cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IEEE 7 th BIBE Invited Plenary Keynote: Stochasticity and Networks in Genomic Data

Two trends are driving innovation and discovery in biological sciences: technologies that allow holistic surveys of genes, proteins, and metabolites and a realization that biological processes are driven by complex networks of interacting biological molecules. However, there is a gap between the gene lists emerging from genome sequencing projects and the network diagrams that are essential if we are to understand the link between genotype and phenotype. 'Omic technologies such as DNA microarrays were once heralded as providing a window into those networks, but so far their success has been limited. Although many techniques have been developed to deal with microarray data, to date their ability to extract network relationships has been limited. We believed that by imposing constraints on the networks, based on associations reported through articles indexed in PubMed, we could more effectively extract biologically relevant results from microarray data and develop testable hypotheses that could then be validated in the laboratory. Using literature networks as constraints on a Bayesian network analysis of microarray data, we show that we are able to recover evidence for a wide range of known networks and pathways, even in experiments not explicitly designed to probe them. With a putative gene-interaction network, the problem of producing viable models of the cell remains. While systems biology approaches that attempt to develop quantitative, predictive models of cellular processes have received great attention, it is surprising to note that the starting point for all cellular gene expression, the transcription of RNA, has not been described and measured in a population of living cells. To address this problem, we propose a simple (and obvious) model for transcript levels based on Poisson statistics and provide supporting experimental evidence for genes known to be expressed at high, moderate, and low levels. Although what we describe as a microscopic process, occurring at the level of an individual cell, the data we provide uses a small number of cells where the echoes of the underlying stochastic processes can be seen. Not only do these data confirm our model, but this general strategy opens up a potential new approach, Mesoscopic Biology, that can be used to assess the natural variability of processes occurring at the cellular level in biological systems. Together these two approaches open new avenues of investigation that may help us in our eventual understanding of the function of biological systems, addressing many of the important questions that have arisen in the context of systems biology. Our ultimate goal will be to create predictive models that allow one to examine the current state of a biological system and to estimate the likelihood that, at some later time, the system will have evolved to a new state. Such an approach, if successful, could have a wide range of applications spanning laboratory, clinical, and translational biology.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vitreal changes in experimental streptococcal endophthalmitis

We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine endophthalmitis in rabbits inoculated with a virulent strain ofStreptococcus pneumoniae. On different days after infection, the animals were sacrificed and the vitreous isolated and examined with water-suppressed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A broad resonance corresponding to the methyl envelope of lipoprotein lipids appeared 2 days after infection and persisted until the eyes developed phthisis (around 10 days postinfection). This resonance was absent in the control eye and the bacterial culture; it could be used as the marker of breakdown of blood-vitreous barrier and onset of endophthalmitis-induced changes.
Replication of DNA in bacteria with heterogeneous generation times.

Abstract The relation between DNA replication and cell division in steady-state dividing bacterial cultures is examined with respect to the heterogeneity of generation times which is observed in such populations. Two simple, extreme hypotheses are considered: (1) DNA replication is heterogeneous in rate, occupying the entire generation time in each cell; and (2) DNA replication occupies a constant time, the remainder of the life cycle of the cell being a rest period with no DNA synthesis. The distribution of replication points is calculated, and from this the marker frequency function and the fraction of DNA synthesized in the absence of initiation of replication. The two alternative hypotheses lead to theoretically distinguishable predictions. Available experimental evidence, although not conclusive, favors the first hypothesis.
Social networks as predictors of ischemic heart disease, cancer, stroke and hypertension: Incidence, survival and mortality

Abstract Three social network measures were obtained from a randomly sampled cohort of 2603 HMO members in 1970–1971. Mortality and first incidence of ischemic heart disease, cancer, stroke, and hypertension were assessed over the next 15 years. Outcome data were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, SES, and baseline health status. Persons with histories of a given morbidity at or prior to baseline were excluded from the analyses of that morbidity. Social network measures, particularly network scope (a measure of the number of different domains in which a person has social contacts), were powerful predictors of 15-year mortality hazard, but weak predictors of incident disease. Only network scope predicted IHD incidence, and none of the other morbidities was predicted by the social network measures. However, social network measures were strong predictors of both cause-specific and all-cause mortality among persons who had incident cases of IHD, cancer, and stroke. These data suggest that social networks may be more effective in supporting recovery after illness has occurred than in preventing the incidence of new disease.
Stunned: ectopic pregnancy loss.

sitting in the ERgot the positive teststaringstaring at the wallpaper boarderdoctor askedhow many abortionsnexthow many STDsnevernoneI'm with my husbandthreatened miscarriageectopic pregnancymiscar...
Decentralized mean orbit element formation stability for uncoordinated maneuvers

