cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An OpenMP library for Java

The design and implementation of an OpenMP library for Java is described. The library not only encodes OpenMP semantics as open source but also provides a simple platform to enable further experimentation. The Java OpenMP library design was tested against OpenMPC programs using Visual Studio 2010 and gcc.
Mitochondrial DNA in Yeast and Some Mammalian Species

Yeast DNA, in a cesium chloride density gradient, shows a minor or satellite band with a density lower than that of the main nuclear component. The DNA isolated from purified mitochondria of yeasts corresponds in density to this satellite band. In solution, this DNA more easily undergoes renaturation as compared to DNA from cell nuclei. The ease of this renaturation is presumably due to a homogeneity greater than that of nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA isolated from several mammalian species has the same or higher density than nuclear DNA, but differs in its ready renaturability.
Spontaneous alternation as a function of maze configuration

The tendency of the rat to alternate spontaneously was examined in mazes of different shapes. A typical 86.1% rate of alternation occurred in the T-maze, but the rate of 55.6% found in a maze with choice alleys side by side did not exceed chance. An even lower rate was found in a pilot study employing the latter maze. It was suggested that the crucial factor in spontaneous alternation is the spatial distinctiveness of the choice alleys and that alternation is not simply a matter of a choice between two alleys. The side-by-side maze configuration could be profitably employed as an alternative to the T-maze in learning studies in which spatial cues and/or alternation tendencies are confounding factors which bias either “learning speed” or group differences when one group differs from the other in either factor above.
Automatic code generation for microprocessor based systems

In this paper we present a system for the automatic generation of code generators for small computer systems. This system runs under Unix (a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories) and along with Lex and YACC provides an automatic compiler generator system. The system takes as Input a machine description and produces a code generator for the particular machine. The machine architecture of the target microcomputer is represented using a machine description language based on ISPS with the instruction set defined following the IEEE proposed standard for microprocessor assembly languages. A user can produce a code generator for any microcomputer with this code generator generator. The only requirement of the user is an understanding of the standard machine description language adopted and the particular machine architecture involved. The level of understanding required is only that which is typically supplied in an assembly language programming manual. This investigation builds on the techniques of Graham-Glanville and Ganapathi. By limiting the scope of our system to computers based on current 16-bit microprocessors and using the IEEE standard for part of the machine language we are able to automate the process to a greater extent than prior work in this area.
Trade and Welfare Compensation: The Missing Links

This study uses theory from embedded liberalism to reorient the debate over efficiency versus compensation in the trade and welfare literature. We detail the causal mechanisms and provide empirical results that show how welfare spending can be a necessary condition to further trade liberalization. We argue that increases in welfare compensation lead to stronger public support for trade, which allows states to further advance along the path toward trade liberalization. Based on the 1995 and 2003 ISSP (International Social Survey Program) for 10 OECD countries, our multilevel statistical analyses (individual and country level) show that (1) workers in import-exposed sectors tend to strongly oppose trade, but this effect is substantially diminished when they receive unemployment compensation, and (2) public support for free trade is significantly associated with higher levels of trade openness.
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) regulates the effector function of CD8 T cells via PD-L1 expressed on target keratinocytes

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory molecule expressed by activated T cells. Its ligands (PD-L1 and -L2; PD-Ls) are expressed not only by a variety of leukocytes but also by stromal cells. To assess the role of PD-1 in CD8 T cell-mediated diseases, we used PD-1-knockout (KO) OVA-specific T cell-receptor transgenic (Tg) CD8 T cells (OT-I cells) in a murine model of mucocutaneous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We found that mice expressing OVA on epidermal keratinocytes (K14-mOVA mice) developed markedly enhanced GVHD-like disease after transfer of PD-1-KO OT-I cells as compared to those mice transferred with wild-type OT-I cells. In addition, K14-mOVA × OT-I double Tg (DTg) mice do not develop GVHD-like disease after adoptive transfer of OT-I cells, while transfer of PD-1-KO OT-I cells caused GVHD-like disease in a Fas/Fas-L independent manner. These results suggest that PD-1/PD-Ls-interactions have stronger inhibitory effects on pathogenic CD8 T cells than does Fas/Fas-L-interactions. Keratinocytes from K14-mOVA mice with GVHD-like skin lesions express PD-L1, while those from mice without the disease do not. These findings reflect the fact that primary keratinocytes express PD-L1 when stimulated by interferon-γ in vitro. When co-cultured with K14-mOVA keratinocytes for 2 days, PD-1-KO OT-I cells exhibited enhanced proliferation and activation compared to wild-type OT-I cells. In addition, knockdown of 50% PD-L1 expression on the keratinocytes with transfection of PD-L1-siRNA enhanced OT-I cell proliferation. In aggregate, our data strongly suggest that PD-L1, expressed on activated target keratinocytes presenting autoantigens, regulates autoaggressive CD8 T cells, and inhibits the development of mucocutaneous autoimmune diseases.
Controversies: Burn of the auricle

