cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of glycine in plasma and urine by chemical ionization mass ofragmentography

A new technique has been developed for rapid and precise quantitation of glycine in micro samples of biological fluids. Glycine is measured as the n-butyl N-trifluoroacetyl (TAB) derivative by chemical ionization mass fragmentography, using both methane and isobutane as carrier/reagent gases, with the analogous derivative of 2,2-dideuterioglycine added as the internal standard. This technique is also readily applicable, with sensitivity to the femtomole level, to determinations of other amino acids, as, for example, in studies of congenital errors of metabolism.
Metformin compared with insulin in the treatment of pregnant women with overt diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

Objective To compare the safety and tolerability of metformin to insulin for glycemic control among women with preexisting type 2 and early A2 gestational diabetes. Study Design Women with preexisting type 2 diabetes and those diagnosed with gestational diabetes who required medical management prior to 20 weeks were randomly assigned to metformin or insulin. Glycemic control, defined as >50% capillary blood glucose within target range, was compared between groups. Other outcomes included patient tolerance, neonatal and obstetric complications, maternal weight gain, neonatal cord blood C-peptide, and patient satisfaction with therapy. Results Twenty-eight women completed the study, with 14 in each group. Of the 15 women assigned to metformin, 100% continued to receive metformin until delivery, although 43% required supplemental insulin to achieve glycemic control. Glucose measures did not differ between the groups, and the proportion who met fasting and postprandial glycemic target values did not differ between the groups. Women treated with metformin had significantly fewer subjective episodes of hypoglycemia compared with those using insulin (0% versus 36%; p = 0.04) as well as reported glucose values Conclusion Metformin should be considered for treatment of overt diabetes and early A2 gestational diabetes in pregnancy.
Comparison of computed radiography and film'screen combination using a contrast-detail phantom

The purpose of this work is to compare computed radiography (Kodak CR 400) and film/screen combination (Speed 400) systems in regards of patient dose, technique settings, and contrast-detail detectability. A special contrast-detail phantom with drilled holes of varying diameter (detail) and varying depth (contrast) was utilized. Various thicknesses of the Lucite sheets were utilized to simulate scattering tissues. Images of the phantom were acquired using a range of 60-120 kVp for film/screen and CR with a conventional x-ray tube and then for CR with additional 2 mm aluminum added filtration to the x-ray beam. The patient entrance skin dose was measured while maintaining 1.6 o.d. for film/screen images and 1900 Exposure Index for CR images. CR phantom images were displayed on the diagnostic workstation for soft copy reading as well as printed on films for hard copy reading on viewbox. Four physicists evaluated the images by scoring the threshold target depth along the row of the same target diameter. Detection ratio was calculated by counting the number of detectable targets divided by the total number of targets in the phantom. The overall score was related to the patient entrance skin dose, kVp, and the thickness of the scattering material. The patient entrance skin dose was reduced as the additional aluminum filter was added to the x-ray beam. Our findings suggested using a higher kVp setting and additional added filtration would reduce the patient entrance skin dose without compromising the contrast-detail detectability, which was compensated by the contrast manipulation on soft-copy display workstations.
Measurement of the Potential Demand for Academic and Professional Journals: A Methodology

This article proposes a methodology for measuring the potential demand for individual journals within an academic discipline and illustrates this methodology with data from the economics journals market. The impact of potential demand on journal circulation is then investigated by developing a model of journal demand that includes potential demand as an explanatory variable. The model is estimated with data from the economics journals market.
Boron Analysis of Mehlich No. 3 Extractant with Modified Inductive Coupled Argon Plasma Techniques to Eliminate Iron Interference

Abstract Correlation of Mehlich No. 3 (M-3) soil-extracted boron (B) to the traditional hot-water method has been high enough (r = 0.82) to warrant further investigation. The problem has been a lack of suitable analytical procedures to detect 0.01–0.02 ppm B in the extract with high precision. Instrumentation consisted of a dual-view, photodiode array charge-injection device fitted with a SeaSpray nebulizer with a mass controller set at 0.71 L/min. The plasma power was 1150 W, the pump speed was set at 100 rpm, and the integration time was at 15 s. These settings allowed the simultaneous measurement of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), B, and zinc (Zn). The photodiode detection array has three sensitive B wavelengths that could be utilized; 208.959, 249.678, and 249.773 nm. The 249.678 and 249.773 lines are two to three times as sensitive and have twice the detection limit of the 208.959 line. Preliminary studies showed that iron (Fe) (249.782 line) interfered on the B 249.773 l...
Quantum simulation of femtosecond population control in iodine

Abstract Recent experiments on femtosecond selective control of wave packet population in iodine are simulated, using time-dependent quantum propagations directly including the interaction with the laser field in semiclassical dipole approximation. The agreement between experimental and calculated results is excellent, and new predictions are made concerning the behavior of the system following variable pulse delay times in strong field conditions.
Dendritic synapses and reversal potentials: Theoretical implications of the view from the soma

