cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goethe's bone and the beginnings of morphology.

Biology as a discipline per se and its agenda, seems not to have been burdened from its beginnings as heavily with neo-Platonism as its subspecialty morphology, conceptualized at the same time by Goethe and Burdach. One of the reasons may have been that biologists were then regarded as “mere” naturalists, “doing” anatomy and embryology, breeding, and field work (as did Darwin, Wallace, Bateson and a legion of others during the 19th century), whereas the, perhaps more elitist, morphologists, ab initio devoted themselves to the origin, even to the Kantian analysis of causes of development and its variability within and between species. Since Goethe included abnormal plant development in his studies, his definition of morphology as the science of the form, formation and transformation of living organisms may be modified to include the concept of malformation, although the embryological and comparative analysis of vertebrate/mammalian malformation had its real inception somewhat later with the younger Meckel. In view of the meaning attached by his French contemporaries to the term transformisme (eventually defined as evolution) one would err considering Goethe as a prophet of “descent;” he was not, referring primarily to the continuous state of flux of living beings. Nonetheless, Goethe and Burdach independently coined the concept of morphology and set its agenda, increasingly freed of Naturphilosophie, an agenda that dominated 19th century biology but which did not come to fruition in its causal analysis of form and its formation until the 20th century, after Mendel, Darwin and the pioneers of experimental embryology (a.o., Roux, Driesch, Spemann, Vogt). In his discovery of the intermaxillary bone in humans (Goethe's bone), he had a startling insight, against conventional wisdom, into the anatomical, hence developmental, similarity of primate/mammals. During his lifetime, this was still called analogie by his great French contemporary Etienne Geoffroy St-Hilaire who actually meant what Owen later called homology which became one of Darwin's most powerful arguments for descent. A case of a pearl found by a blind chicken? Definitely not; Goethe had his nose far too close to the ground to have missed any of the major intellectual trends in the “life-sciences” in the late 18th/early 19th century; but, he was too much of an amateur to have had the kind of insights of grand plans granted to von Baer, Mendel and Darwin. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence decay times and non-radiative decay rates of the first excited singlet states of methylated and fluorinated benzenes

Abstract Flyorescence decay times of the di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-methyl benzenes and the three isomeric difluorobenzenes have been measured at low pressures. The substituent effects of CH 3 -groups and F-atom (in benzene) on the non-radiative rate of the “isolated” excited singlet molecule are briefly discussed.
Problems of the Survey Course

NO ONE is going to insist, I hope, that in one brief article final solutions are going to be proposed that will end all problems, even any minor ones, raised by the survey course. For anyone who has ever taught one, and I am speaking mostly about survey courses in French literature, the problems are many and obvious, some of them more or less superficial and dependent upon special circumstances and individual tastes. One could speak to the point, perhaps, about such matters as the location of survey courses in the curriculum, about criteria for the selection of students, about the language to be used in the course, or even about standards to be adopted in the choice of texts. Each one of these matters raises questions in the mind of the teacher; no one of them is central to this particular kind of course but each one will be answered in the light of particular circumstances present in a given situation. It may even be that problems which loom large are peculiar to special circumstances. It is the hope, of course, that a brief description of them may be profitable for others than myself faced with the same questions. No one will insist, I hope, that there is a single answer to any of them. Undoubtedly the survey course is here to stay, either as an orientation to be given early in the student's career and designed to provide a broad base for his later work, or as a review course for seniors who, in some schools, must take comprehensive examinations, or as a terminal course, broadly cultural in character, for students primarily interested in other disciplines and who will have no time for further work in French literature. For these students such a course will round out their work in
On demand web-client technologies

This paper describes a comprehensive set of technologies that enables rich interaction paradigms for Web applications. These technologies improve the richness of user interfaces and the responsiveness of user interactions. Furthermore, they support disconnected or weakly connected modes of operation. The technologies can be used in conjunction with many Web browsers and client platforms, interacting with a J2EE™ server. The approach is based on projecting the server-side model-view-controller paradigm onto the client. This approach is firmly rooted in the Web paradigm and proposes a series of incremental extensions. Most of the described technologies have been adopted by IBM server (WebSphere®) and client products.
Evidence-Based Recommendations for Cancer Fatigue, Anorexia, Depression, and Dyspnea

