cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current topics in ovarian cancer

To successfully make an impact on the outcome of a disease like ovarian cancer, research approaches must be integrated and based on multiple avenues of investigation focusing on specific stages of disease. Topics reviewed in this issue of the Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America represent such a broadbased approach. We do not know the premalignant lesion for ovarian cancer or if one even exists. Indeed, the histologic classification of malignant ovarian tumors is diverse and challenging. Newer methods of classifying ovarian cancer pathology and identifying pathways of oncogenesis critical to ovarian cancer as discussed in this issue should lead not only to a better understanding of the biology of the disease but, potentially, to the identification of therapeutic targets as well. Clearly, the key to markedly improving overall survival in ovarian cancer is early diagnosis so that curative surgery can be performed in extremely smallvolume disease. Large-scale studies evaluating both serologic and imaging techniques are ongoing and show promise in detecting small lesions. In addition, new methods of genomics and proteomics have resulted in identifying genes and proteins that may be associated with early-stage disease. The key to progress is the participation of every high-risk patient in screening studies to aid in the evaluation of these promising approaches. Following these screening studies is the clinical application of reagents that may impact the development of ovarian cancer. Hopefully, chemoprevention of this disease will occur within our lifetime. We have made great strides in improving ovarian cancer survival with advances in the application of surgery and chemotherapy. New agents are being introduced that demonstrate response against relapsed disease, though complete
Using Separate Answer Sheets with Grade 3 Students.

ABSTRACTThe authors compared the performance of third-grade students testing on answer sheets with those testing on machine-scored test booklets. The 1,832 students in the nationally representative sample were assigned at the campus level to complete the Stanford Achievement Test Series, Tenth Edition in 1 of 4 conditions: (a) Form A answer sheet, (b) Form A booklet, (c) Form B answer sheet, and (d) Form B booklet. After controlling for scholastic ability, no significant differences in performance on total reading, total mathematics, and total language strands were found between students using booklets and those using answer sheets. The results of this study provide no evidence to support the need to use separate test booklets with general education third-grade students. States may consider using separate answer sheets with these students to realize potential cost and schedule efficiencies.
Patterns of spirituality in persons with advanced HIV disease

This study was conducted to explicate the role of spirituality in dealing with the many struggles of advanced HIV disease. The research question that guided the study was: How is spiritual meaning structured in advanced stages of HIV disease? Published articles have lacked sound conceptions of spirituality that would allow it to be described apart from religion as a concept within humanistic science. Qualitative methodological assumptions were derived from interpretive interactionism. The spiritual experiences of 10 men and women in advanced-stage (symptomatic) HIV disease who self-identified that they had either spiritual or religious experiences that had helped them cope with HIV disease were interpreted. Data were collapsed, over three iterations, into three major themes to build the meaning of spirituality in HIV. Extracted themes were: purpose in life emerges from stigmatization; opportunities for meaning arise from a disease without a cure; and after suffering, spirituality frames the life.
Social context, household composition and employment among migrant and nonmigrant Dominican women.

It is argued in this article that the social context of ethnic groups may shape employment patterns by immigrant women. This study examines the effects of household composition on the employment patterns among Dominican Republic migrants in New York City and among Dominicans in the Dominican Republic. This study is based on studies by Tienda and Glass and expands household composition groups. The comparison between countries serves as a control for the effects of culture. The inclusion in the US sample of Colombian migrants serves to further reinforce the effects of social context over cultural influences. Data are obtained from the 1981 survey of 528 Colombian and Dominican migrant women aged 20-45 years living in New York Citys Queens borough and 50% of Manhattan borough and a 1978 survey of women living in Santo Domingo and Santiago. Women who lived in the Dominican Republic were better educated and more likely to be employed. Over 50% of migrant women in New York received public assistance and 88% of women receiving public assistance were female heads of households. In the Dominican Republic the social context did not include the opportunity for receipt of public assistance. 61% of women living in the Dominican Republic and only 50% of migrant women were currently married. Female headship was 36.8% in the US and 11.8% abroad. Twice as many households abroad included other adult family members. These findings illustrate the importance of social context and household composition in explaining female immigrant employment. Dominican women living in New York with children and without a spouse were less likely to be employed than women with spouses or women without spouses or children. In the Dominican Republic women with spouses or adult men in the household were less likely to work. Selective migration was ruled out as an explanatory factor.
Increases and perturbations in thymocytes forming spontaneous rosettes during viral and chemical oncogenesis in hamsters.

