cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE IRON TRICARBONYL FRAGMENT IN BORANE CAGES

Abstract The five atom nido series, B 5 H 9 , B 4 H 8 Fe(CO) 3 and B 3 H 7 Fe 2 (CO) 6 has been used to explore in a systematic fashion the consequences of replacing one or two B-H fragments with Fe(CO) 3 fragments. Equivalence of the B-H and Fe(CO) 3 fragments (the “borane analogy”) is tested with this series of compounds on three different levels: geometry, filled molecular orbital structure, and photochemical behavior. In terms of geometry, B-H and Fe(CO) 3 are equivalent for both the mono- and di-iron compounds. On the other hand, the uv photoelectron spectra of these compounds, though revealing similarities between B 5 H 9 and B 4 H 8 Fe(CO) 3 in terms of cluster bonding, emphasize significant changes resulting from the introduction of one and two Fe(CO) 3 fragments into the cluster. Finally, it is demonstrated that the light sensitivity of B 4 H 8 Fe(CO) 3 provides a photochemical method for the preparation of new, unusual carboranes.
Status dissociatus--a perspective on states of being.

During the course of routine clinical study, it has become apparent that the all-or-none concept of state determination (wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement sleep, rapid eye movement sleep) does not always exist, and that ambiguous, multiple, or rapid oscillation of state-determining variables appear in a wide variety of experimental and clinical situations. Six cases of extreme state dissociation are presented, with a review of the human and animal clinical and experimental literature. This multiple component concept of state determination must be kept in mind when pharmacologic or lesion studies are employed to suppress one or another state. Such manipulation may suppress some of the commonly used markers for that state (i.e., polygraphic) without affecting other variables of that state. The existence of mixed states will be a challenge to the development of automated computerized polysomnogram scoring.
Inductive inference by refinement

A model is presented for the class of inductive inference problems that are solved by refinement algorithms - that is, algorithms that modify a hypothesis by making it more general or more specific in response to examples. The separate effects of the syntax (rule space) and semantics, and the relevant orderings on these, are precisely specified. Relations called refinement operators are defined, one for generalization and one for specialization. General and particular properties of these relations are considered, and algorithm schemas for top-down and bottom-up inference are given. Finally, difficulties common to refinement algorithms are reviewed.
The personal is apolitical: Neoliberalism and academic capitalism in U.S. women's studies programs

Abstract Using a critical meta-ethnographic analysis, this paper explores the status of women's studies programs from an organizational perspective in U.S. higher education. Specifically, I draw on previous literature on women's studies program to synthesize and examine how women's studies function U.S. colleges and universities. Ultimately, analysis concluded that women's studies programs - while significant to the rise of academic programs derived from social justice movements - perpetuate neoliberalism and academic capitalism in the academy.
Force and Moment on a Body

In this chapter, we are interested in developing expressions to compute the force and moment on a body—either two- or three-dimensional, possibly in motion, and immersed in a fluid of infinite extent. We will develop two approaches to calculate these forces and moments. The first will be the most straightforward: we will compute the force and moment by integrating the traction on the surface of the body. The second, in contrast, will be based on the rate of change of impulse in the flow. One can think of this approach as accounting for the force and moment by its effect on the momentum in the surrounding fluid. We will discover that these impulse-based formulas are quite generally applicable, even to viscous flows, but that they also rely on a few assumptions about the underlying problem. In order to clarify these assumptions, we will return to the surface traction form, and use this to reconcile the two approaches, under our usual restriction to inviscid flows. Consistent with our treatment thus far, we will neglect the effect of gravity, though it is easy to include it in any of the results we obtain.
Minimizing Radioactivity and Other Features of Elemental and Isotopic Tailoring of Materials for Fusion Reactors

Three general rules are developed by which long-term induced radioactivity can be minimized. These rules are then applied to two specific alloy systems--stainless steels and the molybdenum alloy, TZM. A particular steel, Tenelon, containing neither nickel nor molybdenum, is especially attractive. It is found that the principles of both elemental substitution and isotopic tailoring can reduce the long-term radioactivity levels by orders of magnitude compared to normal Type 316 stainless steel. A comparison of long-term activity levels in such systems as the liquid-metal fast breeder reactor, fusion with standard structural alloys, and fusion with steel alloys designed for low activity quantitatively shows the potential advantage of fusion in this area. The influence of isotopic tailoring on gas production rates is also discussed. The calculations on radioactivity indicate that with proper attention to the choice of materials and isotopes, long-term radioactivity in fusion devices can be made so low as to either eliminate concern over long-term storage or allow recycling within a few human generations.
De-escalation of empiric broad spectrum antibiotics in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with febrile neutropenia

