cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horizontal Gene Transfer: A New Taxonomic Principle?

Publisher Summary The important role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the spread of antibiotic resistance, the formation of pathogenicity islands, and selfish genes has long been established. HGT also has been suggested as a major force in structuring prokaryotic genomes, e.g. Lawrence and Roth's selfish operon theory. The fact that HGT occurred is no longer disputed; however, the impact of HGT on microbial evolution, in particular, on the ability to reconstruct organismal evolutionary history, remains controversial. This isolation with respect to HGT could either be caused by an environment that is less conducive to HGT or by physiological or genetic isolating mechanisms that evolve within the organisms. The horizontal transfer of genes and their complete uninterrupted incorporation into the genome of the recipient lead to a mosaic genome where different parts of the genome reflect different histories. It is clear that both vertical inheritance and horizontal transfer have played a role in microbial evolution.
Testing the sensitivity of the extratropical response to the location, amplitude, and propagation speed of tropical convection

AbstractThe dynamical core of a dry global model is used to investigate the role of central Pacific versus warm pool tropical convection on the extratropical response over the North Pacific and North America. A series of model runs is performed in which the amplitude of the warm pool (WP) and central Pacific (CP) heating anomalies associated with the MJO and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is systematically varied. In addition, model calculations based on each of the eight MJO phases are performed, first using stationary heating, and then with heating corresponding to a 48-day MJO cycle and to a 32-day MJO cycle.In all model runs, the extratropical response to tropical convection occurs within 7–10 days of the convective heating. The response is very sensitive to the relative amplitude of the heating anomalies. For example, when heating anomalies in the WP and CP have similar amplitude but opposite sign, the amplitude of the extratropical response is much weaker than is typical for the MJO and ENSO. F...
Mid Infrared Instrument cooler subsystem test facility overview

The Cryocooler for the Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) provides cooling at 6.2K on the instrument interface. The cooler system design has been incrementally documented in previous publications [1][2][3][4][5]. It has components that traverse three primary thermal regions on JWST: Region 1, approximated by 40K; Region 2, approximated by 100K; and Region 3, which is at the allowable flight temperatures for the spacecraft bus. However, there are several sub-regions that exist in the transition between primary regions and at the heat reject interfaces of the Cooler Compressor Assembly (CCA) and Cooler Control Electronics Assembly (CCEA). The design and performance of the test facility to provide a flight representative thermal environment for acceptance testing and characterization of the complete MIRI cooler subsystem are presented.
Latent Semantic Analysis: A new measure of patient-physician communication.

Abstract Rationale Patient–physician communication plays an essential role in a variety of patient outcomes; however, it is often difficult to operationalize positive patient-physician communication objectively, and the existing evaluation tools are generally time-consuming. Objective This study proposes semantic similarity of the patient's and physician's language in a medical interaction as a measure of patient-physician communication. Latent semantic analysis (LSA), a mathematical method for modeling semantic meaning, was employed to assess similarity in language during clinical interactions between physicians and patients. Methods Participants were 132 Black/African American patients (76% women, Mage = 43.8, range = 18–82) who participated in clinical interactions with 17 physicians (53% women, Mage = 27.1, range = 26–35) in a primary care clinic in a large city in the Midwestern United States. Results LSA captured reliable information about patient-physician communication: The mean correlation indicating similarity between the transcripts of a physician and patient in a clinical interaction was 0.142, significantly greater than zero; the mean correlation between a patient's transcript and transcripts of their physician during interactions with other patients was not different from zero. Physicians differed significantly in the semantic similarity between their language and that of their patients, and these differences were related to physician ethnicity and gender. Female patients exhibited greater communication similarity with their physicians than did male patients. Finally, greater communication similarity was predicted by less patient trust in physicians prior to the interaction and greater patient trust after the interaction. Conclusion LSA is a potentially important tool in patient-physician communication research. Methodological considerations in applying LSA to address research questions in patient-physician communication are discussed.
Estimation of North American Anthropogenic Sulfur Deposition as a Function of Source/Receptor Separation

The relative contributions to acidic or acidifying deposition in North America from local sources and from long-range sources are contentious matters. Indeed, there is not even agreement on the terms of reference. To some, the term local implies that the source and the receptor are in the same political or administrative entity, such as a state or Environmental Protection Agency Region. To others, local and mesoscale transport are out to 500 km, with transport greater than 500 km termed continental or long-range. Since states and provinces encompass a wide range of shapes and areas, and since this research effort is aimed toward investigation of rather fundamental aspects of transport and deposition rather than who is doing what to whom, we here combine all U.S. and Canadian emissions of anthropogenic sulfur, and calculate separately the deposition contributions from sources located within 200 km, from 200 to 500 km, from 500 to 1000 km, and more than 1000 km from each receptor in turn. For convenience, we will call the source/receptor separation categories local, regional, long-range, and continental, respectively.
Digital Pearl Harbor: A Case Study in Industry Vulnerability to Cyber Attack

