cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
19F NMR Investigations of Membranes

Publisher Summary The molecular biology of membranes is an important and active area of science. The principal components of membranes and of the cell surfaces of many organisms are proteins and lipid-like molecules. This chapter presents a number of physical techniques that have been used to investigate the structural and dynamic properties of lipids, proteins, and membranes. Some of these techniques are X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, optical rotary dispersion, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron paramagnetic resonance employing nitroxide spin labels. NMR spectroscopy has been applied mainly to the polar membrane phospholipids. Such polar lipids usually exist in bilayers whether dispersed individually in water or present in biological membranes. Lipid bilayers undergo phase transitions with changing temperature. At higher temperatures, they exist in a fluid-like liquid crystalline state while at lower temperatures, they are characterized by a gel-like state. The first NMR studies of lipids used the most abundant nucleus of lipids, hydrogen-1. The broad lines in the 1 H NMR spectra of lipids consist of many overlapping proton pair contributions, with each resonance broadened by interpair interactions. One way to resolve the intrapair and interpair interactions is to orient the lipids between glass slides and record the spectrum as a function of the orientation with respect to the magnetic field. It was found that the lipid chains can be divided roughly into two parts: (1) a less ordered part in the interior of the bilayer and (2) a more ordered part in the upper half of the chain
Interspinous Process Fixation for Motion Preservation

The premise behind interspinous devices (IDs) is to provide stabilization at the operative level and create an environment of restricted extension. A distinction should be made between those devices that provide indirect decompression following deployment versus those that can be placed in conjunction with a laminotomy or discectomy. The ideal candidate has yet to be conclusively determined for ID placement. While some patients have long-term benefit following ID, a high percentage of patients with IDs need revision operations (this is the biggest disadvantage of this particular therapy). They may be indicated for a limited number of patients (i.e., those who would encounter morbidity with general anesthesia), but the surgeon may be trading off early risk with the initial operation for a higher rate of return to the operating room for revision.
PROJECTIVE SPACES—PART 1

This chapter describes the axioms for a projective plane. Each line has at least three points on it. It is found that if there are distinct points, there exists one and only one line. Acoording to Axiom P 4 , if l and m are distinct lines, there exists a point P such that P ○ l and P ○ m . In fact, it is essentially this axiom that confines all the points to a plane. It is apparent, then, that to have points not in Axiom, it will have to be modified in some manner. To dispense with it entirely would not be satisfactory as one shall want enough structure to be able to speak of planes within whatever space concept one describe. A reasonably good indication of how to take successive steps in the event elements is not exhausted. In the theory of projective spaces, one shall be interested in a precise description of the process of taking these steps and a study of the structure of the resultant objects. For the study of projective spaces, one should like to reserve the words for reference to certain subsets.
IN VITRO COMPARISON OF TFDM OBTAINED FROM SKIN TEST POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the in vitro comparison of transfer factor (TF) obtained from skin test positive and negative individuals. The effect of eight preparations of TFdm on lymphocyte proliferation is studied. Five preparations were from donors who were reactive to 5 TU PPD, two from a donor unreactive to 250 TU PPD, and one from a cord blood. All preparations were assayed on recipient cells from persons who were skin test negative to 5 TU PPD and which showed low but variable responses to PPD in vitro as measured by lymphocyte proliferation. CPM from a control blank, where isotope was added immediately before harvest, was subtracted from each test sample before conversion to DPM. The addition of TFdm alone to lymphocyte cultures usually had minimal if any effect on proliferation. TFdm to antigen stimulated lymphocytes appeared to be conditioned by the response of the cultured lymphocytes to antigen alone. It was found that when the differences in the recipient cell reactivity were adjusted by analysis of covariance, TFdm from skin test positive donors could not be distinguished from that of negative donors.
Abstract 4654: A novel proteasome inhibitor, bis-Benzylidine Piperidone (RA190), control hepatocellular carcinoma effectively through inhibiting STAT3

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common malignancy, especially in the HBV endemic Asia area. However, there is still lack of effective chemotherapy drug to treat HCC, expect Sorafenib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, the only FDA approved chemotherapy drug to treat HCC. In this study, we explore the chemotherapeutic properties of a novel proteasome inhibitor, bis-Benzylidine Piperidone (RA190), and its ability to manipulate the tumor microenvironment. Unlike the marketed proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib, a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat relapsed multiple myeloma, which inhibits the 20S catalytic core of the 26S proteasome, RA190 irreversibly binds to the ubiquitin receptor RPN13/ADRM1 on the 19S regulatory cap of the 26S proteasome. RA190 inhibits proteasome function and triggers accumulation of polyubiquinated proteins, and has been shown to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis in HepG2 and Hepa3B hepatoma cell lines. We also found RA190 We observed a significant apoptosis of cancer cells after treatment of RA190. These changes in cancer cell lines were caused by reduction of STAT3 activity. We also proved the treatment effect of RA190 in orthotropic HCC animal models. The initial study of this novel proteasome inhibitor demonstrates its potential as an effective HCC therapy. Citation Format: Rueyshyang Soong. A novel proteasome inhibitor, bis-Benzylidine Piperidone (RA190), control hepatocellular carcinoma effectively through inhibiting STAT3. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4654.
Problems in Peirce's early theory of pragmatism

