cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geoengineering, Agent-Regret, and the Lesser of Two Evils Argument

According to the “Lesser of Two Evils Argument,” deployment of solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering in a climate emergency would be morally justified because it likely would be the best option available. A prominent objection to this argument is that a climate emergency might constitute a genuine moral dilemma in which SRM would be impermissible even if it was the best option. However, while conceiving of a climate emergency as a moral dilemma accounts for some ethical concerns about SRM, it requires the controversial claim that there are genuine moral dilemmas, and it potentially undermines moral actionguidance in emergency scenarios. Instead, I argue that it is better to conceive of climate emergencies as situations calling for agent-regret. This allows us coherently to hold that SRM may be morally problematic even if it ought to be deployed in some scenario.
Quantification of viable endospores from a Greenland ice core

Endospores (i.e., bacterial spores) embedded in polar ices present an opportunity to investigate the most durable form of life in an ideal medium for maintaining long-term viability. However, little is known about the endospore distribution and viability in polar ices. We have determined germinable endospore concentrations of bacterial spores capable of germination in a Greenland ice core (GISP2 94 m, ID# G2-271) using two complementary endospore viability assays (EVA), recently developed in our laboratory. These assays are based on bulk spectroscopic analysis (i.e., spectroEVA), and direct microscopic enumeration (i.e., microEVA) of ice core concentrates. Both assays detect dipicolinic acid (DPA) release during l-alanine induced germination via terbium ion (Tb3+)-DPA luminescence. Using spectroEVA, the germinable and total bacterial spore concentrations were found to be 295+/-19 spores mL(-1) and 369+/-36 spores mL(-1), respectively, (i.e., 80% of the endospores were capable of germination). Using microEVA, the germinating endospore concentration was found to be 27+/-2 spores mL(-1). The total cell concentration, as determined by DAPI stain fluorescence microscopy, was 7.0 x 10(3)+/-6.7 x 10(2) cells mL(-1). Culturing attempts yielded 2 CFU mL(-1) (4 degrees C). We conclude that endospores capable of germination in the GISP2 ice cores are readily determined using novel endospore viability assays.
Feedback in low-mass galaxies in the early Universe

The formation, evolution and death of massive stars release large quantities of energy and momentum into the gas surrounding the sites of star formation. This process, generically termed ‘feedback’, inhibits further star formation either by removing gas from the galaxy, or by heating it to temperatures that are too high to form new stars. Observations reveal feedback in the form of galactic-scale outflows of gas in galaxies with high rates of star formation, especially in the early Universe. Feedback in faint, low-mass galaxies probably facilitated the escape of ionizing radiation from galaxies when the Universe was about 500 million years old, so that the hydrogen between galaxies changed from neutral to ionized—the last major phase transition in the Universe.
Interrater Agreement for Syndromic Profile Classifications on the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents

This article reports on an investigation of the interrater agreement on the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA) syndromic profile classifications. Teaching professionals (N = 29) who shared the same classroom for a minimum of one hour per day provided independent ratings of the same child on the ASCA. Results indicated that statistically significant interrater agreement was achieved across all 22 syndromic profile classification levels. However, good clinical significance was obtained only for the three- and two-level broad classifications while fair clinical significance was obtained for the five-level broad classifications. Thus, there was adequate interrater agreement for ASCA classifications that reflected broad levels of adjustment and maladjustment but inadequate agreement for specific behavioral types of adjustment and maladjustment. Additional research with much larger sample sizes is needed to better determine the agreement for the 22 syndrome profiles.
From cracks to climate

The advent of PetaFlop (and eventually ExaFlop) computational architectures opens new opportunities for simulations, equalizing their importance with experiment and theory for scientific discovery. The INCITE (Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment) program of the U.S. Department of Energy opens these facilities to all, based solely on the intellectual content of the proposed work. In such an environment, significant advances can be made in a number of scientific fields. Three are examined in this presentation: 1) Scaling from atomic displacements to cracks, 2) Systems approach to the CO2 balance sheet, and 3) Inclusion of human behavior into integrated climate models. High end computing enables each of these areas to predict consequences of wide spread interest and impact.
Ultra-fine-scale filamentary structures in the Outer Corona and the Solar Magnetic Field

