cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid receptor agonist induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells LNCaP proceeds through activation of MAPKs and G1 cell cycle arrest

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4616 Developing novel treatment options for prostate cancer has become an important goal. In recent years cannabinoids and their derivatives are drawing attention because of their diverse pharmacological activities such as cell growth inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects and tumor regression. Recently we have shown that expression levels of both cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are higher in human prostate cancer cells than in normal prostate epithelial cells and treatment of LNCaP cells with WIN-55,212-2 (a mixed CB1/CB2 agonist) resulted in inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Based on these data we suggested that WIN-55,212-2 or other non-habit forming cannabinoid receptor agonists could be developed as novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer (Cancer Res. 65:1635-41, 2005). This study was conducted to understand the mechanistic basis of cannabinoid receptor-agonist induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. LNCaP cells were treated with WIN-55,212-2 (1-10 μM) for 24 h after which they were processed for cell cycle analysis, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Treatment of cells with WIN-55,212-2 was found to result in i) an arrest of the cells in the G/G1 phase of the cell cycle; ii) up regulation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38; and iii) inhibition of PI3k/Akt pathways. To define the involvement of regulatory proteins operative in the G/G1 phase of the cell cycle, we next determined the effects of WIN-55,212-2 treatment of cells on cyclin kinase inhibitor (cki)-cyclin-cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) machinery. We observed that WIN-55,212-2 (1-10 μM) treatment resulted in i) an induction of p27/KIP1; ii) down-regulation of cyclin D1, D2, E; and iii) decrease in the expression of cdk -2, -4, and -6. Since retinoblastoma (pRb) regulates the progression of the cell cycle by binding to and inhibiting the E2F transcription factors and their heterodimeric partners DP-1 and DP-2, we next determined the effect of WIN-55,212-2 treatment on (pRb)-E2F/DP pathway. Western blot analysis showed a decrease in the protein expression of i) pRb; ii) E2F (1 through 4); and iii) DP1 and DP2. We also observed that WIN-55,212-2 treatment of cells resulted in a dose-dependent increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in such a way that favors apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis proceeded through down regulation of caspases 3, 6, 7, and 9 and cleavage of PARP. Taken together, our data suggests the involvement of two distinct pathways through which WIN-55,212-2 induces apoptosis of LNCaP cells. In the first pathway, activation of ERK1/2 leads to cell cycle dysregulation and arrest and in the second pathway up regulation of Bax/Bcl2 ratio and activation of caspases results in an induction of apoptosis. We reiterate our suggestion that cannabinoid receptor agonists should be considered as novel agents for the management of prostate cancer.
Solute and penetrant diffusion in swellable polymers. VIII: Influence of the swelling interface number on solute concentration profiles and release

Abstract Penetrant-activated solute release was modeled in polymers undergoing Case-II penetrant uptake. The rate of solute release can be nearly constant for systems with Case-II penetrant uptake behavior, depending on the values of solute diffusion coefficients and the functional form of concentration dependence. It is shown that swelling of a polymer slab can have a significant effect on solute release behavior.
Multiple Quantum Coherence in Spin‐1/2 Dipolar Coupled Solids

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Single Quantum Coherence 3 Coherent Averaging 4 Development of Multiple Quantum Coherence: Use of a Double Quantum Propagator 5 Detection of Multiple Quantum Coherence 6 A Single Quantum Propagator 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Anomalies in nonweak interactions

It is shown how the problem of tensor-trace and triangle anomalies can be avoided in the treatment of the nonweak-decay processes σ → 2γ and π0→2γ.
Serotonin agonists increase transferrin levels via activation of 5-HT1C receptors in choroid plexus epithelium

Choroid plexus epithelial cells are enriched in mRNA for proteins such as the iron carrier transferrin, which acts as a trophic factor in the brain. Choroid plexus epithelial cells also have a high density of 5-HT1C receptors linked to activation of the phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis second messenger system. The present studies show that the 5-HT1C/5-HT2 receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) potently increases PI hydrolysis and the levels of transferrin in primary cultures of rat choroid plexus epithelial cells. These effects are blocked by the 5-HT1C/5-HT2 receptor antagonists mesulergine and mianserin, but not by the 5-HT2 receptor-selective antagonist spiperone. Similarly, mesulergine and mianserin, but not spiperone, block the increases in transferrin levels and PI hydrolysis elicited by 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), a 5-HT1 receptor-selective agonist, and by serotonin. We conclude, therefore, that 5-HT1C receptor activation in the choroid plexus leads to an increase in the production of transferrin. By promoting transferrin synthesis in the choroid plexus, 5-HT may indirectly influence brain development and differentiation.
Controlling Abuse to Maintain Control: The Exclusionary Rule in China

