cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of manual manufacturing processes using motion sensing technologies

To evaluate motion sensing technologies capable of collecting data that supports the analysis of workers in manufacturing environments, we developed a procedure to categorize manufacturing processes and many motion sensing technologies. Processes were decomposed into: resolution of movements, amount of noise, and detection difficulty; sensors were decomposed into: sensitivity, noise-cancellation capability, and detection capability. By analyzing each sensor alternative and checking if it provided the required functionality and level of performance, we were able to select sensor combinations for different categorized processes. The collected data were used to compare the performance differences between experienced and new workers through analytical and graphical analyses. Data analyses led us to a series of sample recommendations for novice operators to reduce their learning curves. These recommendations could also improve productivity and minimize production costs and risks related to safety. Given this methodology, manufacturers would be able to generalize the procedure to the majority of manufacturing processes and new sensing technologies in order to capture experts' tacit knowledge. We also used grit blasting as a sample manufacturing environment and five motion sensors to validate our methodology. The selected sensors were able to collect data within the working environment, and with that data we output visualizations and recommendations to the novice.
Responsibilities and Effectiveness of the Juvenile Court in Handling Dependency Cases

The juvenile court's role in handling child abuse and neglect cases changed and expanded greatly after the passage of the federal Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act in 1980 and following the enactment of many similar state laws. These federal and state "permanency planning" laws require child welfare agencies to make reasonable efforts to avoid the break-up of families, where safe and practical, and direct the courts to monitor these efforts. The laws also require both agencies and courts to establish timely permanent new homes for children when preservation of families is not possible. The effectiveness of juvenile courts in fulfilling the laws' mandates has been uneven because of variations in judicial workload, court management, and relationships between the courts and the child welfare agencies. The quality of legal representation of children, parents, and agencies is often compromised by high caseloads, low status and pay, lack of experience, and rapid turnover. Courts vary in their capabilities to monitor agencies' permanency planning efforts and in their power to order specific placements and services. The proper role of the court and the agency in this regard is a matter of continuing debate. The author concludes that efforts currently under way in the states to reform the juvenile court's handling of abuse and neglect cases are cause for optimism.
Absence of linkage between human obesity and the mouse agouti homologous region (20q11.2) or other markers spanning chromosome 20q.

XU, WEIZHEN, DANIELLE R REED, YUAN DING AND R ARLEN PRICE. Absence of linkage between human obesity and the mouse agouti homologous region (20q11.2) or other markers spanning chromosome 20q. Obes Res. Mutant alleles of the agouti gene cause obesity in the mouse and the homologous gene in humans has been mapped to chromosome 20q11.2. An allelic variant of the agouti gene could account for obesity in humans and we tested this hypothesis by genotyping 210 sibling pairs from 45 families segregating an obesity phenotype. Using sibling pair linear regression analysis, evidence for linkage between obesity and markers flanking the agouti locus and other markers spanning chromosome 20q was assessed. We found no correlation between identity-by-descent at these markers and obesity differences within pairs. In the mouse, obesity caused by mutations of the agouti gene develops later in life, so a subset of families with adult-onset obesity were also tested for linkage, with negative results. Although it is not possible to exclude alleles of the agouti gene as a contributor to obesity in humans, the absence of positive linkage in this study suggests that either the agouti gene has small effects or the allele frequency is low.
A New View of Idea, Thought, and Education in Bergson and Whitehead?.

This paper argues that a view which has come to be accepted in modern times, that ideas or thoughts are discrete items of information or concepts from which all feeling and movement must be radically extirpated, if not exorcized, represents neither some of the more subtle trajectories of earlier thought in the Western world nor, in particular, the dynamic thinking of Bergson and Whitehead. The thought of Bergson and Whitehead plunges one radically into movement, connectedness, newness, and unfinishedness in such a way that Whitehead, for example, proposes an entirely new view of education, according to which the holy engagement of the idea in the tender movement of understanding contrasts sharply with the ritualized mutual slaughter that lurks not so inconspicuously in the shadow-sides of our educational systems.
Ni-like x-ray lasers resonantly photopumped by Ly- alpha radiation.

This Letter proposes a new class of x-ray lasers that lase on several 4{ital d}{r arrow}4{ital p} transitions ranging from 23 to 80 A in Ni-like ions with atomic number {ital Z}=72 to 90 and are resonantly photopumped by Ly-{alpha} radiation from corresponding H-like ions with atomic number ({ital Z}{minus}21)/3. This scheme is unique in that it consists of a family of resonant pairs working off the ground state of the laser ion. Calculations of the gain of these laser transitions in steady-state equilibrium plasmas are presented.
Resumption of high-dose methotrexate after methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity and carboxypeptidase G2 use.

