cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Exposure to Sexual Violence Prevention Messages on Students' Bystander Behavior.

Bystander intervention is a prevention strategy commonly used to address campus sexual violence. Increasingly, there are calls for prevention efforts to be multilevel and ongoing. The current study...
Regioselective Hydrogenation of Itaconic Acid to γ-Isovalerolactone by Transition-Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts.

Current methods for hydrogenation of bio-derived itaconic acid (IA) lead to a mixture of isomeric lactone products. Transition-metal nanoparticles (TM-NPs), in situ-generated through thermolysis of TM(0) (Ru, Fe, W, Cr) carbonyls, in particular Ru-NPs, were found to catalyze regioselective hydrogenation of IA by syngas (2 H2 /CO) into γ-isovalerolactone (GiVL) in approximately 70 % isolated yield. Key sustainability features of this new route include: a one-pot direct transformation of bio-renewable IA into value-added GiVL selectively, use of inexpensive and renewable syngas in aqueous solution, and development of a supported recyclable NP catalyst system, Al2 O3 -Ru-NPs.
Global perspectives on manhood and masculinity

ABSTRACTThe special issue includes several articles that explore the essence of manhood and masculinity. While the articles make significant contributions on their own, readers will benefit from dr...
Relationship Between Postural Stability and Paraspinal Muscle Adaptation in Lame Horses Undergoing Rehabilitation.

Abstract Postural stability maintains balance, protects the spinal column, and allows accurate responses to destabilizing forces. The musculus multifidus (m. multifidus) is the major postural muscle located adjacent to the vertebrae along the length of the spinal column. Increased cross-sectional area (CSA) of the m. multifidus has been demonstrated in horses after a rehabilitation strengthening exercise program; however, correlation with functional postural stability has not been shown. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the relationship of the thoracolumbar m. multifidus CSA and measures of postural sway performance in lame horses undergoing rehabilitation exercises in clinical cases. Seven client-owned horses admitted to the equine rehabilitation service were included in the study. M. multifidus CSA was measured via ultrasonography at the start of a rehabilitation program (initial evaluation) and after 12 weeks of rehabilitation exercises (final evaluation). Postural sway data were also measured at initial and final evaluation. A significant increase in m. multifidus CSA was seen from initial to final evaluation. A moderate to strong correlation was present between m. multifidus CSA and postural sway variables. These results suggest that there is an association between postural stability and m. multifidus hypertrophy in lame horses undergoing individualized rehabilitation programs. However, more research is needed to provide a definitive answer on the nature of this relationship. Ideally, specific performance tests would better define and examine the relationship in which to guide clinicians in rehabilitation protocol development.
Forward flexed posture: reliability and determinants of tragus-to-wall measurement.

Forward flexed posture is an impairment in body structure commonly seen among older adults and those with pathologies such as ankylosing spondylitis and osteoporosis. Accurate measurement of forwar...
A 'parallel pandemic': The psychosocial burden of COVID-19 in children and adolescents.

The widespread restrictive measures used to control the transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection include but are not limited to social distancing and temporary shutdown of schools, companies, and recreational facilities. These dramatic shifts in lifestyle implemented in a short time‐frame, have inadvertently exposed a darker social scenery that challenges the well‐being and development of a generation of children and adolescents globally. The pandemic has stretched the capacity of healthcare providers and home caregivers in resource‐rich and resource‐limited economies, leaving many children in circumstances that offer limited physical, infrastructural, emotional, and social support.
Risk of arrhythmic events after alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using continuous implantable cardiac monitoring.

Background Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can lead to heart rhythm disturbances including complete heart block (CHB) and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Objective We aimed to evaluate the utility of long-term arrhythmia monitoring with an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) after ASA. Methods Between February 2014 and March 2019, 56 patients with HCM undergoing ASA were enrolled in a prospective study and underwent ICM implantation. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the rate of ICM-detected arrhythmic events. Results The mean age was 59 ± 11 years, and 20 (36%) were women. The median (25th, 75th percentile) resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient obtained by echocardiography was 43 (22, 81) mm Hg. Greater than 1 septal perforating artery was injected in 48 patients (86%). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative rate of ICM-detected arrhythmic events at 18 months of follow-up was 71%, with an event rate of 43% occurring within 3 months of ASA. The cumulative rate of the ICM-detected first atrial fibrillation event at 18 months was 37%, and the corresponding rate of CHB was 19%. All atrial fibrillation and CHB events were actionable, leading to the initiation of anticoagulation and pacemaker implantation, respectively. No baseline demographic or procedural variables were identified as independent predictors of an increased risk of developing ICM-detected arrhythmic events. Conclusion After ASA, ICM is effective in capturing clinically actionable arrhythmic events in patients with HCM regardless of patient's baseline risk factors.
Incommensurate magnetism in K 2 MnS 2 -x Se x and prospects for tunable frustration in a triangular lattice of pseudo-1D spin chains

