cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restructuring the electric industry

Abstract This paper identifies two trends in the structure of the electric utility industry: an increasingly competitive wholesale market and horizontal mergers in the industry. The paper summarizes current institutions and spells out present legal oversight as divided between federal and state officials. Technological progress has pushed the efficient operational area beyond the geographic bounds that regulation has traditionally operated within; thus, transmission facilities often benefit a wider area than the regulatory jurisdiction where they are located. Regulation has not allocated risk well in the past. The paper catalogs regulatory or policy actions that indicate these two trends. Current restructuring objectives include expanded transmission access, improved transmission pricing, and expeditiously constructed transmission. Finally, pro-market, pro-merger and go-slow proponents of change are described. FERC's Transmission Task Force Report offers two strategies: prepare sweeping changes or reform in increments with obstacles removed as they arise.
Regional distribution of the two subtypes of angiotensin II receptor in rat brain using selective nonpeptide antagonists.

Abstract We have demonstrated the existence and localization of two angiotensin II (AII) receptor subtypes in different regions of the rat brain using competitive radioligand binding technique. The identification of the subtypes was made by the reciprocal selectivity of DuP 753 and PD123177 for the AII-1 and AII-2 receptors, respectively. In the pituitary gland, DuP 753 inhibited 95% of the specific AII binding with a Ki value of 1.85 × 10−9 M while PD123177 had little effect. In the whole brain, thalamus-septum and midbrain, PD123177 inhibited 90% of the specific binding with Ki value of 7.77 × 10−8 M, 8.21 × 10−8 M and 4.93 × 10−8 M, respectively while DuP 753 had little effect. In the hypothalamus, DuP 753 and PD123177 had Ki values of 5.67 × 10−8 M and 1.60 × 10−7 M, respectively, for their respective receptor subtypes. In the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, the AII specific binding was low. The data suggest there are at least two subtypes of AII receptor in the rat brain and that they are not uniformly distributed.
Iron(II) Polyamine Chemistry: Variation of Spin State and Coordination Number in Solid State and Solution with Iron(II) Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Complexes

The synthetic system of Fe(SO3CF3)2 and one or two TPA ligands (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) affords a series of complexes that demonstrate the complexities of the solid-state and solution coordination chemistry of labile iron(II) even with a multidentate ligand. The low-spin [Fe(TPA)(CH3CN)2](SO3CF3)2 (1-OTf) complex forms in acetonitrile, but the high-spin complex Fe(TPA)(SO3CF3)2 (2) forms in chloroform. The methanol-bound complex [Fe(TPA)(CH3OH)2](BPh4)2 (3) forms in the presence of the noncoordinating anion, BPh4-, and six-coordinate [Fe(TPA)2](SO3CF3)2 (4-OTf) and eight-coordinate [Fe(TPA)2](BPh4)2 (4-BPh4) form in the presence of excess ligand. Their behavior in solution is explored by studying their magnetic properties and NMR spectra, which indicate the presence of spin and coordination equilibria. The crystal structures of these complexes are reported. Crystallographic parameters are as follows. 1-OTf·CH3CN: C26H27F6FeN7O6S2, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.418(2) A, b = 16.192(4) A, c = 15.855(...
A Microsoft Fortran 77 Program for Contrasting Part Correlations and Related Statistics

MALG.FOR is a Microsoft FORTRAN 77 program that provides tests of significance between dependent zero-order and part correlations, part correlations with different predictors and covariates, part correlations with the same predictor and different covariates, and part correlations with different predictors and the same covariate. For each application, parameter estimates are calculated via four sets of algorithms. These algorithms are based on Malgady's modifications of Hotelling's t, Williams's modification of Hotelling's t, Olkin's z test, and Meng, Rosenthal, and Rubin's normal curve Z test, respectively.
A Tale of Two Dimers: GFP Proteins under Macromolecular Crowding Studied by Small Angle Neutron Scattering

Proteins usually fulfill their natural functions in the crowded cellular environment where they interact with a dense mixture of other biological macromolecules such as proteins. The concentration is very high, for example, up to several hundreds of mg/ml in cytosol of some E. coli, which is in contrast to the very dilute solutions used in most studies of function and structure. Here, we used Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) with the contrast matching technique to study the structure and oligomerization state of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in solutions containing various concentrations of the protein human serum albumin (HSA) as a crowding agent. By using HSA, a common protein in blood serum, we were creating a more biologically relevant crowding condition than other crowders usually used such as polyethylene glycol or Ficoll. GFP protein is a relatively stable protein with a beta-barrel structure, usually forming a dimer in dilute solution. By using perdeuterated GFP and hydrogenated HSA, we were able to probe only the GFP in the solutions by contrast matching HSA with an appropriate D2O/H2O buffer mixture. A series of HSA concentrations from 5mg/ml to 200 mg/ml were used. Analysis of the data indicates that GFP undergoes an HSA concentration-dependent transition that alters the way in which GFP oligomerizes in the solution. The dimer present in HSA-free solution remains unaltered by low concentrations of HSA. As the concentration of the crowder increases past 100 mg/mL, GFP adopts an ensemble of states with the transition to another dimeric configuration.
The Art of Multiprocessor Programming

