cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual estimate of the percentage of carcinoma is an independent predictor of prostate carcinoma recurrence after radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUND. The importance of tumor size measurements as predictors of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate carcinoma remains somewhat controversial, and many pathologists do not report these measurements routinely. The authors studied the correlation between the visual estimate of the percentage of carcinoma in prostatic tissue from radical prostatectomy specimens and prostate carcinoma recurrence rates in a series of 595 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. METHODS. A total of 595 men with clinically localized prostate carcinoma were treated by the same surgeon (W.J.C.) from 1993 through 1997. The percentage of carcinoma in radical prostatectomy specimens from these patients was assessed microscopically through visual estimate. The authors used Kaplan‐Meier product limit estimates, log-rank statistics, and the Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate the percentage of carcinoma in the pathologic specimens as predictors of recurrence free survival. RESULTS. Of the 595 patients, 46 (8%) had evidence of tumor recurrence. The mean percentage of carcinoma in the prostatectomy specimen was 11.3% in the group of patients who did not have disease recurrence and 23.8% in the group of patients who did experience disease recurrence. The percentage of carcinoma, preoperative prostate specific antigen levels, tumor differentiation (histologic Gleason grade), and pathologic stage all were significant predictors of disease recurrence according to the Kaplan‐Meier method (all log-rank P values , 0.0001). Using the Cox proportional hazards model, controlling for all of these variables, only pathologic tumor stage, Gleason score, and percentage of carcinoma proved to be independent predictors of disease recurrence. In the final model, which included pathologic stage, Gleason score, and percentage of carcinoma, for each 5% increase in the percentage of carcinoma in the surgical specimen, there was an 11% incremental increase in the chance of tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS. The visual estimate of the percentage of carcinoma in prostatic tissue specimens from patients who undergo radical prostatectomy is a practical, simple, and inexpensive method that provides important prognostic information
Sex Differences in Factors Influencing Recovery from Arthroscopic Knee Surgery

Background Many factors affect recovery from arthroscopic partial meniscectomy, including patient sex. However, sex differences in time to maximal recovery of knee function and factors influencing differential rates of recovery are unknown.
A study of the interactions of benzo[f]quinoline, quinoline and phenanthrene by infrared and reflectance spectroscopy and the relationship to room-temperature phosphorescence

Abstract Reflectance spectroscopy is used to provide evidence for the forms of benzo[f]quinoline and quinoline adsorbed on filter papre, silica gel chromatoplates, and 0.5% polyacrylic acidNaCl mixture. Infrared data suggest several hydrogen bonding interactions for benzo[f]quinoline and phenanthrene with polyacrylic acid-salt mixtures. With the reflectance and infrared data, a partial model for phosphor/solid surface interaction was developed for the compounds; this model should be useful in room-temperature phosphorescence work.
Chemistry of singlet Oxygen. XXVII. Directing effect of methoxy group in additions to methoxystyrenes

Abstract A methoxy group on a styrene double bond directs O2 attack cis , giving 1,4 addition if the phenyl is cis , or ene reaction if a CH3 is cis . If no substituent is cis , 1,4 attack on the trans phenyl occurs at a slower rate.
Temporally-Patterned Deep Brain Stimulation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Traumatic Brain Injury

We report that mice with closed-head multiple traumatic brain injury (TBI) show a decrease in the motoric aspects of generalized arousal, as measured by automated, quantitative behavioral assays. Further, we found that temporally-patterned deep brain stimulation (DBS) can increase generalized arousal and spontaneous motor activity in this mouse model of TBI. This arousal increase is input-pattern-dependent, as changing the temporal pattern of DBS can modulate its effect on motor activity. Finally, an extensive examination of mouse behavioral capacities, looking for deficits in this model of TBI, suggest that the strongest effects of TBI in this model are found in the initiation of any kind of movement.
An Isolate of Piscirickettsia salmonis from White Seabass is Fully Virulent for Coho Salmon

Abstract The virulence of the WSB-98 isolate of Piscirickettsia salmonis from white seabass Atractoscion nobilis was compared with that of the American Type Culture Collection type strain LF-89, which was originally isolated from coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Chile. In controlled laboratory challenges of juvenile coho salmon, the isolate from white seabass exhibited virulence that was equal to or greater than that of LF-89. The cumulative percent mortality (CPM) was similar between groups of coho salmon receiving an intraperitoneal injection of WSB-98 at 104.5 tissue culture infectious dose with 50% endpoint (TCID50)/fish (CPM = 98%) or an injection of LF-89 at 104.8 TCID50/fish (CPM = 95%). The mean day to death of 9.3 d for WSB-98 and 18.6 d for LF-89, however, differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between the two isolates. The virulence of an isolate of P. salmonis from white seabass for a salmonid species is consistent with the hypothesis that nonsalmonids can serve as natural marine hosts for the...
Structure of the apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 bound to ADP

