cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What has been Accomplished in New Economic Sociology and Where is it Heading

Since the early or mid-1980s important changes have taken place in economic sociology. New topics have been added to its agenda, and interesting advances have been made in analyzing problems that were initiated during the 1980s when “new economic sociology” was born. As to theory, it appears that the embeddedness approach is still the most popular approach – but it is also increasingly criticized and a few other theoretical alternatives exist today. The three topics of networks, markets and firms continue to be central, and some important advances have been made during the last decade. New topics include finance, law, stratification and comparative-historical studies. New economic sociology is still suspicious of mainstream economics but has good relations with the other social sciences as well as with other subfields in sociology. If there is one weakness to recent economic sociology, the article concludes, it is the lack of new ideas. Economic sociology still lives very much on the ideas from the 1980s, which is worrisome.
Studies in Superconductivity III. Sn, Cb, Ta, and Pb Wires

The electrical and magnetic properties (in fields of 0-80 oersteds) of Sn, Cb, Ta, and Pb wires of several diameters (25-250 microns) have been studied in the superconducting state. In addition x-ray powder photographs (made with copper $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation) have been taken of the wires studied. The experimental results obtained showed that a low resistance ratio, $\frac{R}{{R}_{0}}$ (${R}_{0}=\mathrm{room}\mathrm{temperature}\mathrm{resistance}$), high transition temperature, and small transition range were always found together for a given metal. For lead the 25,127- and 254-micron wires studied, all exhibited a transition temperature of 7.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, a fact which is attributed to the similar crystalline character of these wires.
Dissimilar joining of galvanized high-strength steel to aluminum alloy in a zero-gap lap joint configuration by two-pass laser welding

Abstract A welding procedure based on using two-pass laser scans is introduced for dissimilar joining of overlapped galvanized high-strength dual-phase (DP) steel DP590 to aluminum alloy (AA) 6061 sheets. The first pass is based on a defocused laser spot that scans across the top of the two overlapped sheets and heats the zinc coating at the faying surface to be melted and partially vaporized, while the second pass is executed with a focused laser spot in order to perform the welding. Completely defect-free galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints were obtained by using this two-pass laser welding procedure. An on-line machine vision system was applied to monitor the keyhole dynamics during the laser welding process. An energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was carried out to determine the atomic percent of zinc, aluminum, and iron in the galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints. Mechanical testing and micro-hardness test were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints. The experimental results showed that the lap joint of galvanized steel to aluminum obtained by the two-pass laser welding approach had a higher failure value than those joints obtained when the zinc at the faying surface was mechanically removed under the same welding speed and laser power.
Initial development of the noradrenergic phenotype in autonomic neuroblasts of the rat embryo in vivo

Abstract Initial development of the noradrenergic phenotype has been defined in autonomic neuroblasts of the rat embryo in vivo . Adrenergic differentiation was documented by examining the appearance of the catecholamine (CA) biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine- N -methyltransferase (PNMT), as well as that of the CA transmitters. Immunocytochemical and fluorescence histochemical methods were employed. None of these adrenergic traits were detectable in the neural crest itself or in the ventrally migrating crest cells. T-OH, DBH, and CA simultaneously appeared at 11.5 to 12 days of gestation (27–30 somites) in neuroblasts aggregating to form the sympathetic ganglion primordia. Thereafter, fluorescence intensity and the number of noradrenergic cells increased progressively. Additionally, T-OH, DBH, and CA transiently appeared at 11.5 days in neuroblasts within the gut mesenchyme. The number of gut noradrenergic neuroblasts increased rapidly during the succeeding day, but thereafter decreased so that by 13.5 days only rare cells were encountered. There was striking synchrony in the appearance of noradrenergic characters in the ganglion anlage and gut, and in their disappearance in cells of the gut. In contrast, PNMT, which synthesizes epinephrine, was undetectable in primitive ganglia or gut neuroblasts, suggesting that expression of the adrenergic phenotype is regulated in a manner different from that of the noradrenergic phenotype.
Using scholastic aptitude test scores as indicators of state educational performance

Abstract The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is used frequently as a measure of educational performance at the national, state and local levels. However, participation rates on the test differ considerably across states and local districts. Comparisons of SAT scores are thus invalid unless they are adjusted for differences in participation rates. In this article we propose a regression model framework for adjusting SAT scores. The results of the estimated model are validated by comparing adjusted SAT scores with state scores on a National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) test given to random samples of students in a large number of states. We find that the regression model approach yields adjusted scores that closely match state rankings on the NAEP test, and that the results are robust with respect to the choice of regressors in the model.
Disappearance of AML1-MTG8 transcript by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in a patient in remission of acute myeloid leukemia (M2) after low-dose cytosine arabinoside

