cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental health-related quality of life is associated with diet quality among survivors of breast cancer

This study sought to understand the association of mental health-related quality of life (MHRQoL) and nutritional status (food security status and malnutrition risk), with diet quality among female survivors of breast cancer. This pilot cross-sectional study utilized self-report survey data from the RAND-36, the USDA 2-item food insecurity screen, the Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), and the Diet History Questionnaire II (DHQII)/Health Eating Index 2015 (HEI). Participants self-selected participation after being identified through an academic medical center cancer registry and contact through mailed recruitment letters and flyers posted in oncology clinics. Emotional well-being and social functioning composite scores of the RAND-36 were used to characterize MHRQoL. Correlational and regression analyses were performed to assess the association of diet quality, nutritional status, and MHRQoL. The majority of participants (n = 90) were non-Hispanic white (90%), average age of 71.3 ± 8.1 years, and an average body mass index (BMI) of 28.2 ± 6.6. Four of the 90 participants (4.4%) scored at risk for food insecurity. Linear regression indicated that social functioning composite scores were positively associated with HEI scores (β = 0.11, SE = 0.53, p = 0.03). Controlling for demographic characteristics, education level (β = 5.25, SE = 2.25, p = 0.02) was positively associated with HEI scores. Diet quality and MHRQoL were associated among breast cancer survivors, with education level also being associated with diet quality. These results can be used to aid targeted nutrition counseling and mental health interventions to address the nutritional vulnerabilities among female breast cancer survivors, particularly among older cancer survivors.
Neurolinguistic Evidence for Script Relativity

This chapter reviews a vast amount of neuroimaging studies of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean in comparison to L2 English, using the neuonral recycling hypothesis (Dehaene, 2009) and the (writing) system accommodation hypothesis (Perfetti & Liu, 2005) as theoretical frameworks. In order to understand the basic brain network associated with reading, the major reading circuits found among typical readers are first reviewed. The findings of neuroimaging studies of reading in alphabetic scripts are reviewed and then moved on to the nonalphabetic Chinese and Japanese scripts, compared to L2 English. Although reviewed studies were not carried out to directly test script relativity, evidence converges on biological unity, script diversity, and cognitive diversity, which points toward script relativity.
A deep learning solution approach for high-dimensional random differential equations

Abstract Developing efficient numerical algorithms for the solution of high dimensional random Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) has been a challenging task due to the well-known curse of dimensionality. We present a new solution approach for these problems based on deep learning. This approach is intrusive, entirely unsupervised, and mesh-free. Specifically, the random PDE is approximated by a feed-forward fully-connected deep residual network, with either strong or weak enforcement of initial and boundary constraints. Parameters of the approximating deep neural network are determined iteratively using variants of the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithm. The satisfactory accuracy of the proposed approach is numerically demonstrated on diffusion and heat conduction problems, in comparison with the converged Monte Carlo-based finite element results.
Intertemporal Choice and Legal Constraints

Intertemporal Choice and Legal Constraints M . Keith Chen* Yale School of Management Alan Schwartz Yale Law School and Yale School of Management January 14th, 2009 f Abstract We study the effect of legal constraints in an environment in which agents face demand shocks they would like to smooth, but the agents also have weakness of will: their long and short run preferences are misaligned. Some agents are sophisticated - they know they will make inconsistent intertemporal choices - w hile other agents are naive. The consequent public policy problem is complex. The state apparently should facilitate consumer borrowing, to help agents cushion the effect of shocks, but also should facilitate pre-commitment, to help agents control excessive present- based preferences. We show that naive and sophisticated agents make similar consumption/savings choices, which simplifies the policy problem. We also show that all agents borrow when they experience consumption shocks, and that agents with relatively strong present-based preferences who face relatively mild consumption shocks will borrow to finance ex­ cessive current consumption. Other agents save appropriately. Legal con­ straints that severely restrict agents' access to credit thus would be over- inclusive. Offering agents access to both a liquid and an illiquid savings vehicle is welfare improving relative to allowing agents complete freedom to borrow or strongly restricting their access to the credit market. *Comments are welcome at keith.chen@yale.edu or at alan.schwartz@yale.edu. T h i s pap has benefitted from workshops at Boston University L a w School, the N B E R summer meeting and the Swiss Institute of Technology, Zurich. Keywords: J E L Classifications:
1271-PUB: Real-World Effectiveness of Newly Initiated Once-Weekly Semaglutide (sema OW) by Prescriber Specialty

