cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive structural dynamic network analysis.

Abstract Background Classifying individuals based on magnetic resonance data is an important task in neuroscience. Existing brain network-based methods to classify subjects analyze data from a cross-sectional study and these methods cannot classify subjects based on longitudinal data. We propose a network-based predictive modeling method to classify subjects based on longitudinal magnetic resonance data. New method Our method generates a dynamic Bayesian network model for each group which represents complex spatiotemporal interactions among brain regions, and then calculates a score representing that subject's deviation from expected network patterns. This network-derived score, along with other candidate predictors, are used to construct predictive models. Results We validated the proposed method based on simulated data and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. For the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study, we built a predictive model based on the baseline biomarker characterizing the baseline state and the network-based score which was constructed based on the state transition probability matrix. We found that this combined model achieved 0.86 accuracy, 0.85 sensitivity, and 0.87 specificity. Comparison with existing methods: For the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study, the model based on the baseline biomarkers achieved 0.77 accuracy. The accuracy of our model is significantly better than the model based on the baseline biomarkers ( p -value = 0.002). Conclusions We have presented a method to classify subjects based on structural dynamic network model based scores. This method is of great importance to distinguish subjects based on structural network dynamics and the understanding of the network architecture of brain processes and disorders.
Excitation Spectrum of Arsenic Impurity in Germanium under Uniaxial Compression

The effect of uniaxial stress on the excitation spectrum of arsenic impurity in germanium has been studied for compression along the simple directions [111], [110], and [100] using polarized light. The results can be understood in the framework of the effective-mass theory of Kohn and Luttinger and the deformation-potential theory. Selection rules for the observed transitions have been deduced from symmetry arguments. However, actual calculations of relative intensities of transitions are also given. Qualitative comparison of the latter with the observations gives good agreement.
Quick-set thin films

Transistors that have active components based on thin films, rather than silicon, are attractive for many applications. The latest thin-film fabrication technique has the potential for industrial-scale production.
Minimizing the average tardiness: the case of outsource machines

Two important factors that affect outsourcing decisions are the production cost and the potential loss of customer goodwill due to late orders. This article deals with the problem of finding outsourcing strategies or solutions that consider trade-offs between outsourcing cost and average tardiness, an important measure of lost customer goodwill. Assumptions include that outsource costs are a function of machine use and that the planning organization owns no production equipment; instead, the production function is completely outsourced. Furthermore, the planning organization has flexibility in terms of the quantity of parallel production resources to outsource and it controls the assignment of jobs to these parallel production resources. The article presents lower bounds for the problem, which are used for comparisons. Several approaches to generate trade-off solutions are proposed and compared under a variety of experimental factors.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Ability to Inhibit Cancer Growth of a Series of Organotin Poly(ethylene glycols)

A series of organotin poly(ethylene glycols) were synthesized including the first water soluble organotin polymers. These products are all polymeric with weight average molecular weights about 105. Infrared spectroscopy shows the presence of moieties from both reactants and the formation of the Sn–O linkage. F MALDI MS shows the presence of up to over a hundred units and by isotopic abundance the presence of one, two, and three tin-containing ion fragments. The polymers inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines from bone, prostate, colon, breast, and lung cancers. In a number of instances chemotherapeutic index values of two and greater are found consistent with these polymers being more active against cancer cells than non-cancerous healthy cells. Thus, some of these polymers show good promise as a new family of anticancer drugs including the water-soluble organotin-containing polymers.
Hegemony and Hamburger: Migration Narratives and Democratic Unionism among Mexican Meatpackers in the U.S. West

This essay considers how the narrated experiences of immigrant workers in the United States could help promote organized labor’s participation in a transnational movement to democratize globalization processes. I draw on interviews with immigrant meatpackers working for the Tyson Corporation, who since the late 1990s have mounted an impressive and unusual effort to democratize their workplace and union as well as to improve worker safety and dignity. Although the union has elaborated an effective discourse concerning injustice in the workplace and the need for action to remedy these problems, it has not developed any comparable interpretation of workers’ migration experiences. Workers’ migration narratives often reinforce the liberal assumptions guiding the union’s campaigns as well as the U.S. labor movement in general. They occasionally intimate, however, how migration processes can aid in the formation of counter-hegemonic subjectivities, developing these workers’ practical orientations toward resistin...
Double layer capacity and methanol coverage on platinum in perchloric acid solution

