cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eicosanoid regulation of acute intestinal vascular permeability induced by intravenous peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers

A model of rapidly developing, self-limited acute vascular permeability changes localized to the gutassociated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the rat was used to study the role of prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (Txs), and leukotrienes (LTs) in thein vivo regulation of early intestinal inflammatory events. Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with metabolites, enzyme inhibiors, or receptor antagonists of the arachidonic acid pathway before intravenous injection of sonicated peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers derived from group A streptococci (PG-APS, 5 μg rhamnose/g body weight). Rats were killed five minutes after PG-APS injection and were evaluated grossly for petechiae of the intestinal parencyma and lymphoid aggregates.
The structure and energetics of gas phase Ni and Pd clusters

We present the conceptual and formal simplifications of the recently developed corrected effective medium (OEM) theory that enable this theory to be used directly in molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of large systems, hence the acronym MD/MC-CEM. The essential idea involves adjustment of the CEM embedding functions to include approximately the original explicit correction for kinetic-exchange-correlation energy differences between the real system and the many atom-jellium systems used as the zeroth order model. Examples of this construction are provided for the Ni, Pd, Ar and H/Pd(lll) systems. Finally, a few brief applications of this method to large systems are provided. These include relaxation of metal surfaces, structure of pure Ni and mixed NiCu clusters, sticking of Cu on Cu(100), and the scattering of Ar from H covered Pd(lll).
Correlates of metaphoric comprehension in young children

Abstract This was an investigation of the relationships of metaphoric comprehension with divergent thinking, IQ, fantasy predisposition, and imaginativeness in symbolic play in 59 preschool children (mean age = 56.7 months). The results suggest that the metaphoric comprehension of preschool children is more highly related to IQ or convergent thinking (r = .61, p < .0001) than to divergent reasoning. Although metaphoric comprehension was related to fantasy predisposition, this relationship was not significant when IQ was partialled out. Metaphoric comprehension was related to popular ideational fluency scores but not to original scores or imaginative play scores.
Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live animal – particularly in sites with unique physiological and architectural qualities such as the brain. In vitro and ectopic models cannot account for features such as vasculature, blood brain barrier, metabolism, drug delivery and toxicity, and a host of other relevant factors. Orthotopic models have their limitations too, but with proper technique tumor cells of interest can be accurately engrafted into tissue that most closely mimics conditions in the human brain. By employing methods that deliver precisely measured volumes to accurately defined locations at a consistent rate and pressure, mouse models of human brain tumors with predictable growth rates can be reproducibly created and are suitable for reliable analysis of various interventions. The protocol described here focuses on the technical details of designing and preparing for an intracranial injection, performing the surgery, and ensuring successful and reproducible tumor growth and provides starting points for a variety of conditions that can be customized for a range of different brain tumor models.
Purification of Phenolic-Laden Wastewater from the Pulp and Paper Industry by Using Colloid-Enhanced Ultrafiltration

The removal of three phenolic pollutants with variable degrees of chlorination from water was investigated: 2-monochlorophenol (MCP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). These compounds are often found in pulp and paper mill wastewater effluent. Colloid-enhanced ultrafiltration (CEUF) techniques were investigated for wastewater purification. Pollutants can associate with colloids: surfactant micelles or surfactant–polymer complexes solubilize nonionic compounds. In this application of CEUF, the micelles or surfactant–polymer complexes are ultrafiltered from solution with solubilized chlorinated phenol pollutant. An advantage of surfactant–polymer complexes, compared to only surfactants, is reduction of surfactant monomer (unaggregated surfactant) concentration. These surfactant monomers can pass through the ultrafiltration membrane, reducing the purity of the product water. Excellent solute rejections are observed for both micelles and surfactant–polymer complexes, generally exceedi...
Wavelet-transformed temporal cerebral blood flow signals during attempted inhibition of cue-induced cocaine craving distinguish prognostic phenotypes

Background Cocaine addicted patients with positive cocaine urine status at treatment entry are far less likely to have a successful treatment outcome. This work aims to identify brain substrates that can distinguish this group of patients from their cocaine-negative counterparts in order to better understand this clinical phenotype. Going a step beyond conventional functional connectivity, we used wavelet transform coherence (WTC) to determine in which ways the temporal pattern of fMRI cerebral blood flow (CBF) signals during attempted inhibition of cue-induced cocaine craving may differ between these two groups.
Bureaucracy, investment, and growth

Abstract Using data from 21 OECD economies for the period 1960–1990 we construct a measure of bureaucracy and show that it is negatively related to economic growth because it has a negative effect on investment.
Quality assurance for CT and MRI scanners

