cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Critical Parameters for Abiotic Peptide Synthesis in Submarine Hydrothermal Systems

It has been proposed that oligopeptides may be formed in submarine hydrothermal systems (SHSs). Oligopeptides have been synthesized previously under simulated SHS conditions which are likely geochemically implausible. We have herein investigated the oligomerization of glycine under SHS–like conditions with respect to the limitations imposed by starting amino acid concentration, heating time, and temperature. When 10−1 M glycine solutions were heated at 250°C for < 20 min glycine oligomers up to tetramers and diketopiperazine (DKP) were detectable. At 200°C, less oligomerization was noted. Peptides beyond glycylglycine (gly2) and DKP were not detected below 150°C. At 10−2 M initial glycine concentration and below, only gly2, DKP, and gly3 were detected, and then only above 200°C at < 20 min reaction time. Gly3 was undetectable at longer reaction times. The major parameters limiting peptide synthesis in SHSs appear to be concentration, time, and temperature. Given the expected low concentrations of amino acids, the long residence times and range of temperatures in SHSs, it is unlikely that SHS environments were robust sources of even simple peptides. Possible unexplored solutions to the problems presented here are also discussed.
Nonregularizability of the anisotropic Kepler problem

Abstract The anisotropic Kepler problem is a one parameter family of Hamiltonian systems recently introduced by Gutzwiller to approximate certain quantum mechanical systems. When the parameter μ = 1, we have the ordinary Kepler or central force problem. This system is regularizable by any of several well known methods. When μ > 1, the kinetic energy of the system becomes anisotropic. This destroys the integrability of the problem and changes the orbit structure of the system dramatically. In this paper, we show that the anisotropy of the kinetic energy also destroys the regularizability of the system, at least for most μ > 1.
Optimal computer folding of large RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information

Abstract This paper presents a new computer method for folding an RNA molecule that finds a conformation of minimum free energy using published values of stacking and destabilizing energies. It is based on a dynamic programming algorithm from applied mathematics, and is much more efficient, faster, and can fold larger molecules than procedures which have appeared up to now in the biological literature. Its power is demonstrated in the folding of a 459 nucleotide immunoglobulin gamma 1 heavy chain messenger RNA fragment. We go beyond the basic method to show how to incorporate additional information into the algorithm. This includes data on chemical reactivity and enzyme susceptibility. We illustrate this with the folding of two large fragments from the 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli.
Electrochromatographic contributions in capillary electrophoresis of biomolecules

Abstract In this study, electrically driven separations of charged biomolecules including ribonucleotides and peptides were investigated using various surface modified columns. These columns included cationic, neutral and anionic polymeric-coated columns. Experiments demonstrated that for neutral polymer-coated columns, solutes eluted according to their electrophoretic mobilities. Using surface charged columns, the elution of charged solutes was determined by their electrophoretic mobilities, electroosmotic flow rates and interactions between charged solutes and the charged column inner wall. Retention factors were used to investigate the interactions between solutes and the column inner wall. Column efficiency measurements for charged solutes on charged surface columns were also examined, and the results were compared with those obtained using neutral polymer-coated columns. It was found that separations of multivalent biomolecules were difficult using charged surface columns because of either strong adsorption or high electrophoretic mobilities.
Substitution of CO Ligand by P(OPh)3 in Radical Cations of the Cymantrene Family: Relationships of Substitution Rates to E1/2 Values and Carbonyl IR Frequencies

A series of piano-stool complexes of the cymantrene family (cymantrene = Mn(η5-C5H5)(CO)3, 1) undergoes facile replacement of a carbonyl ligand by P(OPh)3 when oxidized by one-electron in CH2Cl2/[NBu4][B(C6F5)4]. Data on the previously characterized complexes 1, Mn(η5-C5H4NH2)(CO)3 (3) and Mn(η5-C5Me5)(CO)3 (6) have been supplemented by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and IR spectroscopy on Mn(η5-C5H4Me)(CO)3 (2), Mn(η5-C5H4I)(CO)3 (4), and Mn(η5-C5H4C(O)H)(CO)3 (5). The substitution rates, determined by digital simulations of CV scans, ranged from 4 M−1 s−1 for 6+ to 3 × 105 M−1 s−1 for 5+. In general, a more strongly donating cyclopentadienyl substituent slows down the CO substitution rate. For mono-cyclopentadienyl substituted complexes, the logarithm of ksub is shown to increase linearly with either the weighted average of the CO stretching frequencies or the E1/2 value of the redox process. An exception to this generalization is the amine-substituted complex 3, for which the CO-substitution rate is higher than predicted by its E1/2 potential. The substitution rate of the pentamethylated Cp complex 6+ is slowed by about an order of magnitude owing to steric effects. The efficacy of this method to predict the CO-substitution rate of a cymantrene-tagged molecule was tested with a cymamtrene-derivatized diarylethene complex, 7. The measured P(OPh)3-for-CO substitution rate of 3.7 × 102 M−1 s−1 for 7+ was very close to that predicted by the E1/2 value of 7. A ligand electronic parameter, EL, of 0.62 was determined for the triphenylphosphite ligand. These studies build on the previous CO substitution-rate analyses by Sweigart and others.
Rapid Extraction and Analysis of Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Plant Tissues

