cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
0086 Mental health in formerly incarcerated black men: a systematic mixed studies review

Statement of purpose The disproportionate incarceration rate of Black men in the United States (US) is associated with a multiplicity of individual and community-level health outcomes. This review aims to evaluate the state of scientific knowledge on the mental health of Black men who have experienced incarceration and identify how Black men released from incarceration describe their mental health upon re-entry. Methods/Approach This systematic mixed studies review used a sequential explanatory design incorporating quantitative and qualitative research. In June 2020, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, and Criminal Justice Abstracts were systematically searched. Of 538 articles identified, 22 met inclusion criteria as peer-reviewed original research, published in English from (2010–2020), relevant to the mental health of formerly incarcerated Black men in the US. Results Quantitative findings demonstrated significant associations between incarceration history and poor mental health, operationalized as higher levels of psychological distress, increased severity of depressive and PTSD symptoms, and delayed treatment of psychosis. Factors associated with this relationship included discrimination, negative police encounters, solitary confinement, and difficulty finding housing and employment. Four themes emerged from the qualitative synthesis including: (1) Social Determinants of Mental Health (2) Pushing Through Emotional Despair (3) Challenges to Health Care Engagement and (4) Gender, Race, and Intersectionality. Black men recently released from incarceration also described neighborhood violence as a contributor to poor mental health and barrier to mental healthcare. Conclusions This review affirms the pervasiveness of mental health concerns in formerly incarcerated Black men but illuminated several gaps in knowledge needed to support individual and community-level interventions. Significance Unmet mental health needs are associated with a multiplicity of injury and violence concerns including substance abuse and suicidality. Addressing gaps in current understandings of the mental health of formerly incarcerated Black men will strengthen opportunities for evidence-based interventions.
Gambling with God: the effect of gambling on religious and spiritual struggles

Religion and spirituality are often related to various addictive behaviors, such as substance use disorders, excessive internet pornography use, and Gambling Disorder. However, presently, very few ...
Visiting Critical Exploration in the Classroom

In this commentary, summarized from a recent interview, the author reminisces about a career dedicated to critical exploration in the classroom. She discusses the formation of the Moon Group, a group of teachers who met over a period of 25 years to study the behaviour of the moon. Duckworth later describes an exercise in which her students experimented with the positioning of a small mirror in the classroom in order to be able to predict where to place it on a wall so one student can see another in a different part of the room. In another exercise, she had university students observe the learning of children by having them solve spatial problems without any advice or prompts from an adult. She concludes by providing guidance for classroom teachers, emphasizing the importance of making sure, “what you want them to learn is worth learning about.”
Nonequilibrium dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking into a hidden state of charge-density wave.

Nonequilibrium phase transitions play a pivotal role in broad physical contexts, from condensed matter to cosmology. Tracking the formation of nonequilibrium phases in condensed matter requires a resolution of the long-range cooperativity on ultra-short timescales. Here, we study the spontaneous transformation of a charge-density wave in CeTe3 from a stripe order into a bi-directional state inaccessible thermodynamically but is induced by intense laser pulses. With ≈100 fs resolution coherent electron diffraction, we capture the entire course of this transformation and show self-organization that defines a nonthermal critical point, unveiling the nonequilibrium energy landscape. We discuss the generation of instabilities by a swift interaction quench that changes the system symmetry preference, and the phase ordering dynamics orchestrated over a nonadiabatic timescale to allow new order parameter fluctuations to gain long-range correlations. Remarkably, the subsequent thermalization locks the remnants of the transient order into longer-lived topological defects for more than 2 ns. Nonequilibrium phase transition provides important insights in quantum materials, but it is challenging to track. Here, Zhou et al. capture the entire course of a laser-driven transient phase transition from a stripe order to bi-directional state in a charge-density wave material CeTe3, unveiling hidden symmetry-breaking energy landscape in nonequilibrium.
Thirty-Five Years of Revolution: An Analysis of the Infrapolitical Tactics of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan

Much of the literature on Afghan women examines their victimization under repressive cultural and political practices. The stereotypical view of an Afghan woman is a fully veiled, demure creature who has been battered by the men and regimes that govern her country and life. Yet, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) has been struggling for a revolution for 35 years. My examination of RAWA seeks to shatter this myopic stereotype, and to recognize these women for more than the token quality of their gender, but for their endurance and prowess as resistance activists. I argue that RAWA’s ability to not only survive, but also to thrive, is due to their astute use of infrapolitics. That is, RAWA has adapted their political tactics to counteract the particular oppression of each regime they have encountered from 1977 up to today. Such adaptability includes shifting from highly visible political action such as protests to clandestine political action embedded in humanitarian work. RAWA’s revolution is one that will be satisfied by the changing of regimes—they have survived countless—but a revolution that will be realized when ideologies change and democracy, secularism, social justice, and women’s rights are realized in Afghanistan.
Preparation and properties of starch esters.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation and properties of starch, which is capable of ester formation with either organic or inorganic acids. Reaction is effected by well-known esterification procedures after their adaptation and modification fits the special requirements of the starch macromolecules. Starch refers to the natural material, comprised of the variable proportions of the two fractions and for which no separation of the component fractions is carried out. The term “amylose” is employed to represent the starch substances that are believed to be composed of linear, unbranched molecules, and the term “amylopectin” for the molecules that are believed to be composed of branched chains. Structural investigations proved that starch consists of the chains of glucopyranose units joined together. Starch triesters are the only esters for which the properties and methods of preparation are investigated extensively.
Process improvement for printing operations through the DMAIC Lean Six Sigma approach

Purpose – This project aims to address the problems facing a small printing company during the printing of sample boards. The company was unable to meet their projected yearly demand of 200,000 boards. During the study, the team found that the company's maximum output was 143,400 from two printing machines and thus faced the need to acquire new capital. The goal of this project is, therefore, to create a sustainable process that increased the client's competitive advantage in the printing industry.Design/methodology/approach – By applying Six Sigma and Lean principles, the team identified the current situation that the printing company's operations were in as well as determining the maximum possible output. The team identified methods to increase production output while finding the optimum annual labor costs per unit for possible future situations.Findings – Approximately 30 percent of the workers' activities were found to be non‐value added and there are numerous machine delays that decreased productivit...
Precision Electroweak Physics and Higgsless Models in Warped Space

We study tree level corrections to precision electroweak physics in the recently proposed Higgsless models in warped space. Such models inherit from their similarity with technicolor theories a large contribution to the oblique parameters, S in particular. We show that it is possible to suppress S using brane induced kinetic terms and unequal left-right bulk gauge couplings, paying the price of heavy KK modes. In the allowed region, they are eventually ineffective in restoring perturbative unitarity in W scattering above 2 TeV. Although it looks like a Higgsless models' bane, it has been recently shown that such problem can be easily solved delocalizing the light fermions.
Why are there so few black-owned firms in in Africa? Preliminary results from enterprise survey data

Much of the growth in Sub-Saharan Africa in the past decade has come from extractive industries, rather than from private, entrepreneurial activity. Furthermore, non-extractive activity in the private sector is often dominated by firms owned by ethnic minorities. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the formal private sector in five countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular emphasis on Black African-owned (indigenous) firms. The authors find that indigenous firms start smaller and grow more slowly; however their rate of growth is positively influenced by whether the owner-entrepreneur has a university degree. They do not find overwhelming evidence that credit is the binding constraint but they do find that indigenous firms get less access to trade credit than firms owned by minority entrepreneurs. Finally, the paper discusses policy solutions that might enable a larger number of indigenous entrepreneurs to enter and survive in a vibrant, multi-ethnic private sector
PROCESSOS DE APRENDIZAGEM DESENCADEADOS NA DISCIPLINA POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS A DISTÂNCIA: RECORTES DE UMA PRÁTICA

The present article makes a series of reflections around the processes of teaching and of apprenticeship unleashed in the discipline Education Politics, offered in the modality of teaching and learning at distance in a higher education institution. The subject is part of the curriculum matrix of diverse courses of graduation offered by the institution. We seek, with basis in the search-action and in active theories, to render problematic our pedagogical making in the Educational Politics subject in the modality at distance teaching and learning. And by the analysis of the information presented here, one can infer that it is possible to develop processes of teaching and learning in virtual environments of learning. In special, when these are supported by processes of teaching and of active learning, as the ones distinguished in this experience.
Incorporation of Environmental Externalities in the United States of America

Internalizing the environmental costs imposed on society by polluters is the wave of the future in addressing environmental degradation. By signalling to industry the true societal costs of their operations, inclusion of environmental costs in the price of goods produced gives an economic incentive to industry to reduce pollution. This can be an important supplement to regulation.
Occult megarectum--a commonly unrecognized cause of enuresis.

