cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beneath the Surface: The Untranslated Uri Orlev

Uri Orlev, the winner of the 1996 Hans Christian Anderson Award, is the most widely known Israeli author of children's books. Eight of his children's books have been translated into English, the largest number of any Israeli author who writes for children: six deal with Holocaust themes while two are contemporary picture books. To date, Orlev has written thirty books for children and three for adults in Hebrew. Like the tip of an iceberg, slightly over a quarter of Orlev's work is visible to the English reading public. Why were certain books chosen for translation? Are the untranslated texts inferior to those that have been translated, or are non-literary criteria at work? Does the choice to translate a text into English reflect something intrinsic in the text, or in the society that chooses to translate or reject a particular text? This paper examines Orlev's untranslated works, particularly the works of fantasy, while attempting to find answers to these questions.
Triple point of Yukawa systems

The molecular dynamics simulations of Yukawa (i.e., screened-Coulomb) systems that were applied to the regime of weak screening in an earlier study [S. Hamaguchi, R. T. Farouki, and D. H. E. Dubin, J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7641 (1996)] are extended to the strong screening regime. Transition temperatures at the fluid-solid phase boundary and the solid-solid phase boundary are obtained as functions of the screening parameter $\ensuremath{\kappa}=a/{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{D}$ (i.e., the ratio of the Wigner-Seitz radius $a$ to the Debye length ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{D}$). The resulting phase diagram also covers the triple point\char22{}the intersection of the fluid-solid and solid-solid phase boundaries\char22{}at $\ensuremath{\kappa}=4.28$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=5.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3},$ where \ensuremath{\Gamma} is the ratio of the Coulomb potential energy to the kinetic energy per particle (i.e., $\ensuremath{\Gamma}{=Q}^{2}/4\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}akT,$ where $Q$ is the charge of each Yukawa particle and $T$ is the system temperature). Yukawa systems serve as models for plasmas and colloidal suspensions of charged particulates.
A Study of Solder Paste Rheology for The Alternative Assembly and Reflow Technology (AART) Process

Solder paste performance related properties such as stencil print quality, viscosity, thixotropy, and slump resistance are of great importance in the pre-reflow stages of the electronics assembly process. This paper focuses on the study of the rheological behavior of solder paste and its correlation to process performance during the various steps of the Alternative Assembly and Reflow Technology (AART) process. This technology aims to integrate the Printed Circuit board (PCB) assembly process for both through hole and surface mount components. Four solder pastes were considered in this study and their rheological characteristics were identified through flow and oscillation tests. The oscillation tests provided the linear viscoelastic characteristics of solder paste whereas the flow tests revealed information on the yield stress as well as the degree of shear-thinning and thixotropy of the solder paste. Pastes with high elastic properties and yield stress exhibited good hot slump resistance. Furthermore, extensive shear thinning of the paste facilitated the filling of the Plated-Through-Hole (PTH) sites. Recommendations are provided for tailoring the properties of a solder paste to meet the needs of the AART process.
X-ray-photoelectron final-state screening in transition-metal compounds

The cation $3s$ levels in fluorides of $3d$ transition elements have been systematically examined with use of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that $3s$ line shapes are determined by the $3d$ populations (and consequent exchange splittings) associated with different core-hole screening conditions. The screening mechanisms are thus identified as major contributors to the satellite structures observed in core level photoemission. An understanding of these processes is essential for the interpretation of chemical effects in photoelectron spectra.
Symptomatic lead poisoning in infancy: A prospective case analysis

This report of a case of symptomatic lead poisoning in infancy reinforces the need for continued vigilance in screening and the application of effective therapies to prevent serious physiologic, neurocognitive, and behavioral sequelae. Furthermore, this case illustrates the efficacy of repeated courses of outpatient succimer therapy in limiting a rebound in blood lead concentrations.
Family-based therapies for adolescent alcohol and drug use: research contributions and future research needs.

Objective To characterize the developmental status of the family-based adolescent alcohol and drug treatment specialty by identifying and discussing research and clinical advances. Method Selective and interpretative literature review and analysis. Study selection Controlled trials and mechanisms of change studies of family-based treatments for adolescent alcohol and drug misuse. Results Clinical innovations of family-based treatments include development of detailed therapy, training/supervision, and adherence manuals. Different family-based treatments have been tested with success in controlled trials and process studies. Different versions of the same approach might vary on parameters such as treatment dose, setting, and client characteristics. Research advances include findings that engagement and retention rates for family-based treatments are superior to standard treatment engagement/retention methods. Also, in clinical trials in which they are compared with alternative interventions, in the majority of studies, family-based treatments produce superior and stable outcomes with significant decreases on target symptoms of alcohol and drug use, and related problems such as delinquency, school and family problems, and affiliation with substance abusing peers. Mechanisms of change studies support the theory basis of family-based treatments. For instance, improvements in family interaction patterns coincide with decreases in core target alcohol and drug misuse symptoms. Conclusions Once in the shadows of the adult substance abuse field, the adolescent substance abuse specialty has become a unique, clinically creative, and empirically-based area. Research and clinical advances of family-based treatments have implications for non-family-based interventions in the adolescent substance misuse treatment specialty.
New Middle Eocene Archaeocetes (Cetacea:Mammalia) from the Kuldana Formation of Northern Pakistan

