cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of instability and transition in rotating plane Poiseuille flow

Direct numerical simulations with initial small-amplitude random disturbances are used to investigate instability and transition in plane Pouseuille flow with spanwise system rotation, employing a large computational domain to facilitate the selection of the dominant spanwise wavelength of the observed streamwise vortices as well as the streamwise wavelength of the dominant secondary modes due to streamwise vortices. In all cases studied, the unstable primary three-dimensional waves persist in the nonlinear stage. Where there is primary three-dimensional wave decay, the finite-amplitude streamwise vortices can become unstable to two different three-dimensional secondary instability modes, depending on the Reynolds and the rotation numbers.
Anomalous magnetic thermodynamics in uncompensated collinear antiferromagnets

Monte Carlo simulations show that the net magnetization of collinear antiferromagnets (AFM) with uncompensated surfaces exhibits a unique thermodynamic behavior, with a temperature dependence unlike that of ferromagnets or of the Neel vector. The magnetization of AFM is not equal to that of its surface, even though it results from surface effects. This phenomenon appears in thin AFM films but is valid even in the limit of semi-infinite systems. The net magnetization of AFM therefore corresponds to a distinct topological thermodynamic state due to the free surface.
EFFECT OF BORON OXIDE, PHOSPHOROUS PENTOXIDE, AND FERRIC OXIDE ON THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF A FLORIDA KAOLIN‐QUARTZ MIXTURE*

The effect of small additions of B2O3, P2O5 (as aluminum phosphate), and Fe2O3 on the thermal expansion of a body composed of 40% quartz and 60% Florida kaolin after single and repeated firings was studied. The boron oxide gave marked reduction in the thermal expansion of the mixture after repeated firings (ranging up to cone 16) in that portion of the specimen from which it had not been volatilized. In all other cases, it had little effect. The iron oxide caused small but distinct reductions in the thermal expansion of the mixture. The effect of the phosphorous pentoxide was only slight.
InAs/GaSb/AlSb resonant tunneling spin device concepts

We discuss device concepts for creating spin polarized current sources without external magnetic fields, using nonmagnetic 6.1 A semiconductor resonant tunneling structures.
Valacyclovir inhibition of recovery of ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 after experimental reactivation by laser in situ keratomileusis

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether the systemic administration of valacyclovir (Valtrex®) reduces ocular shedding of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit latency model. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Methods: New Zealand White rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 W strain were divided into 3 groups. The first received 100 mg/kg/day of valacyclovir; the second, 200 mg/kg/day of valacyclovir; and the third (control), saline. One half the total dose of valacyclovir was delivered via intraperitoneal injections twice daily for 7 days beginning with 1 dose before LASIK. The HSV-1 ocular shedding was determined from eye cultures for 7 days after LASIK. Results: The administration of both 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day of valacyclovir significantly reduced the number of eyes (1/16 in both groups) and the total number of HSV-1 shedding days (1/122 and 2/122, respectively) from which HSV-1 was recovered compared to the control group (7/16 [P = .0396] and 14/129 [P Conclusions: Systemic administration of valacyclovir significantly reduced HSV-1 ocular shedding after LASIK in the NZW rabbit latency model. The clinical implications of this study suggest that patients with a history of recurrent ocular herpes may be able to safely have LASIK with less risk of a recurrent herpetic episode while on valacyclovir antiviral prophylaxis.
Specific protection against the cytotoxicity of a new class of nitrosoureas by pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides.

Abstract Some of the pharmacological properties of a new class of compounds are described in which either a methyl- or a ehloroethyl-nitrosourea functionality is attached to the 3'-position of 3'-deoxythymidine (3'-MTNU and 3'-CTNU) or to the 5'-position of 5'-deoxythymidine (5'-MTNU and 5'-CTNU). The pharmacological effects of these thymidine analogs vary considerably. The dose-response curves for the inhibition of leukemic L1210 cell growth by the 5'-derivatives were similar to that for 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), being characterized by a shoulder region and a linear component. However, the corresponding curves for the 3'-derivatives were biphasic, being initially steep and linear followed by a shallow portion. Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides (thymidine, deoxyuridine or deoxycytidine), but not pyrimidine ribonucleosides or purine nucleosides, can specifically prevent and reverse the inhibition of cell growth caused by the 3'-analogs. In contrast, the inhibition of cell replication induced by 5'-CTNU or BCNU was not decreased by the addition of thymidine, deoxyuridine or deoxycytidine. The protective effect was dependent on the relative concentrations of the protecting pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside and the 3'-nitrosourea. Of particular importance is the finding that the addition of deoxycytidine to L 1210 cells, treated previously for 24 hr with 3'CTNU, substantially reversed the growth inhibition, suggesting that competition for cellular transport is not the critical site of interaction and that alkylation may not be the primary mode of action. Soft agar cloning experiments revealed that deoxycytidine also protects L 1210 cells from the lethal effects of 3'-CTNU. The protective interaction is not unique to L 1210 cells since the growth inhibitory effects of 3'-CTNU on B 16 melanoma cells could also be reduced by deoxycytidine. Under physiological conditions, 3'-CTNU decomposes to generate alkylating and carbamoylating species. In addition, however, a stable cytotoxic compound, 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine, is also formed. This aminonucleoside is generated in sufficient quantities to contribute to the pharmacological actions of 3'-CTNU and may account for the specific protective interaction exerted by pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides.
Integrating Renewable and Distributed resources - IIT Perfect Power Smart Grid Prototype

