cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rates of nickel(II) capture from complexes with NTA, EDDA, and related tetradentate chelating agents by the hexadentate chelating agents EDTA and CDTA: Evidence of a “semijunctive” ligand exchange pathway

Abstract Many siderophores and metallophores produced by soil organisms, as well as anthropogenic chelating agent soil amendments, rely upon amine and carboxylate Lewis base groups for metal ion binding. UV–visible spectra of metal ion-chelating agent complexes are often similar and, as a consequence, whole-sample absorbance measurements are an unreliable means of monitoring the progress of exchange reactions. In the present work, we employ capillary electrophoresis to physically separate Ni(II)-tetradentate chelating agent complexes (NiL) from Ni(II)-hexadentate chelating agent complexes (NiY) prior to UV detection, such that progress of the reaction NiL + Y → NiY + L can be conveniently monitored. Rates of ligand exchange for Ni(II) are lower than for other +II transition metal ions. Ni(II) speciation in environmental media is often under kinetic rather than equilibrium control. Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), with three carboxylate groups all tethered to a central amine Lewis base group, ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (EDDA), with carboxylate-amine-amine-carboxylate groups arranged linearly, plus four structurally related compounds, are used as tetradentate chelating agents. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the structurally more rigid analog trans-cyclohexaneethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) are used as hexadentate chelating agents. Effects of pH and reactant concentration are explored. Ni(II) capture by EDTA was consistently more than an order of magnitude faster than capture by CDTA, and too fast to quantify using our capillary electrophoresis-based technique. Using NiNTA as a reactant, Ni(II) capture by CDTA is independent of CDTA concentration and greatly enhanced by a proton-catalyzed pathway at low pH. Using NiEDDA as reactant, Ni(II) capture by CDTA is first order with respect to CDTA concentration, and the contribution from the proton-catalyzed pathway diminished by CDTA protonation. While the convention is to assign either a disjunctive pathway or adjunctive pathway to multidentate ligand exchange reactions, our results indicate that a third “semijunctive” pathway is necessary to account for slow reactions progressing through L Ni Y ternary complexes. Ligand exchange pathways with NTA-type chelating agents are assigned a disjunctive pathway, while pathways with EDDA-type chelating agents are assigned a semijunctive pathway. Based upon operative mechanism(s), magnitudes of exchange rates and effects of ambient geochemical conditions can be predicted.
Online Course Development in Technical Teacher Education Programs

To date, little has been done to benchmark the level of online course development for specific fields within higher education. Most studies that do exist tend to focus on instructional techniques and course design issues rather than on faculty perceptions and attitudes concerning online instruction. This is especially true for technical teacher education (TTE) programs. A lack of studies relating to usage trends and faculty perceptions of online course development within technical teacher education programs represents a significant gap in the literature.
Testing constitutive equations for brittle‐ductile deformation associated with faulting in granitic rock

Uncertainty in constitutive equations for brittle-ductile deformation limits our understanding of earthquake nucleation and propagation at the base of the seismogenic lithosphere. To reduce this uncertainty, we investigate exhumed strike-slip faults and related deformation features in the Lake Edison granodiorite (central Sierra Nevada, CA) that developed at 250-500°C and ~250 MPa. The Seven Gables outcrop contains a 10-cm wide contractional fault step separating two meter-scale left-lateral faults. Within the step, a ~4 cm-thick leucocratic dike is stretched and rotated, thus constraining the kinematics of deformation, and the dike and surrounding granodiorite are strongly mylonitized. Petrographic and electron backscatter diffraction analyses reveal evidence for brittle and plastic deformation mechanisms, including dislocation creep, diffusion creep, microfracturing, and cataclasis. We present a 2D finite element model of the Seven Gables outcrop that tests a series of candidate constitutive equations: Von Mises elastoplasticity, Drucker-Prager elastoplasticity, power-law creep viscoelasticity, two-layer elastoviscoplasticity, and coupled elastoviscoplasticity. Models based on Von Mises yielding most accurately match the outcrop deformation. Frictional plastic yield criteria (i.e., Drucker-Prager) are incapable of reproducing the outcrop deformation due to the elevated mean compressive stress and reduced plastic yielding within the model fault step. Furthermore, the power-law creep viscoelastic model requires a high strain rate (~10-4 s-1) to resolve slip on faults and fails to localize strain within the step region. Comparing model results and elastic stress fields with field observations suggests that deformation localizes in regions of elevated mean compressive stress and Mises equivalent stress.
A Synthetic Isoprenoid Lipoquinone, Menaquinone-2, Adopts a Folded Conformation in Solution and at a Model Membrane Interface

