cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREHISTORIC IRISH ROCK ART and IRISH PASSAGE TOMB ART

Summary Two major traditions of decoration from the later Neolithic and/or earlier Bronze Age, rock art and passage tomb art, are compared. Both traditions are briefly described, and are compared on the basis of both site and motif characteristics. Their chronological relationship is also discussed, indicating at least a large overlap in time between them. These two show a general affiliation on a number of levels, suggesting a similar degree of relationship between their respective makers. However, they also show important differences, suggesting that they are products of different sets of ritual or symbolic behaviour, or of similarly different groups of people.
The effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on the ATP level of human erythrocytes.

Incubation of red cells at 37° with the ionophore A23187 results in a loss of ATP that is dependent on the concentrations of A23187 and Ca2+ in the medium. ATP hydrolysis is greatest at micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ and decreases as Ca2+ in the medium is raised to millimolar levels. The ATP depletion is due to stimulation of calcium ATPase by A23187-mediated Ca2+ influx into the cell. The biphasic nature of Ca2+-stimulated ATP depletion in whole cells reflects the activity of Ca2+-ATPase in membrane preparations at varying Ca2+ concentrations. The ionophore can be removed by washing the cells with plasma or bovine serum albumin-containing medium and the ATP levels restored to normal by reincubating with 5 mM adenosine for 1 hr.
Effects of age on testicular function and consequences of testosterone treatment.

Testosterone and gonadotropins. Several studies demonstrate that the serum testosterone concentration declines with increasing age. In one cross-sectional study of 83 healthy men, the free testosterone concentration declined by age 80 to approximately 40% of that at age 20, but because the serum concentration of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) increased during this age span, the serum concentration of total testosterone declined only to approximately 80% of that at age 20 (1). In another cross-sectional study of 71 healthy men, aged 26–90 yr, living in similar circumstances, the 33 younger men had a mean free testosterone concentration of 10.7 6 3.4 ng/dL (sd) and the 38 older men had a mean free testosterone concentration of 5.8 ng/dL (P , 0.01) (2). Total serum testosterone concentrations in the two groups were 659 6 201 ng/dL and 490 6 160 ng/dL, respectively (P , 0.01). In a third cross-sectional study in 810 healthy men mostly between 50 and 84 yr old, the serum bioavailable testosterone concentration declined by approximately 55– 60%, but the serum total testosterone concentration did not decline at all (3). In one longitudinal study, 39 healthy men whose mean serum total testosterone concentration was 633 6 22 ng/dL (se) when they enrolled in a study of aging in 1980 had a mean value of 464 6 33 ng/dL in 1994 (4). In another longitudinal study of 890 men, both total testosterone and the ratio of testosterone to SHBG decreased with age (Fig. 1) (5). The decline in testicular function appears to involve a combination of primary and secondary hypogonadism. A gradual increase in the serum concentration of LH indicates a degree of primary hypogonadism. In a cross-sectional study, the mean serum LH concentration in 33 men of an average age of 37 yr was 1.9 6 0.6 ng/mL and in 38 men of an average age of 71 yr was 2.2 6 0.6 ng/mL (2). In a longitudinal study, 39 men whose mean LH was 9.4 6 0.4 (se) mIU/mL when they enrolled in 1980 had a mean value of 13.7 6 1.3 mIU/mL in 1994 (4). However, the findings that LH secretory burst amplitude decreases with increasing age and that this decrease was the most prominent determinant of decreased testosterone secretion indicates a degree of secondary hypogonadism (6). This conclusion is supported by the failure of LH secretion to respond to drug-induced reduction of the serum testosterone concentration in old men as well as in young men (7).
Effect of particle dissolution rate on ocular drug bioavailability

Aqueous ophthalmic drug solutions typically exhibit low bioavailability due to various loss processes such as drainage, tear turnover, nonproductive absorption, and protein binding. Suspensions may improve bioavailability, but because of a short residence time and a low corneal permeability rate constant, the dissolution rate of the drug and its intrinsic solubility must be considered. The relationship between the various parameters affecting the relative dissolution rate have not heretofore been examined with respect to the eye. In the present study, a kinetic model that predicts ocular tissue drug levels for suspensions has been developed and tested using a steroid, fluorometholone, as the test drug suspension. The proposed model is able to predict the effects of particle size, concentration, and changes in drainage rate such that a reasonable a priori prediction of drug levels can be made.
COMPARISON OF ARRHYTHMIC DOSES OF ADRENALINE, METARAMINOL, EPHEDRINE AND PHENYLEPHRINE DURING ISOFLURANE AND HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS

The effects of adrenaline, metaraminol, ephedrine and phenylephrine on myocardial irritability were evaluated in dogs at equivalent levels of isofiurane and halothane anaesthesia. The incidence of premature ventricular contractions associated with adrenaline and metaraminol infusions was significantly less during isoflurane anaes thesia, as compared with halothane. Ephedrine produced arrhythmias in approximately 50% of animals studied with both anaesthetics. Doses of adrenaline, metaraminol, and phenylephrine necessary to cause arrhythmias were greater during isoflurane anaes thesia. In addition, arrhythmias occurred at lower mean arterial pressures in all drug groups with halothane than with isoflurane anaesthesia.
Effects of Altered Stride Lengths on Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Running

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stride length variations on ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) in experienced recreational runners. Twenty-eight male college students were randomly divided into equal-sized treatment and control groups. The treatment group performed five 15 min altered stride length runs, each separated by a minimum of 48 hr. The five trials involved running with a freely chosen stride length (FCSL) and a FCSL altered by +14%, +7%, −14%, and −7%. The control group was utilized to monitor changes in subjects' RPEs as a result of practice effects developed through repeated bouts of treadmill running. Results revealed that the treatment group's local and general RPEs for the over striding runs (+14%, +7%) were significantly greater (p < .01) than RPEs recorded during the FCSL run. Additionally, there was a marginally significant difference (p < .05) in local RPEs between the FCSL run and the extreme understriding run (−14%). Analysis of variance on the con...
Characterization of T-regulatory cells during the menstrual cycle in the blood and endometrium of reproductive age women

OBJECTIVE: We elsewhere in this meeting report that antiphospholipid antibodies (APAs), among a variety of immune parameters, are most closely associated with the diagnosis of low functional ovarian reserve (LFOR). We recently (ASRM 2013) also reported that a degree of immune system activation/inflammation appears associated with improved embryo quality in association with in vitro fertilization (IVF). Attempting to link these observations, we here investigated the impact of immune/inflammatory markers on IVF outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed 352 infertility patients for ANA, APA and thyroid antibody panels, total immunoglobulin levels in IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE, inflammatory markers adiponectin, C-reactive protein, IL-6 and leptin, and in a Factor Analysis grouped these 20 markers into factors (Fa) in transfer sections, using multiple regressions to study these factor and different response variables in IVF: (1) log(AMH), (2) oocytes retrieved, (3) embryos available (transferred and/or cryopreserved), (4) pregnancy yes/no, and (5) live birth yes/no, all adjusted for age. Factor analysis with VARIMAX rotation was used to obtain set of 7 better weights to form a grouped index, which is used to run ordinary least square regression models. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of Fa 1 on Clinical Pregnancy. However, Fa 1, composed of thyrotropin receptor antibody, IgA anti-phosphatidylserine, IgG and IgA anti-cardiolipin, was highly predictive of live birth (P1⁄40.0008), as was IgA anti-phosphatidylserine, alone (P1⁄40.0015), suggesting 1.11-times increased odds after adjusting for patient age. There was no significant effect of any immune/inflammatory factor on log(AMH). However, oocyte yield was negatively affected by IgA anti-cardiolipin with each 1-unit change decreasing the yield by -1.9864 units, P1⁄40.04). CONCLUSION: This study for the first time suggests that an IgA-driven inflammatory/immune effect may benefit IVF outcomes, suggesting that mucosal immune responses may play a significant role in IVF success. This finding could also explain the widely reported, so far unexplained, beneficial effects of endometrial scratching on IVF outcomes. Supported by: Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Human Reproduction.
Influence of cobalt and iron on photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and nutrient content in regreening chlorotic tomatoes and soybeans

Abstract Iron‐efficient and ‐inefficient tomatoes (T3238 PER and T3238 fer, respectively) and soybeans (A7 and T203, respectively) were grown in nutrient solution culture for nine and seven days with four Pe‐Co treatments (0,0; 1,0; 1,1.2; and 0,1.2 mg/liter Pe and Co, respectively) . Both Pe‐eff icient and ‐inefficient cultivars exhibited Pe‐ and Co‐induced chlorosis, but the efficient PER cultivar was least susceptible to both stresses. Cobalt generally decreased net photosynthesis (Pn), chlorophyll, and foliar iron in either the presence or absence of Pe. After nine and seven days of growth in the above treatments (tomato and soybean, respectively), new solutions were introduced to all of the above treatments, and 1 mg Pe/liter was added to three treatments to study regreening (designated 0,0+; 0,1.2+; 1,1.2+); the original control treatments (0,0; 1,0) continued without additional iron. Recovery of Pn and chlorophyll from added Pe was observed in all cultivars for the 0,0+ treatment, was variable amon...
A modification of the expendable bathythermograph for thermal microstructure studies

Abstract Expendable bathythermograph probes have been used to obtain measurements of thermal microstructure with a resolution of better than 0·002°C. The system consisted of a simple Wheatstone Bridge, amplifier and recorder, and a standard XBT probe modified to descend at a slower rate. High resolution temperature profiles taken from Arctic Ice Island T-3 illustrate its capabilities.
Influence of GaAs(001) substrate misorientation towards {111} on the optical properties of InxGa1−xAs/GaAs

