cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Participant Recollection in the Modeling of Organizational Decision Process

Two fundamental differences exist between models of organizational decision processes based on participant recollection and those based on other data sources such as analysis of meeting transcripts, archival data, and field observation. These differences are illustrated with a number of specific decision process models. Possible reasons for the differences in models developed from alternative data sources are outlined. Implications for decision process research are discussed.
Risk factors for wound complications in patients undergoing primary closure of the perineal defect after total proctectomy

Perineal wounds after complete proctectomy are at risk for failure, with dramatic consequences on patients’ health and quality of life. This study is aimed at identifying risk factors for wound complications in patients undergoing primary closure of the perineal defect after total proctectomy. Data from 284 patients undergoing total proctectomy from 2002 to 2012 either at the University of Chicago Medical Center or the Catholic University of Rome Hospital were collected and analyzed. Overall, the perineal wound complication rate was 21.8 %. Successful conservative management was accomplished in 45.2 % of cases. Complications occurred significantly more often in patients with a higher Charlson score index, with the diagnosis of rectal cancer, who had received preoperative radiation and who had a surgical drain placed at the time of initial surgery. Neoadjuvant radiation was the only significant risk factor at multivariate analysis (OR 4.40). In the rectal cancer subgroup, younger age, female gender, and preoperative radiation were predictors of wound complications. Based on that, a 3-point score (radiation, age, and gender (RAG)) was developed. Patients with a score of 3 had a 50 % risk of developing a perineal wound complication. Perineal wound complications are a common and burdensome problem after total proctectomy. Preoperative radiation is the single most significant and controllable risk factor predicting perineal wound failure. In the presence of multiple, non-modifiable risk factors, alternative approaches to primary closure should be considered in managing complex perineal defects.
Solidification of circular Couette flow with viscous dissipation

Abstract A semi-analytic solution is presented for the solidification of laminar circular Couette flow within a one-dimensional annular region with a rotating outer cylinder and stationary inner cylinder. Viscous dissipation in the liquid is taken into account. Closed-form expressions for the dimensionless temperature distribution in the solid and liquid regions, Nusselt number at the solid–liquid interface, dimensionless power and torque per unit length, dimensionless steady-state freeze front location, and dimensionless pressure distribution in the liquid are derived as a function of liquid-to-solid thermal conductivity ratio, Brinkman number, annulus radius ratio, and Stefan number, which is assumed to be small ( 0.9). It is also shown that the size of the liquid region within the annular gap has a more controlling influence on the solidification rate at latter times (when the Brinkman number is small) while a Brinkman number of order unity has a dominant influence at earlier times.
Imagining Wittgenstein's Adolescent: The educational significance of expression

This paper highlights the philosophical and educational significance of expression in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations. When the role of expression is highlighted, we will be better able to appreciate Stanley Cavell's insistence that: (i) Wittgenstein offers ways of responding to, though not a refutation of, the problem of skepticism concerning other minds, and (ii) Wittgenstein's writing style is an important aspect of his philosophy. The educational implications of this appreciation will be explored with reference to the lives of adolescences.
Ontogenetic changes in pharyngeal morphology correlate with a diet shift from arthropods to dreissenid mussels in round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus)

Abstract The potential of predators to regulate populations of dreissenid mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis ) has been addressed since early in the dreissenid invasion of North America. Round gobies ( Neogobius melanostomus ) larger than approximately 60 mm have been shown to prey extensively on dreissenids, whereas smaller round gobies feed mainly on aquatic insects and crustaceans. We propose that ontogenetic changes in pharyngeal morphology may contribute to this diet shift in round gobies. Pharyngeals of 69 round gobies ranging from 31 to 164 mm total length were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Areas of lower pharyngeals and pharyngobranchial 2 increased allometrically with fish length. Pharyngeals of round gobies smaller than 50 mm contained narrow (
Characterization of benzodiazepine-sensitive behaviors in the A/J and C57BL/6J inbred strains of mice

Exploratory behaviors as well as pharmacological actions of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA)/benzodiazepine receptor agonists and inverse agonists were characterized in C57BL/6J and A/J strains of mice. C57BL/6J mice displayed higher levels of exploratory behavior than A/J mice in the light in equilibrium with dark exploration model of anxiety and in an open-field test, suggesting that C57BL/6J mice are less "emotional" and more active than A/J mice, respectively. However, C57BL/6J mice were more sensitive than A/J mice to the anxiolytic effects of diazepam in the light in equilibrium with dark exploration model. In contrast, A/J mice were more sensitive than C57BL/6J mice to the convulsant effects of methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate. C57BL/6J mice showed no evidence of acquisition of a passive avoidance task, while A/J readily acquired this memory task at low levels of footshock. C57BL/6J and A/J mice should be useful parental strains in recombinant inbred lines for investigating the genetic determinants of benzodiazepine-sensitive behaviors and sensitivity to drugs acting on the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex.
What's the Value of an Academic Library?: The Development of the ACRL Value of Academic Libraries Comprehensive Research Review and Report

