cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Citizenship in the American Revolution

This essay explores the different ways historians have struggled to understand the emergence of citizenship in the American Revolution. From pieces of an empire of subjects, the United States of America became a republic of citizens, which promised real changes in the relationship of the government to the governed. Why did the vision of ‘citizens’ have such appeal? What did it mean to be a citizen, and who in fact could be an American citizen? How can we understand the limits placed on the boundaries of citizenship? Historians have struggled to find the best route to answer those questions. Dealing with a concept which impacts intellectual, political, legal, and cultural histories of the moment, and drawing upon scholarship on race, nationalism, ethnicity, and regionalism, the problem of citizenship opens and combines seemingly distinct literature in numerous ways. The rich body of work which informs this problem also allows students to begin recognizing the broader significance of the emergence of citizenship regimes in an Age of Revolutions.
Using Ripley's K-function to improve graph-based clustering techniques

The success of any graph-based clustering algorithm depends heavily on the quality of the similarity matrix being clustered, which is itself highly dependent on point-wise scaling parameters. We propose a novel technique for finding point-wise scaling parameters based on Ripley's K-function [12] which enables data clustering at different density scales within the same dataset. Additionally, we provide a method for enhancing the spatial similarity matrix by including a density metric between neighborhoods. We show how our proposed methods for building similarity matrices can improve the results attained by traditional approaches for several well known clustering algorithms on a variety of datasets.
Two new polymorphs of trans-bis(hinokitiolato)copper(II).

The title complex [systematic name: trans-bis(3-isopropyl-7-oxocyclohepta-1,3,5-trienolato)copper(II)], [Cu(C 10 H 11 O 2 ) 2 ], is a substance possessing antimicrobial activity. The compound crystallizes in a number of polymorphic forms, the structures for two of which are reported here. Stacks of square-planar molecules exhibiting weak intermolecular copper-olefin π interactions (not observed in earlier reports on this substance) are described. The molecules have crystallographically imposed inversion symmetry, with stacking and copper-olefin π distances ranging from 3.226 (2) to 3.336 (1) A.
A decision rule for coordination of inventory and transportation in a two-stage supply chain with alternative supply sources

This paper deals with a two-stage supply chain that consists of two distribution centers and two retailers. Each member of the supply chain uses a (Q,R) inventory policy, and incurs standard inventory holding and backlog costs, as well as ordering and transportation costs. The distribution centers replenish their inventory from an outside supplier, and the retailers replenish inventory from one of the two distribution centers. When a retailer is ready to replenish its inventory that retailer must decide whether it should replenish from the first or second distribution center. We develop a decision rule that minimizes the total expected cost associated with all outstanding orders at the time of order placement; the retailers then repeatedly use this decision rule as a heuristic. A simulation study which compares the proposed policy to three traditional ordering policies illustrates how the proposed policy performs under different conditions. The numerical analysis shows that, over a large set of scenarios, the proposed policy outperforms the other three policies on average.
The strategic rationale for military slavery

(1979). The strategic rationale for military slavery. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 34-46.
Data correlation and error analysis in electron diffraction studies of gases

Abstract The autocorrelation function was used to determine the average correlation coefficients in the electron diffraction intensities from the Cornell apparatus. Weight matrices with off-diagonal elements were used in least squares refinements of one average intensity curve obtained from several diffraction photographs in each of three experimental configurations, of three average intensity curves, each of one experimental configuration, and of fifteen intensity curves. The standard deviations are 2.2 to 4.0 times greater than those obtained using diagonal weight matrices. The autocorrelation function gives the same estimate of data correlation as the method of Seip, Strand, and Stolevik. Standard deviations calculated by the method of Murata and Morino are 70–80% of those obtained from the autocorrelation function and the Norwegian method. The correlation in the Cornell, Oslo and Manchester electron diffraction data is approximately equal and considerably greater than that reported by the Tokyo group.
Mapping of QTLs associated with important agronomic traits using three populations derived from a super hybrid rice Xieyou9308

Xieyou9308 is the first commercial super hybrid rice released in 1996 in China. To clarify its genetic mechanism underlying high yield potential, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between the maintainer line XieqingzaoB (XQZB) and the restorer line Zhonghui9308 (ZH9308) and two derived backcross F1 (BCF1) populations were developed for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to ten important agronomic traits (tiller number (TN), heading date (HD), and grain yield per plant (GYPP), etc.). The BCF1 performance was closely correlated with the performance of their parental RILs according to both the analysis of broad-sense heritability (h B 2 ) and phenotypic correlation coefficient (PCC) in the two BCF1 populations, but not proved by QTL analysis. A total of 21 additive-effect main QTLs (M-QTLs), 22 dominant-effect M-QTLs, and 19 dominant-effect M-QTLs were detected with the WinQTLCart 2.50 software for the ten traits in the RIL and two BCF1 populations, respectively. Of theses, three QTLs (qHD7a, qPPP3a, and qPL10) of 21 were detected repeatedly in the RIL and one BCF1 populations, ten QTLs underlying four traits were only detected repeatedly in two BCF1 populations, and nine QTLs controlling more than two traits were detected repeatedly, the additive-effect QTLs and dominant-effect QTLs play an important role in the performance of agronomic traits and no epistatic QTL of additive by additive effect and dominant by dominant-effect was detected for all traits in three populations. This research is valuable for M-QTL related to important agronomic trait in future fine mapping and positional cloning.
Retention of radioactivity in cell nuclei in the hypothalamus of the ring dove after injection of 3H-testosterone

