cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking a Knee: An Analysis of the NFL’s Decision to Relinquish Its § 501(c)(6) Federal Tax Exemption

After 50 years as a nonprofit entity, the National Football League (NFL) voluntarily relinquished its favorable tax exemption. The NFL was exempt from paying federal income taxes due to its classification as a nonprofit organization according to Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section (§) 501(c)(6). This rule provides a tax exemption to organizations performing operations that further the industry or profession they represent. While professional football leagues are explicitly stated in §501(c)(6), the NFL’s exemption only applied to its League Office opposed to the NFL Ventures partnership, which manages the league’s business activities. As such, the NFL may have erred on deciding to forfeit their exemption. The purpose of this study is to review §501(c)(6) to determine if the League Office should maintain its exemption. The analysis shows the League Office cannot be considered an industry association due to the performance of particular activities for the benefit of its individual members.
Cans and cants: Computational potentials for multimodality with a case study in head position

As the study of embodiment and multimodality in interaction grows in importance, there is a need for novel methodological approaches to understand how multimodal variables pattern together along social and contextual lines, and how they systematically coalesce in communicative meanings. In this work, we propose to adopt computational tools to generate replicable annotations of bodily variables: these can be examined statistically to understand their patterning with other variables across diverse speakers and interactional contexts, and can help organize qualitative analyses of large datasets. We demonstrate the possibilities thereby with a case study in head cant (side-to-side tilt of the head) in a dataset of video blogs and laboratory-collected interactions, computationally extracting cant and prosody from video and audio and analyzing their interactions, looking at gender in particular. We find that head cant indexes an orientation towards the interlocutor and a sense of shared understanding, can serve a ‘bracketing’ function in interaction (for speakers to create parentheticals or asides), and has gendered associations with prosodic markers and interactional discourse particles.
Possible predictive clinical factors for chemotherapy holiday in metastatic colorectal cancer: A single institution based retrospective data analysis.

720 Background: During the last decade, numerous new agents were introduced into the therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. For those patients who are not curable by resection, life can be extend...
Studying flexible manufacturing systems via deterministic control problems

We deduce control equations governed by ordinary differential equations that determine the moments of the inventory levels in a flow control model of a flexible manufacturing system. Then we discuss how to use these control equations to study the expected inventory level set and the optimal inventory level control problem with quadratic cost functions.
Google Scholar's Coverage of the Engineering Literature 10 years Later

Abstract In 2008 Meier and Conkling first tested Google Scholar's coverage of the engineering literature against citations gathered from the Compendex database. Since that time, other studies have used the same methodology and found improvement in Google Scholar's coverage. This study uses engineering dissertations from Proquest Dissertations & Theses to create a data set of citations for the comparison of fee-based databases, Compendex and Scopus, against Google Scholar. From 1950 to 2017 Google Scholar outperformed both Compendex and Scopus in discoverability of citations in nine engineering subjects. These results have implications for collection management and information literacy program planning for librarians.
Diagnostic intervals and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) resectability: a single-center retrospective analysis

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) often presents with nonspecific symptoms and the workup is not standardized. To study the impact of delays in diagnosis and in the initiation of treatment, we investigated the relationship between length of diagnostic intervals and surgical resectability. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients evaluated for PDAC at Johns Hopkins in 2014. Data were collected on the patient (date of first symptoms—first medical appointment), diagnostic (first medical appointment—diagnosis of PDAC), and treatment (diagnosis of PDAC—1st day of treatment) time intervals, and the upfront treatment received. Asymptomatic patients diagnosed incidentally, or for whom records were incomplete, were excluded from analysis. Results: Of 453 charts reviewed, 116 patients met inclusion criteria. The median patient interval was 14 days [interquartile range (IQR): 6–30 days], the median diagnostic interval was 22 days (IQR: 8–46 days), and the median treatment interval was 26 days (IQR: 15–35 days). Thirty-eight patients (33%) received upfront surgery and 78 (67%) received nonsurgical treatment. After adjusting for multiple factors, the odds of receiving surgery significantly increased for individuals with a patient interval of 30 days or less [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–13.20; P=0.050] and with a diagnostic interval of 60 days or less (aOR: 15.68; 95% CI: 2.95–291.00, P=0.009). Conclusions: A patient interval less than 1 month and a diagnostic interval less than 2 months for symptomatic PDAC are associated with increased odds of upfront surgical resection. These data provide initial evidence that reducing diagnostic delays may lead to improved outcomes in PDAC.
Optimal resilient defense strategy against false data injection attacks on power system state estimation

