cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-Between Control Charts for Monitoring Asthma Attacks

Article-at-a-Glance Background The monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is crucial for effective management of asthma. Daily PEFR monitoring is recommended, yet the data are rarely used by patients to help them understand their progress or by clinicians to modify treatment plans. Time-between control charts, which have been shown to be specially suited for monitoring rare events, can be used to monitor asthma attacks. Methods Each patient is asked to record his or her PEFR value once a day, and these data are used to construct the control chart. PEFR data for three previously reported cases are presented and used to illustrate the control chart methodology. If duration of consecutive attacks is plotted and the observed duration exceeds the upper control limit (UCL), the patient is getting worse. If length of consecutive symptom-free days is plotted and the observed duration exceeds the UCL, the patient is getting better. In both circumstances, the clinician and the patient explore what brought about the prolonged recovery or periods of deterioration. The object is to increase time until the next attack. Discussion Using time-between control charts in monitoring asthma attacks has the advantage of providing a visual display of data that, unlike eyeballing of trends, clarifies when patients should seek additional clinical advice. The control limit allows clinicians and patients to ignore random variations and focus on real changes in underlying patterns of asthma attacks.
Multimodal Nondestructive Testing Damage Quantification, Presentation, and Condition Rating of Bridge Decks

Advanced nondestructive testing (NDT) methods have become an effective and reliable way to evaluate the condition of bridge decks. Tools such as ground-penetrating radar, impact echo, and half-cell potentials are more frequently used to identify deck deterioration and evaluate condition. Although NDT methods are becoming more popular, the way in which NDT data are presented to bridge owners and maintenance personnel depends on the practitioner. Research has been conducted to develop methods to improve and standardize the presentation of multimodal NDT results. The primary goal of the current research was to make multimodal NDT a more effective and objective tool for asset management by improving the presentation of NDT results. This effort included the development of proper damage quantities to help budget repairs and asset management decisions; the accurate representation of deck condition with contouring software, which if used incorrectly can provide misleading information; and the use of NDT condition...
Reduction of Prothrombin in Mice Carrying a Conditional Knockout Allele Attenuates the Development of Paralysis Associated with Experimental Encephalitis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and often devastating chronic inflammatory disease leading to demyelination in the central nervous system and relapsing neurological deficits, including paralysis and vision loss. MS lesions are characterized by blood-brain barrier disruption leading to perivascular deposition of fibrin that correlates with areas of microglia activation and myelin damage. Consistent with multiple studies showing that hemostatic factors can serve as important modulators of the inflammatory response in vivo, we recently identified fibrin(ogen) as a novel regulator of microglial activation/differentiation and showed that fibrinogen plays a causative role in the development of inflammatory demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established animal model for MS. A working hypothesis that has emerged is that Mac1-mediated microglial cell engagement of fibrin-rich matrices deposited within MS plaques drives activation events leading to neuronal destruction. To better define contribution of the thrombin/fibrin axis in demyelinating neuroinflammatory disease, we challenged conditional “floxed” fII knockout mice carrying low levels (∼10% of normal) of circulation prothrombin (fII) with EAE initiated by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte peptide. Wild-type mice challenged with EAE typically began to develop overt neurological symptoms within two weeks of immunization. Clinical disease progressed from simple loss of tail tone to ataxia and, ultimately, fore- and hind-limb paralysis. When cohorts were clinically scored in a fashion blinded to animal genotype, prothrombin-deficient mice were found to exhibit significantly reduced disease severity than the control mice tracked in parallel. The timing of disease onset was similar in fII-deficient mice as in controls, consistent with the hypothesis that fII-deficiency diminishes microglial activity. In contrast to control mice that uniformly developed clinically apparent disease, the two-thirds of fII-deficient mice develop either no disease or very mild disease typically limited to the simple loss of tail tone. More detailed studies of fII-deficient mice, including comparative studies of CNS histopathology, are now underway to more fully define the benefits and liabilities of diminished prothrombin on CNS disease. Complementary studies are also underway with gene-targeted mice expressing a mutant form of prothrombin (fII with “specificity switch” favoring protein C over procoagulant substrates). Both prothrombin and fibrinogen are powerful determinants of inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease and a more detailed understanding of the contribution of these factors to disease progression may reveal novel therapeutic strategies for the attenuation of this and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
Grain Growth of BaTiO3

The perovskite oxide BaTiO{sub 3} is a ferroelectric whose electrical properties have been studied extensively because of its many technical applications, as sensors, transducers, and actuators, for example. The technological importance of BaTiO{sub 3} has been demonstrated repeatedly, and its physical properties in ceramic form have been thoroughly investigated. Knowledge of high-temperature processes, such as creep, sintering, and grain growth is very important in optimizing processing to achieve satisfactory properties. The purpose of this letter is to investigate the grain growth of BaTiO{sub 3} and to compare results with those of high-temperature creep tests. The activation energy value of 720 {+-} 70 kJ mol{sup -1}, measured for coarse-grained BaTiO{sub 3}, agrees well with the value of {approx}800 kJ mol{sup -1} determined in a higher-stress region in superplastic flow of fine-grained BaTiO{sub 3}. However, creep for BaTiO{sub 3} single crystals oriented to glide on {l_brace}0 0 1{r_brace} planes showed an activation energy of 469 {+-} 27 kJ mol{sup -1}. The activation energy for creep shows a disparity among the tests. Therefore, grain-growth studies can help to clarify the interpretation of creep results.
Tea with Crows: Towards Socially Engaging Digital Interaction