Abstract Normal hamster thymocytes were repeatedly observed to form spontaneous (E) rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The percentage of rosetting thymocytes was subject to reproducible, seasonal variation, fluctuating from consistently high values of up to 17.2% in winter months to
Multiscale process intensification for catalytic partial oxidation of methane: From nanostructured catalysts to integrated reactor concepts

Abstract Process intensification (PI) is an exciting area of chemical and process engineering with increasing importance in the design and development of cleaner, more efficient, and more sustainable processes. The present contribution reviews work from the author's laboratory on catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) as example for a multiscale approach to process intensification. It is shown that regenerative heat-integration via flow reversal is an efficient way to overcome thermodynamic limitations present at autothermal reactor operation, and that “nano-engineered” catalysts can complement and enable these reactor concepts by combining high activity with exceptional catalyst stability. Most significantly, the combination of heat-integration with nanostructured catalysts yields synergies which are characteristic for multiscale process intensification, resulting in the present case in strongly increased syngas yields of 80% in a simple, air-fed autothermal CPOM process.
Optical constants of cupric oxide from 450 to 800 mμ

Abstract The wavelength dependence of the optical constants of cupric oxide films was determined over the range 450 to 800 mω from the transmittance measured on 12 films from 350 to 1800 A thick. The film thickness was determined by the use of a quartz crystal oscillator. Computerized techniques were used to obtain the transmittance data, carry out the analysis, and determine the calibration constant of the oscillator. It was assumed that the optical constants are independent of film thickness within this thickness range. The index of refraction, n , was found to increase from 2.46 at 450 mω to an approximately constant value (2.60–2.65) between 600 and 800 mω. The extinction constant, k , decreased monotonically from 0.744 at 450 mω to 0.132 at 800 mω.
MUNICIPAL USE OF CITIZEN SURVEYS

The use of citizen surveys by cities in the United States has been increasing in the past decade. In 1982, almost 62 percent of 274 cities with over 50,000 population reported using some form of survey in the past 10 years. Survey data are used to supplement other forms of internal data and external political feedback. Two problems recognized by city officials in using surveys are: (1) difficulties in interpreting data; and (2) asking questions on which the citizen is uninformed. Nevertheless, survey data provide better information about citizen opinions than is available from any other source.
Loss of a sewing needle in the tongue during attempted tongue piercing: report of a case.

ated with the halo vest: A review of 245 cases. J Neurosurg 65:762, 1986 16. Kameyama O, Ogawa K, Suga T, et al: Asymptomatic brain abscess as a complication of halo orthosis: Report of a case and review of the literature. J Orthop Sci 4:39, 1999 17. Nottmier EW, Bondurant CP: Delayed onset generalized tonicclonic seizures as a complication of a halo orthosis. J Neurosurg 92:233, 2000 18. Rosenblum D, Ehrilich V: Brain abscess and psychosis as a complication of a halo orthosis. Arch Phys Med Rehab 76:865, 1995
The Conversion of Androgens to Estrogens in Hyperthyroidism

ABSTRACT To investigate the mechanism of the increased plasma estradiol levels in spontaneous hyperthyroidism, the contribution, by peripheral conversion, of androstenedione and testosterone to the circulating estrogens was determined. The conversion ratio of androstenedione to estrone was significantly increased in both males and females (0.0396 and 0.0256, respectively). The conversion ratio of androstenedione to estradiol was increased in the male (0.0094) but not in the female (0.0051) patients. The conversion ratio of testosterone to estrone was increased in both males (0.0072) and females (0.0070). The conversion of testosterone to estradiol, however, was not increased in either sex. The plasma concentration of androstenedione was significantly increased (0.34 μg/100 ml) in the male patients with hyperthyroidism. However, the production rate of androstenedione was increased in both sexes (8.59 and 6.72 mg/day). The contribution of testosterone and androstenedione to plasma estrone and estradiol (pro...
Cocaine during Adolescence Enhances Dopamine in Response to a Natural Reinforcer

The use of cocaine during adolescent development could alter the normal growth of brain regions affected by cocaine, specifically the reward system, and impact the adult mesolimbic system. However, there is scant literature aimed at determining whether animals are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of drugs during adolescence. The present study investigated whether cocaine pretreatment in either adolescence or adulthood altered the dopaminergic response to a naturally reinforcing substance in adulthood. To evaluate the responsivity of the mesolimbic system after repeated cocaine, sucrose was offered during the dialysis procedure and dialysates were collected. Regardless of age all saline pretreated rats had significant increases in sucrose-induced extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens septi (NAcc) as compared to baseline levels. Rats pretreated with cocaine as adults also had significant increases in DA levels after sucrose. Interestingly, sucrose intake significantly enhanced DA levels in cocaine pretreated adolescent rats as compared to all other conditions. The results from the present study show that in rats pretreated with cocaine during adolescence there is an enhanced response of the dopaminergic system in animals exposed to a naturally reinforcing substance. Therefore, cocaine exposure during adolescence results in long-term functional changes in the mesolimbic pathway. Future studies need to ascertain the underlying mechanisms and their potential role in cocaine addiction.
A linear-time algorithm for testing the truth of certain quantified boolean formulas☆

