cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Berru-Sms Forward And Inverse Predictive Modeling Applied To A Spent Fuel Dissolver System

This Chapter presents the application of the BERRU-SMS methodology to perform forward and inverse predictive modeling of a paradigm dissolver model that is representative for material separations and international safeguards activities. This dissolver model comprises eight active compartments in which the time-dependent nonlinear differential equations modeling the physical and chemical processes comprise sixteen time-dependent spatially dependent state functions and 635 model parameters related to the model’s equation of state and inflow conditions. The most important response for the dissolver model is the computed nitric acid concentration in the compartment furthest away from the inlet, where measurements are available for comparisons. The sensitivities to all model parameters of the acid concentration at each of the instances in time when measurements were performed are computed exactly and efficiently using the adjoint sensitivity analysis method for nonlinear systems (ASAM). When using the traditional “ASAM for functional-type responses,” 307 adjoint computations are needed for computing exactly the sensitivities of the time-dependent nitric concentration response in compartment #1, at the measured time instances, to all model parameters. Alternatively, the “ASAM for operator-type responses” developed by Cacuci (1981b) reduces the number of required adjoint computations from 307 to 17, with an overall loss of accuracy of less than 0.05% over the entire time-span of 10.5 hours (307 time steps). Similarly significant reductions in the number of computations when using the “adjoint sensitivity analysis methodology for operator-type responses” were also obtained when computing the sensitivities of the time-dependent responses (nitric acid concentrations) in the other dissolver compartments, e.g., compartments #4 and #7. These sensitivities are subsequently used for uncertainty analysis and predictive modeling, combining the computational results with experiments performed solely in the compartment furthest from the inlet. The application of the BERRU-SMS predictive modeling methodology yields optimally calibrated values for all 635 model parameters, with reduced predicted uncertainties, as well as optimal (“best-estimate”) predicted values for the acid concentrations, also with reduced predicted uncertainties. Notably, even though the experimental data pertains solely to the compartment furthest from the inlet (where the data was measured), the predictive modeling methodology actually improves the predictions and reduces the predicted uncertainties not only in the compartment in which the data was actually measured, but throughout the entire dissolver, including the compartment furthest from the measurements (i.e., at the inlet). This is because the predictive modeling methodology combines and transmits information simultaneously over the entire phase-space, comprising all time steps and spatial locations.
Dynamics of Scientific Engagement in a Blended Online Learning Environment

We investigate in-service teachers’ scientific engagement in a blended online science inquiry course. We analyze a shift from teachers following instructions to doing science themselves, and we characterize it at two levels: first, in how teachers engaged in individual sense-making; and second, in how they oriented to the online community as a space for collaboration and collective knowledge building. This progress, we show, was made possible by a shift in how the teachers framed the course—how they understood and interpreted the purpose of the activities—a shift that entailed both epistemological and affective dynamics. This shift in framing was supported by the instructors’ efforts to attend to and address participants’ epistemology and affect, both in face-to-face and in online interactions. A key implication of this study is the importance of instructional attention to epistemology and affect to create online learning environments that promote productive framings of scientific inquiry.
Left paralumbar fossa approach combined with mesocolon fenestration for bilateral equine ovariectomy.

Objective To describe a standing left paralumbar fossa approach combined with mesocolon fenestration for bilateral equine ovariectomy. Study design Prospective experimental clinical study. Animals Four healthy client-owned mares and 1 client-owned Molly mule. Methods Mares were restrained in standing stocks and sedated with an α2 -agonist continuous infusion to effect. The abdominal cavity was approached via a left paralumbar fossa approach, and the contralateral right ovary was accessed through an incision in the mesocolon. The location of the window was adjusted to allow triangulation, adequate visualization, and manipulation of the contralateral right ovary. Each ovarian pedicle was ligated with extracorporeal ligatures prior to sharp transection. The ovaries were dropped and left within the abdomen as part of another study. The incision in the mesocolon was closed with laparoscopic staples. Mares were monitored hourly while hospitalized, and a questionnaire was completed by the owners 90 days after surgery. Results Both ovarian pedicles were successfully ligated and transected in all mares through the left paralumbar fossa approach and mesocolon fenestration. The only complications consisted of mild incisional emphysema in 2 of 5 equids, with all resolving spontaneously. All equids returned to intended use at 90 days. Conclusion The left paralumbar fossa approach combined with mesocolon fenestration provided adequate access to both ovaries with minimal morbidity in this small population. Clinical significance A unilateral left paralumbar fossa approach and fenestration of the mesocolon should be considered as an alternative to traditional approaches for bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomies in equids.
MULTI-MODALITY IMAGING IN EARLY DETECTION OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL DISSECTION IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary arterial dissection is usually a lethal complication of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Early diagnosis with advanced imaging techniques could be life-saving in patients with acute onset chest pain, dyspnea, cyanosis or hemodynamic instability. A 16 year old female with severe idiopathic
Introduction to examination of 2D hexagonal band structure from a nanoscale perspective for use in electronic transport devices

