cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fully Supervised Non-Negative Matrix Factorization for Feature Extraction

Linear dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques have been applied with great success in the domain of hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, these methods do not take advantage of supervisory information. Instead, they act as a wholly unsupervised, disjoint portion of the classification pipeline, discarding valuable information that could improve classification accuracy. We propose Supervised Non-negative Matrix Factorization (SNMF) to remedy this problem. By learning an NMF representation of the data jointly with a multi-class classifier, we are able to improve classification accuracy in real world problems. Experimental results on a widely used dataset show state of the art performance while maintaining full linearity of the entire DR pipeline.
The Meaning of Religious Liberty in Virginia

After 1776, the early American understanding of the free exercise of religion as a constitutional right developed in each of the states separately, but not in insolation, as they adopted, interpreted, and applied constitutional guarantees of that right. Virginia led the way by including a guarantee of the free exercise of religion in its 1776 Declaration of Rights, but it was not understood by all as eliminating its long-standing establishment of the Anglican Church. This issue was not settled until 1785 when a bill requiring all persons to be taxed to support the church of their choice was decisively defeated by petitions from dissenters and James Madison, who argued that the free exercise of religion prohibits all laws characteristic of religious establishments.
A qualitative inquiry of video learning by Chinese L2 learners: Learning internalization, understanding social realities, and reflecting on challenges

Abstract Previous research in Chinese L2 learning has shown that video learning is an effective way to engage students, especially for learning social realities such as cultural values (e.g., dating practices). Chinese L2 learners commonly have experience with learning social realities from videos, including textbook videos, television dramas, music clips and talk shows Using the lens of internalization, this qualitative study provides a detailed interpretation of what video offered its Chinese L2 participants and what challenges the participants experienced learning about social realities. This article discusses three focused cases with 12 interviews, 30 observations, 3 clip-elicitation conversations, and documents (including memos and field notes). Use of a three-phase Constant Comparative Method (CCM) revealed that the learning processes of Chinese L2 learners displayed similarities and differences. Participants had distinctive trajectories in their learning of social realities. Implications for Chinese L2 research and education are discussed.
Use of a Geographic Information System to create treatment groups for group-randomized community trials: The Minnesota Heart Health Program.

Group-randomized trials of communities often rely on the convenience of pre-existing administrative divisions, such as school district boundaries or census entities, to divide the study area into intervention and control sites. However, these boundaries may include substantial heterogeneity between regions, introducing unmeasured confounding variables. This challenge can be addressed by the creation of exchangeable intervention and control territories that are equally weighted by pertinent socio-demographic characteristics. The present study used territory design software as a novel approach to partitioning study areas for The Minnesota Heart Health Program’s “Ask about Aspirin” Initiative. Twenty-four territories were created to be similar in terms of age, sex, and educational attainment, as factors known to modify aspirin use. To promote ease of intervention administration, the shape and spread of the territories were controlled. Means of the variables used in balancing the territories were assessed as well as other factors that were not used in the balancing process. The analysis demonstrated that demographic characteristics did not differ significantly between the intervention and control territories created by the territory design software. The creation of exchangeable territories diminishes geographically based impact on outcomes following community interventions in group-randomized trials. The method used to identify comparable geographical units may be applied to a wide range of population-based health intervention trials. National Institutes of Health (Clinical Trials.gov), Identifier: NCT02607917 . Registered on 16 November 2015.
Indigenous People, Change, and Development: A Romantic Nationalism Model

In the 19th century, Romantic Nationalism provided an alternative to rational visions and universal strategies for mankind. Doing so involved affirming that people are emotionally and uniquely connected to their cultures and heritage. Many indigenous, ethnic, and traditional peoples continue to respond in a manner reminiscent of Romantic nationalism. Understanding and appreciating these parallels can be a valuable tool for those related to economic development projects that involve such peoples. This paper provides business anthropologists with a useful overview of Romantic Nationalism and its relevance in today’s world.
Homeless Veterans: It Takes a Community

Veterans’ Voices is a unique space for the contributions of veterans, active military, and military family members to voice their perspectives and experiences with areas of military or veteran life of interest to Journal of Veterans Studies readership and veterans studies scholars. Authors connect their experiences or perspectives with issues (explored or not yet explored) in applicable research, academic, or teaching fields. Veterans’ Voices submissions are vetted by members of the Journal of Veterans Studies editorial board.
Same Space, Different Species: The Influence of Exhibit Design on the Expression of Zoo-Housed Apes' Species-Typical Retiring Behaviors.

