cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of the insulin content of islet tissue of various species using anti-insulin serum and the epididymal adipose tissue methods.

SummaryThe insulin content of microdissected rat islets when measured by the two-antibody immunoassay method was approximately one-fourth that obtained when the epididymal fat pad method was used. Insulin content of the subcellular goosefish islet fractions after acid-alcohol extraction was approximately 103 U/g when measured by the fat pad method, as compared to 0.063 U/g when measured by the immunoassay method. Thus there is a 1600-fold difference in the values obtained using these two methods.About 84% of the total insulin contained in goosefish islets (estimated by the immunoassay method, after acid-alcohol extraction) was recovered in the mitochondria plus secretion granule fraction. Using the fat pad, 74% of the total insulin was found in this subcellular fraction. Acid-alcohol extraction of the secretion granule plus mitochondria, produced an eightfold increase in apparent insulin content when measured by the immunoassay method; thus most of the insulin contained in the secretion granule was not av...
MUSHROOM SYMBOLISM IN MAYA CODICES

The 24-page Galindo Codex has been found to correspond closely with the figures and glyphs on 12 pages, entire or in part, of the Codex Madrid. A new interpretation, based upon evidence in the Dres...
Improvement on automatic identification algorithm of dummy activities in network charts

To optimize the automatic identification algorithm of dummy activities in network charts and enhance the efficiency of automatic drawing of network charts,improvements were made by analyzing problems existing in previous algorithms using sorting identification methods and adding judging conditions.According to two different types of dummy activities,an example was given to verify the effect of the new algorithm.By comparing the effect of the improved algorithm with that of previous ones,result is got that the improved algorithm is not only more concrete in content,but also effectively reduces repetitious and redundant dummy activities and optimize the structure of the network chart.
The Agriculture Network Information Collaborative (AgNIC): Building on the Past, Looking to the Future

The Agriculture Network Information Collaborative (AgNIC) began in 1995 as the Agriculture Network Information Center, a group of four academic libraries and the National Agricultural Library (NAL), with the goal of improving access to reliable agricultural information. One aspect of involvement during the early years was to develop unique subject sites that contained or linked to reliable, curated information on a particular agricultural topic. As the world of online information grew, the focus of AgNIC shifted. In 2013 AgNIC changed the "C" from Center to Collaborative, highlighting a substantive change for the group that had grown to fifty-three members. It moved the partner-members' vision of AgNIC from a series of subject silos, each staffed by librarians who built and maintained them, into a group with a much wider range of goals and interests. This reimagined collaborative explores and acts on agriculture information trends of mutual interest and international importance, including discovery, access, and preservation. Current activities include digitizing and preserving historical agricultural literature as part of Project Ceres, promoting NAL's PubAg portal, and enhancing HathiTrust by systematically requesting the release of state agricultural documents. Moving forward, this long-term partnership provides an avenue for collaboration between the libraries and NAL and opportunities for professional development.
Growth hormone receptor antagonism with pegvisomant in insulin resistant non-diabetic men: A phase II pilot study.

Background: Growth hormone (GH) is known to affect insulin and glucose metabolism. Blocking its effects in acromegalic patients improves diabetes and glucose metabolism. We aimed to determine the effect of pegvisomant, a GH receptor antagonist, on insulin resistance, endogenous glucose production (EGP) and lipolysis in insulin resistant non-diabetic men. Methods: Four men between the ages of 18-62 with a BMI of 18-35kg/m 2, with insulin resistance as defined by a HOMA-IR > 2.77, were treated for four weeks with pegvisomant 20 mg daily. Inpatient metabolic assessments were performed before and after treatment. The main outcome measurements were: change after pegvisomant therapy in insulin sensitivity as measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp; and EGP and lipolysis assessed by stable isotope tracer techniques. Results: Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations decreased from 134.0 ± 41.5 (mean ± SD) to 72.0 ± 11.7 ng/mL (p = 0.04) after 4 weeks of therapy. Whole body insulin sensitivity index (M/I 3.2 ± 1.3 vs. 3.4 ± 2.4; P = 0.82), as well as suppression of EGP (89.7 ± 26.9 vs. 83.5 ± 21.6%; p = 0.10) and Ra glycerol (59.4 ± 22.1% vs. 61.2 ± 14.4%; p = 0.67) during the clamp were not changed significantly with pegvisomant treatment. Conclusions: Blockade of the GH receptor with pegvisomant for four weeks had no significant effect on insulin/glucose metabolism in a small phase II pilot study of non-diabetic insulin resistant participants without acromegaly.
Inducers of Dome Formation in Epithelial Cell Cultures including Agents That Cause Differentiation

