cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite heat kernel expansions on the real line

Let L = d 2 /dx 2 + u(x) be the one-dimensional Schrodinger operator and let H(x,y,t) be the corresponding heat kernel. We prove that the nth Hadamard's coefficient H n (x,y) is equal to 0 if and only if there exists a differential operator M of order 2n - 1 such that L 2n-1 = M 2 . Thus, the heat expansion is finite if and only if the potential u(x) is a rational solution of the KdV hierarchy decaying at infinity studied by Adler and Moser (1978) and Airault, McKean and Moser (1977). Equivalently, one can characterize the corresponding operators L as the rank one bispectral family given by Duistermaat and Grunbaum (1986).
A Search for Environmental Effects on Type IA Supernovae

We use integrated colors and B and V absolute magnitudes of Type Ia supernova (SN) host galaxies in order to search for environmental effects on the SN optical properties. With the new sample of 44 SNe we confirm the conclusion by Hamuy et al. that bright events occur preferentially in young stellar environments. We find also that the brightest SNe occur in the least luminous galaxies, a possible indication that metal-poor neighborhoods produce the more luminous events. The interpretation of these results is made difficult, however, because of the fact that galaxies with younger stellar populations are also lower in luminosity. In an attempt to remove this ambiguity, we use models for the line strengths in the absorption spectrum of five early-type galaxies, in order to estimate metallicities and ages of the SN host galaxies. With the addition of abundance estimates from nebular analysis of the emission spectra of three spiral galaxies, we find possible further evidence that luminous SNe are produced in metal-poor neighborhoods. Further spectroscopic observations of the SN host galaxies will be necessary to test these results and assist in disentangling the age and metallicity effects on Type Ia SNe.
Accelerating Entrepreneurs and Ecosystems: The Seed Accelerator Model

Executive SummaryRecent years have seen the emergence of a new institutional form in the entrepreneurial ecosystem: the seed accelerator. These fixed-term, cohort-based “boot camps” for start-ups offer educational and mentorship programs for start-up founders, exposing them to a wide variety of mentors, including former entrepreneurs, venture capitalists (VCs), angel investors, and corporate executives, and culminate in a public pitch event, or “demo day,” during which the graduating cohort of start-up companies pitch their businesses to a large group of potential investors. In practice, accelerator programs are a combination of previously distinct services or functions that were each individually costly for an entrepreneur to find and obtain. The accelerator approach has been widely adopted by private groups, public and government efforts, and by corporations. While proliferation of accelerators is clearly evident, with worldwide estimates of 3000+ programs in existence, research on the role and efficacy...
Synthesizing Robust Plans under Incomplete Domain Models

Most current planners assume complete domain models and focus on generating correct plans. Unfortunately, domain modeling is a laborious and error-prone task, thus real world agents have to plan with incomplete domain models. While domain experts cannot guarantee completeness, often they are able to circumscribe the incompleteness of the model by providing annotations as to which parts of the domain model may be incomplete. In such cases, the goal should be to synthesize plans that are robust with respect to any known incompleteness of the domain. In this paper, we first introduce annotations expressing the knowledge of the domain incompleteness and formalize the notion of plan robustness with respect to an incomplete domain model. We then show an approach to compiling the problem of finding robust plans to the conformant probabilistic planning problem, and present experimental results with Probabilistic-FF planner.
Nonlinear exchange rate pass-through in timber products: the case of oriented strand board in Canada and the United States

We assess exchange rate pass–through (ERPT) for U.S. and Canadian prices for oriented strand board (OSB), a wood panel product used extensively in U.S. residential construction. Because of its prominence in construction and international trade, OSB markets are likely sensitive to general economic conditions. In keeping with recent research (e.g., Al-Abri and Goodwin, 2009; Larue et al., 2010), we examine regime–specific ERPT effects; we use a smooth transition vector error correction model. We also build on work by Nogueira, Jr. and Leon-Ledesma (2011) and Chew et al. (2011) in considering ERPT asymmetries associated with a measure of general macroeconomic activity. Our results indicate that during expansionary periods ERPT is modest, at least initially, but during the recent financial crises ERPT effects were quite large.
Quiver tails and N=1 SCFTs from M5-branes

