cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collapse of accreting, rotating, isothermal, interstellar clouds

The evolutions of the envelopes of collapsing, accreting, isothermal clouds have been numerically calculated for both spherically symmetric and rotating (axisymmetric) clouds. The results provide a cohesive picture of isothermal collapse, and their relationship to previous numerical calculations and similarity solutions is discussed. Even with a large initial rotation rate, the majority of the cloud envelope is accreted, in one case leaving behind a large-scale circulation current. The calculations are performed for both initially uniform density and centrally condensed clouds. Density and velocity profiles for a wide variety of observed systems are compared with those obtained in this study, providing a preliminary assessment of the stage of evolution and initial structure for the observed systems.
Managing Dilemmas Embodied in 21st Century Engineering

ABSTRACT In this session we describe in four parts the pedagogy and out-comes of a course Designing for Open Innovation designed to em-power 21st century engineering students to develop competencies associated with innovating in an inter-connected technologically flat world: 1. Competencies for Innovating in the 21 st Century, [1]. 2. Developing Competencies In The 21st Century Engineer, [2] 3. Identifying Dilemmas Embodied in 21st Century Engineering, [3] 4. Managing Dilemmas Embodied in 21st Century Engineering - this paper. In the first paper we describe the core characteristics of the en-gineering in an interconnected world and identify the key competen-cies and meta-competencies that 21st century engineers will need to innovate and negotiate solutions to issues associated with the realiza-tion of systems. In the second paper, we describe our approach to fostering learn-ing and the development of competencies by an individual in a group setting. We focus on empowering the students to learn how to learn as individuals in a geographically distanced, collaborative group setting. We assert that two of the core competencies required for success in the dynamically changing workplace are the competencies to first identify and then to manage dilemmas. In the third paper, we illus-trate how students have gone about identifying dilemmas and in the fourth paper how they have attempted to manage dilemmas. In pa-pers three and four students have briefly described the challenges that they faced and their takeaways in the form of team learning and indi-vidual learning. In this the last of four papers in this session, we focus on how students learned to manage dilemmas associated with the realization of complex, sustainable, socio-techno-eco systems, namely, energy policy design. The example involves the identification of a bridging fuel that balances environmental, economic and socio-cultural con-cerns. The principal outcome is clearly not the result attained but a student’s ability to learn how to learn as illustrated through the de-velopment of personal competencies in a collaborative learning framework and environment.
A model of nuclear rotation

Abstract We construct a model which describes approximately ground-state, superdeformed and fission-isomeric rotational bands of even-even nuclei. The model is based on a three-term energy expression corresponding to: (a) a rigid rotation of part of the nucleus, (b) the energy of initially counter-rotating gyroscopes that the overall rotation gradually aligns in the direction of the total angular momentum, and (c) a potential energy resisting such alignment. The model can be used for a macroscopic description of the angular momentum dependence of nuclear fission barriers.
Geographical variation in the monoterpene composition of red spruce

Abstract Monoterpene composition of cortical oleoresin samples was determined for 14 populations of red spruce growing in a replicated plantation in Quebec, Canada. None of the 9 measured monoterpenes differed significantly among geographic seed sources. Individual tree variation in terpene concentration was slight despite the postulated occurrence of natural hybrids with black spruce in many of the seed sources sampled. The seed sources most similar to black spruce in morphology were no more similar in terpene composition to black spruce from Michigan than were sources of pure red spruce.
What students think when teachers get upset: Fundamental attribution error and student‐generated reasons for teacher anger

Using a sample of college students (N = 301), this study examined students' attributions about and explanations for teachers' expressions of anger in the classroom. These displays of anger were evaluated based on the extent to which they were aggressive (e.g., Distributive or Passive) or assertive (e.g., Integrative). Consistent with the fundamental attribution error, students assigned internal attributions to teachers who used Distributive Aggression (e.g., yell and scream) and Passive‐Aggression (e.g., show anger with cold looks) to a greater extent than teachers who were Assertive (i.e., calmly discuss the problem with the students). When students were asked to identify why they thought their teacher was angry, the overwhelming majority of reasons involved student‐related problems. In fact, the most frequently cited reason was Student Misbehaviors followed by Lack of Student Effort. Surprisingly, students acknowledge that something they did triggered the teacher's display of anger; however, consistent ...
Tectonic burial and exhumation cycles tracked by muscovite and K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology in a strike-slip fault zone, central Turkey

