cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscosity of magmas containing highly deformable bubbles

Abstract The shear viscosity of a suspension of deformable bubbles dispersed within a Newtonian fluid is calculated as a function of the shear rate and strain. The relative importance of bubble deformation in the suspension is characterized by the capillary number (Ca), which represents the ratio of viscous and surface tension stresses. For small Ca, bubbles remain nearly spherical, and for sufficiently large strains the viscosity of suspension is greater than that of the suspending fluid, i.e. the relative viscosity is greater than 1. If Ca>O(1) the relative viscosity is less than one. In the limit that Ca→∞ (surface tension is dynamically negligible), numerical calculations for a suspension of spherical bubbles agree well with the experimental measurements of Lejeune et al. (1999, Rheology of bubble-bearing magmas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., vol. 166, pp. 71–84). In general, bubbles have a modest effect on the relative viscosity, with viscosity changing by less than a factor of about 3 for volume fractions up to 50%.
Calcium availability influences litter size and sex ratio in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

The production of offspring typically requires investment of resources derived from both the environment and maternal somatic reserves. As such, the availability of either of these types of resources has the potential to limit the degree to which resources are allocated to reproduction. Theory and empirical studies have argued that mothers modify reproductive performance relative to exogenous resource availability and maternal condition by adjusting size, number or sex of offspring produced. These relationships have classically been defined relative to availability of energy sources; however, in vertebrates, calcium also plays a critical role in offspring production, as a considerable amount of calcium is required to support the development of offspring skeleton(s). We tested whether the availability of calcium influences reproductive output by providing female white-footed mice with a low-calcium or standard diet from reproductive maturity to senescence. We then compared maternal skeletal condition and reproductive output, based on offspring mass, offspring number and litter sex ratio, between dietary treatments. Mothers on the low-calcium diet exhibited diminished skeletal condition at senescence and produced smaller and strongly female-biased litters. We show that skeletal condition and calcium intake can influence sex ratio and reproductive output following general theoretical models of resource partitioning during reproduction.
Arsenic and other heavy metals in the rivers of central Nepal

The objective of this study was to measure fluvial As, Co, Cu, Fe, and Zn in order to determine whether central Nepal has a geographically-limited source of As. Seventeen rivers in central Nepal outside and eight rivers inside the heavily polluted Kathmandu valley were sampled monthly for six months. Outside the Kathmandu valley, fluvial As (11 ± 1 mg/l), Co (110 ± 30 mg/l), Cu (93 ± 4 mg/l), Fe (550 ± 80 mg/l), and Ni (50 ± 3 mg/l) were over 5, 550, 13, and 13 times the global averages for each respective element, while Zn (27 ± 4 mg/l) was very close to the global average. The only statistically significant differences between inside and outside the Kathmandu valley were pH (inside: 7.13 ± 0.06, outside: 8.13 ± 0.06), Fe (inside: 1060 ± 90 mg/l) and Cu (inside: 70 ± 10 mg/l) so that Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn levels inside the Kathmandu valley were all naturally occurring. Fluvial As was correlated both in space and time with pH. Outside the Kathmandu valley, fluvial As decreased when pH decreased, due to the increase in the number of positively-charged sorption sites on river bed sediment. Inside the polluted Kathmandu valley, fluvial As increased when pH decreased, due to the organic complexation of As and the negative correlation between organic matter and pH. Central Nepal has multiple sources of As associated with mineralisation of Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni, but not Pb-Zn.
Regulation of endothelial cell gap formation and barrier dysfunction: Role of myosin light chain phosphorylation

Endothelial cell (EC) contraction results in intercellular gap formation and loss of the selective vascular barrier to circulating macromolecules. We tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation of regulatory myosin light chains (MLC) by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is critical to EC barrier dysfunction elicited by thrombin. Thrombin stimulated a rapid (< 15 sec) increase in [Ca2+]i which preceded maximal MLC phosphorylation (60 sec) with a 6 to 8-fold increase above constitutive levels of phosphorylated MLC. Dramatic cellular shape changes indicative of contraction and gap formation were observed at 5 min with maximal increases in albumin permeability occurring by 10 min. Neither the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, nor phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a direct activator of protein kinase C (PKC), alone or in combination, produced MLC phosphorylation. The combination was synergistic, however, in stimulating EC contraction/gap formation and barrier dysfunction (3 to 4-fold increase). Down-regulation or inhibition of PKC activity attenuated thrombin-induced MLC phosphorylation (approximately 40% inhibition) and both thrombin- and PMA-induced albumin clearance (approximately 50% inhibition). Agents which augmented [cAMP]i partially blocked thrombin-induced MLC phosphorylation (approximately 50%) and completely inhibited both thrombin- and PMA-induced EC permeability (100% inhibition). Furthermore, cAMP produced significant reduction in the basal levels of constitutive MLC phosphorylation. Finally, MLCK inhibition (with either ML-7 or KT 5926) or Ca2+/calmodulin antagonism (with either trifluoperazine or W-7) attenuated thrombin-induced MLC phosphorylation and barrier dysfunction. These results suggest a model wherein EC contractile events, gap formation and barrier dysfunction occur via MLCK-dependent and independent mechanisms and are significantly modulated by both PKC and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activities.
A modular system of DNA enhancer elements mediates tissue-specific activation of transcription by high dietary zinc in C. elegans