In July 2010, the People’s Republic of China took the unprecedented step of implementing detailed, concrete rules on the handling of illegally obtained evidence. This reform was not prompted by a shift in political power, nor was it the result of an independent push from the judiciary. Rather, sixty years into the continuous leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the highest ranks in government appear to recognize that endorsing an exclusionary rule can serve their interests in maintaining power. This Article argues that the PRC Government is adding a new chapter to the international diffusion of exclusionary rules as an authoritarian government that is harnessing the rule to bolster its legitimacy. Often touted as a means of enhancing “judicial integrity,” the exclusionary rule in China is better viewed as holistically addressing “governmental integrity.” After situating reforms in China within the comparative criminal procedure literature by examining developments in the United States, Germany, Russia, and Taiwan, this Article turns to China and fills a gap in English-language scholarship, which until now has discussed the exclusionary rule almost entirely in the European and Commonwealth contexts. It analyzes how a confluence of domestic pressures complemented by international influences facilitated reforms in China and argues that, at present, the exclusionary rule appears more symbolic than revolutionary. In order for the new reforms to function as more than a mere symbolic integrity-enhancing device, assertive actors in the criminal justice system must gain a toehold and gradually move the rule from the realm of gloss to substance.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) risk factors, vaccination patterns, and vaccine perceptions among a sample of male college students.

Abstract Objective: To examine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates, including initiation and completion of the vaccine series, and barriers to vaccination in a sample of male college students. Participants: Male students between the ages of 18 and 25 who reported being currently or previously sexually active (N = 735). Methods: A cross-sectional Web-based survey was administered during October 2012 at a large public university in the northeast United States. Student e-mail addresses were obtained from the university after institutional review board approval. Results: Although condom use was low and number of lifetime sexual partners was high, 93% reported they were not at risk for sexually transmitted infections. The college men in the sample had low HPV vaccine awareness, knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived susceptibility, and 74% of the sample had not obtained the HPV vaccine. Conclusions: There is a disconnect between actual and perceived risks of HPV and barriers to HPV vaccination e...
Responsibility to protect: dead, dying, or thriving?

An intense backlash against the norm of responsibility to protect (R2P) emerged following the 2011 United Nations (UN)-authorised intervention in Libya. This research assesses empirically how significantly the post-Libya backlash affected the normative acceptance of R2P and offers insight into where in the lifecycle of acceptance or rejection R2P currently falls. Through the collection and analysis of UN Security Council and Human Rights Council documents, this research creates an empirical picture of how often, when, and by whom R2P terminology has been referenced over time at the UN. The analysis reveals that post-Libya debate on R2P has not resulted in a decrease in rhetorical acceptance of the norm or a decrease in authorization of R2P framed policies. Instead, R2P has become further internalised and is increasingly utilised in the Security Council and Human Rights Council.
Local Division of Labor in Rehabilitation Team Conferences

This study investigates rehabilitation team members’ interactive accomplishments of their domains of work and responsibility in rehabilitation team conferences in Japan. A combination of membership categorization analysis and sequential analysis is adopted to systematically illustrate the situated productions of professional sense-making practices. Analysis focuses on the segment in which a physician asks a series of questions regarding a patient’s functional status and disability coded in the functional assessment record (FAR). A close examination of data shows that a physician does not always choose a respondent with his or her gaze when asking a question because s/he is continuously reading the FAR displayed on a computer screen. Despite this, a physician’s mention of a topic generates a professional’s domain of work and responsibility in a local division of labor which is used by members to assume who the relevant categorial respondent is. Further, members demonstrate these assumptions by shifting their gazes toward the computer screen, back to the document on the desk, and turning toward co-participants, thus embodying professional roles and responsibilities in situ. This study utilizes the analyst’s ethnographic understanding of the routines and division of labor at the rehabilitation ward as a resource to explicate professional sense-making practices, thus utilizing Garfinkel’s ethnomethodological studies of work. Together with sequential and categorial resources offered by Sacks, this study elucidates inferences and normative expectations which rehabilitation team members bring together to reproduce the endogenous logic of rehabilitation culture in actual occasions of the institutional life.
On the determination of the deuteron asymptotic D- to S-state wave function ratio by the pole-extrapolation method: Truncation errors☆

Abstract The pole-extrapolation method for determining the asymptotic D-state to S-state wave function ratio of the deuteron is discussed. It is concluded that the method is subject to systematic errors of 10–20% or more, which result from truncation of the polynomial series used to extrapolate the d-p elastic scattering measurements. We see no clear-cut evidence that the polynomial series is converging.
Distributed intelligent architecture for logistics (DIAL)

