cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the status and prospects for nanostructured ferritic alloys for nuclear fission and fusion application with emphasis on the underlying science

Abstract The status of nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) is summarized. The science underlying NFAs has emerged as a remarkably comprehensive and high quality body of research. The sequence of events and composition-processing paths needed to form and sustain the performance enabling nano-oxides are well established. The nano-oxides are predominantly Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 pyrochlore, and their role in providing outstanding mechanical properties and unique irradiation tolerance is described. Notably, however, producing defect-free NFA components remains a work in progress. The paper argues that the costs and supply of NFAs will be consistent with its selective application to advanced fission and fusion reactors.
The Gender Safety Gap: Examining the Impact of Victimization History, Perceived Risk, and Personal Control:

Previous research has documented that, in general, women are more concerned about their personal safety and take more safety precautions than men. However, this study looks beyond gender by examining the association of three overall factors including victimization history, perceived risk of future victimization, and personal control with worry about safety, safety responses, and bystander intervention intentions for 270 men and 821 women. There were four main findings from this study including the following: (a) The two most consistently associated factors with worry about safety, safety responses, and bystander intervention intentions were higher perceived risk of violent victimization and safety efficacy; (b) recent victimization, rather than victimization history, played an important role in safety responses particularly for women; (c) different patterns of factors are associated with different safety responses demonstrating the importance of examining a wide variety of safety responses; and (d) the pattern of factors associated with worry about safety and safety responses do differ by gender but also had some important similarities. Implications for future research and prevention as well as safety planning interventions are discussed.
Hypernorms pull ahead: a conceptual framework of social media's impact on the integrative social contracts theory

This paper reviews the potential impact of social media on Donaldson and Dunfee's integrative social contracts theory (ISCT), and the necessity of a corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy and code of ethics in a global business setting. The conceptual framework is formed through an academic review of each of these four concepts: ISCT, CSR, codes of ethics, and social media communication. The idea is that hypernorms, those 'universal truths' in the ISCT, are becoming the leading variable in business ethical decision making; whilst cultural relativism is becoming less relevant, because of the rise of social media communication. The paper includes implications for the development of a global ethical decision-making process, including a theory that social media may have caused a need for a change in the ISCT decision-making process. The study proposes that communication changes have led to a transparency, which could potentially render cultural relativism less impactful.
Specificities of Steroid Antibodies

Numerous disciplines borrow concepts and methods from the field of immunology. None has found wider application than the principles which underlie immune assay of important protein molecules in body fluids. Certain nonprotein substances, e.g., α-DNP- (lys)7, arsanilic acid azo-D are able, despite low molecular weight and initial absence of reactive groups, to induce antibody formation (Kabat, 1968). Steroids are not immunogenic by themselves but can serve effectively as haptens. Lieberman, Goodfriend, and their colleagues made the significant original observations without which we would have very little to discuss at this symposium (Beiser et al., 1959; Erlanger et al., 1957, 1959; Goodfriend and Sehon, 1958, 1961a and 1961b; Lieberman et al., 1959).
Intracellular calcium regulatory systems during ischemia and reperfusion

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation provides most of the ATP needed for excitation—contraction coupling and other energy-dependent reactions in cardiac muscle. Mitochondria also accumulate and release Ca2+ but are thought not to influence cytosolic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) to an appreciable extent except under pathologic conditions. [Ca2+]i is regulated primarily by Ca2+ flux across the sarcolemma and by Ca2+ uptake and release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Calcium-induced SR Ca2+ release initiates cardiac muscle contraction while Ca2+ reaccumulation by the SR leads to relaxation.
Behavioral Methods in Pharmacology

The relatively young discipline of behavioral pharmacology studies the effects of drugs on behavior and their mechanism of action, using techniques from both experimental psychology and pharmacology. Experimentation commonly involves the definition of a behavioral task; all parameters controlling performance, with the exception of drug administration, are held constant during both the control and experimental periods. This is the so-called “N+1” design, where N is equal to the sum of all parameters in the control period. This philosophy of experimental design is common to many experimental sciences. The concept of control and measurement of change from control during the systematic variation of a single parameter (independent variable) is common to many scientific investigations.
Longitudinal Dynamic Network Analysis. Using the Over Time Viewer Feature in ORA

Abstract : Analyzing network over time has become increasingly popular as longitudinal network data becomes more available. Longitudinal networks are studied by sociologists to understand network evolution, belief formation, friendship formation, diffusion of innovations, the spread of deviant behavior and more. Organizations are interested in studying longitudinal network in order to get inside the decision cycle of major events. Prior to important events occurring in an organization, there is likely to exist an earlier change in network dynamics. Being able to identify that a change in network dynamics has occurred can enable managers to respond to the change in network behavior prior to the event occurring and shape a favorable outcome. The Over Time Viewer is a software tool hosted by the CASOS software suite that enables the analysis of longitudinal dynamic network data. This report introduces the Over Time Viewer and provides instruction on how to effectively use its features. We provide step-by-step instructions and illustrations as well as a description of the technology underlying the tool.
Allosteric Inhibitor of KRas Identified Using a Barcoded Assay Microchip Platform

