cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOI, interconnect, package, and mainboard thermal characterization

This paper presents an evaluation to determine the importance of the accurate thermal characterization for several elements of a semiconductor device. Specifically, it evaluates whether the decision to simplify or neglect to model metal interconnect density variation, Silicon-On-Insulator technology, the chip package, or the system main-board can effect the overall accuracy of a thermal model. In performing this evaluation, we motivate the need for more accurate thermal characterization of semiconductor devices. Through this analysis, designers are better able to understand how simplifications to their temperature models can effect the validity of design decisions derived from such models.To perform this evaluation, a novel temperature modeling infrastructure was designed that offers engineers a new way to explore solutions to a growing array of engineering problems that require accurate thermal characterization of semiconductor devices. The modeling framework, called SESCTherm, is a state-of-the-art finite-difference-based thermal modeling system.
An Evaluation of the MM5, RAMS, and Meso-Eta Models at Subkilometer Resolution Using VTMX Field Campaign Data in the Salt Lake Valley

Abstract This study presents what is, to the authors' knowledge, the first intercomparison and evaluation of three state-of-the-art mesoscale numerical models, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MMS), the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), and the NCEP Meso-Eta, at horizontal resolution finer than 1 km. Simulations were carried out for both weak and strong synoptic forcing cases during the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign conducted in the Salt Lake valley in October of 2000. Both upper-air and surface observations at high spatial and temporal resolution were used to evaluate the simulations with a focus on boundary layer structures and thermally driven circulations that developed in the valley. Despite differences in the coordinate systems, numerical algorithms, and physical parameterizations used by the three models, the types of forecast errors were surprisingly similar. The common errors in predicted valley temperature structure include...
The Institutional Implications of EMU

The third stage of EMU was successfully launched at the beginning of 1999. There are likely to be institutional implications of EMU, particularly if the process is successfully completed. This article uses the optimal currency area literature to establish scenarios for EMU and then evaluates the possible institutional implications which stem from each scenario. Obviously there are ramifications which stem from the institutional development of EMU for Member States, in terms of regaining or losing autonomy over further policy instruments, or the requirement that certain policies be harmonized. In addition, there are clear implications for the development of EU institutions. EMU will also have implications for the development of EU institutions, and their counterparts in Member States......recognizing that EMU will give rise to a new round of institutional development does not require a great leap of imagination. Begg and Peterson (1999, p. 6)
Quantum Interactive Dualism: An Alternative to Materialism

Materialism rest implicitly upon the general conception of nature promoted by Galileo and Newton during the seventeenth century. It features the causal closure of the physical: The course of physically described events for all time is fixed by laws that refer exclusively to the physically describeable features of nature, and initial conditions on these feature. No reference to subjective thoughts or feeling of human beings enter. That simple conception of nature was found during the first quarter of the twentieth century to be apparently incompatible with the empirical facts. The founders of quantum theory created a new fundamental physical theory, quantum theory, which introduced crucially into the causal structure certain conscious choices made by human agents about how they will act. These conscious human choices are ''free'' in the sense that they are not fixed by the known laws. But they can influence the course of physically described events. Thus the principle of the causal closure of the physical fails. Applications in psycho-neuro-dynamics are described.
The effects of transverse bed topography variations in ice‐flow models

[1] A suite of ice-flow models is subject to a performance test designed to investigate treatment of flow over variable basal topography. Using transfer functions developed by Gudmundsson (2003) and numerical models of various complexity, this study demonstrates that a widely used flowband model has strong limitations associated with its underlying assumptions, and thus should be applied only in specific geometrical settings. Its performance can be significantly improved by using the laterally averaged basal topography instead of centerline topography. In applications where spatial variability of flow fields is important, hybrid ice-flow models can be a viable alternative to flowband models. In addition, analysis of horizontal distributions of the various ice-flow characteristics (e.g., surface elevation, velocity, and horizontal stress components) shows that field observations that focus on assessing these parameters only along the centerline of ice flow could be misleading. These results also suggest that such spatial variability needs to be taken into account when designing field surveys of ice flow.
Calcium-Dependent Lamina Production of Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze (Menyanthaceae): Implications for Distribution

Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze, a nymphaeid macrophyte, occurs commonly in polder and fluviatile areas in large parts of Europe and Asia. In contrast to the nymphaeid macrophytes Nymphaea alba L. and Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm., Nymphoides peltata is almost completely absent from poorly-buffered waters and is never found in acid water bodies. Transplantation experiments in water bodies of varying alkalinity demonstrated that, irrespective of the sediment type, leaf production of Nymphoides did occur in poorly-buffered waters, but not in acid waters. Cultivation experiments showed that floating leaf development of Nymphoides peltata could only take place if sufficient calcium was available in the water layer or in twice-demineralized water. Addition of calcium to an acid cultivation medium or to water collected from an acid moorland pool resulted in leaf production. Growth of Nymphoides in acid waters is impossible due to insufficient calcium concentrations in the water layer of such waters. It is suggested that the absence of Nymphoides peltata in some poorly-buffered water bodies is partly due to the spatial isolation from rivers and canals and the high frequence of desiccation. The restricted occurrence of Nymphoides peltata to well-buffered alkaline waters is functionally more related to the calcium availability than to the bicarbonate content.
Building your own DEC at home

The methods of Discrete Exterior Calculus (DEC) have given birth to many new algorithms applicable to areas such as fluid simulation, deformable body simulation, and others. Despite the (possibly intimidating) mathematical theory that went into deriving these algorithms, in the end they lead to simple, elegant, and straightforward implementations. However, readers interested in implementing them should note that the algorithms presume the existence of a suitable simplicial complex data structure. Such a data structure needs to support local traversal of elements, adjacency information for all dimensions of simplices, a notion of a dual mesh, and all simplices must be oriented. Unfortunately, most publicly available tetrahedral mesh libraries provide only unoriented representations with little more than vertex-tet adjacency information (while we need vertex-edge, edge-triangle, edge-tet, etc.). For those eager to implement and build on the algorithms presented in this course without having to worry about these details, we provide an implementation of a DEC-friendly tetrahedral mesh data structure in C++. This chapter documents the ideas behind the implementation.
Computing Optimal Solutions for Infinite-Horizon Mathematical Programs with a Transient Stage

This paper studies multistage mathematical programs with an arbitrary transient phase followed by an infinite stationary phase with linear constraints and objective. It presents conditions tinder which a derived linear program will determine an optimal solution to the infinite problem. These conditions are general and may be validated by simple algebraic tests perhaps solving a finite linear program. No topological restrictions are placed on the model.
Probabilistic forecast for twenty-first-century climate based on uncertainties in emissions (without policy) and climate parameters.

Abstract The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Integrated Global System Model is used to make probabilistic projections of climate change from 1861 to 2100. Since the model’s first projections were published in 2003, substantial improvements have been made to the model, and improved estimates of the probability distributions of uncertain input parameters have become available. The new projections are considerably warmer than the 2003 projections; for example, the median surface warming in 2091–2100 is 5.1°C compared to 2.4°C in the earlier study. Many changes contribute to the stronger warming; among the more important ones are taking into account the cooling in the second half of the twentieth century due to volcanic eruptions for input parameter estimation and a more sophisticated method for projecting gross domestic product (GDP) growth, which eliminated many low-emission scenarios. However, if recently published data, suggesting stronger twentieth-century ocean warming, are used to determine...
Loopholes undermine donation: An experiment motivated by an organ donation priority loophole in Israel☆

article i nfo Giving registered organ donors priority on organ waiting lists, as has been implemented in Israel and Singapore, pro- vides an incentive for registration and has the potential to increase the pool of deceased donor organs. However, the implementation of a priority rule might allow for loopholes -as is the case in Israel -in which an individual can reg- ister to receive priority but avoid ever being in a position to donate organs. We experimentally investigate how such a loophole affects donation and find that the majority of subjects use the loophole when available. The existence of a loophole completely eliminates the increase in donation generated by the priority rule. When information about loophole use is made public, subjects respond to others' use of the loophole by withholding donation such that the priority system with a loophole generates fewer do nations than an allocation system without priority. © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Early experience with the new endovascular aneurysm sealing system Nellix: First clinical results after 50 implantations.

ObjectiveIn the present study, 50 EVAS procedures were evaluated in regard to primary (survival and technical success) and secondary (device-related complications) events of interest.MethodsThe single center study was conducted from July 2013 to August 2014 with prospective collection of the clinical data. The clinical results were controlled by CT angiography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound.ResultsThe technical success was 98% and the 30-day mortality 4%. One (2%) patient died from multisystem organ failure and another patient from an intracranial bleeding, respectively. One patient (2%) suffered from a device-related aneurysm rupture. During early follow-up, one (2%) patient developed an endoleak type II, while three (6%) patients suffered from a partial endograft limb thrombosis. Overall, a secondary intervention was necessary in six (12%) patients.ConclusionsWith the Nellix EVAS system, a high primary technical success of 98% was achieved; one (2%) patient developed an endoleak type II which did not ...
SEER analysis of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTL)

e19527 Background: The uncommon nature of SPTL has hampered its clinical characterization. The EORTC described 83 cases of SPTL across 8 centers and suggested a difference in prognosis between pati...
Statistical characterization of ionosphere anomalies and their relationship to space weather events

