cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Conidia of Fungi Isolated from Soybean Vascular Tissue

Flow cytometry was used to characterize isolates of Phialophora gregata using the fluorescence intensity of propidium iodide-stained conidia. The isolates differed in their mean fluorescence intensity, ranging from 100.0 to 129.7 arbitrary units (AU). When the number of fluorescent events was plotted against intensity of fluorescence, a single peak was observed. Fluorescent patterns of Acremonium isolates from soybean vascular tissue were compared with those of P. gregata. Their mean fluorescence intensity ranged from 76.4 to 88.0 AU. With some of these isolates, multiple peak histograms were observed, corresponding to multiple spore sizes as well as single and double nucleated conidia. Using flow cytometry, we were able to distinguish P. gregata isolates from those of Acremonium, based on mean fluorescence intensity and/or the presence of multiple peaks. Flow cytometric analysis of propidium-iodide stained conidia of Phialophora isolates should prove to be useful for determining the relative DNA content of different isolates collected from different geographic areas.
Five Myths of Active Portfolio Management

Five myths are debunked here. It is not true that: the return investors earn in an actively managed fund measures the skill level of the manager; the average active manager is not skilled and therefore does not add value; if managers are skilled their returns should persist—they should be able to consistently beat the market; in light of evidence that there is little or no persistence in actively managed funds9 returns, investors who pick funds on the basis of past returns are not behaving rationally; and finally, because most active managers9 compensation does not depend on the return they generate, their compensation is not performance–based.
Cefoxitin Activity Against Multiply Antibiotic-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae In Vitro

Abstract Due to the emergence of cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae at this institution, we investigated the in vitro activity of two new cephalosporin compounds—cefoxitin and cefamandole. Whereas both drugs were active against cephalothin- and gentamicin-susceptible isolates of Klebsiella, only cefoxitin exhibited significant activity against cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates. Seventeen of 20 (85%) of the cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates were inhibited by ≤12.5 μg of cefoxitin per ml. The minimum bactericidal concentration in broth of representative isolates equaled the agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration. Kirby-Bauer disk susceptibility testing correlated well with the agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration. Cephalothin and cefamandole resistance of isolates could be correlated with antibiotic degradation by β-lactamase. Cephalothin and cefamandole evoked only a transient decrease in viable bacterial cell count with rapid inactivation of antibiotics, and full regrowth of the organisms. Cefoxitin, on the other hand, was quite effective in vitro against multiply resistant Klebsiella. No β-lactamase degradation of cefoxitin was detected. Growth curves with antibiotics indicated rapid killing of cephalothin- and gentamicin-resistant isolates by cefoxitin.
Bonus, Disclosure, and Choice: What Motivates the Creation of High-Quality Paid Reviews?

The emergence of online crowdsourcing sites has opened up new channels for third parties and companies to solicit paid reviews from people. In this paper, we investigate 1) how the introduction of monetary payments affects review quality, and 2) the impact of bonus rewards, sponsorship disclosure, and choice freedom on the quality of paid reviews. We conduct a 2×2×2 between-subjects experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Our results indicate that there are no significant quality differences between paid and unpaid reviews. The quality of paid reviews improves by both the presence of additional performance-contingent rewards and the requirement to add disclosure text about material connections, and deteriorates by the restrictions imposed on the product set to be reviewed. These results have implications for websites and companies who are seeking legitimate reviews for their online products from paid workers.
Effects of Rigor State and Addition of Polyphosphate on the Color of Cooked Turkey Meat

Abstract Pectoralis major muscles were excised from 32 turkeys immediately after slaughter. Half (prerigor) were immediately treated with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) plus NaCl or NaCl alone (control) and the other half (postrigor) were stored overnight at 4 C and then treated similarly. The muscles were vacuum-sealed, cooked, and then stored for 4 d at 4 C. Raw and treated meat pH and objective color (L*, a*, and b*) were evaluated. Mean pH for the postrigor control muscles was 5.93 whereas that of the prerigor control muscles was 6.19. Treatment with STPP increased pH in both groups but the increase was greater for the prerigor group (.17 vs .58 units). The STPP significantly increased a* values of prerigor muscles (8.8 vs 10.7) but a* of postrigor muscles were unaffected (9.6 vs 9.3). The L* and b* values were the same for all groups. The data suggest that treating prerigor turkey muscle with STPP before resolution of rigor might result in meat pH values sufficiently high to alter ultimate product color.
Porcine Tracheal Goblet Cell Ultrastructure: A Three-Dimensional Reconstruction

