cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Derivation of Element Matrices and Vectors

This chapter explains various approaches used for derivation of characteristic matrices and characteristic element vectors. The characteristic vectors are also termed as vectors of nodal actions. The three approaches that are used are as follows: direct approach, variational approach, and weighted residual approach. Direct approach uses direct physical reasoning to establish the element properties (characteristic matrices and vectors) in terms of pertinent variables. The applicability of this method is limited to simple types of elements. In variational approach, the finite element analysis is interpreted as an approximate means for solving variational problems. Because most physical and engineering problems can be formulated in variational form, the finite element method can be readily applied for finding their approximate solutions. The variational approach has been most widely used in formulating finite element equations. A major limitation of the method is that it requires the physical or engineering problem to be stated in variational form, which is not possible in all cases. In weighted residual approach, the element matrices and vectors are derived directly from the governing differential equations of the problem without reliance on the variational statement of the problem. This method offers the most general procedure for deriving finite element equations and can be applied to almost all practical problems of science and engineering.
IR-Improved DGLAP-CS QCD Parton Showers in Pythia8

Abstract We introduce the recently developed IR-improved DGLAP-CS theory into the showers in Pythia8, as this Monte Carlo event generator is in wide use at LHC. We show that, just as it was true in the IR-improved shower Monte Carlo Herwiri, which realizes the IR-improved DGLAP-CS theory in the Herwig6.5 environment, the soft limit in processes such as single heavy gauge boson production is now more physical in the IR-improved DGLAP-CS theory version of Pythia8. This opens the way to one’s getting a comparison between the actual detector simulations for some of the LHC experiments between IR-improved and unimproved showers as Pythia8 is used in detector simulations at LHC whereas Herwig6.5, the environment of the only other IR-improved DGLAP-CS QCD MC in the literature, Herwiri1.031, is not any longer so used. Our achieving the availability of the IR-improved DGLAP-CS Pythia8 then is an important step in the further development of the LHC precision theory program under development by the author and his collaborators.
Integration is Not Collaboration: Implication for Win-Win Negotiations

This paper briefly reviews the literature that defines and describes both single- and joint- gain negotiation. It then argues that joint-gain negotiations should be divided into two categories: integrative and collaborative. These types of joint-gain negotiation require different conditions, use different processes for generating solutions, and result in different outcomes. This paper examines the similarities and differences of integrative and collaborative negotiation, and argues that by separating integrative and collaborative negotiations, it will be easier to understand and utilize joint-gain negotiations. Ultimately, this paper's aim is to eliminate many of the frustrations associated with determining what type of joint-gain negotiation to use enabling users to choose a negotiation strategy that best utilizes strengths, accounts for any restrictions, and helps achieve desired outcomes.
The Third Autobiography

The Third Man of the Double Helix The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins. Maurice Wilkins. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003. 288 pp. £16.99, $27.50. ISBN 0-19-860665-6. Wilkins offers his perspective on the discovery of the structure of DNA (paying particular attention to his interactions with Rosalind Franklin) and discusses other important developments of 20th-century science.
Examples of Plasma Flows within the Earth’s Magnetosphere

Examples of observed flows of plasmas in the dayside magnetosphere near the magnetopause, within the ring current in the local evening sector, and at two positions simultaneously in the plasma sheet are presented. These measurements were gained with LEPEDEA plasma instruments on the satellites IMP’s -6 and -7. Flow velocities inside the magnetopause in the dayside magnetosphere are typically 25 to 75 km s-1, and are directed generally parallel to the tangent to the nearby magnetopause with a small component directed into this boundary. Bulk flow speeds within the ring current ranged from the instrument threshold of ~ 20kms-1 to speeds of 50 km s-1. Strong tailward ‘jetting’ of plasmas, in the range of 200 to 300 km s-1, at geocentric radial distances ~ 35 R E in the plasma sheet is found to be often associated with the occurrence of magnetic substorms.
Modification of K+ channel–drug interactions by ancillary subunits

Reconciling ion channel α-subunit expression with native ionic currents and their pharmacological sensitivity in target organs has proved difficult. In native tissue, many K+ channel α-subunits co-assemble with ancillary subunits, which can profoundly affect physiological parameters including gating kinetics and pharmacological interactions. In this review, we examine the link between voltage-gated potassium ion channel pharmacology and the biophysics of ancillary subunits. We propose that ancillary subunits can modify the interaction between pore blockers and ion channels by three distinct mechanisms: changes in (1) binding site accessibility; (2) orientation of pore-lining residues; (3) the ability of the channel to undergo post-binding conformational changes. Each of these subunit-induced changes has implications for gating, drug affinity and use dependence of their respective channel complexes. A single subunit may modulate its associated α-subunit by more than one of these mechanisms. Voltage-gated potassium channels are the site of action of many therapeutic drugs. In addition, potassium channels interact with drugs whose primary target is another channel, e.g. the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, the sodium channel blocker quinidine, etc. Even when K+ channel block is the intended mode of action, block of related channels in non-target organs, e.g. the heart, can result in major and potentially lethal side-effects. Understanding factors that determine specificity, use dependence and other properties of K+ channel drug binding are therefore of vital clinical importance. Ancillary subunits play a key role in determining these properties in native tissue, and so understanding channel–subunit interactions is vital to understanding clinical pharmacology.
EXAMINING COURTSHIP, DATING, AND FORCED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE: A PRELIMINARY MODEL

