cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threshold structure in the elastic cross section for scattering of slow electrons from HCl and HBr

Sharp structure in the differential cross section for elastic scattering of electrons from HCl and HBr is observed at the threshold for excitation of the first vibrational level of the electronic ground state.
Module Interface Representation

Modular design issues are receiving increased attention by companies interested in reducing costs from carrying large numbers of components while at the same time increasing product quality and providing customers with greater product variety. Existing research has mainly focused on optimizing product platforms and product offerings, with little attention being given to the interfaces between modules. This research presents an investigation into how module interfaces are best represented in a CAD/PDM environment. The representation decisions are identified and advantages and limitations for each option are presented. Representation decisions revolve around issues such as the use of higher abstraction models, the use of ports, and referencing interface components in interface definitions. We conclude that higher abstraction models are necessary, ports should be represented explicitly, and interface hardware should not be included directly with interfaces. The research considers a large number of components from representative products offered by a home appliance manufacturer.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Posterior Marginal Mandibulectomy in the Management of Cancer of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx

Abstract Objective To review a single institution's experience with posterior marginal (ramus) mandibulectomy for mandibular preservation in the management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone or oropharynx. To review the history and surgical technique with emphasis on functional as well as oncologic outcomes. Study design and setting Retrospective review at a tertiary care academic referral center from 1996 to 2002. Results Between 1996 and 2002, 382 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx were surgically treated at the Loyola University Medical Center. Medical records were reviewed and 152 patients were identified who had some form of mandibular procedure (segmental resection, marginal resection, or mandibulotomy) performed in conjunction with their tumor resection. Eighteen posterior marginal mandibulectomies were performed for primary cancers of the retromolar trigone, tonsillar fossa, and/or base of the tongue. All patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Bone invasion of the marginal mandibulectomy specimens by squamous cell carcinoma was observed in 2 cases, neither of which developed a local recurrence. Mean and median overall survivals were 41.4 and 37.5 months, respectively. Functional outcomes were determined by administering the University of Washington Quality of Life instrument administered at 12 months. Patients reported significant alterations in chewing, but all were able to maintain satisfactory oral intake and no patient required a gastrosotomy tube. Conclusions A posterior osteotomy of the mandibular ramus is a useful adjunct in the surgical treatment of cancer of the retromolar trigone or oropharynx. Negative surgical margins can be obtained even with focal invasion of mandibular bone. The loss of bone in this area does not significantly affect patients' appearance. Patients report deterioration in chewing following this procedure but are able to maintain a diet of solid food.
Periprocedural Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation

Background: Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) can increase risk of left atrial (LA) thrombi and stroke. Optimal periprocedural anticoagulation has not been determined. Objective: We report the role of administering warfarin and aspirin without low molecular weight heparin in patients undergoing AF ablation. Methods: A total of 207 patients underwent ablation for AF. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided transseptal puncture and ruled out clot in the LA. After first puncture, the sheath was flushed with heparin (5,000 Units/mL). After second puncture, a bolus of 80 units/kg of heparin was given, followed by an infusion to maintain activated clotting time (ACT) around 300–350 seconds. Warfarin was stopped and aspirin was started (325 mg/day) 3 days preprocedure. Warfarin was restarted on the day of the procedure. Both medications were continued for 6 weeks postablation. Warfarin was continued for 6 months in patients with prior history of persistent or recurrent AF. Thirty-seven patients who showed smoke in the LA on TEE were given low molecular weight heparin postprocedure until international normalized ratio (INR) was therapeutic. Results: Thirty-two patients had persistent and 175 had paroxysmal AF; 87 were cardioverted during ablation. Two patients had transient ischemic attack (TIA) on the sixth and eighth days, respectively, following ablation, with complete recovery. Both had subtherapeutic INRs. Conclusion: In patients without demonstrable clot or smoke in the LA, starting aspirin 3 days prior and warfarin immediately post-radiofrequency ablation, without low molecular weight heparin, with meticulous anticoagulation during the procedure, appears to be a safe mode of anticoagulation.
The utility of venous thromboembolism risk assessment models in general and vascular surgery

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common postsurgical complication, the incidence of which can be reduced with the use of various prophylactic measures. Proper use of these measures requires an understanding of each individual patient's risk of VTE. Risk assessment models have been developed to aid clinicians in quantifying the likelihood of an individual VTE formation. In this review, we discuss several models of risk assessment for general and vascular surgery patients with a focus on both sensitivity and prospective validation by external sources. In addition, strategies to improve proper implementation of prophylactic measures are highlighted.
Optical pattern recognition and associative memory: an introduction by the feature editor.

