cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Huichol (Wixarika) Word Accent: Typology, Interactions, and Implications

The analysis of systems of tone, stress, and intonation in the world’s languages is a center of debate in modern phonology. While prototypical cases of stress languages such as English and tone languages such as Yoruba are well understood, languages on the peripheries of these prototypes, especially those with interactions between tone and stress systems, often pose challenges to researchers and theorists. The interaction between stress and tone in Huichol (Uto-Aztecan) language of western Mexico, can be understood using van der Hulst’s (2014) concept of accent, a lexically underlying mark of prominence. This analysis is based on both published and original Huichol-language data that Huichol is an accentual language with one accented mora per word. Huichol has privative tone that interacts with the accentual system: accented moras are assigned high tone. Thus, Huichol should be classified as a tone-accent language.
Reproductive health services in rural Washington State: scope of practice and provision of medical abortions, 1996-1997.

Objectives. This study explored reproductive health care in rural Washington State, reasons given by providers for not offering abortions, and providers' willingness to use medical abortifacients. Methods. Physicians, midwives, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants in rural Washington completed an inventory of reproductive health services that they provide, whether and why they do not perform abortions, and whether they would use medical abortifacients. Results. Of the respondents, 89.2% reported providing reproductive health care. Only 1.2% reported performing surgical abortions, and 26.1% indicated that they would probably prescribe medical abortifacients. Conclusions. Few providers offer surgical abortions in rural Washington. Greater numbers report a willingness to prescribe medical abortifacients.
Magnetic structure and dynamics in the alpha and beta phases of solid oxygen.

We describe a comprehensive neutron scattering study of ..cap alpha..- and ..beta..-O/sub 2/. In ..cap alpha..-O/sub 2/, an inelastic feature at 10 MeV is identified with the b(/2 zone boundary, enabling the first measurement of the intrasublattice exchange in this system. We find the intrasublattice exchange constant to be -1.2 +- 0.1 MeV. Taken in conjunction with the intersublattice exchange, -2.4 MeV determined from magnetic susceptibility, we find that the system is very close to a magnetic instability. The ..cap alpha..-phase staggered magnetization drops with increasing temperature, extrapolating to a purely magnetic transition at 31 K, which is 7 K above the ..cap alpha..-..beta.. transition. This is only 40% of the mean-field ordering temperature, implying that the magnetic couplings are predominantly two-dimensional (2D). ..beta..-O/sub 2/ has 2D short-range magnetic correlations. These results are discussed in light of a model of magnetoelastic coupling in a frustrated triangular antiferromagnet.
Infant resuscitation outside the delivery room in neonatal-perinatal and pediatric critical care fellowship programs: NRP or PALS? Results of a national survey

Introduction: Infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside the delivery room can follow one of two national guidelines: Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), or Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS). Important differences exist between NRP and PALS guidelines. There are no published recommendations concerning the chronologic age at which to change from NRP to PALS guidelines. This study was designed to investigate current resuscitative practices outside the delivery room for infants cared for in Neonatal-Perinatal (N-P) and Pediatric Critical Care (PCC) medicine fellowship programs with regard to the use of NRP or PALS guidelines. Methods: Surveys were mailed to the program director of all one hundred fifty-eight ACGME accredited N-P and PCC medicine fellowship programs in the US. The survey included questions regarding the existence of written resuscitative policies for infants regarding the use of PALS versus NRP, provider certification requirements in NRP and PALS, resuscitation leadership, and the age after birth at which infants are resuscitated using PALS rather than NRP guidelines. Results: Of the 158 programs surveyed, 98 responded (62%). Of those responding only one center (1%) reported having a written policy concerning the use of NRP versus PALS. Significant differences were seen in provider certification requirements in NRP and PALS. There were significant differences in the time to change from NRP to PALS guidelines between responding N-P programs and PCC fellowship programs. None of the responding PCC programs reported using NRP guidelines past two months of age, while 35% of N-P programs continued to resuscitate infants using NRP guidelines up to 1 year of life. Twenty seven percent of responding N-P programs reported using "NRP only" for infant resuscitation. Conclusions: We found no consensus regarding the age at which infants are resuscitated with PALS rather than NRP in responding N-P and PCC fellowship programs. Our findings suggest that compared to infants cared for under the supervision of physicians in PCC medicine fellowship programs, infants cared for under the supervision of physicians in N-P medicine fellowship programs are much more likely to be resuscitated using NRP guidelines. While it is unclear if this variation in clinical practice has a significant effect on outcomes, this variation in practice makes it difficult to define the current standard of care for infant resuscitation in N-P and PCC fellowship programs and requires further investigation.
Distinct expressions of contrast gain control in parallel synaptic pathways converging on a retinal ganglion cell.

