cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIFFUSION OF SMOKE IN THE STRATOSPHERE

Abstract Data from the High Altitude Dust Diffusion Project have been analyzed, and the rates of growth of 18 smoke puffs produced in the upper troposphere and stratosphere are presented. There was an increase in the rate of growth of the cloud size with increasing height, and a decrease in the rate of growth of the cloud mass with increasing stability of the atmosphere. From an initial diameter of 15 to 20 meters, the diameter of the smoke puffs increased fivefold in about 3 minutes, on the average. A theoretical analysis of the growth of a smoke puff resulted in an equation describing the visual diameter as a function of time and a variety of turbulence parameters. Comparison between theory and experiment, based on Taylor's theory of “diffusion by continuous movement,” suggests that the root-mean-square eddy velocity in the stratosphere is of the order of 4 to 10 centimeters per second and increases with height.
Influence of Oral Sex and Oral Cancer Information on Young Adults' Oral Sexual-Risk Cognitions and Likelihood of HPV Vaccination

Public health information and educational interventions regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) have focused on the link between vaginal sex and cervical cancer among women. Many people are unaware that HPV can be transmitted through oral sex or that HPV causes oral cancers. Given that HPV infections and unprotected oral sex are increasing, research on oral sex-related HPV risk is important. This study examined the effect of a brief informational intervention regarding HPV and oral sex on the sexual risk cognitions of young adults. College students (N = 238) read information on HPV, oral sex, and oral cancer or no information. Participants then completed measures of oral sex and HPV knowledge, oral sex willingness, HPV vaccination likelihood, and risk perceptions. Participants who read the information on HPV and oral sex and cancer (compared to those who did not) reported greater knowledge, perceived risk and concern, and lower willingness to engage in oral sex. These effects were only significant among wome...
Parabolic Systems in Unbounded Domains. II. Equations with Time Delays

Abstract This paper extends the results of an earlier article concerning the existence, uniqueness, comparison, and dynamics problems for a coupled system of parabolic equations in unbounded domains, including the whole space R n. The present extension is for a system of functional parabolic-ordinary equations where the “reaction function” is allowed to depend on the unknown function with time delay, which may be discrete or continuous, finite or infinite. Applications are made to some model problems, with emphasis on the convergence fo the time-dependent solution to a steady-state solution and the decay property of the solution as |x| → ∞.
SEROLOGIC DEMONSTRATION OF DUAL SPECIFICITY OF RABBIT BIVALENT HYBRID ANTIBODY

Hybrid, bivalent antibody molecules bearing specific combining sites for both ovalbumin and bovine gamma globulin were produced by reoxidation of a mixture of the 3.5S fragments of the two specifically purified antibodies. The dual specificity and the properties of the hybrid antibody were demonstrated by mixed agglutination and two stage agglutination experiments, and by test systems utilizing inhibition of agglutination or dispersal of agglutinates followed by antiglobulin reactions.
Entangled quantum histories

Two chronicles of quantum mechanics tell a good tale but don't reflect the conflicts between the physicists who struggled to reconcile theory and fact, explains Don Howard.
Survival and cardioprotective benefits of long-term blueberry enriched diet in dilated cardiomyopathy following myocardial infarction in rats.

Background: Despite remarkable progress in treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) over the last two decades, mortality, personal suffering and cost remain staggering, and effective interventions are still a challenge. Previously we reported that a blueberry-enriched diet (BD) attenuated necroapoptosis and inflammation in periinfarct area in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI). Objectives: To test the hypothesis that BD will attenuate the course of CHF, including mortality and cardiac remodeling during the first year after induction of MI in rats. Method and Results: Two weeks after coronary artery ligation, rats were divided into two groups of similar average MI size, measured by echocardiography, and then12-mo dietary regimens were initiated as follows: ad libitum regular diet (control, CD, n=27) and isocaloric food with 2% blueberry supplement (BD, n=27) also available ad libitum. These dietary groups were compared to each other and to sham group (SH). Mortality over the 12 mo was reduced by 22% in BD compared with CD (p,0.01). In the course of developing CHF, BD had no effect on the body weight, heart rate or blood pressure. Bimonthly Echo revealed significant attenuation of the LV chamber remodeling, LV posterior wall thinning, and MI expansion in BD compared with CD. In fact, BD arrested the MI expansion. Conclusion: This is the first experimental evidence that a blueberry-enriched diet has positive effects on the course of CHF and thus warrants consideration for clinical evaluation.
The “Cycle of Life” in Ecology: Sergei Vinogradskii’s Soil Microbiology, 1885–1940