ABSTRACT Two new species of fossil cetaceans (Pakicetus calcis and Pakicetus chittas) are described from a new locality in the Kuldana Formation (Lutetian, middle Eocene) of the Kala Chitta Hills in Northern Pakistan. Additional dentitions of the pakicetid Nalacetus ratimitus, the remingtonocetid Attockicetus, and additional dental material of the holotype of Ambulocetus natans are also described. Dental morphology of Nalacetus is intermediate between pakicetids and ambulocetids, as indicated by the presence of an ambulocetid-like P4, but pakicetid-like molars. Premolars of the specimen tentatively described as Attockicetus imply that some pakicetids and remingtonocetids were coeval. Furthermore, the new pakicetid dentitions described here are the most complete to date and further our understanding of pakicetid dental diversity.
GaAs micromachined widely tunable Fabry-Perot filters

The authors present a surface-normal micromachined GaAs Fabry-Perot filter with 70 nm of continuous tuning, 19 dB extinction ratio, 4.9 V of tuning voltage, and 50 pA tuning current. The device is polarisation insensitive, can be fabricated into two-dimensional arrays, is easy to couple into fibre, and requires only two masks with no critical alignments.
Evidence of a sidereal barometric-pressure Wave

Humphreys [Physics of the air, 1929, p. 229] has shown that the daily tide in barometric pressure is subject to seasonal variations. This fact is well illustrated by Figure 1 which shows average daily barometric-pressure curves for each month of the year at Key West, Florida, averaged for the 14 years 1891 to 1904. Obviously, if we could neglect changes for other hours of the day and plot pressure values of the peak at 10 a.m. against sidereal hour-angle, the strong maxima of December and January as against the weak maxima of June and July would give a sidereal maxima for 10 a.m. between December and January at sidereal hour 3. However, if all of Humphrey's data for these curves are plotted against sidereal hour-angle, a maximum is obtained for sidereal hour 21, which falls exactly on a January minimum. The data of Figure 1, therefore, suggest the existence of a sidereal barometric-pressure curve which is independent of seasonal variations of the solar-pressure curve. The form of this curve would obviously be distorted by seasonal variations of the solar curve, and in this particular case the solar curve decreases the amplitude of sidereal curve nearly 50 per cent.
Introduction to the Special Issue of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Entitled: “Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of Soils and Energy Geostructures”

This special issue of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering highlights state-of-the-art research on the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of soils, rocks and energy geostructures. Although the impetus of the special issue was to collect journal papers on subjects related to an NSF-funded international workshop on ‘‘Thermally Active Geotechnical Systems for Near Surface Geothermal Energy’’ held in March 2013 at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne in Switzerland, the special issue expanded to collect a broader set of papers from the field of Energy Geotechnics that involve thermal soil behavior. A total of 15 journal papers were selected to be published as part of the special issue, and went through the standard peer review process for the journal. Two papers focused on the thermal properties of unsaturated soils. Likos (2014) presented a pore-scale model for predicting the thermal conductivity of unsaturated sands using basic soil properties. Dong et al. (2014) presented an evaluation of various approaches to predict the thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils, and compared them with experimental data for sand, silt and clay. One paper was presented on the thermal volume change of unsaturated soils, and the impact of these volume changes on the response of a heated shallow foundation (Houston et al. 2014). Three papers were published on different aspects of geothermal heat exchangers in conventional applications (boreholes and horizontal trenches). Wu et al. (2014) studied relationships between the thermal conductivity dryout curve for unsaturated soils and the performance of geothermal heat exchangers in horizontal trenches, Ozudogru et al. (2014a) compared the performance of different numerical simulations to evaluate the response of geothermal heat exchangers in vertical boreholes, and Walker et al. (2014) studied the impact of different stratigraphic units on the overall thermal response of a geothermal heat exchanger in a vertical borehole. Seven papers were focused on the thermal and thermo-mechanical response of energy piles. Loveridge et al. (2014) analyzed the response of different types of auger cast piles that were converted into energy piles. Yu et al. (2015) used numerical modeling to evaluate the thermal conductivity of different soil layers from the analysis of a thermal response test on an energy pile. Kramer et al. (2014) evaluated the thermal response of an energy pile in sand constructed within a laboratory container. Murphy and McCartney (2014) studied the J. S. McCartney (&) Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA e-mail: mccartney@ucsd.edu
A High Panning Rate Mount