Apoptosis is executed by caspases, which undergo proteolytic activation in response to cell death stimuli. The apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) controls caspase activation downstream of mitochondria. During apoptosis, Apaf-1 binds to cytochrome c and in the presence of ATP/dATP forms an apoptosome, leading to the recruitment and activation of the initiator caspase, caspase-9 (ref. 2). The mechanisms underlying Apaf-1 function are largely unknown. Here we report the 2.2-A crystal structure of an ADP-bound, WD40-deleted Apaf-1, which reveals the molecular mechanism by which Apaf-1 exists in an inactive state before ATP binding. The amino-terminal caspase recruitment domain packs against a three-layered alpha/beta fold, a short helical motif and a winged-helix domain, resulting in the burial of the caspase-9-binding interface. The deeply buried ADP molecule serves as an organizing centre to strengthen interactions between these four adjoining domains, thus locking Apaf-1 in an inactive conformation. Apaf-1 binds to and hydrolyses ATP/dATP and their analogues. The binding and hydrolysis of nucleotides seem to drive conformational changes that are essential for the formation of the apoptosome and the activation of caspase-9.
An application of least squares fit mapping to text information retrieval

This paper describes a unique example-based mapping method for document retrieval. We discovered that the knowledge about relevance among queries and documents can be used to obtain empirical connections between query terms and the canonical concepts which are used for indexing the content of documents. These connections do not depend on whether there are shared terms among the queries and documents; therefore, they are especially effective for a mapping from queries to the documents where the concepts are relevant but the terms used by article authors happen to be different from the terms of database users. We employ a Linear Least Squares Fit (LLSF) technique to compute such connections from a collection of queries and documents where the relevance is assigned by humans, and then use these connections in the retrieval of documents where the relevance is unknown. We tested this method on both retrieval and indexing with a set of MEDLINE documents which has been used by other information retrieval systems for evaluations. The effectiveness of the LLSF mapping and the significant improvement over alternative approaches was evident in the tests.
SU-E-J-82: Improvement in Reproducibility of Lung Expansion Measures with Respiratory Effort Correction.

Purpose: Longitudinal measurements of pulmonary function must account for subject variation when assessing radiation‐induced changes. Previously, we reported intra‐subject reproducibility of Jacobian‐based measures of lungtissue expansion using repeat 4DCT scans prior to radiation therapy without correcting for differences in respiratory effort. In this study, we present two normalization schemes that correct ventilation images for variations in respiratory effort. Methods: Two repeat 4DCT image acquisitions were collected before treatment from seven patients. Using a tissue volume preserving deformable image registration algorithm, two Jacobian ventilation maps were computed from separate acquisitions. Two effort normalization strategies were investigated using intermediated inspiration phases upon the principles of equivalent tidal volume (ETV) and equivalent lung volume (ELV). Additional experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of the ETV method. Scatter plots of two ventilation maps and statistical parameters of Jacobian ratio were compared before and after each effort correction approach. Results: The scatter plots of the ventilation maps show improvement in measurement reproducibility using either the ETV or ELV effort correction for all but one case. The one case that did not show improvement had a very similar lung volumes and tidal volumes in the two studies, so effort correction was unnecessary. The coefficient of variation (CV) of Jacobian ratio improved by 21±11 percent (mean±standard deviation) after ETV, and improved by 20±17 percent after ELV. Our experimental results on ETV show the decrease of tidal volume difference in two acquisitions improves reproducibility of lung expansion measures. Conclusions: ETV and ELV correction methods improve the reproducibility of pulmonary function measurements in subjects that have differences in respiratory effort in the baseline and followup scans. Additional work is needed to investigate whether ETV or ELV is more effective, and to develop alternate regional normalization schemes that can account for difference in lung expansion rates.
High resource hospitalizations among children with vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease.

