cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Distribution in COAMFTE-Accredited Programs

This study examines gender distribution of faculty and students within a sample of COAMFTE-accredited marriage and family therapy training programs. The researchers' aim is to fill the existing research gap in understanding how females are represented in marriage and family therapy academic programs. A survey questionnaire and publically-available information was used to collect quantitative data. Student population results show a considerably higher percentage of females at both the master's and doctoral levels. Faculty data indicate a higher percentage of females in part-time positions but an underrepresentation of females at the highest academic ranks. This study provides an initial but important inquiry into gender distribution trends in marriage and family therapy academia.
Suprascapular neuropathy in pitchers

The clinical features and preoperative and postopera tive electrodiagnostic studies were reviewed in two professional pitchers with a suprascapular neuropathy. These studies demonstrate that denervation of the infraspinatus and/or supraspinatus muscle is not al ways due to entrapment of the nerve at the suprascap ular or spinoglenoid notches, as is often proposed. Similar studies in healthy pitchers during spring training and again at midseason demonstrate that slowing of suprascapular nerve conduction is detectable in some cases as the season progresses.Sagittal sections of a cadaver with the arm fixed in the acceleration phase of the pitching motion demon strate five possible sites of trauma to the suprascapular nerve. Mechanisms proposed to explain these progres sive, but potentially reversible, changes include consid eration of biomechanical factors as well as anatomical features. An alternative hypothesis to nerve trauma that explains this symptom complex is intimal damage to the axillary or suprasca...
Use and Persistence of Pharmacotherapy for Elementary School Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication treatment and relevant school services use during a 2-year period, and to examin...
RING Finger Ubiquitin-Protein Isopeptide Ligase Nrdp1/FLRF Regulates Parkin Stability and Activity

Parkin is a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase. It has been suggested that loss of function in parkin causes accumulation and aggregation of its substrates, leading to death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease. Using the yeast two-hybrid screen, we isolated a RING finger protein that interacted with the N terminus of parkin in a Drosophila cDNA library. Interaction between human parkin and the mammalian RING finger protein homologue Nrdp1/FLRF, a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase that ubiquitinates ErbB3 and ErbB4, was validated by in vitro binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence co-localization. Significantly, pulse-chase experiments showed that cotransfection of Nrdp1 and parkin reduced the half-life of parkin from 5 to 2.5 h. Consistent with these findings, we further observed that degradation of CDCrel-1, a parkin substrate, was facilitated by overexpression of parkin protein. However, co-transfection of Nrdp1 with parkin reversed the effects of parkin on CDCrel-1 degradation. We conclude that Nrdp1 is a parkin modifier that accelerates degradation of parkin, resulting in a reduction of parkin activity.
Backward countryside, troubled city: French teachers' images of rural and working‐class families

Schools in complex societies provide a convenient window from which to view the attempts of dominant groups to impose normative values and meanings on diverse classes and ethnic groups in order to create stratified but homogeneous populations. At the same time, they also reveal acts of resistance to such attempts and constitute sites of ideological struggle (Apple 1979; Giroux 1983; Willis 1981 [1977]). Our analysis foregrounds the ideological underpinnings of the teachers' discourse on families rather than the responses of families to the teachers and to school, in order to broaden our understanding of dominant versions of culture. Well-known for its centralization and hierarchy, the French educational system is very explicitly an arm of the state and, thus, clearly associated with official ideology. French primary schools are directly linked, through a complex bureaucracy, to the National Ministry of Education in Paris, and teachers are national employees. Moreover, the French state has deliberately used the primary school system as a tool for nation-building. Tension between local families and public schools is, consequently, a common theme in French history. In the influential work of Althusser (1971), the school is a prime example of an "ideological state apparatus," through which the state and its attendant "ruling class" legitimate their power French primary school teachers criticize both urban working-class and rural families, but often for different reasons. Their discourse about families reflects conflicting themes in French culture-the romanticization of rural life and the idealization of the bourgeois family model. Our analysis shows that the dominant ideology of the family in France is not coherent, and that teachers make use of ambiguous symbols and images of the family in order to privilege the "rationality" of the middle classes over the "irrationality" of the lower classes. We argue that more attention must be placed on such "everyday uses of domination" so that the contradictions and ambiguities inherent in dominant ideologies may be better understood. [education, ideology, France, social class]
Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and glycine high-affinity uptake colocalize to an interplexiform cell of the Xenopus laevis retina.