One hour after an intravenous injection of 3H-testosterone, cell nuclei were isolated from the hypothalamus and the cerebrum of castrated male ring doves. The whole homogenate of the hypothalamic sample contained a higher concentration of radioactivity than that prepared from the cerebrum. The difference between the two brain regions was magnified when their respective nuclear fractions were compared. These preliminary findings suggest a correlation between a known site of action of testosterone within the ring dove brain and a site of retention of the hormone by cell nuclei.
Gas limitations on the performance of a new polarized negative ion source

A new ground state source of negative hydrogen ions with polarized nuclei (H−) has been studied at BNL. Extensive developmental research has been aimed at improving each element of H− production: cold H0 beam, spin selection and focusing magnets, and ionizer. These elements have recently been integrated into a source. The performance of each individual element was extremely encouraging. However, larger than expected gas scattering problems arose as elements were being combined. These scattering problems suggest that improvements to ground state polarized sources by cooling the atomic beam may have reached a regime of diminishing returns.
Alienation Syndrome among Male Adolescents in Prestige Catholic and Public High Schools

Summary.-Dimensions of Davids' alienation syndrome, egocentricity, discrust, pessimism, anxiety, and resenunent, among Catholic paroch~al high school males (CHS; N = 40) were comparable to those reported for predominantly Jewish public high school males (PHs; N = 80). These dimensions were assessed by projective and direct tecbniques. CHS showed no significant differences from PHs on all 3 measures but significantly more variability on the direct test. These startling commonalities among adolescent populations differing in social class and religious affiliation present strong evidence that Catholic high schools are not immune to che winds of change sweeping our universities and public high schools. Future research should determine whether these dimensions of alienation represent a normative trend, a transitory phenomena or a deviant aspect of psychological development among modern adolescents. In line with Keniston's (1968) conclusion that "a profound 'alienation' from American society is seen as a factor of major importance in producing protests" (p. 299), among a privileged sector of modern youth, this study sought to ascertain and compare the dimensions of Davids' ( 195 3 ) alienation syndrome among Catholic (CHS) adolescents in a prestige urban parochial high school with those reported among affluent adolescents (PHs) in a prestige suburban public high school (Propper, 1968). Striking differences in social class and religious affiliation between these two high school populations suggested that comparison of the degree of "alienation" would be instructive. The families of the CHS were predominantly from lower-middle and middle-middle classes, and the students have an upwardly mobile orientation. In contrast, upper-middle class families of the PHs have provided their children with all the possible advantages available in contemporary American society, and these students' ambitions are generally directed toward maintaining the status quo. The predominant religious affiliation of the PHs is Jewish (83%). In contrast to a predominance of sociological investigations of alienation constructs (Keniston, 1965; Kirscht & Dillehay, 1967), Davids ( 1953) has conceptualized alienation as a psychological construct in a syndrome comprising five operationally defined variables of egocentricity, distrust, pessimism, anxiety, and resentment. These variables, despite considerable similarities to psychodynamic factors in personality, are perceived primarily as overt behavior traits, shown on a conscious level by the individual, and completely within one's introspective and self-evaluative capacities (Davids & Pildner, 1958). Alienation among the disadvantaged and seriously disturbed adolescents in high school may reflect a
Dose-dependent effects of wheel running on cocaine-seeking and prefrontal cortex Bdnf exon IV expression in rats

Rationale Physical activity, and specifically exercise, has shown promise as an intervention for drug addiction; however, the exercise conditions that produce the most efficacious response, as well as its underlying mechanism, are unknown.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Control of Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis Is Critical for Zebrafish Intestinal Development and Differentiation

