cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grain Growth Modeling for Additive Manufacturing of Nickel Based Superalloys

In a laser based additive manufacturing process, the alloy powders undergo a rapid heating, melting, solidification and cooling process. The morphology and the scale of the solidification structure depend on the temperature gradient and the growth rate during the additive manufacturing process. A comprehensive three dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model has been used to calculate the temperature distribution, thermal cycles and local solidification parameters during laser based additive manufacturing process for nickel based super alloys. The growth direction of columnar dendrites and the solidification texture are estimated based on the computed temperature field. The effects of the process parameters on the growth directions, morphologies and scale of the solidification structures are discussed.
Biochemical Aspects of Toxic Metabolites: Formation, Detoxication, and Covalent Binding

The concept that the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics in vivo leads to chemically inert, readily excretable products has changed dramatically in recent years. It is now appreciated that reactive alkylating, arylating, or acylating derivatives may arise during the metabolism of xenobiotics and that the covalent binding of these reactive metabolites to cellular macromolecules may initiate events leading to the destruction of specific cellular components such as cytochrome P450, or to more severe lesions such as malignant transformation, mutagenicity, and cell death (1–9). Similar mechanisms may underlie many other kinds of serious toxicities, including allergic reactions, blood dyscrasias, hemolytic anemia, and teratogenicity.
Making Large Cox’s Proportional Hazard Models Tractable in Bayesian Networks

Cox’s proportional hazard (CPH) model is a statistical technique that captures the interaction between a set of risk factors and an effect variable. While the CPH model is popular in survival analysis, Bayesian networks offer an attractive alternative that is intuitive, general, theoretically sound, and avoids CPH model’s restrictive assumptions. Existing CPH models are a great source of existing knowledge that can be reused in Bayesian networks. The main problem with applying Bayesian networks to survival analysis is their exponential growth in complexity as the number of risk factors increases. It is not uncommon to see complex CPH models with as many as 20 risk factors. Our paper focuses on making large survival analysis models derived from the CPH model tractable in Bayesian networks. We evaluate the effect of two complexity reduction techniques: (1) parent divorcing, and (2) removing less important risk factors based on the accuracy of the resulting models.
Exploring Qualitative Perspectives on Surgical Resident Training, Well-Being, and Patient Care

Background The Flexibility in Duty Hour Requirements for Surgical Trainees (FIRST) trial found no difference in patient outcomes or resident well-being between more restrictive and flexible duty hour policies. Qualitative methods are appropriate for better understanding the experience and perceptions of those affected by duty hour regulations. We conducted a pilot qualitative study on how resident duty hour regulations are perceived by general surgery program directors, surgical residents, and attending surgeons who participated in the FIRST Trial. Study Design Semi-structured qualitative interviews were pilot tested with program directors, residents, and attendings to examine initial perceptions of the standard and flexible policies implemented during the trial. The transcribed interviews were analyzed thematically using a constant comparative approach and grouped first by study arm and then by level (patient, surgeon, program, and national). Results More restrictive duty hours were perceived as creating a tension between resident personal and professional well-being. Standard Policy resulted in more transitions, which was perceived as creating vulnerable gaps in patient care. Standard Policy restrictions were seen as particularly challenging for interns and often led to inadequate preparation for promotion and encouraged a shift mentality. Conclusions In our pilot study, interviewees valued the flexibility afforded in the Flexible Policy arm, as it allowed them to maximize patient safety and educational attainment. Additional qualitative research will expand on program director, resident, and attending perceptions of resident duty hours as well as perceptions of patient safety. Qualitative methods can contribute to the national debate on resident duty hours.
Current Status of Calcium Channel Blockers After Myocardial Infarction

Three calcium channel blocking agents—diltiazem, nifedipine, and verapamil—are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States. These agents are effective in the treatment of vasospastic angina, exertional and decubitus angina associated with obstructive atherosclerotic disease, and so called mixed angina with both vasospastic and obstructive components. All three of these agents reduce the frequency of angina pectoris, diminish the utilization of nitroglycerin, and increase the duration of time on treadmill testing before the development of angina in patients with coronary heart disease. Because calcium channel blockers have antianginal efficacy similar to the more established beta blocker class of drugs, the calcium antagonist drugs are being used extensively in acute coronary disease without prior evidence of safety and efficacy from appropriate clinical trials. Furthermore, each of the three calcium channel blocking agents has a different mechanism and spectrum of action, and the findings from one agent can not be extrapolated to the other agents in this class as safely as was done among the beta blockers. With this background, I will explore the current state of our knowledge and experience regarding the appropriate use of calcium blockers after myocardial infarction.
Liver-Specific Aspects of Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression

The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of the hepadnavirus family, which is compromised of DNA viruses that share structural and biological features. HBV infectivity is characterized by a marked hepatotropism, which is a prominent feature of hepadnaviruses. Although the majority of individuals infected with HBV resolve the primary infection and develop lasting immunity to subsequent infection, clinical studies have shown that 5–10% of individuals are chronically infected with the virus (Redeker, 1975). It has been estimated that there are over 250 million chronic HBV carriers worldwide (Rossner, 1992). A clinical consequence of chronic HBV infection is cirrhosis of the liver, which can lead to liver failure and death (Degroote et al., 1979). Furthermore, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that there is a strong association between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic HBV infection (Szmuness, 1978; Beasley et al., 1981). This association is supported by the following evidence: 1) there is a strong correlation in the geographical distribution of HCC and the occurence of chronic HBV infection, and 2) the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is detected with a marked frequency in individuals with HCC. There is additional compelling evidence which correlates HBV with carcinogenesis.
Evaluation of multiple approaches to identify genome-wide polymorphisms in closely related genotypes of sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.).

Identification of genetic polymorphisms and subsequent development of molecular markers is important for marker assisted breeding of superior cultivars of economically important species. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is an economically important non-climacteric tree fruit crop in the Rosaceae family and has undergone a genetic bottleneck due to breeding, resulting in limited genetic diversity in the germplasm that is utilized for breeding new cultivars. Therefore, it is critical to recognize the best platforms for identifying genome-wide polymorphisms that can help identify, and consequently preserve, the diversity in a genetically constrained species. For the identification of polymorphisms in five closely related genotypes of sweet cherry, a gel-based approach (TRAP), reduced representation sequencing (TRAPseq), a 6k cherry SNParray, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) approaches were evaluated in the identification of genome-wide polymorphisms in sweet cherry cultivars. All platforms facilitated detection of polymorphisms among the genotypes with variable efficiency. In assessing multiple SNP detection platforms, this study has demonstrated that a combination of appropriate approaches is necessary for efficient polymorphism identification, especially between closely related cultivars of a species. The information generated in this study provides a valuable resource for future genetic and genomic studies in sweet cherry, and the insights gained from the evaluation of multiple approaches can be utilized for other closely related species with limited genetic diversity in the breeding germplasm.
Skew Deviation and Partial Ocular Tilt Reaction Due to Intratympanic Gentamicin Injection, with Review of the Literature

ABSTRACTSkew deviation is a rare side effect of intratympanic gentamicin injection for intractable Meniere’s disease. When the skew deviation is accompanied by pathologic head tilt and ocular torsion, the result is an ocular tilt reaction (OTR). The authors report the case of a 56-year-old man with refractory Meniere’s disease who developed binocular vertical diplopia following intratympanic gentamicin injection and was found to have skew deviation and a partial ocular tilt reaction. The authors also review the reported cases of skew deviation following intratympanic gentamicin and confirm this phenomenon, which has only rarely been reported in the literature.
Spine surface detection from local phase-symmetry enhanced ridges in ultrasound images.

Purpose Improper administration of epidural anesthesia can result in nerve complications. This problem is exacerbated for obese patients whose vertebrae cannot be palpated. Ultrasound (US) has recently emerged as an attractive imaging modality for accurate epidural placement. However, anesthesiologists untrained in US have difficulty interpreting the anatomy in noisy spinal US images. Furthermore, the complex geometry in spinal US images is characterized by a discontinuous intensity profile because the transducer is often not perpendicularly oriented to spine surface regions such as laminae, articular and transverse processes. This makes the interpretation of spinal images more challenging than typical long bone surface images. In this paper, we propose a new method to segment the spine anatomy in US images obtained in both the transverse and paramedian planes. Methods A set of 108 B-mode images were randomly chosen from 35 cine-loops obtained from scanning the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae of 17 healthy volunteers with a BMI ranging from 19.5 to 27.9. A local phase-symmetry technique was applied to the B-mode images for enhancement of bone-like ridges, and the spine blobs were subsequently classified. The segmented spine surface from the blobs was compared against a radiologist's manual delineation of the spine surface. Results For the performance of the spine blob classifier, we obtain a Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.77 and a geometric mean (G-mean) of 0.96. The mean absolute error between the manual delineation of the laminae by the radiologist and the automatic laminae segmentation is found to be 0.26 mm with a maximum possible absolute error of 2.01 mm for spinal US images of 70 mm depth. Conclusions Our proposed technique successfully performs automatic segmentation of the spine surface - specifically the laminae, ligamentum flava, spinous, transverse and articular processes and can be extended to any bone anatomy present in an US image. This has implications for 3D visualization of bone surfaces and, without loss of generality, the vertebral column. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor of the cerebrum is a clonal neoplasm defined by genetic alterations that activate the MAP kinase signaling pathway

