cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Open Spine Fusion Versus Minimally Invasive Spine Fusion For The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Lumbar Spine Conditions

Average Quality Index 14.8 ± 2.9 • A comprehensive search of all prospective and retrospective cohort studies comparing MIS fusion to open fusion were searched using PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane libraries • The search is current as of June 7, 2012 • Figure 1 contains the PRISMA diagram of how studies were selected • Of the 15 selected for full-text review, 4 were excluded for wrong surgical technique, no use of MIS, and did not measure the proper outcomes. • All studies were coded for quality using the method by Downs and Black (1998)(8) where the higher the number the higher the quality of study • Where studies were missing standard deviation (SD) measurements, an average of studies that had SD was taken and the mean was imputed for those missing • Effects sizes (relative risks and standardized mean differences) were calculated using both fixedand randomeffects models with 95% confidence intervals • When measuring the ODI and VAS the postoperative score was taken at the last time point available for the study. For two studies it was estimated to be at 12 months and for 3 studies it was estimated at 24 months • Studies were analyzed using metan and metafunnel commands STATA MP 12.1 (College Station, TX) • Random-effects models was chosen due to the high heterogeneity across studies for each outcome (53.1% 93.5%) • Standardized mean difference (SMD) was converted by calculating the standard deviations of the mean scores for the open group and multiplied times the pooled SMD to give a meaningful value for reporting • The pooled results of these studies included 554 total patients, with 259 in the open TLIF group and 294 in the MIS TLIF group. Average follow-up across the studies ranged from 12 – 24 months. • The relative risk of complications was not statistically significant and was essentially equivalent in the two interventions. • There was a slight 1.5% decrease in the relative risk of complications when using MIS TLIF in the pooled results, but the confidence intervals crossed 1.0 (RRpooled = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.45 – 2.18 p=0.97).
Reaction calorimetry for process development: Recent advances

Reaction calorimetry has found widespread acceptance as a valuable tool that provides a combination of thermal hazard and process data for batch-type reactors. There have been many significant advances in this type of instrument over the last few years, which include both improvements in methodology and the addition of new experimental features. This article describes, with examples, the basic elements of a reaction calorimeter, comparison of commercial devices, and a number of new development, including the use of power compensation in place of the more familiar heat flow calorimetry. Applications to process safety and reaction optimization are presented with data from the SIMULAR reaction calorimeter.
Leadership for socially responsible organizations

This article addresses how for‐profit organizational management and leadership considers social responsibility. It is argued in this article that managers and leaders self‐define their personal and organizational missions in holistic integrative ways or in ways that particularize and isolate their organizations from the wider societal context. This is discussed in the context of the paradigms that traditional managers and leaders use in business and commercial organizations. A companion article will continue the discussion of leadership and organization paradigms in the contexts of language and power in a subsequent issue.
Understanding resilience in educational trajectories: Implications for protective possibilities

A growing body of literature on risk and resilience, school engagement, and positive psychology offers school psychologists new perspectives with which to consider students' progress through school. This literature emphasizes the importance of monitoring student internal and external assets. In this article, a framework is reviewed that highlights student strengths and contextual protective factors, moving beyond an exclusive focus on student deficits. It offers school psychologists a systematic set of empirically derived categories for thinking about, collecting, and presenting information about the strengths of students that (a) help to focus not only on risks but on protective factors, (b) facilitate a “developmental trajectory” perspective, and (c) recognize the role of important school, peer, and family contexts. The concepts reviewed in this article are intended to provide a template for use by school psychologists interested in thinking about student development and how schools can foster protective possibilities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 19–31, 2006.
Symmetry-based resistance as a novel means of lower limb rehabilitation

Robotic devices hold much promise for use as rehabilitation aids but their success depends on identifying effective strategies for controlling human-robot interaction forces. We developed a robotic device to test a novel method of controlling interaction forces with the intent of improving force symmetry in the limbs. Users perform lower limb extensions against a computer-controlled resistive load. The control software increases resistance above baseline in proportion to lower limb force asymmetry (balance between left and right limb forces). As a preliminary trial to test the device and controller, we conducted two experiments on neurologically intact subjects. In experiment 1, one group of subjects received symmetry-based resistance while performing lower limb extensions (n=10). A control group performed the same movements with constant resistance (n=10). The symmetry-based resistance group improved lower limb symmetry during training (ANOVA, p<0.05), whereas the control subjects did not. In experiment 2, subjects (n=10) successfully used symmetry-based resistance to alter their lower limb force production towards a target asymmetry (ANOVA, p<0.05). These studies suggest that symmetry-based resistance may hold rehabilitation benefits after orthopedic or neurological injury. Specifically, performing strength training therapy with this controller may allow hemiparetic individuals to focus better on increasing strength and neuromuscular recruitment in their paretic limb while experiencing symmetric limb forces.
Use of antitranspirants under low-light environments to control transpiration of Epipremnum aureum leaves☆

