cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Intensity of Participation in Leisure and Recreational Activities by Youth With Cerebral Palsy

Abstract Palisano RJ, Orlin M, Chiarello LA, Oeffinger D, Polansky M, Maggs J, Gorton G, Bagley A, Tylkowski C, Vogel L, Abel M, Stevenson R. Determinants of intensity of participation in leisure and recreational activities by youth with cerebral palsy. Objective To test a model of determinants of intensity of participation in leisure and recreational activities by youth with cerebral palsy (CP). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Children's hospitals (N=7). Participants Youth with CP (N=205; age, 13–21y) and their parents. The sample included 107 (57.2%) males and 26 (12.7%) to 57 (27.8%) youth in each of the 5 levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Youth completed the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment by means of an interview. Parents completed the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, Family Environment Scale, Coping Inventory, Measure of Processes of Care, a demographic questionnaire, and a services questionnaire. Results Structural equation modeling was used to test the model. Fit statistics indicate good model fit. The model explains 35% of the variance in intensity of participation. Path coefficients ( P ≤.05) indicate that higher physical ability, higher enjoyment, younger age, female sex, and higher family activity orientation are associated with higher intensity of participation. GMFCS level and caregiver education have indirect effects on intensity of participation. The path between services and intensity of participation was not significant. Conclusions Participation by youth with CP is influenced by multiple factors. The influence of physical activity supports the importance of activity accommodations and assistive technology for youth who are not capable of improving physical ability. Knowledge of family activity orientation is important for identifying opportunities for participation. The unexplained variance suggests that the model should include other determinants, such as physical accessibility and availability of transportation and community leisure and recreational activities.
Polymethine materials with solid-state third-order optical susceptibilities suitable for all-optical signal-processing applications

Judicious substitution of chalcogenopyrylium-terminated polymethine dyes with sterically demanding groups ameliorates the deleterious effects of aggregation on the optical properties of these materials in the solid state, facilitating high-number-density films that exhibit an unprecedented combination of nonlinear optical properties with low linear and nonlinear losses.
Technical note: The midline and endocranial volume of the Taung endocast

The Taung endocast is one of the best-preserved and most important known in paleoanthropology. Although the endocast is undistorted and preserves distinctive landmarks, Taung has proved a difficult endocast, because it is only about 60% complete. To reconstruct Taung it is necessary to first use the available anatomical landmarks to define the midline of the endocast. It is only with a proper description of the midline that it is possible to reconstruct the endocast and obtain an accurate measurement of Taung's endocranial volume. Holloway (Science 168 (1970) 966–968) determined a conservative estimate for Taung of 404 ml. More recently this estimate has been revised downward by Falk and Clarke (Am J Phys Anthropol 134 (2007) 529–534) to 382 ml, giving Taung the smallest endocast for A. africanus. Certain challenges exist with the reconstruction of any endocast, particularly a hemi-endocast such as Taung. A virtual reconstruction of Taung must assume perfect symmetry, a feature called into question here in Taung's most recent reconstruction by Falk and Clarke (2007). Holloway's (1970) reconstruction of Taung provides a guidepost for a conservative approach to endocast reconstructions, and the most reliable measurement of Taung's true endocranial volume. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Preliminary report: A new technique of enterotomy closure using Nd:YAG laser welding compared to suture repair

This study compared the histology and tensile strength of Nd:YAG laser welded and sutured small bowel enterotomies in Sprague-Dawley rats. Enterotomies (0.5 cm long) were either welded with the Nd:YAG laser (1 W and 10.6 sec pulses) or repaired with interrupted, simple 6-O silk sutures. Group I consisted of seven animals; five with enterotomies repaired by laser welding and two repaired by suturing. Group II consisted of eight animals with each having both laser and suture repairs. Animals were killed and specimens were removed and examined at 1 day, and at 1, 2, and 3 weeks postoperatively to compare the progression of healing. On macroscopic examination the laser welded enterotomies were closed 84% of the time and only 23% had adhesion formation while 90% of sutured repairs were closed and 100% had adhesion formation. Histologic examination of both suture and laser welded enterotomies demonstrated active healing at 1 week with minimal collagen bridging the enterotomies. At 2 and 3 weeks the sutured enterotomies had granulomatous reaction around the sutures while the laser welded enterotomies had minimal inflammatory response and near normal small bowel histology. The tensile strength of the 3-week specimens from both the suture and laser welded enterotomies were 50% of normal bowel. These findings suggest that the laser welding of small bowel enterotomies is comparable in closure and tensile strength to suture repair. The time required to repair the enterotomy is significantly decreased, the procedure is easily performed, and there is a marked decrease in adhesion formation following laser repair.
Cytogenetic Studies of Three Chromosomal Races of Pocket Gophers (Geomys bursarius Complex) at Hybrid Zones

