cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verifiable Phrase Search over Encrypted Data Secure against a Semi-Honest-but-Curious Adversary

We present an efficient method to carry out verifiable phrase-search over encrypted data in the setting of Semi-Honest-but-Curious (SHBC) cloud storage. In particular, we devise a two-phase protocol that verifies the result from a search of an encrypted phrase. We achieve this by incorporating, with modifications, a verifiable keyword-search technique and a phrase-search method based on work presented in ICC 2012 and ICDCS 2012. We use added verification tags to provide proof of the query results returned from the cloud.
A Pneumocystis carinii Group I Intron Ribozyme That Does Not Require 2‘ OH Groups on Its 5‘ Exon Mimic for Binding to the Catalytic Core†

The recent increase in the population of immunocompromised patients has led to an insurgence of opportunistic human fungal infections. The lack of effective treatments against some of these pathogens makes it important to develop new therapeutic strategies. One such strategy is to target key RNAs with antisense compounds. We report the development of a model system for studying the potential for antisense targeting of group I self-splicing introns in fungal pathogens. The group I intron from the large ribosomal subunit RNA of mouse-derived Pneumocystis carinii has been isolated and characterized. This intron self-splices in vitro. A catalytically active ribozyme, P-8/4x, has been constructed from this intron to allow measurement of dissociation constants for potential antisense agents. At 37 °C, in 50 mM Hepes (25 mM Na+), 15 mM MgCl2, and 135 mM KCl at pH 7.5, the exogenous 5‘ exon mimic r(AUGACU) binds about 60 000 times more tightly to this ribozyme than to r(GGUCAU), a mimic of its complementary bindi...
Effects of cranial electrical stimulation on sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms, and caregiving appraisal in spousal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of cranial electrical stimulation (CES) on sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms, and caregiving appraisal. Methods Thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to receive active CES or sham CES for 4 weeks. Results Both intervention groups demonstrated improvement in study measures from baseline scores. A trend toward statistically significant differences in daily sleep disturbances was found between the groups. No differences in depressive symptoms and caregiving appraisal were found between the groups. Conclusions These findings did not fully support the efficacy of the short-term use of active CES versus sham CES to improve sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms, or caregiving appraisal.
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TEMPORAL SAMPLING STRATEGIES ON ESTIMATING TOTAL PHOSPHORUS AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION AND TRANSPORT IN SMALL STREAMS

Various temporal sampling strategies are used to monitor water quality in small streams. To determine how various strategies influence the estimated water quality, frequently collect- ed water quality data from eight small streams (14 to 110 km2) in Wisconsin were systematically subsampled to simulate typically used strategies. These subsets of data were then used to estimate mean, median, and maximum concentrations, and with continuous daily flows used to estimate annual loads (using the regression method) and volumetrically weighted mean concentrations. For each strategy, accuracy and precision in each summary statistic were evaluated by comparison with concentrations and loads of total phosphorus and suspended sediment estimated from all avail- able data. The most effective sampling strategy depends on the statistic of interest and study duration. For mean and median con- centrations, the most frequent fixed period sampling economically feasible is best. For maximum concentrations, any strategy with samples at or prior to peak flow is best. The best sampling strategy to estimate loads depends on the study duration. For one-year stud- ies, fixed period monthly sampling supplemented with storm chas- ing was best, even though loads were overestimated by 25 to 50 percent. For two to three-year load studies and estimating volumet- rically weighted mean concentrations, fixed period semimonthly sampling was best. (KEY TERMS: sampling design; strategies; frequency; water quali- ty; load; streams.)
The diagnostic utility of the antibody-coated bacteria test in intubated patients

Purpose Pilot study to determine if the presence of antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) in sputum specimens obtained from endotracheal tube suctioning would aid in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Patients and Methods All endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated patients for a two-month period were recruited for study. The diagnosis of LRTI was based on a clinical suspicion sufficient enough to start or change antibiotic therapy. Specimens were obtained by blind endotracheal tube suctioning. After processing, sputum smears were stained with fluorescein-labelled antibody to the Fc portion of IgG, IgM, and IgA. More than five fluorescein-labelled bacteria per oil immersion field were considered positive smears. Results Seventy-one specimens were obtained from 36 patients. Eighteen specimens were positive in 12 patients, all of whom had LRTI. No specimen was positive in patients not diagnosed as having LRTI. The ACB test was positive in 12 of 25 patients with LRTI. Patients with LRTI but negative ACB were more likely to have received prior antibiotic therapy (p Conclusions The ACB test appears to be highly specific for the presence of LRTI in intubated patients. Sensitivity of the test may be adversely affected by prior antibiotic therapy. A positive ACB test may predict the subsequent development of LRTI. Further study is warranted. (Chest 1991; 99:84–88)
Physical polymer matrices based on affinity interactions between peptides and polysaccharides.

