cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shock tube study of ignition delay times in methaneoxygennitrogenargon mixtures

Ignition delay times have been measured in homogeneous CH/sub 4/-O/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4/-O/sub 2/-N/sub 2/ mixtures dilute in argon, in order to investigate the influence of molecular nitrogen. The mixtures were heated behind reflected waves in a conventional shock tube to temperatures between 1640 and 2150/sup 0/K at pressures from 1 to 6 atm. Equivalence ratios of 1.0 and 2.0 were investigated and the methane concentration ranged from 1 x 10/sup -7/ to 9 x 10/sup -7/ mole/cc. Ignition was identified from photometric observations of OH (3064 A), H/sub 2/O (2.7 ..mu..) and CO/sub 2/(4.3 ..mu..) emission. For both the CH/sub 4/-O/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4/-O/sub 2/-N/sub 2/ mixtures, the measured ignition delays (tau/sub i/) were correlated by the empirical expression tau/sub i/ = 4.4 x 10/sup -15/ exp (52,300/RT)(CH/sub 4/)/sup 0/./sup 33/(O/sub 2/)/sup -1/./sup 03/, in mole, cal, cm and sec units. It was concluded that molecular nitrogen has little or no influence upon the ignition delay times of methane-oxygen mixtures. This conclusion is supported by several earlier investigations of methane ignition but conflicts with the recent study by Zallen and Wittig.
Expansionism: Its Effects on Cuba's Independence. By Frank R. Villafaña. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2012. Pp. vii, 224. $39.95.)

Few questions of historical interpretation are more passionately debated than those that have become intertwined with a national narrative and with the definition of how a country came to be what i...
Dil and DiO: versatile fluorescent dyes for neuronal labelling and pathway tracing

The fluorescent carbocyanine dyes dil and diO have an extensive history of use in cell biology, but their use as neuronal tracers is relatively recent. We found in 1985 that these molecules were excellent retrograde and anterograde tracers in the developing nervous system. We went on to show that these dyes were retained in neurons placed in culture, that they initially labelled the processes as well as the cell bodies of cultured neurons, and that they were seemingly non-toxic. We suggested that the major mechanism of translocation for these molecules was lateral diffusion in the membrane, rather than fast axonal transport. This suggestion was recently confirmed in a striking manner by Godement et al., when they showed that these dyes can be used to label axonal projections in fixed tissues. Labelling with carbocyanine dyes has already allowed several exciting advances in developmental neurobiology. In this article we review the properties of carbocyanine dyes and point out some of their uses and advantages.
Paradoxical changes of muscle glutamine release during hyperinsulinemia euglycemia and hypoglycemia in humans: Further evidence for the glucose-glutamine cycle☆

Insulin suppresses and counterregulatory hormones increase proteolysis. Therefore, if proteolysis were a major factor determining amino acid fluxes in plasma, one would expect release of glutamine into plasma to be suppressed by insulin under euglycemic conditions and to be stimulated under hypoglycemic conditions. However, release of glutamine into plasma remains unaltered or increases during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia and decreases during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. To investigate the mechanisms for these paradoxical observations and the role of skeletal muscle, we infused overnight fasted volunteers with [U-(14)C] glutamine and measured release of glutamine into plasma, its removal from plasma, and forearm glutamine net balance, fractional extraction, uptake and release during 4-hour euglycemic ( approximately 5.0 mmol/L, n = 7) and hypoglycemic ( approximately 3.1 mmol/L, n = 8) hyperinsulinemic ( approximately 230 pmol/L) clamp experiments. During the euglycemic clamps, plasma glutamine uptake and release (both P <.05) and forearm muscle glutamine fractional extraction (P <.05), uptake (P <.02) and release (P <.01) all increased, whereas forearm glutamine net balance remained unchanged. The increase in muscle glutamine release (from 1.85 +/- 0.26 to 2.18 +/- 0.30 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)) accounted for approximately 60% of the increase in total glutamine release into plasma (from 5.54 +/- 0.47 to 6.10 +/- 0.64 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)) and correlated positively with the increase in muscle glucose uptake (r = 0.80, P <.03). During the hypoglycemic clamps, plasma glutamine uptake and release and forearm glutamine release remained unaltered, but forearm glutamine fractional extraction and uptake decreased approximately 25% (both P <.01) so that forearm glutamine net release increased from 0.37 +/- 0.06 to 0.61 +/- 0.09 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) (P <.03). We conclude that skeletal muscle is largely responsible for the increased release of glutamine into plasma during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia in humans, and that this may be due to increased conversion of glucose to glutamine as part of the glucose-glutamine cycle; during hypoglycemic hyperinsulinemia decreased glutamine uptake by skeletal muscle may be important for providing substrate for increased glutamine gluconeogenesis.
Understanding the Changing Role of Academic Librarians from a Psychological Perspective: A Literature Review.