The feature in the 15 Jan. 1989 issue of Applied Optics includes papers dealing with the problem of pattern recognition including triple correlation, preprocessing, differentiating spatial light modulators, synthetic discriminant functions, circular harmonics for space-invariant pattern recognition, and adaptive associative memory techniques. The feature issue concludes with a paper comparing conventional digital–optical image processing to artificial neural networks.
siDNMT1 increases γ-globin expression in chemical inducer of dimerization (CID)-dependent mouse βYAC bone marrow cells and in baboon erythroid progenitor cell cultures.

Objective These studies were performed to test the hypothesis that DNMT1 is required for maintenance of DNA methylation and repression of the γ-globin gene in adult-stage erythroid cells. Materials and Methods DNMT1 levels were reduced by nucleofection of small interfering RNA targeting DNMT1 in chemical inducer of dimerization−dependent multipotential mouse bone marrow cells containing the human β-globin gene locus in the context of a yeast artificial chromosome and in primary cultures of erythroid progenitor cells derived from CD34 + baboon bone marrow cells. The effect of reduced DNMT1 levels on globin gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and the effect on globin chain synthesis in primary erythroid progenitor cell cultures was determined by biosynthetic radiolabeling of globin chains followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The effect on DNA methylation was determined by bisulfite sequence analysis. Results Reduced DNMT1 levels in cells treated with siDNMT1 were associated with increased expression of γ-globin messenger RNA, an increased γ/γ+β chain ratio in cultured erythroid progenitors, and decreased DNA methylation of the γ-globin promoter. Similar effects were observed in cells treated with decitabine, a pharmacological inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Conclusions DNMT1 is required to maintain DNA methylation of the γ-globin gene promoter and repress γ-globin gene expression in adult-stage erythroid cells.
Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine substitution on sister chromatid exchange induction by chemicals

The fluorescence-plus-Giemsa (FPG) technique for analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is widely used as an assay for mutagenic carcinogens. There is very little information, however, on whether incorporation of the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) necessary for visualization of SCEs affects the sensitivity of the SCE test system to different chemical agents. We have investigated the effect of BrdU incorporation on SCE induction by labeling cells with BrdU for either the first cell cycle or the first and second cell cycles. The cells were then treated with bleomycin, which produces DNA strand breakage; proflavine, which intercalates into DNA; mitomycin C, which produces monoadducts and DNA crosslinks; or aphidicolin, which inhibits DNA polymerase α. Chemicals were added before BrdU exposure or during the first, second, or both cell cycles. Only mitomycin C, which induces long-lived lesions, elevated the SCE frequency when cells were treated before BrdU labeling. When bleomycin, proflavine, or mitomycin C was present concurrently with BrdU, the frequency of SCEs was increased independently of the BrdU labeling protocol. Aphidicolin, on the other hand, induced more SCEs when present for the second cell cycle, when DNA replicates on a template DNA strand containing BrdU. We also examined the induction of SCEs in the first cell cycle (twins) and in the second cell cycle (singles) after continuous treatment of cells with BrdU and the test chemicals. Only aphidicolin increased SCE frequency in the second cell cycle. These results indicate that aphidicolin, but not bleomycin, proflavine, or mitomycin C, affects BrdU-substituted DNA and unsubstituted DNA differently. This type of interaction should be taken into consideration when the SCE test is used as an assay system.
Preservice Elementary Teachers' Evaluations of Elementary Students' Scientific Models: An aspect of pedagogical content knowledge for scientific modeling

Part of the work of teaching elementary science involves evaluating elementary students' work. Depending on the nature of the student work, this task can be straightforward. However, evaluating elementary students' representations of their science learning in the form of scientific models can pose significant challenges for elementary teachers. To address some of these challenges, we incorporated a modeling-based elementary science unit in our elementary science teaching methods course to support preservice teachers in gaining knowledge about and experience in evaluating students' scientific models. In this study, we investigate the approaches and criteria preservice elementary teachers use to evaluate elementary student-generated scientific models. Our findings suggest that with instruction, preservice elementary teachers can adopt criterion-based approaches to evaluating students' scientific models. Additionally, preservice teachers make gains in their self-efficacy for evaluating elementary students' s...
A Longitudinal Analysis of Stressful Life Events, Smoking Behaviors, and Gender Differences in a Multicultural Sample of Adolescents