This chapter describes a war game conducted by Gartner Inc. in July 2002. Security experts and the US Naval War College in four different industries were asked to plan cyber attacks on their own industries. The results of this gaming exercise are explained and conclusions are drawn concerning the extent of our exposure to concerned attacks by cyber terrorists.
Traditional Outcome Measures

A Dictionary of Epidemiology by John M. Last defines outcomes research as “ research on outcomes of interventions.” Outcomes research defined in this manner comprises much of the effort of clinical epidemiologists. However, the Institute of Medicine elaborates on this definition of outcomes research to include the “ inquiry, both basic and applied, that examines the use, costs, quality, accessibility, delivery, organization, financing, and outcomes of health care services to increase the knowledge and understanding” of the structure, processes, and effects of health services for individuals and populations (1). As this description entails, the field of outcomes research has certainly extended beyond clinical epidemiologists and it has become increasingly important to define, examine, and evaluate the definition, use, and value of outcome measurements for all of those who participate in this type of research. In particular, surgical disciplines have long been interested in the outcomes of treatment to determine whether that treatment was, in fact, effective. The most commonly used types of outcomes in the surgical discipline are those that measure the disease process: mortality and morbidity. This is primarily a function of the notion that surgery is often directed toward ameliorating abnormalities of structure or function (2). In this chapter, we discuss the traditional measures of outcomes such as mortality and morbidity as end points, specific types of these indicators, sources of these types of information, and the strengths and limitations associated with using them.
Inter-organisational learning in cases of disruptive innovation

This paper explores why it often takes an inter-organisational learning effort to realise the practical potential of disruptive innovation. A pattern matching methodology is used to systematically compare a theoretical pattern of learning to an empirically derived pattern. The empirical pattern is developed from an archival case history of inter-organisational learning during the early stages of the personal computer industry. The results of this study suggest that in cases of disruptive technological innovation, a single organisation is not likely to have the capability to complete the entire learning process on its own. Instead, an inter-organisational effort is necessary with a different organisation taking the knowledge through each successive stage. This study challenges the unity and isolation of the single organisation that is often taken for granted in organisational learning and adds a time-based dimension to the study of inter-organisational learning through use of a longitudinal methodology.
Publishing trends of journals with manuscripts in PubMed Central: changes from 2008-2009 to 2015-2016

Objective: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) public access policy mandates that all articles containing NIH-funded research must be deposited into PubMed Central (PMC). The aim of this study was to assess publishing trends of journals that were not selected for the National Library of Medicine (NLM) collection but contain NIH-funded articles submitted to PMC in compliance with the public access policy. In addition, the authors investigated the degree to which NIH-funded research is published in journals that NLM does not collect due to concerns with the publishers. Methods: We analyzed bibliographic data from the NIH Manuscript Submission system for journals that were not selected for the NLM collection from August 2015 to August 2016. Publications (n=738) were analyzed by language, publishing country, publishing format, and subject, and the results were compared to a similar study of 2008–2009 data. In addition, publications were analyzed by whether their publishers are collected by NLM, as determined by transparency and adherence to publishing best practices. Results: Only a few differences were found between the studies. Most notably, while both studies revealed that most journals were not selected for the NLM collection because they were out of scope (i.e., not biomedical), we noted an increase in 2015–2016 in biomedical journals containing NIH-funded articles that were not added to the collection due to concerns with the publishers. Conclusions: While the current number of NIH-funded manuscripts being published by publishers that are not collected by NLM remains quite small, we noted a substantial increase between 2008–2009 and 2015–2016.
On religion, lying, and social preferences

Abstract This study explores the relation between religion and lying and social preferences. The empirical results reveal that high inner religiosity is correlated with truth-telling. The religious are more influenced by equity concerns. The study also reveals the complexity of religiosity.
KU-596 decreases mitochondrial superoxide and improves bioenergetics following downregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase in diabetic sensory neurons

Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are key pathophysiologic mechanisms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). KU-596 is a small molecule modulator of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) that can reverse clinically relevant measures of DPN in diabetic animal models. Mechanistically, drug efficacy requires Hsp70 and correlates with improving mitochondrial maximal respiratory capacity (MRC) and decreasing oxidative stress in diabetic sensory neurons. The goal of this study was to determine if ex vivo treatment of diabetic neurons with KU-596 improves MRC by decreasing glucose-induced oxidative stress in an Hsp70-dependent manner. Sensory neurons were isolated from non-diabetic or diabetic mice wild type (WT) or Hsp70 knockout (Hsp70 KO) mice and treated with KU-596 in the presence of low or high glucose concentrations. In diabetic WT and Hsp70 KO neurons, hyperglycemia significantly increased superoxide levels, but KU-596 only decreased superoxide in WT neurons. Similarly, KU-596 significantly improved MRC in diabetic WT neurons maintained in high glucose but did not improve MRC in diabetic Hsp70 KO neurons under the same conditions. Since manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the main mechanism to detoxify mitochondrial superoxide radicals, the cause and effect relationship between improved respiration and decreased oxidative stress was examined after knocking down MnSOD. Downregulating MnSOD in diabetic WT neurons increased hyperglycemia-induced superoxide levels, which was still significantly decreased by KU-596. However, KU-596 did not improve MRC following MnSOD knockdown. These data suggest that the ability of KU-596 to improve MRC is not necessarily dependent on decreasing mitochondrial superoxide in a MnSOD-dependent manner.
Weil Osteotomy and Its Modifications

The distal oblique metatarsal osteotomy has been a mainstay of biomechanically guided surgical treatment of digital deformities for decades. The original technique, although effective, was strongly associated with complications including the classic floating toe. These limitations have led to several modifications to increase the utility of the procedure. This chapter will delve into the procedural iterations technique as well as their benefits and disadvantages relative to the original technique.
Analysis of Transforming Sequences in Neoplastic Syrian Hamster Fetal Cells Induced by Diverse Chemical Carcinogens

Neoplastic transformation occurs with chemical carcinogens that interact with DNA such as carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons, inorganic metals, N-Acetoxy-florenylacetamide and its derivatives and alkylating agents (1). Transformation resulting in malignancy also occurs with non-mutagenic agents including SO 2 − (sodium bisulfite). With chemicals alone or in combination with X-irradiation the incidence of transformed hamster colonies fits a one hit curve indicating that the phenomenon is inductive (2).
Individual market health plan affordability after cost-sharing reduction subsidy cuts.

Objective To investigate how changes in insurer participation and composition as well as state policies affect health plan affordability for individual market enrollees. Data sources 2014-2019 Qualified Health Plan Landscape Files augmented with supplementary insurer-level information. Study design We measured plan affordability for subsidized enrollees using premium spreads, the difference between the benchmark plan and the lowest cost plan, and premium levels for unsubsidized enrollees. We estimated how premium spreads and levels varied with insurer participation, insurer composition, and state policies using log-linear models for 15 222 county-years. Principal findings Increased insurer participation reduces premium levels, which is beneficial for unsubsidized enrollees. However, it also reduces premium spreads, leading to lower plan affordability for subsidized enrollees. States responding to cost-sharing reduction subsidy payment cuts by increasing only silver plans' premiums increase premium spreads, particularly when premium increases are restricted to on-Marketplace silver plans. The latter approach also protects unsubsidized, off-Marketplace enrollees from experiencing premium shocks. Conclusions Insurer participation and insurer composition affect subsidized and unsubsidized enrollees' health plan affordability in different ways. Decisions by state regulators regarding health plan pricing can significantly affect health plan affordability for each enrollee segment.
Use cases of lossy compression for floating-point data in scientific data sets:

Architectural and technological trends of systems used for scientific computing call for a significant reduction of scientific data sets that are composed mainly of floating-point data. This articl...
Cutset networks: a simple, tractable, and scalable approach for improving the accuracy of Chow-Liu trees

In this paper, we present cutset networks, a new tractable probabilistic model for representing multi-dimensional discrete distributions. Cutset networks are rooted OR search trees, in which each OR node represents conditioning of a variable in the model, with tree Bayesian networks (Chow-Liu trees) at the leaves. From an inference point of view, cutset networks model the mechanics of Pearl's cutset conditioning algorithm, a popular exact inference method for probabilistic graphical models. We present efficient algorithms, which leverage and adopt vast amount of research on decision tree induction for learning cutset networks from data. We also present an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for learning mixtures of cutset networks. Our experiments on a wide variety of benchmark datasets clearly demonstrate that compared to approaches for learning other tractable models such as thin-junction trees, latent tree models, arithmetic circuits and sum-product networks, our approach is significantly more scalable, and provides similar or better accuracy.
The Quantum Hall Effect

