cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of carrying a load with a handle suspension

Carrying loads with a compliant pole or backpack suspension can reduce the peak forces of the load acting on the body when the suspension natural frequency is tuned below the stepping frequency. Here we investigate a novel application for a load suspension that could be used to carry a load by hand, which is a common yet difficult method of load carriage and results in inherently asymmetric dynamics during load carriage. We hypothesize that the asymmetric dynamics of carrying a load in one hand will result in multiple locomotion frequency modes which can affect the forces of carrying a load with a handle suspension. We tested an adjustable-stiffness hand-held load suspension with four different natural frequency values while walking and running compared to a rigid handle. As expected, the peak forces acting on the body decrease compared to a rigid handle as the effective suspension stiffness decreases below the stepping frequency. However, the asymmetric dynamics of carrying a load with one hand introduce another frequency mode at half the stepping frequency which increases the peak forces acting on the body when the natural frequency of the handle is tuned near this frequency. We conclude that hand-held load suspensions should be designed to have a natural frequency below the half-stepping frequency of walking to minimize the peak forces and the musculoskeletal stress on the human body while carrying loads with one hand.
Transitioning from AASHTO T283 to the Simple Performance Test Using Moisture Conditioning

The current method of determining the moisture susceptibility of asphalt concrete mixtures is American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T283. AASHTO T283 is based on the Marshall mix design method, however the current state of the practice for an asphalt concrete mixture design is the Superpave mix design method. There has not been a transition in test procedure from Marshall mix design to Superpave mix design in that Superpave adopted AASHTO T283 to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt concrete mixtures even though it was based on Marshall mix design. The procedures in AASHTO T283 and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 444 consider the loss of strength due to freeze/thaw cycling and the effects of moisture existing in specimens compared to unconditioned specimens. Current research (NCHRP Project 9-34) is considering the use of a modified environmental conditioning system (ECS) with dynamic complex modulus testing. However, mixtures do not experience such a pure phenomenon. Pavements undergo cycling of environmental conditions, but when moisture is present, there is repeated hydraulic loading with development of pore pressure in mixtures. Thus, AASHTO T283 and NCHRP Report 444 do not consider the effect of pore pressure, but rather consider a single load effect on environmentally conditioned specimens. The test procedure proposed in this paper uses a retained dynamic modulus of 60% of conditioned specimens to unconditioned specimens. This initial criterion was derived as it is the same percentage of mixtures that fail the AASHTO T283 criteria (80%) of the 21 field mixes that were sampled. Comparison of mixtures performance ranked via AASHTO T283 and the proposed retained dynamic modulus criteria results in considerably different rankings. Pavements undergo cycling of environmental conditions, but when moisture is present, there is repeated hydraulic loading with the development of pore pressure in mixtures. Thus, the results of this testing can be input into the AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide to consider the effects of unconditioned versus conditioned dynamic modulus values and their respective impacts in pavement performance in terms of predicting pavement distresses.
Activity-Dependent Regulation of Dendritic Complexity by Semaphorin 3A through Farp1

Dendritic arbors are complex neuronal structures that receive and process synaptic inputs. One mechanism regulating dendrite differentiation is Semaphorin/Plexin signaling, specifically through binding of soluble Sema3A to Neuropilin/PlexinA coreceptors. Here we show that the protein Farp1 [FERM, RhoGEF (ARHGEF), and pleckstrin domain protein 1], a Rac1 activator previously identified as a synaptogenic signaling protein, contributes to establishing dendrite tip number and total dendritic branch length in maturing rat neurons and is sufficient to promote dendrite complexity. Aiming to define its upstream partners, our results support that Farp1 interacts with the Neuropilin-1/PlexinA1 complex and colocalizes with PlexinA1 along dendritic shafts. Functionally, Farp1 is required by Sema3A to promote dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons, and Sema3A regulates dendritic F-actin distribution via Farp1. Unexpectedly, Sema3A also requires neuronal activity to promote dendritic complexity, presumably because silencing neurons leads to a proteasome-dependent reduction of PlexinA1 in dendrites. These results provide new insights into how activity and soluble cues cooperate to refine dendritic morphology through intracellular signaling pathways.
Control of the sperm–oocyte switch in Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites by the fem-3 3′ untranslated region

