cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gold Nanorods Conjugated with Doxorubicin and cRGD for Combined Anticancer Drug Delivery and PET Imaging

A multifunctional gold nanorod (GNR)-based nanoplatform for targeted anticancer drug delivery and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumors was developed and characterized. An anti-cancer drug (i.e., doxorubicin (DOX)) was covalently conjugated onto PEGylated (PEG: polyethylene glycol) GNR nanocarriers via a hydrazone bond to achieve pH-sensitive controlled drug release. Tumor-targeting ligands (i.e., the cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Cys) peptides, cRGD) and (64)Cu-chelators (i.e., 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N, N', N''-triacetic acid (NOTA)) were conjugated onto the distal ends of the PEG arms to achieve active tumor-targeting and PET imaging, respectively. Based on flow cytometry analysis, cRGD-conjugated nanocarriers (i.e., GNR-DOX-cRGD) exhibited a higher cellular uptake and cytotoxicity than non-targeted ones (i.e., GNR-DOX) in vitro. However, GNR-DOX-cRGD and GNR-DOX nanocarriers had similar in vivo biodistribution according to in vivo PET imaging and biodistribution studies. Due to the unique optical properties of GNRs, this multifunctional GNR-based nanoplatform can potentially be optimized for combined cancer therapies (chemotherapy and photothermal therapy) and multimodality imaging (PET, optical, X-ray computed tomography (CT), etc.).
Cramer-Rao lower bounds for a damped sinusoidal process

The Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for the parameter estimators of a damped sinusoidal process are derived in this paper. Succinct matrix expressions for CRLB's of frequency, damping factor, amplitude, and initial phase are given for both scalar and vector processes. The relationships between the CRLBs of the characteristic parameters are established in the general multimode case. In particular, explicit, closed-form expressions for the single mode scalar/vector-damped/undamped cases are provided. >
Using the analytic hierarchy process as a clinical engineering tool to facilitate an iterative, multidisciplinary, microeconomic health technology assessment

Many articles have been written about applying decision support systems to clinical tasks, but little has been published about the complex problem of capital equipment decision making in healthcare. This problem has become the domain of health technology assessment experts, but there are few decision support systems reported in the literature. Technology assessment practitioners generally evaluate whether appropriate scienti6c studies exist to justify implementing a technology, or consider the macroeconomic implications that adopting a new technology may have on existing populations, economies, diseases, drugs, procedures, or devices. Following the con6rmation of a technology’s utility, however, the published materials available to assist the individual hospital or health system in their microeconomic health technology assessment (HTA) are very limited. In this study, the analytic hierarchy process is used to support and document the evolution of the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary process of selecting neonatal ventilators for a new women’s health hospital. Although the best ventilator had the highest purchase price, its safety, clinical and technical features, plus lower operating cost factors led to its high score. This study demonstrates the AHPs ability to facilitate an understanding of the underlying criteria and priorities, and to successfully support the hospital’s purchasing negotiation. For these reasons, the AHP should be considered for use as a decision support tool for future HTA projects. Scope and purpose “Medicine is a science of uncertainty and an art of probability” Sir William Osler (c. 1904). This article describes the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to perform a microeconomic Health Technology Assessment (HTA) for the evaluation of expensive and complex critical care neonatal ventilators for a new women’s health facility. This facility is to be built by a mid-size suburban teaching hospital that provides all levels of care up through the most severe trauma cases. Neonatal ventilators are specially designed
Cefazolin-induced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia following trauma: a case report.

ABSTRACTCefazolin, a first generation cephalosporin, is a rare cause of cyclical fevers, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia following surgical prophylaxis. We present the case of an otherwise healthy 21-year-old male who sustained a 50-cm laceration to his chest and abdomen. He received emergency department prophylaxis with cefazolin and surgical repair. Subsequently, he developed cyclical fevers, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, all of which resolved after antibiotic discontinuation. This is the first case report in which the perioperative administration of cefazolin following trauma resulted in significant neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Also discussed in this report are the etiology, workup, and treatment of cefazolin-induced neutropenia.
Iodine Deficiency: Consequences and Progress toward Elimination

While traditionally associated with cretinism and goiter, iodine deficiency has broad effects on central nervous system development that can occur in the absence of either condition. Any maternal iodine deficiency results in a range of intellectual, motor, and hearing deficits in offspring. This loss in intellectual capacity limits educational achievement of populations and the economic prowess of nations. Progress made since the historic World Summit for Children in 1990 has been outstanding. Approximately 70% of households in the world used iodized salt by 2000, compared with less than 20% in 1990. It is estimated that at least 85 million newborns out of 130 million annual births are protected from a loss in learning ability that would otherwise have occurred. The elimination of iodine deficiency, by expedient production, marketing, and universal consumption of iodized salt, represents a significant development effort in public nutrition. Although globally iodine nutrition has greatly improved, 20% to 30% of pregnancies and thus newborns still do not fully benefit from the use of iodized salt. Countries where success is in evidence could rapidly revert back to deficiency if vigilance is not maintained. Just as success came through concerted public-private-civic actions, making sure that this is expanded and will steadily go on requires continuous collaboration.
Genome Assembly Improvement and Mapping Convergently Evolved Skeletal Traits in Sticklebacks with Genotyping-by-Sequencing