Let F = Qlxr Qzxz l ** Qnx, C be a quantified Boolean formula with no free variables, where each Qi is either 3 or t, and C is in conjunctive normal form. That is, C is a conjunction of clauses, each clause is a disjunction of literals, and each literal is either a variable, xi, or the negation of a variable, Zi (1 < i f n). We shall use Ui to denote a literal equal to either Xi or Fi. The evaluation problem for quantified Boolean formulas is to determine whether such a formula F is true. The evaluation problem is complete in polynomial space [6], even if C is restricted to contain at most three literals per clause. The satisfiability problem, the special case in which all quantifiers are existential, is NP-complete [ 1,2,4] for formulas with three literals per clause. However, the satisfiability problem for formulas with only two literals per clause is solvable in polynomial time [ 1,2,4] ; Even, Itai, and Shamir [3] outline a linear-time algorithm. Schaefer [5] claims a polynomial time bound for the evaluation problem with two literals per clause, although he gives no proof. In this note we present a simple constructive algorithm for the evaluation of formulas having two literals per clause, which runs in linear time on a random access machine.
Facilitative and rememberative: novel incentive structures for increased exercise in interactive media

The traditional approaches to encourage gamers to exercise have been two-fold: incorporating in-game incentives and designing games that are based on exercise. We discuss the drawbacks of these approaches and introduce two new design constructs: facilitative and rememberative. A facilitative design introduces external interaction mechanisms that reward physical exertion with an increase of control over the utility and entertainment value of a game. The rememberative approach leverages "ambient" design artifacts embedded into the gaming experience reminding the gamer to exercise. We propose to explore the use of these design constructs in existing games and discuss two prototypes based on them.
Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre

Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre HEATHER COX RICHARDSON New York: Basic Books, 2010 Pp. 392, $28.95 (hbk), ISBN 978 0 4650 0921 3 Wounded Knee. It is a name that ev...
Alignment and use of the optical test for the 8.4 m off-axis primary mirrors of the Giant Magellan Telescope

The Giant Magellan Telescope has a 25 meter f/0.7 near-parabolic primary mirror constructed from seven 8.4 meter diameter segments. Several aspects of the interferometric optical test used to guide polishing of the six off-axis segments go beyond the demonstrated state of the art in optical testing. The null corrector is created from two obliquelyilluminated spherical mirrors combined with a computer-generated hologram (the measurement hologram). The larger mirror is 3.75 m in diameter and is supported at the top of a test tower, 23.5 m above the GMT segment. Its size rules out a direct validation of the wavefront produced by the null corrector. We can, however, use a reference hologram placed at an intermediate focus between the two spherical mirrors to measure the wavefront produced by the measurement hologram and the first mirror. This reference hologram is aligned to match the wavefront and thereby becomes the alignment reference for the rest of the system. The position and orientation of the reference hologram, the 3.75 m mirror and the GMT segment are measured with a dedicated laser tracker, leading to an alignment accuracy of about 100 microns over the 24 m dimensions of the test. In addition to the interferometer that measures the GMT segment, a separate interferometer at the center of curvature of the 3.75 m sphere monitors its figure simultaneously with the GMT measurement, allowing active correction and compensation for residual errors. We describe the details of the design, alignment, and use of this unique off-axis optical test.
A longitudinal study of applicable decision aids for detailed tasks in a financial audit

This paper reports on changes in the extent to which decision aids are perceived to be useful for performing detailed financial audit tasks. The decision aids investigated were automation (AU), decision support systems (DSS), and knowledge-based expert systems (KES). Data were collected from highly experienced mangers and partners from various international accounting firms in 1988 and 1996. The participants were asked to select the decision aid they viewed as applicable for each task in a comprehensive inventory of audit tasks. While the data indicate an increase in the choice of tasks for decision aids use between the two years, the fact remains that a majority of the responses (79% in 1988 and 69% in 1996) indicated human processing (HP) only. We present a list of detailed tasks for which at least 50% of the responses indicated some form of an applicable decision aid in 1996. We also discuss implications for practice and research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DEVIANCY FROM THE NORMS OF SCIENCE: The Effects of Anomie and Alienation in the Academic Profession

