cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiterrawatt femtosecond laser based on Ti:Sapphire

Progress on developing a multiterrawatt source of pulses with duration <100 fsec is described. The laser system is based on chirped-pulse amplification in titanium-doped sapphire. Experimental results include the development of a stable oscillator running at 812 nm, using hybrid mode-locking and compressed pulse pumping to produce <60 fsec pulses. Two methods of active stabilization are used to produce reliable output. In addition, high-gain preamplification in Ti:sapphire has been demonstrated, using a high-quality pump beam to produce gains of 130 per pass, and -10,000 in a simple double-pass gain configuration, while avoiding crystal damage problems. Finally, grating pulse stretching and recompression from 60 fsec to ..3oo p and back down to 140 fsec has been demonstrated at low power.
Avian muscular dystrophy: functional and biochemical improvement with diphenylhydantoin

Chicks affected with hereditary muscular dystrophy were injected twice daily with 20 milligrams of diphenylhydantoin per kilogram of body weight on days 1 to 40 after hatching. The righting ability of dystrophic chicks treated with diphenylhydantoin was improved compared to that of untreated dystrophic chicks, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced to normal levels in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscles.
FOR RICHER OR FOR POORER: THE IMPACT OF STATE-LEVEL LEGISLATION ON MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, AND OTHER OUTCOMES

As a part of welfare reform, states throughout the country have enacted legislation to promote marriage. Lawmakers believe that by promoting marriage, the states will achieve lower divorce rates and lower rates of cohabitation by converting cohabitating couples into more stable married households, which in turn will lead to fewer women and children utilizing welfare programs. To determine the impact of state-level legislation, we analyze state-level 1990 and 2000 data in light of sixteen different state-level policy variables that were designed to increase marriage rates, decrease divorce rates, or otherwise have “pro-family” outcomes. This analysis shows few if any compelling differences between states that have enacted these various measures and those that have not.
Momentum Content of Single-Nucleon Halos.

The longitudinal momentum distributions of the core fragment in the dissociation of halo states on light targets provide information pertaining to the external part of the halo. The calculations agree well with the measured momentum widths and cross sections for the reactions ({sup 11}Be, {sup 10}Be) and ({sup 8}B, {sup 7}Be). The measured widths are not expected to be sensitive to the instrumental transverse-momentum acceptance. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Microwave phonon attenuation in quartz at room temperature

Abstract The attenuation of longitudinal ultrasonic waves propagating on the z -axis in quarts is shown to be consistent with the Akhiezer attenuation mechanism.
The strange world of private medicine

To build a flourishing private practice is the dream of most hospital consultants, but to achieve this they are almost totally reliant on the goodwill of general practitioner colleagues. There is nothing new in this, except that increasingly I hear GPs complaining about being the poor relation in this lucrative business. To put it bluntly, Mrs Smith may be worth several hundred or even several thousand pounds as she trots up to a private consulting suite underwritten by her health insurance company, but to her GP she can never be worth more than £20.05 per year. GPs know that this is the way of the world, although many are not happy about it. What price ethical purity in an increasingly market driven health service? However, if GPs cannot reap financial benefit from private referrals, they do at least have the ability to decide which of their consultant colleagues will benefit, and some are enjoying the power that this gives them. It used to be much simpler. When I joined general practice nearly 30 years …
Transependymal transport of thiocyanate.

The transependymal movement of thiocyanate (SCN−) was measured in the isolated choroid plexus of the sheep. The movement of SCN− from CSF to choroidal venous blood was separated into a nonlinear (saturable) and linear (nonsaturable) component. It was believed that the former component represented the active transport of SCN− from CSF to blood across the choroidal ependyma since it occurred against a concentration gradient and was adversely affected by the presence of a competing anion (iodide) and derangement of cellular respiration. These findings strongly support the role of choroid plexus in rapidly clearing the intraventricular of CSF of SCN− by an active transport process.
Effects of Feed Intake and Physical Form on Energy Value of Corn in Timothy Hay Diets for Lactating Cows

Abstract Six lactating cows in two 3 × 3 Latin squares were fed diets containing 45% corn grain, 40% US #1 timothy hay, and 15% of a concentrate mixture composed of 86% soybean meal, 5% cane molasses, and 9% dicalcium phosphate. Three diets differed only in physical form of the corn grain that was whole, cracked, or ground through .64 cm screen. A third Latin square of three nonlactating cows at maintenance intake were given 55.5% corn, 40% timothy hay, and 5.5% concentrate mixture. For the diets of whole, cracked, and ground corn, the digestible energy (Mcal/kg dry matter) was 2.32, 2.46, and 2.66 for lactating cows and 2.55, 2.64, and 2.80 for nonlactating cows. The metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg dry matter) was 1.93, 2.11, and 2.29 for lactating cows and 2.13, 2.24, and 2.40 for nonlactating cows. Digestible energy and metabolizable energy concentrations differed among diets for the lactating cows and also differed between lactating and nonlactating cows.
An Adaptive Graph Sparsification Approach to Scalable Harmonic Balance Analysis of Strongly Nonlinear Post-Layout RF Circuits