Abstract Muscovite and K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar ages from the eastern margin of the Nigde massif in central Anatolia track the timing of initial exhumation, reburial, and final exhumation and cooling of metamorphic rocks deformed within a strike-slip fault zone. Although the ages of initial and final cooling were known from previous studies, our new results document the timing of the reheating/reburial event. Muscovite from four of eight gneiss samples have Late Cretaceous 40Ar/39Ar ages that date initial cooling at ~ 75 Ma. The remaining samples have perturbed spectra that climb to Late Cretaceous ages with increasing extraction temperatures during analysis. These perturbed samples are located beneath a faulted unconformity overlain by Paleogene sedimentary deposits that were derived in part from the metamorphic rocks, then buried, metamorphosed, and deformed under greenschist facies conditions. Samples close to the faulted unconformity are more perturbed than structurally deeper samples. The age of the thermal perturbation is determined at 30 ± 5 Ma using multi-diffusion domain modeling of K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar data from two gneiss samples, one located close to the unconformity and one at a structurally deeper level. Muscovite 40Ar/39Ar results and modeled K-feldspar temperature–time histories show that the eastern margin of the Nigde massif experienced a reheating event that peaked at ~ 30 Ma. The thermal pulse has been attributed to reburial associated with transpression in the Ecemis segment of the Central Anatolian Fault Zone along the eastern margin of the Nigde massif. Activity of this fault zone may represent a far-field expression of the onset of collision of Arabia with Eurasia in SE Anatolia.
Peroxidation induced changes in synaptosomal transport of dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid

Abstract The effects of iron-dependent peroxidation on respiration and neurotransmitter transport of brain nerve endings has been studied. Rat brain synaptosomes were peroxidazed by exposure to an ADP-Fe/ascorbate system and the protective effect of added Se, Cd, or Zn was investigated with regard to dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport. Peroxidation impaired the respiration of synaptosomes by about 20% and caused a marked increase in dopamine uptake; but in contrast, peroxidation induced a large decrease in synaptosomal uptake of GABA. The increased dopamine transport into synaptosomes was partially prevented by the presence of Zn, Se, or Cd. The presence of Zn, Cd, or Se, in order of decreasing effectiveness, also slowed down ADP-Fe/ascorbate mediated peroxidation of synaptosomes. Peroxidation caused a significant inhibition of veratridine-dependent release of both dopamine and GABA from synaptosomes, but the KCl-dependent release of these neurotransmitters was not effected by peroxidation. These results implicate that peroxidation damage of nerve endings may lead to large changes in neurotransmitter transport thus resulting in an alteration in the function of the central nervous system.
Abnormal mitral valve motion during Ventricular extrasystoles: An echocardiographic study

Abstract Mitral valve echocardiograms recorded in 57 patients revealed spontaneous ventricular premature contractions in 46 and supraventricular premature contractions in 11. The latter patients had normal mitral valve motion. Five patterns of mitral valve movement were observed in patients with premature ventricular contractions: (1) normal movement (18 patients); (2) valve prolapse (20 patients); (3) absent valve opening (3 patients); (4) no valve closure (1 patient); and (5) normal motion with long coupling intervals and mitral valve prolapse with short coupling intervals (4 patients). The velocity of valve closure during the premature ventricular contraction was greater than that of the regular beat in 28 patients. The presence of normal mitral valve movement during premature beats in all seven patients with severe cardiomegaly and the occurrence of valve prolapse only with short coupling intervals in the four patients with parasystole indicate that a small ventricular volume is an important factor in valve prolapse. The normal mitral valve motion observed in the 11 patients with supraventricular extra-systoles suggests that a small ventricular volume alone is not sufficient to produce valve prolapse; abnormal papillary muscle and ventricular activation are probably also required. Mitral valve prolapse may be an important cause of mitral regurgitation induced during ventricular premature contractions.
Relevance of histone acetylation and replication timing for deposition of centromeric histone CENP-A

A centromere-specific variant of histone H3, centromere protein A (CENP-A), is a critical determinant of centromeric chromatin, and its location on the chromosome may determine centromere identity. To search for factors that direct CENP-A deposition at a specific chromosomal locus, we took advantage of the observation that CENP-A, when expressed at elevated levels, can get incorporated at ectopic sites on the chromosome, in addition to the centromere. As core histone hypoacetylation and DNA replication timing have been implicated as epigenetic factors that may be important for centromere identity, we hypothesized that the sites of preferential CENP-A deposition will be distinguished by these parameters. We found that, on human dicentric chromosomes, ectopically expressed CENP-A preferentially incorporates at the active centromere only, despite the fact that the levels of histone acetylation and replication timing were indistinguishable at the two centromeres. In CHO cells, ectopically expressed CENP-A is preferentially targeted to some, but not all telomeric regions. Again, these regions could not be distinguished from other telomeres by their acetylation levels or replication timing. Thus histone acetylation and replication timing are not sufficient for specifying the sites of CENP-A deposition and likely for centromere identity.
Treatment of methylmalonic acidemia by liver or combined liver-kidney transplantation.

