cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rate of Deposition of Latex on Porous Molds

Abstract The effects of pressure, rubber concentration of latex, temperature, and hydrogen-ion concentration upon the rate of deposition of latex on porous molds are described. Pressure, rubber concentration, and temperature were found to be negligible factors in comparison with hydrogen-ion concentration. By adjusting the pH of the latex to 6.1 it was found possible to obtain aggregation of the latex particles and a marked increase in rate of deposition. THE manufacture of rubber articles by dipping porous forms in latex was first described by Condamine (5). He reported to the Paris Academy in 1736 that the natives in South America made such articles as shoes and bottles, using clay molds which, after drying of the deposited layer, were shattered and removed. The idea of making articles by a process of this sort, instead of by coagulating the latex, milling, and then shaping the milled rubber, appeals to the imagination. Increased tensile strength and improved aging have been claimed (10) for articles ma...
Radiotelemetric BP monitoring, antihypertensives and glomeruloprotection in remnant kidney model

Radiotelemetric BP monitoring, antihypertensives and glomeruloprotection in remnant kidney model. The mechanisms by which antihypertensives exert a glomeruloprotective effect in the remnant kidney model remain controversial. Based on periodic tail-cuff BP measurements, the variable glomeruloprotective efficacy of antihypertensive agents has been ascribed to mechanisms other than or in addition to their ability to lower BP. To more precisely define the relationship between BP control and glomeruloprotection, systolic BP was continuously monitored radiotele-metrically at 10-minute intervals for ∼65 days in rats after ∼5/6 renal ablation. Rats with remnant kidneys received either no therapy or one of three antihypertensive regimens in their drinking water after the first week: enalapril, a triple therapy regimen (reserpine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide); or a high dose triple therapy regimen. Although all antihypertensive regimens significantly lowered BP, considerable inter-animal variability was observed. Additionally, marked lability of BP was present in both untreated and treated rats. Glomerular injury in individual animals (N = 34) was very strongly correlated with their overall averaged systolic BP during the final eight weeks (r = 0.91) and with the frequency of systolic BP readings >150 mm Hg (r = 0.89). These data do not provide evidence of a therapeutic advantage for any of the regimens independent of their antihypertensive effects but indicate that the glomeruloprotective efficacy of these antihypertensive regimens is directly proportional to their antihypertensive efficiency.
The psychology of accident investigation: epistemological, preventive, moral and existential meaning-making

This paper extends research on accident investigation as exercises in political sensemaking, by considering the possible psychological meaning-making purposes of accident investigation. Accident investigations and reports serve epistemological or preventive aims: finding out what went wrong and avoiding recurrence. These are not necessarily the same: the variables that explain a particular event might diverge from those that help forestall a larger family of events. In addition, accident investigation serves moral and existential purposes. Accident investigations are (often implicitly) expected to render people's suffering accountable to reason and open to solution, prevention and elimination. The Western world tends to locate both the meaning and cause of suffering in the realm of human moral choice, which typically condenses accounts of failure down to single acts and actors. This competes with increasingly complex epistemological narratives of accidents that have neither obvious causes nor clear, linea...
Protein transport through porous membranes: effects of colloidal interactions

Abstract Traditional analyses of membrane transport have generally considered only steric (size-based) interactions between the solute and pores. Recent experimental work has clearly demonstrated the importance of longer-range colloidal interactions on the rate of solute transport. These interactions can dramatically affect membrane performance, changing the membrane from being almost completely permeable to completely retentive for a given solute. This manuscript discusses several applications of colloidal interaction theory to membrane systems, highlighting the tremendous insights that have been obtained into the performance of real membrane systems as well as the limitations of available theoretical descriptions. New calculations are presented for the transport of charged solutes through porous membranes which explicitly account for the effects of charge regulation arising from the dissociation of specific ionizable surface groups. The importance of non-equilibrium phenomena in membrane systems is also examined. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of membrane systems for protein separations, including the importance of protein structure and biochemistry on membrane selectivity.
Low density contrast agents for x-ray phase contrast imaging: the use of ambient air for x-ray angiography of excised murine liver tissue

We report a new preparative method for providing contrast through reduction in electron density that is uniquely suited for propagation-based differential x-ray phase contrast imaging. The method, which results in an air or fluid filled vasculature, makes possible visualization of the smallest microvessels, roughly down to 15 microm, in an excised murine liver, while preserving the tissue for subsequent histological workup. We show the utility of spatial frequency filtering for increasing the visibility of minute features characteristic of phase contrast imaging, and the capability of tomographic reconstruction to reveal microvessel structure and three-dimensional visualization of the sample. The effect of water evaporation from livers during x-ray imaging on the visibility of blood vessels is delineated. The deformed vascular tree in a cancerous murine liver is imaged.
Gastroparesis as the initial presentation of pulmonary adenocarcinoma