Mutations in the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) tumor suppressor gene cause uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Recent studies indicate that human colon adenomas and carcinomas lack retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs) and that APC regulates the expression of human RDHL. These data suggest a model wherein APC controls enterocyte differentiation by controlling retinoic acid production. However, the importance of APC and retinoic acid in mediating control of normal enterocyte development and differentiation remains unclear. To examine the relationship between APC and retinoic acid biosynthesis in normal enterocytes, we have identified two novel zebrafish retinol dehydrogenases, termed zRDHA and zRDHB, that show strong expression within the gut of developing zebrafish embryos. Morpholino knockdown of either APC or zRDHB in zebrafish embryos resulted in defects in structures known to require retinoic acid. These defects included cardiac abnormalities, pericardial edema, failed jaw and pectoral fin development, and the absence of differentiated endocrine and exocrine pancreas. In addition, APC or zRDHB morphant fish developed intestines that lacked columnar epithelial cells and failed to express the differentiation marker intestinal fatty acid-binding protein. Treatment of either APC or zRDHB morphant embryos with retinoic acid rescued the defective phenotypes. Downstream of retinoic acid production, we identified hoxc8 as a retinoic acid-induced gene that, when ectopically expressed, rescued phenotypes of APC- and zRDHB-deficient zebrafish. Our data establish a genetic link supporting a critical role for retinoic acid downstream of APC and confirm the importance of retinoic acid in enterocyte differentiation.
AGU awardees and medalists

The recipients of the 1984 Bowie, Ewing, and Horton medals and of the Macelwane awards have been announced by AGU. These distinctive honors recognize AGU members who make significant contributions to geophysics. The William Bowie Medal is awarded to Marcel Nicolet, of the Free University of Brussels, for outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.
Reaction list for charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions: Part B: Z=28 to Z=99 (Ni to Es)

This reaction list for charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions has been prepared from the journal literature for the period from 1948 through April 1969. Each published experimental paper is listed under the target nucleus in the nuclear reaction with a brief statement of the type of data in the paper. The nuclear reaction is denoted by A( a,b )B, where M a ≥ (one-nucleon mass). There is no restriction on energy. Nuclear reactions involving mesons in the outgoing channel are not included.
Obesity as an independent predictor of posttransplant diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background In the general population, there is a clear association between obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the evidence of relationship between body mass index (BMI: weight/height 2 ) and the risk of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is inconsistent when studied at a level of single center. The aim of our study was to determine if pretransplant BMI is an independent risk factor for PTDM at our center and to demonstrate the pattern of weight gain in patients who develop PTDM. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of renal allograft recipients at University of Colorado Hospital. The medical records of patients who received a kidney transplant from January 1998 to March 2001 were screened to identify the cases of PTDM. Controls were matched for immunosuppressive regimen, gender, and type of donor. A total of 18 cases and 36 controls were identified. Results The incidence of PTDM in our transplant population was 10%. Of these cases, 72% developed PTDM in the first 2 months after transplant, and 38% of them required insulin. On multivariate analysis, BMI was significantly associated with PTDM (adjusted odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.42) while controlling for number of rejections, age, and other factors. We also noticed that weight gain was significantly lower in patients who developed PTDM after transplantation. Conclusions We conclude that obesity is an independent predictor of PTDM. The weight gain was significantly poor among patients who developed PTDM. Among all the risk factors for PTDM, obesity is the only modifiable risk factor before transplantation. Obese patients should be treated with a less diabetogenic immunosuppressive regimen and be counseled to lose weight before transplant.
Spatial sensitization and desensitization with small adapting fields: Interactions of signals from different classes of cones

Thresholds for brief, tiny flashes were measured on small adapting fields at 5 degrees retinal eccentricity. Rod influences was eliminated by bleaching. Green and red small adapting fields raised the threshold for a green test flash by stimulating both middle and long wave cones-thus spatial desensitization by small adapting fields is not con-specific. However, a small adapting field that strongly stimulated only short wave cones did not affect the visibility of a long wave flash. Spatial sensitization was also measured, using green or red annuli that surrounded a small red field and green test probe. Sensitization was not cone-specific. Possible mechanisms producing desensitization with small fields and annular sensitization are discussed.
Viral infection of vascular endothelial cells alters production of colony-stimulating activity.

Abstract Viral infections in humans are frequently associated with granulocytopenia and/or granulocytosis. Such changes in myelopoiesis could result from infection of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (CFC-GM) or changes in the production of colony-stimulating activity (CSA). Endothelial cells are a known source of CSA and may be transiently or persistently infected during a number of viral infections, including infection with herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-I) and measles virus. Therefore, we examined the effect of endothelial cell infection with these two viruses on the production of CSA. Uninfected passaged endothelial cells produce CSA when stimulated by the continual presence of a factor present in medium conditioned by peripheral blood monocytes (MCM). Within 4 h of infection with HSV-I, endothelial cells no longer produced CSA in response to MCM. In contrast, measles virus infection induced CSA production by passaged endothelial cells even in the absence of MCM. Measles virus-induced CSA production was maximal at 24 h and required the presence of live virus within the endothelial cells. The effects of HSV-I and measles virus on CSA production were not dependent on alterations in the production of alpha- or gamma-interferon by the infected endothelial cells. Infection with HSV-I did not stimulate endothelial cells to release any detectable interferon. In contrast, the supernatants of the measles-infected cells contained only beta-interferon, a known inhibitor of CFC-GM development. These studies suggest that CSA production by endothelial cells is directly altered by infection with HSV-I and measles virus. An alteration in CSA production might contribute to changes in myelopoiesis that frequently accompany viral infection in humans.
3-D model of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary for a propagating rift

