cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confidently Biased: Comparisons with Anchors Bias Estimates and Increase Confidence

Across a wide variety of situations, exposure to anchors has been shown to bias people's estimates. What is not known, however, is whether externally provided anchors influence the confidence that people have in their estimates. Our studies had two goals. First, we tested whether exposure to anchors influenced people's subjective confidence levels (Studies 1 and 2). These studies revealed that people who made estimates after making comparisons with externally provided anchors tended to be more confident in their estimates than people who did not see anchors. The second goal was to test two explanations as to why anchors increase people's confidence. In Study 3, we tested the explanation that anchors increase confidence because participants thought the anchors provided useful information. In Study 4, we tested the explanation that exposure to anchors causes people to consider a narrower range of plausible values as compared to when not exposed to anchors. Support was found only for the explanation that comparisons with anchors increase confidence because people who are exposed to anchors consider a narrower range of plausible values. Taken together, these studies reveal the powerful influence anchors can have—they not only bias estimates, but also increase people's confidence in their biased estimates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and optimization of package inductor for efficient power rail merger

The need of ultra-thin and light package form-factor pushes electrical solutions to a new height. In the past, package size grows with features and power increase from generation to generation. Following the launch of IPhone®, Ipad® and McBook Air®, many engineering community started to realize that big is not winning. Package size took a sharp reversal, and making the smallest possible form-factor with aggressive power scaling becomes the motto motivation to achieve design win. The paper discusses one of the techniques in achieving a smaller package form-factor design by eliminating redundant pins, adopting existing package structure to optimize power rail merger and introducing package inductor to provide the proper isolation needed which was previously done with adding pins on package.
Evolutionary switches between two serine codon sets are driven by selection

Serine is the only amino acid that is encoded by two disjoint codon sets so that a tandem substitution of two nucleotides is required to switch between the two sets. Previously published evidence suggests that, for the most evolutionarily conserved serines, the codon set switch occurs by simultaneous substitution of two nucleotides. Here we report a genome-wide reconstruction of the evolution of serine codons in triplets of closely related species from diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The results indicate that the great majority of codon set switches proceed by two consecutive nucleotide substitutions, via a threonine or cysteine intermediate, and are driven by selection. These findings imply a strong pressure of purifying selection in protein evolution, which in the case of serine codon set switches occurs via an initial deleterious substitution quickly followed by a second, compensatory substitution. The result is frequent reversal of amino acid replacements and, at short evolutionary distances, pervasive homoplasy.
Real Clients, Real Problems, Real Data: Client-Driven Statistics Education

In this chapter we describe two client-focused educational experiences at Harvey Mudd College that offer students the opportunity to work on real problems for real clients using real data. The first is the Harvey Mudd College Clinic capstone program, in which teams of students spend an academic year working on a project for an external sponsor. The second is a course project in an upper level statistics elective in which the students analyze data provided by a campus partner. For both of these, we describe their structure, recent projects, as well as student and client feedback. We also offer our reflections on how providing these educational experiences has influenced us personally and professionally.
Structure and Spectroscopy of Alkene-Cleaving Dioxygenases Containing an Atypically Coordinated Non-Heme Iron Center.

Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze scission of alkene groups in carotenoids and stilbenoids to form biologically important products. CCOs possess a rare four-His iron center whose resting-state structure and interaction with substrates are incompletely understood. Here, we address this knowledge gap through a comprehensive structural and spectroscopic study of three phyletically diverse CCOs. The crystal structure of a fungal stilbenoid-cleaving CCO, CAO1, reveals strong similarity between its iron center and those of carotenoid-cleaving CCOs, but with a markedly different substrate-binding cleft. These enzymes all possess a five-coordinate high-spin Fe(II) center with resting-state Fe–His bond lengths of ∼2.15 A. This ligand set generates an iron environment more electropositive than those of other non-heme iron dioxygenases as observed by Mossbauer isomer shifts. Dioxygen (O2) does not coordinate iron in the absence of substrate. Substrates bind away (∼4.7 A) f...
Voice-Specialized Speech-Language Pathologist's Criteria for Discharge from Voice Therapy

Summary Objective No standard protocol exists to determine when a patient is ready and able to be discharged from voice therapy. The aim of the present study was to determine what factors speech-language pathologists (SLPs) deem most important when discharging a patient from voice therapy. A second aim was to determine if responses differed based on years of voice experience. Methods Step 1: Seven voice-specialized SLPs generated a list of items thought to be relevant to voice therapy discharge. Step 2: Fifty voice-specialized SLPs rated each item on the list in terms of importance in determining discharge from voice therapy. Results Step 1: Four themes emerged—outcome measures, laryngeal appearance, SLP perceptions, and patient factors—as important items when determining discharge from voice therapy. Step 2: The top five most important criteria for discharge readiness were that the patient had to be able to (1) independently use a better voice (transfer), (2) function with his or her new voice production in activities of daily living (transfer), (3) differentiate between good and bad voice, (4) take responsibility for voice, and (5) sound better from baseline. Novice and experienced clinicians agreed between 94% and 97% concerning what was deemed “very important.” Conclusions SLPs agree that a patient's ability to use voice techniques in conversation and real-life situations outside of the therapy room are the most important determinants for voice therapy discharge.
Depletion of RT6.1+ T lymphocytes alone is insufficient to induce diabetes in diabetes-resistant BB/Wor rats.

