cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of cardiovascular disease in older Americans: the cardiovascular health study.

Objectives: To estimate incidence rates of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older Americans. Design: Longitudinal cohort study using prospectively collected data on cardiovascular events. Setting: Four U.S. communities in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Participants: Five thousand eight hundred eighty-eight participants in CHS, aged 65 or older at enrollment, including 3,393 women (581 African American) and 2,495 men (343 African American). Measurements: At semiannual contacts, participants reported any occurrence of clinical CVD. Medical records were obtained and adjudicated to confirm diagnosis of CVD. Results: During 10 years of follow-up, incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) per 1,000 person-years was 39.6 (95% confidence interval (CI)=36.4–43.1) in men and 22.3 (95% CI=20.4–24.2) in women. Cumulative event rates for CHD and myocardial infarction for women aged 75 and older at baseline were similar to those for men aged 65 to 74. The overall incidence of stroke was similar for men and women (14.7 (95% CI=13.0–16.6) and 13.7 (95% CI=12.4–15.1) per 1,000 person-years, respectively), but the risk of stroke increased with age more rapidly in women, resulting in a greater cumulative event rate for stroke in women than in men aged 75 and older. The incidence of congestive heart failure increased 9% with each year of age over 65 and was greater than 6% per year in Caucasian men and women aged 85 and older at baseline. Rates were similar in African Americans and Caucasians. Conclusion: The occurrence of new CVD in older Americans is high, indicating that preventive efforts need to be maintained into older ages.
Measurement of the D bar {D} Cross Sections and D Hadronic Branching Fractions

Using 57.2 pb-1 of data collected with the CLEO-c detector at the ψ(3770) resonance, we measure absolute branching fractions for three D0 and two D+ Cabibbo-allowed hadronic decay modes, and the cross section for at .
Breast cancer and other neoplasms in women with neurofibromatosis type 1: a retrospective review of cases in the Detroit metropolitan area.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common cancer predisposing syndromes with an incidence of 1 in 3,500 worldwide. Certain neoplasias or malignancies are over-represented in individuals with NF1; however, an increased risk of breast cancer has not been widely recognized or accepted. We identified 76 women with NF1 seen in the Henry Ford Health System (HFHS) from 1990 to 2009, and linked them to the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry covering the Metropolitan Detroit Area. Fifty-one women (67%) were under age 50 years at the time of data analysis. Six women developed invasive breast cancer before age 50, and 3 developed invasive breast cancer after age 50. Using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) calculated based on the SEER age-adjusted invasive breast cancer incidence rates, our findings demonstrated a statistically significant increase of breast cancer incidence occurring in NF1 women (SIR=5.2; 95%CI 2.4–9.8), and this relative increase was especially evident among those with breast cancer onset under age 50 (SIR=8.8; 95% CI 3.2–19.2). These data are consistent with other reports suggesting an increase in breast cancer risk among females with NF1, which suggests that breast cancer screening guidelines should be evaluated for this potentially high-risk group.
Bistability and excitability in the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol

Results are presented from experiments on the oxidation of ethanol at a Pt electrode in acid solution. The experiments were conducted under conditions of constant current. The results show that the oxidation process exhibits a bistable response in which two different branches of steady-state potential values exist under the same conditions. Measurements also reveal that the process exhibits excitability: a relatively small change or perturbation causes the potential to undergo a large and long excursion before it returns to its steady-state value. Oscillations are also examined with a focus on the correlation between characteristics of the oscillations and the length of time the system is allowed to relax. Bistability is discussed in terms of a model previously used to describe multistability in the oxidation of methanol. Comparisons are made between the nonlinear behavior observed in the oxidation of ethanol and that observed in the oxidation of methanol.
Preparation of TiO2 Anatase Nanocrystals by TiCl4 Hydrolysis with Additive H2SO4

A new methodology was developed to synthesize uniform titania anatase nanocrystals by the hydrolysis of titanium chloride in sulfuric acid aqueous solutions at 0–90°C. The samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), and an Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The effects of the reaction temperature, mole ratio of SO42− to Ti4+, and the calcinations temperature on the particle size and crystal phase were investigated. Depending on the acidity, the hydrolysis temperature, and the calcination temperature, rhombic anatase nanocrystals sizes in the range of 10 nm to 50 nm were obtained. In the additive of sulfuric acid, Raman spectra and electron diffraction confirmed that the nanoparticles are composed of anatase TiO2. No other titania phases, such as rutile or brookite, were detected.
Hospitalization decision in febrile intravenous drug users.

