cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for molecular MRI

Significant progress has been made in the field of molecular imaging. Guiding application of this technology has been the need to test, in vivo and in real time, hypotheses developed in multiple scientific fields. Because of the superb anatomical resolution already available with MR imaging several investigators have attempted to develop MR molecular imaging agents that would be useful to image gene expression and cellular biochemistry in vivo. Significant advances have been made and it is now possible to use MR for the detection and/or imaging of enzyme activity, protein and RNA levels, protein-protein interactions, pH changes, receptor activity, and calcium fluxes. The future for molecular MR imaging will include imaging based on information contained in complex molecular signatures and will render 3D images describing complex biochemical phenomena.
The Bayesian equation and psychosis

Sir, Chambon et al . (2011) use the Bayesian equation to design an exacting experiment to differentiate the responses of psychotic subjects and controls in a variety of ‘mentalizing’ tasks. Psychotic subjects correctly inferred basic non-social intentions, but in the non-social superordinate condition they relied on prior expectations over sensory evidence, a finding that correlated with positive symptoms. Social paradigms showed less dependence on prior conditions and more reliance on sensory evidence, which correlated with negative symptoms. What conclusions might be drawn if one were to apply their results and the Bayesian equation directly to psychosis in vivo as typically observed in clinical practice? Clinical experience suggests that the errors in judgement in psychosis involve particular combinations and exaggerations of biases found in non-psychotic individuals (Bentall et al ., 2001), coupled with departures from the Bayesian equation, which may be unique to psychosis. In the simplest form of the Bayesian equation, the probability that a belief ‘B’ is true\the probability it is not true, after receiving information ‘D’, is a function of four independent variables arrayed as two ratios, the likelihood ratio and the prior odds (PO) ratio (Fischoff and Beyth-Marom, 1983; Hemsley and Garety, 1986). The likelihood ratio is the information value of data D with respect to belief B being true (D true) divided by the information value of D for B being false (D false). The PO ratio is the likelihood of B being true in light of all experience prior to D (PO true) divided by the likelihood …
The cotherapy relationship: Special issues and problems in aids therapy groups

This paper examines the special issues and problems in the co-leadership relationship which arise in ongoing AIDS therapy and support groups. A brief review is given outlining some of the advantages and disadvantages of the coleader model. Specific attention is then paid to the issues/themes of physical deterioration of members, disfigurement, frequent absences, and members dying. Four particular patterns of interaction that develop between cotherapists are identified, illustrated, and discussed.
Flashback propensity of syngas fuels

Abstract This paper presents experimental measurements of the critical velocity gradient and flashback behavior of H2–CO and H2–CH4 mixtures. Effects of H2 concentration, external excitation, and swirl on the flashback behavior for flames of these fuel mixtures are discussed. For H2 concentration burner and scaling studies the critical velocity gradient (gF), defined as the ratio of the square of the laminar burning velocity to the thermal diffusivity of the mixture ( g F = S L 2 α ) , was used to quantify the flashback propensity of the flames. The critical velocity gradient of both H2–CH4 and H2–CO flames changed nonlinearly with the increase in H2 contents in the mixture. The critical velocity gradient (gF) of 5–95% and 15–85% H2–CO mixtures somewhat agreed with the scaling relation ( g F = c S L 2 α ) and yielded an average c value of 0.04. Similarly, values of a 25%H2-75%CH4 for different burner diameters were also fitted using the scaling relation yielding an average c value of 0.044. The gF values of 25–75% H2–CO mixture showed non-linear variation with the S L 2 / α ratio (especially for S L 2 / α > 19 , 000 s - 1 ), and at a lower S L 2 / α ratios burner diameter had small effect on critical velocity gradient measurements. The opposite trend was observed for a 25–75% H2–CH4 mixture showing non-linear variation at a lower S L 2 / α ratios (for S L 2 / α > 5600 s - 1 ) and having less effect at higher S L 2 / α ratios. It was also determined that the effect of external excitation on the flashback propensity of H2–CO flames with more than 5% H2 was not significant. Flashback through two mechanisms and their dependence on combustor parameters were also identified for swirl stabilized H2–CO flames.
Age-related muscle fatigue after a low-force fatiguing contraction is explained by central fatigue