Wild chimpanzees frequently make arboreal nests, while wild lowland gorillas typically nest on the ground. We aimed to understand whether zoo-housed apes’ use of elevated spaces for retiring similarly differed between species and across exhibits. Using a pre-planned exhibit switch at Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago, USA), we compared where (elevated or terrestrial) two groups of apes (Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla) performed retiring behaviors (inactive, sleeping, and nest-building behaviors). We studied a group of six chimpanzees and a group of four gorillas in two exhibits of similar size and configuration for two three-month periods (between 3 and 5 p.m.) before and after the groups switched exhibits. We predicted that chimpanzees would be more likely to retire in elevated locations compared to gorillas, irrespective of the exhibit. We found a significant effect of exhibit on where the apes retired but no effect of species, such that both species were more likely to retire in elevated locations in one exhibit but not the other. This suggests that the specific characteristics of the exhibits (e.g., number of visual barriers) influenced the expression of the apes’ retiring behaviors. These findings offer further insight in how exhibit design can influence the expression of natural behaviors in these species.
Association of losartan use with outcomes in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.

e16738Background: A phase II trial has shown improved efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy when combined with losartan (by remodeling desmoplasia) in locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (P...
Interpersonal Invisibility and the Recognition of Other Persons

If we take moral complaint and social critique at face value, there is a morally significant sense in which other people can be invisible to us. That is, we can treat others in a way that evinces a failure to recognize their humanity or personhood. Aleksy Tarasenko-Struc argues that we get an attractive account of this kind of interpersonal invisibility by accepting a distinct view of what it is to recognize someone as a person. According to his engagement model, recognizing someone as a person is constituted by susceptibility to a range of action-guiding responses to her perspective, including sympathy and reactive attitudes. It is to directly experience her power to move us to adopt certain attitudes or intentions when she discloses her own attitudes and intentions to us, where this includes some grasp of the force of her claims on us. This view is the basis for a picture of interpersonal invisibility that fits the ordinary moral complaint: the humanity of a person is invisible to us, in the relevant sense, when we are unreceptive to her power to influence our attitudes and will. In such a case, we fail to treat her as a person.
GABAA-Receptor Mutations Associated With Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies and Febrile Seizures

Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) are characterized by absence, myoclonic, and/or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in the absence of structural brain abnormalities and are believed to have a genetic basis. Mutations in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor γ2-, α1-, and δ-subunits have been associated with different IGE syndromes, and all of the γ2-subunit mutations are also associated with febrile seizures. Here, mutations in GABAA receptor γ2-, α1-, and δ-subunits that have been associated with different IGE syndromes will be reviewed and the basis for the defect in GABAergic inhibition associated with febrile seizures will be explored. These mutations have been shown to alter GABAA receptor gating, expression, and/or trafficking of the receptor to the cell surface, all pathophysiological mechanisms that result in reduced GABA-evoked currents that, in turn, would cause neuronal disinhibition in neurons and thus predispose affected patients to manifest afebrile and febrile seizures.
"Can I hit that?" Vaping knowledge, attitudes and practices of college students.

OBJECTIVE Vaping rates among college students have been increasing significantly in recent years, due in large part to the diffusion of pod vaping devices (i.e., JUUL, Suorin) on American college campuses. In this study, we explore the ecological system of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in regards to this trend. Participants: Participants were 26 undergraduate students at the University of Minnesota. Method: Following a KAP (knowledge, attitudes, practices) approach, 8 focus groups were conducted in April/ May 2019. Results: Knowledge themes include awareness of the addictiveness of the devices and uncertainty regarding the health risks. Attitudinal themes include a dual perspective, wherein social use is acceptable, but everyday use is stigmatized. Practice themes included three evident stages: social connection, wherein the devices were used to achieve social advantage with peers; addiction, characterized by solitary, habitual use; and detachment, sometimes marked by a dramatic, public action filmed for social media. Conclusions: As we consider intervention points on college campuses, an understanding of knowledge, attitude, and practice themes can guide our approach. Recommendations for college vaping campaigns are discussed.
An X-Band Oscillator Utilizing Overtone Lithium Niobate MEMS Resonator and 65-nm CMOS

This paper presents an 8.6 GHz oscillator utilizing a third antisymmetric overtone ( $A_{3}$ ) in a lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) resonator for 5G communications. The oscillator consists of an acoustic resonator in a closed loop with cascaded RF tuned amplifiers (TAs) built on TSMC RF GP 65 nm CMOS. The TAs bandpass response, set by on-chip inductors, satisfies the Bark-hausen's oscillation conditions for $A_{3}$ while suppressing the fundamental and higher-order resonances. The oscillator achieves a measured phase noise of −56 and −113 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz and 100 kHz offsets from an 8.6 GHz output while consuming 10.2 mW of dc power. The oscillator also attains a figure-of-merit of 201.6 dB at 100 kHz offset, surpassing the state-of-the-art (SoA) EM and RF-MEMS oscillators.
Exploring the Impact of Early Exposure to Research on Dual Enrollment Students: A Qualitative Single-Case Study