Abstract purpose: To determine the frequency and to identify predictive factors of occult major illness in febrile intravenous drug users (IVDUs) presenting to an emergency room. patients and methods: A prospective follow-up study was performed involving a consecutive series of 296 presentation of febrile IVDUs to a public hospital emergency room. Follow-up information was obtained for 283 presentations (95.6%). Physicians' initial assessment was obtained for 204 presentations (70%). Illness was classified as major or minor using explicit criteria. Frequency of occult major illness was determined among patients without obvious major illness on presentation. Risk factors for occult major illness were determined. results: Occult major illness occurred in 11 patients (4%). This represented 11% of the 103 presentations without obvious major illness on presentation. Pneumonia and cellulitis occurred in 128 of 180 patients (71%) with obvious major illness on presentation. Bacteremia was present in seven of 11 patients with occult major illness. Physician predictions were not sufficiently sensitive to provide the basis of the hospitalization decision in febrile IVDUs. The best combination of features suggesting major illness were last use of intravenous drugs less than 5 days and fever greater than 38.8°C (102.0°F) (sensitivity 64%, specificity 77%). conclusion: Clinical tests and physicians assessments are unable to distinguish occult major illness from minor illness among febrile IVDUs at presentation. Occult major illness is best identified by blood culture. If patient follow-up is unreliable, then hospitalization of febrile IVDUs, while awaiting blood cultures results, remains a wise policy.
Effects of [D-Ala2] Met-enkephalinamide, a Met-enkephalin analog, on delayed response by squirrel monkeys.

Abstract Squirrel monkeys were tested on an indirect spatial delayed response task after subcutaneous injections of either physiological saline, 100, or 500 microgram/kg [D-Ala 2 ] methionine enkephalinamide (DAME). During Experiment 1 monkeys completed two-choice delayed response problems with 0-, 6-, 12- and 18- sec delays; DAME significantly enhanced performance at 18-sec delays but not for the shorter delay. During Experiment 2, monkeys performed a nine-choice spatial delayed response task with 0-, 4- and 8-sec delays. In Experiment 2, low but not high doses of DAME impaired performance. Memory functions represented by a bias-free performance measure paralleled percentage correct in both experiments. Therefore, DAME effects, in enhancing and in impairing performance, were not attributable to changes in the relative number of systematic spatial errors (positional win-shift; lose-stay, position perseveration, and position preference).
The ROC manifold for classification systems

We define the ROC manifold and CC manifold as duals in a given sense. Their analysis is required to describe the classification system. We propose a mathematical definition based on vector space methods to describe both. The ROC manifolds for n-class classification systems fully describe each system in terms of its misclassifications and, by conjunction, its correct classifications. Optimal points which minimize misclassifications can be identified even when costs and prior probabilities differ. These manifolds can be used to determine the usefulness of a classification system based on a given performance criterion. Many performance functionals (such as summary statistics) preferred for CC manifolds can also be evaluated using the ROC manifold (under certain constraints). Examples using the ROC manifold and performance functionals to compete classification systems are demonstrated with simulated and applied disease detection data.
Redd Site Selection by Brown Trout in Douglas Creek, Wyoming

ABSTRACT We described redds of 20–40 cm brown trout Salmo trutta in a mountain stream in the Central Rocky Mountains. Average redd length was 147 cm, water depth 16 cm, and water velocity 34 cm/s, but variation was substantial. Brown trout selected water depths of 12–18 cm and velocities of 24–37 cm/s and avoided depths less than 6 cm and velocities less than 12 cm/s. Water depths and velocities measured over redds in 1987 and 1988 were similar to those measured in 1975 despite a 50–100% increase in the minimum flow during the 1987 and 1988 spawning periods.
Implementation of a standardized digital rectal exam to improve the accuracy of rectocele diagnosis

The standardized evaluation of posterior compartment prolapse using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system is limited. The primary objective of this study is to develop and validate the interexaminer reliability of a new system for assessing the posterior vaginal wall for the presence of a rectocele. This was a cross-sectional study of women presenting to an academic urogynecology clinic. Subjects underwent a routine pelvic examination that included a standard POP-Q followed by two Standardized Digital Rectal Exams (SDRE) by two different providers, each blinded to the other’s results. The SDRE measures the distance from the leading edge of a posterior bulge to the hymen with a finger in the distal rectum - first visually and then an actual measured distance using a marked cotton swab (Q-tip measurement). Correlations between examiners for the SDRE and the POP-Q were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (ρ). Eight attending and fellow urogynecologists examined 50 subjects. Mean age was 57.3 years, mean BMI 30.9 kg/m2, with an overall median POP-Q stage 2 (range 0–3), and median posterior POP-Q stage 1 (range 0–3). Overall, 54 % of women had a noteworthy rectocele by typical digital rectal exam. Interexaminer correlations with SDRE for both the visual assessment (ρ = 0.697, p < 0.0001) and the Q-tip measurement (ρ = 0.767, p = p < 0.001) were strong. The intraexaminer visual assessment and the Q-tip measurement were highly correlated (ρ = 0.934, p = <0.001). This standardized rectal examination provides a consistent method for the reporting of distal rectoceles that can lend additional information to the POP-Q exam.
The paradox of quantum black holes

The conflict between the principles of quantum mechanics and those of general relativity reached crisis proportions with the discovery that black holes have a heat content, or entropy. But efforts to solve the problem have since led to profound and revolutionary new insights into the quantum structure of space–time. In this review, I will explain not only the conflict but also the surprising ideas that can resolve the apparent inconsistencies between the two most fundamental theories of physics.
Free flap reconstruction for infection of ankle fracture hardware: case report and review of the literature.