Abstract It is well-known that low dose cytosine arabinoside (LDAC) has activity in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Several studies have shown that AML patients with t(8;21) in long term complete remission (CR) following intensive chemotherapy or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) still have persistence of AML1-MTG8 transcripts by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. We report here a patient who has no evidence of residual disease detectable by RT-PCR after LDAC. A 69-year-old patient did not obtain CR after two courses of intensive chemotherapy with behenoyl-ara-C, daunorubicin, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisolone. He received subcutaneous LDAC 10 mg every 12 h and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for 29 days and achieved CR. He continued on a 21 to 28-day course of LDAC without G-CSF every 2 or 3 months and has remained well and in CR for 5 years without chimeric AML1-MTG8 transcript by RT-PCR. LDAC therapy seems to be effective in eradicating the leukemic clone as post-induction or maintenance therapy in this patient. This is the first case report of the disappearance of AML1-MTG8 transcript by RT-PCR in a patient with t(8;21) in long-term remission after LDAC.
Designing and Managing the Future of the State

We encounter divergent trends. Worldwide communications and movements of persons, goods and services, and the resultant economic links, have created new interdependences. As a result, in more and more social sectors, activities that cross borders can no longer be regulated effectively by the parts of the state apparatus that have been responsible for them. Whether it be health, criminal activity, including terrorism and other forms of purposive political violence, economic organization, immigration or border control, protection of intellectual and material property whatever the state, acting alone, seems increasingly less able to accomplish what is expected of it without locking itself into more and more complex and durable intergovernmental arrangements. Each of these arrangements requires some yielding of national competence.
Integrating sugar beet pulp storage, hydrolysis and fermentation for fuel ethanol production

Abstract Sugar beet pulp (SBP) as received has a fairly high moisture content of 75–85%, which makes SBP storage a challenge. Ensilage was studied over 90 days and was found to effectively preserve SBP without lactic acid bacterium inoculation. Higher packing density yielded a slightly better silage quality. Ensilage improved sugar yield upon enzymatic hydrolysis of ensiled SBP washed with water. However, neither washing nor sterilization improved ethanol production from ensiled SBP using Escherichia coli KO11, suggesting ensiled SBP could be used directly in fermentation. The ethanol yield from ensiled SBP was nearly 50% higher than raw SBP. Fed-batch fermentation obtained approximately 30% higher ethanol yield than batch. Fed-batch could also be carried out at 12% solid loading with a 50% lower enzyme dosage compared to batch at the same solid loading, indicating opportunities to improve the economics of SBP conversion into liquid fuels.
High-yield roentgenographic criteria for cervical spine injuries.

All trauma patients undergoing cervical radiography at an urban referral teaching hospital emergency department during 12 consecutive months were analyzed for indications and results of cervical spine radiograph studies. Demographic characteristics of the study group were consistent with results in the literature (55% men, mean age, 27). Cases were reviewed for 27 commonly accepted indications in the literature for cervical spine studies under these circumstances. The following radiograph findings were considered as positive studies: fracture, subluxation, spondylolisthesis, straightening, spasm, foreign body, compression, fusion, narrowing, or soft tissue swelling. Seventeen percent of radiographs were positive. Motor vehicle accidents ( P P P P P P
Optimal envy-free cake cutting

We consider the problem of fairly dividing a heterogeneous divisible good among agents with different preferences. Previous work has shown that envy-free allocations, i.e., where each agent prefers its own allocation to any other, may not be efficient, in the sense of maximizing the total value of the agents. Our goal is to pinpoint the most efficient allocations among all envy-free allocations. We provide tractable algorithms for doing so under different assumptions regarding the preferences of the agents.
Late gestation modulation of fetal glucocorticoid effects requires the receptor for leukemia inhibitory factor: an observational study.

Background Ablation of the low-affinity receptor subunit for leukemia inhibitory factor (LIFR) causes multi-systemic defects in the late gestation fetus. Because corticosterone is known to have a broad range of effects and LIF function has been associated with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, this study was designed to determine the role for LIFR in the fetus when exposed to the elevated maternal glucocorticoid levels of late gestation. Uncovering a requirement for LIFR in appropriate glucocorticoid response will further understanding of control of glucocorticoid function.
Towards a Verifiable Checkpointing Scheme for Agent-Based Interorganizational Workflow System "Docking Station" Standards

The advent of web services brings new promises for organizations that collaborate amongst themselves through interorganizational workflow (IOW) management systems by providing a standard platform for interorganizational information exchange. However, a major impediment to more wide-scale use of such systems is the lack of provably correct methods for managing fault tolerance. The objective of our research is to provide a checkpointing scheme as the foundation for a sound recovery strategy for IOWs: a strategy that can be included in higher-level web services standards. We adopt concepts from the mobile computing literature to decompose workflows into mobile agent-driven processes that will prospectively attach to web services-based organizational 'docking stations.' This decomposition is extended in order to define logical points within the dynamics of the entire workflow execution that provide for locating accurate and consistent states of the system for recovery in case of a failure. Finally, we establish that the proposed scheme ensures consistency.
Tallis, Isidore of Seville and Suscipe quaeso

