cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact area as the intuitive definition of contact CD based on aerial image analysis

As feature sizes continue to diminish, optical lithography is driven into the extreme low-k 1 regime, where the high MEEF increasingly complicates the relationship between the mask pattern and the aerial image. This is true in particular for twodimensional mask patterns, which are by nature much more complicated than patterns possessing one-dimensional symmetry. Thus, the intricacy of 2D image formation typically requires a much broader arsenal of resolution enhancement techniques over complex phase shift masks, including SRAFs and OPC, as well as exotic off-axis illumination geometries. This complexity on the mask side makes the printability effect of a random defect on a 2D pattern a field of rich and delicate phenomenology. This complexity is reflected in the dispute over the CD definition of 2D patterns: some sources use the X and Y values, while others use the contact area. Here, we argue that for compact features, for which the largest dimension is not wider than the PSF of the stepper optics, the area definition is the natural one. We study the response of the aerial image to small perturbations in mask pattern. We show that any perturbation creates an effect extending in all directions, thus affecting the area and not the size in a single direction. We also show that, irrespective of the source of perturbation, the aerial signal is proportional to the variation in the area of the printed feature. The consequence of this effect is that aerial inspection signal scales linearly with the variation of printed area of the tested feature.
Fox News Nation

The Fox News Network has received a lot of attention from political pundits, scholars and elected officials. At best, Fox News merely preaches to the choir of (already) conservative viewers. At worst, Fox News is polarizing viewers by moving their audience to the extreme right. Past research suggests that Fox News viewers hold more conservative attitudes and beliefs, but only on a limited number of questions. In this paper, I examine the political opinions of Fox News viewers on a wider range of political issues including both foreign and domestic policy. Specifically, I use data from the Pew Research Center to compare Fox News viewers to similar Americans that get news from other sources. The findings suggest that Fox News viewers hold more conservative opinions than the rest of the population, even when controlling for party identification and ideology. In fact, Independents watching Fox News are more likely to hold conservative opinions than Republicans in general. I argue that this disparity stems from selective exposure and distrust of mainstream news organizations. The data largely support this theory, as Fox News viewers tend to 1) hold unfavorable impressions of mainstream news sources and 2) avoid other news outlets such as CNN or broadcast news.
Courts as Diplomats: Encouraging an International Patent Enforcement Treaty Through Extraterritorial Constructions of the Patent Act

Although patent rights confer substantial market control within their territorial scope, globalization is increasingly threatening the value of patent protection. Under the current regime, innovators who enter the global marketplace must obtain patent protection in each jurisdiction where they hope to market their product, and they must litigate infringement claims separately in each of those states. The prohibitive cost of this regime has led many scholars and intellectual property law officials to call for a global patent enforcement treaty, but, despite years of negotiations, all efforts to draft such an agreement have failed.This Note examines the role that U.S. courts may play in promoting a global patent enforcement treaty. Drawing on an emerging line of statutory interpretation scholarship that encourages courts to rely on default rules that will promote desirable political action, it examines the two primary sources of judicial power in international patent law: extraterritorial application of the Patent Act and supplemental jurisdiction over foreign patent infringement claims. After concluding that a treaty-eliciting interpretive rule is appropriate in the context of a global patent enforcement treaty, the Note contends that a presumption in favor of extraterritoriality for the Patent Act is the more efficient way to provoke discord among the major economic powers and prod the international community to address the needs of innovators in the global economy.
USING ABSTRATION TO ISOLATE HARDWARE IN AN OBJECT-ORIENTED SIMULATION

A common problem faced in the design of an objectoriented simulation is how a complex simulation model should interface with the simulator hardware. This paper describes a design that isolates the hardware interface from the complex models of a simulation environment. A detailed description of the design is provided and the advantages and disadvantages of the design are discussed. A working example of the
Thimet Soil Treatments for the Control of Leaf Miners

Control of the birch leaf miner ( Fenusa pusilla (Lep.)), the holly leaf miner( Phytomyza ilicis (Curt.)), and the boxwood leaf miner ( Monarthropalpus (Lab.)) was obtained with 2% Thimet granules sifted onto the surface of the ground under the plants as far as their periphery. With the exception of small holly plants, the granules were not worked into the soil. In most instances watering was done to facilitate quick absorption of the systemic by the plants. April treatments gave good control of the first two broods of birch leaf miners, whereas June treatments were not so effective. Holly leaf miner was effectively controlled in large trees with 4 to 16 oz. and in small trees with 1 to 2 oz. of Thimet. Most boxwood leaf miners were destroyed with 0.08 to 0.32 oz. and somewhat less effective. results were obtained with 0.01 to 0.005 oz. of Thimet per average22-inchplant.
CLASS, POWER, KINSHIP AND SOCIAL COHESION: A CASE STUDY OF A LOCAL ELITE