Local variations in the optical properties of thick In0.13Ga0.87As films grown on GaAs(001) substrates misoriented toward {111} planes have been studied with polarized and spectrally‐resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. The degree of anisotropic relaxation and density of dark line defects (DLDs) in CL was found to depend on the choice of the substrate miscut orientation. An enhanced anisotropy in DLD density and strain relaxation was found for a misorientation towards (111)A relative to that for a misorientation towards (111)B. Local variations and spatial correlations in polarization anisotropy, band‐gap energy shifts, luminescence efficiency, and defect‐induced long‐wavelength luminescence were examined.
Nonpolar thymine isosteres in the Ty3 polypurine tract DNA template modulate processing and provide a model for its recognition by Ty3 reverse transcriptase.

Despite diverging in sequence and size, the polypurine tract (PPT) primers of retroviruses and long terminal repeat-containing retrotransposons are accurately processed from (+) U3 RNA and DNA by their cognate reverse transcriptases (RTs). In this paper, we demonstrate that misalignment of the Ty3 retrotransposon RT on the human immunodeficiency virus-1 PPT induces imprecise removal of adjacent (+)-RNA and failure to release (+)-DNA from the primer. Based on these observations, we explored the structural basis of Ty3 PPT recognition by chemically synthesizing RNA/DNA hybrids whose (–)-DNA template was substituted with the non-hydrogen-bonding thymine isostere 2,4-difluoro-5-methylbenzene (F). We observed a consistent spatial correlation between the site of T → F substitution and enhanced ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity ∼12–13 bp downstream. In the most pronounced case, dual T → F substitution at PPT positions –1/–2 redirects RNase H cleavage almost exclusively to the novel site. The structural features of this unusual base suggest that its insertion into the Ty3 PPT (–)-DNA template weakens the duplex, inducing a destabilization that is recognized by a structural element of Ty3 RT ∼12–13 bp from its RNase H catalytic center. A likely candidate for this interaction is the thumb subdomain, whose minor groove binding tract most likely contacts the duplex. The spatial relationship derived from T → F substitution also infers that Ty3 PPT processing requires recognition of sequences in its immediate 5′ vicinity, thereby locating the RNase H catalytic center over the PPT-U3 junction, a notion strengthened by additional mutagenesis studies of this paper.
MARITAL STATUS, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE, AND LIFE SATISFACTION OF BLACK WOMEN*

Blacks in the United States have developed alternative family forms. Families headed by women are common, and the incorporation of relatives and friends into the household has been viewed as potentially helpful. This paper examines the relationships between marital status, household structure, and life satisfaction in a probability sample of 373 black women. I found that married, widowed, and divorced women had the highest life satisfaction. Single and separated women were less satisfied, although this may be related to other variables, such as age. Having children did not significantly affect satisfaction, nor, for women without husbands, did residing with relatives or friends.
Global and regional trends in ionospheric total electron content

[1] A statistically significant positive trend of 0.6 ± 0.3 total electron content unit (TECU; 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) per decade is detected in the 15 year record of daily averaged global total electron content obtained from multiple GPS observations between 1995 and 2010. The trend is extracted using a multiple regression analysis that simultaneously accounts for the comparatively larger global ionospheric responses to solar irradiance variability, solar-modulated annual and semiannual ionospheric oscillations, and geomagnetic activity. Geographical maps of regional trends in total electron content reveal both positive and negative local secular change during the past 15 years, with an overall larger increase in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Largest regional changes of as much as ±3 TECU per decade occur in the vicinity of 60°W to 60°E longitude and 15°S to 30°N latitude. TEC trend magnitude depends sensitively on the specification of solar EUV irradiance variations in the multiple regression model. The +0.6 TECU per decade trend pertains to equal solar irradiance levels during the 1996 and 2008 solar activity minima. When the specified solar irradiance is 15% lower in 2008 than in 1996, the derived global ionospheric trend increases to 3 TECU per decade. We contend that such a large global trend is implausible and that the associated anomalously low level of EUV irradiance in cycle 2008 minimum, reported in earlier publications, is unlikely to be real.
Response of glacier basal motion to transient water storage

