cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defending online reputation systems against collaborative unfair raters through signal modeling and trust

Online feedback-based rating systems are gaining popularity. Dealing with collaborative unfair ratings in such systems has been recognized as an important but difficult problem. This problem is challenging especially when the number of honest ratings is relatively small and unfair ratings can contribute to a significant portion of the overall ratings. In addition, the lack of unfair rating data from real human users is another obstacle toward realistic evaluation of defense mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a set of methods that jointly detect smart and collaborative unfair ratings based on signal modeling. Based on the detection, a framework of trust-assisted rating aggregation system is developed. Furthermore, we design and launch a Rating Challenge to collect unfair rating data from real human users. The proposed system is evaluated through simulations as well as experiments using real attack data. Compared with existing schemes, the proposed system can significantly reduce the impact from collaborative unfair ratings.
Rate of growth of pancreatic serous cystadenoma as an indication for resection

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the natural history and growth rate of pancreatic serous cystadenomas (SCAs) to determine which factors lead to resection for these benign neoplasms. Methods We reviewed retrospectively a prospectively maintained database, identifying patients diagnosed with SCAs of the pancreas. The diagnosis was made via a combination of classic imaging features with or without cyst aspiration results consistent with SCA. To determine growth rates, gamma regression models were used and the average was modeled using the log function. Results A prospectively maintained database of 1,241 pancreatic cystic neoplasms was queried from 1998 to 2010. A total of 219 patients (18%) were diagnosed with SCA, 194 in the surveillance group and 25 in the resection group. Twenty patients underwent resection after initial imaging principally for presence of symptoms and indeterminate diagnosis, and 5 underwent resection after surveillance for development of symptoms and/or rapid rate of growth. Rate of growth increased at a steady state over time, with an estimated doubling time of 12 years (95% confidence interval, 7.8–21.5). Conclusion This study shows that growth patterns are similar for SCAs of the pancreas regardless of initial size. When doubling time is faster than 12 years, resection should be considered.
Role of Regulatory Elements and the MAPK/ERK or p38 MAPK Pathways for Activation of Human Cytomegalovirus Gene Expression

A series of recombinant viruses with either site-specific mutations or various deletions of the early UL4 promoter of human cytomegalovirus were used to determine the roles of regulatory elements and the effects of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Viral gene expression was regulated by upstream cis-acting sites and by basic promoter elements that respond to the MAPK signal transduction pathways. Inhibitors of either the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway or the p38 MAPK pathway affected expression equally with either wild-type or mutant early UL4 promoters in the viral genome, indicating that the effects of the inhibitors are not exclusive for a single transcription factor. The minimal responsive element is the TATA box-containing early viral promoter.
Impact of Electroviscosity on the Hydraulic Conductance of the Bordered Pit Membrane: a Theoretical Investigation

In perfusion experiments, the hydraulic conductance of stem segments () responds to changes in the properties of the perfusate, such as the ionic strength (), pH, and cationic identity. We review the experimental and theoretical work on this phenomenon. We then proceed to explore the hypothesis that electrokinetic effects in the bordered pit membrane (BPM) contribute to this response. In particular, we develop a model based on electroviscosity in which hydraulic conductance of an electrically charged porous membrane varies with the properties of the electrolyte. We use standard electrokinetic theory, coupled with measurements of electrokinetic properties of plant materials from the literature, to determine how the conductance of BPMs, and therefore , may change due to electroviscosity. We predict a nonmonotonic variation of with with a maximum reduction of 18%. We explore how this reduction depends on the characteristics of the sap and features of the BPM, such as pore size, density of chargeable sites, and their dissociation constant. Our predictions are consistent with changes in observed for physiological values of sap and pH. We conclude that electroviscosity is likely responsible, at least partially, for the electrolyte dependence of conductance through pits and that electroviscosity may be strong enough to play an important role in other transport processes in xylem. We conclude by proposing experiments to differentiate the impact of electroviscosity on from that of other proposed mechanisms.
Progressive outer retinal necrosis presenting as cherry red spot

Purpose: To report a case of progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) presenting as a cherry red spot.Methods: Case report.Results: A 53-year-old woman with recently diagnosed HIV and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) aseptic meningitis developed rapid sequential vision loss in both eyes over 2 months. Her exam showed a “cherry red spot” in both maculae with peripheral atrophy and pigmentary changes, consistent with PORN. Due to her late presentation and the rapid progression of her condition, she quickly developed end-stage vision loss in both eyes.Conclusions: PORN should be considered within the differential diagnosis of a “cherry red spot.” Immune-deficient patients with a history of herpetic infection who present with visual loss warrant prompt ophthalmological evaluation.
How To Increase the Effectiveness of Yield Diagnostics-Is DFM the Answer to This?

