cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Left ventricular strain and strain rates are decreased in children with normal fractional shortening after exposure to anthracycline chemotherapy.

Background Anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents carry the well-recognised risk of cardiotoxicity. Previous methods to evaluate cardiac function are useful, but have significant limitations. We sought to determine the left ventricular strain and strain rate of paediatric cancer patients with normal fractional shortening treated with anthracyclines using the latest ultrasound feature-tracking technology. Patients and methods Echocardiograms on cancer patients before anthracycline exposure and following completion of treatment were retrospectively analysed using Velocity Vector Imaging software in the circumferential and longitudinal planes. The same analysis was performed on matched controls. Only patients with a fractional shortening ≥28% were included. Results In all, 71 patients were identified with an age at diagnosis of 10.5 ± 4.7 years. The time from diagnosis to follow-up was 3.9 ± 4.0 years and the cumulative anthracycline dose was 356 ± 106 mg/m2. Following anthracycline exposure, paediatric cancer patients had a higher heart rate and a lower longitudinal strain, longitudinal diastolic strain rate, circumferential strain, and circumferential systolic and diastolic strain rate when compared with controls. Diastolic strain rate showed the greatest percent difference following anthracycline exposure versus controls. Conclusion Despite having a normal fractional shortening, children exposed to anthracyclines have subclinical derangement of their left ventricular deformation as measured by decreases in strain and strain rate in both the circumferential and longitudinal axis. In particular, there was a profound decrease in diastolic strain rate following anthracycline exposure compared with controls. Whether the decline of strain or strain rate can predict future risk of developing cardiomyopathy requires further investigation.
An Airborne and Ground-Based Study of a Long-Lived and Intense Atmospheric River with Mesoscale Frontal Waves Impacting California during CalWater-2014

AbstractThe wettest period during the CalWater-2014 winter field campaign occurred with a long-lived, intense atmospheric river (AR) that impacted California on 7–10 February. The AR was maintained in conjunction with the development and propagation of three successive mesoscale frontal waves. Based on Lagrangian trajectory analysis, moist air of tropical origin was tapped by the AR and was subsequently transported into California. Widespread heavy precipitation (200–400 mm) fell across the coastal mountain ranges northwest of San Francisco and across the northern Sierra Nevada, although only modest flooding ensued due to anomalously dry antecedent conditions. A NOAA G-IV aircraft flew through two of the frontal waves in the AR environment offshore during a ~24-h period. Parallel dropsonde curtains documented key three-dimensional thermodynamic and kinematic characteristics across the AR and the frontal waves prior to landfall. The AR characteristics varied, depending on the location of the cross section ...
A contribution to the knowledge of the orchid bee fauna of the Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

This study provides a list of orchid bees collected from the Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru. Specimens were captured by luring them to aromatic baits, eucalyptus oil and methyl salicylate, over a five day period in June, 2011. A total of 93 individuals in three genera and 15 species were collected at two approximate, yet ecologically distinctive, sites. Results are consistent with previous reports on the diversity of Amazonian orchid bees.
The Role of Assent in the Treatment of Transgender Adolescents

ABSTRACTThe authors present a case of a transgender adolescent with a verbal developmental delay. The case highlights important ethical issues concerning consent and assent in treatment of adolescent patients with pubertal suppression and cross-sex hormone therapy.
Visual Acuity of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Males as a Factor Influencing the Efficiency of Pheromone Traps

Although the Heliothis zea (Boddie) sex pheromone serves as the primary mediator by which males locate calling females of the species, visual stimuli critically influence the capture of males in pheromone traps. Capture of H. zea males in electrocutor grid traps and Pherocon-1C sticky traps baited with the H. zea sex pheromone was significantly increased by the attachment of decoy (dead) H. zea females to the trap. EG traps baited with the H. zea sex pheromone and decoy H. zea females caught significantly more H. zea males than did traps containing the pheromone and decoy H. zea males, decoy Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) females, or mock moths fashioned from polyurethane foam.
A small-scale biomass combustion generation project and its benefits analysis

Biomass combustion generation process and the major generation systems are introduced.A 1 500 kW biomass combustion generation project is taken as an example for the power generation benefit analysis.It has considerable economic benefits and broad prospect in the remote area where the biomass is too dispersive to be large-scale used.Farm products processing corporation,such as grain processing corporation,paper mill and sugar refinery can get obvious benefit and quiet great development by building small-scale biomass combustion generation using waste as fuel supply.
Cross-layer Resource Allocation for Broadband Power Line OFDM System Based on Fairness Factor