Cytogenetic relationships among three races of pocket gophers ( Geomys bursarius complex) at two hybrid zones in eastern Texas were examined by use of chromosome-banding and meiotic analyses. Race E (2n = 74, FN = 72) interacts with races F (2n = 70, FN = 74) and G (2n = 70, FN = 72) at a narrow (0.8 km) hybrid zone in Burleson Co., Texas. Of 78 pocket gophers collected there, three (3.8%) were F1 hybrids and none was a backcross or F2 hybrid. Races F and G contacted one another at a second hybrid zone 35 km in width, located in Milam and Burleson counties, Texas. Backcross and F2 hybrids between races F and G could not be distinguished chromosomally from F1 hybrids, but distribution patterns of parental and hybrid pocket gophers suggest that hybrids included backcross or F2 animals. G-band chromosome analysis revealed that races F and G differ from race E by at least two centric fission-fusion events. Further chromosomal rearrangements distinguishing race E from the other two races were indicated by G-bands, but could not be identified specifically. C-banded karyotypes revealed heterochromatic differences between race E and races F and G. Races F and G differed in one whole-arm heterochromatic change, as evidenced by C-banding, and by a paracentric inversion, demonstrated by G-banding. Chromosomal distinctions among the races were supported by meiotic analyses of hybrids. Degree of hybridization among the three races and the width of the hybrid zones reflect the extent of cytogenetic divergence of the races. The narrow zone between the 2n = 74 form and the 2n = 70 forms is most likely the result of meiotic imbalances and associated decreases in viability from a minimum of two and probably more rearrangements. The broad zone of hybridization between the two 2n = 70 forms is characterized by much higher hybrid production. The identified rearrangements in the karyotypes of races F and G and their hybrids have not resulted in the degree of reduced fitness evident in hybrids involving race E. Races F and G, and race E interact as species, recognized as Geomys attwateri and G. breviceps , respectively.
ON THE REGULARITY OF SOLUTIONS TO MONGE-AMPÈRE EQUATIONS ON HESSIAN MANIFOLDS

In this note, we show that the regularity results of [4] generalize to Monge-Ampere equations on the class of compact Hessian manifolds. We prove C 2, α regularity of locally convex viscosity solut...
Prevalence of sternoclavicular joint calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition on computed tomography

We sought to determine the prevalence of sternoclavicular (SC) joint calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition and its association with age, osteoarthritis, and atlantoaxial CPPD crystal deposition. In 209 consecutive patients, computed tomographic examinations of the cervical spine were retrospectively reviewed. Overall prevalence of CPPD crystal deposition in the SC joint was 17.2% (36/209), which increased with age (P<.0001). There was also a significant association between SC CPPD and osteoarthritis (P=.024) as well as atlantoaxial joint CPPD crystal deposition (P=.006).
Bias compensation in visual odometry

Empirical evidence shows that error growth in visual odometry is biased. A projective bias model is developed and its parameters are estimated offline from trajectories encompassing loops. The model is used online to compensate for bias and thereby significantly reduces error growth. We validate our approach with more than 25 km of stereo data collected in two very different urban environments from a moving vehicle. Our results demonstrate significant reduction in error, typically on the order of 50%, suggesting that our technique has significant applicability to deployed robot systems in GPS denied environments.
Spin-Resolved Photoemission Study of n = 2 Core Levels of Iron

The first spin-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SRXPS) study of the n = 2 core levels of ferromagnetic Fe are reported. The 2p3/2, 2p1/2 and 2s core levels all display interesting spin-dependent structures and splittings. The spectral complexity predicted by a purely atomic picture is not observed in the data. The results indicate that theories incorporating the derealization of the 3d valence band are more applicable to the description of core-level photoemission in iron.
Steel waste streams associated with decommissioning offshore structures in the Gulf of Mexico

The weight of an offshore structure is an important factor in design and is closely linked to its fabrication, installation, and removal cost. Weight comparisons between structures are difficult to make, however, because many interdependent and unobservable factors influence its determination. In this paper, we develop first-order approximating weight algorithms for offshore structures in the Gulf of Mexico to estimate the amount of steel associated with decommissioning operations. First-order weight algorithms are developed for shallow and deep water structures based on structure and site characteristics. The quantity of steel decommissioned in the Gulf of Mexico in 2003 destined for scrap, reefing and storage along the US Gulf Coast illustrates application of the algorithms. [Received: April 18, 2009; Accepted: January 7, 2010].
Transfection of the mouse ICAM-1 gene into murine neuroblastoma enhances susceptibility to lysis, reduces in vivo tumorigenicity and decreases ICAM-2-dependent killing