The contribution of central fatigue during and after low- and high-force isometric contractions sustained until failure with age is not established. We compared the time to failure and changes in voluntary activation measured using motor point stimulation of 15 young and 15 old adults for an isometric contraction sustained with the elbow flexor muscles at 20% and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. Young adults had a briefer time to task failure than old adults for the 20% MVC fatiguing contraction, but a similar duration for the 80% task. Voluntary activation was reduced at the end of the 20% MVC task, but by greater magnitudes for old than young adults. The reduction in MVC torque after the low-force task was associated with the reduction in voluntary activation. After the 80% task, voluntary activation declined to similar levels for the young and old adults. Electromyographic activity levels (% MVC) of the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles during the fatiguing contraction were greater for the old than young for the 20% MVC task, but similar with age for the 80% MVC task. Our findings indicate that intensity and duration of contraction can be manipulated in young and old adults to induce varying magnitudes of fatigue within the central nervous system. Aging increases: (1) fatigue within the central nervous system immediately after a low-force fatiguing contraction, and (2) the potential for large neural adaptations during neuromuscular rehabilitation in old adults.
The Effect of Protective Pillars on the Deformation of Mine Shafts

Mine shafts have traditionally been protected by leaving the ore in the immediate surroundings of the shafts in place as a pillar. Empirical rules are used to determine the dimensions of these protective pillars. The face element principle introduced by Salamon has been used to compute functions which express the influence of mining in a horizontal seam on the rock mass above it. Values have been calculated for the tilt, distortion, horizontal and vertical strain, curvature, and vertical stress along a shaft for various values of Poisson's ratio, seam depth, pillar radius, mining geometry, and closure over the mined area. The results are compared with those obtained using empirical ideas, particularly the angle of draw concept in determining pillar size. It appears that the depth of the seam is of major significance and that no pillar is needed for the protection of a shaft when the mined seam is beyond a certain depth. On the other hand it is possible, at all depths, to replace the protective action of a shaft pillar by other mining schemes. A significant amount of information which has been published on experience gained during the mining of shaft pillars tends to indicate that in many mines shaft pillars are excessively large.
An extended meshfree method for boundary value problems

Abstract An extended meshfree method is presented for treating boundary value problems, where the total solution is expressed by a combination of particular and homogeneous solutions, each of which is assigned a specific role. The particular solution is any analytical (or numerical) expression satisfying the governing differential equation containing the source term but not necessarily the boundary conditions. A general method is presented for constructing this solution. Thus, the problem is reduced to a homogeneous equation where the original boundary conditions are modified by the particular solution. Herein, the meshfree method is used to solve this homogeneous equation, which involves a lower order behavior so that a relatively coarse discretization is acceptable. Several boundary value problems from potential theory as well as from shear deformable plate theory are solved, where linear exactness [Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 50 (2001) 435; Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 53 (2002) 2587] and bending exactness [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 193 (2004) 1065], respectively, are imposed in their meshfree approximation fields. Numerical results demonstrate that this extended meshfree approach significantly improves the solution accuracy with commensurately less computational effort compared to the conventional meshfree formulation.
Integrated System for Sensing and Traverse of Cliff Faces

A long duration robotic presence on lunar and planetary surfaces will allow the acquisition of scientifically interesting information from a diverse set of surface and sub-surface sites. The wide range of terrain types including plains, cliffs, sand dunes, and lava tubes will require the development of robotic systems that can adapt to possibly rapidly changing terrain. These systems include single as well as teams of robots. In this paper, we describe the development of an integrated suite of autonomous, adaptive hardware/software control methods called SMART (System for Mobility and Access to Rough Terrain) that enables mobile robots to explore potentially important science sites currently beyond the reach of conventional rover designs. SMART uses the behavior coordination mechanisms of CAMPOUT, a previously developed system for multi-agent control. For the specific application area of cliffside exploration, SMART consists of a distributed sensing system for cooperative map-making called MITSAF (Model-based Information Theoretic Sensing And Fusion), a mobility system for rappelling down a cliff and moving to a designated way-point, and science sample acquisition from the cliff face. We also report the results of some experimental studies on highly sloped cliff faces.
ON PHYSICAL ADSORPTION. XVI. THE PHYSICAL INTERACTION OF H$sub 2$, D$sub 2$, CH$sub 4$, AND CD$sub 4$ WITH GRAPHITE

The data of Constabaris, Sams & Halsey (1961) for adsorption of the isotopic pairs H$\_2$-D$\_2$ and CH$\_4$-CD$\_4$ by graphitized carbon black are interpreted in terms of a theory of the mobile adsorbed film, from which are deduced the potential energy of interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate and changes in translational, rotational and vibrational kinetic energies of the adsorbate molecules. These quantities are evaluated from the experimental data, and provide a description of the experimental adsorption isotherms and their variation with temperature: the results derived are compared and found to be in agreement with the thermodynamics of the process. The total adsorptive interaction for the systems considered is shown to result from two (and only two) contributions: the London-type dispersion forces between the adsorbate and the adsorbent, and the interaction due to the polarization of the adsorbate by the surface electric field. A calculation by Crowell & Steele (1961) of the dispersion force interaction between methane and graphite is found to be in excellent agreement with the value elicited from the experimental data by the present interpretation.
Riboflavin-mediated reduction of oxidant injury, rejection, and vasculopathy after cardiac allotransplantation.