This paper provides an overview of the process undertaken in the US during 2009/10 in developing a major report on the value of academic libraries. A summary of the key findings and recommendations from the report are also provided. While very much focused on the US situation, the author feels the findings may well have resonance elsewhere, including Australia.
On the Flow in an Annulus Surrounding a Whirling Cylinder

When fluid in an annulus between two cylinders is set in motion by whirling movements of one or both of the cylinders, dynamic forces are imposed by the fluid on the cylinders. Knowledge of these forces is frequently important, indeed often critical, to the engineer designing rotor systems or journal bearings. Quite general solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are presented for this problem and are limited only by restrictions on the amplitude of the whirl motion. From these solutions, the forces are derived under a wide variety of circumstances, including large and small annular widths, high and low Reynolds numbers and with and without a mean flow created by additional net rotation of one or both of the cylinders.
Molecular Cloning of the Chicken Oviduct Ecto-ATP-Diphosphohydrolase

Abstract The chicken oviduct ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase (ATPDase), a member of the ecto-ATPase family, was purified to homogeneity previously (Strobel, R. S., Nagy, A. K., Knowles, A. F., Buegel, J., and Rosenberg, M. O. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16323–16331). It is an 80-kDa glycoprotein with high specific activity (approximately 1,000 μmol/min/mg with MgATP as the substrate) and hydrolyzes both nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. Using amino acid sequence information obtained from the purified enzyme, two partial cDNA clones were obtained using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and library screening. This is the second ecto-ATPase family member and the first ecto-ATPDase to be cloned from information derived from purified proteins. The deduced primary sequence of the chicken oviduct ecto-ATPDase indicates a protein of 493 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 54 kDa. The predicted orientation shows it to be anchored to the membrane by two transmembranous segments near the NH2 and COOH termini with very short intracytoplasmic peptides at either end. The bulk of the protein is extracellular and contains 12 potentialN-glycosylation sites, several potential phosphorylation sites, and five sequences that are conserved in seven other related membrane proteins. Four of the conserved sequences, designated as apyrase conserved regions, are present in both ecto-ATPases and soluble E-type ATPases. The fifth conserved region, which occurs near the COOH terminus of the eight proteins, is observed only in the membrane-bound ecto-ATPases. Unexpectedly, sequence comparison revealed that the chicken oviduct ecto-ATPDase is equally distant from the two ecto-ATPases, which exhibit low activity toward ADP, and the four putative ecto-ATPDases, which are closely related to CD39.
Four-wave mixing resonantly enhanced by ac-Stark-split levels in self-trapped filaments of light

It is observed that when an intense, nearly resonant laser beam propagates through a dilute ($Nl5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) vapor of sodium atoms, a four-wave-mixing process occurs, leading to the generation of strong, coherent radiation in the forward direction at frequencies symmetrically detuned from that of the exciting laser by the generalized Rabi frequency. This phenomenon is explained as resulting from a nearly phase-matched mixing process utilizing the nonlinear response of the sodium atom. Our analysis is based on a solution of the density-matrix equations of motion that includes the effect of level shifts induced by the ac Stark effect, which can be as great as 10 \AA{} for our experimental conditions, and which leads to gain due to the stimulated three-photon effect at one Rabi sideband and to strong coupling due to a parametric mixing process between radiation at the two sideband frequencies. It is also observed that at larger sodium densities ($N\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$), self-focusing of the laser beam can occur, leading to several complicating effects. We find experimentally that the on-resonance Rabi frequency $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ within a self-trapped filament lies preferentially within the range from 1 to 3 times the laser detuning from resonance $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and we explain this result as a consequence of strong saturation of the refractive index that occurs for $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}\ensuremath{\Delta}$. Four-wave mixing is found to occur within these self-trapped filaments. The high-frequency sideband thus generated is trapped within the filament, whereas the lower-frequency sideband is ejected as a consequence of Snell's law and forms a cone surrounding the transmitted laser beam.
Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Seed Oil by Orthogonal Test Methodology

The objective of the work was to optimize the extraction of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. seed oil (HSO) by means of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Effects of pressure, temperature, time and CO2 flow rate on extract abilities of HSO were studied in this paper. Basis on the signal factor test, the orthogonal design was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Results showed that following conditions were optimal: pressure 40Mpa, temperature 40°C, time 120min, CO2 flow rate 9 kg/h. Extraction yield of HSO were 8.92%. Supercritical CO2 technology was a good extraction method for its higher yield and shorter time.
Equitable Approaches to Local Economic Development