Pragmatism is a method of exhibiting the relations among language, behavior and experience. In lectures he gave in 1897–8, William James first refers to his philosophy as “pragmatism” and credits Peirce with having first enunciated the concept in the 1870s. Peirce appears to have anticipated the theory of pragmatism in an 1871 review of Frazer's edition of The Works of Berkeley: “A better rule [than Berkeley's] for avoiding the deceits of language is this: Do things fulfil the same function practically? Then let them be signified by the same word. Do they not? Then let them be distinguished.” Peirce's germ of an idea came to life, however, in the discussions of a Metaphysical Club that met in Cambridge in the early 1870s, and it is more accurate to call Peirce and James the primary exponents of pragmatism rather than its authors. Peirce later reminisces, The ancestry of pragmatism is respectable enough;… It was in the earliest seventies that a knot of us young men in Old Cambridge, calling ourselves, half-ironically, half-defiantly, “The Metaphysical Club,” – for agnosticism was then riding its high horse, and was frowning superbly upon all metaphysics – used to meet, sometimes in my study, sometimes in that of William James … Nicholas St. John Green was one of the most interested fellows, a skillful lawyer and a learned one, a disciple of Jeremy Bentham. His extraordinary power of disrobing warm and breathing truth of the draperies of long worn formulas, was what attracted attention to him everywhere.
Characterization of the ultra-wideband channel

This paper provides an overview and preliminary results from an ultra-wideband (UWB) channel measurement and modeling campaign performed at Virginia Tech as part of DARPA's "Networking in extreme environments (NETEX)" program. The project includes large scale and small scale channel measurements using various antennas. The environments examined include indoor, outdoor, and indoor-to-outdoor although only the former are discussed here.
Predicting the impacts of Mississippi River diversions and sea-level rise on spatial patterns of eastern oyster growth rate and production

Abstract There remains much debate regarding the perceived tradeoffs of using freshwater and sediment diversions for coastal restoration in terms of balancing the need for wetland restoration versus preserving eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) production. Further complicating the issue, climate change-induced sea-level rise (SLR) and land subsidence are also expected to affect estuarine water quality. In this study, we developed a process-based numerical modeling system that couples hydrodynamic, water quality, and oyster population dynamics. We selected Breton Sound Estuary (BSE) (∼2740 km 2 ) in the eastern Mississippi River Deltaic Plain since it is home to several of the largest public oyster seed grounds and private leases for the Gulf coast. The coupled oyster population model was calibrated and validated against field observed oyster growth data. We predicted the responses of oyster population in BSE to small- (142 m 3 s −1 ) and large-scale (7080 m 3 s −1 ) river diversions at the Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion structure planned in the 2012 Coastal Master Plan (Louisiana) under low (0.38 m) and high (1.44 m) relative sea-level rise (RSLR = eustatic SLR + subsidence) compared to a baseline condition (Year 2009). Model results showed that the large-scale diversion had a stronger negative impact on oyster population dynamics via freshening of the entire estuary, resulting in reduced oyster growth rate and production than RSLR. Under the large-scale diversion, areas with optimal oyster growth rates (>15 mg ash-free dry weight (AFDW) oyster −1 wk −1 ) and production (>500 g AFDW m −2 yr −1 ) would shift seaward to the southeastern edge of the estuary, turning the estuary into a very low oyster production system. RSLR however played a greater role than the small-scale diversion on the magnitude and spatial pattern of oyster growth rate and production. RSLR would result in an overall estuary-wide decrease in oyster growth rate and production as a consequence of decreased salinities in the middle and lower estuary because rising sea level likely causes increased stage and overbank flow downstream along the lower Mississippi River.
Optimizing isotope substitution in graphene for thermal conductivity minimization by genetic algorithm driven molecular simulations

We present results from a computational framework integrating genetic algorithm and molecular dynamics simulations to systematically design isotope engineered graphene structures for reduced thermal conductivity. In addition to the effect of mass disorder, our results reveal the importance of atomic distribution on thermal conductivity for the same isotopic concentration. Distinct groups of isotope-substituted graphene sheets are identified based on the atomic composition and distribution. Our results show that in structures with equiatomic compositions, the enhanced scattering by lattice vibrations results in lower thermal conductivities due to the absence of isotopic clusters.
Acoustic and Seismic Fields of Hydraulic Jumps at Varying Froude Numbers