Visual neurons adapt to increases in stimulus contrast by reducing their response sensitivity and decreasing their integration time, a collective process known as ‘contrast gain control.’ In retinal ganglion cells, gain control arises at two stages: an intrinsic mechanism related to spike generation, and a synaptic mechanism in retinal pathways. Here, we tested whether gain control is expressed similarly by three synaptic pathways that converge on an OFF α/Y-type ganglion cell: excitatory inputs driven by OFF cone bipolar cells; inhibitory inputs driven by ON cone bipolar cells; and inhibitory inputs driven by rod bipolar cells. We made whole-cell recordings of membrane current in guinea pig ganglion cells in vitro. At high contrast, OFF bipolar cell-mediated excitatory input reduced gain and shortened integration time. Inhibitory input was measured by clamping voltage near 0 mV or by recording in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists to isolate the following circuit: cone → ON cone bipolar cell → AII amacrine cell → OFF ganglion cell. At high contrast, this input reduced gain with no effect on integration time. Mean luminance was reduced 1000-fold to recruit the rod bipolar pathway: rod → rod bipolar cell → AII cell → OFF ganglion cell. The spiking response, measured with loose-patch recording, adapted despite essentially no gain control in synaptic currents. Thus, cone bipolar-driven pathways adapt differently, with kinetic effects confined to the excitatory OFF pathway. The ON bipolar-mediated inhibition reduced gain at high contrast by a mechanism that did not require an iGluR. Under rod bipolar-driven conditions, ganglion cell firing showed gain control that was explained primarily by an intrinsic property.
MHC class I-like genes in cattle, MHCLA, with similarity to genes encoding NK cell stimulatory ligands.

A comparative genomics approach for mining databases of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was used to identify two members of a novel MHC class I gene family in cattle. These paralogous genes, named MHC class I-like gene family A1 (MHCLA1) and MHCLA2, were shown by phylogenetic analysis to be related to human and mouse genes encoding NK cell stimulatory ligands, ULBP, RAET, H60 and Raet-1. Radiation hybrid mapping placed cattle MHCLA1 on BTA9, which, on the basis of existing comparative mapping data, identified the ULBP, RAET1, H60 and Raet1 genes as homologues of the cattle MHCLA genes. However, the human and mouse orthologues of MHCLA1 and MHCLA2 could not be defined due to extensive sequence divergence from all known members of the ULBP1/RAET1/H60/Raet1 gene family. The cattle MHCLA1 molecule is predicted to be missing an α3 domain, similar to the human and mouse homologues. Like the human ULBP genes, MHCLA1 was found to be transcribed constitutively in a variety of fetal and adult tissues by RT-PCR. The patterns of hybridization obtained by Southern blotting using MHCLA1 as a probe and DNA from 14 species representing five mammalian orders suggests that the MHCLA genes evolved rapidly in the Cetartiodactyla. Previous findings demonstrating that ULBPs serve as ligands for the NK cell NKG2D stimulatory receptor, and that this interaction can be blocked by a human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein that binds to ULBPs, suggests that the extensive divergence found among the cattle, human and mouse MHCLA homologues is due to selection exerted by viral pathogens.
Analysis of Initial Bubble Acceleration Using the Level-Set Method

A new axisymmetric level-set code for incompressible, multiphase flows using the vorticity-streamfunction formulation has been developed. The level-set method is well suited to treating multiphase flows having complex interface shapes that may undergo topological changes, such as merging and splitting of bubbles. The initial acceleration of a single air bub-ble in water has been analyzed and found to be approximately 3.3g, not 2g, which is the predicted value from an added mass analysis based on potentialflow theory.
Exploring the question: who is a librarian?

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to explore the reason behind the conflictual relationship between degreed librarians and non-degreed professionals in the library organization. Design/methodology/approach – This article takes the form of an opinion piece. Findings – The conflicts can be resolved using open communication and collaboration among colleagues. Originality/value – Resolving conflicts in the working relationship between degreed librarians and non-degreed professionals eliminates hostilities and jealousies and allows the library organization to serve the library customer with a far more united approach to customer service.
Early Entries Into Adult Roles Associations With Aggressive Behavior From Early Adolescence Into Young Adulthood

This study examines how early entries into adult roles are associated with aggressive and violent behavior occurring from early adolescence to young adulthood among 499 males and 578 females living in low-income, central-city neighborhoods. Among males, engagement in adult roles accounted for the relationship between higher levels of aggressive behavior during early adolescence and violence in young adulthood. Males who lived independently and males who were behind in school or not in school at age 19 and 20 years (regardless of labor force participation) were at increased risk of engaging in violence in young adulthood. Among females, the positive association between early adolescent aggressive behavior and violence in young adulthood persisted even after accounting for involvement in adult roles. For females, parenthood and independent living were associated with involvement in violence during young adulthood in varying ways depending on labor force participation.
Changes in the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors mark distinct stages of chondrogenesis in vitro and during chick limb skeletal patterning

Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of growth factors are key regulators of limb skeletal patterning and growth. Abnormal expression of FGFs or mutations in their receptors (fgfrs) result in skeletal disorders. Here we show that changes in the expression of fgfrs are intrinsic properties of differentiating cartilage. In mesenchymal micromass cultures differentiating into cartilage, as in ovo, fgfr 1 mRNA was found predominantly in undifferentiated, proliferating mesenchyme, fgfr 2 in precartilage cell aggregates, and fgfr 3 in differentiating cartilage nodules. Thus, our data suggest that switches in the expression of fgfr 1, 2, and 3 mRNAs are associated with phases of cartilage patterning both in vitro and in ovo, and mark distinct stages in the development of the limb skeleton. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Heteroepitaxy of cubic zirconia on basal and prismatic planes of sapphire

The epitaxial growth of yttria stabilized cubic zirconia produced via the solution precursor route deposited onto the basal and prismatic planes of sapphire was characterized. The evolution of the polycrystalline thin film was described with reference to two concurrent physical processes: abnormal grain growth due to the growth of grains with preferred orientations and a morphological instability which resulted in an uncovering of the substrate. X-ray diffraction, electron backscattering patterns (EBSP), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (plan- and cross-sectional view) were used to determine the epitaxial relation (normal and in-plane). The observed epitaxial orientations for the two substrate planes are listed in Table I. A computer search was used to determine the planar, near coincident site lattices (NCSL) for the observed normal epitaxial relations (c-plane: [001]ZrO2ll[0001]Al2O3; a-plane: [001]ZrO2‖[1210[Al2O3). The determined NCSL’s did include all the observed epitaxial relations, but also included others not observed within the same range of misfit and coincident site density.
Estimated cost efficacy of systemic treatments that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis

Background Newer psoriasis treatments tout higher efficacy but are generally more expensive. Objective We sought to estimate the cost efficacy of systemic psoriasis treatments that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Methods A literature review of systemic psoriasis treatments that have been approved by the FDA was performed for the primary end point of a 75% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI 75). Medication cost was referenced by wholesale acquisition cost (WAC), laboratory fees were obtained from the American Medical Association, and office visit fees are standard at our university. Total expenses were standardized by calculating cost per month of treatment considering the number needed to treat (NNT) to achieve PASI 75. Results Methotrexate ($794.05-1502.51) and cyclosporine ($1410.14-1843.55) had the lowest monthly costs per NNT to achieve PASI 75. The most costly therapies were infliximab ($8704.68-15,235.52) and ustekinumab 90 mg ($12,505.26-14,256.75). Monthly costs per NNT to achieve PASI 75 for other therapies were as follows: narrowband ultraviolet B light phototherapy ($2924.73), adalimumab ($3974.61-7678.78), acitretin ($4137.71-14,148.53), ustekinumab 45 mg ($7177.89-7263.99), psoralen plus ultraviolet A light phototherapy ($7499.46-8834.98), and etanercept ($8284.71-10,674.89). Limitations Drug rebates and incentives, potential adverse effects, comorbidity risk reduction, ambassador programs, and combination therapies were excluded. Conclusion Our study provides meaningful cost efficacy data that may influence psoriasis treatment selection.
Effects of apomorphine and amphetamine on patterns of locomotor and investigatory behavior in rats

Rats were tested in a Behavioral Pattern Monitor after various doses of either amphetamine or apomorphine in order to characterize their behavioral profiles, including patterns and sequences of holepokes, rearings and locomotor movements. To enable direct comparisons between the behavioral effects of the two stimulants, doses and times for each drug were selected with which locomotor hyperactivity was the predominant behavioral response. Although both drugs increased the total amount of locomotor activity, amphetamine induced a relatively varied behavioral profile while apomorphine induced repetitive behavior with a restricted range of responses. These contrasting effects of the stimulants were interpreted as reflective of their differing modes of action with regard to central dopaminergic systems. It is suggested that, in the dose range used, the release of dopamine by amphetamine is coupled to neuronal firing and therefore this release increases behavioral activity without altering the normal response repertoire of the animal. Conversely, the direct agonist action of apomorphine results in a restricted and perseverative behavioral pattern because its activation of forebrain dopamine receptors is independent of the normal physiological pattern of dopaminergic neuronal firing.
Speciation, Luminescence, and Alkaline Fluorescence Quenching of 4-(2-Methylbutyl)aminodipicolinic acid (H2MEBADPA)

4-(2-Methylbutyl)aminodipicolinic acid (H2MEBADPA) has been synthesized and fully characterized in terms of aqueous phase protonation constants (pKa's) and photophysical measurements. The pKa's were determined by spectrophotometric titrations, utilizing a fully sealed titration system. Photophysical measurements consisted of room temperature fluorescence and frozen solution phosphorescence as well as quantum yield determinations at various pH, which showed that only fully deprotonated MEBADPA2– is appreciably emissive. The fluorescence of MEBADPA2– has been determined to be quenched by hydroxide and methoxide anions, most likely through base-catalyzed excited-state tautomerism or proton transfer. This quenching phenomenon has been quantitatively explored through steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. Utilizing the determined pKas and quenching constants, the fluorescent intensity of MEBADPA2– has been successfully modeled as a function of pH.
SAFETY AND PATIENT ACCEPTABILITY OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN IN 10% MALTOSE

Abstract The safety and patient acceptance of two preparations of modified (reduced and alkylated) immune globulin for intravenous use were evaluated; one preparation was formulated as a 5% solution in 10% maltose (IGIV-maltose), the other did not contain maltose (IGIV). In this double-blind trial each of 29 immunodeficient patients received three consecutive monthly infusions (100 or 150 mg/kg immune globulin) of one preparation before being crossed over to the other. Only 3 of 29 patients had adverse reactions when on IGIV-maltose, compared with 22 who had side-effects during infusions of IGIV (p
M.V. Volkenstein, evolutionary thinking and the structure of fitness landscapes.