Antibodies directed against somatostain have been used to label a population of interplexiform cells (IPCs) in the Xenopus laevis retina. These cells have spherical soma which lie in the inner nuclear layer (INL), adjacent to or one cell distal to the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Processes from these cells project throughout the IPL, with a fairly dense accumulation of labeled dendrites in the upper two-fifths of the IPL and a dense, narrow band of labeled dendrites adjacent to the ganglion cell layer. These cells also have finer processes, originating at the cell body, that traverse the INL and ramify in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Double label experiments show that all of the cells that contain somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SOMLI) in the INL are also labeled by high-affinity uptake with 3H-glycine. Immunocytochemistry of retinal whole mounts shows that these cells are evenly distributed across the retina at a density of 542 ± 65 cells/mm2. On the basis of the colocalization experiments and the morphological homogeneity of these cells, we suggest that they represent a single cell type. Interplexiform cell processes were further characterized by electron microscopy after immunocytochemistry or 3H-glycine autoradiography. In the IPL, IPC processes are seen to be postsynaptic at both ribbon and conventional synapses. This input is found almost entirely in the distal two-fifths of the IPL. Interplexiform cell processes are presynaptic to unlabeled processes in both the distal and proximal IPL. In the OPL, labeled processes are found near or contiguous with photoreceptor bases, and are often presynaptic to small-diameter processes. The postsynaptic processes have been identified as bipolar cell dendrites in six cases. Interplexiform cell processes may also contact horizontal cell processes in the OPL.
Cryopreserved mouse hepatocytes retain regenerative capacity in vivo

Abstract Background & Aims: Substitution of hepatocyte transplantation for whole liver transplants in selected individuals with liver disease could significantly expand the number of patients to benefit from use of scarce donor livers. However, successful hepatocyte transplantation may require that donor cells retain normal functional and proliferative capabilities and that they be readily available. Banking of cryopreserved hepatocytes would fulfill the latter requirement. Cryopreservation protocols have been developed that minimize hepatocyte injury and allow preservation of metabolic activity. The aim of this study was to assess cryopreserved hepatocyte proliferative capacity in vivo after thawing. Methods: Fresh and frozen/thawed mouse hepatocytes were transferred separately into the livers of recipient mice with transgene-induced liver disease, an environment that is permissive for clonal expansion of donor cell populations. Fresh and cryopreserved donor cells were compared for their ability to proliferate and replace damaged parenchyma. Results: Although cryopreservation decreased hepatocyte viability, individual viable frozen/thawed hepatocytes demonstrated clonal replicative potential identical to that of fresh hepatocytes. Even after storage for 32 months in liquid nitrogen, transplanted hepatocytes constituting 0.1% of total adult hepatocyte number could repopulate a mean of 32% of recipient liver parenchyma. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cryopreserved hepatocytes represent an appropriate source of cells for therapeutic hepatocyte transplantation. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;118:390-394
Comparison of Forest Biomass Across a Human-Induced Disturbance Gradient in Nepal's Schima-CastanopsisForests

Abstract This paper presents estimations of aboveground tree biomass (combined for boles and branches) in Nepal's Schima-Castanopsisdominated warm-temperate forests. The biomass estimations are presented for five forest stands purposively sampled in a larger study to represent different harvesting intensities. Two categories of biomass estimates are provided: (1) for living trees that are standing, and (2) for cut trees that have been removed. Biomass of standing trees were estimated by using diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height measurements as predictor variables in appropriate regression models. Biomass of cut trees were estimated in two steps: measurements of stump diameters and heights were used first to predict dbh and total heights of cut trees; these values were then regressed to obtain biomass estimates for the missing trees. Data were gathered from 2,361 live trees and 2,962 stumps in 170 sample plots across the five forest stands. Estimates of mean standing-alive biomass ranged from ...
Relative reactivities of sulfhydryl groups with N-acetyl dehydroalanine and N-acetyl dehydroalanine methyl ester.

The reaction rates in aqueous solutions of aminothiols, thiols, and other compounds with N-acetyl dehydroalanine and its methyl ester (2-acetamidoacrylic acid and methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate) were studied as a function of the structure of the thiol compound in aqueous solutions. Correction of the observed second-order rate constants to identical thiol anion concentration gave a series of computed rate constants whose logarithms showed a linear dependence on the pK's of the thiol group in similar steric environments. Comparison of the addition rates of penicillamine to N-acetyl dehydroalanine and its methyl ester showed the methyl ester to react approximately 11,400 times faster than the acid. Addition rates for thiol acids and aromatic and heterocyclic thiols were also compared; each showed sluggish reactivity with dehydroalanine, but each reacted readily with methyl dehydroalanine. The kinetic data were applied in developing a method for preparing lanthionine in high yield.
Phase locking two beams by means of seeded Brillouin scattering

We have demonstrated that the phases of the stimulated Brillouin scattering reflections of two separately focused pump beams can be locked to a common phase by a backward seed of pump laser light.
Analytical predictive modeling of scuffing initiation in metallic materials in sliding contact