Many studies have addressed the associations between stressful life events and adolescent smoking. Few studies, however, have examined gender differences, specifically with multicultural samples. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between 6 stress subscales and smoking behaviors 716 multicultural U.S. adolescents living in the greater Los Angeles area in 2000–2001. At baseline the ethnic break-down of the sample was 63% Latino and 26% Asian/PI and 70% were 11 years of age. Negative personal events were associated with lifetime smoking and negative school events were associated with intentions to smoke. Stratification of the sample by gender indicated that gender confounded the relationship between negative personal stress and lifetime smoking and negative school stress, positive personal stress and intentions to smoke. Two significant interactions were found. Findings indicate there are differential effects of stressful events between genders which may lead to smoking experimentation or int...
Detection of lipopolysaccharides electroblotted onto membranes

Specific detection of LPS on nylon, as described in a previously published method (Chen W.H., Balakonis P., Tsai C-M. Detection of lipopolysaccharides blotted on nylon membranes. J Endotoxin Res 1995; 2: 405-410), has been performed with Amersham's Hybond-N. The current reformulated Hybond-N nylon membrane of Amersham did not work with the method. Magna nylon (Micron Separations Inc.) has been found as a successful substitute with results similar to that of the old Hybond-N. Incorporation of 0.05% SDS in the 25 mM Tris-192 mM glycine transfer buffer resulted in specific detection for LPS and proteins with a high content of carbohydrate. Such a phenomenon seems unique to nylon but not for PVDF and nitrocellulose.
Spin and symmetry adaptation of the variational two-electron reduced-density-matrix method

The variational two-electron reduced-density-matrix (2-RDM) method computes the ground-state energy and 2-RDM of an atom or molecule without calculation of the many-electron wave function. Recently, the computational efficiency of the 2-RDM method has been significantly enhanced through the use of a first-order algorithm for semidefinite programming [Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 213001 (2004)]. In this paper we develop a spin- and symmetry-adapted formulation of the method that further improves its efficiency by incorporating both the spin and spatial symmetries of many-electron atoms and molecules. While previous work on density-matrix symmetry focused on only one form of the 2-RDM, the variational method employs three different forms of the 2-RDM, known as the $D$, $Q$, and $G$ matrices, to restrict the 2-RDM to be approximately $N$-representable, that is representable by an $N$-electron wave function. We apply spin symmetries to the three forms of the 2-RDM, each of which breaks into four diagonal spin-blocks, namely one singlet and three triplet blocks. If the molecules have point-group symmetry, each of the 2-RDMs may be further subdivided into smaller diagonal blocks according to the spatial symmetry of the basis functions. The subdivision of the 2-RDMs into diagonal blocks generates significant computational savings in both floating-point operations and memory storage. Calculations illustrate the computational savings. Spin adaptation also enforces the correct expectation value of the ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{S}}^{2}$ operator, which in earlier work is applied as a separate constraint.
Blockade of ovulation in the rat by systemic and ovarian intrabursal administration of the fungicide sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate

Dithiocarbamates, acting as inhibitors of catecholamine synthesis, have been reported to block ovulation in female rats following systemic administration by suppressing the neural noradrenergic signaling involved in triggering the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. The ovaries also synthesize norepinephrine and receive noradrenergic input via sympathetic innervation, and it has been suggested that such input may play a role in follicular maturation and ovulation. The current experiments investigated whether the dithiocarbamate fungicide dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC) would block oocyte release in normally cycling rats when administered systemically during the proestrous presurge period, and if so, would the compound also have a comparable direct ovarian effect on ovulation in response to a local intrabursal exposure of one ovary late on the day of vaginal proestrus. The results showed that a dose-related suppression of oocyte release was present in response to both intraperitoneal and intrabursal (IB) injections. But these effects appear to be mediated through different mechanisms. The unilateral IB injections were effective only on the exposed side for each ovarian pair, while no alterations were seen in ovarian norepinephrine. IB administration 24 h earlier blocked ovulation on both sides, while hCG injections were able to restore ovulation on the noninjected side only, implying that diestrous DMDTC was inhibiting the LH surge. The data indicate that while an effect on hypothalamic catecholamine synthesis may underlie the ovulatory blockade following intraperitoneal DMDTC administration, it does not appear to be involved in the response to local ovarian exposure. Moreover, the blockade in response to the diestrous IB exposure likely involves two separate mechanisms, one attributable to an alteration in ovarian hormonal feedback to the brain (or pituitary), inhibiting the LH surge, and the other associated with a direct, as yet undetermined, effect on local preovulatory events within the ovary.
New Petroleum Prospects, Shallow and Deep Bering Sea: ABSTRACT

