cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimized Circulating Current Control Method based on Proportional Resonant and Proportional Integral Controllers for Modular Multi-level Converter Applications

MMC has drawn broad interest in high voltage applications due to its superior features such as scalability, modularity, inherent redundancy, and low harmonic generation. The control algorithm of a high voltage MMC application needs a meticulous design, as the number of floating capacitors can be quite a large number. Any voltage mismatch between these capacitors causes a circulating current, which increases the RMS and the peak value of the arm currents, component ratings, and the ripple in the capacitor voltages. In this paper, an optimized closed-loop circulating current control method is proposed based on Proportional Resonant (PR) and Proportional Integral (PI) controllers in stationary abc reference frame to prevent high circulating current inside an MMC. The proposed method is simple and can be applied to single-phase or three-phase MMC applications. More importantly, it suppresses the magnitude of circulating current while reducing the ripple in capacitor voltages. Furthermore, it reduces the ripple in the DC link voltage without any supplementary controller. The verification of the method is verified on a 161- level MMC HVDC system, which is modeled on a Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and Xilinx Virtex-7 Field Gate Programmable Array (FPGA) units.
Construction of $$H({\mathrm{div}})$$-conforming mixed finite elements on cuboidal hexahedra

We generalize the two dimensional mixed finite elements of Arbogast and Correa (SIAM J Numer Anal 54:3332–3356, 2016) defined on quadrilaterals to three dimensional cuboidal hexahedra. The construction is similar in that polynomials are used directly on the element and supplemented with functions defined on a reference element and mapped to the hexahedron using the Piola transform. The main contribution is providing a systematic procedure for defining supplemental functions that are divergence-free and have any prescribed polynomial normal flux. General procedures are also presented for determining which supplemental normal fluxes are required to define the finite element space. Both full and reduced $$H({\mathrm{div}})$$ -approximation spaces may be defined, so the scalar variable, vector variable, and vector divergence are approximated optimally. The spaces can be constructed to be of minimal local dimension, if desired.
A SMART approach to treating tobacco use disorder in persons with HIV (SMARTTT): Rationale and design for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use disorder is a leading threat to the health of persons with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral treatment and identifying optimal treatment approaches to promote abstinence is critical. We describe the rationale, aims, and design for a new study, "A SMART Approach to Treating Tobacco Use Disorder in Persons with HIV (SMARTTT)," a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial. METHODS: In HIV clinics within three health systems in the northeastern United States, PWH with tobacco use disorder are randomized to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with or without contingency management (NRT vs. NRTâ¯+â¯CM). Participants with response (defined as exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO)-confirmed smoking abstinence at week 12), continue the same treatment for another 12â¯weeks. Participants with non-response, are re-randomized to either switch medications from NRT to varenicline or intensify treatment to a higher CM reward schedule. Interventions are delivered by clinical pharmacists embedded in HIV clinics. The primary outcome is eCO-confirmed smoking abstinence; secondary outcomes include CD4 cell count, HIV viral load suppression, and the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index 2.0 score (a validated measure of morbidity and mortality based on laboratory data). Consistent with a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation design and grounded in implementation science frameworks, we will conduct an implementation-focused process evaluation in parallel. Study protocol adaptations related to the COVID-19 pandemic have been made. CONCLUSIONS: SMARTTT is expected to generate novel findings regarding the impact, cost, and implementation of an adaptive clinical pharmacist-delivered intervention involving medications and CM to promote smoking abstinence among PWH. ClinicalTrials.govidentifier:NCT04490057.
A Competency-Based Orientation (CBO) Protocol Enhances Competency Among Newly Hired Perianesthesia Nurses

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this quality improvement project was to develop a competency-based orientation (CBO) protocol based on the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses Nursing Standards and CBO for perianesthesia nurses. Design Feasibility study with pre–post survey design. Methods A CBO protocol that included nursing care workflows for 11 common surgical cases was developed and used in orienting newly hired perianesthesia nurses. Newly hired nurses completed a pre–post self-assessment on their level of competency in caring for surgical patients. Findings Using Wilcoxon signed rank test, improved competency was found in all service areas except for pediatric care. Conclusions Nursing competency in the perianesthesia area is critical in fulfilling one's role as a nurse. A robust CBO protocol for the perianesthesia nurse is important when integrating an employee into the organization and preparing the nurse for success.
Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in the VX2 Rabbit Model: Radiation Safety and Factors Influencing Delivery Efficiency.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to define the optimal infusion parameters and operator radiation exposure for yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization in the VX2 rabbit model of liver cancer. Forty-one rabbits with VX2 were treated with glass microspheres with vial sizes of 1, 3, and 5 GBq. The mean administered activity was 51.5 MBq (95% CI, 39.1–63.9). Delivery efficiency improved with 1 GBq versus with 3 GBq (residual 11.0% vs 46.4%, respectively; P = .0013) and improved with 1 GBq versus with 5 GBq (residual 11.0% vs 33.8%, respectively; P = .0060). The mean operator extremity exposure was 41.7 μSv/infusion. The optimal minimum infusion volume and rate was 49 mL and 21 mL/min, respectively. Fecal elimination occurred with microsphere uptake in the gallbladder at 1 and 2 weeks. 90Y radioembolization can be safely and efficiently performed in the VX2 rabbit model. Methodological considerations as a “how-to” for the setup of a preclinical 90Y laboratory are included to support future translational research.
First principles study of normal and fast diffusing metallic impurities in hcp titanium