Abstract An ideal logistics problem is considered as a network flow problem which generates a logistics plan and subsequently executes the plan. A real-world logistics plan is different from its ideal counterpart modeled as a network flow problem in the sense that each node of the logistics graph is operated independently with disparate objectives. In contrast to the nodes of a network flow problem, agents are considered as software entities which embody elegant reasoning ability to justify their own actions towards individual objectives, and also interact with other agents. Hence, a group of agents or a multiagent system is best suited to solve real-world logistics problems with each agent representing a node of the graph. We have built a three-tier framework where a customer's problem can be decomposed and assigned to all the agents which together generate a logistics plan. We employ two simulation software as planning tools which enable us to simulate appropriate events. The key ideas behind this paper are large-scale multiagent architectural modeling issues (scalability), computation task control, information sharing among several customers, and a problem solving procedure before the planning process. The problem solving procedure is considered as determining the computational tasks required to be invoked to initiate the planning process. We describe the implementation of the framework.
Preservice teachers engaged in reflective classroom research

Abstract During an eight‐week field experience six preservice teachers, under the supervision of their mentor professor, designed and facilitated an integrated inquiry unit for a fifth‐grade class. As a part of their field experience, the preservice teachers investigated their effectiveness in implementing the inquiry approach to teaching based on the children's learning responses. Reflecting on their own teaching behaviors through reflective classroom research challenged the preservice teachers to explore images of teaching that were often less than ideal but always informative.
A national survey of scientific research and development

A series of studies now being carried on by the National Science Foundation will constitute, when completed, an over-all survey of research and development in the United States, including the Federal Government, industry, and universities and other nonprofit organizations. The broad outlines of this survey and its objectives are presented, together with such findings as are currently available.
Effect of Insulin on Carbohydrate Tolerance of Nondiabetic Individuals

One of us (Somogyi)1 has shown that in diabetic patients the continued overdosage of insulin, i. e., the administration of quantities sufficient to cause hypoglycemias, gradually diminishes the carbohydrate tolerance of the patient and aggravates the diabetic condition. In this paper we call attention to the fact that insulin when administered to nondiabetic individuals, exerts a similar effect.This observation was made on nondiabetic tuberculous patients, who were treated with insulin with the purpose of inducing an increase in their body weight. The procedure in this work differed from others described in the literature in 2 respects. In the first place, the amount of insulin used was very small. In 2 cases only 10 units were given daily, injected in 5-unit doses before the noon and evening meals, while the remaining patients received at the beginning 10, and subsequently 20 units daily, always administered in 2 equal doses. In the second place, the duration of the treatment in this experiment was much ...
Literacy for development? A community library project in Uganda

Extracted from text ... 142 Literacy for development? A community library project in Uganda Kate Parry Hunter College, City University of New York kateparry@earthlink.net INTRODUCTION The notions of literacy and development are frequently bracketed together in discourse about the problems of world poverty. Both are seen as desiderata, and it is generally assumed that there is a causal relationship between them: that literacy is not only an indicator of, but also a precondition for, development. This relationship, however, is highly problematic, not only because literacy cannot be disentangled from other factors (see Street 1984) but also because the terms themselves are highly contentious. To ..
Theory on the Structure of Twin Boundaries in La 2− x ,Ba x CuO 4

The structure of the twin boundary in the low-temperature-orthorhombic phase of La 2− x Ba x CuO 4 is studied using a Landau-type free energy model which reproduces the x − T phase diagram. The La 2− x Ba x CuO 4 compound has a body-centered tetragonal (HTT) structure at high temperatures. Upon cooling it undergoes a structural phase transition to a low-temperature orthorhombic structure (LTO structure) which is caused by the tilting of the CuO 6 octahedra about the (110) and ( 1 10) directions. Depending on the doping level x , the LTO structure may go through another phase transition at an even lower temperature to a low-temperature tetragonal phase (LTT phase). We find that the existence of LTT phase greatly changes the characteristics of the twin boundary in the LTO phase. LTT phase exists at twin boundaries of the LTO phase at temperatures well above the LTT to LTO transition temperature.
Students' Difficulties with Integration in Electricity.

This study investigates the common difficulties that students in introductory physics experience when solving problems involving integration in the context of electricity. We conducted teaching-learning interviews with 15 students in a second-semester calculus-based introductory physics course on several problems involving integration. We found that although most of the students could recognize the need for an integral in solving the problem, they failed to set up the desired integral. We provide evidence that this failure can be attributed to students' inability to understand the infinitesimal term in the integral and/or failure to understand the notion of accumulation of an infinitesimal physical quantity. This work supports and extends previous research on students' difficulties with integration in physics.
Kinetic acetylation of hydroxyl groups of isoprene copolymer and hydroxyethyl methacrylate

С целью дифференциации гидроксильных групп проведено кинетическое ацетилирование сополимера изопрена и монометакрилового эфира этиленгликоля, полученного с пероксидом водорода как инициатором полимеризации. Найдено содержание двух типов гидроксильных групп, определены константы скорости их ацетилирования. Полученные данные использованы для оценки разветвленности сополимера. Приведена подробная экспериментальная и расчетная методика.
Advanced interactive executive (AIX) operating system overview