Historians of science have attributed the emergence of ecology as a discipline in the late nineteenth century to the synthesis of Humboldtian botanical geography and Darwinian evolution. In this essay, I begin to explore another, largely neglected but very important dimension of this history. Using Sergei Vinogradskii’s career and scientific research trajectory as a point of entry, I illustrate the manner in which microbiologists, chemists, botanists, and plant physiologists inscribed the concept of a “cycle of life” into their investigations. Their research transformed a longstanding notion into the fundamental approaches and concepts that underlay the new ecological disciplines that emerged in the 1920s. Pasteur thus joins Humboldt as a foundational figure in ecological thinking, and the broader picture that emerges of the history of ecology explains some otherwise puzzling features of that discipline – such as its fusion of experimental and natural historical methodologies. Vinogradskii’s personal “cycle of life” is also interesting as an example of the interplay between Russian and Western European scientific networks and intellectual traditions. Trained in Russia to investigate nature as a super-organism comprised of circulating energy, matter, and life; over the course of five decades – in contact with scientists and scientific discourses in France, Germany, and Switzerland – he developed a series of research methods that translated the concept of a “cycle of life” into an ecologically conceived soil science and microbiology in the 1920s and 1930s. These methods, bolstered by his authority as a founding father of microbiology, captured the attention of an international network of scientists. Vinogradskii’s conceptualization of the “cycle of life” as chemosynthesis, autotrophy, and global nutrient cycles attracted the attention of ecosystem ecologists; and his methods appealed to practitioners at agricultural experiment stations and microbiological institutes in the United States, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union.
EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE TEST FORM LINKING DESIGNS WITH MODIFIED EQUATING SAMPLE SIZE AND ANCHOR TEST LENGTH

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of reduced equating sample size and shortened anchor test length on item response theory (IRT)-based linking and equating results. Data from two independent operational forms of a large-scale testing program were used to establish the baseline results for evaluating the results from two alternative designs. Under the two alternative designs, two simulated conditions were created from the original data. Under one condition, we reduced the equating sample size (from about 2,000 to about 1,000) per anchor item and shortened the anchor test length (by half) per equating sample. Under the other condition, we reduced the sample size (from about 2,000 to about 1,000) per anchor item only. A complete grouped jackknife replication method was used to estimate the standard errors of the linking and equating procedures from 100 jackknife replicate samples; the complete procedures included IRT calibrations, item parameter scaling, and IRT true score equating. The findings from a comparison of the results from the two simulated conditions and the baseline results showed that neither alternative design had any practical impact on the linking and equating results for either test form.
Reexamination of the third-order renormalization-group calculation for a one-dimensional interacting Fermi system

A one-dimensional interacting Fermi system with weak-coupling parameters ${g}_{1} (l0)$ and ${g}_{2}$ is reexamined in the third-order renormalization-group approach. Our result indicates that the value of the invariant coupling ${g}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ varies, depending on whether the limit $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, $q=0$ or $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$, $q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ is taken. For $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, $q=0$, the invariant coupling ${g}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ scales to $\frac{{g}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\pi}v}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}1.24$, and for $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$, $q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, it scales to $\frac{{g}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\pi}v}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}0.716$. We also argue that the invariant coupling ${g}_{1}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ obtained from neither limit is appropriate for calculating the critical exponents of various response functions.
The island‐scale internal wave climate of Moorea, French Polynesia

[1] Analysis of five-year records of temperatures and currents collected at Moorea reveal strong internal wave activity at predominantly semi-diurnal frequencies impacting reef slopes at depths ≥30 m around the entire island. Temperature changes of 1.5°C to 3°C are accompanied by surges of upward and onshore flow and vertical shear in onshore currents. Superimposed on annual temperature changes of approximately 3°C, internal wave activity is high from Oct–May and markedly lower from Jun–Sep. The offshore pycnocline is broadly distributed with continuous stratification to at least 500 m depth, and a subsurface fluorescence maximum above the strong nutricline at approximately 200 m. Minimum buoyancy periods range from 4.8 to 6 min, with the maximum density gradient occurring at 50 to 60 m depth in summer and deepening to approximately 150 to 200 m in winter. The bottom slope angle around all of Moorea is super-critical relative to the vertical stratification angle suggesting that energy propagating into shallow water is only a portion of total incident internal wave energy. Vertical gradient Richardson numbers indicate dominance by density stability relative to current shear with relatively limited diapycnal mixing. Coherence and lagged cross-correlation of semi-diurnal temperature variation indicate complex patterns of inter-site arrival of internal waves and no clear coherence or lagged correlation relationships among island sides. Semi-diurnal and high frequency internal wave packets likely arrive on Moorea from a combination of local and distant sources and may have important impacts for nutrient and particle fluxes in deep reef environments.
Dimerization, DNA Binding, and Transactivation Properties of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that regulates hypoxia-inducible genes including the human erythropoietin (EPO) gene. In this study, we report structural features of the HIF-1alpha subunit that are required for heterodimerization, DNA binding, and transactivation. The HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta (ARNT; aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) subunits were coimmunoprecipitated from nuclear extracts, indicating that these proteins heterodimerize in the absence of DNA. In vitro-translated HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta generated a HIF-1/DNA complex with similar electrophoretic mobility and sequence specificity as HIF-1 present in nuclear extracts from hypoxic cells. Compared to 826-amino acid, full-length HIF-1alpha, amino acids 1-166 mediated heterodimerization with HIF-1beta (ARNT), but amino acids 1-390 were required for optimal DNA binding. A deletion involving the basic domain of HIF-1alpha eliminated DNA binding without affecting heterodimerization. In cotransfection assays, forced expression of recombinant HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta (ARNT) activated transcription of reporter genes containing EPO enhancer sequences with intact, but not mutant, HIF-1 binding sites. Deletion of the carboxy terminus of HIF-1alpha (amino acids 391-826) markedly decreased the ability of recombinant HIF-1 to activate transcription. Overexpression of a HIF-1alpha construct with deletions of the basic domain and carboxy terminus blocked reporter gene activation by endogenous HIF-1 in hypoxic cells.
Laser damage to production- and research-grade KDP crystals