The speed of a glacier is affected most by sudden jumps in the water supply to the glacier, but it goes back to previous levels if high water inputs are sustained because the glacier's plumbing system adjusts. Basal motion of glaciers is responsible for short-term variations in glacier velocity1,2,3,4,5,6. At the calving fronts of marine-terminating outlet glaciers, accelerated basal motion has led to increased ice discharge and thus is tightly connected to sea level rise1,7. Subglacial water passes through dynamic conduits that are fed by distributed linked cavities at the bed, and plays a critical role in setting basal motion8. However, neither measured subglacial water pressure nor the volume of water in storage can fully explain basal motion2,3,4,5,6,8,9. Here, we use global positioning system observations to document basal motion during highly variable inputs of water from diurnal and seasonal melt, and from an outburst flood at Kennicott Glacier, Alaska. We find that glacier velocity increases when englacial and subglacial water storage is increasing. We suggest that whenever water inputs exceed the ability of the existing conduits to transmit water, the conduits pressurize and drive water back into the areally extensive linked cavity system. This in turn promotes basal motion. Sustained high melt rates do not imply continued rapid basal motion, however, because the subglacial conduit system evolves to greater efficiency. Large pulses of water to the bed can overwhelm the subglacial hydrologic network and incite basal motion, potentially explaining recent accelerations of the Greenland Ice Sheet3, where rapid drainage of large surficial melt ponds delivers water through cold ice10.
Integrating journalism and public health to promote training and education on global health reporting

Abstract Background As the Ebola epidemic and other emerging diseases have shown, global health journalism has an influential role in public health action and inaction. Practical experience is important in preparing young people in ethical and technically accurate global health reporting. However, such training has not traditionally been incorporated into global public health education. The Center for Global Public Health at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, USA, was created in 2008 to foster global health research and education across the entire campus. Part of its aim is to foster transdisciplinary public health research and learning through global public health opportunities for students. Methods In 2013, the UC Berkeley Center for Global Public Health and the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism partnered to create a new global health reporting internship that enables both public health and journalism graduate students the opportunity to investigate issues related to health disparities and/or health equity in low-to-middle-income countries. The programme seeks to provide faculty mentoring and guidance for interns who want to gain on-the-ground experience in reporting on important global health issues in developing countries. The fellowship is offered annually via a competitive application process, and the first two recipients completed their internships in the summer of 2014. Findings One Master of Public Health student explored migrant health and repatriation in Burundi, and a Master of Journalism student studied family planning in Burkina Faso. Their stories were printed or broadcasted through radio, print, and web media. They have also presented their work and talked about their experience at academic symposia and various media and online platforms. The students are now better prepared in their careers to share public health narratives on important global health issues. With the internship, they have also enriched their public health and journalism learning in their existing degree programmes. Interpretation The positive response to the internship programme by all involved indicates a need to further the programme both at UC Berkeley and beyond. Such transdisciplinary internships and opportunities should be supported by not only traditional public health disciplines but also journalism programmes, especially as the numbers of global health centres and programmes flourish across the USA and elsewhere. Funding UC Berkeley Center for Global Public Health/UC Berkeley School of Journalism
Effect of some substituted sulfamic acid compounds on development of renal hypertension in rats

Abstract The effects of administration of ammonium sulfamate, 2-ethylhexylsulfamic acid, and piperidyl- N -sulfonic acid (1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm in the diet) on development of renal hypertension were studied in rats. Of the three compounds, piperidyl- N -sulfonic acid appeared to be most effective in preventing elevation of blood pressure; 2-ethylhexylsulfamic acid was next, and ammonium sulfamate was least effective. All three compounds reduced the cardiac hypertrophy accompanying hypertension, but also reduced thyroid activity. There appears to be a rough correlation between degree of hypothyroidism induced and effectiveness in preventing rise of systolic blood pressure. Using blood pressure and prevention of cardiac hypertrophy as criteria, all three compounds were moderately effective. Benzylsulfamic acid was ineffective. A scoring procedure is suggested for providing a more objective evaluation of potential antihypertensive agents. It is based on a number of criteria including systolic blood pressure; ratios of heart, thyroid, kidney, and adrenal weights of untreated controls to treated group; and change in body weight and survival of treated rats. In contrast to the use only of blood pressure and prevention of cardiac hypertrophy as criteria of effectiveness as an antihypertensive agent, the multiple criteria utilized by the scoring procedure suggest that 2-ethylhexylsulfamic acid was the only compound studied that gave an acceptable score. Adoption of experimental criteria to define the limits of acceptability for an effective antihypertensive compound is suggested.
Analysis of Pathogen and Host Factors Related to Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of nosocomial pneumonia. To characterize pathogen-derived and host-related factors in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with MRSA pneumonia, we evaluated the Improving Medicine through Pathway Assessment of Critical Therapy in Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (IMPACT-HAP) database. We performed multivariate regression analyses of 28-day mortality and clinical response using univariate analysis variables at a P level of <0.25. In isolates from 251 patients, the most common molecular characteristics were USA100 (55.0%) and USA300 (23.9%), SCCmec types II (64.1%) and IV (33.1%), and agr I (36.7%) and II (61.8%). Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was present in 21.9%, and vancomycin heteroresistance was present in 15.9%. Mortality occurred in 37.1% of patients; factors in the univariate analysis were age, APACHE II score, AIDS, cardiac disease, vascular disease, diabetes, SCCmec type II, PVL negativity, and higher vancomycin MIC (all P values were <0.05). In multivariate analysis, independent predictors were APACHE II score (odds ratio [OR], 1.090; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.041 to 1.141; P < 0.001) and age (OR, 1.024; 95% CI, 1.003 to 1.046; P = 0.02). Clinical failure occurred in 36.8% of 201 evaluable patients; the only independent predictor was APACHE II score (OR, 1.082; 95% CI, 1.031 to 1.136; P = 0.002). In summary, APACHE II score (mortality, clinical failure) and age (mortality) were the only independent predictors, which is consistent with severity of illness in ICU patients with MRSA pneumonia. Interestingly, our univariate findings suggest that both pathogen and host factors influence outcomes. As the epidemiology of MRSA pneumonia continues to evolve, both pathogen- and host-related factors should be considered when describing epidemiological trends and outcomes of therapeutic interventions.
Effect of minor alloying additions on the carbide morphology in a single crystal Ni-base superalloy

