cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical investigation of software engineers' ability to classify legal cross-references

Requirements engineers often have to develop software for regulated domains. These regulations often contain cross-references to other laws. Cross-references can introduce exceptions or definitions, constrain existing requirements, or even conflict with other compliance requirements. To develop compliant software, requirements engineers must understand the impact these cross-references have on their software. In this paper, we present an empirical study in which we measure the ability of software practitioners to classify cross-references using our previously developed cross-reference taxonomy. We discover that software practitioners are not well equipped to understand the impact of cross-references on their software.
State of Charge and Loss of Active Material Estimation of a Lithium Ion Cell under Low Earth Orbit Condition Using Kalman Filtering Approaches

The state of charge (SOC) and the loss of active material of the electrodes of a Li ion cell under Low Earth Orbit condition (LEO) have been estimated using Kalman filtering methods, by means of the physics-based single particle (SP) model. Zero mean Gaussian noise was added to the charge-discharge curves obtained by the SP model to generate synthetic data. Afterwards, nonlinear Filtering approaches including Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filtering (UKF) were applied to predict the true SOC and the electrodes’ degradation, by minimizing the measurement residuals between the model prediction and the synthetic data. The results indicated that UKF is a far superior candidate than EKF for the SOC estimation for a Li-ion cell during the cycling. Moreover, the proposed method is able to predict the loss of active material for each electrode during the cell life.
An empirical comparison of advanced event file synchronization structures

Recent articles have presented new event file synchronization structures for discrete event simulation that project performance superior to the linked list structure used in most simulation systems. The three newly developed structures are the time indexed list, the Two List structure, and the TL structure. This provides an empirical comparison of these structures and the traditional linked list structure, within a simulation system. The structures were adapted to the GASP IV simulation language and tested with a set of discrete event simulations under various conditions. The results show that all three structures proved vastly superior to the linked list structure, with the TL structure outperforming its counterparts.
Humor as camouflage of televised violence

What is it about the portrayal of violence in comedy programs that provides cues to viewers that television violence is trivial or even nonexistent in that type of show? In this study we develop and test four content-based explanations for this phenomenon. The findings suggest that the rate of violence (especially verbal forms) is very high on comedy programs, but that the rate is largely due to high numbers of acts among the relatively minor forms of violence. Also, the context of the portrayals trivializes the violence.
Is the non-dipole magnetic field random?

SUMMARY Statistical modelling of the Earth's magnetic field B has a long history (see e.g. McDonald 1957; Gubbins 1982; McLeod 1986; Constable & Parker 1988). In particular, the spherical harmonic coefficients of scalar fields derived from B can be treated as Gaussian random variables (Constable & Parker 1988). In this paper, we give examples of highly organized fields whose spherical harmonic coefficients pass tests for independent Gaussian random variables. The fact that coefficients at some depth may be usefully summarized as independent samples from a normal distribution need not imply that there really is some physical, random process at that depth. In fact, the field can be extremely structured and still be regarded for some purposes as random. In this paper we examined the radial magnetic field Br produced by the core, but the results apply to any scalar field on the core–mantle boundary (CMB) which determines B outside the CMB.
Trans-Stent B-Mode Ultrasound and Passive Cavitation Imaging

Angioplasty and stenting of a stenosed artery enable acute restoration of blood flow. However, restenosis or a lack of re-endothelization can subsequently occur depending on the stent type. Cavitation-mediated drug delivery is a potential therapy for these conditions, but requires that particular types of cavitation be induced by ultrasound insonation. Because of the heterogeneity of tissue and stochastic nature of cavitation, feedback mechanisms are needed to determine whether the sustained bubble activity is induced. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of passive cavitation imaging through a metal stent in a flow phantom and an animal model. In this study, an endovascular stent was deployed in a flow phantom and in porcine femoral arteries. Fluorophore-labeled echogenic liposomes, a theragnostic ultrasound contrast agent, were injected proximal to the stent. Cavitation images were obtained by passively recording and beamforming the acoustic emissions from echogenic liposomes insonified with a low-frequency (500 kHz) transducer. In vitro experiments revealed that the signal-to-noise ratio for detecting stable cavitation activity through the stent was greater than 8 dB. The stent did not significantly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio. Trans-stent cavitation activity was also detected in vivo via passive cavitation imaging when echogenic liposomes were insonified by the 500-kHz transducer. When stable cavitation was detected, delivery of the fluorophore into the arterial wall was observed. Increased echogenicity within the stent was also observed when echogenic liposomes were administered. Thus, both B-mode ultrasound imaging and cavitation imaging are feasible in the presence of an endovascular stent in vivo. Demonstration of this capability supports future studies to monitor restenosis with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and pursue image-guided ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to inhibit restenosis.
Performance of baby monkeys on the Hebb‐Williams closed field maze learning task