Filamentary structures following magnetic field lines pervade the Sun's atmosphere and offer us insight into the solar magnetic field. Radio propagation measurements have shown that the smallest filamentary structures in the solar corona are more than 2 orders of magnitude finer than those seen in solar imaging. Here we use radio Doppler measurements to characterize their transverse density gradient and determine their finest scale in the outer corona at 20-30 R(circled dot operator), where open magnetic fields prevail. Filamentary structures overly active regions have the steepest gradient and finest scale, while those overlying coronal holes have the shallowest gradient and least finest scale. Their organization by the underlying corona implies that these subresolution structures extend radially from the entire Sun, confirming that they trace the coronal magnetic field responsible for the radial expansion of the solar wind. That they are rooted all over the Sun elucidates the association between the magnetic field of the photosphere and that of the corona, as revealed by the similarity between the power spectra of the photospheric field and the coronal density fluctuations. This association along with the persistence of filamentary structures far from the Sun demonstrate that subresolution magnetic fields must play an important role not only in magnetic coupling of the photosphere and corona, but also in coronal heating and solar wind acceleration through the process of small-scale magnetic reconnection. They also explain why current widely used theoretical models that extrapolate photospheric magnetic fields into the corona do not predict the correct source of the solar wind.
Scanning electron fractography of lap‐shear joints

Fracture surfaces of Epon 901/B-3 bonded aluminum alloy joints in the lap-shear configuration were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Major differences in the appearance of the fracture surface from those reported (8) for tensile loaded joints at 23°C are produced either by cyclic loading at 23°C or a change in test temperature to −196°C. Fracture in tensile loaded joints at −196°C is a brittle single step process in the opening mode in which rapid crack extension occurs throughout the joint with very little adhesive flow. Tensile fatigue fracture at 23°C is in the opening mode but crack extension is complicated by extensive adhesive flow throughout the entire joint.
Some Hicksian and Marshallian consumer's surplus estimates in discrete choice

Abstract This note describes the theory and practice of applying the Hicksian approach to cost-benefit analysis to discrete choice models. It illustrates the technique with numerical estimates of Hicksian and Marshallian consumer's surplus measures based on computer simulations using real-world data.
Application of statistical mechanics to combinatorial optimization problems: The chromatic number problem and q-partitioning of a graph

Methods of statistical mechanics are applied to two important NP-complete combinatorial optimization problems. The first is the chromatic number problem, which seeks the minimal number of colors necessary to color a graph such that no two sites connected by an edge have the same color. The second is partitioning of a graph intoq equal subgraphs so as to minimize intersubgraph connections. Both models are mapped into a frustrated Potts model, which is related to theq- state Potts spin glass. For the first problem, we obtain very good agreement with numerical simulations and theoretical bounds using the annealed approximation. The quenched model is also discussed. For the second problem we obtain analytic and numerical results by evaluating the groundstate energy of theq=3 and 4 Potts spin glass using Parisi's replica symmetry breaking. We also perform some numerical simulations to test the theoretical result and obtain very good agreement.
A Rapid Compression Machine with Crevice Containment

Abstract A rapid compression machine (RCM) incorporating ‘crevice containment’ is designed and fabricated. ‘Crevice containment’ maintains the advantage of suppression of piston-motion induced roll-up vortex while avoiding undesirable multi-dimensional effects of crevice. The geometry of the combustion chamber is optimized with computational fluid dynamic simulations. The designed RCM is demonstrated to provide highly reproducible experimental data at compressed gas pressures up to 100 bar. Pressure traces also reveal that ‘crevice containment’ leads to significant reduction in the post-compression pressure drop. Further, the importance of ensuring instrumentation calibration and avoiding thermal shock of pressure sensor is highlighted to avoid systematic errors in measurements. High fidelity experiments are conducted for autoignition of hydrogen at compressed pressure of 50 bar. The experimental data is properly modeled by the kinetic mechanism from O’Conaire et al. [M. O’Conaire, H.J. Curran, J.M. Simmie, W.J. Pitz, C.K. Westbrook, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 36 (11) (2004) 603–622] and discrepancy is noted from a recent mechanism [Z. Hong, D.F. Davidson, R.K. Hanson, Combust. Flame 158 (2011) 633–644].
Cellular endocrinology: integrated physiology in vitro.

One of the most fruitful concepts that arose from modern approaches to in vitro animal cell culture is that of cellular endocrinology. Historically, cellular endocrinology arose from attempts to develop functionally differentiated cultured cell lines, particularly those derived from the endocrine system (35). Many of the lines developed were responsive to or produced classicallydefined hormones, even though they were derived from tumor tissue that in some sense might be considered less differentiated than the normal tissue from which the
Weighing Evidence in Sexual Abuse Evaluations: An Introduction to Bayes's Theorem

This article introduces readers to Bayes's theorem, a simple mathematical formula that can illuminate general issues and assist evaluators in the field of child sexual abuse. The theorem is applied to a case study of sexual abuse allegations that arose during a custody dispute.
Identification of potential source areas for elevated PM2.5, nitrate and sulfate concentrations

