cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of porous asphalt pavements in cold regions: the state of practice and case study repository in design, construction, and maintenance

Porous asphalt pavement is a sustainable infrastructure tool used to benefit urban resilience. This paper summarizes the design, construction, and maintenance practices of porous asphalt pavements (PAPs) specific to cold regions. It includes discussions on the structural design considering frost depth and frost heave of subgrade soils, material selection and design for adequate freeze-thaw durability, construction of PAPs in cold weather, winter maintenance of PAPs for snow and ice control, and performance deterioration caused by other winter activities such as studded tires. Distinguished from other review works on this topic, the major contributions of this review paper employ case studies of PAPs to address design, construction, and maintenance concerns of PAPs in cold regions. These projects have demonstrated the success of using PAPs in cold regions and design practitioners can refer to these case studies for the new design and installation of PAPs in cold regions.
Gut Microbiota Regulates the Interaction between Diet and Genetics to Influence Glucose Tolerance

Background: Metabolic phenotypes are the result of an intricate interplay between multiple factors, including diet, genotype, and the gut microbiome. Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) kinase is a nutrient-sensing serine/threonine kinase, whose absence (PASK-/-) protects against triglyceride accumulation, insulin resistance, and weight gain on a high-fat diet; conditions that are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Methods: Herein, we report the metabolic effects of the interplay of diet (high fat high sugar, HFHS), genotype (PASK-/-), and microbiome (16S sequencing). Results: Microbiome analysis identified a diet-induced, genotype-independent forked shift, with two discrete clusters of HFHS mice having increased beta and decreased alpha diversity. A "lower" cluster contained elevated levels of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Defferibacteres, and was associated with increased weight gain, glucose intolerance, triglyceride accumulation, and decreased claudin-1 expression. Genotypic effects were observed within the clusters, lower cluster PASK-/- mice displayed increased weight gain and decreased triglyceride accumulation, whereas upper PASK-/- were resistant to decreased claudin-1. Conclusions: These results confirm previous reports that PAS kinase deficiency can protect mice against the deleterious effects of diet, and they suggest that microbiome imbalances can override protection. In addition, these results support a healthy diet for beneficial microbiome maintenance and suggest microbial culprits associated with metabolic disease.
Integral Equation for Two-Body Relative Motion: Scattering Green’s Functions in Coordinate Representation

Let us now solve the two-body relative motion scattering problem by integral equation techniques. Our main aim will be to find an approximation for the scattering cross sections valid in the limit of large energies. (Recall the partial wave expansion was useful mainly in the low energy limit, where only a few partial waves may make a significant contribution).
Atrioventricular block following brain abscess aspiration.

Significant cardiac conduction disturbance in patients with central nervous system disease rarely occurs. While commonly induced in the experimental animal the appearance of such arrhythmias in the human has been limited to single reports of ectopic tachycardia and atrioventricular (AV) block with several CNS disorders.1-5 This article presents a child with cyanotic congenital heart disease who developed persistent AV block following needle aspiration of a right thalamic brain abscess. Case Report L.D. is a 9-year-old girl with tetralogy of Fallot for which she has undergone three systemic-pulmonary arterial anastomoses. Following the last of these, a Waterston shunt in 1965, she had done well on digoxin, .090 mg twice a day with minimal exercise intolerance and cyanosis.
Health Activation Education for Self-Care

(1978). Health Activation Education for Self-Care. Health Education: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 31-32.
On-chip sample preparation by electrowetting-on-dielectric digital microfluidics for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

We present a novel sample preparation technique using electrowetting-based digital microfluidics for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). We demonstrate that critical functions, such as generation of droplets from reservoirs and sample purification can be achieved for standard MALDI-MS reagents and analytes by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) actuation. The results, collected using devices with droplets suspended in air (rather than oil (Pollack et al., 2000)), suggest that the tedious process of sample preparation can be automated on-chip for high-throughput proteomics and other applications of MALDI-MS.
Introduction to educational administration : standards, theories, and practice

Acknowledgements About the Author Preface Standard One 1. Leading in the Contemporary School Setting 2. Leading Others Through a Common Purpose Standard Two 3. Nurturing the Instructional Program 4. Extending the Curriculum Beyond the School Day 5. Sustaining a Culture of Growth Standard Three 6. Balancing Management and Leadership 7. Managing Human Resources Standard Four 8. Making Decisions in the Educational Arena 9. Sustaining Partnerships With parents and the Larger Community Standard Five 10. Understanding the Evolution of Public School's Purpose Standard Six 11. Governance of Schools in a Legal and Political Environment 12. Analyzing and Reporting Educational Data APPENDIX: Educational Leadership Standards and Successful Practices of School Principals References
A novel safety-critical system modeling approach: ternary decision diagram

