cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling inter-signal arrival times for accurate detection of CAN bus signal injection attacks: a data-driven approach to in-vehicle intrusion detection

Modern vehicles rely on hundreds of on-board electronic control units (ECUs) communicating over in-vehicle networks. As external interfaces to the car control networks (such as the on-board diagnostic (OBD) port, auxiliary media ports, etc.) become common, and vehicle-to-vehicle / vehicle-to-infrastructure technology is in the near future, the attack surface for vehicles grows, exposing control networks to potentially life-critical attacks. This paper addresses the need for securing the controller area network (CAN) bus by detecting anomalous traffic patterns via unusual refresh rates of certain commands. While previous works have identified signal frequency as an important feature for CAN bus intrusion detection, this paper provides the first such algorithm with experiments using three attacks in five (total) scenarios. Our data-driven anomaly detection algorithm requires only five seconds of training time (on normal data) and achieves true positive / false discovery rates of 0.9998/0.00298, respectively (micro-averaged across the five experimental tests).
Macrophage-based therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine

Mounting evidence suggests that therapeutic cell and drug delivery strategies designed to actively harness the regenerative potential of the inflammatory response have great potential in regenerative medicine. In particular, macrophages have emerged as a primary target because of their critical roles in regulating multiple phases of tissue repair through their unique ability to rapidly shift phenotypes. Herein, we review macrophage-based therapies, focusing on the translational potential for cell delivery of ex vivo-activated macrophages and delivery of molecules and biomaterials to modulate accumulation and phenotype of endogenous macrophages. We also review current obstacles to progress in translating basic findings to therapeutic applications, including the need for improved understanding of context-dependent macrophage functions and the myriad factors that regulate macrophage phenotype; potential species-specific differences (e.g. humans versus mice); quality control issues; and the lack of standardized procedures and nomenclature for characterizing macrophages. Looking forward, the inherent plasticity of macrophages represents a daunting challenge for harnessing these cells in regenerative medicine therapies but also great opportunity for improving patient outcomes in a variety of pathological conditions.
How to make biodiversity knowledge compelling? The case of mosquito control implementation in the Camargue (France)

Abstract Despite the expressed desire for ‘evidence based policy’, especially in the environmental field, many policies seem to ignore available knowledge and to put aside scientific evidence. The science–policy interface, therefore, has abundant examples showing that knowledge production and decision-making processes should be analysed together. In this regard, we address the question of how biodiversity scientists could participate in social and political negotiation so that scientific biodiversity knowledge becomes evidence. We use the use of Bti for mosquito control in the Camargue, South of France, as an empirical case study to examine the place of biodiversity in the decision-making process and the role of scientists supporting biodiversity conservation. We demonstrate that to become evidence, scientific knowledge has to be widely adopted by stakeholders. In that context, biodiversity scientists have to keep demonstrating impacts on biodiversity to maintain the controversy opened. They also have to propose and eventually test alternative solutions. Combining actor-network theory and strategic analysis, our approach encourages social scientists to adopt case-based long-term field studies to contribute to reflections by biodiversity scientists as they struggle to make their work impact biodiversity policy.
Using TRIZ to balance software process commonality and diversity

A normal tension exists between a corporate need for process commonality and local needs for process customization. Unifying diverse software processes to produce process commonality is challenging. A group seeking to create a common development process must consider issues such as a rationale for process commonality, how to design a process for balancing commonality and customization, how to analyze existing diverse processes, and whether and how to measure process commonality. Altschuller’s Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) is explored for resolving the contradiction between process commonality and diversity and examples from the literature are cited.
Filipino Parenting in the USA: The Experiences of Filipino Mothers in Northern Nevada

Migration entails complex transformations in family functioning and dynamics, especially when traditional parenting beliefs and practices are not consistent with mainstream norms in the host countr...
Automated QT analysis on Holter monitors in pediatric patients can differentiate long QT syndrome from controls

BACKGROUND Borderline QTc is a common referral to the pediatric cardiology clinic. Evaluation is challenging due to significant overlap of normal and abnormal QTc ranges. We hypothesized that automated QT analysis on Holter could differentiate between patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) and healthy controls. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 39 patients with known genotype-positive, phenotype-positive LQTS who underwent Holter monitoring between January 2010 and January 2016. They were compared 2:1 to age- and sex-matched controls. Automated QT analysis data were analyzed. RESULTS Significant differences were found in all automated QT and QTc fields, except minimum QTc interval (P = 0.57). Mean QTc interval (LQTS 479 ± 28 ms vs controls 429 ± 16 ms; P ≤ 0.001) and percent QTc intervals (%QTc) >450 ms (LQTS 80 ± 28% vs controls 14 ± 16%; P ≤ 0.001) were selected for further analysis. A receiver operating characteristic curve was generated for each variable demonstrating high area under the curve values of 0.9494 and 0.9540, respectively. Threshold values of ≥461 ms for mean QTc (sensitivity 79.49%, specificity 98.72%) and ≥65% of %QTc >450 ms (sensitivity 79.49%, specificity 98.72%) allowed highly specific discrimination between cohorts (false positive rate 1.09%). Similarly, thresholds of 450 ms resulted in highly sensitive discrimination (false negative rates 2.17% and 8.7%). CONCLUSION Holter monitor testing with automated QT analysis may be a useful tool to differentiate LQTS and control patients.
In an Anniversary Year, Diabetes Care Takes a Selfie