Abstract The dendritic location of synapses, and the usual intrasomatic location of the recording and stimulating microelectrode, will cause the postsynaptic potential (PSP) to be relatively insensitive to changes in the somatic resting potential. When reversal of a PSP is attained, this same decoupling effect causes the measured reversal (“equilibrium”) potential to be in error by a large factor. When the synapse is located one-half space constant away, the reversal potential will appear to be 65% further away from the resting potential than it is at the subsynaptic site. At one space constant, the error is 171%. Other experimental design considerations in CNS synaptic physiology are: (a) The height-voltage (P-V) curve for a composite PSP may be predicted, showing that nearby PSP will mask more distant contributions. (b) If a large distant EPSP and a smaller nearby IPSP are mixed together, giving the appearance of a somewhat smaller EPSP, a steep P-V curve will result which could be misinterpreted as implying a somatic EPSP. (c) Biphasic PSP may result from spatially distributed synapses or from IPSP contamination. It is concluded that these problems may be avoided by the use of single-bouton PSP, which eliminate the possibility of spatial summation, temporal dispersion, and IPSP contamination. The demonstration of the conductance increase model for EPSP, as opposed to electrical synapses and electrogenic pumps, depends strongly upon such design considerations.
Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood

ABSTRACT Since its introduction into DSM-III , reactive attachment disorder has stood curiously apart from other diagnoses for two reasons: it remains the only diagnosis designed for infants, and it requires the presence of a specific etiology. This paper describes the pattern of disturbances demonstrated by some children who meet DSM-III-R criteria for reactive attachment disorder. Three suggestions are made: (1) the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic concept may be enhanced by including criteria detailing the developmental problems exhibited by these children; (2) the etiological requirement should be discarded given the difficulties inherent in obtaining complete histories for these children, as well as its inconsistency with ICD-10, and (3) the diagnosis arguably is not a disorder of attachment but rather a Syndrome of atypical development.
Comparative Study of Two Average-Model-Based PWM Control Schemes for a Sheppard-Taylor PFC

In this paper, a comparative evaluation of two control strategies applied on the single-phase Sheppard-Taylor power factor corrector (PFC) is proposed. Both control laws generate fixed-frequency carrier-based pulse-width-modulation (PWM) gate signals, and are designed on the basis of the nonlinear averaged model of the converter, which is established using the well-known state-space averaging technique. The first control approach employs linear PI regulators for both input current wave-shaping and output voltage regulation. For this purpose, the derivation of the converter's small-signal transfer functions was required. The second control uses the input-output feedback linearization strategy in order to compensate the system's nonlinearity and simply, thus, the controllers design. The performance of both control schemes is tested through simulations. The comparison is conducted in terms of source current total harmonic distortion (THD), input power factor and DC-voltage regulation.
Some ideas and examples to evaluate ontologies

Ontologies are the platforms that enable the sharing and reuse of knowledge by establishing common vocabularies and semantic interpretations of terms. While ontologies may provide for reusability, sharability or both, the evaluation of their definitions and software environment is critical to the success of the final applications that reuse and share these definitions. If wrong definitions from the ontology coexist with specific knowledge formalized in the KB, the KBS may make poor or wrong conclusions. The lack of methods for evaluating ontologies in laboratories can be an obstacle to their use in companies. The paper presents a set of emerging ideas in evaluation of ontologies useful for: ontology developers in the lab, as a foundation from which to perform technical evaluations; end users of ontologies in companies, as a point of departure in the search for the best ontology for their systems; and future research, as a basis upon which to perform progressive and disciplined investigations in this area. After briefly exploring some general questions such as: why, what, when, how and where to evaluate; who evaluates; and, what to evaluate against, we focus on the definition of a set of criteria useful in the evaluation process. Finally, we use some of these criteria in the evaluation of the Bibliographic-Data ontology (T. Gruber, 1994). >
Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps

Genetic linkage maps based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms are useful for many purposes; however, different populations are required to fulfill different objectives. Clones from the li...
Effects of thermal and mechanical processes on the ß-III titanium alloy

Abstract Combinations of deformation, aging, and reversion heat treatments have been investigated as a basis for improving the strength and ductility of beta-stabilized titanium alloys. Suitable control over the volume fraction of the omega phase in the s-III alloy results in enhanced yield strength combined with some ductility. Deformation of the beta phase in the quenched s-III alloy promotes bi-modal precipitation of the alpha and omega phases. The stability of the fine alpha particles maintains high strength with some improvement of ductility after the omega phase has been reverted.
Geospatial data analysis for DHS programs

The Department of Homeland Security law enforcement faces the continual challenge of analyzing their custom data sources in a geospatial context. From a strategic perspective law enforcement has certain requirements to first broadly characterize a given situation using their custom data sources and then once it is summarily understood, to geospatially analyze their data in detail.
Do initial radiographs agree with crash site mechanism of injury in pelvic ring disruptions? A pilot study.