Background Riboflavin is a well-known nutritional supplement that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties and protect tissue from oxidative damage. We hypothesized that riboflavin given during cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) might reduce subsequent acute rejection, after allotransplantation, and coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Methods A murine heterotopic cardiac transplantation model was used to test whether riboflavin improves I/R injury and acute/chronic rejection. Results Riboflavin significantly reduced oxidant production and inflammatory mediator production induced by I/R injury, as evidenced by decreased levels of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase activity, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Administration of riboflavin also improved graft survival and suppressed T-cell infiltration and donor-reactive alloantibody formation during the early period after allotransplantation. A murine long-term cardiac allograft model using immunosuppression (preoperative anti-murine CD4 and anti-CD8) was employed to investigate the effect of riboflavin against CAV at 60 days. Riboflavin-treated grafts exhibited a significant decrease in the severity of coronary artery luminal occlusion as compared with saline-treated grafts (17.4+/-1.8% vs. 43.5+/-5.6%, P=0.0012). However, there was no significant effect of riboflavin to reduce donor-reactive alloantibodies in this chronic model. Conclusions These data indicate that riboflavin improves early I/R injury and reduces the development of CAV, most likely due to alloantigen-independent effects such as reduced early graft oxidant stress. Riboflavin administered in the setting of cardiac allograft transplantation appears to be a powerful means to reduce early graft lipid peroxidation, leukocytic infiltration, and cytokine production as well as to suppress the late development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
Rocket-Borne Cryogenic Interferometer Spectrometer Used For An Artificial Auroral Measurement

A unique flexural pivot mirror translation system was used in the fabrication of a cryogenic Michelson interferometer spectrometer. Uniform cooling was obtained by placing the interferometer inside a convective atmosphere within a liquid nitrogen dewar. The interferometer was flown as part of the EXCEDE SPECTRAL rocket payload which also included electron accelerators to produce artificial auroras. The interferometer successfully measured infrared upper-atmospheric emissions within the spectral range 2.0 to 5.6 μm as induced by the pulsed electron accelerators. Observed emissions include the N2 Wu Benesch infrared system, the N2 McFarlane infrared system and CO2. In addition, H2O outgassing from the payload was observed. The 2 cm-1 spectral resolution of the interferometer clearly assisted in the unique identification of the dominant emissions based on their characteristic molecular band profiles.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A novel activating mutation in transmembrane helix 6 of the thyrotropin receptor as cause of hereditary nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism.

Constitutively-activating germline mutations of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene are very rare and are considered the cause of hereditary nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism. We describe four affecte...
Enabling Local Risk Assessment to Support Global Collaboration in a Distributed Environment

Risk is a crucial criterion for decision making among multiple stakeholders negotiating for an agreement in a distributed environment. The challenge here is that risk may have different meanings and implications to different stakeholders, and this creates considerable barriers to effective negotiation and coordination in collaborative design. Our goal is to 1) capture the heterogeneous risk information at intra- and inter- stakeholder levels, 2) represent them using a uniform structure based on a function-failure relationship, and 3) enable the negotiation of the risk information among the multiple stakeholders through this uniform structure. Though a significant number of existing methods for risk analysis and management have been developed, these methods mainly focus on the local domain of a certain single stakeholder, and few have considered the possible influence and variations related to global aspects that is important for negotiation among multiple, distributed stakeholders. This work develops intra-level risk property tables to capture and represent the various risk evaluations from individual members in a single stakeholder; and then inter-level risk property tables are formed based on the synthesis of the various intra-level risk properties into a group representation for the single stakeholder, which is directly used in global negotiation and coordination with other stakeholders. An adjustable approach is used in our work to enable the adjustability of the intra- and inter- level risk evaluations via negotiation. An example problem from a NSF/NEES-sponsored research collaborative network is used to demonstrate the use of this method. The preliminary results show that this method has potential in enabling local risk assessment to support global negotiation and coordination in a distributed, collaborative environment.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Estimating the Contributions of Selection and Self-Organization in RNA Secondary Structure

In addition to characteristic structural properties imposed by evolutionary modification, evolved, single-stranded RNAs also display characteristic structural properties imposed by intrinsic physical constraints on RNA polymer folding. The balance of intrinsic and functionally selected characters in the folded conformation of evolved secondary structures was determined by comparing the predicted secondary structures of evolved and unevolved (random) RNA sequences. Though evolved conformations are significantly more ordered than conformations of random-sequence RNA, this analysis demonstrates that the majority of conformational order within evolved structures results not from evolutionary optimization but from constraints imposed by rules intrinsic to RNA polymer folding.
Development of a novel lead master consisting of an offset sphere

Abstract During the calibration of gear inspection systems, special calibration masters, or artifacts, are often used. Lead masters are used for adjustment and calibration of the system’s lead generation axes and algorithms. This paper discusses the development of a novel lead master for system calibration consisting of an offset sphere. A curve along the surface of the sphere is used to simulate a helix. The calibration curve for the artifact is formulated. Critical design parameters are specified. In addition, the impact to the calibration curve attributable to measurement uncertainties for the design parameters is assessed. An example design is also presented.
Reasons to invest in adolescents.

