cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori Uses the TlpB Receptor To Sense Sites of Gastric Injury.

Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that chronically colonizes the stomachs of approximately half of the world’s population and contributes to the development of gastric inflammation. We demonstrated previously in vivo that H. pylori uses motility to preferentially colonize injury sites in the mouse stomach. However, the chemoreceptor responsible for sensing gastric injury has not yet been identified. In this study, we utilized murine gastric organoids (gastroids) and mutant H. pylori strains to investigate the components necessary for H. pylori chemotaxis. High-intensity 730-nm light (two-photon photodamage) was used to cause single-cell damage in gastroids, and repair of the damage was monitored over time; complete repair occurred within ∼10 min in uninfected gastroids. Wild-type H. pylori accumulated at the damage site after gastric damage induction. In contrast, mutants lacking motility (ΔmotB) or chemotaxis (ΔcheY) did not accumulate at the injury site. Using mutants lacking individual chemoreceptors, we found that only TlpB was required for H. pylori accumulation, while TlpA, TlpC, and TlpD were dispensable. All strains that were able to accumulate at the damage site limited repair. When urea (an identified chemoattractant sensed by TlpB) was microinjected into the gastroid lumen, it prevented the accumulation of H. pylori at damage sites. Overall, our findings demonstrate that H. pylori colonizes and limits repair at damage sites via chemotactic motility that requires the TlpB chemoreceptor to sense signals generated by gastric epithelial cells.
An HTS Machine Concept with a Passive Rotor

Electrical motors or generators normally incorporate copper windings on either the rotor or stator or both components. Copper windings, as well known, have significant resistive. On the other hand, superconductors, with their near zero resistance, have negligible losses under large current flows. Researchers have voiced concern that the main challenge associated with superconducting machines is the necessary cryogenic cooling system and the need to couple them to the rotating rotor structure. This paper describes a novel architecture for superconducting motors or generators. This paper approaches the problem from a new perspective that eliminates the need for rotating the cryocoolers by keeping the field windings stationary and yet generating an emf which is more effective than a comparable conventional copper machine. MgB 2 or 2nd generation superconductors are proposed for both the DC excitation and AC armature coils. Thus the proposed machine becomes fully superconducting. The main benefit of the proposed fully superconducting machine will have high torque at a compact size which is expected to be useful at offshore wind power generators where weight and size is the biggest concern due to transportation and installation limits. The challenges associated with this particular topology are also discussed and possible solutions proposed. A comparison of the torque with a comparable copper machine provides encouraging results which warrant further pursuit of this topology.
Deep-Well Disposal

Underground wastewater disposal and storage by well injection is under consideration today by both industries [1–5] and municipalities [2, 6–9] to help solve environmental problems. A national goal established by Congress in the Clean Water Act of 1972 (PL 92–500) was to cease all discharges of pollutants to navigable waters by 1985 [10]. The capacities of surface waters to receive effluents without violating existing water quality standards is diminishing with time. Costs of disposal or storage using conventional and advanced waste treatment techniques are increasing rapidly. These and other factors have caused both dischargers and regulatory agencies to consider subsurface injection as a mechanism for the disposal of waste fluids.
The racializing forces of/in AI educational technologies

In this article, we examine the sociopolitical implications of AI technologies as they are integrated into writing instruction and assessment. Drawing from new materialist and Black feminist though...
Explaining India’s foreign policy: theoretical explorations

ABSTRACTThis article explores new lines of conceptualization to understand India’s regional behavior. It argues that the twin concepts of relational power and domestic balance of forces provide bet...
Undergraduate music student perspectives on the music school as a space for the development of allyhood

The purpose of this study was to examine undergraduate music student perspectives on the music school as a space for the development of allyhood (Waters, R. 2010. “Understanding Allyhood as a Devel...
Adaptive-Hybrid Redundancy for Rad-Hardening

Radiation hardened by design processors are used in space environments to ensure reliability. These processors are difficult to develop, prohibitively expensive, and not state-of-the-art. Researchers now examine commercial processors and field programmable gate arrays for this purpose. Single event upsets are mitigated through redundancy. A novel adaptive-hybrid method is proposed.
Broad-Brush Compaction for Sequential Test Generation

Test sequences that do not use scan chains have several advantages as manufacturing tests. Test sequences can be produced by sequential test generation procedures, and static test compaction can be applied to reduce the length of the sequence without losing fault coverage. A typical sequential test generation procedure that produces a single test sequence concatenates test subsequences to form the test sequence. Existing static test compaction procedures ignore the construction of the sequence from subsequences and consider every test vector individually for omission. This brief introduces a broad-brush static test compaction procedure that considers entire subsequences for omission to achieve test compaction. As additional subsequences are concatenated, subsequences concatenated earlier may become unnecessary. The procedure described in this brief identifies this situation. The advantage of a broad-brush approach is a low computational effort, which is demonstrated by experimental results for benchmark circuits.
Analysis of conventional and alternative CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to enhance a single-base pair knock-in mutation.