A rapidly forming polymer matrix with affinity-based controlled release properties was developed based upon interactions between heparin-binding peptides and heparin. Dynamic mechanical testing of 10% (w/v) compositions consisting of a 3:1 molar ratio of poly(ethylene glycol)-co-peptide (∼18 000 g/mol) to heparin (∼18 000 g/mol) revealed a viscoelastic profile similar to that of concentrated, large molecular weight polymer solutions and melts. In addition, the biopolymer mixtures recovered quickly following thermal denaturation and mechanical insult. These gel-like materials were able to sequester exogenous heparin-binding peptides and could release these peptides over several days at rates dependent on relative heparin affinity. The initial release rates ranged from 3.3% per hour for a peptide with low heparin affinity to 0.025% per hour for a peptide with strong heparin affinity. By altering the affinity of peptides to heparin, a series of peptides can be developed to yield a range of release profiles u...
Developing a mentor program for our cardiovascular ICU.

“In Our Unit” highlights unique practices, innovations, research, or resourceful solutions to commonly encountered problems in critical care areas and settings where critically ill patients are cared for. If you have an idea for an upcoming “In Our Unit,” send it to Critical Care Nurse, 101 Columbia, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656; fax, (949) 362-2049; e-mail, ccn@aacn.org. The mentor program provides training for mentors, matches proteges, provides support ..., and facilitates the mentoring relationship. There was a time when new graduate nurses would start their careers on the medicalsurgical floor. There they were expected to hone their skills and learn how to practice nursing. Only then would they consider a specialty such as the emergency department or the critical care unit. However, in the current health care environment with the nursing shortage and aging nursing workforce, new graduate nurses are being hired into specialty units. At Children’s Hospital Boston in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (CICU) we have experienced this new trend. In July 2007 we hired 10 new graduate nurses for the CICU. In response to the influx of these new graduates entering into practice in the CICU, we developed a formal mentor program with the purpose of identifying expert nurses to share experience, knowledge, passion, and professionalism with nurses new to the CICU. The mentor program strives to create and promote a positive and healthy work environment for nurses by supporting, teaching, and encouraging professional and personal growth of nurses. The mentor program provides training for mentors, matches mentors and proteges, provides support and encouragement of mentoring pairs, and facilitates the mentoring relationship. In 2007, the CICU Mentor Committee was established. The committee established mentoring guidelines, objectives, agreements, contracts, and training session for mentors. The mentor program was presented to the senior nursing staff of the CICU, and those interested volunteered to act as mentors and a mentoring pool was created. The mentors were then given a training session on mentoring that included topics such as the mentoring relationship, setting goals and objectives, lateral violence, effective communication, and professionalism. During the CICU orientation the mentor program is presented to new staff nurses as a resource for development. The new graduates are presented the list of available nursing staff and are asked to select a mentor from the list and to submit their selections to the Mentor Committee. The Mentor Committee then approaches the mentor regarding the request; mentors are able to decline any request without question or judgment. Once a mentor consents to a mentoring relationship, the Mentor Committee sends him or her a welcome letter and the contract, which includes an agreement that specifies how the meetings will take place and the expected outcomes and goals of the relationship. The mentor contacts the protege and discusses the relationship expectations, boundaries, and meeting schedules. The contract and agreement In Our Unit
Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Additional perspectives from four cases.

Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic hemorrhage, a distinct form of subarachnoid hemorrhage, is a recently described variant of intracranial hemorrhage. We describe two patients who presented with unusual features of this type of subarachnoid hemorrhage and also two patients who had a perimesencephalic pattern of hemorrhage due to a ruptured posterior circulation aneurysm.The first patient, a 41-year-old woman with perimesencephalic hemorrhage, underwent an exploratory craniotomy because angiography had suggested an anomaly of the basilar tip. No source of hemorrhage could be identified at the time of surgery. The second patient was a 3-year-old boy who presented with opisthotonos and who was found to have a perimesencephalic hemorrhage. Angiography revealed no source for the hemorrhage. The third patient, a 54-year-old man, had a perimesencephalic pattern of subarachnoid hemorrhage from a vertebrobasilar junction aneurysm associated with a fenestration that was missed on the initial angiographic study. The fo...
A method for quantitative analysis of spatially variable physiological processes across leaf surfaces