PURPOSE The experience of patients with cancer often involves symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, depression, and dyspnea. METHODS We developed a set of standards through an iterative process of structured literature review and development and refinement of topic areas and standards and subjected recommendations to rating by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Results For fatigue, providers should screen patients at the initial visit, for newly identified advanced cancer, and at chemotherapy visits; assess for depression and insomnia in newly identified fatigue; and follow up after treatment for fatigue or a secondary cause. For anorexia, providers should screen at the initial visit for cancer affecting the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract or advanced cancer, evaluate for associated symptoms, treat underlying causes, provide nutritional counseling for patients undergoing treatment that may affect nutritional intake, and follow up patients given appetite stimulants. For depression, providers should screen newly diagnosed patients, those started on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, those with newly identified advanced disease, and those expressing a desire for hastened death; document a treatment plan in diagnosed patients; and follow up response after treatment. For general dyspnea, providers should evaluate for causes of new or worsening dyspnea, treat or symptomatically manage underlying causes, follow up to evaluate treatment effectiveness, and offer opioids in advanced cancer when other treatments are unsuccessful. For dyspnea and malignant pleural effusions, providers should offer thoracentesis, follow up after thoracentesis, and offer pleurodesis or a drainage procedure for patients with reaccumulation and dyspnea. CONCLUSION These standards provide a framework for evidence-based screening, assessment, treatment, and follow-up for cancer-associated symptoms.
Rate of Change in Reinforcement Density as a Parameter of Behavioral Contrast

One component (variable component) of a three-ply multiple schedule was gradually changed over 55 sessions from variable-interval (VI) 1-min. to VI 5-min. by exposing pigeons to the following seque...
Measurement of peak expiratory flow rates in 220 normal children from 4.5 to 18.5 years of age.

An indirect estimate of airway obstruction may be obtained from the measurement of peak expiratory flow rates provided respiratory muscle strength is within normal limits. The present study reports normal values for peak expiratory flow rates in children from 4 1/2 to 18 1/2 years of age. A close correlation between flow rates and height was found for both sexes. Serial peak flow rate measurements in children with such obstructive diseases as asthma and cystic fibrosis of the pancreas should allow a more accurate assessment of their status and progress.
The effects of foraging demand on social interactions in a laboratory group of Bonnet Macaques

The relationship between foraging demand and social behavior was experimentally studied in a laboratory group of bonnet macaques. Fourteen adult animals were housed in a large outdoor enclosure containing three shallow gravelfilled circular containers that served as the foraging sites. During the experimental foraging sessions raisins were placed in the containers and the social and foraging behaviors of the group were observed for 50 min following the distribution of raisins. Three types of foraging conditions were inter-spersed with one another on different test days: (1) surface load— raisins placed on top of the gravel; (2) buried load— raisins hidden underneath the gravel; and (3) sham load— no raisins placed at the foraging sites. Three basic foraging patterns, defined along a temporal dimension, were seen. One group of animals completed 50% of their total foraging by the end of the first 15 min. A second group foraged more steadily through the session. A third group foraged late, completing 50% of their foraging during the last half of the session. The foraging patterns were similar in the buried and surface condition, although the patterns were more compressed during the surface condition. More aggression and more avoidance of other animals occurred in the buried condition than in the surface condition. Very little foraging occurred during the sham condition. There was no clear relationship between the patterns of interaction during foraging and nonforaging observation sessions. The results suggest the value of manipulative laboratory studies in examining the relationship between ecological variables and social behavior in nonhuman primates.
Regulatory structures on the V and C regions of immunoglobulin molecules

As well as antibody-combining sites, an immunoglobulin (lg) molecule has several other structural features which permit it to bind to lymphoid cells, certain of their factors and other lg molecules. Here, Paolo del Guercio reviews these interactions and suggests that they help to regulate the production of lg molecules to extrinsic antigens and internal self structures.
Lymphomatoid Papulosis and Associated Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorders Exhibit a Common Clonal Origin

Determination of the clonal relationship among multiple lymphoproliferative disorders occurring in individual patients has been hampered by dependence on molecular biologic techniques that require analysis of advanced lesions containing high tumor clone densities to isolate dominant, clonal antigen-receptor gene rearrangements. Polymerase chain reaction; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE) involves the amplification of T-cell receptor (TCR)-γ gene rearrangements followed by their electrophoresis in denaturing gradient gels. This method detects dominant TCR-γ gene rearrangements at tumor clone densities as low as 0.1%, making this assay suitable for analysis of early as well as late lesions. Using this approach, we analyzed skin lesions of lymphomatoid papulosis and either CD30 + large-cell lymphoma or early patch/plaque mycosis fungoides that developed in three patients, in each case, the dual specimens exhibited an identical band pattern by PCR/DGGE analysis, suggesting a common clonal origin. To confirm this clonal relationship, the dominant TCR-γ gene rearrangements were eluted, amplified, cloned, and sequenced. In each case, they showed identical junctional sequences. These findings are significant for several reasons: 1) they demonstrate the common clonal origin of lymphomatoid papuiosis and CD30 + large-cell lymphoma or mycosis fungoides occurring in individual patients; 2) they confirm that co-migrating PCR/DGGE bands exhibit identical nucleotide sequences; and 3) they provide a method for determining the sequence of a tumorderived TCR-γ gene rearrangement in early lesions containing a low tumor clone density. This latter feature should allow the prospective molecular staging of early cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders.
Drain data to predict clinically relevant pancreatic fistula

