cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of an evidence-based depression treatment into social service settings: the relative importance of acceptability and contextual factors.

Listening Visits (LV), an empirically supported depression treatment delivered by non mental health specialists, were implemented into two distinctly structured programs. The relative importance of providers’ views and organizational context on implementation were examined. Thirty-seven home visitors completed pre- and post-LV training surveys assessing their views toward implementing LV. Implementation rates markedly differed in the two organizations (73.9% vs. 35.7%). Logistic regression results showed that when predicting the implementation rate, the impact of the organizational setting outweighed home visitors’ personal views. These results underscore the importance of organizational context in the implementation of empirically supported treatments.
An update on bronchial blockers during lung separation techniques in adults.

Techniques for one-lung ventilation (OLV) can be accomplished in two ways: The first involves the use of a double-lumen endotracheal tube (DLT). The second involves blockade of a mainstem bronchus (bronchial blockers). Bronchial blockade technology is on the rise, and in some specific clinical situations (e.g., management of the difficult airway during OLV or selective lobar blockade) it can offer more as an alternative to achieve OLV in adults. Special emphasis on newer information for the use of Fogarty embolectomy catheter as a bronchial blocker, the torque control blocker Univent, and the wire-guided endobronchial blocker (Arndt blocker) is included. Also this review describes placement, positioning, complications, ventilation modalities, and airflow resistances of all three bronchial blockers. Finally, the bronchial blockers can be used in many cases that require OLV, taking into consideration that bronchial blockers require longer time for placement, assisted suction to expedite lung collapse, and the use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The current use of bronchial blockers, supported by scientific evidence, dictates that bronchial blockers should be available in any service that performs lung separation techniques.
Pelagic tar off Georgia and Florida in relation to physical processes

Abstract Following the Ixtoc I oil rig blowout in Campeche Bay we hypothesized that resulting tarballs should eventually appear in the Gulf Stream off Gerogia and that because of dynamic barriers in the innershelf little would reach nearshore areas. To test these hypotheses, surface tows to collect floating tar were taken off the coasts of Georgia and Florida in October and December, 1979. No tar was found within 40 km of the shore. All samples more than 40 km offshore contained some tar. The mean concentration was 0.82 mg m −2 with a range of 0.01–5.6 mg m −2 . Closely spaced sampling showed extreme variation but trends were consistent. Perylene was the most abundant compound in the tarballs.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Abstract Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a developing alternative to axillary dissection and may prove to be accurate in the detection of micrometastases in lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. Limited studies exist in the use of SLNB after neoadjuvant therapy. This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of SLNB after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: Thirty-one patients with stage I or II breast cancer underwent SLNB after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Results: Lymphatic mapping was performed by radioisotope, blue dye, or both techniques. Sentinel nodes (SN) were identified in 29 patients (93.5%). The SN was positive in 11 patients (38.0%), and was the only positive node in 5 patients (45.5%). There were no false negative SN by hematoxyin and eosin stain or immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. Conclusions: Sentinel node identification rate is similar to that in nonneoadjuvant studies. The sentinel node accurately predicted metastatic disease in the axilla. IHC studies failed to detect any additional micrometastases. This diagnostic technique may provide treatment guidance for patients after neoadjuvant therapy.
1168 COMPARISON OF SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF M. TUBERCLOSIS ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN AND ADULTS FROM 1971 THROUGH JUNE, 1984 TREATED AT KINGS COUNTY HOSPITAL

A comparison of the susceptibility patterns of M. tuberculosis isolated from children and adults treated for tuberculosis from 1971 through June, 1984 was performed. There were 126 strains isolated from children and 2735 from adults. The study was divided into 2 periods, 1971-1977 and 1978-June, 1984. During period 1, 13 of 95 (13.7%) children strains and 301 of 1745 (17.22) adult strains were resistant to isoniazid (INH). In period 2, 2 of 31 (6.5%) children strains and 106 of 1008 (10.5%) adult strains were resistant to INH. The decrease in resistance to INH was significant for adults. In period 1, none of 81 children strains and 10 of 1745 (0.6%) adult strains were resistant to rifampin (RF). In period 2, 5 of 31 (16.2%) children strains and 127 of 1008 (12.6%) adult strains were resistant to RF. The increase in resistance to RF in period 2 was significant for both children (P=<.001) and adults (p=<.001). There was no significant difference in the resistance rates to INH or RF between children and adults. Our findings show a close correlation between the resistance rates for Mtb isolated from children and adults in our community. The findings of a decreased resistance rate to INH with an increased resistance rate to RF suggests that the mechanism for acquired resistance to RF is different from that of INH and points up the necessity for continued surveillance for drug resistance to RF.
Demo: Achieving robust sensor networks through close coordination between narrow-band power line and low-power wireless communications