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) provides a concurrent enrollment model to high schools across the United States. The concurrent enrollment opportunity offers science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) college-credit coursework taught by college-credentialed instructors on the student’s high school campus. One faculty member transitioned to Embry-Riddle’s main residential campus following seven years of service with ERAU's concurrent enrollment program. During his tenure with ERAU's concurrent enrollment program, in addition to instructing a variety of concurrent enrollment courses, he maintained an active research agenda that involved concurrently enrolled students. His transition was preceded by the matriculation of a subset of these students to Embry-Riddle’s main campus. Each of these students immediately reengaged in undergraduate research with the faculty member while he continued to serve in a strong mentoring role. This presentation explores the affect this opportunity had on individual members of this tight-knit cohort as they progressed through their concurrent enrollment and undergraduate studies, participated in a long-standing mentoring relationship, and undertook their post-graduation decision-making. The research showcases project-based learning as a scaffolding technique for meaningful undergraduate research and how it may illuminate a pathway for students who do not initially see STEM as a viable option.
Abstract P355: Real-Word Performance of Two Automated Software Platforms for Identification of Salvageable Tissue in Stroke Patients: A Single Center Experience

Background and purpose: Modern stroke treatment has been revolutionized by image-guided selection of patients for endovascular thrombectomy. Current automated platforms allow for real-time identifi...
Effect of Ammonium Salts on the Decarboxylation of Oxaloacetic Acid in Atmospheric Particles

Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) is a 3-oxocarboxylic acid formed from the oxidation of succinic acid. OAA and other 3-oxocarboxylic acids experience a decarboxylation reaction in aqueous solutions, which ca...
Transgender and Intersex Sports Rights

Earlier this year, the two-time Olympic Gold Medalist for the women’s 800-meter run, Caster Semenya, was told by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) that she would have to start taking medication to reduce her naturally high levels of testosterone if she wanted to continue to compete in the 800- meter women’s run event. This controversial ruling has sparked great public interest and debate about who should be allowed to compete in women’s sporting teams and events, given what we know about intersex and transgender individuals. This article discusses how best to include transgender and intersex individuals in school sports, considering the requirements of both Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause. This article shows that schools should allow transgender and intersex students to play on sports teams that correspond with their gender identity, except in cases where there is a bone fide safety or fairness concern based on the specific characteristics of the individual, rather than based on overbroad generalizations about the characteristics of either males or females. Finally, this article discusses the necessity of maintaining the gender binary in sports at all and concludes that all sports teams can and should be divided, if at all, not based on sex, but instead based on sex-neutral characteristics such as skill, weight, height, strength, and/or testosterone level.
Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Recommendations and Colorectal Cancer Survival

Background: Patients with cancer are recommended to follow cancer prevention guidelines due to inadequate evidence for specific recommendations for cancer survivors. Methods: We examined whether diet and lifestyle scores measuring adherence to the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) cancer prevention guidelines were associated with colorectal cancer–specific and overall mortality among 1,491 patients with colorectal cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate the multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: During a median follow-up of 7.92 years, there were 641 deaths (179 colorectal cancer–specific deaths). Patients in the highest quartile of the post-diagnostic WCRF/AICR lifestyle score including diet, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity had a 24% lower risk (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.49–1.18) of colorectal cancer–specific mortality and a 37% lower risk (HR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.50–0.78) of overall mortality compared with the lowest quartile. When BMI was not included in the lifestyle score due to potential disease-related weight loss, stronger inverse associations were observed for both colorectal cancer–specific and overall mortality for the same comparison (colorectal cancer–specific: HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.32–0.79; overall: HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.47–0.75). The post-diagnostic WCRF/AICR diet score was not statistically significantly associated with either colorectal cancer–specific or overall mortality. Conclusions: Greater adherence to the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations was associated with improved survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Impact: This study provides support for patients with colorectal cancer to follow cancer prevention recommendations after diagnosis. Future studies on cancer survivors will continue to contribute to evidence-based diet and lifestyle recommendations for patients with cancer.
Telemedicine in orthopaedic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic : patient attitudes and barriers.