Menaquinones (naphthoquinones, MK) are isoprenoids that play key roles in the respiratory electron transport system of some prokaryotes by shuttling electrons between membrane-bound protein complexes acting as electron acceptors and donors. Menaquinone-2 (MK-2), a truncated MK, was synthesized, and the studies presented herein characterize the conformational and chemical properties of the hydrophobic MK-2 molecule. Using 2D NMR spectroscopy, we established for the first time that MK-2 has a folded conformation defined by the isoprenyl side-chain folding back over the napthoquinone in a U-shape, which depends on the specific environmental conditions found in different solvents. We used molecular mechanics to illustrate conformations found by the NMR experiments. The measured redox potentials of MK-2 differed in three organic solvents, where MK-2 was most easily reduced in DMSO, which may suggest a combination of solvent effect (presumably in part because of differences in dielectric constants) and/or conformational differences of MK-2 in different organic solvents. Furthermore, MK-2 was found to associate with the interface of model membranes represented by Langmuir phospholipid monolayers and Aerosol-OT (AOT) reverse micelles. MK-2 adopts a slightly different U-shaped conformation within reverse micelles compared to within solution, which is in sharp contrast to the extended conformations illustrated in literature for MKs.
Intentional interprofessional experiential education

The experiential component of a doctor of pharmacy curricula is an ideal, yet underutilized vehicle to advance interprofessional education (IPE) initiatives. To date, most experiential-based IPE initiatives occur in a naturally occurring, non-deliberate fashion. The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Experiential Education Section formed the Task Force on Intentional Interprofessional Education in Experiential Education in academic year 2015-2016 to explore the issue. This commentary describes the work of the task force, including the following elements: defining intentional interprofessional experiential education as "the explicit effort by preceptors and practice sites to create/foster educational opportunities or activities designed specifically to achieve interprofessional educational competencies;" conducting a systematic literature review to identify examples of intentional interprofessional experiential education in the published literature; surveying faculty with oversight of experiential education programs and preceptors within those programs; and generating recommendations to stakeholders including AACP, pharmacy schools, and experiential education administrators.
Effect of Interferon-Free Regimens on Disparities in Hepatitis C Treatment of US Veterans

Abstract Objectives To determine whether implementation of interferon-free treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) reached groups less likely to benefit from earlier therapies, including patients with genotype 1 virus or contraindications to interferon treatment, and groups that faced treatment disparities: African Americans, patients with HIV co-infection, and those with drug use disorder. Methods Electronic medical records of the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) were used to characterize patients with chronic HCV infection and the treatments they received. Initiation of treatment in 206,544 patients with chronic HCV characterized by viral genotype, demographic characteristics, and comorbid medical and mental illness was studied using a competing events Cox regression over 6 years. Results With the advent of interferon-free regimens, the proportion treated increased from 2.4% in 2010 to 18.1% in 2015, an absolute increase of 15.7%. Patients with genotype 1 virus, poor response to previous treatment, and liver disease had the greatest increase. Large absolute increases in the proportion treated were observed in patients with HIV co-infection (18.6%), alcohol use disorder (11.9%), and drug use disorder (12.6%) and in African American (13.7%) and Hispanic (13.5%) patients, groups that were less likely to receive interferon-containing treatment. The VHA spent $962 million on interferon-free treatments in 2015, 1.5% of its operating budget. Conclusions The proportion of patients with HCV treated in VHA increased sevenfold. The VHA was successful in implementing interferon treatment in previously undertreated populations, and this may become the community standard of care.
World War II and the Korean War

Astronomy played significant roles in many of the important battles in military history. The author’s previous book (Olson 2014) discussed examples from World War II, and this chapter presents new results for events from that war and also from the Korean conflict.
Tax Reform and Tax Experts

ABSTRACT The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), passed in 2017, represents the most comprehensive revision of the U.S. income tax since the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86). Although the TCJA shares many features with TRA86—corporate tax rate cuts, increasing the standard deduction, cutting back on deductions—it sharply differs in that it is neither revenue neutral nor distributionally neutral, both aspects of which are troubling in light of the large long-run federal fiscal imbalance and rising income inequality. Regardless of one's normative evaluation, the TCJA provides scores of natural experiments that can inform us about the consequences of tax changes on a wide range of economic behaviors.
Higgsless Symmetry Breaking from Renormalization Group Theory

We develop a Higgsless model of electroweak symmetry breaking using critical behavior of infrared Yang-Mills theory. Gauge bosons and fermions acquire mass near the Wilson-Fisher point of Renormalization Group flow. The entire family structure of Standard Model is recovered using the technique of “epsilon expansion”. A brief discussion on how our Higgsless model could preserve unitarity of high-energy di-boson scattering is also included.
Management of hypomagnesemia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

nantly in the ileum) and in the colon. Elimination is predominantly renal. The threshold for urinary excretion is near the normal serum concentration. Therefore, when serum levels exceed 2.5 mEq/L, Mg excretion increases dramatically. Conversely, the kidneys retain a strong capacity to reabsorb Mg, and the main site for reabsorption is the thick ascending loop of Henle (Figure 1). Different fac-tors, such as volume expansion, ethanol ingestion, hypercalcemia, and diuretic administration, may impair renal reabsorption. A minimal daily intake of 0.3 mEq/kg of body weight has been suggested to prevent deﬁciency. Infants and children tend to have higher daily requirements.
Online Ratings and Reviews of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons.