Measurements of the capacity of the a.c. impedance of a smooth platinum electrode were carried out with 300 c/s at 30°C in 1 N HClO4 with different amounts of methanol as a function of potential in the potential range between hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Polarography with superimposed a.c. voltage was used. The technique is described. The capacity/potential curves allow qualitative conclusions on the methanol adsorption in the hydrogen region, the double layer region, and the region of oxygen adsorption. The conclusions are confirmed by comparison with the results of direct measurements of the methanol coverage. The methanol coverage was computed with the aid of two approximate equations from the double layer capacity and compared with the respective values of the direct determination in the double layer region. The agreement appears satisfactory at higher coverage while the deviations become greater at medium and low coverage.
Modulation of phototropism by phytochrome E and attenuation of gravitropism by phytochromes B and E in inflorescence stems

Light is one of the most important environmental parameters for a plant and plays a critical role throughout the life cycle. Plants sense light using the red-light-absorbing phytochromes and the blue-light-absorbing cryptochromes and phototropins. In this report, we examine the role of phytochromes in phototropism and gravitropism in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Tropisms and growth responses were assayed in wild-type (WT) plants, and these responses were compared with those of the mutants phyA, phyB, phyAB, phyD and phyE. After considering growth differences, we found that phototropism of the phyE mutant is significantly less (P < 0.05) and that gravitropism of phyB and phyE is significantly greater (P < 0.05) compared with the WT responses. Interestingly, while phyE plays a positive role in phototropism, this pigment (along with phyB) attenuates gravitropism in inflorescence stems. This study adds to the growing literature demonstrating that phytochromes can play a role in blue-light-mediated responses such as phototropism.
Suppression of lymphocyte mitogenesis in different rat strains exposed to footshock during early diurnal and nocturnal time periods.

The present study examined stressor interactions with genotype and light/dark cycle. Male Brown Norway (BN), Fischer 344 (F344), Lewis (from two different vendors: Lew/CR and Lew/H) and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to footshock either in the early light or early dark circadian phase. Immediately after footshock, the spleen and whole blood proliferation to PHA and Con A was assessed. To provide endocrine indices of stress, serum was measured for corticosterone and interleukin-6 (IL-6). All rats showed significant increases in serum corticosterone and IL-6 following footshock either in the light or the dark. Rat strain differences were noted in the IL-6 response, while the corticosterone response was strong for all strains. The criterion for ‘suppression’ of lymphocyte proliferation was p < .05 (as determined by ANOVA) compared to non-shocked controls. Spleen: with the exception of BN rats, the other strains showed suppressed spleen cell proliferation to PHA and Con A both in the light and the dark. BN rats failed to show suppression of mitogenic activity to PHA when footshock was given in the light. Peripheral blood lymphocytes: suppression in Lew rats from either vendor, and in F344 and BN rats, did not vary with time of day nor with the type of mitogen tested. SD rats did not show suppression to PHA if shocked in the light. These results highlight the generality of stressor-induced mitogenic lymphocyte proliferation during the early diurnal and nocturnal periods of the day.
High-Capacity Multiple-Access Fiber Optic Data Networks Using Guided-Wave Components

A system is proposed for the utilization of high-speed guided wave components to realize multiple-access data rates above 100 Mbits/s. Angular division multiplexing is used to obtain parallel optical signal transmission and processing in routing data packets between host computers. A novel application of an optically pumped half-ring laser to detect and regenerate multiplexed signals is suggested.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kondo coupling induced charge gap in Ce3Bi4Pt3.

Measurements of the infrared reflectivity of the Kondo insulator ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Pt}}_{3}$ are reported. Near room temperature the charge dynamics are comparable to those of a heavy fermion compound in the incoherent regime; however, below 100 K the depletion of the low frequency conductivity singifies the development of a charge gap at low frequency (\ensuremath{\sim}300 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$). The temperature dependence of the depleted spectral weight scales with the quenching of the Ce 4f moments, demonstrating that the gap formation is due to the local Kondo coupling of charge carriers to the Ce magnetic moments. The spectral weight which disappears as the gap forms must be displaced to energies much larger than the gap.
Reduction in the E2k Subunit of the α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Has Effects Independent of Complex Activity

The activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) declines in brains of patients with several neurodegenerative diseases. KGDHC consists of multiple copies of E1k, E2k, and E3. E1k and E2k are unique to KGDHC and may have functions independent of the complex. The present study tested the consequences of different levels of diminished E2k mRNA on protein levels of the subunits, KGDHC activity, and physiological responses. Human embryonic kidney cells were stably transfected with an E2k sense or antisense expression vector. Sense control (E2k-mRNA-100) was compared with two clones in which the mRNA was reduced to 67% of control (E2k-mRNA-67) or to 30% of control (E2k-mRNA-30). The levels of the E2k protein in clones paralleled the reduction in mRNA, and E3 proteins were unaltered. Unexpectedly, the clone with the greatest reduction in E2k protein (E2k-mRNA-30) had a 40% increase in E1k protein. The activity of the complex was only 52% of normal in E2k-mRNA-67 clone, but was near normal (90%) in E2k-mRNA-30 clone. Subsequent experiments tested whether the physiological consequences of a reduction in E2k mRNA correlated more closely to E2k protein or to KGDHC activity. Growth rate, increased DCF-detectable reactive oxygen species, and cell death in response to added oxidant were proportional to E2k proteins, but not complex activity. These results were not predicted because subunits unique to KGDHC have never been manipulated in mammalian cells. These results suggest that in addition to its essential role in metabolism, the E2k component of KGDHC may have other novel roles.
Age‐related reactions to a product harm crisis

