cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
G326(P) Bladder and Bowel Services of the Irish Paediatric Spina Bifida Population

Aims The management of continence issues for children with Spina Bifida requires early evaluation of bladder function and lifelong surveillance, ultimately aiming for social continence. The aim of this study was to identify the current bladder and bowel services available from the perspectives of parents and service providers of children with Spina Bifida in an Irish population. Methods This mixed methods study involved completion of self-developed questionnaires by 155 parents of and 247 service providers. It also included in-depth qualitative interviews (46) to gather further information. Participants were sampled from national databases, paediatricians, voluntary, and professional bodies to obtain a national representation. Results Parents and service providers both identified the Nurse Specialist as the most involved professional in addressing children’s continence needs (45% parents, 46% service providers). This service was highly valued where available, and the need for additional community continence nursing support to provide local family and staff training was identified. From a medical perspective 37% of parents noted their child had never seen a urologist with 63% indicating that they had not seen a urologist in the last year. Only 30% of parents and 39% of service providers felt a paediatrician was involved in addressing continence needs. 62% of services providers reported having no involvement in continence management with only 18% seeing this as being part of their role. In relation to interventions, half of the population use catheterisation and just under half are still reliant on nappies/pads. Prophylactic or therapeutic medications are taken by 60% and only 6% have had surgical intervention. Conclusion This study identified varied national services available to meet the bladder and bowel needs of this population. The community nursing support role was identified as a potential area for development, and additional support and training of existing staff could provide valuable support for bladder and bowel continence needs in the community. Medical support from specialist urology and paediatricians was an area identified as requiring development to manage patients’ medical needs.
AUTOECIOUS UROMYCES THAT INFECT NEW-WORLD EUPHORBIACEAE

Twenty valid autoecious species of Uromyces occur on new-world Euphorbiaceae. These are U. actinostemonis, L- agnatus, U. andinus, U. carthagenensis, U. cisneroanus, U. cnidoscoli, U. coordinatus, U. dictyosperma, U. euphorbiae, U. globosus, U. jatrophae, U. jatrophicola, U. macounianus, U. manihoticola, U. mayorii, U. oaxacanus, U. tolerandus, U. tranzschelii, U. uleanus, and U. vestitus. Host plants in the Euphorbiaceae and new-world distributions are given for each species.
Synergism of toxicity of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide to German cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) by hydrolytic enzyme inhibitors.

Various compounds were tested for effects on the toxicity of the insect repellent N, N -diethl-m-toluamide (DEET) in German cockroaches, Blattella gemanica (L.). Organophosphate and carbamate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors carbaryl, DEF, eserine (physostigmine), malathion and pyridostigmine bromide synergized DEET toxicity. Of those tested, their toxicity was synergized by DEET. Compounds that synergized DEET toxicity also synergized the toxicity of the formamidine pesticides Amitraz and chlordimeform. Results suggest that DEET may have some toxic actions that are similar to those of formamidine pesticides. DEET synergized the toxicity of some acetylcholinesterase inhibitors but not others. Results further suggest that some mechanism other than acetylcholinesterase inhibition was responsible for the toxic interactions observed between DEET and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Pulsed Laser Diode for Use as a Light Source for Short-Exposure, High-Frame-Rate Flow Visualization

A pulsed laser diode (PLD) is demonstrated as a practical light source for high-speed digital schlieren and shearing-interferometric cinematogrpahy. Frame rates of greater than 300k fps with exposure times on the order of 10 ns have been achieved with an inexpensive and user-friendly setup. The light source has primarily been used in our laboratory to study nonsteady phenomena in high-speed gas flows. Examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the PLD as a light source with characteristics of a narrow band of wavelength, short exposure time, high frame-rate, and long pulse train duration.
Cowper's syringocele causing incontinence in an adult.

AbstractWe report on a man with post-void incontinence owing to a dilated Cowper’s duct (syringocele), which was cured by endoscopic marsupialization. The clinical, radiographical and pathophysiological features of Cowper’s lesions are reviewed briefly.
Dynamic development of crop breeding in Taiwan and the cooperation in crop breeding and seed industry between Fujian and Taiwan

This paper introduces and analyzes the dynamic development of crop breeding in Taiwan from four aspects: collection and utilization of crop germplasm,plant variety protection measures,the development of rice and fruits breeding,and the trend of crop breeding technologies.Based on these,the paper makes three recommendations to strengthen cooperation and achieve win-win situation between Fujian and Taiwan,including promoting cross-strait exchange of crop germplasm and cooperation of breeding technologies,developing intellectual property rights(IPR) oriented agricultural technologies innovation and cooperation mechanisms,and constructing technical service mechanisms for the introduction,domestication and extension of crop varieties.
Inflammation, platelets, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.