Abstract This paper investigates the hypothesized dominance of the power structure of Detroit by a few families over several generations. Twelve families were identified as the established upper socioeconomic class in Detroit from 1900 to 1970. They appear to be caste-like, rather than class-like, in nature. These results are interpreted in the light of authors like Mills, Dahrendorf, and Zeitlin.
Parasitism of Elm Spanworm Eggs by Ooencyrtus clisiocampae in Connecticut

The elm spanworm, Ennomas subsignarius (Hubner), reached outbreak proportions in parts of Connecticut in 1970 and 1971. Over 655,000 acres of woodland were defoliated in 1971 by this insect and the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.) (J. F. Anderson, unpublished data). Examination of elm spanworm eggs during the summer and fall of 1971 revealed the presence of a previously unreported egg parasitoid, Ooencyrtus clisiocampae (Ashmead). The incidence of parasitism is reported herein. This parasitoid also parasitizes eggs of tent caterpillars, Malacosoma spp. (Peck 1963).
African American Consumers' Evaluations of Ethnically Primed Advertisements

This study is a conceptual replication of Appiah and Liu (2009). Distinctiveness theory and social identity theory are used to study the effect of embedding African American cultural ethnic primes beyond the use of ethnic minority models in ads on ad attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intentions. Empirical results show that African American consumers respond significantly different when viewing a high African American cultural ethnic primed ad compared to a low and high white cultural ethnic primed ad (i.e., high, low = high, low levels of African American cultural ethnic primes found embedded in the ad). No significant responses from African American consumers were found when exposed to a high African American cultural ethnic primed ad versus a low African American cultural ethnic primed ad. This indicates it is not enough to include cultural ethnic primes beyond ethnic minority models to influence significantly different responses. This study recommends that situational and psychological factors (e....
Analysis of epidemiological features of measles in Ganzhou from 1993 to 2010

Objective To determine the epidemiological status of measles in Ganzhou district in order to prevent and control this disease.Methods A retrospective analysis was made to the data collected in the National Measles Surveillance System and monitor spots from 1993 to 2010.Epi info 6.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results A total of 1189 cases were reported with the average incidence rate of 13.82/100,000 population.The male-female ratio was 1.49∶1.Out of all cases,1050 were found from five regions,accounting for 87.62% of total patients,and the majority was floating residents in the area(14.48%).The outbreak of measles occurred periodically by every 4 years,and also the incidence showed as "bidirectional shift" pattern.Conclusions The incidence of measles among floating population in Ganzhou is still high,which toughens the prevention and eradication.Because of with the shift of its epidemic features,our preventive and control strategies need to be changed.
Intrauterine exposure to drugs

The development of the fetal central nervous system can be effected by drugs. In this paper we review the neurological consequences of intrauterine exposure to alcohol, cocaine, opiates and marijuana. Ethanol causes the fetal alcohol syndrome: mental retardation, intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, and peculiar dysmorphic features. Is pathogenesis has been explained on the basis of maternal nutritional deficiencies or due to abnormalities in the conversion of ethanol to aldehyde, or abnormalities in the metabolism of prostaglandins or retinoic acid, the neurotransmitter systems, the neuronal excitotoxic activity, the development of the white matter, the production of gangliosides, and/or genetic regulation cell-cell adhesion. Cocaine has been related to congenital malformations, neurologic abnormalities during the neonatal period and psychomotor and cognitive development deficits. Characteristic dysmorphic features and a higher incidence of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have also been described. The following mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis: vascular effects, superoxide formation, chelation of calcium ion channels, and abnormalities in the production of glycosphingolipids, the synthesis of DNA, the functioning of neurotransmitter systems, the neuronal growth and differentiation, the neuronal excitotoxic activity and/or the expression of early immediate genes. Opiates produce intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and deficits of the psychomotor and cognitive development. They also increase the incidence of SIDS. The pathogenesis has been related to abnormalities in the sensitivity of the locus ceruleus, the functioning of the neurotransmitter systems, and/or the expression of early immediate genes. Marijuana has been associated with intrauterine growth retardation, dysmorphic features, and abnormalities of the behavior during the neonatal period, the psychomotor and cognitive development, and the sleep. The pathogenesis is thought to be due to an action upon specific receptors, or upon the neurotransmitter systems, and/or to an increase in the production of carbon monoxide. The best treatment of the syndrome of intrauterine exposure to drugs in the prophylaxis. The identification of emotional and drug addiction problems in the mother can avoid disastrous consequences. The care of these children is complex and requires a good pediatric follow-up and an early intervention program while the mother on the parents continue with the drug addiction therapy. The coordinations of all the necessary services with the active participation of social workers, physicians, educators and teachers is crucial for a successful treatment.
Evidence and research design