Malignancy-associated gastroparesis is an under-reported entity and its diagnosis as a cause of cachexia or gastrointestinal symptoms is often missed in clinical practice. This case report highlights an unusual association of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with gastroparesis at presentation. Malignancy-associated gastroparesis should be added to the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with delayed gastric emptying of unknown aetiology and should prompt further radiological investigations. Early detection and treatment of underlying gastroparesis in patients with cancer is necessary to improve the quality of life and to avoid premature clinical deterioration due to intolerance to oral treatment.
Development and Evaluation of a Resource Manual: Environmental Issues Impacting Foodservice Operations

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: An environmental issues resource and training manual was developed for use by noncommercial foodservice operators to learn more about and address environmental issues in their facilities. The purpose of this study was to develop a resource manual on environmental issues affecting noncommercial foodservice operations and determine the accuracy and usefulness of the information. The study consisted of four stages of evaluation. A survey was mailed to selected individuals who received the initial manual as a participant of a train-the-trainer workshop. Participants indicated they had used the refrigerants and solid waste management sections of the manual most. Participants also responded to a series of statements about the content and format of the manual. Respondents rated the overall quality of the manual as 4.00 ± 0.66 on a 5-point scale. Based on this initial survey, all sections of the manual were expanded. Two content experts evaluated each section of the manual in the second phase of this study. Fourteen experts wrote comments and responded to a series of statements about the content of the manual section. Minor revisions were made in all sections. The energy section of the manual was completely rewritten based on the content experts' review. Two graphic artists and one editor reviewed the manual during the third phase of the study. In the last stage of the development and evaluation, target audience members reviewed the final draft of the document. The manual was sent to a representative sample of foodservice directors in noncommercial operations in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. Reviewers responded to a series of statements about the content, readability, format, and general characteristics of the manual. Additionally, the reviewers made suggestions on information to add to or delete from the manual. The overall quality rating for the manual was 4.50 ± 0.66. This manual is a comprehensive resource for noncommercial foodservice operators desiring to learn more about or address environmental issues in their facilities.
Identification of Active Site Residues in Escherichia coli DNA Topoisomerase I

Alanine substitution mutagenesis of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I, a member of the type IA subfamily of DNA topoisomerases, was carried out to identify amino acid side chains that are involved in transesterification between DNA and the active site tyrosine Tyr-319 of the enzyme. Twelve polar residues that are highly conserved among the type IA enzymes, Glu-9, His-33, Asp-111, Glu-115, Gln-309, Glu-313, Thr-318, Arg-321, Thr-322, Asp-323, His-365, and Thr-496, were selected for alanine substitution. Each of the mutant enzymes was overexpressed, purified, and characterized. Surprisingly, only substitution at Glu-9 and Arg-321 was found to reduce the DNA relaxation activity of the enzyme to an insignificant level. The R321A mutant enzyme, but not the E9A mutant enzyme, was found to retain a reduced level of DNA cleavage activity. Two additional mutant enzymes R321K and E9Q were also constructed and purified. Replacing Arg-321 by lysine has little effect on enzymatic activities; replacing Glu-9 by glutamine greatly reduces the supercoil removal activity but not the DNA cleavage and rejoining activities. From these results and the locations of the amino acids in the crystal structure of the enzyme, it appears that Glu-9 has a critical role in DNA breakage and rejoining, probably through its interaction with the 3′ deoxyribosyl oxygen. The positively charged Arg-321 may also participate in these reactions by interacting with the scissile DNA phosphate as a monodentate. Because of the strict conservation of these residues, the findings for the E. coli enzyme are likely to apply to all type IA DNA topoisomerases.
Epithelioid smooth muscle tumors of the uterus do not express CD1a: a potential immunohistochemical adjunct in their distinction from uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumors ☆

Uterine epithelioid smooth muscle tumors and uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are known to display such a substantial overlap in morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics that the existence of the latter as a distinct clinicopathologic entity at this location has been called into question. Recent research suggests that the constituent entities of the PEComa family at all anatomical locations, including lymphangioleiomyomatosis of the uterus, uniformly display immunoreactivity for CD1a. The purpose of this study is to determine the proportion of uterine epithelioid smooth muscle tumors that may similarly be CD1a-positive. Representative sections from 18 archived epithelioid smooth muscle tumors of the uterine corpus (6 epithelioid leiomyosarcomas and 12 epithelioid leiomyomas), diagnosed and classified as such based on World Health Organization criteria, were subjected to immunohistochemical stains for CD1a and HMB-45. The epithelioid component of the tissue sections evaluated ranged from 10% to 100% (mean, 70%). Two cases were composed predominantly of cells with overtly clear cytoplasm. All cases were entirely negative for CD1a. Of 18 cases, 1 (5.5%) (an epithelioid leiomyosarcoma) displayed immunoreactivity for HMB-45 in scattered lesional cells that constituted approximately 5% of the overall tumoral volume for the case. All others were HMB-45-negative. Given their rarity, future studies are required to confirm that all PEComas of the uterus are indeed uniformly positive for CD1a. However, if the latter staining pattern is confirmed, our findings herein suggest that CD1a may be a useful immunohistochemical adjunct in distinguishing uterine epithelioid smooth muscle tumors from uterine PEComas.
Relationship of research postdoctoral experience and attainment of tenure by neuroscientists