A survey research project focusing on violence in intimate relationships, perceptions toward courtship and dating, and perceptions of sexual intercourse found that’s one women tend to choose to label incidents of forced sexual intercourse in which they have been victims as non-rape. These findings are explored and a tentative model to explain this phenomenon is advanced.
The Dynamics of Two Parametrically Excited Pendula with Impacts

We consider a parametrically excited vibro-impact system consisting of two colliding pendula supported on a moving base. Between the impacts the dynamics of the system are described by a nonlinear Mathieu equation, while impacts are represented by an appropriate jump in the state variables, dependent on the coefficient of restitution e. The method of averaging is applied to these equations and a reduced system is developed in which several nontrivial impacting states are identified, including synchronous oscillations, a symmetric impacting state, and a nonsymmetric impacting state. For the symmetric response (including both the synchronous and symmetric impacting states), a two-dimensional map is developed from the averaged equations and for a purely elastic collision (e = 1), a nonlinear Mathieu equation is obtained — the impacts play no role in the amplitude of the response. For inelastic collisions (e ≠ 1) the dissipation induced by the impacts can be combined with viscous damping into an overall dissipation parameter to determine the equilibrium points of the mapping. Finally, for more general nonsymmetric behavior, the existence of the stable nonsymmetric impacting state can be closely tied to the coexistence of the nontrivial state and the origin as stable states in the symmetric response.
An imaging fiber-based optical tweezer array for microparticle array assembly

In this letter, we present a method to generate and regenerate arrays of microspheres by optically trapping through optical imaging fiber bundles. In this method, a laser beam is coupled into the proximal end of an optical fiber bundle, and the light energy is distributed across the face of the fiber. Each illuminated individual fiber in the array propagates light to the distal face of the bundle, where light focusing elements at the end of each fiber focus the laser light and form optical traps. These optical traps are capable of capturing and arraying microspheres in parallel. The number of optical traps is determined by the number of fibers in the optical fiber bundle and is capable of creating a dense array (∼5×104 traps/mm2) of optical tweezers.
Properties and comparison of estimation methods in a log-linear generalized linear mixed model

Generalized linear mixed models have become a popular choice for modeling correlated and non-normal response data, with an increasing number of methods available for fitting these models. However, due to the complexities of the likelihood functions, limited work has been carried out to examine the asymptotic behavior and performance of the methods, including the effects of small sample size, large variance component values and stability of the computational algorithms. In this article, we propose a choice of parameter estimation within an iterative bias correction method developed by Kuk [1995, Asymptotically unbiased estimation in generalized linear models with random effects. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 57, 395–407.] for fitting generalized linear mixed models to improve computational efficiency. We investigate the performance of a commonly used method, maximum likelihood, along with the iterative bias correction method and penalized quasi-likelihood in the fitting of a log-linea...
A comparative clinical trial of 5-azacytidine and guanazole in previously treated adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

Adults with previously treated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia received either 5-azacytidine or guanazole in a randomized study. Eighteen patients were treated with 5-azacytidine at a dosage of 200-250 mg/m2/day X 5 intravenously (i.v.) and six achieved a remission (five complete). The median duration of complete remission was 100 days. Among the 12 patients who received guanazole, at a dosage of 25-30 g/m2/day X 5 by continuous i.v. infusion, only one partial remission ensued. Pm 600 WBC/mm3) than nonresponders (median 1700 WBC/mm3). Both the time taken to reach the nadir white blood coung (median, 14 days) and theduration of the nadir (median, 17 days) were long after each course of 5-azacytidine, particularly for those patients who achieved a remission. Principal toxicities seen after 5-azacytidine administration were gastrointestinal tolerance, fever, and neuromuscular toxicity. Fever was the principal toxicity observed after guanazole therapy; one patient developed erythema nodosum with arthralgias and another, recurrent pulmonary infiltrates. Survival from the start of therapy was clearly longer for the patients receiving 5-azacytidine (median 140 days) because of the prolongation of survival seen in the responding patients (median 266 + days). 5-Azacytidine has significant activity as an induction agent in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, but guanazole does not appear to be of particular value for patients with this disease.
Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Modeling of the Artery Myogenic Response