Propose theories which can be criticized … but do not give up your theories too easily – not, at any rate, before you have critically examined your criticism. – Karl Popper Chapter 2 set out a theory of how oil and revolutionary governments generate international conflict. I now seek to test the theory against the empirical evidence. My strategy is to subject the hypothesized relationships to multiple tests using different kinds of evidence and methods. Subsequent chapters carry out the various tests. This type of research design, using multiple empirical methods to test a theory, has produced some of the best research in political science. The key benefit of using both quantitative and qualitative methods is that the strengths of each method tend to compensate for the weaknesses of the other. For instance, the statistical analysis complements the qualitative case studies by revealing the relative importance of multiple variables, something that is nearly impossible to do convincingly using a small number of cases. The rigor of statistical methods also serves to guard against unintentional selection bias that can crop up relatively easily in case studies. The qualitative analyses, on the other hand, are much better at revealing the political processes and causal mechanisms that link the explanatory variables to the state’s propensity for international conflict. Historical case studies also allow us to examine the evidence of whether and how decision-makers considered alternative options and “off-the-equilibrium-path” outcomes, other than the ones they actually chose. Overall, a multi-method approach provides a parallax for theory-testing that is difficult to achieve using a single methodology. As Beth Simmons points out, “to choose one method to the exclusion of the other is like closing one eye and trying to make judgments about distance: it is easy to lose perspective.”
Meaning and Persuasion: The Personal Computer and Economic Education

In late 1982, the corporate-funded business education nonprofit Junior Achievement (JA) distributed 121 donated personal computers to classrooms across the United States as part of its new high school course, Applied Economics. Studying JA's use of computers in Applied Economics reveals how a corporate-sponsored nonprofit group used personal computers to engage students, adapt its traditional outreach methods to the classroom, and bolster an appreciation of private enterprise in American economic life. Mapping the history of how business advocacy and education groups came to adopt software as a means of representing work and commerce offers a new perspective on how systems of cultural meaning have been attached to, and expressed through, computers and computing.
Using robots to interview children about bullying: Lessons learned from an exploratory study

This article describes the results of a study that compares disclosure occurrences of bullying from children (ages 8 to 12) to either a human or a social robot. Results from an orally administered questionnaire to 60 children, split evenly between human and robotic interviewers, revealed that few significant differences in reporting were encountered between interviewer types. Overall 9 of 60 (15%) of participants reported being bullied in the past month. Participants were significantly more likely to report that fellow students were teased about their looks to the robot interviewer in comparison to the human interviewer. In addition to the examination of these results, a discussion of lessons learned for future studies of this nature are provided.
Agonal-stress vesicles detected on ultrastructural examination in pediatrics: Potential mimicker of metabolic disease

Background: Acute or prolonged systemic failure, perinatal demise, or unexpected death in neonates and children often raise a concern for metabolic or mitochondrial diseases. With tissue obtained a...
D. W. Winnicott, transitional objects and the creation of the divine

Religious expressions and religious behaviours are often considered to be mainly mental or spiritual phenomena, to a large degree divorced from or threatened by physical or material forms that may ...
Stability of chromium diffusion barriers during anodic bonding in silicon resistor devices

In this work, the stability of chromium diffusion barriers during anodic bonding in silicon resistor devices was investigated. In particular, temperature–voltage–time conditions for failure were identified. It was found that temperatures of 400 °C regardless of voltage and times above 11.5 min were enough to promote failure. Failure was identified by SEM in the form of a line of hills across the device surface where the silicon resistor was underneath. In contrast, temperatures of 300 °C did not promote failure for all the voltages considered and anodization times of up to 1580 min. Hence, the device failure was attributed to electrothermal migration with the thermal component being dominant.
Remembering and Reality

I met Bob Cohen and then his wife, Robin, and two of their children in the early 1950s when I was an undergraduate at Wesley an. He taught a diverse array of courses, including thermodynamics, Marxism, and Philosophy of Science. I spent the most continuous time with him in those years studying philosophy of science. Even though I was going on to medical school to become a physician, I had an extraordinary curiosity about abstract ideas and the underpinnings of thought and Bob furthered that curiosity. I also had my most personal contact with Bob and Robin during that time because of who they were and because Wesleyan was, at that time, a place where the ideal of a community of scholars seemed to flower — at least I thought so as a student. Since then I have had only intermittant contact, while on vacation on Cape Cod or at other intellectual occasions. The fact that I was a student did not decrease the possibility of feeling like a colleague, because role distinction was not decided by age or position with Bob. It always seemed to depend on who had something to teach whom, and intellectual exchange was the vehicle for mutual interest and then friendship.
VERTICAL SOLAR LOUVERS: A VERSATILE SOLAR STORAGE AND TEMPERING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT This paper reports Vertical Solar Louvers (VSL) which is a design for low cost solar heat storage where masonry columns with a rectangular cross section are spaced inside of south glazing at an angle of 45°to the south so that the wide face is oriented to the southwest. This invention is being used in a very low cost passive solar home in Ferrum, Virginia to provide an outstanding 82% solar heating fraction as well as in a Colorado home which is one of the National Passive Solar Home Award winners. Included are construction details, thermal performance, experience and evaluation, as well as projected applications.
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS WITH AN EXPERT SYSTEM