"Tea with Crows" is a motion interactive sculpture composed of a shape-shifting tea table and a kinetic chandelier. It combines visually intriguing aesthetics and multimodal technology such as motion and sound interaction to stimulate audience participation. The sculpture also evokes a wide array of subjective responses, fosters social interaction, and creates meaning-making experiences. The empowering effect of the sculpture opens the possibility to adopt, reinterpret, and de familiarize digital technology to extend imagination, self-expression and subjective purpose. \
Design and Evaluation of AWGR-Based Photonic NoC Architectures for 2.5D Integrated High Performance Computing Systems

In future performance improvement of the basic building block of supercomputers has to come through increased integration enabled by 3D (vertical) and 2.5D (horizontal) die-stacking. But to take advantage of this integration we need an interconnection network between the memory and compute die that not only can provide an order of magnitude higher bandwidth but also consume an order of magnitude less power than today's state of the art electronic interconnects. Weshow how Arrayed Waveguide Grating Router-based photonic interconnects implemented on the silicon interposer can be used to realize a 16 × 16 photonic Network-on-Chip (NoC) with a bisection bandwidth of 16 Tb/s. We propose a baseline network, which consumes 2.57 pJ/bit assuming 100% utilization. We show that the power is dominated by the electro-optical interface of the transmitter, which can be reduced by a more aggressive design that improves the energy per bit to 0.454 pJ/bit at 100% utilization. Compared to recently proposed interposer-based electrical NoC's we show an average performance improvement of 25% on the PARSEC benchmark suite on a 64-core system using the Gem5 simulation framework.
Epidemiology of high blood pressure.

Experience in isolated “unacculturated” societies suggests that age-related changes in blood pressure are not a biologic necessity. In the developed world, however, blood pressure tends to rise progressively with increasing age, and hypertension in the elderly is an extremely common finding. Blood pressure is positively related to the risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease in elderly persons, as in younger persons, in a graded continuous fashion. Based on prevalence and risk considerations, high blood pressure in the elderly population is one of the most pressing individual and public health problems of this century.
Corporate social responsibility: the effect of need-for-status and fluency on consumers’ attitudes

Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the joint effects of individuals' need for status and processing fluency on customer attitudes toward hotels’ participation in CSR programs. Design/methodology/approach This study employs a 2 (Need For Status: high vs. low) x 2 (Processing fluency: high vs. low) experimental design with processing fluency being manipulated and individuals' need for status being measured. Findings The results indicate that although high-NFS customers exhibit a more positive attitude than low-NFS customers when the CSR message is easy to process, they show similar attitude levels when processing fluency is relatively low. Originality/value This study makes great contribution to the literature of status consumption by examining CSR as one of the new areas that consumers use to signal social status beyond luxury products. For practitioners, the results of this study offer suggestions on how to design CSR messages to increase its effectiveness.
The Importance of a “Personal Heart Team”

Whenever the word “team” is used in the context of cardiovascular disease, it is assumed to represent the interaction of multiple physicians and health care providers in the care of an individual p...
The Sustainable Farm School—Waldorf Philosophy and EcoJustice Theory in Aesthetic Contexts

The Sustainable Farm School in Connecticut (SFS) is an independent school for children 3–18 years old that draws in part from the pedagogical framework and philosophy used in Waldorf schools around the world, while aiming for transformative learning. Transformative learning is at the foundation for the creation of sustainability in nature-human communities. Transformative learning occurs at the nexus of peace (as a result of social justice and ecojustice), deeper levels of imagination (as a result of broadening one’s thinking with possibilities and multiple perspectives), and reciprocity (as a result of strengthening our ties with the Earth and aiming for sustainability) (Love 2011). SFS advances the traditional Waldorf model by incorporating ecojustice theory as an equally important framework because of how the teaching and learning intersects with culture and ecology in a current world context. SFS’s mission is to provide an educational experience that helps students become community members who critically examine local and global practices that compromise social, cultural, and ecological sustainability, as well as developing the knowledge and skills to be able to creatively produce and support sustainability. The aim of all programs and courses is to help students develop deep relationships with nature and to understand and be able to develop practices of ecological, social, and cultural sustainability. The curriculum for each program and course is rooted in our connections to the Earth. As the conceptual basis for the Farm School, this chapter demonstrates how the aforementioned relationships can be accessed through (a) meaningful play; (b) storytelling; (c) art that connects us with nature, to each other, and to our inner spirits; (d) feminist philosophy with a global perspective; (e) a critical examination of history; (f) a multicultural approach to understanding nature that questions human-over-nature perspectives; (g) food preparation that explores food politics and food growing practices; and, (h) holistic health and wellness. Let’s begin with a brief history of Waldorf philosophy and education.
Twelve Successful Managers