Protein catalyzed capture agents (PCCs) are synthetic antibody surrogates that can target a wide variety of biologically relevant proteins. As a step toward developing a high-throughput PCC pipeline, we report on the preparation of a barcoded rapid assay platform for the analysis of hits from PCC library screens. The platform is constructed by first surface patterning a micrometer scale barcode composed of orthogonal ssDNA strands onto a glass slide. The slide is then partitioned into microwells, each of which contains multiple copies of the full barcode. Biotinylated candidate PCCs from a click screen are assembled onto the barcode stripes using a complementary ssDNA-encoded cysteine-modified streptavidin library. This platform was employed to evaluate candidate PCC ligands identified from an epitope targeted in situ click screen against the two conserved allosteric switch regions of the Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRas) protein. A single microchip was utilized for the simultaneous evaluation of 15 PCC candidat...
Stromatolites of the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana: a Summary and a Comment on the Relationship Between Their Morphology and Paleoenvironment

The Belt Supergroup is a thick sequence of Middle Proterozoic strata occurring in western Montana, northern Idaho, and adjacent parts of Washington state, Alberta, and British Columbia (Ross 1963, Harrison 1972). In Glacier National Park the Belt strata are well exposed, relatively unmetamorphosed, and in many places structurally simple. In the central and northeastern part of the park the exposed Belt section is about 2900 m thick and consists of argillite, sandstone, and sandy and muddy limestone and dolostone. Most of these strata were deposited in shallow subtidal, intertidal, and alluvial settings, with offshore deposits occurring only in portions of the Appekunny Argillite (for a summary of the sedimentary geology of the Belt Supergroup in Glacier National Park see Horodyski 1983).
Circles vs. scales: an empirical evaluation of emotional assessment GUIs for mobile phones

Natural emotional experiences happen "in the wild" as people are mobile, living their daily lives. To capture these experiences, emotion researchers often give participants smartphone applications with various graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to record how they are feeling, however, there exist few empirical tests that assess the comparative benefits and drawbacks of different GUI designs. This paper presents two empirical evaluations of three types of GUI designs for capturing emotion using both a 10 participant in-lab trial and a 100 participant AMT trial. We define GUI scoring metrics and report on participants' ability to rate real world scenarios and evocative images, respectively, in ways that are consistent with population norms and with respect their own emotion word choices. We additionally report on users preferences for different designs, their perceived ease of use and the average time taken to complete an assessment for the different designs.
Shedding light on the FDA's 510(k) approvals process: low-level laser therapy devices used in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia

Introduction: Low-level laser therapy has demonstrated superior efficacy relative to other nonsurgical treatment options for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Methods: Records from a public U.S. FDA database for premarket approval of low-level laser therapy devices approved between January 1 2000 and July 15 2018 were reviewed. Results: 47 devices received 510(k) premarket approval, with an increasing number of devices available since 2007. More options are now available and product indications have expanded for use in a wider audience, including both men and women. Discussion: Growing recognition of lasers has led to an increasing number of devices available as well as innovative options in terms of design and convenience. In the past few years, these devices have adopted broader indications for use in both men and women. However, marketed indications have not been adequately explored and current devices on the market have the potential to mislead consumers.
Toxicity of pesticides to the citrus leafminer and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola evaluated to assess their suitability for an IPM program in citrus nurseries

The relative toxicity of pesticides to Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola was compared by several bioassay methods. A clip-cage bioassay measured survival of adults exposed to fresh residues at 0.25-times (0.25×), 0.5×, 1×, and 2× the lowest recommended rate of each pesticide, a water control (0×), and 24- and 48-h aged residues of oil at 1.5% (1×) rate. A one-species cylinder bioassay determined the effects of pesticides on immature stages of the citrus leafminer after treating young citrus trees with the same rates of pesticides (except for avermectin, tested at 0×, 0.01×, 0.025×, 0.05×, 0.1×, and 0.25× rates). A sublethal rate of petroleum oil (0.4%) was added as an adjuvant in some treatments. The effect of pesticides on immature stages of A. citricola was determined with a two-species cylinder bioassay after treating young citrus trees with the same rates as above. An index of IPM compatibility was developed based on the efficacy of the pesticide as a control agent of the leafminer (or other pests) and its selectivity to the parasitoid at the lowest recommended field rate (0.25× the field rate for avermectin). Azadirachtin (Neemix) + oil, diflubenzuron (Micromite) + oil, fenoxycarb (Eclipse) + oil, and oil alone (FC 435-66) were classified as IPM-compatible insecticides. Sprays of azadirachtin (Align) + oil, neem oil (Neemgard), and drenched imidacloprid (Admire) were ranked as a semi-compatible insecticides. The fungicide copper hydroxide (Kocide 101) and a fish oil-based foliar fertilizer (Zapata HFE) were considered compatible. Avermectin (Agri-Mek) + oil, ethion (Ethion), and imidacloprid (Provado) applied as a spray were IPM-incompatible insecticides. These products should be tested under field conditions to confirm these ratings.
Applying Deep Learning to Audit Procedures: An Illustrative Framework