Zinc is essential for biological systems, and aberrant zinc metabolism is implicated in a broad range of human diseases. To maintain homeostasis in response to fluctuating levels of dietary zinc, animals regulate gene expression; however, mechanisms that mediate the transcriptional response to fluctuating levels of zinc have not been fully defined. Here, we identified DNA enhancer elements that mediate intestine-specific transcriptional activation in response to high levels of dietary zinc in C. elegans. Using bioinformatics, we characterized an evolutionarily conserved enhancer element present in multiple zinc-inducible genes, the high zinc activation (HZA) element. The HZA was consistently adjacent to a GATA element that mediates expression in intestinal cells. Functional studies using transgenic animals demonstrated that this modular system of DNA enhancers mediates tissue-specific transcriptional activation in response to high levels of dietary zinc. We used this information to search the genome and successfully identified novel zinc-inducible genes. To characterize the mechanism of enhancer function, we demonstrated that the GATA transcription factor ELT-2 and the mediator subunit MDT-15 are necessary for zinc-responsive transcriptional activation. These findings define new mechanisms of zinc homeostasis and tissue-specific regulation of transcription.
Modulation of ATP/ADP Concentration at the Endothelial Cell Surface by Flow: Effect of Cell Topography

Determining how flow affects the concentration of the adenine nucleotides ATP and ADP at the vascular endothelial cell (EC) surface is essential for understanding flow-induced mobilization of intracellular calcium. Previously, mathematical models were formulated to describe the ATP/ADP concentration at the EC surface; however, all previous models assumed the endothelium to be flat. In the present study we investigate the effect of surface undulations on ATP/ADP concentration at the EC surface. The results demonstrate that under certain geometric and flow conditions, the ATP + ADP concentration at the EC surface is considerably lower for a wavy cell surface than for a flat surface. Because ECs in regions of disturbed arterial flow are expected to have larger undulations than cells in non-disturbed flow zones, our findings suggest that ECs in regions of flow disturbance would exhibit lower ATP + ADP concentrations at their surfaces, which may lead to impaired calcium signaling. If validated experimentally, the present results may contribute to our understanding of endothelial cell dysfunction observed in regions of disturbed flow.
Review and updates of immunohistochemistry in selected salivary gland and head and neck tumors.

Context.— Immunohistochemistry is a useful tool for diagnosing salivary gland and head and neck tumors. Objective.— To review immunohistochemical markers, which can aid in the diagnosis of selected...
Further delineation of the Baller‐Gerold syndrome

Three new patients with the Baller-Gerold syndrome bring the number of reported cases to 20. In addition to craniosynostosis involving various sutures and preaxial reduction defects of variable severity, affected patients may have anal, urogenital, cardiac, central nervous system, and vertebral defects. Autosomal recessive inheritance is supported by the presence of affected sibs and parental consanguinity. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life

The Secular Revolution is an examination of the means by which the university as an institution enabled the secularization of America. From a dominant Protestant establishment in the mid‐1800s, science, psychology, law, journalism, medicine and biology authorized the secular revolution. A rising capitalism, a continuing immigrant population increasing the power of cities, also played important roles in this radical shift. Beyond analysis, the problem of this book is strategic, attempting virtually to undo the secular revolution, and to return America to its rightful scientific, political, and religious form.
Conversing in Emptiness: Rethinking Cross-Cultural Dialogue with the Kyoto School

As we attempt to engender a dialogue between different philosophical traditions, one of the first – if not indeed the first – of the topics which need to be addressed is that of the very nature of dialogue. In other words, we need to engage in a dialogue about dialogue. Toward that end, this essay attempts to rethink the nature of dialogue from the perspective of two key members of the Kyoto School, namely its founder, Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945), and its current central figure, Ueda Shizuteru (b. 1926). The Kyoto School is the most prominent group of modern Japanese philosophers, whose thought emerges from the encounter between Western and Eastern traditions. This essay seeks to elucidate and further unfold the implications of rethinking of the nature of dialogue from the perspective of Nishida's and Ueda's primarily Zen Buddhist reception of and response to Western philosophy.
What Is Regulation