Sensor networks are increasingly available in home and industry automation applications. The use of battery-powered wireless sensor nodes eases network deployment, but the dynamic wireless medium, along with energy and bandwidth constraints, poses a great challenge to achieve a robust sensor network only with these nodes.In this demonstration, we present a hybrid sensor node platform equipped with a narrow-band power line communication (PLC) transceiver and a low power RF transceiver, which closely coordinates the two transceivers to improve robustness of a sensor network. Our platform is composed of the TelosB running Contiki and a PLC module that supports several latest narrow-band PLC standards. In addition, we have extended the COOJA simulator of Contiki to support this hybrid sensor node platform in order to aid protocol designs in the context of large sensor networks.
Concerning isomers of 208At, 206At and 204At☆

Abstract The half-lives of isomers of 208 At, 206 At and 204 At produced in alpha particle bombardments of bismuth were investigated by periodically separating and analyzing the polonium daughters. Only the shorter-lived “isomer” of each astatine isotope was observed; i.e., 9 min 204 At, 33 min 206 At, and 1·6 hr 208 At. It was found that the previously assigned longer-lived isomers of 208 At, 206 At and probably 204 At were illusions due to chemical effects.
The X-ray luminosity function of Abell clusters at a redshift of 0.25

The X-ray luminosity function of Abell clusters was determined from a sample with mean redshift 0.25. This luminosity function is the same within the errors to that at low redshift. The time scale for changes in the X-ray luminosity of clusters of galaxies is thus greater than 4.0 billion years.
Goal Specificity and the Acquisition of Survey Knowledge

Studies of route and survey knowledge have been inconclusive regarding whether survey knowledge is an inevitable outgrowth of extensive route knowledge. The current study examines one factor affecting the development of survey knowledge from route knowledge: goal specificity. Goal specificity refers to the extent to which an explicit goal exists to which problem-solving activities are directed. Past studies have shown that goal specificity inhibits the development of schematic representations. Using computer-simulated navigation about a novel campus environment, goal specificity was found to interfere with the acquisition of survey knowledge. Practically speaking, this implies that when getting to a goal is of primary concern, the development of survey knowledge may be inhibited even after extensive direct experience.
Patient-Centered Communication During the Disclosure of a Dementia Diagnosis:

This study examined physician use of patient-centered communication during disclosure of a dementia diagnosis. Fifty-four patients (mean age = 74.13) and companions (mean age = 65.67; n = 34 spouses/partners, 12 adult children, 8 other) were diagnosed with very mild (n = 36) or mild (n = 18) dementia at an Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. Audio recordings of these triadic encounters were evaluated with the Roter Interaction Analysis System. Physicians utilized moderate but variable amounts of patient-centered behaviors including positive rapport building, facilitation, and patient activation (p < 0.001). Physicians far less frequently used emotional rapport building (p < 0.001). Physicians who demonstrated more patient-centered communication also exhibited greater positive affect (p < 0.05). The use of patient-centered behaviors and positive affect was more variable between physicians than within physicians, and may be more dependent on individual physician characteristics than dementia severity or age and gender of patients and companions.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in Children with Long QT Syndrome

We report our experience with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation and follow-up in high-risk patients with congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). Congenital LQTS is associated with significant risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). ICD implant is recommended for prevention of SCD in this patient population, but there are few published data regarding the efficacy and side effects of such therapy. We report our experience with 12 patients who underwent ICD implant for high-risk LQTS at our center in the past 5 years with respect to implant complications, appropriate and inappropriate therapies, device follow-up, and the impact on lifestyle. During a follow-up of 34.7+/-16.6 months, appropriate therapies were noted in 5, inappropriate therapies in 4, and no therapies in 3 patients. Clusters of appropriate therapies were seen in 3 patients, 1 of whom subsequently died. Female sex and congenital deafness appear to be associated with a higher risk of appropriate therapies. One patient experienced two complications at implant that were successfully treated. ICD implantation in LQTS patients presenting with SCD or recurrent syncope despite beta-blocker therapy appears to be justified in preventing SCD risk. In asymptomatic siblings of SCD patients, the benefits of ICD implant are not clear from our data.
Sol–Gel-Derived Corrosion-Protection Coatings

There is a current need for alternative coatings that can provide corrosion resistance to metals or alloy surfaces due to the environmental hazards posed by conventional coatings. Herein, we report on novel organically-modified sol–gel coatings for the protection of metal and alloy surfaces. The basic concept of chemical conversion of metal surfaces is based on deposition of a hydrophobic, nonporous sol–gel barrier layer for surface protection and corrosion prevention. The properties of these organosilica coatings can be tuned by varying the composition of precursors. The evaluation of hydrophobicity, adhesive strength, and anticorrosion properties of organically-modified sol–gel derived coatings suggests their potential utility as technologically-compatible alternatives to conventional coatings.
A geometrical model for the double octahedral group based on a genus two Riemann surface