The goal of this panel is to discuss some of the following important items: (i) Are conventional yield diagnostics systems good enough at smaller geometries to isolate the defective location on the chip with good accuracy? (ii) Can DFM based hotspots be overlaid with the yield diagnostics callout based X-Y location and accuracy can be achieved for physical failure analysis? (iii) Can yield diagnostics systems provide a critical link back into the design process for improving design for manufacturability (DFM)?
Reliability of Molybdenum Thin Films in Humid Atmospheres

The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the corrosion rate of molybdenum thin films are discussed. The subject of acceleration factors and critical relative humidity for devices using this film is also addressed. A model is presented to explain the observed results.
Fleeting fame and groundwater: isolation and water in Kings River Valley, Nevada

This article examines how crop irrigation with groundwater briefly transformed the image of the Kings River Valley, a remote arid valley in northern Nevada, US, and captured state and national attention during a brief period in the mid-twentieth century. The valley’s short time in the limelight reveals the appeal of finding and recovering abundant water in arid places, bringing to light how groundwater use, technology, and regulation may be connected with alternating cycles of remoteness and popularity in a place. Coupled with improvements to infrastructure was the backdrop of a successful place; success, in this case, being associated with the know-how and capacity for massive withdrawals of groundwater and the ability to use this water to enhance agriculture. However, agriculture dependent upon groundwater in an arid place is complicated and uncertain, made more so when isolation is involved. As the technologies that supported large-scale groundwater pumping became more commonplace throughout the country and as groundwater became less readily accessible in the valley, attention to the Kings River dwindled and it slipped back into obscurity. Although groundwater has not completely disappeared, heavy groundwater pumping has altered the Kings River Valley, the place itself changing in the process. There are, however, some who gain advantage from isolation. The economic and political advantage of greater isolation accrued principally to absentee landowners, whose roots in Western cities were removed from daily life in the King River Valley. Isolation allowed less regulatory oversight of existing groundwater users, resulting in financial benefits which accrued primarily to those who supplied the cash and expertise for crops, cows, and groundwater, but did not actually reside in the valley. Absentee ranch owners generally had this capital, having the requisite connections and motivations to operate skillfully in the more structured and regulatory environment. Thus, this article analyzes water history coupling it with questions that are geographic in nature. What is it that makes a place isolated and how does groundwater figure into changes in isolation? How do cycles of isolation fit with changes in water technologies and regulation? And while the consequences of isolation may be apparent, what are the advantages of isolation to those using groundwater?
Grain Quality Attributes for Cereals Other than Wheat

Cereals are grass species that are the primary source of food for humankind and an important source of animal feed. Energy in the form of starch is their leading contribution but they are also important sources of protein, lipid, vitamins, and minerals. Cereal grains are all processed to varying degrees. As such, ‘quality’ is a subjective assessment of suitability for a given process, food, or use. The major cereals are maize, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, millets, oats, rye, and triticale. Quality variation derives from compositional and physical attributes of grains.
Respiratory Functions of Motile Tracheal Gills in Ephemeroptera Nymphs, As Exemplified by Siphlonurus Occidentals Eaton

Four questions about the roles of nymphal tracheal gills were posed: do lamellae meet all structural criteria for being gills? How important are they as oxygen intake surfaces? Are lamellae ventilated and, if so, how? Do lamellae aid or enable a nymph to maintain respiratory regulation in the face of dwindling oxygen supplies? Siphlonurus occidentalis possesses 7 pairs of extremely large but variously sized, plate-like tracheal gills. Their respiratory importance was assessed by determining oxygen consumption of gilled and gill-less individuals, by measuring beating rate and percentage of time spent beating with changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature, and through measuring the volume of water passed over the body surfaces by fully-gilled and partially-gilled nymphs. Data substantiate 7 conclusions: (1) gills are important sites of oxygen intake, accounting for about 67% of the total consumed at 12–13 °C, and (2) gills take in oxygen proportionate to their fraction of total respiratory surface area. Maximum diffusion gradients are maintained in the face of rising temperature and decreasing DO by increasing (3) gill beating frequency and (4) the percentage of time spent beating. (5) At any particular combination of DO and temperature, beating frequency is fixed; that is, nymphs from whom gills 3–7 have been removed do not beat their remaining gills any faster. Rather, (6) such nymphs further increase the percentage of time spent beating. (7) Even so, individuals with all their paddles (and therefore all respiratory surfaces) force approximately 10% more water over their body than do those with about half such surfaces removed. Thus, by adjusting both beating rate and the amount of time spent beating nymphs control the water volumes moved and in so doing appear to regulate oxygen consumption.
Handheld Navigation Device and Patient-Specific Cutting Guides Result in Similar Coronal Alignment for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: a Retrospective Matched Cohort Study