For the optimal resources allocation of broadband power line communication OFDM system,the network structure of low-voltage broadband power line communication system is analyzed in this paper,based on which the resources allocation model of multiple sub-carriers for multiusers and multi-services is built under such cases as lack resources and many application constraints,and a cross-layer resource allocation algorithm based on fairness factor and user emergency is proposed to maximize system throughput by both meeting the minimum rate demand of RT business and ensuring fairness among NRT users.The simulation is implemented in a typical power line channel environment,and results show that proposed algorithm has better performance with the target of satisfying resource allocation model.
Studies of polyglycolic acid hollow self-retaining vasal stent in vasovasostomy * †

A simple method of vasovasostomy using a unique hollow, biflanged, hydrolyzable, self-retaining intraluminal stent made of polyglycolic acid (PGA) was evaluated in rat and dog animal models. The stented vasovasostomy was compared with a modified two-layer technique in a randomized prospective trial in rats. Twenty of 22 vasovasostomies using the 0.8890mm and 0.9398mm stents were patent, whereas only 4 of 22 vasovasostomies using a modified two-layer anastomosis without a stent were patent ( P
Visions of the Self

The authors presents an intellectually comfortable and conceptually neat integration of what have been clashing and competitive theories of the salient features in the development of the self. While his emphasis is on pathological outcomes, this approach highlights the stresses besetting the child and their ultimate impact on his or her sense of self.
THE MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF THIOLS TO DISULFIDES

Abstract Some of the observations on the rate of oxygen uptake by cysteine, glutathione and thioglycolic acid are discussed, particularly the role of heavy metal ions. Kinetic studies of the oxidation of thiols by persulfate and of o-mercaptophenylacetic acid by hydrogen peroxide are reviewed; it is found in general that the slow stage in the reactions involves the oxidizing agent, and that the actual reaction of oxidation of the thiol is rapid.
Bringing HR into the Information Age: Why the Status Quo Isn't Going to Get Us There

We surveyed practitioners about the use of HR technology in their organizations and expectations for future changes. We then surveyed faculty about the coverage of HR technology in their curriculum. While most practitioners reported they use technology primarily for administrative purposes, fully 82% felt their companies would be migrating in the next five years toward greater use of HRIS. By contrast, HR curricula are focused primarily on teaching one or two specific HRIS packages or general concepts related to selection and implementation of HRIS. These findings provide a wake-up call to HR educators with respect to educating future HR managers.
Calcination-Dependence of Platinum Cluster Formation in NAY Zeolite: A Xenon-129 NMR Study

Xenon-129 NMR spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon is used to monitor the location of metal clusters and cluster precursors as a function of calcination conditions for NaY zeolite-supported platinum catalysts. Our results indicate that for the 673 K reduction conditions imposed, the formation of highly dispersed platinum clusters within the Y-zeolite matrix is best achieved by employing a calcinatoin temperature close to 673 K. Incomplete decomposition of the ion-exchanged Pt(NH 3 ) 4 2+ complex during calcination at 473 K results in migration of nearly all platinum to the exterior surface of the zeolite crystallite during reduction. Calcination temperatures significantly above 673 K induce decomposition of the shielded precursor species and subsequent migration of the metal into the sodalite cavities. A substantial amount of the platinum confined within the sodalite cavities migrates back into the supercages during reduction at 673 K. The 129 Xe NMR data are corroborated by hydrogen chemisorption and transmission electron microscopy experiments.
Quantum physics: A solid more fluid than a fluid

A supersolid is a paradoxical and elusive state of matter that has been sought for more than 60 years. Two experiments have now observed its characteristic signatures in ultracold quantum matter. See Letters p.87 & p.91 Supersolidity is a state of matter that combines the spatial order of a crystal with superfluid properties. Superfluids are phase invariant, and crystals break continuous translational symmetry, so a supersolid must break both of these symmetries. Previous studies have predicted that helium is a supersolid at very low temperatures, but unambiguous proof of supersolidity in helium, or in any system, has been missing. Here, Tilman Esslinger and colleagues get a step closer to verifying supersolidity in an ultracold quantum gas system. They observe the breaking of continuous translational symmetry along one direction by coupling a Bose–Einstein condensate of atoms to two optical cavities. Using this experimental platform, other exotic states of matter could be created, such as supersolids in the presence of disorder. Elsewhere in this issue, Jun-Ru Li and colleagues create a special stripe phase in a one-dimensional spin–orbit-coupled Bose–Einstein condensate and observe supersolid properties. Supersolids exhibit long-range order, just like normal solids, while simultaneously displaying superfluid properties. This state of matter has been extremely difficult to generate and previous results that have suggested supersolidity in helium are yet to be unambiguously verified. Here, Jun-Ru Li and colleagues create a special stripe phase in a one-dimensional spin–orbit-coupled Bose–Einstein condensate and observe some of the predicted supersolid properties. They show that this stripe phase has long-range order in one direction, like a solid, while retaining a sharp momentum distribution, like a superfluid. The authors suggest that these results could be built upon to enable the demonstration of other exotic condensed matter effects, related to disorder and vortex creation. Elsewhere in this issue, Tilman Esslinger and colleagues couple a Bose–Einstein condensate of atoms to two optical cavities and observe the breaking of continuous translational symmetry along one direction.
Demonstration of AlN Schottky Barrier Diodes With Blocking Voltage Over 1 kV