Silvadene cream and Sulfamylon make up the treatment regimen for one contributor (Dr. Crumley). No systemic antibiotics would be given. Any areas of obvious third-degree burns would be debrided and grafted. The tympanic membrane perforation would be treated with antibiotic/steroid drops. The second author concurs with use of Silvadene cream and would avoid any pressure on the area (Dr. Abemayor). While he agrees that systemic antibiotics should be avoided, he also would not prescribe ear drops. He recommends evaluation for a pulmonary or ophthalmologic injury. There is a disagreement regarding imaging studies. One expert would order a CT scan to rule out facial fractures (Dr. Crumley). His counterpart would not order a CT but would check a baseline chest x-ray if there were any sign of pulmonary compromise (Dr. Abemayor). Both experts would obtain an audiogram after the acute problems are treated. In the case of foul drainage, burn reconstruction would be delayed. In addition to treating the otorrhea with ear drops, one physician would add oral antibiotics (Dr. Abemayor). The other author believes tympanoplasty should be performed prior to reconstruction (Dr. Crumley). There were several procedures suggested for the reconstruction. Both authors discuss a method of creating a postauricular pocket, burying the ear pedicle, and using costal cartilage for an inlay helical graft. Another approach involves minimal debridement of the cartilage and letting the wound mature for 6 to 8 months. At that time the area would be debrided and the postauricular skin used for external coverage (Dr. Crumley). If the facial scar is a cosmetic problem 1 year after the injury, triamcinolone injections and local massage should be considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Medical Imaging by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Zeugmatography

Both tomographic sections and complete three-dimensional images may be generated from nuclear magnetic resonance signals by a wide variety of techniques. In favorable situations, contrast and resolution may be comparable to those obtained by other imaging techniques, although scanning times will in general be longer. The practical problems encountered in the construction and use of head, limb, and whole-body systems are reviewed, progress toward useful whole-body imaging evaluated, and the effects of flow and motion, the sources and control of contrast, and the prospects for diagnostic tissue characterization discussed.
Differences in straggling for positrons and electrons

A satisfactory analysis of the physics of straggling was first given by Landau, who approximated the electron-electron cross section for hard collisions by the Rutherford cross section. Data analysis computer codes continue to use the distribution derived by Landau to calculate the energy lost by electrons because of straggling. We have performed a study of straggling distributions incorporating Moeller and Bhabha cross sections to evaluate the precision of ({ital e},{ital e}{prime}) analyses that use the Rutherford-based Landau formula. In addition, the calculation of the {ital e}{sup +} straggling distribution is relevant to the analysis of experiments that have been proposed to study dispersive effects in nuclear electromagnetic processes by comparing results obtained from {ital e}{sup {minus}} and {ital e}{sup +} scattering from identical nuclei. Measuring differences in such cross sections requires a high degree of confidence in the data analysis. Since accuracies in cross sections on the order of a few percent are required, any differences in energy-loss mechanisms of the same order must be taken into account. In this work, we study the differences in positron and electron straggling at energies of present-day interest.
Inhibition of astroglia-induced endothelial differentiation by inorganic lead: a role for protein kinase C

Microvascular endothelial function in developing brain is particularly sensitive to lead toxicity, and it has been hypothesized that this results from the modulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by lead. We examined the effects of inorganic lead on an in vitro model of central nervous system endothelial differentiation in which astroglial cells induce central nervous system endothelial cells to form capillary-like structures. Capillary-like structure formation within C6 astroglial-endothelial cocultures was inhibited by lead acetate with 50% maximal inhibition at 0.5 microM total lead. Inhibition was independent of effects on cell viability or growth. Under conditions that inhibited capillary-like structure formation, we found that lead increased membrane-associated PKC in both C6 astroglial and endothelial cells. Prolonged exposure of C6 cells to 5 microM lead for up to 16 h resulted in a time-dependent increase in membranous PKC as determined by immunoblot analysis. Membranous PKC increased after 5-h exposures to as little as 50 nM lead and was maximal at approximately 1 microM. Phorbol esters were used to determine whether PKC modulation was causally related to the inhibition of endothelial differentiation by lead. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10 nM) inhibited capillary-like structure formation by 65 +/- 5%, whereas 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate was without effect. These findings suggest that inorganic lead induces cerebral microvessel dysfunction by interfering with PKC modulation in microvascular endothelial or perivascular astroglial cells.
Consideration of culling bias in assessing the relationship between fetal survival and maternal age in dairy cows

Abstract This paper presents a method for assessing the potential bias associated with culling that could confound a relationship between maternal age at conception and fetal survival in dairy cows. A nominal variable (PREGSTAT) was created to distinguish between two groups of culled cows: those culled while open and those culled while pregnant. We tested for differences in fetal survival during the last completely followed pregnancies of cows in the two groups. Survival analysis using the Cox model and data from nine dairies in the San Joaquin Valley of California showed a higher risk of fetal loss for cows subsequently culled while open (relative risk (RR) = 2.7, P
Patient willingness to undergo pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic tests in early phase oncology trials

