cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of avoidance in complicated grief: A detailed examination of the Grief-Related Avoidance Questionnaire (GRAQ) in a large sample of individuals with complicated grief

ABSTRACTGrief-related avoidance is a significant component of complicated grief, yet has rarely been formally measured in a validated fashion. Further, more work is needed to understand the impact of grief-related avoidance on symptom severity and functional impairment among individuals with complicated grief (CG). The Grief-Related Avoidance Questionnaire (GRAQ; Shear, Monk et al. 2007) was created to assess grief-related avoidance and the present analysis aimed to further develop this measure and construct by confirming the GRAQ’s psychometric properties and examining loss-related predictors of avoidance. In a sample of 393 adults with CG, we found the GRAQ had high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89 and good convergent validity. While the EFA results suggest that the GRAQ may be unidimensional, a 3-factor model generally corresponded with the findings by (Shear, Monk et al. 2007), which suggested the presence of 3 subscales. Loss-related variables age, relationship to the deceased, a...
X-Ray Diagnosis of Ileus. Comparison of Results Obtained by Roentgenograms in Horizontal and Upright Positions:

The value of plain roentgenograms of the abdomen without the administration of contrast substances in the diagnosis of ileus has been repeatedly emphasized by clinicians. Goehl, Lynch, Borman, and Wangensteen1 found experimentally that roentgenologic evidence was of less value in the presence of strangulation than in simple obstruction. The roentgen diagnosis of ileus is based upon the fact that in obstruction there is an accumulation of gas and fluid proximal to the point of obstruction which can be visualized roentgenological. Whereas the presence of gas visualized in the roentgen plate is of diagnostic value, it is considered by many observers2 that the finding of multiple fluid levels (demonstrated by obtaining the roentgenogram in such a way that the junction between gas above and fluid below may be visualized) is of greater diagnostic importance.The present investigation was undertaken to compare the results obtained with roentgenograms taken in the horizontal position and those taken in the upright...
Reply to Somers and Smith

The central points in my paper are two. First, it is meaningful to compute and make substantive use of a descriptive statistic only insofar as one can interpret it, that is, specify precisely what information it gives concerning the extent to which data support claims about some specified relation between variables. Second, in the ordinal multivariate case, we have no clear, rationally acceptable formulation of what a relation between three or more ordinal variables is. Consequently, at the present time the calculation of so-called "product-moment statistics" for the ordinal multivariate case depends entirely on analogy with the interval level additive model, and without this analogy these calculations would be entirely unmotivated and the results quite obviously devoid of clear meaning. The fundamental problem of ordinal multivariate analysis, then, is to give a clear, rationally acceptable account of what an ordinal multivariate relation is, and on this basis to develop appropriate, interpreted descriptive statistics. Whether a solution of this problem would result in a structure isomorphic to the "product-moment algebra," however, is not at all obvious.
Investigation on the nitrite residue in salted vegetables and cooked meat in Xiamen

Objective To understand the residual nitrite contents in salted vegetables and deli meats in Xiamen,and to provide scientific evidence for food safety risk assessment and intensified supervision of the government departments. Methods A total of 157 samples of salted vegetables and deli meats in bags and in bulk were selected from supermarkets and farms markets in batches. Nitrite residues in these samples were determined by N-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride method in GB5009. 33-2010,and evaluated according to the standards of GB2762-2012 and GB2760-2011. Results The average concentration of nitrite in 55 salted vegetables samples in bags and in bulk was 3. 56 mg / kg,the qualified rate was 98. 2%,and the content distribution of nitrite was rhizome leaf melon. Ten over-limit samples were found in 102 deli meats,the qualified rate was 90. 2%. The distribution of nitrite content varied in different types of deli meats. The residual nitrite contents in dried meat floss,shredded meat,dried meat and fried meat were lower with higher qualified rate,while it was opposite in sausages and bacon. Conclusion The salted vegetables were fairly satisfactory. But the residual nitrite content in deli meats was rather high, which should be attached great importance in surveillance to enhance the safety of deli meats and safeguard the health of consumers.
On the Mode of Marketing Designing for China Telecom Group

With the breakthrough of the former China Telecom in monoply operation for long term in telecom field,China's Telecom Industry enters a new era from monopoly to gradual competition,from obturation to gradual openness.China's Telecom Group is confronted much pressure from domestic and overseas competition. At the same time,West Campaign and China's Entry WTO provide new challenges and chances.This paper analyzes China Telecom market by means of theoretical knowledge and method on marketing and management,explores the main strategies and tactics of market designing for China Telecom Group so as to be beneficial to the telecom companies in the market competition.
The luminosity and stellar mass functions of red W1–W2 galaxies