Background Post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a common and potentially devastating complication of pancreas resection. Management of this complication is important to the pancreas surgeon.
A Novel Macrophage Actin-associated Protein (MAYP) Is Tyrosine-phosphorylated following Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Stimulation

Abstract An ∼37-kDa cytoplasmic protein is rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated in the response of mouse BAC1.2F5 macrophages to colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). pp37 was purified from the cytosolic fraction by anti-Tyr(P) affinity chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and C4 reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The sequences of four peptides derived from the purified protein matched portions of an expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence, and the EST clone was used to obtain cDNA clones encoding the pp37 protein, which shares sequence similarity with the PST PIP (proline, serine,threonine phosphatase interactingprotein)/CDC15 family of protein-tyrosine phosphatase substrates. pp37 is predicted to contain a Fes/CIP4 homology (FCH) domain and an actin-binding domain-like sequence. It is expressed selectively in macrophages, macrophage cell lines, and at low levels in macrophage-containing tissues. pp37 is predominantly found in the cytosol, where it is associated with actin. However, ∼4% resides in the membrane fraction, and the trace amount in the cytoskeletal fraction is increased by CSF-1 stimulation. Termedmacrophage actin-associated tyrosine-phosphorylated protein (MAYP), p37 is the major F-actin-associated protein that is tyrosine-phosphorylated in macrophages and is likely to play a role in regulating the CSF-1-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.
PERTURBATION THEORY RELOADED. II. NONLINEAR BIAS, BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS, AND MILLENNIUM SIMULATION IN REAL SPACE

We calculate the nonlinear galaxy power spectrum in real space, including nonlinear distortion of the baryon acoustic oscillations, using the standard third-order perturbation theory (PT). The calculation is based upon the assumption that the number density of galaxies is a local function of the underlying, nonlinear density field. The galaxy bias is allowed to be both nonlinear and stochastic. We show that the PT calculation agrees with the galaxy power spectrum estimated from the Millennium Simulation, in the weakly nonlinear regime (defined by the matter power spectrum) at high redshifts, 1 ≤ z ≤ 6. We also show that, once three free parameters characterizing galaxy bias are marginalized over, the PT power spectrum fit to the Millennium Simulation data yields unbiased estimates of the distance scale, D, to within the statistical error. This distance scale corresponds to the angular diameter distance, DA (z), and the expansion rate, H(z), in real galaxy surveys. Our results presented in this paper are still restricted to real space. The future work should include the effects of nonlinear redshift space distortion. Nevertheless, our results indicate that nonlinear galaxy bias in the weakly nonlinear regime at high redshifts is reasonably under control.
Discussion: “America's Rivers and the American Experiment” by Martin W. Doyle

Doyle cogently describes advantages and concerns related to the system of United States river management in the context of its historical and political development. He rightly asserts the need for flexible, adaptable institutions in order to address changing societal demands. However, river management also requires certain inflexible standards in order to discern and prevent practices that undermine future human needs. Where modern scientific evidence converges with cultural traditions of stewardship, river managers can comfortably assert limits to specific patterns of use and to the malleability of restrictions.
Potential for human immunodeficiency virus parenteral transmission in the Middle East and North Africa: an analysis using hepatitis C virus as a proxy biomarker.

Potential for human immunodeficiency virus parenteral transmission in the Middle East and North Africa: An analysis using hepatitis C virus as a proxy biomarker
Determination of Key Parameters for a Mechanism-Based Model to Predict Doxorubicin Release from Actively Loaded Liposomes

Despite extensive study of liposomal drug formulations, reliable predictive models of release kinetics in vitro and in vivo are still lacking. Progress in the development of robust, predictive release models has been hindered by a lack of systematic, quantitative characterization of these complex drug delivery systems with respect to the myriad of factors that may influence drug release kinetics and the wide range of dissolution media/methods employed to monitor release. In this paper, the key processes and parameters needed to develop a complete mechanism-based model for doxorubicin release from actively loaded liposomal formulations resembling Doxil(®) are determined. Quantitative models must account for the driving force(s) [i.e., activity gradient(s) of the permeable species between the intraliposomal and external media] and the permeability-area product(s) for lipid bilayer transport. These factors are intertwined as membrane permeability-area products require knowledge of the drug species and concentrations that account for the release. The necessary information includes values for the drug pKa, identity of the permeable species and species permeability coefficients, a model to describe drug self-association and the relevant equilibrium constant(s), the bilayer/water partition coefficient of the predominant drug species under relevant pH conditions, and the solubility product (Ksp ) for intraliposomal precipitates that exist in such formulations.
Measuring comprehension in sonification tasks that have multiple data streams