A first-order approximation of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary of a propagating rift model is shown in Figures 1 and 2. (Figure 1 is a reduced version of the cover figure. All bracketed letters in the text correspond to letters in Figure 2.) The propagating rift model explains tectonic patterns of some oceanic regions that have puzzled earth scientists for some time. According to this model, oceanic spreading centers can propagate through older crust, transferring portions of crust from one plate to another.
Demonstration of the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology using the Titan II Space Launch Vehicle Digital Flight Control System

The Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) is a new approach for embedded system safety analysis. This methodology integrates the modeling and analysis of the hardware and software components of an embedded system. The objective is to complement the traditional approaches which generally follow the philosophy of separating out the hardware and software portions of the assurance analysis. In this paper, the DFM approach is demonstrated using the Titan II Space Launch Vehicle Digital Flight Control System. The hardware and software portions of this embedded system are modeled in an integrated framework. In addition, the time dependent behavior and the switching logic can be captured by this DFM model. In the modeling process, the dimensionality of the decision tables for software subroutines creates a problem. A possible solution for solving the software portion of the DFM model is suggested. This approach makes use of a well-known numerical method, the Newton-Raphson method, to solve the equations implemented in the subroutines in reverse. Convergence can be achieved in a few steps.
Cofactor interactions and the regulation of glutamate decarboxylase activity.

More than 50% of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in brain is present as apoenzyme. Recent work has opened the possibility that apoGAD can be studied in brain by labeling with radioactive cofactor. Such studies would be aided by a compound that inhibits specific binding. One possibility is 4-deoxy-pyridoxine 5′-phosphate, a close structural analog of the cofactor pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. The effects of deoxypyridoxine-P on the cyclic series of reactions that interconverts apo- and holoGAD was investigated and found to be consistent with simple competitive inhibition of the activation of apoGAD by pyridoxal-P. As expected from the cycle GAD was inactivated when incubated with glutamate and deoxypyridoxine-P even though cofactor was present, but no inactivation was observed with deoxypyridoxine-P in the absence of glutamate. Deoxypyridoxine-P also stabilized apoGAD against heat denaturation. These effects were quantitatively accounted for by a kinetic model of the apo-holoGAD cycle. Deoxypyridoxine-P inhibited the labeling by [32P]pyridoxal-P of GAD isolated from rat brain. Hippocampal extracts were labeled with [32P]pyridoxal-P and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Remarkably few bands were strongly labeled. The major labeled band (at 63 kDa) corresponded to one of the forms of GAD. Other strongly-labeled bands were observed at 65 kDa (corresponding to the higher molecular weight form of GAD) and at 69–72 kDa. Labeling of the 63- and 65-kDa bands was inhibited by deoxypyridoxine-P, but the 69–72 kDa bands were unaffected, suggesting that the latter were non-specifically labeled. The results suggest that the 63-kDa form of GAD makes up the majority of apoGAD in hippocampus.
Molecular plating of actinides on thin backings

Abstract Actinide targets on thick and thin backings are needed for experiments at heavy-ion accelerators. One of the efficient ways to prepare such targets is by molecular plating. Although many laboratories have successfully prepared targets on thick backings by this technique, it is quite difficult to make targets on thin backings (100 μg/cm2 up to 1 mg/cm2). In recent years, we have plated targets on thin Ni and carbon backings, for example 234U targets on a 200 μg/cm2 Ni backing. The Ni foils, evaporated on a copper substrate, are available commercially. We used these foils to plate 234U and afterwards we removed the copper by dissolving it in a mixture of ammoniacal trichloroacetic acid. In this way 400 μg/cm2 234U targets were prepared on a 200 μg/cm2 Ni backing. A 100 μg/cm2 243Am target was prepared by plating onto a 75 μg/cm2 carbon film left on its glass substrate for later floating. We found that a plating cell made from Teflon was difficult to use because it scratched the C film producing a liquid leak at the joint of the column and the C film. This sealing surface needs to be extremely smooth to avoid leakage. A column made of Delrin™ was then tried and did not produce any scratch on the carbon film surface. This column was used to prepare 100 μg/cm2 243Am targets. Details of the technique will be presented.
Quantifying the effects of parts consolidation and development costs on material selection decisions: A process-based costing approach