IN the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite germ line, sperm and then oocytes are made from a common pool of germ-cell precursors. The decision to differentiate as a sperm or an oocyte is regulated by the sex-determining gene,fem-3. Expression of fem-3 in the hermaphrodite germ line directs spermatogenesis and must be negatively regulated to allow the switch to oogenesis1,2. In adult hermaphrodites (which are producing oocytes), mostfem-3 RNA is found in the germ line3, consistent with both the requirement for fem-3 in hermaphrodite spermatogenesis and the maternal effects of fem-3 on embryonic sex determination1,2Whereas loss-of-function mutants in fem-3 produce only oocytes, hermaphrodites carrying any of nine fem-3 gain-of-function (gf) mutations make none; instead sperm are produced continuously and in vast excess over wild-type amounts1Genetic analyses suggest that fem-3(gf) mutations have escaped a negative control required for the switch to oogenesis1. Here we report that all nine fem-3(gf) mutants carry sequence alterations in the fem-3 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR). There is no increase in the steady-state level of fem-3(gf) RNA over wild-type, but there is an increase in the polyadenylation of fem-3(gf) RNA that is coincident with the unregulated fem-3 sactivity. Results of a titration experiment support the hypothesis that a regulatory factor may bind the fem-3 3′ UTR. We speculate that fem-3 RNA is regulated through its 3′ UTR by binding a factor that inhibits translation, and discuss the idea that this control may be part of a more general regulation of maternal RNAs.
Kinetic analysis of platelet monoamine oxidase in chronic schizophrenia

Abstract Km and Vmax values for platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) were determined in 16 chronic schizophrenics and 18 controls utilizing three substrates, tyramine (TYR), benzylamine (BZ), and phenylethylamine (PEA). In the chronic schizophrenics decreased Km and Vmax values were found for TYR and BZ but not PEA. When prior neuroleptic drug exposure was considered, a trend toward lower kinetic parameters was found in schizophrenics with a history of prior neuroleptic usage. We conclude that platelet MAO activity is, in chronic schizophrenics, both quantitatively reduced and qualitatively different from control enzyme. We suggest that the measurement of Km in addition to the measurement of Vmax may be a useful biological marker for chronic schizophrenia providing that the appropriate substrates are employed.
Pneumocystis carinii polyamine catabolism.

Abstract dl-α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) causes polyamines of the AIDS-associated opportunistic pathogenPneumocystis carinii to diminish 15 times more rapidly than mammalian host cells. The proposed mechanism was that, unlike mammalian cells, P. carinii is unable to regulate polyamine catabolism when synthesis is blocked. To test this, the responses of the polyamine catabolic enzymes spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SSAT) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) were determined using a new high-performance liquid chromatography assay to measure the products of these enzymes. The specific activities in untreated Pneumocystis carinii were 1.78 ± 0.5 pmol min−1 mg protein−1 for SSAT, similar to mammalian cells, and 6.42 ± 0.8 pmol min−1 mg protein−1 for PAO, 19% of that of mammalian cells. DFMO treatment for 12 h caused reductions of only 11 and 4% in SSAT and PAO, respectively, despite polyamine reductions of 94, 96, and 90% for putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, respectively. The P. carinii SSATK m value of 25 μm spermidine is 20% of that of mammalian cells, and the PAO K m value of 14 nm N 1-acetylspermidine is 0.01% of that of mammalian cells. Acetylated polyamines continue to be lost from P. carinii even when exposed to DFMO. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that P. carinii is unable to regulate polyamine catabolism.
Stresses near the solid-liquid interface during the growth of a Czochralski crystal

Abstract Numerical and analytical techniques are used in order to calculate the thermal stresses near the solid-liquid interface during the growth of a crystal by the Czochralski method. We first assume the crystal to be elastically isotropic, and then we discuss the case of elastic anisotropy. We establish the conditions for the achievement of steady state near the solid-liquid interface and then we show the effect of high temperature inelastic deformation by explicitly accounting for the relaxation of the stresses by creep asymptotically close to the center of the solid-liquid interface.
Ester and amide derivatives of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, indomethacin, as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.

Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that derivatization of the carboxylate moiety in substrate analogue inhibitors, such as 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, and in nonsteroidal antiinflam...
Evaluating the Effects of Comprehensive Substance Abuse Intervention on Successful Reunification

Objective: This study examines permanency outcomes of families with children in foster care who participated in a comprehensive service-delivery program designed to assist families and communities in dealing with alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems. Method: Survival analysis is used to measure the impact of program participation on family reunification and re-entry of children into foster care. Results: The results of this study are that, contrary to initial expectations, participants move more slowly to reunification, although the group differences are not statistically significantly different, and re-entry rates are significantly higher among those children whose parents participate in this service. Conclusions: AOD abuse recovery is a long-term process. More intensive service interventions may not automatically produce better permanency outcomes.
Theories of Reactivity in Self-Monitoring: A Comparison of Cognitive-Behavioral and Operant Models

Three theoretical explanations have been proposed to account for reactivity in self-monitoring, including Kanfer's cognitive-mediational model, Rachlin's operant recording response model, and Nelso...
Sex role identity and attitudes toward sexuality

This study examined the relationship between sex role identity and attitudes toward sexuality. The following hypotheses were tested and confirmed: males would have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than females, androgynous females would have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than feminine females, and androgynous males would have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than masculine males. The data suggest that androgynous individuals have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than individuals who are traditionally sex typed. Implications for these data are that people who have adopted an alternative sex role identity are better adjusted to or more comfortable with their sexuality.
Multiple-marker immunohistochemical phenotypes distinguishing malignant pleural mesothelioma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma

The diagnostic distinction between malignant pleural epithelial mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma is often difficult and partially reliant on the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC). While there are several available IHC markers preferentially expressed in adenocarcinomas compared with mesotheliomas, there are no readily available or well-validated markers preferentially expressed in mesotheliomas and no markers are absolutely specific for either tumor. Thus, there always will be an element of doubt regarding the identity of lesions diagnosed by IHC using these markers and an undesirable reliance on negative results if the lesion is truly a mesothelioma. To help optimize the ability of currently available but imperfect markers to resolve adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma and to minimize the impact of false-negative results on their diagnosis, a systematic study was undertaken to identify multiple-marker immunostaining phenotypes that are the most specific and sensitive for each type of tumor. The study involved staining a series of malignant epithelial mesotheliomas (n = 34) and pulmonary adenocarcinomas (n = 103) with eight markers that were selected on the basis of previous reports of their relatively restricted specificities for one or the other of these lesions (and included carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 [B72.3], Leu-M1, vimentin, thrombomodulin, secretory component, carcinoma antigen-125, and periodic-acid-Schiff with diastase [for mucin]. Considering the markers one, two, and three at a time, all possible combinations of results were analyzed by computer to identify the phenotype most sensitive and specific for adenocarcinoma or mesothelioma. The best single marker was CEA (positive: 97% specific and sensitive for adenocarcinoma; negative: 97% specific and sensitive for mesothelioma). However, because examples of both tumor types expressed CEA, none of the study cases were unequivocally resolved and the risk of false-negative results was relatively high. The best two markers were CEA and B72.3 (both positive: 100% specific and 88% sensitive for adenocarcinoma; both negative: 99% specific and 97% sensitive for mesothelioma). The four possible combinations of results for these two markers resolved 68% of cases (93 of 137 cases), with less risk of false-negative results than a single marker. In general, several three-marker panels resulted in sensitivities and specificities similar to the two-marker panel of CEA and B72.3. In particular, the three-marker panel of CEA, B72.3, and Leu-M1 resulted in eight possible phenotypes that resolved 74% of cases (101 of 137 cases), with even further reduced risk of false-negative results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adenylate cyclase in Duchenne fibroblasts

Abstract Activity of adenylate cyclase, abnormal in cultured and mature muscle of Duchenne patients and carriers, is not different from control in fibroblasts. This observation indicates that measurement of fibroblast adenylate cyclase will not be useful in detection of Duchenne dystrophy in vitro and that the genetic error in this disease probably does not occur in a subunit of adenylate cyclase.
Effect of radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer on patient quality of life: results from a medicare survey

Abstract Objectives To assess patient responses to radical prostatectomy and its effects. Methods A national sample was taken of 1072 Medicare patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (1988 through 1990) by mail, telephone, and personal interviews. The effects of the surgery and its complications on these patients' lives were studied through: (1) patient ratings of the extent to which sexual and urinary dysfunctions were “problems” in their lives; (2) two general measures of quality of life, the Mental Health Index and the General Health Index; (3) patient reports of how they felt about the results of treatment and whether they would choose surgery again. Results On average, dripping urine, particularly to the point where subjects were wearing pads, had a more significant effect on patients than loss of sexual function; incontinence had significant adverse effects on the measures of quality of life and selfreported results of surgery. Overall, postsurgical patients scored comparatively high on the quality of life measures (similar to a cohort of patients with benigh prostatic hyperplasia who had undergone transurethral resection of the prostate), reported feeling positive about the results (81%), and would choose surgical treatment again (89%). Nonetheless, there was variability in patient response to the effects of surgery. Conclusions The results demonstrate the ability of many Medicare patients to adapt to adverse outcomes, such as loss of sexual function and incontinence. They also provide evidence of the variability of individual patients' responses to surgical results and reinforce the importance of individualized decision making for patients facing a decision about radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer.
Reply-On Comment on Aggregate Safety Stock Levels and Component Part Commonality

Reply-On "Comment on Aggregate Safety Stock Levels and Component Part Commonality" McClain, J. O., W. L. Maxwell, J. A. Muckstadt, L. J. Thomas, E. N. Weiss. 1984. Note-Comment on "Aggregate safety stock levels and component part commonality". Management Sci.30 6 772-773..
EFFECT OF ZIRCONIA IN ENAMELS FOR SHEET STEEL1

This paper deals with the results obtained from a study of the effect of additions of zirconium oxide to enamels for sheet iron and steel. The work includes additions of the zirconia to the raw smelter batch of both the ground and cover enamels, also the substitution of the zirconia for tin oxide in the mill batch. Several tests were used to determine its effect on some of the properties of the enamels, such as resistance to impact, thermal shock and acid.
Investigation of the apparent inefficiency of the coupling between Photosystem II electron transfer and ATP formation