We determined the expression of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) on neuro-2a cells in order to evaluate whether they were involved in cytolysis of murine neuroblastoma. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that the control neomycin-resistance-genetransduced line (neuro-2a/LN) had poor expression of ICAM-1 (mean channel fluorescence, MCF=3.7). An ICAM-1-positive transfectant of neuro-2a (neuro-2a/ICAM-1+) (CMF=64.3) was generated to evaluate directly the role of this adhesion molecule in cytolysis. Neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ was more sensitive to LAK killing (69.7% at an effector-to-target ratio of 100∶1) compared to neuro-2a/LN (48.6%) (P<0.001). Blocking of neuro-2a/LN and neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ lysis with anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) did not account for all the LFA-1-dependent killing. These data indicate that even in neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ cells, other LFA-1 ligands participated in the effector-target interaction. Therefore, we examined these cell lines for ICAM-2 expression. Both neuro-2a/LN and neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ lines expressed ICAM-2 (MCF=16.4 and 16.5). ICAM-2 accounted for the majority of the LFA-1-dependent killing in the ICAM-1-negative target, neuro-2a/LN, while ICAM-1 played a primary role in the cytolysis of the ICAM-1+ transfectant. Inhibition of lysis in the presence of anti-ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 mAbs was comparable to that seen with the addition of anti-LFA-1 mAb, indicating that other LFA-1 ligands were not involved in this system. ICAM-1 expression was associated with decreased in vivo tumorigenicity; mice inoculated with neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ cells had a significantly longer survival compared to those receiving neuro-2a/LN cells (median survival time 35.5 versus 24.5 days) (P<0.001). It is important to note that ICAM-1 transfection of murine neuroblastoma did not alter its metastatic potential. We conclude that transfection of mouse neuroblastome with ICAM-1 increases its sensitivity to in vitro lysis and reduces its in vivo tumorgenicity. In ICAM-1-negative murine neuroblastoma cells, ICAM-2 plays a primary role in cell-mediated lysis.
Automatic multi-atlas-based cartilage segmentation from knee MR images

In this paper, we propose a multi-atlas-based method to automatically segment the femoral and tibial cartilage from T1 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) knee images. The segmentation result is a joint decision of the spatial priors from a multi-atlas registration and the local likelihoods within a Bayesian framework. The cartilage likelihoods are obtained from a probabilistic k nearest neighbor classification. Validation results on 18 knee MR images against the manual expert segmentations from a dataset acquired for osteoarthritis research show good performance for the segmentation of femoral and tibial cartilage (mean Dice similarity coefficient of 75.2% and 81.7% respectively).
Quantitative modeling of responses ot anuran retina: Stimulus shape and size dependency

Teeters and Arbib presented a model of the anuran retina which qualitatively accounts for the characteristic response properties used to distinguish ganglion cell type in anurans. In this paper we test the model's ability to reproduce quantitatively tabulated data on the dependency on stimulus shape and size, with a new implementation of the model in the neural simulation language NSL. Data of Ewert and Hock relating toad R2, R3, and R4 ganglion cell responses to moving worm, antiworm, and square-shaped stimuli of various edge lengths are used to test stimulus shape and size dependency. A close match to the data can be achieved by tuning some of the model parameters while still retaining the characteristic responses to the typical stimulus types. We stress here the importance of a populational approach to the models. We place more emphasis on the variation of response properties in a population of neurons of the same class, rather than questing for the neuron of a given type. As an example of the populational approach we offer a model for the respiratory R3 response following researchers who argue that a subclass of R3 neurons are activated by stationary boundaries owing to the anuran's self induced respiratory eye movement.
Assessment of Pain in the Neonate

Accurate pain assessment in preterm and term neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is of vital importance because of the high prevalence of painful experiences in this population, including both daily procedural pain and postoperative pain. Over 40 tools have been developed to assess pain in neonates, and each NICU should choose a limited number of pain assessment tools for different populations and contexts. Only two pain assessment tools have a metric adjustment to account for differences of pain assessment in prematurity. Preterm neonates do not display behavior and physiologic indicators of pain as reliably and specifically as full term infants, and preterm infants are vulnerable to long term sequelae of painful experiences. "Brain-oriented" approaches for more objective measurement of pain in neonates may become available in the future. In the meantime, neonatal pain assessment tools need to be taught, implemented, and their ongoing use optimized to form a consistent, reproducible basis for the safe and effective treatment of neonatal pain.
Observation of elected public officials by high school students: An example of primary prevention

Abstract Maladaptive reactions to democratic government, such as confusion or avoidance, tend to prolong or to worsen political situations. As observed by the author, a psychiatrist who had been elected to public office, these forms of counterproductive behavior seemed to be partly based upon unfamiliarity and/or ignorance of government in practice. In an attempt at primary prevention of such undesirable reactions, the author proposed an addition to the high school curriculum which provided for direct observation of elected officials by students. It was adopted, despite opposition, and led to an unexpected but favorable effect on some elected officials. This application of the psychiatric concepts of maladaptation and of primary prevention, by means of education, to the field of political behavior, illustrates the potential heuristic values of service by a professional of a disparate field in elective public office.
Max-min matching problems with multiple assignments