Abstract Data extracted from the 1976 UCLA Inventory of Neuroscientists showed that among 1307 neuroscientists with academic appointments who received their highest degree between 1946 and 1975, 46% were tenured, and that 30% of these and 24% of those without tenure had had postdoctoral research training. Analysis of the data by type of degree and by 5-year intervals revealed that M.D.'s attained academic tenure later in their careers than did Ph.D's but fewer with tenure had had postdoctoral research training.
Validity of Self-Reported Menstrual Cycle Length

Purpose Self-reported menstrual cycle length has been associated with host and environmental factors and chronic disease risk. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of self-reported cycle length. Methods The authors assessed the agreement between a woman's self-reported “usual” cycle length at study onset with the mean of her observed cycle lengths from prospective daily diaries for 398 women aged 19 to 41 years in the Mount Sinai Study of Women Office Workers (1990 to 1994). Results Forty-three percent of women self-reported usual cycle lengths more than 2 days different from their mean length. When self-reported cycle length was categorized ( 35 days) and compared with mean cycle length, 21% of women were misclassified. Women who were older, married, and with higher income were more likely to have accurately reported their menstrual cycle length. Women who had short or long mean cycle lengths (lowest and highest quintile of length) were less likely to self-report accurately, and accuracy decreased monotonically with increasing cycle variability. Conclusions These findings show considerable measurement error in self-reported cycle length, as well as describe population subgroups that report menstrual cycle length with the greatest accuracy.
Large-Scale Synthesis of Antisense Oligonucleotides without Chlorinated Solvents

It is demonstrated that mixed-sequence phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides can be synthesized on scales from 1 μmol up to 80 mmol without using chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane o...
The common occurrence of ATP diphosphohydrolase in mammalian plasma membranes

In the plasma membranes from several mammalian tissues (including normal and tumor tissues), a Mg2+ (or Ca2+)-dependent ATP phosphohydrolase activity is present in much greater amount than the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The ouabain-insensitive activity can be attributed to at least two enzymes, an ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and an ATP diphosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.5). The ATPase hydrolyzes ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates and is not inhibited by azide. The ATP diphosphohydrolase hydrolyzes both ATP and ADP (and other nucleoside tri- and diphosphates) and the hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides is strongly inhibited by 10 mM azide. The ratios of these two enzymes in the various membranes (as determined by the extent of azide inhibition) vary widely. The ATP diphosphohydrolase accounts for most of the Mg2+ (or Ca2+)-dependent ATP hydrolysis activity of the plasma membranes of liver (mouse), kidney (dog), two mouse sarcomas, and a human astrocytoma (xenograft in athymic mice). The ATPase is more dominant in the plasma membranes from mouse brain and human oat cell carcinoma. The widespread presence of the ATP diphosphohydrolase in plasma membrane from various types of tissues is demonstrated for the first time and is of particular interest in view of its relatively high activity in the plasma membranes of two sarcomas. The membrane-bound ATP diphosphohydrolase is characterized with respect to its metal ion activators, substrates, and inhibitors. These results should facilitate the distinction of this enzyme from other ATP hydrolyzing enzymes of plasma membranes in future investigations.
Inspection sensitivity improvement through optimization of lobe blocking on high end memory devices

As cell size of advanced memory is approaching to around 50nm hence the size of defect is required to be detected is less than 30nm. In the array area best combinations of the inspection tool that can be achieved the maximum sensitivity through optics based are short wavelength, small pixel and collection from off-axis perspectives when the noise from pattern can be blocked. To remove the pattern noise efficiently and having enough defect signal to detector laser illumination is better approach than broadband lamp where lobe formation is not well defined and light intensity is not high enough. UVision TM 3D channel which is off-axis collection of light from normal illumination was evaluated on array area of advanced memory design rules. Below 100nm node design rule 3D channel can successfully suppress the Customized Light Collection (CLC) lobes which are diffraction lobes from memory array pattern. In this paper we would like to report significant improvement of defect detection sensitivity through optimizing CLC lobe mask. It was developed to maximize the defect collection area and angle and showed improvements on defect detection through SNR and signal enhancement. Because of CLC lobe suppression's inverse relationship with device design rule the results show that the smaller design rule gives better defect signal detection capability.
Associative overlap and category membership as variables in paired-associate learning