In order to study specific anatomical relationships among organelles involved in the movement and secretion of mucin granules by airway epithelium, a three-dimensional replica of a single goblet cell from porcine trachea was constructed by means of transmission electron microscopy of serially prepared ultrathin sections. Many features of the goblet cell that could not be deduced from single planes of section were revealed. The cell is columnar in configuration. The cytoplasm contains not one, but several discrete clusters of mucin granules, each associated with a separate Golgi apparatus. Microtubules and microfilaments often are observed in close association with both mucin granules and coiled filamentous mitochondria, suggesting a role in the intracellular movement of these organelles. These morphological observations are in agreement with previous functional studies of airway mucin secretion, and elucidate further the cellular biology of airway mucosal goblet cells and the secretory process.
Higher busulfan dose intensity does not improve outcomes of patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation following fludarabine, busulfan‐based reduced toxicity conditioning

We evaluated the impact of busulfan dose-intensity in patients undergoing reduced toxicity/intensity conditioning allogeneic transplantation in a multicenter retrospective study of 112 consecutive patients. Seventy-five patients were conditioned with busulfan (0.8 mg/kg/dose IV × 8 doses), fludarabine (30mg/m2/day, days −7 to −3), and 6mg/kg of ATG (RIC group), while 37 patients received a more-intense conditioning with busulfan (130mg/m2/day IV, days −6 to −3), fludarabine (40mg/m2/day, days −6 to −3), and 6mg/kg of ATG (RTC group). At baseline both groups were matched for median age, unrelated donor allografts, and HLA-mismatched allografts. More patients in RIC group had high-risk disease, and higher median co-morbidity index. There were no graft rejections. Median time to neutrophil (17 vs. 15 days; p=0.003) and platelet engraftment (16 vs. 11 days; p<0.001) was significantly longer in the RIC group. RTC group had significantly more bacterial (62.2% vs. 32%; p=0.004) and fungal infections (13.5% vs. 1.3% p=0.01). For RIC and RTC groups rates of grade II-IV acute GVHD (34% vs. 40%; p-value=0.54), and chronic GVHD (45% vs. 57%; p-value=0.30) were not significantly different. In similar order at 1-year the cumulative-incidence of non-relapse mortality (NRM) (12% vs. 21%; p-value=0.21) and relapse rates (38% vs. 39%; p=0.96) were not significantly different. Patients in RIC and RTC groups had similar 1-year overall survival (61% vs. 50% p=0.11) and progression free survival (50% vs. 36% p-value=0.39). Our data suggest that merits of higher busulfan dose-intensity in the context of fludarabine/busulfan-based RTC may be offset by higher early morbidity.
Optical transfer function of an acousto-optic heterodyning image processor

Image processing by means of an interactive pupil technique is described. A Bragg-diffraction sound cell is used to achieve both wave-front division and temporal-carrier offset.
FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF IPS SPP. BARK BEETLES IN VIRGINIA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

Eighteen new host records were established among 12 species of parasites and 4 species of Ips beetles. Large numbers of Ips spp. and their associates were secured by mass rearing in specially constructed rearing drums. Confirmation of parasitism was accomplished by individual rearing of parasites in gelatin capsules from Ips larvae and pupae taken from logs. Some parasites were typically associated with a particular tree host, but it was not determined if it was due to tree host, Ips host, or the physiographic province. Parasitism was highest in the upper bole, especially in loblolly pine, but no correlation with bark thickness was established. The density of Ips attack and the time during which Ips infestations were maintained at one location also did not appear to affect the rate of parasitism. Parasitism was highest in the overwintering broods of Ips.
Repairing Games at Runtime or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Emergence

Games must be emergent, constantly surprising players by the possibilities they offer. However, emergence creates unpredictability, preventing developers from verifying that their games won't lead to undesirable states. Worse still, even when a bug is found, finding out how it occurred can be a significant challenge. The authors present Mayet, a system for monitoring software at runtime, and use it to repair a game as it executes. This capability lets developers focus on creating excellent gaming experiences and not worry about edge cases and untraceable bugs.
Tracking the dynamics of the social brain: ERP approaches for social cognitive and affective neuroscience

Event-related potential (ERP) approaches to social cognitive and affective neuroscience (SCAN) are not as widely used as other neuroimaging techniques, yet they offer several unique advantages. In particular, the high temporal resolution of ERP measures of neural activity make them ideally suited for studying the dynamic interplay of rapidly unfolding cognitive and affective processes. In this article, we highlight the utility of ERP methods for scientists investigating questions of SCAN. We begin with a brief description of the physiological basis of ERPs and discussion of methodological practices. We then discuss how ERPs may be used to address a range of questions concerning social perception, social cognition, attitudes, affect and self-regulation, with examples of research that has used the ERP approach to contribute important theoretical advances in these areas. Whether used
Palestine Statement: Justice for Palestine: A Call to Action from Indigenous and Women of Color Feminists