The goal of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the Perfect Power Smart Grid Prototype at Illinois Institute of Technology, while highlighting some of the multi-agent system applications. The Perfect Power Prototype is supported by the Department of Energy under the Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration Program, which focuses on effectively integrating distributed resources (including distributed generation technologies, renewable generation technologies, energy storage devices, and demand response methods) for decreased peaking power demand on the grid and for providing necessary ancillary services. The IIT Perfect Power Prototype plans to accomplish the above integration tasks via autonomous multi-agent systems.
Consecutive immobilized enzymatic reaction in a packed-bed reactor.

Abstract Consecutive reaction in a packed-bed reactor of two-enzyme system is analyzed in this paper. The enzymes are immobilized by attaching them to water-insoluble supports which are used as catalytic particles inducing consecutive reaction and converting substrate to final product 2 via an intermediate product 1. Examination is made to investigate the effects of four dimensionless kinetic parameters, K , K 1 , W and W 1 , on the general substrate conversion. Governing material balance equations form two nonlinear partial differential equations which are numerically solved on a digital computer.
Neuropsychological Vulnerability Markers of Schizophrenia

We evaluated 15 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), 16 of their non-schizophrenic siblings (SB), and 31 demographically-balanced normal controls (NC) with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. SZ were neuroleptic-naive or off-medication and were evaluated at intake and again when stabilized on neuroleptics. SZ and SB were impaired compared with NC, with SB performance intermediate between that of SZ and NC. The shape of the deficit profile was similar in SZ and SB: greatest deficits were seen in verbal memory, abstraction, attention and language functions in SZ, with a non-significant trend in the same direction for SB. Cognitive function in SZ was stable across changes in medication status and clinical state. These results support the hypothesis that impaired information processing aggregates in the family members of schizophrenics and may serve as an indicator of genetic vulnerability to the disorder.
From instantons to sphalerons: Time-dependent periodic solutions of SU(2)-Higgs theory

We solve numerically for periodic, spherically symmetric, classical solutions of SU(2)-Higgs theory in four-dimensional Euclidean space. In the limit of short periods the solutions approach tiny instanton{endash}anti-instanton superpositions while, for longer periods, the solutions merge with the static sphaleron. A previously predicted bifurcation point, where two branches of periodic solutions meet, appears for Higgs boson masses larger than 3.091M{sub W}. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Free Energy Profile of H‐ras Membrane Anchor upon Membrane Insertion

Ras GTPases mediate signaling pathways in cell proliferation, development and apoptosis. They undergo isoprenylation at a C-terminal CaaX signal (a usually represents aliphatic and X any amino acid) followed by proteolysis of aaX and carboxymethylation. In the case of H-ras, a subsequent dual palmitoylation of cysteines adjacent to the site of farnesylation produces a mature anchor for plasma membrane targeting.[1,2] Atomistic informations, such as the structure of membrane-bound ras and the free energy of complex formation, are vital in research efforts geared towards designing ras isoform selective anti-cancer agents. The most common experimental techniques are not yet able to provide such atomistic data. Here we present computational results on the free energy profile for the transfer of the H-ras membrane anchor from water to a bilayer of DMPC lipids. We find that there is no significant barrier for insertion and that once a few carbon atoms of the ras lipid chains cross the membrane-water interface, the free energy displays a steeply downhill profile. Insertion into the hydrocarbon core of the ras lipids and the interfacial localization of the backbone together produce up to 30 kcal/mol gain in free energy. Additionally, using the recently reported computationally-derived structures of full-length H-ras in a DMPC bilayer,[3] we explain how a small free energy difference would enable modulation of H-ras membrane binding by the linker and the catalytic domain.
Measuring Transverse Shift Parameters for Pinhole SPECT Using Point Sources at Multiple Radii of Rotation