Infant monkeys, 15 to 120 days of age, were tested in a Hebb-Williams maze. Age was a significant variable affecting error scores, and the relationship between age and performance on this test might best be described as U-shaped. The operation of changing motor and motivational systems appears to be a crucial factor in determining performance of infant monkeys in this task, rather than learning abilities.
Passive temperature compensation of a coolerless 1.55-/spl mu/m diode laser mounted on a bimetallic heatsink

Stability of the threshold current and differential efficiency, in the presence of environmental temperature changes, are important in all-optical communication systems, and wavelength stability will become critical in dense WDM systems. Because thermoelectric coolers used to provide temperature control consume excessive power and are unreliable, coolerless lasers have been developed for low-cost systems. By using strained MQW active regions with wide band gap barriers, and effective facet coatings, the drop in efficiency with rising temperature has been eliminated, and the degradation of threshold current reduced, although there is still room for improvement, particularly at 1.55 /spl mu/m. Very little work has been reported for wavelength stabilization. We have previously demonstrated that temperature-dependent hydrostatic stress, arising from differential thermal expansion, can be used to reduce wavelength drift. We demonstrate here that temperature-dependent uniaxial stress can be used to reduce degradation of the threshold current and efficiency, as well. We fabricated a stress-inducing heatsink from the low-expansion alloy Invar, with an insert made from aluminum.
ALLOCATION OF FARM FINANCIAL STRESS AMONG INCOME, LEVERAGE, AND INTEREST RATE COMPONENETS: A KANSAS EXAMPLE

rate. Several policies have been proposed to Suggested methods to reduce farm financial try to reduce the severity of financial stress, including income enhancements, welfare stress have included interest rate buy-downs udin ince enncere and debt forgiveness. This study develops a paments, debt restrucung, and interest rate reductions or buy-downs (Brake and method to estimate the proportion of in- Bej Brr dividual farm financial stress attributable to Boehlje; Barry) an income problem, a leverage problem, and Analyses of farm financial stress and proan interest rate problem. Of the Kansas Farm posed solions s e a finani tress is Management Association farms with a finan- composed of an income problem, a debt probcial problem, 30 percent of the total financial lem, or a combination of income and debt prob.cial problem, 30 percent of the total lems. The seriousness of the debt problem is problem is caused by an interest rate problem, determined by the leverae debt pra he is determined by the leverage ratiol and the in28 percent by a leverage problem, and 42 per- teet te ve the nn cent by an income problem. A reduction of t leverage or interest rate to the level attained assets. Recent literature emphasizes he debt by the average nonstressed farms would make problem. Brake and Boehlje assert that "the by the average nonstressed farms would make common element in farm financial problems 31 percent and 32 percent of the stressed common element farm financial problems , p t ad 32 p n of te s d ... is unserviceable debt" and "an interest farms profitable, respectively. Therefore, in
The Academic Adaptation of Children of Immigrants in New and Established Settlement States: The Role of Family, Schools, and Neighborhoods

The dispersion of immigrants has challenged educators in new immigrant destinations to adapt to the needs of their first cohorts of children of immigrants. This paper evaluates how families, schools, and neighborhoods shape the academic adaptation of immigrants’ children in new and established immigrant states. Using the Educational Longitudinal Study from 2002, the paper examines how 10th grade math and reading test scores differ across three settlement locations: established, new, and other immigrant states. Results indicate that achievement in math and reading is the highest in new immigrant states. While demographic differences between settlement locations largely explained differences in achievement, families and schools in new immigrant states also strongly influenced achievement.
Study of [Formula Presented] and [Formula Presented] meson production in B meson decays

Using a sample of 9.7 million B meson pairs collected with the CLEO detector, we study B decays to the chi_c1 and chi_c2 charmonia states, which are reconstructed via their radiative decays to J/psi. We first measure the branching fraction for inclusive chi_c1 production in B decays to be Br(B->chi_c1 X)=(4.14+-0.31+-0.40)*10^-3, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second one is systematic. We derive the branching fractions for direct chi_c1 and chi_c2 production in B decays by subtracting the known contribution of the decay chain B->psi(2S)X with psi(2S)->chi_c1,2 gamma. We obtain Br[B->chi_c1(direct) X]=(3.83+-0.31+-0.40)*10^-3. No statistically significant signal for chi_c2 production is observed in either case. Using the Feldman-Cousins approach, we determine the 95% confidence intervals to be [0.2, 2.0]*10^-3 for Br(B->chi_c2 X), [0.0,1.7]*10^-3 for Br[B->chi_c2(direct) X], and [0.00,0.44] for the ratio Br[B->chi_c2(direct) X]/Br[B->chi_c1(direct) X]. We also measure the branching ratio Br[B->chi_c2(direct) X_s]/Br[B->chi_c1(direct) X_s] for different X_s configurations by reconstructing B decays into exclusive final states with J/psi, a photon, a kaon, and up to four pions. For all the X_s configurations we observe a strong chi_c1 signal yet no statistically significant chi_c2 signal. We discuss how our results compare with theoretical predictions in different models of charmonium production.
The smart meter and a smarter consumer: quantifying the benefits of smart meter implementation in the United States