Abstract Diabetes-prone (DP) BB/Wor rats are lymphopenic, lack RT6.1+ T cells, and spontaneously develop diabetes mellitus. Diabetes-resistant (DR) rats are not lymphopenic, have normal numbers of RT6.1+ T cells, and rarely become diabetic. It has been reported that RT6.1+ T-cell depletion induced insulitis and diabetes in DR rats. To study the effector cells responsible for diabetes in DR rats after RT6+ T cell depletion, we treated a large number of intact and 21-day thymectomized DR rats with anti-RT6.1 monoclonal antibody, anticipating a high frequency of insulitis and diabetes. Our treatment protocol depleted RT6+ T cells but failed to induce insulitis and diabetes with the expected frequency in either intact or thymectomized DR animals. After Con-A stimulation however, RT6-depleted DR spleen cells readily transferred diabetes to DP recipients. These results suggested that while RT6+ T-cell depletion alone was permissive for the induction of diabetes in BB/Wor DR rats, a second stimulus was required to activate the DR effector cells responsible for insulitis and diabetes. In view of the occasional presence of pancreatitis and peritonitis in the diabetic RT6.1+ T-cell-depleted DR rats, additional experiments were performed in which RT6-depleted DR rats were also given intraperitoneal injections of sterile fecal suspensions to deliberately induce peritoneal inflammation. Insulitis and diabetes were significantly increased in these rats, lending credence to the requirement of a second (environmental) stimulus for the induction of diabetes in RT6-depleted BB/Wor DR rats.
Synthesized tissue-equivalent dielectric phantoms using salt and polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions.

Purpose To explore the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for simulated materials with tissue-equivalent dielectric properties. Methods PVP and salt were used to control, respectively, relative permittivity and electrical conductivity in a collection of 63 samples with a range of solute concentrations. Their dielectric properties were measured with a commercial probe and fitted to a 3D polynomial in order to establish an empirical recipe. The material's thermal properties and MR spectra were measured. Results The empirical polynomial recipe (available at https://www.amri.ninds.nih.gov/cgi-bin/phantomrecipe) provides the PVP and salt concentrations required for dielectric materials with permittivity and electrical conductivity values between approximately 45 and 78, and 0.1 to 2 siemens per meter, respectively, from 50 MHz to 4.5 GHz. The second- (solute concentrations) and seventh- (frequency) order polynomial recipe provided less than 2.5% relative error between the measured and target properties. PVP side peaks in the spectra were minor and unaffected by temperature changes. Conclusion PVP-based phantoms are easy to prepare and nontoxic, and their semitransparency makes air bubbles easy to identify. The polymer can be used to create simulated material with a range of dielectric properties, negligible spectral side peaks, and long T2 relaxation time, which are favorable in many MR applications. Magn Reson Med 80:413-419, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Calculation and Evaluation of Cross Sections and Kerma Factors for Neutrons up to 100 MeV on Carbon

We present an evaluation of the interaction of neutrons with energies between 20 and 100 MeV with carbon nuclei. Our aim is to accurately represent integrated cross sections, inclusive emission spe...
ON QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES OF NONLINEAR COMPARTMENTAL SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the qualitative properties of nonlinear compartmental systems. A system of interacting populations arising in medicine and its allied sciences often falls into the category of compartmental systems. A typical example of such a system is an experiment in which a radioactive substance is injected into the blood to trace its flow. The tracer is then sampled at various physiological compartments—blood, urine, etc.—and the data is used to determine the mechanism of transport. Other examples of the compartmental system include drug kinetics and the elimination of contaminants. In these classical examples, each population xj(t) is associated with a physiological compartment. However, compartmental theory has also been applied in other types of studies where the term compartment is used suggestively. In cases where the population xj(t) are large, the noise-to-signal ratio is negligible, and, hence, the system is modeled deterministically. The chapter also focuses on the washout process. In the case of time-invariant, linear systems, the washout criteria is obtainable from the digraph.
Microbial Processes and Products Fueled by Hydrocarbons at Submarine Seeps

Two kinds of records preserve the imprints of microbial processes in submarine seep environments. One record tracks transient changes in pore fluid chemistry and is based on the fact that microbial activities leave indelible marks on the pore fluids, which serve as the transport media of microbial metabolic products. The other record, consisting of the geologic products of seeps such as massive carbonates and carbonate-cemented sandstones, is permanent and provides long-lasting archives which can be used to infer the geochemical and microbiological history of seeps. Both types of records encompassing pore fluids and sediments of extant seeps are reviewed here.
Relationship of inferior vena cava collapsibility to ultrafiltration volume achieved in critically ill hemodialysis patients.