Anomie Theory, as formulated by Robert K. Merton, has been posited as a possible explanatory framework for deviancy from the norms of science.Anomie is the inability of some individuals to achieve excessively emphasized group goals through adherence to group norms. This study tests Anomie Theory by using alienation from the reward system of academic disciplines as an operationalization of this theory. Findings suggest support for Anomie Theory as an explanation for deviancy from the norms of communality, disinterestedness, and universalism. Implications for such topics as the use of norms as interpretative devices and the ambivalence of academics over compliance with dominant and subsidiary (counter-norms) are discussed. Implications for professional practice are also offered.
Field-Scale Migration of 99Tc and 129I at the Nevada Test Site

As a result of 828 underground nuclear weapons tests conducted between 1951 and 1992 at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), more than 1E+6 TBq of long-lived radionuclides (actinide device residuals, fission and activation products, etc.) are residual. Included in the radiologic inventory are {sup 99}Tc (technetium) and {sup 129}I (iodine) that are presumably mobile in groundwater and potentially toxic to down-gradient receptors. Understanding the controls of radionuclide mobility associated with these nuclear tests provides insights into the behavior of these same radionuclides in groundwater associated with the proposed Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste repository as well as the fidelity of numerical predictions of long-term repository performance. We synthesize a substantial body of data collected on the distribution of {sup 99}Tc and {sup 129}I associated with radionuclide migration studies at NTS, at field scales over distances of hundreds of meters and for durations up to forty years, under hydrogeologic conditions very similar to the proposed geological repository at Yucca Mountain. The results show that Tc does not necessarily exist as a mobile and conservative species TcO{sub 4}{sup -}, as commonly assumed. This is not unexpected as the speciation and migration behavior of {sup 99}Tc will be significantly controlled by the redoxmore » conditions of the nuclear test-induced cavity (initial distribution) and surrounding groundwater (subsequent migration). Numerous lines of evidence suggest that the chemical environment of a nuclear test cavity is likely to have a reducing nature immediately following a detonation. These conditions may persist for decades after a test. Recent in situ redox potential measurements indicated that groundwaters at multiple locations of the NTS are not oxidizing as previously believed. Mobility of Tc species (TcO{sub 2} {center_dot} nH{sub 2}O) is greatly reduced in non-oxidizing environment. Speciation of iodine and the reactivity and mobility of {sup 129}I species is also complex in the groundwater at the NTS.« less
Salzmann's-like nodular degeneration following laser in situ keratomileusis

We report the development of bilateral Salzmann's-like corneal lesions located at the site of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flap margins in 2 patients. These lesions resulted in ocular surface irritation as well as induction of irregular astigmatism and associated loss of best corrected visual acuity. Both patients had bilateral LASIK before the occurrence of the corneal lesions. A biopsy was performed on 1 nodule. The epithelium overlying this raised bluish-white corneal lesion appeared irregular in thickness, with replacement of Bowman's layer by periodic acid-Schiff positive thickened basement membrane-like material. Underlying this basement membrane was a layer of relatively regular, hypocellular, collagenlike connective tissue, which demonstrated hyalinization on trichrome staining. Based on these 2 cases, it seems possible that the hyposecretion of tears, decreased blink rate, and Dellen effect that often occur following LASIK could produce the corneal irritation needed to induce Salzmann's nodular degeneration.
Contextual- and Behavioral-Centric Stakeholder Identification☆

Proper identification of stakeholders is the first step to bound the system of interest and ultimately to correctly define the problem of concern. Research has traditionally addressed the process of identifying stakeholders using stakeholder-centric methods such as brainstorming (unstructured or with discipline-specific taxonomies). These approaches are grounded on the idea of listing entities that have a relation to the system and then analyze their mutual relationships so that their relative importance with respect to the system can be assessed. Yet, these methods do not provide any mechanism to ensure completeness and thus introduce a high level of uncertainty in the definition of the problem at the beginning of the system life-cycle. The present research proposes instead a contextual- and behavioral-centric approach for stakeholder identification. Using systems thinking the focus is put on understanding all the underlying relationships, be them complex or simple, of the system within its environment and during its existence by comprehensively modeling its socio-technical context and behavior. As a result stakeholders no longer need to be sought, but they comprehensively emerge out of the holistic understanding of the system.
Hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids precedes cellular proliferation in asbestos-stimulated tracheobronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract Metabolism of inositol phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine was investigated in tracheobronchial epithelial cells exposed to mitogenic concentrations of crocidolite asbestos. Alterations in levels of diacylglycerol, the endogenous activator of protein kinase C, and inositol polyphosphates, presumed mobilizers of intracellular calcium, were examined. Cultures labeled with [3H]glycerol and exposed to proliferative concentrations of crocidolite asbestos demonstrated significant elevations in [3H]diacylglycerol. In contrast, crocidolite-exposed cells labeled with [3H]myristic acid or [3H]choline did not display elevated production of [3H]diacylglycerol or release of [3H]choline metabolites--i.e., evidence of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. The soluble tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate catalyzed both of these changes. myo-[3H]Inositol-labeled cells exposed as briefly as 10 min to mitogenic concentrations of crocidolite demonstrated elevations in [3H]inositol mono-, tris-, and terakisphosphates, phenomena indicating turnover of inositol phospholipids. The detection of diacylglycerol and inositol phosphates in crocidolite asbestos-exposed cells suggests that this fibrous tumor promoter activates phospholipase C as it stimulates cellular proliferation.
Pseudopotential model of ultracold atomic collisions in quasi-one- and two-dimensional traps

