cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cotton Fiber Properties and Moisture: Influence of Variety, Area of Growth, and Crop Year:

Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) is participating in a multi-year area-of-growth study of selected cotton cultivars. We report here the moisture data (water of imbibition and moisture regain) on cottons from the 2001 and 2002 crop years, and compare them in terms of maturity properties and micronaire.
Discrepancies in Tuberculin Skin Test Results with Two Commercial Products in a Population of Intravenous Drug Users

Screening for tuberculosis (using the Mantoux test) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was conducted among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) recruited from a San Francisco Bay Area neighborhood. Of 178 IVDUs skin-tested with one commercial purified protein derivative (PPD) preparation, a reaction of > or = 5 mm of induration occurred in 62 (47%) of 133 HIV-negative and 13 (29%) of 45 HIV-positive IVDUs (P = .037). Forty-two IVDUs with an initial PPD reaction > or = 5 mm were retested with a second commercial preparation; 11 (26%) had no reaction (0 mm) on retesting. These 11 were 5 (56%) of 9 HIV-positive and 6 (18%) of 33 HIV-negative persons (P = .038). These discrepancies may be unique to specific lots of product or may reflect more general differences. A degree of caution in evaluating unexpected tuberculin skin test results may be indicated. Response to different tuberculin products by HIV status should be further evaluated.
Normative-Affective Choices

This paper posits a view of human nature in which normative commitments and affective involvements govern individual choices. The infusion of normative influence is seen to be through its effect on the loading of personal priorities and its intrusion on the linear sequencing of personal decision making.
Is Pulse Pressure an Independent Risk Factor for Incident Acute Coronary Heart Disease Events? The REGARDS Study

background Increased attention has been given to pulse pressure (PP) as a potential independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined the relationship between the three indices of blood pressure consisting of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP (= SBP – DBP), respectively, and incident acute coronary heart disease (CHD). methods Participants in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study, a national cohort study of 30,239 black and white participants > 45 years of age, were enrolled between 2003 and 2007. The participants’ SBP, DBP, and PP values were separated into the four groups of < 45 mm Hg, 45–54.9 mm Hg, 55–64.9 mm Hg, and ≥ 65 mm Hg, and were analyzed on a groupwise basis. Reported CHD events were confirmed by expert adjudication. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association of incident CHD (first acute CHD event) for the four groups of BP measurements with multivariate-adjusted sociodemographic and clinical risk factors. results Analyses were done for 22,909 men and women (40.4% black, 44.6% male) ≥ 45 years of age (mean age = 64.7 ± 9.4 years) without prevalent CHD at baseline. Associations were found for 681 CHD events, over a mean 3.4 years of follow-up (maximum 6 years), with each unadjusted PP group (hazard ratio [HR] with 95% confidence limits for PP of 45–54.9 mm Hg, 55–64.9 mm Hg, and ≥ 65 mm Hg, respectively, of 3.82, 3.08, and 4.73 as compared with PP < 45 mm Hg; P < 0.0001 for linear trend), and this persisted after full adjustment, including that for SBP (1.50, 1.08, 2.09; P trend < 0.01). Subgroup analyses showed no statistically significant differences across age, race, or region of the country, but did suggest the possibility that men were more sensitive to PP than were women. conclusions Pulse pressure is positively and independently (particularly so with regard to independence from SBP) associated with incident CHD, and there were no significant racial or regional differences in this association.
Complement Split Products in Amniotic Fluid in Pregnancies Subsequently Developing Early-Onset Preeclampsia

Objective. To determine the second-trimester amniotic fluid concentrations of complement split products in pregnancies subsequently affected by early-onset preeclampsia. Study Design. Cohort of 731 women with singleton pregnancies undergoing second-trimester genetic amniocentesis followed up to delivery and analyzed as a nested case-control study. Cases of preeclampsia developing before 34 weeks’ gestation () were compared with 47 uncomplicated term controls. Amniotic fluid collected at amniocentesis was tested for complement split products Bb, C4a, C3a, and C5a. Results. Women who developed early-onset preeclampsia as compared with the term pregnant controls had significantly higher () median amniotic fluid C3a levels (318.7 ng/mL versus 254.5 ng/mL). Median amniotic fluid Bb levels were also significantly higher () in preeclamptic women than in normal pregnant women (1127 ng/mL versus 749 ng/mL). Median levels of C4a and C5a were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion. Our data suggest that complement activation in early pregnancy is associated with early-onset preeclampsia. We believe this to be the first prospective study to link complement activation in amniotic fluid in early pregnancy and later development of preeclampsia. Our findings provide evidence that immune dysregulation may precede the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia and that the alternative complement pathway is principally involved.
Religious experience and the evidential argument from evil