Background: Clinical management of orthopedic hardware infections related to ankle fracture fixation may present difficult therapeutic dilemmas. Typically, management includes removal of the hardware, debridement of necrotic tissue, and eventual placement of an alternative method of stabilization, usually, an external fixator or cast. However, problems arise when the fracture cannot be managed adequately with an external method. Such is the case with supination external rotation (SER) fractures, yet maintaining the hardware in the setting of infection typically is not considered an option. Methods: Case report and review of pertinent English-language literature. Results: The patient was a 47-year-old man with diabetes mellitus who sustained a type IV SER fracture that was treated with plate and screw fixation. Six weeks postoperatively, he presented with infection of the lateral ankle incision and the hardware. This was treated with debridement of the wound and dressing changes while leaving the hardware ...
Inactivation of dry enzymes and viruses by energetic heavy ions

Abstract A newly developed corrected formula for the distribution of dose (RDD) has been used to calculate cross sections for the inactivation of dry enzymes and viruses by heavy ranging from 42He to 4018Ar of energies ca 10 MeV/a.m.u., spanning a range of LET of ca 5–2000 MeV cm2g-1. In comparison with earlier “point-target” calculaions of Butts and Katz where a linear range-energy relationship for electrons (σ-rays) was used, and with “extended-target” calculations of Zhang Dunn and Katz where a power range-energy law and an “uncorrected” RDD formula were applied, the present calculations reproduce all the 72 experimentally measured cross sections and values of the D-37 dose (where available) much more accurately, essentially to within experimental errors. This agreement supports the validity of our phenomenological correction of the RDD formula, suggesting that the theory should rather be tested in the highly structured “thindown” region, at ion energies below ca 0.5 MeV/a.m.u.
Tumor antigenicity revealed

The extent to which mutated peptide antigens encoded by somatic mutations contribute to tumor antigenicity in human cancer patients has been unclear. Two recent studies using tumor exome sequencing to predict candidate mutated antigens provide insight into this question.
The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM) and rehabilitation research in a changing postacute landscape. The 2007 ACRM presidential address

Postacute rehabilitation is on the threshold of several major changes that have implications for rehabilitation practice and research. The most important of these is the desire of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to establish a uniform patient assessment method and implement a more setting-neutral prospective payment system across all major postacute settings. The proposed uniform patient assessment instrument will in all likelihood displace the FIM instrument as the industry standard. The rehabilitation research community needs to remain vigilant about the nature, scope, and measurement properties of the proposed uniform patient assessment instrument. A new instrument and setting-neutral payment system may provide new opportunities for service innovation and research. Neurorehabilitation has been one of the strengths of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM). ACRM needs to build on this strength and examine more earnestly the rehabilitation interventions and outcomes associated with the increasing prevalence of people with orthopedic and musculoskeletal conditions seen in rehabilitation centers today. ACRM's ability to do so will depend in part on its ability to join forces with other professional and consumer organizations to increase research funding significantly for each of the major federal agencies that currently fund rehabilitation research.
Mothers' Reentry into Family Life Following Incarceration

The experiences of a group of mothers reentering the community after a period of incar- ceration are explored. The authors are particularly interested in how incarceration and subsequent reentry influence mothers' family relationships and primary risk and protec- tive factors. Eighty-min interviews are conducted with 28 women probationers who had at least one minor child and had undergone incarceration at least 2 months prior to release. Descriptive analyses reveal that mental health risks characterize many mothers in this study, resource adequacy and parenting stress are significantly related, and family support is an important factor in successful reentry. It also appears that incarceration, even for short periods, is associated with shifts in family configuration on mothers' release by increasing the likelihood of divorce and decreasing the likelihood that mothers will reside with the father of at least one of their biological children. Implications for intervention and directions for future research are discussed.
Empirical Comparisons of Meteorological Rocket Wind Sensors

Abstract Graphical comparisons of the wind responses of several meteorological rocket sensors are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the contemporary systems to the problem of measuring winds at altitudes in excess of those attainable by normal balloon techniques. Data are presented for component winds derived from chaff, parachutes, spheres and standard radiosondes. To avoid masking the basic data, response corrections have not been applied. These data indicate that the parachute and sphere provide a generally acceptable accuracy to 200,000 ft without application of fall-rate corrections, while optimized chaff is expected to provide acceptable data to 250,000 ft.
The Santa Ana Weather Type and Extreme Fire Hazard in the Oakland-Berkeley Hills