Author(s): Pekmezci, Melike; Stevers, Meredith; Phillips, Joanna J; Van Ziffle, Jessica; Bastian, Boris C; Tsankova, Nadejda M; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, Bette K; Rosenblum, Marc K; Tihan, Tarik; Perry, Arie; Solomon, David A
Breakout Session: Fight for Your Right to Copy: How One Library Acquired the Copyright Permissions Service and Reduced Students’ Costs. Presented by Emily Riha, Copyright Permissions Coordinator, University of Minnesota.

Emily Riha, Copyright Permissions Coordinator at the University of Minnesota, presented at the 2017 Kraemer Copyright Conference her experience when the process of securing copyright permissions moved from Printing Services to the University Libraries.
Decentralized, BlockChain Based Access Control Framework for the Heterogeneous Internet of Things

Privacy and safety are the most needed features while accessing the data in the IoT. Due to the complicated decentralization and heterogeneous environment present in IoT, the security and privacy of the data becomes a challenging job for the developers. The current methods are not suitable for these scenarios where a decentralized and heterogeneous system exists. This paper provides a new method for access control in IoT based on the booming technology "Block Chain," which helps the user in accessing or controlling their data. The contribution consists of a description of the model used to show how a blockchain is used for creating access control methods. To implement the method, the blockchain is taken as the decentralized access manager. The proposed method is validated with respect to the previous related work. Finally, the limitations and future work of the paper are discussed. Access Control Systems are proved to provide access control to critical resources. The right to access the resources is defined by the access control policies that are executed during the access request time.
Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Treatment of Intradialytic Hypotension

Individuals with ESKD requiring maintenance hemodialysis face a unique hemodynamic challenge, typically on a thrice-weekly basis. In an effort to achieve some degree of euvolemia, ultrafiltration goals often involve removal of the equivalent of an entire plasma volume. Maintenance of adequate end-organ perfusion in this setting is dependent on the institution of a variety of complex compensatory mechanisms. Unfortunately, secondary to a myriad of patient- and dialysis-related factors, this compensation often falls short and results in intradialytic hypotension. Physicians and patients have developed a greater appreciation for the breadth of adverse outcomes associated with intradialytic hypotension, including higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. In this review, we summarize the evidence for adverse outcomes associated with intradialytic hypotension, explore the underlying pathophysiology, and use this as a basis to introduce potential strategies for its prevention and treatment.
A boundary-integral framework to simulate viscous erosion of a porous medium

Abstract We develop numerical methods to simulate the fluid-mechanical erosion of many bodies in two-dimensional Stokes flow. The broad aim is to simulate the erosion of a porous medium (e.g. groundwater flow) with grain-scale resolution. Our fluid solver is based on a second-kind boundary integral formulation of the Stokes equations that is discretized with a spectrally-accurate Nystrom method and solved with fast-multipole-accelerated GMRES. The fluid solver provides the surface shear stress which is used to advance solid boundaries. We regularize interface evolution via curvature penalization using the θ–L formulation, which affords numerically stable treatment of stiff terms and therefore permits large time steps. The overall accuracy of our method is spectral in space and second-order in time. The method is computationally efficient, with the fluid solver requiring O ( N ) operations per GMRES iteration, a mesh-independent number of GMRES iterations, and a one-time O ( N 2 ) computation to compute the shear stress. We benchmark single-body results against analytical predictions for the limiting morphology and vanishing rate. Multibody simulations reveal the spontaneous formation of channels between bodies of close initial proximity. The channelization is associated with a dramatic reduction in the resistance of the porous medium, much more than would be expected from the reduction in grain size alone.
A LEAST SQUARES FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR OPERATORS

Publisher Summary In order that the finite element method may become a more general analysis tool, mathematical approaches must be formulated for arriving at finite element models of differential equations when the equivalent functional is not known or does not exist. The method of weighted residuals provides such an alternate solution. The method of weighted residuals encompasses the collocation method, Galerkin criterion, least squares method, Trefftz's method, etc. To date, the Galerkin criterion has become the most popular of these methods. This chapter presents the formulation of a least squares finite element solution of nonlinear partial differential equations. From the engineering point of view, the method can be simply thought of as minimizing the square of the residual error in the differential equation. The formulation is restricted to a single differential equation as the extension of the weighted residual procedures to systems of equations, which has been previously outlined by Crandal and Leonard.
Synergistic Control of Hand Muscles Through Common Neural Input