Author(s): Edmondson, Carina; Zhou, Qi; Liu, Xuan | Abstract: BackgroundThe use of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies in generating single-base pair knock-in mutations has recently exploded in the number of methods available. However, with the growing expansion of new technologies, it can be difficult to determine the best method for genome editing.ResultsIn this study, we evaluated a number of CRISPR/Cas9 approaches for deriving cell lines with knock-in base pair edits to create a phosphorylation mutation and provide a breakdown of editing efficiencies and suggestions for improvement. Overall, our studies suggest that using pre-formed ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes is a reliable editing method to generate homozygous single-base pair mutations. We also show that antibiotic selection coupled homologous recombination is an efficient tool for generating highly specific heterozygous mutations.ConclusionThe methods and/or combination of methods outlined in this study can be used to help other researchers with similar goals in single-base pair genome editing.
Progress in the Detection of Low-Energy Neutrons

The development of improved neutron detection, for energies less than 20 MeV is required for advances in the study of neutron-induced reactions. These neutron detectors must have an accurately known response function as well as fast-timing capabilities for use at pulsed neutron sources. The accuracy in the determination of the response of most neutron detectors is ultimately limited by the accuracy of the neutron standard reaction cross sections. The exceptions to this rule include thick total absorption detectors and associated particle methods. Several examples of recent progress in neutron detection are presented.
Automated Analysis of an Audio Control Protocol

We show how HyTech, a symbolic model checker for linear hybrid systems, can be used to analyze an audio control protocol. This protocol [BPV94] was first verified by Bosscher et al. without computer support. In this paper, we demonstrate that algorithmic methods can not only verify the protocol, but can also automatically synthesize the bound on the maximum clock drift, and suggest design modification for a more robust protocol. We believe the techniques we used — finite state encodings, automata transformations, strengthening of specifications — provide insight to the practictioner interested in modeling and analyzing similar real-world applications.
Expert system for train control

The train energy model (TEM), a general train simulator developed at the Association of American Railroads, is widely used in the railroad industry. Recently, a new train controller, the general automatic train-controller (GAT), has been developed for TEM. In the GAT, the 'intelligence' or 'expertise' is a set of 'if-then' train-handling rules in an external file. The expert system for train control presented in this paper is a slightly simplified version of the GAT. The main thesis of this paper is: simple, unchained rules are adequate for complex train control. Thus, an 'inference engine' using forward chaining is not required.
Human fetal respiratory arrhythmia

The association of human fetal respiration with the fetal heart rate was studied in 13 pregnant patients between Weeks 34 and 41 of pregnancy. Fetal respiration was recorded with the use of a tocodynamometer. Fetal heart rate was recorded with the use of ultrasound and abdominal fetal electrocardiogram monitoring devices. The results documented the presence of human fetal respiratory arrhythmia. An increase in fetal heart rate was seen during fetal "inspiration" followed by a decrease during "expiration." The possible mechanisms of the respiratory arrhythmia are discussed.
Koontz in the Mansion and the Gatehouse

This Article focuses on problems in implementing the U.S. Supreme Court’s expansion of its doctrine of unconstitutional conditions pertaining to land development approvals in Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District. As earlier developed in Nollan v. California Coastal Commission and Dolan v. City of Tigard, the doctrine applied only to unrelated or disproportional exactions of interests in real property. The doctrine was expanded in Koontz to include denials of development approval after landowner refusal to accede to unreasonable exaction demands, and also to exactions of money as well as real property interests.Drawing an analogy to Yale Kamisar’s disparate treatment of criminal defendants in the “mansion” of the judicial system and the “gatehouse” of the police station, the Article discusses difficulties in implementing Koontz. It examines the difficulty of enforcing prohibitions on unreasonable coercion in informal bargaining between land development approval applicants and local regulators. The Article concludes by discussing specific procedural and substantive problems, and proposes some partial solutions.
Review of Principles of Passive Supplemental Damping and Seismic Isolation by C. Christopoulos and A. Filiatrault