Background. Utilization of physician rating websites continues to expand. There is limited information on how these websites function and influence patient perception and physicians’ practices. No ...
*The efficacy of the attachment-based SAFE® prevention program: a randomized control trial including mothers and fathers

SAFE® is a primary prevention program to promote secure infant-parent attachment. SAFE explicitly addresses mothers and fathers. In this current first study, efficacy was assessed in a low-risk Ger...
Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness of the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test in Ambulatory Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (MBT) in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Method...
Influence of water based embedding media composition on the relaxation properties of fixed tissue.

Abstract Background In MRI of formalin-fixed tissue one of the problems is the dependence of tissue relaxation properties on formalin composition and composition of embedding medium (EM) used for scanning. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanisms by which the EM composition affects T2 relaxation directly and T1 relaxation indirectly. Objective To identify principal components of formaldehyde based EM and the mechanism by which they affect relaxation properties of fixed tissue. Methods We recorded high resolution 1H NMR spectra of common formalin fixatives at temperatures in the range of 5 °C to 45 °C. We also measured T1 and T2 relaxation times of various organs of formalin fixed (FF) zebrafish at 7 T at 21 °C and 31 °C in several EM with and without fixative or gadolinium contrast agents. Results We showed that the major source of T2 variability is chemical exchange between protons from EM hydroxyls and water, mediated by the presence of phosphate ions. The exchange rate increases with temperature, formaldehyde concentration in EM and phosphate concentration in EM. Depending on which side of the coalescence the system resides, the temperature increase can lead to either shortening or prolongation of T2, or to no noticeable change at all when very close to the coalescence. Chemical exchange can be minimized by washing out from EM the fixative, the phosphate or both. Conclusion The dependence of T2 in fixed tissue on the fixative origin and composition described in prior literature could be attributed to the phosphate buffer accelerated chemical exchange among the fixative hydroxyls and the tissue water. More consistent results in the relaxation measurements could be obtained by stricter control of the fixative composition or by scanning fixed tissue in PBS without fixative.
Measurements of the Effects of Compressive Loading on the Narrow Side of the HTS TAPE

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is involved in building high field magnets wound using Second Generation (2G) High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) tape. Certain magnet designs demand a load on the narrow edge of the tape approaching 170 MPa. While significant experimental data is available on the performance of the 2G HTS tape under radial and azimuthal stresses [1] , limited experimental data is available for the load on the narrow edge of the tape. To validate the design of a 25 Tesla, 100 mm cold bore Non-Insulated (NI) HTS solenoid, a series of compressive tests were performed on coils wound using 12 mm 2G HTS tape from SuperPower with an Hastelloy substrate thickness of 50 µm and varying copper stabilizer layer thicknesses of 65 μm, 40 μm, and 20 μm. This paper summarizes the initial design, several iterations, and results in the development of this test to simulate the conditions of the coils in a solenoid energized to 25 Tesla.
Impact of the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on Treatment Adherence and Sleep Duration in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Treated with Positive Airway Pressure

Abstract Objective To examine the effect of COVID-19 on treatment adherence and self-reported sleep duration among patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) treated with positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Methods Retrospective review of medical records of patients seen in Sleep and Circadian Clinic at Brigham Health during the immediate period of one month after the national lockdown was announced on March 15, 2020. Patients with OSA were included only if PAP adherence data was available in the 12-months prior and in the month after the lockdown. Patients with other sleep disorders and OSA patients without the adherence data were excluded. Results Mean age was 63.5± 13.9 years, 55% of the participants were men, and mean BMI was 31.8 ± 7.9 kg/m2. Severe OSA was noted among 59.5% compared to 29.3% moderate, and 11.2% mild OSA. Increased number of patients reported insomnia after the lockdown (41% vs 48%, p= 0.02). Gender stratification noted worsening insomnia only among women. There was no significant difference in PAP adherence as measured by the hours of use, self-reported sleep duration or in the use of sleep medications. Conclusion Post COVID-19 lockdown had a negative impact on sleep as evidenced by increased reporting of insomnia particularly among women, but no impact on PAP adherence or self-reported sleep duration.
Translation and Expansion: Enabling Laypeople Access to the COVID-19 Academic Collection