Skilled grasping and manipulation rely on spatial and temporal coordination of multiple hand muscles. This chapter describes the phenomenon of common neural input to hand muscles as one of the mechanisms through which the Central Nervous system might coordinate the neural activation of groups of hand muscles acting on a single or multiple digits. The heterogeneous distribution of common input to intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles is discussed in relation to its functional role for the coordination of hand muscles.
Gemcitabine Associated With Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES): A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES) is a clinical radiographic syndrome that is often characterized by headaches, altered consciousness, visual disturbances, and seizures in association with typical radiologic findings of vasogenic edema involving bilateral parietaloccipital lobes.1 However, the syndrome is not always reversible, and it is often not confined to either the white matter or the posterior regions of the brain. The pathogenesis remains unclear but is usually associated with hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, renal failure, general anesthesia, and several immunosuppressants.2,3 Chemotherapy agents (eg, cisplatin,4 cytarabine,5 and gemcitabine6 [Gemzar, Eli Lilly]) and targeted therapies (including rituximab7 [Rituxan, Genentech/Biogen Idec Pharmaceuticals] and bevacizumab8 [Avastin, Genentech]) have been shown to cause PRES. After reviewing the literature, there are 5 cases in which gemcitabine was reported to cause PRES, usually when combined with other chemotherapy, primarily cisplatin. In this case, we describe a patient who developed PRES and occlusion of the celiac artery, renal vein, and splenic vein while receiving single-agent gemcitabine for metastatic breast cancer.
Common Breast Problems

A palpable mass, mastalgia, and nipple discharge are common breast symptoms for which patients seek medical attention. Patients should be evaluated initially with a detailed clinical history and physical examination. Most women presenting with a breast mass will require imaging and further workup to exclude cancer. Diagnostic mammography is usually the imaging study of choice, but ultrasonography is more sensitive in women younger than 30 years. Any suspicious mass that is detected on physical examination, mammography, or ultrasonography should be biopsied. Biopsy options include fine-needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and excisional biopsy. Mastalgia is usually not an indication of underlying malignancy. Oral contraceptives, hormone therapy, psychotropic drugs, and some cardiovascular agents have been associated with mastalgia. Focal breast pain should be evaluated with diagnostic imaging. Targeted ultrasonography can be used alone to evaluate focal breast pain in women younger than 30 years, and as an adjunct to mammography in women 30 years and older. Treatment options include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The first step in the diagnostic workup for patients with nipple discharge is classification of the discharge as pathologic or physiologic. Nipple discharge is classified as pathologic if it is spontaneous, bloody, unilateral, or associated with a breast mass. Patients with pathologic discharge should be referred to a surgeon. Galactorrhea is the most common cause of physiologic discharge not associated with pregnancy or lactation. Prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels should be checked in patients with galactorrhea.
Open Problem: Online Local Learning.

In many learning problems, we attempt to infer global structure in the interest of making local predictions. For example, we might try to infer the skills of the competitors in a tournament in order to predict who will win a match, or we might try to predict characteristics of users and films in order to predict which users will like which films. In even relatively simple settings of this type, it is typically NP-hard to find the latent data which best explain some observations. But do these complexity-theoretic obstructions actually prevent us from making good predictions? Because each prediction depends on only a small number of variables, it might be possible to make good predictions without actually finding a good global assignment. This may seem to be a purely technical distinction, but recent work has shown that several local prediction problems actually are easy even though the corresponding global inference problem is hard. The question we pose is: how general is this phenomenon?
Wills Without Signatures