In this paper safety-critical computer systems are broken down to functional modules. ternary decision diagram (TDD) is introduced to model these modules. Four cases of module construction techniques using TDD are discussed. For some dynamic modules that cannot be directly represented by TDD, the solution of the Markov model of the module provides the information for a single node TDD construction. The system level TDD is composed of the TDD of each functional module by the ORed combinatorial relationship. The system-coverage and the mean time to unsafe failure (MTTUF) are estimated via the system level TDD. An algorithm is proposed for the modular approach, and an example is utilized to verify the algorithm
TEMPORAL STRUCTURES IN VERSE DESIGN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses temporal structures in verse design. Verse design is the set of organizing principles that govern the structure of the lines of verse (verse instances) constituting a poem. A performance of a poem consists of delivery instances of its verses, where the chosen style of performance is governed by the delivery design. Although a distinction may be drawn between structure and realization in all the arts, the contrast between design and delivery is particularly aptly drawn for the performing arts, such as dance, mime, drama, vocal and instrumental music, and the recitation of poetry. The temporal properties of orally rendered verse exemplify the difficulties that arise in attempting to adjudge the role in verse of properties of sound shape that lie along the phonetics-phonology border. The fact that delivery instances of verse take place in time does not entail that temporal properties play a role in the artistic design of verse. The temporal nature of performance is found throughout the performing arts, yet some performing arts favor the presence of a clock more than others: The temporal demands of music seem far stricter than the temporal demands of drama.
Further Thoughts on the Solar Corona as a Minimum Energy System

We conjecture that the global, large-scale structure of the solar corona represents a form of minimum energy state. We illustrate this conjecture with the help of an approximate model applicable to quiet solar minimum conditions. Possible implications and applications of the conjecture are discussed in the context of coronal mass ejections and of empirical modeling of the solar corona.
Patterns of parasite prevalence and individual infection in yellow-bellied marmots

Patterns of infection and prevalence result from complex interactions between hosts and parasites, the effects of which are likely to vary by species. We investigated the effects of age, sex and season on the likelihood of individual infection, and the effects of host population size, sex ratio and age structure on parasite prevalence. We capitalized on data from a long-term study of yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventris potentially infected with fecal–orally transmitted intestinal parasites (Ascaris sp., Eimeria spp. and Entamoeba sp.), ectoparasitic fleas Thrassis stanfordi, and a flea- and louse-transmitted blood parasite Trypanosoma lewisi. Patterns of individual- and group-level infection varied widely by parasite. Yearlings were more likely to be infected with Tr. lewisi and Ascaris. Yearlings were also slightly more likely than adults to have Eimeria, but female yearlings had higher infection levels than female adults, while male yearlings had lower infection levels than male adults. Entamoeba infection decreased as the season progressed. Adults and males were more likely to be infected with Th. stanfordi. Ascaris prevalence increased with colony size. There were no significant relationships between colony size and prevalence of Entamoeba, Tr. lewisi, Eimeria or Thrassis. There was a small, but significant positive correlation between male-biased sex ratio and prevalence of fleas. The host population's age structure affected the prevalence of infection of Ascaris and Eimeria. Overall intestinal parasite diversity increased with colony size. Taken together, our results show a great deal of variation in the likelihood of individual infection and patterns of parasite prevalence in marmots.
Generalized L2-Divergence and Its Application to Shape Alignment

This paper proposes a novel and robust approach to the groupwise point-sets registration problem in the presence of large amounts of noise and outliers. Each of the point sets is represented by a mixture of Gaussians and the point-sets registration is treated as a problem of aligning the multiple mixtures. We develop a novel divergence measure which is defined between any arbitrary number of probability distributions based on L2 distance, and we call this new divergence measure "Generalized L2-divergence ". We derive a closed-form expression for the Generalized-L2 divergence between multiple Gaussian mixtures, which in turn leads to a computationally efficient registration algorithm. This new algorithm has an intuitive interpretation, is simple to implement and exhibits inherent statistical robustness. Experimental results indicate that our algorithm achieves very good performance in terms of both robustness and accuracy.
Performance evaluation of the CHEMBIO DPP® (dual path platform) HIV-1/2 assay in early and established infections.

Abstract Background The availability of more accurate point-of-care technology could increase the number of persons aware of their HIV status. The DPP ® HIV-1/2 assay is the first dual path platform rapid test (RT) approved in the U.S. that also received the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) waiver for use with oral fluid and fingerstick and venous whole blood. Objective To evaluate the performance of the DPP ® HIV-1/2 assay with plasma specimens. Study design Sensitivity and specificity of the assay were calculated from 696 HIV-1 groups M (B and non-B subtypes) and O and HIV-2 (groups A and B) specimens and 505 HIV-negative specimens, respectively. Analysis of the assay performance in HIV-1 early infections was assessed by estimating the relative sensitivity of the RT before the Western blot (WB) becomes positive using a 50% cumulative frequency analysis and by comparing the reactivity with other Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved RTs. Results The sensitivity for established infection was 100% for HIV-1 and 100% for HIV-2. The specificity was 100%. The DPP ® HIV-1/2 assay performs similarly to most antibody-based RT approved by FDA in early HIV-1 infections. Conclusions The DPP ® technology showed no significant improvement for detecting early infections over other lateral-flow RTs used in the U.S. Without more data on the DPP ® HIV-1/2 assay, especially from whole blood and oral fluid specimens collected during the early phase of infection, its performance as point-of-care technology remains to be assessed.
Push Me Pull You: Integrating Opposing Data Transport Modes for Efficient HPC Application Monitoring