While specialized phantoms for quality assurance have been provided with CT scanners since these devices were first marketed to radiology departments, there has been little in the way of integrated software and procedures to use these phantoms on an on-going basis. Typically, they are used initially when the scanner is installed, and then used only very intermittently thereafter, usually by the vendors' service personnel. Although calibration scans are performed routinely, these typically only establish the baseline for the accuracy and uniformity of CT numbers, and do not actually measure the resolution which the images are capable of achieving. Over the last four years, a software package to automatically analyze images from CT scanners has been developed, and this was adapted to use with MRI scanners in 1993. An additional software package has been developed to handle the results of the individual quality assurance scans in a data base, and allow for easy analysis and graphing of the results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex influences transcription by RNA polymerase I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

SWI/SNF is a chromatin remodeling complex that affects transcription initiation and elongation by RNA polymerase II. Here we report that SWI/SNF also plays a role in transcription by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of the genes encoding the Snf6p or Snf5p subunits of SWI/SNF was lethal in combination with mutations that impair Pol I transcription initiation and elongation. SWI/SNF physically associated with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) within the coding region, with an apparent peak near the 5′ end of the gene. In snf6Δ cells there was a ∼2.5-fold reduction in rRNA synthesis rate compared to WT, but there was no change in average polymerase occupancy per gene, the number of rDNA gene repeats, or the percentage of transcriptionally active rDNA genes. However, both ChIP and EM analyses showed a small but reproducible increase in Pol I density in a region near the 5′ end of the gene. Based on these data, we conclude that SWI/SNF plays a positive role in Pol I transcription, potentially by modifying chromatin structure in the rDNA repeats. Our findings demonstrate that SWI/SNF influences the most robust transcription machinery in proliferating cells.
A B3LYP investigation of the conformational and environmental sensitivity of carbon–deuterium frequencies of aryl-perdeuterated phenylalanine and tryptophan

Carbon–deuterium labeled amino acids can serve as sensitive probes for biophysical characterization. Although multiple research groups have used infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with alkyl backbone or side-chain deuterated amino acids for the biophysical characterization of conformational and/or environmental changes, it was not entirely clear to the authors that perdeuterated aryl rings would demonstrate a similar sensitivity toward conformational or environmental changes. In an effort to evaluate the sensitivity of aryl carbon–deuterium (C–D) IR frequencies, a B3LYP investigation of the sensitivity of aryl C–D frequencies toward conformational and environmental changes was conducted for phenylalanine (Phe) and tryptophan (Trp). To compensate for the low molar absorptivity of C–D frequencies, perdeuterated aryl rings were investigated, which are commercially available and can be readily compared to experimental data. B3LYP results suggest that aryl-deuterated Phe and Trp will exhibit moderate sensitivities toward conformational and environmental changes with frequency shifts upward of 13 and 26 cm−1 for Phe and Trp, respectively. B3LYP predicts that conformational sensitivity arises from dipole changes and not orbital alignment changes. In an effort to mimic what might be observed experimentally, simulated IR spectra were created and show absorption band changes with conformational and environmental changes, which indicate that IR characterization of perdeuterated aryl rings in amino acids could serve as a biophysical tool.
End piece: reflections on the treatment of anger.

Research on the nature of anger and how it differs from other emotions is reviewed. Dimensions that differentiate disturbed from normal anger are also discussed. Based on the research and results of several reviews of anger treatment, an ideal treatment package for the treatment of anger is presented. The components include: (i) addressing motivation; (ii) cultivating the therapeutic alliance; (iii) managing physiological arousal; (iv) fostering cognitive change; (v) implementing behavior change; (vi) providing environmental supports for change; (vii) teaching relapse-prevention skills; and (viii) initiating restitution and reintegration. Also, the articles describing experiential, self psychology, cognitive-behavioral, Buddhist, and systems approaches to anger are compared and contrasted. Each of these treatment approaches is compared with the ideal treatment components. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 365–379, 1999.
Granulomatous Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a literature review and hypothesis on pathogenesis.