In job assignment and matching problems, we may sometimes need to assign several jobs to one processor or several processors to one job with some limit on the number of permissible assignments. Some examples include the assignment of courses to faculty, consultants to projects, etc. In terms of objectives, we may wish to maximize profits or minimize costs, or maximize the minimal value (max-min criterion) of an attribute such as the performance rating of a processor in the matching, or combine the two goals into one composite objective function entailing time-cost tradeoffs. The regular bipartite matching algorithms cannot solve the matching problem, when upper and lower bounds are imposed on the number of assignments. In this paper, we present a method, referred to as the node-splitting method, that transforms the given problem into an assignment problem solvable by the Hungarian method.
OvGalBP, a filarial antigen with homology to vertebrate galactoside-binding proteins

Abstract The increased incidence of “allergic” symptomatology and clinical complications seen in non-endemic individuals with loiasis, as compared to natives of endemic areas, is thought to reflect a heightened immune response to filarial antigens. To identify antigens involved in this hyperresponsiveness, a cDNA library constructed from adult female RNA from the related filarial parasite, Onchocerca volvulus , was screened with serum from a North American who acquired loiasis in West Africa. Sequence analysis of one of the identified clones, OvGalBP, revealed significant homology to the vertebrate S-type lectins, a family of thiol-dependent, metal-independent galactoside binding lectins, which includes an IgE-binding protein thought to be involved in IgE regulation. The 1100-bp insert of OvGalBP contains the entire protein coding region and has a 3′ poly(A) tail. The two amino acid consensus sequences (WGxExR and HFNPRF) found in all of the S-type lectins are present. Purified recombinant protein expressed as a fusion with glutathione- S -transferase (OvGalBP-GST) was recognized by sera from a majority of filaria-infected patients but not by putatively immune individuals from an endemic area or by unexposed endemic and non-endemic controls. Interestingly, OvGalBP-GST specifically bound 1gE (and not IgG) in a lactose-inhibitable manner, suggesting a potential role for this protein in the pathophysiology of human filarial infection.
An alternative protein splicing mechanism for inteins lacking an N-terminal nucleophile

Variations in the intein-mediated protein splicing mechanism are becoming more apparent as polymorphisms in conserved catalytic residues are identified. The conserved Ser or Cys at the intein N-terminus and the conserved intein penultimate His are absent in the KlbA family of inteins. These inteins were predicted to be inactive, since an N-terminal Ala cannot perform the initial reaction of the standard protein splicing pathway to yield the requisite N-terminal splice junction (thio)ester. Despite the presence of an N-terminal Ala and a penultimate Ser, the KlbA inteins splice efficiently using an alternative protein splicing mechanism. In this non-canonical pathway, the C-extein nucleophile attacks a peptide bond at the N-terminal splice junction rather than a (thio)ester bond, alleviating the need to form the initial (thio)ester at the N-terminal splice junction. The remainder of the two pathways is the same: branch resolution by Asn cyclization is followed by an acyl rearrangement to form a native peptide bond between the ligated exteins.
Role of the axial ligand in hemeCO backbonding; DFT analysis of vibrational data

Abstract The FeCO backbonding correlation, a plot of CO versus FeCO vibrational frequencies, is a useful tool for investigating proximal ligand and distal environmental effects in CO adducts of heme proteins and models. The data fall on parallel lines of negative slope, shifted along the FeCO axis for proximal ligands of different donor strength. However, new resonance Raman spectra of five-coordinate Fe(II)(porphyrins)(CO) with electron-withdrawing or -donating substituents reveal that the backbonding slope is reduced in the absence of a proximal ligand. This phenomenon has been explored with non-local density functional theory on Fe(II)(porphines)(CO) with fluorine, chlorine and amino substituents. The calculations likewise give lines of negative slope, displaced according to trans ligand donor strength. Strikingly, the slopes are nearly the same for pyridine and methylthiolate trans ligands, but halved for five-coordinate complexes, as in the experimental plots. However, the magnitude of the slopes, as well as the displacements of the correlations, are about twice the experimental values. The origin of the backbonding behavior can be seen in the bond-length relationships for the calculated structures. For a given CO length, the FeCO bond is lengthened systematically by increasing the donor strength of the axial ligand, whose sigma donor orbital competes with the CO donor sigma orbital for the vacant Fe d z 2 orbital. For a given proximal ligand, the FeCO and CO bond lengths are negatively correlated, as expected for backbonding. In addition, the slopes increase systematically with increasing ligand donor strength, because the longer FeCO distance decreases the π overlap, and increases the FeCO sensitivity to backbonding changes.
Gas Chromatography-Infrared (GC-IR) Spectra Of Terpenes

Laboratory mixtures of terpenoid compounds and crude fractions extracted from native plants have been subjected to analysis by GC-FTIR. Positive identification is relatively straightforward for compounds whose relative retention times are sufficiently different, and proper choice of the stationary phase in the GC column can ensure satisfactory results for this class of compounds. Preliminary work with capillary GC columns has also been carried out, and the results of the various experiments are discussed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of biofunctionalization and tracer cross-linking in magnetic particle spectrometry

In this paper, we present a ligand exchange and PEGylation approach for developing monodisperse MPI tracers (core size ~ 20nm) with the required reactive -NH2 and/or -SH functional groups on their surface. First, free carboxyl groups were introduced on the surface of the NPs through a silanization reaction. Then, a carbodiimide reagent (DCC) was used to bond the amine groups of the NH2-PEG-NH2 or NH2-PEG-SH molecules to these carboxyl groups.
Lifestyle correlates of anthropometric estimates of body adiposity in an Italian middle-aged and elderly population: a covariance analysis.

