cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoreactivity to vasopressin- but not oxytocin-associated neurophysin antiserum in phasic neurons of rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.

Abstract Burst of action potentials were recorded intracellularly from 11 phasically firing magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in slices of rat hypothalamus. Thes burst of overshooting, often broadening action potentials (63–87 mV peak-to-peak) were superimposed on depolarizing plateau potentials. Phasic activity was recorded before and/or after the neurons were injected with the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH. Injected neurons were first examined in whole slices, and subsequently, in sectioned material, characterized immunocytochemically using antisera to vasopressin- and oxytocin-associated neurophysins (VP-NP and OT-NP respectively). The 11 injections produced 8 single dye filled neurons and 3 pairs of dye-coupled neurons, 14 dye-filled cells in all. Six of the single cells and all the dye coupled pairs were immunoreactive with VP-NP antiserum and not reactive with OT-NP antiserum. Most of these neurons were in areas of the nucleus in which VP-NP reactive cells predominated, but two were surrounded by OT-NP reactive cells. Two single, dye-filled, phasically active, magnocellular neurons failed to show immunoreactivity to either antiserum.
Response of Chickens to Temperature and Relative Humidity Environments

Abstract IN EXPERIMENTS with chicks from 1 to 18 days of age, Barott and Pringle (1949) found no difference in growth as affected by relative humidity from 35 to 75 percent while maintaining brooding temperatures. Barott and Pringle (1950) found that best growth was obtained at 26.8°C. for 18 day old chicks and that chicks 32 days of age performed best at a temperature of 18.8°C. Based on a calorimeter study using adult chickens, Romijn and Lokhorst (1961) found that total heat loss was not influenced by relative humidity of the environment while controlling temperature at 23.8°C. Ota and Garver (1958) found that feed consumption for chicks averaging 56 days old was not as great at 29.3°C. as compared to 18.2°C. Prince et al. (1961), in an experiment with chicks four to eight weeks of age, found that feed consumption decreased in a linear relationship for environmental temperatures between 7.1°C. and 23.8°C.…
Perception of Chemotherapy Side Effects Cancer versus Noncancer Patients

purpose: This study was conducted to identify and compare perceptions regarding the disruption in quality of life caused by chemotherapy side effects in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and in noncancer, chemotherapy-naive patients. description of study: One hundred forty-six patients with cancer and 224 patients without cancer completed two instruments to assess the perceived magnitude of 41 physical and psychosocial chemotherapy side effects. Instrument 1 used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all; 2 = a little bit; 3 = somewhat; 4 = quite a bit; and 5 = very much) to summarize patient responses to the question, “How much did or would each of the following side effects of chemotherapy bother you?” Instrument 2 was a serial ranking questionnaire that asked patients to select the 10 most bothersome side effects to numerically rank the top five. An index of the relative magnitude of chemotherapy side effects was calculated for each instrument. results: For patients with cancer, loss of hair 50%), changes in taste (46%), constantly being tired (42%), affects work duties (39%), changes in smell perception (35%) were most frequently perceived as bothering them “quite a bit” or “very much.” Nausea and vomiting were ranked 11th and 22nd, respectively. With instrument 2, the five side effects perceived as most troublesome were, in decreasing order: nausea, loss of hair, constantly tired, vomiting, and changes in the way things taste. For noncancer patients, those factors potentially bothersome “quite a bit” or “very much” were: financial hardship (82%), hardship on family (78%), vomiting (73%), shortness of breath (70%), and ability to perform work duties (69%). Via instrument 2, the top five side effects, in decreasing order were: vomiting, hardship on family, loss of hair, financial hardship, nausea, having to move close to a treatment center. clinical implications: Noncancer, chemotherapy-naive patients perceived most chemotherapy-associated side effects as having greater impact on the quality of life than did cancer patients who had received chemotherapy. These findings can be used to direct patient education, education of the public, specific materials concerning cancer chemotherapy. The expertise of various members of the healthcare team can maximize the patient's comprehension of the adverse effects of the treatment options. The physician's knowledge of the overall treatment plan can assist in patient understanding; oncology pharmacists nurses are in a unique position to educate patients their families regarding potential chemotherapy side effects.
A phenomenological treatment of the absolute signs of spin-spin coupling constants

Spin-spin coupling constants from perturbation- variation and first order perturbed trial function assumptions
Consumption of Sugarbeet Foliage by the Palestriped Flea Beetle