Epithelia are cell sheets that line body cavities such as the lumina of the intestine, kidney tubules, and salivary glands. The differentiated phenotype of epithelia involves structural and functional specializations of the plasma membrane which enable these cells to transport ions and fluids across the cell layer. The plasma membrane of this cell type is polarized into distinct apical and basolateral regions which differ functionally, morphologically, and biochemically. Occluding junctions form between adjacent cells at the apical/basolateral boundary and can regulate the passage of ions across the cell layer. In addition, occluding junctions have been proposed to maintain cell polarity by serving as a barrier to lateral diffusion within the membrane of intrinsic proteins from basolateral and apical domains. The Na+/K+ ATPase of epithelia is restricted to the basolateral surface. Na+ pump polarity is believed to create the driving force for vectorial transport of Na+ across the cell layer, setting up an osmotic gradient which drives an accompanying net water flux in the basolateral direction.
Octenylsuccinate hydroxypropyl phytoglycogen, a dendrimer-like biopolymer, solubilizes poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Abstract Effective solubilizers for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are highly desirable. This study introduced an amphiphilic dendrimer-like biopolymer, octenylsuccinate hydroxypropyl phytoglycogen (OHPP) as a new solubilizer. The molar substitution degree of octenylsuccinate and hydroxypropyl groups of OHPP was 0.51 and 1.69, respectively. The weight-average molecular weight, Z-average root mean square radius, and Zeta-potential of OHPP were 1.507 × 10 7 g/mol, 22.6 nm, and −23.6 mV, respectively. OHPP was highly soluble in polar organic solvents and aqueous buffers with pH ≥ 5.0. To evaluate its solubilization capability, each of five APIs (celecoxib, docetaxel, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, and resveratrol) was incorporated with OHPP to form solid dispersions (API-OHPP SD). API-OHPP SD reduced API crystallinity and increased API solubility by up to 1755 times. Over the 3 h dissolution, the cumulative dissolved API with API-OHPP SD was in the range of 6.8 ∼ 84.9%. Evidently, OHPP was a potent and non-specific polymeric solubilizer of poorly water-soluble APIs.
The role of debt profile vulnerabilities in sovereign distress

ABSTRACTSovereign debt distress has raised difficult issues in terms of debt sustainability in the past, but it has been associated not only with medium-term debt dynamics, but also with various di...
Genera, evolution, and botanists in 1940: Edgar Anderson's "Survey of Modern Opinion".

• Discussing Edgar Anderson’s views on cytology, genetics and biosystematics in evolutionary studies.
Omics-based natural product discovery and the lexicon of genome mining

Genome sequencing and the application of omic techniques are driving many important advances in the field of microbial natural products research. Despite these gains, there remain aspects of the natural product discovery pipeline where our knowledge remains poor. These include the extent to which biosynthetic gene clusters are transcriptionally active in native microbes, the temporal dynamics of transcription, translation, and natural product assembly, as well as the relationships between small molecule production and detection. Here we touch on a number of these concepts in the context of continuing efforts to unlock the natural product potential revealed in genome sequence data and discuss nomenclatural issues that warrant consideration as the field moves forward.
De yerbas, animales y otras ponzoñas: renovación mágica en «El peregrino indiano» de Antonio Saavedra Guzmán

El peregrino indiano by Antonio de Saavedra Guzman incorporates new substances into the magic spell. In addition to La Araucana , there are ingredients that come from other discursive traditions: the Renaissance treatises of natural history, the Bible, bestiaries, emblematic literature, magic and grimoires.
Grandparents’ social identities in cultural context

Scholarship on grandparents has noticeably increased in recent years, including international research (Shwalb & Hossain, 2018), yet there has seldom been research on grandparents’ social identitie...
Reduced compensator design via LQG-balancing — A case study

This paper presents the application of optimal closed-loop system approximation to the problem of designing a controller for the lateral axis motion of an F-4 fighter aircraft. It is shown that it is possible to design stabilizing reduced order LQG compensators while at the same time preserving robustness properties of the full order system.
Uveal Melanoma in Teenagers and Children: A Report of 40 Cases

Abstract A review of 3706 consecutive patients with uveal melanoma revealed that 40 patients (1 .1 %) were age 20 years or younger at the time of diagnosis. The youngest patient was age 6 years but the majority of patients (78%) were between 15 and 20 years old. The tumor occurred in the iris in 5 cases (12%) and in the posterior uvea in 35 cases (88%). The mean largest tumor dimension and thickness was 10 mm and 5 mm, respectively. In all cases, the diagnosis of uveal melanoma was suspected before referral, and misdirected treatment was avoided. The tumor was initially treated by enucleation in 24 cases (60%), local resection in 7 (18%), plaque radiotherapy in 3 (8%), and observation in 6 (15%). Secondary treatment was required in 7 cases in the form of enucleation (4 cases), ablative laser (1 case), plaque radiotherapy (1 case), and exenteration (1 case). The mean follow-up period was 68 months (median, 48 months) from the time of treatment, and only one patient died of metastases (from a massive ciliochoroidal melanoma 33 months after treatment). The remainder of the group of young patients are alive and healthy. Cumulative survival rates show that 96% of young patients with uveal melanoma survive at the 5-year period.
Kappa opioid receptor modulation on GABAergic inputs onto ventral periaqueductal gray dopamine neurons