Academic collections, such as COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19), contain a large number of scholarly articles regarding COVID-19 and other related viruses These articles represent the latest development in combating COVID-19 pandemic in various disciplines However, it is difficult for laypeople to access these articles due to the term mismatch problem caused by their limited medical knowledge In this article, we present an effort of helping laypeople to access the CORD-19 collection by translating and expanding laypeople's keywords to their corresponding medical terminology using the National Library of Medicine's Consumer Health Vocabulary We then developed a retrieval system called Search engine for Laypeople to access the COVID-19 literature (SLAC) using open-source software Utilizing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FAQ questions as the basis for developing common questions that laypeople could be interested in, we performed a set of experiments for testing the SLAC system and the translation and expansion (T&E) process Our experiment results demonstrate that the T&E process indeed helped to overcome the term mismatch problem and mapped laypeople terms to the medical terms in the academic articles But we also found that not all laypeople's search topics are meaningful to search on the CORD-19 collection This indicates the scope and the limitation of enabling laypeople to search on academic article collection for obtaining high-quality information
Batalin-Vilkovisky Yang-Mills Theory as a Homotopy Chern-Simons Theory via String Field Theory

We show explicitly how Batalin–Vilkovisky Yang–Mills action emerges as a homotopy generalization of Chern–Simons theory from the algebraic constructions arising from string field theory.
Artificial Neuron Hardware IP Verification

Implementing artificial neural network (ANN) on hardware, e.g. as hard IP in SoC or soft IP in FPGA, for acceleration is one of the common methods to obtain high performance. Being the heart of ANN, the performance of artificial neuron directly determines the performance of the entire system. Artificial neuron’s algorithm comprises of two portions, sum-of-product for input connection and activation function. Due to looped calculation required for sum-of-product and non-linearity calculation of activation function, implementing an artificial natively will yield a very low efficiency performance. This paper presents an under-going work that illustrate the use of several technique, such as pipelining and hierarchical distributed adder, to achieve high performance artificial neuron. Our measured result shows that it takes about 528 clock cycles for the artificial neuron to complete processing for 8 input connections. The performance is estimated to increase by 82 % with proposed technique.
Effect of RGD functionalization and stiffness of gellan gum hydrogels on macrophage polarization and function

Abstract Macrophages, the primary effector cells in the immune response, respond rapidly to the physical or chemical properties of biomaterial implants. Balanced macrophage polarization, phagocytosis, and migration would be beneficial for implant success and tissue regeneration. Here, we investigated macrophage phenotypic changes, phagocytosis, and migration in response to RGD functionalized surfaces and changes in stiffness of gellan gum hydrogels. We also inhibited the RhoA pathway. The compressive moduli ranged from ~5 to 30 kPa. Cell population and cell spreading area of classically activated macrophages (M(LPS)) and alternatively activated macrophages (M(IL-4)) are promoted on RGD modified hydrogel. ROCK inhibitor induced the opposite effect on the cell spreading of both M(LPS) and M(IL-4) macrophages on RGD modified hydrogels. Macrophage polarization was found to be stiffness-driven and regulated by the RGD motif and blocked by the RhoA pathway. RGD functionalized hydrogel shifted M(IL-4) cells toward a more pro-inflammatory phenotype, while ROCK inhibition shifted M(LPS) cells to a more anti-inflammatory phenotype. Both M(LPS) and M(IL-4) cells on untreated hydrogels shifted to a more pro-inflammatory phenotype in the presence of aminated-PS particles. The RGD motif had a significant impact on cellular uptake, whereas cellular uptake was stiffness driven on untreated hydrogels. Cell migration of M(LPS) and M(IL-4) cells had ROCK-dependent migration. The stiffness of gellan gum hydrogels had no influence on macrophage migration rate. Collectively, our results showed that gellan gum hydrogels can be used to direct immune response, macrophage infiltration, and phagocytosis.
Scaffolding the emergence of infant helping: A longitudinal experiment.

Early social experiences, such as caregiver scaffolding, play a crucial but disputed role in the emergence of prosociality. A longitudinal experiment examined how explicit scaffolding-such as encouragement or praise-influences helping late in the first year, when helping emerges. Eighty-three infants (40 female, 6-9 months, 54% White, 17% Hispanic/Latinx, 16% Asian) participated in up to 10-weekly home visits in which they could help an experimenter in a novel activity. Data were collected in Santa Cruz, CA between February 2018 and August 2019. Compared to the control condition, explicit scaffolding increased helping by handing out-of-reach objects, η2 = .02, and, among younger infants, by cleaning up. Helping also increased with age and visit number. Using a new paradigm, this research provides experimental evidence for how adults' scaffolding shapes the emergence of helping in infancy.
Systems Design as Applied to Information Systems: Opportunities and Limitations

This paper outlines some experiences and insights gained in the design of technical systems, such as space and energy systems and shows how this methodology can be applied, to a certain degree, to the design of information systems.
The Poisson Effect in a Column with Axial Strain

