cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of hypoxia in human brain tumor xenografts using a modified comet assay

We used the standard comet assay successfully to generate in vitro dose-response curves under oxic and hypoxic conditions. We then made mixtures of cells that had been irradiated with 3 and 9 Gy of X-rays to simulate two subpopulations in a tumor, but efforts to accurately detect and quantify the subpopulations using the standard comet assay were unsuccessful. Therefore, we investigated a modified comet assay to determine whether it could be used for measuring hypoxia in our model systems. U251 MG cells were grown as subcutaneous tumors in athymic mice; U251 MG and U87 MG cells were grown as intracerebral (i.c.) tumors in athymic rats. Animals were injected with RSU 1069, irradiated, and euthanized. Tumors and normal brains were removed, and the cells were analyzed using a modified comet assay. Differences in comet tail moment distributions between tumor and contralateral normal brain, using tail moments at either the 25th or 50th percentile in each distribution, were taken as measures of the degree of tumor hypoxia. For U251 MG tumors, there was a positive relationship between tumor size and the degree of hypoxia, whereas preliminary data from U87 MG i.c. tumors showed less hypoxia and no apparent relationship between tumor size and hypoxia.
The Effects of a Science-Focused STEM Intervention on Gifted Elementary Students’ Science Knowledge and Skills

To develop Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) talents, both researchers and policy developers recommend that educators begin early. In this randomized study, we document the e...
High-Aspect Ratio Metallic Nano Grippers

We report the fabrication and characterization of a submicron metallic electrothermal gripper using a combination of electron beam (e-beam) lithography and electroplating techniques. An SU-8 layer was used as a sacrificial layer and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resist was patterned using e-beam lithography to create ~3:1 aspect ratio (1 mum thick, 350 nm critical feature width) mold for electroplating. Nickel was electroplated and resist layers were removed to make the device suspended. The submicron gripper was characterized using a nanomanipulator installed in a dual-beam focused ion beam system. The jaw closing up to 1.39 mum with an applied current of 28 mA has been reproducibly observed, which is corresponding to the maximum power consumption of 11.2 mW. Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS was performed and the FEA results showed a good agreement with the measured results.
Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations and its implications

We investigate whether or not the decadal and multi-decadal climate oscillations have an astronomical origin. Several global surface temperature records since 1850 and records deduced from the orbits of the planets present very similar power spectra. Eleven frequencies with period between 5 and 100 years closely correspond in the two records. Among them, large climate oscillations with peak-to-trough amplitude of about 0.1 and 0.251C, and periods of about 20 and 60 years, respectively, are synchronized to the orbital periods of Jupiter and Saturn. Schwabe and Hale solar cycles are also visible in the temperature records. A 9.1-year cycle is synchronized to the Moon’s orbital cycles. A phenomenological model based on these astronomical cycles can be used to well reconstruct the temperature oscillations since 1850 and to make partial forecasts for the 21st century. It is found that at least 60% of the global warming observed since 1970 has been induced by the combined effect of the above natural climate oscillations. The partial forecast indicates that climate may stabilize or cool until 2030–2040. Possible physical mechanisms are qualitatively discussed with an emphasis on the phenomenon of collective synchronization of coupled oscillators.
Signal propagation over perforated reference planes

Voids on reference planes are commonly seen in organic chip packages and printed circuit boards. In this paper, the effects of these voids on the signal integrity of a high-density data bus will be studied. A generic FCPBGA chip package is used to illustrate the signal integrity concerns and perform sensitivity analysis on the key mechanisms including void size, adjacent plane interactions, and adjacent signal line interactions. The results show that proper design can mitigate the signal integrity impact of reference plane voids.
Increased norepinephrine production associated with burn injuries results in CCL2 production and type 2 T cell generation.

Abstract The susceptibility of thermally injured mice (TI-mice) to various infections is markedly influenced by burn-associated type 2 T cell responses, which are common with severe thermal injuries. Previously, we have reported that CC chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-I (CCL2) is produced in mice within 1 day of thermal injury, and the subsequent development of burn-associated type 2 T cell responses are triggered by this chemokine produced early after thermal injury. In this study, influence of norepinephrine (NE) on CCL2 production in mice early after thermal injury (TI) was investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) from TI-mice produced CCL2, but the same cell preparations from normal mice did not. This chemokine was not produced by PBMC and PMφ from TI-mice previously treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which destroys sympathetic nerve termini. NE production was increased in circulation of TI-mice, and treatment of TI-mice with 6-OHDA resulted in the inhibition of NE secretion. When PBMC from normal mice were treated with NE, they acquired the ability to produce CCL2. Splenic T cells from TI-mice produced IL-4 into their culture fluids, while the cytokine was not produced by splenic T cells from TI-mice previously treated with 6-OHDA. These results indicate that NE may have an important role on early CCL2 production and the subsequent development of burn-associated type 2 T cell responses.
A 3D Multi-Aperture Image Sensor Architecture

