cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myocardial revascularization at the community hospital level

Modern revascularization surgery was introduced by Sones's technique for selective coronary arteriography. 1 Whatever surgical efforts were expended before are of historical interest only, and it does little good to dwell on past failures; besides, the statute of limitations for an earlier era should have expired by now. The current era of revascularization surgery began in 1960 with mammary implantation, endarterectomy and patch-graft reconstruction, but things didn't really move until Favaloro popularized vein grafts in May 1967. 2 The simplicity of vein graft procedures and the obvious benefits that were immediately obtained stimulated interest even among individuals who had been militantly opposed to the concept of coronary artery surgery. At this writing, direct revascularization surgery is in high fashion. In the past 5 or 6 years a large and vocal group of surgeons and cardiologists have loaded the medical literature and crowded medical forums to express their views, both pro and con. Those who favor revascularization surgery point to the less than impressive results of medical treatment, the obituarial statistics of coronary atherosclerosis, the relatively low failure rate of modern surgery and the impressive rehabilitation that may be accomplished in the patient with coronary disease who has undergone surgery. The antagonists, usually die-hard cardiologists of the proverbial Old School, set up a succession of defense lines based on the theories that true revascularization is rarely accomplished, that myocardial metabolism is unaltered even if it is and that revascularization surgery, even if successful, will have little impact upon the longevity of the patient who is a victim of coronary atherosclerosis. It is of particular interest, and somewhat amusing, that the gladiators of both sides have found only one common point of agreement--revascularization surgery must not fall into the hands of every "Tom, Dick, and Harry." This
Behavioral toxicity in the offspring of rats following maternal exposure to dichloromethane.

Abstract Rats divided in four treatment groups were exposed to dichloromethane (DCM) (4500 ppm) or filtered air before and/or during gestation in order to assess the occurrence and extent of toxic effects on developing offspring. The progeny of dams exposed to DCM either prior to and/or during gestation exhibited altered rates of behavioral habituation to novel environments. No simple relationship between exposure period and behavioral outcome was observed. Each of the treatment groups showed effects as a function of age at testing and the behavioral task used. Treatment effects were detectable in offspring as early as 10 days of age and were still demonstrable in 150-day-old male rats. Treatment effects were observed in rats of both sexes in preweaning tests but were not seen in adult female rats. No effects of subacute DCM exposure were evident in growth rate, long-term food and water consumption, wheel running activity, or avoidance learning. This study, which should be viewed as preliminary, is cf interest since altered rates of habituation to novel environments were observed in the absence of overt maternal toxicity, or teratogenicity. The effects cannot be definitely attributed to a direct effect of DCM since elevated maternal carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)- or DCM-induced changes in maternal-litter interactions could have been contributing factors. The findings do suggest that the functional development of progency of DCM-exposed dams should be further investigated.
Note on light transmission through a polydisperse dispersion

A recent paper of McLaughlin and Rushton (1973) presented an analysis of light transmission through a dense dispersion of spherical particles when only the unscattered light is received by the detector. They numerically generated samples from various drop size distributions and, using a relation for the probability of a light ray (in a parallel beam) not striking any of the drops, found that the total light transmission is a unique exponential function of the group al, where a is the interfacial area per unit volume, and 2 is the path length through the dispersion. They confirmed this numerically for four different drop size distributions. It may be shown that this result is theoretically exact for all drop size distributions, subject to certain idealizations. Actually, Calderbank (1958) showed this, in a rather elegant fashion, but used a distribution-free argument that obscured the fact that the result is independent of a drop size distribution. The Calderbank equation is equal to that obtained by McLaughlin and Rushton. The following derivation simplifies but generalizes the analyses of Otvos et al. (1957) and Gumprecht and Sliepcevich ( 1953a, 1953b). Assuming, as did McLaughlin and Rushton, a beam of parallel rays, and that scattered light (diffracted or refracted) is not received by the detector, the effective scattering cross section of a single drop of radius r is
Fracture studies of selected dental restorative composites