To study the relationship between behavioural factors, body adiposity and muscle mass. A total of 1415 Italian individuals (705 men and 710 women) aged 40–74 years from a population-based survey carried out in the town of Bollate (Milan). Analysis of covariance was used to refine and improve the precision of the comparisons. Men: Smoking and sedentary behaviour were related to larger waist circumference (WC) and smaller hip circumference (HC). Increased WC was also associated with high-fat diet and moderate-to-heavy drinking (compared to light drinkers). Those more educated (completed high school) were leaner and ex-smokers had higher body mass index (BMI) than non-smokers. Women: BMI was inversely related with education, the more educated having also lower muscle mass. The light drinkers were leaner and moderate-to-heavy drinkers had less muscle mass than abstainers. Moderate-to-heavy drinkers had larger WC than light drinkers. A strong negative trend was found in the relationship between dietary fibre and WC. Overall adiposity (BMI) and, more weakly, HC and peripheral subcutaneous fat increased with more TV watching, whereas BMI lowered, together with WC and muscle mass (as measured by the mid-arm circumference), with more walking/cycling. Modifiable habits such as smoking (men) and moderate-to-heavy alcohol drinking are associated with a pattern that is particularly deleterious to health: increased intra-abdominal fat and less muscle mass. Prevention strategies should be simultaneously aimed at promoting physical activities and reducing sedentary behaviours. A low-fat, fibre-rich diet seems to be closely related to a healthy distribution of body fat.
Breaking through the attentional window: Capture by abrupt onsets versus color singletons

Theeuwes (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11:65–70, 2004) proposed that stimulus-driven capture occurs primarily for salient stimuli that fall within the observer’s attentional window, such as when performing a parallel search. This proposal, which is supported by some studies, can explain many seemingly discrepant results in the literature. The present study tested this proposal using a modified precuing paradigm. Search mode was manipulated via target–distractor similarity in color space. In the parallel search condition, the orange target “popped out” from a set of distantly colored distractors (blue and green). In the serial search condition, the orange target was more difficult to find amongst a set of similarly colored distractors (yellow and red). In Experiments 1 and 2, cue validity effects for irrelevant-color singleton cues were greater under parallel than under serial search, at least partially replicating previous studies favoring the attentional-window account (e.g., Belopolsky, Zwaan, Theeuwes, & Kramer, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14:934–938, 2007). We found the opposite pattern, however, for capture by abrupt onsets (Experiments 3 and 4), in which case capture effects were actually greater under serial search. In sum, parallel search appears to facilitate capture by color singletons, yet to inhibit capture by abrupt onsets.
Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on bone health in adults: Time for recommendations about screening, prevention and management?

Evidence regarding a functional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) signaling system in bone has generated considerable recent interest. The specific biochemical nature of serotoninergic pathways and their direct and/or indirect effects on bone metabolism are still unclear. Clinical evidence supports an effect of serotonin and altered serotonin signaling on bone metabolism. Serotonin is involved in the pathophysiology of depression, and therefore studies of depression and antidepressant treatments (as modulators of the serotonin system) are relevant with regard to bone outcomes. Studies on the effect of depression on bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures have been mixed. Studies on the associations between antidepressant use and BMD and/or fractures are more consistent. SSRIs have been associated with lower BMD and increased rates of bone loss, as well as increased rates of fracture after accounting for falls. These studies are limited by confounding because depression is potentially associated with both the outcome of interest (BMD and fracture) and the exposure (SSRIs). With mounting evidence for an effect on bone, this review considers the question of causality and whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors should be considered among those medications that contribute to bone loss, and therefore prompt clinicians to evaluate BMD proactively. Future research will be required to confirm the serotoninergic effects on bone and the biochemical pathways involved, and to identify clinical implications for treatment based on this novel pathway.
Peer Effects in the American Civil War

More than 3 million men fought in the U.S. Civil War (1861–65), with participation rates in some cohorts exceeding 80 percent. Participation carried a significant risk of injury and death. An estim...
Aeolian dust in a saline playa environment, Nevada, U.S.A