Proper alignment of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is essential for TKA function and may reduce the risk of aseptic failure. Technologies that prevent malalignment may reduce the risk of revision surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare two competing TKA systems that purport improved alignment: patient-specific instrumentation (PSI), and a handheld portable navigation device (NAV). After IRB approval, 49 consecutive PSI TKAs (40 patients) were matched based on preoperative characteristics to 49 NAV TKAs (40 patients) performed by a single surgeon. A blinded observer measured alignment on digital radiographs. Operating room records were reviewed for procedure times. Two-tailed paired sample t tests and McNemar’s test were used as appropriate. Alpha level was 0.05 for all tests. Preoperative cohort characteristics were not different. Mean postoperative long-leg mechanical alignment was within ±1° of neutral for both groups, although statistically different (p = 0.026). There were no other significant differences in coronal alignment. PSI exhibited significantly greater posterior tibial slope (4.4°) compared to NAV (2.7°) (p = 0.004); PSI resulted in significantly more outliers (>6°; p = 0.004). Procedure time for unilateral TKAs was lower for PSI (74.4 min) compared to that for NAV (80.6 min; p = 0.023). NAV and PSI technologies provided excellent coronal plane alignment. NAV was better for sagittal tibial slope, while PSI procedure times were shorter for unilateral TKA. The impact of these technologies on patient-reported outcomes and TKA survivorship is controversial and should be the focus of future research.
The safety of monoclonal antibodies for treatment of colorectal cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Monoclonal antibodies such as bevacizumab, ramucirumab, cetuximab and panitumumab play an important role in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). With the introduction of these drugs considerable improvements in both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were achieved. However these antibodies are associated with a unique side effect profile.Areas covered: This review provides an overview about drug efficacy of bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab and ramucirumab in the treatment algorithm of mCRC. Additionally, we discuss the most common toxicites of these monoclonal antibodies.Expert opinion: The most common toxicities associated with the VEGF-A directed antibody bevacizumab are hypertension, proteinuria, thromboembolism, bleeding, gastrointestinal perforation and prolonged wound healing. Similarly, the rate of hypertension and proteinuria is increased during treatment with the VEGFR2 antibody ramucirumab.On the other hand the most frequent side e...
Design of Self-Maintenance and Engineering Immune Systems for Smarter Machines and Manufacturing Systems

Abstract This paper discusses the state-of-the-art research in the areas of self-maintenance and Engineering Immune Systems (EIS) for machines with smarter adaptability to operating regime changes in future manufacturing systems. First, an overview on Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is introduced. Its transformation toward resilient system, self-maintenance system, and Engineering Immune Systems is also discussed. Finally, new concept in developing future biological-based smarter machines based on autonomic computing and cloud computing is discussed.
Quantifying biomass composition by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

We developed a set of methods for the quantification of four major components of microbial biomass using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Specifically, methods are described to quantify amino acids, RNA, fatty acids, and glycogen, which comprise an estimated 88% of the dry weight of Escherichia coli. Quantification is performed by isotope ratio analysis with fully 13C-labeled biomass as internal standard, which is generated by growing E. coli on [U–13C]glucose. This convenient, reliable, and accurate single-platform (GC/MS) workflow for measuring biomass composition offers significant advantages over existing methods. We demonstrate the consistency, accuracy, precision, and utility of this procedure by applying it to three metabolically unique E. coli strains. The presented methods will have widespread applicability in systems microbiology and bioengineering.
Influences of Science and Technology Advancement on Development of Chinese Rice Production and Scientific Strategy

The declinge of rice planting area is irreversible in the context of continual decline of arable area and adjustment of agricultural structur,and the inflexibly increasing demand for rice consunming is also irreversible with the escalating population.Therefore,the whole situation of rice production and development if very critical in China.The objective of rice production and development is being in significant transitions and the corresponding objective of rice science and technology advancement is also being in adjustments,with development of Chinese social economics.In the current paper,the scientific strategy for improving Chinese rice production and development were presented upon analysis of changes in objectives of rice production and development,factors for limiting influence of rice science and technology advancement,conductive chain of rice sciece and technology advancement and related structure of technology system.
Another look at Bayes map iterated filtering

Abstract A new proof of convergence of Bayes map iterated filtering algorithm, based on supermartingale inequality, is proposed. Relying on log concavity assumption, this approach with verifiable conditions is simpler than the previous approach and is generalizable to more sophisticated algorithms. The assumption could be relaxed at the cost of more technical details.
Treatment options for displaced femoral neck fractures in the <60-year-old, active patient