Abstract Product designers must continually assess trade-offs among various performance attributes and cost. Materials choice can play an important role in that decision-making process. Materials affect many aspects of a product and firm—architecture, manufacture, and product performance. This paper examines the interrelationship of these early stage design choices through the application of process-based cost modeling. To capture the far-ranging effects of materials selection, models are presented which forecast the costs of development, manufacture, and assembly. A case study is detailed concerning two alternative material options for an automotive instrument panel beam: a conventional design (i.e., stamped steel) and a die-cast magnesium design which affords significant parts consolidation. Results indicate that parts consolidation led to both lower assembly and development costs. These cost reductions are shown to be a direct result of the consolidation of parts in the magnesium design.
Cardiac effects of 1-α-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in different species☆

Abstract 1. 1. 1-α-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) and its major metabolites, 1-α-acetylnormethadol (N-LAAM) and 1-α-acetyldinormethadol (DN-LAAM) produced negative chronotropic responses in isolated right atrial preparations of three species. All species were not equally sensitive to this effect. The order of decreasing species sensitivity is: guinea-pig > rabbit > rat. 2. 2. LAAM and congeners exhibited negative inotropic properties in isolated tissue preparations. Cat and rabbit were most sensitive, followed by guinea-pig and rat. Species sensitivity to the Ca2+-antagonist effect of LAAM showed the same pattern.
Treatment of unruptured aneurysms

There now is general agreement about the need for operative or interventional neuroradiological treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms because of their high risk of rebleeding (20% to 25% within the first 2 weeks) and the high mortality from bleeding (70% to 80% after the first bleed). 1 The treatment of unruptured aneurysms remains less clean There is much discussion as to the risk of these aneurysms bleeding and whether size is an important factor in determining risk. Noninvasive and invasive imaging advances make it more likely today to discover unruptured aneurysms, whether during cerebral angiography or at the time of a cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The need for clear guidelines in the treatment of these aneurysms is becoming greater. This article looks at the epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological evaluation, natural history, and surgical considerations of the unruptured aneurysm.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Cyclophane Receptor for Acetic Acid

A bicyclic cyclophane ( 2 ) containing one pyridine nitrogen and four amide N-H groups oriented toward the interior of the cavity was synthesized. The binding constants of various carboxylic acids with 2 were measured by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Acetic acid bound to 2 with a K a of 980 - 90 M m 1 in chloroform while branched carboxylic acids showed significantly lower binding. The data indicate that acetic acid was bound within the cavity of 2 . Only one acetic acid binds to two control hosts, whereas 2 shows definitive 1:1 binding. The results suggest that selectivity in the binding of carboxylic acids can be achieved via size constraints dictated by the receptor cavity, and that the same size restrictions lead to only one carboxylic acid bound to the cyclophane. The crystal structure of 2 is reported.
The interaction of nivazol with the glucocorticoid receptor from rat and rhesus monkey target tissues

Abstract Steroid hormone receptor competition techniques were used to evaluate the glucocorticoid receptor binding properties of nivazol and its 11β-hydroxy derivative, Win 44577 in rat and monkey target tissues. These agents competitively inhibited the binding of 3 H-dexamethasone to the glucocorticoid receptor from the liver and anterior pituitary from both rat and monkey with relative binding affinities of Win 44577 > dexamethasone >nivazol >cortisol in all cases. However, nivazol and Win 44577 had approximately twice the affinity for the anterior pituitary glucocorticoid receptor from both species. Neither compound demonstrated any significant binding to rat estrogen, progestin or androgen receptors. These results are consistent with a glucocorticoid receptor mediated mechanism of action for nivazol and Win 44577; however, the difference in the endocrine profile of nivazol in the rhesus monkey versus the rat does not appear to be due to a species selectivity in the affinity of nivazol for the glucocorticoid receptor from central or peripheral target tissue.
Manduca sexta hemolymph ferritin: cDNA sequence and mRNA expression

Abstract A cDNA clone encoding a subunit of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta ( Ms ) hemolymph (serum) ferritin (Fer) has been identified and sequenced. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence shows approx. 50% similarity to vertebrate Fer subunit sequences, and the nucleotide sequence contains a stem-loop structure in the 5′ untranslated region that could serve as an iron-responsive element ( IRE ). The stem-loop of this putative IRE exhibits high identity to vertebrate IRE that play an essential role in the control of Fer synthesis. The Ms Fer subunit lacks one of the three Tyr residues required for the rapid biomineralization of iron shown in vertebrate heavy-chain Fer. In addition, aa residues that comprise the putative ferroxidase centers generally are not conserved, suggesting that the Ms Fer subunit more closely resembles the vertebrate light-chain subunit. Northern blot analyses indicate that the fer mRNA is expressed in the midgut, fat body and hemocytes, with the greatest expression in the midgut.
Transnational perspectives on sociolinguistic capital among Luso-Descendants in France and Portugal