This paper examines Alvin Plantinga's defence of theistic belief in the light of Paul Draper's formulation of the problem of evil. Draper argues (a) that the facts concerning the distribution of pain and pleasure in the world are better explained by a hypothesis which does not include the existence of God than by a hypothesis which does; and (b) that this provides an epistemic challenge to theists. Plantinga counters that a theist could accept (a) yet still rationally maintain a belief in God. His defence of theism depends on the epistemic value of religious experience. I argue, however, that Plantinga's defence of theism is not successful.
Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing

One of the fastest moving and most exciting interfaces of nanotechnology is the use of quantum dots (QDs) in biology. The unique optical properties of QDs make them appealing as in vivo and in vitro fluorophores in a variety of biological investigations, in which traditional fluorescent labels based on organic molecules fall short of providing long-term stability and simultaneous detection of multiple signals. The ability to make QDs water soluble and target them to specific biomolecules has led to promising applications in cellular labelling, deep-tissue imaging, assay labelling and as efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer donors. Despite recent progress, much work still needs to be done to achieve reproducible and robust surface functionalization and develop flexible bioconjugation techniques. In this review, we look at current methods for preparing QD bioconjugates as well as presenting an overview of applications. The potential of QDs in biology has just begun to be realized and new avenues will arise as our ability to manipulate these materials improves.
The normal closure of the ventricular septum.

Abstract From the Prospective Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy and Mental Retardation, 64 cases of isolated ventricular septal defects have been identified. In these there has been a significantly lower mean birth weight and gestational age than in infants without heart disease, as well as in those with cardiac defects other than ventricular septal defects. The hypothesis is proposed that this is due to an essentially normal phenomenon whereby the right and left bulbar ridges and the endocardial cushions apparent in the heart since horizon XVI continue to grow throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period, effecting closure either during the second or third trimester or the first few years of life. The rationale for and consequences of this hypothesis are discussed.
Comparison of Southern Hemisphere Radiosonde and Lims Temperatures At 100 Mb

Radiosonde (RS)and satellite-derived (Nimbus-7 LIMS) 100-mb temperatures over New Zealand at 12 GMT are compared for the 1978-79 summer. The colocated LIMS temperature information consists of synoptically mapped values (for 12 GMT), as well as the primary nighttime orbital retrievals valid at about 1030 GMT. The RS time series of temperature is dominated by temporal fluctuations associated mainly with the eastward passage of waves which have characteristic periods of 4-5 and 11-12 days and peak-to-peak amplitudes of 10-15 K. The LIMS temperatures and the corresponding temperature time series are also found to exhibit quite close agreement (in terms of temporal phase for the latter) with the RS data. However, the LIMS-mapped temperature fluctuations suffer from a noticeable attenuation in amplitude (approaching 50 percent for higher-frequency fluctuations), which will affect the accuracy of LIMS-derived estimates of dynamical quantities such as wind velocity and relative vorticity in the lower stratosphere.
Commissioning of the Argonne positron accumulator ring

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) injector consists of a 250-MeV electron linac, a 450-MeV positron linac, a 450-MeV positron accumulator ring (PAR), and a 7-GeV synchrotron. The purpose of the PAR is to accumulate and damp positrons from the 60-Hz linac during each cycle of the 2-Hz synchrotron, thus increasing the fill rate for the main ring. This paper discusses the rapid progress of PAR commissioning. Less than a year was required from first acceptance of beam to transfer of PAR operations to the APS Operations Group. PAR has been well characterized and already meets most of its design specifications. An accurate model has been developed for linear and chromatic properties. Hardware improvements are planned to allow specifications to be fully met.
Evidence in Support of Hypoxia but Against High Potassium and Hyperosmolarity as Possible Mediators of Sustained Vasodilation in Rabbit Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

The vasoactive properties of hypoxia, elevated extracellular potassium concentration ([K] o ), and hyperosmolarity were studied in helical strip preparations of small coronary and deep femoral arteries (260-700 µm, o.d.) equilibrated in a physiological salt solution with an oxygen tension (Po 2 ) of 100 mm Hg, [K] o of 3.18 mM, and an osmolarity of 304 milliosmoles/liter. Increasing [K] o (2-6 mM) or osmolarity (30-50 milliosmoles/liter) produced relaxation of resting tension in 50% of the coronary strips but had no effect on resting tension in deep femoral strips. Sustained increments in [K] o or osmolarity produced concentration-dependent, transient relaxation of aganist-induced contractile tension in both coronary and deep femoral arterial strips: a potassium increment of 4 mM produced 40% relaxation with 100% recovery within 5-6 minutes, an osmotic increment of 30 milliosmoles/liter caused 20-40% relaxation with 100% recovery within 15-60 minutes, and simultaneous potassium (4 mM) and osmotic (30 milliosmoles/liter) increments produced 85-95% relaxation with 100% recovery within 10-15 minutes. Decreasing Po 2 from 100 mm Hg to 10 mm Hg resulted in a sustained 35-40% fall in agonist-induced contractile tension. Although a nonspecific additive interaction was observed during a simultaneous change to high [K] o , hyperosmolarity, and hypoxia, for any given level of vascular tone hypoxia had little or no effect on the degree or the duration of the tension relaxation-recovery sequence produced by elevated [K] o , hyperosmolarity, or both. Therefore, it is proposed that hypoxia is the only one of these three factors that, by a direct interaction with vascular smooth muscle cells, can contribute to sustained vasodilation of small arteries in rabbit cardiac or skeletal muscle.
Regenerative Electrode Interfaces for Neural Prostheses

