cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMISSION INVENTORY SYSTEM FOR SUPPORTING TRACE-P AND ACE-ASIA FIELD EXPERIMENTS

New emission inventories were developed in support of the Aerosol Characterization Experiments(ACE)-Asia and Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) experiments work on. We combine our inventories into the ACCESS(AceAsia and Trace-P Modeling and Emission Support System) for more integrated support for these two field studies. To support field experiments and complex atmospheric models such as STEM-II, highly resolved level of spatial, temporal, and speciescomponent detail are needed in emission inventories. To satisfy these requirements we include not only the gaseous pollutants CO, and NMVOC, but particulate pollutants such as Black Carbon, Organic Carbon, and for the study domain of Asia. Our domain was designed to cover – 13°~53° in latitude and 60°~157° in longitude. It includes 22 Asian countries, 60 subregions. 115 active LPSs and 22 volcanos are also included as point sources. The data system includes information on various emission sources, compiled by fuels and by economic sector activities, and natural emission sources such as volcano and forest fires. So, the methodologies for estimating emission are different between anthropogenic and biomass burning from fires. For anthropogenic emission, we use year 2000 emission database from Argonne National Laboratory. The data themselves are administrative–level estimates recently compiled from official national statistics and projections. For spatial allocation of regional emission, we use geographical data from The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA), Central
Contribution of the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Carotid Bodies to Hypercapnia- and Hypoxia-induced Arousal from Sleep

The combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia during sleep produces arousal, which helps restore breathing and normalizes blood gases. Hypercapnia and hypoxia produce arousal in mammals by activating central (pH-sensitive) and peripheral (primarily O2-sensitive) chemoreceptors. The relevant chemoreceptors and the neuronal circuits responsible for arousal are largely unknown. Here we examined the contribution of two lower brainstem nuclei that could be implicated in CO2 and hypoxia-induced arousal: the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a CO2-responsive nucleus, which mediates the central respiratory chemoreflex; and the C1 neurons, which are hypoxia activated and produce arousal and blood pressure increases when directly stimulated. Additionally, we assessed the contribution of the carotid bodies (CBs), the main peripheral chemoreceptors in mammals, to hypoxia and CO2-induced arousal. In unanesthetized male rats, we tested whether ablation of the RTN, CBs, or C1 neurons affects arousal from sleep and respiratory responses to hypercapnia or hypoxia. The sleep-wake pattern was monitored by EEG and neck EMG recordings and breathing by whole-body plethysmography. The latency to arousal in response to hypoxia or hypercapnia was determined along with changes in ventilation coincident with the arousal. RTN lesions impaired CO2-induced arousal but had no effect on hypoxia-induced arousal. CB ablation impaired arousal to hypoxia and, to a lesser extent, hypercapnia. C1 neuron ablation had no effect on arousal. Thus, the RTN contributes to CO2-induced arousal, whereas the CBs contribute to both hypoxia and CO2-induced arousal. Asphyxia-induced arousal likely requires the combined activation of RTN, CBs and other central chemoreceptors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hypercapnia and hypoxia during sleep elicit arousal, which facilitates airway clearing in the case of obstruction and reinstates normal breathing in the case of hypoventilation or apnea. Arousal can also be detrimental to health by interrupting sleep. We sought to clarify how CO2 and hypoxia cause arousal. We show that the retrotrapezoid nucleus, a brainstem nucleus that mediates the effect of brain acidification on breathing, also contributes to arousal elicited by CO2 but not hypoxia. We also show that the carotid bodies contribute predominantly to hypoxia-induced arousal. Lesions of the retrotrapezoid nucleus or carotid bodies attenuate, but do not eliminate, arousal to CO2 or hypoxia; therefore, we conclude that these structures are not the sole trigger of CO2 or hypoxia-induced arousal.
"Locked-Lateral" Calcaneal Fracture-Dislocation Treated with Primary Subtalar Fusion: A Case Report.

Case report A 65-year-old man presented with pain in his left ankle. After a delay, he presented to the orthopaedic clinic where computed tomography scan revealed an intra-articular, locked-lateral calcaneal fracture with dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Conclusions This combination of injuries can produce subtle signs, such as an atypical double-density sign and varus talar tilt, on plain radiographs; however, the consequences of delayed treatment can be catastrophic. Early recognition and treatment are essential to avoid chronic pain and limited function.
Rapid plastic changes in brain morphology in response to acute changes in predation pressure in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos)

Teleosts exhibit inter- and intra-specific variation in the size and shape of their brains. Interpopulation differences in gross brain morphology among numerous teleost fish species have been obser...
Tip Chapter: Anesthesia in Cosmetic Procedures