I argue in this article that language practices and ideologies are central to French–Portuguese transmigrants’ efforts to obtain recognition of legitimate identities in both French and Portuguese national contexts. Drawing on ethnographic work, I describe the encounters of Luso-Descendants, the adult children of Portuguese migrants, with French and Portuguese monolingual language ideologies. Although these actors’ lives are led transnationally, their life possibilities are structured by sociolinguistic norms centered within two ideologically monolingual nation-states. This article thus contributes to scholarship about the sociolinguistics of migration by advocating a more transnational approach to the study of migrant populations. Similarly, it contributes to discussions of transnationalism by looking specifically at how language becomes an important site for the enactment of identities within and across multiple national boundaries in the context of the European Union.
TU-D-342-02: What Every Medical Physicist Should Know About Breast Tomosynthesis

Digital tomosynthesis (or “tomo”) is revolutionizing breast imaging. Based on modified full‐field digital mammography systems, breast tomo can achieve limited‐angle cone‐beam CTimaging which produces 3D slice images of the breast. This addresses the problem of overlapping dense tissue which is the most common cause for unnecessary callbacks as well as missed cancers in mammography screening. Tomo can provide 3D images while remaining comparable to mammography in terms of speed, resolution, cost, and dose. For these reasons, tomo may be only imaging technique with the potential to completely replace the current role of mammography as the primary tool in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. FDA approval is imminent, so it is all the more important for medical physicists to understand this new modality's potential as well as limitations. This presentation will cover both the hype and hope surrounding breast tomosynthesis. What do the initial clinical trials suggest about its performance? What are the on‐going physics issues in terms of clinical implementation, including compression, dose, and QA? What are some of the latest results from different research groups working on optimization of radiographic techniques, acquisition modes, and reconstruction algorithms? What is coming down the road in terms of advanced applications including quantitative imaging,computer aided detection, and contrast enhanced imaging? We will explore the answers to these and other questions together. The work discussed in this presentation was supported in part by grants from NIH/NCI, US Army Breast Cancer Research Program, Susan G. Komen for the Cure, General Electric Company, Hologic, and Siemens Medical Solutions. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the difference between breast tomosynthesis and dedicated breast CT. 2. Appreciate the many medical physics issues involved in the development and optimization of breast tomosynthesis. 3. Understand the clinical promise and concerns of using breast tomosynthesis.
Can chronic pelvic pain in men be treated with myofascial trigger point release and paradoxical relaxation training

Can chronic pelvic pain in men be treated with myofascial trigger point release and paradoxical relaxation training?
National Association of Medical Examiners Pediatric Toxicology (PedTox) Registry Report 3. Case submission summary and data for acetaminophen, benzene, carboxyhemoglobin, dextromethorphan, ethanol, phenobarbital, and pseudoephedrine.

Data are presented from the National Association of Medical Examiners' (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) Pediatric Toxicology (PedTox) Registry. A total of 839 case reports have been submitted to the registry. Reported here are the concentrations of several drugs and potentially toxic substances observed in children who have died of various causes, often non-drug-related. Except for carbon monoxide, for each of the substances addressed in this report, there is insufficient information in the literature to distinguish "lethal" from "non- or sublethal" concentrations in children, and the data are presented only to provide a working frame of reference. For 30 infants whose deaths were attributed to causes other than phenobarbital, the median blood phenobarbital concentration was 7.8 mg/L, with a range of 0.1-22.4 mg/L. For eight infants whose deaths were not attributed to ethanol, the mean blood ethanol concentration was 0.029 gm/dl and ranged from 0.011 gm/dl to 0.050 gm/dl. Blood dextromethorphan concentrations in seven infants showed a mean of 0.38 mg/L and ranged from 0.10 mg/L to 0.95 mg/L. In 15 infants, blood pseudoephedrine concentrations ranged between 0.07 mg/L and 13.0 mg/L, with a mean concentration of 3.55 mg/L. Blood carboxyhemoglobin saturations for 38 children aged < or = 5 years, who died in fires and were dead on the scene and not resuscitated, ranged between 29% and 94%, with a mean saturation of 64%. Blood benzene concentrations in eight children aged < or = 6 years who died in fires and were dead on the scene showed a mean concentration of 2.3 mg/L and a range of 0.2-4.9 mg/L. For 33 children aged < or = 5 years whose deaths were attributed to nondrug causes, the mean blood acetaminophen concentration was 9.9 mg/L, and the range was 1.0-34.5 mg/L. These data are not well controlled in terms of testing methodology or cause of death determinations and should not be used as the sole source of information when assessing whether or not a death is caused by one of these substances. Further data and controlled studies are needed to work toward establishing lethal concentrations of certain drugs and toxic substances in children, and the reporting of cases to the PedTox Registry is encouraged.
Zonula Occludens-1, Occludin and E-cadherin Expression and Organization in Salivary Glands with Sjögren’s Syndrome