Abstract The maximum phosphorylation efficiency achieved with synchronous turnovers of Photosystem II (PS II) in spinach chloroplast lamellae is 0.3 molecules of ATP per pair of electrons transferred. This is the same as the efficiency observed for PS II operating alone in continuous light and would seem to indicate less than 50% coupling efficiency. Flash-induced ATP synthesis associated with both photosystems acting in unison closely approaches twice the flash-induced ATP synthesis associated with the Photosystem-I-dependent oxidation of duroquinol (itself 0.6) and comes close to equalling the highest efficiency observed in steady-state PS I + PS II electron transport. The anomalously low coupling efficiency seen when PS II is operating alone can be overcome by a ΔpH of two units imposed before flash illumination, or by a prior flash series involving the entire electron transfer chain. In contrast, prior electron transport through PS II alone is only slightly effective in enhancing the coupling efficiency of subsequent PS II turnovers. (It should be noted that in all cases where supplementary energy was provided, either by a proton gradient or by prior illumination, this supplementary energy was always below the energetic threshold for phosphorylation. Furthermore, the enhancement of PS II coupling efficiency by supplementary energy persisted even after a large number of subsequent PS II-inducing flashes). The efficiency of flash-induced ATP synthesis associated with whole-chain electron transfer or with PS-I-dependent duroquinol oxidation is also enhanced by the supplementary energy, but only during the first few inefficient flashes, suggesting that in this case the supplementary energy may simply be contributing to the initial build-up of an energetic threshold for ATP synthesis. This cannot be the case when the same supplementary energy contributes to the efficiency of the PS II reaction, since the enhancement then persists for a long time and contributes to an essentially constant flash yield of ATP. Our results imply that during electron transfer involving both photosystems, PS II participates in generating about half of the total ATP, whereas it operates inefficiently only when operating alone. Since hydrogen ions produced by PS I are able to raise the efficiency of subsequent PS-II-dependent phosphorylation, at least some cooperation between the two photosystems takes place and this suggests some donation of protons from PS I to PS II. However, the inability of PS II alone to achieve high efficiency, even with prolonged pre-illumination, would seem to indicate some functional distinction of protons from the two photosystems.
Nucleophilic participation in the solvolysis of the -butyldimethylsulfonium ion

Abstract Studies with the t -butyldimethylsulfonium ion give evidence for nucleophilic participation in the solvolyses of t -butyl compounds but electrophilic assistance would be the dominant factor for t -butyl chloride solvolysis.
Advances in Radiotherapy for Tumors Involving the Mediastinum

Various malignancies either arise from or spread into the mediastinum. Radiotherapy in the area of the mediastinum is challenging because of the proximity to other critical organs, such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, and spinal cord. With recent advances in imaging, treatment, and the understanding of tumor biology, these diseases now can be treated more effectively and safely. This article reviews such innovations in radiotherapy and discusses their applications in tumors that involve the mediastinum.
Dynamic simulation of the zero-load slider bearing

The "Zero-Load" slider bearing, composed of narrow taper-flat rails and a wide reverse step center recess, appears to possess superior hydrodynamic characteristics for housing magnetic transducers in a high performance disk file. A low net load enables the slider to be started and stopped in contact with the magnetic media while the high bearing stiffness allows the slider to fly at a nearly uniform clearance over the recording surface. In addition, the load/clearance relationship for the bearing makes a self-loading capability appear feasible. This paper presents full nonlinear dynamic simulation results of the Zero-Load slider, which consist of numerically tracking the simultaneous solution of the compressible form of the Reynolds lubrication equation with the dynamics equations describing the disk motion. Numerical results are presented for a Zero-Load slider with the same overall dimensions as those of a currently manufactured high performance magnetic head. Response to severe dynamic input, such as 25 khz disk flutter is studied as well as the slider's ability to negotiate impulse loading without contact. Last, results are presented for the case where the slider is released from 127 μ above the disk and self-loaded to a final clearance of 0.23 μ No intermittent contact is predicted.
The B Distribution of the Lyα Forest: Probing Cosmology and the Intergalactic Medium

We investigate a method for determining the temperature-density relation of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at z D 2¨4 using quasar absorption-line systems. Using a simple model combined with numerical simulations, we show that there is a lower cutoU in the distribution of column density and line (N H I ) width (b parameter). The location of this cutoU can be used to determine the temperature-density rela- tion (under certain conditions). We describe and test an algorithm to do this. The method works as long as the amplitude of —uctuations on these scales (D100 kpc) is sufficiently large. Models with less power can mimic higher temperatures. A preliminary application is made to data from two quasar lines of sight, and we determine an upper limit to the temperature of the IGM. Finally, we examine the full distribution of b parameters and show that this is completely speci—ed by just two: the temperature of the gas and the amplitude of the power spectrum. Using the temperature upper limit measured with the cutoU method, we derive an upper limit to the amplitude of the power spectrum. The limiting N H I -b uncertainty in this work appears to come from the nonunique nature of Voigt-pro—le —tting. Subject headings: cosmology: theoryintergalactic mediumquasars: absorption lines
The changing quality of American jobs