Purpose – This article aims to examine differences between older and younger consumers in their reactions to a product harm crisis. Research suggests that motivational and cognitive changes due to aging might cause information to be differentially utilized. The authors use primary and secondary control influences on information processing to explain why older consumers perceive themselves as less susceptible to the threats associated with a product harm crisis. This has important implications in terms of blame attributions, and marketing variables of interest such as purchase intentions and negative word of mouth.Design/methodology/approach – Two studies were conducted in which participants were asked to read a short newspaper article about a product harm crisis and to respond to a series of questions. Participants were split into two groups based on age.Findings – The empirical findings indicate that, compared with younger consumers, older consumers perceive product harm crises as less threatening, place...
Sound Generation by a Rotor Interacting with a Casing Turbulent Boundary Layer

A new method for predicting the noise generated by a ducted rotor interacting with inhomogeneous and nonisotropic turbulence has been developed. The analytical formulation used a model of the two-point correlation function of the turbulent velocity in the space–time domain. The study focused on a specific condition where the dominant noise source was the interaction between a rotor and a casing turbulent boundary layer. The axial length scale of this turbulence was found to be large enough to generate unsteady lift that was correlated between multiple rotor blades. This led to tonal sound at the blade passing frequency in the absence of mean velocity variations. The analytical formulation was validated with a set of measurements obtained in a ducted rotor facility. The prediction accurately modeled both the tonal and broadband features of the sound spectra.
Prevention of Kidney Ischemia/Reperfusion-induced Functional Injury and JNK, p38, and MAPK Kinase Activation by Remote Ischemic Pretreatment

MAPK activities, including JNK, p38, and ERK, are markedly enhanced after ischemia in vivo and chemical anoxia in vitro. The relative extent of JNK, p38, or ERK activation has been proposed to determine cell fate after injury. A mouse model was established in which prior exposure to ischemia protected against a second ischemic insult imposed 8 or 15 days later. In contrast to what was observed after 30 min of bilateral ischemia, when a second period of ischemia of 30- or 35-min duration was imposed 8 days later, there was no subsequent increase in plasma creatinine, decrease in glomerular filtration rate, or increase in fractional excretion of sodium. A shorter period of prior ischemia (15 min) was partially protective against subsequent ischemic injury 8 days later. Unilateral ischemia was also protective against a subsequent ischemic insult to the same kidney, revealing that systemic uremia is not necessary for protection. The ischemia-related activation of JNK and p38 and outer medullary vascular congestion were markedly mitigated by prior exposure to ischemia, whereas preconditioning had no effect on post-ischemic activation of ERK1/2. The phosphorylation of MKK7, MKK4, and MKK3/6, upstream activators of JNK and p38, was markedly reduced by ischemic preconditioning, whereas the post-ischemic phosphorylation of MEK1/2, the upstream activator of ERK1/2, was unaffected by preconditioning. Pre- and post-ischemic HSP-25 levels were much higher in the preconditioned kidney. In summary, post-ischemic JNK and p38 (but not ERK1/2) activation was markedly reduced in a model of kidney ischemic preconditioning that was established in the mouse. The reduction in JNK and p38 activation can be accounted for by reduced activation of upstream MAPK kinases. The post-ischemic activation patterns of MAPKs may explain the remarkable protection against ischemic injury observed in this model.
CANINE ENDOTOXIN SHOCK: PROTECTION AGAINST A LETHAL DOSE OF ENDOTOXIN FOLLOWING AN INFUSION OF HISTAMINE.

Canine Endotoxin Shock: Protection against a Lethal Dose of Endotoxin following an Infusion of Histamine
The paradox of thermal ablation without thermal injury

