cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
8 – Iodine bioavailability

Publisher Summary Iodine is an essential micromineral for all animal species, including humans. It occurs in plant tissues predominantly as inorganic iodide and is readily absorbed in this form from all segments of the intestinal tract. Few definitive studies of iodine bioavailability have been done since 1973. The current information is primarily from the work of Miller and his associates at the University of Tennessee with dairy cattle. Early studies have shown that either sodium iodide (NaI) or potassium iodide (KI), as supplemental sources of iodine, were effective in maintaining normal thyroid weights in rats fed with goitrogenic diets. Several researchers have used uptake of stable or radioactive iodine by the thyroid or other tissue as an indication of bioavailability of an iodine source. Injectable forms of iodized oils, as well as iodized oils administered orally, have served as effective sources of supplemental iodine in the reduction of endemic goiter in human populations. Iodine is unique in that stability of the carrier compound is of great importance. Goitrogenic substances present in feed or food are the most important factors influencing iodine bioavailability. Perchlorates and rubidium salts were known to interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid. Sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and thylenediamine dihydriodide are well utilized by animals as sources of iodine. Calcium iodate and pemacalcium orthoperiodate are also of high bioavailability and have been shown to have greater physical stability. Potassium iodide or sodium iodide has usually served as the reference standard when comparative studies were conducted.
Investigating the distribution of strains of Erwinia amylovora and streptomycin resistance in apple orchards in New York using CRISPR profiles: a six-year follow-up

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important diseases of apple. The antibiotic streptomycin is routinely used in the commercial apple industries of New York ...
Soil health changes from grassland to row crops conversion on Natric Aridisols in South Dakota, USA

Abstract In the northern Great Plains vast amounts of native grassland have given way to crops, mostly small grains and corn, over the past half century. It is well understood that over the long-term, grassland conversion accelerates erosion and generally decreases many soil functions. It is less clear, however, what short-term effects occur to the soil from grassland conversion; after the first or second year of conversion. The objectives of this study were to assess the short-term (first year) effects of converting land that is considered long-term grassland to small grain production through either conventional tillage (CT) or no-till (NT) practices using various indicators of soil health and to demonstrate how tools such as the Comprehensive Assessment for Soil Health (CASH), can be used to document soil health indicator decline immediately upon conversion from grassland to small grains. The CASH offers a suite of chemical, physical and biological soil tests to broadly assess soil health. In general, these indicators showed a more rapid decline in soil health under CT than NT. After the first year of grassland conversion, aggregate stability declined by 7% and 19% in the NT and CT plots, respectively when compared to the grassland control. Likewise, CT produced significantly greater declines in permanganate oxidizable carbon (POX-C) and soil protein (ACE-Protein), particularly under reduced precipitation. This study highlights how the CASH can provide an intuitive framework for monitoring the effects of land use change and can be used by land managers to identify potential soil constraints and formulate potential interventions.
Strategies for Developing Complex Multi-Component In Vitro Tumor Models: Highlights in Glioblastoma

In recent years, many research groups have begun to utilize bioengineered in vitro models of cancer to study mechanisms of disease progression, test drug candidates, and develop platforms to advance personalized drug treatment options. Due to advances in cell and tissue engineering over the last few decades, there are now a myriad of tools that can be used to create such in vitro systems. In this review, we describe the considerations one must take when developing model systems that accurately mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME) and can be used to answer specific scientific questions. We will summarize the importance of cell sourcing in models with one or multiple cell types and outline the importance of choosing biomaterials that accurately mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor or tissue that is being modeled. We then provide examples of how these two components can be used in concert in a variety of model form factors and conclude by discussing how biofabrication techniques such as bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip fabrication can be used to create highly reproducible complex in vitro models. Since this topic has a broad range of applications, we use the final section of the review to dive deeper into one type of cancer, glioblastoma, to illustrate how these components come together to further our knowledge of cancer biology and move us closer to developing novel drugs and systems that improve patient outcomes.
Genetic Assessment of the Role of Breeding Wheat for Organic Systems

Organic farming as an agricultural system includes substantially different growing methods and guidelines than conventional farming systems. Plant breeding programs typically breed and select varieties under a farming system that includes the use of agronomic practices not permitted under organic farming standards. One objective of our research is to quantify the overall differences in yield of winter wheat when grown under two contrasting systems, organic and conventional. Thirty-five advanced breeding lines were evaluated in five locations in Washington State in both organic and conventional plant breeding nurseries. These breeding lines showed a statistically significant difference in change of rank for yield and genotype by system interactions between the two systems at four of five locations. Another objective of our research is to evaluate historical and modern wheat varieties under organic conditions to identify traits that confer adaptation and optimal yields in organic conditions. Analysis of variance shows no significant difference in the top yielding historical varieties and the modern varieties when grown in organic conditions, indicating that traits important to yield in organic systems can be found in historical wheat varieties that were selected under low input conditions. These results support the argument for the need to select varieties for organic agriculture in an organic production system in order to optimize yield potential
Determining Authoritiveness on the Web: An Exploration of the Content and Roles of Academics' Web Pages

