cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State-of-the-art in biomedical literature retrieval for clinical cases: a survey of the TREC 2014 CDS track

Providing access to relevant biomedical literature in a clinical setting has the potential to bridge a critical gap in evidence-based medicine. Here, our goal is specifically to provide relevant articles to clinicians to improve their decision-making in diagnosing, treating, and testing patients. To this end, the TREC 2014 Clinical Decision Support Track evaluated a system's ability to retrieve relevant articles in one of three categories (Diagnosis, Treatment, Test) using an idealized form of a patient medical record . Over 100 submissions from over 25 participants were evaluated on 30 topics, resulting in over 37k relevance judgments. In this article, we provide an overview of the task, a survey of the information retrieval methods employed by the participants, an analysis of the results, and a discussion on the future directions for this challenging yet important task.
The General Manager's Perspective On How Factionalism Can Impact the Behaviors and Effectiveness of Top Managers Inside A Shared Management Joint Venture

This research is focused on joint ventures that are operated with a shared management governance structure. It is argued that the effectiveness of top management inside such a joint venture will be significantly determined by the nature of relations between the managers transferred from the different parent firms. Within that context, emphasis is placed on relational factors that can have an important bearing on the quality of decision making inside the joint venture. Data is collected from top executives at seventy-five shared management joint ventures and the results suggest several significant linkages. First, a growing sense of ``us'' versus ``them'' factionalism between managers from different parent companies is associated with a heightened propensity for the use of power in an impersonal and manipulative way. Second, those attitudes and behaviors undermine the openness of communications and information exchanges between the managers. Third, as those attitudes and behaviors intensify they have increasingly dysfunctional consequences for the development and execution of high quality decisions, and management effectiveness deteriorates. Moreover, interdependence between the managers aggravates this phenomenon because it strengthens the link between negative attitudes and dysfunctional behavior. The implications for joint venture performance are evident.
A H/sub 2/O(v) sensor system for combustion diagnostics using both direct absorption and frequency modulation spectroscopy

A diode laser H/sub 2/O(v) measurement system for nonintrusive combustion diagnostics has been successfully developed, tested and installed at a NASA HYPULSE facility for routine operation. The operation theory and measurement results will be presented.
Fully secure accountable-authority identity-based encryption

The problem of trust is one of the biggest concerns in any identity-based infrastructure where the key-generation authority (called the PKG) must choose secret keys for participants and therefore be highly trusted by all parties. While some abilities of the PKG are intrinsic to this setting, reducing this trust as much as possible is beneficial to both user and authority as the less trust is placed in it, the less an honest authority can be accused of abusing that trust. Goyal (CRYPTO 2007) defined the notion of Accountable-Authority IBE in which a dishonest PKG who had leaked a user's private key could be proven guilty. Later, Goyal et al. (CCS 2008) asked whether it would be possible to implicate a PKG who produced an unauthorized decoder box, enabling decryption with a noticeable probability but which may not actually grant access to a well-formed key. Formally, would it be possible for a tracing algorithm to implicate a dishonest PKG given only black-box access to such a decoder? Goyal et al. could only provide such a scheme in the weaker setting of selective security, where an adversary must declare at the start of the game which identity it intends to target. In this work, we provide the first fully secure accountable-authority IBE scheme. We prove security from the standard DBDH assumption while losing none of the functionality or security of the original proposal.
Long-term ionospheric cooling: Dependency on local time, season, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity

[1] Ionospheric ion temperature Ti is an excellent approximation to neutral temperature Tn in the thermosphere, especially for altitudes below 300 km. This analysis of long‒term Ti trends in the F region over different local times is based on a database of incoherent scatter radar (ISR) observations spanning more than three solar cycles during 1968–2006 at Millstone Hill and represents an extended effort to a prior study focusing on noon‒time only. This study provides important information for understanding the difference between the ISR and other results. A gross average of the Ti trend at heights of Ti ∼ Tn (200–350 km) is ∼ −4 K/decade, a cooling trend close to the Tn estimation based on the satellite neutral density data. However, there exists considerable variability in the cooling: it is strong during the day and very weak during the night with a large apparent warming at low altitudes (200–350 km); it is strong at solar minimum for both daytime and nighttime. The strongest cooling for altitudes below 375 km occurs around 90–120 solar flux units of the 10.7 cm solar flux, not at the lowest solar flux. There appears more cooling toward high magnetic activity, but this dependency is very weak. No consistent and substantial seasonal dependency across different heights was found. We speculate that a fraction of the observed cooling trend may be contributed by a gradual shifting away from the sub‒auroral region at Millstone Hill, as part of the secular change in the Earth's magnetic field. In this 39 year long series of data record, two anomalous Ti drops were noticed, and we speculate on their connection to volcano eruptions in 1982 and 1991.
Phase space calculations of composite particle production

In order to study complex reactions such as those encountered in nuclear heavy ion physics, reaction theory must be re-expressed in terms of the density operator. Exact expressions relating inclusive production cross sections to scattering solutions of the density operator have been derived. When these are applied to various dynamical approximations of the density operator, a simple, useful, and physically intuitive picture of production as seen in classical phase space emerges. These methods should also be useful in molecular dynamics.
Utilization of oxalacetate by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: evidence for coupling between malic enzyme and malic dehydrogenase.

Growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain BD413 in malate-mineral medium resulted in the excretion of large quantities of oxalacetate. Malate was virtually depleted by the time the cell density reached 60% of its final value; most of the remaining growth took place at the expense of oxalacetate. Experiments in which oxalacetate was used as the initial substrate showed that pyruvate was not utilized until most of the oxalacetate disappeared. The generation time for growth on malate or oxalacetate was ∼40 min; the generation time for growth on pyruvate was 62 min, which implies that pyruvate transport may be rate limiting. Oxalacetate and pyruvate, however, supported approximately the same growth yield. These observations suggested that the first step in the utilization of oxalacetate as an energy source consisted of an enzymatic decarboxylation of the keto acid to pyruvate and CO2. Three enzyme reactions that carry out this decarboxylation have been detected in extracts of A. calcoaceticus. The first, which functioned maximally at pH 4.8, was attributable to the oxalacetate decarboxylase activity of oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide-malic enzyme. The second and third, which functioned in the neutral pH range, resulted from coupling of oxidized diphosphopyridine nucleotide-malic enzyme to reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent malic dehydrogenase, and oxidized triphosphopyridine nucleotide-malic enzyme to a reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent malic dehydrogenase. The efficiency of these coupled reactions was high enough so that the overall reaction could be physiologically significant.
Responding to Mechanical Antigravity

Based on the experiences of the NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project, suggestions are offered for constructively responding to proposals that purport breakthrough propulsion using mechanical devices. Because of the relatively large number of unsolicited submissions received (about 1 per workday) and because many of these involve similar concepts, this report is offered to help the would-be submitters make genuine progress as well as to help reviewers respond to such submissions. Devices that use oscillating masses or gyroscope falsely appear to create net thrust through differential friction or by misinterpreting torques as linear forces. To cover both the possibility of an errant claim and a genuine discovery, reviews should require that submitters meet minimal thresholds of proof before engaging in further correspondence; such as achieving sustained deflection of a level-platform pendulum in the case of mechanical thrusters.
Multifocal learning for customer problem analysis

In this study, we formalize a multifocal learning problem, where training data are partitioned into several different focal groups and the prediction model will be learned within each focal group. The multifocal learning problem is motivated by numerous real-world learning applications. For instance, for the same type of problems encountered in a customer service center, the problem descriptions from different customers can be quite different. Experienced customers usually give more precise and focused descriptions about the problem. In contrast, inexperienced customers usually provide diverse descriptions. In this case, the examples from the same class in the training data can be naturally in different focal groups. Therefore, it is necessary to identify those natural focal groups and exploit them for learning at different focuses. Along this line, the key development challenge is how to identify those focal groups in the training data. As a case study, we exploit multifocal learning for profiling customer problems. Also, we provide an empirical study about how the performance of multifocal learning is affected by the quality of focal groups. The results on real-world customer problem logs show that multifocal learning can significantly boost the performance of many existing classification algorithms, such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs), for classifying customer problems and there is strong correlation between the quality of focal groups and the learning performance.
Effects of Causal Uncertainty on the Dispositional Attribution Process

Abstract Two studies examined the effects of causal uncertainty on the dispositional attribution process. Because of its association with a lack of confidence in one's ability to identify and analyze the causes of events, high chronic causal uncertainty was predicted to reduce people's adjustment for situational factors relevant to a target's behavior when making a dispositional attribution. In both experiments, participants read about a target's behavior and situational information relevant to the target's behavior. Participants higher in causal uncertainty showed less adjustment of dispositional attributions for the situational information.
NUMERICAL PREDICTIONS OF FLOW STRUCTURE ABOVE A DIMPLED SURFACE IN A CHANNEL

Turbulent air flow in a channel with deep dimples (δ/D = 0.3) on one wall is numerically predicted using version 6.0.12 of FLUENT with a realizable κ–ϵ model and no wall function. Steady-state results show centrally located vortex pairs, as well as vortex pairs located near the spanwise edges of individual dimples. The fluid within and near these different vortex pairs contains augmented magnitudes of eddy diffusivity for momentum and eddy diffusivity for heat. Such characteristics are due to advection of reattaching and recirculating flow from locations within the dimple cavities, as well as to the strong instantaneous secondary flows and mixing within the vortex pairs.
Liquid chromatographic separations with mobile-phase additives: influence of pressure on coupled equilibria