SYNOPSIS This paper aims to promote the application of deep learning to audit procedures by illustrating how the capabilities of deep learning for text understanding, speech recognition, visual rec...
Age and Growth of Middle Mississippi River Smallmouth Buffalo

Smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque)) are an important component of the Middle Mississippi River commercial fishery. Despite their commercial importance, limited contemporary information is available regarding population age and growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine age and growth of Middle Mississippi River smallmouth buffalo. To fulfill this objective, 125 individuals collected during routine Long-Term Resource Monitoring element hoop net surveys were aged via lapilli otoliths (mean age = 17.9 years; SD = 8.3), and a von Bertalanffy growth model (Lt = 730.289[1 - e-0.086(t-5.051)]) was used to evaluate growth. Our results indicate Middle Mississippi River smallmouth buffalo can achieve maximum ages beyond 20 y despite commercial harvest. Ultimately, we hope our results catalyze future research which seeks to understand other aspects of smallmouth buffalo biology and ecology.
Application of infrared thermography for in-situ determination of building envelope thermal properties

Abstract Thermal resistance of building envelope systems plays an important role in the building energy evaluation, design, and retrofit efforts; in-situ determination of the thermal resistance is highly desired for obtaining a realistic building energy performance picture. The conventional heat flow meter method for measuring thermal resistance requires a considerable number of sensor installations and also an appropriate definition of the homogeneous wall area. Therefore, a simpler and more practical measurement method is needed. Recent studies indicate that the infrared thermography method has the potential to be used as a quantitative technique for thermal resistance measurement. However, there are limitations in the previously developed infrared thermography method that may lead to difficulties in practical application. In the study reported in this paper, an innovative infrared thermography model is proposed and its effectiveness is validated by comparison with the heat flow meter method. A convective heat transfer coefficient model is also proposed, which can particularly be used for low-rise residential buildings. A recommended testing procedure is then given at the end of the paper for appropriate use of the proposed measurement method.
Neuregulin Signaling is a Mechanism of Therapeutic Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

EGFR signaling confers resistance to radiotherapy and is a validated target in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The inhibition of EGFR in combination with radiotherapy improves local control and overall survival in these patients; however, therapeutic resistance limits the efficacy of this approach. We therefore sought to identify cellular mechanisms that cause resistance to EGFR inhibition and radiotherapy in HNSCC. Though clonal isolation of carcinoma cells exposed to increasing concentrations of cetuximab, we found that resistant cells upregulate prosurvival ErbB3 and AKT signaling. Using EFM-19 cells and confirmatory analysis of protein levels, we demonstrate that cetuximab resistance is characterized by enhanced neuregulin expression identifying a novel adaptive mechanism of therapeutic resistance. Inhibition of this autocrine loop with CDX-3379 (an ErbB3 specific antibody) was sufficient to block ErbB3/AKT signaling in cetuximab resistant cells. The combination of CDX-3379 and cetuximab reduced proliferation and survival after radiotherapy in several HNSCC cell lines. These in vitro findings were confirmed in xenograft tumor growth experiments including an approach using growth factor-supplemented Matrigel. In vivo, the delivery of EGFR and ErbB3 antibodies significantly reduced tumor growth in cetuximab-resistant FaDu and CAL27 xenografts. In summary, this work demonstrates that autocrine NRG ligand secretion is a mechanism for therapeutic resistance to cetuximab and radiotherapy. This cross-resistance to both therapeutic modalities identifies NRG as an actionable therapeutic target for improving treatment regimens in HNSCC.
Why reading is a challenge for U.S. L2 learners: The impact of cognitive, ecological, and psychological factors in L2 comprehension

Studies have shown that U.S. learners’ proficiency in reading and listening comprehension lags behind their ability to decode words. Recent studies have found that even after 3 years of high school L2 courses, U.S. students fail to develop minimal proficiency in reading comprehension. This paper suggests that while cognitive factors (word decoding and listening comprehension) explain the largest amount of variance in learners’ ability to comprehend text, this model, known as the Simple View of Reading, does not consider other factors that may contribute to reading achievement, especially in a largely monolingual English context. In contrast, the Component Model of Reading posits that reading ability is influenced not only by cognitive skills but also by factors in the ecological and psychological domains. In particular, the U.S. social context hampers primarily monolingual English speakers from becoming proficient in L2 oral language and L2 reading comprehension. Pedagogical recommendations are offered.
Big Old Theory:Sous les pavés, April 12–14, 2018