Computer architecture is about to undergo, if not another revolution, then a vigorous shaking-up. The major chip manufacturers have, for the time being, simply given up trying to make processors run faster. Instead, they have recently started shipping "multicore" architectures, in which multiple processors (cores) communicate directly through shared hardware caches, providing increased concurrency instead of increased clock speed.As a result, system designers and software engineers can no longer rely on increasing clock speed to hide software bloat. Instead, they must somehow learn to make effective use of increasing parallelism. This adaptation will not be easy. Conventional synchronization techniques based on locks and conditions are unlikely to be effective in such a demanding environment. Coarse-grained locks, which protect relatively large amounts of data, do not scale, and fine-grained locks introduce substantial software engineering problem.Transactional memory is a computational model in which threads synchronize by optimistic, lock-free transactions. This synchronization model promises to alleviate many (not all) of the problems associated with locking, and there is a growing community of researchers working on both software and hardware support for this approach. This talk will survey the area, with a focus on open research problems.
Nonlinear multivariate rainfall–stage model for large wetland systems

Summary Wetland restoration is often measured by how close the spatial and temporal water level (stage) patterns are to the pre-drainage conditions. Driven by rainfall, such multivariate conditions are governed by nonstationary, nonlinear, and nonGaussian processes and are often simulated by physically based distributed models which are difficult to run in real time due to extensive data requirements. The objective of this study is to provide the wetland restorationists with a real time rainfall–stage modeling tool of simpler input structure and capability to recognize the wetland system complexity. A dynamic multivariate Nonlinear AutoRegressive network with eXogenous inputs (NARX) combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was developed. An implementation procedure was proposed and an application to Florida Everglade’s wetland systems was presented. Inputs to the model are time lagged rainfall, evapotranspiration and previously simulated stages. Data locations, preliminary time lag selection, spatial and temporal nonstationarity are identified through exploratory data analysis. PCA was used to eliminate input variable interdependence and to reduce the problem dimensions by more than 90% while retaining more than 80% of the process variance. A structured approach to select optimal time lags and network parameters was provided. NARX model results were compared to those of the linear Multivariate AutoRegressive model with eXogenous inputs. While one step ahead prediction shows comparable results, recursive prediction by NARX is far more superior to that of the linear model. Also, NARX testing under drastically different climatic conditions from those used in the development demonstrates a very good and robust performance. Driven by net rainfall, NARX exhibited robust stage prediction with an overall Efficiency Coefficient of 88%, Mean Square Error less than 0.004 m 2 , a standard error less than 0.06 m, a bias close to zero and normal probability plots show that the errors are close to normal distributions.
Nocturnal polyuria and nocturia relief in patients treated with solifenacin for overactive bladder symptoms

The objectives of this study are to determine whether patients with overactive bladder (OAB) and nocturia achieved relief of their nighttime voiding symptoms when treated with solifenacin and whether having nocturnal polyuria (NP) affected that response. The patients pooled from four phase III clinical trials were evaluated for reductions in nocturia episodes after treatment with solifenacin (5 or 10 mg) or placebo. A second analysis was performed in patients with and without NP. The patients treated with solifenacin experienced statistically significant reductions in nocturia episodes; median reductions were −35.5% for 5 mg of solifenacin and −36.4% for 10 mg of solifenacin compared with −25.0% for placebo, and significantly more patients treated with solifenacin vs placebo achieved a mean nocturic frequency of ≤1 episode/night. Solifenacin significantly reduced nocturia episodes only in patients without NP (mean change was −0.61 episodes/night for both doses compared with −0.43 episodes for placebo). Solifenacin significantly improved nocturia symptoms only in OAB patients without NP.
Phylogeny of immunocompetent cells: III. Mitogen response characteristics of lymphocyte subpopulations from normal and thymectomized frogs (Xenopus laevis).

Abstract Thymectomy during very early larval life, together with an analysis of in vitro proliferation of adult lymphocytes cultured with selective mitogens, has confirmed the existence of thymus-dependent and -independent populations of frog lymphoid cells. Mitogen reactivities of unfractionated lymphocyte suspensions from the spleen, blood, liver, bone marrow, and thymus revealed additional heterogeneity and organ compartmentalization; density gradient analyses of cells from the same tissues further disclosed that thymus-independent (PPD responsive) cells closely followed the total cell distribution, whereas thymus-dependent (Con A and PHA) responses were consistently a function of low density cells. Data are discussed from a phylogenetic perspective.
Experiences with an activated 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (FEIBA) for reversal of warfarin-related bleeding.