Minimally invasive skin procedures are commonplace. However, even though these procedures are not large plastics cases, they can cause discomfort and anxiety in patients. Anesthesia for these cases can be divided into non-invasive and invasive types of anesthesia. Noninvasive anesthesia is generally considered to be topical and allows for superficial procedures. Of course, this does not often minimize anxiety in patients and intravenous medications may be necessary from that perspective. Invasive anesthesia methods are usually injected forms of anesthesia and include intravenous sedation, infiltrative and nerve blocks, and, in extreme cases, general anesthesia. The type of procedure and patient selection are keys to deciding which type of anesthesia is needed. Given that the majority of these forms of anesthesia include the use of local anesthetics, the maximum allowable doses of local anesthetics and their possible risks and complications must be known by all proceduralists utilizing these drugs. Invasive methods of anesthesia may also require other staff members including nursing, anesthesiology providers, and recovery staff.
Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Phylogeny of Daucus

We explored the phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences in Daucus and compared the results with prior phylogenetic results using the same 36 accessions of Daucus (and two additional outgroups) with plastid DNA sequences and with other nuclear results. As in the plastid study we used Illumina HiSeq sequencer to obtain resequencing data of the same accessions of Daucus and outgroups, and analyzed the data with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. We obtained data from 47 of 71 total mitochondrial genes but only 17 of these 47 genes recovered major clades that were common in prior plastid and nuclear studies. Our phylogenetic trees of the concatenated data set of 47 genes were moderately resolved, with 100% bootstrap support for most of the external and many of the internal clades, except for the clade of D. carota and its most closely related species D. syrticus. There are areas of hard incongruence with phylogenies using plastid and nuclear data. In agreement with other studies, we conclude that mitochondrial sequences are generally poor phylogenetic markers, at least at the genus level, despite their utility in some other studies.
Postpartum Perceived Stress Explains the Association between Perceived Social Support and Depressive Symptoms

Abstract Background Limited research has focused on longitudinal interrelations between perceived social support, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms beyond the first postpartum months. This study tested an alternative primary hypothesis within the stress process model examining whether perceived stress mediated the association between perceived social support and depressive symptoms from 1 to 24 months postpartum. Secondary purposes examined whether these factors 1) changed from 1 to 24 months postpartum and 2) predicted depressive symptoms. Methods Women (N = 1,316) in a longitudinal cohort study completed validated measures of perceived social support, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postpartum via telephone interviews. Analyses examined changes in psychosocial factors (repeated measures analysis of variance) and the extent to which perceived social support and perceived stress predicted depressive symptoms and supported mediation (linear regression). Results Perceived social support decreased, perceived stress increased, and depressive symptoms remained constant from 1 to 18 months, then increased at 24 months. Low perceived social support predicted 6-month depressive symptoms, whereas perceived stress predicted depressive symptoms at all time points. Perceived stress mediated the association between perceived social support and depressive symptoms across 24 months such that low perceived social support predicted perceived stress, which in turn predicted depressive symptoms. Conclusions Intervention scientists may want to focus on strengthening perceived social support as a means to manage perceived stress in an effort to prevent a long-term trajectory of depression.
LigGrep: a tool for filtering docked poses to improve virtual-screening hit rates.

Structure-based virtual screening (VS) uses computer docking to prioritize candidate small-molecule ligands for subsequent experimental testing. Docking programs evaluate molecular binding in part by predicting the geometry with which a given compound might bind a target receptor (e.g., the docked “pose” relative to a protein target). Candidate ligands predicted to participate in the same intermolecular interactions typical of known ligands (or ligands that bind related proteins) are arguably more likely to be true binders. Some docking programs allow users to apply constraints during the docking process with the goal of prioritizing these critical interactions. But these programs often have restrictive and/or expensive licenses, and many popular open-source docking programs (e.g., AutoDock Vina) lack this important functionality. We present LigGrep, a free, open-source program that addresses this limitation. As input, LigGrep accepts a protein receptor file, a directory containing many docked-compound files, and a list of user-specified filters describing critical receptor/ligand interactions. LigGrep evaluates each docked pose and outputs the names of the compounds with poses that pass all filters. To demonstrate utility, we show that LigGrep can improve the hit rates of test VS targeting H. sapiens poly(ADPribose) polymerase 1 (HsPARP1), H. sapiens peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (HsPin1p), and S. cerevisiae hexokinase-2 (ScHxk2p). We hope that LigGrep will be a useful tool for the computational biology community. A copy is available free of charge at http://durrantlab.com/liggrep/ .
New Decade, Old Debate: Blocking the Cytokine Pathways in Infection-Induced Cytokine Cascade.