Abstract The diffusivities of metallic impurities in hexagonal close packed (hcp) Ti vary widely, with some species showing normal diffusion and others diffusing anomalously fast. Based on a transition-state theory model for impurity diffusion mediated by vacancies, self, and impurity interstitials, we find that the diffusion rate will be limited primarily by the formation energies of the various defects. We use density functional theory to calculate these defect energies, including the formation energies of vacancies, self interstitials, and metallic impurities in substitutional and interstitial positions in hcp Ti. We find that for normal diffusers the vacancy mediated diffusion mechanism dominates, while for fast diffusers the dominant mechanism is hopping directly between interstitial sites. The activation energy for the latter mechanism is significantly lower than that for vacancy mediated diffusion, explaining the large diffusivities and low activation energies observed experimentally for these fast diffusing impurities.
The Complexity of Marginalized Identities: The Social Construction of Identities, Multiple Identities, and the Experience of Exclusion

Ruggs et al. (2013) have argued compellingly that industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists have missed opportunities to understand the experiences of marginalized groups in the workplace, particularly in generating research that will be relevant in the formation of social policies. We fully agree with Ruggs et al.'s assessment of the literature and highlight three important extensions that should be considered when conducting research with marginalized groups: the social construction of identities, the intersection of multiple identities, and the experience of exclusion.
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web

We welcome you to New York and WWW2004, the thirteenth conference in the series organized by the International World Wide Web Conference Committee. This should be both an exciting conference and a very enjoyable experience. New York is a center of communications, media, education, finance, and international relations - all areas that are increasingly Web-dependent and Web-intensive. Attendees and special seminars will reflect those interests.The Program Co-Chairs, Marc Najork and Craig Wills, and the superb international Program Committee, have rigorously selected the Refereed Track and Alternate Track papers as well as the Posters. They have been very selective, and as usual, the quality of papers is very high. You can find information on all of these contributions on the CD and in the conference series archive. The technical focus of the world of the Web continues to shift, and this is reflected in the content of this conference.We hope you find the conference enjoyable, the content insightful, and that it helps move the WWW forward and onward.On behalf of the WWW2004 Program Committee, we are pleased to welcome you to Manhattan, the heart of New York City and the financial capital of the world.WWW2004 is the 13th conference in the International World Wide Web Conference series. We are pleased to publish these proceedings, which include alternate track and poster papers. This year, we received 86 submissions to the alternate tracks. We accepted 23 papers, along with two invited papers, for the proceedings and presentation at the conference, which translates into an acceptance rate of 26.7%. The program committee in four alternate tracks rigorously reviewed all papers. Education Industrial Practice Web of Communities Web Services There are also a number of papers being presented in the refereed papers track, which are being published separately from these proceedings. This year, we accepted 74 papers out of 506 paper submissions in the refereed papers track for an acceptance rate of 14.6%. Altogether, we received 592 paper submissions for both the refereed papers track and alternate tracks this year.In addition to paper submissions, we also received 223 poster submissions of which 44 where pre-accepted based on a prior paper submission. The remaining 179 poster submissions were reviewed and 102 were accepted for an acceptance rate of 57%. A two-page summary for each of the 146 accepted posters are included in these proceedings.
Linear-time model checking: automata theory in practice

In automata-theoretic model checking we compose the design under verification with a Buchi automaton that accepts traces violating the specification. We then use graph algorithms to search for a counterexample trace. The basic theory of this approach was worked out in the 1980s, and the basic algorithms were developed during the 1990s. Both explicit and symbolic implementations, such as SPIN and and SMV, are widely used. It turns out, however, that there are still many gaps in our understanding of the algorithmic issues involved in automata-theoretic model checking. This paper covers the fundamentals of automata-theoretic model checking. The conference talk also reviews the reduction of the theory to practice and outlines areas that require further research.
Attitudes Towards Implementation of Store-and-Forward Telemental Health in Humanitarian Settings: Survey of Syrian Healthcare Providers.