This report consists of a review of the literature pertaining to adolescents, their risk behaviors and associated personal and societal costs, and protective factors. The view of adolescence presented here has important implications for working with adolescents. The report offers a framework that summarizes the major protective factors and risk factors that come into play in the lives of adolescents. The report makes recommendations for program structure and future research upon which to base program decisions.
Declining social support in adolescents prior to first episode psychosis: Associations with negative and affective symptoms

Social support for individuals with psychosis is associated with decreased symptom severity, improved outcomes, and recovery. In adolescents, declining social support prior to the first hospitalization has been shown to predict time to relapse, which may have implications for early intervention. Data were collected on adolescents (n=84) following a first hospitalization for a psychotic episode in order to examine how change in social support relates to the duration and type of untreated symptoms. Most adolescents experienced a decline in social support (n=46) prior to index hospitalization. Chi-square analyses showed that declining social support was related to negative symptoms and longer duration of untreated psychosis, whereas stable social support was associated with manic symptoms and diagnosis of Bipolar disorder. When entered together into a logistic regression model, the decline in social support was primarily explained by the type of symptoms, rather than by the duration of untreated symptoms. These findings are relevant for targeting psychosocial treatments toward adolescents who may have particular deficits in social support during the prodromal phase and first episode of psychosis.
Security development in Web Services environment

Web Services model provides secure interoperability across platforms, organizational boundaries, and multi-language applications. This model also allows independent applications to interact with each other safely without human intervention. To fully realize this functionality, the model needs to ensure security within Web Services environment. Presently, several security specifications are developed to meet the requirements of this newly developed collaborative environment.
Comparison of uniform asymptotic theory and Ufimtsev's theory of electromagnetic edge diffraction

High-frequency asymptotic solutions of electromagnetic edge diffraction by two different theories are studied. One is the uniform asymptotic theory which is a refinement of Keller's geometrical theory of diffraction. The other is Ufimtsev's theory of the edge wave, representing an improvedment over the classical physical optics theory. These two theories are summarized, their features compared, and their relations discussed. When the observation point is away from shadow boundaries and caustics, both uniform asymptotic theory and Ufimtsev's theory, up to (and including) order k^{-1/2} , agree with Keller's theory. Near or on shadow boundaries, uniform asymptotic theory gives an explicit field solution, while Ufimtsev's result contains a physical optics integral. The evaluation of that integral is not a trivial task. In a two-dimensional test problem, it is shown that both theories do give, up to order k^{-1/2} , an identical field solution everywhere including the edge, shadow boundaries, and transition regions.
Metabolism and activation of the pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine by isolated hepatocytes and pancreatic cells of the Syrian hamster

The metabolism of the pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-bis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) was studied using primary hepatocytes and acinar and duct cells isolated from Syrian hamsters. Metabolic activation of BOP was verified by detecting its conversion to CO2 covalently bound metabolites and soluble products containing the alpha-carbon of the nitrosamine. At concentrations below 0.2 mM, BOP was completely activated by hepatocytes within 60 min. At high substrate concentration (1 mM) or high cell density (5 x 10(6) cells/ml), reduction of BOP to N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl) (2-oxopropyl)amine and N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine contributed significantly to the metabolic profile. The conditions which favored metabolic activation of BOP were used to compare metabolism by hepatocytes and pancreatic cells. Under such conditions, the ratio of activation products formed by hepatocytes versus those formed by acinar cells was 14.5:1; the corresponding ratio for covalently bound metabolites was 19:1. Hepatocytes activated BOP 106 times more rapidly than duct cells as determined from yields of activation products or 152 times more rapidly as determined from labeling of cellular macromolecules. Acinar cells showed a higher capacity for metabolic activation than duct cells. The ratio for the yield of activation products from acinar versus duct cells was 4.3:1; the corresponding ratio for covalent binding was 5.8:1. The relatively low capacity of pancreatic cells for activation of BOP compared to hepatocytes is in agreement with the low levels of DNA binding in the pancreas compared to other organs after administration of BOP to the hamster in vivo. The observation that the ratio for total covalent binding of BOP in hepatocytes versus acinar cells was higher than that seen previously for the liver versus the pancreas in vivo is consistent with the hypothesis that alkylating agents derived from BOP reach the pancreas after formation in other organs. The liver would be the prime source for such alkylating agents.
Reconfigurable Block Floating Point Processing Elements in Virtex Platforms