Abstract High dimensional fitness landscapes are robustly dominated by saddle points, not isolated peaks. We present an argument to this effect that is reminiscent of May's complexity stability analysis and trace out the significance for the dynamics of speciation, the connection between the neutral and punctuated aspects of evolution and evolution on moving landscapes. The paper is written in honor of M.V. Volkenstein (October 23rd, 1912–February 18th, 1992), who devoted his last papers to uniting dynamics with evolutionary thinking.
THE BIOLOGIC ROLE OF TRIGLYCERIDES AS ANTIOXIDANTS. ▴ 2103

The biologic response to pulmonary oxygen toxicity is highly varied, depending on such disparate factors as gestational age, gender, hormonal milieu and nutrition. Studies of the relationship between these biologic variables and classic antioxidant mechanisms have failed to support a causal relationship, leaving the biologic nature of this antioxidant mechanism unknown. Alternatively, cellular triglycerides have been found to act as antioxidants in a number of cell types, including endothelium, epithelium, and fibroblasts, both in vivo and in vitro. Our studies of the ontogeny of fetal rat lung fibroblast TG metabolism have revealed that it is regulated by both glucocorticoids and androgens which increase or decrease the TG content of these cells in utero. For example, there is a 5-fold difference between day 18 and 21 fibroblast TG content and a 73±17% difference between day 20 male and female fibroblasts, resulting in significant differences in survival of these cells when challenged with H2O2 (50 v. 97% (p<.01), 47 v. 82% (p<.01), day 18 v. 21, male v. female, respectively. To directly test the antioxidant effect of TG, day 19 FRLF were treated with DEX (1×10-8M) or DEX + DHT(1×10-7M) and challenged with H2O2. Steroid treatments per se had no effect on cell survival; however, 24 hour exposure to 20% serum resulted in significant differences (control 58%, DEX 97%*, DEX + DHT 62%; *p<.01), providing direct evidence that the steroid effect on antioxidant function is TG-dependent. These hormonal effects on the accumulation of extra-cellular TGs provide a unifying mechanism for the seemingly disparate biologic variables (gestational age, gender, hormonal milieu, nutrition) associated with pulmonary oxygen toxicity.
Incorporation and subcellular distribution of an unnatural phospholipid base-analog, N-isopropylethanolamine, in rat liver

Abstract An unnatural phospholipid, phosphatidyl-N-isopropylethanolamine, was isolated from rat liver after intraperitoneal injections of N-isopropylethanol amine; it was identified on the basis of enzymic, chemical, and Chromatographic analyses. Although this phospholipid was formed at the expense of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, its fatty acid composition did not resemble either of these lipids. Microsomes, mitochondria, and plasma membranes contained significant amounts (up to 9%) of this unusual phospholipid. Radioisotope incorporation experiments suggest that the N-isopropylethanolamine containing phospholipid is rapidly equilibrated between microsomes and mitochondria and more slowly with surface membranes.
Autonomous replication of a DNA fragment containing the chromosomal replication origin of the human c-myc gene.

The c-myc genes of HeLa cells are preferentially replicated in the transcriptional direction, from chromosomal origin sequences which display cell type-specific activity. Using a run-off replication assay involving in vitro extension of replication forks initiated in intact HeLa cells, bidirectional replication was observed to begin within a 3.5 kb domain 5' to the c-myc gene. To characterize the replication origin further a 2.4 HindIII-Xhol subfragment of the c-myc 5' flanking DNA was cloned in a selectable vector and transfected into HeLa cells. The resulting pNeo.Myc-2.4 construct persisted as a circular extrachromosomal element for more than 300 cell generations under selection, with recovery of approximately 500-1000 times the mass of plasmid initially introduced into the cells. Extrachromosomal circular pNeo.Myc-2.4 monomer was reisolated in supercoiled form, along with oligomeric and miniplasmid variants which had been generated in vivo; however, chromosomally integrated copies of the plasmid were not detectable in cultures containing extrachromosomal pNeo.Myc-2.4. The recovered pNeo.Myc-2.4 plasmid was resistant to Dpnl digestion and sensitive to Mbol digestion. After transfection with pNeo.Myc-2.4 BrUdR pulse labeling of long-term or short-term cultures demonstrated that the plasmid replicated semiconservatively, under controls similar to those imposed on chromosome replication. Bisection of the pNeo.Myc-2.4 insert suggested that c-myc 5' flanking DNA within 1.2 kb 5' to promoter P1 was sufficient to confer autonomously replicating sequence activity on the plasmid vector in transient replication assays.
Context-dependent kin discrimination in larvae of the marbled salamander,Ambystoma opacum