Recent geological and geophysical investigations by the United States Geological Survey and cooperating institutions have outlined three areas of possible interest for petroleum prospecting in the Bering Sea: (1) intrashelf basins, (2) an outer-shelf sediment-draped basement high, and (3) a continental borderland, Umnak Plateau, seaward from the continental slope. 1. Although the possibility of subshelf oil deposits has long been recognized in the thick sequence of Cenozoic sediments underlying Bristol Bay, published geophysical data seemed to indicate that elsewhere the shelf is underlain by only a thin blanket of Cenozoic sedimentary deposits overlying a basement of crystalline End_Page 566------------------------------ line and deformed sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic and older ages. However, the writers' seismic-reflection studies reveal that large areas of the shallow Bering shelf are underlain by intrashelf basins containing several thousand feet of Cenozoic deposits. For example, at least 3,000 ft of sedimentary section overlies basement in western Norton Sound. Nunivak, St. Lawrence, and the Pribilof Islands are basin-bounding structural highs; these may be flanked by oil-bearing Cenozoic deposits. 2. Reflection records reveal that the outer edge of the shallow Bering shelf is underlain by a discontinuous basement high. The basement is composed in part of well-indurated sedimentary rocks of probable Mesozoic age. Cenozoic strata are draped over the shelf-edge basement high and bury the landward-facing flank, which is thought to be the scarp of a normal fault in some areas. The high may be of some interest to petroleum geologists but possible stratigraphic and structural traps within the overlying Cenozoic section are more obvious locations for petroleum prospects. 3. Deep-water drilling techniques ultimately will be required to explore adequately the petroleum possibilities of Umnak Plateau--the borderland which lies at a depth of 6,000 ft in the triangular area formed by the intersection of the Bering continental slope and the Aleutian ridge. The plateau is underlain by at least 5,000 ft of Cenozoic deposits that have accumulated over a differentially downwarped part of the basement platform underlying the shelf. The structure of the plateau is broadly domical, but moderate folding and faulting have deformed its edges; thus the flanks of the plateau may be the best location for future petroleum prospecting. End_of_Article - Last_Page 567------------
Learning, working and innovation: a case study in insurance

Worldwide the environment in which IT initiatives are deployed is changing. Increasingly, IT investments are being made to produce market outcomes as well as internal operating efficiencies. Learning about the linkage between the IT investments and business value is a critical challenge in the service sector for industries such as financial services, transportation and retailing where IT is endemic to the products and services delivered to customers. Using a case study in a large North American insurance company and recent theory as our guide, we identify ways in which information systems (IS) organizations can become more innovative by using learning as the bridge between working and innovation. >
Problems in the Italian Soft-cheese Industry

Summary The Italian-cheese industry is faced with many problems, but two of immediate urgency are concerned with poor sanitary quality and a lack of state and national standards of identity. Both Ricotta and Mozzarella cheese often are heavily contaminated with mold, yeast, and coliforms. This is particularly significant with Ricotta, because supposedly it leaves the hot kettle in an almost sterilized condition. Yet, when Ricotta cheese is packaged in plastic consumer cups, dramatic evidence frequently is displayed of poor sanitary quality through exploding caps and obnoxious flavors. Obviously, the water which comes in contact with the cheese during slow cooling might be a source of the high counts. Designs for quick-cooling air-tunnels, replacing the water, are still on the drawing-boards and may remain there indefinitely because of estimated high cost of construction. Not to be overlooked is the fact that a lack of good cleansing and sterilizing techniques in these cheese plants may be a more important contributory factor. In the packaging of Mozzarella cheese, mold growth may spoil the product because of the high initial count and because this cheese has no natural mold inhibitors such as propionic acid. Vacuum packaging has helped to reduce the incidence of mold in packaged cheese, but with sliced Mozzarella a high vacuum of 29 in. must be maintained for effective control. The decision of the Federal Food and Drug Administration not to promulgate standards of identity for Ricotta and Mozzarella cheese at this time has been received with some misgivings. Standards are urgently needed for the elimination of the chaos apparent in certain segments of this industry. Manufacturers would do well to sit down together and work out on a nationwide scale the general basis for satisfactory standards of identity. In the present confused state of the market, much cheese labeled and sold as Mozzarella bears little or no relationship to this cheese, whether of Eastern or Midwestern origin. Resembling poor Muenster, or green Cheddar, the entry of such cheese creates a very disturbing influence on the Italian soft-cheese industry and on many consumers. The Italian soft-cheese industry is growing at a rapid rate. To keep it healthy, new ideas are of paramount importance. Now that many cheese manufacturers are becoming receptive to technological advances, a wonderful opportunity exists for progress.
Nitric oxide is not involved in hepatocyte killing by neutrophils activated by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or phorbol myristate acetate in vitro