Abstract Although issues related to the role of librarians have long been discussed in the literature on academic librarianship, there has been little attempt to incorporate the extensive psychological theory and research on role-related issues. In the current article we review the empirical literature on the role of librarians, with a particular focus on the link between role-related issues and job stress, recruitment and selection, and training and development. We then discuss relevant psychological theory and research in these areas, and we conclude with a recommendation for more collaborative efforts between research psychologists and scholars in the field of librarianship.
A resistance monitor with power cut-off for automatic regulation of shadow and support film thickness in freeze-etching and related techniques.

SUMMARY A resistance monitor with sensors and automatic power cut-off has been developed to control the thickness of Pt-C shadow and C replica films in freeze-etching and related techniques. The monitor and sensors, in conjunction with newly modified evaporators, should considerably reduce the amount of C and Pt required and should prove useful in other applications employing vacuum evaporation of thin films of Pt, C, or other conducting materials.
Selective Attrition Effects in Bereavement Research: A Three-Year Longitudinal Analysis:

The study examined the effects of selective attrition on the picture of bereavement adjustment painted by longitudinal studies. Originally, 185 conjugally and nonconjugally bereaved adults (M age = 50, range 20–82) were administered a battery of self-report measures indexing psychological functioning and adjustment to loss. Complete data gathered six months later were available from 166 persons (133 completers, 33 dropouts), while for a follow-up conducted three years later, complete data were available from ninety-six completers and seventy dropouts. Based on the women in this sample, discriminant function analysis conducted at the six-month follow-up suggested that nonconjugally bereaved completers had been older, had been more recently bereaved, had experienced more loneliness, had reported their health relative in age peers to be less adequate, and had been more active copers. At three years, nonconjugally bereaved completers had been older, more affluent, and had been more lonely. No differences betw...
Induction of conditioned taste aversion in rats by GABA or other amino acids.

Abstract GABA included in the diet is known to reduce food intake and growth of rats fed a low protein diet. Experiments were designed to determine if GABA or other small neutral amino acids would affect food intake if they were administered separately from the diet, and if such amino acids could induce a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to saccharin. Intubated or injected GABA or α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), a non-metabolizable isomer of GABA, reduced food intake. When rats were fed a low protein diet, IP injection of threonine (2 mmoles/200 g rat) induced CTA but did not depress food intake; serine (3 mmoles/200 g rat) induced CTA and caused only a small reduction in food intake. Another isomer, α-amino-n-butyric acid did not affect food intake or induce CTA at the tested concentrations. Adaptation to a high protein diet, which increases enzymatic degradation of many amino acids including GABA and serine, lessened severity of GABA-induced CTA and eliminated that caused by serine. CTA to saccharin can be induced by certain amino acids; the mechanism is unknown but may involve malaise or other adverse sensations.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with the Zenith stent graft: short to midterm results.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the short-term and mid-term results of endovascular aneurysm repair with the Zenith stent graft in a single-center prospective study. Method: Between October 1998 and July 2001, we used the Zenith stent graft for elective endovascular aneurysm repair in 116 patients, six of whom were women. The mean age was 75 years, and the mean aneurysm diameter was 60.3 ± 8.8 mm. Stent grafts were oversized 10% to 20% relative to computed tomographic (CT) scan-based diameter measurements. All repairs were performed in the operating room through surgically exposed femoral arteries. The results were assessed before discharge with three-phase, contrast-enhanced CT scan and plain abdominal radiograph. These studies were repeated at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after operation. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 34 months. Results: No failed insertions and no conversions to open surgery occurred. The diameter of the main body of the stent graft was 28 mm or more in 73 patients (63%). Additional stents were inserted during surgery to treat kinking in eight patients (6.9%) and renal artery encroachment in two patients (1.7%). Mean fluoroscopy time was 35.1 ± 18.3 minutes, contrast load was 146 ± 53 mL (350 mg/mL), and estimated blood loss was 249 ± 407 mL. The major complication rate was 9.5%, and the minor complication rate was 10.3%. The perioperative complications were myocardial infarction in four patients, arrythmia in four patients, and pulmonary embolism, renal failure, stroke, small bowel obstruction, femoral stenosis, digital embolism, and graft limb thrombosis in one patient each. All 116 patients went home from the hospital, but one patient died 2 weeks later of a combination of pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction. Endoleak was seen on the first CT scan in 16 patients (15%); 15 were type II, and one was type III. No endoleaks of type I or IV were seen. Additional interventions were performed for each of the following conditions: type II endoleak (n = 4), type III endoleak (n = 1), femoral clamp injury (n = 1), renal artery stenosis (n = 1), and graft limb occlusion (n = 1). One patient had acute aneurysm dilatation and rupture caused by a type II endoleak through the inferior mesenteric artery 6 months after stent graft implantation. No cases were seen of late graft occlusion, stent graft migration, stent fracture, barb fracture, or secondary endoleak. Conclusion: The Zenith device is safe, versatile, and effective in the short to medium term. Most patients need wide stent grafts (≥28 mm proximally and ≥16 mm distally) to achieve 10% to 20% oversizing to prevent type I endoleak. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:217-25.)
Self-Assembling Swimming Smart Boxes