This letter reports the first demonstration of 1-kV-class AlN Schottky barrier diodes on sapphire substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The device structure mimics the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, consisting of thin $n$ -AlN epilayer as the device active region and thick resistive AlN underlayer as the insulator. At room temperature, the devices show outstanding performances with a low turn-ON voltage of 1.2 V, a high ON/OFF ratio of $\sim 10^{5}$ , a low ideality factor of 5.5, and a low reverse leakage current below 1 nA. The devices also exhibit excellent thermal stability over 500 K owing to the ultra-wide bandgap of AlN. The breakdown voltage of the devices can be further improved by employing field plate, edge termination technologies, and optimizing the SOI-like device structure. This letter presents a cost-effective route to high performance AlN-based Schottky barrier diodes for high-power, high-voltage, and high-temperature applications.
Carbon Dioxide in a Supported Ionic Liquid Membrane: Structural and Rotational Dynamics Measured with 2D IR and Pump–Probe Experiments

Supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) are porous membranes impregnated with ionic liquids (ILs) and used as advanced carbon capture materials. Here, two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) and IR polarization selective pump–probe (PSPP) spectroscopies were used to investigate CO2 reorientation and spectral diffusion dynamics in SILMs. The SILM contained 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonly)imide in the poly(ether sulfone) membrane with average pore size of ∼350 nm. Two ensembles of CO2 were observed in the SILM, one in the IL phase in the membrane pores and the other in the supporting membrane polymer. CO2 in the polymer displayed a red-shifted IR absorption spectrum and a shorter vibrational lifetime of the asymmetric stretch mode compared to the IL phase. Despite the relatively large pore sizes, the complete orientational randomization of CO2 and structural fluctuations of the IL (spectral diffusion) in the pores are slower than in the bulk IL by ∼2-fold. The implication is that the IL st...
Sector Effects of Shale Gas Development

This chapter reviews the impact of the shale gas revolution in the USA on the sectors of electricity generation, transportation, and manufacturing. Natural gas is substituting for other fuels, particularly coal, in electricity generation, resulting in lower CO2 emissions from this sector. The use of natural gas in the transportation sector is currently negligible but is projected to increase with more investments in refueling infrastructure and better natural gas vehicle technologies. Petrochemical and other manufacturing industries in the USA and abroad have responded to lower natural gas prices by investing in US-located manufacturing projects.
There are worse things

to the tune of “There Are Worse Things I Could Do” from “Grease”There are worse things I could doThan go with a boy or twoEven though the lesbiansThink I'm crazy to date menI suppose it could be ...
Matrix norm based method for recovery of high contrast and sparse objects in microwave imaging

The application of matrix-norm-minimization based compressive sensing (CS) for inverse scattering problems is discussed. In particular, two CS — based techniques are developed and compared to solve the imaging problem in a 2D sparse domain. The two proposed methods are (i) mix-norm constrained minimization and (ii) proposed joint minimization of a matrix rank and element-wise sparsity of the matrix. The problem is formulated as a linear system in contrast source as an unknown variable. A set of numerical simulations is presented to convey advantages and limitations of the considered methods.
USE OF A BIDIRECTIONAL GLENN SHUNT TO ENABLE CLOSURE OF AN ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT IN THE SETTING OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPOPLASIA

Management of atrial septal defects (ASD) in patients with abnormal RV anatomy or function is challenging, as simple ASD closure may not be hemodynamically tolerated. A 34-year-old woman presented with progressive dyspnea. Physical exam revealed hypoxia (SpO2 72%), fixed split S2, and digital
Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding for 6 Months in a National Sample of US Children.

Purpose:To explore predictors of breastfeeding behavior and seek to replicate prior findings using a recent nationally representative United States (US) sample, which has not been done previously.D...
The Psychoimmune System in Later Life

Since 1978 the faculty, staff, and students of the Older Adult Program at Northwestern Medical School have been studying the etiology, symptoms, and typical course of late-onset psychiatric disorders in middle-aged, young-old, and old-old men and women. For the author, these investigations have led to a still evolving but clinically useful conception: namely, that the various functions of the psyche constitute a de facto immune system, dedicated to preserving the consistency and continuity of the Self. When the immune system is in place, the individual experiences what Erikson (1952) has called a “self-sameness,” and self-recognition in the face of flux and change; when the system fails, the result is self-fragmentation, as well as psychoses based on hectic attempts—“fevers of the soul”—to restore the lost continuity. In later life, immune systems—whether psychic or physical—tend to degrade. The late-onset disorders do not, as commonly assumed, result from the piling-up of nonspecific Stressors and insults in later life; they result from specific, meaning-laden, and potentially reversible attacks on the psychic immune system itself.
Using peer-evaluation in a website design course

