cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin's disease. A clinical and pathologic study of 235 cases

Retrospective clinicopathologic analysis of 235 cases of Hodgkin's disease was performed. Nodular sclerosis most commonly presented in Stages I and II, mixed cellularity and lymphocytic depletion in Stages III and IV, while lymphocytic predominance was evenly distributed. Nodular sclerosis was most common in young females. Mediastinal involvement was commonest for mixed cellularity in early clinical stages. Six-year survival was calculated by the life-table method. Lymphocytic depletion was relatively favorable regardless of clinical stage. Nodular sclerosis was favorable only in Stages I and II, while mixed cellularity and lymphocytic depletion were unfavorable regardless of clinical stage. Poor survival was associated with late stage, male sex, older age, and systemic symptoms. Statistical analysis showed histologic type and clinical stage to be highly significant prognostic factors. Age, sex, and systemic symptoms were weaker prognostic variables. The nodular sclerosis group was pathologically subdivided by cellular composition and degree of fibrosis. Survival advantage was found for cases with mostly lymphocytes, few Sternberg-Reed cells, and least fibrosis. The combined results of the Keller series and our own suggest that subclassification of nodular sclerosis is feasible.
Low‐frequency transient (time domain) electromagnetic fields propagating in a marine environment

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in seawater is quite different from the propagation in free air. Both the velocity of propagation and the attenuation of the wave reveal a strong dependency on frequency. When using electromagnetic methods for underwater purposes, the low-frequency bands are preferable since high-frequency components are attenuated very quickly. Consider a transmitted electromagnetic pulse travelling outward from a submerged electric dipole. Such a pulse contains many frequency components. Since the different components travel with different velocity, the shape of the pulse will become more and more distorted as it travels from the source. In seawater, the distance of propagation is very limited to encourage practical applications. However, when the environment contains several electrically different media, the electromagnetic wave can propagate along the boundaries to a much longer distance and this property makes them valuable tools in geophysical prospecting and radio communication. The purpose of this study is twofold: first the paper outlines a technique that generalizes the solution of Maxwell's equations to an arbitrary number of layers; the second goal is to investigate the propagation of low-frequency transient electromagnetic fields in a marine environment modelled as a layered media. The frequency-domain formula for the travelling field of a horizontal electric dipole excited by a current pulse is Fourier transformed to obtain the solution for the field in time domain. Possible application to remote sensing in the ocean is considered. © Crown Copyright 2004. Reproduced with the permission & Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Àrokò, Mmomomme Twe, Nsibidi, Ogede, and Tusona Africanisms in Florida’s Self-Emancipated Africans’ Resistance to Enslavement and War Stratagems

For approximately 150 years, Africans fled enslavement on Southern plantations and lived autonomously in Florida, using discrete African art forms, traditions, and sensibilities in their modes of communications, rituals, subsistence strategies, and battle plans to prosper and achieve and sustain their freedom and autonomy. This article reconstructs the ways cultural forms and practices, such as aroko, nsibidi, tusona or sona (ideographic writing systems), and mmomomme twe and ogede (incantations), functioned in these self-emancipated Africans’ stratagems to escape from Spanish, British, and American plantations; thrive socially and economically in the autonomous settlements they established; elude recapture; and defeat their former enslavers and other foe militarily despite their adversaries’ incessant onslaughts, advanced artillery, manpower, and economic advantages.
Hypnotic susceptibility and implications for measurement

Abstract To adapt hypnotic psychotherapy to thc individual patient some kind of assessment of the patient's hypnotizability is essential. The choice lies betwecn clinical judgment of responsiveness and measurement. Although measurement is desiralde, care has to be exercised in selecting the appropriate measurement instrument, because an efficient scale must be based on sound psychometric considerations and avoid the illusions inherent in clinical intuition.
Functional properties of the corticotectal projection in the golden hamster

Approximately 31% of the cells recorded in the hamster's superior colliculus could be activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral primary visual cortex. While cortically activated cells were encountered in all laminae of the colliculus where visual cells were isolated, the highest probability of driving visual cells was observed in the deeper laminae, that is, those ventral to the stratum opticum. Response latency, jitter (latency variability), latency shifts as a function of shock intensity, thresholds, and spike numbers did not vary as a function of depth in the colliculus. There was a clear correspondence between the visual fields of the best cortical stimulus points and the receptive fields of cortically activated cells recorded in the superficial laminae of the colliculus. However, there was considerably less retinotopic fidelity for the cortical areas from which cells isolated in the deeper laminae could be driven. This suggests a greater degree of convergence from relatively widespread cortical regions upon visual cells of the deeper laminae. The visual response properties (directional selectivity, speed preferences, and receptive field organization) of the cortically activated cells did not differ appreciably from the overall sample of visual cells recorded in the colliculus. Only 3 of the 159 cells tested were driven by stimulation of the contralateral visual cortex and two of these were responsive only at very long latencies.
Antitumor activity of common antibiotics against superficial bladder cancer.