Abstract Saline playas in north-western Nevada, U.S.A., remnants of pluvial periods of the Pleistocene, represent a tremendous source of unconsolidated sediments available for aeolian transport. This study investigated the transport of aqueous-soluble solutes in dust from July 1994 through June 1996 along a transect from a barren salt-encrusted playa surface (elevation=1224 m), to a former pluvial lake beach (elevation=1228 m), to a dune-mantled upland (elevation=1248 m). The content of aqueous-soluble solutes in aeolian dust showed a significant (p≤0·05) interaction with dust trap location (playa, beach, dune) and time of collection. Dust collectors on the playa surface generally contained significantly more aqueous-soluble solutes and had greater total flux of solutes than either the beach or the dune locations. The solute content of aeolian dust was usually higher, in some cases several orders of magnitude, than that in the surface 5 cm of soil. Recent changes in playa hydrology may explain this result. Pulses of nitrate-rich dust, synchronous with spring emergence, and other nutrient additions via aeolian dust may have stimulated invasion of dune-mantled uplands by the weedSalsola paulsenii (barb-wire Russian thistle).
A computer simulation/mathematical model of learning: Extension of DMOD from appetitive to aversive situations

The computer simulation/mathematical model called DMOD, which can simulate over 35 different phenomena in appetitive discrete-trial and simple free-operant situations, has been extended to include aversive discrete-trial situations. Learning (V) is calculated using a three-parameter equation\(\Delta V = \alpha \beta (\lambda - \bar V)\) (see Daly & Daly, 1982; Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). The equation is applied to three possible goal events in the appetitive (e.g., food) case and to three in the aversive (e.g., shock) case. The original goal event can be present, absent, or reintroduced; in the appetitive situation, these events condition approach (Vap), avoidance (Vav), and courage (Vcc), respectively. In the aversive situation, the events condition avoidance (Vav*), approach (Vap*), and cowardice (Vcc*), respectively. The model was developed in simple learning situations and subsequently was applied to complex situations. It can account for such diverse phenomena as contrast effects after reward shifts, greater persistence following partial than following continuous reinforcement, and a preference for predictable appetitive and predictable aversive events. Application of the aversive version of the model to “reward” shifts is described.
Reactivity of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) and bis(amino)cyclopropenylidenes (BACs) with heteroallenes: comparisons with their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHCs) counterparts.

Similarly to NHCs, CAACa and BACa react with CO2 to give the corresponding betaines. Based on the carbonyl stretching frequencies of cis-[RhCl(CO)2(L)] complexes, the order of electron donor ability was predicted to be CAACa ≈ BACa > NHCs. When the betaines νasym(CO2) values are used, the apparent ordering is BACa > NHCs ≈ CAACa that indicates a limitation for the use of IR spectroscopy in the ranking of ligand σ-donating ability. Although all carbenes react with carbon disulfide to give the corresponding betaines, a second equivalent of CS2 reacts with the BAC-CS2 leading to a bicyclic thieno[2,3-diamino]-1,3-dithiole-2-thione, which results from a novel ring expansion process. Surprisingly, in contrast to NHCs, CAACa does not react with carbodiimide, whereas BACa exclusively give a ring expanded product, analogous to that obtained with CS2. The intermediate amidinate can be trapped, using the lithium tetrafluoroborate adduct of BACb as a carbene surrogate.
On minimum distance bounds for abelian codes

This paper is an exposition of two methods of formulating a lower bound for the minimum distance of a code which is an ideal in an abelian group ring. The first, a generalization of the cyclic BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hoquenghem) bound, was proposed by Camion [2]. The second method, presented by Jensen [4], allows the application of the BCH bound or any of its improvements by viewing an abelian code as a direct sum of concatenations of cyclic codes. This second method avoids the mathematical analysis required for a direct generalization of a cyclic bound to the abelian case. It can produce a lower bound that improves the generalized BCH bound. We present simple algorithms for 1) deriving the generalized BCH bound for an abelian code 2) determining direct sum decompositions of an abelian code to concatenated codes and 3) deriving a bound on an abelian code, viewed as a direct sum of concatenated codes, by applying the cyclic BCH bound to the inner and outer code of each concatenation. Finally, we point out the applicability of these methods to codes that are not ideals in abelian group rings.
A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of lung cancer in bronchoscopic specimens.

Study objectives To determine the relative sensitivity and specificity of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of lung cancer in bronchoscopically obtained specimens. Design Cytology and FISH were performed on brushing and washing specimens obtained from patients undergoing bronchoscopy for suspected lung cancer. FISH utilized the LAVysion probe set (Abbott Molecular; Des Plaines, IL), which contains locus-specific probes to 5p15, 7p12 (EGFR), 8q24 (C-MYC), and a centromeric probe to chromosome 6. Setting Single-center, academic, tertiary medical center. Participants One hundred thirty-seven patients referred for bronchoscopy for suspicion of lung cancer. Interventions Cytology and FISH were performed on bronchoscopic brushings and washings. Measurements and results One hundred thirty-seven patients undergoing bronchoscopy had pathology, FISH, and cytology results. FISH and cytology were performed on 123 washing and 78 brushing specimens. Sensitivities of FISH and cytology were 71% and 51% (p = 0.007), respectively, for brushing specimens, and 49% and 44% (p = 0.541) for washing specimens. When FISH and cytology results were combined, sensitivities were 75% and 61%, respectively, for brushing and washing specimens, which was significantly better (p Conclusions These findings show that FISH is significantly more sensitive than conventional cytology for detecting lung cancer in bronchial brushing specimens; when combined with cytology, FISH can improve the diagnostic sensitivity of detecting malignancy in bronchial brushing and washing specimens.
Phosphorylation and Activation of the ATP-Mg-dependent Protein Phosphatase by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