Peer-evaluation is used to assess students' levels of comprehension of primary Human Computer Interaction (HCI) principles as implemented in a specific learning product - a website. Specifically, students demonstrate their knowledge and application of sixteen individual HCI components summarized into five scales by evaluating the design and implementation of their peers' website. Validation of student learning outcomes is achieved through an analysis of agreement between student peer and instructor evaluations of these websites.
Recursively Enumerable Sets

In this chapter we shall deal in some detail with the set Σ1 of relations (see 5.24). Such relations are called recursively enumerable for reasons which will shortly become clear. The study of recursively enumerable relations is one of the main branches of recursive function theory. They play a large role in logic. In fact, for most theories the set of Godel numbers of theorems is recursively enumerable. Thus many of the concepts introduced in this section will have applications in our discussion of decidable and undecidable theories in Part III. Unless otherwise stated, the functions in this chapter are unary.
Turkey and the Arab Spring

The wave of popular uprisings that started in Tunisia in December 2010 and spread to numerous countries in North Africa and the Middle East in 2011 is now commonly known as the Arab Spring. These uprisings took politicians, policymakers, intelligence agents, and scholars alike by surprise (see, for example, Bayat, 2013), thus requiring international actors to scramble for a response and to reorient their foreign policies. Turkey was not an exception. This chapter, which explores Turkey’s foreign policy during the Arab Spring, is divided into two parts. The first presents Turkey’s response to the uprisings in four countries—Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Syria. The second draws on these cases to discuss two debates that have emerged: (1) the seeming failure of Turkey’s ‘zero problems with neighbours’ policy and (2) charges of sectarianism against Turkey.
Cryo-STEM mapping of solid–liquid interfaces and dendrites in lithium-metal batteries

Solid–liquid interfaces are important in a range of chemical, physical and biological processes1–4, but are often not fully understood owing to the lack of high-resolution characterization methods that are compatible with both solid and liquid components5. For example, the related processes of dendritic deposition of lithium metal and the formation of solid–electrolyte interphase layers6,7 are known to be key determinants of battery safety and performance in high-energy-density lithium-metal batteries. But exactly what is involved in these two processes, which occur at a solid–liquid interface, has long been debated8–11 because of the challenges of observing such interfaces directly. Here we adapt a technique that has enabled cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) of hydrated specimens in biology—immobilization of liquids by rapid freezing, that is, vitrification12. By vitrifying the liquid electrolyte we preserve it and the structures at solid–liquid interfaces in lithium-metal batteries in their native state, and thus enable structural and chemical mapping of these interfaces by cryo-scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM). We identify two dendrite types coexisting on the lithium anode, each with distinct structure and composition. One family of dendrites has an extended solid–electrolyte interphase layer, whereas the other unexpectedly consists of lithium hydride instead of lithium metal and may contribute disproportionately to loss of battery capacity. The insights into the formation of lithium dendrites that our work provides demonstrate the potential of cryogenic electron microscopy for probing nanoscale processes at intact solid–liquid interfaces in functional devices such as rechargeable batteries. Direct observation of the anode–electrolyte interface in a lithium-metal battery, without removing the liquid electrolyte, reveals two types of dendrites, one of which may contribute disproportionately to capacity fade.
Two-layer hydraulics at the river-ocean interface

Liftoff is the hydraulically forced detachment of buoyant freshwater from the channel bottom or seabed that occurs as river water discharges into the coastal ocean. It is a key feature of strongly stratified systems, occurring well upstream in the channel or seaward of the river mouth under sufficiently strong forcing. We present a two-layer hydraulic solution for the river–ocean interface that considers the river, estuary and near-field river plume as a single interlinked system, extending previous work that considered them separately. This unified approach provides a prediction of the liftoff location and free-surface profile for a wide range of forcing conditions, which are characterized in terms of the freshwater Froude number , a particularly simple scaling given the nonlinearity and relative complexity of the governing equations. The model and experimental results support a conceptual description of the river–ocean interface that relates the liftoff location, free-surface elevation and the spreading rate of the buoyant river plume.
Synthetic cannabinoid use among college students.