When the goal of an auditory display is to provide inference or intuition to a listener, it is important for researchers and sound designers to gauge users' comprehension of the display to determine if they are, in fact, receiving the correct message. This paper discusses an approach to measuring listener comprehension in sonifications that contain multiple concurrently presented data series. We draw from situation awareness research that has developed measures of comprehension within environments or scenarios, based on our view that an auditory scene is similar to a virtual or mental representation of the listener's environment.
STOCHASTIC INFERENTIAL CONTROL OF THE FLUIDIZED STATE VIA DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

Abstract Differential pressure is measured across some portion of most industrial fluidized beds. Average differential pressure is related to the weight of material suspended between the measurement locations, but higher frequency noise of the measurement is usually not considered. In this work stochastic variations in differential pressure were modeled as a time series and related to the degree of mixing and turbulence within the bed (fluidized stale). Specifically, mean values of recursively estimated model parameters changed regularly with fluidizing-air flow and, consequently, with the character of the fluidized state. Control of the fluidized state was inferred through closed loop control of model parameters. Both a simple floating algorithm and more complex adaptive algorithm were successful based on controller and fluidized bed performance.
Reoperative homograft right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction

Abstract Background . Homografts are implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) of children, with the knowledge that reoperation might be required. We reviewed 14 years of homograft RVOT reconstruction to assess the feasibility of homograft replacement and to determine risk factors for homograft survival. Methods . From February 1985 through March 1999, 223 children (age 5 days to 16.9 years) underwent primary RVOT reconstruction with an aortic or pulmonary homograft. Of these, 35 patients underwent homograft explant at the implanting hospital with insertion of a second homograft from 2 months to 13.3 years after the first implantation. The primary operation and reoperation patient groups were compared with regard to incidence of early death, late death, homograft-related intervention without explant, and homograft explant. Results . Actuarial survival and event-free curves for initial and replacement homografts were not significantly different. Univariable analysis was performed for the following risk factors: weight ( p p p p p Conclusions . The RVOT homografts eventually require replacement. Patient and homograft survival for replacement homografts is similar to primary homografts. Reoperative homograft RVOT reconstruction is possible, with reasonably low morbidity and mortality.
Flow of a wormlike micelle solution past a falling sphere

Abstract With the increasing use of wormlike micelle solutions as rheological modifiers in many consumer products, the prediction of the behavior of these fluids has grown increasingly important in recent years. In this paper, the flow past a sphere falling at its terminal velocity through a column of a wormlike micelle solution is experimentally studied. The working fluid is an entangled wormlike micelle solution of 0.05 mol/l cetyletrimethylammonium bromide and 0.05 mol/l sodium salicylate dissolved in water. The rheology of the fluid is characterized in both shear and transient homogeneous uniaxial extension. Sphere-to-tube ratios of a / R =0.0625 and a / R =0.125 are investigated over a wide range of Deborah numbers. The drag on the sphere is initially found to decrease with increasing Deborah number because of shear thinning effects. As the Deborah number is increased, the establishment of a strong extensional flow in the wake of the sphere causes the drag to increase to a value larger than that of a Newtonian fluid with the same viscosity. At a critical Deborah number, the flow becomes unstable and fluctuations in the sedimentation velocity of the sphere are observed. Particle image velocity measurements are used to analyze the flow fields around the falling spheres. These measurements show the presence of a strong negative wake. For the unstable flows, the velocity flow field is observed to fluctuate between a negative and extended wake. Pointwise and full-field flow-induced birefringence measurements are used to track the evolution in the deformation of the wormlike micelle chains. Strong evidence is found that suggests that the flow instability is the result of a breakdown of the wormlike micelle network structure in the wake of the sphere. This breakdown is related to the filament rupture observed in the extensional rheology experiments.
Congenital left internal thoracic artery-pulmonary artery fistula used as an inflow for a coronary artery bypass graft.

Clinical Summary An 81-year-old woman with left main trunk and triple-vessel coronary artery disease was referred to our hospital for surgical treatment. A LITA-PA fistula had also been diagnosed by means of angiography preoperatively. The patient underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in July 2003. Because preoperative computed tomographic (CT) analysis showed a severely calcified ascending aorta, we had prepared an automatic proximal anastomosis device for a saphenous vein graft (SVG). After a median sternotomy, the LITA-PA fistula was easily identified and was found to have diverged at the level of the second intercostal space (Figure 1, A). An ultrasonographic scalpel was used for harvesting both the LITA and the fistula. The proximal fistula had almost the same diameter as the LITA. Calcified lesions were scattered diffusely in the wall of the ascending aorta, as detected by means of CT preoperatively. In addition, because the caliber of the SVG was relatively small (3.5–4.0 mm), we decided to use the fistula as an inflow for the SVG to avoid aortic manipulation. First, the SVG was anastomosed with 8-0 Prolene sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) in an end-to-end manner to make a composite Y graft (Figure 1, B). Then, the LITA was anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery, the SVG to the circumflex coronary artery, and the gastroepiploic artery to the right coronary artery. After completion of the bypass grafting, transit-time flow measurement was performed, and this revealed a good flow volume and diastolic dominant pattern in all 3 grafts. Angiographic analysis on the seventh postoperative day showed that all the grafts were patent. The patient was discharged uneventfully and is currently in good clinical condition, being followed up at our outpatient clinic. Midterm graft evaluation was done by using multirow detector CT in October 2006, and this revealed total graft patency (Figure 1, C).
Investigations of fine-scale phylogeography in Tigriopus californicus reveal historical patterns of population divergence