Abstract Scuffing, described as sudden catastrophic tribological failure of a sliding surface, is a complex phenomenon and consequently still poorly understood. Its occurrence is influenced by many factors such as material microstructure, lubricant chemistry, operating environment, and contact parameters. Over the years, numerous attempts have been made at predictive modeling of scuffing occurrence, often based on the assumption that adhesion and consequent welding between contacting asperities is the basic mechanism of the failure. These previous attempts at scuffing prediction have not been satisfactory. A mechanism of scuffing based on adiabatic shear instability in the near-surface material of sliding interface was recently proposed by the authors. As a follow on to that work, a predictive analytical model is developed for scuffing with adiabatic shear instability as the basic mechanism of failure is presented in the current paper. The model expresses susceptibility of a sliding contact interface to scuffing in terms of material properties and contact conditions. Preliminary correlation was established between the model prediction and scuffing test results with 4340 steel. As modifiers to the shear instability mechanism, the effect of lubricant chemistry and surface reactions and numerous other factors that are known to affect scuffing damage can be incorporated.
The genetic basis of colorectal cancer: insights into critical pathways of tumorigenesis.

The impact that modern molecular biology has had on elucidating the genetic basis of neoplasia is best illustrated by the paradigm of colon cancer. Several unique features of colon cancer biology have served to accelerate the discovery process. The development of a readily evident precursor lesion, the adenomatous polyp, has made it possible to construct a model of the sequential genetic events in cancer initiation and progression. Insights into the molecular basis of the relatively rare inherited syndromes familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) have had profound implications for tumorigenesis in the more widespread sporadic forms of colon cancer.
Strike action by nurses/midwives in a nursing service

Strike actions by nurses/midwives in a health service could have substantial implications for the patients, the health service management, the staff and the nursing profession at large. The nursing service manager has a legal obligation to prevent strike action by nurses/midwives by means of quality human resource management. The purpose of this research is to develop a strategy to prevent strike action by nurses/midwives in a nursing service. *Please note: This is a reduced version of the abstract. Please refer to PDF for full text.
Wavelength and polarization selective multi-band tunnelling quantum dot detectors

The reduction of the dark current without reducing the photocurrent is a considerable challenge in developing far-infrared (FIR)/terahertz detectors. Since quantum dot (QD) based detectors inherently show low dark current, a QD-based structure is an appropriate choice for terahertz detectors. The work reported here discusses multi-band tunnelling quantum dot infrared photo detector (T-QDIP) structures designed for high temperature operation covering the range from mid-to far-infrared. These structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy consist of a QD (InGaAs or InAlAs) placed in a well (GaAs/AlGaAs) with a double-barrier system (AlGaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs) adjacent to it. The photocurrent, which can be selectively collected by resonant tunnelling, is generated by a transition of carriers from the ground state in the QD to a state in the well coupled with a state in the double-barrier system. The double-barrier system blocks the majority of carriers contributing to the dark current. Several important properties of T-QDIP detectors such as the multi-colour (multi-band) nature of the photoresponse, the selectivity of the operating wavelength by the applied bias, and the polarization sensitivity of the response peaks, are also discussed.
The Effect of Intravenous Histalog on Gastric Secretion in Man

The infusion of Histalog can produce constant maximal stimulation of the gastric acid and volume, without adverse effects. This technique would seem to be an excellent tool for human gastric experimentation. It has been especially useful in our laboratory in the evaluation of gastric inhibitory agents.
How Do We Manage Oral Infections in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and Other Severely Immunocompromised Patients

The oral cavity is among the sites in the body most susceptible to infections. In the immunocompetent population these are most frequently localized odontogenic infections caused by bacteria. In severely immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation, fungal and viral infections become especially prominent. Infections in this population can present in an unusual fashion, can spread rapidly to other organs in the body, and are more frequently resistant to therapies. This article discusses the current knowledge of the most frequent presentations of infections in this patient population and reviews contemporary approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and management.
Yukawan potential theory

Abstract This paper concerns the Yukawa equation Δu = μ2u where μ is a real constant. Given a solution u(x, y) of this equation then there is a conjugate function v(x, y) satisfying the same equation and related to u(x, y) by a generalization of the Cauchy-Riemann equations. This gives rise to interesting analogies with logarithmic potential theory and with complex function theory. In particular there are generalizations of holomorphic functions, Taylor series, Cauchy's formula, and Rouche's theorem. The resulting formulae contain Bessel functions instead of the logarithmic functions which appear in the classical theory. However, as μ → 0 the formulae revert to the classical case. A convolution product for generalized holomorphic functions is shown to produce another generalized holomorphic function.
Management of Bladder Neck Contractures in the Elderly