Objective To assess biochemical, surgical, and long-term outcomes of liver (LT) or liver-kidney transplantation (LKT) for severe, early-onset methylmalonic acidemia/acid (MMA). Study design A retrospective chart review (December 1997 to May 2012) of patients with MMA who underwent LT or LKT at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. Results Fourteen patients underwent LT (n = 6) or LKT (n = 8) at mean age 8.2 years (range 0.8-20.7). Eleven (79%) were diagnosed during the neonatal period, including 6 by newborn screening. All underwent deceased donor transplantation; 12 (86%) received a whole liver graft. Postoperative survival was 100%. At a mean follow-up of 3.25 ± 4.2 years, patient survival was 100%, liver allograft survival 93%, and kidney allograft survival 100%. One patient underwent liver re-transplantation because of hepatic artery thrombosis. After transplantation, there were no episodes of hyperammonemia, acidosis, or metabolic decompensation. The mean serum MMA at the time of transplantation was 1648 ± 1492 μmol/L (normal Conclusions LT or LKT for MMA eradicates episodes of hyperammonemia, results in excellent long-term survival, and suggests stabilization of neurocognitive development. Long-term follow-up is underway to evaluate whether patients who undergo early LT need kidney transplantation later in life.
A comparison of dynamic and isometric force sensors for train-of-four measurement using submaximal stimulation current

Objective. We studied the accuracy and repeatability of train-of-four (TOF) ratio measurements made from a dynamic piezoelectric sensor that records movement of the thumb in response to ulnar nerve stimulation compared with an isometric mechanomyogram that measures force of contraction of the adductor pollicis.Methods. The study involved 10 patients whose level of neuromuscular block was held constant with an intravenous (IV) infusion of vecuronium bromide (0.4 to 1.0 µg/kg/min) (Organon, West Orange, NJ). The sensors were attached to opposite arms of each patient and simultaneous measurements of TOF ratio were taken at stimulation current levels of 50, 30, and 20 mA.Results. In comparison to the TOF ratio measured at the maximal stimulation current (50 mA), the TOF ratio from the piezo sensor showed a bias and standard deviation of −0.13±0.24 when the stimulation current was reduced to 30 mA. At 20 mA, the bias and standard deviation was −0.24±0.28. The TOF ratio from the mechanomyogram showed a bias and standard deviation of 0.01±0.07 at 30 mA and 0.0±0.20 at 20 mA when compared with measurements made when the stimulation current was 50 mA.Conclusions. Both sensors showed diminished repeatability in TOF measurement with decreasing stimulation current. The data indicate that neither sensor is reliable for general monitoring of neuromuscular block at submaximal current levels. However, the individual patient results showed that some patients could be monitored accurately with both sensors, even at the lowest stimulation current levels.
Elucidating the role of incidental use of beta-blockers in patients with metastatic brain tumors in controlling tumor progression and survivability.

Background: Beta-adrenergic antagonists have demonstrated beneficial effects in tumor progression and survivability in patients with various cancers by inhibiting norepinephrine-induced tumor cell migration. However, little is known about their effects on the outcomes of metastatic brain tumors (MBTs). This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of beta-blockers, if any, on the outcome of MBTs, and their possible role in controlling tumor progression and survivability. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of 225 patients identified as having MBTs presenting to our institution from 2001 through 2013 was conducted by reviewing electronic patient records. Patients were categorized into three groups: Group A comprised hypertensives on beta-blockers only (40, 18%), Group B comprised hypertensive patients on antihypertensive medications other than beta-agonists (65, 29%), and Group C comprised normotensives (120, 53%). All outcomes were compared using the data on pre - and post-gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for these groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the radiological and clinical outcomes in the patient population following beta-blockers usage in Group A versus groups B and C. Cox regression model was used to demonstrate prognostic factors for the outcome in patients having different primaries. Overall survival period was plotted on Kaplan-Meier curves. The log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to analyze the survival difference in the cases. P Results: The mean age of patients was 57.34 ± 10.98 years (range: 30-87 years) and 44% were males. More than half (130/225, 58%) of patients with MBT had their primary tumor source in the lung, 16% in the breast, and 7% each in the kidneys and the rectum. Frontal lobe was the most commonly affected (80, 35.5%). Statistically significant control of tumor growth (P = 0.001), tumor progression (P = 0.0001), and higher survival outcomes (P = 0.015) were observed in Group A as compared to other groups. In comparing the different groups, breast primaries showed the strongest correlation to survival benefit (P = 0.049) from beta-blocker usage as a primary antihypertensive medication. Conclusion: Concomitant use of beta-blockers with conventional therapy may offer potential benefit to hypertensive patients developing MBTs by ameliorating tumor progression and conferring a survival advantage. This effect was most notable in patients with primary tumors originating in the breast. Prospective studies, molecular research, and randomized controlled trials are warranted to further explore this promising effect.
Bioluminescence in the benthopelagic holothurian Enypniastes eximia