People hold strong views about regulation, but do they know what “regulation” means? National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) is a landmark in regulation jurisprudence, yet the NFIB Court was divided over the meaning of the term “to regulate.” Long ago, John Stuart Mill observed that “we do not [always] understand the grounds of our opinion. But when we turn to . . . morals, religion, politics, social relations, and the business of life, three-fourths of the arguments for every disputed opinion consist in dispelling the appearances which favor some opinion different from it.” The controversy and confusion about regulation illustrate the phenomenon. This Essay explores the meaning of the term “regulation.”
Strategic Decision Making Under Conditions of Complex Demand and Market Risks

Strategic management decisions are increasingly affected by high-impact external factors such as new technologies, regulatory changes, and market shifts. It is often difficult to assess likely impacts of such significant changes on an organisation and even harder to find an acceptable course of action in response to different possible futures. Decision makers need to adopt a whole system approach that incorporates the uncertainty associated with dominant factors and permits an assessment of the likelihood of outcomes to plan effective responses. In this paper, we discuss a Monte Carlo simulation model that supports the whole system approach in the context of a healthcare resource capacity decision for a large urban hospital.
Ammoniated Cottonseed Meal as a Protein Supplement for Laying Hens

Abstract Ammoniation has been proposed as a means of reducing the level of aflatoxin in contaminated feedstuffs. A lot of cottonseed meal was divided into two portions, one which was subjected to ammoniation and one fed as the untreated meal. These were incorporated into layer hen diets and their effects on performance parameters evaluated. Results indicated that the ammoniation process may result in destruction of part of the cystine present in the cottonseed meal. However, when fed in diets composed of practical-type ingredients where adequate feed intake was maintained, excellent performance was attained on both samples of cottonseed meal. No problems were encountered that would suggest any adverse effects of the ammoniation process on the health of the hens or on the quality of the eggs produced.
Multiple tumor types appear in a transgenic mouse with the ras oncogene.

Abstract A transgenic mouse strain with the zeta-globin promoter and the vHa-ras oncogene develops an array of mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms described here. The predominate mesenchymal tumors were dermal spindle cell tumors, which resembled malignant fibrous histiocytomas found in humans. They were associated with hepatosplenomegaly and developed beneath squamous papillomas. The hepatosplenomegaly was associated with infiltrates of cells that tended toward myelocytic or monocytic differentiation. Other epithelial tumors included keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cysts, some with squamous cell carcinomas, of the salivary glands and mammary carcinomas were also found. Odontogenic tumors, which sometimes differentiated into ameloblastomas, were one of the more unusual tumor types observed. Other, less frequent tumors were also noted. The tumors described here are a potentially valuable experimental resource that may lead to an understanding of malignant fibrous histiocytoma-like lesions, odontogenic tumors, and tumor progression.
Experimental Evidence on Signal-Jamming Models of Fraudulent Misreporting

The paper develops an experimental reporting game that has a unique signal-jamming equilibrium (SJE) where managers exaggerate the truth and market participants correct the managers’ reports by a constant independent of the state. During experimental sessions, managers exaggerate and market participants correct on average. However, most subjects deviate from SJE behavior: (1) both managers and market participants use mixed strategies that are dominated by pure strategies, and (2) managers exaggerate by more and market participants correct by less when the observed state is low. These behaviors provide a parsimonious explanation for several empirical regularities documented in the literature on fraud.
Organisation Development and International Contexts: Values, Controversies and Challenges