Considerable time is necessary to determine the nonstructural carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch) in plant tissues and some methods used for this purpose lack specificity. Two steps in such assays typically occupy much of the assay time: sample drying and homogenization/centrifugation. A laboratory method was therefore developed to carry out such assays without either of these stepsThe new method involved separation of the ethanol-soluble carbohydrates from disks or slices of plant tissue with hot aqueous ethanol and the in situ conversion of starch to glucose by enzymes. The amount of ethanol-soluble sugars and the glucose released from the tissue during the starch digestion were then determined in a microplate assay using an enzyme-coupled colorimetric reaction which was highly specific for glucose
Impact of an Educational Module on Occupational Therapists’ Use of Elderspeak and Attitudes Toward Older Adults

ABSTRACTAim: To study the impact of an educational module on the ability of six occupational therapists to identify and correct elderspeak, to communicate with older adults about sensitive topics, and their confidence in teaching communication techniques at their workplace. Methods: We designed a pilot educational module consisting of a workshop and three follow-up online modules. To measure outcomes, we used the Refined Aging Semantic Differential (RASD); the Elderspeak Measurement Tool; and pre- and postsurveys. Results: The results demonstrate a slight improvement in participants’ awareness of and ability to correct elderspeak. Participants demonstrated favorable views toward older adults both before and after the educational modules. Conclusions: Educational programs may be effective for promoting clinicians’ insight and improving their ability to identify and correct elderspeak. Recommendations for future study include conducting the program over a longer period of time with a larger sample using beh...
Distortions and intertemporal welfare in a small open economy

Introducing intertemporal considerations into the open economy theory of distortions and welfare does not alter the fundamental conclusions drawn in static models. Dynamic welfare is evaluated for a small open economy which is in transition from one steady-state to another. because of a change in the distortion. We demonstrate that if the change moves the new steadystate capital stock away from the socially optimal level, trade intervention is superior to free trade. This result holds even though the new steady-state under trade intervention is Pareto inferior to that under free trade.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of central nervous system

Aims and Objectives: To review the clinical features and current understanding of the epidemiology, biology and management of pediatric atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors and analyzing the different treatment modalities. Materials and Methods: The MEDLINE database, bibliographies of selected articles and current English-language texts on the subject were reviewed. A Pubmed search was made with keywords pediatric atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, intracranial, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Most recent articles and also significant older articles having all above said words were selected and their results were reviewed in detail. Results: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) of the central nervous system (CNS) most frequently diagnosed in smaller than 3 years of age and incidence is 1-2% of all brain tumors in children. 63% of the AT/RT of the CNS is seen in infra-tentorial compartment, there are no precise imaging features that differentiate AT/RT from the other posterior fossa tumor. The rhabdoid cells are characteristic on cytopathology. It has been established now that CNS, AT/RT often show deletion of the long arm of chromosome 22q11.2. The initial treatment for most children with AT/RT is surgical with and without cerebrospinal fluid diversionary procedure. Children with less than 3 years of age offered chemotherapy but in older children radiotherapy is given in addition.
Selective, tailored, biopsychosocial pain treatment: our past is our future.

Like an adolescent finding his or her true identity, pain medicine tries one promising treatment after another. Meanwhile, diligent investigators behind the scenes sort the wheat from the chaff to shape a more secure and mature identity and future for pain medicine practice and better care for the multitudes needing effective treatment. We have many treatments, but in the coming era of performance-based medical care, which will survive? There is one treatment, integrated multimodality biopsychosocial care, that is virtually established at the core of our identity. This treatment historically survives, despite poor reimbursement in a managed care environment, because it works to improve functioning and quality of life—even in the most desperate of cases. Its effectiveness is established in several meta-analyses. Our challenge is to assure that this model survives and expands in its relevance and use in the health care system. The American Pain Society's (APS) new awards for clinical centers of excellence, described below, will help. Meanwhile, we should work assiduously to increase the numbers of other treatments that are available to pain practitioners because of their established efficacy and value to society, and lead the effort to improve the overall performance of the health care system in caring for pain. Because of the way humans are wired, establishing the …
Differential Modulation of Binding Loop Flexibility and Stability by Arg50 and Arg52 in Cucurbita maxima Trypsin Inhibitor-V Deduced by Trypsin-Catalyzed Hydrolysis and NMR Spectroscopy†

