cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of spouses over each other's contraceptive attitudes in Ghana.

Quantitative information from 1010 matched husband-wife pairs derived from Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data collected in 1988 and qualitative information from focus group research in Ghana were used in the analysis. 2 possible mechanisms that might affect a spouses beliefs and/or behavior include the selection effect and the dominance effect. These 2 effects together comprise the spousal influence effect which measures the extent to which an individual influences a spouses reproductive attitudes. The distribution in the Ghana DHS of the individual variables for husbands and wives that were used in the regression analysis indicated that 60% of the men had some form of formal education but only about 43% of their wives had gone to school. Among 54% of couples both spouses approved of family planning (FP) and 21% disapproved of it. 49% of uneducated and 54% of educated wives of uneducated men respectively approved of FP. For husbands with primary education this proportion rose to 62 and 82% for uneducated and educate wives. The net of the effects of education or being married to a man who wanted no more children increased a womans odds of contraceptive approval by as much as 80%. For uneducated wives the probability of contraceptive approval for those married to uneducated husbands was 0.48 compared with 0.65 for those married to husbands with only primary education. The corresponding probability for educated wives was 0.69 and 0.82 respectively. The probability of contraceptive approval among men with secondary or higher education increased from 0.84 if their wives were uneducated to 0.88 if their wives had some formal education. Results from both data sources showed that spousal influence rather than being mutual or reciprocal was an exclusive right exercised only by the husband. The limited impact of FP programs in Ghana and most of sub-Saharan Africa was attributable to the continued neglect of men as equal targets of such programs.
Vehicle Routing Efficiency—A Comparison of Districting Analysis and the Clarke-Wright Method

Continued cost increases associated with the transportation of raw materials and final products are forcing management to examine more closely the economic efficiency of their operations. A basic problem facing the transportation manager is to schedule and direct a fleet of vehicles to a set of stops or destinations, such that only one vehicle visits each stop. The objective is to minimize the total cost of delivery. Normally, travel distance is used as a surrogate measure of cost, or it is assumed that cost is proportional to distance. Most analyses attempt to satisfy this minimization objective while being constrained by such variables as vehicle capacity, maximum route length, maximum route time, and special customer service time constraints.
Fluid loading with whole blood or ringer's lactate solution during cpr in dogs☆

The influence of fluid loading during CPR on oxygen uptake and blood flow was investigated in 18 dogs (12-26 kg). Blood flows were measured with radioactive microspheres at 5 (control CPR), 13 and 20 min after the initiation of ventricular fibrillation and CPR. After 10 min, 9 dogs received a rapid infusion of whole blood (11 ml/kg, i.v.) and 9 dogs received Ringer's solution (11 ml/kg, i.v.). Oxygen uptake was not significantly altered by fluid loading with either whole blood or Ringer's solution. Fluid loading increased cardiac output 34% over the 5 min control value. However, left ventricular perfusion decreased to 74% and brain flow decreased to 65% of control. At 20 min, cardiac output and brain flow returned to near control values, while left ventricular flow remained low. Changes in organ perfusion can be explained in part by the concurrent changes in blood pressures. Central venous diastolic pressure increased significantly (from 9 to 14 mmHg) after fluid load. However, central arterial diastolic pressure did not rise proportionately (from 32 to 34 mmHg). Hence, the central A-V diastolic pressure difference decreased. Although fluid loading during CPR improved cardiac output, flow to the heart and brain decreased. Further, there was no increase in oxygen consumption, indicating that fluid loading did not improve metabolic status.
Stress produced in a solid by cavitation

The stresses produced in a solid by cavitation generated in distilled water by 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐kHz vibrations have been determined by a transducer technique. The measured stress pulses are attributed to the concerted collapse of the whole cloud of bubbles created by the pressure changes in the water rather than to the independent effects of individual bubbles. The magnitude and duration of the stress pulses are characteristic of those of a shock wave and can be related directly to the degree and mode of damage which they produce in a solid.
Feasibility and error in linear extrapolation titration procedures

Abstract Errors are considered for titration procedures in which a least squares linear extrapolation of data before and after the end-point is performed to estimate the end-point. The error caused by the titration reaction not proceeding to completion is considered. The effect of the formation constant, concentration of constituent, the range of the data used, the number of data points employed and the initial visual estimate of the end-point is discussed. Also, the titration error caused by error in the measurements is calculated.
Sensors-less neural maximum power point tracking control of induction machines wind generators by growing neural gas and minor component analysis EXIN + reduced order observer