This paper presents a resilient defense strategy to protect the power system state estimation against false data injection (FDI) attacks. The proposed strategy is based on calculation of the risk of the attack and the optimal budget allocation on the measurements. The method has been formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Multiple researchers have addressed the same problem but with the assumption that some meter measurements can be fully protected or without considering the risk of the attack. The validation of the proposed method has also been evaluated based on various IEEE standard test systems, including IEEE 5-bus, 9-bus, 14-bus and 39-bus system.
CELL MOVEMENTS IN THE EPIBLAST DURING GASTRULATION AND NEURULATION IN AVIAN EMBRYOS

In this essay, I will focus on both gastrulation and neurulation in avian embryos. The two processes are driven by similar cell behaviors: cell shape changes, cell division, and cell rearrangements. Since we have made considerable progress in understanding how these cell behaviors function in avian neurulation, perhaps more so than in gastrulation, I will draw heavily on this material.
Calcium Transport in Prokaryotes

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on calcium transport in prokaryotes. Calcium is the fifth most abundant (3.6% by weight) element in the earth's crust, the most abundant of the alkali and alkaline earth metals. Metallic calcium is reactive and thus, it is not found in the free state but only as the divalent cation. A number of exoenzymes require calcium for activation. Calcium as a required cofactor converts apoenzyme into functional enzyme in such instances as the α-amylase of Bacillus subtilis and the thermolysin of Bacillus thermoproteolyticus. Azotobacter vinelandii also requires calcium for encystment. An extracellular enzyme requiring calcium for activity is involved in the synthesis of alginic acid polymers of which the cyst is constructed. In Escherichia coli, transport of cobalamin across the outer membrane apparently requires calcium for the high-affinity binding of cobalamin to its receptor. In such cases, magnesium generally cannot replace calcium. This is reasonable as magnesium present in the cytosol could lead to intracellular activation of these extracellular enzymes and, in some cases, to the breakdown of intracellular products.
Freud as a Social and Cultural Theorist: On Human Nature and the Civilizing Process

This book offers a new account of Freud’s work by reading him as the social theorist and philosopher he always aspired to be, and not as the medical scientist he publicly claimed to be. In doing so, the author demonstrates that’s Freud’s social, moral, and cultural thought constitutes the core of his life’s work as a theorist, and is the thread that binds his voluminous writings together: from his earliest essays on the neuroses, to his foundational writings on dreams and sexuality, and to his far-ranging reflections on art, religion, and the dynamics of culture. Returning to the fundamental questions and concerns that animate Freud’s work - the nature of evil; the origins of religion, morality, and tradition; and the looming threat of resurgent barbarism - Freud as a Social and Cultural Theorist provides the first systematic re-examination of Freud’s social and cultural thought in more than a generation. As such, it will be of interest to social and cultural theorists, social philosophers, intellectual and cultural historians, and those with interests in psychoanalysis and its origins.
A TEST OF THE COST INFLATION HYPOTHESIS: 1955-1957

In the period of 1955–1957, output grew too slowly and unemployment was too high, it is argued, for the inflation to be attributable simply to demand. For these reasons, many economists are not yet ready to reject the traditional demand-pull interpretation of the 1955–1957 inflation. Therefore, it may be useful to perform a new test of the traditional demand-pull hypothesis—a test that is comparatively non-aggregative, but which takes into accounts the interactions among markets. This chapter describes such a test and presents the theoretical basis for the test. The test is this: adopt as a base period some interval of time over which it is assumed there was no cost inflation. Over this time interval, prices and outputs in the various industries will have changed because of changes in tastes, technology, and resource availabilities. The chapter discusses the computation of the coefficient of correlation between the proportionate price changes and the weighted proportionate output changes, where the weights measure the relative importance of the output in G.N.P. If the correlation coefficient observed for the suspect period is significantly lower than the corresponding coefficient for the base period, then one may reject the null hypothesis that there was no cost inflation during the suspect period.
Mechanistically derived Toxicant-mediated predator-prey model under Stoichiometric constraints.

Studies in ecological stoichiometry highlight that grazer dynamics are affected by insufficient food nutrient content (low phosphorus (P)/carbon (C) ratio) as well as excess food nutrient content (high P:C). Contaminant stressors affect all levels of the biological hierarchy, from cells to organs to organisms to populations to entire ecosystems. Eco-toxicological modeling under the framework of ecological stoichiometry predicts the risk of bio-accumulation of a toxicant under stoichiometric constraints. In this paper, we developed and analyzed a Lotka-Volterra type predator-prey model which explicitly tracks the environmental toxicant as well as the toxicant in the populations under stoichiometric constraints. Analytic, numerical, slow-fast steady state and bifurcation theory are employed to predict the risk of toxicant bio-accumulation under varying food conditions. In some cases, our model predicts different population dynamics, including wide amplitude limit cycles where producer densities exhibit very low values and may be in danger of stochastic extinction.
Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: A systematic review.