Neural prostheses are electrode arrays implanted in the nervous system that record or stimulate electrical activity in neurons. Rapid growth in the use of neural prostheses in research and clinical applications has occurred in recent years, but instability and poor patency in the tissue-electrode interface undermines the longevity and performance of these devices. The application of tissue engineering strategies to the device interface is a promising approach to improve connectivity and communication between implanted electrodes and local neurons, and several research groups have developed new and innovative modifications to neural prostheses with the goal of seamless device-tissue integration. These approaches can be broadly categorized based on the strategy used to maintain and regenerate neurons at the device interface: (1) redesign of the prosthesis architecture to include finer-scale geometries and/or provide topographical cues to guide regenerating neural outgrowth, (2) incorporation of material coatings and bioactive molecules on the prosthesis to improve neuronal growth, viability, and adhesion, and (3) inclusion of cellular grafts to replenish the local neuron population or provide a target site for reinnervation (biohybrid devices). In addition to stabilizing the contact between neurons and electrodes, the potential to selectively interface specific subpopulations of neurons with individual electrode sites is a key advantage of regenerative interfaces. In this study, we review the development of regenerative interfaces for applications in both the peripheral and central nervous system. Current and future development of regenerative interfaces has the potential to improve the stability and selectivity of neural prostheses, improving the patency and resolution of information transfer between neurons and implanted electrodes.
Determinants of Investment

This note discusses business fixed investment and the positive relationship between investment levels and the growth rate of Real GDP, known as the accelerator relationship.
The physical environment and the premature infant.

I AM MOST grateful to the Academy for naming me as the recipient of an E. Mead Johnson Award for 1958 and pleased beyond measure by this great honor. I cannot allow this moment to pass without acknowledging with pleasure my debt of gratitude to Dr. Richard Day, who first awakened in me a curiosity about the meaning of proof for a clinician and to Dr. John W. Fertig for his patience as teacher, critic and collaborator. This decision of the Awards Committee has given me cause for reflection. I interpret it to signal approval of and benevolent interest in the use of the planned trial as a device to help answer questions at the clinical level. I am encouraged to think that the rules of evidence that have applied in the laboratory are now increasingly consulted on ward rounds. Mr. John W. Gardner, president of the Carnegie Corporation, recently commented upon the difficulties that result from the acceptance of a double standard of excellence at different levels of human activity; he stated that, ". . . The society which scorns excellence in plumbing because plumbing is a humble activity and tolerates shoddiness in philosophy because it is an exalted activity will have neither good plumbing nor good philosophy. Neither its pipes nor its theories will hold water." F. H. K. Green has recently been quoted as saying, ". . . when the value of a treatment, new or old, is doubtful, there may be a higher moral obligation to test it critically than to continue to prescribe it year-in, year-out with the support merely of custom or of wishful thinking." I am encouraged to believe that we have arrived at a point in time when this moral obligation may be included as one of our clinical responsibilities. We were required to consider our responsibility very closely in this regard about 8 years ago when confronted with the challenge of retrolental fibroplasia. As we watched the early vascular changes of this condition develop, we reasoned that these proliferating vessels might be halted by the then newly available hormone, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). We gave this substance to an infant when, from the appearance of the ocular fundi, it was clear that the disease was progressing. The fundi of this infant returned to normal. This sequence of events was repeated following the treatment of many infants during the next year.
Elastic Analysis of Twinning in Misfitting Thin Films

We examine the conditions under which a misfitting thin film on a substrate will twin and the pattern of the twin microstructure that will form. Using linear elasticity theory, we present exact analytical results for the energy released due to the formation of a periodic array of twinned domains as well as that for a single embedded twin domain. While the analysis is applicable to general misfit strain tensors, we specifically analyze the energetics of twinned domain formation for a tetragonal film on a cubic substrate. The analysis shows that for a periodic distribution of twins, the equilibrium width of the domains of the two variants are identical. Our results also show that the equilibrium periodicity of the microstructure scales inversely with film thickness for large film thickness and decays exponentially with increasing film thickness for small film thicknesses.
TEMPORAL ASSOCIATION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND SELF-ESTEEM