The adult Systena blanda Melsheimer consumes ca. 0.3 cm2 of sugarbeet foliage/day. Consumption does not vary significantly within the normal mean daytime temperature range, nor does beetle density seem to affect feeding activity. The weed species commonly found in Colorado sugarbeet fields ( Kochia scoparia (L.), Amaranthus retroflexus L., and Chenopodium album L.) are no more attractive to S. blanda than are sugarbeets. Data on sugarbeet leaf area were collected for 1977 and used to determine the number of beetles necessary to inflict a given level of defoliation by using the formula: No. beetles/plant = % defoliation × total leaf area/plant 0.3 cm2 × number days feeding ×100.
Wettability/spreading of alkanes at the water-gas interface at elevated temperatures and pressures

Abstract The Hamaker–Lifshitz theory is used to calculate the spreading coefficient of alkanes on water or brine at elevated temperatures and pressures. The dielectric polarizability at elevated temperature and pressure is estimated as a function of density through the Clausius–Mosotti equation. When complete data is not available, the wetting transition can be estimated from the refractive index at elevated temperatures and pressures. The spreading of alkanes on brine can also be estimated from the refractive index of the brine as a function of electrolyte concentration. The approach used here for alkanes is also used to estimate the conditions for the spreading of H 2 S between water and sulfur.
Threshold Solutions and Sharp Transitions for Nonautonomous Parabolic Equations on \({\mathbb{R}^N}\)

This paper is devoted to a class of nonautonomous parabolic equations of the form ut = Δu + f(t, u) on \({\mathbb{R}^N}\) . We consider a monotone one-parameter family of initial data with compact support, such that for small values of the parameter the corresponding solutions decay to zero, whereas for large values they exhibit a different behavior (either blowup in finite time or locally uniform convergence to a positive constant steady state). We are interested in the set of intermediate values of the parameter for which neither of these behaviors occurs. We refer to such values as threshold values and to the corresponding solutions as threshold solutions. We prove that the transition from decay to the other behavior is sharp: there is just one threshold value. We also describe the behavior of the threshold solution: it is global, bounded, and asymptotically symmetric in the sense that all its limit profiles, as t → ∞, are radially symmetric about the same center. Our proofs rely on parabolic Liouville theorems, asymptotic symmetry results for nonlinear parabolic equations, and theorems on exponential separation and principal Floquet bundles for linear parabolic equations.
Magnetism in very thin films of permalloy measured by spin polarized cascade electrons

The spin polarizationP of the low energy cascade electrons excited with a primary unpolarized electron beam is measured with ultrathin films of permalloy (Ni80Fe20) as a function of film thickness, external magnetic field, and temperatureT. Surface adsorbates of small concentrations of less than 10% of a monolayer can change the Curie point and the saturation value ofP 0(T→0) by as much as 30%. The Ta-substrate induces a magnetically dead region in permalloy. Conventional spin wave theory cannot account for the observed smallT-dependence of the magnetizationM. Films on a nonmagnetic substrate are compared to similar films coupled to bulk permalloy over an interface of Ta. TheT-dependence ofM with the coupled films can be explained by spin wave theory. At lowT, the films coupled to the bulk exhibit a faster decrease ofM than the uncoupled films. We propose that this thermal stabilization of the magnetization in very thin ferromagnetic films is due to quenching of the long wavelength spin modes.
On the relationship between interception of direct solar radiation by cactus bodies and plant leaves

Abstract The interception of direct solar radiation by cactus bodies is calculated by computation of the average of the cosine of the angle of incidence over the surface of two models: a cylindrical model with a horizontal top and a prolate or oblate ellipsoidal model. An expression is obtained for the fraction of maximum possible solar radiation intercepted by a particular surface element for fixed values of the zenith angle of the sun. This expression is averaged by numerical integration over the surface of the cactus body to yield the average cosine of angle of incidence. The resulting relationships between cosine of angle of incidence and solar zenith angle show significant differences with respect to similar relationships for flat leaves. However, if a correction is applied for attenuation of direct solar radiation by the atmosphere, differences are greatly reduced.
Diagnosis of tetrasomy 18p using in situ hybridization of a DNA probe to metaphase chromosomes.

We identified an isochromosome of 18p [47, XY, + i(18p)] conclusively by in situ hybridization of an 18p-specific probe (B74; D18S3) to metaphase chromosomes of an affected patient. Clinical findings included mental retardation, microcephaly, and an atrial septal defect. Although there is similarity to patients previously described with tetrasomy 18p, it is impossible to rule out a low frequency of mis-diagnoses in karyotypes determined solely by standard cytogenetic analyses. We expect the ability to conclusively identify an i(18p) to lead to the delineation of tetrasomy 18p as a distinct clinical syndrome.
Optimization of magnetic parameters for toggle magnetoresistance random access memory

The magnetic parameters of the synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) elements for toggle-mode magnetoresistance random access memories (Toggle-MRAMs) have been optimized using the critical field curves obtained by analytical method with the aid of numerical calculations, to maximize the operating field margin taking into account the required memory density, storage lifetime, half-select disturb robustness, and the available strength of operating field. The control of especially low-exchange coupling strength in the SAF in addition to the increase of the operating field has been found to be essential for the development of toggle-MRAM in near future.
Performance Effectiveness and Efficiency Under Different Dyadic Work Strategies