Purpose. The successful resumption of high-dose methotrexate in a 13-year-old boy with recurrent anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) who suffered renal dysfunction after a 24-hour infusion of high-dose methotrexate and required treatment with carboxypeptidase G2 (CPDG2 ) is described. Summary. A 13-year-old boy who had been diagnosed in 2001 with stage I ALCL was admitted to the hospital in February 2005 after he developed a smaller left axillary mass in the area of his original mass. Recurrent ALCL was diagnosed, and treatments were initiated based on branch K3 of the protocol published in the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma—Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (NHL-BFM) trial 90. In the NHL-BFM 90 protocol, all AA and BB courses include high-dose methotrexate therapy, which consists of aggressive alkalinized hydration, methotrexate 5 g/m2 given as an i.v. infusion over 24 hours, and leucovorin rescue. During course BB2, the boy’s serum methotrexate values exceeded NHL-BFM goals at 36, 42, and 48 hours. Because the patient’s elimination of methotrexate remained slow and his serum creatinine level remained above normal limits, CPDG2 was obtained for the treatment of methotrexate toxicity. The patient tolerated the CPDG2 without adverse effects, and the patient’s serum methotrexate concentration decreased from 14.47 to 0.66 μM. The patient went on to complete six courses based on the protocol. High-dose methotrexate was resumed at 50% then 100% of the original dose. He is currently in remission on maintenance therapy. Conclusion. A 13-year-old boy with recurrent ALCL had methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity following high-dose methotrexate. The resultant delayed methotrexate clearance required the standard therapies as well as use of investigational CPDG2. High-dose methotrexate was successfully resumed.
Radiative transfer modeling of near-infrared reflectance of lunar highland and mare soils

[1] With near-infrared hyperspectral data sets returned from KAGUYA/SELENE and Chandrayaan-1's Moon Mineralogic Mapper (M3), accurate evaluation and interpretation of lunar data sets with higher spectral resolution has never been more critical. Here we test a new radiative transfer spectral modeling algorithm to determine composition from hyperspectral reflectance spectra of lunar soils. Data for 19 lunar mare and highland soil samples previously characterized by the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium are used for validation. Spectral fits are made using a goodness of fit metric considering spectral shape, spectral contrast, spectral slope, and iron abundance. High precision fits are achieved for nearly every soil with this algorithm. Using a plot of spectral shape relative to the ratio Mg′ (i.e., molar (Mg/(Mg + Fe)) × 100) determines the winning model and composition. Mg′ is determined with an average difference of ∼11–15 and ∼3–8 units before and after a correction is applied, respectively. Mineralogy is determined with an average difference of ∼5–15 vol% depending upon the mineral constituent.
eComment. The majority of younger patients in the USA chose biological aortic valves.

We read with great interest the study by Niclauss et al [1]. The authors report their experience with biological valves in the aortic position in 84 patients <65 years of age. Their results show a reoperation rate of 6%, almost exclusively in patients <56 years old. In the same time period, 140 patients <65 years of age received a mechanical prosthesis. During a 10-year period, they found that the numbers of mechanical valves steadily declined, whereas the numbers of biological valves steadily increased, indicating that patients are more accepting of the idea of reoperation and more inclined to avoid life-long anticoagulation. The recent revisions of the ESC/EACTS guidelines published last year have expanded the indication for bioprosthetic aortic valves, proposing that both types of valves are suitable for patients between the ages 60 and 65 years. The same results reported by Niclauss et al. are noted in US heart centres, at an even more convincing level. At our hospital, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of the biological aortic valves at the expense of the mechanical ones. In the recent years, almost 93% of the overall aortic valve replacements have been done with biological prostheses. The percentage remains high even in patients <65 years old, approaching 80%. It is characteristic that the vast majority of younger patients who are reoperated due to endocarditis or bioprosthetic valve degeneration choose a biological prosthesis again. The major reason behind this trend is an increased awareness of the complications of life-long anticoagulation, as well as the dramatic improvement of reoperation outcomes [3]. Today, second and even third-time reoperations are a daily routine, and patients survive through complex surgeries. Furthermore, modern technology has improved the longevity of the bioprostheses, making them less prone to calcific degeneration. Minimally invasive techniques and transcatheter options offer interventions with far less morbidity and mortality, making reoperations attractive to our patients. It is of no surprise that they chose and will keep choosing biological aortic valves over mechanical ones, and it is our responsibility to make sure that they receive the best possible operation with the best outcome and the least complications. Conflict of interest: none declared.
Transcutaneous Leukocyte Migration in Vivo: Cellular Kinetics, Platelet and C5a Dependent Activity