Much of this book is composed of selections extracted from interviews with 12 skillful managers--11 men and one woman. They each headed a unique type of agency located with the governmental structure of their respective communities. While the agency names differed somewhat, reflecting changing philosophies of emergency preparedness, the primary mission of each unit was to function as the disaster coordinating agency among other locally based organizations and state and federal bureaus. In this chapter we’ll learn why these 12 were selected and how it is that we know they had been reasonably successful in their managerial roles.
X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering by Microemulsions

Microemulsions are being actively studied as well as field tested as an EOR method in many places. We have learned a great deal about some of their physical properties and their flow in porous media, but we know remarkably little about their physical structure in the size range of colloidal particles. There is some reason to believe that the other properties of microemulsions as well as their performance in EOR are determined by this colloidal structure in the same way that the properties and performance of oil well drilling fluids are determined by the colloidal structure of clay minerals in aqueous dispersions.
CORROSION IN MULTIPHASE FLOW CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS OF H2S

Experiments in a large-scale flow loop provide an example of a somewhat increased corrosion rate under multiphase flow conditions caused by a low concentration of H2S in a CO2 saturated environment. Under operating conditions that prevent scale formation, the addition of 3ppm H2S in the gas phase increased the corrosion rate of AISI C 1018 and API 5L X-65 carbon steels, while the addition of H2S concentrations of 15ppm and greater tended to retard corrosion. The same effect was not found in single-phase flow. A vapor-liquid equilibrium model for dilute aqueous solutions of H2S/CO2 was developed to provide a tool for estimating water chemistry of a closed system such as a flow loop or an autoclave.
Involving the Community in Injury Prevention: An Approach Using Community Readiness Interviews

In 1998, Margolis and Runyan published an article describing barriers that exist in the collaboration between academics, collaborating agencies, and community organizations (Margolis & Runyan, 1998). The barriers listed were differences in approaches to defining and prioritizing problems and strategies for solutions, values and requirements for career advancement, work styles, time demands, and approaches to using information. This list provides a good point to begin to understand what issues arise when trying to develop and maintain injury interventions in communities. Although the authors addressed these issues in regard to academics, communities, and agencies only, these barriers exist equally within organizations. Furthermore, the emphasis on understanding individual risk factors and the application of interventions targeting individuals tends to obscure the contribution of social and environmental conditions to adoption or rejection of specific interventions (Israel, Schulz, Parker, & Becker, 1998). There have also been calls for more community involvement and control in the development of research and public health programs (Israel et al., 1998). One approach that has been used to address the needed changes in practice is discussed in the case studies later in this chapter. Renewed interest in community-based approaches in research and public health practice has provided new opportuni-
Task Dependency When Evaluating Association Between Facial Emotion Recognition and Facial Emotion Expression in Children with ASD.

The impact of facial emotion recognition (FER) deficits on facial emotion expression (FEE) during interaction with a novel computerized system was investigated in children with ASD (n = 20), in comparison to typically developing (TD) peers (n = 20). Although there was not clear evidence of impaired FEE, children with ASD showed more atypical FEE. In children with ASD, better FER predicted better FEE when the participants were asked to express a labeled emotion (t(18) = − 2.75, p = .01, d = 1.24). The stronger relationship between FER and FEE in children with ASD, relative to controls, suggests that intervention targeting social communication deficits might have maximal effect when both processes are considered.
Learning-based automatic segmentation on arteriovenous malformations from contract-enhanced CT images

We propose a learning-based method to automatically segment arteriovenous malformations (AVM) target volume from computed tomography (CT) in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). A deeply supervised 3D V-Net is introduced to enable end-to-end segmentation. Deep supervision mechanism is integrated into the hidden layers to overcome the optimization difficulties when training such a network with limited training data. The probability map of new AVM contour is generated by the well-trained network. To evaluate the proposed method, we retrospectively investigate 30 AVM patients treated by SRS. For each patient, both digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and CT with contrast had been acquired. Using our proposed method, the AVM contours are generated solely based on contrast CT images, and are compared with the AVM contours delineated from DSA by physicians as ground truth. The average centroid distance, volume difference and DSC value among all 30 patients are 0.83±0.91mm, -0.01±0.79 and 0.84±0.09, which indicates that the proposed method is able to generate AVM target contour with around 1mm error in displacement, 1cc error in volume size and 84% overlapping compared with ground truth. The proposed method has great potential in eliminating DSA acquisition and developing a solely CT-based treatment planning workflow for AVM SRS treatment.
NMR quantification of lactate production and efflux and glutamate fractional enrichment in living human prostate biopsies cultured with [1,6- 13 C 2 ]glucose