A many-body electron system in two dimensions at high magnetic field hosts a diverse set of electron ground states. Perhaps the most famous class of these ground states are the integer quantum Hall states (IQHSs) and fractional quantum Hall states (FQHSs). Many of these ground states have been well understood for years, yet some continue to challenge researchers. The ν = 5∕2 fractional quantum Hall state at half-filling is perhaps the most mysterious state. It holds the promise of novel physics such as non-Abelian statistics, and it possesses topological order, both properties of great interest due to potential applications for robust quantum computing. Here, I introduce the quantum Hall effect and describe a state of particular interest, the ν = 5∕2 fractional quantum Hall state.
Structure-based Method for Predicting Deleterious Missense SNPs

Missense SNPs are key factors contributing towards many Mendelian disorders and complex diseases. Identifying whether a single amino acid substitution will lead to pathological effects is important for interpreting personal genome and for precision medicine. In this study, we describe a novel method for predicting whether a missense SNP likely brings about pathological effects. Our approach integrates sequence information, biophysical properties, and topological properties of protein structures. In our test dataset consisting of 500 deleterious variants and 500 neutral, our method achieves an accuracy of 0.823. The ROC curve of model has an AUC of 0.910. Our methods outperforms two well known methods, and is comparable with the widely used Polyphen-2 method, while requiring a much smaller amount (approximately 25%) of training data. Our method can be used to aid in distinguishing driver and passenger mutations in cancer and in assessing missense mutations assocaited with rare diseases. It can also be used to identifying mutations in rare disease where only limited patient exome data exsit.
Mutual information based sensor tasking with applications to space situational awareness

This paper focuses on the problem of managing or tasking a network of sensors to accurately track a number of objects while using information theoretic sensor performance metrics. The mathematical ...
Dynamic interplay between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth in older military veterans.

Abstract Background Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive psychological changes that may occur after experiencing a traumatic event. While cross-sectional studies have suggested that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with greater PTG, few longitudinal studies have evaluated interrelationships between PTSD and PTG. Further, little is known about which specific symptom clusters of PTSD and coping mechanisms may drive PTG over time. Methods We evaluated interrelationships between PTSD symptoms and PTG using data from a 4-year, nationally representative, prospective cohort study of 2,006 older trauma-exposed U.S. veterans. Results Autoregressive cross-lagged panel regression analyses revealed that greater severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with greater PTG over time. Specifically, greater severity of the avoidance and anxious arousal (e.g., hypervigilance) symptoms at Wave 1 predicted greater PTG at Wave 2; and greater severity of avoidance and lower severity of dysphoric arousal (e.g., sleep disturbance) at Wave 2 predicted greater PTG at Wave 3. Engagement in active coping and religious coping were associated with greater subsequent PTG above and beyond autoregressive associations between PTSD and PTG. Limitations The self-report nature of the assessments, discrete assessment periods assessed, and focus on older military veterans are study limitations. Conclusions Greater severity of PTSD symptoms, particularly avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms, may contribute to and maintain PTG over time in older veterans. Interventions that promote deliberate, constructive attempts to manage chronic PTSD symptoms via active coping and religious coping may help veterans better manage PTSD symptoms and experience greater PTG in late-life.
Taking back vacant property

“Taking back” has long been a rallying call of urban social movements asserting land rights. This call often involves seeking to ward off dispossession by taking possession. Scholars rethinking pro...
Identifying Mouse Autoimmune Uveitis from Fundus Photographs Using Deep Learning.

Purpose To develop a deep learning model for objective evaluation of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), the animal model of posterior uveitis that reveals its essential pathological features via fundus photographs. Methods We developed a deep learning construct to identify uveitis using reference mouse fundus images and further categorized the severity levels of disease into mild and severe EAU. We evaluated the performance of the model using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and confusion matrices. We further assessed the clinical relevance of the model by visualizing the principal components of features at different layers and through the use of gradient-weighted class activation maps, which presented retinal regions having the most significant influence on the model. Results Our model was trained, validated, and tested on 1500 fundus images (training, 1200; validation, 150; testing, 150) and achieved an average AUC of 0.98 for identifying the normal, trace (small and local lesions), and disease classes (large and spreading lesions). The AUCs of the model using an independent subset with 180 images were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.00), 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-0.99), and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90-1.00) for the normal, trace and disease classes, respectively. Conclusions The proposed deep learning model is able to identify three severity levels of EAU with high accuracy. The model also achieved high accuracy on independent validation subsets, reflecting a substantial degree of generalizability. Translational relevance The proposed model represents an important new tool for use in animal medical research and provides a step toward clinical uveitis identification in clinical practice.
Jurisdictional Overlap & the Size of the Local Public Workforce