Central city economic development during the 1980s and 1990s resounded with the theme of “public-private partnerships” putting together new downtown hotels, sports stadiums, and festival marketplaces. Yet, as city after city proclaimed its “renaissance” and “rebirth,” poverty and unemployment increased in many of the same cities. Economic disparities also increased between central cities and their suburbs. These contrasting patterns of growth and decline were often reflected in local economic development struggles over downtown versus neighborhoods, economic development as job generation versus real estate development, and the rich and powerful versus the poor and marginalized. In some cities, these concerns often were articulated by African-American, Latino, and blue-collar communities and their activist supporters. They led to new development strategies designed to balance more equitably the costs and benefits of local economic development. The new strategies included opening government to previously excluded constituencies, linking downtown development to neighborhood development managed by community development corporations, and balancing development across economic sectors. This article reviews efforts in several cities to implement redistributive urban planning and local economic development policies. It concludes with three possibilities for improving broader equity outcomes in future local economic development.
Survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii: Influence of sclerotial treatment and depth of burial

Abstract The influence of sclerotial treatment (drying, washing), source of sclerotia (soil or culture) and depth of burial in soil on survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii was determined at two locations (North Carolina and Georgia) during the 1983–1984 winter and at North Carolina during the 1984–1985 winter. Survival was significantly influenced by depth of burial at both locations and by sclerotial treatment before burial. About 11–31% of the sclerotia buried deeper than 2.5cm survived after 30 days, regardless of sclerotial treatment or source of sclerotia. In contrast, 65–84% of those on the soil surface remained viable. Viability of the remaining sclerotia declined gradually during the 9 months of the experiment. Drying the sclerotia before burial significantly reduced survival. Continual washing of sclerotia in tap water for 5 h after drying and before burial further reduced survival. Reduction in viability over time with increasing depth was less for non-dried sclerotia than for those that had been dried, or dried and washed, with up to 55% survival of non-dried sclerotia after 9 months. Fewer sclerotia produced in non-sterile soil germinated after recovery from burial than those produced in culture. Non-germinating sclerotia frequently were colonized by Trichoderma spp. Soil temperature at 5, 10 and 15cm depths and %CO2 in the soil atmosphere at 5 and 15 cm were not correlated with survival. Longevity of sclerotia of S. rolfsii in soil can be reduced by drying and deep burial, both of which predispose sclerotia to colonization by soil microbes.
Explaining geographic variations. The enthusiasm hypothesis.

The causes of geographic variations in the use of health care services continue to puzzle researchers. Some have proposed that physicians in geographic areas with high rates of use provide proportionally more unnecessary care than those in other areas. Available research does not support this hypothesis. Others contend that uncertainty about the effectiveness of health services leads physicians to differing conclusions about when to perform various services and is the primary cause of geographic variations. Available research also does not support this hypothesis. This article proposes a different explanation, i.e., the enthusiasm hypothesis. Currently, research data suggest that geographic differences in the use of health care services are caused by differences in the prevalence of physicians who are enthusiasts for particular services. This analysis explores the validity of the enthusiasm hypothesis using previously published data on carotid endarterectomy.
The Measurement of Radiative Capture Widths

The history of resonance capture γ-ray spectroscopy dates back about 15 years when the first experiments with linac neutron sources were reported. Landon and Rae1-used the observation of a high energy γray to determine the spin of the 34 eV resonance of Hg-199 and Draper and his co-workers at Yale2 looked for systematic variations in the low energy γ-ray production from resonances. Although thermal neutron capture resonance spectroscopy had been an active field for some 10 years previous to the first resonance measurements, the inherently low flux associated with the resonance region inhibited development in this direction for many years. The development of potent neutron sources, such as the high flux reactors and high current linacs, in conjunction with the advent of high resolution semi-conductor diode detectors, made neutron resonance γ-ray spectroscopy come alive.
Selective coregulator function and restriction of steroid receptor chromatin occupancy by Hic-5.