Marine populations of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have repeatedly colonized and rapidly adapted to freshwater habitats, providing a powerful system to map the genetic architecture of evolved traits. Here, we developed and applied a binned genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method to build dense genome-wide linkage maps of sticklebacks using two large marine by freshwater F2 crosses of more than 350 fish each. The resulting linkage maps significantly improve the genome assembly by anchoring 78 new scaffolds to chromosomes, reorienting 40 scaffolds, and rearranging scaffolds in 4 locations. In the revised genome assembly, 94.6% of the assembly was anchored to a chromosome. To assess linkage map quality, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling lateral plate number, which mapped as expected to a 200-kb genomic region containing Ectodysplasin, as well as a chromosome 7 QTL overlapping a previously identified modifier QTL. Finally, we mapped eight QTL controlling convergently evolved reductions in gill raker length in the two crosses, which revealed that this classic adaptive trait has a surprisingly modular and nonparallel genetic basis.
The Role of Limb Rotational Osteotomy in the Treatment of Patellofemoral Dysfunction

The shape of the skeleton is a major determinant of the force which is applied to the patellofemoral joint. Osteotomy to change limb alignment may be critical to change these forces. Rotational osteotomy should be considered for that patient with anterior knee pain or patellar instability where there is a significant torsional deformity in limb. It is the author’s opinion that PF symptoms should be considered as those which arise from the joint itself and are considered intrinsic factors and those which are caused by forces external to the joint itself are considered extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors are largely the recipients of the applied force and include ligaments, the patella and trochlea, both articular surfaces and subchondral bone and the tendons. Instability due to ligament injury, tendinosis and arthrosis or chondral damage are examples of intrinsic failure. These intrinsic factors also include such PF variations from normal as a high-riding or low patella, a dysplastic patella, and dysplasia of the trochlea. These factors may alter the ability of the PF joint to accept load but the forces which are causing the tissue failure are all extrinsic. To address the failed tissue with procedures such as cartilage surgery without addressing the excess load which caused the failure is inviting further failure.
Portable Minimalism in Sentencing Politics

In this response to Erik Luna and Paul Cassell’s article, Mandatory Minimalism, 32 Cardozo L. Rev. 1 (2010), I argue that the authors’ theory of federal crime legislation is misplaced – in the literal sense that it is directed to the wrong place. A minimalist strategy of finding the available legislative consensus for small reforms will usually not work in the federal legislative process. Any change to federal crime legislation faces many procedural barriers, most prominent among them the use of the filibuster in the Senate. Given this institutional landscape, it is not surprising that Congress hardly ever repeals mandatory minimum statutes. Institutional rules, rather than individual views of legislators, produced this result in the past and will dominate efforts to repeal these laws in the future. The legislative process in many states, however, is not so oriented towards inaction. One can point to a larger stockpile of repealed mandatory minimums at the state level. The core issue, then, is the portability of minimalism. The social science foundations of the theory posit behavioral rules for individuals, but individuals work within particular institutions, with their particular decision rules and traditions. A theory about individual action, such as minimalism, does offer insights, but it must be filtered through the institutional lenses of the relevant jurisdiction.
Does Sister-Strand Crossing over Occur in Drosophila Melanogaster.

The problem of whether sister-strand crossing over does or does not occur is of some importance for general theories of crossing over. In most genetic experiments, i t is not possible to decide whether sister-strand exchange has or has not occurred because the results of both alternatives are indistinguishable. But with the use of the closed-X chromosome, described by L. V. MORGAN (1933), a solution of this question seems possible. In heterozygous condition, the closed-X chromosome gives no off spring coming from single or triple crossing over, and there is a corresponding and fairly large proportion of eggs that fail to hatch. When total crossing over is reduced by the use of an inversion-bearing chromosome opposite the closed-X, there is observed a reduction in the frequency of inviable eggs. It was inferred (loc. cit.) that in meiosis, single and triple exchanges between a closed-X and a normal X result in chromosome attachments which give these inviable eggs. Hence, in the presence of an inversion which reduces the frequency of crossing over, fewer single and triple crossings over occur to give inviable eggs. In this case, especially if the suppression of crossing over is almost complete, the chief causes of inviable eggs would be (a) the standard inviability of the stocks, and (b) sister-strand crossing over between closed-X chromosomes. With adequate precautions and controls, the standard residual inviability could be estimated, and a direct measure obtained of the frequency of sister-strand crossing over. The writers wish to acknowledge the kindness of L. V. MORGAN in making available stocks of the closed-X line for this experiment. One of us (N.K.) is also indebted to the DYCKMAN FUND of COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY for a grant during the summer of 1934.
Price-Framing Effects on the Purchase of Hedonic and Utilitarian Bundles