The United States is a country of many overlapping local governments. Theoretical explorations of the potential influence of this institutional arrangement abound; however, empirical evidence as the influence of such an arrangement on local public sector remains relatively thin. Instead of competing for mobile resources as suggested by Tiebout, overlapping jurisdictions utilize similar tax and voting bases introducing a potential commons problem. Using a county-level dataset from 1972 to 2012, this commons problem is explored. The results suggest that a positive relationship between jurisdictional overlap and the size of local public workforce amounting to approximately a one percent increase in employment or an increase of less than one full-time equivalent employee.
Sex Differences in Opioid Use Disorder Prevalence and Multimorbidity Nationally in the Veterans Health Administration.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant problem among US veterans with increasing rates of OUD and overdose, and thus has substantial importance for service delivery within the Veterans Health A...
ORTHOGONAL AND NONORTHOGONAL DESIGNS, EFFICIENCY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses orthogonal and nonorthogonal designs. The chapter also discusses the problem of multi-collinearity. If the columns of the design matrix associated with the two parameters are nearly parallel, that is, nearly collinear, then it is difficult to estimate both parameters. The term “confounding” or “confounded” is used in statistics when it is difficult to separate out the effects of two or more factors. The efficient orthogonal designs are mirrored by orderly symmetric assignment of observations to the possibilities. The chapter further discusses the linear model. The least-squares estimates, their variances, and covariances depend on both the length and orientation of the columns of the design matrix. The length and orientation of the columns of the design matrix determine the length and orientation of the vectors ξ 1 , … ξ p , where ξ i is the component of the i th column of the design matrix that is orthogonal to the subspace spanned by the remaining columns of the design matrix. The ξ 1 , … ξ p determines the least-squares estimates and their properties.
When Patient and Physician Disagree on Patient's "Best Interest".

Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Fatal .45-70 rifle wounding of a policeman wearing a bulletproof vest.

This report presents the findings in the case of a fatal gunshot wound from a relatively high-energy rifle suffered by a law enforcement officer wearing a bulletproof vest. Also presented is a discussion of missile energy transfer for individuals wearing protective clothing.
Implications of gender and household roles in Indigenous Maya communities in Guatemala for child nutrition interventions

Guatemala’s Indigenous Maya population suffers from some of the highest rates of chronic child malnutrition (stunting) in the world. Most attempts to improve child nutrition in this context target mothers for behavioural interventions. In this study, we use focus group data from two Indigenous Maya communities to explore gender and intra-household power dynamics as they relate to child-rearing practices and to nutritional decision-making, including food purchasing. Findings of the study show that mothers are not autonomous with regard to child rearing and nutrition decision-making. In particular, paternal grandmothers are authoritative sources of knowledge and exert significant power over food-purchasing decisions. Furthermore, men overestimate the degree to which decision-making is shared with their wives, and the economic contributions that mothers make to household budgets often go unrecognized. These findings underscore that nutritional interventions in Indigenous Maya communities must be sensitive to the traditional intra-household authority structure and seek to engage not only mothers, but also fathers and paternal grandmothers in a productive collaboration. Furthermore, efforts must be made to increase recognition of the economic contributions of the mother to the household budget, and to recognize the implications of such economic work in terms of constraints on the mother’s availability for childcare.
Elimination of hydrogen peroxide by Haemophilus somnus, a catalase-negative pathogen of cattle

Haemophilus somnus is a catalase-negative, gram-negative pathogen of cattle which is refractory to killing by bovine neutrophils. In this report, we showed that H. somnus rapidly inhibited Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of bovine neutrophils costimulated with opsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate. We have postulated that this inhibition resulted in part from H. somnus preventing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during the oxidative burst. In support of this hypothesis, we have demonstrated that when stimulated with viable H. somnus, bovine neutrophils accumulate lower levels of H2O2 than did neutrophils stimulated with heat-killed H. somnus or opsonized zymosan. We have presented evidence that four separate strains of H. somnus, despite being catalase negative by conventional criteria, removed H2O2 from solution. Viable cells of H. somnus were required for the removal of H2O2 from solution; little or no activity was observed when suspensions of heat-killed, formalin-killed, or sonicated cells of H. somnus were incubated with H2O2. In addition, the elimination of H2O2 occurred only in the presence of carbon sources that could be utilized by H. somnus, indicating that elimination of H2O2 was an energy-dependent process. The amount of H2O2 that could be eliminated by 10(7) cells of H. somnus was greater than 10 nmol, an amount comparable to that produced by a similar number of stimulated bovine neutrophils. Thus, we suggest that the ability of H. somnus to remove H2O2 from solution may be an important virulence mechanism that contributes to the survival of the organism following ingestion by bovine neutrophils.
Homologous steroid receptors assemble at identical promoter architectures with unique energetics of cooperativity

