cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-range dependence in a changing Internet traffic mix

This paper provides a deep analysis of long-range dependence in a continually evolving Internet traffic mix by employing a number of recently developed statistical methods. Our study considers time-of-day, day-of-week, and cross-year variations in the traffic on an Internet link. Surprisingly large and consistent differences in the packet-count time series were observed between data from 2002 and 2003. A careful examination, based on stratifying the data according to protocol, revealed that the large difference was driven by a single UDP application that was not present in 2002. Another result was that the observed large differences between the two years showed up only in packet-count time series, and not in byte counts (while conventional wisdom suggests that these should be similar). We also found and analyzed several of the time series that exhibited more "bursty" characteristics than could be modeled as fractional Gaussian noise. The paper also shows how modern statistical tools can be used to study long-range dependence and non-stationarity in Internet traffic data.
Biogenic Structures as Indicators of Depositional Rate: ABSTRACT

Distinctive blue-gray shales characterized by a homogeneous texture, blocky weathering, and an abundant trilobite fauna (Flexicalymene, Isotelus) are found at various stratigraphic positions in the Upper Ordovician near Cincinnati, Ohio. Whole and fragmentary trilobite body fossils are randomly oriented within the shale, bivalves are common, and biogenic structures (Chondrites) are locally abundant. Limestones and siltstones above and below the shales are more extensively burrowed and contain at least two ichnogenera, Chondrites and Diplocraterion. The absence or relatively low density of biogenic structures in shale traditionally has been interpreted as (a) an inhospitable environment for burrowing organisms during shale deposition or (b) rapid deposition of the shale, which prevented disruption of the original fabric by burrowers. The abundance of trace fossils in lithologies below and above the "trilobite shales" implies favorable conditions for burrowers before and after shale deposition. The abundant pelecypod fauna and low organic content of these shales suggest the muds were well-oxygenated. The relatively low density and localized occurrence of biogenic structures in these shales, then, reflect rapid deposition of the shales. Paleontologic criteria, including the excellent preservation and random orientation of trilobite , support the interpretation of rapid deposition for the shales. The "trilobite shales" represent events in which a turbid layer of silt and clay swept over the shelf, killing and rapidly burying the trilobites. Burrowers, also disturbed during the event, reestablished themselves and exploited the new substrate after it had stabilized. Rapid, recurrent influxes prevented extensive disturbance by burrowers. End_of_Article - Last_Page 680------------
Use of a lensed fiber for a large-field-of-view, high-resolution, fiber-scanning microendoscope

We report the application of a lensed fiber to a miniaturized fiber raster scanner in order to reduce the fiber's output beam size, thereby allowing for a compact and flexible endoscope capable of a large field of view (FOV) and high spatial resolution. For a proof of principle, the fabricated lensed fiber scanner is paired with a miniaturized gradient-index assembly to achieve a one-photon lateral resolution of 1.1 μm with a FOV that has a diameter of 440 μm.
Sources of nonlinearity in a PIN photodetector at high applied reverse bias

One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) drift-diffusion models were created to investigate the sources of nonlinearity in a high-current p-i-n photodetector. Incomplete ionization, an external circuit, and impact ionization are all included in the model. We achieve good agreement with the experimental data with both the 1D and 2D model. We show that impact ionization is the dominant source of device nonlinearity at large applied reverse bias. The electron and hole current contributions to the second harmonic power were calculated. We find that the impact ionization is more important for the electrons. We also find that the hole velocity saturates slowly with increasing reverse bias, and the hole current makes a large contribution to the harmonic power at 10 V. This result implies that decreasing the hole injection will decrease the harmonic power.
Phylogenetic relationships of subtribe Ecliptinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site data.

Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site data for 76 of the 302 genera of Heliantheae sensu lato using 16 restriction endonucleases reveals that subtribe Ecliptinae is polyphyletic and that its genera are distributed in four different lineages. The ecliptinous genera Squamopappus, Podachaenium, Verbesina , and Tetrachyron (of the Neurolaeninae), along with other members of subtribe Neurolaeninae are the basalmost clades of the paleaceous Heliantheae. The mostly temperate species of subtribe Ecliptinae (exemplified by Balsamorhiza, Borrichia, Chrysogonum, Engelmannia, Silphium, Vigethia, and Wyethia) are strongly nested in a clade with the Mesoamerican monotypic genus Rojasianthe as basal. The genera characterized by marcescent ray corollas traditionally classified in subtribe Zinniinae constitute a strongly supported group sister to Acmella, Spilanthes, and Salmea. The largest clade of ecliptinous genera is the most recently derived group within Heliantheae sampled. This large group of mostly Neotropical lowland genera (variously characterized by their winged cypselae, foliaceous phyllaries, and opposite phyllotaxy and exemplified by Perymenium, Wedelia,and Zexmenia) has been and continues to be the most challenging group from a taxonomic standpoint. The study provides new insights as to their relationships that will have a positive impact in future monographic studies of the group. The genera of the Espeletiinae form a monophyletic clade and are sister to members of the Milleriinae and Melampodiinae. This result is consistent with their traditional taxonomic placement with genera such as Smallanthus with which they share a tendency for functionally staminate disc flowers. The phylogenetically enigmatic genus Montanoa is sister to Melampodium. Members of subtribe Galinsoginae are clustered in two main lineages that correspond to the traditional division of the subtribe based on pappus characteristics. There is no support for the monophyly of subtribe Galinsoginae, and the same results indicate some of its genera are paraphyletic. Tribe Heliantheae sensu lato includes ;3500 species classified in 302 genera (Robinson, 1981; Karis, 1993; Karis and Ryding, 1994). The tribe includes many wellknown plants such as the commercial sunflower cultivars of several Helianthus species, and many ornamentals including members of Cosmos, Coreopsis, Dahlia, and Tagetes. Its distribution is essentially New World with a few genera extending into the Old World tropical and subtropical regions. The tribe is predominantly North American with a high number of species concentrated in the highlands of Mexico and the southwestern United States, and comparatively smaller numbers in the Andes and southwestern Brazil. The highest generic diversity is in Mexico. The taxonomic circumscription of the Heliantheae has been modified through time to include all genera with mostly trinerved leaves, yellow corollas, and radially or laterally flattened cypselae. This general taxonomic con1
Electrical Characteristics of Tisi2/n+-Polysilicon/Sio2/Si Mos Capacitors Stressed Under High Temperature Silicide Processing Conditions

Detailed electrical characteristics of TiSi2/n -polysilicon/SiO2/Si MOS capacitors stressed under a variety of high temperature processing conditions is reported. These devices have ~2000A TiSi2 formed by a two-step thermal anneal on heavily POC13 doped polysilicon with thicknesses of 6 kA and 8 kA. These structures were capped with 8 kA of SiO2 and stressed in nitrogen at process temperatures in the range of 700° C to 1100° C. The electrical performance was evaluated in terms of I-V, C-V, Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, and SiO2/Si interface characteristics of MOS structures. A systematic degradation of the SiO2/Si interface was observed due to process limitations of TiSi2 at high temperatures.
Vector design Tour de Force: integrating combinatorial and rational approaches to derive novel adeno-associated virus variants.

Methodologies to improve existing adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy include either rational approaches or directed evolution to derive capsid variants characterized by superior transduction efficiencies in targeted tissues. Here, we integrated both approaches in one unified design strategy of “virtual family shuffling” to derive a combinatorial capsid library whereby only variable regions on the surface of the capsid are modified. Individual sublibraries were first assembled in order to preselect compatible amino acid residues within restricted surface-exposed regions to minimize the generation of dead-end variants. Subsequently, the successful families were interbred to derive a combined library of ~8 × 105 complexity. Next-generation sequencing of the packaged viral DNA revealed capsid surface areas susceptible to directed evolution, thus providing guidance for future designs. We demonstrated the utility of the library by deriving an AAV2-based vector characterized by a 20-fold higher transduction efficiency in murine liver, now equivalent to that of AAV8.
Late effects of therapy in adult survivors of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma.

To study the late consequences of primary bone cancer, we interviewed 82 osteosarcoma and 29 Ewing's sarcoma survivors regarding their health, fertility and offspring, employment, annual income, and activities of daily living. All subjects had been diagnosed before age 20 (mean age, 14.6 years), had survived at least 5 years from diagnosis, and were at least 21 years of age. On average, they were 32.5 years of age at interview. As controls, 151 siblings were interviewed. During the follow-up period, eight survivors had died, and eight survivors had been diagnosed with a second malignancy (7.2%; P = .002). No other health condition distinguished survivors from controls. Although the survivors were more likely than controls to have some difficulty climbing stairs and to have had employment disability, employment status and annual income at follow-up were similar. Deficits in marriage and fertility were not significant. Adult survivors of primary bone tumors diagnosed during childhood or adolescence are at high risk for second malignancies and premature death, making continued medical follow-up of utmost importance. Despite the physical impairment following limb amputation for many, the majority of outcomes we measured did not differ from controls, suggesting few adverse psychosocial outcomes in this group of cancer survivors.
An unbounded systematic search of conformational space

A new method for searching internal coordinate conformational space systematically via a continuous-process procedure is described. Unlike previous systematic search methods, the new scheme generates torsionally remote conformers early in the search. It is also unbounded in that the extent of the search need not be specified at the outset. The search begins at low resolution (120° in torsion angle space) and then goes to higher and higher resolution as all points in space at a given resolution have been searched. The search may run without end or be terminated when new conformers cease to be found or when all space at some maximum allowable resolution has been explored. Conformational searches on several medium- and large-ring molecules using the new method are described and the results are compared with those from certain previously described search methods. It is found that the new method is significantly more efficient than previous procedures at finding all low energy conformers of organic molecules.
The role of the consent document in informed consent for pediatric leukemia trials