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, early phase clinical trials involve pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) assays as well as frequent imaging studies. The authors conducted a prospective study examining patients' willingness to undergo such tests and the number of tests the patients would tolerate. METHODS: A prospective, correlative study was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire to measure patients' willingness on a scale from 1 (not willing) to 10 (very willing) to undergo various procedures (eg, tumor and skin biopsies, blood tests) and imaging studies (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiogram). In addition, correlations were assessed between the number and type of tests and demographics, previous test experience, inconvenience, and insurance coverage. Sixty-one patients (22 women and 39 men) with advanced malignancies were enrolled. Descriptive, nonparametric, and parametric inferential statistics were used. RESULTS: Overall willingness to undergo study-required tests was very high. Patients were most willing to undergo urine, blood, ultrasound, x-rays, echocardiogram, and computed tomography studies and were least willing to undergo tumor and skin biopsies and magnetic resonance imaging (all P ≤ .01). Significant inverse relations were observed between the frequency of a particular test and patient's willingness to undergo such tests. Inconvenience and prior negative experiences for more invasive tests (eg, skin biopsies) modestly affected willingness to undergo these tests again. College education, insurance coverage, and the requirement of tests for enrollment were correlated positively with willingness to undergo tests. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings provide the first prospectively collected data on patients' willingness to undergo PK/PD tests and imaging studies associated with early stage oncology drug trials and can serve as basis for further exploration toward the design of patient-friendly, biomarker-driven clinical studies in oncology. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors: State-of-the-Art

Progress in the development of tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) is reviewed by comparing experimental results and theoretical predictions against 16-nm FinFET CMOS technology. Experiments lag the projections, but sub-threshold swings less than 60 mV/decade are now reported in 14 TFETs. The lowest measured sub-threshold swings approaches 20 mV/decade, however, the measurements at these lowest values are not based on many points. The highest current at which sub-threshold swing below 60 mV/decade is observed is in the range 1–10 nA/ \({{\mu }}\) m. A common approach to TFET characterization is proposed to facilitate future comparisons.
The Mallett Fixation Disparity Test: influence of test instructions and relationship with symptoms

Fixation disparity is a minute ocular misalignment under conditions of binocular single vision and is typically detected in primary eye care practices in the UK using the Mallett Unit Fixation Disparity Test. This instrument creates natural viewing conditions, when the patient's binocular system is fused using both central and peripheral fusion locks. This allows the examiner to determine the minimum prism power that eliminates the fixation disparity: the associated phoria or aligning prism. The spherical power that eliminates the fixation disparity, the aligning sphere, can also be determined. The near Mallett Unit Fixation Disparity Test has been shown to have good sensitivity and specificity for detecting symptomatic heterophoria. Cases of decompensated heterophoria tend to have a fixation disparity and the aligning prism or aligning sphere is a good indicator of the correction that will render the heterophoria compensated. The purpose of this study was, for the first time, to investigate the effect of test instructions on the results of the Mallett Unit Fixation Disparity Test. In study 1, we surveyed and observed practitioners to determine the instructions that are typically used. In study 2, we compared results obtained with this ‘standard’ method of questioning with a more ‘specific’ form of questioning that has been suggested in the literature. The participants for study 2 were 105 patients aged 7–70 years who were randomly selected from those attending a community optometric practice. Significantly different results were obtained with the two sets of instructions. The specific form of questioning revealed more cases of fixation disparity and the results with this method showed a better correlation with symptoms. This only held for near vision: for distance vision, symptoms were not significantly correlated with the presence of fixation disparity. This agrees with previous work with the Mallett unit, which showed a significant relationship with symptoms only at near. We also found that patients with more severe symptoms had greater degrees of aligning prism. Our study supports previous work indicating that the Mallett unit is a useful tool for detecting symptomatic heterophoria at near. However, we found that the testing method is important: patients need to be asked not just whether the nonius strips are aligned but also whether one or both of the strips ever moves. More research is needed to investigate the significance of precise test instructions in other optometric and orthoptic tests.
Dendritic cell neoplasms: An overview

Dendritic cell neoplasms are rare tumors that are being recognized with increasing frequency. They were previously classified as lymphomas, sarcomas, or histiocytic neoplasms. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies dendritic cell neoplasms into five groups: Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, Langerhans' cell sarcoma, Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, and Dendritic cell sarcoma, not specified otherwise (Jaffe, World Health Organization classification of tumors 2001; 273-289). Recently, Pileri et al. provided a comprehensive immunohistochemical classification of histiocytic and dendritic cell tumors (Pileri et al., Histopathology 2002;59:161-167). In this article, a concise overview regarding the pathological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of follicular dendritic, interdigitating dendritic, and Langerhans' cell tumors is presented.
Identification of plasma proteins containing sulfite-reactive disulfide bonds