While HPC system monitoring is a necessary and accepted practice, applications are still basically opaque in the production environment. For better HPC platform management and utilization, especially as platforms push towards exascale size, HPC applications need to be more transparent in their execution in the production environment. PROMON is a framework for application monitoring in the production environment, but its design concentrated on the front end issues of offering easy to use application instrumentation. This paper presents the integration of PROMON with LDMS, a proven efficient HPC system monitoring framework. PROMON and LDMS offer a case study in integrating two disparate instrumentation and monitoring models, and the lessons are applicable to other HPC monitoring issues.
'Ought' and Resolution Semantics.

I motivate and characterize an intensional semantics for ‘ought’ on which it does not behave as a universal quantifier over possibilities. My motivational argument centers on taking at face value some standard challenges to the quantificational semantics, especially to the idea that ‘ought’-sentences satisfy the principle of Inheritance. I argue that standard pragmatic approaches to these puzzles are either not sufficiently detailed or unconvincing.
Diagnostic significance of allelic imbalance in cancer.

Allelic imbalance (AI), a deviation from the normal 1:1 ratio of maternal and paternal alleles, occurs in virtually all solid and blood-borne malignancies. The frequency and spectrum of AI in a tumor cell reflects the karyotypic complexity of the cancer genome. Hence, many investigations have assessed the extent of AI to analyze differences between normal and tumor tissues in a variety of different organs. In this review, the authors describe established and emerging technologies used to assess the extent of AI in human tissues, and their application in the diagnosis of cancer. The four major methods to be reviewed represent powerful and widely used tools for the identification of allelic imbalances accompanying cancer initiation and progression. These are fluorescent in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and the use of microsatellite markers. For each method, the authors provide a brief description of the approach and elaborate on specific studies...
Stress history during propagation of a lateral fold-tip and implications for the mechanics of fold-thrust belts

Abstract This paper evaluates the hypothesis of lateral propagation of fold-tip lines by comparing paleostress data from the lateral tip of a natural fold with a theoretical stress history at a moving screw dislocation. The fold is an asymmetric kink fold exposed in Ogden Canyon, Utah, where mapping revealed that a cylindrical anticline-syncline pair changes along strike into a noncylindrical termination. Quartz deformation lamellae data from this fold indicate that the stress history in the fold tip was relatively simple with a general pattern of layer parallel compression perpendicular to the fold axis and layer parallel extension subparallel to the fold hinge line. In contrast, data from the cylindrical part of the fold are complex, regardless of the position within the fold. The latter is significant because although the symmetry of the cylindrical fold implies a plane-strain deformation, the paleostress data indicate that the strains were actually three-dimensional; an observation that is easily explained if the fold propagated laterally (along strike) during fold growth. To test this hypothesis, we consider a simple stress model where the non-cylindrical fold-tip is treated as a moving screw dislocation. We conclude that although a broad range of models are allowable, this simple model can account for most of the complexities of the data. Thus, we conclude that the fold has propagated laterally during its growth. Recent studies of two fold-related earthquake series (the 1980 El Asnam earthquake and the 1983 Coalinga sequence) lend support to models that call on lateral propagation of fault-related folds. Thus, these active fold-thrust systems as well as our study of an ancient system are consistent with the concept that folding is a three-dimensional process rather than a simple plane-strain deformation. Clearly, further word is needed to thoroughly test the fold-propagation models. Nonetheless, the recognition of lateral propagation of folds is important because it supports Elliot's “macroscopic creep” concept for development of fold-thrust belts where propagation of fracture tip-lines is a least-work process analogous to dislocation creep in crystals.
Binding-dependent disorder-order transition in PKI alpha: a fluorescence anisotropy study.