The context-dependent nature of kin discrimination was examined in larvae of the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum. In a graphical analysis, relationships between aggression and social and ecological factors were explored. Increasing relatedness between individuals was predicted to reduce aggressive encounters, except when correlates of fitness (e.g. body size) diVered between individuals and/or when environmental conditions increased the profitability of aggression. These predictions were tested in a multifactorial experiment in which genetic relatedness, food quantity, relative body size and the potential for physical encounters were manipulated. The eVects of each factor and their interactions on larval aggression and correlates of fitness (body size and timing of metamorphosis) were examined. Frequency of aggression depended upon an interaction between kinship, food quantity and relative larval size. Thus, in accordance with our graphical model, kinship-based aggression varied in a context-dependent fashion. Low food level reduced body size and increased the time required to reach metamorphosis. When larvae were not separated by a barrier, growth was inhibited in the smaller, but not the larger, individual of a pair. Moreover, the larval period was significantly shortened in chambers where barriers were absent. Neither kinship nor initial relative size, either alone or in combination with the other factors, significantly aVected larval performance. These results show that the frequency of larval aggression in A. opacum depends upon prevailing social and environmental conditions; however, the influence of aggression on larval growth and metamorphosis remains unclear. Previous inferences regarding context-dependent kin discrimination in amphibians have been based on independent, interspecific studies or concurrent, intraspecific comparisons between individuals of alternative mor- phologies. The present results provide direct evidence that simultaneous variation in multiple socio- ecological factors may alter aggression in a single amphibian species in which kin discrimination is known to occur. ? 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
When Primary Campaigns Go Negative: The Determinants of Campaign Negativity

Standard investigations of both campaign negativity and primary elections focus on either the electoral institutions or the primary voters. In this article, we begin to explore the factors affecting the content of the information environment voters face by examining the effects of timing and electoral context on which primary races are likely to become negative and when. Using a content analysis of newspaper coverage of every contested Senate primary in 1998, and binary time-series cross-sectional methods, we demonstrate that negativity is an interdependent function of the timing of the race, the status of the Senate seat, and the number and quality of the challengers in the primary.
Suppressing long tail in impulse response of MSM photodetectors using slow hole current subtraction

Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors with three contacts are proposed for subtracting slow hole currents for a shorter impulse response. The long tail, due to these slow holes, was eliminated using an MSM photodetector with three contacts. The measured FWHM of the device was 12.9 ps, and the tail was effectively removed.
Gender-role orientations in older child-free and expectant couples

Psychosocial aspects of variant fertility decisions were investigated to determine factors that differentiate individuals who chose to become parents for the first time after age 30 and their peers who chose to remain child free. Forty women, aged 30 to 38, half of whom were child free and half expecting their first child, and 34 of their husbands were interviewed and completed the Role Questionnaire. The pattern of data suggests that the relatively traditional gender-role orientations of the expectant individuals may be an important factor that discriminates the two groups. The Rapoports' concept of “identity tension line” is used to integrate the results of the study and to explore findings that indicate different degrees of traditionalism in regard to work and family roles.
Cathodic arc deposition technology

Abstract Cathodic arc deposition is a unique technology. An arc spot on a cathode generates a plasma consisting of cathode material with a high degree of ionization. The high concentration of ions allows control of film morphology, high adhesion, efficient reactive deposition of compounds and uniform deposition over a variety of shapes. The composition of the alloys is generally retained from source to substrate. Deposition rates cover a wide range from nanometers per minute to tens of micrometers per minute. Many aspects of the technology warrant further study and its applications are only just beginning.
Impact of Internal Mammary Artery Conduit on Long-term Outcomes After Percutaneous Intervention of Saphenous Vein Graft

Background— The influence of an internal mammary artery (IMA) graft on long-term outcomes after percutaneous saphenous vein graft (SVG) intervention is currently unknown. Methods and Results— To examine the impact of IMA on outcomes in patients undergoing SVG interventions, we analyzed 2119 patients from the Duke Cardiovascular Disease Database (1986–2003) with prior coronary artery bypass surgery undergoing cardiac catheterization who had at least 1 SVG graft. Patients were categorized into 4 groups: group I, SVG intervention and patent IMA; group II, no SVG intervention and patent IMA; group III, SVG intervention without patent IMA; and group IV, no SVG intervention without patent IMA. At a median follow-up of 4.8 years (interquartile range, 2.1 to 8.8 years), adjusted survival rates in groups I, II, III, and IV were 72.8%, 72.3%, 64.5%, and 58.9%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling showed similar survival for groups I and II ( P =0.63) and for groups III and IV ( P =0.33). The presence of IMA graft was related to lower long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.82), whereas SVG intervention was not associated with long-term mortality (adjusted HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.10). In contrast, the adjusted event-free rates for nonfatal myocardial infarction were lower in the SVG intervention groups (groups I and III) than in the non-SVG intervention groups (groups II and IV) (HR for SVG intervention versus no SVG intervention, 3.19; 95% CI, 2.18 to 4.66), with the presence of patent IMA conferring no significant benefit on this outcome (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.91 to 2.08). Conclusions— In patients undergoing SVG interventions, survival, but not nonfatal myocardial infarction, is favorably influenced by the presence of patent IMA. In contrast, SVG intervention had no measurable survival benefit but was associated with an increased risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction.
SLEEP CYCLES AND SKIN POTENTIAL IN NEWBORNS STUDIED WITH A SIMPLIFIED OBSERVATION AND RECORDING SYSTEM