We describe a model for s-wave collisions between ground-state atoms in optical lattices, considering especially the limits of quasi-one- and two-dimensional axisymmetric harmonic confinement. When the atomic interactions are modeled by an s-wave Fermi pseudopotential, the relative motion energy eigenvalues can easily be obtained. The results show that except for a bound state, the trap eigenvalues are consistent with one- and two-dimensional scattering with renormalized scattering amplitudes. For absolute scattering lengths large compared with the tightest trap width, our model predicts a bound state of low energy and nearly-isotropic wave function extending on the order of the tightest trap width.
On Large Circuits in Matroids

be a matroid with a maximum-sized circuit C of size at least four. This paper proves that, for k∈{2,3}, if M is k-connected, then every element of M is contained in a circuit of size at least \(\). Even when M is 3-connected and binary, the presence of a large circuit in M does not guarantee that M has a large circuit containing a nominated pair of elements. However, when M is 3-connected and graphic, it will be shown that every pair of distinct elements is contained in a circuit of at least \(\). Examples will be given to show that these results are best-possible and some related results will also be proved.
Should ACOSOG Z0011 change practice with respect to axillary lymph node dissection for a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer

While any study can be criticized, the results of Z0011 clearly show that sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone without axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) results in extremely low locoregional recurrence and excellent overall survival comparable to completion ALND. The observed results in this trial with SLNB alone were excellent. A prospective randomized study with results such as Z0011 should alter therapy. The skilled clinician must utilize his or her experience and the prospective randomized data of this study to improve patient care for women with breast cancer. On the other hand, ALND continues to be the standard of care for positive nodes in the axilla, with lymph node status as the most important prognostic indicator in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in the management of early stage breast cancer. The advent of sentinel lymph node resection (SLNR) is challenging this notion. There is evidence to support the need for regional control of the axilla as a preventative means for locoregional recurrence and improvement in DFS. ALND is both a diagnostic and therapeutic approach that not only decreases rates of locoregional recurrence, but also guides further treatment strategies. Currently, there are no definable criteria that completely prevent patients from benefiting from ALND in the setting of metastatic disease to the axilla. It is, therefore, clear that ALND should be strongly considered in the management of the SLN-positive axilla. SLNR has its role in the management of early stage breast cancer, but whether SLNR alone should replace ALND is yet to be determined.
Superficial Genitourinary Abscesses in Children: Emergence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Purpose: The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is increasing. However, little is known about methicillin resistant S. aureus in the genitourinary tract, particularly in children. We assessed the incidence of pediatric genitourinary methicillin resistant S. aureus superficial abscess requiring surgical intervention.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of all children undergoing surgical debridement of superficial abscess at a single institution between 1995 and 2007. We assessed surgical site, organism identity, patient comorbidity, methicillin resistant S. aureus risk factors, number of procedures and patient outcome.Results: Surgical debridement of a superficial genitourinary abscess was performed in 60 children. Patient age ranged from 29 days to 17 years (median 3 years). A single debridement was generally curative, with only 5 patients (8.3%) requiring more than 1 procedure. One patient (1.7%) died of sepsis postoperatively due to Pseudomonas infection. One patient ha...
A Turning Point in Austrian Policy in the Crimean War: the Conference of March, 1854

On March 22 and 25,1854, on the eve of the outbreak of the Crimean War, a select group of Austrian ministers of state presided over by Emperor Francis Joseph met to reach some basic decisions on Austrian policy. Students of Crimean War diplomacy have paid considerable attention to these ministerial conferences, using the protocols and other documents bearing on them. The most thorough analysis, and for later historiography the most influential, is that of Franz Eckhart. This essay proposes another look at these conferences in the belief that an interpretation different from the traditional one sheds more light on the nature of the debate, the decisions made and postponed, and the fundamental nature of Austria's dilemma. It also suggests in some ways a more favorable view of the policy of Austrian Foreign Minister Karl Ferdinand von Buol-Schauenstein than the usual condemnation of it as a rash and aggressive policy of va banque, or a constant vacillation between East and West without program or goal, or both.
A cytochemical study of cytoplasmic basic proteins in echinoderm oogenesis.