In the past decades, harmonic balance (HB) has been widely used for computing steady-state solutions of nonlinear radio-frequency (RF) and microwave circuits. However, using HB for simulating strongly nonlinear post-layout RF circuits still remains a very challenging task. Although direct solution methods can be adopted to handle moderate to strong nonlinearities in HB analysis, such methods do not scale efficiently with large-scale problems due to excessively long simulation time and prohibitively large memory consumption. In this paper, we present a novel graph sparsification approach for automatically generating preconditioners that can be efficiently applied for simulating strongly nonlinear post-layout RF circuits. Our approach allows to sparsify time-domain circuit modified nodal analysis matrices that can be subsequently leveraged for sparsifying the entire HB Jacobian matrix. We show that the resultant sparsified Jacobian matrix can be used as a robust yet efficient preconditioner in HB analysis. Our experimental results show that when compared with the prior state-of-the-art direct solution method, the proposed solver can more efficiently handle moderate to strong nonlinearities during the HB analysis of RF circuits, achieving up to $20{\boldsymbol \times }$ speedups and $6{\boldsymbol \times }$ memory reductions.
Multiaxis Three-dimensional Flat Woven Preform (Tube Rapier Weaving) and Circular Woven Preform (Radial Crossing Weaving)

The aim of this study was to develop new preform structure and process mainly for composite industry. For this reason, multiaxis three-dimensional flat and circular woven preforms and methods were developed. The preform structures had five yarn sets as +/— bias, warp, filling and z-yarns for flat woven and +/— bias, axial, circumferential and radial yarns for circular woven. The weaving methods were introduced to form both structures. The experimental rigs were constructed for the trial of the methods. The important processing parameters related to preform unit cells and weaving were identified for full-scale process and product developments. The preliminary study showed that both types of weaving looked feasible under test conditions.
Abolition of plea bargaining in the coast guard

Abstract In the administration of criminal justice, the abolition or restriction of plea bargaining has raised many issues. Of primary concern is the impact on court systems and case dispositions. This research note looks at the Coast Guard military justice system and its 1975 decision to abolish pretrial agreements, effectively eliminating plea bargaining in that system. Studying criminal cases from 1973 to 1978, we determine if that intervention in a time series exhibits any potency. Specifically, what difference did the abolition of plea bargaining make? We find that the abolition of plea bargaining did not make much of a difference to the Coast Guard military justice system, similar to the conclusions drawn from studies of civilian courts.
The use of a malleable retractor as a blunt dissector in tissue expander insertion

Tissue expansion, as a modality to achieve soft tissue augmentation and flap prefabrication, is one of the main reconstructive procedures used in plastic surgery. The self-expansion of the implant by patients or their relatives is an easy process, which decreases the cost of the expansion process dramatically. If the expander insertion procedure is performed in a perfect manner to achieve a good match of implant size to that of the cavity size, establishment of perfect hemostasis of the implant cavity, placement of the implant without any folding on itself, convenient placement of the expander ports, and perfect preoperative planning of the incision site for implant insertion, there should be a low complication rate. In this article, the pitfalls of the tissue expansion process are emphasized, and the usefulness of a flat malleable retractor in tissue expander insertion is highlighted.
Urban growth and decline, budgetary incrementalism, and municipal finances: Milwaukee, 1870–1977

Abstract This article explores the way a city's cycle of growth and decline affects its expenditures and alters its underlying budget. Using Milwaukee as a case study, we find that in the growth phase of a city's development cycle the level of a city's debt influences expenditures because of large debt servicing costs on major capital improvements. In the decline phase, expenditures are reduced and the tax rate on property increases because the real property tax base declines.
Measles virus vaccine attenuation : Suboptimal infection of lymphatic tissue and tropism alteration

The mechanisms of measles virus (MV) vaccine attenuation are insufficiently characterized. Because the Edmonston vaccine strain can enter cells through CD46 in addition to the primary MV receptor signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150), we asked whether and how its tropism is altered. In human tonsillar tissue, this vaccine strain infects naive (CD45RA + CD62L + ) T lymphocytes, which express SLAM very infrequently, with much higher efficiency than do wild-type strains. By contrast, it infects B lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells with significantly lower efficiencies than those of wild-type strains. Infection levels by wild-type strains correlate with the frequency of SLAM expression and are highest in B cells, which are 40%-55% infected. SLAM-expressing T cells are more readily infected by all MV strains than are SLAM-expressing B cells. Thus, vaccine attenuation may be caused by tropism alteration in combination with suboptimal replication.
A positive feedback loop involving Erk5 and Akt turns on mesangial cell proliferation in response to PDGF