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes secretory dysfunction of the salivary glands leading to dry mouth. Previous studies reported that tight junction (TJ) proteins are down-regulated and lose polarity in human minor salivary glands with SS, suggesting that TJ structure is compromised in SS patients. In this paper, we utilized the NOD/ShiLtJ mouse with the main goal of evaluating this model for future TJ research. We found that the organization of apical proteins in areas proximal and distal to lymphocytic infiltration remained intact in mouse and human salivary glands with SS. These areas looked comparable to control glands (i.e., with no lymphocytic infiltration). TJ staining was absent in areas of lymphocytic infiltration coinciding with the loss of salivary epithelium. Gene expression studies show that most TJs are not significantly altered in 20-week-old NOD/ShiLtJ mice as compared with age-matched C57BL/6 controls. Protein expression studies revealed that the TJ proteins, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-12, as well as E-cadherin, do not significantly change in NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Our results suggest that ZO-1, occludin and E-cadherin are not altered in areas without lymphocytic infiltration. However, future studies will be necessary to test the functional aspect of these results.
HoxD3 Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice

Poorly healing diabetic wounds are characterized by diminished collagen production and impaired angiogenesis. HoxD3, a homeobox transcription factor that promotes angiogenesis and collagen synthesis, is up-regulated during normal wound repair whereas its expression is diminished in poorly healing wounds of the genetically diabetic (db/db) mouse. To determine whether restoring expression of HoxD3 would accelerate diabetic wound healing, we devised a novel method of gene transfer, which incorporates HoxD3 plasmid DNA into a methylcellulose film that is placed on wounds created on db/db mice. The HoxD3 transgene was expressed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes of the wounds for up to 10 days. More importantly, a single application of HoxD3 to db/db mice resulted in a statistically significant acceleration of wound closure compared to control-treated wounds. Furthermore, we also observed that the HoxD3-mediated improvement in diabetic wound repair was accompanied by increases in mRNA expression of the HoxD3 target genes, Col1A1 and β3-integrin leading to enhanced angiogenesis and collagen deposition in the wounds. Although HoxD3-treated wounds also show improved re-epithelialization as compared to control db/db wounds, this effect was not due to direct stimulation of keratinocyte migration by HoxD3. Finally, we show that despite the dramatic increase in collagen synthesis and deposition in HoxD3-treated wounds, these wounds showed normal remodeling and we found no evidence of abnormal wound healing. These results indicate that HoxD3 may provide a means to directly improve collagen deposition, angiogenesis and closure in poorly healing diabetic wounds.
Comparative Toxicities of Quercetin and Quercitrin

Data are given on the toxicity of quercetin and quercitrin after intravenous administration in rabbits and rats after oral ingestion of diets containing as much as 1 per cent of quercetin or quercitrin for approximately 410 days. The results indicate a low order of toxicity as judged by growth, amount of food consumed, hematological findings, organ weights, and microscopical examination of stained section of visceral organs.
Diversity Technique Employing Digitized Radio over Fiber Technology for Wide-Area Ubiquitous Network

Wide area ubiquitous networks should have the capability to handle more than 10,000 wireless terminals in a large wireless cell with the radius of several kilometers. However, the functions of wireless terminal are severely limited due to low power consumption and low cost requirements. Therefore, there is a need for a sophisticated wireless access system that employs smart wireless signal processing such as the site diversity technique with maximal-ratio-combining at the wireless access point. This paper presents the site diversity technique that employs digitized radio over fiber technology and field test that confirms the effect of site diversity.
Aggregation in the Marine Environment

The spatial distribution of chemical elements in the ocean is controlled by particles (including organisms); aggregation controls the particle properties. Coagulation is an important mechanism for controlling the size of marine particles and thereby their transport properties. Coagulation theory has provided a framework for the calculation of aggregation rates and size distributions. The use of fractal scaling to relate aggregate length to mass has been an important development that still needs to be fully incorporated into mathematical expressions for particle collision rates. In addition, disaggregation has emerged as an important process that is poorly described mathematically. Observations of particle spectra in the ocean are in general agreement with those expected for coagulation processes but tend to be for too small a size range to include the effects of particle disaggregation. Analysis of material caught in sediment traps suggests that aggregates are the dominant form of material falling through...
Should evidence-based proof of efficacy as defined for a specific therapeutic agent be extrapolated to encompass a therapeutic class of agents?