Many physiological processes are spatially variable across leaf surfaces. While maps of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, gene expression, water transport, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for individual leaves are readily obtained, analytical methods for quantifying spatial heterogeneity and combining information gathered from the same leaf but with different instruments are not widely used. We present a novel application of tools from the field of geographical imaging to the multivariate analysis of physiological images. Procedures for registration and resampling, cluster analysis, and classification provide a general framework for the analysis of spatially resolved physiological data. Two experiments were conducted to illustrate the utility of this approach. Quantitative analysis of images of chlorophyll fluorescence and the production of ROS following simultaneous exposure of soybean leaves to atmospheric O3 and soybean mosaic virus revealed that areas of the leaf where the operating quantum efficiency of PSII was depressed also experienced an accumulation of ROS. This correlation suggests a causal relationship between oxidative stress and inhibition of photosynthesis. Overlaying maps of leaf surface temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence following a photoinhibition treatment indicated that areas with low operating quantum efficiency of PSII also experienced reduced stomatal conductance (high temperature). While each of these experiments explored the covariance of two processes by overlaying independent images gathered with different instruments, the same procedures can be used to analyze the covariance of information from multiple images. The application of tools from geographic image analysis to physiological processes occurring over small spatial scales will help reveal the mechanisms generating spatial variation across leaves.
Case for superconductivity associated primarily with charge-reservoirs rather than cuprate planes

Evidence that high-temperature superconductivity originates in the charge-reservoir layers rather than in the cuprate- planes of the host materials is discussed. Hence PrBa2Cu3O7 superconducts when grown under conditions that minimize Ba-site Pr. The supercurrent in high- temperature superconductors is located primarily in the layers where the holes are and the magnetic moments are not. Gd2-zCezCuO4 fails to superconduct because Gd+3 has L equals 0 and does not have its Cooper-pair- breaking limited by crystal-field splitting. The observed charges-transferred in these materials are compatible with charge-reservoir superconductivity, and not with cuprate- plane superconductivity. The observed ionic charge of Ce in Nd2-zCezCuO4 and its homologues is consistent with p-type superconductivity, doping by the p- type defects pair, and a size effect on the superconductivity. The chemical trends in Tc and the amount of Ni or Zn required to destroy superconductivity by pair-breaking clearly indicate that the primary superconducting condensate is in the charge-reservoir layers.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanisms of Formation of Sodium Carbonate in Soils

Summary Mechanisms of formation and accumulation of Na2CO3 have been studied in a graded sequence of salt-affected soils of the Sacramento Valley, California. The soils are confined within a drainageway which is inundated during winter with flood waters containing relatively low concentrations of neutral sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Heavy inundations and high water tables within the basin lead to microbiological reduction of sulfate and ferric iron. The resulting sulfide is held within the soil as FeS whereas the CO2 released by biological oxidation of abundant organic matter forms bicarbonate. Lateral and upward migration of bicarbonate-charged water from the drainageway basin to soils nearer the basin rim results in yearly increases in concentration of soluble salts within these soils. Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 migrate from the zones of maximum CO2 production and precipitate as carbonates. NaHCO3 continues to move, along with the capillary water, and accumulates in the rim soils. As water evaporates or is used by growing plants, loss of CO2 from the NaHCO3 occurs, resulting in the formation of Na2CO3. The high Na2CO3 concentration at these rim positions has resulted in removal of divalent bases from the exchange complex, an equivalent increase in exchangeable sodium, and high pH.
Understanding the Relationships Among Attitudes, Group Norms, and Behavior Using Behavioral Commitment: A Structural Equation Analysis of Marijuana Use

This research examines the relative importance of attitudes and group norms in determining frequency of marijuana use. In this examination, we employ a neglected concept in attitude/behavior research—behavioral commitment. We suggest that the role of attitudes and group norms will vary, in part, depending upon one's level of commitment to the behavior. Specifically, we assert that norms will increase in importance over attitudes as behavioral commitment increases. To test this hypothesis, we utilize covariance structure analysis with a nationally representative sample of high school seniors defined in terms of their commitment to marijuana use. Multiple group comparisons also are performed to assess the comparability of measurement properties and structural estimates. Results are supportive of the hypothesis. The findings are discussed in terms of previous attitude/behavior research and drug abuse prevention programs.
Stipule arrangement in the genus Caesalpinia (Leguminosae)

Stipular development in Caesalpinia displays two patterns. More commonly, stipules, throughout the development of the leaf, assume a subordinate position never keeping pace with the petiole-blade portion. In two out of eight species the stipules showed strong proleptic development exceeding in size their own leaf within a plastochron of initiation and soon thereafter covering that leaf. Information on stipule development, as well as other features of the embryonic leaf may be of use to the taxonomist and such data can now be obtained relatively easily using SEM.
Management strategies for plant invasions: manipulating productivity, disturbance, and competition