Aims This study assesses patient barriers to successful telemedicine care in orthopaedic practices in a large academic practice in the COVID-19 era. Methods In all, 381 patients scheduled for telem...
Nonlinear dynamics of hypoid gear with coupled dynamic mesh stiffness

Abstract This study proposes a dynamics model for hypoid gears, considering mesh stiffness that is dependent on dynamic mesh force. Owing to the fundamental role of mesh stiffness in gear dynamics, its proper and accurate description is critical in any modeling effort. Unlike many works in the literature, which adopted mesh stiffness arrived under quasi-static condition, this study establishes the interaction between mesh stiffness and dynamic response to allow the real time variation of mesh stiffness under dynamic condition. To overcome the unaffordable computational time involved in the determination of dynamic mesh stiffness, a parametric surface approach is employed. A set of parametric simulations is carried out to show evident impact of dynamic mesh stiffness on hypoid gear dynamic response, which is more significant when load becomes lower. The introduced model provides a physics based tool to quantify the interaction between mesh stiffness and dynamic mesh force, capable of capturing more complicated dynamic response of hyoid gear mesh.
The Times They Are A-Changing: Experimenting with Dynamic Adverse Selection

We examine a common value dynamic matching environment where adverse selection accrues slowly over time. Theoretical best responses are therefore time varying, and the prior experimental literature suggests that sequential environments might lead to greater understanding of adverse selection in this dynamic setting. However, while a sophisticated minority in our experiment do condition on time and are close to a best response, the majority use a stationary response, even after extended experience. In an environment with persistent uncertainty, our results indicate that sequentiality is insufficient for the large majority of participants to recognize the effects of adverse selection.
Regulation of Various Responses to Nicotine by Different Nicotinic Receptor Subtypes

Nicotine administration affects many behavioral and physiological systems, and for many responses both stimulant and depressant effects may be observed. Presumably these actions are initiated by the binding of nicotine to appropriate receptor systems. Results presented in this paper suggest that the responses to nicotine are regulated by two distinct systems that may be related to two different nicotinic receptor systems.
Pattern and specificity of axonal outgrowth following varying degrees of chick limb bud ablation

Motoneurons grow into the chick hindlimb via consistent pathways, within which they make specific decisions leading to their correct targets. To determine which axonal guidance features dictate the position of the pathways and to examine the distribution of specific cues, we totally or partially ablated the early hindlimb bud and determined how the subsequent pattern of nerve outgrowth related to the distribution of tissue remnants. Our results suggest that local elements determine the gross anatomical pattern of outgrowth. First, determinants of individual pathways could be selectively removed without altering the pattern in other regions. Second, neurites were restricted to the plexus region at the base of the leg (within which, for unknown reasons, they proceeded posteriorly) unless distal permissive pathways or nearby target remnants were present. Finally, we found that the central region of the pelvic girdle, adjacent to the plexus region, determines the position where the major nerve trunks enter the leg. When gaps were introduced in this region of the girdle, nerves traversed the gaps and directly innervated adjacent muscle. The developing girdle is probably a nonpermissive environment for axon elongation, and axons enter the leg only where it is locally absent. Our results also support the concept that the specific cues that neurites use to reach their appropriate muscles are local. We find that neurites could make correct and specific decisions in the plexus region in the absence of all tissues distal to the pelvic girdle. This shows that the cues for these decisions are independent of the target and must reside in the local mesenchyme. In addition, when muscle remnants were present they were correctly innervated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Crisis Management Planning to Restore Tourism After Disasters: A Case Study from Taiwan

SUMMARY The tourism industry is vulnerable to natural and human induced incidents such as terrorist attacks, political instability, flood and earthquakes. On September 21st 1999, a devastating earthquake struck Taiwan which caused severe damage to both local people and the tourism industry. This paper proposes an innovative integrated approach that could be adopted as a crisis management plan for Taiwan to restore its tourism industry. A thorough review of the crisis management literature is introduced and examined to generate an integrated crisis management framework. It is anticipated that this framework could accelerate tourism recovery by showing secure images for tourists, and hence the competitiveness of a tourist nation could be enhanced through sound crisis management practices.
The Data-Driven Newsvendor Problem: New Bounds and Insights

Consider the newsvendor model, but under the assumption that the underlying demand distribution is not known as part of the input. Instead, the only information available is a random, independent sample drawn from the demand distribution. This paper analyzes the sample average approximation SAA approach for the data-driven newsvendor problem. We obtain a new analytical bound on the probability that the relative regret of the SAA solution exceeds a threshold. This bound is significantly tighter than existing bounds, and it matches the empirical accuracy of the SAA solution observed in extensive computational experiments. This bound reveals that the demand distribution's weighted mean spread affects the accuracy of the SAA heuristic.
A distributed algorithm for parameterized semaphore operations

