dentistry. A harmonious facial balance is normally the end point in comprehensive orthodontic outcomes. In order to achieve this goal, correct diagnosis of asymmetry should be done starting from the outer facial morphology forms and progressively moving to the dental occlusion. The prime importance of measuring mandibular asymmetry is its tremendous effect on the occlusion. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure mandibular asymmetry in a cohort Class I molar relationship comparing right and left sides using new three-dimensions (3D) imaging technique with the aid of 3D software (in vivo 5.2.3 [San Jose, CA]). Materials and Methods: 35 DICOM files were initially collected retrospectively and seven were excluded due to (1) condylar resorption, (2) history of trauma and (3) unclear DICOM file. A new coordinate system was set for the mid-sagittal plane (MSP), Frankfort horizontal plane and frontal plane (FP). Each cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was appraised using 16 evaluation criteria bilaterally. Five mandibular landmarks were selected: Condylion_R, Gonion_R, Menton, Gonion_L and Condylion_L. Using these points, the mandible was further divided into four parts: (1) Ramus length right side, body of the mandible right side, body of the Ramus left side and Ramus length left side. The angles between each line and the three different planes were acquired in order to compare each line from a 3D aspect. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for the 28 CBCTs. Results: Significant bilateral differences were reported in the angle between the ramus length and MSP and the ramus length and the FP (P < 0.05). Significant lateroanterior shift of the mandibular ramus on the left side in comparison with the right side. Conclusion: Viewing an object using three different angles between the four parts of the mandible and each plane is a valid method to replicate the actual object.
C2H2 and Ar induce rapid declines in nitrogenase activity and CO2 evolution in nodules of Datisca glomerata

Preliminary studies have indicated that after addition of C2H2 there is a rapid decline in nitrogenase activity in the nodules of Datisca glomerata. The present work was undertaken to determine whether (1) there is also a decline in respiration and (2) the decline is associated with the cessation of ammonia production. The rates of C2H4 and CO2 evolution by nodulated root systems of Datisca were measured as a function of time after exposure to C2H2. The peak rate of C2H4 evolution occurred at 30 s after C2H2 exposure, while the rate of CO2 evolution started to decline at 60 s after exposure to C2H2. Incubation of nodules in a gas mixture containing Ar also caused a decline in CO2 evolution. Further, pretreatment with Ar eliminated most of the C2H2-induced decline in nitrogenase activity and CO2 evolution. These C2H2- and Ar-induced declines in Datisca nodules are more rapid than those reported in any other nodules. They are evidence that continued ammonia formation is essential for maintenance of normal nitrogenase activity in Datisca nodules.
Crystallographic data for authigenic phillipsite from manganese nodules

Microscopic phillipsite crystals occur as elongated prisms that extend outward from the walls of interstitial cavities in manganese nodules from the southern Argentine Basin. X-ray diffraction data and unit cell dimensions indicate that these authigenic crystals correspond to those phillipsites which form from alteration of palagonitic materials on the ocean floor. Textural features of the nodules indicate that the phillipsite crystals were more likely deposited during the growth history of the nodules, thus suggesting a relationship between the crystals and the nodules themselves in terms of mode of origin.
Some effects of solvent properties on nucleation

Abstract Physical properties of solvents were shown to affect the onset of nucleation of urea in alcohol or water systems. A dilatometric technique was utilized to measure a supersaturation interval. The supersaturation interval was found to be related directly to solvent viscosity, molecular weight and density and indirectly to surface tension, dielectric constant and concentration.
Observations Of The Plasma Torus Of Jupiter With A Fabry-Perot/ Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Imaging Spectrometer

A description is presented of the use of a CCD imaging spectrometer which has been employed at a 2.1 m telescope to obtain monochromatic images in the red and near infrared. The system studied was Jupiter's plasma torus which circles the planet with radial extent about 5 RJ and 7 RJ (RJ is the radius of Jupiter). In ground based measurements the torus has been observed in the forbidden emission lines of S(plus) at 6716 A and 6731 A and S(plus plus) at 9531 A. Attention is given to aspects of instrumentation, observations, and performance. It is felt that the particular significance of the obtained results from the instrumental point of view is the demonstration that the CCD is an excellent detector for monochromatic imaging in the near infrared out to at least 10830 A and that pixel binning before readout can produce significantly improved S/N ratios for the study of faint, diffuse sources in cases where readout noise is dominant.
Cyclicity of neonatal sleep behaviors at 25 to 30 weeks' postconceptional age.