Abstract Background and objectives Synthetic cannabinoid use is associated with severe problems, including psychosis, kidney failure, and death. Given that young adults are especially vulnerable to using synthetic cannabinoids, the current study sought to identify factors and consequences related to use within this population. Methods 1140 undergraduates completed an online survey of synthetic cannabinoid use, consequences, and related constructs. Results The prevalence of lifetime synthetic cannabinoid use was 7.9% (n = 90), 15.6% (n = 13) of which were regular users, meaning they used once a year or more often. Synthetic cannabinoid users reported multiple adverse effects (e.g., anxiety, paranoia, tachycardia, lightheadedness) and 16.7% (n = 15) of users said they considered or did go to the Emergency Room while using synthetic cannabinoids. In the entire sample, participants believed their friends (t = 18.3, p Discussion and conclusions Synthetic cannabinoid use is associated with a variety of negative consequences. The data also supports a strong link between natural cannabis use and synthetic cannabinoid use. Scientific significance Natural cannabis users appear to be a high-risk group for using synthetic cannabinoids. There are multiple negative effects associated with synthetic cannabinoid use and reasons for use relate to convenience vs. enjoyment. Data have important implications for prevention and treatment efforts.
Is the hierarchy necessary? Gradual versus variable exposure intensity in the treatment of unacceptable obsessional thoughts

Abstract Background and objectives Although research suggests that introducing varying levels of fear during exposure enhances outcomes for some anxiety-related problems, this has not been examined in the context of obsessions. The current preliminary study tested the hypothesis that introducing variability in exposure intensity would improve long-term outcomes relative to traditional gradual (hierarchical) exposure Methods Adults (N = 40) with a moderately distressing unacceptable obsessional thought were randomly assigned in parallel to four twice-weekly sessions of: (a) gradual exposure (EXP-G; n = 19) emphasizing hierarchical exposure completion, or (b) variable exposure (EXP-V; n = 21) emphasizing variability in exposure intensity Results There were no significant differences in pre to post changes between groups using self-report, interview, or behavioral outcomes (as evaluated by an independent assessor blind to treatment condition). Group comparisons at 3-month follow-up did not reach statistical significance but were moderate in magnitude. Specifically, as measured by clinical interview (the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; primary outcome) and self-report, individuals in the EXP-G group maintained gains at 3-month follow-up, while the EXP-V group continued to improve. Treatment expectancies and satisfaction were comparable for both groups. Five participants withdrew from the EXP-G condition, and none withdrew from the EXP-V condition. In contrast to previous studies, variability in subjective and physiological fear during exposure did not predict outcomes Limitations The study employed an analogue sample with moderate unacceptable obsessions, and results should be replicated in clinical samples Conclusions Variable exposure warrants future study to understand the mechanisms, moderators, and implications of this novel approach
Quantitative coronal plane motion of hindfoot during clinical flexibility assessments.

Abstract Background Common pediatric pathologic foot presentations include cavovarus and planovalgus feet. Flexibility of the hindfoot is established for these two clinical presentations through the Coleman block (eversion) and tiptoe tests (inversion). Research question The purposes of this study are to establish typical quantitative eversion and inversion motion of the hindfoot during Coleman block and tiptoe tests using 3-D motion capture and demonstrate feasibility of using this data to assist in making treatment decisions. Methods Segmented foot model kinematics were collected for this prospective descriptive study with a focus on coronal plane inversion and eversion of the hindfoot relative to the tibia. Typical standing hindfoot position, with the feet plantigrade, was determined prior to performing the tiptoe test. Maximum hindfoot inversion was extracted from the tiptoe test. Maximum hindfoot eversion was extracted from the Coleman block tests. Results 32 typically developing subjects (age range 5–21 years) completed this study. Hindfoot motion data showed a mean standing foot position of 1 ° eversion, 10 degrees inversion during tiptoe test and 6 degrees eversion during the Coleman block test. Significance Establishing control values for hindfoot flexibility can assist with making clinical treatment decisions for disorders of the foot. At our center, clients who present to the Motion Analysis Center with foot concerns receive segmented foot model quantitative assessment of hindfoot flexibility with Coleman block and tiptoe tests as appropriate.
Zebras in Foreskin Dermatopathology: A Review

Objectives The aim of the study was to review uncommon foreskin dermatopathology conditions clinically and pathologically. Methods A database search of PubMed and Google Scholar were extracted between March 1, 2009, and March 1, 2019, using the search terms "foreskin," "prepuce," "penis," "pathology," "dermatology," and "rare." The search was limited to "humans" and "dermatopathology." Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles. Patient details (diagnosis, dermatopathology, treatment, and follow-up if available) were extracted. We excluded articles written in the non-English language, unusual variants of common conditions, and cases of common dermatologic conditions. Results A list of 369 articles was identified and another screening identified 30 articles for rare foreskin pathologies. Those are divided into categories based on the following etiologies: (a) benign, including congenital (e.g., aposthia), infectious (graft versus host disease and histoplasma), autoimmune (Crohn's disease and pyoderma gangrenosum), and benign neoplasms (neurofibroma, apocrine hidrocystoma, verruciform xanthoma, porokeratosis, penile cutaneous horn, localized amyloidosis) and (b) malignancies, including primary (myeloid sarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma), and metastasis. Conclusions We reviewed and discussed unusual benign and malignant dermatopathology conditions that can affect the foreskin.
CoopSubNet: Cooperating Subnetwork for Data-Driven Regularization of Deep Networks under Limited Training Budgets.