This book addresses two technological areas that have had profound impact on the design and construction of civil engineering structures under seismic loads. These areas are supplemental damping and seismic isolation. Research in and development of supplemental damping, or passive energy dissipation, for structural applications has a roughly 50-year history. However, only over the previous 20 years or so have we seen this technology mature to the point where innovative devices have been developed on the basis of sound principles and integrated into buildings and bridges—either as new construction or as retrofit—for seismic hazard mitigation. Seismic isolation as a research topic, in comparison with supplemental damping, has an older origin; and its operating principle is now well understood. In recent years, however, exciting progress in practice has been made in several directions; these include the development of new or improved isolation systems and the development of hybrid systems, namely, isolation systems in combination with supplemental damping devices. With this background, it is timely to see a book that collects and consolidates information from a diverse set of sources into an up-to-date unified presentation of both theoretical and practical aspects of these technologies. This book is divided into three main sections, supplemented by a Foreword by Professor V. V. Bertero, two sample seismic retrofit project assignments Chapter 11 , four appendixes listing structural implementations of these devices and systems dating up to about 2003 , and a comprehensive list of references. After brief introductory remarks, the first section Chapters 1–3 provides a concise review of the fundamentals of supplemental damping and seismic isolation, as well as current design philosophies from the viewpoint of performance-based earthquake engineering. Energy principles are introduced in Chapter 3, with a focus on energy as a design concept, as well as a common basis for performance comparison among various kinds of devices that have been studied and developed for structural applications. A comprehensive treatment of supplemental damping and supplemental damping devices dampers , the second main section of the book, is covered in Chapters 4–8. Chapter 4 presents basic concepts and general design and analysis procedures for structures with dampers; a large variety of dampers are introduced
Symbolic dynamics and relaxation oscillations

Abstract This paper describes the application of qualitative methods of dynamical systems theory to a specific problem. It examines the forced Van der Pol equation as an example of a relaxation oscillation with aperiodic solutions. The technique of symbolic dynamics, particularly for one-dimensional mappings, is used to give a complete topological characterization of the set of these aperiodic solutions for parameter values for which the equation appears structurally stable. These results are a mathematical interpretation of numerical computations and are not the result of rigorous analysis.
Hierarchical structured ZnO nanorods on ZnO nanofibers and their photoresponse to UV and visible lights

Hierarchical structured ZnO consisting of nanorods on electrospun nanofibers (ZnO nanorod-on-ZnO nanofiber) was prepared via hydrothermal reaction in the presence of hexamethylenetetramine. The density of the ZnO nanorods on electrospun ZnO nanofibers could be controlled by the concentration of the nutrient solution. The as-obtained ZnO nanorod-on-ZnO nanofiber hierarchical structure was assembled into electronic device with two Au electrodes for UV detection. After surface functionalization with N719 dye, the as-obtained ZnO nanorod-on-ZnO nanofiber nanomaterial could also be used as a visible light detector.
The effect of race on the relationship between fetal death and altered fetal growth

This population study examines racial differences in the relationship between birth weight and fetal death. An earlier report showed that a birth weight that results in a fourfold increased risk of stillbirth is not a constant birth weight percentile (2nd percentile at 25 weeks, 17th percentile at 42 weeks). This analysis was applied to 782,430 white and black births in Illinois from 1980 to 1984. Mean and 10th percentile growth for white and black infants is identical before 34 weeks' gestation and growth diverges by 250 gm at term, with white infants being larger. Race-specific birth weights resulting in quadrupling of the stillbirth rate were determined with an exponential regression analysis of the relationship between birth weight and fetal death rate for each gestational age. The data indicate (1) that the birth weights resulting in quadrupling the stillbirth rate are substantially above the Denver 10th percentile and the previously unpublished race-specific Illinois 10th percentiles and (2) that at term white infants demonstrate this constant risk at the 12th percentile, whereas black infants exhibit the risk at the 18th percentile. From these data we conclude that black fetuses are more sensitive than white fetuses to factors that adversely affect growth and that continued use of "race-neutral" data for clinical management in racially heterogenous populations will not accurately predict the risk of stillbirth. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1222-30.)
B72-27 The Fourth Generation

The book is composed of three major parts: a dialogue on the fourth generation theme, a series of papers (called presentations), and finally six invited papers.
Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors.

Abstract Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are relatively uncommon; comprising approximately 0.5% of all human cancers. Although they often exhibit relatively indolent clinical courses, GEP-NETs have the potential for lethal progression. Due to their scarcity and various technical challenges, GEP-NETs have been understudied. As a consequence, we have few diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for these tumors. Early detection and surgical removal is currently the only reliable curative treatment for GEP-NET patients; many of whom, unfortunately, present with advanced disease. Here, we review the genetics and epigenetics of GEP-NETs. The last few years have witnessed unprecedented technological advances in these fields, and their application to GEP-NETS has already led to important new information on the molecular abnormalities underlying them. As outlined here, we expect that “omics” studies will provide us with new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, inform the development of improved pre-clinical models, and identify novel therapeutic targets for GEP-NET patients.
Attitudes toward inequality: Racism and other varieties of American exceptionalism