Accurate determination of the electronic shift and mechanical shift is very important for pinhole SPECT imaging. SPECT reconstruction can yield high-resolution images, but the electronic shift and mechanical shift must be well known. A previously discussed method for the calibration of the shifts is extended to compensate for an angular-dependent radius of rotation (ROR) and to allow for the fitting of multiple point-source scans with different source positions or different RORs. The proposed method allows for the simultaneous determination of electronic and mechanical shifts. A second method is also presented that uses averaging of point source centroid data to find the shifts. It is shown theoretically that there is a linear relationship between the average centroid in the transverse direction and the electronic shift and mechanical shift in the transverse direction. The slope and intercept of the line depend on the ROR and distance (R) of the point source from the axis of rotation. Thus, the shifts can be determined if there are multiple intersecting lines, generated by changing ROR and R. This linear picture is useful for conceptual understanding; however, its usefulness is reduced when the ROR varies with gantry angle. The theoretical formulas for slope and intercept suggest that the shifts should be more sensitive to changes in the ROR than in R. The sensitivities to changes in ROR and R were tested experimentally using both fitting methods. Results showed that both methods are more sensitive when ROR is changed instead of R, but the angular-dependent method is more robust when there are experimental imperfections.
Field-Effect Control of Electroosmotic Pumping Using Porous Silicon–Silicon Nitride Membranes

Field-effect control of electroosmotic (EO) flow, which has been demonstrated on single microchannels, provides a novel method to modulate the zeta potential and, therefore, the EO flow through a porous membrane. To realize field-effect control of EO pumping with a membrane, a SiNx-coated porous silicon membrane was designed and fabricated. The heavily doped silicon core was used as a conducting electrode to apply the transverse gate potential, which modulates the zeta potential of the channel walls and, thereby, the EO flow rate with constant externally applied electric fields along the channels. We observed significant electrolytic-rectification effect, i.e., for gate voltage (Vg) 0. Significant EO flow control, nearly 70% reduction in flow velocity, was observed for positive gate bias, while only 15 % flow-velocity enhancement was observed for negative gate bias of similar magnitude. This first demonstration of field-effect control on porous membranes opens the door for making high-flow rate EO pumps with porous membranes of low zeta potential materials.
A Lagrangian Analysis of Deep Convective Systems and Their Local Environmental Effects

AbstractLife cycles of deep convective raining systems are documented through use of a Lagrangian tracking algorithm applied to high-resolution Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) rainfall data, permitting collocation with related environmental ancillary fields and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud states (Rossow et al. 2005). System life cycles are described in terms of propagation speed, duration, and dominant cloud structures. Tracked systems are usually associated with the ISCCP weather state 1 (WS1) deep convection cloud state and an independent, microwave-based deep convective precipitation regime developed here. The distribution and characteristics of tracked systems are found to be similar between ocean basins in terms of system speed and duration, with westward-propagating systems predominant in every basin.The effects that these systems have on environmental parameters are assessed, stratified according to their average propagation speed and by...
Chemically Induced Covalent Crosslinks Affect Thermo‐Rheological Profiles of Fish Protein Gels

Effects of inducing covalent crosslinks in surimi gels by adding potassium bromate or 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide (EDC) were investigated. Potassium bromate induces disulfide crosslinking of proteins and EDC induces crosslinking between amino and carboxyl groups. Thermorheological properties compared to a control (no additive) were determined by torsion, dynamic (small strain) and stress relaxation testing. Profiles of gels with increased covalent cross-linking induced by potassium bromate or EDC showed increased rubber-elastic behavior. At the levels used, potassium bromate effected greater change in thermo-rheological response than EDC. These results confirmed that as covalent crosslinks increased, surimi gels become more rubber elastic in thermo-rheological responses.
Neuroanatomical segmentation in MRI : Technological objectives

This paper offers a definition of precise, comprehensive, robust and practical neuroanatomical segmentation in magnetic resonance brain images with the goal of performing quantitative morphometric analyses. The main types of difficulties experienced with such problems are described, including those relating to the classification of MR signal intensities and the fact that there is insufficient information in the 2D image. To illustrate the details of obtaining a morphometric description, a case study of semi-automated methods is presented for segmenting the lateral ventricles and caudate nucleus in T1 coronal MR image data. The most significant remaining difficulties are summarized and are offered as objectives for further research.
SSI: building compliant power elements for servers

The goal of the SSI (Server System Infrastructure) initiative is to deliver a set of open industry specifications covering two primary server elements: power supplies and electronic bays, and thus lay the groundwork for future growth in the server market. The initiative is similar to such desktop PC efforts as ATX and NLX in that it is working to define common packaging elements for the server market.
Have conceptual reforms (and one anti‐reform) in preservice teacher education improved the education of multicultural, multilingual children and youth?