Summary.-By an independent t test, mean scores on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale for 17 patients who had just begun rehabilitation for substance abuse and 8 subjects who had been in the recovery program for 1 year or longer were statistically significantly ddferent, the former group scoring lower. How self-esteem and substance abuse may be related is an important topic in understanding drug use. Some (3, 4) have espoused the belief that drugs are sought to reduce psychological distress already present so low self-esteem precedes substance abuse but addiction may lead to loss of self-esteem (cf. 1, 2). This thinking begs the question that, even if low self-esteem were suflin'ent for addiction, can it be argued that it is necessary? What may be more pertinent is the prospect that recovery from addiction may increase self-esteem (5). The present study investigated this association by comparing the self-esteem scores of 17 patients (13 men, 4 women, age range 20 to 70 years) who had been in a recovery program from 1 to 14 days with those of 8 (6 men, 2 women, age range 31 to 70 years) who had been recovering for at least one year or longer. The latter were employees of the clinic. Form C of The Tennessee Self-concept Scale (6) was completed by the patients on one day during a group therapy session and by employees at their convenience within one week. In addition to the 100-item questionnaire, subjects were asked to reporr anonymously age, sex, race, education, length of time in recovery, and drug of choice. The statistically significant difference (t= -3.68, p<.01, one-rail) showed patients' mean sex-esteem score was lower than that of the employees. This finding confirms earlier work (5) and lends credence to not asking which comes first, low self-esteem or addiction, but instead having recovery as a priority.
A Unified Theory of Integration

(1973). A Unified Theory of Integration. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 349-359.
Morphology and Distribution of Sensilla on the Antennae and Mouthparts of Hypochlora alba (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of immature and adult Hypochlora alba (Dodge), a monophagous grasshopper, were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The antenna contains sensilla trichodea (s.t.) on the scape and pedicel and four types of sensilla brasiconica (s.b.) on the flagellum. The s.b. include long, thick-walled uniporous and short, multiporous chemoreceptors. Males have 50 to 80% more s.b. types I to III than females. Sensilla coeloconica with strongly ribbed pegs are abundant. Rows of cuticular plates with apical papillae ring the distal margins of flagellar segments. A rosette of cuticular plates occurs on the dorsal side of the antepenultimate segment. Maxillary and labial palpi have the same types and distribution of sensilla which include long s.t. primarily on the distal segment and four types of s.b. Types III and IV s.b. are terminal chemoreceptors on the distal segment; the predominant type III is ribbed and uniporous. The total number of terminal sensilla is less than that on polyphagous species of grasshoppers. The posterior surface of the clypeo-labrum contains three asymmetrical pairs of hair tracts, a central hair group and three types of s.t. Four types of chemoreceptor groups occur (A1 to A3, A10) which consist of pegs, domes or bulbous sensilla. Other bulbous sensilla present are types 9, 11, and 12, the latter forming longitudinal strands of pillow-like structures. Type 13 hairs are elongations of swollen areas on longitudinal strands.
OP145: Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: Something out of notching?

Background Notch signaling evolves as an important mediator of stem cell biology, tumor formation, angiogenesis and cell fate decision. In mammals, there are four Notch receptors (Notch 1–4) and five ligands (Jagged-1 and -2, Delta-like (Dll)-1, -3 and -4). Dysregulation of Notch pathway has been found to play a crucial role in breast cancer oncogenesis and it could serve as a target for treatment. Relatively little is known about the pattern of expression of various components of Notch pathway in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC). To understand the role of Notch pathway in AdCC, we have undertaken a detailed expression analysis of various Notch receptors and their ligands in these tumors. Design Archival paraffin blocks of 199 AdCC were used and TMA were constructed. Immunohistochemical expression of Notch-1, Notch-2, Notch-4, Jagged-1, Delta were analyzed. Correlations between Notch receptors/ligands expression and clinical and histological parameters were assessed by Pearson’s Chi-square and M-L Chi-square tests; survival curves were generated with Kaplan–Meier method, statistical differences by log rank test. Results We found a general increase in the expression levels of Notch-1, Notch-2, Notch-4, Jagged-1, Delta proteins in AdCC, while weakly/undetectable levels in normal tissues. AdCC expressed the biomarkers as follow: 85% for Notch-1 (149/175) and Notch-4 (149/164), 80% for DLL1/Delta, 57% for Jagged 1 and 34% for Notch-2 (55/161). No significant statistical correlation was found between individual markers and clinico-pathological parameters. The combination of Jagged 1 and Notch 2 showed a significant p value (p 0.03644) for vital status at last contact within 12 years of presentation. Conclusions High expression of Notch receptors and ligands in AdCC places Notch signaling as a key player in AdCC pathogenesis. Our data provides the direct evidence for a relationship between Jagged-1/Notch-2 co-expression and better overall patient survival in AdCC. Targeting the Notch signaling pathway could provide therapeutic benefits.
Advanced Diesel Combustion of a High Cetane Number Fuel with Low Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Advanced diesel combustion is of great interest due to its promise of simultaneously reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), while maintaining or improving efficiency. However, the extended ignition delay along with the combustion of a partially premixed charge results in excessive emissions from incomplete combustion, specifically total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO). In this study, a light-duty turbodiesel engine was operated in an advanced diesel combustion mode, specifically high efficiency clean combustion (HECC), using three different fuels including a conventional ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (diesel), a synthetic fuel produced in a high temperature Fischer−Tropsch (HTFT) process, and a synthetic fuel produced in a low temperature Fischer−Tropsch (LTFT) process. Start of injection (SOI) timing was swept from −8° ATDC to 0° ATDC to find the optimized injection timing for each fuel. The HTFT fuel, which had a derived cetane number (DCN) of 51, was found to...
Express yourself: Transcriptional regulation of plant innate immunity