Background Vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) contribute to frequent hospitalizations among children with sickle cell disease (SCD). The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with high resource utilization during hospitalizations for VOC. Procedure We analyzed pediatric discharges 0–18 years of age with a primary diagnosis of SCD with crisis from the 2006 Kids' Inpatient Database, a nationally representative sample of pediatric hospital discharges. High resource hospitalizations were defined as those in the highest decile for total charges. We conducted sample-weighted regression analyses to determine associations between independent variables (patient demographics, hospital characteristics, illness severity) and high resource use. Results There were 9,893 (0.371%) discharges for children with VOCs. Median total hospitalization charges were $10,691. In multivariate analysis, children 15–18 years of age (odds ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.54–4.53), 10–14 years of age (OR 2.72, 95% CI 2.07–3.59), and 5–9 years of age (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.30–2.34) had higher odds of high resource hospitalizations compared to children 0–4 years of age. Care in a children's hospital had three times the odds of high resource use compared to care in a general hospital. Discharges with secondary diagnoses including pneumonia (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.96–3.09) and constipation (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.31–2.40) were also associated with high resource use. Conclusions Older age and secondary diagnoses were associated with high resource use during VOC hospitalizations. These findings suggest the need to improve adherence to comprehensive care among older children to prevent VOCs and standardize protocols to manage VOC complications. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 584–590. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neurobiology of social anxiety disorder: the relevance of fear and anxiety.

Objective: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a ubiquitous anxiety disorder. Despite being the third most common psychiatric disorder, little is known about the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in the development of SAD. The available literature on SAD has been compared with data on the genetics and environmental impact on the phenotypic expression of fear and anxiety, and its implicated neurobiology, in order to explore the neurobiology of SAD as understood through the neurochemical dysregulation expressed in fear and anxiety. Method: A systematic review of the literature was employed for the years from 1966 to 2001. Results: SAD does indeed have much overlap with fear and anxiety. This is best demonstrated by the interactions of the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems with each other and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Conclusion: SAD may well be understood as one potential outcome for predisposed individuals who are exposed to the proverbial 'second hit', or environmental insult, in childhood. Behavioral inhibition may be an early expression of this predisposition, with natural progression to SAD occurring via a disruption of neurochemical homeostasis. Through animal and human data it has become evident that fear and anxiety have shared, as well as distinct, neurochemical and neuroanatomical pathways. These similarities are expressed as symptoms and objective signs that are common to many individuals with social anxiety disorder.
Study of Lattice Strain Propagation in Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Nano Scale Magnesium Oxide Thin Film on 6H-SiC Substrates Using Neural Network Computer Models

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a candidate for interface layer application in multifunctional heterostructures. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of MgO on 6H-SiC is studied for effective integration of functional oxides. In this research we present the neural network assisted design of experiment (DOE) analysis of the crystalline structure of MgO films grown over 6H-SiC substrates. Based on reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) characterization of the MgO (111) films grown we present the DOE analyses of the strain propagation in two different orientations (110 and 112) during growth process with respect to growth time, substrate temperature, magnesium source temperature, plasma intensity and percentage oxygen on the starting surface of 6H-SiC substrates. We conducted constant substrate temperature (150°C) and constant plasma intensity (350mV) analyses to quantify the relation between lattice strains in and directions. The constant plasma intensity analysis reveals that the growth propagates in a tensile strain mode for well reconstructed SiC surface. However, excessive oxygen on the SiC surface causes the lattice of MgO twist due to tensile strain as seen from the direction and compressive strain in direction. In constant substrate temperature analysis we found that the principal tensile strain inducing variable in direction is growth time and the strain continues to increase as the film grows thicker. However, in direction the optimum plasma intensity is critical to maintain the optimum strain in the film structure.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The relationship between patterns of incorrect responses and enhanced discrimination-reversal learning in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)☆☆☆

Abstract Discrimination-reversal learning was assessed in nine rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) using an automated learning-set apparatus which permitted the measurement of learning-set skills and analysis of the patterns of incorrect responding. The three animals who attained the highest reversal scores (High) were compared with the three animals which had the lowest reversal scores (Low) with respect to the relative frequencies of errors involving either a single wrong response or more than one wrong response (2–9 consecutive errors). The groups did not differ from each other in acquisition, whereas in reversal the High Group made more errors involving a single incorrect response and fewer strings of consecutive errors. For the Low Group the relationship was reversed. These results suggest that the patterning of incorrect responses is an index of discrimination-reversal performance which may be useful in comparative studies of primate learning.
A Glass Half-Full? No, but Perhaps a Glass Filling: The Contributions of International Politics Research to Policy

relations research to public policy is not a new topic for discussion. Indeed, it has been the subject of repeated commentary and analysis. Most considerations of the topic, alas, are not sanguine with respect to the contributions of international relations research to political life generally and policy making in particular.' The reasons advanced to explain this are several, but usually include ideas about the two different cultures in which academics and
Selective depletion of alloreactive donor lymphocytes: a novel method to reduce the severity of graft-versus-host disease in older patients undergoing matched sibling donor stem cell transplantation.