Objective: Direction of injury force inferred from pelvic radiographs may be used in trauma care to predict associated injuries and guide intervention. Our objective was to compare injury direction determined from anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs with injury forces determined from crash site investigation. Materials and Methods: We studied all 28 subjects from the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN) database who met inclusion criteria of pelvic ring disruption, single-event crash, restrained front-seat occupant, diagnostic-quality pelvic radiography, and complete crash investigation data. Assessment of diagnostic quality of pelvic radiography was made by 2 radiologists who were blinded to all other subject information. Crash site investigation data included principal direction of force (PDOF), crash magnitude, and passenger compartment intrusion. An orthopedic trauma surgeon and a fellowship-trained emergency radiologist independently assessed the pelvic radiographs to determine the injury PDOF and the YoungBurgess and Tile fracture classifications, with disputes resolved by an additional emergency radiologist. Agreement between injury forces and pelvic radiographs was assessed using the kappa statistic. Results: The PDOF was anterior in 9 (32%) and lateral in 19 (68%) subjects. The readers agreed with the crash primary direction of force in 21 (75%) subjects (k = 0.42). In subjects with lateral PDOF, agreement was 89% (17/19) compared to 44% for anterior PDOF (4/9). Interobserver agreement for the Young and Tile classification schemes was moderate (weighted kappa 0.44 and 0.54, respectively). Conclusion: Crash site investigation and pelvic radiography may provide conflicting information about primary direction of injuring forces. Presumed anterior impact based on PDOF is not in consistent agreement with the pattern of injury evident on the AP pelvic radiograph.
Finite-state Approximation of Constraint-based Grammars using Left-corner Grammar Transforms

This paper describes how to construct a finite-state machine (FSM) approximating a 'unification-based' grammar using a left-corner grammar transform. The approximation is presented as a series of grammar transforms, and is exact for left-linear and right-linear CFGs, and for trees up to a user-specified depth of center-embedding.
Absolute two-photon ionization yields for selected organic molecules at 248 nm

Absolute two-photon ionization yields for benzene, fluorobenzene, diethylaniline, and trimethylamine have been measured at 248 nm as a function of KrF laser fluence for two pulse lengths of approximately 8 and 20 nsec. We have also investigated NO ionization yields at 226 and 193 nm. The ionization is a resonant process that can be modeled as a four-level system. From the data, we derive ground-state absorption cross sections, intermediate-state ionization cross sections, and effective intermediate-state lifetimes. In some cases, a small contribution to the ionization yield from a direct nonresonant two-photon process can be inferred from the model.
Cultivating a research agenda for data science

I describe a research agenda for data science based on a decade of research and operational work in data-intensive systems at NASA, the University of Southern California, and in the context of open source work at the Apache Software Foundation. My vision is predicated on understanding the architecture for grid computing; on flexible and automated approaches for selecting data movement technologies and on their use in data systems; on the recent emergence of cloud computing for processing and storage, and on the unobtrusive and automated integration of scientific algorithms into data systems. Advancements in each of these areas are a core need, and they will fundamentally improve our understanding of data science, and big data. This paper identifies and highlights my own personal experience and opinion growing into a data scientist.
Carbonates in skeleton-poor seas: New insights from Cambrian and Ordovician strata of Laurentia

Calcareous skeletons evolved as part of the greater Ediacaran–Cambrian diversification of marine animals. Skeletons did not become permanent, globally important sources of carbonate sediment, however, until the Ordovician radiation. Representative carbonate facies in a Series 3 (510–501 Ma) Cambrian to Tremadocian succession from western Newfoundland, Canada, and Ordovician successions from the Ibex area, Utah, USA, show that, on average, Cambrian and Tremadocian carbonates contain much less skeletal material than do post-Tremadocian sediments. Petrographic point counts of skeletal abundance within facies and proportional facies abundance in measured sections suggest that later Cambrian successions contain on average <5% skeletal material by volume, whereas the skeletal content of post-Tremadocian Ordovician sections is closer to ~15%. A compilation of carbonate stratigraphic sections from across Laurentia confirms that post-Tremadocian increase in skeletal content is a general pattern and not unique to the two basins studied. The long interval (~40 myr) between the initial Cambrian appearance of carbonate skeletons and the subsequent Ordovician diversification of heavily skeletonized organisms provides an important perspective on the Ordovician radiation. Geochemical data increasingly support the hypothesis that later Cambrian oceans were warm and, in subsurface water masses, commonly dysoxic to anoxic. We suggest that surface waters in such oceans would have been characterized by relatively low saturation states for calcite and aragonite. Mid-Ordovician cooling would have raised oxygen concentrations in subsurface water masses, establishing more highly oversaturated surface waters. If correct, these links could provide a proximal trigger for the renewed radiation of heavily skeletonized invertebrates and algae.
On the Equivalence of Two Schemes for Convective Momentum Transport