Background Ultrasound (US) assessment of intravascular volume may improve volume management of dialysis patients. We investigated the relationship of intravascular volume evaluated by inferior vena cava (IVC) US to net volume changes with intermittent hemodialysis (HD) in critically ill patients. Methods A retrospective cohort of 113 intensive care unit patients in 244 encounters had clinical assessment of intravascular volume followed by US of respiratory/ventilatory variation of IVC diameter, and had HD within 24 h. IVC collapsibility index (IVC CI)=(IVCmax-IVCmin)/IVCmax*100%. Volume management was guided by clinical data plus IVC US findings. Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) was categorized by severity from none to inability to tolerate HD. Results Linear regression correlating n-weighted proportions of encounters achieving net volume removal of ≥0.5 L, ≥1.0 L, ≥1.5 L, and ≥2.0 L strongly correlated across the range of IVC CI (R2=0.87-0.64). Sensitivity and specificity analysis showed IVC CI was a better predictor than IVCmax of achieving net ultrafiltration (UF) volumes. Mean central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, and cardiac output were poor predictors by logistic regression and receiver operating curve analyses. IVC CI <20% was the approximate optimal cutoff for achieving ≥0.5 L to ≥2.0 L net UF volumes. Net volume change achieved tended to be less than recommended and may have been limited by the development of IDH. Severity of IDH did not correlate with UF rate in mL/kg/h. χ2 analysis showed pre-US clinical intravascular volume assessments had poor concordance with IVC CI categories. Conclusion IVC US may be a useful tool for predicting whether critically ill patients will achieve volume removal with HD.
Association of Hair Loss With Health Utility Measurements Before and After Hair Transplant Surgery in Men and Women.

ImportanceAndrogenetic alopecia is a highly prevalent condition across both sexes and can be surgically corrected through hair transplant. Health utility scores, which represent quantitative estima...
EPIDEM: A Model for Quality Improvement.

Background Existing quality improvement (QI) models have been used with varied success in health care. We developed the EPIDEM Model of Quality Improvement to apply QI principles to health care and promote a widespread culture of quality and patient safety. Methods The EPIDEM acronym can be used to teach and remember the steps of process improvement: explore relevant issues and contextual factors, promote to the right people, implement timely solutions, document steps, evaluate with meaningful measures, and make modifications to improve interventions further. Results The EPIDEM model requires no previous QI training and can be used in conjunction with other QI tools. Our model uniquely emphasizes understanding local context, culture, and resources throughout the QI process. Conclusions We hope that this new QI model will help facilitate an "EPIDEMic" of healthcare QI for our institution and others by providing a foundational framework to successfully implement QI initiatives.
Context-Sensitive Ecological Momentary Assessment: Application of User-Centered Design for Improving User Satisfaction and Engagement During Self-Report.

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) can be a useful tool for collecting real-time behavioral data in studies of health and health behavior. However, EMA administered through mobile technology can be burdensome, and it tends to suffer from suboptimal user engagement, particularly in low health-literacy populations. Objective: This study aimed to report a case study involving the design and evaluation of a mobile EMA tool that supports context-sensitive EMA-reporting of location and social situations accompanying eating and sedentary behavior. Methods: An iterative, user-centered design process with obese, middle-aged women seeking care in a safety-net health system was used to identify the preferred format of self-report measures and the look, feel, and interaction of the mobile EMA tool. A single-arm feasibility field trial with 21 participants receiving 12 prompts each day for momentary self-reports over a 4-week period (336 total prompts per participant) was used to determine user satisfaction with interface quality and user engagement, operationalized as response rate. A second trial among 38 different participants randomized to receive or not to receive a feature designed to improve engagement was conducted. Results: The feasibility trial results showed high interface satisfaction and engagement, with an average response rate of 50% over 4 weeks. Qualitative feedback pointed to the need for auditory alerts. We settled on 3 alerts at 10-min intervals to accompany each EMA-reporting prompt. The second trial testing this feature showed a statistically significant increase in the response rate between participants randomized to receive repeat auditory alerts versus those who were not (60% vs 40%). Conclusions: This paper reviews the design research and a set of design constraints that may be considered in the creation of mobile EMA interfaces personalized to users’ preferences. Novel aspects of the study include the involvement of low health-literacy adults in design research, the capture of data on time, place, and social context of eating and sedentary behavior, and reporting prompts tailored to an individual’s location and schedule. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03083964; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03083964
Neurosurgical and Scalp Reconstructive Challenges During Craniotomy in the Setting of Cutis Verticis Gyrata.