The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus is a model for studying the process of genetic divergence in allopatry and for probing the nature of genetic changes that lead to reproductive isolation. Although previous studies have revealed a pattern of remarkably high levels of genetic divergence between the populations of this species at several spatial scales, it is not clear what types of historical processes are responsible. Particularly lacking are data that can yield insights into population history from the finest scales of geographic resolution. Sequence variation in both cytochrome b (CYTB, mtDNA) and the rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP, nuclear) are examined at a fine scale within four different regions for populations of T. californicus. High levels of genetic divergence are seen for both genes at the broader scale, and genetic subdivision is apparent at nearly all scales in these populations for these two genes. Patterns of polymorphism and divergence in both CYTB and RISP suggest that selection may be leading to non-neutral evolution of these genes in several cases but a pervasive pattern of neither selection nor coadaptation is seen for these markers. The use of sequence data at a fine-scale of resolution in this species has provided novel insights into the processes that have resulted in the accumulation of genetic divergence among populations. This divergence is likely to result from an interplay between a limited dispersal ability for this copepod and the temporal instability of copepod habitat. Both shorter-term processes such as the extinction/recolonization dynamics of copepod pools and longer-term processes such as geological uplift of coastline and sea level changes appear to have impacted the patterns of differentiation. Some patterns of sequence variation are consistent with selection acting upon the loci used in this study; however, it appears that most phylogeographic patterns are the result of history and not selection on these genes in this species.
Emerging methodologies to characterize the rock physics properties of organic-rich shales

The high price of conventional oil and the ensuing focus on the security of hydrocarbon supplies is a clear signal for broader uses of unconventional sources of oil and gas. Organic-rich shales represent an enormous potential unconventional resource; the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates the world supply of oil shale at 2.6 trillion barrels of recoverable oil. The U.S. owns by far the largest amount (1–1.2 trillion barrels), mainly near the common borders of Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, where much of the resource occurs at a saturation of about 10% by weight in layers that are 30–300 m thick (National Petroleum Council, 2007).
Edge deepithelialization: a method to prevent leakage when tubed free skin flap is used for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction.

Abstract Background. Anastomosis leakage remains a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients who receive pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, especially when a free skin flap is used as the substitute. This makes free skin flaps less favored than other substitutes in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. However, a free skin flap provides many advantages for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction and, in some circumstances, may be the only choice. To reduce the incidence of postoperative leakage, we developed a technical modification called edge-deepithelialization for skin flap to ensure a more secure anastomosis. Methods. Twenty-four patients who received tubed free skin flaps for cervical esophagus or hypopharynx reconstruction during a 7-year period were included in this study. Group 1 (n = 12) received flap edge-deepithelialization before undergoing the anastomosis, and Group 2 (n = 12) received the conventional anastomosis method. Preoperative nutritional status was evaluated by serum albumin level. All the patients were followed up for at least 1 year (1 ~ 14 years; mean, 7.3 years). Postoperative leakage was detected by clinical symptoms and signs or by routine esophagography. Results. Postoperative anastomosis leakage developed in 1 patient in Group 1 (8.3%) and 5 patients in Group 2 (41.67%). The difference in the leakage rate between these groups was of statistical significance (P =.0001). There were no significant differences in the preoperative serum albumin level noted between these 2 groups (t test, P >.05). Older age was not associated with a higher leakage rate. Among the 6 leakage cases, 1 was treated conservatively, and the other 5 needed an additional 1 to 5 procedures for the management of leakage. All the leakages were cured during the follow-up period. Conclusions. With the flap edge deepithelialized, a more secure and reliable anastomosis can be obtained. This makes the free skin flap an easier and safer alternative in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, especially when laparotomy and enteric flaps are contraindicated. (Surgery 2001;130:97-103.)
Job stress and family social behavior: the moderating role of neuroticism.