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common serious complication in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) requiring urgent evaluation and initiation of empiric broad spectrum antibiotics (BSA). The appropriate duration of BSA for FN in patients with negative cultures and no identifiable infection remains undefined. We retrospectively analyzed allogenic and autologous HSCT patients with FN and negative infectious work-up at our facility from 2012 to 2018. The early de-escalation group (EDG) included those who had BSA de-escalation to fluoroquinolone prophylaxis at least 24 h prior to absolute neutrophil count (ANC) recovery after the patient was fever-free for at least 48 h. Among 297 patients undergoing their first HSCT who experienced FN with negative infectious work-up, 83 patients were de-escalated early with the remaining 214 in the standard of care group (SCG) whose BSA were continued until ANC was > 500. Duration of broad-spectrum antibiotics was shorter in EDG compared to SCG (3.86 days vs. 4.62 days, p = 0.03). Rates of mortality, new infections, and clinical decompensation requiring intensive care unit transfer and/or pressor use within 30 days were all similar between the two groups (0% vs. 0.4% p = 1.00, 0% vs. 1.4% p = 0.56, 13.2% vs. 8.4% p = 0.27). This indicates that it is safe to de-escalate antibiotics prior to ANC recovery, leading to less BSA exposure.
Covid-19 and Health Equity - Time to Think Big.

Covid-19 and Health Equity — Time to Think Big U.S. health inequities have structural causes warranting policy-level solutions. The Covid-19 health equity disaster carries some lessons from which w...
Enacting ambitious engineering curriculum in science classrooms: examining teachers’ implementation of Virtual Engineering Internships

The United States’ Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) elevate engineering design to the same stature as scientific inquiry, calling on science teachers to engage students in engineering pract...
Transplantation of liver from hepatitis C-infected donors to hepatitis C RNA-negative recipients: Histological and virologic outcome.

Background The virologic and histologic outcomes of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected liver graft into an HCV-negative recipient are not well understood. We aimed to evaluate the sustained virologic response (SVR) rate and the liver histology at 1 year post-Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with an HCV-infected graft. Methods A total of 33 patients received the HCV antibody (Ab)+/nucleic acid amplification test (NAT)+ graft. Of these patients, 23 were HCV-negative recipients and 10 were HCV-positive recipients. The 1-year biopsy data were available for 24 patients: 15 patients in HCV-negative group who received an HCV Ab+/NAT+graft and 9 patients in HCV-positive group who received an HCV Ab+/NAT+ graft. Patients with (+) HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) were started on direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment approximately 107 days after OLT using either a Glecaprevir-Pibrentasvir or Sofosbuvir-Velpatasvir or Sofosbuvir-Ledipasvir. Results All patients (n = 33) were treated with DAA and achieved SVR. The 1-year post-OLT liver biopsies were available in 24 patients: 9 patients had F1 and F2 fibrosis and 17 patients had minimal to moderate inflammation. There was no statistical difference in fibrosis and inflammation between the HCV-negative vs. HCV-positive recipients. All patients who received the NAT+ graft developed viremia and subsequently achieved SVR with treatment. Conclusion At 1 year protocol liver biopsy, patients had inflammation consistent with viral hepatitis despite the successful eradication of HCV.
Non-invasive carbon dioxide monitoring in neonates: methods, benefits, and pitfalls

Wide fluctuations in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) can potentially be associated with neurological and lung injury in neonates. Blood gas measurement is the gold standard for assessing gas exchange but is intermittent, invasive, and contributes to iatrogenic blood loss. Non-invasive carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring has become ubiquitous in anesthesia and critical care and is being increasingly used in neonates. Two common methods of non-invasive CO2 monitoring are end-tidal and transcutaneous. A colorimetric CO2 detector (a modified end-tidal CO2 detector) is recommended by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and the American Academy of Pediatrics to confirm endotracheal tube placement. Continuous CO2 monitoring is helpful in trending PaCO2 in critically ill neonates on respiratory support and can potentially lead to early detection and minimization of fluctuations in PaCO2. This review includes a description of the various types of CO2 monitoring and their applications, benefits, and limitations in neonates.
Robustness of Cascode GaN HEMTs under Repetitive Overvoltage and Surge Energy Stresses

Surge energy robustness is essential for power semiconductor devices in many power electronics applications, such as automotive powertrains and electrical grids. Si and SiC MOSFETs can dissipate surge energy via avalanche. However, GaN high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) has no avalanche capability. Recent studies have investigated the surge energy robustness of p-gate GaN HEMTs, revealing a capacitive-charging-based withstanding process. The degradation of p-gate GaN HEMT under repetitive surge energy stresses has also been reported. This work, for the first time, studies the repetitive surge energy robustness of a 650-V rated cascode GaN HEMT in the unclamped inductive switching (UIS) test. The cascode GaN HEMT shows a lower failure boundary under the repetitive UIS stress than the one under the single UIS stress. When the surge energy approaches the repetitive failure boundary, devices do not fail immediately but within limited cycles of stress. Devices were found to survive 1 million UIS cycles when the peak UIS voltage is reduced to ~80% of the failure boundary, but show considerable parametric shifts after the repetitive stress, including an on-resistance (RDS(ON)) increase during both forward and reverse conductions, a reduction in the off-state drain leakage current (I DSS ), and a negative shift of the drain-to-source capacitance (C DS ). These behaviors of device failure and degradation under repetitive UIS stresses can be explained by the buffer trapping accumulation in GaN HEMTs, which may lead to a reduction of the device dynamic breakdown voltage. This physical explanation has also been validated by physics-based TCAD simulation.
Surgical Skills Olympiad: A 4-Year Experience in a General Surgery Residency Program.

