cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of inhomogeneous broadening on reflection spectra of Bragg multiple quantum well structures with a defect

The reflection spectrum of a multiple quantum well structure with an inserted defect is considered. The defect is characterized by the exciton frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{d}$ different from that of the host's wells. Effects of both homogeneous $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and inhomogeneous broadenings $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ on a modification of the reflection spectrum caused by the defect are studied. In the case when the penetration length at the frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{d}$ is smaller than the length of the system, the modification of the spectrum is quite sharp and is noticeable up to very high values of $\ensuremath{\Delta}.$ Moreover, the position of the minimum of the reflection is shifted and this shift leads to a suppression of the effect of inhomogeneous broadening. This results in a significant drop of the reflection. A method of measuring $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ from a single reflection spectrum is suggested.
Interactions of Smoking and Immunologic Factors in Relation to Airways Obstruction

The relationships of smoking, allergy skin test reactivity, and serum IgE to ventilatory function have been analyzed in 1,182 subjects from a general population sample. The study group consisted of subjects aged 35 or more who deny previous lung surgery, old tuberculosis, or a current diagnosis of heart disease in the absence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Impairment of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) shows a definite relationship to total serum IgE. However, this relationship is significant only for a low FEV1 which is accompanied by symptoms suggesting asthmatic or a chronic bronchitis type disease. Allergy skin test reactivity to a battery of common aeroallergens shows no overall relationship to FEV1. However, after accounting for total serum IgE, positive allergy skin tests tend to be associated with high rather than low FEV1 values. The findings suggest that some type of IgE which is not specific for aeroallergens but which is associated with smoking, may be important in the pathogenesis of the "chronic asthmatic bronchitis" syndrome.
A Well Baby Clinic in Indianapolis

THIS 1947 PHOTOGRAPH depicts the then newly opened well baby clinic of the Herman G. Morgan Health Center in Indianapolis, Ind. The health center was created as part of Flanner House, which had long been a social service center for the city’s African American community. Around 1900, Frank Flanner, a local mortician, donated property to the Charity Organization Society to establish a settlement house for “the promotion of the social, moral and physical welfare of Negroes, more particularly of the young.”1 Flanner House was a remarkable place. For many years, its programs included a day nursery, children’s playground, and employment center; self-help projects in housing construction and repair; training programs for women to be seamstresses, milliners, and cooks; training programs for men to be carpenters and waiters; and health programs such as a tuberculosis clinic and a “rescue home” for unmarried mothers and their children. Its members developed a cooperative food store, a woodworking shop, a cannery, a library, and even a full orchestra of 73 pieces. In 1946, the institution received a grant from the Indianapolis Foundation and the Indianapolis Board of Health and Hospitals to construct the Herman G. Morgan Health Center, named after Flanner House’s first manager. Two physicians, Walter H. Maddux and Harvey N. Middleton, helped establish the center.2,3 Maddux (ca. 1892– 1978), a native of Kansas City, Kan, had been medical director of Chicago’s Provident Hospital and a faculty member at Meharry Medical College and Howard University; later he would join the United States Children’s Bureau and conduct maternal and child health clinics throughout the South. Middleton (1895–1978) had been a Pullman car porter before attending medical school at Boston University and Meharry Medical College; he then set up his own practice as a cardiologist. These men were well aware of the wide health disparities between African American and White children; from 1940 to 1944, infant mortality rates were 67.2 per 1000 live births for non-Whites vs 29.2 per 1000 for Whites.4 The program established at the Morgan Health Center was the only health facility in Indiana providing preventive medicine (annual physical examinations and immunizations) and a public health program (education and nutrition counseling) to the community it served. Source. United States Children’s Bureau. From the Prints and Photographs Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine.
An Analysis of Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Experiments in General Circulation Models with and without Mountains

Abstract Perpetual January experiments have been performed using versions of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) with and without mountains. Features of the mean simulations of the “no mountains” experiment are compared with those of the standard CCM, the “mountains” experiment. The stationary waves in the “no mountains” experiment have smaller amplitudes than those in the “mountains” case, especially for zonal wavenumbers 2 and 3. The mean zonal wind in the “no mountains” case also has weaker horizontal gradients than in the “mountains” case. The response of these two versions of the CCM to equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated. Two anomalies are considered for each model configuration. Differences in the responses of the two models to the same anomalous forcing are discussed. The Northern Hemisphere midlatitude response of the “no mountains” model has nearly the same spatial scale as that of the “mountains” model, but details of the shape of the response pattern a...
Fibrin glue to treat spinal fluid leaks associated with intrathecal drug systems.

Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDSs) are used to treat resistant pain states as well as intractable spasticity via medication delivery into the spinal fluid. Risks associated with implantation of these devices include infection, bleeding, intrathecal granuloma formation, and neurologic sequelae similar to other neuraxial procedures. Intrathecal catheter placement creates the additional risk of persistent spinal fluid leak, which can lead to postdural puncture headaches as well as seroma formation and may require subsequent surgical exploration or explantation. This retrospective case series examines 3 patients at a single institution with persistent spinal fluid leak after IDDS placement (and explantation in one case) resulting in headache and/or seroma formation that were treated with epidural fibrin glue. Three patients underwent IDDS implantation with baclofen for spasticity. In 1 patient, a cerebral spinal fluid leak developed at 1-week postoperatively. After several unsuccessful epidural blood patches and surgical exploration with a catheter revision, she was ultimately treated successfully with a fibrin glue patch. The second patient received an IDDS and did well until a seroma developed 1 year later. He was likewise treated with an epidural fibrin glue patch after 2 failed blood patches. In a third patient, a spinal fluid leak developed after explantation of an IDDS and was treated with an epidural fibrin glue patch as initial therapy.
Can You Identify Your Source of Stress

(1981). Can You Identify Your Source of Stress? The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 53-58.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Stimulant Therapy, and the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease: Evidence and Reason

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of birth defect. Children with CHD are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD. Stimulant medications, specifically methylphenidates and amphetamines, are frequently prescribed and effective in reducing the symptoms of ADHD. Despite their efficacy and long history of use, the safety of these medications has recently come into question due to isolated reports describing sudden unexplained death of children undergoing treatment. This review summarizes the current literature on the cardiovascular risks associated with the use of pharmacologic therapy for ADHD, with an emphasis on patients who had CHD.
Minimum-Time Cornering for Manufacturing Machines Using Optimal Control

When traversing sharp corners, manufacturing machines are forced to tradeoff speed and accuracy. The most common way of reducing this tradeoff is to smooth the sharp corner using a pre-specified curve (e.g., a circular arc or spline). However, pre-specified curves cannot guarantee optimal performance. This paper presents a preliminary investigation into the potential of using methods from optimal control to minimize this tradeoff. First, a useful simplification is made to the exact cornering problem to make it tractable. Dynamic programming is then used to determine the best free-form curve that minimizes corner traversal time while adhering to path tolerance and machine kinematic constraints. Significant improvements in cornering time are demonstrated compared to two methods that use pre-specified curves. However, dynamic programming is found to be too computationally costly, thus impractical. Less computationally intensive techniques in optimal control are considered for future work.© 2014 ASME
Selecting metal organic frameworks as enabling materials in mixed matrix membranes for high efficiency natural gas purification

The addition of nonpolymeric particles to polymer films represents an important avenue for enhancing the performance of polymeric membranes for gas separations. We examine the challenge of selecting metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for use in high performance mixed matrix membranes using a combination of atomistic and continuum modeling. We validate our models by comparing with experimental data for IRMOF-1/Matrimid membranes. We then identify a highly selective MOF that is predicted to greatly enhance the performance of Matrimid and a range of other polymers for CO2/CH4 separations. The methods we introduce will create many opportunities for selecting MOF/polymer combinations for mixed matrix membranes with useful properties for large volume separations.
Habitat Use and Movements of Pallid and Shovelnose Sturgeon in the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers in Montana and North Dakota

Abstract We observed the habitat use and movements of 24 pallid Scaphirhynchus albus and 27 shovelnose S. platorynchus sturgeon in the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers in Montana and North Dakota. Pallid sturgeon used sandy substrate more often than shovelnose sturgeon, as well as greater depths; both species used similar current velocities. Pallid sturgeon used river channels with greater widths, midchannel bars, frequent islands, and subclimax riparian vegetation more often than shovelnose sturgeon. Both species moved up to 15 km/d and moved during all seasons and diel periods, but they moved less during fall and winter; ranges of activity among the most wide-ranging individuals exceeded 250 river kilometers (rkm). Pallid sturgeon used the lower 28 rkm of the Yellowstone River in spring and summer, shifting to the Missouri River below the confluence of the Yellowstone River in fall and winter. Shovelnose sturgeon were most often observed in the Yellowstone River in all seasons. Aggregations in late sprin...
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Model of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Flow and Dissolution