Abstract With the advent of the metal–insulator transition (MIT) as a tool for adjusting the properties of lower dimensions materials, with nanoscale dimensions in one or more of the coordinate directions, it is worthwhile to derive analytical formulas for the electronic energy in k-space, for a generic two-dimensional hexagonal lattice as a prelude for their use in nanoscopic transport devices (using the MIT) or other solid state devices. This is done in the tight binding (TB) approximation, since it allows a tractable analytical development, with some refinements possible. This lattice structure is applicable to many 2D materials like graphene, BN, MoS2, and many others. The work provided in this volume constitutes a series of eleven chapters, including this one (Chapter 1) followed by nine chapters covering various aspects of the theoretical development, with a closing chapter (Chapter 11 ) handling overall conclusions.
The Art in War: Exploring Trench Art, its Materiality, and the Human Side of War

Warfare timelessly associates itself with objects of death and destruction. Whether they manifest themselves as armaments or ammunition, these objects only help in facilitating man’s destructive instincts and fueling the flames of war. While many concede that these objects are merely expressions of man’s cold, technological ingenuity, I argue that they can also be repurposed for expressing one’s humanity in face of the cruel realities of warfare. Thus, this paper seeks to examine trench art, a longstanding practice of transforming materiel1 into artwork, utilitarian objects, and even symbolic monuments. By investigating trench art in a material cultural context, we gain a better understanding of the human side of warfare, as seen through the lenses of soldiers, prisoners of war, and civilians that create these art pieces. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Overlapping Nostalgias: Negotiating Space and Labor in the (Post)Communist City of Bucharest:

This article explores infrastructural transformations within communist and postcommunist Bucharest, arguing that they constituted the foundation for divergent discourses of nostalgia. The themes of...
Analytical solution to swing equations in power grids.

Objective To derive a closed-form analytical solution to the swing equation describing the power system dynamics, which is a nonlinear second order differential equation. Existing challenges No analytical solution to the swing equation has been identified, due to the complex nature of power systems. Two major approaches are pursued for stability assessments on systems: (1) computationally simple models based on physically unacceptable assumptions, and (2) digital simulations with high computational costs. Motivation The motion of the rotor angle that the swing equation describes is a vector function. Often, a simple form of the physical laws is revealed by coordinate transformation. Methods The study included the formulation of the swing equation in the Cartesian coordinate system, which is different from conventional approaches that describe the equation in the polar coordinate system. Based on the properties and operational conditions of electric power grids referred to in the literature, we identified the swing equation in the Cartesian coordinate system and derived an analytical solution within a validity region. Results The estimated results from the analytical solution derived in this study agree with the results using conventional methods, which indicates the derived analytical solution is correct. Conclusion An analytical solution to the swing equation is derived without unphysical assumptions, and the closed-form solution correctly estimates the dynamics after a fault occurs.
Russia’s Response to Globalization

In the final analysis, Kochtcheeva integrates the findings from the chapters on politics, economy, and society in Russia, and reinforces the portrait of the complex interplay between globalization, state, identity, economy, and culture, while highlighting the significance of key actors and processes. The chapter demonstrates that global flows challenge prevailing practices, institutions, and identities. The emerging changes in the political and economic life, as well as social organization are also highly contested, which helps explain how much a country is immune or open to global forces. The manner and degree to which it takes place in Russia reflects the historical development of state, the patterns of economic relations, and socio-cultural establishment. The challenges of interconnectedness reveal that while the problems have become global, the answers to them remain domestic.
TOFU: Target-Orienter FUzzer.