Abstract Background Current reversal options for warfarin-related bleeding are limited but include fresh frozen plasma, recombinant factor VIIa, or a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). There are little data discussing the use of activated 4-factor PCC for warfarin reversal. Objectives This review will summarize our experiences with FEIBA (Baxter, Deerfield, IL), an activated 4-factor PCC, for the reversal of warfarin-related bleeding in a community hospital. Methods A protocol was put in place in March of 2011, which outlined the use of FEIBA for the emergent reversal of warfarin-related coagulopathy. A low fixed dose was given based on international normalized ratio (INR). For an INR less than 5.0, 500 U of FEIBA was administered. For an INR greater than or equal to 5.0, 1000 U of FEIBA was given. Intravenous vitamin K was given concurrently regardless of INR. Results Sixteen patients were treated with FEIBA per the protocol. Average patient age was 73 years. Intracranial hemorrhage was the most common indication for reversal. Mean pre-treatment INR was 3.56 (1.3-6.8); mean post-treatment INR was 1.16 (1.01-1.32). Two of the patients required a second 500-U dose, per the protocol, for an INR that had not yet normalized. Bleeding appeared clinically controlled in 93% of cases. Eighty-seven percent of patients survived to discharge. There were no signs or symptoms of thrombosis in any of the cases. Conclusions Emergent reversal of warfarin utilizing a fixed, low dose of FEIBA appears to be efficacious, consistent, and safe. Further comparator studies with other reversal agents are needed.
Nestmate discrimination in social wasps: The role of exposure to nest and nestmates (Polistes fuscatus, Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

In the laboratory, gynes (potential queens) of the paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus, exposed to both their natal nest and female nestmates (presumably their sisters) discriminate between female nestmates and unrelated females. However, gynes not exposed to their natal nest or conspecifics and gynes exposed only to female nestmates do not discriminate between female nestmates and unrelated females. Thus, the presence of the nest appears to be a requisite for the development of nestmate discrimination.
Considerations in the design of a compiler for APL

Existing implementations of the APL language are generally referred to as "interpretive". APL users rely on system behavior of an interpretive nature, such as "desk calculator mode" debugging, and modern interpreters retain that external view even though internal interpreter organization is highly optimized. Increased use of APL has led to many requests for an APL compiler.This paper first presents a selected annotated bibliography of eight papers which address the question of efficient execution of APL programs. Based on the results of these studies, the problem of efficiently executing APL expressions seems to be well understood.The second half of the paper presents a number of environment related questions which must be resolved before designing a compiler for APL. Almost all of these issues involve potential tradeoffs of performance for other desirable attributes of an APL system.
Activity-composition relations in CuOCoO solid solutions as determined from equilibria in the system CuCoO☆

Abstract Phase relations in parts of the sytem CuCoO have been delineated, and activities of CuO in CuOCoO solid solutions at 1000°C have been determined by equilibrating members of this solid-solution series with Cu 2 O and a gas phase of known oxygen pressures. An intermediate phase of approximate composition 2CuO · CoO is stable at the temperature of the present investigation. The activity-composition curve shows considerable positive deviation from ideality at both ends of the system.
Vibrational Photopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Quantitative Analysis of Polymerization Results

Radical photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 2,2‘-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as an initiator was carried out by visible light excitation. Excitation of the fifth vibrational o...
Reaction mechanisms, physical conditions, and mass transfer during hydrothermal alteration of mica and feldspar in granitic rocks from south-central Maine, USA

Samples of granitic rock from south-central Maine contain primary igneous minerals altered by hydrothermal fluids. The reaction mechanisms (by which the over-all mineralogical change during the alteration was accomplished) involve several different mineral-fluid reactions at different reaction sites in the rock. The reactions involve both molecular and charged species in solution. The different reaction sites correspond to alteration of different primary igneous minerals. Biotite is partially converted to chlorite+sphene; microcline to muscovite; plagioclase to various combinations of muscovite, epidote, and calcite. The different reaction sites are linked by exchange of ions: some reaction sites produce ions consumed at other sites and vice versa. Physical conditions during the hydrothermal event are estimated from mineralogical and thermochemical data: P = 3,500 (±300) bars; T =425 ° (± 25 °)C. The fluid was characterized by X CO 2 = 0−0.13; ln([K+]/[H+ ]) = ∼10.0; ln([Ca2+]/[H+]2)=∼9.1; ln([Na+]/[H+]) = ∼ 10.5; Fe/(Fe+Mg) = 0.95. Amounts of secondary minerals in altered rock, when compared to the inferred mineral reactions that formed them, indicate that small but significant amounts (0.01–0.3mol/ 1,000cm3 altered rock) of CO2, H2O, H+, and K+ were added to the granites by fluids during the alteration, as well as lesser amounts (< 0.01–0.03 mol/1,000cm3 altered rock) of Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Na+, and Ti4+. The sole element leached from the granitic rocks during alteration was Ca in amounts 0.1–0.3 mol/1,000 cm3 rock. By estimating the composition of the hydrothermal fluids before and after reaction with the granites and by measuring the amount of material added to or subtracted from the granites during the alteration, the amount and volume of hydrothermal fluid involved can be calculated. Two independent calculations require minimum volumes in the range 100–1,000 cm3 fluid/1,000cm3 altered rock to participate in the hydrothermal event.
The interactive effects of conscientiousness, work effort, and psychological climate on job performance ☆