AbstractThe Gregory–Kershaw–Inness (GKI) parameterization of convective momentum transport, which has a tunable parameter C, is shown to be identical to a parameterization with no pressure gradient force and a mass flux smaller by a factor of 1 − C. Using cloud-resolving simulations, the transilient matrix for momentum is diagnosed for deep convection in radiative–convective equilibrium. Using this transilient matrix, it is shown that the GKI scheme underestimates the compensating subsidence of momentum by a factor of 1 − C, as predicted. This result is confirmed using a large-eddy simulation.
Gender of the embryo contributes to CAG instability in transgenic mice containing a Huntington’s disease gene

Gender is known to influence the transmission of trinucleotide repeats in human disease. However, the molecular basis for the parent-of-origin effect associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion is not known. We have followed, during transmission, the fate of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in a transgene containing the exon 1 portion of the human Huntington's disease (HD) gene. Similar to humans, the mouse transmits expansions predominantly through the male germ line. Surprisingly, we find that the CAG repeat size of the mutant human HD gene is different in male and female progeny from identical fathers. Males predominantly expand the repeat whereas females predominantly contract the repeat. In contrast to the classic definition of imprinting, CAG expansion is influenced by the gender of the embryo. Our results raise the possibility that there are X- or Y-encoded factors that influence repair or replication of DNA in the embryo. Gender dependence in the embryo may explain why expansion in HD from premutation to disease primarily occurs through the paternal line.
3T Pediatric Brain Imaging

Three Tesla imaging of the pediatric brain is feasible without significant SAR limitations and provides improved diagnostic information relative to 1.5 T for MRA, thin section T1 and T2 images, susceptibility scans, and conspicuity of contrast enhancement.
Ontogeny of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor and anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin expression in male and female offspring of alcohol-exposed and adrenalectomized dams.

This study was designed to determine whether the previously described sexually dimorphic changes in rat hypothalamic corticotrop-in-releasing factor (CRF) and anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression in response to fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) are present prepubertally and whether they are altered by maternal adrenalectomy. Hypothalamic CRF and anterior pituitary POMC mRNA levels were determined in male and female offspring of adrenalectomized (ADX) and sham-adrenalectomized (Sham) dams exposed to alcohol (FAE) or a pair-fed (PF) control diet during the last 2 weeks of gestation. CRF and POMC mRNA levels were measured by Northern blotting at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of age. In offspring of control PF dams, CRF mRNA levels increased faster in females, increasing by day 7, followed by a decrease at days 14 and 21, whereas in males there was a gradual increase from days 1 to 21. FAE altered the ontogenic profile of CRF mRNA in female offspring by delaying and exaggerating the rise of CRF expression to day 14, but produced no effect in males. Maternal adrenalectomy, combined with FAE, resulted in an early rise of CRF mRNA on day 14 in male offspring. In females, the combined ADX/FAE treatment resulted in significantly increased CRF mRNA levels, compared with those of ADX/PF offspring, on days 7 and 14. By day 21, these differences in CRF mRNA levels between the ADX/FAE and ADX/PF offspring had disappeared. POMC mRNA levels generally increased by day 7, followed by a dramatic decrease by day 14 and another increase by day 21. FAE male offspring showed decreased levels of POMC mRNA, whereas females were not affected. Maternal adrenalectomy reversed this inhibition in male offspring, resulting in POMC mRNA levels similar to those measured in male offspring of PF control animals. In contrast, POMC mRNA levels of female offspring of ADX dams decreased in response to FAE. These data suggest that the previously observed switch from suppressed to enhanced POMC expression in FAE males is the result of developmental events beyond weaning. Because this sexually dimorphic regulation of CRF and POMC expression by prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal adrenalectomy occurs before the presence of adult levels of sex steroids, this suggests an organizational effect on the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function.
Personal Transformation: Posttraumatic Growth and Gerotranscendence

This article connects two rich but distinct literatures on personal transformation and well-being that can benefit from cross-fertilization. It explores the intersection of posttraumatic growth (PT...
Contribution of p16INK4a and p21CIP1 pathways to induction of premature senescence of human endothelial cells: permissive role of p53

We have previously found that nonenzymatically glycated collagen I (GC), mimicking diabetic microenvironment, can induce senescent phenotype in early passage human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...
Photoreactivation of amphibian cells in culture.

