cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibrous and Nonfibrous Carbohydrate Supplementation to Ruminants Grazing Forage from Small Grain Crops

Animal performance, N balance, and forage digestibility effects of fibrous (beet pulp) and nonfibrous (corn) carbohydrate supplementation to ruminants grazing small-grain forages was studied. Similar supplements were used in 3 studies: no supplement (NS), cracked corn (CN), and beet pulp (BP) at 0.5% BW. The effect of supplementation on ADG of yearling heifers (n = 48, BW = 267 ± 22 kg) grazing triticale (CP = 20 ± 1.2%) or wheat (CP = 27 ± 8.1%) was investigated in Exp. 1. Diet digestion and N metabolism by lambs (n = 12, BW = 36 ± 3.7 kg) consuming fresh triticale forage were studied in Exp. 2. The effect of supplementation on IVDMD of triticale forage was investigated in Exp. 3. In Exp. 1, neither supplement (P = 0.76) nor crop grazed (P = 0.64) affected ADG of heifers. In Exp. 2, BP improved N retention (g/d; P = 0.03), NDF, and ADF digestion (P = 0.01) when compared with NS and CN. Treatment BP improved DM digestion compared with NS (P = 0.05) and tended to improve DM digestion compared with CN. In Exp. 3, rumen pH was lower in BP and CN as compared with NS (P < 0.01), and IVDMD was lower (P < 0.01) in treatment CN as compared with NS and BP. Fibrous carbohydrate supplementation to ruminants grazing triticale forage improved rumen bioavailability of nutrients. Correspondingly, supplementation with high carbohydrate showed no benefits in terms of N retention, ADF, or NDF digestion and decreased IVDMD. Neither supplement affected animal performance when animals on high-quality small-grain forage were experiencing compensatory gain.
Oncolytic virotherapy for malignant glioma: translating laboratory insights into clinical practice

Glioblastoma multiforme, one of the most common and aggressive brain tumors in adults, is highly resistant to currently available therapies and often recurs. Due to its poor prognosis and difficult management, there is an urgent need for the development and translation of new anti-glioma therapeutic approaches into the clinic. In this context, oncolytic virotherapy arises as an exciting treatment option for glioma patients. These natural or genetically engineered viruses are able to effectively infect cancer cells, inducing a specific anti-tumor cytotoxic effect. In addition, some viruses have been redesigned to specially modulate glioma microenvironment, to express cytokines to boost a systemic anti-glioma immune response and to incorporate angiostatic genes to decrease glioma vasculature. Although recent clinical trials have confirmed the safety of oncolytic virotherapies in the brain, their moderate clinical efficacy has not yet matched the encouraging preclinical laboratory results. In this review, we will discuss the leading anti-glioma virotherapy approaches that are presently under preclinical and clinical evaluation. We will also review different delivery methods, in vivo virus behavior, fate, replication, and intratumoral spread, activation of antitumor immune response and targeting of glioma stem cells. We will focus on the advantages and limitations of each therapeutic approach and how to overcome these hurdles to effectively translate exciting laboratory results into promising clinical trials.
On the Sustained Use of a Test-Driven Development Practice at IBM

Test-driven development (TDD) is an agile practice that is widely accepted and advocated by most agile methods and methodologists. In this paper, we report on a post hoc analysis of the results of an IBM team who has sustained use of TDD for five years and over ten releases of a Java-implemented product. The team worked from a design and wrote tests incrementally before or while they wrote code and, in the process, developed a significant asset of automated tests. The IBM team realized sustained quality improvement relative to a pre-TDD project and consistently had defect density below industry standards. As a result, our data indicate that the TDD practice can aid in the production of high quality products. This quality improvement would compensate for the moderate perceived productivity losses. Additionally, our data indicates that the use of TDD may decrease the degree to which code complexity increases as software ages, as measured by cyclomatic complexity metric.
A bit-parallel search algorithm for allocating free space

File systems that allocate data contiguously often use bitmaps to represent and manage free space. Increases in the size of storage to be managed creates a need for efficient algorithms for searching these bitmaps. We present an algorithm that exploits bit-parallelism, examining all bits within a processor word at the same time, to improve search performance. Measurements of our implementation show that these techniques lead to a 14 times increase in the rate at which bitmap pages can be searched on a 64-bit processor. Trace-driven experiments indicate that overall allocation performance increases by a factor of 3 to 6 on a 32-bit processor. As processors mature, registers become wider and the degree of bit-level parallelism increases, which makes the performance improvements of our search algorithm more substantial.
Analysis of a phase change energy storage system for pulsed power dissipation