Previous sleep studies of preterm neonates describe the rudimentary expression of sleep state cyclicity after 30 wk postconceptional age (PCA), with stability over multiple cycles only after 36 wk PCA. The research objective for this study was to determine whether sleep state cyclicity was expressed in neonates of 25–30 wk PCA, using two criteria for state identification. Our neonatal sleep consortium includes a total cohort of 359 children who were healthy and medically ill neonates who were recruited from three obstetric-neonatal services and received multiple-hour EEG sleep studies. A subset of the 33 youngest preterm infants were selected to evaluate the first of serial 2- to 3-h EEG-sleep recordings to assess the presence of sleep state cyclicity. One neonatal neurophysiologist visually assigned EEG-sleep characteristics for each record. Rapid eye movement (REM) counts and EEG discontinuity were specifically chosen to assess whether sleep cyclicity was expressed. A combined measure of REM and EEG discontinuity were used in an autocovariance analysis to assess cycling and mean cycle duration. A mean cycle duration of 68 ± 19 min with a range of 37–100 min was determined from the REM-EEG discontinuity state for 24 neonates. The remaining nine infants had absent or poor sleep cyclicity. Sleep state cyclicity is expressed for a majority of neonates between 25 and 30 wk PCA, reflecting an ultradian biologic rhythm during the early perinatal stage of brain development.
Nassariid gastropods as destructive agents in preservation and fossilization of marine fishes

Experimental investigations on the feeding activity of the gastropodNassarius moestus in intertidal environments in the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California) show them to be effective agents influencing processes of marine fish taphonomy. Time-lapse documentation reveals that potential whole-body preservation of fish carcasses is largely prevented through the rapid destruction of soft tissues, muscles, and ligaments, followed by disarticulation and subsequent disassociation of skeletal elements. Dissociated bones are subject to differential dispersal through hydrodynamic transport and physical wear through abrasion. Transformation of whole-body carcasses into thoroughly defleshed and disarticulated skeletons by large groups of scavenging snails was commonly observed to take place within one tidal cycle. The loss of information during taphonomic processes via destructive biological agents may ultimately bias the fossil record in a significant way and thus have implications for the paleoecological interpretation of fossil teleost assemblages.
Long wave interaction over varying topography

Abstract The propagation of long waves on the surface of a three-dimensional fluid domain bounded below by slowly varying topography is considered. There are two important limits: If the initial data can be written in terms of a discrete set of one-dimensional wavefronts, the resulting wave field is described by a set of variable coefficient Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations for each wave along its characteristic curve. Waves along different characteristics interact with each other yielding phase shifts that depend on the wave amplitudes, the angle between the rays and the local depth. If the initial data is modulated slowly in the direction parallel to the wavefronts, the wave field is described by variable coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equations along rays. For topography varying only in one direction, we calculate explicit results for the interaction between two sets of periodic or solitary waves and show the equivalence of a single nearly normally incident KdV wave and a normally incident KP wave.
Thermally induced filter bias in TEOM mass measurement

Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have long used stationary tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOMs®) in laboratory settings. They have served to assess the mass concentration of laboratory-generated particulates in experimental dust chambers and they provide a reference method for comparison with other particulate-measuring instruments. Current NIOSH research is focused on further adapting TEOM technology as a wearable personal dust monitor (PDM) for coal mining occupations. This investigation’s goal is to help identify, quantify, and provide means for resolving certain TEOM-related error. The present research investigated bias caused by thermal effects on filter assemblies. New filters used in the PDM for 8 h tests show an average positive bias of 25.5 μg, while similar tests of equivalent filters used in two 1400A model TEOMs show an average positive bias of 34.3 μg. The derived bias values allow correction of previously collected biased data. Also, pre-heating the filters for 24 h at 46 °C shows significant bias reduction, with PDM pre-heated filters subsequently averaging −3.3 μg and 1400A TEOM filters averaging 5.9 μg. On a single-point comparison to gravimetric sampling, a 25.5 μg bias is only significant at low mass loadings. At 2.5 mg, this bias represents a negligible 1% of the mass measurement. If ordinary linear regression is used, the bias is still insignificant. However, if the more valid weighted linear regression is used, it gives more weight to the smaller dependent variable values, which are more impacted by the bias. Consequently, what is 1% bias on a single high-mass value can translate into a larger bias percentage at high-mass values when performing a weighted regression on data that include a large number of low-mass values.
Functional Varying Coefficient Models for Longitudinal Data