A smoothed particle hydrodynamics model was developed to simulate the flow of mixtures of aqueous and non-aqueous phase liquids in porous media and the dissolution of the non-aqueous phase in the aqueous phase. The model was used to study the effects of pore-scale heterogeneity and anisotropy on the steady state dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) saturation when gravity driven DNAPL displaces water from initially water saturated porous media. Pore-scale anisotropy was created by using co-oriented non-overlapping elliptically shaped grains to represent the porous media. After a steady state DNAPL saturation was reached, water was injected until a new steady state DNAPL saturation was reached. The amount of trapped DNAPL was found to be greater when DNAPL is displaced in the direction of the major axes of the soil grains than when it is displaced in the direction of the minor axes of the soil grains. The amount of trapped DNAPL was also found to increase with decreasing initial saturation of the continuous DNAPL phase. For the conditions used in our simulations, the saturation of the trapped DNAPL with a smaller initial DNAPL saturation was more than 3 times larger than the amount of trapped DNAPL with a larger initial saturation. These simulations were carried out assuming that the DNAPL did not dissolve in water. Simulations including the effect of dissolution of DNAPL in the aqueous phase were also performed, and effective (macroscopic) mass transfer coefficients were determined.
Growth-mode modification of Bi on CdTe ( 111 ) A using Te monolayer deposition

Bi deposited on the $\mathrm{CdTe}(111)A$ (Cd-terminated) surface grows by three-dimensional (3D) islanding, while Bi deposited on the $\mathrm{CdTe}(111)B$ (Te-terminated) grows layer-by-layer. However, introducing a Te monolayer (ML) on the $\mathrm{CdTe}(111)A$ surface reduces the interfacial energy, thereby changing the growth mode of Bi from 3D islandlike to layer-by-layer growth. The Te ML remains where it is deposited, which differs from the growth mode in which the surface-active agent floats on the growing surface. By incorporating appropriate Te ML's, Bi/CdTe superlattices with sharper interfaces were observed. These superlattices were characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.
Enhanced Droplet Nucleation in Styrene Miniemulsion Polymerization. 1. Effect of Polymer Type in Sodium Lauryl Sulfate/Cetyl Alcohol Miniemulsions

Predissolving polystyrene into the styrene monomer prior to homogenization in miniemulsions created using cetyl alcohol as the cosurfactant has been shown to result in a large increase in the polymerization rate and reduction in the particle size compared to similar systems with no predissolved polymer. This phenomenon has been termed “enhanced droplet nucleation”. The effects of varying the molecular weight and end group of the predissolved polystyrene in sodium lauryl sulfate/cetyl alcohol stabilized styrene miniemulsions are investigated here to gain a clearer understanding of this phenomenon. Predissolving polystyrene with either H or SO3- end groups and molecular weights over a range from Mn = 39 000 to 206 000 g/mol results in the same level of enhancement in the kinetics independent of the polymer characteristics. This is taken as evidence against either a droplet surface modification or a change in droplet viscosity being the determining factor in “enhanced droplet nucleation”. However, measuremen...
Characterization of commercial sheet polarizer material

Spectropolarimetric measurement results for currently available commercial sheet polarizer and sheet retarder material are described. Mueller matrices for the elements were measured, and diattenuation and retardance for both polarizers and retarders are presented.
Insights into the activation mechanism of ρ1 GABA receptors obtained by coexpression of wild type and activation-impaired subunits

To gain insight into the activation mechanism of homomeric ligand-gated receptor-channels, we examined human homomeric $\rho \_{1}$ GABA receptors with fewer than the normal number of agonist binding sites. This was accomplished by coexpressing different ratios of wild type and activation-impaired $\rho \_{1}$ subunits. Dose-response relations from oocytes coexpressing wild type and mutant subunits were comprised of two components in terms of GABA sensitivity; one \`wild type'-like and the other \`mutant'-like. Applying the binomial hypothesis to subunit coassembly enabled us to correlate these two components of the GABA dose-response relations to the underlying chimaeric receptor subtypes. We demonstrate that the receptors activate near normal provided that they are comprised of at least three wild type subunits. Our data are consistent with five equivalent and independent GABA binding sites of which only three need bind GABA to open the pore. The two additional binding sites may increase the GABA sensitivity of the $\rho _{1}$ receptor and, when bound by agonist, stabilize the open state.
The desirability of goal conflict within the criminal justice system

Abstract A pervasive interest in the creation of a monolithic system for the administration of justice which is characterized by the lack of fragmentation and goal conflict is found throughout the criminal justice literature. This paper questions the basis and desirability of such a proposal. It is argued that criminal justice exists in a sociopolitical environment in which diverse groups exercise influence in accordance with their own interests. For this reason, it is highly unlikely that a single set of values could be identified upon which to base a monolithic system. It is further argued that goal conflict within criminal justice is desirable in that different interests can be reflected, there is a basis for system adaptation and change, and the system can better promote the smooth processing of offenders.
A new method of computing spin‐lattice relaxation maps in magnetic resonance imaging using fast scanning protocols

A new algorithm to compute spin‐lattice relaxation (T 1) maps in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) by using fast imaging protocols and monitoring the magnetization evolution towards a steady state is proposed. This algorithm uses a general least‐squares fit to multiple point experimental data and is thus much more precise than the standard two‐point fit. Since this imaging protocol is designed to consume time comparable to that of standard clinical protocols, it has an advantage in comparison to traditional multiple point protocols, which require considerably longer scanning times. In addition to T 1 maps the protocol can generate final images suitable for clinical diagnosis. Thus it is possible to generate relaxation data without considerably lengthening the total required MRI study time. The results of phantom testing of this protocol are reported.
Condensation products of meteor vapors and their connection with noctilucent clouds and rainfall anomalies