In three experiments, associative overlap, pattern of association, and category membership between words in pairs and in sets of four words were studied in paired-associate learning. These variables are known to be related to clustering in free recall and in some instances to number of items recalled. Number of correct responses in paired-associate learning varied in two experiments with the categorization factor, paralleling findings in free recall, but the associative overlap and pattern of association variables produced either no differences or differences of marginal significance. Associative overlap and pattern of association, then, are less significant to paired-associate learning than prior work suggests they are to free recall.
Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials and character formula for the Lie superalgebragI(m/n)

We find the character formula for irreducible finite-dimensionalgl(m/n)-modules. Also multiplicities of the composition factors in a Kac module are calculated.
Controlled synthesis of phosphorylcholine derivatives of poly(serine) and poly(homoserine)

We report methods for the synthesis of polypeptides that are fully functionalized with desirable phosphorylcholine, PC, groups. Because of the inherent challenges in the direct incorporation of the PC group into α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers, we developed a synthetic approach that combined functional NCA polymerization with efficient postpolymerization modification. While poly(L-phosphorylcholine serine) was found to be unstable upon synthesis, we successfully prepared poly(L-phosphorylcholine homoserine) with controlled chain lengths and found these to be water-soluble with disordered chain conformations.
Association of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective. Young women with lupus are at increased risk for premature osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Experimental evidence suggests that inflammation and immune-mediated mechanisms, key factors in the pathogenesis of lupus, play a role in osteogenesis and atherogenesis. This study investigated whether bone mineral density (BMD) was associated with the carotid plaque index, intima media thickness (IMT), or coronary artery calcium score in lupus patients. Methods. In this pilot study, 65 women with lupus underwent carotid B-mode ultrasound to measure the carotid plaque index and IMT, and dual x-ray absorptiometry to measure BMD at the lumbar spine and hip. As part of a feasibility study, 13 of these 65 patients also underwent electron-beam computed tomography to assess coronary artery calcification. Results. The carotid plaque index was higher (1.00, 1.00, and 0.38, respectively) in the patients in the lowest and middle tertiles of hip BMD when compared with patients in the highest tertile of hip BMD. The correlation coefficient between the coronary artery calcium score and lumbar spine BMD was 0.57 (P 0.04), and between the coronary artery calcium score and hip BMD was 0.55 (P 0.05). Conclusion. These results demonstrate an association between decreased BMD and both an increased carotid plaque index and presence of coronary artery calcification in a small cohort of young women with lupus. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the pro
Interpersonal violence: secondary analysis of the keep your children/yourself safe and secure (KySS) data.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the secondary analysis was to determine agreement of parents and children to the interpersonal violence (IPV) items on the Keep Your Children/Yourself Safe and Secure (KySS) survey to assess mental health concerns. METHODS: A comparative, descriptive design was used to determine the level of agreement between parent/child dyads on the 15 attitude/knowledge and worry items related to IPV (n = 563 dyads). RESULTS: Single mother/son and 10- to 12-year-olds had less agreement than other dyad combinations and child age groups. Six of the 10 knowledge/attitude items had significant differences, including multigenerational occurrence of sexual abuse, the effect of harsh parenting, witnessing domestic violence, and incidence of physical abuse. The least agreement was on sexual abuse, incidence of physical abuse, and outcome of strict parenting (p Language: en
Perceptions of siblings with autism and relationships with them: European American and Asian American siblings draw and tell

Background This study examined typically developing children's perceptions of their siblings with autism and their relationships with them in a European American and an Asian American family.Method...
Effectiveness of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for outcomes of acute otitis media.

OBJECTIVES. To determine whether we could increase adherence to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations with well-accepted approaches to improving quality of care and adherence to the CDC recommendations resulted in improved outcomes for acute otitis media (AOM). METHODS. A cluster randomization study was conducted in 12 pediatric practices (6 intervention and 6 control sites). The main outcome measures were adherence to the CDC recommendations (modified to include 2 additional antimicrobial agents) and a subsequent antibiotic prescription for AOM within 30 days after diagnosis. RESULTS. Of 3152 patients referred to research assistants, 2584 (82%) were eligible. Of those eligible, 1368 (99%) of 1382 at the intervention sites and 1138 (99%) of 1146 at the control sites consented to participate. Rates of adherence to the CDC recommendations were not significantly higher at the intervention sites than at the control sites, for initial enrollment episodes (78.2% vs 70.6%) or second episodes (62.6% vs 59.9%). After controlling for clustering according to site and covariates, children who were not treated in adherence to the CDC recommendations for both episodes had 1.60 times the odds of a subsequent prescription within 12 days, compared with those treated in adherence at both episodes. CONCLUSIONS. Despite using evidence-based approaches that are known to influence physician behavior, we were unable to increase adherence to the CDC recommendations for treatment of AOM. However, we did establish that prescription of antimicrobial therapy consistent with the CDC recommendations for a second episode of AOM was associated with improved outcomes, measured as the need for subsequent antibiotic prescription. Because of the selection of resistant otopathogens, adherence to the CDC recommendations is likely more important in subsequent episodes of AOM than in the initial episode.
Human Factors Information Taxonomy: Fundamental Human Factors Applications for Architectural Programs:

Identification of user expectations and requirements, which is vital to the successful implementation of architectural programs, can be achieved through the application of behavioral science and hu...
Selective influence and response time cumulative distribution functions in serial-parallel task networks

Abstract We analyze sets of mental processes, some of which are concurrent and some of which are sequential, under the assumption that the processes are partially ordered, that is, arranged in a directed acyclic network. Information about the process arrangement can be discovered by examining the effects on response time of selectively influencing process durations. Previous work has mainly focused on analyses of mean response times. Here we consider analyses based on cumulative distribution functions, for one of the major classes of directed acyclic networks, serial-parallel networks. When two processes are selectively influenced, patterns in the cumulative distribution functions can be used to test whether the processes are sequential or concurrent and whether the task network has AND gates or OR gates. Cumulative distribution functions are potentially more informative than means, and some previous results for means are shown to follow from our results for cumulative distribution functions.
A self-calibrating bandpass filter and transceiver system tuning and test technique

The design of a self-calibrating, tunable, channel select filter and transceiver system tuning and test technique implemented in standard 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology for personal area network applications is presented. The active RC bandpass filter features a cascade of biquadratic sections and is used in a low-IF receiver with a 2 MHz IF. A calibration technique adjusts for center frequency skewing by using the final biquad stage as an oscillator to track process variation. The calibration approach is a hybrid of the direct frequency measurement and the master/slave approaches whereby the actual filter resonator is used as a voltage controlled oscillator without the need for additional master block circuitry thus minimizing complexity and die area. The bandpass filter is accessible within the receiver through an integrated test capability that allows for direct measurement of filter parameters. The filter has been successfully fabricated in the design of a fully-integrated, single-chip 2.4 GHz CMOS RFIC. The mean bandpass filter center frequency for a 20-chip lot is 2.0090 MHz with an 11 kHz standard deviation. The group delay ranges from 1.1 to 1.9 /spl mu/s and the BPF consumes 7.4 mA from a 2.5 V supply under typical conditions.
Breast cancer characteristics at diagnosis and survival among Arab–American women compared to European– and African–American women

Background Data from Arab world studies suggest that Arab women may experience a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype. To investigate this finding, we focused on one of the largest settlements of Arabs and Iraqi Christians (Chaldeans) in the US, metropolitan Detroit- a SEER reporting site since 1973. Materials and methods We identified a cohort of primary breast cancer cases diagnosed 1973–2003. Using a validated name algorithm, women were identified as being of Arab/Chaldean descent if they had an Arab last or maiden name. We compared characteristics at diagnosis (age, grade, histology, SEER stage, and marker status) and overall survival between Arab–, European–, and African–Americans. Results The cohort included 1,652 (2%) women of Arab descent, 13,855 (18%) African–American women, and 63,615 (80%) European–American women. There were statistically significant differences between the racial groups for all characteristics at diagnosis. Survival analyses overall and for each SEER stage showed that Arab–American women had the best survival, followed by European–American women. African–American women had the poorest overall survival and were 1.37 (95% confidence interval: 1.23–1.52) times more likely to be diagnosed with an aggressive tumor (adjusting for age, grade, marker status, and year of diagnosis). Conclusion Overall, Arab–American women have a distribution of breast cancer histology similar to European–American women. In contrast, the stage, age, and hormone receptor status at diagnosis among Arab–Americans was more similar to African–American women. However, Arab–American women have a better overall survival than even European–American women.
Kinematic analysis of motor recovery with human adult bone marrow-derived somatic cell therapy in a rat model of stroke.

