cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balance and urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in response to high concentrate feeding and lactate infusion in lambs.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary concentrate level and iv lactate infusion on the urinary excretion and balance of Ca, Mg and P in lambs. In Exp. 1, six ruminal fistulated, crossbred wethers (25 kg) were fed diets of 0, 50 and 70% concentrate for 5-d periods (periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively) followed by 25 d on a 90% concentrate diet (periods 4, 5 and 6, respectively). Collections were made for all days except 6 to 10 and 16 to 20 on the 90% concentrate diet. Dry matter intakes increased with each increase in dietary concentrate until the initial period of 90% concentrate (period 4) when intakes were lowest. Intakes increased (P less than .05) during the latter two periods of 90% concentrate feeding compared with period 4. Rumen fluid pH decreased and rumen L (+) lactate increased with increasing concentrate intake. Blood pH and bicarbonate both decreased with increasing concentrate intake indicating a mild disturbance in acid-base balance. Plasma concentrations of Ca, Mg and P decreased with increased concentrate intake and were elevated (P less than .05) for periods 5 and 6 compared with period 4. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary hydroxyproline excretion both increased (P less than .05) for periods 5 and 6. Four of the six animals were in negative Ca balance for the initial period of 90% concentrate feeding, but showed highest Ca retentions for periods 5 and 6. Magnesium and P balance appeared unaffected by increased concentrate intake. Disturbances in Ca metabolism appeared to be short-term and nondetrimental; the animals responded with increased growth and Ca retentions once adjusted to the high concentrate diet. In Exp. 2, four Hampshire ewes (32 kg) were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square design with treatments being saline (.9% NaCl, w/v), L (+) lactate, D (-) lactate and D, L-lactate infused iv in a saline solution to supply .6 mM/kg body weight of each isomer in 15 min. Plasma and urine samples were taken 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 h from the start of infusion. Total urinary excretion of Ca (P less than .04) and Mg (P less than .02) were elevated for all lactate infusions as compared with saline. Total P excretion was greater (P = .06) for all lactate infusions compared with saline and was increased (P less than .05) for the D, L-lactate treatment as compared with the D- and L-lactate treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Phospholipid composition of chick brain during development.

The phospholipid composition of chick embryo brain was examined over the interval 4–18 days of incubation. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine accounted for about 25% of the total lipid phosphorus during this interval, while phosphatidyl choline decreased from 70 to 50%. Sphingomyelin formed a relatively low fraction of the total phospholipid. The sum of inositol phosphatides and phosphatidyl serine was about 5%, with slight variation during the interval studied. A phospholipid resembling cardiolipin was detected. Its content increased to 4% during this incubation period.
V-groove side-pumped 1.5-µm fiber amplifier

Moderate-to-high power fiber amplifiers (0.1 to 1.0 W) are required in optical communications, fiber transmission, and processing of microwave signals, and remote sensing. Conventional 1.5-μm fiber amplifiers, pumped by 50-100 mW single-mode pigtailed laser diodes, are not well suited for many of these applications due to very high pump cost, particularly for saturation powers above 50 mW, when multiple diodes are required. One method of reducing the overall amplifier cost, while increasing output power, is through the use of low-cost diode-array pumps and -double-cladding fibers.1-3
Modeling the time course of the detection of lesions on digitized mammograms

The elapsed time for the detection of suspected abnormalities on digitized mammograms has fast and slow components for both mammographers and trainees. Nonlinear regression of the positive predictive value using a biexponential model shows that the half time of the fast component is about 9 seconds for mammographers and 5 seconds for trainees. The slow component is almost constant. Since most of the true cancers are detected early in viewing using global perception, the initial appearance of the displayed digital mammogram is very important.
Etiologic specificity of waking Cortisol: Links with maternal history of depression and anxiety in adolescent girls.

Background Many previous studies have indicated that individuals who are depressed or at risk for depression are characterized by increased levels of morning cortisol and a greater cortisol awakening response (CAR). However, despite the high comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders, fewer studies have examined whether these diurnal cortisol abnormalities are also characteristic of anxiety or risk for anxiety.
SP0002 Systemic Sclerosis

Scleroderma remains a challenging disease with no effective therapy. Obstacles to development of effective therapies include the complex, multifactorial pathogenesis, lack of clear etiologic agent, uncertain role of genetic risks; patient-to-patient variability in clinical manifestations and disease outcomes; variable rates of disease progression in different organs in the same individual; lack of validated biomarkers, and lack of consensus regarding optimal clinical trial design. Each of these obstacles is being addressed by current research, and significant progress is being achieved. A large number of plausible drug targets have been identified and are being validated in preclinical models. Innovative clinical trial designs and increasingly more robust outcome measures allow more effective drug testing. Molecular omics approaches further facilitate patient stratification, and matching drugs to patients in an increasingly personalized precision approach to management. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Suspensory Versus Aperture Fixation of a Quadrupled Hamstring Tendon Autograft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Meta-analysis:

Background:Hamstring grafts have become a popular choice for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction; however, the most effective means of fixation of these soft tissue grafts is unknown.Pu...
Sampling dark networks to locate people of interest

Dark networks, which describe networks with covert entities and connections such as those representing illegal activities, are of great interest to intelligence analysts. However, before studying such a network, one must first collect appropriate network data. Collecting accurate network data in such a setting is a challenging task, as data collectors will make inferences, which may be incorrect, based on available intelligence data, which may itself be misleading. In this paper, we consider the problem of how to effectively sample dark networks, in which sampling queries may return incorrect information, with the specific goal of locating people of interest. We present RedLearn and RedLearnRS, two algorithms for crawling dark networks with the goal of maximizing the identification of nodes of interest, given a limited sampling budget. RedLearn assumes that a query on a node can accurately return whether a node represents a person of interest, while RedLearnRS dispenses with that assumption. We consider realistic error scenarios, which describe how individuals in a dark network may attempt to conceal their connections. We evaluate and present results on several real-world networks, including dark networks, as well as various synthetic dark network structures proposed in the criminology literature. Our analysis shows that RedLearn and RedLearnRS meet or outperform other sampling strategies.
Palliative care and end-of-life health utilization in elder patients with pancreatic cancer.

488Background: Prospective trials have shown that palliative care is associated with improved survival and quality of life, with lower rate of end-of-life health care utilization and cost. We exami...
Modeling droughty soils at regional scales in Pacific Northwest Forests, USA

Abstract Natural resource managers need better estimates of water storage and supply in forested landscapes. These estimates would aid planning for management activities that maintain and enhance forest health and productivity and help prepare forested landscapes for a changing climate. In particular, low soil moisture in combination with high evaporative demands can induce significant stresses on forests, increasing vulnerability to attacks of insect and disease, as well as increasing wildfire risk. Although high-resolution soils data exist for much of the Pacific Northwest, regional-scale datasets that identify forested areas potentially vulnerable to soil moisture-related drought do not exist. In this study, we used readily available spatial datasets depicting available water supply, soil depth, and evapotranspiration to model the likelihood that soils experience prolonged summer drying. To calibrate the model, we examined soil profile descriptions, lab data, and soil moisture curves for 25 sites throughout the Pacific Northwest and estimated the average annual number of days that soil moisture drops to levels at or below the permanent wilting point, a theoretical lower limit of plant-available water. Using this approach, we found statistically significant relationships between the independent variables and broad classes of soil moisture levels representing the highest and lowest levels of plant-available moisture. We then used these relationships to create a landscape-level droughty soil index for the Pacific Northwest. We expect that this approach can be further developed to include additional soil moisture data outside Washington and Oregon and enhanced with other explanatory variables such as topographic position, elevation, and vegetation type. With the addition of vegetation-related data, in particular, the current modeling approach can aid in identifying vulnerable landscapes in the context of managing for increased forest resiliency in the Pacific Northwest.
Who's interested in chiropractic history?

OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of interest in chiropractic history among chiropractors in various nations, states and provinces. DATA SOURCES The worldwide chiropractor population distribution was determined by noting the circulation of the biweekly magazine, Dynamic Chiropractic. Interest in chiropractic history among chiropractors was implied by inclusion in the Membership Directory of the Association for the History of Chiropractic (AHC). DATA EXTRACTION An interest index was derived by expressing the number of members of the AHC as a percentage of the chiropractor population in each region. DATA SYNTHESIS Worldwide membership in the AHC involves less than 1% of the total estimated chiropractor population; Canadian chiropractors demonstrated twice as much interest proportionately compared to all other members of the profession. CONCLUSIONS Reasons for the minimal interest in chiropractic history are considered, and recommendations for increasing historical interest and scholarship are provided.
Crystallite Size Distributions and Stabilities of Homogeneously Deposited Ni/Sio2 Catalysts

Nickel on silica catalysts were precipitated with urea. After reduction the crystallite size distribution (CDS) of the nickel was determined from magnetic measurements. This technique gives very narrow CSD's and is much more reproducible than conventional impregnation methods. Nickel loading is controlled by solution concentration and precipitation time but higher values lead to broader CSD's, lower BET surface areas, and constricted pores. The amount of reduced nickel but not the CSD is a function of hydrogen flow rate and time. Increasing reduction temperatures produce broader CSD's. Calcination or passivation has no effect on the CSD's. The CSD is very stable at 673 K but shows broadening for sintering times up to 100 hours. Above 723 K, small crystallites disappear and the CSD reaches a limiting log-normal shape, independent of initial distribution or nickel concentration. The decline of metal surface area has an order of 10 and an activation energy of 200 kJ/mole. At temperatures approaching 873 K, the sintered distributions are bi-modal.
Acceleration waves in anisotropic thermoelastic materials with internal state variables