Active contraction of smooth muscle results in the myogenic response and vasomotion of arteries, which adjusts the blood flow and nutrient supply of the organism. It involves coupled electrobiochemical and chemomechanical processes. This paper presents a new constitutive model to describe the myogenic response of the artery wall under different transmural pressures. The model includes two major components: a cell-level model for the electrobiochemical process, and a tissue-level model for the chemomechanical coupling. The electrochemical model is a lumped Hodgkin-Huxley-type cell membrane model for the nanoscopic ionic currents: calcium, sodium, and potassium. The calculated calcium concentration serves as input for the chemomechanical portion of the model; its molecular binding and the reactions with other enzymes cause the relative sliding of thin and thick filaments of the contractile unit. In the chemomechanical model, a new nonlinear viscoelastic model is introduced to describe the time varying behavior of the smooth muscle. Specifically, this model captures the filament overlap effect, active stress evolution, initial velocity, and elastic recoil in the media layer. Using the proposed constitutive model and a thin-walled equilibrium equation, the myogenic response is calculated for different transmural pressures. The integrated model is able to capture the pressure-diameter relationship incorporating fewer parameters than previous work and with clear physical meanings.
Heat shock response and groEL sequence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana

Summary: Transmission of Bartonella species from ectoparasites to the mammalian host involves adaptation to thermal and other forms of stress. In order to better understand this process, the heat shock response of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana was studied. Cellular proteins synthesized after shift to higher temperatures were intrinsically labelled with [35S]methionine and analysed by gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The apparent molecular masses of three of the major heat shock proteins produced by the two Bartonella species were virtually identical, migrating at 70, 60 and 10 kDa. A fourth major heat shock protein was larger in B. quintana (20 kDa) than in B. henselae (17 kDa). The maximum heat shock response in B. quintana and B. henselae was observed at 39 °C and 42 °C, respectively. The groEL genes of both Bartonella species were amplified, sequenced and compared to other known groEL genes. The phylogenetic tree based on the groEL alignment places B. quintana and B. henselae in a monophyletic group with Bartonella bacilliformis. The deduced amino acid sequences of Bartonella GroEL homologues contain signature sequences that are uniquely shared by members of the Gram-negative α-purple subdivision of bacteria, which live within eukaryotic cells. Recombinant His6-GroEL fusion proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli to generate specific rabbit antisera. The GroEL antisera were used to confirm the identity of the 60 kDa Bartonella heat shock protein. These studies provide a foundation for evaluating the role of the heat shock response in the pathogenesis of Bartonella infection.
An alpha-helical peptide in AOT micelles prefers to be localized at the water/headgroup interface.

A model alpha-helical peptide encapsulated in a reverse micelle is used to study the structure and dynamics of proteins under constrained environments that mimic the membrane-water environment in cells. Molecular dynamics simulations of the self assembly of systems composed of a peptide, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), water, and isooctane show that the peptide prefers to be located at the water/AOT headgroups interface. We explore the effect of the AOT headgroup charge and the peptide charge and find that the peptides migrate to the interface in all cases. These results show that the peptides prefer the constrained hydration environment of the AOT headgroups. The driving force for this configuration is the gain in entropy by released water molecules that otherwise would solvate the protein and surfactant headgroups
Nonaxisymmetric instabilities of self-gravitating disks. I toroids

We perform an extensive linear investigation of the nonaxisymmetric disk modes referred to in the literature as P, I, and J modes in self-gravitating polytropic toroids with power law angular velocity distributions. For selected models, we also follow the development of instability from the linear regime through the quasi-linear regime to deep into the nonlinear regime. We consider modes with azimuthal dependence e imφ , where m is an integer and φ is the azimuthal angle. We find that instability sets in through m=2 barlike I modes at T/|W|∼0.16–0.18 depending upon the chosen angular velocity law where T is the rotational kinetic energy and W is the gravitational energy of the toroid. Instability in the barlike I mode peaks in strength around T/|W|=0.22–0.23 after which it weakens, eventually stabilizing around T/|W|∼0.25–0.26. One-armed modes (m=1 modes) become unstable just after instability in the m=2I modes sets in; instability in m=1 modes sets in at T/|W|∼0.19. They dominate the barlike I modes in toroids with T/|W|≳0.25. However, almost immediately after the m=1 mode overtakes the barlike I mode, higher-m J modes appear. J modes with m=2, 3, and 4 become unstable for T/|W|≳0.25–0.26, 0.23–0.25, and 0.25–0.26, respectively. m≥3J modes dominate the m=1 mode in toroids with T/|W|≳0.27. As T/|W| increases further, nonaxisymmetric instability sets in through higher and higher m modes. We find quantitative agreement between the early nonlinear behavior of the tested unstable toroids and our linear results. Quasi-linear modeling suggests that a gravitational self-interaction torque which arises early in the nonlinear regime saturates growth of the mode and leads to significant transport of mass and angular momentum. Neither I mode nor J mode instabilities produce prompt fission in toroids.
An ecological classification of Alaskan Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) rookeries: a tool for conservation/management