ABSTRACT Background Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia occurs frequently in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes, especially AIDS. Approximately 5% of AIDS patients have atypical granulomatous histology. Case Report/Methods A 75-year-old woman with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was treated with alemtuzumab (campath-1H) 3 times weekly for 12 weeks. After completion of therapy she presented with dyspnea, hypoxemia, and bilateral infiltrates. Bronchoscopy with biopsy revealed Pneumocystis organisms with granulomatous history. She responded well to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Results/Literature Review Our literature review identified 19 patients without AIDS who had granulomatous Pneumocystis infection. These patients often had nodular infiltrates on x-rays and negative bronchoalveolar lavage study findings. Most patients required open lung biopsies. Histologic specimens frequently revealed necrosis. These patients responded well to therapy. Conclusion The limited information available from these studies suggests that these patients have immune reconstitution-like syndrome related to either increasing numbers of CD4 + lymphocytes following therapeutic suppression or impaired modulation of CD4 + function. This unusual clinical presentation may delay diagnosis and effective therapy.
Rapid Cost Assessment of Space Mission Concepts through Application of Complexity-Based Cost Indices

In 2005, the Solar System Exploration Strategic Roadmap Committee (chartered by NASA to develop the roadmap for Solar System Exploration Missions for the coming decades) found itself posed with the difficult problem of sorting through several mission concepts and determining their relative costs. While detailed mission studies are the normal approach to costing, neither the budget nor schedule allotted to the committee could support such studies. Members of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) supporting the committee were given the challenge of developing a semi-quantitative approach that could provide the relative costs of these missions, without requiring an in depth study of the missions. In response to this challenge, a rapid cost assessment methodology based on a set of mission cost/complexity indexes was developed. This methodology also underwent two separate validations, one comparing its results when applied to historical missions, and another comparing its estimates against those of veteran space mission managers. Remarkably good agreement was achieved, suggesting that this approach provides an effective early indication of space mission costs.
Phase Stability and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Strontium Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

The effect of compositional modifications on the field-induced phase-transition behavior and dielectric properties of strontium-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics was studied. PZT compositions with different strontium and titanium contents, within the general formula Pb1–xSrx(Zr1–yTiy)O3 and located in the tetragonal antiferroelectric (AFE) and rhombohedral ferroelectric (FE) phase fields were prepared by tape casting and sintering. X-ray diffraction and polarization measurements were used to locate compositions suitable for investigation of the field-induced AFE–FE phase transition. The results indicated that a higher Sr2+ content decreased the polarization and hysteresis and increased the switching field; a lower Ti4+ content decreased the polarization and increased the switching field and hysteresis. A high room-temperature dielectric constant was obtained for compositions near the phase boundary. These results suggest that a combination of both A-site and B-site modifications can be used to tailor ferroelectric properties, such as the switching field and hysteresis, of these strontium-doped PZTs displaying a field-induced AFE–FE phase transition.
Properties of ascorbate oxidase isozymes

Abstract The ascorbate oxidase of two squash cultivars was resolved into five molecular forms by gel electrophoresis; that of cucumber was resolved into three forms. Molecular weight estimates by Sephadex gel filtration and interconversions of these forms strongly suggest the presence of a monomeric form of MW 30 000 for the cucumber enzyme and 35 000 for that of the squashes. The other two forms in the cucumber appear to be a dimer and a tetramer, whilst a tetramer, an octamer, a dodecamer, and a polymer of MW between 670 000 and 2 000 000 are likely to be the other four forms present in the squashes. The monomer was the most abundant form in the cucumber and the tetramer in the two squashes. The peel of these fruits was higher in activity than the flesh, but the isozyme pattern was the same in peel and flesh. The tetramer of the squashes and the dimer of cucumbers were the most resistant forms to heat inactivation. The enzyme is soluble and not associated with subcellular particles.
The scoop on Sco.

In the January 3 issue of Cell Metabolism, Leary et al. (2007) report that the mitochondrial metallochaperones Sco1 and Sco2, essential for cytochrome c oxidase assembly, are also responsible for maintenance of cell copper homeostasis, thus showing a new function of mitochondria.
Cushing's Syndrome Secondary to Malignant Lipoid Cell Tumor of the Ovary

Malignant lipoid cell tumors of the ovary are rare lesions that are frequently associated with endocrinologic abnormalities. A case of a woman with this lesion who developed Cushing's syndrome with progression of tumor is presented. Neither aggressive medical therapy with ketoconazole nor multiagent chemotherapy was beneficial in controlling tumor growth or physical and biochemical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome.
Infrared Image Simulation Based On Solids Modeling

A method for simulating infrared images based on Solids Modeling has been developed at ERIM. The method predicts temperatures of complicated objects that can be described easily using Solids Modeling. The key development is a thermal conduction model that is automatically created from the Solids Model. The thermal model is required to predict the temperatures of the object. The creation of the thermal conduction model is rooted in the concept of automatically converting the geometry from one kind of representation to another. An automatic conversion of geometry representation maintains the ease of use in creating complicated geometries expected from today's Solids Modelers while allowing temperature prediction to be practically accomplished. This method also allows multispectral image simulation to be accomplished with a single geometry representation. The key technique used for the creation of the thermal model is discussed along with a brief discussion of how the current method fits into the context of integrated, multispectral image simulation.
Correlation expansion of the optical potential