Subject of this work is a maximum power point tracking technique for high-performance wind generator with induction machine based on the growing neural gas (GNG) network and the minor component analysis (MCA) EXIN+neuron. The main idea is to create a fully sensors-less system, meaning a system neither with the wind speed sensors nor the machine speed sensor. The GNG network has been used, trained off-line, to learn the turbine direct characteristic surface torque against wind speed and machine speed and implemented on-line, exploiting the function inversion capability of the GNG, to obtain the wind tangential speed on the basis of the estimated torque and measured machine speed. The machine reference speed is then computed on the basis of the optimal tip speed ratio. With regard to the power conversion stage, a back-to-back configuration with two insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) voltage source inverters has been chosen, one on the machine side and the other on the grid side. The field-oriented control of the machine has been integrated with an intelligent sensorless technique, the so-called MCA EXIN+reduced order observer. The performance of the adopted technique has been verified experimentally on a suitably devised test setup.
Can nominal expressions achieve multiple goals?: an empirical study

While previous work suggests that multiple goals can be addressed by a nominal expression, there is no systematic work describing what goals in addition to identification might be relevant and how speakers can use nominal expressions to achieve them. In this paper, we first hypothesize a number of communicative goals that could be addressed by nominal expressions in task-oriented dialogues. We then describe the intentional influences model for nominal expression generation that attempts to simultaneously address the identification goal and these additional goals with a single nominal expression. Our evaluation results show that the intentional influences model fits the nominal expressions in the COCONUT corpus as well as previous accounts that focus solely on the identification goal.
Relationships between dental arch widths and widths of the face and head.

Abstract This paper treats three problems: the relationship between maxillary arch width and width of the upper face, the relationship between maxillary arch width and width of the head, and the relationship between mandibular arch width and width of the lower face. Original findings are reported on a sample of North American white children residing in or near Iowa City, Iowa. These findings are integrated with relevant materials from numerous investigations in the dental and anthropologic literature. Of the three relationships brought under study, the composite information is most substantial for maxillary arch width with upper face width. No strong association is found between transverse dimensions of the head or face and widths of the dental arches. It is concluded that none of the relations studied is particularly useful to the clinician in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment.
IM2MAP: deriving maps from georeferenced community contributed photo collections

This paper investigates georeferenced social multimedia for geographic discovery. We propose a novel framework wherein large collections of community contributed photo collections are used to map phenomena not easily observable through other means. We employ a regression framework in which a limited number of labeled training images are used to learn a regressor. This regressor is then applied to large collections of novel images whose locations are known and the predictions are used to create maps.We propose two novel extensions to a standard regression approach. In the first, a graph Laplacian semi-supervised learning approach leverages unlabeled images to improve the accuracy of the regressor. This is important because it allows us to exploit large collections of community contributed photos while limiting the number of images that need to be manually labeled. In the second extension, the regressor is based on a novel composite visual-geographic location kernel which considers both the visual characteristics and the geographic locations of images.We apply our approach to predict the scenicness of geographic locations at the country-scale based on the ground-level photos at the locations. While our results are noisy, this preliminary investigation demonstrates the feasibility of geographic discovery from georeferenced social media as well as the advantages provided by our extensions to a standard regression approach.
Babies in bathtubs: Public views of private behaviors represented in the Flickr domain

Publishing personal content online raises issues of openness, access and privacy. While these issues have been treated in the literature, a substantial subset is youth-oriented, typically focusing on the potential for negative outcomes from such disclosure and youths' presumed lack of awareness of the consequences of their publication activities. Recent research suggests, however, that adults also demonstrate a lack of discretion in their own publication activities. Through examining a particular class of content - adult publication of photos depicting “babies in bathtubs,” and other candid and bare moments, to Flickr, a Web-based photo sharing and management application - this study aims to quantify and describe issues of openness, access and privacy to raise awareness that these issues are not limited to generational distinctions, by 1) characterizing images across multiple topical domains from two contextual perspectives, contributor and user, and 2) identifying associations between these image characteristics and contributor behaviors and profiles. The primary assumption motivating this research exercise is that online indiscretion is a youth problem, but in fact, it is broader than that; the collective “we” are all subject to failing to meet the assumed societal norms for deliberate or accidental privacy and discretion when publishing personal content to the Web.
Agricultural virtual water flows within the United States

Trade plays an increasingly important role in the global food system, which is projected to be strained by population growth, economic development, and climate change. For this reason, there has been a surge of interest in the water resources embodied in international trade, referred to as “global virtual water trade.” In this paper, we present a comprehensive assessment of virtual water flows within the United States (U.S.), a country with global importance as a major agricultural producer and trade power. This is the first study of domestic virtual water flows based upon intranational food transfer empirical data and it provides insight into how the properties of virtual water transfers vary across scales. We find that the volume of virtual water flows within the U.S. is equivalent to 51% of international flows, which is slightly higher than the U.S. food value and mass shares, due to the fact that water-intensive meat commodities comprise a much larger fraction of food transfers within the U.S.. The U.S. virtual water flow network is more social, homogeneous, and equitable than the global virtual water trade network, although it is still not perfectly equitable. Importantly, a core group of U.S. States is central to the network structure, indicating that both domestic and international trade may be vulnerable to disruptive climate or economic shocks in these U.S. States.
Rescue ventilation with high frequency oscillation in premature baboons with hyaline membrane disease.