(1973). The Santa Ana Weather Type and Extreme Fire Hazard in the Oakland-Berkeley Hills. Weatherwise: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 118-121.
Personality, disease parameters and medication in rheumatoid arthritis☆☆☆

Abstract This study examined the inter-relationships of three variables: patients' personalities as defined by the Cattell 16 PF instrument, several parameters of rheumatoid disease activity and treatment as defined by medication. The personality profile of the total sample of 56 rheumatoid arthritic patients revealed tendencies to low ego strength, anxiety and dependency, characteristics that are not unique to rheumatoid patients. The only significant relationship was found between patients' personalities and the dependency upon oral corticosteroid drugs. In comparison with those who had never received oral corticosteroids, those who had received such drugs were found to be less persevering, more depressed and taciturn, complaintive and demanding, dependent and easily upset. Except with the use of gold salts and ASA , no significant relationships existed between any of the drugs—antimalarials, phenylbutazone, indomethacin and oral corticosteroids—and indices of disease activity. We hypothesize that the prescription of oral corticosteroids, a potentially hazardous measure, might be contingent upon the psychological and not specific rheumatological needs of the rheumatoid patient.
Targeted Gene Replacement in Drosophila Goes the Distance

> In this commentary, K. Nicole Crown and Jeff Sekelsky examine new methods for gene targeting in Drosophila . These methods, which allow for rapid replacement of large regions adjacent to existing transgenic insertions, are described in two articles published in this month's GENETICS: [“Long-
Toward a more subjective view of analyzability

The acceptance or rejection of a patient for psychoanalytic treatment is often based on factors other than some generally accepted criteria for analyzability. Further, psychoanalysts do not always acknowledge publicly to the patient, or even to themselves, the personal reasons why certain patients are deemed to be analyzable or unanalyzable. In spite of the literature in this area, diagnostic concerns, and past experience with patients, each time a given analyst accepts or rejects a patient for analysis it has largely to do with the analyst's own theoretical viewpoints plus the specific interplay between that analyst and that prospective patient. Although objective assessment of the patient's analytic promise may be the aim, psychoanalysts often accept or reject patients based on theoretical preconceptions and/or as countertransference reactions to patients' transferential evocation of rejection or acceptance. As every analyst knows, each patient's fundamental ways of relating to others are brought to the very first session or consultation. In each new situation the patient unconsciously tries to organize a repetition of the earliest and/or most basic pattern of relatedness with his or her parents. Those patients who suffer most from various forms of parental rejection, for example, are likely to evoke similar rejection on the part of the analyst. This can take the form of not being found suitable as an analysand. Similarly, those patients who have received the most love and healthy interest from their parents are usually found to be the most desirable analytic patients. The patient who is not found suitable for analysis may be greatly helped, for instance, if the analyst early on addresses the meaning of the patient's provocation of rejection. This would require the analyst to reflect upon and not act out the countertransference wish not to work with an individual. It necessitates that the assessment of analyzability be seen as a
Potentiation of glucocorticoid activity by 5 beta-dihydrocortisol: its role in glaucoma

5 beta-Dihydrocortisol potentiated the threshold level (the smallest dose producing a measurable effect) of topically applied cortisol (0.02 percent) and dexamethasone (0.003 percent) in causing nuclear translocation of the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor in rabbit iris-ciliary body tissue. 5 beta-Dihydrocortisol accumulates in cells cultured from trabecular meshwork specimens from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, but not in similar cells derived from nonglaucomatous patients. In view of the sensitivity of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma to the effects of glucocorticoids in raising intraocular pressure, this potentiation may be responsible for the steroid sensitivity and for the ocular hypertension seen in this disorder.
Modeling Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition in a Low-Pressure Turbine Flow Which Is Unsteady Due to Passing Wakes: Part II — Transition Path

The open literature on modeling transition to turbulence of boundary layer flows in low-pressure turbines is reviewed. Included are the separated flow transition onset models of Mayle and of Davis et al. and the attached flow transition onset models of Mayle, Abu-Ghannam and Shaw and Drela. Their results are applied against data previously taken at the University of Minnesota (UMN) to assess their performance for use on the suction surface of a turbine blade in the presence of passing wakes. The data show measurements of velocity, turbulence level, intermittency and spatial and temporal acceleration resolved in space and phase angle within the wake passing period. In a “quasi-static” comparison, the input values to the models are values taken from the experiment, resolved in phase angle within the wake-passing period. Predictions from the models (the flow states with regard to transition throughout the wake-passing period) are compared with instantaneous intermittency values taken from the experiment. The Mayle separated and attached flow onset models are shown to be successful for the case investigated when applied in that fashion. The Abu-Ghannam and Shaw and Drela transition onset models predict onset locations which are somewhat downstream of where the data indicate the transition onset to be. Unique characteristics regarding transition observed at different times in a wake passing cycle are discussed. Some reasons are given to explain the differences between experimental results and model predictions. Transition onset modeling is addressed in the present paper and transition path modeling is addressed in a companion paper (part II).Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A Needs Assessment Strategy for Educational Planning