In distributed environments, many mutual exclusion algorithms have been proposed. These algorithms only control mutually exclusive access to a single resource. Several extensions to these basic mutual exclusion algorithms have been proposed, including (1) multiple mutual exclusion algorithms; (2) counting semaphores and (3) k-out-of-M resource synchronization primitives. However, none of these algorithms are as powerful as parameterized semaphore operations. This paper presents a distributed implementation of parameterized semaphore operations. The operations are as powerful as the centralized implementation. The authors assume that the system consists of N nodes, which are connected by a fully connected reliable, FIFO network. >
Compliance packaging for over-the-counter drug products

In view of the serious health risks and high costs to the health-care system of misuse and abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics, this article describes a rationale and prototype for new safety or compliance packaging for OTC drug products that are sold in pill form (e.g., tablets, caplets and gelcaps) inside blister packs. The proposed packaging is not simply promoting the use of blister packs for pills; that utility is already well known. It is an integrated system in which blister packs of pills can, themselves, be packaged, labeled and sold, offering a dose-directed unit-of-use design with enhanced warnings and directions to help prevent consumers from taking more than the instructed dose of pill-form medicines. Literature and information searches were conducted in publicly available databases and websites to (1) assess safety problems (serious adverse events and fatalities) associated with OTC analgesics and (2) determine public perceptions and knowledge about their use. Each year in the US, there are an estimated 100,000 hospitalizations and 16,500 deaths due to NSAID overdosing, and 26,000 hospitalizations and 1,600 acute liver failure cases due to acetaminophen poisoning. Many adults take more than the recommended dose and in some cases use multiple products containing acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Risk factors, such as alcohol use or pre-existing liver disease, exacerbate problems associated with acetaminophen misuse and abuse. In pediatric cases, dosing errors are often related to confusion over different product formulations, dosing strengths, and the use of inappropriate dosing devices. Consumers are often unaware of the active ingredients in, and correct doses of, drugs they are taking; they underestimate the risks associated with misuse of OTC medicines, and they frequently discard the packaging on which the drug’s directions, warnings and dosing instructions are located. Optimal compliance packaging should (1) keep the instructions, warnings and dosing directions attached to the blister card of pills at all times, thus avoiding the problem of cartons and package inserts being thrown away once the package is opened; (2) increase the surface area of the packaging, without adding bulk, to provide space for the use of larger font sizes and enhanced directions and warnings that are more conspicuous, explicit and memorable; (3) organize the pills into logical, unit-of-use (per-dose maximum and per-day maximum) sets or rows; (4) limit the number of pills in a unit-of-use package to coincide with the instructed maximum dose and maximum days of use for a specific product.
Crisis-Dictated Gender Roles in James Fenimore Cooper's THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS

In her 1998 essay “Poor Eliza,” Lauren Berlant discusses the ability of trauma to reshape conceptions of the separate spheres occupied by men and women. In particular, she believes “at moments of c...
Unusual propagation characteristics in CRLH structures

A purely LH material (V.G. Veselago, Soviet Physics Uspekhi. vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 509-514. 1968) cannot exist physically because it would violate Einstein's relativity: in such a hypothetical material, the group velocity would be unbounded and would become larger than the speed of light at high frequencies. In fact, natural right-handed (RH) series-L/shunt-C parasitics are always present and become dominant at high frequencies, limiting group velocity to that associated with the RH contributions only. Therefore a practical LH material is in effect a composite right/left-handed material (CRLH), already described in previous publications (C. Caloz and I. Itoh, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.; A. Sanada et al, IEEE Microwave Wireless Comp. Lett.), and applied to several novel components and antennas. However, unique CRLH effects never occurring in conventional periodic structures, such as non-zero group velocity associated with infinite wavelength and guided wavelength increasing with frequency in the LH frequency range have never been analyzed in detail thus far. This is the object of the present contribution, where these effects are demonstrated for the different cases of homogeneous, ideal-lumped and real physical CRLH TLs. For simplicity, the discussion is restricted to lossless TLs without loss of generality.
A probable cis-regulatory element on yeast mitochondrial DNA responsible for cAMP-mediated transcription.

Studies from this laboratory have suggested that mitochondrial (mt) transcription in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is governed by changing cellular cAMP levels, and that the mechanism of such transcriptional regulation requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity; these observations, in turn, suggest a trans-activation process for nucleotide-dependent mt transcriptional control. Here we demonstrate a sequence-specific mtDNA-phosphorylated protein interaction, a requisite part of such a control mechanism, using filter-binding and gel mobility shift assays with mt protein extracts and mtDNA from ρ – strains whose retained mt genes show cAMP-sensitive expression. We demonstrate that the protein-mt DNA interaction depends on PKA activity, that it specifically involves a tripartite GC-rich sequence element on yeast mtDNA, and that it does not involve mt coding or promoter sequences. Sequence analysis indicates that the GC-rich element undergoing protein interaction is present in ten copies on the yeast mt genome, and that each copy is located 5′ to a strong mt promoter; the elements appear in both orientations relative to, and at varying distances upstream from, the putatively associated mt promoter elements. The mt element shows no sequence homology to relevant nuclear cis-elements examined and is unrelated to published vertebrate mt cis-elements. Several lines of evidence and argument strongly suggest that this GC-rich element functions as the cis-regulatory sequence involved in cAMP-mediated transcriptional control in yeast mitochondria.
Formation of methyl ester of salicyluric acid during quantitation of salicyluric acid in urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography

The formation of the methyl ester of salicyluric acid was observed during the quantitation of salicyluric acid and other salicylate metabolites in urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. This methyl ester formation caused artificially low values for salicyluric acid and high values for salicylic acid.
Effects Of Primary Mirror Segmentation On Telescope Image Quality

A number of designs for future astronomical telescopes call for large primary mirrors that are mosaics of smaller mirrors. We describe here a study of some characteristics of the images expected from a telescope with a primary mirror composed of 36 hexagonal segments. Various effects caused by the segmentation and imperfections in the segment fabrication and control have been analyzed using physical optics. The diffraction-limited image distribution from the segmentation geometry of the primary is derived, and the diffraction spikes are shown to be similar to those caused by secondary support struts in existing telescopes. A general relation between surface quality and image quality is given, and the implications for surface quality tolerances are discussed. The optical effects of segment phasing errors are derived, showing that at least for visible light observations the phasing is unimportant. For observations at 10 μm near diffraction-limited perfor-mance can be achieved with a 10 meter aperture requiring that the segments be phased correctly at this wavelength.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fusion positron emission/computed tomography underestimates the presence of hilar nodal metastases in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer.

Background The 5-year survival for patients with resected stage II (N1) non-small cell lung cancer ranges from 40% to 55%. No data exist addressing the benefit of neoadjuvant therapy for patients with stage II disease. This is largely in part due to the lack of a reliable, minimally invasive method to assess hilar nodes. This study is aimed at determining the ability of fusion positron emission/computed tomography (PET/CT) to identify hilar metastases in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer. Methods A retrospective review of surgically resected patients with fusion PET/CT within 30 days of resection was performed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for PET/CT in detecting hilar nodal metastases was calculated for a range of maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax). Hilar nodes from patients with falsely positive PET/CT scans were analyzed for the presence of histoplasmosis. Additionally, the impact of hilar node size greater than 1 centimeter on the calculated values was assessed. Results There were 119 patients evaluated. The number of lymph nodes resected ranged from 1 to 12 (X = 2.98). There was decreased sensitivity and increased specificity with higher SUVmax cutoff values. At the standard SUVmax value of 2.5, the sensitivity and specificity were only 48.5% and 80.2%. The addition of size of hilar node by CT led to a modest improvement in sensitivity at all SUVmax cutoff values. Conclusions Fusion PET/CT lacks sensitivity and specificity in identifying hilar nodal metastasis in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer. Further prospective studies assessing the utility of PET/CT versus alternative sampling techniques are warranted.
Managerial Caring Behaviors: Development and Initial Validation of the Model

The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop a measure of managerial caring. A review of the caring literature from nursing, education, and management formed the theoretical framework for the study. The Measure of Managerial Carator Behaviors (MMCB) survey instrument was developed from an initial conceptual framework based upon a review of literature and existing instruments which measure caring. The resulting Likert-type instrument to measure managerial caring behaviors was field-tested using a sample (N = 233) of managers. The MMCB was validated through a factor analysis procedure.
The Effects of Cleaning on the Kinetics of in vitro Metal Release from Dental Casting Alloys

The kinetics of the release of elements from six dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium was assessed by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Alloys were evaluated in the polished and polished-cleaned conditions so that the effects of cleaning could be determined. Auger scanning microscopy was used for analysis of the surfaces of selected alloys before and after exposure to the cell-culture medium. Release patterns for each element were characterized by the shape of the dissolution us. time curve, concentration of the element at 12 h as a percentage of the 72-hour concentration, and the relative slope of the curve from 48 to 72 h. Three patterns of release were observed for elements in these alloys. Type I patterns had logarithmic shapes with relatively large 12-hour concentrations and low 48-72-hour slopes. Type II patterns had logarithmic shapes but with moderate 12-hour concentrations and 48-72-hour slopes. Type III patterns were polynomial in shape, had relatively low 12-hour concentrations...
Loop equations and constraints in two-dimensional QCD.