Enypniastes eximia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) is a prominent member of the benthic boundary layer community in deep Caribbean waters. Like most holothurians it feeds on benthic sediments. Feeding is episodic and after collecting food on the bottom it returns to the water column at altitudes within about 50 m of the sea floor. Direct observations from submersibles and laboratory studies of living specimens have shown how bioluminescence is produced. Light production in E. eximia is triggered mechanically, and is produced by hundreds of granular bodies within the gelatinous integument of the animal. Local stimulation yields a localized response which gradually spreads to the entire surface of the animal. Broad impact yields a whole-body luminescent response. The integument of E. eximia is quite fragile, and strong physical contact readily causes the skin to be sloughed off in a glowing cloud. The degree of luminous response is a function of the severity of contact. In the laboratory the skin of E. eximia, along with its luminescent capability, regenerated rapidly. The anti-predatory role of bioluminescence in this species is apparently a ‘burglar alarm’ strategy. In the dark, near-bottom habitat, physical contact by a predator elicits light production which reveals the presence of the attacker to its own visually-cued predators.
New efficient numerical method for solving pair correlation equations for diatomic molecules

A new method for solving correlation pair equations for diatomics is presented and followed by numerical results for the H2 and LiH molecules. The essential feature of the new approach is a numerical representation of both basis two-electron functions and Coulomb and exchange potentials in pair equations. It is shown that this significantly simplifies the pair function optimization procedure.
Murine Arterial Thrombus Induction Mechanism Influences Subsequent Thrombodynamics

Abstract Background The mechanism of thrombotic induction in experimental models can vary greatly, as can the applied evaluative measures, making comparisons among models difficult. Objectives This study comparatively evaluated the arterial thrombodynamic response among injury mechanisms. Methods Thrombotic responses were induced in mouse carotid arteries, with subsequent intravital imaging using rhodamine-6G-labeled platelets to quantitate platelet accumulation over 30 minutes. Nine induction methods were evaluated: brief pinch, temporary hard ligation, cautery/heat, needle puncture, intralumenal wire (scratch), intralumenal adventitia/collagen (2 different models), and brief exposures to either iron-based surface electrolytic injury or ferric chloride. Results The accumulation of platelets was variable among induction methods, with a greater response to more severe injury mechanisms, free radical injury, and exposed collagen. Temporal profiles were generated by normalizing data to peak platelet accumulation for each run; rapid platelet development and subsequent detachment were found for mechanical injuries that maintained vessel integrity (pinch and ligation injuries), with more sustained growth for more severe mechanical (wire) injury or breach of the vessel (needle puncture or intralumenal collagen). A delayed but extended temporal response was seen with free radical injury (both electrolytic and ferric chloride). Conclusions These findings demonstrate a dependence of platelet thrombodynamics on the method of induction, with collagen exposure causing greater, more prolonged activity, while free-radical injury effected a delayed but sustained platelet thrombus formation with slower resolution. A better understanding of how these various injury models relate to clinical causes of arterial thrombosis is needed for optimal translational interpretation of murine models of thrombosis.
The Vertical Structure of Mesoscale Convective Vortices

Abstract Simulations of two cases of developing mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) are examined to determine the dynamics governing the origin and vertical structure of these features. Although one case evolves in strong vertical wind shear and the other evolves in modest shear, the evolutions are remarkably similar. In addition to the well-known mesoscale convergence that spins up vorticity in the midtroposphere, the generation of vorticity in the lower troposphere occurs along the convergent outflow boundary of the parent mesoscale convective system (MCS). Lateral transport of this vorticity from the convective region back beneath the midtropospheric vorticity center is important for obtaining a deep column of cyclonic vorticity. However, this behavior would be only transient without a secondary phase of vorticity growth in the lower troposphere that results from a radical change in the divergence profile favoring lower-tropospheric convergence. Following the decay of the nocturnal MCS, subsequent con...
Calorimetric heat of adsorption measurements on palladium. II: Influence of crystallite size and support on CO adsorption

Abstract Integral heats of adsorption of CO, Qad, have been measured at 300 K on unsupported Pd powder and on a family of Pd catalysts prepared from SiO2, η-Al2O3, SiO2Al2O3, and TiO2 using a modified differential scanning calorimeter. For the samples studied, there was no evidence that Qad was noticeably affected by the supports used to prepare the catalysts, and although high-temperature reduction of Pd TiO 2 catalysts sharply decreased the CO chemisorption, the Qad values for these samples were comparable to those for the other catalysts. On the other hand, Pd crystallite size was found to have a significant effect on Qad. For poorly dispersed samples, which contained average crystallite sizes up to 1000 nm, the Qad values were usually close to 22 kcal mole−1; however, they increased sharply when the average Pd crystallite size dropped below 3 nm. The highest value, 35 kcal mole−1, was measured on the most highly dispersed samples. Although changes in either surface geometry or electronic properties as Pd crystallites sizes decrease below 5 nm could affect Qad, the 13 kcal mole−1 increase on very small crystallites was larger than expected from ultrahigh-vacuum studies of CO chemisorption on Pd single-crystal surfaces. Consequently, changes in the electronic properties as Pd crystallite size decreases appear to be the major factor causing the stronger COPd bond strengths, in agreement with recent model calculations.
Explosion Hazard from a Propellant-Tank Breach in Liquid Hydrogen-Oxygen Rockets