Abstract A cytochemical study of oogenesis in the echinodermata has revealed the presence of high concentrations of cytoplasmic basic proteins in the young oocytes of the Crinoidea and Clypeastroidea. These basic proteins give evidence of being bound to RNA and become undetectable during the later stages of oogenesis. Only traces of stainable basic proteins are found in the Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea.
Dynamic Analysis of Liver Allocation Policies

Comparisons of alternative liver allocation policies often begin by assuming that patients are either urgent or nonurgent, ignoring the process by which patients become urgent in the first place. This article employs a simulation model to study how patients' health changes between listing and transplant as a function of the rationing rule and the ratio of liver demand to supply. Compared to a first-come first-served queue or random assignment, a "sickest-first" policy results in worse patient outcomes when the demand-to-supply ratio is high. A substantial portion of this differential may be attributed to the fact that under the sickest-first rule, many patients are listed in a nonurgent state but transplanted only once they have reached the sickest patient category. The sickest-first rule is equitable, however, in that patients placed on the waiting list in the sickest category are not disadvantaged relative to patients listed in healthier states.
A measurement of the rate of the reaction N + H + M NH + M

The combination reaction between N and H atoms has been studied in a flow system by mixing H atoms produced by thermal dissociation of H2 with active nitrogen produced by a microwave discharge. Relative N atom concentrations were determined from the intensity of the yellow nitrogen afterglow. Absolute N and H atom concentrations were measured by EPR absorption spectroscopy. Absolute N atom concentrations were also determined by titration with NO. Upper and lower limits of 6.4 ± 1.5 × 10−32 and 3.1 ± 1.0 × 10−32 cm6 molecule−2 sec−1 were determined for the rate constant.
Transport of cysteine by human kidney cortex in vitro

Abstract The kinetics of in vitro concentrative uptake of cysteine-S 35 by human kidney cortex slices has been investigated. The characteristics fulfill the criteria for an active transport process. The data indicate that there are probably two transport mechanisms, one operative in the physiological range of cysteine concentration and the other at very abnormally high levels. A comparison of uptake by normal tissue and that from patients with cystinuria performed at substrate levels for the physiological system indicates there is no defect in cysteine transport in kidney from cystinuric patients. Moreover, there was no interaction of dibasic amino acids with the cysteine influx mechanism. From these studies it appears that a defect in cysteine transport into renal tubule cells does not underly the high excretion of cystine seen in cystinuric humans.
Random response of antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plates☆

Abstract The random response of an antisymmetric angle-ply composite plate subjected to random lateral load on its surface is obtained. The first-order transverse shear deformation theory, involving five coupled partial differential equations, is used. To evaluate the effect of shear deformation, anisotropy and other problem parameters on the response, the numerical results obtained with this theory are compared with the results obtained by the classical plate theory. Significant differences are observed in the two sets of results obtained by the two theories especially for thick plates, thus demonstrating the importance of shear deformations and need for utilization of plate theories which properly account for such deformations.
Cruising the Internet Highway: A Wealth of Information for Interior Design Educators

ISSUE: A diversity of useful electronic information is available to interior design educators on the Internet. APPLICATION: Interior design educators and practitioners can use their computers and terminals to find electronically stored information that is useful for lectures and presentations, course reading materials, advising, research, and travel. GOAL: The Internet may be used to improve the efficiency of acquiring information for teaching and research. DESCRIPTION: The Internet is a vast electronic network that has been developing for the last 20 years and it is becoming more user-friendly with more data useful to design and education than in years past. It is becoming a very valuable information source for educators from all disciplines, and it is free through most school computer networks. CONCLUSION: Learning how to use the Internet can save a teacher time, money, and energy. An electronic search through the world's finest libraries takes hours instead of days and can reveal references that might be missed in a manual search. To find travel information an educator can sit in an office and search on-line data bases. There is no need to walk or drive to the library. Telecommuting can become a reality, leaving more time for interaction with students. Summary Interior designers within the university community need to keep in step with today's changing technology as we move ahead into the twenty-first entury. The Internet is one area of technology that has the potential to improve the job environment and performance of all educators. Email messages and text files can be sent to research colleagues and friends in other parts of the United States and in other countries with no cost and very little time (minutes instead of days). In three to five minutes a listing of scheduled art exhibits of a museum can be downloaded and run off for students. Electronic pictures can be obtained for multimedia presentations within 30 minute. In the future even faster ways to gather information from the Internet will be provided. There is a down side to using the Internet. Often university systems become so clogged with users that logging on to explore is impossible. Occasionally remote systems “hang (stop working) and an explorer has to restart a search. The learning curve is steep, especially for people who have little experience with computers. It is an understatement to say that the system is not yet user friendly. In addition, there are so many servers on line that it is sometimes difficult to find the one with needed information. Figure 4 lists a menu of server locations. Selecting number 6, “California Gophers, revealed 114 server sites. This diversity, however, is also an indicator of the value of the Internet. The enormous body of information already available makes learning to access the Internet a very valuable tool for knowledge acquisition.
Attachment theory as a framework for explaining engagement with Facebook