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of antitranspirants in controlling transpiration and reducing water use from foliage plants in low-light environments. Excised Epipremnum aureum (Linden and Andre) Bunt. leaves were treated in a controlled environment with different chemicals at various concentrations. Benzyladenine (BA) increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Abscisic acid (ABA), phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), α-hydroxysulfonates (HDSA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (HQS) reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rates. Abscisic acid and PMA treatments were most effective in lowering stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, but PMA caused leaf burn at concentrations > 10−5 M. The leaves treated with ABA showed a fluctuation of transpiration rate during light and dark cycles, but the leaves treated with ABA and kept in continuous darkness did not show a fluctuation of transpiration rate over 24-h cycles. Water loss in foliage plants mainly occurs through the stomata, and therefore it is possible to use chemical antitranspirants to reduce total water use under low-light environments.
On the origin of sputtered excited atoms

Abstract The formation of excited neutral atoms in the sputtering process can be understood by considering the inelastic energy transfer, ΔEe, in the final collision associated with the sputtering of a surface atom. We take ΔEe as proportional to the kinetic energy, E:ΔEe ≃ KE. If ΔEe is partitioned randomly amongst all accessible excited states, the result for the yield of the i th state is yield=2giUKΣk=i∞Gk−1 (ϵk−1 − ϵk+1−1), where gi is the degeneracy, U is the surface binding energy, Gi is the cumulative degeneracy (namely, Gi=g0+g1+g2+…+gi), and ϵi is the excitation energy. Such an expression is approximately of exponential form, i.e. yield ∝ exp ( −ϵ i kT ∗ ) , where T ∗ is a parameter with units of temperature. It is shown that this approach describes relative yields rather well, and that it describes absolute yield ratios (such as those of Tsong and Yusuf) to within a factor of three.
A scourge to the pillar of neutrality: a WikiProject fighting systemic bias

WikiProject Countering Systemic Bias consists of a small group of English-language Wikipedia editors attempting to counterbalance Western-leaning content on the site. A population survey of members of this WikiProject is currently underway and will be followed by online interviews with select editors. This poster will present preliminary findings from the survey and interviews in order to understand how this group perceives bias on Wikipedia and how they work together to fight it.
A practical guide to clumped isotope geochemistry

Clumped isotope geochemistry examines the spatial organization of rare isotopes within molecules and structural units of minerals. It principally focuses on the ordering, or ‘clumping’ of rare isotopes into bonds with or near each other rather than with isotopically normal atoms. Measurements of isotopic clumping encounter unique problems and limitations. Here, I discuss and illustrate the practical sides of this field, by way of a set of pithy aphorisms that should be followed when making such measurements by gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
Family therapy impact on intrafamilial child sexual abuse

A family therapy treatment program is evaluated using a cross-sectional longitudinal design. Three groups of intrafamilial sexual abuse clients at different stages of therapy are measured on 44 indices of behavioral and attitudinal change. Results are discussed in terms of the generally positive outcomes observed for this therapeutic modality in the treatment of incest.
Diagnosis and management of ingested foreign bodies: a ten-year experience

Ingested gastrointestinal foreign bodies may be managed by observation, endoscopy, and/or surgical intervention. We retrospectively reviewed 87 consecutive cases of foreign body ingestion. In 49 patients the ingested foreign body had passed beyond the gastroesophageal junction, and these cases form the basis of this study. Of the 49 patients, 19 (38.7%) required surgical intervention for removal of the swallowed object. Nearly 75% of these patients had swallowed objects that were more than 6.5 cm in length. Of 30 adults, more than 50% required surgery for removal of the foreign body. However, fewer than 16% of children who had swallowed and retained foreign bodies required surgery for ultimate cure. Based on these findings, guidelines are presented for the management of foreign body ingestion.
Research of the Applicability of the Active Laser Turbulent-Degraded Image Recognition Algorithm

The Scintillation effect of turbulence on laser measurement in high temperature environment will cause light moves, bend, or shake according to the ideal path. The object will have fuzzy dispersion and abnormal image on focal plane. By measuring the thickness of the high-environment glass, using characteristics of the distribution of the linear array CCD image spot inner-pixel grayscale in high-temperature environment and high relevance between each image spot, to create a mathematic model which can report the relationship between grayscale of the target area and the location of the center of mass of the target image spot as accurately as possible. By using this model, the accurate estimation of the location of the target point will be achieved.
In Search of Adrenocortical Stem and Progenitor Cells