Platelet-derived growth factor BB and its receptor (PDGFRβ) play a pivotal role in the development of renal glomerular mesangial cells. Their roles in increased mesangial cell proliferation during mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis have long been noted, but the operating logic of signaling mechanisms regulating these changes remains poorly understood. We examined the role of a recently identified MAPK, Erk5, in this process. PDGF increased the activating phosphorylation of Erk5 and tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in a time-dependent manner. A pharmacologic inhibitor of Erk5, XMD8-92, abrogated PDGF-induced DNA synthesis and mesangial cell proliferation. Similarly, expression of dominant negative Erk5 or siRNAs against Erk5 blocked PDGF-stimulated DNA synthesis and proliferation. Inhibition of Erk5 attenuated expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein, resulting in suppression of CDK4-mediated phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein pRb. Expression of cyclin D1 or CDK4 prevented the dominant negative Erk5- or siErk5-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis and mesangial cell proliferation induced by PDGF. We have previously shown that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) contributes to PDGF-induced proliferation of mesangial cells. Inhibition of PI3-kinase blocked PDGF-induced phosphorylation of Erk5. Since PI3-kinase acts through Akt, we determined the role of Erk5 on Akt phosphorylation. XMD8-92, dominant negative Erk5, and siErk5 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt by PDGF. Interestingly, we found inhibition of PDGF-induced Erk5 phosphorylation by a pharmacological inhibitor of Akt kinase and kinase dead Akt in mesangial cells. Thus our data unfold the presence of a positive feedback microcircuit between Erk5 and Akt downstream of PI3-kinase nodal point for PDGF-induced mesangial cell proliferation.
Performance characterization of optimizing compilers

Optimizing compilers have become an essential component in achieving high levels of performance. Various simple and sophisticated optimizations are implemented at different stages of compilation to yield significant improvements, but little work has been done in characterizing the effectiveness of optimizers, or in understanding where most of this improvement comes from. We study the performance impact of optimization in the context of our methodology for CPU performance characterization based on the abstract machine model. The model considers all machines to be different implementations of the same high level language abstract machine; in previous research, the model has been used as a basis to analyze machine and benchmark performance. We show that our model can be extended to characterize the performance improvement provided by optimizers and to predict the run time of optimized programs, and measure the effectiveness of several compilers in implementing different optimization techniques. >
Implementing means restriction education in urban EDs

This study evaluated the impact of a mail information campaign on emergency department (ED) professionals' knowledge about the lethal role of firearms in suicide, knowledge of appropriate strategies for warning caregivers of adolescents who have attempted suicide about firearms, and practices with respect to the delivery of such warnings. Responses obtained from physicians and nurses working in ED sites within the targeted city (Chicago) were compared with responses from ED professionals employed in a comparison city (Detroit). In Chicago, the percentage of respondents recommending firearm removal strategies increased from 60% at pretest to 76% at posttest. Individual reports of caregiver warnings per adolescent suicide exposure showed a significant decline in Chicago and a marginally significant decline in Detroit. Gains in knowledge about firearm warning strategies persisted in multivariate analyses controlling for subject demographic characteristics. The pattern of results suggests that the intervention may have effected changes in knowledge while having little impact on behavior. More intensive, interactive educational strategies may be needed to effect behavioral changes among ED professionals.
Factors Associated with Medication Self Administration in Children with Asthma

This study investigated factors associated with early self-administration of inhaled asthma medications by minority children. Specifically, the study evaluated: (1) the reasons parents allow early administration of inhaled medications, (2) childhood activities associated with early medication administration, (3) parent's perception of the child's ability to use a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), (4) the child's actual ability to use an MDI, and (5) concordance/discordance between physician-parent reports and parent-child reports of asthma medications. Study results indicated that 93% of the children were taking inhaled asthma medications without adult supervision. Early self-administration of asthma medications was related to the parent's employment status and the performance of other childhood behaviors such as completion of homework independently and crossing the street alone. Only 7% of the children had effective MDI skills, but 60% of the parents rated their child's MDI skills as excellent. Twenty percent, 67%, and 50%, respectively, of the parents' reports of beta-agonists, daily inhaled steroids, and cromolyn were discordant with the physician's actual prescriptions. Sixty-two percent, 57%, and 79%, respectively, of the children's reports for inhaled beta-agonists, daily inhaled steroids, and cromolyn were discordant with their parents' reports. Implications for anticipatory guidance, future educational strategies, and supervision of MDI technique are provided.
Enabling Social Interactions off the Grid