Atherosclerosis, with its thromboembolic complications (including sudden cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and other ischemic organ damage, such as stroke, and ischemic renovascular disease), represents by far the major cause of death, morbidity, and disability for industrialized countries, and is rapidly spreading worldwide. Atherosclerosis is also a paradigm for complex, multifactorial disorders that affect humans in an age-dependent fashion. Atherosclerosis has usually been studied in a descriptive framework of biological and clinical data gathered over more than a century. As such, it is a chronic inflammatory process that selectively affects arterial vessels, and is, at least in part, genetically predetermined. Despite spectacular progress in the cardiovascular discipline, with the development of therapeutic strategies that have substantially improved the outcome of affected patients, several key questions remain unanswered: Why is aging such a powerful risk for coronary artery disease? What is the triggering mechanism for atherosclerotic inflammation? Do platelets promote inflammation? Also, in the context of this and accompanying reviews, do we modify coronary inflammation with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers? Recent progress in our understanding of the underlying process of atherosclerosis has provided us with the opportunity to refine the answers to some of these questions.
What Is New in Genetics and Genomics

The field of genetics and genomics has shown an exponential rise in diagnostic technology, our knowledge about genomic mechanisms which lead to intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorders, as well as the development of potential treatment modalities for many of these conditions. This chapter serves as an overview of some of the advances made in these three areas of genomics.
Kif1B Interacts with KBP to Promote Axon Elongation by Localizing a Microtubule Regulator to Growth Cones

Delivery of proteins and organelles to the growth cone during axon extension relies on anterograde transport by kinesin motors. Though critical for neural circuit development, the mechanisms of cargo-specific anterograde transport during axon extension are only starting to be explored. Cargos of particular importance for axon outgrowth are microtubule modifiers, such as SCG10 (Stathmin-2). SCG10 is expressed solely during axon extension, localized to growth cones, and essential for axon outgrowth; however, the mechanisms of SCG10 transport and activity were still debated. Using zebrafish mutants and in vivo imaging, we identified the Kif1B motor and its interactor Kif1 binding protein (KBP) as critical for SCG10 transport to axon growth cones and complete axon extension. Axon truncation in kbp st23 mutants can be suppressed by SCG10 overexpression, confirming the direct relationship between decreased SCG10 levels and failed axon outgrowth. Live imaging revealed that the reduced levels of SCG10 in kbp st23 mutant growth cones led to altered microtubule stability, defining the mechanistic basis of axon truncation. Thus, our data reveal a novel role for the Kif1B-KBP complex in the anterograde transport of SCG10, which is necessary for proper microtubule dynamics and subsequent axon extension. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Together, our data define the mechanistic underpinnings of failed axon outgrowth with loss of KBP or its associated motor, Kif1B. In addition, we provide conclusive evidence that this defect results from disruption of anterograde transport of SCG10. This is one of the first examples of a motor to be implicated in the essential transport of a discreet cargo necessary for axon extension. In addition, counter to previous in vitro and cell culture results, neither loss of the Kif1B motor nor KBP resulted in inhibition of mitochondrial transport. Altogether, our work links transport of SCG10 to the regulation of microtubule dynamics in the axon growth cone and enhances our understanding of this process during axon outgrowth.
Morphologic and thermophysical characteristics of lava flows southwest of Arsia Mons, Mars

Abstract The morphologic and thermophysical characteristics of part of the extensive lava flow fields southwest of Arsia Mons (22.5–27.5°S, 120–130°W) have been examined using a combination of orbital VNIR and TIR datasets. THEMIS images provide context for the regional geology and record diurnal temperature variability that is diverse and unusual for flow surfaces in such close proximity. CTX images were used to distinguish dominant flow types and assess local age relationships between individual lava flows. CTX and HiRISE images provide detailed information on flow surface textures and document aeolian effects as they reveal fine-grained deposits in many low-lying areas of the flow surfaces as well as small patches of transverse aeolian ridges. Although this region is generally dust-covered and has a lower overall thermal inertia, the THEMIS data indicate subtle spectral variations within the population of lava flows studied. These variations could be due to compositional differences among the flows or related to mixing of flow and aeolian materials. Specific results regarding flow morphology include: a) Two main lava flow types (bright, rugged and dark, smooth as observed in CTX images) dominate the southwest Arsia Mons/NE Daedalia Planum region; b) the bright, rugged flows have knobby, ridged, and/or platy surface textures, commonly have medial channel/levee systems, and may have broad distal lobes; c) the dark, smooth flows extend from distributary systems that consist of combinations of lava channels, lava tubes, and/or sinuous ridges and plateaus; and d) steep-sided, terraced margins, digitate breakout lobes, and smooth-surfaced plateaus along lava channel/tube systems are interpreted as signatures of flow inflation within the dark, smooth flow type. These flows exhibit smoother upper surfaces, are thinner, and have more numerous, smaller lobes, which, along with their the channel-/tube-fed nature, indicate a lower viscosity lava than for the bright, rugged flows. Flow patterns and local interfingering and overlapping relationships are delineated in CTX images and allow reconstruction of the complex flow field surfaces. Darker channel-/tube-fed flows are generally younger than adjacent thicker, bright, rugged flows; however, the diversity and complexity of temporal relationships observed, along with the thermophysical variability, suggests that lava sources with different eruptive styles and magnitudes and/or lavas that experienced different local emplacement conditions were active contemporaneously.
A Comparative Study of Numerical Solutions for Unsaturated Flow