Abstract Objectives The recurrence rate for superficial bladder tumors treated with complete resection averages 88%. Intravesical chemotherapy decreases the recurrence rate by only 14%; thus, new chemotherapeutic agents are needed. Antibiotics are often used to prevent infections after transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Oral intake of antibiotics results in significantly greater concentrations in the urine than in the serum. Our objective was to evaluate four commonly used urinary antibiotics for their cytotoxic activity against bladder cancer cells at clinically relevant concentrations. Methods Three human transitional cell carcinoma lines—HTB9 (grade 2), T24 (grade 3), and TccSup (grade 4)—were exposed to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefazolin, or nitrofurantoin at concentrations from 0 (control) to 1000, 1000, 5000, and 2000 μg/mL, respectively, for 96 hours. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT colorimetric assay. Six replicates were used for each data point, and the results are reported as the mean ± standard deviation. Results Significant cytotoxicity ( P Conclusions Commonly used antibiotics exhibit significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cells at concentrations achievable in the urine after oral administration. The administration of antibiotics after transurethral resection of bladder tumors might prevent seeding of cancer cells and thereby decrease the recurrence rate. Preclinical data such as these must be considered in the design of clinical trials addressing recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumors.
Strategic marketing planning guided by the quality-of-life (QOL) concept

An emerging ethical philosophy in marketing is developing. This philosophy is based on quality-of-life studies which are becoming an important topic of research in behavioral and social sciences (basic and applied research). This paper addresses the QOL orientation in marketing from a decision-making perspective. Specifically, this paper shows how marketers can engage in strategic marketing planning guided by the QOL concept.
Long-wavelength properties of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.

We study the long-wavelength properties of the one-dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. We determine all the parameters in the effective long-wavelength equation, interpret the phenomenological coefficients in terms of microscopic quantities, and estimate the time and length scales where the behavior crosses over from linear diffusive to that of the full nonlinear equation. We corroborate our analysis by studying variants of the model with more general linear terms.
Studies directed toward the synthesis of adriamycin: diels-alder reactions of anthradiquinones and various dienes

Chinizarindichjnon (Ic) und seine Substitutionsprodukte (Ia) und (Ib) konnen mit konjugierten Dienen im Sinne einer Diels-Alder-Reaktion zu (III), (IV), (V) bzw. (VI) reagieren.
Homocysteine elicits an M1 phenotype in murine macrophages through an EMMPRIN-mediated pathway.

Introduction: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with inflammatory diseases and is known to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and to decrease endothelial nitric oxide production. However, the impact of HHcy on macrophage phenotype differentiation is not well-established. It has been documented that macrophages have 2 distinct phenotypes: the “classically activated/destructive” (M1), and the “alternatively activated/constructive” (M2) subtypes. We hypothesize that HHcy increases M1 macrophage differentiation through extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a known inducer of matrix metalloproteinases. Methods: murine J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages were treated with 100 and 500 μmol/L Hcy, respectively, for 24 h. Samples were analyzed using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results: Homocysteine treatment increased cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40; M1 marker) in J774A.1 and Ra...
Shuttle Imaging Radar: Physical Controls on Signal Penetration and Subsurface Scattenng in the Eastern Sahara

SIR-A signal penetration and subsurface backscatter within the upper meter or so of the sediment blanket in the Eastern Sahara of southern Egypt and northern Sudan are enhanced both by radar sensor parameters and by the physical and chemical characteristics of eolian and alluvial materials. Interpretation of SIR-A images by McCauley et al. [1], [2] dramatically changed previous concepts of the role that fluvial processes have played over the past 10000 to 30000000 years in shaping this now extremely flat, featureless, and hyperarid landscape. In the present paper we summarize the near-surface stratigraphy, the electrical properties of materials, and the types of radar interfaces found to be responsible for different classes of SIR-A tonal response. The dominant factors related to efficient microwave signal penetration into the sediment blanket include a) favorable distribution of particle sizes, b) extremely low moisture content and c) reduced geometric scattering at the SIR-A frequency (1.3 GHz). The depth of signal penetration that results in a recorded backscatter, here called "radar imaging depth," was documented in the field to be a maximum of 1.5 m, or 0.25 of the calculated "skin depth," for the sediment blanket. Radar imaging depth is estimated to be between 2 and 3 m for active sand dune materials. Diverse permittivity interfaces and volume scatterers within the shallow subsurface are responsible for most of the observed backscatter not directly attributable to grazing outcrops.
Effect of plant population on the production and distribution of dry matter in maize