The proposed functional varying coefficient model provides a versatile and flexible analysis tool for relating longitudinal responses to longitudinal predictors. Specifically, this approach provides a novel representation of varying coefficient functions through suitable auto and cross-covariances of the underlying stochastic processes, which is particularly advantageous for sparse and irregular designs, as often encountered in longitudinal studies. Existing methodology for varying coefficient models is not adapted to such data. The proposed approach extends the customary varying coefficient models to a more general setting, in which not only current but also recent past values of the predictor time course may have an impact on the current value of the response time course. The influence of past predictor values is modeled by a smooth history index function, while the effects on the response are described by smooth varying coefficient functions. The resulting estimators for varying coefficient and history...
The role of the Kantian imagination in realization-focused comparison

In this article I review Amaryta Sen’s powerful critique of transcendental institutionalism and his own ‘realization-focused comparison’ as an alternative way to think about justice. While deeply s...
Behavioral medicine: an emerging field of social work practice.

Abstract The burgeoning field of behavioral medicine is reviewed in terms of its relevance and implications for social work practice. This article reviews the behavioral medicine paradigm and its applications relevant to social work practice in health care settings. Specific applications of social learning theory to the treatment of cardiac disorders, chronic pain, headaches, obesity, and smoking are reviewed. The manuscript concludes with a review of practice issues.
Biomarkers, Laboratory, and Animal Models for the Design and Development of Adjunctive Therapies for HIV-1 Dementia and other Neuroinflammatory Disorders

The goals of this component were to discuss the potential for NeuroAIDS therapeutics. The presentations included discussions of biomarkers, pathogenic mechanisms of disease, laboratory models, and the development of adjunctive therapies for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on NeuroAIDS. Talks by Dana Giulian on the use of CSF biomarkers for therapeutic trial design in dementia, Howard Fox on the SIV model of NeuroAIDS, Christine Zink on minocycline and its antiretroviral activities, and Katrina L. Mealey on the means to improve drug access to the brain by regulation P-glycoprotein, rounded out the session. It was acknowledged that although a number of compounds including selegiline, nimodipine, and memantine were studied in clinical trials and showed some trends towards clinical improvement none showed significance. Drugs such as minocycline, sodium valproate, and P-glycoprotein regulators were discussed and now are being developed. Partnerships between public institutions and private companies were discussed. Multidisciplinary teams are likely required to see such research to fruition, and the developmental schemes from the molecule to the laboratory to the animal to the clinic were discussed and developed in the session.
Regaining Self-Esteem: Strategies and Interventions for the Infertile Woman

Infertility can cause women to lose their sense of power and control, thus diminishing their self-esteem. Terminology, technology, and testing may contribute to this sense of failure. Nurses can intervene by recognizing this negative consequence of infertility and using strategies within the nursing model.
ESR studies of the photodegradation of cellulose graft copolymers

Ultraviolet light induced free radicals in cellulose and cellulose graft copolymers were studied by means of ESR spectroscopy. At least six kinds of free radicals were formed in cellulose when the polymer was irradiated with ultraviolet light. Polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) are more resistant to ultraviolet light than cellulose; however, the cellulose graft copolymers of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) were degraded by ultraviolet light. ESR studies revealed that photoinduced free radicals in cellulose graft copolymers were formed at the grafting branches of the copolymers rather than the cellulose backbone. The mechanisms of light stabilization and energy transfer reactions of cellulose and cellulose graft copolymers are discussed.
Rates of Submergence of Coastal New England and Acadia.

