cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of immobilized enzyme reactors for the continuous production of fructose syrup from whey permeate

Biocatalyst inactivation is inherent to continuous operation of immobilized enzyme reactors, meaning that a strategy must exist to ensure a production of uniform quality and constant throughput. Flow rate can be profiled to compensate for enzyme inactivation maintaining substrate conversion constant. Throughput can be maintained within specified margins of variation by using several reactors operating in parallel but displaced in time. Enzyme inactivation has been usually modeled under non-reactive conditions, leaving aside the effect of substrate and products on enzyme stability. Results are presented for the design of enzyme reactors under the above operational strategy, considering first-order biocatalyst inactivation kinetics modulated by substrate and products. The continuous production of hydrolyzed-isomerized whey permeate with immobilized lactase and glucose isomerase in sequential packed-bed reactors is used as a case study. Kinetic and inactivation parameters for immobilized lactase have been determined by the authors; those for glucose isomerase were taken from the literature. Except for lactose, all other substrates and products were positive modulators of enzyme stability. Reactor design was done by iteration since it depends on enzyme inactivation kinetics. Reactor performance was determined based on a preliminary design considering non-modulated first-order inactivation kinetics and confronted to such pattern. The new pattern of inactivation was then used to redesign the reactor and the process repeated until reactor performance (considering modulation) matched the assumed pattern of inactivation. Convergence was very fast and only two iterations were needed.
Rotation characteristics of main ions and impurity ions in H-mode tokamak plasma.

Poloidal and toroidal rotation of the main ions (${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$) and the impurity ions (${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}$ and ${\mathrm{B}}^{5+}$) in H-mode helium plasmas have been measured via charge exchange recombination spectroscopy in the DIII-D tokamak. It was discovered that the main ion poloidal rotation is in the ion diamagnetic drift direction while the impurity ion rotation is in the electron diamagnetic drift direction, in qualitative agreement with the neoclassical theory. The deduced radial electric field in the edge is of the same negative-well shape regardless of which ion species is used, validating the fundamental nature of the electric field in L-H transition phenomenology.
Conductance of an array of elastic scatterers: A scattering-matrix approach.

In the past, the conductance of disordered systems has been extensively studied with use of the Anderson tight-binding Hamiltonian. In this paper we use a different model, which views the semiconductor as regions of free propagation with occasional elastic scattering by a random array of scatterers. Each impurity is characterized by a scattering matrix which can, in principle, be derived for any arbitrary scattering potential. The randomness is introduced through the impurity location. The overall scattering matrix of the device is calculated by combining (using the appropriate law of composition) the scattering matrices of successive sections. The conductance is then evaluated with use of the multichannel Landauer formula. One advantage of this approach is that the quantum conductance can be compared with the semiclassical conductance, which is determined by combining the probability scattering matrices obtained by replacing each element of the (amplitude) scattering matrices by its squared magnitude. This comparison allows us to see clearly the effects of quantum interference. Numerical examples illustrating the onset of weak and strong localization, as well as conductance fluctuations, are presented. Even for samples shorter than the electron elastic mean free path, the size of the conductance fluctuations is close to the universal value if the two-probe conductance formula is used, though it is much larger when the four-probe formula is used.
The Context of Collecting Family Health History: Examining Definitions of Family and Family Communication about Health among African American Women

Public health initiatives encourage the public to discuss and record family health history information, which can inform prevention and screening for a variety of conditions. Most research on family health history discussion and collection, however, has predominantly involved White participants and has not considered lay definitions of family or family communication patterns about health. This qualitative study of 32 African American women-16 with a history of cancer-analyzed participants' definitions of family, family communication about health, and collection of family health history information. Family was defined by biological relatedness, social ties, interactions, and proximity. Several participants noted using different definitions of family for different purposes (e.g., biomedical vs. social). Health discussions took place between and within generations and were influenced by structural relationships (e.g., sister) and characteristics of family members (e.g., trustworthiness). Participants described managing tensions between sharing health information and protecting privacy, especially related to generational differences in sharing information, fear of familial conflict or gossip, and denial (sometimes described as refusal to "own" or "claim" a disease). Few participants reported that anyone in their family kept formal family health history records. Results suggest family health history initiatives should address family tensions and communication patterns that affect discussion and collection of family health history information.
Self-concept and cancer in adults: Theoretical and methodological issues

Research and theory development on the self-concept have increased dramatically over the last decade. Investigators of the psychosocial aspects of cancer have utilized the self-concept as both an independent and dependent variable. This article discusses quantitative adult studies from the self-concept and cancer literature in terms of their correspondence with current conceptualizations of the self-concept in psychology. The wide gap between recent empirical work and self-concept theorizing is discussed and strategies for future investigations of the self-concept/cancer relationship are outlined.
Statistical power in biological psychiatry