Increasing public concern regarding the quality and cost of health care, present economic conditions, employee expectations for participative management, and increasing awareness of career opportunities have mandated that the occupational therapy manager base education and training needs on objective and validated data. The needs assessment strategy is a technique that can be used to identify training needs, match these needs to organizational goals and resources, and allow for employee participation. Several assessment methods are discussed and a report format is suggested. A report of assessed needs, subsequent training, and positive outcomes resulting from training could be included in the departmental quality assurance report, as well as in the yearly managerial plan. Since using this strategy, the author's department has been granted a substantial increase in monies for education and training.
The activation of alkanes on Ni(100)

Abstract The dissociative chemisorption of saturated C 1 C 4 hydrocarbons was examined on Ni(100) using supersonic molecular beam techniques. For all the alkanes investigated no measurable adsorption was observed for incident translational energies less than 10 kJ mol at a surface temperature of 500 K. The initial sticking probability, s 0 , for each alkane increased as the translational kinetic energy of the beam increased. However, the translational energy required to achieve comparable dissociation probabilities for each alkane increased as the carbon chain length increased, suggesting an apparent increase in the activation energy for adsorption. The scattering distribution for each alkane was measured at incident kinetic energies below the dissociation threshold at a surface temperature of 500 K. For scattered methane the angular distribution was almost specular in nature, indicating direct inelastic scattering. For butane the angular distribution was cosine, indicating the incident molecules exchanged energy with the surface before returning to the vacuum. Ethane and propane exhibited patterns intermediate to the methane and butane cases. The apparent increase in activation energy for alkanes with increasing carbon chain length may be explained by transfer of translational energy in the larger molecules out of the reaction coordinate into dissipative channels involving phonon excitation in the surface and/or to internal degrees of freedom of the molecule. The initial sticking probability for propane at 120 kJ mol incident beam energy was independent of surface temperature from 300 to 700 K, suggesting a direct mechanism for dissociation. For all the alkanes investigated the effect of carbon build-up on the adsorption could be described by a Langmuirian model second-order in carbon coverage. Large ensembles were not required for alkane activation. Each carbon adatom in the alkane blocked a small (3 or less) number of “sites” on the surface, and the decrease in the number of sites blocked per carbon adatom suggested that the carbon chain remained at least partially intact on adsorption.
Fine structure of the intersegmental membrane glands of the sixth abdominal sternum of female Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

The fine structure of the intersegmental glands of the sixth abdominal sternum in 1-week old females of Nomia melanderi is presented. The plasma membrane of the secretory cell is unfolded in many places and is covered by a basement membrane. The microvillous surface is invaginated to form a rather long sinuous cavity. The endoplasm is almost entirely filled by secretory granules. Many secretory granules are located close to the inner surface of the invaginated plasma membrane. The invagination contains a porous ductule, apparently of cuticulin origin, that is connected directly with the inner layer of the transport duct of the duct-forming cell. This type of arrangement allows the direct flow of the secretory substance to the outside in a continuous way. The cylindrical duct-forming cell, besides having typical cell organelles, contains a cuticular transport duct. This duct is composed of a thin cuticulin layer surrounded by a rather thick epicuticular one. The results suggest that the secretory cell has two secretory cycles. The first occurs while the gland is differentiating (at the pupal stage) and is involved in secretion of the cuticulin that forms the porous ductule. The second cycle, which starts by the beginning of nesting, is involved in the secretion of a substance that is carried to the outside via the transport duct of the duct-forming cell.
Modification of Stokes' Law for a Heated Sphere in Liquid Helium II*

It is shown that the counterflow which occurs at low heat inputs in liquid helium below the λ point modifies the wake behind a steadily moving sphere. The result is valid for a low Reynolds number and limits on the range of the physical variables are given. The outflow of normal fluid results in an increased drag on the sphere. Some discussion is given of the relevance of this result to experiments on smallH-D particles in liquid helium.
What Do Remittances Do? Analyzing the Private Remittance Transmission Mechanism in El Salvador

Family remittances are important for El Salvador's economy. This paper analyzes the impact of remittances on El Salvador's economy and the spillover effects on the other Central American countries. A vector autoregression (VAR) model is formulated, consisting of real and monetary variables. The results suggest that in, El Salvador, remittances lead to decreases in economic activity, international reserves, and money supply and increases in the interest rate, imports, and consumer prices. This underscores the need for reorienting economic policy in El Salvador to promote the use of remittances in capital formation activities to maximize the benefit of remittances.
Improved detection of rare CALLA-positive cells in peripheral blood using multiparameter flow cytometry