Scientists have long hypothesized the existence of tissue-specific (somatic) stem cells and have searched for their location in different organs. The theory that adrenocortical organ homeostasis is maintained by undifferentiated stem or progenitor cells can be traced back nearly a century. Similar to other organ systems, it is widely believed that these rare cells of the adrenal cortex remain relatively undifferentiated and quiescent until needed to replenish the organ, at which time they undergo proliferation and terminal differentiation. Historical studies examining cell cycle activation by label retention assays and regenerative potential by organ transplantation experiments suggested that the adrenocortical progenitors reside in the outer periphery of the adrenal gland. Over the past decade, the Hammer laboratory, building on this hypothesis and these observations, has endeavored to understand the mechanisms of adrenocortical development and organ maintenance. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of adrenal organogenesis. We present evidence for the existence and location of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells and their potential contribution to adrenocortical carcinomas. Data described herein come primarily from studies conducted in the Hammer laboratory with incorporation of important related studies from other investigators. Together, the work provides a framework for the emerging somatic stem cell field as it relates to the adrenal gland.
Age-related changes in brain RNA of noise stressed mice

Abstract Correlative data were obtained on RNA levels of cerebrocortical neurons, adrenal fasciculate cell RNA content and serum corticosterone levels in 10, 40 and 100 week old male C57BL/6J mice immediately following a 30 min interval of continuous noise stimulation (100 dB re 2×10 −5 N/m 2 , 0.35–20 kHz) and at 1 hr and 4 hr recovery intervals. Quantification of cellular RNA levels entailed use of scanning-integrating microdensitometry of azure B stained tissue sections. Hormonal analyses were done by radioimmunoassay. Noise stimulation induced a mild to moderate adrenocortical activation and a moderate elevation of serum corticosterone levels in all age groups. Noise exposure also resulted in an increase in the RNA content of cerebrocortical neurons. However, maximal neuronal RNA levels proved to be considerably lower (32–36%) in 100 week old mice as compared to both 10 and 40 week old mice during the post-exposure intervals. The overall data support the existence of a lowered neuronal capacity for sensory induced RNA synthesis in 100 week old mice. The data also suggest that age dependent differences in neuronal responsiveness are not directly related to the extent of adrenal RNA activation or to a lowered availability of circulating glucocorticoids.
Dynamics of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-8 in acute open human dermal wounds†

Extracellular matrix degradation during dermal wound healing involves multiple levels of regulation by several enzymes of the matrix metalloproteinase family, their activators, and their inhibitors. This study tested the hypothesis that a temporal pattern of interstitial collagenase appearance occurs during normal dermal wound healing, with matrix metalloproteinase-8 originating from neutrophils appearing earlier than the fibroblast-derived matrix metalloproteinase-1. Open (6 mm) full-thickness dermal wounds, which were covered by transparent occlusive dressings, were made in healthy human volunteers (n = 20). Wound fluids from under the dressings were collected daily through day 8, and wound tissue biopsies were obtained on days 0, 2, 4, 14, and 28. Collagenases were extracted from homogenized tissue biopsies for analysis. Samples were analyzed for the presence of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and by collagenase activity assays using purified types I and III collagen as substrates. In addition, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-1/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 complexes in wound fluids were measured. Results showed a differential temporal pattern of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-8 in wound exudates with peak levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 occurring on day 4 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 peak levels on day 7. Maximal levels in tissue for both enzymes occurred on day 2. At all time points examined, levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 were statistically higher than matrix metalloproteinase-1 (100-fold to 200-fold). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 levels declined over time, whereas levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 complexes increased to a plateau on day 7. This study provides new evidence implicating matrix metalloproteinase-8 as a major collagenase in healing human dermal wounds. It also shows a temporal pattern in the appearance of the matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-1/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 complexes, suggesting that a tightly regulated pattern of expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors is essential for normal wound healing in humans.
Comparison of Thermocoagulation Effects of Low Power, Slow Heating Versus High Power, Rapid Heating Nd: YAG Laser Regimens in a Canine Prostate Model

ABSTRACTWe compared the thermocoagulation effects of low power, slow heating (15 W × 180 seconds) versus high power, rapid heating (50 W × 60 seconds) laser regimens in the canine prostate. The study was performed in 20 mongrel canines. On each prostate, the low power regimen was delivered at the 2 and 4 o'clock positions, and the high power at the 8 and 10 o'clock positions. The laser power was measured at the fiber tip. Seven dogs (acute group) were sacrificed 1 hour after the procedure. The other 13 dogs (chronic group) were sacrificed at different time intervals from 3 days to 9 weeks after the procedure.The average depth of coagulation was significantly greater in lesions treated at low power (acute: 10.7 mm., chronic: 13.3 mm.) than in those treated at high power (acute: 8.5 mm., chronic: 11.6 mm.). Another potential benefit of the low power regimen observed in the study was preservation of the integrity and efficiency of the laser probe.
FREE MOTION ON THE SPHERES (THE 0+1 NONLINEAR SIGMA MODEL)

We study the free motion of a particle on a sphere SN −1, at both the classical and the quantum level. Particular attention is paid to such aspects as ground state degeneracy, orbit space, orthogonal symmetry and its quantum implementation, superintegrability, Casimir operators, spectrum-generating groups, as well as supersymmetric solutions and extensions, all with a view to obtaining a better understanding of the field-theoretic sigma models.
Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, its major active metabolites and the new oxazaphosphorine ASTA Z 7557 (INN mafosfamide)