Abstract Background: Store-and-forward (S&F) telemedicine is thought to be most applicable in humanitarian settings. Unlike other kinds of telemental health (TMH), S&F requires engagement and active participation from healthcare providers in submitting text or audio-video clinical material for consultations. To implement such consultative systems there is a need to gauge providers' attitudes towards this technology. Materials and Methods: An electronic survey was sent to Syrian healthcare providers (physicians and nonphysicians) who are affiliated with humanitarian nongovernmental organizations managing Syrians affected by war. After a description of what TMH and S&F are, participants were asked about their attitudes towards such services. Results: Fifty-two providers responded to the electronic survey. Only results from providers inside Syria (n=30) are presented. The majority of respondents had no experience with TMH. Half of the providers believed that mental healthcare can be provided through S&F and ...
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON DICKEY-FULLER-TYPE TESTS

. The empirical performance of tests of the Dickey–Fuller type for unit autoregressive roots in the generating model of a time series is studied. In particular, the case where the true generating model structure is unknown and may involve a substantial moving-average component is examined.
Reduced-size porcine lung transplantation: Long-term studies of pulmonary vascular resistance

The use of isolated adult lobes for pediatric lung transplantation has recently been reported and could potentially help alleviate the profound pediatric donor lung shortage. However, the effect of chronic denervation on pulmonary vasculature of isolated mature lobar transplants is not well understood. Previously, we reported that chronic denervation of the immature porcine lobe results in abnormal pulmonary vascular compliance. We now present studies of long-term pulmonary hemodynamics in young pigs 12 weeks after transplantation of a reduced-size mature left lower lobe. Resting pulmonary vascular resistance of the transplanted mature lobes was similar to that of innervated lobes of age-matched controls. In addition, pulmonary vascular resistance of the transplanted mature lobes did not rise abnormally in response to increased flow caused by clamping the contralateral pulmonary artery. We conclude that denervation of the mature porcine lobe does not result in abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance. In addition, vascular compliance of reduced-size mature porcine lobar transplants is superior to that of denervated reimplanted immature lobes. These findings suggest a deleterious effect of denervation on pulmonary vascular development of the growing porcine lung.
Synthesis of scillascillin, a naturally occurring benzocyclobutene

Abstract The novel homoisoflavanone scillascillin has been synthesized from phloroglucinol. The sequence described represents the first synthesis of a naturally occuring benzocyclobutene. The first example of a silyl transfer involving an 8-membered transition state is reported.
A Finite Element Study of Low Reynolds Number Two-Phase Flow in Cylindrical Tubes

Resolution par elements finis du probleme d'une bulle sans viscosite s'ecoulant a faible nombre de Reynolds dans un tube cylindrique capillaire occupe par une seconde phase liquide visqueuse. Etude des effets du nombre capillaire sur la forme de la bulle et le champ d'ecoulement. Comparaison des resultats numeriques avec les theories et les experiences publiees
Elemental and cytochemical localization of calcium in rat cheek epithelium.

Abstract Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, combined with scanning electron microscopy, was applied to 18 μm thick freeze-dried cryosections to determine the level of calcium in successive layers of the epithelium. This indicated low levels of calcium in basal cells, high in spinous cells, moderate in granular cells, lowest in the inner keratin and highest in the outer keratin layers. The potassium pyroantimonate technique was used to study the cytochemical distribution of Ca 2+ . The reaction product, calcium pyroantimonate (Ca-PA), was generated from cellular and intercellular calcium by perfusion of the anaesthetized rat with a solution of potassium pyroantimonate in glutaraldehyde. Ca-PA was localized in nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomal-type bodies and membrane-coating granules. A denser Ca-PA distribution was found between upper spinous and lower granular cells. The proposed identification of Ca 2+ as a major component in Ca-PA was confirmed by EDTA decalcification and X-ray microprobe analysis of the reaction product. Thus X-ray microanalysis in combination with cytochemistry can localize Ca 2+ in a growing and differentiating tissue such as stratified squamous epithelium.
A mathematical model to aid in the interpretation of radioactive tracer data from proliferating cell populations

Abstract A mathematical model of a proliferating cell system is presented which was derived specifically with experimental applications in mind. The model is flexible in that the same basic model can be used to interpret the data from a single experiment or from several different ones. In its most general form the model enables the determination of cell cycle variability, the fraction of dormant or nonproliferating cells, and the rate of cell death. The basic approach of the paper is to derive theoretical expressions for the experimentally observed phenomena in terms of the unknown parameters of the model. The values of the parameters can then be determined by numerical techniques after setting the theoretical expressions equal to the corresponding observed values. Some specific suggestions for using this method are presented.
Poor People, Poor Places and Access to Health Care in the United States

Research suggests that community-level poverty is associated with access to health care net of individual-level characteristics, but no research investigates whether this association differs by individual-level income. Using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, the U.S. Census Bureau and the Health Resource and Services Administration, I find that the negative relationship between the prevalence of poverty in communities and access to health care is much stronger for middle- and high-income individuals than for those in lower-income groups. I suggest that individuals may benefit from living among those in similar economic circumstances because they face similar obstacles to obtaining medical are. For poor individuals, the collective knowledge and experience embedded in poor communities may compensate for the otherwise negative influence of community-level poverty.
Peeking under QTL peaks.