PURPOSE Image-guided prostate biopsies are routinely acquired in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of prostate cancer, yielding useful tissue for identifying metabolic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We developed an optimized biopsy tissue culture protocol in combination with [1,6-13 C2 ]glucose labeling and quantitative high-resolution NMR to measure glycolysis and tricarboxcylic acid (TCA) cycle activity in freshly acquired living human prostate biopsies. METHODS We acquired 34 MRI-ultrasound fusion-guided prostate biopsies in vials on ice from 22 previously untreated patients. Within 15 min, biopsies were transferred to rotary tissue culture in 37°C prostate medium containing [1,6-13 C2 ]glucose. Following 24 h of culture, tissue lactate and glutamate pool sizes and fractional enrichments were quantified using quantitative 1 H high resolution magic angle spinning Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) spectroscopy at 1°C with and without 13 C decoupling. Lactate effluxed from the biopsy tissue was quantified in the culture medium using quantitative solution-state high-resolution NMR. RESULTS Lactate concentration in low-grade cancer (1.15 ± 0.78 nmol/mg) and benign (0.74 ± 0.15 nmol/mg) biopsies agreed with prior published measurements of snap-frozen biopsies. There was substantial fractional enrichment of [3-13 C]lactate (≈70%) and [4-13 C]glutamate (≈24%) in both low-grade cancer and benign biopsies. Although a significant difference in tissue [3-13 C]lactate fractional enrichment was not observed, lactate efflux was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in low-grade cancer biopsies (0.55 ± 0.14 nmol/min/mg) versus benign biopsies (0.31 ± 0.04 nmol/min/mg). CONCLUSION A protocol was developed for quantification of lactate production-efflux and TCA cycle activity in single living human prostate biopsies, allowing metabolic labeling on a wide spectrum of human tissues (e.g., metastatic, post-non-surgical therapy) from patients not receiving surgery.
Identification of Abundant and Evolutionarily Conserved Opioid Receptor Circular RNAs in the Nervous System Modulated by Morphine

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a distinct category of single-stranded, covalently closed RNAs formed by backsplicing. The functions of circRNAs are incompletely known and are under active investigation. Here, we report that in addition to traditional linear mRNAs (linRNA), mouse, rat, and human opioid receptor genes generate exonic circRNA isoforms. Using standard molecular biologic methods, Oprm1 circRNAs (circOprm1) were detected in RNAs of rodent and human brains and spinal cords, as well as human neuroblastoma cells, suggesting evolutionary conservation. Sequencing confirmed backsplicing using canonical splice sites. Oprm1 circRNAs were sense-stranded circRNAs resistant to RNase R digestion. The relative abundance of Oprm1 circRNA to linRNA determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction varied among mouse brain regions, with circRNA isoforms predominating in rostral structures and less abundant in brain stem. Chronic morphine exposure in mice increased brain circOprm1e2.3 and circOprm1.e2.e3.e4(302) levels by 1.5- to 1.6-fold relative to linRNA. Sequence analysis predicted numerous microRNA binding sites within Oprm1 circRNA sequences, suggesting a potential role in microRNA sequestration through sponging. In addition, we observed that other opioid receptor genes including δ, κ, and nociceptin receptor genes produced similar circRNAs. In conclusion, all members of the opioid receptor gene family express circRNAs, with Oprm1 circRNA levels exceeding those of linear forms in some regions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The modulation of Oprm1 circular RNA (circRNA) expression by morphine, coupled with the high abundance and existence of potential miRNA binding sites with circRNA sequences suggests the potential role of Oprm1 circRNAs in chronic opioid effects such as tolerance.
Synthetic peptides homologous to human glycophorins of the Miltenberger complex of variants of MNSs blood group system specify the epitopes for Hil, SJL, Hop, and Mur antisera.

The antigenic epitopes of the MNSs blood groups are localized on alpha and delta glycophorins (glycophorins A and B) of the erythrocyte surface. Hil, SJL, Mur, and Hop antisera define the Miltenberger (Mi) complex of MiV, MiJ.L., MiIII, and MiVI variant serologic phenotypes of this blood group system. We report here the location of the epitopes for antibodies in these antisera. The antigens of these Mi classes are variant glycophorins that are hybrids of alpha and delta glycophorins in alpha-delta and delta-alpha-delta arrangements. The hybrid junctions give rise to novel polypeptide sequences not present in the parent glycophorins; in MiIII and MiVI this also includes an expressed sequence of the delta pseudoexon. These sequences are identical in the above Mi-glycophorins occurring in erythrocytes that share a common Mi determinant. Four peptides of 10 to 14 amino acids each were constructed to be homologous to the identical sequences; they were designated, “Hil”, “SJL”, “Mur”, and “Hop” to reflect the common determinant. The peptides were tested for inhibition of reaction of appropriate cells with the relevant antisera. The Hil peptide, outlining the alpha-delta s junction region in MiIII, MiV, and MiVI glycophorins, inhibited the reaction of respective erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) with anti-Hil. The SJL peptide, which differs from the Hil peptide by a single Thr\---|-Met substitution, was specific for inhibition of the reaction of MiJ.L. RBCs with anti-SJL (an example of anti-S specific for such RBCs). The Hop peptide, which corresponds to the delta-alpha junction in MiVI glycophorin, inhibited the hemagglutination of MiVIII RBCs by anti-Hop. MiVI and MiVIII glycophorins share an identical sequence at that site. The Mur peptide, corresponding to a portion of the expressed pseudoexon sequence in MiIII and MiVI glycophorins, was specific for inhibition of the reaction of MiIII and MiVI RBCs with anti-Mur. The peptides had no effect on the hemagglutination of control MNSs RBCs by their respective antisera nor of unrelated Mi classes RBCs by antisera that distinguish these classes. We conclude that the alpha-delta junction in MiIII, MiV, and MiVI glycophorins outlines the epitopes for anti-Hil, the alpha- delta junction in MiJ.L. outlines the epitope for anti-SJL, the delta- alpha junction in MiVI constitutes the epitope for anti-Hop, and the expressed delta pseudoexon sequence in MiIII and MiVI constitutes the epitope for anti-Mur.
Impact of Multiple Identical Grid-connected DFIGs on the Small-signal Angular Stability of Power System