Background Cutis verticis gyrata (CVG) is a rare condition of the scalp in which thickening of the dermis induces rigid folds and furrows resembling the cerebral cortex. Two forms of primary CVG exist: essential, in which CVG is the only presenting problem, and nonessential, in which the scalp condition occurs along with neuropsychiatric ailments. CVG can also occur secondary to a variety of causes including inflammatory, neoplastic, and metabolic conditions or drug use. A review of the available literature, including description of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, histology, and typical management of CVG, is provided. However, we identified no literature describing the complications of CVG in the setting of a craniotomy. Case Report The patient presented here is a 54-year-old man with CVG who presented with occlusion of the M2/M2 branches of the middle cerebral artery, resulting in malignant cerebral edema, requiring emergent management via decompressive craniectomy. Because of the thickening of the scalp, skin incision was complicated by bleeding and difficulty in achieving hemostasis using Raney clips. Plastic surgery was consulted intraoperatively for assistance with complex closure of the wound in a multilayered fashion. Despite this, the patient’s postoperative course was complicated by cerebrospinal fluid leakage due to difficulty in approximating the incision during closure. Subsequent cranioplasty was performed jointly between neurosurgery and plastic surgery. Conclusions Despite its rarity, CVG is an important issue for neurosurgeons to understand as it can present complications in performing craniotomy, most notably during the scalp exposure and closure. CVG may also complicate the postoperative course if adequate approximation of the tissues cannot be achieved, resulting in wound infection and/or cerebrospinal fluid leak. The presented patient benefited from a combined neurosurgical and plastic surgical approach that was implemented intraoperatively and continued through the postoperative stages and the subsequent cranioplasty.
Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by halophilic bacteria isolated from the saltpans of Thoothukudi district, India

Many halophilic microorganisms have evolved unique properties of a considerable biotechnological importance. In this study, two halophilic bacteria were isolated from the solar saltpans of the Thoothukudi district, located in Tamil Nadu, India, and were investigated for their hydrocarbon degrading abilities. These isolates were assigned names as GD30 and DM27; and then were subjected to morphological and molecular characterization, finally identified as Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi and Pseudomonas stutzeri, respectively. Among both isolates, DM27 specifically showed maximum growth and degradation activity of hydrocarbons (i.e. diesel and naphthalene). This hydrocarbon degrading ability was assayed by using 2, 6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) as an indicator. Our overall results demonstrated the potentiality of both halophilic bacterial isolates (Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi and Pseudomonas stutzeri), for biodegradation of hydrocarbons in contaminated saline soil.
Hyperfine structure and isotope shift measurements on spin-forbidden transitions of atomic gadolinium

We present the first measurements of the [Xe]4f75d16s6p$\;^{11}{F_J}$11FJ excited state hyperfine coefficients and isotope shifts of spin-forbidden transitions of atomic gadolinium (Gd) at 726 and 743 nm in a hollow cathode gas discharge. In addition, we performed a King Plot analysis to determine specific mass shift and field shift constants for these lines. Moreover, we observed King Plot nonlinearity for the 743 nm transition, which is an effect recently proposed to aid in searches for hypothetical new light bosons. Spectroscopic results obtained from this study will facilitate the development of more efficient isotope separation techniques, enable narrowband laser cooling of Gd for novel dipolar physics investigations, and foster technological advances in high precision atomic clocks and quantum enhanced metrology.
Secured Lumen-Apposing Fully Covered Metallic Stents for Stenoses in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients

New approaches for refractory stenosis in post-bariatric surgical patients include fully covered lumen-apposing metallic stents (LAMS); however, stent migration continues to be a problem. Endoscopic suture placement to LAMS can reduce the migration. Aiming to assess the feasibility and safety of the procedure, we evaluated nine consecutive patients with inability to tolerate a solid diet due to a benign gastrointestinal stricture recalcitrant to previous attempts at endoscopic therapy. All patients were symptom-free starting from 1-week follow-up. Median stent dwell time was nearly 3 months. During the removal procedures, three incidental foreign bodies were found and removed. No stent migration was observed in any patients. Suturing LAMS is a feasible technique allowing for prolonged stent dwell times; however, it requires a high level of expertise plus additional procedure time.
A Probabilistic Superpixel-Based Method for Road Crack Network Detection

