cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of D.C. and A.C. electro-analytical methods for measuring diode ideality factors and series resistances of silicon solar cells

Abstract The diode ideality factor ( m ) and the series resistance ( R s ) of a Si solar cell represent two critical performance-indicator parameters of the device. Since both m and R s are functions of voltage ( V ) and temperature ( T ), simultaneous electrical measurements of these parameters under variable conditions of V and T can often be difficult with traditional direct current (D.C.) techniques. Using the electro-analytical method of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and a commonly available Si solar cell, we explore these specific confines of such D.C. measurements. The results are compared with those obtained from a parallel set of alternating current (A.C.) measurements using impedance spectroscopy (IS). LSV provides the main D.C. parameters (open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fill factor, and efficiency) of the cell, but is limited in terms of independently measuring m and R s beyond strong forward biased conditions. The IS approach is free of the latter experimental constraints, and at the same time can provide several other important electrical parameters of the solar cell. Specifically, IS detects the presence of a low-high (p–p + ) junction at the back surface of the cell, and serves as an efficient probe of certain electrical characteristics of this junction.
The effects of neutron irradiation on multi-pixel hybrid photodiode tubes

Abstract The effects of neutron irradiation on a multi-pixel hybrid photodiode tube (HPD) were studied. The HPD underwent an integrated fluence of 10 13 neutrons cm 2 from a 252 Cf source. Increased leakage currents were observed during this irradiation, consistent with that observed from bare silicon detectors. The HPD was observed to be fully operational, with acceptable leakage currents, at the fluences expected during the lifetime of the CMS experiment. After the full dosage, small intrapixel inhomogeneities were observed in the HPD's response. The origins of these inhomogeneities and methods to mitigate the radiation damage were investigated.
Molecular dynamics simulations of interdiffusion in MgSiO3-Mg2SiO4 melts

Molecular dynamics simulations based on ab initio interatomic potentials have been performed to study the kinetics and mechanisms of interdiffusion in MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 melts. Diffusion coefficients in the presence of a concentration gradient are lower than self-diffusion coefficients due to the requirements of local charge-balance within the system. Extrapolations of Mg2+ diffusion coefficients obtained at high temperatures (5000 to 3000 K) into geologically relevant temperatures (1500 to 2500 K) are reasonably accurate compared to experimental Mg2+ diffusion coefficients in a compositionally similar system. A significant system-size effect is also observed on the rates of diffusion obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations. Diffusion mechanisms involve movement of individual Mg2+ and O2- ions and anionic [SiOn](4–2n) complexes for both self-diffusion and interdiffusion.
Spectral Radiation Properties of a Turbulent Ethylene Pool Fire

In the present work, line-of-sight spectral radiation intensities (Iλ ) were measured in a 7.1 cm ethylene (C2 H4 ) buoyant diffusion flame, designed to mimic pool fires. Various time series statistics were calculated using the radiation data. Both soot and gaseous species had significant radiation emissions, emphasizing the need for spectrally-resolved radiation measurements. Significant fluctuations were observed in the radiation intensities from the fire, especially at higher elevations and near the flame edges. In addition, root-mean-square (rms) and probability density functions (PDF) of Iλ indicated higher fluctuations in soot compared to gaseous species. Autocorrelations of Iλ showed periodic oscillations due to the puffing phenomenon typically seen in pool fires. The observed oscillation frequencies ranged from 7.47 to 7.86 Hz and are in excellent agreement with empirical correlations based on past data. Characteristic frequencies of these oscillations were also reflected in the power spectral densities (PSD) of Iλ . Based on the measured autocorrelations of Iλ , it was observed that the integral time scales decrease with increasing height above the burner exit, which is expected since mean velocities increase with height due to combustion-induced buoyancy in pool fires and buoyant flames.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Canine liver transplantation under Nva2-cyclosporine versus cyclosporine.

The most limiting side effects of the new immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporine (CSA),3 have been from nephrotoxicity (1-3). Consequently, the announcement in 1984 of a cyclosporine analogue, hereafter called Nva2-cyclosporine (Nva2-CsA), which was not nephrotoxic (4), attracted more than casual interest. Nva2-CsA was shown by Hiestand et al. (4) to have potent immunosuppressive qualities in rats. In this report, we will describe the immunosuppressive qualities and other features of Nva2-CsA in comparison to those of CsA in canine recipients of orthotopic liver homografts. In addition, particular attention was paid to the histopathologic changes or lack thereof denoting nephrotoxicity in the kidneys of dogs treated with one or the other of these agents for 90 days, or for lesser periods in the event of earlier death. The results have shown that Nva2-CsA has immunosuppressive properties equal to those of CsA. Neither drug caused detectable changes in renal function but the use of both agents was associated with an equal amount of histologically demonstrable hydropic change in the renal tubules.
The origins of British counter‐insurgency

(1990). The origins of British counter‐insurgency. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 209-225.
The ultrastructural morphology and possible functional significance of mesothelial microvilli.