We present the results of laser damage measurements conducted on potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KD*P) crystals that were grown recently for both production and research applications by several sources. We have measured extrinsic damage thresholds that cover wavelengths from 1064 nm to 266 nm at pulse durations in the 3 to 10 ns regime. Many of the samples were extracted from boules grown specifically to yield large-area crystals, up to 32 cm square, for laser fusion applications. These crystals were the result of efforts, both by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and commercial crystal-growth companies, to yield high- threshold KDP. In particular we have established that such crystals can reliably survive fluences exceeding 15 J/cm2 at 355 nm and 20 J/cm2 at 1064 nm when irradiated with 3 ns pulses. We present details of how bulk and surface damage to these crystals scale with pulse duration and wavelength as well as of morphological effects due to laser conditioning.
Type 6 and 19 pneumococcal polysaccharides coupled to erythrocytes elicit pneumococcal cell wall-specific primary IgM responses and capsular polysaccharide-specific secondary IgG responses

Previous results have shown that the primary murine antibody responses to vaccine preparations of type 6 (S6; Danish type 6A) or type 19 (S19; Danish type 19F) pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides consist entirely of IgM antipneumococcal cell wall carbohydrate (PnC)-specific antibodies. No capsular polysaccharide-specific IgM antibodies were detectable by plaque-forming cell or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. In this report, antibodies specific for S6 and S19 capsular polysaccharides were induced in secondary responses to chicken erythrocyte (CRBC) conjugates of S6 and S19. Essentially all detectable IgG produced in the secondary response was capsular polysaccharide specific and included all subclasses of IgG. In contrast, all detectable IgM produced in the primary response to S6-CRBC and S19-CRBC, and the IgM produced in the secondary response to S6-CRBC was not capsular polysaccharide specific since it reacted with PnC. Thus, there is a major change in the specificity of the primary IgM response compared to the secondary IgG response of mice immunized with S6-CRBC or S19-CRBC. Injection of PnC or any PnC-containing polysaccharide prior to immunization with S6-CRBC or S19-CRBC resulted in suppression of the primary IgM response. In contrast, only the capsular polysaccharide used in the immunizing polysaccharide-erythrocyte conjugate suppressed induction of the capsular polysaccharide-specific secondary IgG response. These results suggest that S6 and S19 capsular polysaccharide-specific IgG-producing memory B cells derive from capsular polysaccharide-specific precursors which do not produce detectable antibody after primary immunization.
Differential expression of cdk inhibitors p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E in cervical cytological smears prepared by the ThinPrep method.

Our objective was to correlate p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E protein expression with the degree of dysplasia on ThinPrep Papanicolaou (Pap) smears using a modified immunoperoxidase staining. Smears read as normal, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high-grade SIL (HSIL) were identified and tested for high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). Additional smears were processed for immunoperoxidase for p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E. Thirty-four smears were satisfactory for study. The p16 was positive in all nine HSIL, in four of nine LSIL, and in one of seven ASC-US. The p27kip1 was positive in all nine HSIL, in eight of nine LSIL, and in one of seven ASC-US. The p21cip1 was positive in all nine HSIL, in one of nine LSIL, and in one of seven ASC-US. Cyclin E was positive in seven of nine HSIL and in one of nine LSIL and in none of the ASC-US smears. Normal smears were negative for all the antigens. There was poor correlation of protein expression and HR-HPV infection. We concluded that p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E can be demonstrated on Pap smears and they are expressed differentially in dysplastic cells, with highest expression in HSIL. The p21cip1 and cyclin E showed the greatest correlation with HSIL. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:82–87. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of salary and human resource accounting disclosures on small group relations and performance