This article examines three conceptual reforms in US teacher education (competency‐based teacher education (CBTE), reflective teacher education (RTE) and constructivist teacher education (CTE)) for their effects on the education of multicultural, multilingual youth, as well as considering alternative certification (AC), known here as an ‘anti‐reform’. The author suggests that although each reform made incremental improvements in the ways that preservice teachers are prepared to teach multilingual and multicultural learners, none significantly altered the education of under‐served children and youth. For instance, CTE points out the importance of prior knowledge, but fails in connecting its core concepts with culturally relevant instruction. CBTE, while also generally failing to alter teacher preparation for multicultural learners, did try to make explicit connections for preservice teachers. RTE made explicit the moral consequences of working in diverse communities but fell short when it altered the appre...
Activation of Ciona sperm motility: phosphorylation of dynein polypeptides and effects of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

A high molecular mass dynein ATPase polypeptide and a 18–20 kDa dynein light chain of Ciona sperm flagella are phosphorylated during in vivo activation of motility or in vitro activation of motility by incubation with cyclic AMP. A similar level of phosphorylation of these proteins is obtained by incubation of washed, demembranated spermatozoa with catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, under conditions where there is no activation of motility until a supernatant component is added. Therefore, phosphorylation of these dynein polypeptides is not sufficient for activation of motility. Activation of motility in vitro by incubation with cyclic AMP can be completely inhibited by a random copolymer of glutamate and tyrosine that inhibits tyrosine kinase activity. Under these conditions, much of the protein phosphorylation associated with activation of motility is also inhibited. These new results suggest that regulation of motility of these spermatozoa may involve a multicomponent kinase cascade rather than a simple phosphorylation of a protein ‘switch’ by the cyclic AMP-dependent kinase. A 53 kDa axonemal phosphoprotein band, identified as band M1, shows the strongest correlation with activation of motility in these experiments.
Local recycling coefficients and wall equilibration in tokamaks

The recycling coefficient of the first wall of a fusion device is a space- and time-dependent quantity. In present analyses, it is often taken as one single parameter, without taking account of the vast variations across the surface areas of the vessel. The present paper is an analysis of the spatially dependent recycling coefficient as a function of time, using the DIII-D vacuum vessel as an example. In the first step, an analytical formula is constructed to simulate the recycling coefficient as a function of the trapped particle flux, based on computer simulations (W. Eckstein, Calculated Trapping Curves of D in C, Si, Garching Report IPP 9/33, October 1980). In the second step, the vessel walls are subdivided into a computational grid of 123 segments and for each segment the incident particle flux during a discharge is computed with the B2 plasma and DEGAS neutral codes. The incident particle fluxes and the recycling coefficient formula are then used to analyze the local and temporal recycling behavior of the wall.
Theory of hot coronae in T Tauri stellar winds

Using IUE data of RU Lupi, it is shown that the energy transport into the transition region (T R) is m ost likely by Alfven waves. It is argued that the chromospheric activity is proportional to the magnetic field strength. A relation between X-ray activity and age is predicted. It is argued that a magnetic field declining with age will cause a transition from a cool, to a warm, to a hot coronal wind. A calculation extending the cool to warm wind model of Hartmann et al (1981) to a hot coronal wind m odel is given. The coronal emission measure is computed.
USE OF LIQUID SURFACES AS STANDARDS OF SPECULAR GLOSS

It is possible to flow a film of any one of several liquids on the rough ground or sandblasted face of a black ceramic body and to use the surface of the film as a standard of specular gloss. The specular gloss of the film may be computed from the angle of reflection and the refractive index of the liquid by means of the Fresnel equation. The technique described in this paper was developed for use with the Hunter multipurpose reflectometer to avoid the inaccuracies of specular-gloss measurements which result when the polished black glass surfaces heretofore employed as working standards become abraded in use.
An In Ovo Chicken Model to Study the Systemic and Localized Teratogenic Effects of Valproic Acid

Background The antiepileptic valproic acid (VPA) is a teratogen whose embryopathic mechanism(s) remain uncertain. Elucidating potential cellular and molecular effects of VPA is complicated by systemic application paradigms. We developed an in ovo model to reproduce the teratogenic effects of VPA and a localized VPA application procedure to determine whether VPA can selectively effect abnormal development in one region of the embryo. Methods VPA was applied topically to chicken embryos in ovo at different embryonic stages. Embryos were later evaluated for gross and skeletal anomalies. Pax-2 and Pax-6 protein expression in the developing eye was also evaluated because VPA-induced eye anomalies are similar to those seen by the disruption of Pax-2 and Pax-6. For localized application, a thin sheet of the synthetic polymer Elvax was impregnated with VPA. A small piece of the VPA-impregnated polymer was applied directly to the presumptive wing bud region in Stage 10–17 embryos. Embryos were examined for gross and skeletal anomalies. Sham controls were employed for all experiments. Results Chicken embryos exposed to VPA in ovo demonstrated increased mortality, growth delay and anomalies similar to ones previously seen in humans: neural tube, cardiovascular, craniofacial, limb and skeletal. Pax-2 and Pax-6 protein expression was qualitatively diminished in the eye. Localized wing bud VPA exposure caused structural abnormalities in the developing wing in the absence of other anomalies in the embryos. These wing defects were similar to those observed after topical whole-embryo VPA application. Conclusions These results indicate that at least one mechanism for the teratogenicity of VPA involves a direct effect on developing tissue. The nature of the abnormalities observed implies that this effect may be mediated by disruption of genes that regulate pattern formation. Teratology 66:153–163, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Emerging role of the KCNT1 Slack channel in intellectual disability