We have selectively depleted host-reactive donor T cells from peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant allografts ex vivo using an anti-CD25 immunotoxin. We report a clinical trial to decrease graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in elderly patients receiving selectively depleted PBSC transplants from HLA-identical sibling donors. Sixteen patients (median age, 65 years [range, 51-73 years]), with advanced hematologic malignancies underwent transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning with fludarabine and either cyclophosphamide (n = 5), melphalan (n = 5), or busulfan (n = 6). Cyclosporine was used as sole GVHD prophylaxis. The allograft contained a median of 4.5 × 106 CD34 cells/kg (range, 3.4-7.3 × 106 CD34 cells/kg) and 1.0 × 108/kg (range, 0.2-1.5 × 108/kg) selectively depleted T cells. Fifteen patients achieved sustained engraftment. The helper T-lymphocyte precursor (HTLp) frequency assay demonstrated successful (mean, 5-fold) depletion of host-reactive donor T cells, with conservation of third-party response in 9 of 11 cases tested. Actuarial rates of acute GVHD were 46% ± 13% for grades II to IV and 12% ± 8% for grades III to IV. These results suggest that allodepletion of donor cells ex vivo is clinically feasible in older patients and may reduce the rate of severe acute GVHD. Further studies with selectively depleted transplants to evaluate graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) and survival are warranted.
The radiation‐induced polymerization of dienes with sulfur dioxide

Copolymers of sulfur dioxide and butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, and chloroprene were prepared by irradiation at low temperatures with remarkably high efficiency. The polymers were all insoluble in the monomer mixtures and therefore only limited kinetic data could be obtained. However, the following conclusions could be reached from the data. Isoprene, butadiene, and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene all produced 1:1 copolymers with sulfur dioxide across a wide range of temperature and composition. At high sulfur dioxide contents the cyclic sulfones began to form. Chloroprene behaved differently in that copolymers containing considerably more than 50 mole-% of chloroprene were obtained. Also, the infrared spectra revealed a considerable proportion of pendant vinyl groups as compared with the predominately 1,4 addition in the case of the other dienes studied. The isoprene and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene polymers were found to be soluble in highly polar solvents containing dissolved salts. At lower temperatures the radiation caused concurrent degradation of the polymer. The compositions of isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene and sulfur dioxide terpolymers were found to be unusually sensitive to the polymerization temperature. Thermal gravimetric analysis of the various polymers showed thermal stabilities in the order, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene > isoprene and butadiene > chloroprene. A sample of tetramethylene polysulfone prepared chemically showed greatly enhanced thermal stability, catastrophic degradation beginning about 100°C. higher than the corresponding butadiene copolymer. Attempts to hydrogenate the diene copolymers were unsuccessful although the corresponding cyclic sulfones were hydrogenated successfully. The highly efficient radiation polymerizations are believed to be free radical in nature and to proceed via monomer complex function. The difficulty of chain termination between sulfonyl radicals is suggested as a reason for the very high yields and molecular weights obtained at low temperatures.
Implicit short-term memory and event frequency effects in visual search.

Abstract Numerous experiments have shown that animals and humans behave as if guided by an implicit knowledge of the relative frequency of occurrence of events in their environment. A well-known example of such trait is “Hick’s Law” for reaction times: responses to more frequent stimuli are faster than to less frequent ones. In the present study, we demonstrate that an important source of the effects produced by Hick’s law in the context of a visual search task is to be found in a form of implicit short-term memory, previously described as Priming of Pop-out. We report the results of experiments in which we have disrupted or enhanced the accumulation of implicit short-lived memory traces in the context of visual search tasks where stimulus frequency was varied. With target frequencies greater than 20%, these memory manipulations resulted in the elimination or enhancement of the effect of stimulus frequency on reaction times, thus indicating that an implicit, finite-memory accumulator is an important underlying mechanism for frequency effects in visual search paradigms. We characterize the properties of the accumulator and discuss the kinds of behaviors in which it may be implicated.
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY, NOT VISITATION BIAS, DOMINATES VARIATION IN HERBIVORY

Experiments in ecology can have unintended side effects. Recently, it has been suggested that the act of visiting a plant, inherent to studying herbivory, may alter plant performance and interactions. To evaluate the generality of this inference, we examined plant performance and herbivory on 14 plant species in three geographic regions. Visitation did not significantly affect any of the variables that we measured, including leaf damage, height, biomass, or survivorship, for any species. However, rates of herbivory varied significantly among sites and regions. Thus, our data do not support the generality of visitation impacting estimates of herbivory. We propose that future studies of herbivory will gain more by evaluating spatial heterogeneity in interaction outcomes than by quantifying possible experimenter-caused variation.
Integrated Electric Motor Drive and Power Electronics for Bidirectional Power Flow Between the Electric Vehicle and DC or AC Grid