Mechanisms that produce seismic and acoustic wavefields near rivers are poorly understood because of a lack of observations relating temporally dependent river conditions to the near-river seismoacoustic fields. This controlled study at the Harry W. Morrison Dam (HWMD) on the Boise River, Idaho, explores how temporal variation in fluvial systems affects surrounding acoustic and seismic fields. Adjusting the configuration of the HWMD changed the river bathymetry and therefore the form of the standing wave below the dam. The HWMD was adjusted to generate four distinct wave regimes that were parameterized through their dimensionless Froude numbers (Fr) and observations of the ambient seismic and acoustic wavefields at the study site. To generate detectable and coherent signals, a standing wave must exceed a threshold Fr value of 1.7, where a nonbreaking undular jump turns into a breaking weak hydraulic jump. Hydrodynamic processes may partially control the spectral content of the seismic and acoustic energies. Furthermore, spectra related to reproducible wave conditions can be used to calibrate and verify fluvial seismic and acoustic models.
Synaptotoxic Signaling by Amyloid Beta Oligomers in Alzheimer's Disease Through Prion Protein and mGluR5

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an impending global health crisis, yet the complexity of AD pathophysiology has so far precluded the development of any interventions to successfully slow or halt AD progression. It is clear that accumulation of Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide triggers progressive synapse loss to cause AD symptoms. Once initiated by Aβ, disease progression is complicated and accelerated by inflammation and by tau pathology. The recognition that Aβ peptide assumes multiple distinct states and that soluble oligomeric species (Aβo) are critical for synaptic damage is central to molecular understanding of AD. This knowledge has led to the identification of specific Aβo receptors, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC), mediating synaptic toxicity and neuronal dysfunction. The identification of PrPC as an Aβo receptor has illuminated an Aβo-induced signaling cascade involving mGluR5, Fyn, and Pyk2 that links Aβ and tau pathologies. This pathway provides novel potential therapeutic targets for disease-modifying AD therapy. Here, we discuss the methods by which several putative Aβo receptors were identified. We also offer an in-depth examination of the known molecular mechanisms believed to mediate Aβo-induced synaptic dysfunction, toxicity, and memory dysfunction.
NMR on Actinide Compounds

There are relatively few laboratories with the specialized facilities required to conduct NMR research on compounds with uranium or with the transuranium elements Np, Pu and Am, which we refer to collectively as the actinides. In the last two decades, however, there has been a substantial increase in the volume of research in general and in NMR in particular on actinide compounds.
Pathological laughing and crying following stroke: validation of a measurement scale and a double-blind treatment study.

OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to test the reliability and validity of the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale and the effectiveness of nortriptyline treatment for patients with emotional lability following stroke. METHOD Eighty-two patients with ischemic brain injury-54 who had been hospitalized with acute stroke and 28 others who requested treatment for pathological laughing and crying--were given standardized psychiatric and neurological assessments and then administered the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale. The 54 acute stroke patients were used to evaluate the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale, and the 28 patients with pathological emotional display were randomly assigned to nortriptyline treatment or placebo in a 6-week double-blind trial to assess the efficacy of a tricyclic antidepressant in treatment of this disorder. RESULTS The interrater reliability on the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale for a subgroup of 15 patients was 0.93, and the test-retest reliability of the scale was excellent. After 4 and 6 weeks of treatment, scores on the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale showed significantly greater improvement in the 14 patients given nortriptyline than in the 14 given placebo. Although almost one-half of these patients also had major depression, the improvement in emotional lability was independent of depression status. In addition, response to treatment was not significantly affected by lesion location or time since stroke. CONCLUSIONS The severity of symptoms in pathological emotional display can be reliably quantified with the Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale, and treatment with nortriptyline can effectively ameliorate this emotional disorder.
Assessment of patient-specific efficacy of chemo- and targeted-therapies: a micropharmacology approach

Both targeted and standard chemotherapy drugs are subject to various intratumoral barriers that impede their effectiveness. The tortuous vasculature, dense and fibrous extracellular matrix, irregular cellular architecture, and nonuniform expression of cell membrane receptors hinder drug molecule transport and perturb its cellular uptake. In addition, tumor microenvironments undergo dynamic spatio temporal changes during tumor progression and treatment, which can also obstruct drug efficacy. To examine these aspects of drug delivery on a cell-to-tissue scale (single-cell pharmacology), we developed the microPKPD models and coupled them with patient-specific data to test personalized treatments.
Conversation Aid for People with Low Vision Using Head Mounted Display and Computer Vision Emotion Detection