This statement is a call to action by U.S. indigenous and women of color feminists after a visit to Palestine in June 2011.
Time-Domain and Tunneling Pictures of Nonadiabatic Induced Electron Ejection in Molecular Anions

Molecular anions possessing excess internal vibrational and/or rotational energy can eject their “extra” electron through radiationless transitions involving non-Born−Oppenheimer coupling. In such processes, there is an interplay between the nuclear and electronic motions that allows energy to be transferred from the former to the latter and that permits momentum and/or angular momentum to also be transferred in a manner that preserves total energy, momentum, and angular momentum. There are well established quantum mechanical expressions for the rates of this kind of radiationless process, and these expressions have been used successfully to compute electron ejection rates. In this paper, we recast the state-to-state quantum rate equation into the time domain and into a form in which the departing electron tunnels through a radial potential. The time domain expressions are especially useful for polyatomic systems where the multidimensional time correlation function decays to zero on a very short time scal...
Race, Social Capital, and Trust in the Police:

Using a national survey of U.S. residents this study examines racial, socioeconomic, and community explanations for the trust of local police. We hypothesize that the construct of social capital offers a nexus for explaining racial differences in attitudes toward the police. We measure social capital as a construct by aggregating together measures that assess the degree of trust and civic engagement in communities. The results indicate that depleted levels of perceived community social capital contribute to higher levels of distrust of local police. Social capital, however, partially mediates the relative distrust of Blacks toward the police. These findings suggest only partial support for a social capital explanation of Blacks’ distrust in the police. The implications of these findings for police reform efforts to mend minority relations in urban cities are discussed.
Changes in Lake Erie benthos over the last 50 years: Historical perspectives, current status, and main drivers

Abstract During the last 50 years the ecosystem of Lake Erie has experienced major environmental changes, from anthropogenic eutrophication in 1930–1960s, to nutrient and pollution abatement in the 1970s, and then the introduction of exotic dreissenids in the 1980s. We used multivariate statistical techniques to examine long-term changes in the zoobenthic community, comparing contemporary collections (2009, 2011–2012) and historical data (1963–1965, 1978–1979, 1993, and 1998). The Lake Erie benthic community underwent significant changes during each decade examined, showing signs of recovery following ecosystem restoration in the 1970s, but then experiencing major structural and functional changes after dreissenid ( Dreissena polymorpha and D. r. bugensis ) introductions. There was a significant temporal trend in community composition changes from 1963 to 2012, and the largest difference was found between pre- and post-dreissenid invasion communities. Currently the lake-wide benthic community is dominated by dreissenids both in density (41%) and total wet biomass (97%), followed by oligochaetes and chironomids. The largest benthic density was found in the central basin, and the greatest biomass in the eastern basin. The number of exotic species found in benthic surveys increased every decade, from 1 in 1963 to 10 in 2009–2012, and the majority of the invaders were molluscs. Whereas the role of benthic invaders in community diversity is still low, their impact has had enormous consequences for the whole ecosystem.
Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative Hypnotics and Risk of Fall-Related Injury

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that use of zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zaleplon would be associated with increased risk of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hip fracture. METHODS: We conducted a case-crossover study on a 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries age 65 y or older hospitalized with either TBI (n = 15,031) or hip fracture (n = 37,833) during 2007-2009. Use of zolpidem, eszopiclone, or zaleplon during the 30-day period prior to injury hospitalization was compared to use during four control periods at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo prior to injury. The primary outcome was hospitalization for TBI or hip fracture. RESULTS: Zolpidem use during the month prior to injury was associated with increased risk of TBI (odds ratio [OR] 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56, 2.25); however, eszopiclone use during the same period was not associated with increased risk (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.40, 1.13). Zolpidem use during the month prior to injury was associated with increased risk of hip fracture (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.41, 1.79); however, eszopiclone use during the same period was not associated with increased risk (OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.83, 1.50). Analysis of zaleplon use in the month prior to injury was limited by low drug utilization but was not associated with increased risk of TBI (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.21, 3.34) or hip fracture (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.40, 2.13) in this study. CONCLUSIONS: For the treatment of insomnia in older adults, eszopiclone may present a safer alternative to zolpidem, in terms of fall-related injuries. Language: en
What does a single light-ray reveal about a transparent object?