Program fuzzing---providing randomly constructed inputs to a computer program---has proved to be a powerful way to uncover bugs, find security vulnerabilities, and generate test inputs that increase code coverage. In many applications, however, one is interested in a target-oriented approach-one wants to find an input that causes the program to reach a specific target point in the program. We have created TOFU (for Target-Oriented FUzzer) to address the directed fuzzing problem. TOFU's search is biased according to a distance metric that scores each input according to how close the input's execution trace gets to the target locations. TOFU is also input-structure aware (i.e., the search makes use of a specification of a superset of the program's allowed inputs). Our experiments on xmllint show that TOFU is 28% faster than AFLGo, while reaching 45% more targets. Moreover, both distance-guided search and exploitation of knowledge of the input structure contribute significantly to TOFU's performance.
The Effect of Virtual Reality and Heart Rate Variability Using Deep Learning for Reducing Stage Fright- Glossophobia

Glossophobia is the most common problem in today’s world. Glossophobia leads to the problem of lack of confidence, high blood pressure, depression and dry mouth. In this project we plan to create system that will help all these brilliant minds in making their voices heard. The major fear while public speaking is the crowd and the thought of messing up in front of so many people. We plan to overcome both these problems by using Virtual Reality. It is quite a new technology and therefore is still in a developmental stage, its potential is hidden. We think by creating an auditorium full of people in Virtual Reality will help people develop the stage confidence public speaking needs. We will develop a system to keep track of the users fumbling and his heart rate to understand how confident the person is. With all this information, the system will give him, a grade to make it engage, a few pointers and constructive criticism. In this system user’s Speech will be recorded, then it will be converted to text. Converted text will be compared using different text comparison algorithm to develop a result vector which will be used to generate result statistics and thus help user to know his/her skills.
A critical charge for improving opioid use disorder outcomes along the cascade.

The Opioid Use Disorder Cascade of Care (OUD Cascade) has gained traction among federal and state leadership as well as health services researchers in recent years. This promising public health fra...
Modeling seasonal sediment yields for a medium-scale temperate forest/agricultural watershed

As vegetation cover senesces across temperate watersheds, the potential for soil erosion and subsequent sediment yields increases. Despite the importance of vegetation dynamics and evapotranspirati...
Dopamine sensitization by methamphetamine treatment prior to instrumental training delays the transition into habit in female rats.

Abstract Early in instrumental learning, behavior is goal-directed and sensitive to changes in the value of the instrumental outcome. With sufficient repetition, responding becomes insensitive to changes in outcome value, or habitual. We have previously found that females transition into habit over a distinct range of training from 120 to 160 reinforced responses. This low level of instrumental training is markedly less than what has been shown to support habitual responding in male rats. To begin to investigate the early development of habit in females, we conducted a series of experiments in which we pretreated female rats with methamphetamine (METH) with the aim of sensitizing central dopamine, a major modulator of striatal function, prior to instrumental nose-poke training at the beginning and at the endpoint of the transition range in females. Following training, we tested for sensitivity to reinforcer devaluation (RD), which was conducted by repeatedly pairing reinforcers previously earned during training with lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced illness. As a counterpoint, a series of similar experiments was conducted separately in male rats. Additionally, in order to ascertain the validity of using nose-poke as an instrumental response, we compared sensitivity to devaluation between the Pavlovian approach towards the food magazine and the nose-poke response. In females, Vehicle groups responded in a habitual manner at both training levels (120 and 160 reinforced responses), whereas METH groups remained sensitive to devaluation. This suggests that increasing central dopamine delays habit formation in female rats. In male rats, Vehicle groups demonstrated goal-directed responding following training with 120 and 320 reinforced responses, and marginally goal-directed responding,with 160. METH-pretreated males were sensitive to devaluation at the 120 and 160 training levels, however, following more extended training to 320 reinforced responses, METH-pretreated males responded in a habitual manner, indicating that increasing central dopamine can advance habit formation in male rats. Overall, these results suggest that METH pretreatment maintains goal-directed responding in female rats when they are typically transitioning to habitual control of instrumental behavior and can advance habit formation in male rats given sufficient instrumental training. In addition, we found differential RD sensitivity of the nose-poke response used during instrumental training compared to Pavlovian approach towards the food magazine, confirming that there is a distinction between these two behaviors and that nose-poking is a valid instrumental response.
Teleneurology in the US Veteran Health Administration

The US Veterans Health Administration has become the world leader in telehealth programs that use electronic information and telecommunication technologies to deliver distant clinical health care and patient and professional health-related education. The goal is to deliver health care to over 3.4 million enrolled eligible veterans who live in rural areas of the USA. The delivery of rural neurological care is particularly challenging as many veterans have chronic conditions making it difficult to drive long distances to reach major veterans administration (VA) medical centers. To minimize this difficulty, teleneurology now offers veterans a variety of telehealth services that include clinical video telehealth (enables a neurologist at a major VA medical center to directly talk and examine a veteran at their local VA community clinic using cutting edge video-teleconferencing systems), care coordination/home telehealth (CCHT) or home automated telemanagement (Internet-based platforms linking patients with chronic neurologic illnesses in their homes to care providers to improve patient education, self-management, and clinical outcomes), specialty care access network-extension for community healthcare outcomes [SCAN-ECHO] (delivery of integrated consultations from neurology specialists to providers in small medical centers with medically complex patients via videoconferencing), and store and forward technology (enables transmission of electroencephalograms, retinal images, and neuroimages from small VA medical centers to major medical centers for expert interpretation of the images).
Escherichia coli loading at or near base flow in a mixed-use watershed.