Abstract Marketers are increasingly offering bundles that combine cross-category, seemingly unrelated items. This article examines the conditions under which framing a discount as savings on certain items of cross-category bundles is more effective for increasing bundle purchase. Three experiments show that the purchase of a cross-category bundle is more likely when the discount is framed as savings on the relatively hedonic component rather than as savings on the utilitarian component or on the total bundle. The authors explain the findings based on the notion that a discount provides a justification that increases the likelihood of hedonic purchases but has little impact on utilitarian consumption. The article concludes with a discussion of managerial implications of the findings.
Limbal stem cell transplantation: Current perspectives

Regeneration of the corneal surface after an epithelial insult involves division, migration, and maturation of a specialized group of stem cells located in the limbus. Several insults, both intrinsic and extrinsic, can precipitate destruction of the delicate microenvironment of these cells, resulting in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). In such cases, reepithelialization fails and conjunctival epithelium extends across the limbus, leading to vascularization, persistent epithelial defects, and chronic inflammation. In partial LSCD, conjunctival epitheliectomy, coupled with amniotic membrane transplantation, could be sufficient to restore a healthy surface. In more severe cases and in total LSCD, stem cell transplantation is currently the best curative option. Before any attempts are considered to perform a limbal stem cell transplantation procedure, the ocular surface must be optimized by controlling causative factors and comorbid conditions. These factors include adequate eyelid function or exposure, control of the ocular surface inflammatory status, and a well-lubricated ocular surface. In cases of unilateral LSCD, stem cells can be obtained from the contralateral eye. Newer techniques aim at expanding cells in vitro or in vivo in order to decrease the need for large limbal resection that may jeopardize the "healthy" eye. Patients with bilateral disease can be treated using allogeneic tissue in combination with systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Another emerging option for this subset of patients is the use of noncorneal cells such as mucosal grafts. Finally, the use of keratoprosthesis is reserved for patients who are not candidates for any of the aforementioned options, wherein the choice of the type of keratoprosthesis depends on the severity of the disease. In summary, limbal stem cell transplantation improves both vision and quality-of-life in patients with ocular surface disorders associated with LSCD, and overall, the use of autologous tissue offers the best results. Future studies aim at improving cellular expansion and finding different sources of stem cells.
A Search for Criteria: The Reading of the Comprehensive Examination in English

(1934). A Search for Criteria: The Reading of the Comprehensive Examination in English. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 460-460.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Overcomes Severe Neutropenia of Large Granular Lymphocytosis

ABSTRACT Large granular lymphocytosis (LGL) is characterized by enhanced proliferation of T lymphocytes that have antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or natural killer cell activity and that often produce severe cytopenias, including neutropenia. When a 68-year-old man with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and severe neutropenia was examined, he was found to have LGL with a T cell gene rearrangement, indicating the presence of a clonal population of T lymphocytes. The patient was admitted with a fever of 102 ° F and a nonhealing ulcer over the right tibia. When the infection did not respond to intravenous antibiotics, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) therapy was started at 5 μg/kg subcutaneously each day. The neutrophil count promptly increased and the patient subsequently defervesced and was able to have a skin graft placed, which healed without difficulty. GCSF, which is known to be an effective therapeutic agent for neutropenia associated with chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation, also was a very valuable treatment for the life-threatening neutropenia of LGL.
Implement a “Connecting Parents with Learning Project” in Your School

According Education, "Education research over the past three decades has established a direct correlation between increased parent involvement and increased student achievement."1 Diana Hiatt-Michael, an emeritus professor of education at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that teachers' efforts to involve families promote better student attendance, higher graduation rates from high school, fewer retentions in the same grade, increased levels of parent and student satisfaction with school, reduced number of negative behavior reports, and higher achievement scores on reading and math tests.2 The benefits of parental involvement are obvious, but it is important to take a look at how we involve our parents. Most likely, the parents of our students really want to be involved but often do not know how to get involved beyond attendance at concerts and volunteer efforts. Do we as music educators know how to involve our parents in the learning process? The fact is that we do a pretty good job of keeping parents informed about our programs and involving parents through volunteer efforts, such as booster clubs. As valuable as these efforts are, why not seek ways to go beyond public relations and try a teaching approach that involves parents in actively learning content along with their children? As part of a graduate course I taught last year, music teachers in the class involved parents with learning by implementing Connecting Parents with Learning Projects (CPLPs).
Spinoza and the Feeling of Freedom