Steroid receptors (SRs) bind specific DNA regulatory sequences, thereby activating and repressing gene expression. We previously showed that transcriptional coregulator Hic-5 facilitates glucocorticoid regulation of some genes but blocks glucocorticoid regulation of others. Here, in a genome-wide analysis, Hic-5 depletion dramatically increased the global number of sites occupied by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) α (the major GR isoform), and many binding sites blocked by Hic-5 were associated with genes for which Hic-5 also blocked glucocorticoid-regulated expression. Hic-5 had similar effects on GRγ (a splice variant of GRα) and estrogen receptor α (ERα), facilitating hormonal regulation of some genes and blocking hormonal regulation of others. As with GRα, Hic-5 blocking of hormonal gene regulation mediated by GRγ and ERα was associated with blocking of GRγ and ERα occupancy at nearby sites. Hic-5 supported hormonal regulation of many more genes for GRα than for GRγ or ERα and thus exhibited selective co...
Molecular definition of the germinal centre stage of B–cell differentiation

Genomic-scale gene expression analysis provides views of biological processes as a whole that are difficult to obtain using traditional single-gene experimental approaches. In the case of differentiating systems, gene expression profiting can define a stage of differentiation by the characteristic expression of hundreds of genes. Using specialized DNA microarrays termed 'Lymphochips', gene expression during mature B-cell differentiation has been defined. Germinal centre B cells represent a stage of differentiation that can be defined by a gene expression signature that is not shared by other highly proliferative B-cell populations such as mitogenically activated peripheral blood B cells. The germinal centre gene expression signature is maintained to a significant degree in lymphoma cell lines derived from this stage of differentiation, demonstrating that this gene expression programme does not require ongoing interactions with other germinal centre cell types. Analysis of representative cDNA libraries prepared from resting and activated peripheral blood B cells, germinal centre centroblasts, centrocytes and tonsillar memory B cells has confirmed and extended the results of DNA microarray gene expression analysis.
Experimental measurements of glare in cathode-ray tubes

Multiple light reflections in the emissive structure and electron backscattering processes, in the vacuum of cathode- ray tubes (CRT) are sources of luminance spread and loss of image quality. To perform glare measurements in CRTs, a detector that can record low intensity signals from small dark fields in the presence of a bright surrounding field is required. We have designed and constructed a luminance probe consisting of a cone-shaped nose and an internally baffled barrel that measures light generated in a spot of abut 4 mm diameter. The probe minimizes light scattering from the probe back into the faceplate, and minimizes contributions from bright surrounding regions. In this paper, we report results on the performance of the probe and demonstrate its application for characterizing CRT devices. The probe is shown to be capable of measuring contrast ratios of at least 800 for dark fields with a radius of 2 cm. Measurements on a medical imaging CRTs illustrate how significant veiling glare in the device can result is contrast ratios of about 100 and how the reflection of ambient light can reduce the contrast ratio to below 25.
The β‐tubulin gene from rat and human isolates of Pneumocystis carinii

The development of new drugs for treating Pneumocystis carinii infections in AIDS patients is hampered by the lack of long-term culture systems, and by our generally limited knowledge of this organism. Recently, however, we observed significant activity of various benzimidazoles against growth of this organism in short-term cultures. Benzimidazoles inhibit microtubule polymerization; there is strong evidence that the primary target is the beta-tubulin subunit. To understand the basis for benzimidazole activity against P. carinii, and to examine the apparent relatedness of this organism to fungi, we have cloned and sequenced the single beta-tubulin gene from a rat P. carinii isolate. There was 89-91% identity at the amino acid level to beta-tubulins from filamentous fungi, but only 79-82% identity to yeast and protozoal beta-tubulins. Also, eight introns were distributed throughout the P. carinii beta-tubulin gene in a pattern characteristic of filamentous fungi. Specific residues previously implicated in benzimidazole sensitivity were conserved in P. carinii beta-tubulin. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a segment of P. carinii beta-tubulin DNA from bronchoalveolar lavages obtained from two patients with AIDS. There was considerable divergence at the DNA level between the human and rat sequences, but 100% identity at the amino-acid level.
Affinity labeling of anti-Group A streptococcal polysaccharide antibodies.

Abstract The active sites of rabbit antibodies to the Group A streptococcal polysaccharide have been affinity labeled with a reagent ( p -diazoniumphenyl- β -N-acetylglucosaminide) based on the terminal immunodominant monosaccharide of the Group A polysaccharide. Isoelectric focusing of radiolabeled antibodies showed that two of six antipolysaccharide antisera contained small amounts of restricted individual antibody components which affinity labeled with very high specificity. Most of the antibodies, including major restricted components which stand out from a heterogeneous background in isoelectric focusing, were affinity labeled with low specificit. The antipolysaccharide antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose conjugated with p -aminophenyl- β -N-acetylglucosaminide.
Separating carbonaceous aerosol source terms using thermal evolution, carbon isotopic measurements, and C/N/S determinations