This study analyzed the occurrence of Escherichia coli in a mixed land-use watershed with human, cattle, and wildlife fecal inputs located in a karstic geologic region using synoptic monitoring (samples taken throughout the watershed system) during base-flow conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of E. coli during base-flow conditions for several months at seven different main channel and nine different tributary sampling sites in the Stock Creek watershed, a 49.3-km 2 basin located in Knoxville, TN. Escherichia coli densities were measured using the Colilert (Defined Substrate Technology) method. The instantaneous loads for E. coli were determined from measured flow rates and E. coli densities, with the highest loading rates observed in the late fall. The study indicated a strong correlation between E. coli load rate (colony-forming units [CFU]/d), 7-d antecedent precipitation, and turbidity. Water quality data, however, also exhibited a spatial dependency; for example, the E. coli load rate was better correlated with turbidity in the slower draining basin tailwater sampling sites than in the faster draining upstream headwater sampling sites. In the headwater sites, the E. coli load rate was better correlated with 7-d antecedent precipitation than turbidity.
Michael J. Dodds, O.P. Unlocking Divine Action: Contemporary Science & Thomas Aquinas

Michael J. Dodds, O.P. Unlocking Divine Action: Contemporary Science and Thomas Aquinas Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2012. xii + 311 pp. $69.95 ISBN 978-0-8132-1989-9 I...
The Kinetics of the Reactions of Leghemoglobin with Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide

The values of the kinetic constants for the reactions of legume root nodule hemoglobin (leghemoglobin) with oxygen and carbon monoxide have been determined by stopped flow spectrophotometry. Leghemoglobin a and leghemoglobin c, which differ in amino acid sequence and peptide chain length, have very similar kinetic constants. The oxygen combination rate constant is the largest measured for any hemoglobin. The oxygen dissociation rate constant is similar to that of mammalian myoglobins. The oxygen affinity calculated by combining the kinetic constants agrees with the equilibrium value determined directly. The rate constant for combination with carbon monoxide is large, and is reflected in the very great affinity of leghemoglobin for carbon monoxide. The kinetic constants for the reactions of leghemoglobin with oxygen are particularly well suited to favor the facilitation of oxygen diffusion by leghemoglobin in the environment of very low mean oxygen pressure existing within the cells of the root nodule. It is suggested that leghemoglobin-facilitated oxygen diffusion serves not only to augment the influx of oxygen, but serves as well to make the oxygen pressure within the nodule or cell everywhere nearly the same.
Alopex algorithm for adaptive control of dynamical systems

An adaptive control scheme for dynamical systems using Alopex neural networks is investigated. Using a linear underwater vehicle dynamics model, it is shown that the Alopex algorithm can be effectively used as a learning algorithm for adaptive control of complex, unknown dynamical systems. The algorithm is computationally simpler, faster and better suited for hardware implementation than other algorithms such as backpropagation. Simulation studies with an underwater vehicle model show that these networks perform well as adaptive controllers. The algorithm is used only in its very basic form. Since the algorithm works on the basis of a global performance measure, the position of the controller in the system is irrelevant. This makes it better suited for complex system architectures. >
Comparative analysis of two heat spreader designs for a wire bond TBGA package

Thermal management is becoming increasingly significant in semiconductor devices because of greater functional densities and smaller devices. A critical factor in obtaining better heat transfer from cavity down devices is the proper choice of heat spreader design. In an earlier study Guttikonda, S.C. and Sammakia, B.G. [2001] presented a comparative basic analysis of two types of heat spreader design and also studied the effect of forced convection cooling for different velocities. It has been noted that the single piece type of heat spreader, with a cavity for the die, is superior to a design incorporating separate heat spreader and stiffeners. The adhesive between the stiffener and the heat spreader was identified as a major resistance in the heat flow path. In the present study a detailed parametric study of the effects of various factors that are responsible for the difference in performance of two designs, is presented. These factors include possible delamination between the die and cover plate/heat spreader and the thermal conductivity of the die attach. The authors also obtained trends to study the effects of heat spreader thickness. All results point towards better performance by the single piece design from a thermal standpoint.
Layered optical property assessment by reflectance