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexure strength, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness (mode I, mode II, and mixed mode) of resin and four specially made dental restorative composite materials. Methods. Testing was done on prismatic bars in flexure and disk specimens in diametral compression. Fracture strengths were analyzed using Weibull statistics. Statistical analysis consisted of a one-way analysis of variance followed by a Tukey multiple means analysis for each of the materials. In addition, the fracture strengths were analyzed using Weibull statistics due to the brittle behavior exhibited by these materials. Results. The experimental results showed that the addition of fillers resulted in a significant three-fold increase in flexure modulus and a significant 30–50% increase in fracture toughness from the resin. As was indicated by the different Weibull modulus values, strength data obtained from four-point bending were not related with strength data from three-point bending. A straight notch vs. a relatively sharp V-notch gave higher fracture toughness values. Fracture toughness was dependent on the depth of a straight notch and was practically independent of the V -notch depth. Mode I and II fracture toughness in two composites (75Sr and 75Sr10) were carried out on precracked disk specimens in diametral compression. The results of mode I toughness were close to those obtained from the flexure testing. The mode II toughness values were greater than the mode I values by more than 30%. The data fit an equation of the form K I /K IC + (K II /K IIC ) 2 =1 (where K I , K II , are the mode I and II stress intensity factors and K IC , K IIC are the respective critical values). Significance. Notching technique, testing configuration (three-point vs. four-point loading), and method of testing (bar vs. disk) have significant effect on the fracture properties.
The relationship of ethnic identity and gender role attitudes to the development of career choice goals among black and Latina girls.

This study is a preliminary exploration of how individual differences in gender role attitudes and ethnic identity might be related to career decision self-efficacy and the gender traditionality of career choice goals in a sample of 102 9th-grade Black and Latina girls. Extending social-cognitive career theory, the authors examined 2 path models in which career decision self-efficacy mediated the effects of gender role attitudes and ethnic identity on the traditionality of the participants' career choice goals. Models depicting full and partial mediation were considered. The results of the path analyses provided confirmation for an extension of the social-cognitive career theory model, indicating that for this sample, career decision self-efficacy fully mediated the influence of egalitarian gender role attitudes and ethnic identity on gender traditionality in career choice goals. These findings offer support for consideration of the role of gender role attitudes and ethnic identity in career self-exploration and vocational guidance with Black and Latina girls. Limitations, implications for counseling, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Teachers’ beliefs about instructional computing: Implications for instructional designers

This article reports selected results of a study in which teachers’ perceptions, opinions, and attitudes about instructional computing were examined. Implications about equitable access to computers in public schools are described. The data were gathered via a questionnaire mailed to 510 sixth-grade teachers in K-6 structured public schools. Significant findings concerning the nature of teachers’ thoughts and experiences with instructional computing, and the potential effect of those factors on students’ access to computers, are reported. As a needs assessment, this study provides useful information to instructional designers about how teachers perceive the computer and its use in their classrooms. Based upon the study, factors to consider when designing computer-based instruction for implementation in schools are suggested.
Some Preliminary Results from the New 10.6 GeV/NUCLEON Gold Beam at Brookhaven

Preliminary results are described from three separate experiments observing the interactions of gold nuclei accelerated to 10.6 GeV/nucleon at the Brookhaven AGS. Nuclear emulsion results present a global picture of the various interaction modes and reveal the production of mesons, copious multifragmentation and the angular distributions of the emitted particles. Electronic detectors make a more precise measurement of the heavy fragments emitted from interactions in a wide range of well defined targets. Etchable glass detectors provide unique charge resolution of these heavy fragments but give results that are discordant with those from the other detectors. Very significant differences are seen between these interactions and those observed at energies of ≤1.0 GeV/nucleon. Fission appears to be almost entirely suppressed while charge pickup is reduced by a factor of two to three. Total charge changing cross-sections are increased but partial cross sections for small charge changes are reduced. Frequent examples of multifragmentation are observed and central collisions result in copious particle production with total multiplicities as great as 370 singly charged particles being emitted from a single interaction. Other interactions show the emission of as many as 15 alpha particles or 7 heavier fragments. The implications of these results on the problem of the propagation of cosmic ray nuclei through the interstellar medium are considered.
A NOTE ON CORRECTING ITEM‐TOTAL CORRELATIONS

Wolf discusses the several competing corrections for determining item-total correlations when the item of interest is removed from the total criterion score. He presents formulae by Zubin (1934), Guilford (1956), and Henrysson (1963) and shows fairly conclusively that Henrysson's correction is the correct one for what these formulae are supposed to do. That this is the best formula was suggested recently by Cureton (1966, p. 96).
“Two Men Under One Cloak”—The Sages Permit it: Homosexual Marriage in Judaism

ABSTRACT This article examines halakhic (Jewish legal) passages that relate to homosexuality and marriage between two males. The article sets forth the respective positions of contemporary Jewish denominations in regard to homosexual marriage. Homosexual marriage is a case of first impression in Judaism and requires new decisions and new marriage contracts. The principal thesis of the article is that contemporary Judaism can accommodate philosophically—but also legally—a halakhic framework of thinking, same-sex marriage between men. Judaism does not have to opt for the perspectives of Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, which have, to a major extent, freed themselves from the traditions and rituals of Jewish law. After examining marriage contracts in Rabbinic literature, specific examples are presented of how homosexual marriage between two males may be implemented.
Experimental investigation of interfaces in hydroxyapatite/polyacrylic acid/polycaprolactone composites using photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopy.