The multi-disciplinary nature of organizational change literature and research provides opportunities and challenges for both academics and practitioners working in this area (Marshak and Grant, 2008; Pettigrew et al., 2001; Schwarz and Huber, 2008). In terms of opportunities, knowledge from associated disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics can be mined and then applied in imaginative ways to understand and inform organizational change designs and interventions (Rees, 2008a). In terms of challenges, however, the absence of universally acknowledged deﬁning criteria makes it extremely diﬃcult to trace trends and developments relating to the theory and practice of organizational change. As a result, key issues surrounding the aims, values, leadership, practice, and evaluation of organizational change interventions are often shrouded in ambiguity and controversy. For example, the perceived purpose of an organizational change intervention is likely to be multi-dimensional, perhaps unstated, and, in some cases, unconsciously strategized and resisted by various stakeholders involved in the process. In view of these tensions and uncertainties, it is often diﬃcult to discuss in an overt manner the objectives and hence evaluation of an organizational change intervention; what may be viewed as an organizational change intervention failure by one group of stakeholders may be seen as a successful change intervention by another group of stakeholders. Despite the challenges presented by the ﬂuid nature of the subject, the main aim of this chapteris to identify and consider a number of speciﬁc developments and controversies associated with the subject of organizational change. In order to address this aim in a focused way, it is necessary to restrict this analysis to particular aspects of organizational change theory and practice. Speciﬁcally, the chapter will examine a number of developments and challenges in relation to the values of a speciﬁc approach to organizational change, namely Organization Development (OD). Given its origins, history and deﬁning values, the study of OD provides an opportunity to identify some of the inﬂuences and challenges that are faced by those working in the ﬁeld of organizational change more generally. The chapter is structured as follows. First, a brief overview is provided of the nature of the ODmovement. The discussion proceeds to explore the search for a clearer business orientation within OD theory and practice, the changing values of OD, and theuse of OD in international settings where prevailing values may conﬂict or complement the values held by OD professionals working in these settings.
The Clean Air Act and health--a clearer view from 2011.

The Clean Air Act of 1970 has led to reductions in air pollution in the United States, but we face new challenges in air-quality management. The Environmental Protection Agency is considering revisions to air-quality standards for particulate matter and ozone.
Anticipation as a Method for Overcoming Time Delay in Control of Remote Systems

In this paper an original model is presented for human compensation for time delays when controlling remote vehicles. The results presented in this paper are based upon a series of human experiments involving subjects driving a small rover with a joystick and video display system while under the effects of round-trip time delays ranging from 0 to 2.5 seconds. We demonstrate that human behavior can be successfully replicated across a range of delays by a control system which relies on anticipating future control needs based solely upon information provided by the time-delayed video feed. Two models are presented, one using only instantaneous position and heading errors, the other utilizing predictive informat ion provided by the video system. A statistical analysis of the results of the human study is presented as well as a comparison of experimental and simulated trajectories and an analysis of controller performance.
Preparation and Structure of a Tubular Addition Polymer: A True Synthetic Nanotube

The structure of a synthetic nanotube prepared by the solid-state polymerization of a stacked column of diacetylene-based macrocycles has been determined. A polyether macrocycle monomer with two parallel diacetylene functionalities was prepared. Its crystal structure revealed that the compound crystallizes with structural parameters suitable for topochemical polymerization. Slow annealing of a single crystal for 35 days brought about a single-crystal-to-single-crystal polymerization resulting in the first experimentally determined structure of a tubular addition polymer.
Behind the Veil in Khuldabad, India: 14th Century Sufi Saints, 21st Century Islamic Reformers, and Muslim Women

In January of 2009, I traveled to India to interview women in Khuldabad, a small Muslim town in the state of Maharashtra, about religious customs and rituals. With the help of my multilingual friend and colleague from this area, Surekha Shah, I interviewed twenty-nine women using a blend of Urdu and English. These women, from different economic and social levels, invited me into their homes. Their dwellings ranged from single, earthen floor rooms to family compounds built around ancient courtyards housing several generations. The rough streets and well-worn pathways, bounded by high stone and wooden walls, give the feel of a small medieval town with goats and people and bicycles meandering through, but the autorickshaws and state buses belching blue-purple smoke anchor one in the more nuanced mix of centuries that is Khuldabad. Behind the purdah of walls and veils, women welcomed me with warmth and openness. And each time I left their homes, they graciously invited me to return.
Treatment of pacemaker infection in the neonate: Case report

Infection of a pacemaker pocket occurred in a neonate. The infection was eradicated by means of a live omental pedicle graft, even though the pacemaker remained in the original pocket. The case and management are discussed.
Full scale nonlinear dynamic inversion based control for an experimental glide platform

Under-actuated aerial vehicles in addition to providing significant advantages in terms of design efficiency pose a considerable challenge in identifying and formulating an effective control scheme. Strong coupling among different axes in addition to under-actuation results in configurations more suited to unconventional design methodologies. This work presents a dynamic inversion based nonlinear control for an under-actuated glide vehicle designed with an inverted-V tail. The complexity of the problem is compounded by the fact that the platform comprises of only two control surfaces with the absence of any other input. Dynamic inversion has been applied to develop an effective stabilization scheme ensuring the stability of internal dynamics as well as to achieve limited decoupling among the axes in a high-fidelity environment. A single loop configuration has been utilized for this research which aims to stabilize the platform using controlled variables by direct utilization of states or state errors. A full scale six-DOF nonlinear mathematical model for the configuration, developed through CFD simulations, has been used for analysis and simulations to ensure accurate analysis of the effectiveness of the designed control law.
Preparing a digital video examination of urinary sediments.