Steroid receptors comprise a homologous family of ligand-activated transcription factors. The receptors bind largely identical response elements in vitro, yet regulate distinct gene networks in vivo. This paradox raises the issue of how transcriptional specificity is achieved, particularly if multiple receptor populations are competing for identical sites. Noting that receptor-DNA energetics are a primary force in driving transcriptional activity, differences in interaction energetics among the receptors might underlie receptor-specific transcriptional control. Thermodynamic dissections support this premise—upon assembling at an identical promoter architecture, individual receptors exhibit vast differences in cooperative and self-association energetics. More intriguingly, these parameters distribute in a way that mirrors the evolutionary divergence of the steroid receptor family. For example, the closely related progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors (PR and GR) display little or no self-association but strong intersite cooperativity, whereas the more distantly related estrogen receptor (ER-α) shows inverse behavior. These findings suggest that receptors view genomic promoter architectures as a collection of affinity landscapes; receptors select from this landscape via their unique interaction energetics. To test this idea, we analyzed the cooperative binding energetics of the above three receptors using an array of promoters. We find that cooperativity is not only receptor-specific but also highly promoter-specific. Thus PR shows maximal cooperativity at promoters with closely spaced and in phase binding sites. GR cooperativity is maintained over greater distances, is larger energetically, and shows markedly different phase dependency. Finally, ER-α appears incapable of cooperativity regardless of promoter architecture, consistent with its more distant phylogeny. Proteins 2014; 82:2078–2087. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glycosidases of rat Kupffer cells, hepatocytes and peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract The acid glycosidase content of rat liver Kupffer cells was compared with that of hepatocytes and resident peritoneal macrophages. Homogenates of all these cells were able to hydrolyze the p -nitrophenyl glycosides of N -acetylglucosamine, N -acetylgalactosamine, glucose, galactose, fucose and mannose, but not xylose. Activity was greatest against the N -acetylglucosaminoside. With Kupffer cell homogenates, most of the glycosidases behaved as if they were lysosomal enzymes. When expressed as rates of hydrolysis per 10 6 cells, activities against a given substrate by homogenates from the three cell types generally agreed within a factor of 2–4. Significant differences between cell types were found, however, when ratios of glycosidase activities were compared. Furthermore, even though the quantity of glycosidase per cell was similar in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, the glycosidase concentrations were much higher in the former cells, since Kupffer cells are much smaller than hepatocytes.
Lidar compressive sensing using chaotic waveform

Full waveform Lidar systems have the ability of recording the complete signal reflected from the illuminated target. Therefore, more detail information can be obtained compared to conventional Lidar systems. The problem that is faced in using full waveform Lidar is the acquisition of high volume data, a solution proposed to solve this problem is compressive sensing. By using a compressive sensing approach we can reduce the sampling rate and still be able to recover the signal. The reduction is incorporated in the acquisition hardware, where we perform sensing of the signal with compression. In this paper we propose to use a deterministic compressive sensing approach by using a chaotic signal as the sensing matrix. The proposed approach gives the range profile information without the requirement of further processing techniques. For comparison we used two different types of transmitted signals: chaotic and Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) signals. Simulations demonstrate that chaotic signals give better results than the LFM signals. By using a chaotic signal we can obtain the impulse response of the target by using less than 20 percent of the samples.
A spectrophotometric kinetic assay for acid phosphatases with aromatic phosphates

Abstract Acid phosphatases are measured by monitoring the rate of decomposition of various phenolic phosphates and/or production of the phenol at pH 4.8 (acetate buffer). All the substrates tested obey pseudo-first order kinetics; calibration plots are linear over wide ranges.
Diffusion parameter analysis for chemical amplification resists as a function of resist process

The diffusion parameters of chemical amplification resists are evaluated and analyzed as the functions of illumination condition, resist type and resist thickness. The pattern linearity is also compared among the different types of resist and process conditions. From the experimental results, it is confirmed that the diffusion parameters of dense L/S type resist is sensitively influenced by illumination condition, but those of C/H type resist are less affected by exposure condition due to the limited resolution of resist. Generally, the diffusion parameters seems to be much affected by sigma condition rather than the numerical aperture condition and it does not much influenced by resist thickness within similar thickness range. The 120nm, 100nm and 90nm dense L/S patterns are obtained with high contrast KrF resist of R5767 having diffusion parameter below 0.3 at the conditions of 0.80NA (89/60 sigma) and 2500 Angstrom thickness. Under the validation of DAIM, the most important parameter is the diffusion length of acid. Since the image contrast is given by the cross product of aerial image contrast and the resist function, the lithography performance depends upon not only the aerial image but also the resist function. The resist function is related with pattern pitch and diffusion length. Therefore, the increased value of resist function is required by introducing of high contrast resist having smaller diffusion parameter to induce the smaller pattern formation as explained in this experiment results.
The Genetics of Mammalian Circadian Order and Disorder: Implications for Physiology and Disease