Previous investigations have demonstrated in vitro that the excimer laser may be used to accomplish cardiovascular tissue ablation without causing thermal injury to boundary sites. Initial investigations suggested that results achieved with the excimer laser were related to photochemical breaking of molecular bonds, rather than thermal degradation. More recent investigations, however, have suggested that the mechanism of excimer tissue ablation may not be unique. Results indistiguishable from those accomplished with the excimer laser have been reproduced using both visible and infrared wavelengths. Experiments utilizing gas chromatography have indicated that the vapour-phase photoproducts liberated during excimer laser tissue ablation are indistinguishable from those observed following continuous wave laser irradiation or flame torching of cardiovascular tissue. While photoemission spectroscopic analysis has identified free radicals released in gas phase during excimer laser ablation, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has similarly identified free radicals released in solution during continuous wave laser ablation; while these two techniques may detect different types of radicals with different kinetic behaviour, these results indicate, that the finding of free radical photoproducts per se during laser ablation does not necessarily exclude a non-thermal mechanism. Finally, plasma-mediated photodisruption represents a third alternative to explain pulsed laser ablation; experiments are required, however, to define whether plasma generated during pulsed laser irradiation is central to the ablation process, or represents an epiphenomenon.
Explaining Israel's Misuse of Strategic Assassinations

This study explains Israel's insufficiently discriminate use of strategic assassinations during the last two decades. It shows that the tool's misuse considerably diminished its overall contribution to Israel's national security. It identifies five dimensions of systematic misuse: timing, political views of the targets, organizational affiliation, domestic political consequences for the adversary, and the visibility of Israel's responsibility. It finds three clusters of causes for these patterns of misuse: a flawed decision-making culture, the prevalence of false causal stories, and the pernicious effect of norms. This study could not find evidence for a direct link between domestic political pressures to any systematic pattern of misuse.
Recombination and positive selection contribute to evolution of Listeria monocytogenes inlA.

The surface molecule InlA interacts with E-cadherin to promote invasion of Listeria monocytogenes into selected host cells. DNA sequencing of inlA for 40 L. monocytogenes isolates revealed 107 synonymous and 45 nonsynonymous substitutions. A frameshift mutation in a homopolymeric tract encoding part of the InlA signal peptide was identified in three lineage II isolates, which also showed reduced ability to invade human intestinal epithelial cells. Phylogenies showed clear separation of inlA sequences into lineages I and II. Thirteen inlA recombination events, predominantly involving lineage II strains as recipients (12 events), were detected and a number of amino acid residues were shown to be under positive selection. Four of the 45 non-synonymous changes were found to be under positive selection with posterior probabilities >95 %. Mapping of polymorphic and positively selected amino acid sites on the partial crystal structure for InlA showed that the internalin surface of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region that faces the InlA receptor E-cadherin does not include any polymorphic sites; all polymorphic and positively selected amino acids mapped to the outer face of the LRR region or to other InlA regions. The data show that (i) inlA is highly polymorphic and evolution of inlA involved a considerable number of recombination events in lineage II isolates; (ii) positive selection at specific amino acid sites appears to contribute to evolution of inlA, including fixation of recombinant events; and (iii) single-nucleotide deletions in a lineage II-specific 3′ homopolymeric tract in inlA lead to complete loss of InlA or to production of truncated InlA, which conveys reduced invasiveness. In conclusion, inlA has a complex evolutionary history, which is consistent with L. monocytogenes’ natural history as an environmental pathogen with broad host-range, including its adaptation to environments and hosts where different inlA alleles may provide a selective advantage or where inlA may not be required.
Fourier-assisted machine learning of hard disk drive access time models

Predicting access times is a crucial part of predicting hard disk drive performance. Existing approaches use white-box modeling and require intimate knowledge of the internal layout of the drive, which can take months to extract. Automatically learning this behavior is a much more desirable approach, requiring less expert knowledge, fewer assumptions, and less time. Others have created behavioral models of hard disk drive performance, but none have shown low per-request errors. A barrier to machine learning of access times has been the existence of periodic behavior with high, unknown frequencies. We show how hard disk drive access times can be predicted to within 0:83 ms using a neural net after these frequencies are found using Fourier analysis.
Aging kinetics of aluminum alloy 7050

Precipitation hardening at room temperature (natural aging) and isothermal precipitation hardening at 422 to 455 K beyond the point of peak strength (overaging) were studied. Natural aging kinetics of the increase in strength and resistivity were comparable with those of alloy 7075. Alloy 7050, however, develops peak strength by aging at higher temperatures. This ability of 7050 to develop peak strength upon aging in the temperature region used to improve the resistance to stress-corrosion cracking and toughness of 7XXX alloys is attributed to the effect of Cu on increasing the temperature range of G.P zone stability.
Beyond exponential utility functions: A variance-adjusted approach for risk-averse reinforcement learning