Purpose: To examine both the use of the consent document during the informed consent process for pediatric leukemia clinical trials, as well as relationships between the use of the document and parental understanding of essential elements of informed consent. Methods: Participants included 140 parents of children diagnosed with pediatric leukemia. Informed consent conferences in which randomized clinical trials were discussed were observed, audiotaped, and coded for specific behaviors. Parents were also interviewed within 48 h of their participation in informed consent conferences. Results: Observations revealed that 74% of cases included explanation of consent documents during consent conferences. Parents who reported that they read the consent document were more likely to understand differences between the clinical trial and off study therapy and were more likely to understand the right to withdraw. Reading of the consent document was not associated with understanding of voluntariness. In comparison to racial/ethnic majority parents, racial/ethnic minority parents were less likely to report that they read the consent document, understand voluntariness or the right to withdraw, and were less likely to be able to distinguish between the clinical trial and off study therapy. Low SES was associated with a lower probability of reading the consent document and being able to distinguish between clinical trials and off study therapy. Conclusions: Attention to the importance of reading the consent document and improving communication during consent conferences is likely to enhance understanding of essential elements of informed consent.
Cultural differences in the customer perception of crowded restaurant: emotion, intolerance and perceived price

The main purpose of this study is to examine cultural differences between Americans and Chinese in terms of cultural differences, emotional feelings, intolerance and perceived meal price in the context of restaurant settings. The results revealed that there were significant differences between two ethnic groups indicating that Americans tend to be negatively aware of the crowded environment as compared to Chinese in the restaurant setting. In addition, the interaction effects among these variables appear to be significant. Possible implications for academics and industrial practitioners as well as suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Modeling high-severity fire, drought and climate change impacts on ponderosa pine regeneration

Abstract We describe a model to investigate the effects of high-severity fire and drought on ponderosa pine regeneration using a water balance approach. Based on literature reviews and an analysis of annual and monthly correlations against tree regeneration, climate envelopes are constructed to simulate conditions during the flowering, seed production, germination phase, seedling growth in the season following germination, and seedling growth in the 2 years following germination. The model was tested against observed regeneration at five sites in the Southwest that experienced high-severity fires during a drought from ca. 1945 to 1956. For validation purposes single fire events, as occurred at each field site, were simulated by altering maximum and minimum temperatures and runoff conditions in declining stages of severity for 7 years. To evaluate long term fire and climate impacts four sensitivity tests were conducted on climate records from 1914 through 2009: (1) a climate control with no modifications to temperature and precipitation inputs; (2) a permanently burned condition simulation; (3) a simulation where climate conditions were altered based on IPCC future climate change projections and; (4) a simulation with both climate change and fire modifications. Results show that annual data correlate poorly with ponderosa pine regeneration compared to monthly correlations. On average the model correctly predicts regeneration outcomes 62% of the time at the field sites. The sensitivity tests suggest that regeneration rates are reduced by 43% in post high-severity fire environments because of changed conditions during germination and post-germination establishment phases. Future climate projections result in mixed outcomes across the 5 sites and an average reduction of regeneration rates by 8%. Ponderosa pine forests on the dry end of the climate envelope are predicted to experience severe reduction in regeneration.
Stimulated supercontinuum generation: Acceleration, stabilization and control

We introduce active control over supercontinuum generation by stimulating the generation process with a very weak optical seed pulse. We experimentally demonstrate that a weak stimulus dramatically increases the supercontinuum stability and coherence.
Growth Stage Modulates Salinity Tolerance of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides, Pall.) and Red Orach (Atriplex hortensis L.)

Abstract The response of two speciality vegetable crops, New Zealand spinach ( Tetragonia tetragonioides Pall.) and red orach ( Atriplex hortensis L.), to salt application at three growth stages was investigated. Plants were grown with a base nutrient solution in outdoor sand cultures and salinized at 13 (early), 26 (mid), and 42 (late) d after planting (DAP). For the treatment salt concentrations, we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments measuring electrical conductivities (EC i ) of 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 dS m −1 were achieved by adding MgSO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , NaCl and CaCl 2 to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added to the base nutrient solution incrementally over a 5-d period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salts served as the non-saline control (3 dS m −1 ). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. Both species were salt sensitive at the early seedling stage and became more salt tolerant as time to salinization increased. For New Zealand spinach, the salinity levels that gave maximal yields (C max ) were 0, 0 and 3.1 dS m −1 and those resulting in a 50% reduction of biomass production (C 50 ) were 9.1, 11.1 and 17.4 dS m −1 for early, mid and late salinization dates, respectively. Maximal yield of red orach increased from 4.2 to 10.9 to 13.7 dS m −1 as the time of salinization increased from 13, to 26, to 42 DAP, respectively. The C 50 value for red orach was unaffected by time of salt imposition (25 dS m −1 ). Both species exhibited high Na + accumulation even at low salinity levels. Examination of K-Na selectivity data indicated that K + selectivity increased in both species with increasing salinity. However, increased K-Na selectivity did not explain the increased salt tolerance observed by later salinization. Higher Na-Ca selectivity was determined at 3 dS m −1 in New Zealand spinach plants treated with early- and mid-salinization plants relative to those exposed to late salinization. This corresponded with lower C max and C 50 values for those plants. Lower Ca uptake selectivity or lower Ca levels may have inhibited growth in young seedlings. This conclusion is supported by similar results with red orach. High Na-Ca selectivity found only in the early-salinization plants of red orach corresponded to the lower C max values measured for those plants.
Effects of N-nitrosodimethylamine on tumor susceptibility

Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) exposure altered the activity of the macrophage and natural killer (NK) cell defense mechanisms against the B16F10 melanoma in B6C3F1 adult female mice as assessed by several immunologic assays. Following 14 daily exposures (i.p.) to 1.5, 3.0, or 5.0 mg DMN/kg, mice were injected (i.v.) with B16F10 melanoma. The incidence and number of lung nodules, determined 18 days after challenge, were decreased in the DMN-exposed animals. The initial observation indicated the mice exposed to 3 mg/kg DMN were afforded the greatest protection. However, when mice exposed to the highest dose of DMN were divided into subgroups of mice with or without ascites, there was a degree protection seen in the 5-mg/kg-treated mice without ascites that was comparable to that of the 3-mg/kg group. The development of ascites is an overt toxic effect reflecting damage to the liver and was frequently associated with exposure to 5 mg/kg DMN. Exposure to DMN produced only slight changes in the activity of splenic NK cells as determined by the cytotoxicity of 51Cr-labelled YAC-1 cells. The activity was significantly increased only in mice exposed to 3 mg/kg DMN and only at effector:target (E:T) ratios of 30:1 and 10:1. Interestingly, the activity of the NK cells was significantly decreased at all E:T ratios in mice exposed to 5 mg/kg that developed ascites. The number of peritoneal exudate cells was decreased, albeit nonsignificantly, in a dose-related fashion. The phagocytic activity, as measured by the uptake of fluorescent latex beads, was increased in a doserelated fashion with significance noted at the highest dose of DMN. The role of the macrophage in the increased resistance to the tumor challenge was assessed with bone marrow derived macrophages. The cytostatic activity versus B16F10tumor cells, as measured by the uptake of 3H-thymidine, was markedly increased in the bone marrow derived macrophages from DMN (5 mg/kg) mice when compared to vehicle controls. These results suggest that exposure to
Neuregulins at the neuromuscular synapse : Past, present, and future

At the developing vertebrate neuromuscular junction, neuregulins are growth/differentiation factors essential for terminal Schwann cell survival. Neuregulins have also been thought as the critical signals responsible for the increased transcription of acetylcholine receptor subunit genes at the neuromuscular synapse. This latter role is now highly controversial. This article reviews the evidence that has shaped the views of the neuregulins and how these views have been challenged. The most recent experiments indicate that neuregulin signaling to postsynaptic muscle fibers may modulate, rather than determine, acetylcholine receptor expression at the neuromuscular junction. Based on findings from my lab and those of others, I propose that this modulation might involve novel posttranscriptional molecular mechanisms. Finally, I also suggest that neuregulin signaling may have an important role to play in mediating the response of adult terminal Schwann cells to denervation.
Conservative thirty calendar day stock prediction using a probabilistic neural network

Describes a system that predicts significant short-term price movement in a single stock utilizing conservative strategies. We use preprocessing techniques, then train a probabilistic neural network to predict only price gains large enough to create a significant profit opportunity. Our primary objective is to limit false predictions (known in the pattern recognition literature as false alarms). False alarms are more significant than missed opportunities, because false alarms acted upon lead to losses. We can achieve false alarm rates as low as 5.7% with the correct system design and parameterization.
Domesticating modernity : the electrical association for women, 1924-86

For over half a century, from 1924 to 1986, the Electrical Association for Women (EAW) worked to modernize the British home by bringing the blessings of labour-saving appliances to the aid of British women. Adopting a strategy of facilitation, the EAW sought, on the one hand, to educate women about electricity and its advantages in the home, encourage them to demand greater access to that electricity and keep them abreast of new developments in appliances and the infrastructure (from a national grid to sufficient outlets) necessary for enjoying them. On the other hand, the organization sought to discover the real needs and desires of the women themselves, and to bring this forcibly to the attention of the electrical industry in Great Britain ; to make the ‘women's point of view’, as it was called, a factor in the production, distribution and application of electricity in the home.Although the very masculine electrical industry was a decisive part of both the EAW's context, and of its financial and advisory structure, the group proudly insisted that it was a women's organization in which women addressed other women about women's concerns and well-being. In its early years, the excitement of women coming together in a modern cause was palpable, but as the leadership aged and electricity turned from modern vision to commonplace reality, the almost religious zeal and pace of activities began to falter. A late-hour attempt to highlight nuclear power plants as evidence of a renewed and equally exciting modern moment fell short, and in 1986 the EAW quietly dissolved itself, the casualty of large social changes, some of which it had proudly helped to bring about.
Satellite-based columnar water vapor retrieval with the multi-spectral thermal imager (MTI)