The serosal surfaces of major organs and tissues of the body cavities have been examined by scanning electron microscopy following fixation and critical point drying. The micrographs show that these surfaces are covered with microvilli and that the population is most dense on tissues that move about most actively in the body cavities. Radiating from the sides of the microvilli are many fine strands (150 A, average diameter) which interconnect with each other and adjacent microvilli. Transmission electron microscopic studies of material treated with thorium dioxide at low pH or stained with ruthenium red, reveal these strands to be (1) polyanionic in nature and (2) to arise from a surface glycocalyx which coats the microvilli and intervillar surfaces. It is proposed that the serosal microvilli, together with their glycocalyx, harbor a layer of serious exudate and thereby create a slippery cushion designed to protect the thin mesothelium from frictional damage.
p53-Independent Role of MDM2 in TGF-β1 Resistance

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) inhibits cell proliferation, and acquisition of TGF-beta resistance has been linked to tumorigenesis. A genetic screen was performed to identify complementary DNAs that abrogated TGF-beta sensitivity in mink lung epithelial cells. Ectopic expression of murine double minute 2 rescued TGF-beta-induced growth arrest in a p53-independent manner by interference with retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (Rb)/E2F function. In human breast tumor cells, increased MDM2 expression levels correlated with TGF-beta resistance. Thus, MDM2 may confer TGF-beta resistance in a subset of tumors and may promote tumorigenesis by interference with two independent tumor suppressors, p53 and Rb.
Natriuretic peptide receptors A and B have different cellular distributions in rat kidney

Natriuretic peptide receptors A and B have different cellular distributions in rat kidney. The cellular distribution of guanylyl cyclase coupled natriuretic peptide receptors type A (GC-A) and type B (GC-B) was examined by immunocytochemistry in normal rat kidney, and compared with the distribution of the vacuolar H + -ATPase. Staining for GC-A was found in glomeruli, thin limbs of Henle's loop, cortical collecting tubule, and inner medullary collecting duct. Staining for GC-B was found in glomeruli and the same nephron sections as GC-A, with the exception of the thin limbs. In the cortical collecting tubule, GC-A was found in both principal and intercalated cells; GC-B was restricted to the apical pole of a intercalated cells. In inner medullary collecting ducts cells, GC-A was located on the basal membrane, whereas GC-B was found in the apical pole. The different pattern of polarization of natriuretic peptide receptors in the inner medulla provides a plausible basis for the different physiologic effects of atrial natriuretic factor and C-type natriuretic peptide. The results also suggest the possibility that GC-B is involved in the regulation of bicarbonate transport in the cortical collecting tubule.
Evidence for close side-chain packing in an early protein folding intermediate previously assumed to be a molten globule

The molten globule, a conformational ensemble with significant secondary structure but only loosely packed tertiary structure, has been suggested to be a ubiquitous intermediate in protein folding. However, it is difficult to assess the tertiary packing of transiently populated species to evaluate this hypothesis. Escherichia coli RNase H is known to populate an intermediate before the rate-limiting barrier to folding that has long been thought to be a molten globule. We investigated this hypothesis by making mimics of the intermediate that are the ground-state conformation at equilibrium, using two approaches: a truncation to generate a fragment mimic of the intermediate, and selective destabilization of the native state using point mutations. Spectroscopic characterization and the response of the mimics to further mutation are consistent with studies on the transient kinetic intermediate, indicating that they model the early intermediate. Both mimics fold cooperatively and exhibit NMR spectra indicative of a closely packed conformation, in contrast to the hypothesis of molten tertiary packing. This result is important for understanding the nature of the subsequent rate-limiting barrier to folding and has implications for the assumption that many other proteins populate molten globule folding intermediates.
Antigenic Variation of Surface Proteins of Borrelia Species

During relapsing fever, the etiologic spirochetes employ antigenic variation to avoid early immune clearance. In Borrelia hermsii, an agent of tick-borne relapsing fever, a switch in serotype is associated with a change in the predominant protein on the surface of the cells. The variable major proteins differ from one another in primary structure along their lengths. Genes encoding the different variable major proteins can be found in both "silent" and "active" environments. At the active site the gene is expressed; at the silent site the gene appears to be in storage. In variant cells, which express the new serotypespecific surface protein in a population, a gene from a silent site has replaced the previously sitting gene at the active site through transposition.
Reflections on VM/pass-through: a facility for interactive networking