The conformational flexibility of peptidyl ligands may be an essential element of many peptide−macromolecular interactions. Consequently, the α-carbonyl backbone flexibility of the 8 kDa protein kinase inhibitor (PKIα) peptide of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) free in solution and bound to cAPK was assessed by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. Specifically, three full-length, single-site PKIα mutants (V3C, S28C, and S59C) were prepared, and fluorescein iodoacetamide (FI) was selectively conjugated to the side chains of each substituted cysteine. The time-resolved anisotropy decay profiles of the labeled mutants were well fit to a model-free nonassociative biexponential equation. Free in solution, the three labeled proteins had very similar anisotropy decays arising primarily from local α-carbonyl backbone movements. Only a small fraction of the anisotropy decay was associated with slower, whole-body tumbling, confirming that PKIα is highly disordered at all three locations. Complexation of the ...
The increasingly hollow state: challenges and dilemmas for public administration

For over 20 years, a research programme has been conducted on service implementation networks that are connected to governments by a network of contracts. The networks themselves engage in a joint production of the service and thus collaboration is essential if these networks are to perform reasonably well. Most of the research in the programme has been in mental health. The degree of connectedness between the state and its agents has been used as a measure of how many degrees of separation there are between the source of taxpayer funds and the use of those funds. The more degrees of separation there are, the greater the degree of “hollowness”, and the more degrees of separation, the more difficult it is to govern and manage what is called a “hollow state”.
Embryonic Development: A New SPN on Cell Fate Specification

The recent identification and characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene spn-4 has shed new light on the mechanisms that link embryonic polarity to the specification of cell fates.
On the wind-tunnel simulation of the atmospheric surface layer for the study of wind loads on low-rise buildings

Abstract Mean velocity and turbulence measurements are made in a shear layer generated in a short test-section wind tunnel. This shear layer is developed by the spire-roughness technique and simulates as closely as possible the lower part of the neutral atmospheric surface layer for the study of pressures on 1:70 scale models of low-rise buildings. In Ref. [1] and in a companion paper [2], to be published at a later date, the statistical quantities describing the fluctuating pressures acting on a low-rise building in model and in full scale are compared. Comparison of the generated shear flow with measurements obtained in the atmospheric surface layer indicates that simultaneous simulation of mean-velocity power index, surface-roughness length, turbulence intensity and turbulence integral scale is extremely difficult to achieve. On the basis of results obtained to date, it is tentatively concluded that close simulation of the turbulence intensity and development of a turbulence integral scale at least as large as the largest model dimension are required for proper simulation of the fluctuating wind pressures. In order to satisfy these requirements, the scaling of the upstream roughness elements must be exaggerated.
Abstract families of deterministic languages

Abstract families of (one-way) deterministic acceptors are formalized and shown to be characterized by families of languages closed under marked union, marked *, and inverse marked gsm mapping. The independence of these closure operations is also proved.
Numerical Phyletics: An Analysis from the Viewpoint of Phylogenetic Systematics

Numerical taxonomy's claims for numerical phyogenetic inferences—i.e. various authors' contributions included in Sneath and Sokal's new textbook— re critically examined, and contrasted with Hennig's hylogenetic systematics. Numerical phyletics is found to be vague, inconsistent, and defective concerning the precision and power of problem solution in theory and practice. Therefore, in all these aspects it is inferior to Hennig's phylogenetic systematics, which seem to have been misunderstood and misinterpreted by Sneath and Sokal, apparently due to lack of sufficient information about the present state of this methodology.
Evidence of interaction between deprivation effects and stimulus control

Discriminative responding in pigeons was studied under multiple variable-interval extinction and variable-ratio extinction schedules, as deprivation was varied. Generally, the greater the accuracy of discrimination that developed during training, the smaller the effect of deprivation upon subsequent performance. This was true both in terms of changes in response rates, and in the relationship between response rates during food reinforcement and extinction. When discrimination was inaccurate, increases in deprivation resulted in disproportionate increases in responding during extinction, as compared to increases during food reinforcement components of the schedule. The results suggest that as stimulus control (accuracy) of responding increases, discriminative performance becomes less and less susceptible to influence by deprivation.
Interaction between signal timing and signal feature preferences: causes and implications for sexual selection

Females often choose their mates based on features of the male’s advertisement signal, often preferring louder, deeper, longer, or faster signals. Females of chorusing animals also frequently have preferences for signal timing positions, generally preferring the leading signal. Under natural chorus conditions, females must choose among signals that vary in features as well as relative timing. I conducted playback experiments with female Hyla cinerea treefrogs to evaluate whether one type of preference (for attractive signal feature or attractive timing) dominates the overall attractiveness of a signal, or whether different types of preferences can interact. I found that the overall attractiveness of a signal was determined by a combination of timing and feature preferences. The specific signal feature (amplitude, frequency, duration, or rate) was important for the outcome of this interaction effect; signal frequency preferences were very strong and dominated overall signal attractiveness, while signal amplitude, duration or rate preferences were weaker and overall signal attractiveness was largely determined by signal timing preferences. I suggest that preference interactions can result in changes in the dynamics of sexual selection and in the maintenance of variation in signal traits, because males with unattractive signals could gain higher mating success by producing these signals in a leading position, thus weakening or even disrupting feature-based signal selection.
Femtosecond optical-pulse-induced absorption and refractive-index changes in GaAs in the midinfrared