1. Robert J Sullivan, PhD MT(ASCP)[⇑][1] 1. is in the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Marist College, Poughkeepsie NY 2. Joey Petrella Wall, MS 1. is Director, Media and Instructional Technology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie NY 1. Address for correspondence: Robert J Sullivan PhD MT(ASCP), Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie NY 12601. (845) 575-3000, x 2177, (845) 471-6213 (fax). Robert.Sullivan{at}Marist.edu Teaching the microscopic examination of urine sediments with patient samples is limited to the availability of appropriate, labile material. The alternative is to use static, flat, single views in 35 mm slides or on CD-ROMS. This paper discusses the preparation of material that mimics photographically what is seen through a microscope and presents a dynamic view of samples. Sediments were viewed through a binocular, light microscope using a TeachCam. The video feed was transmitted to a SVHS recorder for maximum resolution. The videotapes were digitized, and processed through a computer based non-linear video editing system. The final formats produced are on VHS videotape and DVD. Each specimen is presented with changes in focus and fields. Each sample is presented unstained and stained, and appears under low and high power. Six discrete segments allow viewing of selected elements. The video is accompanied by a narrative describing the identification and clinical significance of each formed element. The program has been well accepted by students. Many medical conditions and aspects of the body's biochemistry can be identified through the simple means of examining a patient's urine for metabolic waste products, therapeutic or recreational chemicals and their metabolites, cells, and other products of the urinary tract. The ability to identify the formed elements of a urine sample is a subjective process that can be difficult to teach and to perform. Done properly, the identification of these elements may be the difference between an accurate diagnosis and a faulty one. A limiting factor in the… [1]: #corresp-1
Brown Bodies and Xenophobic Bullying in US Schools: Critical Analysis and Strategies for Action

In this essay, Monisha Bajaj, Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher, and Karishma Desai present an evidence-based action project that seeks to interrupt and transform bullying behaviors directed at South Asian American youth in schools in the United States. In the context of this essay and project, they argue that larger macro-level forces which promote misinformation about youth who inhabit brown bodies have given rise to bullying and, in some cases, harassment and hate crimes in schools. Conventional literature on bullying offers inadequate frames for how the forces of Islamophobia—which affect all those perceived to be Muslim—and bullying come together to shape realities for South Asian American youth in schools. The authors advance new frameworks and strategies for understanding xenophobic and bias-based bullying and explore schools as sites of possibility to interrupt Islamophobia and misinformation about South Asian Americans.
Effects of Heavy Metals on the Respiratory Proteins of Marine Organisms in Relation to Environmental Pollution

Seawater is a fluid medium containing measurable concentrations of many heavy metals that are potentially toxic to organisms. From the diversity of species and the complexity of life histories of marine animals, it is obvious that biochemical, physiological and behavioral adaptations have evolved to allow these animals to exist in what is a potentially toxic environment. In marine organisms the pathological effects of heavy metals have only been observed at locations where the activities of man have significantly increased the concentrations of heavy metals in the marine environment and in laboratory systems where animals have been isolated and subjected to increased levels of metals in seawater or in their diet. In unstressed or unpolluted areas, marine organisms have evolved the capability to deal with the fluctuations of metal availability in the environment. Adaptation to metal pollution sometimes occurs if the change to higher metal concentrations takes place slowly. A better understanding of the detoxification process utilized in normal and metal-stressed environments is necessary for proper interpretation of the consequences to man’s health of using metal-dosed organisms as part of the food supply.
Energetics, kinetics, and pathway of SNARE folding and assembly revealed by optical tweezers