Utility theory has served as a bedrock for modeling risk in economics. Where risk is involved in decision-making, for solving Markov decision processes (MDPs) via utility theory, the exponential utility (EU) function has been used in the literature as an objective function for capturing risk-averse behavior. The EU function framework uses a so-called risk-averseness coefficient (RAC) that seeks to quantify the risk appetite of the decision-maker. Unfortunately, as we show in this paper, the EU framework suffers from computational deficiencies that prevent it from being useful in practice for solution methods based on reinforcement learning (RL). In particular, the value function becomes very large and typically the computer overflows. We provide a simple example to demonstrate this. Further, we show empirically how a variance-adjusted (VA) approach, which approximates the EU function objective for reasonable values of the RAC, can be used in the RL algorithm. The VA framework in a sense has two objectives: maximize expected returns and minimize variance. We conduct empirical studies on a VA-based RL algorithm on the semi-MDP (SMDP), which is a more general version of the MDP. We conclude with a mathematical proof of the boundedness of the iterates in our algorithm.
Activation and Inhibition of Neurons in the Hippocampal Ventral Subiculum by Norepinephrine and Locus Coeruleus Stimulation

The ventral subiculum (vSub) has been implicated in a wide range of neurocognitive functions, including responses to fear, stress, and anxiety. The vSub receives dense noradrenergic (NE) inputs from the locus coeruleus (LC), and the LC-NE system is heavily implicated in attention and is known to be activated by stressors. However, the way in which the neurons in the vSub respond to activation of the LC-NE is not well understood. In this study, the direct LC innervation of the vSub was investigated. The effect of norepinephrine (NE) on single vSub neurons was examined using microiontophoresis combined with electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized rats, and this response compared with the effect of electrical stimulation of the LC. Iontophoretic NE inhibited all vSub neurons tested, whereas LC stimulation inhibited 16% and activated 38% of neurons. Inhibition was mediated primarily by alpha-2 receptors, whereas activation was mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors. Furthermore, this effect was not mediated via the LC-basolateral amygdala (BLA) pathway, because BLA inactivation did not block LC stimulation-evoked activation of the vSub. These results indicate that the LC-NE system is a potent modulator of vSub activity. Based on these findings, stress-induced activation of the LC-NE system is expected to evoke inhibition and activation in the vSub, both of which may contribute to stress adaptation, whereas an imbalance of this system may lead to pathological stress responses in mental disorders.
Making waves: Giacomo Balla and Emilio Pucci

Emilio Pucci emerged as an international fashion force in the 1960s with his bold and brilliant, streamlined outfits for the active woman. Delving into Pucci's first career as a bomber pilot and Fascist aviation hero, this article demonstrates his unacknowledged debt to the fashion theories and textile designs of the Futurist Giacomo Balla. Pucci was linked to Futurist aeropittura of the 1930s by the common culture of Fascism, aviation, and the cult of speed. Though Futurism was tainted by its affiliation with Fascism, in the post-war years, the works of Balla and others were kept in the public eye through exhibitions and their influence on a younger generation of modernist artists. In the same period, Pucci began to produce his vibrant eye-popping textile designs, which elaborated the proto-psychedelic imagery of wave-like swells, spinning vortexes, and exuberant floral arabesques developed by Balla between the World Wars.
Agent models I: action models

Building military simulations requires bridging the gap between the knowledge of commanders and computer representations of that knowledge. A significant part of this knowledge concerns military tasks, their interactions, and an understanding of how to grade their achievement. Action Models describe the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of goal directed tasks with a graphical notation. Commanders can understand the notation and Knowledge Engineers can convert it into declarative or procedural forms. The conversion makes possible automated After Action reviews of plans writen in terms of these tasks (Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) 1993). We describe Action Models, their conversion into Tapir, a declarative executable action language, and their use in the DARPA Rapid Knowledge Formation (RKF) Program.
Source variability and recall of auditory material 1

Recall of auditory narrative material was measured under three conditions of presentation. These were a single source condition with material from one speaker, a four source fired sequence condition with material from four speakers in a fired sequence of 3-sec. lengths, and a four source random condition with material from four speakers in a random sequence of 3-sec. lengths. Recall was better for the single source condition than for the four source conditions. No significant difference was found between the fixed and random sequential presentations. Results are discussed in terms of the attentional behaviors involved in the tasks.
Techno-economic analysis of two bio-oil upgrading pathways

Abstract We evaluate the economic feasibility for two bio-oil upgrading pathways: two-stage hydrotreating followed by fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) or single-stage hydrotreating followed by hydrocracking. In the hydrotreating/FCC pathway, two options are available as the hydrogen source for hydrotreating: merchant hydrogen or hydrogen from natural gas reforming. The primary products of the hydrotreating/FCC pathway are commodity chemicals whereas the primary products for the hydrotreating/hydrocracking pathway are transportation fuels and hydrogen. The two pathways are modeled using Aspen Plus® for a 2000 metric tons/day facility. Equipment sizing and cost calculations are based on Aspen Economic Evaluation® software. The bio-oil yield via fast pyrolysis is assumed to be 65% of biomass. We calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for each pathway as a function of feedstock cost, fixed capital investment (FCI), hydrogen and catalyst costs, and facility revenues. The results show that a facility employing the hydrotreating/FCC pathway with hydrogen production via natural gas reforming option generates the highest IRR of 13.3%. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that product yield, FCI, and biomass cost have the greatest impacts on facility IRR. Monte-Carlo analysis shows that two-stage hydrotreating and FCC of the aqueous phase bio-oil with hydrogen produced via natural gas reforming has a relatively low risk for project investment.
Germline sequence variants of the LZTS1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk.