SUMMARY Grain and total dry weight of maize (Zea mays L.) at final harvest increased by about 50% and 30%, respectively, when the population was increased from 23000 to 48000 plants/ha, but did not increase further with population up to 74000/ha. Between 6 and 10 weeks after sowing, crop growth rate (C) increased by about 40% with increase in leaf-area index (L) from 2 to 5·5, despite a concomitant increase in moisture stress. Immediately after flowering, which occurred at 10–11 weeks, C increased up to the greatest L attained, 6·7, and would probably have reached a maximum, with L about 7, when nearly all the incident light would be intercepted by foliage. Later, the L at which C was maximal decreased, probably because the photosyhthetic efficiency of leaves decreased faster with time as L increased; 18 weeks after sowing, when L varied between 3 and 5·5, C was maximal when L was 5. The proportion of grain in the dry matter accumulated after flowering increased from 73% when population was 23000/ha to 82% when it was 60000–74000/ha. Stem weight increased until 3–4 weeks after flowering, then remained constant when population was 23000/ha, but decreased in denser populations. The fraction of the ear consisting of grain increased with population.
Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages: a novel type of alternatively activated macrophages

Objective Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of modulating the immune system through interaction with a wide range of immune cells. This study investigates the hypothesis that interaction of MSCs with macrophages could play a significant role in their antiinflammatory/immune modulatory effects. Materials and Methods MSCs were derived from bone marrow and monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. We cultured human monocytes for 7 days without any added cytokines to generate macrophages, and then cocultured them for 3 more days with culture-expanded MSCs. We used cell surface antigen expression and intracellular cytokine expression patterns to study the immunophenotype of macrophages at the end of this coculture period, and phagocytic assays to investigate their functional activity in vitro. Results Macrophages cocultured with MSCs consistently showed high-level expression of CD206, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages. Furthermore, these macrophages expressed high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and low levels of IL-12, as determined by intracellular staining, typical of alternatively activated macrophages. However, macrophages cocultured with MSCs also expressed high levels of IL-6 and low levels of tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α) compared to controls. Functionally, macrophages cocultured with MSCs showed a higher level of phagocytic activity. Conclusions We describe a novel type of human macrophage generated in vitro after coculture with MSCs that assumes an immunophenotype defined as IL-10–high, IL-12–low, IL-6–high, and TNF-α–low secreting cells. These MSC-educated macrophages may be a unique and novel type of alternatively activated macrophage with a potentially significant role in tissue repair.
Tin and germanium monochalcogenide IV–VI semiconductor nanocrystals for use in solar cells

The incorporation of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals into the photoabsorbant material of photovoltaic devices may reduce the production costs of solar cells since nanocrystals can be readily synthesized on a large scale and are solution processable. While the lead chalcogenide IV–VI nanocrystals have been widely studied in a variety of photovoltaic devices, concerns over the toxicity of lead have motivated the exploration of less toxic materials. This has led to the exploration of tin and germanium monochalcogenide IV–VI semiconductors, both of which are made up of earth abundant elements and possess properties similar to the lead chalcogenides. This feature article highlights recent efforts made towards achieving synthetic control over nanocrystal size and morphology of the non-lead containing IV–VI monochalcogenides (i.e., SnS, SnSe, SnTe, GeS and GeSe) and their application toward photovoltaic devices.
Estimation of Multiple Scattering By Iterative Inversion, Part II: Examples On Marine And Land Data

The iterative approach to the process of surface-related multiple elimination gives a more flexible way of applying this process. Optionally, the convergence of this process can be improved if an initial multiple free result can be used to start the iterations with. However, in many practical situations, only one adaptive iteration appears to be sufficient for a satisfactory result. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time the applicability of the surfacerelated multiple elimination technology for land data. Especially it is shown that proper pre-processing, such as amplitude balancing combined with appropriate noise removal techniques, is required in order to condition the data as a multiple prediction operator.
The effect of knowledge of object distance on accommodation during instrument viewing.

We present data in which instrument accommodation was measured while knowledge of object distance was varied. The accommodative feedback loop was ‘semiopen’—an intermediate state between the closed-loop and open-loop conditions of previous experiments. The semi-open-loop situation mimicked the degraded-image conditions which are frequently encountered during instrument viewing. The results show that for some subjects knowledge of object distance is a more powerful cue for instrument accommodation than is the optical distance of the object; however, for the majority of subjects this is not the case. We also found that subjects whose accommodation is influenced by knowledge of object distance tend to have a more proximal dark focus than those whose accommodation is independent of knowledge of object distance. We propose that the Mandelbaum effect, in which involuntary accommodation occurs when a transparency is superimposed between the observer and the object of regard, could account for the accommodative b...
Patients' Willingness to Accept Life-Sustaining Treatment When the Expected Outcome is a Diminished Mental Health State: An Exploratory Study