Prostate surgery for benign and malignant disease is common in the male patient greater than 60 years of age. Bladder neck contracture (BNC), a well-known complication following surgical treatment of the prostate, can range from simple lesions to complex, recalcitrant contractures that are refractory to multiple treatment modalities. The treatment of BNCs can thus vary from straightforward, office-based interventions to complex surgical reconstructions. Although numerous treatments have been described as an initial management strategy for patients with this condition, management of refractory cases requires a highly tailored approach. We review here the various therapeutic maneuvers used for the management of BNC in elderly patients.
$ per W metrics for thermoelectric power generation: beyond ZT

Thermoelectric materials for power generation are typically compared using the dimensionless figure-of-merit ZT because it relates directly to the device efficiency. However, for practical applications, the cost of power generation – as governed by material, manufacturing, and heat exchanger costs – is also a critical factor which is not captured in ZT alone. The necessary analysis, derived herein, optimizes the coupled thermoelectric and economic problem for the leg length, L, and system fill factor, F, as functions of these costs. Fuel, operating, and maintenance costs are excluded. This optimization yields the minimum $ per W value for thermoelectric power generation and a framework for comparing materials beyond ZT. This analysis shows that even very expensive thermoelectric materials have the potential to be the most cost effective at the system level, if incorporated with sufficiently short legs and small fill factor. An approximate scaling analysis, verified using numerical calculations, gives the first closed-form, analytical expressions for optimal L and F to minimize $ per W. The analysis also delineates various cost-dominant regimes with different priorities for materials development, including: (i) a heat exchanger cost dominated regime, where ZT should be increased regardless of material or manufacturing costs; (ii) an areal cost, C′′, dominated regime at fixed F, where ZT/C′′ should be maximized, and (iii) a volumetric cost, C′′′, dominated regime at fixed F, where ZT/(kC′′′) should be maximized, reinforcing the need for low thermal conductivity, k. The cost–performance framework derived here will be applied to a number of real materials and applications in a separate manuscript.
Robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in obese and non-obese patients

Abstract Objective We assessed whether increased BMI has a negative impact in children undergoing robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP). Patients and methods Records of patients who underwent RALP were retrospectively reviewed and separated into healthy weight, overweight, and obese cohorts based on age-adjusted BMI percentile, and surgical and postsurgical outcomes were evaluated. Results Of the 103 patients, there were 79 healthy weight and 24 overweight, with 10 of the 24 considered obese (BMI Conclusions Despite the potential difficulties with surgery in overweight patients, our data indicate that robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty can be performed as safely and effectively in overweight or obese children as in healthy weight children.
Surface Stress Effects on Indentation Fracture Sequences

Ion exchange was used to introduce surface compression in soda-lime-silica glass (SLS) and aluminosilicate glass (ALS). In situ observations of the indentation cracking sequences on the modified surfaces were made and compared with those on the base glasses. The initiation point for each crack type formed during the loading and unloading cycle was monitored on the indenter load-displacement traces. On the base glasses, median (in the SLS) and cone (in the ALS) cracking was observed during the loading cycle. “Modified” median, radial, and lateral cracking was observed in both glasses during unloading. The introduction of the residual compressive surface stress was found to completely suppress all cracking during the loading cycle (up to 100 N) in both the SLS and ALS. In addition, the initiation of the cracks formed during the unloading cycle was shifted to further down in the cycle, i.e., to lower values of the initiation load. A pronounced tendency for a shift in the cracking from median to radial was also observed on the residually stressed surfaces. A similar shift was observed on stress-free surfaces during unloading as the value of the initiation load decreased for a given peak load.
Oxidized saccharides as inhibitors of α-glucan synthesis by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase

Abstract Specific inhibition by periodate-oxidized dextrans of the synthesis of α-glucan by S. mutans glucosyltransferase prompted a search for structurally related inhibitors that might be effective as anticaries agents. Clinical dextran derivatives in which from 5 to 50% of the d -glucose units were oxidized acted as potent and specific enzyme-inhibitors, as did 10%-oxidized derivatives of dextran fractions ranging in mol. wt from 10 4 to 2 x 10 6 . Within these limits, differences in oxidation or molecular weight did not significantly affect the high inhibitory potency of the derivatives. In contrast, periodate oxidation of (1→6)-α-, (1→3)-α-, and (1→4)-α-linked oligosaccharides containing d -glucose units, and of sucrose and structurally related trisaccharides, yielded derivatives that were poor inhibitors. Enzymic hydrolysis of oxidized dextrans caused a loss of their inhibitory power and indicated that, to act as specific inhibitors, oxidized molecules must contain at least 16 to 20 d -glucosyl residues. The similar, minimum size required in order that unoxidized oligosaccharides may act as efficient acceptors in the glucosyltransferase reaction suggests that the inhibitory potencies of oxidized derivatives may reflect their relative abilities to bind at the acceptor site of the enzyme.
Ejaculatory Abnormalities in Mice Lacking the Gene for Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS

Nitric oxide (NO) has been established as a neurotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Three isoforms of its synthetic enzyme, NO synthase (NOS), have been identified: 1) in the endothelial lining of blood vessels (eNOS), 2) an inducible form found in macrophages (iNOS), and 3) in neurons (nNOS). Previous studies using pharmacological agents that block all three isoforms of NOS have revealed that NO mediates several aspects of reproductive physiology and behavior, including anomalies in male sexual behavior and erectile function. To determine the specific contribution of the endothelial isoform of NOS in male reproductive behavior, we studied mice missing the gene for only eNOS (eNOS-/-). Wild-type (WT) and eNOS-/- animals were placed with an estrous WT female and observed for 45 min. Both WT and eNOS-/- mice displayed equivalent motivation to mount the stimulus female. However, eNOS-/- mice exhibited striking anomalies in ejaculatory function. A higher percentage of eNOS-/- than WT mice ejaculated during the testing period (p < 0.001). This increased propensity to ejaculate was apparently due to reduced stimulation required to elicit ejaculation; eNOS-/- mice required significantly fewer mounts (p < 0.003) and intromissions (p < 0.001) to ejaculate compared to WT mice. Taken together, these results suggest that NO synthesized by eNOS may be involved in ejaculatory physiology, but not sexual motivation.
An Optical-Electrical Sub-Sampling Receiver Employing Continuous-Time ΔΣ Modulation

An optical-electrical sub-sampling down-conversion receiver architecture leveraging low-jitter optical sampling is described. A simple interface between the optical and electrical domains is accomplished by combining a photodiode with a second-order continuous-time ΔΣ modulator. A prototype system implemented in 0.18 mum CMOS achieving 36.4 dB SNR in a 2 MHz BW with an OSR of 250 is demonstrated.
Bioprospecting metagenomics of decaying wood: mining for new glycoside hydrolases

Background To efficiently deconstruct recalcitrant plant biomass to fermentable sugars in industrial processes, biocatalysts of higher performance and lower cost are required. The genetic diversity found in the metagenomes of natural microbial biomass decay communities may harbor such enzymes. Our goal was to discover and characterize new glycoside hydrolases (GHases) from microbial biomass decay communities, especially those from unknown or never previously cultivated microorganisms.
Miscellaneous Cervical Spine Problems

In this chapter miscellaneous inflammatory, tumoral, and other non-trauma entities are considered, such as atlanto-occipital instability, histiocytosis X, and spinal stenosis.
A modified version of Flanagan critical incident technique applied to interaction of counterinsurgent forces with an indigenous population.

The interaction between indigenous populations and counterinsurgent forces from another country is a topic of both practical and theoretical importance. Although there is a considerable body of mat...
A simple electrical method to determine the Si and oxide thicknesses in SOI materials

It is shown that the thickness of the silicon and oxide layers of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure can be determined from high-frequency capacitance-voltage measurements. The test device consists of a Schottky diode in series with a Si-oxide-Si capacitor. The Si film and the substrate are n-type. The operation of this device is explained for n-type Si with the help of the energy-band diagrams. It is demonstrated that this simple test device can be implemented as a process monitor for silicon thickness control. >
Dynamic water management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using intermittent RH control

A novel method of water management of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells using intermittent humidification is presented in this study. The goal is to maintain the membrane close to full humidification, while eliminating channel flooding. The entire cycle is divided into four stages: saturation and de-saturation of the gas diffusion layer followed by de-hydration and hydration of membrane. By controlling the duration of dry and humid flows, it is shown that the cell voltage can be maintained within a narrow band. The technique is applied on experimental test cells using both plain and hydrophobic materials for the gas diffusion layer and an improvement in performance as compared to steady humidification is demonstrated. Duration of dry and humid flows is determined experimentally for several operating conditions.
Exploratory latent structure analysis using both identifiable and unidentifiable models