Molecular interactions in hydroxyapatite (HAP) polymer composites have been studied using photoacoustic spectroscopy. HAP is mineralized by wet precipitation under two conditions: first is in the absence of polyacrylic acid (PAAc) (ex-situ HAP) and second in the presence of PAAc (in-situ HAP). Porous and solid composites of ex-situ and in-situ HAP with polycaprolactone (PCL) have also been made to evaluate their applicability as bone scaffolds. Photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared (PA-FTIR) spectroscopy studies indicate that both in-situ and ex-situ HAP have HPO42− in their structure, which leads to Ca2+ deficiency. During crystallization of in-situ HAP, PAAc dissociates to form carboxylate ions, which binds to calcium ions and act as suitable site for nucleation for HAP crystallization. PA-FTIR spectra of porous and solid composites indicate that porous composites adsorb more water, which is hydrogen bonded with carbonyl of PCL. Mechanical tests on solid samples indicate that ex-situ HAP/PCL composites have higher elastic modulus than in-situ HAP/PCL composites. However, in case of porous composites, in-situ HAP/PCL composites are found to have higher elastic modulus. In-situ HAP is chemically and structurally different from ex-situ HAP. This modified HAP causes variation in microstructure of porous composite and hence alteration of its load transfer mechanisms and hence mechanical properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Activation of skeletal muscle afferents evokes release of glutamate in the subretrofacial nucleus (SRF) of cats.

The subretrofacial nucleus (SRF) is a region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla known to play a crucial role in sympathoexcitation. SRF neurons send direct projections to the intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord where they form synaptic contact with preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons. Activation of this neural pathway increases sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels affecting cardiac function and vasomotor tone. Previous studies utilizing electrophysiological recording techniques and c-Fos expression have established that the activity of SRF neurons is increased during skeletal muscle contraction. However, the excitatory neurotransmitter mediating this increased activity remains in question. In the present study, static contraction of the triceps surae was induced by electrical stimulation of L7 and S1 ventral roots in anesthetized cats (n=12). Endogenous release of glutamate (Glu) from the SRF was recovered by microdialysis and measured by HPLC. Static muscle contraction for 4 min increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) 38±4 mmHg from a control level of 102±12 mmHg (P<0.05). During muscle contraction the extracellular concentration of Glu recovered from the SRF increased from 623±117 to 1078±187 nM (P<0.05). To determine the effect of muscle contraction on Glu release in the absence of synaptic input from other reflexogenic areas, contraction was repeated following acute sinoaortic denervation and vagotomy. Following this denervation, muscle contraction increased MAP 41±4 mmHg (P<0.05) and Glu concentration from 635±246 to 1106±389 nM (P<0.05). Muscle paralysis prevented the increases in MAP and Glu concentration during ventral root stimulation. These results suggest that: (i) Glu is released in the SRF during activation of contraction-sensitive skeletal muscle afferent fibers in the cat; and (ii) synaptic input from other reflexogenic areas appears to be ineffective in modulating the release of Glu in the SRF during static muscle contraction.
An Application-Specific Compiler for High-Speed Binary Image Morphology

This paper discusses a two-level compilation scheme used for generating high-speed binary image morphology pipelines from a textual description of the algorithm. The first-level compiler generates a generic morphology machine which is customized for the specified set of instructions by the second-level compiler. Because the generic machine is reused, we are able to avoid long synthesis times and achieve compile times similar to software compile times, while still achieving a 10X speed-up over the software implementation.
Transfer of behavioral change across phobias in multiply phobic clients.

Six subjects with multiple phobias were given performance-based treatment for each of their phobias in succession until marked behavioral improvement occurred in each. To test for generalization of behavioral change within and across phobias, behavioral tests of the treated and yet untreated phobias were administered before and after each treatment phase in settings different from those used for treatment. Results showed that although the behavioral gains generalized quite well within the phobic domain treated, there was little generalized improvement across phobias. These findings suggest that multiply phobic conditions such as agoraphobia may be better conceptualized as collections of partially independent phobic reactions than as unitary conditions with global underlying causes.
Structure and utilization of tubulin isotypes.

BACKGROUND ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 TUBULIN STRUCTURE . . .. .. . . .. . ,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 TUBULIN GENES IN VERTEBRATES 690 fJ Tubulin Genes: Six isotype classes encoded by orthologous gene families in birds and mammals ... ... .. ,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 Function of fJ Tubulin Isotypes: The multitubulin hypothesis tested 696 IX Tubulin Genes: Regulatory compartments for tubulin synthesis . . .. . 697
Point (Countable) paracompactness

This paper introduces two new separation axioms, point paracompactness and point countable paracompactness, both somewhat weaker than regularity, and shows that they can replace regularity in several standard theorems about paracompact or absolutely H -closed or Lindelof spaces. Thus we obtain sharpened versions of these theorems. We also show that under certain hypotheses the new properties are equivalent to regularity.
A simplified method of splint construction for hydroxylapatite-collagen ridge augmentation.