Abstract Displaced femoral neck fractures are common injuries that can impart substantial morbidity, disability, and functional limitations to patients. Displacement of the fracture by greater than 50% has been shown to have a higher rate of subsequent osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In younger, active patients, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) may be desirable in order to preserve the patient's own hip joint. However, in the last decade, arthroplasty technologies and techniques have improved substantially, making total hip replacement a viable option for younger patients. Furthermore, there are numerous clinical studies demonstrating that arthroplasty has superior functional results as compared to internal fixation in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures, namely higher clinical scores and a lower reoperation rate. A higher risk of dislocation has always been the concern with performing total hip arthroplasty in the setting of femoral neck fracture, but fortunately, there are newer technologies such as larger head sizes and dual-mobility bearings that can help reduce the risk of dislocation.
House Officer Education and Organizational Obstacles to Quality Improvement

Article-at-a-Glance Background House officers are physicians-in-training who provide the bulk of direct medical care for patients in teaching hospitals. Because of their intimate, ongoing role in patient care, they occupy a particularly advantageous position in the health care system for identifying and solving common organizational problems that undermine the quality and increase the cost of care. Yet most house officers are inadequately prepared to address problems in organizational and technical support systems which undermine the delivery of health care. In fact, house officers' strategies for coping with the demands of residency training often perpetuate problems. Cases Cases describing prescription errors, lost laboratory data, and inappropriate beeper-related interruptions in care illustrate how house officers contribute unwittingly to poor quality and costly care. Recommendations Department chairs, residency program directors, and senior clinicians should create opportunities for house officers to participate in interdisciplinary problem-solving teams. Medical faculty should instruct house officers in the principles and practice of quality improvement, integrating this material into existing teaching conferences and other educational activities. Instruction should be case based, data intensive, and jargon free, modeled by clinicians with training and experience in quality management and related disciplines. Senior clinicians and department officials should endorse organizational problem solving as a legitimate, appropriate, and valuable activity for every well-trained physician.
Copolymerization of Epoxides and CO2: Polymer Chemistry for Incorporation in Undergraduate Inorganic Chemistry

Because fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource, alternative sources of chemical carbon will be necessary as petroleum based chemicals decline during the 21st century. Carbon dioxide can serve as a source of carbon for the synthesis of useful chemicals, thereby contributing to a sustainable chemical industry. A promising technology for CO2 utilization is the alternating copolymerization of epoxides and CO2 to afford polycarbonates. This article describes the catalysis of this polymerization process employing well-defined transition metal catalysts. It is intended for use in advanced inorganic chemistry courses, which are required for an ACS-approved degree in Chemistry, and integrates concepts in inorganic chemistry and polymer science. Concomitantly, a goal of this material is to contribute to the recently established polymer requirement by the Committee on Professional Training (CPT) for an ACS-certified degree. The principles of inorganic chemistry are shown to play vital roles in the mechanistic aspe...
Variables Affecting Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in the National Football League.

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in the National Football League (NFL). Limited literature exists regarding return to play (RTP) and the factors affecting RTP after A...
Understanding Creativity, One Metaphor at a Time.

Any effort to clarify the meaning of creativity, although productive, risks limiting this important concept to a singular definition at the exclusion of other valuable interpretations. This article presents generative redefinitions of creativity by surveying a range of metaphors that are used to describe creativity. To explore the polysemic possibilities of creativity, 12 common metaphorical frameworks are examined for the ways in which they expand conceptual understanding, including metaphors such as incubation, illumination, evolution, divergence, investment, algorithm, boundary, organism, and democratic attunement. The purpose of this exploration is not to arrive at a singular understanding of creativity, but to acknowledge, examine, and celebrate the diverse ways it can be conceptualized. This article posits that using the language of metaphor as a tool for comparison and understanding helps sift through the complexity of conceptual differences. The argument concludes that considering multiple metapho...
In The Master's Maison: Mobile Indigeneity in The Heartsong of Charging Elk and Blue Ravens

This essay looks at a pair of the few extent novels that portray Native characters outside of the United States: James Welch’s The Heartsong of Charging Elk (2001) and Gerald Vizenor’s Blue Ravens (2014), both of which feature Native protagonists settling permanently in France. Each novel portrays a character relocating on a temporary basis, but ultimately choosing to stay—albeit under profoundly different circumstances. Charging Elk’s (the protagonist of Welch’s novel) adaptation to France is often read as extremely positive. However, I argue that his transition is in fact quite complicated and ambivalent at best. Specifically, Charging Elk represents an always-already (temporally) diasporic subject, removed from what he perceives to be home not only in space but also in time—even when he dwells in the Oglala Stronghold. The Beaulieu brothers of Blue Ravens remain remarkably unchanged over the course of the novel in regard to their move to France. However, as Vizenor’s text establishes White Earth as a traditionally cosmopolitan space, it renders their movement and relocation to be a part of, rather than apart from, their communities and cultures. In light of these related circumstances, I look at the vexed and vexing portrayals of Native masculinity within these novels, each of which confronts warrior stereotypes and ideologies as deeply incomplete representations of Native people and cultures. Ultimately, I argue, these novels when read together portray the possibilities for Native movement and relocation. Such movement is not without incident, they suggest, but it is not as inherently damaging or liberatory as some might suggest.
Cyp1b1 Regulates Ocular Fissure Closure Through a Retinoic Acid-Independent Pathway.