Numerical solution of the unsaturated flow equation is inherently difficult because the governing equation is highly nonlinear. The problem is often exacerbated by the presence of steep moisture fronts. Numerical algorithms must accommodate both of these features to produce meaningful results. The present paper critically evaluates several linearization techniques applied to the unsaturated flow equation. These include standard Picard iteration, Newton-Raphson iteration, and a modified Picard iteration algorithm that is developed herein. Numerical test problems are based on field-measured constitutive data taken from the literature, and include a highly nonlinear soil with very dry initial moisture content.
The Taxation of Capital Gains: An Economic Analysis

FEw areas of taxation have been the subject of more controversy than capital gains and losses. In some countries, Canada for example,' capital gains are excluded from the concept of taxable income, while in others such gains are partially excluded or are subjected to preferential tax rates. This article is divided into two parts. The first deals with the economic nature of capital gains and the relation of these gains to ordinary income. The second examines critically the arguments for and against the taxation of such gains. Basically, it will be argued that there is no fundamental fiscal difference between capital gains and "ordinary" income which could justify preferential tax treatment of the former. While the two types of personal economic accretion exhibit superficial distinctions, these are of little, if any, relevance from the standpoint of the income tax. It is admitted that more complete taxation of capital gains will present some complications. While the problems are suggested, their solutions are properly left to the lawyer, accountant, and legislator. Suffice it to say that solutions exist. The conceptual distinction between capital gains and ordinary income has been described as follows: In both law and common speech, capital gains are generally regarded as the profits realized from increases in the market value of any assets that are not a part of the owner's stock-in-trade or that he does not regularly offer for sale; and capital losses, as the losses realized from declines in the market value of such assets. Ordinary profits and losses, in contrast, are realized on the sale of goods and services that are a part of the seller's stock-in-trade or that he regularly offers for sale.2 The gains (profits) realized by a tailor, for example, when selling his goods would be ordinary income, while any gain he would realize if he sold his machines would be a capital gain. The distinction, however, is not always as simple as this. While machines are income-producing properties for the tailor and not his stock-in-trade, they are the end merchandise of some other individual. In the latter case, therefore, their sale would yield ordinary income. Often the exact nature of a receipt, whether income or capital gains, is difficult to determine. The solution in most such instances rests mainly with the particular statute or its judicial interpretation. The primary sources of capital gains are capital assets. By means of buying and selling such income-producing rights as corporate securities, real estate, leases and contracts, many persons have accumulated great riches, not because of the income flows associated with these assets but rather from the disposal of 1For a historical treatment see Irving J. Goffman, "The Tax Treatment of Capital Gains
The Role of JAK3 mutations in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma.

Abstract Abstract 1940 Poster Board I-963 Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive and incurable cancer caused by infection from a retrovirus, Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type-1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 infects T cells and induces cell transformation through the expression of viral oncogenes such as tax. In newly infected cells, tax activates the expression of Interleukin-2 and the alpha subunit of its receptor (IL2RA) resulting in autocrine signaling that drives proliferation. In ATLL cells, tax is frequently deleted or silenced by methylation but there is constitutive activation of pathways downstream of IL-2 and related cytokines. These data led us to hypothesize that somatic mutations in this cytokine pathway may play a role in ATLL tumor progression. Encouraged by the recent discovery of activating mutations in JAK3 in diverse hematologic malignancies, we sequenced the exons of JAK3 in a small cohort of ATLL patients and found three missense mutations in the amino terminal FERM domain which were not found in Single Nucleotide Polymorphism databases. IL-2 signaling recapitulated in Human Embryonic Kidney 293T cells showed that these missense mutations caused increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the JAK3 substrate, STAT5A. Furthermore, enforced expression of these mutant JAK3s caused cytokine independent growth of BaF3 cells. The FERM domain of JAK3 is similar to the FERM domain of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), which has a solved crystal structure. Interestingly, the FAK FERM domain contacts and autoinhibits its own kinase domain. Our homology-based model suggests that the JAK3 missense mutations disrupt the secondary structure needed for this intramolecular contact thereby perturbing autoregulation of JAK3 kinase activity. Our findings suggest that JAK3 gain of function may play an important role in ATLL disease progression. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Phase II study of panitumumab, nab-paclitaxel, and carboplatin followed by FEC neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with primary HER2-negative inflammatory breast cancer.