The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system has been implicated in regulation of many behaviors including pain. While there are numerous studies suggesting KOR-regulation of pain being mediated spinally, there have been reports of pain-like behaviors regulated by central KOR signaling. In particular, oxytocin-induced analgesia appears to be mediated by KOR receptors within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). The vlPAG is a brain region that has long been known to be involved in the regulation of pain. We recently found that dopamine (DA) neurons within the vlPAG represent a specific population of neurons that can regulate pain-like behaviors. In this study, we sought to determine the impact of KOR signaling on GABAergic inputs to the vlPAG DA neurons, and determine the mechanism of inhibition. We found that activation of KOR significantly reduced GABAergic transmission onto vlPAG DA neurons. In addition, our data suggest this effect is mediated pre-synaptically via the G-protein βγ subunit. These data suggest the possibility that KOR-activation disinhibits vlPAG dopamine neurons, which could lead to altered regulation of pain-related behaviors.
The neoantigen landscape and immune regulators in cervical cancer.

5528Background: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) play a major role in development of cervical cancer, and HPV oncoproteins are being targeted by immunotherapies. Although these treatments show promisi...
Predictors of Persistent Postoperative Pain at Minimum 2 Years After Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement

Background:Hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a rapidly expanding field, and preoperative factors predictive of persistent postoperative pain are currently unknown....
Gender differences in intra-limb coordination during single limb landings on dominant and non-dominant legs

This study investigated the effects of gender and landing limb on intra-limb coordination during single limb drop landings. Fourteen females and eight males performed drop landings while lower limb kinematics were recorded in the sagittal plane. Discrete relative phase (DRP) and standard deviation of DRP were calculated for hip-knee, knee ankle and hip-ankle joint couplings. Mixed between-within ANOVA showed no significant gender effects for DRP of joint couplings (p > 0.05). Females showed significantly greater standard deviation of DRP for the hip-knee (p = 0.03) and hip-ankle (p = 0.04) joint couplings. There were no significant effects for limb in DRP of joint couplings (p > 0.05). Knee-angle standard deviation of DRP was significantly greater for the dominant limb compared to the non-dominant limb (p = 0.04). These findings suggest males and females adopt similar intra-limb coordination strategies when landing, however, females exhibit greater variability in coordination which may indicate greater adaptation in coordination patterns in an attempt to mitigate the effects of fatigue or compensate for gender differences in landing kinematics and kinetics identified in previous research.
So Much Left to Learn

This chapter focuses on what remains unknown about teaching expectations. While there’s a great deal that is understood, a great deal more remains undiscovered, particularly in the ways that race, gender, and culture may interact with expectation formation and expression. Using the lenses of Critical Race Theory and Positionality, this chapter explores avenues of inquiry that will aid individuals and preparation programs alike in their efforts to understand and respond to pre-service teachers’ expectations of teaching.
Composable block solvers for the four-field double porosity/permeability model

Abstract The objective of this paper is twofold. First, we propose two composable block solver methodologies to solve the discrete systems that arise from finite element discretizations of the double porosity/permeability (DPP) model. The DPP model, which is a four-field mathematical model, describes the flow of a single-phase incompressible fluid in a porous medium with two distinct pore-networks and with a possibility of mass transfer between them. Using the composable solvers feature available in PETSc and the finite element libraries available under the Firedrake Project, we illustrate two different ways by which one can effectively precondition these large systems of equations. Second, we employ the recently developed performance model called the Time-Accuracy-Size (TAS) spectrum to demonstrate that the proposed composable block solvers are scalable in both the parallel and algorithmic sense. Moreover, we utilize this spectrum analysis to compare the performance of three different finite element discretizations (classical mixed formulation with H(div) elements, stabilized continuous Galerkin mixed formulation, and stabilized discontinuous Galerkin mixed formulation) for the DPP model. Our performance spectrum analysis demonstrates that the composable block solvers are fine choices for any of these three finite element discretizations. Sample computer codes are provided to illustrate how one can easily implement the proposed block solver methodologies through PETSc command line options.
Use of a transforming powder dressing in the lower leg wounds of two older patients: case studies.

This report describes the use of a transforming powder dressing to treat lower leg surgical wounds occurring in two older patients. Wounds in this location are difficult and slow to heal. Both of t...
Towards assessing the influence of sediment loading on Last Interglacial sea level