This paper presents vibration analysis and structural optimization of a self-assembled structure for swimming. The mode shapes of the structure resemble the body waveform of a swimming Mackerel fish. The lateral deformation waveform of the body of Mackerel is extracted from literature. At higher swimming speeds fish generate the waveform at a higher frequency. Their body waveform stays the same at almost all normal swimming speeds. At the final destination, the box self-assembles using shape memory alloys. The shape memory alloys used for configuration change of the box robot cannot be used for swimming since they fail to operate at high frequencies. MFCs are actuated at the fundamental natural frequency of the structure. This excites the primary mode of resonance. The primary mode of resonance involves rotations of the joints of the robot in the desired fashion. The MFCs are therefore used to indirectly generate the body waveform. We optimize the thickness of the panels and the stiffness of the joints to most efficiently generate the swimming waveforms. Unlike eel we change the speed of the robot by changing the amplitude of the body motions. This is because the frequency of the motion is fixed to the first natural frequency of the robot. The swimming box can swim over the surface and can also swim underwater. With slight modification the boxes can crawl or slither over the land.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Reduced association of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 with E3 ligase Mule increases the stability of Mcl-1 in breast cancer cells.

Mechanisms that increase resistance to apoptosis help promote cellular transformation. Cancer cells have deregulated apoptotic pathways, where increased expression and stability of anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 increases resistance to apoptosis. Pathways that increase the stability of proteins in cancer cells remain poorly understood. Using human mammary epithelial and established breast cancer cell lines, we assessed the mechanisms that increase the stability of anti-apoptotic proteins in breast cancer cells by caspase assay, western blot, small-inhibitory RNA treatment and immunoprecipitation. While breast cancer cells were resistant to de novo inhibition of protein synthesis, a rapid proteosome-mediated degradation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 induced apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells. Although Mule, an E3 ligase that targets Mcl-1 for degradation was expressed in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines, rapid increase of polyubiquitinated Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 was detected only in mammary epithelial cells. Only transient formation of the Mule–Mcl-1 complex was detected in breast cancer cells. Downregulation of pERK1/2 in breast cancer cells reduced Mcl-1 levels and increased Mcl-1/Mule complex. Our findings suggest that reduced Mule/Mcl-1 complex has a significant role in increasing the stability of Mcl-1 in breast cancer cells and increased resistance to apoptosis.
William Goffman's Mathematical approach to the prediction of scientific discovery and its application to logic, revisited

Based on the observation of regular “epidemic” recurrence of activity in the history of symbolic logic, a new wave of logic activity was predicted byGoffman in 1971 for the coming years. This prediction is examined and confirmed to some extent. It is shown, however, that the whole mathematics came in a wave-like fashion in the last 200 years, that the main fluctuations of logic were isochronic with the main fluctuations of mathematics, and, in addition, that fundamental logic contributions appeared on the top of the waves. After considering some problems of time-series analysis, relationships to business cycles of the Kondratiev, Kuznets, and Juglar types are discussed.
"What kills neurons in neurodegenerative diseases?", a review series in an open access journal.

Over the last several decades there has been great progress with respect to understanding the triggers of most neurodegenerative diseases. For example, genetics studies have identified mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene that clearly cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However ask a panel of experts how a mutation in SOD1 causes motor neurons to die and one will receive many different hypothetical answers. There is simply insufficient data to unequivocally support one hypothesis over another. With rare exceptions, this is true for almost all neurodegenerative diseases. In this review series, we have invited seminal researchers in the field of neurodegeneration to critically review the pathways that potentially lead to neurodegeneration. These reviews include both disease specific reviews (e.g., the role of alpha-synuclein in driving neuronal death in Parkinson's disease) as well as more general reviews that focus on a pathway or a process that could lead to neurodegeneration (e.g., the role of autophagy in neurodegeneration). As one of us describes in detail in the introductory review "The therapeutic importance of understanding mechanisms of neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases" the effort to understand the precise pathway that lead to neuronal death is not simply academic. It has major implications in developing new therapies that might actually modify the disease process. By providing a "state of the field", it is our hope that this review series will reinvigorate efforts to conduct research that will ultimately answer the question, "What kills neurons in neurodegenerative diseases?" In each of the reviews, we have asked the authors to not only provide a comprehensive review of the key observations that demonstrate the importance of a specific protein or pathway in neurodegeneration but also highlight the "critical next steps" needed to shed light on the many enigmatic aspects of neurodegeneration. Over 20 review articles will appear in this series during 2009. These reviews, published in the open access form in Molecular Neurodegeneration, will allow broad public access. Given the flexibility of this publishing format and the wide range of subject matter that could be addressed, we encourage those wishing to contribute substantive reviews of material not currently covered to contact either of us to discuss a potential submission.
65.2: Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystals for Projection Displays

A projection display using blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is proposed. The fast-response BPLC enables field sequential projection display with suppressed color breakup. Methods for reducing the operating voltage are also discussed.
Asthma-like symptoms in wood product plant workers exposed to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate.