The popular view that American job quality is declining is of considerable political significance, so it is probably appropriate to begin with a political comment. A political analyst at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) has said that in presidential campaign years the broad issues are really quite simple: The incumbent party "points with pride" to its achievements and proposes to pursue policies that will bring even more progress. The party out of office "views with alarm" some of the things that have happened, suggests new directions, and proposes new approaches.
Influenza Membrane Fusion as Viewed from the Structure and Dynamics of the Full-Length Hemagglutinin Fusion Domain

The N-terminus of the influenza hemagglutinin HA2 subunit, known as the fusion domain or fusion peptide, is critical to membrane fusion and influenza cellular entry. It is one of the most conserved sequences in the influenza genome such that modest mutation can arrest membrane fusion. Despite this domain's critical role to influenza membrane fusion and entry, there is no clear consensus in the literature on this domain's function. Research over the last 25 years focused on a fusiogenic 20-residue peptide of this domain, which adopts a boomerang structure with an N-terminal α-helix and a partially disordered C-terminus. We recently demonstrated that a peptide extending an additional three completely conserved, hydrophobic residues was needed to accurately model the fusion domain's structure. The full-length fusion domain is more fusiogenic and adopts a distinct and unique helical-hairpin membrane protein fold. The helical-hairpin is stabilized by four aliphatic CαHα-O hydrogen bonds as well as a charge-dipole interaction at the N-terminus. With a new NMR tool for measuring the dynamics of proteins in membranes, we uncovered the surprisingly dynamic interaction of the fusion domain within membranes. Finally, we reported a multiconformational NMR refinement strategy to reveal the pH-triggered activated structures in the fusion domain, which could play a role in forming a pore in the later stages of fusion.
Diffuse Bipolar Cells Provide Input to OFF Parasol Ganglion Cells in the Macaque Retina

Parasol retinal ganglion cells are more sensitive to luminance contrast and respond more transiently at all levels of adaptation than midget ganglion cells. This may be due, in part, to differences between bipolar cells that provide their input, and the goal of these experiments was to study these differences. Midget bipolar cells are known to be presynaptic to midget ganglion cells. To identify the bipolar cells presynaptic to parasol cells, these ganglion cells were intracellularly injected with Neurobiotin, cone bipolar cells were immunolabeled, and the double-labeled material was analyzed. In the electron microscope, we found that DB3 diffuse bipolar cells labeled by using antiserum to calbindin D-28k were presynaptic to OFF parasol cells. In the confocal microscope, DB3 bipolars costratified with OFF parasol cell dendrites and made significantly more appositions with them than expected due to chance. Flat midget bipolar cells were labeled with antiserum to recoverin. Although they made a few appositions with parasol cells, the number was no greater than would be expected when two sets of processes have overlapping distributions in the inner plexiform layer. DB2 diffuse bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies to excitatory amino acid transporter 2, and they also made appositions with OFF parasol cells. These results suggest that DB2 bipolar cells are also presynaptic to OFF parasol ganglion cells, but midget bipolar cells are not. We estimate that midperipheral OFF parasol cells receive ≈500 synapses from 50 DB3 bipolar cells that, in turn, receive input from 250 cones.
THE METABOLISM OF LEVULOSE: IX. THE INFLUENCE OF ENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION ON TOLERANCE

In a series of previous papers various aspects of the metabolism of levulose have been discussed, including certain general considerations (1), together with the influences severally of hepatic dysfunction (2), levels of ovarian activity (3), the phases of the reproductive cycle (4), and a variety of nonendocrine disorders (5). All of these agencies are recognized as producing direct or indirect effects on the utilization of carbohydrate by the human body. The present paper deals with the influences of various levels of dysfunction in the hormone production of the several endocrine glands of which the pancreas may well be regarded as the prototype among the incretory regulators of carbohydrate metabolism. The current series of studies with levulose follows an extensive group of investigations, numerous reports of which have already appeared in the literature, in which galactose was the test sugar. A recent paper (6) has dealt specifically with the effects of dysfunctional hormone production on the utiliza...
Adiabatic shear localization in the dynamic punch test, part II: numerical simulations

Abstract The behavior of 1018 steel, 6061-T6 aluminum, and titanium 6%Al–4%V alloy during the dynamic punch test is investigated using the finite element method. Specifically, the possibility and effects of adiabatic shear localization and its role in burr formation are examined, and comparisons to experimental tests in the first part of this two part study are made. A maximum stress criterion involving strain and strain rate hardening and thermal softening is used to determine the occurrence of shear localization in the simulations. It is observed that adiabatic shear localization occurs in the simulations of the titanium alloy. This material exhibits narrow regions of concentrated shear strain during the deformation, and the shear localization criterion is satisfied in these regions. The strain is more widely distributed in the other two metals, and the same criterion is not satisfied. In the calculations of the shear localization criterion it is seen that strain rate hardening has a significant effect when compared to strain hardening and thermal softening. Also, contact between specimen and punch is lost around the center of the punch during operation. This loss of contact is important as it leads to higher stress concentrations at the punch corner and dishing of the blank.
Adolescents in Transition to Adulthood: Parental Support, Relationship Satisfaction, and Post-transition Adjustment