The electric grid in the United States has been suffering from underinvestment for years, and now faces pressing challenges from rising demand and deteriorating infrastructure. High congestion levels in transmission lines are greatly reducing the efficiency of electricity generation and distribution. In this paper, we assess the faults of the current electric grid and quantify the costs of maintaining the current system into the future. While the proposed “smart grid” contains many proposals to upgrade the ailing infrastructure of the electric grid, we argue that smart meter installation in each U.S. household will offer a significant reduction in peak demand on the current system. A smart meter is a device which monitors a household’s electricity consumption in real-time, and has the ability to display real-time pricing in each household. We conclude that these devices will provide short-term and long-term benefits to utilities and consumers. The smart meter will enable utilities to closely monitor electricity consumption in real-time, while also allowing households to adjust electricity consumption in response to real-time price adjustments.
ARITHMETIC PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN LEVEL ONE MOCK MODULAR FORMS

In a recent work, Bringmann and Ono [4] show that Ramanujan's f(q) mock theta function is the holomorphic projection of a harmonic weak Maass form of weight 1/2. In this paper, we extend the work of Ono in [13]. In particular, we study holomorphic projections of certain integer weight harmonic weak Maass forms on SL2(ℤ) using Hecke operators and the differential theta-operator.
Vector and harmonic amplitude/phase corrected multi-envelope stimulus response measurements of nonlinear devices

This paper describes a novel nonlinear measurement instrument based on a vector and amplitude/phase corrected network analyzer with integrated pulse multi-envelope measurement capabilities. The instrument provides pulse envelope domain measurements at isolated fundamental and harmonic responses (10 MHz to 26.5 GHz) from a nonlinear device to a time domain resolution of less than 20 nanoseconds. The instrument allows one to analyze the dynamic envelope behavior of the device at the fundamental and harmonic responses. Measurement results illustrate nonlinear device long and short term memory behavior from active devices. The resulting measurement results may be used to generate nonlinear mathematical models taking into account long and short term memory effects.
INDINAVIR UROLITHIASIS: AN EMERGING CAUSE OF RENAL COLIC IN PATIENTS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

AbstractPurpose: We evaluate the clinical, diagnostic and radiographic findings in patients on indinavir therapy who presented with renal colic, and propose appropriate treatment options for indinavir urolithiasis.Materials and Methods: A total of 16 patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus on indinavir were evaluated for 18 episodes of severe renal colic requiring hospitalization. Laboratory evaluation was performed in all patients followed by an imaging study. Conservative treatment included intravenous hydration, narcotic analgesics and temporary cessation of indinavir. Intervention was elected only in patients with persistent fever or intractable pain. A month after hospital discharge an excretory urogram and metabolic stone evaluation were performed. Mean followup was 9.3 months and 2 patients had recurrent symptoms.Results: All patients presented with nausea or vomiting and hematuria. Imaging studies confirmed obstruction in all patients with 13 radiolucent (indinavir) and 3 radiopaque (ca...
On the presentation of Maxwell's theory

Maxwell's original work on electromagnetic theory is reviewed. All the general equations prominently displayed by the scientist in his two important works have been cast in modern notation with particular emphasis on the connotation. The relationship between two integral forms of the Faraday-Maxwell and the Ampere-Maxwell laws has been examined in detail, all within the framework of Maxwell's theory, and using the conventional concepts of space and time. An example is given to show the exact nature of the integral form of the Faraday-Maxwell equation based on the Special Theory of Relativity. Some typical ambiguities found in many presentations of Maxwell's theory are pointed out and two unconventional presentations are commented on.
Melodrama Made Good: Ennoblement by Deletion in Edgar Stillman Kelley’s Score to Ben-Hur

As one of the last great stage melodramas, Edgar Stillman Kelley’s Score to Ben-Hur represents one of the last flourishes of melodramatic music before the onset of the movie age. This article provides an overview of the music in the autograph score of Ben-Hur and explores the various dramatic functions of the music as presented by Kelley.
Pair mobility functions for rigid spheres in concentrated colloidal dispersions: Force, torque, translation, and rotation