We present a study of nearby galaxies as a function of their [3.4]-[4.6] colour. Galaxies that are red in their [3.4]-[4.6] colour contain heated dust and the reddest systems ([3.4]-[4.6] > 0.5) are classified as AGN by some selection criteria. The sample discussed here includes nearby galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) that are also in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) catalogue. We calculate the number density of galaxies, in the form of the luminosity and mass functions, using the V/Vmax method and a Stepwise Maximum Likelihood method that has been modified to account for the additional colour selection. The reddest galaxies which have [3.4]-[4.6] > 0.8 and are sometimes classified as AGN by their colour, make up 0.2% of nearby galaxies. However, the reddest galaxies are a rising fraction of the low mass galaxy population. Identifying the lowest mass (M 0.8) galaxies as AGN is surprising given that none are optical AGN or composites, in contrast with their more massive (M > 10$^{10}$ M$_{\odot}$ ) red galaxy counter- parts that are dominated by optical AGN and composites (86.4%). We also show that these low mass red galaxies are associated with higher specific star formation rates than their bluer counterparts. While the properties of this relatively rare segment of nearby low-mass galaxies are intriguing, particularly if they are associated with AGN activity, there is not yet enough evidence to determine whether it is AGN or unusual star formation that is driving red colours in these systems.
Notch-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation of Voltage-Gated Potassium Currents.

Rationale: Ventricular arrhythmias often arise from the Purkinje-myocyte junction and are a leading cause of sudden cardiac death. Notch activation reprograms cardiac myocytes to an "induced Purkinje-like" state characterized by prolonged action potential duration and expression of Purkinje enriched genes. Objective: To understand the mechanism by which canonical Notch signaling causes action potential prolongation. Methods and Results: We find that endogenous Purkinje cells have reduced peak K+ current, Ito and IK,slow when compared with ventricular myocytes. Consistent with partial reprogramming toward a Purkinje-like phenotype, Notch activation decreases peak outward K+ current density, as well as the outward K+ current components Ito,f and IK,slow. Gene expression studies in Notch-activated ventricles demonstrate upregulation of Purkinje-enriched genes Contactin-2 and Scn5a , as well as downregulation of K+ channel subunit genes that contribute to Ito,f and IK,slow. In contrast, inactivation of Notch signaling results in increased cell size commensurate with increased K+ current amplitudes and mimics physiologic hypertrophy. Notch-induced changes in K+ current density are regulated at least in part via transcriptional changes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrates dynamic RBP-J binding and loss of active histone marks on K+ channel subunit promoters with Notch activation, and similar transcriptional and epigenetic changes occur in a heart failure model. Interestingly, there is a differential response in Notch target gene expression and cellular electrophysiology in left versus right ventricular cardiac myocytes. Conclusions: In summary, these findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for regulation of voltage-gated potassium currents in the setting of cardiac pathology, and may provide a novel target for arrhythmia drug design.
A Comparison of Video Modeling Perspectives for Students with Autism

This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of two types of video models for teaching four elementary-aged students with autism to put away groceries. The types of video differed in their persp...
Initial Experience with Tositumomab and I-131-Labeled Tositumomab for Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of [131I]tositumomab in patients with refractory/recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and to preliminarily determine if [131I]tositumomab has activity against HL and if positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]DG) performed 6 weeks post-therapy predicted 12-week response. Separate dose-finding studies were performed for patients with and without prior transplant. A single therapeutic total body radiation dose (TBD) of [131I]tositumomab was administered. TBD was escalated/de-escalated based on dose-limiting hematologic toxicity (DLT) using a modified continual reassessment method. [18F]DG-PET/CT scans were performed at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks post therapy. Twelve patients (nine classical HL, three lymphocyte-predominant [LP] HL) completed two dosing levels (n = 3 each) in the post-transplant (55 cGy, 79 cGy) and no transplant (75 cGy, 87 cGy) groups. Hematologic toxicities were common and transient. Twelve weeks after [131I]tositumomab, 10 patients progressed and two with LPHL achieved complete response. [18F]DG-PET/CT at 6 weeks post therapy appeared more predictive than CT at 6 weeks of a response at 12 weeks. Tositumomab and [131I]tositumomab was well-tolerated in patients with relapsed/refractory HL. Complete responses in LPHL support a therapeutic effect in this subtype. Early metabolic response assessments by [18F]DG-PET in HL after radioimmunotherapy appear to be more predictive than purely anatomic assessments.
Characteristics of Two-Phase Flows in Large Diameter Channels