Cyclophosphamide (CPA), the most commonly used alkylating agent in the treatment of a wide variety of hematologic and solid tumors, requires oxidation by hepatic microsomal enzymes to its active alkylating species. A number of alternative methods exist to simulate the in vitro cytotoxicity of CPA against animal and human tumors, including the co-incubation of CPA with the S-9 fraction of rat liver homogenates (S-9) and the use of either 4-hydroperoxy CPA (a stabilized form of a major blood-borne metabolite of CPA), phosphoramide mustard (PM, considered to be the ultimate intracellular alkylating metabolite of CPA), or ASTA Z 7557 [4-(2-sulfonatoethylthio)-CPA, a new oxazaphosphorine compound which after dissolution undergoes rapid spontaneous hydrolysis in vitro with liberation of 4-hydroxy-CPA]. Using a human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA) we have quantitated the median molar inhibitory dose 50 (ID50) concentrations of S-9 activated-CPA, 4-hydroperoxy-CPA, PM, and ASTA Z 7557 against 107 previously untreated tumors, as well as determining the in vitro biological stability of the former three CPA metabolite preparations. 4-Hydroperoxy-CPA proved the most consistently cytotoxic (median molar ID50=5.77#x00D7;10−5M) compound, followed by ASTA Z 7557, S-9 activated-CPA and PM in that order. Of additional interest S-9 activated CPA and PM proved relatively unstable biologically when frozen at -120°C, whereas 4-hydroperoxy-CPA lost none of its cytotoxicity over a 36 day period during freezing. On the basis of these data 4-hydroperoxy-CPA appears the compound of choice for use in vitro to evaluate the activity that CPA is likely to express clinically against solid tumors. Since 4-hydroperoxy-CPA is not available for clinical use, ASTA Z 7557, which was slightly less cytotoxic to ovarian cancers and a wide variety of other tumors in the HTCA, appears an attractive agent to develop further clinically, especially for regional chemotherapy (e.g., intraperitoneal and intra-arterial treatment) of solid tumors.
The polypeptides of adenovirus. VI. Early and late glycopolypeptides.

Abstract Two glucosamine-labeled macromolecules, EG at early stages and LG at late stages, of infection appeared after infection of HeLa cells by type 2 adenovirus. EG was detected at maximal level by pulse-labeling with 3 H-glucosamine from 5 to 9 hr post infection. It was preferentially recovered from the cytoplasmic fraction of detergent-lysed cells and had the same electrophoretic mobility as reference virion polypeptide VII. These characteristics of EG were so similar to those of E 2 , one of the three early polypeptides (E 1 , E 2 , E 3 ) reported previously, that we tentatively concluded that EG was E 2 , and was a glycoprotein. Although E 2 (or EG) and virion polypeptide VII showed very similar electrophoretic mobility, the presence or absence of glucosamine label distinguished them, A pulse-chase experiment with 14 C-amino acids showed that the amount of radioactivity in the 3 early polypeptides did not change after 10 or 20 hr of chase. E 2 and E 3 were produced in infected human cells cultures in the presence of cytosine arabinoside, and in infected rat embryo cell culture. EG was not labeled with fucose. The subunit of fiber (polypeptide IV) was demonstrated to be LG. Limited acid hydrolysis was used to release glucosamine from fiber protein which was qualitatively identified by paper chromatography. and quantitated by two different methods. In the amino acid composition of fiber protein histidine was the amino acid present at the lowest level, but at about 2 times the level of glucosamine residues. The 14 C-glycopeptides obtained by extensive Pronase digestion of fiber protein or virion labeled with 14 C-glucosamine eluted just after a tetrasaccharide marker, stachyose, from a Sephadex G-25 column. Treatment of 14 C-glucosamine-labeled fiber protein or virion with 0.1 N NaOH in the presence of 1 M NaBH 4 released 14 C-material which coeluted with N -acetylglucosaminitol from a Sephadex G-15 column. Radioactive fucose, galactose, and mannose did not label any virion polypeptide significantly. From these results we concluded that the fiber polypeptide, whether integrated into virions or not, has a sugar residue related to glucosamine, probably N -acetylglucosamine, linked to the polypeptide chain with a weak alkali-sensitive bond (e.g., an O-glycosidic bond to the β-hydroxy group of serine or threonine). Two N -acetylglucosamine and 4 histidine residues per fiber polypeptide yielded the simplest approximation to the molecular weight estimated by other methods.
Studies of the refractive indices of binary wax mixtures

The greatest deviations in refractive index from ideal behavior of the binary wax mixtures are obtained with mixtures of vegetable waxes. These are waxes with higher unsaturation, waxes containing a higher percentage of hydroxy esters, and waxes containing glycerides or combinations of these.
TRAJECTORIES: ISOBARIC, ISENTROPIC AND ACTUAL