Reflectance from a biological medium with multiple layers is influenced by the distribution of optical properties in the medium. A reflectance index is introduced to assess the layered optical properties. The index consists of the logarithm of reflectance ratios and is applied to in vitro layered media with different optical properties and to in vivo tissue. The measurement index varies with separation of source and detector. Blood volume changes in human skin in response to local heating are detected and related to index changes. The measurements at locations with a thick subcutaneous fat layer suggest minimal changes in the dermal blood fractional volume, indicating a different vascularization at these locations. >
Meiotic gene-conversion rate and tract length variation in the human genome

Meiotic recombination occurs in the form of two different mechanisms called crossing-over and gene-conversion and both processes have an important role in shaping genetic variation in populations. Although variation in crossing-over rates has been studied extensively using sperm-typing experiments, pedigree studies and population genetic approaches, our knowledge of variation in gene-conversion parameters (ie, rates and mean tract lengths) remains far from complete. To explore variability in population gene-conversion rates and its relationship to crossing-over rate variation patterns, we have developed and validated using coalescent simulations a comprehensive Bayesian full-likelihood method that can jointly infer crossing-over and gene-conversion rates as well as tract lengths from population genomic data under general variable rate models with recombination hotspots. Here, we apply this new method to SNP data from multiple human populations and attempt to characterize for the first time the fine-scale variation in gene-conversion parameters along the human genome. We find that the estimated ratio of gene-conversion to crossing-over rates varies considerably across genomic regions as well as between populations. However, there is a great degree of uncertainty associated with such estimates. We also find substantial evidence for variation in the mean conversion tract length. The estimated tract lengths did not show any negative relationship with the local heterozygosity levels in our analysis.
Pulse-coupled BZ oscillators with unequal coupling strengths

Coupled chemical oscillators are usually studied with symmetric coupling, either between identical oscillators or between oscillators whose frequencies differ. Asymmetric connectivity is important in neuroscience, where synaptic strength inequality in neural networks commonly occurs. While the properties of the individual oscillators in some coupled chemical systems may be readily changed, enforcing inequality between the connection strengths in a reciprocal coupling is more challenging. We recently demonstrated a novel way of coupling chemical oscillators, which allows for manipulation of individual connection strengths. Here we study two identical, pulse-coupled Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillators with unequal connection strengths. When the pulse perturbations contain KBr (inhibitor), this system exhibits simple out-of-phase and complex oscillations, oscillatory-suppressed states as well as temporally periodic patterns (N : M) in which the two oscillators exhibit different numbers of peaks per cycle. The N : M patterns emerge due to the long-term effect of the inhibitory pulse-perturbations, a feature that has not been considered in earlier works. Time delay was previously shown to have a profound effect on the system’s behaviour when pulse coupling was inhibitory and the coupling strengths were equal. When the coupling is asymmetric, however, delay produces no qualitative change in behaviour, though the 1 : 2 temporal pattern becomes more robust. Asymmetry in instantaneous excitatory coupling via AgNO3 injection produces a previously unseen temporal pattern (1 : N patterns starting with a double peak) with time delay and high [AgNO3]. Numerical simulations of the behaviour agree well with theoretical predictions in asymmetrical pulse-coupled systems.
Analytical treatment of the deformation behavior of EUVL masks during electrostatic chucking

A new analytical approach is presented to predict mask deformation during electro-static chucking in next generation extreme-ultraviolet-lithography (EUVL). Given an arbitrary profile measurement of the mask and chuck non-flatness, this method has been developed as an alternative to time-consuming finite element simulations for overlay error correction algorithms. We consider the feature transfer of each harmonic component in the profile shapes via linear elasticity theory and demonstrate analytically how high spatial frequencies are filtered. The method is compared to presumably more accurate finite element simulations and has been tested successfully in an overlay error compensation experiment, where the residual error y-component could be reduced by a factor 2. As a side outcome, the formulation provides a tool to estimate the critical pin-size and -pitch such that the distortion on the mask front-side remains within given tolerances. We find for a numerical example that pin-pitches of less than 5 mm will result in a mask pattern-distortion of less than 1 nm if the chucking pressure is below 30 kPa.
Geology: Physics of fragmental debris

Lunar fragmental debris physics from Surveyor observations, examining size-frequency distribution
The Prevalence of Social Maladjustment among School-Age Children.