This paper presents a probabilistic superpixel-based method for detecting road crack networks. The proposed method includes the techniques of skeletonization and end-growing at the superpixel level, which lend to the extraction of slender crack features from road images. Probabilistic crack pixel refinement is implemented, followed by geometry filters and binary crack cleaning operations, with the end goal of presenting cracks in their simplest form for further high-level characterization. The performance study used to characterize this crack detection algorithm was not constrained by crack type, pavement type, or even image resolution. This approach boasts a median pixel-wise distance error rate of less than one pixel, and for a 100-image dataset, the average detected crack length was within 18% of the ground truth crack length.
Does Restrictive Lung Function Affect the Exercise Capacity in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) have decreased exercise capacity (XC) and restrictive lung function (RLF). Our objective was to determine the association between RLF and impaired XC in patients with rTOF. This was a single center retrospective review of patients with rTOF who underwent a cardiopulmonary treadmill exercise testing and spirometry from 2005 to 2015. Patients with a respiratory exchange ratio ≥ 1.05 and peak heart rate > 90% of predicted value were included. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and Forced expiratory volume in 1st second of forceful expiration (FEV1) were used to classify the lung function. Exercise parameters such as peak oxygen uptake (VO2), % of predicted VO2 (%VO2), Metabolic equivalents (METS), and exercise time (ET) were compared between the two groups (i) compared patients with normal lung function (normal FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC > 80%) (ii) RLF (FVC 80%). In our cohort (n = 151, 52% male, mean age ± SD of 22.3 ± 9.1 years), patients with RLF (n = 73) compared to those with normal lung function (n = 86) had a lower peak VO2 (30.8 ± 8.6 vs. 36.6 ± 9.8 mL/kg/min; p < 0.001) and shorter exercise time (9:23 ± 1:78 vs. 10:23 ± 1:62 min, p < 0.001). On multivariate regression analysis, RLF was independently associated with reduced XC (VO2%) (β-coefficient − 0.182, p < 0.02) after controlling for age and gender. RLF is common in patients with rTOF and is associated with decreased XC. The contribution of RLF to reduced XC in this population should be considered prior to therapeutic decisions.
Stigma and psychosocial wellbeing among children affected by parental HIV in China.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Parental HIV infection presents unique psychosocial challenges for families. Affected children are vulnerable to stigma-related distress from a parent’s HIV status and are more ...
IAMHAPPY: Towards an IoT knowledge-based cross-domain well-being recommendation system for everyday happiness

Abstract Nowadays, healthy lifestyle, fitness, and diet habits have become central applications in our daily life. Positive psychology such as well-being and happiness is the ultimate dream of everyday people's feelings (even without being aware of it). Wearable devices are being increasingly employed to support well-being and fitness. Those devices produce physiological signals that are analyzed by machines to understand emotions and physical state. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology connects (wearable) devices to the Internet to easily access and process data, even using Web technologies (aka Web of Things). We design IAMHAPPY, an innovative IoT-based well-being recommendation system to encourage every day people's happiness. The system helps people deal with day-to-day discomforts (e.g., minor symptoms such as headache, fever) by using home remedies and related alternative medicines (e.g., naturopathy, aromatherapy), activities to reduce stress, etc. To achieve this system, we build a web-based knowledge repository for emotion with a focus on happiness and well-being. The knowledge repository helps analyze data produced by IoT devices to understand users' emotions and health. The semantics-based knowledge repository is integrated with a rule-based engine to suggest recommendations to achieve everyday people's happiness. The naturopathy application scenario supports the recommendation system.
Diagnostic Adjuncts for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders

Current evidence suggests that diagnostic adjuncts for oral squamous carcinoma and potentially malignant disorders have limited applicability in the hands of nonexperts (i.e., in community or primary care settings, regardless of resources), although some have utility when used by experts in secondary and tertiary settings (i.e., characterization of high-risk disease for biopsy site selection or surgical margin delineation). However, technological advances in oncology suggest that emerging diagnostic adjuncts and predictive markers will play an increasingly important role in the future.
Association of tumor genomic factors and efficacy for metastasis-directed stereotactic body radiotherapy for oligometastatic colorectal cancer.

Abstract Purpose/objective(s) To report tumor genomic factors associated with overall survival (OS) and local failure (LF) for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who received metastasis-directed stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Materials/methods This was a retrospective review of patients with CRC who received metastasis-directed SBRT. Tumor genomic alterations were identified through KRAS, BRAF, or a 50-gene next generation sequencing panel. OS and LF were estimated using Kaplan-Meier and competing-risk methods. Results Eighty-five patients and 109 lesions were treated between 2008 and 2018. The median patient follow-up was 50 months (IQR: 28–107). The median and 5-year OS was 34 months and 26% (95% CI: 16–41%), respectively. The 2-year cumulative incidence of LF was 30% (95% CI: 23–41%). Univariate associates with OS included patient age ≥60 years, bone metastasis, increasing tumor size, KRAS mutation, and combined KRAS and TP53 mutation, while increasing tumor size, bone metastasis, biologically effective dose Multivariate associates with OS included patient age ≥60 years (HR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2–4.8, p = 0.01), lesion size per 1 cm (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.5, p Conclusion Genomic factors, in particular KRAS and TP53 mutation, may assist in patient selection and radiotherapeutic decision-making for patients with oligometastatic CRC. Prospective validation, ideally with genomic correlation of all irradiated metastases, is warranted.
On-the-fly Page Migration and Address Reconciliation for Heterogeneous Memory Systems