Sufficient stability conditions are derived for simultaneous uncoordinated impulsive maneuvers in distributed mean orbit element spacecraft formations. Lyapunov stability formalisms are used in conjunction with distributed mean orbit element spacecraft formation definitions. Special cases of the sufficient stability conditions are examined. Simulated results demonstrate the efficacy of the approach, and conclusions and future work are discussed.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Self-Report Death Scales

This research was a multitrait-multimethod investigation of the convergent and discriminant validity of seven self-report death scales, each designed to measure one of three death-related attitudes. These attitudes relate to one's own death, reaction to reminders of death, and reluctance to interact with the dying. A structured, but open-ended interview schedule was developed to measure these same attitudes. College students at two universities completed the scales and were then interviewed. Application of Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod validation model indicated there was moderate support for the convergent and discriminant validity of three of the seven scales. Further analyses indicated that these three measures most effectively discriminated respondents at the extremes of the distribution of scale scores.
Torsion of a finite cylinder by locally distributed friction forces

We study the stressed state of a finite cylinder under the action of torsional stresses caused by the action of friction forces. As a result of the separation of the angular variable, we reduce the analyzed three-dimensional problem to the solution of two-dimensional boundary value-problems. It is shown that the loads caused by pure torsion strongly affect the stressed state of the cylinder. The problem of pure torsion of a cylinder by loads locally distributed over its lateral surface is analyzed. It is shown that the singularities of stresses τφz at the point of discontinuity of the load are formed under the action of piecewise continuous tangential loads. Finally, we study the variations of the maximum shear stresses in the cylinder when the distribution of load approaches a rectangular distribution.
Interaction between finite-sized particles and end grafted polymers

We describe the deformation behavior of polymer brushes and mushrooms compressed by finite-sized particles for the cases where the chains are fixed or mobile on the grafting surface. When the size of the particle is large compared to the grafting distance of the chains, the force on the particle is the same to lowest order in compression for both the fixed and surface mobile chains. Compression of a single mushroom can lead to a first order like escape transition, where part of the chain escapes from under the particle. These transitions can be seen either in the chain radius or in the compressional force law behavior. For surface mobile mushrooms, the force is considerably smaller because of the evacuation of chains from under the particle. The force law in this case also exhibits a maximum at a certain compression, indicating that the system undergoes a collapse transition above a critical pressure or yield stress Pc ≈ kTσ0RF3-1, where σ0 is the grafting density (chains/area) and RF3 is the unperturbed ...
Reading from the Perspective of a Biological Metaphor.

Abstract The paper proposes a model of reading that is based on the metaphorical usage of neurobiological knowledge. In the first section of the paper the basic units of the model and their organization are described, and descriptions are given for how the model functions during reading and recall, how reading skill develops, and some possible reasons for reading difficulty. The second section of the paper discusses the empirical scope of the model with focuses upon letter and word perception, theme effects in text comprehension, and the influence of text characteristics upon comprehension. The final section of the paper discusses some of the strengths and shortcomings of the model.
The inverse relationship between baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and outcome of antiarrhythmic therapy: a dangerous imbalance in the risk-benefit ratio.

Abstract Each year, millions of prescriptions are written for antiarrhythmic drug suppression of ventricular arrhythmias. A large portion of these prescriptions are written for patients with asymptomatic, complex ventricular arrhythmias and organic heart disease, termed "potentially malignant" or "potentially lethal." Since arrhythmia suppression in this population is of unproven benefit, we performed the following study: A total of 246 patients (42% with significant left ventricular dysfunction) had complex ventricular arrhythmias, and were treated with one of eight antiarrhythmic drugs (Vaughan Williams classes IA, IB, IC, II, and III). The extent of arrhythmia suppression and the development of serious complications resulting from therapy after 2 weeks was of primary interest. A total of 82 of 246 (33%) maintained adequate (protocol definition) suppression of both ventricular premature beats (VPBs) as well as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) for 2 weeks, mostly in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40% ( p = 0.04 versus LVEF p = 0.0005). Suppression of VT was achieved nearly twice as commonly in patients with an LVEF ≥30% than in those with an LVEF p = 0.0008). Life-threatening complications occurred seven times as frequently in patients presenting with nonsustained VT and an LVEF p = 0.003). Thus, analysis of our data suggests that in patients with low LVEF and "potentially malignant" ventricular arrhythmia, suppression is often not maintained even for 2 weeks, is of questionable benefit, and is unfortunately "potentially lethal." Until this treatment strategy is shown to improve prognosis, the risk is substantial and arrhythmia suppression in this population is not warranted.
The effect of a serial structure on paired-associate learning

In two different experiments, S s learned a set of paired associates in which a number of different stimuli were paired with the same response term. The response terms used were 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Results showed that pairs involving items 1 and 5 were learned more readily than pairs involving any other response term, and that there were differences in the number of times each of the five response terms appeared as an incorrect intrusion, with 3 being the most likely, and 1 and 5 the least likely. These results were discussed in terms of their relevance for serial learning, where support was found both for position discriminability and sequential association effects.
The Annular Response to Tropical Pacific SST Forcing