Altitudinal and carbon-14 age determinations of in-place Pinus strobus stumps of drowned forests at Odiorne Point, N.H., and Grand Pre and Fort Lawrence, Nova Scotia, yield apparent average rates of submergence of 3.1, 14.5, and 20.3 feet per 1000 C 14 years, respectively. Rate differences are assessed in terms of eustatic rise of sea level, crustal movements, and tidal effects.
EFFECTS OF MEDIUM AND PRESENTATION STYLE ON EVALUATION OF A COMMUNICATOR

Sltmmary.-To examine some aspects of the effects of channel and speech delivery style upon evaluations of a communicator, a 2 x 2 (channel X style) independent groups design was used. 32 high school boys and 72 girls heard a political speech presented by a professional actor over either simulated radio or television. Half the subjects heard the actor give an excited, emotional (hot) presentation of the speech; the others heard the speech presented in a relaxed, unemotional (cool) style. The subjects then rated the speaker on 44 dependent measures. Significant results were obtained for both the channel and the style factors. In general the speaker was evaluated more favorably after he had given the cool presentation than after he had presented the speech in the hot style. The television presentation was followed by more positive evaluations of the speaker than the radio presentation. In support of Marshall McLuhan's theory the cool speaker was evaluated more favorably than the hot speaker when on television but less favorably when on radio.
Giant vacuum-field Rabi splitting of intersubband transitions in multiple quantum wells

A large, $42\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$, vacuum-field Rabi splitting was observed between the upper and lower intersubband polariton branches of a moderately $n$-doped GaAs-AlGaAs multiple quantum well sample. For this structure, the Rabi energy represents 17% of the bare intersubband resonance, a situation corresponding to the ultrastrong coupling regime between the photon and intersubband excitations. A different phenomenon is also demonstrated: the occurrence of a higher mode polariton. The large tunability of the intersubband absorption with carrier concentration may lead to new optoelectronic devices.
Importation of exotic ticks and tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae into the United States by migrating songbirds

Birds are capable of carrying ticks and, consequently, tick-transmitted microorganisms over long distances and across geographical barriers such as oceans and deserts. Ticks are hosts for several species of spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR), which can be transmitted to vertebrates during blood meals. In this study, the prevalence of this group of rickettsiae was examined in ticks infesting migratory songbirds by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). During the 2009 and 2010 spring migration season, 2064 northward-migrating passerine songbirds were examined for ticks at Johnson Bayou, Louisiana. A total of 91 ticks was removed from 35 individual songbirds for tick species identification and spotted fever group rickettsia detection. Ticks were identified as Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (n=38, 42%), Amblyomma longirostre (n=22, 24%), Amblyomma nodosum (n=17, 19%), Amblyomma calcaratum (n=11, 12%), Amblyomma maculatum (n=2, 2%), and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (n=1, 1%) by comparing their 12S rDNA gene sequence to homologous sequences in GenBank. Most of the identified ticks were exotic species originating outside of the United States. The phylogenetic analysis of the 71 ompA gene sequences of the rickettsial strains detected in the ticks revealed the occurrence of 6 distinct rickettsial genotypes. Two genotypes (corresponding to a total of 28 samples) were included in the Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii clade (less than 1% divergence), 2 of them (corresponding to a total of 14 samples) clustered with Rickettsia sp. “Argentina” with less than 0.2% sequence divergence, and 2 of them (corresponding to a total of 27 samples), although closely related to the R. parkeri–R. africae lineage (2.50–3.41% divergence), exhibited sufficient genetic divergence from its members to possibly constitute a new rickettsial genotype. Overall, there does not seem to be a specific relationship between exotic tick species, the rickettsiae they harbor, or the reservoir competence of the corresponding bird species.
Characterization and gain identification of time varying flow processes

A method for continuously estimating the gain of a flow process by sinusoidal perturbation is presented. The resulting output perturbation is correlated with a second sinusoid to generate periodically an estimate of the process gain. A method of implementing such an identifier on a small analog computer is described. The experimental testing of this identifier computer with both a real process (a pH regulating system) and with an analog computer simulation of the process is described. The results of identification tests with a nonstationary system are presented. From these results it is concluded that the identifier estimates the process gain satisfactorily, introducing a delay (equal to one-half the period of identification) and making an effective sampling or clamping of the gain estimate (over each period of identification).
Case Study: The development of a sub-3 litre/100 km passenger car