Background: Both primary care physicians (PCPs) and endocrinologists (Endos) commonly prescribe T2D medications. This study presents real-world effectiveness of sema OW by prescriber specialty in a cohort of US commercially insured/Medicare Advantage T2D patients newly initiating a GLP-1 agonist. Methods: Claims and lab result data were used to identify T2D patients who initiated sema OW between 12/1/17 - 6/30/20 (index as first claim). Selected patients had ≥1 A1c result within ≤3 months pre and ≥3 months post-index. Patients with no claim for any GLP-1 agonist in the 12 months pre-index and persistent on sema OW (those with a sema OW prescription with days supply dispensed overlapping/in proximity of date of post-index A1c) were assessed for A1c changes stratified by prescriber specialty (PCPs/Endos) and by pre-index A1c >9%. Results: A1c was significantly reduced vs. pre-index in 1,284 patients prescribed sema OW by a PCP or Endo (both -1.3%; p 9% (both -2.8%; p Conclusion: Similar pre/post reductions in A1c were observed when initiating sema OW in T2D GLP-1 agonist naive patients being treated by PCPs and Endos. Disclosure N. Shivappa: Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk. J. Noone: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. C. Swift: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. S. Du: None. H. Tan: Other Relationship; Self; HealthCore. Y. M. Paprocki: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk, Stock/Shareholder; Self; Novo Nordisk. V. Willey: Employee; Self; HealthCore.
Tooth hop variability in human and nonhuman bone: Effect on the estimation of saw blade TPI

Forensic research has demonstrated that tooth hop (TH) is a valuable measurement from saw-cut bones as it can be used to estimate teeth-per-inch (TPI) of a saw used in postmortem dismemberment cases. However, error rates for TPI estimation are still under development and knowledge of how bone tissue affects TH measurements remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of tissue variability through the use of different taxa on the accuracy and precision of TH measurements in the bone to estimate TPI of the blade. A total of 1766 TH measurements were analyzed from human, pig, and deer long bones cut by two 7 TPI saw blades of different tooth type. Fifty distance-between-teeth measurements before and after sawing were collected directly from each blade for comparison to bone-measured TH to assess potential effects of tooth wear on TH variability. ANOVA and F tests were used to compare mean TH and variance, respectively, by saw-species (i.e., crosscut-deer, rip-deer) and species groups (i.e., all deer, all pig), with significance determined at the p < 0.05 level. TH measurements were converted to usable TPI ranges, which would typically be presented in a forensic report. It is concluded that significant differences in TH (mm) do not necessarily reflect significant differences in associated TPI ranges of suspect blades. Forensic reports should report mean TPI ± 1.5-2.5 TPI while providing a sample size indicating number of TH measured rather than just number of cuts or cut surfaces examined.
A biosafety level 2 surrogate for studying SARS-CoV-2 survival in food processing environmental biofilms

Meat processing plants have been at the center of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. There are several factors that contribute to the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in meat processing plants and one of the factors is the formation of a multi-species biofilm with virus. Biofilm can act as a reservoir in protecting, harboring, and dispersing SARS-CoV-2 from biofilm to the meat processing facility environment. We used Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 virus and meat processing facility drain samples to develop mixed-species biofilms on commonly found materials in processing facilities (Stainless-Steel (SS), PVC and tiles). The results showed that MHV was able to integrate into the environmental biofilm and survived for a period of 5 days at 7{degrees}C. There was no significate difference between the viral-environmental biofilm biovolumes developed on different materials SS, PVC, and tiles. There was a 2-fold increase in the virus-environmental biofilm biovolume when compared to environmental biofilm by itself. These results indicate a complex virus-environmental biofilm interaction which is providing enhanced protection for the survival of viral particles with the environmental biofilm community.
Merging active and passive seismic reflection data with interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution

Seismic interferometry, also referred to as Green's function retrieval by crosscorrelation, is a technique with many applications, such as for the reconstruction of surface seismic, VSP, to Ocean-Bottom data using active or passive data. Due to the impurity of the Green's function retrieved in the presence of one-sided illumination or intrinsic losses, multidimensional deconvolution emerged as an alternative. Multidivisional deconvolution addresses the limitations by deconvolving the point-spread function from the crosscorrelation result, which removes the source signature, surface related multiples and takes intrinsic losses into account. The similarity of the inverse problems of interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution applied to active and transient passive data makes it an attractive framework to merge the two datasets and retrieve a broadband Green's function (reflection response). The actual merging is done in the frequency-space domain using simple weighting functions. Numerical validations were carried out to merge active and passive body waves using interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution in a simplified exploration-style environment. The results indicate that sufficient source illumination is need as well as sufficient spatial receiver sampling to ensure that wavefields are properly recorded. Also adequate length of the receiver line must be ensured to properly record the low-frequency wavefields and meet first-Fresnel-zone criterion. The retrieved broadband response is desired for imaging and reservoir characterization purposes. The active seismic survey conducted in the northern Netherlands accompanied by the passive recordings of induced seismicity in the area was an inspiration for the merging idea. Given that the conditions from the numerical models are met in the field, passive and active data can be merged. A simple model was used to investigate the faraway induced-seismicity arrivals and briefly discuss their usefulness.
Constraint-Based Neural Network Learning for Time Series Predictions