We report on measurements of the ultrafast changes in the absorption and refractive index of pure GaAs in the near-infrared and midinfrared ranges of the optical spectrum. The multicolor experiments have been performed by using an ultrafast optical parametric oscillator that allowed photoexcitation of the electron-hole plasma, and probing the associated changes in both parts of the dielectric function in a wide spectral range (\ensuremath{\sim}1--4 \ensuremath{\mu}m) with femtosecond time resolution. We found that while the change in absorption is primarily due to resonant inter-valence-band optical transitions and, therefore, provides information on the dynamics of nonequilibrium holes, the corresponding refractive index change is dominated by the nonresonant Drude contribution of free carriers. Unlike the dynamics of the absorption coefficient, the time evolution of the refractive index change is found to be strongly affected by the processes of diffusion of free carriers into the bulk of the material and surface recombination. The latter effect may proceed on a picosecond time scale depending on the surface quality of the samples. We deduced from our measurements that the characteristic surface recombination velocity constant may be as high as $7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}.$
X-chromosome dosage affects male sexual behavior

Sex differences in the brain and behavior are primarily attributed to dichotomous androgen exposure between males and females during neonatal development, as well as adult responses to gonadal hormones. Here we tested an alternative hypothesis and asked if sex chromosome complement influences male copulatory behavior, a standard behavior for studies of sexual differentiation. We used two mouse models with non-canonical associations between chromosomal and gonadal sex. In both models, we found evidence for sex chromosome complement as an important factor regulating sex differences in the expression of masculine sexual behavior. Counter intuitively, males with two X-chromosomes were faster to ejaculate and display more ejaculations than males with a single X. Moreover, mice of both sexes with two X-chromosomes displayed increased frequencies of mounts and thrusts. We speculate that expression levels of a yet to be discovered gene(s) on the X-chromosome may affect sexual behavior in mice and perhaps in other mammals.
Adaptive output feedback control of spacecraft with flexible appendages by modeling error compensation

Abstract A new adaptive control system for the rotational maneuver and vibration suppression of an orbiting spacecraft with flexible appendages is designed. The model of the spacecraft includes unstructured modeling uncertainties. For the purpose of control, a moment generating device is located on the rigid hub. For the synthesis of the control law, only the output variable (pitch angle) is used for feedback. An adaptive feedback linearizing control law is derived for the trajectory control of the pitch angle. Interestingly, the structure of the controller is independent of the elastic mode dynamics of the spacecraft, since unmodeled functions appearing in the inverse (feedback linearizing) control law are estimated using a high-gain observer for feedback. It is shown that the closed-loop system is exponentially stable. An additional attractive feature of the control system is that it accomplishes compensation of unstructured uncertainties in the model. Simulation results for the spacecraft model show precise trajectory control and vibration suppression.
Perinatal development of hypothalamic and cortical estrogen receptors in mouse brain: methodological aspects.

Binding of the estrogen, [3H]moxestrol, to fetal and neonatal mouse brain cytosol receptors was examined to determine the ontogeny of estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex from embryonic (E) day 15 to postnatal (P) day 18. Cytosol receptor assays were performed under exchange conditions at 25°C for 4 h in order to measure receptors which had become occupied by estradiol during tissue homogenization. Scatchard analysis revealed high affinity (Kd = 0.4 nM) sites and was in good agreement with single point assays at 1 nM, which measured 70% of binding capacity. Binding was initially examined in the whole forebrain. Total binding of [3H]moxestrol in the forebrain increases between E15 and E18 and reaches adult levels at P9. The increase in binding relative to protein content peaks at P9 and then decreases, whereas the amount of binding relative to DNA content reaches a maximum between P12 and P15. The developmental time-course of the estrogen receptors was studied in the hypothalamus and 3 cortical regions. In the hypothalamus binding of [3H]moxestrol increases from P5 to P18 of the cortical areas. The cingulate cortex shows the highest amount of binding, increasing until P9 and then declining. In the other two cortical areas studied, the lateral and posterior cortex, binding expressed per mg DNA, is somewhat higher between P7 and P15 than in adults. When the binding is expressed per mg protein there is a sharp decline after P7, the magnitude of which is probably a result of a large increase in protein content relative to amount of receptor. The pre- and postnatal period, from E14 to P5, shows a great increase in [3H]moxestrol binding in both hypothalamus and cortex. The overall increase in binding is 10- to 20-fold between E15 and P1, with a more gradual increase between P1 and P5. Thus, estrogen receptor levels, while detectable in the mouse by E13, are subject to a sharp and rapid increase in the perinatal period. This increase may be related to the onset of the phase of sexual differentiation known as ‘defeminization’ which appears to involve estrogen receptors responding to estradiol produced from testosterone and which appears to be confined to the very early postnatal period.
Sex and Violence in T. C. Boyle's RARA AVIS