Abstract The presence of noctilucent clouds and world-wide rainfall anomalies is attributed to the formation of secondary particles from meteor vapors. These particles are formed by coagulation of meteor vapors and are subject to horizontal and vertical displacement by a Lorentz force and the gravitational force of the earth. Adsorption of water vapor by the surfaces of anhydrous secondary particles followed by adsorption of nitrogen (II) oxide in the D-layer is assumed to be the primary mechanism of production of positively charged particles. The increase of the residence time of the secondary particles in the vicinity of 80 km, due to rapid decrease in particle settling velocity and the consequent increase in particle concentration and the action of the Lorentz force on positively charged particles are assumed to cause formation of noctilucent clouds. The variable time lag between the appearance of meteor showers and corresponding rainfall anomalies is attributed, primarily, to the time of settling of sharply defined concentration profiles of coagulating particles through the 80-40 km layer.
Research on Broadband Channel Characteristics and Hardware Testbed for Power Line Communication System

With the decision to construct the smart grids around China, the power line communications (PLC) on the low-voltage (LV) distribution networks have become one of the potential technologies to commute the information between the end users and the power provider. Comprehensive and well-founded knowledge of the LV power line channel is the foundation to establish realistic modeling of the channel characteristics. The growing power line communication (PLC) technology is providing new potential for emerging applications such as G3 and Prime. In this paper, we have proposed a OFDM based channel sounding test bed to measure PLC channel within frequency band 100 kHz-2 MHz. A souding signal for the PLC channel is designed and a time-domain measurement method for the time-varying PLC propagation is presented. The experimental results of PLC channel characteristics under different scenarios are and analyzed.
Determination of trace elements, including regional tracers, in Rhode Island precipitation

Abstract Sampling and analytical methods have been developed to determine 20–40 trace elements plus sulfate in precipitation. Samples are collected on an event basis in polyethylene bags, and are then freeze-dried and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation. Concentration data are presented for 3 years' precipitation samples from southern Rhode Island. Elemental solubility data are presented for a smaller set of samples. Elemental concentrations vary seasonally: crustal and pollutant elements have maximum concentrations in summer, and marine elements have maxima in the winter. The data were collected for use in receptor modelling studies, and the four elements most useful as tracers for regional pollution sources (Se, As, Sb, and noncrustal V) are all well determined.
Out of order quantifier elimination for Standard Quantified Linear Programs

In this paper, we present an out of order quantifier elimination algorithm for a class of Quantified Linear Programs (QLPs) called Standard Quantified Linear Programs (SQLPs). QLPs in general and SQLPs in particular are extremely useful constraint logic programming structures that find wide applicability in the modeling of real-time schedulability specifications; see Subramani [Subramani, K., 2005a. A comprehensive framework for specifying clairvoyance, constraints and periodicity in real-time scheduling. The Computer Journal 48 (3), 259-272]. Consequently any algorithmic advance in their solution has a strong practical impact. Prior to this work, the only known approaches to the solution of QLPs involved sequential variable elimination; see Subramani [Subramani, K., 2003b. An analysis of quantified linear programs. In: Calude, C.S. et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. DMTCS. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2731. Springer-Verlag, pp. 265-277]. In the sequential approach, the innermost quantified variable is eliminated first, followed by the variable which then becomes the innermost quantified variable and so on, until we are left with a single variable from which the satisfiability of the original formula is easily deduced. This approach is applicable in both discrete and continuous domains; however, it is to be noted that the logic demanding the sequential approach requires that the variables are discrete-valued. To the best of our knowledge, the necessity for sequential elimination over continuous-valued variables has not been investigated in the literature. The techniques used in the development of our elimination algorithm may find applications in domains such as classical logic and finite model theory. The final aspect of our research concerns the structure-preserving nature of the algorithm that we introduce here; in general, it is not known whether discrete domains admit such elimination procedures.
A pilot study of continuous limited-channel aEEG in term infants with encephalopathy.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy, feasibility, and impact of limited-channel amplitude integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) monitoring in encephalopathic infants. Study design Encephalopathic infants were placed on limited-channel aEEG with a software-based seizure event detector for 72 hours. A 12-hour epoch of conventional EEG-video (cEEG) was simultaneously collected. Infants were randomly assigned to monitoring that was blinded or visible to the clinical team. If a seizure detection event occurred in the visible group, the clinical team interpreted whether the event was a seizure, based on review of the limited-channel aEEG. EEG data were reviewed independently offline. Results In more than 68 hours per infant of limited-channel aEEG monitoring, 1116 seizures occurred (>90% clinically silent), with 615 detected by the seizure event detector (55%). Detection improved with increasing duration of seizures (73% >30 seconds, 87% >60 seconds). Bedside physicians were able to accurately use this algorithm to differentiate true seizures from false-positives. The visible group had a 52% reduction in seizure burden ( P = .114) compared with the blinded group. Conclusions Monitoring for seizures with limited-channel aEEG can be accurately interpreted, compares favorably with cEEG, and is associated with a trend toward reduced seizure burden.
Teaching adult resuscitation in the United States—time for a rethink