Objectives: Our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 is evolving; however, a "cytokine storm" has been implicated. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the value of anticytokine therapies to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019. This review summarizes the existing literature evaluating the efficacy and safety of anticytokine therapy to tackle the dysregulated immune response to infectious pathogens, discusses potential reasons for failure, applicability to coronavirus disease 2019, and future direction. Data Sources: Medline, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and media reports. Study Selection: The studies were included by author consensus. Data Extraction: Data were selected for inclusion after reviewing each study by author consensus. Data Synthesis: "Cytokine storm" is a nonspecific term, encompassing systemic inflammatory response to infectious pathogens, autoimmune conditions, cancers, trauma, and various chemotherapies. Like bacterial sepsis, viral pathogens may fuel immunopathogenesis by inducing a dysregulated autoamplifying cytokine cascade, ultimately leading to organ injury. This narrative review discusses what we know of the immune milieu of coronavirus disease 2019 versus noncoronavirus disease 2019 sepsis and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome, summarizes the existing literature on cytokine inhibitors in patients with sepsis and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome, and discusses possible reasons for recurrent failure. In doing so, it aims to assist decisions regarding the use of anticytokine therapy in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, as many regions of the world confront the second wave of the pandemic. Conclusions: As ongoing clinical trials determine the efficacy and safety of anticytokine therapy in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, clinicians should uphold caution when incorporating it into treatment protocols, while maintaining focus on established evidence-based practices and the mantra of "less is more."
Examining Potential User Experience Trade-Offs Between Common Computer Display Configurations.

ObjectiveTo determine how ultrawide (UW) and dual displays configurations can influence neck biomechanics and performance compared to a single display.BackgroundStudies have assessed neck kinematic...
Opportunistic CT screening of osteoporosis on thoracic and lumbar spine: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Osteoporotic fractures are a major contributor to late life morbidity and mortality, and impose a substantial societal cost, yet osteoporosis remains substantially underdiagnosed and undertreated. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the pooled diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography (CT) images for diagnosing osteoporosis in patients who meet WHO dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) osteoporosis criteria using specific Hounsfield unit (HU) values as a threshold. Methods Systematic literature searches in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar were performed from the earliest available date through 1 July 2018, restricted to publications in English. Participants in all studies underwent CT scans that included the lumbar and/or thoracic spine for different indications and HU measurements were used to identify osteoporosis. DXA scans served as the reference standard. Results Ten eligible studies were identified. The mean area under the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for diagnosis osteoporosis was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.87). The pooled diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CT images to identify osteoporosis were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.90) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.79). The positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), and diagnostic odds ratio were 3.4 (95% CI: 2.7, 4.5), 0.21 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.36), and 16.4 (95% CI: 7.8, 34.3), respectively. The bias-adjusted sensitivity and specificity of CT were 0.73 and 0.71. Meta-regression demonstrated that country of study, DXA criteria and scanner manufacturer were significant factors associated with the sensitivity of CT in detecting osteoporosis while scanner manufacturer was the only factor associated with specificity of CT. Conclusions This meta-analysis showed reasonable pooled sensitivity and specificity for using threshold values measured on CT scans to identify osteoporosis opportunistically.
Dermatology and Pruritus Ani

Anal pruritus is defined as the intense feeling of itching around the anus. Skin irritation and itching often lead to scratching and excessive wiping leading to excoriation and cutaneous injury. This further intensifies the sensation to itch, ultimately resulting in a vicious cycle of itching and scratching. There are several factors associated with pruritus ani, but in 25% of the cases, it is considered idiopathic. Once the underlying dermatologic, food, infectious, neoplastic, and anorectal pathology has been treated, the therapy must be directed toward proper anal hygiene, avoidance of irritants, and minimizing skin trauma. If the first line of therapy is not successful, then more diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are needed to cure the disease. Topical steroids, antihistamine medication, antidepressants, capsaicin, tacrolimus, and methylene blue are among some of the therapeutic interventions with variable success. Managing patient expectations at the first visit is of paramount importance, as the resolution of symptoms often takes time.
Henry James and Queer Modernity: Indiscreet anatomies and protogay aesthetes in Roderick Hudson and The Europeans

Those [readers] who look for “and they lived together happily ever after” at the end of the last chapter of any of [Henry James's] novelettes will be disappointed. (Review of Roderick Hudson, New York Herald , 1875) It is now common to advance Henry James's first acknowledged novel, Roderick Hudson (1875), as also his first significant foray into the representation of different modes of masculinity and, indeed, of male homosexuality. Robert Drake has recently canonized this narrative of “sublimated desire” in The Gay Canon (1998), predicting that “the gay reader” (comfortably unproblematized) will discover in Roderick Hudson an unfulfilled “love story” between two young American men: the titular hero, an ill-fated would-be genius as a sculptor, and his wealthy patron, Rowland Mallet. Offering a more theoretical account, Hugh Stevens stakes his claim that James was “already a gay novelist ” in his early thirties (a literary not a biographical claim) on the ways in which Roderick Hudson begins “explor[ing] the workings of same-sex desire, and the difficulties of admitting such desires, within a cultural formation marked by homosexual prohibition,” albeit before the articulation of “the homosexual” as a pathologized, criminalized type in late Victorian science and jurisprudence.
A Predictive Validity Study of The Revised McVay Readiness for Online Learning Questionnaire.