The use of statistical power and power analysis in both the design and evaluation of experiments in biological psychiatry is described. The possible consequences of low power investigations are discussed, and guidelines are provided to facilitate the application of power analysis. Power curves are provided for sample sizes ranging from 10 to 100 for the Student's t test, and for testing the significance of an obtained Pearson correlation coefficient at both the 0.01 and 0.05 alpha levels. Additionally, difference scales are provided for plasma cortisol and for several neurotransmitter metabolites that are frequently measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Power evaluation of selected CSF studies measuring neurotransmitter metabolites in depressives and controls suggests the majority had less than a 50% chance of detecting a medium size difference before the experiment was actually performed.
Copper Chelation Enhances Antitumor Efficacy and Systemic Delivery of Oncolytic HSV

Purpose: Copper in serum supports angiogenesis and inhibits replication of wild-type HSV-1. Copper chelation is currently being investigated as an antiangiogenic and antineoplastic agent in patients diagnosed with cancer. Herpes simplex virus–derived oncolytic viruses (oHSV) are being evaluated for safety and efficacy in patients, but several host barriers limit their efficacy. Here, we tested whether copper inhibits oHSV infection and replication and whether copper chelation would augment therapeutic efficacy of oHSV. Experimental Design: Subcutaneous and intracranial tumor-bearing mice were treated with oHSV ± ATN-224 to evaluate tumor burden and survival. Virus replication and cell killing was measured in the presence or absence of the copper chelating agent ATN-224 and in the presence or absence of copper in vitro . Microvessel density and changes in perfusion were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). Serum stability of oHSV was measured in mice fed with ATN-224. Tumor-bearing mice were injected intravenously with oHSV; tumor burden and amount of virus in tumor tissue were evaluated. Results: Combination of systemic ATN-224 and oHSV significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged animal survival. Immunohistochemistry and DCE-MRI imaging confirmed that ATN-224 reduced oHSV-induced blood vessel density and vascular leakage. Copper at physiologically relevant concentrations inhibited oHSV replication and glioma cell killing, and this effect was rescued by ATN-224. ATN-224 increased serum stability of oHSV and enhanced the efficacy of systemic delivery. Conclusion: This study shows that combining ATN-224 with oHSV significantly increased serum stability of oHSV and greatly enhanced its replication and antitumor efficacy. Clin Cancer Res; 18(18); 4931–41. ©2012 AACR .
Do biological differences help explain tobacco-related disparities?

Smoking behaviors vary by age, educational level, economic status, gender, race/ethnicity, and geographic location. Results from national surveys in the United States have consistently shown substantial variation in smoking prevalence as well as cigarette consumption rates by these factors.1 Epidemiologic and behavioral research have identified patterns of higher smoking prevalence rates among men, whites and African-Americans, and persons with less than high school education among nonimmigrants.1 Immigrants from Latin America and Asia tend to have lower smoking prevalence rates, especially among women. In addition, nondaily smoking and smoking five or fewer cigarettes per day is common among nonwhite smokers.2 Tobacco researchers have tried to understand the behavioral and social aspects of why smoking rates and related diseases differ by race/ethnicity. The potential role of racial/ethnic differences in nicotine metabolism and response to cessation drug therapy has not been fully explored.
The Strategic Limits of Suicide Terrorism in Iraq

In 2005, suicide attacks in Iraq reached an unprecedented level in the history of modern terrorism. Recent research on the topic of suicide terrorism suggests that this tactic is ‘rational’ in the sense that it fulfills a strategic purpose, that is, to expel foreign occupiers from one's homeland. While this approach may have proven viable in previous conflicts, this article argues that suicide terrorism on such a massive scale as practiced in Iraq could actually be counterproductive. The history of guerilla warfare has demonstrated that insurgencies prevail after protracted struggles, which require patience and perseverance in the face of inevitable setbacks. Massive suicide terrorism would not seem to be consistent with the general long-term strategy of guerilla warfare.
Implications for the cosmic ray spectrum of a negative electron neutrino ( mass ) 2

The features and problems of a speculative model based on the electron neutrino being a tachyon are discussed. The model is consistent with five properties of the cosmic ray spectrum, and it predicts a flux of neutrons in a narrow energy region centered on $4.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ eV.
A reduction in the abundance of calium oxalate crystals in Oenothera improves the yield of intact chloroplasts

Abstract.Oenothera plants grown as shoot meristem cultures on media having a low calcium concentration had a reduced abundance of raphides when compared to greenhouse-grown plants or shoot meristem cultures grown on higher concentrations of calcium. Plants from the low-calcium media also yielded a higher proportion of intact chloroplasts during subcellular fractionation.
The transformation of local politics: manufacturing plant closures and governing coalition fragmentation