Abstract Assessments of the accuracy or trustworthiness of information in a computer system fall within the scope of data and communications security. For the purposes of this article, we define “security” very broadly, to include the provision of promised information, of ascertainable quality, intact and unaltered, to a desired audience, across appropriate ranges of time and space. In traditional media-radio, television, and print-editors and publishers pass judgement upon authors' works before they reach the public. With the advent of the World Wide Web, authors can present their work without editorial intervention. In such cases, readers must judge works based on internal consistencies, citations, methods, and upon the credentials provided by the authors themselves. In this article, a selection of academics' personal Web pages is discussed from a Soft Systems perspective, with the aid of content analysis and iconographic examinations. Materials studied were freely available to the public. The contents ...
Time-Temperature Behavior of a Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composite

A testing program to determine the time-temperature response of undirectional graphite/epoxy materials is described. Short-term creep test results of strip tensile specimen with the load at various angles to the fiber direction and at various temperature levels are reported. It was shown that the material is elastic at all temperature levels when the fiber is in the load direction. On the other hand, when the load is transverse to the fibers, the viscoelastic response was shown to vary from small amounts at room temperature to large amounts for temperatures in excess of 180 C for other fiber angles, the response was similar to the latter.
Interaction of neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus: a study of some behavioral effects of hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth.

Recent research has suggested that normal learning/memory may depend upon the balance between central noradrenergic and cholinergic systems. This hypothesis has particular relevance to the study of the neuronal rearrangement that follows cholinergic denervation of hippocampus. In this, peripheral noradrenergic fibers, originating from the superior cervical ganglion, grow into the hippocampus in response to lesions of the medial septal (MS) cholinergic cell bodies. To understand further the influence of hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth (HSI) on behavior, gustatory neophobia, passive avoidance (PA) learning, and open field activity were studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent one of four surgical procedures: MS lesions and sham ganglionectomy (ingrowth group; MS/HSI group), sham MS lesions and ganglionectomy (Gx group), MS lesions and ganglionectomy (no-ingrowth group; MS/Gx group), or sham MS lesions and sham ganglionectomy (CON group). Behavioral testing began 4 weeks following surgery. The time to acquire the PA task was similar among all groups; however, the initial latency to enter the dark chamber of the PA apparatus was longer, and the number of partial reentries greatest, for MS/HSI animals. Retention testing at 24 hr revealed that MS/HSI animals were significantly impaired when compared to the CON and MS/Gx groups. The MS/Gx and the CON groups demonstrated gustatory neophobia, preferring water to saccharin solution, while gustatory neophobia was absent in the MS/HSI and Gx groups. MS/HSI animals were found to be more active in the open field than the other groups. Biochemical studies revealed the expected loss of ChAT activity in the dorsal and ventral hippocampi of lesioned animals along with elevated levels of norepinephrine (NE) in the dorsal hippocampus of MS/HSI animals.
Placental site involution.

Abstract The obliteration of the placental site post partum is accomplished by vascular constriction and occlusions giving hemostasis initially and a surface necrosis due to ischemia secondarily. Necrotic material is then sloughed into the endometrial cavity and cast from the uterus. After the slough, the area is restored by glandular epithelial cells growing in from the periphery and from the base. Although the reparative process is not unique, being similar to that found in other areas of the body after superficial injury and slough, the pattern of hyalinization of remaining vessels is unusual. Stigmas of vascular alteration remain for extended periods and appear to be characteristic of placental site involution.
Protection of electronic equipment in a substation environment

High-energy transients or faults cause failures in low voltage substation equipment such as solid-state relays, remote terminal units, or communication equipment. Sometimes, due to these influences, relays operate erroneously causing interruptions that were not called for. Operational problems resulting from the failed equipment also include loss of audio/video signals and data transmission. The overvoltages may even destroy the protective devices such as gas discharge tubes or metal oxide varistors. The objective of this paper is to present protection guidelines that address the above concerns and prevent the electronic equipment failures in substations. Test methodologies and data supporting these guidelines are also presented. The specific areas of focus include grounding and shielding practices for substation control and communication cables.
Forbidden X-ray wavefields of three-beam Bragg reflections from thick crystals