The traditional approach to understanding invasions has focused on properties of the invasive species and of the communities that are invaded. A well-established concept is that communities with higher species diversity should be more resistant to invaders. However, most recently published field data contradict this theory, finding instead that areas with high native plant diversity also have high exotic plant diversity. An alternative environment-based approach to understanding patterns of invasions assumes that native and exotic species respond similarly to environmental conditions, and thus predicts that they should have similar patterns of abundance and diversity. Establishment and growth of native and exotic species are predicted to vary in response to the interaction of plant growth rates with the frequency and intensity of mortality-causing disturbances. This theory distinguishes between the probability of establishment and the probability of dominance, predicting that establishment should be highest under unproductive and undisturbed conditions and also disturbed productive conditions. However, the probability of dominance by exotic species, and thus of potential negative impacts on diversity, is highest under productive conditions. The theory predicts that a change in disturbance regime can have opposite effects in environments with contrasting levels of productivity. Manipulation of productivity and disturbance provides opportunities for resource managers to influence the interactions among species, offering the potential to reduce or eliminate some types of invasive species.
EFFECTS OF REINFORCER QUALITY ON BEHAVIORAL MOMENTUM: COORDINATED APPLIED AND BASIC RESEARCH

The high-probability (high-p) instructional sequence has been an effective treatment for noncompliance. However, treatment failures have also been reported. We hypothesized that the efficacy of the high-p treatment may be improved by using higher quality reinforcers for compliance to high-p instructions. The resistance of compliance to change was tested by varying reinforcer quality in two applied studies and a basic laboratory experiment. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that an increase in reinforcer quality for high-p compliance will increase the effectiveness of the high-p treatment when it fails to increase compliance. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of reinforcer quality on resistance of compliance to change by presenting successive low-p requests following the high-p treatment. A basic laboratory study (Experiment 3) was conducted to further isolate the relation between reinforcer quality and behavioral momentum. Two different liquid reinforcers (sucrose and citric acid solutions) were presented in a two-component multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedule followed by a single extinction test session. Results of all three experiments showed a generally consistent relationship between reinforcer quality and behavioral momentum.
Alterations in phosphorylated CREB expression in different brain regions following short- and long-term morphine exposure: relationship to food intake.

Background. Activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB) system in different brain regions has been implicated in mediating opioid tolerance and dependence, while alteration of this system in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) has been suggested to have a role in food intake and body weight. Methods. Given that opioids regulate food intake, we measured P-CREB in different brain regions in mice exposed to morphine treatments designed to induce different degrees of tolerance and dependence. Results. We found that a single morphine injection or daily morphine injections for 8 days did not influence P-CREB levels, while the escalating dose of morphine regimen raised P-CREB levels only in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Chronic morphine pellet implantation for 7 days raised P-CREB levels in the LH, VTA, and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DM) but not in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Increased P-CREB levels in LH, VTA, and DM following 7-day treatment with morphine pellets and increased P-CREB levels in the VTA following escalating doses of morphine were associated with decreased food intake and body weight. Conclusion. The morphine regulation of P-CREB may explain some of the physiological sequelae of opioid exposure including altered food intake and body weight.
The Relationship Between Teacher and Student Beliefs About Mathematics

In this study the relationship between teacher (n = 7) beliefs about mathematics, the learning and teaching of mathematics and their respective students' beliefs about mathematics (n = 158) are examined. The data were collected by means of two instruments specifically designed to measure belief systems about mathematics. Teacher scores were adjusted so that a higher score reflected beliefs in aligntnent with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Standards. Results indicated that the students of teachers whose beliefs were in alignment with the NCTM Standards had significantly different beliefs about factors that lead to success in mathematics than did other students. Specifically these students felt that working hard to solve problems and striving for understanding would lead to success. No student differences were found for subscales of ego orientation, competitiveness, interest and extrinsic factors such as neatness and cooperation. These findings suggest that this group of teachers practiced what they believed and that these practices affected what their students believed about mathematics. We suggest that using these two assessments in tandem give a clearer picture of the mathematical environment within a classroom and can be used in professional development workshops to initiate teacher reflection about classroom practices.
Local Government Structure, Devolution, and Privatization

The rules of the game have changed for rural local governments. The explicit policy of devolution has placed greater responsibility on the door step of local governments at a time when the intensity in the cry for tax reductions has increased. The trade-off between greater local responsibility and the risk of higher costs due to scale and managerial inefficiencies has renewed the debate over local options. One policy option that is receiving significant attention is privatization, or the contracting with private companies to produce or supply the government service. A critical review of our current thinking is reported in this article. Specific attention is paid to alternative local government structures, the experiences governments have had with privatization, and the unique problems rural governments face when considering privatization. In the end, privatization may not be a viable option for smaller rural governments where cooperative arrangements to jointly supply the service across local jurisdictional boundaries presents meaningful opportunities.
Effect of an anti-lipoprotein lipase serum on plasma triglyceride removal.