The melting of a phase change material in a container of rectangular cross-section with multiple discrete heat sources mounted on one side is investigated for electronics cooling by latent heat energy storage. This numerical study focuses on the thermal management issues that arise when electronic components experience sudden surges in power dissipation. The transient response of the energy storage system to short pulses in power dissipation is studied. Convective cooling using air-cooled heat sinks on the sides of the containment remote from the heat sources provides for heat rejection to ambient air. The analysis is performed under different pulse frequencies. Different aspect ratios for the containment volume as well as different locations for the heat sources are studied in order to identify an optimal arrangement. Conduction and convection in the phase change material as well as conduction through the containment walls are considered in the computations. The constitutive equations are implicitly solved using a fully transient method on fixed orthogonal co-located finite volumes. The system is characterized based on the rate of heat absorption as well as the maximum temperatures experienced at the heat sources. Improvements that can be made in the application of latent heat energy storage to electronics cooling applications are discussed based on the results from the present study.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Technology and Psychology

This article describes the design and implementation of the year 2 curriculum and student learning experiences in the Michigan State University Master of Arts in Educational Technology program. We discuss the ways that this second set of courses builds on the first year of the program that students encounter, and also describe the theoretical impetus and design-based implications for learning how to teach with technology in effective and creative ways. Students in this group usually come in with some prior knowledge of educational theory, as well as some experience of working with classroom technologies. We intentionally build upon this prior knowledge, to take it to the next level of a more sophisticated TPACK-oriented understanding of learning in technology-driven contexts. Our year 2 courses move classical educational psychology theories of learning, along with educational research issues, squarely into the modern context of educational technology and teacher leadership. Our curriculum design focuses centrally on making meaningful experiences for teachers around technology, and helping them develop the knowledge and skills to create such experiences for their students. Our goal is to develop teachers who see themselves as flexible designers of learning experiences through the creative re-purposing of existing technologies.
Evolution of a Genome-Encoded Bias in Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways Is a Potential Indicator of Amino Acid Dynamics in the Environment

Overcoming the stress of starvation is one of an organism’s most challenging phenotypic responses. Those organisms that frequently survive the challenge, by virtue of their fitness, will have evolved genomes that are shaped by their specific environments. Understanding this genotype–environment–phenotype relationship at a deep level will require quantitative predictive models of the complex molecular systems that link these aspects of an organism’s existence. Here, we treat one of the most fundamental molecular systems, protein synthesis, and the amino acid biosynthetic pathways involved in the stringent response to starvation. These systems face an inherent logical dilemma: Building an amino acid biosynthetic pathway to synthesize its product—the cognate amino acid of the pathway—may require that very amino acid when it is no longer available. To study this potential “catch-22,” we have created a generic model of amino acid biosynthesis in response to sudden starvation. Our mathematical analysis and computational results indicate that there are two distinctly different outcomes: Partial recovery to a new steady state, or full system failure. Moreover, the cell’s fate is dictated by the cognate bias, the number of cognate amino acids in the corresponding biosynthetic pathway relative to the average number of that amino acid in the proteome. We test these implications by analyzing the proteomes of over 1,800 sequenced microbes, which reveals statistically significant evidence of low cognate bias, a genetic trait that would avoid the biosynthetic quandary. Furthermore, these results suggest that the pattern of cognate bias, which is readily derived by genome sequencing, may provide evolutionary clues to an organism’s natural environment.
Multi-Agent Task Assignment in the Bandit Framework

We consider a task assignment problem for a fleet of UAVs in a surveillance/search mission. We formulate the problem as a restless bandits problem with switching costs and discounted rewards: there are TV sites to inspect, each one of them evolving as a Markov chain, with different transition probabilities if the site is inspected or not. The sites evolve independently of each other, there are transition costs c ij for moving between sites i and j isin {1,..., N}, rewards when visiting the sites, and we maximize a mixed objective function of these costs and rewards. This problem is known to be PSPACE-hard. We present a systematic method, inspired from the work of Bertsimas and Nino-Mora (2000) on restless bandits, for deriving a linear programming relaxation for such locally decomposable MDPs. The relaxation is computable in polynomial-time offline, provides a bound on the achievable performance, as well as an approximation of the cost-to-go which can be used online in conjunction with standard suboptimal stochastic control methods. In particular, the one-step lookahead policy based on this approximate cost-to-go reduces to computing the optimal value of a linear assignment problem of size N. We present numerical experiments, for which we assess the quality of the heuristics using the performance bound
Agonistic behavioral interactions between introduced western mosquitofish and native topminnows

The stocking of western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis for mosquito control negatively impacts native fishes with similar ecological requirements. In this study, a series of laboratory microcosm experiments was used to examine intra and interspecific agonistic behavioral interactions (e.g., chases and nips) between western mosquitofish and northern starhead topminnow Fundulus dispar, northern studfish F. catenatus, blackstripe topminnow F. notatus, and banded killifish F. diaphanous at three fish densities and in the presence/absence of vegetation. Western mosquitofish exhibited more agonistic behaviors than the four topminnow species and caused a change in topminnow behavior in mixed-species microcosms. Mosquitofish were aggressive toward conspecifics, with most of the chases and nips occurring at the highest densities and when vegetation was absent. Topminnows exhibited few agonistic behaviors toward conspecifics, but intraspecific chasing and nipping did occur when exposed to mosquitofish. Agonistic beh...
Local Performance Networks: musical interdependency through gestures and controllers