In this chapter, we have briefly surveyed previous work in predicting noise-free piecewise chaotic time series and noisy time series with high frequency random noise. For noise-free time series, we have proposed a constrained formulation for neural network learning that incorporates the error of each learning pattern as a constraint, a new cross-validation scheme that allows multiple validations sets to be considered in learning, a recurrent FIR neural network architecture that combines a recurrent structure and a memory-based FIR structure, and a violation-guided back propagation algorithm for searching in the constrained space of the formulation. For noisy time series, we have studied systematically the edge effect due to low-pass filtering of noisy time series and have developed an approach that incorporates constraints on predicting low-pass data in the lag period. The new constraints enable active training in the lag period that greatly improves the prediction accuracy in the lag period. Finally, experimental results show significant improvements in prediction accuracy on standard benchmarks and stock price time series.
Jury Decision Making

The jury decision-making process has been one of the most frequently studied research topics in the field of psychology and law.1 Despite its popularity in the laboratory, in the real world, trial by jury is a statistically rare event. Historical analyses of the jury indicate that at one time the jury decided far more trials than the approximately 8% of criminal cases that it is estimated to hear today (Green, 1985; Hans & Vidmar, 1986). Social and political changes, greater judicial control over the jury, and the rise in plea bargaining have operated to reduce the use of the criminal trial jury. Likewise, most civil cases in the United States are resolved through settlement; only a small minority are decided by the jury. In other countries with a tradition of trial by jury, such as Great Britain and Canada, the use of the civil jury has been sharply curtailed.
Making cost-effectiveness analyses clinically relevant: the effect of provider expertise and biliary disease prevalence on the economic comparison of alternative diagnostic strategies.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives This study was performed to assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of initial magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and initial endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) compared with initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and to evaluate the effect of MRCP provider expertise on the relative cost-effectiveness of the three methods. Materials and Methods Thirty patients with suspected biliary disease and referred for ERCP were prospectively evaluated with EUS, MRCP, or ERCP within 24 hours of referral, according to institutional review board–approved protocol. Performance characteristics were measured for EUS and MRCP, with ERCP as the reference standard. A decision analysis model compared the clinical and economic effects of three diagnostic strategies (ERCP, EUS followed by ERCP [EUS-ERCP], and MRCP followed by ERCP [MRCP-ERCP]) using prospective EUS and MRCP test characteristics and Medicare reimbursements. The added costs per additional correct diagnosis and per additional false-positive finding averted and the rates and costs of ERCP-related complications were calculated for EUS-ERCP and MRCP-ERCP. Two additional MRCP readers reviewed MRCP data to evaluate interobserver variability and estimate provider expertise. Additional economic analyses incorporated these estimates. Results Compared with initial ERCP, EUS-ERCP demonstrated 72% of biliary abnormalities and reduced ERCP-related complications by 60%; the corresponding percentages for MRCP-ERCP were 48% and 40%. Initial EUS and initial MRCP decreased the number of ERCP procedures performed by 69% and 49%, respectively. Each correct diagnosis made with ERCP that would not have been made with initial EUS or initial MRCP cost an additional $4,875 or $2,580, respectively. Each false-positive diagnosis averted with initial ERCP that would have been made with EUS-ERCP or MRCP-ERCP cost an additional $9,750 or $1,548, respectively. The decision model was most sensitive to disease prevalence. As provider expertise increased, the additional cost of an additional correct diagnosis increased for ERCP compared with MRCP-ERCP, with disease prevalence accentuating provider effects. Conclusion Initial EUS and initial MRCP are less costly than initial ERCP, but provider expertise, biliary disease prevalence, and procedural costs influence incremental cost-effectiveness.
In vivo and in vitro transcription by ribonucleic acid polymerase from SP82-infected Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract DNA-RNA hybridization-competition studies indicate that there are six temporal classes of RNA produced during the infection of Bacillus subtilis by bacteriophage SP82. Class 1 RNA is produced between approximately 3 and 7 min after infection. The synthesis of Classes 2 and 3 begins between 4 and 5 min and ceases approximately 13 and 17 min after infection, respectively. Class 4 RNA is produced from 4 to 5 min after infection to the time of lysis (36 min at 37°). Synthesis of Classes 5 and 6 begins at approximately 7 and 13 min, respect vely, and continues to lysis. Class 1 and one or more of the other early classes are produced when bacteria are infected in the presence of chloramphenicol; late RNA classes are not synthesized. Competition-hybridization has also been used to analyze the RNA synthesized in vitro from SP82 DNA by RNA polymerase isolated from uninfected cells and by polymerase extracted from SP82-infected cells. The products made by uninfected cell polymerase are completely competed by RNA isolated from cells infected in the presence of chloramphenicol. RNA synthesized in vitro by polymerase from infected cells is only partially competed by chloramphenicol RNA. Experiments with competitor RNAs isolated at various times after phage infection indicate that uninfected cell polymerase transcribes in vitro those DNA sequences which are expressed in vivo early in infection; polymerase from infected cells transcribes other sequences as well.
The pathologic diagnosis of early cervical and corporeal cancer with special reference to the differentiation from pseudomalignant inflammatory lesions