Abstract The 8p22∼p23 region has been identified as a potential site for genes associated with prostate cancer. The gene LZTS1 has been mapped to the 8p22∼p23 region and identified as a potential tumor suppressor based on loss of heterozygosity studies using primary esophageal tumors. Sequence analysis of mRNA from various tumors has revealed multiple mutations and aberrant mRNA transcripts. The most recent report associates LZTS1 function with stabilization of p34 cdc2 during the late S-G 2 /M stage of mitosis, affecting normal cell growth. In this study, a detailed DNA sequence analysis of LZTS1 was performed in a screening panel consisting of sporadic and hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) cases and unaffected controls. Twenty-four SNP, 15 of which were novel, were identified in germline DNA. Four coding SNP were identified. Eleven informative SNP were genotyped in 159 HPC probands, 245 sporadic prostate cancer cases, and 222 unaffected controls. Four of these SNP were statistically significant for association with prostate cancer ( P ⩽ 0.04). These results add evidence supporting a role of LZTS1 in prostate cancer risk.
Simplified Experimental Evaluation of Floors Subject to Walking-Induced Vibration

AbstractWhen occupants complain of lively floor motion due to human activity, it is often necessary to estimate the dynamic properties of the floor and ascertain the form and level of vibration response toward the goal of designing an effective retrofit solution. The most detailed and accurate experimental method is to determine the natural vibration modes using full experimental modal analysis, which requires substantial equipment including at least one floor shaker, and then determine the acceleration due to walking. However, due to cost and time constraints and possible unacceptable occupant disruption, it may not be possible to perform a full experimental modal analysis. An alternative testing procedure is to use a handheld spectrum analyzer to record floor accelerations due to heel drop and timed walking excitations. These measurements are then used to estimate the natural frequencies and vibration response level, respectively. This paper describes the procedure and compares results with experimental...
Improvements in cross ratio invariance techniques for coaxial probe dielectric measurements

In coaxial probe dielectric measurements the use of a cross ratio invariance of three dielectric reference materials and one material under test (MUT) has been a common approach to calibrate and thereafter extract the complex permittivity of a MUT. Although it is generally accepted that the cross ratio is most accurate when one uses at least one reference material that resembles the MUT, there has been relatively little discussion on how different combinations of reference materials affect the accuracy of the extracted data. This work will describe two new approaches for implementing the cross ratio invariance technique by (1) measuring more than three dielectric references and selecting the three that most closely resemble the MUT, or (2) by forming a cross ratio of five reference materials and one MUT. The two approaches are evaluated through simulation and measurement by exploring the error in the extracted properties of 20 independently measured dielectric materials. For both new methods, the percent error in the extracted complex permittivity typically reduces from approximately 0.5% to 0.25% or less compared to the standard approach.
Desmosome regulation and signaling in disease

Desmosomes are cell-cell adhesive organelles with a well-known role in forming strong intercellular adhesion during embryogenesis and in adult tissues subject to mechanical stress, such as the heart and skin. More recently, desmosome components have also emerged as cell signaling regulators. Loss of expression or interference with the function of desmosome molecules results in diseases of the heart and skin and contributes to cancer progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that result in inherited and acquired disorders remain poorly understood. To address this question, researchers are directing their studies towards determining the functions that occur inside and outside of the junctions and the extent to which functions are adhesion-dependent or independent. This review focuses on recent discoveries that provide insights into the role of desmosomes and desmosome components in cell signaling and disease; wherever possible, we address molecular functions within and outside of the adhesive structure.
An overview of recent advances in quantitative ferrography as applied to diesel engines

Abstract Ferrography is being applied to laboratory and field engines to understand better the wear processes taking place. Methods used to make ferrography quantitative and sensitive to a wide range of debris concentrations are presented. An equation describing the time-varying debris concentration in the engine was applied to ferrography data in order to calculate the particle generation rate and the filtering efficiency of a paper filter. Results using this technique in the laboratory are discussed. A medium duty truck engine from new to its present mileage of over 80000 mile was monitored every 50 h using analytical ferrography. The results of this study are presented.
The role of the Src homology domains in morphological transformation by v-src