Abstract Two-phase flows in large diameter channels have a great deal of importance in a wide variety of industrial applications. Nuclear systems, petroleum refineries, and chemical processes make extensive use of larger systems. Flows in such channels have very different properties from flows in smaller channels which are typically used in experimental research. In this paper, the various differences between flows in large and small channels are highlighted using the results of previous experimental and analytical research. This review is followed by a review of recent experiments in and model development for flows in large diameter channels performed by the authors. The topics of these research efforts range from void fraction and interfacial area concentration measurement to flow regime identification and modeling, drift-flux modeling for high void fraction conditions, and evaluation of interfacial area transport models for large diameter channels.
Unsupervised incremental STDP learning using forced firing of dormant or idle neurons

Spiking neural networks with hardware implementations of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) present a promising solution to energy efficient real-time machine learning. Online real-time learning, however, requires that new training information be considered by an already trained network without reinforcing previous data. Learning new information without severely altering previously learned data proves difficult in such networks. We present a spiking neural network capable of unsupervised incremental learning that exploits STDP to gracefully adapt the network under changing input conditions using a technique called forced firing. Our simulations validate this design with accuracy results comparable to networks that require data reinforcement.
Elevated atmospheric escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars induced by high-altitude water

Atmospheric loss has controlled the history of Martian habitability, removing most of the planet’s initial water through atomic hydrogen and oxygen escape from the upper atmosphere to space. In standard models, H and O escape in a stoichiometric 2:1 ratio because H reaches the upper atmosphere via long-lived molecular hydrogen, whose abundance is regulated by a photochemical feedback sensitive to atmospheric oxygen content. The relatively constant escape rates these models predict are inconsistent with known H escape variations of more than an order of magnitude on seasonal timescales, variation that requires escaping H to have a source other than H2. The best candidate source is high-altitude water, detected by the Mars Express spacecraft in seasonally variable concentrations. Here we use a one-dimensional time-dependent photochemical model to show that the introduction of high-altitude water can produce a large increase in the H escape rate on a timescale of weeks, quantitatively linking these observations. This H escape pathway produces prompt H loss that is not immediately balanced by O escape, influencing the oxidation state of the atmosphere for millions of years. Martian atmospheric water loss may be dominated by escape via this pathway, which may therefore potentially control the planet’s atmospheric chemistry. Our findings highlight the influence that seasonal atmospheric variability can have on planetary evolution. Most of Mars’s initial water has been lost through atmospheric escape, but seasonal imbalances of measured hydrogen loss compared to oxygen are enigmatic. Photochemical models suggest that seasonal water vapour at high altitudes enhances hydrogen loss rates.
Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma with Osseous Metastases in an Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Patient: A Remarkable Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is known to involve the mucocutaneous tissues and the aero-digestive tracts. In acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, KS has an aggressive course and carries poor prognosis. We present a case of pulmonary KS with osseous metastases as the first presentation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a young male. The lesions impressively decreased in size and numbers following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). CASE REPORT A 34-year-old heterosexual male presented with a one month history of cough and 15-20 pound weight loss within six months. Examination revealed oral thrush, decreased breath sounds and crackles on the right lower lung base. Imaging showed a large right perihilar mass with multiple lytic lesions involving thoracic and lumber vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and clavicles. Blood and sputum cultures, smears for acid fast bacilli, and a QUANTIferon gold test were all negative. He tested positive for HIV and his CD4 count was 7 cells/uL. Bronchoscopy with biopsy was unrevealing. Pathology of the right hilar mass was diagnostic of KS. Following initiation of antiretroviral therapy his condition dramatically improved; repeat chest CT scan showed marked regression of the bony and pulmonary lesions. CONCLUSIONS The dual action of HAART on the recovery of the immune system and against human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) may essentially cause regression of KS lesions.
Effects of Unilateral Ablation of Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus on Localization of Sound in Space