The side chains of Arg50 and Arg52 in Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor-V (CMTI-V) anchor the binding loop to the scaffold region [Cai, M., Gong, Y., Kao, J. L.-F., & Krishnamoorthi, R. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 5201−5211]. The consequences of these hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions on the conformational flexibility and stability of the binding loop were evaluated by trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of CMTI-V mutants, in which each of the two arginines was individually replaced with Ala, Lys, or Gln by genetic engineering methods. All the mutants exhibited significantly increased vulnerability to the protease attack at many sites, including the reactive-site (Lys44-Asp45 peptide bond), with the R50 mutants showing much more pronounced effects than the R52 counterparts. For CMTI-V and the mutants studied, a qualitative correlation was inferred between binding loop flexibility and retention time on a reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography C-18 column. The R50 mutants were found to be mor...
Functional outcome of quadruple amputees with end-stage renal disease

A rare but catastrophic complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with peripheral vascular disease is amputation of all four limbs secondary to gangrene. We present three patients with ESRD who underwent quadruple amputation. The purpose of this case study is to investigate the functional benefit of inpatient rehabilitation for such amputees. Our large, tertiary acute care hospital admitted 1,469 patients with ESRD during a continuous 63-month period. There were 72 amputation procedures: 57 involving lower limbs, and 15 involving upper limbs. Three patients had all four limbs amputated; these three were subsequently admitted to our acute inpatient rehabilitation center. Their median Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) score on admission was 52 and on discharge was 75. Their median length of stay was 24.5 days, which may be attributed to early postoperative therapy and de-emphasis on prosthetic replacement. At discharge, all three patients were able to perform sliding board transfers and self-propel wheelchairs modified with quad knobs and brake extenders. Each continued hemodialysis three times per week. Two patients were independent with feeding using adaptive equipment, and one required verbal cues. Two patients were able to write using dorsal wrist splints and pencil holders. One patient was able to use a speaker phone and lift lightweight objects with a left below-the-elbow hook-type prosthesis. Our review of these three cases demonstrates that inpatient rehabilitation can improve functional scores in quadruple amputee patients with ESRD. A large multicenter study is warranted to obtain adequate sample size to demonstrate statistical significance.
Structural Characterization of Carbonaceous Solids by High-Field NMR Spectroscopy

In high-field NMR experiments of carbonaceous solids such as coal and pitch, the high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) method is a powerful technique for reducing the intensity of the spinning sidebands that disturbs the precise interpretation of the spectrum. However, the high-speed MAS produces two unfavorable problems. One is the decline in the rate of polarization transfer from 1H to 13C during the cross-polarization (CP), and another is the NMR signal intensity fluctuation in the dipolar-dephasing (DD) experiments. Therefore, the availability of high-speed MAS, variable amplitude (VA)-CP pulse sequence, and DD experiments with the delay times synchronized with sample spinning were examined in the high-field NMR of a carbonaceous sample. Consequently, it was confirmed that the high-field NMR spectroscopy is a useful technique for the structural characterization of carbonaceous solids as well as the low-field NMR.
The shape of the ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layers of the normal human macula.

PURPOSE To use surfaces generated by two-dimensional penalized splines (2D P-splines) to characterize the shape of the macular ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layers (GCL+IPL) in a group of normal humans. METHODS Macular images of the right eyes of 23 normal subjects ranging in age from 18 to 75 years were obtained with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The thickness of GCL+IPL was determined by manual segmentation, areas with blood vessels were removed, and the resulting maps were fit by smooth surfaces in polar coordinates centered on the fovea. RESULTS Smooth surfaces based on 2D P-splines could precisely represent GCL+IPL thickness data, with errors comparable to the axial resolution of the SD-OCT instrument. Metrics were developed for the size, shape, and slope of the edge of the foveal depression and size and shape of the surrounding macular ridge. The slope of the foveal edge was negatively correlated with foveal size (r = -0.60). The size of the macular ridge was positively correlated with foveal size (r = 0.75), with a slope near unity (0.90 ± 0.18). The centroids of the foveal edge and macular ridge clustered near the foveal center. The foveal edge and macular ridge were well fit by ellipses. The mean GCL+IPL thickness formed an elliptical annulus elongated by approximately 30% in the horizontal direction. CONCLUSIONS The methods developed here provide precise characterization of retinal layers for the study of glaucoma, foveal development, and other applications.
Predation on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawn by birds in Prince William Sound, Alaska

We examined bird diets in areas with Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawn at northern Montague Island in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Diets of the five most abundant bird species consisted primarily of herring spawn. Using a bioenergetics model, we estimated that in spring 1994 the five-bird species ate 857.1 metric tons (mt), representing 31% of the estimated spawn deposition. The two most numerous consumers, glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) and mew gull (Larus canus) consumed 26% and 3%, respectively, of the estimated spawn deposition. Surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), surfbirds (Aphriza virgata), and black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) together consumed 2% of the spawn deposition. In years with low spawn biomass, such as 1994, the number of herring larvae produced could be significantly affected by normal rates of avian predation. The high consumption by gulls, shorebirds, and surf scoters underscores the importance of herring spawn in the annual cycle of these species and requires further investigation.
Estimates of PM2.5 levels in the southeastern United States for the year 2010: What else can be done?