The multiple scattering theory for the optical potential is examined. This series is arranged according to the number of target particles struck in forming the optical potential. The term which involves two target particles is summed as a three-body problem. Explicit formulas for calculating the optical potential in the fixed scatterer approximation are presented. Corrections to the fixed scatterer approximation, one a correction to closure, another a correction due to nonlocality in the two-body interaction, are presented. The relation between this work and other formal,rearrangements of the multiple scattering series is presented.
A global clinical view on vitamin A and carotenoids

The clinical importance of vitamin A as an essential nutrient has become increasingly clear. Adequate vitamin A is required for normal organogenesis, immune competence, tissue differentiation, and the visual cycle. Deficiency, which is widespread throughout the developing world, is responsible for a million or more instances of unnecessary death and blindness each year. β-Carotene is an important, but insufficient, source of vitamin A among poor populations, which accounts for the widespread nature of vitamin A deficiency. It has only recently become apparent that the bioconversion of traditional dietary sources of β-carotene to vitamin A is much less efficient than previously supposed. The other major carotenoids, particularly lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, have been found to have important biological properties, including antioxidant and photoprotective activity, and high intake has been linked in observational studies with reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases. But, to date, no clinical trials have proven the clinical value of ingested carotenoids individually or in combination, in either physiologic or pharmacologic doses, with the excepton of the provitamin A activity of carotene. Indeed, several trials have suggested an increased risk of lung cancer among high-risk individuals (smokers and asbestos workers) who were given high doses of β-carotene alone or in combination with other antioxidants. Much more evidence is needed before commonly encountered claims of the value of ingesting high doses of non-provitamin A carotenoids are validated.
Transport of sugars into microvessels isolated from rat brain: a model for the blood-brain barrier.

— Microvessels (primarily capillaries) were isolated from the brains of rats 25-35 days of age. This preparation was characterized by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the endothelial cell membranes were intact and were impermeable to horseradish peroxidase. However, scanning electron microscopy revealed that damage to the membrane occurred during isolation. The isolated microvessel preparations were metabolically competent as demonstrated by their ability to metabolize [14C]glucose. Aliquots of microvessel preparation were incubated with radioactive non-metabolizable analogs of D-glucose at various concentrations. The kinetics of accumulation of radioactivity in the capillaries were analyzed according to a model for carrier-mediated diffusion and affinity constants for 3-O-methyl- D-glucose and 2-deoxyglucose were calculated (about 18 mM at 20°C in each case). These affinity constants are somewhat greater than that expected from whole animal experiments reported by other laboratories. This discrepancy is probably accounted for by the presence of a passive diffusion component. However, despite this complication, the primary mechanism for entry of D-glucose analogues at physiological concentrations is compatible with carrier-mediated transport since: the uptake of sugar analogs was shown to be saturable, to exhibit competition for uptake between structurally similar molecules, and to be non-concentrative. In contrast, the uptake of glycerol, mannitol, and L-glucose by isolated microvessels obeyed the kinetics of simple passive diffusion and was not saturable. Our results are compatible with the concept that the capillary is the anatomic locus of the blood-brain barrier and that this structure contains the carrier-mediated transport system for monosaccharide penetration into brain.
Assessing trends to cultivate new thinking in academic libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an organized view of current trends affecting academic libraries that one research library developed to encourage new thinking; this view could assist others seeking to help their organizations think differently about the future of information access and management.Design/methodology/approach – One strategy for identifying important trends using a small number of key resources is highlighted in the paper. A snapshot of the many trends affecting academic libraries is categorized to show interrelationships and to provide specific examples along with a general overview. Included is a brief description of how the snapshot was used by one library. Implications for the future and perspectives on the value of cultivating new thinking are presented in the conclusion.Findings – The paper finds that rapid and far‐reaching change is challenging libraries to think very differently, to act much more quickly, and to set trends rather than merely react to them. Assessing...
Development of SLE among “potential SLE” patients seen in consultation: long-term follow-up