Abstract This paper deals with the matter of pathologic differentiation in lesions of the uterine cervix or body, which clinically are suspicious of cancer, i.e., those cases in which biopsy or diagnostic curettage is usually called for. While cancer will rarely be found where there is no clinical suspicion whatever of its presence, it is revealed in a not inconsiderable proportion of cases which clinically are only suspicious. In an even larger proportion such lesions will be found to be benign, so that a patient will be spared the misfortune of the unnecessarily radical treatment which would be entailed by a policy of operating “on suspicion,” or because of a belief that the suspicious lesion is precancerous. Most lesions which are precancerous, in the sense of predisposing to cancer, in themselves are easily curable by simple conservative measures. In the cervix, especially, pseudomalignant pictures are extremely common, especially with chronic inflammations and polypi, but, with few exceptions, the microscope will clear up the diagnosis and point the way to the proper treatment. These pseudomalignant lesions are discussed in the paper, more especially as they bear upon the diagnosis of cancer. As cases come to the gynecologist earlier, there will be an increasing proportion in which the microscope will be essential for making rather than merely confirming the diagnosis of cancer. In doubtful cases involving the endometrium, representing chiefly cases of uterine bleeding in women beyond thirty-five where an obvious cause is not present, the microscope is essential in a much larger proportion of instances. Follow-up studies have shown the general trust-worthiness of microscopic examinations after biopsy and diagnostic curettage, for the microscopic diagnosis, when made by a competent pathologist, is rarely belied by the operative findings or the subsequent course of the patient.
Is it possible to measure happiness

A ubiquitous argument against mental-state accounts of well-being is based on the notion that mental states like happiness and satisfaction simply cannot be measured. The purpose of this paper is to articulate and to assess this “argument from measurability.” My main thesis is that the argument fails: on the most charitable interpretation, it relies on the false proposition that measurement requires the existence of an observable ordering satisfying conditions like transitivity. The failure of the argument from measurability, however, does not translate into a defense of mental-state accounts as accounts of well-being or of measures of happiness and satisfaction as measures of well-being. Indeed, I argue, the ubiquity of the argument from measurability may have obscured other, very real problems associated with mental-state accounts of well-being – above all, that happiness and satisfaction fail to track well-being – and with measures of happiness and satisfaction – above all, the tendency toward reification. I conclude that the central problem associated with the measurement of, e.g., happiness as a subjectively experienced mental state is not that it is too hard to measure, but rather that it is too easy to measure.
Some Results on the Arithmetic Correlation of Sequences

In this paper we study various properties of arithmetic correlations of sequences. Arithmetic correlations are the with-carry analogs of classical correlations. Here we analyze the arithmetic autocorrelations of non-binary i¾?-sequences, showing that they are nearly optimal. We analyze the expected auto- and cross-correlations of sequences with fixed shift. We study sequences with the arithmetic shift and add property, showing that they are exactly the i¾?-sequences with prime connection element.
Finding Our Way

Abstract The world of mainstream psychotherapy encounters unfamiliar territory when a four-year-old girl, desperate to have a different-gendered body, is treated over a three-year period by a psychologist who is not a gender specialist. Evolution of the work with the child, family, extended family, and school is described. Implications for theories of the etiology of transgender identity are considered in light of the family structure. Treatment issues are highlighted, including the interface of transgender issues with family dynamics.
Integrating biomechanical and motor control principles in elite high jumpers: A transdisciplinary approach to enhancing sport performance