This paper describes a project undertaken to simplify the implementation of high-throughput, low-power, numerically intensive applications on Virtex platforms. The system is a pipeline composed of block floating point processing elements. These combine the advantages of fixed-point and floating-point implementations: improved data accuracy (compared to fixed-point) while keeping the hardware resources to a minimum. The design is based on the DSP48E, a digital signal processing element or slice provided on certain Xilinx Virtex FPGAs. This implementation approach yields high throughput (550 MHz) and low power consumption. The key to this is implementing high-performance shifting and rounding modules in Virtex-5 platforms. The implementation can be easily ported to Virtex-6 and 7 Series FPGA families.
Admission pattern and diagnostic stability among unipolar and bipolar manic‐depressive patients

The instability of the diagnoses in a psychiatric register causes practical problems when groups of probands with specific diagnoses are selected for further studies. A cohort of 3,062 first admissions with at least one manic-depressive admission was followed for 5-7 years. 623 had at least one admission for mania and were considered bipolar. The percentage of patients who changed their diagnoses was highest at first readmission; at each later readmission about 10% of the bipolars and 25% of the unipolars changed from manic-depressive psychosis and a similar number changed from other diagnoses to manic-depressive psychosis. Compared with the diagnostic distribution of all register cases, reactive psychoses were more frequent than expected as former diagnoses and schizophrenia as later diagnosis. Neuroses and character deviations were frequent alternative diagnoses among unipolars, not among bipolars. The consequences of different selection criteria for the composition of proband groups are discussed.
‘I call the people.’ Church bells in fourteenth-century Catalunya

Bells were an inescapable part of fourteenth-century urban life. They signalled the hours of the day and times for prayers; they warned of tempests and enemy armies; they heralded masses, funerals, and deaths. The pealing of bells brought men, women, and children together, choreographing communal behaviour in time and space. Bells echoed the vox Domini, calling out the deaths of holy men and women, celebrating the working of miracles. The ubiquitous presence of bells reflected the omnipresence of God in the medieval world. Their echoes transformed private moments into collective experiences, elevating the mundane into the miraculous. Scholars have rarely examined the religious aspects of bells, looking instead at their more practical side, especially their utilisation as markers of time and the allegedly concurrent rise of mercantile culture. This article approaches bells from the viewpoints of those men and women who heard them and wanted them rung. Focusing on sources from Christian clerics, we see that...
Compact routing with minimum stretch

We present the first universal compact routing algorithm with maximum stretch bounded by 3 that uses sublinear space at every vertex. The algorithm uses local routing tables of size O(n2/3log4/3n) and achieves paths that are most 3 times the length of the shortest path distances for all nodes in an arbitrary weighted undirected network. This answers an open question of Gavoille and Gengler who showed that any universal compact routing algorithm with maximum stretch strictly less than 3 must use ?(n) local space at some vertex.
Multigrid acceleration of a relaxation procedure for the reduced Navier-Stokes equations

On applique la methode multigrille pour ameliorer la convergence d'une methode de relaxation iterative pour la resolution numerique des equations de Navier-Stokes reduites
Analysis of the Early Stages of Trunk Neural Crest Migration in Avian Embryos Using Monoclonal Antibody HNK-1

The monoclonal antibody HNK-1 was used to identify neural crest cells in serial sections of avian embryos to provide a detailed description of the distribution of trunk neural crest cells. The results indicate the presence of three migratory routes in the trunk: (1) a ventral pathway through the anterior sclerotome; (2) a ventral pathway between the neural tube and the posterior sclerotome; and (3) a dorsolateral pathway between the somites and ectoderm. Neural crest cells were first seen entering the anterior half of the sclerotome at about the time the somite begins to dissociate to form the dermomyotome and sclerotome, approximately 5–10 somites rostral to the most recently formed somite. In contrast, neural crest cells were never observed in the posterior sclerotome or in the perinotochordal space. The distribution of neural crest cells was compared with that of injected latex beads which were previously found to translocate along the ventral trunk neural crest pathway (Bronner-Fraser, Dev. Biol. 91, 130, 1982). During the early stages of neural crest migration, injected latex beads were found to extensively colocalize with cells stained by the HNK-1 antibody. Injected latex beads (78%) were found immediately adjacent to HNK-1 positive cells and another 11% were within one cell diameter. The results suggest that latex beads injected into the trunk somites are deposited onto a normal pathway of neural crest migration.
Dimensional Changes of the Human Left Ventricle Prior to Aortic Valve Opening A Cineangiographic Study in Patients with and without Left Heart Disease