Abstract Using a thermal evolution technique (1), organic/total carbon ratios and organic-elemental concentrations are reported for samples obtained at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL 1981–1982), Whiteface Mountain in upstate New York (July 1982), and from four New Jersey sites (Feb. and Aug., 1982). Ratios of organic to total carbon have also been determined for samples taken at Barrow, Alaska during Jan.–Apr., 1981. As well, C-14 to C-12 and C-13 to C-12 ratios have been determined for a weekly BNL sample and a composite Barrow, Alaska sample. These preliminary data indicate that 30% of the aerosol impacting these areas is of biogenic or wood-burning origin. These data along with preliminary C/N/S determinations for the aforementioned samples are discussed in the context of using a combination of these methods to allow source differentiation of carbonaceous aerosol inputs.
The effect of brand and caloric information on flavor perception and food consumption in restrained and unrestrained eaters

The goal of the current study was to determine whether provision of brand and caloric information affects sensory perception and consumption of a food in restrained (n=84) and unrestrained eaters (n=104). Using a between-subjects 2 × 2 × 3 design, female restrained and unrestrained eaters were asked to taste and rate a cookie that was labeled with a brand associated with healthful eating (Kashi(®)) or one associated with unhealthful eating (Nabisco(®)). Additionally, some participants were presented with a nutrition label alongside the brand name indicating that one serving contained 130 calories (Low-Calorie Condition), or 260 calories (High-Calorie Condition). The remaining participants were not shown a nutrition label (No Label Condition). Results indicated that those in the No Label or the High-Calorie Condition perceived the healthful branded cookie to have a better flavor than those who received the unhealthful branded cookie regardless of their restraint status. However, restrained eaters in the No Label Condition consumed more of the healthful than the unhealthful branded cookie, whereas those in the Low-Calorie Condition consumed more of the unhealthful than the healthful branded cookie. In contrast, unrestrained eaters ate more of the healthful branded cookie regardless of the caloric information provided. Thus, although restrained and unrestrained eaters' perceptions are similarly affected by branding and caloric information, brands and caloric information interact to affect restrained eaters' consumption. This study reveals that labeling foods as low calorie may create a halo effect which may lead to over-consumption of these foods in restrained eaters.
Inhibition of mouse spleen cell function by diphtheria toxin fragment A coupled to anti-mouse Thy-1.2 and by ricin A chain coupled to anti-mouse IgM

Abstract In order to study the mechanisms involved in the receptor-mediated uptake of effector proteins, a disulfide-linked conjugate of fragment A of diphtheria toxin and monoclonal anti-mouse Thy-1.2 has been synthesized and used to inhibit T-cell function in the mouse spleen. The hybrid was synthesized by coupling cystaminyl anti-Thy-1.2 with reduced fragment A under conditions maximizing disulfide interchange and was purified by affinity chromatography on NAD-Sepharose and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Low concentrations of the purified hybrid were active in inhibiting the PHA stimulation of thymidine incorporation by those mouse spleen cells which exhibit Thy-1.2 on their surface (T cells), while the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B-cell population was unaffected. In similar experiments, purified, monospecific, goat anti-mouse IgM was coupled to the toxic A subunit of the plant toxin ricin. Incubation of spleen cells with this hybrid protein resulted in the preferential loss of the B-cell population as shown by decreased response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation while the phytohemagglutinin stimulation was unaffected. It is concluded that these disulfide conjugates may act as functional analogs of diphtheria toxin and ricin, but with altered cell specificity, and are useful probes for B-cell and T-cell studies. Conjugates of this type may offer a new class of pharmacologic reagents with specificity toward a unique class of target cells.
The intertemporal volatility structure of Euro CD rates

In this paper we examine the intertemporal volatility structure of Eurocurrency rates of five different maturities ranging from seven days to twelve months for six Euro CD currency denominations spanning the 1986–1992 period. the analysis used the common ARCH-feature testing methodology recently developed by Engle and Kozicki (1993). First, the results indicate presence of ARCH effects in the Eurocurrency rate series. This result suggests that modelling of Eurocurrency rates requires the inclusion of time-varying risk premia. Second, our evidence reveals that short- and long-term Eurocurrency rate series have the same volatility process. the results point out that a common time-varying volatility process characterises most Eurocurrency rate series across maturities and currency denominations. Hence, the common ARCH results imply that a common time-varying variance model would be the appropriate specification of the conditional heterscedasticity for most Eurocurrency rates.
B+ retake: sustaining high volume inserts into large data pages

Modern ad-hoc data mining queries often run on databases over a terabyte in size. At this scale, large data pages are required to obtain sufficient disk performance. Unfortunately, these large data pages greatly increase update costs, especially for packed structures such as the B+ tree. In a frequently updated warehouse, users are often forced to decide between query performance and update performance in order to meet maintenance time windows. Solutions that provide both are welcome.In this paper, we analyze and measure the memory related costs of B+ Tree updates with large data pages. We introduce the RB+ (Red-Black+) tree as a practical replacement for the B+ tree. The RB+ tree uses persistent red-black binary trees instead of sorted records for leaf pages. This organization improves memory performance up to 3,000% for updates and provides query performance comparable to a B+ tree, making it practical for large, frequently updated warehouses.
The Dimensions of Social Justice Model: Transforming Traditional Group Work Into a Socially Just Framework