This paper presents an integrated traction machine and converter topology that has bidirectional power flow capability between an electric vehicle and the dc or ac supply or grid. The inductances of the traction motor windings are used for bidirectional converter operation to transfer power eliminating the need for extra inductors for the charging and vehicle-to-grid converter operations. These operations are in addition to the vehicle traction mode operation. The electric powertrain system size and weight can be minimized with this approach. The concept has been analyzed with finite-element- coupled simulation with dynamic analysis software. Experimental results are also provided with electric machines. The interleaving technique has been used with the inductors to share the current and reduce the converter switching stresses.
Disciplining the "Second World": The Relationship between Transnational and Local Forces in Contemporary Hungarian Women's Social Movements

During the past 20 years, Hungarian women's movements have been increasingly reaching out to their transnational counterparts for inspiration and support. The activists' growing exposure at the transnational level has profoundly affected the thematic foci that they select for mobilisation. Generational and information-technology changes have both added to the increasing focus of Hungarian women's organisations on domestic violence. Such a shift has channelled attention away from welfare-related issues for the sake of resonance and transnational support. This article investigates these trends and changes, suggests reasons for their emergence, and addresses their implications.
Review of current varicocelectomy techniques and their outcomes

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? The relationship between varicocele and infertility is well established, and several surgical and radiological techniques for varicocelectomy are currently used in practice. The postoperative benefits of the surgery is also well established. The AUA has set forth guidelines on the evaluation and indications for treatment of varicocele; however, to date, there is no consensus as to which surgical technique should be considered the gold standard. This paper evaluates the current methods in practice and evaluates them based on specific and stringent criteria. All surgical and radiological methods that are frequently used were included. We suggest that by using either of the two microsurgical techniques, inguinal or subinguinal, that there would be better outcomes across all parameters postoperatively with better long term outcomes. We also investigated several new techniques and made recommendations for further research. OBJECTIVES • To review all the various techniques and their results and efficiencies to provide practicing urologists with some guidance for choice of technique • To discuss improvements of varicocelectomy techniques in the last 15 years and their impact on results of surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS • A PubMed English literature review of literature from 1995 to present. RESULTS • Pregnancy rates were highest with microsurgical subinguinal technique • Varicocele recurrence rates were lowest with microsurgical subinguinal technique • Hydrocele formation rates were lowest with microsurgical inguinal technique • Surgical complications were highest in the laparoscopic technique • Varicocelectomy by itself or in conjunction with IVF is cost effective CONCLUSIONS • Microsurgical subinguinal or microsurgical inguinal techniques offer best outcomes • Varicocelectomy is a cost effective treatment modality for infertility • Further research is needed to explore new developments in varicocelectomy
Fractional-order system identification based on continuous order-distributions

This paper discusses the identification of fractional- and integer-order systems using the concept of continuous order-distribution. Based on the ability to define systems using continuous order-distributions, it is shown that frequency domain system identification can be performed. Least-squares techniques are applied to discretized order-distributions. Methods are presented for properly discretizing the order-distribution.
Effects of Emotion and Age on Performance During a Think/No-Think Memory Task

Recent studies have demonstrated that young adults can voluntarily suppress information from memory when directed to. After learning novel word pairings to criterion, participants are shown individual words and instructed either to “think” about the associated word, or to put it out of mind entirely (“no-think”). When given a surprise cued recall test, participants typically show impaired recall for “no-think” words relative to “think” or “control” (un-manipulated) words. The present study investigated whether this controlled suppression effect persists in an aged population, and examined how the emotionality of the to-be-suppressed word affects suppression ability. Data from four experiments using the think/no-think task demonstrate that older and younger adults can suppress information when directed to (Experiment 1), and the age groups do not differ significantly in this ability. Experiments 2 through 4 demonstrate that both age groups can suppress words that are emotional (positive or negative valence) or neutral. The suppression effect also persists even if participants are tested using independent probe words that are semantically related to the target words but were not the studied cue words (Experiments 3 and 4). These data suggest that the cognitive functioning necessary to suppress information from memory is present in older adulthood, and that both emotional and neutral information can be successfully suppressed from memory.
Current management of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with HIV co-infection.

As a result of shared routes of transmission, coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients. The prevalence of HIV/HCV coinfection is particularly high among persons who have used injection drugs; however, more recently, sexual transmission of HCV has been recognized among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Over the past decade, the effectiveness of HIV treatment improved substantially, leading to a substantial reduction in HIV/AIDS-related deaths; in this context, liver disease due to HCV infection has emerged as major concern for co-infected patients. Over the same period, treatment of HCV remained stagnant, with pegylated interferon alfa (PegIFN) plus ribavirin (RBV; PegIFN/RBV) entrenched as the standard treatment for HCV infection for co-infected patients, who have the greatest risk for liver disease. However, the effectiveness of HCV treatment in this population has been disappointing because of low rates of treatment initiation and success. In 2011, novel HCV NS3/4A PIs (PIs), telaprevir and boceprevir, were approved for use in combination with PegIFN/RBV for the treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection; at the time of approval, important questions regarding the efficacy, safety, and potential for drug interactions with telaprevir and boceprevir had not been answered. More recently, data from drug-interaction studies and 2 small, phase II clinical trials indicate that these HCV treatment regimens may lead to higher rates of HCV eradication in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, with manageable toxicity and pharmacologic interactions with antiretroviral drugs. As such, these HCV PI–based regimens have emerged as the standard for the treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection in carefully selected HIV-infected patients.
Rheology of aqueous boehmite-coated silicon nitride suspensions and gels

The rheological properties of boehmite-coated silicon nitride aqueous suspensions and gels are reported. In unidirectional rheological tests, it was found that the boehmite coating reduces the viscosity of the suspensions over a wide range of shear rates and volume fractions of particles. The suspension shear stress as a function of shear rate can be described by the Bingham model, and the Bingham yield stresses of boehmite-coated silicon nitride suspensions are lower than those of the uncoated suspensions. The reduction in the viscosity and the Bingham yield stress is attributed to a shallower secondary minimum in the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) potential between coated particles than that for uncoated silicon nitride particles. Moreover, at low values of pH, the coated silicon nitride suspensions gelled over time, and the viscoelastic behavior of the gels was studied by dynamic oscillatory tests. It was found that the shear modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) remain constant up to a certain strain amplitude, γ°, beyond which G′ and G″ begin to vary. The value of G′ in the linear region increases exponentially, whereas γ° decreases exponentially with the volume fraction of coated silicon nitride particles. The exponential behavior of the shear modulus G′ of the gels is similar to the exponential pressure-density relationship found in the previous pressure filtration study, indicating that particulate rearrangement occurs as volume fraction of particles is increased.
Effect of Abrading the Cuticle Using Emery

Abrading the cuticle is sometimes required in order to measure auxin-stimulated acidification. We have determined, however, that the process should be used with caution. The diameter of the Edmund Scientific emery No. 305 particles was found to be near 40 times greater than cuticle thickness (0-14 /im). Thus it was not surprising to find that even gentle abrasion might cause damage to the epidermal cells. The resultant wounding may complicate interpretation of experimental results because the healing process shown to follow the wounding is likely to have an auxin-regulated component. Experiments should be designed to differentiate wound-related auxin
Accuracy and Performance Testing of Three-Dimensional Unsaturated Flow Finite Element Groundwater Programs on the Cray XT3 Using Analytical Solutions

Because Richards? equation for describing unsaturated groundwater flow is highly nonlinear, it is challenging to test the accuracy and efficiency of parallel three-dimensional finite element groundwater programs used to model such activities as remediation of military sites and computing flows and pressures in levees broken by Hurricane Katrina. To aid in this testing, the author has recently derived steady-state and transient analytical solutions for unsaturated flow. With these solutions, both accuracy of the numerical solutions and the performance of the parallel versions of the computer programs may be easily tested. The other significant feature of these analytical solutions is that the amount of nonlinearity of the equation may be easily adjusted by a parameter ?. This paper first presents the equations for the analytical solutions of steady-state and transient flow into a rectangular block of initially dry soil. It then uses the program FEMWATER as a benchmark to compute the numerical solutions corresponding to these analytical solutions. Accuracy results for various sizes of the mesh and numbers of processing elements (PEs) on the Cray XT3 are computed for different values of ?. The number of nonlinear iterations for the steady-state problem is also reported. The result of the accuracy assessment is that as ? is increased, the errors also increase significantly with even 512 PEs not being enough compute power to adequately solve the problem. Overall parallel performance and performance of the Message Passing Interface calls for updating the ghost nodes and are also tested with results given. The result of this study is that scaling of a 1,000,000-element problem was good up to 256 PEs (64 PEs is the typical sweet spot for FEMWATER), and the performance of the ghost-node updating routine met or exceeded expectations.
New Developments in Surface-to-Surface Discretization Strategies for Analysis of Interface Mechanics

This article summarizes recent results pertaining to the implementation of mortar-based contact formulations in nonlinear computational solid mechanics. In particular, the authors discuss extension of the mortar framework to encompass large sliding, searching algorithms, treatment of self-contact phenomena, and use of the mortar framework to treat problems of lubricated contact.
Dynamics Between Small and Large Projects

In this chapter, we will investigate using analytic methods the roles of small and large projects in the development and evolution of a commercial company and why companies with a history of taking on large projects tend to eventually fail with large projects. From the point of view of the systemic yoyo model, this end seems to be quite clear. In particular, when a spinning yoyo focuses on taking in only smaller and weaker rotational fields, this specific yoyo will have a better chance to be long lasting and to grow with each acquisition of a smaller and weaker field than when it also takes in powerful rotational fields. On the other hand, when a spinning yoyo engages in conflicts only with same size or larger and stronger rotational fields, sooner or latter, this specific yoyo will have to face off with a much more powerful rotational field than it is. So, as soon as it faces with such a powerful field that is so powerful that it just simply destroys the specific spinning yoyo. For this end, please consult with Case Study 10.1 in Sect. 10.6 below.
A simple respiratory severity score that may be used in evaluation of acute respiratory infection

Acute respiratory infections are ubiquitous and may have long-term implications on respiratory health. There are many scoring systems used to objectively measure severity of respiratory infections in clinical and research settings. A respiratory severity score derived exclusively from physical exam components (RSS-HR) was studied as an objective measure of disease severity and was compared to a previously described score that uses pulse oximetry as a component of its score (RSS-SO). A score was derived from 497 infants. The RSS-HR median score was higher in infants that were hospitalized (8.0) versus outpatient (4.0, p < 0.001), and those with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) (6.5) versus upper respiratory infections (URI) (1.0, p < 0.001). When discriminating upper versus LRTIs the concordance index of regression for RSS-HR was 0.91 and RSS-SO was 0.93. RSS-HR distinguishes disease severity based on level of care, as well as LRTI versus URI.
Asymmetric azimuthal distribution of hadrons inside a jet from hadron-hadron collisions.

We study the azimuthal asymmetric distribution of hadronsinside a high energy jet in the single transverse polarized proton protonscattering, coming from the Collins effect multiplied by the quarktransversity distribution. We argue that the Collins function in thisprocess is the same as that in the semi-inclusive deep inelasticscattering. The experimental study of this process will provide usimportant information on the quark transversity distribution and test theuniversality of the fragmentation functions.
Reed-Solomon error-correction as a software patch mechanism.

This report explores how error-correction data generated by a Reed-Solomon code may be used as a mechanism to apply changes to an existing installed codebase. Using the Reed-Solomon code to generate error-correction data for a changed or updated codebase will allow the error-correction data to be applied to an existing codebase to both validate and introduce changes or updates from some upstream source to the existing installed codebase.
Control Challenges in Microgrids and the Role of Energy-Efficient Buildings [Scanning the Issue]

This special issue brings together recent research on the efficient use of energy in commercial, residential, and other types of buildings and facilities.
Divergent Ambulatory and Grooming Behavior in Serially Bottlenecked Lines of the Housefly

The extent of genome-wide restructuring predicted in bottleneck models of speciation is addressed in assays of non-reproductive behavior in lines of the housefly. After five serial founder-flush cycles of one of three sizes (1, 4, or 16 pairs), each bottleneck line showed significant differentiation from the outbred control in ambulatory levels and grooming sequences in videotaped records of precopulatory activity. Only one line (4-pair) showed overall lethargy which was associated to inbreeding depression in egg-to-adult viability, thus exemplifying a case of probable extinction due to bottlenecks. The two most hyperactive lines (1- and 16-pair) showed very similar directions of differentiation from the control in locomotor activity and grooming behavior, as well as in mating behavior evaluated from a separate study. This high congruence suggested that directional selection toward the phenotypic optima of the ancestor operated on the bottleneck populations and that a 10-fold difference in theoretical inbreeding coefficients did not affect the magnitude of response. The remaining two bottleneck lines showed some independence from these general trajectories, their divergence along minor axes of ancestral intercorrelation structure possibly being more important to the formation of new species. Significant perturbations of the thresholds for execution of grooming and locomotor movements suggested increased evolutionary potential for ritualization (i.e., sexual selection for adoption of non-reproductive behavior into courtship repertoire) due to bottlenecks.
Assessment of diet formulation strategies that improve crumble quality and poult performance1

Abstract In previous research at West Virginia University, we found that a lignosulfonate pellet binder and 3% mixer-added fat (MAF) maintains feed quality while improving amino acid digestibility using a rooster model. The current study examined the effect of commercial turkey starter diets varying in amino acid density (AAD; normal or high) and manufacturing technique (MTECH; MTECH1 utilized 1% MAF + 0.5% sand and MTECH2 utilized 3% MAF + 0.5% binder) on commercial feed mill manufacture efficiency and d 10 to 40 poult performance. All diets were manufactured at a commercial feed mill and descriptive manufacture data was obtained demonstrating that MTECH2 maintained feed quality to that produced utilizing MTECH1. In addition, MTECH2 produced larger, more uniform crumbles. Diets were then randomly assigned to 1 of 16 pens containing 105 male 10-d-old Hybrid Convertor poults and fed until d 40 at a facility designed to mimic commercial grow-out. The highest average poult weights were achieved when poults were fed high-AAD diets manufactured utilizing MTECH2. This study demonstrates that MTECH2 has benefit in commercial turkey feed manufacture and feeding.
Characteristics and Applications of Advanced Light Source and Novel Photocathode