Abstract Background In recent years, there has been a proliferation of technology and sport science utilized within an athlete's training, especially at the elite level. However, the sport science is a broad field, encompassing disciplines such as biomechanics, motor control and learning, exercise physiology, sports medicine, sport psychology to name a few. Rarely are these disciplines applied in an integrated manner. The purpose of this study was to document the effectiveness of an integrated biomechanics and motor control protocol for improving athlete's performance in the high jump. Methods Four elite high jumpers performed baseline jumps under normal conditions and then jumps using a specific external focus of attention cue designed to improve their running posture. Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis was used to quantify the upright posture throughout the approach as well as horizontal velocity at plant and vertical velocity at takeoff. Results The results showed that when using the external focus of attention cue, the jumpers were significantly more upright during the approach, had significantly higher horizontal velocities at plant, and generated significantly greater vertical velocities during the takeoff. Conclusion The results of this study lay the foundation for future work examining how integrating sport science disciplines can improve performance of elite level athletes.
Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

We examined approximately 600 specimens that represent the Praomys delectorum species group (Muridae: Murinae: Praomyini), a rodent complex restricted to Afromontane landscapes in East Africa and currently viewed as a single species. Morphometric analyses of 21 population samples consistently disclosed cohesive patterns of craniodental differentiation that support the recognition of three species: Praomys delectorum Thomas, confined to extreme southern Malawi; P. melanotus Allen & Loveridge, found in highlands of south-western Tanzania and contiguous northern Malawi; and P. taitae Heller (including octomastis Hatt), distributed in mountains and foothills of southern Kenya and northern and central Tanzania. Populations of the P. delectorum group are patchily distributed in moist montane forest, most collecting localities falling within 1000–2400 m, and their range collectively coincides with the Tanganyika–Nyasa Montane Forest Group sensu Moreau. Patterns of faunal similarity derived from distributions of 65 species of terrestrial small mammals recorded from Tanzania's highlands, including the Eastern Arc Mountains, demonstrated pronounced geographical discontinuities in montane associations but failed to uncover a prominent vicariant role for the Makambako Gap. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165, 420–469.
Introduction to Special Issue: A Review of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and Physical Therapy over the Years.

Background and Purpose The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) of the World Health Organization was developed as a common framework to understand health and to describe the impact of health condition on functioning. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the literature on the use of the ICF in physical therapy practice and research. Methods We performed a scoping-narrative review and searched for relevant English language articles from 2001 to 2012 in multiple databases that included MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Our keywords for the search consisted of [‘physical therapy’ OR ‘physiotherapy’] AND [‘ICF’]. All types of articles were considered. Results We found 268 articles; out of which, 79 were reviewed. The years with most publications were 2011 (n = 16), 2008 (n = 15) and 2010 and 2012 (both with n = 13). Publications mostly came from the United States with 27% of the articles. The journal Physical Therapy leads with almost a third of ICF-related physical therapy publications. The ICF has been mostly used in studies of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions. We found a wide array of application of the ICF in research, clinical practice and teaching (classroom and clinical education). Emerging topics included using the ICF in resource allocation and prevention and wellness. Conclusion The use of the ICF in physical therapy practice and research is promising and continues to evolve. With recent developments in ICF-based measurement and integration in assessment tools for use in the clinics, research and teaching, the need to show the added value of using the ICF in practice and research remains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of cAMP accumulation in the neonatal rat hippocampus.

Abstract The pharmacology and cellular mechanism by which metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation modulates cAMP formation was studied in cross-chopped hippocampal slices from neonatal (7 day old) rats. The selective mGluR agonist 1S,3R-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD), and other non-selective mGluR agonists produced concentration-related stimulation of basal cAMP formation in this tissue. The relative agonist potency order was 1S,3R- ACPD = quisqualate > ibotenate ⪢ 1R,3S-ACPD. 1S,3R-ACPD stimulated cAMP accumulation was antagonized in a stereoselective manner by l -2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate ( l -AP3), but not by higher chain homologues such as l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate ( l -AP4) and 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5). 1S,3R-ACPD-enhanced cAMP formation was greatly inhibited by incubation with adenosine deaminase. In the adult rat hippocampus, 1S,3R-ACPD did not appreciably increase basal cAMP, but inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation, and this effect was observed with or without adenosine deaminase. In the presence of the adenosine receptor antagonist and cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), 1S,3R-ACPD did not enhance cAMP formation in the neonatal hippocampus, but inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP (like in the adult tissue). These results demonstrate that mGluRs that increase cAMP in the neonatal hippocampus have a unique pharmacology when compared to mGluRs that decrease cAMP accumulation and increase phosphoinositide hydrolysis. 1S,3R-ACPD stimulation of cAMP in the neonatal rat hippocampal slice involves potentiation of responses to endogenous adenosine. Negatively coupled cAMP linked mGluRs are also present in the neonatal tissue, but are masked by the predominence of the positively coupled mGluR cAMP response.
Characterization of an apamin-sensitive potassium current in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons

Abstract In neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, spike frequency adaptation and membrane afterhyperpolarization occur during a train of action potentials. Extracellular Ca2+ may regulate neuronal excitability by several mechanisms, including activation of small conductance and large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. The overall goal of this study was to examine the role of Ca2+-activated K+ currents in individual suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. To this end, we used the nystatin-perforated patch technique to record currents from suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Iberiotoxin and tetraethylammonium, antagonists of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, had no effect on the membrane afterhyperpolarization. However, antagonists of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, apamin and d-tubocurarine, reduced the amplitude of the membrane afterhyperpolarization and inhibited the spike frequency adaptation that occurred during a train of action potentials. Although there was no significant difference in membrane AHP between different portions of the circadian day, apamin and d-tubocurarine increased the spontaneous firing frequency of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons during the daytime. In voltage-clamp mode, membrane depolarization-activated currents were followed by an outward tail current reversing near the K+ equilibrium potential. The tail current decayed with a time constant of 220 ms at +20 mV and 149 ms at −40 mV. Apamin irreversibly and d-tubocurarine reversibly inhibited the tail current. The tail current amplitude was also reduced by the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide, while picrotoxin (another GABAA receptor antagonist) was without effect. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ or the addition of Cd2+ reversibly inhibited the tail current. These results indicate that apamin- and d-tubocurarine-sensitive small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels have a modulatory function on the action potential firing frequency as well as the membrane afterhyperpolarization that follows a train of action potentials in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Importantly, our data also indicate that a portion of the effects of bicuculline methiodide on suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons may be mediated by inhibition of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
Prosthetic Treatment for an Unusual Epileptic Problem: Report of Case

Because of injuries to his tongue caused during grand mal seizures, a patient was treated by means of an upper removable partial denture.
Professional outcomes, pedagogical tools, and challenges of international counselor instruction

Abstract This study presents thematic findings from a qualitative investigation with 10 university professors who instructed in multiple international settings. Perceived challenges, outcomes, and effective pedagogical tools of international instruction are presented. Principle instructional challenges included cultural influences in the classroom, communication, and the expected professorial role. Participants cited professional outcomes as an expanded awareness and understanding of complex global and cultural issues and a broadened repertoire of client scenarios, healing strategies, and cultural perceptions of illness. Included are four pedagogical tools cited as effective in international instruction.
Consumption of Sweet, Salty, Sour, and Bitter Solutions by Selectively Bred Alcohol-Preferring and Alcohol-Nonpreferring Lines of Rats

To determine whether selective breeding for high or low oral ethanol consumption is associated with different preferences for nonpharmacological solutions with various flavors, the oral intake of a range of concentrations of sucrose (0.5-64.0 g/100 ml), NaCl (0.025-3.2 g/100 ml), citric acid (0.008-2.048 g/liter), and sucrose octaacetate (0.002-0.512 g/liter) was studied in alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats. Separate groups of 7-8 rats from each line were tested for consumption of each of the four flavors. The flavored solutions were presented continuously with water and food always available, and the concentrations were doubled every 48 hr. Although rats from both lines showed a strong preference for the sucrose solutions, P rats consumed greater amounts than NP rats [F(7,98) = 5.57, p < 0.001]. Rats of the P line drank less of the NaCl solutions than NP rats [F(7,98) = 3.88, p < 0.001], but the effect was not as robust as the line differences seen with sucrose. The P and NP rats did not differ in citric acid or sucrose octaacetate intake at any of the concentrations tested. Selective breeding for high oral ethanol preference appears to be positively associated with consumption of sweet solutions and negatively associated with intake of salty solutions.
An unusual occurrence of surficial anhydrite in a moist temperate zone: Example from the lockport formation (Middle Silurian) of New York

Abstract Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral that occurs on the earth's surface or in the shallow subsurface, whereas anhydrite occurs in relatively deeper subsurface settings. Anhydrite is described here from the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian) of New York. This occurrence is unusual as the anhydrite is present on the surface in a temperate climatic zone where the regional rainfall averages ∼80 cm per year. The anhydrite is of nodular form and has an incomplete rind composed of megaquartz. Petrographic characteristics and megafeatures indicate that formation of the nodule followed shortly after dolomitization. Growth of the nodule probably took place in an open space. Overall sequence of events is indicated to be: dolomitization → dissolution of gypsum → precipitation of anhydrite → partial silicification of the nodule surface.
Construction of inertial manifolds by elliptic regularization