We report a detailed investigation of ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{MnS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{MnSe}}_{2}$ from the ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{MnS}}_{2}$ structure type and their magnetic solid solution ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{MnS}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ and find that compounds of this structure type consist of strongly coupled pseudo-one-dimensional antiferromagnetic chains that collectively represent a frustrated two-dimensional triangular antiferromagnet. Bulk samples of ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{MnS}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ with $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}2$ are characterized using x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, magnetization, and heat-capacity measurements. An incommensurate cycloid magnetic structure with a magnetic propagation vector $k=[0.58\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}0\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}1]$ is observed for all samples in ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{MnS}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$, and the ordering is robust despite a 12% increase in cell volume. Geometric frustration of chains results in incommensurability along $a$ and a two-step magnetic transition. The varying geometries accessible in compounds of this structure type are presented as promising avenues to tune frustration.
Changes in Patient Volumes and Outcomes After Adding Thrombectomy Capability.

Background and Purpose: With the rising demand for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) and introduction of thrombectomy-capable stroke centers (TSC), there is interest among existing stroke hospitals t...
P358 Assessing Sexual Health Services at a public university in the United States

Background The American National College Health Association reports that college students have frequent, condomless sex. Student health and wellness clinics (SHWC) offer sexual health services, but few have dedicated sexual health clinics (SHC). We evaluated screening service use at a university SHWC after implementation of a SHC two half-days per week. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of data from patients receiving sexual health screening at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) SHWC from 2015 to 2019. Demographic variables and rates of STIs were extracted from the electronic medical record and were compared by clinic (SHC vs. SHWC). Univariate models were fit, and multi-variable models will be fit, selecting variables with p values of 0.1 or less. Odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for univariate analysis are presented. Results A total of 5025 STI screenings were performed. Males (OR 4.13; 3.61–4.72), undergraduates (OR 1.33; 1.15–1.54), and persons reporting sex with the same sex (OR 1.88; 1.56–2.28), were significantly more likely to seek care at the SHC. Students with symptoms were more likely to seek care at the SHWC (OR 0.53; 0.47–0.61), while persons who reported contact with STIs were more likely to seek care at the SHC (OR 2.88; 2.22–3.74). The overall percentage of positive screenings was 9.3% for chlamydia (CT), 3.0% for gonorrhea (GC), 0.8% for trichomoniasis (TV), 0.7% for syphilis, and 0.3% for HIV with higher percentages of positive for CT (OR 1.60; 1.30–1.96) and GC (OR 2.02; 1.44–2.85) in the SHC. Conclusion Embedding a dedicated SHC within a university SHWC may expand populations reached for STI screening. With higher percentages of patients testing positive for CT and GC, a SHC may allow for greater diagnosis and treatment of STIs in general screening and persons presenting as contacts.
Topographical overlapping of the Aβ and Tau pathologies in the Default mode networks predicts Alzheimer's Disease with higher specificity

While Amyloid-plaques and Tau-tangles are the well-recognized pathologies of Alzheimers disease (AD), they are more often observed in healthy individuals than in AD patients. This discrepancy makes it extremely challenging to utilize these two proteinopathies as reliable biomarkers for the early detection as well as later diagnosis of AD. Using the recent advancements in the imaging technology, our newly developed quantification methods, and publicly available neuroimaging data from 303 individuals, we hypothesize and provide preliminary evidence that topographically overlapping A{beta} and Tau within the DMN play more critical roles in the underlying pathophysiology of AD than the Tau and/or A{beta} pathologies. We first showed that the probability of observing overlapping A{beta} and Tau is significantly higher within the DMN than outside DMN. Then we showed evidence that using A{beta} and Tau overlap can increase the reliability of the prediction of healthy individuals converting to MCI and a lesser degree converting from MCI to AD. These findings shed some light on the complex pathophysiology of AD and suggest that overlapping A{beta} and Tau pathologies within DMN might be a more reliable biomarker of AD for early detection and later diagnosis of the disease.
Monolithic Bilayer Metasurface for Multicolor Phase-Amplitude Holography

We propose a monolithic bilayer metasurface platform for phase-amplitude holograms operating at up to three colors, in both visible and infrared regimes.
The Association Between Service Connection and Treatment Outcome in Veterans Undergoing Residential PTSD Treatment.