Abstract Historically, conscientiousness–performance relationships have been modest, suggesting the need to examine theoretically-relevant moderating variables. Based on theory and empirical research suggesting that performance variance is maximally predicted in the presence of person and situation variables, we examined the moderating potential of work effort and psychological climate on the conscientiousness–performance relationship. Data gathered from 139 predominately part-time restaurant employees revealed that conscientiousness predicted performance in the simultaneous presence of high levels of work effort and positive psychological climate. Conversely, conscientiousness had no empirical association with performance when coupled with other combinations (e.g., high-negative; low-positive; low-negative) of work effort and psychological climate. Implications for research, strengths, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
On the structure of a class of system identification problems

Systems of the form y=Hx are considered, where x is the input signal, y is the output and H is a transformation. The input and output signals belong to L"2 spaces, H belongs to a specified class of continuous, not necessarily linear, transformations. The fundamental problem is to identify H from measurements of x and y. The approximate representation of certain transformations H in terms of polynomial integral operators is discussed. The concept of a determinable class, which is used throughout, and some of its properties are reviewed. An illustrative example concerning human operator tracking problems is presented. A structural characterization of determinable classes based on work of Hsieh and Balakrishnan is given and then used as foundation for an application of linear regression analysis to the problem of identifying an H belonging to a determinable class when there is observation noise. Finally, the notion of determinable class is applied to a class of stochastic operators and an elementary convergence theorem is given.
Intracellular Calcium Release Mediated by Sphingosine Derivatives Generated in Cells

Soluble and hydrophobic lipid breakdown products have a variety of important signaling roles in cells. Here sphingoid bases derived in cells from sphingolipid breakdown are shown to have a potent and direct effect in mediating calcium release from intracellular stores. Sphingosine must be enzymically converted within the cell to a product believed to be sphingosine-1-phosphate, which thereafter effects calcium release from a pool including the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium pool. The sensitivity, molecular specificity, and reversibility of the effect on calcium movements closely parallel sphingoid base-mediated inhibition of protein kinase C. Generation of sphingoid bases in cells may activate a dual signaling pathway involving regulation of calcium and protein kinase C, comparable perhaps to the phosphatidylinositol and calcium signaling pathway.
Red/violet contrast reversal on Mars: Significance for eolian sediments

Viking Orbiter images of Mars are analyzed to define relationships between the observed contrast reversals (CR) and specific surface features. The link between CR phenomena and surface composition was first detected in contrast comparisons between UV and visible wavelength Mariner 9 data. Viking data, taken through red and violet filters, showed that the CRs occurred only with crater splotches and splotch-related streaks and in bright depositional and dark erosional streaks, both being low-albedo markings presumably caused by eolian forces. The splotch phenomena is confined mainly to the Oxia Palus region, although there are other regions where splotches and streaks commingle. Laboratory tests to mimic the CR characteristics showed that CRs are a common phenomena of different size fractions of iron oxides, e.g., goethite, where particles under 5 microns have been removed. The splotches, including dune formations, are therefore believed to indicate the presence of particles in the 100-800 microns diam range. Finer particles ride on the tops of the dust storms, and are continually removed from the surface by saltation.
Spaces in Korean Bibliographic Records: To Be, or Not to Be

The purposes of this study are (1) to investigate how spacing in the Korean script fields in bibliographic records affects retrieval in various OPAC systems and (2) to propose ways to deal with these problems. We conclude that, from the end-user perspective, the systems using morphological indexing are harder to use than the systems using single character indexing where spaces had no impact on retrieval. We also recommend using both n-gram and morphological indexing, adopting good ranking systems, developing active education programs on this issue, and providing cross references between Chinese and Korean characters.
Myocardial Fat Imaging

The presence of intramyocardial fat may form a substrate for arrhythmias, and fibrofatty infiltration of the myocardium has been shown to be associated with sudden death. Therefore, noninvasive detection could have high prognostic value. Fat-water–separated imaging in the heart by MRI is a sensitive means of detecting intramyocardial fat and characterizing fibrofatty infiltration. It is also useful in characterizing fatty tumors and delineating epicardial and/or pericardial fat. Multi-echo methods for fat and water separation provide a sensitive means of detecting small concentrations of fat with positive contrast and have a number of advantages over conventional chemical-shift fat suppression. Furthermore, fat and water–separated imaging is useful in resolving artifacts that may arise due to the presence of fat. Examples of fat-water–separated imaging of the heart are presented for patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies, as well as general tissue classification.
Mitigating Climate Change through Green Buildings and Smart Growth