2010 is the 50th anniversary of the invention of laser.I will describe the evolution of laser,synchrotron radiation light and new generation light source-free electron laser(also called x-ray laser).Novel photocathode is identified as a key area of research needed to meet the challenge of next generation light sources,where in particular,it operates at very high repetition rate and low emittance.One front field of scientific research in the world is to study the ultra-fast and ultra-small world.The combination of high brightness and ultra-fast pulse of x-ray laser with ultra-fast detector will make important contributions to the ultrafast dynamic study of the ultra-small world.The work function,vectorial photoelectric effect and angle resolved photoemission of single-crystal surface of typically used metallic photocathode and multi-alkali photocathode will be reported.The ultra-fast dynamics of magnetism material Fe/Gd and the warm-dense-matter generated by focusing a fs laser on Cu will also be reported.
Detection of Male Reproductive Abnormalities by Flow Cytometry Measurements of Testicular and Ejaculated Germ Cells

The sequence of biochemical and morphological events that characterize the cellular pathway leading from the diploid spermatogonia to mature haploid sperm represents one of the most dramatic differentiation pathways in biology. Table 1 illustrates some of the reporductive tract events within this differentiation pathway that can be modified by environmental agents. Some of the specific events underlying sperm maturation currently under investigation in this laboratory include studies on macromolecular synthesis, meiosis, exchange of nuclear histones for protamines, disulfide bonding and sperm head shaping as they are influenced by mutagens and other environmental factors.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Large Axial Tensile Force on the Natural Frequency of a Fixed-Fixed Steel Beam

Steel beams are one of the most commonly used structural elements in building and bridge design, and in aerospace and mechanical engineering. The dynamic response, which is characterized by modification of the eigenparameters, changes when damage occurs. The linear relationship between the square of natural frequency and axial force within linear elastic region is well known. However, less research has been done on the nonlinear relationship between the two within the tensile plastic region. In this paper, experimental studies were conducted to measure the first natural frequency of a fixed-fixed steel beam under different axial tensile loads within both the elastic and plastic regions. It was observed that the curve softened after entering the plastic region. However, when taking into account the effect of length change on natural frequency, it shows a softening behavior first, followed by a stiffening behavior possibly due to strain hardening of the material.
Constraints on interacting scalars in two-time field theory and no scale models in one-time field theory

In this paper I determine the general form of the physical and mathematical restrictions that arise on the interactions of gravity and scalar fields in the 2T field theory setting, in d + 2 dimensions, as well as in the emerging shadows in d dimensions. These constraints on scalar fields follow from an underlying Sp(2, R) gauge symmetry in phase space. Determining these general constraints provides a basis for the construction of 2T supergravity, as well as physical applications in 1T-field theory, that are discussed briefly here and more detail elsewhere. In particular, no scale models that lead to a vanishing cosmological constant at the classical level emerge naturally in this setting.
Stereoretentive Olefin Metathesis: An Avenue to Kinetic Selectivity

Olefin metathesis is an incredibly valuable transformation that has gained widespread use in both academic and industrial settings. Lately, stereoretentive olefin metathesis has garnered much attention as a method for the selective generation of both E- and Z-olefins. Early studies employing ill-defined catalysts showed evidence for retention of the stereochemistry of the starting olefins at low conversion. However, thermodynamic ratios E/Z were reached as the reaction proceeded to equilibrium. Recent studies in olefin metathesis have focused on the synthesis of catalysts that can overcome the inherent thermodynamic preference of an olefin, providing synthetically useful quantities of a kinetically favored olefin isomer. These reports have led to the development of stereoretentive catalysts that not only generate Z-olefins selectively, but also kinetically produce E-olefins, a previously unmet challenge in olefin metathesis. Advancements in stereoretentive olefin metathesis using tungsten, ruthenium, and molybdenum catalysts are presented.
An Investigation of Title Ambiguity in the Health Sciences Literature

This research investigates what most catalogers already know—titles alone do not identify works sufficiently. Repetitive titles like “Annual Report” are just the tip of the iceberg. To explore the ...
Much binding in the lab

Application of a concept drawn from two areas of macromolecular chemistry shows how artificial binding sites that resemble those found in globular proteins can be made.