Photoreactivation of growth and DNA synthesis in UV-irradiated cells and photoreactivating-enzyme activity of cell-free extracts can be demonstrated in a cell line derived from liver tissue of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis. This cell line, A8W2, is a favorable system for the quantitative study of photoreactivation in vertebrates.
Reexamining the economic costs of marital disruption for women

Objective. Changes in labor force participation and returns may have lessened divorce's traditionally severe economic consequences for women. Method. We use recent data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) to analyze the economic well-being of women whose marriages ended between the first and second waves of data collection. Results. Comparing pre- and postmarital median per capita income shows that marital disruption now has much more modest economic consequences for women than in years gone by. A multivariate analysis suggests that their higher postdivorce incomes can be primarily attributed to labor force participation and human capital. Conclusions. These findings suggest better life chances for divorcees and their children.
Hydrogeologic controls on lake level: a case study at Mountain Lake, Virginia, USA

Mountain Lake in Giles County, Virginia, USA, has a documented history of severe natural lake-level changes involving groundwater seepage that extends over the past 4,200 years. The natural lake was full during a large part of the twentieth century but dried up completely in September 2008 and levels have yet to recover. The objective of the study was to understand the hydrogeologic factors that influence lake-level changes using a daily water balance, electrical resistivity, water sampling and geochemical analysis, and well logging. Results from the water balance demonstrate the seasonal response to precipitation of a forested first-order drainage system in fractured rock. The resistivity surveys suggest discrete high-permeability areas may provide pathways for lake drainage. Imagery, well logs, and field observations appear to confirm the presence of a fault which crosses the Eastern Continental Divide to the east of the lake that had not previously been discussed in literature on the lake; the position of the lake within local and intermediate groundwater flow systems is considered. Historical data suggest that either significant precipitation or artificial intervention to mitigate seepage would be required for lake-level recovery in the near future.
Gravitational Properties of Solids

The potential energy at O of a particle of mass m at P is −Gm/r. The potential produced at O by a solid body with density function ρ is
Effect of Renal Ischemia on Anaerobic CO2 Production by Dog Kidney in vitro

Summary1) Rates of anaerobic CO2 production by tissue obtained from dog kidneys with evidence of cortical ischemia have been compared with tissue from non-ischemic kidneys. Anaerobic CO2 production rate was consistent with the following coupled oxidation-reduction reaction: α-ketoglutarate + oxaloacetate + GDP + P1 → malate + succinate + CO2 + GTP. 2) Cortical washed homogenates from non-ischemic kidneys produced 14.6 ± 1.8 μmoles CO2/100 mg dry wt hr (M ± SE); cortical homogenates of ischemic kidneys yielded 6.0 ± 3.0 μmoles of CO2 (P<0.05). Similar studies done on slices revealed no such difference between ischemic and non-ischemic kidneys. 3) The activity of α-KG-dehydrogenase was the same in washed cortical homogenates of both ischemic and non-ischemic kidneys. In contrast, malic-dehydrogenase activity was significantly lower in cortical homogenates of ischemic kidneys. 4) Thus, cortical blanching is associated with a specific change in cortical mitochondrial enzymic activity so that both cortex and m...
An Urban School Leader’s Approach to School Improvement Toward Contextually Responsive Leadership

This case study examines the leadership practices and actions of an urban high school principal who faced many challenges, but worked diligently to improve student achievement and school climate over a 3-year period. Significant improvements were made by using elements of Distributed Leadership, Professional Learning Communities, and Social Justice Leadership. The authors suggest that contextually responsive leadership practices rather than one best practice present better solutions to the complexity in urban school leadership.
A Computer-based Reporting System for Bone Marrow Evaluation

A computerized system of reporting results of bone marrow examination has been implemented at The University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. I). Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, since 1975. All results are entered via the keyboard of cathode-ray tube (CRT) consoles and are instantly available to the attending physician in CRTs strategically located throughout the institution in patient-related areas. Differential counts are available within two to three hours after aspiration. Description of clot sections and smear, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are completed within 24 hours. Permanent reports are also printed by the computer at regular intervals during the day. The physician can ask the computer for results on a given day or for a cumulative summary displayed in tabular or plot form. This system has proven efficient and rapid, not only for direct reporting of bone marrow examination results but also for storage and retrieval of patient information.
Towards street-level client-independent IP geolocation

A highly accurate client-independent geolocation service stands to be an important goal for the Internet. Despite an extensive research effort and significant advances in this area, this goal has not yet been met. Motivated by the fact that the best results to date are achieved by utilizing additional 'hints' beyond inherently inaccurate delay-based measurements, we propose a novel geolocation method that fundamentally escalates the use of external information. In particular, many entities (e.g., businesses, universities, institutions) host their Web services locally and provide their actual geographical location on their Web-sites. We demonstrate that the information provided in this way, when combined with network measurements, represents a precious geolocation resource. Our methodology automatically extracts, verifies, utilizes, and opportunistically inflates such Web-based information to achieve high accuracy. Moreover, it overcomes many of the fundamental inaccuracies encountered in the use of absolute delay measurements. We demonstrate that our system can geolocate IP addresses 50 times more accurately than the best previous system, i.e., it achieves a median error distance of 690 meters on the corresponding data set.
Family Physician Acceptance of Universal Hepatitis B Immunization of Infants