Abstract A theoretical problem remains in the urban regime literature in that the connection between fiscal strain and regime fragmentation and thus the potential for coalition breakdown is not fully elaborated. Whelan et al. (1994) demonstrate that a shifting electoral coalition, in particular the emergence of a black majority electorate, can also lead to regime instability and fragmentation and the subsequent political struggles for dominance in an emerging governing coalition. In this paper a second mechanism for regime change is suggested; that is, that under conditions of economic restructuring and the subsequent fiscal strain, non-local actors, in this case national political actors operating primarily through party connections, can manipulate local political dependencies to forge governing coalition fragmentation and a regime change in a particular direction. This first finding is important because it highlights the often neglected role of party politics in the governing coalition/urban regime and the local state literature. Secondly, the complexity of state relations uncovered here does not bode well for a theoretically coherent concept of the local state but does display how the historical development of local social relations interacts with the state apparatus at the state and national level to create a particular ‘local’ politics. Finally, this transformation requires a shift in the location of political consensus building from the local democratic political electoral arena to a non-democratic quasi-public arena: a corporate-led governing coalition.
All-spin logic

THE possible role of spin rather than charge as a state variable in devices for processing and storing information has been widely discussed, because it could allow low-power operation and might also have applications in quantum computing. However, spin-based experiments and proposals for logic applications typically use spin only as an internal variable, the terminal quantities for each individual logic gate still being charge-based. This requires repeated spin-to-charge conversion, using extra hardware that offsets any possible advantage.
Comparison of the Microlife blood pressure monitor with the Omron blood pressure monitor for detecting atrial fibrillation.

Screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) by assessing the pulse is recommended in high-risk patients. Some clinical trials demonstrated that the Microlife blood pressure monitor (BPM) with AF detection is more accurate than pulse palpation. This led to a change in practice guidelines in the United Kingdom where AF screening with the Microlife device is recommended instead of pulse palpation. Many BPMs have irregular heart beat detection, but they have not been shown to detect AF reliably. Recently, one study, in a highly select population, suggested that the Omron BPM with irregular heart beat detection has a higher sensitivity for AF than the Microlife BPM. We compared the Microlife and Omron BPMs to electrocardiographic readings for AF detection in general cardiology patients. Inclusion criteria were age ≥50 years without a pacemaker or defibrillator. A total of 199 subjects were enrolled, 30 with AF. Each subject had a 12-lead electrocardiography, 1 Omron BPM reading, and 3 Microlife BPM readings as per device instructions. The Omron device had a sensitivity of 30% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.4% to 49.1%) with the sensitivity for the first Microlife reading of 97% (95% CI 81.4% to 100%) and the Microlife readings using the majority rule (AF positive if at least 2 of 3 individual readings were positive for AF) of 100% (95% CI 85.9% to 100%). Specificity for the Omron device was 97% (95% CI 92.5% to 99.2%) and for the first Microlife reading of 90% (95% CI 83.8% to 94.2%) and for the majority rule Microlife device of 92% (95% CI 86.2% to 95.7%; p
Abstract 1712: MicroRNA signatures associated with EOC chemoresistance to platinum-based therapy

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Objectives: Despite innovative chemotherapeutics, the majority of women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) relapse after primary therapy due to the development of chemoresistance. Effective biomarkers to predict an individual's response to a distinct therapy would significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality from this disease. In the present study, we examined carboplatin chemoresistant EOC associated microRNA (miRNA) signatures using a quantitative PCR based microRNA profiling platform. Methods: The expression profile of 88 cancer-related miRNAs was determined using a 96-well plate cancer RT2 miRNA PCR array from SA Biosciences in an in vitro cell culture model composed of EOC cell line A2780 (sensitive) and its cisplatin resistant variants CP20 and CP70 (Fig 1A). Total RNA was extracted using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and reverse transcriped using the RT2 miRNA First Strand Kit from SA Biosciences, and the resultant cDNA was then diluted, mixed with 2× RT2 SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (SA Biosciences) and loaded into the wells of PCR array plate to allow real time PCR amplification and detection. Data analysis was performed using the web-based software for the miRNA PCR array system. Cell undergo apoptosis were measured by FACS upon carboplatin treatment to determine the apoptotic index. Results: Among the 88 miRNAs profiled, 15 miRNAs were significantly over-expressed in CP70 cells and 7 miRNAs were down-regulated in CP70 cells as compared to A2780 (absolute fold change>5, p 0.9). Of the 7 miRNAs that were significantly down-regulated in CP70 cells, 5 miRNAs (miR-17, -18a, -19a, -20a and-125b) showed a negative linear correlation with chemoresistance (Fig. 1D, R2 > 0.9), among which miR-17 displayed a perfect correlation (R2 = 0.9999). Conclusions: Our analysis differs from previous models used to classify miRNA expression within two groups (sensitive vs. resistant or responsive vs. non-responsive) as we directly correlate the level of each miRNA expression with an apoptotic index that measures each of the cell lines’ sensitivity to cisplatin. Only miRNAs whose expression showed a linear correlation with cell sensitivity (R2 > 0.9) in the three cell lines tested are deemed relevant for further validation. Our results suggest the complexity of miRNA regulation in chemoresistance and the miRNA panels identified in our preliminary study opens a new avenue for the study of miRNA biology and function evaluation in chemoresistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1712. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1712
Interventions to reduce/eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef

The Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) outbreak in the Northwestern United States ushered in an era that has dramatically changed the way beef processors in the United States convert live cattle into meat. Unprecedented cooperation among the beef processors and massive investment in research by the US government and the beef industry have resulted in an acceptable level of control of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. The evidence to support the progress in control of E. coli O157:H7 is the CDC data for reduction in human illness as well as the dramatic reduction in the number of E. coli O157:H7-positive samples in USDA-FSIS ground beef monitoring. This manuscript highlights some of the recent findings from our laboratory on the control of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. We have also summarized the key events/decisions/milestones that have contributed to the control of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef in the United States. While there is much to be done to bring E. coli O157:H7 under complete control in the beef sector of the food industry, E. coli O157:H7 also is becoming a major issue in the fresh vegetable sector, as evidenced by the 2006 outbreaks in the United States. We have discussed how the fresh vegetable industry can benefit from the beef industry's experience to expedite the control of E. coli O157:H7 in their products.
Pathogenetic mechanisms of polycythemia vera and congenital polycythemic disorders.

The absolute polycythemias--those with increased red blood cell mass--can be divided into two groups: primary, caused by acquired or inherited mutations leading to a "gain-of-function" abnormalities expressed within the erythroid progenitors; and secondary, due to circulating serum factors, typically erythropoietin, stimulating erythropoiesis. This overview concentrates on the molecular biology of polycythemia vera (PV) discussed in the context of other polycythemic disorders. Recent advances in the regulation of erythropoiesis, as they may relate to polycythemic states, are discussed as a background for those well-defined polycythemic states wherein the molecular defect has not yet been elucidated. A number of cellular abnormalities associated with PV, including the hyperresponsiveness of PV progenitors to many cytokines as well as decreased expression of the thrombopoietin receptor on platelets and increased expression of Bcl-xL, suggest that the PV defect alters a number of cellular functions and is not restricted to cytokine receptor signal transduction. The increasing number of recognized instances of familial incidence of PV suggests that in these families the predisposition for PV is inherited as a dominant trait, and that PV is acquired as a new mutation that leads to a clonal hematopoiesis and may be due to loss of heterozygosity. The existence of these families provides a unique opportunity for isolation of the mutations in the gene leading to PV. Semin Hemaol 38(suppl 2):10-20.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK INVENTORIES

For modelling the consequences of any large-scale disaster, a fundamental input into the model is a quantifiable description of the built environment at risk. Accurate inventories of the built environment are essential to the model in order to realise social, economic and engineering consequences of the disaster. This paper describes current efforts in developing urban building inventories and their descriptors using advanced technologies and methods, as part of the Mid-America Earthquake Center's initiative to minimise consequences of earthquakes in the Mid-America region. The paper illustrates the use of advanced data such as Lidar, and advanced aerial photographs, cutting-edge quantitative models such as multinomial logistic regression and artificial neural networks and innovative approaches to spatial computing in the preparation of urban inventories for earthquake risk modelling.
Triazole therapy for mucocutaneous candidiasis in HIV-infected patients

Mucocutaneous candidiasis, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophageal candidiasis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis, are common problems in patients with HIV infection. These conditions adversely affect patient quality of life and morbidity status. New oral triazole agents provide improved treatment options for patients with these and other opportunistic fungal infections; however, the development of resistance in some Candida species poses new challenges. This article provides an overview of the diagnosis of mucocutaneous candidiasis, current treatment modalities, concomitant drug interactions, common adverse drug reactions, and the emergence of fungal resistance, and it suggests nursing interventions to maximize patient benefits from antifungal therapy.
Personal and Situational Determinants of Attribution of Responsibility for an Accident

An experiment was conducted to examine the hypothesis that self-protective attribution of responsibility for accidents is a function of personal relevance, situational relevance, and severity of the accident's consequences. As predicted, high personal and high situational relevance between the accident perpetrator and the subject-observers lessened their attributions of responsibility for a severe accident relative to a mild one, whereas low personal and high situational relevance increased their assignment of responsibility for a severe accident. Furthermore, the variability of subjects' responsibility attributions was significantly greater when both relevance cues were present than when they were absent. These findings were taken as evidence for two self-protective attribution tendencies: (1) "blame-avoid-ance," in which the observer is motivated to eschew blame should he become involved in a severe accident, and (2) "harm-avoidance, " in which the observer is motivated to preclude a severe accident fro...
All-optical token technique for contention resolution in AWGR-based optical interconnects