The anteroventral cochlear nucleus is the main source of projections to the medial and lateral superior olives (Stotler, 1953; Warr, 1966; Strominger and Strominger, 1971; Jones, 1979), structures which process binaural information (Brugge and Geisler, 1978) and which most likely play a role in the ability of animals to localize sounds in space (Masterton et al., 1967; Casseday and Neff, 1975). The anteroventral cochlear nucleus also projects to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, as do the medial and lateral superior olives. In our laboratory, experiments on the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) show that the projections from the anteroventral nucleus converge in the lateral part of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus with projections from medial and lateral superior olives (Jones, 1979). Thus, the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, the medial and lateral superior olives and the lateral part of the inferior colliculus seem to be part of a single pathway, the function of which may involve sound localization. To test this idea we trained tree shrews (Tupaia glis) to localize sound, and then tested their ability to localize after unilateral lesions in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. In this report we will give preliminary evidence that such lesions affect localizing behavior in a unique way.
Stage-Dependent Bendiocarb Tolerance in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Topical insecticide bioassays revealed that last-instar German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), nymphs were up to 19.8-fold more tolerant of bendiocarb than adult males. Pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, eliminated this difference. Acetylcholinesterase activity was equally inhibited by bendiocarb in both the last-instar nymphal and adult male stages. The bimolecular rate constant (ki) for adult males was 3.58 × 105 ± 1.0 M−1min−1, which was not statistically different from nymphs at 3.33 × 105 ± 1.1 M−1min−1. Similar ki values indicate that altered acetylcholinesterase does not contribute to the increased nymphal tolerance to bendiocarb. These results indicate that increased detoxification catalyzed by microsomal oxidases is responsible for the enhanced nymphal tolerance to bendiocarb in the Village Green strain.
How to Be an Advocate for Rural Issues: Working With State and National Legislators:

Professionals, families, and individuals with disabilities must work together to advocate for policy and legislation that will improve the lives of those with disabilities. Rural areas have unique ...
The Good and the Bad About the 2017 American College of Physicians Osteoporosis Guidelines

Abstract Purpose The American College of Physicians (ACP) published a set of guidelines on how to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. As the population ages, the overall risk of fractures increases, thus burdening the health care system. These guidelines review current evidence for osteoporosis management, providing an update to the previous 2008 ACP’s guidelines. Methods The ACP put forth 6 recommendations addressing the complexities in osteoporosis management based on evidence available through October 2016 with a focus on bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, and estrogen. Evidence was graded according to recommended strength by using the ACP standard methods. Findings The ACP recommends anti-osteoporosis therapy with 1 of 3 bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, or zoledronic acid) or denosumab in patients with osteoporosis, while excluding anabolic therapies, and recommends against raloxifene. Although bisphosphonates are the mainstay of treatment, anabolic therapy and raloxifene may be used in specific situations. Pharmacologic therapy is recommended for 5 years, oversimplifying length of therapy and failing to promote an individualized patient-centered care approach. Moreover, abrupt discontinuation of denosumab is associated with a decline in bone mineral density (BMD), which must be addressed. Routine monitoring of BMD by dual x-ray absorptiometry is not endorsed during treatment, which leads to underrecognition of management issues. Pharmacologic treatment with bisphosphonates for male osteoporosis is recommended, although therapies such as denosumab and teriparatide are excluded. Finally, the ACP recommends treatment for women aged ≥65 years at high risk for fracture with osteopenia after a discussion of patient preferences, fracture risk profile, and medications. Implications Osteoporosis management is complex. The 2017 ACP guidelines address challenges faced by clinicians but oversimplify more complex issues. These are among a number of guidelines that are available for osteoporosis management, which may be used in combination with other sources to assist clinicians with diagnostic and management strategies.
Une ville des jardins: The Consiglio d’Ornato and the Urban Transformation of Nice (1832-1860):

This article examines the urban transformation of Nice in the early nineteenth century. It does so using the papers of the Consiglio d’Ornato (1832-1860), an urban planning committee charged with o...
The Force of Absent Things: HIV/AIDS, PEPFAR Vietnam, and the Afterlife of Aid

This article examines emerging strategies employed by nongovernmental organizations working in HIV/AIDS prevention and control in Vietnam that have been put to work in the recent past in the contex...
Principal Areas of Vertical Mixing in the Waters of the Gulf of Maine, with Reference to the Total Productivity of the Area

During the period of vernal warming, the geographical distribution of primary production around Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine can be ascribed to spatial changes in the degree to which the water column is mixed. Changes in the degree of mixing can be examined over large areas by using infrared imagery. The mixed regions outlined by thermal fronts are off the Bay of Fundy, the Scotian shelf and around Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals.
Differentiating among Depression, Delirium, and Dementia in Elderly Patients.