An engineering risk assessment of the conditions for massive explosions of cryogenic liquid hydrogen-oxygen rockets during launch accidents is presented. The assessment is based on the analysis of the data of purposeful rupture experiments with liquid oxygen and hydrogen tanks and on an interpretation of these data via analytical semiquantitative estimates and numerical simulations of simplified models for the whole range of the physical phenomena governing the outcome of a propellant-tank breach. The following sequence of events is reconstructed: rupture of fuel tanks, escape of the fluids from the ruptured tanks, liquid film boiling, fragmentation of liquid flow, formation of aerosol oxygen and hydrogen clouds, mixing of the clouds, droplet evaporation, self-ignition of the aerosol clouds, and aerosol combustion. The power of the explosion is determined by a small fraction of the escaped cryogens that become well mixed within the aerosol cloud during the delay time between rupture and ignition. Several ...
Measurement and estimation of ammonia emissions from lagoon–atmosphere interface using a coupled mass transfer and chemical reactions model, and an equilibrium model

Abstract Ammonia has recently gained importance for its increasing atmospheric concentrations and its role in the formation of aerosols. The anaerobic lagoon and spray method, commonly used for waste storage and disposal in confined animal feeding operations (CAFO), is a significant source of ammonia emissions. An accurate emission model for ammonia from aqueous surfaces can help in the development of emission factors. Data collected from field measurements made at hog waste lagoons in south eastern North Carolina, using the flow through dynamic chamber technique, were used to evaluate the Coupled mass transfer and Chemical reactions model and Equilibrium model developed by Aneja et al. [2001a. Measurement and modeling of ammonia emissions at waste treatment lagoon-Atmospheric Interface. Water, Air and Soil pollution: Focus 1, 177–188]. Sensitivity analysis shows that ammonia flux increases exponentially with lagoon temperature and pH, but a linear increase was observed with an increase in total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN). Ammonia flux also shows a nonlinear increase with increasing wind speed. Observed ammonia fluxes were generally lower in the cold season than in the warm season when lagoon temperatures are higher. About 41% of the equilibrium model predictions and 43% of the Coupled model predictions are found to be within a factor of two of the observed fluxes. Several model performance statistics were used to evaluate the performance of the two models against the observed flux data. These indicate that the simpler Equilibrium model does as well as the Coupled model. The possible effects of the “artificial” environment within the chamber, which is different from that in the ambient atmospheric conditions above the open lagoon surface, on the measured fluxes are also recognized.
Acute Toxicity of Fire-Control Chemicals, Nitrogenous Chemicals, and Surfactants to Rainbow Trout

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the acute toxicity of three ammonia-based fire retardants (Fire-Trol LCA-F, Fire-Trol LCM-R, and Phos-Chek 259F), five surfactant-based fire-suppressant foams (FireFoam 103B, FireFoam 104, Fire Quench, For Expan S, and Pyrocap B-136), three nitrogenous chemicals (ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite), and two anionic surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [LAS] and sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) to juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in soft water. The descending rank order of toxicity (96-h concentration lethal to 50% of test organisms [96-h LC50]) for the fire retardants was as follows: Phos-Chek 259F (168 mg/L) > Fire-Trol LCA-F (942 mg/L) = Fire-Trol LCM-R (1,141 mg/L). The descending rank order of toxicity for the foams was as follows: FireFoam 103B (12.2 mg/L) = FireFoam 104 (13.0 mg/L) > For Expan S (21.8 mg/L) > Fire Quench (39.0 mg/L) > Pyrocap B-136 (156 mg/L). Except for Pyrocap B-136, the foams were more toxic than the fire retardants....
Encapsulating Nanoparticle Arrays into Layer-by-layer Multilayers by Capillary Transfer Lithography

We introduce capillary transfer lithography for the fabrication of ordered microscopic arrays from nanoparticulate materials encapsulated into ultrathin (<100 nm) flexible polymer films. Well-defined polymer micropatterns have been fabricated by capillary transfer lithography and used as a protective template for guided assembly of nanoparticles on layer-by-layer (LbL) multilayers. Sequential removal of this template facilitates further assembly of a topmost polyelectrolyte film, hence completing encapsulation. The striped and chess-board arrays of a single layer of carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles were sandwiched between two polymer LbL multilayers of thickness 19 nm each.
A preference for own-subspecies' song guides vocal learning in a song bird

In many song birds, males develop their songs as adults by imitating the songs of one or more tutors, memorized previously during a sensitive phase early in life. Previous work using two assays, the production of imitations by adult males and playback-induced calling by young birds during the sensitive phase for memorization, has shown that song birds can discriminate between their own and other species' songs. Herein I use both assays to show that male mountain white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha, must learn to sing but have a genetic predisposition to memorize and learn the songs of their own subspecies. Playback tests to young naive birds before they even begin to sing reveal that birds give begging calls more in response to oriantha song than to songs of another species. After 10 days of tutoring with songs of either their own or another subspecies, birds continue to give stronger call responses to songs of their own subspecies, irrespective of whether they were tutored with them, and are more discriminating in distinguishing between different dialects of their own subspecies. The memory processes that facilitate recognition and discrimination of own-subspecies' song may also mediate the preferential imitation of song of a bird's own subspecies. Such perceptual biases could constrain the direction and rate of cultural evolution of learned songs.
The spectral dependence of scattering from a spherical alga and its implications for the state of organization of the light-accepting pigments.