Objective To determine whether occult megarectum remains a commonly unrecognized cause of enuresis and whether treating it will cure enuresis in most children. A landmark study proved constipation was a commonly unrecognized cause of enuresis in 1986 in which constipation was defined as abnormal rectal distension. However, modern recommendations have focused on signs of functional constipation, such as hard or rare stools. Methods A retrospective review of 30 consecutive patients seen in our clinic with a chief complaint of nocturnal enuresis was performed, with an analysis of the results of their plain abdominal radiographs. The results of the studies were determined using a novel method termed the rectal/pelvic outlet ratio and Leech criteria. These results were compared with the reported constipation history according to the International Children's Continence Society guidelines, which recommends asking parents and children whether the child's bowel movements occur less often than every other day and whether the stool consistency is hard. Patients diagnosed with megarectum were treated with laxatives, with the goal of restoring normal rectal tone. Results All patients demonstrated rectal distension according to the rectal/pelvic outlet ratio, and 80% were constipated according to the Leech criteria. Only 10% of the patient or families reported clinical symptoms of constipation. All the adolescent patients in our study and 80% of the younger patients were cured of enuresis with laxative therapy. Conclusion Occult megarectum remains a commonly undiagnosed cause of nocturnal enuresis. Abdominal radiographs represent a simple, noninvasive method to diagnose megarectum and might improve the treatment of nocturnal enuresis.
Carrier-Mediated Photodiffusion Membranes

Reversible photochromic reactions can be coupled to carrier-mediated transport processes in membranes to bring about the separation or concentration of selected permeants. Carbon monoxide has been pumped against of fourfold concentration gradient by differentially illuminating a hemoglobin membrane. The extent of concentration of photochromic ligands increases with light intensity and is reversible. Nonphotochemically sensitive ligands can also be transported by coupling with phostosensitive carrier-mediated systems.
Realization of an arbitrary permutation on a hypercube

Abstract We present an explicit combinatorial algorithm for constructing a 2-realization for any given permutation on a circuit-switched d-dimensional hypercube (d-cube) such that the total number of directed edges used in the realization (counting every repetition) is bounded by d2d, the total number of directed edges in the d-cube. As a corollary, this result implies a (2d−3) step realization on a packet-switched d-cube (d⩾3).
General surgery and otolaryngology resident perspectives on obtaining competency in thyroid surgery

Objective General surgery (GS) and otolaryngology (OTO) do not require a minimum number of thyroidectomies to qualify for board certification. No standardized criteria exist for declaring competence in this procedure. A survey was created to assess GS and OTO resident perspectives on becoming competent in thyroid surgery. Design A survey was electronically mailed to all GS and OTO residents assessing their competence in thyroid surgery. Setting National survey of general surgery and otolaryngology residents. Participants National general surgery and otolaryngology residents. Results A convenience sample of 526 residents responded (246/280 = GS/OTO). The mean clinical year of training was 3.3 (3.1/3.5). Most residents (50%/41%) performed between 1 and 10 thyroid operations. Residents believed 13 and 25 (GS/OTO) thyroidectomies were required by their respective Boards. Both groups felt that 30 (27/33) thyroid operations were necessary to obtain competence (p Conclusions While residents of both specialties generally agree on learning methods, the perception of readiness to perform thyroid surgery after training is variable. A disconnect is present between the number of cases required for Board certification, the number of cases residents believe are required, and the number of cases residents believe it takes to achieve competency.
Determination of the superconductor-insulator phase diagram for one-dimensional wires.

We establish the superconductor-insulator phase diagram for quasi-one-dimensional wires by measuring a large set of MoGe nanowires. This diagram is roughly consistent with the Chakravarty-Schmid-Bulgadaev phase boundary, namely, with the critical resistance being equal to ${R}_{Q}=h/4{e}^{2}$. Deviations from this boundary for a small fraction of the samples prompt us to suggest an alternative phase diagram, which matches the data exactly. Transport properties of wires in the superconducting phase are dominated by phase slips, whereas insulating nanowires exhibit a weak Coulomb blockade behavior.
Sources of HIV incidence among stable couples in sub-Saharan Africa

Introduction : The recent availability of efficacious prevention interventions among stable couples offers new opportunities for reducing HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the dynamics of HIV incidence among stable couples is critical to inform HIV prevention strategy across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods : We quantified the sources of HIV incidence arising among stable couples in sub-Saharan Africa using a cohort-type mathematical model parameterized by nationally representative data. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were incorporated. Results : HIV incidence arising among stable concordant HIV-negative couples contribute each year, on average, 29.4% of total HIV incidence; of those, 22.5% (range: 11.1%–39.8%) are infections acquired by one of the partners from sources external to the couple, less than 1% are infections acquired by both partners from external sources within a year and 6.8% (range: 3.6%–11.6%) are transmissions to the uninfected partner in the couple in less than a year after the other partner acquired the infection from an external source. The mean contribution of stable HIV sero-discordant couples to total HIV incidence is 30.4%, with most of those, 29.7% (range: 9.1%–47.9%), being due to HIV transmissions from the infected to the uninfected partner within the couple. The remaining incidence, 40.2% (range: 23.7%–64.6%), occurs among persons not in stable couples. Conclusions : Close to two-thirds of total HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa occur among stable couples; however, only half of this incidence is attributed to HIV transmissions from the infected to the uninfected partner in the couple. The remaining incidence is acquired through extra-partner sex. Substantial reductions in HIV incidence can be achieved only through a prevention approach that targets all modes of HIV exposure among stable couples and among individuals not in stable couples. Keywords: stable couples; sources of infection; HIV incidence; Sub-Saharan Africa; demographic and health surveys; mathematical model. To access the supplementary material to this article please see Supplementary Files under Article Tools online. (Published: 21 February 2014) Citation: Chemaitelly H et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17 :18765 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/18765 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18765
An examination of the five-factor model of normal personality variation with reliable component analysis