A description and explanation of the distinguishing characteristics of depression, delirium, and dementia in elderly patients. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Malignant Lesions of the Larynx and Hypopharynx

Imaging is required to evaluate the submucosal extent of malignant laryngeal lesions. Hypopharyngeal malignancies are also included in this chapter, as due to the close anatomical relationship of both structures, malignancies originating in the hypopharynx commonly involve the larynx.
Managing Human Error, HRA as a Reliability Tool

How humans perform at work, either interacting with other people, machinery or computers affects both safety and the financial bottom line. Improvements in performance have become common goals in almost every industry. Until recently (the last 20 years) humans performed most tasks, now humans perform tasks when management perceives that it is too expensive or complicated to automate. One of the most quoted reasons for automating a process, other than the cost of wages, is the assumption that automated systems don't make mistakes while employee errors are common. Automation is seen as eliminating errors by eliminating the human who makes the errors. However, these advocates forget that people manage and maintain these automated systems. There may be fewer human interactions, but these errors have a greater effect on system failures that impact safety. Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is generally associated with its use in a Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), however the methodology can also be used to assess individual human actions that can potentially lead to critical failures, resulting in serious human injury or financial losses. HRA methodologies have been used to provide a probability that a human action or decision will cause or contribute to a failure. Assuming that the resulting failure event will have serious consequences (e.g. death, serious injury or major financial losses), being able to eliminate or mitigate the failure before it occurs would be useful. Identifying how and where human errors that could cause these failures to occur provides another tool in identifying ways to improve overall plant and system reliability. Putting HRA to a more generic use, a business could define what they consider a “failure” versus what is generally used for PRA and use the methodology to identify and assess the causes and factors contributing to these types of failures. They can gain insight into how to prevent, mitigate or eliminate the problem. This information could provide a basis for management to determine if the risk is acceptable or needs to be addressed. Because a HRA can generate values for specific events and predict the probability of occurrence, the resulting information can provide an additional method for determining both the likelihood of occurrence and a method to compare the effect of modifying hardware, processes or procedures to identify the benefit of implementing changes. HRA methodologies can be used to demonstrate how changes in conditions affecting human performance can affect the probability of a human making a specific error, by showing improvement or degradations in overall reliability of the process or system. This type of use of HRA assessments can be used by management as an additional reliability tool.
The CDC blood lead reference value for children: time for a change.

The purpose of this article is to consider alternate uses of the blood lead reference value for children. There are two possible approaches. Historically the reference value has been used to guide clinical and public interventions for individual children. As the distribution of blood lead levels in the population has been lowered over time, the blood lead level at which interventions are recommended has also been reduced. The use of a reference value of 3.5 μg/dL, based on the 98 percentile of blood lead levels for children in 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is under review. For several reasons, adopting the new reference value to guide clinical and public health management puts practitioners in an untenable position. First, the changes in the brain caused by lead are significant and persistent. However, these adverse impacts are subtle and although clearly identified at the population level, not predictive for individual children. In addition, the recommended interventions have not been shown to reduce blood lead levels once they are elevated. Finally, clinical laboratory and office-based blood lead testing devices are not required to quantify blood lead levels < 4 μg/dL and in many cases cannot reliably test for low blood lead levels. Revising the reference value also will undoubtedly result in diversion of resources away from those population-based interventions which have demonstrated success. We argue for second approach, in the management of lead poisoning in the US from one of evaluation and management at the individual level to one of population based primary prevention. This would require a strategy directed at controlling or eliminating lead in children’s environment before they are exposed. The reference value, as a benchmark, is essential to ensure that primary prevention efforts are successful.
1928 Selection in age-structured populations

Abstract In 1918, R. A. Fisher settled an important debate in population genetics when he showed how biometrical measurements like correlations between relatives could be derived from standard Mendelian genetic models. However, Fisher's work treated populations with discrete generation life-histories. Future research on life-history evolution would require some understanding of how natural selection works in populations with age-structure. H. T. J. Norton's seminal paper in 1928 (Norton, 1928) developed many of the basic results for selection in age-structured populations. Serious work in this area would not begin again Charlesworth, 1970). Norton's most important result was to show that the outcome of selection at a single-locus could be predicted from the genotypic intrinsic rates of increase.
Advances in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of overactive bladder.

Purpose of review To present the current literature on the pharmacologic management of overactive bladder, including combination therapies, agents still in clinical development, and special considerations related to individuals with cognitive decline, frailty and cardiovascular risk. Recent findings Combination therapy is shown to be more effective than monotherapy, without additional side effects. Preliminary studies on novel treatment methods, including new medications, as well was novel use of established medications, demonstrates improved efficacy with a favorable side effect profile. Investigation into new target pathways may be an area for future pharmacologic development. Special consideration should be given when prescribing anti-muscarinic medication in the frail adult population. Overactive bladder has been associated with frailty and anti-muscarinic medications have been associated with the worsening cognitive decline. Summary Combination therapy is a safe and effective alternative to patients with refractory overactive bladder. Caution should be taken in prescribing medications for the frail older adult, and alternative first- and third-line treatments should be considered. Future studies should involve long term data on safety and outcomes stratified by age with objective measurements of cognition and frailty.
Solubility and Surface Thermodynamics of Conducting Polymers by Inverse Gas Chromatography, IV: Polypyrrole/Titanium Oxide

A wealth of physico-chemical information has been obtained on an insoluble and crystalline polypyrrole/titanium oxide (PPY/TiO2) using the Inverse Gas Chromatography Method (IGC). Twenty-five solvents (test compounds) with different specific interactions were used. PPY/TiO2 was synthesized and characterized by FTIR and DSC methods. The following characteristics of PPY/TiO2 were explored: changes in morphology, the strength of solvent–PPy/TiO2 interactions, dispersive surface energy, percent crystallinity, solvents and PPy/TiO2 solubility parameters, and molar heat of sorption, mixing and evaporation ($$\Delta H_{1}^{s}$$, $$\Delta H_{1}^{\infty }$$, $$\Delta H_{1}^{v}$$). Interaction parameters were corrected to be free from the solvents’ chemical nature. Nonane, propyl acetate, and methyl ethyl ketone showed stronger interactions and a higher affinity to PPy/TiO2; yet, none of these solvents can dissolve PPy/TiO2. IGC showed that PPy/TiO2 has 59.34 mJ/m2 dispersive surface energy at 100 °C and 98% crystalline at 60 °C. Comprehensive solvents and PPy/TiO2 solubility parameters were obtained and comparted with that of soluble and insoluble polymers. Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) along with DSC and FTIR methods investigated the morphology, surface energy, degree of crystallinity and the thermodynamics of conducting polypyrrole/TiO2. The solubility parameters were calculated for 27 solvents.
School Geography under COVID-19: Geographical Knowledge in the German Formal Education

This paper aims to explore some of the changes affecting the teaching and learning of secondary geography as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, it sets a focus on geographical knowledge and its alteration in times of extraordinary measures to diagnose its challenges. Against the background of current debates on competence- and standard-based education from the sociology and history of education as well as from geography education, problem-centred interviews served to explore the perspectives of 15 German secondary school teachers on the alterations their Geography teaching suffered since the COVID-19 lockdown. Analytical categories were general challenges, communication with stakeholders, educational media usage, and the role of COVID-19 in geographical knowledge acquisition. The results uncovered, along with systemic challenges, two main areas in need of consideration to redefine subject-specific knowledge in times of competence-based education, namely geography teachers' professional identity and perspectives on the role of geographical competencies.
Prognostic Impact of Histologic Grade for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

While numerous factors affect prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the comparative impact of histologic grade has not been well described. Moreover, indications for external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) remain imprecise. We evaluate clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes for PTC stratified by grade. We profiled histologic grade for PTC (well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated) via hospital (National Cancer Database) and population-based (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) registries. Cox regression was used to adjust for clinicopathologic covariates. Statistical interactions between subtypes and the effect of EBRT on survival were assessed. Collectively, worsening clinicopathologic factors (age, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, nodal spread, M1 disease) and outcomes (disease-free survival, overall survival) correlated with less differentiated state, across all histologic grades (p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed escalating hazard with loss of differentiation relative to well-differentiated PTC (moderately differentiated hazard ratio [HR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.41, p = 0.02; poorly differentiated HR 2.62, 95% CI 2.23–3.08, p < 0.001). Correspondingly, greater survival benefit was associated with EBRT for poorly differentiated cases (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18–0.72, p = 0.004). This finding was upheld after landmark analysis to address potential immortal time bias (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17–0.80, p = 0.01). Worsening histologic grade in PTC is independently associated with parallel escalation in mortality risk, on a scale approximating or surpassing established thyroid cancer risk factors. On preliminary analysis, EBRT was associated with improved survival in the most aggressive or least differentiated subvariants. Further investigation is warranted to examine the efficacy of EBRT for select poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
Low carbohydrate diets should NOT be recommended for patients with familiar hypercholesterolaemia.

Diamond et al 1 have questioned the efficacy of low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet to reduce LDL cholesterol in individuals with familiar hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and suggested that these patients be introduced to low carbohydrate diets (LCD). There are several problems with their suggestions, the main one is addressed in this letter. Evidence from animal and human studies showed that LCD, which usually are also high in protein (LCHP) and/or fat, exacerbate atherosclerosis independently of ‘significant alterations in traditional atherogenic serum lipids, serum inflammatory markers and histological indicators of inflammatory infiltration’2 and they …
Economic Engagement of Mothers: Entrepreneurship, Employment, and the Motherhood Wage Penalty

The economic value women bring to their own households and to the broader economy is well-documented. In fact, nearly all of the economic gains that have occurred among middle-class families since 1970 have come from the increased earnings of women. Mothers make substantial contributions to the finances of many families and households. In 2018, nearly half of the more than 30 million families with children under 18 in the United States had either a single mother or a married mother contributing at least 40% of a couple’s joint earnings.
Heterojunction structures for reduced noise in large-area and sensitive perovskite x-ray detectors.