Abstract Thomas Frank and Alesina, Di Tella and MacCulloch find working class Americans differing from their European counterparts with regard to issues of economic equality. In a word, indifference if not perversity would seem to dominate the political landscape. Most recently, Lee and Roemer see a deeply ingrained racism as the essential explanation. A view similar to an earlier analysis by Alesina, Edward Glaeser and Sacerdote. Such Becker-like behavior is obviously costly to middle and low income white voters. In this paper I argue that to an extent such seemingly spiteful behavior on the part of Americans (in contrast to their European peers) can be understood by the unique nature of American education and religious practices. It is also the case however, that differential access to the polls may in fact mask the extent of egalitarian sentiment that actually exists among the population, as distinct from those able with access to the voting booth. In this latter sense, American exceptionalism may well flow from an absence of real democracy.
Truth in Giving: Experimental Evidence on the Welfare Effects of Informed Giving to the Poor

Abstract It is often difficult for donors to predict the value of charitable giving because they know little about their recipients. This concern is particularly acute when making contributions to organizations that serve heterogeneous populations. Prior research shows that donors are more generous if they know their assistance benefits a group they like. But we know little about the demand for such information. To start closing this gap, we study transfers of income to real-world poor people in dictator games. Our dictators can purchase signals about why the recipients are poor. We find that a third of the dictators are willing to pay money to learn more about their recipient. Dictators who acquire information mostly use it to withhold resources from less-preferred types, leading to a drastic decline in aggregate transfers. With endogenous information about recipients, we find that all types of poor recipients are worse off.
Investigating the classroom discourse of mediation in a Feuerstein instrumental enrichment programme

In this research project, we investigate the discourse and interactions of a teacher and his elementary‐aged students in a cognitive education programme, based upon the work of Reuven Feuerstein. Feuerstein has developed a learning theory that links cognitive skill development to culturally grounded mediated learning. He argues that the development of foundational thinking skills – organisation and management of information, effective orientation to problem sets and metacognitive skills – underlie all complex learning and is a direct outgrowth of mediating interactions between a learner and a more competent guide. Feuerstein theorises specific qualities to learning interactions for all mediated learning experiences (MLE). In order to investigate the discursive realisation of MLEs in a Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment (FIE) programme, data were gathered on a series of lessons with an FIE‐trained teacher and three fourth and fifth grade academically underachieving students of Central American heritage in ...
Probing stray surface electric patch fields using Rydberg atoms

Abstract The stray electric “patch” fields present at a Au(1 1 1) surface are investigated by studying the ionization of Rydberg atoms incident at near-grazing angles. Measurements of the threshold conditions required to observe the resulting ions are used to estimate how large such stray fields can be. The data show that the stray fields can be sizeable, as large as ∼10 3 V cm −1 100 nm from the surface and ∼20 V cm −1 500 nm from the surface, and illustrate the potential of Rydberg atoms for detecting and characterizing surface electric fields.
Rapid Prototyping for Soft‐Matter Electronics

A series of rapid and inexpensive methods to produce elastically soft sensors and circuits in minutes using a CO2 laser (10.6 μm wavelength) are introduced. These soft-matter electronics are composed of laser-patterned films of conductive poly(dimethylsiloxane) (cPDMS) and liquid-phase gallium–indium (GaIn) alloy embedded in a thin sheet of soft silicone elastomer. Direct laser patterning eliminates the need for photolithography, replica molding, and customized inkjet or microcontact (μCP) printing, and allows conductive traces of cPDMS and liquid GaIn to be rapidly integrated into a single soft-matter circuit. The versatility of this fabrication method is demonstrated by the production of a variety of electrically functional soft-matter sensors and circuit elements that contain features with >150 μm planar dimensions. It is postulate that in the case of GaIn alloy patterning occurs when the recoil force of the escaping vapor exceeds the liquid's surface tension. This mechanism exploits the unique “moldability” of liquid GaIn alloy, which forms a surface oxide of Ga2O3 that allows the patterned film to maintain its shape.
Aging is a woman's problem: Issues faced by the female elderly population

Abstract Demographic trends indicate that the number and percentage of single, older females have been increasing dramatically each year, particularly in the upper age groups. Consequently, there is a growing economically and socially deprived older population. Women, who have greater health care problems, face government cost containment measures that have both undermined access to quality medical care and engendered greater home care needs. At the same time, the paucity of appropriate home health services, along with public programs that encourage institutional care, force many single, elderly women into nursing homes. While costs and profits of such institutions have increased significantly, fraud and patient abuse continue unabated. It is evident that aging is a women's problem and that its sources are the social systemic problems of deprived, or soon to be deprived, younger women.
Investigation of a radioimmunoassay for plasma estrone and estradiol-17β in males and nonpregnant females. Comparison with an independent method using fluorimetry