The Src homology (SH2 and SH3) domains of v-Src are required for transformation of Rat-2 cells and for wild-type (morphr) transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). We report herein that the N-terminal domains of v-Src, when expressed in trans, cannot complement the transformation defect of a deletion mutant lacking the "unique," SH3, and SH2 regions. However, the same regions of Src can promote transformation when translocated to the C terminus of v-Src, although the transformation of CEFs is somewhat slower. We conclude that the SH3 and SH2 domains must be present in cis to the catalytic domain to promote transformation but that transformation is not dependent on the precise intramolecular location of these domains. In CEFSs and in Rat-2 cells, the expression of wild-type v-Src results in tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins that bind to the v-Src SH3 and SH2 domains in vitro; mutations in the SH2 or SH3 and SH2 domains prevent the phosphorylation of these proteins. These findings are most consistent with models in which the SH3 and SH2 domains of v-Src directly or indirectly target the catalytic domain to substrates involved in transformation. However, the N-terminal domains of v-Src can promote tyrosine phosphorylation of certain proteins, in particular p130Cas, even when expressed in the absence of the catalytic domain, indicating that the N-terminal domains of v-Src have effects that are independent of the catalytic domain.
Ceramic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropump

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pumping has several attractive features including no-moving-parts operation, compatibility with biological solutions, and bi-directional pumping capability. In this work, a re-circulating ceramic MHD micropump is described. The MHD operation principle is based on the generation of Lorenz forces on ions within an electrolytic solution by means of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. These Lorenz forces propel the ions through a channel, thus creating a net flow with no moving parts. Fabrication of the pumps is achieved by means of a new ceramic MEMS (CMEMS) platform in which devices are built from multiple layers of green-sheet ceramics. The major advantage to this technology is that unlike many other fabrication technologies, the multi-layer ceramic CMEMS platform is truly three-dimensional, thus enabling the building of complex integrated systems within a single platform. The ceramic-based MHD pumps have been analyzed and tested using both finite element modeling and experimental validation. Test results indicate that the pumps are capable of pumping a wide range of biological fluids in the flow rate range of microliters per minute. Additionally, good stability over 24 hours and good correlation with modeling data have been verified.
The reactor and cold neutron research facility at NIST

Abstract The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) operates the 20 MW research reactor (NBSR) at its Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA site as a national facility. The reactor, which has been in routine operation since 1969, supports a broad range of research and development activities, including the Cold Neutron Research Facility (CNRF). The NIST facilities were described in the first issue of Neutron News (1), so the present report is intended to be an update. For completeness, some of the information given in the earlier report will be repeated here.
Quantitation of glioma-reactive cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors by means of limiting dilution analysis

The purpose of the present study was to define the usefulness of limiting dilution analysis (LDA) to enumerate glioma-reactive cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) as a constituent of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) isolated from rat gliomas. Optimum LDA microculture conditions were defined by co-cultivating graded numbers of responder TIL together with 105 irradiated syngeneic rat splenocytes, 103 irradiated glioma cells, and 10 U/well of recombinant interleukin-2 incubated for 8 days. Antigenic specificity of the anti-tumor response was demonstrated by high levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation by TIL derived from F98 gliomas following stimulation with irradiated F98 glioma cells compared to low levels following stimulation with the antigenically distinct D74 glioma cells. Limiting dilution analysis showed that cytolytic T lymphocyte-precursors were present in TIL of F98 gliomas of immunized rats at an approximate frequency of 300 CTL/106 TIL, indicating that less than 1% of the TIL were tumor-reactive CTL. As determined by cell depletion experiments using various MoAbs and complement, the majority of the cytolytic activity detected against glioma targets was mediated by OX-8+ TIL. Split culture experiments revealed that high levels of glioma-reactive CTL activity and low levels of NK activity, which were simultaneously detected among TIL, were mediated by separate cell populations. Our data demonstrate that LDA microcultures can be used as a powerful tool to differentiate tumor-reactive CTL from other effector cell populations.
SU‐E‐J‐139: Improving Effectiveness of an Online Adaptive Replanning Method for Pancreas Irradiation