A simple visual observation system, supplemented by measurement of skin potential, was devised for developmental studies of sleep cycles in settings where multiple electrode placement is not practicable. The findings replicated essential features of quiet and active sleep cycles which had been reported previously to exist against the background of decreasing level of physiological arousal, as sleep proceeds. Twelve newborns showed approximately one-half of their inter-feeding sleeping time in the rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Skin potential rapidly declined from the waking level, continued to decrease in level throughout sleep, increased in variability during REM sleep, and increased in level at the second waking period.
Free boundary conditions at austenite-martensite interfaces

A mathematical model is presented for the dynamical strain-stress response of shape memory wires. This model is based on a free boundary problem for the heat equation which incorporates bistable potentials together with a physical constant, independent of stress or temperature, which accounts for mechanically dissipative processes. An expression in closed form is derived for one of the most important observables, namely the width of the hysteresis loops as a function of the elongation rates. Excellent agreement with experimental results is observed.
GP-grid image interpolation and denoising for division of focal plane sensors

Image interpolation and denoising are important techniques in image processing. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of Gaussian processes (GP) regression for interpolation and denoising of image data. However, exact GP regression suffers from 0 (N 3 ) runtime for data size N, making it intractable for image data. Our GP-grid algorithm reduces the runtime complexity of GP from 0 (N 3 ) to 0 (N 3 1 2 ). We provide comprehensive mathematical model as well as experimental results of the GP interpolation performance for division of focal plane polarimeter. The GP interpolation method outperforms the commonly used bilinear interpolation method for polarimeters.
Aerodynamic Instability Effects on Compressor Blade Failure: A Root Cause Failure Analysis

Diagnosing the root cause of compressor blade failures by high cycle fatigue (HCF) is elusive for gas turbines with a long history of successful operation; long operating times preclude design, fabrication, and material defect issues that are usually associated with short term failures. Long exposure time might implicate erosion or corrosion issues for compressor failures. An investigation of 3rd stage stator vane and 4th stage rotor blade failure in a Frame 7 gas turbine revealed that aerodynamic excitations associated with mild compressor instability (undetected by installed sensors) was the most probable cause. A Blade Vibration Audit (BVA) approach exploits information collected and compared from independent sources: 1) Fracture mode details and expected failure stress levels estimated in metallurgical examination; 2) Aerodynamic excitations due to internal airfoil wakes, rotating stall, and flutter applied to vibratory stress response data obtained by modal testing to estimate relative operating stress levels; 3) Design margins deduced from successful operating experience, which establish a base line for comparison with the excitation sources considered likely. Diagnosis of HCF failure causes must produce results that match observations of the specific failures in three ways: 1) The airfoils must be in resonance for sufficient time for fatigue to occur, 2) The vibratory stress must be greater at the failure location than elsewhere, and 3) The causal effect must significantly increase the stress at the failure location to be more than elsewhere. The analysis showed that the 3rd stator vane failed at 2/3 span, which led to 4th blade failure due to subsequent adverse aerodynamic excitation and impact damage. The most likely cause of the 3rd stator vane failure was a combination of resonant excitation from excessive wakes of the downstream rotor blades and flutter associated with mild intermittent surge.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An analysis of a spectrogram of the aurora of 11 February 1958, in the wavelength range 3710-4420 Å

A spectrum of the early stages of the great aurora of 11 February, 1958, covering the wavelength range 3710–4420 A at a dispersion of 22 A/mm shows several unusual features. The most striking of these are the lines of the 3d–4f transition array of NII which lie at excitation potentials 4·6 eV above those of the usually observed NII lines. The (0,0) and (0,1) bands of the N2+ first negative system indicate rotational temperatures of from 225°K for the lines with low K-numbers, to 575° for high K-numbers. The (2,12) and (1,12) Vegard-Kaplan bands of N2 yield uncertain rotational temperatures with a lower limit of 800°K.
Light a Lamp in a Rock: Experimental Poetry in Contemporary China