A radioimmunoassay for estrone and estradiol-17β in plasma from males and nonpregnant females similar to those used by other workers has been investigated. Chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 separated estrone from estradiol-17β, but neither was separated from other naturally-occurring estrogens. Specifically, estrone was not separated from 2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol-17β, and estradiol-17β was not separated from estradiol-17α, 2-hydroxyestrone, 16-ketoestrone, l6-ketoestradiol-17β, 16α-hydroxyestrone, and 16β-hydroxyestrone. Crossreactions with the antiserum were found for several of these estrogens in both estrone and estradiol-17β assay systems, thus indicating the possibility of substantial interference in the assays. This possibility was investigated. The material measured as plasma estrone and estradiol-17β by radioimmunoasay was subjected to a number of identification procedures and found to have the characteristics of estrone and estradiol-17β. Comparison of plasma estrone and estradio...
From Social System to Ecosystem

' All science proceeds by a selective ordering of data by means of conceptual schemes. Although the formulation and application of conceptual schemes are recognized to entail, at some stage of inquiry, more or less arbitrary choices on the part of the theorist or investigator, we all acknowledge, or at lea feel, that the nature of the "real world" exc :ises strong constraints on the developm~nt of schemes in science. Some schemes, used frUItfully over long peri~ds ~f time, co~e to .seem s~ natu.rafl . that we find It dIfficult to Imagme then bemg superseded. One type of scheme is deeply i~ grained by our training as social scientists, ~o WIt, the organization of data by ley~(~. ,Kroeber:s o~ly voicing the consensus of a maJonty of SCIentIsts when he writes:
Halo Asphericity and the Shear Three-Point Function

We demonstrate through the use of a simple toy model that asphericity in dark matter halos has a measurable effect on the configuration dependence of the weak-lensing shear three-point function at small scales. In principle, this sensitivity provides a way to measure the shapes of dark matter halos. The distribution of halo ellipticities should be included in models aiming at a high-fidelity prediction of n-point shear correlation statistics.
The anatomy and physiology of the sphenoid sinus

Abstract Anatomically, the sphenoid sinus is more complicated than the other paranasal sinuses as a result of its close proximity to surrounding vital structures. It is directly related to the anterior cranial fossa, hypophysis, brain stem, optic nerves, carotid artery, as well as the cavernous sinuses and its contents. Additionally, of the three single cavity paranasal sinuses (ie, frontal, maxillary, sphenoid), it is the sinus with the most anatomic variability. This complexity creates the need for a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy before surgery in and around the sinus. This article reviews the embryology, physiology, and anatomy of the sphenoid sinus.
Effects of environmental variables upon the spatial and temporal structure of a fish community in a small, freshwater tributary of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Abstract A survey to monitor the distribution and abundance of fishes and selected invertebrates in the St. Sebastian River, Florida, was conducted from March 1999 through June 2000. We recorded a total of 181,854 individuals (representing 77 taxa) in 128 seine samples, and a single species, bay anchovy ( Anchoa mitchilli ), accounted for 84.4% of the animals collected. Seasonally, the species compositions of spring and fall samples were most similar (percent similarity index (PSI)=95.3%), whereas those of summer and winter samples were most dissimilar (PSI=54.0%). The spring samples contained the greatest mean number of taxa (N0=59 taxa), and the fall samples had the fewest (N0=38). In addition, spring samples had the highest index of abundant taxa (Hill's N1=10.6) and summer samples had the lowest (Hill's N1=6.4), suggesting that approximately four more taxa were caught in greater abundance during spring than during summer. Community composition determined via canonical correspondence analysis revealed four assemblages: two seasonal groupings and two spatial groupings. Seasonal species assemblages were composed of a spring-summer group characterized by recruits of Irish pompano ( Diapterus auratus ), snook ( Centropomus undecimalis ), and naked goby ( Gobiosoma bosc ), and a fall–winter group characterized by recruits of mullet ( Mugil cephalus ), spot ( Leiostomus xanthurus ), and croaker ( Micropogonias undulatus ). Spatial groupings were composed of a north prong group which included taxa with estuarine affinities, and a south prong group which included taxa with freshwater affinities. Community composition recorded during periods of controlled water releases and during periods of naturally high-water-flow differed, primarily because abundant estuarine taxa disappeared during the controlled release. The loss of these taxa suggests that when large amounts of fresh water enter the system during relatively short periods of time, the estuarine component of the community does not have time to adjust to the rapid decrease in salinity.
The Differential Impact of Food Inflation upon the Poor

The poor spend a larger percentage of their incomes on food, and thus food inflation affects the poor more than higher income groups. A price index for foods purchased by the poor based on data gathered in Atlanta, Georgia-a fairly representative metropolitan area-is presented. It suggests that the cost of living of the poor during recent periods has been differentially affected by a larger increase in the price of their weighted food market basket compared to the increase in the average consumer's food market basket. A measure is also given of the degree to which food stamps failed to maintain constant purchasing power in Atlanta because of the rapid price changes.
Generating incremental implementations of object-set queries