Abstract A major limitation to the detection of rare cell types in the peripheral blood using monoclonal antibodies is nonspecific binding of the antibody reagent to normal cells. Detection of rare common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)-positive cells in peripheral blood is significantly improved by using multiple flow cytometric parameters to exclude a variety of mature blood cells which may nonspecifically bind the antibody reagent. Monocytes and granulocytes are excluded by gating out cells with high 90° light scatter. By gating on red fluorescence, a variety of mature cell types binding to phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated Leu 3, Leu 2, and M3 monoclonal antibodies are also excluded. CALLA- positive lymphoblasts from 6 consecutive patients were not excluded on the basis of these parameters. Gating on log 90° light scatter and log red fluorescence in this fashion reduced the incidence of nonspecific binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a fluorescein-conjugated irrelevant monoclonal antibody by 98% from 308 cells per million to 5 cells per million. One CALLA-positive lymphoblast per 100,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells could be detected in mixture experiments using this method. The normal range of CALLA-positive cells in adults is less than 16 cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This low background of CALLA-positive peripheral blood cells may permit the detection of early leukemic relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia by analysis of the peripheral blood. This methodology can be applied to the detection of any rare cell type by using phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies to markers that the cell type does not possess.
Capture! Shock! Excite! Clinical trial acronyms and the "branding" of clinical research.

Naming is generally an act of tremendous symbolic and practical significance, and there is no reason to think it any less so in medical science. The growth of trial names in recent years reflects i...
Blended Polyphosphazene/Polyacrylonitrile Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Direct liquid methanol fuel cell tests were performed with membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) fabricated with polyphosphazene-based proton-exchange membranes. The membranes were prepared from sulfonated poly[bis(3-methylphenoxy)phosphazene] that was blended with polyacrylonitrile and then UV cross-linked using benzophenone as the photoinitiator. MEAs worked best when a high ion-exchange capacity (high conductivity) polyphosphazene membrane contacted the electrodes, in which case the fuel cell power output was nearly the same as that with Nafion 117 (for current densities ≤ 0.15 A/cm 2 ), but the methanol crossover was three times lower than that of Nafion. With a three-membrane composite MEA (a methanol-blocking film sandwiched between two high conductivity membranes), there was a significant decrease in crossover (ten times lower than that of Nafion 117) with a modest decrease in current-voltage behavior.
Age related carbohydrate content of mouse kidney glomerular basement membrane and its reactivity to antistreptococcal membrane antisera.

Abstract Rabbit antisera to group A, type 12 streptococcal cell membrane (SCM) and human glomerular or glomerular basement membrane (GBM) preparations were found to immunologically react with adult mouse GBM by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Such cross-reactivity was enhanced by enzymatic cleavage of GBM carbohydrate. In comparative tests with neonatal and adult kidneys, the antisera were more reactive with the former than the latter. GBM carbohydrate cleavage had little or no effect on the reactivity of neonatal GBM with the antisera. Quantitative carbohydrate analyses revealed that adult mouse GBM contained a greater content of carbohydrate than did neonatal GBM. Thus the differential reactivities of adult and neonatal mouse GBM with anti-SCM antisera are directly related to their respective carbohydrate contents.
The growth of bilayer defects and the induction of interdigitated domains in the lipid-loss process of supported phospholipid bilayers

Abstract The lipid-loss process has been studied with in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) at six different temperatures for supported dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. A typical structural characteristic is the creation and the growth of bilayer defects as lipid molecules are lost from the bilayer. The rate of the lipid loss has an Arrhenius behavior, with an activation energy of 37 kT, where kT is the thermal energy at room temperature. For the lipid-loss processes at temperatures above 45°C, interdigitated membrane domains are induced and are mostly in contact with some bilayer defects. These domains disappear at the increase of the area of bilayer defects. Possible mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.
The roles of carrying capacity, immigration, and population synchrony on persistence of stream-resident cutthroat trout

Like many other species, cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) have declined substantially relative to historic conditions, and many existing populations are isolated. To inform conservation and restoration efforts for stream-resident cutthroat trout, I built a stage-structured stochastic simulation model to explore the dynamics of populations in isolation or connected by immigration. Relatively small increases in carrying capacity substantially reduced extinction risk in small, isolated populations. In the sensitivity matrix, the two most important elements affecting population growth rate were the survival of subadults that became reproductively mature the next year and the survival of young-of-the-year fish. Increasing either of these should allow populations to recover more rapidly from disturbances and reduce extinction risk. When populations were allowed to interact with one another, relatively low immigration rates (x=7 individuals/year) between populations substantially reduced extinction risk to those populations without sufficient space to maintain persistence when isolated. However, higher immigration rates were required to maintain persistence the more synchronous the dynamics of interacting populations became. The results highlight the importance of maintaining adequate space or increasing habitat capacity for isolated populations and the importance of connectivity and large population cores if remnant populations are to be maintained.
A numerical study of approximation methods for solution of linear and nonlinear diffusion-reaction equations with discontinuous boundary conditions