The following is a simple technique to create splints that will accurately reflect the size and shape of the hydroxylapatite-collagen (HA-collagen) blocks and allow the surgeon to mold the ridge established on the study models to the desired ridge form in the mouth
Evaluating patterns of fog water deposition and isotopic composition on the California Channel Islands

Fog deposition is an important water source for endemic conifer species during the annual summer drought along the California coast ( and in other coastal and montane areas). We present a new design for a passive fog collector that is useful both for characterizing fog regimes ( timing and quantity of deposition) and for collecting fog water for subsequent isotopic analysis. The new collector both mimics vegetation collection efficiency and minimizes isotopic fractionation under a range of fog conditions. Low construction cost and collector durability allow widely distributed installation and greater insight into spatially heterogeneous fog patterns. We installed 21 fog collectors throughout a stand of Bishop pines ( Pinus muricata D. Don) on Santa Cruz Island. In general, there was greater fog deposition with increasing elevation and decreasing frequency farther inland. Within these broad patterns, there was large spatial and temporal variability in fog deposition. Monthly samples of fog and rain waters reveal differences in stable isotope composition ( delta O-18 and delta D) large enough to serve as tracers of different water sources moving through the ecosystem.
Fractal dimension of a transportation network and its relationship with urban growth: a study of the Dallas - Fort Worth area

A city and its transportation network are both complicated systems. Fractal geometry provides an effective way to describe the complex property of geographical features. This paper uses a modified box-counting method to describe the fractal property of urban transportation networks. Assuming that human settlements of different sizes are all operated by the same growth procedure, this paper investigates the relationship between the mass size of cities and the complexity of their road systems. The results confirm that, as cities grow from small to large, their transportation networks generally become more complicated—the urban spaces are filled up more densely by city roads and the locations within a city are more accessible. The quantitative relationship identified between the complexity of urban transportation network and city size provides an empirical guide for the planning and policymaking of urban development and road construction.
Indigenous Rights in International Politics: The Case of “Overcompliant” Liberal States

An overcompliant state is one that paradoxically takes actions that recognize specific rights or a category of rights that go beyond or even against that state's international human rights treaty obligations or its normative international commitments. Since there is no existing IR literature that would explain why a state might paradoxically comply or “overcomply” with its stated commitments, there is also no theory to explain what would propel a state to “overcomply” with an emergent norm. Securing indigenous rights means that several critical changes in the international discourse must occur, including an alteration of the liberal international Westphalian system of state sovereignty toward a postliberal, plurinational sovereignty system that includes a separate nation-to-nation and consent-based shared sovereignty arrangement between states and indigenous peoples. “Overcompliance” in indigenous rights occurs under a particular set of conditions: (1) when there is a strong presence of the international ...
CHIMERA II: a real-time multiprocessing environment for sensor-based robot control

The CHIMERA II multiprocessing environment has been developed for use in a wide variety of sensor-based robot systems. It provides the flexibility, performance, and Unix-compatible interface needed for fast development of a real-time control code. The features of CHIMERA II include support for multiple general purpose CPUs; support for multiple special purpose CPUs and I/O devices; a real time multitasking kernel; user definable and dynamically selectable real-time schedulers; transparent access to a host file system; generalized and efficient interprocess and interboard communication; remote process synchronization; standardized interrupt and exception handlers; Unix-like environment, which supports most standard C system and library calls; support for hierarchical and horizontal control architectures, such as NASREM; and a user interface which serves to download, monitor, and debug code on any processor board and serves as a terminal interface to the executing code. >
Sex Differences in Working Memory

In two separate studies, sex differences in modal-specific elements of working memory were investigated by utilizing words and pictures as stimuli. Groups of men and women performed a free-recall task of words or pictures in which 20 items were presented concurrently and the number of correct items recalled was measured. Following stimulus presentation, half of the participants were presented a verbal-based distraction task. On the verbal working-memory task, performance of men and women was not significantly different in the no-distraction condition. However, in the distraction condition, women's recall was significantly lower than their performance in the no-distraction condition and men's performance in the distraction condition. These findings are consistent with previous research and point to sex differences in cognitive ability putatively resulting from functional neuroanatomical dissimilarities. On the visual working-memory task, women showed significantly greater recall than men. These findings are inconsistent with previous research and underscore the need for further research.
Daptomycin in the treatment of patients with infective endocarditis: experience from a registry.