Abstract The cause of the spectral displacement of the 660-mμ band of extracted chlorophyll in organic solvents to about 680 mμ in vivo , as measured directly in algae suspensions, is of importance with respect to the role which energy transfer between the chlorophyll molecules plays in photosynthesis. The enhanced scattering on the long wavelength side of an absorption band in large particles, originally discussed by Price and Tetlow and invoked by Latimer and Rabinowitch to help explain this bathochromic shift, has been experimentally examined. A semiempirical theory has been developed which satisfactorily characterizes the effect. It is demonstrated that only a small part of the spectral shift arises from this selective scattering; the in vivo absorption band is established to occur at 674–675 mμ, some 10–15 mμ further to the red than the extracted pigments, indicating that a change in the environment of the chlorophyll molecules is responsible for the shift.
Differential KL → KS regeneration cross section in coherent production model and optical model

Abstract We investigate the high-energy K L → K S regeneration process in nuclei in terms of a coherent production model. The angular distribution of the regenerated K S is calculated for Pb and Cu at an incident momentum of 4 GeV/ c . The experimental data are well reproduced. We have also performed an optical-model calculation which explicitly treats K L as a mixture of K 0 and K 0 particles. We show that it is not necessary to introduce a large neutron skin in the above nuclei to interpret the data, if the finite range of strong interaction is taken into account properly in the density distribution. The coherent production model and the optical model, with seemingly very different physical interpretations, give very similar results. We also show that these models represent two ways of summing the multiple scattering series in the particular case of K L → K S regeneration. In conclusion, we discuss the unique and important feature of using nuclear regeneration scattering to study scattering theories, as compared to other high-energy particle-nucleus scattering.
Visual reaction times on a circle about the fovea.

Reaction times to a dim photopic stimulus were measured on a circle about the fovea, 15° from the line of direct vision. Large variations in reaction time were found on various half meridians and were interpreted as reflecting the distribution of retinal receptors.
Implications and treatment of acute hyperglycemia in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.

A 52-year-old obese male without a prior history of diabetes mellitus (DM) presented with angina and an anterior ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Physical examination and chest x-ray were consistent with congestive heart failure. Admission glucose was 230 mg/dL. Coronary angiography revealed an occluded left anterior descending coronary artery, and stenting reestablished TIMI grade 2 flow in that artery within 90 minutes of symptom onset. Left ventricular ejection fraction was 35% with severe anterior hypokinesis. Peak creatine kinase was 600 IU. The next day, fasting glucose was 180 mg/dL. An echocardiogram performed 6 weeks after discharge revealed an ejection fraction of 35% without change in the anterior wall motion. Fasting glucose as an outpatient was 156 mg/dL. The scenario described above is commonly encountered and illustrates how hyperglycemia can affect the outcome of patients with STEMI. Hyperglycemia could have affected the following features of this case: (1) Congestive heart failure was present despite only modest myocardial injury by creatine kinase level; (2) despite successful percutaneous coronary intervention, subnormal coronary perfusion was observed; and (3) left ventricular recovery after STEMI did not occur. Cardiologists need to be cognizant of the hazards associated with hyperglycemia in this setting because these patients will be encountered more frequently as a result of the increasing prevalence of insulin resistance syndromes. Acute hyperglycemia is common in patients with STEMI even in the absence of a history of type 2 DM. Hyperglycemia is encountered in up to 50% of all STEMI patients, whereas previously diagnosed DM is present in only 20% to 25% of STEMI patients.1 The prevalence of type 2 DM or impaired glucose tolerance may be as high as 65% in MI patients without prior DM when oral glucose tolerance testing is performed.2 Elevated …
Pharmacological Rescue of Human K+ Channel Long-QT2 Mutations Human Ether-a-Go-Go-Related Gene Rescue Without Block

Background— Defective protein trafficking is a consequence of gene mutations. Human long-QT (LQT) syndrome results from mutations in several genes, including the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG), which encodes a delayed rectifier K+ current. Trafficking-defective mutant HERG protein is a mechanism for reduced delayed rectifier K+ current in LQT2, and high-affinity HERG channel-blocking drugs can result in pharmacological rescue. Methods and Results— We postulated that drug molecules modified to remove high-affinity HERG block may still stabilize mutant proteins in a conformation required for rescue. We tested terfenadine carboxylate (fexofenadine) and terfenadine, structurally similar drugs with markedly different affinities for HERG block, for rescue of trafficking-defective LQT2 mutations. Terfenadine rescued the N470D mutation but blocked the channels. In contrast, fexofenadine rescued N470D with a half-maximal rescue concentration of 177 nmol/L, which is ≈350-fold lower than the half-maximal ch...
A fault tolerant cache architecture for sub 500mV operation: resizable data composer cache (RDC-cache)