Abstract : The effects of three task solving strategies upon group efficiency and effectiveness were studied. Sixty soldiers worked in dyads under a shared labor strategy or one of two divided labor strategies. Tasks were a difficult and an easy crossword puzzle. On the average, dividing labor resulted in greater efficiency (amount of work per man-hour) while requiring Ss to work together resulted in substantially greater group effectiveness (total performance), but this effect occurred primarily on the easy task. It was suggested that a high degree of member interdependence maximizes redundancy of task-relevant abilities, resulting in generally superior performance effectiveness but frequently at the cost of efficiency.
Senescence Induced by Altered Telomere State, Not Telomere Loss

Primary human cells in culture invariably stop dividing and enter a state of growth arrest called replicative senescence. This transition is induced by programmed telomere shortening, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that overexpression of TRF2, a telomeric DNA binding protein, increased the rate of telomere shortening in primary cells without accelerating senescence. TRF2 reduced the senescence setpoint, defined as telomere length at senescence, from 7 to 4 kilobases. TRF2 protected critically short telomeres from fusion and repressed chromosome-end fusions in presenescent cultures, which explains the ability of TRF2 to delay senescence. Thus, replicative senescence is induced by a change in the protected status of shortened telomeres rather than by a complete loss of telomeric DNA.
Investigation of the correlation between the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the logarithm of the OH rate constant of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrofluoroethers

A regression based model was developed to determine whether highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies, calculated using Kohn-Sham orbital density functional theory (DFT), could be used to estimate the OH rate constants of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), proposed substitutes for stratospheric O3 depleting chlorofluorocarbons. The goodness of fit of the DFT model was compared with a second regression model, derived using recently reported HOMO energies obtained from Hartree Fock theory (HFT). Both models were employed to predict OH rate constants for a number of HFCs and HFEs whose OH rate constants have not been measured, thus providing data on the types of chemical structures that may increase the OH reactivity of the substitute and hence decrease its contribution to global warming. The estimated percent standard errors in the OH rate constant HFT and DFT regression models were 72% and 78%, respectively. The goodness of fits were such that the models can differentiate between two rate constants only when their ratio exceeds about a factor of four. Model results suggest that (1) only a limited number of HFEs will have OH rate constants that are more than an order of magnitude greater than the value for their corresponding HFCs and (2) the strategy of introducing an ether linkage into an HFC to dramatically enhance its reactivity will be most effective for the least fluorinated HFCs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1
Rate Constant Rules for the Automated Generation of Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanisms†

The capability of kinetic models to predict complex chemical systems has enormously improved in the last decades, making them an increasingly important tool for process development and optimization. Extension of these approaches to even more complex systems is hindered not only by the geometrically increasing number of reactions and species to be considered but also by the necessity of assigning accurate rate constants to all of the reactions. The recent developments in automated mechanism generators can address the tedious bookkeeping issues. The requirement for development of accurate rate constant estimates remains the job of the kineticist. This task has been aided immeasurably by the combined advances in electronic structure methods and computer performance. This article describes two areas of rate estimation. First, we discuss the development of H abstraction rate estimates from C−H bonds in alkanes, cycloalkanes, and allylic systems by H atoms and point to a surprising result found for cyclopentane...
Impact of the Organization Environment on the Long-Range Planning Process: A Contingency View

A two-stage survey of 199 corporations in 15 industrial classifications found that firms tend to adopt more complete formal long-range planning processes as the complexity and instability of the bu...
Glowing Tumors Make for Better Detection and Resection

Tumor-specific fluorescent probes that can be administered topically make tumors glow selectively and thus have great potential for improving cancer detection and removal.
Euler equation simulation of propeller-wing interaction in transonicflow