Summary Objective To identify factors associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) among patients evaluated at a tertiary care Lupus Center for potential SLE. Methods We identified patients first seen at the Brigham and Women's Hospital Lupus Center between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2012 and thought to have potential SLE by a board-certified rheumatologist. All had 1–3 SLE ACR criteria at initial visit and > 2 follow-up visits ≥ 3 months apart. We reviewed medical records through 15 May 2013 for: SLE signs and symptoms, autoimmune serologies, prescriptions and diagnoses by board-certified rheumatologists. Bivariable analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of developing SLE. Results Two hundred and sixty four patients met inclusion criteria. At initial visit, mean age was 39.2 (SD 12.4) years, 94% were female and 67% white. Mean number of SLE ACR criteria was 2.7 (SD 1.0) and 88% were antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive at initial consultation. Mean follow-up time was 6.3 (SD 4.3) years and 67% were prescribed hydroxychloroquine in follow-up. At most recent visit, 56 (21%) had been diagnosed with SLE; 47 (18%) were thought not to have SLE and 161 (61%) were still considered to have potential SLE. In multivariable regression models, oral ulcers (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.03–5.58), anti-dsDNA (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.25–5.35) and baseline proteinuria or cellular casts (OR 16.20, 95% CI 1.63–161.02) were independent predictors of developing SLE. The most common other final diagnoses included fibromyalgia, Sjogren's syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease and cutaneous lupus. Conclusion Among patients with potential SLE at initial consultation, 21% were diagnosed with definite SLE within 6.3 years. Oral ulcers, anti-dsDNA and proteinuria or cellular casts were independent predictors of developing definite SLE. A better means of accurately identifying those who will develop SLE among those presenting with potential disease is necessary.
Modified LZW algorithm for efficient compressed text retrieval

With increasing amount of text data being stored in the compressed format, efficient information retrieval in the compressed domain has become a major concern. Being able to randomly access the compressed data is highly desirable for efficient retrieval and is required in many applications. For example, in a library information retrieval system, only the records that are relevant to the query are displayed. We present modified LZW algorithms that support fast random access to the compressed text. Instead of fully decompressing the text and outputting the results selectively, we allow random access and partial decoding of the compressed text and displaying the relevant portion. The compression ratio can also be improved using the modified LZW algorithm. Preliminary results on the time and storage performance are given.
A link graph-based approach to identify forum spam

Web spammers have taken note of the popularity of public forums such as blogs, wikis, webboards, and guestbooks. They are now exploiting them with the purpose of driving traffic to their malicious or fraudulent websites, such as those used for phishing, distributing malware, or selling counterfeit pharmaceuticals. A popular technique they use is to spam these forums with URLs to their spam websites. We consider the problem of classifying URLs posted to forums as spam or legitimate by considering the link structure of the graph rooted at the posted URL. We investigate various graph metrics and associated metadata to analyze link structures. To lessen noisy structural characteristics of the link graphs for spam classification, we also examine two techniques: differing depths and aggregating sub-graphs of the link graphs. Our results show that a support vector machine classifier based on combinations of graph metrics and metadata of link graphs can achieve a pragmatically high performance in forum spam detection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracavity phase modulation for phase noise and supermode noise spur suppression in mode-locked lasers

Using intracavity active phase modulation, we have verified the theory of Haus and Rana and realized timing jitter reduction from 304 fs to 150 fs integrated to Nyquist frequency on a 10.24 GHz actively mode-locked pulse train.
Muti-tone detection using the warped discrete fourier transform

In this paper, we present a multi-tone signal detection technology based on the use of the warped discrete Fourier transform (WDFT). Compared to a conventional DFT or FFT, which has uniform frequency resolution across the entire baseband, the frequency resolution of the WDFT is externally controllable. This feature can be used to overcome the multi-tone signal detection limitation of the DFT/FFT. The paper demonstrates that by externally controlling the frequency resolution of the WDFT in an intelligent manner, multi-tone signals can be more readily detected and classified. Furthermore, the WDFT can be built upon an FFT enabled framework, insuring high efficiency and bandwidths.
Fish-odor syndrome presenting as dysosmia.

• We describe a patient who had perceived an unpleasant odor or taste for at least 20 years. Several other physicians had unsuccessfully treated her for infections, mucus membrane dryness and inflammation, chronic tonsillitis, and psychiatric disorders. Her workup at the State University of New York Health Science Center at Syracuse Olfactory Referral Center included a thorough history, examinations (including endoscopic studies of her nose, pharynx, and lungs), roentgenograms, taste testing, olfactory testing, and selective anesthesia of her chemosensory areas. The perception occurred only during exhalation, and appeared to be binasal. These findings, together with her morning mucus sample having a strong fishlike odor, prompted us to suspect a metabolic problem. Further testing at the Monell-Jefferson Chemosensory Clinical Research Center, Philadelphia, Pa, confirmed that she had trimethylaminuria. It is important to consider this and other treatable conditions when evaluating individuals with olfactory complaints. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116:354-355)
Analysis of 24 hour heart rate variability in post-infarction patients