Geometrical models of double point groups are provided by double-sheeted Riemann surfaces of nonzero genus. This avoids the geometrically confusing picture of the doubling operation R as a rotation by 2π (i.e. 360°), which should instead be the identity operation E. In this manner a Riemann surface of genus 2 doubly covering a sphere and platonically tessellated b 16 equilateral triangles provides a geometrical model for the double octahedral group 2Oh. Stretching this Riemann surface along one axis to convert the 16 equilateral triangles to isosceles triangles and the underlying sphere to a prolate ellipsoid provides a model for the 2D4h double group arising from the Jahn-Teller elongation of the regular octahedron into a prolate tetragonal bipyramid.
Interpolation theorem for the number of end‐vertices of spanning trees

The following interpolation theorem is proved: If a graph G contains spanning trees having exactly m and n end-vertices, with m < n, then for every integer k, m < k < n, G contains a spanning tree having exactly k end-vertices. This settles a problem posed by Chartrand at the Fourth International Conference on Graph Theory and Applications held in Kalamazoo, 1980.
The Ramsey numbers r(Pm, Kn)

This note evaluates the Ramsey numbers r(P"m,K"n), and discusses developments in 0 generalized Ramsey theory for graphs.
Complete structure elucidation of a trisaccharide from a patient with mannosidosis by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry.

Abstract Through the exclusive use of 13 C NMR data a relatively complex oligosaccharide was completely characterized in terms of its sugar composition, ring forms, anomeric configurations, sequence, and interresidue linkage positions. Thus, the unique structure of a trisaccharide from a patient with α-mannosidosis was deduced to be Man p α 1–3Man p β1–4 N -acetylglucosamine. The study demonstrated that the empirical approach of matching chemical shifts between those of known and unknown structures and the use of chemical shift-predictive rules, obtained from a series of related compounds, can be successfully applied to the elucidation of carbohydrate structure in spite of the spectral complexities derived from the multiplicity of similar chemical shifts. This study also demonstrates that as more structure-chemical shift relationships are established with carbohydrates, the easier it will be to use 13 C NMR for their characterization.
Changes in cell surface proteins of culturedDrosophila cells exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone.

Drosophila cell lines have provided popular material for study of the mechanisms by which steroid hormones regulate cellular events. Previous investigations at the organismic or organ level have suggested that ecdysteroids are bound by a cytoplasmic receptor, and that the resulting complex translocates to the nucleus where it results in active transcription of a few genes. The protein products of these primary responding genes then modulate a larger series of secondary transcriptional changes. In cultured cells, other investigators have detected the hormonally-induced synthesis of only 4–5 new polypeptides through 72 h of treatment. Although these proteins may represent the gene products associated with the primary response, this small number of changes is surprising in view of the rapid morphological alteration of the cells and changes in such surface-mediated behavior as substrate adhesion and agglutinability observed within the same time interval. In this report, we show that lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination followed by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography provide an effective protocol for visualizing cell surface proteins of a Drosophila cell line. Among the more than 175 labeled species detected, comparisons of control cells with those treated by 20-hydroxyecdysone for 72 h shows at least 27 differences. We interpret these differences as the result of the secondary transcriptional response to the hormone.
Na+-linked active transport of ascorbate into cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells: heterologous inhibition by glucose.

The transport of ascorbate into cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is reported. Primary or subcultured RPE cells were incubated in the presence of 10–500 μM L-[carboxyl-14C]-ascorbate for various periods of time. Accumulation of ascorbate into RPE cells followed a saturable active transport with a Km of 125 μM and a Vmax of 28 pmole/μg DNA/min. RPE intracellular water was calculated to be 0.8 pL/cell, and the transported cellular ascorbate concentration was 7.5±0.8 mM. Replacement of 150 mM NaCl in the incubation media with choline-Cl strongly inhibited (80±8%) ascorbate uptake into cultured RPE cells. Although the depletion of cellular ATP by 2, 4-dinitrophenol and the inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase by ouabain reduced ascorbate transport into RPE significantly, active transport of ascorbate was not entirely inhibited by these metabolic inhibitors. The ascorbate analogue, D-isoascorbate, competitively inhibited ascorbate transport into cultured RPE with a Ki of 12.5 mM. Cells grown in the...
Excimer laser ablation of polyimide in a manufacturing facility

High power excimer laser ablation projection tools have been used successfully in IBM manufacturing for about four years. One hundred fifty W XeCL, 300 mJ per pulse and 500 mJ per pulse lasers, running at 500 Hz and 300 Hz, respectively, have been run successfully for over 2 billion pulses. Excimer laser projection ablation tools are very similar to photo-expose tools, and their similarities and differences are explained. The laser and its gas handling, beam delivery, beam homogenization, optics, debris, part handling, and maintenance are discussed.
External Valve Deformity: Correction by Composite Flap Elevation and Mattress Sutures