Energy-efficient buildings are seen by climate change experts as one of the least-cost approaches to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper summarizes a study done for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change that takes a broader look at the potential role of a climate-friendly built environment including not only considerations of how buildings are constructed and used, but also how they interface with the electric grid and where they are located in terms of urban densities and access to employment and services. In addition to summarizing mechanisms of change (barriers and drivers), the paper reviews a set of policies that could bring carbon emissions in the building sector in 2025 back almost to 2004 levels. By mid-century, the combination of green buildings and smart growth could deliver the deeper reductions that many believe are needed to mitigate climate change.
Informed consent for research in Borderline Personality Disorder

Background Previous research on informed consent for research in psychiatric patients has centered on disorders that affect comprehension and appreciation of risks. Little has been written about consent to research in those subjects with Borderline Personality Disorder, a prevalent and disabling condition.
Radar images of Logan Airport and application in automated aircraft tracking

To enhance safety and expedite aircraft traffic control at airports, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is in the process of developing automation aids for controllers and pilots. These automation improvements depend on reliable surveillance of the airport traffic, in the form of computerized target reports for all aircraft. One means of surveillance of the airport is primary radar. A short range radar of this type is called airport surface detection equipment or (ASDE). Lincoln Laboratory is participating in this development program by testing a system of surveillance and automation aids at Logan International Airport in Boston, Mass. This work is sponsored by the FAA. This paper describes the radar equipment being used for surface surveillance at Logan Airport and the characteristics of the radar images it produces. Techniques for automatic tracking of this radar data are also described along with a summary of the tracking performance that has been achieved. Two companion papers in this session relate to this same radar surveillance and provide more in-depth descriptions of the radar processing.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pulmonary Extravascular Chloride Space and Albumin Content in Adult Dogs and Puppies

Extract: The extravascular chloride space and albumin content of the lungs were determined in 6 adult dogs and 10 puppies. 125I-labeled human serum albumin was administered and its concentration in lung tissue was determined after equilibration with the total body albumin pool. The blood content of the lung was determined by 51Cr erythrocyte tagging, and the extravascular fluid volume by 36Cl dilution. Total water in the lung was measured by drying the lungs to constant weight. The interstitial albumin concentration, assuming uniform distribution in the chloride space, averaged 1.0 g/100 ml interstitial fluid in the adult dogs and 0.62 in the puppies; the difference between these means is statistically significant. These interstitial albumin concentrations are considerably lower than lymph protein concentrations in lung reported previously. Speculation: These data support the notion that a large net absorptive gradient of colloid osmotic pressure is present across the fluid-exchanging vessels of the lung. In view of the relatively low level of pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure, the application of Starling's law of capillary exchange to these data indicates that interstitial hydrostatic pressure is substantially subatmospheric [12]. Although consistent with recent measurements of interstitial pressure using perforated capsules [9], this line of argument must be considered speculative because of uncertainty as to the distribution of protein in the interstitial fluid. Information is lacking as to the mechanism whereby the protein concentration of lymph is increased relative to that of capillary filtrate or the interstitial fluid. This could occur if the hydrostatic pressure within the lymph channels were significantly higher than the surrounding interstitial pressure. The maintenance of a low protein concentration in the interstitial fluid, by virtue of limited protein filtration and efficient lymphatic removal, would constitute an important barrier against pulmonary edema formation. The present study suggests that this barrier may be more effectively maintained in the immature than in the mature animal, thus counterbalancing the increased tendency for fluid filtration in the immature lung reported previously [13].
Decay Rates of the Decuplet Resonances from O(3, 1)⊗SU(3) Dynamics. Definite SU(3) Symmetry Breaking

The simplest dynamical group including SU(3), O(3, 1)\ensuremath{\bigotimes} SU(3), is used to describe the decay widths of the ${j}^{P}={\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ decuplet resonances. SU(3) breaking comes in naturally (and uniquely) through the mass differences in the multiplet. The only two parameters of the theory have been fixed in an independent fit of the $I=\frac{3}{2}$ baryon decay rates for different spins. The agreement with experiment is excellent.
Concerning the rate limiting step in the hydrolysis of substituted phenyl acetates by acetylcholinesterase.