A simple quantitative method for the measurement of leukotaxis in vivo is described. Duplicate skin chambers are placed over tape-stripped skin with 50% autologous serum—50% Hank's balanced salt solution as the attractant. Neutrophils predominate throughout 24hr in this method with no change to mononuclear cells. A recommended modification of our original method is that chambers are sampled and removed after 8hr rather than 24hr since the majority of leukocyte migration occurs within the first 8hr. Analysis of serum factors showed that heat-inactivation of the serum (56°C for 30 min) had no effect. However, depleting platelets or C5 from the serum removed approximately 90% of chemotactic activity for human neutrophils in vivo . Platelets, presumably through activity of their granules, enzymatically cleaves C5a from C5 in plasma. We conclude that C5a, after cleavage from C5, accounts for the majority of chemattractant activity in vivo .
Roles of deoxycholate and arachidonate in pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones in obese patients during rapid loss of weight

Our aim was to examine the relationship between biliary deoxycholate and arachidonate in obese patients and the relationship of deoxycholate and arachidonate to the stimulation of biliary mucous glycoprotein among obese patients predisposed to cholesterol gallstones. Thirty-four obese patients predisposed to cholesterol gallstones by a weightreducing diet (520 kcal/day) received placebo, ursodiol (1200 mg/day), or aspirin (1300 mg/day). Duodenal bile was collected prior to beginning the diet and at four weeks. There was no correlation between deoxycholate and arachidonate among the 34 patients before beginning the diet. With placebo, deoxycholate decreased while arachidonate and glycoprotein increased. With ursodiol, deoxycholate decreased while arachidonate decreased and glycoprotein did not change. With aspirin, there was no change in deoxycholate but a decrease in arachidonate and no change in glycoprotein. Our data do not support a role for biliary deoxycholate in the regulation of biliary arachidonate. Our data do support a role for arachidonate, but not deoxycholate, in the regulation of biliary glycoprotein during the formation of cholesterol gallstones.
Capsule commentary on Zuchowski et al., challenges in referral communication between VHA primary care and specialty care.

Potential improvements in clinical outcomes and reduced costs resulting from high quality coordination between primary care (PCP) and specialty care providers (SCP) will remain unrealized without substantive attention to the technological and interprofessional factors affecting continuity and co-management.1 Zuchowski and colleagues conducted this mixed method study to identify and understand PCPs’ perceived barriers to communicating with SCPs in the nationally integrated VA health care system setting.2 Survey data collected from PCPs were used to evaluate variation in perceived ease of communication with SCPs by provider type. Qualitative interviews conducted with primary care medical home team members from the same region were analyzed to provide an explanatory framework for the quantitative findings. Survey data indicate that population-focused SCPs were generally considered the easiest to communicate with, while those from surgical specialties were viewed by PCPs as the most difficult. Interview data identified two communication challenges: SCP rejection of PCP referral requests and PCP inability to communicate patient-specific scheduling needs effectively.2 Together, the overlapping samples illustrate general trends in communication barriers that persist despite VA’s infrastructural and fiscal advantages over the private sector. While the study design did not collect corresponding data from SCPs, validate SCP referral rejection rate, or examine SCP factors in delayed scheduling, extant literature indicates that these challenges are endemic and persistent.3–5 Data from PCPs in this study contribute evidence that electronic consults (i.e., e-consults) may ameliorate some of these challenges. E-consults can guide treatment decisions, identify information required for an effective specialty care visit, and perhaps most important, e-consults can foster interprofessional relationships between PCPs and the SCPs they may never meet in person, but on whose expertise they rely. As Taylor et al. suggest, partnered with attention to “…referral rate for primary care physicians, the number of referrals avoided through pre-consult exchanges, and the number of referrals that are completed and not completed,”3 e-consults have the potential to reveal specific practice patterns associated with unsatisfactory referrals, thus moving us closer to identifying trigger points for enacting co-management in medical home settings.
Sterling revisited: The seismic source for a cavity‐decoupled explosion

In the STERLING event, a 0.38 kt nuclear device was exploded inside a roughly spherical cavity, of approximately 17 m radius. The cavity, located in the Tatum salt domain (near Hattiesburg, Mississippi), had been created by a 5.3 kt tamped explosion more than 2 years earlier (Almon event). Analysis of data obtained in SALMON and STERLING indicated a corner frequency for STERLING near 10 Hz, a factor of 4 less than predicted by the simplest decoupling theory. We have performed a comprehensive re-examination of the experimental records and find that the original report was incorrect, a consequence of not properly accounting for noise in the seismic analysis. The new study, based on direct spectral analysis of the free-field data, indicates that the STERLING experiment was in near perfect agreement with theory. This is a potentially significant result for seismic monitoring of a low-yield threshold test ban.
Exciton confinement and nonlocal nonlinear optical response of organic quantum wells.