SUMMARY This paper considers a wide class of latent structure models. These models can serve as possible explanations of the observed relationships among a set of m manifest polytomous variables. The class of models considered here includes both models in which the parameters are identifiable and also models in which the parameters are not. For each of the models considered here, a relatively simple method is presented for calculating the maximum likeli- hood estimate of the frequencies in the m-way contingency table expected under the model, and for determining whether the parameters in the estimated model are identifiable. In addition, methods are presented for testing whether the model fits the observed data, and for replacing unidentifiable models that fit by identifiable models that fit. Some illus- trative applications to data are also included. This paper deals with the relationships among m polytomous variables, i.e. with the analysis of an m-way contingency table. These m variables are manifest variables in that, for each observed individual in a sample, his class with respect to each of the m variables is observed. We also consider here polytomous variables that are latent in that an individ- ual's class with respect to these variables is not observed. The classes of a latent variable will be called latent classes. Consider first a 4-way contingency table which cross-classifies a sample of n individuals with respect to four manifest polytomous variables A, B, C and D. If there is, say, some latent dichotomous variable X, so that each of the n individuals is in one of the two latent classes with respect to this variable, and within the tth latent class the manifest variables (A, B, C, D) are mutually independent, then this two-class latent structure would serve as a simple explanation of the observed relationships among the variables in the 4-way con- tingency table for the n individuals. There is a direct generalization when the latent variable has T classes. We shall present some relatively simple methods for determining whether the observed relationships among the variables in the m-way contingency table can be explained by a T-class structure, or by various modifications and extensions of this latent structure. To illustrate the methods we analyze Table 1, a 24 contingency table presented earlier by Stouffer & Toby (1951, 1962, 1963), which cross-classifies 216 respondents with respect to whether they tend towards universalistic values ( + ) or particularistic values (-) when confronted by each of four different situations of role conflict. The letters A, B, C and D in
A simple microfluidic probe of nanoparticle suspension stability.

We describe a simple experimental tool that enables stability of multicomponent nanoparticle suspensions to be readily assessed by establishing a confinement-imposed chemical discontinuity at the interface between co-flowing laminar streams in a microchannel. When applied to examine Al2O3 nanoparticle suspensions, this method readily reveals compositions that are susceptible to aggregation even when conventional bulk measurements (zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, bulk viscosity) suggest only subtle differences between formulations. This microfluidic stability test enables simple and rapid assessment of quality and variability in complex multicomponent mixtures for which few, if any, comparable data exist. The paradoxical ease at which localized aggregation can be triggered in suspensions that would otherwise appear stable also serves as a caution to researchers undertaking tracer-based studies of nanomaterial suspensions.
Loss and Grief among Family Caregivers of Relatives with Dementia

This study describes family caregiver perceptions of the experience of loss and grief as it occurs prior to and following the death of a relative with dementia. A content analysis was conducted of responses to open-ended questions by a sample of 82 primary caregivers participating in a longitudinal study who had experienced the death of their relative with dementia. Six themes were identified: loss of person and relationship, loss of hope, predeath grief, expectancy of death, post-death relief, and caregiving reflections. Implications for clinical practice and research are presented.
Radiology Estimates of Viable Tumor Percentage in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Ablation Cavities Correlate Poorly With Pathology Assessment

Context.—No study has evaluated radiology/pathology correlation of percentage viable tumor (PVT) estimates in ablated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to examine the reliability of radiologic estimates. Objective.—To determine how well interdisciplinary PVT estimates correlate and identify pathologic factors that influence this correlation. Design.—Pathologists and radiologists established blinded PVT estimates in 22 HCC ablation cavities. Paired sample t tests examined the differences between the interdisciplinary estimates. Results.—Fifteen cavities had pathologic viable tumor (VT) (68%) and 6 had radiographic VT (22%). Radiology's sensitivity for detecting VT was 40% and the specificity was 100%. Pathology detected significantly more VT than radiology (pathology mean = 22.3% versus radiology mean = 2.6%; P = .005). Five cavities had tumor growth in a discontinuous rim pattern, 7 in a nodular pattern, and 3 in a solid pattern. Radiology did not detect VT in cavities with a discontinuous rim pattern (sensi...
Aspirin and Warfarin versus Aspirin Monotherapy after Myocardial Infarction