An image sensor comprising an array of apertures each with its own local integrated optics and pixel array is presented. A lens focuses the image above the sensor creating overlapping fields of view between apertures. Multiple perspectives of the image in the focal plane facilitate the synthesis of a 3D image at a higher spatial resolution than the aperture count. Depth resolution is shown to continue to improve with pixel scaling below the diffraction limit. Preliminary circuit implementation is described.
Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns

Recent evidence suggests that elites can capitalize on preexisting linkages between issues and social groups to alter the criteria citizens use to make political decisions. In particular, studies have shown that subtle racial cues in campaign communications may activate racial attitudes, thereby altering the foundations of mass political decision making. However, the precise psychological mechanism by which such attitudes are activated has not been empirically demonstrated, and the range of implicit cues powerful enough to produce this effect is still unknown. In an experiment, we tested whether subtle racial cues embedded in political advertisements prime racial attitudes as predictors of candidate preference by making them more accessible in memory. Results show that a wide range of implicit race cues can prime racial attitudes and that cognitive accessibility mediates the effect. Furthermore, counter-stereotypic cues—especially those implying blacks are deserving of government resources—dampen racial priming, suggesting that the meaning drawn from the visual/narrative pairing in an advertisement, and not simply the presence of black images, triggers the effect.
Enhanced Stability of Second- and Fourth-Harmonic Gyrotrons Driven by a Frequency-Doubled Prebunched Beam

There is currently considerable interest in operating gyrotrons at the second and higher cyclotron harmonics in order to access the near-terahertz regime while reducing magnetic field requirements. High-frequency gyrotrons have successfully operated at the second harmonic. However, competition from the fundamental harmonic increasingly limits operation in the higher order modes needed for the near-terahertz regime. Savilov recently proposed a scheme for frequency-doubled phase bunching of gyrating electron beams in a waveguide resonator formed from Bragg reflectors and with the drive frequency equal to the cyclotron frequency. The advantages of phase prebunching at twice the cyclotron frequency include suppression of the fundamental harmonic, enhanced second-harmonic operation, and increased likelihood of fourth-harmonic operation. We have investigated the use of this phase bunching technique to enhance higher harmonic operation in gyrotron oscillators with annular beams. We compute the frequency-doubled bunching produced by a Bragg-type prebunching cavity and use a large-signal, multimode, and multiharmonic gyrotron oscillator code to simulate the effect of this bunching on a highly overmoded output cavity. Regimes of stable operation are predicted for the second- and fourth-harmonic point designs.
Information from the ESR, ENDOR and NMR Spectra of Radicals Related to Hydrazo, Azo and Azoxy Compounds

1 Introduction 2 Tetrasubstituted Hydrazine Cation Radicals; 3e-π NN Bonding 3 Hexasubstituted Hydrazine Cation Radicals: 3e-σ NN Bonding 4 Trisubstituted Hydrazine Radicals: Hydrazyls 5 Azo Compound Ion Radicals 6 Radicals Related to Azoxy and Azodioxy Compounds 7 Acknowledgements Keywords: hybridization and anisotropic splittings; tetrasubstituted hydrazine cation radicals; cation radicals from acylic hydrazines; azo compound ion radicals; diazenyl radicals; dinitrogen cation radical
Whole genome identification of target genes of transcription factors

It is important to develop computational methods to predict target genes of a transcription factor. In this paper, we developed a phylogenetic footprinting method to effectively identify target genes on the whole genome scale. Appling the method to 31 transcription factors, we improved the quality of the initial motifs, and predicted additional target genes that are supported by gene ontology analysis. We also showed that the predicted target genes of different transcription factors could provide evidences of cooperation to form transcription modules. Our method provides useful tools for systematic study of gene regulatory networks.
Temperature dependence of the properties of DBR mirrors used in surface normal optoelectronic devices

The variation in the center wavelength of distributed Bragg reflectors used in optoelectronic devices, such as surface emitting lasers and Fabry-Perot modulators, is measured as the temperature of the mirrors changes over the range 25 degrees C to 105 degrees C. An analytic expression for the shift in center wavelength with temperature is presented. The mirrors measured are made of InP/InGaAsP ( lambda /sub gap/=1.15 mu m), GaAs/AlAs, and Si/SiN/sub x/. The linear shifts in center wavelength are 0.110+or-0.003 nm/ degrees C, 0.087+or-0.003 nm/ degrees C, and 0.067+or-0.007 nm/ degrees C for the InP/InGaAsP, GaAs/AlAs, and Si/SiN mirrors, respectively. Based on these data, the change in penetration depth with temperature is calculated. >
Fluoride intake and alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease‐susceptible mice