We developed a comprehensive air quality modeling system for use in integrated assessment studies. We evaluated the ability of the modeling system to reproduce observed PM2.5 levels in Class I areas of the Southern Appalachians Mountains using IMPROVE data during 9 week-long episodes between 1991 and 1995. The mean normalized error was less than 40% for the sulfate, ammonium, elemental carbon and organic components. The error was larger for nitrates and soils but these components constitute a small fraction of PM2.5 in the Southeast. Using meteorological inputs for the same episodes and emission projections, we estimated the PM2.5 levels in the year 2010. In addition, using the direct sensitivity analysis method, we estimated the sensitivity of PM2.5 levels to SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions from various sub-regions. These sensitivities give a first-order estimate of the responses to emissions controls beyond those already factored into the 2010 projections.
The status of carbon dioxide reduction evaluations in California

Abstract One of the principal outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was the Framework Convention on Climate Change. This Convention calls on countries to inventory greenhouse gases and sinks and to submit a set of national policies and measures which address climate change to the United Nations. These studies are referred to as country studies. The State of California has already completed a study on the potential impacts of climate change to the state, a greenhouse gas inventory and set of greenhouse gas reduction policies, similar to the type of analysis required by the Framework Convention on Climate Change. California Energy Commission staff have found that existing and pending California air quality and energy policies contribute significantly to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. These policies are also expected to help build a stronger market for “clean technologies”, thus benefitting the state economy and meeting an international demand for efficient, clean technologies. California accomplishments in the area of environmental policy and technology development are an example of how climate change policy, resource management and economic development efforts can be addressed collectively to achieve multiple benefits.
A multiple-system, multi-channel diffusion denuder sampler for the determination of fine-particulate organic material in the atmosphere

Abstract Measurement of the loss of semi-volatile organic compounds from particles collected with a filter is carried out by comparing the amounts collected by comparable filter pack and diffusion denuder samplers. The sorbents used to collect organic compounds in the denuder and sorbent filters must have the same efficiency for collection of all gas-phase organic compounds present. Interpretation of the data requires that the efficiency of collection of gas-phase compounds by the denuder be known. In theory this can be accomplished by determination of the deposition pattern of all organic compounds collected in the denuder, but in practice this is very difficult if the organic material consists of a wide variety of compounds. An alternative approach is to determine the breakthrough of organic compounds in a sampler with a particle-collection filter preceding the denuder and sorbent filter. In such a sampler only gas-phase organic material enters the denuder. We have developed both a multi-channel parallel plate diffusion denuder sampler and a comparable sampler in which the denuder is preceded by a filter. Samples can be collected with the multisystem sampler at a flow rate of 35 sLpm. The denuder surfaces and the sorbent filters are made from sheets of an activated charcoal-impregnated filter paper. Collection of semi-volatile compounds by the samplers has been characterized and the systems have been field tested. The samplers are now being used for the routine collection and determination of semi-volatile organic compounds in particles at Canyonlands National Park in southeastern Utah. Available data from this field program show significant losses of particulate organic compounds on a quartz filter due to volatilization during sampling.
Cross-calibration of Landsat-7's visible-near-infrared bands with Terra-MODIS over dark waters

Since its launch, the Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) onboard Landsat-7 has been continuously monitored via different calibration techniques to ensure it maintains the science requirements for the demanding application areas. The majority of its applications, including agriculture and forestry, require a robust calibration for medium to high reflective targets. However, when imaging water resources, then the question becomes whether the calibration coefficients are valid for the dark end of the sensor's responsivity curve. Motivated by the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) and its potential for providing long-term, robust water studies, in this effort, the calibration status of Landsat-7's visible bands are examined using a cross-calibration technique. The well-calibrated Terra-MODIS scenes of the past decade over relatively optically stable waters were chosen to evaluate Landsat-7's stability. Following the geo-registration, homogenous areas exhibiting near, identical atmospheric conditions were specified as regions of interest in the calibration sites representing a broad range of water-leaving signals. The differences in the relative spectral response functions of the two sensors were accounted for via a model-based technique. The cross-comparison showed that the calibration instability of Landsat-7's reflective bands lie well within its radiometric uncertainty. The slight calibration differences were found to be less than 1%, 0.5%, and 2.5% for the blue, green and the red bands obtained for the period when the Terra-MODIS has been radiometrically stable. The Landsat-7's NIR band, however, exhibits, on average, 6.3% higher signals than those of Terra-MODIS. The results indicate that although Landsat-7 is well calibrated, its calibration status should be quantified rigorously for water studies when physics-based methods are employed for the removal of atmospheric effects. The over-water characterization of Landsat satellites becomes more crucial when the LDCM becomes operational.
Similarities between the Mr 245,000 calmodulin-binding protein of the dogfish erythrocyte cytoskeleton and α-fodrin