The transition from high school is a pivotal period for intergenerational relations, as the asymmetry characterizing pre-transition relations with parents is reconfigured. Changes in adolescent–parent relations across this transition have potentially important implications for post-transition adjustment. A prospective study was conducted with an ethnically diverse sample that included adolescents who were not college-bound. Maternal, but not paternal, relations improved across the transition from high school to adult life. Changes in support from both mothers and fathers were associated with changes in relationship satisfaction and changes in satisfaction predicted post-transition adjustment. The results verify the importance of parental support to the quality of relational bonds between young adults and their parents. They also affirm the significance of these bonds for post-transition adjustment.
Use of computer conferencing to allow view box—style teaching sessions with residents at outlying hospitals

Rationale and Objectives. Health care reform is placing new pressures on radiology faculty members to use their time more efficiently. We implemented a computer conferencing technique that allows one faculty member to perform a simultaneous view box—style teaching session with residents at local and outlying hospitals. Methods. The system simultaneously displays digital images on computer screens at the local and outlying hospitals; an on-screen pen allows the instructor or the participants to point to findings on the images. Audio is provided either by a telephone conference call using speakerphones or over the wide-area network using microphones and speakers built into the computers. Results. The technique has been in use for 1 year. A survey of the faculty and residents indicate that computer conferencing is equivalent to traditional face-to-face teaching sessions at the view box. Conclusion. Computer conferencing is possible and accepted. The technique is low-cost, using generic computers that are part of the picture archiving and communication system at both hospitals, and relatively inexpensive conferencing software.
The Historian as Villain: The Historian's Role in the Training of Teachers

(1972). The Historian as Villain: The Historian's Role in the Training of Teachers. The Historian: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 407-420.
Cooperative collection building in NSDL MatDL pathway through IVIa data fountains

This poster describes a collaboration involving two NSDL projects: the Materials Digital Library Pathway (MatDL) and the iVia Data Fountains Project. MatDL is testing and providing feedback for refinement of the iVia tools while streamlining its metadata assignment process.
Use of a Storytelling Context to Improve Girls' and Boys' Geometry Skills in Kindergarten.

Abstract Two studies investigated the effects of a storytelling-context for teaching geometry skills to kindergarten girls and boys. In Study 1, the story+geometry intervention consisted of an adventure story teaching geometry through part-whole-relations puzzles. Learning was assessed through transfer of skills, using a pre-/post design comparing intervention and control groups. A near-transfer task included new puzzle-problems with the same puzzle-pieces as the intervention, and a far-transfer task used a wider variety of puzzle-pieces. In Study 1, using diverse suburban students from a lower–middle-class-community, boys improved independent of intervention/control condition on the near-transfer task, whereas girls showed greater improvement with the intervention, than without it. No effects of condition or sex were found on far transfer. Study 2 compared two types of interventions (storytelling+geometry versus geometry-alone) to determine effectiveness of a storytelling-context separate from geometry-content. Findings for the Study 2 sample of diverse kindergartners from a high-poverty urban community showed that storytelling-contexts were more effective than de-contextualized formats for learning geometry across both near- and far-transfer tasks. Across studies, girls benefited more than boys from the geometry-content interventions (both with and without a story context).
Perceived Social Position and Health in Older Adults in Taiwan

We examined whether perceived social position predicted mental and physical health outcomes (depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, mobility restrictions, and self-assessed health) in a prospective study based on a nationally representative sample of older persons in Taiwan. Cross-sectional and longitudinal models were used to demonstrate the relationship between perceived social position and health, as reported by participants in the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study in Taiwan (SEBAS). Lower perceived social position predicted declining health beyond what was accounted for by objective indicators of socioeconomic position. As predicted, the effect was substantially reduced for all health outcomes in the presence of controls for baseline health. After including these controls, perceived social position was significantly related only to depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that the strength of the association between perceived social position and health may have been overstated in cross-sectional studies.
Generation of short pulses of coherent electromagnetic radiation in a free-electron laser amplifier

Theoretical and experimental studies of the evolution of a frequency-chirped pulse under the influence of both phase and gain dispersion effects induced by the free-electron laser interaction are presented. For the experimental parameters used (electron beam voltage V=150 kV, wiggler periodicity l/sub w/=3.5 cm, gain approximately 10 dB, input pulse width Delta t approximately 200 ns, frequency w/sub 0//2 pi =10 GHz, and frequency chirp alpha /2 pi approximately 5 MHz/ns), pulses of a few nanoseconds were generated after an interaction length of 2.30 m, in good agreement with theoretical expectations. >
Molecular interactions in biomineralized hydroxyapatite amino acid modified nanoclay: in silico design of bone biomaterials.