The ability of a high F intake to inhibit alveolar bone loss was assessed over a period of one year in strain STR/N mice. This strain is susceptible to periodontal disease in the absence of dietary or traumatic stimuli, with progressive alveolar bone loss beginning in adulthood. Despite a very high bone F level, alveolar bone loss was not significantly different from that occurring in mice of the same strain with a low F intake. The resistance of alveolar bone to destruction does not appear to be a major factor in the progression of periodontal disease.
Enable fair queueing with decoupled bandwidth-delay guarantees by relaxing the packet service order

This paper addresses the well-known, intrinsic limitation of weighted fair queueing (WFQ or PGPS), i.e., the delay bounds provided by WFQ schedulers are coupled with the guaranteed bandwidths, or more specifically, the delay bound of a flow is inversely proportional to its guaranteed bandwidth. This paper argues that this limitation is caused by the constrained packet service order under WFQ. Based on the ideal generalized processor sharing (GPS) fluid model, a new scheduling algorithm, relaxed-order fair queueing (R/sub /spl Delta//-FQ), is proposed. R/sub /spl Delta//-FQ still provides the guaranteed bandwidths and fairness, however, it does not constrain the packet service order. This enables fair queueing algorithms to remove the intrinsic limitation of WFQ. Based on R/sub /spl Delta//-FQ, another scheduling algorithm, priority-order fair queueing (P/sub /spl Delta//-FQ), is developed to simultaneously support guaranteed bandwidth services, fairness and priority.
A Facile Method for High-throughput Co-expression of Protein Pairs

We developed a method to co-express protein pairs from collections of otherwise identical Escherichia coli plasmids expressing different ORFs by incorporating a 61-nucleotide sequence (LINK) into the plasmid to allow generation of tandem plasmids. Tandem plasmids are formed in a ligation-independent manner, propagate efficiently, and produce protein pairs in high quantities. This greatly facilitates co-expression for structural genomics projects that produce thousands of clones bearing identical origins and antibiotic markers.
A new asymmetric skewed buffer design for runtime leakage power reduction

A novel asymmetric skewed buffer is proposed to reduce the subthreshold leakage of standard CMOS noninverting buffers. Using oppositely skewed inverters to drive the NMOS and PMOS of the second inverter creates a small time window during which both transistors are conducting, enhancing speed. Given this performance advantage over traditional CMOS buffers, the leakage current can then be suppressed by either downsizing transistors or by assigning high-Vt devices. Based on simulation results for a 0.13 /spl mu/m technology, leakage is reduced by up to 4.4 times when the input is high while maintaining fixed dynamic power dissipation and propagation delay compared to CMOS.
Asymptotic responses of floating point realizations of linear discrete systems

The asymptotic behavior of nth-order difference equations implemented in floating-point format is analyzed. Sufficient conditions for two response types are derived and compared with the second-order case. Tight bounds on the asymptotic response are also presented. All conditions derived are simple functions of difference equation coefficients, the margin of stability of the linear system, and the chosen floating-point format. >
Power harvesting systems design for railroad safety

Railroad crossings represent a significant danger in railroad transportation systems. Each year thousands of accidents occur that involve trains and other vehicles at unprotected railroad crossings, resulting in hundreds of fatalities and injuries. Additionally, derailments occur on average once every 6 h across the United States due to mechanical failures and improperly maintained track, endangering property and lives. The lack of electrical infrastructure in remote areas is a primary barrier impeding the installation of safety enhancements such as warning light systems and track health monitoring sensors that could reduce the frequency of such accidents. Providing on-demand power by harvesting energy from deflecting railroad track during the passage of trains is a promising approach compared with the cost of installing electrical power lines or the lack of robust solar and/or wind power solutions. This paper discusses the design and development of several power harvesting devices capable of scavenging p...
Parents’ Recall and Reflections on Experiences Related to HPV Vaccination for Their Children

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage remains suboptimal in the United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with parents of adolescents from an urban primary care center serving a low-income minority population to describe their experiences. We identified the following themes: (a) parents of unvaccinated children generally had not discussed the vaccine with providers and had low awareness; (b) among unaware parents, provision of brief information generally resulted in positive comments about the vaccine; (c) vaccine was typically not requested by parents but rather offered by providers; (d) strength of the recommendations from providers varied, and vaccine was sometimes presented as optional or low priority; (e) parents had low awareness of the three-dose regimen and poor recall about completion; and (f) limited understanding of why boys should be vaccinated. More than 7 years after the introduction of HPV vaccine, there is substantial room for improving the way it is recommended and discussed by providers.
- Ste11: Ste11 protein kinase (S. cerevisiae)