The text of Thomas Tallis ' s seven-voice motet Suscipe quaeso Domine is not (as has previously been suggested) a liturgical collect or a piece of Marian Catholic pro paganda. It is taken from a devotional soliloquy by the early medieval churchman and polymath Isidore of Seville. This fact links it closely to Byrd ' s motet Tribue Domine, which appears near it in the 1575 Cantiones, quae ab argumento sacrae vocantur. In an era marked by escalating religious controversy, both composers chose to adorn their musical offering to Queen Elizabeth with large-scale settings of patristic or quasi-patristic texts, an implicit nod to the era of at least nominally undivided Christianity.
Easier is not always better: The moderating role of processing type on preference fluency

Prior research has shown that preference fluency (i.e., the subjective feeling that forming a preference is easy or difficult) systematically influences consumer choices. When deciding on an option feels difficult, or requires effort, consumers are likely to select a different option or defer the decision. We find that under conditions of narrative processing, difficulty in processing can actually improve preferences because more effort leads to more transportation, or immersion, into the story, thus enhancing brand evaluations. Three experiments demonstrate that the effect of preference fluency reverses when consumers think about a brand as part of a story.
Direct numerical simulations of instability and boundary layer turbulence under a solitary wave

A significant amount of research effort has been made to understand the boundary layer instability and the generation and evolution of turbulence subject to periodic/oscillatory flows. However, little is known about bottom boundary layers driven by highly transient and intermittent free-stream flow forcing, such as solitary wave motion. To better understand the nature of the instability mechanisms and turbulent flow characteristics subject to solitary wave motion, a large number of direct numerical simulations are conducted. Different amplitudes of random initial fluctuating velocity field are imposed. Two different instability mechanisms are observed within the range of Reynolds number studied. The first is a short-lived, nonlinear, long-wave instability which is observed during the acceleration phase, and the second is a broadband instability that occurs during the deceleration phase. Transition from a laminar to turbulent state is observed to follow two different breakdown pathways: the first follows the sequence of -type secondary instability of a near-wall boundary layer at comparatively lower Reynolds number and the second one follows a breakdown path similar to that of free shear layers. Overall characteristics of the flow are categorized into four regimes as: (i) laminar; (ii) disturbed laminar; (iii) transitional; and (iv) turbulent. Our categorization into four regimes is consistent with earlier works. However, this study is able to provide more specific definitions through the instability characteristics and the turbulence breakdown process.
Use of signal thresholds to determine significant changes in microarray data analyses

The use of a constant fold-change to determine significant changes in gene expression has been widely accepted for its intuition and ease of use in microarray data analysis, but this concept has been increasingly criticized because it does not reflect signal intensity and can result in a substantial number of false positives and false negatives. To resolve this dilemma, we have analyzed 65 replicate Affymetrix chip-chip comparisons and determined a series of user adjustable signal-dependent thresholds which do not require replicates and offer a 95% confidence interval. Quantitative RT-PCR shows that such thresholds significantly improve the power to discriminate biological changes in mRNA from noise and reduce false calls compared to the traditional two-fold threshold. The user-friendly nature of this approach means that it can be easily applied by any user of microarray analysis, even those without any specialized knowledge of computational techniques or statistics. Noise is a function of signal intensity not only for Affymetrix data but also for cDNA array data, analysis of which may also be benefited by our methodology.
Nonmyelin-Specific T Cells Accelerate Development of Central Nervous System APC and Increase Susceptibility to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Previously we demonstrated that both myelin-specific and nonmyelin-specific rat T cells were capable of accelerating the development of transplanted rat BM-derived APC in the CNS of SCID C.B-17/scid (SCID) mice. This suggested that nonmyelin-specific T cells might be capable of increasing susceptibility to EAE by increasing the number and function of APC in the CNS before disease induction. To assess this possibility, we evaluated disease incidence, day of onset, duration, mean peak severity, cumulative disease index, and histopathology in the presence or absence of nonmyelin-specific T cells. The results demonstrate an association between T cell responses to nonmyelin Ags, accelerated development of BM-derived CNS APC before disease induction, and heightened susceptibility to CNS inflammation mediated by myelin-specific T cells. This suggests that T cell responses to nonmyelin Ags can potentiate CNS inflammation by elevating the functional presence of CNS APC.
Nomogram-based intraocular lens power adjustment after myopic photorefractive keratectomy and LASIK: a new approach.