Abstract Plasma protein S-sulfonate compounds (RS-SO3−) have previously been shown to form, presumably by sulfitolysis of disulfide bonds, as a result of exposure to sulfite. In the investigations reported here, we identify two proteins in rabbit plasma, namely albumin and plasma fibronectin, which contain reactive sites for S-sulfonate formation. Separation and identification of these proteins following in vitro and in vivo exposure to sulfite was accomplished primarily by column chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. In addition, the structure of presumed S-sulfonate groups was confirmed by the identification of cysteinyl-S-sulfonate residues in protein hydrolysates generated by enzymatic digestion. The molar ratio of RS-SO3− in both albumin and plasma fibronectin was less than one. Data from our experiments suggest that the mixed disulfide site of non-mercaptalbumin is the reactive site for S-sulfonate formation. The site(s) of formation within the plasma fibronectin molecule was not investigated. The possible physiological significance of disulfide sulfitolysis of albumin and plasma fibronectin is discussed.
Endurance and strength training outcomes on cognitively impaired and cognitively intact older adults: a meta-analysis.

Background: Dementia is a common syndrome in the geriatric population. Subsequent impairment of cognitive functioning impacts the patient’s mobility, ADLs, and IADLs. It is suggested that older persons with lower levels of cognition are less likely to achieve independence in ADLs and ambulation (1–2). Frequently, nursing home residents are viewed as too frail or cognitively impaired to benefit from exercise rehabilitation. Often, persons with Mini Mental State Score (MMSE) score below 25 are excluded from physical rehabilitation programs. However, Diamond (3) and Goldstein (4) concluded that geriatric patients with mild to moderate cognitive impairment were just as likely as cognitively intact patients to improve in functional abilities as a result of participation in exercise rehabilitation programs.Purpose: The objective of this study is to compare, through a meta-analysis endurance and strength outcomes of Cognitively Impaired (MMSE 24) older adults who participate in similar exercise programs.Methods: Published articles were identified by using electronic and manual searches. Key search words included exercise, training, strength, endurance, rehabilitation, cognitive impairment, cognition, MMSE, older adult, aged, and geriatrics. Articles were included if the were from RCTs or well-designed control studies.Results: A total of 41 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. We examined 21 exercise trials with cognitively impaired individuals (CI=1411) and 20 exercise trials with cognitively intact individuals (IN=1510). Degree of cognitive impairment is based on the reported MMSE score. Moderate to large effect sizes (ES = dwi, Hedges gi) were found for strength and endurance outcomes for the CI groups (dwi = .51, 95% CI=. 42-.60), and for the IN groups (dwi =. 49, 95% CI=. 40 -.58). No statistically significant difference in ES was found between the CI and IN studies on strength (t=1.675, DF= 8, P=.132), endurance (t=1.904, DF= 14, P=.078), and combined strength and endurance effects (t=1.434, DF= 56, P=. 263).Conclusions: These results suggest that cognitively impaired older adults who participate in exercise rehabilitation programs have similar strength and endurance training outcomes as age and gender matched cognitively intact older participants and therefore impaired individuals should not be excluded from exercise rehabilitation programs.
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs Block Selective Components of Amphetamine-Induced Stereotypy

Individual items of behavior produced by 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine were monitored in rats pretreated 15 minutes earlier with vehicle or with behaviorally relevant doses of haloperidol (0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg), clozapine (1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg), or thioridazine (1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg). Unlike haloperidol, the atypical antipsychotics failed to block all components of either the low- or high-dose response to amphetamine. These drugs, however, did block selective items of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. Clozapine significantly attenuated the sniffing produced by 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine as well as the oral behavior (licking and/or biting) produced by 5.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Thioridazine, at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg, also reduced oral behavior and selectively blocked repetitive head bobbing. Taken together, these results suggest that although atypical antipsychotic drugs exert some common effects on the amphetamine behavioral response, these drugs do not influence all amphetamine-induced behaviors equally.
Survey of transplant-related pharmacy services at large comprehensive transplant centers in the United States.

Context—United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) 2011 bylaws and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) regulations require a transplant pharmacist to be an active participant in the care of transplant patients. Transplant centers must be members in good standing with UNOS in order to perform transplants and must be certified by CMS to participate with Medicare.Objective—To identify characteristics of transplant-related pharmacy services at comprehensive transplant centers.Design—Survey regarding number of full-time equivalent (FTE) transplant pharmacists relative to number of annual transplants, transplant pharmacy model, roles in inpatient and clinic environments, training and specialization, funding sources, and expansion plans.Participants—Surveys were received from 14 (74%) of 19 identified centers that performed 200 to 400 kidney, liver, pancreas, simultaneous kidney/pancreas, heart, and lung transplants in 2010, representing 55 transplant pharmacists.Results—A mean of 325 transplants were ...
The concept norm: Enduring but indefensible