Previous studies of the dynamic geometry of the left ventricle have yielded conflicting results concerning shape changes during the preejection period. Accordingly, left ventricular dimensional changes prior to aortic valve opening in man were analyzed using high-speed biplane cineradiograms exposed in the frontal and lateral projections. In each projection the long axis and three chords perpendicular to it were measured. In six patients without left ventricular disease there was a mean decrease in equatorial diameter of approximately 1 mm before aortic valve opening ( P
Microbial activities and phosphorus cycling: An application of oxygen isotope ratios in phosphate

Abstract Microorganisms carry out biochemical transformations of nutrients that make up their cells. Therefore, understanding how these nutrients are transformed or cycled in natural environments requires knowledge of microbial activity. Commonly used indicators for microbial activity typically include determining microbial respiration by O 2 /CO 2 measurements, cell counts, and measurement of enzyme activities. However, coupled studies on nutrient cycling and microbial activity are not given enough emphasis. Here we apply phosphate oxygen isotope ratios (δ 18 O P ) as a tool for measurement of microbial activity and compare the rate of isotope exchange with methods of measuring microbial activities that are more commonly applied in environmental studies including respiration, dehydrogenase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and cell counts. Our results show that different bacteria may have different strategies for P uptake, storage and release, their respiration and consequently expression of DHA and APase activities, but in general the trend of their enzyme activities are comparable. Phosphate δ 18 O P values correlated well with these other parameters used to measure microbial activity with the strongest linear relationships between δ 18 O P and CO 2 evolution ( r = −0.99). Even though the rate of isotope exchange for each microorganism used in this study is different, the rate per unit CO 2 respiration showed one general trend, where δ 18 O P values move towards equilibrium while CO 2 is generated. While this suggests that P cycling among microorganisms used in this study can be generalized, further research is needed to determine whether the microorganism-specific isotope exchange trend may occur in natural environments. In summary, phosphate oxygen isotope measurements may offer an alternative for use as a tracer to measure microbial activity in soils, sediments, and many other natural environments.
On the decision problem for theories of finite models

An infinite extension of the elementary theory of Abelian groups is constructed, which is proved to be decidable, while the elementary theory of its finite models is shown to be undecidable. Tarski’s proof of undecidability for the elementary theory of Abelian cancellation semigroups is presented in detail. Szmielew’s proof of the decidability of the elementary theory of Abelian groups is used to prove the decidability of the elementary theory of finite Abelian groups, and an axiom system for this theory is exhibited. It follows that the elementary theory of Abelian cancellation semigroups, while undecidable, has a decidable theory of finite models.
Immunotherapy of the nonobese diabetic mouse: treatment with an antibody to T-helper lymphocytes

Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was blocked in nonobese diabetic mice by treatment with a monoclonal antibody against the L3T4 determinant present on the surface of T-helper lymphocytes. Sustained treatment with the monoclonal antibody led to cessation of the lymphocytic infiltration associated with the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Moreover, the mice remained normoglycemic after the antibody therapy was stopped. These studies indicate that immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies to the lymphocyte subset may not only halt the progression of diabetes, but may lead to long-term reversal of the disease after therapy has ended.
An MHD simulation study of the dynamics of the 8–9 March 2008 CIR‐/HSS‐driven geomagnetic storm

We have carried out a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of a geomagnetic storm initiated by a corotating interaction region followed by a high-speed solar wind (HSS) stream that occurred on 8–9 March 2008. The event began with the arrival of a corotating interaction region (CIR) at ~0720 UT on 8 March. The stream interface arrived at Earth at ~1830 UT on 8 March, and the arrival of a second density enhancement (a second CIR) at ~0140 UT on 9 March resulted in the main phase of the storm, with a peak Dst of −97 nT at 0600 UT on 9 March. Our MHD simulation of the event, spanning the interval of 0400 UT on 8 March to 0800 UT on 9 March, shows that the arrival of the first CIR changes the configuration of the magnetotail, and that after a strong substorm at ~1230 UT on 8 March, the tail evolves into a churning state in which the magnetic topology and flow structure of the magnetotail are never steady. In addition, we find that increases in ring current energy density show a nearly one-to-one correspondence to periods of VxBz > 0 (southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)). More importantly, we find that the ring current energy density in the MHD simulation shows a nearly linear response to increases in solar wind dynamic pressure, but only for the northward IMF intervals during the initial phase of the event, from 0400 UT to 1800 UT on 8 March.
Studying Gene Expression: Database Searches and Promoter Fusions to Investigate Transcriptional Regulation in Bacteria

A laboratory project was designed to illustrate how to search biological databases and utilize the information provided by these resources to investigate transcriptional regulation in Escherichia coli. The students searched several databases (NCBI Genomes, RegulonDB and EcoCyc) to learn about gene function, regulation, and the organization of transcriptional units. A fluorometer and GFP promoter fusions were used to obtain fluorescence data and measure changes in transcriptional activity. The class designed and performed experiments to investigate the regulation of genes necessary for biosynthesis of amino acids and how expression is affected by environmental signals and transcriptional regulators. Assessment data showed that this activity enhanced students’ knowledge of databases, reporter genes and transcriptional regulation.
Managing the Work-Life Balancing Act: An Introductory Exercise.