Social justice is a complex and abstract concept that can be difficult to discuss and integrate within group work. To address this concern, this article introduces readers to the Dimensions of Social Justice Model. The model provides group leaders with a conceptual framework for understanding the degree to which social justice is integrated within group approaches. The process of integrating social justice into group work can be understood in five distinct dimensions: naivete, multicultural integration, liberatory critical consciousness, empowerment, and social justice advocacy. A middle school bullying group will be used to operationalize this model.
On the maximum strain criterion—a new approach to the angled crack problem

Abstract The maximum-normal-strain theory for fracture is modified as a new approach to the study of the angled crack problem. Using this modified criterion and employing exact stress solutions, the present work presents predictions on the direction of initial crack extension and the fracture strength for plates containing a slit crack as well as those with an elliptic crack under uniform edge stresses. Good agreement is shown between the predicted results and experimental data found in the literature.
Maximum Payloads Per Unit Time Delivered Through an Air Network

Because the payload that an airplane can carry is a function of the longest segment of its route and differs from route to route, the usual algorithms of network flow theory will not yield the optimum flow of payload. In this paper two network algorithms are described. They determine the route of maximum payload flow per hour of flight time and the maximum steady-state payload flow through a network with capacity constraints on the nodes.
Isomorphism and embedding problems for infinite limits of scale-free graphs

The study of random graphs has traditionally been dominated by the closely-related models G(n, m), in which a graph is sampled from the uniform distribution on graphs with n vertices and m edges, and G(n, p), in which each of the (n/2) edges is sampled independently with probability p. Recently, however, there has been considerable interest in alternate random graph models designed to more closely approximate the properties of complex real-world networks such as the Web graph, the Internet, and large social networks. Two of the most well-studied of these are the closely related "preferential attachment" and "copying" models, in which vertices arrive one-by-one in sequence and attach at random in "rich-get-richer" fashion to d earlier vertices.Here we study the infinite limits of the preferential attachment process --- namely, the asymptotic behavior of finite graphs produced by preferential attachment (brie y, PA graphs), as well as the infinite graphs obtained by continuing the process indefinitely. We are guided in part by a striking result of Erdo;s and Renyi on countable graphs produced by the infinite analogue of the G(n, p) model, showing that any two graphs produced by this model are isomorphic with probability 1; it is natural to ask whether a comparable result holds for the preferential attachment process.We find, somewhat surprisingly, that the answer depends critically on the out-degree d of the model. For d = 1 and d = 2, there exist infinite graphs R∞d such that a random graph generated according to the infinite preferential attachment process is isomorphic to R∞d with probability 1. For d ≥ 3, on the other hand, two different samples generated from the infinite preferential attachment process are non-isomorphic with positive probability. The main technical ingredients underlying this result have fundamental implications for the structure of finite PA graphs; in particular, we give a characterization of the graphs H for which the expected number of subgraph embeddings of H in an n-node PA graph remains bounded as n goes to infinity.
trans -10, cis -12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enhances Endurance Capacity by Increasing Fatty Acid Oxidation and Reducing Glycogen Utilization in Mice

The supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to improve endurance by enhancing fat oxidation during exercise in rodents and humans. This study was designed to investigate the isomer-specific effects of CLA on endurance capacity and energy metabolism in mice during exercise. Male 129Sv/J mice were divided into three dietary groups and fed treatment diet for 6 weeks; control, 0.5 % cis-9,trans-11 (c9,t11) CLA, or 0.5 % trans-10,cis-12 (t10,c12) CLA. Dietary t10,c12 CLA induced a significant increase in maximum running time and distance until exhaustion with a dramatic reduction of total adipose depots compared to a control group, but there were no significant changes in endurance with the c9,t11 CLA treatment. Serum triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were significantly lower in the t10,c12 fed mice after exercise compared to control and the c9,t11 CLA fed-animals. Glycogen contents in livers of the t10,c12 fed-mice were higher than those in control mice, concomitant with reduction of serum L-lactate level. There were no differences in non-exercise physical activity among all treatment groups. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1β, uncoupling protein 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in skeletal muscle during exercise were significantly up-regulated by the t10,c12 CLA but not the c9,t11 CLA. These results suggest that the t10,c12 CLA is responsible for improving endurance exercise capacity by promoting fat oxidation with a reduction of the consumption of stored liver glycogen, potentially mediated via PPARδ dependent mechanisms.
Heme Attachment Motif Mobility Tunes Cytochrome c Redox Potential