Purpose (1) To evaluate the accuracy of nomogram-based adjustment of intraocular lens (IOL) power to achieve a desired refractive target after cataract surgery in postmyopic LASIK and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) eyes and (2) to compare the accuracy of the nomogram-based method with the clinical history method. Design Multicenter, retrospective, interventional, noncomparative case series. Subjects Fourteen patients (19 eyes) after myopic LASIK or PRK with visually significant cataracts. Intervention All eyes underwent cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. In each case, IOL power was determined with standard keratometry and biometry. Power adjustment was made by use of a theoretical nomogram followed by implantation. Main Outcome Measures (1) Final refraction and spherical equivalent after cataract surgery and (2) deviation of the final spherical equivalent from the refractive target. Results After cataract extraction, by use of nomogram adjustment, 63.2% of eyes were within 0.5 D of the intended spherical equivalent, 84.2% were within 1.0 diopter of the intended spherical equivalent, and 100% were within 1.5 D of the intended spherical equivalent. The clinical history method was accurate in predicting the correct IOL power in 37.5% of cases, regardless of whether spectacle or corneal plane refraction was used. Conclusions (1) Given the change in spherical equivalent induced by myopic LASIK/PRK, IOL power can be adjusted accurately to avoid undercorrection without the need for the prerefractive surgery corneal power. (2) The nomogram-based method was more accurate than the clinical history method.
Ewing Sarcoma in a Diabetic Male with History of Foot Ulceration

Ewing sarcoma is a rare diagnosis, with as few as 225 new cases diagnosed in North America annually, and only 3% occurring in the foot. They generally present in the second decade of life and are very infrequently found in patients older than 40 years. The diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma can be difficult, especially in older patients with diabetes and a history of ulceration, because it can have an appearance on radiography similar to that of osteomyelitis. We present a case of Ewing sarcoma of the foot in a patient with type 2 diabetes in his sixth decade of life.
Discerning Pulmonary Venous From Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Without the Help of a Catheter

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an increasingly recognized cause of dyspnea and effort intolerance that may develop in response to 5 broad categories of disease.1 After excluding patients with hypoxic pulmonary disease, thromboembolism, and other systemic disorders, the differential diagnosis narrows to group I PH (or pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH] due to abnormalities in the pulmonary arterial vasculature) and group II PH (due to pulmonary venous hypertension from left-sided heart disease). Group II PH is straightforward to diagnose noninvasively when obvious culprits such as left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction or valvular heart disease are identified by echocardiography.2 However, half of patients with left-sided heart failure have preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF),3 without significant valvular disease, and it can be challenging to distinguish this group of patients from those with PAH, who similarly have a normal EF, elevated pulmonary artery (PA) pressure estimates, and diastolic dysfunction on echocardiogram. The treatments and mechanisms underlying PAH and HFpEF are quite different, so distinction of one from the other is of obvious clinical importance. Article see p 257 In the absence of shunts, the pulmonary and systemic circulations receive approximately the same amount of blood flow per minute, but this is where the similarities end. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is >10-fold lower than resistance in the systemic circulation, and the pressure in the venous bed draining the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary veins, left atrium) accounts for a much greater percentage of total PA pressure (40% to 60%) than the corresponding downstream venous pressure in the systemic circuit (right atrium, accounting for only ≈5% of systemic pressure). Because PA pressure is so heavily influenced by left heart filling pressures, it is not surprising that group II PH is the most common form of PH.2 PH has traditionally been defined by mean PA pressure in …
Explaining Government Growth in the U.S. States

Despite the explosive increase in the research program on government growth in recent years, little work has been done on government growth disaggregated to the subnational level. I examine the empirical validity of five competing models of government growth for the fifty U.S. states from 1945 to 1984: Wagner's Law, fiscal illusion, party control, bureau voting, and intergovernmental grant. Government size is defined in terms of state government spending as a proportion of total state economic output, with separate implicit price deflators being employed for the public and private sectors. Based on a longitudinal test of these competing models, the analysis uncovers strong empirical support for the bureau voting and intergovernmental grant models, moderately weak support for the Wagner's Law model, and virtually no support for the fiscal illusion and party control explanations. These findings have important implications for the study of government growth in general and, more specifically, in the states.
Artificial markets: A review and assessment of a new venue for innovation research

Abstract Artificial markets are an emerging form of agent-based social simulation in which agents represent consumers, firms, or industries interacting under simulated market conditions. We review the literature on these models and analyze their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats with special focus on consumers. We identify several promising applications such as forecasting future market behavior, exploring market dynamics, conducting massively parallel market analysis, gaming organizational strategies for volatile new markets, and profiling products and services which do not currently exist, but which markets are poised and ready to accept. We conclude with seven recommendations to help guide the development of artificial markets as a venue for technological innovation research.
Influence of cell surface hydrophobicity on attachment of Candida albicans to extracellular matrix proteins.