It has been reported that a wind farm consisting of multiple identical or similar DFIGs may cause the small-signal angular instability of power system. In this paper, the phenomenon is studied from the perspective of Bode diagram. Firstly, the stability analysis method of Bode diagram derived from the Nyquist stability criterion and the self-oscillation theory are introduced respectively, which have similar conclusions. Subsequently, closed-loop interconnected model of multi-machine power system connected with multiple DFIGs is established. Impact of multiple identical grid-connected DFIGs on the small-signal angular stability of power system is studied via Bode diagram. The analysis shows that with the number of DFIGs increases, the phase curve of Bode diagram of the open-loop transfer function does not change, and the amplitude curve gradually shifts upward. According to the stability margin defined in the Bode diagram method, the stability of the closed-loop system decreases. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by two example power systems. The simulation results show that the instability of power system connected with multiple identical DFIGs can lead to small-signal angular instability in the power system.
Diagnostic capability of dynamic ultrasound evaluation of supination-external rotation ankle injuries: a cadaveric study

Ankle syndesmosis injuries are common and range in severity from subclinical to grossly unstable. Definitive diagnosis of these injuries can be made with plain film radiographs, but are often missed when severity or image quality is low. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide definitive diagnosis, but are costly and introduce the patient to radiation when CT is used. Ultrasonography may circumvent many of these disadvantages by being inexpensive, efficient, and able to detect injuries without radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of ultrasonography to detect early stage supination-external rotation (SER) ankle syndesmosis injuries with a dynamic external rotational stress test. Nine, all male, fresh frozen specimens were secured to an ankle rig and stress tested to 10 Nm of external rotational torque with ultrasonography at the tibiofibular clear space. The ankles were subjected to syndesmosis ligament sectioning and repeat stress measurements of the tibiofibular clear space at peak torque. Stress tests and measurements were repeated three times and averaged and analyzed using a repeated one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were six ankle injury states examined including: Intact State, 75% of AITFL Cut, 100% of AITFL Cut, Fibula FX - Cut 8 cm proximal, 75% PITFL Cut, and 100% PITFL Cut. Dynamic external rotation stress evaluation using ultrasonography was able to detect a significant difference between the uninjured ankle with a tibiofibular clear space of 4.5 mm and the stage 1 complete injured ankle with a clear space of 6.0 mm (P < .02). Additionally, this method was able to detect significant differences between the uninjured ankle and the stage 2–4 injury states. Dynamic external rotational stress evaluation using ultrasonography was able to detect stage 1 Lauge-Hansen SER injuries with statistical significance and corroborates criteria for diagnosing a syndesmosis injury at ≥6.0 mm of tibiofibular clear space widening.
Weak Vopěnka's Principle does not imply Vopěnka's Principle

Abstract Vopěnka's Principle says that the category of graphs has no large discrete full subcategory, or equivalently that the category of ordinals cannot be fully embedded into it. Weak Vopěnka's Principle is the dual statement, which says that the opposite category of ordinals cannot be fully embedded into the category of graphs. It was introduced in 1988 by Adamek, Rosický, and Trnkova, who showed that it follows from Vopěnka's Principle and asked whether the two statements are equivalent. We show that they are not. However, we show that Weak Vopěnka's Principle is equivalent to the generalization of itself known as Semi-Weak Vopěnka's Principle, introduced by Adamek and Rosický in 1993.
Walking speed changes in response to user-driven treadmill control after stroke.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine how individuals poststroke respond to user-driven treadmill (UDTM) control in terms of walking speeds, peak anterior ground reaction forces (AGRF), peak posterior ground reaction forces (PGRF), and trailing limb angles (TLA). Twenty individuals with chronic stroke walked overground during a 10-meter walk test to determine their self-selected (SS) speeds before walking on a treadmill in its fixed-speed (FSTM) and UDTM control modes at their SS and fastest comfortable (Fast) speeds. Paired t-tests were used to compare the walking speeds, peak AGRF, peak PGRF, and TLA among test conditions (α = 0.05). Participants selected similar SS (p > 0.05) and faster Fast walking speeds (p 0.05). Individuals used greater paretic TLA at SS speeds with UDTM control (p
14 – Sterile Formulation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the preparation and filling of injectable solid bulk pharmaceutical formulations. The material presented is general in nature but with references to direct the reader to more in-depth treatment of the subject matter. Coverage includes sterile bulk product preparation, filtration, isolation, filling, and environmental conditions required for aseptic processing. The solution filtration system should have a prefilter and final sterilization filter. The selection of filters is dependent on the type of solutions to be filtered. The sterile filters should be validated for the intended use with the product/solution systems. Sterile filters for gases need to be discussed with filter manufacturers to ensure that pressure ratings are appropriate with the intended use. Appropriate pressure regulation of ancillary systems should always be a design consideration. Vent filters are needed in the processing system to maintain sterility during transfer operations. Filter integrity testing is required to ensure that filters remain functional after their usage.
Investigation on the monitoring of iodized salt and the urine iodine level in the population of Zhoushan area in 2011