1087Background: EGFR overexpression is an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Our IBC animal model indicated that EGFR-targeted therapy inhibited IBC tumor progression via reversing EMT and suppression of CSC phenotype. We hypothesized that the combination of an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for IBC produce higher pathological complete response (pCR; including breast and axilla) rates compared with our historic rates (triple-negative [TN], 12%; HR+/HER2-, 7%) of 527 patients. Methods: In this single-arm, phase II study (47 patients enrolled, closed in June 2015), patients received 1 dose of panitumumab in a window period followed by 4 cycles of the combination of panitumumab (2.5 mg/kg), nab-paclitaxel (100 mg/m2), and carboplatin (AUC 2) on a weekly (PNC) followed by 4 cycles of FEC (5-fluorouracil, 500 mg/m2; epirubicin, 100 mg/m2; cyclophosphamide, 500 mg/m2) was administered, followed by surgical resection, radiation, and ho...
CYTOSOLIC Ca ION ACTIVITY IN PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS OF NECTURUS KIDNEY

Publisher Summary This chapter describes that the level of ionized calcium (Ca) is one of the critical factors in the regulation of cellular functions. Models of ion and water transport in epithelia have assumed that the cytosolic Ca-ion level of epithelial cells is similar to that of excitable tissues and is much lower than the Ca-ion level in extracellular fluid. It has been proposed that a process of Na–Ca exchange across the basolateral cell membrane operates to maintain low cytosolic Ca-ion activity and is involved in the regulation of Na and water transport in epithelial cells. To test this hypothesis and its inherent assumptions, Ca-ion activity is measured in proximal tubular cells of Necturus kidneys perfused with Ringer's solution containing normal or low Na concentrations. It is suggested that an increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ activity, secondary to a change in Na–Ca exchange, leads to an inhibition of net Na transport by Necturus proximal tubule.
Human Rights and Development: Human Rights Principles and Their Indicators

This article addresses how participation and accountability are defined in governance and human rights literature. The distinct way in which these concepts are understood and applied is rarely discussed. Donors and other actors tend to be vague when employing these concepts in governance and human rights programmes resulting in implicit understandings of what participation and accountability are intended to mean. Yet human rights advocates often contend that human rights principles such as participation and accountability add value to governance activities or strategies. Insofar as human rights thinking is increasingly important in influencing development policies, conceptual clarity is warranted. This is especially true when efforts are made to define indicators, measuring the implementation of human rights principles.
Student Experiences With Academic Services of Community Colleges in India

The purpose of this multisite case study was to understand students’ experiences of academic services and policies at community colleges (CCs) in India and how they perceived these experiences as i...
Ionic–Electronic Ambipolar Transport in Metal Halide Perovskites: Can Electronic Conductivity Limit Ionic Diffusion?

Ambipolar transport describes the nonequilibrium, coupled motion of positively and negatively charged particles to ensure that internal electric fields remain small. It is commonly invoked in the semiconductor community where the motion of excess electrons and holes drift and diffuse together. However, the concept of ambipolar transport is not limited to semiconductor physics. Materials scientists working on ion conducting ceramics understand ambipolar transport dictates the coupled diffusion of ions and the rate is limited by the ion with the lowest diffusion coefficient. In this Perspective, we review a third application of ambipolar transport relevant to mixed ionic–electronic conducting materials for which the motion of ions is expected to be coupled to electronic carriers. In this unique situation, the ambipolar diffusion model has been successful at explaining the photoenhanced diffusion of metal ions in chalcogenide glasses and other properties of materials. Recent examples of photoenhanced phenome...
Postoperative complications in underweight patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty: A comparative analysis to normal weight patients

Abstract Background Underweight patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty have been largely overlooked. The purpose of this study was to evaluate their complications profiles compared to normal weight individuals. Methods Patients were selected from the NSQIP database, matched, and arranged into 2 groups based on BMI. Complications were recorded and analyzed to determine differences in outcomes. Results Multivariate analysis demonstrated increased length of hospital stay (LOS) (p = 0.006) for underweight patients but failed to demonstrate higher rates of medical or surgical complications. Conclusion There are no increased rates of infectious or medical complications in underweight patients undergoing THA. However, increased LOS was demonstrated.
Armed Conflict at the Threshold