The writer's previous work on buckling and post-buckling of a column with axial strain is generalized by allowing the cross sections along the member to change size and shape during the deformation due to the Poisson effect. Only a rectangular cross section is considered, but any prescribed taper is permissible. Graphs are presented for a simple, prismatic column which show how the axial and transverse displacements vary with load for some combinations of compressibility parameter and Poisson's ratio.
PROTRACTED JAUNDICE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS

In the Article entitled "Protracted Jaundice Associated with Hydpertrophic Pyloric Stenosis," by Nakai and Margaretten, in PEDIATRICS(29:198, 1962) an error appeared. On page 200, second column, third line from the bottom, the word "appear" should have been "disappear."
Analysis of a Lanchester Duopoly

In this chapter, and the next two, we analyze competitive advertising situations involving three competitors. The move beyond three competitors generates analytical difficulties in developing closed-loop strategies, due to the presence of multiple market share state variables, and a different analytical approach is needed.
Hydroxyterephthalate as a Fluorescent Probe for Hydroxyl Radicals: Application to Hair Melanin

The known photoreactions of melanin include production of melanin free radicals and oxygen consumption. While qualitative descriptions of the intermediates and products of these processes have been published, no quantitative procedures have been reported that allow the convenient measurement of the products of oxygen reduction. We have used complementary fluorescence and electron spin resonance techniques to study free radical production from extracted hair melanin irradiated at wavelengths above 320 nm. As a comparison, sepia was also studied. Irradiation of aerated suspensions of melanin in the presence of terephthalic acid dianion (TA)++ gives rise to the characteristic fluorescence spectrum of the 2-hydroxyterephthalate ion (HTA, lambda e lambda = 315 nm, lambda em = 425 nm). Production of HTA has been studied as a function of time (at constant light flux) and in the presence of other substrates including hydroxyl radical sources and scavengers. The use of TA as a fluorescent probe can be conveniently adapted to other systems.
Relayed Coherence Transfer Experiments

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 The Original Relay Transfer Experiments 3 The Development of Relay Transfer Experiments 4 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
POLICY PREFERENCES OF JUSTICES AND PRESIDENTS

Focusing on the issue of civil rights, this study examines the relationship between policy preferences of presidents and the votes of the Supreme Court justices they appointed. Through content analysis of presidential statements, relatively systematic measures of civil rights policy views for five recent presidents were obtained and compared with the voting records on civil rights of justices they appointed to the Supreme Court. The findings suggest that although a correspondence exists between presidential preferences and judicial votes, presidents have been only moderately successful in appointing justices whose votes reflect presidential preferences.
Therapeutic plasmapheresis and protein A immunoadsorption in Malignancy: A brief review

Plasmapheresis is being used with considerable frequency in the management of malignant and non-malignant disorders. More recently, staphylococcal Protein A immunoadsorption has been employed in similar clinical situations. In patients with malignancy, plasmapheresis has been shown to produce alterations in plasma proteins, decrease circulating immune complexes, remove "specific" and "non-specific" blocking factors, change immune reactivity, and affect monocyte function. Partial responses have been reported in a small number of patients with carcinoma of lung, colon, and breast following plasmapheresis. In addition, there are reports of favorable responses in patients with melanoma, head and neck tumors, lymphomas, leukemias, and Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immune deficiency. All these responses were partial and brief, and the treatment did not alter the course of the disease. Plasmapheresis has been useful in the management of hyperviscosity and occasionally of paraneoplastic syndromes. It may also have a role in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with mitomycin-C therapy. Protein A immunoadsorption, by which circulating immune complexes are selectively removed, can activate the complement system, increase blastogenic responses, and increase the natural killer cell activity. It has been shown to produce partial responses in breast and colon cancer, as well as Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immune deficiency. It may have a useful role to play in the management of mitomycin-C-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Both plasmapheresis and Protein A immunoadsorption should be considered investigational interventions at this time. Toxicity of plasmapheresis, though uncommon, can be serious and may rarely be fatal. Toxicity of Protein A immunoadsorption is mild, consisting mainly of influenza-like symptoms and rash.
Origin and impact of particle-to-particle variations in composition measurements with the nano-aerosol mass spectrometer.

In the nano-aerosol mass spectrometer, individual particles in the 10–30 nm size range are trapped and irradiated with a high pulse energy laser beam. The laser pulse generates a plasma that disintegrates the particle into atomic ions, from which the elemental composition is determined. Particle-to-particle variations among the mass spectra are shown to arise from plasma energetics: Low ionization energy species are enhanced in some spectra while high ionization energy species are enhanced in others. These variations also limit the accuracy and precision of elemental analysis, with higher deviations generally observed when low ionization energy species are dominant in the mass spectrum. For standard datasets generated from nominally identical particles, it is shown that that the error associated with composition measurement is random and that averaging the spectra from a few tens of particles is sufficient for measuring the mole fractions of common elements to within about 10 % of the expected value. Averaging a greater number of particles offers limited improvement of the measurement precision but has the deleterious effect of degrading the measurement time-resolution, which is given by the time needed to obtain the required number of particle spectra for averaging. An internally mixed ambient particle dataset was found to give a similar result to the standard datasets, that is, the measured elemental composition converged to the average value after a few tens of particles were averaged.
Toward Best Practice: An Analysis of the Efficacy of Curriculum Models in Gifted Education.