In this paper we introduce Resizable Data Composer-Cache (RDC-Cache). This novel cache architecture operates correctly at sub 500 mV in 65 nm technology tolerating large number of Manufacturing Process Variation induced defects. Based on a smart relocation methodology, RDC-Cache decomposes the data that is targeted for a defective cache way and relocates one or few word to a new location avoiding a write to defective bits. Upon a read request, the requested data is recomposed through an inverse operation. For the purpose of fault tolerance at low voltages the cache size is reduced, however, in this architecture the final cache size is considerably higher compared to previously suggested resizable cache organizations [2][3]. The following three features a) compaction of relocated words, b)ability to use defective words for fault tolerance and c) "linking" (relocating the defective word to any row in the next bank), allows this architecture to achieve far larger fault tolerance in comparison to [2][3]. In high voltage mode, the fault tolerant mechanism of RDC-Cache is turned-off with minimal (0.91%) latency overhead compared to a traditional cache.
On Not Interpreting Coefficients: Comment on Holt

A recent recommendation by Holt that coefficients resulting from estimating log-linear and similar models should not be interpreted is argued to be based on lack of clarity about the substantive and theoretical importance of the choice between dummy and effect coding for categorical variables. As a consequence, his recommendation applies only when the main concern is for a balance between parsimony and goodness of fit to the data and is inappropriate when interest lies in correct specification of a model representing the substantive process generating the data.
The formation of cysteine-linked dimers of BST-2/tetherin is important for inhibition of HIV-1 virus release but not for sensitivity to Vpu

The Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu protein enhances virus release from infected cells and induces proteasomal degradation of CD4. Recent work identified BST-2/CD317 as a host factor that inhibits HIV-1 virus release in a Vpu sensitive manner. A current working model proposes that BST-2 inhibits virus release by tethering viral particles to the cell surface thereby triggering their subsequent endocytosis. Here we defined structural properties of BST-2 required for inhibition of virus release and for sensitivity to Vpu. We found that BST-2 is modified by N-linked glycosylation at two sites in the extracellular domain. However, N-linked glycosylation was not important for inhibition of HIV-1 virus release nor did it affect surface expression or sensitivity to Vpu. Rodent BST-2 was previously found to form cysteine-linked dimers. Analysis of single, double, or triple cysteine mutants revealed that any one of three cysteine residues present in the BST-2 extracellular domain was sufficient for BST-2 dimerization, for inhibition of virus release, and sensitivity to Vpu. In contrast, BST-2 lacking all three cysteines in its ectodomain was unable to inhibit release of wild type or Vpu-deficient HIV-1 virions. This defect was not caused by a gross defect in BST-2 trafficking as the mutant protein was expressed at the cell surface of transfected 293T cells and was down-modulated by Vpu similar to wild type BST-2. While BST-2 glycosylation was functionally irrelevant, formation of cysteine-linked dimers appeared to be important for inhibition of virus release. However lack of dimerization did not prevent surface expression or Vpu sensitivity of BST-2, suggesting Vpu sensitivity and inhibition of virus release are separable properties of BST-2.
Effects of nonseparable kinetics in alcohol dehydration over poisoned silica‐alumina

Methanol and ethanol dehydration over fresh and poisoned silica-alumina have been used as a model system to demonstrate experimentally certain effects of nonseparable kinetics including the change in product distribution upon flow reversal in a reactor with a poisoning gradient. The rate expression r = kK_A^C_A^(1/2)/(1 + K_A^C_A^(1/2) + K_W^C_W) describes the epxerimental data for all reactions although the constants for ether and olefin formation are entirely different and vary between fresh and poisoned catalysts. The nonseparability of kinetics and the concomitant variation of K_A, K_W with poisoning are briefly discussed in terms of interactions between poison molecules and surface acid-base sites.
Sensing, tracking and reasoning with relations

Suppose we have a set of sensor nodes spread over a geographical area. Assume that these nodes are able to perform processing as well as sensing and are additionally capable of communicating with each other by means of a wireless network. Though each node is an independent hardware device, they need to coordinate their sensing, computation and communication to acquire relevant information about their environment so as to accomplish some high-level task. The integration of processing makes such nodes more autonomous and the entire system, which we call a sensor net, becomes a novel type of sensing, processing, and communication engine. The sensor net architecture presented in this article starts from a high-level description of the mission or task to be accomplished and then commands individual nodes to sense and communicate in a manner that accomplishes the desired result with attention to minimizing the computational, communication, and sensing resources required. Much work remains to be done to refine and implement the relational sensing ideas presented here and validate their performance. We believe, however, that the potential pay-off for the relation-based sensing and tracking we have proposed can be large, both in terms of developing rich theories on the design and complexity of sensing algorithms, as well as in terms of the eventual impact of the deployed sensor systems.
Parallel algorithms for m-out-of-n threshold voting