Background Deformities of the external valve (lateral crus) are an occasional problem following rhinoplasty. One of the most notable problems is when the posterior aspect of the lateral crus curls around into the vestibule. It not only obstructs the airway but can be aesthetically displeasing to the patient. Traditional correction including grafts works can be complicated and often leaves the lateral wall bulky.
Structure and Chemistry of Zircon and Zircon-Group Minerals

Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a common accessory mineral in nature, occurring in a wide variety of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Known to incorporate an assortment of minor and trace elements, zircon has the ability to retain substantial chemical and isotopic information, leading to its use in a wide range of geochemical investigations, including studies on the evolution of Earth’s crust and mantle (e.g., Hanchar et al. 1994, Bowring 1995, Vervoort et al. 1996, Hoskin and Schaltegger, this volume; Valley, this volume) as well as age dating (e.g., Gibson and Ireland 1995, Bowring et al. 1998, Solar et al. 1998, Bowring and Schmitz, this volume; Ireland and Williams, this volume; Parrish et al., this volume). The physical and chemical durability of zircon is a major factor in it being the mineral by which many of Earth’s oldest known rocks have been dated (Bowring et al. 1989, Maas et al. 1992, Buick et al. 1995, Bowring and Williams 1999, Wilde et al. 2001) and is also an important factor in zircon being proposed as a candidate waste form for the geologic disposal of excess plutonium from dismantled nuclear weapons (Ewing and Lutze 1997, Ewing 1999, Burakov et al. 2002, Burakov et al. 2003, Ewing et al., this volume). The chemical and physical properties of zircon and its ability to incorporate and retain trace elements are largely determined by its crystal structure. The zircon structure is adopted by numerous minerals and synthetic compounds with the general formula AT O4, in which high field-strength T -site cations occupy isolated tetrahedra, and A -site cations occupy larger eight-coordinated structural sites. Zircon-type compounds share many physical properties, as well as displaying variable degrees of solid solution among end members. …
Perspective on the flowering of Fermiology

Electrons at the Fermi Surface. Edited By M. Springford. Pp.541. (Cambridge University Press: 1980.) £35, $85.
Evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of a self-administered manual-based stress management intervention for individuals with asthma: results from a controlled study.

Abstract Several behavioral medicine interventions (eg, relaxation training and written emotional expression) have been proposed as effective supplemental treatments for individuals with chronic illnesses such as asthma. Whether these treatments are feasible or effective in a manual-based, self-administered format is unclear, and few studies have examined the effectiveness of such treatments presented in a complementary format. We examined the feasibility and effectiveness of a 4 week stress management treatment compared with a matched placebo intervention in young adults with asthma. Both groups considered the workbooks credible treatment interventions and completed them conscientiously. The treatment group showed significant improvement in measures of lung function compared with the placebo group, but analysis revealed no differences in measures of perceived stress. These findings provide initial support for the feasibility of self-administered manual-based interventions and some evidence that they can ...
Observation of ambient aerosol particle growth due to in-cloud processes within boundary layers

[1] Aerosol microphysical and optical properties were measured on board the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft during 16 flights at the Southern Great Plain (SGP) site in northern central Oklahoma as part of the Aerosol Intensive Operation period in May 2003. Within well-mixed boundary layers on four cloudy days, vertical profiles measured on board the Twin Otter show that dry aerosol size, volume concentration, and scattering coefficients all increased with increasing altitude, whereas the total number concentration remained essentially constant. A one-dimensional model, which uses simultaneous meteorological measurements as inputs, shows that the observed increase in aerosol volume concentration with increasing altitude is consistent with in-cloud sulfate production at the top of the boundary layer. The sulfate production rate was sufficiently fast to overcome the homogenization resulting from turbulent mixing. In contrast, on cloud-free days, measurements on a second aircraft show nearly uniform aerosol volume concentrations within well-mixed boundary layers. The observed vertical gradients in aerosol volume concentration suggest that even within well-mixed boundary layers, surface measurements may not be representative of aerosols properties (e.g., loading and scattering coefficients, etc.) at elevated altitudes, especially when SO2 concentration and cloud coverage are high.
Avermectin B1a: Highly Potent Inhibitor of Reproduction by Queens of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Avermectin B1a, a natural product derived from the soil actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis , inhibited reproduction of queens of Solenopsis invicta Buren when fed to laboratory colonies at concentrations as low as 0.0025% in the soybean oil bait (37.5 µg. of AI available). Some worker mortality occurred at concentrations of 0.025% or greater. Good results were obtained in field tests also. Worker brood was found in only 8 of 928 colonies that fed on the baits which were applied at rates of AI ranging from 0.0077 to 7.41 g/ha. Death of the treated colonies, especially at the lower application rates, was very slow, since the primary effect of avermectin B1a was on the reproductive capacity of the queen rather than acute toxicity for workers. Therefore, overall effects of avermectin B1a baits were determined with a population index method that gave a greater numerical value to colonies with functioning queens, as evidenced by the presence of worker brood. With this method, the average population indices in the field plots treated with 0.0077 g or more per ha were reduced 81 to 93%.
Multiple-Version Resources in Digital Libraries: Towards User-Centered Displays