The statistical characterization of the relationship between thermosphere-ionosphere anomalies and space weather events, also referred to as space weather anomalies, such as solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and geomagnetic storms, is a crucial component in the development of a forecast capability for thermosphere-ionosphere disturbances. This manuscript presents a systematic statistical approach for analyzing historical ionosphere and space weather observations to derive a quantitative characterization of the relationships between the thermosphere-ionosphere anomalies and space weather anomalies. Based on 2 years of historical data, our analysis reveals the complex nature of the relationship between space weather disturbances and ionospheric responses.
Drastic Deprotonation Reactivity Difference of 3- and 5-Alkylpyrazole Isomers, Their I2-Catalyzed Thermal Isomerization, and Telescoping Synthesis of 3,5-Dialkylpyrazoles: The "Adjacent Lone Pair Effect" Demystified.

N-Protected 3-alkylpyrazoles are easily deprotonated by nBuLi at the 5-position of the aromatic ring, while the 5-alkyl isomers are completely unreactive under the same conditions. Using computational analysis, we reveal that electron pair repulsion within the deprotonated anion is not the reason behind the lack of reactivity of 5-alkylpyrazoles. Instead, diminished π-resonance and attractive electrostatic interactions within the pyrazole ring are responsible for the observed effect. A greener, telescoping alternative to the synthesis of 3,5-dialkylpyrazoles is presented.
Choosing a Set of Instruments among Many and Possibly Invalid Instruments

We consider the instrument selection problem in instrumental variable regression model when there is a large set of instruments with potential invalidity. Existing methods for instrument selection are based on a priori assumptions of an instrument's validity. Moreover, existing approaches based on consistent moment selection or first-order asymptotics can lead to a large finite sample bias with many instruments. We derive higher-order mean square error (MSE) approximation of a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator allowing locally invalid instruments. Based on the approximation to the higher-order MSE, we propose an invalidity-robust instrument selection criterion (IRC) that captures two sources of finite sample bias at the same time: bias from using many instruments and bias from invalid instruments. We show that our criterion is an asymptotically unbiased estimator of the higher-order MSE approximation. In various simulation experiments, our criterion performs well in terms of lower bias and better coverage properties of the estimator compare with other existing selection methods. We also apply our criterion to the empirical application in Card (1995).
Characterization of the Mechanical Behavior of Cell Components With an Atomic Force Microscope

The mechanical behavior of eukaryotic cell components is critical to cell mobility, division, signaling, and proliferation. Cell components are in such harmony with each other that often mechanical testing of individual components produces less meaningful results than testing performed within living cells. Moreover, cell components are constantly undergoing growth and remodeling, normally through polymerization and depolymerization. An appropriate experimental and modeling framework is therefore essential for cell mechanics. In this study, a special atomic force microscope (AFM) with controlled adhesion area of the cell to a substrate was used to probe the mechanical response of cells to an external force. This experimental set up enables direct control of the applied force and precise measurement of the cell penetration by the AFM tip. A modeling framework that combines the displacement field with the applied force/stress obtained with the AFM is developed to estimate the mechanical properties of each cell component. The tribological relevance of this research is the viscoelastic deformation of cell components under different contact loads.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Passion, Power, and Political Conflict An Examination of Cato’s Letters and Their Implications for American Constitutionalism and Public Administration

This article discusses the ideas of John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, as set forth in Cato’s Letters, and explores their implications for American constitutionalism and public administration. The article examines their views on the role of human passions in politics and how conflicts among such passions might be constructively harnessed to protect freedom. It is argued here that Cato’s Letters advanced an agonistic view of democratic governance, one echoed by the founders of the Constitution, in which conflicts among contesting groups, each motivated by their particular passions, serve to promote responsible governance. Therefore, if we truly wish to legitimate public administration in our constitutional practices, we must accept and, to a significant extent, embrace the conflict and contestation that these practices engender.
Indications and management of botulinum toxin

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Botulinus toxin (BTX) is the most potent biological toxin yet known. It is produced by Clostridium botulinium, a Gram positive bacteria. DEVELOPMENT: Type A Botulinus toxin is the most widely used in human drug trials. It has become the treatment of choice for blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, cervical dystonia and laryngeal dystonia. It may also be used in the treatment of patients with oromandibular dystonia and limb dystonia, especially writer's cramp, and has been used successfully in the treatment of spasticity and cerebral paralysis. There are many benefits from this treatment, including improved walking, improved posture of wheelchair patients, improvement of patients with spasms and easier extension of their arms and knees. The toxin also alleviates pain and may be used in therapeutic trials for prediction of the response to surgical elongation.
COURT SYSTEMS | Jewish (Halacha) Law