Informed by a proposed theoretical framework for the field of interconnected musical networks (Weinberg 2005), I describe a set of local musical networks that utilise novel gestural controllers for interdependent collaborative performance. The paper begins by contextualising developments in the field of musical networks in correlation with development of technological innovations, leading to the utilisations of gestural controllers in local musical networks. This introduction leads to the definition and categorisation of theoretical and practical approaches for the design of local gestural networks, addressing motivations, social strategies, network architectures, musical content, and control software and hardware. Based on this theoretical framework I describe the evolution of four local musical networks that utilise newly developed gestural controllers, titled ‘Squeezables’, ‘Musical Fireflies’, ‘Beatbugs’ and ‘Voice Patterns’. The paper discusses the design and development process of these projects and ends with a comparative analysis of the networks and controllers based on conceptual and practical criteria.
Spontaneous remyelination following extensive demyelination is associated with improved neurological function in a viral model of multiple sclerosis

A major question in neurobiology is whether myelin repair can restore neurological function following the course of a severe, progressive CNS demyelinating disease that induces axonal loss. In this study we used Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) to induce a chronic progressive CNS demyelinating disease in mice that was immune-mediated and pathologically similar to human multiple sclerosis. Because immunosuppression of chronically TMEV-infected mice has been shown to enhance myelin repair, we first addressed the potential roles of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the inhibition of CNS remyelination during chronic disease. TMEV infection of susceptible PL/J mice deficient in CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells demonstrated a significant increase in severity of pathogenesis when compared with wild-type controls. This was characterized by enhanced demyelination, spinal cord atrophy, neurological deficits, and mortality. Interestingly, the PL/J CD4(-/-) mice that survived to the chronic stage of the disease had nearly complete spontaneous myelin repair mediated by both oligodendrocytes and infiltrating Schwann cells. Therefore, we next addressed whether this spontaneous myelin repair was associated with improved neurological function despite the increased pathology. Of interest, all surviving PL/J CD4(-/-) mice showed partial restoration of motor coordination and gait that coincided temporally with spontaneous myelin repair. Furthermore, functional recovery of motor coordination correlated strongly with the percentage of myelin repair mediated by Schwann cells, whereas restoration of hindlimb gait correlated with oligodendrocyte-mediated myelin repair. This is the first study to demonstrate that spontaneous remyelination correlates with partial restoration of neurological function during the course of a progressive, immune-mediated CNS demyelinating disease. Of greater importance, functional recovery occurred despite previous severe demyelination and spinal cord atrophy.
Inheritance of partial resistance to powdery mildew in spring wheat

Four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars exhibiting partial resistance to powdery mildew induced by Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici were crossed to a common susceptible cultivar to study the inheritance of resistance. The genetic parameters contributing to resistance were estimated by generation means analyses. Additive gene action was the most important genetic component of variation among generation means in all four crosses. Additive by additive effects were significant in one cross and both additive by additive and additive by dominance effects were significant in another. Dominance effects were not significant. The F2/F3 correlations in three crosses ranged from 0.27 to 0.43. Three additional crosses among resistant cultivars were employed to study the effectiveness of selection in improving resistance. By selecting the most resistant plants from the F2 and evaluating the progenies in the F4, increases in resistance ranging from 21% to 31% were obtained. In all crosses, there was transgressive segregation in both directions indicating that the genes conferring resistance to these cultivars differ and exhibit additive effects.
Alternative m-derived termination for distributed amplifiers

Use of the bisected-T m-derived filter section at the input and output of distributed amplifiers is a widely known technique to improve matching and gain flatness near the amplifier cutoff frequency. We propose the use of the new bisected-π section to achieve larger gain, lower noise figure, and smaller area for the same bandwidth and matching characteristics. We show the theoretical basis for the improvement and confirm the result by comparing two otherwise identical distributed amplifiers in 130nm CMOS. We measured a gain increase of approximately 1.2dB and a noise figure reduction over the entire bandwidth of the amplifier. Additionally, the new topology uses fewer unique inductor sizes and smaller total inductor area to give reduced design time and cost. The π-based approach should become the new standard for integrated distributed amplifier design.
The Role of the Anesthesiologist in Management of Obstetric Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage after childbirth, whether the delivery is vaginal or operative, is a clinical situation where knowledge, communication, and the availability and utilization of resources all play prominent roles. In this article we describe the thought processes and decisions that should occur, and the actions that should be taken by the anesthesiologist in the face of suspected, expected, or unexpected hemorrhage in the labor and delivery suite.
Retrospective investigation of course content evaluation by students: A survey of domestic violence education and experience among current UNLV-SDM dental students

iii CHAPTER 1 1 Background and Significance 3 Research Question .....6 Experimental Design and Theoretical Framework 7 Expected Outcomes 11 CHAPTER 2 15 Background 18 Methods 19 Results 21 Discussion 30 CHAPTER 3 GENERAL DISCUSSION 34 APPENDIX IRB APPROVAL 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY 37 VITA 39
Gelatin Nanoparticles and Their Biofunctionalization