The author reports findings from experiments with the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' (IFLA) Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) as applied to the domain of science fiction, Edwin A. Abbott's Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions in the Online Computer Library Center's (OCLC) WorldCat. The goal of the study is to gauge the characteristics of bibliographic entities under study, to examine types of relationships these entities exhibit, and to collocate bibliographic entities according to the FRBR group 1 hierarchy of entities identified as works, expressions, manifestations, and items. The study's findings show that by assembling bibliographic records into interrelated clusters and displaying these according to the FRBR entity-relationship model, a new navigational capability in networked digital libraries can be developed.
Wave-equation angle-domain common-image gathers for converted waves

Wavefield-extrapolation methods can produce angle-domain common-image gathers ADCIGs.To obtainADCIGs for converted-wave seismic data, information about the image dip and the P-to-S velocity ratio must be included in the computation of angle gathers. TheseADCIGs are a function of the half-aperture angle, i.e., the average between the incidence angle and the reflection angle. We have developed a method that exploits the robustness of computing 2D isotropic single-modeADCIGs and incorporates both the converted-wave velocity ratio and the local image dipfield. It also maps the final converted-wave ADCIGs into two ADCIGs, one a function of the P-incidence angle and the other a functionoftheS-reflectionangle.Resultswithbothsyntheticand real data show the practical application for converted-wave ADCIGs. The proposed approach is valid in any situation as long as the migration algorithm is based on wavefield downward continuation and the final prestack image is a function ofthehorizontalsubsurfaceoffset.
Outcome Objectives in Social Work Practice: Person and Environment

This article describes a national study designed to investigate the extent to which the outcome focus of worker intervention is to change either aspects of the client or aspects of the environment. This study also investigates whether the conceptual framework used in the research reflects the focus of social work practice regarding outcomes of intervention. The research instrument included four case vignettes with 60 possible outcome objectives from which to select. The instrument was sent to a nationwide random sample of 1,000 direct practice master's degree-level social workers from a variety of practice settings. The findings indicate that social workers' choice of personal and environmental outcomes can be quantified and categorized and that the framework is useful in understanding these phenomena.
Institutional selection in international relations: state anarchy as order

By the end of the medieval era, three new competing institutions attempted to capture gains from trade and reduce feudal particularism: sovereign territorial states, cityleagues, and city-states. By the middle of the seventeenth century, city-leagues and city-states had declined markedly. Territorial states survived as the dominant form because they were able to reduce free riding, lower transaction costs, and credibly commit their constituents. The selection process took place along three dimensions. First, sovereign territorial states proved competitively superior in the economic realm. Second, states increasingly recognized only other sovereign territorial states as legitimate actors in the international system. Third, other actors defected to or copied the institutional makeup of sovereign territorial organization. The emergence of discrete territorial units in which only sovereign authorities represented their citizens as the predominant type of organization in international affairs created a new solution to the problem of markets and hierarchies.
The Human Ecology of Tornadoes

This paper offers an empirical test of the impact of human ecological patterns and other known correlates on tornado occurrence. It uses the National Severe Storms Forecast Center’s information on tornadoes from 1950 through 1990 and employs ecological data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the Environmental Protection Agency. The results show that metropolitan and other urban counties have higher odds of tornado occurrence than rural counties, and that the probability of occurrence of tornadoes increases with increases in the number of previous tornadoes. The paper assesses the meaning of this finding for demographers, atmospheric scientists, engineers, and disaster managers.
Protective effect of glutathione on the in vitro inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by captan.