With the decreasing cost of secondary storage it is becoming attractive to store optically scanned technical documents such as reports and articles in digital form as an array of pixels. The array may be compressed with techniques based on run-length coding. In many applications, it is desirable to access only a portion of the document, such as the title, author, abstract, or bibliography. With a knowledge base comprising layout and composition rules for specific classes of documents, these documents may be automatically subdivided into nested rectangles corresponding to meaningful blocks. The resulting structure is represented as a tree. An algorithm is proposed for assigning labels to the blocks according to their location, extent, and relative position with respect to other (possibly already labeled) blocks.
Increased risk of hospital admission for mood disorders following admission for epilepsy.

Objective To determine if epilepsy admissions, compared to admissions for other medical causes, are associated with a higher readmission risk for mood disorders. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database is a nationally representative dataset comprising 49% of US hospitalizations in 2013. In this retrospective cohort study, we used ICD-9-CM codes to identify medical conditions. Index admissions for epilepsy (n = 58,278) were compared against index admissions for stroke (n = 215,821) and common medical causes (n = 973,078). Readmission rates (per 100,000 index admissions) for depression or bipolar disorders within 90 days from discharge for index hospitalization were calculated. Cox regression was used to test for associations between admission type (defined in 3 categories as above) and readmission for depression or bipolar disorder up to 1 year after index admission, in univariate models and adjusted for age, sex, psychiatric history, drug abuse, income quartile of patient9s zip code, and index hospitalization characteristics. Results The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for readmission for depression in the epilepsy group was elevated at 2.80 compared to the stroke group (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.39–3.27, p Conclusion Admission for epilepsy was independently associated with subsequent hospital readmission for mood disorders. The magnitude of elevated risk in this population suggests that patients admitted with epilepsy may warrant targeted psychiatric screening during their hospital admission.
Electrophysiological impact of thiocyanate on isolated mouse retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Our recent electrophysiological analysis of mouse retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells revealed that in the presence of 10 mM external thiocyanate (SCN−), voltage steps generated large transient ...
Sexuality Over the Life Course

Abstract This article focuses on the development of sexuality during childhood and how it is transformed over the life course. We discuss relevant findings from research on sexuality in childhood, through young adulthood and midlife, to older adulthood. We point to sexual scripts, the socially learned set of sexual desires and conduct, as a lens for understanding sexuality (see Scripts of Masculinity ). We highlight life transitions and turning points, sexual agency, cumulative advantage and disadvantage, and the role of culture, gender, race, ethnicity, and social class in experiences of sexuality over the life course.
A Terminal FeIII-Oxo in a Tetranuclear Cluster: Effects of Distal Metal Centers on Structure and Reactivity.

Tetranuclear Fe clusters have been synthesized bearing a terminal FeIII–oxo center stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions from pendant (tert-butylamino)pyrazolate ligands. This motif was suppo...
Concentrations of sunflower phenolics appear insufficient to explain resistance to floret- and seed-feeding caterpillars

Cultivated sunflowers, Helianthus annuus L., show significant variation in susceptibility to insect pests, though specific mechanisms of resistance are not clear. Plant secondary compounds, including phenolics, are often associated with resistance to insects and pathogens. Because several phenolics are present in sunflower florets, wild sunflowers and cultivated inbred lines were sampled to document natural variation in free phenolics and evaluate their potential effects on floret-feeding pests. Four di-O-caffeoylquinic acid isomers were the largest contributors to total phenolic content of disc florets. When identified phenolics were combined with unidentified flavonoid glycosides, total phenolic concentration in inbred lines varied fourfold (≈ 18–72 mg/g), and was significantly greater than that in wild sunflowers. Two lab assays with 50 or 100 mg/g chlorogenic acid showed inconsistent reductions in mass or increases in mortality of sunflower moth (Homoeosoma electellum Hulst) larvae after 9 days, and tests using floret tissue with low or high levels of total phenolics did not show an effect of tissue type on H. electellum development. Tests for correlation between total phenolics and field data on susceptibility of sunflowers to another floret-feeding pest, banded sunflower moth (Cochylis hospes Walsingham), did not show any significant association. Cumulatively, results suggest there may be minor effects of phenolic compounds on floret-feeding insects, but these alone are insufficient for plant defense. However, variation in concentration of phenolic compounds may remain valuable, both as a component of plant defense and a source of oxidative stability in sunflower oil.
PeayNotes: Content Management System-based Software for Managing Academic Electronic Health Records (AEHRs)