AbstractAn advanced three-cylinder 12-valve turbocharged direct injection diesel engine was installed in a specially prepared lightweight, low drag Ford Ka. The objective of the exercise was to demonstrate 3.0 1/100 km fuel economy over the EC stage II drive cycle and to look at the sensitivity of vehicle fuel economy with respect to weight, gear ratios, rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. The engine was prepared on a dynamometer test cell, prior to installation in the vehicle, to optimize its efficiency, particularly around the low speed, part load area, where the engine predominantly operates during the drive cycle. Three vehicles were prepared: two fitted with manual five-speed transmissions, with optimized gear and final drive ratios, and a third vehicle fitted with an electronic constantly variable transmission (CVT). The two manual transmission cars were shown at the Berlin Show in mid-October 1996, publicized as Ka step 1, in support of the launch of this new vehicle. The best experimental res...
Cultural-distance perspective: An exploratory analysis of its effect on learning and intelligence

Abstract This paper explores sociocultural factors which lead to group performance differences on IQ tests and learning tasks in an attempt to determine empirically if the Cultural-Distance Approach hypothesis is useful in accounting for these differences. The Cultural-Distance Approach, briefly stated, suggests that a subculture's distance from the major culture on which questions of a test are based and validated will determine that subculture's subscore pattern. Results of the present study indicate that although Blacks and Whites perform similarly on learning tasks, they perform differently on standardized IQ tests, possibly because of the loading of cultural influences on the latter measures. When cultural influences are controlled for, differences in IQ performance are minimized.
Cardiac overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) alleviates aging-associated cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction: role of intracellular Ca2+ cycling proteins.

Summary Aging is a complex biological process with contributions from a wide variety of genes including insulin-like growth factor I and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which decline with advanced age. The goal of this study was to examine if ADH enzyme plays any role in cardiac aging. Ventricular myocytes were isolated from young (2–3 months old) or aged (26–28 months old) male FVB wild-type and cardiacspecific ADH (class I, isozyme type 1) transgenic mice. Mechanical properties were measured using an IonOptix system. Aged FVB myocytes displayed significantly reduced ADH activity compared with young ones, which was restored by the ADH transgene. Compared with young cardiomyocytes, aged FVB myocytes exhibited prolonged relengthening duration and a steaper decline in peak shortening amplitude in response to elevated electrical stimuli. Although ADH transgene itself did not alter mechanical properties in young mice, it rescued aging-associated diastolic dysfunction without affecting dampened contractile response to high stimulus frequency. Immunoblot analysis revealed reduced sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA2a) and Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX) levels in conjunction with enhanced phospholamban expression in aged FVB hearts. ADH transgene prevented aging-induced reduction in SERCA2a and NCX without affecting up-regulated phospholamban. Our data suggest that aging is associated with a reduced ADH enzymatic activity and diastolic dysfunction, which may be corrected with cardiac overexpression of the ADH enzyme. Alteration in cardiac Ca 2+ cycling proteins including SERCA2a and
The effect of single serving versus entire package nutritional information on consumption norms and actual consumption of a snack food