VM/Pass-Through, an interactive networking facility, has gained widespread acceptance within IBM and with IBM customers. Pass-Through allows a single terminal access to many different computers, including those at distant locations. In building Pass-Through, and in observing its growing use, we have had oapnp ortunity to study the practical implications of this facility and of our approach to its design. This paper is divided into two parts. The first, an introduction to Pass-Through networking, describes features of the system, supported configurations, and use of Pass-Through within the IBM Corporation. A brief history of Pass-Through's development is also provided. In the second part of the paper, Pass-Through is used to motivate a technical discussion of interactive network technology and virtual machine subsystems. Topics covered include appropriate use of the virtual machine environment, choice of routing strategy, and performance considerations. Although the introductory portions of the paper presume no prior knowledge of computer network or operating system technology, the subsequent technical discussions do depend on a basic understanding of these areas.
Changes in nucleic acid and protein levels during in vitro germ¬nation and elongation of Lilium longifforum cv. "Ace" polleni

While changes in nucleic acid and protein levels during germination and subsequent tube elongation have been determined for a number of pollens, they have not been extensively examined for in vitro grown Lilium longiflorum , cv. `Ace' pollen. Nucleic acids and proteins were extracted with cold trichloroacetic acrid (TCA), cold-hot TCA or cold TCA and potassium hydroxide-perchloric acid (KOH-HClO 4 ). Following extraction, RNA, DNA and total protein were assayed colorimetrically with orcinol, diphenylamine and Folin-Phenol reagents, respectively. Extraction of 500 x g supernatants with KOH-HClO 4 , yielded less RNA than either of the TCA-extraction procedures which gave similar nucleic acids and protein recoveries. Whereas total protein levels decreased initially and then increased during 36 h, RNA and DNA levels rose throughout the time-course. Precipitation and quaritiation of nucleic acids and protein from homogenized and soaicated 500 x g pellets resulted in time-dependent alterations in levels of macromolecules which differed from those for 500 x g supernatants. Whereas DNA and RNA levels increased and then decreased over 36 h, total protein levels remained constant for 12 h and then declined during the : next 24 h. Addition of the data obtained for 500 x g supernatants to those for 500 x g pellets revealed that total protein levels increased 2.4 times for the first 12 h and thereafter remained constant, that RNA levels increased 9.8 times for the first 12 h and then levelled off and that the DNA content rose more than 5 times over 36 h.
GNOSIS: Guidelines for Neuro-Oncology: Standards for Investigational Studies — reporting of surgically based therapeutic clinical trials

We present guidelines to standardize the reporting of surgically based neuro-oncology trials. The guidelines are summarized in a checklist format that can be used as a framework from which to construct a surgically based trial. This manuscript follows and is taken in part from GNOSIS: Guidelines for neuro-oncology: Standards for investigational studies―reporting of phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials [Chang SM, Reynolds SL, Butowski N, Lamborn KR, Buckner JC, Kaplan RS, Bigner DD (2005) Neuro-oncology 7:425–434].
The Marble Cake: Introducing Federalism to the Government Growth Equation

A great deal of literature has examined the factors that explain government growth in the United States. Analyses have typically been conducted either nationally or by states, but virtually no systematic attention has been given to the role federalism plays in shaping patterns of growth across different orders of government. In this research note, we use Granger causality methods to assess the degree to which government growth is an interactive process across local, state, and national governments. Ourfindings indicate that state governments are an important force in this process; hence, future models of government growth need to incorporate federalism explicitly.
Microstructure evolution during sintering: The role of evaporation/condensation

Abstract The motion of grain boundary located pores by an evaporation/condensation mechanism has been analyzed, and compared with surface diffusion dominated pore motion. It has been demonstrated that evaporation/condensation becomes important at high temperatures and large pore sizes. A lower bound condition for the separation of pores from two grain interfaces, independent of the pore or grain size, has been identified. Subsequent calculations of the motion of pores attached to three grain edges have permitted the prediction of pore/grain size trajectories. The trajectories indicate that the initial pore/grain size ratio must be smaller than a critical value to ensure that pore shrinkage continues and hence, that a fully dense material ensues.
Viral susceptibility of an immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line.

CDC/EU.HMEC-1 is the first immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line that retains morphologic, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of a normal human microvascular endothelial cell. This study evaluates a variety of viruses and their effects on this human endothelial cell line. The data indicate that adenoviruses, some herpesviruses, reoviruses and most picornaviruses grow well in HMEC-1, with distinctive cytopathic effects. The paramyxoviruses, however, do not appear to propagate, nor does HIV. The findings indicate that microvascular endothelial cells may act as a reservoir of these viruses; it also suggests the possibility that microvascular endothelium could be involved in the processing and presentation of antigen to immune cells.
Operation and analysis of planar cryotrons and simple cryotron circuits