In this paper, we outline the history of efforts to convert nursing student-led paper records to Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in the academic setting. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009 helped to pave the way for advancements in the usage of technology in the healthcare industry. Nursing education plays a pivotal role in the development of key skills in nursing informatics. Early exposure to EHR systems is imperative to producing nurse graduates who are competent and comfortable utilizing healthcare technology. Based upon this need, we proposed a system built on the content management system WordPress and titled the system as "PeayNotes." PeayNotes has been in use for the past two semesters at Austin Peay State University School of Nursing, where nursing students have used the software in an educational simulation lab setting. The success of the project is evident by the expansion of use in additional nursing courses and student/faculty feedback through an anonymous survey. A key feature is the ability to tailor the system to fit individual course needs readily. The paper outlines the need for an EHR documentation system in nursing education, the beginnings of the initiative, and the future perspective works. We conclude the paper with a detailed account of the student and the instructor’s reactions to the software through an anonymous survey.
Investigation of Structural Response under Human-Induced Excitations Using Noise-Assisted and Adaptively Transformed Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition

AbstractFlexible structures such as footbridges, stadiums, and large slabs are prone to narrowband excitations generated by occupants. Both the excitation and response are of a nonstationary nature...
Evaluating the Performance of the hipSYCL Toolchain for HPC Kernels on NVIDIA V100 GPUs

Future HPC leadership computing systems for the United States Department of Energy will utilize GPUs for acceleration of scientific codes. These systems will utilize GPUs from various vendors which places a large focus on the performance portability of the programming models used by scientific application developers. In the HPC domain, SYCL is an open C++ standard for heterogeneous computing that is gaining support. This is fueling a growing interest in understanding the performance of SYCL toolchains for the various GPU vendors.In this paper, we compare the performance of benchmarks and mini-apps having both SYCL and native CUDA implementations on an NVIDIA Volta GPU. We utilize the RAJA Performance Suite to evaluate the performance of the hipSYCL toolchain, followed by a more detailed investigation of the performance of two HPC mini-apps. We find that the kernel performance from the SYCL kernels compiled directly to CUDA perform at a competitive level with their CUDA counterparts when comparing the straightforward implementations.
A Longitudinal Examination of Peer Victimization on Depressive Symptoms Among Asian American School-Aged Youth

The current study sought to examine the prospective relationship of peer victimization on changes in Asian American youth’s depressive symptoms during early adolescence, a crucial period for the development of depression and engagement in peer victimization among youth. Further, as guided by cultural–ecological frameworks, the current study also sought to examine the role of school-based peer support and gender as moderators on the relationship between peer victimization and depressive symptoms among this understudied population. Participants included Asian American youth (N = 232; M age = 12.96, SD = 1.40; 51% girls) who completed questionnaires in the school context. Data for this study included two measurement occasions over a 1-year interval. Results indicated that high levels of adolescents’ perceptions of peer victimization were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms 1 year later. Additionally, results indicated that peer victimization interacted with reports of peer support within school, such that under conditions of moderate to high levels of school-based peer support, high levels of peer victimization related to increased depressive symptoms. Findings contribute to our understanding of the development of depressive symptoms among early adolescent Asian American youth and have implications for school-based depression prevention programming for Asian American youth.
Effect of lowering the amount of dietary linoleic acid on tissue omega-3 fatty acid contents of broilers fed supplemental flaxseed oil from 18 to 35 days of age

Summary Chickens can hepatically synthesize very long-chain omega-3 (VLC n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3); however, the efficiency is attenuated by linoleic acid (LA; 18:2 n-6), which competes with ALA for the same elongase and desaturase enzymes. Here, we fed broilers supplemental ALA-rich flaxseed oil (FLAX) while reducing the dietary level of LA to determine if greater tissue n-3 PUFA enrichment could be attained. Male Ross 708 chicks were fed a common starter diet from day 1 to 17. On day 18, 4 pens of 36 birds were each fed one of 5 diets: (1) reduced-LA/low-n-3 fatty acid base + 60 g/kg high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO); (2) reduced-LA base + 50 g/kg FLAX+ 10 g/kg HOSO; (3) standard-LA base + 50 g/kg FLAX + 10 g/kg HOSO; (4) standard-LA base + 50 g/kg FLAX + 10 g/kg high-LA safflower oil; and (5) standard-LA base + 50 g/kg FLAX + 10 g/kg fish oil. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of diet on day-35 BW, FCR, breast, thigh, or abdominal fat pad weights, while birds fed diet 2 had higher thigh ALA, total n-3, and total VLC n-3 PUFA than birds fed diets 1, 3, and 4. Breast data followed a similar pattern, although the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, reducing the LA content of a FLAX-supplemented diet promoted greater deposition of n-3 PUFA in broiler muscles, although the highest tissue contents of VLC n-3 PUFA were observed in birds fed fish oil (diet 5).
Scalable Techniques for Modeling Software Interconnectivity