Ste11 functions in pheromone-induced signal transmission in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The pheromone-induced signal causes haploid cells to arrest cell proliferation and to differentiate into a mating competent state. Five protein kinases, Ste20, Ste11, Ste7, and a redundant pair of MAP kinase homologues, designated Fus3 and Kss1, are part of this signal pathway. Based on genetic analyses, Ste11 functions after Ste20 and before Ste7 and FusS/Kss1. It is cannot be ascertained whether Ste20 directly activates Ste11 and whether Ste11 directly activates Ste7. The constitutive activity associated with expression of a Ste11 polypeptide encompassing the kinase domain (342–717) is consistent with the N-terminal domain having a negative effect on Ste11 activity. Also, consistent with a negative role for the N-terminus is the finding that overexpression of a Ste11 N-terminal polypeptide (1–209) interferes with pheromone response. Mutations in either the regulatory domain (P279S) or the catalytic domain (T5961) converts Ste11 to a hyperactive form. Ste11 is assayed in immune complexes by transfer of radioactivity from [γ32P]ATP to p78, which is a polypeptide of unknown identity that coprecipitates with Ste11.
Metabolism of the Plant Growth Regulator 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid in Soybeans

This study investigates the residues resulting from the treatment of soybean plants with 1-14C-2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. TLC was used to characterize and quantitate the residues present in the various samples. Residues of 1-14C-2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, 1-14C-2, 5-diiodobenzoic acid, and 1-14C-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid were found in the various plant parts and in the harvested seeds. The seeds also contained a large amount of the 14C activity as a hexane-soluble material which was not identified.
Supporting fine-grained data lineage in a database visualization environment

The lineage of a datum records its processing history. Because such information can be used to trace the source of anomalies and errors in processed data sets, it is valuable to users for a variety of applications, including the investigation of anomalies and debugging. Traditional data lineage approaches rely on metadata. However, metadata does not scale well to fine-grained lineage, especially in large data sets. For example, it is not feasible to store all of the information that is necessary to trace from a specific floating-point value in a processed data set to a particular satellite image pixel in a source data set. In this paper, we propose a novel method to support fine-grained data lineage. Rather than relying on metadata, our approach lazily computes the lineage using a limited amount of information about the processing operators and the base data. We introduce the notions of weak inversion and verification. While our system does not perfectly invert the data, it uses weak inversion and verification to provide a number of guarantees about the lineage it generates. We propose a design for the implementation of weak inversion and verification in an object-relational database management system.
The Role of the East-West Food Institute in Pest Management Programs on the International Scene

Recognizing the potential for increasing crop production by more effective crop-pest control and the potential of greater efficiency inherent in the pest management concept, The East-West Food Institute (EWFI) of the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii, took the initiative in establishing and fostering an international program to incorporate the pest management concept into pest control practices. As interactions are much needed between the United States, Asia, and the Pacific, the EWFI program can be of great significance in promoting pest management in this vast geographic area. This report is to acquaint the ESA members and other readers with the EWFI and its activities in pest management.
Expanding the Spectral Tunability of Plasmonic Resonances in Doped Metal-Oxide Nanocrystals through Cooperative Cation–Anion Codoping

We present a generalized cation–anion codoping methodology for the synthesis of monodisperse, doped metal-oxide nanocrystals (NCs) that exhibit near-infrared localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) with the highest reported quality factors. We demonstrate that, in addition to the use of common cation dopants, the incorporation of fluorine into the lattice as an anion dopant can further increase the free-carrier concentration within individual NCs; this supports the cooperative effects of mixed cation–anion doping in shifting the LSPR to higher energies. As a result, this method allows the LSPR of doped metal-oxide NCs to become tunable across a significantly broader wavelength range (1.5–3.3 μm), circumventing the prior limitations on the highest possible LSPR energies associated with single-element doping for a given oxide host. The strategy of cation–anion codoping can offer new possibilities for the chemical design of doped semiconductor and metal-oxide NCs with tailored LSPR characteristics.
Novel Management Options for Adult Patients With Progressive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Study Compendium

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by highly proliferative immature lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. In adults, ALL accounts for approximately 20% of all adult leukemias. ALL carries a poor prognosis in adults. The 5-year overall survival is 24% in patients ages 40 to 59 years and 18% in patients ages 60 to 69 years. ALL can be grouped into different categories according to its cell lineage (B cell or T cell), the presence or absence of the Philadelphia chromosome, and various cytogenetic and molecular classifications. A main goal of treatment is to allow the patient to achieve a complete remission and to consolidate this remission with either a maintenance regimen or an allogeneic stem cell transplant. Although the overall rate of complete remission following frontline therapy for newly diagnosed ALL is high, the majority of patients experience a disease relapse. In general, the duration of initial complete remission impacts the patient’s prognosis and response to further therapies. Subsequent treatments must balance the goal of achieving a remission with the need for the patient to maintain or improve quality of life. Recently approved agents, such as blinatumomab and vincristine sulfate liposome injection, offer the promise of a second remission that can serve as a bridge to allogeneic stem cell transplant while still maintaining quality of life. A novel approach using adoptive cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is associated with extremely robust responses.
Local Area Network Security