Purpose Mutations in the CYP1B1 gene are the most commonly identified genetic causes of primary infantile-onset glaucoma. Despite this disease association, the role of CYP1B1 in eye development and its in vivo substrate remain unknown. In the present study, we used zebrafish to elucidate the mechanism by which cyp1b1 regulates eye development. Methods Zebrafish eye and neural crest development were analyzed using live imaging of transgenic zebrafish embryos, in situ hybridization, immunostaining, TUNEL assay, and methylacrylate sections. Cyp1b1 and retinoic acid (RA) levels were genetically (morpholino oligonucleotide antisense and mRNA) and pharmacologically manipulated to examine gene function. Results Using zebrafish, we observed that cyp1b1 was expressed in a specific spatiotemporal pattern in the ocular fissures of the developing zebrafish retina and regulated fissure patency. Decreased Cyp1b1 resulted in the premature breakdown of laminin in the ventral fissure and altered subsequent neural crest migration into the anterior segment. In contrast, cyp1b1 overexpression inhibited cell survival in the ventral ocular fissure and prevented fissure closure via an RA-independent pathway. Cyp1b1 overexpression also inhibited the ocular expression of vsx2, pax6a, and pax6b and increased the extraocular expression of shha. Importantly, embryos injected with human wild-type but not mutant CYP1B1 mRNA also showed colobomas, demonstrating the evolutionary and functional conservation of gene function between species. Conclusions Cyp1b1 regulation of ocular fissure closure indirectly affects neural crest migration and development through an RA-independent pathway. These studies provide insight into the role of Cyp1b1 in eye development and further elucidate the pathogenesis of primary infantile-onset glaucoma.
Too Much of a Good Thing? American Childbirth, Intentional Ignorance, and the Boundaries of Responsible Knowledge:

In biomedicine, practitioners often treat risk of disease as an illness in itself—suitable for monitoring and intervention. In some cases, increased diagnostics improve health outcomes by detecting...
Theory of Adiabatic Shear Bands

This chapter reviews advances in the theory of adiabatic shear bands over the past two decades. For simplicity and reasons of space, the material is restricted to rigid, perfectly plastic solids with linear thermal softening and power law strain-rate hardening. The emphasis is on results obtained from well-established asymptotic methods with comparisons to numerical and experimental work at a few key points. The main advantage of this approach is that it establishes a large number of algebraic relations, called scaling laws, among the material and external parameters to characterize the nature of adiabatic shear in a variety of scenarios. These range from nearly uniform conditions with only small initial perturbations to extremely non-uniform situations that are nearly discontinuous, from band nucleation to fully formed bands. Although the scaling laws should not be blindly applied quantitatively to arbitrary constitutive behaviour, they do illustrate qualitatively the trade-offs made among several thermal and mechanical, physical processes as the material encounters extreme loading conditions.
Insights into solar nebula formation of pyrrhotite from nanoscale disequilibrium phases produced by H2S sulfidation of Fe metal

Lauretta (2005) produced sulfide in the laboratory by exposing canonical nebular metal analogs to H 2 S gas under temperatures and pressures relevant to the formation of the Solar System. The resulting reactions produced a suite of sulfides and nanophase materials not visible at the microprobe scale, but which we have now analyzed by TEM for comparison with interplanetary dust samples and comet Wild 2 samples returned by the Stardust mission. We find the unexpected result that disequilibrium formation favors pyrrhotite over troilite and also produces minority schreibersite, daubreelite, barringerite, taenite, oldhamite, and perryite at the metal-sulfide interface. TEM identification of nanophases and analysis of pyrrhotite superlattice reflections illuminate the formation pathway of disequilibrium sulfide. We discuss the conditions under which such disequilibrium can occur, and implications for formation of sulfide found in extraterrestrial materials.
Enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry on biopsy specimens of pathologic human bone marrow