We address the following problem in refractive shape estimation: given a single light-ray correspondence, what shape information of the transparent object is revealed along the path of the light-ray, assuming that the light-ray refracts twice. We answer this question in the form of two depth-normal ambiguities. First, specifying the surface normal at which refraction occurs constrains the depth to a unique value. Second, specifying the depth at which refraction occurs constrains the surface normal to lie on a 1D curve. These two depth-normal ambiguities are fundamental to shape estimation of transparent objects and can be used to derive additional properties. For example, we show that correspondences from three light-rays passing through a point are needed to correctly estimate its surface normal. Another contribution of this work is that we can reduce the number of views required to reconstruct an object by enforcing shape models. We demonstrate this property on real data where we reconstruct shape of an object, with light-rays observed from a single view, by enforcing a locally planar shape model.
The Role of Aesthetics and Perception in Raising Situation Awareness: Lessons from SpringRain

In the face of increased cyber risks, we present our iterative design process and the resulting principles of SpringRain, an information visualization (infoVis) display design concept for large screens in network control rooms (NOCs). It aims to raise team situation awareness by visualizing large-scale multidimensional computer network data sets as a live “rainfall.” We used aesthetic principles and theories of perception to prototype this ambient, yet data-dense, visualization. By applying multiple data dimensions to different properties of a line segment, such as length, motion, and color, the two-dimensional visualization offers analytical affordances (i.e., graphic qualities that make it clear how the display should be “read”) that can be processed pre-attentively (i.e., under 200 ms). This grants that time-sensitive anomalies in the network can be noticed, processed, and addressed in a timely manner. Our design approach was driven by theories rather than existing design works in the hope of encouragi...
Psychiatric consequences of "ethnic cleansing": clinical assessments and trauma testimonies of newly resettled Bosnian refugees.

OBJECTIVE: The authors describe the psychiatric assessments and trauma testimonies of 20 Bosnian refugees of "ethnic cleansing" who have recently resettled in the United States. METHOD: Refugees referred from agencies managing refugee resettlement underwent systematic, trauma-focused, clinical interviews that included standardized assessment scales. RESULTS: The traumatic experiences of ethnic cleansing in these Bosnian refugees were genocidal in nature. The number of types of traumatic experiences correlated positively with age. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was diagnosed in 65% of the refugees, and depressive disorders in 35%. PTSD severity scores were correlated with the number of types of traumatic events experienced. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic cleansing has caused high rates of PTSD and depression, as well as other forms of psychological morbidity, in this group of resettled Bosnian refugees. The longitudinal sequelae of ethnic cleansing as a form of massive psychic trauma remain to be studied. Language: en
BM-38THE PREFERRED ANATOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF 1172 BRAIN METASTASES BASED ON BRAIN VOLUME AND REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW

Regional based epidemiology of brain metastases was studied through the patients that were treated by gamma knife at the University of Minnesota. We reviewed 1903 procedures using Gamma Knife during the period from April 26, 2005 to June 29, 2010. Among them, 1172 (62%) cases were metastases. The most common types of metastases at our center, in descending order were lung, breast, skin and kidney. This matched well with medical data nationwide with the exception of breast metastases in women, which made up 44.5% in our group, higher than the national average. Taking into account the high accuracy of anatomical location required for stereotactic radiosurgery, we try to answer the question of whether metastatic lesions from specific sources are distributed according to the tissue volume of the region or by blood flow to the region. We use indices to represent the preference of certain tumors to metastasize to certain regions of the brain. An index of 1 signifies that the location of a metastasis strictly corresponds to the brain volume or the volume of regional blood flow. The bigger the brain volume, the more blood flow there is to the region. This increases the metastatic incidence, but not the index. Hence, a higher index indicates metastatic preference. The highest indices, >2 were found for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in the cerebellum and brainstem, breast cancer in the cerebellum and renal carcinoma in the occipital lobe. These epidemiological data may help us to track the factors associated with lifestyle or the genomics involved in particular metastases. Understanding the metastatic preference may also give us further insight into the mechanisms of certain tumor proliferation and homing based on the different environments present in various parts of the brain.
Montgomery's Messy Trifecta