Carbon and boron have been added to single crystal Ni-base superalloys to increase the yield and defect tolerance, but the effect of these additions on the solidification is not well understood. Carbon was added to the second-generation single crystal Ni-base superalloy, CMSX-4, to form MC-type carbides. Nitrogen and boron were also added in an attempt to alter the carbide morphology. This investigation examines the effect of these alloying additions on the carbide morphology.
Real‐time crystalline orientation measurements during low‐density polyethylene blown film extrusion using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction

Real-time wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies were successfully used to investigate the effect of film blowing process parameter on the crystalline orientation development during the blown film extrusion of low-density polyethylene. Azimuthal distribution scans showed the evolution of crystalline orientation in the bubble from an isotropic state to an oriented state as inferred from (110) and (200) planes. These real-time X-ray diffraction measurements in a blown film line are consistent with prior observations using polarized Raman spectroscopy (Gururajan and Ogale, J. Raman Spectrosc., 40, 212 (2009)) and small-angle light scattering (Bullwinkel et al., Int. Polym. Proc., 16, 41 (2001)) that significant molecular orientation takes place past the frost-line height, even after the blown film diameter is locked into place. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structural elucidation of the hormonal inhibition mechanism of the bile acid cholate on human carbonic anhydrase II.

The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of mostly zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of CO2 into bicarbonate and a proton. Human isoform CA II (HCA II) is abundant in the surface epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa, where it serves an important role in cytoprotection through bicarbonate secretion. Physiological inhibition of HCA II via the bile acids contributes to mucosal injury in ulcerogenic conditions. This study details the weak biophysical interactions associated with the binding of a primary bile acid, cholate, to HCA II. The X-ray crystallographic structure determined to 1.54 A resolution revealed that cholate does not make any direct hydrogen-bond interactions with HCA II, but instead reconfigures the well ordered water network within the active site to promote indirect binding to the enzyme. Structural knowledge of the binding interactions of this nonsulfur-containing inhibitor with HCA II could provide the template design for high-affinity, isoform-specific therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases/pathological states, including cancer, glaucoma, epilepsy and osteoporosis.
Total π‐electron energy in the “variable β” Hückel method

It is demonstrated that the total π-electron energy calculated within the “variable β” Huckel method is almost entirely determined by the total π-electron energy computed within the ordinary (topological) Huckel method and the number of the carbon-carbon bonds. This explains the fact that the topological Huckel method is capable of predicting relative stabilities of various molecules, even if they possess different bond lengths.
Contextual effects in vowel perception II: Evidence for two processing mechanisms

Recent experiments have indicated that contrast effects can be obtained with vowels by anchoring a test series with one of the endpoint vowels. These contextual effects cannot be attributed to feature detector fatigue or to the induction of an overt response bias. In the present studies, anchored ABX discrimination functions and signal detection analyses of identification data (before and after anchoring) for an [i]-[I] vowel series were used to demonstrate that [i] and [I] anchoring produce contrast effects by affecting different per­ ceptual mechanisms. The effects of [i] anchoring were to increase within-[i] category sensitiv­ ity, while [I] anchoring shifted criterion placements. When vowels were placed in CVC syllables to reduce available auditory memory, there was a significant decrease in the size 'of the [I]-anchor contrast effects. The magnitude of the [i]-anchor effect was unaffected by the reduction in vowel information available in auditory memory. These results suggest that [i] and [I] anchors affect mechanisms at different levels of processing. The [i] anchoring results may reflect normalization processes in speech perception that operate at an early level of perceptual processing, while the [I] anchoring results represent changes in response criterion mediated by auditory memory for vowel information.
Atomistic simulations and continuum modeling of dislocation nucleation and strength in gold nanowires