This chapter is a summary of the most common decisions in Jewish law. It should absolutely not be used as a basis to make decisions in Jewish law. Some of the decisions are written in couched language, since they are dependent upon specific application.
The Study of ISM Technology in BPR

The use of business-process-chart, IDEFO or PERT model cannot reveal the characteristics of the interval structure and rules of the business process. The complicated business-process directional-chart tends to become a disorderly network which is not useful in the analysis of the characteristics of business process. This paper sets up the model of business process on the basis of adjacency matrix theory, and adopts the method of 0 - 1 measurement and calculation to reengineer and optimize the business process.
Polymer Coatings in 3D-Printed Fluidic Device Channels for Improved Cellular Adherence Prior to Electrical Lysis.

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a polyjet-based three-dimensional (3D)-printed fluidic device where poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) or polystyrene (PS) were used to coat the sides of a fluidic channel within the device to promote adhesion of an immobilized cell layer. The device was designed using computer-aided design software and converted into an .STL file prior to printing. The rigid, transparent material used in the printing process provides an optically transparent path to visualize endothelial cell adherence and supports integration of removable electrodes for electrical cell lysis in a specified portion of the channel (1 mm width × 0.8 mm height × 2 mm length). Through manipulation of channel geometry, a low-voltage power source (500 V max) was used to selectively lyse adhered endothelial cells in a tapered region of the channel. Cell viability was maintained on the device over a 5 day period (98% viable), though cell coverage decreased after day 4 with static media delivery. Opti...
Vygotsky for Educators: Three- to Six-Year-Olds

Sociodramatic play is children’s joint role-play, in which they choose a plot that reflects a certain aspect of social relations (e.g., buying something in a store), distribute roles (e.g., a seller and buyers), and play together imitating the chosen aspect of social relations. The traditional view of sociodramatic play is that it is children’s free and spontaneous activity, in which they do whatever they want, liberating themselves from any rules and social pressure; therefore, adults are not supposed to interfere with children’s play. The Vygotskians have developed a quite different approach to sociodramatic play. From their point of view, children play not because they want to liberate themselves from social pressure. Just the opposite; as discussed in the previous chapter, by the age of three years, children develop a strong interest in the world of adults, and they are looking forward to becoming a part of this world. In industrialized societies, however, children cannot fulfill this desire directly: They cannot be doctors or firefighters. That is why they attempt to “penetrate” the world of adults through imitating and exploring social roles and relations in the course of sociodramatic play.
A mid-Holocene paleoprecipitation record from Belize

Abstract Understanding past climate may contribute to a better understanding of future climate change, allowing for adaptations to changing water resources. High latitude paleoclimate reconstructions reveal a warmer northern hemisphere during the mid-Holocene, yet paleoclimate records from tropical Central America are lacking, especially seasonally resolved reconstructions needed to resolve seasonal shifts. Here we reconstruct mid-Holocene precipitation using high-resolution (sub-annual to biannual) stable isotope ratios (oxygen and carbon) extracted from a speleothem recovered from Belize to investigate the frequency and magnitude of precipitation variability. We found a slight increase in precipitation during the mid-Holocene in Belize with less variability compared to the late-Holocene. This increase in precipitation may be a result of the expansion of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH), which strengthens the Caribbean Lower Level Jet, enhancing westward advection of atmospheric moisture to Belize. The decrease in precipitation variability could be derived from a northward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) placing Belize within the bounds of the ITCZ for a longer period each year. Time series analysis reveals periodicities of 200–250 years which correspond to the Suess solar cycle. The additional periods of ~ 100 and ~ 50 years also have origins in solar irradiance. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV; also known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)), long recognized as important drivers of precipitation variability in the region, are present but only at the 90% significance level. We posit that the reduced influence of the NAO and AMV could be caused by the northerly migration of the ITCZ during the mid-Holocene.
The clinical and neurobehavioral course of Down syndrome and dementia with or without new-onset epilepsy