Software systems contain multiple types of interrelations among components — data, control, and sequencing, among others. We are developing interconnectivity analysis techniques that derive multiple views of the structure of large-scale software systems. These techniques calculate interconnections among components and then recursively group the components into sets according to their degree of interconnection. These techniques are especially suited to large-scale systems (e.g., > 100,000 lines) since numerous types of interconnections can be determined automatically in a tractable manner. Interconnectivity analysis techniques produce visualizations of system structure and can be used to document systems, model their evolution over time, compare system structure, guide regression testing, or localize error-prone structure. In earlier work, one such technique was applied effectively in a feasibility study to characterize the error-prone components in a large-scale system from a production environment. Tools supporting interconnectivity analysis will be integrated into the Amadeus measurement-driven analysis and feedback system.
Diffractive Liquid crystal devices for AR/VR displays

Present augmented reality and virtual reality displays are facing technical challenges in inadequate angular resolution, limited field-of-view, vergence-accommodation conflict, and low optical efficiency. In this paper, we propose to use new diffractive liquid crystal deflectors and lenses to mitigate these issues for near-eye displays.
Effectiveness and Utility of Visual Scene Displays as Communication Supports for Adults and Children With Complex Communication Needs: Perspectives of Clinicians and Researchers.

Purpose The aims of this research study were to describe the perspectives of clinicians and researchers regarding the effectiveness of visual scene displays (VSDs) as communication supports in orde...
Systemic T Cell Exhaustion Dynamics Is Linked to Early High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB1) Driven Hyper-Inflammation in a Polytrauma Rat Model

We previously reported an early surge in high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) levels in a polytrauma (PT) rat model. This study investigates the association of HMGB1 levels in mediating PT associated dysregulated immune responses and its influence on the cellular levels of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Using the same PT rat model treated with anti-HMGB1 polyclonal antibody, we evaluated changes in circulating inflammatory cytokines, monocytes/macrophages and T cells dynamics and cell surface expression of RAGE and TLR4 at 1, 3, and 7 days post-trauma (dpt) in blood and spleen. Notably, PT rats demonstrating T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells type early hyper-inflammatory responses also exhibited increased monocyte/macrophage counts and diminished T cell counts in blood and spleen. In blood, expression of RAGE and TLR4 receptors was elevated on CD68+ monocyte/macrophages and severely diminished on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Neutralization of HMGB1 significantly decreased CD68+ monocyte/macrophage counts and increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not γδ+TCR T cells in circulation. Most importantly, RAGE and TLR4 expressions were restored on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in treated PT rats. Overall, findings suggest that in PT, the HMGB1 surge is responsible for the onset of T cell exhaustion and dysfunction, leading to diminished RAGE and TLR4 surface expression, thereby possibly hindering the proper functioning of T cells.
Functional Properties of Cryocasein

Abstract Functional properties of casein isolated by UF and cryodestabilization as compared with commercial caseinates were assessed. Cryocasein was readily resuspended in water by the application of agitation and mild heat. Solubility profiles of cryocasein suggested a partial disintegration of micellar structure by the changes in pH and ionic strength. In spite of its resuspendibility, the emulsifying properties of cryocasein were not as good as those of commercial caseinates. Cryocasein retained the ability of native casein micelles in milk to form a curd upon rennet addition. It formed a firmer gel with a lower syneresis than sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate with added CaCl 2 .
Behavioural subtyping using invariants and constraints

Abstract : We present a way of defining the subtype relation that ensures that subtype objects preserve behavioral properties of their supertypes. The subtype relation is based on the specifications of the sub and supertypes. Our approach handles mutable types and allows subtypes to have more methods than their supertypes. Dealing with mutable types and subtypes that extend their supertypes has surprising consequences on how to specify and reason about objects. In our approach, we discard the standard data type induction rule, we prohibit the use of an analogous history rule, and we make up for both losses by adding explicit predicates invariants and constraints to our type specifications. We also discuss the ramifications of our approach of subtyping the design of type families.
Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of complexes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and guanine nucleotide-binding protein.