The linear and nonlinear reflection spectra from a molecular quantum well with N layers are calculated using Green-function techniques. Exciton quantization in the direction normal to the lattice plane results in the appearance of discrete resonances in the linear reflection, with the same N-independent peak heights, and different superradiant linewidths. Nonlinear reflection measurements are ideal for probing states with a weak oscillator strength, provided their nonradiative damping is much smaller than the radiative decay rate. Size enhancement of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{(3)}$ due to dipole-dipole interaction and radiative coupling between layers is discussed.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Elementary School Success Profile for Teachers

Objectives: This study examines the factor structure and scale quality of data collected with the online Elementary School Success Profile (ESSP) for Teachers from a sample of teachers of 1,145 third through fifth graders. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using Mplus and weighted least squares means and variances adjusted (WLSMV) estimation took into account the ordinal and clustered nature of the data. Models were tested on four random subsamples. Results using maximum likelihood (ML) estimation are presented for comparison. Results: A five-factor, first-order model demonstrated superior fit. Scores from the five scales demonstrated acceptable reliability. Conclusions: Results suggest the ESSP for Teachers provides school practitioners with quality data to guide intervention choices in schools. Implications for future research are discussed.
The eye examination in the pediatrician's office

The importance of vision screening and eye examinations in the pediatric population cannot be overemphasized. First, the development of the visual system in children less than 10 years of age is extremely vulnerable to any anatomic or functional abnormality in the eye. Second, young children with lifethreatening systemic diseases may initially present with findings limited to the visual system. Failure to examine and identify a problem in either situation may lead to irreversible blindness or death. The actual task of vision screening and eye examination can seem daunting in a busy pediatric office. Pediatricians and their office staff must recognize that the visual system should be examined on an ongoing basis as part of well-child care from birth to late childhood [1]. An even higher level of suspicion should be appliedtochildrenwhowerebornprematurely,childrenwithsystemicdiseasewith ocular manifestations, and children with a family history of genetic eye diseases [1]. The pediatrician must not assume that their patients are receiving eye screenings outside the pediatrician’s office [2,3], an assumption that provokes litigation by parents of children with a delayed diagnosis of retinoblastoma or amblyopia. The prevalence of eye disease and visual abnormalities in children under 3 years of age has been estimated to be 2% to 4% [4,5]. This incidence increases to 20% with age, as more children develop refractive errors [6]. Screening tests for ocular disease will necessarily result in a number of falsepositive and false-negative results. The goal of most eye and vision screening techniques should be at least 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity [7]. These numbers are important if pediatricians and their staff are to have realistic expec
Saturation scales for red.

Abstract The saturation of a red aperture color, 632 nm in dominent wavelength and 73 dB re 10−10L in luminance, has been scaled by 4 different methods: magnitude estimation, ratio production, equisection, and the summation of just noticeable differences (jnd). The data of 5 subjects show that judgments based on equisection and jnd are not linearly related to the scales of saturation based on ratio and magnitude judgments. This nonlinearity suggests that saturation is a prothetic continuum. Similar experiments with a total of 13 observers confirmed this conclusion. Both magnitude estimation and ratio production showed that saturation increased as a power function of colorimetric purity, with exponents of 2.0 and 1.5, respectively.
Singular linear-quadratic control for semistabilization

Singular control has been extensively studied for the linear-quadratic regulator problem for achieving asymptotic stability of controlled linear systems with cheap control. In this paper, the singular control problem is extended to guarantee a weaker form of closed-loop stability, namely, semistability, which is of paramount importance for consensus control of network dynamical systems. Specifically, we show that the optimal state-feedback controller for the semistable linear-quadratic regulator problem can be solved using an algebraic Riccati equation. This result allows us to address the semistable singular control problem and obtain several expressions for the minimum cost of a semistabilizing singular controller. In particular, after establishing connections between Qui and Davison's formula for the minimum cost of a cheap controller and our results, we prove that the cost of a semistabilizing singular controller is zero if and only if the controlled system is minimum phase and right invertible.
Glucosamine degradation by Escherichia coli. II. The isomeric conversion of glucosamine 6-PO4 to fructose 6-PO4 and ammonia.

Abstract A glucosamine 6-PO 4 deaminating enzyme preparation was obtained from Escherichia coli with approximately nine times the specific activity of the crude cell-free extract. This preparation, which also contains a highly active phosphoglucoisomerase, carries out the isomeric conversion of glucosamine 6-PO 4 to fructose 6-PO 4 and ammonia. The pH for maximum ketose sugar formation from glucose 6-PO 4 and glucosamine 6-PO 4 by this preparation were 7.5 and 5.8, respectively. Inhibition studies indicated that glucosamine 6-PO 4 competed with glucose 6-PO 4 for phosphohexoseisomerase.
A Highly Accurate Approach That Resolves the Pressure Spike of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

Methode de calcul tres precise permettant de determiner la pointe de pression dans un contact avec lubrification elastohydrodynamique
Physical Therapists’ Use of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Older Adults With Chronic Pain: A Nationwide Survey