Background The acquisition of operative skills is the critical defining component of general surgery training. Performing simulated tasks has been shown to increase a resident's technical skills. As such, we devised the Surgical Skills Olympiad, an annual simulation-based skills competition. We examined our 4-year experience with the Olympiad at a large academic general surgery residency program. Objective This study aimed to use competition to motivate trainees to increase the time they spent practicing basic surgical skills, resulting in improved performance over time. Methods Teams were formed from members of each postgraduate year (PGY) class. Competition tasks were level specific: knot tying for PGY-1, basic laparoscopy for PGY-2, handsewn bowel anastomosis for PGY-3, vascular anastomosis for PGY-4, and advanced laparoscopy for PGY-5. Task scores over a 4-year period (2014–2017) were analyzed and a survey of participating teaching faculty was conducted. Results Ten faculty members responded to the survey, for a response rate of 63%. A total of 50% respondents felt that the caliber of surgical skills increased since the Olympiad was implemented. Ninety percent agreed that the Olympiad was beneficial for residents to assess their skills against their peers. Over 4 years, there was an improvement in scores for suturing task, advanced laparoscopy, and bowel anastomosis (p Conclusion A residency-wide surgical skills competition can improve resident performance in technical tasks and promote faculty engagement in resident skills training.
Surgical Approach to a Non-Communicating Uterine Horn

Study Objective The objective of this video is to discuss and demonstrate a surgical approach to management of a deeply involved non-communicating left uterine horn. Design Case Study. Setting The patient was taken to the operating room for a planned procedure. Adequate general anesthesia was obtained. She was placed in the dorsal lithotomy position and prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. Patients or Participants 21 y/o G0 presenting with 7 months of worsening dysmenorrhea. Interventions Patient underwent a Laparoscopic left uterine horn excision, left salpingectomy, chromotubation, treatment of endometriosis (excision and ablation). Measurements and Main Results A saline infusion sonogram was performed for further evaluation of dysmenorrhea which noted a possible uterine horn with endometrial lining. A subsequent MRI was ordered to further delineate anatomy and surgical planning. A non-communicating left uterine horn contiguous with the right unicornuate uterus was seen. The right unicornuate uterus was seen along the entire length communicating with the cervix. Pre-operative renal imaging was performed to assess for simultaneous renal abnormalities which was negative. In patients with mullerian anomalies, a thorough evaluation of the renal collecting system is essential. As high as 40% of patients with a unicornuate uterus are noted to have simultaneous renal anomalies. Pre-operative imaging with an ultrasound or an MRI is warranted to evaluate the kidneys, ureters and bladder. Obstruction is often associated with retrograde menses and hence endometriosis. Superficial scattered endometriosis lesions were noted in the pelvis of this patient. Surgical excision of the non-communications horn can provide symptomatic relief and eliminate reflux. Conclusion There are multiple types of mullerian anomalies. Ultrasound imaging is generally the first step in evaluation. if an ultrasound is unclear, an MRI can be ordered to further assess the complex anomaly. Evaluation of the renal collecting system is essential in these patients as the rate of renal anomalies can be high.
Smartphone TBI Sensing using Deep Embedded Clustering and Extreme Boosted Outlier Detection

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), caused by a severe impact to the head, can have long-lasting and possibly life-long disability of patients. This ultimately creates a huge economic and social burden on patients and the healthcare system. Many TBI patients do not get early and adequate medical care. Sensor-rich, ubiquitously owned smartphones can now be used to passively sense a wide range of ailments, facilitating continuous monitoring of patients and high-risk groups in the real world. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach for distinguishing smartphone users with TBI from healthy controls based on smartphone-sensed behaviors within 24-hours of the injury. Our method analyzes smartphone sensor data by first utilizing Deep Embedded Clustering (DEC) to identify clusters of users with similar smartphone-sensed behaviors. Extreme Gradient Boosted Outlier Detection (XGBOD) is then employed on each of the identified clusters to predict users with TBI. In rigorous evaluation, our method achieved a balanced accuracy of 88 % and a sensitivity of 74 %. Our proposed method can flag smartphone users with TBI, enabling them to receive early medical attention and improve their prognostic outlook.
A Study of Ionomers of Polyethylene‐acrylic Acid Copolymer (PEAA)