Background. The extent to which pharmaceutical and behavioral therapies following central nervous system injury may either deter or encourage the development of compensatory movement patterns is a ...
Effects of model resolution and subgrid-scale physics on the simulation of precipitation in the continental United States

We analyze simulations of the global climate performed at a range of spatial resolutions to assess the effects of horizontal spatial resolution on the ability to simulate precipitation in the continental United States. The model investigated is the CCM3 general circulation model. We also preliminarily assess the effect of replacing cloud and convective parameterizations in a coarse-resolution (T42) model with an embedded cloud-system resolving model (CSRM). We examine both spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation and daily time scale temporal variability of precipitation in the continental United States. For DJF and SON, high-resolution simulations produce spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation that agree more closely with observed precipitation patterns than do results from the same model (CCM3) at coarse resolution. However, in JJA and MAM, there is little improvement in spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation with increasing resolution, particularly in the southeast USA. This is because of the dominance of convective (i.e., parameterized) precipitation in these two seasons. We further find that higher-resolution simulations have more realistic daily precipitation statistics. In particular, the well-known tendency at coarse resolution to have too many days with weak precipitation and not enough intense precipitation is partially eliminated in higher-resolution simulations. However, even at the highest resolution examined here (T239), the simulated intensity of the mean and of high-percentile daily precipitation amounts is too low. This is especially true in the southeast USA, where the most extreme events occur. A new GCM, in which a cloud-resolving model (CSRM) is embedded in each grid cell and replaces convective and stratiform cloud parameterizations, solves this problem, and actually produces too much precipitation in the form of extreme events. However, in contrast to high-resolution versions of CCM3, this model produces little improvement in spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation compared to models at the same resolution using traditional parameterizations.
Europe and Iran’s Nuclear Issue: The Labours and Sorrows of a Supporting Actor

At the time of writing, representatives from Iran and the E3/EU+3 are trying to work out an agreement that will guarantee that Iran’s controversial nuclear programme, widely suspected of having a military purpose, serves only peaceful ends. As the negotiations enter their most crucial phase, the time is ripe to attempt an assessment of the role played by the only actor, besides Iran, that has been on stage since it all began over ten years ago: Europe. Throughout this long drama, Europe’s performance has had some brilliant moments. Yet the quality of its acting has decreased as a new protagonist, the US, has come on stage. Overall, the Europeans’ record is positive, albeit not entirely spotless.
The radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols on the operational retrieval of sea surface temperature from the infrared radiances measured by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

The impact of atmospheric aerosols on the retrieval of sea surface temperature (SST) from the infrared radiances measured in channels 3(/spl ap/3.7 /spl mu/m), 4(/spl ap/10.8 /spl mu/m), and 5(/spl ap/12 /spl mu/m) of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board NOAA's Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) has been investigated, using LOWTRAN-7 model simulations. The brightness temperatures in the three channels are lowered and the impact of the lowered brightness temperatures on the retrieved SSTs using the Multichannel Sea Surface Temperature (MCSST) algorithms exhibits a noticeable algorithmic dependence. The split-window algorithm yields lowered SSTs, with the SST depressions ranging from a few degrees to a fraction of a degree C, depending upon the columnar abundance, and the physical and radiative properties of the aerosols. Aerosol correction schemes are suggested based on the linear relationship between the line-of-sight aerosol optical thickness, and the SST depression.
Image processing using the HSI color space

Traditional interfield spatial filtering in the YIQ color space is compared with new spatial filtering techniques developed using the HSI color space. Results based on an extended version of the CCIR impairment scale are presented. The present experiments are based on renderings of computation grids obtained from the MSU/NFS Engineering Research Center for Computational Field Simulation. It is shown that there are three significant points to be considered when performing spatial filtering in the HSI color space for the purpose of flicker reduction. First, sharpness degradations are normally considered more objectionable than flicker degradations. Second, luminance and intensity filtering are visually equivalent. Third, saturation processing can be used to introduce appropriate colors into the gray scale fringe regions that are generated by intensity processing, but hue processing must be used in conjunction with this to avoid the red fringe effect. Therefore, the marginal improvement in image quality does not normally justify the additional computational effort required. >
Adaptation and anweald in the Old English Orosius

After Janet Bately's several articles and her recent edition of the Old English Orosius there is little need to analyse further what the Anglo-Saxon translator did to his source. The translator made substantial cuts in the Latin text: he deleted much of Orosius's commentary on the events he narrated, made a number of minor, probably accidental, omissions, rather surprisingly left out some details which should have interested the Anglo-Saxon audience, and carried out a wholesale chopping of events and entire sections, reducing his translation to perhaps one-fifth the length of its source. He also made some additions, primarily explanations of institutions and details which would have been obscure to his audience, but also circumstances and rationalizations taken from secondary sources or from his own whimsy. Finally, he made some changes in the organization of his source and altered Orosius's polemical tone to that of a more objective but still Christian world history. Given the large number of changes, it is important now to ask why the translator might have made such a thorough redaction, and to consider how his translation could have been an appropriate vehicle for the transmission of this standard authority to an Anglo-Saxon readership. We are not unfamiliar today with historical revisionism and the motives for it, and the practice reveals the culture of its modern practitioners; the present study seeks similar information about the culture of Alfred's age.
Influence of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions on rhizobacterial communities and natural variation in root exudates