Deep networks are an integral part of the current machine learning paradigm. Their inherent ability to learn complex functional mappings between data and various target variables, while discovering hidden, task-driven features, makes them a powerful technology in a wide variety of applications. Nonetheless, the success of these networks typically relies on the availability of sufficient training data to optimize a large number of free parameters while avoiding overfitting, especially for networks with large capacity. In scenarios with limited training budgets, e.g., supervised tasks with limited labeled samples, several generic and/or task-specific regularization techniques, including data augmentation, have been applied to improve the generalization of deep networks.Typically such regularizations are introduced independently of that data or training scenario, and must therefore be tuned, tested, and modified to meet the needs of a particular network. In this paper, we propose a novel regularization framework that is driven by the population-level statistics of the feature space to be learned. The regularization is in the form of a \textbf{cooperating subnetwork}, which is an auto-encoder architecture attached to the feature space and trained in conjunction with the primary network. We introduce the architecture and training methodology and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative network-based regularization in a variety of tasks and architectures from the literature. Our code is freely available at \url{this https URL
Abstract 2477: CopyCat: estimating genomic copy number profiles from high-throughput single cell RNA seq data

CopyCat is a computational approach for estimate genomic-copy number profiles from high-throughput single cell RNAseq data that is generated by technologies, such as Drop-Seq, 10X genomics or Nanowells. CopyCat involves first normalizing and transforming unique molecular index (UMI) count data matrices to calculate single cell copy number states from low-coverage datasets using gene-bin windows across the human genome, and does not require a reference normal cell control. The resulting binned data is normalized and used for segmentation to reduce noise from individual genes that can contribute to gene dosage effects along chromosomes. We show that this methods is highly effective at distinguishing diploid and aneuploid cells in human tumors or cancer cell lines, and can efficiently detect major (>10mb) chromosomal amplifications and deletions compared to copy number data generated by DNA sequencing of match samples. We further show that this method can resolve some clonal substructure within individual tumors, when subpopulations are distinguished by large chromosomal events. Our method outputs segmented copy number profiles and predicted classifications of normal (diploid) and tumor (aneuploid) cell states for individual single cells. It is implemented in R and is available on Github. Citation Format: Ruli Gao, Nicholas Navin. CopyCat: estimating genomic copy number profiles from high-throughput single cell RNA seq data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2477.
Gesture in Linguistics

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by S. Kita, volume 9, pp. 6215–6218, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Shareholder Primacy in Benefit Corporations

The goal of the business corporation traditionally has been understood to be the maximization of shareholder wealth. A growing demand for social enterprise has led to the creation of various new forms of business organization, including the benefit corporation, that have the goal of creating both shareholder wealth and other public benefits. Although benefit corporations were developed to overcome the shareholder wealth maximization norm, it is not fair to say that they also overcome shareholder primacy. Properly understood, benefit corporations are shareholder-centric: they exist to allow shareholders to pursue altruistic goals rather than to require them to do so. This essay demonstrates this from the history and structure of the Model Benefit Corporation Act and argues that benefit corporation legislation ought to remain essentially enabling rather than mandatory in nature.
The atomistic level structure for the activated human κ-opioid receptor bound to the full Gi protein and the MP1104 agonist

The kappa opioid receptor (κOR) is an important target for pain therapeutics to reduce depression and other harmful side effects of existing medications. The analgesic activity is mediated by κOR signaling through the adenylyl cyclase-inhibitory family of Gi protein. Here, we report the three-dimensional (3D) structure for the active state of human κOR complexed with both heterotrimeric Gi protein and MP1104 agonist. This structure resulted from long molecular dynamics (MD) and metadynamics (metaMD) simulations starting from the 3.1-A X-ray structure of κOR–MP1104 after replacing the nanobody with the activated Gi protein and from the 3.5-A cryo-EM structure of μOR–Gi complex after replacing the 168 missing residues. Using MD and metaMD we discovered interactions to the Gi protein with strong anchors to two intracellular loops and transmembrane helix 6 of the κOR. These anchors strengthen the binding, contributing to a contraction in the binding pocket but an expansion in the cytoplasmic region of κOR to accommodate G protein. These remarkable changes in κOR structure reveal that the anchors are essential for activation.
Alternative splicing and thermosensitive expression of Dmrt1 during urogenital development in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta.