The purpose of resuscitation education is to translate the science of resuscitation into classroom performance with transfer of the knowledge and skills to clinical practice. The ultimate goal of the process is to improve survival from cardiac arrest. Shortly after the 1961 publication by Kouwenhoven, Jude and Knickerbocker of their landmark paper describing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) [1], CPR training began in the United States [2–4], first for healthcare professionals, later for lay citizens [5]. Since that time CPR has been taught to tens of millions of Americans. The Advanced Cardiac Life Support training program, introduced by the American Heart Association (AHA) in 1975 [6,7], has been taught to hundreds of thousands of healthcare professionals. Since 1966 all basic and advanced resuscitation training programs in the US have followed AHA Standards and Guidelines [8]. Are the educational programs effective? Do trainees learn? Does training affect performance in actual resuscitations? Is patient survival improved? Unfortunately, the answers to these questions are not unequivocally affirmative. In this article we shall review studies evaluating the effectiveness of the AHA adult resuscitation training programs. We shall question the appropriateness of the current programs, and propose both essential elements of effective training programs and future directions. 1. Effect of training on resuscitation performance and survival from cardiac arrest
The Development of Culinary Arts and Food Science Into a New Academic Discipline—Culinology®

The concept of Culinology®—the blending of culinary arts and food science—was introduced in 1996 by the Research Chefs Association. The result has quickly changed the way America's food industry develops new food products. A Culinology program of study incorporates elements from both the culinary arts and food science disciplines, enabling the student to understand the science behind the food while mastering the culinary arts. As a new academic discipline, Culinology will revolutionalize the food industry, and its practitioners will define the future of food.
Kinetics of thermal grain boundary grooving for changing dihedral angles

In his classic paper on thermal grain boundary grooving Mullins [W.W. Mullins, J. Appl. Physics 28 , 333 (1957)] assumes that the dihedral angle at the groove root remains constant and predicts that the groove width and depth grow α t 0.25 . Here, we derive models describing groove growth while the dihedral angle changes. In our grooving experiments with tungsten at 1350 °C in which the dihedral angle decreased, the growth exponent for the groove depth reached values as high as 0.44 while the growth exponent for the width decreased slightly from Mullins' value of 0.25. Hence groove width data alone are not sufficient for verifying Mullins' growth law unless the dihedral angle is constant. The observed changes in the dihedral angle are used as an input for numerical simulations. With the simulations we are able to extract the surface diffusion constants. Atomic force microscope observations of groove widths and depths in tungsten are in excellent agreement with the simulations.
Comparison of traditional trigger tool to data warehouse based screening for identifying hospital adverse events

Background Research supports medical record review using screening triggers as the optimal method to detect hospital adverse events (AE), yet the method is labour-intensive. Method This study compared a traditional trigger tool with an enterprise data warehouse (EDW) based screening method to detect AEs. We created 51 automated queries based on 33 traditional triggers from prior research, and then applied them to 250 randomly selected medical patients hospitalised between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010. Two physicians each abstracted records from half the patients using a traditional trigger tool and then performed targeted abstractions for patients with positive EDW queries in the complementary half of the sample. A third physician confirmed presence of AEs and assessed preventability and severity. Results Traditional trigger tool and EDW based screening identified 54 (22%) and 53 (21%) patients with one or more AE. Overall, 140 (56%) patients had one or more positive EDW screens (total 366 positive screens). Of the 137 AEs detected by at least one method, 86 (63%) were detected by a traditional trigger tool, 97 (71%) by EDW based screening and 46 (34%) by both methods. Of the 11 total preventable AEs, 6 (55%) were detected by traditional trigger tool, 7 (64%) by EDW based screening and 2 (18%) by both methods. Of the 43 total serious AEs, 28 (65%) were detected by traditional trigger tool, 29 (67%) by EDW based screening and 14 (33%) by both. Conclusions We found relatively poor agreement between traditional trigger tool and EDW based screening with only approximately a third of all AEs detected by both methods. A combination of complementary methods is the optimal approach to detecting AEs among hospitalised patients.
Association of induced frameshift mutagenesis and DNA replication in Escherichia coli.