Background: Diisocyanates, a group of highly reactive chemicals, have frequently been associated with occupational asthma. We evaluated respiratory health in workers at a new wood products manufacturing plant that uses methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and was designed and operated with a goal of minimizing worker exposures. Methods: Health surveys using standardized respiratory questionnaires were done prior to the initial use of diisocyanates in the plant, and semiannually thereafter for a period of 2 years. Other testing included occupational and work practice histories, serial peak flow measurements, spirometry, methacholine challenge, and measurement of specific IgE antibodies to MDIalbumin conjugate. Results: Of 214 plant employees who participated in at least one health survey, a follow-up survey was also available from 178 employees (83%). New-onset asthma-like symptoms (NAS) were reported by 15 of 56 workers (27%) in areas with the highest potential for exposures to liquid MDI monomer and prepolymer, vs 0 of 43 workers in the lowest potential exposure areas (p 5 0.001). In the areas with high potential exposure, NAS developed in 47% of workers who had noted MDI skin staining, vs 19% without skin stains (p 5 0.07). Working around and cleaning up liquid MDI represented a significant risk for asthma-like symptoms in both current smokers and nonsmokers; work with finished wood products did not. Asthma-like symptoms were associated with variable airflow limitation (odds ratio [OR], 5.0; confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 18.7) and specific IgE to MDI-albumin (OR, 3.2; CI, 1.1 to 9.0), but not with skin prick tests to common aeroallergens (OR, 1.1; CI, 0.5 to 2.7). Conclusions: During the first 2 years of operation, in a plant designed and operated to control exposure to diisocyanates, the development of asthma-like symptoms was reported in a relatively high proportion of the employees who worked with liquid MDI. To prevent asthma symptoms among workers, careful control of respiratory tract exposures associated with liquid MDI is important, especially during cleanup activities. Strict limitation of skin contact with diisocyanates may also be necessary. (CHEST 2000; 118:1183‐1193)
YKL-40 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 as potential serum biomarkers for patients with high-grade gliomas.

Purpose: Biomarkers can facilitate diagnosis, monitor treatment response, and assess prognosis in some patients with cancer. YKL-40 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are two proteins highly differentially expressed by malignant gliomas. We obtained prospective longitudinal serum samples from patients with gliomas to determine whether YKL-40 or MMP-9 could be used as serum markers. Experimental Design: Serum samples were obtained concurrently with magnetic resonance imaging scans. YKL-40 and MMP-9 were determined by ELISA and the values correlated with the patient9s radiographic status and survival. Results: High-grade glioma patients who underwent a surgical resection of their tumor had transient increase of both YKL-40 and MMP-9 serum levels in the postoperative period. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients with no radiographic evidence of disease ( n = 10 patients, 50 samples) had a significantly lower level of YKL-40 and MMP-9 than patients with active tumor ( n = 66 patients, 209 samples; P = 0.0003 and 0.0002, respectively). Anaplastic glioma patients with no radiographic evidence of disease ( n = 32 patients, 107 samples) also had a significantly lower level of YKL-40 compared with those patients with active tumor ( n = 48 patients, 199 samples; P = 0.04). There was a significant inverse association between YKL-40 and survival in GBM, hazard ratio (hazard ratio, 1.4; P = 0.02), and anaplastic astrocytoma patients (hazard ratio, 2.2; P = 0.05). Conclusions: YKL-40 and MMP-9 can be monitored in patients9 serum and help confirm the absence of active disease in GBM and YKL-40 in anaplastic glioma patients. YKL-40 can be used as predictor of survival in patients with high-grade glioma. Longitudinal studies with a larger patient population are needed to confirm these findings.
Primary button gastrostomy : a simplified percutaneous, open, laparoscopy-guided technique

Abstract Purpose: Button gastrostomy (BG) insertion has been a secondary procedure after initial open Stamm or percutaneous endoscopic tube gastrostomy. Previous attempts at primary open BG have been limited by the difficulty in bringing the BG "wings" through the abdominal wall. We employed an innovative technique for primary BG, which eliminates many of the disadvantages inherent in tube gastrostomy. Methods: From June 1993 to April 1994, primary BG insertion was performed in 34 children, using a silicon BG in a tapered peel-away sheath. Seventeen children had percutaneous endoscopic insertion of the BG. Six (35%) weighed less than 10 kg. Simultaneous laparoscopic guidance was used for percutaneous BG insertion in two children who had had multiple previous abdominal procedures. Open BG was performed during concomitant abdominal procedures in 15 patients and after unsuccessful percutaneous BG in two patients. Twelve patients (71%) weighed less than 10 kg. The standard Stamm technique was used for open BG insertion, and the tapered peel-away sheath was readily brought out through a remote incision in the abdominal wall. Results: The mean operative time for percutaneous primary BG was 12 minutes from needle insertion (range, 10 to 22 minutes). The mean time until BG feeding was 18 hours after insertion (range, 12 to 48 hours). No serious complications occurred in any of the 34 patients. Follow-up (1 to 10 months) has shown minor tissue reaction, minor leakage, and enthusiastic patient and parent satisfaction. Conclusion: This innovative technique has proven safe and effective and allows for insertion of a skin-level, nonrefluxing, nonreactive, self-retaining feeding device, which eliminates the need for initial open or percutaneous tube gastrostomy and the associated complications. Potential cost savings may result through elimination of secondary button insertion procedures and the radiological studies often used to confirm proper button placement.
Marketing’s contribution to business strategy: market orientation, relationship marketing and resource‐advantage theory