The plant immune system is a complex network of components that function together to sense the presence and activity of potential biotic threats, and integrate these signals into an appropriate output, namely the transcription of genes that activate an immune response that is commensurate with the perceived threat. Given the variety of biotic threats a plant must face the immune response must be plastic, but because an immune response is costly to the plant in terms of energy expenditure and development it must also be under tight control. To meet these needs transcriptional control is exercised at multiple levels. In this article we will review some of the latest developments in understanding how the plant immune response is regulated at the level of transcription. New roles are being discovered for the long-studied WRKY and TGA transcription factor families, while additional critical defense functions are being attributed to TCPs and other transcription factors. Dynamically controlling access to DNA through post-translational modification of histones is emerging as an essential component of priming, maintaining, attenuating, and repressing transcription in response to biotic stress. Unsurprisingly, the plant's transcriptional response is targeted by pathogen effectors, and in turn resistance proteins stand guard over and participate in transcriptional regulation. Together, these multiple layers lead to the observed complexity of the plant transcriptional immune response, with different transcription factors or chromatin components playing a prominent role depending on the plant-pathogen interaction being studied.
Study on Low Voltage Ride Through for Direct-drive VSCF Wind Power System

New grid regulation brings forward the requirements on wind turbines for having Low Voltage Ride Through(LVRT) capability and supplying reactive power compensation to the grid during voltage sag process.By adding Crowbar protective circuits,the LVRT capability of direct-drive wind turbines can be greatly improved.In this paper,Crowbar protective circuits for direct-drive wind turbines are analyzed;the working principles and implementation approaches are also discussed.Especially,LVRT strategy of Crowbar protective circuit with DC-link unloading resistance has been studied and simulated.The simulated result shows that this scheme has the advantages of low cost and high reliability.
"Acceptance" reassessed--a point of view.

Many professionals who work with parents of impaired children believe that “acceptance” or the resolution of parental grief is the emotional goal toward which parents should strive. This paper presents an alternate perspective—that because the ways in which the illness or disability will affect the developing child and family are unknown, it is more realistic and appropriate to view the course of parental grief as ongoing and periodic. Specific examples from the experiences of parents with hearing-impaired and with diabetic children cannot always be anticipated because the full implications of the disability cannot be foreseen. This reaction of grief and sorrow is not denial, nor is it pathological. Psychological services for these parents must be designed realistically to meet their ongoing, emotional needs.
Broker-Dealer Use of 'Idle' Customer Assets: Customer Protection with Sweep Programs and Securities Lending

Equity investors, whether hedge funds or retail investors, must trade stocks through broker-dealers, and when these investors are not actively trading, their securities and uninvested cash remain with their broker-dealer. What broker-dealers do with these “idle” customer assets is a vast and largely unexamined business that is a key source of revenue for broker-dealers. This Note provides the first comprehensive examination of the trade-offs in regulating broker-dealers’ use of idle customer assets through case studies of broker-dealer sweeps of uninvested customer cash, broker-dealer lending of customer margin securities, and the effect of securities lending on customers’ shareholder votes. On one hand, broker-dealer use of idle customer assets potentially increases agency costs and systemic risk by increasing broker-dealer interconnectedness and allowing broker-dealers to profit off customer assets. On the other hand, proper use of idle assets can generate positive outcomes for customers through higher returns and positive social benefits for the general market. This Note proposes and examines potential reforms like increased disclosure and reporting requirements that provide better protection for broker-dealer customers.
Report on drugs steroids and terpinoids.

A brief report of the General Referee of the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry is present. It was recommended that the flurometric method with an extraction technique by Smith for estradiol valerate determinations as proposed by the Associate Referees be adopted as official first action. Also a method for the determination of dienestrol by column partition chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The first action methods of mestranol in oral contraceptives (OCs) (36.A20-36.A23) and progestational components of OCs (36.A24-36.A27) were recommended to be made official final action. The Associate Referee had conducted a study on a method for steroid phosphates in solutions creams and ointments but the report was not available for this meeting.
Virus Transmission and Epidemiology

For transmission of a virus to occur, a virus must enter a host through a portal of entry, replicate or disseminate within the host, and be transmitted to a new host through a portal of exit. Unless delivered directly into bodily tissues through a bite or needle, most viruses interact with the epithelium at the site of entry. Localized infections replicate at the initial site of infection, while systemic infections spread to additional areas of the body. Viruses are shed into the environment most often through the same route they entered the body. The stability of virions within the environment is dependent upon virion and environmental factors. Epidemiology is the study of how diseases are transmitted through a population. Epidemiologists perform descriptive or analytic studies to characterize the chain of viral infection throughout a population and design control measures to interrupt it.
First principles search for n-type oxide, nitride, and sulfide thermoelectrics.