Daptomycin (Cubicin; Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, MA) is a first-in-its-class cyclic lipopeptide approved for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin-structure infections due to susceptible gram-positive pathogens and recently approved for Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections including right-sided infective endocarditis. The clinical experience of patients registered in the Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience (CORE) 2004 database with daptomycin-treated infective endocarditis is described. The registry data were collected retrospectively by trained investigators to document real-world clinical experience. Study limitations included uncontrolled diagnostic criteria, noncomparative data, and lack of follow-up assessments. A total of 49 patients had a diagnosis of endocarditis: 38 with left-sided or both left-sided and right-sided endocarditis, and 11 with right-sided endocarditis alone. Renal failure was the most common comorbid condition. In all, 27 (55%) of the 49 patients had an initial creatinine clearance of or =6 mg/kg. Daptomycin therapy was successful for 31 (63%) of the patients: cure was seen in 18 (37%) and improvement in 13 (27%). Therapy failed in 4 (8%) of the patients, and 14 (29%) of the cases were nonevaluable. The median duration of therapy in successful cases was 27 days. No differences in clinical response were observed based on baseline renal function, primary pathogen, or site of endocarditis. The results from the CORE 2004 database suggest that daptomycin should be considered a possible treatment for patients with right-sided infective endocarditis involving S aureus. Further studies are needed to extend daptomycin's experience in left-sided or enterococcal endocarditis.
Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits in Parkinson disease.

Objective People with Parkinson disease (PD) frequently develop dementia, which is associated with neocortical deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. In addition, neuronal loss and deposition of aggregated α-syn also occur in multiple subcortical nuclei that project to neocortical, limbic, and basal ganglia regions. Therefore, we quantified regional deficits in innervation from these PD-affected subcortical nuclei, by measuring the neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter transporter proteins originating from projections of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphe nuclei, noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus, and cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis of Meynert. Methods High-performance liquid chromatography and novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to quantify dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic innervation in postmortem brain tissue. Eight brain regions from 15 PD participants (with dementia and Braak stage 6 α-syn deposition) and six age-matched controls were tested. Results PD participants compared to controls had widespread reductions of dopamine transporter in caudate, amygdala, hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule (IPL), precuneus, and visual association cortex (VAC) that exceeded loss of dopamine, which was only significantly reduced in caudate and amygdala. In contrast, PD participants had comparable deficits of both serotonin and serotonin transporter in caudate, middle frontal gyrus, IPL, and VAC. PD participants also had significantly reduced norepinephrine levels for all eight brain regions tested. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter levels were only quantifiable in caudate and hippocampus and did not differ between PD and control groups. Interpretation These results demonstrate widespread deficits in dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic innervation of neocortical, limbic, and basal ganglia regions in advanced PD with dementia.
Twenty-five years of succession in the spruce-fir forest on Mount Rogers in southwestern Virginia.

Abstract Four study areas located within the Fraser fir (Abies fraseri)-red spruce (Picea rubens) forest on the summit of Mount Rogers in southwestern Virginia sampled originally in July 1982 were resampled during June 2007. Mount Rogers is the northernmost locality for Fraser fir, a species that has suffered serious damage over the past half century from the introduced balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae). Both total basal area (m2/ha) and density (number/ha) of trees (≥10 cm DBH) increased during the 25 year interval between the two sampling dates, whereas basal area of small trees (≥2.5–9.9 cm DBH) increased and density decreased. Much of the change in overall composition was due to the decrease in importance of red spruce with a concurrent increase in importance of Fraser fir. The most striking differences were noted for saplings (stems ≥1 m but <2.5 cm DBH), with those of Fraser fir and red spruce decreasing from 5,725 to 550 and 475 to 0 stems/ha, respectively. In addition, cover of herbaceous pla...
A minimal mechanism for bacterial pattern formation.

Colonies of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium form geometrically complex patterns when exposed to, or feeding on, intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In response to the TCA cycle intermediate, the bacteria secrete aspartate, a potent chemo–attractant. As a result, the cells form high density aggregates arranged in striking regular patterns. The simplest are temporary spots formed in a liquid medium by both E. coli and S. typhimurium . In semi–solid medium S. typhimurium forms concentric rings arising from a low–density bacterial lawn, which are either continuous or spotted, whereas E. coli forms complex patterns arising from a dense swarm ring, including interdigitated spots (also called sunflower spirals), radial spots, radial stripes and chevrons. We present a mathematical model which captures all three of the pattern forming processes experimentally observed in both E. coli and S. typhimurium , using a minimum of assumptions.
A prospectus on tissue adhesives