Describes a study in which three fabric samples containing 50 per cent to 100 per cent cotton were treated with various wettable latex dispersions of Polythylene Acrylic Acid (PEAA) copolymer having 20 per cent acrylic acid content. Additionally, 100 per cent cotton yarn (25's cc) were sized with the dispersions at add‐ons of 2 per cent to about 14 per cent. Some of the alkali PEAA was subsequently converted to aluminium and aluminium/magnesium (1:3) ionomers. In both the yarn and fabrics the abrasion resistance could be significantly improved. The abrasion resistance of the ionomer forms was not as good as the alkali form. Yarn tensile strengths were improved but gave lower elongation at break. The fabric tensile properties were lowered by the treatments. Concludes that the treatments offer potential improvements in the wear life of fabrics which are laundered infrequently, such as outerwear for apparel, shoe canvas and upholstery.
On handling dependent evidence and multiple faults in knowledge fusion for engine health management

Diagnostic architectures that fuse outputs from multiple algorithms are described as knowledge fusion or evidence aggregation. Knowledge fusion using a statistical framework such as Dempster-Shafer (D-S) has been used in the context of engine health management. Fundamental assumptions made by this approach include the notion of independent evidence and single fault. In most real world systems, these assumptions are rarely satisfied. Relaxing the single fault assumption in D-S based knowledge fusion involves working with a hyper-power set of the frame of discernment. Computational complexity limits the practical use of such extension. In this paper, we introduce the notion of mutually exclusive diagnostic subsets. In our approach, elements of the frame of discernment are subsets of faults that cannot be mistaken for each other, rather than failure modes. These subsets are derived using a systematic analysis of connectivity and causal relationship between various components within the system. Specifically, we employ a special form of reachability analysis to derive such subsets. The theory of D-S can be extended to handle dependent evidence for simple and separable belief functions. However, in the real world the conclusions of diagnostic algorithms might not take the form of simple or separable belief functions. In this paper, we present a formal definition of algorithm dependency based on three metrics: the underlying technique an algorithm is using, the sensors it is using, and the feature of the sensor that the algorithm is using. With this formal definition, we partition evidence into highly dependent, weakly dependent and independent evidence. We present examples from a Honeywell auxiliary power unit to illustrate our modified D-S method of evidence aggregation.
Energy Loss Analysis for Open Channel Expansions

A previously developed submerged flow analysis for open channel constructions has been modified to allow the analysis of energy loss on open channel expansions. The modified technique has been compared with previous methods of analysis using existing data, along with data collected in the laboratory in open channel expansions with vertical walls and triangular-shaped baffles. These comparisons point out the limitations of existing methods of energy loss analysis.
'Obama's my dad': Mixed race suspects, political anxiety and the new imperialism

In this article I will argue that the ideology of white supremacy is currently being reproduced as an ideology of political supremacy. I explore narratives of Obama and my father, and bring a transnational feminist framework to an examination of ontological and cultural ideologies of mixed race identity.
Gender Issues in the Classroom

Koch reviews the literature on gender socialization of students as they participate in the social and academic culture of the classroom. Research on classroom practices and policies that foster gender stereotypes and limit opportunity for females and males is followed by research on curriculum, classroom interaction, and school climates that promote gender equity. Information is presented on the importance of increasing educators' awareness of their gender expectations and how hidden curriculum and gender-differentiated instruction can affect student learning social relations within the classroom. Sexual harassment in schools and policies and programs that interfere with equal access to education are examined from a developmental perspective as well as from a sociocultural perspective. Keywords: classroom climate; gender-differentiated instruction; gender equity; gender stereotypes; sexual harassment
Cooperative Autonomic Management in Dynamic Distributed Systems

The centralized management of large distributed systems is often impractical, particularly when the both the topology and status of the system change dynamically. This paper proposes an approach to application-centric self-management in large distributed systems consisting of a collection of autonomic components that join and leave the system dynamically. Cooperative autonomic components self-organize into a dynamically created overlay network. Through local information sharing with neighbors, each component gains access to global information as needed for optimizing performance of applications. The approach has been validated and evaluated by developing a decentralized autonomic system consisting of multiple autonomic application managers previously developed for the In-VIGO grid-computing system. Using analytical results from complex random network and measurements done in a prototype system, we demonstrate the robustness, self-organization and adaptability of our approach, both theoretically and experimentally.
Translocal Governance and Social Capital in Mexico

In 2002, the Mexican communities of Urequio and San Miguel Epejan in the municipality of Panindicuaro, Michoacan both participated in the “Three-for-One” (3x1) Program, which provides matching grants for community projects solicited and cofinanced by U.S.-based migrant clubs. The program, which began as a state-level program in Zacatecas in 1986 and has operated at the national level since 2002, is a demand-driven intiative that involves migrant clubs, all three levels of the Mexican government, local works committees, and project beneficiaries in the financing, monitoring, and implementation of projects in the migrants’ hometowns. Urequio received 3x1 funding for a local health clinic requested by the community with the support of state healthworkers, while San Miguel Epejan received 3x1 funding for a public park that the migrant club and a local works committee had been trying to construct with the local government since 1998.
Osteoarthritic changes in vervet monkey knees correlate with meniscus degradation and increased matrix metalloproteinase and cytokine secretion