The strength of true metallic nanowires and nanopillars (diameters below 100 nm) is known to be higher than the strength of bulk metals and is most likely controlled by dislocation nucleation from free surfaces. Dislocation nucleation is a thermally activated process that is sensitive to both temperature and strain rate. However, most simulations rely on high strain rate molecular dynamics to investigate strength and nucleation, which is limited by short molecular dynamics time scales. In this work, the energetics of dislocation nucleation in gold nanowires are computed using atomistic simulations, and transition state theory is used to estimate the strength at experimental strain rates revealing detailed information outside the realm accessible to molecular dynamics simulations. This allows investigation into the competition between thermally activated dislocation nucleation and other failure mechanisms such as elastic and structural instabilities. Additionally, the mechanisms of dislocation nucleation are compared against analytical continuum models which allow a better understanding of the nucleation process including the effects of the wire surfaces. This study helps clarify and consolidate our understanding of the nature of dislocation nucleation in small structures.
Estimates of Optical Parameters Based on Mixing Rules Extending over a Wide Range of Wavelengths

We examine a procedure for constructing estimates of optical parameters for composite materials, whose associated reflectivity function consists of multiscale features relative to wavelength, via mixing rules that extend over a wide range of wavelengths. The parameters associated with these mixing rules define a system representation of the optical properties of a composite material. In our procedure, these parameters are optimized with respect to the measured reflectivity of the composite material and existing optical data for materials similar to those making up the composite system. Estimates of optical parameters that extend over a wide range of wavelengths can provide for well-conditioned inversion, via parameter optimization, of reflectivity measurements characterized by multiscale features relative to wavelength.
Computer-integrated manufacturing: a complex information system

To be successful in the competitive global environment, manufacturers must be able to respond quickly to changes in the manufacturing environment. Automation technology makes it possible for manufacturers to have this essential capability. A conceptualized information system that integrates the programmable design of a product and its manufacture with both planning activities and the manufacturing process will be described in this chapter. The information system integrates the programmable automation technologies used in computer-integrated manufacturing with engineering and business databases. The computer-integrated manufacturing concept is expanded to the concept of a computer-integrated economy. The technological difficulties that arise when implementing a computer-integrated economy will be considered.
How hard is it to determine if a graph has a 2‐role assignment?

Role assignments, introduced by Everett and Borgatti [2], who called them role colorings, formalize the idea, arising In the theory of social networks, that individuals of the same social role will relate in the same way to the individuals playing counterpart roles. If G is a graph, a k-role assignment is a function r mapping the vertex set onto the set of integers {1,2,…, k} so that if r(x) = r(y) then the sets of roles assigned to the neighbors of x and y are the same. We ask how hard it Is to determine If a graph has a 2-role assignment and show that recognizing if a graph has a 2-role assignment is NP-complete.
Aspiration risk after acute stroke: comparison of clinical examination and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing.

Aspiration is an important variable related to increased morbidity, mortality, and cost of care for acute stroke patients. This prospective systematic replication study compared a clinical swallowing examination consisting of six clinical identifiers of aspiration risk, i.e., dysphonia, dysarthria, abnormal gag reflex, abnormal volitional cough, cough after swallow, and voice change after swallow, with an instrumental fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) to determine reliability in identifying aspiration risk following acute stroke. A referred consecutive sample of 49 first-time stroke patients was evaluated within 24 hours poststroke, first with the clinical examination followed immediately by FEES. The endoscopist was blinded to results of clinical testing. The clinical examination correctly identified 19 subjects with aspiration risk, when compared with the criterion standard FEES, but incorrectly identified 3 patients as having no aspiration risk when they did. The clinical examination incorrectly identified 19 subjects with aspiration risk but determined correctly no aspiration risk in 8 patients who did not exhibit aspiration risk on FEES. Clinical examination sensitivity = 86%; specificity = 30%; false negative rate = 14%; false positive rate = 70%; positive predictive value = 50%; and negative predictive value = 73%. It was concluded that the clinical examination, when compared with FEES, underestimated aspiration risk in patients with aspiration risk and overestimated aspiration risk in patients who did not exhibit aspiration risk. Careful consideration of the limitations of clinical testing leads us to believe that a reliable, timely, and cost-effective instrumental swallow evaluation should be available for the majority of patients following acute stroke.
Effects of sexual maturation and feeding level on fatty acid metabolism gene expression in muscle, liver, and visceral adipose tissue of diploid and triploid rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