We have systematically investigated a variety of fixation and plastic embedding procedures and arrived at a method that allows processing of approximately 2-micron sections of bone marrow biopsies for examination by light microscopy. More importantly, this method permits the use of enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures that are rapidly becoming mandatory in the diagnosis of hematologic malignancies. Over 200 full-length bone marrow biopsy specimens were fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and acrolein, dehydrated in acetone, and embedded in a mixture of methyl and glycolmethacrylate. All procedures were carried out at 4 degrees C. Decalcification was unnecessary. Sections 2-micron thick were cut and incubated for peroxidase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase (with and without tartrate), or alkaline phosphatase and then examined by light microscopy. Specimens could be prepared for examination within 48 hr. This approach, which provides definitive markers for various hematopoietic cell lines in intact tissues, is invaluable when aspirated material is unavailable. It is also useful in the analysis of focal lesions of bone marrow due to inflammation or neoplasia and shows potential as an investigative tool. For example, we have discovered that early myelofibrosis is accompanied by a marked increase in the number of alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cells.
A Community Health Orientation for Wellness Technology Design & Delivery

Abstract Health promotion increasingly occurs outside of the boundaries of traditional care settings such as hospitals and clinics. Interventions that are anchored within community-based organizations, seeking to meet the nuanced needs of local residents, are a vital component of the wellness promotion ecosystem. These programs are particularly critical when addressing health in low socioeconomic communities, as the services may be more accessible, affordable, and relevant to the needs of populations facing significant barriers to wellness. In this chapter, we examine how technology can become embedded within the context of community-based health interventions. We present a case study from our research, in which we employed a user-centered design process to create and evaluate a novel family exergame within a community-based organization. We use this case study to discuss the criticality, challenge, and benefits of integrating wellness technologies within a broader community health promotion infrastructure.
What Is Career Success for Academic Hospitalists? A Qualitative Analysis of Early-Career Faculty Perspectives.

Background Understanding the concept of career success is critical for hospital medicine groups seeking to create sustainably rewarding faculty positions. Conceptual models of career success describe both extrinsic (compensation and advancement) and intrinsic (career satisfaction and job satisfaction) domains. How hospitalists define career success for themselves is not well understood. In this study, we qualitatively explore perspectives on how early-career clinician-educators define career success. Methods We developed a semistructured interview tool of open-ended questions validated by using cognitive interviewing. Transcribed interviews were conducted with 17 early-career academic hospitalists from 3 medical centers to thematic saturation. A mixed deductiveinductive, qualitative, analytic approach was used to code and map themes to the theoretical framework. Results The single most dominant theme participants described was "excitement about daily work," which mapped to the job satisfaction organizing theme. Participants frequently expressed the importance of "being respected and recognized" and "dissemination of work," which were within the career satisfaction organizing theme. The extrinsic organizing themes of advancement and compensation were described as less important contributors to an individual's sense of career success. Ambivalence toward the "academic value of clinical work," "scholarship," and especially "promotion" represented unexpected themes. Conclusions The future of academic hospital medicine is predicated upon faculty finding career success. Clinician-educator hospitalists view some traditional markers of career advancement as relevant to success. However, early-career faculty question the importance of some traditional external markers to their personal definitions of success. This work suggests that the selfconcept of career success is complex and may not be captured by traditional academic metrics and milestones.
Attractors to Faculty Positions Within Higher Education Institutions for Women in Athletic Training

Context: Selection of one's occupation can be influenced and determined by several variables and is often studied through the lens of the socialization framework. Career choice has been examined in...
Gs- versus Golf-dependent functional selectivity mediated by the dopamine D 1 receptor.

The two highly homologous subtypes of stimulatory G proteins Gαs (Gs) and Gαolf (Golf) display contrasting expression patterns in the brain. Golf is predominant in the striatum, while Gs is predominant in the cortex. Yet, little is known about their functional distinctions. The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) couples to Gs/olf and is highly expressed in cortical and striatal areas, making it an important therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders. Using novel drug screening methods that allow analysis of specific G-protein subtype coupling, we found that, relative to dopamine, dihydrexidine and N-propyl-apomorphine behave as full D1R agonists when coupled to Gs, but as partial D1R agonists when coupled to Golf. The Gs/Golf-dependent biased agonism by dihydrexidine was consistently observed at the levels of cellular signaling, neuronal function, and behavior. Our findings of Gs/Golf-dependent functional selectivity in D1R ligands open a new avenue for the treatment of cortex-specific or striatum-specific neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
Quantitative Measurements of Integrin‐Mediated Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix

Integrin-mediated adhesion is based on the binding of integrins to immobilized ligands either in the extracellular matrix or on the surface of adjacent cells. The strength of adhesion is determined primarily by the number of adhesive bonds that form. Integrins have also been described as signaling receptors. Like adhesion, signals from integrins receptors can depend on the number of integrins that are bound to substrate attached ligands. The common methods for measuring cell adhesion are only capable of measuring initial interactions because the multivalent nature of adhesive bonds when the cell is considered as a unit, these assays reach plateau levels. To measure adhesive integrin-ligand bonds, a spinning disc device is described in which the mean cell detachment force is proportional to the number of adhesive bonds. Particularly as the field has moved from identification of integrins and their ligands into the analysis of adhesion and its relationship to cell signaling, it is important to shift to assays that relate the extracellular binding to the intracellular signals. Specific plans, methods, and analytic strategies are provided to apply this technology to current problems in integrin biology. At present, this is the only published approach that will provide good measures of the number of adhesive bonds that can be generally applied.
Generalized anxiety disorder.