The sodium-activated potassium KNa channels Slack and Slick are encoded by KCNT1 and KCNT2, respectively. These channels are found in neurons throughout the brain, and are responsible for a delayed outward current termed IKNa. These currents integrate into shaping neuronal excitability, as well as adaptation in response to maintained stimulation. Abnormal Slack channel activity may play a role in Fragile X syndrome, the most common cause for intellectual disability and inherited autism. Slack channels interact directly with the Fragile X Mental Retardation protein (FMRP) and IKNa is reduced in animal models of Fragile X syndrome that lack FMRP. Human Slack mutations that alter channel activity can also lead to intellectual disability, as has been found for several childhood epileptic disorders. Ongoing research is elucidating the relationship between mutant Slack channel activity, development of early onset epilepsies and intellectual impairment. This review describes the emerging role of Slack channels in intellectual disability, coupled with an overview of the physiological role of neuronal IKNa currents.
Safety and tolerability of paricalcitol in patients with chronic kidney disease

Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Beyond skeletal complications, uncontrolled SHPT is associated with cardiovascular mortality. Vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) are a mainstay of therapy for SHPT; however, use is limited by hypercalcemia, though less so with calcitriol analogs such as paricalcitol and there is emerging experience with oral formulations for non-SHPT indications. The role of VDRAs in the treatment of SHPT becomes a complex question as alternative strategies have developed. Areas covered: This review summarizes trials that established the safety and efficacy of paricalcitol for SHPT. Comparative experience with paricalcitol as against other VDRAs will be reviewed as will the experience with paricalcitol in non-dialysis CKD and comparative experience with non-VDRA-based therapy. Expert opinion: VDRA therapy is considered first-line therapy for treatment of SHPT. Paricalcitol has demonstrated superiority to calcitriol wit...
Jockeying for Position: What It Means and Why It Matters to Regional Development Policy When Places Compete

Malecki E. J. (2004) Jockeying for position: what it means and why it matters to regional development policy when places compete, Regional Studies38, 1093-1112. The realization that places compete for investment has expanded in recent years to encompass competition among places for the attention of migrants, tourists and media glow as well as investment. The most competitive places have been multidimensional in their attractions and have made the transition to the knowledge-based economy. The latest priority is being placed on attracting mobile workers and mobile investment. Creative workers are the core of the knowledge economy and of its geographies such as 'intelligent places' and 'learning regions'. Knowledge metrics, innovation indices and report cards are increasingly common, each seemingly developed to sort the list of places in a different order. Lists or league tables of 'the best places' for business, to live, retire and visit are key features of economies and societies whose factors of success ...
Childhood obesity and in-hospital asthma resource utilization

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between pediatric obesity and inpatient length of stay (LOS), resource utilization, readmission rates, and total billed charges for in-hospital status asthmaticus. DESIGN/METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients 5 to 17 years old hospitalized with status asthmaticus to 1 free-standing children's hospital system over 12 months. Only hospitalized patients initially treated in the hospital's emergency department were included to ensure all therapies/charges were examined. Patients with complex chronic conditions, pneumonia, or lacking recorded body mass index (BMI) were excluded. The primary exposure was BMI percentile for age. The primary outcome was LOS (in hours). Secondary outcomes were 90-day readmission rate, billed charges, and resource utilization: number of albuterol treatments, chest radiographs, intravenous fluids, intravenous or intramuscular steroids, and intensive care unit admission. Bivariate, adjusted Poisson and logistic regression model analyses were performed. RESULTS Five hundred eighteen patients met inclusion criteria. Most had a normal BMI (59.7%); 36.7% were overweight or obese. LOS, readmissions, and resource utilization outcomes were not associated with BMI category on bivariate analyses. After adjustment for demographic/clinical characteristics, LOS decreased by 2% for each decile increase in BMI percentile for age. BMI percentile for age was not associated with billed charges, readmissions, or other measures of resource utilization. CONCLUSIONS Although BMI decile for age is inversely associated with LOS for in-hospital pediatric status asthmaticus, the effect likely is not clinically meaningful. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:160–164. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Scientific Discoveries as Growth of Understanding: The Case of Newton’s Gravitation