The Department of Veterans Affairs has invested significant time and resources into the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite concerted efforts, a significant portion of patients do not respond optimally to trauma-focused treatment. One of the factors that has been hypothesized to be associated with treatment response is participation in the Veterans Benefits Administration service-connected disability process. This factor may be particularly relevant in the residential treatment setting, where most participants are engaged in the compensation seeking process. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 105 veterans who completed Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in a residential rehabilitation program. ANCOVAs that adjusted for baseline PTSD severity compared symptom change between those who were and were non-compensation seeking at the time of treatment. Compensation seeking status was associated with significantly less symptom improvement over the course of CPT after adjusting for baseline PTSD severity (F(1, 102) = 4.29, p < .001, η2 = .03). Sensitivity analyses did not detect a similar effect during a prior coping skills phase of treatment. During CPT, clinically significant change was met by 66.7% of non-compensation seeking veterans (M = –15, SD = 14.56) and by 40.1% of the compensation seeking group (M = –7.1, SD = 12.24). Compensation-seeking may be associated with reduced response to trauma-focused treatment in certain settings. Future research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying this effect.
Diverse processing underlying frequency integration in midbrain neurons of barn owls.

Emergent response properties of sensory neurons depend on circuit connectivity and somatodendritic processing. Neurons of the barn owl’s external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx) display emergence of spatial selectivity. These neurons use interaural time difference (ITD) as a cue for the horizontal direction of sound sources. ITD is detected by upstream brainstem neurons with narrow frequency tuning, resulting in spatially ambiguous responses. This spatial ambiguity is resolved by ICx neurons integrating inputs over frequency, a relevant processing in sound localization across species. Previous models have predicted that ICx neurons function as point neurons that linearly integrate inputs across frequency. However, the complex dendritic trees and spines of ICx neurons raises the question of whether this prediction is accurate. Data from in vivo intracellular recordings of ICx neurons were used to address this question. Results revealed diverse frequency integration properties, where some ICx neurons showed responses consistent with the point neuron hypothesis and others with nonlinear dendritic integration. Modeling showed that varied connectivity patterns and forms of dendritic processing may underlie observed ICx neurons’ frequency integration processing. These results corroborate the ability of neurons with complex dendritic trees to implement diverse linear and nonlinear integration of synaptic inputs, of relevance for adaptive coding and learning, and supporting a fundamental mechanism in sound localization.
Injured black men's perceptions of the recovery environment.

Abstract Background Black men are disproportionately impacted by injuries in the United States. This disparity is glaring given that injury is one of the top ten causes of death. Injured Black men from disadvantaged neighborhoods experience higher injury mortality, years of life-expectancy loss, and psychological symptoms that persist after initial wounds have been treated. These injured men are typically transported to a hospital where they are medically stabilized and soon after are returned to the community. Black men are less likely to be discharged to comprehensive rehabilitation facilities, magnifying disparities in recovery from injury. While much research has examined individual characteristics that predict poor recovery from injury, fewer studies have focused on social and physical features of the environment and how they may impact the recovery of injury survivors. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe Black men's perceptions of how characteristics of their environment affect their recovery following serious injury. Methods This was a secondary analysis of an existing data set consisting of semi-structured, qualitative interviews of 43 injured Black men in a northeastern city. The interviews were conducted three months following discharge from a large urban trauma center, and were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and de-identified. Thematic analysis consistent with the qualitative paradigm was used to identify themes. Results Four themes were identified in injured men's narratives: challenges to recovery, feeling unsafe, efforts to increase safety, and resources for recovery. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the importance of the role of community resources that can support injured men's recovery within their neighborhoods. Additional resources should be directed to survivors who return to disadvantaged communities after injury in order to minimize adverse emotional experiences that detract from recovery.
The Salve and the Sting of Religion/Spirituality in Queer and Transgender BIPOC

Religious institutions (“the church,” mosques, synagogues, temples, etc.) have been a source of refuge and support for LGBTQ+ individuals, especially those who are Black and Brown. LGBTQ+ individuals may come from families that have strong religious/spiritual views and may be active in their respective faith communities, enjoy the fellowship of community worship, and enjoy the services. They feel a connection to their higher power and feel a familial bond with those in that community. LGBTQ+ individuals may also experience trauma from their faith communities. From not being able to live authentically, being subjected to heteronormative views of dating and relationships, being shunned by family and members of their faith communities, not being allowed to assume leadership roles in their places of worship, to being told they are sinful, demonic, filthy, unclean, LGBTQ+ individuals often believe they have been abandoned by the same folks that profess love for all. This book chapter discusses the roles that faith communities play in the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals and ways that mental health professionals can provide support for those who feel a strong connection to their faith communities and even though they have experienced trauma from those communities, they still want to be involved in those communities. The chapter will also explore those who have Pagan identities or who are atheist/agnostic. The chapter concludes with a case scenario.
Wounded Heroes: Vulnerability as a Virtue in Ancient Greek Literature and Philosophy