The Multi-spectral Thermal Imager (MTI) has three near-infrared bands (E, F, and G) within the 850-1050-nm spectral range that are used for the columnar water vapor (CWV) retrieval using the continuum interpolated band ratio (CIBR) and the atmospheric precorrected differential absorption (APDA) methods. The retrieved CWV amounts are compared with the aerosol robotic network (AERONET) measurements at the Oklahoma Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program and the Stennis Space Center sites. We find no significant difference in the accuracy of the two tested methods. However, there is a considerable difference in the root mean square error (RMSE) for the CWV retrieval over the Oklahoma ARM and the Stennis Space Center sites. The overall RMSE of the MTI CWV retrieval is found to be 13% to 14%. The error is reduced to 11% to 12% for CWV amounts larger then 1 g/cm/sup 2/.
Temporal reasoning in medical expert systems

Temporal reasoning is specially important for medical expert systems, as the final diagnosis is often strongly affected by the sequence in which the symptoms develop. Current research on time structures in artificial intelligence is reviewed, and a temporal model based on fuzzy set theory is developed. The proposed model allows a simple and natural representation of symptoms, and provides for efficient computation of temporal relationships between symptoms. The applicability of the proposed temporal model to expert systems is demonstrated. >
Defending Colorado's Use Tax Reporting Requirement

In the course of the recent back-and-forth between states and internet retailers over the collection of use taxes, Colorado enacted House Bill 1193, which imposes notice and reporting requirements on retailers that do not collect use taxes on behalf of the state. Not surprisingly, an action has now been filed challenging the constitutionality of those requirements. The action, brought by the Direct Marketing Association (the “DMA”) in Colorado federal district court, contends that the statute's notice and reporting requirements violate the dormant Commerce Clause. A Viewpoint article published by State Tax Notes in April (the “April Viewpoint”) argued the same. The DMA Complaint and the April Viewpoint might reach the correct conclusion, but whether they do is hardly obvious and most likely turns on the standard of review the court applies to the reporting requirements. In fact, there are colorable, and perhaps even persuasive, arguments that HB 1193 should survive Commerce Clause review. This article presents some of those arguments.
Effects of fighting decisions on formation and structure of dominance hierarchies

The characteristics of complex social systems often cannot be predicted from exploring individual agonistic interactions in isolation. In a series of models, this study linked the decision-making processes that govern dyadic interactions with the emergent properties of hierarchical structures in social groups. Contrary to the intuitive expectation that resolution of ambiguities in fighting between closely matched opponents effectively promotes the formation of a social hierarchy, engagement in contests with opponents of dissimilar status lead to a faster emergence of hierarchical structures. The increased certainty of outcome in such asymmetric contests both reinforced the previously established dominance, and allowed for an indirect resolution of existing ambiguous relationships. High-return fights also resulted in a more rapid hierarchy formation, while escalating in fights decreased the costs of maintaining hierarchical relationships and increased their stability.
Sequence Specificity and Biological Consequences of Drugs that Bind Covalently in the Minor Groove of DNA

A variety of synthetic and naturally occurring DNA ligands have been shown to bind partially or totally within the minor groove of B-form DNA. The distamycins, netropsin, stilbamidine, and SN18071 all associate noncovalently with the minor groove1,2 while the intercalators adriamycin and actinoraycin have substituents which reside in the minor groove and stabilize their respective complexes. The pyrrolo(l,4)benzodiazepine [P(1,4)B] antitumor antibiotics, anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin (see Figure 1) bind covalently in the minor groove to N2 of guanine.3,4 CC-1065, another antitumor antibiotic, binds covalently to N3 of adenine in the minor groove of DNA.5,6
A block-based gradient descent search algorithm for block motion estimation in video coding

A block-based gradient descent search (BBGDS) algorithm is proposed in this paper to perform block motion estimation in video coding. The BBGDS evaluates the values of a given objective function starting from a small centralized checking block. The minimum within the checking block is found, and the gradient descent direction where the minimum is expected to lie is used to determine the search direction and the position of the new checking block. The BBGDS is compared with full search (FS), three-step search (TSS), one-at-a-time search (OTS), and new three-step search (NTSS). Experimental results show that the proposed technique provides competitive performance with reduced computational complexity.
A quantitative method for evaluating avian food avoidance behavior