Abstract Kinetic parameters of acetylcholinesterase catalyzed hydrolysis of substituted phenyl acetates under the conditions of S ⪢ E and S ≅ E, were analyzed in terms of the Hammett plot. In both cases, the slope of the line changes from negative for the electron withdrawing substituents to positive for the electron donating substituents. It is suggested that formation of a hydrogen bonded tetrahedral intermediate may be rate limiting in the hydrolysis of some substrates by acetylcholinesterase.
Household Risk Factors for Colonization with Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

Antimicrobial resistance, particularly in pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), limits treatment options and increases healthcare costs. To understand patient risk factors, including household and animal contact, potentially associated with colonization with multidrug-resistant MRSA isolates, we performed a prospective study of case patients colonized with MRSA on admission to a rural tertiary care hospital. Patients were interviewed and antimicrobial resistance patterns were tested among isolates from admitted patients colonized with MRSA in 2009-10. Prevalence of resistance was compared by case-patient risk factors and length-of-stay outcome among 88 MRSA case patients. Results were compared to NHANES 2003-04. Overall prevalence of multidrug resistance (non-susceptibility to ≥ four antimicrobial classes) in MRSA nasal isolates was high (73%) and was associated with a 1.5-day increase in subsequent length of stay (p = 0.008). History of hospitalization within the past six months, but not antimicrobial use in the same time period, was associated with resistance patterns. Within a subset of working-age case patients without recent history of hospitalization, animal contact was potentially associated with multidrug resistance. History of hospitalization, older age, and small household size were associated with multidrug resistance in NHANES data. In conclusion, recent hospitalization of case patients was predictive of antimicrobial resistance in MRSA isolates, but novel risk factors associated with the household may be emerging in CA-MRSA case patients. Understanding drivers of antimicrobial resistance in MRSA isolates is important to hospital infection control efforts, relevant to patient outcomes and to indicators of the economic burden of antimicrobial resistance.
Endoscopic treatment of intraluminal duodenal ("windsock") diverticulum: varying techniques from five cases.

The optimal endoscopic approach to intraluminal duodenal diverticulum (IDD) has not been established. We report on our experience of endoscopic resection of symptomatic IDD in five patients (three men, two women; mean age 37 years) who were treated between August 2004 and April 2012. Four patients underwent endoscopic diverticulectomy using a standard polypectomy snare. Following diverticulectomy, the remaining duodenal septum was incised using a needle-knife in two patients. The fifth patient underwent endoscopic diverticulotomy using a needle-knife. In four cases the IDD was resected and reviewed histologically and demonstrated substantial vascularity. All patients developed clinically significant, post-procedural bleeding, which was managed endoscopically. Endoscopic management of symptomatic IDD can be achieved using various approaches. Post-procedural bleeding appears to be a common adverse event, but this complication can be managed endoscopically.
Millimeter wave Space Power Grid architecture 2011

The Space Power Grid architecture jump-starts the move towards Space Solar Power (SSP) by setting up a power exchange between terrestrial power plants and customers through Space. A constellation of low-mass, low-risk waveguide satellites starts the first phase. With technical and policy issues settled and the market risk reduced, expansion to full SSP is done using high-altitude ultralight sunlight reflector satellites and 1 GWe converter satellites in mid to low orbits. The baseline architecture published at the 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference showed the parameter values needed to break even at modest selling price of power and return on investment, inside 50 years from project start, at a total installed level of over 3.4 Terawatts. This architecture is updated with several large improvements and reductions in uncertainty. The waveguide satellites of Phase 1 are now refined using a conceptual design process, and shown to come in under the projected mass. An Intensified Efficient Conversion Architecture (InCA) is used to develop 1 GWe satellites using primary Brayton cycle conversion instead of photovoltaics, delivering very high efficiency and specific power. Several optional paths are explored to reduce power cost and accelerate SSP deployment well beyond 4 Terawatts.
Histological examination of experimentally mummified tissues.

Tissue mummified by desiccation can be examined histologically after rehydration with Ruffer's solution, and a number of natural mummies have been studied by this technique. In order to study the efficacy of the rehydration process, and to evaluate the degree of artefact introduced, normal human tissues were desiccated, rehydrated, and examined histologically. There was generally good preservation of architecture and moderate preservation of cellular detail, with some organ specific variability. The prospect of an atlas of mummified pathological lesions is discussed, as an aid to the determination of disease patterns in prehistoric populations.
The diachrony and synchrony of vowel quantity in English and Dutch

This investigation of Open Syllable Lengthening in Middle English and Middle Dutch treats the changes as the result of listener-based reinterpretations of coarticulatory effects on vowel duration. OSL in English is a result of compensatory lengthening, which is analyzed as a hypocorrection. OSL in Middle Dutch involves a hypercorrection in which the duration of etymologically long vowels is reinterpreted as a purely phonetic correlate of stress in open syllables. The different phonological bases for OSL provide a diachronic explanation for the retention of contrastive vowel quantity in Modern English and its absence in Modern Dutch.
Hepatic CYP1A in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) along the Northeast Coast: Results from the national benthic surveillance project