1. Our understanding of the nature of scientific discovery is undergoing a revolution. It is one which would replace knowledge and search for truth as the key explanatory concepts by those of understanding and problem–solving. Accordingly, scientific discovery would first be analyzed into the three distinct but interrelated elements of change, progress, and rationality,1 and then scientific progress would be conceived as growth of understanding and not merely growth of knowledge, scientific rationality as thought and action which effectively bring about progress so conceived, and scientific change as the development of those institutions and those individuals whereby scientific rationality has been actualized in the course of history. In this scheme, the fundamental role would be played by the theory of scientific progress as growth of understanding.
Propagation of tau pathology: hypotheses, discoveries, and yet unresolved questions from experimental and human brain studies

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein and a key regulator of microtubule stabilization as well as the main component of neurofibrillary tangles-a principle neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-as well as pleomorphic neuronal and glial inclusions in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Cross-sectional studies of neurofibrillary pathology in AD reveal a stereotypic spatiotemporal pattern of neuronal vulnerability that correlates with disease severity; however, the relationship of this pattern to disease progression is less certain and exceptions to the typical pattern have been described in a subset of AD patients. The basis for the selective vulnerability of specific populations of neurons to tau pathology and cell death is largely unknown, although there have been a number of hypotheses based upon shared properties of vulnerable neurons (e.g., degree of axonal myelination or synaptic plasticity). A recent hypothesis for selective vulnerability takes into account the emerging science of functional connectivity based upon resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, where subsets of neurons that fire synchronously define patterns of degeneration similar to specific neurodegenerative disorders, including various tauopathies. In the past 6 years, the concept of tau propagation has emerged from numerous studies in cell and animal models suggesting that tau moves from cell-to-cell and that this may trigger aggregation and region-to-region spread of tau pathology within the brain. How the spread of tau pathology relates to functional connectivity is an area of active investigation. Observations of templated folding and propagation of tau have prompted comparisons of tau to prions, the pathogenic proteins in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In this review, we discuss the most compelling studies in the field, discuss their shortcomings and consider their implications with respect to human tauopathies as well as the controversy that tauopathies may be prion-like disorders.
Alfred Goodman Gilman (1941–2015)

On December 23, 2015, Alfred Goodman Gilman died peacefully at home after a long battle with pancreatic cancer. Though Al was one of the great scientific minds of the past 50 years and is best known for his discovery of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins), anyone who trained or worked closely with Al knew him as much more than that. His greatness extended equally to scientific leadership, mentorship of young scientists, and a relentless pursuit of scientific discovery.
Controlling the Architecture, Coordination, and Reactivity of Nanoparticle Coating Utilizing an Amino Acid Central Scaffold

We have developed a versatile strategy to prepare a series of multicoordinating and multifunctional ligands optimized for the surface-functionalization of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) alike. Our chemical design relies on the modification of l-aspartic acid precursor to controllably combine, through simple peptide coupling chemistry, one or two lipoic acid (LA) groups and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moieties in the same ligand. This route has provided two sets of modular ligands: (i) bis(LA)-PEG, which presents two lipoic acids (higher coordination) appended onto a single end-functionalized PEG, and (ii) LA-(PEG)2 made of two PEG moieties (higher branching, with various end reactive groups) appended onto a single lipoic acid. These ligands are combined with a new photoligation strategy to yield hydrophilic and reactive QDs that are colloidally stable over a broad range of conditions, including storage at nanomolar concentration and under ambient conditions. AuNPs capped wit...
A Constructive Proof of the Representation Theorem for Polyhedral Sets Based on Fundamental Definitions

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThis paper provides a constructive, geometrically motivated proof for the well known and important Representation (or Resolution) Theorem for polyhedral sets. One principal value of this proof is pedagogical: it provides geometric insights, and is based purely on the definitions of extreme points and directions and simple associated geometric concepts. However, the proof also suggests a polynomial time algorithm for actually constructing a representation of a given point belonging to a polyhedral set in terms of the extreme points and extreme directions of this polyhedron. Details of this algorithm along with a numerical example and discussions of some related issues are also presented.
Improving Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Strategies by Distributing Shared Peptides and Stabilizing Variance

In a previous study, we demonstrated that spectral counts-based label-free proteomic quantitation could be improved by distributing peptides shared between multiple proteins. Here, we compare four quantitative proteomic approaches, namely, the normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF), the normalized area abundance factor (NAAF), normalized parent ion intensity abundance factor (NIAF), and the normalized fragment ion intensity abundance factor (NFAF). We demonstrate that label-free proteomic quantitation methods based on chromatographic peak area (NAAF), parent ion intensity in MS1 (NIAF), and fragment ion intensity (NFAF) are also improved when shared peptides are distributed on the basis of peptides unique to each isoform. To stabilize the variance inherent to label-free proteomic quantitation data sets, we use cyclic-locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS) and linear regression normalization (LRN). Again, all four methods are improved when cyclic-LOWESS and LRN are applied to reduce variation. Finally, we demonstrate that absolute quantitative values may be derived from label-free parameters such as spectral counts, chromatographic peak area, and ion intensity when using spiked-in proteins of known amounts to generate standard curves.
Of Parsimony and Archaeological Histories: A Response to Comment by Boyd