Although work-life balance is an important issue for individuals and organizations, most organizational behavior textbooks devote only a few paragraphs to the topic or do not include it at all. This activity was designed to introduce or complement a lecture on work-life balance and does so by asking the students to consider work-life balance from both a personal and managerial point of view. The objective of the exercise is to demonstrate that employees’needs and interests are not necessarily in opposition to the organization’s interests and that working together to resolve work-life conflict can benefit both the employee and the organization.
Diagnostic Imaging in Oncology: Present and Future

Oncologie imaging has undergone revolutionary changes during the 1980s; a number of cross-sectional techniques introduced in the 1970s and some adopted in the 1980s have matured, permitting diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of therapy for cancer. Digital gray scale ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) with contrast media enhancement, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have become indispensable in clinical centers and have made diagnostic radiology one of the mainstays of oncologie medicine. Oncologie imaging also involves interventional radiology, which in the treatment of tumors may involve introduction of catheters into terminal arteries in order to permit tolerance of higher doses of chemotherapeutic agents with infusion pumps. Needle biopsies under imaging localization have practically eliminated exploratory laparotomies in the industrial world.
The Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture 2012: Plasticity of the visual system following central vision loss.

Following the onset of central vision loss, most patients develop an eccentric retinal location outside the affected macular region, the preferred retinal locus (PRL), as their new reference for visual tasks. The first goal of this article is to present behavioral evidence showing the presence of experience-dependent plasticity in people with central vision loss. The evidence includes the presence of oculomotor re-referencing of fixational saccades to the PRL; the characteristics of the shape of the crowding zone (spatial region within which the presence of other objects affects the recognition of a target) at the PRL are more ‘‘foveal-like’’ instead of resembling those of the normal periphery; and the change in the shape of the crowding zone at a para-PRL location that includes a component referenced to the PRL. These findings suggest that there is a shift in the referencing locus of the oculomotor and the sensory visual system from the fovea to the PRL for people with central vision loss, implying that the visual system for these individuals is still plastic and can be modified through experiences. The second goal of the article is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying perceptual learning, which capitalizes on the presence of plasticity, as a tool to improve functional vision for people with central vision loss. Our finding that visual function could improve with perceptual learning presents an exciting possibility for the development of an alternative rehabilitative strategy for people with central vision loss. (Optom Vis Sci 2013;90:520Y529)
Verification of tangential breast treatment dose calculations in a commercial 3D treatment planning system.

The accuracy of the photon convolution/superposition dose algorithm employed in a commercial radiation treatment planning system was evaluated for conditions simulating tangential breast treatment. A breast phantom was fabricated from machineable wax and placed on the chest wall of an anthropomorphic phantom. Radiographic film was used to measure the dose distribution at the axial midplane of the breast phantom. Subsequently, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were used to measure the dose at four points within the midplane to validate the accuracy of the film dosimetry. Film measurements were compared with calculations performed using the treatment planning system for four types of treatment: optimized wedged beams at 6 and 18 MV and two-dimensional compensated beams at 6 and 18 MV. Both the film- and TLD-measured doses had a precision of approximately 0.6. The film-measured doses were approximately 1.5 lower than the TLD-measured doses, ranging from 03 at 6 MV and 0.51 at 18 MV. Such results placed a high level of confidence in the accuracy and precision of the film data. The measured and calculated doses agreed to within 3 for both the film and TLD measurements throughout the midplane exclusive of areas not having charged particle equilibrium. Good agreement was not expected within these regions due to the limitations in both film dosimetry and the dose-calculation algorithm. These results indicated that the treatment planning system calculates doses at the midplane with clinically acceptable accuracy in conditions simulating tangential breast treatment. 2001 American College of Medical Physics.
Revision of Eminoculus Schuh (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae) from South Africa, with the Description of Five New Species

Abstract Eminoculus Schuh is revised and an updated diagnosis is presented for the genus. Seven species are recognized, five of which are described as new. Diagnoses, digital habitus photographs, illustrations of male and female genitalic structures, keys to both the males and females, and detailed locality are provided. Scanning micrographs of diagnostic morphological structures—the head, pronotum, scent-gland evaporatory area, vestiture, and pretarsus—are included for four species. A phylogenetic analysis is presented, using the South African species Lasiolabopella capeneri Schuh and the Nearctic Chlamydatus keltoni Schuh and Schwartz as outgroups. Host data are presented for 6 species, and patterns of host association with the “mesem” clade of the Aizoaceae are discussed.
Noncoordinate regulation of myelinogenic parameters in primary cultures of dissociated fetal rat brain