The Advanced Interactive Executive (AIX) is the operating system used in the RT Personal Computer. It is a portable operating system architecture that is suitable for a wide range of computer architectures and customer requirements. Discussed in this paper are the structure and services of AIX.
ESD induced gate oxide damage during wafer fabrication process

Abstract Using special test structures and techniques, ESD induced oxide-damage was conclusively identified. Electrical signatures uniquely associated with both catastrophic and “walking wounded” devices were determined along with process steps most critical to ESD. Failure mechanisms were modeled based on the electrical characteristics. The unique electrical characteristic can be used to distinguish ESD failures from other defects.
Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance: Possible mechanisms

Sustained hyperglycemia impairs insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis in human and rat skeletal muscles, a phenomenon referred to clinically as glucose toxicity. In rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle preparations preincubated for 2-4 h in a hyperglycemic medium (25 mM vs. 0 mM glucose), we have shown that the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose incorporation into glycogen is impaired. Interestingly, this was associated with a decreased activation of Akt/PKB, but not its upstream regulator, PI3-kinase. A similar pattern of signaling abnormalities has been observed in adipocytes, L6 muscle cells, C2C12 cells, and (as reported here) EDL incubated with C(2)-ceramide. On the other hand, no increase was observed in ceramide mass in EDL incubated with 25 mM glucose. Hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance also has been described in adipocytes, where it has been linked to activation of novel and conventional protein kinase C isoforms that phosphorylate the insulin receptor and IRS. In addition, we have recently shown that hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Here, it was associated with an increased propensity to apoptosis and, as in muscle, with an impaired ability of insulin to activate Akt. Interestingly, these effects of hyperglycemia and an increase in diacylglycerol synthesis, which is also caused, were prevented by adding AICAR, an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), to the incubation medium. These results suggest that hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance in cells other than those in classic insulin target tissues. Whether AMPK activation can reverse or prevent insulin resistance in all of these cells remains to be determined.
Automated RNA Structure Prediction Uncovers a Kink-Turn Linker in Double Glycine Riboswitches

The tertiary structures of functional RNA molecules remain difficult to decipher. A new generation of automated RNA structure prediction methods may help address these challenges but have not yet been experimentally validated. Here we apply four prediction tools to a class of double glycine riboswitches that can bind two ligands cooperatively. A novel method (BPPalign), RMdetect, JAR3D, and Rosetta 3D modeling give consistent predictions for a new stem P0 and a kink-turn motif. These elements structure the linker between the RNAs' double aptamers. Chemical mapping on the Fusobacterium nucleatum riboswitch with N-methylisatoic anhydride, dimethyl sulfate and 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate probing, mutate-and-map studies, and mutation/rescue experiments all provide strong evidence for the structured linker. Under solution conditions that permit rigorous thermodynamic analysis, disrupting this helix-junction-helix structure gives 120- and 6-30-fold poorer dissociation constants for the RNA's two glycine-binding transitions, corresponding to an overall energetic impact of 4.3 ± 0.5 kcal/mol. Prior biochemical and crystallography studies did not include this critical element due to over-truncation of the RNA. We speculate that several further undiscovered elements are likely to exist in the flanking regions of this and other functional RNAs, and automated prediction tools can play a useful role in their detection and dissection.
Nutritional studies on Chloroflexus, a filamentous photosynthetic, gliding bacterium

Nutritional studies on four different strains of Chloroflexus, a new genus of filamentous, photosynthetic bacteria are described. This organism appears to be related to several different procaryotic groups, and in particular to the green sulfur bacteria and blue-green algae. Unlike these autotrophs, however, Chloroflexus is nutritionally diverse, being able to grow aerobically as a light-independent heterotroph, and anaerobically as a photoautotroph or photoheterotroph. Numerous organic carbon sources including hexoses, amino acids, short chain fatty acids, organic acids, and some alcohols are utilized under various growth conditions. These results suggest that this organism may be among the most nutritionally versatile organisms known.
Multiscale QM/MM Simulations of ATP Hydrolysis Mechanism in ABC-Transporters

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette (ABC) transporters are ubiquitous molecular motor proteins that translocate various substrates across cell membranes at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Although it is known that nucleotide binding domains in ABC-transporters contain a collection of characteristic sequence motifs, the precise mechanism under which ATP is hydrolyzed in these systems remains unknown. By using multiscale combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy simulations, we examined several possible ATP hydrolysis mechanisms in members of ABC-transporters. Our results reveal how the active site residues may participate in the catalytic mechanism and how protein dynamics may contribute to catalysis.
Spatial irradiance interferometry with sources of arbitrary symmetry