Abstract The M r 245,000 calmodulin-binding protein of the dogfish erythrocyte cytoskeleton (D245) has been compared with human erythrocyte spectrin and mammalian brain fodrin [ J. Levine and M. Willard (1981) J. Cell Biol. 90 , 631–643 ]. Mammalian erythrocyte α-spectrin, brain α-fodrin, and D245 are all localized in the cell surface-associated cytoskeleton, and have similar molecular weights. Like mammalian erythrocyte spectrin, D245 was extracted from erythrocyte ghosts under low-ionic-strength conditions. However, D245 failed to bind an antibody which reacted strongly with both subunits of human erythrocyte spectrin. Unlike mammalian erythrocyte α- and β-spectrin, D245 bound calmodulin in the absence of urea both in a “gel-binding” assay and in situ using azidocalmodulin [ D. C. Bartelt, R. K. Carlin, G. A. Scheele, and W. D. Cohen (1982) J. Cell Biol. 95 , 278–284 ]. Striking similarities were noted between D245 and α-fodrin in that both exhibited (a) comparable calcium-dependent calmodulin binding properties, (b) strong reactivity with two different anti-fodrin antibody preparations, (c) similar reactivity with antibody to brain CBP-I, now believed to be fodrin, (d) proteolytic degradation yielding an M r 150,000 calmodulin-binding fragment, and (e) lack of reactivity with an anti-spectrin antibody. A protein with calmodulin-binding and antifodrin-binding properties similar to D245 was detected in cytoskeletal preparations of chicken erythrocytes. Moderate and consistent cross-reactivity of anti-fodrin with human erythrocyte α-spectrin was also observed. The data indicate that D245 is functionally and immunologically more closely related to α-fodrin than to α-spectrin of the mammalian erythrocyte.
Reduction of platelet adhesiveness by vitamin E supplementation in humans

Platelet adhesion was tested ex vivo in a group of 7 normal individuals on varying doses of vitamin E. Adhesion to glass slides coated with fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen I and collagen V was studied by perfusing platelet-rich plasma through a flow chamber. Time- and space-resolved observations of platelet adhesion were made in an area of parallel flow lines and low shear rate under standardized conditions before and after dietary supplementation with vitamin E. The doses varied from 400 I.U./day to 1600 I.U./day in 400 I.U. increments. A statistically significant reduction in platelet adhesion was noted on all four adhesive surfaces at the 400 I.U. level of vitamin E supplementation. This reduction varied in magnitude depending on the adhesive surface. As vitamin E supplementation was increased, no dose-dependent downward trend in adhesion rate was observed although the platelet alpha-tocopherol content progressively increased. Based on our results, we suggest that 400 I.U./day may be a near optimal dose of vitamin E to reduce platelet adhesivity as evaluated in our flow chamber system.
Scalable Localization with Mobility Prediction for Underwater Sensor Networks

Due to harsh aqueous environments, non-negligible node mobility and large network scale, localization for large-scale mobile underwater sensor networks is very challenging. In this paper, by utilizing the predictable mobility patterns of underwater objects, we propose a scheme, called Scalable Localization scheme with Mobility Prediction (SLMP), for underwater sensor networks. In SLMP, localization is performed in a hierarchical way, and the whole localization process is divided into two parts: anchor node localization and ordinary node localization. During the localization process, every node predicts its future mobility pattern according to its past known location information, and it can estimate its future location based on the predicted mobility pattern. Anchor nodes with known locations in the network will control the localization process in order to balance the trade-off between localization accuracy, localization coverage, and communication cost. We conduct extensive simulations, and our results show that SLMP can greatly reduce localization communication cost while maintaining relatively high localization coverage and localization accuracy.
Riedel's thyroiditis and multifocal fibrosclerosis are part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum.

Objective Riedel's thyroiditis is a chronic fibrosing disorder of unknown etiology often associated with “multifocal fibrosclerosis.” IgG4-related systemic disease is characterized by IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration and fibrosis throughout many organs. We hypothesized that Riedel's thyroiditis is part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum. Methods We searched our institution's pathology database using the terms “Riedel's,” “struma,” “thyroid,” and “fibrosis,” and identified 3 cases of Riedel's thyroiditis. Riedel's thyroiditis was diagnosed if there was a fibroinflammatory process involving all or a portion of the thyroid gland, with evidence of extension of the process into surrounding tissues. Immunohistochemical stains for IgG4 and IgG were performed. The histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of each involved organ were evaluated. The clinical features of one patient with multiple organ system disease were described. Results All 3 thyroidectomy samples stained positively for IgG4-bearing plasma cells. One patient had extensive extrathyroidal involvement diagnostic of IgG4-related systemic disease, including cholangitis, pseudotumors of both the lung and lacrimal gland, and a lymph node contiguous to the thyroid that stained intensely for IgG4+ plasma cells. The histologic features of all organs involved were consistent with IgG4-related systemic disease. Patient 3 had 10 IgG4+ plasma cells per high-power field initially, but rebiopsy 2 years later demonstrated no IgG4+ plasma cells. That patient's second biopsy, characterized by fibrosis and minimal residual inflammation, further solidifies the link between IgG4-bearing plasma cells in tissue and the histologic evolution to Riedel's thyroiditis. Conclusion Riedel's thyroiditis is part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum. In many cases, multifocal fibrosclerosis and IgG4-related systemic disease are probably the same entity.
Anthropometry and hand performance evaluation of minority population