We tested the hypothesis that high-frequency oscillatory ventilation can be efficacious in hyaline membrane disease (HMD) even after lung injury is established. We compared high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) rescue (n = 8; 15 Hz; I:E = 1:2) after 8 hours of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with positive end-expiratory pressure, to continued PPV (control, n = 7) in premature baboons with HMD over a 24 hour period. Ventilator settings and physiologic parameters were recorded hourly. At necropsy (24 hours), lung status pressure-volume curves, alveolar phospholipids (PL), platelet activating factor-like activity (PAF), and lung water were determined. Roentgenographic and morphologic differences in lung inflation were quantified by standard techniques. No intergroup differences were found in heart rate, blood pressures, ventilator settings, FiO2, blood gases, or chest radiographs during the first 8 hours. Both groups had progressive physiologic disease. At 8 hours, HFOV-rescue animals, in contrast to controls, had immediate significant time-related improvements in Pa/AO2 (at the same Paw) and in oxygenation index (Pa/AO2/Paw) lasting for 16 hours. No significant intergroup differences in lung/body weight, lung water, lung mechanics, PL, PAF, or frequency of moderate to severe roentgenographic changes existed at 24 hours. Although all animals had morphologic evidence of HMD, saccular aeration was more uniform and airway dilatation less evident in HFOV rescue (P < 0.0001). Based on the improved gas exchange, we conclude that HFOV rescue was efficacious in the “late” treatment of HMD, presumably because of the more uniform saccular aeration. Though HFOV rescue did not appear to reverse lung injury incurred during the first 8 hours of PPV, it may have interrupted the progression of injury, as seen in the PPV control group.
A survey of census bureau population projection methods

Population projections methods of the U.S. Census Bureau draw upon several different traditions of forecasting: demographic accounting, judgmental, time series, deterministic, and explanatory. This paper reviews each of the forecasting traditions in population projections, describes the U.S. Census Bureau's current methods for national and state population projections, and proposes new hybrid approaches such as demographic-time series methods for national fertility projections and economic-demographic methods for state migration projections. Throughout the article, possible parallels with forecasting in other disciplines are noted.
The placental transfer and colostral storage of vitamin D in the bovine.

Summary The effects of supplementing the dry cow ration with 100,000 I.U. of vitamin D in the form of irradiated yeast once daily for 8 weeks prepartum at two different seasons of the year have been studied. The following results were obtained: 1.An increase in the vitamin D content of the blood plasma was observed in those cows receiving the vitamin D supplement as compared to those levels obtained in the non-supplemented cows. 2.No consisteint differences were found in the vitamin D content of blood plasma and liver of newborn calves from supplemented dams as compared to newborn calves from control dams. 3.The colostral storage of vitamin D was materially increased by pre-partal supplementation of vitamin D. 4.There was a seasonal trend in vitamin D content of maternal blood plasma, blood plasma and liver Of the newborn calf, and colostrum. The values obtained during the latter part of the pasture season were materially higher than those values obtained at the latter part of the spring feeding period.
Testing of glancing incidence mirrors using sampled profile measurements

This paper reports on the development of a deterministic method of specifying the finish glancing-incidence mirrors in terms of their imaging performance. As a first step we have calculated the two-dimensional intensity distribution in the focal region of an elliptical mirror including the effects of small, arbitrary finish errors. This calculation is based on the physical-optics diffraction model, using the sampling theorem to interpolate between measured profile points, thereby avoiding numerical integration and leading to simple analytic results. In addition to giving deterministic image intensity distributions for particular profile data, it provides a means for validating and extending earlier test methods based on profile statistics -- the root-mean-square (RMS) finish error and its power-spectral density (PSD).
Impedance studies of porous electrodes

Abstract Various approaches to the application of impedance methods to the study of porous electrodes are reviewed with reference to two examples. These are: (i) double-layer charging in porous structures; (ii) fuel cell gas-diffusion electrodes. Simple pore models are described first, and their extension to cases with charge-transfer and mass transport is then discussed. The thin film and distributed agglomerate models for gas electrodes are also described, and, finally, a numerical approach to the solution of the alternating curent and potential distribution in an arbitrary geometry by solution of Laplace's equation is mentioned. The relationship between pore models and macroscopic approaches is outlined.
Enhanced sensing in a double-Raman superluminal ring laser