This issue marks Diabetes Care ’s 40th anniversary. The journal’s first issue appeared in January 1978, with Jay Skyler as the cofounding Editor in Chief (EIC). Five of the 14 contributions to the issue concerned urine testing for glucose (1), and we were all much younger. To commemorate this historic event we will present in an upcoming issue, as a “Profile in Progress,” the story of this no-longer-young journal and how, over time, it has evolved into a life of its own, transcending the many individuals who have worked for and contributed to it. In recent January issues of Diabetes Care it has been customary for the EIC to comment on the state of the journal (2). On this occasion, having completed my first year in this role, I propose to begin by celebrating the announcement made in July that Diabetes Care had earned the highest impact factor ever attained by an American Diabetes Association (ADA) journal. The journal’s score for this index of influence increased from 8.9 the prior year to 11.9 in 2017, higher than that of all other journals focused exclusively on diabetes. It is a remarkable increase, and if I were a crafty politician I would claim all credit because it was announced soon after my appointment as EIC. But, in truth, this achievement resulted from the work of William T. Cefalu, the outgoing EIC, and the outstanding associate editors (AEs) and editorial staff during the last 2 years. It is likely also related to the increase of interest in diabetes itself. The diabetes community is clearly looking to us to present the newest and best research and commentary. I believe that in 2017 we have been able to meet that expectation, with articles that match or exceed those in previous years. Moreover, circulation of the …
Risk and Caution

Classical game theory describes the behavior of a cautious player. The formal description of conditions under which players are prepared to risk has not been produced within the framework of classical game theory. In this chapter we will show a possible approach to this problem using the theory of reflexive games.
Effect of retinoic acid on the proliferation and secretory activity of androgen-responsive prostatic carcinoma cells

We studied the effect of retinoic acid on the growth and secretory activity of the androgen-responsive prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP. Our data showed that retinoic acid at 0.01 μM. stimulated the proliferation of LNCaP cells but inhibited their growth at 0.1 μM. under androgen-free conditions. In the presence of 0.1 nM. dihydrotestosterone (DHT), LNCaP cell proliferation was inhibited by 10 μM. retinoic acid but not by lower concentrations of retinoic acid. Retinoic acid reduced LNCaP cell growth at concentrations of 0.1 μM. in the presence of 10 nM. DHT. Retinoic acid (10 μM.) also reduced the growth response of LNCaP cells to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha and potentiated the inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor beta. In additional studies, retinoic acid induced a dose-dependent increase in prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion at concentrations of 0.1 to 1 μM. Dihydrotestosterone (10 nM.) also enhanced the secretion of PSA by LNCaP cells, and this effect was potentiated in a dose-dependent fashion by the addition of retinoic acid at 0.1–10 μM. Competitive binding studies showed that retinoic acid did not bind to androgen receptors. Overall, retinoic acid had a biphasic effect on LNCaP proliferation and promoted the secretion of PSA. The biphasic effect of retinoic acid on LNCaP growth should be considered in designing in vivo studies to determine the impact of retinoic acid on solid prostatic tumor growth. In addition, the ability of retinoic acid to increase PSA secretion may complicate the interpretation of serum PSA levels used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
Church and religion in Imperial Russia. A Review of Recent Historiography

This article is a historiographical survey of substantial critical revisions of church and religious history in Imperial Russia undertaken since 1991. Among the broad range of works presented in this survey, several significant studies challenge a common assumption that the Russian Orthodox Church was a “handmaiden of the state” by arguing that, in the last decades of the ancien regime, the Churchwas not willing to support the Russian state and that the “crisis of the old order” had incorporated the crisis of the church-state relations. In terms of religion per se, it has been established that the dynamics of popular religion in Russia did not parallel the processes of secularization evident in Western Europe. As time progressed, popular piety did not disappear and the rate of religiousobservance, both among males and females, was extraordinary high in absolute numbers and as compared to other countries. From a gendered perspective, some historians have also suggested that religion often functioned as a source of empowerment for women in Imperial Russia, especially for upper-class women, and that monasticism (convents) enjoyed a revival at the end of the nineteenth century. Finally, a significant body of scholarly works analyses religious minorities in Russia (Muslims, Catholics, Old Believers, etc.) and relates ethnic identity to the discourse of religion to conclude that religion was strongest in those communities where it was linked to ethnic or nationalidentity. Suggestions for further research are also incorporated into this study.
Smart finite elements: A novel machine learning application