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are universal molecular engines that drive membrane fusion. Particularly, synaptic SNAREs mediate fast calcium-triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles with plasma membranes for synaptic transmission, the basis of all thought and action. During membrane fusion, complementary SNAREs located on two apposed membranes (often called t- and v-SNAREs) join together to assemble into a parallel four-helix bundle, releasing the energy to overcome the energy barrier for fusion. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that SNAREs act like a zipper to draw the two membranes into proximity and thereby force them to fuse. However, a quantitative test of this SNARE zippering hypothesis was hindered by difficulties to determine the energetics and kinetics of SNARE assembly and to identify the relevant folding intermediates. Here, we first review different approaches that have been applied to study SNARE assembly and then focus on high-resolution optical tweezers (OTs). We summarize the folding energies, kinetics, and pathways of both wild-type and mutant SNARE complexes derived from this new approach. These results show that synaptic SNAREs assemble in four distinct stages with different functions: slow N-terminal domain (NTD) association initiates SNARE assembly; a middle domain (MD) suspends and controls SNARE assembly; and rapid sequential zippering of the C-terminal domain (CTD) and the linker domain (LD) directly drive membrane fusion. In addition, the kinetics and pathway of the stage-wise assembly are shared by other SNARE complexes. These measurements prove the SNARE zippering hypothesis and suggest new mechanisms for SNARE assembly regulated by other proteins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The opioid antagonist, β-funaltrexamine, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and reduces sickness behavior in mice

Brain pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases, infection, traumatic brain injury, and mood disorders produce enormous personal and economic burdens. It is well established that neuroinflammation plays an important role in the etiology and/or manifestation of such disorders. Previously, we discovered that beta-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) inhibits inflammatory signaling in human astrocytes in vitro, resulting in reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. The present study examines the effects of peripherally administered β-FNA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and sickness behavior in vivo. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were administered β-FNA and were then immediately administered bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 24h post-injections, sickness behavior was assessed in an open-field test. Following behavioral analysis plasma and brains were collected. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ inducible protein-10 (CXCL10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). At 24h post-LPS injection, IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL10 were increased in the plasma, whereas, only CCL2 and CXCL10 were elevated in the brain. β-FNA significantly inhibited LPS-induced CXCL10 and CCL2 expression in brain, but minimally or not at all in the plasma. LPS-induced sickness behavior, as indicated by a reduction in distance moved, was prevented by β-FNA. Overall, CXCL10 expression in the brain was most positively and significantly correlated with sickness behavior; whereas, anxiety-like behavior was most positively and significantly correlated with IL-6 and CCL2 levels in the plasma and levels of CXCL10 and CCL2 in the brain. The reduction in sickness behavior may be in part due to decreased chemokine expression in the brain; further examination of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of β-FNA is warranted.
Improvement of the prediction of surface ozone concentration over conterminous U.S. by a computationally efficient second-order Rosenbrock solver in CAM4-Chem

The global chemistry-climate model (CAM4-Chem) overestimates the surface ozone concentration over the conterminous U.S. (CONUS). Reasons for this positive bias include emission, meteorology, chemical mechanism, and solver. In this study, we explore the last possibility by examining the sensitivity to the numerical methods for solving the chemistry equations. A second-order Rosenbrock (ROS-2) solver is implemented in CAM4-Chem to examine its influence on the surface ozone concentration and the computational performance of the chemistry program. Results show that under the same time step size (1800 s), statistically significant reduction of positive bias is achieved by the ROS-2 solver. The improvement is as large as 5.2 ppb in Eastern U.S. during summer season. The ROS-2 solver is shown to reduce the positive bias in Europe and Asia as well, indicating the lower surface ozone concentration over the CONUS predicted by the ROS-2 solver is not a trade-off consequence with increasing the ozone concentration at other global regions. In addition, by refining the time step size to 180 s, the first-order implicit solver does not provide statistically significant improvement of surface ozone concentration. It reveals that the better prediction from the ROS-2 solver is not only due to its accuracy but also due to its suitability for stiff chemistry equations. As an added benefit, the computation cost of the ROS-2 solver is almost half of first-order implicit solver. The improved computational efficiency of the ROS-2 solver is due to the reuse of the Jacobian matrix and lower upper (LU) factorization during its multistage calculation.
Development of Postformal Thought

Relationships are behaviors in which some shared truths are essential. Shared truth is shared between or among individuals in a family, couple, or society, individuals who each initially have their own views of what is true. Those truths are merged to form a couple’s outlook, or even, as Ferguson (1980) puts it, a “cultural trance.” Relationships are therefore likely to be fertile grounds for the initial logical conflicts that could nurture development of postformal thought. Two or more human knowers each bring their personal truths with them into a relationship. To have an interaction, they must somehow make those truths match in order to communicate. This necessity presents a possibility for them to enlarge their truth to accommodate to the truth of another in order to communicate well. When marriage partners, for example, each try to see the other’s point of view, they may be trying to expand their logics to see reality through another’s logical reality frame. If the framing were complex enough, the intelligence they would be using when they succeed at this task would be postformal.
A Meta-Analysis of Penalties for Women’s Implicit and Explicit Leadership Behaviors