As the western stock of Steller sea lions continues to decline, government managers may place additional controls on commercial fisheries as protective measures. Currently, management decisions regarding rookeries are based largely on the geographic location of a site, and little effort has been made to describe sea lion rookeries in an ecosystem context. We provide a broad ecological characterization of rookeries for the western stock of Steller sea lions, which can be used in making management decisions to facilitate their recovery. We gathered data on habitat (bathymetry, sea surface temperature, substrate type, and orientation), diet and population trends from available literature and National Marine Fisheries Service databases (1990–98), and we used a Geographic Information System to group sea lion rookeries into ecologically related regions. Ecological attributes were assigned to rookeries within a 10-nm radius of land. Regions were determined using cluster analysis. Five distinct classes of rookeries (i.e. potential management regions) were identified based on their relatedness to the ecological factors we defined. Several of the regional breaks occur at major oceanic passes including Amchitka, Samalga, and Unimak Passes and are associated with ocean currents.
Thermoacoustic Tomography Modeling with Spectral Element Method

Summary form only given. In this work, we propose a spectral element method (SEM) to solve the thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) forward problem. With the use of Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL) polynomials as basis functions and GLL points as quadrature integration points, the SEM can achieve the same accuracy as the FEM with a much lower sampling density, and therefore the number of unknowns can be greatly reduced. A perfectly matched layer (PML) is used at the boundary of the computational domain to absorb outgoing waves. Numerical results are shown to validate the SEM, and to demonstrate the significant advantages of the SEM over the FEM for large-scale realistic TAT problems
Virtual image replay system for viewing bubble chamber holograms

A virtual image replay system has been constructed at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to replay holograms produced in experiment E-632. The holograms were produced by a modified in-line holographic system installed in the 15 ft. bubble chamber detector. The experiment produced 110,000 holograms useful for physics analysis. The holograms were recorded on 70 mm Agfa-Gevaert Holotest 10E75 film. The bubble images represent tracks of charged particles produced from high energy neutrino interactions. Since one of the main purposes of the experiment was to observe short lived particles, our holographic system makes it possible to record smaller bubble images (approximately 100 mm) than possible with conventional photographs (approximately 500 mm) which record the entire visible chamber volume (28 m3) and are subject to the limitations of conventional photography i.e., diffraction of the camera lens aperture. Although the holographic volume is 1.5 m3, 20 - 30% of all the interactions in the bubble chamber fall within the holographic volume since the beam is concentrated in the center of the chamber. An important aspect of the experiment is the inspection of the holograms and for this reason an effective replay system is necessary. We have constructed a low cost replay system and chosen a virtual image replay because it requires much less laser power and this has proven to be a great advantage. We discuss the major components of the holographic replay machine and the relevant design features. Replay wavelengths different than the original recording wavelength are possible and corrected for in the system described. The resolution of the system is improved using a liquid film gate. A fiber optic reconstruction reference beam has been useful and convenient. Examples of replayed bubble chamber events are shown.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Putting capital in its place: globalization and the prospects for labor

Abstract The fate of workers in the face of globalization has been much decried and debated, but usually from the wrong angle. The focus of conventional discussion is almost always on labor markets and the woes of international wage competition. In critical approaches, the miracle of global capital mobility and the power of transnational corporations come in for the most attention, for their presumed role in the offshoring of industry from the advanced economies and build-up of cheap-labor platforms in the newly industrializing countries. In contrast, the argument presented here points the finger of blame away from the economic failings of workers and successes of capital to the worldwide political defeat of the working class and global economic failures of capitalism.
Catching supermassive black hole binaries without a net

The gravitational wave signals from coalescing Supermassive Black Hole Binaries are prime targets for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). With optimal data processing techniques, the LISA observatory should be able to detect black hole mergers anywhere in the Universe. The challenge is to find ways to dig the signals out of a combination of instrument noise and the large foreground from stellar mass binaries in our own galaxy. The standard procedure of matched filtering against a grid of templates can be computationally prohibitive, especially when the black holes are spinning or the mass ratio is large. Here we develop an alternative approach based on Metropolis-Hastings sampling and simulated annealing that is orders of magnitude cheaper than a grid search. For the first time, we show that it is possible to detect and characterize the signals from binary systems of Schwarzschild Black Holes that are embedded in instrument noise and a foreground containing millions of galactic binaries. Our technique is computationally efficient, robust, and applicable to both high and low signal-to-noise ratio systems.
Circulatory adaptations in sponge fishermen (skin divers).