A method is presented for the computation of propeller-win g interaction in transonic rotational flow The approach is to use the three dimensional, time dependent Euler equations with force terms included to simulate the propeller Viscous inviscid interaction on the wing surface is included by coupling the three dimensional Euler equations with the two dimensional compressible turbulent inverse integral boundary layer equations Numerical solutions are compared with experimental data for a 32 deg swept supercritical wing without a propeller simulator, a wing with a propeller simulator producing thrust only, and a wing with a propeller simulator producing thrust and swirl in each direction TUDIES indicate that a significant reduction in fuel consumption of transport aircraft can be achieved by advanced technology turboprop or prop fan propulsion systems It is intended that such propulsion systems be used on transonic aircraft Small changes in transonic flow about a wing can cause appreciable change in shock wave strength and location and consequently influence lift, drag, boundary layer growth, separation, etc Because propellers can produce significant changes in the transonic flow about a wing, if is necessary to understand the influence of a propeller slip stream on a supercritical type wing The purpose of this paper is to present a computational fluid dynamic method of simulating three dimensional transonic propeller wing in teraction, including swirl Most investigations of propeller wing flowfields have been limited to subsonic 15 and high subsonic6 Mach numbers Rizk7 and Narain8 have investigated the transonic problem using the potential flow equations A transonic propeller wing interaction flowfield, however, is rotational due to variations in flow properties induced by the propeller, embedded shocks and viscous effects The approach taken herein is to use the three-dimensional, time dependent Euler equations including the energy equation, in order to allow for rotational flow In addition * viscous effects are taken into account by coupling the three-dimensional Euler equations with the two dimensional compressible turbulent inverse integral boun dary layer equations. The method used to incorporate the influence of a propeller in the Euler equations is described in the following section The Euler equation solver is then briefly discussed followed by an explanation of how viscous inviscid interaction is in eluded in the computational method Finally, numerical results are presented and compared with results from a transonic flow experiment designed to simulate the influence of a propeller on a supercritical wing
Ensuring equitable access to sick leave

Despite medicine’s impressive advances, there are still simple solutions to reduce the likelihood of illness and to speed up recovery that are underused. Paid sick leave with job protection is one such example in Canada. At the federal level, the Employment Insurance system provides income support
Fast Kernel Discriminant Analysis for Classification of Liver Cancer Mass Spectra

The classification of serum samples based on mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly used for monitoring disease progression and for diagnosing early disease. However, the classification task in mass spectrometry data is extremely challenging due to the very huge size of peaks (features) on mass spectra. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) has been widely used for dimension reduction and feature extraction in many applications. However, the conversional LDA suffers from the singularity problem when dealing with high-dimensional features. Another critical limitation is its linearity property which results in failing in classification problems over nonlinearly clustered data sets. To overcome such problems, we develop a new fast kernel discriminant analysis (FKDA) that is pretty fast in the calculation of optimal discriminant vectors. FKDA is applied to the classification of liver cancer mass spectrometry data that consist of three categories: hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, and healthy that was originally analyzed by Ressom et al. [CHECK END OF SENTENCE]. We demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of FKDA when compared to other classification techniques.
PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes in vivo

We present evidence that some low-grade oligodendrogliomas may be comprised of proliferating glial progenitor cells that are blocked in their ability to differentiate, whereas malignant gliomas have additionally acquired other mutations such as disruption of cell cycle arrest pathways by loss of Ink4a–Arf. We have modeled these effects in cell culture and in mice by generating autocrine stimulation of glia through the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). In cell culture, PDGF signaling induces proliferation of glial precursors and blocks their differentiation into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. In addition, coexpression of PDGF and PDGF receptors has been demonstrated in human gliomas, implying that autocrine stimulation may be involved in glioma formation. In this study, using somatic cell type-specific gene transfer we investigated the functions of PDGF autocrine signaling in gliomagenesis by transferring the overexpression of PDGF-B into either nestin-expressing neural progenitors or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes both in cell culture and in vivo. In cultured astrocytes, overexpression of PDGF-B caused significant increase in proliferation rate of both astrocytes and neural progenitors. Furthermore, PDGF gene transfer converted cultured astrocytes into cells with morphologic and gene expression characteristics of glial precursors. In vivo, gene transfer of PDGF to neural progenitors induced the formation of oligodendrogliomas in about 60% of mice by 12 wk of age; PDGF transfer to astrocytes induced the formation of either oligodendrogliomas or mixed oligoastrocytomas in about 40% of mice in the same time period. Loss of Ink4a–Arf, a mutation frequently found in high-grade human gliomas, resulted in shortened latency and enhanced malignancy of gliomas. The highest percentage of PDGF-induced malignant gliomas arose from of Ink4a–Arf null progenitor cells. These data suggest that chronic autocrine PDGF signaling can promote a proliferating population of glial precursors and is potentially sufficient to induce gliomagenesis. Loss of Ink4a–Arf is not required for PDGF-induced glioma formation but promotes tumor progression toward a more malignant phenotype.
Novel clinical uses for cord blood derived mesenchymal stromal cells

Regenerative medicine offers new hope for many debilitating diseases that result in damage to tissues and organs. The concept is straightforward with replacement of damaged cells with new functional cells. However, most tissues and organs are complex structures involving multiple cell types, supportive structures, a microenvironment producing cytokines and growth factors and a vascular system to supply oxygen and other nutrients. Therefore repair, particularly in the setting of ischemic damage, may require delivery of multiple cell types providing new vessel formation, a new microenvironment and functional cells. The field of stem cell biology has identified a number of stem cell sources including embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells that offer the potential to replace virtually all functional cells of the body. The focus of this article is a discussion of the potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from cord blood (CB) for regenerative medicine approaches.
Hyperparameter and Kernel Learning for Graph Based Semi-Supervised Classification