Summary Objective Meniscus injury increases osteoarthritis risk but its pathobiology in osteoarthritis is unclear. We hypothesized that older adult vervet monkeys would exhibit knee osteoarthritic changes and the degenerative menisci from these animals would secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. Design In a cross sectional analysis of healthy young adult (9–12 years) and old (19–26 years) adult female vervet monkeys, knees were evaluated in vivo with computed tomography (CT) imaging, and joint tissues were morphologically graded at necropsy. Meniscus explants were subsequently cultured to evaluate meniscal MMP and cytokine secretion. Results CT images revealed significant bony osteoarthritic changes in 80% of older monkeys which included increases in osteophyte number and meniscal calcification. Meniscus and cartilage degradation scores were greater in the older monkeys and were positively correlated ( r > 0.7). Menisci from older animals exhibiting osteoarthritic changes secreted significantly more MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-8 than healthy menisci from younger monkeys. Older menisci without significant osteoarthritic changes secreted more IL-7 than healthy young menisci while older osteoarthritic menisci secreted more IL-7 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor than healthy older menisci. Conclusions Aged vervets develop naturally occurring knee osteoarthritis that includes involvement of the meniscus. Degenerative menisci secreted markedly increased amounts of matrix-degrading enzymes and inflammatory cytokines. These factors would be expected to act on the meniscus tissue and local joint tissues and may ultimately promote osteoarthritis development. These finding also suggest vervet monkeys are a useful animal model for studying the progression of osteoarthritis.
Characterization of a porcine model for associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for a staged hepatectomy

Abstract Background Publications using the ALPPS (associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for a staged hepatectomy) procedure have demonstrated a future liver remnant growth of 40–160% in only 6–9 days. The present study aimed to develop and describe the first large animal model of ALPPS that can be used for future studies. Methods A total of 13 female domestic pigs underwent ALPPS stage 1 (portal vein division and parenchymal transection) followed by ALPPS stage 2 (completion left‐extended hepatectomy) 7 days later. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was performed immediately prior to ALPPS stage 1 surgery and again 7 days later to assess hypertrophy immediately prior to ALPPS stage 2 surgery. Blood samples, as well as tissue analysis for Ki‐67, were performed. Results On CT volumetric analysis, the mean size of the future liver remnant (FLR) prior to ALPPS stage 1 was 21 ± 2% and 40 ± 6% prior to ALPPS stage 2. The median degree of growth was 75% with a mean kinetic growth rate of 11% per day. Liver weights at autopsy correlated well with CT volumetric analysis ( r = 0.87). There was no significant difference in mean lab values [asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ammonia, International Normalized Ratio (INR) or bilirubin] from baseline until immediately prior to ALPPS stage 2. Post ALPPS stage 2 there was a significant increase in INR from baseline 1.1 to 1.6 ( P = 0.012). No post‐operative deaths secondary to liver failure were observed. Conclusion The present study describes the first reproducible large animal model of the ALPPS procedure. The degree of liver growth and the kinetic rate of growth were similar to that which has been demonstrated in human publications. This model will be valuable as future laboratory studies are performed.
Formic Hydrogenlyase Induction as a Basis for the Eijkman Fecal Coliform Concept

Many Enterobacter species recovered from a relatively unpolluted freshwater stream had the capacity to produce gas from glucose, lactose, and formate at 44.5 C. Composition of the evolved gas was shown to be CO(2) and H(2), which suggested that the enzyme system formic hydrogenlyase functions as the basis for the Eijkman fecal coliform concept. It is postulated that there are at least two different and distinct biochemical types of Enterobacter in the natural aquatic environment: one that lacks an active formic hydrogenlyase at 44.5 C and is associated with the intestinal tract of man and certain animals, and another which possesses the active enzyme at the elevated temperature and is found in soil or on vegetation free from fecal pollution.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Coal Mine Land Reclaimed with Stabilized Manure