Tissue adhesives are common adjuncts in surgical practice. Fibrin sealants are the most prevalent adhesives today. Recently, new adhesives have been approved for use in the United States, including cyanoacrylates, albumin-based compounds, collagen-based compounds, glutaraldehyde glues, and hydrogels. This review summarizes all the available tissue adhesives, focusing on their current and prospective indications in the clinical forum.
Peptide chemical ligation inside living cells: in vivo generation of a circular protein domain

Here we describe the first example of a peptide chemical ligation reaction performed inside a living cell. A cell-based native chemical ligation approach was developed and used to generate a circular version of the N-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domain from the murine c-Crk adapter protein inside Escherichia coli cells. The in vivo cyclization reaction was extremely efficient and the resulting circular protein domain was fully biologically active and able to adopt the native SH3 folded structure. This work represents an important step towards the in vivo generation of small backbone cyclic peptides for use in basic biological research.
Synthesis and characterization of hard metal coatings by electro-plasma technology

Electro-plasma technology (EPT) is a cathodic atmospheric plasma process which has shown great promise for the deposition of metal coatings exhibiting excellent adhesion to the substrate along with high deposition rates. The present study involves synthesis and characterization of molybdenum coatings using EPT processing. The morphology, composition and structure of Mo-coated surfaces were characterized. The results indicate the successful deposition of molybdenum, with molybdenum alloyed into the surface of both the 4330V steel and Inconel 718 substrates. The surface morphology and roughness of the coated samples reflect unique EPT-induced micro-roughness features. Superposition of the EPT-induced micro-roughness profile on the macro-roughness profile of the substrate surface provides the potential to improve adhesion characteristics of surface. An increase in hardness observed on Mo-coated steel indicates potential to produce hard surfaces by EPT, leading to many advanced applications.
Interaction between carotid baroreflex and exercise pressor reflex depends on baroreceptor afferent input

Because arterial baroreceptor and skeletal muscle receptor afferents project to cardiovascular regions in the lower brain stem such as the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), it is likely that the lev...
Learning from Each Other: Dialogic Argumentation in an Online Academic Environment

How do online discussions promote learning? Under what conditions do students learn in asynchronous discussion-based forums? This paper builds upon research exploring how an online academic social networking site can provide an environment in which students engage in dialogic argumentation by voicing their diverse perspectives, challenging their peers through counterarguments, and articulating their differences. Focusing mainly on process where the unit of analysis is the written discourse rather than individual student characteristics and learning outcomes, our data is drawn from an academic website populated by three undergraduate classes in Spring 2012 and Spring 2013. We perform content analysis on 375 peer-to-peer responses contained in asynchronous, online discussion forums established by professors. By closely examining argumentative interactions, we find mixed evidence of learning. About half of all interactions do not contain argumentative elements; on the other hand, about half do provide tools necessary for students to build knowledge through arguing with each other in an online environment.
Multi-decadal and multi-centennial variability in Colorado River streamflow

ABSTRACTA 1240-year-long record of reconstructed annual flows of the Colorado River at Lees Ferry is analysed using singular spectrum analysis and multi-taper method of spectral analysis. Spectral analysis of the 100-year-long recent record of annual flows of Colorado River in the measured and reconstructed forms shows similar oscillations in high- and low-frequency bands. Therefore, the oscillatory components and trends extracted from the reconstructed data are a good representative of inter-annual, multi-decadal, and multi-centennial variability of natural flow in the river. In Colorado River the length of flow data is 1240 years and multi-centennial and multi-decadal oscillatory components can be extracted at a high confidence level. In this research we attempt to find whether the changes in streamflow in the twentieth century are due to an external cause such as climate change or whether they are part of the natural variability of flow observed in the past. The results suggest that there is only a par...
Myosin heavy chain turnover during cardiac mass changes by glucocorticoids.

One aim of this investigation was to determine whether the cardiac enlargement observed with glucocorticoid treatment is temporary or remains a permanent adaptation if steroid treatment is prolonged. A second aim was to study whether myosin heavy chain (MHC) synthesis rates are coordinated with the cardiac mass responses. Female rats received either a vehicle (1% aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose in saline) or hydrocortisone 21-acetate for 1, 3, 7, 11, and 15 days. Peak cardiac enlargement (10–15%) was observed after 7 days of hormone treatment in two separate series of experiments. The enlargement was maintained through 11 days of steroid injections but by 15 days had declined toward control levels. MHC synthesis measurements were performed by constant infusion of [3H]leucine. Leucine specific activities were similar among precursor pools (intracellular, extracellular, and leucyl-tRNA) and did not vary with steroid treatments. Fractional synthesis rates of ventricular MHC (%/day) did not change during the period of increase in ventricular mass but were reduced to 56–59% of controls (-11/19.5) at 7 and 11 days of treatment, when ventricular mass increases were highest. MHC breakdown (%/day) was reduced to approximately 60% (-11.5/18.7) of controls at 7 and 11 days. Changes in total protein synthesis, which was measured in isolated perfused hearts, were similar to the MHC responses and indicated that the alterations in MHC synthesis are synchronized with the hormonal effects on total protein metabolism. These results demonstrate that peak cardiac enlargement is not maintained with long-term glucocorticoid treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SEMISPECIES OF DROSOPHILA ATHABASCA DISTINGUISHABLE BY MALE COURTSHIP SOUNDS.