Locally, the elevation of last interglacial (LIG; ∼122 ka) sea level markers is modulated by processes of vertical displacement, such as tectonic uplift or glacial isostatic adjustment, and these processes must be accounted for in deriving estimates of global ice volumes from geological sea level records. The impact of sediment loading on LIG sea level markers is generally not accounted for in these corrections, as it is assumed that the impact is negligible except in extremely high depositional settings, such as the world's largest river deltas. Here we perform a generalized test to assess the extent to which sediment loading may impact global variability in the present-day elevation of LIG sea level markers. We numerically simulate river sediment deposition using a diffusive model that incorporates a migrating shoreline to construct a global history of sedimentation over the last glacial cycle. We then calculate sea level changes due to this sediment loading using a gravitationally self-consistent model of glacial isostatic adjustment, and compare these predictions to a global compilation of LIG sea level data. We perform a statistical analysis, which accounts for spatial autocorrelation, across a global compilation of 1287 LIG sea level markers. Though limited by uncertainties in the LIG sea level database and the precise history of river deposition, this analysis suggests there is not a statistically significant global signal of sediment loading in LIG sea level markers. Nevertheless, at sites where LIG sea level markers have been measured, local sea level predicted using our simulated sediment loading history is perturbed up to 16 m. More generally, these predictions establish the relative sensitivity of different regions to sediment loading. Finally, we consider the implications of our results for estimates of tectonic uplift rates derived from LIG marine terraces; we predict that sediment loading causes 5–10 m of subsidence over the last glacial cycle at specific locations along active margin regions such as California and Barbados, where deriving long-term tectonic uplift rates from LIG shorelines is a common practice.
Mechanisms underlying detection of seed dormancy by a scatter‐hoarding rodent

The mechanism underlying detection of seed dormancy by scatter-hoarding rodents is unclear, although previous work suggests that the pericarp plays an important role in signaling dormancy status. Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) consume early germinating seeds as they are more likely to perish immediately, whereas dormant seeds tend to be cached. To examine the mechanisms underlying dormancy detection, we characterized physical and chemical differences between germinating and dormant pericarps of northern red oak (Quercus rubra), American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and the BC3 hybrid of Chinese chestnut and American chestnut (Castanea mollissima × C. dentata) using scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. We found that, as seeds break dormancy, the wax layer on the pericarp degrades and is accompanied by the escape of lower molecular weight kernel compounds or lipid metabolism byproducts. Our field experiments showed that squirrels were 4-8 times more likely to consume seeds that were altered to remove pericarp wax coating or that were sprayed with seed chemicals. We argue that dormancy detection by scatter-hoarding rodents is a complex process involving physical cues such as loss of pericarp wax and chemical cues such as emission of olfactory cues.
Stroke and TIA. Prevention and management of cerebrovascular events in primary care

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in the United States. Control of risk factors--particularly hypertension, diabetes, elevated serum lipids, and atrial fibrillation--can significantly reduce the incidence of stroke. Platelet antiaggregant therapy has a role in primary and secondary stroke prevention. Patients with transient ischemic attacks presenting with carotid stenosis > 70% can be managed surgically, whereas those with less stenosis can be treated with platelet antiaggregant therapy. Acute stroke is a medical emergency. Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of event onset can significantly improve outcomes in selected ischemic stroke patients. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage usually present with acute onset of identifiable neurologic deficits.
Aggressive CD4/CD8 Double-Negative Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma With Dural Invasion: A Rare Presentation of Mycosis Fungoides?

ABSTRACT Mycosis fungoides (MF) is primarily characterized by epidermotropic CD3+/CD4+/CD45RO+ memory T cells. CD4/CD8 double-negative MF is an uncommon variant with no presumed prognostic significance. Despite the variability in the clinical course and presentation of MF, most cases behave indolently. About 5% of patients, however, advance to stage IV with visceral organ involvement. Central nervous system metastasis in MF is rare with no known cases of direct central nervous system invasion by MF to date. We report an exceedingly rare locally aggressive case of CD4/CD8 double-negative MF with direct dural invasion and underline pertinent diagnostic challenges encountered in our case.
Dehydrogenative Coupling of Methanol for the Gas-Phase, One-Step Synthesis of Dimethoxymethane over Supported Copper Catalysts

Oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OMEs), CH3-(OCH2)n-OCH3, n = 1–5, possess attractive low-soot diesel fuel properties. Methanol is a key precursor in the production of OMEs, providing an opportunity t...
A Case of Proliferative and Membranous Lupus Nephritis Complicated by Cryoglobulin-like Hyaline Thrombi

Introduction: Renal disease is a devastating complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition to glomerular involvement, vascular disease is not uncommon. We present a case of lupus nephritis (LN) in the setting of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) with a rare instance of cryoglobulin-like thrombi. Case: a 21-year-old woman with past medical history of SLE complicated by Class VI nephritis was admitted with worsening kidney function which showed a serum creatinine of 2.9 mg/dL from a baseline of <1.5. She reported shortness of breath, cough, and a headache. She endorsed compliance with all of her medications and did not notice any urine output changes. Blood pressure was 200/123. On exam malar rash, Cushingoid appearance, and hair loss was …
Interfacially-adsorbed particles enhance the self-propulsion of oil droplets in aqueous surfactant.