Abstract The leading pattern of Northern Hemisphere winter height variability exhibits an annular structure, one related to tropical west Pacific heating. To explore whether this pattern can be excited by tropical Pacific SST variations, an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a slab mixed layer ocean is employed. Ensemble experiments with an idealized SST anomaly centered at different longitudes on the equator are conducted. The results reveal two different response patterns—a hemispheric pattern projecting on the annular mode and a meridionally arched pattern confined to the Pacific–North American sector, induced by the SST anomaly in the west and the east Pacific, respectively. Extratropical air–sea coupling enhances the annular component of response to the tropical west Pacific SST anomalies. A diagnosis based on linear dynamical models suggests that the two responses are primarily maintained by transient eddy forcing. In both cases, the model transient eddy forcing response has a maximum ...
A Framework for Managing the Life Cycle of Knowledge in Organizations

This article describes a framework for managing the life cycle of knowledge in organizations. The framework emerges from years of work with the laboratories and facilities that are under the direction of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The article begins by describing the background of the work from which the framework emerged; this is followed by describing the problem of identifying the â€œrightâ€ knowledge for the â€œrightâ€ people at the â€œrightâ€ time and how the use of performance objectives addresses this problem. Next, the phases in the life cycle of knowledge in an organization, the theoretical foundation for the framework, and the other aspects of the framework (Work Processes, Learning Processes, and Methodologies) are described. Finally, a discussion section summarizes the framework and discusses future directions for enhancing and extending the framework.
Stereochemistry of complexes of multidentate ligands. V. Stereoselective cobalt(III) ion complexes ofN,N′-bis(2-S-pyrrolidylmethyl)-trans-R-1,2-cyclohexanediamine

Abstract The synthesis of the ligand, N,N′-bis(2-S-pyrrolidylmethyl)-trans-R-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (SRS-pychxn) and the preparation of the cobalt(III) complexes of SRSpychxn, [Co(SRS-pychxn)X2]n+ (X = Cl, NO2, and X2 = Ox), are reported. Both cis and trans dichloro cobalt(III) complexes have been isolated. The ligand coordinated stereospecifically in both cis and trans complexes with Λ-β configuration in the case of the cis geometry.
Sensory aspects of host-plant recognition by Acridoidea: Questions associated with the multiplicity of receptors and variability of response

Abstract Grasshoppers are unusual amongst herbivorous insects in having large numbers of chemoreceptors on the mouthparts. This review first discusses the number of those receptors required by the insect to make a decision on the acceptability of a potential host-plant and the hierachy of inputs from different groups of receptors. The long-term effect of stimulation, and patterns of behaviour which demonstrate a response even when the stimulus is removed, lead to the conclusion that feeding is governed by a central excitatory state which is affected by sensory input. Learning and habituation also modify behaviour. Feeding behaviour is not simply a response to a given stimulus, but reflects the internal nutrient requirements of the insect and its past experience.
The Effects and Effectiveness of Marital Therapy A Review of Outcome Research

The literature on outcome research in marital therapy is reviewed. Issues considered include the nature of outcome criteria, the need to establish a base line against which to measure improvement, and therapeutic effectiveness as a function of treatment type and time-in-therapy. The overall improvement rate across a heterogeneous collection of patients, therapists, and treatment modalities was 66 per cent, suggesting, conservatively, at least a moderately positive therapeutic effect in light of the judgment that “spontaneous” rates appear to be much lower in marital than in individual therapy. Evidence of deterioration in marital therapy also was discovered. No support was found for the contention that co-therapy is more effective than treatment of the couple by a single therapist. The needs of future research in the outcome of marital therapy are discussed and possible fruitful directions for such investigations suggested.
A Model for Nonlinear Wave Interactions

Phenomena associated with weakly nonlinear waves are encountered in optics, plasma physics, and geophysics. Specific applications in oceanography include ocean surface waves, internal gravity waves, Rossby waves, and interactions between these wave systems. Techniques for studying these phenomena include direct numerical integration, Boltzmann-like transport equations, and Langevin transient response functions. A simple model, called thetest wave model, is described and used to illustrate comparison of these methods.
Play the Winner Rule and the Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract Consider a clinical trial to compare two treatments where response is dichotomous and patients enter the trial sequentially. This paper investigates the conduct of such a trial where the “Play the Winner Rule” (PWR) is used to assign patients to the different therapies. The implementation of the PWR in a clinical trial tends to place more patients on the better treatment. Both theoretical and numerical investigations show that over a wide range of situations this rule leads to near optimum results when used in a two-stage manner. Furthermore, these results are insensitive to optimum sample size requirements.
Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss

[1] Recent declines in Arctic sea ice extent provide new opportunities to assess cloud influence on and response to seasonal sea ice loss. This study combines unique satellite observations with complementary data sets to document Arctic cloud and atmospheric structure during summer and early fall. The analysis focuses on 2006–2008, a period over which ice extent plummeted to record levels, substantial variability in atmospheric circulation patterns occurred, and spaceborne radar and lidar observations of vertical cloud structure became available. The observations show that large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, near-surface static stability, and surface conditions control Arctic cloud cover during the melt season. While no summer cloud response to sea ice loss was found, low clouds did form over newly open water during early fall. This seasonal variation in the cloud response to sea ice loss can be explained by near-surface static stability and air-sea temperature gradients. During summer, temperature inversions and weak air-sea temperature gradients limit atmosphere-ocean coupling. In contrast, relatively low static stability and strong air-sea gradients during early fall permit upward turbulent fluxes of moisture and heat and increased low cloud formation over newly open water. Because of their seasonal timing, cloud changes resulting from sea ice loss play a minor role in regulating ice-albedo feedbacks during summer, but may contribute to a cloud-ice feedback during early fall.
Use of Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic Research: Concepts, Methodological Issues, and Suggestions for Research

The US population has experienced tremendous growth in the last century, with much of the growth contributed by what are considered minority populations. The US Census has projected that, by the year 2050, one of every two persons in the United States will belong to one of the following racial and ethnic groups: American Indian, Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, or Hispanic (1). In California, the proportion of these racial and ethnic groups had already reached 43 percent in 1990 (2) and was 48 percent in 1997 (3). For these reasons, national health surveillance systems and large, ongoing, federally funded, …
Democracy Disrupted: The Politics of Global Protest

Following the financial collapse of 2007 and the ensuing long and deep recession, one frequently heard the lament, “Where are the protests?” Then, following the eruption of the Tea Party movement i...
Edge-colored complete graphs with alternating cycles

We prove that if the edges of the complete graph on n>=6 vertices are colored so that no vertex is on more than @D edges of the same color, 1<@D
The domain of direct case assignment

It has been observed that in various languages the domain of direct case assignment extends beyond the arguments of a predicate to include also certain non-subcategorized phrases such as duration and frequency adverbials. But to date no theory has been proposed to explain the extension of the case domain or the particular limits of this extension attested cross-linguistically. This paper offers such a theory, focusing primarily on Korean. Data from Korean, English, and other languages are adduced as evidence for a universally available option whereby the domain of direct case assignment is expanded to include a SITUATION DELIMITER, i.e., a (situation-quantifying) extensive measure expression. It is further shown that certain thematic roles qualify as situation delimiters because quantification is transferred to the clause from the nominal filling the role. The rule proposed for adverbial case is shown to correctly predict well-known semantic effects observed in transitivity alternations which involve situation-delimiting roles, such as the locative alternation.
sluts and wiggers: a study of the effects of derogatory labeling

This research investigated how poor teenage girls from the marginal teenage subculture react to persistent derogatory labeling from higher status teenagers and adult authorities. The research found that a supportive emotional bond with a mother or grandmother insulates a girl from the harmful effects of derogatory stereotyping. Girls, who had an adult to trust for emotional support, did not engage in promiscuous, unprotected sex and less frequently used alcohol and other drugs. A second finding was that the experience of derogatory labeling did not cause most of the girls to develop persistent low self-esteem.
Scientific Influence: An Analysis of the Main Path Structure in the Journal of Conflict Resolution

Researchers in scientific specialties and invisible colleges tend to cite each other in their written communications and especially in the Journals devoted to those specialities Such citations form...
Inhibition of anti-I sera by human milk.

Summary. Human milk has been found to contain a high concentration of water-soluble I blood-group substance. Tests with 24 different anti-I sera showed that to a variable extent all of them could be inhibited by milk and some could be inhibited by strong I secretor saliva. The susceptibility of I antibodies to inhibition was not related to titer, and the results suggest that qualitative differences in the antibody-antigen reaction are responsible.
Saying “yes” in Japanese

Abstract This study examines various usages of Japanese response forms hai and ee , which, as generally viewed, correspond to English yes — except when they are used as a response to negative questions. An attempt is made to characterize precisely the basic properties of hai and ee in contrast to each other, and in contrast to a response form such as English yes . The diverse senses, such as ‘agreement’, ‘assent’, etc. , which can be associated with them, are then explained on the basis of universal communicative principles such as proposed by Grice (1975).
Development of a colorimetric test for quantification of uranium in drinking water