The formulation of detailed models for the dynamics of condensed soft matter including colloidal suspensions and other complex fluids requires accurate description of the physical forces between microstructural constituents. In dilute suspensions, pair-level interactions are sufficient to capture hydrodynamic, interparticle, and thermodynamic forces. In dense suspensions, many-body interactions must be considered. Prior analytical approaches to capturing such interactions such as mean-field approaches replace detailed interactions with averaged approximations. However, long-range coupling and effects of concentration on local structure, which may play an important role in, e.g., phase transitions, are smeared out in such approaches. An alternative to such approximations is the detailed modeling of hydrodynamic interactions utilizing precise couplings between moments of the hydrodynamic traction on a suspended particle and the motion of that or other suspended particles. For two isolated spheres, a set of these functions was calculated by Jeffrey and Onishi [J. Fluid Mech. 139, 261-290 (1984)] and Jeffrey [J. Phys. Fluids 4, 16-29 (1992)]. Along with pioneering work by Batchelor, these are the touchstone for low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamic interactions and have been applied directly in the solution of many important problems related to the dynamics of dilute colloidal dispersions [G. K. Batchelor and J. T. Green, J. Fluid Mech. 56, 375-400 (1972) and G. K. Batchelor, J. Fluid Mech. 74, 1-29 (1976)]. Toward extension of these functions to concentrated systems, here we present a new stochastic sampling technique to rapidly calculate an analogous set of mobility functions describing the hydrodynamic interactions between two hard spheres immersed in a suspension of arbitrary concentration, utilizing accelerated Stokesian dynamics simulations. These mobility functions provide precise, radially dependent couplings of hydrodynamic force and torque to particle translation and rotation, for arbitrary colloid volume fraction ϕ. The pair mobilities (describing entrainment of one particle by the disturbance flow created by another) decay slowly with separation distance: as 1/r, for volume fractions 0.05 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.5. For the relative mobility, we find an initially rapid growth as a pair separates, followed by a slow, 1/r growth. Up to ϕ ≤ 0.4, the relative mobility does not reached the far-field value even beyond separations of many particle sizes. In the case of ϕ = 0.5, the far-field asymptote is reached but only at a separation of eight radii and after a slow 1/r growth. At these higher concentrations, the coefficients also reveal liquid-like structural effects on pair mobility at close separations. These results confirm that long-range many-body hydrodynamic interactions are an essential part of the dynamics of concentrated systems and that care must be taken when applying renormalization schemes.
Improved Autoadhesion Measurement Method for Micromachined Polysilicon Beams

We have measured autoadhesion (e.g. stiction) of individual polysilicon beams by interferometric optical microscopy. Untreated cantilever beams were dried from water in air, while treated beams were coated with a hydrophobic molecular coating of octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS). Adhesion values obtained for beams adhered to the substrate over a long length (large d ) are independent of beam length with values of 16.7 and 4.4 mJ/m 2 for untreated and treated samples respectively. These values can be understood in terms of differences in surface chemistry and polysilicon roughness. Using the shortest length beam which remains attached to the substrate, adhesion values were 280 and 16 mJ/m 2 respectively. These higher values may be a result of capillarity effects. We recommend that measurements be made on beams in which d is large, in contrast to the current practice of noting the shortest beam adhered.
Seasonal Abundance and Spatial Distribution of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Georgia Sweet Potato Fields

Seasonal abundance and spatial distribution of Conoderus wireworms were studied in sweet potato fields in Georgia. Wireworm numbers were highest in July and decreased successively thereafter in the two fields sampled for wireworm abundance. Spatial distribution was determined by comparing data for fit to six mathematical distributions (Poisson, Poisson with zeros, negative binomial, Thomas double Poisson, Neyman’s type A, and logarithmic with zeros). Data collected from seven fields were described using Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s regression techniques. Wireworm distribution was clumped at the beginning of the season at least in O.10-ha plots and became random thereafter. The spatial distribution of C. rudis (Brown) was aggregated (Taylor) and random (Iwao), whereas C. scissus (Schaeffer) and C. amplicollis (Gyllenhal) distribution was mostly aggregated and random, respectively. Small larvae of C. scissus were regular in distribution, whereas distribution of medium and large larvae was mostly random and aggregated, respectively. The general pattern of wireworm distribution was random as obtained from seven fields. Optimum sample size required for a 2.0-ha area for reliable estimate of wireworms in economic management level (40%) was 57, 33, and 19 at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wireworms, respectively, per sample.
Der neue V6-Vierventilmotor von Volkswagen

In Weiterfuhrung der VR-Motorenbaureihe ist eine neue Motorengeneration entwickelt worden, die den zukunftigen strengeren Anforderungen im Bereich der Abgasgesetzgebung gerecht wird. Der Motor weist gegenuber seinem Vorganger einen geringeren spezifischen Kraftstoffverbrauch und einen deutlichen Drehmomentgewinn im gesamten Drehzahlbereich auf. Wesentliche Neuerung ist der Vierventilzylinderkopf mit Rollenschlepphebel-Ventiltrieb und Einlassnockenwellenverstellung im Koppeltrieb zwischen den Nockenwellen. Auch der Grundmotor wurde optimiert. Das maximale Drehmoment betragt 270 Nm bei 3 200/min, die Nennleistung 150 kW bei 6200/min. Der Motor erfullt die Abgasnorm D4.
COMPLICATIONS FROM ULTRASOUND GUIDED FEMORAL ARTERIAL ACCESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION: A PROSPECTIVE SINGLE CENTER COHORT STUDY