Vulnerability is not often associated with virtue. Yet to be vulnerable is central to human experience. In this book, McCoy examines ways in which Greek epic, tragedy, and philosophy have important insights to offer about the nature of human vulnerability and how human beings might better come to terms with their own vulnerability. While studies of Greek heroism and virtue often focus on strength of character, prowess in war, or the achievement of honour for oneself or one’s society, McCoy examines another side to Greek thought that extols the recognition and proper acceptance of vulnerability. McCoy begins with the literary works of Homer’s Iliad, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus and Philoctetes before expanding her analysis to philosophical works. There, she analyzes imagery of wounding in Plato’s Gorgias and Symposium as well as Aristotle’s work on the vulnerability inherent in friendship and an innovative interpretation of tragic catharsis in the Poetics. As much a work of philosophy as of classical textual analysis, McCoy’s work aims at a deeper understanding of the virtues of vulnerability for individuals and societies alike.
The Direction of Cyclic Stretch-Induced Stress Fiber Orientation Depends on Matrix Rigidity

Mechanical properties of the cellular environment such as elastic rigidity have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of important cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (1–3). Intracellular tension decreases with decreasing matrix rigidity (1). Actin stress fibers (SFs), the major structural element in cells bearing tension, are also less prevalent on soft vs. rigid matrices (4). We have developed a theoretical model of stretch-induced SFs that predicts SFs reorient perpendicular to the direction of cyclic stretch in order to maintain SF tension at a homeostatic level (5). A theoretical model developed by the Safran group (6) predicts that cells will also align perpendicular to cyclic stretch on soft substrates. To test these predictions, we subjected cells to cyclic uniaxial stretch on soft collagen hydrogels. Interestingly, the cells and their SFs aligned parallel to the direction of stretch without co-alignment of collagen fibrils, indicating the need for a new model to describe the effects of cyclic stretch on SF reorganization on soft matrices.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Geospace variability during the 2008-2009 Whole Heliosphere Intervals

We simulate the ionosphere and thermosphere throughout the extended solar minimum epoch from 2008 to 2009 using geospace models, systematically validating the models with databases of observed geospace composition. We isolate and quantify observed changes of as much as 4 total electron content unit (TECU) (1 TECU = 1016 elections m−2) (~36%) in global (60°S−60°N) ionospheric total electron density and as much as 19 × 10−12 kg m−3 (~75%) in global thermospheric mass density at 250 km associated with fluctuating solar EUV radiation and geomagnetic activity during this nominally “quiet” period. Corresponding modeled responses to both solar EUV radiation and geomagnetic activity are about a factor of 2 smaller than is observed. We identify, as well, semiannual and annual oscillations that produce geospace variability comparable to that produced by external solar and geomagnetic influences, and which cause distinct differences among the three individual Whole Heliosphere Intervals. From the first Whole Heliosphere Interval (March–April 2008) to the third Whole Heliosphere Interval (June–July 2009) total electron content (60°S−60°N) decreased 3.6 TECU (~32%) and mass density at 250 km decreased 9 × 10−12 kg m−3 (~34%) due to these oscillations. Reliable attribution of the geospace base state during the 2008–2009 solar minimum epoch and geospace comparisons among the Whole Heliosphere Intervals thus requires that the semiannual and annual oscillations be properly distinguished in addition to the concurrent solar and heliospheric effects which have been the primary goal of the majority of Whole Heliosphere Interval (WHI) characterizations.
Cot Analysis: Single‐copy versus Repetitive DNA

DNA reassociation, analysed by Cot methods, has provided insights into the organization, uneven replication, evolution and expression of genomes, and into disease processes such as viral infection and cancer. Keywords: cot curves; DNA reassociation; genome organization; genome complexity; molecular phylogeny
Nuclear Memory: Gene Transcription and Behavior

Publisher Summary The most widely studied immediate early genes belong to the Fos family. This family includes c-fos, fosB, fra1, and fra2 . When activated, these genes transcribe their protein products, designated C-FOSF, FosB, FRA1, and FRA2, respectively. The initial impetus to examine the induction of these genes and proteins has the assumption that they could be used to “map” neurons and neuronal networks activated by biologically significant stimuli. These proteins play crucial roles in regulating particular cell functions. These proteins bind to a DNA sequence by forming heterodimers with protein products of another immediate early gene family, Jun. The Fos-Jun dimers bind to the consensus sequence TGACTCA, called activator protein-1 (AP1) sequence. When they bind to this DNA sequence, they activate or repress the transcription of other genes. One Fos family member protein that has a predicted molecular weight around 35 kDa is an alternatively spliced form of FosB, termed ΔFosB that lacks a portion of exon 4. Despite its truncated nature, however, ΔFosB seems to have functional activity as a transcription factor. It has been demonstrated that ΔFosB variants constitute the long-lasting AP1 activity induced in the striatum after repeated cocaine treatment. The present set of findings described in this chapter shows that the long-lasting AP1 complex contains ΔFosB variants and that fosB gene products could play a crucial role in cocaine sensitization. In more general terms, this set of findings suggests that transcriptional regulation in the cell nucleus could play a critical role in the formation of certain types of memory.
The Spratly Islands: A Regional Perspective