Previous research suggests that women are disliked (compared to men) when they display dominance as leaders. A closer look, however, reveals ambiguity about the specific forms of dominance proscrib...
Ad Hoc Classification of Radiology Reports

Objective: The task of ad hoc classification is to automatically place a large number of text documents into nonstandard categories that are determined by a user. The authors examine the use of statistical information retrieval techniques for ad hoc classification of dictated mammography reports. Design: The authors' approach is the automated generation of a classification algorithm based on positive and negative evidence that is extracted from relevance-judged documents. Test documents are sorted into three conceptual bins: membership in a user-defined class, exclusion from the user-defined class, and uncertain. Documentation of absent findings through the use of negation and conjunction, a hallmark of interpretive test results, is managed by expansion and tokenization of these phrases. Measurements Classifier performance is evaluated using a single measure, the F measure, which provides a weighted combination of recall and precision of document sorting into true positive and true negative bins. Results: Single terms are the most effective text feature in the classification profile, with some improvement provided by the addition of pairs of unordered terms to the profile. Excessive iterations of automated classifier enhancement degrade performance because of overtraining. Performance is best when the proportions of relevant and irrelevant documents in the training collection are close to equal. Special handling of negation phrases improves performance when the number of terms in the classification profile is limited. Conclusions: The ad hoc classifier system is a promising approach for the classification of large collections of medical documents. NegExpander can distinguish positive evidence from negative evidence when the negative evidence plays an important role in the classification.
Progressive white matter atrophy with altered lipid profiles is partially reversed by short-term abstinence in an experimental model of alcohol-related neurodegeneration.

Chronic ethanol exposure causes white matter (WM) atrophy and degeneration with major impairments in the structural integrity of myelin. Since myelin is composed of oligodendrocyte lipid-rich membranes, understanding the consequences and reversibility of alcohol-related oligodendrocyte dysfunction in relation to myelin structure could provide new insights into the pathogenesis of WM degeneration and potential strategies for treatment. Adult male Long Evans rats were pair-fed with isocaloric liquid diets containing 0% or 26% ethanol (caloric) for 3 or 8 weeks. During the last 2 weeks of feeding, the ethanol groups were binged with 2 g/kg of ethanol by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays; controls were treated with i.p. saline. For recovery effects, at the 6-week time point, ethanol exposures were tapered over 2 days, and then discontinued, rendering the rats ethanol-free for 12 days. Anterior corpus callosum WM lipid ion profiles were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) and correlated with histopathology. Ethanol exposures caused progressive atrophy and reductions in myelin staining intensity within the corpus callosum, whereas short-term recovery partially reversed those effects. MALDI-IMS demonstrated striking ethanol-associated alterations in WM lipid profiles characterized by reduced levels of phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sulfatides, and partial “normalization” of lipid expression with recovery. Ethanol exposure duration and recovery responses were further distinguished by heatmap hierarchical dendrogram and PCA plots. In conclusion, chronic+binge ethanol exposures caused progressive, partially reversible WM atrophy with myelin loss associated with reduced expression of WM phospholipids and sulfatides. The extent of WM lipid abnormalities suggests that ethanol broadly impairs molecular and biochemical functions regulating myelin synthesis, degradation, and maintenance in oligodendrocytes.
Effect of Anemia on Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Rationale:The effect of anemia on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure is unknown.Objectives:To examine...
Leadership & Education in Electrochemical Engineering

Three articles covering various aspect of education in electrochemical engineering are presented in the issue of Interface. This editorial gives a short introduction to the contributions, as well as a background to the role, of electrochemical engineering in technical education.
Go with the Flow: Understanding inflow mechanisms in galaxy collisions

Dynamical interactions between colliding spiral galaxies strongly affect the state and distribution of their interstellar gas. Observations indicate that interactions funnel gas toward the nuclei, fueling bursts of star formation and nuclear activity. To date, most numerical simulations of galaxy mergers have assumed that the gaseous and stellar disks initially have the same distribution and size. However, observations of isolated disk galaxies show that this is seldom the case; in fact, most spirals have as much or more gas beyond their optical radii as they do within. Can gas in such extended disks be efficiently transported to the nuclei during interactions? To address this question, we examine the effect of various parameters on the transport of gas to the nuclei of interacting galaxies. In addition to the relative radii of the gaseous and stellar disks, these parameters include the pericentric separation, disk orientation, fractional gas mass, presence of a bulge, treatment of gas thermodynamics, and the spatial resolution of the numerical simulation. We found that gas accumulates in most of our simulated nuclei, but the efficiency of inflow is largely dependent upon the encounter geometry. Dissipation alone is not enough to produce inflows; an efficient mechanism for extracting angular momentum from the gas is necessary. Several different mechanisms are seen in these experiments. Aside from mode-driven inflows (such as, but not limited to, bars) and ram-pressure sweeping, both of which have been previously described and well studied, we supply the first quantitative study of an often-seen process: the formation of massive gas clumps in Jeans-unstable tidal shocks, and their subsequent delivery to the nuclei via dynamical friction.
Anesthesia Considerations in a Premie