Abstract Simple cryogenic loops containing two drive cryotrons and a number of sensing cryotrons have been constructed. It is possible with such loops to study both the operating characteristics of the individual cryotrons as well as the static and dynamic switching characteristics of the loop. Some of the characteristics of the individual cryotrons and the reproducibility of cryotrons with these characteristics are discussed. The speed with which current can be transferred from one branch of the loop to another has been both measured experimentally and calculated theoretically from the dimensions and various measured parameters of the loop and its cryotrons. There is found to be good agreement between theory and experiment. The loops have been run dynamically in an effort to detect thermal effects associated with heat dissipation in the resistive cryotron elements. The upper limit to the dynamic operation is currently set by the viewing equipment and, to date, no adverse heating effects have been observed.
Pedigreed Primate Embryonic Stem Cells Express Homogeneous Familial Gene Profiles

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great biomedical promise, but experiments comparing them produce heterogeneous results, raising concerns regarding their reliability and utility, although these variations may result from their disparate and anonymous origins. To determine whether primate ESCs have intrinsic biological limitations compared with mouse ESCs, we examined expression profiles and pluripotency of newly established nonhuman primate ESC (nhpESCs). Ten pedigreed nhpESC lines, seven full siblings (fraternal quadruplets and fraternal triplets), and nine half siblings were derived from 41 rhesus embryos; derivation success correlated with embryo quality. Each line has been growing continuously for approximately 1 year with stable diploid karyotype (except for one stable trisomy) and expresses in vitro pluripotency markers, and eight have already formed teratomas. Unlike the heterogeneous gene expression profiles found among hESCs, these nhpESCs display remarkably homogeneous profiles (>97%), with full-sibling lines nearly identical (>98.2%). Female nhpESCs express genes distinct from their brother lines; these sensitive analyses are enabled because of the very low background differences. Experimental comparisons among these primate ESCs may prove more reliable than currently available hESCs, since they are akin to inbred mouse strains in which genetic variables are also nearly eliminated. Finally, contrasting the biological similarities among these lines with the heterogeneous hESCs might suggest that additional, more uniform hESC lines are justified. Taken together, pedigreed primate ESCs display homogeneous and reliable expression profiles. These similarities to mouse ESCs suggest that heterogeneities found among hESCs likely result from their disparate origins rather than intrinsic biological limitations with primate embryonic stem cells.
Hospitalizations of Newborns With Folate-Sensitive Birth Defects Before and After Fortification of Foods With Folic Acid

CONTEXT. The prevalence of neural tube defects is reduced in populations of women who receive folic acid supplementation. Since 1998, grain products in the United States have been fortified with folic acid. Fortification may have additional benefits by reducing the national prevalence of newborn hospitalizations for other folate-sensitive birth defects. OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this work was to compare rates of hospitalizations of newborns with folate-sensitive birth defects before and after implementation of fortification of grains. METHOD. National hospital discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project were used to compute rates of newborn hospitalizations for selected birth defects per 10000 live births in the United States. Newborn hospitalization rates involving congenital anomalies recognizable at birth were analyzed for 5 years before fortification of grains and 5 years after fortification. Additional analyses compared changes in newborn hospitalization rates for birth defects by race/ethnicity, income, insurance status, and region of the country. RESULTS. Newborn hospitalization rates for spina bifida decreased 21% from 1993–1997 to 1998–2002. Newborn hospitalization rates also decreased for anencephaly (20%) and limb-reduction defects (4%). Decline in hospitalizations for spina bifida occurred more often among Hispanic newborns (33%) than among white (13%) or black (21%) newborns. Decline in limb-reduction defects was seen primarily among blacks (11%). Findings using hospitalization data were similar to recent reports using birth defect surveillance systems with the exception of findings for orofacial clefts and conotruncal heart defects. No reductions were noted in newborn hospitalizations for these anomalies. CONCLUSIONS. Results from this ecological study fail to demonstrate substantial declines in newborn hospitalizations beyond those anticipated from a reduction in neural tube defects. The society-wide impact of the fortification program on birth defects and other health conditions should continue to be monitored.
The Shear Modulus of Liquids

According to the interstitialcy model of condensed matter states, liquids are crystals containing a few percent of self-interstitials in thermal equilibrium. Glasses are frozen liquids. The model is expressed in terms of the properties of the shear modulus, which decreases exponentially with the interstitial concentration and temperature in the liquid state, and can be nearly as large as the crystalline value in the supercooled liquid near the glass temperature. Available experimental data support the model predictions, showing that the shear modulus plays a central role in the description of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of liquids and glasses.
The distaff and the staff: stereotypes and archetypes of the older woman in representative modern literature

Belles-lettres, dealing with what it means to be human, serve to expose stereotypes, strip them away, and reveal the truth behind the misconceptions, often in terms of archetypes. An all-too-common subject of stereotyping is the aging of women. Much modern fiction and poetry cogently exposes such demeaning stereotypes. References to twenty-five representative poems and nine works of fiction by thirty-five modern authors (American, British, Australian, French) demonstrate that the elderly woman often survives with dignity, even nobility, in a society often insensitive to her plight, that she often ages with grace, retaining her independence, fortitude, and passion for life.
Effect of chamber pressure on particle velocities in low pressure plasma spray deposition