Oxides have many potentially desirable characteristics for thermoelectric applications, including low cost and stability at high temperatures, but thus far there are few known high $zT\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}n$-type oxide thermoelectrics. In this work, we use high-throughput first-principles calculations to screen transition metal oxides, nitrides, and sulfides for candidate materials with high power factors and low thermal conductivity. We find a variety of promising materials, and we investigate these materials in detail in order to understand the mechanisms that cause them to have high power factors. These materials all combine a high density of states near the Fermi level with dispersive bands, reducing the trade-off between the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity, but they do so for several different reasons. In addition, our calculations indicate that many of our candidate materials have low thermal conductivity.
The Across Nations Project and Comparative Studies in Sociology

(2004). The Across Nations Project and Comparative Studies in Sociology. International Journal of Sociology: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
The intramolecular click reaction using 'carbocontiguous' precursors.

Abstract The synthesis and utilization of all carbon-chain ‘carbocontiguous’ azidoalkynyl precursors for an intramolecular click reaction is described. The substrates contain both azidoalkyl and ethynylmethyl groups which are conjoined by a 2-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazole lynchpin and are suitably disposed for ring closure. On promotion by copper salts, a number of cyclic click products having the 1,4-disubstituted endo -fused triazole component and the 4,5-diphenyloxazole component are obtained. In one case, removal of the phenylsulfonylmethyl group from the substrate prior to cyclization gave the 1,5-disubstituted exo -fused triazole. The utilization of CuSO 4 /sodium ascorbate system appears to be the optimal conditions for closure/cyclization and afforded the cyclized products in yields of 84–95%.
Use of risk mitigation practices by family nurse practitioners prescribing opioids for the management of chronic nonmalignant pain

ABSTRACTBackground: Ongoing opioid analgesic use in patients suffering from chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) has been associated with the development of opioid misuse, abuse, addiction, and overdose. To prevent these adverse outcomes, it is important that family nurse practitioners (FNPs) implement recommended risk mitigation practices (RMPs) when treating CNMP patients with opioids. Methods: A national sample of 856 FNPs was invited to answer an online survey about their utilization of opioids and RMPs in treating CNMP. Results: One hundred sixty-eight FNPs responded (20% response rate), of whom 51.2% affirmed that they prescribe opioids for CNMP. Of the 86 FNPs who prescribe opioids, 66.7% said that less than 25% of their patients were receiving ongoing opioid therapy. The most frequently prescribed opioids were hydrocodone (77.9%) and oxycodone (58.1%). With respect to RMPs, 50 of the 86 opioid-prescribing FNPs (58.8%) reported using treatment contracts with their CNMP patients. Far fewer (20.9%) used ...
Towards automatic discovery of deviations in binary implementations with applications to error detection and fingerprint generation

Different implementations of the same protocol specification usually contain deviations, i.e., differences in how they check and process some of their inputs. Deviations are commonly introduced as implementation errors or as different interpretations of the same specification. Automatic discovery of these deviations is important for several applications. In this paper, we focus on automatic discovery of deviations for two particular applications: error detection and fingerprint generation. We propose a novel approach for automatically detecting deviations in the way different implementations of the same specification check and process their input. Our approach has several advantages: (1) by automatically building symbolic formulas from the implementation, our approach is precisely faithful to the implementation; (2) by solving formulas created from two different implementations of the same specification, our approach significantly reduces the number of inputs needed to find deviations; (3) our approach works on binaries directly, without access to the source code. We have built a prototype implementation of our approach and have evaluated it using multiple implementations of two different protocols: HTTP and NTP. Our results show that our approach successfully finds deviations between different implementations, including errors in input checking, and differences in the interpretation of the specification, which can be used as fingerprints.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Perspective

Treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia has significantly improved with the introduction of target specific agents all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) with long term survival a reality for the majority of patients. This can serve as a paradigm for cancer therapy where with the introduction of more potent target-specific drugs our reliance on the traditional cytotoxic agents is likely to diminish and less toxic and more effective regimens are likely to replace the current intensive chemotherapy regimens.
La proveniencia digital y la obra de arte como derivado