Abstract Many multiscale finite element formulations can become computationally expensive because they rely on detailed models of the element’s internal displacement field. This issue is exacerbated in the presence of nonlinear problems , where numerical iterations are generally needed. We propose a method that utilizes machine learning to generate a direct relationship between the element state and its forces, which avoids the complex task of finding the internal displacement field and eliminates the need for numerical iterations. To generate our model, we choose an existing finite element formulation, extract data from an instance of that element, and feed that data to the machine learning algorithm . The result is an approximated model of the element that can be used in the same context. Unlike most data-driven techniques applied to individual elements, our method is not tied to any particular machine learning algorithm, and it does not impose any restriction on the solver of choice. In addition, we guarantee that our elements are physically accurate by enforcing frame indifference and conservation of linear and angular momentum . Our results indicate that this can considerably reduce the error of the method and the computational cost of producing and solving the model.
Structural Analysis of Induction Machine and Switched Reluctance Machine

AbstractHere we present a comprehensive analysis of structural performance of Induction Machine (IM) and Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) rotors under different operational conditions. Electric ma...
Regulation of CAR T cell-mediated cytokine release syndrome-like toxicity using low molecular weight adapters.

Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have demonstrated considerable success in treating hematologic malignancies, they have simultaneously been plagued by a cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that can harm or even kill the cancer patient. We describe a CAR T cell strategy in which CAR T cell activation and cancer cell killing can be sensitively regulated by adjusting the dose of a low molecular weight adapter that must bridge between the CAR T cell and cancer cell to initiate tumor eradication. By controlling the concentration and dosing schedule of adapter administration, we document two methods that can rapidly terminate (<3 h) a pre-existing CRS-like toxicity and two unrelated methods that can pre-emptively prevent a CRS-like toxicity that would have otherwise occurred. Because all four methods concurrently enhance CAR T cell potency, we conclude that proper use of bispecific adapters could potentially avoid a life-threatening CRS while enhancing CAR T cell tumoricidal activity. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell anti-cancer therapies might result in toxic side effects. Here the authors present a strategy based on the modulation of CAR T cells via administration of a bispecific adapter that target them to cancer cells, resulting in diminished CAR-T cells toxicity and enhanced solid tumor eradication.
ACEs: Definitions, measurement, and prevalence

Abstract Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are related to increased risk for a host of negative outcomes, which have far-reaching impacts beyond a single time-period, person, or generation. The wide-ranging health and social consequences of ACEs underscore the importance of preventing ACEs before they happen. Preventing ACEs requires defining the problem, measuring the problem, and then using data to inform action. Researchers, practitioners, communities, states, and countries around the world are collecting ACEs data; but, what is included as a childhood adversity varies by study, population of interest, and time, among other things. In this chapter, an overview of several ACEs data collection systems, including the CDC-Kaiser Permanente ACE Study and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, is provided. Prevalence of ACEs, directions for future research, and implications for policy and practice are also discussed.
Migrant Politics in the Urban Global South: The Political Work of Nicaraguan Migrants to Acquire Urban Rights in Costa Rica

In this article I highlight the political work of Nicaraguan migrants living in the informal settlement of La Carpio in San Jose, Costa Rica, as they negotiate rights in the form of urban services....
The direct laryngoscopy and rigid bronchoscopy findings and the subsequent management of infants with failed extubations

Abstract Introduction There is limited data regarding the role of direct laryngoscopy and rigid bronchoscopy (DLRB) in infants with failed extubations. Pediatric otolaryngologists are frequently consulted to perform DLRB in infants with failed extubations. Objective To determine the DLRB findings in infants with failed extubations and the interventions performed based on these findings. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on infants less than 12 months old undergoing DLRB for failed extubations from January 2013–June 2017 at a tertiary care children's hospital. Data was collected on age, birth weight, perinatal complications, comorbid conditions, number of failed extubations, length of most recent intubation, operative findings, and subsequent interventions, including tracheostomy. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed. Results Of the 62 subjects who met study criteria, median age at DLRB was 3.0 months, corrected age was 1.0 months, gestational age was 27.1 weeks, birth weight was 0.97 kg, and number of failed extubations was 2.0. About 80% had respiratory distress at birth requiring intubation, and 76% carried a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The median number of days intubated prior to DLRB was 27. Twenty-seven percent of subjects had no significant abnormal findings on DLRB, and 26% had subglottic stenosis. The majority (74%) underwent tracheostomy. Eighteen percent of subjects had an initial intervention for abnormal DLRB finding(s) other than tracheostomy and were able to avoid tracheostomy as a future intervention. Tracheostomy placement was associated with a diagnosis of BPD (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.02, 3.10), having a birth weight less than 0.71 kg (RR 1.45, CI 1.01, 2.10), and being intubated for 48 or more days prior to DLRB (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.05, 2.36); it was not associated with the number of failed extubations prior to DLRB. Conclusions Infants with failed extubations commonly had abnormal findings on airway evaluation by DLRB. Most children in this population still required tracheostomy placement, but about 20% were able to have an alternate intervention and avoid tracheostomy.
Simultaneous Sigmoid Colectomy, Bilobar Liver Resection and Lung Metastasectomy via a Transdiaphragmatic Approach for Stage IV Colonic Adenocarcinoma