The unprecedented and massive developmental growth China has experienced in the past decades has in fact transformed a country from a third-world overpopulated Asian state, to one of the most influential nations since the rise of the United States after World War II. China now faces the classic dilemma of maintaining its developmental growth and economic progress. It has been predicted that China’s overall economy could grow at 9 percent per year for the next 20 years.
Cloning of minute virus of mice cDNAs and preliminary analysis of individual viral proteins expressed in murine cells.

Abstract cDNAs corresponding to RNA from the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice were cloned into constitutive and inducible expression vectors. These clones generate viral NS2, VP1, and VP2 proteins individually. Initial examination of these clones by transient expression analysis and analysis of stably transformed murine cell lines inducibly expressing these constructs indicated that they will be useful tools for characterizing the function of individual minute virus of mice gene products.
Gas-liquid segmented flow microwave-assisted synthesis of MOF-74(Ni) under moderate pressures

The metal organic framework, MOF-74(Ni), was synthesized in a continuous flow microwave-assisted reactor obtaining a high space-time yield (~90 g h−1 L−1) and 96.5% conversion of reagents. Separation of the nucleation and growth steps was performed by using uniform and rapid microwave heating to induce nucleation, which allowed a substantial increase in conversion for shorter reaction times under mild pressure. High yields were achieved in minutes, as opposed to days for typical batch syntheses, with excellent control over the material's properties due to more uniform nucleation, and the separation of the nucleation and growth steps. Optimization of the microwave reactor parameters led to improvements in MOF-74(Ni) crystallinity, reagent conversion, and production rates. Differences in MOF-74(Ni) crystallinity were observed as smaller grains were formed when higher microwave zone temperatures were used. Crystallinity differences led to different final adsorption properties and surface areas. Herein we show that a continuous high space-time yield synthesis of MOF-74(Ni) allows control over nucleation using microwave heating.
Electron Transfer Reactions: Theory

This article discusses the progress in the field of electron-transfer theory over the period of about 50 years since early 50s marked by the development of theories of radiationless transitions in molecules in the gas phase and the Marcus theory of electronic transitions between ions in solution. The article starts with the classification of electron-transfer reactions in terms of reaction mechanisms and the extent of electronic delocalization. This is followed by the outline of the picture of intersecting parabolas due to Marcus, which defines the activation barrier for nonadiabatic electron transfer. The rate of nonadiabatic electron transfer strongly depends on electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor states. The Mulliken-Hush theory, along with its recent generalizations, provides coupling from spectroscopic observables. The success of electron-transfer theories has largely been supported by the connection between thermal rates and optical spectroscopy. The activation barrier can be obtained from optical spectra by using the band-shape analysis discussed next. This is followed by the overview of the inverted region of electron transfer and the consequences of introducing nonparabolic free energy surfaces of electron transfer in polarizable systems. The advent of ultrafast spectroscopic techniques opened up a new avenue in electron-transfer research related to the effects of polarization dynamics on the reaction rate. Measurements at varying pressure allow one to introduce an additional thermodynamic variable probing the activation barrier. The article concludes with a brief account of magnetic effects in electron transfer. Keywords: electron transfer; reorganization energy; cross relations; electronic coupling; transition dipole; optical band shapes; Franck-Condon factors; inverted region; nonlinear solvation; solute polarizability; solvation dynamics; volume of activation
Real-time pricing algorithm considering load identification for smart grid

This paper proposes a multi-real time pricing (RTP) algorithm considering different loads for future smart grid. The key idea is to set different RTPs for different loads. Thanks to the smart meter technology, it is now possible to identify the load types, even if it is just the beginning of the load identification journey. Three types of loads (totally shiftable, partially shiftable and non-shiftable) are introduced to represent consumer's willing of shifting the load from peak periods to off-peak periods. A utility satisfaction function framework network is maximized to obtain the optimal RTPs. Experiment studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in reducing the peak load and benefitting both the energy provider and consumers.
Chloride ion binding at non-coordination sites in hemerythrin.