Abstract About three hundred men living on the island of Kalymnos, Dodecanese (Greece), are professional sponge fishermen, working without special apparatus as skin divers off the coasts of Cyrenaiki and Tripolis in North Africa during the summer, and the coasts of the Dodecanese and Egypt during the winter time. They work ten months a year, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day, i.e., during the time the sea bottom is illuminated by the sun, and one can discern the sponge colonies, found at a depth of 50 to 70 meters, as small gray spots. The sponge fishermen dive continuously during the day's work, without taking any food in order to avoid vomiting and loss of efficiency. They perform 50 to 120 dives a day with an apnea lasting from one to two and one-half minutes. Their ages range from 16 to 56 years, most of them being between 20 and 35 years old. In an attempt to evaluate the circulatory adaptions in these persons, we have undertaken the present investigation. Our attention was focused mainly on the right side of the heart which, in our opinion, must be influenced by such a long voluntary apnea during a great part of their lives.
Differential scanning microcalorimetry indicates that human defensin, HNP-2, interacts specifically with biomembrane mimetic systems.

α-Defensins are antimicrobial peptides with 29−35 amino acid residues and cysteine-stabilized amphiphilic, triple-stranded β-sheet structures. We used high-precision differential scanning microcalo...
Experimental evaluation of the onset of subcooled flow boiling at high liquid velocity and subcooling

The knowledge of the onset of subcooled boiling in water forced convective flow at high liquid velocity and subcooling is of importance in thermal hydraulic studies of high heat flux components in fusion reactors. The present paper reports the results of an experimental research on the onset of subcooled boiling in water forced convective flow. From the measurement of the pressure drop along the heated test channel (D = 8 mm, L = 100 mm) it is possible to evaluate the heat flux at which the subcooled boiling occurs. As far as the coolant is in single-phase flow, it is possible to simply calculate its pressure drop, also taking into account the temperature effect on the friction factor, for the temperature variation along the heated channel and in the cross section (due to the steep thermal gradients). The classical corrections available in the literature have been used. Once bubble formation is established, the additional, significant contribution of the bubbles presence to the pressure drop leads to a deviation of the experimental pressure drop curve from the single-phase theoretical line. This latter identifies the onset of subcooled boiling. A comparison of the experimental heat flux at the subcooled boiling incipience with that provided by the major correlations available in the literature is given. A further comparison with measurements performed with an accelerometer device is provided in the paper. The accelerometer detects the additional noise due to bubbles formation close to the heated wall and subsequent collapse in the subcooled bulk of the liquid. The results given by the accelerometer and those obtained with the present evaluation method are in close agreement.
Paper: Parallel performance of applications on supercomputers

Parallel processing performance on a suite of application programs has been measured and analyzed. Many previous tests of parallel processing used synthetic or artificial programs to demonstrate parallel processing capabilities. For this test we have used the Perfect Benchmarks suite to test parallel processing on applications. Parallel processing is not the exclusive domain of so-called 'massively parallel processors'. Many other computer systems, ranging from high-end workstations, to minicomputers, to mainframes, to supercomputers, theoretically have parallel processing capabilities. In this article we list the performance for one and multiple CPUs of various supercomputers. The CRAY Y-MP system was able to exploit parallel processing on twelve of the 13 benchmark programs. We will report these results and will discuss parameters which characterize the efficiency of parallel processing.
Shock-induced cracks in molybdenum sheet

Intergranular cracks occurred in shock‐loaded molybdenum for specimens of grain size 17 μm and larger; for smaller grain size specimens (<17 μm) there was almost no crack initiation except in very thin specimens with shock loading of high pressure and long pulse duration. Cracks were not nucleated by twin barriers, and grain‐boundary ledges appear to be responsible for initiating and propagating the cracks. The crack density was observed to decrease with increasing grain size for both constant peak pressure and pulse duration. In addition, crack density, as measured by the crack length intersecting the unit area of surface, generally increased with increasing shock pressure at constant pulse duration and with increasing pulse duration, at constant shock pressure.
Family history scoring system shows Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X syndrome individuals and Amsterdam I individuals have comparable risk for developing colon cancer