On the basis of equilibrium thermodynamics, pressure can cause a shift in equilibrium for any interaction that exhibits a change in partial molar volume. This shift in equilibrium can be observed in liquid chromatography as a pressure-dependent shift in solute retention. In this paper, the impact of pressure on liquid chromatographic separations with mobile-phase additives is examined from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. The theoretical development for coupled-equilibria separations shown here is general and can be applied to any separation using mobile-phase additives. Predictions indicate that the coupled nature of these equilibria leads to pressure-induced perturbations in partitioning and complexation that can either compete with or complement one another. Using positional isomers and enantiomers as model solutes, experimental retention observations are fully consistent with these predictions, showing the diminution of individual pressure effects for competing cases and enhanced pressu...
The Art of Engagement

The Art of Engagement. By Peter Selz, with an essay by Susan Landauer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 300 pp., illustrated. Humanity has created an evil system—a top and a bottom....
Diastolic function of the fetal heart during second and third trimester: a prospective longitudinal Doppler-echocardiographic study.

To generate normal charts of fetal cardiac inflow velocities and to assess physiologic changes of ventricular diastolic function, velocity waveforms of tricuspid and mitral valves were studied longitudinally in 49 fetuses in 4 week intervals from 14 weeks gestation to term. Doppler tracings were analyzed for: peak early (E) and peak late (A) inflow velocities, time velocity integral (TVI) of total inflow and A-wave velocity waveforms and heart rate corrected isovolemic relaxation time. E-and A-velocity as well as total-and A-wave-TVI of both valves increased significantly with gestational age (P<0.001). Heart rate and A/E ratio decreased significantly with gestational age (P<0.001). The ratio of A-wave TVI to total TVI of both valves and heart rate corrected isovolemic relaxation time (IVR) was constant suggesting unchanged diastolic function. This study provides normal charts for fetal cardiac inflow velocities. After 14 weeks of gestation all inflow velocities and their respective TVI's increased linearly in the growing fetal heart. There was evidence that diastolic function did not change. Area ratios and IVR should be used to determine changes in ventricular diastolic function, rather than velocity ratios.
Cleaning behaviour in the centrarchid fishes, Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides

Abstract Cleaning symbiosis is reported for centrarchid fishes in their natural habitat at Everglades National Park, Florida. Intraspecific cleaning behaviour among conspecifics of the bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus , as well as interspecific cleaning behaviour between L. macrochirus and the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides , is described. Juveniles of L. macrochirus acted as intraspecific cleaners, adults as interspecific cleaners. Clients displayed a characteristic head-stand pose during cleaning encounters. The evolution of this cleaning invitation pose may be related to an inclined feeding posture frequently utilized by centrarchid fishes. Cleaning stations appeared to exist with regard to interspecific cleaning. Cleaning behaviour may be a seasonal phenomenon in the Everglades.
Susceptibility weighted imaging depicts retinal hemorrhages in abusive head trauma

Introduction This study aims to evaluate the capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) susceptibility weighted images (SWI) in depicting retinal hemorrhages (RH) in abusive head trauma (AHT) compared to the gold standard dilated fundus exam (DFE).
Value Differences and Conflict Resolution

(1986). Value Differences and Conflict Resolution. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 126, No. 3, pp. 415-417.
An update on the safety of amlodipine.

Summary:A previous article on the safety of amlodipine reviewed data from over 4,000 subjects who participated in clinical trials sponsored by Pfizer Central Research. Once-daily amlodipine was shown to be a well-tolerated treatment of hypertension and myocardial ischemia. Although amlodipine is a p
Perron's method for second order hyperbolic PDE. Part III

In parts I, II, and III combined of this paper, we define a notion of viscosity solution for these equations and existence is proved by a Perron-like method. Here, in part I, we prove useful identities, and a maximum-like principle for smooth sub(super) solutions of the standard wave equation. We define a new potential theoretic (P) notion of solution, subsolution and supersolution, and a related potential type (P) Cauchy problem for semilinear second order hyperbolic equations.
Pretreatment of corn stover by low-liquid ammonia recycle percolation process

A pretreatment method using aqueous ammonia was investigated with the intent of minimizing the liquid throughput. This process uses a flowthrough packed column reactor (or percolation reactor). In comparison to the ammonia recycle percolation (ARP) process developed previously in our laboratory, this process significantly reduces the liquid throughput to one reactor void volume in packed bed (2.0-4.7 mL of liquid/g of corn stover) and, thus, is termed low-liquid ARP (LLARP). In addition to attaining short residence time and reduced energy input, this process achieves 59-70% of lignin removal and 48-57% of xylan retention. With optimum operation of the LLARP to corn stover, enzymatic digestibilities of 95, 90, and 86% were achieved with 60, 15, and 7.5 filter paper units/g of glucan, respectively. In the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation test of the LLARP samples using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NREL-D5A), an ethanol yield of 84% of the theoretical maximum was achieved with 6% (w/v) glucan loading. In the simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF) test using recombinant Escherichia coli (KO11), both the glucan and xylan in the solid were effectively utilized, giving an overall ethanol yield of 109% of the theoretical maximum based on glucan, a clear indication that the xylan content was converted into ethanol. The xylooligomers existing in the LLARP effluent were not effectively hydrolyzed by cellulase enzyme, achieving only 60% of digestibility. SSCF of the treated corn stover was severely hampered when the substrate was supplemented with the LLARP effluent, giving only 56% the overall yield of ethanol. The effluent appears to significantly inhibit cellulase and microbial activities.
Pyrimidine synthesis in Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416.