There have been many graph-based approaches for semi-supervised classification. One problem is that of hyperparameter learning: performance depends greatly on the hyperparameters of the similarity graph, transformation of the graph Laplacian and the noise model. We present a Bayesian framework for learning hyperparameters for graph-based semi-supervised classification. Given some labeled data, which can contain inaccurate labels, we pose the semi-supervised classification as an inference problem over the unknown labels. Expectation Propagation is used for approximate inference and the mean of the posterior is used for classification. The hyperparameters are learned using EM for evidence maximization. We also show that the posterior mean can be written in terms of the kernel matrix, providing a Bayesian classifier to classify new points. Tests on synthetic and real datasets show cases where there are significant improvements in performance over the existing approaches.
Childhood Disability in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Overview of Screening, Prevention, Services, Legislation, and Epidemiology

BACKGROUND.Childhood disability affects millions of children around the world, most of whom are in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the large burden on child development, family life, and economics, research in the area of childhood disability is woefully inadequate, especially from low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE.The objective of this review was to generate information about current knowledge on childhood disability in low- and middle-income countries and identify gaps to guide future research. METHODS.Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo) were searched by using specific search terms related to childhood disability in developing countries. The Cochrane Library was also searched to identify any similar reviews. Whole texts of articles that met study criteria were scrutinized for information regarding research method, screening tools, epidemiology, disability-related services, legislation, and prevention and promotion activities. Quantitative and qualitative information was collated, and frequency distributions of research parameters were generated. RESULTS.Eighty articles were included in the review (41 from low-income countries). Almost 60% of the studies were cross-sectional; case-control, cohort, and randomized, controlled trials accounted for only 15% of the studies. Of the 80 studies, 66 focused on epidemiologic research. Hearing (26%) and intellectual (26%) disabilities were the commonly studied conditions. The Ten Questionnaire was the most commonly used screening tool. Information on specific interventions, service utilization, and legislation was lacking, and study quality generally was inadequate. Data on outcomes of morbidities, including delivery complications and neonatal and early childhood illness, is particularly lacking. CONCLUSIONS.With this review we identified potential gaps in knowledge, especially in the areas of intervention, service utilization, and legislation. Even epidemiologic research was of inadequate quality, and research was lacking on conditions other than hearing and intellectual disabilities. Future researchers should not only address these gaps in current knowledge but also take steps to translate their research into public health policy changes that would affect the lives of children with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries.
Effect of a psychiatric diagnosis on nursing care for nonpsychiatric problems.

This study was designed to test how patients' psychiatric diagnoses would affect nursing care for medical problems. Sixty nurses were randomly assigned to three groups in this posttest-only experiment. Control group nurses read a vignette describing a man admitted with a possible myocardial infarction (MI). Nonpsychotic group nurses also read that the person was on alprazolam. Psychotic group nurses read that the person was on haloperidol, benztropine, lorazepam, trazadone, fluoxetine, and lithium. Psychotic group nurses estimated a decreased probability that the patient was having an MI and were less likely to respond to additional possible MI symptoms. An increased awareness of the potential to stereotype medical patients with a history of psychosis might assist nurses when providing care.
The Lethal Phenotype of Cancer: The Molecular Basis of Death Due to Malignancy

The last decade has seen an explosion in knowledge of the molecular basis and treatment of cancer. The molecular events that define the lethal phenotype of various cancers--the genetic and cellular alterations that lead to a cancer with a poor or incurable prognosis--are being defined. While these studies describe the cellular events of the lethal phenotype of cancer in detail, how these events result in the common clinical syndromes that kill the majority of cancer patients is not well understood. It is clear that the central step that makes most cancers incurable is metastasis. Understanding the traits that a cancer acquires to successfully grow and metastasize to distant sites gives insight into how tumors produce multiple factors that result in multiple different clinical syndromes that are lethal for the patient.
Characterization of the Genital Microenvironment of Female Rhesus Macaques Prior to and After SIV Infection

Problem HIV infection among women is frequently modeled in female rhesus macaques. Longitudinal studies on genital compartment and hormonal factors that can influence susceptibility to SIV infection are lacking in this animal model. Method of study Genital specimens and menstruation of indoor-housed female rhesus macaques were analyzed prior to and after SIV infection. Results Median menstrual cycle length averaged 27 days, although highly variable cycle lengths and frequent periods of amenorrhea were observed during summer months. The vaginal microbiota, characterized by adapted Nugent scoring, showed predominance of small Gram-variable rods and Gram-positive cocci. Highly variable vaginal cytokine levels were observed pre- and post-SIV infection. Vaginal viral loads correlated with plasma viral loads, but were not associated with progesterone levels. Conclusion These results provide an integrated characterization of important factors in the vaginal microenvironment that are relevant to the experimental design of HIV prevention and transmission studies in female rhesus macaques.
The detection of brain oedema with frequency-dependent phase shift electromagnetic induction