Plant species is considered to be one of the most important factors in shaping rhizobacterial communities, but specific plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are still not fully understood. Arabidopsis thaliana, for which a large number of naturally occurring ecotype accessions exist, lacks mycorrhizal associations and is hence an ideal model for rhizobacterial studies. Eight Arabidopsis accessions were found to exert a marked selective influence on bacteria associated with their roots, as determined by terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). Community differences in species composition and relative abundance were both significant (P <0.001). The eight distinct and reproducible accession-dependent community profiles also differed from control bulk soil. Root exudates of these variants were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to try to establish whether the unique rhizobacterial assemblages among accessions could be attributed to plant-regulated chemical changes in the rhizosphere. Natural variation in root exudation patterns was clearly exhibited, suggesting that differences in exudation patterns among accessions could be influencing bacterial assemblages. Other factors such as root system architecture are also probably involved. Finally, to investigate the Arabidopsis rhizosphere further, the phylogenetic diversity of rhizobacteria from accession Cvi-0 is described.
Age-correlated stress resistance improves fitness of yeast: support from agent-based simulations

Background Resistance to stress is often heterogeneous among individuals within a population, which helps protect against intermittent stress (bet hedging). This is also the case for heat shock resistance in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Interestingly, the resistance appears to be continuously distributed (vs. binary, switch-like) and correlated with replicative age (vs. random). Older, slower-growing cells are more resistant than younger, faster-growing ones. Is there a fitness benefit to age-correlated stress resistance?
ALLY: an operator's associate model for cooperative supervisory control situations

The authors explore the key characteristics of an intelligent advisory system. A central feature is that human-machine cooperation should be based on a metaphor of human-to-human cooperation. ALLY, a computer-based operator's associate, is discussed which is based on a preliminary theory of human-to-human cooperation. ALLY assists the operator in carrying out the supervisory control functions for a simulated NASA ground control system. Experimental evaluation of ALLY indicates that operators using ALLY performed at least as well as they did when using a human associate, and in some cases they performed even better. >
HABITAT CLASSIFICATION MODELING WITH INCOMPLETE DATA: PUSHING THE HABITAT ENVELOPE

Habitat classification models (HCMs) are invaluable tools for species conservation, land-use planning, reserve design, and metapopulation assessments, particularly at broad spatial scales. However, species occurrence data are often lacking and typically limited to presence points at broad scales. This lack of absence data precludes the use of many statistical techniques for HCMs. One option is to generate pseudo-absence points so that the many available statistical modeling tools can bb used. Traditional techniques generate pseudo-absence points at random across broadly defined species ranges, often failing to include biological knowledge concerning the species-habitat relationship. We incorporated biological knowledge of the species-habitat relationship into pseudo-absence points by creating habitat envelopes that constrain the region from which points were randomly selected. We define a habitat envelope as an ecological representation of a species, or species feature's (e.g., nest) observed distribution (i.e., realized niche) based on a single attribute, or the spatial intersection of multiple attributes. We created HCMs for Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) nest habitat during the breeding season across Utah forests with extant nest presence points and ecologically based pseudo-absence points using logistic regression. Predictor variables were derived from 30-m USDA Landfire and 250-m Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) map products. These habitat-envelope-based models were then compared to null envelope models which use traditional practices for generating pseudo-absences. Models were assessed for fit and predictive capability using metrics such as kappa, threshold-independent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots, adjusted deviance (D(adj)2), and cross-validation, and were also assessed for ecological relevance. For all cases, habitat envelope-based models outperformed null envelope models and were more ecologically relevant, suggesting that incorporating biological knowledge into pseudo-absence point generation is a powerful tool for species habitat assessments. Furthermore, given some a priori knowledge of the species-habitat relationship, ecologically based pseudo-absence points can be applied to any species, ecosystem, data resolution, and spatial extent.
Do You Pursue Your Heart or Your Art? Creativity, Personality, and Love

We examined the associations between love, personality, and creativity for people in relationships of varying durations. Participants (N = 1,529) from regions across the United States completed an online survey. Consistent with prior work, we found that relationship length was negatively associated with passion, positively associated with commitment, and did not exhibit a significant association with intimacy. For personality, agreeableness was positively associated with passion, intimacy, and commitment, and conscientiousness was positively associated with intimacy and commitment. Additionally, openness was significantly associated with passion and intimacy for men, and emotional stability was significantly associated with intimacy for women. Of note, artistic creative behaviors were negatively associated with all three love components, whereas everyday creative behaviors and self-assessed creativity were positively associated with each love component.
Ambulation Outcomes After Hip Fracture