OBJECTIVE: To assess patients' willingness to accept life-sustaining treatment when the expected outcome is a diminished mental health state. DESIGN: Structured interviews with a consecutive series of patients. SETTING: A university-based Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PATIENTS: One hundred four male patients (mean age = 65.4 years; range 37–82) seen consecutively in a general medicine clinic. MEASUREMENTS: We assessed the acceptability of temporary ventilatory support for a hypothetical case of severe pneumonia. Patients were asked to consider mental health states involving minor cognitive deficits that varied only in their expected frequency and duration. RESULTS: All patients except one were willing to accept temporary life support in the management of severe pneumonia. Of these 103 patients, 76 patients specified the number of days they would allow themselves to be continued on intubation and ventilatory support. The length of time varied from 1 day to 2 years and was longer when patients reported having had a stroke or reported being in fair or poor health. Fifty patients were willing to accept all diminished mental health states, including the most severe state (F). Patients who reported having been in a medical intensive care unit were more likely to accept intubation in the most severe state (F). CONCLUSIONS: In the case of “severe pneumonia,” about half of our older male veterans reported a willingness to accept intubation and ventilatory support even if it resulted in persistent cognitive disability. These results suggest that experience in a medical intensive care unit with ventilators and experience with strokes may make patients more tolerant of treatments that may result in impaired cognitive function.
An input-output approach for the efficient design of sustainable goods and services

Purpose We propose a prescriptive framework to support environmentally conscious decision making in the design of goods and services. The framework bridges recent applications of input-output analysis to conduct environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), with seminal work in production economics. In the latter, product design, production planning, and scheduling problems are frequently formulated as input-output models with substitution, and subsequently analyzed and solved as linear programs. The use of linear programming provides an appealing theory and computational framework to support decision making, as well as to conduct sensitivity analysis
Preparing for the Inevitable: Nuclear Signaling for Regional Nuclear Crises

Unlike the previous adversarial relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union, where communications and an understanding nuclear signaling developed over decades and were generally effective, communication of intent at a time of escalating tension during a crisis between the United States and a nuclear-armed regional aggressor is likely to be complicated by myriad asymmetries, for example culture, intelligence capabilities, and doctrine. This article considers the characteristics required of successful nuclear signaling in such a context, the options currently available to the United States, and possible alternatives for the future.
Plasma synthesis of tungsten carbide and cobalt nanocomposite powder

Abstract Nanosized tungsten carbide–cobalt composite powder was synthesized by a thermal plasma process, in which ammonium paratungstate (APT) and cobalt oxide were reacted with a gas mixture containing CH 4 , H 2 , and Ar. The reduction and carburization of vaporized precursors produced nanosized tungsten carbide (WC 1− x )–cobalt composite powder, which contained small amounts of W 2 C and/or W phase. The particle size of synthesized tungsten carbide powder was less than 20 nm. The synthesized composite powders were also subjected to a hydrogen heat treatment to fully carburize WC 1− x , W 2 C, and W phases to the WC phase as well as to remove excess carbon in the product. Finally nanosized WC–Co composite powder of particle size less than 100 nm was obtained.
Generation of the 15-Electron Rhodium(II) Complex [RhCl(PPh3)3]+ by 1-Electron Oxidation of Wilkinson's Catalyst

Wilkinson's catalyst, RhCl(PPh3)3 (1), undergoes a one-electron oxidation at a sufficiently low potential (E1/2 = +0.035 V vs Fc) to allow a facile electron-transfer reaction with mild oxidants suc...
The input impedance and antenna characteristics of a cavity-backed plasma covered ground plane antenna

A description of two methods which are based on a cavity Green's function technique and a waveguide Green's technique which can be used to calculate the input impedance, electromagnetic fields, antenna probe currents, and antenna characteristics of a cavity-backed plasma covered ground plane antenna is presented. A description of the formulation of the theory behind the methods is given. Comparison of theory and experiment are made.
The simple boundary element method for transient heat conduction in functionally graded materials

Abstract This paper presents a “simple” boundary element method for transient heat conduction in functionally graded materials, which leads to a boundary-only formulation without any domain discretization. For a broad range of functional material variation (quadratic, exponential and trigonometric) of thermal conductivity and specific heat, the non-homogeneous problem can be transformed into the standard homogeneous diffusion problem. A three-dimensional boundary element implementation, using the Laplace transform approach and the Galerkin approximation, is presented. The time dependence is restored by numerically inverting the Laplace transform by means of the Stehfest algorithm. A number of numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of the method. The results of the test examples are in excellent agreement with analytical solutions and finite element simulation results.
Effects of crack tip geometry on dislocation emission and cleavage: A possible path to enhanced ductility