Acute loss of arterial pulse (LOP) is a known complication in children following arterial access for cardiac catheterization. In the modern era of using ultrasound guided femoral arterial access (UGFAA),the incidence of LOP in children has not been described. The incidence of LOP requiring treatment
Platinum Nickel Nanowires as Methanol Oxidation Electrocatalysts

We investigated platinum(Pt) nickel (Ni) nanowires (PtNiNWs) as methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) catalysts in rotating disk electrode (RDE) half-cells under acidic conditions. Pt-ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles have long been the state of the art MOR catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) where Ru provides oxophilic sites, lowering the potential for carbon monoxide oxidation and the MOR onset. Ru, however, is a precious metal that has long term durability concerns. Ni/Ni oxide species offer a potential to replace Ru in MOR electrocatalysis. PtNiNWs were investigated for MOR and oxygen annealing was investigated as a route to improve catalyst performance (mass activity 65% greater) and stability to potential cycling. Our results presented show that PtNiNWs offer significant promise in the area, but also result in Ni ion leaching that is a concern requiring further evaluation in fuel cells.
Farmers′ Income Issue and Government Policy in China,Japan and South Korea

Farmers′ income issue has become a major concern in China since the late 1990s.The Chinese government has issued a "No 1 Document" and put forward very comprehensive policy measures for this very issue in 2004,with some important policy initiatives,such as provision of direct payment to grain farmers.Japan and South Korea had also encountered similar income issue in the 1960s.They took a series of policy measures and made continuous efforts to tackle this problem.The farmers' income in these two countries has been greatly improved and effectively resolved.Through the comparison of the three countries′ experience,some useful conclusions are reached at the end of this paper.
An appreciation of the new St. Jude valvular prosthesis.

Beginning in March, 1978, 88 patients have had cardiac valve replacements with St. Jude prostheses. There were 26 males and 62 females, aged 6 to 80 years (mean 60). Single valve replacement was done in 67. Double valve replacement was done in 21; 12 of them had two St. Jude valves and nine had a different second valve. There were 57 mitral and 43 aortic valves replaced. Thirty-six patients had concomitant aorta-coronary bypass, and six others had additional cardiac procedures. All patients have been followed for a total of 807 patient-months (mean 9 months). Seventy-nine have been receiving sodium warfarin and seven are not receiving anticoagulants. There has been one embolic episode. There are no valve failures to date. Early mortality is 2.3% and late mortality, 5.7%; no death was valve related. Fifty-three survivors have improved by two or more N.Y.H.A. classifications. Fifty-four valves studied postoperatively at rest, during pacing, and during isoproterenol infusion have demonstrated significantly better hemodynamic performance than have mitral porcine xenografts studied in an identical manner (p < 0.05). Phonocardiography, M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, and cinefluoroscopy, carried out in 18 patients, have proved to be reliable noninvasive techniques for long-term follow-up. This experience indicates that the St. Jude prosthesis offers an excellent and predictable alternative in the surgeon's decision-making concerning valve choices.
One-Stage Membranous Urethroplasty in Childhood

AbstractSeven boys with short membranous urethral strictures were treated with a single stage perineal urethroplasty. Anterior urethral mobilization lengthened the urethra sufficiently for a bulboprostatic anastomosis free of tension and in no case was transpubic surgery required. The result was ultimately satisfactory for all children. Although the perineum is proportionately narrower in children than in adults, the depth of the membranous urethra from the skin level is reduced to an even greater degree. As a result exposure of the membranous urethra in children, particularly young children, often is easier than might be anticipated on the basis of imagined miniaturization of adult dimensions. We recommend an initial perineal approach for all short membranous urethral strictures in children with conversion to the transpubic approach if complications or a longer stricture is encountered.
The Yugoslav Morass: A Case Study in Anglo-OSS Divergence, 1942–4

Yugoslavia from 1942–4 was the setting for what was perhaps the clearest example of diverging Anglo-US subversive policy in the European war. This divergence transformed the relationship between OSS and its British counterparts in this occupied country — as well as in Cairo, from where Balkan operations were directed — from a generally cooperative wartime arrangement to something characterized more by competition, suspicion, and rivalry. The Yugoslav campaign saw traditional standards of trust and transparency between OSS and SOE disintegrate over time, only to be replaced in some instances by obstruction, deceit, and efforts to undermine the other’s position. It was a far cry from the integrated framework for cooperation in the coming French campaign that was being created in London and Algiers, despite the many differences encountered in both places along the way. This is not to say that all activities connected with Yugoslavia drove the OSS and the British apart — Allied materiel support to the Partisans, in fact, was often collaborative. Nonetheless, Yugoslavia proved in many ways to be a battleground for Donovan and the British, where the question of OSS independence threatened to tear the partnership apart and where the Byzantine politics of the region greatly complicated the intelligence picture upon which both sides based their activities.
Remark on the theory of Sergeev frequencies of zeros, signs, and roots for solutions of linear differential equations: I