In many cultured fish species, such as salmonids, gonadal development occurs at the expense of stored energy and nutrients, including lipids. However, mechanisms regulating nutrient repartitioning during sexual maturation are not well understood. This study compared sexually maturing diploid (2N) and sterile triploid (3N) female rainbow trout to investigate effects of sexual maturation on expression of 35 genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, including genes within fatty acid synthesis, β-oxidation, and cofactors of the mTOR and PPAR signaling pathways, in liver, white muscle, and visceral adipose tissue. Diploid fish were fed at different rations (0.25% and 0.50% tank biomass, and satiation) to determine effects of ration on gene expression. Gene expression was affected by ration level only in white muscle; erk and acat2 had higher expression in fish fed higher rations. On the other hand, sexual maturation affected gene expression across all three tissue types. Data indicate 2N fish have higher expression of β-oxidation genes within white muscle and within visceral adipose tissue. These findings support enhanced fatty acid mobilization within these tissues during sexual maturation. Higher expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in 3N female liver is associated with higher expression of mTOR cofactors and pparγ, which reflects continued deposition of lipids in these fish. Furthermore, greater expression of genes involved in β-oxidation pathways across ration levels in 2N females suggests that sexual maturation and the associated maturation-related signals are stronger regulators of lipid metabolism-related genes rather the rations applied in the current study.
STATUS REPORT ON HEAT STORAGE WELLS

. The Heat Storage Well concept evolved at TEMPO in 1972. Technical, economic, institutional, and legal aspects of implementing the concept are being studied. Heat Storage Wells offer the possibility of conserving a substantial part of the heat energy now wasted in generating electricity and of reducing thermal pollution caused by the waste heat. Large thermal electric power plants would produce heat at useful temperatures such as 300–400°F. Combined electric- and heat-generating systems will require low-cost, low-loss storage of large amounts of hot water for periods of 90 to 180 days to serve both electric loads and seasonally-varying heat loads. Compared to conventional electricity-only systems, combined electricity-heat systems can save more than 20 percent in energy, reduce the cost of both electricity and heat, and eliminate the need for cooling water or towers. Possibilities for changes in legal and institutional practices are suggested, such as making resource-allocation decisions on the basis of energy units rather than dollars.
Mast cells: Extended lifespan and lack of granule turnover under normal in vivo conditions☆

Abstract Rat mast cell granules, tagged with an indigestible marker (thorium dioxide), are still present 10 months after marker injection. It is concluded that mast cells are long-lived elements and that their function does not depend on degranulation. Thus, degranulation may rather be indicative of cellular injury or pathology.
Erratum: “Model for the fast estimation of basis set superposition error in biomolecular systems” [J. Chem. Phys. 135, 144110 (2011)]

There was an error in the publication of Table ​Table11 of this work,1 which lists the fitted parameters for our model of basis set superposition error. Two of the rows were partially transposed. Since the correct parameter values are necessary to reproduce our work, they are correctly displayed here in Table ​Table11. Table 1 Parameterization of Eq. (2) for four different interaction types.
A model for incomplete longitudinal multivariate ordinal data

In studies where multiple outcome items are repeatedly measured over time, missing data often occur. A longitudinal item response theory model is proposed for analysis of multivariate ordinal outcomes that are repeatedly measured. Under the MAR assumption, this model accommodates missing data at any level (missing item at any time point and/or missing time point). It allows for multiple random subject effects and the estimation of item discrimination parameters for the multiple outcome items. The covariates in the model can be at any level. Assuming either a probit or logistic response function, maximum marginal likelihood estimation is described utilizing multidimensional Gauss-Hermite quadrature for integration of the random effects. An iterative Fisher-scoring solution, which provides standard errors for all model parameters, is used. A data set from a longitudinal prevention study is used to motivate the application of the proposed model. In this study, multiple ordinal items of health behavior are repeatedly measured over time. Because of a planned missing design, subjects answered only two-third of all items at a given point.
Construction, Restoration, and Enhancement of 2 and 3-Dimensional Images

The construction of an image function from the physically measured projections of some object is discussed with reference to the least squares optimum filters, originally derived to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in communications theory. The computerized processing associated with tomography is generalized so as to include 3 distinct parts: the construction of an image from the projection information, the restoration of a blurred, noisy image, degraded by a known space-invariant impulse response, and the further enhancement of the image, e.g. by edge sharpening. In conjuction with given versions of the popular convolution algorithm, not to be confused with filtering by a 2-dimensional convolution, we consider the conditions under which a concurrent construction, restoration, and enhancement are possible. Execution speeds are compared. ** Department of Electrical Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024
Population-Based Assessment of Exposure to Risk Behaviors in Motion Pictures

The aim of most population-based studies of media is to relate a specific exposure to an outcome of interest. A research program has been developed that evaluates exposure to different components of movies in an attempt of assess the association of such exposure with the adoption of substance use during adolescence. To assess exposure to movie substance use, one must measure both viewing time and content. In developing the exposure measure, the study team was interested in circumventing a common problem in exposure measurement, where measures often conflate exposure to media with attention to media. Our aim in this paper is to present a validated measure of exposure to entertainment media, the Beach method, which combines recognition of a movie title with content analysis of the movie for substance use, to generate population based measures of exposure to substance use in this form of entertainment.
Central laboratory quality control in the national cooperative gallstone study