Cell surface hydrophobicity expression by Candida albicans facilitates a diffuse binding distribution of yeast cells to host tissues ex vivo. One possibility for the receptor site responsible for the binding pattern of hydrophobic cells is the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we evaluated the interaction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic C. albicans with ECM proteins immobilized onto wells of microtitre tissue-culture plates, and the ability of ECM proteins to block the binding of hydrophobic cells to splenic tissue ex vivo. Hydrophobic C. albicans bound in greater numbers than hydrophilic cells to the immobilized proteins, particularly fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen type IV and laminin. Similar results were obtained regardless of C. albicans strain or of growth medium. Collagen and fibronectin blocked the binding of hydrophobic cells to the white pulp but not to the marginal zones in splenic tissues when tested with the ex vivo assay. These results suggest that the diffuse binding pattern of hy...
Absence of weight regulation in exercising hamsters.

BORER, K. T. Absence of weight regulation in exercising hamsters. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 12(4) 589-597, 1974. Spontaneous activity on horizontal discs causes a permanent upward displacement of hamster weight, length, and, under some circumstances, percentage body fat. This phenomenon manifests itself through an immediate increase in the rate of weight gain, a disappearance of a preference for sunflower seeds, as well as in a delayed and gradual increase in food intake during and immediately following the activity period. A week after termination of spontaneous disc running normal regulation of body weight is reinstated and maintained at the new elevated weight level. These results suggest that some concomitant of spontaneous disc running in hamsters renders the weight-regulatory mechanisms inoperative. Spontaneous exercise Weight gain Growth Body fat Food consumption Food selection Weight regulation
How to Reconcile the Establishment Clause and Standing Doctrine in Religious Display Cases with a New Coercion Test

The Supreme Court’s endorsement test has created a significant problem: inconsistent and arbitrary application of the standing doctrine in religious display cases. Cases involving the application of the endorsement test present the recurring threshold question whether the challenger’s “injury” meets the definition of the Court’s “injury-in-fact” requirement to confer standing to litigate the Establishment Clause claims.When a plaintiff challenges a religious display, the standing doctrine requires the injury be “concrete and particularized,” not “hypothetical” or “conjectural.” However, in the overwhelming majority of religious display challenges, the “endorsement” injury does not satisfy this threshold. The harm suffered — ideological offense and feeling like an outsider in the political community — is a stigmatic harm, which the Court has said is too abstract and too much like a generalized grievance to constitute an Article III injury. Moreover, courts of appeal have reached differing and arbitrary conclusions as to what qualifies as an Article III injury in an attempt to balance the clashing doctrines: trying to find an injury that satisfies standing but without diluting the endorsement test. In short, the endorsement harm is not itself an Article III injury and that causes a recurring problem.The answer to reconciling the Establishment Clause and Article III in this context is not further alteration of the standing doctrine. Standing serves several important functions in the judiciary system, particularly maintaining the separation of powers between the three branches of government.Rather the answer will be found in revisiting the Court’s Establishment Clause doctrine. While the “endorsement” harm is not generally an Article III injury, a coercive harm often will be. Since coercion-based harm is an Article III injury, this Comment will argue that the application of a coercion test in religious display cases would also satisfy the standing doctrine’s injury requirement because the harm suffered would be more concrete and particularized, not stigma-based.Under this coercion test, the exposure to the challenged display must be direct and unwelcome, persistent, and it must force the viewer into a “choice of evils” scenario where she must either continue to confront the display or suffer some concrete harm or sacrifice. While this test may not be perfect, it is a golden mean between two schools of thought: (1) scholars who claim the religious display challenger has not suffered any injury and thus does not have standing, and (2) scholars who claim that since the Establishment Clause might be violated, any challenger has standing to sue.Since the endorsement harm cannot be reconciled with Article III, then there is good reason to believe the endorsement test is a flawed view of the Establishment Clause and that a coercion test is the better approach. This Comment hopes to square these doctrines so that there may be some clarity and consistency in future cases.
Meat, Poultry, and Fish