Although overlooked to some degree by non-marketing disciplines, the discipline of marketing has contributed significantly to the body of knowledge on business strategy over the last two decades. This paper evaluates these contributions, examines how they complement dominant non-marketing theories of business strategy, and shows how marketing offers a generalized theory of competition that integrates the concepts of both marketing and non-marketing theories of business strategy.
Nicholas of Cusa: Continuity and Conciliation at the Council of Basel

On 7 May 1437, in a ritual both sad and absurd, the Council of Basel broke apart in discord and disorder. Two factions in the cathedral session that morning, each “simultaneously reading its decree, shouting its Placet and singing its Te Deum,” divided the house on the issue of selecting a site for unification talks with the Church of Constantinople. The council that claimed the authority to rule Christianity in concordantia catholica (in universal harmony), the council that proclaimed its primacy over the pope, demonstrated its incapacity to put its claims into practice. Nicholas of Cusa, a prominent figure in the conciliarists' camp and author of the 1433 treatise Concordantia catholica , the declaration by which the council intended to reassert its supremacy over the papacy, was on the side of the minority that morning. On this occasion the learned conciliarist found himself in the unusual position of supporting Pope Eugenius IV. What had caused his change of mind, or heart, or, at least, position? Had Cusa indeed changed, or beneath this apparent conversion was he constant in his convictions?
Polystyrene Size Determination in Polystyrene and Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Using Electronic Excitation Transport

Poly(styrene-co-2-vinylnaphthalene) with a 1.25% fraction of naphthyl fluorophores is studied in two polymeric hosts, polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether). In the polystyrene host, measurement of the electronic excitation transport-induced fluorescence polarization anisotropy decay, r(t), in conjunction with a previous quantitative statistical theory of electronic excitation transport on lightly tagged polymer chains, allows a determination of the copolymer radius of gyration. Comparison with light scattering measurements from the literature establishes the θ-condition nature of this solid system. Poly(vinyl methyl ether) forms a compatible polymer blend with polystyrene. Analysis of r(t) data shows that the radius of gyration of a copolymer molecule is expanded in poly(vinyl methyl ether) relative to the θ-condition at room temperature. The synthesis of poly(styrene-co-2-vinylnaphthalene) is detailed.
Minireview: Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Focus on Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

The idea that what we eat, feel, and experience influences our physical and mental state and can be transmitted to our offspring and even to subsequent generations has been in the popular realm for a long time. In addition to classic gene mutations, we now recognize that some mechanisms for inheritance do not require changes in DNA. The field of epigenetics has provided a new appreciation for the variety of ways biological traits can be transmitted to subsequent generations. Thus, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has emerged as a new area of research. We have four goals for this minireview. First, we describe the topic and some of the nomenclature used in the literature. Second, we explain the major epigenetic mechanisms implicated in transgenerational inheritance. Next, we examine some of the best examples of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, with an emphasis on those produced by exposing the parental generation to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Finally, we discuss how whole-genom...
Post‐9/11 Helpseeking by New York City Parents on Behalf of Highly Exposed Young Children

This study examines factors related to helpseeking among New York City parents on behalf of their young children after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Data were gathered from 180 parents about their children (under age 5) through in-depth parent interviews 9-12 months postdisaster. Parents were asked to describe their children's disaster-related experiences, their own and their children's mental health status, and post-9/11 helpseeking behavior for their children. Predictors of parental helpseeking for children's services included the emergence of new fears in children since 9/11, parent symptoms of depression, and parents' own helpseeking. The strongest predictor was children's direct exposure to the attacks. Fifteen percent (n = 27) of parents sought services for their very young children. Findings suggest that following 9/11, a familial orientation to helpseeking combined with children's specific disaster-related experiences may provide a basis for seeking services for young children, rather than children's apparent mental health status.
Field- and concentration-dependence of electrostatics in non-polar colloidal asphaltene suspensions