Understanding the chemo-mechanical mechanisms that direct the motion of self-propulsive colloids is important for the development of active materials and exploration of dynamic, collective phenomena. Here, we demonstrate that the adsorption of solid particles on the surface of solubilizing oil droplets can significantly enhance the droplets’ self-propulsion speeds. We investigate the relationship between the self-propulsion of bromodecane oil droplets containing silica particles of varying concentration in Triton X-100 surfactant, noting up to order of magnitude increases in propulsion speeds. Using fluorescently labeled silica, we observe packing of the particles at the oil–water interfaces of the rear pole of the moving droplets. For bromodecane oil droplets in Triton X-100, the highest droplet speeds were achieved at approximately 40% particle surface coverage of the droplet interface. We find particle-assisted propulsion enhancement in ionic surfactants and different oil droplet compositions as well, demonstrating the breadth of this effect. While a precise mechanism for the propulsion enhancement remains unclear, the simple addition of silica particles to droplet oil–water interfaces provides a straightforward route to tune active droplet dynamics.
Age of Information in Ultra-Dense IoT Systems with Noisy Channels: With and Without Feedback

In this paper, a dense Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system is studied in which a large number of devices contend for transmitting timely status packets to their corresponding receivers over wireless noisy channels, using a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) scheme. When each device completes one transmission, due to possible transmission failure, two cases with and without transmission feedback must be considered. Particularly, for the case without feedback, the device uses policy (I): It goes to an idle state and releases the channel regardless of the outcome of the transmission. For the case with perfect feedback, if the transmission succeeds, the device goes to an idle state, otherwise it uses either policy (W), i.e., it goes to a waiting state and re-contends for channel access; or it uses policy (S), i.e., it stays at a service state and occupies this channel to attempt another transmission. For those three policies under schemes with and without preemption in service, the closed- form expressions of the average age of information (AoI) are characterized. It is shown that, for each policy, the scheme with preemption in service always achieves a smaller average AoI, compared with the scheme without preemption. Then, a mean-field approximation approach with guaranteed accuracy is developed to analyze the asymptotic performance for the considered system with an infinite number of devices. Simulation results show that the proposed mean-field approximation is accurate even for a small number of devices and policy (S) achieves the smallest average AoI among the three policies.
Postpartum Contraceptive Decision-Making of Parous Teens - A Qualitative Study.

Abstract Study Objective Approximately 25% of teens in the U.S. will become pregnant before the age of 18 and within two years, more than 31% will have a repeat pregnancy. Acknowledging that some adolescents may seek or be ambivalent towards rapid repeat pregnancy, compared to their counterparts, not using a LARC method increases a teens’ risk of another pregnancy in two years by more than 35 times. We seek to better understand the influences and factors surrounding adolescent postpartum contraceptive decision-making following the index delivery. Design We completed a qualitative study via focused, semi-structured interviews during the inpatient postpartum course. The interview guide was modeled after those used in other studies of adolescent contraceptive decision-making, beta-tested, and developed iteratively. Interviews were completed, transcribed, coded, and analyzed with the assistance of Dedoose. Setting The study was conducted at MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland, OH. Participants Parous adolescents aged 13-19 Results We performed twelve interviews prior to reaching theoretical saturation. Themes were identified related to the participants’ prior experiences with contraception and prior and current pregnancies. The participants’ contraceptive choices were influenced by personal relationships, varying levels of autonomy, misperceptions, and changing contraceptive needs. Conclusions We found adolescents’ contraceptive decision-making was influenced by their social networks and community, including their parents and friends. Mothers played a key role as adolescents transitioned to gaining more autonomy over their reproductive decisions. Providers should consistently present adolescents with comprehensive contraceptive options as a component of preventive health care.
Salvage Surgery After Chemoradiation Therapy

The past two decades have seen significant advances in the efficacy of combined chemotherapy and radiation in the management of advanced stage squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. This is especially true for SCC of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Primary surgery for advanced T-stage tumors, despite sophisticated reconstruction of the surgical defect, may result in a significant impact on speech, swallowing, and respiration. Organ preservation protocols using definitive radiation with or without chemotherapy may provide an effective primary treatment while avoiding the functional and cosmetic morbidity associated with surgery.
Manganese proteins isolated from spinach thylakoid membranes and their role in O2 evolution: II. A binuclear manganese-containing 34 kilodalton protein, a probable component of the water dehydrogenase enzyme