A camera mount designed to pan in synchronization with a high velocity projectile using a rotating mirror is described in sufficient detail to enable potential users to build a similar device.
Empathy wages?: Gratitude and gift exchange in employment relationships

Abstract Economists have argued that employers sometimes pay above-market premiums (efficiency wages) in order to attract, motivate, and/or retain valued personnel. Drawing on recent work examining reciprocity and gift exchange, this paper proposes the notion of “empathy wages,” in which the effect of the premium paid depends on the extent to which it elicits gratitude from recipients. We argue that a particular gift (monetary or otherwise) offered by an employer is likely to elicit more gratitude among “non-stars”: workers who are relatively disadvantaged and in the lower part of the performance distribution. In contrast to “stars,” “non-stars” are likely to compare the treatment they receive to the inferior opportunities or treatment they (might) have received outside of their present employment situation. Star workers, in contrast, are likely to believe that they are worth whatever they can command. The economic viability of such “empathy wages” thus depends on how much star versus non-star workers vary in gratitude, relative to how they differ in output and compensation. We explore a variety of data bearing on how much stars differ from non-stars in their respective output and earnings (in star contexts such as professional sports and real estate sales). We then review or reanalyze some prior studies on gift exchange, documenting that those who are relatively disadvantaged and/or low performers do appear more grateful (or inclined to reciprocate gifts) than stars. Indeed, the magnitude of the difference is sufficiently large that it could offset quite marked differences in productivity or quite small differences in compensation (both of which would make stars relatively more attractive to employers). We suggest some conditions under which gratitude-based employment systems are more likely to flourish in real-world settings, as well as some fruitful lines for future research on these topics.
A paradigm to investigate the regulation of cocaine self-administration in human cocaine users: a randomized trial.

Rationale We recently conducted a pilot study supporting the feasibility, safety, and validity of a human laboratory model of ad libitum cocaine administration in which subjects self-selected the timing of infusions. The current study extends this work to include a randomized design with a test–retest component in a larger sample.
Barrelettes without barrels in the American water shrew.

Water shrews (Sorex palustris) depend heavily on their elaborate whiskers to navigate their environment and locate prey. They have small eyes and ears with correspondingly small optic and auditory nerves. Previous investigations have shown that water shrew neocortex is dominated by large representations of the whiskers in primary and secondary somatosensory cortex (S1 and S2). Flattened sections of juvenile cortex processed for cytochrome oxidase revealed clear borders of the whisker pad representation in S1, but no cortical barrels. We were therefore surprised to discover prominent barrelettes in brainstem of juvenile water shrews in the present investigation. These distinctive modules were found in the principal trigeminal nucleus (PrV), and in two of the three spinal trigeminal subnuclei (interpolaris – SpVi and caudalis – SpVc). Analysis of the shrew's whisker pad revealed the likely relationship between whiskers and barrelettes. Barrelettes persisted in adult water shrew PrV, but barrels were also absent from adult cortex. Thus in contrast to mice and rats, which have obvious barrels in primary somatosensory cortex and less clear barrelettes in the principal nucleus, water shrews have clear barrelettes in the brainstem and no barrels in the neocortex. These results highlight the diverse ways that similar mechanoreceptors can be represented in the central nervous systems of different species.
Acute myocardial infarction associated with single vessel coronary artery disease: an analysis of clinical outcome and the prognostic importance of vessel patency and residual ischemic myocardium.

Abstract The long-term outcome and the significance of residual ischemie myocardium, as assessed by predischarge exercise thallium scintigraphy and vessel patency, were studied in 97 patients with single vessel coronary artery disease by angiography 12 ± 4 days after uncomplicated myocardial infarction. During a mean follow-up period of 39 ± 17 months, ηρ patients died, 6 (6%) had a recurrent nonfatal infarction and 25 (26%) experienced rapidly progressive angina requiring hospitalization. Although neither exercise-induced angina nor ST segment depression was predictive of a recurrent cardiac event, the mean number of infarct zone scan segments showing thallium redistribution (1.0 ± 1.0 versus 0.5 ± 0.8, p = 0.01) and the percent of patients with infarct zone redistribution (61 versus 39%, p = 0.05) were greater in those patients who experienced a late ischemie event. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a tower event-free survival rate in patients with redistribution (n = 45) than in those without redistribution (n = 52) (p = 0.019). Although no patient received immediate ihrombolytic therapy, the infarct-related vessel was angiographically patent in 40 patients (41%). Vessel patency did not influence event-free survival, although a patent vessel, as compared with an occluded vessel, was associated with a greater prevalence of nun-Q wave infarction (58 versus 21%. p In summary, uncomplicated myocardial infarction in patients with single vessel coronary artery disease is associated with a very low incidence of subsequent death and reinfarction. The presence of infarct zone thallium redistribution), compared with its absence, is predictive of a higher cardiac eyent rate. These data should be considered when recommending prophylactic percutaneous transluminal angioplasty after uncomplicated myocardial infarction in asymptomatic patients with single vessel coronary disease. On the basis of these results, future randomized trials designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of revascuiarization in asymptomatic postinfarction patients with single vessel disease should limit enrollment to those patients with residual ischemia located within the infarct zone.
Amyloid-like (Congophilic) neurofibrillary tangles do not react with neurofilament antisera in Alzheimer's cerebral cortex.