Summary form only given. The 24-h heart rate variability (HRV) in 40 Holter tapes from the Multicenter Post-Infarction Research Group Study was examined. The first 20 Holters were part of a preliminary study which analyzed various time- and frequency-domain measures of HRV. The time-domain measures were based on the RR intervals and included the 24-h standard deviations of RR/sub n/ and RR/sub n-1/-RR/sub n/. The frequency-domain measures were based on a single 24-h HR spectrum and included the LO (0.01-0.15-Hz) power, HI (0.15-0.50-Hz) power, and the alpha , which characterized the low-frequency 1/f/sup alpha / tail of the power spectrum. The other 20 Holter tapes were used to see whether the HRV measures could be used as predictors of mortality. It was found that HI power and total HRV power clearly separated the 20 patients into two distinct groups of 10 patients each. However, belonging to a group was completely unrelated to mortality: half the members of each group died. >
Reliability of the disk damage likelihood scale.

Abstract Purpose To report the reliability of the glaucoma disk damage likelihood scale (DDLS) in comparison to the Armaly cup/disk ratio by determining the interobserver and intraobserver agreement for optic disk stereo photographs and the interobserver agreement for in vivo patient measurements of the optic disk. Design Observational case series. Methods Optic disk photographs: 48 stereo pairs of optic nerve photographs were selected from patients with a spectrum of glaucomatous visual field loss. Two masked observers graded the optic disk photographs three times according to the DDLS and Armaly cup/disk ratio. Interobserver and intraobserver agreements were calculated using the test–retest method. Patient measurements: three observers performed in vivo patient measurements on 34 eyes of glaucoma clinic patients and made a single determination of the DDLS stage and Armaly cup/disk ratio, based on the indirect biomicroscopic examination. Level of interobserver agreement was tabulated. Results Optic disk photographs: interobserver and intraobserver agreement for the vertical DDLS measurement was greater than for two determinations (clinical impression and measured) of the vertical Armaly cup/disk ratio (interobserver: 85% vs 68% and 74%, respectively; intraobserver grader 1: 97% vs 89% and 80%, grader 2: 99% vs 95% and 89%, respectively). In vivo patient measurements: the interobserver agreement for the DDLS and Armaly cup/disk ratio was similar (70.1% vs 67.6%, respectively). Conclusions For the stereo optic disk photographs, the inter- and intra-observer agreement for the DDLS is greater than the Armaly cup/disk ratio. For the in vivo patient measurements, the level of agreement for the DDLS and the Armaly cup/disk ratio is similar.
Divergent Bro1 Domains Share the Capacity To Bind Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid and To Enhance Virus-Like Particle Production

To promote the release of infectious virions, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exploits the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway by engaging Tsg101 and ALIX through late assembly (L) domains in p6 Gag. An LYPx(n)L motif in p6 serves as docking site for the central V domain of ALIX and is required for its ability to stimulate HIV-1 budding. Additionally, the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag binds to the N-terminal Bro1 domain of ALIX, which connects ALIX to the membrane-deforming ESCRT-III complex via its CHMP4 subunits. Since the isolated Bro1 domain of ALIX is sufficient to markedly stimulate virus-like particle (VLP) production in a minimal Gag rescue assay, we examined whether the Bro1 domains of other human proteins possess a similar activity. We now show that the Bro1 domain-only protein Brox and the isolated Bro1 domains of HD-PTP and rhophilin all bind to HIV-1 NC. Furthermore, all shared the capacity to stimulate VLP production by a minimal HIV-1 Gag molecule, and Brox in particular was as potent as the Bro1 domain of ALIX in this assay. Unexpectedly, Brox retained significant activity even if its CHMP4 binding site was disrupted. Thus, the ability to assist in VLP production may be an intrinsic property of the boomerang-shaped Bro1 domain.
Continuous seismic reflection profiling of the deep basement, Hardeman County, Texas