Extraction conditions have been found which result in the retention of manganese to the 33-34 kDa protein, first isolated as an apoprotein by Kuwabara and Murata (Kuwabara, T. and Murata, N. (1979) Biochim. Biophys Acta 581, 228-236). By maintaining an oxidizing-solution potential, with hydrophilic and lipophilic redox buffers during protein extraction of spinach grana-thylakoid membranes, the 33-34 kDa protein is observed to bind a maximum of 2 Mn/protein which are not released by extended dialysis versus buffer. This manganese is a part of the pool of 4 Mn/Photosystem II normally associated with the oxygen-evolving complex. The mechanism for retention of Mn to the protein during isolation appears to be by suppression of chemical reduction of natively bound, high-valent Mn to the labile Mn(II) oxidation state. This protein is also present in stoichiometric levels in highly active, O2-evolving, detergent-extracted PS-II particles which contain 4-5 Mn/PS II. Conditions which result in the loss of Mn and O2 evolution activity from functional membranes, such as incubation in 1.5 mM NH2OH or in ascorbate plus dithionite, also release Mn from the protein. The protein exists as a monomer of 33 kDa by gel filtration and 34 kDa by gel electrophoresis, with an isoelectric point of 5.1 +/- 0.1. The protein exhibits an EPR spectrum only below 12 K which extends over at least 2000 G centered at g = 2 consisting of non-uniformly separated hyperfine transitions with average splitting of 45-55 G. The magnitude of this splitting is nominally one-half the splitting observed in monomeric manganese complexes having O or N donor ligands. This is apparently due to electronic coupling of the two 55Mn nuclei in a presumed binuclear site. Either a ferromagnetically coupled binuclear Mn2(III,III) site or an antiferromagnetically coupled mixed-valence Mn2(II,III) site are considered as possible oxidation states to account for the EPR spectrum. Qualitatively similar hyperfine structure splittings are observed in ferromagnetically coupled binuclear Mn complexes having even-spin ground states. The extreme temperature dependence suggests the population of low-lying excited states such as are present in weakly coupled dimers and higher clusters of Mn ions, or, possibly, from efficient spin relaxation such as occurs in the Mn(III) oxidation state. Either 1.5 mM NH2OH or incubation with reducing agents abolishes the low temperature EPR signal and releases two Mn(II) ions to solution. This is consistent with the presence of Mn(III) in the isolated protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Crust and Lithospheric Structure - Global Crustal Structure

Seismic investigations of the structure of the Earth's crust are summarized with representative results derived from seismic refraction, seismic reflection, surface waves, seismic tomography, receiver functions, and ambient noise analyses. These results are complemented by laboratory seismic measurements, as well as nonseismic data, including gravity, aeromagnetics, geoelectrical studies, heat flow, and studies of exposed deep crustal sections, xenoliths, and geochemistry. Regional and global seismic crustal models provide comprehensive descriptions of the crust at continental and worldwide scales. Seismic and nonseismic models of the crust provide essential data for understanding the composition, structure, and evolution of the Earth.
The clinical perspective in fieldwork

Discovering the Clinical Perspective How the Clinical and the Ethnographic Relationship Differ Gathering, Analyzing, and Validating Data Professional and Ethical Issues in Clinical Versus Ethnographic Work
Costimulation: Building an Immunological Synapse

Immune responses are triggered by activation of the T cell receptor with foreign antigen. Dustin summarizes in his Perspective new evidence that this triggering event is actually the formation of an "immunological synapse," an area of close contact between cells. Recent results ( Viola et al. in this issue) begin to characterize the process by which this structure is formed and define its components.
Vibrational states in /sup 250/Cf excited by the (d,d') reaction

Collective states in /sup 250/Cf have been studied by inelastic deuteron scattering at 15 MeV. Deuterons scattered from a 10 ..mu..g/cm/sup 2/ /sup 250/Cf target were momentum analyzed with an Enge split-pole magnetic spectrograph. Spectra were recorded at angles of 90/sup 0/, 125/sup 0/, and 140/sup 0/ with respect to the incident beam. The differential cross sections and angular distributions of inelastic deuteron groups confirm the assignments of the previously known K..pi..=2- state at 872 keV and the K..pi..=2+ state at 1032 keV. Levels at 1211 and 1429 keV, which are strongly populated in the (d,d') reaction, are assigned as the 3- member of the K..pi..=1- and 3- bands, respectively. Reduced transition probabilities B (E2) and B (E3) have been extracted for the 2+ and 3- level and are compared with the predictions of microscopic theories of vibrational states.
Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Identify Global Protein Interactors for the Androgen Receptor Associated Cochaperone SGTA

Molecular chaperones facilitate proper folding and regulation of steroid hormone receptors (SHRs). Upon proper folding, SHRs bind ligand with high affinity, translocate to the nucleus and initiate ...
The influence of self‐efficacy and of gender on the performance of social and nonsocial tasks

Abstract This research addresses how self‐efficacy, a foundational construct in social cognitive theory, influences people's judgments about the outcome of two distinct types of tasks, one that is social in nature and the other nonsocial. The social task consisted of giving a public speech in a basic communication class and the nonsocial task was the completion of an exam which contained math in a research methodology class. Using a path model, it was predicted that parental modeling and psychological gender would influence academic performance, contributing to a generalized sense of self‐efficacy in both the social and nonsocial task domains. The study revealed that masculinity or instrumentality contributed to the general self‐efficacy in both task domains, and to the specific self‐efficacy for the social task of giving a public speech. Implications for self‐efficacy, for gender research, and for application are discussed.
Cell sorter immunofluorescence detection of human erythrocytes labelled in suspension with antibodies specific for hemoglobin S and C.