The immunohistological properties of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) were studied by immunofluorescence with neurofilament (NF) antisera and with antiserum raised to paired helical filaments (PHF) in NFT preparations, brain smears, and cryostat sections. NFT decorated by NF antisera were Congo red-negative. Conversely, PHF antisera stained Congo red-positive NFT but failed to decorate NF-positive NFT. It is concluded that NF do not cross react with typical NFT, i.e., NFT displaying amyloid-like birefringence, under the conditions reported in this study.
Developing the Academic Collocation List (ACL) – A corpus-driven and expert-judged approach

Abstract This article describes the development and evaluation of the Academic Collocation List (ACL), which was compiled from the written curricular component of the Pearson International Corpus of Academic English (PICAE) comprising over 25 million words. The development involved four stages: (1) computational analysis; (2) refinement of the data-driven list based on quantitative and qualitative parameters; (3) expert review; and (4) systematization. While taking advantage of statistical information to help identify and prioritize the corpus-derived collocational items that traditional manual examination are unable to manage, we argue that only with human intervention can a data-driven collocation listing be of much pedagogical use. Focusing on lexical collocations only, we present a new Academic Collocation List compiled using a mixed-method approach of corpus statistics and expert judgement, consisting of the 2,468 most frequent and pedagogically relevant entries we believe can be immediately operationalized by EAP teachers and students. By highlighting the most important cross-disciplinary collocations, the ACL can help learners increase their collocational competence and thus their proficiency in academic English. The ACL can also support EAP teachers in their lesson planning and provide a research tool for investigating academic language development.
Pharmacokinetic studies and LC–MS/MS method development of ganciclovir and dipeptide monoester prodrugs in Sprague Dawley rats

Ganciclovir (GCV) is utilized as an anti-herpetic agent. Reports from our laboratory have suggested that dipeptide ester prodrugs of GCV exhibit high affinity towards the oligopeptide transporter hPEPT1 and therefore seem to be promising candidates for the treatment of oral herpes virus infections. In this study, we have examined the bio-availability of a dipeptide prodrug of GCV after oral administration in jugular cannulated Sprague-Dawley rats. A new bio-analytical method was developed with Q-TRAP liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC–MS/MS) for simultaneous analysis of GCV, Valine-GCV (VGCV) and Tyrosine-Valine-GCV (YVGCV). Acyclovir (ACV) was used as an internal standard in the analysis. Area under plasma-concentration time curves for total concentration of GCV after oral administration of YVGCV was found to be approximately 200 % more than that of GCV following intestinal absorption. A complete conversion of the dipeptide prodrug (YVGCV) to parent compound, GCV, by hepatic first-pass metabolism was evident due to the absence of intermediate metabolite VGCV and administered prodrug YVGCV. The dipeptide prodrugs of GCV exhibit higher systemic availability of regenerated GCV upon oral administration and thus seem to be promising drug candidate in the treatment of systemic herpes infections.
Oxidative lipidomics of γ-irradiation-induced intestinal injury

Although gamma-irradiation-induced tissue injury has been associated with lipid peroxidation, the individual phospholipid molecular targets have not been identified. We employed oxidative lipidomics to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize phospholipid peroxidation in a radiosensitive tissue, the small intestine, of mice exposed to total body irradiation (TBI) (10 and 15 Gy). Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry we found that the major classes of intestine phospholipids-phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol-included clusters with highly oxidizable molecular species containing docosahexaenoic fatty acid. Molecular species of cardiolipin were represented by only two major less oxidizable individual molecular species-tetralinoleoylcardiolipin and trilinoleoyl-mono-oleoylcardiolipin. Selective and robust oxidation of two anionic phospholipids-cardiolipin in mitochondria and phosphatidylserine outside of mitochondria-was observed 24 h after gamma-irradiation. MS analysis detected several TBI-induced molecular species of oxidized cardiolipin: (C(18:2))(3)(C(18:2)-OOH), (C(18:2))(2)(C(18:2)-OOH)(2), (C(18:2))(1)(C(18:2)-OOH)(3), and (C(18:2)-OOH)(4). The major molecular species involved in TBI-triggered peroxidation of phosphatidylserine included C(18:0)/C(22:6)-OOH, C(18:0)/C(22:5)-OOH, and C(18:0)/C(22:4)-OOH. More abundant phospholipids-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine-did not reveal any oxidative stress responses despite the presence of highly oxidizable docosahexaenoic fatty acid residues in their molecular species. A marked activation of caspases 3/7 that was detected in the intestine of gamma-irradiated mice indicates the involvement of apoptotic cell death in the TBI injury. Given that oxidized molecular species of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine accumulate during apoptosis of different cells in vitro we speculate that cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine oxidation products may be useful as potential biomarkers of gamma-irradiation-induced intestinal apoptosis in vivo and may represent a promising target for the discovery of new radioprotectors and radiosensitizers.
Solubility of proteins isolated from inclusion bodies is enhanced by fusion to maltose-binding protein or thioredoxin