ABSTRACTWe seem to have a direct experience of our freedom when we act. Many philosophers take this feeling of freedom as evidence that we possess libertarian free will. Spinoza denies that we have free will of any sort, although he admits that we nonetheless feel free. Commentators often attribute to him what I call the ‘Negative Account’ of the feeling: it results from the fact that we are conscious of our actions but ignorant of their causes. I argue that the Negative Account is flawed. The feeling of freedom also depends on a vacillation of the mind. When the mind forms too many incompatible associations, it vacillates between them. When we act, the mind vacillates back and forth between the kinds of actions that we associate with our present mental state. We then mistake this subjective vacillation for an objective feature of ourselves—namely, the power to do otherwise.
Chapter 3 – Oxidative Stress Induced by Air Pollution and Exposure to Sunlight

Air pollution contains small particles, and particles smaller than 10 μm can generate free radicals when inhaled. In addition, various free radicals may also be present in polluted air. In general, the air quality of urban areas is poorer than that of rural areas. Industrial smoke also contains free radicals and small particles. Breathing polluted air for a long period of time may induce oxidative stress in the body, causing various illnesses including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Sunlight contains UV radiation, and prolonged exposure to sunlight or sunbathing without application of sunscreen may cause sunburn, skin damage, and even skin cancer including melanoma, which is linked to oxidative stress. During the summer months when the UV index is high, exposure to sunlight should be reduced or protective clothing should be worn. Moreover, use of sunglasses is recommended because UV light can induce oxidative stress in eyes, causing cataract formation and other eye diseases such as macular degeneration.
CRISP: Consensus Regularized Selection based Prediction

Integrating regularization methods with standard loss functions such as the least squares, hinge loss, etc., within a regression framework has become a popular choice for researchers to learn predictive models with lower variance and better generalization ability. Regularizers also aid in building interpretable models with high-dimensional data which makes them very appealing. It is observed that each regularizer is uniquely formulated in order to capture data-specific properties such as correlation, structured sparsity and temporal smoothness. The problem of obtaining a consensus among such diverse regularizers while learning a predictive model is extremely important in order to determine the optimal regularizer for the problem. The advantage of such an approach is that it preserves the simplicity of the final model learned by selecting a single candidate model which is not the case with ensemble methods as they use multiple candidate models for prediction. This is called the consensus regularization problem which has not received much attention in the literature due to the inherent difficulty associated with learning and selecting a model from an integrated regularization framework. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a method to generate a committee of non-convex regularized linear regression models, and use a consensus criterion to determine the optimal model for prediction. Each corresponding non-convex optimization problem in the committee is solved efficiently using the cyclic-coordinate descent algorithm with the generalized thresholding operator. Our Consensus RegularIzation Selection based Prediction (CRISP) model is evaluated on electronic health records (EHRs) obtained from a large hospital for the congestive heart failure readmission prediction problem. We also evaluate our model on high-dimensional synthetic datasets to assess its performance. The results indicate that CRISP outperforms several state-of-the-art methods such as additive, interactions-based and other competing non-convex regularized linear regression methods.
Laparoscopic Colorectal Cancer Surgery - What is the Rationale?

Though laparoscopy was introduced decades ago, its role in colorectal surgery was not well established for want of better skills and technology. This article examines the advantages of laparoscopy in the management of colorectal cancer. The safety, oncologic clearance, long term effects of laparoscopic surgery were compared with that of conventional surgical procedures. Keywords: Laparoscopy, Colorectal cancer, Oncologic clearance, Immunological effects, Safety, Long term effects.
Does Working Memory Moderate the Within-Person Associations Between Pain Intensity and Negative Affect and Pain's Interference With Work Goal Pursuit?

OBJECTIVES Chronic pain exerts a pervasive negative influence on workers' productivity. However, a paucity of research has addressed the mechanisms underlying the pain → productivity relation. In the present study using intensive daily diary data, we examined whether working memory (WM) moderates the positive within-person associations between (1) morning pain intensity and (2) morning negative affect (NA) and later day pain's interference of work-goal (WG) pursuit. METHODS A community sample of 131 adults with chronic pain completed a battery of questionnaires, laboratory-measured WM, and a 21-day daily diary. RESULTS WM did not moderate the positive within-person association between morning pain intensity and afternoon/evening ratings of pain's interference with work goal pursuit. However, individuals with higher WM showed significantly attenuated positive within-person association between morning negative affect and pain's interference with afternoon/evening work goal pursuit. DISCUSSION WM appears to protect goal-relevant information from distractions due to negative affective arousal. The continued use of ecologically valid observational and intervention studies would shed further light on the influence of WM on the pursuit of valued work goals in the face of pain and negative affect.
A Reconfigurable Architecture Using a Flexible LO Modulator to Unify High-Sensitivity Signal Reception and Compressed-Sampling Wideband Signal Detection