The theorem that claims that the spectra (ranges) of upper and lower Sergeev frequencies of zeros, signs, and roots of a linear differential equation of order > 2 with continuous coefficients belong to the class of Suslin sets on the nonnegative half-line of the extended numerical line is inverted for the spectra of upper frequencies of third-order equations under the assumption that the spectra contain zero. In addition, we construct examples of third-order equations with continuous coefficients whose Lebesgue sets of the upper Sergeev frequency of signs belong to the exact first Borel class, and the Lebesgue sets of upper Sergeev frequencies of zeros and roots belong to the exact second Borel class.
Creep, Deformation and Fracture Studies of Materials for Various Technologies in the Nuclear Materials Research Group at NC State

A brief outline of the research activities during the past three decades in the Nuclear Materials Research Group at NC State University is summarized that comprises of creep mechanisms in materials, reliability of solders in electronic packaging, dynamic strain aging, radiation embrittlement of ferritic steels, anisotropic biaxial creep of hexagonal closed packed metals with emphasis on Zircaloy cladding, in-service monitoring of structural materials using ABI, non-interactive Nuclear Magnetic Resonance studies of dynamical behavior of point and line defects during deformation, and radiation effects in nanocrystalline materials. All the described aspects are the outcomes of research experiences of the author starting from his MS thesis at Cornell University on creep of alpha iron and doctoral thesis research on NMR studies followed by post-doctoral research at the University of California in Berkeley on creep and superplasticity, and University of Newcastle, Australia on radiation effects on yield point phenomena in steels.
Impaired bone strength estimates at the distal tibia and its determinants in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Background Altered bone microarchitecture and higher marrow adipose tissue (MAT) may reduce bone strength. High resolution pQCT (HRpQCT) allows assessment of volumetric BMD (vBMD), and size and microarchitecture parameters of bone, while 1H–magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H–MRS) allows MAT evaluation. We have reported impaired microarchitecture at the non-weight bearing radius in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) and that these changes may precede aBMD deficits. Data are lacking regarding effects of AN on microarchitecture and strength at the weight-bearing tibia in adolescents and young adults, and the impact of changes in microarchitecture and MAT on strength estimates. Objective To compare strength estimates at the distal tibia in adolescents/young adults with AN and controls in relation to vBMD, bone size and microarchitecture, and spine MAT. Design and methods This was a cross-sectional study of 47 adolescents/young adults with AN and 55 controls 14–24 years old that assessed aBMD and body composition using DXA, and distal tibia vBMD, size, microarchitecture and strength estimates using HRpQCT, extended cortical analysis, individual trabecular segmentation, and finite element analysis. Lumbar spine MAT (1H–MRS) was assessed in a subset of 19 AN and 22 controls. Results Areal BMD Z -scores were lower in AN than controls. At the tibia, AN had greater cortical porosity, lower total and cortical vBMD, cortical area and thickness, trabecular number, and strength estimates than controls. Within AN, strength estimates were positively associated with lean mass, aBMD, vBMD, bone size and microarchitectural parameters. MAT was higher in AN, and associated inversely with strength estimates. Conclusions Adolescents/young adults with AN have impaired microarchitecture at the weight-bearing tibia and higher spine MAT, associated with reduced bone strength.
Helios CO 2 Fusion Laser Alignment System

This paper describes the alignment system for Helios, an eight-beam, CO2 laser which is now being used in studies involving compression and heating of deuterium-tritium filled glass spheres, 200 to 300 microns in diameter. These studies are directed towards determining the feasibility of laser-initiated fusion for commercial power generation. The laser system reached design-point output of 10 kilojoules at power in excess of 20 terawatts in June 1978.
A process-oriented model linking adolescents' sleep hygiene and psychological functioning: the moderating role of school start times.