The sections in this article are Introduction Gelatin and Gelatin Derivatives Gelatin Chemical Modification of Gelatin PEGylation Thiolation Other Conjugates of Gelatin Nanoparticulate Carriers of Gelatin and Gelatin Derivatives Desolvation Desolvation Using Ethanol Two-step Desolvation Coacervation Nano-encapsulation by Water-in-oil Emulsion Method Characterization of Gelatin and Modified Gelatin Nanoparticles Loading and Release of Payload from Gelatin Nanoparticles Biocompatibility Studies Applications of Gelatin and Modified Gelatin Nanoparticles Conclusions
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE IMPACT OF THE BID‐ASK SPREAD ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CRSP DAILY RETURNS

It is widely recognized that Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) returns may differ from “true” returns because of the bid-ask effect. Using a large sample of New York Stock Exchange and American Stock Exchange securities, I confirm a discernible bid-ask effect, the magnitude and importance of which decrease with the security's price level (increase with the spread). I find volatility estimates using CRSP returns to be greater than those based on quote returns. However, market model properties, such as β and R2, are generally unaffected. Bid-ask effects are clearly apparent in event studies, but because of certain offsetting effects commonly used test statistics remain unaffected. Low-priced stocks (below $2.00) do not conform to these patterns. Finally, the evidence raises the possibility that the existing literature on filter rule tests may underestimate the bid-ask spread component of transaction costs.
Prize reinforcement contingency management for treating cocaine users: how low can we go, and with whom?

Aims This study evaluated the efficacy of a low-cost, prize reinforcement contingency management (CM) intervention for reducing cocaine use.
Intention to Have a Mammogram in the Future Among Women Who Have Underused Mammography in the Past

This study investigated associations between confidence in one's ability to discuss mammography with health providers and to obtain regular mammograms (self-efficacy), social network members' attitudes toward mammograms (social influence), mammography experiences, and intention to have a mammogram in the next 1 to 2 years among women who were not in adherence with screening guidelines. Data were collected as part of a baseline assessment for a work site intervention study. Women 52 years and older completed a self-administered survey. Those not in compliance with screening guidelines (n = 194) were included in the analyses. Logistic regression revealed that self-efficacy and strong supportive social influences were significantly associated with mammography intention (odds ratio [OR] = 2.50, OR = 2.22, respectively), adjusting for prior mammography use. Findings suggest that interventions designed to promote mammography should build women's confidence in their ability to discuss mammography with health providers and to obtain regular mammograms. Intervention among social networks may also be an effective means of promoting mammography.
Pregnancy in fellowship: building a career and family.

Women remain underrepresented among U.S. cardiologists. The past 40 years have seen a growth in the percentage of female physicians from 10% in 1970 to 32% in 2010 [(1)][1]. However, cardiology is notable for its continued imbalance in the male-to-female ratio. The American Board of Internal
The Exclusionary Rule Reconsidered: Restoring the Status Quo Ante

The thesis of this article is that the exclusionary rule is a fair and just rule to enforce Fourth Amendment interests. However, the justice of the rule is not in its deterrence effect on law enforcement officers, as the Supreme Court has suggested since the Calandra decision in 1974. Crafting measures to punish or to deter unlawful conduct is not the business of the judiciary. "Punishment" and "deterrence" have no more place in a discussion of the exclusionary rule than they have in a discussion of the Fourth Amendment itself. Rather, the exclusionary rule is a just one because it puts both the state and the accused in the positions in which they would have been had the constitution not been violated, neither better nor worse. It provides an individual remedy for the violation of an individual right. Thus, the exclusionary rule restores the status quo ante. The restoration justification would provide a principled basis for judicial decision-making, replacing a flawed empirical test which the Supreme Court has followed since Calandra. It would provide a fair and predictable test in place of one that leads to opinions which are best described as adjudications by hunch. The final part of the article considers the changes in application of the exclusionary rule which would be caused by adopting the restoration justification.
USING NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTIPLE TESTING TO DETERMINE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES

Our focus is on the Golub et al. ALL/AML oligo-nucleotide array data set [Golub et al., 1999] with regard to the question of determining differentially expressed genes between pairs of sample types. We use this data set to analyze methods of determining genes which are likely to be differentially expressed between ALL T-cells and ALL B-cells. To this end, we employ non-parametric methods, in the context of multiple testing, for attaching statistical measures of confidence to genes predicted to be differentially expressed. In particular, we apply the method of using t-statistics, with p-values calculated through permutations, and with the Westfall and Young step-down approach to correct for multiple testing, developed by Dudoit et al. [Dudoit et al., 2000]. We also use PaGE [Manduchi et al., 2000], developed at PCBI, for assigning confidence to predictions by calculating false-positive rates directly from empirical “gene-independent” distributions. We compare the performance of these methods on the Golub et al. data. We exploit the large sample size to analyze the effect of the number of observations on a variety of issues relating to the prediction of differential expression, in particular to the reproducibility of results. In addition, we investigate the concept of using shifted intensities for data such as the Golub et al. data set. We also investigate the usage of “absent calls” in oligo-nucleotide array data.
House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Resting Preference on Various Cords and Potential of Fipronil- or Indoxacarb- Impregnation on Cords for Fly Control