The meeting of U.S. academic feminism and French poststructuralist theory in the 1970s and 1980s produced a new mode of reading still crucial to feminist politics today.
God and the Ambivalence of Being

Before one can decide whether to think of God as either with or without Being [l’etre], one should ask what kind of “Being” is under consideration. As understood by the tradition of metaphysica, Being amounts to a perseverance that not only eventually annuls itself in the aporia of the present moment, but must also forget its own process of manifestation and its future and past – beings are according to causa sui. But one can also understand Being according to the logic of the gift and the event. In this other mode of Being, beings are precisely by surrendering their claim to perseverance in the present, such that the future and past, as well as manifestation itself, can enter into presence alongside the passing present moment. This other mode of Being can be seen in the example of Jesus Christ, who perfectly implemented it as son in relation to God the father. This infinitive “Being” thus expresses an ambivalence: one can say it either from the point of view of metaphysica, or from the point of view of God.
P43 Putting pieces together – a multidisciplinary team implementing respecting choices in a quaternary health system demonstrating real change and sustainability

The zenith of implementing the Respecting Choices systems approach to person centered and family oriented care is to provide person-centered decision making for each individual that honors current and future healthcare preferences. It is essential to understand that challenges exist for a quaternary health system to honor each individual’s preferences. Challenges include but are not limited to; (1) assuring conversations are initiated and completed (2) broken or insufficient communication regarding healthcare preferences as result of conversations, and (3) difficulty in healthcare providers accessing information on preferences in real-time. This presentation will describe how a multidisciplinary ambulatory care team implemented this person centered decision making as foundational to achieving the quadruple aim. Outcomes include: For calendar year 2017: 334 enrolled. After enrollment: 90% had a person centered decision making conversation started, 80% had an Advance Directive uploaded into the EHR and 97% had a documented code status. Median survival after enrollment is 36 months with a overall cost of care reduction of $455 per member per month during the time enrolled in the program. Further, 70 (43%) transferred to hospice with an average LOS in hospice of 50 days, and a median LOS in hospice of 29 days. This is compared to an overall hospice average LOS: 61.6 days and median LOS of 16 days. Likelihood to refer this program to others is 95%. Provider satisfaction is one of the highest of the 3600 providers in the delivery system.
Public Opinion on the Sale of Crib Bumpers.

This survey study assesses public opinions on banning the sale of unsafe products, their attention to warning labels, and their beliefs about crib bumpers.
Callings and Satisfaction among Hospitality Students: The Mediation of Thriving and Moderation of Living a Calling

The relationship between calling and academic and life satisfaction among hospitality undergraduate students was explored. One moderator of the calling-satisfaction relation (living one’s calling) ...
Ethnicity Differences in Sleep Changes Among Prehypertensive Adults Using a Smartphone Meditation App: Dose-Response Trial.

Background: African Americans (AAs) experience greater sleep quality problems than non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Meditation may aid in addressing this disparity, although the dosage levels needed to achieve such benefits have not been adequately studied. Smartphone apps present a novel modality for delivering, monitoring, and measuring adherence to meditation protocols. Objective: This 6-month dose-response feasibility trial investigated the effects of a breathing awareness meditation (BAM) app, Tension Tamer, on the secondary outcomes of self-reported and actigraphy measures of sleep quality and the modulating effects of ethnicity of AAs and NHWs. Methods: A total of 64 prehypertensive adults (systolic blood pressure <139 mm Hg; 31 AAs and 33 NHWs) were randomized into 3 different Tension Tamer dosage conditions (5,10, or 15 min twice daily). Sleep quality was assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and 1-week bouts of continuous wrist actigraphy monitoring. The study was conducted between August 2014 and October 2016 (IRB #Pro00020894). Results: At baseline, PSQI and actigraphy data indicated that AAs had shorter sleep duration, greater sleep disturbance, poorer efficiency, and worse quality of sleep (range P=.03 to P<.001). Longitudinal generalized linear mixed modeling revealed a dose effect modulated by ethnicity (P=.01). Multimethod assessment showed a consistent pattern of NHWs exhibiting the most favorable responses to the 5-min dose; they reported greater improvements in sleep efficiency and quality as well as the PSQI global value than with the 10-min and 15-min doses (range P=.04 to P<.001). Actigraphy findings revealed a consistent, but not statistically significant, pattern in the 5-min group, showing lower fragmentation, longer sleep duration, and higher efficiency than the other 2 dosage conditions. Among AAs, actigraphy indicated lower sleep fragmentation with the 5-min dose compared with the 10-min and 15-min doses (P=.03 and P<.001, respectively). The 10-min dose showed longer sleep duration than the 5-min and 15-min doses (P=.02 and P<.001, respectively). The 5-min dose also exhibited significantly longer average sleep than the 15-min dose (P=.03). Conclusions: These findings indicate the need for further study of the potential modulating influence of ethnicity on the impact of BAM on sleep indices and user-centered exploration to ascertain the potential merits of refining the Tension Tamer app with attention to cultural tailoring among AAs and NHWs with pre-existing sleep complaints.
Multilingualism as a resource and a goal: using and learning languages in mainstream schools: by Turner Marianne, New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, 307 pp., U.S. $66.21 (hardcover), ISBN-13: 978–3030215903