With an ever increasing amount of information being transmitted electronically, it is important that security be considered in every phase of local area network design and maintenance. Although much emphasis has been placed on such things as wireless networks and remote access, it is imperative that the core local area network not be overlooked. Because the wired local area network is the nervous system of an organization’s Information Systems, great care must be taken to properly secure it. This chapter begins by looking at the implications for the wired local area network infrastructure security. Next, local area network segmentation and traffic isolation will be discussed. By using segmentation and isolation, there is the increased opportunity for security boundaries. Another concept that will be discussed is the security of the local area network equipment. The local area network is only functional if the core equipment is operational, so securing equipment is an important part of any security strategy. To conclude, restriction of local area network access will be investigated and an organizational approach will be discussed. Because more and more users need access to local area network resources, there must be a way to identify and restrict who is allowed on the network and what access they are granted. In wired local area network infrastructure security, organizations must remember they are only as secure as their weakest point. By carefully considering the various aspects of the local area network security during design, these weak points can be reduced and the overall security of the network increased. Although it is impossible to be 100% secure and still be functional, by using some general guidelines to secure the wired local area network, many threats to the network can be reduced if not eliminated.
Biopsychosocial Approaches To Anxiety In Primary Care

Anxiety is the most common emotional condition encountered in primary care settings. In fact, a majority of antianxiety drug prescriptions are written by primary care physicians in the United States. Unfortunately, however, the treatment of anxiety rendered by primary care physicians without specialized training tends to be ineffective for two reasons — 1) lack of an understanding of the biopsychosocial approach, and 2) lack of a systematic, phased treatment plan.
Self-Transcendent Values and Neural Responses to Threatening Health Messages.

Objective Prioritizing self-transcendent values such as family and friends more than nontranscendent values such as wealth and privilege is associated with lower stress response. In this study, we tested whether having self-transcendent values can reduce specific responses in the brain in the context of potentially threatening health communications. Methods Sedentary adults (N = 67) who would likely feel threatened by health messages that highlight the risk of sedentary behavior were recruited. Participants indicated the degree to which they prioritize self-transcendent values more than nontranscendent values. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants' neural responses to health messages were assessed within neural regions implicated in threat responses, including bilateral amygdala and anterior insula (AI). Results A tendency to prioritize self-transcendent more than nontranscendent values was associated with lower reactivity during exposure to health messages within anatomically defined regions of left amygdala (t(55) = -2.66, p = .010, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.08 to -0.01), right amygdala (t(55) = -2.22, p = .031, 95% CI = -0.06 to 0.0), and left AI (t(55) = -2.17, p = .034, 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.0), as well as a mask functionally defined to be associated with "threat" using an automated meta-analysis (t(55) = -2.04, p = .046, 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.0). No significant effect was obtained within the right AI (t(55) = -1.38, p = .17, 95% CI = -0.04 to .01). These effects were partially enhanced by reinforcing important values through self-affirmation, remained significant after accounting for self-reported social connection, and were specific to health message processing (versus generic self-related information). Conclusions Attenuated neural reactivity to potentially threatening health messages may be a novel way that prioritizing self-transcendent values could lead to positive health behaviors.
Sexual Orientation and Health Information Technology Use: A Nationally Representative Study of U.S. Adults.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and odds of participation in online health-related activities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults and straight adults aged 18–64. Methods: Primary data collected in the 2013 and 2014 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative household health survey, were used to examine associations between sexual orientation and four measures of health information technology (HIT) use. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews (some telephone follow-up) with 54,878 adults aged 18–64. Results: Compared with straight men, both gay and bisexual men had higher odds of using computers to schedule appointments with healthcare providers, and using email to communicate with healthcare providers. Gay men also had significantly higher odds of seeking health information or participating in a health-related chat group on the Internet, and using computers to fill a prescription. No significant associations were observed between...
Peripheral Venous Pressure Measurements in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (PVP-HF).