Fly preference for resting on various cords was evaluated, and preferred cords were impregnated with insecticides for control of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Numbers of house flies attracted to and resting on natural (manila, cotton, cotton wick, wool, and leather) and synthetic (nylon, polypropylene, and parachute cord) cords were counted. Synthetic cords attracted significantly fewer flies than natural cords, and the plant-based cords were more attractive than the animal-based cords. Manila cord had significantly more flies resting on it than any other cord. The most attractive cords were treated with 0.1% fipronil or 0.6% indoxacarb for laboratory testing. Insecticide-treated wool cord had the lowest LT50's (fipronil: LT50 = 12.9 h; indoxacarb LT50 = 32.6 h), and the impregnated cotton cord had the highest LT50's. The LT50's for the synthetic cords were significantly lower than those for the cotton and manila cords. Field evaluations in cages were conducted with wool cords impre...
Accounting for climate and air quality damages in future U.S. electricity generation scenarios.

The EPA-MARKAL model of the U.S. electricity sector is used to examine how imposing emissions fees based on estimated health and environmental damages might change electricity generation. Fees are ...
Developing Practical Procedures for the Measurement of Personal Values in Cross-Cultural Marketing:

This research investigates a particular value-assessing instrument, the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), for its applicability to cross-cultural marketing. The study establishes that in measuring values...
The Convergence of Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel Iteration

(1975). The Convergence of Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel Iteration. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 163-167.
A calculation method for impact loads of the post and jack

This paper discusses a calculating method for the impact loads of the post and jack when they are impacted by the free-falling heavy objects on the condition that the safety valve is installed or not.During the calculation,the corresponding procedures are written by taking into account the related quality and friction of the post and jack.
Discipline and Asian American Dance

This essay is concerned with the practical and theoretical application of discipline to understand the contours of Asian American dance. Using both literal and conceptual definitions of discipline, Wong considers how Asian American dance is made into an academic discipline vis-a-vis a series of expectations shaped by academic discourse and physical practice. Wong performs multivalent readings of Kimi Okada’s I look vacantly at the Pacific … with regret and Lenora Lee’s Passages as a case study to examine the disciplinary expectations and investments that make dance and dance studies into an object-of-analysis. By engaging with material histories of place, popular representation, choreographic analysis, ethnography, and the politics of working in local and abstract terms Wong maps the range of bodily and intellectual disciplining that are at work in producing an interdisciplinary dance analysis not as a singular product, but a series of overlapping and simultaneous tasks that serve different institutional purposes and disciplinary investments.
Intersex and Trans* Communities: Commonalities and Tensions

Intersex and trans* communities are similar in that they are both marginalized because they belie a core contemporary ideology: that people are born with a binary physical sex, and that this determines their binary gender. Having bodies and identities that often conflict with this precept, trans* and intersex people are subjected to social stigma that can have powerful negative effects. While this commonality has led some intersex and trans* people to make common cause and work together politically, other factors drive the two communities apart. To understand the tensions that separate two communities that might seem ‘natural’ allies, we must understand how each of the two communities is itself split into two subgroups. Both the intersex and trans* communities contain some individuals who frame their community distinction as a matter of identity and pride, and others who view their difference as a disorder that should be approached with pity and cured medically. The majority of the people in intersex communities use the disorder framework, while the majority of trans* individuals use an identity frame. Many transsexuals who employ the disorder framework present transsexuality as an intersex condition of the brain. Their hope is that if the larger society can be persuaded that this is the case, medical transition services will be freely provided out of pity to cure those afflicted with intersex brains, as children with intermediate genitals are given sex assignment surgery. Intersex individuals largely resist the idea that trans* status is an intersex condition of the brain, for reasons that this chapter will explore, and this tension drives the two communities apart. It is only the subsets of the intersex and trans communities that employ the identity framework who tend to work together as allies. These allied individuals center the idea that sex status should be a matter of personal autonomy based upon gender identity, and validate non-binary gender identities in addition to binary ones.
Electrochemical Investigation of Arsenic Redox Processes on Pyrite