Abstract We have developed an immunochemical method for labeling human red blood cells in suspension with hemoglobin-specific antibodies. A membrane permeable cross-linking reagent, dimethyl suberimidate, is used to covalently bind, in situ, a fraction of the intracellular hemoglobin to integral membrane proteins. Hypotonic lysis and washing of the cells removes the unbound hemoglobin resulting in red blood cell ghosts which are permeable to macromolecules. Fluorescein-labeled antibodies for the hemoglobin variants S and C bind specifically to hemoglobin AS and AC ghosts, respectively, and not to normal hemoglobin AA ghosts. This technique can be used to prepare ghost suspensions for cell sorter analysis in which large numbers (10 9 –10 10 ) of normal ghosts can be rapidly screened for the presence of rare anti-hemoglobin S and anti-hemoglobin C binding ghosts. In reconstruction experiments using mixtures of AS and AA cells and anti-hemoglobin S, AS ghosts as rare as 3 × 10 −5 were quantitatively recovered. Fluorescence artifacts prevented direct enumeration of AS ghosts at lower frequencies, but a two-step flow sorting-fluorescence microscope visual scanning procedure allows semiquantitative detection of anti-hemoglobin S-labeled ghosts as low as 10 −7 . This method can be used for rapidly screening blood samples from individuals of normal hemoglobin A genotype for the presence of rare anti-hemoglobin S and anti-hemoglobin C binding ghosts.
The effects of dietary 9-trans,12-rans-octadecadienoate on composition and fatty acids of rat lungs

Dietarytrans,trans-linoleate (trans 18∶2), when fed to rats in increasing amounts, caused a reduction in lung weights, particularly at very high dietary concentrations. The fatty acids of the phospholipids and triglycerides were altered. The percentage of oleic and arachidonic acid decreased as dietarytrans 18∶2 was increased. Eicosatrienoic acid (20∶3) appeared in the phospholipids of lungs from rats receiving 100% dietarytrans 18∶2, but its concentration was much lower than in lungs from rats on an essential fatty acid deficient diet, indicating thattrans 18∶2 inhibited the enzymes synthesizing 20∶3.
Quantification of the factors controlling the presence of excess 40 Ar or 4 He

Abstract A quantitative physical model is presented which includes the factors that control the presence, or absence, of internally derived excess 40Ar or excess 4He in geological systems. In particular, the model incorporates the transport and partitioning properties of the rock surrounding the mineral of thermochronologic interest and illuminates the related effects on the amount of excess 40Ar or 4He preserved in the system. Modeling of a simplified 1-D rock column bounded by an external sink for 40Ar or 4He shows that a steady-state excess 40Ar or 4He profile develops, the magnitude of which is determined by a system parameter called the ‘transmissive timescale’, τT. The characteristic time required to reach this steady state depends upon τT and the ‘total local sink capacity’, TLSC, wherein the important role of local matrix mineral and fluid phases is incorporated. Together, these two system parameters (τT and TLSC) determine the evolution of excess 40Ar or 4He buildup within a system above the closure temperatures of all minerals involved. An analytical expression for the 1-D system describing the evolution of excess 40Ar (or by analogy 4He) in a particular potassium-bearing (or U–Th-bearing) mineral located at a distance, L, from an external sink has been derived empirically from model results: 40 Ar age - equivalent (L,t)≅ τ T Ar 2 1− exp 5 2 · t τ T Ar (1+ TLSC Ar ) Local matrix minerals, perhaps most notably quartz, may act as important sinks for 40Ar (except in the most fluid-rich systems where fluids dominate) and thus are fundamental in controlling, and limiting, thermochronologically problematic excess 40Ar in neighboring potassium-bearing minerals. In general, the model provides a rigorous means of predicting excess noble gas content, residence, release, and transport within the compositionally variable and thermally evolving crust.
Strategic Capacity Allocation under Uncertainty by Using a Two-Stage Stochastic Decomposition Algorithm with Incumbent Solutions

This paper addresses the optimization of strategic capacity allocation problems under uncertainty. Uncertain parameters include the availabilities and the demands of chemicals. The optimization problem is formulated as a two-stage mixed-integer stochastic program (first-stage integer) that maximizes the expected net present value of the project over the time horizon. The net present value includes the discounted investment costs, operating costs, and revenues from sales in the markets. The decisions about the selection of processes and about the plant capacities are defined as the first stage decision variables; given such first stage decisions, recourse is then provided by calculating the operating costs in the second stage. The paper presents the two-stage model and the solution framework. A stochastic decomposition algorithm (SD) based on incumbent solution is used as the solution algorithm. The use of incumbent solutions as convergence criterion allows us to solve the problem in reasonable computational time. Two capacity allocation problems are used as case studies: the first one is a small size problem and is used to compare the stochastic optimal solution against other solution methods; the second one is a larger problem, with an increased number of variables and stochastic parameters. The results show that the stochastic decomposition algorithm with incumbent solutions is stable and robust and greatly reduces the number of samples required for convergence.
Shear bond strengths of two resin-modified glass ionomer cements to porcelain.