BackgroundAccurate assessment of volume status is essential in diagnosis and guidance of decongestive therapy in patients with acute heart failure. We sought to compare peripheral venous pressure (...
Clergy training for effective response to intimate partner violence disclosure: Immediate and long-term benefits

This study reports findings from an intimate partner violence-training project in which 104 Seventh-Day Adventist pastors received a 4-hr training in responding effectively to intimate partner viol...
Determining a cavitation threshold for focused ultrasound enhanced intranasal drug delivery

Focused ultrasound enhanced intranasal drug delivery (IN+FUS) is a unique noninvasive approach that utilizes the olfactory pathway to administer drugs directly to the brain. Our group has shown that IN+FUS provides a more homogenous distribution of molecules in the targeted region than intranasal delivery alone. The underlying mechanism of IN+FUS is believed to be due to the microbubble pump effect, where microbubble cavitation causes expansion and contraction of the perivascular space. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate a potential cavitation threshold that is required for successful IN+FUS.
Transverse localization of transmission Eigenchannels (Conference Presentation)

Coherent light propagation in random scattering media such as biological tissue, fog, and turbulent atmosphere is dictated by the eigenchannels of transmission matrices. The spatial profiles of these channels can be exploited for tailoring light-matter interactions inside a turbid medium. While the spatial structures of transmission eigenchannels in diffusive waveguides are extensively studied, most scattering systems in practical applications have an open slab geometry. Here, we present experimental and numerical studies on the spatial profiles of transmission eigenchannels in disordered slabs of thickness much less than the width. We discover that all transmission eigenchannels are localized in the transverse direction (parallel to the slab). The lateral dimension of each channel increases linearly with the slab thickness and the transport mean free path. Such localization, which are absent for the transmission eigenchannels in quasi-one-dimensional samples, originate from spatial disorder, partial mixing of spatial channels, and non-local correlations of waves in the slab. Experimentally not all input channels can be controlled, and usually only the phase of incident beam is modulated. In this case, light injected to a high-transmission channel remains laterally localized, but the beam in a low-transmission eigenchannel expands laterally as it propagates through the slab. Our results provide physical insight to the transmission eigenchannels in open disordered systems, therefore paving the way for their applications in optical imaging and communication.
Self‐Folded Gripper‐Like Architectures from Stimuli‐Responsive Bilayers

Self-folding microgrippers are an emerging class of smart structures that have widespread applications in medicine and micro/nanomanipulation. To achieve their functionalities, these architectures rely on spatially patterned hinges to transform into 3D configurations in response to an external stimulus. Incorporating hinges into the devices requires the processing of multiple layers which eventually increases the fabrication costs and actuation complexities. The goal of this work is to demonstrate that it is possible to achieve gripper-like configurations in an on-demand manner from simple planar bilayers that do not require hinges for their actuation. Finite element modeling of bilayers is performed to understand the mechanics behind their stimuli-responsive shape transformation behavior. The model predictions are then experimentally validated and axisymmetric gripper-like shapes are realized using millimeter-scale poly(dimethylsiloxane) bilayers that undergo differential swelling in organic solvents. Owing to the nature of the computational scheme which is independent of length scales and material properties, the guidelines reported here would be applicable to a diverse array of gripping systems and functional devices. Thus, this work not only demonstrates a simple route to fabricate functional microgrippers but also contributes to self-assembly in general.
Vitrectomy in the Management of Dislocated Crystalline Lenses

The indications for surgical removal of the dislocated crystalline lens are controversial and the benefits of lens removal must be weighed against possible complications of surgery (1–4). Because retained non-encapsulated crystalline lens fragments are poorly tolerated, surgical intervention is usually necessary (4). Posterior dislocation of the lens nucleus after attempted extracapsular cataract extraction is the most common lens indication for vitreous surgery. Since severe intraocular inflammation and glaucoma often result, the retained lens nucleus and cortical material must be removed from the eye. Other considerations for surgical removal of the dislocated crystalline lens or retained lens fragments include the presence of a dislocated lens in the visual axis causing a major disturbance in vision or a poor view of the fundus in an eye with retinal detachment.
Comprehensive Management of Epilepsy in Infancy and Adolescence — Samuel Livingston (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, $27.50)

(1972). Comprehensive Management of Epilepsy in Infancy and Adolescence — Samuel Livingston (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, $27.50) American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 187-187.
Possible Role of Glutathione in Transport Processes

A discussion of the possible function of glutathione in transport processes should consider two structural features of the molecule; namely the presence of a SH group and the presence of a γ-glutamyl group. Glutathione is present in all mammalian tissues and cells. Its concentration in the kidney was reported as 2 to 4 mM20. Concentrations as high as 10 to 12 mM, however, have heen found in some other tissues62, 84.In spite of its “ubiquitous” presence the role of glutathione is not yet sufficiently understood. Most of the studies on glutathione have centered on its function in maintaining sulfhydryl groups of proteins in a reduced state, on its protection of cell membranes against an oxidative stress, and on its role in detoxification of foreign compounds. Glutathione has also been credited with a coenzyme function in several enzymatic reactions. All these functions are dependent on the presence of an intact sulfhydryl group. The possible role of the γ-glutamyl group of glutathione has attracted less attention. This discussion will be limited to the enzymology of the γ-glutamyl group. Some experiments, however, will be reviewed in which the evidence can be taken as supporting the involvement of either the γ-glutamyl group or the SH group in the transport of amino acids.
The Berkeley Remix, Season Three: First Response—Aids and Community in San Francisco