Our task as clinicians would be simple if all we had to do was to follow the logical sequence of identifying a biological target, finding a drug or treatment specifically affecting that target, testing the efficacy of the drug or treatment in appropriately designed clinical trials, and then prescribing only those drugs or treatments with proven efficacy and an acceptable safety profile. Drugs that affect a given biological target could be considered as a “class,” with those that show “efficacy” in clinical trials considered as therapeutic alternatives within that class. Unfortunately, the real world is not that simple. Defining precisely what we mean by class effect and efficacy becomes increasingly problematic, for example, as we have recently witnessed with calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, low-molecular-weight heparins, and direct thrombin antagonists.1 If we identify a drug that demonstrates efficacy, are the benefits of that drug generalizable to all drugs with similar biological targets?2 If benefits are present in one clinical circumstance, are those benefits generalizable to all circumstances in which that class of drugs can be applied?3 In the modern cost-conscious arena, can we substitute less expensive, mechanistically similar agents that may not have the same weight of clinical evidence support or even the same degree of clinical benefit? When is it acceptable to generalize to a class effect, or should we adhere strictly to evidence-based therapy with individual compounds? These issues can be viewed from both scientific and clinical perspectives. ### Definition of Biological Target As our scientific knowledge grows, our traditional grouping of drugs has become, to a large extent, obsolete. For example, there are 9 different calcium channel blockers that are approved for clinical use in the United States, which can be divided into 5 general groups on the basis of …
Chlordiazepoxide facilitates erections and inhibits seminal emission in rats.

Two experiments have been conducted to clarify the effects of the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on the different components of male rat sexual behavior. In the first experiment the effects on penile erectile reflexes (PR) of two doses (10 and 30 mg/kg, IP) of CDP were compared with those of vehicle, no-treatment and baseline pre-test in a repeated measures design. In the second experiment the different components of male sexual behavior — PR, mating behavior and spontaneous seminal emission SSE) — were extensively studied after vehicle, 3 and 30 mg/kg CDP treatments. CDP was found to increase significantly the percentage of rats showing penile reflexes, enhance the number of erections per test and shorten the latency to onset of reflexes. It lowered the percentage of animals displaying seminal emission during the PR test. In the mating behavior test, CDP abolished copulatory (and other) behavior at 30 mg/kg. It decreased the number of animals achieving ejaculation at the subataxic 3 mg/kg dose level. In the SSE 3-day test, CDP significantly reduced the weight and the number of plugs of seminal material emitted by the CDP-injected animals. The possible involvement of the serotonergic system in determining the dose-dependent increase in erections and decrease in seminal emission following CDP treatments is discussed. Clinical implications are also briefly considered.
Hydrophilic-hydrophobic biodegradable polymers: release characteristics of hydrogen-bonded, ring-containing polymer matrices

Abstract Biodegradable hydrogen-bonded, ring-containing polymers were prepared. These included poly(enolketones) by the controlled oxidation of poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(amide-amines) and poly(amideenamine-esters) by the reaction of diketene with diamines. These polymers had both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and are potentially matrix materials for the controlled release of drugs. Biomaterials (1994) 15, 1243–1247
Direct Behavioral and Neurophysiological Evidence for Retronasal Olfaction in Mice

The neuroscience of flavor perception is hence becoming increasingly important to understand food flavor perception that guides food selection, ingestion and appreciation. We recently provided evidence that rats can use the retronasal mode of olfaction, an essential element of human flavor perception. We showed that in rats, like humans, odors can acquire a taste. We and others also defined how the input of the olfactory bulb (OB) -not functionally imageable in humans- codes retronasal smell in anesthetized rat. The powerful awake transgenic mouse, however, would be a valuable additional model in the study of flavor neuroscience. We used a go/no-go behavioral task to test the mouse's ability to detect and discriminate the retronasal odor amyl acetate. In this paradigm a tasteless aqueous odor solution was licked by water-restricted head-fixed mice from a lick spout. Orthonasal contamination was avoided. The retronasal odor was successfully discriminated by mice against pure distilled water in a concentration-dependent manner. Bulbectomy removed the mice's ability to discriminate the retronasal odor but not tastants. The OB showed robust optical calcium responses to retronasal odorants in these awake mice. These results suggest that mice, like rats, are capable of smelling retronasally. This direct neuro-behavioral evidence establishes the mouse as a useful additional animal model for flavor research.
GAIN: An interactive program for teaching interactive computer graphics programming

Recent trends in the manufacturing and sales of home computers indicate that a new form of instruction must be developed for teaching programming in the home. Students learn programming from interacting with computers and other students in a classroom setting. The home user may not have this option. Manuals do not teach; they are good for looking up information you have forgotten. Workbooks and textbooks do not have a structure conducive to teaching—you have to understand everything before you can figure out “undiagnosible syntax error” or “OC4.” An approach has been developed at UICC which uses sophisticated error handling and modest program verification to supervise the beginning user while he/she is constructing and executing computer graphics programs. New, inexperienced computer users are now doing interesting (to them) programs within a half hour. This “interactive workbook” concept will be expanded and is currently a working prototype of a teaching package to be available on a home computer graphics/color TV system next year.
Microvascular craniofacial reconstruction in cancer patients

Background: Resections of large malignancies involving the middle and upper thirds of the face and cranium result in complex defects, posing a difficult challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. Free tissue transfer may be the best means of reconstruction.