Abstract A simulations driven approach to design of a novel biomaterial nanocomposite system is described in this study. Nanoclays modified with amino acids (OMMT) were used to mineralize hydroxyapatite (HAP), mimicking biomineralization. Representative models of organically modified montmorillonite clay (OMMT) and OMMT-hydroxyapatite (OMMT-HAP) were constructed using molecular dynamics and validated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Attractive interactions exist between Ca atoms of HAP and C O group of aminovaleric acid, indicating chelate formation in OMMT-HAP. Interaction energy maps describe molecular interactions among different constituents and their quantitative contributions in the OMMT and OMMT-HAP systems at both parallel and perpendicular orientations. High attractive and high repulsive interactions were found between PO43− and MMT clay as well as aminovaleric molecules in OMMT-HAP perpendicular and parallel models. Large non-bonded interactions in OMMT-HAP indicate influence of neighboring environment on PO43− in in situ HAPclay. Extensive hydrogen bonds were observed between functional hydrogen atoms of modifier and MMT clay in OMMT-HAP as compared to OMMT. Thus, HAP interacts with clay through the aminovaleric acid. This computational study provides a framework for materials design and selection for biomaterials used in tissue engineering and other areas of regenerative medicine.
Grain-scale mechanisms influencing the elution of ions from snow

Abstract Columns containing synthetic, naturally- or laboratory-aged snow grains were washed with deionized distilled water and with a simulated precipitation solution to investigate both chemical fractionation and preferential ion elution. The resulting elution order and concentrations of Cl − , NO 3 − and SO 4 2− were not influenced by chromatographic effects, indicating that snow grains do not possess selective affinity for inorganic anions. Fractionation and preferential chemical elution were strongly influenced by ion exclusion and rearrangement processes occurring during dry snow metamorphism, independent of melt-freeze cycles.
Aggregated Plan Robustness Analyses for Spot-Scanned Pancreatic Stereotactic Body Proton Therapy

minimum dose of at least 39.2 GyE was achieved in 95% of the plans. Multicomparative and 2-sample t-tests were used. Results: The median GTV and CTV volumes were 43.9 and 56.9 cc, respectively. With median minimum separation from GTV of 0.15 cm (range, 0.0-1.6 cm), the duodenum was the most difficult organ-at-risk (OAR) for meeting dosimetric constraints, especially in the CTV+7 mm cases. For CTV+5 mm planning, selected IMRT and SBPT dosimetric values are shown in Table; P-values were calculated across all 4 proton groups. The integral dose was significantly better for proton vs. IMRT plans (V5Gy, 1663 vs. 3285 cc, P Z 0.0064), as for multiple other OARs. While most proton plans were acceptable, 4-mm spot plans gave slightly less dose to the OAR structures owing to a smaller spot size, but the binary differences (vs. 6-mm spot) were not statistically significant in most cases. Conclusions: Benchmarked against IMRT planning, pancreatic SBPT offers comparable duodenal sparing with significant improvements in most OAR dosimetric metrics considered, which represents an attractive therapeutic option. Under static proton planning considerations, MFO vs. SFO differences were generally not statistically significant. As expected, smaller spot size trended for better OAR sparing. Further proton plan robustness evaluations are warranted to determine the optimal combination of spot size, optimization technique, and target volume for spot placement in spotscanned SBPT. Author Disclosure: T.T. Sio: None. E.J. Tryggestad: None. J.B. Ashman: None. C.J. Beltran: None. W.S. Harmsen: None. K.A. Hoeft: None. S.K. Wurgler: None. R.C. Miller: None.
Carcinoid tumors are 15 times more common in patients with Crohn's disease.

Background: The coexistence of intestinal neoplasms with Crohn's disease (CD) has been reported, but the evidence of an increased risk of carcinoid tumor with Crohn's disease has been mixed. We present 4 patients with CD with associated carcinoid tumor. Methods: The charts of 111 patients with CD who had undergone resection between June 2001 and March 2005 were reviewed. The number of incidental carcinoid tumors in patients who underwent an appendectomy was used as a control. Results: Four cases of carcinoid tumor discovered in patients at resection for CD were identified. None had metastatic disease or carcinoid syndrome. These included 1 cecal (1 mm), 2 appendiceal (3 and 7mm), and 1 transverse colon (7 mm) carcinoid tumors. None of the carcinoid tumors were identified in regions of active Crohn's disease. The incidence of carcinoid tumor in patients with Crohn's disease was 4 of 111 (3.6%). In comparison, 3 of 1199 patients (0.25%) who had appendectomies were identified as having appendiceal carcinoid tumor. Crohn's disease was associated with an increased incidence of carcinoid tumor; OR 14.9 (95% CI 2.5–102.5), P < 0.0001. Conclusions: There was a significantly increased incidence of carcinoid tumor in our Crohn's patients compared to the control patients. None of the carcinoid tumors developed in areas of Crohn's disease. This suggests that the development of carcinoid tumors may be secondary to distant proinflammatory mediators, rather than a local inflammatory effect from adjacent Crohn's disease. Patients with CD may be at increased risk of developing a carcinoid tumor. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007)
Political Risk: The Institutional Dimension