Abstract Research on the relation between personality and styles of engagement with social media is surprisingly limited and has generated mixed results. The present research applied attachment theory to illuminate individual differences in styles of Facebook engagement. Two studies ( N = 583) supported a mediational model explaining various forms of active Facebook use as stemming from attachment anxiety, which predisposes individuals to sensitivity about social feedback, thereby leading them to engage in attention-seeking social media behavior. These results held while controlling for extraversion, neuroticism, and self-esteem. Attachment avoidance predicted restrained Facebook use, primarily due to its association with (low) extraversion. These findings resolve inconsistencies in previous research and demonstrate that attachment theory is a particularly useful framework through which to study the influence of personality on social-media behavior.
An In Vitro alveolar macrophage assay for the assessment of inflammatory cytokine expression induced by atmospheric particulate matter

Exposures to air pollution in the form of particulate matter (PM) can result in excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the respiratory system, potentially causing both localized cellular injury and triggering a systemic inflammatory response. PM-induced inflammation in the lung is modulated in large part by alveolar macrophages and their biochemical signaling, including production of inflammatory cytokines, the primary mechanism via which inflammation is initiated and sustained. We developed a robust, relevant, and flexible method employing a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) which can be applied to routine samples of PM from air quality monitoring sites to gain insight into the drivers of PM toxicity that lead to oxidative stress and inflammation. Method performance was characterized using extracts of ambient and vehicular engine exhaust PM samples. Our results indicate that the reproducibility and the sensitivity of the method are satisfactory and comparisons between PM samples can be made with good precision. The average relative percent difference for all genes detected during 10 different exposures was 17.1%. Our analysis demonstrated that 71% of genes had an average signal to noise ratio (SNR) ≥ 3. Our time course study suggests that 4 h may be an optimal in vitro exposure time for observing short-term effects of PM and capturing the initial steps of inflammatory signaling. The 4 h exposure resulted in the detection of 57 genes (out of 84 total), of which 86% had altered expression. Similarities and conserved gene signaling regulation among the PM samples were demonstrated through hierarchical clustering and other analyses. Overlying the core congruent patterns were differentially regulated genes that resulted in distinct sample-specific gene expression "fingerprints." Consistent upregulation of Il1f5 and downregulation of Ccr7 was observed across all samples, while TNFα was upregulated in half of the samples and downregulated in the other half. Overall, this PM-induced cytokine expression assay could be effectively integrated into health studies and air quality monitoring programs to better understand relationships between specific PM components, oxidative stress activity and inflammatory signaling potential.
An optimal algorithm for the distinct elements problem

We give the first optimal algorithm for estimating the number of distinct elements in a data stream, closing a long line of theoretical research on this problem begun by Flajolet and Martin in their seminal paper in FOCS 1983. This problem has applications to query optimization, Internet routing, network topology, and data mining. For a stream of indices in {1,...,n}, our algorithm computes a (1 ± e)-approximation using an optimal O(1/e-2 + log(n)) bits of space with 2/3 success probability, where 0
Malignant Transformation of Mammary Epithelial Cells Increases Expression of Leptin and Leptin Receptor

Both normal and malignant mammary tissues have been shown to produce leptin and express leptin receptors. This study compared the expression of leptin and leptin receptor mRNA in a variety of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cell lines and observed that in general the malignant lines expressed higher levels of leptin and leptin receptor mRNA than nonmalignant lines. Furthermore, oncogenic transformation of nonmalignant cell lines increased expression of leptin and leptin receptor, with expression of ErbB2 giving particularly high levels of expression of long-form leptin receptor. In addition, nonmalignant cells exhibited little or no increase in DNA synthesis following leptin treatment, whereas oncogene-transformed cells had increased DNA synthesis in response to leptin. These effects varied among oncogenes, with ErbB2-transformed cells showing particularly high expression of leptin receptor mRNA and high response to leptin.
Retrospective and concurrent self-report of behavioral inhibition and their relation to adult mental health