Abstract Three different approaches based upon the least-square method of weighted residuals, an integral equation method and the finite element method are used to obtain approximate solutions to diffusion-reaction equations in two-space dimensions having d It is shown through a selected example problem having physical significance that all three methods give similar results for the case where regular geom Extension of the finite element method to systems described by nonlinear power-law reaction rate equations where the other methods cannot be used is al
Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structure in a Blade Passage With and Without Leading Edge Fillets

Velocity and pressure measurements are presented for a blade passage with and without leading edge contouring in a low speed linear cascade. The contouring is achieved through fillets placed at the junction of the leading edge and the endwall. Two fillet shapes, one with a linear streamwise cross-section (fillet 1) and the other with a parabolic cross-section (fillet 2), are examined. Measurements are taken at a constant Reynolds number of 233,000 based on the blade chord and the inlet velocity. Data presented at different axial planes include the pressure loss coefficient, axial vorticity, velocity vectors, and yaw and pitch angles
What's new in cardiac surgery.

Abstract "What's New in Surgery" evolves from the contributions of leaders in each of the fields of surgery. In every instance the author has been designated by the appropriate Council from the American College of Surgeons' Advisory Councils for the Surgical Specialties. This feature will be presented in issues of the Journal throughout the year beginning in 2001 (formerly published in one issue, February, of each volume of JACS) .
Cross-induction of fruit acceptance by the medfly Ceratitis capitata: The role of fruit size and chemistry.

Groups of female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann), were exposed for several days to one of three host fruit species. Oviposition-site acceptance behavior was subsequently assayed on five fruit species. Females accepted most often the fruit to which they were exposed. Females exposed to a small fruit, mock orange, accepted other fruit species less often as the size of the fruit increased; females exposed to a large fruit, sweet orange, accepted other fruit species more often as the size of the fruit increased. This tendency for experience with one host fruit species to alter differentially behavioral responses to alternative host fruit species has been defined as cross-induction. In contrast, females exposed to a medium fruit, kumquat, were not cross-induced: females accepted the medium fruit very often and rejected all other fruit species to approximately the same degree regardless of size. When females were exposed to small, medium, or large fruit and tested on spherical wax fruit models of a variety of sizes, patterns similar to those with real fruit were observed. Whereas naive females generally accepted a given model as frequently as real fruit of a similar size, experienced females generally accepted models much less frequently than real fruit. In a final experiment, females were exposed to different fruits and tested on spherical wax models treated with fruit chemicals. Experienced females generally accepted fruit-treated spheres more often than untreated spheres. In addition, females usually accepted most often models treated with chemicals from the fruit to which they were exposed. Two hypotheses about the mechanism by which experience alters fruit acceptance— termed the “sliding template” and “closing window” hypotheses— are presented. Results of fruit and model acceptance by naive and experienced females support the latter hypothesis.
MELATONIN DEFICIENCY AND DISRUPTED CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN PEDIATRIC SURVIVORS OF CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA

Craniopharyngiomas are the most common extraneural tumors of the CNS in children.1 Because craniopharyngiomas usually grow along the anatomic midline, the tumors or their treatments (surgical excision and radiation) frequently lead to hypopituitarism, visual field defects, obesity, sleep abnormalities, and daytime hypersomnolence (DH).2,3 DH persists despite hormone replacement or treatment of commonly associated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We hypothesized that disrupted sleep patterns in patients with craniopharyngioma result from dysfunction of the hypothalamic circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which controls the timing of the daily sleep propensity rhythm. Daily variations in levels of the pineal hormone melatonin serve as a marker of the function of this system. Low salivary melatonin has been documented in obese craniopharyngioma survivors and melatonin supplementation has proved beneficial in some cases; however, a detailed analysis of circadian rhythms in this patient population had not been performed.4 ### Methods. Subjects older than 8 years of age with self-reported DH requiring daytime stimulant medication were recruited from a pool of 42 craniopharyngioma survivors treated at the Children’s Hospital Boston (CHB)/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Program between 1990 and 2002 by a single neurologist (S.L.P.). Four subjects were enrolled after informed consent was obtained in accordance with the Committee on Clinical Research. Three subjects (2 female, 1 male) ages 15, 15, and 22 completed the study. All had undergone both surgical extirpation and radiotherapy, were morbidly obese (BMI 41–54; normal 17–25), had panhypopituitarism requiring hormone supplementation, and had mild REM-related OSA, and 1 had a seizure disorder. Wrist actigraphy was obtained for 2 to 3 weeks prior to admission …
A case of herpes zoster masquerading as stereotactic body radiation therapy associated chest wall pain in a patient treated for primary non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. In patients with Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) deemed medically inoperable due to comorbities, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is the standard of care. We are reporting a case of a medically inoperable patient with Stage I NSCLC who received SBRT to the lung. The patient presented herpes zoster masquerading as radiation-related chest wall pain. Presentation: The patient was a 76-year-old Caucasian female with a 40-pack year history of tobacco who presented with a solitary pulmonary nodule on chest x-ray during a COPD exacerbation. Workup revealed squamous cell carcinoma, and the patient was determined to be medically inoperable due to poor lung function secondary to COPD. Nine months after completion of SBRT, the patient presented with chest wall pain that evolved into herpes zoster along the T4 dermatome. Conclusion: We are presenting a case SBRT-related herpes zoster. While chest wall pain is a common side effect of this treatment, herpes zoster has not been previously reported. Because shingles most commonly presents as a pain episode before rash eruption, it can be easily mistaken for chest wall pain alone. Shingles can be treated effectively with anti-viral medications and anti-inflammatory agents. Thus, it is important to keep this side effect in mind for patients who receive SBRT to the lung and follow-up with chest wall pain.
Cortical Studies on Glaucoma