The induction of frameshifts in E. coli seems to be associated with chromosome replication.
A pile-up elimination circuit

Abstract The general principles of pile-up elimination are discussed. A new type of pile-up detector, consisting of a discriminator, an integrator and a second discriminator, is described. A detailed circuit is presented along with results obtained using the circuit in a multichannel delayed coincidence system.
Studies of an Expanded Plasma Front Duoplasmatron Ion Source

A new and more flexible ion source assembly has been built for continued study of a duoplasmatron with an expanded plasma front and a cylindrical Pierce-electrode extraction geometry. Studies of conditions necessary for the formation of an expanded plane plasma boundary are discussed, and progress toward the achievement of an aberration-free parallel beam of several hundred mA of protons is reviewed. Recent studies suggest that a duoplasmatron with an expanded plasma front and a diverging Pierce-electrode extraction geometry would produce significantly higher aberration-free beam currents than can be obtained with the present cylindrical geometry. The information necessary for the design of lens optics for matching such a source, or any source which produces a diverging aberration-free beam, to an accelerator or plasma containment device is provided in a convenient and comprehensive form by beam characteristic curves which give beam radius and divergence as functions of perveance at some convenient measuring plane close to the extractor for several fixed values of arc current. Data provided by a constant perveance experiment establish practical limits on obtainable beam current at the chosen design points on the characteristic curves.
The phase curve survey of the irregular saturnian satellites : A possible method of physical classification

During its 2005 January opposition, the saturnian system could be viewed at an unusually low phase angle. We surveyed a subset of Saturn's irregular satellites to obtain their true opposition magnitudes, or nearly so, down to phase angle values of 0.01 deg. Combining our data taken at the Palomar 200-inch and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 4-m Blanco telescope with those in the literature, we present the first phase curves for nearly half the irregular satellites originally reported by Gladman et al. [2001. Nature 412, 163-166], including Paaliaq (SXX), Siarnaq (SXXIX), Tarvos (SXXI), Ijiraq (SXXII), Albiorix (SXVI), and additionally Phoebe's narrowest angle brightness measured to date. We find centaur-like steepness in the phase curves or opposition surges in most cases with the notable exception of three, Albiorix and Tarvos, which are suspected to be of similar origin based on dynamical arguments, and Siarnaq.During its 2005 January opposition, the saturnian system could be viewed at an unusually low phase angle. We surveyed a subset of Saturn's irregular satellites to obtain their true opposition magnitudes, or nearly so, down to phase angle values of 0.01 deg. Combining our data taken at the Palomar 200-inch and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 4-m Blanco telescope with those in the literature, we present the first phase curves for nearly half the irregular satellites originally reported by Gladman et al. [2001. Nature 412, 163-166], including Paaliaq (SXX), Siarnaq (SXXIX), Tarvos (SXXI), Ijiraq (SXXII), Albiorix (SXVI), and additionally Phoebe's narrowest angle brightness measured to date. We find centaur-like steepness in the phase curves or opposition surges in most cases with the notable exception of three, Albiorix and Tarvos, which are suspected to be of similar origin based on dynamical arguments, and Siarnaq.
Depth-First QRD-M Detection Algorithm for MIMO Systems

Maximum likelihood (ML) detection algorithm for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems provided the best bit error rate (BER) performance with heavy calculating complexity. The use of QR decomposition with M-algorithm (QRD-M) had been proposed to provide near-ML detection performance and lower calculating complexity. However, its complexity still grew exponentially with increasing dimension of the transmitted signal. To reduce the problem, an improved detection scheme was proposed here. After constructing the tree detecting model of MIMO systems, the ML search of one layer was done, the branch metrics were calculated and sorted, which gave an ordered set of the layer, then depth-first search were used to search the left layers with termination methods. The proposed algorithm provides near QRD-M detection performance.
Norman Regional Hospital's magnetic culture attracts employees, pleases customers, and keeps the business healthy

Normal Regional Hospital envisioned a new culture rooted in the premise that satisfied employees drive patient and physician satisfaction, which leads to business health. The five-year culture transformation—a broad catalyst for changes in processes, programs, and relationships across the hospital—has benefited all stakeholders and is proving to be a robust model for managing a successful business. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole Language: A Research Agenda for the Nineties

This article examines the current rift in perspective between whole language arts and traditional language arts instruction by analyzing the basis of each view in research and theory. Suggestions are made regarding research developments that might alleviate the present impasse. These include not only hypotheses to be tested but also explain the need for a variety of designs, improved instrumentation, and collaborative investigations
Expression of the amylase gene in the rat exocrine pancreas during postnatal development: effect of dexamethasone.