Background A points-based scoring system defines levels of familial risk for colorectal neoplasia. More than 7 points defines a high-risk group that should undergo colonoscopy every 3 years. Family History Scoring was applied to families fulfilling Amsterdam I criteria and familial colorectal cancer type X to compare colon cancer risk. Methods Amsterdam I (AmI) and familial type X (famX) families identified from Jagelman Registry database were scored. Affected probands (AP), unaffected probands (UP), affected sibling (AS), and unaffected sibling (US) of the proband, and a child of each sibling were scored. Median, range, and standard deviation were compared for each syndrome to determine level of risk. Results
Harnessing cultural and human capital for economic sustainability: a New Brunswick model

Purpose – What is the role of culture in economic development? Is there any hope for the local in the larger frame of the global? The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that culture plays in economic development and sustainability. To do that, the author examines the values underlying responsible government in Atlantic Canada in the early days of settlement, broadening to a consideration of how those values might apply today.Design/methodology/approach – Beginning with a brief history of neo‐liberalism that roots globalization in sixteenth century mercantilism, this paper illustrates how economic development in Atlantic Canada and New Brunswick is sustained by attention to cultural and civic enterprise.Findings – This paper uses Benedict Anderson's theory of social narrative – that culture and other imaginative labours play a direct and important role in identity‐formation – to suggest that a robust local identity is the raw material for economic vitality in enterprising communities.Research lim...
On the stability of general dynamic systems using a Liapunov's direct method approach

A technique is presented for studying the stability of equilibrium of linear lumped-parameter systems involving general types of forces such as dissipative, non-conservative, gyroscopic, and circulatory. A modified approach to solving the Liapunov equation is used to provide a function V which is exploited to present different stability criteria for the equilibrium of such systems. It was shown that this approach is advantagous to the solution of the Liapunov equation, since it is more computationally attractive. Additionally, this may be used to determine the effects of different parameters on the systems stability or to design a controller for an actively controlled system. Several previously developed related works are studied and compared with this work. Furthermore, examples are used to illustrate the presented approach and some of its applications.
THE NORMATIVE CODE AMONG CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS: AN EXPLORATION OF COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS

ABSTRACT The past few decades have seen a tremendous growth in corrections. As more prisons are built and more correctional officers are hired, it becomes important to maintain an ongoing inquiry into the socialization, work behavior, and attitudes of the staff. This paper is an exploration of the normative code among correctional officers. Using interview data gathered from a study of two Midwestern state prisons, it explores the extent to which officers are expected to conform to certain informal norms of behavior. The functions of this code for officers is also discussed, engendering solidarity among officers, providing clarification of action and a means of modifying or rejecting formally proscribed modes of action, regulating forms of behavior, and allowing officers to make supportive and meaningfully helpful relationships based on a commonality of action and values. The context of the prison and its association with a normative code is also examined.
Cytomegaloviral enterocolitis: clinical associations and outcome.

PURPOSE: Cytomegaloviral enterocolitis is an uncommon disorder that can complicate inflammatory bowel disease. It is more common in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and can occur in patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or inflammatory diseases and in allograft recipients. Mortality rates of up to 71 percent have been reported for cytomegaloviral enterocolitis. The aims of this study were 1) to identify the presentation, underlying medical conditions, treatment, and outcome of patients with cytomegaloviral enterocolitis and 2) to determine the prevalence of this infection in patients undergoing intestinal resection for inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS : A retrospective chart review of patients with pathologic evidence of cytomegaloviral enterocolitis from 1985 through 1996 was performed. To determine the prevalence of this condition, the hospital discharge database was searched for the diagnoses of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in patients who underwent bowel resection. RESULTS : 93 patients (mean age, 44 years; 66 percent males) had cytomegaloviral infection in the small intestine (n = 6), large intestine (n = 86), or appendix (n = 1). Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (n = 42), with ulcerative colitis (n = 11), with Crohn's disease (n = 11), receiving organ transplant (n = 12), receiving bone marrow transplant (n = 8), and in other immunosuppressed states (n = 11) comprised this study. Seventeen patients (18 percent) underwent intestinal resection, and the remaining 76 patients were treated medically. Abdominal pain (77 vs. 37 percent; P < 0.01) and gastrointestinal bleeding (65 vs. 34 percent; P < 0.05) were more common presenting symptoms in patients who required resection than patients in the medically managed group. Mortality was 17.6 percent in the surgically managed group and 14.5 percent in the patients who were managed medically. The median duration of ulcerative colitis in patients with coexisting cytomegaloviral infection was 12 months. The prevalence of cytomegaloviral enterocolitis was 4.6 percent in patients with ulcerative colitis and 0.8 percent in patients with Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that cytomegaloviral infection more frequently complicates ulcerative colitis than Crohn's disease. Furthermore, a short and fulminant course of ulcerative colitis may indicate coexisting cytomegaloviral infection. The overall low mortality in this retrospective study suggests that aggressive medical and surgical treatment improves survival in patients with cytomegaloviral enterocolitis.
Laparoscopic-assisted tubal anastomosis