The McVay Revised Readiness for Online Learning questionnaire was given to 116 traditional on-campus and 31 distance education students. The students were enrolled in an introductory class in computer applications on an urban campus of a mid-western community college. Multiple regression equations were developed with the survey scores and the student’s declared major to determine the extent to which the questionnaire score predicted final semester grades. Although the student’s declared major explained most of the variance in their final semester grades, the questionnaire score explained 10% of the observed variance in the final grade in the distance education student group. The questionnaire score was not statistically significant for traditional on-campus students. A suggested cutoff score for the questionnaire was calculated and implications for administrative practice are outlined. Recommendations for further research are suggested.
Comparative Methods for Measuring Degree of Sensitization in Stainless Steel

Three test methods for determining degree of sensitization in austenitic stainless steels have been investigated. The results clearly show that all three test methods are capable of detecting moderate-to-severe degrees ofsensitization, but the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation technique is the most sensitive for quantitatively determining the levels of sensitization which are of primary concern for industrial use. Both the ASTM Recommended Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Stainless Steels (A 262-75, Practice A) and the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation methods appear to saturate at high degrees of sensitization, which results in a loss of discriminating power between different heats of material. While the A 262, Practice E, method does not appear to saturate and retains its discriminating power at high degrees of sensitization, it is not a suitable method for detection at the lower degrees. Of the three test methods, it appears that the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test is the most suitable for determining the quantitative degree of sensitization over the levels of industrial concern.
Modeling term associations for ad-hoc retrieval performance within language modeling framework

Previous research has shown that using term associations could improve the effectiveness of information retrieval (IR) systems. However, most of the existing approaches focus on query reformulation. Document reformulation has just begun to be studied recently. In this paper, we study how to utilize term association measures to do document modeling, and what types of measures are effective in document language models. We propose a probabilistic term association measure, compare it to some traditional methods, such as the similarity co-efficient and window-based methods, in the language modeling (LM) framework, and show that significant improvements over query likelihood (QL) retrieval can be obtained. We also compare the method with state-of-the-art document modeling techniques based on latent mixture models.
Sickle-cell thalassemia (microdrepanocytic disease) in pregnancy.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of chronic hemolytic anemia in a young woman of Italian extraction is presented. On clinical and hematologic grounds, it is classified as an example of microdrepanocytosis (sickle-cell thalassemia). 2. 2. Hematologic study of the patient and her family supported by electrophoresis of hemoglobin and alkali denaturation tests indicates the inheritance of the hemoglobin S from the father and the thalassemia from the mother. It is inferred that the father had sickle-cell trait. The mother and one sister have thalassemia minor. Another sister has sickle-cell trait. 3. 3. During her first pregnancy at 26 weeks' gestation the patient developed an osteoarticular crisis, anemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. This was followed by premature delivery of nonidentical twins who did not survive. Following discharge the patient developed an indolent ulcer on the leg. 4. 4. The hypothesis is offered that the crisis was hemolytic rather than aplastic, that increased erythrocyte destruction was promoted by intravascular sickling secondary to reduced oxygen tension in the peripheral blood. The background for deoxygenation effects is thought to be furnished by progressive hemodilution and iron deficiency anemia common in pregnancy.
Cellular and Deafness Mechanisms Underlying Connexin Mutation-Induced Hearing Loss - A Common Hereditary Deafness.

Hearing loss due to mutations in the connexin gene family which encodes gap junctional proteins is a common form of hereditary deafness. In particular, connexin 26 (Cx26, GJB2) mutations are responsible for ~50% of nonsyndromic hearing loss, which is the highest incidence of genetic disease. In the clinic, Cx26 mutations cause various auditory phenotypes ranging from profound congenital deafness at birth to mild, progressive hearing loss in late childhood. Recent experiments demonstrate that congenital deafness mainly results from cochlear developmental disorders rather than hair cell degeneration and endocochlear potential (EP) reduction, while late-onset hearing loss results from reduction of active cochlear amplification, even though cochlear hair cells have no connexin expression. Moreover, new experiments further demonstrate that the hypothesized K+-recycling disruption is not a principal deafness mechanism for connexin deficiency induced hearing loss. Additionally, there is no clear relationship between specific changes in connexin (channel) functions and the phenotypes of mutation-induced hearing loss. Cx30, Cx29, Cx31, and Cx43 mutations can also cause hearing loss with distinct pathological changes in the cochlea. These new studies provide invaluable information about deafness mechanisms underlying connexin mutation induced hearing loss and also provide important information for developing new protective and therapeutic strategies for this common deafness. However, the detailed cellular mechanisms underlying these pathological changes and pathogeneses of specific-mutation induced hearing loss remain unclear. Finally, little information is available for humans. Further studies to address these deficiencies are urgently required.
Super-Nodal Methods for Space Time Kinetics