We investigated the role of neuroticism in the associations between job stress and working adults’ social behavior during the first hour after work with their spouse and school-age children. Thirty dual-earner families were videotaped in their homes on two weekday afternoons and evenings. An observational coding system was developed to assess behavioral involvement and negative emotion expression. Participants also completed self-report measures of job stressors and trait neuroticism. There were few overall associations between job stress and social behavior during the first hour adults were at home with their spouse and school-age children. However, significant moderator effects indicated that linkages between work experiences and family behavior varied for men who reported different levels of trait neuroticism, which captures a dispositional tendency toward emotional instability. Among men who reported high neuroticism, job stress was linked to more active and more negative social behavior. Conversely, for men reporting low neuroticism, job stress was related to less talking and less negative emotion. These patterns were not found for the women in the study. The findings suggest that when work is stressful, men who are higher on neuroticism (i.e., less emotionally stable) may show a negative spillover effect, whereas men who are lower on neuroticism (i.e., more emotionally stable) may withdraw from social interactions.
Patients with and without intellectual disability seeking outpatient psychiatric services: diagnoses and prescribing pattern.

Background The present study examined the presenting problem of psychiatric outpatients, and resulting diagnostic and prescribing patterns, comparing patients with intellectual disability (ID) with non-ID (N-ID) patients seen in the same clinic. Methods This study was a retrospective medical chart review of information in the first psychiatric diagnostic evaluation for the most recent 100 adult patients with mild ID, 100 patients with moderate, severe or profound ID, and 100 matching N-ID patients. Results There were significant differences in rates of medical illness, disabilities, history of marriage, children, independent living, and family history of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Individuals with ID were more likely to present with aggression, self-injurious behaviour or physical complaints, whereas N-ID subjects presented more frequently with depression and anxiety complaints. For all groups, depressive disorders were the most frequent class of diagnoses. For those with ID, antipsychotics were used in 32% of subjects, with mood stabilizers in 28% and antidepressants in 27%. The N-ID subjects were most frequently prescribed antidepressants (40%) and anxiolytics (22%). Polypharmacy did not differ significantly among groups. Conclusions Psychiatric practitioners relied on the diagnostic examination to formulate their diagnosis, whereas the chief complaint reflected the view of caregivers of the subjects with ID. In contrast to previous studies, outpatient providers frequently diagnosed depression, and the prescribing pattern showed increased usage of antidepressants and mood stabilizers.
Regional distribution of Secchi disk transparency in waters of the United States

AbstractIndividual Secchi disk measurements (975,760) were gathered from across the United States to understand regional distribution in water transparency. Compiled Secchi disk measurements represented 14,421 US waterbodies. Average water transparency ranged from 3.5 m) were in Alaska, Maine, Montana, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Regional differences in water transparency were identified across the US Environmental Protection Agency ecoregions (Level III), with lower water transparencies occurring in nutrient-rich regions and higher water transparencies occurring in nutrient-poor regions. Reg...
Submaximal Invasive Exercise Testing and Quantitative Lung Scanning in the Evaluation for Tolerance of Lung Resection

Lung resection in patients with cardiopulmonary dysfunction is associated with increased risk. We studied 52 elderly male patients with airflow obstruction and a lung mass. Studies were performed at rest with routine ventilatory tests and lung scan quantitation of right-left lung function. Cycle ergometry exercise was then performed at 2 submaximal work loads (25 and 40 watts). Data were obtained using systemic and pulmonary artery catheterization for blood pressures, thermal dilution cardiac output, and blood gases. Twenty-nine patients underwent lung resection and seven failed to tolerate the procedure (death within 60 days or prolonged ventilator dependence). Those parameters most clearly separating the group tolerating surgery (n = 22) from the intolerant group (n = 7) were obtained during exercise and included: cardiac index (tolerant 5.5 +/- 1.3 vs intolerant 3.9 +/- 0.3 L/min/m2, p less than .01), O2 delivery (p less than .01) and calculated VO2 ml/kg/min (tolerant 11.3 +/- 2.1 vs intolerant 7.8 +/- 1.5 ml/kg/min, p less than .001). Pulmonary vascular pressures and calculated resistance did not predict intolerance. Calculated VO2 at 40 watts did not separate those patients who had survivable complications from those who did not (p much greater than .05). Multivariate analysis suggests that exercise VO2 is an important predictor of tolerance of lung resection because it reflects the effects of cardiac function and O2 transport. In our patients with COPD, submaximal exercise testing predicted intolerance of lung resection better than calculation using quantitative lung scanning. Exercise testing may accomplish this goal by uncovering deficits in O2 transport.
Polymer inverters design flow and process fabricated on plastic substrate

We have successfully fabricated organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) on plastic substrates by the printing process. The semiconductor of the OTFT was defined by inkjet printing. The poor consistency of the printing patterns has made high uniformity of the OTFTs more difficult to achieve. Thus, a basic unit of circuits called a transistor array with redundant transistors was designed and fabricated. In addition, we proposed a method to increase the circuit yield by incorporating a pre-testing step during circuit fabrication. These devices were then connected via printed nano-silver to each other to form a subcircuit called a gate. To verify the design flow, we measured the bootstrap inverters based on the transistor arrays. A ring oscillator was fabricated in a similar methodology based on the gate array.
BLOOD-GROUP-SUBSTANCE ACTIVITY OF BOVINE SUBMAXILLARY MUCIN. I. J ACTIVITY OF BOVINE SUBMAXILLARY MUCIN AND PROPERTIES OF BOVINE SUBMAXILLARY MUCIN GLYCOPEPTIDES.