A detailed analysis of a three-beam diffraction dispersion surface is performed to study the forbidden wavefields of thick-crystal Bragg reflections. From the asymptotic transition between two- and three-beam diffraction, it is found that the excitation state of each wavefield can be accurately determined with the two-beam criterion. Consequently, Bragg-case three-beam diffraction from thick crystals is either a four-mode diffraction process for the Bragg-Laue geometry or a two-mode process for the Bragg-Bragg geometry, and the amplitudes of the excited wavefields can be completely determined by the entrance boundary conditions. Based on this picture, the intrinsic mechanisms underlying three-beam Bragg reflections are clearly illustrated.
Coarsening in multiphase multicomponent systems—I. The mean field limit

Abstract Ostwald ripening in multicomponent systems where an arbitrary number of precipitate phases are coarsening is examined. Within the mean field approximation it is found that the coarsening rate constant for each phase is identical to the previously derived result for a single phase growing in a multicomponent system. Also, the late time particle size distribution for each phase, when normalized by its average radius, is equivalent to the distribution predicted by Lifschitz and Slyozov. Finally, the decay rate of each of the supersaturation terms is derived.
Inhibitory action of aurintricarboxylic acid and rifamycin AF/013 at the polynucleotide domain of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-receptor complexes☆

Abstract The binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-receptor complexes from chicken intestine to DNA-cellulose and isolated intestinal nuclei is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by aurintricarboxylic acid and rifamycin AF/013. Since both nuclear- and cytoplasmic-associated receptors have been identified, some experiments were carried out on both populations of receptors. Concentrations resulting in 50% displacement of cytoplasmic receptor complexes were 3.2 × 10−6 M and 1.2 × 10−4 M for aurintricarboxylic acid and rifamycin AF/013 respectively. Moreover, rifamycin AF/013 was approximately nine times more potent at inhibiting nuclear receptor binding to DNA-cellulose compared to cytoplasmic receptors. Contrary to these findings, rifampicin, which does not inhibit eukaryotic RNA or DNA polymerases, did not cause a loss of receptor complex binding to DNA-cellulose at the doses tested. Neither aurintricarboxylic acid, rifampicin, nor rifamycin AF/013 resulted in any significant loss of sterol binding. Inhibition of receptor binding to DNA-cellulose by these polymerase inhibitors was not due to alteration of the DNA and was reversed by dialysis. Incubation of receptor complexes with aurintricarboxylic acid or rifamycin AF/013 inhibited binding to Cibacron blue-agarose and phosphocellulose. Furthermore, these polymerase inhibitors were utilized specifically to desorb receptor complexes from Cibacron blue-agarose columns. Sucrose density gradient analysis of inhibitor treated and untreated receptor revealed that rifamycin AF/013 treatment resulted in the appearance of a broadened 3.7 S sedimenting receptor in addition to specific bound 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the 6.0 S region and in the pellet of the gradient.
Relativistic effects in transitions of highly ionized heavy atoms

Wavelenghts, oscillator strengths, and lifetimes of KL shell heavy ions such as Fe20+, Br30+, etc. are predicted, including both relativistic and correlation effects. In such ions the distinction between “normal” electric dipole (El) and spin—orbit allowed electric dipole transitions (SOAEl) disappears and the Z-dependence of oscillator strengths is very different from the predictions of non-relativistic orbital theories. The feasibility of observing these ions in heavy ion accelerators is indicated. The results have implications for relativistic many-electron theory, ESCA, X-ray spectra, and molecular total energies.
An endoscopic evaluation of the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastric mucosa.

Gastric mucosal reaction is a common effect of orally administered analgesic drugs. This effect was confirmed by the authors in an elaborate, crossover study. Aspirin and indomethacin induced the most marked reaction. Ibuprofin, a new analgesic agent, provoked the least reaction and the fewest symptoms. Acute gastric mucosal erosions were often seen in subjects with little or no distress, thus accounting for asymptomatic bleeding as clinically encountered in such situations.
The Search for Alternative Computational Paradigms

With statistical behavior replacing deterministic behavior in integrated systems, traditional thinking about computation may no longer apply. This article explores new communication-based models for technologies at the end of, and beyond, the CMOS roadmap.
What is IPT? The Basic Principles and the Inevitability of Change

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is an empirically validated treatment for a number of psychiatric disorders. Like all psychotherapies, IPT can be described by its theoretical foundations and its primary targets, tactics, and techniques. The need for continued creativity in IPT and other treatments is reviewed, and several specific proposals for change in IPT based on clinical observations and theoretical considerations are discussed. A paradigm for collaboration between academic research and clinical observation required for continued creativity is offered. Change is inevitable, and the empirically validated therapies such as IPT will be even more effective as they incorporate and test new and creative elements.
INTRINSIC LOCALIZED MODES OF BRIGHT AND DARK TYPES IN FERROMAGNETIC HEISENBERG CHAINS