A new study of Drosophila melanogaster bridges the gap between quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for lifespan and a gene involved in catecholamine synthesis. The causative gene also contributes to variation in lifespan in a natural population and seems to be subject to balancing selection in nature.
Central carbon metabolism of Plasmodium parasites

The central role of metabolic perturbation to the pathology of malaria, the promise of antimetabolites as antimalarial drugs and a basic scientific interest in understanding this fascinating example of highly divergent microbial metabolism has spurred a major and concerted research effort towards elucidating the metabolic network of the Plasmodium parasites. Central carbon metabolism, broadly comprising the flow of carbon from nutrients into biomass, has been a particular focus due to clear and early indications that it plays an essential role in this network. Decades of painstaking efforts have significantly clarified our understanding of these pathways of carbon flux, and this foundational knowledge, coupled with the advent of advanced analytical technologies, have set the stage for the development of a holistic, network-level model of plasmodial carbon metabolism. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding central carbon metabolism and suggest future avenues of research. We focus primarily on the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal of the human malaria parasites, but also integrate results from simian, avian and rodent models of malaria that were a major focus of early investigations into plasmodial metabolism.
Overturned geopetal structures formed by solution of sulfates, Triassic (Rhaetian) Portoro limestone, Portovenere area (la Spezia), Liguria, Italy

The Triassic Portoro limestone of NW Italy contains four kinds of features that indicate the former presence of sulphates: (1) isolated single crystals now pseudomorphed by calcite; (2) nodules encrusted with large pseudomorphs on their surfaces; (3) single elliptical nodules (gnocchi); and (4) large amoeba-shaped masses (PAM’s). All of these features show varying amounts of internal geopetal sediment accumulated during solution of the sulphate minerals. This sediment, now in the tops of the features, plays an important role in deciphering the complex structural geology by documenting tectonic overturning. The sulphates appear to be late diagenetic features, and their later dissolution was a consequence of fracturing during structural deformation.
A mechanistic study of ferrioxamine B reduction by the biological reducing agent ascorbate in the presence of an iron(II) chelator

Abstract The iron overload drug desferal (desferrioxamine B) forms the stable iron complex ferrioxamine B. The reduction potential of ferrioxamine B (Eo = −482 mV versus NHE pH 7) prohibits its reduction by biological reducing agents such as ascorbate, but it was found that the iron(II) chelator 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) facilitates this reduction. Evidence is given to support the formation of a ternary complex between iron, bipy, and desferrioxamine B as the key step in facilitating the reduction. The equilibrium constant for the formation of the ternary complex was found to be 8.9 × 107 and ternary complex formation is explained in terms of a three step mechanism. The mechanism for the reduction of ferrioxamine B is discussed in terms of rapidly established pre-equilibria which include ternary complex formation, ascorbic acid deprotonation, and encounter complex formation between ascorbate and the ternary complex. These equilibria are followed by rate limiting reduction of the ternary complex. Bipy was found to be a similar facilitator to sulfonated bathophenanthroline for the reduction of ferrioxamine B by ascorbate.
No difference between the single dose efficacy of ibuprofen and diclofenac

Objective To compare the relative efficacy of ibuprofen and diclofenac in post-operative pain. Data sources A search of the following databases, Medline 1966–1996, Embase 1980–1997, Cochrane Library August, 1996, Oxford Pain relief database 1950–1994, together with reference lists and textbooks, using a detailed search strategy. Study selection Only full journal publication of double–blind studies with randomly allocated adult patients receiving postoperative oral administration for treatment of moderate to severe pain baseline pain (equates to > 30mm on a visual analogue scale, VAS), using acceptable pain measures. Results Thirty-four reports of 35 trials met the criteria, (25 dental) for ibuprofen versus placebo, six for diclofenac versus placebo (five dental) and two direct comparisons between diclofenac and ibuprofen both for dental pain. Conclusion No difference was seen in efficacy of the single dose of ibuprofen compared with that of diclofenac; choosing between the two is a matter of safety and cost. Collins S, Moore A, McQuay HJ, Wiffen PJ. Oral ibuprofen and diclofenac in post-operative pain: a quantitative systematic review. Eur J Pain 1998; 2:285–291
The problem of demodulating across argument and literal boundaries