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of blood-group-substance activity in bovine saliva prompted investigation of the immunologic behavior of bovine submaxillary mucin and of glycopeptides obtained by proteolytic digestion of the mucin. 2. 2. Purified preparations of bovine submaxillary mucin inhibited hemolysis in the bovine J-anti-J system. Removal of sialic acid from the mucin by mild acid hydrolysis increased the potency of the preparation. Periodate oxidation of sialic acid free-bovine submaxillary mucin destroyed the blood-group J activity. 3. 3. Bovine submaxillary mucin exhibited a high degree of specificity. it did not inhibit other bovine blood group systems, and it was inactive in human B, M, N and I, i systems; bovine submaxillary mucin had moderate inhibition in the A and O (H) systems. 4. 4. Bovine submaxillary mucin was digested by pronase and papain (EC 3.4.4.10), and the glycopeptides were fractionated through Sephadex G-50. Glycopeptide fractions which contained the greatest amounts of hexosamine, galactose, and fucose relative to sialic acid were the best glycopeptide inhibitors of J hemolysis. 5. 5. Bovine submaxillary mucin cross-reacted with antiserum to Type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharide only after removal of sialic acid from the mucin. Possibly some d -galactosyl residues were exposed by the removal of sialic acid from bovine submaxillary mucin.
On adaptive multiband signal detection with the SMI algorithm

In a nonstationary and/or nonhomogeneous interference environment, an adaptive system for target detection may suffer a severe performance degradation due to the lack of a sufficient amount of data from which the system can learn (estimate) the statistics of the environment. The detection performance of an adaptive system, which employs a frequency diversity (multiband) signaling waveform and a multiband sample matrix inversion algorithm (SMI), is analyzed. By comparison with the corresponding single-band system under the chosen system constraint, it is shown that the multiband system can significantly outperform the single band when the amount of data available from a single frequency band is severely limited by the environment. >
A Cluster of Patients Infected With I221V Influenza B Virus Variants With Reduced Oseltamivir Susceptibility—North Carolina and South Carolina, 2010–2011

BACKGROUND During 2010-2011, influenza B viruses with a novel neuraminidase substitution, denoted I221V (B/I221V), associated with reduced in vitro oseltamivir susceptibility were detected in North Carolina. METHODS We determined the prevalence of I221V among B viruses submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for antiviral resistance surveillance, including all B viruses submitted to North Carolina and South Carolina state laboratories, during October 2010-September 2011.We conducted chart reviews and telephone interviews to characterize North Carolina and South Carolina patients with B/I221V vs wild-type B virus infection (B/WT). RESULTS We detected I221V in 45 (22%) of 209 B viruses from North Carolina and 8 (10%) of 82 B viruses from South Carolina. We detected I221V in 3 (0.3%) of 881 B viruses tested from 45 other states. B/I221V infection was not associated with differences in underlying conditions or illness severity, compared with B/WT infection. No patients with B/I221V infection received oseltamivir prior to specimen collection. Among patients who completed oseltamivir, those with B/I221V infection reported a longer duration until illness resolution (5 vs 3 days; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS B/I221V cocirculated with B/WT in North Carolina and South Carolina during 2010-2011. I221V did not alter illness severity but may have reduced oseltamivir effectiveness. Thus, global surveillance for I221V is important.
Stability of a fluid-saturated porous medium contained in a vertical cylinder heated from below by forced convection

A linear stability analysis determining the critical Rayleigh number R c for onset of convection in a bounded vertical cylinder containing a fluid-saturated porous medium is performed for insulated sidewalls, isothermal top surface, and bottom surface heated by forced convection. This Newtonian heating of the bottom surface involves a Biot number Bi that allows consideration of the continuum of boundary conditions ranging from constant heat flux, with global minimum R min=27.096 found as Bi→0, to isothermal, with global minimum R min=4π2 found as Bi→ ∞. In both cases and for most cylinder aspect ratios, incipient convection sets in as an asymmetric mode, though islands of aspect ratio exist where the onset mode is symmetric. Sample three-dimensional renderings of disturbance temperature distributions showing preferred modes at onset of convection for fixed Bi are provided and an analytical fit to R min as a function of Bi is given.
Debate and Student Development in the History Classroom

This chapter argues that the use of debates in a core world history course can foster both authentic learning in the discipline and progress toward intellectual and ethical maturity.
Addressing Memory and Speed Problems in Nondestructive Defect Characterization: Element-by-Element Processing on a GPU