Abstract Evidence has been presented in recent years which suggests that five personality domains are needed to describe normal personality variations. The domains of the five-factor model (FFM) have been termed Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Nearly all of the evidence in support of the FFM is dependent on the choice of analytic method. The method selected by the vast majority of researchers has been principal component analysis followed by varimax rotation. The present study examined the correlations between the facet scales of the five domains of the NEO Personality Inventory, Revised Edition [NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992b Professional Manual: revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)] with reliable component analysis. Reliable component analysis is a multivariate method which defines orthogonal composites with maximum reliability. When five reliable components were varimax-rotated, the FFM was recovered. However, rotating three components supported an alternative personality model, that of Eysenck, despite the fact that the analyses were conducted on measures designed to assess the FFM.
Anencephaly and spina bifida among Hispanics: maternal, sociodemographic, and acculturation factors in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.

BACKGROUND: We used data from the multisite National Birth Defects Prevention Study for expected delivery dates from October 1997 through 2003, to determine whether the increased risk in anencephaly and spina bifida (neural tube defects (NTDs)) in Hispanics was explained by selected sociodemographic, acculturation, and other maternal characteristics. METHODS: For each type of defect, we examined the association with selected maternal characteristics stratified by race/ethnicity and the association with Hispanic parents' acculturation level, relative to non-Hispanic whites. We used logistic regression and calculated crude odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Hispanic mothers who reported the highest level of income were 80% less likely to deliver babies with spina bifida. In addition, highly educated Hispanic and white mothers had 76 and 35% lower risk, respectively. Other factors showing differing effects for spina bifida in Hispanics included maternal age, parity, and gestational diabetes. For spina bifida there was no significant elevated risk for U.S.–born Hispanics, relative to whites, but for anencephaly, corresponding ORs ranged from 1.9 to 2.3. The highest risk for spina bifida was observed for recent Hispanic immigrant parents from Mexico or Central America residing in the United States <5 years (OR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.46–7.37). CONCLUSIONS: Less acculturated Hispanic parents seemed to be at highest risk of NTDs. For anencephaly, U.S.–born and English-speaking Hispanic parents were also at increased risk. Finally, from an etiologic standpoint, spina bifida and anencephaly appeared to be etiologically heterogeneous from these analyses. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Membrane alterations in cellular aging: Susceptibility of phospholipids in density (age)-separated human erythrocytes to phospholipase A2

Abstract Human erythrocytes were separated into four density (age) groups representing the top 10% (young), bottom 10% (old), and two middle fractions of 40% each (intermediary ages). When these erythrocytes of different age groups were treated with the low levels of a purified basic phospholipase A 2 from Agkistrodon halys blomhofii , under conditions where little or no hemolysis occurred, the optimum extent of phosphatidylcholine (PC) hydrolysis in all age groups was the same, but interestingly, the rate of its hydrolysis was two to three times faster in the older cells compared to younger erythrocytes. On the other hand, hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of younger erythrocytes by the phospholipase A 2 was negligible under the particular experimental conditions. However, in erythrocytes of older age groups, both the rate and extent of PE hydrolysis by the enzyme increased in a distinctive fashion. Concomitant with the above pattern of PC and PE hydrolysis, the shape changes in the erythrocytes also were different; whereas all older erythrocytes became echinocytic only two-thirds of the younger erythrocytes showed a similar shape change. These observations firmly establish that during in vivo aging of normal erythrocytes in circulation significant changes in the structural organization of membrane phospholipids take place. Importance of this phenomenon in membrane phospholipid asymmetry studies and in the elimination of senescent cells also is discussed.
Toward a Social Psychology of Place: Predicting Behavior from Place-Based Cognitions, Attitude, and Identity

Sense-of-place writings have proliferated in recent years, yet research suffers from a relative lack of construct clarity and hypothesis testing. This research presents a model of sense of place based in conventional social psychology: cognitions, attitudes, identities, and behavioral intentions located in and fundamentally about place. A survey of property owners in Vilas County, Wisconsin, revealed the importance of symbolic meanings as underpinning both place satisfaction, conceptualized as an attitude toward a setting, and attachment, conceptualized as personal identification with a setting. In turn, attachment, satisfaction, and meanings all have independent effects on willingness to engage in behaviors that maintain or enhance valued attributes of the setting.
Palaeoceanography: The briny deep