Extreme events or episodes of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), in which daily mass concentrations are substantially higher than annual averages, have been frequently observed in southern Wisconsin, US. Determining the cause of events has been a great challenge to local governments responsible for protecting public health and complying with the 24-h PM2.5 standard. This study analyzed air parcel movements originating from emission source areas, and trends in PM2.5 concentrations in order to determine the important factors involved in elevated PM2.5 episodes in the region. A single backward trajectory analysis coupled with PM2.5 concentrations observed at Federal Reference Method Network (FRM) sites in Madison, Milwaukee and Waukesha; and nitrate and sulfate concentrations monitored at a Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) site in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 2002 to 2010 were examined. The PM2.5 concentrations from the FRM showed the total PM2.5 mass during the episodes were higher in Madison than in Milwaukee and Waukesha, while annual average concentrations were lower in Madison. However, the temporal trend in frequency of elevated PM2.5 episodes was remarkably similar across sites during the entire study period and high frequency episodes occurring from 2005 to 2007. Residence time analysis of backward trajectories calculated for all recorded data indicated episode changes were mainly driven by year-to-year variations of air mass movements originating in high emissions areas. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) results showed the extreme events of PM2.5 occurred during times when trajectories passed over ammonia emissions hotspots as well as large stationary emissions. Enhanced nitrate and sulfate concentrations which were the major episode components were strongly influenced by air masses trajectories originating from the Ohio River Valley and adjacent states.
Surgical Treatment of Patients with Open Tibial Fractures

Open tibial fractures are true surgical emergencies because of the risk of extensive infection to bone and devitalized soft tissue. The most serious consequence of open tibial fractures is osteomyelitis, which usually can be prevented by prompt surgical intervention within six to eight hours after injuries occur. Open tibial fractures often are the result of trauma from motor vehicle collisions, farm accidents, falls from heights, or gunshot wounds. Initial management of patients with multiple trauma injuries focuses on their life-threatening injuries before or during orthopedic surgical intervention for open tibial fractures. Orthopedic surgeons often work in collaboration with general, vascular, and plastic surgeons and perform multiple surgical procedures (eg, fasciotomy procedures for compartment syndromes, irrigation and debridement of wounds, application of external fixation devices, placement of intramedullary nails, possible limb amputations). The type and extent of open tibial fractures and soft tissue injuries determine the best treatment options for patients. Perioperative nurses should help patients focus on treatment choices for their open tibial fractures that ensure optimal surgical outcomes and maintain their quality of life.
Out of the Woods: Facilitating Pragmatic Inquiry and Dialogue

In “Into the Woods,” Karen Evans describes an increasingly hollow public administration environment that is shaped by a misplaced quest for efficiency. She looks to the pragmatism of John Dewey as a way to remedy the situation. This article extends her analysis by linking pragmatism to reflective thought, inquiry, nonlinear dynamics, and communication theories. Finally, a few suggestions for how to more fully take pragmatism to the PA workplace are discussed.
Incidence and avoidance of stereospecific 1,2-ethylthio group migration during the synthesis of ethyl 1-thio-α-l-rhamnopyranoside 2,3-orthoester

Abstract The 1,2-migration of an ethylthio group with inversion of configuration at the C-1 and C-2 atoms was observed during the attempted preparation of 2,3-orthoester derivatives of ethyl 1-thio-α- l -rhamnopyranoside. The rearrangement leading to the formation of methyl 2-thio-β- l -glucopyranosides could be avoided by preparing the orthoester in DMF rather than in acetonitrile and by using a controlled amount of acid catalyst.
Characterization and regulation of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate phosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.27) activity was characterized in mitochondrial extracts from Saccharomycescerevisiae. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 5.5. Maximum activity occurs in the presence of Triton X-100 (5 mM) and cobalt or magnesium ions (5 mM). The apparent Km for PGP is 14.6 μM. The temperature optimum is between 50°C and 60°C. The enzyme is labile above 50°C. The presence of inositol in growth media results in a slight but reproducible increase in PGPase activity in mitochondrial extracts from glucose-grown cells but not glycerol-grown cells. The inositol effect is not seen in crude cell extracts. Carbon source does not affect PGPase activity in mitochondrial extracts or in crude cell extracts.
Remote Infrared Vapor Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds

In many open-air monitoring applications of Fourier transform spectrometry (FTS), the lack of a valid background reference spectrum limits the ability to perform quantitative measurements. Suppression of the broad band detector envelope overcomes this limitation. Interferogram processing provides a means of suppressing the broad band background, while maintaining the target spectral signatures of interest. A combination of interferogram segment selection, digital filtering, and pattern discrimination techniques achieve the background suppression of the variable broad band detector envelope. The spectral band position, width, and strength of the target vapor determine the parameters that are used for background suppression. Interferogram segment selection depends primarily on spectral band width. Digital filter design requires inputs of both spectral band position and width. The pattern discrimination techniques compensate for variation in the spectral shape with band strength.
The effects of chronic metabolic acidosis on patterns of protein synthesis in rat renal cortex.