Food avoidance experiments could contribute to assessments of animals' behavioral responses to environmental toxicants. Food avoidance tests with mallards (Anas platyrhynchos L.) and northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus L.) as the test species were patterned after avian 5-d dietary LC50 tests. Animals in each treatment group were given free access to untreated feed and feed treated with various concentrations of methiocarb (3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)-phenyl methylcarbamate), a widely used bird repellent. Prior to food avoidance testing, 5-d dietary LC50 tests were conducted to provide baseline data for comparison. A measure of avoidance response was estimated from a log (dose)-probit (response) analysis. The percentage of total (treated plus untreated) feed consumption as treated feed consumption was the response variable. The detectable dietary concentration at which mallards and bobwhite began to avoid a specific contaminant was determined by calculating a median food avoidance concentration 50 (FAC50). In the absence of detectable avoidance behavior, test animals' total feed consumption can be expected to consist of equal amounts of treated and untreated feed. An effective avoidance index (EAI), LC50/FAC50, was used as a measure of a toxicant's “margin of safety.” Calculated results for methiocarb were as follows: for mallard, LC50 = 7,469 ppm, FAC50 = 145 ppm, EAI = 51.5; for bobwhite, LC50 = 827 ppm, FAC50 = 95 ppm, EAI = 8.7.
Strong electronic coupling in intermolecular (charge-transfer) complexes. Mechanistic relevance to thermal and optical electron transfer from aromatic donors

Intermolecular electron transfer from various arene donors (ArH) to the nitrosonium acceptor (NO+) proceeds via a series of unusual [1∶1] precursor complexes. Quantitative analysis of the accompanying pair of charge-transfer absorption bands (hνH and hνL) reveals the presence of strong electronic interactions between the donor/acceptor moieties in [ArH,NO+] complexes with the coupling elements lying in the range: Hab = 1.4 ± 0.5 eV. In the context of Sutin's development of Marcus–Hush theory, these dyads represent a Robin–Day Class III system for the 2-step transformation of the reactant diabatic state {ArH + NO+} to the final diabatic state {ArH+˙ + NO˙}, in which the unusually high values of Hab characterize a series of intermolecular (precursor) complexes that lie in a single (potential-energy) minimum. As such, the thermal electron transfer between the arene donor and the nitrosonium acceptor occurs first via the redistribution of a pair of electrons in the formation of the [ArH, NO]+ complex with Xmin = 1.0, and then followed by its homolytic dissociation to the {ArH+˙ and NO˙} products. This conclusion is experimentally confirmed by X-ray crystallographic and IR analyses of the precursor complexes that identify: (i) the strongly perturbed donor/acceptor moieties structurally akin to arene cation radicals (ArH+˙) and the reduced nitric oxide (NO˙), and (ii) the degree of charge transfer (Z) that is complete (100%). Optical electron transfer via the direct photoactivation of the precursor complex to the identical Franck–Condon state {ArH+˙, NO˙}* occurs independent of whether the high-energy (hνH) or the low-energy (hνL) absorption band is irradiated.
Growth of Device-Quality Homoepitaxial Diamond Thin Films

Diamond has an electric-field breakdown 20 times that of Si and GaAs, and a saturated velocity twice that of Si. This results in a predicted cut off frequency for high-power diamond transistors 40 times that of similar devices made of Si or GaAs. Boron is the only known impurity that can be used to lightly dope diamond. This p-type dopant has an activation energy of 0.3 to 0.4 eV, which results in high-resistivity material that is undesirable for devices. However, heavily boron doped diamond has a very small activation energy and a low resistivity and is of device quality. Transistors can be designed that use only undoped and heavily doped diamond. One of the steps in a device fabrication sequence is homoepitaxial diamond growth. Lightly and heavily doped homoepitaxial diamond films were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, measurements of resistivity as a function of temperature, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. It was found that under appropriate growth conditions these films are of device quality.
United Nations and other international organizations

Abstract These are interesting times in terms of acquisition of international documents by libraries. Many libraries find their budgets shrinking, their documents departments being merged with general reference departments, and prices being instituted for documents that formerly were available free on deposit, or at least at a very low cost. Recently many former UNESCO depository libraries were informed that they would now need to begin paying for those UNESCO documents. All this at a time when the world's problems are no less intense than they have ever been and the need for international cooperation as evidenced by work in international agencies is greater than ever. Also many important documents continue to be produced showing the present and future work these agencies are trying to accomplish. One important theme covered by many documents continues to be agriculture, closely aligned with the themes of development and poverty eradication. A number of these focus particularly on the new technology that it is hoped will enable those concerned to address the problems in a new way. Development in another of its aspects related to trade and privatization also figures prominently in the themes, with emphasis on bringing the lesser developed countries more on par with the developed countries. Economic issues, peace and conflict resolution issues, women's equality issues, and health issues are addressed by authors from several agencies who strive to examine these areas in new ways that will help bring solutions to age-old problems. The Index to International Statistics (Congressional Information Service) provides addresses of the international governmental organizations (IGO's) headquarters and United States distributors. The columnists wish to express appreciation to Paula Hinton (PH), Social Science Reference Librarian, Walter Royal Davis Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and to Susan White (SW), United Nations Librarian, Princeton University Libraries, One Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, for their contributions. We also thank Kathleen Wrobel, Public Affairs Service, University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1575, for her administrative assistance.
The Child is Father to the Man: The Formation of Aaron Sapiro’s Jewish Identity in California, 1884-1920