In nondestructive defect characterization, the genetic algorithm matches measurements to computations through finite element optimization of a parametrically described defect. This poses a huge computational load. A published element-by-element (EbE) conjugate gradients (CG) method for the graphics processing unit (GPU) parallelizes the matrix solution process. However, in finite element optimization for non-destructive evaluation (NDE), thousands of simultaneous finite element matrix solutions on parallel genetic algorithm threads on a GPU are required. This challenges the memory capabilities of a GPU and results in long waiting times making the NDE technique impracticable. To address these twin time and memory problems, we revive an old EbE processing by Gauss iterations. It yields speedups of 80+ which grow indefinitely with matrix size to values much bigger than those reported for EbE CG. For the latter the reported figures were less than 4 for the practicable matrix size of 91,333, and 96 for a size of over 1 million and falling thereafter. Our EbE implementation of CG gives a speedup of 147 for first order triangular meshes. No memory issues are faced.
Bayesian estimation of a dynamic structure's response

Abstract This study focuses on the estimation of uncertainty associated with the stress/strain prediction procedures from dynamic test data of structural systems. An accurate prediction of the maximum response levels for physical components during in-field operating conditions is essential for evaluating their performance and life characteristics, as well as for investigating their behavior in light of system design and reliability assessment. Stress/strain inference for a dynamic system is based on the combination of experimental data and results from the analytical/numerical model of the component under consideration. Both modeling challenges and testing limitations contribute to the introduction of various sources of uncertainty within the given estimation procedure with consequent reduced confidence in the predicted response. The objective of this work is to quantify the uncertainties present in the current response estimation process by means of a Bayesian-network representation of the modeling process which allows for a rigorous synthesis of modeling assumptions and information from experimental data, as it takes into account the multi-directional nature of uncertainty propagation. More specifically, the focus is on the residual uncertainty associated with the system's inferred response, and its dependence upon the amount of test data being included in the estimation analysis. Both discrete and linear Gaussian networks were investigated with a focus on their training accuracy and performance in the presence of nonlinear relationships among the physical quantities, weak cause–effect nodal links, as well as different sensitivity levels with respect to infused evidence.
Inflammatory response to fine particulate air pollution exposure: Neutrophil versus monocyte

Introduction: Studies have shown that chronic exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (less than 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5) pollution induces insulin resistance through alterations in inflammatory pathways. It is critical to study how the immune system responds to this stimulant, which has been linked to cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, but few studies have been focused on such involvement of both neutrophils and monocytes in a timely manner. We hypothesized that the neutrophil was involved in the inflammatory response to air pollution. Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice were exposed to PM2.5 or filtered air (6 hours/day, 5 days/week) for 5, 14, and 21 days, respectively, in Columbus, OH. At the end of each of the exposure periods, we investigated the inflammatory response through flow cytometry, histology, intravital microscopy, and real-time PCR. PM2.5-exposed mice demonstrated a significant inflammatory response after 5 days of exposure. In the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, monocytes/macrophages showed a transient response, while neutrophils showed a cumulative response. In addition, exposure to PM2.5 resulted in elevation of the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) cytokine, a monocyte/macrophage attractant in blood, at an early stage of exposure. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PM2.5 exposure induces the inflammatory responses from both macrophages and neutrophils involvement.
Determining canine skin concentrations of terbinafine to guide the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis.

Background Terbinafine (TBF) is known to concentrate and persist in human skin. Its use is increasing in veterinary medicine, but there are limited data concerning its tissue concentration and efficacy in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives (i) Describe TBF accumulation in canine skin; (ii) Integrate pharmacokinetic data with historical minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results for Malassezia pachydermatis to verify the currently used dosage of TBF for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis. Animals Ten healthy, client-owned dogs. Methods Dogs were given TBF (generic preparation, 250 mg tablets) 30 mg/kg per os (p.o.) once daily for 21 days. Serum, sebum and stratum corneum (SC) samples were collected on days 1, 5, 7, 11, 14, 21, 28 and 35. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine drug concentrations in samples. Results Relevant (mean ± standard deviation) parameters for TBF in serum, paw SC, thorax SC and sebum, respectively, were: maximum concentration (Cmax, μg/mL) 23.59 ± 10.41, 0.31 ± 0.26, 0.30 ± 0.32 and 0.48 ± 0.25; half-life (t1/2, d) 4.49 ± 2.24, 6.34 ± 5.33, 4.64 ± 3.27 and 5.12 ± 3.33; time to maximum concentration (Tmax, d) 10.40 ± 6.98, 13.20 ± 5.16, 11.90 ± 8.62 and 10.60 ± 3.69. Conclusions and clinical importance These results suggest that TBF does not achieve high concentrations in canine SC or sebum compared to serum. The mean Cmax of all skin tissues (paw SC, thorax SC and sebum) barely exceeded the reported Malassezia MIC90, of 0.25 μg/mL, which indicates that doses higher than 30 mg/kg p.o. once daily may be necessary.