Background Current evidence supports the curative resection of colorectal cancer and synchronous liver and lung metastases in selected patients.1,2 This video shows simultaneous left colectomy, bilobar liver resection, and lung metastasectomy via a transdiaphragmatic approach for stage IV colorectal cancer.3 PATIENT: A 57-year-old man with a stage IV colonic adenocarcinoma was considered for simultaneous resection of primary, liver, and lung metastases without thoracic incision. The tumor mutational status was KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF wild-type, and the patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy. Technique After performing a midline laparotomy, atypical liver resection of segments 8/4a was performed under the guidance of intraoperative ultrasonography and intermittent Pringle maneuver using the two-surgeon's technique. A small capsular lesion in segment 3 also was intraoperatively detected and resected. Lung metastasectomy of the right lower lobe was performed via a transdiaphragmatic approach using an endoscopic stapler. Sigmoid colectomy with transanal circular-stapled anastomosis was performed. Duration of surgery and blood loss were 358 min and 400 ml, respectively. Histopathological examination showed metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma with negative surgical margins and final stage was T3N2aM1b. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 6 without complication. He was alive and free of disease at 90-day follow-up. Conclusions Simultaneous colon, liver, and lung resection via a transdiaphragmatic approach is a feasible and safe surgical strategy in selected patients with peripheral lung metastases and favorable tumor biology.4 This surgical strategy avoids thoracic incision, multiple operations, and may reduce the healthcare costs and the recovery time to early implement postoperative therapy.
Biochemical basis of Quantum-like neuronal dynamics

Abstract The nervous system is a complex dynamical system that incorporates higher order biology (e.g., multicellular architecture) and lower-order biology (e.g., intra cellular pathway) that can be modeled via classical laws such as reaction-diffusion models. Simple reaction-diffusion models of neuronal tissue are shown to support bio-chemical wave effects that are analogous to quantum phenomena. These phenomena include quantum-like superpositions and classical entanglement which will not be affected by decoherence n the wet and warm brain environment. These classical phenomena could enable quantum-like complexity of brain functions. Conventional reaction-diffusion models of biological tissues challenge the current quantum brain hypothesis and suggest that the brain should perhaps be thought of as a classical quantum-like system. Statement of Significance This manuscript introduces the notion of nonseparability (classical entanglement) in the case of biochemical waves in arrays of coupled axons. We use a linear reaction-diffusion model with cross diffusion to address nonseparability between degrees of freedom (along and across the axon array). Perturbation theory applied to a nonlinear model with quadratic nonlinearity is used to illustrate nonseparability between modes along the axons. This paper suggests that the brain should perhaps be thought of as a classical quantum-like system.
Beyond Objectification: Understanding the Correlates and Consequences of Sexualization for Black and White Adolescent Girls.

Although objectification theory posits negative consequences of self-objectification for adolescent girls, few studies have tested how objectification and sexualization contribute to mental health for youth of color. Accordingly, the current study explores the relations among body surveillance, enjoyment of sexualization, and mental health for a sample of 473 Black and White adolescent girls (Mage = 15.21, SD = 1.43). As expected, body surveillance and enjoyment of sexualization were associated with various forms of diminished well-being. Race moderated two of these links, with Black girls who reported higher levels of body surveillance also reporting higher levels of depression and hostility compared with their White peers. Future work should examine the implications of enjoyment of sexualization for youth of color.
Paradoxes of Proof

This chapter offers a review of scholarship concerning the proof paradoxes along with some critical comments of my own. Particular attention is given to problems of naked statistical evidence and the conjunction paradox, along with some thoughts on the discursive dilemma as applied to jury voting. For the sake of clarity, I try to separate what is known concerning human intuitions concerning these puzzles, how they are treated by existing law (to the extent they are noticed at all), and which results might be best from a normative perspective.
Using true experiments to study culture: Manipulations, measurement issues, and the question of appropriate control groups