A colorimetric method was developed for the determination of uranium in groundwater. The detection limit for the method is approximately 25 μg/L uranium, which is below the maximum contaminant level for uranium in drinking water, 30 μg/L. The method is rapid and requires little technical training to conduct, allowing it to be used by consumers, in the laboratory, or in the field. The two-step technique involves preconcentrating uranium using a U/TEVA-2 extraction chromatographic resin followed by complexation with a pyridylazo indicator dye, 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol. If color change is visible to the eye, the concentration of uranium in groundwater is above the detection limit. Preconcentration using U/TEVA-2 also serves to eliminate metals that may interfere with the quantification of uranium.
Neutrophilic bacterial meningitis: pathology and etiologic diagnosis of fatal cases

The frequency of fatalities due to acute bacterial meningitis has decreased significantly due to vaccinations, early diagnoses, and treatments. We studied brain tissues of patients with fatal neutrophilic meningitis referred to the Centers for Disease Control for etiologic diagnosis from 2000-2009 to highlight aspects of the disease that may be preventable or treatable. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted from records. Of 117 cases in the database with a diagnosis of meningitis or meningoencephalitis, 39 had neutrophilic inflammation in the meninges. Inflammatory cells infiltrated the superficial cortex in 16 of 39 (41%) cases. Bacteria were found using Gram and bacterial silver stains in 72% of cases, immunohistochemistry in 69% (including two cases where the meningococcus was found outside the meninges), and PCR in 74%. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the cause of the meningitis in 14 patients and Neisseria meningitidis in 9. In addition, Streptococcus spp. were found to be the cause in six cases, while Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Fusobacterium were the cause of one case each. There were six cases in which no specific etiological agent could be determined. The mean age of the patients with S. pneumoniae was 39 years (range 0-65), with N. meningitidis was 19 years (range 7-51), whereas that for all others was 31 years (range 0-68). In summary, our study shows that S. pneumoniae continues to be the most frequent cause of fatal neutrophilic bacterial meningitis followed by N. meningitidis, both vaccine preventable diseases.
The effect of physostigmine on spontaneous alternation in infant rabbits

Beginning about 10 days after birth, infant rabbits were tested for spontaneous alternation while under single dosages of physostigmine and dl-amphetamine, as well as after saline injections or without any injection. Only under physostigmine did the animals alternate at levels which were above chance and which approximated levels found in normal adult animals of other species. This indicates that the capacity for spontaneous alternation exists in the infant rabbit, even though it is normally not expressed in behavior.
The Structural Characterization of the First Beryllium Amide Possessing Nitrogen-Bridged Be(II) and Sn(IV) Metal Centers: Synthesis and X-Ray Study of [(Me3Sn)2nbe(Cl)•(THF)]2

Abstract The reaction of the homoleptic lithium stannylamide, [(Me 3 Sn) 2 NLi · (THF)] 2 , with BeCl 2 yields the beryllium amide, [(Me 3 Sn) 2 NBe(Cl) · (THF)] 2 . X-ray structural analysis reveals that the complex is comprised of a beryllium dimer possessing bridging amide moieties and terminal chloride ligands. This product represents the first compound containing nitrogen-bridged Be(II) and Sn(IV) metal centers.
Comparison of vasodilatory properties of 14,15-EET analogs: structural requirements for dilation

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endothelium-derived eicosanoids that activate potassium channels, hyperpolarize the membrane, and cause relaxation. We tested 19 analogs of 14,15-EET on vascula...
Tangent modulus theory for cylindrical shells: Buckling under increasing load☆

Analytical results are presented for axisymmetric plastic buckling of axially compressed cylindrical shells which is initiated under increasing load. The rate of load increase is determined by forcing the loading condition of the J2 incremental theory of plasticity to be satisfied everywhere in the shell. Results complement those found by using classical stability concepts. The analysis constitutes the formal generalization of tangent modulus theory for plastic column behavior to axially compressed cylindrical shells.
Measurement of the heat capacity of molybdenum (Standard Reference Material) in the range 1500 2800 K

Measurement of the heat capacity of molybdenum (Standard Reference Material 781 of the National Bureau of Standards) in the temperature range 1500–2800 K by a subsecond-duration, pulse-heating technique is described. The results of the measurements on three specimens are in agreement within 0.6%. The heat capacity of molybdenum in the temperature range 1500–2800 K based on the present results is expressed by the following function (standard deviation =0.5%): C p =−3.0429+4.7215×10−2 T−2.3139×10−5 T 2+4.7090× 10−9 T 3 where T is in K and C p is in J · mol−1 · K−1. The inaccuracy of the reported results is estimated to be not more than 3%.
Cooperative Lamb shift and the cooperative decay rate for an initially detuned phased state