A major limitation of irradiance interferometry in both the space and time domains has been that only sources of even symmetry could be uniquely inferred from far-field irradiance correlations, because only the modulus was derived. However, this restriction can be removed by processing, in addition, the field in a simple way before detection to form a new symmetrized function. This irradiance record corresponds to the radiation pattern derived from the pure even part of the radiance profile. The record is autocorrelated, as before, yielding a spatial power spectrum. But by the central-ordinate and hermitian properties of the spatial Fourier transform, the real part of the transformation can be specified exactly from the symmetrized record. Using the modulus of the total transform together with the real part of the transform, the phase can be inferred with only an ambiguity of sign. Thus a pair of images is derived, one erect, the other inverted. This ambiguity can be resolved, however, by moving the source in a known direction off axis.
Amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) interacts with the oncoprotein NUP98-HOXA9 and enhances its transforming ability

NUP98-HOXA9 is the prototype of NUP98 fusion oncoproteins that cause acute myeloid leukemia. It consists of an N-terminal FG-rich portion of the nucleoporin NUP98 fused to the homeodomain region of the homeobox protein HOXA9, and acts as an aberrant transcription factor. To identify interacting partners of NUP98-HOXA9, we used a cytoplasmic yeast two-hybrid assay to avoid the nonspecific trans-activation that would occur with the traditional yeast two-hybrid assay due to the transactivating properties of NUP98-HOXA9. We identified amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES), a transcriptional regulator of the transducin-like enhancer/Groucho family as a novel interaction partner of NUP98-HOXA9. The interaction was confirmed by in vitro pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays and was shown to require the FG repeat region of NUP98-HOXA9. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that AES localizes primarily to the interior of the nucleus. AES also showed a strong interaction with wild-type NUP98. AES augmented the transcriptional activity of NUP98-HOXA9. In the presence of NUP98-HOXA9, AES caused an increase in long-term proliferation of primary human CD34+ cells with a marked increase in the numbers of primitive cells. These effects of AES were not observed in the absence of NUP98-HOXA9. AES knockdown diminished the transcriptional and proliferative effects of NUP98-HOXA9. AES caused a shift away from the erythroid lineage in cells expressing NUP98-HOXA9. These data establish AES as an interacting partner of NUP98-HOXA9 and show that it cooperates with NUP98-HOXA9 in transcriptional regulation and cell transformation.
Hydrocarbon emissions from jet engines operated at simulated high-altitude supersonic flight conditions

As a part of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Climatic Impact Assessment Program, the hydrocarbon content of the exhaust of two different turbojet engines operated at simulated supersonic flight conditions was determined using gas-liquid chromatography. The samples were concentrated in order to measure individual components down to approx.10ppb carbon (0.01 ppmc). More than 70 hydrocarbon species in the C/sub 1/-C/sub 13/ range were found to be present in the exhaust. Although the jet fuel that was burned contained 86 percent paraffins, olefins constituted up to 75 percent of the hydrocarbons found in the exhaust.
Allelotyping demonstrates common and distinct patterns of chromosomal loss in human lung cancer types

Allelic loss is a hallmark of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) inactivation. We have allelotyped 29 paired lymphoblastoid and lung cancer cell lines derived from 11 patients with small cell (SCLC) and 18 patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Statistical analysis indicated that a threshold of 30% separated non-random allelic loss from the random genetic deletions of malignancy. We have identified non-random allelic loss at 42 of 54 (78%) specific chromosomal regions examined, with 22 regions (52%) common between the two major lung cancer histologic types. There were 3 regions (7%) with allelic loss specific for SCLC and 17 regions (41%) specific for NSCLC. Furthermore, there were significant differences in loss of heterozygosity (LOH) frequencies between NSCLC and SCLC at 13 regions on eight chromosome arms (3p, 5q, 6q, 9p, 10q, 11p, 13q, and 19p). Eight homozygous deletions were present in seven cell lines at four regions, 3p12, 3p14.2, 9p21, and 10q23–25. We have also identified novel sites of chromosomal deletions. In particular, there was frequent loss at 11p13 in SCLC and loss at 6p21.3 and 13q12.3 in NSCLC. In this study, we demonstrate that a) non-random allelic losses in lung cancer involve multiple regions; b) some losses are common to both NSCLC and SCLC subtypes, whereas others are subtype specific; c) there are genetic deletions at novel chromosomal regions; and d) several homozygous deletions have been noted. Our studies demonstrate the usefulness of continuous cell lines for detailed allelotyping, for comparing genetic abnormalities between SCLC and NSCLC, and for identifying homozygous deletions. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21:308–319, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Density Problem for Unbounded Bergman Operators

The unbounded Bergman operator, the operator of multiplication by \( z \) on an unbounded open subset of the plane, is considered. We give a complete answer regarding the density problem of unbounded Bergman operators in terms of its equivalence to the problem of bounded point evaluations for the Bergman spaces. Using this equivalence and the notion of Wiener capacity, we obtain simple geometric conditions that classify almost those open subsets of the plane for which the corresponding Bergman operators are densely defined. With the aid of an analytic approach, we are also able to give condition for a large collection of open subsets of the plane for which all the positive integer powers of the corresponding Bergman operators are densely defined.
An organizational framework for cross‐cultural communication