Ability to achieve prefracture ambulation status after hip fracture and subsequent rehabilitation was studied in 70 inpatients in a geriatric rehabilitation center. The association of 11 factors with the ability to achieve prefracture ambulation status was measured by chi-square analysis. The 11 factors were age, sex, number of visits to physical therapy, presence of pain in the affected extremity, leg-length difference of 0.5 in or more, side of fracture, motivation, orientation, alertness, previous leg fracture, and surgical repair with a prosthetic replacement or fracture pinning. Forty percent of the entire group returned to their prefracture level of ambulation by the time of discharge from physical therapy. Of the 11 variables studied, only previous leg fracture and the number of visits to physical therapy showed a significant association with the patient's ability to reach prefracture ambulation status.
Paring UML and DODAF down to the project-vital set of diagrams

Most projects do not have the resources to produce and support all types of UML and DODAF diagrams. Analysis literature gives little guidance on which types of diagrams are vital for certain types of projects and domains. Here a veteran software engineer describes precisely which types of diagrams are vital and which are less important for different software projects. Also they offer some practical design strategies for applying UML and DODAF with projects centered around web database development.
FAK Inhibition Abrogates the Malignant Phenotype in Aggressive Pediatric Renal Tumors

Despite the tremendous advances in the treatment of childhood kidney tumors, there remain subsets of pediatric renal tumors that continue to pose a therapeutic challenge, mainly malignant rhabdoid kidney tumors and nonosseous renal Ewing sarcoma. Children with advanced, metastatic, or relapsed disease have a poor disease-free survival rate. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is important in many facets of tumor development and progression. FAK has been found in other pediatric solid tumors and in adult renal cellular carcinoma, leading to the hypothesis that FAK contributes to pediatric kidney tumors and would affect cellular survival. In the current study, FAK was present and phosphorylated in pediatric kidney tumor specimens. Moreover, the effects of FAK inhibition upon G401 and SK-NEP-1 cell lines were examined using a number of parallel approaches to block FAK, including RNA interference and small-molecule FAK inhibitors. FAK inhibition resulted in decreased cellular survival, invasion and migration, and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, small-molecule inhibition of FAK led to decreased SK-NEP-1 xenograft growth in vivo. These data deepen the knowledge of the tumorigenic process in pediatric renal tumors, and provide desperately needed therapeutic strategies and targets for these rare, but difficult to treat, malignancies. Implications: This study provides a fundamental understanding of tumorigenesis in difficult to treat renal tumors and provides an impetus for new avenues of research and potential for novel, targeted therapies. Mol Cancer Res; 12(4); 514–26. ©2014 AACR.
Gender and the politics of space: The movement for women's reform in Muslim India, 1857–1900

(1991). Gender and the politics of space: The movement for women's reform in Muslim India, 1857–1900. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 14, Aspect of ‚the public’ in colonial South Asia, pp. 141-153.
Structure-based discovery of β2-adrenergic receptor ligands

Aminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been a major focus of pharmaceutical research for many years. Due partly to the lack of reliable receptor structures, drug discovery efforts have been largely ligand-based. The recently determined X-ray structure of the β2-adrenergic receptor offers an opportunity to investigate the advantages and limitations inherent in a structure-based approach to ligand discovery against this and related GPCR targets. Approximately 1 million commercially available, “lead-like” molecules were docked against the β2-adrenergic receptor structure. On testing of 25 high-ranking molecules, 6 were active with binding affinities <4 μM, with the best molecule binding with a Ki of 9 nM (95% confidence interval 7–10 nM). Five of these molecules were inverse agonists. The high hit rate, the high affinity of the most potent molecule, the discovery of unprecedented chemotypes among the new inhibitors, and the apparent bias toward inverse agonists among the docking hits, have implications for structure-based approaches against GPCRs that recognize small organic molecules.
Optimal control for holonomic and Pfaffian nonholonomic systems

AIAA, Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, San Diego, CA, July 29-31, 1996 Holonomic and Pfaffian nonholonomic systems are dynamical systems whose generalized coordinates and velocities are subject to smooth constraints. These systems are usually described by second order differential equations of motion and algebraic equations of constraint. We present an optimal control formulation for these systems that utilize the multiplier rule to append both the equations of motion and equations of constraint directly to the performance index. Variational calculus techniques are used to obtain the necessary conditions, and we find that, like the original state dynamical system, the costate system also represents a differential-algebraic constrained dynamical system. To numerically solve the evolution of the state and costate coupled set of differential-algebraic equations, we propose a special form of an augmented Lagrangian penalty method. Several examples are included to evaluate the merits of the new methods introduced. (Author)