ABSTRACTThe in vitro effect of various concentrations of captan on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 from phenobarbital-pretreated rats was studied. The 1–50 value, namely the concentration of the inhibitor necessary to produce 50% loss of cytochrome P-450 was determined from the plotted inhibition curve. The presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in microsomal incubations prior to the addition of captan failed to prevent the loss of cytochrome P-450 by captan. In contrast, reduced glutathione (0.5 mM) added to microsomal incubations before captan (0.1 mM) afforded almost complete protection of cytochrome P-450 from captan inhibition. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of captan on vitally important drug-metabolizing enzyme system, of which cytoehrome P-450 is a major component, can be prevented by prior presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) but not of EDTA.
Interaction control for a brake actuated manipulator

If a passively actuated physical human-robot interaction (pHRI) device could produce the transparency and controllability of an active device, the safety standard of pHRI could dramatically improve. This is critical since pHRI devices are being developed for rehabilitation or assistance where the user may not be able to provide full strength or speed to counteract accidental movements caused by a motor driven robot. This paper demonstrates effective friction compensation and an interaction controller that increases overall transparency of a passively actuated pHRI device, the Brake Actuated Manipulator (BAM). We analyze the friction compensator's stability with passivity theory, and evaluate the proposed interaction control scheme on the BAM with real time experiments during display of virtual environments composed of non-linear Coulomb or viscous friction. Results show excellent force tracking performance during display, and indicate that passively actuated pHRI devices can be transparent despite notions that brakes are poor actuators.
A theoretical study of gate/Drain offset in LDD MOSFET's

A semi-quantitative model for the lateral channel electric field in LDD MOSFET's has been developed. This model is derived from a quasi-two-dimensional analysis under the assumption of a uniform doping profile. A field reduction factor, indicating the effectiveness of an LDD design in reducing the peak channel field, is used to compared LDD structures with, without, and with partial gate/drain overlap. Plots showing the trade-off between, and the process-dependencies of, the field reduction factor (FRF) and the series resistance are presented for the three cases. Structures with gate/drain overlap are found to provide greater field reduction than those without the overlap for the same series resistance introduced. This should be considered when comparing the double-diffused and spacer LDD structures. It is shown that gate/drain offset can cause the rise of channel field and substrate current at large gate voltages. Good agreement with simulations is obtained.
N-Chlorosaccharin as a Possible Chlorinating Reagent: Structure, Chlorine Potential, and Stability in Water and Organic Solvents

N-Chlorosaccharin is shown by its low chlorine potential (pKcp = 4.85 at 25°) to be a stronger chlorinating reagent in water than the commonly used chloramine-T or N-chlorosuccinimide. Its possible usefulness as a detoxifying or chlorinating reagent was further indicated by its solubility and stability in a variety of solvents. The mechanism of a reaction in which the imide bond of N-chlorosaccharin was cleaved in aqueous hypochlorite solution was also investigated.
Prior Stressor Exposure Sensitizes LPS-Induced Cytokine Production

Exposure to stressors often alters the subsequent responsiveness of many systems. The present study tested whether prior exposure to inescapable tailshock (IS) alters the interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, or IL-6 response to an injection of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS). Rats were exposed to IS or remained as home cage controls (HCC); 24 h later animals were injected i.p. with either 10 μg/kg LPS or equilvolume sterile saline. IS significantly increased plasma TNF-α, IL-1β, and pituitary, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum IL-1β 1 h, but not 2 h, after LPS, compared to controls. Additional animals were injected with LPS or saline 4, 10, or 21 days after exposure to IS and tail vein blood was collected and assayed for IL-1β. An enhanced plasma IL-1β response occurred 4 days after IS, but was gone by 10 days. These results suggest that exposure to IS sensitizes the innate immune response to LPS by resulting in either a larger or a more rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines.
Electrophoretic and Ultracentrifugal Analysis of Serum Lipoproteins of Normal, Nephrotic and Hypertensive Persons

Using a method of ultracentrifugation which brings out clearly the α and β lipoprotein components of serum, studies of normal, hypertensive and nephrotic human beings have been made. There are striking differences in distribution of lipoproteins among the different ages and sexes. During the stages of active atherogenesis in hypertensives and nephrotics, both the α and β lipoproteins and the lighter, higher molecular weight aggregates contribute importantly to the superabundance of plasma lipoproteins. The attribution of an exclusive atherogenesis to any one plasma fraction does not seem to us justified by these or other studies.
Measurement of collagen and smooth muscle cell content in atherosclerotic plaques using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the measurement of collagen and smooth muscle cell (SMC) content in atherosclerotic plaques using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT). Background A method capable of evaluating plaque collagen content and SMC density can provide a measure of the mechanical fidelity of the fibrous cap and can enable the identification of high-risk lesions. Optical coherence tomography has been demonstrated to provide cross-sectional images of tissue microstructure with a resolution of 10 μm. A recently developed technique, PSOCT measures birefringence, a material property that is elevated in tissues such as collagen and SMCs. Methods We acquired PSOCT images of 87 aortic plaques obtained from 20 human cadavers. Spatially averaged PSOCT birefringence, Φ, was measured and compared with plaque collagen and SMC content, quantified morphometrically by picrosirius red and smooth muscle actin staining at the corresponding locations. Results There was a high positive correlation between PSOCT measurements of Φ and total collagen content in all plaques (r = 0.67, p Conclusions Our results demonstrate that PSOCT enables the measurement of birefringence in plaques and in fibrous caps of necrotic core fibroatheromas. Given its potential to evaluate collagen content, collagen fiber thickness, and SMC density, we anticipate that PSOCT will significantly improve our ability to evaluate plaque stability in patients.
160 Gb/s variable length packet/10 Gb/s-label all-optical label switching with wavelength conversion and unicast/multicast operation