The developmental regulation of sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) synthesis, 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase activity (CNP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) accumulation, three markers characteristic of myelinogenesis, were observed in dispersed cultures of fetal rat brain in spite of the absence of the formation of compact, multilamellar myelin. Sulfatide synthetic rate and CNP activity began to increase by 8 days in vitro (DIV) (approximately comparable to days post-natal) and reached their maxima by 20 DIV. MBP began to accumulate after 14 DEV and reached a maximum by 38 DIV. Thus, the temporal regulation of the onset of expression of these parameters, which is coordinate in vivo, has been dissociated into two sequential periods in vitro. Similarly, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the subsequent decline of the net expression of these three parameters were dissociated. Whereas, the increase in the net CNP activity ceased on schedule, the decline of sulfatide synthetic rate was delayed 20 days, and the accumulation of MBP underwent a net loss. These data suggest that there are multiple parallel but separate mechanisms of temporal regulation controlling myelinogenic gene expression, and that, among them, those factors that control MBP accumulation are more sensitive to disruption by the rigors of dissociated culture.
Beyond the Totalitarian: Ethics and the Philosophy of Religion in Recent Hegel Scholarship

Recent developments in Hegel scholarship have been dominated by two waves. Focusing on his complex conception of freedom, the first has transformed the dominant view of his ethical and political thought. The second, which has dramatic consequences for the interpretation of his philosophy of religion, reads Hegel as extending rather than repudiating Kant's critical project. These ‘post-Kantian’ interpretations have rejected the view of Hegel's logic as principally metaphysical in favor of a reading that focuses on the spontaneous and social character of thought.
Narrative Research: A Comparison of Two Restorying Data Analysis Approaches:

People telling stories about their life experiences has rapidly gained legitimacy in educational research. This article presents seven elements of narrative research that represent the aspects of a narrative study and the criteria that might be used to assess the quality of a narrative project. The article focuses on one phase in narrative data analysis: ”restorying” or “retelling.” By highlighting restorying narrative, researchers can see how an illustrative data set, a science story told by fourth graders about their experiences in their elementary classroom, was applied to two analysis approaches. A comparison of the two narrative approaches, problem-solution and three-dimensional space, shows several common features and distinctions. As narrative researchers decide which approach to use, they might consider whether the story they wish to report is a broader wholistic sketch of the three-dimensional approach or a narrower linear structure of the problem-solution approach.
Investigation of a smooth bore harmonic cusp gun gyro-TWT

For the stability of any amplifier, it is desirable to suppress as many unnecessary circuit modes as possible. In this paper, the dispersion diagram for the Ka-band Cusp gun second-harmonic TE/sub 21/ gyro-travelling-wave-tubes (TWT) amplifier is given. The dispersion diagram shows the grazing intersection of the second-harmonic cyclotron resonance and the TE/sub 21/ mode of the circular waveguide circuit which represents the mode of operation. The diagram also shows other potential oscillating modes. The mode selective circuit is employed in the device to destroy the odd-order TE/sub m1/ modes is also given.
Sowing the Seeds: Anthropological Contributions to Agrobiodiversity Studies

Agrobiodiversity studies have been a longstanding and current research focus of anthropological inquiry. This article gives an overview of important ongoing anthropological topics of agrobiodiversity research including conservation, cultural memory, farmer decision making, and homegarden studies. It also points to future directions in agrobiodiversity research that have been understudied to date including agrobiodiversity and its relationship to climate change and migration, the potential marriage of agrobiodiversity and food studies, agrobiodiversity in the Global North, and the incorporation of agrobiodiversity into emergent sustainable/alternative agriculture systems. Agricultural anthropology is suggested as a potential holistic subdiscipline for incorporating anthropological studies of agrobiodiversity, which are currently not unified by any theoretical framework. [Keywords: agricultural anthropology, agrobiodiversity, food studies, sustainable agriculture]
A thin-film flexible capacitive tactile normal/shear force array sensor

A flexible capacitive normal/shear force sensor design is presented. Fabrication on a flexible polyimide substrate allows the sensor to be molded to nonplanar gripper surfaces. The ability to measure normal and shear forces will greatly advance the tactile sensing capabilities of articulated grippers. The structure of the sensor also provides the ability to integrate additional sensors into a tactile sensing system. Integration of sensors to measure temperature, humidity, and hardness would provide more complete tactile information. Articulated robotic grippers require complete tactile data to facilitate the ability to sense by touch. The ability to reliably perform grasp control and object recognition is directly linked to the tactile sensing capabilities of the gripper.