This work is concerned with the effect of internal state variables on the growth and decay properties of acceleration waves in anisotropic nonlinear thermoelastic materials. Sufficient conditions are given which insure the existence of a plane longitudinal acceleration wave and two transverse acceleration waves with orthogonal amplitudes.
Technical aspects of the rheological properties of microbial cultures

The rheological properties of culture fluids have a profound effect on the course of a fermentation, the response and reliability of sensors, and on the difficulty of recovery processes. In addition, the rheological properties can be sensitive indicators of the state of a fermentation and can be useful for purposes of control and monitoring. In this paper the fundamentals and important nomenclature of rheology are introduced, the merits of various experimental methods for measuring rheological properties are discussed, critical evaluations are presented of past studies of the rheological properties of culture fluids and the effects of these properties, and suggestions are made for further investigation and development.
Initial Experiences with Artificial Neural Networks in the Detection of Computed Tomography Perfusion Deficits.

Background Head computed tomography (CT) with perfusion imaging has become crucial in the selection of patients for mechanical thrombectomy. In recent years, machine learning has rapidly evolved and found applications in a wide variety of health care tasks. We report our initial experiences with training a neural network to predict the presence and laterality of a perfusion deficit in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods CT perfusion images of patients with suspicion for acute ischemic stroke were obtained. The data were split into training and validation sets. A long-term, recurrent convolutional network was constructed, which consisted of a convolutional neural network stacked on top of a long short-term memory layer. Results Of the 396 patients, 139 (35.1%) had a right-sided perfusion deficit, 199 (50.3%) had a left-sided deficit, and 58 (14.6%) had no evidence of a deficit. The best model was able to achieve an accuracy of 85.8% on validation data. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated for each class, and an area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each class. For right-sided deficits, the AUC was 0.90, for left-sided deficits, the AUC was 0.96, and for no deficit, the AUC was 0.93. Conclusions The field of machine learning, powered by convolutional neural networks for the task of image recognition and processing, has quickly developed in recent years. We constructed an artificial neural network that can identify and classify the presence and laterality of a perfusion deficit on CT perfusion imaging.
Pharmacovigilance of Biosimilars: Global Experience and Perspective

This chapter reviews important aspects of pharmacovigilance of biosimilars. Biologics are structurally complex molecules that are more difficult to characterize, produce, and reproduce than most small-molecule compounds. Ongoing robust pharmacovigilance is critical in the monitoring, detection, and assessment of safety signals over the life cycle of every biologic. The availability of multisource biologics, including biosimilars, warrants rigorous pharmacovigilance to accurately detect and disaggregate safety signals. Although biosimilars are highly similar to their reference biologics, they are not required or expected to be identical, and regulatory pathways permit slight variations in structural and pharmaceutical attributes and clinical development approaches. During development, candidate biosimilars are evaluated in a stepwise manner against their reference product for similarity in structure, function, clinical efficacy, and safety. However, clinical studies to evaluate biosimilarity may not detect rare adverse events, and potential differences in safety resulting from minor differences in manufacturing procedures between a biosimilar and its reference product (or other biosimilars) may not be detected before approval. Risk management plans, particularly during the early postmarketing period, are also an important component of pharmacovigilance planning for biosimilars. Important components of pharmacovigilance programs include ongoing and rigorous data collection, adverse event reporting, and analysis of causal relationships resulting in accurate attribution of an adverse event to the correct product. Methods to improve product-specific monitoring, like the assignment of distinguishable nonproprietary names for all biologics and the use of additional product identifiers (e.g., batch number, trade name, manufacturer) for adverse event reporting, are vital to ensure accurate surveillance and traceability of all biologics, including biosimilars.
Multi-layer approaches to scaffold-based small diameter vessel engineering: A review.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world. A characteristic symptom of cardiovascular disease is occlusion of vessels. Once vascular occlusion occurs there is a critical need to re-establish flow to prevent ischemia in the downstream tissues. In the most advanced cases, flow is re-established by creating a secondary flow path around the blockage, bypass grafting. For large diameter applications, synthetic conduits are successfully implanted, however in small diameter applications re-occlusion occurs and there is a critical need for new vascular grafts. There are many strategies and approaches that are being employed to design an effective and successful vascular graft. However, to date, there are no clinically available small diameter vascular grafts that are consistently successful in vivo long term (>7 years). As an effort to develop a successful graft there are several tissue engineering approaches: cell sheets, synthetic and natural biomaterial platforms, and decellularized extracellular matrices that are being investigated. While each area has its advantages, scaffold-based approaches are among the most widely studied. Scaffold based approaches are extensively studied due to tailorability and the availability of synthetic and natural polymers. Within the area of scaffold-based approaches, biomimicry has become an increasingly studied area, and structural biomimicry is one of the many approaches. The focus of this review paper is to analyze scaffold-based approaches. Particularly the advantages and disadvantages of using multi-layer scaffold-based approaches to engineer conduits for small diameter applications.
From Critique of the Postcolony to a Postcolonial Form of Critique. On the Uses and Misuses of Foucault in Jean and John Comaroff’s Work