Abstract 1. 1. In the rat chronic metabolic acidosis increases the net synthesis of 17 renal cortex proteins by amounts ranging from 1.5 to 4.5-fold. 2. 2. These proteins have molecular weights between 13,000 and 42,000 and isoelectric points between approximately 5.5 and 7.0. 3. 3. No new proteins not also present in normal animals are detected in renal cortex samples from acidotic animals. 4. 4. Three proteins undergo substantial reductions in their net synthetic rates in chronic metabolic acidosis. 5. 5. On the basis of their physical properties and similar alterations in net synthetic rate in acidosis some of these proteins appear to be closely related and may be coordinately expressed in the rat kidney.
Disaster devastation of US communities: long-term demographic consequences

This paper describes demographic changes resulting from devastating natural disasters in which at least half of the community's structures suffered major damage or total destruction. Considering 92 US communities that suffered disasters (mainly from hurricanes, river flooding, and tornadoes) between 1992 and 2008, locations that were already experiencing declining populations before their disaster were most likely to experience large post-disaster population losses. Communities suffering severe flooding were most likely to lose over a third of their population. Population movement typically occurred regardless of whether the community formally relocated. Small communities were particularly at risk of losing population following destruction, particularly when they lacked schools. Communities with higher home vacancy rates before their devastation were significantly more likely to experience large population declines. Wealthier communities and those located nearer metropolitan cities were most likely to ret...
Onsager's reaction field for the Potts model from the path integral

A new path integral formulation for theq-state Potts model is proposed. This formulation reproduces known results for the Ising model (q=2) and naturally extends these results for arbitraryq. The mean field results for both the Ising and the Potts models are obtained as a leading saddle point contribution to the corresponding functional integrals, while the systematic computation of corrections to the saddle point contribution produces the Onsager reaction field terms, which forq=2 coincide with results already known for the Ising model.
A note on turing machine computability of rule driven systems

An abstract rule driven system is described. We prove that it is calculated by a restricted Turing Machine.
We Think We Are Evening in Paris, But We're Really Chanel*

Concerned by an absence of satisfaction and pride in the profession, the author appeals for a careful examination of our educational values. Although not advocating abandonment of interest in the practical uses of language skills, he discusses with greater interest the nonlinguistic outcomes of foreign language study. Among these is the hypothesis that such study prepares a student for the phenomenon called ‘future shock,’ which in essence is a lack of familiar cues. Faced with this situation, the foreign language learner must learn adapting and coping skills that are applicable far beyond the classroom. He also examines the hypothesis that foreign language learning is so rich in intellectual skills, cognitive operations, and thinking processes that a person must be different intellectually as a result of such study. Drawing on the work of educational psychologists, who today see learning as being of multiple kinds, the conclusion is drawn that foreign language learning is the richest discipline in involving, often simultaneously, all these multiple varieties of learning. Since our discipline is content free, i.e., not bound to a specific area of knowledge or information, the teacher has great potential for achieving the goals of humanistic or affective education-helping the student discover his identity. In addition, since most students begin their study of foreign language at ‘ground zero,’ the teacher has the opportunity to give learners a feeling of accomplishment and enhanced self-concepts. Finally, the author hypothesizes that our subject area has the greatest potential for providing the learner with insights into the process of communication and ways to attain cross-cultural communication.
Scattering of Plasmons at the Intersection of Two Metallic Nanotubes: Implications for Tunneling

We study theoretically the plasmon scattering at the intersection of two metallic carbon nanotubes. We demonstrate that, for a small angle of crossing $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, the transmission coefficient is an oscillatory function of $\ensuremath{\lambda}/\ensuremath{\theta}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the interaction parameter of the Luttinger liquid in an individual nanotube. We calculate the tunnel density of states $\ensuremath{\nu}(\ensuremath{\omega},x)$ as a function of energy $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and distance $x$ from the intersection. In contrast with a single nanotube, we find that, in the geometry of crossed nanotubes, conventional ``rapid'' oscillations in $\ensuremath{\nu}(\ensuremath{\omega},x)$ due to the plasmon scattering acquire an aperiodic ``slow-breathing'' envelope which has $\ensuremath{\lambda}/\ensuremath{\theta}$ nodes.
An equation of motion for the emission of accelerating dislocations from a crack