Anti-lipoprotein lipase sera injected intrave- nously in roosters blocked quantitatively the CatdboliSm of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride. Anti- bodies were produced in rabbits immunized with highly purified lipoprotein lipase (LPL, glycerol ester hydrolase, E C 3.1.1.3) prepared from chicken adipose tissue. Follow- ing anti-LPL serum injection there was a linear increase in plasma triglyceride concentration. The rate of entry of' triglyceride in plasma was estimated from the rate of 11-i- glyceride accumulation in the plasma of animals injected with anti-LPL serum, or from the disappearance curve of biologically labeled VLDL. In instances where both meas- urements were conducted in the same animals there wiis very close agreement between the two procedures. Inhibi- tion of VLDL triglyceride catabolism of anti-LPL serum provided a way to characterize newly secreted VLDI, that exhibited a broad spectrum of particle sizes with a median of 625 A. They contained 76.2 2 1.2% triglyceride and had a high ratio of free to ester cholesterol (2.46 2 0.45). ln control VLDL samples there was 46.1% triglyceride, and the ratio of free to ester cholesterol was 1.19. The complete inhibition of triglyceride removal by an antiserum prepared against adipose tissue LPI, demonstrates that the NaCL inhibited, serum-activated lipase prepared by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose and concanavalin A-Sepharose columns is the enzyme responsible in vivo for the catabolism of VLDL triglyceride. Further, the ki- netics of triglyceride accumulation in the plasma provide evidence that the site of degradation of VLDL triglyceride is within the plasma compartment.
Correction to “On Full Diversity Space–Time Block Codes With Partial Interference Cancellation Group Decoding” [Oct 09 4366-4385]

In this paper, a correction is made to the criterion for a linear dispersion space-time block code to achieve full diversity with the partial interference cancellation (PIC) group decoding recently published in the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 4366-4385).
Resistance to mitomycin C requires direct interaction between the fanconi anemia proteins FANCA and FANCG in the nucleus through an arginine-rich domain

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects, and chromosomal instability. Because FA cells are sensitive to mitomycin C (MMC), FA gene products could be involved in cellular defense mechanisms. The FANCA and FANCG proteins deficient in FA groups A and G interact directly with each other. We have localized the mutual interaction domains of these proteins to amino acids 18–29 of FANCA and to two noncontiguous carboxyl-terminal domains of FANCG encompassing amino acids 400–475 and 585–622. Site-directed mutagenesis of FANCA residues 18–29 revealed a novel arginine-rich interaction domain (RRRAWAELLAG). By alanine mutagenesis, Arg1, Arg2, and Leu8 but not Arg3, Trp5, and Glu7 appeared to be critical for binding to FANCG. Similar immunolocalization for FANCA and FANCG suggested that these proteins interact in vivo. Moreover, targeting of FANCA to the nucleus or the cytoplasm with nuclear localization and nuclear export signals, respectively, showed concordance between the localization patterns of FANCA and FANCG. The complementation function of FANCA was abolished by mutations in its FANCG-binding domain. Conversely, stable expression of FANCA mutants encoding intact FANCG interaction domains induced hypersensitivity to MMC in HeLa cells. These results demonstrate that FANCA-FANCG complexes are required for cellular resistance to MMC. Because the FANCC protein deficient in FA group C works within the cytoplasm, we suggest that FANCC and the FANCA-FANCG complexes suppress MMC cytotoxicity within distinct cellular compartments.
Initiation of Axillary and Floral Meristems in Arabidopsis

Shoot development is reiterative: shoot apical meristems (SAMs) give rise to branches made of repeating leaf and stem units with new SAMs in turn formed in the axils of the leaves. Thus, new axes of growth are established on preexisting axes. Here we describe the formation of axillary meristems and floral meristems in Arabidopsis by monitoring the expression of the SHOOT MERISTEMLESS and AINTEGUMENTA genes. Expression of these genes is associated with SAMs and organ primordia, respectively. Four stages of axillary meristem development and previously undefined substages of floral meristem development are described. We find parallels between the development of axillary meristems and the development of floral meristems. Although Arabidopsis flowers develop in the apparent absence of a subtending leaf, the expression patterns of AINTEGUMENTA and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS RNAs during flower development suggest the presence of a highly reduced, "cryptic" leaf subtending the flower in Arabidopsis. We hypothesize that the STM-negative region that develops on the flanks of the inflorescence meristem is a bract primordium and that the floral meristem proper develops in the "axil" of this bract primordium. The bract primordium, although initially specified, becomes repressed in its growth.
Data Confidentiality Versus Chase

We present a generalization of a strategy, called SCIKD, proposed in [7] that allows to reduce a disclosure risk of confidential data in an information system S[10] using methods based on knowledge discovery. The method proposed in [7] protects confidential data against Rule-based Chase, the null value imputation algorithm driven by certain rules [2], [4]. This method identifies a minimal subset of additional data in Swhich needs to be hidden to guarantee that the confidential data are not revealed by Chase. In this paper we propose a bottom-up strategy which identifies, for each object xin S, a maximal set of values of attributes which do not have to be hidden and still the information associated with secure attribute values of xis protected. It is achieved without examining all possible combinations of values of attributes. Our method is driven by classification rules extracted from Sand takes into consideration their confidence and support.
Nature of induced persistent vaginal cornification in mice. Iii. Effects of estradiol and testosterone on vaginal epithelium in vitro.