This article presents the rationale, selection, operation, and quality control of the Central Serum and Central Bile Laboratories utilized by the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. The external quality control protocols were designed to monitor long-term stability of the analytical procedures and to measure the precision of the measurements as affected by the collection, labelling, storage, shipping, and laboratory methods. For both laboratories, the assessment of long-term stability by pool standards failed to produce the data necessary to come to relevant conclusions. Several of the problems involved, however, did lead to protocol changes that increased the reliability of the laboratory data. The use of duplicate measurements to monitor precision was more successful and demonstrated acceptable performance of these systems. This article describes the external quality control surveillance procedures employed in the NCGS, their strengths and weaknesses, statistical methods for the analysis of such quality control programs, and the implications for the final statistical analyses of the clinical trial patient data.
Exercise and its role in the prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease

The purpose of this article is to review the beneficial effects of regular exercise in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). Epidemiologic studies indicate that a physically inactive life-style is associated with twice the risk of developing CAD. The magnitude of risk is similar to that of other modifiable risk factors. Meta-analysis of studies of cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction demonstrate that cardiac rehabilitation participants lower their risk of death by 20% to 25% compared to controls. Exercise training results in several beneficial physiological changes including an increase in exercise endurance, higher resting and exercise stroke volumes, lower resting and submaximal exercise heart rates, and increased capillary density and oxidative enzyme capacity in skeletal muscle. In patients with established CAD, exercise training improves symptoms of angina and congestive heart failure and attenuates the severity of exercise-induced ischemia. Regular exercise can favorably modify other risk factors, but the benefits are modest. Reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings average 6 to 9 mm Hg; decreases in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol approximate 5 to 10 mg/dL; and increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol approximate 2 mg/dL. Exercise training as a sole intervention does not appear to enhance smoking cessation. Regular exercise does improve psychosocial well-being. Most studies of physical activity have enrolled predominantly middle-aged men; however, available evidence suggests similar cardiovascular benefits for women, the elderly, and children and youth. Physical activity levels decrease substantially during the school-age-adolescent transition in both males and females. More than half of the adult population is sedentary or inactive. Collectively, accumulated data suggest the need for both individualized/high-risk and population-based approaches to increasing physical activity across the life span.
A Comprehensive Quality Assurance Program: A Report Of Four Years' Experience At The University Of Alabama In Birmingham

General considerations in organizing a quality assurance program are discussed. The development and general features of the program at UAB, which consist of a cooperative effort between the quality control technologist, the radiological service engineering staff and the radiation physicist, are briefly reviewed. The economic efficacy of such a program is justified by comparing data on film consumption before and after the program was established and by comparing estimates of x-ray vendor contracted service cost with that of inhouse service.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Accounting Conservatism and Debt Contract: Efficient Liquidation and Covenant Renegotiation

his paper develops a theoretical model to understand the role of accounting conservatism in debt contracts, incorporating the possible renegotiation of debt contracts with accounting-based covenants. I find that the demand for accounting conservatism depends on whether renegotiation occurs and if so, at what cost. When the covenant is not renegotiable or when renegotiation cost is sufficiently high, more conservative accounting actually reduces the efficiency of debt contracts. When renegotiation cost is moderate, more conservative accounting may increase the entrepreneur's welfare under certain conditions, especially for firms with less promising investment opportunities and for firms with higher liquidation values. Both are characteristics of ``traditional industries" characterized by low growth and high level of tangible assets in place. When renegotiation is costless, the degree of accounting conservatism becomes irrelevant and the first best liquidation is always achieved. These results call for more cross-sectional examinations on the role of accounting conservatism in debt contracts in empirical studies.
On uniform fields in heterogeneous media.

Uniform elastic strain fields are found in two-phase fibrous media of arbitrary transverse geometry, and in two-phase media of any phase geometry. In initially stress-free fibrous solids, a single uniform field can be created by certain proportionally changing tractions derived from a uniform overall stress. In the presence of phase eigenstrains, many overall stress states can be superimposed to create uniform strain fields in fibrous media. The existence of such fields is exploited to establish a number of exact results for two-phase fibre systems. These include universal connections between phase and overall moduli, and between components of phase stress and strain fields; expressions for new transformation influence functions and concentration factors in terms of their mechanical counterparts; and also expressions for the overall stresses and strains caused by phase eigenstrains. Examples are presented for macroscopically monoclinic fibrous composites with transversely isotropic phases. In two-phase media of arbitrary phase geometry there is only a single uniform stress and strain field for each non-vanishing eigenstrain state. The existence of this field is utilized in derivation of exact connections between transformation and mechanical influence functions and concentration factors.