Mine-soil treatment using stabilized manure rapidly sequesters large quantities of organic carbon and nutrients. However, the nutrient-rich soil conditions may become highly conducive for production and emission of N2O. We examined this possibility in a Pennsylvania coal mine restored using poultry manure stabilized in two forms: composted (Comp) or mixed with paper mill sludge (Man + PMS) at C/N ratios of 14, 21, and 28 and compared those with the emissions from conventionally treated soil. The mine soil was extremely well drained with 59% coarse fragments. Soil–atmosphere exchange of N2O and CO2 was determined using a sampling campaign of ten measurements between 16 June and 14 September 2009 (90 days) and 13 measurements between 28 June and 9 November 2010 (134 days) using static vented chambers at ambient and increased moisture (water added) content. Potential denitrification was determined in a laboratory incubation experiment. While non-amended mine soil did not have a measurable potential for denitrifying activity, the manure-based amendments introduced the potential. Soil water filled pore space was less than 60% on most sampling days in both ambient and water-added plots. Daily N2O-N emissions ranged between 40 and 70 g N ha−1 with cumulative emissions of 2–4 kg N ha−1 from non-amended, lime and fertilizer (L + F) and Comp, and 3–10 kg N ha−1 from Man + PMS treatments. The maximum emission obtained from Man + PMS represented <1% loss of applied N. Although stabilized manure-treated soil exhibits the potential for N2O production, the emission is limited when soils are excessively well drained and reducing conditions rarely develop. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing nanostructures of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances versus culture time by Raman microspectroscopy and atomic force microscopy

The structure of a bacterial cell wall may alter during bacterial reproduction. Moreover, these cell wall variations, on a nanoscale resolution, have not yet fully been elucidated. In this work, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique are applied to evaluate the culture time-dependent cell wall structure variations of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 at a quorum and single cell level. The Raman spectra indicate that the appearance of DNA/RNA, protein, lipid, and carbohydrates occurs till 6 h of cultivation time under our experimental conditions. AFM characterization reveals the changes of the cellular surface ultrastructures over the culture time period, which is a gradual increase in surface roughness during the time between the first two and eight hours cultivation time. This work demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing a combined Raman spectroscopy and AFM technique to investigate the cultivation time dependence of bacterial cellular surface biopolymers at single cell level.
Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) traditionally has been considered a rare, treatment refractory disorder of psychological origin. However, OCD appears to be much more common than was previously believed. Moreover, in recent years controlled studies demonstrated that clomipramine is more effective than placebo and than other tricyclics for reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Although it has been suggested that clomipramine was effective in treating obsessive-compulsive symptoms by an antidepressant mechanism, the majority of the controlled studies found that its antiobsessional effects occurred whether the patient was depressed or not. The apparent specificity of clomipramine, and, to some extent, newer serotonin selective antidepressants, suggests a serotonergic role in the psychobiology of OCD.
Diffusion properties of major white matter tracts in young, typically developing children

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 14 November 2013 Available online 21 November 2013 Brain development occurs rapidly during the first few years of life involving region-specific changes in both gray matter and white matter. Due to the inherent difficulties in acquiring magnetic resonance imaging data in young children,littleisknownaboutthepropertiesofwhite matterintypicallydeveloping toddlers.Inthecontextofan ongoing study of young children with autism spectrum disorder, we collected diffusion-weighted imaging data during natural nocturnal sleep in a sample of young (mean age = 35 months) typically developing male and female (n = 41 and 25, respectively) children. Axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy were measured at 99 points along the length of 18 major brain tracts. Influences of hemisphere, age, sex, and handedness were examined. We find that diffusion properties vary signifi- cantly along the length of the majority of tracks. We also identify hemispheric and sex differences in diffu- sion properties in several tracts. Finally, we find the relationship between age and diffusion parameters changes along the tract length illustrating variability in age-related white-matter development at the tract level.
Design study of an infrared panoramic optical system

A design study was undertaken on an infrared, 3-5-μm, panoramic optical system for a particular monitoring application. The different types of systems investigated covered the conventional fish-eye lens system, a panoramic block arrangement, and a new type of configuration based on a panoramic shell. Examples of these systems are included, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Luminescence in ZnSe with Na and Al doping

Abstract Photoluminescence of ZnSe doped with Na and Al has been studied. A broad band in the blue region of the spectrum has been observed at temperatures below 150 °K. This band is apparently due to donor-acceptor pair transitions involving Al donors and Na acceptors. Temperature dependence of the luminescence indicates that the Na-acceptor level is relatively shallow.
Solid state NMR: applications in high performance ceramics

Solid state NMR is a new analytical tool that has proven to be both powerful and versatile in the characterization of ceramic systems. In this paper, we review many of the recent applications of NMR in ceramics, with an emphasis on applied research. Since solid-state NMR is a relatively new approach, a brief introduction into the technique is provided. Examples are given to illustrate how NMR can be used to (1) identify both crystalline and amorphous phases, (2) quantitate both crystalline and amorphous phases, (3) determine the structure of both crystalline and amorphous phases, (4) probe local structural order and (5) study the chemistry of ceramic systems. These capabilities are demonstrated in a series of brief applications including (1) a study of structure in a new ceramic material (LaSi3N5), (2) accurate phase composition analyses on commercial Si3N4 powders, (3) determination of structure and curing mechanisms in amorphous SiC fibres, (4) investigation of dispersion aid mechanisms, (5) determination of structure in several SiAION ceramics and (6) identification and quantitation of phases typically associated with the grain boundaries of Y2O3 sintered Si3N4.
Liberalism and the Progressive Alliance in the Constituencies, 1900–1914: Three Case Studies