Abstract Pancreatic amylase enzyme activity starts to increase rapidly around weaning (17–21 days) and reaches the adult level during postnatal development in the rat. To see whether the maturation of amylase involves changes in amylase gene expression, total pancreatic RNA was prepared from rats of various ages (term-fetus, 5, 10, 15, 20, 28 days and adult). Northern blots of these RNAs were probed with amylase cDNA. Levels of amylase mRNA peaked around 10 days i.e., about 1 week prior to peak amylase enzyme activity. The role of glucocorticoid in pancreatic amylase development was studied by giving rat pups at ages 5, 10 and 30 days a single injection (i.p.) of dexamethasone (DX). They and their littermates (controls) were killed 24 and 48 h after the injection. Increases in amylase mRNA levels were seen in the DX treated 5- and 10-day-old groups with corresponding increases in amylase enzyme activities. A slight decrease in amylase mRNA level was, however, observed in the DX treated 30-day-old pups which also had a slight decrease in amylase enzyme activity suggesting an age dependent differential responsiveness to DX. A time sequence study with 10-day-old pups killed after a single injection of DX at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h showed a rapid increase in mRNA levels which peaked around 12 h. Amylase enzyme activity, however, did not peak until 24 h after DX injection. These results suggest that pancreatic amylase is regulated at the level of gene expression in both normal- and DX-induced maturation. Regulation appears to occur at the transcription level as both increases to amylase activity and mRNA were blocked by actinomycin D.
Development and Validation of the African American Men's Gendered Racism Stress Inventory

African American men encounter unique experiences of stereotypes and racism (Hall, 2001; Majors & Billson, 1993). However, to date, conceptualizations and measures of racism-related stress have not adequately accounted for these unique experiences. Furthermore, although theories of masculinity provide useful conceptualizations of the stressful consequences of men’s masculinity experiences, they do not account for the unique gendered racism stress experienced by men of color. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a measure of gendered racism stress for African American men. We developed the 15-item African American Men’s Gendered Racism Stress Inventory (AMGRaSI), a self-report instrument for African American men. An exploratory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure with factors corresponding to gendered racism stress associated with stereotypes of African American men as (a) physically and sexually violent (Violence Subscale); (b) financially and emotionally uninvolved fathers (Absent Fatherhood Subscale); and (c) gifted at/interested in sports (Sports Subscale). We also provided initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the AMGRaSI.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 controls endochondral bone development: contribution of fibroblast growth factor 18.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibits signaling pathways that are essential for bone development. To study the requirement for GSK activity during endochondral bone development, we inhibited GSK3 in cultured metatarsal bones with pharmacological antagonists. Interestingly, we find that inhibition of GSK3 strongly repressed chondrocyte and perichondrial osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, chondrocyte proliferation was inhibited, whereas perichondrial cell proliferation was stimulated. These results mirror the effects of fibroblast growth factor signaling (FGF), suggesting the FGF expression is induced. Indeed, we showed that (1) FGF18 expression is stimulated following inhibition of GSK3 and (2) GSK3 regulates FGF18 expression through the control of h-catenin levels. Stimulation of cultured metatarsal with FGF18 had similar effects on the differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes and perichondrial cells as GSK3 repression. This suggests that the regulation of FGF18 expression is a major function of GSK3 during endochondral bone development. Consistent with this, we showed that the effect of GSK3 inhibition on chondrocyte proliferation is repressed in tissues lacking a receptor for FGF18, FGF receptor 3.
OST-HTH: a novel predicted RNA-binding domain

The mechanism by which the arthropod Oskar and vertebrate TDRD5/TDRD7 proteins nucleate or organize structurally related ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, the polar granule and nuage, is poorly understood. Using sequence profile searches we identify a novel domain in these proteins that is widely conserved across eukaryotes and bacteria. Using contextual information from domain architectures, sequence-structure superpositions and available functional information we predict that this domain is likely to adopt the winged helix-turn-helix fold and bind RNA with a potential specificity for dsRNA. We show that in eukaryotes this domain is often combined in the same polypeptide with protein-protein- or lipid- interaction domains that might play a role in anchoring these proteins to specific cytoskeletal structures. Thus, proteins with this domain might have a key role in the recognition and localization of dsRNA, including miRNAs, rasiRNAs and piRNAs hybridized to their targets. In other cases, this domain is fused to ubiquitin-binding, E3 ligase and ubiquitin-like domains indicating a previously under-appreciated role for ubiquitination in regulating the assembly and stability of nuage-like RNP complexes. Both bacteria and eukaryotes encode a conserved family of proteins that combines this predicted RNA-binding domain with a previously uncharacterized domain (DUF88). We present evidence that it is an RNAse belonging to the superfamily that includes the 5'->3' nucleases, PIN and NYN domains and might be recruited to degrade certain RNAs. This article was reviewed by Sandor Pongor and Arcady Mushegian.
Mexico, the failed state debate, and the Mérida fix