Abstract Complexes of agonist-bound muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) and guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) were solubilized and isolated from rat heart. Heart membranes were incubated with mAChR agonists or antagonists, solubilized using digitonin and cholate, and subjected to chromatography over wheat germ agglutinin-Affi-Gel. Eluted fractions were precipitated using a cardiac-selective anti-mAChR antibody (Luetje, C. W., Brumwell, C., Norman, M. G., Peterson, G. L., Schimerlik, M. I., and Nathanson, N. M. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 6892-6898). Using samples obtained from membranes initially incubated with carbachol (10 nM, 100 nM, or 1 mM), G alpha immunoreactivity was detected on Western blots probed using antibodies with specificity for G alpha subunits. The G alpha immunoreactivity was not detected when atropine alone (10 nM or 1 microM) or when excess atropine (1 microM) plus carbachol (100 nM) was used during the membrane preincubation. G beta immunoreactivity, when detectable on Western blots, was present in substoichiometric amounts relative to that of G alpha. The G alpha immunoreactivity was not present if GTP was included during incubation of membranes with agonist and following membrane solubilization. Further results indicate that although agonist binding to receptors is rapidly reversed by GTP or GDP (t1/2 less than 10 min), the mAChR-G protein complex is reversed more slowly or not at all. It was also shown that at high agonist concentrations, the cardiac mAChR interacts with both Go and Gi-like proteins. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of an immunoaffinity approach to the purification and biochemical study of receptor-G protein interactions.
t(3;21)(q26;q22): A Recurring Chromosomal Abnormality in Therapy-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

We have identified an identical reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 3 and 21 with breakpoints at bands 3q26 and 21q22, [t(3;21)(q26;q22)], in the malignant cells from five adult patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML). Primary diagnoses were Hodgkin's disease in two patients and ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer, and polycythemia vera in one patient each. Patients had been treated with chemotherapy including an alkylating agent for their primary disease 1 to 18 years before the development of t-MDS or t-AML. We have not observed the t(3;21) in over 1,500 patients with a myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia arising de novo or in over 1,000 patients with lymphoid malignancies. We have previously reported that the t(3;21) occurs in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Thus, the t(3;21) appears to be limited to t-MDS/t-AML and CML, both of which represent malignant disorders of an early hematopoietic precursor cell. These results provide a new focus for the study of therapy-related leukemia at the molecular level.
Mixture of gaussian processes for combining multiple modalities

This paper describes a unified approach, based on Gaussian Processes, for achieving sensor fusion under the problematic conditions of missing channels and noisy labels. Under the proposed approach, Gaussian Processes generate separate class labels corresponding to each individual modality. The final classification is based upon a hidden random variable, which probabilistically combines the sensors. Given both labeled and test data, the inference on unknown variables, parameters and class labels for the test data is performed using the variational bound and Expectation Propagation. We apply this method to the challenge of classifying a student's interest level using observations from the face and postures, together with information from the task the students are performing. Classification with the proposed new approach achieves accuracy of over 83%, significantly outperforming the classification using individual modalities and other common classifier combination schemes.
From the Ballot to the Blackboard: HIGH POLITICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION This chapter explores the politics of higher education spending in the OECD. In 1950, almost all OECD states had a publicly subsidized higher education system limited to a small fraction of the population. Since then, however, many states have witnessed a transformation of that elite model into a mass higher education system, with enrollment levels often exceeding 50 percent. This transition to a mass system has provoked differing funding reforms. Several states, including Australia and England, have radically altered their funding structure of higher education, moving toward the use of tuition fees. Other states, such as Sweden and Finland, have seen a huge surge in public investment in higher education accompanying mass enrollment. Finally, many states, such as Germany and Austria, retain the same elite public higher education structure with which they began the postwar era. Why did some states expand higher education while others remained in stasis? Why did some states choose to introduce tuition fees, whereas others continued to restrict investment to the public sector? Do these patterns hold at the subnational level in contexts such as the American states? In this chapter, I argue that redistributive politics plays a key role in higher education policy, but its effect is strongly conditioned by existing institutions, both political and educational – for example, the existence of a vocational education sector and the size of the existing higher education system.
Elysion and Egypt

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel synthesis of Archaic Greek cosmography and to highlight the role of the Near East—and especially Egypt—in the formation of Greek imagination about the beyond. The time span under examination is the era between the eighth and seventh centuries bce, the so- called Orientalizing period. It will be argued that a coherent Greek cosmology was formulated at this time by Hesiod and Homer, and that this cosmology is comprehensible only by reference to a cosmic map that is reconstructed here. Further, it will be argued that Egyptian motifs concerning the afterlife were adopted by the Greeks, but that the fundamental Egyptian metaphysical philosophy that the sun revives the dead was not borrowed. Finally, it will be argued that itinerant singers transmitted the motifs during the Orientalizing period. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i2_anderson
Microwave Doppler Measurements of the Ionization Front in Cylindrical Shock Waves from Exploding Wires