Abstract Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNS) have been implicated as cellular mediators of hepatic injury in models of inflammation in vivo. In vitro, hepatocyte killing by activated PMNs is mediated in part by proteases, but the role of nitric oxide is unknown. NO is produced by PMNs and hepatocytes and can act either to damage or protect in various models of toxicity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that NO is important in PMN-mediated hepatocyte killing in vitro. Freshly isolated hepatocytes from rat liver and PMNs elicited from rat peritoneum were cultured together or alone for 16 hours. Both cell types spontaneously released NO, estimated as its stable breakdown product, nitrite. Accumulation of nitrite in medium from hepatocyte cultures was augmented threefold by incubation with L-arginine and was completely inhibited by treatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine (NMA). Nitrite release in PMN cultures was unaffected by L-arginine addition and only partially inhibited by NMA. In PMN: hepatocyte cocultures (10:1), accumulation of nitrite was additive relative to cells cultured separately. Incubation with NMA blocked nitrite production completely in cocultures, whereas L-arginine caused a two-fold increase in nitrite. Addition of PMN stimulants, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), caused increased release of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity into medium from hepatocytes cultured with PMNs but not from hepatocytes cultured alone; this indicated that injury to hepatocytes was due to activated PMNS. However, neither FMLP nor PMA significantly altered nitrite release from cocultures. Despite the alterations in NO production induced by addition of NMA or L-arginine, neither agent altered the release of ALT from hepatocytes in coculture with activated PMNs. Thus, PMNs and hepatocytes provided NO in vitro, but neither suppression nor elevation of NO production affected PMN-mediated hepatocyte killing. Accordingly, NO is not involved in the mechanisms by which FMLP-or PMA-stimulated PMNs mediate hepatocyte injury in vitro. (Hepatology 1996 Apr;23(4):803-10)
Reusing non-functional concerns across languages

Emerging languages are often source-to-source compiled to mainstream ones, which offer standardized, fine-tuned implementations of non-functional concerns (NFCs)-including persistence, security, transactions, and testing. Because these NFCs are specified through metadata such as XML configuration files, compiling an emerging language to a mainstream one does not include NFC implementations. Unable to access the mainstream language's NFC implementations, emerging language programmers waste development effort reimplementing NFCs. In this paper, we present a novel approach to reusing NFC implementations across languages by automatically translating metadata. To add an NFC to an emerging language program, the programmer declares metadata, which is then translated to reuse the specified NFC implementation in the source-to-source compiled mainstream target language program. By automatically translating metadata, our approach eliminates the need to reimplement NFCs in the emerging language. As a validation, we add unit testing and transparent persistence to X10 by reusing implementations of these NFCs in Java and C++, the X10 backend compilation targets. The reused persistence NFC is efficient and scalable, making it possible to checkpoint and migrate processes, as demonstrated through experiments with third-party X10 programs. These results indicate that our approach can effectively reuse NFC implementations across languages, thus saving development effort.
The Forbidden Transition of Yttrium 91 and Cesium 137

${\mathrm{Y}}^{91}$ decays by the emission of a single beta-particle with a maximum energy of 1.54 Mev, while ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ decays in two ways, (1) beta-decay (maximum energy=0.518 Mev) to ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{137*}$ followed by a gamma-transition to the ground state, and (2) beta-decay (maximum energy=1.2 Mev) directly to the ground state. Probably not more than 5 percent of the ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ nuclei decay directly to the ground state. Conventional (allowed transition) Kurie plots of ${\mathrm{Y}}^{91}$ and the low energy group of beta-particles of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ display curvature which is concave toward the energy axis at high energies and concave upward at low energies. If it is assumed that Gamow-Teller selection rules govern the beta-process, the Fermi function $F(Z,W)$ for allowed spectra must be multiplied by a factor $G=({W}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1)+{({W}_{0}\ensuremath{-}W)}^{2}$ in a beta-transition for which there is a change of parity and for which the spin change is two units. If these conventional Kurie plots of ${\mathrm{Y}}^{91}$ and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ are modified by the factor $G$, the resulting plots are approximately straight lines. This indicates that the beta-decay of ${\mathrm{Y}}^{91}$ and the low energy beta-decay of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ involve a spin change of two units and a parity change. These results contribute evidence for the validity of the Fermi theory of beta-decay and the Gamow-Teller selection rules.The $K$ internal conversion coefficient for the 0.663-Mev gamma from the decay of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ was found to be 0.081, while the ratio of the $K$ conversion electrons to the $L$ conversion electrons was 5.0. The gamma-radiation seems to be either magnetic ${2}^{4}$-pole or electric ${2}^{5}$-pole.
Estimates of nuclear DNA content in red algal lineages