Our understanding of the crust and upper mantle would be enhanced if geophysical studies of the deep basement rocks provided information of resolution and character more nearly like that of geological observations of basement rocks at and near the surface. A test of the continuous seismic reflection profiling technique, the geophysical method with by far the highest resolution and the best potential in this regard, at a site in the midcontinent provided abundant information on intrabasement diffractors and reflectors to depths as great as about 45 km. Conventional equipment and techniques, including nonexplosive vibratory sources, were used with minor modification. In the upper part of the section below the sediments, there are reflectors continuous over the entire length of a profile that give evidence for warping, faulting, unconformities, and other structural features. An age of 1,265 ± 40 m.y. for a sample from a nearby hole indicates that these are Precambrian rocks and not part of the Cambrian basement rocks of the Wichita Province. Detailed correlation with the Precambrian section is inhibited by scarcity of geological information. In the lower part of the section, reflections are not, in general, continuous over more than a few kilometres, but zones and discontinuities within the basement may be distinguished on the basis of spatial density, length, and dip of reflectors. Zones of low reflector density may be plutons; curvature of reflections may indicate deep folded structures. The scale of such features is a few kilometres, and it contrasts with the markedly larger scale of the smallest features of the deep basement that can be resolved by other methods. The method appears to have outstanding potential.
Electrical Restitution and Spatiotemporal Organization During Ventricular Fibrillation

Abstract—Despite recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism for ventricular fibrillation (VF), important electrophysiological aspects of the development of VF still are poorly defined. It has been suggested that the onset of VF involves the disintegration of a single spiral wave into many self-perpetuating waves. It has been further suggested that such a process requires that the slope of the electrical restitution relation be ≥1. The same theory anticipates that a single spiral wave will be stable (not disintegrate) if the maximum slope of the restitution relation is <1. We have shown previously that the slope of the restitution relation during rapid pacing and during VF is ≥1 in canine ventricle. We now show that drugs that reduce the slope of the restitution relation (diacetyl monoxime and verapamil) prevent the induction of VF and convert existing VF into a periodic rhythm. In contrast, a drug that does not reduce the slope of the restitution relation (procainamide) does not prevent the ind...
Restrictive Versus Promotive Control and Employee Work Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Locus of Control

To fully understand influence as it relates to the workplace, scholars must continue to identify and measure constructs for classifying influence behavior. This study serves to promote Scholl's restrictive versus promotive control distinction and examine the relationships between such methods of influence and several work outcomes (i.e., leader—member exchange theory, commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions). Data were obtained from state government employees (N = 105) located in the southeastern United States, and all hypotheses were assessed via hierarchical moderated multiple regression. Although restrictive and promotive control were related to each of the work outcomes, several relationships were moderated by employee locus of control. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.
The struggle for primary prevention of skin cancer.

rcipide by a een squation ell in prein U e in V urn p r ce a . tion c ates o that d s. R UVR p i uch a y, to h ents w or i d o the p ant c ns. skin c vent ese e c cer p isk f ice t may c ere a ivity t vasc alth h ften o ent e s i ated w U.S. p nce t ase i en p ght m S o w kin cancer is more common than all ot cancers combined in the United States, a several times more common in Australia. Thi espite its being among the most preventable ty f cancer, with a well-known carcinogen, ultravio adiation (UVR), responsible for most cases. W hould we do? First we document that UVR is indeed responsible as been done over the last several decades. 1 Then we ublicize this conclusion, conduct public health ca aigns to disseminate this information, and encour ractices and policies that will result in reduced ence. The most comprehensive and sustained ca aign of this sort has been conducted in Vict ustralia, over the past quarter century. The res ave been systematically assessed, and key findings eported in this issue of the American Journal of Preven ive Medicine by Dobbinson et al. 2
Measures of Potential OutputAn Application to Israel

This paper estimates measures of potential output for Israel, with the aim of providing evidence on whether the recent growth slowdown is principally a cyclical slowdown or a structural shift toward a slower growth path after the dramatic developments associated with the years of heavy immigration. Israel poses a challenge because traditional methods of measuring potential output assume relatively stable conditions over an extended period of time. We employ five methodologies to derive estimates and find that four of the measures imply the slowdown stems largely from reduced growth of potential output rather than a cyclical slowdown.
Mend It, Don't End It: An Alternate View of Assessment Center Construct-Related Validity Evidence