Hydrogen exchange (HX) rates and midpoint potentials (Em) of variants of cytochrome c from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa cyt c551) and Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (Ht cyt c552) have been characterized in an effort to develop an understanding of the impact of properties of the Cys-X-X-Cys-His pentapeptide c-heme attachment (CXXCH) motif on heme redox potential. Despite structural conservation of the CXXCH motif, Ht cyt c552 exhibits a low level of protection from HX for amide protons within this motif relative to Pa cyt c551. Site-directed mutants have been prepared to determine the structural basis for and functional implications of these variations on HX behavior. The double mutant Ht-M13V/K22M displays suppressed HX within the CXXCH motif as well as a decreased Em (by 81 mV), whereas the corresponding double mutant of Pa cyt c551 (V13M/M22K) exhibits enhanced HX within the CXXCH pentapeptide and a modest increase in Em (by 30 mV). The changes in Em correlate with changes in axial His chemical shifts in th...
Estimating the extremal eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix

Abstract Lower and upper bounds on the absolute values of the eigenvalues of an n × n real symmetric matrix A are given by (trace A m ) 1/ m for both negative and positive even m . (The bounds are within a factor of 2 from the eigenvalues already for m > log 2 n .) We present algorithms for computing trace A m by means of the inversion of some auxiliary matrices of the form λI - A , and we estimate the solution cost for the important special classes of matrices (Toeplitz and Toeplitz-like, banded and sparse having small separator families). The cost is substantially lower than in the approach based on the powering of A . The resulting computation of the eigenvalue bounds is deterministic (it does not depend on the choice of an auxiliary vector as is the case for the power and inverse power methods).
A Markov model reduction technique for fault tolerant processor reliability analysis

A fault tolerant processor (FTP) plays a key role in many high performance, safety-critical control system applications. Realistic modeling of an FTP is crucial to gaining a high degree of confidence in the reliability and safety analysis of such a system. While fidelity is clearly a major consideration, a practical model must also be kept to a moderate size to allow its incorporation into the overall system model. This paper presents a systematic reduction technique that starts from a complex, detailed model of a triple, redundant FTP and produces a low order approximation of very high accuracy. The existence of two distinct time scales represents the key to the success of the technique. No eigenvalue solution or coordinate transformation are needed. The reduced model captures all the important features of the detailed model, is amenable to an analytical solution and provides insight into the reconfiguration behavior of an FTP.
Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer Observations of the Eastern Lobe of W50 Associated with SS 433

We present the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the SNR W50, associated with SS 433. The observations cover the X-ray lobe found between SS 433 and the outer eastern radio "ear" of W50. The X-ray spectrum measured with the proportional counter array and the High-Energy Timing Experiment in the 3-100 keV range favors nonthermal over thermal models for this part of W50. We combine the RXTE spectrum with the ROSAT and ASCA spectra, thus covering ~3 orders of magnitude in energy. The spectrum of the harder X-ray emission is well represented by a power law with a photon index of ~1.45 and a total X-ray luminosity of ~1.5×1035 ergs s-1 for a source distance of 5.5 kpc. We thus confirm the nonthermal nature of the inner X-ray lobe. We discuss its implications in the context of the interaction between the jets from SS 433 and the surroundings.
The polymerization of acrylic resin orthodontic prostheses

A utopolymerizing acrylic resin is frequently used in fabricating orthodontic prostheses such as space maintainers, Hawley retainers, jackscrews, and occlusal splints. The powder and liquid are applied directly to the gypsum cast where they polymerize in about 10 minutes. Several polymerizing techniques have been advocated to provide a dense, nonporous, stronger prothesis. These methods include (1) bench polymerization, (2) polymerization under a coating of petroleum jelly, (3) polymerization in a monomer atmosphere, (4) polymerization under pressure in air, and (5) polymerization under pressure in water. While Craig’ recommends that autopolymerizing acrylic resins be processed in water under pressure, the advantages of a given technique have not been substantiated in the literature. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of these five polymerizing techniques on the transverse strength of acrylic resin.
On some statistical methods for analysis of combination drug studies

To be discussed are the practical considerations in the use of some statistical methods to evaluate clinical data for combination antihypertensive agents. The issues of interest concern efficacy and dose-response in a factorial clinical trial for multiple dose combinations. Discussions cover fixed-dose combination studies.
DNA fork displacement rates in human cells.