Abstract Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common in clinical practice. Most cases are comorbid with another Axis I disorder, notably mood disorders like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders, and with many chronic medical illnesses. Although trivialized as a disorder, GAD is consistently associated with considerable disability and with overutilization of medical services. The diagnostic criteria for GAD have shifted more than most other Axis I disorders over the past two decades and even differ significantly between DSM-IV and ICD-10. In the past two decades, there have been a substantial number of failed double-blind studies on GAD, even with treatments expected and suspected to work effectively. The neurobiology and genetic underpinnings of the disorder are little understood and its pathophysiology is unclear, especially in differentiating it from its neighboring disorders. These and changes in the healthcare marketplace have led to ever-diminishing interest in investing in scientific research and development of new treatment for this disabling condition. However, there are several effective treatments for GAD. Although time to remission is slow and long-term treatment is usually necessary, many achieve good outcomes when properly managed.
Der verborgene Kosmos

Viele Beobachtungen im Universum legen nahe, dass es neben der sichtbaren Materie noch eine andere, „dunkle“ Komponente geben musste. Lange waren die Forscher von nur einer Sorte an Teilchenkandidaten dafur ausgegangen: den WIMPs. Doch moglicherweise ist die unsichtbare Seite des Alls weitaus vielfaltiger (aus Spektrum der Wissenschaft 11/2015).
Aromatic residues surrounding the active site tunnel of TfCel48A influence activity, processivity, and synergistic interactions with other cellulases

Cel48A of Thermobifida fusca (TfCel48A) is a processive exocellulase that contains an active site tunnel and digests lignocellulosic biomass via synergistic interactions between different cellulases. Cel48A possesses a number of aromatic amino acids lining the tunnel entrance, which are highly conserved across a diverse number of microbial species and appear to play a role in the selection and threading of individual strands of cellulose from highly recalcitrant substrates. In this study, we sought to further elucidate the roles of these tunnel entrance aromatic amino acids by creating a series of double mutants and examining their effect on TfCel48A activity, processivity, and synergistic interactions with the well-studied processive endocellulase TfCel9A. Our results provide further insight concerning the mechanism of Cel48A kinetics with soluble and insoluble substrates and could play an influential role in the application of Cel48A and other exocellulases for industrial purposes.
Residual Tumor Confers a 10-Fold Increased Risk of Regrowth in Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors.

Author(s): Maletkovic, Jelena; Dabbagh, Asmaa; Zhang, Dongyun; Zahid, Abdul; Bergsneider, Marvin; Wang, Marilene B; Linetsky, Michael; Salamon, Noriko; Yong, William H; Vinters, Harry V; Heaney, Anthony P | Abstract: ObjectiveWe evaluated tumor recurrence and regrowth rates following endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) surgical removal in a consecutive series of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (CNFTs).DesignRetrospective chart review of clinical, biochemical, and sellar MRI findings in all TNTS surgeries in patients with CNFT, performed by a single surgeon, between 2008 and 2015 (n = 280).PatientsNinety-three patients met eligibility criteria, with complete clinical, biochemical, and imaging follow-up for a 3-year minimum.ResultsOf 85 patients who were not irradiated, 3-month postsurgical MRI demonstrated no residual tumor in 58 of 85 (68.2%), equivocal findings in 12 of 85 (14.1%), and definite residual tumor in 15 of 85 (17.6%) patients. Six of 85 (7.1%) demonstrated tumor regrowth by 3 years, and 2 further patients demonstrated true tumor recurrence at 3 and 6 years after surgery, respectively, for a total recurrence rate of 9.4% (8 of 85). Eight of the 93 patients were irradiated between 3 months and 4 years after pituitary surgery. In 3 patients with tumor regrowth, 2 exhibited residual tumor and 1 had no residual findings at the 3-month postoperative imaging. Overall, Ki-67 labeling index or Knosp grading did not predict recurrence.ConclusionTumor recurrence at 3 years was low (1 of 58; 1.7%) if the 3-month postoperative MRI showed no residual tumor. The findings support a less frequent imaging schedule for this group. Patients with definite residual tumor visible at 3 months harbor the greatest risk for tumor growth, but regrowth does not occur in all patients (6 of 15; 40%).
Examining the Impact of Missing Data on Propensity Score Estimation in Determining the Effectiveness of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)