Abstract In many cases an inertial manifold 2 M for an infinite dimensional dissipative dynamical system can be represented as the graph of a smooth function Φ from a finite dimensional Hilbert space Hp to another Hilbert space Hq. The invariance property of M means that Φ can be written as the solution of a first order partial differential equation DΦ(p)G1(p, Φ(p)) + AΦ(p) = G2(p, Φ(p)) (0) over Hp, where G1 and G2 are nonlinear functions which depend on the original dynamical system and A is a suitably “stable” linear operator. In this paper we use a method introduced by Sacker (R. J. Sacker, A new approach to the perturbation theory of invariant surface, Comm. Pure Appl. Math.18 (1965), 717–732), for the study of finite dimensional dynamical systems, to find inertial manifolds in the infinite dimensional setting. This method involves replacing the first order equation for Φ by the regularized elliptic equation −eΔΦ + DΦ(p) G1,(p, Φ(P)) + AΦ(p) = G2(p, Φ(p)), with suitable boundary conditions. It is shown that if A satisfies a spectral gap condition, then the solutions Φe of the elliptic equation converge to a weak solution Φ of (0), as e → 0+. Furthermore, M = Graph Φ is an invariant manifold for the given dynamical system.
Extrinsic Risk: Introduction to the Special Issue

Studies of human life history are focused on two fundamental decisions: to reproduce now or later, and quantity versus quality—how many offspring to produce and how much to invest in each (Borgerhoff-Molder 1992; Chisholm 1999; Hill and Kaplan 1999; Stearns 1992). Life history theory describes the timing of life course events (e.g., age at sexual maturity, birth spacing, length of parental investment) as adaptive, species-typical responses shaped by natural selection and as phenotypically variable responses of individuals within and between populations, given a speciestypical range (Ellis et al. 2009). The papers contained in this special edition of Human Nature draw on theoretical developments exploring human behavioral diversity in life-history-shaping decisions within and between populations in response to various environmental conditions. Here, the environmental conditions of interest are conceptualized as components of extrinsic risk. Extrinsic risk is any unavoidable ecological factor that reduces an offspring’s reproductive value and is immune to reduction through enhanced parental investment (Quinlan 2006). Life history studies on extrinsic risk have typically focused on the effect of extrinsic mortality (e.g., Pennington and Harpending 1988); however, more recently the importance of non-lethal risks has also been elaborated (see Ellis et al. 2009 for review of extrinsic morbidity-mortality). The theme of this special edition grew from two papers exploring extrinsic risk and behavior (Quinlan 2010; Schechter and Francis 2010) originally presented at an invited session organized by Brooke Scelza and Dawn Neill, and sponsored by the Evolutionary Anthropology Society, at the 2008 meetings of the American Anthropological Association. The session, entitled, “Evolutionary Perspectives on Hum Nat (2010) 21:99–102 DOI 10.1007/s12110-010-9083-3
792 FACTOR VIII INHIBITOR RESPONSE TO CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE (C)

Immunosuppressive therapy for Factor VIII inhibitors has been studied by different investigators with variable results. Over a 6 year period, 68 patients with Factor VIII inhibitors were randomized into 3 separate protocols: The high responder group showed 3 separate patterns: 1) reduction of inhibitor & prevention of anamnestic response as long as cyclo-phosphamide therapy was maintained; 2) disappearance of inhibitor & no recurrence when exposed to Factor VIII after cyclophos-phamide therapy termination; 3) persistence of inhibitor but in low responder range without anamnestic response to Factor VIII infusions after cyclophosphamide therapy termination. Controls developed an anamnestic inhibitor response each time they were exposed to Factor VIII. The low responder group showed 2 patterns: 1) disappearance of inhibitor without recurrence when exposed to Factor VIII; 2) persistence of inhibitor in low responder range. The low responders reacted the same during immunosuppression & after termination of the immunosuppression therapy. Controls showed the same results as the protocol group. It is evident from these results that immunosuppression was apparently unnecessary for the low responders but gave beneficial results with the high responders.
Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1996

Abstract Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 270 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1996.
The communication anxiety inventory: Validation of state‐and context‐communication apprehension