Abstract Vertical and horizontal deviations between an air trajectory and isobaric and isentropic trajectories are presented in a convenient form for order-of-magnitude comparisons and interpretation. Also, an objective method for computing isentropic trajectories is developed which is based on the total-energy equation.
Reply to Commentary by Collins: Distinguishing Proximal and Distal Levels of Explanation

Abstract In this reply to Collins′ (1994) commentary, I suggest that the differences between our two positions are more apparent than real. The principal difference seems to be that I (Salthouse, 1994) was emphasizing a proximal level of analysis, whereas Collins (1994) emphasized a distal level of analysis. I argue that both levels of analysis are useful and necessary in developmental research.
Effects of ketorolac tromethamine (ToradolR) on a functional model of microvascular thrombosis

Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol), a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for postoperative pain, also strongly inhibits platelet aggregation. The anti-thrombotic effects of intramuscular ketorolac were assessed with a described rat model of microarterial thrombosis. After a single dose of ketorolac mean bleeding times were significantly prolonged (p < 0.01) and platelet aggregation was markedly reduced. Patency rates at 20 min were significantly higher in ketorolac groups compared to controls (p < 0.005). However, all vessels were thrombosed at 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated decreased platelet aggregation and decreased thrombus formation in ketorolac treated animals at 20 min. The prolonged bleeding time and reduction in platelet aggregation add support to concerns of bleeding complications reported in patients treated with ketorolac perioperatively. Thus, ketorolac should probably not be used for pain relief in patients in whom postoperative haematoma formation is a particular concern. In addition, in this model, ketorolac as a single agent was ineffective for long-term prevention of microarterial thrombosis.
Information Evaluation under Nonadditive Expected Utility

We examine the choice-of-single-stage-experiment problem (Raiffa and Schlaifer, 1961) under the assumption that the decider's (weak) preference relation ≥ satisfies Schmeidler's (1989) or Gilboa's (1987) axiomatization and is thus representable by a nonadditive expected-utility functional as a Choquet integral w.r.t. a monotone probability measure on events. The basic properties of information value, certainty equivalent of information cost, net gain of information, and optimal choice of experiment that obtain (La Valle, 1968) when ≥ satisfies the Anscombe-Aumann (1963) or Savage (1954) axiomatizations continue to obtain in the more general Schmeidler-Gilboa context-provided that there is no incentive to randomize the choice of experiment. When this proviso fails, information value can in general be assigned only to the set of available experiments.
The VIS-5D system for easy interactive visualization

The VIS-5D system provides highly interactive visual access to five-dimensional data sets containing up to 50 million data points. VIS-5D runs on the Stardent ST-1000 and ST-2000 workstations and generates animated three-dimensional graphics from gridded data sets in real time. It provides a widget-based user interface and fast visual response which allows scientists to interactively explore their data sets. VIS-5D generates literal and intuitive depictions of data, has user controls that are data oriented rather than graphics oriented, and provides a WYSIWYG (what-you-see-is-what-you-get) response. The result is a system that enables scientists to produce and direct their own animations. >
Distribution and quantitative expression of the complement receptor type 1(CR1) on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes

Abstract The complement receptor, type 1 (CR1) is expressed on a variety of cell types including primate erythrocytes, phagocytic cells, and B lymphocytes. On these cells, CR1 plays a role in a diverse spectrum of biological activities including the clearance of immune complexes from the circulation, down-regulation of the complement system, recognition of complement-coated microorganisms, and cellular activation. CR1 is also expressed by some, but not all, T lymphocytes. The present study was undertaken in order to examine the distribution of CR1 on normal human T cell subsets by flow cytometry and to quantify the expression of T cell CR1 by radioimmunoassay. Data presented here indicate that, in a panel of 19 normal individuals, a mean of 9.7% of the overall peripheral blood lymphocyte population expressed CR1 and that, as assessed by two-color flow cytometry, 12.0% of CD3 + , 13.0% of CD4 + , and 20.0% of CD8 + cells expressed CR1. While single peaks of CR1 staining were observed within the CD3 and CD4 subsets, a biphasic pattern of staining was evident within the CD8 subset in which relatively high-intensity CR1 staining was detected within the subpopulation of “dull” CD8 + cells, whereas a lower intensity of CR1 staining was observed within the subpopulation of “bright” CD8 8 cells. Duplicate analyses performed over a relatively short time frame suggested that, while the overall percentage of cells that expressed CR1 varied considerably among normal individuals, in at least some individuals the percentage of cells expressing CR1 was relatively stable, especially within the CD4 subset. In cell suspensions enriched for T lymphocytes by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, 10.0% of the cells were CR1 + and a mean of approximately 3700 CR1 were expressed per CR1 + cell. There was no apparent correlation between the number of CR1 per T cell and the number of CR 1 expressed per erythrocyte in the same blood sample. The expression of CR1 on subpopulations within the CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + lymphocyte subsets may play a role in both normal cell function and in the pathophysiology of disease states including the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Rice Contains Two Disparate ent-Copalyl Diphosphate Synthases with Distinct Metabolic Functions