Modern deep waters form in the Nordic seas when high-salinity surface waters cool and sink. An analysis of Arctic Ocean sediments suggests that throughout the past fifteen million years, brines created during sea-ice formation controlled the sinking of water.
Primary producers and nutrient loading in Silver Springs, FL, USA

Abstract The characteristics and dynamics of primary producer communities of Silver Springs was examined to compare with that observed by Odum [Odum, H.T., 1957. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 27, 55–112.] as a means of evaluating the impacts of changes that have occurred over time. The Silver Springs ecosystem is considered an ecosystem at risk, where nitrate levels have more than doubled over the past 50 years. The spatial and temporal abundance and distribution of above-sediment primary producers in Silver Springs, FL, USA, was estimated on a system-wide basis using a GIS platform. The results of study suggest that while the Sagittaria component of Silver Springs has remained relatively stable, epiphyte and benthic algal mat community biomass has expanded, particularly benthic forms, like Lyngbya . However, we argue for caution in weighing the significance of long-term comparisons of system-wide biomass in light of considerable spatial heterogeneity in aquatic primary producer communities.
The use of software for a risk-based approach to the planning and operation of water-resource systems

Software for water-resources planning has been in use in the Anglian region of the UK since the mid-1970s. However, new technical solutions (such as network flow programming) have recently emerged and may offer more appropriate tools to respond to the growing challenges faced by the water industry. These have been explored and implemented by Essex and Suffolk Water and the Environment Agency through the 'drought reliable output program' (DROP) project. The needs and benefits of a more user-friendly platform are reviewed, and issues relating to the lack of a general quantifiable measure of reliability (both in yield assessment for planning purposes and the optimization of operation of water-resource systems) are discussed.
Malignant melanoma of the extremities: a clinicopathologic study using levels of invasion (microstage).

A clinicopathologic study was done in 151 patients with malignant melanoma of the extremities who were surgically treated in Memorial Hospital and had 5– to 9-year followup. Microstaging was done according to the depth of invasion, as determined by Clark's levels as well as by direct measurement. This was related to treatment and to clinical course. There was a correlation between the depth of invasion by Clark's levels and the incidence of lymph node metastases in patients with Stage I melanoma who had elective node dissection. The incidence of nodal metastases was 4% for Level II, 7% for Level III, 25% for Level IV, and 70% for Level V. There was a correlation between Clark's level of invasion and survival after surgery. The 5-year cure rate was 100% for Level II, 88% for Level III, 60% for Level IV, and 15% for Level V melanoma. The presence of nodal metastases augured a much worse prognosis than Clark's level per se. In patients with Level IV melanoma, the 5-year cure rate was 82% in patients with negative nodes and 27% in those with nodal metastases after elective node dissection. Microstaging primary melanoma according to Clark's levels serves as a useful standard with which to compare surgical results. In this series of extremity melanomas there was no difference between local recurrence and lymphadenectomy for Level II melanoma. For Level III and Level IV melanoma, wide excision and lymphadenectomy gave higher cure rates than wide excision only, both at 5 and 9 years after surgery. The results were significant only for patients with Level III, however. Use of the measured depth of invasion added significant clinicopathologic information. The incidence of nodal metastases at elective node dissection was 5 to 9% for melanoma showing 0.6 to 2.0 mm of invasion, 22% for melanoma measuring 2.1 to 3.0 mm, and 39% for melanoma invading beyond 3.0 mm. The 5-year cure rate was 100% for melanoma measuring less than 1.0 mm, 83% for melanoma invading 1.1 to 2.0 mm, 58% for lesions measuring 2.1 to 3.0 mm, and 55% for melanoma invading over 3.0 mm. The microstage technique combining Clark's levels and the measured depth of invasion has an important use as a prognostic index and as a standard upon which to select treatment for primary melanoma of the extremities.
An improved solution to the ``Rankine-Hugoniot'' problem

This paper presents an extension of the nonlinear least squares fitting technique of Vinas and Scudder (1986) (VS), which finds the physical and geometrical properties of nondissipational magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shocks. The new method incorporates plasma temperature observations in the form of normal momentum flux and energy density flux conservation as well as plasma density, velocity, and magnetic field data. The new technique is capable of using known standard deviations in the individual measurement points to properly weight the fitting procedure. The new fitting code is validated through the analysis of synthetic shocks with known physical and geometrical properties. Finally, it is compared to the original VS method and the preaveraged velocity coplanarity technique.
The Balmer 9 and Balmer 11 lines of He ii in the Sun