As rightly argued by Meier in this issue, the concept norm anchors the study of deviance in sociology's mainstream. Indeed, the sociology of deviance is now a strategic arena for a critical examination of normative notions, if only because the “reactive” conception of deviance, one of three distinct components of the labeling perspective (Gibbs, 1981), seemingly rejects the concept norm. A survey of the shortcomings and merits of the conception (Gibbs, 1981) suggests some problems with the concept norm. Meier's commentary takes that direction, but he does not propose defensible solutions to the problems.
Over 10 W Output Linearly-Polarized Single-Stage Fiber Laser Oscillating Above 1160 nm Using Yb-Doped Polarization-Maintaining Solid Photonic Bandgap Fiber

We propose an all-fiber linearly-polarized single-stage fiber laser oscillating above 1160 nm employing a low-loss Yb-doped polarization-maintaining solid photonic bandgap fiber (Yb-PM-SPGF) as a laser source for a yellow-orange frequency-doubling laser. We also present a new fabrication method for Yb-PM-SPBGF to reduce fiber attenuation in its photonic bandgap for increasing laser output power and improving slope efficiency. The attenuation of a fabricated Yb-PM-SPBGF is below 20 dB/km at 1180 nm, which is as low as that of a conventional Yb-doped fiber. All-fiber linearly-polarized single-stage fiber laser oscillating at 1180 nm using the fabricated Yb-PM-SPBGF is demonstrated. ASE and parasitic lasing in the wavelength range from 1030 nm to 1130 nm are suppressed and eliminated thanks to the filtering effect of the fiber. A 10.8 W output power is successfully achieved with a slope efficiency of 56% and a conversion efficiency of 50% by high-power 976 nm pumping. A spectral width of less than 0.05 nm, a polarization extinction ratio of more than 20 dB and nearly diffraction limited beam quality in output light are achieved. These results indicate that our proposed fiber laser can realize a compact and high-power yellow-orange frequency-doubling laser.
ANTIGORITE-ITS OCCURRENCE AS A CLAY MINERAL

A white clay from the Jatoba talc mine, Castro, Parami, Brazil, is shown by chemical analysis, X-ray and electron diffraction, and by thermal analysis to be essentially pure antigorite in the strict sense of the term. Single crystal electron diffraction patterns give various values for the long a parameter, with 43.5 A perhaps the most commonly occurring, b = 9.25 .~, d(001) = 7.25 ~,. X-ray powder diffraction gives d(001) = 7.26 ,~ and b = 9.23 A. Electron micrographs show irregular platy and lath-like crystals of about 0.5-2 # size with large development of (001) planes and with b in the direction of elongation. Other crystals are observed with very unusual forms, some having holes through them. They show mainly Okl diffraction patterns and lie with the basal (001) planes normal to the stage of the instrument. The chemical analysis agrees closely with the ideal serpentine composition and the differential thermal analysis curve is consistent with antigorite.
Protocols for the selection, adjustment, and adaptation of transmission parameters in dynamic spectrum access networks

We describe and evaluate protocols for the selection, adjustment, and adaptation of transmission parameters for sessions in dynamic spectrum access networks, the protocols respond to time and frequency assignments that are provided for a session by a spectrum access system, select the modulation format and the initial code rate for the session, adjust the initial transmitter power to compensate for any errors in propagation-loss estimates, and adapt the code rate throughout the session to variations in the propagation loss
An algebra for periodic rhythms and scales

This paper shows how scale vectors (which can represent either pitch or rhythmic patterns) can be written as a linear combination of columns of scale matrices, thus decomposing the scale into musically relevant intervals. When the scales or rhythms have different cardinalities, they can be compared using a canonical form closely related to Lyndon words. The eigenvalues of the scale matrix are equal to the Fourier coefficients, which leads to a number of relationships between the scale vectors and the decompositions. Overcomplete dictionaries of frame elements can be used for more convincing representations by finding sparse decompositions, a technique that can also be applied to tiling problems. Scale matrices are related to familiar theoretical properties such as the interval function, Z-relation or homometry, all of which can be efficiently studied within this framework. In many cases, the determinant of the scale matrix is key: singular scale matrices correspond to Lewin's special cases, regular matric...
Biomechanical impact of lower-body PPE on the football athlete: An evaluation and redesign of the knee pad

Although football personal protective equipment (PPE) has developed considerably since the game’s conception, knee pad design has lagged behind. Players at all levels of competition are dissatisfied with the device, claiming it impedes performance more than it protects from injury. To date, no published research has studied the football knee pad’s effect on athletic performance, and no ergonomic evaluation of the design has been completed. This research first created a new knee pad design based on survey feedback from 138 collegiate and high school football athletes. This new design, called the Vastus And Patella Protection with Range of motion (VAPPR) pad, was then tested for effectiveness. During testing, 10 collegiate athletes performed standardized football drills (Pro-Agility, L-Drill, Broad-Jump) under three padded conditions: unpadded, standard knee pad, VAPPR pad. Results were based on three padded comparisons. First, athletes performed at a higher level unpadded than wearing standard knee pads. Second, no difference in performance existed between testing unpadded and with VAPPR pads. Third, VAPPR pads resulted in superior performance, provided equal protection, and were preferred by athletes when compared to standard knee pads.
A 45° Inflection System for the Stanford Two-Mile Accelerator