Boyd (2004) questions the cultural association that we (Dunham et al. 2003:113) draw between burial mounds in central Virginia and the colonial era Monacan Indian people. We respond to Boyd's points, agree that any such interpretation be open to further discussion, but defend our cultural and historical interpretation as the most logical and parsimonious given the available data.
Abstract PR-8: Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate cancer incidence and mortality: A prospective study in the Physicians’ Health Study

PR-8 Background Several inflammation-related factors have been implicated in prostate cancer risk and progression, but the origin of inflammation is unclear. Infections are one possible source, but studies of specific infections have been largely inconclusive. A recent prospective study found that antibody seropositivity against Trichomonas vaginalis was positively associated with subsequent incidence of prostate cancer. This parasitic protozoan has received relatively little attention despite being the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. We sought to further explore and extend this hypothesis in an independent population, both for prostate cancer incidence as well as progression. Methods We conducted a prospective case-control study nested within the Physicians’ Health Study that included 673 prostate cancer cases and 673 individually matched controls. T. vaginalis antibody serostatus was assessed by an ELISA that detects IgG antibodies against purified, recombinant T. vaginalis α-actinin protein. We used conditional logistic regression for analyses of total prostate cancer incidence and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios for lethal prostate cancer (prostate cancer-specific death or development of bony metastases). Results The seroprevalence of T. vaginalis infection was 21% in controls and 25% in cases. Among cases, the average time between blood draw and prostate cancer diagnosis was 9.3 years (range 0.3 years - 17.9 years). Though not statistically significant, the magnitude of the association between T. vaginalis seropositivity and overall prostate cancer risk (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.61) was similar to the original study, which observed a 43% increased risk. Further, seropositive men had a 2.2-fold increase in risk of extraprostatic disease (95% CI: 1.08, 4.37) and a 2.7-fold greater risk of lethal prostate cancer (95% CI: 1.37, 5.28; 39 cases developed bony metastases or died of prostate cancer). Time-to event analyses included 7,776 person-years of follow-up and showed that, compared to seronegative cases, cases with serologic evidence of infection prior to cancer diagnosis had a 50% greater rate of progression to lethal prostate cancer (95% CI: 1.01, 2.16). Conclusions In this large prospective study, we observed a modest association between anti-T. vaginalis antibodies and overall prostate cancer risk and found that T. vaginalis infection was principally associated with clinically relevant, potentially lethal disease. If our findings are confirmed, T. vaginalis infection may represent a common risk factor for which chemoprevention could reduce burden of aggressive prostate cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):PR-8.
Analysis of Venture Capital and the Listed Companies Stock price Correlation——Based on the Concept of Venture Capital with the Empirical Analysis of Listed Companies

Though second board is still not launched formally,Venture Capital conception has been developping gradually.Viewing the launch of the second board rationally,could find great opportunities lying behind it.This dissertation aims to analyze the correlation between the p/e ratio and the ROE of listed companies from 13 industries in 2007,discover the relationship between the performance of the these companies and their stock price,provide reasonable advice for the investors.
Electromagnetic wave energy flow control with a tunable and reconfigurable coupled plasma split-ring resonator metamaterial: A study of basic conditions and configurations

We propose and study numerically a tunable and reconfigurable metamaterial based on coupled split-ring resonators (SRRs) and plasma discharges. The metamaterial couples the magnetic-electric response of the SRR structure with the electric response of a controllable plasma slab discharge that occupies a volume of the metamaterial. Because the electric response of a plasma depends on its constitutive parameters (electron density and collision frequency), the plasma-based metamaterial is tunable and active. Using three-dimensional numerical simulations, we analyze the coupled plasma-SRR metamaterial in terms of transmittance, performing parametric studies on the effects of electron density, collisional frequency, and the position of the plasma slab with respect to the SRR array. We find that the resonance frequency can be controlled by the plasma position or the plasma-to-collision frequency ratio, while transmittance is highly dependent on the latter.
SU-F-T-651: Dosimetric Impact of Patient Setup Rotational Errors for Multi-Staged Large AVM Gammaknife Radiosurgery