Circadian cycles affect a variety of physiological processes, and disruptions of normal circadian biology therefore have the potential to influence a range of disease-related pathways. The genetic basis of circadian rhythms is well studied in model organisms and, more recently, studies of the genetic basis of circadian disorders has confirmed the conservation of key players in circadian biology from invertebrates to humans. In addition, important advances have been made in understanding how these molecules influence physiological functions in tissues throughout the body. Together, these studies set the scene for applying our knowledge of circadian biology to the understanding and treatment of a range of human diseases, including cancer and metabolic and behavioural disorders.
Behavioral characterization of multiprocessor memory systems: a case study

The speed and efficiency of the memory system is a key limiting factor in the performance of supercomputers. Consequently, one of the major concerns when developing a high-performance code, either manually or automatically, is determining and characterizing the influence of the memory system on performance in terms of algorithmic parameters. Unfortunately, the performance data available to an algorithm designer such as various benchmarks and, occasionally, manufacturer-supplied information, e.g. instruction timings and architecture component characteristics, are rarely sufficient for this task. In this paper, we discuss a systematic methodology for probing the performance characteristics of a memory system via a hierarchy of data-movement kernels. We present and analyze the results obtained by such a methodology on a cache-based multi-vector processor (Alliant FX/8). Finally, we indicate how these experimental results can be used for predicting the performance of simple Fortran codes by a combination of empirical observations, architectural models and analytical techniques.
Esophagogastric junction pressure topography after fundoplication.

Abstract Objectives: This study compared the pressure topography after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication to that of normal subjects and patients with hiatal hernia and reflux disease. Methods: Seven patients with fundoplication, 7 normal subjects and 7 patients with hiatal hernia, were studied. The squamocolumnar junction and intragastric margin of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) were marked with metal clips. Axial and radial characteristics of EGJ pressure were mapped relative to the hernia and clipped during concurrent fluoroscopy and manometry. Responses to inspiration and abdominal compression were also analyzed. Results: Fundoplication modifies the EGJ by restoration of the hiatal component of EGJ pressure and elongation of the subdiaphragmatic component. Maximal EGJ pressure after fundoplication is mainly dependent on the extrinsic effect of the hiatal canal that compresses the esophagus; the resultant length of the EGJ reflects the length of the fundic wrap. Integrity of the EGJ after fundoplication is independent of the intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter itself. Conclusions: Fundoplication alters the pressure topography of the EGJ by reducing the hiatal hernia, tightening the hiatal orifice, and constructing a subdiaphragmatic wrap of variable length. Each effect depends on different technical aspects of the surgery with the potential of substantial variability in the resultant pressure topography. (Surgery 2000;127:200-8.)
Characterizing Psychopathy Using DSM-5 Personality Traits:

Despite its importance historically and contemporarily, psychopathy is not recognized in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR). Its closest counterpart, antisocial personality disorder, includes strong representation of behavioral deviance symptoms but weak representation of affective-interpersonal features considered central to psychopathy. The current study evaluated the extent to which psychopathy and its distinctive facets, indexed by the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, can be assessed effectively using traits from the dimensional model of personality pathology developed for DSM-5, operationalized by the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Results indicate that (a) facets of psychopathy entailing impulsive externalization and callous aggression are well-represented by traits from the PID-5 considered relevant to antisocial personality disorder, and (b) the boldness facet of psychopathy can be effectively captured using additional PID-5 traits. These findings provide evidence that the dimensional model of personality pathology embodied in the PID-5 provides effective trait-based coverage of psychopathy and its facets.
Review: tissue engineering for regeneration of articular cartilage

Joint pain due to cartilage degeneration is a serious problem, affecting people of all ages. Although many techniques, often surgical, are currently employed to treat this affliction, none have had complete success. Recent advances in biology and materials science have pushed tissue engineering to the forefront of new cartilage repair techniques. This review seeks to condense information for the biomaterialist interested in developing materials for this application. Articular cartilage anatomy, types of injury, and current repair methods are explained. The need for biomaterials, current commonly used materials for tissue-engineered cartilage, and considerations in scale-up of cell-biomaterial constructs are summarized.
A miniature, broadband, non-dispersive phase shifter based on CRLH TL unit cells

This paper proposes a topology to develop a miniature, wideband, well-matched, non-dispersive phase shifter with low insertion loss on the basis of composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) unit cells. To demonstrate the proposed approach, a lumped element design was prototyped. The lumped element design operates at a center frequency of 2.4 GHz with 50% bandwidth. Experimental results of the lumped element design demonstrate return loss ≥ 10 dB, insertion loss ≤ 0.5 dB, with a phase shift of 45 +/− 1.5 degrees over the entire bandwidth.
A requirement of RNA synthesis for oxidation-dependent biosynthesis in sarcoma 37 ascites-tumor cells