Electrostatic stabilization has recently been found to be an important factor in non-polar colloidal asphaltene suspensions. However, the nature of charging in asphaltene systems may be quite different than in other non-polar colloid systems. For instance, the origin of charging in asphaltene colloids arises from both positive and negative charges native to the asphaltenes. In part due to this bimodality of surface charge, some dispersants are shown to stabilize asphaltene colloids at concentrations below their cmc. This effect does not arise from ionic effects of the dispersant, but rather from preferential dispersant adsorption onto charged sites on the colloidal asphaltene surface. Due to the long-range nature of electrostatics in non-polar systems, electrophoretic mobility can depend on both electric-field and particle volume fraction. We investigate the field- and concentration- dependence of electrophoretic mobility in non-polar colloidal asphaltene suspensions. Our results suggest that colloidal asphaltene suspensions stabilized by non-ionic dispersants can exhibit large screening lengths even in the presence of dispersant micelles. Due in part to the large screening length, a decrease in electrophoretic mobility can occur even at low colloidal particle concentrations.
A software tool for introducing speech coding fundamentals in a DSP course

An educational software tool on speech coding is presented. Portions of this program are used in a senior-level DSP (digital signal processing) class at Arizona State University, USA, to expose undergraduate students to speech coding and present speech analysis/synthesis as an application paradigm for many DSP fundamental concepts. The simulation software provides an interactive environment that allows users to investigate and understand speech coding algorithms for a variety of input speech records. Time- and frequency-domain representations of input and reconstructed speech can be graphically displayed and played back on a PC equipped with a standard 16-bit sound card. The program has been developed for use in the MATLAB environment and includes implementations of the FS-1015 LPC-10e, the FS-1016 CELP, the ETSI GSM, the IS-54 VSELP, the G.721 ADPCM, and the G.728 LD-CELP speech coding algorithms, integrated under a common graphical interface.
Contrasting foraging patterns for Africanized honeybees, native bees and native wasps in a tropical agroforestry landscape.

Ecological and temporal factors can influence animal foraging patterns and may obscure our understanding of how native and exotic species interact. To understand how such factors affect foraging, the visitation of native and exotic bees and wasps was observed at nectar feeders within Mexican agroforestry systems, while documenting (1) vegetation management (low-shade vs. high-shade coffee), (2) light and floral resource levels and (3) recruiting ability, as measured by the change in visitation between two consecutive experimental days. On day one, Africanized honeybee visitation was significantly greater in low-shade habitats, and native solitary bee abundance was significantly greater in high-shade habitats, while native social bee and solitary wasp visitation were not significantly different between habitat types. After 24 h, Africanized honeybee visitation increased significantly in both habitat types, while native social bee visitation increased significantly only in high-shade coffee. In contrast, native solitary bee and native solitary wasp visitation decreased in both habitat types. Overall, this study reveals that Africanized honeybees exhibit only initial foraging preference for low-shade habitats, while native bees exhibit both initial and delayed recruitment-based foraging preferences for high-shade habitats.
A prototypical self-optimizing package for parallel implementation of fast signal transforms

This paper presents a sell-adapting parallel package for computing the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT), a prototypical fast signal transform, similar to the fast Fourier transform. Using a search over a space of mathematical formulas representing different algorithms to compute the WHT the package finds the best parallel implementation on a given shared-memory multiprocessor. The search automatically finds the best combination of sequential and parallel code leading to the most effective granularity, load balance and cache utilization. Experimental results are presented showing the optimizations required to obtain nearly linear speedup on a sample symmetric multiprocessor.
Submicron aerosol losses in aluminized mylar bags

Abstract Aluminized Mylar bags are used by many researchers to store aerosol samples for later analysis. Our results show that the rate of deposition of unipolar unit-charged aerosols to the walls can be extremely high and is unpredictable for different bags that by inspection appear to be in identical condition. Filling losses and the rate of decay of monodispersed unit-charged aerosols smaller than 0.2 μm in aluminized Mylar bags were shown to be strongly dependent on the electrostatic charges existing on the bags' surfaces despite the aluminum coating; for monodispersed charge-equilibrated aerosols the rate of deposition was much lower. Application of antistatic agents to the bags' interior or exterior surfaces increased the lifetimes of aerosols stored within. But the application of the antistatic agent tested did not completely neutralize the charges residing on the surfaces of the bags. A paper bag with an interior aluminum foil coating was shown to be far superior to the aluminized Mylar bag in han...
Hoodigogenin A from Hoodia gordonii

The title mol­ecule (systematic name: 12-O-β-tigloyl-3β,14β-dihydroxy­pregn-5-en-20-one), C26H38O5, isolated from aerial parts of Hoodia gordonii, has its steroid A and C rings in chair conformations, its B ring in a half-chair conformation, and its five-membered ring in an envelope conformation. The OH group at the C/D ring junction forms an intra­molecular hydrogen bond with the keto substituent. The OH group on the A ring forms an inter­molecular hydrogen bond with the tiglate C=O group, propagating [010] chains in the crystal structure.
Analytical Determination of Pressure on Formwork