This article is the twenty-fourth of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find an appropriate theory for modulating across argument and across literal boundaries. Because demodulation has proved so useful—is most cases, even crucial—to automated reasoning, extending this concept to permit canonicalization to be applied at the predicate and at the clause and subclause levels merits exploration. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we suggest problems from mathematics, logic, program verification, database inquiry, and the world of puzzles.
Impact of large angle horizontal strabismus on ability to obtain employment

Abstract Objective To determine if large angle esotropia and exotropia could impact a person's ability to obtain employment. Design Laboratory experiment. Participants Seventy-nine respondents unaware of the purpose of the study. Methods Photographs of two men and two women were digitally altered to create photographs of the same individual in an orthotropic, esotropic, and exotropic state. The photographs were then randomly affixed to similarly qualified job resumes. The 79 study respondents, unaware of the purpose of the study, were asked to (1) rate each individual applicant on selected job qualification variables, and (2) rank the applicants against each other in order of hiring preference. Main outcome measures Individual applicant rating and hiring preference scores. Results Women with normal ocular alignment received greater hiring preference scores than did strabismic women ( P = 0.007). No difference in hiring preference scores was noted between strabismic and non-strabismic male applicants ( P = 0.47). Conclusions Large angle horizontal strabismus appeared to be vocationally significant for female applicants, reducing a strabismic female applicant's ability to obtain employment. The presence of strabismus did not appear to influence hiring decisions of male applicants.
International Space University variable gravity research facility design

A manned mission to Mars will require long travel times between Earth and Mars. However, exposure to long-duration zero gravity is known to be harmful to the human body. Some of the harmful effects are loss of heart and lung capacity, inability to stand upright, muscular weakness and loss of bone calcium. A variable gravity research facility (VGRF) that would be placed in low Earth orbit (LEO) was designed by students of the International Space University 1989 Summer Session held in Strasbourg, France, to provide a testbed for conducting experiments in the life and physical sciences in preparation for a mission to Mars. This design exercise was unique because it addressed all aspects concerning a large space project. The VGRF design was described which was developed by international participants specializing in the following areas: the politics of international cooperation, engineering, architecture, in-space physiology, material and life science experimentation, data communications, business, and management.
Nine Reflections on the Book: Poststructuralism and the Hebrew Bible

This article provides an overview of poststructuralism and the Hebrew Bible. The overview begins by explaining structuralism and poststructuralism. It then provides a short history of Hebrew Bible engagements with this mode of reading, and an analysis of the controversies within biblical scholarship and religion over its use and application. Finally, the article reflects upon the future of poststructuralism in Hebrew Bible scholarship, arguing that such approaches open up new avenues of understanding about the text, ethics, theology, society, and self.
Lexical representation and morpho-syntactic parallelism in the left hemisphere

This experiment investigated the sensitivity of the left and right cerebral hemispheres to morphologically ambiguous verbs (i.e., chased) and to morphologically unambiguous verbs (i.e., stolen) in a divided visual-field paradigm with normal subjects. Lexical decisions made to the ambiguous verbs were faster than those to the unambiguous verbs only when presented in the right visual field. The results suggest that the traditional notion of left-hemispheric specialization for syntactic processing can be extended to the retrieval of lower-level morphological representations.
Phoneme Awareness and Future Reading Ability

This study investigates two group-administered tests of phoneme awareness, a phoneme segmentation test and an invented spelling test. Each was given to 100 kindergarten children (48 female, 52 male), along with two tests of visual-motor ability. One year later the same children received standardized reading tests and portions of an IQ test. Scores on each test of phoneme awareness predicted between 30% and 40% of variance in first-grade reading ability. In contrast, scores on the tests of visual-motor ability bore a less systematic, less substantial relation to future reading ability.
Analyses of Global Monthly Precipitation Using Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Predictions

Abstract An algorithm is developed to construct global gridded fields of monthly precipitation by merging estimates from five sources of information with different characteristics, including gauge-based monthly analyses from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, three types of satellite estimates [the infrared-based GOES Precipitation Index, the microwave (MW) scattering-based Grody, and the MW emission-based Chang estimates], and predictions produced by the operational forecast model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. A two-step strategy is used to: 1) reduce the random error found in the individual sources and 2) reduce the bias of the combined analysis. First, the three satellite-based estimates and the model predictions are combined linearly based on a maximum likelihood estimate, in which the weighting coefficients are inversely proportional to the squares of the individual random errors determined by comparison with gauge observations and subjective assumptions. This c...
Linkages between turbidity levels in Lake Mead associated forest fire events in the lower Virgin watershed