Abstract Shear bond strength of a composite resin adhesive (Concise) and two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Ortho LC and Geristore) bonded to porcelain surface was tested. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 120 porcelain disks (Finesse) etched with 9% HF. Samples were divided into six groups: (1) Concise, (2) Concise/silane, (3) Geristore, (4) Geristore/silane, (5) Fuji, (6) Fuji/silane. No statistical difference in mean shear bond strength was found between silanated Concise (15.8 MPa), Geristore (19.4 MPa), and Fuji (18.5 MPa) groups, which were significantly higher than nonsilanated groups. Porcelain fracture was observed in all silanated groups and nonsilanated Geristore group. We conclude that (1) silane increases bond strength to porcelain significantly for composite resin and resin-modified glass ionomer cement, (2) Concise, Geristore, and Fuji Ortho LC provide comparable shear bond strength to porcelain. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:533-5)
Early childhood stuttering and electrophysiological indices of language processing.

We examined neural activity mediating semantic and syntactic processing in 27 preschool-age children who stutter (CWS) and 27 preschool-age children who do not stutter (CWNS) matched for age, nonverbal IQ and language abilities. All participants displayed language abilities and nonverbal IQ within the normal range. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were elicited while participants watched a cartoon video and heard naturally spoken sentences that were either correct or contained semantic or syntactic (phrase structure) violations. ERPs in CWS, compared to CWNS, were characterized by longer N400 peak latencies elicited by semantic processing. In the CWS, syntactic violations elicited greater negative amplitudes for the early time window (150–350 ms) over medial sites compared to CWNS. Additionally, the amplitude of the P600 elicited by syntactic violations relative to control words was significant over the left hemisphere for the CWNS but showed the reverse pattern in CWS, a robust effect only over the right hemisphere. Both groups of preschoolage children demonstrated marked and differential effects for neural processes elicited by semantic and phrase structure violations; however, a significant proportion of young CWS exhibit differences in the neural functions mediating language processing compared to CWNS despite normal language abilities. These results are the first to show that differences in event-related brain potentials reflecting language processing occur as early as the preschool years in CWS and provide the first evidence that atypical lateralization of hemispheric speech/language functions previously observed in the brains of adults who stutter begin to emerge near the onset of developmental stuttering.
Time-frequency distribution inversion of the Radon transform (image reconstruction)

In using filtered backprojection to compute the inverse Radon transform, the ramp filter amplifies noise. Spatially invariant noise filters reduce resolution. It is desirable to filter noise where projections have no local high-frequency components. Using the short-time Fourier transform, the authors apply a time-frequency mask filter that zeroes out projections where local signal energy is below a threshold. Results show improvement over reconstructions using spatially invariant smoothing filters. >
Adult Outcomes of Adolescent Conventional and Agentic Orientations:: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study

The impact of early adolescent conventional attitudes and friendships, positive goals, and drug use on age-appropriate developmental behaviors was assessed using the theoretical paradigm of the Erikson developmental stages of identity, intimacy, and generativity. Assessment points at Years 1, 13, and 21 from a longitudinal community study (N = 477) were used. Outcomes examined when the participants were in their 20s and 30s included agency and efficacy, satisfying personal and intimate relationships, life satisfaction, and drug use. Conventional friendships at early adolescence predicted positive relationships with friends, family, and intimate partners. Agentic motivations in adolescence predicted more efficacy and better relationships in Year 13. Healthy identity formation in early adolescence facilitated the development of greater intimacy in young adulthood. Successful intimacy formation in young adulthood encouraged the development of a successful dyadic relationship and predicted greater life satisf...
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with intracoronary thrombus

Abstract Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in the presence of intracoronary thrombus carries a risk of occlusive thromboembolism during or after the procedure. 1–3 The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of and analyze the factors associated with coronary thromboembolic complications during PTCA in patients with intracoronary thrombus detected on the baseline angiogram.
Malnutrition in the Hospitalized Geriatric Patient

The nutritional status of 59 consecutive geriatric male patients admitted to the medical service of a Veterans Administration Hospital was evaluated and compared with that of 93 younger patients admitted during the same period. Protein-calorie malnutrition was diagnosed in 61 per cent of patients aged 65 or older compared with 28 per cent of patients younger than 65. The death rate and the incidence of infection were higher in the malnourished geriatric patients, as were the prevalences of anemia and skin-test anergy. In the well-nourished geriatric patients, however, there was no increase in the incidences of these abnormal findings compared with well-nourished patients under the age of 65. The presence of malnutrition on admission, regardless of age, predicted a significant increase in the risk of infection or death during the hospital course.
Development, Application, and Evaluation Of an “Action-Reaction” Planning Method

It is difficult to design and implement new public policies and programs, at least partially owing to the fact that few useful methods are available to help shape the planning, decision-making, and implementation processes required for change. Planning often tends to focus on wishful thinking rather than on a realistic assessment of the probable outcomes. In this article we describe an action-reaction approach to planning that explicitly recognizes the restrictions on program impact arising from the system in which change is being attempted. A hypothetical example shows the application of this method to the design of a health-care delivery program. The article concludes with a discussion of the long-term uses of the data base that may be compiled with this method.