It is conjectured that in two-dimensional space-time the solutions of the Migdal-Makeenko equations automatically satisfy the Mandelstam constraints.
Cationic Zinc Enolates as Highly Active Catalysts for Acrylate Polymerization

Unprecedented cationic zinc enolates have been generated by a novel activation route involving the amido to imino ligand transformation with B(C6F5)3, structurally characterized, and utilized as highly active catalysts for the production of high molecular weight polyacrylates at ambient temperature.
On the characterization of three-state conical intersections using a group homomorphism approach: the two-state degeneracy spaces.

Second-order degenerate perturbation theory, in conjunction with the group homomorphism method for describing a similarity transformation, are used to characterize the subspace of two-state conical intersections contained in the branching space of a three-state conical intersection. It is shown by explicit calculation, using the lowest three-state conical intersection of (CH)3N2, that a second-order treatment yields highly accurate absolute energies, even at significant distances from the reference point of three-state intersection. The excellent agreement between the second order and ab initio results depends on the average energy component, which is computed using 5 first-order terms and 15 second-order terms. The second-order absolute energy change over the range ρ = 0.0−0.3 au, where ρ is the distance from the three-state conical intersection in the branching space coordinates, is approximately 6500 and 9500 cm-1 for the E1=2 and E2=3 seams, respectively, with the maximum ab initio energy deviation fr...
Control interpretations of products in the Hopf algebra

Families of differential operators, like those defining affine, generally nonlinear, control systems are known to have natural Hopf algebra structures. These provide deeper insight into relationships and properties of such objects as the Chen-Fliess series and state space realizations of systems defined by input-output operators. A starting point for this work are representations of control objects by formal power-series in, generally noncommuting, indeterminates. Such series are elements of a free associative algebra which contains several rich substructure that are equipped with various products. This article summarizes correspondences between objects from control theory and algebraic combinatorics, with special focus on elements of the two Hopf algebra structures on this algebra of formal power series, including the antipode and two convolution products. Newly found relationships are discussed, and open questions are posed. Recent work has demonstrated that these abstract combinatorial algebra structures help obtain effective solution formulas for various control problems including questions about controllability and algorithms for path planning. They also find applications in the field of geometric numerical integration algorithms.
Adherence to recommendations for clinical follow-up after benign breast biopsy

Purpose. Women who undergo a benign breast biopsy are at elevated risk for the subsequent development of breast cancer (BC). Therefore, appropriate clinical follow-up of a benign breast biopsy is important. The present study examines the extent and correlates of nonadherence with follow-up recommendations after a benign breast biopsy.
Collection development in interesting times: a summary

This paper was largely derived from my contribution to the Against the Grain volume Scholarly publishing [1]. Therefore, what follows is a summary and not the full paper. The paper began by address...
Total synthesis and structural elucidation of azaspiracid-1. Synthesis-based analysis of originally proposed structures and indication of their non-identity to the natural product.

The key building blocks (6, 7, and 8) for the intended construction of the originally proposed structures of azaspiracid-1, a potent marine-derived neurotoxin, were coupled and the products elaborated to the targeted compounds (1a,b) and their C-20 epimers (2 and 3). The assembly of the three intermediates was accomplished by a dithiane-based coupling reaction that united the C1−C20 (7) and C21−C27 (8) fragments, followed by a Stille-type coupling which allowed the incorporation of the C28−C40 fragment (6) into the growing substrate. Neither of the final products (1a,b) matched the natural substance by TLC or 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis, suggesting one or more errors in the originally proposed structure for this notorious biotoxin.
Some haematological responses of normal and splenectomized rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri to a 12% blood loss

Anaemia can be induced in Rainbow trout by removing 12 % of the blood volume by cardiac puncture. Recovery from such an anaemia has been monitored in both normal and splenectomized fish. After the bleeding there is a decrease in red cell numbers, haematocrit and blood haemoglobin concentration. Although recovery in normal trout was not complete within 27 days, which was the period of the observations, it was seen as a replenishing of red cell numbers, haematocrit and blood haemoglobin concentration. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), both depressed by the bleeding, did not appear to recover during the experimental period. Splenectomy reduced erythropoietic intensity. After bleeding all the parameters studied were more depressed than those found in normal trout, and recovery was not noted. Blood haemoglobin and red cell numbers did not have the same post-bleeding pattern as normal individuals; MCH and MCHC values remained markedly depressed. Splenic involvement was further demonstrated by bleeding trout for a second time from both normal and splenectomized groups. In contrast to the response of normal animals, there was a further deterioration of red cell numbers and blood haemoglobin concentration in splenectomized individuals.
Changing the Division of Household Labor: A Negotiated Process Between Partners