Abstract The goal of this research was to evaluate the hand anthropometrics and hand performances of the US minority population. This study had three specific objectives (1) to evaluate the anthropometrics of the US minority population and understand their variability within the general US population (2) to evaluate performance variation of the minority population for different hand conditions and (3) to develop models for a set of performance measures using the anthropometry of the upper extremity. Fifteen subjects from each of Hispanics, African Americans, Asian Indians and Vietnamese population groups participated in this study. Hand length, hand breadth, upper-arm length, forearm length, arm length and hand volume were the anthropometrics recorded. Hand performance dimensions including dexterity, tactility, manipulability, grip strength and a set of functional tasks were measured for bare hand and gloved (cotton, Kevlar, leather and vinyl) hand conditions. Anthropometric evaluations determined a significant effect of ethnicity and gender on hand length, forearm length, arm length and hand volume. Anthropometric comparisons determined that the ethnic groups represented different percentiles within the US population. Performance evaluations determined a significant effect of ethnicity, gender and glove type on the hand performances of the Minority population. The best models were obtained for grip strength as compared to dexterity and manipulability. More validation is required before generalizing the findings of this study. Relevance to industry While a number of studies have established differences in anthropometry among different ethnic populations, very few studies have addressed their effect on performance. This study provides fundamental information on the anthropometrics and its effect on hand performance of the minority population in US. The findings of this study will assist engineers to consider personnel variations (anthropometry and performance) to improve productivity. Hence it is very relevant to the industry.
A Prospective Cluster-Randomized Trial of Telehealth Coaching to Promote Bone Health and Nutrition in Deployed Soldiers

Findings from previous studies suggest that inadequate consumption of calcium and vitamin D and a decrease in exercise while deployed can be detrimental to bone health. This study enrolled 234 soldiers randomized to receive one-time nutrition and exercise education pre-deployment (n = 149), or telehealth coaching (n = 85), throughout the deployment cycle. Results suggest that online educational efforts may enhance sports activity, bone turnover, and vitamin D status. Improving vitamin D status and remaining active while deployed appears to sustain healthy bone density in young soldiers. Early and aggressive educational outreach to young adults may prevent chronic musculoskeletal conditions and disabling osteoporosis later in life.
Mandelstam representation for the Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes

Mandelstam representation is shown to be valid for the total Bethe-Salpeter scattering amplitude in the ladder approximation.
Convection near threshold for Prandtl numbers near 1

Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in two cylindrical geometries with different sidewalls and with radius-to-height ratios \ensuremath{\Gamma}=41 and 43 was studied with shadowgraph imaging and heat-transport measurements. The working fluid was ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ at 25.3 bar with a Prandtl number \ensuremath{\sigma}=0.93. For one of the cells (\ensuremath{\Gamma}=43), axisymmetric convection rolls were stable above onset up to \ensuremath{\epsilon}==\ensuremath{\Delta}T/\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-1=0.19, where \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the critical temperature difference. The amplitude of the center of the concentric patterns, the umbilicus, much larger near onset than that of the outlying region, grew as ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$, with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{1}$=0.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04. Outside the umbilicus, the amplitude grew as ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$, with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{2}$=0.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04. For \ensuremath{\Gamma}=41, axisymmetric convection rolls, coexisting with an annular cross-roll state confined near the sidewall, were the preferred patterns above onset and remained stable up to an \ensuremath{\epsilon} of 0.08. The umbilicus of the concentric convection pattern shifted slightly off center as \ensuremath{\epsilon} was increased, but the shift never exceeded 50% of the cell depth. For \ensuremath{\epsilon}g0.10, the patterns were unstable and evolved over many horizontal thermal diffusion times to straight-roll patterns with defects and grain boundaries. The process involved the umbilicus moving toward the sidewall, accompanied by radially traveling waves emitted by the umbilicus. While the umbilicus emitted, the crossrolls adjacent to the sidewall traveled parallel to the wall, and rolls were created and destroyed at a source and sink, respectively, presumably owing to large-scale flows generated by the off-centered position of the umbilicus.
On the converse to the coding theorem for the continuous time white Gaussian channel with feedback (Corresp.)