We report on the first demonstration of all-optical label switching (AOLS) with 160 Gb/s variable length packets and 10 Gb/s optical labels. This result demonstrates the transparency of AOLS techniques from previously demonstrated 2.5 Gb/s to this 160 Gb/s demonstration using a common routing and packet lookup framework. Packet forwarding/conversion, optical label erasure/re-write and signal regeneration at 160 Gb/s is achieved using a WDM Raman enhanced all-optical fiber cross-phase modulation wavelength converter. It is also experimentally shown that this technique enables packet unicast and multicast operation at 160 Gb/s. The packet bit-error-rate is measured for all optical label switched 16 /spl times/ 10 Gb/s channels and error free operation is demonstrated after both label swapping and packet forwarding.
Suprasubduction-zone ophiolite generation, emplacement, and initiation of subduction: A perspective from geochemistry, metamorphism, geochronology, and regional geology

Ophiolites are on-land remnants of oceanic lithosphere, and most of the more extensive ophiolites apparently formed above a subduction zone, a tectonic setting known as a suprasubduction-zone setting. Thin sheets of high-grade metamorphic rocks, known as metamorphic soles, crop out structurally beneath many suprasubduction-zone ophiolites. Such rocks may have formed during the inception of subduction beneath young and hot oceanic lithosphere. Disagreement exists as to whether suprasubduction-zone ophiolites are emplaced over the same subduction zone over which they once formed or over a later one. High-grade metamorphic rocks (blocks-in-melange and coherent sheets) from the Franciscan Complex may represent a metamorphic sole beneath the suprasubduction-zone Coast Range ophiolite. Trace-element and isotopic data indicate that the Franciscan high-grade metamorphic rocks formed in a suprasubduction-zone envi ronment, requiring the existence of a pre-Franciscan sub duction zone, whereas later-subducted, lower-grade oceanic rocks are of mid-ocean-ridge or oceanic-island basalt affi ni ties. The Coast Range ophiolite and Franciscan high-grade rock protoliths formed over a pre-Franciscan subduction zone that may have dipped westward. The high-grade Franciscan rocks were metamorphosed at the inception of east-dipping subduction beneath the Coast Range ophiolite, and the ophiolite was subsequently emplaced over this later subduction zone. Suprasubduction-zone protolith signatures have been obtained for other metamorphic soles beneath suprasubduction-zone ophiolites, suggesting that our proposed model of suprasubduction-zone ophiolite generation over one subduction zone and emplacement over a second one may be globally applicable. Regional geology suggests that this dual subduction-zone model may also apply to suprasubduction-zone ophiolites with midocean-ridge and/or oceanic-island basalt soles.
The Effect of Mild Trunk Flexion on Musculoskeletal Stress during Light Assembly Work

The major objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mild trunk flexion on localized muscle discomfort in a realistic light assembly task. Secondary objectives included evaluating two instruments commonly used to measure muscular discomfort, determining the level of erector spinae muscle activity during mild trunk flexion, and determining how well low back discomfort predicted loss of torso extension muscle strength. Participants performed a light assembly tasks for 20 minutes while in mild trunk flexion for periods of either 30 or 60 seconds, followed by recovery periods, in which participants stood erect, for periods of either 15, 30, 60 or 120 seconds. Duration of recovery period had a statistically significant effect on localized muscle discomfort of the lower back, upper back and shoulders. Duration of trunk flexion and recovery time had an interactive effect on loss of torso extension strength. Differences in performance between the two discomfort ratings scales were found.
Infusing Aging and Public Policy Content into Gerontology Courses: Collaborative Learning Methods To Teach about Social Security and Medicare.