Objective To analyze the using condition of iodized salt and the urine iodine level in the population of Zhoushan area in 2011,and provide the evidence for the control measures and intervention strategies of iodine.Methods According to The National Iodized Salt Monitoring Plan and Zhejiang Province Iodized Salt Monitoring Detailed Rules,the iodide of iodized salt was detected by GB/T 130257-1999 salt industry general test.The urine iodine was detected by arsenic cerium to catalyze spectral luminosity.Results Totally,854 salt samples and 2138 urine samples were collected.The average coverage of iodized salt in Zhoushon area was 96.1％.The median value of urine iodine in urine samples was 180.0 μg/L.The median value of urine iodine was 15.3-736.0 μg/L.The urine iodine median values of 6-12,13-18,19-35,36-50 and ＞ 50 years of crowd were 187.7,158.4,154.2,161.6 and 221.5 μg/L.The urine iodine median value of males was 182.3 μg/L,and that in the females was 173.8 μg/L.The urine iodine median value of urban residents was 165.0μg/L,and that in the rural residents was 196.7 μg/L.The urine iodine median value of rural residents was significantly higher than urban residents.Conclusions The quality of iodized salt and the urine iodine level in Zhoushan area are in accord with the standard of GB16006-2008 area eliminating iodine deficiency disease.The urine iodine in some regions exceeds the standard. Key words: Iodine; Surveys; Analysis
Specific cutting energy reduction of granite using plasma treatment: A feasibility study for future geothermal drilling

Abstract Geothermal Energy is one of the most consistent and viable sources of renewable energy. However, harnessing this energy has proved to be a challenge mainly due to the difficulty in drilling hard igneous rock formations that occur in and around geothermal wells. Therefore, an energy efficient method that can drill hard rocks needs to be developed. In this paper, the effect of micro-scale energy delivery, in the form of plasma, to weaken rock by inducing micro-cracks is studied. Two different types of granite (igneous rock) were sampled and used in this study, out of which the one control group was treated with five, 40kV, 80J pulses of plasma while the other was left uncracked. The effect of the cracks is quantified by conducting facing tests on the plasma cracked and uncracked samples and measuring a reduction in the specific cutting energy. Two different methods were used to estimate the specific cutting energy, where the first method considered the entire cutting process and the second method considered only the stable cutting region. The plasma treatment showed a maximum of 65% and a minimum of 15% reduction in specific cutting energy and was regarded as being dependent on mainly the hardness and size of the samples. All results in this study are validated using statistical analysis.
Handling of Air-Sensitive and Moisture-Sensitive Reagents in an Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory: The Importance of the Syringe

A relatively large number of organic and inorganic chemistry reagents are air- or moisture-sensitive, and undergraduate students should be trained in their use. When handling such reagents, it is important to select the correct syringe and to use that syringe correctly. We have found that the best syringe for use in an undergraduate setting is a fully plastic polypropylene (PP) Luer lock syringe. While generally safe, such a syringe should be treated as a single-use syringe. Repeated exposure to an organic solvent causes progressively more resistance to the movement of the plunger, or its complete freeze. Thus, when drawing in a volume of liquid that is close to the capacity of the syringe, the plunger could be inadvertently pulled out causing a spill.
Subretinal Neovascularization Associated with Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Telangiectasia

Idiopathic macular telangiectasia represents a typically bilateral vascular abnormality affecting the posterior pole in middle-aged adults. It is classically referred to as macular telangiectasia type 2, with macular telangiectasia type 1 reserved for a unilateral, aneurysmal telangiectasia affecting a younger patient population. Macular telangiectasia type 2 can cause apparent cystoid macular edema without the presence of neovascularization on fluorescein angiography, making it difficult to identify neovascular lesions when they do occur. Typically patients who develop neovascularization complain of acute vision loss. Interestingly, the neovascular lesions seen in these patients are a type 2 subretinal neovascular complex and emanate from the deep retinal vasculature, similar to a retinal angiomatous proliferation lesion. The neovascular complexes tend to always follow the formation of right-angle venules and retinal pigment epithelial hyperplasia and form independently of the choroidal–retinal anastomoses that can be seen in macular telangiectasia patients. These lesions respond well to minimal intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, while focal laser and photodynamic therapy play a limited role in the management of neovascular complexes.
Meiotic CENP-C is a shepherd: bridging the space between the centromere and the kinetochore in time and space