Abstract Background Adult patients with Down syndrome (DS) are at higher risk of developing Alzheimer-type dementia and epilepsy. The relationship between developing dementia and the risk of developing seizures in DS is poorly characterized to date. In addition, treatment response and medication tolerability have not been rigorously studied. Methods We identified 220 patients with a diagnosis of DS and dementia. Those without a history of developing seizures (DD) were compared to patients with new-onset seizures (DD + S) after the age of 35. Electronic records were reviewed for demographics, seizure characteristics, cognitive status, and psychiatric comorbidities. Results Of the patients included for analysis, twenty-six out of 60 patients had new-onset seizures or developed seizures during the follow-up period (the DD + S group) with a median onset of 2.0 years after the dementia diagnosis. Generalized tonic–clonic seizures were the most common seizure type (61.5% of DD + S). Sixteen (61.5%) patients were reported to have myoclonus. Levetiracetam was the most commonly used initial medication, with the majority (73%) of patients treated achieving partial or complete seizure control. The DD + S patients tended to have a similar burden of new-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms compared to the DD group. Discussion New-onset epilepsy seems to occur early in the course of dementia in DS patients. Patients generally respond to treatment. A great burden of neuropsychiatric symptoms is seen. Future studies need to explore the relationship between β-amyloid accumulation and epileptiform activity and attend to the care and needs of DS patients with dementia and seizures.
Performance feedback, power retention, and the gender gap in leadership

Abstract We propose that performance feedback can be a power retention mechanism that puts women at a relative disadvantage and contributes to the lack of women in leadership positions. Feedback is an evaluative process, with the (typically higher-power) source often having considerable discretion and means to deliver feedback and the feedback recipient often being at the mercy of the will of the source. The feedback process, therefore, has a built-in power component that preserves and amplifies existing power differences in organizations (e.g., differences in organizational authority and rank) and disproportionately harms women's leadership development. We develop a theoretical model concerning how power retention conditions (e.g., when giving feedback advances the source's personal status goals) lead to power retention mechanisms in the feedback process, such as patronizing feedback, particularly for female recipients. We discuss how gender moderates feedback delivery and reactions to feedback, which influence the persistent gender gap in leadership, subsequently reinforcing the power retention conditions. We conclude by discussing areas for future research, potential power equalization forces, and practical suggestions for how organizations can change this cycle.
Household Matters: Revisiting the Returns to Capital among Female Microentrepreneurs

Several field experiments fi nd positive returns to grants for male and not female micro-entrepreneurs. But, these analyses largely overlook that male and female micro-entrepreneurs often belong to the same household. Using data from randomized trials in India, Sri Lanka and Ghana, we show that the gender gap in microenterprise performance is not due to a gap in aptitude. Instead, low average returns of female-run enterprises are observed because women's capital is invested into their husbands' enterprises rather than their own. When women are the sole household enterprise operator, capital shocks lead to large increases in profits. Household-level income gains are equivalent regardless of the grant or loan recipient's gender.
New Textual Traditions from Community Transcription

New technologies and methodologies in the digital humanities can help alleviate some limitations inherent in the traditional methods of creating and publishing critical editions, especially how typical practices privilege major texts and create an artificial version of a text that obscures its textual history. I argue that those who work with manuscripts should place a greater emphasis on creating digital noncritical editions that will capture traditionally lost transcription work, harness community expertise, and create a vast interdisciplinary textual archive. This article describes some key benefits of a Platonic web-based transcription tool that will encourage large-scale collaborative transcription and editing in order to make manuscripts much more visible, accessible, connectable, correctable, and usable.
The Transition-State Structure for Human MAT2A from Isotope Effects

Human methionine S-adenosyltransferase (MAT2A) catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from ATP and methionine. Synthetic lethal genetic analysis has identified MAT2A as an anti-cancer target in tumor cells lacking expression of 5-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP). Approximately 15% of human cancers are MTAP-/-. The remainder can be rendered MTAP- through MTAP inhibitors. We used kinetic isotope effect (KIE), commitment factor (Cf), and binding isotope effect (BIE) measurements combined with quantum mechanical and molecular mechanic (QM/MM) calculations to solve the transition state structure of human MAT2A. The reaction is characterized by an advanced SN2 transition state. Bond forming from the nucleophilic methionine sulfur to the 5'-C of ATP is 2.03 A at the transition state (bond order of 0.67). Departure of the leaving group tripolyphosphate of ATP is well advanced and forms a 2.32 A bond between the 5'-C of ATP and the oxygen of the tripolyphosphate (bond order of 0.23). Intera...
Understanding users' metadata needs: How do we know what they want?