Abstract Social group memberships are primarily studied in quasi-experimental contexts, but how can culture, class and gender be manipulated in true experimental designs? This review highlights the different empirical strategies that can be used to manipulate “culture” as it relates to race/ethnicity (activation of thinking styles, language, and priming of cultural constructs), class (social standing, group status, or perceived social status), and gender (role salience, gender identity, sex hormone administration). I review measurement issues related to manipulation checks and the problem of what construct is tapped by the manipulation, appropriate control groups, and intersectional identities or group memberships.
Exploring Approaches to Data Literacy Through a Critical Race Theory Perspective

In this paper, we describe and analyze a workshop developed for a work training program called DataWorks. In this workshop, data workers chose a topic of their interest, sourced and processed data on that topic, and used that data to create presentations. Drawing from discourses of data literacy; epistemic agency and lived experience; and critical race theory, we analyze the workshops’ activities and outcomes. Through this analysis, three themes emerge: the tensions between epistemic agency and the context of work, encountering the ordinariness of racism through data work, and understanding the personal as communal and intersectional. Finally, critical race theory also prompts us to consider the very notions of data literacy that undergird our workshop activities. From this analysis, we offer a series of suggestions for approaching designing data literacy activities, taking into account critical race theory.
Environmental fate of petroleum biomarkers in Deepwater Horizon oil spill residues over the past 10 years.

Abstract The long-term fate of three groups of petroleum biomarker compounds (terpanes, steranes, and triaromatic steranes) was investigated in the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill residues collected from Alabama (USA) beaches over the past 10 years. This is the first study to investigate the long-term fate of these three groups of petroleum biomarkers in DWH oil spill samples over 10 years. We employed the highly recalcitrant C30 αβ-hopane as an internal biomarker to quantify the degradation levels of different biomarker compounds, and also to estimate the overall weathering levels of DWH oil spill residues. The data show that four lower molecular weight tricyclic terpanes (TR21, TR22, TR23, and TR24), three lower molecular weight steranes (S21, S22, and C27), and all triaromatic steranes degraded over the 10-year study period. All other terpanes (including hopanes) and steranes remained recalcitrant. There have been contradicting literature data on the degradation levels of homohopanes, and this field study demonstrates that all the homohopanes remained recalcitrant after 10 years of natural weathering. Our data also show that despite some degradation, the relative diagnostic ratios of the biomarkers remained stable for all three groups of biomarkers over the 10-year period.
How do patient-provider relationship continuity, gender, and language affect pediatric HPV vaccine acceptance?

Increasing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake remains a challenge. We compared reasons for HPV vaccine acceptance between two Southern California pediatric clinics serving diverse population...
Predicting Crack Growth in Continuous-Fiber Composite Materials

Pre-notched composite lamina with unidirectional fibers were studied experimentally and using finite element analysis. Experiments were conducted on notched graphite/aluminum and glass/epoxy panels and the results were compared to a finite element method. Under remote tensile loading, cracks in the graphite/aluminum panels propagated perpendicular to the applied load without stable crack growth. In the glass/epoxy panels, crack propagation was initially stable and parallel to the fibers. A nonlinear damage zone method (DZM) was used to predict the crack growth directions, estimate damages, model stable and unstable crack growths, and predict the loads at failure. For both materials, the predicted loads at failure were within 20% of experimental loads.
Water stress detection of lilac leaves using a polarized laser

Vegetation stress detection is of great importance to many agricultural and ecological studies. Vegetation water stress is commonly encountered in many areas. The accurate detection of water stress may enable more efficient use of limited water resource. Plant leaf water content is also one of the primary factors indicating vegetation health condition. In this study, a polarized laser at 532-nm was used to study water stress from plant leaves. Polarimetric measurements of the backscattered light were conducted. Preliminary study indicates that depolarization ratio is a good indicator of water stress in the studied case. In addition, an overall increasing trend of depolarization ratio under water stress condition was also observed.
Development of a molecular assay on FFPE samples to predict recurrence of stage II colon cancer

A52 The 5 year survival rate for patients with Stage II colon cancer is approximately 75%. Using gene expression profiling of 74 primary tumors from Stage II patients with outcomes, we identified a 23-gene signature that provides a better prediction of individual risk for recurrence. The gene signature was validated in an independent group of 123 Stage II patients. The 23-gene signature proved to be highly informative in identifying patients with distant metastasis (hazard ratio, HR 2.56; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.01 - 6.48), even when corrected for the traditional prognostic factors (HR, 2.73; 95% CI, 0.97 - 7.73). Furthermore, we developed a real time quantitative (RTQ)-PCR assay for this gene signature using fixed paraffin-embedded (FPE) tumor tissues. The RTQ-PCR assay was tested in 110 patients and was a strong prognostic factor in both univariate (HR, 6.55; 95% CI, 2.89 - 14.8) and multivariate analyses (HR, 13.9; 95% CI, 5.22 - 37.2). Our results identify and validate the prognostic gene signature for Stage II colon cancer patients and show the feasibility of testing the gene signature using standard pathology specimens. The ability to identify colon cancer patients that have an unfavorable outcome demonstrates a clinical relevance that may help patients at high risk for recurrence who require more aggressive therapy.
Collaborative lecturing by human and computer tutors