PL 94-142 mandates that students who are seriously emotionally disturbed be provided with a free and appropriate public education. Embedded in the federal definition of serious emotional disturbance is a clause that excludes socially maladjusted students from the diagnostic category. Although socially maladjusted children may therefore not receive special education services, their presence in the schools may have implications for society and particularly for the educational system. However, there is little data concerning the prevalence of socially maladjusted students in the schools. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of social maladjustment in two rural/suburban school systems in the southeastern United States. Results of the study indicate that the percentage of students reported as exhibiting characteristics of social maladjustment is sufficiently high to indicate that services beyond special education may be necessary to meet their educational and social needs.
An Adaptive Random Search Algorithm for Constrained Minimization

The well-known pattern search method has been randomized by Lawrence and Steiglitz [4] in order to augment its ability to adapt to direction. In this note we introduce other refinements in order to make it more adaptive in step size, and the use of penalty terms is incorporated as so to accommodate constraints. This yields an algorithm that appears to be robust and reliable, as verified by numerical experimentation. Moreover, the method has low storage requirements and is insensitive to the initial choice of a search radius.
Migration between core and peripheral regions: a description and tentative explanation of the patterns in 22 countries.

Abstract In the developed world at least, the century-long migration towards the high density core regions is over. To establish this thesis, internal migration statistics for 22 countries are examined, covering the period 1950–1979. Of these 22 countries, five categories are distinguished: (1) the countries of north-western Europe (Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and West Germany), in which there is moderate net out-migration from the core regions; (2) the countries of North America (Canada and the United States), in which net out-migration from the core regions has become quite substantial; (3) countries on the periphery of western Europe (Finland, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), and including Japan and New Zealand, in which the modal pattern is one of increases in net migration towards the core regions between the 1950s and 1960s, followed by a sharp decline in the 1970s, though not to the point where a sustained net flow of population away from these regions has been observed; (4) the countries of eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland), in which net migration towards the core regions, though quite moderate, has yet to show a systematic decline; and (5) two advanced developing countries in eastern Asia (South Korea and Taiwan), in which net migration towards the core regions is very large and showing no signs of imminent decline. The countries of the first three categories belong to the developed world, in which economies of further agglomeration in the core regions no longer exist, according to the hypothesis put forward in the second half of this paper. The distinguishing feature of the countries in the first two of these three categories is that their less urbanized, peripheral regions offer sites for urban and industrial development which are competitive with those of the core regions. In contrast, the peripheral regions of the countries of the third category do not offer competitive sites for industry and urban development, due to fundamental deficiencies in physical geography. Thus, despite the disappearance of the agglomeration advantages of the core regions, a sustained net flow of population away from these regions has yet to be observed. Finally, the countries of the fourth and fifth categories, according to our hypothesis, are those in which the economies of further agglomeration in the core regions are still present, due to a lower level of economic development. What distinguishes these last two categories of countries is the strong state policies of decentralization in the countries of eastern Europe, which seem to have avoided the very large and growing net flow of population towards the core regions observed for South Korea and Taiwan, where decentralization policies, though extant, are still subservient to national economic growth policies and are consequently much weaker.
Simulation of water and chemicals in macropore soils Part 1. Representation of the equivalent macropore influence and its effect on soilwater flow

Abstract Macropores are a relatively small proportion of the soil volume, but they play an important role in the movement of water and chemicals owing to occasional rapid fluxes through them. The occurrence of macropore flow does not depend on the water content (or potential) of the bluk matrix unless the soil is close to saturation, but depends instead principally upon surface boundary conditions. Accordingly, three control situations of infiltration are recognized: macropore control, application control, and matrix control. These three situations indicate that the two-domain system may be a proper approach for the simulation of macropore soil. In this conceptualization, macropores are defined as channeling pores of different radii in which the flux density (with unit hydraulic gradient) occurring in the minimum sizes of such pores is greater than or equal to the saturated matrix hydraulic conductivity. Recognizing the two structural domains of the macropore and matrix, and possible water flow situations, three flow regions are suggested: matrix, macropore, and transaction. The matrix and the macropore are the two domains, and the transaction represents the exchange of water between the matrix and the macropore. The classic approach of the Richards equation is applicable to describe the flow in the matrix domain. The Hagen-Poiseuille and the Chezy-Manning equations for tube flow can be applied to represent the relationship between the hydraulic conductivity of the macroporosity and the total macroporosity, where the total macroporosity is defined as the ratio of the summed macropore cross-sectional area and the total soil cross-sectional area. An equation describing water flow in the macropore domain is then obtained.
When L1 becomes an L3: Do heritage speakers make better L3 learners? ∗