Polycrystalline perovskites can be readily fabricated into large areas using solution depositions; however, they suffer from large dark currents that are tens to hundreds times higher than industri...
Wildfire Detection Using Streaming Satellite Imagery

We propose a novel wildfire detection algorithm for multispectral satellite images. By observing that wildfire pixels are sparse outliers residing in a spatially correlated background, we isolate them using robust principal component analysis. A novel cloud masking approach based on T-point thresholding is also proposed to reduce false alarms. Compared to existing methods, our proposed method adapts to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of satellite images, does not require training on labeled images, and is computationally efficient for online monitoring. We present an application of our proposed algorithm to the GOES-R imagery in monitoring recent California wildfires.
High-throughput β-galactosidase assay for bacterial cell-based reporter systems

Reporting on a Reporter Routine measurement of lacZ expression (β-galactosidase) in bacterial two-hybrid assays is used to determine the relative strengths of various protein-DNA and protein-protei...
Atilio B. Gamerro (1925-1994)

Scientists learn more about our world and ourselves every day, and many of these insights are made public through the internet. This should present an opportunity for every individual to be science literate and even engaged in science. However, conflicting headlines and false information create a confusing and suspicious landscape for learning. In this onslaught of information, it is easy to forget what science actually is, and why it is so important to society. My goal is to communicate science differently. Science is not a collection of facts. Science is a process, a continual questioning of what we know and an infinite search for deeper understanding. I focus on the wonder of science and highlight how much we still have to learn.Synesthesia videoMental Illness video
Culture and Cognitive Development

Although it is widely believed that culture is fundamental to cognitive development, theoretical and empirical advances are impeded by severe methodological problems which render firm conclusions elusive. Keywords: cognition; culture; development; Piaget; Vygotsky
Posthemorrhagic anemia and shock in the newborn; a review.

Acute fetal blood-loss usually occurs during labor and delivery. This condition may be the second commonest cause for anemia in infants at birth. Although the causes for fetal hemorrhage are diverse, they result in a single entity, posthemorrhagic anemia or shock immediately after birth. The signs and management are essentially the same regardless of cause. It is suggested that "posthemorrhagic anemia and shock in the newborn" be an accepted and standard pediatric diagnosis. The infants are pale but have no hepato-splenomegaly or edema. If the condition is severe the infants have weakness, tachycardia and distress out of proportion to any degree of cyanosis. Pallor persists in spite of administration of oxygen. Under such conditions immediate re-expansion of blood volume is imperative and lifesaving.
The N/Si Abundance Ratio in 15 Damped Lyα Galaxies: Implications for the Origin of Nitrogen

?????Calculations derived from Galactic chemical evolution models indicate that there should be considerable scatter in the observed N/O ratios at a fixed metallicity (O/H) for galaxies with very low metallicities, due to the delayed release of primary N from intermediate-mass stars relative to that of O from short-lived massive stars. Moreover, the scatter should increase progressively as metallicity decreases. Such effects have not been convincingly demonstrated by observations of H II regions in nearby metal-poor galaxies, raising doubts about the time-delay model of primary N production. Pettini et al. and Lipman et al. realized the utility of high-redshift damped Ly? galaxies for gaining further insights into the origin of N, and discussed abundances in three damped Ly? galaxies. Since abundance measurements for O are generally unavailable for damped Ly? galaxies, they used N/Si or N/S in place of N/O, under the reasonable assumption that the abundance ratios O/Si and O/S are the same as solar in damped Ly? galaxies. We discuss observations of heavy-element abundances in 15 high-redshift (z > 2) damped Ly? galaxies, many of which have metallicities comparable to or lower than the lowest metallicity galaxy known locally (I Zw 18). We find that the N/Si ratios in damped Ly? galaxies exhibit a very large scatter (~1 dex) at [Si/H] ~ -2 and that there is some indication that the scatter increases with decreasing metallicity. Consideration of various sources of uncertainty suggests that they are not likely the main causes of the large scatter. These results provide strong support for the time-delay model of primary N production in intermediate-mass stars if, indeed, O/Si solar in damped Ly? galaxies.
Private Broadcasters and the Public Interest: Notes Toward a 'Third Way'