During the past twenty years there has accumulated evidence that the widespread North American species, Drosophila athabasca Sturtevant and Dobzhansky 1936, consists of reproductively isolated, genetically divergent parts that warrant recognition as semispecies (Miller, 1958; Miller and Westphal, 1967; Miller and Voelker, 1972). Although no dependable phenotypic characteristics are known to distinguish these divisions of D. athabasca, ethological isolation between laboratory strains is sometimes strong (but usually incomplete, and hybrids are fertile), and chromosomal differences between the reproductively isolated divisions of the species appear substantial. Recently one of us (R. A. P.) discovered that amplified male courtship sounds are strikingly different from one kind of athabasca to another (Patty et al., 1973). We now present the results of a survey of male courtship sounds in seventy-two laboratory strains of D. athabasca interpreted as representing three semispecies-"eastern A", "eastern B", and "western-northern." The existence of three ethologically isolated kinds of D. athabasca was reported by Miller (1958), who found low frequencies of mating between Wyoming (and other western), Michigan, and New York strains. Miller and Westphal (1967) presented data from ethological isolation tests showing a consistent difference between fifteen western strains, with a Type I or Type V Y Chromosome, and nine eastern
FACULTATIVE SEX ALLOCATION BIASING BY WORKERS IN SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA.

A single-locus two-allele model is analyzed to determine the invasion conditions for facultative biasing of colony sex allocation by hymenopteran workers in response to queen mating frequency, for a situation in which colonies have a single queen mated to one or two males. Facultative biasing of sex allocation towards increased male production in double mated colonies and increased female production in single mated colonies can both invade when the population sex allocation ratio is at the worker optimum. However, when the population sex allocation ratio is more male biased than the worker optimum, plausibly due to mixed queen and worker control, it is likely that only increased female allocation in colonies perceived by the workers to have single mated queens can invade. In this case, the frequency of mistakes made by workers in assessing queen mating frequency is an important constraint on the invasion of facultative male biasing in colonies perceived to have a double mated queen. When the population sex allocation ratio is not between the optima for workers in single and double mated colonies, plausibly due to strong queen control, then facultative biasing cannot invade. In this situation, workers in all colonies should attempt to bias allocation towards increased females. Worker male production in queenright colonies (provided not all males are worker-derived), unequal sperm use by double mated queens, and the amount of facultative biasing, do not alter these results.
Effects of ethanol on glucose utilization in rat brain.

SummarySigns of impairment of utiliztion of glucose in rat brains at 2 1/2 hr after administration of ethanol included increased glucose ratios for cerebrum/blood and hind-brain/blood in fed and fasted rats, decreased concentrations of lactate in cerebrum and hindbrain in fed rats, higher percentages of brain 14C in glucose at 15 min after injection of glucose-U-14C, and decreases in blood glucose equivalents in the combined glucose metabolites in cerebrum and hindbrain of fed and fasted rats.Glucose uptake in cerebrum and hindbrain was lower in rats given ethanol by stomach tube (fed or fasted) than in control rats. Glucose uptake was normal in fed rats given ethanol intraperitoneally, but they had increased blood glucose concentrations. However, in these rats with the greater supply of blood glucose the greatest decreases in blood glucose equivalents of brain glucose metabolites were found. Significant decreases were found in aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, and γ-aminobutyrate (GABA).Effects of fasting...
(Re)constructing Muslim Identities from the Soviet Past: Muslim Tatar Women’s Stories of Soviet Moral Selves

The revival of Islam in the central Russian republic of Tatarstan has transformed the daily landscape and the very notion of Muslim piety in the region. While a growing number of historically Muslim Tatars of all ages are embracing embodied piety, an older generation’s turn to religion is often perceived as late in coming and insincere. Based on ethnographic research and personal narratives of practicing Muslim Tatar women, I explore the ways the older women (re)construct their Muslim identities in the context of Tatars’ recent interest in Islam. Specifically, I analyze two older Tatar women’s stories about their paths to Islam. My analysis suggests that by tapping into the Soviet past, the women strive to create a continuously moral self that can serve as a solid basis for their present-day Muslim piety.
Multi-Access Technology of Networking Waveform in Tactical Radio