Research reported in this paper investigates the reconceptualization (McCroskey, 1984) of communication apprehension (CA), focusing on the relationship between context‐CA and state‐CA. The validity of the reconceptualization can be enhanced by demonstrating that state‐CA (level of fear and anxiety) is systematically related to context‐CA (predisposition). Two research studies using a new operational measures of state‐CA and context‐CA, the Communication Anxiety Inventory, offer empirical support for the relationship between context‐CA and state‐CA. Results show that context‐CA explains a minimum of 50% of the state‐CA variance. Conclusions suggest that level of fear or anxiety varies closely with context‐CA and that the new scales have strong predictive validity.
Stable Mode Locking of Micro Resonator Frequency Combs

We present recent progress in obtaining phase-stable optical frequency combs in microresonators. Measurements of the phases of individual comb modes show distinct steps of π and π/2 in different sections of the comb spectra
Measuring the two-dimensional structure of a wavy water surface optically: A surface gradient detector

A new method of measuring the slopes of a water surface covered with short waves is developed. A camera is placed far above the water surface looking downward so that it receives only approximately vertical rays of light emerging from the water surface from a source below. A large lens is positioned horizontally underwater. A plane light source in the form of a translucent colored screen is placed horizontally in the focal plane below this lens. Corresponding to each value of water surface slope, regardless of observer position, there is one and only one point of origin on the color screen from which light rays can enter the camera. When the color screen has a suitable two-dimensional color pattern, we are able to detect the gradient of the surface elevation throughout the field of view of the camera. This refraction slope detector has been used to find statistical properties of short wind waves in a wind-wave channel where a broad angular beam width of capillary ripples and short gravity waves contribute to the surface slopes. In these experiments waves were generated by winds ranging from 5 m/s to 10 m/s at a fetch of 24 m. The wavenumber spectra of short wave slopes have two distinguishing features: a dip at the capillary-gravity transition and steep slopes in the capillary range. Surface shapes resembling the shape of solitary capillary-gravity waves have been found from profiles of wave elevation deduced by integration of the elevation gradient.
Molecular identification and sequence analysis of Hillarin, a novel protein localized at the axon hillock.

Abstract The monoclonal antibody Lan3-15 identifies a novel protein, Hillarin, that is localized to the axon hillock of leech neurons. Using this antibody we have identified a full length cDNA coding for leech Hillarin and determined its sequence. The gene encodes a 1274 residue protein with a predicted molecular mass of 144 013 Da. Data base searches revealed that leech Hillarin has potential orthologues in fly and nematode and that these proteins share two novel protein domains. The W180 domain is characterized by five conserved tryptophans whereas the H domains share 21 invariant residues. In contrast to the arrangement in fly and nematode the cassette containing the W180 and H domains is repeated twice in leech Hillarin. This suggests that the leech Hillarin sequence originated from a duplication event of an ancestral protein with single cassette structure.
The effects of trichotillomania disclosure on peer perceptions and social acceptability.

Abstract Many individuals with trichotillomania (TTM) do not disclose their condition to others. Although disclosure may have beneficial effects, little is known about the consequences of it. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of a brief, simplified preventative disclosure of TTM. Young adults ( N = 225) read one of four vignettes, which varied in a 2 (male versus female character) × 2 (preventative disclosure of TTM versus nondisclosure) design, and answered several questions regarding the character in the vignette. Although some potential positive effects of disclosure were found (e.g., reduced likelihood of misattribution), some areas of concerns also surfaced. The findings suggest that a brief, simplified preventative disclosure of TTM led to an increase in negative social perceptions compared to non-disclosure. More specifically, those characters that disclosed TTM were evaluated more negatively and more socially rejected than those that did not disclose. However, the overall perceptions of persons with noticeable hair loss, regardless of disclosure status, were not necessarily negative. Implications of the findings, limitations to the study, and directions for future research are discussed.
Digestibilities of Silages Made from Corn Interplanted with Soybean or Fababean

Abstract Two sheep digestion trials ascertained the nutritive value of silages made from corn ( Zea mays L.) interplanted with fababean ( Vicia faba L.) or soybean ( Glycine max L.) compared to corn grown alone. In the first trial dry matter digestibility of the corn-fababean silage was higher than corn silage (70.5 and 68.4%). Digestibilities of energy (3.07 and 3.13 Mcal/kg), protein (55.6 and 56.7%), cell wall constituents (60.2 and 60.8%), and acid detergent fiber (55.9 and 57.4%) were similar. In the second trial, digestibilities of dry matter (62.0 and 62.3%), energy (2.91 and 2.89 Mcal/kg), protein (54.9 and 52.4%), cell wall constituents (53.7 and 53.0%), and acid-detergent fiber (48.8 and 52.6%) were similar for corn-soybean and corn silages. Although the interplanted materials were relatively difficult to harvest, all silages were satisfactory and were consumed well.