This paper develops a philosophical approach to Jean and John Comaroffs’ work by fleshing out and theoretically articulating the form of critique that the Comaroffs employ in their reading of the “...
Improving Provider Readiness for Intimate Partner Violence Screening.

BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue. Healthcare providers (e.g., nurses, advanced practice nurses, physicians, social workers) have a unique opportunity to prevent and reduce IPV through screening and referral. The objective of this project was to determine the impact of education and a brief screening tool integrated into the electronic medical record (EMR) on readiness to screen for IPV. METHODS An intervention was implemented that included the EMR integration of a screening tool, creation of an automated resource telephone system and healthcare provider IPV screening and response education. Readiness for screening was evaluated pre- and postintervention using the Domestic Violence Health Care Provider Survey Scale (DVHCPSS), which is scored cumulatively and by each of six domains. An unpaired Student's t test was performed. RESULTS Mean age (31-40 years of age) and years of clinical practice (11-15 years) was the same for pre- (n = 96) and postintervention (n = 83) survey respondents. There was an overall significant increase in screening readiness (p = .003) with significant improvement in "professional role resistance/fear of offending the patient" (p < .0001), "blame victim items" (p = .0029), "perceived self-efficacy" (p = .0064), and "victim/provider safety" (p = .003). LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION Adopting and integrating a validated IPV screening tool into the EMR combined with education was associated with an improvement in overall readiness for IPV screening. Reducing and preventing IPV through universal screening and referral can be accomplished by embedding a standardized readily accessible validated IPV screening tool in the EMR.
Enzyme-encapsulating polymeric nanoparticles: A potential adjunctive therapy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-associated infection treatment.

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen known to be associated with a variety of diseases and conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic wound infections, and burn wound infections. A novel approach was developed to combat the problem of biofilm antibiotic tolerance by reverting biofilm bacteria back to the planktonic mode of growth. This reversion was achieved through the enzymatic depletion of available pyruvate using pyruvate dehydrogenase, which induced biofilm bacteria to disperse from the surface-associated mode of growth into the surrounding environment. However, direct use of the enzyme in clinical settings is not practical as the enzyme is susceptible to denaturation under various storage conditions. We hypothesize that by encapsulating pyruvate dehydrogenase into degradable, biocompatible poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles, the activity of the enzyme can be extended to deplete available pyruvate and induce dispersion of mature Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Several particle formulations were attempted in order to permit the use of the smallest dose of nanoparticles while maintaining pyruvate dehydrogenase activity for an extended time length. The nanoparticles synthesized using the optimal formulation showed an average size of 266.7 ± 1.8 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase was measured at 17.9 ± 1.4%. Most importantly, the optimal formulation dispersed biofilms and exhibited enzymatic activity after being stored at 37 °C for 6 days.
Regulatory, Legal, and Ethical Considerations of Telemedicine

Sleep telemedicine practitioners must ensure their practice complies with all applicable institutional, state, and federal regulations. Providers must be licensed in any state in which they provide care, have undergone credentialing and privileging procedures at outside facilities, and avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest while providing that care. Internet-based prescribing remains limited to certain circumstances. Whether or not a malpractice insurance policy covers telemedicine depends on the insurer, especially if interstate care is provided. All telemedicine programs must protect patient health information. Similarly, bioethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice apply to both in-person and telemedicine-based care.
Management of the Embedded Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis: Retrograde Removal and Replacement.

Objective:To describe the retrograde removal of a tracheoesophageal (TE) prosthesis embedded in the common wall between the trachea and esophagus with preservation of the original tracheoesophageal...
Counting Gigs: How Can we Measure the Scale of Online Platform Work?