The popularity of proximity-based applications has increased, but the network services needed to enable effective and energy-efficient application performance have yet to catch up. This is especially the case for users who want to operate "off the grid" in a purely local fashion. Essentially, the success of such applications depends on the availability of services that provide information about other nearby users and their devices. Additionally, the availability of multiple radios (such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Wi-Fi) makes this problem of energy-efficient discovery all the more challenging-yet all the more achievable.
The Effect of Leucocytozoon Smithi Infection on Production, Fertility, and Hatchability of Broad Breasted White Turkey Hens

Abstract An experiment was conducted to study the effects of a natural leucocytozoon infection on reproductive parameters of Broad Breasted White turkey hens. Hens infected with leucocytozoon had a higher mortality and a highly significant (P
Separation, Isolation, and Immunological Studies of the Structural Proteins of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Abstract Three viral proteins were separated from the TC-83 strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after disruption with sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-2-mercaptoethanol. These proteins were inoculated into rabbits and the resultant antisera were tested for immunological activity by gel precipitation, plaque reduction neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition (HI), complement fixation, fluorescence microscopy, and mouse protection studies. All proteins were capable of stimulating precipitating antibody in rabbits, but the largest protein (VP 1), which is contained in the envelope, stimulated the production of detectable neutralizing and HI antibody against the intact virion. The other two proteins yielded little or no neutralizing or HI antibody.
Assessing Alzheimer's disease patients with the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory: scoring and clinical implications

We explored the applicability of the standard scoring of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), a widely used nursing-home derived instrument, to community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Item responses to the CMAI were gathered from participants in two large clinical studies, one of which specifically included patients with behavioral disturbances. Confirmatory factor analysis in these two groups of well-characterized AD patients suggested that conventional CMAI subscoring did not adequately describe the responses of these two groups. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the four CMAI subscores, based on a verbal-physical and aggressive-non-aggressive conceptualization of behavioral disturbance, did not fit community dwelling persons with AD. Based on cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, there was suggestive evidence for three behavioral clusters, but these clusters did not achieve statistical significance Overall, the CMAI seemed best suited to describe the overall level rather than the specific subtypes of behavioral dyscontrol in community-dwelling persons with AD.
EFFECTS OF FREEZE–THAW EVENTS ON THE VIABILITY OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS IN SOIL

The effects of freeze-thaw events on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvumoocysts in soil were examined. Oocysts were inoculated into distilled water in microcentrifuge tubes or into chambers containing soil the water content of which was maintained at 3%, 43%, or 78% of the container capacity. The chambers and tubes were then embedded in 3 soil samples from different aspects of a hillside landscape (Experiments 1 and 2) and in 3 distinct soil types (Experiment 3) and frozen at 210 C. Containers were thawed every 3 days for a period of 24 hr in 1-9 freeze-thaw cycles over 27 days (Experiments 1 and 2) and 2-5 freeze-thaw cycles over 15 days (Experiment 3). Oocyst viability was measured using the fluorescent dyes 496- diaminidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide. Inactivation rates were greater in soils than in water and greater in dry soil than in moist and wet soils. Soil type showed no effect on inactivation. Oocysts subjected to freeze-thaw cycles had inactivation rates not significantly different from those of oocysts subjected to 210 C under static conditions. The results indicated that 99% of oocysts exposed to soils that are frozen at 210 C will become inactivated within 50 days whether or not freeze-thaw cycles occur.
Scaling down: a PCR-based method to efficiently screen for desired knockouts in a high density Mycobacterium tuberculosis picked mutant library.

Summary Transposon mutagenesis produces random mycobacterial mutants at high frequency. Because they are random, however, it is difficult to isolate mutations in particular target genes. Here we describe the use of an arrayed library of Mycobacterium tuberculosis together with a PCR screening strategy to rapidly identify strains with defined insertion mutations. This method is useful for many genetic applications.
Infection control and clinical thermometry: perforation of soft plastic thermometer sheaths during temperature measurement.

Plastic thermometer sheaths have gained widespread use in recent years. These thin, flexible sheaths are designed to cover conventional mercury-in-glass thermometers and have been advertised as presenting a clean thermometer to the patient with each use. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate these thermometer sheaths in both a clinical and laboratory setting. Our results show that plastic thermometer sheaths tend to develop multiple perforations during use and do not provide a barrier between the mucous membranes of the mouth and the thermometer. We conclude that plastic sheaths are of limited use in oral temperature measurement, that they are not a substitute for the usual methods of disinfection of thermometers, and that they are probably unnecessary from an infection control standpoint.
Energy-Efficient Data Gathering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper considers a heterogeneous wireless sensor network consisting in several resource-rich supernodes used for data relaying and a large number of energy constrained wireless sensor nodes. Sensor nodes are deployed randomly to monitor a number of targets. Since targets are redundantly covered by more sensors, in order to conserve energy resources, we organize the sensors in set covers that are activate successively. In this paper we introduce the heterogeneous connected set covers (HCSC) problem that has as objective finding a maximum number of set covers such that each set cover monitors all targets and is connected to at least one supernode. A sensor can participate in multiple set covers, but sum of the energy spent in all sets is constrained by the initial energy resources. This is the first paper to address the target coverage problem in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. We show that HCSC is NP-complete and propose several distributed algorithms for the HCSC problem. Simulation results are presented to verify our approaches
Arthropod Communities on Native and Nonnative Early Successional Plants