Abstract Objective To examine a mediational model linking sleep hygiene to better mental health in adolescents via the mechanism of improved sleep quality, and to test the moderating role of school start times (SST) (before 8:30 AM vs. 8:30 AM or later) on that mediation model. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Online survey for high school students across the United States. Participants A total of 197 adolescents aged 14–17 years old ( M age = 15.6 years, SD = 1.8; 53% female) completed a baseline survey and 7-day sleep diaries; their parents ( M age = 47.7 years, SD = 5.5; 79% female) reported on family socioeconomic status and high SST. Measurement Adolescents reported on their sleep hygiene, circadian chronotype, daily levels of sleep quality and duration (morning diaries) and their depressive/anxiety symptoms (evening diaries) for 7 days. Results A moderated-mediation model suggested that baseline sleep hygiene was directly associated with lower average daily depressive/anxiety symptoms across all students, but that association was marginally stronger in students with later SST (8:30 AM or later). A mediated path emerged only for students with earlier start times, suggesting that, for those students, baseline sleep hygiene was indirectly associated with lower average daily psychological symptoms by improving average daily sleep quality. Conclusions The current study is one of the first to demonstrate that SST might serve as a critical moderator in models of adolescent sleep and daily functioning. The findings provide additional evidence in the debate on how SST may affect adolescent health.
A Numerical Investigation of the Potential Effects of Aerosol-Induced Warming and Updraft Width and Slope on Updraft Intensity in Deep Convective Clouds

AbstractThe effects of aerosol perturbations on deep convective clouds have received considerable attention in the recent literature, especially from a modeling perspective. The published responses in precipitation amount and updraft strength vary in both sign and magnitude and may be the result of different models and parameterizations. Here, a simple numerical framework is employed to determine the potential effects of warming both below the freezing level (warm invigoration) and above the freezing level (mixed-phase invigoration) due to increased aerosol loading. The role of updraft width and slope in the same framework is also examined, highlighting the relative importance of each factor on the resulting updraft strength. The results show that the potential effects of warm invigoration are 2–3 times larger than for mixed-phase invigoration. However, a relatively small response in updraft velocity to warming is found, especially in comparison with the predicted changes in updraft velocity due to small ...
When Expression Is Expressed, Non-expression Is Not-Expressed: A Zen Buddhist Approach to Talking About the Ineffable

This paper approaches the ontological and the epistemological problems of ineffability from the perspective of Dōgen’s non-dualism. Reading Dōgen’s non-dualism in the context of the “doctrine of emptiness” (śūnyatāvāda) prevalent in Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy, this paper explores the implications of a position that does not distinguish the immanent from the transcendent and the effable from the ineffable. Within this system, every predication is effective, in some sense, and imperfect, in another. This paper discusses the structure of what I call Dōgen’s “philosophy of expression” and investigates its implications for an application to current philosophical discourses.
Management and outcomes of congenital chylothorax in the neonatal intensive care unit: A case series

Importance Congenital chylothorax is a rare condition with pulmonary and multiorgan system effects, for which there are no standardized treatment recommendations. Collective review of known cases offers some conclusions and suggestions for treatment. Objective The aim of this study was to present a case series of 5 patients who were treated in the neonatal intensive care unit with chylothorax. Methods We describe 5 infants who were diagnosed prenatally with hydrops fetalis and postnatally had clinically significant congenital chylothorax. Results Treatment guidelines specific to congenital forms of chylothorax have not yet been developed, although there are consistent trends across our cases. Four of the 5 infants in this study have survived to date. Chylothorax was treated with chest tube placement and chylous fluid drainage, scrupulous attention to fluid balance, mechanical ventilation, and nutritional management and, in 3 cases, with octreotide infusions. Some of the infants also required treatment for immunodeficiency and altered coagulation pathways. None of the infants underwent surgical thoracic duct ligation. Interpretation Aided by the advantage of prenatal diagnosis, many cases of congenital chylothorax can be successfully treated by a combination of nutritional and medical management as well as careful attention to fluid and electrolyte balance and avoidance of infection, thereby avoiding the need for surgical ligation of the thoracic duct.
Tailor welded blanks for the automotive industry

Abstract: One of the main users of sheet metal components capitalizing on the advantages of tailor welded blanks (TWBs) is the automotive industry. These advantages include reductions in weight, cost and noise with simultaneous increases in crashworthiness, dimensional accuracy and corrosion resistance. However, there are formability concerns that are present due to the welding process. In this chapter, these advantages and disadvantages are discussed along with TWB forming methods, welding processes and materials used in the automotive industry. Specifics on many of these topics are covered in more detail within other chapters of this book.
Ethics in psychiatric research : resources for faculty development and resident education.

Controversy has arisen in recent years about the participation of psychiatric patients in questionably ethical research protocols. Consequently, academic psychiatrists have been called upon to enrich their understanding of the ethical aspects of research and to teach residents more intensively about these issues in scientific methodology. Toward these ends, the authors have assembled an extensive resource listing in the area of psychiatric research ethics. Articles were identified through MEDLINE and BIOETHICS LINE computerized searches and the authors' review of relevant literature through 1996. Emphasis was placed on those pieces with special historical value, empirical studies, and papers that provide background on the current controversies in psychiatric research ethics. The references were organized into five logical categories. Based on the resource review, the authors briefly discuss areas related to research ethics that merit greater attention in academic psychiatry.
Automated Techniques for Capturing Custom Traceability Links Across Heterogeneous Artifacts