The specific Eh-pH conditions and mechanism(s) for the reduction of arsenite, As(III), by pyrite are incompletely understood. A fundamental question is what role the pyrite surface plays in the reduction process. We used electrochemical methods to evaluate the reduction of As(III) under controlled redox conditions. As(III) reduction to elemental As(0) occurs on the pyrite surface under suboxic-reducing conditions and is promoted at low pH. Remarkably, As(III) reduction on pyrite occurs at similar potentials to those for reduction on platinum metal, suggesting a similar mechanism and kinetics for these surfaces. The onset for As(III) reduction at pH ≤ 3.5 coincides with the potential for hydrogen electroadsorption on pyrite, E ≈ +0.1 V (versus RHE). Batch reactions show that As(III) is reduced on pyrite at the Eh-pH predicted by the electrochemical study. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that, at pH ≤ 3.5, a significant fraction of the surface arsenic (30-60%) has an oxidation state consistent with As(0). Here, we propose a mechanism whereby atomic hydrogen that forms on ferric (hydr)oxide surface layers promotes As(III) reduction at low Eh and pH. Insights provided by this study will have implications for understanding the controls on dissolved As(III) concentrations in suboxic-anoxic environments.
Structures of Paracrystalline Protein Layers from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeobacterium Pyrobaculum

Members of the recently discovered archaeobacterial genus Pyrobaculum are sulfur-reducing hyperthermophiles which grow optimally at 100°C (Huber et al., 1987). All known strains were isolated from superheated, sulfurous fresh water springs or from the superheated outflow of a geothermal power plant. The cells are rod-shaped and vary in length up to 8µm, but their diameter is strikingly uniform. Two strains have been characterized in detail and were found to represent different species, Pyrobaculum islandicum (strain GEO3) and Pyrobaculum organotrophum (strain H10). P. islandicum is a facultative heterotroph capable of chemolithoautotrophic growth on sulfur, H2, and CO2, while P. organotrophum is strictly organotrophic. This Chapter reviews the results of investigations into the structure of the cell envelopes of these interesting archaeobacteria (Baumeister et al., 1989, 1990; Phipps et al., 1990, 1991). An element of the cell envelope of most archaeobacteria is a 2D paracrystalline array of protein or glycoprotein subunits, or S-layer, which is often directly adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane (Konig, 1988). The array subunit is typically a complex, multi-domain protein and often possesses a putative membrane anchor domain (Baumeister et al., 1989). The unusual structures of Pyrobaculum S-layers are described, and the possible functional roles they fulfill are discussed.
Sustainable Energy Application: Nanomaterials Applied in Solar Cells

In this chapter, the authors will discuss the fundamentals of solar cells, including the operational principle and key components. Three classifications of solar cells were discussed to further improve the energy conversion efficiency. The materials design, nanostructure, and performance of the solar cells were highly interdependent on each other to improve energy conversion efficiency.
Synthesis of Yttrium Complexes that Contain the [NON]2- Ligand, [(t-Bu-d6-N-o-C6H4)2O]2-

Li{sub 2}[NON] ([(t-Bu-d{sub 6}{minus}N-o-C{sub 6}H{sub 4}){sub 2}O]{sup 2{minus}} = [NON]{sup 2{minus}}) reacts with YCl{sub 3} in THF to give [NON]YCl(THF){sub 2}, from which [NON]Y[CH(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}](THF) (2a) and [NON]Y(CH{sub 2}SiMe{sub 3})(THF){sub 2} (2b) could be prepared straightworwardly. An X-ray structure of 2a showed it to be a distorted five-coordinate species in which the nitrogen atoms of the [NON]{sup 2{minus}} ligand occupy (very approximately) apical sites in a trigonal bipyramid. Both 2a and 2b proved to be relatively unreactive toward molecular hydrogen or ethylene.
Cytological Localization of Repeated DNAs

The discovery that the eukaryotic genome contains families of nucleotide sequences repeated to varying degrees (see Chapter 1) raises many questions concerning the distribution of these sequences within the eukaryotic cell. Based on analyses of DNA: DNA reassociation kinetics, nuclear DNA of all eukaryotes studied can be divided into three arbitrary classes according to the extent of repetition within each class. These are (1) a few sequences with a high degree of reiteration, reannealing very fast and many times appearing as satellites after isopycnic centrifugation in cesium salts, (2) moderately repeated sequences which renature with intermediate rates including the DNAs coding for ribosomal RNAs, 5 S RNAs, and transfer RNAs, and (3) sequences which reassociate at rates compatible with the genomic complexity of the organism in question. This last class contains “single-copy” DNAs presumably coding for the bulk of the messenger RNAs.
Vitamin D: Importance for Bone Health, Cellular Health and Cancer Prevention

Vitamin D is known as the sunshine vitamin(1,2). How important is sunlight in providing humans with their vitamin D requirement? Part of the problem is that vitamin D is rare in foods. Most vertebrates require a source of vitamin D (1). Rodents, dogs, cows, chickens all develop severe growth retardation and bony deformities that are consistent with rickets when they do not get either an adequate dietary source of vitamin D, or exposure to sunlight (Fig 1). Vitamin D deficiency is a major health concern at many zoos (3,4). A mated pair of Komodo dragons at Washington's National Zoo were finally successful in having a live hatch only after they received vitamin D in their diet. The hatchlings survived and thrived as a result of being exposed to an ultraviolet B radiation source (Fig 2). Primates that are kept in glass enclosures or kept indoors are at high risk of developing vitamin D deficiency and its consequences. Not only do they develop severe growth retardation and bony deformities, but also have poor dentition and poor tooth eruption. Even polar bears are at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency. At the Denver Zoo, it was observed that polar bear cubs were listless and unable to stand and walk. They were found to be severely vitamin D deficient (5). Addition of vitamin D to their diet rapidly cured the rickets, and they became very active and grew well.
Gait disorders in the elderly. Distinguishing between normal and dysfunctional gaits.