The controversy over experimental poetry in the post-Mao period is not only unprecedented in the history of Communist China but,judging from its scope and ramifications, is probably second in its significance only to the literary revolution of 1917 in which modem Chinese poetry was born. Generating hundreds of articles since late 1979 (Yu and Li, 1988), the controversy involves primarily the Menglongshivariously translated as Poetry of Shadows, Opaque Poetry, Obscure Poetry, or Misty Poetry (McDougall, 1983; Palandri, 1984; Tay, 1985; Yip, 1985; Barm6 and Minford, 1987)-roughly from 1979 to 1984, and secondarily the so-called Post-Menglong poetry, alternately known as Poetry of the Third Generation, Poetry of the Fifth Generation, Poetry of the Newborn Generation, or avant-garde (xianfeng) poetry, in the past seven years or so (Wan, 1985; Shang, 1986; Nai and Long, 1986; Wang Gan, 1987). Although post-Mao experimental poetry embraces many distinct styles, advances divergent aesthetic views, and is far from a monolithic movement, on the whole it embodies a conscious departure from the official Communist ideology and a vigorous search for an alternative discourse beyond the pale of the dominant discourse. In what follows, I briefly examine the salient features of this poetry as it has developed since the late 1970s. The term "establishment" will be used to refer to poets and critics whose views on poetry conform closely with the political-literary orthodoxy, although they do not necessarily hold positions in the Communist Party or consciously espouse the official stand. The fact that some poets, such as Ai Qing (b. 1910) and Gong Liu (b. 1927), were victims of earlier political movements but nevertheless take part in the criticism of and opposi-
Practical use and risk of modafinil, a novel waking drug.

Objectives: Modafinil is a waking drug prescribed to narcolepsy patients, but its usage among healthy individuals is increasing to enhance their alertness or to mitigate fatigue. This study was conducted to investigate practical use and toxic effects on neuro-immune interaction of modafinil. Methods: This study reviewed the significance of psychoactive drugs, and discussed the benefits and risks of the application of modafinil, which seems to be ideal as an anti-psychotic or anti-fatigue agent. Results: Modafinil is known to have less or no adverse effects than those found in traditional psychostimulants such as amphetamine, methylphenidate or cocaine. It can be applied as an anti-psychotic or anti-fatigue agent. However, the waking mechanism of modafinil is yet to be fully revealed. Recent studies reported that modafinil may be subject to abuse and addiction. In addition prolonged sleeplessness induces stress responses and impairs immune function. Conclusions: Modafinil can be used by anyone, who wishes to work late, stay awake, enhance their cognitive reactions, or brighten their moods. Users may already be under a great level of stress, i.e. cancer patients or soldiers in a battle field. A psychoneuroimmunological approach is thus needed to investigate the multi-functional effects of modafinil.
Highly sensitive measurement of changes in optical properties of scattering media with OCT

We studied capability of OCT technique to detect small changes in scattering coefficient of media simulating tissues (aqueous suspensions of polystyrene microspheres and milk). The scattering coefficient of the phantoms was altered by varying glucose concentration. Highly sensitive measurement of the scattering coefficient changes (1.5%) was obtained with OCT system.
Structure development in the melt spinning of nylon 66 fibers and comparison to nylon 6

The development of crystallinity and orientation during the melt spinning of nylon 66 was investigated. Nylon 66 was found to crystallize in the spinline to form the Bunn-Garner α-triclinic structure. This behavior differs from that of nylon 6. Nylon 66 was found to develop lower crystalline orientation than nylon 6 under comparable spinning conditions.
Polymeric Fluorosurfactant‐Mediated Perfluorocarbon Emulsions

Polymeric fluorosurfactants, using poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) or PDMA copolymers containing acrylic acid (AA) or 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) comonomers were synthesized by copolymerization of DMA, DMA/AA, or DMA/AMPS and methacrylates composed of 1,1‐dihydroperfluorodecanoyl groups separated from the methacrylate by polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups with molecular weights ranging from 1 to 6 kD. The stability of aqueous perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions mediated by these polymeric fluorosurfactants was found to be affected by polymer concentration, ionic comonomer content, perfluoroalkyl (RF) comonomer content, and PEG spacer length. Thus, emulsion stability characterized by average particle size and morphology was improved by increased AA or AMPS content (up to 30 weight percent), increased PEG chain length and RF comonomer content, and greater polymer concentration.
Using a microcomputer for on-line psychiatric assessment

The on-line computer-assisted psychiatric system has been shown to be effective in bringing about an improvement in mental health service delivery. However, it was initially developed on a computer system that was too costly for most potential users. The present paper describes the approach used to implement the on-line assessment system on an inexpensive microcomputer, the PDP-11 V03.
GERBIL BRAIN-STEM AUDITORY-EVOKED RESPONSES TO MAXIMUM LENGTH SEQUENCES