Abstract When human resource accounting type information and salary data were disclosed in the experimental setting of a business game, it was determined that disclosure of salary data had no significant effect on group relations yet the HRA information disclosure tended to produce negative effects on both performance and group relations.
Therapeutic Digoxin Level in Chylous Drainage With no Detectable Plasma Digoxin Level

A patient receiving digoxin for long-standing congestive heart failure developed a chylothorax following removal of an infected aortic graft. Drainage of the chylothorax resulted in plasma digoxin concentrations which were near zero while the digoxin levels in the chylous drainage fluid were therapeutic. The sequestration of even low lipid-soluble drugs, such as digoxin, in chyle should be recognized to prevent subtherapeutic plasma levels in patients undergoing chylothorax drainage.
Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus Entry into Target Cells.

Herpesvirus infection of target cells is a complex process involving multiple host cell surface molecules (receptors) and multiple viral envelope glycoproteins. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) infects a variety of in vivo target cells such as endothelial cells, B cells, monocytes, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. KSHV also infects a diversity of in vitro target cells and establishes in vitro latency in many of these cell types. KSHV interactions with the host cell surface molecules and its mode of entry in the various target cells are critical for the understanding of KSHV pathogenesis. KSHV is the first herpesvirus shown to interact with adherent target cell integrins and this interaction initiates the host cell pre-existing signal pathways that are utilized for successful infection. This chapter discusses the various aspects of the early stage of KSHV infection of target cells, receptors used and issues that need to be clarified and future directions. The various signaling events triggered by KSHV infection and the potential role of signaling events in the different stages of infection are summarized providing the framework and starting point for further detailed studies essential to fully comprehend the pathogenesis of KSHV.
Ecology of Winter Concealment Behavior of Juvenile Spring Chinook Salmon in the Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon

We characterized winter concealment behavior (WCB) for juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from October through January in three study streams of the Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon. The Nocturnal Index (NI), the frequency of fish using WCB, increased significantly as mean daily water temperature decreased. WCB was negatively associated with mean daily water temperature in all three streams, and positively associated with fish size in Catherine Creek and the Lostine River. WCB was not significantly associated with fish density in any of the three streams. Both the NI and detections of concealed fish indicated that fish were concealing amid interstitial spaces during the day and emerging at night as early as October–November, yet no population fully exhibited WCB during any month sampled. Although low water temperature influenced WCB in the Grande Ronde River Basin, other ecological factors affected the behavior because not all fish used WCB even when mean daily water temperatures were < 1°C.
Molecular weight effects on phase transitions of side-chain liquid crystalline poly(vinyl ether)s with terminal alkoxybiphenyl groups

Abstract Two vinyl ether monomers with alkoxybiphenyl groups, 2-(4′-ethoxy-4-biphenyloxy)ethyl vinyl ether (EtOVE) and 2-(4′-hexyloxy-4-biphenyloxy)ethyl vinyl ether (HexOVE), were polymerized by living cationic polymerization reactions using either the hydrogen iodide/iodine ( HI I 2 ) or the hydrogen iodide/zinc iodide ( HI ZnI 2 ) initiator systems, or both. These initiators yield polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs) and for comparison broad MWD polymers were also prepared by using the BF3OEt2 initiator. The thermal properties and phase transitions of these polymers were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, by visual observations of samples on a hot stage on a polarizing microscope, by polarized light transmission intensity measurements and by wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis. The polymer from EtOVE, P(EtOVE), with a weight average molecular weight, M w , of less than about 8000 formed both smectic and nematic liquid crystalline, LC, phases after one heating cycle. In contrast, the polymer from this monomer which had an M w of more than about 8000 exhibited only a nematic LC phase. For the polymer from HexOVE, P(HexOVE), both the narrow and broad MWD samples showed only a nematic LC phase over the M w range from 2600 to 7300. The phase transitions of both types of polymers are discussed in relation to the molecular weight and MWD of the samples. The effect of the terminal group attached to the biphenyl group in the polymer is considered in relation to its possible steric effects.
Formability of friction-stir-welded dissimilar-aluminum-alloy sheets

Friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated as a method for joining dissimilar-aluminum alloys 5182-O, 5754-O, and 6022-T4. These alloys are used in automotive applications in which parts consisting of dissimilar welded combinations of these alloys may be of interest. This study focuses on the formability of friction-stir-welded, dissimilar-alloy pairs of essentially the same gage, in order to investigate the mechanical properties that can be obtained using this approach. Testing showed that the properties of welded 5182/5754 alloy pairs retained reasonably good formability compared to base material performance. However, the 5182/6022 and 5754/6022 alloy pairs had significantly reduced formability compared to the base material properties, with failures occurring in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 6022 or in the weld nugget itself. However, this level of formability was not much worse than that of monolithic, friction-stir-welded 6022.
LVII.—On a new American species of the remarkable animal Phoronis