We implemented and evaluated a collaborative lecture module in an ITS that models the pedagogical and motivational tactics of expert human tutors Inspired by the lecture delivery styles of the expert tutors, the collaborative lectures of the ITS were conversational and interactive, instead of a polished one-way information delivery from tutor to student We hypothesized that the enhanced interactivity of the expert tutor lectures were linked to efforts to promote student engagement This hypothesis was tested in an experiment that compared the collaborative lecture module (dialogue) to less interactive alternatives such as monologues and vicarious dialogues The results indicated that students in the collaborative lecture condition reported more arousal (a key component of engagement) than the controls and that arousal was positively correlated with learning gains We discuss the implications of our findings for ITSs that aspire to model expert human tutors.
On the Electrically Thick Cylindrical Antenna

The problem of a thick cylindrical antenna driven by a delta-function generator is investigated. Numerical solutions are obtained for two different mathematical models: one is driven by a deltafunction generator on both outside and inside surfaces of the antenna, and another is driven only on the outside surface. In both cases, the current singularity near the driven point has been taken care of and subsequently subtracted out, before the numerical solution is applied. For antennas with circumferences less than a free-space wavelength, the results are compared with the experimental data. For antennas with larger radii, no experimental data are yet available.
VLSI technology trends

The trends in VLSI and ULSI technologies are outlined, with emphasis on ASICs (application-specification ICs) and gate arrays. The impact of the present evolving BICMOS technology on VLSI is discussed, especially in light of CMOS at low temperatures. Packaging technology plays major role in VLSI chip technology and design and is one of the key factors affecting product competitiveness. It is predicted that thin-film packages (preferably on silicon) for economic reasons very probably will break the trend of ever-increasing chip size. Brickwall-packaged VLSI chips connected via extremely wide buses to memory chips on the same carrier result in high processor performance at a low cost. Cooled down to liquid-nitrogen temperatures by means of a cold plate, such (multi-) processors on a single substrate can approach the performance range of bipolar systems at a fraction of their cost. >
Parallel Computation and the NC Hierarchy Relativized

As with the notion of sequential computation, the study of parallel computation naturally leads to the study of the inherent intractability of problems with respect to their parallel solutions. Our approach is to look at complexity classes defined in terms of the classical measures on both sequential and parallel models of computation. By examining the structure of these classes, we can gain some insight regarding the nature of these types of computation. Our parallel model is a uniform bounded fan-in Boolean circuit family, and in requiring fast parallel time we restrict the circuits to have polynomial size and poly-log depth. These restrictions yield the well known complexity class NC (see [Pi79] and [Co83]). In section 2 we provide the reader with a more complete definition. And there we will formally define relativized parallel computation, where the circuits have access to an arbitrary oracle set. The notion of relativized depth introduced is an interesting and natural complement to that of relativized size, found in [Wi85b]. Sections 3 and 4 discuss uniformity and what it means for a circuit family to be uniform in the presence of an oracle. Section 5 shows to what extent known results will relativize. For example, the NC A hierarchy is seen to be in pA for any oracle A. Also, nondeterministic log-space relative to A, NL A, is contained in NC A for any A. And we show that NC l is properly contained in log-space, L , if and only if there exists an oracle A such that NC A is properly contained in L A .
Fluttering fountains : simplified models

Fluttering oscillations are sometimes observed in the falling sheets of water associated with dams and waterfall fountains, and a theoretical simulation of this phenomenon was recently reported. In this study approximate analytical solutions of the previous model are described and compared with the experimental and theoretical observations.
Density gradient fractionation of effector cells in human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Abstract In order to separate and characterize cytotoxic effector cells in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC), human lymphocytes were fractionated by Percoll continuous density gradient centrifugation (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Lymphocytes from normal donors were fractionated through a 35-ml gradient and 2- or 3-ml aliquots were collected, counted, and grouped into three or more fractions in order to obtain sufficient cells for testing. Fractions of cells were tested for cytotoxicity in a 4-hr chromium release test and/or a 40-hr [3H]proline assay. Cell markers were assessed by testing for cells forming E rosettes, EA rosettes, and for cells with surface membrane immunoglobulin (SMIg). The lightest fraction contained larger cells and also usually contained the highest concentrations of cells with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcR + cells), although slight variations were seen among individual donors. Results of cytotoxicity tests showed that cells from the top portions of the Percoll gradient had consistently greater cytotoxic activity on a per cell basis than the denser cells sedimenting lower. Estimation of cytotoxic activity in lytic units showed that 54–75% of the activity was recovered in the top 26–29% of the cells. This approach to investigating cell-mediated cytotoxicity should yield useful information regarding cellular interaction in, and regulation of, cytotoxic activities.
Crystal Structure of Murine 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1: An Important Therapeutic Target for Diabetes‡