Abstract Objective Increasing serving sizes have been identified as contributors to the obesity epidemic. Researchers suggest that consumers are in need of cues that provide norms for the appropriate amount of food to consume. The impact of one potential cue, the provision of nutritional information for a single serving as well as the entire package ("dual-column labels") versus single-serving nutritional information only ("single-column labels"), was investigated on the consumption of a snack food for dieters and nondieters. Design In a between-subjects experimental design, participants were provided with a snack food product and nutrition label. After the opportunity for consumption, they were provided with a survey instrument. Setting The study took place in a classroom setting. Participants Undergraduate students were randomly assigned to the single-column versus dual-column label treatment groups and were classified as dieters (n=45) or nondieters (n=67) based on self-reported dieting behavior. Intervention Participants were exposed to either a single-column or dual-column nutrition label. Main Outcome Measures Perceptions of consumption norms; use, importance, and understanding of nutrition labels; and the actual amount consumed by each individual were measured. Analysis Analysis of variance was used to analyze data from the study. Results Nondieting participants, but not dieting participants, ate significantly less when exposed to the dual-column label compared to the single-column label ( P P P P P P Implications for Research and Practice Compared to standard, single-column labels, dual-column nutritional labels have a greater impact on the snack food consumption of nondieters.
Cell Proliferation Arrest within Intrathymic Lymphocyte Progenitor Cells Causes Thymic Atrophy Mediated by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, in lymphocytes by the immunosuppressive environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been shown to cause thymic atrophy in every species studied. We set out to identify the specific hemopoietic cellular populations in which the AHR was activated to lead to thymic atrophy and to determine the effect of AHR activation in those cellular populations. Initially, we examined whether AHR activation in intrathymic dendritic cells could mediate TCDD-induced thymic atrophy. It was found that thymic atrophy occurred only when the AHR could be activated in the thymocytes but not hemopoietic-derived dendritic cells or other APCs. We next analyzed the effect of TCDD on the proliferation of thymocytes in vivo. There was a significant increase in the percentage of thymocytes in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle and a significant decrease in the percentage of S plus G(2)/M thymocytes, especially in the CD4(-)CD8(-)CD3(-) triple-negative intrathymic progenitor cell population 24 h after exposure to 30 micro g/kg TCDD. Furthermore, by 12 h after exposure to TCDD, we observed approximately 60% reduction of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation in specific intrathymic progenitor cell populations. This reduction persisted for at least 6 days. These data indicate that intrathymic progenitor cells are direct targets of TCDD in the thymus and suggest that TCDD causes thymic atrophy by reducing entrance into cell cycle in these populations.
Metropolitan Nonprofit Sectors: Findings from NCCS Data:

Data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS) and other secondary sources was used to examine the nonprofit sectors of nine metropolitan regions. The results indicate that nonprofit sectors vary widely in terms of the numbers of organizations in them and the proportions of different types of providers. Moreover, the findings showed complex and intriguing relationships between nonprofit sectors and political culture, generosity, wealth, poverty, and heterogeneity. Traditionalistic sites had sectors with the opposite characteristics. The sectors in individualistic sites lay between these two patterns. Wealthier sites had larger, better-supported and secure sectors. Sites with higher poverty had less well supported sectors with smaller human service components. The most and least heterogeneous sites had the largest and smallest nonprofit sectors respectively. These findings bolster confidence in the use of NCCS data.
High-Performance Distributed Computing: The I_WAY Experiment and Beyond

Recent developments in networking are enabling innovative applications that integrate geographically distributed high-performance computing, database, display, and networking resources. However, there is as yet little understanding of the higher-level services needed to support these applications, or of the techniques required to implement these services in a scalable, secure manner. In this brief paper, I describe the I-WAY networking experiment, a large-scale widearea computing testbed that has been used to investigate these issues. I also introduce the Globus project, a multi-institutional effort that is developing key technologies for I-WAY-like systems, including mechanisms for resource location, scheduling, authentication, and automatic configuration of high-performance distributed computations.
Bismuth-Loaded Polymer Scintillators for Gamma Ray Spectroscopy

We synthesize a series of polyvinylcarbazole monoliths containing varying loadings of triphenyl bismuth as a high-Z dopant and varying fluors, either organic or organometallic, in order to study their use as scintillators capable of gamma ray spectroscopy. A trend of increasing bismuth loading resulting in a better-resolved photopeak is observed. For PVK parts with no fluor or a standard organic fluor, diphenylanthracene, increasing bismuth loading results in decreasing light yield while with samples 1 or 3 % by weight of the spin-orbit coupling organometallic fluor FIrpic, which emits light from both singlet and triple excitons, show increasing light yield with increasing bismuth loading. Our best performing PVK/ BiPh{sub 3}/FIrpic scintillator with 40 wt % BiPh3 and 3 wt % FIrpic has an emission maximum of 500 nm, a light yield of {approx}30,000 photons/MeV, and energy resolution better than 7% FWHM at 662 keV. Replacing the Ir complex with an equal weight of diphenylanthracene produces a sample with a light yield of {approx}6,000 photons/MeV, with an emission maximum at 420 nm and energy resolution of 9% at 662 keV. Transmission electron microscopy studies show that the BiPh{sub 3} forms small clusters of approximately 5 nm diameter.
Toward an Understanding of the Physical Hazards of Police Work