We study the existence and properties of intrinsic localized spin-wave modes in one-dimensional, anisotropic, ferromagnetic Heisenberg chains. We show that stable dark localized modes can appear inside the linear spin-wave spectrum, and derive the conditions for the existence of these and bright-envelope modes. By exploiting the symmetry of the equations of motion we find localized modes that exist in a strong driving field and analyze their stability by molecular-dynamics simulations.
Episode of human evolution

The Origin of Modern Humans. By Roger Lewin. Scientific American Library/W. H. Freeman: 1993. Pp. 204. $32.95, £18.95.
The Visual-Evoked Potential in the Diagnosis of Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia

Three infants initially thought to be blind by behavioral criteria had normal visual acuities measured by visual-evoked potentials. Contraversive deviation of the eyes on rotation of the head was present. All three later developed the characteristic head thrust of congenital ocular motor apraxia. Thus, a normal visual-evoked potential provides a significant diagnostic clue in infants with normal ophthalmoscopic findings but abnormal visual behavior.
Promoting Safe Driving Behaviors: The Influence of Message Framing and Issue Involvement

This study examined the influence of framing and issue involvement on the intentions of participants to perform safe driving behaviors. It was hypothesized that when participants were involved with the issue, gain messages would increase intentions to perform safe driving behaviors more than would loss messages. To examine this hypothesis, participants were classified as either being high or low in involvement, and then were required to read either a gain or a loss message promoting a particular safe-driving behavior. After reading the message, the participants' agreement with the message, cognitive and affective responses to the message, and intentions to perform the behavior were recorded. The results supported the hypothesis.
Establishing a network of on-line monitors at the purification works and in the distribution network of rand water

More than 120 on-line instruments were installed in specially designed instrumentation kiosks throughout the Rand Water purification works during the past three years. This forms part of an ongoing expansion programme in which instrumentation is increasingly used for: (i) process monitoring, (ii) process automation and (iii) monitoring of final water quality. This programme is planned to cover the whole distribution network within the next ten years. Output signals from all instrumentation are relayed via PLCs to run time servers and through the Ethernet to Hewlett Packard Unix systems in the control rooms where continuous monitoring and corrective action will be taken. The real time data will also be directly available via viewer nodes to Scientific and Engineering personnel in the near future for quality monitoring, trend analyses and feedback to consumers.
Distribution of GABA and glycine in the lamb nucleus of the solitary tract

The inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are involved in several nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)-mediated functions. The distribution of these amino acids in the NST of the lamb, a species frequently used in investigations of NST-mediated behaviors, has not been described. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the distribution of GABA and glycine in the lamb NST using immunohistochemistry. Both GABA and glycine immunoreactive cells and puncta were unevenly distributed in the lamb NST. The highest density of GABA immunoreactive cells was found in the intermediate zone of the NST, medial to the solitary tract (ST). High to moderate levels of puncta labeling were observed throughout the NST, particularly around the ST in intermediate and caudal zones. Moderate to low levels of glycine immunoreactivity were observed, with most glycine immunoreactive cells and puncta found in the caudal two-thirds of the NST in the medial, ventrolateral and dorsomedial NST. Only a few glycine immunoreactive cells and puncta were found in the rostral zone of the NST. The widespread distribution of GABA and glycine immunoreactivity in intermediate and caudal zones of the NST suggests that these inhibitory amino acids play an important role in modulating NST-mediated functions like swallowing, respiration and cardiovascular regulation in the lamb. The much higher density of GABA immunoreactivity compared to glycine immunoreactivity in the rostral zone of the NST suggests that GABA, but not glycine, is an important neurotransmitter in the processing of taste information by the lamb NST.
Mercury Exposure in an Urban Pediatric Population

Objective.—To determine the prevalence of elevated urinary mercury (Hg), as a marker of exposure, in a population of children drawn from an inner-city community with documented access to elemental mercury. Methods.—A prospective consecutive patient series was conducted from November 1998 to January 1999 at an inner-city clinic in New York. Anonymous urine specimens from subjects (aged 1–18 years) were collected in mercury-free containers, split, acidified with 1:100 hydrochloric acid, and frozen. Cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrofluorometric assays were conducted simultaneously at laboratories at the University of Washington and the New York City Department of Health. Results.—We enrolled 100 children (mean age 9.4 years; 62% male; 55% Hispanic; and 43% African American). Assay results from both laboratories were strongly correlated (r = 0.8, P Conclusion.—We found that 5% of subjects had unsuspected elevated urinary Hg levels. This finding, in a group of inner-city minority children, strongly supports the need for further investigation of the sources of mercury exposure in this population.
Disruption of brain white matter microstructure by excessive intracellular and extracellular fluid in alcoholism: Evidence from diffusion tensor imaging

Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has revealed the disruption of brain white matter microstructure in normal aging and alcoholism undetectable with conventional structural MR imaging. The metrics of DTI can be useful in establishing the nature of the observed microstructural aberrations. Abnormally low fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of diffusion orientation and coherence, may result from increased intracellular or extracellular fluid, which would be reflected in complementary high apparent diffusion coefficients (bulk mean diffusivity) and low FA, or from disorganization of fiber structure, which would be reflected in low FA but with a lack of the inverse FA and diffusivity relationship. To test these competing possibilities, we examined 15 alcoholic men and 31 control men with DTI to quantify diffusivity in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and centrum semiovale. In addition to the previously observed FA deficits in all the three brain regions, the alcoholics had abnormally high white matter diffusivity values in the genu and centrum. Further, inverse correlations between FA and diffusivity were significant in the genu (r=−0.52, p<0.05) and centrum (r=−0.92, p=0.0001). Multiple regression analyses examining diffusivity and age as predictors of FA identified diffusivity as a significant unique contributor to FA in both regions. These results suggest that decreased orientational coherence of brain white matter in alcoholism is attributable, at least in part, to the accumulation of intracellular and extracellular fluid in excess of that occurring in aging, and that the differential influence of these fluid compartments can vary across brain regions.
Using inflation to erode the US public debt

Abstract Projections indicate the US Federal debt held by the public may exceed 70–100% of GDP within 10 years. In many respects, the temptation to inflate away some of this debt burden is similar to that at the end of World War II. In 1946, the debt ratio was 108.6%. Inflation reduced this ratio by more than a third within a decade. Yet there are some important differences – shorter debt maturities today reduce the temptation to inflate, while the larger share of debt held by foreigners increases it. This paper lays out an analytical framework for determining the impact of a large nominal debt overhang on the temptation to inflate. It suggests that when economic growth is stalled, the US debt overhang may induce an increase in inflation of about 5% for several years that could significantly reduce the debt ratio.
Effect of Pressure on the Fluorescence of Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethylhexoxy)−p-Phenylenevinylene]†

The effect of pressure on both the steady-state intensity and the lifetime of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethylhexoxy)−p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH−PPV) has been measured for the neat polymer and at various dilutions in polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). At 1 atm the efficiency increases with increasing dilution, especially in PS blends, and new peaks appear in the blends at higher energy. The lower energy peaks decrease in efficiency with pressure. The behavior of the higher energy bands is more complex. The decay rate is very rapid in the neat polymer. In general the decays in the blends are multiexponential. The differences in behavior in PS and PMMA blends can be explained by the greater compatibility of MEH−PPV in PS. In PMMA the MEH−PPV apparently tends to curl up to minimize the area of contact with the medium, leading to dissipation of energy by long-range intramolecular electron transfer.
Representing the Economic Geographies of ‘Others’: Reconsidering the Global South

This essay examines how undergraduate economic geography courses in Anglo-American institutions traditionally frame economic activities in developing regions and asserts that mainstream approaches have devalued the complexity and diversity of economic geographies in the Global South. Focusing on developmentalism as a commonly used heuristic frame, it is argued that teachers and textbooks may provide only a partial representation of economic activities in the developing world and that this can lead to the marginalization of the Global South as a context for economic geography study and research. The essay concludes with ideas about how teachers might subvert these tendencies.
Elevated serum pancreatic enzyme levels after hemorrhagic shock predict organ failure and death.

BACKGROUND Intraluminal pancreatic enzymes have been shown in animal models to be associated with multiple organ failure after hemorrhagic shock, independent of pancreatitis. The translocation of these enzymes into the circulation may serve as a marker of hemorrhagic shock-induced gut ischemia in critically injured trauma patients. We hypothesized that serum amylase and lipase would be significantly elevated in patients presenting in hemorrhagic shock and in those who develop organ failure. METHODS : Review of a prospective database at a level-1 trauma center from 2000 to 2005. Two thousand seven hundred eleven critically injured trauma patients without pancreatic injuries were evaluated for shock (systolic pressure 2 times the upper limit of normal for amylase (30-130 U/L) and lipase (7-60 U/L) were defined as elevated. Univariate analyses were performed with the Pearson's chi, and binary logistic regression was used to determine significant risk factors for organ failure. Results with a p value <0.05 were considered significant and are reported. RESULTS : Patients with elevated amylase (n = 481, 18%) were more likely to present in shock (16% vs. 8%), require massive transfusion (19% vs. 9%), develop organ failure (34% vs. 16%), and die (23% vs. 13%). Patients with elevated lipase (n = 288, 11%) were more likely to require massive transfusion (18% vs. 10%) and develop organ failure (43% vs. 16%). Independent predictors of organ failure were age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.016), Injury Severity Score (OR = 1.02), massive transfusion (OR = 3.1), elevated amylase (OR = 1.9), and elevated lipase (OR = 3.2). Elevated amylase was also an independent predictor of mortality (OR = 1.3). CONCLUSIONS : Serum levels of pancreatic enzymes are elevated in patients who present in shock or require a massive transfusion and are independent predictors of organ failure. Whether these elevations are caused by ischemic pancreatitis or the translocation of intraluminal enteric pancreatic enzymes is uncertain and future studies are needed. Trauma patients with elevated pancreatic enzymes in the absence of a pancreatic injury have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.
Improved Treatment for the Infrared-Divergence Problem in Quantum Electrodynamics

Although the conceptual difficulties associated with infrared divergences in quantum electrodynamics have long since been resolved, a convenient technique for identifying the appropriate infrared-finite part of Feynman graphs has been lacking. Such a technique is presented here. The polarization sums for both real and virtual photons are rearranged into two parts. One of these (called the $K$-polarization sum) resembles a gauge transformation whose structure permits a simple demonstration of infrared factorization and exponentiation. It is easy to see by inspection that the residual factors (with $G$-polarization sums) are infrared free. This is done for each separate graph, in contrast to earlier treatments where contributions from sets of graphs had to be considered together. The technique is illustrated by a detailed treatment of the radiative corrections to lowest-order potential scattering, and generalizations to other processes are indicated.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia in the lymphoid blastic phase: characteristics, treatment response, and prognosis

Abstract Purpose: To determine the clinical and laboratory characteristics and outcomes of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in the lymphoid blastic phase. Patients and Methods: Data from 2% patients with CML blastic-phase disease who were referred to our institution between 1967 and 1991 were analyzed. Sixty-eight patients had CML lymphoid blastic-phase disease. Pretreatment characteristics, responses to different therapies, and survival rates were evaluated. Results: Compared with patients having myeloid or undifferentiated blastic-phase disease, those with lymphoid morphology were significantly younger, presented with significantly lesser degrees of anemia, lower white blood cell and peripheral blast counts, higher percentages of marrow blasts, lower lactic dehydrogenase levels, and higher albumin levels. Acceleratedphase CML preceded the blastic phase in 40% of patients with lymphoid disease, compared with 54% of those with other morphologic findings (p = 0.03). The common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen (CALLA) was expressed on lymphoid blasts in 97% of patients. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was similar in the three morphologic categories, although patients with lymphoid disease tended to have a lower incidence of trisomy 8 (17% versus 27%; p=0.10) and of isochromosome 17 abnormalities (10% versus 17%; p not significant). The incidence of lymphoid blastic phase disease has not increased over the past decade, and it is not higher in patients with the chronic phase of the disease treated with α interferon. Patients with lymphoid disease had a significantly higher response rate to chemotherapy during the first salvage (49% versus below 20% for other morphologies; p Conclusions: Patients with CML lymphoid blastic-phase disease have different clinical and laboratory features than patients with other blastic-phase morphologies. In patients developing CML blastic-phase disease, distinguishing those with lymphoid transformation is extremely important because of the different therapeutic requirements (acute lymphocytic leukemia-type therapy) and prognostic implications.
Computer-Assisted Instruction

"For those who are interested in installing and operating CAI systems, we caution that they should believe neither those who argue that the cost is very slight nor those who counsel that the cost is inordinately high. The installation and operation of CAI courses does entail sub stantial cost, but many aspects of standard in struction also are expensive."
Molybdenum catalyzed ammonia borane dehydrogenation: oxidation state specific mechanisms.

Though numerous catalysts for the dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) are known, those that release >2 equiv of H2 are uncommon. Herein, we report the synthesis of Mo complexes supported by a para-terphenyl diphosphine ligand, 1, displaying metal–arene interactions. Both a Mo0 N2 complex, 5, and a MoII bis(acetonitrile) complex, 4, exhibit high levels of AB dehydrogenation, releasing over 2.0 equiv of H2. The reaction rate, extent of dehydrogenation, and reaction mechanism vary as a function of the precatalyst oxidation state. Several Mo hydrides (MoII(H)2, [MoII(H)]+, and [MoIV(H)3]+) relevant to AB chemistry were characterized.
Synergistic effect of bialkali metal chlorides promoted magnesia on oxidative coupling of methane

Upon promoting MgO (prepared via a sol-gel process) with any binary mixture of the alkali metal chlorides, catalytic systems are obtained which are more active, selective and much more stable with time-on-stream than the respective monoalkali promoted MgO in the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2 hydrocarbons. The best catalytic performance is obtained over (5 mol% NaCl+5 mol% CsCl)/MgO, which exhibits a C2 yield of 19.7% compared to 5.9 and 4.1% over 10 mol% NaCl/MgO and 10 mol% CsCl/MgO, respectively, at atmospheric pressure, a temperature of 750 °C, a space velocity of 15000 cm3 g−1 h−1,\(P_{CH_4 }\) = 608 Torr and CH4/O2 = 4. A series of different combinations among the five alkali chlorides were made and the afore-mentioned synergistic effect was always observed. The basicity and base strength distribution of the bialkali chloride systems (measured by the gaseous acid adsorption or benzoic acid titration methods) are significantly higher than those of the respective monoalkali halide systems. The relationship between the catalytic performance and basicity/base strength distribution is explored.
Visible light responsive iodine-doped TiO2 for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels

Abstract Iodine-doped titanium oxide (I-TiO2) nanoparticles that are photocatalitically responsive to visible light illumination have been synthesized by hydrothermal method. The structure and properties of I-TiO2 nanocrystals prepared with different iodine doping levels and/or calcination temperatures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The three nominal iodine dopant levels (5, 10, 15 wt.%) and the two lower calcination temperatures (375, 450 °C) produced mixture of anatase and brookite nanocrystals, with small fraction of rutile found at 550 °C. The anatase phase of TiO2 increased in volume fraction with increased calcination temperature and iodine levels. The photocatalytic activities of the I-TiO2 powders were investigated by photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O under visible light (λ > 400 nm) and also under UV–vis illumination. CO was found to be the major photoreduction product using both undoped and doped TiO2. A high CO2 reduction activity was observed for I-TiO2 catalysts (highest CO yield equivalent to 2.4 μmol g−1 h−1) under visible light, and they also had much higher CO2 photoreduction efficiency than undoped TiO2 under UV–vis irradiation. I-TiO2 calcined at 375 °C has superior activity to those calcined at higher temperatures. Optimal doping levels of iodine were identified under visible and UV–vis irradiations, respectively. This is the first study that investigates nonmetal doped TiO2 without other co-catalysts for CO2 photoreduction to fuels under visible light.
Effective thermal conductivity of polycrystalline materials with randomly oriented superlattice grains

A model has been established for the effective thermal conductivity of a bulk polycrystal made of randomly oriented superlattice grains with anisotropic thermal conductivity. The in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities of each superlattice grain are combined using an analytical averaging rule that is verified using finite element methods. The superlattice conductivities are calculated using frequency dependent solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation, which capture greater thermal conductivity reductions as compared to the simpler gray medium approximation. The model is applied to a PbTe/Sb_2Te_3 nanobulk material to investigate the effects of period, specularity, and temperature. The calculations show that the effective thermal conductivity of the polycrystal is most sensitive to the in-plane conductivity of each superlattice grain, which is generally four to five times larger than the cross-plane conductivity of a grain. The model is compared to experimental measurements of the same system for periods ranging from 287 to 1590 nm and temperatures from 300 to 500 K. The comparison suggests that the effective specularity increases with increasing annealing temperature and shows that these samples are in a mixed regime where both Umklapp and boundary scattering are important.
Influence of diabetes on endothelial cell response during sepsis

Aims/hypothesis Several endothelial pathways of cell adhesion, coagulation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling are activated during sepsis. The objective of this analysis was to investigate the influence of diabetes on biomarkers of endothelial cell activation in sepsis.
Monitoring Internet Connectivity using PlanetLab

This paper explores one company's use of PlanetLab for a real application. Intel Corporation is a global enterprise with many Internet "DMZs" and thousands of customers around the world who use them. Intel needs to monitor the quality of service received through these Internet connections from many parts of the world. Doing this with available commercial services or by implementing monitoring systems in rented data center space across the globe would be expensive as well as being relatively inflexible. PlanetLab presents a relatively inexpensive and flexible platform for global scale monitoring but poses significant challenges in developing, deploying, and managing such a widely distributed application in an environment where node available and connectivity can change rapidly. We implemented the global DMZ monitor using PlanetLab nodes and the Distributed Service Management Toolkit (DSMT). DSMT provides a way to distribute code for an application and manage it despite node outages, moving the application to geographically appropriate nodes when nodes become unavailable. We position graphs to allow us to correlate data to either geographical local events or Internet wide events. Connectivity events are propagated using the PSEPR eventing system. Our experience with this implementation has shown that it can detect problems Internet connectivity problems. Future work includes using different protocols such as HTTP for monitoring and to extend DSMT services to monitor other conditions.
The holomorphic extension of CR functions near a point of higher type

Suppose M is a submanifold of Cn with real codimension at least one. A geometric description is given of the local hull of holomorphy of an open subset of M which contains a point of higher type in which all Hormander numbers are the same. This result is proved as a consequence of examining the relationship between the hypoanalytic wave front sets of CR functions on M and CR extension to a manifold of one higher dimension than M. 0. Introduction. Recently, Baouendi and Rothschild in [BR] have shown that on a semirigid submanifold of higher type that CR functions near a point p holomorphically extend to an open wedge in Cn. In that paper, higher type means that all the Hormander numbers are finite. The purpose of this paper is to more carefully examine the case when all the Hormander numbers are the same finite number 1 and to give a more precise description of this wedge under this additional assumption. We show (Theorem 1.4 below) that this wedge fills in the convex hull of the image of the lth Levi form at p. This result is the natural generalization of the results in [BP and B] which handle the cases I = 2 and I = 3 respectively. There are two key components of the proof of this result. First, we use a CR extension result in [BPi] which states that CR extension to a submanifold of one higher dimension is always possible near a point p of type I (I < xc). Secondly, we examine (in Lemma 1.7 below) the relationship between CR extension to a submanifold of one higher dimension and the hypoanalytic wave front sets of CR functions defined near p. 1. Notation and the precise statement of results. Throughout this paper M will denote a smooth generic real submanifold of Cn of real codimension d, 1 < d < n and p will be a point in M. We let Tp(M) be the real tangent space of M at p and we let Hp(M) be the J-invariant subspace of Tp(M), where J: R2n -R2 is the linear isometry induced by multiplication by V/T. The totally real tangent space of M at p, denoted T?(M), is the orthogonal complement of Hp(M) in Tp(M) under the usual inner product on R2n. Since M is generic, dimR Hp (M) = 2m where m = n d and dimR T?(M) = d. We let Np(M) (the normal space of M) be the orthogonal complement of Tp(M) in R2n. The map J is an isometry from T?(M) to Np(M). Our description of hulls of holomorphy will involve wedges (or conoids) emanating from M in the normal direction. Therefore to simplify this description, we shall Received by the editors November 5, 1986 and, in revised form, July 13, 1987. Results presented at the AMS special session in Several Complex Variables at Indianapolis, Indiana, April, 1986. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 32D15; Secondary 32E99. Research partially supported by NSF Grant #MSC-8301369. (?1988 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/88 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Concurrent self-administration of ethanol and an alternative nondrug reinforcer in monkeys: effects of income (session length) on demand for drug

Eight rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulata) were trained to self-administer orally delivered ethanol (8%) and saccharin (0.03 or 0.3% wt/vol) or water under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) schedules. The FR requirement for saccharin was fixed at 32, while the FR for ethanol was varied (4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128) in a non-systematic order to assess demand for drug. Demand was defined as consumption plotted as a function of price (FR). Income was defined as the duration of access to available resources. Income was varied by allowing access to the concurrently available liquids 20, 60 or 180 min per day. Order of testing was counter-balanced across monkeys. Saccharin deliveries were much higher than ethanol deliveries under the 180-min income condition; however, they were lower than ethanol deliveries when income was reduced to 20 min and the ethanol FR was 4, 8 or 16. Thus, when the price of drug was relatively low, consumption of drug exceeded that of the nondrug reinforcer, and that relationship was reversed as income decreased. Saccharin deliveries sustained a proportionally greater reduction due to decreased income compared to ethanol deliveries. As income decreased from 180 to 20 min, saccharin deliveries were reduced by an average of 79.1% (across ethanol FR conditions) while ethanol deliveries were reduced by an average of 41.2 and 40.8% when concurrent saccharin or water were available, respectively; thus, drug self-administration was more resistant to income changes than saccharin. The demand for ethanol was shifted downward in a parallel fashion as income decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Enhanced diffusion by reciprocal swimming

Purcell's scallop theorem states that swimmers deforming their shapes in a time-reversible manner ("reciprocal" motion) cannot swim. Using numerical simulations and theoretical calculations we show here that, in a fluctuating environment, reciprocal swimmers undergo, on time scales larger than that of their rotational diffusion, diffusive dynamics with enhanced diffusivities, possibly by orders of magnitude, above normal translational diffusion. Reciprocal actuation does therefore lead to a significant advantage over nonmotile behavior for small organisms such as marine bacteria.
Moiré Contourgraph — An accuracy analysis

Abstract The geometrical aspects of moire fringe topography and its possible error sources are discussed. Experimental results obtained with the Moire Contourgraph, designed for scoliosis detection and analysis, are presented. The accuracy of the geometrical information, offered by the moire fringes, is analyzed by means of precise photogrammetric measurement of the test object.
Ocular and Orbital Pain for the Headache Specialist

Ocular pain is most commonly associated with redness and inflammation; however, eye pain can also occur in the absence of grossly visible pathology. Pain in the quiet eye can be the first sign of a number of threatening conditions. Many of these conditions such as intermittent angle closure glaucoma, carotid artery dissection, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and giant cell arteritis can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. In this review, ocular history and examination techniques are summarized. The article also reviews pertinent ocular, orbital, referred, and other causes of eye pain in the quiet eye. The neurologist and headache specialist should recognize when consultation with an ophthalmologist is necessary.