Aging and public policy content are indispensable in gerontology and geriatric courses. Reform efforts targeting Social Security and Medicare, the two largest social welfare programs for the aged, appear regularly in academic journals as well as the popular press. Institutions offering gerontology courses need to infuse aging and public policy into the curriculum, and the use of collaborative teaching and learning strategies provide faculty with a means to accomplish this goal. Collaborative methods can effectively stimulate interest and active participation, especially in the area of public policy, where students often view the material as somewhat dry and out of their own frame of reference. This paper discusses the development of two teaching modules, one on Social Security and the other on Medicare, using resources obtained during the authors' participation in the 2000 summer workshop entitled Getting Aging Public Policy Into the Curriculum sponsored by the Center for Policy Research at Syracuse Unive...
Return to sport after open and microdiscectomy surgery versus conservative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Background Lumbar disc herniation has a prevalence of up to 58% in the athletic population. Lumbar discectomy is a common surgical procedure to alleviate pain and disability in athletes. We systematically reviewed the current clinical evidence regarding athlete return to sport (RTS) following lumbar discectomy compared to conservative treatment. Methods A computer-assisted literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, PEDro, OVID and PubMed databases (from inception to August 2015) was utilised using keywords related to lumbar disc herniation and surgery. The design of this systematic review was developed using the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA ). Methodological quality of individual studies was assessed using the Downs and Black scale (0–16 points). Results The search strategy revealed 14 articles. Downs and Black quality scores were generally low with no articles in this review earning a high-quality rating, only 5 articles earning a moderate quality rating and 9 of the 14 articles earning a low-quality rating. The pooled RTS for surgical intervention of all included studies was 81% (95% CI 76% to 86%) with significant heterogeneity (I 2 =63.4%, p Conclusions Studies comparing surgical versus conservative treatment found no significant difference between groups regarding RTS. Not all athletes that RTS return at the level of participation they performed at prior to surgery. Owing to the heterogeneity and low methodological quality of included studies, rates of RTS cannot be accurately determined.
Enhanced A2A adenosine receptor-mediated increase in coronary flow in type I diabetic mice

Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) activation plays a major role in the regulation of coronary flow (CF). Recent studies from our laboratory and others have suggested that A2AAR expression and/or signaling is altered in disease conditions. However, the coronary response to AR activation, in particular A2AAR, in diabetes is not fully understood. In this study, we use an STZ mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) to look at CF responses to the nonspecific AR agonist NECA and the A2AAR specific agonist CGS 21680 in-vivo and ex-vivo. Using immunofluorescence, we also explored the effect of diabetes on A2AAR expression in coronary arteries. NECA mediated increase in CF was significantly increased in hearts isolated from STZ-induced diabetic mice. In addition, both in in-vivo and ex-vivo responses to A2AAR activation using CGS 21680 were significantly higher in diabetic mice when compared to their controls. Immunohistochemistry showed an upregulation of A2AAR in both coronary smooth muscle and endothelial cells (~160% and ~140%, respectively). Our data suggest that diabetes resulted in an increased A2AAR expression in coronary arteries which resulted in enhanced A2AAR-mediated increase in CF observed in diabetic hearts. This is the first report implying that A2AAR has a role in the regulation of CF in diabetes, supporting recent studies suggesting that the use of adenosine and its A2A selective agonist (regadenoson, Lexiscan®) may not be appropriate for the detection of coronary artery diseases in T1D and the estimation of coronary reserve.
ROBUST DESIGN: GOAL FORMULATIONS AND A COMPARISON OF METAMODELING METHODS

In this paper, through theoretical analysis, we point out the limitations of goal formulations in previous methods for approximation-based robust design. Based on different philosophies and mathematical deduction, we propose three new methods to formulate robust design goals. Using a single variable function, we compare and contrast the use of response surface models and kriging models for approximating nonrandom, deterministic computer analyses in robust design with large variances of design variables in a highly nonlinear design space. Our preliminary conclusions are: 1) kriging models perform better than response surface models in a large design space with a high degree of nonlinearity, and 2) more robust solutions are achievable with kriging models than with response surface models.
Point of View: In the eye of the beholder: Preferences of patients, family physicians, and surgeons for lumbar spinal surgery.

Wennberg has described three broad categories of care: effective, preference sensitive, and supply sensitive, and highlight deficiencies in the current state of health care delivery for each (1). For effective and supply sensitive care, there is considerable evidence that we fail to do enough of the former (such as beta blockers for myocardial infarction) and deliver too much of the later (such as MRIs for acute back pain) (2,3). The current study addresses the domain of preference sensitive care. Since most spine care is elective, meaning it's provided to patients primarily to address pain and its functional limitations, most treatments for spine conditions fall into this preference sensitive category (2). Unlike effective care where the patient appropriately looks to the physician for guidance, preference sensitive care should go in the other direction – the physician should look to the patient for guidance. This is what shared decision making is intended to foster (4). The goal of shared decision making is to provide sufficient information to permit patients to use their preferences and values to define a treatment plan based upon what matters most to them. As defined, preferences make up only one, albeit important, aspect of shared decision making.
Adverse outcomes from the use of older donor hearts in cardiac transplant recipients: the pros and cons of expanded donor criteria.

Cardiac transplantation provides definitive therapy for selected patients with end-stage congestive heart failure and has resulted in improved survival for these patients. Cardiac transplantation has also been associated with improving survival during the past two decades since it re-emerged as an