We identify the Balmer 9 and 11 lines of He ii at 959 A and 942 A in solar spectra. These lines are produced mainly by recombination following photoionization of He ii by coronal XUV radiation. From analysis of the line intensities, we confirm the theoretical model of Avrett et al. (1976), who found that an appreciable amount of He++ is present at temperatures of 1–2 × 104 K and that the anomalously strong He ii λ304 line is produced primarily by collisional excitation. We also confirm the suggestion of Kohl (1977) that the photoionization-recombination process is more important in active regions than in the quiet Sun, and we find that the λ304 line is produced largely by recombination in solar flares.
Testing and implementing cockpit alerting systems

Abstract Alerting systems are being given new technological capabilities that raise novel issues in their interaction with the operator, requiring new methods of testing in order to accurately assess and predict their ultimate impact on operational performance. This paper reviews operational problems with alerting systems, and outlines difficulties in testing them. A range of effects which should be examined during the testing and implementation of alerting systems are detailed, with an emphasis on understanding the total performance of the joint human-alerting system combination. Methods for testing alerting systems beyond the most-common tightly-controller laboratory experiments are detailed, using recent studies as examples.
Graphene Dirac fermions in one-dimensional inhomogeneous field profiles: Transforming magnetic to electric field

We show that the low-energy electronic structure of graphene under a one-dimensional inhomogeneous magnetic field can be mapped into that of graphene under an electric field or vice versa. As a direct application of this transformation, we find that the carrier velocity in graphene is isotropically reduced under magnetic fields periodic along one direction with zero average flux. This counterintuitive renormalization has its origin in the pseudospin nature of graphene electronic states and is robust against disorder. In magnetic graphene superlattices with a finite average flux, the Landau level bandwidth at high fields exhibits an unconventional behavior of decreasing with increasing strength of the average magnetic field due to the linear energy dispersion of graphene. As another application of our transformation relation, we show that the transmission probabilities of an electron through a magnetic barrier in graphene can directly be obtained from those through an electrostatic barrier or vice versa.
Feature-driven Cartesian adaptive mesh refinement for vortex-dominated flows

We develop locally normalized feature-detection methods to guide the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) process for Cartesian grid systems to improve the resolution of vortical features in aerodynamic wakes. The methods include: the Q-criterion [1], the @l"2 method [2], the @l"c"i method [3], and the @l"+ method [4]. Specific attention is given to automate the feature identification process by applying a local normalization based upon the shear-strain rate so that they can be applied to a wide range of flow-fields without the need for user intervention. To validate the methods, we assess tagging efficiency and accuracy using a series of static vortex-dominated flow-fields, and use the methods to drive the AMR process for several theoretical and practical simulations. We demonstrate that the adaptive solutions provide comparable accuracy to solutions obtained on uniformly refined meshes at a fraction of the computational cost. Overall, the normalized feature detection methods are shown to be effective in driving the AMR process in an automated and efficient manner.
Subnanoscale Lanthanum Distribution in Lanthanum-Incorporated Hafnium Oxide Thin Films Grown Using Atomic Layer Deposition

The subnanoscale spatial distribution of La in La-incorporated HfO2 thin films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is characterized using angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) and ellipsometry. The (La 3d)/(O 1s) photoelectron intensity ratios and film void fractions are acquired by conducting AR-XPS at small take off angles and processing the ellipsometry data through the effective medium approximation model. The existence of a HfLaxOy−HfO2−HfLaxOy structure is confirmed by AR-XPS. The ellipsometry data reveal an abrupt decrease of film void fraction after two HfO2 growth cycles. More than two and less than three ALD HfO2 layers interact with one ALD layer of La2O3 in such a way that the first two ALD HfO2 layers mismatch with La2O3 and form a HfO2−La2O3 mixture with a different structure compared to films with a third ALD HfO2 layer that completes the formation of a continuous HfO2 surface. At least four ALD HfO2 layers are required for La free HfO2 interval layers to exist in the ...
New Method for Viewing Root Surfaces

A new technique, density slicing and color coding, was utilized in examining root surfaces. This technique proved to be an adjunct in evaluating tooth surfaces and appeared to have future dental application. Density slicing and color coding vividly portrays the root surface, the depth of depressions and the concentration and flow pattern of calculus, enhancing the ability of the naked eye to visualize root surface topography.
Mixed adlayer of alkanethiol and peptide on GaAs(100): Quantitative characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Homogeneous and mixed adlayers composed of an alkanethiol (1-octadecanethiol, ODT) and a peptide (CGISYGRKKRRQRRR) on GaAs(100) were formed in two different solvent systems: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The chemical composition of each adlayer was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The data showed that the makeup of the adlayer and its stability largely depends on the solvent used. Angle-resolved XPS also revealed that the adlayer thickness and tilt angles were different from values obtained from ellipsometry measurements and vastly varied between the two solvents used. The coverage data extracted from the XPS measurements indicated that homogeneous adlayers of peptide in PBS buffer form a multilayered film. Homogeneous alkanethiol adlayers exhibited monolayer coverage under all solvent treatments. Coadsorbed layers containing both alkanethiol and peptide have fractional monolayer coverage in both solvents.
Does Discourse Congruence Influence Spoken Language Comprehension before Lexical Association? Evidence from Event-Related Potentials.