Most of the existing research on the hazards of police work concludes that policing is a dangerous occupation. The operationalization of dangerousness used by most researchers, however, fails to account for injuries and deaths that occur as a result of accidents, relying instead on the analysis of assaults and homicides. Defining dangerousness in this manner not only provides an incomplete picture of the dangers associated with the job but also precludes the comparison of policing to other occupations. Using injury report data from a police department and fire department in a large Midwestern city, this study contributes to knowledge in this area by (a) expanding the conceptualization of dangerousness to include injuries that occur as a result of accidents, (b) comparing accidental injuries to those that result from felonious acts, and (c) comparing injury incidents of varying natures and causes across occupations.
High-frequency intracellular infection and erythrogenic toxin A expression undergo phase variation in M1 group A streptococci.

A clonal variant of serotype M1 group A streptococcus, strain 90-131, disseminated to several continents, where it was associated with severe systemic infections and toxic shock. Although this strain harbours the speA gene and is efficiently internalized by human epithelial cells, clinical isolates often fail to express the erythrogenic toxin under laboratory growth conditions. Cultures of strain 90-131 were observed to phase vary between small, dry, compact and larger, more mucoid colonies. The former were shown to be poorly internalized by epithelial cells. Analysis of RNA by Northern hybridization demonstrated that the emm1, hasA and speA genes were weakly transcribed in cultures derived from the small colonies and highly transcribed in those derived from the large colonies. An insertion mutation in mga (the multigene activator) downregulated the invasion of epithelial cells and the transcription of emm1 and hasA, but had little impact on the transcription of speA. These are the first data to suggest the existence of a common regulatory circuit linking intracellular invasion, M protein, hyaluronic acid capsule and erythrogenic toxin expression by group A streptococcus. Moreover, the genetic instability of toxin expression exhibited by this serotype may impact on laboratory studies that attempt to associate toxin production with toxic shock.
A Si bipolar monolithic RF bandpass amplifier

The application of monolithic inductors to the realization of Si bipolar monolithic RF amplifiers is investigated. As a test vehicle, a bipolar monolithic bandpass amplifier was fabricated and characterized. A 4-nH silicon integrated inductor was used to achieve a peak S/sub 21/ gain of 8 dB, a simulated noise figure of 6.4 dB, and a matched input impedance of 50 Omega in the frequency range of 1-2 GHz. >
Cross Market Effects of Stocks Short-Selling Restrictions: Evidence from the September2008 Natural Experiment

Using intraday data, this paper investigates empirically the joint stock and corporate bond markets responses to the September 2008 stocks short sell ban. The study intends to exploit the natural experiment in order to asses the impact of the stock market short sale restrictions (stock market liquidity shock) on corporate bond market variables during the fi nancial crisis period. The short sell ban was one of the levers that regulators pulled in order to manage the fi nancial crisis. The economic question is whether this lever worked or should have been pulled given the complexity of financial market linkages and news dissemination. Recent financial events suggested that, when market conditions are severe, liquidity can rapidly decline or even disappear. Liquidity shocks are the potential channel through which asset prices are influenced by liquidity.However, the standard theoretical equilibrium asset pricing models do not consider trading and thus ignore the time and cost of transforming cash into financial assets and vice versa hence ignoring the impact of the liquidity shocks. Therefore, investigating liquidity shocks empirically, their transmission across markets is of high interest especially during times of high turbulence as we recently witnessed. We use vector autoregression (VAR) approach to model stock and corporate bond returns, volatilities and transaction costs simultaneously, obtaining an econometric reduced form that incorporates causal and feedback effects among the two markets variables. Using VAR tools, we found that shocks in stock market (short sell ban) had a signifi cant negative impact on corporate bond market variables during the time under investigation.
Catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with various hydrocarbons