We present a systematic study of the effect of crack blunting on subsequent crack propagation and dislocation emission. We show that the stress intensity factor required to propagate the crack is increased as the crack is blunted by up to thirteen atomic layers, but only by a relatively modest amount for a crack with a sharp 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} corner. The effect of the blunting is far less than would be expected from a smoothly blunted crack; the sharp corners preserve the stress concentration, reducing the effect of the blunting. However, for some material parameters blunting changes the preferred deformation mode from brittle cleavage to dislocation emission. In such materials, the absorption of preexisting dislocations by the crack tip can cause the crack tip to be locally arrested, causing a significant increase in the microscopic toughness of the crack tip. Continuum plasticity models have shown that even a moderate increase in the microscopic toughness can lead to an increase in the macroscopic fracture toughness of the material by several orders of magnitude. We thus propose an atomic-scale mechanism at the crack tip, that ultimately may lead to a high fracture toughness in some materials where a sharp crack would seem to be able to propagate in a brittle manner. When the crack is loaded in mode II, the load required to emit a dislocation is affected to a much higher degree by the blunting, in agreement with the estimates from continuum elasticity. In mode II the emission process is aided by a reduction of the free surface area during the emission process. This leads to emission at crack loadings which are lower than predicted from the continuum analysis of Rice.
Chronic exposure to low doses of MPTP. I. Cognitive deficits in motor asymptomatic monkeys.

Cognitive deficits which may occur following chronic low-dose exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were studied in monkeys who remained motor asymptomatic for parkinsonin throughout the study. The tasks used to assess cognitive functioning are those which have proved in the past to be sensitive to disruption of frontal cortical and or striatal integrity (delayed response and delayed alternation) or sensitive to inferior temporal lobe dysfunction (visual pattern discrimination). Since Parkinson's disease patients have been described as exhibiting frontal signs, we were interested to examine whether MPTP-treated monkeys might exhibit deficits on frontally-mediated tasks, without the confound of motor disturbances. We found that macaquenemistrina monkeys exposed to cumulative doses of 14.94–75.42 mg of MPTP over periods ranging from 5 to 13 months never developed parkinsonian motor signs. However, all 4 animals examined showed significant post-MPTP deficits in delayed response and delayed alternation performance, while visual pattern discrimination performance remained intact. These animals also developed other behavioral problems including irritability and decreased attentiveness. These results show that MPTP can cause specific cognitive deficits independent of the motor deficits which can be produced by this toxin.
Weight-bearing asymmetry in individuals post-hip fracture during the sit to stand task

Abstract Background Individuals post hip fracture decrease force on the involved limb during sit to stand tasks, creating an asymmetry in vertical ground reaction force. Joint specific differences that underlie asymmetry of the vertical ground reaction force are unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in vertical ground reaction force variables and joint kinetics at the hip and knee in participants post-hip fracture, who were recently discharged from homecare physical therapy to controls. Methods Forty-four community-dwelling older adults, 29 who had a hip fracture and 15 elderly control participant’s completed the sit to stand task on an instrumented chair with 3 force plates. T -tests were used to compare clinical tests (Berg Balance Scale, activity balance confidence and gait speed, isokinetic knee strength) and vertical ground reaction force variables. Two-way analyses of variance compared vertical ground reaction force variables and kinetics at the hip and knee between hip fracture and elderly control groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine correlations between clinical and vertical ground reaction force variables. Findings Vertical ground reaction force variables were significantly lower on the involved side for the hip fracture group compared to the uninvolved side and controls. Lower involved side hip and knee moments and power contributed to lower involved side vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force variables and strength had moderate to high correlations with clinical measures. Interpretation Uninvolved side knee moments and powers were the largest contributors to asymmetrical vertical ground reaction force in participants post-hip fracture. The association of vertical ground reaction force variables and clinical measures of function suggesting reducing vertical ground reaction force asymmetry may contribute to higher levels of function post-hip fracture. Functional and strength training should target the involved knee to reduce vertical ground reaction force asymmetry.
Scatterometer-Derived Wind Fields for Mid-Latitude Storms