Art is about rarity, about things that are unique and special and cannot be duplicated. Yet the technologies of our time are all about duplication, about copies, about information that is not special at all. At first, it might appear that the traditional form of art is obsolete. If it has value, it is as something from a past way of life, before information technology took over. Yet, what appears to be happening is even stranger. Let us examine some of the special ways in which art as rarity now interacts in novel ways with our abundant sources of information, producing some rather striking opportunities to create value.
Alterations in Intestinal Microbiota Lead to Production of Interleukin 17 by Intrahepatic γδ T-Cell Receptor–Positive Cells and Pathogenesis of Cholestatic Liver Disease

Background & Aims Variants at the ABCB4 or MDR2 locus, which encodes a biliary transport protein, are associated with a spectrum of cholestatic liver diseases. Exacerbation of liver disease has been linked to increased hepatic levels of interleukin (IL) 17, yet the mechanisms of this increase are not understood. We studied mice with disruption of Mdr2 to determine how defects in liver and alteration in the microbiota contribute to production of IL17 by intrahepatic γδ T cells. Methods We performed studies with Mdr2-/- and littermate FVB/NJ (control) mice. IL17 was measured in serum samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice were injected with neutralizing antibodies against the γδ T-cell receptor (TCR; anti-γδ TCR) or mouse IL17A (anti-IL17A). Livers were collected and bacteria were identified in homogenates by culture procedures; TCRγδ+ cells were isolated by flow cytometry. Fecal samples were collected from mice and analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Cells were stimulated with antibodies or bacteria, and cytokine production was measured. We obtained tissues from 10 patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis or chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Tissues were analyzed for cytokine production by γδ TCR+ cells. Results Mdr2–/– mice had collagen deposition around hepatic bile ducts and periportal–bridging fibrosis with influx of inflammatory cells and increased serum levels of IL17 compared with control mice. Administration of anti-IL17A reduced hepatic fibrosis. Livers from Mdr2–/– mice had increased numbers of IL17A+ γδTCR+ cells—particularly of IL17A+ Vγ6Jγ1 γδ TCR+ cells. Fecal samples from Mdr2–/– mice were enriched in Lactobacillus, and liver tissues were enriched in Lactobacillus gasseri compared with control mice. Mdr2–/– mice also had increased intestinal permeability. The γδ TCR+ cells isolated from Mdr2-/- livers produced IL17 in response to heat-killed L gasseri. Intraperitoneal injection of control mice with L gasseri led to increased serum levels of IL17 and liver infiltration by inflammatory cells; injection of these mice with anti-γδ TCR reduced serum level of IL17. Intravenous injections of Mdr2-/- mice with anti-γδ TCR reduced fibrosis; liver levels of IL17, and inflammatory cells; and serum levels of IL17. γδTCR+ cells isolated from livers of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, but not hepatitis C virus infection, produced IL17. Conclusions In Mdr2-/- mice, we found development of liver fibrosis and inflammation to require hepatic activation of γδ TCR+ cells and production of IL17 mediated by exposure to L gasseri. This pathway appears to contribute to development of cholestatic liver disease in patients.
Histone H3.3 G34 Mutations Alter Histone H3K36 and H3K27 Methylation In Cis

Histone H3 encoding genes, particularly H3F3A and H3F3B, the genes encoding the variant histone H3.3, are mutated at high frequency in pediatric brain and bone malignancies. Compared to the extensive studies on K27M and K36M mutations, little is known about the mechanism of G34 mutations found in pediatric glioblastoma or giant cell tumors of the bone. Here we report that unlike the K27M or K36M that affect global histone methylation, the giant cell tumors of the bone G34 mutations (G34L/W) only affect histone H3K36 and H3K27 methylation on the same mutated histone tails (in cis), a mechanism distinct from known histone mutations.
Perioperative Considerations to Reduce Infection Risk in Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

The projected increase in the number of primary total hip and knee arthroplasties is expected to result in a major revision burden over the next decade. A major cause of this revision burden is failed joint arthroplasty secondary to infection.There are several preoperative, intraoperative, and posto
Case-based care for pre-existing or new-onset mood disorders in patients undergoing infertility therapy.

The inability to conceive is an immensely stressful event in a woman’s life. Thus, it is no surprise that women with infertility have twice the rates of depressive symptoms as women without infertility. Incidence of depression in the general female population is approximately 20% compared to almost 40% in infertile females. Based on this information, we expect many individuals with infertility to have pre-existing mood disorders requiring ongoing treatment. In addition, we expect a subset of women to develop a mood disorder during infertility treatment due to related stressors. The reproductive endocrinology team must understand the impact of stress on pregnancy outcomes, the types of treatment options, and the safety and use of various medications. The goal of this case-based commentary is to summarize information on the relationship between stress and infertility and to offer a guide for a range of treatment options that include non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies.
Reversing wrinkled skin and hair loss in mice by restoring mitochondrial function