We think of an unsigned “will” as an oxymoron. Since 1837, the Wills Act has required testators in Anglo-American legal systems to memorialize their last wishes in a signed writing. But recently, several American states have adopted an Australian innovation called harmless error, which validates a botched attempt to make a will if there is strong evidence that a testator intended it to be valid. Thus, in these jurisdictions, the testator’s signature is no longer mandatory. Meanwhile, decedents have started making wills in formats that do not permit “wet” signatures, such as e-mails, text messages and word processing files. These trends raise the same question: when, if ever, can a testator assent to a will through her words or conduct? This Article explores the topic of wills with missing or unorthodox signatures. It begins by analyzing a neglected body of precedent on point that spans centuries and countries. First, before the Wills Act, testators could bequeath personal property in unsigned writings. Accordingly, ecclesiastical courts in England and early American judges routinely decided whether a decedent had approved of an unexecuted dispositive instrument. Second, and more recently, dozens of Australian courts have considered whether to apply harmless error to unsigned and electronic wills. These cases, which have reached wildly different conclusions, vividly illustrate the costs and benefits of relaxing the signature requirement. The Article then draws insights from the unsigned will jurisprudence to propose a partial exception to the signature mandate. Traditional law treats the absence of a signature as conclusive proof that a decedent lost her nerve or changed her mind. However, the unsigned will cases reveal that the true culprit is often the fact that a person passed away or lost mental capacity shortly before she could put pen to paper. Accordingly, under what the Article calls the “momentum theory,” courts should enforce written expressions of dispositive wishes when there is clear and convincing evidence that a testator was on the verge of executing a will that memorialized them. This safe harbor for testators whose estate planning efforts were interrupted by forces outside of their control would improve outcomes in several common (or soon-to-be common) kinds of disputes, including those involving notes for future wills, drafts that the testator never read, and digital documents.
Duality in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev Model

In this article, starting from a review of basic aspects of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model in the large N limit, we discuss at non-linear-level the deduction of the zero mode effective Schwarzian action, featuring emergent finite reparametrization symmetry. We then discuss the question of identifying the bulk space-time of the SYK model. We explain the need for non-local (Radon-type) transformations on external legs of n-point Green’s functions, leading to a dual theory with Euclidean AdS signature with additional leg-factors. We show that the SYK spectrum and the bi-local propagator can be obtained from a Horava-Witten type compactification of a three dimensional model.
Congenital and evolutionary modulations of hypoxia sensing and their erythroid phenotype

Exposure to hypoxia elicits a myriad of adaptive responses that are mediated by hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). An essential physiologic response to hypoxia is increase of production of erythrocytes necessary to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues; it has also been reported that the survival of erythrocyte may increase. Congenital defects of upregulation of the hypoxia-sensing pathway result in inappropriately elevated erythrocyte concentration. Evolutionarily, after many generations of living at high altitude, high altitude dwellers such as Tibetans, Andeans, and Ethiopians have selected genomic signatures, some in HIF pathway, enabling them to prosper in high altitude hypoxic environment. However, the entire diverse complex of molecular mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation is still largely unknown.
Long-term tracking of opioid consumption in two United States cities using wastewater-based epidemiology approach.

Access to near-real time opioid use data is essential to the effective management of the U.S. opioid crisis. Current narcotic data collection methods are limited by time delay and would be complimented by a rapid data acquisition technique. Use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) analysis may offer access to near real-time data on opioid consumption but application in the United States has been limited. From 2015 to 2017, monthly 24-h time-weighted composite samples of municipal raw wastewater from two Midwestern U.S. cities were routinely analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for morphine, codeine, oxycodone, heroin, fentanyl, and select opioid metabolites. Concentrations of opioids (ng/L) in raw wastewater from City 1 and 2, respectively, were: morphine (713 ± 38; 306 ± 29; detection frequency (DF): 100%), oxycodone (17.8 ± 1.1; 78 ± 6; DF: 100%), codeine (332 ± 37; 100 ± 27; DF: 93%), heroin (41 ± 16; 9 ± 11; DF: 81%), and fentanyl (1.7 ± 0.2; 1.0 ± 0.5; DF: 62%). Average opioid consumption rates estimated using WBE ranged between 9 and 2590 mg/day/1000 persons. Anticipated overdoses and overdose-deaths calculated from analyte concentrations in wastewater forecasted 200 opioid-related overdoses/year and 39 opioid related overdose-deaths/year across the two cities during the year 2016, which aligned well with observed coroner-reported opioid deaths. This long-term U.S. screening study of opioids in wastewater was the first to utilize wastewater epidemiological data to estimate the number of expected overdose and overdose-deaths, and to identify detectable levels of the powerful synthetic opioid fentanyl in community wastewater consistently over the course of one whole year.
Trends in Research and Graduate Affairs in Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy, Part 3: Underrepresented Minorities