People with central vision loss may become unable to see facial expressions during face-to-face conversations. Nuances in interpersonal communication conveyed by those expressions can be captured by computer vision systems and conveyed via an alternative input to the user. We present a low-cost system using commodity hardware that serves as a communication aid for people with central vision loss. Our system uses a smartphone in a head-mounted-display to capture images of a conversation partner’s face, analyze the face expressions, and display a detected emotion in the corner of the display where the user retains vision senses. In contrast to purpose-built devices that are expensive, this system could be made available to a wider group of potential users, including those in developing countries.
Assimilation from the East and the Spectrum of Consciousness

Beginning with an eastern concept of human beings rooted in the Buddhist and Yogic traditions, this paper describes a theoretical assimilation of western models and therapies into the eastern paradigm. It traces the beginning of the east–west psychotherapy dialogue in the United States, citing early examples of Buddhist and yogic practices in the west. Ken Wilber's “spectrum of consciousness” model is presented and its unifying value for psychotherapy is explored. An integrative model of wholistic therapy, developed by a group of eastern and western practitioners, is then described. The paper concludes with an exploration of the issues and implications for psychotherapy integration raised by this model.
Morphological and Functional Development of the Auditory System

There is an extensive body of literature available on both structural and functional properties of the auditory system in adult organisms (Bekesy, 1960; Rasmussen and Windle, 1965; Tobias, 1970–1972; Whit-field, 1967). While most of the anatomical and physiological studies are concerned with subhuman species, particularly the rat, cat, rabbit, and monkey, a few such studies have also been done on humans (Tasker and Organ, 1973). Much less work has been done on the development of the auditory system, at least in humans, and so far, no systematic treatment of morphological and functional characteristics of the developing auditory system is available. Such an undertaking would, needless to say, be of great value both for an understanding of auditory perception in general and for an understanding of more specialized auditory functions, like processing of linguistic stimuli.
Investigating the Relative Contributions of Charge Deposition and Turbulence in Organizing Charge within a Thunderstorm

AbstractLarge-eddy-resolving simulations using the Collaborative Model for Multiscale Atmospheric Simulation (COMMAS), which contains microphysical charging and branched-lightning parameterizations...
Low Risk Offenders Under Probation Supervision: Risk Management and the Risk-Needs-Responsivity Framework:

Community supervision agencies commonly use resource allocation models to identify the amount of monitoring and treatment to provide individuals under supervision. The risk-needs-responsivity model...
Lessons learned from implementing the first Alliance NCORP Research Base Cancer Care Delivery Research (CCDR) trial A191402CD.

175Background: Biomedical research focused on the experiences of cancer patients in care delivery has progressed remarkably in recent years, including the emergence of Cancer Care Delivery Research...
“Strong Black Women”: African American Women with Disabilities, Intersecting Identities, and Inequality:

In a mixed-methods study of the barriers and facilitators to homeownership for African American women with physical disabilities, self-concept emerged among the primary themes. This article discuss...
Operational design for shuttle systems with modular vehicles under oversaturated traffic: Continuous modeling method

Abstract Existing peak/off-peak based schedules in urban mass transit systems feature two types of dispatch headways and a fixed vehicle capacity across the operational horizon, which lowers their service quality and causes significant energy waste. A promising cure to this challenge is to jointly design the dispatch headways and vehicle capacities in urban transit schedules. Chen et al. (2018) propose a continuous modeling method to solve the near-optimum solutions to and shed analytical insights into this joint design problem. Based on the theoretical properties discovered in the preceding paper, this paper formulates the joint design problem as a mixed integer linear programming model that can yield exact solutions to the optimal design with a discretized time representation. Further, a customized DP algorithm is proposed to solve this model. Similar to other problems that can be solved by DP algorithms, the “curse of dimensionality” also exists in the investigated problem since the queue length, as a state variable, may have a large set of possible values at each stage, which may lead to dramatically increasing computational time in solving the problem. To expedite the solution speed of the DP algorithm, we propose a set of valid inequalities based on the relationship between the queue length and vehicle capacity. These valid inequalities can reduce the unboundedly increasing state space into a narrow band and thus dramatically expedite the DP algorithm. With two sets of numerical experiments, we show that the discrete model can be solved by the customized DP algorithm to optimality with much less computation time compared with a state-of-the-art commercial solver, Gurobi. The analysis also reveals that the input parameters affect the effectiveness of dynamic capacity design under oversaturated and unsaturated traffic systems in a similar way despite some minor differences.
Teaching Educational Computing with Analogies: A Strategy to Enhance Concept Development.