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion is involved in mtDNA depletion syndromes, mitochondrial diseases, aging and aging-associated chronic diseases, and other human pathologies. To evaluate the consequences of depletion of mtDNA in the whole animal, we created an inducible mtDNA-depleter mouse expressing, in the polymerase domain of POLG1, a dominant-negative mutation to induce depletion of mtDNA in various tissues. These mice showed reduced mtDNA content, reduced mitochondrial gene expression, and instability of supercomplexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) resulting in reduced OXPHOS enzymatic activities. We demonstrate that ubiquitous depletion of mtDNA in mice leads to predominant and profound effects on the skin resulting in wrinkles and visual hair loss with an increased number of dysfunctional hair follicles and inflammatory responses. Development of skin wrinkle was associated with the significant epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases, and decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP1. We also discovered markedly increased skin inflammation that appears to be a contributing factor in skin pathology. Histopathologic analyses revealed dysfunctional hair follicles. mtDNA-depleter mice also show changes in expression of aging-associated markers including IGF1R, KLOTHO, VEGF, and MRPS5. mtDNA-repleter mice showed that, by turning off the mutant POLG1 transgene expression, mitochondrial function, as well as the skin and hair pathology, is reversed to wild-type level. To our knowledge that restoration of mitochondrial functions can reverse the skin and hair pathology is unprecedented.
Design of a Cross-Linguistic Experiment

The hypotheses developed in chapters 3 through 5, along with others, have been tested using a cross-language sentence production design. In this chapter I will present and justify the experimental paradigm and describe in detail the method, including the materials and data processing procedures.
High Performance Biobased Epoxy Nanocomposite Reinforced with a Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber Network

This work describes the preparation and characterization of biobased fiber reinforced resins using bacterial cellulose (BC) as the matrix reinforcing phase and diglycidyl ether diphenolate ethyl es...
Effects of Bacillus subtilis and coccidial vaccination on cecal microbial diversity and composition of Eimeria-challenged male broilers

In a companion study, the effects of dietary antibiotic alternative and coccidial vaccination on the growth performance of male broilers have been reported. In this paper, the effects of dietary probiotics and coccidial vaccination on diversity and composition of cecal microbiota were investigated using a 3 (diets) × 2 (vaccinated or non-vaccinated) factorial setting of treatments. Three diets, including a corn and soybean-meal control diet, an antibiotic diet (a control diet supplemented with bacitracin and salinomycin), and a probiotic diet (a control diet supplemented with Bacillus subtilis) were provided to broiler chicken from day 0 to 42. To simulate an Eimeria challenge in the field, all chicks were gavaged with a 20× dose of commercial coccidial vaccine containing live Eimeria oocysts on day 14. Cecal contents were collected on day 42. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to determine microbial diversity and composition. Coccidial vaccination to broilers reduced bacterial diversity (Shannon index) of the cecal microbiota. There was a significant interaction between the dietary additive and coccidial vaccination on the observed bacterial species number. Diets supplemented with B. subtilis increased bacterial species of non-vaccinated broilers but decreased bacterial species of vaccinated broilers. In contrast, diets supplemented with antibiotics reduced bacterial species of broilers from both groups. Interactions between dietary additive and coccidial vaccination were also observed on microbial composition. Vaccinated broilers fed the B. subtilis diet exhibited the lowest Firmicutes percentage and highest Bacteroidetes percentage within the microbial community. In addition, vaccinated broilers fed the B. subtilis diet exhibited the highest Rikenella microfusus percentage. From this study, the coccidial vaccination on the day of hatch reduced the microbial diversity of broilers at a later age. The inclusion of B. subtilis-probiotics in the feed of vaccinated broilers may reduce microbial diversity in cecal content by increasing the proportion of a predominant bacterial species, R. microfusus, in the microbial community.
Internalizing symptoms and cannabis and alcohol use: Between- and within-person risk pathways with coping motives.

OBJECTIVE To test reciprocal associations among internalizing symptoms (depression and social anxiety), using alcohol and cannabis to cope, and use-related problems. METHOD The study utilized a community sample (N = 387, 55% female; majority non-Hispanic Caucasian (83.1%) or African American (9.1%) and a longitudinal design that spanned 17 to 20 years of age, and distinguished within- and between-person associations using latent curve models with structured residuals. RESULTS Reciprocal prospective within-person associations were supported for alcohol, such that elevated depression symptoms were associated with increased alcohol coping motivates 1 year later, which, in turn, was associated with subsequent increased depression symptoms. Bidirectional associations were not supported for social anxiety, although high levels of social anxiety were associated with elevated levels of coping drinking 1 year later. Cannabis coping motives were associated with exacerbation of depression, but not social anxiety symptoms, 1 year later. Between- and within-person contemporaneous associations suggested that depression and social anxiety were more strongly associated with coping than social/enhancement motives, and that coping motives were associated with use-related problems. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that alcohol coping motivates exacerbate rather than ameliorate depression symptoms, which, in turn, leads to greater reliance on alcohol to cope. There was more consistent support for associations with substance use-related problems for depression than for social anxiety. Both between- and within-person associations may be useful for identifying targets and timing of coping-oriented interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).