The reasons for the decline of the Liberal party in Britain, and its replacement by the Labour party as the representative of the left, continue to be the subject of debate among historians of twentieth-century British politics. An important point at issue has been whether or not the Liberal decline had irreversibly set in prior to World War I; or if the war itself with the strains it placed on liberal ideology and the relationship among the party's most prominent leaders, and with the stimulus it provided for a more militant working class, was the catalyst for decline. There can be no question that the Liberal party was critically dependent upon the support of working-class voters for its viability as an alternative party of government.1 Thus, a major issue of contention among historians of Liberal politics has been the party's success or failure before August 1914 in retaining the allegiance of this crucial electoral base.
Patient selection for breast conservation therapy with magnification mammography

Background. Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is an appropriate treatment for women with breast carcinoma of limited extent. This study was undertaken to determine the ability of microfocal spot magnification mammography to identify women with multifocal or multicentric breast carcinoma who were unlikely to have all gross carcinoma removed with a limited breast resection. Methods. Two hundred sixty-three women with mammographically visible ductal carcinoma in situ and stage 1 and 2 carcinoma who were clinical candidates for BCT were evaluated with magnification mammography before undergoing definitive local therapy. Biopsy specimens of additional abnormalities thought to have a greater than 2% risk of malignancy were obtained. Results : Forty-seven women had other abnormalities in the index breast requiring intervention, and 216 had only the primary tumor identified. Mean age, cancer presentation, disease stage, and histologic tumor type did not differ between groups. BCT was successful in 97.2% of women without mammographic abnormalities versus 38% of women with abnormalities (p = 0.001). Clinical characteristics did not differ between patients undergoing successful BCT and those requiring mastectomy. Synchronous contralateral carcinoma was identified in 2.4% of women at risk. Conclusions. Magnification mammography allows accurate preoperative identification of patients requiring mastectomy or quadrantectomy and should be performed before diagnostic biopsy is done.
Image computing requirements for the 1990s: from multimedia to medicine

Although the computer industry has begun incorporating new features in their newest computers and workstations, it has not been clear how best to utilize these new media to improve the productivity of the user. One problem stems from relative separation of various disciplines. For example, three distinct disciplines have evolved from visual information processing: image processing, computer graphics, and pattern recognition. All of them manipulate image data in some ways. The main difference between them is the domain where each discipline takes the input and produces the output. Recognizing the importance of merging the three distinct disciplines into one so that the image data can be successfully incorporated into the future computer technology, a new discipline, denoted as image computing, has been established to provide for consistency and efficiency in managing image data. In conjunction with other technologies such as video and computer-generated audio, image computing will play a key role in developing an integrated information processing platform that will be used in many areas in the 1990s. Some of the areas where image computing technology can be applied are presented. Requirements specific to each application are also described. Functions required of a typical computing workstation will be listed and each requirement will be investigated in detail. We describe how the continuing advances in technology will benefit image computing, and predict how the software algorithms of the future will be employed in image computing. We also introduce some possible future products that incorporate image computing technology.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Delayed increase of adrenal TH and PNMT activities following cold stress in the mouse

Abstract The activities of the adrenal enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine- N -methyltransferase (PNMT) were found to be elevated when mice were subjected to 4°C ambient temperature. Only a single hr of cold exposure is required to achieve increased activity, provided that the measurements are made 12 hr after the cold exposure is initiated. After the cold stress is terminated, PNMT activity remain elevated for 12 hr. TH demonstrates a biphasic response to cold exposure, as the enzyme activity shows a second increase 12 hr after the stress has ended. The data indicates that short periods of stress result in demonstrated biochemical changes that persist long after the stress has ended.
Chromosomal and nuclear distribution of the HindIII 1.9-kb human DNA repeat segment

A human interspersed repetitive DNA cloned in pBR322, the HindIII 1.9-kb (kilobase pair) sequence, was labeled with biotinylated dUTP and hybridized to acid-fixed chromosomes and paraformaldehyde-fixed whole cells in situ. Using our most sensitive detection techniques this probe highlighted on the order of 200 discrete loci, in punctate or banded arrays, that resembled a Giemsa-dark band pattern on chromosome arms. Interphase cells also displayed many discrete punctate spots of hybridization along chromosome fibers. The ubiquitous Alu sequence repeat also appeared to be concentrated in specific regions of the chromosome and predominantly highlighted Giemsa-light bands. Centromeric or ribosomal spacer DNA repeats used as controls in all studies gave the expected hybridization profiles and showed no non-specific labeling of chromosome arms. Cohesive groups of centromeric DNA arrays and rDNA clusters were observed in interphase nuclei. Refinements in methods for detecting biotin-labeled probes in situ were developed during these studies and calculations indicated that about 20 kb or more of the 1.9-kb repeat were present at each hybridization site. The chromosomal distribution of the 1.9-kb repeat suggests that this sequence may reflect, or participate in defining, ordered structureal domains along the chromosome.
Acoustofluidics 13: Analysis of acoustic streaming by perturbation methods