Rice (Oryza sativa) produces ent-copalyl diphosphate for both gibberellin (GA) phytohormone and defensive phytoalexin biosynthesis, raising the question of how this initial biosynthetic step is carried out for these distinct metabolic processes. Here, a functional genomics approach has been utilized to identify two disparate ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases from rice (OsCPS1ent and OsCPS2ent). Notably, it was very recently demonstrated that only one of these (OsCPS1ent) normally operates in GA biosynthesis as mutations in this gene result in severely impaired growth. Evidence is presented here strongly indicating that the other (OsCPS2ent) is involved in related secondary metabolism producing defensive phytochemicals. In particular, under appropriate conditions, OsCPS2ent mRNA is specifically induced in leaves prior to production of the corresponding phytoalexins. Thus, transcriptional control of OsCPS2ent seems to be an important means of regulating defensive phytochemical biosynthesis. Finally, OsCPS1ent is significantly more similar to the likewise GA-specific gene An1/ZmCPS1ent in maize (Zea mays) than its class II terpene synthase paralogs involved in rice secondary metabolism. Hence, we speculate that this cross-species conservation by biosynthetic process reflects derivation of related secondary metabolism from the GA primary biosynthetic pathway prior to the early divergence between the separate lineages within the cereal/grass family (Poaceae) resulting in modern rice and maize.
Why do People Blame Victims of Abuse? The Role of Stereotypes of Women on Perceptions of Blame

Stereotyping research suggests that traditional women (e.g., housewives) are seen as warm and weak, whereas nontraditional women (e.g., career women) are seen as lacking warmth but competent. We expected a nontraditional female abuse victim to be perceived as less warm than a traditional victim, and thus be blamed more in an abuse scenario. In an experiment, 118 Midwestern United States college students read a marital conflict in which the husband perpetrated high levels of psychological abuse. The victim’s gender role and reaction to the abuse each were manipulated. As expected, when the victim was nontraditional or she reacted negatively to the abuse (e.g., yelled back), she was rated more negatively and blamed more due to her lack of warmth.
Coupled N, C and S stable isotope measurements using a dual-column gas chromatography system

Many laboratories routinely analyze plant, animal and soil samples with elemental analyzers coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometers, obtaining rapid results for nitrogen (%N, d15N) and carbon (%C, d13C) from the same sample. The coupled N and C measurements are possible because of a gas chromatography (GC) separation of N2 and CO2 gases produced in elemental analysis. Adding a second GC column allows additional measurement of sulfur (%S, d34S) from the same sample, so that combined N, C and S information is obtained routinely. Samples are 1-15?mg, and replicates generally differ by less than 0.1頦or d15N, d13C or d34S. An example application shows that the N, C, and S measurement system allows a three-dimensional view of element dynamics in estuarine systems that are undergoing pollution inputs from upstream watersheds. Extension of these GC principles should allow coupled H, C, N, and S isotope measurements in future work. Copyright 頲007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aluminum, environment and central nervous system disease

Abstract Using microprobe techniques, we have identified accumulations of aluminum in the neurofibrillary tangle bearing neurons of cases of Alzheimer's disease and of Guam natives who suffer from parkinsonism dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Epidemiologic studies implicate local environmental influences in the induction of the diseases of the Guam natives and, by analogy, suggest that unique environmental factors related to trace elemental constituents may play an important pathogenetic role in Alzheimer's disease and similar neurodegenerative diseases, as seen in other settings.
Effects of amygdaloid lesions in rats on food and water intake and body weight under varied ambient temperatures

Food and water intake and body weight were measured in amygdala-lesioned and control Ss under three (70°, 60°, and 80° F) ambient temperature conditions. Both experimental and control Ss responded similarly to these manipulations with no suggestion of lesion-induced deficiency. These data are consistent with other research, which suggests that damage to basolateral portions of the amygdala leaves daily food and water regulatory mechanisms intact.
A Novel Approach to Digitally Controlled Phase Locked Loop Tuning Systems

Digital Phase Locked Loops are commonplace today in voltage controlled oscillator applications. These PLL's are convenient to use since they are easily interfaced to a microprocessor which can be used to provide the intelligence for tuning control. They are also quite stable and well predictable with regard to frequency selection of the loop being controlled. However, there are a number of drawbacks which surface when such things as resolution and spurious response generation are evaluated. This paper will address a possible solution to some of these drawbacks. It describes a method by which the Reference (R) and the Select (N) divide chains may be manipulated concurrently in order to achieve much higher frequency resolution than normally thought possible while retaining a reasonable phase detector frequency. The frequency of the phase detector is a major contributor to spurious responses. These manifest themselves as sidebands above and below the normal VCO frequency at which the loop is locked. By using this variable N & R technique the phase detector frequency can in many cases be raised to a high enough frequency where it can be more easily filtered and thusly reduce the spurious response problem.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF DOMESTIC DUCKS AND RODENTS BY NOTOCOTYLUS ATTENUATUS (TREMATODA: NOTOCOTYLIDAE)