During the Progressive Era, Aaron Sapiro (1884-1959) helped to build California agriculture into an industrial juggernaut. As the attorney for hundreds of agricultural cooperatives during the 1910s and 1920s, Sapiro rose to national prominence in agricultural policy circles, promoting the “California school” of cooperative marketing. He sued Henry Ford for libel in 1927 and gained only a fleeting vindication; thereafter, Sapiro returned to California, but never reengaged with the field that won him his reputation and fame. This article examines Sapiro’s California roots, recovering the blighted childhood that formed his adult personality, and explains Sapiro’s disappearance from the agricultural field as a result, in part, of an inability to sustain professional relationships, a conscious choice to abandon the cause that made him famous, and a deliberate, private rejection of his faith. At the same time, he proudly embraced his Jewishness as a racial identity, mirroring a process of acculturations that many Jewish Americans underwent during the first third of the 20th century.
Endosteal-bone formation in estrogen-treated mice.

1. Endosteal new-bone formation was studied in estrogen-treated mice, including observations upon the gross, microscopic, and roentgenographic features of the skeletal reaction.2. A quantitative study by means of combined roentgenographic and histological techniques gives accurate and uniform result
Exploitation Performance and Characterization of a Prototype Compressive Sensing Imaging Spectrometer

The coded aperture snapshot spectral imager (CASSI) systems are a class of imaging spectrometers that provide a first-generation implementation of compressive sensing themes to the domain of hyperspectral imaging. Via multiplexing of information from different spectral bands originating from different spatial locations, a CASSI system undersamples the three-dimensional spatial/spectral data cube of a scene. Reconstruction methods are then used to recover an estimate of the full data cube. Here we report on our characterization of a CASSI system’s performance in terms of post-reconstruction image quality and the suitability of using the resulting data cubes for typical hyperspectral data exploitation tasks (e.g., material detection, pixel classification). The data acquisition and reconstruction process does indeed introduce trade-offs in terms of achieved image quality and the introduction of spurious spectral correlations versus data acquisition speedup and the potential for reduced data volume. The reconstructed data cubes are of sufficient quality to perform reasonably accurate pixel classification. Potential avenues to improve upon the usefulness of CASSI systems for hyperspectral data acquisition and exploitation are suggested.
Evaluation and staging of musculoskeletal neoplasms.

Staging is the process of classifying a tumor, especially a malignant tumor, with respect to its degree of differentiation as well as its local and distant extent, in order to estimate the prognosis for the patient. Evaluation of the histological and imaging studies of a tumor allows the physician to formulate a rational strategy for treatment with operative intervention, medical therapy, or radiation therapy. Staging a tumor is a valuable process in the management of individual patients. In contrast, staging systems are based on clinical, radiographic, and histological features that are believed to be of prognostic importance and may be useful when outcomes are compared between groups of patients. Staging systems may be used to compile data on patient survival and recurrence for tumors that have similar features and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy for such tumors. The first staging system to be described, as far as we know, was for cervical carcinoma. The system, which was developed by the League of Nations nearly fifty years ago5, was based on the TNM system, in which T referred to the extent of the primary tumor; N, to the presence or absence of nodal metastases; and M, to the presence or absence of distant metastases. Staging systems such as this one have been valuable in the care of patients who have homogeneous and relatively common neoplasms. Treatment protocols based on the TNM system are used to determine which patients should be managed with an operation, radiation, or chemotherapy. There is no universally accepted staging system for musculoskeletal neoplasms because of the low incidence of such tumors, their heterogeneous nature and unpredictable behavior, and disagreement as to the relative importance of various prognostic factors. Also, an important prognostic variable in a staging system for malignant musculoskeletal tumors, unlike a system …
Age of Breeder Versus Hatchability of Fertile Eggs in Coturnix Quail

Abstract Hatchability of Coturnix eggs in relation to age of breeders was observed in 17,693 fertile eggs. Observations were made over 12 lunar months in three age groups and two diets. All estimates of linear regression were negative and highly significant. Tests for curvilinearity were negative. Comparisons of linear regressions revealed no significant differences due to diet or age group. Adjusted means differed significantly, indicating possible general effects due to season and diet.
A CASE OF SYNCHRONOUS GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA AND SIGMOID COLON CANCER