(1890). LVII.—On a new American species of the remarkable animal Phoronis. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 5, No. 30, pp. 445-449.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XVI — Motions to Dismiss Continued

This column, the 16th in a continuing series on drafting litigation documents in New York, continues with drafting motions to dismiss.
A general two-compartment model for mechanical ventilation

A general mathematical model for the dynamic behavior of the two-compartment respiratory system in response to an arbitrary applied inspiratory pressure is investigated. The model is used to compute explicit expressions for ventilation and pressure variables of clinical interest, for clinician-selected and impedance-determined inputs. The outcome variables include tidal volume, end-expiratory pressure, minute ventilation, mean alveolar pressure for each compartment, given resistive parameters and compliances of the system. The calculation of these outcome variables assume that the patient is ventilated under passive conditions. Limiting values of the outcome variables as the frequency of the breathing cycle increases are also computed for three basic types of ventilation: constant, linear, and sinusoidal pressure waveforms. Explicit expressions for the limiting values of certain ratios of the key outcome variables (tidal volume, end-expiratory pressure, and mean alveolar pressure) are computed and are shown to be independent of the applied airway pressure.
Suppression of RIP3-dependent Necroptosis by Human Cytomegalovirus

Necroptosis is an alternate programmed cell death pathway that is unleashed by caspase-8 compromise and mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3). Murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) encode caspase-8 inhibitors that prevent apoptosis together with competitors of RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent signal transduction to interrupt the necroptosis. Here, we show that pro-necrotic murine CMV M45 mutant virus drives virus-induced necroptosis during nonproductive infection of RIP3-expressing human fibroblasts, whereas WT virus does not. Thus, M45-encoded RHIM competitor, viral inhibitor of RIP activation, sustains viability of human cells like it is known to function in infected mouse cells. Importantly, human CMV is shown to block necroptosis induced by either TNF or M45 mutant murine CMV in RIP3-expressing human cells. Human CMV blocks TNF-induced necroptosis after RIP3 activation and phosphorylation of the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase. An early, IE1-regulated viral gene product acts on a necroptosis step that follows MLKL phosphorylation prior to membrane leakage. This suppression strategy is distinct from RHIM signaling competition by murine CMV or HSV and interrupts an execution process that has not yet been fully elaborated.
Fatigue performance of an injection molded talc-filled polypropylene

This paper reports the fatigue behavior of an injection molded 40wt% talc-filled polypropylene. The effects of specimen orientation relative to the flow direction, weld line, hole stress concentration and test frequency on the fatigue performance of this material have been considered. The fatigue strength in the flow direction was higher than that normal to the flow direction. However the orientation effect decreased at lower fatigue stress level. The presence of weld line reduced the fatigue strength. On the other hand, the fatigue strength showed very little sensitivity to the presence of hole stress concentration. The failure mode in fatigue was influenced by the test frequency. When the test frequency was less than or equal to 2 Hz, the failure mode of the talc-filled polypropylene was due to fatigue and the fatigue life increased with frequency. However, when the test frequency was greater than or equal to 5 Hz, the failure of the talc-filled polypropylene was due to thermal softening and the fatigue life did not appear to be influenced much by the frequency. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:510 –516, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Public attitudes toward government responsibility for child care: The impact of individual characteristics and welfare regimes

Abstract This study examines the extent to which individual's attitudes toward government responsibility for child care provisions are influenced by personal characteristics as well as the social contexts in which these attitudes are formed. The analysis draws on data from a random sample of 24, 240 respondents in 12 of the countries included in the European Social Survey (ESS) round 4 (2008–2009). The analytic framework focuses on individual-level factors related to self-interest, perceptions of the current care available and egalitarian ideology as well as the societal context reflected in the alternative institutional arrangements for social welfare represented by the countries clustered into different welfare state regimes. The findings indicate that among the individual level variables, although factors related to self interest were significant, egalitarian ideology had the relatively strongest impact on the respondents' level of support for government provision of child care. At the institutional level the introduction of welfare regimes increased the proportion of explained variance well beyond that accounted for by individual level factors.
Abortion repeal in Hawaii: an unexpected crisis in patient care.