Early successional ruderal plants in North America include numerous native and nonnative species, and both are abundant in disturbed areas. The increasing presence of nonnative plants may negatively impact a critical component of food web function if these species support fewer or a less diverse arthropod fauna than the native plant species that they displace. We compared arthropod communities on six species of common early successional native plants and six species of nonnative plants, planted in replicated native and nonnative plots in a farm field. Samples were taken twice each year for 2 yr. In most arthropod samples, total biomass and abundance were substantially higher on the native plants than on the nonnative plants. Native plants produced as much as five times more total arthropod biomass and up to seven times more species per 100 g of dry leaf biomass than nonnative plants. Both herbivores and natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) predominated on native plants when analyzed separately. In addition, species richness was about three times greater on native than on nonnative plants, with 83 species of insects collected exclusively from native plants, and only eight species present only on nonnatives. These results support a growing body of evidence suggesting that nonnative plants support fewer arthropods than native plants, and therefore contribute to reduced food resources for higher trophic levels.
Extended Therapy for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism

Clinical practice guidelines currently suggest extended anticoagulation therapy for primary and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The optimal duration of anticoagulation has been an active area of clinical investigation for patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries and those diagnosed with a first episode of unprovoked VTE. Practice guidelines, VTE incidence, clinical predictors/mediators, and clinical trial evidence is reviewed to help pharmacists and other health care providers make an informed, patient-specific decision on the optimal duration of anticoagulation therapy. Extended anticoagulation up to 5 weeks following orthopedic surgery for primary VTE prevention and indefinitely following a first episode of unprovoked VTE for secondary VTE prevention should be considered only if the risk of bleeding is not high and the cost and burden of anticoagulation is acceptable to the patient. The optimal duration of anticoagulation therapy for primary or secondary prevention of VTE should include the health care provider and patient making a decision based on evaluation of individual benefits, risks, and preferences.
Lessons learned from invasive plant control experiments: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary 1. Invasive plants can reduce biodiversity, alter ecosystem functions and have considerable economic impacts. Invasive plant control is therefore the focus of restoration research in invader-dominated ecosystems. Increasing the success of restoration practice requires analysis and synthesis of research findings and assessment of how experiments can be improved. 2. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of invasive plant control research papers, we asked: (i) what control efforts have been most successful; and (ii) what invasive plant control research best translates into successful restoration application? 3. The literature evaluated typically described experiments that were limited in scope. Most plot sizes were small (<1 m 2 ), time frames were brief (51% evaluated control for one growing season or less) and few species and ecosystems (predominantly grasslands) were studied throughout much of the literature. The scale at which most experiments were conducted potentially limits relevance to the large scales at which restorations typically occur. 4. Most studies focused on invasive species removal and lacked an evaluation of native revegetation following removal. Few studies (33%) included active revegetation even though native species propagule limitation was common. Restoration success was frequently complicated by re-invasion or establishment of a novel invader. 5. Few studies (29%) evaluated the costs of invasive species control. Additionally, control sometimes had undesirable effects, including negative impacts to native species. 6. Synthesis and applications. Despite a sizeable literature on invasive plant control experiments, many large-scale invasive plant management efforts have had only moderate restoration success. We identified several limitations to successful invasive species control including: minimal focus on revegetation with natives after invasive removal, limited spatial and temporal scope of invasive plant control research, and incomplete evaluation of costs and benefits associated with invasive species management actions. We suggest that information needed to inform invasive plant management can be better provided if researchers specifically address these limitations. Many limitations can be addressed by involving managers in research, particularly through adaptive management.
In silico method for modelling metabolism and gene product expression at genome scale

Transcription and translation use raw materials and energy generated metabolically to create the macromolecular machinery responsible for all cellular functions, including metabolism. A biochemically accurate model of molecular biology and metabolism will facilitate comprehensive and quantitative computations of an organism's molecular constitution as a function of genetic and environmental parameters. Here we formulate a model of metabolism and macromolecular expression. Prototyping it using the simple microorganism Thermotoga maritima, we show our model accurately simulates variations in cellular composition and gene expression. Moreover, through in silico comparative transcriptomics, the model allows the discovery of new regulons and improving the genome and transcription unit annotations. Our method presents a framework for investigating molecular biology and cellular physiology in silico and may allow quantitative interpretation of multi-omics data sets in the context of an integrated biochemical description of an organism.
Procedure-specific venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: a paradigm from colectomy surgery.