While many of the proteins involved in the mitotic centromere and kinetochore are conserved in meiosis, they often gain a novel function due to the unique needs of homolog segregation during meiosis I (MI). CENP-C is a critical component of the centromere for kinetochore assembly in mitosis. Recent work, however, has highlighted the unique features of meiotic CENP-C. Centromere establishment and stability require CENP-C loading at the centromere for CENP-A function. Pre-meiotic loading of proteins necessary for homolog recombination as well as cohesion also rely on CENP-C, as do the main scaffolding components of the kinetochore. Much of this work relies on new technologies that enable in vivo analysis of meiosis like never before. Here, we strive to highlight the unique role of this highly conserved centromere protein that loads on to centromeres prior to M-phase onset, but continues to perform critical functions through chromosome segregation. CENP-C is not merely a structural link between the centromere and the kinetochore, but also a functional one joining the processes of early prophase homolog synapsis to late metaphase kinetochore assembly and signaling.
Ligand Control of 59Co Nuclear Spin Relaxation Thermometry.

Studying the correlation between temperature-driven molecular structure and nuclear spin dynamics is essential to understanding fundamental design principles for thermometric nuclear magnetic resonance spin-based probes. Herein, we study the impact of progressively encapsulating ligands on temperature-dependent 59Co T1 (spin–lattice) and T2 (spin–spin) relaxation times in a set of Co(III) complexes: K3[Co(CN)6] (1); [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (2); [Co(en)3]Cl3 (3), en = ethylenediamine); [Co(tn)3]Cl3 (4), tn = trimethylenediamine); [Co(tame)2]Cl3 (5), tame = triaminomethylethane); and [Co(dinosar)]Cl3 (6), dinosar = dinitrosarcophagine). Measurements indicate that 59Co T1 and T2 increase with temperature for 1–6 between 10 and 60 °C, with the greatest ΔT1/ΔT and ΔT2/ΔT temperature sensitivities found for 4 and 3, 5.3(3)%T1/°C and 6(1)%T2/°C, respectively. Temperature-dependent T2* (dephasing time) analyses were also made, revealing the highest ΔT2*/ΔT sensitivities in structures of greatest encapsulation, as high as 4.64%T2*/°C for 6. Calculations of the temperature-dependent quadrupolar coupling parameter, Δe2qQ/ΔT, enable insight into the origins of the relative ΔT1/ΔT values. These results suggest tunable quadrupolar coupling interactions as novel design principles for enhancing temperature sensitivity in nuclear spin-based probes.
A Review of the Year in Family Law: Numbers of Disputes Increase

The authors examine important family law developments that occurred on the national and international level this year, including Hague Conventions and model acts, as well as actions taken by the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal courts, and throughout the states in cases running the gamut from family law agreements to torts.
Correcting misperceptions: Strategies for attracting and educating a reluctant audience to a museum of textiles and clothing

In 1900, the International Exhibition in Paris displayed the first popular fashion history exhibition. Since then, clothing and textiles have been incorporated in exhibitions around the world and effectively used to educate, engage, and entertain (Palmer, 2008). Throughout the United States, many universities, colleges, and community colleges have collections of historic dress ranging from very small holdings consisting of a few hundred garments to large collections of 50,000 plus garments and textiles (Queen & Berger, 2006). However, museums and collections that include textiles and clothing face challenges regarding their perceived importance both within and outside of academia (Marcketti, Fitzpatrick, Keist, & Kadolph, 2011). Textiles and clothing have traditionally been viewed as less important or of a lower status in museums and in academia (Steele, 2008).
Late‐Life Forgetting

On the basis of a recent literature review of the relationship between subjective memory complaints in older adults and quality of life (Mol et al., 2006), it was concluded that forgetfulness is a serious concern that negatively impacts quality of life. APA guidelines for the evaluation of dementia and age-related cognitive decline (1998) note that the consequences of aging include declines in memory and cognitive abilities. The guidelines suggest that these normal, developmental changes should be labeled as age-consistent memory decline. Keywords: memory; memory complaints; dementia; diminished capacity; attention
Training and Education for Intergenerational Activities: An Agenda for the Future.