Marianne Turner is a strong proponent of multilingualism and language rights. Her work has been influenced by scholars both in (Applied) Linguistics and Bi/Multilingual Education such as Valdes (20...
Cuteness is everywhere: The aesthetics and affects of cuteness, by Joshua Paul Dale, Joyce Goggin, Julia Leyda, Anthony P. McIntyre and Diane Negra, New York, Routledge, 2016, 300 Pages, £140.00 (hardback), ISBN 9781138998759, £33.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781138998766

Cuteness is never too small to be taken seriously, according to The Aesthetics and Affects of Cuteness. This collection, edited by Dale et al. brings together fourteen essays and argues that cutene...
Miniaturized PMUT-Based Receiver for Underwater Acoustic Networking

The present work reports on the novel implementation of a miniaturized receiver for underwater networking merging a Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (PMUT) array and signal conditioning circuitry in a single, packaged device. Tests in both a large water tank and a pool demonstrated that the system can attain large enough Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for communication at distances beyond two meters. An actual communication test, implementing an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, was used to characterize the performance of the link in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) vs SNR. In comparison to previous work demonstrating high-data rate communication for intra-body links and acoustic duplexing, this implementation allows for significantly larger distances of transmission, while addressing the signal conditioning and submersible packaging needs for underwater conditions, thus enabling PMUT arrays for operating as complete underwater communication receivers. [2020-0185]
Metabolomic and Imaging Mass Spectrometric Assays of Labile Brain Metabolites: Critical Importance of Brain Harvest Procedures

Metabolomic technologies including imaging mass spectrometry (IMS; also called mass spectrometry imaging, MSI, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, MALDI MSI) are important methods to evaluate levels of many compounds in brain with high spatial resolution, characterize metabolic phenotypes of brain disorders, and identify disease biomarkers. ATP is central to brain energetics, and reports of its heterogeneous distribution in brain and regional differences in ATP/ADP ratios reported in IMS studies conflict with earlier studies. These discordant data were, therefore, analyzed and compared with biochemical literature that used rigorous methods to preserve labile metabolites. Unequal, very low regional ATP levels and low ATP/ADP ratios are explained by rapid metabolism during postmortem ischemia. A critical aspect of any analysis of brain components is their stability during and after tissue harvest so measured concentrations closely approximate their physiological levels in vivo. Unfortunately, the requirement for inactivation of brain enzymes by freezing or heating is not widely recognized outside the neurochemistry discipline, and procedures that do not prevent postmortem autolysis, including decapitation, brain removal/dissection, and 'snap freezing' are commonly used. Strong emphasis is placed on use of supplementary approaches to calibrate metabolite abundance in units of concentration in IMS studies and comparison of IMS results with biochemical data obtained by different methods to help identify potential artifacts.
A rare case of retained sabot after close-range shotgun injury.

BACKGROUND Shotgun injuries are a relatively uncommon type of trauma, and therefore may present a challenge in management for trauma surgeons. This is particularly true in the case of surgeons unfamiliar with the unique characteristics of shotgun wounds and the mechanics of shotguns. In many cases, the shot pellets are the primary source of injury. However, a broad understanding of shotgun mechanics is important in recognizing alternative presentations. This article details a case of sabot (a stabilization device used with certain projectiles) retention after a close-range shotgun injury, reviews underlying shotgun mechanics, and discusses strategies for the detection and mitigation of these injuries. The aim of this case report is to increase awareness of and reduce the potential morbidity of close-range shotgun injuries. CASE PRESENTATION A middle-aged female presented to the Emergency Department with wounds to her right hip and flank after suffering a shotgun injury. A contrast computed tomography scan demonstrated no evidence of hollow viscous or vascular injury, but was otherwise severely limited by scatter artifact from the numerous embedded pellets. The patient was admitted for wound care and discharged 2 days later with a clean wound bed and no evidence of tissue necrosis. Six days after injury, she reported an "unusual" smell associated with severe pain in her right hip wound. She was evaluated in clinic where examination revealed a retained foreign body, identified to be a shotgun shell sabot, which was removed in clinic. She presented again several days before scheduled follow-up with a persistent foul smell from her wound and was noted to have necrotic tissue at the base and margins of the wound that required hospital readmission for operative debridement and closure with negative pressure wound therapy. The patient had an uncomplicated recovery after surgical debridement. CONCLUSIONS Although shotgun sabot penetration and retention are rare, they are associated with significant morbidity. Sabot penetration should be considered if injury narrative, physical examination, or radiographic characteristics indicate a distance from shotgun to patient of less than 2 m. A high degree of suspicion is indicated at less than 1 m.
A hierarchy of expert performance as applied to forensic anthropology