Vaginae of newborn BALB/c mice were cultured in vitro with or without 1 μg/ml of estradiol for 1-3 days, and then transplanted into 4-day-old syngeneic hosts. Intermittent or persistent estrus was indicated by smears from many of these transplanted vaginae which had previously been cultured with estradiol, even after ovariectomy of the hosts. Those transplants which had been cultured for 2-3 days with estradiol had thickened epithelium (hyperplasia), and cornification was observed histologically in some. In contrast, where estradiol was not used in the cultures, transplanted vaginae (controls) showed no cornification after host ovariectomy. Histologically, the epithelium of these controls was thin and in most cases slightly mucified. Vaginae of 3-week-old BALB/c mice, cultured with or without estradiol, resembled the controls, derived from newborn donors. When vaginae from newborn donors were cultured with 0.01- 5 μg/ml of estradiol for three days, and then transplanted into 4-day-old syngeneic hosts, ovary-independent hyperplasia and cornification were observed in a number of the transplants. When vaginae from newborn donors were cultured in 0.001 μg/ml of estradiol, or in 0.001-5 μg/ml of testosterone, neither persistent cornification nor hyperplasia was observed subsequent to transplantation. These results suggest that the mechanism of induction of persistent vaginal estrus in vivo by estradiol and by testosterone may be different. Whereas estradiol may act directly on the vaginal epithelium of newborn mice, the effect of testosterone would appear to be indirectly mediated.
Perioperative donor bone marrow infusion augments chimerism in heart and lung transplant recipients

Background. We and others have demonstrated that a low level of donor cell chimerism was present for years after transplantation in tissues and peripheral blood of heart and lung recipients; it was associated, in the latter, with a lower incidence of chronic rejection. To augment this phenomenon, we initiated a trial combining simultaneous infusion of donor bone marrow with heart or lung allotransplantation. Methods. Between September 1993 and January 1995, 15 nonconditioned patients received either heart (n = 10) or lung (n = 5) allografts concurrently with an infusion of unmodified donor bone marrow (3.0 × 10 8 cells/kg), and were maintained on an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of tacrolimus and steroids. Results. There was no complication associated with the infusion of donor bone marrow. Chimerism was detectable in 73% of bone marrow—augmented patients up to the last sample tested. Of the 5 control recipients who did not receive bone marrow infusion, only 1 had detectable chimerism by flow on postoperative day 15, which dwindled to an undetectable level by postoperative day 36. None of the patients had evidence of donor-specific immune modulation by mixed lymphocyte reaction. Conclusions. The combined infusion of donor bone marrow and heart or lung transplantation, without preconditioning of the recipient, is safe and is associated with an augmentation of donor cell chimerism.
3D Topology Preserving Flows for Viewpoint-Based Cortical Unfolding

We present a variational method for unfolding of the cortex based on a user-chosen point of view as an alternative to more traditional global flattening methods, which incur more distortion around the region of interest. Our approach involves two novel contributions. The first is an energy function and its corresponding gradient flow to measure the average visibility of a region of interest of a surface from a given viewpoint. The second is an additional energy function and flow designed to preserve the 3D topology of the evolving surface. This latter contribution receives significant focus in this paper as it is crucial to obtain the desired unfolding effect derived from the first energy functional and flow. Without it, the resulting topology changes render the unconstrained evolution uninteresting for the purpose of cortical visualization, exploration, and inspection.
Time-Resolved Reflectivity Measurement of The Pressure-Enhanced Crystallization Rate of Amorphous Si in a Diamond Anvil Cell

We have measured the pressure dependence of the solid phase epitaxial growth (SPEG) rate of self-implanted Si (100) by using the in-situ time-resolved reflectivity technique [1] in a hightemperature and high-pressure diamond anvil cell (DAC). With fluid argon as the pressure transmission medium, a clean and perfectly hydrostatic pressure environment is achieved around the sample. The external heating geometry employed in the DAC provides a uniform temperature across the sample. At temperatures in the range of 530 – 550 °C and pressure up to 50 kbars (5 GPa), the growth rate is enhanced by up to a factor of ten over that at 1 atmosphere pressure. The results are characterized by a negative activation volume of approximately −3.0 cm3/mole (−27% of the atomic volume). These preliminary results show a significantly weaker pressure dependence than does the previous work of Nygren et al. [2], who found an activation volume of −8.7 cm3/mole. The implications of these results for the nature of the defect responsible for thermal SPEG and irradiation enhanced SPEG is discussed.
Competing Rhetoric over Time: Frame versus Cues