The potential transformation of labour markets by the emergence of online labour platforms has triggered an intense academic, media and policy debate, but its true scale remains speculation. Nevertheless, adequate policy responses hinge on a good understanding of dynamics – something that will only grow in importance with the labour market crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic. With technologically enabled remote work, growing demand for services such as food delivery or care, as well as rising unemployment and the financial strain on many workers, platform work may resume its rapid growth. Therefore, there is a need for good quality data on the prevalence of platform and other forms of precarious work in society. This working paper provides a critical assessment of different approaches to counting gigs; that is, estimating the scale of engagement in platform work in the general population. The aim is to examine the main obstacles encountered in previous studies, the reasons for surprising or contradictory results and possible sources of error, but also the lessons that can be learned for future research. This is illustrated with key research in this area, ranging from large projects conducted by national statistical offices to smaller scale independent research, from national to (nearly) global scale.
An integrated experimental and computational investigation of defect and microstructural effects on thermal transport in thorium dioxide

Abstract Advanced nuclear reactor concepts aim to use fuels that must withstand unprecedented temperature and radiation extremes. In these fuels, thermal energy transport under irradiation is directly related to fuel longevity, reactor safety, and is arguably one of the most important performance metrics. Here we provide a comprehensive, first-principles-informed treatment of phonon mediated thermal transport in a defect-bearing actinide oxide with direct comparison to experimental measurements. Pristine and proton irradiated thorium dioxide was chosen as a model system to treat the complexity of thermal transport in the presence of lattice defects. A thermal transport model is implemented using the linearized Boltzmann transport equation (LBTE) with input from first principles calculations and defect evolution models. Density functional theory is used to calculate phonon dispersion in thorium dioxide and used as an input to calculate both intrinsic and extrinsic, defect-induced relaxation times. In addition, a defect evolution model is benchmarked using microstructure characterization of as-irradiated thorium dioxide using a combination of electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy. The output of the LBTE is compared directly to mesoscopic measurements of thermal conductivity on length scales commensurate with defect accumulation. Parametric measurements of conductivity with irradiation dose and temperature suggest a saturation in the reduction of thermal conductivity with increasing defect generation, which is partially captured in our defect evolution model and LBTE framework. This comprehensive, atomistic- to meso-scale treatment provides the necessary basis to investigate thermal transport under irradiation in more complex systems that exhibit strong electron correlation.
MINI-FORMAT REMOTE SENSING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

Information (data) acquisition is an important part of civil engineering practice, especially in the preparation of environmental impact assessments. The mini-format remote sensing system is used to gather on-site data by exposures of both color and color infrared films for site condition identification and interpretation using two hand-held 35-mm cameras (50-mm lenses) mounted with a mechanism to trip the cameras' shutters simultaneously. Photography is taken from an open door or window of a single engine aircraft at an altitude of 500-1,000 ft. The interpretation may be accomplished by projecting the color and color infrared slides, side by side, on two screens or using an 8x magnifier and viewing the slides on a light table; thus observations and analyses are made of vegetation vigor, disease or stress, drainage problems, slope stability, landslide susceptible terrain, reclaimed land progress, locations of abandoned mines and field tile, pavement deterioration, water quality, and wetland and natural resources classifications.
Mechanism of Acupuncture on Neuromodulation in the Gut—A Review

Introduction: Acupuncture has been used for treating various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. However, the mechanism of acupuncture remains unclear. Methods: The aim of this article is to review the published literature on the mechanism of acupuncture on neuromodulation in the gut. Results: Acupuncture treatment involves the insertion of thin needles into the skin and underlying muscle and the subsequent stimulation of the needles manually or electrically. Thus, acupuncture stimulates the somatic afferent nerves of the skin and muscles. The somatic sensory information from the body is carried to the cortex area of the brain. Somatic sensory fibers also project to the various nuclei at the brain stem and hypothalamus. Via somato-autonomic reflex, acupuncture modulates various biomechanical responses, such as prokinetic, antiemetic, and anti-nociceptive effects. Conclusion: According to traditional Chinese medicine, “Acupuncture is believed to restore the balance of Yin and Yang.” This can be translated into the Western medicine terminology that “Acupuncture modulates the imbalance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic activity.” Acupuncture may be effective in patients with functional GI disorders because of its effects on GI motility and visceral pain.
Impurity modes and band widening in doped photonic colioidal crystals

Electromagnetic wave propagation through an extended periodic dielectric medium can be forbidden for a certain frequency range, regardless of the direction of propagation, leading to the formation of a photonic band gap (PBG).
The Capital Gains 'Sieve' and the 'Farce' of Progressivity 1921-1986

From the Revenue Act of 1921's introduction of an individual capital gains preference until the Tax Reform Act of 1986's repeal by making the maximum individual permanent ordinary income rate and capital gains rate the same 28 percent, the capital gains preference reduced the average high income individuals' effective income tax rate substantially below the top nominal progressive income tax rates - dipping deeply in large incomes with a sieve as Henry Simon put it. This made progressivity 'a farce' for most taxpayers, because generally 80 percent of the tax benefits of capital gains preference are garnered by about three quarters of the top 2 to 3% of individual taxpayers by household economic income. The article examines the evolution of this preference 1921-1986 through detailed chronology and analysis of its legislative history. It further explores shaping of the preference by political interests. Processes such as 'cloaking' in the capital gains debate are documented, e.g., in 1921 the preference was sold in part as helping to break up large farms; in 1978 a brokerage house witness caught arguing for the little investor (when his real interest was big investors) shifted to private firms selling out. In this same vein, Representative George H.W. Bush argued in 1969 that the predecessor to the AMT would impact heavily on the small black businessman with an SBA loan (80% of the original individual preferences consisted of the then 50% capital gains deduction).
Proteoglycans in development.