Abstract The effect of low concentrations of Cl− on the dissociability of oxyhemerythrin was examined by Sephadex gel chromatography procedures and direct evidence for Cl− binding prior to coordination with iron atoms was obtained by using 36Cl. The results suggest Cl− interaction at sites other than the iron atoms.
Erotic city: sexual revolutions and the making of modern San Francisco

by Josh Sides, New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, 304 pp., $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780195377811 Over the past 20 years, historians charting the shifting geographies of twentieth-century sexuali...
Correlation of Refined Models for Casein Submicelles with Electron Microscopic Studies of Casein

To enhance understanding of the milk protein system, an energy minimized three-dimensional (3-D) model of a putative casein submicelle has been constructed using monomeric, κ-, αs1- and β-casein 3-D models. Docking of one κ- and four αs1-casein molecules produced a framework structure whose external portion is composed of the hydrophilic domains of αs1- and κ- and whose central portion contains two large hydrophobic cavities. Preformed symmetric and asymmetric dimers (formed by docking the hydrophobic C terminal regions of two β-casein molecular models) could easily be placed into the two central cavities on the κ-, αs1- framework yielding two plausible energy minimized 3-D structures for submicellar casein. To test these two 3-D structures, theoretical computer generated topographical models were compared to experimental electron microscopic data. Good comparisons of the shapes of the 3-D models with those of the images generated by electron microscopy were achieved for both the symmetric and asymmetric submicelle models.
Low frequency dielectric relaxation from complex impedance and complex electric ‘modulus’

The low frequency dielectric characteristics of many materials are often difficult to obtain accurately because of the d.c. conductivity contribution, which is the major portion of the loss, and which has to be subtracted from the total dielectric loss. This is particularly true for small dielectric relaxation peaks which tend to be overwhelmed by the d.c. conduction loss. An equation was derived which enables one to calculate the dielectric characteristics at low frequency, for specimens with small dielectric relaxation peaks, without subtracting the d.c. conductivity, from the complex impedance plot and complex electric “modulus” plot.
Effects of neighbors on growth and mortality of mangrove seedlings in Florida, U.S.A.

Changes in height and mortality rates of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), and white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) seedlings were measured in three field stands for 45 months. Differences between stands and the effects of size and distance of neighboring trees on individual growth rates were examined. Trees in a ditechside stand demonstrated higher growth rates than those near the upland edge, which in turn, grew faster than those in the high marsh proper. Mortality rates for red, black, and white mangroves were 9.6%, 4.6%, and 3.2% per year, respectively, whereas height increment rates ranged from 28.5–131.3 cm per year. Moderate salinities and lack of interference from mature trees are considered partially responsible for the relatively low mortality and high growth rates observed. The only consistent effects of neighborns on changes in height of subject trees were positive. This result is attributed to shared environmental conditions between neighboring trees.
When Is Death Inevitable after Emergency Laparotomy? Analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database

Background In an era of increasing demands to provide high-quality health care, surgeons need an accurate preoperative risk assessment tool to facilitate informed decision-making for themselves and their patients. Emergency laparotomy procedures have a high risk profile, but the currently available risk-assessment models for emergency laparotomy are either unreliable (eg, small sample size or single center study), difficult to calculate preoperatively, or are specific to the geriatric population. Study Design The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2005 to 2009) was used to develop logistic regression models for 30-day mortality after emergency laparotomy. Two models were created, one with the knowledge of the postoperative diagnosis and one without. Models' calibration and discrimination were judged using the receiver operating characteristics curves and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Results There were 37,553 patients who had undergone emergency laparotomy, with a 14% mortality rate. The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system, functional status, sepsis, and age were the variables most significantly associated with mortality. Patients older than 90 years of age, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists class V, septic shock, dependent functional status, and abnormal white blood cell count have a Conclusions The models developed in this study have a high discriminative ability to stratify the operative risk in a broad range of acute abdominal emergencies. These data will assist surgeons, patients, and their families in making end-of-life decisions in the face of medical futility with greater certainty when emergency surgery is being contemplated.
Key to prevent HIV in women: reduce gender-based violence

This comment focuses on a study that brings clarity to the probable relation of male partner violence to HIV infection. The study found that in women who were HIV negative at baseline those experiencing violence from a male partner were more likely to become infected with HIV than were those not experiencing such violence.
Comparison of Different Reversed-Phase Packing Materials Based on Higher Organic Hybrid Particles

As part of our ongoing exploration into the field of hybrid organic/inorganic particles as HPLC packing materials, we have recently evaluated the use of porous particles synthesized from the co-condensation of ethylene-bridged alkoxysilanes with tetraethoxysilane [1,2]. By employing 4-100 mol% of hybrid organic/inorganic groups (i.e., O1.5SiCH2CH2SiO1.5) to 96-0 mol% inorganic groups (i.e., SiO2), novel hybrid particles have been prepared and shown to be excellent materials for the preparation of efficient and chemically resilient reversed-phase packing materials.
University incubators as agents for technology transfer and economic growth: case studies in USA, Ukraine and Finland