Abstract Study Objective. To determine the length of procedure, length of hospital stay, complications, and postoperative pregnancy rates of traditional tubal anastomosis (TA) and laparoscopic-assisted TA (LATA). Design. A comparison of 8 women undergoing LATA with 11 patients operated on by the same surgeon during a similar time period who were not candidates for, or did not desire, a laparoscopic approach. Setting. Academic practice tertiary care setting. Patients. Women requesting reversal of tubal ligation. Interventions. Tubal anastomosis by laparoscopy or laparotomy. Measurements and Main Results. Patients undergoing the two procedures did not differ by age or parity, although those selected for LATA had a lower body mass index (23.2±1.4 vs 30.8±2.0 kg/m 2 , p=0.01). Although the LATA took longer (251±14 vs 194±10 min, p=0.004), hospital stay was significantly shorter than for traditional TA (1.8±0.3 vs 3.0±0.1 days, p=0.004). Of the eight LATAs, six were completed and two were converted to laparotomy. For all patients with follow-up, clinical pregnancy rates were 43% and 29% (NS) for TA and LATA, respectively, with 100% of the former and 80% (NS) of the latter group who did not conceive having at least one patent tube on hysterosalpingogram. Conclusions. Laparoscopic-assisted TA is a possible alternative to the traditional TA performed by laparotomy. Ideal candidates for LATA appear to be women without obesity and with proximal tubal segments of 3 cm or greater. Larger studies with longer follow-up will define appropriate candidates and identify long-term results.
Oxygen tension measurements of head and neck cancers.

Objective: There is continued investigation of agents capable of overcoming hypoxic cell radioresistance. The evaluation of tumor oxygenation, therefore, assumes great importance. Previous efforts to measure tumor oxygen tension (Po 2 ) using polarographic methods were limited by the size of the electrodes and efficiency of measurements. A new system employing fine-needle electrodes and a computerized micromanipulator was evaluated. Design: Prospective study. Patients: patients with cancers of the head and neck, seen at Stanford (Calif) University Medical Center and Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, Calif, between March 1, 1991, and July 31, 1991. Of the 16 tumors, 14 were squamous cell carcinomas; 11 were previously untreated. In two patients, measurements were repeated during radiation therapy. In three patients, measurements were taken under conditions of varied inspired oxygen during anesthesia. In seven patients, subcutaneous tissue (SQ) measurements were made for comparison. Results: The mean (±SD) Po 2 of all tumors was 25.6±20.2 mm Hg, with a range of 2.3 to 76.4 mm Hg. When only squamous cell carcinomas were considered, the mean tumor Po 2 was 22.7±16.0 mm Hg. The mean SQ measurement was 57.2±12.8 mm Hg. In all cases (seven of seven) in which SQ data were available, the tumor Po 2 was lower than the SQ Po 2 by an average of 41.8 mm Hg. The mean tumor Po 2 increased in two of three cases of hyperoxia and decreased in the the third. The mean tumor Po 2 increased in one patient after 25 Gy of radiotherapy and remained the same in the other. Conclusions: These measurements suggest that there is significant interindividual variability in the Po 2 of head and neck cancers. Squamous cell cancers are generally less well oxygenated than normal SQ tissue. The Po 2 histograph identified patients with a low mean tumor Po 2 . (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:283-287)
Earlier diagnosis of acute kidney injury awaits effective therapy

Novel urinary biomarkers for the early, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) show promise for the improved management of patients with this treatment-resistant complication. Several biomarkers (Kim-1, lipocalin-2, osteopontin, gluthathione S-transferases) that were tested by Rouse et al. during gentamicin-induced AKI and its recovery possess renoprotective activities, capabilities that may guide the development of novel interventions. However, despite the increased commercial availability of biomarkers, effective therapies for clinical AKI await discovery.
An application of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality with estimated mean and variance.

Psychologists often have occasion to test whether their obtained data could reasonably have been drawn from a normal population. In his important paper, Massey (1951) hinted that potentially, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test might be useful in this regard though he cautioned that the distribution of the relevant statistic (D) was unknown when the mean and variance of the population were unknown and had to be estimated from the sample. Preliminary data reported by Massey implied (Rosenthal, 1967, p. 519) that in testing for normality, Ds only .7 as large as those tabulated (by Massey, Table 1; Siegel, 1956, Table E)
From legal transplants to legal formants