Sixteen years into the United States’ engagement in what it has controversially understood as a global, non-international armed conflict against a shifting set of terrorist groups, a growing array of scholars has called for a reassessment of the significance of the “armed conflict” classification under international humanitarian law (IHL). The existence of an “armed conflict” has long been understood as a proxy on/off switch of inescapable importance. When an “armed conflict” exists, lethal targeting, without regard to particular self-defensive need or immediacy of threat, is permitted as a first resort. When an “armed conflict” does not exist, it is not. Challenging the wisdom of this categorical switch, critics raise a range of concerns: the line dividing which circumstances count as “armed conflict” and which do not is no longer clear or stable enough to provide meaningful guidance; current definitions may compromise humanitarian interests, prospects for criminal justice or both; most important, the “armed conflict” classification no longer reflects current moral, political, or strategic sensibilities about the role of lethal force in an age in which global threats have changed. This Essay contends that while the criticisms are important, they fail on their own terms to justify the abandonment of “armed conflict” as a proxy determinant of first-resort killing. More fundamentally, while classification critics recognize acutely the many changes in the nature of conflict since World War II, they attend far less to systemic changes in the development of international law during that time. Taking the “armed conflict” classification debate as a case study, this Essay highlights how critiques of international law’s substance may continue to embrace increasingly outmoded, World War-II era assumptions about the inadequacy of the international legal system to address problems inherent in all law: interpretive uncertainty, law violation, and social change.
Which sentiments do US investors follow when trading ADRs

This study examines herding tendency in the market for American Depository Receipts (ADRs) by analyzing daily data from 343 ADRs listed on the US stock exchange. Using two different approaches, Christie & Huang (Financ Anal J 51(4), 31–37, 1995) and Chang et al. (J Bank Financ 24(10), 1651–1679, 2000) showed that US investors do not herd when trading domestic stocks. We extend these works by using the same approaches to investigate whether US investors herd when trading registered ADRs. Two types of herding are considered in our analysis: informational cascades and investigative herding. We find strong evidence that US investors follow the same signals when trading ADRs rather than following others’ trades. Specifically, they have a tendency to herd around the ADRs’ home market indexes. These results suggest that such herding is based on value-relevant information, which is consistent with the presence of investigative herding.
Using Deep Reasoning Questions to Improve an Email-Based Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Intervention.

AbstractThe current study offers preliminary insight into the efficacy of a technology-based question-asking, sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention program to promote condom use and reduc...
Comparison of shallow-water seston among biogenic habitats on tidal flats.

Aquatic structure-formers have the potential to establish mosaics of seston in shallow water if they modify the relative amounts of deposition (or filtration) and resuspension of particles. By sampling surface water adjacent to Lagrangian drifters traveling 0.1 to 2 m above the bottom, we tested the modification of seston in water masses flowing over two biogenic marine species (native eelgrass, Zostera marina; introduced oysters, Crassostrea gigas) in comparison to unstructured tidal flats. Water properties were examined at five intertidal sites in Washington State, USA, each with 27 drifts (three drifts at different stages of the tidal cycle in each of three patches of three habitat types; drift distance 116 m (109SD), duration 24 min (15SD)). At the initiation of each drift, habitat differences in water properties were already apparent: chlorophyll-a and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations were greater in structured habitats than bare, and TSS was also inversely related to water depth. Water flowed more slowly across eelgrass than other habitat types. As water flowed across each habitat type, TSS generally increased, especially in shallow water, but without habitat differences; chlorophyll-a in these surface-water samples showed no consistent change during drifts. At higher TSS concentrations, quality in terms of organic content declined, and this relationship was not habitat-specific. However, quality in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration increased with TSS, as well as being greater in water over eelgrass than over other habitat types. These results support widespread mobilization of seston in shallow water ebbing or flooding across Washington State’s tidal flats, especially as water passes into patches of biogenic species.
Surface Mechanical Properties Using Nanoindentation

Data obtained from indentation testing can provide important information about the near-surface mechanical properties and deformation behavior of solids. Properly executed and interpreted, the technique can provide information regarding hardness, elastic modulus, compressive yield strength (metals), fracture toughness (ceramics) and residual stresses. The apparent simplicity of the test procedure, however, often belies the difficulties of interpreting the data to give quantitative information on specific properties.
Understanding US college graduate migration

Previous research has shown that understanding the migration habits of college graduates is important because there is evidence of a link between human capital, proxied by an educated workforce, and economic growth. While a number of papers have investigated the motivations for migration by college graduates in other countries or between US regions, few studies have examined US college graduate migration at the regional level or used individual-level data. To help understand the post-graduation location decisions of recent US college graduates, we surveyed graduates of California State University, Long Beach, a large, state-supported university in the nation’s second-largest metropolitan area. Long Beach, despite being the home to this large university, lags the region in numbers of college-educated residents. The region has also experienced substantial economic restructuring. The results suggest that amenities play a strong role in where graduates choose to locate and that cities should do more to build connections with students in order to retain their talents post-graduation.
High Frequency Spectral Ultrasound Imaging to Detect Metastasis in Implanted Biomaterial Scaffolds