Data from several satellite passes can be combined to produce surface vector wind fields for the bulk of the storm. A wide range of gridding techniques and assumptions can be used to produce these gridded wind fields, each with substantial strengths and weaknesses. For example, numerical weather prediction (NWP) tools can be used to assimilate the satellite data, and to advect information to a common time. However, such models tend to have rather poor boundary-layer physics, and imposed physical assumptions rarely work well for severe weather. These problems are much worse in the tropics than in mid-latitudes; however, they remain a serious problem for warm core seclusions (mid-latitude storms with a core that is warm relative to its surroundings), which are extremely powerful storms. Another problem with these storms is that they tend to translate very rapidly and change their structure on short time scales compared to NWP output. These rapid changes hamper traditional objective analysis techniques, greatly limiting the time window for which data can be usefully assimilated. Data from adjacent scatterometer passes (less than two hours difference) have been used with some success in the representation of patterns for wind speed and direction. Spatial derivative of wind vectors are often of more interest for ocean and atmospheric dynamics. In this study, the vorticity field (the curl of the winds) is investigated in the context of warm core seclusions. The vorticity is calculated in the individual swaths (prior to regridding), and in the gridded product.
Institutional Change and Economic Growth

The meteoric rise of the new economic history reflects the fact that historians abhor a vacuum and sometimes it seems to reflect an even baser instinct that any theory is better than no theory. Of course, any explanation always uses theory; however, it was usually implicit and frequently a bouillabaisse in which Marx, Veblen and the German historical school floated around in as equally indigestible lumps. But the combination of an internally consistent paradigm based on a few simple assumptions and the mysteries of econometrics simply overwhelmed the older historian, as much as anything else, because he could not understand the rules of the game, much less play it. But even while the new breed was destroying one traditional explanation after another, the traditional historian even in retreat kept muttering over and over, “But you are destroying the existing myths without replacing them. Soon there will be no explanation—no economic history—just an immense heap of numbers.” And sometimes, plaintively from the left flank of the retreating historians, there would come the cry, “But institutions ARE important!”
Fold change and p-value cutoffs significantly alter microarray interpretations

As context is important to gene expression, so is the preprocessing of microarray to transcriptomics. Microarray data suffers from several normalization and significance problems. Arbitrary fold change (FC) cut-offs of >2 and significance p-values of <0.02 lead data collection to look only at genes which vary wildly amongst other genes. Therefore, questions arise as to whether the biology or the statistical cutoff are more important within the interpretation. In this paper, we reanalyzed a zebrafish (D. rerio) microarray data set using GeneSpring and different differential gene expression cut-offs and found the data interpretation was drastically different. Furthermore, despite the advances in microarray technology, the array captures a large portion of genes known but yet still leaving large voids in the number of genes assayed, such as leptin a pleiotropic hormone directly related to hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. The data strongly suggests that the number of differentially expressed genes is more up-regulated than down-regulated, with many genes indicating conserved signalling to previously known functions. Recapitulated data from Marques et al. (2008) was similar but surprisingly different with some genes showing unexpected signalling which may be a product of tissue (heart) or that the intended response was transient. Our analyses suggest that based on the chosen statistical or fold change cut-off; microarray analysis can provide essentially more than one answer, implying data interpretation as more of an art than a science, with follow up gene expression studies a must. Furthermore, gene chip annotation and development needs to maintain pace with not only new genomes being sequenced but also novel genes that are crucial to the overall gene chips interpretation.
Inducible nuclear factor-κB activation contributes to chemotherapy resistance in gastric cancer1 ☆

Abstract Background Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in some cancer cell lines. Inhibition of NF-κB by adenoviral delivery of an IκBα superrepressor (Ad.IκBα-SR) should potentiate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan chemotherapy in gastric cancer cells. Study design NCI-N87 and AGS human gastric cancer cells were studied. Chemotherapy-induced NF-κB activation was assessed using a luciferase reporter assay. Inhibition of NF-κB was assessed by luciferase reporter assay and by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cells were pretreated for 1 hour with Ad.IκBα (25 MOI) and incubated with 5-FU or the active metabolite of irinotecan (SN-38). Cell growth was assessed by cell proliferation assay and induction of apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and caspase 3/7 assay. Results 5-FU and SN-38 significantly induced NF-κB activation as measured by luciferase reporter assay (p Conclusions NF-κB is activated in human gastric cancer in response to chemotherapy and may result in inducible chemoresistance. Inhibition of NF-κB by Ad.IκBα-SR enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and has potential as a novel antineoplastic strategy.
Myocardial infarction after aspirin.

Dr Fox and his colleagues (January 2004, JRSM1) describe a patient who had a myocardial infarction in the course of a severe allergic reaction to aspirin. They suggest that the observed coronary vasospasm could have been due either to aspirin directly or to massive release of catecholamines during the anaphylactic reaction. In my opinion, the latter explanation is more likely. There are many reports of coronary vasospasm in severe anaphylaxis—for example, in allergic reactions to drugs such as amoxicillin2 and naproxen3 and even after a bee sting.4 Physicians should be cautious in using epinephrine in these circumstances since it can worsen the vasospasm.5
Neutrons and energetic charged particles in the inner heliosphere: Measurements of the MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer from 0.3 to 0.85 AU