Citizens' preferences form the foundation of democratic governance. When they form their preferences, they typically do so in the presence of different types of competing arguments that reach them at different times. Surprisingly, public opinion research offers little guidance on how competition and time impact preference formation. We fill this gap by exploring the relative impact of two prominent types of competing arguments, frames and cues, over time. We find that only frames have initial direct effects, although cues exert initial indirect effects on opinion formation. Over time, the relative impact of frames and cues depends on individual differences in processing style. Our results have important implications for opinion formation, political communication, and democratic responsiveness.
Oxygenation Without Intubation

After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Identify different devices for supplying oxygen therapy. Describe the mode of function of different oxygen-supplying devices. Select specific devices to deliver oxygen in different patient populations. Adjust the oxygen delivery devices to ensure adequate oxygen supplementation.
Dynamic Knowledge-Base Alignment for Coreference Resolution

Coreference resolution systems can benefit greatly from inclusion of global context, and a number of recent approaches have demonstrated improvements when precomputing an alignment to external knowledge sources. However, since alignment itself is a challenging task and is often noisy, existing systems either align conservatively, resulting in very few links, or combine the attributes of multiple candidates, leading to a conflation of entities. Our approach instead performs joint inference between within-document coreference and entity linking, maintaining ranked lists of candidate entities that are dynamically merged and reranked during inference. Further, we incorporate a large set of surface string variations for each entity by using anchor texts from the web that link to the entity. These forms of global context enables our system to improve classifier-based coreference by 1.09 B 3 F1 points, and improve over the previous state-of-art by 0.41 points, thus introducing a new state-of-art result on the ACE 2004 data.
An application of the kinematic theory to copper crystal etching studies

Abstract The kinematic theory of crystal dissolution predicts the shape of a dissolving crystal as a function of time, and suggests a convenient technique for measuring reaction rate as a function of crystallographic orientation. It has been applied to a study of dislocation etch pit growth on (111) surfaces of copper undergoing anodic dissolution in solutions containing HCl and HBr. The dissolution shapes of these pits at successive times have been determined from interference photomicrographs taken as the reaction progressed. The evolutions of the shapes have been shown to be in accord with predictions of the theory, and reaction rates as functions of orientations near (111) have been determined for various conditions of dissolution.
Optimal throughput curve for primary and secondary users with node-level cooperation

A new trend in cooperation is to allow the primary and secondary networks to cooperate on the node level for data forwarding, which we call the UPS paradigm. This paper offers an in-depth study of the UPS paradigm in terms of its optimal throughput curve — the maximum achievable throughput for both primary and secondary users. We formulate the problem into a multicriteria optimization problem with the goal of maximizing the throughput of both primary and secondary users. Through a novel approach based on weighted Chebyshev norm, we transform the multicriteria optimization problem into a single criteria optimization problem and find a sequence of Pareto-optimal points iteratively. Based on the Pareto-optimal points, we find the throughput curve and show that it is e-approximation to the optimal. Through a case study, we show that the throughput region (the area under the throughput curve) under a UPS paradigm is substantially larger than that under the interweave paradigm.
In Vivo Invasive Hemodynamic Studies in Mice

Although noninvasive techniques are used routinely in the mouse, a more complete and complimentary characterization of the cardiovascular phenotype requires invasive catheter-based approaches. Ultrasonic methods provide the means to quantitate the heart’s ability to shorten and generate flow, whereas catheter/transducer systems enable the determination of the heart’s ability to reversibly generate tension. However, pressure measurements from fluid-filled catheters are particularly problematic in mice because of the temporal delay produced by the transmission of pressure waves in the fluid (especially important at rapid heart rates in the mouse) and the low frequency response of the recording system. The latter is due in part to the small caliber of the catheter and tubing that results in a system with a low natural frequency. Furthermore, fluid-filled pressure measurements are often excessively damped, further reducing the frequency response. These limitations are overcome by the use of high fidelity micromanometers, which consist of miniature strain gauge elements bonded to the tip of a catheter. These catheters are available at sizes as small as 1.4F and readily allow retrograde LV catheterization via the carotid artery; the LV may also be approach from apical or transmitral routes, but then opening the chest is required. It should be recognized that these catheters are delicate, expensive, temperature sensitive, and may have electrical instability (i.e. drift); importantly, they cannot be mechanically calibrated in vivoand matching pressures to properly zeroed fluid-filled pressures is impractical.
Obesity and the Cardiometabolic Syndrome: Impact on Chronic Kidney Disease and CVD