Due to their medicolegal repercussions, forensic anthropology conclusions must be reliable, consistent, and minimally compromised by bias. Yet, a synthetic analysis of the reliability and biasability of the discipline's methods has not yet been conducted. To do so, this study utilized Dror's (2016) hierarchy of expert performance (HEP), an eight-level model aimed at examining intra- and inter-expert reliability and biasability (the potential for cognitive bias) within the literature of forensic science disciplines. A systematic review of the forensic anthropology literature was conducted (1972-present), including papers published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Science International, and the Journal of Forensic Sciences and Anthropology Section abstracts published in the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the AAFS which matched keywords such as "forensic anthropology," "bias," "reliability," "cognition," "cognitive," or "error." The resulting forensic anthropology HEP showcases areas that have ample research and areas where more research can be conducted. Specifically, statistically significant increases in reliability (p < 0.001) and biasability (p < 0.001) publications were found since 2009 (publication of the NAS report). Extensive research examined the reliability of forensic anthropological observations and conclusions (n = 744 publications). However, minimal research investigated the biasability of forensic anthropological observations and conclusions (n = 20 publications). Notably, while several studies demonstrated the biasing effect of extraneous information on anthropological morphological assessments, there was no research into these effects on anthropological metric assessments. The findings revealed by the forensic anthropology HEP can help to guide future research, ultimately informing the development and refinement of best-practice standards for the discipline.
Sociodemographic predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: a nationwide US-based survey study.

Abstract Objectives Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination is attributable to sociodemographic factors and their complex interactions. Attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines in the United States are changing frequently, especially since the launch of the vaccines and as the United States faces a third wave of the pandemic. Our primary objective was to determine the relative influence of sociodemographic predictors on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. The secondary objectives were to understand the reasons behind vaccine refusal and compare COVID-19 vaccine acceptance with influenza vaccine uptake. Study design This was a nationwide US-based survey study. Methods A REDCap survey link was distributed using various online platforms. The primary study outcome was COVID-19 vaccine acceptance (yes/no). Sociodemographic factors, such as age, ethnicity, gender, education, family income, healthcare worker profession, residence regions, local healthcare facility and ‘vaccine launch’ period (pre vs post), were included as potential predictors. The differences in vaccine acceptance rates among sociodemographic subgroups were estimated by Chi-squared tests, whereas logistic regression and neural networks computed the prediction models and determined the predictors of relative significance. Results Among 2978 eligible respondents, 81.1% of participants were likely to receive the vaccine. All the predictors demonstrated significant associations with vaccine acceptance, except vaccine launch period. Regression analyses eliminated gender and vaccine launch period from the model, and the machine learning model reproduced the regression result. Both models precisely predicted individual vaccine acceptance and recognised education, ethnicity and age as the most important predictors. Fear of adverse effects and concern with efficacy were the principal reasons for vaccine refusal. Conclusions Sociodemographic predictors, such as education, ethnicity and age, significantly influenced COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, and concerns of side-effects and efficacy led to increased vaccine hesitancy.
Regulations of Photosynthesis under High-Frequency Light Fluctuations

The light-saturated rate of photosynthesis under constant light can be increased by incubations under high-frequency (1 Hz) fluctuating light and dark cycles. Experimental results for the red alga Chondrus crispus suggest that this effect of fluctuating light can be attributed to increased rates of electron transport during the light interval and to post-illumination carbon fixation during the dark. Mathematical model simulations, which incorporate the key biochemical reactions in photosynthesis, also predicted enhanced photosynthetic rates under fluctuating light. It is suggested that fluctuating light effects, by acting at the level of the photosynthetic apparatus, may be a general phenomenon that stimulates photosynthesis by alleviating the rate limitation imposed by carbon metabolism under constant saturating light.
Dynamic imaging of host–pathogen interactions in vivo