Abstract DNA fork displacement rates were measured in 20 human cell lines by a bromodeoxyuridine-313 nm photolysis technique. Cell lines included representatives of normal diploid, Fanconi's anemia, ataxia telangiectasia, xeroderma pigmentosum, trisomy-21 and several transformed lines. The average value for all the cell lines was 0.53 ± 0.08 μm/min . The average value for individual cell lines, however, displayed a 30% variation. Less than 10% of variation in the fork displacement rate appears to be due to the experimental technique; the remainder is probably due to true variation among the cell types and to culture conditions.
School Leaders’ Perceptions About Incompetent Teachers: Implications for Supervision and Evaluation

This study explored Wyoming school leaders’ perceptions about the traits of incompetent teachers, strategies used to work with incompetent teachers, and the barriers to their dismissal. Most import...
Mechanisms of HIV-1 latency.

AbstractThis review describes some of the virus-cell relationships that might contribute to the state of latency observed in HIV infection. Viruses use many mechanisms to persist in their host, and the molecular interactions evoked by the virus and the cell on each other can influence the outcome of
The effects of chronic developmental hypoxia on swimming performance in zebrafish

Relative to normoxia-reared fish, hypoxia-reared zebrafish Danio rerio achieved 24·9 and 21·4% slower maximal swim velocities in both normoxic and hypoxic waters, respectively. Hypoxia-reared fish also produced 26·1 and 63·9% less lactate during resting conditions across both normoxic and hypoxic waters, respectively. During exercise, this trend continued as hypoxia-reared fish produced 68·2 and 55·1% less lactate across both normoxic and hypoxic waters, respectively. This reduction in performance, rather than representing a purely pathological (maladaptive) response to hypoxia, appears to represent a fundamental shift in the metabolic response to hypoxia.
The Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: Linking T Cell Differentiation, Function, and Metabolism

In the two-signal model of T cell activation, the outcome of antigen recognition is determined by the integration of multiple cues in the immune microenvironment. mTOR is an evolutionarily conserved PI3-kinase family member that plays a central role in integrating environmental cues in the form of amino acids, energy, and growth factors. Recently, an increasingly important role for mTOR in directing T cell activation and differentiation has become apparent. Here we review recent findings demonstrating the ability of mTOR to interpret signals in the immune microenvironment and program the generation of CD4 + effector versus regulatory T cells, the generation of CD8 + effector versus memory cells, T cell trafficking, and T cell activation versus anergy. The key theme to emerge from these studies is that the central role of mTOR provides a direct link between T cell metabolism and function.
Pathologic correlates of heparin-free donation after cardiac death in lung transplantation.

From the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Dec 10, 2012; accepted for publication Jan 17, 2013; available ahead of print Feb 18, 2013. Address for reprints: David P. Mason, MD, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J4-1, Cleveland, OH 44195 (E-mail: masond2@ccf.org). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:e49-50 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2013 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.01.036
Elastic scattering of 1-GeV protons by nuclei

Abstract The calculated elastic scattering of 1.04-GeV protons by 208 Pb, 58 Ni, and 40 Ca is compared with experiment. The effects of the spin-orbit potential, Pauli and short-range correlations, variations in the ratio of the real to the imaginary part of the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude at 0° are found to have similar effects. Further experiments are required before these effects can be disentangled. Changes of the neutron density compared to the proton density can be distinguished. The proton polarization by elastic scattering by 208 Pb and 40 Ca is calculated omitting the effects of correlations.
The Multiple-Family ELSP with Safety Stocks

The multiple-family economic lot scheduling problem with safety stocks (MFELSP-SS) with normally distributed, time-stationary demand is considered in a manufacturing setting where the relevant costs include family setup costs, item setup costs, and inventory holding costs for both cycle and safety stocks. A family is a subset of the items that share a common family setup with its associated setup cost and setup time. Each item within the family may have its own setup time and setup cost. The families form a partition of the set of items manufactured on a single facility. The safety stock level for any item is a function of the time interval between production runs for the item, the service level specified, and the variance of its demand. We consider safety stocks explicitly in the formulation, as their holding costs vary nontrivially with the models decision variables. The MFELSP-SS differs from multilevel inventory models with family setups in that the former assumes noninstantaneous inventory replenishment and considers the cost of holding safety stocks; the latter assumes instantaneous replenishment and does not directly assess the impact of safety stock levels on the total cost. An efficient solution procedure is developed for this model. Properties of the nonconvex feasible space are identified and used in the solution approach. The solution to the mathematical model comprises the basic period length, the family multipliers, and the item multipliers that give the lowest total cost of setups and carrying inventory. The family multipliers and item multipliers are restricted to integer powers of two.
Keratoacanthomas associated with imatinib mesylate.

To the Editor,Imatinib mesylate, an orally available inhibitor of constitutively activated BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) alpha and beta, and the c-kit rec...