Montgomery v. Louisiana arrived at the Supreme Court at the intersection of three conceptually challenging and jurisprudentially opaque areas of law. First, Montgomery came to the Court as an Eighth Amendment case requiring the Justices to struggle yet again with the counter-majoritarian question of what limits the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause puts on government powers to impose certain sentences on certain defendants for certain crimes. Second, Montgomery came to the Court as a retroactivity case requiring the Justices to struggle with the practical question of how new constitutional rules are to apply to old and seemingly settled criminal judgments. Third, Montgomery became a federalism case because the Justices, when granting certiorari review, added the jurisdictional question of whether the Court even had authority to review how Louisiana had implemented the Supreme Court’s prior decisions on Eighth Amendment and retroactivity issues.In this short essay, I briefly discuss the doctrinal puzzles of Montgomery in each of these three areas of law --- Eighth Amendment limits on sentences, retroactivity of new constitutional rules, and federal review of state criminal adjudications. Specifically, I explain how the Montgomery opinion achieved a messy trifecta: through one relatively short opinion, the Supreme Court managed to make each of these areas of law significantly more conceptually challenging and jurisprudentially opaque than they already were.
Methodology for assessment of new HIV infections and incidence

New HIV infections and incidence is a key technical indicator for prevention and control of AIDS,development of strategies for prevention and control of AIDS by providing specific direct basis.In this paper,the significance of new HIV infections,assessment methods and mathematical models and laboratory- based biomarker detection methods based on new HIV infections are reviewed.
CAFM Educational Research Alliance (CERA) 2011 Residency Director survey: background, methods, and respondent characteristics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Due to the scarcity of funds for educational research it is difficult for many clinician educators to conduct meaningful educational research. The Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) was created to provide an infrastructure to facilitate educational research in family medicine. CERA's first major initiative was an omnibus survey of family medicine residency directors. This survey incorporated several distinct subprojects focusing on different topic areas. Members of the Association of Family Medicine Residency Directors (AFMRD) were surveyed electronically in 2011 using the infrastructure of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. The response rate for the survey was 38% (172/452). The majority of the programs were community based, university affiliated, and well established, with a mean of 31.2 years of providing residency training. Program directors were predominantly male (72%) and had a mean duration of 6.8 years in that role. This 2011 Family Medicine Residency Director survey is the first step in building the CERA infrastructure. Several more CERA surveys of other distinct populations have already been put into the field. CERA represents an important conduit for academic family physicians to produce high-quality educational research. The creation of CERA is a key step toward making educational research in family medicine more achievable, more rigorous, and more generalizable.
Complications and Management of Diabetes: A Review of Current Research

Many complications are already present when the diagnosis of diabetes is made. This article reviews current research about the most common complications and describes innovative new research projects aimed at the future prevention of diabetes and its sequelae. Findings form the landmark DCCT study about the relationship of levels of blood glucose to some of the main complications are also discussed.
A função de "enunciados sumários" na composição do evangelho de Marcos: um diálogo com Karl Schmidt e Norman Perrin

O proposito deste artigo e desafiar o entendimento de Norman Perrin dos enunciados sumarios como artificios estruturais transicionais no Evangelho de Marcos. Para tal se procedera examinando o numero, carater e funcao de todos estes enunciados em Marcos e, entao, comparando-os com artificios narrativos similares em A vida de Apolonio de Tiana, de Filostrato.
Edge-based texture granularity detection

Directly connected to the texture appearance, texture granularity is an effective measurement for geographic resources classification, product quality monitoring and image compression ratio selection. However, the application of existing works on texture granularity is limited by intense computation and the dependence on empirically selected parameters that vary among different textures. This paper proposes an edge-based texture granularity detection algorithm that takes textures as homogeneous cells separated by prominent boundaries. Experiments on two datasets show that the proposed method yields granularity consistent with perceptual measures and is highly computationally efficient compared to existing methods.
BASAL CAMBRIAN SMALL SHELLY FOSSILS FROM THE LA CIENEGA FORMATION, NORTHWESTERN SONORA, MEXICO

A low diversity, small shelly fossil fauna, perhaps the oldest shelly fauna in North America, occurs in a cross-bedded carbonate unit of the La Cienega Formation, Caborca region, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Sinotubulites cienegensis n. sp., Cambrotubulus cf. C. decurvatus, and circothecid hyolithids occur in the Cerro Raj6n, Cerro Clemente, Cerros Calaveras, and Cerros Pitiquito exposures south of the town of Caborca. This fauna is probably Meishucunian or Tom- motian (basal Lower Cambrian) in age.
Jonah's complexes and our own: psychology and the interpretation of the Book of Jonah

This article employs attribution theory to investigate why readers have made such widely varying judgments concerning the character Jonah. This branch of social psychology examines the ways in whic...
Electrodic Chemistry in Biology