The prevalence of the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), a cluster of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors which include central obesity, dysglycemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension (hypertension), and microalbuminuria (MAU), has increased. Obesity largely drives the dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of the CMS worldwide. Recently there has been increasing interest in the association between CMS, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is multifactorial and includes genetic as well as environmental factors. Obesity, hypertension, and dysglycemia are strongly associated with a systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, inappropriate activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), and increased oxidative stress. The link between RAAS activation and oxidative stress has been a subject of great interest over the past several years.
Intracardiac Masses: Tumors, Vegetations, Thrombi, and Foreign Bodies

Echocardiography has enhanced our diagnostic capability in the detection of cardiac myxomas and, to some degree, metastatic tumor. It has assisted in the evaluation and treatment of certain patients with infective endocarditis and now appears to be providing insight into the recognition and course of some cases of intracardiac thrombosis. However, the limitations in the latter conditions are still significant and careful interpretation and clinical correlation should be the rule.
Peripheral Neuropathies of Rheumatologic Disease and Gluten-Related Disorders

Peripheral nervous system disease is a common and often debilitating feature of many systemic rheumatologic disorders. Such involvement takes many forms, reflecting the variety of underlying pathophysiology, though most patients present with painful multifocal neuropathy (usually vasculitic) or a distal sensory more than motor peripheral neuropathy (sometimes vasculitic and nearly always axonal). The presence of peripheral nervous system involvement is often an early signal of the generalization of inflammatory disease in blood vessels or extravascular tissues, though peripheral neuropathy is not itself an independent predictor of mortality. Nonetheless, progressive multifocal neuropathy, motor neuropathy, small fiber neuropathy, and sensory neuronopathy should be treated early and aggressively with immunosuppression (or the gluten-free diet in appropriate situations) to limit morbidity. Given the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape, partnership with a rheumatologist is essential. Treatment is usually sustained for 1 to 2 years, and remission is possible in many cases within 6 to 12 months, with variable rates of relapse and treatment resistance. Patients should be meticulously monitored for relapse with serial laboratory testing, electrodiagnostic studies, and clinical examination. Functional rating scores, such as the neuropathy impairment scale and the total neuropathy score are useful for longitudinal assessment.
Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: evaluation by a new autologous solid phase radioimmunoassay.

Anti-HBc, the antibody to core antigen of hepatitis B virions, was assayed by a new solid phase sandwich radioimmunoassay inhibition method in the sera of 26 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 31 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The sensitivity of the method was validated by finding anti-HBc titers averaging greater than 1:1000 in a group of 8 chronically HBsAg-positive individuals, 4 of whom had chronic persistent hepatitis and 4 of whom had no histological or biochemical evidence of liver disease. However, anti-HBc was not detectable in any of the 26 patients with HBsAg-negative CAH. Sera from 2 of the 31 PBC patients contained anti-HBc but only in low titers, a distribution of anti-HBc similar to that found among a comparison group of medical personnel. Anti-HBc testing among PBC patients and control subjects identified a few persons in whom negative tests for HBsAg and anti-HBs failed to identify previous hepatitis B infections. Nevertheless, the uniformly negative tests for anti-HBc among our HBsAg-negative patients with CAH provide additional evidence that this subgroup, typically young-middle age females, seldom derive CAH from hepatitis B infection.
Novel copolymers of styrene. 13. Methyl and methoxy ring-trisubstituted butyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates

ABSTRACTNovel electrophilic trisubstituted ethylenes, methyl and methoxy ring-trisubstituted butyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates, RPhCH=C(CN)CO2C4H9 where R is 2,4,5-trimethyl, 2,4,6-trimethyl, 2,3-dimethyl-4-methoxy, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy-3-methyl, 2,3,4-trimethoxy, 2,4,5-trimethoxy, 2,4,6-trimethoxy, 3,4,5-trimethoxy were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The monomers were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-trisubstituted benzaldehydes and butyl cyanoacetate, and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. All the ethylenes were copolymerized with styrene (M1) in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70°C. The compositions of the copolymers were calculated from nitrogen analysis and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. Decomposition of the copolymers in nitrogen occurred in two steps, first in the 200–500°C range with residue (2–5% wt), which then decomposed in the 500–800°C range.
PSA-DETECTED (CLINICAL STAGE T1c OR B0) PROSTATE CANCER: Pathologically Significant Tumors

With the rapidly spreading enthusiasm for early detection of prostate cancer and the increasing use of serum PSA to evaluate the gland, more cancers that are not palpable on digital rectal examination are being identified. These tumors have pathologic characteristics that are very similar to those of clinically localized, palpable prostate cancers identified on digital rectal examination. Thus, the tumors detected on the basis of an elevated serum PSA value should not be disregarded as insignificant. In fact, these tumors should be given the same therapeutic consideration as the clinically localized, palpable cancers. In the TNM staging system, "PSA-detected" cancers can be classified as stage T1c, and in the Whitmore-Jewett staging system, they can be referred to as stage B0. Long-term follow-up of these prostate cancers will be necessary to establish the prognosis.