A Super-Nodal method is developed to improve computational efficiency of core simulations for three-dimensional (3-D) core neutronics models. Computational performance of the neutronics model is in...
Endocrine and metabolic emergencies: thyroid storm

Thyrotoxicosis is a common endocrine condition that may be secondary to a number of underlying processes. Thyroid storm (also known as thyroid or thyrotoxic crisis) represents the severe end of the spectrum of thyrotoxicosis and is characterized by compromised organ function. Whilst rare in the modern era, the mortality rate remains high, and prompt consideration of this endocrine emergency, with specific treatments, can improve outcomes.
Measurement and Growth of R&D Within the Service Economy

Twenty-five years ago, industrial performance of research and development (R&D) was primarily an activity undertaken by large traditional manufacturing firms. Only about 3 percent of the R&D conducted in industrial labs was done by service sector firms. By the late 1990s, however, such firms accounted for approximately 30 percent of the Nation's total industrial R&D expenditures, with a fairly large amount of the effort being directed toward the development and use of information technologies. Industry's increasing reliance on research and technology outsourcing also apparently has contributed to the service sector's substantial R&D expansion. This paper documents recent trends in US non-manufacturing R&D expenditures, highlighting their growth and focus and the difficulties in measuring these trends, as available from national R&D statistics. Broad comparisons with trends and concerns identified through other countries' surveys of service sector R&D are presented.
Arginine Biosynthesis by Streptococcus bovis

The pathway of arginine biosynthesis in Streptococcus bovis was studied by radioactive tracer techniques. Cells were grown anaerobically with 14CO2 in a synthetic medium containing NH4+ as the sole nitrogen source except for the trace present in nitrogen-containing vitamins. The protein fraction isolated from the labeled cells was acid-hydrolyzed, and 14C-arginine was isolated from the protein hydrolysate by ion-exchange chromatography. The carboxyl carbon of the isolated arginine was removed with arginine decarboxylase, and the guanidino carbon was removed by simultaneous arginase-urease degradation. By manometric measurement and liquid scintillation counting of the CO2 released by enzymatic degradation, 50% of the label was found in the carboxyl carbon and 50% in the guanidino carbon. Specific radioactivity determinations indicated that growth on 14CO2 resulted in twice as much label in arginine as with aspartate, glutamate, or lysine. These results are consistent with a glutamate → ornithine → citrulline pathway of arginine biosynthesis in S. bovis and provide further evidence for the synthesis of glutamate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions from citrate through α-ketoglutarate.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF CORRINOIDS III. Pigments Derived From Vitamin B12 By Pseudomonas Rubescens

Burgus, R. C. (Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.), J. B. Hufham, W. M. Scott, and J. J. Pfiffner. Microbial degradation of corrinoids. III. Pigments derived from vitamin B(12) by Pseudomonas rubescens. J. Bacteriol. 88:1139-1144. 1964.-Products derived from vitamin B(12) by Pseudomonas rubescens under anaerobic conditions were examined. After incubation of the organism in broth containing Co(57)- or P(32)- vitamin B(12), electrophoresis of the extracted corrinoids yielded two major, yellow, radioactive fractions, designated A and B, with spectral and electrophoretic properties similar to pigments I and II, derived from vitamin B(12) by Aerobacter aerogenes. Fractions A and B were essentially inactive in promoting the growth of Lactobacillus leichmannii. Chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose separated both fractions A and B into four yellow, radioactive fractions. The absorption spectrum of each of the major subfractions showed a maximum in the ultraviolet region characteristic of a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole nucleotide, but lacked a maximum in the 360-mmu region characteristic of vitamin B(12) and many of its analogues and derivatives. The pigments were stable to cyanide and, although they were more stable to air and light than were the vitamin B(12) coenzymes and coenzyme analogues, they were apparently slowly decomposed by light. The data suggest that the bacteria alter the corrin nucleus of vitamin B(12).
A comparison of impact factor, clinical query filters, and pattern recognition query filters in terms of sensitivity to topic.

Evaluating journal quality and finding high-quality articles in the biomedical literature are challenging information retrieval tasks. The most widely used method for journal evaluation is impact factor, while novel approaches for finding articles are PubMed's clinical query filters and machine learning-based filter models. The related literature has focused on the average behaviour of these methods over all topics. The present study evaluates the variability of these approaches for different topics. We find that impact factor and clinical query filters are unstable for different topics while a topic-specific impact factor and machine learning-based filter models appear more robust. Thus when using the less stable methods for a specific topic, researchers should realize that their performance may diverge from expected average performance. Better yet, the more stable methods should be preferred whenever applicable.
Lipoic acid metabolism in Escherichia coli : sequencing and functional characterization of the lipA and lipB genes