Objective. To examine the landscape of research and graduate affairs nationally and within schools and colleges of pharmacy. This report, part 3 of a three-part series, focuses on underrepresented minority (URM) faculty members and students, with a focus on recruitment and retention. Findings. There has been a substantial increase in recruitment of Asian faculty members by schools of pharmacy over the last 10 years, but there has been only minimal changes in the numbers of Black and Hispanic faculty numbers, which reflects the challenges in recruitment and retention of URM faculty members. Consistently low enrollment of Black and Hispanic graduate students over a 10-year period demonstrates that pharmacy schools could improve their stated diversity initiatives and goals. Despite an overall increase in PhDs conferred over the last 10 years, international students continue to receive the majority of degrees conferred. Graduation rates of Black and Hispanic students have remained low, suggesting that continued and sustained efforts are needed to recruit, support, and graduate URM students. Summary. Pharmacy schools must make a focused investment and effort toward increasing the diversity of their graduate enrollees by modeling their recruitment, enrollment, and retention strategies after national programs and best practices. Because there is a direct link between the number of faculty role models and the recruitment of students, pharmacy schools must enhance the recruitment, retention, and success of URM faculty members. Further, pharmacy schools should provide inclusion training to encourage better communication with URM advisees.
The angular correlation factor in gamma-ray coincidence summing

Abstract The intensity of coincidence summing in γ -ray spectroscopy depends on the angular correlation function, which determines the probability for the γ rays to be emitted in the same direction. This factor is generally negligible in accounting for the reduction in peak intensities due to summing, but it can have significant effects in accounting for the intensity of coincidence sum peaks. In the experiments described in the present report, we have determined the angular correlation factor for a variety of coincidence sum peaks in both simple and complex decays, and we show how the coincidence sum peak can provide a unique signature of 0 + states in nuclei.
Study on Conductor Creep Characteristics and Test Model of UHVDC Transmission Line

UHVDC transmission has the capacity of point-to-point, ultra long distance and large capacity power transmission. In order to further improve the transmission capacity and reduce the line loss, 1000mm2 and 1250mm2 large cross-section conductors are used in ± 800kV UHVDC transmission project constructed by State Grid Corporation of China in recent years. After the conductor is erected, under the action of long-term stress, besides elastic elongation, plastic elongation and creep elongation will also be produced, which is called plastic creep elongation. Plastic creep elongation will cause permanent deformation of conductor and lightning conductor, that is, the elongation of these two parts will not disappear after the tension is removed. It is related to the size of tension and the length of action time. In the process of operation, with the change of conductor tension and the passage of time, the elongation gradually extends, and finally tends to be stable after 5–10 years. Obviously, the existence of plastic creep elongation increases the length of the conductor in the span, thus making the sag permanent increase. As a result, the distance between the conductor and the ground and the object to be crossed becomes smaller, which endangers the safe operation of the line. In the construction of new line erection, the plastic creep elongation of overhead conductor must be compensated, so that the sag will not increase due to plastic creep elongation after long-term operation. Due to the lack of experience and theoretical basis, it is more difficult to estimate the conductor elongation in line design. Aiming at the 1250 mm2 large cross-section conductor used in ± 800 kV UHVDC transmission project from Lingzhou-Shaoxing, the internal and external factors affecting the creep characteristics of the transmission line are analyzed in detail, and the creep test research of the large cross-section conductor is carried out. According to the test results, the creep calculation model of 1250 mm2 conductor is proposed.
River Stage Forecasting using Enhanced Partial Correlation Graph

Various time series forecasting methods have been successfully applied for the water-stage forecasting problem. Graphical time series models are a class of multivariate time series to model the spatio-temporal dependencies between the sensors. Constructing graph-based models involve data pre-processing and correlation analysis to capture the dynamics of different water flow scenarios, which is not scalable for a large network of sensors. This paper presents a novel approach to model spatio-temporal dependencies across river network stations using a partial correlation graph. We also provide a method to enrich this partial correlation graph by eliminating the spurious correlations. We demonstrate the utility of enriched partial correlation graphs in multivariate forecasting for various scenarios and state-of-the-art multivariate forecasting models. We observe that the forecasting techniques that use information from the enriched partial correlation graph outperform standard time series forecasting approaches for river network forecasting.
The Freedom of Wandering, the Protection of Settling in Place: Gendered Symbolizations of Space in the Practices of Hindu Renouncers in Rajasthan