A 45° inflector for the off-axis injectors is described. The system features second-order isochronous corrections to preserve accelerator bunch length. The correction is made with a combination sextupole-quadrupole, the design for which is also included.
STRUCTURES, COMPOSITIONS, AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION IDENTIFICATION OF DIOCTAHEDRAL CHLORITES

Al-rich di, trioctahedral chlorite exists as the species cookeite and sudoite. Di,dioctahedral chlorite exists as the species donbassite. Cookeite has essential Li in its structure, sudoite has essential Mg, and donbassite has only small amounts of either element. To date, sudoite has been reported to have only IIb structural units and donbassite to have only Ia structural units. Cookeite is based primarily on Ia structural units, but IIb units are present in specimens from two localities. Most Al-rich chlorite species have regular-stacking “r” or “s” 2-layer stacking sequences, but 1-layer Ia-2 and Ia-6 polytypes also are known. The structural units (Ia or IIb) and the specific stacking sequences can be explained by a combination of local charge balance and minimization of cation-cation repulsion involving the interlayer and tetrahedral cations. X-ray powder diffraction data are adequate to differentiate Al-rich chlorite from trioctahedral chlorite and to identify the type of structural unit present, but single crystal study is necessary to identify the 2-layer and 1-layer sequences with certainty.
Auditory and Visual Evoked Responses in Children with Familial Reading Disabilities

Amplitudes of auditory and visual evoked responses from right and left hemispheres were compared in subjects from three families having more than one person with reading problems. Contrary to expectations, the dyslexic members of these families did not demonstrate a flattening of the evoked responses over the left hemisphere Furthermore, there were no differences between dyslexic and normal members of the same family. Investigation of dyslexic children from 18 additional families also demonstrated no systematic alteration of the evoked responses over the left hemisphere. Although some degree of hemispheric asymmetry cannot be ruled out completely, measurement of evoked responses appears to have little diagnostic value, at present, in the evaluation of individual children or families.
Structural Adjacency and the Typology of Interrogative Interpretations

I point out that the generally accepted theory of single-pair versus pair-list readings for multiple wh-questions in the Slavic family, as instantiated in Boskovic 2001a, predicts the wrong result for Russian multiple wh-questions and for coordinated multiple wh-questions in several languages. I suggest a reformulation of the connection between the structure and the interpretation of multiple wh-questions that relies on the structural adjacency of two or more wh-items at LF, and I discuss a number of cases in which this reformulation appears to make the right predictions for multiple wh-questions containing clitics.
Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Behavior and Position Control Using Reinforcement Learning

*† ‡ Intelligent, autonomous, shape-controllable structures based on Shape Memory Alloy materials have the potential to provide advanced aircraft and spacecraft systems with the ability to morph, or change their shape for the purpose of optimizing performance. An important aspect of this capability is control of the shape modifications themselves, which benefits from accurate models of the voltage/current-force/deformation relationships of the Shape Memory Alloy materials. These models are typically developed from a constitutive relation for the Shape Memory Alloy behavior which is then integrated into a structural model. The approach presented in the paper does not need a constitutive model, but uses Reinforcement Learning to directly learn an input-output mapping characterization in realtime. The control voltage outputs required to produce a certain shape change are determined using a simulated Shape Memory Alloy test rig, which is integrated with a Qlearning Reinforcement Learning software module. The goal of this research is to use this characterization to determine an optimal control policy when changing the shape of a Shape Memory Alloy to a specified length. The results of this research are expected to aid in characterizing the effectiveness of this type of advanced control mechanism in intelligent systems, and further research in the modeling and control of morphing air and space vehicles. Results presented in this paper show that a hyperbolic tangent function can successfully be used to simulate Shape Memory Alloy hysteresis behavior and that Reinforcement Learning is a viable tool in characterizing Shape Memory Alloy behavior.
Diaschisis, site, time and other factors in Raven performances of adults with focal cerebral lesions

Analyses of Raven matrices performances by 35 patients with acute and 22 with chronic focal lesions restricted to the anterior or posterior regions of the left or right hemispheres illustrate the importance of controlling for diaschisis, specific site, time, age and other factors determining neuropsychological performances. These findings have important practical and theoretical implications with respect to the elucidation of principles underlying organization, disorganization and reorganization of human brain functions. They also suggest that many of the previous controversial and conflicting reports may be reconciled when these and other significant underlying factors are accounted for. Finally, they confirm Jackson's earlier observations of the critical role of the right posterior lobe in “visuopsychic” non verbal mental processes.
An overview of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock harvest, processing and supply for biofuel production.