The red algae are an evolutionarily ancient group of predominantly marine organisms with an estimated 6000 species. Consensus higher-level molecular phylogenies support a basal split between the unicellular Cyanidiophytina and morphologically diverse Rhodophytina, the later subphylum containing most red algal species. The Rhodophytina is divided into six classes, of which five represent early diverging lineages of generally uninucleate species, whose evolutionary relationships are poorly resolved. The remaining species compose the large (27 currently recognized orders), morphologically diverse and typically multinucleate Florideophyceae. Nuclear DNA content estimates have been published for ,1 % of the described red algae. The present investigation summarizes the state of our knowledge and expands our coverage of DNA content information from 196 isolates of red algae. The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and RBC (chicken erythrocytes) standards were used to estimate 2C values with static microspectrophotometry.Nuclear DNA contents are reported for 196 isolates of red algae, almost doubling the number of estimates available for these organisms. Present results also confirm the reported DNA content range of 0.1–2.8 pg, with species of Ceramiales, Nemaliales and Palmariales containing apparently polyploid genomes with 2C ¼ 2.8, 2.3 and 2.8 pg, respectively.Early diverging red algal lineages are characterized by relatively small 2C DNA contents while a wide range of 2C values is found within the derived Florideophyceae. An overall correlation between phylogenetic placement and 2C DNA content is not apparent; however, genome size data are available for only a small portion of red algae. Current data do support polyploidy and aneuploidy as pervasive features of red algal genome evolution.
Hemoglobin Types in Various Populations of Chickens

Abstract Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of hemoglobin from 16 exotic breeds, five commercial broiler strains, nine commercial layer strains, a population of Gallus gallus and the Athens randombred population revealed only the normal hemoglobin type, consisting of one major and one slow-moving minor hemoglobin component. The same mutant and heterozygous types (in addition to normal) as were previously observed in the Athens Canadian (A-C) randombred population were observed in the Ottawa Meat Control population, from which the A-C population originated. Since the A-C population has been maintained separately from the Ottawa Meat Control since 1958, these results show that the hemoglobin mutant characterized in the A-C population in 1968 was not of recent origin, but has been segregating in the population since its construction from the Ottawa Meat Control.
Globalization and the Politics of Natural Resources

Much political science scholarship, including important work in this journal, has explored the implications of natural resource endowments— particularly oil and other highly valuable export commodities—on political and economic outcomes. Although the first wave of literature emphasized the negative effects of these resources, more recent work emphasizes how domestic institutions can condition the relationship, sometimes leading to positive effects. In this special issue, the authors expand this literature in two important ways. First, they renew attention on the international dimensions of this relationship, exploring how trade, migration, foreign investment, and other global forces influence the effects these resources have on countries. Second, they link the study of the globalization—natural resources nexus to broader debates in international and comparative political economy, such as how domestic institutions shape the impact of globalization and how economic factors affect the political survival of r...
Transparent active learning for robots

This research aims to enable robots to learn from human teachers. Motivated by human social learning, we believe that a transparent learning process can help guide the human teacher to provide the most informative instruction. We believe active learning is an inherently transparent machine learning approach because the learner formulates queries to the oracle that reveal information about areas of uncertainty in the underlying model. In this work, we implement active learning on the Simon robot in the form of nonverbal gestures that query a human teacher about a demonstration within the context of a social dialogue. Our preliminary pilot study data show potential for transparency through active learning to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the teaching process. However, our data also seem to indicate possible undesirable effects from the human teacher's perspective regarding balance of the interaction. These preliminary results argue for control strategies that balance leading and following during a social learning interaction.
Comparison of a Monoclonal Antibody-Based IgM Capture ELISA with a Neutralization Assay for Assessing Response to Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine

Monoclone-based IgM capture ELISAs were developed for each of the three poliovirus serotypes and compared with a neutralization assay for detecting response to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine among 224 infants. The IgM-based response rates were significantly higher than the neutralizing antibody-based rates: 95% versus 83% to poliovirus type 1, 99% versus 94% to poliovirus type 2, and 89% versus 59% to poliovirus type 3. IgM responses to the first vaccine dose were significantly associated between serotypes, suggesting that some of the discordance may reflect a heterotypic IgM response. When the response rates in 4 vaccine formulation groups were compared, group differences using the two assays were similar for poliovirus types 1 and 2 but not for type 3. Therefore, IgM results using these assays may not be adequate substitutes for neutralizing antibody results when determining vaccine response.
When Positive Stereotypes Threaten Intellectual Performance: The Psychological Hazards of “Model Minority” Status