I examine the lives and practices of female sādhus in the region of Mewar, a former princely state in southwest Rajasthan. These sādhus have been initiated into one of the two pan-Indian ascetic traditions: the Daśanāmi and Nāth orders. The chapter shows that notions of place and space, which are underrepresented categories in the scholarship on asceticism, figure prominently in the sādhus’ “rhetoric of renunciation” or their practices of singing, storytelling, and textual recitation. From these they generate their constructions of identity and asceticism. I argue that their ideas of place create gendered symbolizations of space conceived and expressed through the competing idioms of “wandering” and “settling” and ground asceticism in a more “locative” notion of place. Their practices unsettle the dominant view of asceticism as illustrative of a “utopian” model that transcends place. Female sādhus’ rhetoric of renunciation explicates the tension between home and homelessness, wandering and settling. Their negotiations reveal an alternative and gendered understanding about their experiences of wandering and settling, which enable them to generate particular ideas about sādhu identity and an alternative vision of renunciation (sannyās), which is termed “devotional asceticism.” Their notions of place reveal as much about “place” as about wandering. I focus on stories and songs of Sad Giri, a 30-year-old Daśanāmi sādhu, as her views of wandering and settling express a shared view of spatiality among female sādhus in Rajasthan. Her background as an “unlettered,” low-caste woman; her creating a “satsang business” to raise funds to build her own ashram in her natal village; and her continuing to live with her natal family while keeping an ashram identifies her as atypical among female sādhus in Rajasthan.
Environmental Rights in State Constitutions

The U.S. Constitution is not the sole constitutional influence on environmental law. Constitutions from nearly two dozen states contain a variety of environmental provisions. Among these provisions, one commonality stands out: They are seldom subject to substantive interpretation. The area of interest most relevant to practitioners lies within those constitutions that purport to provide a right to a quality environment.
The Effect of Global Output on U.S. Inflation and Inflation Expectations: A Structural Estimation

Recent research has suggested that globalization may have transformed the U.S. Phillips curve by making inflation a function of global, rather than domestic, economic activity. This paper tests this view by estimating a structural model for the U.S., which incorporates a role of global output on the domestic demand and supply relations and on the formation of expectations. Expectations are modeled as near-rational and economic agents are allowed to learn about the economy's coefficients over time. The estimation reveals small and negative coefficients for the sensitivity of inflation to global output; moreover, the fit of the model improves when global output is excluded from the Phillips curve. Therefore, the evidence does not support altering the traditional closed-economy Phillips curve to include global output. The data suggest, instead, that global output may play an indirect role through the determination of domestic output. But the overall impact of global economic conditions on U.S. inflation remains negligible.
Bias and the detection limit model for soil ingestion

Abstract The observation that Zr provided an estimate of soil ingestion 80% lower than estimates provided by seven other elements for 1 week in a soil‐pica child in light of the apparent high detection capability for the element resulted in a reexamination of the validity of a current modeling approach advocated for use in estimating soil ingestion detection limits. This examination reveals that for high levels of soil ingestion, possible biases in soil ingestion methodology may be inadequately accounted for in the soil detection limit model. The extent of this limitation is explored and placed in the context of reported limitations in trace element measurement methodology.
The Contradictions of Change: The Relative Status of Women in the Work Force After the

The fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union marked the end of an era in which official ideology and state policy often masked the reality of citizens' lives. This contradiction was particularly acute for women, a group that the Soviet model of communism was intended to emancipate (Basu, 1995; Bystydzienski, 1992; Corrin, 1992; Einhorn, 1993; Millarand and Wolchik, 1994; Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994; Rueshchemeyer, 1994). Under the guise of Marxist-Leninist ideology, women were accorded an equal right to work and to participate in the building of socialism. The Soviet model, which was imposed to a greater or lesser extent on all of the Eastern European countries, was meant to embody this precept. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol1/iss1/5
Addressing Health Education Responsibilities and Competencies Through Service Learning

It is in the best interest of all academic preparation programs in the health professions to address and adjust their programs as health and healthcare continues to change (Clark, 1999). As a result of some of these changes, health education as a profession has become more community-focused and committed to the development of community-academic partnerships. Many universities are finding themselves integrating service learning pedagogy into their professional preparation programs. As such, service learning activities provide health education majors with the opportunities to participate in community organizing and building as well as practicing many of the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing (NCHEC) responsibilities early on in their academic development. This paper will provide examples of how health education courses can integrate service learning pedagogy into their programs while reinforcing the seven core health education responsibilities into practice.
Maps of Narrative Practice by Michael White

White's (2007) Maps of Narrative Practice supplies readers who have a foundational knowledge about the narrative metaphor for therapy with practical guidelines for narrative practice. White uses sp...
Benching Jim Crow: The Rise and Fall of the Color Line in Southern College Sports, 1890-1980