In April 1970, Hawaii became the first state to repeal its law restricting abortion. This report describes the problems of adjusting to this new form of patient care, with special emphasis on sudden role shifts among nurses. Conclusions and recommendations have clinical and administrative implications.
Ethical Challenges to the Integrity of Physicans: Financial Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research

Financial conflicts of interest arise when physicians' judgment and decision making become compromised by financial gains or interests, and thus create risk of undo harm to research participants, to the integrity of research projects, and, ultimately, to society at large. Such conflicts also violate the moral maxims of medicine, and thus damage the integrity of physicians and the medical profession. I submit that key remedies for this problem are the integrity (self-respect) of physicians and the respectful engagement of research participants (whether patients or nonpatient volunteers) as partners in research projects. Accordingly, I consider physicians the primary moral agents, research participants the secondary moral agents, and society the tertiary moral agent with responsibilities for protection against whatever undue harm in clinical research. The latter needs to address the powerful cultural, commercial, political, and social factors that contribute to physicians' financial conflicts of interest.
Parallel approximate computation of projections for animated volume rendered displays

We present an approximate volume rendering algorithm that can compute multiple views of a 3D voxel-based data set concurrently. The approach employs a unique new method for combining partial results from neighboring objections to compute a sequence of rotated views, in fewer instructions than would be required for independent computations. For instance, the algorithm can compute a set of N projections through an N/spl times/N/spl times/N data set in only O(log N) parallel steps, using only O(N/sup 3/) total operations (work), matching the bounds for computing a single projection by conventional methods.
Tracking the Processes of Change in US Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology

This paper describes some features in the changing landscape of activities intended to improve both quality and access in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET) undergraduate education. Observations are offered from the viewpoint afforded by my work—broadly over the last 10 years—both as a researcher, and as an evaluator for projects related to the improvement of undergraduate SMET education. Over that period, I have watched the landscape change—some issues, at first prominent, have diminished in importance; some are emergent; and yet others lie on the horizon. I have also observed that actions in pursuit of various reform goals reflect a variety of theories about how change can be accomplished that are not necessarily complementary. This short history of shifts in the focus of our efforts, and in our beliefs about how they may be achieved, is offered as a framework for discussion of these nationwide endeavors and as an aid in considering next steps. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed86:79–105, 2001.
Logical Correctness by Construction

A novel methodological approach to the design of large-scale-integrated systems proposed correctness by construction. By using a restricted repertoire of admissible combination rules, it is possible to guarantee that only designs suitable for implementation are generated. This paper addresses the complementary issue of logical correctness by construction - prohibiting "meaningless" constructs from occurring. The presented approach is based on defining "meaning" in terms of a catalog of standard operators. Admissible compositions are restricted so that only constructs belonging to this catalog may be generated. This approach is mainly intended for the data-path of digital systems. There, repetitive and regular compositions provide a suitable environment for using catalogs of operators. The paper focuses on the description of operators relevant to the design at Register Transfer Level. Manipulation rules are used for describing their properties. Rules basic to logical correctness by construction are shown to be: contractions, expansions and transformations into canonical forms.
Requirement of histone deacetylase activity for the expression of critical photoreceptor genes.

Background Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a major role in the regulation of gene transcription, often leading to transcriptional repression, as well as other effects following deacetylation of non-histone proteins.
Sensor-Based Dynamic Assignment in Distributed Motion Planning

Distributed motion planning of multiple agents raises fundamental and novel problems in control theory and robotics. Recently, one such great challenge has been the development of motion planning algorithms that dynamically assign targets or destinations to multiple homogeneous agents, not relying on any a priori assignment of agents to destinations. In this paper, we address this challenge using two novel ideas. First, we develop distributed multi-destination potential fields able to drive every agent to any available destination for almost all initial conditions. Second, we propose sensor-based coordination protocols that ensure that distinct agents are assigned to distinct destinations. Integration of the overall system results in a distributed, multi-agent, hybrid system for which we show that the mutual exclusion property of the final assignment is guaranteed for almost all initial conditions. Moreover, we show that our dynamic assignment algorithm converges after exploring at most a polynomial number of assignments, dramatically reducing the combinatorial nature of purely discrete assignment problems. Our scalable approach is illustrated with nontrivial computer simulations.
Urban Geography Evolving: Toward an Evolutionary Urban Geography

WeaveR, R.C., 2014. Urban geography evolving: Toward an evolutionary urban geography. Quaestiones Geographicae 33(2), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznan, pp. 7-18, 1 table. DOI 10.2478/quageo-2014-0012, ISSN 0137-477X. abstRaCt: Despite growing interest in the application of evolutionary concepts to research questions in human geog- raphy, the literature is largely characterised by metaphors or analogies that are disconnected from a broader evolu- tionary theoretical framework. This paper takes initial steps toward developing such a framework for the subfield of urban geography by defining critical elements and relationships from Darwinian and multilevel selection theories. It then synthesises those components in an application to the issues of urban blight and disorder, to demonstrate how an evolutionary understanding of urban spatial phenomena - an "evolutionary urban geography" - can produce new insights for managing complex processes.
Clinical Practice with Women in Their Middle Years

years. Increasingly vulnerable to disease as they get older and care takers when family members get sick, middle-aged women are both clients and family members seen at medical and psychiatric services.4 Like women of other age groups, middle-aged wom en seek help for themselves for de pression.5 And the persons who pro vide social services to this population may be middle-aged social workers. In recent years, the social work literature has been attentive to the
THz spectroscopy - techniques and applications