Asian-American women's performance on a test of quan- titative skill was studied as a function of whether their Asian, female, or individual identity was salient at the time of testing. In previous research, ethnicity salience was found to result in enhanced math performance among Asian women. However, the investigators relied on a subtle manipulation of ethnicity salience that likely did not in- voke concerns about group reputation nor make salient the common cultural stereotypes concerning Asians' mathematical prowess. We induced a focus on ethnic identity in a manner that was likely to make other people's high performance expectations more salient. Under these conditions, ethnicity salience resulted in diminished ability to concentrate, which in turn led to significantly impaired math perfor- mance. Thus, although people commonly hold positive stereotypes about Asians' mathematical skills, making these stereotypes salient prior to performance can create the potential for "choking" under the pressure of high expectations. A number of recent investigations have shown that negative ste- reotypes can undermine the academic performance of even very tal- ented members of the stereotyped group. For example, African- American students were found to perform significantly more poorly than their European-American counterparts on a test that was charac- terized as diagnostic of intelligence, but when the same test was
Monotone and near-monotone systems

This paper provides an expository introduction to monotone and near-monotone biochemical network structures. Monotone systems respond in a predictable fashion to perturbations, and have very robust dynamical characteristics. This makes them reliable components of more complex networks, and suggests that natural biological systems may have evolved to be, if not monotone, at least close to monotone. In addition, interconnections of monotone systems may be fruitfully analyzed using tools from control theory.
Step-and-scan maskless lithography for ultra large scale DNA chips

A maskless photolithography test bed was constructed to examine the requirements for stepper-based synthesis of Ultra Large Scale DNA chips (ULS-DNA chips). The test bed is based on a microscope optical layout with a 5iÂ?reduction imaging lens and micro/nano controlled staging at the image plane. Spatial light modulation is enabled by a Digital Micromirror Device (Texas Instruments DMD 0.7XGA) and the positioning system is composed of a piezoelectric nano-positioner (nPoint Inc., Madison, WI) mounted on a high precision linear-motor stage (Newport Corp., Irvine, CA). With this test bed we examined the requirements of overlay and alignment in a stepper-based DNA microarray synthesis system. We demonstrated multi-field chip synthesis with a spot size of 3.15µm at the 5iÂ?reduction. All tests were verified by standard hybridization, and fluorescence microscopy. In addition to our demonstration of step-and-scan lithography for DNA chip synthesis, we drafted and modeled an imaging optic for a production scale tool capable of synthesizing DNA chips containing up to 20 million pixels.
Exchange and magnetostatic coupling in multilayer rare earth transition metal thin films

Tri-layer structure MSR disks were fabricated and tested using a center aperture detection method. The disks consisted of a GdFeCo read-out layer, a TbFeCo recording layer, and a GdFe intermediate layer. Two samples were prepared with 15 nm and 7.5 nm GdFe thicknesses and one sample contained no intermediate layer. The read-out waveform for the sample with the 15 nm GdFe layer was observed to approach zero in the range 3.3 mW 3.5 mW. This anomalous behavior is believed to be the effect of exchange coupling (EC) forces dominating at temperatures below T/sub Curie/ of GdFe and magnetostatic (MS) forces dominating above T/sub Curie/ of GdFe. Therefore, the read-oat signal approaches zero when the EC and MS forces are equal in magnitude. This phenomenon was observed for the sample with 7.5 nm GdFe for the bi-layer sample.
Functionalism and the Negative Feedback Model in Biology

Any study of the philosophical literature dealing with the cluster of topics generally identified as ‘functional description’, ‘functional analysis’, and ‘teleological explanation’ naturally raises the problem of confirming, disconfirming, or at least relating the alternative logical models proposed by philosophers to the actual usage of biologists.1 A close examination of current biological literature reveals that acceptance or rejection of what philosophers or sociologists might call a ‘functionalist’ perspective or approach is not significant for the division of biologists into schools or factions. It is certainly not the case that a functionalist perspective distinguishes the wholistic or organismic faction from the molecular biologists. In fact, molecular biologists shift back and forth from ‘functional’ to simple causal perspectives with considerable indifference. This is particularly true of the literature based upon the so-called operon hypothesis developed by the Nobel laureates Jacob and Monod. According to this hypothesis, some but not all of an organism’s genes are code symbols for specific amino acids; distinct ‘operator’ genes either initiate or inhibit the activity of a specific linear sequence of genes. To establish the distinction of the two types of gene activity requires very careful biochemical and genetic analysis of the straightforward, causal sort associated with those two disciplines.
The Drug Discovery Process: How Do New Glaucoma Medications Come to Market?