A method is presented for determining the distribution of form pressure during the pouring of a vertical slab from a chemically hardening material such as concrete. The pressure distribution against the form surfaces results from the interaction of gravity with the progressive hardening and shrinkage of the material. Essential aspects of the formulation include time-dependent constitutive equations for the solidifying material which incorporate the effects of shrinkage, and a transformation to a moving coordinate system which handles the motion of the pouring surface. Hardening occurs as the consequence of the conversion of the material from an initial liquid-like condition into an elastic solid, where intermediate states during hardening are represented by a mixture of two components having the initial and final properties of the solidifying material. Graphical comparisons of results obtained from the analytical formulation are shown and examined in relation to experimental data and recommended design practice.
Fatty Acid Ratios of Lipid Solvent Fractions in Taphrina

Fatty acid ratios were determined for 19 isolates of Taphrina in an attempt to obtain a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships. The major fatty acid components were identified as 18:1 and 18:2 (average 28% for the 19 isolates), 16:0 (19%), 18:0 (9%), 18:3 (less than 5%) with respect to numbers of carbons and double bonds. Analysis of the methyl esters of isolates grouped according to host families and host genera exhibited no significant patterns indicative of phylogenetic relationships. Likewise, ungrouped isolates differed significantly from one another.
Adaptive Spectral Imaging Classification

We have developed an adaptive spectral imaging classifier that directly spectrally-classifies every location in a scene and adaptively adjusts itself to facilitate this classification process. The net result is classification error rates that are multiple orders-of-magnitude below those of conventional instruments or even static computational/compressive sensing approaches. I will present our latest results and demonstrate quantitative agreement with expected performance across a wide range of operational parameters. Article not available.
High-Fidelity Aerostructural Otimization Considering Buffet Onset

High fidelity computational modeling and optimization of complex engineering systems has the potential to allow engineers to produce more efficient designs with fewer unforeseen design modifications late in the design process. For transonic wing design, the simultaneous optimization of the aerodynamic shape and structural sizing yields significant fuel burn savings that can only be achieved with multidisciplinary optimization. Typically, optimizations attempt to improve the performance at a small number of representative operating conditions. However, the performance improvement may be obtained at the expense of reduced robustness or performance in other aspects of the design. In this paper, we investigate the effects of including operating conditions near the initial buffet onset boundary at both high CL and high Mach number conditions. A series of aerostructural optimizations demonstrate the positive effect of including these off-design conditions on the buffet onset boundary of the optimized designs. A single point optimized design is able to reduce the fuel burn by 15.4% but with poor-off-design and buffet onset behavior. A multipoint optimization including conditions near the buffet onset, was able to reduce the fuel burn by 12.4%, improve the robustness near the on-design flight condition, and improve the buffet onset boundary.
N ondestructive assessm en t approaches to storage life of so lid propellan ts(I)—ag ing characteristic param-eter surveillance m ethod

D irect-vision analysis and statistics check resu lts show that there exists linear correlation relationsh ip between the m echan i-cal property param eters and the gel fraction ofHTPB and NEPE,at the sam e tim e,the linear correlation wh ich belongs to single corre-spond ing relationsh ip is independent of aging temperature.Then gel fraction was taken as characteristic param eters to character the m e-chan ical property of propellant during the storage course.Calcu la-tion m ethod of regression equation was given to determ ine total re-gression relationsh ip.F inally nondestructive assessm ent approaches tak ing gel fraction as characteristic param eters were derived.
Improving the non-biological stability of Hakka rice wine by ultrafiltration technology

The effect of ultrafiltration on the improvement of non-biological stability of Hakka rice wine was investigated.The impacts of ultrafiltration time,ultrafiltration temperature and pressure on membrane flux were studied.The cold turbidities of Hakka rice wine before and after ultrafiltration were compared.The variation of physiochemical indexes was also measured.The results indicated that after being treated under the pressure of 0.2MPa at 30℃ for 30min,the soluble protein content in rice wine was reduced,the cold stability was enhanced,and the quality of Hyakka rice wine was improved.
Anoxia-reoxygenation-induced, neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell injury: role of elastase

The aim of this study was to assess the role of neutrophilic elastase in anoxia-reoxygenation-induced, neutrophil-mediated injury to microvascular endothelium. Cultured bovine microvascular endothelial cells were grown to confluence and labeled with 51Cr. The endothelial cells were exposed to a 30-min period of anoxia and subsequently reoxygenated. Endothelial cell injury, quantitated as 51Cr release and cell detachment, was determined 8 h after reoxygenation. Addition of neutrophils upon reoxygenation enhanced the anoxia-reoxygenation-induced increase in 51Cr release and cell detachment. The neutrophil-mediated injury was associated with elastase release from the neutrophils. Four agents were used to inhibit neutrophilic elastase activity: Eglin C, methoxysuccunyl-Ala2-Pro-Val-CH2Cl, L658,758, and a monoclonal antibody against neutrophilic elastase. All elastase inhibitors attenuated the neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell detachment but not 51Cr release. Addition of purified human neutrophilic elastase, at a level that mimicked the release from neutrophils, increased cell detachment in endothelial cells exposed to anoxia-reoxygenation but did not affect 51Cr release. Our results indicate that elastase plays an important role in anoxia-reoxygenation-induced, neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction.
Injection of Syngeneic Murine Melanoma Cells to Determine Their Metastatic Potential in the Lungs