AbstractThe effects of teaching with analogies on students’ conceptual understanding and explanations of educational computing, including the theoretical structures of analogical comparisons, are examined with three groups of preservice teachers in a computer literacy course. They received varied exposure to analogies: (a) detailed development, (b) undeveloped analogies, and (c) no analogies. Through written tests and personal interviews, results indicate that teaching with analogies can have a positive impact on students’ understanding and their ability to explain computing, providing that analogies are fully developed.
Application of Electro-active Materials Toward Health Monitoring of Structures: Electrical Properties of Smart Aggregates

Electro-active polymers and piezoelectric energy harvesting materials offer enormous potential for developing smart damping devices for the health monitoring of civil structures during unknown excitations (e.g., earthquakes, blasts, etc.). These auto-adaptive and intelligent composites convert mechanical energy to electric energy by generating an electric field when subjected to mechanical excitation. Variation in the strength of the electric field response can detect any change in the structural properties due to damage in the host structure. An experimental research plan is developed to investigate the effectiveness of these smart materials in structural engineering applications with the purpose of damage detection and mitigation. To this end, two phases of this research study are outlined as follows: (1) materials fabrication: the piezoelectric composites were fabricated using a solution based wet lab fabrication methodology. Bulk sample geometries (such as bulk cylinders) of the two phase (such as BaTiO3—Cement) composite electro-active materials were tested for their impedance and piezoelectric properties. The microstructure and elemental distribution of these materials were characterized using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) to understand the process—structure—property relationships. The final composite product is labeled as electro-active smart aggregates in this project; (2) structural component testing: smart aggregates were embedded in a simply supported concrete beam to investigate their effectiveness in monitoring deflections of the beam under flexural testing. Electrical properties of smart aggregates will be presented herein.
Compassion without Cognitivism

Compassion is generally thought to be a morally valuable emotion both because it is concerned with the suffering of others and because it prompts us to take action to their behalf. But skeptics are unconvinced. Not only does a viable account of compassion’s evaluative content—its characteristic concern—appear elusive, but the emotional response itself seems deeply parochial: a concern we tend to feel toward the suffering of friends and loved ones, rather than for individuals who are outside of our circle of intimates. In response, I defend a sophisticated, non-cognitivist account of compassion and explain how it avoids the difficulties that undermine other proposals.
Trends in mental health and substance use disorders and treatment receipt among pregnant and nonpregnant women in the United States, 2008–2014

To compare trends in mental health and substance use disorders and treatment receipt of pregnant and nonpregnant women from 2008 to 2014. Using data from the 2008–2014 National Survey on Drug Use a...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: impact on healthcare resource utilization, liver transplantation and mortality in a large, integrated healthcare system.

NAFLD is the most prevalent liver disease globally, affecting 20% of the world population. Healthcare resource utilization (HRU) attributable to NAFLD has been difficult to define. We performed a case control study on NAFLD patients from 2005 to 2015 in a large integrated healthcare system with an affiliated insurance company that prospectively captures HRU information. Outcomes encompassed costs, liver transplantation and mortality rates. There were 17,085 patients, of which 4512 were NAFLD cases and 12,573 were non-NAFLD controls. The cohorts were similar in age and gender distribution (p > 0.05). The NAFLD cohort had a younger mean age of death (60.9 vs. 63.3, p = 0.004) and had over twice the number of annual healthcare visits (14.6 vs. 7.1). The increased overall annual overall cost attributable to NAFLD (in 2015 $) was $449/year. Overall, NAFLD was independently associated with 17% higher annual attributable healthcare costs. More advanced NAFLD (FS 3–4) was associated with a 40% increase in median annual healthcare costs (vs. FS 0-2). The strongest predictors of HRU among patients with NAFLD were advanced fibrosis and medical co-morbidities. The rate of liver transplantation was 18 times greater (0.054%/year) in the NAFLD compared with the non-NAFLD cohort, while mortality rate was 1.7 times greater. Within a large, integrated healthcare system a diagnosis of NAFLD is independently associated with a 17% overall excess in HRU and a several-fold increase liver transplantation and mortality. Although the dollar amounts will change over time and between healthcare systems, the proportional need for HRU will have broad applicability and implications.
Chapter 11 – Neonatal Lupus

Neonatal lupus is an autoimmune disease that is acquired in utero from antibodies produced by the maternal immune system against Ro and La antigens. It is characterized by varying degrees of heart block and can be associated with an erythematosus rash. Neonatal lupus occurs in 1–2% of babies born to mothers with anti-Ro (also known as anti-SSA) and anti-La (also known as anti-SSB) antibodies. It is not necessary for these women to have clinical manifestations of an autoimmune disease. The most notorious complications of neonatal lupus involve the heart. These include first-, second-, and third-degree heart block as well as endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). Neonatal lupus is the etiology most commonly associated with isolated congenital heart block, accounting for up to 95% of all cases. This chapter will review the pathophysiology and current guidelines regarding management of pregnancies complicated by neonatal lupus.
Temporal and Spatial Expression Patterns of PDGF Receptors in Embryonic Rat Heart as Detected Through Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy.