Heritage speakers who re-learn their childhood language in adulthood are an important group for the study of L3 acquisition. Such re-learners have selective advantages over other L2/L3 learners in phonetics/phonology, but lack a global advantage at re-learning the prestige variety of their L1. These learners show asymmetrical transfer effects in morphosyntax: transfer occurs only from the dominant language. Two tentative explanations for this asymmetry are suggested. First, re-learners may deploy the skills acquired in a classroom setting, where they have used only their dominant language. Second, re-learners may implicitly strive to increase the typological distance between their childhood language and the language of classroom instruction. These findings have implications for models of L3/Ln learning: the Cumulative Enhancement Model, the Typological Proximity Model, and the L2 Status Factor Model. The data discussed in this paper are most consistent with the latter model, but they also highlight the significance of the typological distance between languages under acquisition.
DECAY OF GRID TURBULENCE IN A FINITE CHANNEL

We develop a classical model for the decay of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence that takes into account the growth of the energy containing length scale and its saturation when it reaches the size of the containing vessel. The model describes our data on the decay of grid turbulence in helium II through 4 orders of magnitude in vorticity, as well as classical experiments on decaying turbulence.
Simplification of the new Bethesda 2001 classification system

Abstract In 1989, a National Cancer Institute workshop resulted in the development of the Bethesda System for cytologic reporting of Papanicolaou smears. In the Bethesda III System (2001), potentially premalignant squamous lesions fall into 3 categories: Atypical squamous cells (ASC), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL), and high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL). The ASC category is subdivided into 2 categories: Those of unknown significance (ASC-US) and those in which high-grade lesions must be excluded (ASC-H). Further revision included the elimination of the category ″benign cellular changes,” which is now referred to as ″negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy.” The revision also refined the criteria for abnormal glandular epithelium, including atypical glandular cells (AGC). The principal modification in the updated system is the revision of the ASC category, which was done to facilitate triage of women for more intense screening when a true suspicion of a high-grade lesion was present. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:S2-5.)
Helmholtz beam propagation by the method of Lanczos reduction

The solution of the Helmholtz wave equation requires the application of an exponentiated square root operator to an initial field. This operation is greatly facilitated by the introduction of a representation in which the aforementioned operator is diagonal. The Lanczos method allows this diagonalization to be performed in a low dimensional space, e.g., of the order of 4-6, if one is interested in advancing the field over a limited propagation step of length Az. Although some boundary conditions may be ill-posed for the unapproximated Helmholtz equation, in the sense that certain plane wave components cannot propagate in the forward direction, the Lanczos method damps all of these components exponentially, thus guaranteeing the correctness of the solution.
The development of aggression in toddlers: A study of low-income families

The effort by developmental psychopathologists to understand the etiology of antisocial behavior has resulted in several significant findings. First, aggressive behavior is highly stable from early childhood into adolescence and adulthood. Second, parental factors including rearing practices and parental psychopathology, are correlated with childhood behavior problems. It was the aim of the present study to examine the correlates and stability of aggressive behavior in a sample of toddlers from low income families. Eight-nine mother-child dyads (52 boys and 37 girls) were observed in laboratory assessments when the child was 18- and 24-months old. Frequency and pervasiveness of aggression were coded from videotapes. Familial criminality, maternal depressive symptomatology, child noncompliance, and difficult child temperament were examined as contributors to the prediction of aggression in toddlers. Stability of aggression was moderate, especially for aggression occurring in low-stress situations. While there were few sex differences in the frequency and stability of aggression, there were marked differences in the correlates and predictors of aggression. Gender-specific, interactional models of the development of aggression are proposed.
Discriminant analysis via mathematical programming: certain problems and their causes

Abstract In the past several years there has been some interest shown in the use of mathematical programming (i.e. specifically either linear programming or linear goal programming) for use in discriminant analysis—an area previously approached only by the more conventional methods of statistical analysis. However, those who have actually attempted to apply the mathematical programming approach have, in some instances, encountered a number of problems which raise questions about the usefulness of the methodology in such an application. In this paper, we describe these problems, identify their causes and suggest ways in which such problems may be avoided. This work represents an ongoing effort on the part of the authors in the development of an efficient revised approach to discriminant analysis via mathematical programming.
The mechanism of cure of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane with diaminodiphenyl sulfone

The curing reaction of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and ESR spin trapping techniques. A mechanism has been proposed, and the cure kinetics has been obtained at 177°C. The major conclusion is that cure proceeds mainly through chain extension, while crosslinking occurs through the reaction of hydroxyl groups with epoxides, resulting in formation of ether linkages.
Chicago television: A history