The direct RF-to-information converter unifies high-sensitivity signal reception and compressed-sampling (CS) wideband signal detection into a rapidly reconfigurable and easily scalable architecture occupying 0.56 mm2 in 65-nm CMOS. In reception mode, the DRF2IC RF frontend consumes 46.5 mW from 1.15 V and delivers 40-MHz RF bandwidth, 41.5-dB conversion gain, 3.6-dB noise figure, and −2 dBm B1dB. In CS wideband detection mode, 66-dB operational dynamic range, 40-dB instantaneous dynamic range, and 1.43-GHz instantaneous bandwidth are demonstrated, and six interferers each 10 MHz wide scattered over a 1.27-GHz span are detected in 1.2 $\mu \text{s}$ consuming 58.5 mW.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Menopause

There is no known pathophysiologic link and little in the literature written about the association between menopause and restless legs syndrome (RLS). RLS is known to occur in middle-to-late aged individuals, having a higher prevalence in women. Following this line of logic, it would raise the question of whether there is a relationship between RLS and menopause. It has been reported that up to 69 % of woman complain of worsening of restless leg symptoms following menopause. Estrogens are thought to be neuroprotective and the reduction of it in menopause may lead to RLS. It may be that with the onset of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes disrupting sleep, a preexisting sleep disorder such as RLS, may become more evident.
A Pioneer Who Never Got It Right: James Dewar and the Elusive Phenomena of Cold

To discuss errors, especially in the work of those scientists whose activities were predominantly experimental, is somewhat uninteresting: errors happen all the time, and many experimenters either (eventually) discover them or they are pointed out to them. Errors, are in a way, an integral part of experimentation, it is important to record them, they have been discussed by the experimenters themselves in articles they wrote about their experiments, and they have, even, been commented upon in historical writings. Often, they have been part of the account of priority disputes. Nevertheless, such errors appear to be devoid of much historiographic interest, since, they are, in a way, of a technical character. Almost always their sources have been uncovered, the reasons for their creeping up have been well understood and, in most cases, they were not repeated by subsequent experimenters. Even though they are part and parcel of the experimenters’ way of life, errors of this sort do not have any appreciable effect on the overall practice of the scientists involved, they do not seem to affect macroscopically what they do. Alternatively, there is a state of affairs which is often confused with errors and which presents immense historiographic interest: going amiss. The study of cases of going amiss is a distressful process full of predicaments. On the one hand, such a study needs a healthy dose of anachronistic readings and, on the other, it is necessary to rise above the indignities inflicted by such indulgence with anachronisms. What is not meant by going amiss is getting nowhere. When one is going amiss, one does, in fact, get results – experimental, mathematical, theoretical, interpretational. We know someone was going amiss, because where he got did not turn out to be “correct” according to later developments. The study concerning going amiss of programs and persons working within research programs, is not a discussion about the false consciousness of the researchers, nor is it an attempt to discuss the psychology of discovery. The discussion concerning going amiss is rather challenging for the historian of science, who is obliged to understand as correct the results that later on we know they were either wrong or indifferent to later developments. Going amiss is not an
MSOME and Sperm Chromatin Status

Motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) involves the use of differential interference contrast microscopy (also called Nomarski contrast microscopy) to observe motile human spermatozoa at high magnification (at least 6,300×). Hence, this technique can evidence sperm head vacuoles that are not necessarily seen at lower magnifications—particularly if the vacuole is small (i.e., if it occupies <4 % of the sperm head’s area). However, a decade after the introduction of MSOME, the nature of sperm head vacuoles is still unclear. Are the vacuoles physiological or pathological? Are they linked to specific nuclear characteristics? And is the presence of one or more vacuoles a sign of a low-quality nucleus? Here, we discuss the links between vacuoles and the chromatin status of human spermatozoa. Our own research and the literature data prompt us to conclude that sperm-head vacuoles are nuclear in nature and are closely linked to chromatin condensation failure.
The Relationship Between Switch-Term-Corrected Scattering-Parameters and Wave-Parameters Measured With a Two-Port Vector Network Analyzer

We explore the relationship between scattering-parameters (S-parameters), corrected for switch terms, and S-parameters calculated from wave-parameters measured with a two-port vector network analyzer. By deriving the equations for both representations using consistent notation, we clearly demonstrate their equivalence. This result proves that measuring wave-parameters enables us to obtain uniquely defined S-parameters for any changes of impedance behind the signal-separation hardware.
Emerging adult women’s career role modeling and wishful identification with female TV news personalities