This article provides an overview of existing research on 11 curriculum models in the field of gifted education, including the schoolwide enrichment model and the talent search model, and several others that have been used to shape high-level learning experiences for gifted students. The models are critiqued according to the key features they contribute to student learning, teacher use, and contextual fit, including alignment to standards and use with special populations of gifted and nongifted learners. The authors also provide a set of key principles derived from the research studies on what has been learned as a field about curriculum and instruction for the gifted. The article concludes with a set of practical considerations for educators in implementing any of the curricula analyzed and specific district applications of the Integrated Curriculum Model (ICM) that illustrate effective implementation over time.
Acoustic characteristics of Swedish dorsal fricatives

The identity of [“hooktop heng”], the “voiceless dorso‐palatal/velar fricative” or “simultaneous” [“esh”] and [x], is controversial (IPA 2009: 140, 203). The present study attempts to acoustically differentiate [“esh”], [x], and (non‐labialized) [“hooktop heng”]. A female speaker of Stockholm Swedish produced VCV nonsense words with balanced V and alternating C. Windowed spectra were obtained and averaged at various locations in the fricatives. [“esh”] can be reliably differentiated from [x] and [“hooktop heng”] based on center of gravity measures in the middle of the fricative. However, center of gravity differences between [x] and [“hooktop heng”] are not revealing, confirming Lindblad's x‐ray tracings (1980: 89). The most robust acoustic difference between the two dorsal fricatives is the presence of erratic, high‐amplitude disturbances during [x]. These may be attributed to sudden explosions of saliva and ephemeral contact with the uvula, more likely for slightly‐retracted [x] than for [“hooktop heng”]. It seems unlikely that [“hooktop heng”] is produced with a second simultaneous constriction that is of acoustic relevance. International Phonetic Association. 1999. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lindblad, P. 1980. Svenskans sje‐ och tje‐ljud i ett Allmanfonetisk perspektiv. Travaux de l'Institut de linguistique de Lund 16. Lund: LiberLaromedel/Gleerup.
Circadian rhythms in the retina of rats with photoreceptor degeneration

Previous studies have demonstrated that the mammalian retina contains a circadian clock system that controls several retinal functions. In mammals the location of the retinal circadian clock is unknown whereas, in non-mammalian vertebrates, earlier work has demonstrated that photoreceptor cells contain the circadian clock. New experimental evidence has suggested that in mammals the retinal circadian clock may be located outside the photoreceptor cells. In this study we report that circadian rhythms in Aa-nat mRNA (in vivo) and melatonin synthesis (in vitro) are still present in the retina of rats lacking photoreceptors. The circadian pacemaker(s) controlling such rhythms is probably located in kainic acid sensitive neurons in the inner retina since kainic acid injections abolished the rhythmicity. These data are the first direct demonstration that circadian rhythmicity in the mammalian retina can be generated independently from the photoreceptors and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Contribution of METRO pathway localized molecules to the organization of the germ cell lineage

To elucidate the potential role of localized components in the specification of the germ cell lineage we analyzed the composition of the germ plasm in Xenopus laevis oocytes and early embryos with respect to the vegetally-localized RNAs. We focused on Xlsirts, Xcat2, and Xwnt11 transcripts that are localized to the vegetal cortex through a region of the mitochondrial cloud called the messenger transport organizer (METRO) that also contains the nuage or germ plasm. At the ultrastructural level Xcat2 mRNA was detected on germinal granules while Xlsirts and Xwnt11 were associated with a fibrillar network of the germ plasm in stage-1 and stage-4 oocytes. In embryos, we found that all three RNAs remained associated with the germ plasm. Vg1 mRNA, a transcript localized through the late pathway, was excluded from the germ plasm in oocytes and embryos. Addtionally, we detected the protein spectrin within 16 cell nests of germ cells, in a structure reminiscent of the Drosophila spectrosome. Spectrin was detected in the mitochondrial cloud and was found in the germ plasm during embryogenesis. These data indicate that the various RNAs found within METRO and the protein spectrin are integral components of the Xenopus germ plasm with the RNAs being associated with different subcellular structures. They also suggest that the pathway through which RNAs are localized during oogenesis may be an important factor in biasing their distribution into specific cell lineages. The presence of Xwnt11 in the germ cell lineage suggests that a wnt-directed signaling pathway may be involved in germ cell specification. differentiation or migration.
Numerical Simulations of Peristaltic Mixing