Background Colectomy patients are at high-risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), but associated risk factors and best prophylaxis in this defined population are only generalized. Methods Fifteen hospitals prospectively collected pre-, peri-, and postoperative variables related to VTE and prophylaxis, in addition to the variables defined by the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program between 2008 and 2009 concerning open and laparoscopic colectomy patients with 30-day outcomes. Symptomatic VTE was the primary outcome, and risk factors were tested for association with VTE using multiple logistic regression. Results The cohort included 3,464 patients with a mean age of 65; 53% were female. Overall, the 30d incidence of VTE was 2.2%. VTE prophylaxis included sequential compression devices (SCDs, 11%) alone; pharmacologic prophylaxis alone (15%); and both SCDs and pharmacologic prophylaxis (combined prophylaxis, 74%). VTE was associated with each additional year of age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.06, P Conclusion Regardless of preoperative factors, VTE prophylaxis using a combination of SCDs and chemoprophylaxis was associated with significant reduction in VTE and should be standard care for patients after colectomy.
Outcrossing effects on the reproductive performance of Hypericum cumulicola, an endangered Florida scrub endemic1

Abstract Trager, M. D. (Dept. of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601), E. S. Menges (Archbold Biological Station, PO Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862), P. F. Quintana-Ascencio (Dept. of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816), and C. W. Weekley (Archbold Biological Station, PO Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862). Outcrossing effects on the reproductive performance of Hypericum cumulicola, an endangered Florida scrub endemic. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 204–213. 2005.—We investigated the effects of self-fertilizing and within-population outcrossing in two populations of Hypericum cumulicola, a perennial herb endemic to xeric scrub habitats on central Florida's Lake Wales Ridge. To examine the relationship between pollen source and reproductive performance, we compared fruit set, seed set, percent germination and net fertility (mean number of seedlings produced per flower within a pollination treatment) of hand-pollinated selfed and outcrossed flowers....
Agglomeration Economies: Population, Density, and Network Effects

This paper builds on the optimal city size literature by examining factors that influence location benefits and costs. Total population, population density, employment type, and networking are evaluated using ordinary least squares. Results indicate that population density may play a more significant role in predicting average location benefits and average location costs than population.
CEO Locus Of Control, Strategic Planning, Differentiation, And Small Business Performance: A Test Of A Path Analytic Model

This study used data from 100 small business firms to examine a path analytic model of the relationships among CEO locus of control, futurity in strategy-making, structural differentiation, and economic performance. We found that the paths from CEO locus of control to structural differentiation and structural differentiation to performance were significant. We also found that when the effects were decomposed into their indirect components, the relationship between strategic futurity and performance reached significance.
Improving Online Assignments to Deter Plagiarism

Student plagiarism in online learning environments inhibits student learning and damages institutional reputations. Instructors may use many methods and technologies to instructors to combat plagiarism in online classrooms, including the use of plagiarism detection tools, establishing and administering academic integrity policies, developing effective education programs, and improving assessment practices. The focus of this paper is on reducing plagiarism in online learning environments by improving the design of student assignments.
Stratocumulus Cloud Clearings and Notable Thermodynamic and Aerosol Contrasts across the Clear–Cloudy Interface

Data from three research flights, conducted over water near the California coast, are used to investigate the boundary between stratocumulus cloud decks and clearings of different sizes. Large clearings exhibit a diurnal cycle with growth during the day and contraction overnight and a multiday life cycle that can include oscillations between growth and decay, whereas a small coastal clearing was observed to be locally confined with a subdiurnal lifetime. Subcloud aerosol characteristics are similar on both sides of the clear–cloudy boundary in the three cases, while meteorological properties exhibit subtle, yet important, gradients, implying that dynamics, and not microphysics, is the primary driver for the clearing characteristics. Transects, made at multiple levels across the cloud boundary during one flight, highlight the importance of microscale (~1 km) structure in thermodynamic properties near the cloud edge, suggesting that dynamic forcing at length scales comparable to the convective eddy scale may be influential to the larger-scale characteristics of the clearing. These results have implications for modeling and observational studies of marine boundary layer clouds, especially in relation to aerosol–cloud interactions and scales of variability responsible for the evolution of stratocumulus clearings.
The psychosomatic treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum by hypnosis.