Two genes, lipA and lipB, involved in lipoic acid biosynthesis or metabolism were characterized by DNA sequence analysis. The translational initiation site of the lipA gene was established, and the lipB gene product was identified as a 25-kDa protein. Overproduction of LipA resulted in the formation of inclusion bodies, from which the protein was readily purified. Cells grown under strictly anaerobic conditions required the lipA and lipB gene products for the synthesis of a functional glycine cleavage system. Mutants carrying a null mutation in the lipB gene retained a partial ability to synthesize lipoic acid and produced low levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities. The lipA gene product failed to convert protein-bound octanoic acid moieties to lipoic acid moieties in vivo; however, the growth of both lipA and lipB mutants was supported by either 6-thiooctanoic acid or 8-thiooctanoic acid in place of lipoic acid. These data suggest that LipA is required for the insertion of the first sulfur into the octanoic acid backbone. LipB functions downstream of LipA, but its role in lipoic acid metabolism remains unclear.
Using Films Based on Literature in Teaching Psychology (Media)

(1976). Using Films Based on Literature in Teaching Psychology (Media) Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 189-190.
462 SCMATCMEDIN-C (SM-C) LEVELS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH) DEFICIENCY

Radioimmunoassay of SM-C is available through many conmercial laboratories. We reviewed our records over the past 2½ years to assess the value of SM-C levels in the diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD). L-DOPA (LD) or clonidine (CL) screening tests for GHD were performed in 84 cases with clinical indications which included height < 3% abnormal growth rate, delayed bone age, and/or pituitary lesion or insult. LD or CL failure (peak GH<7ng/ml) was followed by an arginine-insulin infusion test (AI) for final diagnosis of GHD. Serum SM-C levels were determined during the screening period and compared to age-related normal ranges (Endocrine Sciences, Tarzana, CA). Complete data were available for 29/34 LD and 41/50 CL cases. SM-C levels were known for 5 of 6 cases diagnosed with GHD (age 3-15 yr). The table presents [cases with low SM-C for age]/[total in each group]. All cases of GHD had SM-C below the normal range for age. Specificity for diagnosis of GHD was 2/11(18%) for LD, 3/12 (25%) for CL and 5/10 (50%) for LD or CL + low SM-C. Our data show that SM-C is a highly sensitive predictor of GHD and increases the specificity of the LD and CL tests. Our data also suggest that a normal SM-C argues against the diagnosis of GHD and may eliminate the need for further testing.
Supercritical CO2 Based Production of Magnetically Responsive Micro- and Nanoparticles for Drug Targeting

Magnetically responsive, controlled-release drug formulations are needed for targeted drug delivery, especially for toxic drugs. A supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technique is used to produce magnetically responsive poly(methyl methacrylate), 50/50 dl-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), and Eudragit RS polymer particles via coprecipitation of the polymer with a suspension of magnetite particles in mineral oil and a fatty acid surfactant, using dichloromethane as the solvent. The SAS technique is again used to precipitate drug-loaded magnetically responsive polymer particles. A modification of the SAS process, the SAS-EM technique developed at Auburn University, is used to produce magnetite-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles of controllable sizes. In SAS-EM, atomization and increased mixing within the supercritical phase is brought about using a surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency. Size, morphology, and drug-release kinetics of the obtained particles are studied.
Identification of the Interface between cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Iβ and Its Interaction Partners TFII-I and IRAG Reveals a Common Interaction Motif

Abstract Protein-protein interactions have emerged as an important mechanism providing for specificity in cellular signal transduction. Two splice variants of type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG Iα and Iβ) differ only in their N-terminal ∼100 amino acids, which mediate binding to different target proteins. PKG Iβ, but not Iα, binds to the general transcriptional regulator TFII-I and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-associated PKG substrate IRAG. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro binding assays, we identified a group of acidic amino acids in the N-terminal leucine zipper dimerization domain of PKG Iβ required for its binding to both TFII-I and IRAG. Small clusters of basic amino acids in possible α-helical regions in TFII-I and IRAG were found to mediate their interaction with PKG Iβ. Mutation of two negatively charged residues in the PKG Iβ leucine zipper (D26K/E31R) to positively charged residues, found in corresponding positions in PKG Iα, completely abrogated binding to TFII-I and IRAG without disrupting PKG dimerization. Mutation of specific basic residues in TFII-I or IRAG abolished binding of the full-length proteins to PKG Iβ in intact cells. Based on these results, we propose a model for specific PKG Iβ interaction with target proteins.
English as the International Language of Research

The annual world output of research papers and scholarly ar ticles is large and increasing, and there is little doubt that English is the medium of publication for the majority of such papers. However, closer analyses of the available data reveal rather few papers from non- native speakers, especially from the Third World. This imbalance sug gests that English is only the International Language of Research in a receptive sense. It needs to become so in a productive sense as well if Third World investment in doctoral scholarship etc. is to remain justified. Unfortunately, the ESP profession has concentrated on undergraduate teaching programmes and rather neglected the teaching of Research English. However, there are now welcome signs of change, which may therefore aid a process of making English a truly international language rather than one over-restricted in terms of publication sources to the Northern Hemisphere.
The in’s and out’s of library budget preparation