High-level query constructs help greatly improve the clarity of programs and the productivity of programmers, and are being introduced to increasingly more languages. However, the use of high-level queries in programming languages can come at a cost to program efficiency, because these queries are expensive and may be computed repeatedly on slightly changed inputs. For efficient computation in practical applications, a powerful method is needed to incrementally maintain query results with respect to updates to query parameters.This paper describes a general and powerful method for automatically generating incremental implementations of high-level queries over objects and sets in object-oriented programs, where a query may contain arbitrary set enumerators, field selectors, and additional conditions. The method can handle any update to object fields and addition and removal of set elements, and generate coordinated maintenance code and invocation mechanisms to ensure that query results are computed correctly and efficiently. Our implementation and experimental results for example queries and updates confirm the effectiveness of the method.
Thymine addition to ethanol: induction by gamma irradiation.

When thymine in dilute, deaerated, aqueous solution was irradiated with γ-rays in the presence of ethanol, a high yield of products containing both the thymine and ethanol moieties was obtained. These were shown to be isomers formed by the attack of CH3CHOH radicals at the carbon No. 6 position of thymine. A similar reaction was observed with N, N9-dimethylthymine, but O,O9-dimethylthymine did not react. The reaction may be relevant to the resistance of certain cells to ionizing radiation.
From Intercrisis to Intracrisis Learning

This article focuses on collective learning during crises, i.e., intracrisis learning. Intracrisis learning is challenging because decisionmakers must act in a short time frame under conditions of cognitive limitations and political pressure. Intracrisis learning is also complicated by the fact that it usually involves a network of responders, rather than a single organization. The article examines the role of a structural framework, the Incident Command System, in mediating this challenge. The article also describes an example of intracrisis learning, where responders learned from one another, and via virtual experiences, information systems, learning forums, and standard operating procedures.
Clinical predictors of androgen-independent prostate cancer and survival in the prostate-specific antigen era

Abstract Objectives. To further characterize and identify novel predictors of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) and survival in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era. Methods. A total of 184 consecutive patients with prostate cancer receiving chronic androgen suppression were assessed for the development of AIPC and overall survival. Results. The median time to development of AIPC was 44 months (Stage M+ = 24 months; Stage M0 = 63 months, P = 0.000001). The 10-year overall survival rate for Stage M0 or M+ disease was 89% and 55%, respectively. AIPC developed significantly more commonly in patients with a higher nadir PSA level (greater than 1 ng/dL), a longer time to reach nadir PSA (greater than 3 months), a larger body mass index (greater than 27 kg/m 2 ), greater pretherapy PSA level, and when evidence of metastatic disease was identified (logistic regression analysis). Overall survival was significantly associated with advanced stage (skeletal metastases), pretreatment PSA level, and history of skeletal fracture (multivariate Cox regression analysis). Conclusions. In the PSA era, longer intervals of androgen suppression therapy in nonmetastatic, biochemically recurrent prostate cancer have translated into a change in the duration of androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Although the duration of androgen dependence remains variable, prolonged—possibly “curative”—control exists in a subset of patients. Obese men developed AIPC significantly sooner than did slender men. A skeletal fracture was a significant negative predictor of overall survival. These observations form the basis for nomogram predictions of AIPC in the PSA era.
Timing Is Everything: GTPase Regulation in Phototransduction

As the molecular mechanisms of vertebrate phototransduction became increasingly clear in the 1980s, a persistent problem was the discrepancy between the slow GTP hydrolysis catalyzed by the phototransduction G protein, transducin, and the much more rapid physiological recovery of photoreceptor cells from light stimuli. Beginning with a report published in 1989, a series of studies revealed that transducin GTPase activity could approach the rate needed to explain physiological recovery kinetics in the presence of one or more factors present in rod outer segment membranes. One by one, these factors were identified, beginning with PDEγ, the inhibitory subunit of the cGMP phosphodiesterase activated by transducin. There followed the discovery of the crucial role played by the regulator of G protein signaling, RGS9, a member of a ubiquitous family of GTPase-accelerating proteins, or GAPs, for heterotrimeric G proteins. Soon after, the G protein β isoform Gβ5 was identified as an obligate partner subunit, followed by the discovery or R9AP, a transmembrane protein that anchors the RGS9 GAP complex to the disk membrane, and is essential for the localization, stability, and activity of this complex in vivo. The physiological importance of all of the members of this complex was made clear first by knockout mouse models, and then by the discovery of a human visual defect, bradyopsia, caused by an inherited deficiency in one of the GAP components. Further insights have been gained by high-resolution crystal structures of subcomplexes, and by extensive mechanistic studies both in vitro and in animal models.
Severe obstruction of the left main coronary artery by mycotic aortic psuedoaneurysm following orthotopic heart transplantation

Mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta is a rare complication following orthotopic heart transplantation. This article describes a case of mycotic pseudoaneurysm caused by Candida albicans that developed shortly after orthotopic heart transplantation. The pseudoaneurysm compressed the left main coronary artery, which led to the development of congestive heart failure symptoms mimicking sub-acute transplant rejection. The heart failure signs and symptoms resolved completely with resection of the aneurysm. This case reiterates that early diagnosis and complete resection of the aneurysm is associated with good prognosis.
A mobile farmers’ market brings nutrition education to low-income students

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a nutrition-education intervention delivered at low-income middle schools in Washington, DC in the USA, using a mobile farmers’ market to bring hands-on lessons to schools. The program was a partnership between a local farm and university and was funded by the United States Department for Agriculture (USDA) Team Nutrition grant. Design/methodology/approach – Seven low-income middle schools received the intervention, which included 45-minute lessons focussed on nutrition education and sustainable farming concepts. The farmers’ market was delivered via a converted school bus, allowing for full market setup at each school to provide local fruits and vegetables as teaching tools. The nutrition-education lesson focussed on the USDA MyPlate and healthy meal planning. The farm education component focussed on organic farming principles, sustainability of local food systems, and seasonality. A six question pre- and post-survey was administered to 408 ...
EϒPHKA! num = Δ + Δ + Δ

Abstract A formula for the generating function for the number of representations of n as a sum of three triangular numbers is given. From this formula Gauss's theorem that every natural number is a sum of three triangular numbers follows immediately.
The effect of exchanging various substituents at the 2-position of 2-methoxyestradiol on cytotoxicity in human cancer cell cultures and inhibition of tubulin polymerization.

A new set of estradiol derivatives bearing various substituents at the 2-position were synthesized in order to further elucidate the structural parameters associated with the antitubulin activity and cytotoxicity of 2-substituted estradiols. The potencies of the new compounds as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization were determined, and the cytotoxicities of the analogues in human cancer cell cultures were investigated. The substituents introduced into the 2-position of estradiol included E-3′-hydroxy-1′-propenyl, 2′-hydroxyethoxy, 3-N,N-dimethylaminoethylideneamino, 2′-hydroxyethylineneamino, (‚-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl, phenylethynyl, ethynly, 1′-propynyl, and cyano. The substituents conferring the ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization included E-3′-hydroxy-1′-propenyl, 2′-hydroxyethoxy, ethynyl, and 1′-propynyl. The remaining compounds were all inactive as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization when tested at concentrations of up to 40 IM. All of the compounds were cytotoxic in a panel of 55 human cancer cell cultures, and in general, the most cytotoxic compounds were also the most potent as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. 2-(1′-Propynyl)estradiol displayed significant anticancer activity in the in vivo hollow fiber animal model.
Benzene and Its Ionized States

Benzene ground and two pi ionized states, 2A2u and 2E1g, have been studied by the self‐consistent‐field method using contracted Gaussians as basis. Ionization potentials are assigned. A transfer of sigma charge density from hydrogen to carbon has been found to result from electron removal from the pi system.
Theory of First-Order Raman Scattering by Crystals of the Diamond Structure Containing Substitutional Impurities

The Raman effect that we consider here is the inelastic scattering of light by the lattice vibrations due to the fluctuations in the crystal electronic polarizability induced by the lattice vibrations. There is conservation of energy, i.e. in a first order scattering process, the frequency ωs of the scattered radiation differs from the frequency ωi of the incident radiation by the frequency of one phonon. In perfect crystals, there is also conservation of momentum due to the translational symmetry of the crystal. In actual experiments, the Bragg condition is generally satisfied and since the magnitude of the wave vector of the light in the crystal is very small compared to the maximum magnitude of the phonon wave vector, only the phonons of essentially zero wave vector k≃0 are involved in first order scattering. Actually, a good approximation in the description of Raman scattering consists in replacing the small wave vector of light by zero and we shall do so in what follows.
Pupillary response to noxious stimulation during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia.

We studied the effects of noxious stimuli on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pupil size, and the pupillary light reflex in 13 volunteers anesthetized with either isoflurane or propofol. Those given isoflurane (n = 8) were anesthetized twice, in a randomly selected order, once at an end-tidal concentration of 0.8% and once at 1.2%. An intense noxious stimulus was provided by electrical stimulation applied to skin of the abdominal wall (65-70 mA, 100 Hz). Hemodynamic values and pupillary responses were recorded immediately before stimulation and at 15-60-s intervals during 8 subsequent min. In the volunteers given isoflurane (both concentrations), stimulation significantly increased pupil size (265 +/- 44%) and the amplitude of the light reflex (233 +/- 23%). In contrast, mean heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased only 19 +/- 7% and 13 +/- 7% after stimulation. Five additional volunteers were anesthetized twice with propofol (approximately 3 micrograms/mL plasma concentration) and 60% nitrous oxide. The same electrical stimulus was applied, and hemodynamic and pupillary measurements were obtained. During one propofol anesthetic, an esmolol infusion (100 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) was started 10 min before stimulation to determine whether this agent would blunt the pupillary response. The pupillary light reflex increased more than 200% during both propofol anesthetics with or without esmolol; once again, heart rate and blood pressure changed little. We conclude that with these experimental conditions, the pupil is a more sensitive measure of noxious stimulation than the commonly used variables of arterial blood pressure and heart rate.
Melatonin and protection from genetic damage in blood and bone marrow: Whole‐body irradiation studies in mice