K. LI AND T.P. WEST. 1995. Pyrimidine synthesis in the food spoilage agent Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416 was investigated. The five de novo pathway enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis were found to be active in B. cepacia ATCC 25416 and growth of this strain on uracil had an effect on the de novo enzyme activities. The in vitro regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase activity in B. cepacia ATCC 25416 was studied and its activity was inhibited by PPi, ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP. The enzymes cytidine deaminase, uridine phosphorylase and cytosine deaminase were found to be active in the salvage of pyrimidines in ATCC 25416. Overall, de novo pyrimidine synthesis in B. cepacia ATCC 25416 was regulated at the level of enzyme activity and its pyrimidine salvage enzymes differed from those found in B. cepacia ATCC 17759.
The effect of increased maternal visual regard on neonatal visual behavior

Abstract The effects of increased maternal visual regard upon neonatal visual behavior and mutual visual regard were explored in this sample of twenty alert neonates with their mothers. Ten mother‐infant dyads served as the experimental subjects and ten as the control subjects. Mother‐infant pairs were observed during hospital feeding sessions by one experimentally naive and one informed observer using a modified time‐sampling procedure. During the experimental phase, one group of mothers were instructed to increase the amount of time they spent looking into their infants’ eyes. Control mothers were given no instructions governing the nature of their interaction patterns. Analyses revealed that the manipulation of increased maternal visual regard resulted in increased neonatal visual regard of mother and consequently in increased mutual visual regard. Since the young infants were positively responsive to this subtle change in social stimulation, clinical applications of similar manipulations of maternal s...
The logistics of household hurricane evacuation

Although there is a substantial amount of research on households’ hurricane evacuation decision making, there is much less research on the logistical issues involved in implementing those evacuations. The limited research on household evacuation logistics has consistently shown that most evacuees stay in the homes of friends and relatives or in commercial facilities rather than in public shelters. However, evacuation logistics—which can be defined as the activities and associated resources needed to reach a safe location and remain there until it is safe to return—encompasses a much broader range of behaviors than this. The present study extends previous research by reporting data on other aspects of evacuation logistics such as departure timing, vehicle use, evacuation routes, travel distance, shelter type, evacuation duration, and evacuation cost. Hurricane Lili evacuation data at the county level are generally consistent with the data from previous hurricanes, but there is notable variation across counties studied here. There were only modest correlations of demographic and geographic variables with the evacuation logistics variables, a result that indicates further research is needed to better understand what happens between the time an evacuation decision is made and the time re-entry is begun. Moreover, research is needed to understand the logistics of evacuation by special populations such as transients and households with disabled members.
Nick translation of λ phage DNA with a deoxycytidine analog spin labeled in the 5 position

The synthesis and properties of a novel C(5)-spin-labeled 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate which serves as a suitable substrate for the template-directed enzyme Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I are reported. The spin label is readily incorporated into lambda phage DNA by nick translation where it reports the characteristic local base motion for double- and single-stranded DNA as determined by electron spin resonance. The high-frequency deoxycytidine motion is similar to the previously reported thymidine motion in double-stranded lambda phage DNA.
Design and analysis of meter-size deformable gratings for compressing kilojoule, petawatt laser pulses

Monolithic meter-size diffraction gratings are required to improve kilojoule, petawatt laser-system performance. A deformable-grating-based pulse compressor with optimized actuator positions is presented to correct the spatial and temporal aberrations induced by grating wavefront errors.
A Possible Explanation for Low Correlation Dimension Estimates for the Atmosphere.

Abstract There have been numerous attempts to detect the presence of deterministic chaos by estimating the correlation dimension. The values of reported correlation dimension for various geophysical time series vary between 1.3 and virtually infinity (i.e., no saturation). It is pointed out that analyzing variables that depend on physical constraints and thresholds, like precipitation, may lead to underestimation of the correlation dimension of the underlying dynamical system.
A High Speed Recirculating Neighborhood Processing Architecture

The Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) has developed the fourth generation of its cellular image processing systems, known as Cytocomputers®. These systems have been developed over the past nine years, primarily for image analysis and machine vision. Other applications have been demonstrated in image enhancement, computer aided design, and signal processing. The new system utilizes the well-proven and mathematically supported neighborhood processing stages with modules for image storage, multiple-image combinations and high-speed image transfer. These modules support the cellular processor stages in an open, extendable architecture which allows enhancement through the addition of modules optimized for particular transformations. This paper first discusses the special requirements of machine vision and image analysis systems and the types of operations required. Next, an overview of the alternative architectures for image processors is presented, along with a discussion of the tradeoffs and criteria which must be weighed in system design. Finally, the new system is described and examples of its operation are discussed.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LOCATING STRUCTURAL DAMAGE BY DETECTING BOUNDARY EFFECTS