Newcomers to the budget process seldom realize that it is much more than just one element (most often an annual activity) in the management cycle. Those individuals who succeed in securing the funds requested are those who understand it is a complex‐year‐round process. They also recognize the fact that it is a political process as well as competitive in nature. This article explores some of the most important issues to think about, if one wants to improve one’s chances of succeeding in the “budget battle”. Topics covered are who should be involved, environmental factors, the budget cycle, defending the request, the political issues, budget formats and end‐user involvement.
Amyloid-β precursor protein: Multiple fragments, numerous transport routes and mechanisms

Abstract This review provides insight into the intraneuronal transport of the Amyloid-β Precursor Protein (APP), the prototype of an extensively posttranslationally modified and proteolytically cleaved transmembrane protein. Uncovering the intricacies of APP transport proves to be a challenging endeavor of cell biology research, deserving increased priority, since APP is at the core of the pathogenic process in Alzheimer׳s disease. After being synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum in the neuronal soma, APP enters the intracellular transport along the secretory, endocytic, and recycling routes. Along these routes, APP undergoes cleavage into defined sets of fragments, which themselves are transported - mostly independently - to distinct sites in neurons, where they exert their functions. We review the currently known routes and mechanisms of transport of full-length APP, and of APP fragments, commenting largely on the experimental challenges posed by studying transport of extensively cleaved proteins. The review emphasizes the interrelationships between the proteolytic and posttranslational modifications, the intracellular transport, and the functions of the APP species. A goal remaining to be addressed in the future is the incorporation of the various views on APP transport into a coherent picture. In this review, the disease context is only marginally addressed; the focus is on the basic biology of APP transport under normal conditions. As shown, the studies of APP transport uncovered numerous mechanisms of transport, some of them conventional, and others, novel, awaiting exploration.
Complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of a primate calicivirus, Pan-1.

The primate calicivirus, Pan-1, was originally isolated from several primate species. It displayed typical calicivirus morphology by electron micro-scopy. We determined the genomic sequence of Pan-1 by cDNA cloning and direct RNA sequencing. Pan-1 shares a similar genomic organization and a high degree of sequence identity with feline caliciviruses. The Pan-1 genome contains 8 304 nucleotides, plus a poly-A tail, and is longer than any other calicivirus strains with a completely known sequence. The extra sequences of Pan-1 include a unique 424-nucleotide sequence at the 5′ end of ORF1, additional amino acids at the N-terminus of the capsid, and a longer 3′ UTR.
Organic nitrogen and caloric content of detritus III. Effect on growth of a deposit-feeding polychaete, Capitella capitata

Abstract Laboratory experiments showed that individual growth rate of the deposit-feeding polychaete, Capitella capitata (type 1) can be predicted by rate of organic nitrogen supply (ration) of detritus to the animals. The rate at which detritus is available to a deposit-feeder, whether by sedimentation to the bottom, or decomposition of otherwise undigestable components via microbial activity, or production rate of microbes themselves, is important and not just the concentrations of limiting substrate of different detritus sources. Even so, the portion of total caloric content of the detritus that can be utilized by a deposit-feeder—approximated by the ‘available’ caloric content—also contributes to limiting growth. However, available caloric content usually is low when nitrogen content is low, as in the case of vascular plant detritus. Trophic transfer efficiency (net production/food supplied) is a measurement of food chain transfer that is usually calculated in carbon or caloric units. If one is interested in comparing energy or carbon flow in food chains, then use of these parameters is appropriate; if one is interested in comparing the efficiencies of different species, then calculations must be made using nutritional factors limiting growth.
USE OF DIGITAL ADAPTIVE FILTERS FOR MEASURING PREPYRIFORM EVOKED POTENTIALS FROM CATS.

Abstract A set of techniques is described for making digital measurements on averaged cortical evoked potentials by means of the IBM 7090. The basis for measurement is the selection of a set of elementary wave forms called basis functions, which are scaled by coefficients and added to replicate observed wave forms. Optimization of the coefficients is by nonlinear regression followed by cross-correlation between observed and calculated wave forms. By this means the information contained in the shape of each averaged evoked potential is incorporated into a set of numerical coefficients. Unresolved problems include the need for improved basis functions and for methods for determining confidence intervals for the coefficients.
Comparative efficacy of different dithiocarbamates to induce tibial dyschondroplasia in poultry