Numerical simulations of two-dimensional flow and species transport in a peristaltically driven closed mixer are performed as a function of the Reynolds number (Re ≤ 6288) and the normalized traveling wave amplitude (e ≤ 0.3) at low to moderate Schmidt number (Sc ≤10) conditions. The mixer consists of a rectangular box with a traveling wave motion induced on its bottom surface. Flow and species mixing are produced by the surface motion. The numerical algorithm, based on an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian spectral element formulation, is verified using the asymptotic solutions for small wave amplitude cases. Kinematics of large-deformation conditions are studied as a function of the Reynolds number. Species mixing is simulated at various Re and Sc conditions. Mixing index inverse (M -1 ) is utilized to characterize the mixing efficiency, where M -1 ∝- exp(Pe -αt is observed as the long-time behavior. Simulation data are utilized to determine the exponent a at various Re and Sc conditions. For all simulations, 0.28≤α ≤ 0.35, typical of partially chaotic flows, have been observed. The effect of flow kinematics and species diffusion on mixing is interpreted.
Competitive-share group formation in rent-seeking contests

We examine the possibility of forming a competitive-share group in rent-seeking contests. The competitive-share group has the following characteristics: (a) the group is treated as a single player competing with the nonmembers to win the rent, (b) the members choose their outlays noncooperatively, and (c) the members compete to take larger shares of the rent. We show that the competitive-share group is always formed voluntarily. One important consequence of such group formation is that rent dissipation is less relative to individual rent seeking — in other words, the social cost associated with rent seeking is less.
Biosynthesis of phytoglycogen in maize endosperm. The branching enzyme.

Abstract 1. 1. An α-1,4-glucan:α-1,4-glucan 6-glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.18) which synthesizes a phytoglycogen-like polymer from amylose has been isolated in a form free of Q-enzyme, amylases and phosphorylase from a su1 genotype of maize. A Q-enzyme and an α-amylase were obtained separately in the same procedure. 2. 2. The enzyme is most effective in producing a highly branched product from an unbranched substrate. The intermediate reaction products of the enzymatic branching of amylose appear to consist of a uniform population of partially branched molecules. 3. 3. Kinetic data were obtained. The value of Km for an amylose substrate at pH 7.6 was 0.2 mg/ml. pH dependence demonstrated an optimum pH of 7.4 and half-optimal values of 5.2 and 9.3 in either of two buffers. 4. 4. The branching reaction is not reversible. It is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and HgCl2, but not by oligosaccharides. 5. 5. The possible role of the enzyme in starch metabolism is discussed.
Common property mapping and the preservation of traditional rights in Chesapeake Bay's oyster fishery, 1892–1914

Conflicts over oysters intensified along the US mid-Atlantic coast as traditional management of these valuable resources broke down in the late nineteenth century. In response, states founded management agencies, and mapping oysters was one of their first activities. Virginia and Maryland's first cartographers favored privatizing common property, an alteration that would have displaced thousands of oystermen and benefited wealthier segments of the industry. Cartographers sought to use maps to expand privatization; however, Chesapeake Bay oystermen were numerous enough to wield political influence, and they rejected one of the first major surveys and shaped the production of the other two, using them to protect their common property while making these rights visible to the State. Many conservation practices in the eastern USA grew out of local people's traditions, and this study explores the role of the mapping process amid the broader context of a shift in the scale of management to state agencies.
Bound-morpheme generalization by children with SLI : Is there a functional relationship with accuracy of response to training targets?

We investigated whether limited bound-morpheme generalization (BMG) by preschool children with SLI is functionally related to limited learning of training targets (words, affixed forms). Thirty chi...
General Intellectual Decline and Daily Living Skills

A total of 64 elderly individuals presenting with cognitive decline were administered a test of general intelligence and a measure of adaptive knowledge and daily living skills. Premorbid ability was estimated using a demographic formula and a reading test. After controlling for age and depression, general intellectual ability accounted for a large amount of the variance in a broad range of adaptive knowledge and behavioral skills, reflecting the influence of premorbid ability and especially estimated decline. Different patterns of adaptive knowledge and skills were identified as a function of measured IQ and of estimated decline in IQ. Results suggest a threshold of intellectual decline for deterioration in daily living skills. Studies purporting to demonstrate that impairments in particular neuropsychological domains predict specific functional deficits need to control for general intellectual ability and/or the extent of intellectual decline.
A reliable method for classifying acromial shape

The method commonly in use today to categorize the shape of the acromion is qualitative and not reliable, but often used to make clinical judgments. Other classifications are quantitative but have not been compared with each other. The objective of this study was to compare the intra- and inter-observer reliability of three methods for classifying acromial shape. Three clinicians evaluated standardized lateral-view radiographs of twenty-four human scapulas three times with intervals of at least two weeks for the intra-observer reliability. Thirteen clinicians evaluated 11 of these radiographs once for inter-observer reliability. We evaluated the classification described by Bigliani as well as two other classifications (acromial angle and modified Epstein classifications) that assign acromions to a type according to specific geometric measurements obtained from three anatomic landmarks. Reliability was assessed with Kappa statistics. The three classifications showed moderate to good intra-observer reliabil...
Physical and psychological maltreatment: relations among types of maltreatment.