In order to study transmission patterns of Notocotylus attenuatus five 3-wk-old domestic ducks, five 8-wk-old rats and ten 4-wk-old mice were infected with the parasite. All ducks became infected and all flukes were recovered from the intestinal ceca. Worms moved down the length of the cecum during development and as the parasites grew they changed their method of attachment. Flukes became gravid by day 16 post-infection, after which growth ceased. Egg filaments appear to play a role in the formation and movement of worm egg clusters from the distal portion of the cecum to the lumen of small intestine. Rodents also became infected with the parasite producing granulomatous nodular lesions in the lower small intestine but all flukes in the granulomata were dead. It is unlikely that transmission of this trematode can depend on mice and rats.
The cognitive neuroscience paradigm: a unifying metatheoretical framework for the science and practice of clinical psychology.

The emerging discipline of cognitive neuroscience (CN) enjoins the efforts of cognitive psychologists, neuroscientists, computer scientists, clinical neurologists, neurophilosophers, and many others working collaboratively across traditional disciplinary boundaries to elucidate the manner in which the physical operations of the brain give rise to the vast panoply of human mental and behavioral events. The present article describes the foundational tenets of the CN metatheoretical framework and contends that the CN framework is capable of providing a coherent, unifying scientific paradigm for the discipline of clinical psychology. Clinical psychology's adoption of the CN paradigm would facilitate (a) its consilient linkage with the natural sciences, (b) resolution of long-standing internecine theoretical schisms, and (c) enhanced understanding and treatment of numerous forms of psychopathology. Nevertheless, psychology's historically influential radical behavioral (RB) perspective is not easily reconciled with the CN paradigm. However, unlike CN, RB (a) is not fully consilient with the natural sciences, (b) fails to articulate the proximal causal mechanisms that mediate environment-behavior relations, and (c) engages in "greedy reductionism" in its disavowal of informational levels of complexity in the patterning of neural activity. The article concludes with a discussion of the possibility of theoretical rapprochement between CN and RB.
Modeling the precision and robustness of Hunchback border during Drosophila embryonic development

During anterior-posterior axis specification in the Drosophila embryo, the Hunchback (Hb) protein forms a sharp boundary at the mid-point of the embryo with great positional precision. While Bicoid (Bcd) is a known upstream regulator for hb expression, there is evidence to suggest that Hb effectively filters out "noisy" data received from varied Bcd gradients. We use mathematical models to explore simple regulatory networks which filter out such noise to produce a precise Hb boundary. We find that in addition to Bcd and Hb, at least one freely evolving protein is necessary. An automated search yields a number of examples of three-protein networks exhibiting the desired precision. In all such networks, Hb diffuses much slower than the third protein. In addition, the action of Hb on the third protein is the opposite of the action of the third protein on hb (i.e. if Hb activates the third protein, then the third protein inhibits hb expression, and vice versa). Most of the discovered systems satisfy the known biological properties, that Bcd activates hb, and that Hb activates its own expression. We find that all network topologies satisfying these constraints arise among the networks exhibiting the desired precision. Investigating the dynamics of these networks, we find that under a general class of non-uniform initial conditions, Bcd can be eliminated from the system and the spatiotemporal evolution of these two proteins alone is sufficient to recapture the dynamics. We hypothesize that Bcd is needed only to spatially disturb the gradient of the third protein, and then becomes unnecessary in the further evolution of the Hb border. This provides a possible explanation as to why the Hb dynamics are robust under perturbations of the Bcd gradient. Under this hypothesis, other proteins would be able to assume the role of Bcd in our simulations (possibly in the case of evolutionary divergences or a redundancy in the process), with the only constraint that they act to positively regulate hb.
Complications Associated with Posterior Approaches in Minimally Invasive Spine Decompression

Posterior approaches for decompression in minimally invasive spine surgery are increasingly used for a wide range of pathology. Surgeons and patients must understand these risks in order to identify, manage, and ideally prevent complications. Technical intraoperative complications, recurrences and reoperations, infections, and medical complications associated with the surgery are considered for common posterior minimally invasive decompression procedures of the cervical and lumbar spine. Methods of possibly avoiding these complications are also discussed. This article then aggregates the relevant data to allow concise understanding of the complications associated with these procedures.
Equal and unequal error protection codes for volume holographic storage systems