A preterm infant is one born prior to 37 weeks of gestation. According to a 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report, one out of every ten infants born in the United States was a preterm infant. Even though there have been dramatic declines in the infant mortality rate due to better obstetric care and significant advances in neonatal intensive care units, death from prematurity is a leading cause of infant mortality. This infant mortality rate is inversely proportional to gestational age, but recent studies have shown that there is a slight improvement in the survival rates of the early preterm infants with an associated decrease in their neurodevelopmental impairment (Younge et al., N Engl J Med 376:617–628, 2017). The premature infants (“preemies”) who survive have a high likelihood of requiring a variety of surgical procedures. Caring for a preterm neonate poses an anesthetic challenge not only due to the infant’s size, but also due to incomplete organogenesis and immature physiology.
Submarine canyon development in the Izu-Bonin forearc: A SeaMARC II and seismic survey of Aoga Shima Canyon

SeaMARC II sidescan (imagery and bathymetry) and seismic data reveal the morphology, sedimentary processes, and structural controls on submarine canyon development in the central Izu-Bonin forearc, south of Japan. Canyons extend up to 150 km across the forearc from the trench-slope break to the active volcanic arc. The canyons are most deeply incised (1200–1700 m) into the gentle gradients (1–2°) upslope on the outer arc high (OAH) and lose bathymetric expression on the steep (6–18°) inner trench-slope. The drainage patterns indicate that canyons are formed by both headward erosion and downcutting. Headward erosion proceeds on two scales. Initially, pervasive small-scale mass wasting creates curvilinear channels and pinnate drainage patterns. Large-scale slumping, evidenced by abundant crescent-shaped scarps along the walls and tributaries of Aoga Shima Canyon, occurs only after a channel is present, and provides a mechanism for canyon branching. The largest slump has removed >16 km3 of sediment from an ∼85 km2 area of seafloor bounded by scarps more than 200 m high and may be in the initial stages of forming a new canyon branch. The northern branch of Aoga Shima Canyon has eroded upslope to the flanks of the arc volcanoes allowing direct tapping of this volcaniclastic sediment source. Headward erosion of the southern branch is not as advanced but the canyon may capture sediments supplied by unconfined (non-channelized) mass flows.
Adipokines, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Obesity

Humans have highly integrated system to regulate energy storage and expenditure. Adipose tissue is a major depot to store triglycerides during energy excess and release fatty acids and glycerol for systemic energy need. However, adipose tissues have also been shown as highly active endocrine and metabolically important organs to modulate energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis. Brown adipose tissue plays an essential role in non-shivering thermogenesis and in energy dissipation that can serve to protect against obesity. White adipose tissue, referred as either subcutaneous or visceral adipose tissue, has been shown to secret an array of molecules, termed adipokines. These adipokines function as circulating hormones to communicate with other organs including the brain, liver, muscle, immune system, and adipose tissue itself, resulting in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. The dysregulation of adipokines has been implicated in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Recently, inflammatory responses in adipose tissue have also been shown as one of the major mechanisms to induce peripheral tissue glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Although leptin and adiponectin regulate feeding behavior and energy expenditure, these adipokines are also involved in the regulation of obesity-induced inflammation. Adipose tissue secretes various pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines to modulate inflammation and insulin resistance. In obese humans and rodent models, the expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines is enhanced and can directly result in insulin resistance. Collectively, these findings have suggested that obesity-induced insulin resistance may result, at least in part, from an imbalance in the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines at adipose tissues. Thus, we will describe the recent progress regarding the physiological and molecular function of adipokines in the obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
The Exposome: Making Chemical Exposures Relevant to Biology Instruction

“Investigating the Exposome: Vinyl Chloride Exposure, DNA Damage & Repair” is a data interpretation and graphing activity that provides students a relevant context in which to explore and refine what they know about DNA structure and function, mutation, DNA repair, and cancer formation. The activity utilizes published scientific data and invites students to assess the impact of exposure to vinyl chloride on DNA in an effort to introduce them to the concept of the exposome and engage them in this exciting field of scientific research.