This study investigated how emerging adult women perceive, role model, and wishfully identify with female television news personalities (TVNPs) in the contemporary climate of social media celebrity...
Online comments about psychiatric neurosurgery and psychopharmacological interventions: Public perceptions and concerns

Abstract The field of biological psychiatry is controversial, with both academics and members of the public questioning the validity and the responsible use of psychiatric technological interventions. The field of neuroethics provides insight into these controversies by examining key themes that characterize specific topics, attitudes, and reasoning tools that people use to evaluate interventions in the brain and mind. This study offers new empirical neuroethical insights into how the public responds to the use and development of psychiatric technological interventions by comparing how the public evaluates pharmacological and neurosurgical psychiatric interventions, in the context of online comments on news media articles about these topics. We analyzed 1142 comments from 108 articles dealing with psychopharmacological and psychiatric neurosurgery interventions on websites of major circulation USA newspapers and magazines published between 2005 and 2015. Personal anecdote, medical professional issues, medicalization, social issues, disadvantages, scientific issues and cautionary realism were among the main themes raised by commenters. The insights derived from the comments can contribute to improving communication between professionals and the public as well as to incorporating the public's views in policy decisions about psychiatric interventions.
How often are health care personnel hands colonized with multidrug- resistant organisms? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Hands of health care personnel (HCP) can transmit multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), resulting in infections. Our aim was to determine MDRO prevalence on HCP hands in adult acute care and nursing facility settings. Methods A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed. Studies were included if they reported microbiologic culture results following HCP hands sampling; included prevalent MDROs, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter baumannii, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and were conducted in acute care or nursing facility settings. Results Fifty-nine articles comprising 6,840 hand cultures were included. Pooled prevalence for MRSA, P aeruginosa, A baumannii, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus were 4.26%, 4.59%, 6.18%, and 9.03%, respectively. Substantial heterogeneity in rates of pathogen isolation were observed across studies (I2 = 81%-95%). Only 4 of 59 studies sampled for C difficile, with 2 of 4 finding no growth. Subgroup analysis of MRSA revealed the highest HCP hand contamination rates in North America (8.28%). Sample collection methods used were comparable for MRSA isolation (4%-7%) except for agar direct contact (1.55%). Conclusions Prevalence of common MDROs on HCP hands vary by pathogen, care setting, culture acquisition method, study design, and geography. When obtained at an institutional level, these prevalence data can be utilized to enhance knowledge, practice, and research to prevent health care–associated infections.
Biofilm Formation on Medical Devices and Infection: Preventive Approaches

Biofilm formation on medical devices is a serious problem associated with deaths resulting from nosocomial (hospital acquired) infections. This chapter reviews strategies to control microbial adhesion to, and colonization of, medical surfaces using cell repellant and nonadhesive coatings, coatings that actively release antimicrobial compounds and biofilm inhibitors, antimicrobial coatings with tethered biocides, and coatings that promote competitive adherence of benign organisms. Antifouling materials such as PEGylated and zwitterionic polymers, silicone hydrogels, fluorinated amphiphilic polymers, natural polysaccharides, glycodendron-functionalized synthetic polymers, polymers tethered with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, antimicrobial cationic polymers and peptides, and functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoates are discussed. Controlled release coatings that deliver quorum sensing inhibitors such as 5,6-dimethyl-2-aminobenzimidazole, and antimicrobial species such as ceragenin, nitrofurantoin, nitric oxide, gallium and zinc complexes, silver ions, silver nanoparticles, and selenium nanoparticles are also reviewed.
Now Is the Time to Use Molecular Gene Testing for the Diagnosis of Primary Immune Deficiencies

The discovery of chromosomes, genes, and DNA in the early 20th century paved the way for the development of techniques to examine the role of these elements in disease pathogenesis. Since the start of the 21st century, genetic testing and particularly next-generation sequencing has allowed for a rapid rate of gene disease associations for a broad range of primary immunodeficiency patients. At the same time, biologic and small molecule–based therapies targeting specific molecular pathways have been developed and are being applied clinically and in research settings to treat genetically defined immunodeficiencies. In recent years, both the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology and the Clinical Immunology Society have recommended the use of genetic testing for diagnosis, therapy guidance, and genetic counseling in patients with clinical symptoms of primary immunodeficiency.
Considerations for Human-Machine Teaming in Cybersecurity.