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of 11-dehydrocorticosterone to its active form corticosterone in rodents (or cortisone to cortisol in humans). The reductive reaction of the 11-keto to 11-hydroxyl is the pivotal switch in the activation of glucocorticoids. An excess of active glucocorticoids has been shown to play a key role in metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Therefore, 11β-HSD1 represents an important therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases. To facilitate the iterative design of inhibitors, we have crystallized and determined the three-dimensional structures of a binary complex of murine 11β-HSD1 with NADP(H) to a resolution of 2.3 A and of a ternary complex with corticosterone and NADP(H) to a resolution of 3.0 A by X-ray crystallography. The enzyme forms a homodimer in the crystal and has a fold similar to those of other members of the family of short chain steroid dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs). The structure shows a novel f...
Jacques Loeb: A Contribution to the History of Psychology

Resume JACQUES LOEB: CONTRIBUTION A L'HISTOIRE DE LA PSYCHOLOGIE Jacques Loeb (1859–1924) a developpe la these que les organismes humains sont des machines physico-chimiques dont les actions sont capables d'une explication par des lois mechaniques. Un mechanisme, la memoire d'association, est suppose comme base des phenomenes de la conscience. L'effet de la memoire n'est pas un processus localise ayant lieu dans le cerveau, bien que Loeb considere les hemispheres cerebraux necessaires au processus de la memoire d'association. Le tissu nerveux est seulement un tissu conducteur. Les soi-disant activites instinctives ont ete crues ětre des orientations automatiques d'un organisme dans un cercle de force vers ou loin du centre de force. Ces orientations ou tropismes, resultent des changements chimiques inegaux chez des organes symetriques de sens lesquels causent une tension inegale des muscles symetriques avec des mouvements tournants ou mouvements forces. De telles reponses tropiques a la lumiere, aux matie...
Factor Structure of the Reitan-Indiana Neuropsychological Battery for Children:

The Reitan-Indiana Neuropsychological Battery (RINB) was administered to a sample of children referred for educational and behavioral problems (N = 130). Subtest scores were standardized by age at ...
Gamma rays from fission fragments

High-resolution measurements on gamma -rays from fission fragments have given a wealth of information on the structure of neutron-rich nuclei and on the mechanism of the fission process. Experiments to study prompt gamma -rays which deexcite secondary fragments have been greatly facilitated by the introduction of large arrays of Compton suppressed gamma -ray detectors. These have been used recently to give important data on new neutron-rich nuclei with up to ten more neutrons than the nearest stable isotope. High-resolution experiments have also been performed to study gamma -rays which follow the beta - decays of the ground states of secondary fragments, and extensive data now exist on decay properties of nuclei with up to twelve more neutrons than the nearest stable isotope. This paper reviews the scope of measurements which can be made on fission gamma -rays and the techniques used in the experiments. It also discusses some results recently obtained on nuclear structure of fragments and on beta - decays, and reviews information on fragment spins and other data relevant to fission dynamics.
Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Cytomegalovirus to Human Interferon

Human cell culture-derived interferon was shown to inhibit human cytomegalovirus in vitro. A prototype strain, Davis, and six clinical isolates of cytomegalovirus were tested. All six isolates showed uniform susceptibility to interferon, exceeding that of the Davis strain by two- to fourfold. The latter virus was found to be 32 to 4 times less susceptible than the sensitive indicator, vesicular stomatitis virus. However, the laboratory finding of susceptibility to an antiviral material may not relate to its clinical effectiveness.
Multiple interacting brain areas underlie successful spatiotemporal memory retrieval in humans

Emerging evidence suggests that our memories for recent events depend on a dynamic interplay between multiple cortical brain regions, although previous research has also emphasized a primary role for the hippocampus in episodic memory. One challenge in determining the relative importance of interactions between multiple brain regions versus a specific brain region is a lack of analytic approaches to address this issue. Participants underwent neuroimaging while retrieving the spatial and temporal details of a recently experienced virtual reality environment; we then employed graph theory to analyze functional connectivity patterns across multiple lobes. Dense, large-scale increases in connectivity during successful memory retrieval typified network topology, with individual participant performance correlating positively with overall network density. Within this dense network, the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and visual cortex served as “hubs” of high connectivity. Spatial and temporal retrieval were characterized by distinct but overlapping “subnetworks” with higher connectivity within posterior and anterior brain areas, respectively. Together, these findings provide new insight into the neural basis of episodic memory, suggesting that the interactions of multiple hubs characterize successful memory retrieval. Furthermore, distinct subnetworks represent components of spatial versus temporal retrieval, with the hippocampus acting as a hub integrating information between these two subnetworks.
Chapman's Coatesville address: A hermeneutic reading