Background: Increasing evidence supports the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with chronic pain. Objective: This study determined whether physical therapists incorporate CBT techniques (eg, relaxation, activity pacing) when treating older patients with chronic pain, ascertained their interest in and barriers to using CBT, and identified participant-related factors associated with interest in CBT. Design: This cross-sectional study used a telephone survey. Methods: One hundred fifty-two members of the Geriatrics and Orthopaedics sections of the American Physical Therapy Association completed the survey. Associations between participant-related factors and interest in CBT were assessed in statistical general linear models. Results: Commonly used CBT interventions included activity pacing and pleasurable activity scheduling, frequently used by 81% and 30% of the respondents, respectively. Non-CBT treatments included exercises focusing on joint stability (94%) and mobility (94%), and strengthening and stretching programs (91%). Respondents’ overall interest in CBT techniques was 12.70 (SD=3.4, scale range=5–20). Barriers to use of CBT included lack of knowledge of and skill in the techniques, reimbursement concerns, and time constraints. Practice type and the interaction of percentage of patients with pain and educational degree of the physical therapist were independently associated with provider interest in CBT in a general linear model that also included 6 other variables specified a priori . Limitations: Data are based on self-report without regard to treatment emphasis. Conclusions: Although only a minority of physical therapists reported use of some CBT techniques when treating older patients with chronic pain, their interest in incorporating these techniques into practice is substantial. Concerns with their skill level using the techniques, time constraints, and reimbursement constitute barriers to use of the interventions.
The Impact of Pediatric Chronic Pain on Parents’ Health-Related Quality of Life and Family Functioning: Reliability and Validity of the PedsQL 4.0 Family Impact Module

Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Family Impact Module (FIM), a parent self-report measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and family functioning, among parents of youth with chronic pain. Methods Parents (N ¼458) completed the FIM (Total Impact, HRQOL, and Family Functioning scales); parents and youth (N ¼332) completed measures of pain catastrophizing, pediatric quality of life, and emotional/behavioral functioning. Results The FIM demonstrated strong internal consistency and item-total correlations. All FIM scales were positively associated with pain catastrophizing, functional disability, and emotional/behavioral problems; and inversely related to pediatric quality of life. Mothers reported significantly worse HRQOL than fathers. Mothers and fathers did not differ on reports of Family Functioning. HRQOL and Family Functioning did not differ as a function of pain diagnosis. Conclusion The FIM appears to be a suitable measure of parent self-reported HRQOL and family functioning in pediatric chronic pain.
Self-testing second-order delta-sigma modulators using digital stimulus

Single-bit second-order delta-sigma modulators are commonly used in high-resolution ADCs. Testing this type of modulator requires a high-resolution test stimulus, which is difficult to generate. This paper proposes a novel and robust technique to determine the performance of the modulator, which incorporates simple design-for-testability circuitry. This technique requires only digital stimulus to test the modulator. Hence, it is suitable as an analog signature analyzer used in built-in self-test applications. Simulation results show that this technique is capable of accurately determining the performance of a second-order delta-sigma modulator ADC.
The fine structure of neurons.

1. Thin sections of representative neurons from intramural, sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia, medulla oblongata, and cerebellar cortex were studied with the aid of the electron microscope. 2. The Nissl substance of these neurons consists of masses of endoplasmic reticulum showing various degrees of orientation; upon and between the cisternae, tubules, and vesicles of the reticulum lie clusters of punctate granules, 10 to 30 mµ in diameter. 3. A second system of membranes can be distinguished from the endoplasmic reticulum of the Nissl bodies by shallower and more tightly packed cisternae and by absence of granules. Intermediate forms between the two membranous systems have been found. 4. The cytoplasm between Nissl bodies contains numerous mitochondria, rounded lipid inclusions, and fine filaments.
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits insulin-like growth factor signaling, growth, and survival in human neuroblastoma cells.

Neuroblastoma is a common pediatric malignancy that metastasizes to the liver, bone, and other organs. Children with metastatic disease have a less than 50% chance of survival with current treatments. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate neuroblastoma growth, survival, and motility, and are expressed by neuroblastoma cells and the tissues they invade. Thus, therapies that disrupt the effects of IGFs on neuroblastoma tumorigenesis may slow disease progression. We show that NVP-AEW541, a specific inhibitor of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), potently inhibits neuroblastoma growth in vitro. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a phenolic compound isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), has anti-tumor properties against a number of malignancies, has been shown to inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of the IGF-IR in breast cancer cells, and is currently in Phase I trials for prostate cancer. In the present study in neuroblastoma, NDGA inhibits IGF-I-mediated activation of the IGF-IR and disrupts activation of ERK and Akt signaling pathways induced by IGF-I. NDGA inhibits growth of neuroblastoma cells and induces apoptosis at higher doses, causing IGF-I-resistant activation of caspase-3 and a large increase in the fraction of sub-G0 cells. In addition, NDGA inhibits the growth of xenografted human neuroblastoma tumors in nude mice. These results indicate that NDGA may be useful in the treatment of neuroblastoma and may function in part via disruption of IGF-IR signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1529–1541, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Disassembly of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cores In Vitro Reveals Association of Nef with the Subviral Ribonucleoprotein Complex