Understanding cybersecurity in an environment is uniquely challenging due to highly dynamic and potentially-adversarial activity. At the same time, the stakes are high for performance during these tasks: failures to reason about the environment and make decisions can let attacks go unnoticed or worsen the effects of attacks. Opportunities exist to address these challenges by more tightly integrating computer agents with human operators. In this paper, we consider implications for this integration during three stages that contribute to cyber analysts developing insights and conclusions about their environment: data organization and interaction, toolsmithing and analytic interaction, and human-centered assessment that leads to insights and conclusions. In each area, we discuss current challenges and opportunities for improved human-machine teaming. Finally, we present a roadmap of research goals for advanced human-machine teaming in cybersecurity operations.
The fan effect influences face recognition but does not moderate the own-age bias

ABSTRACTThe fan effect shows that memory is superior for information associated with few contexts relative to information associated with many contexts. The current study examined the fan effect wi...
Propositional Modal Logic

For analytic philosophy, formalization is a fundamental tool for clarifying language, leading to better understanding of thoughts expressed through language. Formalization involves abstraction and idealization. This is true in the sciences as well as in philosophy. Consider physics as a representative example. Newton’s laws of motion formalize certain basic aspects of the physical universe. Mathematical abstractions are introduced that strip away irrelevant details of the real universe, but which lead to a better understanding of its “deep” structure. Later Einstein and others proposed better models than that of Newton, reflecting deeper understanding made possible by the experience gained through years of working with Newton’s model.
Male-Biased Partial Migration in a Giraffe Population

Partial migration is a common movement phenomenon in ungulates, wherein part of the population remains resident while another portion of the population transitions to spatially or ecologically distinct seasonal ranges. Although widely documented, the causes of variation in movement strategies and their potential demographic consequences are not well understood. Here, we used GPS telemetry data and individual-based photographic surveys to describe evidence for the partial migration of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in the tropical savanna habitat of Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda. Seasonal movements in giraffe have been described but have not been systematically investigated within the framework of partial migration. We characterized movement behaviors of eight female GPS tracked giraffe across one full year using a model-driven approach of net-squared displacement metrics. To further evaluate these space use patterns at the population-level, we used closed robust design multi-state capture recapture models derived from individually based photographic surveys collected seasonally over three years. We also characterized environmental conditions associated with seasonal space use by conducting ground-based vegetation surveys and analyzing remotely sensed phenology data. Our results from both individually based telemetry models and population-level multi-state models suggest intra-population variation in seasonal space use strategies with three dominant movement classes: 1) Residents in deciduous savanna characterized by Acacia sieberiana, Acacia senegal, Harrisonia abyssinica and Crateva adansonii in the far western end of the park. 2) Residents in the broadleaf savannas characterized by Pseudocedrela kotschyi, Stereospermum kunthianum, Termalia spp. and Combretum spp.in the central sector of the park 3) Male-biased migrants that transitioned seasonally between the acacia savanna in the wet seasons and the broadleaf savanna in the dry seasons. Our results offer insights into how giraffe navigate spatiotemporally dynamic environments at both individual and population levels, providing ecological mechanisms for the emergent population dynamics of these large-bodied topical browsers.
Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic trend for reproduction, weight, and wool characteristics of Polypay sheep

Abstract The objective was to describe genetic parameters and genetic changes in litter sizes at birth and weaning (LB and LW, n = 9081), birth weight (BW, n = 11,896), weaning weight (WW, n = 11,104), fleece weight and grade (FW and FG, n = 8872), and staple length (SL, n = 1805) of Polypay sheep. Direct heritability estimates from single-trait analyses were 0.11 for LB, 0.02 for LW, 0.17 for BW, 0.18 for WW, 0.68 for FW, 0.36 for FG, and 0.76 for SL. Estimates of direct genetic correlation were 0.40 between LB and LW, 0.57 between BW and WW, 0.65 between FW and SL, − 0.37 between FW and FG and − 0.70 between SL and FG. Breeding values (BV) from both single-trait and seven-trait analyses calculated using the parameters estimated from single-trait and two-trait analyses were compared across years of birth with respect to genetic trends. Estimated BV from both analyses for LB, LW, BW, WW and FW increased over time, while those for FG and SL were unchanged. Estimated changes in BV over time did not differ substantially for single-trait and seven-trait analyses, except for traits highly correlated with another trait that was responding to selection (i.e., LB, which was highly correlated to both LW and WW).
Afghan Modern: The History of a Global Nation: Robert D. Crews, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-6742-8609-2 (hbk), 400 pp.

“Bigger than Dubai” (p. 1). So begins Robert Crews’ expansive and extensively researched work, Afghan Modern. As Crews relates, these were the words uttered by an Afghan co-passenger on a flight fr...
Hemodynamic effects of fluoxetine in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an open label pilot study.