Background The doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1) is a highly conserved gene across numerous vertebrates and invertebrates in sequence and function. Small aminoacid changes in Dmrt1 are associated with turnovers in sex determination in reptiles. Dmrt1 is upregulated in males during gonadal development in many species, including the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Dmrt1 is reported to play different roles during sex determination and differentiation, yet whether these functions are controlled by distinct Dmrt1 spliceoforms remains unclear. While Dmrt1 isoforms have been characterized in various vertebrates, no study has investigated their existence in any turtle. Methods We examine the painted turtle to identify novel Dmrt1 isoforms that may be present during urogenital development using PCR, profile their expression by RNA-seq across five embryonic stages at male- and female-producing temperatures, and validate their expression pattern via qPCR with transcript-specific fluorescent probes. Results A novel Dmrt1 spliceoform was discovered for the first time in chelonians, lacking exons 2 and 3 (Dmrt1 ΔEx2Ex3). Dmrt1 canonical and ΔEx2Ex3 transcripts were differentialy expressed by temperature at stages 19 and 22 in developing gonads of painted turtles, after the onset of sex determination, and displayed a significant male-biased expression pattern. This transcriptional pattern differs from studies in other turtles and vertebrates that reported Dmrt1 differential expression before or at the onset of sex determination. This study provides the first insight into Dmrt1 transcriptional diversity in turtles and opens the door for future functional studies of the alternative Dmrt1 transcript uncovered here. Conclusions The discovery of an isoform in turtles indicate that alternative splicing may be a common feature of Dmrt1 across vertebrates, as isoforms are also found in crocodilians, birds, mammals and fish, and this variation remains unexplained. The relatively late-onset of Dmrt1 expression observed here contrasts with other turtles, indicating that Dmrt1 is not the topmost male sex -determining factor in C. picta. When placed in a phylogenetic context, this discrepancy underscores the divergent regulation of Dmrt1, and of sexual development more generally, across vertebrates.
Hydrogen Sensing at Room Temperature Using Flame-Synthesized Palladium-Decorated Crumpled Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites.

We present a unique three-dimensional palladium (Pd)-decorated crumpled reduced graphene oxide ball (Pd-CGB) nanocomposite for hydrogen (H2) detection in air at room temperature. Pd-CGB nanocomposi...
Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus: An Unusual Presentation of a Common Tumor

Merkel cell carcinoma is most commonly seen in the skin of sun exposed areas, particularly the head and neck and is associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus. Merkel cell carcinoma at an extracutaneous mucosal site of the head and neck is rare. We report a case of a 74-year-old women who presented with an enlarging thyroid mass found to be neuroendocrine carcinoma consistent with Merkel cell carcinoma (positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, CK20). Subsequent work up revealed a maxillary sinus mass with extension into the nasal cavity. Biopsy was diagnostic for Merkel cell carcinoma (positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, CK20 and Merkel cell polyomavirus). There are only case reports and small case series of Merkel cell carcinoma arising in the mucosal sites of the head and neck most commonly in the oral cavity, rarely the sinonasal mucosa. Merkel cell carcinoma metastasizing to the thyroid has only been reported in three other case reports, all from skin primaries. In addition to our case, we review the literature of extracutaneous sinonasal Merkel cell carcinoma and metastases to the thyroid.
Expanding telehealth options during the COVID pandemic eliminated racial and age disparities in electronic communication by inflammatory bowel disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Electronic messaging and telemedicine visits increased during the COVID pandemic. African-Americans and older patients have less frequently used electronic messaging with their physicians. This study compares the utilization of virtual health care before and during the COVID pandemic for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. METHODS: A chart review of all IBD patients seen at an academic medical center from 2014-2020 was conducted to evaluate the use of telehealth options (e-messaging, e-visits) during a pre-COVID and COVID timeframe. Analysis of telehealth use from March - August 2018 and March - August 2020 was performed. Patient age, gender, race, IBD type, electronic messaging and telehealth visits were obtained. A confidential database was created. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher Exact test with significance set at p < 0.05. The study was IRB approved. RESULTS: 392 patients were in the pre-COVID cohort. There were 204 White, 99 African-American, 11 Asian, and 78 racially un-identified patients. 160 (40.8%) initiated E-communication with their physicians. There was a significant difference in the use of e-messaging based upon age (51.1% < 50 vs 39.7% ≥ 50; pâ¯=â¯0.0396) and race (62.3% White vs 28.2% African-American; p < 0.00001).There were no significant differences in the use of e-messaging based upon patient gender (pâ¯=â¯0.6840) or IBD type (pâ¯=â¯0.6374). There were 295 patients in the COVID cohort. There were 155 White, 83 African American patients, 24 Hispanic patients, 10 Asian patients, and 22 racially un-identified patients. 109 (36.9%) utilized a telehealth option (53 via e-messaging; 56 via telemedicine visit). There was no significant difference in the use of a telehealth option based upon age (36.8% < 50 vs 37.25% ≥ 50 years; pâ¯=â¯1.00), race (42.6% White vs 35.9% African-American; pâ¯=â¯0.2693) or IBD type (pâ¯=â¯0.331). Males used telehealth more than females (46.1% vs 29.7%, respectively; pâ¯=â¯0.0051). DISCUSSION: The COVID pandemic emergency increased e-visits and e-messaging for care delivery. Expanded telemedicine options for IBD patients eliminated previously identified racial and age disparities in virtual medical care. African Americans utilized electronic communication as frequently as Whites during the pandemic. Post-pandemic policy consideration for continued telemedicine options may expand patient-physician engagement and eliminate disparities in health care.
Caustic Esophageal Injuries, GER Strictures and Postoperative Strictures