Lake Mead provides the source of drinking water for over 25 million people in the western United States. Different forest fire events at the northern part of the lake may intensify the concentration of total suspended sediments (TSSs) in water bodies due to the abrupt changes of land covers with accelerated soil erosion. Therefore, it is important to assess the linkage between forest fire events and TSS concentration within the lake. For this purpose, the integrated data fusion and mining (IDFM) techniques were applied in this study to generate TSS concentration maps on a daily basis with the aid of remote sensing imageries. The results of this study confirm the reliability of the IDFM method for nowcasting of TSS concentrations within the lake based on these daily TSS concentration maps. It leads to the investigation of the probable impact of forest fire events on increasing TSS concentrations. Comparing these maps with time of forest fire occurrence showed the potential linkage between increasing TSS concentrations and forest fire events. However, the negative impacts of forest fire events on soil erosion may have lag time to show up.
Megacolon: an unusual presentation of malrotation

This report describes a 9-year-old boy with a highly unusual variant of malrotation: massive colonic distention secondary to peritoneal bands and a localized volvulus. The presentation and treatment are pre- sented.
Growth of soybean and potato at high CO2 partial pressures

Abstract Soybean and potato plants were grown in controlled environments at carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) partial pressures ranging from 0.05 to 1.00 kPa. The highest yields of edible biomass occurred at 0.10 kPa for both species, with higher CO 2 levels being supraoptimal, but not injurious to the plants. Stomatal conductance rates of upper canopy leaves were lowest at 0.10 kPa CO 2 , while conductance rates at 0.50 and 1.00 kPa were significantly greater than 0.10 kPa. Total water use by the plants was greatest at the highest CO 2 pressures ( i.e. 0.50 and 1.00 kPa); consequently, water use efficiencies (biomass produced / water used) were low at the highest CO 2 pressures. Based on previous CO 2 studies in the literature, the increased conductance and water use at the highest CO 2 pressures were surprising and pose interesting challenges for managing plants in a CELSS, where CO 2 pressures may exceed optimal levels.
Commitment and Satisfaction in Romantic Associations: A Test of the investment Model

Abstract Two experiments were designed to test the adequacy of the investment model of developing relationships in predicting satisfaction with and commitment to ongoing associations. According to the investment model, attraction to and satisfaction with a relationship is a function of a comparison of the relationship outcome value (both rewards and costs) to the individual's expectations, or comparison level. Commitment to a relationship is said to be a function not only of the relationship outcome value, but also the quality of the best available alternative and the magnitude of the individual's investment in the relationship. The intrinsic or extrinsic investment of resources serves to increase commitment by increasing the costs of leaving the relationship. Thus, increases in investment size, decreases in alternative value, and increases in relationship value should increase commitment to an ongoing relationship. In Experiment 1, a role-playing study, commitment to relationships increased with intrinsic and extrinsic investment size and decreased with the value of alternatives, but was not appreciably affected by relationship costs. Satisfaction/attraction significantly increased as relationship costs decreased. In Experiment 2, a survey of ongoing romantic associations, satisfaction/attraction was predicted by relationship reward value and relationship cost value. Commitment to relationships increased as relationship reward value and investment size increased and as alternative value and relationship cost value decreased, although the effects of cost value were weak.
Effect of the epilayer characteristics and processing conditions on the thermally oxidized SiO 2 /SiC interface

The optimization of the SiO2/SiC interface is critical for the development of SiC MOS devices. We investigate the effects of several variables spanning both epilayer attributes and processing conditions relative to our control oxidation process. Varying the shallow vicinal angle of the wafer does not affect the interface. There is a definite degradation of the interface as the epilayer doping density is increased. Sacrificial oxidation appears to reduce the number of border traps in the final oxide. Fluorine annealing has no effect on the interface quality. A low temperature (950°C) re-oxidation, which follows a bulk oxide growth at 1150°C, reduces Dit to the mid-1010 cm−2eV−1 range near midgap and Qf to a reacord low 5×1011 cm−2.
Effects of prenatal exposure to auditory or visual stimulation on postnatal distress vocalizations in chicks.

In two experiments chick embryos were exposed, without insult, to intermittent stimulation by either light or sound from day 13 to day 18 of incubation. Control subjects were incubated in relative quiet and darkness. All chicks were observed for tendency to emit distress calls (vocalizations louder than 80 dB) in the presence and absence of the two stimulus modes in tests conducted 4–12 hours after hatching. As measured by a reduction in distress calling, results from both experiments showed that animals that had received prenatal stimulation in a particular sensory mode were most responsive to that mode, compared to the other groups. Additionally, prenatal exposure to sound seemed to produce stronger effects than prenatal exposure to light. Tests of locomotor tendencies in the second experiment proved inconclusive. The findings were discussed in the context of the possible consequences of normal parental stimulation of incubating eggs under natural conditions.
Differentiated service: A new reference model

Abstract Traditional reference service is re-conceptualized as a composite of five distinct but inter-related services: directional and general information, technical assistance, information lookups for the client, research consultation, and instruction. Each service should be optimized separately, fitting staff skills and hours of service to user needs and library priorities.
Automated planners for storage provisioning and disaster recovery