This paper examines the discourse of ‘shared responsibility’ that the governments of the United States and Mexico created through the 2008 Merida Initiative. This discourse fixed the terms of an unruly debate that stood in the way of bilateral cooperation – are Mexico's drug cartels terrorists, and if so is Mexico in danger of failing? Specifically, the discourse does three things. First, it clarifies the formal position of both governments that Mexico's drug cartels are criminals, not insurgents. Second, by using the term ‘transnational criminal organisation’ (TCO) to label the cartels, the United State accepts some responsibility for them. Finally, the discourse establishes a territorial notion of sharing so that US participation inside Mexico is limited. Although ‘shared responsibility’ has been characterised as a ‘paradigm shift’ in how the two countries deal with one another (Benitez Manaut 2009, Revista Mexicana de Politica Exterior 87), I argue here that it reinforces a militarised status quo. By defining ‘shared responsibility’ as an obligation between states, the two countries do not have to articulate a joint responsibility to Mexico's civilians, who bear the brunt of both the cartels and the bilateral fight against them. This framing also helps explain the US government's muted response to abuses by the Mexican military since the agreement took effect.
Porosity-aware buffered Steiner tree construction

In order to achieve timing closure on increasingly complex IC designs, buffer insertion needs to be performed on thousands of nets within an integrated physical synthesis system. Modern designs may contain large blocks which severely constrain the buffer locations. Even when there may appear to be space for buffers in the alleys between large blocks, these regions are often densely packed or may be needed later to fix critical paths. Therefore, within physical synthesis, a buffer insertion scheme needs to be aware of the porosity of the existing layout to be able to decide when to insert buffers in dense regions to achieve critical performance improvement and when to utilize the sparser regions of the chip. This work addresses the problem of finding porosity-aware buffering solutions by constructing a "smart Steiner tree" to pass to van Ginneken's topology-based algorithm. This flow allows one to fully integrate the algorithm into a physical synthesis system without paying an exorbitant runtime penalty. We show that significant improvements on timing closure are obtained when this approach is integrated into a physical synthesis system.
Clutter and jammer multipath cancellation in airborne adaptive radar

Airborne surveillance radars must detect and localize targets in diverse interference environments consisting of ground clutter, conventional jamming, and terrain scattered jammer multipath. Multidimensional adaptive filtering techniques have been proposed to adaptively cancel this interference. However, a detailed analysis that includes the effects of multipath nonstationarity has been elusive. This work addresses the nonstationary nature of the jammer multipath and its impact on clutter cancellation and target localization. It is shown that the weight updating needed to track this interference will also modulate sidelobe signals. At the very least, this complicates the localization of targets. At the worst, it also greatly complicates the rejection of clutter. Several techniques for improving cancellation of jammer multipath and clutter are proposed, including 1) weight vector interpolation, extrapolation, and updating; 2) filter architecture, constraint, and beamspace selection; 3) prefilters; 4) 3-D STAP architectures; and 5) multidimensional sidelobe target editing.
Simonides, Ephorus, and Herodotus on the battle of Thermopylae

In adapting the story of the Great War to the taste of his own age Ephoros, himself a pupil of Isokrates and a professional historian, was led astray by the combined influences of rhetoric and rationalism; as neither the rationalism nor the rhetoric was of the best quality, the intrusion of both at this stage could have inflicted irreparable damage on the tradition of the war if the text of Herodotus had not survived to refute the inventions grafted on the authentic record by Ephoros.
Contextual evaluation of query reformulations in a search session by user simulation

We propose a method to dynamically estimate the utility of documents in a search session by modeling the users' browsing behaviors and novelty. The method can be applied to evaluate query reformulations in a search session.
Observed and perceived dyadic and systemic functioning in families of preadolescents with spina bifida.

Objective: To examine dyadic and systemic family functioning across several domains (conflict, cohesion, and stress) in families of preadolescents with spina bifida in comparison to families of able-bodied preadolescents (8- and 9-year olds; n 68 in each sample). Methods: Mother-, father-, and child-reported questionnaire data and observational ratings of family behavior were employed. Results: Findings revealed significant group and socioeconomic status (SES) differences, particularly for the observational family data. Compared to families of able-bodied children, families in the spina bifida sample were less cohesive and children from this sample were more passive during family interaction tasks. Additional analyses suggested that some of these significant associations between group status and family functioning were mediated by verbal IQ, indicating that a significant portion (42%–55%) of the overall group effect was due to variations in child cognitive functioning. Lower SES families demonstrated higher levels of observed mother-child conflict, less observed and perceived family cohesion, and more life events. Lower SES families from the spina bifida sample appear to be particularly at risk for lower levels of family cohesion. Conclusions: Findings for the spina bifida sample support a resilience-disruption view (Costigan, Floyd, Harter, & McClintock, 1997) of systemic functioning in families of children with pediatric conditions.