Abstract As part of the National Benthic Surveillance Project, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and associated enzyme activities were measured in more than 700 samples of liver tissue collected from adult non-spawning winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). Between 1988 and 1994, animals were sampled annually from 20 sites, ranging from Penobscot Bay in Maine to Great Bay, New Jersey. Analyses performed were assays of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD) activities, and immunoquantitation of CYP1A by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). From 1988 through 1990, CYP1A was measured by all three methods, to help determine an appropriate method for assessing temporal trends and to allow for eventual comparisons to methods used in other monitoring efforts. From 1991 through 1994, assays were only done for hepatic AHH activity. Fish from virtually all sites showed induction of hepatic AHH activity, consistent with earlier reports, though fish sampled from sites in the coastal waters of Maine generally showed the lowest mean AHH activities. At sites where fish were sampled during three to six separate years (15 of the 20), individual data were analyzed for monotonic temporal trends. There were trends towards increasing AHH activities over time in fish from the Raritan Bay/Long Island Sound area, and generally increasing trends for sites near Massachusetts (especially Boston Harbor) and Rhode Island. A decreasing trend was noted in fish from Great Bay, New Jersey, and there appeared to be decreasing activities in fish from the nearshore waters of Maine, though these trends were not statistically significant at the α = 0.05 level. The induction of CYP1A is strongly associated with exposure to chemical contaminants, and while the consequences of widespread and increasing induction of CYP1A are not known, these results suggest that the measurement of this enzyme system in benthic fish can be a useful tool for monitoring our coastal ecosystems.
Nutrient imbalances: pollution remains.

In their Policy Forum (“Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development,” 19 June, p. [1519][1]), P. M. Vitousek et al. propose a promising idea: Compare solutions to nutrient challenges among countries and regions. However, policies to control nonpoint pollution are not so easy to design. The United States and the European Union are mentioned as examples of places that have reduced nutrient imbalances, yet pollution remains very high in their water. European regulations include the 1991 Urban Wastewater Directive, with investments above 100 billion euros. The huge investments of the Wastewater Directive should have reduced pollution, but the European data ([ 1 ][2]) for the past 15 years on nitrate concentration indicate only a slight reduction in rivers and a 50% increase in pollutant levels in aquifers. The data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ([ 2 ][3]) also found that most major European rivers show no abatement of nitrates and some have even grown worse. The Nitrates Directive of 1991 also sought to reduce pollution. The Nitrates Directive only applies to cultivation over aquifers declared officially polluted, not to cultivation over whole basins or very polluting crops that do not receive subsidies (such as greenhouses). The achievements of this Directive are questionable ([ 3 ][4]). Nonpoint pollution is a common pool “resource” (or public bad) where economic instruments such as taxes and subsidies fail ([ 3 ][4]). Policy-makers must recognize that pollution abatement is impossible without farmers' voluntary cooperation and active support. This is also the message of this year's Nobel prize in economics. 1. [↵][5] European Environment Agency (EEA), Core Set of Indicators N° 020, Nutrients in Freshwater (EEA, Copenhagen, 2009). 2. [↵][6] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environmental Data Compendium 2006 (OECD, Paris, 2007). 3. [↵][7] 1. J. Albiac, 2. A. Dinar 1. J. Albiac 2. et al ., in The Management of Water Quality and Irrigation Technologies, J. Albiac, A. Dinar , Eds. (Earthscan, London, 2009), pp. 61–81. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1170261 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [7]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text"
Plasma proteomic profiles of bovine growth hormone transgenic mice as they age

Attenuation of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis results in extended lifespan in many organisms including mice. Conversely, GH transgenic mice have excess GH action and die prematurely. We have studied bovine (b) GH transgenic mice (n = 9) and their wild type (WT) littermates (n = 8) longitudinally and have determined several age-related changes. Compared to WT mice, bGH mice lost fat mass, became hypoglycemic and had lower insulin levels at older ages despite being hyperinsulinemic when young. To examine plasma protein differences in bGH mice relative to controls, samples at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 months of age were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification using mass spectrometry. We found several differences in plasma proteins of bGH mice compared to controls, including increased apolipoprotein E (five isoforms), haptoglobin (four isoforms) and mannose-binding protein-C (one out of three isoforms), and decreased transthyretin (six isoforms). In addition, clusterin (two out of six isoforms) and haptoglobin (four isoforms) were up-regulated in bGH mice as a function of age. Finally, alpha-2 macroglobulin (seven isoforms) was altered in an isoform-specific manner with two isoforms increased and two decreased in bGH mouse plasma compared to controls. In conclusion, identification of these proteins suggests that bGH mice exhibit an increased inflammatory state with an adverse lipid profile, possibly contributing to their diminished life expectancy. Also, these newly discovered plasma proteins may be indicative or ‘biomarkers’ of a shortened lifespan.
Experimental hepatic porphyria induced by polychlorinated biphenyls.