Abstract This paper presents a method of pinpointing structural damage locations using operational deflection shapes (ODSs) measured by a scanning laser vibrometer. The method assumes the form C 1 cos βx + C 2 sin βx + C 3 cosh βx + C 4 sinh βx for an ODS to match with its experimental data using a sliding-window least-squares method to determine the four coefficients C i . It is shown that C 1 represents the central solution of displacement, C 3 the boundary-layer solution of displacement caused by boundary constraints, C 2 β the central solution of slope, and C 4 β the boundary-layer solution of slope. Moreover, C 1 * C 3 is proportional to the difference of kinetic and elastic energy densities, C 3 − C 1 is proportional to the curvature, and C 4 − C 2 is proportional to the spatial derivative of the curvature. Because cracks on a structure introduce new boundaries to the structure and these coefficients change significantly at boundaries, crack locations are clearly revealed by the peaks on the C 1 * C 3 curve, sign change of C 4 , peaks on the fitting error curve, and sudden changes of C 3 − C 1 and C 4 − C 2 . Moreover, numerical and experimental results show that each of these coefficients requires a different length of data points for curve fitting in order to smooth the curve. Based on this different data length requirement and the peaks and sign change of these coefficients we derive a boundary effect detection (BED) method for finding damage locations. A non-linear sliding-window least-squares fitting technique is also derived for estimating the extent of structural damage. Numerical and experimental studies on beams with different damages have been performed to prove the accuracy and reliability of the BED method.
Neonatal Intensive Care Nurseries in Pacific Rim Countries: Differences in Clinical Practices and Neonatal Mortality. † 1210

A multicenter study comparing outcomes for very low birth weight infants(<1501g) in Pacific Rim nurseries was undertaken. Centers collected prospective data for all liveborn infants beginning January 1996. Data were collected for gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), 5 minute Apgars, use of antenatal steroids (AS), cesarean rates (CS, surfactant use (Surf), and death. CRIB scores were derived from these data. Centers had similar mean BW (p=0.4). SFGH had less mature infants (p=0.03) and a lower distribution of Apgar scores, as well as the highest mortality. There was significant differences in clinical practices in the use of AS and Surf. Table
A multistage analysis strategy for a clinical trial to assess successively more stringent criteria for a primary endpoint with a low event rate

This paper describes how a multistage analysis strategy for a clinical trial can assess a sequence of hypotheses that pertain to successively more stringent criteria for excess risk exclusion or superiority for a primary endpoint with a low event rate. The criteria for assessment can correspond to excess risk of an adverse event or to a guideline for sufficient efficacy as in the case of vaccine trials. The proposed strategy is implemented through a set of interim analyses, and success for one or more of the less stringent criteria at an interim analysis can be the basis for a regulatory submission, whereas the clinical trial continues to accumulate information to address the more stringent, but not futile, criteria. Simulations show that the proposed strategy is satisfactory for control of type I error, sufficient power, and potential success at interim analyses when the true relative risk is more favorable than assumed for the planned sample size. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Go with the flow: particle systems for program modeling in high-rise buildings

This paper revisits the particle flow system, a time-based computational tool, which has received a lot of attention from the early pioneers of digital architecture. The use of particle flow systems in architecture enables designers to materialize what they term as site forces which can later be formalized into a building. The methods offered by various designers for using particle flow systems in architecture have kept the discourse purely formal by focusing on the exterior and neglecting the interior. This paper offers a different way of using and conceptualizing particle flow systems in architecture. Shifting the emphasis from the formal, the paper aims to show the potential of using particle flow systems as a parametric model for exploring the spatial organization of an architectural program. This paper also illustrates the application of the proposed computational model, i.e., the particle flow system, by using a case study - the design of a high-rise building in downtown Tel Aviv, Israel.
The preparation of organoiron η1-α-alkoxyethyl complexes and their reaction with electrophiles: characterization of cationic organoiron ethylidene compounds