Historical developments of electrochemical concepts in biology are reviewed. Four classical treatments of membrane potential, namely, the treatment of original Nernstian equilibrium, of Donnan equilibrium, the treatments based on Planck’s liquid junction potential (Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz; Goldmann),and the association-induction theory of Ling, respectively, are discussed. The assumptions underlying the classical theories of membrane potential and their implications are pointed out. Developments of the electrodic suggestions in biology are analyzed. It is shown that the heat generation of the body is consistent with electrochemical functioning of the cell. An electrodic theory of membrane potential is outlined. The extent of agreement with experiment is found to be reasonable. It is concluded that biological reactions are largely surface reactions and only to a smaller extent redox reactions in solution.
The Application of Large-Scale State Estimation to Vibrating Structures

Abstract We have applied state-space methods to the analysis and measurement of the dynamic response of mechanical structures. Our basic approach has been to use finite element structural dynamics models and convert the geometric description of the structure to produce a set of 2nd order matrix differential equations. The equations are then transformed into state-space form for input to a large-scale discrete-time linear Kalman filter. The filter has been implemented on the CRAY-1 computer which has sufficient capacity for a system of 500 states. The actual testing and analysis of a sample structure subjected to vibration tests is discussed. The state estimates are compared post-facto to a finite element model output to evaluate estimator performance. The state estimator consisted of 72 states predicting nodal displacements.
Pre-travel Health Care Utilization Among Travelers Who Visit Friends and Relatives

Introduction: Immigrants to the United States who return home to visit friends and relatives (VFRs) have high rates of travel-related infections. The data on VFR utilization of pre-travel health care is inadequate. The objective of this study was to describe the travel patterns and adherence to pre-travel recommendations of VFRs.Methods: This retrospective study compared pre-travel health care utilization between VFR and non-VFR patients in one travel clinic from 2012-2013. Study investigators reviewed patients’ electronic medical records for demographic data, travel characteristics, and rates of immunizations and preventive medication prescriptions (i.e. antimalarial prophylaxis and antibiotics for traveler’s diarrhea). Categorical variables were compared using chi-square tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model adjusted associations of VFR with completion of pre-travel recommendations.Results: VFRs (n = 393) were younger than non-VFRs (n = 1680), more often required interpreters for language translation, and more commonly had government insurance coverage than non-VFRs. VFRs were more likely to travel to lower-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. VFRs had longer durations of travel: 51% for >4 weeks vs. 21% for non-VFRs (P < 0.0001). VFRs were less likely to complete tetanus, polio, and rabies vaccinations, but more likely to complete measles, mumps, and rubella vaccinations. Only the association with the rabies vaccination remained significant after adjustment (OR [95% CI] = 0.3 [0.1, 0.8]).Conclusion: VFRs had longer travel durations and lower rates of vaccine completion than non-VFRs. More research is needed to understand this disparity and to promote changes in practice.
Bodies in plural: Towards an anarcha-feminist manifesto

In the last few years, it has become a commonplace to state that domination takes place through a multiplicity of axes, where gender, class, race, and sexuality intersect with one another. While a ...
Feeling like a fraud: Helping students renegotiate their academic identities

A sense of belonging is an integral aspect of success in a long-term, group-oriented endeavor such as the pursuit of a college education. When students feel their presence at college is fraudulent,...
Novel names extend for how long preschool children sample visual information.

Abstract Known words can guide visual attention, affecting how information is sampled. How do novel words, those that do not provide any top-down information, affect preschoolers’ visual sampling in a conceptual task? We proposed that novel names can also change visual sampling by influencing how long children look. We investigated this possibility by analyzing how children sample visual information when they hear a sentence with a novel name versus without a novel name. Children completed a match-to-sample task while their moment-to-moment eye movements were recorded using eye-tracking technology. Our analyses were designed to provide specific information on the properties of visual sampling that novel names may change. Overall, we found that novel words prolonged the duration of each sampling event but did not affect sampling allocation (which objects children looked at) or sampling organization (how children transitioned from one object to the next). These results demonstrate that novel words change one important dynamic property of gaze: Novel words can entrain the cognitive system toward longer periods of sustained attention early in development.
Response to 'Increasing value and reducing waste in data extraction for systematic reviews: tracking data in data extraction forms'.

This is a response to a Letter. Data abstraction is a time-consuming and error-prone systematic review task. Shokraneh and Adams categorize available techniques for tracking data during data abstraction into three methods: simple annotation, descriptive addressing, and Cartesian coordinate system. While we agree with the categorization of the techniques, we disagree with the authors’ statement that descriptive addressing is a PDF-independent method, i.e., any sort of descriptive addressing must reference a specific version of PDF file and not just any PDF of said report. Different versions of PDFs of the same report might place text and tables on different locations of the same page and/or on different pages. Consequently, it is our opinion that any kind of source location information should be accompanied by the source or linked by an intermediary service such as the Data Abstraction Assistant (DAA).
Omics Approaches in Viral Biotechnology: Toward Understanding the Viral Diseases, Prevention, Therapy, and Other Applications in Human Betterment