When the mammalian aspartic proteinases, procathepsin D or pepsinogen, are expressed in Escherichia coli both accumulate in inclusion bodies. While pepsinogen is efficiently refolded in vitro, recovery of procathepsin D is limited by insolubility. We expressed procathepsin D and pepsinogen in E. coli, with E. coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) or thioredoxin (trx) fused to their C-termini (aspartic proteinase-MBP or aspartic proteinase-trx). The fusion proteins were still found in inclusion bodies. However, the recovery of soluble procathepsin D-MBP and procathepsin D-trx after refolding was facilitated by the bacterial fusion partners. Maltose-binding protein was more efficient than thioredoxin in increasing the recovery of soluble protein. The vector, pET23bMBPH6, can be used for general expression of heterologous proteins in E. coli. The vector includes a histidine tag at the C-terminus of MBP to allow one-step purification of the fusion proteins under denaturing conditions. After purification, the protein of interest can be cleaved from MBP with factor Xa protease and separated from the MBP partner. Refolded pepsinogen-MBP and pepsinogen-trx were enzymatically active, but procathepsin D-MBP and procathepsin D-trx were soluble but largely inactive. The results show that the limited recovery of activity upon refolding of procathepsin D is not the consequence of competing aggregation. Thus, the fusions do not necessarily facilitate native refolding, but they do enhance the recovery of soluble protein. Such fusions could provide a system to study, in soluble form, folding states which are otherwise inaccessible because of aggregation and precipitation.
Multiplicities and instabilities in chemically reacting systems — a review

Abstract Regarded less than two decades ago as the province of theoreticians and understood mainly in terms of a single-step, exothermic, homogeneous reaction in a well-stirred vessel, the description of steady-state multiplicities and intrinsic dynamics of chemically reacting systems has become increasingly experimental, broad, rich and complex. Through the past decade or so researchers, investigating systems which involve varying degrees of physical and chemical complexity, have (1) made use of catastrophe and singularity theories to produce a systematic representation and new understanding of the steady state and of instabilities and self-sustained oscillations in certain instances, and (2) reported experimental observations which, in many cases, have provided support for prior theory and, in many others, have led to new theoretical developments, particularly regarding complex and chaotic oscillations. This review brings attention to much of the recent literature describing these developments and their applications.
Some Nonconformist Thoughts on Welfare Economics and Commodity Stabilization Policy

ity stabilization and, second, because it recently has been surveyed by others (Burnstein; Turnovsky; Sarris and Taylor; Smith; Burmeister). As is equally known, this body of literature does.not provide a conclusive argument either for or against deliberate commodity stabilization by national governments or international organizations. But it is not the purpose of this note to try to strengthen the theoretical arguments based upon welfare concepts either for or against commodity stabilization by government. It is the purpose of this note to argue that welfare analysis based upon the concepts of consumer and producer surplus has not in the past made, and will not in the future make, any recognizable contribution to the making of decisions by the United States, other developed countries, the less developed nations, or the international agencies either to initiate commodity stabilization programs or to reject them. This is true for a variety of reasons, some of which are discussed below.
A prescriptive database interface methodology for end-users

Abstract This paper describes an approach to constructing database interfaces for end-users; this approach is based on a semantic database model and an associated prescriptive methodology for the specification of database manipulations. By utilizing a meaning-based description of a database, it is possible to provide a simple, structured user interface that guides a user through the process of specifying a database manipulation (transaction). This prescriptive approach to database user interfaces can also be used to provide browsing facilities for database systems, and to provide the ability to persue both a database's contents and its structural organization (schema). A set of basic design principles for database end-user interfaces is described, and the limitations of current approaches to database interfaces are reviewed. A specific methodology for the specification of database transactions is described, in the context of a particular semantic database model. A prototype end-user interface tool, called a transaction specification aid, is discussed; this transaction specification aid uses a database description (schema) defined with a semantic database model to guide a user through the process of understanding the contents of a database and specifying a database transaction.
Ultraviolet, water, and thermal aging studies of a waterborne polyurethane elastomer-based high reflectivity coating