Abstract A laser velocimeter has been used to measure spray particle velocities in a low pressure plasma spray system at chamber pressures ranging from 6.7 to 80 kPa (50 to 600 Torr). For Al2O3 spray powder with a mean diameter of 44 μm, peak particle velocities were of the order of 200 – 400 m s-1. The measured velocity distributions were strongly dependent upon spray chamber pressure, with the highest particle velocities at intermediate pressures of about 40 kPa (300 Torr). Particle velocities predicted with a simple analytical model are in reasonable agreement with experimental results close to the spray gun, where drag due to chamber gases can be neglected. This simple model also correctly predicts a particle velocity maximum at 45 kPa (340 Torr).
Tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum.

A small outbreak of human ringworm caused byTrichophyton mentagrophytes var.granulosum is described. The clinical morphology of some of the inflammatory lesions was more suggestive of nummular eczema or psoriasis than of tinea corporis. The isolation of a granular strain ofTrichophyton mentagrophytes indicated an animal source of these infections. The same organism was isolated from a pet white rat which apparently transmitted the disease.
Quantifying Double-Layer Repulsion between a Colloidal Sphere and a Glass Plate Using Total Internal Reflection Microscopy

Abstract Total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) has recently been developed as a technique to measure the mean potential energy of interaction between a single colloidal particle and a flat plate. Based on the total internal reflection of light at an interface separating two media of different refractive indices, TIRM provides an instantaneous measurement of the separation distance between the particle and the plate. The distance measurements are derived from measurements of scattering intensity as the particle interacts with the evanescent wave formed upon total internal reflection. We have used TIRM to quantify double-layer repulsion acting between a glass plate and polystyrene latex spheres of diameters 7, 10, and 15 μm dispersed in aqueous solutions of ionic strengths from 0.2 to 3.0 m M . This work extends our earlier measurements of double-layer potential energies in that we are now able to measure the absolute separation distance between the sphere and the plate. The potential energy profiles agree very well with those predicted by a model of double-layer and gravity forces that involves no adjustable parameters. The measured double-layer potential energy is accurately described by a simple exponential model based on the linear superposition of potential profiles and Derjaguin's approximation, with the Debye length as the decay length.
Trading molecules and tracking targets in symbiotic interactions

It is probable that nearly every natural product structure results from interactions between organisms. Symbiosis, a subset of inter-organism interactions involving closely associated partners, has recently provided new and interesting experimental systems for the study of these interactions. This review discusses new observations about natural product function and structural evolution that emerge from the study of symbiotic systems. In particular, these advances directly address long-standing 'how' and 'why' questions about natural products, providing fundamental insights about the evolution, origin and purpose of natural products that are inaccessible by other methods.
Interaction of a spheromak-like compact toroid with a high beta spherical tokamak plasma

Recent experiments using accelerated spheromak-like compact toroids (SCTs) to fuel tokamak plasmas have quantified the penetration mechanism in the low beta regime; i.e. external magnetic field pressure dominates plasma thermal pressure. However, fusion reactor designs require high beta plasma and, more importantly, the proper plasma pressure profile. Here, the effect of the plasma pressure profile on SCT penetration, specifically, the effect of diamagnetism, is addressed. It is estimated that magnetic field pressure dominates penetration even up to 50% local beta. The combination of the diamagnetic effect on the toroidal magnetic field and the strong poloidal field at the outer major radius of a spherical tokamak will result in a diamagnetic well in the total magnetic field. Therefore, the spherical tokamak is a good candidate to test the potential trapping of an SCT in a high beta diamagnetic well. The diamagnetic effects of a high beta spherical tokamak discharge (low aspect ratio) are computed. To test the penetration of an SCT into such a diamagnetic well, experiments have been conducted of SCT injection into a vacuum field structure which simulates the diamagnetic field effect of a high beta tokamak. The diamagnetic field gradient length is substantially shorter than that of the toroidal field of the tokamak, and the results show that it can still improve the penetration of the SCT. Finally, analytic results have been used to estimate the effect of plasma pressure on penetration, and the effect of plasma pressure was found to be small in comparison with the magnetic field pressure. The penetration condition for a vacuum field only is reported. To study the diamagnetic effect in a high beta plasma, additional experiments need to be carried out on a high beta spherical tokamak.
A Reconsideration of Modernization Theory: Contribution to ICT4D's Research