The spectroscopic distribution of inductive phase shift in the brain as a function of the relative volume of oedema was evaluated with theoretical and experimental methods in the frequency range 1 to 8 MHz. The theoretical study employed a simple mathematical model of electromagnetic induction in tissue and brain tissue data available from the literature to calculate the phase shift as a function of oedema in the bulk of the brain. Experimental data were generated from bulk measurements of ex vivo homogenized pig brain tissue mixed with various volumes of physiological saline in a volume sample typical of the human brain. There is good agreement between the analytical and the experimental results. Detectable changes in phase shift begin from a frequency of about 3 MHz to 4 MHz in the tested compositions and volume. The phase shift increases with frequency and fluid content. The results suggest that measuring phase shift in the bulk of the brain has the potential for becoming a robust means for non-contact detection of oedema in the brain.
Multi-strategies risk programming for virtual enterprise based on ant colony algorithm

The risks of virtual enterprises exist almost everywhere for they are dynamic, temporary and multi-partners. In order to restrict the risk to the acceptable level, the Multi strategies multi choices (MSMC) risk programming model is proposed in this paper considering the fuzzy characteristics and project organization mode of virtual enterprises. There are many control strategies can be selected for each risk to reduce the global risk level of project in this model. In addition, the multi-layer strategies process mechanism and two properties, are presented in this paper. To solve this model, the ant colony algorithm is designed, which combines with the Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) embed HFMFs (Hyper-trapezoidal Fuzzy Membership Functions) evaluation. Simulation has shown that this method is both effective and efficient in achieving satisfied solutions for risk programming of virtual enterprises.
Higher-order ESPRIT for localization of near-field sources: an asymptotic performance analysis

Most existing array processing techniques for estimating the directions of arrival or signal copy rely heavily on the plane-wave assumption of far-field sources. When the sources are located relatively close to the array, these techniques may no longer perform satisfactorily. We present an asymptotic performance analysis of a recently proposed ESPRIT-like method for passive localization of near-field sources. The algorithm, based on fourth-order cumulants, is formulated for observations collected from a single uniformly spaced linear array. We examine the least-squares version of the algorithm and derive the expressions for the asymptotic variances of the estimated directions of arrival and estimated ranges of the sources.
Climate-relevant physical properties of molecular constituents for isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol material

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, formed from gas-phase biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), contribute large uncertainties to the radiative forcing that is associated with aerosols in the climate system. Reactive uptake of surface-active organic oxidation products of BVOCs at the gas–aerosol interface can potentially decrease the overall aerosol surface tension and therefore influence their propensity to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here, we synthesize and measure some climate-relevant physical properties of SOA particle constituents consisting of the isoprene oxidation products α-, δ-, and cis- and trans-β-IEPOX (isoprene epoxide), as well as syn- and anti-2-methyltetraol. Following viscosity measurements, we use octanol–water partition coefficients to quantify the relative hydrophobicity of the oxidation products while dynamic surface tension measurements indicate that aqueous solutions of α- and trans-β-IEPOX exhibit significant surface tension depression. We hypothesize that the surface activity of these compounds may enhance aerosol CCN activity, and that trans-β-IEPOX may be highly relevant for surface chemistry of aerosol particles relative to other IEPOX isomers.
Replicable differences in preferred circadian phase between bipolar disorder patients and control individuals

Morningness/eveningness (M/E) is a stable, quantifiable measure reflecting preferred circadian phase. Two prior studies suggest that bipolar I disorder (BP1) cases are more likely to have lower M/E scores, i.e., be evening types compared with control groups. These studies did not recruit controls systematically and did not evaluate key clinical variables. We sought to replicate the reported associations in a large, well defined sample, while evaluating potential confounding factors. Adults with bipolar disorder (BP) were compared with community controls drawn randomly from the same residential areas (190 cases and 128 controls). M/E was evaluated using the composite scale of morningness (CSM). After accounting for variables correlated with M/E, BP cases had significantly lower CSM scores than controls (i.e., more evening-type or fewer morning-type). There were no significant differences in M/E scores between BP1 or BP2 disorder cases (n = 134 and 56, respectively). CSM scores were stable over approximately 2 years in a subgroup of participants (n = 52). Individuals prescribed anxiolytic drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, mood stabilizers or stimulant drugs had significantly lower age-corrected CSM scores compared with persons not taking these drugs. BP cases are more likely to be evening types, suggesting circadian phase delay in BP cases. Individuals with elevated depressive mood scores are more likely to be evening types. Our results suggest a replicable relationship between circadian phase and morbid mood states.
Hydrologic Applications of Sar Derived Soil Moisture

