cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental controls of anammox and denitrification in southern New England estuarine and shelf sediments

We measured denitrification and anammox potential rates in homogenized sediments over two annual cycles from two estuarine sites (Providence River estuary and Narragansett Bay) and two continental shelf sites (Block Island and Rhode Island sounds). Denitrification varied both spatially and seasonally, but anammox only varied spatially. Denitrification ranged from 2.5 to 112 nmol N h21 mL21 sediment, and anammox from 0 to 8.7 nmol N h21 mL21 sediment, with the contribution of anammox to N2 fluxes (ra) ranging from undetectable to 4% in estuarine sites and 8–42% on the shelf. Oxygen microprofiles were analyzed in intact cores and concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium were measured in the sediment slice corresponding to the depth layer in which potential rates were measured. Denitrification rates correlated positively with diffusive O2 consumption and temperature and potential anammox rates correlated positively with pore-water NO { concentrations. Anammox was positively correlated with denitrification in shelf sediments where anammox was regularly detected, but not in estuarine sediments. ra was negatively correlated with diffusive O2 consumption and positively correlated with pore-water nitrate. Both organic matter and nitrate were important factors regulating the contribution of anammox to N2 production. As a whole, our results demonstrate that incorporating processes that control these two factors into models of N cycling, rather than focusing on organic matter availability alone, may improve predictions of the relative importance of anammox to N2 production in marine sediments.
Cyclic deformation in Al4wt.%Cu alloy single crystals containing coherent θ″ precipitates I: Cyclic stress-strain response

Abstract Push-pull fatigue testing on single crystals of binary Al−3.8wt.%Cu alloy containing coherent shearable θ″ precipitates has been carried out under constant plastic strain control and also under stress control. The cyclic responses associated with plastic resolved shear strains in the range 10−6 10−2 have been investigated. The effect of crystal orientation has also been explored. The cyclic stress-strain curve exhibits “tri-regional” behavior with a plateau extended over about two decades of strain. This curve has been correlated with the formation of persistent slip bands and a fatigue limit corresponding to the low strain end of the plateau. The orientation of the crystal has little effect on this behavior. In view of the many common features in the cyclic response of this alloy and that of pure metals and other alloys, we believe that the behavior reported here will be found general to alloys containing shearable precipitates.
“Partitioning the Sensible” at Park 51: Rancière, Islamophobia, and Common Politics

This paper uses Jacques Ranci` ere's conception of the partition of the sensible to interrogate the aesthetic regimes and spatial coordinates that animated public debate about Park 51—the Islamic community center near the World Trade Center site in Manhattan. Understanding conflicts over mosques as potential struggles over the conditions of membership in a community, I suggest that many of the arguments in favor of Park 51 reinforced a partition of the sensible in which Islamophobia could resonate. At stake in these debates—which turned on different understandings of the distance that separated the proposed center from the WTC site—is the relationship between American Muslims and the narratives of trauma constructed around the September 11th attacks. I conclude by exploring the projects proposed by Park 51 organizers as potential sites of everyday micropolitics that could subtly "jolt" existing orders in the interest of reconfiguring the "common sense" of a community. ere, Islamophobia, mosque conflicts, World Trade Center site In the summer of 2010, a debate over a proposed Islamic community center a few blocks away from the site of the former World Trade Center (WTC) burst onto the national scene in the United States. Opposition to the center—initially called Cordoba House and later Park 51—quickly emerged in a number of places, from talk radio to the American Anti-Defamation League (eg Foxman 2010). Some detractors challenged the right of Muslims to build a religious space "in the shadow of ground zero"; others merely questioned the wisdom of the project, in either practical or moral terms (Kilde 2011). Supporters often deployed tropes about tolerance and religious freedom, as well as private property rights, to defend the project. At stake in these debates—which turned, in part, on different understandings of the distance that separated the proposed cultural center from the former WTC site—was the relationship between American Muslims and narratives of trauma constructed around the September 11th attacks (see Smelser 2004). I argue that attending to the aesthetic regimes governing race, citizenship, and community allows a critical leverage on both the Islamophobia that underpinned much of the opposition to the "mosque" and the limits of responses that—while defending the right of the project to go forward—remained nevertheless congruent with a regime in which Islamophobia can make sense. This paper draws on Jacques Ranci` ere's conception of the "partition of sensible" in order to argue that these debates, heated though they may have been, actually eschewed politics—in Ranci`
Evidence for a physiological role of endocannabinoids in the modulation of seizure threshold and severity.

Abstract The anticonvulsant effect of cannabinoids has been shown to be mediated through activation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. This study was initiated to evaluate the effects of endogenously occurring cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) on seizure severity and threshold. The anticonvulsant effect of the endocannabinoid, arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide), was evaluated in the maximal electroshock seizure model using male CF-1 mice and was found to be a fully efficacious anticonvulsant (ED50=50 mg/kg i.p.). The metabolically stable analog of anandamide, (R)-(20-cyano-16,16-dimetyldocosa-cis-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl)-1′-hydroxy-2′-propylamine (O-1812), was also determined to be a potent anticonvulsant in the maximal electroshock model (ED50=1.5 mg/kg i.p.). Furthermore, pretreatment with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor specific antagonist N-(piperidin-1-yl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamidehydrochloride (SR141716A) completely abolished the anticonvulsant effect of anandamide as well as O-1812 (P≤0.01, Fisher exact test), indicating a cannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated anticonvulsant mechanism for both endocannabinoid compounds. Additionally, the influence of cannabinoid CB1 receptor endogenous tone on maximal seizure threshold was assessed using SR141716A alone. Our data show that SR141716A (10 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced maximal seizure threshold (CC50=14.27 mA) compared to vehicle-treated animals (CC50=17.57 mA) (potency ratio=1.23, lower confidence limit=1.06, upper confidence limit=1.43), indicating the presence of an endogenous cannabinoid tone that modulates seizure activity. These data demonstrate that anandamide and its analog, O-1812, are anticonvulsant in a whole animal model and further implicate the cannabinoid CB1 receptor as a major endogenous site of seizure modulation.
The isolation of crystalline 22R-hydroxycholesterol and 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol from bovine adrenals

Abstract Using tritiated internal standards, crystalline 22R-hydroxycholesterol and 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol have been isolated for the first time from bovine adrenal glands. The identity of the sterols was established by comparison of their melting points and infrared spectra with those of authentic standards. The tissue concentration of the sterols, as determined by both direct weighing of crystalline samples and the double-isotope derivative technique, indicated the presence of 1.5 mg/kg of 22R-hydroxycholesterol and 2.15 mg/kg of 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol. The presence of neither the monosulfate nor the disulfate of 22R-hydroxycholesterol could be established.
Weird and weirder: how circulating chemokines coax neutrophils to the lung.

neutrophil trafficking to the lung and airways is not well understood. Intratracheal instillation of interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) or related CXC chemokines leads to rapid neutrophil accumulation. IL-8 is substantially elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with acute lung injury, and
Vital and vulnerable functions of the primate placenta critical for infant health and brain development

The placenta is essential to mammalian pregnancy with many roles beyond just nutrient supply, including both endocrine and immune functions. During the course of evolution, the placenta of higher primates has acquired some unique features, including the capacity to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). In addition, a placental receptor for IgG enables particularly high levels of protective maternal antibody to reach the fetus before birth. This paper reviews the placental biology of primates, and discusses its involvement in adrenocortical hormone activity during pregnancy, the transfer of maternal antibody, and finally the delivery of maternal iron to the fetus, which is needed for normal brain development. An understanding of these vital functions during a full-term, healthy pregnancy provides insights into the consequences of gestational disturbances, such as maternal stress, illness, and undernutrition, which have even larger ramifications if the infant is born premature.
Differential Effects of TPA and Retinoic Acid on Cell-Cell Communication in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Understanding how normal and immortalized bronchial epithelial cells respond to modulators of gap junctional communication will increase our understanding of the process of tumor promotion. In the present study we compared to effects of retinoic acid (RA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the rate of fluorescent dye transfer via gap junctions in primary human tracheo-bronchial epithelial cells (TBE) and SV40 large T-antigen immortalized, non-tumorigenic bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). RA in the physiological range (0.001-1 microM) inhibited cell proliferation (DNA synthesis, mitotic index) more in primary TBE cells than BEAS-2B cells. Also in RA-treated cells, decreased cell proliferation was coupled to decreased gap junctional communication (GJC) in TBE but not in BEAS-2B cells. TPA strongly suppressed GJC and proliferation in primary TBE cells, whereas BEAS-2B exhibited increased GJC and retained a significant fraction of cells undergoing DNA synthesis. Our studies show that an uncoupling of GJC and cell proliferation is associated with a differential response to the growth inhibitory effects of RA and phorbol esters in immortalized compared to primary human bronchial epithelial cells.
Structural relationships in small molecule interactions governing gas-phase enantioselectivity and zwitterionic formation

Gas-phase zwitterionic amino acids were formed in complexes of underivatized β-cyclodextrin through reactions with a neutral base, n-propylamine. The reaction was performed in the analyzer cell of an electrospray ionization-Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Most of the natural amino acids were studied with three cyclodextrin hosts including α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin to understand better the structural features that lead to the stabilization of the zwitterionic complexes. Molecular dynamics calculations were performed to provide insight into the structural features of the complexes. The rate constants of the reactions were obtained through kinetic plots. Examination of both L- and D-enantiomers of the amino acid showed that the reaction was enantioselective. The reaction was then employed to analyze mixtures of Glu enantiomers naturally occurring in the bacteria Bacillus licheniformis.
Material objectivity in an experimentally based incremental theory of large finite plastic strain

Abstract A new, incremental continuum theory for finite plastic strain in ordered solids is described. It is based upon measurements to four decimal places, of deformed length, inside diameter, outside diameter, angle of twist, and helices formed by initially straight generators on the outer surface; all the measurements are made while the specimens are under load. This theory replaces a previous incremental theory based upon the introduction of the sress tensor σ = RT R T that, while in close agreement with experiment, does not satisfy the analytical requirement of material objectivity. Examined are 85 thin-walled tubes of aluminum, copper, and mild steel. The analysis reveals that even at very large homogeneous plastic strains just before catastrophic collapse, the angles of rigid body rotation of principal axes are minuscule. To a good approximation. R = I , from which directly follows a more satisfactory incremental theory of finite plastic strain. Not only is this new statement in global accord with four decades of experiment, but also, for an incremental theory of finite strain plasticity, it meets the requirement of material objectivity. It is compatible, too, with the laboratory-discovered internal constraint, trace V = 3 , and with a stress tensor σ = σ T defined in the original, underformed reference configuration.
An effective charge in the Weinberg-Salam model

Abstract We exhibit a quantity which is renormalization scheme independent, and which generalizes the effective charge of Gell-Mann and Low to the SU(2)×U(1) case. This quantity takesinto account all threshold effects and describes equally well the low energy and high energy regions of the theory.
Evolution and impact of eye and vision terms in written English.

With this article, we aimed to trace the evolution and impact of eye-related terms common in written English during the past 2 centuries by studying digital resources. Eye-related words and phrases (n-grams) occurring in English books at a frequency of 0.00001% for at least 25 years between 1790 and 2008 were identified from the Google n-gram database by searching for 254 strings such as eye or ophth . The first known English use of these n-grams was identified from historical articles and from multiple digital resources. Eye color was not commonly described as brown or green before 1840. Many common bigrams, such as bright eyes , suggested light emanating from the eyes, consistent with the extramission theory of vision. Based on word frequency, the impact of the revolutionary 1850 ophthalmoscope exceeded that of the stethoscope for 60 years. Glaucoma was not commonly written until the ophthalmoscope permitted visualization of the characteristic optic neuropathy. Green spectacles gave way during the early 1900s to dark glasses , subsequently renamed sunglasses . Until the mid-1900s, an eye surgeon was more often described as an oculist than an ophthalmologist , and inflamed eyes were said to experience ophthalmia more often than uveitis . Macular degeneration was rarely written about for more than a century after 1850 because it was labeled choroiditis . Of the 135 n-grams in the dictionary, an earlier written instance was identified in 92 cases (68%). Online databases of the written word reveal the origin and impact of many important vision concepts.
The systematic behaviour of hydrogen emission in the aurora—I

Abstract Analysis of short duration spectra taken in rapid succession reveals a systematic behaviour of the aurorally associated hydrogen emissions. Two principal effects are noted. Firstly, there is a daily motion along the geomagnetic meridian in which the spectral line progresses from the northern horizon southward, followed by a return to the north some time during the night. Secondly, the limit of the southern extent of the hydrogen light correlates well with the magnetic activity, i.e. the latitude at which the protons penetrate to auroral heights is a function of the magnetic disturbance.
Enhancement of transdermal delivery of 6-β-naltrexol via a codrug linked to hydroxybupropion

Abstract Naltrexone (NTX) is a potent opioid antagonist used in the treatment of alcohol dependence and heroin abuse. Compared with naloxone, NTX has a longer duration of action largely attributed to its major active metabolite, 6-β-naltrexol. The purpose of this study was to increase the delivery of 6-β-naltrexol across human skin in vitro via a novel codrug. A carbonate codrug of 6-β-naltrexol linked to hydroxybupropion was synthesized and evaluated. In vitro human skin permeation rates were measured using a flow-through diffusion cell system. The drug melting points, solubilities, chemical stability, and skin disposition were determined. The carbonate codrug was hydrolyzed on passing through skin and appeared as a combination of intact codrug and parent drugs, 6-β-naltrexol and hydroxybupropion, in the receiver solution. The codrug provided a significantly ( p
THE DETECTION OF OCCULT HEMANGIOMAS PRODUCING THE KASABACH-MERRITT SYNDROME UTILIZING Tc-99m LABELED RED BLOOD CELLS

The Kasabach-Merritt syndrome consists of a cavernous hemangioma with internal intravascular coagulation associated with a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. In some patients, activation of clotting and fibrinolysis leads to thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. Often these lesions are cutaneous and are readily detected by clinical evaluation. Rarely these lesions may be occult, involving the liver, spleen, or even a soft tissue mass simulating a malignant tumor. In those patients in whom the lesion is readily apparent, there is no need for a diagnostic procedure although angiography is occasionally utilized for confirmation. The use of Technetium (Tc)-99m labeled red blood cells (RBC) provides a total body survey in those individuals in whom an occult hemangioma is suspected and establishes the diagnosis in those patients in whom a cutaneous lesion is present. The patient's own red cells are labeled in vitro and reinjected allowing excellent imaging. This procedure is relatively noninvasive and has a low radiation burden. We report the use of this technique in five patients presenting with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Three of these patients had occult or unsuspected lesions. No other imaging modality provides this graphic demonstration of these lesions. The technique of this procedure and illustrative cases will be presented.
A twenty-two-fold increase in the relative affinity of estrogen receptor to poly (dA-dC).poly (dG-dT) in the presence of polyamines

Abstract We studied the relative efficacy of polyamines to facilitate the binding of estrogen receptor to poly(dA-dC).poly(dG-dT). In the absence of polyamines, 1,400 micrograms/ml of this polynucleotide eluted 50% of bound estrogen receptor from DNA-cellulose. In contrast, 50% estrogen receptor was eluted by 65 micrograms/ml of poly(dA-dC).poly(dG-dT) complexed with 150 microM spermidine. Putrescine and spermine also enhanced the ability of poly(dA-dC).poly(dG-dT) to elute estrogen receptor, but the magnitude of the effect was not as high as that of spermidine. Control experiments with calf thymus DNA and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) showed 6- and 3-fold increase, respectively in their affinity for estrogen receptor in the presence of spermidine. The dramatic increase in the affinity of poly(dA-dC).poly(dG-dT) for estrogen receptor in the presence of polyamines might be a result of the conversion of the polynucleotide to the left-handed Z-DNA form. These results show that polyamines are capable of participating in estrogenic regulation of gene expression by altering the affinity of the receptor for specific DNA sequences.
A procedure for rapid and sensitive staining of protein fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract Protein zones may be stained by Coomassie blue without any destaining of the background and with a sensitivity at least as high as that of amido black. A vastly increased sensitivity may be achieved with Coomassie blue at the price of background destaining.
Evaluation of Nitrate Synthesis by Intestinal Microorganisms in Vivo

The nitrate balance of germfree and conventional rats was assessed to determine whether the intestinal flora produces nitrate in vivo. The results indicate that there can be excess nitrate in the urine of germfree as well as conventional rats. This nitrate is apparently of host origin, and the presence of intestinal flora decreases the output of nitrate in urine.
Beware λ‐truncation! Sample truncation and bias in luminosity calibration using trigonometric parallaxes

The common practice in luminosity calibration of sample truncation according to relative parallax error λ can lead to bias with indirect methods such as reduced parallaxes as well as with direct methods. This bias is not cancelled by the Lutz–Kelker corrections and in fact can be either negative or positive. Making the selection stricter can actually lead to a larger absolute amount of bias and lower accuracy in certain cases. The degree to which this bias is present depends upon whether the sample is more nearly specified by the relative parallax error or by the limiting apparent magnitude when both limits formally apply; when the latter limit dominates it is absent. The difference between the means for the two extreme cases is what is customarily termed the Malmquist bias. However, it is not truly bias, but rather what we call here an offset. For a sample to be effectively magnitude-limited, there is a lower bound imposed on the mean absolute magnitude which depends on the limiting magnitude. If a wide-ranging luminosity relation such as the Wilson–Bappu relation is to be calibrated, some portion of the relation may be magnitude-limited and the rest not. In that case there will be offsets between the different parts of the relation, including the transition region between the two extremes, as well as bias outside the magnitude-limited part. Another, less common, practice is truncation according to weight, specifically with the reduced parallax method. Such truncation can also bias the calibration with one variant of the method. Indeed, the weighting scheme used with that variant introduces bias even without truncation. For calibration it is probably best to use a general maximum likelihood method such as the grid method with a magnitude-limited sample and no limit on relative parallax error. The Malmquist shift could then be applied to obtain an estimate of the volume-limited mean.
Equatorial undercurrent and deeper flows in the central Pacific

Abstract In April, 1971, absolute current velocity was measured down to 1000 m at 1°N, 0° and 1°S, along 150°W. Two velocity time series were obtained: a 25-day record from the Equatorial Undercurrent (102 m) at 1°N and a 152-day record from the deep water (3100 m) at 1°S. The profiles show eastward flow at the surface, a strong Equatorial Undercurrent, a secondary maximum of eastward flow at the bottom of the thermostad, and a westward flow below 500 m. The surface current was counter to the trade winds. Although there was a high-salinity core south and a low-salinity tongue north of the equator, usually interpreted as indirect evidence of equatorward flow at the level of the Undercurrent, the flow at 1°N (at 102 m) was poleward for all 25 days. There was an accelerating eastward and northward current at 1°N; the data are consistent with a northward translation of the Undercurrent at a speed of 7 cm s−1. The winds at Christmas Island (2°N, 157°W) and the Undercurrent velocity at 1°N, 150°W, showed evidence of a 3- to 4-day period; it appears that at this time the currents in the thermocline may have been responding directly to the winds. The meter moored in deep water at 1°S showed a relatively steady eastward velocity component with a mean of 4 cm s−1. Below the Undercurrent in the central Pacific at least two reversals are indicated in the east-west current profile.
Monogenic IL-1 mediated autoinflammatory and immunodeficiency syndromes: finding the right balance in response to danger signals.

Abstract Introduction Interleukin-1 was the first cytokine identified and is a powerful inducer of fever and inflammation. The biologically active receptor for IL-1, shares signaling pathways with some pathogen recognition receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which early on suggested an important role in innate immune function. Discussion The discovery that some intracellular “danger receptors”, the NOD like receptors (NLRs) can assemble to form multimolecular platforms, the inflammasomes, that not only sense intracellular danger but also activate IL-1β, has provided the molecular basis for the integration of IL-1 as an early response mediator in danger recognition. The critical role of balancing IL-1 production and signaling in human disease has recently been demonstrated in rare human monogenic diseases with mutations that affect the meticulous control of IL-1 production, release and signaling by leading to decreased or increased TLR/IL-1 signaling. In diseases of decreased TLR/IL-1 signaling (IRAK-4 and MyD88 deficiencies) patients are at risk for infections with gram positive organisms; and in diseases of increased signaling, patients develop systemic autoinflammatory diseases (cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), and deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA)). Conclusion Monogenic defects in a number of rare diseases that affect the balance of TLR/IL-1 signaling have provided us with opportunities to study the systemic effects of IL-1 in human diseases. The molecular defects in CAPS and DIRA provided a therapeutic rationale for targeting IL-1 and the impressive clinical results from IL-1 blocking therapies have undoubtedly confirmed the pivotal role of IL-1 in human disease and spurred the exploration of modifying IL-1 signaling in a number of genetically complex common human diseases.
A Hardwired HIV Latency Program

Biological circuits can be controlled by two general schemes: environmental sensing or autonomous programs. For viruses such as HIV, the prevailing hypothesis is that latent infection is controlled by cellular state (i.e., environment), with latency simply an epiphenomenon of infected cells transitioning from an activated to resting state. However, we find that HIV expression persists despite the activated-to-resting cellular transition. Mathematical modeling indicates that HIV's Tat positive-feedback circuitry enables this persistence and strongly controls latency. To overcome the inherent crosstalk between viral circuitry and cellular activation and to directly test this hypothesis, we synthetically decouple viral dependence on cellular environment from viral transcription. These circuits enable control of viral transcription without cellular activation and show that Tat feedback is sufficient to regulate latency independent of cellular activation. Overall, synthetic reconstruction demonstrates that a largely autonomous, viral-encoded program underlies HIV latency—potentially explaining why cell-targeted latency-reversing agents exhibit incomplete penetrance.
Deployment-aware modeling of node compromise spread in wireless sensor networks using epidemic theory

Motivated by recently surfacing viruses that can spread over the air interfaces, in this article, we investigate the potentially disastrous threat of node compromise spreading in wireless sensor networks. We assume such a compromise originating from a single infected node, can propagate to other sensor nodes via communication and pre-established mutual trust. We focus on the possible epidemic breakout of such propagations where the whole network may fall victim to the attack. Using epidemic theory, we model and analyze this spreading process and identify key factors determining potential outbreaks. In particular, we perform our study on random graphs precisely constructed according to the parameters of the network, such as distance, key sharing constrained communication and node recovery, thereby reflecting the true characteristics therein. Moreover, a comparative study of the epidemic propagation is performed based on the effects of two types of sensor deployment strategies, viz., uniform random and group-based deployment. The analytical results provide deep insights in designing potential defense strategies against this threat. Furthermore, through extensive simulations, we validate the model and perform investigations on the system dynamics. Our analysis and simulation results indicate that the uniform random deployment is more vulnerable to an epidemic outbreak than the group based deployment strategy.
Radical cystectomy in presence of fused "cake" kidney.

Abstract Radical cystectomy is the optimal treatment for patients with invasive bladder cancer. The presence of a fused pelvic kidney is an uncommon congenital abnormality and when found in a patient with bladder cancer may alter the operative procedure. Herein we report on a patient presenting with invasive bladder cancer and a pelvic “cake” kidney.
Multi-taxa population connectivity in the Northern Rocky Mountains

Effective broad-spectrum biodiversity conservation requires that conservation strategies simultaneously meet the needs of multiple species. However, little is known about how maintaining habitat connectivity for one species or species group may also act as an umbrella for other species. We evaluated the degree to which predicted connected habitat for each of 144 different hypothetical organisms expressing range of dispersal abilities and ecological responses to elevation, roads and land cover function as an indicators of connected habitat for the others in the U.S. Northern Rocky Mountains. We used resistant kernel modeling to map the extent of the study area predicted to be connected by dispersal for each species. At relatively large dispersal abilities there was extensive overlap between connected habitat for most organisms and much of the study area is predicted to provide connected habitat for all hypothetical organisms simultaneously. In contrast, at low to medium dispersal abilities there was much less intersection of habitat connected by dispersal. We found that habitat specialists with limited dispersal ability are weak indicators of others, and likewise are weakly indicated by others. We evaluated the effectiveness of three carnivores as connectivity umbrellas for many species. All three carnivore species performed significantly worse as connectivity umbrellas than the average across the simulated species. These species are associated with high elevation forested habitats. It is the low elevation and non-forest habitats that are most at risk of habitat loss and fragmentation in the study area, suggesting that a carnivore umbrella may miss many species most at risk.
Comments on the Formation of Globular Clusters from Coalesced Clouds

If a substantial fraction of the proto-Galactic halo was constituted of cloudy structures of sizes 1 kpc or larger, then collisions between these clouds would have been common during the infall of the Galaxy. Such collisions would have shaped the properties of the clouds from which globular clusters formed. If Milky Way globular clusters formed from progenitor clouds which in turn had been constructed from the coalescence of smaller cloud structures, then cluster properties that could naturally be accounted for include: (1) the low percentage of stars in globular clusters relative to the halo field, (2) the chemical homogeneity of globular clusters with respect to heavy elements, and (3) the fact that the lowest metallicity globular clusters are not as metal-poor as some halo field stars.
Evaluation of colestipol/niacin therapy with computer-derived coronary end point measures. A comparison of different measures of treatment effect.

BACKGROUNDThe Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study has demonstrated beneficial effect of colestipol/niacin on coronary atherosclerosis using a panel-determined global coronary change score. We now report treatment group comparisons using quantitative coronary angiographic (QCA) measures from all processable segments in 85 of 162 randomly selected baseline/2-year film pairs.METHODS AND RESULTSTreatment benefit was established for percent stenosis for either continuous or categorical analyses with regression established regardless of the per-patient scoring procedure. In addition, treatment benefit favoring regression was established in some cases for roughness and for percent involvement, a longitudinal estimate of the percent of coronary surface involved by raised lesions. Benefit on minimum diameter was directly related to whether the segment was proximal to a graft insertion and hemodynamically related to the bypass graft. QCA correlates of panel-determined progression were increases in percent st...
Nasal Cytokine Production In Viral Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Of Childhood

Children in a day care center underwent serial nasal lavages in order to assess nasal cytokine expression during acute upper respiratory infections (URI). Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were markedly elevated in nasal lavage fluid during acute URI compared to baseline, and all except TNF-alpha decreased significantly by 2-4 weeks later. Cytokine patterns in respiratory syncytial virus-positive and -negative illnesses did not differ significantly. A subgroup of children also underwent superficial mucosal biopsy under the inferior nasal turbinate. During acute URI, biopsy cells (90%-95% epithelial) showed increased transcripts for IL-1 beta, IL-8, and IL-6 in 7 of 9 subjects, suggesting that epithelial cells may be one source of cytokines during acute URI. The results show that inflammatory cytokines are elevated in nasal secretions during acute URI in preschool children. Thus, cytokines are likely to participate in regulation of respiratory virus-induced inflammation.
Differentiation of Enterobacter sakazakii from closely related Enterobacter and Citrobacter species using fatty acid profiles

Capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to determine the cellular fatty acid (CFA) profiles of 134 Enterobacter sakazakii strains, and these were compared to the CFA profiles of other closely related Enterobacter and Citrobacter species. For GC-FID analysis, whole cell fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from cells cultured on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar at 37 °C for 24 h were obtained by saponification, methylation, and extraction into hexane/methyl tert-butyl ether. A database for E. sakazakii was prepared using fatty acid profiles from the 134 strains. Major fatty acids of E. sakazakii strains evaluated in this study were straight-chain 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0, unsaturated 18:1 ω7c, and 17:0 ωcyclo 7−8. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on CFA profiles for E. sakazakii strains shows separation of E. sakazakii subgroups A and B. The CFA profiles for E. sakazakii and Enterobacter cloacae show that there are several fatty acids, 14:0, 17:0 ωcyclo 7−8, 18:1 ω7c, ...
The Identification of 2 Corinthians 10-13 with the ‘Letter of Tears’

En 1897, l'Irlandais J. H. Kennedy emettait l'hypothese suivant laquelle la lettre dont saint Paul parle en II Corinthiens 2:4 ne serait pas I Corinthiens mais II Corinthiens 10-13. Cette pericope que l'on appelle aussi Lettre des larmes fait l'objet de cet article afin d'eprouver la l'hypothese de Kennedy de facon rigoureuse et scientifique. A l'aide, en effet, des moyens exegetiques modernes (critique historique, critique textuelle, analyse synchronique, etude comparative...), l'A. tend a montrer les faiblesses d'une identification de la Lettre des larmes a II Cor. 10-13
Reciprocity for Fredholm operators (lefschetz numbers/steinberg symbols/holomorphic chains/local index)

For a pair of commuting Fredholm operatorsA, B, we consider the Lefschetz numbers $$\frac{{\det \left( {A |Ker B} \right)}}{{\det \left( {A |Coker B} \right)}},\frac{{\det \left( {B |Ker A} \right)}}{{\det \left( {B |Coker A} \right)}}$$ and express the relationship between them in terms of the MilnorK 2-functor of an associated ring. The relationship is given in terms of the determinant of a Steinberg symbol which is shown to be a nonvanishing holomorphic function whenever the operatorsA andB depend holomorphically on parameters. The nonvanishing of the Steinberg determinant gives the cocycle property for Lefschetz numbers which underlies our previous maximal ideal index construction for commutative subalgebras ofL(H) and yields a localization formula for ratios of Lefschetz numbers in terms of a modifiedtame symbol.
Analysis of carboneceous deposits from thermal stressing of a JP-8 fuel on superalloy foils in a flow reactor

A flow reactor study was carried out to investigate the carbon deposition on nickel-, cobalt-, molybdenum-, and iron-based alloy foils during thermal stressing of a JP-8 fuel at 500 °C wall temperature and 34 atm (500 psig), for 5 h at a fuel flow rate of 4 mL/min. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) analysis and SEM examination showed that the amount and the nature of the carbonaceous deposits on the foils depend strongly on the chemical composition of the foil surface. The amount of carbon deposited on metal foils decreased in the order Inconel 600 > Havar > Fecralloy > Waspaloy > Hastelloy-C > MoRe > Inconel 718. The presence of minor components, such as Ti, Al, and Nb, in the alloys appears to be responsible for reducing carbon deposition from jet fuel thermal stressing. This effect can be attributed to the formation of a passive layer on alloy surfaces that limits the access of deposit precursors to base metals, Ni, Fe, and Co, that catalyze deposit formation.
Induction of glucose regulated proteins during growth of a murine tumor

Chronic anoxia, glucose starvation, low pH, and numerous other conditions induce the glucose-regulated system of stress proteins (GRPs), whose principal members are observed at 78, 94, and 170 kDa. These stresses may be expected to occur during growth in untreated tumors. To examine the possibility that GRPs are correspondingly induced, we have examined the protein profiles of small ( 1.8 g) radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors grown on C3H mice. One and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicate that the principal GRPs at 78 and 94 are coordinately and substantially increased in large tumor masses, relative to the small, and may be partially increased in the intermediate tumors. Necrotic material removed from large tumors exhibited an identical pattern of GRP induction with no visible indication of protein degradation and also contained a significant fraction of viable cells. Western blot analysis using rabbit antisera raised against the 78 and 170 kDa GRPs also demonstrated the enhanced accumulation of these proteins in the large tumors. The antibody against the 170 kDa GRP was also capable of detecting the induction of this stress protein in large tumors by indirect immunofluorescence analysis. Northern blot studies using a probe for the GRP 78 gene also showed an increase in GRP 78 message in large tumors as well as in RIF cells exposed to anoxic stress in vitro. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that the major heat shock proteins at 70 and 90 kDa were not increased in the larger tumors, and the amount of the 90 kDa species was reduced. Finally, the quantity of vimentin and its degradation products is significantly diminished in large tumors and in anoxic cells. This study demonstrates that RIF tumor cells undergo a glucose regulated stress response in situ during tumor growth. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Individual cholesterol variation in response to a margarine- or butter-based diet: A study in families.

ContextThe effectiveness of dietary modification in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels can be reliably predicted for populations, but not for individuals.ObjectiveTo determine whether individual variation in cholesterol response to dietary modification is a familial trait.DesignTwo-period, outpatient crossover trial conducted from September 1997 to September 1999.Setting and ParticipantsFifty-six families from the Dallas–Ft Worth, Tex, area with 2 biological parents and at least 2 children aged 5 years or older volunteered; 46 families (n = 92 adults and n = 134 children) completed the study.InterventionAll families followed two 5-week dietary regimens that included individualized daily dietary prescriptions and emphasized a low–saturated fat diet supplemented with specially manufactured baked goods and spreadable fat. One regimen used butter only and the other used margarine only.Main Outcome MeasureMean LDL-C levels during the last 2 weeks of each dietary period.ResultsMargarine intake compared with butter intake lowered LDL-C levels 11% in adults (95% confidence interval [CI], 13% to 9%) and 9% in children (95% CI, 12% to 6%) (P<.001 for both adults and children). The distribution of individual responses were peaked around the mean response. For adults and children together, family membership accounted for 19% of variability in response (P = .007). In children, family membership accounted for 40% of variability in response of percent change in LDL-C levels (P = .002). Body mass index and change in cholesterol ester (CE) 18:2/18:1 ratio accounted for 26% of variation, leaving 26% still attributable to family membership. In all participants, BMI predicted response—heavier individuals had higher LDL-C levels, less excursion in CE fatty acids, and less LDL-C response to dietary change.ConclusionsOur results suggest that individual variation in response to a cholesterol-lowering diet is a familial trait. Body weight is an important modifiable factor that influences response.
Chemical variation in defensive secretions of four species of Nasutitermes

Abstract Nineteen monoterpenes and 13 diterpenes were distinguished in soldier defensive secretions of four species of Nasutitermes . Samples of N. columbicus, N. corniger, N. ephratae and N. nigriceps were collected in Costa Rica and Panama. Interspecifically, these species can be differentiated by monoterpenes, which exhibit a complex pattern. Intraspecifically, there is detectable variation in monoterpenes and diterpenes, each of which allows discrimination of four populations of N. corniger . Similarity between two Pacific populations of N. corniger from different environments, a tropical dry forest and a rainforest, suggests there is no climatic influence on chemical compositions of defensive secretions. In addition, results from Costa Rica provide evidence that the Atlantic population of N. corniger is derived from Pacific populations.
Use of the Pierce-Donachy ventricular assist device in patients with cardiogenic shock after cardiac operations

Abstract In spite of recent improvements in cardiac surgery, a small percentage of patients have severe postcardiotomy ventricular failure refractory to drugs and the intraaortic balloon. In our experience, the Pierce-Donachy external pneumatic ventricular assist device has proved to be one of the most effective devices for these patients. Since 1981, 30 patients aged 15 to 71 years (mean age, 52 years) with profound cardiogenic shock refractory to conventional therapy after cardiotomy ware supported with the Pierce-Donachy ventricular assist device. Fourteen required left ventricular support, 7 needed right ventricular support with an intraaortic balloon, and 9 had biventricular assistance. Duration of support ranged from three hours to 22 days (mean length, 3.6 days). Seven of the first 11 patients seen died in the operating room of bleeding, biventricular failure, or both. However, 16 patients (53%) had improved cardiac function, 15 (50%) were weaned, and 11 (37%) were discharged. Of the last 19 patients in the series, 47% survived. Factors affecting survival were myocardial infarction (75%) and renal failure (90%). Common complications were bleeding (73%) and biventricular failure (83%).
Extracting and desalting amino acids from soils and sediments: Evaluation of methods

Abstract A new method of isolating amino acids from soils and sediments was compared with the conventional extraction and desalting procedure that involves hydrolysis with 6 n HCl followed by desalting on a cation exchange resin column. The new method consists of a HF treatment to destroy clay materials before HCl hydrolysis, coupled with desalting on an anion exchange resin (Dowex-1, fluoride, F− form). An average of only 41 per cent of the amino acids added to montmorillonite was recovered by the conventional extraction and desalting as compared to aa average of 90 per cent by the new method. Amounts of amino acids obtained from soils and sediments by the conventional method ranged from 32 to 75 per cent of that obtained by the new method.
Thermophysical properties of gas phase uranium tetrafluoride

Thermophysical data of gaseous uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) are theoretically obtained by taking into account dissociation of molecules at high temperatures (2000-6000 K). Determined quantities include specific heat, optical opacity, diffusion coefficient, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. A computer program is developed for the calculation.
Extension of the Host Range for a Granulosis Virus from Heliothis armiger from South Africa

A granulosis virus of Heliothis armiger (Hubner) from South Africa was shown to be pathogenic to Heliothis zea (Boddie), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), S. exigua (Hubner), and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), all Lepidoptera: Noctuidae.
The effect of seprafilm and interceed on capsule formation around silicone discs in a rat model

The insertion of a foreign substance, such as a breast implant into mammalian soft tissues, evokes a wound healing response that culminates in a dense connective-tissue envelope or capsule surrounding the implant. Several biodegradable products, such as Seprafilm (carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronic acid) and Interceed (oxidized regenerated cellulose), have been demonstrated to inhibit adhesions in abdominal and gynecologic surgery. The ability of these cellulose compounds to inhibit capsule formation was addressed in this investigation. Twenty-eight rats were implanted intermuscularly with either plain silicone discs (10 animals), discs wrapped in Seprafilm (10 animals), or discs covered with Interceed (8 animals). Additional control animals (6 animals) consisted of two that had sham operations, two animals implanted with Seprafilm only, and two more implanted with Interceed only. Animals were sacrificed in pairs at varying time intervals after implantation (2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk), and the tissues around the silicone discs were analyzed with light microscopy. Control animals were sacrificed at 8 wk. Both Interceed and Seprafilm slowed the formation of a capsule around the implanted silicone discs as both products were degraded. Evidence of residual material, presumably Seprafilm and Interceed, was seen intracellularly in animals 3 to 4 mo, respectively, after implantation. However, neither material prevented the eventual formation of a fibrous capsule around the silicone discs. The results of this study suggest that encapsulating foreign substances with these types of biodegradable materials will not significantly hinder capsule formation. A more direct attack on the wound healing mechanism may provide a definitive solution for capsule problems with implanted materials.