The active form of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimeric combination of two polypeptide chains: PDGF-A and PDGF-B. The protein can exist as a heterodimer (PDGF-AB) or as one of two homodimers (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB), resulting in three isoforms. Two types of PDGF receptors also exist: PDGFRα and PDGFRs. The PDGFRs binds only the PDGF-B chain, while PDGFRα can bind both PDGF-A and -B chains. Both of these receptors show specific temporal and spatial expression patterns that are related to cellular responses including mitogenesis, cell migration, chemotaxis, adhesion and differentiation in a variety of cell types.Spontaneous mutants in which the PDGFRα is absent exhibit fatal defects during fetal development in mice. Some of these malformities include cardiac septal, valve, and outflow tract defects. Similar defects occur when the function of PDGF-A is disrupted by blocking antibodies. Disruption of PDGF-B function, results in ventricular and atrial dilation, hyper-trabeculation and reduction of the ventricular wall to the thickness of a single cell layer.
Presentation and management of type 1 laryngeal clefts: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective To evaluate outcomes of injection laryngoplasty (IL) and endoscopic surgical repair for the treatment of type 1 laryngeal clefts (LC1) and to determine the most common presentations of LC1. Methods Primary studies were searched for in PubMed, Scopus, OVID, and Cochrane Library using search terms laryngeal cleft and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft for articles published from database inception through August 2019. The search identified all articles pertaining to the symptomatology and management of LC1. Meta-analysis was performed on presenting symptoms and improvement of clinical symptoms and swallow function. Results Twenty-four studies, comprising 713 patients with a mean age of 33.7 months (range 0–168 months), were included. The most common presenting symptoms were aspiration (80%, CI [55%–96%]), dysphagia (61%, CI [47%–74%]), and choking (57%, CI [37%–76%]). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was the most common comorbidity (68%, CI [51%–83%]) and premature birth comprised 27% [21%–32%] of the patients. Overall, 38% of patients received IL as a primary therapy. Prior to injection, 91% [87%–94%] of patients aspirated on swallow evaluations, and 62% [55%–68%] aspirated post-injection. At an average follow-up time of 6.8 months, 90% [70%–100%] of parents reported symptom improvement. An additional 54% of patients underwent endoscopic surgical repair as primary treatment. The rate of aspiration decreased from 73% [43%–94%] to 28% [13%–46%] after repair. At a mean follow-up of 14.2 months, 80% [67%–91%] reported symptom improvement. Conclusion A high level of clinical suspicion is necessary to detect LC1 since its most common presenting symptoms overlap with other diseases commonly found in this patient population. Both IL and formal surgical repair were effective in managing LC1.
DANGO: Predicting higher-order genetic interactions

Higher-order genetic interactions, which have profound impact on phenotypic variations, remain poorly characterized. Almost all studies to date have primarily reported pairwise interactions because it is dauntingly difficult to design high-throughput genetic screenings of the large combinatorial search space for higher-order interactions. Here, we develop an algorithm named DANGO, based on a self-attention hypergraph neural network, to effectively predict the higher-order genetic interaction for a group of genes. As a proof-of-concept, we make comprehensive prediction of >400 million trigenic interactions in the yeast S. cerevisiae, significantly expanding the quantitative characterization of trigenic interactions. We find that DANGO can accurately predict trigenic interactions that reveal both known and new biological functions related to cell growth. The predicted trigenic interactions can also serve as powerful genetic markers to predict growth response to many distinct conditions. DANGO enables unveiling a more complete map of complex genetic interactions that impinge upon phenotypic diversity.
Assessment and Treatment of a Young Adult with Congenital Heart Disease and ADHD.