Abstract Previous transient studies of dislocation emission from cracks have treated constant-speed motions which satisfy a dislocation force-based criterion that is, in effect, associated with micromechanical strain-hardening. This analysis requires, instead, that the force necessary to produce glide away from the crack be equal to, but not exceed, the yield stress level. As an illustration, an exact transient solution for the emission of screw dislocation from a mode III crack subjected to SH-wave diffraction is generated. Invoking the new criterion leads to an equation of motion for the dislocation. The equation shows that the dislocation initiates at an essentially zero speed, accelerates to a near-critical speed, and then decelerates to arrest at a finite distance from the crack edge. Expressions for parameters such as the instant of initiation and the arrest distance are also obtained, and studied as functions of material properties such as yield stress and Burgers vector magnitude.
China, Africa and the Bandung Idea, Then and Now

What does China’s rise portend for Africa, and Africa’s place in the emerging, potentially Sino-centric, new world order? Will China’s engagements with Africa—economic and political—redound to the mutual benefit of both parties? Alternately, will Africa remain a downstream supplier of energy and raw materials, only now more and more to China? Put another way, does the road to African development run through China? Or will future writers, as others have done in the past in respect of Europe, be moved to essay on how China perpetuated Africa’s underdevelopment? These, today, are burning questions, much debated in African intellectual, political and policymaking circles, and also in Chinese ones. To pose the question in the language of another era, an era that may have implications for the current one, what role has the Bandung idea in contemporary Sino-African relations?
Discrete Element Method Evaluation of Granular Crushing Under Direct Shear Test Conditions

Granular materials forming part of civil engineering structures are subjected to both static and dynamic loads. As a result of these loads, particle crushing occurs. This study focuses on the evolution of crushing in a simulated granular material subjected to a direct shear test. It was found that the discrete element method (DEM) can be used to visualize and understand the evolution of crushing experienced by a granular material during this test. Even though DEM does not normally consider particle breakage, it is possible to simulate crushing by replacing one particle that has failed in tension with a combination of many particles of different sizes. One simulation indicated that crushing did not develop uniformly throughout the sample, and the sample tended to achieve a fractal distribution of particle sizes. The changes in other properties of the simulated granular material such as porosity and shear strength were also recorded, analyzed, and compared to the changes produced during another simulation where crushing was not a predominant feature.
Phase behavior of gradient copolymer solutions: a Monte Carlo simulation study

We use computer simulations to study the phase separation behavior of amphiphilic linear gradient copolymer solution under poor solvent conditions. Using the bond fluctuation model and parallel tempering algorithm, we explore the influence of the gradient strength (the largest difference in the instantaneous composition along the copolymer) upon the phase separation characteristics. Under poor solvent conditions, the chains collapse to form micelle-like aggregates. We find that the critical temperature for this transition exhibits a linear dependence on the gradient strength of the copolymers. A systematic quantification of the cluster characteristics formed during the phase separation also reveals a strong dependence of aggregation numbers and the bridging statistics upon the gradient strength of the copolymers. Analysis of our results reveals that the critical parameter determining the thermodynamic behavior of gradient copolymers is in fact the average length of the hydrophobic sequences in the gradient copolymers. We demonstrate that the latter provides a useful measure to quantitatively predict the critical transition temperature of the gradient copolymer solution. We also present a few results from the framework of an annealed representation of the sequences of the gradient copolymer to demonstrate the limitations arising from such a model representation.
Damage detection of retrofitted crack re-initiation and growth

This work presents a vibration-based damage-detection methodology that effectively captures crack re-initiation and growth of retrofitted connections simulating those existing on stop-hole retrofitted highway bridges. The proposed methodology calculates a damage indicator, based on limited frequency bands of the transmissibility function that have high coherence, as a metric for changes in the dynamic integrity of the structure. The methodology was tested using numerical simulation and laboratory experimentation of the connections before and after stop holes were implemented as stress relief measures. Throughout both the numerical and laboratory analyses, the results were used to successfully detect damage as a result of crack growth or formation of new cracks. Laboratory experimentation on retrofitted specimens showed the tendency for the crack to branch in different directions in lieu of re-initiating through the holes. It was observed that the damage indicator magnitude increased monotonically as damage increased in the specimen.
Automatic speech recognition in machine-aided translation

Abstract It has been observed that humans can translate nearly four times as quickly with little loss in accuracy simply by dictating, as opposed to typing, their translations. In this paper, we consider the integration of speech recognition into a translator's workstation. In particular, we show how to combine statistical models of speech, language and translation into a single system that decodes a sequence of words in a target language from a sequence of words in a source language together with an utterance of the target language sequence. Results are provided which demonstrate that the difficulty of the speech recognition task can be reduced by making use of information contained in the source text being translated.
No Small Change for the Health Information Economy

President Obama's economic stimulus package includes a $19 billion investment in health information technology. Drs. Kenneth Mandl and Isaac Kohane discuss how we can best take advantage of this unprecedented opportunity to computerize health care while also stimulating the U.S. economy.
The Effect of Tunnel Placement on Bone-Tendon Healing in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Goat Model