This paper shows an optical technique for contention resolution in AWGR-based optical interconnects. The technique exploits the saturation effect in SOAs and a polarization-diversity scheme to implement a fully-distributed optical control plane.
A solid-state intraoperative probe system

Intraoperative beta probes must be capable of detecting relatively small amounts of radionuclide in an environment where a significant photon background exists. The probe system in this investigation consisted of two stacked ion-implanted-silicon detectors. The rear detector served as a photon monitor, whose data and very good beta detection capabilities was used to correct for photon contamination present in the front detector's readings. Miniaturized electronics for the operation of the detectors were housed in the handle of the probe wand. The amplified signals from these electronics were sent to a power and processing module where the pulses were pulse-height discriminated. This unit also housed the rechargeable lead-acid batteries used to power the system. The two channels of TTL pulse data created by the discriminators were input to a laptop computer where the they were processed and displayed. Beta and photon detection sensitivities were measured using Fluorine-18 (positron emitter) and Indium-111 (conversion electron emitter). The probe was found to have a positron detection sensitivity (Fluorine-18) of 7.21/spl plusmn/0.11 cps/nCi and a 0.0004/spl plusmn/0.0389 cps/nCi photon detection sensitivity. The measured electron detection sensitivity (Indium-111) was 1.42/spl plusmn/0.04 cps/nCi, detected photon sensitivity was 0.0034/spl plusmn/0.020 cps/nCi. The very good beta sensitivity and low photon sensitivity indicate that this system may be a useful aid for performing radionuclide-guided cancer surgeries using either positron or electron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals.
Exploitation in college sports: Race, revenue, and educational reward

The question of whether college athletes are exploited is regularly debated in the popular press and academic literature about college sports. The concept of exploitation, with its philosophical and psychological implications, however, is rarely discussed in detail. This paper problematizes and expands the way in which the concept has been presented within the context of college sports, arguing that exploitation is primarily a moral construct understood as an unfair exchange between two parties. For college athletes, an unfair financial exchange can be measured by comparing the surplus value and marginal revenue product. These calculations may evidence the degree of economic exploitation, but many people still believe college athletes are fairly compensated with a subsistence wage in the form of an athletic scholarship. It is more difficult to quantify the promise or value of an education above and beyond this subsistence wage, most often defined as a college degree. The over-representation of Black college athletes on revenue-producing teams, and the corresponding lower graduation rates of this population when compared to other students, highlight the racial and cultural divisions of opportunity. Institutions face a crisis of conscience when educational opportunities are offered to certain students based primarily on their athletic ability, especially when these opportunities are perceived as disingenuous due to the academic preparation and demanding athletic commitments of these recruited college athletes.
Cooperative Strategy by Stackelberg Games under Energy Constraint in Multi-Hop Relay Networks

This paper presents a cooperative relay strategy with a game-theoretic perspective. In multi-hop networks, each node needs to send traffic via relay nodes, which behave independently while staying aware of energy constraints. To encourage a relay to forward the packets, the proposed scheme formulates a Stackelberg game where two nodes sequentially bid their willingness weights to cooperate for their own benefits. Accordingly, all the nodes are encouraged to be cooperative only if a sender is cooperative and alternatively to be non-cooperative only if a sender is non-cooperative. This selective strategy changes the reputations of nodes depending on the amount of their bidding at each game and motivates them to maintain a good reputation so that all their respective packets can be treated well by other relays. This paper analyzes a Nash equilibrium from the proposed scheme and validates a sequential-move game by Stackelberg competition as opposed to a simultaneous-move game by Cournot competition. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme turns non-cooperative nodes into cooperative nodes and increases the cooperative relaying stimulus all over the nodes. Thus, every node forwards other packets with higher probability, thereby achieving a higher overall payoff.
Physiological, volatile, and SEM surface effects resulting from cutting and dipping treatments in cantaloupe.