Case Phillip is a young man born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome referred to your practice for a range of mental health concerns. He underwent palliation to an extracardiac Fontan in infancy and experienced multiple complications over the next decade including valvular regurgitation and arrhythmias necessitating a pacemaker. Phillip continued to have systolic heart failure with New York Heart Association class II symptoms, managed with 4 medications and anticoagulation.Despite this complex history, Phillip had intact cognitive abilities, achieved typical milestones, and performed well academically in secondary school. His first year of college proved to be more challenging, and Phillip presented to the outpatient psychiatry service with an acute depressive episode. His family history included depression, without known attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Treatment, including a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, cognitive behavioral therapy, and family support, led to near resolution of his symptoms of depression.In subsequent appointments, Phillip described a long history of inattention and disorganization with onset in childhood. This contributed to the decision to leave college, despite remission of symptoms of depression. Phillip was unable to study for any extended period without "perfect conditions," described as the absence of potential distractions except for background music. Despite attempts to maintain "perfect conditions," Phillip was often off task and "hyperfocusing" on irrelevant topics. Phillip struggled with planning and time management and would misplace items daily. Moreover, although the importance of self-care was well understood, Phillip often forgot to take his cardiac medication or to exercise, and he admitted to inconsistent sleep habits because of losing track of time.Based on a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation including retrospective report from a parent, Phillip was diagnosed with ADHD, coexisting with major depressive disorder, in remission. Significant ADHD symptoms were documented by interview, self-report, and administration of an abbreviated neuropsychological battery.Considering concerns regarding use of stimulants in a patient with congenital heart disease, including death, stroke, and myocardial infarction,1,2 how would you assess the risks-benefits of use of stimulants with Phillip? References 1. Wilens TE, Prince JB, Spencer TJ, et al. Stimulants and sudden death: what is a physician to do? Pediatrics. 2006;118:1215-1219.2. Zito JM, Burcu M. Stimulants and pediatric cardiovascular risk. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017;27:538-545.
A numerical realization of an optimal discrepancy principle for Tikhonov-regularization in Hilbert scales

We discuss the numerical realization of an a-posteriori parameter choice for Tikhonov regularization of linear integral equations of the first kind in Hilbert scales that leads to optimal convergence rates and that does not need any information about the exact solution. Numerical examples confirm the theoretical results.
An electromagnetic inverse problem in chiral media

We consider the inverse boundary value problem for Maxwell’s equations that takes into account the chirality of a body in R3. More precisely, we show that knowledge of a boundary map for the electromagnetic fields determines the electromagnetic parameters, namely the conductivity, electric permittivity, magnetic permeability and chirality, in the interior. We rewrite Maxwell’s equations as a first order perturbation of the Laplacian and construct exponentially growing solutions, and obtain the result in the spirit of complex geometrical optics.
Fertilization acid release in Urechis eggs: II. The stoichiometry of Na+ uptake and H+ release

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that Na+ uptake and H+ release at fertilization of Urechis eggs might occur via a Na+:H+ exchange. Previous studies have shown that (1) Na+ uptake is proportional to the number of entering sperm in seawater with or without lowered Na+ and (2) H+ release is proportional to external pH. Therefore, to determine if Na+ uptake and H+ release are always proportional, we determined the effect of polyspermy on H+ release in natural and low Na+ seawater and the effect of external pH on Na+ uptake and release. Na+ uptake and H+ release do not covary in a manner consistent with a Na+:H+ exchange. H+ release under most conditions was independent of the number of sperm/egg and in low Na+ seawater was at most 53 ± 16% of that in natural seawater. In contrast, Na+ uptake in low Na+ seawater can be more than in natural seawater (Jaffe et al, J. Gen. Physiol. 73, 469–492, 1979). In natural seawater Na+ uptake exceeded H+ release; at pH 7 Na+ uptake was 2 pmole/egg, but there was no H+ release. Since Na+ release did not increase at fertilization at pH 7, neither Na+:Na+ nor Na+:H+ exchange could account for the Na+ uptake. An alternate hypothesis is suggested: Na+ uptake is primarily via the channels responsible for the fertilization potential, while H+ release is by another route that is affected by the membrane potential during the fertilization potential.
Debt Overhang in the Eurozone: A Spatial Panel Analysis

The debt overhang hypothesis suggests that high debt levels retard prospects for GDP growth. We investigate the impact that debt overhang has had on recent GDP growth in the Eurozone, paying particular attention to the spillover effects that debt has on neighboring countries. We argue that in the Eurozone spatial effects are of crucial importance in modeling regional GDP growth, and find that a Spatial Durbin model is appropriate. We find strong evidence for the debt overhang hypothesis, confirming a concave relationship that has been found in other studies where low levels of debt can have a positive impact on GDP, but at some level a “turning point” occurs. The present study finds that this turning point occurs at a lower Debt/GDP ratio than prior studies, and separates out the direct and indirect (spillover) effects on neighboring countries’ GDPs.
TRACKING REPRESENTATIONALISM AND THE PAINFULNESS OF PAIN

When you look at the red mug on the desk in front of you, you have an experience with a distinctive phenomenal character. In virtue of what does your experience have this phenomenal character? A popular answer to this question is that given by representationalism, the thesis (at a minimum) that the phenomenal character of an experience supervenes on its representational content. According to representationalism, your experience of the red mug on your desk has its distinctive phenomenal character in virtue of the way it represents the world as being-i.e., in virtue of its representational content.
Socialization in Infancy and Childhood