Abstract The η 1 -α-alkoxyethyl complexes CpFe(CO)L[CH(OCH 3 )CH 3 ] (IIa, L = CO; IIb, L = PPh 3 ; IIc, L = P(OPh) 3 ) have been prepared by the LiHBEt 3 reduction of the requisite alkoxycarbene compounds CpFe(CO)L[C(OCH 3 )CH 3 ] + PF 6 − . Treatment of IIb and IIc with acid or Ph 3 C + selectively affords the ethylidene salts CpFe(CO)L(CHCH 3 ) + (Ib, L = PPh 3 ; Ic, L = P(OPh) 3 ), which thermally isomerize below 25° C to the η 2 -ethylene complexes CpFe(CO)L(CH 2 CH 2 ) + . Ib and Ic, also produced by protonation of the vinyl complexes CpFe(CO)L(CHCH 2 ), were trapped by PPh 3 adduct formation (L = PPh 3 , P(OPh) 3 ), by deprotonation to its vinyl complex (L = P(OPh) 3 ), and by LiHBEt 3 reduction (L = P(OPh) 3 ). Treatment of IIa with acid or Ph 3 C + (or CpFe(CO) 2 CH&.dbnd;CH 2 with acid) gives varying mixtures of CpFe(CO) 2 (CHCH 2 ) + and the β-metallocarbonium ion complex [CpFe(CO) 2 CH 2 CHCH(CH 3 )Fe(CO) 2 Cp] + , both necessitating intermediacy of Ia.
Involvement of Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle Intermediates in CO2 Fixation and O2 Evolution by Isolated Chloroplasts

The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle intermediates can be divided into three classes according to their effects on the rate of photosynthetic CO2 evolution by whole spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts and on their ability to affect reversal of certain inhibitors (nigericin, arsenate, arsenite, iodoacetate, antimycin A) of photosynthesis: class I (maximal): fructose 1, 6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate; class 2 (slight): glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate; class 3 (variable): glycerate 3-phosphate. While class 1 compounds influence the photosynthetic rate, they do not lower the Michaelis constant of the chloroplast for bicarbonate or affect strongly other photosynthetic properties such as the isotopic distribution pattern. It was concluded that the class 1 compounds influence the chloroplast by not only supplying components to the carbon cycle but also by activating or stabilizing a structural component of the chloroplast.
The methylation state of poly A-containing-messenger RNA from cultured hamster cells

The poly A-containing mRNA of cultured hamster (BHK-21) cells has been examined with regard to methylation status. Steady state-labeled mRNA was obtained by incubating cells for 20-22h in the presence of [methyl-3H]-methionine and 32Pi. The degree of methylation of this RNA was 1.8 methyl groups per 1000 nucleotides, or 4-5 methyl groups on the average per molecule. The nature of the methylated residues was determined by paper chromatography and electrophoresis of acid and alkaline hydrolysates, by DEAE cellulose chromatography of alkaline hydrolysates and of T2 RNase digests, and by examining the effect of subjecting samples to "beta-elimination." Approx. half of the methyl groups occurred in standard ("internal") linkage, 10% as m5Cp and 40% as m6Ap residues. The remainder occurred at least for the most part in "blocked" 5'-termini with the presumptive structure m7G(5')ppp(Nm)p.., where Nm was Gm, m6Am, Um, or Cm.
The Band Spectrum of Silver Chloride

Analysis of vibrational structure. ---The electronic band system of AgCl extending from $\ensuremath{\lambda}3124$ to $\ensuremath{\lambda}3400$ has been obtained in emission and absorption, the latter under high dispersion. A complete vibrational quantum analysis has been carried out, giving the following formula for the heads of the bands of the molecule ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}$${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$: $\ensuremath{\nu}=31574.4+275.0{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}6.20{v}^{\ensuremath{'}2}\ensuremath{-}0.130{v}^{\ensuremath{'}3}\ensuremath{-}342.4{v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+1.163{v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}2}$
Prevention of gallium toxicity by hyperhydration in treatment of medulloblastoma

In vitro and in vivo studies have established gallium nitrate as an effective chemotherapeutic agent against human medulloblastoma. In vitro, gallium nitrate reduced cell proliferation and DNA synthesis of medulloblastoma Daoy. Gallium inhibits the availability of 59Fe to ribonucleotide reductase and has a direct effect on the enzyme itself. In vivo, gallium demonstrated similar effects on the medulloblastoma Daoy cell line in nude mice. Tumor growth rate and actual size were decreased; however, severe nephrotoxicity and mortality were observed. In our study, intradermal injections of medulloblastoma Daoy cells were given to nude mice and then tumors were allowed to grow. Tumor-bearing mice received a 15-day gallium (50 mg/kg/day) regimen, 20-day rest, 7-day gallium (66.5 mg/kg/day) dose escalation regimen beginning when tumor size exceeded 8-10 mm in diameter. All treated and control mice received saline hyperhydration during both treatment sessions. Our study resulted in the prevention of severe toxicity and an inhibition of tumor growth. No toxicity occurred with gallium nitrate at 50 mg/kg/day. Severe morbidity and mortality were observed at the higher gallium dose level (66.5 mg/kg/day), suggesting that the 50 mg/kg/day dose is the appropriate level when investigating gallium nitrate as a chemotherapy agent in nude mice.
Systematic Design Method for Large-Scale Manufacturing of Fabricated Polymers