Energetic charged particle and neutron data from the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) on board the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft have been acquired for solar distances ranging from 0.3 to 0.85 AU. The NS is sensitive to ions with energies greater than 120 MeV/nucleon and has made the first measurements of these energetic ions in the inner heliosphere since the mid-1970s. The high-energy ion measurements are well correlated with Earth-based neutron monitor measurements, which themselves provide a measure of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). These measurements provide an explicit demonstration of the expected GCR solar modulation for solar distances to 0.3 AU. These NS data also represent the first interplanetary neutron measurements in the inner heliosphere. The time variability of the neutron measurements are driven by two primary effects: time variable production of neutrons from GCRs interacting with local spacecraft material and small count rate changes due to temperature-driven gain changes in the NS instrument. When these time-dependent variations are removed from the neutron measurements, there is no statistically significant variation of neutron count rates versus solar distance. These data are used to derive an upper limit on solar neutron production of 1024 neutrons[0.5 < E < 9 MeV] sr−1 s−1 during quiescent periods.
A necessary condition for the realization of a resistive n-port based on network size and on the concept of weighted terminal valency

The insolvability of the resistive n-port problem after five decades of persistent but unsuccessful attempts by the most ingenious network theorists suggests that some concepts may have been overlooked in previous considerations of the positive resistance network class. In this paper we consider these two concepts: (a) the network size, characterized by the parameter D/sup 2/ (ohms), and (b) the weighted terminal valency, represented by the dimensionless terminal weight vector w.
Turbulent flow properties of viscoelastic fluids

The abnormally high resistance of viscoelastic fluids to sudden deformations and to stretching may be expected to cause the structure of turbulent velocity fields in these systems to differ appreciably from those of Newtonian fluids. An analysis based on these considerations is presented and supported using friction factor data for three concentrations of a water soluble polymer. Pressure losses predicted by use of this correlation are within 15% or less of the experimental values, but as all dimensionless groups which influence the results were not varied independently, the correlation developed may not be universally applicable to all fluids. Suggestions for further and more more specific analyses are made. On peut s'attendre a ce que la resistance extraordinairement elevee des fluides visco-elastiques aux deformations soudaines et a la distension puisse produire dans ces systemes une structure des champs de velocite turbulente bien differente de celle des champs des fluides Newtoniens. On presente une analyse basee sur ces considerations, laquelle est corroboree par les resultats obtenus pour les facteurs de friction dans le cas de trois concentrations d'un polymere soluble dans l'eau. Les pertes de pression predites par l'emploi de cette correlation n'excedent pas 15% des valeurs experimentales, mais, etant donne qu'on n'a pas fait varier independamment tous les groupes sans dimensions qui influencent les resultats, la correlation qu'on a mise au point ne peut s'appliquer a tous les fluides. On fait des suggestions pour faire des analyses plus poussees et plus specifiques.
Genetic changes in human populations, especially those due to gene flow and genetic drift.

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates the application of theory—partly old, partly new—to actual field studies. This healthy movement has grown equally out of the development of theories by Wright, Fisher, Haldane, Dahlberg, Hogben, and others, on the one hand, and out of the laborious determinations of the frequencies of genetic phenotypes and the frequencies of alleles by a host of blood group analysts, physical anthropologists, and geneticists, on the other. The chapter is particularly focused on the demonstration and analysis of gene flow and genetic drift. Yet the effects of these upon the composition of populations are so inextricably knit with the effects of selection and mutation that it is impossible to discuss them altogether apart. It may be confidently expected that the development of the understanding of gene flow and genetic drift will make it possible to arrive at a better grasp of the interactions of mutation and selection with them and each other.
Chemical injury to the eye from EMLA cream during erbium laser resurfacing.

Background.EMLA cream is commonly used as a topical anesthetic by physicians performing dermatologic surgery.Objective.The purpose of this article is to inform physicians that EMLA cream is highly alkaline and can be particularly toxic to the eye. Symptoms of eye irritation may be initially masked b
Pharmacodynamics of a New Streptogramin, XRP 2868, in Murine Thigh and Lung Infection Models