: Previous research examined sanitation treatments on cut cantaloupe tissue to deliver germicidal and food safety effects. However, an apparent compromise between volatile loss and treatment/sampling efficacy appeared. Subsequently, a physiological and volatile reassessment of thinly sliced tissue against cubes was performed in cantaloupe tissue. Thin sliced cantaloupe L* decreased 27.5%, 40.5%, and 52.9% in 3, 2, and 1 mm thickness, respectively, compared with cut cubes after 3 d. Overall color (C) decreased in freshly prepared cubes (2.4%) and slices (14.4%) that were washed in cold water. Surface area per unit volume (SA: vol) in slices was 4.1 times greater than typical cubes, as reflected by substantial water loss (20.4%, 9.5%, and 6.7% in 1, 2 and 3-mm slices, respectively) after 1 d at 5 °C. Rinsing cubes and thin-slices with 5 °C deionized water resulted in roughly 15% soluble solids loss. SEM indicated 65.4% reduced cell size in 1-d old thin slices, evidenced by excessive cell damage and desiccation compared with stored fresh-cut cubes. In thin-sliced tissue exposed 15 min to an open atmosphere (mimic sanitation treatments), total esters decreased 92.8% and 95.8%, respectively, after 1 and 3 d storage at 5 °C. Washing tissue provided a boundary layer that reduced short-term ester losses in slices and cubes. Excessive cutting, sanitation treatment regimes, and storage can radically alter the desirable volatile profile of cut cantaloupe. Reduction of tissue size to maximize food-safety sanitation efficacy or delivering items to a niche market will need substantial work to engineer equipment and develop protocols to insure that product quality and volatiles are not compromised. Practical Application: We have demonstrated that cutting method and sampling protocol are critically important when using volatiles as a means by which to assess or interpret stress response and ascribe fresh-cut quality. Reduction of tissue size to maximize food-safety sanitation efficacy (for example, thin slices) will need substantial work to engineer equipment and design protocols to insure product quality and volatile profiles are not compromised.
A replacement for the Coulomb-Mohr Fracture Criterion

It has long been known that the Coulomb-Mohr criterion does not satisfactorily account for the direction of faults and fractures in the Earth. Modern numerical methods now permit the use of a better criterion, i.e., that fracture initiates and propagates in the direction in which the strain energy release is maximum for a given crack length. This criterion is thermodynamically correct, can be used for heterogeneous and elasto-plastic bodies, and yields results in good agreement with laboratory data, but it is somewhat computer intensive.
General methods for computing hyper-redundant manipulator inverse kinematics

Hyper-redundant robots have a very large or infinite degree of kinematic redundancy. This paper formulates generalized resolved rate methods for solving hyper-redundant manipulator inverse kinematics using a backbone curve. These methods are applicable even when explicit representation of the backbone curve intrinsic geometry cannot be written in closed form. Problems of end-effector trajectory tracking and singularity analysis which were previously intractable can now be handled easily. Examples include configurations generated using the calculus of variations. Also, the method is naturally parallelizable for fast digital and/or analog computation.
A combinatorial approach to studying protein complex composition by employing size‐exclusion chromatography and proteome analysis

The genome sequences of numerous organisms are available now, but gene sequences alone do not provide sufficient information to accurately deduce protein functions. Protein function is largely dependent on the association of multiple polypeptide chains into large structures with interacting subunits that regulate and support each other. Therefore, the mapping of protein interaction networks in a physiological context is conducive to deciphering protein functions, including those of hypothetical proteins. Although several high-throughput methods to globally identify protein interactions have been reported in recent years, these approaches often have a high rate of nonspecific or artificial interactions detected. For instance, the fraction of false positives of the protein interactions identified by yeast two-hybrid assay has been predicted to be of the order of 50%. We have developed a strategy to globally map Bacillus subtilis protein-protein interactions in a physiological context by fractionating the cell lysates using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), followed by proteome analysis. Components of both known and unknown protein complexes, multisubunits and multiproteins, have been identified using this strategy. In one case, the partners of the B. subtilis protein complex have been coexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the formation of the overexpressed protein complex has been further confirmed by amore » pull-down assay.« less
Solution of two-dimensional Riemann problems for gas dynamics without Riemann problem solvers

We report here on our numerical study of the two-dimensional Riemann problem for the com- pressible Euler equations. Compared with the relatively simple 1-D congurations, the 2-D case consists of a plethora of geometric wave patterns which pose a computational challenge for high- resolution methods. The main feature in the present computations of these 2-D waves is the use of the Riemann-solvers-free central schemes presented in (11). This family of central schemes avoids the intricate and time-consuming computation of the eigensystem of the problem, and hence oers a considerably simpler alternative to upwind methods. The numerical results illustrate that despite their simplicity, the central schemes are able to recover with comparable high-resolution, the various features observed in the earlier, more expensive computations. AMS subject classication: Primary 65M10; Secondary 65M05
Fusion of radioactive Sn 132 with Ni 64

Evaporation residue and fission cross sections of radioactive $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$ on $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ were measured near the Coulomb barrier. A large subbarrier fusion enhancement was observed. Coupled-channel calculations, including inelastic excitation of the projectile and target, and neutron transfer are in good agreement with the measured fusion excitation function. When the change in nuclear size and shift in barrier height are accounted for, there is no extra fusion enhancement in $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$+$^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ with respect to stable Sn+$^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$. A systematic comparison of evaporation residue cross sections for the fusion of even $^{112\ensuremath{-}124}\mathrm{Sn}$ and $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$ with $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ is presented.
Statistical Analysis of Results from Laboratory Studies in Experimental Economics: A Critique of Current Practice