The MACHYDRO-90 was a multi-sensor aircraft campaign conducted to study drainage basin hydrology and the role of soil moisture in defining hydrologic characteristics and patterns. The results from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are presented. Data were collected over a period in which the soil conditions changed from dry to wet and then through a drying period which was close to ideal. Radar backscatter data are compared to detailed soil moisture samples taken to define soil moisture gradients within a watershed. The analysis also includes 40-MHz bandwidth SAR data, which provide very high spatial resolution. It is shown these data can be interpreted for hydrology and their application to hydrologic modeling is discussed.
Retrieval of Resident Late-Golgi Membrane Proteins from the Prevacuolar Compartment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Dependent on the Function of Grd19p

The dynamic vesicle transport processes at the late-Golgi compartment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (TGN) require dedicated mechanisms for correct localization of resident membrane proteins. In this study, we report the identification of a new gene, GRD19, involved in the localization of the model late-Golgi membrane protein A-ALP (consisting of the cytosolic domain of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase A [DPAP A] fused to the transmembrane and lumenal domains of the alkaline phosphatase [ALP]), which localizes to the yeast TGN. A grd19 null mutation causes rapid mislocalization of the late-Golgi membrane proteins A-ALP and Kex2p to the vacuole. In contrast to previously identified genes involved in late-Golgi membrane protein localization, grd19 mutations cause only minor effects on vacuolar protein sorting. The recycling of the carboxypeptidase Y sorting receptor, Vps10p, between the TGN and the prevacuolar compartment is largely unaffected in grd19Δ cells. Kinetic assays of A-ALP trafficking indicate that GRD19 is involved in the process of retrieval of A-ALP from the prevacuolar compartment. GRD19 encodes a small hydrophilic protein with a predominantly cytosolic distribution. In a yeast mutant that accumulates an exaggerated form of the prevacuolar compartment (vps27), Grd19p was observed to localize to this compartment. Using an in vitro binding assay, Grd19p was found to interact physically with the cytosolic domain of DPAP A. We conclude that Grd19p is a component of the retrieval machinery that functions by direct interaction with the cytosolic tails of certain TGN membrane proteins during the sorting/budding process at the prevacuolar compartment.
Editorial for the Special Issue on Cyberbullying

This Special Edition of the Journal of Social Sciences deals with a rare but monumental social change-the profound impact of electronic communications on the development of children. Prior to the twentieth century, most people would be born, live and die without ever witnessing first-hand a significant social upheaval. During the last century, however, the pace at which society evolved quickened noticeably. The spread of industrialization, city living, suburban sprawl, transportation and the Sexual Revolution marked the lives of every person in the First World and many outside of it. In the list of such social changes, however, the overnight boom of electronic communications must rank among the most potent. Having evolved hundreds of thousands of years to communicate fairly slowly, in a blink our communication capacity far outreaches our comfort zone. We can communicate further, faster and to many more people than ever before and in so doing, we have profoundly changed the lives of people in the developed world. Although children are by no means the only ones affected by this shift, they are doubtless the most significantly affected. While most of their communications remain-childishly-banal, their capacity for careless and intentional cruelty has been exponentially increased. With the good, comes the bad. Violence-in all its forms-is still a relatively rare event for human beings in the United States. But electronic violence is a new animal, with new motives, new understandings, new rationales and new results. We are just beginning to tap into an understanding of how, why and where it occurs. This volume is the result of research and partnerships developed by the Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center at Bridgewater State University. Our focus is on developing the current literature on bullying prevention into the realm of electronic bullying. The Journal of Social Sciences has already published important papers in the area of gender and aggression, recently in 2010, Volume 6 (Edalati and Redzuan, 2010; Edalati et al., 2010). Our research and fieldwork has increasingly honed in on bullying and the violence perpetrated online by children against their peers. The papers selected for admission into this Special Edition are:
The Trade-At Rule, Internalization, and Market Quality

The SEC is considering the imposition of a trade-at rule which requires venues not at the inside to either significantly improve on price or route to a venue that is quoting at the inside. The rule is expected to greatly reduce the internalization of order flow either directly or through dark pools established to allow indirect internalization. This paper finds that internalization (direct and indirect) is associated with wider spreads (quoted, effective, and realized), higher price impact per trade, and increased volatility. I conclude that imposing a trade-at rule on US markets would improve the quality of markets.
Artificial generation of a directional phase-encoded wavefield