Abstract A waterborne aliphatic polyurethane-based coating was studied for accelerated ultra-violet (UV), water (WT), and thermal (TH) aging for a period of 1000 h. To monitor the coating durability, samples were tested every 200 h. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to monitor the chemical changes occurring during the aging process. UV–vis with integrating sphere was used to track the change in diffused reflectance, while the optical microscope and the scanning white light interferometry (SWLI) were used for surface characterization. FTIR studies of coatings subjected to UV exposure indicated a decrease in functional groups such as CO NH, C H, C O, and C O C. The appearance of functional groups such as N H is attributed to chain scission of the polyurethane binder in the coating. Investigation of the degradation mechanism in water and thermal aging showed physical effects through water penetration and the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion as the primary causes of degradation. In all aging scenarios, the reduction of reflectivity was largely due to physical defects caused by the different aging mechanisms.
CODE V to Matlab Extensions

A suite of CODE V macros has been developed to assist the optical designer in visualizing and manipulating optical data. Limits within the CODE V macro language and graphics functions are surpassed by accessing a MATLAB subroutine. A number of extension macros are discussed and examples are shown.
A narrowband dual-axes confocal reflectance microscope for distinguishing colonic neoplasia

A dual-axes confocal reflectance microscope has been developed that utilizes a narrowband source at 1310 nm to achieve high axial resolution, image contrast, field of view, and tissue penetration for distinguishing among normal, hyperplastic, and dysplastic colonic mucosa ex vivo. Light is collected off-axis using a low numerical aperture objective to obtain vertical image sections, with 4 to 5-μm resolution, at tissue depths up to 610 μm. Post-objective scanning enables a large field of view (610 x 640 μm) and balanced-heterodyne detection provides sensitivity to collect vertical sections at two frames per second. System optics are optimized to effectively reject out-of-focus scattered light without use of a low-coherence gate. This design is scalable to millimeter dimensions, and the results demonstrate the potential for a miniature instrument to detect pre-cancerous tissues, and hence to perform in vivo histopathology.
Interaction of Saturn's magnetosphere and its moons: 3. Time variation of the Enceladus plume

[1] The major momentum‐loading source in Saturn’s magnetosphere, Enceladus, has been studied with seven Cassini flybys between 2005 and 2008. In this paper, we first use parameter tests with our 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic simulation to demonstrate and determine the sensitivity of the interaction to both electron impact rates and charge‐ exchange rates. We also investigate the reasons behind our previous discovery that in the plume, within about two Enceladus radii of the plume’s source, the momentum‐loading rates per unit ion and neutral density are orders of magnitude lower than at greater distances. We find that depletion of hot electrons and variations in charge‐exchange rates are two possible explanations for such a reduction of the momentum‐loading rates. Assisted by the Cassini observations, we use our understanding of the plasma interaction to determine the temporal variation of Enceladus’ neutral plume, which is important in understanding its origin, as well as the geological evolution of this icy moon. We base our study on magnetometer observations during all seven flybys to present the first comparative analysis to all flybys in 2005 and 2008. It is found that the maximum variation in gas production rates is one third the largest rate. The plasma momentum‐ loading rate ranges from 0.8 to 1.9 kg/s, which is consistent with previous studies.
Osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in polyglycolic acid scaffolds

Although human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (hUCMSCs) have been shown to differentiate along an osteogenic lineage in monolayer culture, the potential of these cells has seldom before been investigated in three-dimensional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. In this 6-week study, we observed osteogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs on polyglycolic acid (PGA) nonwoven mesh scaffolds, and compared seeding densities for potential use in bone tissue engineering. Cells were seeded into PGA meshes with densities of 5, 25, or 50 × 106 cells/mL scaffold and then cultured in osteogenic medium. Cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and matrix formation were evaluated at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Osteogenic differentiation was observed based on positive alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase of collagen production and calcium incorporation into the extracellular matrix, which increased with higher cell density. During differentiation, runt-related transcription factor (RUNX2), type...
Share price reactions to advertising announcements and broadcast of media events

Over the last two decades, marketers have gravitated toward placing their ads in specific television programs such as the Super Bowl, Academy Awards, and the last episodes of sitcoms. While anecdotal evidence of positive outcomes in the form of increased sales, phone inquiries, and hits on the web sites of advertisers, there has not been any credible measurement of investor returns in this expensive strategy. We find that firms advertising for the first time, with greater advertising expenditures relative to sales, and with more effective/creative campaigns fare better in terms of the market reaction to their campaigns. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE EFFECTS OF ROENTGEN RAYS ON CELL-VIRUS ASSOCIATIONS : FINDINGS WITH VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS AND FIBROMAS.