This study evaluated the feasibility of obtaining brain‐stem auditory‐evoked responses (BAERs) to trains of clicks with average rates of up to 500 clicks per second in the gerbil, in order to evaluate BAER behavior at rates higher than those possible in conventional averaging, and to evaluate whether these higher rates allow obtaining BAERs more efficiently. Gerbils were anesthetized with Nembutal, and normothermia was maintained with a homeothermic blanket system. Pseudorandom pulse trains, called maximum length sequences (MLSs), were generated by an Ariel DSP‐16 board housed in an IBM‐AT. Electrical activity was recorded with Grass needle electrodes placed subdermally. This activity was amplified and filtered by a Nicolet Compact Four, and digitized by the A/D of the Ariel DSP‐16. Clicks were presented at levels of 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 dB pSPL. Conventional BAERs were obtained at a rate of 30 Hz. MLS BAERs were obtained by presenting MLS pulse trains which were comprised of 64 pulses. Following collection of the response to MLS pulse trains, the MLS BAER was obtained by cross correlating the response with a recovery sequence. The minimum time between pulses is called the minimum pulse interval (MPI). MLS BAERs were obtained for MPIs of 6, 4, 2, and 1 ms. BAERs were obtained in ten young adult gerbils for all rate by click‐level conditions. BAERs were observed in all animals for all click levels and rates. Generally, with increasing click level there were decreases in peak latencies and increases in peak amplitudes. With increasing rate (decreasing MPI), there were increases in peak latencies, increases in the i–iv interval, and decreases in peak amplitudes. Computations suggested the the most efficient rate (i.e., the rate producing a constant signal‐to‐noise ratio response in the least amount of time) is not necessarily the fastest rate, but depends on the BAER peak and click level.
Advances in FIV vaccine technology

Advances in vaccine technology are occurring in the molecular techniques used to develop vaccines and in the assessment of vaccine efficacy, allowing more complete characterization of vaccine-induced immunity correlating to protection. FIV vaccine development has closely mirrored and occasionally surpassed the development of HIV-1 vaccine, leading to first licensed technology. This review will discuss technological advances in vaccine designs, challenge infection assessment, and characterization of vaccine immunity in the context of the protection detected with prototype and commercial dual-subtype FIV vaccines and in relation to HIV-1.
Nucleotide sugars: Determination of cellular levels and discrepancies in results

Two important questions exist: (1) what are true cellular UDP-hexose levels, and (2) is there a difference between galactosemic patients and controls? Various laboratories have published cellular levels of uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-gal) [1-4, 6, 7]. The discrepancies in their results caused controversy. My first assumption regarding the discrepancies was the known instability of UDP-gal. Different conditions for extraction, storage etc. may influence the final results. In our method [7] we have kept washed red cells frozen and extracted them by heating just before the analysis. However, Segal and co-workers have commented during this meeting that there were no differences in the values when different extraction methods were used. My second assumption was that the lower values produced by the spectrophotometric method [2-4, 6] may be caused by the inhibition of epimerase by NADH generated in the reaction mixture by UDP-glucose dehydrogenase. However, all groups now use the two-step procedure which would eliminate this effect [2-4, 6]. The radioisotopic method [7] used in our laboratory is a simple and sensitive procedure but has two major pitfalls: first, the inhibition of uridyltransferase by galactose-1phosphate, and second, the lack of specificity (it measures not only UDP-gal, but also other uridine diphosphate sugars such as UDP-glucose). The first difficulty was overcome by diluting the cells sufficiently, and for the latter the values should be changed to UDP-hexose instead of UDP-gal. Ng and his group [2, 4, 6], who found generally higher UDP-gal concentrations than Kirkman [3], repeatedly reported a decreased cellular UDP-ga l level in galactosemic tissues, and so did Ornstein et al. for fibroblasts [5]. In contrast, Kirkman [3] showed no difference in red cells, nor did Keevill et al. in fibroblasts [8]. In red cells, on the other hand, Holton and Segal reported some differences in the UDP-gal concentration during this meeting. Kirkman ascribed the higher UDP-gal levels obtained by Ng to impure UDP-glucose dehydrogenase [3]. It is interesting to note that Ng's normal red cell values are about 400% higher than those of Kirkman, but those of galactosemics only about 150%-200%. Furthermore, Palmieri et al. [6] found that the red cell UDP-gal concentration was higher in children than in adults, which was again in contrast with the findings of Kirkman who found somewhat lower concentration in children [3].
Competition between hydrogen abstraction and halogen displacement in the reaction of Br with CH3I, CH3Br, and CH3Cl.

Sudden ozone depletion events in the marine boundary layer are associated with jumps in the CH3Br mixing ratio, but current models of atmospheric chemistry explain neither the ozone depletion nor the CH3Br spikes. We have used ab initio theory to predict the forward and reverse rate constants for the competing hydrogen abstraction and homolytic substitution (SH2) channels of the title reactions. Including the spin−orbit stabilization of the transition structures increases the rate constants by factors between 1.3 and 49. For the atmospherically relevant case of CH3I, our findings suggest that the hydrogen abstraction and homolytic substitution reactions are competitive. The predicted branching fraction to CH3Br is about 13%.
Quiet: A reduced noise finite element model for tidal circulation

Abstract The model described herein uses the vertically averaged wave equation and momentum equations to simulate two-dimensional tidal flow. The model uses quadratic isoparametric elements in space and a new explicit in time scheme to compute surface elevations and velocities which are essentially noise-free. The model is shown to be efficient in that it requires the solution of no matrices. A sample application to the southern North Sea demonstrates the utility of the model.