Software traceability is becoming an increasingly important facet of software engineering, especially as development projects become more distributed, decentralized, and dependent on third-party software. This chapter illustrates how traceability links can be automatically captured in situ, while software engineers perform their development tasks, through the use of specialized open hypermedia adapters and custom rules. Focusing on the mobile phone case study, we demonstrate how users can integrate their custom filters, heuristics, and relationship types, as well as their existing development tools, into our traceability system. We also show how our traceability link-capture technique can be incorporated with search tools and how traceability links can be effectively maintained. We provide practical usage scenarios and brief technical discussions for each of these capabilities.
Increased Server Availability and Flexibility through Failover Capability

As computing systems become increasingly mission-critical, a high level of service availability is essential. In order to maintain service availability, it is desirable to have the ability to migrate services from one server to another while having this change remain transparent to the client machines. Although commercial solutions exist which provide automatic failover capability, they are often costly and restrictive. Manual failover capability is useful for providing service availability in situations where there is a hardware failure, or where a server must be taken down for extended maintenance. The discussion in this document will explore what primitives can be used to construct a failover-capable system, the issues involved in any service migration, and some of the specific details about doing migration of services such as NFS, sendmail, and World Wide Web. Although implementation-specific examples provided assume a Sun Solaris 2.x operating environment, the use of a logical volume manager, and ethernet connectivity, other flavors of UNIX may also contain the necessary building blocks needed to build a failover-capable system.
Exercise hemodynamics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy identify risk of incident heart failure but not ventricular arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death

Abstract Objective To determine whether abnormal blood pressure response (ABPR), with or without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), is associated with adverse heart failure and arrhythmia outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods A retrospective, single-center analysis was performed for adult HCM patients who underwent exercise stress testing. Results Of 589 patients included in the study, 192 (33%) demonstrated ABPR. A similar proportion of patients with ABPR had LVOTO compared to those without ABPR (56% vs 63%, p = 0.11). Patients with ABPR demonstrated lower percent predicted VO2 and METs achieved than those with LVOTO (16.9 ± 6.8 vs 21.6 ± 7.9, p = 0.002 and 5.3 ± 2.4 vs 7.4 ± 3.1, p Conclusions ABPR is associated with reduced functional capacity in HCM regardless of the presence of LVOTO but is not associated with adverse arrhythmia outcomes. Patients with ABPR have a higher incidence of subsequent heart failure hospitalization.
Recent advances in intraocular sustained-release drug delivery devices

Topical eye-drop administration and intravitreal injections are the current standard for ocular drug delivery. However, patient adherence to the drug regimen and insufficient administration frequency are well-documented challenges to this field. In this review, we describe recent advances in intraocular implants designed to deliver therapeutics for months to years, to obviate the issues of patient adherence. We highlight recent advances in monolithic ocular implants in the literature, the commercialization pipeline, and approved for the market. We also describe design considerations based on material selection, active pharmaceutical ingredient, and implantation site.
P195 A Cross-Sectional Study Examining School Meal Component Selection and Consumption by Gender

Background The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) reaches over 30.4 million children every school day and can provide roughly one-third of a child's daily energy intake. Understanding the relationship between student characteristics and meal component selection and consumption is critical to mitigating food waste and improving children's eating behaviors. Objective To examine the prevalence of key systems factors, such as time available for lunch and recess timing, and the impact of demographic factors on meal component selection and consumption among children in rural and urban school districts in Illinois. Study Design, Settings, Participants This cross-sectional study examined meal component selection and consumption at four schools throughout central and southern Illinois participating in the NSLP. Selection and consumption data of Kindergarten through 8th-grade students (n = 302) were collected once per school using visual observation to assess selection and individual direct weighing to assess consumption. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Descriptive statistics and t-tests were used to characterize the study sample and investigate relationships between gender, meal component selection, and consumption. Results Study participants were 55% male and 45% female. All schools had recess after lunch periods, except for one kindergarten class, with an average lunch period lasting 24 minutes. Sixty percent of the schools implemented offer vs. serve. Sixty-seven percent of the sample selected flavored milk over white milk; however, gender was not significantly associated with flavored milk selection nor milk consumption (P = .46 and .16, respectively). Differences in flavored and white milk consumption were assessed (mean = 187.6 and 148.4 ml, respectively), and participants consumed significantly more flavored milk (P Conclusion An in-depth understanding of factors relating to children's choices and eating behaviors in the school setting can inform cost-effective school nutrition interventions. Results from this study indicate that interventions can be designed to influence more healthful selection or encourage consumption that minimizes food waste. Funding None.
From Sonic Models to Sonic Hooligans: Magnetic Tape and the Unraveling of the Mao-Era Sound Regime, 1958–1983

This article examines the roles of magnetic recording in China’s sound governance. Through analyses of archival documents and personal accounts, this article argues that in the early 1980s, the mag...