We investigate the feasibility of realizing a superluminal ring laser with enhanced sensitivity by using the gain produced via double-Raman pumping in an inverted three-level system. If the laser cavity is tuned to the center between the two gain peaks produced in such a system, it is expected to experience an effective negative dispersion, which can be tuned to the condition necessary for enhancing the sensitivity of the laser frequency to a change in the cavity length. Using a model of two idealized, independent Lorentzian gains, we solve the laser equations to show the enhancement of sensitivity. We then extend our analysis to calculate the gain profile in a real lambda system. Unlike the idealized system mentioned above, where the dual gain peaks are modeled as two adjacent Lorentzians in a manner that ignores the relative coherence between the Raman pumps, we present a more accurate model where this coherence is not neglected. As such, the Hamiltonian remains time dependent after making the rotating wave transformation. Using an approximation --- valid for practical systems --- where higher order terms in the density matrix are neglected, we determine the gain experienced by a weak probe beam. Numerical techniques are needed to incorporate the resulting gain and dispersion profiles into the laser equation to determine accurately the behavior of the superluminal laser. This work will be carried out in the near future. Experimental realization of a superluminal laser based on this approach may prove to be easier than other approaches proposed previously.
Dual thyroid ectopia: A case report and literature review

Abstract Ectopic thyroid gland is a type of thyroid dysgenesis which also includes abnormalities such as thyroid hemiagenesis and persistent thyroglossal duct tracts. These abnormalities occur anywhere from 1 in 100,000 to 300,000 live births. Only 30 cases of dual thyroid ectopia have been reported. The authors present a case of dual thyroid ectopia to discuss diagnostic and management strategies. The study is a case report encountered at a tertiary health care center. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dual thyroid ectopia are discussed.
Magnetic X-ray scattering study of random field effects in Mn0.75Zn0.25F2

We report a detailed synchrotron X-ray scattering study of the magnetic correlations in two samples of Mn0.75Zn0.25F2 as a function of temperature and applied field. The critical behavior of this system is believed to be isomorphic with that of the three-dimensional random field Ising model (RFIM). On cooling in an external magnetic field (FC), the first sample exhibits a transition to long range order (LRO) in the near-surface region, at a field dependent temperature,T N (H). In contrast, bulk neutron scattering studies show a long lived metastable domain state forming below a metastability boundary,T M (H). The transition temperatureT M (H), lies below the metastability boundary,T M (H). The temperature difference,T M (H)−T M (H), increases with increasing field and agrees closely with the value deduced from an extrapolation from aboveT M (H) of earlier, equilibrium neutron scattering results on the spin-spin correlation length. On cooling, the order parameter exponent is found to be large, β=0.30±0.05. We speculate that there is an imbalance in the random fields in the neighborhood of linear surface defects (scratches) in this sample, and that the consequent net staggered field initiates a regular random Ising transition. The second sample was cut from the first and underwent a more extensive polishing process, resulting in a smoother surface with a small density of visible defects. Interestingly, it does not attain a LRO state on cooling, but rather it forms a domain state consistent with that observed by neutron diffraction. Both samples may be prepared in a LRO state, either by cooling in zero field and subsequently applying a field (ZFC) or, at high fields, by heating from the XY phase (FHXY). We have studied the evolution of the metastable LRO state in each sample on warming. We find universal behavior in both samples at all fields studied. Specifically there is a powerlaw-like decay of the order parameter with exponent β=0.20±0.05, and a rounded transition region which may be described by a Gaussian distribution of transition temperatures. The width of this distribution scales asH2. A scaling plot of all the warming data as a function of the scaling variable (T−T C (H)/H2 is constructed. We label this non-equilibrium pseudo-critical behavior, “trompe l'oeil critical behaviour.” Phenomenologically, these results enable us to explain many previous, apparently contradictory, results in the literature.
Culturally Sensitive Intervention for Latina Women with Eating Disorders: A Case Study

Objective: We describe cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa (CBT-BN) with a Latina woman that incorporates culturally relevant topics. Method: A single case report of a 31-year-old monolingual Latina woman with BN describes the application of a couple-based intervention adjunctive to CBT-BN. Results: The patient reported no binge and purge episodes by session 20 and remained symptom free until the end of treatment (session 26). Improvement was observed in the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE) comparing baseline (EDE=5.74) with post treatment (EDE=1.25). Conclusions: The case illustrates how cultural adaptations uwej"cu"kpenwfkpi"c"hcokn{"ogodgt."dgkpi"Þgzkdng"qp"vqrkeu"cpf"uejgfwnkpi."cpf"rtqxkfkpi"ewnvwtcnn{"tgngxcpv"kpvgtxgpvkqpu"ecp"ngcf"vq"uweeguuhwn"eqorngvkqp"qh"c" course of therapy and facilitate ongoing interventions to ensure continued recovery. Resumen
Kinds of Thinking, Styles of Reasoning