An acoustic transmitter having a phase-varying wavefield is constructed. The phase function indicates the direction of transmission using only single source and receiver. Such a source is constructed by combining two piezo films with directional beam patterns, each of which is driven by a similar wide-band signal having a distinct phase function. Superposition of the two wavefields results in phase variation with direction and the underlying theory is discussed. Experiments demonstrate that such phase-varying wavefield is achievable, and reflections obtained from a plane rigid surface in air indicate that the reflected phase function is as predicted by simple theory.
Techno-Ecological Synergy as a Path Toward Sustainability of a North American Residential System

For any human-designed system to be sustainable, ecosystem services that support it must be readily available. This work explicitly accounts for this dependence by designing synergies between technological and ecological systems. The resulting techno-ecological network mimics nature at the systems level, can stay within ecological constraints, and can identify novel designs that are economically and environmentally attractive that may not be found by the traditional design focus on technological options. This approach is showcased by designing synergies for a typical American suburban home at local and life cycle scales. The objectives considered are carbon emissions, water withdrawal, and cost savings. Systems included in the design optimization include typical ecosystems in suburban yards: lawn, trees, water reservoirs, and a vegetable garden; technological systems: heating, air conditioning, faucets, solar panels, etc.; and behavioral variables: heating and cooling set points. The ecological and behavioral design variables are found to have a significant effect on the three objectives, in some cases rivaling and exceeding the effect of traditional technological options. These results indicate the importance and benefits of explicitly including ecosystems in the design of sustainable systems, something that is rarely done in existing methods.
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS DNA IN AN UNTREATED CAPILLARY

This work demonstrates that the PCR products of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can be detected by capillary electrophoresis in uncoated capillaries using a zwitterionic buffer. Furthermore, dilution of the sample in phosphate buffer leads to stacking which improves the sensitivity by the ultraviolet detection without the need for sample desalting or cleanup.
Comparison of Supplemental Lighting from High-pressure Sodium Lamps and Light-emitting Diodes during Bedding Plant Seedling Production

Annual bedding plant seedlings or plugs are considered high quality when they are compact, fully rooted transplants with a large stem caliper and high root dry mass. Greenhouses innorthern latitudes rely onsupplemental lighting(SL) fromhigh-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) during winter months to achieve high-quality, finished plugs. Light- emitting diodes (LEDs) offer higher energy efficiencies, a long operating life, and precise waveband specificity that can eliminate wavebands not considered useful. Seedlings of Antirrhinum, Catharanthus, Celosia, Impatiens, Pelargonium, Petunia, Tagetes, Salvia, andViolaweregrownat21 8Cundera16-hourphotoperiodofambientsolarlightandSL of 100 mmol·m L2 ·s -1 from either HPS lamps or LED arrays withvarying proportions (%) of red:blue light (100:0, 85:15, or 70:30). Height of Catharanthus, Celosia, Impatiens, Petunia, Tagetes, Salvia, and Viola was 31%, 29%, 31%, 55%, 20%, 9%, and 35% shorter, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with those grown under HPS lamps. Additionally, stem caliper of Antirrhinum, Pelargonium, and Tagetes was 16%, 8%, and 13% larger, respectively, for seedlings grown under the 85:15 red:blue LEDs compared with seedlings grown under HPS lamps. The quality index (QI), a quantitative measurement of quality, was similar for Antirrhinum, Cathar- anthus,Impatiens,Pelargonium,andTagetesgrownunderLEDsandHPSlamps.However, it was significantly higher for Petunia, Salvia ,a ndViola under 85:15, 70:30, and 100:0 red:blue LEDs than under HPS lamps, respectively. These results indicate that seedling quality for the majority of the species tested under SL from LEDs providing both red and blue light was similar or higher than those grown under HPS lamps.
Detecting RNA viruses in living mammalian cells by fluorescence microscopy

Traditional methods that rely on viral isolation and culture techniques continue to be the gold standards used for detection of infectious viral particles. However, new techniques that rely on visualization of live cells can shed light on understanding virus–host interaction for early stage detection and potential drug discovery. Live-cell imaging techniques that incorporate fluorescent probes into viral components provide opportunities for understanding mRNA expression, interaction, and virus movement and localization. Other viral replication events inside a host cell can be exploited for non-invasive detection, such as single-virus tracking, which does not inhibit viral infectivity or cellular function. This review highlights some of the recent advances made using these novel approaches for visualization of viral entry and replication in live cells.
THE POLARIZATION CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE OF VALONIA : I. ALTERNATING CURRENT MEASUREMENTS.

On page 685, at the end of the fourth line of the legend for Fig. 4, the sentence should begin "Δr derived" instead of "r derived". On page 690 in the paragraph beginning in the middle of the page, in the second sentence the reference should be to footnote 12, instead of to footnote 11.