A converse to the coding theorem for the continuous time white Gaussian channel with feedback is derived by reducing the continuous time codewords to discrete time codewords in a way that preserves their Causal property.
THE MECHANISMS OF NEONATAL THYROIDAL HYPERACTIVITY IN THE NEWBORN SHEEP

We have reported data in the human newborn suggesting that the early TSH surge and subsequent hyperthyroid state is due to extrauterine cooling. We now report further studies of this phenomenon in the newborn sheep. Uterotomies were performed on 8 pregnant ewes at term. Three lambs were delivered into room air (21-22° C), five were delivered into 40° C water bath and kept there for 60 min. with cord intact. They were then exposed to room air for an additional 60 min. Rectal and skin temperatures, pulse and blood pressure were monitored serially. T4 and T3 were determined in serum by RIA. Base line T4 values were similar in both groups and did not change significantly during the studies. Mean T3 levels, initially similar in both groups, increased 300% by 60 min. and 672% (p < 0.01) by 120 min. of exposure to room air; mean values in water bath fetuses did not change in or out of the bath. Three/3 exposed fetuses survived and 3/5 of the water bath fetuses died with hypothermia when exposed to room air. The data indicate that neonatal thyroidal hyperactivity is associated with extrauterine cooling but that other factors associated with initial extrauterine exposure must be involved. The T3 response may be important to survival.
Shelf-slope water frontal structure, motion and eddy heat flux in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight

Results of an analysis of SEEP-II temperature and velocity data to investigate the shelf-slope frontal structure, motion and eddy heat flux in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight are presented. In the winter and spring the inclination of the frontal boundary and the vertical velocity shear when averaged over periods greater than a week, approximately satisfy the Margules' equation. Associated with the locally wind driven cross-shelf excursion (∼ 20 km) of the foot of the front are vertical displacements of the frontal boundary due to vorticity constraints imposed by the bottom topography. Some of the smaller-scale frontal motions suggest wave-like disturbances propagating southward along the continental margin. In April 1988 the most severe wind event recorded during SEEP-II displaced the foot of the front into the upper slope region and injected shelf water into the interior of the slope water column. On the mid-shelf cross-shelf eddy heat fluxes are negligible, as temperature variations and cross-shelf velocities are in quadrature. At the shelfbreak, however, depth-averaged heat fluxes, approximately 4 × 106 W m−1 onshore, are significantly different from zero and comparable to the exchange estimated by Fairbanks using 18O tracer data. In the winter and spring the eddy flux is greatest near the frontal boundary in the lower water column and is dominated by a few large exchange events. In the summer the subtidal eddy flux is greatest just below the seasonal pycnocline in the upper water column, with a peak in the 5–11 day band that may be a contribution from frontal instabilities. Bottom Eulerian mean velocities are 1–2 × 10−2 m s−1 offshore over the shelf and slope. Measured eddy fluxes are adequate to achieve the advective-diffusive balance required to maintain the frontal position in steady state.
Prudent Public Sector Investing and Modern Portfolio Theory: An Examination of Public Sector Defined Benefit Pension Plans

This research examines the extent to which public pension programs allocate assets in a manner that is consistent with an optimal portfolio, as defined by Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). The examination is pursued by way of a statistical analysis, using a portfolio optimization model and data on some of the nation’s largest public DB plans. The analysis illustrates that the majority of the plans in the sample are incurring far more risk in their portfolios than is optimal given their target rates of return and that this risk level is a result of nonprudent allocation across asset classes. The findings suggest that there might be opportunities to improve the long-term performance of defined benefit plans by adjusting asset allocation targets and legal lists in a manner that is more consistent with MPT.
Ethanol (EtOH)-Induced TGF-β1 and Reactive Oxygen Species Production Are Necessary for EtOH-Induced Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction and Induction of Alternative Activation

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that chronic ethanol (EtOH) ingestion results in impaired alveolar macrophage function, increased TGF-β(1) production, and decreased antioxidant availability. Similarly, alternative activation (M2 activation) of alveolar macrophages also induces TGF-β(1) production and impairs macrophage function. However, the potential links between EtOH-induced alveolar macrophage derangements, M2 activation, TGF-β(1) production signaling, and oxidant stress have yet to be examined. We hypothesized that EtOH-induced oxidant stress and induction of TGF-β(1) signaling result in alternative activation which subsequently impairs the phagocytic capacity of alveolar macrophages. METHODS Primary rat alveolar macrophages and the alveolar macrophages cell line NR8383 were treated with 0.08% EtOH ± the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) or a TGF-β(1) neutralizing antibody for 5 days. Outcome measures included TGF-β(1) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phagocytic capacity, and expression of markers of M2 activation. RESULTS Chronic EtOH treatment greatly decreased alveolar macrophage phagocytic function, increased ROS production, increased TGF-β(1) , and increased expression of markers of M2 activation. GSH supplementation and inhibition of TGF-β(1) signaling during EtOH treatment prevented these alterations. CONCLUSIONS EtOH treatment increased oxidant stress, TGF-β(1) production, and alternative activation in NR8383 cells. However, GSH supplementation and ablation of TGF-β(1) signaling prevented these effects. This suggested that the EtOH-induced switch to an M2 phenotype was a result of decreased antioxidant availability and increased TGF-β(1) signaling. Preventing EtOH-induced induction of alternative activation may improve alveolar macrophage function in alcoholic subjects and decrease the risk of respiratory infections.
A three-dimensional microelectrode array for chronic neural recording