There is no more central issue to education than thinking and reasoning. Certainly, such an emphasis chimes with the rationalist and cognitive deep structure of the Western educational tradition. The contemporary tendency reinforced by cognitive science is to treat thinking ahistorically and aculturally as though physiology, brain structure and human evolution are all there is to say about thinking that is worthwhile or educationally significant. The movement of critical thinking also tends to treat thinking ahistorically, focusing on universal processes of logic and reasoning. Against this trend and against the scientific spirit of the age this paper presents a historical and philosophical picture of thinking. By contrast with dominant cognitive and logical models the paper emphasizes kinds of thinking and styles of reasoning. The paper grows out of interests primarily in the work of Nietzsche, Heidegger and Wittgenstein, and in the extension and development of their work in Critical Theory and French po...
Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS

Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS, by Ronald H. Heck, Scott L. Thomas, and Lynn N. Tabata, New York, Routledge, 2010, 343 pp., US$88.65 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84872-862-2 Heck, Tho...
Crisis and emergency on the psychiatric ward

The hospital psychiatric emergency is usually conceptualized as a single patient requiring immediate attention.1–3 Ewalt defines an emergency as occurring “when an individual is faced with a situation beyond his particular adaptive capacity at a particular time.” Miller defines it as a “sudden or rapid disorganization in his capacity to control his behavior or to carry out his personal, vocational or social activities.” Although this restricted view is valuable in providing a guide to the immediate management of the emergency, it fails to take into account the relationship between the patient's social environment and his behavior. Usually there are intense group issues associated with the emergency that have been latently present prior to it and are of central importance to its development and resolution.4 An awareness of the group issues provides the opportunity for prevention and more successful therapeutic work, as opposed to emergency-centered management. In this paper we present a conceptual model that facilitates the recognition and evaluation of ward emergencies. The evolution of emergencies and their prevention and management are discussed. The term crisis will refer to persistent group behavior that threatens or prevents the psychiatric ward from accomplishing its work as a therapeutic agent. Thus a crisis may be chronic, may be not consciously perceived, and may not need emergency action. It may, however, evolve into an emergency. The term emergency will refer to ward behavior that is grossly disruptive and requires immediate management. It occurs when a crisis comes to focus in an individual or a small subgroup of individuals and usually consists of an imminent threat to physical safety via self-destructive or assaultive behavior. By so defining a psychiatric emergency—which is usually viewed as the end result of intrapsychic events—we wish to call attention to aspects of group structure and functioning that may precipitate the emergency. Concepts described in this paper follow from the ideas of group function espoused by Wilfred Bion.5 Bion observed that any work group has covert tasks as well as the overt, agreed-upon work tasks. For this article, the clinical staff and patients of a psychiatric unit comprise the work group, and the restoration to health of the patients is the work task.
Gauge Field Production in Axion Inflation: Consequences for Monodromy, non-Gaussianity in the CMB, and Gravitational Waves at Interferometers

Models of inflation based on axions, which owe their popularity to the robustness against uv corrections, have also a very distinct class of signatures. The relevant interactions of the axion are a nonperturbative oscillating contribution to the potential and a shift-symmetric coupling to gauge fields. We review how these couplings affect the cosmological perturbations via a unified study based on the in-in formalism. We then note that, when the inflaton coupling to gauge fields is high enough to lead to interesting observational results, the backreaction of the produced gauge quanta on the inflaton dynamics becomes relevant during the final stage of inflation, and prolongs its duration by about 10 e-foldings. We extend existing results on gravity wave production in these models to account for this late inflationary phase. The strong backreaction phase results in an enhancement of the gravity wave signal at the scales of interferometers. As a consequence, the signal is potentially observable at interferometers such as Advanced LIGO/Virgo for the most natural duration of inflation in such models. Finally, we explicitly compute the axion couplings to gauge fields in string theory construction of axion-monodromy inflation and identify cases where they can trigger interesting phenomenological effects.
Further molecular characterization of the cloned Legionella pneumophila zinc metalloprotease.

Abstract On the basis of DNA sequence similarities to other Zn metalloproteases, further studies of the synthesis, processing, and enzymatic structure of the cloned Legionella protease gene, proA, were initiated. TnphoA fusions indicated that the entire proA open reading frame was transcribed and translated, including the 5' leader sequence. The results also suggested that the entire polypeptide was exported to the periplasm before cleavage to produce the mature protease. A site-directed mutation in the putative active site, changing glutamate 378 to asparagine, abolished proteolytic activity and cytotoxicity.
Surgical volume and quality of care for esophageal resection: do high-volume hospitals have fewer complications?