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virulence factor Nef enhances viral infectivity in single-cycle infection assays and accelerates HIV-1 replication in vitro. It has been reported that the effects of Nef are mediated early after viral entry and before the completion of reverse transcription, as viral DNA synthesis is strongly attenuated during infection by Nef-defective virions. Our previous work has demonstrated that Nef is associated with mature HIV-1 cores, implicating Nef in the regulation of HIV-1 core stability. Here we report a comparative analysis of HIV-1 cores isolated from wild-type and Nef-defective particles. We observed no effect of Nef on HIV-1 core structure or stability; however, Nef cosedimented with a subviral ribonucleoprotein complex following dissociation of CA. These results indicate that Nef interacts tightly with an internal component of the HIV-1 core. They further suggest that virion-associated Nef may facilitate an early step in HIV-1 infection following dissociation of the viral capsid in the target cell.
A global assessment of accelerations in surface mass transport

Water mass transport in the Earth's dynamic surface layer of atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere driven by various global change processes has complex spatiotemporal patterns. Here we determine global patterns and regional mean values of accelerations in surface mass variations during the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission's data span from 2002.2 to 2015.0. GRACE gravity data are supplemented by surface deformation from 607 Global Navigation Satellite System stations, an ocean bottom pressure model, satellite laser ranging, and loose a priori knowledge on mass variation regimes incorporating high-resolution geographic boundaries. While Greenland and West Antarctica have strong negative accelerations, Alaska and the Arctic Ocean show significant positive accelerations. In addition, the accelerations are not constant in time with some regions showing considerable variability due to irregular interannual changes. No evidence of significant nonsteric mean sea level acceleration has been found, but the uncertainty is quite large.
Dialysis and Circular Dichroism Study of the Binding of Sulfaethidole to Crystalline and Fraction V Bovine Serum Albumin

Abstract Sulfaethidole was found to exhibit similar binding to both crystalline and Fraction V bovine serum albumin. Binding of sulfaethidole to both crystalline and Fraction V bovine serum albumin results in considerable induced optical activity, with no evidence of change in the α‐helical structure. Although equilibrium dialysis studies indicate one primary site and three secondary binding sites for sulfaethidole, only the binding at the primary site is detectable from circular dichroism studies.
Frequent Novel DNA Copy Number Increase in Squamous Cell Head and Neck Tumors

Abstract We have undertaken a study of DNA copy number changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas to identify novel DNA copy number changes and to determine the significance of previous findlings of cytogenetic alterations in cultured cells. Comparative genomic hybridization was performed on geomic DNA extracted from ten tumors. A novel copy number gain on chromosome 3q26–27 and a loss of chromosome 3p were found at high frequency (≥50% of tumors). Many other novel chromosomal copy number changes were identified but occurred at a lower frequency. In addition, our data confirm that DNA copy number changes that frequently occur in cultured cells, such as loss of chromosome 3p, also occur in tumors. Frequently altered loci may encode oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes involved in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis.
Self-defending and counter-attacking intelligent optical networks

Communication networks and information integrity are recently challenged by unauthorized eavesdroppers and intruders. End devices are typically responsible for the integrity of information using strong cryptographic algorithms with symmetric or asymmetric keys. Conversely, networks are responsible for transporting information with the expected quality of service, timely and securely. Although quality of service and timeliness are addressed by network architecture and communication protocols, network security has not been adequately addressed. Traditionally, network intruders tap the medium or the node of the network to eavesdrop or cause malevolent network behavior. Therefore, the next generation intelligent network should be able to detect intrusions and also be able to protect itself and the service it provides. Intrusion detection in real-time has been previously presented. In this paper, we extend network intelligence to also include for the first time intrusion self-defense and intruder counter-attacking.
A comparison study and discussion of the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System

The Mahalanobis-Taguchi System (MTS) is a diagnostic tool for selecting the appropriate variables and quantifying the degree of abnormality in the group that needs to be diagnosed. MTS is said to be 'data analytic' rather than 'probability distribution based'. This statement has brought out some controversy in the statistics community. Despite the simplicity of MTS, it is considered ad hoc owing to the lack of statistical and probability theory. In this paper, we attempt to incorporate statistical thinking into the ad hoc parts of MTS by comparing with other multivariate statistical methods.
Empirical Estimates Of Reproductive Isolation Among The Freshwater Pulmonate Snails Physa acuta, P. pomilia, and P. hendersoni