Conversion data for the reduction of nitric oxide with C1 to C8 hydrocarbons over a bariumpromoted copper chromite catalyst were obtained in an integral flow reactor operated at atmospheric pressure and temperatures of 225°C to 525°C. In general, an increase in carbon number in the hydrocarbon studied resulted in a decrease in the required temperature for a given nitric oxide conversion. For a given carbon number the required temperature for a given nitric oxide conversion decreased with degree of saturation. The data were fitted to empirical rate expressions.
Rational Expectations Equilibrium with Econometric Models

We prove the existence of general economic equilibrium under uncertainty when agents form econometric models of the relationship among their private information, prices, and the state of the environment. The functional form of each agent's model is specified in advance, with a finite number of parameters to be determined. Agents are then thought of as performing linear least squares estimation of the parameters. Equilibrium requires not only that markets clear, but also that each agent be using the vector of parameter values which, within a compact convex set of parameters, gives the least squares best fit to the data that is generated by the working of the economy when agents adhere to their models.
The Political Makings of the 2001 Lootings in Argentina

Based on archival research and on multi-sited fieldwork, this article offers the first available description of the food lootings that took place in Argentina in December 2001. The paper joins the current relational turn in the study of collective violence. It examines the existing continuities between everyday life, routine politics and extraordinary massive actions, and scrutinises the grey zone where the deeds and networks of looters, political entrepreneurs and law enforcement officials meet and mesh. The article reconstructs the looting dynamics at one specific site and highlights the existence of three mechanisms during the episodes : 1. the creation of opportunities by party brokers and police agents, 2. the validation of looting by state elites, and 3. the signalling spiral carried out by party brokers.
When extraordinary injustice leads to ordinary response: How perpetrator power and size of an injustice event affect bystander efficacy and collective action

Although bystanders can play an integral role in the process of social change, relatively few studies have examined the factors that influence bystander collective action. The present research explores the effect of perpetrator power on bystander efficacy and collective action, as well as the moderating role of impact of the injustice event. Across two experiments, bystanders perceived that collective action would be less effective and were less willing to engage in collective action when a highpower perpetrator engaged in injustice, compared with a low-power perpetrator. These effects were moderated by impact of the injustice event, such that the effects of power were especially present under conditions of large impact (many victims), compared with small impact (fewer victims). Whereas the effect of the interaction of perpetrator power and impact on bystander efficacy was explained by perceptions of normativity of the injustice event, the effect of the interaction on bystander collective action was explained by bystander efficacy. Implications for bystander collective action and social change are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite-length MIMO equalization using canonical correlation analysis

We propose finite-length multi-input multi-output (MIMO) equalization methods for "smart" antenna arrays using the statistical theory of canonical correlations. We show that the proposed methods are related to maximum likelihood (ML) reduced-rank channel and noise estimation algorithms in unknown spatially correlated noise as well as to several previously developed equalization schemes.
Diagnostic provisional restorations in restorative dentistry: the blueprint for success.

difficult to take issue with the intent of these words, it is certain that a significant number of elective restorative dental services are primarily esthetically driven. It is also certain that even when restorations are placed primarily for functional reasons, it is critical to address the patient’s esthetic concerns. In the authors’ experience, the restorative dentist must clearly understand the esthetic expectations of the patient, and the patient must understand the inherent limitations of any type of restorative therapy. One often neglected modality at the clinician’s disposal to aid in communication between the dentist and patient is the provisional restoration. These restorations can often be used before any irreversible treatment to preview potential esthetic outcomes and discover the limitations of specific restorative therapies. In other situations, provisional restorations can be placed and readily modified after tooth preparation but before fabrication of the definitive restoration. In these cases, the provisional can be modified until the patient is satisfied, and then the modified provisional restoration serves as the blueprint for the technician fabricating the definitive restoration.2,3 This article discusses and illustrates how provisional restorations can be used diagnostically to meet the patient’s esthetic expectations before the definitive restorations are fabricated. Techniques for transferring this critical information to the laboratory technician are also described.
Lumbar synovial cysts eroding bone.

Two cases of lumbar synovial cysts with erosion and lucency of the adjacent bone are presented; both mimicked a neoplasm
Leak measurements in spontaneously breathing premature newborns by using the flow-through technique.

A new method for measuring and correcting air leaks during lung-function testing in infants has been validated in vitro and in vivo by using a flow-through system that measured the inflow and outfl...