The cooperative Lamb shift (CLS) is hard to measure because in samples much larger than a resonant wavelength it is much smaller, for an initially prepared resonantly phased state, than the cooperative decay rate (CDR). We show, however, that if the phasing of the initial state is detuned so that the spatial wave vector is ${k}_{1}\ensuremath{\cong}{k}_{0}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}O(\frac{1}{R})$ (where ${k}_{0}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}/c$ is the resonant frequency), the CLS grows to ``giant'' magnitudes making it comparable to the CDR. Moreover, for certain controlled values of detuning, the initial CDR becomes small so that the dynamical Lamb shift (DLS) can be measured over a considerable period of time.
Preliminary Measurements on Grid Turbulence in Liquid 4He

A grid has been pulled through a column of liquid helium at speeds as high as 1 m/s and at temperatures as low as 90 mK. A 300 micrometer Ge thermometer with response time of less than 1 ms measured the temperature rise resulting from the decay of the turbulence generated. It is believed that homogeneous, isotropic quantum turbulence was formed, since mesh Reynolds numbers in excess of 100,000 were created. The rates and power spectra of the energy increases detected in the helium after grid-pulls are determined. The results are compared to other quantum and classical results, and to the theory of the Kelvin wave cascade in a viscosity-free fluid.
Trust but verify: accountability for network services

This paper promotes accountability as a central design goal for dependable networked systems. We define three properties for accountable systems that extend beyond the basic security properties of authentication, privacy, and integrity. These accountability properties reduce the vulnerability of network services to subversion, tampering, corruption, and abuse. For example, actions taken in accountable systems and their clients are provable or even legally binding, to support contractual relationships in federated systems.We propose a framework for accountable network services, and explore its applicability and limitations. The foundation of our approach is to preserve digitally signed records of actions and/or internal state snapshots of each service, and use them to detect tampering, verify the consistency of actions and behavior, and prove responsibility for unexpected states or actions. We outline the key challenges in generalizing the principles and methodology of accountable design for practical use.
Enantiopure pillar[5]arene active domains within a homochiral metal–organic framework

Enantiopure struts containing pillar[5]arenes incorporating planar chirality have been linked together with Zn4O clusters in order to create metal-organic frameworks that include homochiral active domains and so have the potential to act as a solid support in chiral chromatography.
Nutritional and hormonal influences upon reproductive maturation, organ weights and histochemistry of the immature male rat.

EFFECTS of various types of dietary restriction upon the reproductive system have been investigated. These studies include chronic and acute starvation, caloric restriction, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies (Ershoff, 1952). Of equal importance in reproductive physiology is the availability of more specific food elements such as proteins. Results obtained by Evans and Nelson (1952) and Nelson and Evans (1953) illustrate the deleterious effect of protein depletion during the embryonic period. These same authors (Nelson and Evans, 1954) have shown, however, that pregnancy can be maintained hormonally in the the absence of dietary protein. Protein depletion during the last trimester of pregnancy apparently has little effect on the newborn (Campbell, Innes and Kosterlitz, 1953). Weight losses of accessory sex organs (Samuels, 1950; Aschkenasy, 1954) and an obvious resistance to loss of testis weight (Leathern and Glasser, 1953) have been noted in adult rats fed protein-free diets.
Quantitative Experimental Measurements And Mathematical Modeling Of Multi-cellular Dynamics In The Islet Of Langerhans

Multi-cellular interactions and dynamics are key to mammalian physiology. Many organs such as the heart or brain have complex functionality that is brought about by the interactions between constituent cells. To discover general rules and principles that govern multi-cellular behavior, we are studying a relatively simple mammalian multi-cellular system- the islet of Langerhans. The islet is located in the pancreas and provides the sole source of the hormone insulin for regulating blood glucose levels. Thus, understanding the function of the islet is of critical importance to effectively treat diabetes. In this work, we have focused on understanding the electrical dynamics in the islet that underlie the coordinated pulsatile secretion of insulin. We have used quantitative microscopy to measure intra-cellular free calcium activity ([Ca2+]i) simultaneously over a large cellular population of the islet. To provide an experimental axis, we introduced graded changes in the electrical coupling between beta cells by applying both chemical inhibitors of gap junction activity as well as a genetic knockout of the gap junction protein. Upon this reduction in electrical coupling, synchronization of pulsatile electrical activity decreased throughout the islet. Furthermore, the propagating [Ca2+]i waves, which serve to synchronize electrical oscillations, slowed and were disrupted as electrical coupling was reduced. Using a mathematical model of islet cell electrical activity and multi-cellular coupling, we can quantitatively reproduce this experimental data. This allows us to make quantitative predictions of the multi-cellular electrical behavior for any given level of electrical coupling, as well as expected behaviors under perturbations of other parameters, such as K+-channel mutations. We can also hypothesize that this behavior is general for electrical coupling in other multi-cellular systems, potentially allowing us to predict the electrical dynamics in other neuro-endocrine cell systems.
Relaxation at clean metal surfaces