Descriptive metadata should match users’ expectations of the information that is available to search against. The methodology used for the research discussed in this presentation focuses on how users describe books outside of the context of an existing search interface. It represents an effort to isolate and identify salient types of information and then to compare them with library data and standards to determine how much users’ descriptions and catalogers’ descriptions overlap. This presentation will focus on an analysis of the methodology used in this and other similarly constructed studies, preliminary findings based on the data that was gathered during the pilot study, and ideas for how the type of information gathered through these types of studies could be used to assess metadata practices and inform the creation of descriptive metadata standards.
Toward Hartree-Fock Calculations for Simple Crystals

Hartree-Fock equations are formulated for LCAO wavefunctions whose atomic-orbital composition may depend upon location in the energy band. Computationally practical procedures are described for all quantities entering the formulation, and preliminary results for a simple-cubic atomic-hydrogen lattice are quoted to illustrate the convergence properties of the method. The procedure depends crucially upon reciprocal-lattice transformations and the point-group symmetry about a lattice point; exploitation of these concepts helps provide a natural understanding of the success of independent-particle schemes for solids, and of the structure of the exchange energy contributions.
The influence of extreme cold events on mortality in the United States.

Abstract Many studies have analyzed the effects of extreme heat on human mortality, however fewer studies have focused on the effects of cold related mortality due to the complicated nature of the lagged response. This study utilized a Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model with a 30-day lag to determine the cumulative effects of extreme cold events (ECEs) on mortality across 32 cities in the United States for the period of 1975–2010. ECEs were divided into specific categories based on duration, magnitude, and timing of occurrence. Mortality was divided into all-age mortality as well as mortality of individuals >64 years old. The findings suggest a strong relationship between a city's latitude as well as the timing of an ECE with mortality. Early season ECEs result in a much higher relative risk of increased mortality, particularly in cities with higher mean winter temperatures, while the RR of mortality of individuals >64 was consistently higher for each city. This study suggests early season ECEs should receive enhanced preparedness efforts as individuals may be particularly vulnerable when not acclimatized to extreme cold.
100.45 Transradial Versus Transfemoral Access for Coronary Angiography and Intervention in Patients With Previous History of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Transradial access has been increasingly used as an alternative to transfemoral access. Several studies demonstrated that such access is associated with lower rates of vascular and bleeding complications. Although coronary artery bypass grafting patients comprise a significant portion of the
A Method of Time-frequency Interleave for Broadband Powerline Communication Based on OFDM

Power line communication (PLC) technology is developed rapidly and widely used because of its wide distribution and easy access. Different from the traditional wired communication medium, the channel of power line communication is more complex and susceptible to interference. This paper proposes a diversity scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) against narrowband interference, pulse interference and multipath fading in low voltage broadband power line communication which improves the reliability of power line communication. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the performance of power line communication system.
Parent adolescent conflict among Asian Indian immigrant families

Acculturation can be a difficult process for immigrant families as parents and children adjust to different cultural value systems. Parents and adolescents may acculturate at different rates to the mainstream culture due to parents wanting to retain their heritage culture and adolescents immersion into mainstream Western culture. This seems to assume assimilation as the same process as acculturation when it is only one possible outcome. As a result of this, acculturation gaps between parents and adolescents result, which may lead to parent-adolescent conflict. The current study took a mixed methods approach to investigate how Asian Indian immigrant families experience parentadolescent conflict. Rasch analyses were used to assess the cultural measurement equivalence of the Asian American Family Conflict Scale (FCS) and the Issues Checklist (IC) among 52 Asian Indian adolescents. Twelve adolescents participated in semistructured interviews to provide qualitative insight into the nature of parent-adolescent conflict and which of these two measures captured conflict within this population. Multiple regression analyses indicated that acculturative stress predicted scores on the FCS and the IC. Rasch analysis, the study identified one misfit item for the FCS with this population. Understanding the reasoning behind this misfit item as well as why this scale performed well is provided by interview data.
Effects of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines on racial and ethnic disparities in statin treatment among diabetics

Abstract Background Significant racial and ethnic disparities in statin prescribing and utilization have been constantly documented. Objective To examine whether racial/ethnic disparities in statin treatment have decreased among the diabetic population after the release of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines. Methods This retrospective study analyzed patients with diabetes aged 40–75 years old in the Medicare Expenditure Panel Survey (2011-2012 and 2014–2015). Racial and ethnic disparities in the likelihood of statin use and number of statin prescriptions were compared before and after the guideline release. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to adjust for patient characteristics. A difference-in-difference model (DID) was used to examine disparity changes. Results This study included 2584 patients from 2011 to 2012 and 2610 from 2014 to 2015. During 2011–2012, racial/ethnic disparities were significant for the likelihood of statin use. For the number of statin prescriptions, racial disparity was significant, but not for the ethnic disparity. During 2014–2015, racial/ethnic disparities were significant for the likelihood of statin use but were not significant for the number of statin prescriptions. The DID model found that the 2013 guidelines were not associated with a reduction in racial and ethnic disparities in statin treatment. Conclusions This study found persistent disparities in the likelihood of statin use. The 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines were not associated with a reduction in racial and ethnic disparities in statin treatment.
Improved Media for Rapid Clonal Growth of Normal Human Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells

Many investigators who use cell culture as a research tool fail to give adequate attention to culture media. Virtually all “standard” nutrient media were published more than 20 years ago, and many widely used formulations are at least 30 years old. Thus, the culture medium is often the most obsolete and neglected component of the entire experimental system. This presentation describes recent improvements in cell culture media for human muscle satellite cells (HMSC) and seeks to encourage their use.
Well differentiated arginase-1 negative hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is dependent on the histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of biopsy and resection specimens. The distinction of HCC from metastatic neoplasms is pertinent for treatment and prognostic purposes. Arginase-1 (Arg-1), a marker of hepatocellular differentiation, has shown superior sensitivity and specificity when compared to other immunohistochemical markers of detection of HCC such as hepatocyte paraffin antigen (HepPar-1). Studies have shown that poorly differentiated HCC can lose arginase expression, however well differentiated HCC are rarely ever arginase negative. Methods: In this study Arg-1 expression was detected using immunohistochemical staining on tissue specimens from 40 confirmed cases of well differentiated HCC specimens using a highly specific monoclonal antibody for Arg-1. Specificity of the Arg-1 antibody was evaluated by immunostaining of 24 non-HCC tumors in the liver and 200 non-liver neoplasms using paraffin block and tissue micro-array (TMA) based immunohistochemistry. Results: Four well differentiated HCC cases were found to be completely negative for Arg-1 and similarly all 224 non-HCC tumors did not express Arg-1. The arginase negative well differentiated tumors were positive for other hepatocellular markers such as HepPar-1 and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (pCEA). Of the four tumors, only one recurred at 28 months. All patients are currently stable with a mean survival of 43 months. Conclusions: Arg-1 negative well differentiated HCC can be a clinical dilemma which can lead to misdiagnosis. Confirmation with other hepatocellular markers such as HepPar1 and pCEA is essential in making the correct diagnosis. The clinicopathologic outcomes of arginase negative well differentiated HCC has been poorly characterized, thus our findings are of utmost importance in understanding the clinical behavior of these tumors. This may have a potential role in understanding the mechanism of the use of targeted therapy in HCC tumors.
Chapter 1 – Defining Proteins

Publisher Summary Amino acids are the major building blocks of proteins. Proteins are both biological entities and physicochemical compounds. They exist in living organisms where they have particular functions for which they were specifically designed by evolution. The design of any such system is for the use of the organism that made the protein and not necessarily for the benefit of the hungry human population. In prepared and processed foods, proteins are often used as ingredients, for example, soy protein, milk caseinate, and egg white. The food proteins are among the less complex systems consisting merely of a nutritious collection of amino acids because of their limited biological purpose as food. Early biochemists often used these proteins because of their ready availability and easy access for study.
Evaluating the Prevalence of Pelvic Floor Disorders in Women in Nonmetropolitan Communities.

Introduction Prevalence rates of pelvic floor disorders in women in nonmetropolitan communities compared with metropolitan communities are unknown. We hypothesize that the rates are higher in women in nonmetropolitan communities. Methods We accessed the health survey data from the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) from 2009 to 2010 divided by geocodes into nonmetropolitan ( 50,000). Responses were analyzed for the following conditions: urinary incontinence and nocturia, bowel urgency and anal incontinence, and symptomatic vaginal bulge. Age-adjusted prevalence rates were estimated using logistic regression. Results The 2009-2010 NHANES survey was completed nationwide by 302 women in nonmetropolitan communities and 2201 women in metropolitan communities. Overall, prevalence rates of PFDs did not significantly differ between groups. Prevalence rates of urinary incontinence and nocturia at least weekly were similar between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan groups (16.2% vs 14.6%, P = 0.47), with stress incontinence being more common than urgency and other types of incontinence (40% vs 23% and 8%). Women in metropolitan communities reported more bowel urgency than women in nonmetropolitan communities (33.3% vs 26.8%, P = 0.02); however, prevalence rates between both groups are similar with regards to anal incontinence at least once a month or more (9.2% vs 9.0%, P = 0.76). Prolapse symptoms were also not significantly different between the groups (2.4% in both). There was an increase in prevalence in each of the pelvic floor disorder symptoms with age. Conclusions Pelvic floor disorders are prevalent and increase with age in women in nonmetropolitan communities at rates similar to women in metropolitan communities.
Changes in chronic medication adherence, costs, and health care use after a cancer diagnosis among low-income patients and the role of patient-centered medical homes

Background Approximately 40% of patients with cancer also have another chronic medical condition. Patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) have improved outcomes among patients with multiple chronic comorbidities. The authors first evaluated the impact of a cancer diagnosis on chronic medication adherence among patients with Medicaid coverage and, second, whether PCMHs influenced outcomes among patients with cancer. Methods Using linked 2004 to 2010 North Carolina cancer registry and claims data, the authors included Medicaid enrollees who were diagnosed with breast, colorectal, or lung cancer who had hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and/or diabetes mellitus. Using difference-in-difference methods, the authors examined adherence to chronic disease medications as measured by the change in the percentage of days covered over time among patients with and without cancer. The authors then further evaluated whether PCMH enrollment modified the observed differences between those patients with and without cancer using a differences-in-differences-in-differences approach. The authors examined changes in health care expenditures and use as secondary outcomes. Results Patients newly diagnosed with cancer who had hyperlipidemia experienced a 7-percentage point to 11-percentage point decrease in the percentage of days covered compared with patients without cancer. Patients with cancer also experienced significant increases in medical expenditures and hospitalizations compared with noncancer controls. Changes in medication adherence over time between patients with and without cancer were not determined to be statistically significantly different by PCMH status. Some PCMH patients with cancer experienced smaller increases in expenditures (diabetes) and emergency department use (hyperlipidemia) but larger increases in their inpatient hospitalization rates (hypertension) compared with non-PCMH patients with cancer relative to patients without cancer. Conclusions PCMHs were not found to be associated with improvements in chronic disease medication adherence, but were associated with lower costs and emergency department visits among some low-income patients with cancer.
The Case for Capping Residency Interviews.

Objective To determine 2020 residency cycle application practices and to model potential consequences in the 2021 cycle if (1) applicants scheduled an uncapped number of interviews; (2) applicants were capped to schedule 12 interviews; (3) residency programs kept their number of interview offers unchanged; and (4) programs increased their interview offers by 20%. Design and Setting The authors sent an anonymous survey to all obstetrics and gynecology applicants registered through the Electronic Residency Application Service in February 2020 asking respondents to share demographics and number of interview offers received and completed. Based on prior estimates that 12 interviews are needed to match in obstetrics and gynecology, respondents were divided into Group 12+ (those receiving ≥12 interview offers) and Group Participants Among 2508 applicants, 750 (30%) provided the number of interview offers received and completed: 417 (56%) in Group 12+ and 333 (44%) in Group Results In models where applicants are uncapped in the number of interviews, Group Conclusions This work highlights how current inefficiencies may lead to negative consequences with virtual interviews. Interview caps and preference signaling systems need to be urgently considered.
A quantitative relationship between rotational head kinematics and brain tissue strain from a 2-D parametric finite element analysis

Abstract Given the complex nature of traumatic brain injury (TBI), assessment of injury risk directly from kinematic measures of head motion remains a challenge. Despite this challenge, kinematic-based measures of injury continue to be widely used to guide the design of protective equipment. In an effort to provide more insight into the relationship between rotational head kinematics and injury risk, we have conducted a large scale parametric finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the role of angular acceleration, angular velocity, and angular jerk on the brain tissue strains and strain rates. The peak strains and strain rates resulting from rotational head accelerations were obtained for peak angular accelerations ranging from 0.5 - 25 krad/s 2 and peak angular velocities ranging from 10 - 100 rad/s. The results of this study show that both angular acceleration and angular velocity have a significant effect on the peak tissue strains and strain rates, reinforcing the importance of accounting for both of these kinematic measures when evaluating injury risk. For a given magnitude of peak angular acceleration and angular velocity, increases in angular jerk are shown to have minimal effect on the peak tissue strains but can lead to an increase in the peak tissue strain rates. This advancement in our understanding of the relationship between angular head kinematics, tissue strain, and tissue strain rate is an important step toward developing improved kinematic-based measures of injury. Statement of Significance To reduce the risk of traumatic brain injury, we must first fully understand the relationship between impact-induced head motions and the brain deformation response. Large deformations of the brain have been shown to cause damage to neural cells and can result in long-term neurocognitive deficits. This study investigates the role of angular acceleration, angular velocity, and angular jerk on the tissue strains and strain rates that develop in the brain. By providing further insight into how each of these kinematic parameters affect the brain deformation response, we can begin to identify the types of head motions that are the most injurious and develop new targeted approaches to reduce the risk of injury.