Since evolving into an established science in the 1990s, the field of information and communication technologies for development ICT4D has seen unprecedented and fast-growing rates of publication, curriculum venues, and development projects around the globe. To this effect, ICT4D's development literature is informed by a variety of theories e.g., capability approach, livelihoods, participatory development, etc.. In the process of asserting its body of knowledge, however, ICT4D has tended to dismiss the theory of modernization. For example, under theories such as technology fix, technology transplant, a computer per child, etc., the theory of modernization has been equated with the failures of and threats against development. Consequently, reduced to one aspect of its myriad applications, the theory of modernization has lost its value among development practitioners and theorists. This paper traces the theory of modernization. There is no such thing as a developed society/nation without modernization. The paper derives some points of interest for ICT4D's research and managerial skills.
Induction and maintenance of ethanol self-administration without food deprivation in the rat

Rats were trained to lick at a drinking tube containing 5% ethanol to obtain access to a 0.1-ml dipper containing 20% sucrose. Following 20 of these drinking sessions, a lever press response was shaped and maintained with ethanol presentation in the dipper. This induction procedure resulted in rats responding on a FR 8 schedule of reinforcement to receive 40% (v/v) ethanol. Ethanol intakes over 0.5 g/kg in 30 min were obtained when ethanol concentrations over 10% were available. These intakes frequently resulted in blood ethanol levels over 100 mg ethanol/dl blood. This contingent sucrose induction procedure did not use food deprivation at any time. It is suggested that this procedure can be used to investigate the processes involved with the initiation of ethanol as a reinforcer independent of food restriction procedures.
Cerebral neurogenesis is induced by intranasal administration of growth factors.

Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain, where it may contribute to repair and recovery after injury, but the lack of methods for noninvasive stimulation of cerebral neurogenesis limits its potential for clinical application. We report that intranasal administration of either fibroblast growth factor–2 or heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor increases neurogenesis, measured by the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into cells that express the early neuronal marker protein doublecortin in the subventricular zone of mouse brain. These findings indicate that intranasal growth factors may have potential as neurogenesis-promoting therapeutic agents. Ann Neurol 2003;53:405–409
Transfer of coreopsis congregata (Compositae: Heliantheae) to coreocarpus

Coreopsis congregata Blake is out of place in the genusCoreopsis. Its achene morphology, pubescence, leaf cutting and geographical range suggest that it would be better treated in the genusCoreocarpus (Coreocarpus congregatus) and that transfer is proposed.
Measure Your Septa Release Ratios: Pheromone Release Ratio Variability Affected by Rubber Septa and Solvent

The type of solvent and the volume used to load pheromone components onto rubber septa had significant effects on pheromone release ratios, the variability of those release ratios, and the recoverability of the volatile components during subsequent extraction with hexane. Volatile release ratios of synthetic Oriental fruit moth (OFM) pheromone and additional volatile compounds were determined using a gas chromatograph column as a volatile trap for rapid (≤1 hr) analysis from individual rubber septa. Volatile compound solutions were prepared in hexane, pentane, CH2Cl2, and methyl tert-butyl ether, and a 10, 33, or 100 μl aliquot of each solution was applied to rubber septa. Septa loaded with 100 μl of CH2Cl2 emitted significantly (P < 0.05) higher alcohol: acetate (OH:Ac) ratios than septa loaded with the other solvents, which were all similar. Release ratios of the alcohol and acetate components of the OFM pheromone components were assessed over a 3 week period using septa loaded with each solvent. Regardless of loading solvent, the OFM OH:Ac ratios declined logarithmically over 3 weeks; however, the decay slope from septa loaded with CH2Cl2 solutions was different from those of the other three solvents, which were nearly all the same. A high variability in OH:Ac release ratios was measured overall, regardless of the solvent used or the volume it was applied in. Four compounds of near-equal mass: 1-dodecanol, 1-dodecanal, methyl decanoate, and tridecane emitted different release ratios dependent on the solvent, hexane or CH2Cl2, with which a septum was loaded. The more polar and the greater the mass of the test compound, the slower it was emitted from a septum regardless of solvent. These combined results plus comparisons to earlier reports, suggest that researchers should empirically assess the release ratios from septa to be used in bioassays rather than just reporting the type of septum, ratios of compounds applied and solvent used to prepare them.
Knowledge acquisition from natural language for expert systems based on classification problem-solving methods

It is shown how certain kinds of domain independent expert systems based on classification problem-solving methods can be constructed directly from natural language descriptions by a human expert. The expert knowledge is not translated into production rules. Rather, it is mapped into conceptual structures which are integrated into long-term memory (LTM). The resulting system is one in which problem-solving, retrieval and memory organization are integrated processes. In other words, the same algorithm and knowledge representation structures are shared by these processes. As a result of this, the system can answer questions, solve problems or reorganize LTM.
Novel technique for fabrication of multi-layered microcoils in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications

A novel planarization technique, compressive molding planarization (CMP) is developed for implementation of a multi-layered micro coil device. Applying CMP and other micromachining techniques, a multi-layered micro coil device has been designed and fabricated, and its use in the magnetic micro actuators for hard disk drive applications has been demonstrated, showing that it can produce milli-Newton of magnetic force suitable for driving a micro actuator. The novel CMP technique can be equally applicable in other MEMS devices fabrication to ease the process integration for the complicated structure.
Response of hamsters following intrathoracic infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis

Three weeks following intrathoracic infection of hamsters with Blastomyces dermatitidis, electrophoresis studies revealed a leveling off of all normal peaks of the serum protein pattern (hypoproteinemia). At 4 weeks, a shift in the albumin/globulin ratio was observed. Agar-gel diffusion studies with pre- and post-infection sera were negative. It was suggested that the serum protein changes were possible associated with a Blastomyces mycotoxin.
Semiparametric Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis to Evaluate Biomarkers for Disease

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a popular method for characterizing the accuracy of diagnostic tests when test results are not binary. Various methodologies for estimating and comparing ROC curves have been developed. One approach, due to Pepe, uses a parametric regression model ROCx(u) = g(h0(u) + θ'0x) with the baseline function h0(u) specified up to a finite-dimensional parameter. In this article we extend the regression models by allowing arbitrary nonparametric baseline functions. We also provide asymptotic distribution theory and procedures for making statistical inference. We illustrate our approach with dataset from a prostate cancer biomarker study. Simulation studies suggest that the extra flexibility inherent in the semiparametric method is gained with little loss in statistical efficiency.
Polymorphism in Caffeine Citric Acid Cocrystals

A second polymorph of an anhydrous 1:1 caffeine citric acid cocrystal (C8H10N4O2, C6H8O7) is reported. Crystals were analyzed using single crystal X-ray diffraction and the structure was solved in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell parameters a = 13.7783(8) A, b = 12.3149(8) A, c = 9.6587(6) A, and β = 92.854(4)°. The three dimensional hydrogen bonding network is compared to the two dimensional network of the previously reported polymorph. A second polymorph of an anhydrous 1:1 caffeine citric acid cocrystal (C8H10N4O2, C6H8O7) is reported, and the three dimensional hydrogen bonding network is compared to the two dimensional network of the previously reported polymorph.
Removal of NO from flue gases by absorption to an iron(ii) thiochelate complex and subsequent reduction to ammonia

THE combustion of fossil fuels generates SO2 and NOX pollutants which cause acid rain and urban smog1. Existing flue-gas desulphurization scrubbers involve wet limestone processes which are efficient for controlling SO2 emissions but are incapable of removing water-insoluble nitric oxide. The current technique for postcombustion control of nitrogen oxide emissions, ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction, suffers from various problems2,3, including poisoning of the catalysts by fly ash rich in arsenic or alkali, disposal of spent toxic catalysts and the effects of ammonia by-products on plant components downstream from the reactor. To circumvent the need for separate schemes to control SO2 and NOX, we have developed an iron(ii) thiochelate complex that enhances the solubility of NO in aqueous solution by rapidly and efficiently absorbing NO to form iron nitrosyl complexes. The bound NO is then converted to ammonia by electrochemical reduction, regenerating the active iron(ii) catalyst for continued NO capture. Our results suggest that this process can be readily integrated into existing wet limestone scrubbers for the simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOX
Recommendations to Aspiring Authors

A. Remember that the author carries the burden of proof that a manuscript makes a substantial enough contribution to knowledge to justify publication. Start by trying your best to provide an honest answer for yourself to these questions: (1) "How much does this manuscript really add to what we already know on the subject?" (2) "So what? Why should anybody care about this?" If you cannot articulate clear answers even to yourself, you are already in trouble. B. Remember that authors are rarely, if ever, able to look objectively upon their own work, either its substance or its prose. Therefore, you would do well to get the opinions of one or more sympathetic but candid colleagues before finally submitting your paper for publication. C. Assume that the editor and referees are well intentioned, with the best interests of the journal at heart, and with a desire to be as helpful as possible to authors. Rarely does an editor or referee have anything to gain by making life difficult for an author. D. Try always to use English that is the most grammatical, precise, parsimonious, and logically coherent. Dickensian prose was for fiction in the age before radio or television. E. Be sure that your manuscript is in conformity with the style and format specifications required by the particular journal to which the submission is going. Journals differ in this respect, but most of them lay out their specifications in the front or back of recent issues.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMS OF THE PALLADIUM-HYDROGEN SYSTEM.