In many health services applications, research to determine the effectiveness of a particular treatment cannot be carried out using a controlled clinical trial. In settings such as these, observational studies must be used. Propensity score methods are useful tools to employ in order to balance the distribution of covariates between treatment groups and hence reduce the potential bias in treatment effect estimates in observational studies. A challenge in many health services research studies is the presence of missing data among the covariates that need to be balanced. In this paper, we compare three simple propensity models using data that examine the effectiveness of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in reducing hemoglobin A1c in a cohort of 10,566 type 2 diabetics. The first propensity score model uses only subjects with complete case data (n=6,687), the second incorporates missing value indicators into the model, and the third fits separate propensity scores for each pattern of missing data. We compare the results of these methods and find that incorporating missing data into the propensity score model reduces the estimated effect of SMBG on hemoglobin A1c by more than 10%, although this reduction was not clinically significant. In addition, beginning with the complete data, we artificially introduce missing data using a nonignorable missing data mechanism and compare treatment effect estimates using the three propensity score methods and a simple analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) method. In these analyses, we find that the complete case analysis and the ANCOVA method both perform poorly, the missing value indicator model performs moderately well, and the pattern mixture model performs even better in estimating the original treatment effect observed in the␣complete data prior to the introduction of artificial missing data. We conclude that in observational studies one␣must not only adjust for potentially confounding variables using methods such as propensity scores, but one␣should also account for missing data in these models in order to allow for causal inference more appropriately to be applied.
Enhanced energy localization in electromagnetically thick metallic mesoshells

While subwavelength dielectric structures enclosed by a thin metallic nanoshell have found a wide range of applications, their wavelength-scale counterparts have not been addressed. Conventionally, a dielectric enclosed by a thick metallic shell is considered isolated as the fields attenuate to a negligible value. Here, we show that, due to the Mie resonances of the wavelength-scale dielectric core, the energy density in the core can be enhanced by six orders of magnitude as compared to the off-resonance case, despite the presence of a thick metallic shell. In contrast to the widely studied case of plasmonic core-shell subwavelength particles, where the field enhancement occurs at the boundary of the metallic shell, the thick metallic shell surrounding the wavelength-scale dielectric core provides a strong energy confinement at the center of the core at longer wavelengths, where plasmonic effects are negligible. The observed enhancement can find applications for the probing of shielded materials and designing structures with engineered electromagnetic responses.
Managing Risks in Louisiana’s Rapidly Changing Coastal Zone

Social resilience is heavily influenced by the biophysical conditions of coastal Louisiana, a young, low-lying, and dynamic landscape that experiences floods from North America’s great river basin, tropical storms with strong winds and surges, and extreme precipitation events. While measures have been taken to prevent or limit disruptive weather disasters, these very measures have contributed, along with other human activities, to the deterioration of the coastal landscape. Integrated plans and efforts are underway to rehabilitate if not restore the coastal landscape while enhancing the protection of its inhabitants to weather disasters; however, the region must now also contend with the consequences of global climate change which threatens to raise sea level enough to inundate the entire coastal landscapes within a few generations. Under these conditions, maintenance and improvement of social resilience require a longer-term, multigenerational perspective that goes beyond preparing for extreme events. They require both advocacy and actions to limit climate change through aggressive reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases, together with adaptation to those increased threats that cannot be avoided.
Patient-Specific, Voice-Controlled, Robotic FLEXotendon Glove-II System for Spinal Cord Injury

Reduced hand function in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients is commonly associated with a lower quality of life and limits the autonomy of the patient because he/she cannot perform most tasks independently. Robotic rehabilitation exoskeletons have been introduced as a method for assisting in hand function restoration. In this article, we propose a voice-controlled, tendon-actuated soft exoskeleton for improving hand function rehabilitation. The exoskeleton is constructed from soft materials to conform to the user's hand for improved fit and flexibility. A partially biomimetic tendon routing strategy independently actuates the index finger, middle finger, and thumb for a total of 4 degrees-of-freedom of the overall system. Nitinol wires are used for passive finger extension and screw-guided twisted tendon actuators are used for active finger flexion to create a compact, lightweight actuation mechanism. A continuous voice control strategy is implemented to provide a hands-free control interface and a simplified user interface experience while retaining distinct user intention. The exoskeleton was evaluated in a case study with a spinal cord injury patient. The patient used the exoskeleton and completed range-of-motion measurement as well as hand function tests, including the Box and Block Test and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test.