Physa hendersoni collected from its type locality near Yemassee, South Carolina, and Physa pomilia from its type locality near Claiborne, Alabama, both display the penial morphology that has been characterized as “type-bc” by Te (1978, 1980). Mate choice tests returned no evidence of premating reproductive isolation between these two populations, and no-choice breeding experiments confirmed outcross fecundity, F1 viability and F1 fertility comparable to incross controls. Significant premating reproductive isolation was documented, however, between the P. hendersoni population and a population of Physa acuta from Charleston, South Carolina, bearing the “type-c” penial morphology. No-choice breeding experiments involving P. acuta and P. hendersoni yielded a mixture of hybrid and selfed progeny, the hybrids apparently sterile. Thus the nomen Physa hendersoni is a junior synonym of P. pomilia, whereas P. pomilia and P. acuta are distinct biological species.
Solenopsin A and analogs exhibit ceramide-like biological activity

Background (−)-Solenopsin A is a piperidine alkaloid that is a component of the venom of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Previously, we have demonstrated that solenopsin exhibit anti-angiogenic activity and downregulate phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) in the p53 deficient renal cell carcinoma cell line 786-O. Solenopsin has structural similarities to ceramide, a major endogenous regulator of cell signaling and cancer therapy induced apoptosis.
Proteomic technologies to study diseases of the lymphatic vascular system.

: Now that the human genome has been mapped, a new challenge has emerged: deciphering the various products of individual genes. Consequently, new proteomic technologies are being developed to monitor and identify protein function and interactions responsible for the total activities of the cell. The application of these new proteomic technologies to study cellular activities, will lead to a faster sample throughput and increased sensitivity for the detection of individual proteins, thus providing major opportunities for the discovery of new biomarkers for the early detection of protein alterations associated with the progression of the disease state.
Increased monocyte TNF-alpha message stability contributes to trauma patients' increased TNF production.

Post-trauma elevation of tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) appears to be critical in mediating many symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), resulting in late mortality. Although increased monocyte (m4) TNF-a production plays a pivotal role in this TNF-a elevation, the molecular mechanisms leading to increased mTNF-a produc- tion have yet to be elucidated. We demonstrate that, although TNF-a mRNA levels are increased in all trauma patients' m4, which produce elevated levels of TNF-a protein, in the majority of patients, these increased TNF-a mRNA levels are under normal tran- scriptional and posttranscriptional control. Conse- quently, the increased TNF-a production by these pa- tients' m4 is probably due to preactivation of these m4 by trauma-released mediators. However, a small minority of patients, whose mortality rate was 57%, produce TNF-a ofprimarily the membrane-associated type. The mq5 TNF-a mRNA accumulation ofthese pa- tients in response to in vitro stimulation is significantly augmented. All of these patients experienced SIRS. hi this subset of patients' m#{231}&, TNF-a mRNA stability was aberrantly increased. Such an increase in TNF-a mRNA stability could lead to devastatingly prolonged production of TNF-a protein. This demonstration of increased TNF-a mRNA stability in post-trauma m4 represents a novel correlation of elevated membrane- associated TNF-a protein, increased mortality, and a mechanism for this occurrence. J. Leukoc. Biol. 62: 524-534; 1997.
The Science of Fatty Acids and Inflammation

Inflammation is believed to play a central role in many of the chronic diseases that characterize modern society. In the past decade, our understanding of how dietary fats affect our immune system and subsequently our inflammatory status has grown considerably. There are compelling data showing that high-fat meals promote endotoxin [e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] translocation into the bloodstream, stimulating innate immune cells and leading to a transient postprandial inflammatory response. The nature of this effect is influenced by the amount and type of fat consumed. The role of various dietary constituents, including fats, on gut microflora and subsequent health outcomes in the host is another exciting and novel area of inquiry. The impact of specific fatty acids on inflammation may be central to how dietary fats affect health. Three key fatty acid–inflammation interactions are briefly described. First, the evidence suggests that saturated fatty acids induce inflammation in part by mimicking the actions of LPS. Second, the often-repeated claim that dietary linoleic acid promotes inflammation was not supported in a recent systematic review of the evidence. Third, an explanation is offered for why omega-3 (n–3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are so much less anti-inflammatory in humans than in mice. The article closes with a cautionary tale from the genomic literature that illustrates why extrapolating the results from inflammation studies in mice to humans is problematic.
A Gδ ideal of compact sets strictly above the nowhere dense ideal in the Tukey order