For efficient placement of data in flat-address heterogeneous memory systems consisting of fast (e.g., 3D-DRAM) and slow memories (e.g., NVM), we present a hardware-based page migration technique. Unlike epoch-based approaches that migrate heavily accessed (“hot”) pages from slow to fast memories at each epoch interval, we migrate a page immediately when it becomes hot (“on-the-fly”), using hardware in user-transparent manner and with minimal OS intervention. The management of physical addresses due to page relocation becomes cumbersome and requires costly OS intervention. We use a small hardware remap table to keep track of new physical addresses of the migrated pages. This limits address reconciliation to occur only at periodic evictions of old remap entries. Also, we propose a hardware-orchestrated light-weight address reconciliation process. For our studied heterogeneous memory system, on-the-fly page migration with hardware-assisted address reconciliation provides 74% and 24% IPC improvements, on average for a set of SPEC CPU2006 workloads when compared to a baseline without any page migration and a system with on-the-fly page migration using OS-based address reconciliation, respectively. Furthermore, we present an analytical model for classifying applications as page migration friendly (applications that show performance gains from page migration) or unfriendly based on memory access behavior.
Follow-up of patients subject to the mild traumatic brain injury

Background: In the past decade, accidents have been one of the top 10 causes of death in Taiwan. Head trauma caused by accidents has been an issue of concern in Taiwan. Although serious long-term effects have been documented, research on mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remains scarce. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to analyze post-concussion symptome (PCS) and the relevant impact on physical, emotional, and cognitive functions. Materials and Methods: During 2012–2013, 105 patients with mTBI in a single hospital were surveyed based on the Rivermead postconcussion symptoms questionnaire in 1 week, and their postinjury status was followed 1 month later. The collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test and descriptive statistics. Results: The collected data were included patient demographics and pretrauma risk factors. A total of 101 patients were subject to mTBI. The rate increased among males and the population aged from 21 to 44 years old. The most common cause of injury was the motorcycle accident, where half of the patients had an initial loss of consciousness and posttraumatic amnesia. Partial resolution of symptoms was noted within 1 month for all participants, but some symptoms persisted (P Conclusion: This study presents patients' PCS symptoms in different periods. Those symptoms improved gradually in 1 month, but some symptoms persisted, especially those affecting emotional and cognitive functions. Most patients in this study were young, and the illness had impact on the patients' daily life. As shown by the results, the risk factors were associated with prolonged PCS among females. Aside from physical symptoms, special attention should be paid to mental care as well. More predictors for mTBI may improve medical care quality and reduce losses of medical resources.
Behavioral Medicine Assessment and Medication Choice in the Management of Chronic Pain

The goal of this chapter is to discuss the critical role of a behavioral medicine specialist in the management of chronic pain as well as assist in choosing the most appropriate psychotropic medications for use in chronic pain. Off-label uses of medications and other agents – thought useful in behavioral health and chronic pain – are also presented here. The medication information presented here strives to cover a wide range of useful pain-related psychopharmacology applications. These applications range from evidence-based treatments and treatments typically seen in clinical practice to disproven treatments and proposed treatments that warrant further investigation.
A phase 1b trial of concurrent immunotherapy and irreversible electroporation in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Background Combining immune checkpoint blockade therapy with operative disruptive immunomodulation using irreversible electroporation may overcome the resistance to systemic therapy found in patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer. We describe the safety profile and efficacy of IRE with nivolumab. Methods In the preclinical phase of study, human pancreatic cell lines were cultured with interferon-γ (10 ng/mL) and murine models of pancreatic cancer were treated with irreversible electroporation and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression was measured. In this phase 1b clinical trial (NCT03080974), surgical ablative irreversible electroporation was performed followed by nivolumab. The primary end point was dose-limiting toxicity. Results Human pancreatic cells express PD-L1 when cultured with interferon-γ: quantitative polymerase chain reaction MiaPaca (15.2 rel. fold ± 0.5; P Conclusion Irreversible electroporation induces expression of PD-L1 in vitro. Combination therapy with concurrent nivolumab is well tolerated. A multicenter, phase 2 adjuvant trial is underway using irreversible electroporation and nivolumab in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
On the Effects of Visual Anticipation of Floor Compliance Changes on Human Gait: Towards Model-based Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation

The role of various types of robot assistance in post-stroke gait rehabilitation has gained much attention in recent years. Furthermore, there is increased popularity to use more than one rehabilitation method in order to utilize the different advantages of each. Naturally, this results in the need to study how the different robot-assisted interventions affect the various underlying sensorimotor mechanisms involved in rehabilitation. To answer this important question, this paper combines a virtual reality experience with a unique robotic rehabilitation device, the Variable Stiffness Treadmill (VST), as a way of understanding interactions across different sensorimotor mechanisms involved in gait. The VST changes the walking surface stiffness in order to simulate real-world compliant surfaces while seamlessly interacting with a virtual environment. Through the manipulated visual and proprioceptive feedback, this paper focuses on the muscle activation patterns before, during, and after surface changes that are both visually informed and uninformed. The results show that there are predictable and repeatable muscle activation patterns both before and after surface stiffness changes, and these patterns are affected by the perceived visual and proprioceptive feedback. The interaction of feedback mechanisms and their effect on evoked muscular activation can be used in future robot-assisted gait therapies, where the intended muscle responses are informed by deterministic models and are tailored to a specific patient’s needs.
Leaf Peeling method for the wave equation on metric tree graphs

We consider the dynamical inverse problem for the wave equation on a metric tree graph and describe the dynamical Leaf Peeling (LP) method. The main step of the method is recalculating the response operator from the original tree to a peeled tree. The LP method allows us to recover the connectivity, potential function on a tree graph and the lengths of its edges from the response operator given on a finite time interval.
Measure Phase: M Is for Measure

The Measure phase aims to measure, evaluate, and understand the current state of the process. In this phase, the data are collected for relevant CTQ (Critical-to-Quality) characteristics and prepared for the Analyze phase. Data collection plans, types of variables and sampling methods, measuring various limits of CTQ characteristics, and sigma levels of the process and system will be analyzed in this chapter.
Experimentalist Systems in Manufacturing Multinationals: Recursivity and Continuous Learning Through Destabilization

This chapter explores manufacturing MNC governance practices under conditions of uncertainty. It shows that organized recursivity in knowledge flow and practice (“experimentalism”) can diffuse learning and innovation throughout the MNC. Three sorts of obstacles, however, are common: hierarchical insulation, stakeholder exclusion, and inadequate empowerment resources for participants. These obstacles exist not only ex ante, as firms attempt to construct formal experimentalist systems; they also are continually regenerated by the experimentalist dynamics themselves. In order to avoid disruption of recursive flow, MNCs are developing an array of destabilization mechanisms to undermine obstacles and reconstitute the deliberative experimentalist learning process.
City of Angels Graffiti Jacket & Tee

The City of Angels Graffiti Jacket & Tee is an artistic outcome combining street art, namely graffiti found in Los Angeles, photography, digital printing technology, and the 1980s influences in women’s apparel. The artistic reference for design, along with digitally printed fabric resulted in the finished piece which exhibits a combination of urban graffiti art, influences of 1980s punk and moto styling and feminine details. The opening of “Art in the Streets”, on April 17th, 2011 at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles marked the largest American museum exhibition of graffiti and street art to date. Curator Roger Gastman says, “Bringing graffiti from the street into the museum venue isn’t easy” (“The History of American Graffiti:”2011). But Gastman had developed a skill for doing just that, with the Los Angeles exhibit showcasing 50 graffiti and street artist installations. Attending this show became the primary inspiration for the pieces in City of Angels Graffiti Jacket & Tee.
Determinants of Export Performances of Major Spices (Turmeric and Korarima) in Ethiopia

Background: Ethiopia has comparative advantages in the production of exportable spices due to existing rich genetic resources, diverse agro-ecological condition and abundant arable land and labour. However, despite their high potential and opportunities for export, most spices including turmeric and korarima are not fully utilized.Objective: This study was intended to analyze the determinants of export performance of major spices (turmeric and Korarima) in Ethiopia.Material and Methods: The random effect GLS gravity model was selected as an analytical tool to estimate the determinant of major spices export performance between Ethiopia and nine sampled spices trade partners using annual panel data collected for a period of 2005 to 2015/2016.Results: The results indicated that Ethiopia's population, foreign direct investment, real exchange rate and institutional quality, the importers' GDP, GDP per capita and population, geographical distance and the dummy variables (COMESA membership and sharing common borders) had significantly affected turmeric and Korarima export performances, at different level of significance level, with their expected sign or effect. However, the variables intuitional quality and being COMESA membership were found to have unexpected negative influences on the export performance of major spices (turmeric and Korarima).Conclusion: The finding of the study implied that there is a need to formulate policies and strategies that would promote institutional quality, improve supply capacity, attracting foreign direct investment, strengthen trade liberalization, deepening economic integration and targeting export destination that could reduce transportation costs in order to improve the export performance of those spices.
O38 How Seafood Says “Sustainable”: A Content Analysis of Retail Package Labels