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic cartilage disease in poultry the natural etiology of which is not known. In the absence of biomarkers to monitor the initiation and progression of the naturally occurring disease, experimentally induced TD can provide a suitable venue to study the mechanism of its pathogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a streamlined experimental protocol to induce TD using dithiocarbamates and to determine a time course of its progression. Three different dithiocarbamates, dimethyldithiocarbamate, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram), were tested with respect to their abilities to induce TD and affect different physiological factors. Our results show that chickens fed thiram during the first 2 wk of age showed a maximum TD index. Thiram appeared to be the most potent of the 3 dithiocarbamates with dimethyldithiocarbamate having the least ability to induce TD and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate showing an intermediate potency. A transient exposure to thiram for a day or 2 was sufficient to markedly increase the incidence of TD and produce lasting damage as determined by the presence of severe lesions in a high percentage of birds at 2 to 3 wk after the treatment. Thiram affected the chondrocyte morphology of maturing zone cartilage evident by nuclear shrinkage and emptied chondrocyte lacunae during later times and also involutions of capillary vessels. Such changes were not seen in prehypertrophic zone chondrocytes of the same growth plates. Thiram reduced the BW, increased blood heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, and elevated serum corticosterone concentrations indicating physiological stress. However, there was no change in relative liver weights or blood clinical chemistry including the serum concentrations of Ca, P, and Cu in thiocarbamate-fed chickens. Induction of TD in young chickens by means of a short feeding protocol with thiram may be useful to study the mechanisms of pathogenesis of TD and to identify micronutrients that can provide protection against this disease.
A Potential probe for Examining Opiate—Receptor Interactions: Model Compound Study of Dynamic Effects on 15N INEPT Enhancements

Model systems were chosen in an attempt to mimic the proton exchange environment of an agonist nitrogen in an opiate-receptor interaction. The two model systems studied were an ammonium: 18-crown-6 ether complex and a quinuclidine-trifluoroacetic acid ion pair. Each system was examined for their effects on 15N NMR INEPT enhancements. Both models were found to retard proton exchange dynamics, as observed by increased enhancements relative to free ions in neutral aqueous solutions. These results suggest that the confinement of a protonated nitrogen, such as that expected in receptor binding, may alter exchange dynamics to favor INEPT enhancements, while unbound agonists would remain unenhanced. As a result, 15N NMR INEPT enhancements from a solution of receptor subtypes with an appropriate 15N-labeled agonist may present a means of exploring the dynamics of direct opiate-receptor interactions.
Urodynamic testing in the diagnosis of small animal micturition disorders

Urodynamic testing provides a quantitative assessment of the function of the small animal lower urinary tract. Most commonly these techniques are utilized to assess urethral tone (urethral pressure profile or UPP) and bladder detrusor muscle function (cystometrogram or CMG). A UPP may be indicated in cases of canine and feline micturition disorders. Examples include suspected primary sphincter mechanism incontinence (PSMI), ureteral ectopia, other congenital abnormalities, suspected neurological disorders, and mechanical or functional urethral obstruction. A UPP can be performed effectively utilizing human dedicated equipment. A CMG may be indicated to assess detrusor function in all of the above cases as well as cases of suspected atonic or infiltrated urinary bladder. This procedure can also be performed using the same human equipment. These tests are useful not only in providing an accurate diagnosis, but also in providing a sensitive prognostic indicator for clinical outcome of micturition disorders with and without pharmacological or surgical therapy. A leak pressure point may also be established in dogs with urinary incontinence, and may be even more sensitive than a UPP to predict clinical incontinence in some cases.
NOTES ON SKELETAL REMAINS FROM MARTHA'S VINEYARD

T HE skeletal material forming the subject of this report comprises the remains of three individuals, two old men and a boy. The men were muscular individuals, with long heads and well-developed brow ridges. The cranial type is one frequently met with in New England Indians, especially in the Maine shell heaps. The boy was very large for his age. His skull is broader than any other New England Indian cranium in the Peabody Museum collection. The cranial index is 81.5, but with the development of brow ridges and strengthening of the muscular attachments of the occiput, at maturity, he would probably have had a somewhat lower index. He represents simply an individual variation of the type.
Is the central peak in three-dimensional lattices barely resolvable owing to topological reasons?

Abstract The barely resolvable central-peak width of three-dimensional systems may be traced back to the topology of percolating clusters.
Pretreatment and fractionation of wheat straw with acetic acid to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation.

Abstract Acetic acid was used to pretreat and fractionate wheat straw. A 25% acetic acid solution at 160°C could remove all xylan and 26.2% of lignin in the wheat straw at a 10% solid concentration while recovering 94.2% of glucan. The glucan content of the pretreated wheat straw was 60.9% compared to 35.5% in the raw wheat straw. After the 6-day hydrolysis with a cellulase at a load of 15 FPU/g glucan, 67.6% of the glucan in the acetic acid-pretreated wheat straw was hydrolyzed into glucose, compared to 58.3, 26.0, and 24.4% for pure cellulose, wheat straw pretreated with hot water at 160°C, and raw wheat straw, respectively.