PreviewGait disorders are common and often disabling for elderly patients. Prompt diagnosis and management may improve or restore function and prevent or minimize falls, isolation, and depression. In this article, Dr Rubino discusses age-related changes that often lead to ambulation problems and describes a number of the most common gait disorders.
Muscle characteristics of persons with fibromyalgia syndrome.

PURPOSE To explore agonist and antagonist muscle characteristics, depression and physical functioning of patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). METHOD Individuals with FMS (N=34) and chronic pain (N=36) were recruited from a chronic pain program. Normal controls (N=37) were recruited from the general community. MEASURES Demographic data (age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, and employment status), self-report physical and psychological functioning, current level of pain, level of depression, and agonist and antagonist muscle activity (SCM, Biceps/triceps, Forearm flexor/extensor, Lower leg tibialis anterior/gastrocnemius) were measured with sEMG. RESULTS There was a significant difference in upper arm muscle contra-activation between the FMS patients and normal controls but not between the non-FMS chronic pain patients and normal controls. When compared to normal controls, the FMS group reported more depression and a higher level of physical functioning problems, but it was not significantly different from the mean score for the non-FMS chronic pain group. Problems with physical functioning and depression did not predict strength of contra-activation in the upper arm muscle. CONCLUSION These findings suggest presence of unusual muscle activity occurring in the bicep muscle of FMS and non-FMS chronic pain patients, which establishes a possible link between muscle dysfunction, mood and pain.
A 10-50 GHz micromachined directional coupler

A 20 dB directional coupler has been designed and fabricated on a thin dielectric membrane using micromachining techniques. Design of the asymmetric tapered coupled line coupler relies on readily available models and ideal transmission line theory. The use of membrane technology results in less than 0.4 dB insertion loss in the coupler from 10 to 50 GHz. In addition, a micromachined packaging technique creates a shielded circuit which is extremely compact and lightweight.
Apologías humanistas del Imperio y la Conquista. El Antijovio de Ximénez de Quesada y las Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias de Juan de Castellanos

En la cuarta parte de las Elegias de varones ilustres de Indias, Juan de Castellanos menciona la reiterada insistencia de Gonzalo Ximenez de Quesada en cuanto a que la forma poetica mas apropiada para cantar las gestas de la conquista de las Indias eran los antiguos versos castellanos, por “ser hijos nacidos de su vientre”, mientras que el Beneficiado de Tunja, por su parte, consideraba valido el uso de la entonces nueva metrica italiana, la ottava rima, pues eran versos engendrados en nuestra lengua, al uso moderno, para renovar la memoria de los conquistadores (Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada, canto XIII). Si bien parece ser una simple cuestion de formas y lenguaje, no lo es asi para el humanismo renacentista.
Copper manganese oxide enhanced nanoarray-based monolithic catalysts for hydrocarbon oxidation

Copper manganese oxide (CuMn2O4) was introduced into the nanoarray-based monolithic catalysts system for advanced exhaust after-treatment. Through scalable and cost-effective hydrothermal reactions, nanosheet layers of copper manganese oxide were uniformly coated onto the manganese oxide nanoarrays (HM-PCR), which were grown on the cordierite honeycomb monoliths. The core nanoarray support, HM-PCR, a well-defined array architecture for active material deposition, contributed to an increase of open surface area and thus enhanced catalytic oxidation performance. The CuMn2O4 coated nanoarray-based catalyst, NA-CuMn2O4, shows efficient 90% propane (C3H8) conversion at around 400 °C, which is 50 °C and 75 °C lower than CuMn2O4 wash-coated catalyst (WC-CuMn2O4) and Pd loaded catalyst (WC-Pd), respectively. Compared to monolithic catalysts with a traditional alumina support, the benefit of nanoarray morphology was demonstrated by correlating the variation of surface area to the reactivity. The incorporation of cobalt ions was found to increase the specific surface area and thus enhance C3H8 conversion of CuMn2O4. The CuMn2O4/MnO2 nanoarray-based monoliths are promising types of emission control devices.
Aging Expectations and Attitudes: Associations With Types of Older Adult Contact.