Summary Nineteen cases of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy of varying intensity, ranging from the exaggeration of physiologic vomiting to true hyperemesis gravidarum, who obtained little or no relief following a wide variety of symptomatic treatments, were completely relieved of their subjective symptoms following the use of hypnosis, either with direct suggestion or with hypno-analysis and age regression. All patients except two were completely relieved utilizing these methods. This form of therapy may act either by raising the vomiting threshold directly or by preventing contractions from the gastrointestinal tract reaching the higher sensorium. Again, the method of eliciting latent psychogenic factors responsible for the nausea and vomiting and bringing these to the surface and integrating them into consciousness is also a convenient, timesaving, and most effective therapeutic procedure for permanently relieving this ordinarily refractory condition. We believe that this valuable adjunct in the treatment of the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy should be utilized by obstetricians.
The Role of Temperature in the Distribution of the Glacier Ice Worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae)

ABSTRACT The North American glacier ice worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Emery, 1898), is restricted to coastal glaciers in the American Pacific Northwest with a puzzling 400 km distribution gap along the Alaska-British Columbia border and several disjunct populations of northern clades in southern latitudes. We illustrate the role of minimum temperatures in ice worm behavior, abundance, and distribution. The study included 200 glaciers and 25 mitochondrial CO1 haplotypes from the species' 5 × 105 km2 geographic range. Minimum winter temperatures on the previous summer surface appear to determine: (1) the elevations ice worms occupy, (2) the glaciers that can support them, and (3) the mountain ranges they inhabit. Ice worms do not inhabit glaciers with over-winter temperatures below -7 °C on the previous summer surface. An annelid molecular clock in a Bayesian phylogeny suggests ice worms diverged from an aquatic ancestor 2.23 Ma, emerging as three clades 1.6–1.7 Ma. Cold sensitivity, together with southea...
India's Experience With Subsidized Health Insurance for the Poor

For the last five years or so, India has seen a large increase in government sponsored schemes to provide health insurance targetted to the poor. Schemes vary by what is covered, who provides the insurance, and who are the intended beneficiaries. But all the schemes have in common that the contain a large premium subsidy for the poor, but are voluntary and partially contributory. This paper will examine the experience with a sample of these schemes in recent years from the perspective of what was done, success in covering the poor, sustainability, and effect on equity in access and financial protection. Lessons will be drawn about conditions required to make such voluntary subsidized schemes workable and whether this is likely to be a viable model for expanding risk protection in India.
Fracture Behavior of Superconducting Films Prepared by Plasma-Assisted Laser Deposition

High Tc superconductors in the form of films in general have critical current densities (Jc) higher than those of high Tc superconductors in bulk form. In particular, YBa2Cu3O7−δ, films prepared by plasma-assisted laser deposition at a substrate temperature of 500oC or above (without post-deposition annealing) exhibited Jc values as high as 5 × 10−6 A/cm2 [1–5]. This paper is focused on the fracture behavior of such films on metal and ceramic substrates, as this behavior is relevant to the mechanical integrity of these film/substrate combinations.
Standards for Hydrogen in Titanium Alloy

Mass-fraction standards of dilute hydrogen in titanium alloy are prepared by direct reaction of the elements, and verified by cold-neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis. The procedure is applied to the production and characterization of Standard Reference Materials.
A COMPARISON OF BLUFF-BODY BASE-DRAG REDUCTION BY PASSIVE CONTROL MEANS

An experiment was conducted to compare the base-drag reduction of a bluff body employing various passive control means. A 1-ft-long bluff-body model with a blunt square base was tested in the Cal Poly 3’ x 4’ ft lowspeed wind tunnel at three forebody surface roughness conditions, namely, 0.5” sandpaper, 1.5” sandpaper, and transverse grid. The experiment measured total drag and base drag coefficient, surface pressure, and trailing-edge boundary-layer velocity profile at ReL = 1.55, 2.92, and 5.82 x 10 5 . To determine the effect of vortex dynamics on base-drag reduction, a phase-averaged base pressure was also measured, using a conditioning hot-wire signal obtained outside the wake flow. Both mean and phase-averaged base-pressure results indicated that when compared to the smooth model, all three forebody surface roughness conditions increase base suction and reduce base drag, with the transverse grid having the largest base drag reduction. The base drag reductions, however, decreased with increasing Reynolds number. Nomenclature
Early Heparin Bridging after Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Is Associated with Increased Length of Stay and a High Rate of Hospital Readmission

s S79 Results: The study sample was predominately male (81%), with mean (SD) age of 58 (15) years. Aortic valve was noted to open in 24.8%. Average duration of therapy was 945 days with a median (range) duration of therapy of 732 (1 to 3321) days. GIB developed in 35%. Three patients with HVAD and ten patients with HMII expired. In univariate analysis 41% of patients with HMII and 21.9% of patients with HVAD experienced a GIB. The association was significant in a multivariate analysis which controlled for age, gender, duration of therapy, and aortic valve opening; OR 4.077 (95% CI 1.106 15.032; p = 0.035). Conclusion: Our study represents the largest cohort of LVAD patients assessed for GIB risk to date. After controlling for age, gender, aortic valve opening, and duration of therapy, GIB was found to be significantly increased in HMII compared to HVAD. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm our findings, and determine the cause of increased risk of GIB in HMII.
Molecular Origins of Mesoscale Ordering in a Metalloamphiphile Phase.