There is a growing interest in the development of new design methods that will allow companies to adapt to a world that is becoming more competitive due to globalization and a rapidly changing global economic landscape. Several new techniques are being developed as a result of this interest that addresses the unique characteristics of product evolution. For example, Otto and Wood presented a new reverse engineering and redesign methodology that focuses on the process steps needed to understand and represent a current product with the combination of various techniques to address the different stages of the design process [1]. In this paper, we present a case study involving the use of augmentation tools such as affinity diagrams and quality function deployment’s (QDF) house of quality to augment the systematic design approach originally developed by Pahl and Beitz (P&B) [3] and apply it to an existing process and design issue. While presenting their approach, we apply our augmented approach to a laboratory-scaled fabrication process for the creation of adaptive polymer particles. We demonstrate that this augmented design approach could create a large-scale fabrication method that is low in cost, high in quality, and provides greater efficiency than the original method. According to our results, the process time was reduced by as much as 35.4% which would save thousands of dollars each year. In addition, the quality of the fabricated polymeric samples was improved significantly due to the use of advanced tools and simulation techniques. This augmented P&B method will provide an additional option for businesses and engineering designers to consider when faced with the challenges of sustaining designs and design processes.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Modifying the Diabetes Prevention Program to Adolescents in a School Setting: A Feasibility Study

The growing epidemic of overweight children has led to a higher prevalence of youth being diagnosed with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes. The current study modified the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) for use with 7th–10th graders in a school setting. The DPP is an evidence-based lifestyle intervention program that has been translated successfully in various adult settings. Yet the feasibility of modifying the DPP for use with middle and high school students has not been documented. A multidisciplinary university research team collaborated with a local charter school to include a modified DPP as part of the curriculum for one semester. Pre- and posttests included food knowledge, health locus of control, BMI, and performance on the 12-minute Cooper walk/run test. Findings suggest tentatively that the modified DPP was successful at increasing food knowledge and awareness of more rigorous physical activity as well as their association to improved health outcomes. Equally as important, results demonstrate that it is feasible to conduct interventions targeting healthy weight among adolescents in school-based settings by incorporating them in the curriculum.
Contingency, Necessity, and Causation in Kierkegaard's Theory of Change

In this paper I argue that Kierkegaard's theory of change is motivated by a robust notion of contingency. His view of contingency is sharply juxtaposed with a strong notion of absolute necessity. I show that how he understands these notions explains certain ambiguous claims he makes about causation. I attempt to provide a coherent interpretation of his view of causality that is consistent with both human choice and the causal sequence of change. I end by suggesting a compatibilist interpretation of Kierkegaard's philosophy.
Closed form solution for minimum weight design with a frequency constraint

Displacements and cable tensions of a statically determinant cable network shown in Fig. 3 are calculated by the present method and a linear finite element method (FEM) and results are compared. The axial stiffness of the cables is 785.5 kgf. A force of 1 kgf is imposed on node D from node E, which moves along the line of Jf= F>0, Z = 1000 mm. Displacements of node D and cable tensions corresponding to the node E position are shown in Table 1. When all cables are in tension (X=Y 500), the model loses the statically determinant condition, and the linear FEM analysis results in a physically meaningless solution; cables 2 and 3 are subjected to cpmpressive forces. Even in this case, the present method yields a mechanically balanced configuration of the network, in which cable 1 has a tension of 1.0 kgf, equivalent to the magnitude of the applied force, and is directed toward node E.
Embarras and Disconvenance in Poussin’s Rebecca and Eliezar at the Well

This essay closely examines the 17th-century commentary on Poussin’s 1648 picture Rebecca and Eliezar at the Well in an effort to understand how contemporary viewers might have engaged with the picture – and, by extension, with other cabinet pictures like it. Period terminology helps us to see’s the picture’s tone as more light and even irreverent than 20th-century criticism has suggested. A careful investigation of Poussin’s visual engagement with biblical typology and the comic burlesque reveals not only how the artist conceived of his project, but how he encouraged his patron Jean Pointel, as well as other cultured viewers, to react to it.
The effect of twin‐tailed sidearms on sodium cation transport in synthetic hydraphile cation channels

The preparation of novel tris(macrocycle)s that transport Na+ through phospholipid bilayers is reported. All of the reported structures have the following structural elements: sidechain-macrocycle-spacer-macro-cycle-spacer-macrocycle-sidechain. The overall extension of the channel system is defined by the lengths of the spacer chains. The flexible sidearms are thought to be aligned with the lipid axis and opposite to the spacer chains. To the extent the spacer chains contribute to organization of the structure and isolation of the cation-containing pore from the surrounding lipid chains, more hydrophobic chains are expected to enhance cation transport. A comparison of C12H25 (CH2)12 (CH2)12 C12H25, 1, with (C12H25)2N(CH2)2 (CH2)12 (CH2)12 (CH2)2N(C12H25)2, 11, shows that the Na+ transport is, indeed, enhanced.
Age impairs sit-to-walk motor performance