Four studies are reported in which an interview or questionnaire is used to measure the relation between behavioral inhibition, defined as consistent restraint in response to unfamiliar social or nonsocial stimuli, and adult mental health. In Study 1, undergraduates were tested using a retrospective self-report questionnaire. Those who reported more behaviors suggesting childhood inhibition also reported more mental health problems. Study 2 was an attempt to establish the postdictive validity of the measurement of childhood inhibition. College students and their parents completed the questionnaire independently and were in extremely strong agreement regarding the student's inhibited behaviors as a child. In Study 3, self-reported contemporary behaviors suggesting inhibition correlated with the retrospective self-report of inhibition. Both measures correlated with the State Anxiety Subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and both accounted for unique variance in anxiety, but only contemporary inhibition accounted for unique variance in depression. In Study 4, adults who had been treated for panic disorder or depression were interviewed and reported more behaviors indicative of inhibition during childhood than did control subjects. These four studies support the usefulness of retrospective self-report as a measure of childhood inhibition and are compatible with the hypothesis that a tendency toward inhibited behavior in childhood or adulthood may be a risk factor for mental health problems.
SyNRAC: a Maple-package for solving real algebraic constraints

In this paper we present a maple-package, named SyNRAC, for solving real algebraic constraints derived from various engineering problems. Our main tool is real quantifier elimination and we focus on its application to robust control design problems.
Effect of DCMU, Simazine and Atrazine on Nitrate Reductase Activity in Hordeum vulgare in vitro

The effect of three herbicides—DCMU (1,1-dimethyl-3- (3,4-dichlorophenyl) -urea), Simazine (2,4-bis(ethylamino)- 6-chloro-s-triazine), and Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-iso-propylamino-5-triazine)—on the induction of nitrate reduc–tase and its in vivo activity was studied in detached leaves of Hordeum vulgare L. All increased both extractable nitrate reductase activity and nitrate content. The increases occurred at optimum temperatures for growth and at several concentrations of nitrate. It was also determined that the herbicides did not protect the enzyme against inactivation in vivo. Although the extractable nitrate reductase was greater, the in vivo activity of nitrate reductase was decreased in the presence of the herbicides resulting in a higher internal concentration of nitrate. Since in viva nitrate reduction is dependent upon photosynthesis it is reasonable that reduction is decreased by these known inhibitors of photosynthesis. Hence, the effect of the inhibitors on induction of nitrate reductase activity may be secondary. The higher concentration of nitrate resulting from a decreased rate of in vivo reduction in the presence of the inhibitors could conceivably be responsible for the greater corutent of nitrate reductase.
A Framework for Explicit Vocabulary Instruction with English Language Learners

AbstractAcademic vocabulary development is critical to the success of all learners—particularly English language learners (ELLs). This article presents a framework for integrating explicit academic vocabulary instruction for ELLs into middle school classrooms. The framework embodies five research-based principles and serves as a vehicle for structuring meaningful vocabulary interactions on a consistent basis throughout the school year.
Enthusiasm in Teaching

meetings provided a chance to pull together some of my thoughts about the role of the teacher. This essay presents some of those thoughts. Over the years I have learned a good deal from what other teachers say about their work, because their perspectives helped me to think through my own approach to teaching. My hope is that this essay serves readers in the same way. My theme is enthusiasm. When we think about enthusiasm in edu-
Developmental Regulation of the κ Locus Involves Both Positive and Negative Sequence Elements in the 3′ Enhancer That Affect Synergy with the Intron Enhancer

Expression of the mouse immunoglobulin κ locus is regulated by the intron and 3′ enhancers. Previously, we have reported that these enhancers can synergize at mature B cell stages. Here we present our recent studies on the identification and characterization of the 3′ enhancer sequences that play important roles in this synergy. By performing mutational analyses with novel reporter constructs, we find that the 5′ region of the cAMP response element (CRE), the PU.1/PIP, and the E2A motifs of the 3′ enhancer are critical for the synergy. These motifs are known to contribute to the enhancer activity. However, we also show that mutating other functionally important sequences has no significant effect on the synergy. Those sequences include the 3′ region of the CRE motif, the BSAP motif, and the region 3′ of the E2A motif. We have further demonstrated that either the 5′-CRE, the PU.1/PIP, or the E2A motif alone is sufficient to synergize with the intron enhancer. Moreover, the PU.1 motif appears to act as a negative element at pre-B cell stages but as a positive element at mature B cell stages. We have also identified a novel negative regulatory sequence within the 3′ enhancer that contributes to the regulation of synergy, as well as developmental stage and tissue specificity of expression. While the levels of many of the 3′ enhancer binding factors change very little in cell lines representing different B cell stages, the intron enhancer binding factors significantly increase at more mature B cell stages.
Stable splittings of surface mapping spaces

We study the homotopy type of mapping spaces from Riemann surfaces to spheres. Our main result is a stable splitting of these spaces into a bouquet of new finite spectra. From this and classical results, one may deduce splittings of the configuration spaces of surfaces.