Abstract Aroclor 1254, which consists of a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) containing 54% chlorine, produced an experimental hepatic porphyria in rats resembling hexachlorobenzene poisoning and human porphyria cutanea tarda. The PCB-induced porphyria is characterized by delayed development, increased excretion of urinary uroporphyrins, accumulation of 8- and 7-carboxyporphyrins in the liver and increased drug-metabolizing capacity of the liver. Cytochrome P-450 and microsomal heme were increased maximally at 1 week, in the absence of an increase in the rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase. Induction of ALA synthetase and porphyria occurred later, after 2–7 months' exposure to PCBs. No induction of ALA synthetase could be demonstrated prior to the onset of porphyria. Marked induction of ALA synthetase occurred 5 hr after large single doses of Aroclor 1254; however, the doses required were larger than those used to produce porphyria when administered chronically, and induction appeared to be related to the marked increase in cytochrome P-450 seen 24 hr after administration of the drug.
A direct measurement of the total proton decay width of an isobaric analog state

Abstract Differential cross sections for the 208 Pb (p, n) reaction populating the isobaric analog state (IAS) of the 208 Pb ground state in 208 Bi have been measured at a proton bombarding energy of 30.5 MeV. The experimental technique utilized the proton (p) decay of the IAS to obtain neutron time-of-flight spectra. When these differential cross sections are compared to those obtained for the same reaction at 30.5 MeV using the pulsed-beam technique to obtain neutron time-of-flight spectra, the percentage of the IAS decay through p channels is obtained. This comparison indicates that the p decay of the IAS to the first three states of 207 Pb accounts for almost all of the IAS width (0.97±0.28).
Religiousness and devaluation of a rape victim.

In a 4X3 design (religious orientation vs. marital status of victim), 167 Ss were given a case account of a rape. Intrinsically religious Ss devalued the victim less than did Ss who were extrinsically oriented, indiscriminately proreligious and indiscriminately nonreligious. No significant effect was noted for the marital status of the victim, nor was there a significant interaction between these two variables. Language: en
An airborne digital computer as an estimator and decision tool

An airborne digital computer is used to estimate gun misalignment, ballistic wind and wind at altitude. The navigator interacts with the computer in making decisions as to whether observed data is reliable and whether certain parameters in the computer should be changed. The use of this system still retains human judgment while at the same time gives the navigator the power of digital computation.
Modulatory effects of dopamine D3/2 agonists on kappa opioid-induced antinociception and diuresis in the rat.

Rationale: The dopamine (DA) D3/2 agonist 7-OH-DPAT has been shown to attenuate the behavioral effects of the mu agonist morphine as well as the development of morphine tolerance. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of DA D3/2 agonists [7-OH-DPAT, (+)-PD128,907, quinelorane, (-)-quinpirole], a D1 agonist (SKF38393), a D1 antagonist [(+)-SCH23390], a DA antagonist (spiperone), and an indirect DA agonist (cocaine) on the antinociceptive effects of kappa agonists (spiradoline, U69,593, bremazocine) as well as the effects of D3/2 agonists on the diuretic effects of spiradoline. Methods: Antinociception was determined using a warm water (50–55°C) tail-withdrawal procedure and urine output was collected over a 2-h interval. Results: The antinociceptive effects produced by the kappa agonists varied with the intensity of the nociceptive stimulus (water), as maximal or near maximal effects were obtained with spiradoline at 55°C, U69,593 at 52°C, and bremazocine at 50°C water. 7-OH-DPAT produced a dose-dependent attenuation of the antinociceptive effects of spiradoline, U69,593, and bremazocine. Spiperone completely reversed the effects of 7-OH-DPAT on spiradoline antinociception. (+)-PD128,907 and quinelorane, but not (-)-quinpirole or the other DAergic agents examined, attenuated the antinociceptive effects of spiradoline in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The diuretic effects of spiradoline were attenuated by 7-OH-DPAT, (+)-PD128,907, quinelorane, and (-)-quinpirole, and this attenuation was reversed by spiperone. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that some D3/2 agonists can modulate both the antinociceptive and diuretic effects of kappa agonists. These modulatory actions are similar to those obtained against the effects of mu agonists.
Numerical Simulation of Gas Flow over Microscale Airfoils

Flows over microscale airfoils are investigated using both particle and continuum approaches. An implementation of the information preservation technique based on the direct simulation Monte Carlo method is used to simulate flows over a flat plate of zero thickness at low Reynolds number (Re < 1 x 10 2 ). The aerodynamics of a flat plate with thickness ratio of 5% at Re = 4 is quite different from that at Re = 4 x 10 3 that were measured experimentally. A continuum approach with slip boundary conditions predicts a similar basic flow pattern as the information preservation method with differences in details, which may indicate that continuum approaches are not suitable for this kind of flow because of rarefied effects