T. Coraghessan Boyle's “Rara Avis” is a peculiar story and an especially challenging one to discuss in the classroom. The story repulses some readers, angers others, and leaves the rest with furrow...
Experimental Analysis of the Acceleration Region in Tungsten Wire Arrays

We present the first analysis of the ablated plasma flow acceleration region in tungsten cylindrical wire arrays within 1 mm of the wire core. We apply a recently developed modification to the Lebedev rocket model to infer the 2-D distribution of effective velocities which redistribute the array mass as a function of time. From these data, it is possible to directly observe the acceleration region in a wire array. Analysis of radiography data from the 1-MA Cornell Beam Research Accelerator machine suggests a region of rapid acceleration extending up to 300 μm from the wire core in 16 wire tungsten arrays.
Observation of Tkachenko Oscillations in Rapidly Rotating Bose-Einstein Condensates

We directly image Tkachenko waves in a vortex lattice in a dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensate. The low (sub-Hz) resonant frequencies are a consequence of the small but nonvanishing elastic shear modulus of the vortex-filled superfluid. The frequencies are measured for rotation rates as high as 98% of the centrifugal limit for the harmonically confined gas. Agreement with a hydrodynamic theory worsens with increasing rotation rate, perhaps due to the increasing fraction of the volume displaced by the vortex cores. We also observe two low-lying $m=0$ longitudinal modes at about 20 times higher frequency.
Analysis of intracellular pH (pH cyt ) in mouse models of angiogenesis and carcinogenesis by spectral imaging microscopy, real-time confocal imaging microscopy, and multiphoton spectral imaging

ABSTRACT We have shown that a specific cytosolic pH (pH cyt ) regulatory mechanism, i.e., vacuolar type H+-ATPasesat the plasma membrane (pmV-ATPases), allows angiogenic and metastatic cells to survive in an acidic and hostileenvironment. However, a functional evaluation of this pumps activity in situ (i.e., in living animal models) has notbeen attempted. We developed a mouse model of angiogenesis and metastasis based on the dorsal skin foldchamber, and implanted highly metastatic human tumor cells that have been engineered to express greenfluorescent protein (GFP). GFP can be used as a pH reporter because its fluorescence is pH sensitive. Our studies inisolated single cells indicated that there are distinct pH cyt gradients in the invadipodia versus the lamellipodia dueto the preferential expression of pmV-ATPases at the leading edge. We hypothesize that in vivo, these pHgradients also exist. We employed spectral imaging and real time confocal imaging microscopy, since theseapproaches are complementary and exhibited unsurpassed temporal and spectral resolution, thus allowing us tostudy pH
Incremental value of CT in the localization of parathyroid adenomas

The diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism rests on clinical and biochemical laboratory criteria. Once the diagnosis is established, it is the function of diagnostic imaging to pre-operatively find the suspected parathyroid adenoma. Traditionally, nuclear medicine techniques such as 99mTc-Sestamibi scan and ultrasound evaluation have been the mainstay in finding the neoplasm. However, results are not always satisfactory, and accurately identifying parathyroid adenomas, especially when they are multiple, remains a challenge. We report a case where careful correlation with contrast-enhanced diagnostic CT scan of the neck helped localize two parathyroid adenomas.
Knoledge‐Based Systems and Fuzzy Sets in Risk Management

An integrated microcomputer-based knowledge system is developed for risk management in construction. The system (Expert-Risk) applies the concepts of fuzzy set theory to evaluate the overall risk of a project. It is also integrated with various rerlational data bases that provide the system with financial and cost data necessary for bankruptcy and risk analysis. Today's construction industry involves more dynamic and construction industry involves more dynamic and uncertain planning than ever before. without professional risk management, decision makers cannot systematically approach complex problemx. The system provides a more definitive perception of the overall risk of a construction project, and a more rational basis for contingency planning and evaluation. The system allows management to focus on those risk factors which have significant impact on planning.
FGF2 promotes Msx2 stimulated PC-1 expression via Frs2/MAPK signaling

PC-1 is an enzymatic generator of pyrophosphate and a critical regulator of tissue mineralization. We previously showed that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) specifically induces PC-1 expression in calvarial pre-osteoblasts and that this occurs via a transcriptional mechanism involving Runx2. Because aberrant FGF signaling and Msx2 activity result in similar craniofacial skeletal defects and because Msx2 is an established regulator of osteoblastic gene expression, here we investigate Msx2 as an additional mediator of PC-1 gene expression. mRNA analysis and experiments utilizing PC-1 gene promoter/luciferase reporter constructs demonstrate that Msx2 promotes transcription of the PC-1 gene downstream of FGF2. Results indicate that both Msx2 and Runx2 are recruited to a conserved core Msx2 binding site within the PC-1 gene promoter upon FGF2 stimulation, and that Msx2 and Runx2 function together to induce PC-1 gene expression in osteoblastic cells. Here we show that FGF signaling promotes Msx2 transcriptional activity on the PC-1 gene promoter via the Frs2/MAPK signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Msx2 functioning as a transcriptional enhancer downstream of FGF2 in calvarial pre-osteoblasts. As activating mutations in FGF receptors and Msx2 result in similar craniofacial skeletal disorders, our findings support the idea that FGF signaling and Msx2 activity influence cranial osteogenesis via the same molecular mechanism.
Response of tropical global ocean temperature to the Sun's quasi‐decadal UV radiative forcing of the stratosphere