The goal of this study was to examine how lexical association and discourse congruence affect the time course of processing incoming words in spoken discourse. In an event-related potential (ERP) norming study, we presented prime-target pairs in the absence of a sentence context to obtain a baseline measure of lexical priming. We observed a typical N400 effect when participants heard critical associated and unassociated target words in word pairs. In a subsequent experiment, we presented the same word pairs in spoken discourse contexts. Target words were always consistent with the local sentence context, but were congruent or not with the global discourse (e.g., “Luckily Ben had picked up some salt and pepper/basil,” preceded by a context in which Ben was preparing marinara sauce (congruent) or dealing with an icy walkway (incongruent). Event-related potential effects of global discourse congruence preceded those of local lexical association, suggesting an early influence of the global discourse represent...
Recent Advances in the Genetics of Affective Illness

Variability in the classification of depressive illness greatly handicapped the work of geneticists prior to the application of the polarity concept. The past decade has however, seen a burgeoning of interest in this area, with researchers concentrating on bipolar illness, this being the most clearly defined entity. Findings of a lifetime morbidity risk for affective illness of 15-20% in the first degree relatives of bipolar patients has been usual. This compares with 10-15% for patients with unipolar illness. Transmission patterns indicative of known forms of Mendelian inheritance have not been consistently demonstrated. Genetic markers including colour blindness and HLA antigens have been pursued avidly but have yielded inconclusive results. Further progress seems unlikely unless more sub-groups are defined using biochemical and physiological markers.
She's old enough to be a beautiful young boy: Sarah Bernhardt, breeches roles and the poetics of aging

This essay argues that Sarah Bernhardt's choice to play young male roles late in her career served as a radically anti-agist feminist response to the limiting and often demeaning professional and social opportunities afforded aging women. While scholarship has attended to Bernhardt's cross-dress roles through the lens of gender, this essay highlights her “breeches” roles, in particular Hamlet and L’Aiglon as cross-age and cross-gender. By examining “aging” as the contextual mode by which gender functioned, we open up new terrain with which to examine and appreciate Bernhardt's significance in the scope of theatre history, women's history and aging studies. In the title roles of Hamlet and L’Aiglon, Berhnardt assumed youth and male-ness on stage, which both highlighted her offstage socially perceived deficits (aged and female) and challenged the designation of those identities as deficient; performance threw into flux what had been assumed static. And the public responded. Far from honoring the assumed cul...
Ovarian cancer gene therapy: Repeated treatment with thymidine kinase in an adenovirus vector and ganciclovir improves survival in a novel immunocompetent murine model

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to assess the effect of multiple injections of the system of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase in an adenovirus vector and ganciclovir on survival in a murine model of human epithelial ovarian cancer. Study Design: In this work we tested the ability of the system of thymidine kinase delivered by an adenovirus vector and ganciclovir to treat ovarian cancer in a novel murine model for epithelial ovarian cancer, SaskMouse. SaskMouse was developed by injecting LM-1 cells, a murine epithelial ovarian cancer cell line, intraperitoneally into a syngeneic C57BL/6N × C3H/He mouse strain. The cells developed into multiple cancer implants on different abdominal organs, leading to ascites and rapid death. The model has an intact immune system, as evidenced by the inability of different human cancer cells to develop into cancers when injected into the mice intraperitoneally. Results: The system of thymidine kinase delivered by an adenovirus vector and ganciclovir was applied to SaskMouse. Mice were either untreated (group 1), treated with one intraperitoneal injection of adenovirus– thymidine kinase at 250 plaque-forming units/cell (group 2), or treated with two intraperitoneal injections of adenovirus–thymidine kinase at 250 plaque-forming units/cell on days 0 and 23 (group 3). Survivals were 23 ± 2, 27 ± 2, and 35 ± 4 days, respectively ( P Conclusion: Our data suggest that multiple intraperitoneal injections of the combination of thymidine kinase delivered by an adenovirus vector and ganciclovir are effective in prolonging survival in the presence of ovarian cancer. There are potential implications for other abdominal malignancies. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:553-9.)
The ultimate prognosis after valve replacement: an assessment at twenty years.