BackgroundMisplacement of the bone tunnels is one of the main causes of graft failure of anterior cruciate ligament surgery.HypothesisAnatomic tunnel placement in anterior cruciate ligament surgery reconstruction will lead to improved outcomes, including biological ingrowth and biomechanical properties, when compared with nonanatomic tunnel placement.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsAnterior cruciate ligament surgery reconstructions were performed on 3 different groups of goats (1 anatomic tunnel placement group and 2 different nonanatomic tunnel placement groups, with 10 goats in each group). For each group of 10 knees, 3 knees were used for histologic evaluation (bone tunnel enlargement, number of osteoclasts at the bone tendon interface, and revascularization of the graft) and 7 knees were used for biomechanical testing (anterior tibial translation, in situ force, cross-sectional area, and ultimate failure load). Animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks after surgery.ResultsThe anatomic tunnel...
Global and seasonal variations of O3 and NO2 photodissociation rate coefficients

[1] The global and seasonal variations in the photodissociation rate coefficients (J values) of the reactions of ozone forming O(1D) (J(O1D)) and nitrogen dioxide forming O(3P) (J(NO2)) were investigated systematically with a focus on the troposphere. The corresponding mechanisms were studied through sensitivity modeling experiments of temperature, surface albedo, aerosols, ozone column, and clouds. The one-dimensional radiative transfer model PHODIS was applied with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aerosol optical depth and surface reflectivity, observation-based three-dimensional ozone distributions, and other numerically simulated climate variables. Our results showed that under clear-sky conditions, the zonal averaged J(O1D) and J(NO2) peaked in magnitude at 3 × 10−5 and 8 × 10−3 s−1, respectively, in the region of 30°S to 30°N with small latitudinal and vertical variations, and decreased precipitously at 30°/60° in the winter/summer hemisphere. J(O1D) exhibited a large meridional and vertical gradient as a result of high sensitivity to temperature and ozone. The predominant effect of surface albedo led to significant longitudinal variation in J(NO2) and a poleward increase beyond 60° of the summer hemisphere. Surface J(O1D) changes were regressed as a second-degree polynomial function of changes in temperature (±20°K). The impact of low and middle clouds on J values was stronger than high clouds by a factor of 2 to 3 because of thick optical depth. In addition, the cloud-induced changes in J values calculated by PHODIS differed by up to 20% from those parameterized in the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) and Intermediate Model for the Global and Annual Evolution of Species (IMAGES). Regional photochemical model simulations showed that an arbitrary increase/decrease of 20% above/below the cloud base (750 m) in J(O1D) resulted in decreases up to 6% in the ozone concentration below 200 m at noon and late afternoon and increases ubiquitously elsewhere.
Therapeutic receptor targets of ischemic preconditioning

This review focuses on target receptors that have been shown to have the potential to mimic the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). There is an abundance of information concerning the intracellular mechanisms and membrane-bound receptors responsible for IPC. Important intracellular mediators of this cardioprotection likely reside in the activation of multiple kinase cascades. The major players in IPC are thought to include protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases, and members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling family and these topics will be covered in more detail in other papers of this focused issue. However, many of these kinase-mediated mechanisms are triggered by the activation of transmembrane spanning receptors, some of which may be manipulated therapeutically to induce cardioprotection in humans with unstable angina or who are at risk for myocardial infarction. In this review, we will discuss the evidence supporting the possibility of manipulating several of these G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets. Stimulation of numerous receptors has been targeted as possible triggers for IPC. Some of those that have been identified include A1 adenosine, α1 adrenergic, M2 muscarinic, B2 bradykinin, δ1 opioid, AT1 angiotensin, and endothelin-1 receptors. In general, these receptors are thought to couple to inhibitory G proteins. In this review, we will focus on the most likely therapeutic candidates for cardioprotection, namely adenosine, opioid, and bradykinin receptors since selective agonists and antagonists, either alone or in combination, have most often been shown to mimic or block IPC in numerous animal models and man, respectively. This is not meant to completely rule out other receptors since it is clear that IPC is a phenomenon with multiple pathways that appear to be responsible for the cardioprotection observed.
Volcanic control of the Io atmosphere and neutral and plasma torus

Rate equations for the column density of Io's atmosphere and the number density of neutral atoms and ions in the torus have been formulated in terms of surface sublimation and venting of volcanic gases, sputtering efficiency, thermal escape, and the plasma processes that take place in the torus which included electron impact ionization, charge exchange, and transport. In the limit of low volcanic activity, estimates of the densities can be obtained, and the baseline configuration that would exist in the absence of volcanic activity is found. Solution of the coupled steady state rate equations shows that the densities are sensitive, to a varying degree, to the level of Io volcanism. The steady state densities predicted by the model are consistent with a volcanic flux of no more than 10 to the 12th/sq cm per sec. This is significantly lower than the values obtained on the basis of resurfacing rates and appears to imply that surface lava flows play a major role in the resurfacing process.
Least-squares dynamic approximation method for evolution of uncertainty in initial conditions of dynamical systems