Describes a 3-D microelectrode array for the chronic recording of single-unit activity in the central nervous system. The array is formed by a microassembly of planar silicon multishank microprobes, which are precisely positioned in a micromachined platform that resides on the surface of the cortex. Interconnects between the probes and the platform are formed using electroplated nickel lead transfers, implemented using automated computer control. All dimensions are controlled to /spl plusmn/1 /spl mu/m and shank/probe separations as small as 100 /spl mu/m are possible. Four-probe 16-shank prototype arrays have been tested chronically in guinea pig cortex. After three months in vivo, no significant tissue reaction has been observed surrounding these structures when they remain free to move with the brain, with normal appearing tissue between shanks spaced at 150 /spl mu/m to 200 /spl mu/m intervals. The array structure is compatible with the use of signal processing circuitry both on the probes and on the platform. A platform-based signal processing system has been designed to interface with several active probes, providing direct analog access to the recording sites, performing on-chip analog-to-digital conversion of neural activity, and providing simple binary-output recognition of single-unit spike events using a user-input threshold voltage. >
Performance Comparison of the Distributed Extended Kalman Filter and Markov Chain Distributed Particle Filter (MCDPF)

Abstract We compare the performance of two distributed nonlinear estimators for a multi-vehicle flocking system using range measurements only. The estimators are the Distributed Extended Kalman Filter (DEKF) and the Markov Chain Distributed Particle Filter (MCDPF), where the distributed implementation in both cases is done using consensus-type algorithms. The performance of the estimators is compared as the system complexity (number of vehicles) and measurement frequency are varied. It is shown that for simple systems (few vehicles) or high measurement frequency the DEKF method has lower expected error than MCDPF, while for complex systems (many vehicles) or low measurement frequency the MCDPF method is both more robust and more accurate.
Controlling cellular biomechanics of human mesenchymal stem cells

The therapeutic efficacy of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) depends on proper characterization and control of their unique biological, mechanical and physicochemical properties. For example, cellular biomechanics and environmental mechanical cues have been shown to critically influence cell commitment to a particular lineage. We characterized biomechanical properties of hMSCs including cytoskeleton elasticity and plasma membrane/cytoskeleton coupling. As expected, during osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, the cellular biomechanics is remodeled, and such remodeling precedes up-regulation of the osteogenic markers. Further, application of an electrical stimulation modulates the cellular biomechanics and therefore may be used to facilitate stem cell differentiation for stem cell-based tissue engineering.
Digital signal processing challenges in MIMO wireless communications

Summary form only given. The requirements on data rate and quality of service of future wireless communications systems call for new digital signal processing techniques to increase spectrum efficiency and improve link reliability. Deploying multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver of a wireless link (MIMO technology) has the potential to achieve these ambitious goals. MIMO techniques are starting to find their way into standards, such as UMTS and IEEE 802.16. This article gives an overview of MIMO wireless covering issues such as propagation models, broadband transceivers, signaling techniques and coding and modulation. Special emphasis is put on the digital signal processing aspects.
Gene Transfer into Neural Cells In Vitro Using Adenoviral Vectors

Adenoviruses (Ads) have become a very attractive and versatile vector system for delivering genes into brain cells in vitro and in vivo. One of the main attractions of Ads is that they can mediate gene transfer into post-mitotic cells, i.e. neurons. Ads are easy to grow and manipulate, stable, and their biology is very well understood. This unit is designed to help newcomers into the field, to design, prepare and grow replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vectors with the aim of transferring genes into neurons and glial cells in primary culture. It provides step-by-step methods describing the preparation of brain cell cultures, their infection using recombinant adenovirus vectors and also the assessment of transgene expression using a variety of techniques including fluorescence immunocytochemistry and fluorescence activated cell-sorting (FACS) analysis. The methods described will be useful to scientists wishing to enter the adenovirus field to construct adenovirus vectors to be used for gene transfer into neural cells.
The Risks and Benefits of Participating in Trauma-Focused Research Studies

Concern about minimizing harm and maximizing benefit has been particularly acute with regard to the scientific study of individuals exposed to potentially traumatic events such as terrorist attack or disaster. This review outlines conceptual and practical issues and summarizes available evidence regarding potential risks and benefits of participation in trauma-related research. Current, limited evidence suggests that most individuals make favorable cost-benefit appraisals regarding their participation. Although a subset of participants report strong negative emotions or unanticipated distress, the majority of these do not regret or negatively evaluate the overall experience. Continuing efforts are needed to identify individuals at risk for unfavorable reactions to research participation. A systematic empirical approach to evaluating participant experience in all human research is recommended.