In this Part 13 of the tutorial series “Acoustofluidics–exploiting ultrasonic standing waves forces and acoustic streaming in microfluidic systems for cell and particle manipulation,” the streaming phenomenon is presented from an analytical standpoint, and perturbation methods are developed for analyzing such flows. Acoustic streaming is the phenomenon that takes place when a steady flow field is generated by the absorption of an oscillatory field. This can happen either by attenuation (quartz wind) or by interaction with a boundary. The latter type of streaming can also be generated by an oscillating solid in an otherwise still fluid medium or vibrating enclosure of a fluid body. While we address the first kind of streaming, our focus is largely on the second kind from a practical standpoint for application to microfluidic systems. In this Focus article, we limit the analysis to one- and two-dimensional problems in order to understand the analytical techniques with examples that most-easily illustrate the streaming phenomenon.
The kinetic aspects of ordering in GaAs1-xSbx grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Long range ordered structures have been studied in GaAs1-xSbx alloys with x ≈ 0.5 grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). The emphasis of this paper is on the kinetic effects leading to the occurrence of ordering. In particular, the effects of growth temperature, growth rate, and substrate orientation are reported. The ordered simple tetragonal CuAu-I (L10) and the chalcopyrite (E11) structures were observed at the highest growth temperatures from 580 to 660°C on (100) oriented InP substrates with both high and low growth rates. The samples grown at lower temperatures, 550°C, on (100) oriented InP substrates were observed to have only the L10 ordered structure at a growth rate of 0.02 μm/min and principally the L10 ordered structure with a very small amount of E11 at a growth rate of 0.01 μm/min. A new superlattice structure with 3 times the normal zincblende periodicity along the [110] direction was observed for samples grown over the entire growth temperature range studied for GaAs0.5Sb0.5 on (100)InP substrates. Growth on (110) oriented substrates produced GaAs0.5Sb0.5 with only the L10 ordered structure. However, an additional superlattice structure with four times the normal periodicity along the [100] direction was observed for these samples. We also examined samples grown on (221) and (311) oriented InP substrates at 550°C. They showed very little ordering with only local observation of weak L10 superlattice electron diffraction spots. Photoluminescence measurements for the epilayers grown on (221) and (311) substrates showed much stronger intensities and narrower half-widths than for those grown on (100) and (110) oriented InP substrates, due perhaps to a higher degree of homogeneity in the absence of ordered phases.
Oncogene-Induced Senescence Pathways Weave an Intricate Tapestry

The induction of cellular senescence by activated oncogenes acts as a barrier to cell transformation. Now, Sun et al. (2007) identify a key component of a senescence pathway that prevents tumorigenesis in a mouse model of skin cancer. They show that the p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) induces senescence downstream of oncogenic Ras by directly phosphorylating and activating the tumor-suppressor protein p53.
Geocoding Accuracy Considerations in Determining Residency Restrictions for Sex Offenders

Geocoding is commonly employed to determine the location of addresses for use in spatial analysis, including the establishment of residency restriction zones for sex offenders. Street geocoding has known limitations in terms of positional accuracy, which may adversely affect spatial analytic methods. A case study on sex offenders in Orange County, Florida, is used to characterize the positional accuracy of street geocoding and its impact on spatial analysis. Positional accuracy of street geocoded locations of sex offenders' residences, schools, and day care facilities was determined using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by measuring the distance to the correct property boundaries. Results show that positional errors in street geocoding are substantial and may bias conclusions drawn from proximity analysis. Findings strongly suggest that street geocoding is not appropriate for assessing residency restriction violations for sex offenders. These findings have important implications for criminal justice policies related to residency restrictions for sex offenders.
Natural orifice surgery (NOS) using StomaphyX for repair of gastric leaks after bariatric revisions.

Gastric leaks represent serious complications of bariatric surgery. With the increasing popularity and performance of bariatric procedures, the incidence of leaks and associated complications are expected to increase. Minimally invasive natural orifice surgery represents a novel and promising approach to gastric leak management, especially for morbidly obese patients who are at much higher risk from open or laparoscopic surgical procedures. The present article reports two cases of the safe and successful use of the EndoGastric Solutions StomaphyX™ device to alter the flow of gastric contents and repair gastric leaks resulting from bariatric revision surgery. Both patients were at a high risk and could not undergo another open or laparoscopic surgery to correct the leaks that were not healing. The StomaphyX procedures lasted approximately 30 min, were performed without any complications, and resulted in the resolution of the gastric leaks in both patients.