This study presents a basic, bi‐level classification system of the literature of cross‐cultural communication, based on an examination of the literature of this relatively new area of communication scholarship. For each category of the suggested classification system, representative studies are provided. Since the system is derived from studies in current use, rather than from theoretical speculation, it should be of greater practical value to communication scholarship.
Potential theory for finitely additive Markov chains

Abstract In this paper potential theory is developed for finitely additive Markov chains and this is used to obtain various characterization theorems for discrete time Markov chains with an arbitrary state space, with finitely additive stationary transition probabilities and a finitely additive initial distribution.
Relative contributions of sedimentation and impaction to deposition of particles in a crop canopy

Lycopodium spores were released steadily into the air during 20–30 min from a line source positioned within a wheat crop. The spores were trapped on sticky strips held at angles, π, of 0, 30, 60 and 90° with respect to the horizontal and oriented to face the mean wind direction and on sticky, vertical glass rods. The aerial spore concentration, C, was measured by small suction traps. Deposits of the spores on wheat leaves were obtained from sections of leaves whose posture in the canopy was nearly horizontal, nearly vertical, or at angles between 30 and 60°. Number of spores per m2 for all trapping surfaces were obtained by counting under a microscope. Experiments were conducted on seven different days, encompassing friction velocities, u∗, of 0.27–0.50 m s−1. The rate of deposition on angled surfaces, D(π), was given approximately by D(θ) = D(0) cos (θ) + D(90) sin (θ), where D(0) and D(90) were the observed rate of deposit on horizontal and on vertical surfaces, respectively. Below mid-canopy height, inertial impaction of spores was negligible, so that D(90) = 0 for all the trap surfaces. There, D(0) was mainly due to sedimentation and was very nearly equal to vs·C, where vs is the settling speed of the spore in still air. Near the top of the canopy, deposition on sticky surfaces was enhanced by inertial impaction and turbulent deposition, so that D(0) was about twice that expected from sedimentation and D(90) was about five times larger than expected from inertial impaction at the mean wind speed. Nevertheless, considering the vertical distribution of leaf area and the angles of leaves in a wheat canopy, the rate of deposition of spores for the entire depth of a wheat canopy can be calculated with a probable underestimation of only ∼ 20% by simply assuming sedimentation on horizontally projected area and impaction on vertically projected area.
Measurements of temperature and velocity structure parameters from sonic anemometers

A study of two methods for computing temperature and velocity structure parameters CT2 and Cv2 is presented. Fluctuating temperature and wind data obtained from sonic anemometers were processed utilizing time and frequency analyses to derive CT2 and Cv2. The time-domain method is less rigorous and simplifies processing of the sonic anemometer data for deriving the turbulence parameters. The frequency-domain method has the advantage of providing the spectral characteristics of turbulence. This feature greatly facilitates in identifying data that contain spike noise. Thus, corrections may be made to adjust the derived values accordingly. The comparison shows a very good correlation between the two methods. However, the frequency-domain method yield results that are 2 2/3 times greater than the corresponding values from the time-domain method. The difference was determined to be a bias in the frequency-domain method, resulting from the coefficient used in the inertial subrange form of the one-dimensional spectrum, (Phi) theta((kappa) ) equals (alpha) Ctheta2(kappa) -5/3. In order to remove the bias, the coefficient (alpha) must be changed from the original value of 0.25 to 0.50.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of a quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) for predicting mid-visible refractive index of secondary organic aerosol (SOA)

In this work we describe and evaluate a simple scheme by which the refractive index (λ = 589 nm) of non-absorbing components common to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) may be predicted from molecular formula and density (g cm−3). The QSPR approach described is based on three parameters linked to refractive index—molecular polarizability, the ratio of mass density to molecular weight, and degree of unsaturation. After computing these quantities for a training set of 111 compounds common to atmospheric aerosols, multi-linear regression analysis was conducted to establish a quantitative relationship between the parameters and accepted value of refractive index. The resulting quantitative relationship can often estimate refractive index to ±0.01 when averaged across a variety of compound classes. A notable exception is for alcohols for which the model consistently underestimates refractive index. Homogenous internal mixtures can conceivably be addressed through use of either the volume or mole fraction mixing rules commonly used in the aerosol community. Predicted refractive indices reconstructed from chemical composition data presented in the literature generally agree with previous reports of SOA refractive index. Additionally, the predicted refractive indices lie near measured values we report for λ = 532 nm for SOA generated from vapors of α-pinene (R.I. 1.49–1.51) and toluene (R.I. 1.49–1.50). We envision the QSPR method may find use in reconstructing optical scattering of organic aerosols if mass composition data is known. Alternatively, the method described could be incorporated into in models of organic aerosol formation/phase partitioning to better constrain organic aerosol optical properties.
The nature of anesthesia and procedural sedation outside of the operating room