Abstract In this paper we present a study of the pressure-concentration ( P − C ) isotherms and the resistance properties of evaporated palladium films to which hydrogen has been added in situ at 27 °C. Hydrogen was introduced into the samples via the gas phase and the equilibrium H Pd ratio was determined using a quartz-crystal mass monitor. We find that the P − C function is highly dependent on film thickness, with the slope of the α + β coexistence region increasing and the limiting β-phase concentration decreasing with decreasing film thickness. However, the P − C function does approach bulk behavior for thick films ( t > 1000 A ). Film resistance was measured as hydrogen was cycled in and out of annealed and unannealed films. The annealed films show reversible electrical behavior with respect to hydrogen cycling; unannealed films are also electrically reversible in the α phase but show a monotonie decrease in resistance with cycling of hydrogen concentration through the β phase. For the unannealed films the ratio of the film resistance after maximum hydrogen uptake (β phase at a hydrogen pressure of 60 Torr) to the vacuum film resistance increases with cycling. This ratio never exceeds that for the annealed films.
Mouse U14 snRNA is a processed intron of the cognate hsc70 heat shock pre-messenger RNA.

Summary U14 snRNA is a small nucleolar RNA species essential for eukaryotic pre-rRNA processing. We have previously shown that the mouse U14 snRNA genes are positioned within introns 5, 6, and 8 on the coding strand of the constitutively expressed cognate hsc70 heat shock gene. This genomic organization suggested the possibility that U14 snRNAs are transcribed as part of the hsc70 pre-mRNA and then excised from the intron to yield mature U14 snRNA species. To test this hypothesis directly, we have microinjected Xenopus oocytes with hsc70 pre-mRNA transcripts possessing intron 5 and the encoded U14 snRNA sequence. Processing results demonstrate that, in addition to the splicing of upstream and downstream exons, a mature 87 nt U14 snRNA is excised from the intron. Accurate excision of U14 snRNA from hsc70 intron 5 can occur in the absence of splicing. These results demonstrate a biosynthetic pathway for an snRNA species and provide a novel example of a eukaryotic pre-mRNA intron that is processed to produce a stable, biologically functional RNA species.
Smoking tobacco products daily may increase adults' caries increment over 4 years.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Daily smoking and 4-year caries increment in Finnish adults. Bernabe E, Delgado-Angulo EK, Vehkalahti MM, Aromaa A, Suominen AL. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014;42(5):428-34. Reviewer Deborah E. Polk, PhD Purpose/Question Does daily smoking increase an adult's caries increment over 4 years? Source of Funding Health 2000 Survey: Government: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Non-profits: Finnish Dental Society Apollonia, Finnish Dental Association, Follow-Up Study on Finnish Adults' Oral Health: Government: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: limited-quality patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
FEMINIST CONNECTIONS AND THE MOVEMENT AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: BEYOND CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM

Abstract This essay argues, on the one hand, that over the past decade or more, the individual and collective actions of women resisting domestic violence have helped to alter not only the ways in which women are labelled deviant but also the ways to which their victimization is responded. On the other hand, it argues that these personal and political challenges to the established order have been accommodated by legal and criminal justice reforms which have left the fundamental social, political, and economic relations associated with domestic violence unaddressed. The fundamental issue raised by this essay is: How should opponents of domestic violence devote their future energies in the ongoing struggles of social change and public policy formation?
On microbial contaminants, micropseudofossils, and the oldest records of life

Abstract Microbial contaminants may be introduced on outcrop as well as en route to or in the laboratory. Micropseudofossils may be natural or man-made. It is possible to recognize such misleading objects and important that they are not allowed to dilute the growing record of authentic pre-Phanerozoic life. Filamentous microbial contaminants from minute cracks in samples of ancient carbonate rocks from Brazil (perhaps 1 Ga old) and South Africa (∼2.3 Ga old) are similar to occurrences previously described as fossils. Published records of supposedly Archean microbial life also include microcontaminants and laboratory artifacts. Although microstructures from sedimentary rocks of the Swaziland system could be fossils, they are not demonstrably so. The oldest structurally preserved fossils yet known seem to be the filaments described by Lois Nagy from stromatolitic limestone in the ∼2.3 Ga old Malmani Dolomite of South Africa. It will be difficult to establish unequivocal older records in the absence of definitive ultrastructural or micro-chemical evidence.
Imagined culture and cultural imaging: Cultural implications of the USDA‐SCS “Harmony”; campaign

From January, 1993, through April, 1994, the USDA Soil Conservation Service conducted a multimedia public education campaign titled “Harmony.”; The campaign utilized Native American spokespersons and constructed texts on Native American environmental ethics to raise public awareness of conservation and to motivate participation in various programs. Although successful in terms of generating public responses, Harmony's use of culture raises issues of representation, transference, and brokering of environmental value systems. Cultural representation is examined in terms of authenticity, historical reconstruction, and stereotyping of Native Americans. Transference issues include attempts to bridge Native American and Euro‐American assumptions about nature and human‐nature relationships. Cultural brokering has to do with the secularization and decontextualization of the Native American sacred cultural systems for purposes of wider public consumption. Although such campaigns may achieve positive public relatio...