症例は72歳,女性. 50歳時,右乳癌にて手術を受けている.胃内視鏡検査で胃体下部前壁および後壁に表在性の病変を認め,胃悪性リンパ腫もしくはMALTリンパ腫と診断された.大腸内視鏡検査では, S状結腸に2型病変を認め,高分化腺癌と診断した.胃病変が悪性の可能性を考慮しS状結腸切除術と同時に胃全摘術も施行した.病理検査で,胃病変は低悪性度B細胞型MALTリンパ腫, sm, n0, stage IE, S状結腸病変は中分化腺癌, ss, n0, ly3, v1, stage IIであった. MALTリンパ腫と悪性疾患との重複は本邦では胃癌以外に報告がなく,今回胃低悪性度MALTリンパ腫とS状結腸癌の同時性重複の1例を経験したので報告する.
Vagal Denervation of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia.The vagal denervation effect in heart of the radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.The vagal denervation effect on the impact of the treatment of atrial fibrillation.To the vagal denervation mechanism,pathophysiology,the status quo and prospect.
Student perspectives: redesigning a research assignment handout through the academic literacies model

This study explores student responses to a research assignment handout that was redesigned in light of the recommendations from a 2010 Project Information Literacy report. Framed through Lea and Street’s Academic Literacies model, which positions information literacy as a social and situated practice rather than as a generic skill set or a process of socialisation, this study uses a descriptive survey method (annotations and a questionnaire) to demonstrate that the addition of disciplinary context helped to scaffold students’ critical engagement with scholarly conventions as well as with the broader information landscape. The study concludes by calling for renewed librarian engagement with alternative theoretical frameworks of literacy as well as the inclusion of student perspectives into studies of academic learning.
Lactobacillus casei ∊ Factor in the Nutrition of the Chick.∗:

SummaryFurther studies on the role of the Lactobacillus casei ∊ eluate factor in chick nutrition are reported. Purified preparations of the factor promote growth, hemoglobin formation, and normal feathering.
ATM is a Novel Regulator of Nucleolar Transcription

ATM (Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein kinase) mediates DNA double-stranded break (DSB) signaling. ATM deficiency results in the autosomal recessive disorder known as ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T...
The Case of Ronit

Ronit Tikva knew that her pregnancy would be difficult, but she never thought that she would come so close to death, nor did she imagine that her life and the life of the fetus growing inside her would be placed in the hands of a judge she had never met.
Prognostic Value of Preoperative Nurick Grade and Time with Symptoms in Patients with Cervical Myelopathy and Gait Impairment.

Objective To investigate the prognostic value of preoperative Nurick grade and time with symptoms for gait improvement and recovery in patients with ataxia secondary to cervical myelopathy. Methods A retrospective chart review of all adult patients who underwent surgical decompression for cervical myelopathy between 1996 and 2013 was performed. Only adults with a Nurick grade of at least 2 or worse were included. Outcome measures included gait improvement and recovery. Results A total of 170 patients were identified. Gait improvement and gait recovery occurred in 57.7% and 45.9% of patients, respectively. Time to improvement occurred as early as 1 month up to 24 months postoperatively. A greater preoperative Nurick grade was associated with lower odds of gait improvement (odds ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.53–0.99, P = 0.048) and gait recovery (odds ratio 0.27; 95% confidence interval 0.17–0.43, P P P Conclusions Patients with a greater preoperative Nurick grade and symptoms for more than 12 months may have significantly lower odds of experiencing gait improvement or gait recovery after surgery for cervical myelopathy. This study's conclusion favors early intervention in patients with cervical myelopathy.
Blockchain Innovation for Private Investment Funds

Blockchain technology innovation is proliferating in the private investment fund industry. Using a hand-selected dataset of private investment fund advisers that utilize blockchain technology in various functions (N=120), this article shows that the private fund advisers who utilize blockchain technology are able to generate significant benefits for their clients. The data analysis suggests that blockchain technology plays a primary role in front office and investment functions, in the securing of crypto assets, but also in private investment fund managers’ attempts to satisfy the growth expectations of clients. The findings are consistent with anecdotal evidence suggesting that the returns attainable through crypto investments have no short-term match in legacy systems. Although the use of blockchain technology in private investment fund strategies is still in its infancy, as it evolves and accelerates, the associated innovation benefits promise lasting change for the industry.
Graphic Portrayal of Studies With Paired Data: A Tutorial.

Many clinical research studies involve paired outcome data, which consist of 2 measurements of the same variable in the same patient at 2 times. This article examines ways that researchers can graphically report data from such studies, meeting the dual goals of showing the experience of each patient while comparing differences between treatment groups. I emphasize the importance of hybrid parallel line plots, examine several useful variations of them, and provide Stata code to make them.