Objectives:To evaluate the role of contact with older adults in explaining expectations about aging and attitudes toward own aging.Method:A representative sample of 3,026 U.S. adults aged 30–89 yea...
Growth and characterization of (Bi, Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Oxsingle crystals

(Bi, Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (2223) single crystals have been grown using a fused-salt reaction of Bi2O3, PbO, SrCl2, CaCl2, CuCl, and KNO3 in a KCl flux. The pristine crystals show regular plate-like morphology with typical dimension of 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.001–0.01 mm3. Crystal orientation, chemical composition, phase purity, and superconductivity of the pristine crystals were determined by SEM, TEM, EDX, x-ray diffraction techniques, and SQUID magnetometry. The relative fraction of the Bi-2223 phase (Tc = 110 K) in as-grown crystals is ~97%. The only impurity phase, Bi-2212, occurs in some selected crystals but is present in amounts less than the detection limit of x-ray diffraction and is unobserved in the diamagnetic signal determined by SQUID magnetometry.
Barriers to clinical trial enrollment of older adults with cancer: A systematic review.

e18130Background: Despite the disproportionate impact of cancer on older adults, older patients are vastly underrepresented in clinical trials that set the standards for cancer treatment. To better...
Nutlin-3A, an MDM2 Antagonist, Induces p53-Dependent Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL).

Abstract p53 is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in human cancer. However, in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) p53 is mutated only in a small subset of cases suggesting that modulation of wild-type-p53 (wt-p53) levels in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells may have therapeutic implications in these patients. MDM2 (HDM2 in humans) is a physiologic negative regulator of p53 levels through a well-established auto-regulatory feedback loop. Nutlin-3A is a recently developed small molecule, which antagonizes mdm2 through disruption of p53-MDM2 interaction resulting in p53 stabilization. We hypothesized that nutlin 3A may stabilize p53 in HRS cells carrying wt-p53 gene, thus leading to p53-dependent apoptosis and G1-S cell cycle arrest. We used two novel classical HL cell lines recently established in our Institution, MDA-V and MDA-E, which have been shown to carry wt-p53 gene. As a control, we used a HL cell line L-428 harboring a mutant p53 (mt-p53) gene product (deletion at exon 4). We investigated effects on apoptosis and cell cycle arrest after treatment of cultured HRS cells with nutlin-3A or a 150-fold less active enantiomere, nutlin-3B. Treatment with nutlin-3A resulted in substantial cell death (up to 65%) in a concentration-dependent manner associated with increased apoptosis as shown by apoptotic morphology (DAPI immunofluorescence), annexin V binding (flow cytometry) and caspase activation (Western blot analysis) in MDA-V and MDA-E cells, but not in L-428 cells. Nutlin-3A-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by stabilization of p53 protein as detected by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, a known target of p53. Inhibition of nuclear export by leptomycin B stabilized p53 at a similar level as compared to nutlin-3A treatment in these cells, suggesting that nutlin-3A stabilized p53 through inhibition of MDM2-mediated degradation of the protein. By contrast, no changes in cell viability, growth or apoptosis were seen after treatment with the inactive nutlin-3B small molecule. Treatment with nutlin-3A also resulted in a significant decrease (up to 85%) of cells in S-phase and a dose-dependent increase of cells in G1 phase of cell cycle as detected by flow cytometry, in MDA-V and MDA-E cells, but not in L-428 cells. Cell cycle arrest was associated with up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, a transcriptional target of p53. In contrast, treatment of HRS cells with nutlin-3B had no effects on the cell cycle irrespective of p53 mutation status. Furthermore, combined treatment with nutlin-3A and doxorubicin revealed synergistic effects and enhanced cytotoxicity in HRS cells with wt-p53 gene. Targeting MDM2 with the specific antagonist nutlin-3A that leads to non-genotoxic p53 activation, apoptosis induction and cell cycle inhibition may provide a new therapeutic approach for patients with HL.
Precipitation imputation with probability space-based weighting methods

Abstract Euclidean distance-based spatial interpolation methods that are conceptually simple are commonly used for the imputation of missing precipitation and other hydroclimatic variable datasets. Improved variants of these methods are essential as Euclidean distance will not always serve as an appropriate surrogate that can quantify the inter-gauge relationships in all hydroclimatic and topographical settings. Probability space-based error measure (linear error in probability space (LEPS)) and three distribution similarity hypothesis test statistic values are proposed as surrogates for distances in weighting methods to address this limitation. A k-fold cross-validation exercise of the imputation of precipitation data at 22 rain gauges in a temperate climatic region is used for the evaluation of methods. Improved imputation of missing data was noted from proposed methods compared to that from a distance-based method and is confirmed with statistical inference testing of multiple error and performance measures. Also, the LEPS-based method provided performance measures that are as good as those from a nonlinear optimization method. A local spatial interpolation approach that uses LEPS and two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov hypothesis test results quantified as binary outcomes for objective selection of rain gauges are also evaluated. Better estimates of missing data are obtained using this approach compared to those from a Euclidean distance-based global interpolation method. The proposed new probability space-based distances are conceptually superior alternatives to Euclidean distances when used in weighting methods for spatial interpolation.