In the past decade, advances in microscopic imaging methods, together with the development of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters, have made it possible to directly visualize the behaviour of cells in living tissues. At the same time, immunologists have been turning their attention from the traditional focus on responses to model antigens to a new focus on in vivo infection models. Recently, these two trends have intersected with exciting results. Here we discuss how dynamic imaging of in vivo infection has revealed fascinating and unexpected details of host-pathogen interactions at a new level of spatial and temporal resolution.
Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Structures

Jasprit Singh presents the underlying physics behind devices that drive today's technologies, utilizing carefully chosen solved examples to convey important concepts. Real-world applications are highlighted throughout the book, stressing the links between physical principles and actual devices. The volume provides engineering and physics students and professionals with complete coverage of key modern semiconductor concepts. A solutions manual and set of viewgraphs for use in lectures is available for instructors, from solutions@cambridge.org.
Secretory studies in whole stomachs

An attempt was made to apply the dilution indicator technique with phenol red to fractional gastric analysis in man, using various test-meals. When correction was made for dilution of the parietal cell secretion by the test-meal, it was found that a significant number of observations yielded corrected values for both total acid and total chloride which were well above 165 mN. Several of these corrected chloride values were even greater than three times the isotonic concentration (i.e., 495 mN). Similar values have been noted by Wilhelmj and his co-workers in their experiments with dogs. Since in dogs it is known that the parietal cell secretion is isotonic with blood and tissue fluids, and all evidence points to the same situation in man, we feel that the hypertonic corrected values for acidity and total chloride may be the result of water absorption from the stomach. This circumstance, and the fact that the degree of water absorption is unpredictable, introduce an error into the dilution indicator technique which we do not yet know how to eliminate. These facts render clinical application of the dilution indicator technique of doubtful value at the present time, and further investigation is now being carried on with dogs in an effort to establish the source of these abnormally high values and, if possible, to find a way of correcting the errors resulting from their occurrence.
Personal computer realizations for two classics of quantum chemistry

Hylleraas in 1929 carried out a variational computation on the Schrodinger equation for the helium atom which gave, for the first time, a ground-state energy in essential agreement with experimental results. Coolidge and James in 1933, likewise did the first accurate computation for the hydrogen molecule. These are considered epoch-making contributions in the development of ab initio quantum chemistry, since they provided definitive evidence for the validity of the multiple-particle Schrodinger equation for atoms and molecules. Before then, exact solutions had been obtained only for one-electron hydrogenlike atoms. The helium and hydrogen work was done long before the advent of electronic computers and required many months of drudgery, using hand-cranked calculating machines. Nowadays, students of chemistry and physics can carry out these same computations in a matter of hours, or even minutes, using relatively straightforward Mathematica routines. Moreover, the results can be easily improved far beyond the capabilities of the original workers.
Topical Lidocaine in Preendoscopic Medication

A double blind study of 111 consecutive elective upper gastrointestinal endoscopies performed with a flexible fiberoptic esophagogastroduodenoscope was made to determine the efficacy of topical pharyngeal anesthesia with lidocaine as an adjunct to intramuscular meperidine, intramuscular atropine, and intravenous diazepam. Patients who received lidocaine rated the over-all endoscopy and passage of the endoscope significantly easier than did those receiving placebo. The endoscopist found that patients who received lidocaine tolerated endoscopy significantly better, although gagging was not affected.
The effect of training signal errors on node learning

Summary form only given. The response of three node learning rules to errors in the training signal was examined. The discrete (perceptron) learning rule is shown to be very susceptible to target signal errors, and on the average each target signal error causes an output error. In contrast, the linear (Widrow-Hoff) and nonlinear (generalized delta rule) learning rules are able to tolerate a large amount of noise in the target signal without affecting the node output function. The ability to tolerate training signal noise is shown to depend on the learning rate and the shape of the nonlinear threshold function. For example, a nonlinear threshold function, with scale factor equal to 1 and learning rate constant equal to 0.01, produces less than 5% output errors for a rate of 40% errors in the training signal. The training signal error tolerance of linear and nonlinear learning rules is explained in terms of the effect of the errors on the weight vector. >
A collaborative memory system for high-performance and cost-effective clustered architectures

With the fast development of highly integrated distributed systems (cluster systems), especially those encapsulated within a single platform [28, 9], designers have to face interesting memory hierarchy design choices that attempt to avoid disk storage swapping. Disk swapping activities slow down application execution drastically. Leveraging remote free memory through Memory Collaboration has demonstrated its cost-effectiveness compared to overprovisioning for peak load requirements. Recent studies propose several ways on accessing the under-utilized remote memory in static system configurations, without detailed exploration on the dynamic memory collaboration. Dynamic collaboration is an important aspect given the run-time memory usage fluctuations in clustered systems. In this paper, we propose an Autonomous Collaborative Memory System (ACMS) that manages memory resources dynamically at run time, to optimize performance, and provide QoS measures for nodes engaging in the system. We implement a prototype realizing the proposed ACMS, experiment with a wide range of real-world applications, and show up to 3x performance speedup compared to a non-collaborative memory system, without perceivable performance impact on nodes that provide memory. Based on our experiments, we conduct detailed analysis on the remote memory access overhead and provide insights for future optimizations.
Isoscalar excitations of 7 Li