ABSTRACT Previously derived results for angularly multiplexed Fourier plane holograms show more noise due to interpagecrosstalk at the periphery of the recalled hologram. We describe threedimensional error correcting codes which support equal and unequal error protection for encoding two dimensional information bit arrays to be stored in a volume holographic storage system. These codes support equal error protection such that the information bits are provided thesame level of error protection and unequal error protection such that selected groups of information bits are provideddifferent levels ofprotection. We propose an algorithm for changing from an original equal error protection code to anunequal error protection code programmatically. For raw bit error rates ranging from iO to 1O, these codes providecorrected bit error rates ranging from 1O14 to 1012, respectively.KEYWORDS: Holographic Data Storage, Error Correcting Codes 1. INTRODUCTION Mvancedphotorefractive memoriesoften use angularmultiplexing1'2'3'4 to store and retrieve datainatwodimensional(2D)format as pages (holograms) or bit arrays. In this memory system, an image beam containing a page of digitalinformation and a reference beam oriented at a unique angle are recorded as an interference pattern in a photorefractivestorage medium. Thisprocedure is repeated usingdifferentsets ofimage and reference beamsto record additional pagesin the same volume of storage medium. When a page is retrieved, the storage medium is illuminated with a reference
The Italian welfare state after the financial crisis

The essential characteristics of the Italian welfare state as it developed after the Second World War generated social cleavages and inequities that affected the Italian economy and provided grist for future reforms. At the same time, the welfare state provided political actors with incentives and resources that constrained attempts at reform. With the financial crisis beginning in 2008, serious reform was no longer optional. But austerity politics have generated pressures for changes to the welfare state which are unlikely to moderate most of the underlying inequities generated by the post-war system. Going forward, Italian policymakers must chart a path that is informed by efforts to overcome the pathologies of the past without further undermining the social and economic health of the country.
CD73 and Ly-6A/E distinguish in vivo primed but uncommitted mouse CD4 T cells from type 1 or type 2 effector cells.

Primed CD4 T cells may develop into effector T cells such as Th1 and Th2, or remain uncommitted as Th primed precursor (Thpp) cells that can subsequently differentiate into Th1 and Th2 cells. Although mouse Thpp-like cells have also been identified among spleen and particularly lymph node cells, further characterization of these cells has been difficult without a defining cell surface marker. Using Affymetrix GeneChips followed by FACS analysis, we found that in vitro-derived Thpp cells expressed CD73 but not Ly-6A/E, whereas Th1 and Th2 cells showed the reciprocal pattern. CD73+ Ly6A/E− memory CD4 T cells were identified in normal C57BL/6 mice, and the proportion of these cells was highest in lymph nodes, lower in spleens, and lowest in the lungs. These cells produced IL-2 and MIP-1α, but much less IL-4 and IFN-γ than CD73− Ly6A/E+ cells. Similar results were obtained with additional Ly-6.2 mouse strains, but not Ly-6.1 strains. Restimulation of Thpp-like CD73+ Ly-6A/E− cells in Th1- or Th2-polarizing conditions induced differentiation into populations producing mainly IFN-γ or mainly IL-4, respectively. In contrast, the effector-like CD73− Ly-6A/E+ population was more committed, and continued to produce both IL-4 and IFN-γ in both conditions. CD73 and Ly-6A/E expression therefore identify a population of Thpp-like cells in C57BL/6 mice and at least some other Ly-6.2 mice.
The Decision to Charge

After a suspect has been arrested, and in the absence of a dismissal by the police or a magistrate at first appearance, it must be decided whether to initiate prosecution and, if so, for what crime or crimes. In most American jurisdictions this decision rests with the district attorney.1 In this chapter we will review selected empirical studies bearing on this important decision; investigate the goals, information, and alternatives pertaining to the decision; and assess how what is learned bears on the requirements of rationality.
Aggression and Sexual Behavior in Best-Selling Pornography Videos: A Content Analysis Update

This current study analyzes the content of popular pornographic videos, with the objectives of updating depictions of aggression, degradation, and sexual practices and comparing the study's results to previous content analysis studies. Findings indicate high levels of aggression in pornography in both verbal and physical forms. Of the 304 scenes analyzed, 88.2% contained physical aggression, principally spanking, gagging, and slapping, while 48.7% of scenes contained verbal aggression, primarily name-calling. Perpetrators of aggression were usually male, whereas targets of aggression were overwhelmingly female. Targets most often showed pleasure or responded neutrally to the aggression.
I Won't Stay Indian, I'll Keep Studying: Race, Place, and Discrimination in a Costa Rican High School

While teaching and researching on an indigenous reservation in Costa Rica, Karen Stocker discovered that for Native students who attended the high school outside the reservation, two extreme reactions existed to the predominantly racist high school environment. While some maintained their indigenous identity and did poorly in school, others succeeded academically, but rejected their Indianness and the reservation. Between these two poles lay a whole host of responses. In I WON'T STAY INDIAN, I'LL KEEP STUDYING, Stocker addresses the institutionalised barriers these students faced and explores the interaction between education and identity. Stocker reveals how overt and hidden curricula taught ethnic, racial, and gendered identities and how the dominant ideology of the town, present in school, conveyed racist messages to students. I WON'T STAY INDIAN, I'LL KEEP STUDYING documents how students from the reservation reacted to, coped with, and resisted discrimination.