Voting on large collections of input objects is becoming increasingly important in data fusion, signal and image processing, and distributed computing. To achieve high speed in voting, the multiple processing resources typically available in such applications should be utilized; hence the need for parallel voting algorithms. We develop efficient parallel algorithms for threshold voting which generalize and extend previous work on both sequential threshold voting and parallel majority voting. We show how a well-known O(n)-time sequential algorithm for m-out-of-n voting can be parallelized through 1 simple divide-and-conquer strategy. When m=/spl theta/(n), the resulting algorithm has O(log/sup 2/ n) time complexity on PRAM and hypercube computers and optimal O(n/sup 1/k/) complexity on a k-dimensional mesh-connected architecture. We also analyze the time complexity of the algorithm in the case of m=o(n) and for certain weighted threshold voting schemes.
A study of lacunarity-based texture analysis approaches to improve urban image classification

Abstract The traditional spectral based classifiers are normally considered ineffective in digitally classifying urban land-use and land-cover classes from high-resolution remotely sensed data due to the lack of consideration of images’ spatial properties. To identify the complex arrangements of urban features in high-resolution image data, the texture information contained in a group of pixels needs to be considered. This paper discusses the concept of lacunarity and the use of two lacunarity estimation methods (i.e., binary, gray scale) in texture analysis and classification of urban images. Lacunarity has been introduced to characterize different texture appearances, which may share the same fractal dimension value. Lacunarity measures the distribution of gap sizes: low lacunarity geometric objects are homogeneous because all gap sizes are the same, whereas high lacunarity objects are heterogeneous. Using different moving windows (i.e., 13 × 13, 21 × 21, 29 × 29), the above lacunarity methods were employed to classify urban features and to observe the effects of the size of moving windows in characterizing urban texture features. Results from this study show that traditional spectral based classification approach is inaccurate in classifying urban land categories from high-resolution image data, with an accuracy of 55%, whereas lacunarity approaches can be used to improve urban classification accuracy dramatically to 92%.
Recent progress in defining mechanisms and potential targets for prevention of normal tissue injury after radiation therapy

The ability to optimize treatments for cancer on the basis of relative risks for normal tissue injury has important implications in oncology, because higher doses of radiation might, in some diseases, improve both local control and survival. To achieve this goal, a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced toxicity will be essential. Recent research has demonstrated that ionizing radiation triggers a series of genetic and molecular events, which might lead to chronic persistent alterations in the microenvironment and an aberrant wound-healing response. Disrupted epithelial-stromal cell communication might also be important. With the application of a better understanding of fundamental biology to clinical practice, new approaches to treating and preventing normal tissue injury can focus on correcting these disturbed molecular processes.
Not Just Neoliberalism: Economization in US Science and Technology Policy

Recent scholarship in science, technology, and society has emphasized the neoliberal character of science today. This article draws on the history of US science and technology (S&T) policy to argue against thinking of recent changes in science as fundamentally neoliberal, and for thinking of them instead as reflecting a process of “economization.” The policies that changed the organization of science in the United States included some that intervened in markets and others that expanded their reach, and were promoted by some groups who were skeptical of free markets and others who embraced them. In both cases, however, new policies reflected (1) growing political concern with “the economy” and related abstractions (e.g., growth, productivity, balance of trade) and (2) a new understanding of S&T as inputs into a larger economic system that government could manipulate through policy. Understanding trends in US S&T policy as resulting from economization, not just neoliberalism, has implications for thinking a...
QOS Challenges for Next Generation Mobile Middleware

The development of next generation mobile multimedia communications systems [2] presents a number of technical challenges which are thus far unresolved. First, it is essential that QOS assurances be given for the transfer of audio and video flows to mobile devices as they migrate between cells in cellular systems.
Design optimization of a hydraulic flywheel accumulator for a hydraulic hybrid vehicle

The hydraulic flywheel accumulator is a novel energy storage device that has the potential to overcome major drawbacks of conventional energy storage methods for mobile hydraulic systems. By employing a rotating pressure vessel, the hydraulic flywheel accumulator stores energy in both the hydro-pneumatic domain and the rotating kinetic domain. This allows for energy storage densities many times higher than conventional hydraulic accumulators and adds a degree of freedom that decouples state of charge from the hydraulic system pressure. This paper summarizes various mechanical stress and energy models developed to describe the behavior of the hydraulic flywheel accumulator. The models are used in an example design optimization to illustrate the utility of the hydraulic flywheel accumulator. The resulting design solution delivers an energy storage density at least six times greater than traditional composite hydraulic accumulators while exhibiting efficiencies above 75%.