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that high-volume hospitals (HVHs) have lower mortality rates than low-volume hospitals (LVHs). However, little is known regarding the relationship of morbidity to hospital volume. The objective of the current study was to investigate the relative incidence of postoperative complications after esophageal resection at HVHs and LVHs. Methods All patients discharged from a nonfederal, acute-care hospital in Maryland after esophageal resection from 1994 to 1998 were included (n = 366). Rates of 10 postoperative complications were compared at HVHs and LVHs. Risk-adjusted analyses were performed using multiple logistic regression. Results High-volume hospitals had a mortality rate of 2.5% compared with 15.4% at LVHs ( p p p = 0.01), pulmonary failure (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.6 to 14; p = 0.002), septicemia (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1 to 15; p = 0.04), reintubation (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.1; p = 0.004), surgical complications (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.9; p = 0.001), and aspiration (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.3; p = 0.04). Conclusions Patients undergoing esophageal resection at LVHs were at a markedly increased risk of postoperative complications and death. Pulmonary complications are particularly prevalent at LVHs and contribute to the death of patients having surgery at those centers.
Reconceptualizing evaluation use: An integrated theory of influence

This chapter recasts evaluation use in terms of influence and proposes an integrated theory that conceptualizes evaluation influence in three dimensions—source, intention, and time.
New cytotoxic agents and schedules for advanced breast cancer

Cytotoxic chemotherapy is important for treatment of women with hormone-insensitive or hormone-refractory advanced breast cancer. A variety of agents are effective, alone or in combination. The clinical activity and side effects of many agents, as well as principles for use of chemotherapy, are reviewed. Recent advances in chemotherapy for breast cancer include important studies on the role of dose-intensity, modifications of available agents to reduce side effects, and the availability of oral chemotherapeutics. Finally, the combination of chemotherapy with novel biological agents may improve outcomes for women with certain types of breast cancer. The growing availability of such biological therapies given in combination with chemotherapy may mean better survival in the future for women with advanced breast cancer.
EFFECT OF AGE ON VARIABILITY OF PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND FLOW RATES OVER TIME

Background: although several reports indicate that qualitative and quantitative assessments of parotid salivary function are age-stable in healthy adults, there have been no studies of the influence of age on the variability of repeated parotid flow rates. Objective: to examine the influence of age on the variability of repeated parotid flow rates in unmedicated, healthy adults. Materials and methods: we assessed unilateral unstimulated and 2% citrate-stimulated parotid flow rates and collected responses to a five-item subjective xerostomia questionnaire in 14 subjects aged 20-40 years and 14 subjects aged 60‐80 years. All subjects were healthy and unmedicated. We collected saliva and asked subjects to complete the questionnaire at baseline, 1 h and 2 h. Results: unstimulated and stimulated parotid flow rates were similar at each time point in young and older subjects, and remained stable over the collection period. There were no differences in the standard deviations of the three collections of unstimulated and stimulated flow rates between young and older subjects. There were no differences between questionnaire responses between the two groups, and no change in response over time. Conclusions: there is no increased age-related variability in parotid salivary flow rates over repeated measures. Stimulated parotid flow rates are stable over 2 h in healthy people, and are similar in young and older individuals. These results suggest that parotid glands have a large secretory reserve.
Mining Multiple Temporal Patterns of complex dynamic data systems

We present a new data mining method, called Multiple Temporal Pattern Recognition (MTPR), that is capable of mining and detecting multiple temporal patterns for characterizing and predicting significant events in the complex dynamic system data. The MTPR method first embeds the time series data into multiple phase spaces with various dimensions and time delays. Then it clusters the embedded data to identify the preliminary temporal patterns. The new method further performed a three-stage predictability analysis to evaluate the preliminary temporal patterns and detect those with high confidence. This is accomplished by first introducing a new Predictability Measure, pm, to evaluate the effectiveness of the detected temporal patterns and then apply the statistical logistical regression to further validate these patterns. Experimental results demonstrated effectiveness the proposed MTPR method, especially in the complex time series setting.
Elements in the Road Evaluation of Tire Wear