Abstract Our experience over a 20-year period consists of 2,135 patients with initial caged-ball valve replacement: 52% aortic, 34% mitral, 12% double, and 2% triple-valve replacements, with 59.2, 39.8, 10.3, and 2.7 patient-centuries of follow-up, respectively. Fifteen-year actuarial survival (± standard error) was 43 ± 2% for aortic and 44 ± 3% for mitral valve replacement, and 27 ± 5% for double-valve and 23 ± 7% for triple-valve replacement. Restricting attention to patients operated on since 1973 divides the series almost in half and does not dramatically improve the 5-year actuarial survival (from 66 ± 2% to 71 ± 3% and from 70 ± 2% to 78 ± 3% for aortic valve replacement and mitral valve replacement, respectively). There was some alteration in the causes of late death: the largest percentage of deaths in both the earlier and current groups, 52%, was cardiac related whereas only 24% and 13%, respectively, were valve related. Over the past two decades operative mortality has declined and, to a lesser extent, late survival after mitral valve replacement has improved. The incidence of embolism has decreased significantly, most notably with the Silastic ball valves. Dramatic improvements in late results will occur primarily by modifying the cardiac-related death rate through earlier operation and improvements in the medical management of postoperative arrhythmias and congestive heart failure.
Results of a double-barrel technique with commercially available devices for hypogastric preservation during aortoilac endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Objective To assess technical feasibility and short-term outcome of a novel hypogastric preservation technique in patients with aortoiliac aneurysms using commercially available endografts without device modification. Methods Multi-institution review of prospectively acquired database of patients undergoing double-barrel endograft repair of aortoiliac aneurysms. Results Twenty-two patients underwent endovascular aneurysm repair for aortoiliac aneurysms from 2010 to 2011, with 23 double-barrel hypogastric preservation procedures successfully completed in 21 patients. The technique involved bifurcated main body placement followed by simultaneous deployment of parallel endograft limbs into the external iliac (ipsilateral approach) and hypogastric (contralateral femoral or brachial approach) arteries. Bilateral hypogastric branches were performed in two patients, and unilateral branches with and without contralateral coil embolization were performed in nine and ten patients, respectively. Procedural success rate was 96%, technical success rate (successful implantation with immediate aneurysm exclusion and no observed endoleak) was 88%, and access was fully-percutaneous in 86%. Two type III endoleaks between branch components were noted on completion angiograms, but both resolved spontaneously on follow-up imaging. One type Ib endoleak was noted on postoperative imaging (contralateral to hypogastric branch, repaired with limb extension), as were three type II endoleaks (14%) without sac expansion. Early ( Conclusions The double-barrel technique for hypogastric preservation is technically feasible across multiple interventionalists using commercially available endografts without device modification. These procedures are associated with minimal morbidity, acceptable short-term limb-patency rates, and reduced buttock claudication compared with those involving contralateral hypogastric embolization.
WINNING THE WAR ON TERROR: SUPPLY-SIDE PERSPECTIVE

This article introduces a supply-side perspective to the study of counterterrorism, where terrorists are viewed as combining terrorist attacks to achieve an aggregate output (e.g. social anxiety). With this novel approach, the elasticity of substitution, associated with the terrorists' production function, becomes a key determinant of the effectiveness of deterrence. If this elasticity is large, then countermeasures have very limited effectiveness when directed at a single mode of attack. If, in contrast, attack modes are complements, focused countermeasures can completely eliminate terrorists' gains. Counterterrorism measures are more effective when terrorist campaigns display little diversity of attacks. The article also identifies when proactive policies are more effective than defensive policies. The supply-side perspective gives a new pessimistic view to benevolence, which reduces the cost of nonterrorist activities.
Teachers' views and beliefs about bullying: Influences on classroom management strategies and students' coping with peer victimization

A multilevel design was used to test a model in which teachers' attitudes (beliefs) about bullying (e.g., it is normative; assertive children do not get bullied; children wouldn't be bullied if they avoided mean kids) were hypothesized to influence if and how they intervene in bullying interactions. In turn, it was hypothesized that teachers' strategies would influence how their students cope with victimization and the frequency of victimization reported by their students. Data were gathered on 34 2nd and 4th grade teachers and 363 ethnically-diverse students (188 boys; 175 girls; M age=9 years 2 months). Results indicated that teachers were not likely to intervene if they viewed bullying as normative behavior, but were more likely to intervene if they held either assertion or avoidant beliefs. Moreover, avoidant beliefs were predictive of separating students which was then associated both directly and indirectly (via reduced revenge seeking) with lower levels of peer victimization. No grade differences emerged for teachers' views or management strategies; however, minor sex differences were detected which will be discussed.