Publisher Summary In this chapter, the proteoglycans are divided on the basis of emerging gene families that encode the different core proteins. Emphasis is placed on the proteoglycans that are clearly involved in developmental processes. The large amount of heterogeneity in proteoglycan structure provides a number of means of classifying the macromolecules. They can be classified either on the basis of their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains or on the basis of the core proteins. Proteoglycans are the complex macromolecules that consist of a core protein, to which one or more GAG side chains are attached. Differences in the proteoglycan structure can result from differential expression of the genes encoding their core proteins as well as from variation in the number, length, and types of GAG chains attached during the post-translational modifications of the core proteins. The divergent structural features of the proteoglycans, imparted by their protein and carbohydrate components, provide these molecules with the potential for a wide variety of functions. Clear evidence of the functions of specific proteoglycans in developmental processes, however, is evident only for a relatively small number of these macromolecules.
Discovery of the Most Neutron-rich Nuclei With 12 <Z<25 and Future Prospects With the FRIB project

The production of the most neutron-rich nuclei by the fragmentation of {sup 48}Ca and {sup 76}Ge beams at Michigan State are presented. The cross sections were measured for a large range of nuclei including fifteen new isotopes that are the most neutron-rich nuclides of magnesium, aluminum, silicon, and the elements from chlorine to manganese. The observation of {sup 42}Al was itself surprising. The cross sections of several new nuclei are enhanced relative to a simple thermal evaporation framework, previously shown to describe similar production cross sections, indicates that precursor excited nuclei in the region around {sup 62}Ti that decay to the observed nuclei may be more stable than predicted by current mass models. This may be evidence for a new island of inversion similar to that centered on {sup 31}Na. It was recently announced that Michigan State will be the site of the next generation radioactive beam facility, FRIB, for the United States. A brief overview of the proposed facility are presented.
Two-Dimensional Combinatorial Screening Identifies Specific 6'-Acylated Kanamycin A-and 6'-Acylated Neamine-RNA Hairpin Interactions

Herein, we report the RNA hairpin loops from a 6-nucleotide hairpin library that bind 6′-acylated kanamycin A (1) and 6′-acylated neamine (2) identified by 2-Dimensional Combinatorial Screening (2DCS). Hairpins selected to bind 1 have Kd's ranging from 235-1035 nM, with an average Kd of 618 nM. For 2, the selected hairpins bind with Kd's ranging from 135-2300 nM, with an average Kd of 1010 nM. The selected RNA hairpin-ligand interactions are also specific for the ligand that they were selected to bind compared to the other arrayed ligand. For example, the mixture of hairpins selected for 1 on average bind 33-fold more tightly to 1 than 2 while the mixtures of hairpins selected for 2 on average bind 11-fold more tightly to 2 than 1. Secondary structure prediction of the selected sequences was completed to determine the motifs that each ligand binds, and the hairpin loop preferences for 1 and 2 were computed. For 1, the preferred hairpin loops contain an adenine separated by at least two nucleotides from a cytosine, for example ANNCNN (two-tailed p-value = 0.0010) and ANNNCN (two-tailed p-value <0.0001). For 2, the preferred hairpin loops contain both 5′GC and 5′CG steps (two-tailed p-value <0.0001). These results expand the information available on the RNA hairpin loops that bind small molecules and could prove useful for targeting RNA.
Evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped and compressed spin-polarized hydrogen.

A gas of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen can be prepared in the upper hyperfine states and loaded into a static magnetic trap. Evaporative cooling and magnetic compression of such a gas can produce temperatures of 30 \ensuremath{\mu}K and densities of ${10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Under these conditions a Bose-Einstein condensate may form.
Peripheral Blood CD38 Bright CD8+ Effector Memory T Cells Predict Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease

Abstract Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is mediated by allogeneic T cell responses. We hypothesized that increases of peripheral blood–activated CD8+ effector memory T (TEM) cells would be observed after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) before onset of aGVHD symptoms. Blood was collected twice weekly after HSCT for 7 weeks in 49 consecutive pediatric and adult HSCT recipients. Samples were incubated with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against CD45, CD3, CD8, CD38, CD45RA, and CCR7 and analyzed using flow cytometry. TEM cells were defined as CD3+ CD8+CCR7− CD45RA− lymphocytes. CD38 expression was used as a marker of T cell activation. Patients were followed for 100 days for development of aGVHD. Twenty-three patients developed grade 1 to 4 aGVHD at a median of 37 days (range, 15 to 79 days) after HCST. Absolute CD38 bright CD8+ TEM of > 35 cells/μL predicted aGVHD at a median of 8 days (range, 1 to 34) before aGVHD onset with a sensitivity of 82.6% and specificity of 91.6%. The cumulative incidence of aGVHD was 90% in patients with absolute CD38 bright CD8+ TEM >35 cells/μL and 15% in patients without (P
Cross-Gender Interactions in Middle School Counselor-Student Working Alliances: Challenges and Recommendations

Middle school counselors are involved in cross-gender interactions with students daily. In order to explore middle school counselors' experiences in cross-gender student-counselor working alliances, interviews were conducted with 22 practicing middle school counselors. Selections from the resulting conversations reveal that female and male middle school counselors describe their same-gender counselor-student relationships as less challenging and perceive more challenges in their cross-gender relationships in school counseling. Recommendations are offered for cross-gender relationship building for middle school counselors working with students.
Effect of the Thiol−Thiolate Equilibrium on the Photophysical Properties of Aqueous CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots

We study the effect of thiols on the emission efficiency of aqueous CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs). We observe that the impact of thiol addition on emission quantum yields (QYs) is time-, concentration-, and pH-dependent. Further, we use a combination of time-resolved spectroscopic methods to determine the mechanism by which thiol addition can cause either increases or decreases in QYs. Specifically, through transient absorption measurements, we show that thiol addition can improve passivation of electron traps, increasing QYs at low thiol concentrations. Further, using nanosecond photoluminescence (PL), we observe that at higher thiol concentrations, hole traps are introduced that reduce PL QYs. Last, through a combination of pH-dependence and control studies (e.g., addition of 2-methyl thioethanol to an aqueous NQD solution and addition of dodecanethiol to a hexane NQD solution), we demonstrate that it is the ability of thiols in aqueous solution to generate thiolate that is the sou...
Theory of electroporation of planar bilayer membranes: predictions of the aqueous area, change in capacitance, and pore-pore separation

A large increase in the transmembrane voltage, U(t), of a fluid bilayer membrane is believed to result in the occurrence of temporary aqueous pathways ("pores") across the membrane. The number, size, and evolution dynamics of these pores are expected to be crucial to the transport of water-soluble species ranging from small ions to macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. In this paper we use a transient aqueous pore theory to estimate the fraction of the membrane area, Fw(t), which is temporarily occupied by water-filled pores for short square, exponential, and bipolar square pulses. For short pulses, "reversible electrical breakdown" occurs when the transmembrane voltage reaches about 1 V, and Fw(t) is predicted to rise rapidly, but always to be less than 10(-3). The conductance of a large number of pores causes reversible electrical breakdown and prevents a significantly larger U from being reached. Despite the large dielectric constant of water, for reversible electroporation the associated change in membrane capacitance, delta C, due to the pores is predicted to be small. Moreover, for a flat membrane the minimum value of the mean pore-pore separation is large, about 60 times the minimum pore radius. In flat membranes, pores are predicted to repel, but the opposite is expected for curved cell membranes, allowing the possibility of coalescence in cell membranes. For some moderate values of U, rupture (irreversible electrical breakdown) occurs, as one or more supracritical pores expand to the membrane boundary and the entire membrane area becomes aqueous. In all cases it is found that a quantitative description of electroporation requires that a pore size distribution, rather than a single size pore.
Implementation of a spatially multiplexed pixelated three-dimensional display by use of a holographic optical element array

A pixelated holographic stereogram is proposed and experimentally studied for the emulation of a spatially multiplexed composite three-dimensional (3-D) pixel display. With this approach, pixelated holograms are utilized to compose spatially multiplexed images. Each composite pixel in the holographic optical element array has a diffraction pattern that scatters light into predefined spatial directions. Under reconstruction, each pixel generates different intensities along a range of viewing angles. When the composite holographic pixel array is assembled, it has the capability to deliver 3-D effects. The technique, together with a novel recording scheme that is designed to synthesize a computerized 3-D display system based on this concept, is described in some detail.
Validity of the Bell Adjustment Inventory When Applied to College Women

(1940). Validity of the Bell Adjustment Inventory When Applied to College Women. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 227-236.
GNOM-LIKE 2, Encoding an Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribosylation Factor-Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Protein Homologous to GNOM and GNL1, is Essential for Pollen Germination in Arabidopsis