Rhetoric has claimed Chapman's Coatesville address as its own, but the hermeneutic tradition adds to our understanding of it. As a speech act it was intentionally a non‐event, a memorial for its own failure. This was its strange rhetorical purpose and its claim on a posthumous textual life. In a strange way, it is more a hermeneutic than a rhetorical act, an anticipation of its own future life after death. The open‐ended strategy of the speech is a self‐reflexive enactment. Chapman's Coatesville address is a textual model, illustrating the passage from autobiography to rhetorical engagement, from self to community. Because its community is the nation that as yet has not dealt with its darkest problem, the narrative identity of the speech's audience is an identity in process. Caught up in the reception of the speech, we are still being invited to respond to that lynching at Coatesville.
An evaluation methodology for multielement emergency medical services systems

The provision of efficient public safety services continues to be one of the high priority efforts to improve the quality of life in our nation. These efforts are too often equipment oriented without realizing the system input of providing better services in terms of benefit to the public as opposed to providers of the services. These services are multielement containing many items which can be quantified and qualitative aspects which are difficult to assess. The methodology presented herein is designed to specifically evaluate such multi-element systems in a logical manner. Its use expanded to other than emergency medical service systems will permit weak areas to be identified, develop comparisions and rank system elements as to their individual contributions to "bottom line" results, and to help establish priorities for allocation of funding resources.
The Evolving Paradigm in the Management of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a major cause of ischemic stroke worldwide and represents a significant health problem. The pathogenesis and natural history of ICAD are poorly understood, and rigorous treatment paradigms do not exist as they do for extracranial atherosclerosis. Currently, the best treatment for ICAD remains aspirin therapy, but many patients who are placed on aspirin continue to experience recurrent strokes. As microsurgical and endovascular techniques continue to evolve, the role of extracranial to intracranial bypass operations and stenting are increasingly being reconsidered. We performed a PubMed review of the English literature with a particular focus on treatment options for ICAD and present evidence-based data for the role of surgery and stenting in ICAD against medical therapy alone.
Testosterone Propionate Pellet Absorption in the Female

The current literature contains several reports on the rate of absorption of pellets of sex sterols implanted in experimental animals (1, 2). In the human being, however, only scant data are available that may furnish adequate information as to dosage and length of duration of effects of sex sterols used in this manner. No information is available as to the fate of androgenic pellets in the human female. The primary object of this article is to report our collected data on the rate of absorption of pellets of testosterone propionate implanted in patients with various gynecic disorders. material and methods Implantation of pellets. All implantations were made under sterile conditions in the operating room. The skin of the abdomen was prepared and then an area approximately 3 cm. in length between the pubis and umbilicus was infiltrated with 1 per cent procaine down the midline to the rectus sheath.
Periodic solutions of nonlinear evolution inclusions

Abstract In this paper we establish the existence of periodic trajectories for a class of nonlinear, time-varying evolution inclusions, in which the multivalued term is nonconvex-valued. An example of a parabolic system is also presented in detail.
Review: Effects of Nitric Oxide on Eye Diseases and Their Treatment

Both underproduction and overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) could lead to various eye diseases. It is known that endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) are activated in normal tissues to produce NO for physiological functions. Thus, underproduction of NO results in various eye diseases which could be corrected by providing NOS substrates or NO donors to lower the intraocular pressure, increase ocular blood flow, relax ciliary muscle, etc. On the other hand, immunological NOS (iNOS) is inducible only in pathological conditions by endotoxins, inflammation, and certain cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and the like. Once induced, iNOS will produce large amounts of NO for long periods of time, so that NO is converted into NO2, nitrite, peroxynitrite and free radicals to induce pathophysiological actions, such as optic nerve degeneration and posterior retinal degeneration lesion, which lead to glaucoma, retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), myopia, cataracts and uveitis. To treat/prevent these eye diseases, inhibitors of iNOS activity and/or iNOS induction could be tried.
Chirality and polymers

Abstract Optical activity, since its discovery, has been a fascinating field, from the seemingly simple issues related to transfer of (chiral) information to its cosmic connections and the origin of life itself. There has been much progress made on both fronts which include the discovery of strong infrared circular polarization from dust scattering to the more down to earth knowledge of how chiral information is transferred to solutes by chiral additives, piezoelectricity and opalescent elastic networks. The progress made in the past few years and their implications for various aspects of chirality are discussed.