The communications revolution has thrown into question the value of public interest obligations for television broadcasters. But the distinctive nature of this unusual market--with "winner- take-all" features, with viewers as a commodity, with pervasive externalities from private choices, and with market effects on preferences as well as the other way around--justifies a continuing role for government regulation in the public interest. At the same time, regulation best takes the form, not of anachronistic command-and-control regulation, but of (1) disclosure requirements, (2) economic incentives ("pay or play"), and (3) voluntary self-regulation through a privately administered code. Some discussion is devoted to free speech and antitrust issues, and to the different possible shapes of liability and property rules in this context, treating certain programming as a public "good" akin to pollution as a public bad.
Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory.

Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Alfred Gell. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 271 pp.
Sex/Gender Differences in Metabolism and Behavior: Influence of Sex Chromosomes and Hormones

Mammalians, including mice, rats, pigs, and dogs, used in scientific research are often males. Such bias is evident because researchers avoid using female animals as they are concerned that their reproductive cycles and hormone fluctuations may confound the results of their studies, which may lead to some disparity observed between preclinical studies and clinical trials. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States has been directing basic and clinical scientists to consider potential sex differences and perform their studies using cells and tissues derived from both males and females and using both male and female subjects since 2014. We expect an increase in research attention on study of sex differences during the upcoming era.
Geographic Information Systems: Implications for Problem Solving.

During the 1980s a revolutionary type of computer software called Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was developed for integrating environmental data bases with automated map makers. Educational applications of GIS are presently gaining serious attention, and promise to impact US classrooms of tomorrow. Because technophiles focus initially on hardware and software issues, the expansion of educational technologies tends to outpace the associated knowledge base concerning learning and teaching. The emerging consensus is that systematic investigations of how technological innovations can support learning should precede the adoption of new educational practices. This study compared expert/novice-based problem-solving behaviors with a GIS program called ArcView. GIS problem-solving strategies described during reflective think-aloud sessions were evaluated through naturalistic research methods and were analyzed for the occurrence of thematic elements. Three GIS problem-solving typologies were identified. Experts relied on logical formulations to query the data base. Among the novice population, trial-and-error methods and midlevel cognitive strategies that relied on spatial analyses were most prevalent. As novices progressed through the problem set, higher-level cognitive operations were used more frequently. The findings suggest the importance of additional cognitive studies and classroom evaluations of various instructional models prior to the wholesale introduction of GIS technology into high school classrooms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effective interactions and superfluid energy gaps for low density neutron matter

Abstract We use a polarization potential approach to calculate properties of neutron matter at sub-nuclear densities with particular attention to the superfluid pairing interaction. Our model divides the quasi-particle scattering amplitude at the Fermi surface into two distinct parts: a direct particle-hole irreducible piece and an induced particle-hole reducible contribution. The direct part is constructed from realistic two-nucleon potentials. Short-range correlations are taken into account phenomenologically by modifying the potentials at short distances. The induced contribution is generated as a self-consistent summation of particle-hole reducible diagrams. The resulting quasi-particle scattering amplitude is fully antisymmetric for all moment 0⩽ q ⩽2 k F . Realistic bounds on the s-wave pairing gap are given and consequences for the dynamics of rotating neutron stars are briefly discussed.
Neuroblastoma detection using serum proteomic profiling: a novel mining technique for cancer?

Abstract Background Serum proteins in neuroblastoma (NB), such as neuron-specific enolase and lactate dehydrogenase, are used as nonspecific markers of disease severity. In this study, we have generated serum protein profiles that correlate with NB by applying proteomic technologies to uncover, at the protein level, serum polypeptide expression patterns in patients with NB. Methods Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to generate protein expression spectra in human NB (group I, n=18) and healthy children (group II, n=17) sera. Groups I and II mass spectral data were compared after baseline subtraction. Peaks with high signal-to-noise ratios were selected and grouped into bins with various intervals along mass-to-charge axis. Two-sample t test and 3-fold cross validation were used to identify differential biomarkers between groups I and II. Results Significant differentially expressed proteins were identified between groups I and II ( P ≤ .05). The discriminatory features (proteomic patterns) of cancer from normal sera were successfully identified using the classification algorithm. The average classification performance after 3-fold cross validation was 87.26%. Conclusion Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry is suitable for preliminary assessment of NB and could potentially provide a noninvasive diagnosis of NB. We propose that surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization provides a novel method for NB diagnosis because direct observations of spectral differences between normal and NB sera are possible.