Drawing on examples of recently published and widely-cited studies in experimental economics, we show that behavioral games are frequently analyzed in a manner that is prone to biased causal inference. First, deficiencies in design and implementation jeopardize the crucial assumption that treatments are statistically independent of potential outcomes. Researchers frequently do not randomly assign treatments or do not focus on randomly assigned factors when interpreting results. Second, many analyses of second mover behaviors in two-stage games, such as the ultimatum game and the trust game, are susceptible to bias. Third, uncontrolled stimuli, such as face-to-face interaction among subjects or the presentation of subjects’ photos, may also cause bias. Fourth, we discuss the limits of causal inference in repeated games, such as the public goods game. We recommend adjusting laboratory procedures and estimation methods in order to lessen reliance on substantive assumptions not grounded in experimental design.
The Development of Drawn Microchannel Flow Inserts for High Temperature Waste Heat Recuperators

The U.S. Department of Energy has estimated that the opportunities for industrial waste heat recuperation far exceed the current installed base of renewable energy. Of greatest potential are high temperature applications of waste heat recovery including opportunities in emerging technologies such as solid oxide fuel cells and the solar thermal processing of fuels. High temperature recuperators are typically produced from nickel super-alloys. To improve the economics of high temperature recuperation, microchannels have been applied to reduce the size and weight of the recuperators. Machining of microchannel features into these alloys is not only difficult, but expensive due to low material utilizations. Efforts to form microchannel geometries require the use of highly porous, micro-scale pyramidal truss networks inserted into low pressure microchannel to resist fin deflection. Challenges include the formability of the superalloy and the need for precision registration to the dies. In this paper, we discuss the limitations of conventional drawing for producing a truss network made from a nickel superalloy.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The effect of temperature on foraging activity and digestion in the American lobster Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Nephropsidae) feeding on blue mussels Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758)

The foraging activity and digestive processes of the American lobster Homarus americanus , feeding on blue mussels, Mytilus edulis were investigated over a temperature range of 5-15°C. Lobsters ate more food with increasing temperature, consuming maximal levels of approximately 5% of their body mass of mussel flesh in one sitting in 15°C water. When foraging behaviour was observed over 7 days, lobsters were more active outside of their shelter at 10 and 15°C and consumed more mussels at these two temperatures. Although lobsters were more active during the hours of darkness, they still exited shelters and fed during the light period if food was available. The lobsters consumed at least one mussel every 15.8, 7.8, and 4.7 h in temperatures of 5, 10, and 15°C, respectively. The passage of a mussel meal through the digestive system of lobsters was considerably slower compared with other decapod crustaceans. Transit rate decreased as the temperature was increased, with clearance times of 252, 133 and 69 h in temperatures of 5, 10, and 15°C. Although the time between feeding bouts decreased with increasing temperature, at the time of next feeding the amount of food that had been cleared from the foregut was the same in each temperature (approximately 20%), suggesting that this proportion of stomach emptying could be the cue for next feeding. Recent work has suggested that lobster numbers increase in the presence of mussel aquaculture operations. This work gives further insight into the feeding behaviour and activity around mussel farms, and suggests that lobsters could be an effective means of removing moribund mussels that could be lost during the harvesting process.
Thermodynamic Properties, General

An overview of the four fundamental laws of thermodynamics is provided. Related topics include: the relation of functions of state to the concept of heat and work, the Clausius inequality, the use of deficit functions in irreversible phenomena, Carnot efficiencies, Maxwell and caloric equations, the treatment of anisotropic properties of materials, and the general applicability of these concepts.
Clinical study of continuous hemofiltration and continuous hemodiafiltration

循環動態が不安定な患者の血液浄化法としての持続的血液濾過 (continuous hemofiltration; CHF) および持続的血液濾過透析 (continuous hemodiafiltration; CHDF) の有用性および臨床成績についてretrospectiveに検討した.対象は1988年3月より1993年6月までに持続的血液浄化を施行した186例 (CHF 160例, CHDF 26例) である. いずれの症例も循環動態が不安定で血液透析 (HD) が不可能なため持続的血液浄化を施行した. 原疾患は心臓血管外科術後が94例, 心不全を合併した循環器科疾患76例, その他16例であった. CHFおよびCHDF施行時間は平均180.7時間で, 使用したhemofilterの本数は1症例当たり平均3.0本であった. 186例中59例 (31.7%) が持続的血液浄化法より離脱したが, そのうち13例は離脱後に原疾患などで死亡したため, 救命率は24.7%であった. 原疾患別にその離脱率には, 有意差は認めなかった. 溶質除去効率については, CHFでは施行前後でBUN値, Cr値ともに有意な変化を認めなかったが, CHDFでは施行72時間後にはBUN値, Cr値ともに50%以上低下して, CHFよりCHDFが溶質除去能に優れていた. 離脱群と死亡群で, CHFまたはCHDF導入時の臨床検査成績を比較すると, 離脱群では尿量は保たれ, 収縮期血圧が高かった. また離脱群では血清総ビリルビン値は低値で, 血小板数は多かった. 導入時のBUN値, Cr値には有意差は認めなかった.CHFおよびCHDFは, 循環動態が不安定な腎不全患者の血液浄化法として有用であり, 本療法よりの離脱率を改善するには, 全身状態が悪化する前に早期にCHFまたはCHDFに導入することが重要と考えられた.
HDQLIFE: the development of two new computer adaptive tests for use in Huntington disease, Speech Difficulties, and Swallowing Difficulties

Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease which results in several progressive symptoms, including bulbar dysfunction (i.e., speech and swallowing difficulties). Although difficulties in speech and swallowing in HD have a negative impact on health-related quality of life, no patient-reported outcome measure exists to capture these difficulties that are specific to HD. Thus, we developed a new patient-reported outcome measure for use in the Huntington Disease Health-Related Quality of Life (HDQLIFE) Measurement System that focused on the impact that difficulties with speech and swallowing have on HRQOL in HD. Five hundred and seven individuals with prodromal and/or manifest HD completed 47 newly developed items examining speech and swallowing difficulties. Unidimensional item pools were identified using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA, respectively). Item response theory (IRT) was used to calibrate the final measures. EFA and CFA identified two separate unidimensional sets of items: Speech Difficulties (27 items) and Swallowing Difficulties (16 items). Items were calibrated separately for these two measures and resulted in item banks that can be administered as computer adaptive tests (CATs) and/or 6-item, static short forms. Reliability of both of these measures was supported through high correlations between the simulated CAT scores and the full item bank. CATs and 6-item calibrated short forms were developed for HDQLIFE Speech Difficulties and HDQLIFE Swallowing Difficulties. These measures both demonstrate excellent psychometric properties and may have clinical utility in other populations where speech and swallowing difficulties are prevalent.
Educating Stakeholders for Involvement in Watershed Planning and Management

This project seeks to mobilize and educate watershed residents and other stakeholders to participate in the activities of a local watershed council. The council’s objectives include addressing existing and potential sources of non-point source pollution, restoring sections of stream already impacted, and developing and implementing public education programs related to non-point source pollution. The underlying strategy of the education program is to engage stakeholders in social interaction and discourse on watershed issues, as well as in activities that promote the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills necessary for sustainable watershed planning and management. Critical tasks are mobilizing stakeholders for participation in the project, ensuring fairness and competence in the participatory process, and evaluating the project outcomes for guidance of future education projects. Specific activities include goal formulation, information dissemination, simulation model building, scenario analysis, monitoring, and assessment.
Identifying key features in programs for the gifted.

A study was undertaken to determine which features and characteristics of programs for the gifted are considered by authorities in the field to be the most necessary and sufficient for comprehensiv...
Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region.

The Caribbean is a biodiversity hotspot for photosynthetic sea slugs, with about 27 described species in the genus Elysia Risso, 1818. However, many species are poorly known or have complex taxonomic histories, complicating assessments of regional biodiversity and impeding studies of plastid symbiosis, speciation, and larval biology. Using an integrative approach, we address the taxonomy and systematics of Caribbean elysiids by performing robust tests of existing species hypotheses, and describe six new species. Species delimitation included DNA barcoding of up to 189 nominal conspecific specimens; nuclear gene sequences were then used to confirm that divergent lineages were genetically distinct candidate species. New synonymies and species descriptions are based on external anatomy, penial and radular morphology, developmental characters, and host ecology of all species described from the region, plus a critical review of the literature. We synonymized three species ( Elysia annedupontae Ortea, Espinosa & Caballer in Ortea, Caballer, Moro & Espinosa, 2005, Elysia clarki Pierce et al. 2006, and Elysia leeanneae Caballer, Ortea & Espinosa in Ortea, Espinosa, Buske & Caballer, 2013), transfered one species from Bosellia ( Elysia marcusi ), and described six new species ( Elysia pawliki n. sp., Elysia zemi n. sp., Elysia christinae n. sp., Elysia hamanni n. sp., Elysia taino n. sp., and Elysia buonoi n. sp.). We resurrected the name Elysia velutinus Pruvot-Fol, 1947, a senior synonym of Elysia tuca Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967. Based on a four-gene phylogeny of 76 Elysia spp., we identified shifts in host use and penial armature that may explain patterns of endemic diversification in Elysia , invoking both ecological and non-ecological mechanisms. Non-monophyly of stylet-bearing species rejects previous attempts to classify species based on presence of a stylet (i.e ., the genus Che cholysia Ortea, Caballer, Moro & Espinosa, 2005). Our findings show how integrative approaches can resolve the taxonomic status of problematic species (e.g., Elysia papillosa Verrill, 1901) for soft-bodied marine taxa.