Controlling the assembly of soft and deformable molecular aggregates into mesoscale structures is essential for understanding and developing a broad range of processes including rare earth extraction and cleaning of water, as well as for developing materials with unique properties. By combined synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering with large-scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations we analyze here a metalloamphiphile–oil solution that organizes on multiple length scales. The molecules associate into aggregates, and aggregates flocculate into meso-ordered phases. Our study demonstrates that dipolar interactions, centered on the amphiphile headgroup, bridge ionic aggregate cores and drive aggregate flocculation. By identifying specific intermolecular interactions that drive mesoscale ordering in solution, we bridge two different length scales that are classically addressed separately. Our results highlight the importance of individual intermolecular interactions in driving mesoscale ordering.
Monitoring and analysis of malachite green in aquatic foods in Wuhan in 2009

Objective:To understand the current commercially available residues of malachite green in aquatic foods in Wuhan.Methods:In the first half of June and in October the second half of the sample 75,according to GB/T 20361-2006,the use of high-performance liquid chromatography detection of malachite green.Results:The first half of the detection rate of 8.0% malachite green,malachite green was not detected in the second half.Conclusion:The malachite green residues may be related to the seasons.
Research of Performance Optimization in the Life Cycle of Information System

With the advancement of informationization in our society, the Information system of function and performance required more and more. System performance optimization was dependent on information system analysis and design, system development, system operation and maintenance, system updates four stages. During information system design and development of numerous enterprises, the system function was concerned but the system optimization was few concerned. The system optimization only was focused on system operation and maintenance stage. This causes the system to be "fire-fighting" optimization, only suppress the symptoms not the illness or cause the system to optimize the cost was huge, and even the system cannot be optimized, and the system was forced to retired early. This article on how to optimize the performance of the whole life cycle of information system were discussed, some strategies were put forward to optimize the performance of each stage, and combining the practical application in detail.
Measurement and research of the zero sequence impedance of the 500 kV transmission line

With the effect of line structure, interference source and geologic distribution, the zero sequence impedance of the 500kV transmission line varies greatly. This paper analyzes the zero sequence impedance of several 500kV transmission lines and analyzes the theory and methods of measurement in detail. Meanwhile, it puts forward some problems that should be paid attention to during the process of measurement and calculation.
Application of ant colony algorithm and grey relation theory in manufacturing resource optimization configuration

In order to resolve manufacturing resource optimization configuration problem under networked manufacturing environment, a hybrid optimization method of resource selection based on grey relation theory and ant colony algorithm was proposed. Manufacturing tasks were firstly decomposed into sets of working procedures in time order by process planning. Then considerable candidate manufacturing resources were selected in terms of multi-hierarchy grey relation coefficient at each working procedure node to reduce the size of problem. Lastly, manufacturing resource configuration path was decided by making use of ant colony algorithm, in light of transportation cost to realize resource optimization configuration under networked manufacturing.
In vitro antisecretory effects of trifluoperazine and other neuroleptics in rabbit and human small intestine.

The inhibitory effects of several neuroleptic agents on intestinal secretion were examined in vitro by measuring short-circuit current, net CI flux, and cyclic nucleotide concentrations. In rabbit ileal mu cosa, trifluoperazine (0.2-0.5 mM) did not significantly alter basal transport rates, but partially inhibited responses to the following secretogogues: theophylline, 8-Br-cAMP, VIP, dimethyl-PGE2 and heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin (a cGMP agonist). Trifluoperazine completely inhibited the response to Ca ionophore A23187. In human small intestinal mucosa, trifluoperazine (0.1-0.5 mM) inhibited electrical responses to VIP and theophylline almost completely. The inhibitory action of trifluoperazine was manifest only on serosal addition. Trifluoperazine did not significantly alter cAMP or cGMP concentrations either under basal conditions or in the presence of secretogogues. It also did not diminish the electrical response to luminally added D-giucose. Three other neuroleptics were tested and found to have antisecretory action; the order of potencies were trifluoperazine > chlorpromazine > haloperidol > chlorprothixene. Since all four agents are potent inhibitors of calcium-dependent regulator in bovine brain, this ubiquitous protein may also be the target for their antisecretory action in intestine.