(1997). Chicago television: A history. Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 16, U.S. Regional and Non‐Network Television, pp. 229-252.
The Archer in the Ruthwell Cross

Two highly suggestive studies were devoted some time ago to the Ruthwell Cross, a monument of probably the seventh or eighth century, near the English-Scottish border, which combines classical elements with others of Anglian or Celtic origin. One study was written by the late Professor Saxl;1 and the other one by Professor Meyer Schapiro.2 They were published almost simultaneously, in Spring 1945, although owing to the contingencies of wartime communications it so happened that the authors were barely informed of each other's doings.3 Whereas Professor Saxl stressed the Mediterranean origin of the iconographic items and of some stylistic elements of the representations sculptured in the Cross and its shaft, Professor Schapiro broadly discussed the religious meaning of the reliefs. The latter's interpretation of the Cross, which he came to regard as a landmark of Insular asceticism reflecting ideals of the Egyptian desert fathers, appears particularly persuasive. In fact, most of the subjects represented i...
The role of avpr1a microsatellite length on reproductive success of female Microtus ochrogaster

Vasopressin and its’ interactions with the vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) are important in the formation of social attachments and parental behavior in male mammals but there also is evidence that vasopressin is involved in maternal behavior in female mammals. Laboratory studies have shown that female rats with greater expression of V1aR in particular brain regions display more maternal behavior than those with less V1aR expression. Previous data showed that variation in neural V1aR expression in males of several species of rodents was influenced by the length of microsatellite DNA within the regulatory region of gene (avpr1a) encoding V1aR. In male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), the neural expression of V1aR differs between individuals with longer versus shorter avpr1a microsatellites. Males with longer avpr1a microsatellites had greater V1aR expression in particular brain regions, spent more time with their female social partner, and licked and groomed pups more than males with shorter avpr1a microsatellite lengths. If avpr1a microsatellite length is correlated with V1aR expression in females in a similar fashion to that in male prairie voles, females with longer avpr1a microsatellites should have greater reproductive success since maternal care should be critical for offspring survival. In addition, female prairie voles may benefit by living with males that have longer avpr1a microsatellites due to increased male presence at the nest and paternal care. We tested these predictions with prairie voles from semi-natural populations. Females that had summed avpr1a microsatellite allele lengths greater than the median produced more litters and total offspring than females with summed avpr1a lengths less than the median. Females with summed avpr1a microsatellite allele lengths greater than the median also produced offspring sired by more males. The avpr1a length of male social and genetic partners did not influence female reproductive success. This is the first field study showing a relationship between avpr1a microsatellite allele length and female reproductive success in any species.
Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling with Time-Resource Tradeoffs: The Nonpreemptive Case

This paper introduces methods for formulating and solving a general class of nonpreemptive resource-constrained project scheduling problems in which the duration of each job is a function of the resources committed to it. The approach is broad enough to permit the evaluation of numerous time or resource-based objective functions, while simultaneously taking into account a variety of constraint types. Typical of the objective functions permitted are minimize project duration, minimize project cost given performance payments and penalties, and minimize the consumption of a critical resource. Resources which may be considered include those which are limited on a period-to-period basis such as skilled labor, as well as those such as money, which are consumed and constrained over the life of the project. At the planning stage the user of this approach is permitted to identify several alternative ways, or modes, of accomplishing each job in the project. Each mode may have a different duration, reflecting the magnitude and mix of the resources allocated to it. At the scheduling phase, the procedure derives a solution which specifies how each job should be performed, that is, which mode should be selected, and when each mode should be scheduled. In order to make the presentation concrete, this paper focuses on two problems: given multiple resource restrictions, minimize project completion time, and minimize project cost. The latter problem is also known as the resource-constrained time-cost tradeoff problem. Computational results indicate that the procedures provide cost-effective optimal solutions for small problems and good heuristic solutions for larger problems. The programmed solution algorithms are relatively simple and require only modest computing facilities, which permits them to be potentially useful scheduling tools for organizations having small computer systems.
Simulation of join query processing algorithms for a trusted distributed database management system

Abstract The paper describes the simulation of join query processing algorithms for a trusted distributed database management system (TDDBMS). In a TDDBMS, users cleared at different security levels access and share a distributed database with data at different sensitivity levels without compromising security. The query processing algorithms should ensure that users only obtain the information classified at or below their security levels. The paper also describes two algorithms for the join operation and discusses the simulation of these algorithms. Some of the results obtained from the simulation with those obtained from a prototype implementation are then compared, and finally, the authors recommend an algorithm for join query processing in a TDDBMS.