The Berkeley Remix, Season Three: First Response—Aids and Community in San Francisco. Paul Burnett, writer/producer/narrator. Podcast. Oral History Center at the Bancroft Library at the University ...
Rate Effects in Hypersonic Flows

Hypersonic flows are energetic and result in regions of high temperature, causing internal energy excitation, chemical reactions, ionization, and gas-surface interactions. At typical flight conditi...
Occult testimonies in John Aubrey’s Miscellanies

This essay examines the reporting practices of occult beliefs in John Aubrey’s Miscellanies (1696), the only published work during his lifetime: this includes general reports, Aubrey’s first-hand o...
Phonological versus semantic prediction in focus and repair constructions: No evidence for differential predictions.

Abstract Evidence suggests that the language processing system is predictive. Although past research has established prediction as a general tendency, it is not yet clear whether comprehenders can modulate their anticipatory strategies in response to cues based on sentence constructions. In two visual world eye-tracking experiments, we investigated whether focus constructions (not the hammer but rather the …) and repair disfluencies (the hammer uh I mean the …) would lead listeners to generate different patterns of predictions. In three offline tasks, we observed that participants preferred semantically related continuations (hammer – nail) following focus constructions and phonologically related continuations (hammer – hammock) following disfluencies. However, these offline preferences were not evident in participants’ predictive eye-movements during online language processing: Semantically related (nail) and phonologically related words (hammock) received additional predictive looks regardless of whether the target word appeared in a disfluency or in a focus construction. However, significantly less semantic and phonological activation was observed in two “control” linguistic contexts in which predictive processing was discouraged. These findings suggest that although the prediction system is sensitive to sentence construction, is it not flexible enough to alter the type of prediction generated based on preceding context.
Iodine Release by Combustion of Composite Mg∙Ca(IO3)2 Powder

Concentration of iodine generated by combustion of a reactive material (RM) powder, Mg∙Ca(IO3)2, injected in an air-acetylene flame was measured as a function of height above the flame using absorp...
Enhanced synergetic antibacterial activity by a reduce graphene oxide/Ag nanocomposite through the photothermal effect.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains have led to notable heathy threats to human beings. The demand for the development of effective antibacterial materials is increasing. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and graphene-based nanomaterials are two major types of nanomaterials that are studied to inhibit and/or kill bacteria. In this study, by combining the excellent photothermal effect of graphene and antibacterial activity of AgNPs, we have applied reduced graphene oxide/silver (RGO/Ag) nanocomposite to destroy the MDR bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the RGO/Ag nanocomposite was systematically investigated using a regular bacterium of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and an MDR bacterium of Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp). Compared with AgNPs, graphene oxide (GO) and RGO, the RGO/Ag nanocomposite showed significant higher antibacterial efficiency for both regular bacteria and MDR bacteria. Under a near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (0.30 W/cm2 for 10 min), the RGO/Ag nanocomposite demonstrated an enhanced synergetic antibacterial activity through the photothermal effect. Nearly 100 % of E. coli and Kp were killed by the treatment of 15 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL of RGO/Ag nanocomposite, respectively. Moreover, a membrane integrity assay and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay demonstrated that the RGO/Ag nanocomposite under NIR irradiation induced the cell membrane disruption and generation of ROS, providing possible mechanisms for their high antibacterial activity besides the photothermal effect. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the RGO/Ag nanocomposites toward different mammalian cells was studied, the cell viabilities retained above 60 % at higher concentrations of RGO/Ag, indicating that the RGO/Ag nanocomposites may be a low cytotoxic, efficient antibacterial agent with the irradiation.
Changing standards or political whim? Evaluating changes in the content of US State Department Human Rights Reports following presidential transitions

The annual US State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices represents one of the principal data sources used to generate multiple commonly used human rights measures. Despite the freq...
Psychiatric Comorbidities and Sexual Health

With a growing focus on mental health, it is imperative that healthcare providers seek to understand how psychiatric comorbidities affect sexual health. The purpose of this review is to identify and fill knowledge gaps in our understanding of the relationship between psychiatric comorbidities, their treatments, and sexual health, expanding on management approaches that are geared toward optimizing patient outcomes. Following increased interest in sexual medicine and growing research on sexuality, we have deepened our understanding of sexual health. Affective disorders and their treatments are linked to sexual dysfunction, which manifest differently in men and women as well as in individuals with concurrent psychiatric disorders. Merging current knowledge on sexual health with neuroscientific findings on affective disorders may provide a better approach to assessing and treating specific sexual complaints. Failure to investigate a patient’s psychiatric background negatively influences treatment goals. Clinicians who seek to improve overall patient health must endeavor to consider patient characteristics such as gender differences and concurrent comorbid psychiatric conditions with regard to effectiveness of treatment and side effect profiles. A better understanding of sexual function and psychiatric disorders in terms of neuroimaging and neurobiology may assist healthcare providers in choosing treatment options that are best suited to specific patient concerns.
Building community heat action plans story by story: A three neighborhood case study