Abstract We prove that there is a G δ σ -ideal of compact sets which is strictly above NWD in the Tukey order. Here NWD is the collection of all compact nowhere dense subsets of the Cantor set. This answers a question of Louveau and Velickovic asked in [Alain Louveau, Boban Velickovic, Analytic ideals and cofinal types, Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 99 (1–3) (1999) 171–195].
Some Fundamental Misuses of Multiple Regression: A Response to Bailey

models to try to remedy these purported defects. Before I deal with the mistakes in his regressions, one important matter ought to be clarified. If Bailey wishes to replicate my study with corrections for my purported errors, he should follow those original procedures that he does not find objectionable. Otherwise, any additional, superfluous changes in the research design could easily account for differences in our results. Bailey did not follow this elementary rule. He changed the universe by adding Washington, D.C., even though that city is hardly comparable to the states. He changed the definition of the southern region by including marginal states and cities like Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Oklahoma and Washington, D.C. -even though the victimization statistics that I used were not broken down according to this questionable definition of the South as a cultural region. To help control measurement error in the dependent variable I computed the mean of 1959 and 1960 crimes; Bailey appears to have used just the 1960 figures.2 These alterations alone would have been sufficient to produce the one difference in the coefficients in Bailey's first regressions where we disagree; but Bailey changed the design in additional ways with little or no attempt to justify these discrepancies. In crude terms, as long as statistical suppression is ignored, regression programs assign the strongest coefficients to the independent variables which have the highest correlations with the dependent variable and the least correlations with the other independent variables (see Gordon, 1968, for a clear discussion). Therefore, when the correlation between two independent variables is increased, the regression coefficients for both variables will be weakened to the point where one or both may become insignificant.3 * The author thanks Leo Rigsby and James Fennessey for their advice. 1. This quote also helps to clarify Bailey's confusion about what is at issue. Conflict theory predicts that there will be a significant relationship between inequality and imprisonment for property crimes, but the relationship between inequality and imprisonments for violent crimes should either be insignificant or negative. Therefore, even if Bailey used correct procedures to predict imprisonments for violent crimes, his results would be consistent with conflict theory. 2. The theory that I was testing accounts for a good part of the systematic measurement errors in the crime rates that remain after this correction was applied. If the police systematically under-report property crimes, the methodologically valid results indicate that they are more likely to do this in relatively unequal states. Therefore, these systematic measurement errors were included within the bounds of the hypothesis that was
N-myristoylation is required for function of the pheromone-responsive G alpha protein of yeast: conditional activation of the pheromone response by a temperature-sensitive N-myristoyl transferase.

In a screen designed to identify novel mutations in the mating response pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we isolated conditional alleles of NMT1, the gene encoding N-myristoyl transferase. Genetic data indicate that Nmtl deficiency results in the activation of the pheromone response at the level of Gpal, the ot subunit of the pheromone-responsive G protein. We show that Gpal is myristoylated by Nmtl, and without this normally stable modification, Gpal is unable to inhibit pheromone signaling. This loss of Gpal function is probably not the result of improper subcellular localization. Unlike the mammalian God proteins cq and ~o, nonmyristoylated Gpal is able to associate with membranes. In addition to Gpal, our data indicate that Nmtl myristoylates other proteins essential to vegetative growth.
Product and policy life cycle inventories with market driven demand: An engine selection case study

This paper introduces consequential life cycle assesment with market driven demand (LCA-MDD) to permit endogenous estimation of economic effects that are important in evaluating the environmental characteristics of product and policy design options. While the derivation of a computational LCI-MDD framework is shown to be straightforward, a major challenge is appropriately managing and communicating the uncertainties. To better understand and explore these uncertainties, this paper develops a case study that estimates the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with selecting an engine for a mid-sized vehicle. A comparison is made between extrapolating a reference LCI model and employing LCI-MDD.
Neural Representations of Faces and Body Parts in Macaque and Human Cortex: A Comparative fMRI Study

Single-cell studies in the macaque have reported selective neural responses evoked by visual presentations of faces and bodies. Consistent with these findings, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in humans and monkeys indicate that regions in temporal cortex respond preferentially to faces and bodies. However, it is not clear how these areas correspond across the two species. Here, we directly compared category-selective areas in macaques and humans using virtually identical techniques. In the macaque, several face- and body part-selective areas were found located along the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG). In the human, similar to previous studies, face-selective areas were found in ventral occipital and temporal cortex and an additional face-selective area was found in the anterior temporal cortex. Face-selective areas were also found in lateral temporal cortex, including the previously reported posterior STS area. Body part-selective areas were identified in the human fusiform gyrus and lateral occipitotemporal cortex. In a first experiment, both monkey and human subjects were presented with pictures of faces, body parts, foods, scenes, and man-made objects, to examine the response profiles of each category-selective area to the five stimulus types. In a second experiment, face processing was examined by presenting upright and inverted faces. By comparing the responses and spatial relationships of the areas, we propose potential correspondences across species. Adjacent and overlapping areas in the macaque anterior STS/MTG responded strongly to both faces and body parts, similar to areas in the human fusiform gyrus and posterior STS. Furthermore, face-selective areas on the ventral bank of the STS/MTG discriminated both upright and inverted faces from objects, similar to areas in the human ventral temporal cortex. Overall, our findings demonstrate commonalities and differences in the wide-scale brain organization between the two species and provide an initial step toward establishing functionally homologous category-selective areas.