Purpose of reviewProcedural sedation and monitored anesthesia care have become increasingly common in locations outside of the operating room. The different types of procedures are presented along with pertinent safety issues with the use of different drug combinations.Recent findingsBased on the an
Electrical sensors for monitoring rf plasma sheaths

We have investigated the use of radio-frequency (rf) current and voltage measurements to monitor the electrical characteristics of rf plasmas and to predict changes in ion kinetic energy distributions. These studies were performed at 2.7 and 13.3 Pa (20 and 100 mTorr) in a Gaseous Electronics Conference RF Reference Cell in mixtures of argon with oxygen, nitrogen and water. It is expected that the measurement techniques described here could be extended to monitor the sheath above a wafer during plasma etching to obtain information about changes in the condition of the wafer surface and the energies of ions bombarding it.
DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF MULTIPLE NICOTINIC ACHR CHANNEL SUBTYPES IN EMBRYONIC CHICK HABENULA NEURONS : CONTRIBUTIONS OF BOTH THE ALPHA 2 AND ALPHA 4 SUBUNIT GENES

Habenula neurons from both early and late stage embryonic chickens express multiple subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels (nAChRs). The channel subtypes expressed by habenula neurons are similar in functional properties, but apparently distinct in subunit composition, from their peripheral counterparts in autonomic ganglia. Early in development, nicotine activates four classes of neuronal bungarotoxin (nBGT)-sensitive channels (approx. conductance=15, 30, 50, 60pS) that are intermingled on the surface of habenula neuronal somata. In neurons removed from older animals, nAChR channel activity has increased 4- to 40-fold and channel subtypes have become spatially segregated from one another. Analysis of the profile of nAChR subunit gene expression by polymerase chain reaction indicates that several of theα-type subunit genes, includingα2,3,4,5,7, andα8, as well as bothβ2 andβ4, are expressed. Treatment of the neurons with subunit specific antisense oligonucleotides reveals that theα2 andα4 (but notα3) subunits contribute to the functional profile of native nAChRs expressed by habenula neurons. Consideration of the functional properties and apparent subunit composition of autonomic ganglion nAChRs in the chick suggests that habenula neurons may utilize a very distinct set of subunit combinations to produce an array of nAChR channel subtypes similar in both conductance and pharmacological profile to those expressed by sympathetic neurons.
Cardiotoxicity of human recombinant interleukin-2 in rats. A morphological study.

BACKGROUND One of the side effects of interleukin 2 (IL-2) cancer immunotherapy in humans is the vascular leak syndrome, which is frequently associated with depression of myocardial function, myocarditis, and myocardial necrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate this cardiotoxicity, IL-2 (three doses of 5 x 10(5) Cetus units/day i.p.) was given to rats for 2, 3, or 5 days. Heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney tissues were studied by light and electron microscopy and with immunoperoxidase techniques. Cardiac changes consisted of focal lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration, myocyte vacuolization, myofibrillar loss, and necrosis. Ultrastructural alterations included swelling of endothelial cells, with dissociation of intercellular junctions, migration of lymphocytes into the interstitium, and interstitial hemorrhage and edema. Close contact between infiltrating lymphocytes, particularly large granular lymphocytes, and cardiac myocytes was often observed in areas of tissue damage. All lesions were more severe on day 5 than on days 2 and 3. Immunoperoxidase stains demonstrated asialo GM1 ganglioside antibody-positive, granular lymphocytes to be much more frequent in myocardium of IL-2-treated rats than in that of control rats. CONCLUSIONS Although we cannot exclude the possibility of a direct toxic effect of IL-2 on myocytes, our observations suggest that the myocardial damage produced by this agent is triggered by IL-2-activated lymphocytes that exert cytolytic effects, first on endothelial cells and then on cardiac myocytes, thus producing lesions that involve both the cardiac microcirculation and the muscle cells.
Nuclear structure at A ∼250 and the stability of the superheavy elements

Abstract The implications of level spacings and level orderings in the A ∼250 mass region vis-a-vis the stability of superheavy elements are considered. Single-particle energies in the A = 250 mass region are used to fix the parameters of a Woods-Saxon potential. Evidence for the ground state assignment in 255Md (Z = 101) is presented. The potential is extrapolated to the superheavy region and the stability of superheavy elements is estimated. A critique of zero-point corrections in the Strutinsky method is presented and an alternate approach is suggested.
Measurement of Sigma- Production Polarization and Magnetic Moment