Purpose: Online adaptive replanning can decrease doses to organs‐at‐risk (OARs) by reducing target margins. However, the practice of the online replanning can be challenging for a site with complex anatomy, e.g., pancreas. The purpose of this work was to develop an effective replanning strategy that uses only changes in target and/or duodenum (the most important dose‐limiting OAR), eliminating the need for delineating other OARs. Methods and Materials: We previously reported a replanning method composed of a segment aperture morphing (SAM). In this work, we applied the SAM algorithm based on only the anatomic changes in (1) the target (pancreatic head), (2) target and duodenum, and (3) the duodenum, with the final aperture shape formed by prioritizing individual aperture shapes. The importance of a structure imposes specific penalties on leaf position deviations from their SAM values. For the scenario considering only duodenum, the apertures morphed based on duodenum and those based on target translations as in the repositioning process were properly prioritized. Daily CTs acquired during IGRT for representative pancreatic cancer patients using a respiratory gated CT‐on‐Rails (CTVision, Siemens) were used to test each scenario and compare with the current IGRT practice of repositioning. Results: Application of SAM with all 3 scenarios resulted in better dosimetric results compared to the repositioning plans and did not result in increased doses to other OARs (liver,kidneys, stomach, small and large bowel, cord), while the SAM algorithm based on duodenum and target resulted in lowest duodenum doses (upto 7% reduction in the mean duodenum dose as compared to the repositioning plans). Conclusion: The approach of the online replanning based only on the changes in duodenum and/or target can yield improved dosimetry over the current IGRT repositioning for pancreas irradiation, and improves the practicality of the online replanning.
HARLAN BARROWS AND ENVIRONMENTALISM

(1971). HARLAN BARROWS AND ENVIRONMENTALISM. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 198-201.
Crossing divides: The legacy of Graham Nuthall

Abstract Graham Nuthall's work cuts across methodological and conceptual divides that have worked against the development of a theory of learning and teaching that is at once predictive and practical. The micro-genetic approach to research on learning in classrooms that he developed with Adrienne Alton-Lee successfully transcends the unhelpful dichotomy between qualitative and quantitative methods. Crossing the borders between the individual focus of cognitive psychology and the central role of social activity of sociocultural theory, he has suggested a synthesis that is both grounded in social context and predictive of individual learning. His theoretical contribution can become still more useful by extending it to the larger realities of students’ lives outside of the classroom by relating it to dynamic notions of culture and identity.
Using high-resolution aeromagnetic surveys to map subsurface hydrogeology in sediment-filled basins: A case study over the Rio Grande rift, central New Mexico, USA

High-resolution aeromagnetic surveys were acquired for the Albuquerque basin in the central Rio Grande rift, a basin filled with poorly consolidated sediments. The surveys proved successful in efficiently and economically mapping previously unknown hydrogeologic features of the shallow subsurface. This success suggests that aeromagnetic methods may be useful in hydrogeologic studies of other sediment-filled basins. The aeromagnetic surveys were used primarily to delineate buried igneous rocks and to locate faults within the basin fill, both important for understanding the subsurface hydrogeology. Buried igneous rocks were recognized from their high-frequency, high-amplitude magnetic responses and characteristic map patterns. The horizontal-gradient and local wavenumber methods were used to obtain estimates of their source depths. The aeromagnetic surveys were also successfully used to locate faults within the basin fill. Magnetic signatures associated with faults are produced by the juxtaposition of sediments having differing magnetic properties rather than the products of secondary processes. Expression of faults is abundant throughout the basin, revealing patterns that cannot be mapped at the surface due to widespread cover. A fault signature recognized in the high-resolution data that has multiple inflection points is best explained by a fault with a thin magnetic layer on the upthrown block and thick magnetic layer on the downthrown block, called the thin-thick layers model. Geologically, this signature indicates erosion of the upthrown block or a growth-faulting scenario: fault-controlled sedimentation for faults that offset sediments, and successive accumulation of basalt on the downthrown block for faults that offset volcanic rocks.
Determination of optimal storage temperature and duration for analysis of total and isoenzyme lactate dehydrogenase activities in canine serum and cerebrospinal fluid.

Background Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) exists as 5 isoenzymes in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Human studies have demonstrated that changes in LDH activity can be correlated with a particular disease. Objectives Conflicting reports regarding the stability of LDH made it necessary to determine storage conditions before further study of the diagnostic power of this enzyme's activity can be pursued in dogs. The purpose of this study was to optimize measurement of LDH activity and analysis of its isoenzyme profile in canine serum and CSF through proper storage. Methods Serum and CSF were collected from 5 healthy dogs. Samples were stored at 22°C, 4°C, or −20°C for up to 2 months. Total LDH activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Isoenzyme profiles were determined using the QuickGel LDH Isoenzyme technique and densitometric scanning. Retention of > 70% LDH activity in stored samples was considered clinically acceptable. Results Serum and CSF stored at −20°C retained > 85% of the total LDH activity for 4 weeks, although CSF total LDH activity degraded by > 10% within 24 hours of storage. All serum LDH isoenzymes retained > 85% activity for up to 4 weeks at −20°C. CSF LDH isoenzyme activity degraded rapidly, therefore CSF LDH should be evaluated within 72 hours to assure > 75% of LDH isoenzyme activity. Conclusions Proper storage at −20°C can optimize detection of total LDH activity and the LDH isoenzyme profile in canine serum and CSF. This information is important for evaluating the potential usefulness of LDH in veterinary medicine.