Abstract Maltreatment has serious consequences for the development of children. The reason for the negative outcomes is not, however, fully understood. This study investigated the hypotheses that psychological maltreatment would be present in almost all cases of physical maltreatment and that it would be more related to detrimental outcomes for children than would severity of injury. A sample of 175 maltreated children, 39 children in mental health treatment, and 176 normative children was assessed for type and severity of maltreatment. Both hypotheses were supported. In addition, evidence is provided that psychological maltretment can occur alone, that assessments of parental psychological maltreating behavior and negative child outcomes are highly correlated, and that child age and gender unrelated to physchological maltreatment in young children whereas family income is related. Implications for investigation and treatment are considered.
A discussion of the Bureau of Mines approval schedules for respiratory protective devices.

(1958). A Discussion of the Bureau of Mines Approval Schedules for Respiratory Protective Devices. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 126-129.
Training Nurses in Cognitive Assessment: Uses and Misuses of the Mini-Mental State Examination

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is one of the most commonly used instruments to screen for cognitive deficits within the hospital setting. However training in how to administer this widely used tool is scarce with little, if any, formal training for nursing staff. Scores are also often misused with over reliance on results and cut-offs to support a diagnosis of dementia within the acute and sub-acute aged care context. The present study assessed the level of training and accuracy in administering the MMSE within a geriatric in-patient rehabilitation ward. Ratings of the level of knowledge, training and confidence in administering the MMSE were obtained from 16 registered nurses and two medical officers before and after an education session on the uses of the MMSE and correct administration. Objective assessment of competencies in administration was also obtained with interrater reliability scores demonstrating high accuracy in the use of this screening instrument. Knowledge improved following the...
Survey of retail cheeses, dairy processing environments and raw milk for Escherichia coli O157 : H7

O157:H7 is of particular concern because of its Sponges were rinsed in deionized water, dried overnight,lowinfectiousdose(Grifﬁn1995)andacidtolerance(Arnold placed in sealed pouches, and sterilized at 121°C and 15 psiand Kaspar 1995). Additionally, O157:H7 strains have been for 25 min. Additionally, each batch of sponges was testedshown to survive during Cheddar cheese production and for residual antimicrobial activity prior to use (Llabres andcuring (Reitsma and Henning 1996). The isolation of non- Rose 1989).pathogenic
Modified residue codes based on residue number system as a fault tolerance scheme

In this paper residue number system (RNS) arithmetic and redundant residue number system (RRNS) based codes as well as their properties are reviewed. We propose the modification of the RRNS based error correction codes with less number of residues. Our method reduces the hardware overhead drastically and also improves the performance of the system. We review the properties of the modified RRNS codes. We propose applications of the modified RRNS codes as fault tolerance scheme.
Contraction and membrane activation in several mammalian vascular muscles.

Abstract Intracellular microelectrode recording from helically cut strips of mammalian vascular muscle cells from several blood vessels showed graded membrane activation in response to norepinephrine or electrical stimulation (gradedly responsive), while that from other vessels showed spontaneous, all-or-none activation (regeneratively responsive). Vascular muscle from nine mesenteric arteries, one intercostal artery, one sublingual artery, one aorta, one ophthalmic artery, and one sphenopalatine vein was observed to have gradedly responsive membrane properties. The gradedly responsive character of carotid and pulmonary arteries and the regeneratively responsive character of portal-mesenteric venous vascular muscle was supported. Regeneratively responsive vascular muscle showed pacemaker potentials and was activated either by single spikes or by summation of several spikes. Action potential duration at half-amplitude was about 50 msec. Summed contractions of regeneratively responsive muscle could be reduced to single contractions by alpha adrenergic blocking agents, but not by beta adrenergic, cholinergic, or ganglionic blocking agents; single contractions were not blocked by any blocking agent. Conduction in regeneratively responsive vascular muscle seemed poor as determined by observation of several small, independently contracting areas in a small strip of tissue.
Topological expansion, pomeron, and odderon

Abstract An inconsistency of applying perturbative QCD to soft physics is pointed out and the need for a unified treatment of both elastic and inelastic production in a nonperturbative QCD scheme with confinement built-in is emphasized.