In flowering plants, male gametes are delivered to female gametophytes by pollen tubes. Although it is important for sexual plant reproduction, little is known about the genetic mechanism that controls pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Here we report the identification and characterization of two novel mutants, gnom-like 2-1 (gnl2-1) and gnl2-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the pollen grains failed to germinate in vitro and in vivo. GNL2 encodes a protein homologous to the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GNOM and GNL1 that are involved in endosomal recycling and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicular trafficking. It was prolifically expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes. The results of the present study suggest that GNL2 plays an important role in pollen germination.
Effect of carbon deposition on porosity and reactivity of a lignite char

Abstract Carbon deposition from the cracking of methane into the pores of a lignite char occurs at a significant rate at temperatures between 815 and 855 °C. The maximum amount of carbon deposited is much less than the amount of open pore volume within the char which is potentially available to accommodate carbon. Removal of the inorganic impurities from the char by acid washing significantly reduces the extent of carbon deposition. Carbon deposition reduces surface area and open pore volume of the char and accessibility of methane into the pore structure. Deposition of carbon has a large and lasting adverse effect on the subsequent reactivity of the char to air. This has been attributed both to a decrease in active surface area, and deactivation of catalytic inorganic impurities due to coating with carbon. Deposited carbon is much less reactive to air than the lignite char. Results indicate that in order to maximize subsequent char reactivity to oxidizing gases, carbon deposition from volatiles during the conversion of coal to char should be kept to a minimum.
The obese patient in the ICU

Data from recent surveys indicate that a staggering 34.9% of US adults are overweight. Obese adults are at in increased risk for many chronic medical conditions, and this increases the likelihood of admission to an ICU. The critically ill obese patient presents the ICU team with many unique problems. Obesity may result in significant alterations of pulmonary and cardiac function, as well as the handling of many drugs. An appreciation of these and other changes is essential in the management of the obese ICU patient. The purpose of this article is to review some of the basic concepts related to the treatment of obese patients in the ICU.
PLASMON AND SHEAR MODES IN CORRELATED SUPERLATTICES

The dynamical matrix, dielectric response tensor, and dispersion relations for a strongly correlated unmagnetized superlattice are formulated in the quasilocalized charge approximation. Analysis of the dispersion relations at wavelengths long compared with the spacing d between adjacent layers indicates that the random-phase-approximation (RPA) collective-mode structure is substantially modified by particle correlations. In earlier works [see, e.g., G. Kalman, Y. Ren, and K. I. Golden, Phys. Rev. B 50, 2031 (1994)] the authors reported the existence of a long-wavelength energy gap in the acoustic plasmon band generated by strong interlayer correlations. The present analysis indicates the existence of a gapped shear mode band which is wholly maintained by Coulombic interlayer interactions over and above the RPA. When interlayer interactions are taken into account only through the average RPA field, the band collapses into a single shear mode which exhibits the long-wavelength acoustic dispersion characteristic of the correlated two-dimensional electron liquid. Other interesting effects include (i) an optical-phonon crystal-like dispersion exhibited by the in-phase plasmon at long wavelengths for d sufficiently small; and (ii) an acoustic-phonon dispersion exhibited by the in-phase shear mode at long wavelengths.
Functional Form and Spatial Interaction Models

This paper is an examination of functional form and functional misspecification in regression-based spatial interaction models. Box–Cox transformations are used to model US state-to-state labor migration. Attention is given to the production-constrained gravity model, the competing and intervening destinations (CID) model, and an extension of the CID model which uses dummy variables and an iterative transformation procedure. Statistical evidence supports the argument that the use of highly restrictive log-linear specifications may be inappropriate and problematic. Implications for spatial interaction modeling using general nonrestrictive functional forms are discussed.
Pine oil cleaner ingestion

We report the cases of 22 patients who were hospitalized for pine oil cleaner ingestion. The toxic manifestations most commonly observed were mucous membrane and gastrointestinal irritation. Ataxia, which did not occur in adults, was a frequent presenting sign of intoxication in children. Fifty-nine percent of patients who ingested only pine oil cleaner developed central nervous system depression, and three of these developed coma. Three of five children and three of 17 adults developed acute hydrocarbon pneumonitis. Unlike aspiration pneumonitis, which follows petroleum distillate ingestion, chemical pneumonitis from pine oil cleaner may occur from gastrointestinal absorption of pine oil and deposition in lung tissue. However, recovery from pneumonitis in our patients was typically rapid and complete. Only two adults developed secondary bacterial pneumonia; no patient died. Ingestion of pine oil cleaner was rarely life threatening; most patients needed only gastrointestinal decontamination and minimal supportive care.
Distributed Topology Control for Stationary and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper a distributed topology control for stationary and mobile ad hoc networks is described. A topology control algorithm is aimed at maintaining connectivity in a mobile network while minimizing power consumption under the MinMax objective. The algorithm is proactive so that the network connectivity is guaranteed at any time instant. In regard to the topology of the graph induced by the power assignments to the network nodes, the most common objective and the objective considered in this paper is that the network be connected