Inelastic scattering of 35 MeV alpha particles from7Li was used to induce the five known inelastic excitations. A collective coupled channel analysis yielded deformations for each transition and isoscalar quadrupole reduced transition rates were determined for each. The strong-coupling rotational model was found to agree closely with the results for the states associated with the ground state band, but the higher states are excited mainly by a two-step mechanism.
MicroRNAs: Key Modulators of Posttranscriptional Gene Expression

The temporal and spatial expression of proteins defines cell-specific activities and how a given cell responds to a local microenvironment. Thus, cells have evolved numerous integrated mechanisms to control which proteins are expressed and where they function at any given time. A small percentage of the human genome (<2%) encodes for messenger RNA (mRNA). A growing body of evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs (those that do not encode protein) constitute a substantial class of functional RNAs. Since the discovery that a small RNA molecule could control developmental transitions in Caenorhabditis elegans,1 microRNAs have been identified in numerous metazoans. In the past few years, human microRNAs (685 currently listed in the microRNA registry, version 11.0) have been shown to have a major role in complex gene regulatory networks and are estimated to contribute to the regulation of one third of all human genes. MicroRNAs, along with transcription factors, constitute the largest family of trans-acting, gene regulatory molecules, whose cell-specific expression directly and precisely regulate cellular functions. It is therefore not surprising that microRNAs are implicated in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer and diabetes mellitus. The role of microRNAs in the biology and pathobiology of GI tissues is now being unraveled. The purpose of this minireview is to provide current information on microRNA synthesis and processing, as well as microRNA-dependent gene regulation events that influence GI tissues in health and disease, and to highlight the potential of microRNAs for diagnosis and therapy.
A Head for an Eye: Revenge in the Cambodian Genocide

More than one and one half million Cambodians died from disease, starvation, overwork, and execution under Khmer Rouge rule (1975–79). To help redress the lack of anthropological research on the origins of such large-scale genocides, in this article I explore how the Cambodian cultural model of disproportionate revenge, in combination with Communist Party ideology, provided a cultural template for the extreme violence that took place during this period, [genocide, Cambodia, Khmer Rouge, violence, revenge, cultural models, Marxist ideology]
Improved compliance with prophylactic antibiotic guidelines in urologic prosthetic surgery using a simple protocol: Should antimicrobial prophylaxis be administered exclusively in the operating room?

Context: Established guidelines advocate for the administration of antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) within 60 min of the surgical incision. An internal audit of genitourinary prosthetics at our institution revealed, we were compliant in only 25% of cases and led to the development of a standardized protocol emphasizing administration of AMP in the OR by the anesthesia provider and specific duties for each member of the surgical team (anesthesia, surgery, and nursing). Aims: The aim was to describe the system factors that we recognized as responsible and determine our protocols effect on compliance. Settings and Design: A retrospective review of urologic prosthetics cases performed by a single surgeon at our institution from October 2009 to January 2011 was conducted. Sixty consecutive cases occurring: Prior to the protocol, immediately after, and 18 months after it went into effect were reviewed. Statistical Analysis: Categorical data were compared using the Fisher's exact test and continuous variables using the Student's t -test at the P > 0.05 significance level. Results: System factors associated with noncompliance included: Location of antibiotic administration (OR vs. preoperative area) and timing of the case (first case vs. not). Ninety-six percent of noncompliance was the result of AMP being administered too early. Compliance increased from 25% to >91% and the proportion of AMP administered in the OR increased from 20% to >88%. No drop-off in compliance occurred 18 months after initiation of the protocol. Conclusion: A defined protocol in conjunction with shifting administration of AMP to the OR and into the hands of the anesthesia provider can achieve a durable increase in compliance with established guidelines.
Surface states on NiAl(110)

Surface states on NiAl(110) have been investigated experimentally using angle-resolved photoemission and theoretically with a self-consistent pseudopotential scheme within the local-density approximation (LDA). Both theory and experiment show that the termination of bulk NiAl at the (110) surface creates surface states in the gap regions of the projection of the bulk bands and strong d resonance states around the gap edges. In general, the energy position, symmetry, and dispersion of the surface-state bands observed experimentally are reproduced by the theoretical calculation. The first moment of the surface density of states (DOS) is shifted towards the Fermi level by \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.5 eV, suggesting that the surface Ni and Al atoms in the alloy have recovered some of their individual bonding behavior. However, the total surface DOS at the Fermi level shows negligible change from that of the bulk, thus indicating the absence of a magnetic surface layer.