XRP 2868 is a new streptogramin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive cocci. We used the neutropenic murine thigh and lung infection models to characterize the time course of antimicrobial activity of XRP 2868 and determine which pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameter and magnitude best correlated with efficacy. Serum levels following four two- to fourfold-escalating single-dose levels of XRP 2868 were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay. In vivo postantibiotic effects (PAEs) were determined after doses of 2.5, 10, and 40 mg/kg. Mice had 10(6.8) to 10(8.4) CFU/thigh of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 10813 or Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 at the start of therapy when treated for 24 h with 2.5 to 640 mg/kg/day of XRP 2868 fractionated for 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h dosing regimens. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to determine which PK/PD parameter best correlated with CFU/thigh at 24 h. Pharmacokinetic studies exhibited peak dose values of 0.03 to 0.07, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) dose values of 0.02 to 0.07, and half-lives of 0.35 to 1.27 h. XRP 2868 produced in vivo PAEs of 0.5 to 3.4 h with S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 10813 and -1.5 to 10.7 h with S. aureus strain ATCC 29213. The 24-h AUC/MIC was the PK/PD parameter that best correlated with efficacy. In subsequent studies, we used the neutropenic murine thigh infection model to determine if the magnitude of the AUC/MIC needed for the efficacy of XRP 2868 varied among pathogens (including resistant strains). Mice had 10(6.1) to 10(7.8) CFU/thigh of four isolates of S. aureus (three methicillin-susceptible and one methicillin-resistant strain) and nine isolates of S. pneumoniae (one penicillin-susceptible, four penicillin-intermediate, and four penicillin-resistant strains) when treated for 24 h with 0.16 to 640 mg/kg of XRP 2868 every 6 h. A sigmoid dose-response model was used to estimate the doses (mg/kg/24 h) required to achieve a net bacteriostatic affect over 24 h. MICs ranged from 0.06 to 0.25 microg/ml. The 24-h AUC/MICs for each static dose (20.7 to 252 mg/kg/day) varied from 3 to 70. Mean 24-h AUC/MICs +/- standard deviations (SDs) for S. pneumoniae and S. aureus isolates were 14 +/- 10 and 31 +/- 16, respectively. Beta-lactam and macrolide resistance did not alter the magnitude of AUC/MIC required for efficacy.
New Findings on Evolution of Metal Homeostasis Genes: Evidence from Comparative Genome Analysis of Bacteria and Archaea

ABSTRACT In order to examine the natural history of metal homeostasis genes in prokaryotes, open reading frames with homology to characterized PIB-type ATPases from the genomes of 188 bacteria and 22 archaea were investigated. Major findings were as follows. First, a high diversity in N-terminal metal binding motifs was observed. These motifs were distributed throughout bacterial and archaeal lineages, suggesting multiple loss and acquisition events. Second, the CopA locus separated into two distinct phylogenetic clusters, CopA1, which contained ATPases with documented Cu(I) influx activity, and CopA2, which contained both efflux and influx transporters and spanned the entire diversity of the bacterial domain, suggesting that CopA2 is the ancestral locus. Finally, phylogentic incongruences between 16S rRNA and PIB-type ATPase gene trees identified at least 14 instances of lateral gene transfer (LGT) that had occurred among diverse microbes. Results from bootstrapped supported nodes indicated that (i) a majority of the transfers occurred among proteobacteria, most likely due to the phylogenetic relatedness of these organisms, and (ii) gram-positive bacteria with low moles percent G+C were often involved in instances of LGT. These results, together with our earlier work on the occurrence of LGT in subsurface bacteria (J. M. Coombs and T. Barkay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:1698-1707, 2004), indicate that LGT has had a minor role in the evolution of PIB-type ATPases, unlike other genes that specify survival in metal-stressed environments. This study demonstrates how examination of a specific locus across microbial genomes can contribute to the understanding of phenotypes that are critical to the interactions of microbes with their environment.
An ALE hydrodynamic lubrication finite element method with application to strip rolling

A method that incorporates the hydrodynamic lubrication analysis into the arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) finite element analysis is developed for steady-state strip rolling simulation. By employing the ALE formulation, only part of the workpiece, which is subjected to large plastic deformation within the roll-bite region, is modelled, so that the computational cost is substantially reduced. In the hydrodynamic lubrication formulation, the effect of surface roughness on the lubricant flow is taken into consideration by the use of an average flow model. The friction stress is expressed in terms of forming variables such as surface roughness, lubricant and workpiece properties, film thickness, forming speed and process geometry. Furthermore, the elastic deformation of rolls is also analysed by the boundary element method to avoid the finite element discretization inside the rolls. Two numerical examples, aluminium and steel strip rolling processes, are presented to demonstrate the merits of the proposed method.
Detergent-free caveolae proteome suggests an interaction with ER and mitochondria

Recent proteomic studies of detergent resistant membrane fractions have begun to characterize the protein composition of caveolae and lipid rafts. The methods used in most of these studies, however, are not able to distinguish between plasma membrane and internal membrane lipid domains. Here we used a non-detergent method for obtaining fractions enriched in caveolae derived from the plasma membrane of multiple cell types. Unexpectedly, the proteins in the caveolae proteome suggest these lipid domains may interact with elements of ER and mitochondria. A comparison of the partial proteome we obtained with other published reports identifies 26 proteins that are candidate marker proteins for identifying caveolae in multiple cell types.