The argument developed in this paper is that the political arrangements and institutions that help leaders stay in office are not necessarily the ones that promote economic growth and prosperity. Indeed political leaders can remain in office more securely by rewarding the groups that keep them in power with privileged access to public resources. The net result is that the leadership remains in office but at the price of poor economic performance. It is not that the consequences of mismanaging the economy are unforeseen; rather the increased chances of an economic crisis are an acceptable price to pay if it means avoiding a political crisis which challenges the leaders' hold on power. Political survival, not peace and prosperity, is what determines the choice of policies. In this way bad economics can be good politics. The principal hypothesis addressed is that the smaller the size of the winning coalition the more the leadership depends on distributing private goods to the coalition members in order to pu...
Chromospheric heating by the Farley-Buneman instability

Context. Chromospheric heating produces UV emissions that can only occur in an enhanced electron temperature medium. In the quiet Sun the radiative losses are orders of magnitude larger than those in the much hotter corona. Chromospheric heating mechanisms considered previously (e.g. shock waves and nanoflares) have failed to account for the observed persistency and uniformity of UV lines and continua. Also, resistive magnetic free-energy dissipation is not efficient enough in the highly electrically conductive solar atmosphere. Aims. In this paper we consider plasma effects in the low chromosphere and propose that the Farley-Buneman (hereafter FB) plasma-instability mechanism provides the mechanism for dissipating the energy of convectively driven motions of neutral atoms into chromospheric heating in the Sun and other cool stars that have a partially ionized chromosphere. Methods. Analysis of the ion acoustic sound speed and consideration of recent measurements of magnetic field in the quiet, internetwork, solar low chromosphere are carried out in the context of understanding the characteristics and onset of chromospheric heating. The FB instability is triggered by the cross-field motion of the partially ionized gas at velocities in excess of the ion acoustic velocity. The ions acquire their cross-field velocities through collisions with the much denser chromospheric neutral atoms. Estimates of cross-field velocities are obtained from consideration of both spectral line widths and convection numerical simulations that indicate values from a few to several km s -1 at the top of the practically radiative-equilibrium low chromosphere. Results. The FB instability is triggered by the cross-field motion of the neutral component of the partially ionized gas at velocities in excess of the ion acoustic velocity. This instability occurs in the solar chromosphere because electrons become strongly magnetized just above the photosphere, while heavy ions and protons remain unmagnetized, and only at the very top of the chromosphere do they become magnetized. Conclusions. We find that convective overshoot motions are drivers of the FB instability and provide enough energy to account for the upper chromospheric radiative losses in the quiet-Sun internetwork and network lanes.
Thermodynamics of Electron Trapping and of Some Reversible Attachment−Detachment Reactions in Liquid Hydrocarbons

Thermodynamic parameters for electron trapping from the quasi-free state have been calculated from equilibrium trapping and detrapping rates in n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-pentane, propane, 3-methypen...
Nuclear transport of steroid hormone receptors

Nuclear receptors (NRs) comprise a superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors implicated in a host of physiological processes, including development, differentiation, and proliferation. Translated in the cytoplasm, NRs must undergo import into the nucleus in order to modulate transcription of target genes in response to cognate hormones. NRs also undergo export from the nucleus, and there is emerging evidence that NR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling contributes to their regulation. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may provide a nexus for crosstalk between NRs and kinase pathways. Here we review some of the key studies on nuclear import and export of steroid hormone receptors within the NR superfamily, address some of the challenges in experimental dissection of NR transport and discuss recent findings linking specific kinase pathways to NR export.
Give food a chance: treating anorexia nervosa without drugs and psychology.

The eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, is a potentially lethal, leading cause of disability in young women, and a biological perspective on this important problem might further our understanding of the physiological control of energy balance. The article by Sodersten, Nergardh, Bergh, Zandian, and Scheurink describes a new treatment for anorexia nervosa with an impressive success rate and without prescription drugs or psychotherapy. Like the cause of the disease, this new method of treatment lacks a firm theoretical foundation based on experimental data. The authors' explanation for their success rate, however, is intriguing. This new treatment is as worthy of study as any of the others now available. I encourage clinicians to give this biological perspective a fair evaluation, and behavioral neuroendocrinologists to consider the implications for physiological control of ingestive and reproductive behavior.
The 3D bovine and porcine myology system

Anatomy is an important part of the Animal Science curriculum at the University of Nebraska -- Lincoln. It is the foundation upon which skills and expertise are built. This understanding is important in all aspects of Animal Science from anatomy and culinary arts to meat science.