This short-term longitudinal study expands on previous theoretical approaches, as we examined how women’s assertiveness and the strategies they use to elicit more household labor from husbands help to explain the division of labor and how it changes. Participants included 81 married women with 3- and 4-year-old children who completed two telephone interviews, approximately 2 months apart. Results based on quantitative and qualitative analyses show that (a) relative resource, structural, and gender ideology variables predicted the division of housework, but not childcare; (b) assertive women were closer to their ideal division of childcare than nonassertive women; (c) women who made a larger proportion of family income were less assertive about household labor than other women, but when they were assertive, they had a more equal division of childcare; (d) women who earned the majority of their household’s income showed the least change; and (e) the nature of women’s attempts to elicit change may be critical to their success.
TESTS FOR COMPETITION, CANNIBALISM, AND PRIORITY EFFECTS IN TWO PHYTOTELM-DWELLING TADPOLES FROM MADAGASCAR1

Anurans that breed in plant-held water bodies (phytotelmata) often have larvae with unique modifications for surviving in micro-aquatic environments. These larvae are exposed to severe abiotic conditions (e.g., food limitation, low dissolved oxygen levels, risk of desiccation), and multiple cohorts are frequently found in the same container. To test for cannibalism and interactions among cohorts in two phytotelm-dwelling anuran larvae (Mantidactylus bicalcaratus and M. punctatus) from Madagascar, I reared larvae in experimental microcosms. Larvae of both species had significantly faster growth rates in a high detritus treatment compared to the control (P < 0.0001). The experimental evidence also demonstrated that the larvae of these two species display no cannibalistic behavior, regardless of multiple cohorts, sibling relationships, density, or food and water levels. These data indicate that larvae of both species obtain most or all of their nutrition from eating detritus and the organisms associated with...
Electrochemical and Secular Syntheses of Derivatives of O‐Carboxymethyltartronic Acid (1)

Routes to O‐carboxymethyltartronate derivatives (I) involving (a) electrochemical carboxylation of diglycolic acid N‐methylimide (II) and (b) chemical carboxylation (using a carbon dioxide equivalent) of esters of diglycolic acid (III) have been demonstrated. In route (a) tetraethyl ethenetetracarboxylate (IV) or 2,2'‐di‐t‐butylazobenzene (V) were used as probases and after reaction the reduced species were reconverted to the probase by anodic (VI) or air (VII) oxidation. The product from II was identified as a bis‐carboxylate (VIII) which on saponification or alkylation lost one molecule of carbon dioxide, givingIa or IX, respectively.
Transport and enzymic splitting of pyrimidine nucleosides in ehrlich cells.

Abstract Uridine, thymidine, deoxyuridine, 5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and arabinosyl-5-fluorouracil rapidly enter Ehrlich ascites cells and are split in the intracellular phase. Azauridine was not split although evidence for entry was obtained. Dinitrophenol inhibited splitting of uridine and fluorouridine. Phlorizin inhibited entry into the intracellular phase. The evidence indicates that a passive transport is involved in the entry of the nucleosides into Ehrlich ascites cells.
Activity coefficient of CuO0.5 in alumina saturated iron silicate slags

Activity coefficient of CuO0.5 was determined in alumina saturated iron silicate slags by equilibrating with pure copper in alumina crucibles at Fe/SiO2 = 1.34, temperature of 1473 to 1573 K, and Po2 = 10-8 to 10-10 atm. The activity coefficient of CuO0.5 in the slag increased with alumina content of the slag and decreased with increasing temperature. A linear regression relationship between CuO0.5 and temperature at a fixed pet AlO1.5 was derived. The distribution coefficient of copper(R) increased with decreasing temperature, and a linear regression relation obtained for 0 to 16 pet AlO1.5 was: InR = 3308/T + 0.99.
SO(10) cosmic strings and SU(3)color Cheshire charge.

Certain cosmic strings that occur in GUT models such as SO(10) can carry a magnetic flux which acts nontrivially on objects carrying ${\mathrm{SU}(3)}_{\mathrm{color}}$ quantum numbers. We show that such strings are non-Abelian Alice strings carrying nonlocalizable colored "Cheshire" charge. We examine claims made in the literature that SO(10) strings can have a long-range, topological Aharonov-Bohm interaction that turns quarks into leptons, and observe that such a process is impossible. We also discuss flux-flux scattering using a multisheeted formalism.
A TEST FOR EFFICIENCY IN THE SUPPLY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION

This paper devises and applies a statistical test for efficient provision of local public education. The test is based on the ‘Samuelson condition’ of equality between the sum of marginal rates of substitution and marginal cost. The econometric method is a micro-based approach to the estimation of the marginal rate of substitution function. This method accounts for possible ‘Tiebout bias’ caused by the fact that individuals may choose their school districts in accordance with their tastes for education.