The US Biomass R&D Technical Advisory Committee has envisioned a 30% replacement of the current US petroleum consumption with biofuels by 2030 [1–3]. This goal implies that the demand for cellulosi...
Quantifying the Traction Force of a Single Cell by Aligned Silicon Nanowire Array

The physical behaviors of stationary cells, such as the morphology, motility, adhesion, anchorage, invasion and metastasis, are likely to be important for governing their biological characteristics. A change in the physical properties of mammalian cells could be an indication of disease. In this paper, we present a silicon-nanowire-array based technique for quantifying the mechanical behavior of single cells representing three distinct groups: normal mammalian cells, benign cells (L929), and malignant cells (HeLa). By culturing the cells on top of NW arrays, the maximum traction forces of two different tumor cells (HeLa, L929) have been measured by quantitatively analyzing the bending of the nanowires. The cancer cell exhibits a larger traction force than the normal cell by ∼20% for a HeLa cell and ∼50% for a L929 cell. The traction forces have been measured for the L929 cells and mechanocytes as a function of culture time. The relationship between cells extending area and their traction force has been investigated. Our study is likely important for studying the mechanical properties of single cells and their migration characteristics, possibly providing a new cellular level diagnostic technique. A change in the physical properties of mammalian cells is important for understanding the biological behavior of cells and disease diagnosis. 1-3 Some kinds of malignant cells are difficult to diagnose from normal cells just by morphological analysis, which is a routine cancer cell detection method. The physical properties of stationary cells, especially the cell traction force (CTF), are of special interest because they are crucial to many biological processes such as morphology, extracellular matrix (ECM) generation, mechanical signal transmission, and cell migration. The measurements are potentially useful for understanding the processes of wound healing, inflammation, embryogenesis, angiogenesis, histogenesis, invasion, and cancer metastasis. 4-7 The basic process for cells to generate traction force is the actomyosin tension and actin polymerization that contract the cell body and stress fibers, which transmit the constriction force to ECM via focal adhesion proteins. 3,6 In an assembly of focal adhesion proteins, integrins are the primary mediators
Some Final Thoughts from ACRL-LA’s Past President

The outgoing president of ACRL-LA reflects on her mother, her time as ACRL-LA President, and the changes she sees in Louisiana and librarianship.
A Thick-Film Hybrid Implantable Telemeter

The evolution from simple discrete component to integrated circuit transmitters is currently feasible. The availability of commercial sources for IC chips in easy-to-handle packages coupled with a modest hybrid facility now make this possible. While the work of our laboratory traditionally encompasses system design and fabrication as well as physiologic applications, this paper has presented only the former without reference to its application studies. The latter involves reproductive tract smooth muscle activity, pressure measurements, and cardiovascular dynamics. It has been the objective herein to describe a hybrid transmitter to which a resistive transducer, either as a single element or several bridge circuit elements, may be mated. Further, a wide latitude of input resistance is available and fabrication in hybrid form is possible within a modestly equipped facility. The system will operate with two channels of 1,000 ohm input at 145 ?A, transmitting about 10 feet when implanted. Higher input resistance or larger silver oxide cells will extend the life.
Does Regular Exercise after Heart Transplantation Have Any Benefit? Real Life Experience

Purpose Exercise(EX) after heart transplant(HTx) improves cardiac function and EX capacity as noted from cardiopulmonary EX studies. EX may also prevent obesity, decrease diabetes(DM), and further reduce metabolic endpoints such as osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. We determined whether routine exercise was beneficial to HTx patients(pts) using a survey. Methods and Materials Between 8/2011-5/2012, we evaluated 70 HTx pts by survey performed at routine clinic visits. Pts were asked about type and frequency of EX performed, including aerobic activity, yoga/pilates and weight/resistance training. Pts were divided by EX frequency: 0-2, 3-4 and 5-7 times/week. End points included 1-year change in weight, lipid levels, number of antihypertensive medications, number of new onset DM. Results Pts in the 0-2 group(grp) had significantly less aerobic EX compared to the other 2 grps (60% vs 96% vs 100%, p Conclusions No or little exercise after HTx is associated with increased weight gain and elevated lipid levels. Exercise should be recommended for HTx pts to achieve these metabolic benefits. EndpointsEX 0-2/Wk (n=15)EX 3-4/Wk (n=28)EX 5-7/Wk (n=27)Mean Change in Weight Baseline to 1 Yr, Lbs ± SEM20.3 ± 7.49.4 ± 4.9 * 8.1 ± 3.6 * Mean Change in Cholesterol Baseline to 1 Yr, mg/dL ± SEM33.1 ± 13.79.4 ± 5.9 * 10.3 ± 8.0 * Mean Change in Triglycerides Baseline to 1 Yr, mg/dL ± SEM57.9 ± 24.525.4 ± 12.917.2 ± 18.5 * Mean Change in LDL Baseline to 1 Yr, mg/dL ± SEM21.6 ± 10.54.3 ± 4.4 * 8.9 ± 6.9 * , ** Mean # of HTN Meds at Baseline, Meds ± SD-0.1 ± 0.90.1 ± 0.90.1 ± 0.9Mean # of HTN Meds at 1 Yr FollowUp, Meds ± SD-0.1 ± 0.30.1 ± 0.20.1 ± 0.2DM at Baseline, n (%)4 (27%)6 (21%)7 (26%)DM at 1 Yr FollowUp, n (%)7 (47%)9 (32%)9 (33%)*p
Gait generation characterized by the phase sensitive properties of synaptically coupled neurons