We describe an approximation method to solve the probability density function transport equation, i.e., the Liouville equation, which is encountered in the evolution of uncertainty of the initial values of dynamical systems. A state-space based method is formulated using a least-squares technique that preserves the parabolic nature of the Liouville equation and is flexible in terms of accuracy of representation. This method is based on a global approximation in terms of analytical elementary functions with unknown parameters, whose evolution equations are determined by a global least-squares approximation. The realizability conditions of the probability density, i.e., the non-negativity and normalization conditions are enforced at all times. The method is successfully evaluated in a number of scenarios including the uncertainty evolution in a system governed by a Riccati equation and a particle moving in a fluid under the influence of Stokes drag force. The results obtained in our examples exhibit a reasonable good agreement when compared with the solution of the probability transport equation using the method of characteristics. The cost of the method is proportional to the cost of solving the deterministic system and the number of parameters used to approximate the probability density function, a feature that can make the present method very advantageous in comparison with other methods in problems involving a large number of dimensions.
Stock prices, inflation and output: Evidence from India

A negative relationship between stock market returns and inflationary trends has been widely documented for developed economies in Europe and North America. This study provides similar evidence for India. This relationship is investigated in light of Fama's explanation that centres around linkages between inflation and real activity, and between stock returns and real activity. Specifically, the study tests whether the negative stock return-inflation relationship is explained by a negative relationship between inflation and real economic activity, and a positive relationship between real activity and stock returns. The results from the heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation corrected models provide only partial support for Fama's hypothesis. The relationship between real activity and inflation does not account for the negative relationship between real stock returns and the unexpected component of inflation.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against the MOR-1 clone alter weight and ingestive responses in rats.

Abstract MOR -I encodes a μ receptor. In an effort to establish the relationship of this cloned opioid receptor with ingestive behavior and analgesia in rats, the present study examined the actions of four antisense oligodeoxynucleotides aimed at exons I (AS 1), 2 (AS2), 3 (AS3) and 4 (AS4) of the MOR -1 clone, as well as a mismatch antisense sequence WS 1). Rats were administered intracerebroventricular injections (10 μg/2 μl) of each of the oligodeoxynucleotides on days 1, 3 and 5. Body weight and spontaneous food and water intake were monitored daily. In addition, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (213G)-induced hyperphagia, central Angiotensin II (ANG-II)-induced hyperdipsia and central morphine analgesia were examined 24 h following the last antisense injection. ASI, AS2, AS3 and AS4 each significantly reduced body weight (7–17 g), food intake (8–13 g) and water intake (11–23 ml), while the vehicle or MS1 conditions significantly increased weight (9–20 g) and produced smaller reductions (2–4 g) in food intake. None of the AS probes altered the magnitude of either 2DG-induced hyperphagia or ANG-II-induced hyperdipsia. Central morphine analgesia was reduced by pretreatment with AS 1 and AS4, but not AS2, AS3 or MS1. The sensitivity of general feeding to all four exons suggest that the receptor responsible for this action is encoded by the MOR -1 clone. The differences between feeding and morphine analgesia raise the possibility that these two actions are mediated through different μ receptor subtypes. Our results also demonstrate the viability of the in vivo antisense technique in modulating opioid-mediated ingestive responses.
Pressure for Relevancy at Top-Tier Business Schools

After decades of attempts to bring scientific rigor to the business school community, market forces are pressuring these institutions to produce research that is relevant as well as scientifically rigorous. At least three factors are responsible for this shift: the ongoing pursuit of revenues, the arrival of media rankings, and the emergence of student as customer. This essay revisits these pressures, which have shown no sign of abating since they were first studied in the late 1990s. Meeting the dual demands of rigor and relevancy is difficult, and faculty who can do so are rare. One solution is to publish performance research that attempts to address both sets of demands. Such research is controversial, however, and its viability is open to debate.
Data driven cloth animation

We present a new method for cloth animation based on data driven synthesis. In contrast to approaches that focus on physical simulation, we animate cloth by manipulating short sequences of existing cloth animation. While our source of data is cloth animation captured using video cameras ([White et al. 2007]), the method is equally applicable to simulation data. The approach has benefits in both cases: current cloth capture is limited because small tweaks to the data require filming an entirely new sequence. Likewise, simulation suffers from long computation times and complications such as tangling. In this sketch we create new animations by fitting cloth animation to human motion capture data, i.e., we drive the cloth with a skeleton.
U.S. Multinational Activity Abroad and U.S. Jobs: Substitutes or Complements?