It is estimated that there are 4500 incubators worldwide; growing at an annual rate of 30%, and that approximately 1500 are connected with universities. However, due to the lack of reliable statistics, there are valid questions concerning the contributions of university incubators to: technology transfer and commercialisation; and to regional economic development. To answer these two questions, we utilise the case method and describe the history and contributions of university-based incubators started by authors in the USA (1982), Ukraine (1992) and Finland (1996). We conclude with 'lessons learned' and guidelines that may be useful to national economists, government officials, university administrators and faculty, and to regional economic development agencies that are planning or managing new business incubators as agents for technology transfer and economic growth.
Low level chronic gamma irradiation of a Pitch Pine-Oak forest-its physiological and genetical effects on sexual reproduction

Abstract The effects of chronic ionizing radiation of low intensity (3–15 r/20 hr day) over a period of several years on Pinus rigida and Quercus spp. were studied. The examined responses concerned the reproductive capacity of the trees, floral abnormalities, as well as growth of their progenies. For Pinus rigida there was a decrease in cone length that was associated with an increase in the chronic gamma radiation accumulated by the trees. There was also a decrease in seed germination and seedling height for plants grown from irradiated cones: this decrease was related to the total dose accumulated by the individual trees prior to and during seed formation, rather than to the total dose accumulated in the seed. One seed lot accumulated a dose of 3,500 r and had a germination capacity of 96·8 per cent of the control. For Quercus alba there were visual aberrations in flower morphology in trees receiving from 6 to 12 r/day, and internal abnormalities in acorn morphology were present in Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea , and Quercus ilicifolia . Toward the lower levels of radiation the frequency of the abnormalities fell off rapidly and below 4 r/day they were no longer apparent. Quercus alba was the only species showing embryo abortion at approximately 12 r/day. Survival percentage and height growth of seedlings of Quercus alba decreased with radiation level, and significant differences were evident between control seedlings and seedlings from trees receiving 6 r/day. Flower phenology was retarded by 7 to 14 days in both Pinus rigida and Quercus . It was remarked that under certain circumstances a Pinus rigida forest that had been killed by chronic ionizing radiation could regenerate, once radiation had stopped, from seed stored in the cones. These observed effects are discussed in relation to physiological and genetic causes.
Production of 2-methyl-1-butanol in engineered Escherichia coli

Recent progress has been made in the production of higher alcohols by harnessing the power of natural amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Here, we describe the first strain of Escherichia coli developed to produce the higher alcohol and potential new biofuel 2-methyl-1-butanol (2MB). To accomplish this, we explored the biodiversity of enzymes catalyzing key parts of the isoleucine biosynthetic pathway, finding that AHAS II (ilvGM) from Salmonella typhimurium and threonine deaminase (ilvA) from Corynebacterium glutamicum improve 2MB production the most. Overexpression of the native threonine biosynthetic operon (thrABC) on plasmid without the native transcription regulation also improved 2MB production in E. coli. Finally, we knocked out competing pathways upstream of threonine production (ΔmetA, Δtdh) to increase its availability for further improvement of 2MB production. This work led to a strain of E. coli that produces 1.25 g/L 2MB in 24 h, a total alcohol content of 3 g/L, and with yields of up to 0.17 g 2MB/g glucose.
Multimodality Fiber-based Endoscopes for Cancer Detection

Combined anatomical (optical coherence tomography) and functional (fluorescence) optical imaging can facilitate early detection of cancerous lesions. We have demonstrated multimodality imaging in the colon and ovary, and are building miniature (0.7- 2.0mm diameter) endoscopes.
Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities of Solutions of Some Mesogenic Metallotetraphenylporphyrins by Nanosecond Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing Method

The benzene solutions of a mesogenic tetraphenylporphyrin, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-n-pentadecylphenyl)porphyrin, and its metal complexes (metal: Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and V = O) were investigated to determine the 3rd-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities χ(3) by nanosecond degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) at 532 nm. All solutions of approximately the same concentration ( ≈ 10−5 mol/l) showed χ(3)-values of the same order of magnitude, ≈ 10−11 esu.
Third- and fourth-order analysis of the intensities and polarization dependence of two-photon absorption lines of Gd 3 + in La F 3 and aqueous solution