Strong cylindrical shock waves from exploding wires have been measured by microwave Doppler techniques. The results obtained simultaneously on two or three independent frequencies are in very good agreement and show that the ionization front is well defined. The Taylor-Lin similarity blast wave theory for the shock wave propagation is well verified over distances up to 6 or 7 cm under the present conditions. Systematic results for the determination of shock wave energy and the efficiency for shock productio1n in air over a range of pressures, wire diameters, and stored electrical energy are presented. Relative to optical methods used in the same problem the present technique is more sensitive and perhaps more precise.
Collection and Handling of 24-Hour Urine Specimens for Measurement of Analytes Related to Renal Calculi

Analysis for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, oxalate, uric acid, and creatinine in 24-h urine collections is often needed for the differential diagnosis of patients with renal calculi. Considerable attention has been given to improving the methods of analysis, but improper sample collection and processing can cause significant errors for calcium and oxalate in urine samples not treated with acid and for uric acid in urine samples not treated with base. The errors are related to the concentration of the analyte, the interval the sample is stored before analysis, and the original pH of the urine sample. We describe here a system of sequential acidification (to pH 1.5) and alkalinization (to pH 9) of 24-h urine samples, followed by heating at 56 degrees C for 10 min. This procedure allows accurate analysis for all the above analytes in the same 24-h collection of urine. We validated the sample-treatment protocol for 80 24-h urine collections.
In Situ Lipolytic Responses to Isoproterenol and Physiological Stressors Are Similar in Obese Pima Indians and Caucasians

Evidence suggests that impaired lipolysis may contribute to fat accumulation. To test whether the lipolytic response to adrenergic stimulation is lower in Pima Indians, a population prone to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, than in Caucasians, 48 healthy, nondiabetic subjects were studied: 27 Pima Indians (12 males and 15 females, 30 ± 7 yr, 85 ± 18 kg, 36 ± 10% body fat; mean± sd) and 21 Caucasians (11 males and 10 females, 34± 7 yr, 105 ± 26 kg, 39 ± 11% body fat). Lipolysis in the abdominal sc adipose tissue was assessed in situ by glycerol concentration in microdialysis samples at baseline and during local infusion of the nonselective β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (10−6 mol/L), mental stress, and submaximal exercise. The baseline dialysate glycerol concentrations were similar in Pima Indians and Caucasians. Lipolytic response (relative increment in dialysate glycerol concentration, percentage above the baseline) was similar in Pima Indians and Caucasians in response to local isoproterenol in...
Time dependent X-ray emission from a krypton gas puff Z-pinch plasma

Summary form only given, as follows. In this study we investigate and assess the radiative potential of a superclass pulsed power driven Z-pinch plasma load. The generator is represented by a driver capable of producing short circuit currents of 60, 80, and 100 mega-amps to a load over 100 ns current risetime. For a prescribed set of electrical characteristics we will characterize the radiative performance of Rayleigh-Taylor stable loads. The purpose of this investigation is to compare and contrast the differences resulting from: (1) two temperatures vs. one temperature and (2) a time dependent vs. an equilibrium treatment of the non-LTE ionization physics and their influence on the G and K-shell dynamics and how they influence the K-shell yield for krypton loads. The loads are represented as either 3 cm radius annular shells or uniform fills of 3, 5, and 7 cm radius and 3 cm length, respectively. The simulations are done with a multi-zone 1-D two temperature radiation MHD model self-consistently coupled to a driving circuit. The results show that both time dependence and two temperatures affect the implosion dynamics and the magnitude of the K-shell yields but that the total yield remains unaffected for the most part. For a 3 cm radius load the shell is more efficient at converting kinetic energy to K-shell radiation than a uniform fill at the same radius. The 5 and 7 cm uniform fills are stable and good K-shell radiators. Unfortunately, the two temperature time dependent simulated yields above 10 keV are found to be significantly less than the one temperature and equilibrium simulations.
Computational fluid dynamic simulation of aggregation of deformable cells in a shear flow.

We present computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of aggregation of two deformable cells in a shear flow. This work is motivated by an attempt to develop computational models of aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs). Aggregation of RBCs is a major determinant of blood viscosity in microcirculation under physiological and pathological conditions. Deformability of the RBCs plays a major role in determining their aggregability. Deformability depends on the viscosity of the cytoplasmic fluid and on the rigidity of the cell membrane, in a macroscopic sense. This paper presents a computational study of RBC aggregation that takes into account the rheology of the cells as well as cell-cell adhesion kinetics. The simulation technique considered here is two dimensional and based on the front tracking/immersed boundary method for multiple fluids. Results presented here are on the dynamic events of aggregate formation between two cells, and its subsequent motion, rolling, deformation, and breakage. We show that the rheological properties of the cells have significant effects on the dynamics of the aggregate. A stable aggregate is formed at higher cytoplasmic viscosity and membrane rigidity. We also show that the bonds formed between the cells change in a cyclic manner as the aggregate rolls in a shear flow. The cyclic behavior is related to the rolling orientation of the aggregate. The frequency and amplitude of oscillation in the number of bonds also depend on the rheological properties.