Abstract An electrostatic model of the energy of the surface layers of a metal is shown to describe in detail complex phenomena of surface relaxation in clean metals. The model accounts for relaxation effects that go many layers deep, that have both parallel and perpendicular components and that show large variations from surface to surface of the same metal. The model adds a new physically plausible assumption to the simple electrostatic model previously proposed by Finnis and Heine, which increases the force binding each ion to its bulk position by an amount fixed empirically for each metal. The equilibrium configuration of surface layers is found by minimizing the energy with respect to rigid translations of ion nets in a fixed electronic background density. The many surface structure parameters thus determined fit low-energy electron diffraction data on six surfaces of bcc Fe and six of fcc Al well in almost all cases.
Constitutive Model for Damaged Borosilicate Glass Under Confinement

Penetration experiments on glass found in the literature show that the target fails ahead of the projectile (the “failure wave” is faster than the penetration velocity). Thus, during penetration, the projectile is in contact with failed glass ahead; consequently, the properties of failed material are required for accurate numerical simulations. This paper shows, using a confined compression experiment of a cylindrical specimen combined with an analytical model for interpretation of the data, how it is possible to determine the elastic and the Drucker–Prager constants for damaged borosilicate glass (or, in principle, any other brittle material). An important and unexpected result from these characterization tests is that the elastic properties of damaged glass do not change dramatically even if the glass is pulverized (in situ comminuted). This is probably because the tests are highly confined and the glass has no space to move, and thus the elastic properties remain essentially unchanged. Estimates for the Drucker–Prager constitutive constants for in situ damaged borosilicate glass are also obtained.
DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PORCINE BIOPROSTHETIC HEART VALVES IN THE AORTIC VALVE POSITION IN PATIENTS WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION

To study the natural history of the hemodynamic performance of bioprostnetic heart valves, Doppler echocardiograms were recorded in a group of clinically stable patients at 2 and 5 years after replacement of native aortic valves with bioprostnetic valves. Eighteen patients completed a 2-year and 26 patients a 5-year follow-up examination. The effective orifice areas of identical models of bioprosthetic valves (Hancock II) were determined in vitro in a left-sided heart pulse duplicator system. In vivo Doppler-derived effective orifice areas were compared with the in vitro measurements for the same valve size. At both the 2- and 5-year followup examinations, the Doppler-derived effective orifice area was significantly less than the in vitro area (p 0.20 cm2 in the Doppler-derived effective orifice area between studies. The mean decrease in effective orifice area in valves evaluated serially was 0.25 ± 0.29 cm2 (p < 0.005). The peak transaortic gradient increased from 21 ± 6 to 27 ± 8 mm Hg (p < 0.01). The mean transaortic gradient increased from 12 ± 4 to 15 ±7 mm Hg (p < 0.05). It is concluded that serial Doppler echocardiographic studies demonstrate a deterioration in the hemodynamic performance of bioprostnetic valves over time in patients with no symptoms or signs of valvular dysfunction and that Doppler echocardiography may be useful for identifying subclinical bioprostnetic valvular dysfunction.
Formation of Biopolymer‐Coated Liposomes by Electrostatic Deposition of Chitosan

The purpose of this study was to prepare stable biopolymer-coated liposome suspensions using an electrostatic deposition method. Liposome suspensions were produced by homogenizing 1% soy lecithin in acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 3). Cationic chitosan (Mw approximately 200 kDa) solutions were mixed with anionic liposome suspensions (d approximately 100 and 200 nm), and the effect of phospholipid concentration, chitosan concentration, and liposome size on the properties of the particles formed was determined. The particle size and charge (zeta-potential) were measured using dynamic light scattering and particle electrophoresis. The particle charge changed from -38 mV in the absence of chitosan to +60 mV in the presence of chitosan, indicating complex formation between the anionic liposomes and cationic chitosan molecules. Below a minimum critical chitosan concentration (c(min)), large aggregates were formed that phase separated within minutes, whose origin was attributed to formation of coacervates. On the other hand, above a maximum critical chitosan concentration (c(max)), large flocs were formed that sedimented within hours, whose formation was attributed to depletion flocculation. Minimum and maximum critical chitosan concentrations depended on liposomal concentration and size. At c(min) < c < c(max'), chitosan-coated liposomes were formed that did not aggregate and were stable to sedimentation. Coated liposomes had better stability to aggregation than uncoated liposomes when stored at ambient temperatures for 45 d. This study indicates that chitosan can be used to form biopolymer-coated liposomes with enhanced stability over uncoated liposomes.
Inhibition of urea synthesis by 4-pentenoic acid.