For most cancers, metastasis is the point at which disease is no longer curable. Earlier detection of metastasis, when it is undetectable by current clinical methods, may enable better outcomes. We have developed a biomaterial implant that recruits metastatic cancer cells in mouse models of breast cancer. Here, we investigate spectral ultrasound imaging (SUSI) as a non-invasive strategy for detecting metastasis to the implanted biomaterial scaffolds. Our results show that SUSI, which detects parameters related to tissue composition and structure, identified changes at an early time point when tumor cells were recruited to scaffolds in orthotopic breast cancer mouse models. These changes were not associated with acellular components in the scaffolds but were reflected in the cellular composition in the scaffold microenvironment, including an increase in CD31 + CD45-endothelial cell number in tumor bearing mice. In addition, we built a classification model based on changes in SUSI parameters from scaffold measurements to stratify tumor free and tumor bearing status. Combination of a linear discriminant analysis and bagged decision trees model resulted in an area under the curve of 0.92 for receiver operating characteristics analysis. With the potential for early non-invasive detection, SUSI could facilitate clinical translation of the scaffolds for monitoring metastatic disease.
State Laws and Mobilizing College Student Voter Turnout

With 20 million students across the country, student affairs professionals can affect voting in ways that can have a widespread impact on U.S. politics. Each institution is affected differently by ...
Responses of grassland snakes to tallgrass prairie restoration

Understanding faunal responses to habitat restoration is important in assessing restoration success. We investigated occupancy and abundance of snakes at Nachusa Grasslands, a large‐scale grassland restoration in the midwestern United States. Using artificial cover objects, we sampled within a chronosequence of 12 units converted from row‐crop agriculture 2–25 years before the start of our study. Recaptures of marked snakes revealed that movement distances differed among species in accordance with differences in body size, being least in Dekay's Brownsnakes, intermediate in the Plains Gartersnakes and Common Gartersnakes, and greatest in Eastern Foxsnakes. Consistent with this result, occupancy increased with restoration age in Dekay's Brownsnakes but was unrelated to restoration age in the three larger, more mobile species. Similarly, abundance increased with restoration age in Dekay's Brownsnake but was unrelated to restoration age in other species. The Smooth Greensnake, another small‐bodied snake with limited mobility, and an Illinois species of greatest conservation need, was not detected at Nachusa Grasslands. Given detection probabilities observed during a parallel study at a nearby large grassland‐dominated preserve, we infer that the Smooth Greensnake is truly absent from Nachusa Grasslands. Taken together, our results demonstrate that establishment of faunal components following restoration may be time‐dependent with more sedentary species colonizing only slowly (e.g. Dekay's Brownsnakes) or not at all (e.g. Smooth Greensnakes). These results emphasize the need to clearly identify faunal restoration goals and the means to achieve them.
Integrating Three-Dimensional Printing With Shape Memory Material: A Renovation of Mass Customization in the Fashion Industry

The paper reviews the literature on state-of-the-art 3D and 4D printing technology in the fashion mass customization context and proposes an innovative design concept for improving independent designers' and small-medium enterprises' (SMEs) practice, premised on commercialized technology and accessible materials in the fashion mass customization business. The literature review of 3D and 4D printing technologies enabled discussion of the possibilities of using them for mass customization, especially in the fashion industry. Then, the study presented a prototype suggesting an approach to embedding shape-memory materials into 3D-printed objects. 4D printing was confirmed as offering the potential for application in the fashion industry. This paper establishes appropriate knowledge flows between 4D printing technology and its commercial possibilities, by identifying the strengths of 4D printing technology, particularly in the fashion industry.
Changes in Beverage Marketing at Stores Following the Oakland Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax

Introduction In July 2017, Oakland, California implemented a 1 cent/ounce sugar-sweetened beverage tax. This study examined changes in store marketing practices—advertising and price promotions—for sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and unsweetened beverages following the introduction of the tax. Methods The study employed a quasi-experimental research design and included Oakland as the intervention site and Sacramento, California as a comparison site. Based on data collected pretax (May–June 2017), 6 months post-tax (January 2018), and 12 months post-tax (June 2018) at 249 stores across the 2 sites, exterior and interior advertising for 4 taxed sugar-sweetened beverage subtypes and 6 untaxed artificially sweetened and unsweetened beverage subtypes, as well as price promotions for 59 specific taxed products and 69 untaxed products were examined. In 2019, difference-in-differences logistic regressions estimated pre–post changes in Oakland relative to Sacramento. Results At 6 months post-tax, the odds of sugar-sweetened beverage price promotions fell 50% in Oakland but only 22% in Sacramento. Price promotions for regular soda in particular declined in Oakland post-tax, by 47% at 6 months and 39% at 12 months (versus no change in Sacramento). Moreover, the odds of artificially sweetened beverage price promotions fell by a similar magnitude as sugar-sweetened beverages in Oakland, 55% at 6 months and 53% at 12 months, which differed significantly from Sacramento. No significant post-tax changes were found in sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened beverage exterior or interior advertising. Conclusions Rather than increasing marketing, retailers and manufacturers may have tried to offset revenue losses by reducing price promotions for sugar-sweetened beverages, particularly regular soda, and artificially sweetened beverages.
Simultaneous ranging and velocimetry with multi-tone continuous wave lidar