In this discussion, meat is defined as the flesh of cattle, swine, sheep or goats that is consumed for food. It consists of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue and interspersed with nerves and blood vessels, which normally accompany the tissue. A single muscle contains a number of fiber bundles, held together by a sheath of connective tissue, the epimysium. Groups of fibers are associated into fiber bundles which, in turn, are surrounded by a sheath of connective tissue, the perimysium. The basic unit of muscle is the fiber, and it is bounded by the endomysium and sarcolemma.
Facial nerve stimulation from cochlear implants.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of facial nerve stimulation from cochlear implants and to better define the segment of nerve being stimulated and the causes of stimulation. Study Design: Retrospective patient case review and a temporal bone dissection study. Setting: A tertiary care setting. Patients: All patients given a cochlear implant at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. This encompassed only adult patients. Intervention: All patients had surgical insertion of either a 3M single channel, Nucleus 22-channel, or CLARION multichannel cochlear implant. Main Outcome Measures: Demonstration of facial nerve stimulation with a cochlear implant and determination of affected electrodes; measurement of electrode location and distances between the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve and the cochlea in temporal bone dissections; and determination of the relationship between the labyrinthine facial nerve and the cochlea using computed tomography evaluation. Results: The overall incidence of facial nerve stimulation using all three devices was 14% (8 of 58). Otosclerosis and otosyphilis appear to be predisposing conditions to stimulation. The midcochlear electrodes, located near the labyrinthine facial nerve. appear to cause stimulation of the VIIth nerve most commonly. Computed tomographic evaluation of the bone between the labyrinthine fallopian canal and the cochlea may provide some indication of potential facial nerve problems. Conclusion: Facial nerve stimulation from the use of cochlear implants is more prevalent in patients with otosclerosis and otosyphilis. The labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve is the most likely area being stimulated in most patients. Preoperative computed tomographic evaluation may be beneficial in determining the possibility of this problem.
Advanced Care Medical Kit for Prehospital Emergencies

Since 1 August 1986, the [U.S.] Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has required medical kits be carried on all aircraft with thirty or more seats. In addition, kits are commercially available, as are published suggestions for the composition of kits which can be used by physicians during wilderness, overseas, and shipboard travel. However, little data are available regarding medical kits to be carried in a physician's private automobile for use in prehospital emergencies. It was the goal of this study to design such a kit for use by the residents, graduates, and faculty of the Emergency Medicine Residency at Wright State University. This paper will discuss how and why the various items were chosen for inclusion in this kit.
A Behavior-Based Controller Architecture for Reactive Underwater Robots

Much robotic behavior has precise analogies in the behavior of animals. Animal behavior can often be categorized into recognizable acts with well defined releasers and terminators. Different patterns of behavior may share common acts. These acts may represent discrete components of behavior which are sequenced and assembled into more complex behavior. In lower invertebrates, such behavior can be evoked by stimulation of single neurons or sets of neurons or partitioned by lesions of the central nervous system. Thus there can be a correspondence between units of behavior and underlying neuronal components. The organizational principles of these components can form the basis for a conservative control architecture which may apply to a variety of robotic systems. In this manuscript, I apply examples of this approach to the design of software controllers for biologically-based underwater robots.
Feeding Culex Tarsalis on Outdated Whole Human Blood through Animal-Derived Membranes (Diptera: Culicidae)

The highest feeding rates were obtained with 4- to 7-day-old mosquitoes that remained in the feeding chambers 3 to 4 hours and fed in an ambient temperature of 25° C., through Silverlight membranes. The outdated human blood was held at 4° C. until needed, then warmed to the desired temperature just prior to its use. Somewhat lower feeding percentages obtained in several experiments were probably due to use of mosquitoes that were too young, or to the presence of males and/or excessive numbers of females in the feeding chambers. Mosquitoes deprived of sugar for 48 hours and of water for 24 hours before the blood meal fed better and ingested more blood than mosquitoes that were allowed sugar and water until just prior to membrane feeding. Partially fed mosquitoes ingested from 0.29 to 0.75 mg. of blood, fully engorged ones 1.12 to 2.44 mg., when fed through Silverlight, Nearkid, Zephir, and Fourex membranes.
Gender nonconforming and transgender children/youth: Family, community, and implications for practice.

Purpose The aim of this article is to provide foundational knowledge on gender nonconforming/transgender children/youth. With this knowledge, providers’ confidence and ability to address the needs of patients/families can increase. Data sources Academic Search Premier, Cinahl, PubMed, World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Conclusions The number of gender nonconforming/transgender children/youth presenting to healthcare providers is increasing. The situation presents a myriad of challenges to families. The identity trajectory of gender nonconforming children is variable, and watchful waiting while providing support to the child and family is advised. If gender dysphoria persists as puberty approaches, treatment with puberty blockers is recommended. This provides youth time to further explore their identity, while alleviating the distress of developing unwanted secondary natal sex characteristics. For these individuals, cross-sex hormones may be started at age 16. Implications for practice The complexities of providing care to gender nonconforming children/youth and their families are best met through an interdisciplinary approach. Consultation with and/or referral to specialists knowledgeable about transgender health care is advised. Beyond a basic understanding of gender nonconformance, of primary importance to patients/families is being heard and supported by their providers. Establishing a safe and welcome environment is paramount. Resources are provided.
NH3 Doping in MOCVD Growth of ZnO Thin Films