Spectroscopy and related applications have accounted for a large proportion of the work in the THz spectral region. These have included laboratory studies of the radiative and collisional properties of molecules, ions, and radicals, as well as field applications such as atmospheric remote sensing and molecular radio astronomy. This paper will review established techniques and discuss new approaches.
Constructive Lyapunov stabilization of nonlinear cascade systems

We present a global stabilization procedure for nonlinear cascade and feedforward systems which extends the existing stabilization results. Our main tool is the construction of a Lyapunov function for a class of (globally stable) uncontrolled cascade systems. This construction serves as a basis for a recursive controller design for cascade and feedforward systems. We give conditions for continuous differentiability of the Lyapunov function and the resulting control law and propose methods for their exact and approximate computation.
Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Mechanisms During Femtosecond Laser Heating of Nano-Films Using 3-D Dual Phase Lag Model

In the present work we investigate femtosecond laser heating of nanoscale metal films irradiated by a pulsating laser in three dimensions using the Dual Phase Lag (DPL) model and consider laser heating at different locations on the metal film. A numerical solution based on an explicit finite-difference method has been employed to solve the DPL heat conduction equation. The stability criterion for selecting a time step size is obtained using von Neumann eigenmode analysis, and grid function convergence tests have been performed. The energy absorption rate, which is used to model femtosecond laser heating, has been modified to accommodate for the three-dimensional laser heating. We compare our results with classical diffusion and hyperbolic heat conduction models and demonstrate significant differences among these three approaches. The present research enables us to study ultrafast laser heating mechanisms of nano-films in 3D.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A multi-branch monopole antenna for dual-band cellular applications

A monopole antenna with two branches, but still having one feed point, is proposed for the dual-band cellular applications. Simulation results of a dual-band antenna are presented. As shown in the results, the input impedances at the center of both bands are about 50 /spl Omega/. Therefore, an additional matching network is not necessary. This means there is no efficiency loss due to adding matching networks. The radiation patterns are basically omnidirectional. Although the GSM and DCS bands are used here, similar results can be obtained for the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands. The antenna can be made on a single-sided printed circuit board.
Characterization of the IGF Regulatory System in Bone

There are two major dynamic processes in bone: bone formation and bone resorption which determine the volume of bone and ultimately its strength. Because bone is a tissue which is continuously remodeling, bone formation is an essential part of skeletal maintenance even after the growth period where bone formation is obviously essential. Moreover, bone has a remarkable regenerative potential which enables it to remodel itself in response to changing physical demands, and to repair itself after injury. In the majority of the adult skeleton, bone formation is confined to specific remodeling sites. Whether bone is lost or gained will depend on the extent of bone formation in each one of these sites. With regard to the mediators of bone formation, growth factors have received much attention. Of the several growth factors present in bone (IGF-I, IGF-II, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, PDGF, basic FGF, acidic FGF and BMPs), there is now sufficient evidence to document an important role for the IGFs in the local regulation of bone formation. In this paper we describe the components of the IGF regulatory system and discuss evidence supporting a role for IGFs in the local regulation of bone formation.
How Brain Reveals Mind Neural Studies Support the Fundamental Role of Conscious Experience

In the last decade, careful studies of the living brain have opened the way for human consciousness to return to the heights it held before the behavioristic coup of 1913. This is illustrated by seven cases: (1) the discovery of widespread brain activation during conscious perception; (2) high levels of regional brain metabolism in the resting state of consciousness, dropping drasti- cally in unconscious states; (3) the brain correlates of inner speech; (4) visual imagery; (5) fringe consciousness; (6) executive functions of the self; and (7) volition. Other papers in this issue expand on many of these points. (Roepstorff; Leopold & Logothetis; Baerentsen; Haggard; Hohwy & Frith). In the past, evidence based on subjective reports was often neglected (e.g., Ericsson, this issue). It is still true that brain evidence has greater credibility than subjective reports, no matter how reliable. What is new is increasing con- vergence between subjective experiences and brain observations. For that rea- son it is no longer rare to see the word 'consciousness' and 'subjectivity' in major science journals. No one so far has discovered a gulf dividing mind and brain. On the contrary, the new evidence supports the central role of consciousness as it was regarded over more than two millenia of written thought. In a sense this was predictable. Nature is full of unexpected convergences —- between fruit fly genes and the human body, between the arc of a tennis ball and the orbit of Mars, and between consciousness and the brain. These convergences show once again the remarkable unity of the observable universe.
Autolymphocyte Therapy: An Outpatient, Low-Toxicity Approach to Adoptive Immunotherapy

Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer is a treatment approach in which immune cells with antitumor reactivity are administered to a tumor-bearing host and mediate regression of the tumor (Rosenberg 1984). In doing so, a presumably inadequate host immune response to the tumor may be overcome.
Imaging-Guided Lower Extremity Endovascular Interventions: Is Now the Time?