SYNOPSIS. Clones of 3 strains of the ciliated protozoon Glaucoma chattoni were subjected to corticotypic analysis. In agreement with previous studies on Tetrahymena, many cortical features vary in a systematic way with the total number of ciliary meridians. Most strikingly, the positions of the contractile vacuole pore and the numbers of postoral meridians change in a regular progression, but the patterns of change are distinctive in different strains. Under the growth conditions employed the corticotypes (meridian numbers) in G. chattoni are much less stable than those in T. pyriformis and no preferential “stability sink” is apparent.
The reactions 16O(d, p)17O and 28Si(d, p)29Si initiated by vector-polarized deuterons

Abstract The vector analyzing power has been measured for the reactions 16 O(d, d) 16 O and 16 O(d, p) 17 O leading to states in 17 O at E x = 0.0 and 0.87 MeV at a deuteron energy of 8 MeV. The vector analyzing power and the cross section for the 28 Si(d, p) 29 Si reaction leading to states in 29 Si at E x = 0.0, 1.27, 2.03, 2.43, 3.07, 3.62 and 4.08 MeV have been measured at a deuteron energy of 9 MeV. For l n = 2 transitions, the vector analyzing power near the stripping peak is found to be negative for j π = 3 2 + and positive for j π = 5 2 + . The measurements on 16 O(d, d) 16 O were analyzed in terms of the optical model. The (d, p) measurements are compared with DWBA calculations. Spectroscopic factors obtained from the analysis are in fair agreement with theoretical predictions.
Texture analysis of lesions in breast ultrasound images

We investigate the use of Haralick's texture features and posterior acoustic attenuation descriptors (PAAD) for the characterization of ultrasound (US) breast lesions. 71 lesions (24 cyst, 21 benign solid mass and 26 malignant solid masses) were manually segmented on two-dimensional breast US images. 28 Haralick's descriptors and two PAAD were evaluated on these segmented lesions. Mean of Sum Average, Range of Sum Entropy and the second PAAD best discriminated cysts from noncysts. Range of Correlation and the second PAAD best discriminated solid malignant from benign lesions. Computerized analysis of breast US images can increase the specificity of breast sonography by providing a better characterization of solid lesions.
Individual Consistency in Parental Effort Across Multiple Stages of Care in the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus

In many avian species in which biparental care is provided to offspring, substantial variation exists within members of each sex in the level of effort contributed to various forms of parental care. Questions remain as to whether individuals that contribute more toward one parental activity also contribute more toward other activities in which they participate. We examined the contributions of male and female house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to three forms of parental care: incubation, nestling provisioning, and nest defense, and compared the investments made by individuals at each stage of care relative to other same-sexed parents. In both males and females, nestling feeding rates were positively associated with time spent incubating, but no relationships were found between measures of nestling feeding and nest defense. The predictability of an individual's feeding behavior based on earlier incubation efforts may make incubation a good stage for individuals to evaluate the parental abilities of their partners.
Protein evolution by molecular breeding

Natural evolution has guided the development of 'molecular breeding' processes used in the laboratory for the rapid modification of subgenomic sequences including single genes. The most significant recent development has been the in vitro permutation of natural diversity. Homologous recombination of multiple related sequences produced high-quality libraries of chimeric sequences encoding proteins with functions that differ dramatically from any of the parents. Increasingly powerful screening methods are also being developed, allowing these libraries to be screened for novel biocatalysts.