In the United States of America, no drugs have been approved to treat glaucoma in the past 25 years. The vast majority of drugs in the glaucoma specialist’s armamentarium are indicated for the reduction (or treatment) of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension - or words to that effect. Internationally, the situation is quite different, but this review will focus primarily on how drugs (and more specifically, glaucoma drugs) are discovered and developed for the US market.
Identifying and Addressing Response Errors in Self-Report Surveys

Much of the data used by criminologists is generated by self-report surveys of victims and offenders. Although both sources share a common reliance on responses to questions, little overlap exists between the two traditions mainly because of the differences in the original motivating goals and auspices of each. Recent changes in how these data are used–especially self-report offending surveys–necessitate a re-examination of this division. In this chapter, we review the methodological work on response errors conducted in the context of victimization surveys in order to identify ways to improve data accuracy in self-report offending surveys. We find evidence to suggest that several types of response error may affect the results obtained by self-report offending surveys.On the basis of these findings, we conclude that further exploration of sources of response error is needed and that a true understanding of these errors may only be possible with the creation of a “state of the art” survey to serve as a benchmark for less expensive surveys. In the interim, we suggest ways in which researchers can utilize existing surveys to obtain a better understanding of how response errors affect crime estimation, especially for particular uses such as trajectory modeling.
A cost-effective method for reducing soil disturbance-induced errors in static chamber measurement of wetland methane emissions

Static chambers used for sampling methane (CH4) in wetlands are highly sensitive to soil disturbance. Temporary compression around chambers during sampling can inflate the initial chamber CH4 headspace concentration and/or lead to generation of non-linear, unreliable flux estimates that must be discarded. In this study, we tested an often-used rubber gasket (RG)-sealed static chamber against a water-filled gutter (WFG) seal design that could be set up and sampled from a distance of 2 m with a newly designed remote rod sampling system to reduce soil disturbance. Compared to conventional RG design, our remotely sampled static chambers reduced the chance of detecting inflated initial CH4 concentrations (>3.6 ppm) from 66 to 6 % and nearly doubled the proportion of robust linear regressions (r 2 > 0.9) from 45 to 86 %. Importantly, the remote rod sampling system allows for more accurate and reliable CH4 sampling without costly boardwalk construction. This paper presents results demonstrating that the remote rod sampling system combined with WFG static chambers improves CH4 data reliability by reducing initial gas measurement variability due to chamber disturbance when tested on a mineral soil-restored wetland in Charles City County, Virginia, USA.
Elementary Proofs of One Weight Norm Inequalities for Fractional Integral Operators and Commutators

We give new and elementary proofs of one weight norm inequalities for fractional integral operators and commutators. Our proofs are based on the machinery of dyadic grids and sparse operators used in the proof of the A2 conjecture.
Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery

Otorhinolaryngologic procedures comprise some of the most commonly performed surgical procedures for adults and children. These procedures range from simple day-surgery operations such as myringotomy to complex head and neck reconstruction surgery performed in specialized centers. A wide range of anesthetic techniques are routinely provided for otorhinolaryngologic surgery including mask anesthetics, spontaneous or jet ventilation, difficult airway management, controlled hypotension, and extubation during deep levels of anesthesia. Safe conduct of anesthesia for these procedures requires understanding and knowledge of the common pathologies involved and the surgical procedures that will be performed. The diversity and complicated nature of these procedures require a high level of cooperation between the anesthesia and surgical teams since access to the airway is often shared.
The Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Integration on a Collaborative Interdisciplinary Diabetes Management Team.

Objective:The national initiative, Project IMProving America’s Communities Together (IMPACT): Diabetes, was intended to scale a proven American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Foundation process model, which integrates pharmacists on the collaborative health-care team, in communities greatly affected by diabetes to improve key indicators of diabetes. This article discusses the results from 1 community in Mississippi.Methods:This national prospective study followed patients with a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >7% from September 2011 to January 2013. Pharmacists collaborated with providers and other health-care professionals to provide medication therapy management services for a minimum of 3 visits. Outcome measures included HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), fasting cholesterol panel, body mass index (BMI), influenza vaccine and smoking status, and foot and eye examination dates.Results:At this site, there were statistically significant outcomes including mean HbA1c decrease of 1.2% in S...
The genusDanthoniastrum, about its circumscription, past and present status, and some taxonomic principles

Some major taxonomic and nomenclatural vagaries ofA. compacta andA. oligostachya since 1846 are briefly sketched. New findings, based on lodicules and styles, provide new generic and tribal criteria. Arguments in favor of and against keepingDanthoniastrum as a genus are given. It is concluded that the most plausible solution is to keepDanthoniastrum as a genus with a change in its circumscription. This also necessitates a change of circumscription for the tribeAveneae. Intuitive reasoning for the decision process if a taxon deserves generic rank is here briefly described and supported.