The virus-induced papillomas of cottontail as well as domestic rabbits regress completely within a few weeks when exposed to 5,000 r of x-ray irradiation. The x-rays do not immediately kill the papilloma cells, but lead to death by inhibiting cellular division and producing pathological changes in the cells which then continue to differentiate. The virus associated with the growths, however, not only persists in undiminished amount during regression, but often an increased yield of it can be obtained on extraction. The fibroma virus in crude extracts or in vivo is inactivated by far less irradiation than the papilloma virus. 10,000 r destroys 90 per cent or more of the infectivity of the fibroma virus, whereas at least 100,000 r is required to inactivate 50 per cent of the papilloma virus in extracts containing about the same amount of protein. No variant of the papilloma virus or fibroma virus has been encountered as a result of the irradiation.
Ceramics for fusion reactors — design methodology and analysis

Abstract Low atomic number ceramic materials have low neutron activities and rapid after-heat decay as well as good high-temperature capabilities. However, unique design techniques for these brittle materials are required to take advantage of their desirable features in fusion reactor applications. Materials considerations in the design methodology are discussed and the results of the analyses of ceramic first wall/blanket designs are presented.
Three-Dimensional Tomographic Imaging of Bioluminescent Cancer Cells Embedded in a Tissue-Like Phantom

We show that a 5mm-diameter target containing different concentrations of bioluminescent cancer cells in a 3x3cm cubic tissue-like phantom can be three-dimensional imaged using our finite element-based bioluminescence tomography techniques.
Interconversion of myo- and scyllo-inositol with simultaneous formation of neo-inositol by an NADP+ dependent epimerase from bovine brain.

Summary An epimerase has been partially purified from bovine brain which interconverts myo - and scyllo -inositol with simultaneous production of neo -inositol. The enzyme(s) occur in the same unbound DEAE-cellulose fraction as the previously described scyllo -inositol:NADP + oxidoreductase. The epimerase has a pH optimum of 9.5, requires dithiothreitol for activity and utilizes only NADP + as cofactor.
Morphological correlates of aging in the chinchilla cochlea

Abstract The inner ears from 80 chinchillas ranging in age from premature to 19.2 years were examined as plastic-embedded flat preparations to determine the morphological changes associated with aging. Three of the four forms of human presbycusis defined by Schuknecht were found in the chinchillas. All animals had losses of sensory cells or sensory presbycusis. Inner (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs) degenerated at a rate of about 0.29% and 1.0% per year, respectively. Age-related degeneration of inner (IPs) and outer pillars (OPs) occurred at a much slower rate. In four animals (5%) the dendritic processes of some of the spiral ganglion cells had degenerated in areas where the loss of sensory cells was minimal. This pathological change is likely equivalent to neural presbycusis. Six animals (7.5%) had regions of degeneration of the stria vascularis or striai presbycusis. The other common finding in the aging cochleas was the presence of lipofuscin or age pigment. Lipofuscin deposits were found to accumulate in the subcuticular region of OHCs, IPs and OPs, near the endolymphatic surfaces of many of the supporting cells and in the epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane. The IHCs accumulated much less lipofuscin. The morphological changes seen in the ears of aging chinchillas were qualitatively similar to those seen in the temporal bones of aging humans although the magnitude of the changes was considerably less. These results suggest that some of the damage found in aging human cochleas may be due to aging plus exposure to one or more ototraumatic agents.
Social Networks among Elderly Men Caregivers

A preponderance of the approximately one million men who care for spouses with cognitive impairment left market economy careers through normative or early retirement to enter the emotional economy of caregiving. In the process, their social networks changed radically as their work shifted from a visible and interactive world to one that was invisible and isolated. How do their social networks change? What role does social networking play in their lives as caregivers compared to their careers in the market economy? What can we learn from their accounts of social networking that will inform future research and practice? Material for this article is taken from a qualitative study of 30 elderly men caregivers that took place from 1998–2001 in Rochester, New York. From the study, three major themes emerged relative to changes in social networking: in retrospect, pre-retirement social networks were more important than previously thought, social networks for men caregivers are beneficial in lessening caregiver b...
The virtual diagnostic laboratory: a new way of teaching undergraduate medical students about genetic testing.

Purpose: Medical students often perceive genetics as a discipline focused on rare diseases with relevance only to genetics specialists. Because genetic testing has now infiltrated most if not all medical disciplines, we need new teaching approaches to help trainees incorporate emerging genetic testing strategies appropriately into medical practice. With the ever-increasing number of known disease-associated genes, it is also important to shift from a paradigm of memorization to one of critical evaluation and an awareness of available resources. Methods: We designed case-based virtual laboratory sessions for first-year medical students at Emory University. These sessions emphasize both rare and common health issues and allow the students to practice applying their fundamental genetics knowledge in the diagnostic setting. Results: These sessions proved a valuable approach to presenting the intricacies of diagnostic genetic testing. Students rate the sessions very highly, with 92% of them agreeing or strongly agreeing that the sessions had educational value. The students commented that ours was an effective approach to teaching the material that illustrates well the impact of genetics on patient care. Conclusions: The virtual diagnostic laboratory approach is an effective, nonlecture-based method of teaching medical students about genetic testing strategies and their application in the clinical setting.
The use of peak intensity in diffraction measurements of growth kinetics on surfaces