Although central pattern generators (CPGs) are ubiquitous neural elements that generate the rhythmic movements of many biological systems, the mechanisms that govern controlled pattern generation is often poorly understood. In order to gain insights into the behavior of CPGs, we utilize phase sensitivity of the modeled Aplysia R15 neuron, which was incorporated into a small neuron ring circuit. R15 neurons are bursting neurons that are phase sensitive to current input, external or synaptic. Our simple model circuit consists of three or four unidirectionally connected neurons that have inhibitory synapses. By adjusting the synaptic parameters, we demonstrate that a circuit can not only produce all conventional modes, it can easily switch between these modes by introducing brief external current stimuli to some of the neurons or by changing the synaptic parameters. The multistable modes that such a simple ring circuit can generate, and the ease with which it switches between the modes, indicate that such a simple circuit may serve as a useful example in modeling many different types of biological central pattern generators.
Toward the Study of the Psychodynamics of Mothering and Gender in Egyptian Families

Feminist interest in the social origins and the emotional/psychological development of gender roles has led to a new theoretical debate on the critical importance of mothering. The feminist contribution in this area lies in the formulation of a successful theoretical synthesis of Marxist and psychoanalytic insights to explain the development of gendered roles and personalities in contemporary capitalist society. In contrast to conventional Freudian approaches, which posit the universality of the psychological/emotional processes by which the self is developed, the feminist critics emphasize the historically (and socially) specific nature of the family, mothering patterns, and the way such patterns influence the development of gendered personalities in the West.
How to Write an Effective Discussion

Explaining the meaning of the results to the reader is the purpose of the discussion section of a research paper. There are elements of the discussion that should be included and other things that should be avoided. Always write the discussion for the reader; remember that the focus should be to help the reader understand the study and that the highlight should be on the study data.
Post-Excretion Production of Ethanol in Horse Urine

Large concentrations of ethanol in samples of urine collected from horses after racing have been shown to be caused by the fermentation of glucose with a Mucor sp. of mould. Fermentation can be prevented by the addition of sodium azide to urine.
A robust numerical approach for array calibration

The authors focus on the problem of sensor array calibration in the presence of noise field uncertainties. The objective is to compute a reliable estimate of the array response vector given finite sample estimates of the signal plus noise and noise only array covariances. These covariances are computed from data collected at the sensor array with a calibration signal turned on and off. Numerical difficulties are encountered in applying the usual generalized eigenvalue technique when the noise field is near singular or has changed significantly over the two covariance measurements. A robust numerical approach is presented for determining the response vector in these situations. Results of computer simulations to verify the proposed technique are also presented. >
New injectors and the social context of injection initiation.

Background Preventing the onset of injecting drug use is an important public health objective yet there is little understanding of the process that leads to injection initiation. This paper draws extensively on narrative data to describe how injection initiation is influenced by social environment. We examine how watching other people inject can habitualise non-injectors to administering drugs with a needle and consider the process by which the stigma of injecting is replaced with curiosity.
Inhibitors of Monocyte Responses to Chemotaxins are Associated with Human Neoplasms

Macrophages can destroy cancer cells in vivo and in vitro (1–3) but low numbers of macrophages are generally found within progressively growing tumors. Moreover, a tumor’s metastatic potential is often inversely related to the number of macrophages which it contains (4,5). As a group, cancer patients have abnormally functioning monocytes which regain normal function after successful cancer therapy or surgical tumor removal (6–10). Therefore, we have hypothesized that cancer cells may produce factors that alter monocyte-macrophage functions, thereby subverting immune surveillance (11). Indeed, in rodents neoplasms produce agents which inhibit macrophage accumulation in vivo and macrophage chemotaxis in vitro (12–15).
Evaluating Firms In Financial Distress: An Event History Analysis

This study uses event history methodology and dynamic models to examine bankruptcy and financial distress. Dynamic models incorporate the conditional probability of a firms financial status changing from financially distressed to stable or bankrupt and enable us to simultaneously examine stable, financially distressed and bankrupt firms. We also add to the literature by incorporating two economic indicator variables and extend prior research with an analysis by industry segment.