A comprehensive report and analysis of our observations of numerous parity-allowed direct two-photon transitions within the $4{f}^{7}$ configuration of the ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ ion is presented. The experimental technique is ultraviolet fluorescence detection following optical excitation with a dye-laser beam. Previous results and analyses are extended in three ways. (1) The intensities and polarization dependence of individual Stark components, in addition to integrated multiplet intensities, are reported and analyzed for ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$:La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. In those cases ($^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{5}{2}},^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}$) where a second-order theory of two-photon absorption adequately explains the integrated intensity, it also (with the exception of $^{6}D_{\frac{9}{2}}$) explains the Stark-component intensities. The remaining transitions are anomalously strong, and in some cases violate the angular momentum selection rules $\ensuremath{\Delta}L,\ensuremath{\Delta}J\ensuremath{\le}2$ and exhibit strong anisotropies, in contradiction to the second-order theory. It is shown that introduction of third- and fourth-order contributions involving spin-orbit and/or crystal-field interactions among levels of the $4{f}^{6}5d$ configuration, which serve as intermediate states, can account for both the integrated and Stark-component intensities of these transitions. (2) The strong anisotropy observed for the transitions $^{8}S_{\frac{7}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{6}P_{\frac{3}{2}},^{6}I_{J},^{6}D_{\frac{1}{2}}$ in ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$:La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ is explained quantitatively as a polarization-dependent interference between contributions to the intensity which are comparable in magnitude. Interference is destructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{^}{z}$ and constructive for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}\ensuremath{\perp}\stackrel{^}{z}$, creating an order-of-magnitude contrast in the line strength for the two polarizations. (3) A two-photon excitation spectrum of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in aqueous solution is reported. Linewidths comparable to those of room-temperature solids and Stark splittings which suggest a low-symmetry quasistatic environment are observed.
Course of distress and quality of life in testicular cancer patients before, during, and after chemotherapy: Results of a pilot study

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in white males between the ages of 15 and 45 years. Treatment may include the administration of chemotherapy which has been associated with changes in emotional distress, quality of life, and symptom distress in other cancers. The current study was designed to evaluate the course of these constructs in a sample of testicular cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Patients completed measures of emotional distress and quality of life prior to, during, and after chemotherapy, with symptom distress measured during chemotherapy. Thirty percent of patients reported moderate to high levels of distress at pre-treatment baseline that was associated with worse quality of life. Initial anxiety and distress decreased and stayed low through chemotherapy and post-treatment follow-up. There were no significant changes in fatigue, nausea or change in appearance during chemotherapy. The results suggest that some patients evidence pre-treatment anxiety and distress that appears to be primarily anticipatory, decreases over the course of chemotherapy, and occurs in the context of improved quality of life and reduced symptom severity. Deleterious changes in emotional distress, quality of life, and symptom distress seen in other cancer populations were not apparent in our sample of testicular cancer patients. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blunted pressure natriuretic response in the old rat: Participation of the renal nerves

With advancing age, there is a generalized reduction in the ability of the kidney to generate a natriuretic response and, in addition, the incidence of salt-sensitive hypertension increases. One event that could link these changes is a defect that develops in the pressure natriuresis response of the old kidney. To test this possibility, we conducted studies on the anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rat to determine the effect of abrupt alterations of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) on urinary sodium excretion (U(Na)V). Young (3- to 5-month-old), middle-aged (11- to 13-month-old), and old (18 to 20-month-old) rats were studied, and RPP was varied by clamping the aorta during the infusion of a cocktail of vasoactive hormones that suppressed the activity of endogenous factors. The gain of the pressure natriuresis relationship was severely attenuated in the old rat compared with the young and middle-aged rats. This blunting of the pressure natriuresis relationship in the old rat was partially attenuated by acute renal denervation. This effect was not associated with marked alterations in the filtered load of sodium, implying that aging is associated with a loss of the tubular epithelial response to an acute change in RPP. These observations suggest that the blunted pressure natriuresis may have a role in the increased incidence of salt-sensitive hypertension and that increased renal nerve activity may have a contributory role.
I—R. M. Sainsbury and Michael Tye: An Originalist Theory of Concepts

We argue that thoughts are structures of concepts, and that concepts should be individuated by their origins, rather than in terms of their semantic or epistemic properties. Many features of cognition turn on the vehicles of content, thoughts, rather than on the nature of the contents they express. Originalism makes concepts available to explain, with no threat of circularity, puzzling cases concerning thought. In this paper, we mention Hesperus/Phosphorus puzzles, the Evans-Perry example of the ship seen through different windows, and Mates cases, and we believe that there are many additional applications.
Deconstruction Revisited: Implications of Theory Over Methodology

Throughout the early 1990s, theoretical works in management studies citing the influence of the philosophy of Jacques Derrida were finding publication in some of the major North American academic b...