[1] The quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO) in the Earth's climate system fluctuated in phase with the 11-year period signal in solar total irradiance (STI) variability throughout the 20th century. The QDO was associated with global average upper ocean temperature variability dominated by the tropical global average from 20°S to 20°N. Earlier diagnosis of the tropical global average oceanic thermal budget found the anomalous warming tendency driven not by the radiative forcing (∼0.15 W m−2) from the 11-year period signal in STI but by the larger anomalous quasi-decadal sensible plus latent heat flux (∼0.5 W m−2) from the overlying troposphere. Now we diagnose the corresponding thermal budget of the tropical global average atmospheric temperature variability, finding it largest in the lower stratosphere (∼0.8°K), decreasing downward into the lower troposphere (∼0.15°K) and the upper ocean (∼0.05°K). These diagnostics find quasi-decadal temperature variability in the tropical lower stratosphere arising from a thermal balance between anomalous radiative forcing (1.0–1.5 W m−2) by ozone absorption of the 11-year signal in solar UV irradiance variability (modified by absorption of mean solar IR irradiance by volcanic aerosol variability) and variable longwave radiation and vertical advection. The latter two processes altered the vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature in the tropical troposphere that allowed mean vertical circulation to drive an anomalous warming tendency in the lower troposphere. The latter matched the amplitude and phase of the downward quasi-decadal sensible plus latent heat flux anomaly that drove the anomalous warming tendency in the tropical global ocean.
Hope Is a Virtue

Understanding the meaning and importance of what constitutes hope when counseling members of a family and their child in a medical setting is a vital skill for physicians. The hope that the physicians must foster is that they will offer comfort and care, honesty and availability, and genuine expertise. Although there is no obligation to sustain harmful treatments to maintain false hopes, there is also no obligation to extinguish hope in parents and patients for the outcome of a disorder.
Nuclear cardiology: a promise for improved cardiovascular diagnosis. Will it be fulfilled?

Myocardial imaging with radioisotopes is finding increasing clinical application. 1,2 Community hospitals in many areas of the United States have already begun or are now considering application of these new diagnostic techniques to routine clinical practice. The three techniques that have found widest acceptance are (1) infarct avid imaging with technetium Tc 99m pyrophosphate; (2) myocardial imaging with thallous chloride TL 201 to detect myocardial ischemia and infarction; and (3) cardiac blood pool imaging with technetium Tc 99m aggregated albumin or RBCs to evaluate ventricular function. Other techniques such as platelet imaging to detect coronary thrombosis and techniques to detect acute bacterial endocarditis are still undergoing clinical investigations. Infarct avid imaging with technetium Tc 99m pyrophosphate has been shown to be a highly sensitive technique to detect acute myocardial infarction, if imaging is performed at the optimum time of 48 to 72 hours after onset of symptoms. 3 However, utility
Performance and robustness analysis of stochastic jump linear systems using Wasserstein metric

This paper focuses on the performance and robustness analysis of stochastic jump linear systems. In the presence of stochastic jumps, state variables evolve as random process, with associated time varying probability density functions. Consequently, system analysis is performed at the density level and a proper metric is necessary to quantify the system performance. In this paper, Wasserstein metric that measures a distance between probability density functions is employed to develop new results for the performance analysis of stochastic jump linear systems. Both transient and steady-state performance of the systems, with given initial state uncertainties, can be analyzed in this framework. Also, we prove that the convergence of the Wasserstein metric implies the mean square stability. We present a novel "Split-and-Merge" algorithm for propagation of state uncertainty in such systems. Overall, this study provides a unifying framework for the performance and robustness analysis of general stochastic jump linear systems, and not necessarily Markovian that is commonly assumed. The usefulness and efficiency of the proposed method are verified through numerical examples.
The development of a collision tolerant pile structure concept