BACKGROUND: The incidence of hepatitis B infection has risen 37% over the last decade; 300,000 new infections and 5000 deaths occur annually in the United States. Because immunization programs that targeted high-risk groups failed to abate this increase, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommended in November 1991 universal hepatitis B immunization of infants. Details were published in an addendum to Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. The purpose of this study was to assess (1) the effectiveness of the CDC in disseminating a new immunization recommendation to family physicians, (2) the effect of the new recommendation on clinical practice, and (3) the degree to which noneconomic barriers may affect adoption of universal hepatitis B immunization. METHODS: A random sample of 300 family physicians in North Carolina was surveyed by mail. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used to assess the relationship of variables hypothesized to predict physician awareness of, and agreement with, the new recommendation. RESULTS: The response rate was 78%. Overall, 48% of family physicians who administered immunizations to children were aware of the new hepatitis B vaccine recommendation. However, only 17% agreed that it was warranted for all newborns in their practice. Twenty-five percent expected more than one half of the parents to refuse three injections at a single well-child visit, a result of adding this vaccine to the current primary immunization schedule. Additionally, 42% expected nurses to resist giving three injections at one visit. CONCLUSIONS: The CDC does not have an effective mechanism for disseminating information to all physicians who care for children. Improved coordination of recommendations between the CDC and relevant specialty societies may help to increase physician adoption of new immunization recommendations in their clinical practice. Additionally, practical concerns of physicians and their patients regarding multiple injections and other practice-relevant issues must be considered when formulating new immunization recommendations, if their implementation is to be successful. Additional research is needed to determine effective methods to disseminate immunization information and to address practical concerns of clinicians.
Undergraduate Biocuration: Developing Tomorrow's Researchers While Mining Today's Data

Biocuration is a time-intensive process that involves extraction, transcription, and organization of biological or clinical data from disjointed data sets into a user-friendly database. Curated data is subsequently used primarily for text mining or informatics analysis (bioinformatics, neuroinformatics, health informatics, etc.) and secondarily as a researcher resource. Biocuration is traditionally considered a Ph.D. level task, but a massive shortage of curators to consolidate the ever-mounting biomedical "big data" opens the possibility of utilizing biocuration as a means to mine today's data while teaching students skill sets they can utilize in any career. By developing a biocuration assembly line of simplified and compartmentalized tasks, we have enabled biocuration to be effectively performed by a hierarchy of undergraduate students. We summarize the necessary physical resources, process for establishing a data path, biocuration workflow, and undergraduate hierarchy of curation, technical, information technology (IT), quality control and managerial positions. We detail the undergraduate application and training processes and give detailed job descriptions for each position on the assembly line. We present case studies of neuropathology curation performed entirely by undergraduates, namely the construction of experimental databases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) transgenic mouse models and clinical data from ALS patient records. Our results reveal undergraduate biocuration is scalable for a group of 8-50+ with relatively minimal required resources. Moreover, with average accuracy rates greater than 98.8%, undergraduate biocurators are equivalently accurate to their professional counterparts. Initial training to be completely proficient at the entry-level takes about five weeks with a minimal student time commitment of four hours/week.
Cholera Toxin-Stimulated Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Glial Tumor Cells: Modulation by Ca2+

Accumulation of cyclic AMP in response to cholera toxin was studied in Ca 2+ -depleted and Ca 2+ -restored C6 glial tumor cells. Accumulation was retarded when the cells were depleted of Ca 2+ , but the maximal cyclic AMP content observed with toxin in Ca 2+ -restored cells was eventually attained in Ca 2+ -depleted cells. The concentration of cholera toxin which elicited half-maximal cyclic AMP accumulation (apparent K act ) was not altered by Ca 2+ . Micromolar free Ca 2+ concentrations in the extracellular medium were sufficient to overcome the retardation of toxin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in Ca 2+ -depleted cells. The effect of Ca 2+ on cyclic AMP accumulation in response to toxin was rapid and was reversible upon the addition of ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)- N,N,N9,N 9-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in excess of the cation. Accumulation of cyclic AMP by intact cells correlated with increases in the adenylate cyclase activities of Ca 2+ -depleted and Ca 2+ -restored cells exposed to cholera toxin. Ca 2+ , therefore, appears to enhance the rate of adenylate cyclase activation by cholera toxin. Trifluoperazine retarded cholera toxin-dependent cyclic AMP accumulation in a manner similar to cellular Ca 2+ depletion. Cyclic AMP accumulation in both Ca 2+ -depleted and Ca 2+ -restored preparations was slowed by the drug at micromolar concentrations. Once maximal cell cyclic AMP was attained, however, neither trifluoperazine nor EGTA in excess of Ca 2+ affected the nucleotide contents of cells or their extracellular fluids. Binding of 125 I-labeled cholera toxin by intact cells was not altered by Ca 2+ or by trifluoperazine. The Ca 2+ dependence of cyclic AMP accumulation in response to norepinephrine was not affected by pretreatment of cells with cholera toxin, although the extent of the response to the catecholamine was reduced. Similar effects of Ca 2+ on cyclic AMP accumulation in cholera toxin-treated cells were identified in neuroblastoma, neuroblastoma-glioma, pituitary tumor, and Chinese hamster ovary cells.
A novel covariance function for predicting vegetation biochemistry from hyperspectral imagery with Gaussian processes