ObjectiveTo review data concerning combined aspirin/warfarin versus aspirin alone for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI).Data SourcesLiterature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–September 2002). Search terms included aspirin, warfarin, secondary prevention, and myocardial infarction.Data SynthesisDespite use of low-dose aspirin after an MI, risk of subsequent death and ischemic events remains high, making strategies for secondary prevention imperative. Relevant, large, long-term studies focusing on dual aspirin/warfarin versus aspirin alone in post-MI patients were evaluated.ConclusionsAspirin 75–325 mg/d should remain first-line therapy for secondary prevention after MI. Combining aspirin 75–81 mg with warfarin to maintain the international normalized ratio at 2.0–2.5 may provide added benefit, but should be considered only for patients at high risk for thromboembolic events.
Two outer membrane transport systems for vitamin B12 in Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The involvement of an outer membrane transport component for vitamin B12 uptake in Salmonella typhimurium, analogous to the btuB product in Escherichia coli, was investigated. Mutants of S. typhimurium selected for resistance to bacteriophage BF23 carried mutations at the btuB locus (butBS) (formerly called bfe, at the analogous map position as the E. coli homolog) and were defective in high-affinity vitamin B12 uptake. The cloned E. coli btuB gene (btuBE) hybridized to S. typhimurium genomic DNA and restored vitamin B12 transport activity to S. typhimurium btuBS mutants. An Mr-60,000 protein in the S. typhimurium outer membrane was repressed by growth with vitamin B12 and was eliminated in a btuBS mutant. The btuBS product thus appears to play the same role in vitamin B12 transport by S. typhimurium as does the E. coli btuBE product. A second vitamin B12 transport system that is not present in E. coli was found by cloning a fragment of S. typhimurium DNA that complemented btuB mutants for vitamin B12 utilization. In addition to this plasmid with a 6-kilobase insert of S. typhimurium DNA, vitamin B12 utilization by E. coli btuB strains required the btuC and btuD products, necessary for transport across the cytoplasmic membrane, but not the btuE or tonB product. The plasmid conferred low levels of vitamin B12-binding and energy-dependent transport activity but not susceptibility to phage BF23 or utilization of dicyanocobinamide. The cloned S. typhimurium DNA encoding this new transport system did not hybridize to the btuBE gene or to E. coli chromosomal DNA and therefore does not carry the S. typhimurium btuBS locus. Increased production of an Mr -84,000 polypeptide associated with the outer membrane was seen. The new locus appears to be carried on the large plasmid in most S. typhimurium strains. Thus S. typhimurium possesses both high- and low-affinity systems for uptake of cobalamins across the outer membrane.
Heparin and Ca2+-free medium can enhance release of bull sperm attached to oviductal epithelial cell monolayers.

Abstract The success of assisted reproductive techniques, such as IVF, could be enhanced by being able to select the most competent spermatozoa in a sample. Attachment and subsequent release of spermatozoa from oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) could provide populations of functionally superior spermatozoa for use in these protocols. The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of heparin and Ca 2+ -free medium to induce spermatozoa release from bovine OEC. Epithelial cells were grown to confluence in 24-well plates and pooled frozen bull semen was added to a final concentration of 1 × 10 6 spermatozoa/well. Spermatozoa were allowed to bind to OEC for 2 h. Medium with unbound spermatozoa was removed and replaced by Sperm-TALP, only (control), with heparin (5, 10, or 15 IU/mL), or Ca 2+ -free with 2 mM EGTA. Treatments were left on sperm-OEC co-cultures for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 5 h. At each time, the media were recovered and spermatozoa from each treatment were counted and evaluated for acrosome integrity and motility. The total number of spermatozoa attached to OEC after 2 h of co-culture was considered 100%. Spermatozoa release is expressed as percentage of the total number of sperm cells bound to OEC after 2 h of co-culture. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and results are expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent replicates. Beginning at 0.5 h, more sperm cells (P 2+ -free medium also induced spermatozoa release when compared with the control, but the effect was not significant until 3 h (38.2 ± 1.9% vs 59.5 ± 6.9%; P 2+ -free medium caused the opposite effect at 0.5 h after addition of treatments. We conclude that both heparin and Ca 2+ -free medium are able to promote spermatozoa displacement from OEC attachment. Based on motility and acrosome status data, we predict that released sperm cells may be used for IVF and other assisted reproductive techniques.
Disease gene explorer: display disease gene dependency by combining Bayesian networks with clustering

Constructing gene networks is one of the hot topics in the analysis of the microarray gene expression data. When combined with the output of disease gene finding, the generated gene networks will give a recommendation mechanism and an intuitive form for biologists to identify the underlying relationship among those biomarkers of the disease. In this paper, we present a display system, disease gene explorer, which can graphically display the dependency among genes, especially those biomarkers of a disease. It combines Bayesian networks (BN) learning with clustering and disease gene selection. We test the system on colon cancer data set and obtain some interesting results: most high-score biomarkers of the disease are partitioned into one group; the dependency among these disease genes are displayed as a directed acyclic graph (DAG).
Water velocity preferences of Coho Salmon during the parr-smolt transformation

Juvenile Coho Salmon undergo many physiological changes during their springtime transformation from a freshwater parr to a migratory, seawater-capable smolt. Although field observations indicate smolts moving towards the surface and across the breadth of their streams to either swim or drift downstream with the current, water-velocity preferences of these developing cohos are unknown. Using video analysis of their swimming patterns in a calibrated, laboratory flow table with a velocity gradient, groups of three cohos generally increased their preferred water velocity through the springtime study period, to a late-May peak (daytime data, change-point regression analysis, p < 0.05) and over the entire period (nighttime data, regression analysis, p < 0.05). Moving to swifter currents should facilitate the downstream movements of these young cohos, as they develop through the parr-smolt transformation period. This information should assist managers of regulated watersheds and salmon hatcheries in optimizing juvenile salmon survival (e.g., with timely, late-spring water releases producing 0.1–0.3 m s−1 downstream water velocities).
A hierarchical FFT algorithm (HIL-FFT) for the fast analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering phenomena