Sit-to-walk (STW) is a common functional and transitional task which challenges an individual's postural control systems. As aging is associated with an increased risk of falls during transitional movements, we biomechanically investigated the STW movement task in 12 healthy young and 12 healthy elderly individuals. Performance was evaluated utilizing motion analysis and two force plates. The principal finding of this study was the impaired performance of the healthy older adults. The older adults generated significantly less momentum prior to rising (p=0.011) and further delayed (p<0.001) the initiation of gait until standing more upright (p=0.036). The young adults successfully merged the component tasks shortly after seat-off and displayed significantly greater step length (p<0.001), step velocity (p<0.001), and tolerated greater separation of the center of pressure and center of mass at the end single support phase of the initial step (p=0.001). While the young adults fluidly merged the standing and walking task components, the older adults displayed a conservative movement performance during the STW task thereby limiting threats to their postural stability.
Duck nest success adjacent to predator-reduced sites

Predator reduction regularly improves waterfowl nest success within management units, but the impact of predator reduction on nest success adjacent to trapped areas is not known. Trapping could reduce predator activity and increase nest success adjacent to trapped sites, as individual mammalian predators with home ranges largely outside the trapped area may still be killed when using portions of their home range that overlap the trapped area. We monitored 1,952 nests adjacent to (within 0–4.8 km) 7 trapped sites (each 93.2 km2) in eastern North Dakota, USA during 2005–2006 and found that nest success adjacent to trapped sites, regardless of distance from trapping, was similar to nest success in nontrapped areas and less than nest success inside trapped areas. Managers should not assume any benefits to nest success beyond the borders of trapped sites. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Large-scale graph mining and learning for information retrieval

For many information retrieval applications, we need to deal with the ranking problem on very large scale graphs. However, it is non-trivial to perform efficient and effective ranking on them. On one aspect, we need to design scalable algorithms. On another aspect, we also need to develop powerful computational infrastructure to support these algorithms. This tutorial aims at giving a timely introduction to the promising advances in the aforementioned aspects in recent years, and providing the audiences with a comprehensive view on the related literature.
Rates and processes of soil development on Quaternary terraces in Cajon Pass, California

Field and laboratory analyses of soils on 11 well-dated fluvial terraces spanning the past 0.5 m.y. demonstrate that a threshold governs changes in several morphological and chemical characteristics of increasingly older soils. Correlations with respect to time among iron species, soil morphology, and soil silt and clay demonstrate that the chronosequence at Cajon Pass reflects primarily an evolutionary, largely time-dependent trend and does not reflect differences in external factors such as climate. Most of the soil development on Holocene terraces of the Cajon Pass area is due to physical incorporation of eolian dust and organic material into initially very permeable gravels. This process decreases soil permeability and is conducive for an increase in the magnitude of chemical weathering. Latest Pleistocene and older Pleistocene soils have developed clay and authigenic iron oxide-rich B horizons at the expense of organic-matter-rich A horizons and color B horizons as the extent of chemical weathering has increased. This conversion of the soil from a noncolloidal system to a much more colloidal system takes place over a relatively short period of time (< 4,000 yr) and is herein defined as a type of pedologic threshold. In the Cajon Pass area, the attainment of the threshold and subsequent development of the argillic B horizon of soils on latest Pleistocene terraces occurred during the Holocene; thus, the absence of argillic horizons in soils on Holocene terraces is attributable to simply their younger age rather than to the Pleistocene-to-Holocene climatic change. The threshold is a function of several variables, including influx rate of eolian dust and initial soil permeability; therefore, the time required to attain the threshold will vary in chronose-quences characterized by geomorphic or geographic settings that are different from conditions found in Cajon Pass.
Room-temperature polariton lasing in an organic single-crystal microcavity

The optical properties of organic semiconductors are almost exclusively described using the Frenkel exciton picture1. In this description, the strong Coulombic interaction between an excited electron and the charged vacancy it leaves behind (a hole) is automatically taken into account. If, in an optical microcavity, the exciton–photon interaction is strong compared to the excitonic and photonic decay rates, a second quasiparticle, the microcavity polariton, must be introduced to properly account for this coupling2. Coherent, laser-like emission from polaritons has been predicted to occur when the ground-state occupancy of polaritons 〈ngs〉, reaches 1 (ref. 3). This process, known as polariton lasing, can occur at thresholds much lower than required for conventional lasing. Polaritons in organic semiconductors are highly stable at room temperature, but to our knowledge, there has as yet been no report of nonlinear emission from these structures. Here, we demonstrate polariton lasing at room temperature in an organic microcavity composed of a melt-grown anthracene single crystal sandwiched between two dielectric mirrors. Polaritons in organic semiconductors are highly stable at room temperature, but so far nonlinear emission from these structures has not been demonstrated. Here, polariton lasing at room temperature in an organic microcavity composed of a melt-grown anthracene single crystal sandwiched between two dielectric mirrors is reported.