Introducing an application into a data center involves complex interrelated decision-making for the placement of data (where to store it) and resiliency in the event of a disaster (how to protect it). Automated planners can assist administrators in making intelligent placement and resiliency decisions when provisioning for both new and existing applications. Such planners take advantage of recent improvements in storage resource management and provide guided recommendations based on monitored performance data and storage models. For example, the IBM Provisioning Planner provides intelligent decision-making for the steps involved in allocating and assigning storage for workloads. It involves planning for the number, size, and location of volumes on the basis of workload performance requirements and hierarchical constraints, planning for the appropriate number of paths, and enabling access to volumes using zoning, masking, and mapping. The IBM Disaster Recovery (DR) Planner enables administrators to choose and deploy appropriate replication technologies spanning servers, the network, and storage volumes to provide resiliency to the provisioned application. The DR Planner begins with a list of high-level application DR requirements and creates an integrated plan that is optimized on criteria such as cost and solution homogeneity. The Planner deploys the selected plan using orchestrators that are responsible for failover and failback.
Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative RT-PCR in Lolium perenne

Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptionpoly merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) provides an important tool for analyzing gene expression if proper internal standards are used. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate reference genes for use in real-time quantitative RT-PCR in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) during plant development. Partial sequences of nine L. perenne housekeeping genes were obtained by RT-PCR using degenerate primers designed from the corresponding genes in closely related species. Primers for quantitative RT-PCR were designed based on partial sequences. The housekeeping genes were evaluated for their expression stability in different tissues at various stages of development. The analysis found that eEF-1α and eIF-4a were the most stable and β-TUB was the least stable of the genes tested when all tissues were analyzed together. Analysis by geNorm indicated that the four most stably expressed housekeeping genes (eEF-1α, eIF-4a, 25S rRNA, and GAPDH) should be utilized when normalizing gene expression during plant developmental studies. For root crown tissues at different stages of development, eIF-4a and 25S rRNA were the most stably expressed of the housekeeping genes tested. In leaf tissues, eEF-1α and UBQ5 were the most stably expressed of the housekeeping genes tested. We found that using two housekeeping genes as reference genes is suffi cient during RT-PCR gene expression studies when analyzing either root crown or leaf tissues during different stages of development.
A Method of Inferring the Direction of Drift of the Geomagnetic Field from Paleomagnetic Data

Runcorn has shown that a moving magnetic source in the earth's core can cause the north pole of the magnetic vector at a fixed observatory on the earth's surface to rotate clockwise (when viewed along the vector toward its north-seeking end) for a westward motion of the source and counter-clockwise for an eastward motion of the source. Examination of the terrestrial magnetic record, which contains evidence of such vector rotations at many observatories, reveals no obvious contradictions to Runcorn's rule. Numerical calculations based on radial dipole source models of the non-dipole field show the theory can also account for the magnitude of the effect observed in the terrestrial record and, together with the results of simple tests with a spherical compass and a magnetic dipole, these calculations indicate that exceptions to the rule are rare, if indeed they exist at all. The theory therefore presents a potentially powerful tool for the analysis of the geomagnetic secular variation from paleomagnetic and archaeomagnetic data obtained from a single locality. As an example, it is shown that paleomagnetic results from Pleistocene sediments in Japan indicate the non-dipole field may have been drifting westward around 50, 000 years ago.
Responses of children to hospitalization.

. A review is given of the symptoms following traumatic hospitalization experience of children and the factors which influence the way in which they behave, when they are hospitalized. The ways in which the hospitalization syndrome may be prevented are discussed, with particular emphasis on the importance of maintaining the child's relationship with the parents by having a liberal policy as regards visiting or by a rooming-in system. Ordinary school activities, play-therapy, occupational therapy and hospital libraries may play a very important role in preventing hospitalized children from becoming self-absorbed. Although the hospitalization syndrome has been known for 30–35 years, we still have insufficient information about what factors make a child predisposed to develop such a syndrome
Control of visual processing by color cueing

Eight adult Ss tachistoscopically viewed letter arrays containing 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 letters inserted into a 5 by 5 matrix. Each array contained one target letter, either an F or an H. The S’s task was to identify which target letter was present in each display. Within an array, a subset of the letters was typed in red ink, and the remaining subset in black ink. In the cued condition, S was told the color of the target letter; in the uncued condition this information was withheld. The results indicated that color cueing significantly increased the accuracy of letter detection. Also significant were total display size, color of cue, and, within the cued condition, size of the target-color subset.
Fractals and turbulent premixed engine flames