Comparative law as an academic discipline is a very personal subject, giving its proponents great liberty to choose their interests.' Not surprisingly it produces wonderful, flamboyant scholars, like Rudolf Schlesinger,2 who remain forever youthful. His Comparative Law (first edition, Brooklyn, 1950) has been a constant inspiration. For long my own focus on comparative law was on legal borrowings,3 but I was aware that other general factors were at work.4 I realized, for example, that for most of the time rulers and governments in the Western world as a whole were little interested in making private law. Instead, the task devolved upon some group of the legal elite who became in effect subordinate law makers without having been given power to make law. Thus, Roman jurists as such were private individuals with no ties to government: they made law when their opinions came to win approval from other jurists. English judges in the Middle Ages and later were appointed to decide cases: the tradition long was that they found the law but did not make it. Continental law professors were appointed to teach law, not make it. But they did make law when their writings were accepted as having authority by courts or their fellows, perhaps centuries after they wrote. A good jurist was a jurist who was thought to be good by other jurists and persons of similar standing: likewise with judges and professors. The result of their theoretical exclusion from law-making powers was that these law makers developed their own legal culture which was to that extent distant from social reality. This culture determined the parameters of their legal reasoning, the systems of law that they would borrow from, and even the extent to which they would borrow. Above all it would determine the standing of each individual within the culture. The nature of this culture varies from
Prevalence and Incidence of Roman Catholic Clerical Sex Offenders

The following article attempts to summarize the available data on roman catholic clerical offenders. Sexual orientations and sexual activities of non-offenders are also reported. Inherent limitations with this data are discussed. Future directions for research in this area are elaborated.
Atoms versus Nuclei: The Author of Logic Lessons Lost Responds

In this letter to the editor, Clark responds to Matson’s criticism of “Logic Lessons Lost”, explaining why he departed from all of Jensen’s logical conclusions. The explanation involves the future of chemistry textbooks.
The social critic and universal morality: a response to Finn

This is a reply to:Finn, Peter D. 2015. “Franz Jagerstatter as social critic.” Global Discourse. 5 (2): 286–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2015.1018665.
Design of optimized three-dimensional nozzles.

Optimization of supersonic portion of three- dimensional flow geometry in rocket motor nozzle for maximum thrust
A Phenomenology of Distance: On Being Hard to Reach

Distance is seen here not only as a clinical phenomenon of being hard to reach but as a phenomenon of the fundamental nature of experiencing. Distance is a concept that interweaves separateness and sameness, a way of understanding how we are fundamentally interconnected and yet private at the same time.
Efficient estimation of panel data models with strictly exogenous explanatory variables

Abstract With panel data, exogeneity assumptions imply many more moment conditions than standard estimators use. However, many of the moment conditions may be redundant, in the sense that they do not increase efficiency; if so, we may establish the standard estimators’ efficiency. We prove efficiency results for GLS in a model with unrestricted error covariance matrix, and for 3SLS in models where regressors and errors are correlated, such as the Hausman–Taylor model. For models with correlation between regressors and errors, and with unrestricted error covariance structure, we provide a simple estimator based on a GLS generalization of deviations from means.
Biosynthesis and Processing of the Platelet Derived Growth Factor Type α Receptor

Abstract The homodimers (AA, BB) of the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) differentially interact with two highly related PDGF receptors (α, β) that appear to mediate different functional responses in different cell types. To seek a basis for these apparent functional differences, we investigated the processing of the PDGF α-receptor. The PDGF α-receptor is rapidly glycosylated to a 160 kD form and undergoes a number of intermediate glycosylation steps that result in a mature form of 185 kD that appears at the cell surface within 60-90 minutes. The α receptor has a half-life of ∼4 1 2 hours without and ∼20 minutes in the presence of ligand. The processing steps of the α-receptor are similar to the processing of the PDGF β receptor, suggesting that differential binding of signalling molecules to activated receptors may be responsible for the apparent functional differences in cellular responses to PDGF AA and PDGF BB.
Reconstructing the Neisseria Type IV Pilus System in E.coli

Type IV Pili, long, thread-like structures found on the surface of many species of bacteria, are important virulence factors involved in motility, DNA/phage uptake, biofilm formation, and adhesion. Energy for the system is supplied by a set of cytoplasmic, hexameric ATPases which interact with proteins within the bacterial membrane to traffic pilin monomers to and from the pilus. The identity of these proteins and how they cooperate to transmit the energy of ATP hydrolysis is yet unclear. Up to fifteen proteins are often considered necessary for pilus function; however, as few as six proteins may be sufficient for pilus assembly--the rest being involved in the disassembly process and/or regulation of the system. To better understand the assembly mechanism and to definitively identify the components of the assembly apparatus, a library of plasmids containing from one to nine component genes of the Type IV Pilus system from Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been constructed using a combinatorial assembly method. Expression of these sets of proteins in non-piliated E. coli is currently being tested to identify those sufficient for pilus assembly and to enable further mechanistic studies.