Abstract Biotechnology deals with the manipulation of genetic material to achieve the desired outputs. Viruses have been popular agents used in biotechnological research and applications. Viruses are compact entities that have the ability to carry the genetic material to the cell and thus facilitate the safe transport and integration of genetic material to the target cell. Therefore viruses are used in various biotechnology applications such as production of vaccines, production of therapeutic proteins, and improvement of crops with the help of plant viruses and also in cancer research. Omics approach takes into account the development and usage of viral biotechnology applications for processes like genome profiling, call-based screening, and vaccine development. These efforts aim at providing high-quality health care for human betterment. Overall, viruses are potent agents of research and applications of biotechnology.
Engineering a Bioartificial Liver Support

Publisher Summary While most extracorporeal bioartificial liver devices have been developed as a bridge to organ transplant, these devices are also often mentioned as a bridge therapy while a patient's liver regenerates. The time for a human liver to regenerate to the point where it could adequately sustain function for survival may take weeks, or perhaps even months. Most bioartificial liver devices have only been tested in animals for times on the order of hours. Whether they will stand up to the longer duration of therapy needed to allow for regeneration has yet to be seen. Though there are several obstacles to be overcome, results to this point have been encouraging, and it is likely that these extracorporeal devices will serve as successful “bridge-to-transplant” therapies.
Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Rural Health Professionals

Since the United States was founded, the country’s population has shifted from what was once overwhelmingly rural-95% in 1790—to what is now predominantly urban, reported as 75% in 1990. During the 1970s there was a movement toward rural living; it became known as the “rural renaissance.” The country witnessed a loss of rural population in the 1980s, but data indicate there may be another turnaround to increased rural population in the years to come (Ricketts, Johnson-Webb, & Randolph, 1999).
Using Electronic Health Records to Identify Adverse Drug Events in Ambulatory Care: A Systematic Review.

Objective We identified the methods used and determined the roles of electronic health records (EHRs) in detecting and assessing adverse drug events (ADEs) in the ambulatory setting. Methods We performed a systematic literature review by searching PubMed and Google Scholar for studies on ADEs detected in the ambulatory setting involving any EHR use published before June 2017. We extracted study characteristics from included studies related to ADE detection methods for analysis. Results We identified 30 studies that evaluated ADEs in an ambulatory setting with an EHR. In 27 studies, EHRs were used only as the data source for ADE identification. In two studies, the EHR was used as both a data source and to deliver decision support to providers during order entry. In one study, the EHR was a source of data and generated patient safety reports that researchers used in the process of identifying ADEs. Methods of identification included manual chart review by trained nurses, pharmacists, and/or physicians; prescription review; computer monitors; electronic triggers; International Classification of Diseases codes; natural language processing of clinical notes; and patient phone calls and surveys. Seven studies provided examples of search phrases, laboratory values, and rules used to identify ADEs. Conclusion The majority of studies examined used EHRs as sources of data for ADE detection. This retrospective approach is appropriate to measure incidence rates of ADEs but not adequate to detect preventable ADEs before patient harm occurs. New methods involving computer monitors and electronic triggers will enable researchers to catch preventable ADEs and take corrective action.
Integrated models show a transient opportunity for sustainable management by tropical forest dwellers

Abstract Nearly 25% of world’s poor are dependent on forests, with 0.5–1 billion smallholders managing trees. This extensive human use of forests points to the need for sustainable timber management (STM) at smallholder scales. Similar to other tropical regions, households in the Amazon Estuary have harvested timber informally with minimal management for decades. This research provides a comprehensive look at the ecological and economic sustainability of forest use by local smallholders by integrating detailed plant demography, microeconomic, management and land use models at a whole watershed and community scale. In terms of conservation outcomes, resulting models show that forest management results in extensive harvests that allow for faster tree population recovery. In terms of economic outcomes, management also improves the long-term viability of the local timber industry in all scenarios considered. However, with respect to harvest regulations, given the costs of legalizing these small informal operations, legalization may indirectly lead to heavier ecological impacts as households need to harvest more to keep economic returns similar to the predominant alternative land use in the region (acai palm fruit agroforestry). Despite a fast-growing and resource-rich forest, an increasing extent of degraded forest area reduces the ecological and economic prospects for long-term management. Consequently, for this and other similar tropical forests, the viability of STM should not be evaluated as a binary and static yes or no response but instead as a moving window of opportunity that occurs when ecological, economic and policy conditions are met. Integrated model projections show that regionally-derived and ecologically-based sustainable management guidelines widen this window of opportunity by delivering the best ecological and economic outcomes under a range of scenarios considered.
Through the Clinical Lens: A Pragmatic Look at Infusing Therapeutic Jurisprudence Into Clinical Pedagogy

In recent years, several clinicians have written about infusing Therapeutic Jurisprudence into their courses. Therapeutic Jurisprudence is the use of behavioral sciences to study the emotional effects of the law on legal participants and the development of approaches to minimize the negative effects of the law on the individuals. This article reflects on why the time is ripe to cross-pollinate and points to some clinical practices that could benefit from a pedagogical development that incorporates Therapeutic Jurisprudence. This article describes the development of client-centered interviewing and the use of narrative in clinical education to illustrate three points. First, use of these tools demonstrates that clinical theory welcomes and develops by embracing ideas from other disciplines. Second, in discussing the evolution of clinical theory, similarities to Therapeutic Jurisprudence concepts become apparent to Therapeutic Jurisprudence scholars. Third, Therapeutic Jurisprudence has been the subtext and not the primary force behind experimental theories. Hence, the therapeutic benefits of client-centered representation and narrative were generally unaddressed until the turn of the century when clinicians grew more comfortable with reconnecting empathy and holistic representation to practical legal training. In addition, clinicians have begun to focus on the importance of the attorney's psychological well being in the client-attorney relationship, creating yet another opportunity for collaboration between Therapeutic Jurisprudence and clinical education.
Mutant huntingtin disrupts mitochondrial proteostasis by interacting with TIM23

Mutant huntingtin (mHTT), the causative protein in Huntington's disease (HD), associates with the translocase of mitochondrial inner membrane 23 (TIM23) complex, resulting in inhibition of synaptic mitochondrial protein import first detected in presymptomatic HD mice. The early timing of this event suggests that it is a relevant and direct pathophysiologic consequence of mHTT expression. We show that, of the 4 TIM23 complex proteins, mHTT specifically binds to the TIM23 subunit and that full-length wild-type huntingtin (wtHTT) and mHTT reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. We investigated differences in mitochondrial proteome between wtHTT and mHTT cells and found numerous proteomic disparities between mHTT and wtHTT mitochondria. We validated these data by quantitative immunoblotting in striatal cell lines and human HD brain tissue. The level of soluble matrix mitochondrial proteins imported through the TIM23 complex is lower in mHTT-expressing cell lines and brain tissues of HD patients compared with controls. In mHTT-expressing cell lines, membrane-bound TIM23-imported proteins have lower intramitochondrial levels, whereas inner membrane multispan proteins that are imported via the TIM22 pathway and proteins integrated into the outer membrane generally remain unchanged. In summary, we show that, in mitochondria, huntingtin is located in the intermembrane space, that mHTT binds with high-affinity to TIM23, and that mitochondria from mHTT-expressing cells and brain tissues of HD patients have reduced levels of nuclearly encoded proteins imported through TIM23. These data demonstrate the mechanism and biological significance of mHTT-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial protein import, a mechanism likely broadly relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
Cognitive and behavioral effects of brief seizures in mice.

Abstract Comorbidities associated with epilepsy greatly reduce patients' quality of life. Since antiepilepsy drugs show limited success in ameliorating cognitive and behavioral symptoms, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms underlying epilepsy-related cognitive and behavioral impairments. Most prior research addressing this problem has focused on chronic epilepsy, wherein many factors can simultaneously impact cognition and behavior. The purpose of the present study was to develop a testing paradigm using mice that can provide new insight into how short-term biological changes underlying acute seizures impact cognition and behavior. In Experiment 1, naive C57BL/6J mice were subjected to either three brief, generalized electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) or three sham treatments equally spaced over the course of 30 min. Over the next 2 h, mice were tested in a novel object recognition paradigm. Follow-up studies examined locomotor activity immediately before and after (Experiment 2), immediately after (Experiment 3), and 45 min after (Experiment 4) a set of three ECS or sham treatments. Whereas results demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference in recognition memory acquisition between ECS and sham-treated mice, measures of anxiety-like behavior were increased and novel object interest was decreased in ECS-treated mice compared with that in sham. Interestingly, ECS also produced a delayed inhibitory effect on locomotion, decreasing open-field activity 45-min posttreatment compared to sham. We conclude that a small cluster of brief seizures can have acute, behaviorally relevant effects in mice, and that greater emphasis should be placed on events that take place before chronic epilepsy is established in order to better understand epilepsy-related cognitive and behavioral impairments. Future research would benefit from using the paradigms defined above to study the effects of individual seizures on mouse cognition and behavior.