Abstract Increasing urban temperatures pose a public health threat and, in many cities, there is a disparity among neighborhoods with respect to access to cooling benefits. Residents may be unable to afford to operate cooling systems, and underserved communities are less likely and/or able to advocate for heat-reducing solutions. There is also a significant gap between adaptation theory and practice. This gap could be diminished by better understanding the barriers and limits to adaptation processes. This paper presents the Nature's Cooling Systems project's community engagement methodology, which aims to empower underserved communities to shift those dynamics. Through this process, we sought to learn about key urban heat adaptation barriers at the neighborhood scale. The methodology was piloted in three neighborhoods in metropolitan Phoenix to provide better thermal comfort in the hottest and highest-need neighborhoods. Barriers to adaptation strategies that emerged from these workshops overlapped with those articulated in the literature, including detecting and defining the problem, increasing information use, and developing, assessing, and selecting options. This methodology can serve as a model for community-driven heat adaptation planning for other neighborhoods facing increasing heat. Attention to key barriers is critical for success of adaptation measures.
Fitness Landscape of Clonal Hematopoiesis Under Selective Pressure of Immune Checkpoint Blockade.

PURPOSEConventional cytotoxic therapies increase the risk of clonal hematopoiesis and select for TP53-mutant clones, which carry a high risk for transformation to therapy-related myelodysplastic ne...
Anastomotic Revision in Head and Neck Free Flaps.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Predictors of free tissue transfer (FTT) failure and the need for postoperative revision (POR) have been extensively studied; however, there are little data evaluating outcomes when intraoperative revision (IOR) at initial surgery is required. This study seeks to better understand the impact IOR of the pedicle has on FTT outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of 2482 consecutive patients across three tertiary institutions. METHODS Adult patients (>18) who received a FTT and underwent anastomotic revision from 2006 to 2019 were included. Logistic regression was performed to predict revision, and recursive partitioning was performed to classify risk of failure based on type of revision and vessels revised. RESULTS Failure rates for IOR (19%) and POR (27%) were higher compared to a nonrevised failure rate of 2% (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). Intraoperative venous revision (IORv, n = 13), arterial (IORa, n = 114), and both (IORb, n = 11) were associated with failure rates of 8% (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, P = .23), 18% (OR = 9.0, P < .01), 45% (OR = 35.3, P = <.01), respectively. Arterial revision was most common among IOR (83%, P < .01). Postoperative venous revision (PORv, n = 35), arterial (PORa, n = 36), and both (PORb, n = 11) were associated with failure rates of 20% (OR = 15.7, P < .01), 27% (OR = 10.6, P < .01), and 39% (OR = 27.0, P < .01), respectively. Failure rate for flaps that had POR after IOR (PORi, n = 11) was 45% (OR = 18.2, P < .01). Diabetes predicted IOR (P = .006); tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, and prior radiation predicted POR (P = .01, P = .05, and P = .01, respectively). CONCLUSION Both IOR and POR were associated with increased failure compared to nonrevised flaps. The risk of failure increases sequentially with intraoperative or POR of the vein, artery, or both vessels. Revision of both vessels and POR after IOR are strongly predictive of failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1035-1041, 2021.
Adding purpose and value to organizational memberships: A case study of Business Librarianship in North Carolina (BLINC)

BLINC stands for Business Librarianship in North Carolina. Fourteen public, special, and academic librarians created this group in 2003. In that year, BLINC began its tradition of hosting workshops...
Scapholunate Ligament: Comparing the Native Strength of the Ligament to an All-suture Anchor Construct

Our aim was to compare the tensile strength of the native scapholunate ligament (SLL) with that of an all-suture anchor construct in a cadaveric model. The scaphoid and lunate were isolated, preserving all segments of the SLL. Using a servohydraulic testing machine, we increased the load until peak load-to-failure of the native SLL was reached in nine specimens (mean ± standard deviation, 273 ± 132 N). Using the same specimens, two JuggerKnot 1.4-mm suture anchors (Zimmer Biomet) were placed into the lunate and tensioned through transosseous tunnels in the scaphoid. Sutures were tied over the radial nonarticular aspect of the scaphoid. Load-to-failure testing was repeated. The mean peak load-to-failure for the all-suture anchor constructs was 172 ± 59 N versus 231 ± 117 N for the native group (p = 0.157). This represents approximately 75% of the native ligament strength. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 29(3):169-172, 2020).
Required data elements for interprofessional rounds through the lens of multiple professions.

The lack of a proper system for ongoing open interprofessional communication among care providers increases miscommunications and medical errors. Seamless access to patient information is important...