Abstract It is shown that the peak intensity in a diffracted beam can be related to growth kinetics on surfaces only if scaling is obeyed. When scaling is obeyed, the peak intensity is in general related to the square of the average domain size, and not to the fourth power. The finite resolving power of the instrument distorts growth kinetics measurements, giving an apparent growth rate that is less than the actual one.
A nanostructured aluminum oxide-based microfluidic device for enhancing immunoassay’s fluorescence and detection sensitivity

A nanostructured aluminum oxide (NAO)-based fluorescence biosensing platform with a programmable sample delivery microfluidic interface is reported. The NAO-based fluorescence sensor can tremendously enhance the fluorescence signals, typically up to 100 × or more, over the glass substrate. The programmable sample delivery microfluidic interface, which is integrated with the NAO-based sensors, can automatically generate and deliver a series of different concentrations of the biological samples to each individual sensor. Hence it can facilitate the fluorescence-based biodetection and analysis for high throughput applications. Using Protein A and fluorophore-labeled Immunoglobulin G (IgG) as models, the binding between them on this platform have been demonstrated. It has been shown that the IgG of programmable concentrations can be delivered to individual sensor using the microfluidic interface and confirmed by the fluorescence images. Using current NAO-based fluorescence sensors without any optimization, the detectable concentration of IgG can be as low as 20 pg/mm2 using a conventional fluorescence microscope. Due to its inexpensive fabrication process, this technology could provide a disposable technical platform for fluorescence-based sensing and analysis.
Definite Descriptions as Designators

Referring is a kind of action. The intentional considerations which bear upon its character have not, I believe, been sufficiently exploited yet in the area of modal semantics. It has been suggested that in order to make sense of quantification into modal contexts, it is necessary to provide a semantics which clarifies the notion of 'transworld identification', and it is argued that any such semantics will entail a commitment to some form of essentialism.' Saul Kripke, on the other hand, has maintained that it is not through some sort of transworld identification that the intelligibility of modal contexts is to be explicated, but rather by considering the means by which reference may be fixed upon items in the real world.2 Thus, Kripke says, to hold that
ortho Effect in Alkaline Hydrolysis of ortho-Substituted Benzoylcholine Esters

Second-order rate constants were determined for the alkaline hydrolysis of ortho-substituted benzoylcholine esters in 0.1 M aqueous NaCl at pH 9.0. Activation parameters for the reactions were calculated from the slopes of Arrhenius plots, with all plots being linear in the range of 25–45°. One derivative, o-methylbenzoylcholine, exhibited an abrupt change in the Arrhenius slope above 50°. Over the same extended temperature range, benzoylcholine and o-chlorobenzoylcholine gave no such change. An average isergonic temperature, s = 267°K., was calculated for the series from three independent correlations involving activation (∆H± versus ∆S±), rate (log k1 versus log k2), and linear free energy (pT versus 1/T) data. The parameters ∆G±, AH±, and ∆S± each correlate independently with σ1) the Taft inductive constant, indicating that the hydrolysis reactions are “well behaved.” By comparison, thermodynamic parameters for acetic acid ionizations (i.e., a model process defining σ1) are not well behaved: ∆H° versus ∆S° is nonlinear, but ∆G°, ∆H°int, and ∆S° correlate independently with σ1. Rho–sigma correlations and an isergonic relationship for the benzoylcholine reactions are interpreted on the basis of the Hammett and Hepler analyses, respectively. Entropy values for this congeneric series are discussed in relation to the positive charge on the quaternary nitrogen and its effect in potentially neutralizing the substituent charge.
Analysis of Smoking by South Korean Middle School Students: Shifting Preferences in Brand Choice and Rising Popularity of Marlboro Cigarettes

South Korean Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS) conducted in 2005 and 2008 were analyzed to determine changes in smoking behavior, cigarette brand choices, perceptions of smoking, and exposure to cigarette promotion/marketing and anti-smoking media messages. Results showed an increase in smoking prevalence, media exposure to cigarette advertising, and the offering of free cigarettes from cigarette company representatives, and a decrease in seeing anti-smoking messages and the perception that quitting smoking is difficult. There was a dramatic rise in the popularity of Marlboro as a brand choice among youth smokers in 2005 (9.1%) to 2008 (49.9%). These unfavorable trends suggest a pervasive tobacco industry influence among South Korean youth. Despite the regulations on advertising in South Korea that have been enacted and other anti-smoking policies which have been implemented, it appears that Philip Morris is particularly adept at circumventing advertising and market restrictions while effectively promot...