Abstract The fractal nature of premixed turbulent flames in an internal combustion engine is examined. A sheet of laser light, approximately 200 μm thick, is shone through the cylinder of a single-cylinder ported internal combustion engine. The homogeneous charge of propane and air is seeded with submicron TiO2 particles and the scattered light is collected through a quartz window in the engine head and is imaged on a 100 × 100 diode array camera. The number density of the TiO2 particles scales with the gas density so that a two-dimensional map of reactants and products is obtained. A field of view 2 × 2 cm in the center of the cylinder is examined and fractal analysis is performed on the front separating reactants from products. Results are presented for two equivalence ratios and three engine speeds, corresponding to different laminar flame speeds S1, laminar flame thicknesses δ1, turbulent intensities u′, and Kolmogorov scales η. The examined flames were found to exhibit fractal character within a range of length scales as low as 200 μm and as high as 4.5 mm, which is twice the measured lateral integral length scale in this engine configuration. At stoichiometric conditions, the fractal dimension of the flame surface is found to be statistically different for engine speeds of 300, 1200, and 2400 rpm ( u′ S 1 = 0.5, 2, and 4 ). It increases with increasing u′ S 1 . At lean conditions (Φ = 0.59), when u′ S 1 ⪢ 1 , the fractal dimension does not change with engine speed. For 4 ≤ u′ S 1 and 0.1 η δ 1 ≤ 1 (estimated ranges), the fractal dimension is 2.36 ± 3%. A turbulent flame speed model based on fractal analysis is also briefly examined.
The prehistory of the Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences, with a prequel and epilogue

Abstract While it may appear to be a recent addition to the statistical scene, the Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences (CSSS) at the University of Washington follows in a grand statistical tradition going back at least two centuries. In this article I describe some of the history on which it draws, emphasizing those who contributed to the interface during the twentieth century and especially the precursors to CSSS at the University of Washington. I also mention in passing some of my personal links to research carried out in CSSS after its founding.
Fabrication of multilayer ferroelectric films

Abstract Multilayers of strontium bismuth tantalate (Sr0.9Bi2.2Ta2O9, SBT) with bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12, BT), and SBT and strontium bismuth niobate (Sr0.9Bi2.2Nb2O9, SBN) with BT were prepared by chemical solution deposition (CSD). The CSD solutions were a mixture of strontium, tantalum, niobium and titanium butoxyethoxides and bismuth ethylhexanoate dissolved in butoxyethanol. SBT films were fabricated and annealed at 800°C for 60 min. Generally, all capacitors of the SBT films tested had low resistance with as-deposited Pt top electrodes and no ferroelectricity could be measured. After a post electrode anneal at 800°C for 30 min, a percentage of capacitors could be tested for ferroelectricity, and a 2Pr of 15 μC/cm2at 3V was typically measured. Multilayer SBT, and SBT and SBN with BT were rapidly thermally annealed for a total (including post electrode anneal) of 20–40 min at 750°C. The multilayer SBT and SBN with BT, and SBT with BT films exhibited a wide range of 2Pr values ranging from 2–14 μC/cm...
Healthy Keyboarding: Effects of Wrist Rests, Keyboard Trays, and a Preset Tiltdown System on Wrist Posture, Seated Posture, and Musculoskeletal Discomfort:

A field experiment is described in which wrist posture, seated posture measured using the RULA method, and musculoskeletal discomfort, recorded by self-report questionnaires, was assessed for 38 of...
NONSURVEY INPUT‐OUTPUT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES: EVIDENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF ERRORS

This paper concerns the nature and extent of error introduced to regional input-output multipliers by errors associated with the estimation of regional purchase coefficients (rpc's). Using the Washington State input-output model and computer simulations, estimates of multiplier error are generated for two distinct sources of rpc error. The results indicate that multiplier error from both rpc sources may be significant and support the findings of previous studies which highlight the importance of error introduced to the household purchases column for multiplier accuracy.
High-fidelity Modeling of Local Effects of Damage for Derated Offshore Wind Turbines

Offshore wind power production is an attractive clean energy option, but the difficulty of access can lead to expensive and rare opportunities for maintenance. As part of the Structural Health and Prognostics Management (SHPM) project at Sandia National Laboratories, smart loads management (controls) are investigated for their potential to increase the fatigue life of offshore wind turbine rotor blades. Derating refers to altering the rotor angular speed and blade pitch to limit power production and loads on the rotor blades. High- fidelity analysis techniques like 3D finite element modeling (FEM) should be used alongside beam models of wind turbine blades to characterize these control strategies in terms of their effect to mitigate fatigue damage and extend life of turbine blades. This study will consider a commonly encountered damage type for wind turbine blades, the trailing edge disbond, and show how FEM can be used to quantify the effect of operations and control strategies designed to extend the fatigue life of damaged blades. The Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) will be used to post-process the displacement and stress results to provide estimates of damage severity/criticality and provide a means to estimate the fatigue life under a given operations and control strategy.