Purpose: Multi-staged large AVM (>10 cm3 or diameter > 3 cm) Gammaknife radiosurgery requires setting up the patient based on a pre-treatment plan over several fractions. Residual rotational errors cannot be compensated by translational repositioning of the patient and may adversely impact the dose distribution on the total AVM target. This study evaluates the effect of residual rotational setup error. Methods: The total AVM target was contoured and split into several small sub-targets. A Gammaknife plan was completed for the whole AVM target to meet the prescription goals. Shots were split and grouped according to the location of each sub-target to be delivered in separate staged sup-plans. Rotational errors of ±1-5° about the three rotational axes along with 5mm random translational errors were used to simulate head frame setup errors on different treatment days. Software was developed to compensate for translational errors to bring the shots back to the position of the original plan. Dose distributions were compared between the original planned dose and that resulting from residual rotational errors. Results: The volume of the target having dose differences within 3% is decreased with larger residual rotational errors (98.28%, 84.22% and 68.08% for ±1°, ±3°, and ±5° rotation, respectively). The volume of the target with dose differences within 5% (99.89%, 94.86% and 83.01% for ±1°, ±3°, and ±5° rotation, respectively) indicate that rotation less than ±3° is acceptable for treatment. Conclusion: Dosimetric errors increase as rotational errors increase. The dosimetric impact was shown acceptable when rotational errors are less than 3°.
Understanding Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Telemarketing Industry

The purpose of this article is to present a revised model of Service Quality to study the role of telemarketing in the creation of service quality and customer satisfaction. The SERVQUAL instrument is used as a base for the conceptualization. Based on five focus groups, five propositions are presented for study.
Identification of an Uptake Hydrogenase Gene Cluster from Anabaena sp. Strain PCC7120

Nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena possesses an uptake hydrogenase capable of recycling nitrogenase-evolved H2 via an energy-conserving respiratory electron transport chain. A cluster of hup genes of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 required for the synthesis of uptake hydrogenase was isolated from a genomic DNA library using a cloning and screening strategy that involved the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two highly conserved stretches of amino acids were identified within the HupB sequences of various organisms and two degenerate PCR primers were synthesized based on these sequences. By using these primers, a part of the hupB gene was amplified from the Anabaena genomic DNA. This PCR fragment was cloned into the pGEM cloning vector and sequenced. Based on this sequence, two high-stringency PCR primers were synthesized that were used to isolate two lambda clones containing the hupB gene by PCR-screening of an Anabaena genomic library. From one of these clones, a 15-kb DNA fragment containing a cluster of hup genes was isolated. A restriction map of this fragment showing the locations of six hup genes was developed. These genes are located upstream of the hupL gene in the adjacent fragment in the Anabaena chromosome.
Hormones and reproductive cycles in Crocodilians

Publisher Summary During embryonic development, hormonal influence upon sexual differentiation in crocodilians begins and continues for years until sexual maturation is attained. Shortly after sex determination, estrogen production in the embryonic ovary increases and promotes proliferation of the Musllerian ducts, whereas the testis produces anti-Mullerian hormone, which results in its regression. Following hatching, gonadal production of sex steroids increases gradually with body size, and secondary sex structures become increasingly responsive to steroidal stimulation. As crocodilians approach one meter in length, males and females begin showing subdued seasonal variations in androgens and estrogens, respectively. Mature crocodilians exhibit distinct annual cycles that are primarily dictated by temperature and photoperiod in temperate species or by seasonal rainfall patterns in tropical species. The onset of gametogenesis begins approximately four months prior to the peak of copulation, as gonadal and reproductive tract recrudescence is stimulated by increases in sex steroids. Following ovulation, active corpora lutea produce progesterone (P4) during gravidity, stimulating uterine secretions involved in the production of albumen and egg shelling. Secretions of prostaglandins from the uterus are greatest in postoviposition females, suggesting a role in egg laying and luteolysis. The most recent advances in crocodilian reproduction include the cloning of genes involved in hormone signaling. Further efforts are needed to place the expression of these genes within the context of ontogenetic development and reproductive cycles of crocodilians.
The Lack of Constitutional Literacy

One of the more oft-cited constitutional amendments in public conversation is the Second: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.”
Inorganic Polyphosphate in Blood Coagulation

Polyphosphate (polyP) was recently discovered to be stored in a subset of the secretory granules of human platelets (the blood cell that supports formation of clots) and to be secreted upon activation of these cells. It is also present in other human cell types and is present in infectious microorganisms. Work from our laboratory and others has now shown that polyphosphate is a novel, potent modulator of blood clotting that likely plays roles in hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and the host response to pathogens. Polyphosphate acts at multiple points in the coagulation cascade, providing a template for initiation of the contact pathway of clotting, enhancing the activation of factor V (a critical cofactor in clotting whose accelerated activation results in an earlier thrombin burst), and markedly enhancing the rate of activation of factor XI by thrombin (resulting in marked amplification of thrombin generation). Polyphosphate also acts on the formation and degradation of fibrin by becoming incorporated into polymerizing fibrin fibrils (rendering them thicker and obscuring the binding sites for fibrinolytic proteins, which in turn delays clot degradation). Therapeutic agents targeting polyphosphate may have the potential to limit thrombosis with fewer hemorrhagic complications than conventional anticoagulant drugs that target essential proteases of the blood-clotting cascade.