There are several types of circumstances for which esophageal replacement is necessary including: severe esophageal mucosal injury from caustic ingestion; congenital esophageal anomalies such as esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula; postsurgical strictures; severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); foreign body impaction; and esophageal cancer. The latter is rarely seen as an indication for esophageal replacement in children, but the numerous techniques of esophageal replacement utilized in adult patients with esophageal cancer are also applied for children. Esophageal mucosal injury resulting from accidental (or intentional) ingestion of caustic substances, postsurgical esophageal strictures, and long gap esophageal atresia are the most common indications for esophageal replacement in children. Review of the indications and various methods for esophageal replacement in children are described here.
Automatic Retinal Imaging and Analysis: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) within Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS)

In this chapter, we focus on a series of collaborations between clinicians from the School of Medicine and computer scientists from the Applied Physics Lab at the Johns Hopkins University. The described studies utilized deep learning (DL) and focused on analysis of color fundus photographs (CFP) of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of central vision loss in persons over age 50 in the United States [1] and around the world. The dataset used for training and testing was derived from the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS) [2], a longitudinal cohort study funded by the National Eye Institute with over 4500 participants and roughly 130,000 CFPs taken with a 30 degree camera. The ground truth of the deep learning systems (DLS) was based on the annotations (gradings) by trained graders at the University of Wisconsin Fundus Photograph Reading Center, which is the designated reading center for the AREDS.
V(D)J Recombination: Mechanism, Errors, and Fidelity

V(D)J recombination, the mechanism responsible for generating antigen receptor diversity, has the potential to generate aberrant DNA rearrangements in developing lymphocytes. Indeed, the recombinase has been implicated in several different kinds of errors leading to oncogenic transformation. Here we review the basic aspects of V(D)J recombination, mechanisms underlying aberrant DNA rearrangements, and the types of aberrant events uncovered in recent genomewide analyses of lymphoid neoplasms.
Better taste through chemistry.

Wedding genetics with genomics, two groups1,2,3 have independently identified in mammals a multigene family encoding seven-transmembrane proteins that probably represent the hitherto elusive taste receptors. Functional expression in heterologous cells confers responsiveness to bitter tastants in several cases. This discovery may lead to the design of bitter antagonists—and perhaps better butter for Betty Botter.
The method of moments-a personal review

The method of moments (MoM) is a formalization of the use of orthogonal projections in Hilbert space to obtain "best" solutions in subspaces. It is more a concept than a method. Almost any approximate solution can be interpreted according to the method of moments. This paper gives a history of the development of the method of moments as it applies to electromagnetics from the author's perspective. His learning experiences are recounted, both failures and successes. Some guesses are made as to future development and uses of the method.
Terrestrial weathering of ordinary chondrites in nature and continuing during laboratory storage and processing: Review and implications for Hayabusa sample integrity

– The Hayabusa mission recently returned the first samples from an ordinary chondrite (OC) parent body. Olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, and kamacite compositions fall within the known ranges of minerals from LL4 to LL6 chondrites. Hayabusa samples are being processed and stored in a pure N2 atmosphere. However, during recovery, prior to receiving, and during preliminary examination, some Hayabusa samples were briefly exposed to terrestrial atmosphere. Some of the minerals already identified in the Hayabusa samples (olivine, sulfides) are known to be among the most vulnerable to weathering reactions in moist, oxidizing terrestrial environments. Oxidation of Fe in metal, sulfides, and ferrous silicates is ubiquitous in naturally weathered OC finds, in samples of falls subjected to even a few decades of weathering before recovery, and in OC falls recovered and curated promptly after recovery. All prerecovery oxidation, hydrolysis, hydration, and product-forming phenomena documented to affect OC finds have been documented to continue in OC samples in curatorial and laboratory settings, producing mineralogical and textural effects at scales easily discernable by electron microscopy, on timescales of decades. Hayabusa samples will be exposed to similar terrestrial conditions at times throughout sample processing, allocation, and examination. Maximizing the science yield from these important samples requires thorough understanding of how LL chondrite minerals like those in the Hayabusa samples react with terrestrial moisture and oxidants in support of proper planning for maintaining Hayabusa sample integrity after allocation, and for proper anticipation of the effects of inevitable exposure to Earth’s atmosphere during storage and examination in terrestrial analytical laboratories.