Remotely extracting information about the biochemical properties of the materials in an environment from airborne- or satellite-based hyperspectral sensor has a variety of applications in forestry, agriculture, mining, environmental monitoring and space exploration. In this paper, we propose a new non-stationary covariance function, called exponential spectral angle mapper (ESAM) for predicting the biochemistry of vegetation from hyperspectral imagery using Gaussian processes. The proposed covariance function is based on the angle between the spectra, which is known to be a better measure of similarity for hyperspectral data due to its robustness to illumination variations. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method with experiments on a real-world hy-perspectral dataset.
Effects of Tier I Differentiation and Reading Intervention on Reading Fluency, Comprehension, and High Stakes Measures.

This quasi-experimental study examined differences in student reading outcomes. Participants were third grade non-struggling readers. Intervention classrooms included core curriculum instruction plus evidence-based reading comprehension instruction and differentiated repeated readings. Comparison classrooms provided core curriculum instruction only. Significant group mean differences were found on four fluency-related measures, but not for three other measures. Non-significant mean score differences had moderate effect sizes in the direction of improved reading outcomes for the intervention group, including a statewide high stakes test (Hedges g = .41). Results suggest that the addition of evidence-based differentiated reading instruction is beneficial for Tier I.
Hypersensitivity skin reactions in melanoma patients treated with vemurafenib after ipilimumab therapy.

8515 Background: Ipilimumab (IPI) and vemurafenib (VEM) each improve overall survival for patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma. Both are FDA-approved and are being used in pts with BRAFV600E-mutated metastatic melanoma. We previously described cases of prominent skin eruptions associated with VEM in pts who had previously received IPI. Methods: We have updated our experience of BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma pts treated with VEM who had previously received IPI. Pts were treated at our center from January 2007 to January 2012. Data were collected under an approved IRB waiver. Results: Sixteen melanoma pts were treated with VEM after having received IPI. The most common drug-related adverse event (AE) associated with VEM was rash, occurring in 13/16 patients (81.3%, 95% CI 56.5-93.2). Four pts developed a severe, Grade 3, maculopapular rash within 8 days of starting VEM. Biopsies in 2 pts revealed spongiotic and perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils consistent with a drug hypersensitivity reaction. Hypers...
Dynein efficiently navigates the dendritic cytoskeleton to drive the retrograde trafficking of BDNF/TrkB signaling endosomes

Optogenetic recruitment of dynein and kinesin motors to peroxisomes within hippocampal neurons demonstrates that dynein can more efficiently navigate the bipolar dendritic cytoskeleton. Dynein-driv...
Abstract 531: Activity of the selective FGFR 1, 2 and 3 inhibitor INCB054828 in genetically-defined models of triple-negative breast cancer

Activation of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)-FGF Receptor (FGFR) signaling axis occurs in many human cancers. In preclinical models, cell lines with genetic aberrations in FGF/FGFR genes are preferentially inhibited by compounds that selectively target the FGFR kinase. INCB54828 is a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of FGFR1, 2 and 3 that is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials for advanced malignancies characterized by FGF-FGFR alterations. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of INCB054828 in models of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). FGFR1 and FGFR2 are amplified in approximately 4% and 5% of TNBC, respectively, and oncogenic fusion proteins including FGFR3-TACC3 have also been identified in some TNBC specimens. To profile the activity of INCB054828, we screened a panel of diverse TNBC cell lines that are representative of each of the four subtypes of TNBC. Three human TNBC lines MFM223, SUM185 and SUM52PE were highly sensitive to INCB054828 in viability assays. Each of these responsive cell lines has a known alteration in FGFR, whereas TNBC lines lacking any aberrations in FGF/FGFR genes were refractory to growth inhibition. Inhibition of cell viability was associated with suppression of growth promoting pathways including Ras-MAPK. To confirm this association in vivo, four PDX models of TNBC were tested: two chemo-refractory models with FGFR1 amplification (CNV = 4 and 6) and two without any known FGF/FGFR alterations. Both of the models with FGFR1 copy number gain showed a response to INCB054828 as monotherapy with 36 and 78% tumor growth inhibition that was statistically significant vs vehicle control (P Citation Format: Phillip C.C. Liu, Brian D. Lehmann, Bruce Ruggeri, Darlise DiMatteo, Johanna M. Schafer, Jin Lu, Sang Hyun Lee, Luping Lin, Timothy C. Burn, Melody Diamond, Alla Volgina, Liangxing Wu, Gregory Hollis, Reid Huber, Jennifer A. Pietenpol, Peggy Scherle. Activity of the selective FGFR 1, 2 and 3 inhibitor INCB054828 in genetically-defined models of triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 531. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-531
Controlling and correlating the effect of grain size with the mechanical and electrochemical properties of Li7La3Zr2O12 solid-state electrolyte

Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid-state electrolyte is garnering interest due to its potential to enable solid-state batteries (SSBs) using metallic Li anodes. However, Li metal propagates along LLZO grain boundaries at high Li plating current densities (above the critical current density, CCD). In the present study, we examined whether microstructural aspects, such as grain size, could influence mechanical and electrochemical properties thereby affecting the CCD. A unique densification technique (heating between 1100 and 1300 °C) was used to control grain size. Electron backscatter diffraction determined that the grain size and the misorientation angle varied from 5 to 600 μm and 20 to 40°, respectively. Vickers indentation was used to characterize the mechanical properties and revealed that hardness decreased (9.9–6.8 GPa) with increasing grain size, but the fracture toughness was invariant (0.6 MPa m−1/2) at grain sizes ≥40 μm. DC and AC techniques were used to measure and correlate the CCD with grain size and showed that the CCD increased with increasing grain size achieving a maximum of 0.6 mA cm−2. We believe the implications of this work could be far-reaching in that they represent a significant step towards understanding the mechanism(s) that control the stability of the Li–LLZO interface and a rational approach to increase the CCD in SSBs.
Brand Communication in a Digitalized World

The way in which we communicate is changing radically. In the analog world, promotional communication was consumed rather passively. In today’s digital age, consumers have become more active. Especially, the younger consumer generation - referred to as iBrains- are increasingly spreading their own product experiences across digital channels into the virtual world. Stimulus-response communication still has its place, but must be supplemented with interactive offers that enable a dialogue with consumers. Diverse communication channels must be utilized - analog as well as digital - in order to reach the young target groups. As consumers tend to be “always on”, they use different communication channels simultaneously, leading to continuous partial attention. Therefore, not only new channels are necessary but the entire communication style and design need to be adapted. It is not enough to simply make contact. Instead of thinking about shortening the message, creativity should be put into creatively combining different building blocks of communication.
Attempted replication of SNPs in RANKL and OPG with musculoskeletal adverse events during aromatase inhibitor treatment for breast cancer

Aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy is highly efficacious in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer; however, in a subset of patients AI use is discontinued due to drug-induced musc...
The leadership lab for women: Advancing and retaining women in STEM through professional development

Innovative professional development approaches are needed to address the ongoing lack of women leaders in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers. Developed from the research on women who persist in engineering and computing professions and essential elements of women's leadership development, the Leadership Lab for Women in STEM Program was launched in 2014. The Leadership Lab was created as a research-based leadership development program, offering 360-degree feedback, coaching, and practical strategies aimed at increasing the advancement and retention of women in the STEM professions. The goal is to provide women with knowledge, tools and a supportive learning environment to help them navigate, achieve, flourish, and catalyze organizational change in male-dominated and technology-driven organizations. This article describes the importance of creating unique development experiences for women in STEM fields, the genesis of the Leadership Lab, the design and content of the program, and the outcomes for the participants.
A Technique for the Simulation of Thermal Behavior of Fluids in a Low-Gravity Field

The object of the proposed test technique is to simulate, on the ground, the heat transfer by conduction and free convection as it is experienced in systems such as cryogenic storage satellites, life support dewars, and fuel tanks in the low-gravity force fields of space.
Biochemical and Clinical Applications of Titration Calorimetry and Enthalpimetric Analysis

Several analytical methods based on adiabatic reaction calorimetry have been developed in recent years. Authoritative reviews of thermometric enthalpy titrations (including kinetic titrimetry), direct injection enthalpimetry and thermokinetic analysis are available.1–8 Applications to biochemical and clinical analysis8–20 have thus far been sporadic notwithstanding the fact that these fields are in dire need of instrumental methods. The relevant fundamental phenomenon (enthalpy change) is universal for all chemical reactions including biochemically and clinically important processes. Successful studies of biologically significant oxidation-reductions by titration calorimetry are reported in this paper. A new method, called “peak enthalpimetry,” is described and assessed in the context of contemporary requirements for instrumental approaches to clinical analysis. The use of novel Curie point temperature sensors for immunological determinations is discussed.