Critics of globalization claim that firms are being driven by the prospects of cheaper labor and lower labor standards to shift employment abroad. Yet the evidence, beyond anecdotes, is slim. This paper reports stylized facts on the activities of U.S. multinationals at home and abroad for the years 1977 to 1999. We focus on firms in manufacturing and services, two sectors that have received extensive media attention for supposedly exporting jobs. Using firm-level data collected by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in Washington, D.C., we report correlations between U.S. multinational employment at home and abroad. Preliminary evidence based on the operations of these multinationals suggests that the sign of the correlation depends on the crucial distinction between affiliates in high-income and low-income countries. For affiliates in high-income countries there is a positive correlation between jobs at home and abroad, suggesting that foreign employment of U.S. multinationals is complementary to domestic employment. For firms that operate in developing countries, employment has been cut in the United States, and affiliate employment has increased. To account for firm size, substitution across firms and entry and exit, we aggregate our data to the industry level. This exercise reveals that the observed “complementarity” between U.S. and foreign jobs has been driven largely by a contraction across all manufacturing sectors. It also reveals that foreign employment in developing countries has substituted for U.S. employment in several highly visible industries, including computers, electronics, and transportation. The fact that there were U.S. jobs lost to foreign affiliates in key sectors, despite broad complementarity in hiring and firing decisions between U.S. parents and their affiliates, helps explain why economists view the impact of globalization on U.S. jobs as benign despite negative news coverage for declining industries.
Somatostatin treatment of massive lymphorrhea following excision of a lymphatic malformation

Postoperative lymphorrhea is a serious and occasionally lethal complication of neck dissection and cardiothoracic surgery. Management is not standardized, but usually centers around diet modification, drainage, pressure dressings, and reoperation. We report the successful use of the long acting somatostatin analogue octreotide in the management of massive lymphorrhea complicating excision of a large cervicomediastinal lymphatic malformation in an infant. Based on this report and a review of the available literature, we advocate the early consideration of somatostatin and its analogues in the control of lymphorrhea.
Uniformity and diversity of calcium metabolism in hypertension: A conceptual framework

Calcium metabolism plays an important role in blood pressure homeostasis, although it remains unclear to what extent calcium contributes to or, alternatively, protects against clinical hypertension. To resolve this confusion, hypertensive subgroups were first defined by plasma renin activity, dietary salt sensitivity, sensitivity to calcium channel blockade, and calcium metabolic indices. Using these classification schemes, different patterns of calcium metabolism emerged, each predictive of divergent clinical responses. Patients with low plasma renin activity, low serum ionized calcium levels, and dietary salt sensitivity, such as black and elderly hypertensive patients, may preferentially benefit from calcium supplementation. It is postulated that calcium-regulating hormones and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system coordinately monitor dietary mineral intake, and transduce these environmental signals at the cellular level by altering cellular calcium uptake and disposition. Analysis of these hormonal systems is useful diagnostically in defining those patients who would most benefit from non-pharmacologic dietary forms of treatment.
Amniotic band syndrome: Reevaluation of its pathogenesis

Abstract Amniotic band syndrome is a poorly defined entity characterized by protean fetal malformations and disruptions. The pathogenic theory widely accepted in the obstetric literature is that the formation of fibrous amniotic bands is the initiating event in the disorder and is responsible for subsequently pathologic conditions. A critical review of the recent clinical and experimental literature appears to contradict this hypothesis. Evidence suggests that amniotic band syndrome results from a multifactorial process in which vascular compromise, specifically hemorrhage, is the principal pathogenic stimulus and that the fibrous bands are a late, reparative event of little or no pathogenic significance. (AM J OBSTET GYNrECOL 1989;160:1030-3.)
Dynamic tool to estimate the measurement error in radiometric IR cameras

In various applications of Infrared (IR) Thermography there is need for measuring true surface temperatures. Modern radiometric IR cameras are equipped with sophisticated tools like internal temperature sensors or internal temperature references to provide stabilized temperature read-outs and can guarantee a specified accuracy. But these manufacturer's accuracy specifications are only valid for known objects and under controlled laboratory conditions. In field use there are external effects such as unknown object emissivity, reflections or absorption that can be compensated by means of mathematical models. These factors usually have a significant influence on the results thus making it difficult for the user to estimate the real accuracy of the measurement. This paper introduces a computer tool where the thermographic measurement situation has been implemented in an MS Excel spreadsheet file. The user can vary the measurement parameters in the spreadsheet very easily using graphic controls called sliders. In a mixed numeric and graphical presentation the user can get a feel for the influence of a certain parameter in a specific situation and the model provides a good estimate of the measurement accuracy under realistic conditions.