In this paper effects of NH3 doping on ZnO thin films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on c-plane sapphire substrates using diethyl zinc (DEZn) and O2 precursors and N2 as the carrier gas have been studied. NH3 flow rates were varied from 0.1% to 4% in the growth runs. All the runs were done at 500°C at 10 Torr pressure. The XRD measurements show a single ZnO (002) peak. Raman data for the samples confirms presence of ZnO:N modes at 275cm−1, 510cm−1 and 575 cm−1 and 645cm−1. The PL results for Zn rich films show weak broad peaks centered at 480nm and 650nm with no ZnO band edge emission, while oxygen rich films show weak ZnO band edge emission and a strong broad orange peak centered at 650nm. Hall effect measurements indicate that all of the as-grown films are highly resistive. Some are weakly p-type with carrier concentration of 4.24 × 1014 cm−3 and mobility of 16.55 cm2/Vs. Annealing in N2 ambient for 60 minutes at 800°C enhances the PL band edge emission and converts all the films to highly conducting n-type, with carrier concentration on the order of 8 × 1018 cm−3, mobility on the order of 12 cm2/Vs and resistivity of 0.063 Ω-cm.
Unsecured Farm Debts

Like other businessmen farmers borrow money and buy and sell on credit. This and the following chapter deal with the farmer as a debtor; a third chapter deals with the farmer as a creditor.
Biotin deficiency enhances the inflammatory response of human dendritic cells

The water-soluble biotin (vitamin B7) is indispensable for normal human health. The vitamin acts as a cofactor for five carboxylases that are critical for fatty acid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. Biotin deficiency is associated with various diseases, and mice deficient in this vitamin display enhanced inflammation. Previous studies have shown that biotin affects the functions of adaptive immune T and NK cells, but its effect(s) on innate immune cells is not known. Because of that and because vitamins such as vitamins A and D have a profound effect on dendritic cell (DC) function, we investigated the effect of biotin levels on the functions of human monocyte-derived DCs. Culture of DCs in a biotin-deficient medium (BDM) and subsequent activation with LPS resulted in enhanced secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-1β compared with LPS-activated DCs cultured in biotin-sufficient (control) and biotin-oversupplemented media. Furthermore, LPS-activated DCs cultured in BDM displayed a significantly higher induction of IFN-γ and IL-17 indicating Th1/Th17 bias in T cells compared with cells maintained in biotin control or biotin-oversupplemented media. Investigations into the mechanisms suggested that impaired activation of AMP kinase in DCs cultured in BDM may be responsible for the observed increase in inflammatory responses. In summary, these results demonstrate for the first time that biotin deficiency enhances the inflammatory responses of DCs. This may therefore be one of the mechanism(s) that mediates the observed inflammation that occurs in biotin deficiency.
Sources of Received Ideas about the Third World

The Acholi, a Nilotic people in northern Uganda, are wedged in a stretch between Zaire, Sudan and Kenya. The standard maps do not identify their locale as Acholi-land. I (JHM) first encountered them when a fellow student invited me to his home, a mud-thatched hut, one among many surrounded by a makeshift thicket fence erected to keep out intruders, human or otherwise. Afterwards I discovered that the plight of the Acholi is told in a moving tale, Song of Lawino, by the late Okot p’Bitek, an Oxford-educated poet and novelist who directed the National Cultural Centre of Uganda. Indeed, the personal meaning of the changes stalking the Acholi, and the bulk of the Third World, is encapsulated in the lives of two fictional Ugandans; Lawino is a perceptive uneducated woman who cries out in anguish over the new-found ways of her husband, Ocol: My husband Has read at Makerere University. He has read deeply and widely, But if you ask him a question He says You are insulting him; He opens up with a quarrel He begins to look down upon you Saying ‘You ask questions That are a waste of time! He says My questions are silly questions, Typical questions from village girls, Questions of uneducated people, Useless questions from untutored minds. Ocol says He has no time to waste Discussing things with a thing like me Who has not been to school. He says A university man Can only have useful talk With another university man or woman. And that is funny, That he should stoop so low Even to listen To my questions.
Self-Positioning in Participation Frameworks

This chapter focuses on how the interns positioned themselves as experts when their pharmacological knowledge was made relevant in talk, and how they shared the patients’ life-world perspectives regarding medicines and medical texts. As described in Chapter 6, participation in the patient consultation is dynamic and complex, with the pharmacist and patient constantly negotiating and resolving their positioning toward each other, the non-present doctor, and the inanimate texts as well as other objects in the flow of activities. Since discourse by competent professionals has been found to be recipient-designed and incorporating both transactional functions and interpersonal functions in context-sensitive manners (see Chapter 1), I concentrate on Jim and Mai’s: (a) sensitivity toward the patients’ displayed expectations about the relevance of pharmacist-provided expert knowledge; and (b) management of the transactional and interpersonal functions, particularly when there arose opportunities for them to share the patients’ “life-world” perspectives (Mishler, 1984).
In-situ validation of three-dimensional pavement finite element models