The objective of this study was to examine the potential radioprotective properties of pharmacological doses of melatonin in whole-body irradiated mice. CD2-F1 male mice were treated with melatonin, a secretory product of the pineal gland, and then whole-body irradiated with an acute dose (150 cGy) of 137Cs gamma rays. Peripheral blood and bone marrow cells were examined for genetic damage, which was determined by comparing the incidence of micronuclei (MN) in both melatonin pre-treated and non-treated irradiated animals (and control mice). The percentages of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in unirradiated mice ranged between 3.1 +/- 0.23 and 3.2 +/- 0.19 in the peripheral blood and between 51.0 +/- 2.03 and 52.8 +/- 2.00 in the bone marrow. Whole-body irradiation resulted in a significant decrease in the percentages of PCEs in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. In both tissues, irradiated mice that were pre-treated with melatonin (5 or 10 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent increase in the observed incidence of PCEs relative to the expected incidence. The incidence of MN in unirradiated mice ranged between 4.2 +/- 0.92 and 4.6 +/- 0.97 in the peripheral blood and between 5.0 +/- 1.05 and 5.5 +/- 1.08 in the bone marrow. Whole-body irradiation resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of MN in both tissues. In both tissues, irradiated mice that were pre-treated with melatonin exhibited a significant and dose-dependent reduction in the observed incidence of MN (relative to the expected incidence). Under the experimental conditions tested, the data indicate that melatonin has the ability to protect the genetic material of hematopoietic cells of mice from the damaging effects of acute whole-body irradiation.
The development of a power darlington transistor and hybrid integrated circuit for a DC to DC converter

A power Darlington transistor SubscreteR** and hybrid integrated circuit consisting of two of these in parallel with a fast recovery diode are described. The integrated unit is used as a dc-to-dc converter or "chopper" to control the acceleration and speed of a electric car motor and can deliver 450A of armature current. The Subscrete form permits full testing and matching of transistors before mounting on a common heat spreader. The thermal, mechanical, and electrical characteristics of the transistor Subscrete are discussed, together with the criteria used for matching and performance results obtained with the integrated circuit in a dc converter circuit.
Ethnicity, Acculturation, and Religiosity as Predictors of Female College Students' Role Expectations

The present study was designed to examine ethnicity, acculturation, and religiosity as predictors of European American and Korean American evangelical female college students' role expectations. Fifty-seven European American and 37 Korean American single women, who ranged in age from 17 to 24 years, completed a demographic questionnaire, a role expectation measure, three religiosity measures, and an acculturation measure. The results indicated a significant negative correlation between fundamentalism and role-sharing expectations for European American women and a significant positive correlation between level of acculturation and role-sharing expectations for Korean American women. The results suggest that fundamentalism is a stronger predictor of role expectations than religious commitment in European American women and that acculturation is a more accurate predictor of role expectations than generation in the United States among Korean American women.
Stereospecific synthesis of (25)-26-hydroxycholesterol VIA [2, 3] sigmatropic rearrangement. A new stereoselective two-carbon homologation of 20-keto steroids to the 23-aldehyde.

Abstract Pregnenolone was stereoselectively converted into (25 R )-26-hydroxycholesterol using a stereoselective hydroboration, asymmetric reduction and a stereospecific [2, 3] sigmatropic rearrangement as key steps.
Teleoperated missiles as a reconnaissance asset on the digitized battlefield

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the potential uses of teleoperated missiles (TMs) as reconnaissance (recon) assets inaddition to their primary attack mission. This potential role has long been recognized, but not given seriousconsideration because it was generally thought or assumed that other means would be more effective and costefficient. For reasons associated with increased combat risk and cost of manned and unmanned recon-capable assets,as well as increasing force structure and cost constraints, the use of TMs for recon missions appears to warrant closerexamination.For the analysis the Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided Missile (EFOGM) is used as a representative TM. Theassumption is made that other recon assets, except for certain ground sensors, are not available, or are of limited availability. Loss exchange ratios (LERs) were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of TMs in this role. Simulation results show that TMs can perform recon with effectiveness comparable to other recon means, withLERs improving with TM maximum range.