Abstract Experiments to evaluate the wear of tires on vehicles are run for various purposes. Compounds may be compared, tread on tire designs evaluated, or an assessment of tread life made. These are several but by no means the only experimental objectives. Although the objectives may vary, all evaluation methods include common steps. This paper describes the procedural steps to be followed to achieve a treadwear evaluation, discusses the results of such experiments, and makes the following recommendations concerning the design of the course. The course should: vary the terrain, the pavement composition, and its geometric features; demand a variety of vehicle maneuvers; wear tires at moderate rates for precise measurement and to insure that the test will extend over several weeks; and wear tires equally at front and rear for rear axle driven vehicles.
THE GLOMERULUS IN EXPERIMENTAL RENAL DISEASE IN RATS AS OBSERVED BY LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Nephrotoxic serum disease in rats has been studied by light and electron microscopy from 1 hour to 10 weeks after production of the disease. By light microscopy leucocytic infiltration of the glomerular capillary was observed between the 3rd and 6th hour. At 6 hours an increase in colloidal iron-positive material was observed coating the extraluminal surface of the capillaries. Also at this time swelling of the endothelial cells becomes prominent. By 72 hours, thickening of the basement membrane was observed. Glomerular capillary thrombi were observed in approximately half the tissue examined in the first 2 weeks of disease. 50 per cent of the animals showed severe chronic lesions, exudation into the capsular space, crescent formation, and obliteration of glomeruli. At 1 hour electron microscopic pictures showed that osmophilic material may line the foot processes of the epithelial cells and obliterate all but narrow channels of the space between the feet. By 6 hours thickening of the basement membrane was prominent. This change persisted throughout 10 weeks of observation. The tissue from animals which had severe chronic alterations by light microscopy revealed changes which could not be interpreted at this time.
Design as Research

Abstract This article explores how design-build programs are moving beyond the goals of hands-on learning and community service to engage in “research-driven” design-build. These programs demonstrate how the design-build studio can serve as a base for the synthesis, integration, and transformation of knowledge through teaching and project execution.
Risk factors for radiation maculopathy and papillopathy after intraocular irradiation.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate rates of occurrence and risk factors for radiation maculopathy and radiation papillopathy in patients with choroidal melanoma at high risk for these complications. Design Cohort study. Participants A total of 558 patients treated with proton irradiation for choroidal melanoma between 1986 and 1996 with small to moderate sized tumors (less than 5 mm in height and 15 mm in diameter) located within 4 disc diameters of the macula or optic nerve and with a median ocular follow-up of 4 years. Methods Annual and cumulative rates of each endpoint were estimated using life table approaches. Prognostic factors were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards regression. Main outcome measures Radiation maculopathy, radiation papillopathy, and vision loss to worse than 20/100. Results Cumulative 5-year rates for radiation maculopathy, radiation papillopathy, and vision loss were 64%, 35%, and 68%, respectively. Complication rates rose as a function of radiation exposure to the macula ( P for trend=0.04) or optic disc ( P for trend P P = 0.009). Conclusions The onset of radiation vasculopathy is determined primarily by the degree of irradiation exposure to the macula and optic disc. Risk may be enhanced among those with underlying vascular disorders.
Hybrid Coronary Revascularization The Future of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery or an Unfulfilled Promise

Advancement in technique and technology over the past 2 decades has helped improve clinical outcomes in both surgical and interventional percutaneous coronary revascularization. Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) procedures introduced in 2011 by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation updated guidelines for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery,1 combine the superiority of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) revascularization2,3 with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) by means of drug-eluting stents (DES) for non-LAD vessels.4 Various minimally invasive surgical approaches are used to perform the LIMA to LAD graft. These approaches and techniques include off-pump coronary revascularization, robotically assisted procedures, small left thoracotomy, and partial sternotomy. Article see p 872 In the current issue of Circulation , Harskamp and colleagues5 describe contemporary practice patterns and clinical outcomes after hybrid coronary artery revascularization in the United States. Isolated CABG in patients who underwent HCR in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Database between July 2011 and March 2013 were the subject of the study. The authors found only 0.48% (n=950) of 198 622 CABG patients had HCR with 809 of 950 patients (85%) having a staged procedure, whereas a small number of patients (141 of 950; 15%) had HCR done concurrently. Only one third of the centers performing CABG procedures participated in the HCR cohort. Patients with HCR had higher cardiovascular risk profiles than CABG patients, whereas CABG patients had more complex coronary anatomy. HCR patients had more off-pump procedures performed and more nonsternotomy approaches. HCR patients also had a higher incidence of robotic assistance. …
Acute flexor tenosynovitis in association with Clostridium difficile infection: a case report.

Acute oligoarthritis in association with gastrointestinal infection has been well documented. The usual enteric agents causing such reactive arthritis are Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Campylobacter species. More recently, an association has been noted between a gastrointestinal infection and Clostridium difficile, with the presence of migratory polyarthritis and occasionally tenosynovitis. 1-3 C. difficile infections have been documented in the orthopaedic literature, 4,5 but no significant report that we know of has been written associating these infections with polyarthritis or tenosynovitis. We report a patient presenting with a flexor tenosynovitis of the hand followed by polyarthritis in association with antibiotic-provoked C. difficile infection.
Using Branch Correlation to Identify Infeasible Paths for Anomaly Detection