Objective Although there is anecdotal evidence of ageism occurring at both the structural level (in which societal institutions reinforce systematic bias against older persons) and individual level (in which older persons take in the negative views of aging of their culture), previous systematic reviews have not examined how both levels simultaneously influence health. Thus, the impact of ageism may be underestimated. We hypothesized that a comprehensive systematic review would reveal that these ageism levels adversely impact the health of older persons across geography, health outcomes, and time. Method A literature search was performed using 14 databases with no restrictions on region, language, and publication type. The systematic search yielded 13,691 papers for screening, 638 for full review, and 422 studies for analyses. Sensitivity analyses that adjusted for sample size and study quality were conducted using standardized tools. The study protocol is registered (PROSPERO CRD42018090857). Results Ageism led to significantly worse health outcomes in 95.5% of the studies and 74.0% of the 1,159 ageism-health associations examined. The studies reported ageism effects in all 45 countries, 11 health domains, and 25 years studied, with the prevalence of significant findings increasing over time (p < .0001). A greater prevalence of significant ageism-health findings was found in less-developed countries than more-developed countries (p = .0002). Older persons who were less educated were particularly likely to experience adverse health effects of ageism. Evidence of ageism was found across the age, sex, and race/ethnicity of the targeters (i.e., persons perpetrating ageism). Conclusion The current analysis which included over 7 million participants is the most comprehensive review of health consequences of ageism to date. Considering that the analysis revealed that the detrimental impact of ageism on older persons’ health has been occurring simultaneously at the structural and individual level in five continents, our systematic review demonstrates the pernicious reach of ageism.
Evidence-based explanation to promote fairness in AI systems.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology gets more intertwined with every system, people are using AI to make decisions on their everyday activities. In simple contexts, such as Netflix recommendations, or in more complex context like in judicial scenarios, AI is part of people's decisions. People make decisions and usually, they need to explain their decision to others or in some matter. It is particularly critical in contexts where human expertise is central to decision-making. In order to explain their decisions with AI support, people need to understand how AI is part of that decision. When considering the aspect of fairness, the role that AI has on a decision-making process becomes even more sensitive since it affects the fairness and the responsibility of those people making the ultimate decision. We have been exploring an evidence-based explanation design approach to 'tell the story of a decision'. In this position paper, we discuss our approach for AI systems using fairness sensitive cases in the literature.
Resentment, Empathy and Indignation

The paper offers an account of justified resentment and its importance in preserving human dignity. I situate the argument in the context of Martha Nussbaum's recent work against anger and resentment. Drawing on Enlightenment thinkers, I show the importance of resentment in deterring injury, in creating greater solidarity and humanity, and in preserving human dignity. The paper also offers a preliminary analysis of the norms that help to ensure appropriately expressed resentment.
Location and magnitude of capsular injuries varies following multiple anterior dislocations of the shoulder: Implications for surgical repair

Capsular injuries can occur during multiple shoulder dislocations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the location and magnitude of glenohumeral capsular injury following multiple dislocations. We hypothesized that the magnitude of capsular injury would increase and the location of peak injury would vary depending on the number of dislocations. Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used. A 7 × 11 grid of strain markers was affixed to the anteroinferior capsule. Each joint was then mounted to a six degree-freedom robotic testing system. Marker tracking was performed following 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 dislocations to determine the nonrecoverable strain as capsular injury. Following each dislocation, the magnitude of the maximum principal strain representing the nonrecoverable strain in the inferior glenohumeral capsule was quantified by comparing the strain marker positions following each dislocation. The peak value of nonrecoverable strain statistically increased with the number of dislocations in five of seven specimens (p = .0007). The capsular location that had the peak value of nonrecoverable strain varied according to the number of dislocations, and from specimen to specimen. The nonrecoverable strain was identified in the posterior capsule and anterior axillary pouch, which increased with the number of dislocations compared to the other regions of the capsule (p = .001-.012) by up to 16%. Clinical significance: While plication of the anterior axillary pouch is important following multiple dislocations, a more extensive anterior capsular shift may be necessary with an increased number of dislocations in addition to a posterior capsular shift when appropriate.
Lightweight and Standalone IoT Based WiFi Sensing for Active Repositioning and Mobility

Channel state information (CSI) provides rich insight into the physical characteristics of an environment through radio subcarrier frequencies in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Many recent studies explore this rich source of data to produce quite accurate results in device-free localization, human-body pose recognition, and device-free person identification under the umbrella of WiFi Sensing. Most works thus far rely on the use of the Intel 5300 Network Interface Card (NIC), a device requiring connection to a host computer to function. Because of this requirement, the weight and form factor of CSI recording capable devices (receiver or RX) has limited the abilities of researchers to explore certain aspects of WiFi sensing such as active repositioning and mobility of RX devices. To address this, in this paper, we use the ESP32 microcontroller to develop a simple and lightweight solution for CSI collection leveraging recent additions to the Espressif IoT Development Framework which allows user developed programs to access CSI directly. The system can work standalone or attached to a smartphone for advanced online computations. Thus, it can be easily deployed, repositioned, and carried on mobile objects, which can then help improve the performance of sensing tasks. We evaluate the performance of our proposed system through several deep-learning based human activity recognition experiments and show that the repositioning and mobility of RX devices can provide increases in accuracy upwards of 29.4% and 28.2%, respectively, compared to the commonly considered static RX scenario. Finally, we produce an easy to use open source codebase for researchers to immediately begin exploring the new possibilities (e.g., massive deployment) available by the usage of the proposed system.
Neuroendocrine control of vocalizations in rodents

Abstract The neuroendocrine control of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rodents is a relatively understudied field; nonetheless, interesting findings regarding hormone-behavior relationships have emerged. Here, we focus on five rodent species in which most of this work has been done: golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), house mice (Mus musculus), California mice (Peromyscus californicus), Alston’s singing mice (Scotinomys teguina), and rats (Rattus norvegicus). Many studies focus on sociosexual behavior and sex steroid hormones, however, there is a growing body of literature that probes other aspects of the impacts of neuroendocrine systems on rodent USVs. Using a comparative approach, we identify five major hormone-behavior concepts that are supported in the literature by at least one rodent species. Notably, the production of USVs in rodents can occur in the absence or presence of another individual and is particularly sensitive to social context. This leads us to ask whether (1) social context is critical for identifying sex steroid hormonal effects on USVs and whether (2) the internal energetic state, as represented by hunger hormones, is associated with changes in USVs. (3) We also review evidence for rapid effects of steroid hormone compounds on USVs and (4) research examining USVs as indicators of positive and negative affective states through the lens of hormones and neuroendocrine compounds. (5) Finally, because of the well-known effects of vasopressin and oxytocin on many social behaviors, including vocalizations, we examine the relationship of USV production to these neuropeptide hormones. Overall, there is a relative dearth of information on the function of many of the rodent USVs, with the exception of mate attraction, making it difficult to identify whether the effects of neuroendocrine compounds on USVs have an impact on social interactions, but emerging technology and call analysis tools are expected to advance our knowledge in this area. Through a comparative approach, this review highlights both common themes and a diversity of functions that arise from neuroendocrine influences on USV production.
Nutrient Responsive O-GlcNAcylation Dynamically Modulates Galectin 3 Secretion

ABSTRACT Endomembrane glycosylation and cytoplasmic O-GlcNAcylation each play essential roles in nutrient sensing, and in fact, characteristic changes in glycan patterns have been described in disease states such as diabetes and cancer. These changes in glycosylation have important functional roles and can drive disease progression. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying how these signals are integrated and transduced into biological effects. Galectins are proteins that bind glycans that are secreted by a poorly characterized non-classical secretory mechanism. Once outside the cell, galectins bind to terminal galactose residues of cell surface glycans and modulate numerous extracellular functions like clathrin independent endocytosis (CIE). Originating in the cytoplasm, galectins are predicted substrates for O-GlcNAc addition and removal. This study shows that galectin 3 is O-GlcNAcylated, and that changes in O-GlcNAc cycling alters its secretion. Moreover, we determined that there is a significant difference in O-GlcNAcylation status between cytoplasmic and secreted galectin 3. We observed dramatic alterations in galectin 3 secretion in response to nutrient conditions and that these changes were dependent on dynamic O-GlcNAcylation. Finally, we showed that alterations in galectin 3 secretion via disrupted O-GlcNAcylation drove changes in CIE. These results indicate that dynamic O-GlcNAcylation of galectin 3 plays a role in modulating its secretion and can tune its function of transducing nutrient sensing information coded in cell surface glycosylation into biological effects.
Adaptive, behavioral intervention impact on weight gain, physical activity, energy intake, and motivational determinants: results of a feasibility trial in pregnant women with overweight/obesity.

Interventions have modest impact on reducing excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in pregnant women with overweight/obesity. This two-arm feasibility randomized control trial tested delivery of and compliance with an intervention using adapted dosages to regulate GWG, and examined pre-post change in GWG and secondary outcomes (physical activity: PA, energy intake: EI, theories of planned behavior/self-regulation constructs) compared to a usual care group. Pregnant women with overweight/obesity (N = 31) were randomized to a usual care control group or usual care + intervention group from 8 to 2 weeks gestation and completed the intervention through 36 weeks gestation. Intervention women received weekly evidence-based education/counseling (e.g., GWG, PA, EI) delivered by a registered dietitian in a 60-min face-to-face session. GWG was monitored weekly; women within weight goals continued with education while women exceeding goals received more intensive dosages (e.g., additional hands-on EI/PA sessions). All participants used mHealth tools to complete daily measures of weight (Wi-Fi scale) and PA (activity monitor), weekly evaluation of diet quality (MyFitnessPal app), and weekly/monthly online surveys of motivational determinants/self-regulation. Daily EI was estimated with a validated back-calculation method as a function of maternal weight, PA, and resting metabolic rate. Sixty-five percent of eligible women were randomized; study completion was 87%; 10% partially completed the study and drop-out was 3%. Compliance with using the mHealth tools for intensive data collection ranged from 77 to 97%; intervention women attended > 90% education/counseling sessions, and 68–93% dosage step-up sessions. The intervention group (6.9 kg) had 21% lower GWG than controls (8.8 kg) although this difference was not significant. Exploratory analyses also showed the intervention group had significantly lower EI kcals at post-intervention than controls. A theoretical, adaptive intervention with varied dosages to regulate GWG is feasible to deliver to pregnant women with overweight/obesity.
Fast Parallel-in-Time Quasi-Boundary Value Methods for Backward Heat Conduction Problems.

In this paper we proposed two new quasi-boundary value methods for regularizing the ill-posed backward heat conduction problems. With a standard finite difference discretization in space and time, the obtained all-at-once nonsymmetric sparse linear systems have the desired block $\omega$-circulant structure, which can be utilized to design an efficient parallel-in-time (PinT) direct solver that built upon an explicit FFT-based diagonalization of the time discretization matrix. Convergence analysis is presented to justify the optimal choice of the regularization parameter. Numerical examples are reported to validate our analysis and illustrate the superior computational efficiency of our proposed PinT methods.
Carrier lifetime as a function of Se content for CdSe x Te 1-x films grown on Al 2 O 3 and MgZnO

Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) with two excitation wavelengths – 670 (standard) and 405 nm – was used to examine the effect on carrier lifetime of two significant recent advances in CdTe: the incorporation of Se to form graded CdSe x Te 1-x and the use of Mg y Zn 1-y O buffers. The two excitation wavelengths probe depths of approximately 130 and 35 nm, respectively, and their comparison helps differentiate interface and bulk contributions to carrier lifetime. It was found that x = 0.2 Se was required to obtain lifetime improvements, primarily in the bulk. Additionally, TRPL traces for Mg y Zn 1-y O/CdSe x Te 1-x samples showed fast initial decay followed by a long-lived tail, which may be indicative of trap-dominated recombination. This behavior was not present for CdSe x Te 1-x films grown on Al 2 O 3 , which is currently state-of-the-art for surface passivation in CdTe. This indicates that further work is required to sufficiently passivate the front interface.
Association of Physical Therapy Interventions With Long-term Opioid Use After Total Knee Replacement.

Importance Many individuals who undergo total knee replacement (TKR) become long-term opioid users after TKR. Associations of physical therapy (PT) interventions before or after TKR with long-term use of opioids are not known. Objectives To evaluate associations of PT interventions before and after TKR with long-term opioid use after TKR. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse on 67 322 individuals aged 40 years or older who underwent TKR from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2016, stratified by history of opioid use. The analyses for the study included data from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2018. Exposures Any PT interventions within 90 days before or after TKR, post-TKR PT dose as number of sessions (ie, 1-5, 6-12, and ≥13 sessions), post-TKR PT timing as number of days to initiation of care (ie, Main Outcomes and Measures The association of pre- and post-TKR PT with risk of long-term opioid use occurring more than 90 days after TKR was assessed using logistic regression while adjusting for confounders, including age, sex, race and ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, or White), obesity, type of insurance, geographical location, and physical and mental health comorbidities. Results A total of 38 408 opioid-naive individuals (21 336 women [55.6%]; mean [SD] age, 66.2 [9.2] years) and 28 914 opioid-experienced individuals (18 426 women [63.7%]; mean [SD] age, 64.4 [9.3] years) were included. Receipt of any PT before TKR was associated with lower odds of long-term opioid use in the opioid-naive (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.75 [95% CI, 0.60-0.95]) and opioid-experienced (aOR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.70-0.80]) cohorts. Receipt of any post-TKR PT was associated with lower odds of long-term use of opioids in the opioid-experienced cohort (aOR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.70-0.79]). Compared with 1 to 5 sessions of PT after TKR, 6 to 12 sessions (aOR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.75-0.90]) and 13 or more sessions (aOR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.65-0.77) were associated with lower odds in the opioid-experienced cohort. Compared with initiation of PT within 30 days after TKR, initiation 31 to 60 days or 61 to 90 days after TKR were associated with greater odds in the opioid-naive (31-60 days: aOR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.19-1.77]; 61-90 days: aOR, 2.15 [95% CI, 1.43-3.22]) and opioid-experienced (31-60 days: aOR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.02-1.18]; 61-90 days: aOR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.12-1.55]) cohorts. Compared with passive PT, active PT was not associated with long-term opioid use in the opioid-naive (aOR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.81-1.24]) or opioid-experienced (aOR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.92-1.07]) cohorts. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study suggests that receipt of PT intervention before and after TKR, receipt of 6 or more sessions of PT care after TKR, and initiation of PT care within 30 days after TKR were associated with lower odds of long-term opioid use. These findings suggest that PT may help reduce the risk of long-term opioid use after TKR.
Energy-efficient Stochastic Connected Cruise Control

An energy-efficient longitudinal controller is designed for connected automated trucks traveling in mixed traffic environment, consisting of connected and non-connected vehicles. A data-driven optimization method is proposed to determine the parameters of the energy-optimal controller while modeling the speed of nearby vehicles as stochastic processes. Spectral estimation is utilized for the analysis of the linearized system and the efficacy of our proposed method is evaluated statistically using synthetic data.
Chloride facilitates Mn(III) formation during photoassembly of the Photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex.

The Mn4Ca oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in Photosystem II (PSII) is assembled in situ from free Mn2+, Ca2+, and water. In an early light-driven step, Mn2+ in a protein high-affinity site is oxidized to Mn3+. Using dual-mode electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we observed that Mn3+ accumulation increases as chloride concentration increases in spinach PSII membranes depleted of all extrinsic subunits. At physiologically relevant pH values, this effect requires the presence of calcium. When combined with pH studies, we conclude that the first Mn2+ oxidation event in OEC assembly requires a deprotonation that is facilitated by chloride.
Immunochemical evidence for the binding of caldesmon to the NH2-terminal segment of actin.

The binding of caldesmon and its actin-binding fragments to actin was studied by using peptide antibodies directed against two actin sites implicated in actomyosin interactions. Antibodies against residues 1-7 on skeletal alpha-actin strongly inhibited the binding of caldesmon to actin and perturbed to a smaller extent the interaction between actin and the actin binding fragments. Carbodiimide coupling of ethylenediamine to the NH2-terminal acidic residues on actin inhibited the binding of caldesmon and its fragments to actin to a similar extent as the (residues 1-7) antibodies. Antibodies against residues 18-28 showed only limited competition with caldesmon for the binding to actin. These results lead to the following conclusions. (i) The NH2-terminal residues on actin play an important role in the binding of caldesmon to actin, (ii) residues 18-28 on actin do not form a major caldesmon interaction site, and (iii) the actin-binding fragments do not contain the full actin-binding interface. These conclusions and other literature data suggest that caldesmon regulates the actomyosin ATPase by competing with myosin.ATP for the NH2-terminal segment on actin.
Efficacy of lincomycin and tylosin in controlling American foulbrood in honey bee colonies

SUMMARYTwo antibiotics were both shown to be effective in controlling American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae larvae) in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Two dosages (100 or 200 mg) of tylosin tartrate or lincomycin hydrochloride were evaluated. Each antibiotic was applied in 20 g of confectioner's sugar three times at 7-day intervals. The higher dosage of both antibiotics gave consistent control after 45 days. The lower dose of 100 mg did not result in complete control in the colonies treated with tylosin; one of the 10 colonies still had detectable disease after 45 days. Thus, a dose of 200 mg applied three times over three weeks in dust form was highly effective in controlling American foulbrood and represents an appropriate dose for either of these antibiotics.
Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2010–2011 edited by Karl P. Sauvant

International Investment Law is essentially the body of bilateral and multilateral treaties that seek to regulate foreign direct investment (FDI) and related aspects between states. These treaties ...
Business Education at Catholic Universities: Current Status and Future Directions

Is business education at Catholic colleges and universities different than business education at secular institutions? This study assesses the current state of business education at Catholic colleges and universities based on a national survey of business school deans and faculty members and an audit of business unit web sites. Results suggest that business education at Catholic institutions could be more distinctive in refl ecting the religious identity of the institution. Curricular recommendations are offered for mission-driven business education with a particular focus on Catholic identity and ethics education.
Policy, planning and program development: Case study—adolescent pregnancy

Abstract The role of the Federal Government in stimulating local/regional/state action to pursue clearly identified problems is examined, with case study focused on the problem of adolescent pregnancy. Critical analysis is undertaken of the legislative framework within which health policy and programming is formulated and implemented and the directions and limitations inherent in increased volunteerism in the public sector.
The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia: Entering a Sown World of Irrigation Agriculture – From the Steppes to Central Asia and Beyond: Processes of Movement, Assimilation, and Transformation into the “Civilized” World East of Sumer

The infiltration process of Andronovo tribes to the south was relatively slow. There are no traces of violent ends of farming settlements … The contacts between steppe and farming tribes were of a peaceful character, thereby promoting an exchange of agricultural products and crafts from the south and copper and tin from northern regions. In this case settling down and ‘dissolution’ of steppe population into that of farming oases could take place. (Vinogradova 1994: 46) Central Asia usually refers to the extensive area south of the steppes and east of the Caspian Sea, stretching east across Xinjiang and the Dzungar Basin to the Gobi Desert of southern and Inner Mongolia nearly to the upper reaches of the Huang Ho River in Kansu province of western China proper. It is divided physically by the separate drainage systems formed by the knot of the Pamir and Tien Shan mountains into western and eastern halves, often referred to as western and eastern Turkestan. Our concern here will be principally with Middle and Late Bronze developments in western or formerly Soviet Central Asia, which today comprises the independent states of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadjikistan, and Kyrgyzstan together with the neighboring regions of southern Kazakhstan, northern Afghanistan (north of the Hindu Kush), and Khorassan and eastern Mazanderan provinces of northeastern Iran. We will consider briefly Bronze Age developments in eastern Central Asia (principally in Xinjiang or today's westernmost China) when we discuss problems with archaeologically based ethnic and linguistic identifications at the end of this chapter.
0.8-V Supply Voltage Deep-Submicrometer Inversion-Mode $\hbox{In}_{0.75}\hbox{Ga}_{0.25}\hbox{As}$ MOSFET

We report the experimental demonstration of deep-submicrometer inversion-mode In0.75Ga0.25As MOSFETs with ALD high-k Al2O3 as gate dielectric. In this letter, n-channel MOSFETs with 100-200-nm-long gates have been fabricated. At a supply voltage of 0.8 V, the fabricated devices with 200-130-nm-long gates exhibit drain currents of 232-440 muA/mum and transconductances of 538-705 muS/mum. The 100-nm device has a drain current of 801 muA/mum and a transconductance of 940 muS/mum. However, the device cannot be pinched off due to severe short-channel effect. Important scaling metrics, such as on/off current ratio, subthreshold swing, and drain-induced barrier lowering, are presented, and their relations to the short-channel effect are discussed.
Relactation: a study of 366 cases.

Relactation is resumption of breast-feeding following cessation or significant decrease in milk production. It may be appropriate following an untimely weaning from the breast or the hospitalization and subsequent separation of mother and infant. Relactation includes encouraging the low-birth-weight infant to nurse after the baby is able to suckle. Preparation for relactation includes breast and nipple stimulation, supplementation of the maternal diet, and occasional use of exogenous hormones. The baby9s willingness to suck is related to infant age at the time of relactation. Most babies older than 3 months are less willing to suck than younger infants. If the baby is of low birth weight, the length of time before the breast can be introduced also affects infant responsiveness. Three fourths of the study participants evaluated their experience positively. Neither the length of time the infant was nursed nor the need for supplemental fluids during relactation was related to the mother9s evaluation of her experience. Most mothers stressed the importance of nursing to the mother-infant relationship. Milk production was less often a goal and, when so specified, it was likely to influence the mother to evaluate her experience negatively and to result in difficulty in achieving a total milk supply.
Optimal filtering in the subband domain

An analytical framework for the implementation of optimal filters in the multiresolution (i.e., subband) domain is presented. In particular, we concentrate on filter bank based on the notions of wavelets and wave-packets. We show how the notion of sparse estimation can lead to significant reduction in computational cost, with only a minor degradation in performance. The combination of a wavelet-based filter bank with a sparse estimation scheme results in a configuration with five design parameters: (i) resolution level, (ii) degree of subband channel overlap, (iii) subband utilization ratio, (iv) estimation sparsity, and (v) filter order. We demonstrate the effect of each one of these design parameters on the over-all cost-performance trade-off.
Challenges to US space sustainability

Abstract With space now crucial to such a wide range of activities on Earth, the USA must ensure the sustainability of its efforts, a task that involves technological feasibility and political will. Near-term challenges include US human access to space and the Shuttle transition, funding NASA sufficiently in a time of recession, and rebuilding the country's space industrial base. Longer-term challenges will be better protecting the space environment (including the electromagnetic spectrum) from overcrowding and the effects of space weather and NEOs, and defining responsibilities for distributing climate change data and recognition of property rights for the commercial development of in-space resources. As an aid to dealing with these challenges the USA must ask itself whether there is a human future in space and seek to answer the question in the course of human and robotic exploration beyond Earth.
Privatising form or function? Equity, outcomes and influence in American charter schools

The American experiment with charter schools advanced on dual impulses of increasing opportunities for disadvantaged students and unleashing market competition. While critics see these independently managed schools as a form of privatisation, proponents contend that they are public schools because of funding and accountability arrangements and potential benefits, and believe that the economic logic around these schools will produce equitable educational opportunities. This analysis considers how charters are or are not instances of privatisation in education, showing that the marketised environment they are intended to nurture serves as a route for profit-seeking strategies. In reviewing the research on charter school organisational behaviour and outcomes in marketised environments, I find evidence of de facto privatisation in function if not in form. As charter schools often act like profit-seeking entities, but fail to achieve expected academic and equity outcomes, the concluding discussion considers ho...
The Wild Boy of Aveyron

The discovery of Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron, and the accomplishments of his teacher, Jean Marc Itard, launched a debate among philosophers anthropologists, psychologists, and educators that has lasted almost two centuries, has given birth to educational treatment of the mentally retarded with methods that are still widely employed, and has led in this country to a revolution in childhood education.This beautifully written book by Harlan Lane tells the complete story of Dr. Itard's successes and failures with l'enfant sauvage, a story immortalized by director Francois Truffaut in "The Wild Child" ("L'Enfant sauvage"). Lane takes the reader into the central philosophical and scientific debates of the nineteenth century and sheds new light on questions that persist for our own time. Which human activities require social instruction and which do not? Is there a critical period for language acquisition? To what extent can education compensate for delayed development and limited endowment? What are the critical features of effective training methods?"
Optically demultiplexed orthogonal wavelength division multiplexing for terabit networking systems

We investigated the fundamental limits of an optical processing technique that enables instantaneous demultiplexing of orthogonal-wavelength-division-multiplexing in terabit optical networking systems without requiring conventional guard-band.
Climate and Architecture: The TVA Climatic Data Base

Abstract The TVA Climatic Data Base (Finsen, 1980) is a graphic portrayal and analysis of the climatic elements and influences important to the building professions toward the resolution of climate responsive architectural design. The data base, including regional (macro-), meso- and relevant microclimatic analysis techniques, is summarized and presented and current work is previewed. The use and importance of climatic data in the design process and the interaction of climatic elements with man and architecture is discussed in the context of the process of developing the data base.
The role of fuzzy logic in the management of uncertainty in expert systems

Management of uncertainty is an intrinsically important issue in the design of expert systems because much of the information in the knowledge base of a typical expert system is imprecise, incomplete or not totally reliable. In the existing expert systems, uncertainty is dealt with through a combination of predicate logic and probability-based methods. A serious shortcoming of these methods is that they are not capable of coming to grips with the pervasive fuzziness of information in the knowledge base, and, as a result, are mostly ad hoc in nature. An alternative approach to the management of uncertainty which is suggested in this paper is based on the use of fuzzy logic, which is the logic underlying approximate or, equivalently, fuzzy reasoning. A feature of fuzzy logic which is of particular importance to the management of uncertainty in expert systems is that it provides a systematic framework for dealing with fuzzy quantifiers, e.g., most, many, few, not very many, almost all, infrequently, about 0.8, etc. In this way, fuzzy logic subsumes both predicate logic and probability theory, and makes it possible to deal with different types of uncertainty within a single conceptual framework. In fuzzy logic, the deduction of a conclusion from a set of premises is reduced, in general, to the solution of a nonlinear program through the application of projection and extension principles. This approach to deduction leads to various basic syllogisms which may be used as rules of combination of evidence in expert systems. Among syllogisms of this type which are discussed in this paper are the intersection/product syllogism, the generalized modus ponens, the consequent conjunction syllogism, and the major-premise reversibility rule.
Negative electron transfer dissociation of glycosaminoglycans

Structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has been a challenge in the field of mass spectrometry, and the application of electron detachment dissociation (EDD) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) has shown great promise to GAG oligosaccharide characterization in a single tandem mass spectrometry experiment. In this work, we apply the technique of negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) to GAGs on a commercial ion trap mass spectrometer. NETD of GAGs, using fluoranthene or xenon as the reagent gas, produces fragmentation very similar to previously observed EDD fragmentation. Using fluoranthene or xenon, both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages are observed, as well as even- and odd-electron products. The loss of SO(3) can be minimized and an increase in cross-ring cleavages is observed if a negatively charged carboxylate is present during NETD, which can be controlled by the charge state or the addition of sodium. NETD effectively dissociates GAGs up to eight saccharides in length, but the low resolution of the ion trap makes assigning product ions difficult. Similar to EDD, NETD is also able to distinguish the epimers iduronic acid from glucuronic acid in heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides and suggests that a radical intermediate plays an important role in distinguishing these epimers. These results demonstrate that NETD is effective at characterizing GAG oligosaccharides in a single tandem mass spectrometry experiment on a widely available mass spectrometry platform.