Summary 4-Pentenoic acid (1 mM) inhibited ureagenesis approximately 70% in rat liver slices with ammonia as substrate. Inhibition of ureagenesis was much less with aspartate and citrulline as substrates. The block in ureagenesis was not reversed by the addition of glucose, glutamate or N-acetyl glutamate to the medium. There was no direct inhibition of either carbamyl phosphate synthetase or ornithine carbamyl transferase by 4-pentenoic acid. The inhibition of ureagenesis probably accounts for the elevated plasma ammonia in rats injected with 4-pentenoic acid.
Numerical analysis of an unsteady confined supersonic jet

Abstract A numerical calculation technique to analyze the time-dependent flow field induced by a supersonic jet expanding into a confined volume is presented. The expanding, developing jet flow and the complex flow pattern within the confining volume are described by the unsteady, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations. The equations are solved using a MacCormack explicit predictor-corrector type of numerical technique. The analysis is applicable to a family of problems including flows within certain solid rocket motor configurations and thermo-electric energy conversion systems.
Investigation of the influence of CaS, CaO and CaF2 fillers on the transfer and wear of nylon by microscopy and XPS analysis

Abstract The effect of CaS, CaO and CaF2 fillers on the transfer, friction and wear behaviors of nylon was studied. Sliding was performed in ambient atmosphere at a speed of 1.0 m s−1 and a load of 19.6 N, and a pin-on-disk configuration was used. The filler content in nylon was fixed at 35% by volume. The counterface disk was made of hardened tool steel. The experimental results showed that CaO and CaS were effective in reducing the wear of nylon, but CaF2 increased it greatly. The tribochemical studies by XPS revealed that some CaS decomposed during sliding so that FeS and FeSO4 were produced. No such decomposition was found in the case of CaF2. The comparison of the bonding strengths of these fillers revealed that the bonding strengths of the compounds that decomposed were lower than that of CaF2 which did not decompose. It was concluded that FeS and FeSO4 increased adhesion between the composite transfer film and the steel substrate. Furthermore, the ability of the fillers to help in the formation of a uniform and continuous composite transfer film and to promote adhesion between the transfer film and its substrate contributed to increased wear resistance.
Epidemiology of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx is increasing in incidence in epidemic proportion. This site specific increase in incidence is due to an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related squamous cell carcinoma, while the incidence of tobacco related squamous cell carcinoma is decreasing. In particular, the incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increased among middle aged white men, and sexual behavior is a risk factor. HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma represents a growing etiologically distinct subset of head and neck cancers with unique epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characteristics that differ from those of HPV-unassociated cancers. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of HPV-related OPSCC, the prevalence of oral/oropharyngeal HPV infection, and efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of HPV-related OPSCC.
Phasor approach to continuous-time system identification

In this work, continuous-time systems are considered, and an innovative system identification approach is applied in the frequency domain, where phasor measurements, as provided by frequency analyzers, are used. This algorithm is obtained through a careful analysis of the physics of the measurement situation, following which the method of minimum variance (MV) estimation is iteratively applied in a linear regression framework. This process renders an efficient pseudominimum variance algorithm that is of linear prediction type and is superior to alternative methods. Thus, it is shown that the parameter estimate is a fixed point of a nonlinear mapping associated with the MV calculation, rather than the solution of an optimization problem. The simulation experiments are carefully performed, and the conditions are fully documented.
The effect of L-arginine and creatine on vascular function and homocysteine metabolism.

Studies with L-arginine supplementation have shown inconsistent effects on endothelial function. The generation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) from L-arginine with subsequent formation of creatine and homocysteine and consumption of methi- onine may reduce the pool of L-arginine available for nitric oxide generation. Experi- mental studies suggest that creatine supplementation might block this pathway. We sought to determine the effects of L-arginine, creatine, or the combination on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and homocysteine metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease. Patients with coronary artery disease were randomized to L- arginine (9 g/day), creatine (21 g/day), L-arginine plus creatine, or placebo for 4 days (n =2 6-29/group). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and plasma levels of L- arginine, creatine, homocysteine, methionine, and GAA were measured at baseline and follow-up. L-Arginine and creatine supplementation had no effects on vascular function. L-Arginine alone increased GAA (p < 0.01) and the ratio of homocysteine to methionine (p < 0.01), suggesting increased methylation demand. The combination of creatinine and L-arginine did not suppress GAA production or prevent the increase in homocysteine-to-methionine ratio. Unexpectedly, creatine supplementation (alone or in combination with L-arginine) was associated with an 11-20% increase in homo- cysteine concentration (p < 0.05), which was not attributable to worsened renal func- tion, providing evidence against an effect of creatine on decreasing methylation demand. In conclusion, the present study provides no evidence that L-arginine sup- plementation improves endothelial function and suggests that L-arginine may increase methylation demand. Creatine supplementation failed to alter the actions of L-arginine on vascular function or suppress methylation demand. The unexpected increase in homocysteine levels following creatine supplementation could have adverse effects and merits further study, since creatine is a commonly used dietary supplement.