Approximately 90% of human cancer deaths are linked to metastasis. Despite the prevalence and relative harm of metastasis, therapeutics for treatment or prevention are lacking. We report a method for the establishment of pulmonary metastases in mice, useful for the study of this phenomenon. Tail vein injection of B57BL/6J mice with B16-BL6 is among the most used models for melanoma metastases. Some of the circulating tumor cells establish themselves in the lungs of the mouse, creating "experimental" metastatic foci. With this model it is possible to measure the relative effects of therapeutic agents on the development of cancer metastasis. The difference in enumerated lung foci between treated and untreated mice indicates the efficacy of metastases neutralization. However, prior to the investigation of a therapeutic agent, it is necessary to determine an optimal number of injected B16-BL6 cells for the quantitative analysis of metastatic foci. Injection of too many cells may result in an overabundance of metastatic foci, impairing proper quantification and overwhelming the effects of anti-cancer therapies, while injection of too few cells will hinder the comparison between treated and controls.
Predicting outcome after listing for heart transplantation in children: Comparison of kaplan-meier and parametric competing risk analysis

After listing for pediatric heart transplantation, at any point in time one of the following possibilities could have occurred; death, transplantation, removal from the list because of clinical improvement, or continuing to wait. In the setting of those competing outcomes, the Kaplan-Meier estimate portrays the time-relatedness of an event while ignoring the effect of the other possible outcomes. The competing outcomes method, however, depicts the time relatedness of an event while solving for all possible events simultaneously. The competing outcomes method may potentially provide more accurate information regarding the actual proportion of patients experience an outcome after listing.
Conflicting evidence for the dopamine release theory of nicotine/tobacco dependence.

At the present time, the dopamine theory of nicotine/tobacco dependence is widely accepted by most pharmacologists and neuroscientists. It seems foolhardy to question it. However, nicotine releases a large variety of hormones, neuromodulators and neurotransmitters. Nevertheless, brain dopamine release, by far, has been emphasized as the most important mechanism for tobacco dependence in man. As a basic and clinical pharmacologist, one must evaluate all data on this issue from isolated preparations and intact animals such as rodents and primates and, finally, studies in humans. A review of the published data is appropriate to evaluate the basis for the current widely held view that nicotine/tobacco, like much stronger central nervous system stimulants including amphetamine and cocaine, acts primarily through a brain dopamine release mechanism. Nicotine produces marked locomotor effects in rodents. In mice, the locomotion stimulant or depressant effects of nicotine are strain dependent. In most strains of rats, if naive to nicotine, locomotor activity is usually markedly depressed. Upon repeated nicotine administration, rats show locomotor stimulant effects, a phenomenon known as behavioral sensitization. In monkeys, nicotine behavioral sensitization is very poorly developed. It has not been described in humans. Nevertheless, rat behavioral sensitization is postulated to be an excellent model of human dependence to various drugs. The data for a primary role of nicotine release of brain dopamine are unimpressive compared to that of amphetamines and cocaine in conscious unanesthetized primates, both subhuman and human.
Plato's Anti‐Kohlbergian Program for Moral Education

Following Lawrence Kohlberg it has been commonplace to regard Plato's moral theory as ‘intellectualist’, where Plato supposedly believes that becoming virtuous requires nothing other than ‘philosophical knowledge or intuition of the ideal form of the good’. This is a radical misunderstanding of Plato's educational programme, however. While Plato claims that knowledge is extremely important in the initial stages of the moral development of young adults, he also claims that knowledge must be followed by a rigorous process of imitation and habituation. Like Aristotle, Plato believes that it is not possible to become virtuous if one does not practice the virtues under the guidance of virtuous role models. This paper seeks to illuminate this little recognised aspect of Plato's educational programme. When properly understood, Plato's theory offers educators important insights into how best to encourage the moral development of young adults.
Thelia bimaculata (F.) and Vanduzea arquata (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in the Southern Appalachians: New Hosts in Robinia (Fabaceae) and Nymphal Use of Abandoned Cavities of the Locust Twig Borer

Abstract. The treehoppers Thelia bimaculata (F.) and Vanduzea arquata (Say) were studied in the southern Appalachians, with emphasis on delimiting their host-plant ranges. Previously thought to develop only on black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), both membracids were found to use granite dome locust (R. hartwigii) as a host; nymphs of V. arquata also developed on bristly locust (R. hispida). Neither membracid became entrapped on the sticky stems of R. hartwigii, but only adults, trapped in glandular exudate, were observed on clammy locust (R. viscosa), whose more viscid stems apparently are unsuitable for treehopper colonization. Both tree-hoppers typically were positioned on black locust as described in the literature, but nymphs, particularly those of T. bimaculata, also were observed to occupy old (abandoned) burrows (tunnels) of the locust twig borer (Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Ants (Crematogaster lineolata [Say], Formica subsericea Say, and other species) tended membra...