Inhibitor-2 (I-2) is the regulatory subunit of the cytosolic ATP-Mg-dependent form of type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase and its phosphorylation at Thr-72 by glycogen synthase kinase-3 results in phosphatase activation. Activation of cytosolic type 1 phosphatase has been observed in cells treated with growth factors. Reported here is the phosphorylation and activation of the ATP-Mg-dependent phosphatase by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Recombinant I-2 was phosphorylated by activated MAPK to an extent (~0.3 mol of phosphate/mol of polypeptide) similar to that reported for phosphorylation by the α isoform of glycogen synthase kinase-3. The phosphorylation of I-2 by MAPK was exclusively at Thr-72, the site involved in the activation of phosphatase. Incubation of MAPK with purified ATP-Mg-dependent phosphatase resulted in phosphorylation of the I-2 component and activation of the phosphatase. Ribosomal S6 protein kinase II (p90rsk) was also able to phosphorylate the recombinant I-2; however, this phosphorylation occurred on serines and had no effect on phosphatase activation. Our data may explain growth factor-induced activation of the ATP-Mg-dependent phosphatase and suggest that MAPK may be the physiological kinase responsible for the activation of cytosolic type 1 phosphatase in response to insulin and/or other growth factors.
Local truckload pickup and delivery with hard time window constraints

This paper describes a solution method for a multiple traveling salesman problem with time window constraints (m-TSPTW). The method was developed for local truckload pickup and delivery problems such as those supporting rail or maritime intermodal operations but is suitable for application in other problems in which the number of tasks assigned to each server at any time is relatively small. We present a model and describe an iterative solution technique in which explicit time constraints are replaced by binary flow variables. At each iteration two versions of the problem, one over-constrained and the other under-constrained are solved. The solution to the over-constrained problem provides a feasible solution, while the optimality gap provided by the two solutions informs the decision of whether to continue searching or to implement the best solution found so far. A specific time window partitioning scheme is used to ensure that the cost of solutions found are monotonically non-increasing. The method developed is suitable for real-time or quasi real-time implementation.
Contemporary issues in clopidogrel therapy: new evidence shaping clinical practice.

Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Clopidogrel produces irreversible inhibition of the platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor, thereby attenuating activation and aggregation of platelets. Clopidogrel has been shown to prevent stent thrombosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and reduces major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with unstable angina or non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI). Recent studies have left clinicians with many questions regarding the role and dosing regimens of clopidgrel in STEMI, PCI, and primary or secondary prevention. Based on an analysis of the data, clopidogrel should be given in addition to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy to patients with STEMI. In patients undergoing PCI, a loading dose of clopidogrel 600 mg should be given if the procedure needs to be performed within 15 hours of initial presentation. If PCI can be delayed for 15 hours or more, a loading dose of 300 mg can be used. Evidence also suggests that clopidogrel should not be prescribed for primary prevention in high-risk patients.
Coping with Change: Religious Activities and Beliefs of Residents in Assisted Living Facilities

ABSTRACT Assisted living facilities (ALFs) offer a level of care between independent living and nursing homes. Recently researchers have begun to explore quality-of-life issues concerning residents of ALFs. Considerable research suggests that religion is positively associated with both emotional and physical health. This study examines how residents use religious practices to cope with the challenges of life in ALFs. Qualitative analysis of in-person interview data from 55 residents of ALFs revealed a variety of religious practices, such as prayer, church attendance, and Bible reading. Most residents deemed religion important and reported that religious practices provided a framework for coping with problems. Coping ranged from the mundane (e.g., attending a gospel concert to offset the otherwise dull routine of the home) to the transcendent (e.g., enlisting the support of an omnipotent ally in the face of adversity). Six ways residents utilized religion as a coping mechanism emerged. Residents used relig...
The effects of nitrogen starvation on the concentration of free amino acids in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera, Aphidae)

Abstract Amino acid analyses performed on aphids taken directly from their host, and on aphids which had been nitrogen-starved for 24 and 48 hr, indicated that as the starvation period increased, the concentration of sixteen free amino acids decreases. Final concentrations were 50–70 per cent of the original values. Cystine increased 1100 per cent. In addition, twenty-eight of thirty-one unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds increased in concentration as the starvation period continued. The aphids used in these experiments had been artificially fed on 18% sucrose solution.
Low temperature replacement of monazite in the Ireteba granite, Southern Nevada: geochronological implications