In this paper, we propose a system called Infeasible Path Detection System (IPDS) to combat memory tampering attacks causing invalid program control flows. In our system, the compiler analyzes correlations between branches and then the analyzed information is conveyed to the runtime system. The runtime system detects dynamic infeasible program paths by combining compiler determined information with runtime information to check the legality of the path taken during execution. IPDS achieves a zero false positive rate and can detect a high percentage of memory tampering for many attacks in which the tampering actually causes a change in control flow. Moreover, IPDS only incurs a modest amount of hardware resource and negligible performance penalty.
Premaxillary Development in Normal and Cleft Lip and Palate Human Fetuses Using Three-Dimensional Computer Reconstruction

Abstract As part of an ongoing study of cleft lip and palate fetal morphology, premaxillary development was examined cross-sectionally in a sample of 20 “normal” fetuses and 9 fetuses with complete clefts of the lip and palate ranging in age from 8 to 21 weeks. The specimens were stained with H and E and sectioned at 20μm in the coronal plane. A computer reconstruction technique was used to produce three-dimensional images of the premaxilla. Premaxillary length and volume were quantified and used to produce fetal growth curves. Qualitatively, normal fetal specimens exhibited symmetrical premaxillary ontogenesis with development of the distinctive perinatal midfacial morphology noted by 14 weeks. In contrast, complete unilateral cleft specimens exhibited severe asymmetry and dysmorphogenesis through 20.5 weeks. Quantitatively, premaxillary length and volume values for the two samples were similar from 8 to 14 weeks and changed in a curvilinear fashion with the steepest increases seen in normal specimens fr...
Oral Biology in Middle Age A History of the University at Buffalo Oral Biology PhD Program

In 1960, the first Department of Oral Biology in the United States dedicated to the conduct of research, graduate biomedical research education, and the provision of basic oral science education for the DDS curriculum was established at the University at Buffalo. In 1963, the Department organized the first PhD Program in Oral Biology in the United States. This PhD program has produced a large cadre of oral health researchers, many of whom have gone on to make major contributions to dental research and education. This article provides a brief history of the program, the context within which the program was organized and developed, and a description of some of the many faculty, students, and fellows associated with the program. Additionally, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of this program, a symposium, entitled "The Oral Microbiome, Immunity and Chronic Disease", was held on June 12-14, 2013, in Buffalo, New York. The proceedings are published online in Advances in Dental Research (2014, Vol. 26).
Varieties of Transcending Experience at Death: A Videotape Based Study

Using the idea of transcendence taken from the comparative study of religions, the paper is an attempt to find concepts that might help us understand the many ways people transform their relationship with death in the encounter with death. The method was to videotape interviews with dying and grieving people and view them repeatedly describing the process through which they were passing. Thirty tapes were made. Two sets of concepts were found useful to synthesize and differentiate the ways people transcend: the experience of ordinary and nonordinary reality, and the use of a mythic or interpretive mode in which change takes place. Together these concepts yield four kinds of transcending. An example and some bibliographic notes are given for each.
Mobilization Forum: Reply To Lichbach and Selbin. Kings in Beggars' Raiment

A recurrent motif in European folk tales portrays a king who disguises himself as a shepherd or a beggar and wanders out among his subjects in order to distinguish between his prospective wife's love for his office and for himself, to escape the burdens of palace politics, to hear popular opinions of his regime or, perhaps, to stir a reluctant populace into resistance against an invading army. At tale's end, the sovereign strips off his rags to reveal the royal purple of his undergarments. Would-be beggar Mark Lichbach knows full well that the rational-choice perspective he espouses predominates in his home domain of political science, just as king-in-mufti Eric Selbin realizes how much invariant models of revolution representing it as a phenomenon quite distinct from any other hold sway in his territory of revolutionary analysis. The structuralist views against which the two of them rail have, to be sure, come to prevail in social movement studies and closely related fields, but students of war, industrial conflict, and other varieties of contentious politics have paid little attention to analogies between social movements and their favored phenomena. To tell stories of a heedless juggernaut overrunning small but worthy nations invokes the magic of folk tales. Despite defending different perimeters, furthermore, Lichbach and Selbin have wheeled out the same antiquated explanatory apparatus-subsumption under covering laws-on the supposition that the invading forces of McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly will deploy similar armaments. They have a double surprise coming. First, the contentious politics group rejects that model of explanation in favor of a search for general causal mechanisms that concatenate differently from setting to setting. Second, the contentious politics crowd arrives not as a conqueror but as an aid team planning to distribute food and medicine suitable for assuring the health of a wide variety of inquiries. If kings fear for their thrones, it will only happen because their subjects have seen vitalizing visions of a better world. Far from welcoming the members of McTeam as hygienic workers, Mark Lichbach labels them as carriers of dangerous infections. He warns against an epidemic of SPOT: Synthetic Political Opportunity Theory. But what intervention is the Terrible Trio actually advocating? Here are its main elements: