cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in unmedicated schizophrenic patients

Numerous differences in auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) have been found between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Roemer et al. (1979) have reported decreased stability in the AEP to click stimuli from 15 to 450 msec poststimulus: Shagass et al. (1977) have observed decreased AEP amplitudes to click stimuli over most of this epoch from electrodes placed in a variety of scalp locations. Freedman et al. (1983) have reported a shorter latency of P50 to click stimuli in unmedicated acute schizophrenics. Roth et al. (1980) found decreased P300 amplitude to rare auditory stimuli in medicated schizophrenic patients. Given these findings it is of interest to determine whether the first phase of auditory information processing, the first 6-8 msec post stimulus, is different in schizophrenics compared with controls, or whether differences in auditory information processing occur more than 8 msec poststimulus, that is, after the afferent volley has reached the inferior colliculus. Pfefferbaum et al. (1980) found no differences in the latencies of auditory brain stem evoked potentials (BSEPs) between male schizophrenic patients, one-half of whom were medicated, and normal controls to binaurally
Attitude Accessibility and Motivation as Determinants of Biased Processing: A Test of the MODE Model

The roles of attitude accessibility and motivation in the biased processing of information were examined as a test of the MODE model. Subjects evaluated two studies with conflicting conclusions regarding capital punishment's crime deterrence efficacy. Attitude accessibility was manipulated by having subjects express their death penalty attitudes either once (low accessibility) or repeatedly (high accessibility) during an initial phase of the experiment. Motivation was manipulated viafear of invalidity; half the subjects were told their evaluations of the capital punishment studies would be publicly compared to an expert panel's conclusions. The relation between attitude and judgment was found to depend on both attitude accessibility and motivation. Judgments were more attitudinally congruent in the low-fear-of-invalidity/repeated-expression condition than in the other conditions.
A MODEL OF RESURGENCE BASED ON BEHAVIORAL MOMENTUM THEORY

Resurgence is the reappearance of an extinguished behavior when an alternative behavior reinforced during extinction is subsequently placed on extinction. Resurgence is of particular interest because it may be a source of relapse to problem behavior following treatments involving alternative reinforcement. In this article we develop a quantitative model of resurgence based on the augmented model of extinction provided by behavioral momentum theory. The model suggests that alternative reinforcement during extinction of a target response acts as both an additional source of disruption during extinction and as a source of reinforcement in the context that increases the future strength of the target response. The model does a good job accounting for existing data in the resurgence literature and makes novel and testable predictions. Thus, the model appears to provide a framework for understanding resurgence and serves to integrate the phenomenon into the existing theoretical account of persistence provided by behavioral momentum theory. In addition, we discuss some potential implications of the model for further development of behavioral momentum theory.
Therapeutic applications of neurotrophic factors in disorders of motor neurons and peripheral nerves

Research in the past few years has produced exciting progress in our understanding of neurotrophic factors. Robust effects of neurotrophic factors on neuronal survival and differentiation in animal studies have encouraged initiation of clinical trials for diseases of the human nervous system. In this article, the data for the actions of neurotrophic factors and the rationale for their use in clinical trials are reviewed. Recent data demonstrating efficacy of insulin-like growth factor 1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis suggest that neurotrophic factors can be used to treat neurological disease.
Upregulation of ICOS on CD43+ CD4+ murine small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes during acute reovirus infection.

Murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) can be classified according to expression of a CD43 glycoform recognized by the S7 monoclonal antibody. In this study, we examined the response of S7+ and S7- IELs in mice during acute reovirus serotype 3 (Dearing strain) infection, which was confirmed by virus-specific real-time PCR. In vivo proliferation increased significantly for both S7- and S7+ IELs on day 4 post-infection as determined by BrdU incorporation; however, expression of the inducible costimulatory (ICOS) molecule, which peaked on day 7 post-infection, was upregulated on S7+ CD4+ T cells, most of which were CD4+8- IELs. In vitro ICOS stimulation by syngeneic peritoneal macrophages induced IFN-{gamma} secretion from IELs from day 7 infected mice, and was suppressed by treatment with anti-ICOS mAb. Additionally, IFN-{gamma} mRNA increased in CD4+ IELs on day 6 post-infection. These findings indicate that S7- and S7+ IELs are differentially mobilized during the immune response to reovirus infection; that the regulated expression of ICOS is associated with S7+ IELs; and that stimulation of IELs through ICOS enhances IFN-{gamma} synthesis during infection.
Lost Innocent and Sacrificial Delegate: The Jonbenet Ramsey Murder

On 26 December 1996, 7 hours after Patsy Ramsey informed the police that her daughter had been kidnapped for ransom, 6-year-old JonBenet Ramsey's beaten body was found by her father in an unused storage room in the basement of their upper middle-class home. The media and public fascination with this story, and, in particular, with the visual images of JonBenet Ramsey, serve as a point of departure for a discussion of this event and its reception as a signal moment in America's sense of itself. JonBenet's photographic images are the nexus for overlapping and interwoven American narratives on the family, the nation, sexuality, power and violence, inscribed on the body of the emblematic child. The interest in, reporting of and management of information concerning the murder of JonBenet Ramsey suggest a shift in attitude toward the archetypal American child and family and the fragile images of reified innocence and deviance which have undergirded a postwar national ideology. This article seeks to answer not o...
The influence of incongruity and preexposure on the familiarity effect in visual selection of children

Abstract A consistent finding in the literature concerning visual selection is that S s will spend more time viewing unfamiliar stimuli than stimuli with which they have been familiarized. In the present experiment, the relationship between the magnitude of this familiarity effect and the level of stimulus incongruity was examined and found to be monotonic and increasing. In addition, amount of stimulus preexposure had no significant effect on the magnitude of the familiarity effect. Furthermore, there was no overall difference in S s' preference for familiar and unfamiliar stimuli. Results are interpreted as supporting a theory of visual selection based on information-conflict resolution.
Phytoplankton and nutrient variability along a cross-shelf transect off Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A.

Monthly cruises were conducted for one year to examine temporal and spatial variability in nutrients, chlorophyll, and the relative rate of photosynthesis of the −1 ) close to shore with little cruise-to-cruise variability. At offshore stations (>20–30 km) nutrients and chlorophyll concentrations were generally low (nitrate m , chlorophyll −1 ). The outer shelf ( c . 100 km offshore), however, exhibited considerable variability. When we found upwelling at the shelf break, chorophyll a concentrations at the surface were as high as 6.0 μg l −1 . At other times surface chlorophyll at the same locations averaged 0.1–0.2 μg l −1 with nitrate concentrations m . Phytoplankton >10 μm dominated the near shore stations. The Skeletonema costatum and Asterionella japonica were found in high abundance. Our study shows that phytoplankton abundance exhibits little seasonal variability in the Georgia Bight, but that upwelling events induce high frequency (days to weeks) variability on the outer shelf.
The aggregate throughput in random wireless networks with successive interference cancellation

The feasibility of successive interference cancellation (SIC) depends on the received power ordering from different users, which, in turn, depends on the fading distribution, path loss function and network geometry. Using a framework based on stochastic geometry, this paper studies the aggregate throughput in d-dimensional random wireless networks with SIC capability. We consider networks with arbitrary fading distribution, power-law path loss; the network geometry is governed by a non-uniform Poisson point process (PPP). Our results demonstrate how the performance of SIC changes as a function of the network geometry, fading distribution, and the path loss law. An important observation is that, in interference-limited networks, lower per-user information rate always results in higher aggregate throughput, while in noisy networks, there exists a positive optimal per-user rate at which the aggregate throughput is maximized.
Trends in techniques for the extraction of drugs and pesticides from biological specimens prior to chromatographic separation and detection

Abstract The isolation of non-volatile organic poisons from biological specimens is often difficult and time consuming. This paper surveys the isolation of common drugs and pesticides from biological specimens, including serum, blood and tissue, and the effect of experimental variables on the recovery of compounds, with emphasis on recent trends in extraction techniques and new methods under development, particularly those applicable to forensic toxicology. Traditional liquid-liquid extraction techniques are increasingly being replaced by or used in combination with newer extraction techniques such as solid-phase and supercritical fluid extraction. The potential advantages and problems encountered when incorporating these new methodologies in the isolation of drugs and pesticides from biological matrices are discussed. Although early implementation of solid-phase extraction techniques in forensic toxicology has been hampered by a variety of problems, including extract quality, reproducibility and selectivity, improvements in sorbent quality and elution solvents continue to facilitate their replacement of traditional liquid-liquid extraction methods. Future developments in supercritical fluid extraction should allow this technique to develop in an extremely powerful quantitative tool for the isolation of drugs and pesticides either from solid-phase sorbents or from their endogenous matrices.
Creating Customizable Subject Guides at Your Library to Support Online, Distance and Traditional Education: Comparing Three Self-Developed and One Commercial Online Subject Guide

This article compares three self-developed subject guides and one commercial online subject guide (LibGuides) to provide information to other institutions which have a plan or are in the process of developing a plan to implement similar services to support online, distance and traditional education. This is a comparison of the current subject guides in use by three separate academic institutions: Murray State University, North Carolina State University, and The Ohio State University. This paper examines the creation and use of dynamic subject guides as a result of collaboration among departments: reference, systems, and campus information technology, through an examination of related articles.
Alkanes in seawater in the vicinity of the buccaneer oilfield

Concentrations of alkanes in 76 water samples collected within 30 km of the Buccaneer oilfield between June, 1976, and March, 1977, were found to be as high as 43 ppb. It appears that petroleum alkanes discharged from the production platforms float at the air/sea interface and are dispersed. Further studies are required to determine their rates of dispersion and to investigate whether oxidation, metabolism, and other processes have a significant role in the removal of petroleum from the region of this oilfield. It seems likely that discharge from the production platforms of hydrocarbon-producing bacteria, or a nutrient which supports such bacteria, is responsible for the presence of bacterial hydrocarbons in bottom water samples down-current of the oilfield.
Field Measurements of Particulate Matter Emissions, Carbon Monoxide, and Exhaust Opacity from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

Diesel particulate matter (PM) is a significant contributor to ambient air PM10 and PM2.5 particulate levels. In addition, recent literature argues that submicron diesel PM is a pulmonary health hazard. There is difficulty in attributing PM emissions to specific operating modes of a diesel engine, although it is acknowledged that PM production rises dramatically with load and that high PM emissions occur during rapid load increases on turbocharged engines. Snap-acceleration tests generally identify PM associated with rapid transient operating conditions, but not with high load. To quantify the origin of PM during transient engine operation, continuous opacity measurements have been made using a Wager 650CP full flow exhaust opacity meter. Opacity measurements were taken while the vehicles were operated over transient driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer using the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Laboratories. Data were gathered from Detroit Diesel, Cummins, Caterpillar, and Navistar heavy-duty (HD) diesel engines. Driving cycles used were the Central Business District (CBD) cycle, the WVU 5-Peak Truck cycle, the WVU 5-Mile route, and the New York City Bus (NYCB) cycle. Continuous opacity measurements, integrated over the entire driving cycle, were compared to total integrated PM mass. In addition, the truck was subjected to repeat snap-acceleration tests, and PM was collected for a composite of these snap-acceleration tests. Additional data were obtained from a fleet of 1996 New Flyer buses in Flint, MI, equipped with electronically controlled Detroit Diesel Series 50 engines. Again, continuous opacity, regulated gaseous emissions, and PM were measured. The relationship between continuous carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and continuous opacity was noted. In identifying the level of PM emissions in transient diesel engine operation, it is suggested that CO emissions may prove to be a useful indicator and may be used to apportion total PM on a continuous basis over a transient cycle. The projected continuous PM data will prove valuable in future mobile source inventory prediction.
On the Weak Intrinsic Luminescence from Paclitaxel Dissolved in Nonelectrolyte Solvents

Paclitaxel, a diterpene natural product from the Pacific Yew tree, Taxus brevifolia, has emerged as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for treating solid tumors. We report here on the electronic absorbance and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, and excited-state fluorescence intensity decay kinetics of paclitaxel dissolved in several nonelectrolyte solvents. The results of these experiments show that the paclitaxel absorbance spectra are a function of paclitaxel concentration, consistent with concentration-dependent paclitaxel association. The paclitaxel molar absorptivity, fluorescence quantum yield, and radiative and nonradiative decay rates are all consistent with the excited state being of an (n, pi*) type. We propose that this observation arises from one or both of the phenyl-C=O moieties in paclitaxel. To the best of our knowledge, this paper represents the first comprehensive report on the intrinsic fluorescence from any member of the taxane family.
Evaluating European Climate Change Policy: An Ecological Justice Approach:

To date, the concept of ecological justice, when applied to international climate change policy, has largely focused on the North-South dichotomy and has yet to be extended to Central and Eastern European countries. This article argues that current formulations of climate change policy cannot address potential issues of ecological injustice to Central and Eastern European countries. Several Central and Eastern European countries recently joined the European Union, but ecological justice discourse in the EU is shown to be underdeveloped. Although the analysis argues that equal per capita emissions is a socially and ecologically useful starting point for EU climate policy, it is further argued that bringing pertinent regional concerns into the discussion can enhance efforts to realize just outcomes to the climate problem.
Grounding banks for balancing feeder voltages

DISTRIBUTION engineers, seeking means to provide a better balance of neutral voltage on 3-phase feeders, have suggested the use of grounding banks at one or more points along the feeder. The term 'grounding bank' is used here to mean a Y-delta transformer bank, the Y side tapped from the feeder with the Y neutral connected to the system neutral, whether the latter be an ungrounded conductor, a multigrounded conductor, or simply the earth itself (Figure 1). Such a bank may be installed solely for the performance of grounding duty. The dual role of grounding duty and load service should be considered, particularly for existing load-serving banks.
Euler Numbers and Skew-Hooks

The Euler number En is the number of permutations of the integers 1,2,3,..., n that first rise, then alternately fall and rise. For n = 4 the permutations of 1,2,3,4 satisfying this property are 1324, 1423, 2314, 2413, and 3412. So we see that E4 = 5. If one throws in the term Eo = 1, the first eleven Euler numbers 1,1,1,2,5,16,61, 272,1385,7936,50521 are given as the beginning terms of sequence #587 in the N. J. A. Sloane Handbook of Integer Sequences '[9]. Such permutations, sometimes called "up-down" permutations, were first studied in 1879 by D. Andre [2]; they make extensive appearances in the literature, showing up in a variety of contexts. One frequently used recursive technique for finding En involves the recurrence relation En+-1 2= i (EjEn-i along with the initial conditions Eo = 1, E1 = 1. (The reader is invited to try to prove this recurrence.) One disadvantage in using this scheme, of course, is that in computing En+ 1, one needs to know all the values EO E1 E2,.., En. In this paper, we first highlight several settings in which the Euler numbers play prominent roles and then give a method for finding a relatively simple, nonrecursive formula for En) employing a technique that is accessible to most undergraduates.
Studies on the metabolism of photosynthetic bacteria. XVII. Comparative studies on simultaneous photo-oxidations in bacterial and plant extracts.

Abstract 1. 1. Photooxidations of various redox couples by spinach leaf homogenates and sonic extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum cell suspensions have been studied and compared. 2. 2. The most active couple found was the combination of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, acting as electron carrier, and ascorbic acid, acting as ultimate electron donor. In both plant and bacterial extracts, it was found that photochemical oxygen uptake occurred until exhaustion of the excess ascorbate, after which the residual oxidation rate fell sharply to a rate equalling that in dark controls with leaf extracts, and to a rate slightly higher than dark controls in bacterial extracts. The stoichiometric ratio of two moles ascorbate oxidized for each mole oxygen taken up was found in general, although fluctuations in this ratio were noted occasionally in individual extracts. 3. 3. Addition of ethanol and catalase in large enough amounts to achieve maximal rate of the catalase-mediated oxidation of ethanol resulted in a sparing effect on ascorbate oxidation, without affecting the initial rate of oxygen uptake. This observation, together with the finding that ethanol photooxidation ceased upon exhaustion of ascorbate, indicated that the photooxidations of ethanol and ascorbate were coupled, rather than merely simultaneous. 4. 4. Measurements of the amounts of acetaldehyde produced, ascorbate oxidized, and oxygen consumed, provided confirmatory evidence that the oxidation of the DPIP-ascorbate couple was coupled photochemically with the catalase-mediated oxidation of ethanol. Hydrogen peroxide did not appear to be an intermediate in the coupling mechanism. 5. 5. The observations on the coupled photooxidation of ethanol and ascorbate in both plant and bacterial preparations were consistent with the assumption that a Hill system, modified to include oxygen as a Hill oxidant, was generated in the plant extracts, and that analogous mechanisms were available in the bacterial extracts. 6. 6. The significance of the results obtained in these researches for future experimentation is discussed.
Silicon solar cells produced by corona discharge

A technique for producing p-n junction silicon solar cells has been developed involving the use of a continuous gaseous discharge operating in the corona mode. The process is applicable to the production of p on n or n on p structures. Detailed results are presented for a BF3 discharge, producing p on n cells, along with preliminary results using a PF5 discharge, resulting in n on p cells. Efficiencies of over 8% were obtained on single crystal Si p on n cells, and of over 3% for a heavily-defected polycrystalline at AMl without anti-reflective coatings. Fill factors as high as 0.76 were obtained.
Laparoscopic bariatric surgery: what else are we uncovering? Liver pathology and preoperative indicators of advanced liver disease in morbidly obese patients

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the US, and obesity is the most common cause of NAFLD. Obesity and NAFLD are associated with hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, all components of the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of NAFLD among morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and to determine if advanced liver disease can be predicted by demographics, comorbidities, and/or preoperative biochemical profiles. 135 nonconsecutive patients (109 female, average age 46) with mean body mass index (BMI) 50 (SD 7.6) who underwent liver biopsies during bariatric surgery were studied. Patient data including age, BMI, comorbidities, and preoperative liver function tests were analyzed against liver biopsy pathology. 86% of patients had abnormal liver biopsy results. 60% of patients had steatosis, and 27% had advanced liver disease (7% steatohepatitis, 16% fibrosis, and 4% cirrhosis). Patients were grouped according to liver biopsy pathology. Group A included patients with normal results and steatosis only. Group B included those patients with advanced liver disease:steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Of 37 patients in group B, 27% had abnormal preoperative liver function tests (LFTs) compared to 10% of patients in group A (p = 0.022). Patients in group B were more likely to have preoperative hyperlipidemia (p = 0.020) and were also found to have a significantly higher BMI (p = 0.042). Diabetes mellitus, male gender, and age were not predictive of advanced liver disease on liver biopsy, with p = 0.056, p = 0.074, p = 0.26, respectively. Liver disease is common in the morbidly obese. More than one quarter of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery have advanced liver disease. Patients with increased preoperative LFTs, hyperlipidemia, and increased BMI are more likely to have non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis on liver biopsy during weight loss surgery. Diabetes, male gender, and age did not predict advanced liver disease.
Modeling pitch trajectories in fastpitch softball

The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is used to numerically integrate the equations of motion for a fastpitch softball pitch and to create a model from which the trajectories of drop balls, rise balls and curve balls can be computed and displayed. By requiring these pitches to pass through the strike zone, and by assuming specific values for the initial speed, launch angle and height of each pitch, an upper limit on the lift coefficient can be predicted which agrees with experimental data. This approach also predicts the launch angles necessary to put rise balls, drop balls and curve balls in the strike zone, as well as a value of the drag coefficient that agrees with experimental data. Finally, Adair’s analysis of a batter’s swing is used to compare pitches that look similar to a batter starting her swing, yet which diverge before reaching the home plate, to predict when she is likely to miss or foul the ball.
Genetic factors and asthma in aluminum smelter workers.

An asthma-like condition has been reported among aluminum smelter potroom workers. The pathophysiologic mechanisms and the causative agent involved are unknown. Inasmuch as gene polymorphisms are associated with asthma in the general population, the authors of this case-control study examined whether polymorphisms were associated with the development of potroom asthma. Genotyping was performed for the beta2-adrenore-ceptor, high-affinity Ig (immunoglobulin) E receptor, and Tumor Necrosis Factor on potroom workers who developed a new asthma-like condition and on individuals who did not develop respiratory problems. No associations were found between potroom asthma case status and genotype. The asthma-like condition associated with potroom work remains poorly understood. Future investigations of genetic susceptibility and occupational asthma may provide pathophysiologic insights into these work-related conditions, but larger numbers of subjects will be required.
Detection of acrylic acid formation in Megasphaera elsdenii in the presence of 3-butynoic acid

The formation of acrylic acid from lactic acid in the anaerobic rumen bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii was detected in the presence of 3-butynoic acid. While the major end products of lactic acid fermentation in the absence of the inhibitor were propionate, acetate, valerate, and butyrate, the presence of 3-butynoic acid led to the production of propionate, acetate, acrylate, and butyrate. An improvement in the chemical synthesis and purification of 3-butynoic acid was developed.
The object-superiority effect by threshold assessment

Targets embedded within three-dimensional stimuli had lower identification thresholds than did targets embedded within two-dimensional stimuli. This finding extends the object-superiority effect to include duration thresholds for identification. The pattern of identification errors supports previous findings that structurally relevant targets are harder to identify than nonstructurally relevant targets.
Chemical response of soil leachate to alternative approaches to experimental acidification

Abstract One approach to evaluating computer models which predict terrestrial‐aquatic ecosystem response to acid deposition is the experimental acidification of soils with subsequent comparisons among predicted and measured soil solution response. Using a soil microcosm experimental approach, comparisions between simulated acid rain (i.e. dilute H2SO4), dry NH4NO3, and prilled reduced S were made for suitability for large‐scale field experiments. Soil microcosms consisting of reconstructed soil profiles received a background simulated throughfall dosing over the six month treatment period. Results indicated that simulated throughfall, applied at twice the ambient rate, acidified soil leachates approximately 0.5 pH units over the treatment period. Along with the decline in leachate pH was an apparent release of base cations as well as Fe and Al. Over the length of the treatment period, very little of the prilled S dissolved and the simulated acid rain treatment did not have significant effects on leachate ...
The Stigma of Women's Weight: Social and Economic Realities

This article reviews the literature on weight and social stigma. It argues that obese women are both held accountable for their weight and rejected on account of their weight. Secondly, it presents evidence that obese women become downwardly socially mobile because of their weight. Finally, it points to some directions that are necessary for western society to cease its obsession with body weight and consequently improve the life satisfaction and mental health of millions of women.
Relationship of proximal fixation to postoperative renal dysfunction in patients with normal serum creatinine concentration

Abstract Objectives This study was performed to determine whether there is deterioration in renal function during follow-up in patients who have undergone endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), as recommended by the device manufacturers; to determine whether suprarenal fixation correlates with impairment of renal function; and to explore the potential implication of life-long surveillance of renal function with contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Methods One hundred forty-six consecutive patients underwent EVAR at our institution. Data from 113 of these patients who were free from preoperative renal insufficiency or postoperative renal disease were analyzed. Fifty-three patients received infrarenal (IR) fixation devices, and 60 patients received suprarenal (SR) fixation devices. All SR fixation devices were placed under investigational device exemption protocols. The average follow-up was 688 days. Sixty-five consecutive patients who had undergone open repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) served as the control group. Results Preoperative creatinine concentration, intraoperative blood loss, contrast volume, and number of contrast-enhanced procedures were not significantly different between the IR and SR groups. Two renal artery occlusions (1 SR, 1 IR; P = NS) were identified, and 8 renal infarcts (5 SR, 3 IR; P = NS). There was an increase in mean creatinine concentration in the open AAA, IR, and SR fixation groups at each time point in the analysis. Mean elevation in creatinine concentration at 12, 24, and 36 months was 0.10, 0.10, and 0.04 mg/dL, respectively, for open AAA repair; 0.20, 0.21, and 0.28 mg/dL for IR fixation; and 0.15, 0.21, and 0.12 mg/dL for SR fixation. At life table analysis, renal impairment at 36 months was seen in 36% ± 9% of patients in the IR group, 25% ± % of patients in the SR group, and 19% ± 6% of patients in the open AAA group ( P = .04 for IR fixation vs open AAA repair). Conclusions A decrease in kidney function is seen after EVAR, regardless of fixation level, that is independent of renal disease and renal arterial occlusion. In patients with normal renal function the site of proximal fixation does not affect postoperative creatinine concentration. The decrease in renal function is likely related to the repetitive administration of contrast agent.
Leptin Stimulates Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 in Human Hepatic Stellate Cells RESPECTIVE ROLES OF THE JAK/STAT AND JAK-MEDIATED H2O2-DEPENDENT MAPK PATHWAYS

Leptin is recognized as a profibrogenic hormone in the liver, but the mechanisms involved have not been clarified. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, which acts through inhibition of collagen degradation, is synthesized by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in response to fibrogenic substances. The capacity of leptin to induce TIMP-1 and its signaling molecules were investigated in a human HSC cell line, LX-2. Leptin stimulated TIMP-1 protein, mRNA, and promoter activity. JAK1 and -2, as well as STAT3 and -5, were activated. After leptin, there was increased expression of tyrosine 1141-phosphorylated leptin receptor, which may contribute to STAT3 activation. AG 490, a JAK inhibitor, blocked JAK phosphorylation with concomitant inhibition of STAT activation, TIMP-1 mRNA expression, and promoter activity. Leptin also induced an oxidative stress, which was inhibited by AG 490, indicating a JAK mediation process. ERK1/2 MAPK and p38 were activated, which was prevented by catalase, indicating an H2O2-dependent mechanism. Catalase treatment resulted in total suppression of TIMP-1 mRNA expression and promoter activity. SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, prevented p38 activation and reduced TIMP-1 message half-life with down-regulation of TIMP-1 mRNA. These changes were reproduced by overexpression of the dominant negative p38α and p38β mutants. PD098059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, opposed ERK1/2 activation and TIMP-1 promoter activity, leading to TIMP-1 mRNA down-regulation. Thus, leptin has a direct action on liver fibrogenesis by stimulating TIMP-1 production in activated HSC. This process appears to be mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway via the leptin receptor long form and the H2O2-dependent p38 and ERK1/2 pathways via activated JAK.
The MR dimple sign in irreducible posterolateral knee dislocations

While posterolateral knee dislocation is a rare entity, its identification has important implications. The invagination of skin seen in posterolateral knee dislocations is referred to as the “dimple sign” on physical exam. We report a case where the “dimple sign” was also demonstrated on magnetic resonance imaging. Failure to recognize this finding on imaging will render the knee irreducible, as a result of interposed tissues, until discovered by the orthopedic surgeon intraoperatively. The incarcerated medial capsule and medial collateral ligament could also be misinterpreted as torn meniscus, as occurred in our case.
Applying territoriality to steps in the buyer/seller process

Abstract Territoriality is the drive of an individual to stake out, establish, maintain, and defend an area of space for personal use. The “area of space” may be physical or psychological. Industrial buyers and others involved in the buying process, as members of organizations, will act to establish individual territories within the organization and may also act to represent an organization's territorial needs. Because an understanding of the behavior of buyers is important to industrial sales people, and because the concept of territoriality is a mixture of psychological processes, physical behavior, and the space surrounding an individual, a Territoriality Scan System is proposed to assist the salesperson in improving his or her sales communications with industrial buyers. A salesperson can gather important information about an industrial buyer's psychological processes by observing the buyer's physical behavior and surrounding physical space using the Territoriality Scan System. These observational measurements can then be used to enhance the entire sales presentation.
Adolescent acute sexual assault: contrasting with adult experiences

Background: Acute sexual assault is a serious and underreported crime with the potential to cause grave physical and emotional harm to victims. Despite its relatively high prevalence in adolescents, there is limited information detailing the experience in younger adolescents. Methods: We analyzed the emergency department records of 137 adolescent assault victims grouped with a similar adult population. We extracted demographic characteristics and details of the sexual assault as well as information about treatment and aftercare. Results: The circumstances of an assault were significantly different for adolescents than for adults. Adolescents were more likely than adults to know their assailant (65% versus 35%, P<0.01), to be assaulted during daytime hours (18% versus 16%, P <0.05), and to be assaulted in a residence. During the time of the assault, the majority of adolescents were not in situations where there was adult supervision. Adolescents were significantly less likely to sustain physical injury (37% versus 12%, P <0.01), to have a weapon used against them, or to be forced into multiple sexual acts. Follow-up rates were poor for assault victims, with adolescents having a higher rate of medical follow-up. Adolescents were less likely to receive rape-centered counseling referrals than were adults, (48% versus 58%, P <0.01), even when controlling for the violence of assault, race, or insurance status. Conclusion: Adolescent sexual assault appears to be less violent, typically occurring in familiar settings. Adolescents are more compliant with medical follow-up, but are less likely to be offered rape-centered counseling.
Power, Politics, and Critical Race Pedagogy: A Critical Race Analysis of Black Male Teachers’ Pedagogy

In this article, the authors explore the analytic connections between the scholarship on Black teachers and the development of the concept of critical pedagogy. In particular, the authors conduct a detailed analysis of both of these discourses and then explore the work of two African‐American male teachers in an urban school in Los Angeles. The findings reveal that the links between critical pedagogy and the scholarship on Black teachers is stronger than the existing literature would suggest. Additionally, it is suggested that Black male teachers in urban communities embody qualities outlined in both critical pedagogy and the scholarship on Black teachers.
Allocation of Helper T-cell Epitope Immunodominance According to Three-dimensional Structure in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Envelope Glycoprotein gp120

The specificity and intensity of CD4+ helper T-cell responses determine the effectiveness of immune effector functions. Promiscuously immunodominant helper T-cell epitopes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp120 could be important in the development of broadly protective immunity, but the underlying mechanisms of immunodominance and promiscuity remain poorly defined. In this study, gp120 helper T-cell epitopes were systematically mapped in CBA/J and BALB/c mice by restimulation assays using a set of overlapping peptides spanning the entire sequence of the gp120 encoded by HIV strain 89.6. The results were analyzed in the context of the HIV gp120 structure determined by x-ray crystallography. One major finding was that all of the promiscuously immunodominant gp120 sequences are located in the outer domain. Further analyses indicated that epitope immunogenicity in the outer domain correlates with structural disorder in adjacent N-terminal segments, as indicated by crystallographic B-factors or sequence divergence. In contrast, the correlation was poor when the analysis encompassed the entire gp120 sequence or was restricted to only the inner domain. These findings suggest that local disorder promotes the processing and presentation of adjacent epitopes in the outer domain of gp120 and therefore reveal how three-dimensional structure shapes the profile of helper T-cell epitope immunogenicity.
ADAPTIVE FEATURE SPACES FOR LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION WITH LIMITED GROUND TRUTH DATA

Classification of land cover based on hyperspectral data is very challenging because typically tens of classes with uneven priors are involved, the inputs are high dimensional, and there is often scarcity of labeled data. Several researchers have observed that it is often preferable to decompose a multiclass problem into multiple two-class problems, solve each such subproblem using a suitable binary classifier, and then combine the outputs of this collection of classifiers in a suitable manner to obtain the answer to the original multiclass problem. This approach is taken by the popular error correcting output codes (ECOC) technique, as well by the binary hierarchical classifier (BHC). Classical techniques for dealing with small sample sizes include regularization of covariance matrices and feature reduction. In this paper we address the twin problems of small sample sizes and multiclass settings by proposing a feature reduction scheme that adaptively adjusts to the amount of labeled data available. This scheme can be used in conjunction with ECOC and the BHC, as well as other approaches such as round-robin classification that decompose a multiclass problem into a number of two (meta)-class problems. In particular, we develop the best-basis binary hierarchical classifier (BB-BHC) and best basis ECOC (BB-ECOC) families of models that are adapted to "small sample size" situations. Currently, there are few studies that compare the efficacy of different approaches to multiclass problems in general settings as well as in the specific context of small sample sizes. Our experiments on two sets of remote sensing data show that both BB-BHC and BB-ECOC methods are superior to their nonadaptive versions when faced with limited data, with the BB-BHC showing a slight edge in terms of classification accuracy as well as interpretability.
Atomic force microscopy studies of CdTe films grown by epitaxial lateral overgrowth

Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of CdTe was carried out on GaAs using silicon nitride as the mask material. Windows were delineated on silicon, nitride mask deposited on GaAs substrates and CdTe was grown using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). It has been shown that highly selective growth of CdTe can be achieved at temperatures higher than 500 C and pressures lower than 25 torr using silicon nitride as the mask layer. Optimizing the growth conditions as well as the stripe directions on the substrates enables the growth of ELO-CdTe with a flattop surface and vertical sidewalls. AFM studies show that ELO-grown CdTe contains large grains with reduced defect densities, but there seems to be no difference on the films grown on the window region or on the masked region. The results suggest that the growth mechanism for CdTe growth on GaAs is different from that of ELO-grown GaN. A possible growth model for the patterned CdTe growth is also proposed.
Sequence requirements for upregulated expression of Drosophila hsp70 transgenes during aging.

Abstract hsp70 protein and hsp70:lacZ fusion reporters are upregulated during aging and in response to oxidative stress in the thorax of Drosophila. hsp70 expression was increased during aging in each of seven different Drosophila genetic backgrounds tested, 2.6–4.8-fold. DNA sequence requirements were investigated by analysis of nine distinct hsp70:lacZ fusion reporter constructs in multiple independent transgenic lines. hsp70 sequences −194 to +276 supported an average 2.7-fold increase during aging. This increase was reduced or eliminated by deletion or point mutation of the heat shock response elements, consistent with a transcriptional mechanism. Similar sequence requirements were observed for increased expression in response to catalase null mutation as a model of oxidative stress. hsp70 5′UTR sequences were required for efficient basal expression of transgenes, but were not sufficient to confer detectable upregulation during aging. Inclusion of additional hsp70 coding region sequences from +276 to +1011 created a larger hsp70:lacZ fusion protein and had two effects: dramatic reduction of the overall expression level of the fusion protein, and an additional three to fourfold upregulation during aging. These results suggest that the coding region sequences reduce fusion protein abundance and that this negative effect decreases as a function of age. The data support a model for increased expression of hsp70 transgenes during aging involving both transcriptional and posttranscriptional components.
Mode of action of tyrocidine on neurospora

Abstract 1. 1. Neurospora, growing either in stationary cultures or in logarithmic-phase shaking cultures, is highly sensitive to the antibiotic decapeptide tyrocidine. Ungerminated conidia are also sensitive. The effect of tyrocidine is irreversible. 2. 2. The syntheses of DNA, RNA, and protein are inhibited to the same extent by tyrocidine. 3. 3. Cells exposed to tyrocidine release into the medium a variety of compounds, including K+, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and proteins. The rapidity of the loss and the very low concentrations of tyrocidine required suggest that the cell membrane is a primary site of action of the antibiotic. 4. 4. The loss of 260-mμ-absorbing material has been characterized in greater detail. Tyrocidines A, B, C, and D are equally effective. A rapid initial release is independent of temperature, occuring even at 0°, while a slow second phase of the process is absent below 12° and much greater at 37° than at 25°. It is suggested that cell components are broken down enzymatically during this second phase, possibly as a result of tyrocidine-induced damage to enzyme-containing organelles. 5. 5. Light microscopy and electron microscopy confirm the gradual depletion of cellular material brought about by tyrocidine.
Constancy of Wave-length of Light

THE recent correspondence in NATURE regarding the constancy of the velocity of light raises the auxiliary question as to the constancy of the wavelength of light. Experimentally, this is best approached by a study of the wave-length of a spectral line.
ANTISHIELDING OF NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE MOMENTS IN HEAVY IONS

Sternheimer antishielding factors, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$, are calculated for a number of heavy ions (${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{+++}$, ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), by using a variational procedure. Since there is more than one $p$ shell and sometimes more than one $d$ shell for these ions, an important modification of the original variational procedure was needed before it could be extended to these heavier ones. In the case of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$, we were able to compare our values with those obtained earlier by Sternheimer. We found a good agreement for ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, but our values for ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ were somewhat lower. The reason for this discrepancy is discussed, and we conclude that for heavy ions, Sternheimer's procedure is more accurate than the variational procedure.The calculated values of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ are used to interpret two sets of data: (1) nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in a number of ionic diatomic molecules and ionic crystals; and (2) relaxation times in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments in some ionic crystals.
Review of Mayo Clinic experience with carcinoma in situ

Experience with carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder during a twenty-year period at the Mayo Clinic is reviewed. The most important clinical clues for diagnosis of this disease continue to be irritative bladder symptoms in the absence of infection in elderly men and a history of transurethral resection of the prostate. The most reliable method of diagnosis is urinary cytology. When not modified by treatment, CIS is the precursor of most invasive cancers, originating probably from an area of atypical hyperplasia into CIS and, finally, into invasion. Among patients considered to have CIS who undergo cystectomy, 34 per cent may already have microinvasion. CIS has the potential to involve the entire urothelium. Prudence should guide the use of intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin or thiotepa or doxorubicin), which may control the disease for extended periods in many patients. If primary treatment fails, immediate second-line treatment should include BCG or hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) phototherapy or both. If such therapy fails, delay of radical cystectomy seems inadvisable. Monitoring of the prostatic urethra during intravesical treatment is mandatory; a radical surgical procedure should be performed once the prostatic urethra is involved. Results of treatment for secondary prostatic and upper urinary tract cancer are dismal. Conversely, secondary urethral disease, although it occurs frequently beyond five years, may be associated with a good prognosis.