Background When harvested or raised within sustainable systems, products of domestic fisheries and aquaculture offer healthy, affordable seafood choices with minimal environmental impact that can help Americans meet dietary guidelines for seafood intake. However, some consumers hesitate to purchase seafood products, associating them with negative environmental impact, and adherence to intake recommendations remains low. Consistent sustainability labeling on seafood products could better signal environmental responsibility and encourage consumers toward increased intake. Objective To characterize label attributes indicative of sustainability on seafood packages. Study Design, Setting, Participants A content analysis of seafood package labels was conducted using the Label Insight product database. Characterized attributes included 320 terms and certifications documented on packages. From over 400,000 food products, 2,200 seafood packages were selected for inclusion based on type: salmon (n = 730), shrimp (n = 1,387), and oysters (n = 83). Mixed dishes were excluded. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Four trained coders characterized label attributes according to a priori themes, including sustainability. Total usage frequencies of sustainability-related labels, and frequencies of specific terms and certifications, were determined for each seafood type. Pearson chi-square analyses were conducted to evaluate statistical associations between seafood type and sustainability labeling practices. Results Thirty-eight attributes (11.9%) were coded as sustainability labels. Overall, more salmon (47.9%) and shrimp (47.6%) packages displayed sustainability labels than did oysters (26.5%), (χ2 (2, N = 2,200) = 14.443, P = 0.001). Specific terms used varied by seafood type. Salmon (41.6%) and oyster (26.5%) packages displaying sustainability labels most frequently utilized unstandardized “environmental” terms, whereas shrimp packages (36%) most often displayed a third-party sustainability certification label. Lesser-used terms included planet friendly, responsibly produced, and responsibly caught. Conclusion While encouraging that nearly half the evaluated salmon and shrimp packages reference sustainability, use of terminology and certifications across and within seafood types is inconsistent. Future studies might investigate whether more frequent use of standardized sustainability labels measurably increases seafood purchase and consumption.
Chapter 1 Electrical Noise in Physics and Biology

Publisher Summary In a circuit containing a potential barrier such as a rectifying junction in a transistor, the current is limited to those electrons that have sufficient thermal energy to surmount the barrier. As a result, the current fluctuates in a way that is determined by the thermal fluctuations in the position and energy distribution of the electrons, producing a type of noise known as shot noise. These and similar problems are analyzed by the methods of statistical physics. This chapter describes some of these methods. It provides an overview of the formalisms by which stochastic processes are characterized and reviews the way Fourier analysis is applied to noise problems. The chapter also describes the classical types of noise that are observed in electrical conduction. One of these types, fractal noise, involves nonequilibrium processes and is presently of great interest because it has been shown to encompass the more traditional concept of one-over-f noise. The techniques employed in the measurement and analysis of noise is described. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the fluctuations in ion conductance observed in biological membranes.
Close Friendships among Contemporary People

Do contemporary people have fewer friends than they used to? In this entry, we examine the research on strong tie networks, or networks containing people especially important to us, in order to provide a partial answer. We begin with a review of the methods employed to collect data on social network connections. We then summarize the literature on the size of Americans' social networks as well as change in this size over time. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of where the study of strong networks needs to go and some suggestions for getting it there. Overall, the research suggests that while strong networks have changed over the past 30–40 years, and may be smaller overall, people are no more isolated than they were in the past. Keywords: social network; friendship; social isolation; social support; survey methods; artifacts
Phase II and pharmacokinetic study of high-dose methotrexate in the treatment of advanced gynecologic malignancy: A Southwest Oncology Group trial

Abstract Fifteen patients with advanced or recurrent gynecologic malignancy were treated with high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) (1–8 g/ M 2 ) and citrovorum factor rescue (10–100 mg/ M 2 ). One complete response (13%) and two improved responses occurred in eight patients (25%) with squamous cell carcinoma and one of seven patients (14%) with nonsquamous nontrophoblastic carcinoma had stable disease for 7 months. The median duration of survival in the squamous group was 9 months and in the nonsquamous groups 6.5 months. Mean serum MTX concentrations were proportional to the doses administered and typical two compartment plasma disappearance curves were seen. Adverse toxic reactions were not observed at serum MTX levels less than 7.8 × 10 −7 , M at 24 hr and 1 × 10 −7 M at 48 hr post-MTX. Hematopoietic toxicity occurred most frequently with leukopenia observed in 19.5% of courses. Hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, and dermatologic toxicities were observed infrequently. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity occurred in one patient and possibly related leukoencephalopathy occurred in another patient. On the basis of the relatively low response rate observed in this trial and the high expense of HDMTX therapy, the value of such therapy may be limited in advanced nontrophoblastic gynecologic cancer.