In this paper, we demonstrate analytical modeling and experimental verification of simultaneous ranging and velocimetry measurements in multi-tone continuous wave lidars. To assess the ranging performance of the proposed lidar, a comparative experiment of the multi-tone continuous wave and time-of-flight techniques is performed. The average deviation in ranging is ∼0.75cm with >90% fitting accuracy, which corresponds to the uncertainty of the time-of-flight measurements due to the detector bandwidth. Simultaneous ranging and velocimetry are performed on a moving target. The velocimetry accuracy of the multi-tone continuous wave lidar is dictated by the frequency resolution of the Doppler shift, which is measured as ± 0.8cm/s. The results indicate that multi-tone continuous wave lidars can be improved to perform remote sensing for oceanography and atmospheric sciences and for autonomous vehicles without using any amplitude, frequency or phase sweeping.
Shifting modes of iron sulfidization at the onset of OAE-2 drive regional shifts in pyrite δ34S records

Abstract Total reduced inorganic S isotope ratios (δ34SCRS) shift toward more negative values across much of the southern North Atlantic just before the onset of the Cenomanian-Turonian Ocean Anoxic Event (OAE-2). At the same time, there is no parallel isotopic change in the significantly larger pool of kerogen (organic) S, which indicates that the distribution and S-isotope composition of sulfide in the environment likely did not drive the change in δ34SCRS. Here, we investigate possible explanations for the negative shift in δ34SCRS values and their divergence from organic S by isolating iron sulfides for morphological identification and grain-specific isotopic analysis using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In pre- and syn-OAE-2 sedimentary rocks from Demerara Rise, we find four distinct morphologies of iron sulfides: pyrite framboids (1–20 μm diameter), irregular pyrite aggregates (1–38 μm diameter), large cemented pyrite aggregates (~60 μm diameter), and irregular and cemented aggregates of the pyrite polymorph marcasite (1–45 μm diameter). These different textural groups have distinct S-isotopic compositions that are largely consistent through the onset of OAE-2. As such, the secular change in bulk δ34SCRS values likely reflects the changing proportions of these phases stratigraphically across OAE-2. All textural groups feature resolvable intra-grain δ34S variability, suggesting that the environments in which they formed were characterized by dynamic sulfide δ34S values and/or by partial closed-system distillation. We use grain-specific δ34S distributions to rule out shoaling of the chemocline within the sediments as a mechanism for the observed decrease in δ34SCRS. Instead, we propose that changes in the reactivity of the iron species delivered to Demerara Rise over the ~200 kyr leading up to the onset of OAE-2 impacted the relative contributions of pyrite with S-isotope signatures reflecting the water column, shallow sediments, and deeper sediments to the bulk sedimentary δ34SCRS value. Specifically, the change in iron reactivity at the onset of OAE-2 favored the production of 34S-depleted large, cemented aggregates and framboids at the expense of more 34S-enriched irregular aggregates. Our results underscore that bulk δ34SCRS measurements integrate multiple reduced phases that form via distinct reaction mechanisms and potentially in different parts of the depositional environment. Grain-specific SIMS analyses dramatically enrich our ability to interpret pyrite isotopic patterns in the geologic record.
An Exposure-Wide and Mendelian Randomization Approach to Identifying Modifiable Factors for the Prevention of Depression

Objective:Efforts to prevent depression, the leading cause of disability worldwide, have focused on a limited number of candidate factors. Using phenotypic and genomic data from over 100,000 UK Bio...
Manifold Regularization for Locally Stable Deep Neural Networks

We apply concepts from manifold regularization to develop new regularization techniques for training locally stable deep neural networks. Our regularizers encourage functions which are smooth not only in their predictions but also their decision boundaries. Empirically, our networks exhibit stability in a diverse set of perturbation models, including l2, l∞, and Wasserstein-based perturbations; in particular, against a state-of-the-art PGD adversary, a single model achieves both l∞ robustness of 40% at ϵ=8/255 and l2 robustness of 48% at ϵ=1.0 on CIFAR-10. We also obtain state-of-the-art verified accuracy of 21% in the same l∞ setting. Furthermore, our techniques are efficient, incurring overhead on par with two additional parallel forward passes through the network; in the case of CIFAR-10, we achieve our results after training for only 3 hours, compared to more than 70 hours for standard adversarial training.
Trumping Neustadt?: An Altered Political Environment Helps No. 45