The Ireteba pluton is a relatively homogeneous, ∼64 Ma (zircon ion probe age) two-mica granite that was intruded by two 16 Ma Miocene plutons at depths ranging from 5 to 13 km. Deeper levels of the Ireteba and Miocene plutons were ductilely deformed at 15–16 Ma. At shallow levels remote from the Miocene plutons, the Ireteba granite appears to have experienced little Miocene heating and deformation. Monazites from different portions of the pluton reflect the different histories experienced by the host rock. Irregularly shaped (patchy) zones with high huttonite component (ThSiO4) are widespread in monazite at deep levels adjacent to Miocene plutons but less common in shallow-level rock; monazite grains with extensive replacement generally have irregular, embayed surfaces. In undeformed rocks distant from the Miocene plutons, monazites are less modified and more nearly euhedral, though fine networks of replacement veins are common and irregular rims are evident in some grains. Secondary monazite from these samples is poorer in huttonite. Ion probe Th–Pb dating yields 60–65 Ma ages for magmatic and some replacement zones in monazite from the shallow samples, and veins yield apparent ages as young as mid-Tertiary. Monazites from deep samples yield a few 55–65 Ma ages for remnant magmatic zones and abundant Miocene ages for replacement zones (∼14–18 Ma). These data demonstrate extensive Miocene replacement of magmatic monazite, especially at deep levels near Miocene plutons, and they suggest an early replacement episode as well. Both events were probably related to influxes of fluid; the first may have been associated with initial solidification of the Ireteba pluton and the second with the Miocene plutons and/or extensional deformation. Ambient temperatures at the time of replacement indicate that secondary monazite growth occurred at T as low as 400°C or less.
Are glucocorticoids equivalent to NSAIDs for the treatment of gout flares

NSAIDs are the current mainstay of treatment for gout flares, despite being associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and cardiovascular events. Janssens et al. conducted a randomized, double-blind, equivalence clinical trial to determine whether the glucocorticoid prednisolone can be used as an alternative to NSAIDs in this setting. Patients referred from primary care community clinics with monosodium urate crystal-proven acute gout flares (n =120) underwent treatment with once-daily oral prednisolone 35 mg or twice-daily oral naproxen 500 mg for 5 days. The results revealed a nonsignificant difference between the two groups, both in the primary outcome measure of pain reduction and in the secondary outcomes of disability related to the affected joint and walking, suggesting equivalence between the two agents. This study helps to position oral glucocorticoids as effective and safe alternatives in the management of acute gout flares. Future studies should address the treatment of acute gout in elderly populations and in those with multiple comorbidities.
The Molecular Reinscription of Race: A Comment on “Genetic Bio-Ancestry and Social Construction of Racial Classification in Social Surveys in the Contemporary United States”

In an article in the February 2014 issue of Demography, Guo et al. claimed that their research "establishes geographic genetic bio-ancestry as a component of racial classification" (p. 141). In doing so, they argued that their work has "a larger theoretical significance on identity studies" (p. 169) by providing racial classification categories with a concrete, "measurable," and "logical" basis against which social construction should be analyzed. Instead, I argue that their main accomplishment is the "molecular reinscription of race" (Duster 2011:104). In this article, I review the existing critiques of this type of work.
Currently Persisting Paradoxes: Getting Clear about Endurantism

This paper addresses a mereological paradox which faces proponents of endurantism, the theory of persistence according to which objects may be wholly located at several times. The paradox is intended to demonstrate that endurantism is false because it entails that enduring objects are both 3D and 4D. I offer three ways for the endurantist to avoid the paradoxical conclusion by demonstrating that the fusion principle required to generate the paradox is untenable. One central thesis championed by many endurantists is what has been called multilocation. An object is multi-located if it exists at two or more distinct space-times. Very roughly, endurantists believe that a persisting object is multi-located at each of the times during which it exists. Just as we can imagine an object existing at more than one place at one time, so we can conceive of an object existing "wholly" at multiple times. If this thesis were undermined, it would be a significant and possibly fatal blow to the endurantist's theory. Stephen Barker and Phil Dowe present a series of related paradoxes which, based largely on mereological notions, supposedly cause a lot of problems for the endurantist thesis of multi-location. I will show that these paradoxes fail to be troubling for the endurantist because it is open to the endurantist to question the legitimacy of the mereological fusion required to generate them. Although Barker and Dowe present several paradoxes, they are all very similar and, as far as I can tell, rely upon the same mistaken fusion principle. I will, therefore, only address the central mereological paradox. The paradox is formulated in a way which assumes eternalism about space-time, but this is no serious concern since many 1 See for example (McCall & Lowe, 2006) 2 (Barker & Dowe, Paradoxes of Multi-Location, 2003), (Barker & Dowe, Endurance Is Paradoxical, 2005) Res Cogitans (2014) 5 Jarrott | 7