Summary This paper presents a variety of issues that intersect in preparing personnel for intergenerational work. It addresses such issues as the scope of intergenerational practice, the expanded roles of personnel in intergenerational programs, the various competencies and skills needed for work, and the need to integrate intergenerational preparation into the formal systems of training and education for human services. The author suggests that the final challenge in the advancement and training of practitioners for intergenerational work is the establishment of academic sponsorship in the field of intergenerational practice.
Relations between Sea Surface Roughness, Wind Speed at 10m, and Wave Parametersduring a Tropical Cyclone

Measurements of wind and wave parameters during Hurricanes Kate and Lili and Typhoons Man-Yi and Krosa are analyzed. It is found that the wave characteristics are similar in both hurricane and typhoon. Relations amongst sea surface roughness, wind speed at 10m, and wave parameters are also formulated and presented for engineering applications.
Developments in developmental genomics

A report on the 62nd Annual Meeting for the Society for Developmental Biology (SDB), Boston, USA, 30 July to 3 August 2003.
Analysis Of L1 And L2 Use In Spanish College Courses Using The COLT Observation Scheme

This research tries to find answers to the following questions: How much English and how much Spanish is spoken in class? For what functions is each language used? Data were obtained from the tape recording of Spanish conversation classes. Other data sources included non-participant observations and an interview with each of the instructors. The COLT (Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching), part B, was used to define categories of analysis of language. Results seem to indicate that there was a large amount of focus on grammar, and use of restricted and minimal linguistic forms.
AAA domains and organization of the dynein motor unit

Dyneins contain one-three microtubule motor units that are each derived from the C-terminal globular head of a heavy chain. The N-terminal regions of the heavy chains form stems that are required for intra-dynein associations. The microtubule-binding sites are located at the terminus of a short stalk that emanates from each globular head. Recent electron microscopic analysis indicates that the dynein head has a heptameric toroidal organization. This finding is echoed by the identification of six AAA (ATPases associated with cellular activities) domains and a seventh unrelated unit within this heavy chain region. At least two of these AAA domains can bind nucleotide, although only one appears able to hydrolyze ATP. Several other AAA domain proteins exhibit a similar annular organization of six AAA units. Detailed structural information is available for several AAA proteins, including N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive vesicle-fusion protein and the RuvB motor involved in DNA migration and resolution of Holliday junctions. The resulting structural parallels allow intriguing predictions to be made concerning dynein organization and motor function.
Optimal sojourn time control within an interval

In this paper we study the problem of finding the optimal feedback control that can keep an agent within an interval for at least a certain amount of expected time with the least energy. The dynamics of the agent are subject to the perturbation of random noises, and thus are given by a stochastic differential equation. By formulating the problem as an optimal control problem, we propose a solution by using the maximum principle and finding a first integral to the resulting differential equations. Some numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results.
The granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cell of rodent submandibular glands

The granular convoluted tubule (GCT) is a segment of the duct system of all rodents, situated between the striated and intercalated ducts. It has the peculiar property of synthesizing a large variety of biologically active polypeptides whose role in saliva remains unknown. The literature on the fine structure of GCT cells is critically reviewed. Some recent developments on endocrine regulation of the structure and contents of rodent GCT cells are summarized, with emphasis on EGF, NGF, renin, and kallikrein proteases. A survey of the distribution of GCT cells in several vertebrate families is presented. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3B activate BAG-1 expression via recruitment of CTCFL/BORIS and modulation of promoter histone methylation.

In a previous genomic analysis, using somatic methyltransferase ( DNMT ) knockout cells, we showed that hypomethylation decreased the expression of as many genes as were observed to increase, suggesting a previously unknown mechanism for epigenetic regulation. To address this idea, the expression of the BAG family genes was used as a model. These genes were used because their expression was decreased in DNMT1 −/− , DNMT3B −/− , and double knockout cells and increased in DNMT1 -overexpressing and DNMT3B -overexpressing cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the BAG-1 promoter in DNMT1 -overexpressing or DNMT3B -overexpressing cells showed a permissive dimethyl-H3-K4/dimethyl-H3-K9 chromatin status associated with DNA-binding of CTCFL/BORIS, as well as increased BAG-1 expression. In contrast, a nonpermissive dimethyl-H3-K4/dimethyl-H3-K9 chromatin status was associated with CTCF DNA-binding and decreased BAG-1 expression in the single and double DNMT knockout cells. BORIS short hairpin RNA knockdown decreased both promoter DNA-binding, as well as BAG-1 expression, and changed the dimethyl-H3-K4/dimethyl-H3-K9 ratio to that characteristic of a nonpermissive chromatin state. These results suggest that DNMT1 and DNMT3B regulate BAG-1 expression via insulator protein DNA-binding and chromatin dynamics by regulating histone dimethylation. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):2726–35]
Multi-settlement simulation of reserve procurement using stochastic optimal power flow

This paper presents a dynamic reserve determination method that can be applied to operations in order to facilitate renewable integration. The method is applied to a realistic system model and incorporates a multiple settlement process that includes a day-ahead unit commitment cycle, an hour-ahead cycle, and a real-time 5-minute cycle. By inserting dynamic reserve determination in the hour-ahead cycle, the reserve requirements were dynamically procured to mitigate forecast errors in the renewable generation. The study demonstrates the use of a dynamic reserve procurement step that is practical for deployment in existing business processes and presents an example of new operating policies that can be used to integrate renewable integration at lower cost while maintaining system reliability.