Abstract A Collision Tolerant Pile Structure (CTPS) for deploying navigation aids was developed having the ability to sustain collision by barge traffic. The CTPS concept consists of the aid itself mounted at the top of a pile which is hinged at the mudline. The hinge is omnidirectional, possesses complete downwards articulation, and provides a restoring moment to return the structure to the vertical position. To serve as a design tool, mathematical models were developed for stimulating pile dynamics during operating, hurricane and collision conditions. Using preliminary modeling results, a hinge component consisting of a central universal joint, peripheral stay arrangement was selected. A design based on this concept was developed, and a physical scale (1/15) model was built for testing. Initial experiments were conducted out of water to evaluate hinge stiffness characteristics, then uniform current tests were conducted at the Coast Guard Academy's circulating water channel. Results from both experiments indicate that the CTPS has enough stiffness to remain sufficiently vertical while acted upon by current, wind and wave loadings. Collision experiments carried out at the UNH indoor pool showed that the pile can endure barge collisions. A final computer model simulation predicted that the full-scale CTPS design presented here should meet the design requirements.
Spastic Foot and Ankle Deformities: Evaluation and Treatment

Spastic foot and ankle deformities can occur from various causes and have profound effects on individuals and society. Presentations can vary clinically and a thorough clinical evaluation, potentially with a dynamic electromyogram, is essential to selecting the most appropriate treatment. Nonoperative treatments, such as orthotics, casting, oral medications, and nerve blocks, can be effective but surgery is indicated if they are no longer effective. Of the various operative procedures to treat this condition, split anterior tibialis tendon transfer and tendo Achilles lengthening are the most commonly performed. Multiple surgical options have been shown to be effective.
Ghana's ‘adjusted’ democracy

(1995). Ghana's ‘adjusted’ democracy. Review of African Political Economy: Vol. 22, No. 66, pp. 577-585.
Sex Differences in Leadership: How Real Are They?

A meta-analytic review of 17 studies examining sex differences in leadership indicates that male and female leaders exhibit equal amounts of initiating structure and consideration and have equally satisfied subordinates. Male leaders are rated as more effective than female leaders, but only in laboratory settings. A moratorium on research comparing male and female leaders on measures of initiating structure, consideration, subordinate satisfaction, and effectiveness is proposed.
Crazing in polystyrene-polybutadiene diblock copolymers containing cylindrical polybutadiene domains

Abstract Polystyrene-polybutadiene diblock copolymers exhibiting morphologies of cylindrical rubbery domains in a glassy matrix were studied in tensile stress-strain experiments. The various contributions of rubber volume fraction, overall copolymer molecular weight, and blending of diblock copolymers with homopolymers were examined. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a novel internal structure of the crazes in certain samples; inspection of the micrographs of these crazes suggests that the craze matter forms by a two-step process: cavitation in the rubbery domains followed by necking and drawing of the topologically continuous polystyrene matrix.
Modeling Transport of Subsurface Salinity from a Mancos Shale Hillslope

In the Upper Colorado River Basin, irrigated agriculture is associated with increasing stream salinity. In areas targeted for control of salinity transport to streams, as much as 90% of stream salinity has been estimated to originate from ground water flowing through salt-bearing stratum. Primary salt sources are the marine shales and the shale residuum that underlie the soils throughout much of the basin. Shallow subsurface flow systems, created by seepage from canals and deep percolation of irrigation water, are believed to be the primary agents leaching the salts from underlying shale deposits and carrying them to streams. This study attempts to determine the relative importance of advective, dispersive, and diffusive salt transport processes from the alluvium covered, shale hillslopes of the region. The results of various irrigation management schemes for appraising the possibility of controlling salt loading to streams are presented.
A study of homonuclear dipolar recoupling pulse sequences in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.

Dipolar recoupling pulse sequences are of great importance in magic angle spinning solid-state NMR. Recoupling sequences are used for excitation of double-quantum coherence, which, in turn, is employed in experiments to estimate internuclear distances and molecular torsion angles. Much effort is spent on the design of recoupling sequences that are able to produce double-quantum coherence with high efficiency in demanding spin systems, i.e., spin systems with small dipole-dipole couplings and large chemical-shift anisotropies (CSAs). The sequence should perform robustly under a variety of experimental conditions. This paper presents experiments and computer calculations that extend the theory of double-quantum coherence preparation from the strong coupling/small CSA limit to the weak coupling limit. The performance of several popular dipole-dipole recoupling sequences-DRAWS, POST-C7, SPC-5, R1, and R2-are compared. It is found that the optimum performance for several of these sequences, in the weak coupling/large CSA limit, varies dramatically, with respect to the sample spinning speed, the magnitude and orientation of the CSAs, and the magnitude of dipole-dipole couplings. It is found that the efficiency of double-quantum coherence preparation by gamma-encoded sequences departs from the predictions of first-order theory. The discussion is supported by density-matrix calculations.
Computer‐assisted uncertainty analysis

A computer program has been developed to perform uncertainty analysis calculations based on user input of the data reduction equation, nominal values of the variables in the equation, and uncertainty estimates for each variable. The code is based on techniques consistent with those recommended in the 1993 ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Various options and features of the program allow it to be used in preliminary and detailed test design as well as in data analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 5: 169–179, 1997