Chronicling the uneven rise and slow decline of segregation in American college athletics, Charles H. Martin shows how southern colleges imposed their policies of racial exclusion on surprisingly compliant northern teams and explains the social forces that eventually forced these southern schools to accept integrated competition. Martin emphasizes not just the racism prevalent in football and basketball in the South, but the effects of this discrimination for colleges and universities all over the country. Southern teams such as the University of Alabama, University of Mississippi, and the University of North Carolina were obsessed with national recognition, but their Jim Crow policies prevented them for many years from playing against racially mixed teams from other parts of the country. Devoting special attention to the Southeastern Conference, the Atlantic Coast Conference, and teams in Texas, Martin explores the changing social attitudes and culture of competition that turned the tide and allowed for the recruitment of black players and hiring of black coaches. He takes a close look at the case of Texas Western College (now the University of Texas at El Paso), the first major white university in an ex-Confederate state to recruit African American athletes extensively. Martin skillfully weaves existing arguments and documentation on the integration of college sports with wide-ranging, original research, including previously unpublished papers and correspondence of college administrators and athletic directors uncovered in university archives.
Arterial stiffness in adolescents and young adults with and without type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH CVD study.

Background Arterial stiffness is a useful parameter to predict future cardiovascular disease.
SPR Biosensors for Food Safety

2 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 2.1 Escherichia Coli O157:H7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 2.2 Salmonella spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 2.3 Listeria Monocytogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 2.4 Campylobacter Jejuni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 2.5 Clostridium Perfringens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 2.6 Yersinia Enterocolitica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 2.7 Multiple Bacteria Detections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Further experience with suprapubic drainage by trocar catheter.

Abstract In 1972 a preliminary report described the use of a large-bore (Nos. 12 and 16 Fr.) vinyl catheter, which contained a steel trocar within its lumen, in repair of cystourethrocele in 86 patients. Further experience in an additional 158 patients undergoing cystourethrocele repair, and a variety of other gynecologic procedures, is now evaluated. The prototype of a sharp, beveled, cutting-edge trocar tip proved to increase substantially the ease of insertion. Problems of design and production of the catheter were encountered and corrected. Two points of technique, (1) insertion of the catheter prior to the surgical procedure and (2) use of the two-hand method, are advocated. The trocar catheter was found to be a simple, practical, and safe instrument for suprapubic bladder drainage.
Über kritische Erscheinungen in binären Systemen

1. Es wurde eine Systematik binarer Systeme unter Berucksichtigung der kritischen Erscheinungen aufgestellt.
Inferred end-point control of long reach manipulators

The problem of the end-point control of long reach manipulator systems, consisting of a dexterous manipulator carried by deployable structures, is addressed. Such systems can be important where a manipulator must perform a task in a difficult to reach location. Power line maintenance systems and the Space Station Freedom's external maintenance robot are examples. Their supporting deployable structures can exhibit substantial vibrations, making the system very difficult to control. Here, a sensor based control algorithm, called inferred end-point control is proposed. Simulation and experimental results show that it yields stable and accurate manipulator end-effector positioning control despite of vibrations of the system's supporting structure using easily obtained strain measurements.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND DISCHARGE OF THUNDERSTORM CHARGE-CENTERS

Abstract The magnitude and location of the charge centers involved in lightning discharges can be determined from the value of the accompanying gradient change at seven points at the ground. Instrumentation, calibration, observation, and analysis techniques for thus locating thunderstorm charge-centers are described. The results of the analysis are presented. The thunderstorm is found to be bipolar, with the negative center at a mean height of 25,000 ft msl or −16C, and with the positive center located about 2000 ft above it. The occasional occurrence of a positive center below the negative center is shown by the record of the leader processes of ground discharges and from other evidence. Comparison is made with the work of Malan and Schonland in South Africa. While the results are in substantial agreement, important differences in the nature of streamer processes and the relative location of the negative centers tapped by successive elements of a single ground discharge are noted. The cold environment fo...
Occult trauma in high-risk populations

Several groups of patients are at increased risk for traumatic injury that is "occult," or not apparent on initial presentation. Perhaps the most notorious are those who abuse alcohol, but other groups include the elderly, coagulopathic, those with neurological disease, and the mentally ill. Moreover, traumatic injury can coexist with (or be masked by) medical pathology, resulting in the disposition of injured patients to nonsurgical services where surveillance for traumatic injury diminishes. Because delays or failures in diagnosis might result in unnecessary pain, morbidity, and mortality, it is important for the emergency physician to identify occult presentations of trauma before disposition. This review highlights commonly missed traumatic injuries in adult patients.