Abstract 1. 1. In Sarcoma 37 cells synthesis of total cellular RNA was promptly suppressed by actinomycins D, C 2 , and C 3 , mithramycin, rubidomycin, nogalamycin and 5,6-dichloro-1-β- d -ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. 2. 2. Each of the compounds inhibited synthesis of RNA in the presence of glucose, but inhibition of synthesis of total protein by these cells occurred only in the absence of glucose. Sterol synthesis was similarly inhibited, with relief of the inhibition occurring after addition of glucose. 3. 3. Aminoacyl-RNA synthetase activity of soluble preparations from actinomycin-treated cells did not differ from controls, and amino acid acceptor activity of transfer RNA was also unaffected, despite previous indications that amino acid incorporation into transfer RNA was inhibited in intact cells which had been incubated with actinomycin D. 4. 4. A compartmentation mechanism involving adenine nucleotides is proposed to explain the inhibitory effects of actinomycins and the other inhibitors of RNA synthesis on synthesis of protein and sterols. 5. 5. These inhibitory effects indicate a requirement of RNA synthesis in these cells for certain biosynthetic processes under oxidative conditions; the results are not interpreted to indicate an effect of actinomycin other than inhibition of synthesis of RNA.
Total surgical reconstruction for patients with abdominal muscular deficiency (“prune-belly”) syndrome☆

In the past decade, seven children with the prune-belly syndrome have been seen. Their management has consisted of immediate high tubeless urinary diversion, usually pyelostomy. Thereafter, total reconstruction has been carried out, preferably at one stage. This consists of (1) bilateral shortening, tapering and reimplantation of the ureters, (2) reduction cystoplasty, (3) bilateral orchiopexy, and (4) excision of that part of the abdominal wall that is most redundant and least endowed with musculature. This early effort at mechanical reconstruction has led to gratifying progress in six of the seven children.
Dissecting dynamin’s role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis

The GTPase dynamin is essential for CME (clathrin-mediated endocytosis), but its exact function and mechanism of action have been controversial. Here, we review findings that have led to the current models for dynamin function, either as a mechanochemical enzyme driving membrane fission or as a regulatory GTPase monitoring rate-limiting steps in CME. However, these models are not mutually exclusive and subsequent studies have provided evidence for both dynamin functions. Recent evidence derived from divergent in vivo and in vitro approaches suggests that dynamin plays a dual role in CME, functioning at early stages as a fidelity monitor to regulate clathrin-coated pit maturation and at later stages to directly catalyse membrane fission and clathrin-coated vesicle formation.
Contemporary aortic valve therapy.

Introduction Aortic valve disease imparts a pressure or volume overload on the left ventricle (LV). If this load is severe and prolonged, it eventually leads to LV damage, congestive heart failure (CHF), and death. These mechanical problems ultimately require mechanical correction in the form of valve replacement or repair, and the timing and types of mechanical therapy will be the main thrusts of this article.
Printable Thin Film Supercapacitors Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Thin film supercapacitors were fabricated using printable materials to make flexible devices on plastic. The active electrodes were made from sprayed networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) serving as both electrodes and charge collectors. Using a printable aqueous gel electrolyte as well as an organic liquid electrolyte, the performances of the devices show very high energy and power densities (6 W h/kg for both electrolytes and 23 and 70 kW/kg for aqueous gel electrolyte and organic electrolyte, respectively) which is comparable to performance in other SWCNT-based supercapacitor devices fabricated using different methods. The results underline the potential of printable thin film supercapacitors. The simplified architecture and the sole use of printable materials may lead to a new class of entirely printable charge storage devices allowing for full integration with the emerging field of printed electronics.
A review of project ‘12-ways’: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect

Note: This publication discusses Project 12-Ways, an ecobehavioral approach to preventing and treating child abuse and neglect in southern Illinois. For more information on Project 12-Ways, see VioPro record number 2404. Child Physical Abuse Treatment Child Physical Abuse Victim Child Physical Abuse Prevention Prevention Program Treatment Program Illinois Child Victim Child Abuse Treatment Child Abuse Victim Child Abuse Prevention Domestic Violence Prevention Domestic Violence Treatment Domestic Violence Offender Domestic Violence Victim Child Treatment Family Treatment Victim Treatment Offender Treatment Parent Offender Parenting Skills Parent Education Home Based Child Abuse Offender Child Physical Abuse Offender Child Neglect Offender Child Neglect Victim Child Neglect Treatment Child Neglect Prevention Parent Training Stress Management 05-00