The unitarian conceptualization of validity serves as the conceptual and logical basis for the so-called assessment center (AC) ‘‘construct-related validity paradox.’’ Within the unitarian framework, at a theoretical level, if a measurement tool demonstrates criterion-related and content-related validity evidence, as is widely accepted with ACs, then it should also be expected to demonstrate construct-related validity evidence (Binning & Barrett, 1989). And because ACs do not appear to do so, we have the resultant AC construct-related validity paradox. So, accepting the premise that the unitarian view is conceptually and logically sound, what is the explanation for the paradox? Why do AC dimension ratings appear not to ‘‘work’’ in terms of construct-related validity evidence? At a broad conceptual level, we present a view that is contrarian to Lance’s (2008) view of ‘‘why ACs don’t work the way they’re supposed to’’ and subsequently what to do about them. Our contrarian view is based on two key points, namely that the vast majority of the empirical AC research to date—particularly that which serves as the basis for calls for the ‘‘redesign of ACs toward taskor role-based ACs and away from traditional dimensionbased ACs’’ (Lance, 2008, p. 84)—is based on (a) espoused as opposed to actual constructs and (b) flawed analysis resulting from an overemphasis on postexercise dimension ratings as measures of AC dimensions. In our view, ACs in practice appear to be effectively designed to representatively sample from the job content domain and also predict criteria of interest, but they are woefully deficient in their construct explication and development. Consequently, we do not concur with Lance’s interpretation of the extant literature and his conclusions concerning what to do about it. Our position is that the issue is not one of a failure in ‘‘AC theory’’ but rather a failure to engage in appropriate tests of said theory. Until such tests have been undertaken, we think it is premature to abandon Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Winfred Arthur, Jr. E-mail: wea@psyc. tamu.edu Address: Department of Psychology, Texas AM Eric Anthony Day, Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma; David J. Woehr, Department of Management, The Universityof Tennessee. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1 (2008), 105–111. Copyright a 2008 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 1754-9426/08
RXRA and HSPA5 map to the telomeric end of dog chromosome 9.

Previous results showed that loci from human chromosome 17q (HSA17q) map to the centromeric two-thirds of dog chromosome 9 (CFA9). In these studies fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a human total chromosome 17 painting probe, indicated that the telomeric one-third of CFA9 must have homology to one or more human chromosomes other than HSA17. Here we report that this distal part of CFA9 contains a segment syntenic to the telomeric end of HSA9q and mouse chromosome 2 (MMU2). The gene loci encoding retinoid X receptor, alpha (RXRA) and heat shock protein 5 (HSPA5 or GRP78), which are found on HSA9q34 and MMU2, occupy a region on CFA9 distal to NF1 and CRYBA1. FISH of a canine specific genomic cosmid clone for RXRA demonstrated the more telomeric localization of this locus to NF1 on CFA9. A linkage map developed for the distal region of CFA9 included: NF1-(2.7 CM)-CRYBA1-(6.5 CM)-RXRA-(22 CM)-HSPA5. The next best order, RXRA-NF1-CRYBA1-HSPA5 with a difference in the log odds of 1.43 does not correspond to our findings with FISH. The most probable map order places HSPA5 distal to RXRA on CFA9 whereas in humans it lies centromeric of RXRA on HSA9q34.
The life and death of a health promotion program: an institutionalization case study.

This article presents a case study of a health promotion program that successfully operated for four years but terminated when its federal and state funding ended, i.e., it failed to become institutionalized. The program, which was funded under the federal health education-risk reduction grants, was directed at preventing use of alcohol and tobacco among young adolescents. Evaluations indicated that the program was highly successful. The authors argue that health promotion programs can be viewed as organizational innovations in which institutionalization is the final stage of the innovation process. In the case study, institutionalization did not occur for two reasons: 1) demonstration of effective implementation was the health department's primary goal, and program institutionalization was only a latent concern and; 2) both the county commissioners and the community feared federal and state "dumping." The "CODAPT" model of health education program planning is presented as one way of dealing with the problem of "deep" program implementation but "shallow" institutionalization. Implications of these findings for health education practice and policy are discussed.
"Miss Remington" goes to work: gender, space, and technology at the dawn of the Information Age

At the end of the 19th century, the financial services sector underwent a technological “revolution” with the invention of the typewriter, dictaphone, and hollerith machine. At the same time, the gender of labor within this sector was also changing, such that by the end of the first quarter of the 20th century, most of the work taking place in white-collar offices was performed by women. After introducing the broader research project on which this is based, I consider how technology and social relations shaped one another at the level of the body, the workplace, and with broader networks of branch banking, focusing on early 20th-century Montreal, Canada. I argue that the financial services sector worked to create a system in which men flowed through and women functioned as fixed points. I further argue that this pattern was echoed at different scales within the financial services industry, from the level of the body and the workplace up through spatially dispersed national-level networks.
Polyurethanes. II. Effect of cis‐trans isomerism on properties of polyurethanes

The cis and trans isomers of 1,4-cyclohexanediol and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol were reacted with methylene bis(4-phenyl isocyanate), using solution polymerization techniques, to form the corresponding cis and trans polyurethanes. The properties shown by these polyurethanes indicate that enhanced flexibility due to inclined rotating bonds is responsible for differences in polymer melting points. The polymer chain shape, or configuration, has also been shown to influence the polymer properties. This approach has been extended to include differences in polymer solubilities, molecular weight/inherent viscosity ratios, initial modulus, and water absorption.