Socialization is the process by which children acquire the values, standards of behavior, attitudes, and skills that are viewed as appropriate to the culture in which the child resides. The family as the earliest and most pervasive socialization agent will be the focus of this article. To organize the issues, a family systems viewpoint, which emphasizes a variety of subsystems, including parent–child, marital, and sibling systems will be used. The following topics will be briefly covered, including mother–father differences in style of interaction, typological and parent–child interaction approaches to socialization, parents as advisors and providers of opportunities for social interaction. Marital and sibling relationships as contributors to children's development will be briefly considered. Determinants of family socialization strategies including child characteristics, social support, social ecological factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, SES), and ethnic background will be reviewed. The multidetermined nature of socialization will be emphasized by locating the family in a network of social influences.
Testing mixed signal SOCs

There are dozens of issues that will make the testing of mixed signal systems-on-a-chip (SOCs) difficult and costly. Many of these issues are the same ones that have been with the testing community for years. But there are a few testing issues that are either unique to mixed signal SOCs or at least are extremely exaggerated in these highly integrated designs. The problems fall into three basic categories: test development time, analog and mixed-signal performance, and production cost. These problems are briefly discussed.
Effectiveness of a Refuge for Lake Trout in Western Lake Superior II: Simulation of Future Performance

AbstractHistorically, Lake Superior supported one of the largest and most diverse Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush fisheries in the Laurentian Great Lakes, but Lake Trout stocks collapsed due to excessive fishery exploitation and predation by Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus. Lake Trout stocking, Sea Lamprey control, and fishery regulations, including a refuge encompassing Gull Island Shoal (Apostle Islands region), were used to enable recovery of Lake Trout stocks that used this historically important spawning shoal. Our objective was to determine whether future sustainability of Lake Trout stocks will depend on the presence of the Gull Island Shoal Refuge. We constructed a stochastic age-structured simulation model to assess the effect of maintaining the refuge as a harvest management tool versus removing the refuge. In general, median abundances of age-4, age-4 and older (age-4+), and age-8+ fish collapsed at lower instantaneous fishing mortality rates (F) when the refuge was removed than when the refuge...
Integrilin Prevents Prolonged Bleeding Times After Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract Background . Cardiopulmonary bypass reduces platelet number and function, increases postoperative bleeding time, and is the major, unsolved cause of nonsurgical bleeding after open heart operations. Temporary inhibition of platelet function during cardiopulmonary bypass (platelet anesthesia) protects platelets and reduces postoperative bleeding time and bleeding. Methods . Integrilin, a short-acting, reversible platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor was studied in 28 baboons that had 60 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass using peripheral cannulas. A control group, two groups that received different doses of Integrilin, and a group that received a combination of Integrilin and low-dose Iloprost were studied. Blood samples for platelet count, aggregation to adenosine diphosphate, β-thromboglobulin, prothrombin fragment F1.2, thrombin-antithrombin complex, and fibrinopeptide A were obtained at seven time points. Template bleeding times were measured before and at five intervals after cardiopulmonary bypass. Results . Both doses of Integrilin and the combination of Integrilin and Iloprost significantly protected platelet number, inhibited the response to adenosine diphosphate, and reduced postoperative bleeding times, but they did not reduce β-thromboglobulin release except in the high-dose Integrilin group. Thrombin formation and activity were qualitatively, but not significantly, reduced in all treatment groups. Bleeding times were not significantly different from baseline at the time protamine was given in the combination group and 60 minutes after protamine administration in all treatment groups. Conclusions . Integrilin alone or in combination with Iloprost significantly reduces platelet activation during cardiopulmonary bypass and produces normal or near-normal bleeding times at the time protamine is given.
Coastal Storms and Shoreline Change: Signal or Noise?

A linear regression (studentized) residual analysis was used to identify potential shoreline position outliers and to investigate the effect of the outliers on shoreline rate-of-change values for transects along the Outer Banks, North Carolina. Results from this analysis showed that, over a 134 year period, storm-influenced data contribute statistically significant information to the long-term signal. Consequently, storm-influenced data points do not appear to be temporal outliers and thus, do not need to be excluded from a long-term analysis of shoreline changes. Furthermore, projections of the upper and lower confidence intervals (CIs) for the regression line to the year 2010 (24 year extrapolation) showed that including or excluding outliers had minimal effects on shoreline position predictions.
X-ray / Optical Wave Mixing

We report the first observation of x-ray/optical sum frequency generation. An ultrafast optical pulse drives charge oscillations to the chemical bonds in diamond. A co-propagating x-ray pulse micro-probes the accompanying chemical bond distortion.