We have measured the production polarization of 265- and 310-GeV/c ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in the inclusive reaction $p+\mathrm{Cu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+X$ using 400-GeV/c protons. The polarization was analyzed via the asymmetry in the weak decay ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and has typical values of +0.20 with respect to the direction of the cross product of the incident-proton and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ momenta. Using the spin-precession technique, we have determined the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ magnetic moment to be -1.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 nuclear magnetons, where the statistical and systematic errors are shown separately.
The management of ideals: a political perspective on ethics

Both bureaucratic and democratic ideals are essential elements of the public administration ethos, yet these two sets of ideals have not been effectively integrated in an ethic of public administration. Ethics has been approached primarily from a rule-oriented bureaucratic perspective that gives little guidance to administrators who wish to promote democratic ideals and function ethically in an increasingly political administrative role. This article suggests that ethics can be approached, instead from a political perspective that recognizes public administrators as political authorities legitimated and constrained by the same belief system that legitimates and constrains elected and judicial officials. Approaching ethics from a political perspective permits administrators to pursue democratic ideals by exercising political judgment and participating in the political process of policy making. At the same time, a political ethic of public administration establishes constraints on such administrative activi...
“Living with Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest” Author: Robert Yeats, Oregon State University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-87071-437-6

Robert Yeats' latest book gives an overview of the geologic setting of the Pacific Northwest, its earthquake potential and seismic hazards, and what people who live in the region need to know to protect themselves. The book grew out of Yeats' many years of experience in the science of seismic risk and hazards and over rwenty years as a resident of Oregon. With its focus on the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) and associated faults, it fills a void occupied by no other text. The book begins with geologic time and moves comfortably through concepts of stress and strain, plate tectonics and faulting, and into the mechanisms ofearthquake origins. It gives a much more thorough treatment of paleoseismology than most books at this level, not surprising given the major contribution the field has made to risk assessment in the Pacific Northwest. The figures present real examples such as trench logs, air...
Bounces with O ( 3 ) × O ( 2 ) symmetry

We study the contribution to the decay of de Sitter vacua from bounces with $\mathrm{O}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{O}(2)$ symmetry. These correspond to the thermal production of a vacuum bubble at the center of a horizon volume with radius ${r}_{H}$ and a temperature defined by the horizon. They are analogues of the flat spacetime bounces, independent of Euclidean time, that correspond to thermal production of a critical bubble. If either the strength of gravity or the false vacuum energy are increased, with all other parameters held fixed, the bounces approach, and eventually merge with, the Hawking-Moss solution. Increasing the height of the barrier separating the true and false vacuum, and thus the tension in the bubble wall, causes the center of the bubble wall to approach, but never reach, the horizon. This is in contrast with the prediction of the thin-wall approximation, which inevitably breaks down when the wall is near the horizon. Our numerical results show that the Euclidean action of our solutions is always greater than that of the corresponding O(4)-symmetric Coleman-De Luccia bounce.
An approach to the programming languages course

The content and methodology of the programming languages course (CS 8) vary widely. A previous paper [3] discussed options available to the instructor and surveyed texts for the course. This paper describes the course as it is currently taught at Georgia State University, with the hope that instructors of similar courses will benefit by examining our approach and learning from our successes and failures.
Vibrational analysis of the two non-equivalent, tetrahedral tungstate (WO4) units in Ce2(WO4)3 and La2(WO4)3

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of Ce2(WO4)3 and La2(WO4)3, which are complicated by the superposition of bands from two non-equivalent WO4 units, have been successfully assigned above 300 cm−1 according to Td point group symmetry. Individual assignment of the two types of tungstate units, WIO4 (C2 site symmetry) and WIIO4 (C1 site symmetry), relies on comparison with the spectra of tetrahedral reference tungstates of Na2WO4, CaWO4, and MgWO4, and on the differences between WIO4 and WIIO4 known from the crystal structure. Normal coordinate analysis indicates that the force constants for WIO4 and WIIO4 roughly correlate with the amount of deviation from ideal Td point symmetry, WIO4 being similar to CaWO4 (both mildly distorted tetrahedrons), while WIIO4 is closer to MgWO4 (both highly distorted tetrahedrons). Non-ideality is also indicated by the calculated potential energy distribution (PED), which shows a substantial degree of vibrational interaction between bonds—especially in the less symmetric WIIO4 unit. Frequency differences between IR and Raman bands that originate from the same Td point group modes are attributed mainly to factor group splitting (i.e. Raman active gerade and IR active ungerade factor group modes). However, the LO-TO polarization mixing and surface modes that generate the observed vibrational frequencies in powders may also contribute to these frequency differences, since the magnitude of these effects may not be the same in Raman as in IR. Finally, it is likely that other rare earth tungstates of stoichiometry Ln2(WO4)3, where Ln=La∼Dy, have similar vibrational spectra due to their similar structures.
Automatic invisible axion without domain walls

Abstract We construct a grand unified model with three families of quarks and leptons based on an SU(9) gauge symmetry which automatically eliminates the strong CP puzzle with an invisible axion but which has no cosmological domain wall problem.