In order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of fluoxetine in pulmonary arterial hypertension, 13 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension underwent catheterization before and after 12 (N = 5) or 24 (N = 8) weeks fluoxetine therapy. No change was seen in the primary endpoint of pulmonary vascular resistance, other hemodynamic values, or any secondary endpoints.
Emotional Disorders: “If you pinch him, he will squeak”. A new perspective on how machines can pass the Turing Test

This article brings together multidisciplinary research to present a new perspective on Alan Turing's prediction: the ability of machines to imitate and deceive people. It has been supported with literature how emotional disorders in humans involved in the Turing Test, could affect the results. This work could open a new viewpoint on lines for helping people with depression and anxiety through modern technologies.
Ghost Thread: Effective User-Space Cache Side Channel Protection

Cache-based side channel attacks pose a serious threat to computer security. Numerous cache attacks have been demonstrated, highlighting the need for effective and efficient defense mechanisms to shield systems from this threat. In this paper, we propose a novel application-level protection mechanism, called Ghost Thread. Ghost Thread is a flexible library that allows a user to protect cache accesses to a requested sensitive region to mitigate cache-based side channel attacks. This is accomplished by injecting random cache accesses to the sensitive cache region by separate threads. Compared with prior work that injects noise in a modified OS and hardware, our novel approach is applicable to commodity OS and hardware. Compared with other user-space mitigation mechanisms, our novel approach does not require any special hardware support, and it only requires slight code changes in the protected application making it readily deployable. Evaluation results on an Apache server show that Ghost Thread provides both strong protection and negligible overhead on real-world applications where only a fragment requires protection. In the worst-case scenario where the entire application requires protection, Ghost Thread still incurs negligible overhead when a system is under utilized, and moderate overhead when a system is fully utilized.
Abstract 1004: Defining stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 as a molecular therapeutic target against cholangiocarcinoma

Cancer cells increase lipid metabolism by up-regulation lipogenic enzymes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FAs), catalyzing the conversion and biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) into monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). We developed SSI-4, a novel highly specific SCD1 inhibitor. The anti-tumor activity ofSSI-4 was examined against different cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) models that included human and mouseCCA cell lines, CCA patient-derived xenografts (PDX) NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mouse models, and CCA PDX derived organoids. Using cell proliferation assay, we examined twelve CCA cell lines and 4 were very sensitive to SSI-4 (1-40 nM IC50). The remaining CCA cell lines showed moderate to no sensitivity to SSI-4. Studies at the protein level have shown that SCD1 is present in both sensitive and non-sensitive cells. Thus, SCD1 must be present in sensitive cells but is not predictive of response to an SCD1 inhibitor. In an effort to identify biomarkers predicting response to therapy, we performed assays, such as lipid, lactate, or energy phenotype which identified elevated lactate and unsaturated fatty acid levels as well as a glycolytic energy phenotype. In vivo, CCA PDX models have demonstrated that SSI-4strongly inhibited tumor growth. Immunohistochemical analysis of CCA tumors revealed elevated glycolytic genes in sensitive cells and thus, a potential predictive biomarker. We are currently pursuing a better understanding of the relationship between glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis/metabolism. We are also testing novel combination therapy of SSI-4 with the standard of care and other drugs to develop novel treatments for CCA. Using CCA PDX derived organoids showed synergistic antitumor activity of SSI-4in combination with cancer standard of care drugs such as gemcitabine and cisplatin. Collectively, we expect to develop a biomarker-driven selection of CCA patients sensitive to SCD1 inhibitors and novel SSI-4 combination therapy leading to improved patient survival. Citation Format: Justyna J. Gleba, Laura A. Marlow, Erin E. Miller, James L. Miller, Aylin Alasonyalilar-Demirer, Yi Guo, Kabir Mody, Lewis R. Roberts, Steven R. Alberts, Mark J. Truty, Tushar C. Patel, John A. Copland. Defining stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 as a molecular therapeutic target against cholangiocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1004.
Six-Phase Non-Rare Earth Spoke Interior Permanent Magnet Traction Motor With Concentrated Windings

Conventional interior permanent magnet machines (PM) have been dominant in traction applications due to their high power density, high efficiency, and wide constant power speed range. The interior permanent magnet machines typically use high-strength rare-earth magnets to contribute high torque density. However, the rare-earth magnets have several challenges over the past few years. Both academia and industry have paid much more attention to develop an alternative to reduce or eliminate the use of rare-earth magnets. Ferrite magnets do not include any type of rare-earth materials. The combination of spoke-type rotor design and ferrite magnets provides a solution to eliminate rare-earth magnets since the air-gap flux density can be improved by the flux concentrated effect of the spoke-type design. On the other hand, high reliability is also an important requirement for the next-generation traction drive of electric vehicles. This paper will provide the design, analysis, and performance comparison of a six-phase non-rare earth spoke interior permanent magnet traction motor with concentrated windings configuration.