A fast algorithm for accelerating the time-marching solution of time-domain integral equations pertinent to the analysis of free-space electromagnetic scattering from perfectly conducting, platelike and uniformly meshed structures is presented. The matrix-vector multiplications required by the time-marching scheme are accelerated by use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). This acceleration is achieved in a multilevel fashion by hierarchically grouping sparse interactions to extract denser pieces that are efficiently evaluated by the FFT. The total computational cost and storage requirements of this algorithm scale as O(N/sub t/N/sub s/log/sup 2/ N/sub s/) and O(N/sup 1.5/), respectively, as opposed to O(N/sub t/N/sub s//sup 2/) and O(N/sub s//sup 2/) for classical time-marching methods (N/sub s/ and N/sub t/ denote the total number of spatial unknowns and time steps, respectively). Simulation results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm.
Treating appendicitis with antibiotics

A nonsurgical approach using antimicrobial agents has been advocated as the initial treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis. Several studies and meta-analyses explored this approach. Because many of these studies included individuals with resolving appendicitis, their results were biased. Antimicrobials, however, are warranted and needed for the management of surgical high-risk patients with perforated appendicitis and those with localized abscess or phlegmon. Randomized placebo-controlled trials that focus on early identification of complicated acute appendicitis patients needing surgery and that prospectively evaluate the optimal use of antibiotic treatment in patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis are warranted.
Criminal History on a "Need To Know" Basis: Employment Policies that Eliminate the Criminal History Box on Employment Applications**

Employment is a critical component of successful reentry by ex-offenders to society. Major cities such as Boston, San Francisco and Chicago implemented an innovative and cost effective initiative to promote the employment of ex-offenders by removing from public employment applications all questions relating to an applicant’s criminal history. Prisoner rights advocates had argued that the presence of the criminal history question on job applications deterred ex-offenders from applying to jobs for which they were otherwise qualified and also resulted in employment discrimination based on ex-offender status. Initial data indicate that the implementation and effectiveness of the policy vary considerably between cities. Significant limitations of the policies should be addressed to ensure the intended outcome of increased ex-offender employment.
Fluorination with Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride and Related Aminofluorosulfuranes

Among the many organic fluorine compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur, dialkylaminotrifluorosulfuranes and bis(dialkylamino)difluorosulfuranes have become very useful fluorinating agents. The first representative of this group, dimethylaminosulfur trifluoride was prepared in 1964, followed in 1970 by diethylaminosulfur trifluoride, which became popular under the acronym DAST. Both compounds were synthesized by treatment of the appropriate dialkylaminotrimethylsilane with sulfur tetrafluoride. Subsequently, bis(dialkylamino)sulfur difluorides were prepared by the reaction of dialkylaminosulfur trifluorides with dialkylaminotrimethylsilanes. Both classes of compounds were found to convert alcohols into fluorides, and aldehydes and ketones into geminal difluorides: Further uses include the preparation of acyl and sulfonyl fluorides from carboxylic and sulfonic acids and the conversion of sulfoxides into α-fluoroalkyl sulfides. Later, the reaction of bis(dialkylamino)difluorosulfuranes with dialkylaminotrimethylsilanes was shown to give tris(dialkylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicates (TASF). These salts no longer react with alcohols or carbonyl compounds, but they convert even relatively unreactive halides, such as primary chlorides, into fluorides under very mild conditions. Furthermore, they are readily soluble in organic solvents and are useful sources of “naked,” unsolvated fluoride ion. This chapter deals with the preparation of all three classes of reagents and their use as fluorinating agents. The literature is covered exhaustively until the end of 1984; some papers beyond that date are included. Keywords: fluorination; diethylaminosulfur trifluoride; aminofluorosulfuranes; mechanism; scope; limitations; other fluorinating agents; alcohols; aldehydes; ketones; epoxides; carboxylic acids; lactones; halides; sulfonates; sulfoxides; hemithoacetals; alkyl silyl ethers; phosphorus compounds; side reactions; unsuccessful fluorinations; comparisons; non-fluorinating reactions
A Review of The Age of Sustainable Development by Jeffrey Sachs

How does economic science inform the study of sustainable development? In his new book, Jeffrey D. Sachs analyzes the challenges of achieving economic growth while protecting the environment and achieving an equitable distribution of resources. This review presents an overview of this ambitious book with special emphasis on the role of the objectives of local and national leaders and their incentives to pursue the sustainability agenda. Given the huge migration to cities now playing out in the developing world, special attention is paid to the role of urbanization as a cause of sustainability opportunities and challenges.