Due to the lack of support from the flxed communication infrastructure usually in tactical environment,the tactical radio would require non-centric,self-forming,and self-healing mode for its networking.Multiple access control technology of wireless link layer in mobile ad hoc network becomes critical for realizing efficient sharing of radio channel resources of between the tactical nodes.This paper discusses the multiple access technology in MAENT,and proposes a multi-access implementation scheme suitable for tactical radio networking,thus to integrate ODMA,USAP,CSMA and other technologies in low-tier tactical backbone network and tactical stub network.
Effect of phorbol esters on Ca2+ sensitivity and myosin light-chain phosphorylation in airway smooth muscle

We studied in β-escin-permeabilized canine tracheal smooth muscle (CTSM) the effect of the protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) on isometric force at a constant submaximal...
Three foreign language student teachers’ experiences with content-based instruction: exploring the identity/innovation interface

ABSTRACTFollowing Trent, J. [2014. “Innovation as Identity Construction in Language Teaching and Learning: Case Studies from Hong Kong.” Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 8 (1): 56–78], the present study used identity as the unit of analysis for examining three foreign language student teachers’ experiences with content-based instruction (CBI) during their teacher preparation program. With teacher socialization as its primary theoretical lens, it adds to the limited amount that is currently known about traditional foreign language teachers’ identity construction, compared to other second language contexts. Analysis of a variety of data sources (including interviews, digital journals, and post-observation conferences) revealed that participants actively processed what CBI meant to them, were able to implement CBI to varying degrees in their student teaching placements, and expressed a range of aspirations for CBI in their future teaching. These findings confirm Trent, J.'s [2014. “Innovation as ...
Strategies for analyzing cardiac phenotypes in the zebrafish embryo

The molecular mechanisms underlying cardiogenesis are of critical biomedical importance due to the high prevalence of cardiac birth defects. Over the past two decades, the zebrafish has served as a powerful model organism for investigating heart development, facilitated by its powerful combination of optical access to the embryonic heart and plentiful opportunities for genetic analysis. Work in zebrafish has identified numerous factors that are required for various aspects of heart formation, including the specification and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells, the morphogenesis of the heart tube, cardiac chambers, and atrioventricular canal, and the establishment of proper cardiac function. However, our current roster of regulators of cardiogenesis is by no means complete. It is therefore valuable for ongoing studies to continue pursuit of additional genes and pathways that control the size, shape, and function of the zebrafish heart. An extensive arsenal of techniques is available to distinguish whether particular mutations, morpholinos, or small molecules disrupt specific processes during heart development. In this chapter, we provide a guide to the experimental strategies that are especially effective for the characterization of cardiac phenotypes in the zebrafish embryo.
The enduring legacy of pioneering neuroscientist Dr. Jerzy Edwin Rose.

Abstract The human nervous system maintains dominion over everything experienced in life, consolidating a constant barrage of stimuli and chemical fluctuation into memory, sense, emotion, and even character. Despite decades of productive investigation, comprehension of the nervous system’s function and structure remain shrouded in mystery. Historically, the burden of elucidating these mysteries has fallen to neuroscientists bold enough to seek answers to this most nebulous vista. The legacy of one such neuroscientist, Jerzy Edwin Rose, endures today as a pillar of neuroscientific discovery. In the nascence of his career, Rose explored volumetric comparisons of human brain structure to that of other mammals, leading to the development of novel methods in neurophysiologic measurement and explanation. Rose would later segue mid-career into studies on the cooperation between the auditory cortex and thalamus, resulting in increased understanding of its functioning, structure, and anatomy. During the final saga of his long, fruitful career, Rose explored the electrophysiology of the auditory system, leading to novel methods using modern technology. Ultimately, the vast breadth of Rose’s contributions to neuroscience has diminished the field’s mystery, setting forth momentous groundwork for future discovery, and the inspiration to carry on in the spirit of his bold curiosity.
The Multiliteracy Center as Collaboration Tool

In the past decade, writing centers have grappled with the increased attention to multimodality in the composition classroom. John Trimbur (Multiliteracies, social futures, and writing centers, 2000) first forecast the redevelopment of the writing center as a multiliteracy center to respond to this trend—a reference to the New London Group’s (Harvard Educational Review, 1, 60–93, 1996) call to expand education beyond word-based definitions of literacy. Using data gathered from an online survey of writing center professionals and interviews with current and former multiliteracy center administrators, Roe demonstrates a growing need for writing centers to support multimodal composing, and argues that multiliteracy centers can lead their institutions on this issue through using writing center resources and collaborating with writing programs and other partners across disciplines.