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) has been associated with reduced survival in addition to increased morbidity including amputation, decreased quality of life, and immobility [(1)][1]. Endovascular revascularization has emerged as an attractive alternative to surgical revascularization for the
Subset selection for simulations accounting for input uncertainty

We study a subset selection procedure -- one of the well-known statistical methods of ranking and selection for stochastic simulations -- in the presence of input parameter uncertainty; i.e., the parameters of the input distributions are unknown and there is only a limited amount of input data available for input parameter estimation. The goal is to present a new decision rule which identifies subsets of stochastic system designs including the best (i.e., the design with the largest or smallest expected performance measure) with a probability that exceeds some user-specified value. At WSC 2013, we studied this problem by restricting focus to the method of asymptotic normality approximation to represent input parameter uncertainty. Motivated by the limitations of the asymptotic normality approximation for simulations of complex systems with large numbers of input parameters, we revisit this problem with the simulation replication algorithm as an alternative method to capture input parameter uncertainty.
Characters of Cartesian Products of Algebras

Let R be a commutative ring with identity 1. A character of an R-algebra E is a homomorphism from E onto R, regarded as an algebra over itself. If (Eα) is a family of R-algebras indexed by a set A and if then for every β ∈ A and every character vβ of Eβ, vβ o prβ is a character of E where prβ is the projection homomorphism from E onto Eβ. Further if A is finite and if the only idempotents of R are 0 and 1 (equivalently, if R is not the direct sum of two proper ideals), it is easy to see that every character of E is of this form.
The Cultural Metaphoric Method Description, Analysis, and Critique

This article describes, analyzes, and critiques the cultural metaphoric method. It also compares briefly the strengths and weaknesses of the bi-polar or dimensional method and the cultural metaphoric method. A cultural metaphor is any activity, phenomenon, or institution which all or most members of an ethnic or national culture consider important and with which they identify closely both intellectually and emotionally (Gannon, 2004; Gannon and Pillai, 2009). Each cultural metaphor is derived inductively using grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; see also Gannon and Audia, 2000). The article begins with a description of grounded theory, followed by a description of the cultural metaphoric method, an analysis of it, and a critique addressing some major issues. The focus of this article is on national cultures, although the method can be used to provide insight into ethnic cultures within and across nations and clusters of national cultures.
Is persistent activity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase required for the maintenance of LTP?

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is concentrated in the postsynaptic density (PSD) and plays an important role in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). Because this ...
Beyond Humanism: Gadamer, Althusser, and the Methodology of the Social Sciences

IT HAS BECOME something of a cliche' in the social sciences that we are currently in a state of crisis. Although most social scientists would agree that the positivist (or behaviorist-empiricist) methodology provided a common basis for the social sciences in recent decades, most would also agree that this consensus is a relic of the past. Furthermore, contemporary social and political theorists in particular would most likely share a common assessment of this positivist methodology: that it has been seriously discredited in contemporary methodological and philosophical discussions in the social sciences. Yet despite this general agreement among theorists the majority of practicing social scientists continue to conduct research on the basis of the positivist methodology. This fact is most commonly explained by pointing out that although social and political theorists may agree that positivist social science is untenable, they have not been able to agree on its replacement. The net result of this situation, and the reason for the characterization of the social sciences as in a state of crisis, is that the social sciences are cast adrift without a theoretical anchor.
Photodirected Formation and Control of Wrinkles on a Thiol–ene Elastomer

Photopolymerization on a thiol–ene elastomer is a novel method to spatiotemporally control wrinkle formation gradients and complex patterns. Acrylate-rich elastomers, containing photoinitiator and ...
Neurobiological and subjective stress reactivity among individuals with prescription opioid dependence: What is the role of interpersonal trauma exposure?

Results: We have found that HSV-FosB-ZFP-p65 and -G9a regulate FosB/ FosB expression in NAc neurons. HSV-FosB-ZFP-G9a methylates histones specifically at the FosB gene in vivo, while FosB-ZFP-p65 acetylates these histones. Engineered transcription factors are also able tomodulate behavior, as FosB-ZFP-p65 expression in the NAc enhances cocaine locomotor sensitization, while FosB-ZFP-G9a expression blocks the cocaine effect on locomotor as well as sensitizes animals to stress. Conclusions: Engineered transcription factors are effective tools to probe the behavioral andmolecular consequences of chromatin remodeling at a single locus in vivo. Financial support:SupportedbyNIDA (1F32DA035518-01) and NIMH.