Mechanistic-based pavement design guides gained popularity in the last decade. Accurate computation of stress, strain, and the deformation field within pavement, which are used in pavement design guides, is important to realistically predict pavement performance over the design life. The layered elastic theory and finite element method (FEM) are commonly used to compute the critical responses of pavement structure. Although the layered elastic theory analysis is relatively faster and easier to implement, it hinders real loading and pavement material characterization. Therefore, FEM has become more attractive to pavement researchers for investigating pavement behavior under tire loading since the last two decades. Although several studies have been conducted for developing FE model for pavement, limited work has been done to validate the finite element (FE) models using in-situ pavement responses. This study presents an advanced three-dimensional (3-D) pavement FE model validated using four pavement sections. Good agreement was noted between the FE analysis results and pavement field instrument responses to loading, especially for vertical pressures and horizontal tensile strains in the transverse direction. When using proper material characterization parameters and accurate tire loading, the FE model is capable of realistically simulating tire-pavement interaction in the field.
Surgical Treatment of Epiphrenic Diverticulum: Technique and Controversies

The goal of this article is to illustrate the current minimal invasive approaches to patients with epiphrenic diverticulum in terms of preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, and outcomes. Two techniques will be presented: a laparoscopic and a video-assisted thoracic repair. Indications for each technique will be discussed as well as proper patient selection and management. Current controversies in the treatment of patients with this rare disease will be addressed.
Epigenetic Inheritance across the Landscape

The study of epigenomic variation at the landscape-level in plants may add important insight to studies of adaptive variation. A major goal of landscape genomic studies is to identify genomic regions contributing to adaptive variation across the landscape. Heritable variation in epigenetic marks, resulting in transgenerational plasticity, can influence fitness-related traits. Epigenetic marks are influenced by the genome, the environment, and their interaction, and can be inherited independently of the genome. Thus, epigenomic variation likely influences the heritability of many adaptive traits, but the extent of this influence remains largely unknown. Here we summarize the relevance of epigenetic inheritance to ecological and evolutionary processes, and review the literature on landscape-level patterns of epigenetic variation. Landscape-level patterns of epigenomic variation in plants generally show greater levels of isolation by distance and isolation by environment then is found for the genome, but the causes of these patterns are not yet clear. Linkage between the environment and epigenomic variation has been clearly shown within a single generation, but demonstrating transgenerational inheritance requires more complex breeding and/or experimental designs. Transgenerational epigenetic variation may alter the interpretation of landscape genomic studies that rely upon phenotypic analyses, but should have less influence on landscape genomic approaches that rely upon outlier analyses or genome-environment associations. We suggest that multi-generation common garden experiments conducted across multiple environments will allow researchers to understand which parts of the epigenome are inherited, as well as to parse out the relative contribution of heritable epigenetic variation to the phenotype.
Retrieval practice protects memory against acute stress

More than a decade of research has supported a robust consensus: Acute stress impairs memory retrieval. We aimed to determine whether a highly effective learning technique could strengthen memory against the negative effects of stress. To bolster memory, we used retrieval practice, or the act of taking practice tests. Participants first learned stimuli by either restudying or engaging in retrieval practice. Twenty-four hours later, we induced stress in half of the participants and assessed subsequent memory performance. Participants who learned by restudying demonstrated the typical stress-related memory impairment, whereas those who learned by retrieval practice were immune to the deleterious effects of stress. These results suggest that the effects of stress on memory retrieval may be contingent on the strength of the memory representations themselves.
Rewriting Mortality: Gift and Atonement in Cur Deus Homo

The model of atonement presented in Anselm of Canterbury's Cur Deus Homo has aroused a host of worries from theologians. The gist of their criticism is that Anselm inscribes redemptive violence into theology and thus encourages passive acquiescence to abusive power structures or even licenses the violence of abusers. Some suggest that the way forward would be to jettison Anselm's account and develop alternatives that are not liable to the same abuses. This paper argues that while alternatives may be desirable, Cur Deus Homo looms so large in theological imaginations as to defy jettisoning. We should instead try to perform better readings. This paper presents a close reading of this text as a monastic meditation on mortality oriented less toward resolving a problem of systematic theology than drawing readers into a renewed experience of devotion to God. To do that, Anselm works to rewrite the meaning of human mortality, making it less about the necessity of losing one's life and more about the possibility of a gift of death. The ethical paradigm that emerges is far from a complete moral vision, but is still more alluring than the one about which Anselm's contemporary critics worry.