This chapter attempts to resolve the paradox that despite Trump’s apparent disregard for many of the power principles of Neustadt’s Presidential Power he has been relatively successful in some respects. It argues that his rules or suggestions were based on a view of 1950s Washington, which no longer exists today. Namely, changes in the political environment have also changed the landscape of presidential power and governance, and Trump reflects those. Three main relevant developments: Party Polarization; the Changed/New Media Landscape; and the Unilateral Presidency are used to explain his resilience. All three enable Trump to maintain a high level of support with his own party, dominate the public and governing agendas, achieve a number of his goals, and keep him a strong contender for the 2020 election.
Can Theory Help in the Search for Better Thermoelectric Materials

Finding a slightly better thermoelectric (TE) material will affect deeply the way we live. Low temperature thermoelectrics will replace existing refrigeration and air conditioning equipment with one that is cheaper, makes no noise, has no moving parts and causes no pollution. High temperature TEs will be used for energy recovery from the exhaust of the engines with internal combustion, increasing fuel efficiency. This can be achieved if we find a reasonably priced thermoelectric material whose performance is increased by a factor of four.
Base Isolation Systems

This chapter discusses base-isolation systems. A set of simple examples are presented to identify the key parameters and illustrate the quantitative aspects of base isolation. This material is followed by a discussion of practical aspects of seismic base isolation and a description of some seismically isolated buildings. The remaining sections deal with the behavioral and design issues for base isolated multi-degree-of-freedom structural systems. Numerical results illustrating the level of performance feasible with seismic base isolation are included to provide a basis of comparison with the other motion control schemes considered in this text.
Magellan data released on PDS node

This report summarizes the availability of the Magellan data sets archived by the Planetary Data System Geosciences Node and outlines the charter and duties of the Node. Additional notes will be published in Eos as data sets of wide interest are made available to the community through the Geosciences Node. NASA's Planetary Data System (PDS) is a distributed archive and distribution system in which planetary data and documentation are maintained in direct association with the science community [Lee, 1991]. PDS is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The PDS Geosciences Node serves the needs of investigators in the planetary geology and geophysics and extraterrestrial materials communities.
Online self-regulatory learning behaviors as a mediator in the relationship between online course perceptions with achievement

Positive perceptions of online course communication and collaboration have been associated with better academic outcomes, while self-regulatory learning behaviors have also been linked to academic achievement and other positive learning outcomes. In the current study, we examined whether self-regulatory learning behaviors may be considered as mediating the relationship between student perceptions of online course communication and collaboration with academic achievement as measured by grade point average (GPA). Results indicate that online self-regulatory learning behaviors, though not strongly associated with academic achievement in and of themselves, do mediate the positive relationship between student perceptions of online course communication and collaboration with academic achievement.
A strategy for implementing Smart Market pricing scheme on DiffServ

We present a baseline implementation strategy for the well-known Smart Market pricing scheme on DiffServ. Our strategy models Smart Market's theoretically defined properties as much as possible. In order to suit the DiffServ framework, we propose ways of focusing Smart Market's complex operations at the edges while keeping the interior simple. Based on the proposed implementation strategy, we develop a packet-based simulation of Smart Market. By simulation, we then investigate Smart Market's performance in terms of stability, fairness, and service differentiation on UDP and TCP traffic. We also look at the importance of packet sorting (i.e. sorting of packets at routers according to their bids as proposed in Smart Market) in Smart Market's performance. By several simulations, we find that packet sorting does not really improve the performance for all three metrics (stability, fairness, and service differentiation). So, it is not necessary to implement packet sorting for Smart Market's possible deployment, thus significantly reducing the necessity for router upgrades.
Capacity-Achieving Feedback Schemes for Gaussian Finite-State Markov Channels With Channel State Information

In this paper, we propose capacity-achieving communication schemes for Gaussian finite-state Markov channels subject to an average channel input power constraint, under the assumption that the transmitters can have access to delayed noiseless output feedback as well as instantaneous or delayed channel state information. We show that the proposed schemes reveals connections between feedback communication and feedback control.
ENTRY-LEVEL INTERIOR DESIGN COMPETENCIES:

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether residential designers and nonresidential designers differ in the ranking of the eight FIDER knowledge categories and the specific competencies within each category. RESEARCH DESIGN: A questionnaire was designed by the researchers based on the 1988 FIDER Standards and Guidelines/First Professional Degree Level. The questionnaire was mailed to the 340 professional and associate members of the Ohio North Chapter of the American Society of Interior Designers; 139 were returned of which 137 were usable, resulting in a response rate of 40%. For the purposes of this study only professionals who classified themselves as either residential or nonresidential designers were used in the analysis of the data. ANALYSIS: Mean scores and t-tests were calculated to evaluate differences in ratings between residential and nonresidential designers. KEY FINDINGS: Results of the study indicate that there is general agreement between residential and nonresidential designers on the ranking of the eight FIDER knowledge categories but significant differences on specific competencies. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study indicate that curricula that meet the current FIDER guidelines prepare students for entry-level positions in both residential and nonresidential interior design.