We study a class of four-dimensional N=1 superconformal field theories obtained by wrapping M5-branes on a Riemann surface with punctures. We identify four-dimensional UV descriptions of the SCFTs corresponding to curves with a class of punctures. The quiver tails appearing in these UV descriptions differ significantly from their N=2 counterpart. We find a new type of object that we call the ‘Fan’. We show how to construct new N=1 superconformal theories using the Fan. Various dual descriptions for these SCFTs can be identified with different colored pair-of-pants decompositions. For example, we find an N=1 analog of Argyres-Seiberg duality for the SU(N) SQCD with 2N flavors. We also compute anomaly coefficients and superconformal indices for these theories and show that they are invariant under dualities.
La psicolingüística: el difícil transitar de una interdisciplina

Lapsicolinguistica es una interdisciplina que, en sus cuarenta anos de existencia, ha pasado por periodos claramente definidos. Ello ha sido consecuencia, en gran medida, de los cambios paradigmaticos que han sufrido sus disciplinas basicas: la linguistica y la psicologia. En estas decadas se ha pasado desde un empirismo pleno de optimismo, por un racionalismo con tintes de ciencia axiomatica, hacia un constructivismo mas bien esceptico. Los cambios en las concepciones epistemologicas imperantes han tenido profundo impacto en la manera en que los estudiosos han concebido el objeto de sus respectivas disciplinas. A lo anterior hay que agregar la influencia que los avances en informatica y en inteligencia artificial han tenido sobre las teonas y modelos psicolinguisticos la mayor parte de este tiempo. Aunque es difcil predecir el futuro de la psicolinguistica, es posible prever, gracias al conexionismo, un interesante acercamiento a las neurociencias.
Diastereoselective synthesis of substituted diaziridines from simple ketones and aldehydes

Diastereopure substituted diaziridines from simple ketones, aldehydes and amines are here reported. These important chemical scaffolds are obtained in the presence of a weak inorganic base and hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid (HOSA). This method introduces three stereocenters in one step to provide a wide variety of substituted diaziridines with high yields and diastereoselectivities.
Graph-Theoretic Solutions to Computational Geometry Problems

Many problems in computational geometry are not stated in graph-theoretic terms, but can be solved efficiently by constructing an auxiliary graph and performing a graph-theoretic algorithm on it. Often, the efficiency of the algorithm depends on the special properties of the graph constructed in this way. We survey the art gallery problem, partition into rectangles, minimum-diameter clustering, rectilinear cartogram construction, mesh stripification, angle optimization in tilings, and metric embedding from this perspective.
Diamonds are not forever : Botswana medium-term fiscal sustainability

This paper analyzes Botswana's medium-term fiscal sustainability in view of the expected depletion of diamonds in the future. The analysis shows that in the absence of policy adjustments, Botswana's current fiscal policy strategy is unsustainable over the longer term, which could endanger macroeconomic stability and Botswana's reputation as Africa's success story. Ensuring medium-term sustainability of Botswana's public finances requires stronger revenue collection, through improved revenue administration, greater tax enforcement, and the rationalization of tax exemptions in order to realize the full revenue potential. Opportunities also exist to generate more revenue from the non-mining sector through changes in the tax regime. At the same time, the government needs to maximize the effectiveness of public expenditure and bring down public spending to levels that are more in line with long-term revenue prospects. A greater control over the public sector wage bill is critically important. In-house capacity for macroeconomic monitoring and fiscal analysis also needs to be enhanced further. Looking ahead, growth of a dynamic non-mining sector is crucial for Botswana not only from the fiscal sustainability point of view, but from the point of view of achieving balanced development that will create jobs and deliver durable reduction in poverty and inequality. Fiscal policy will have to play a central role in this process.
Synthesis of dicobalt hexacarbonyl 5-p-tolylethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine

Reactions of 5-p-tolylethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine and 3′,5′-di-O-acetyl-5-p-tolylethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine with Co2(CO)8 in THF gave 5-p-tolC2[Co2(CO)6]-2′-deoxyuridine and 3′,5′-di-O-acetyl-5-p-tolC2[Co2(CO)6]-2′-deoxyuridine (92 and 66%).
Equality of Participation Online Versus Face to Face: Condensed Analysis of the Community Forum Deliberative Methods Demonstration

Online deliberation may provide a more cost-effective and/or less inhibiting environment for public participation than face to face F2F. But do online methods bias participation toward certain individuals or groups? We compare F2F versus online participation in an experiment affording within-participants and cross-modal comparisons. For English speakers required to have Internet access as a condition of participation, we find no negative effects of online modes on equality of participation EoP related to gender, age, or educational level. Asynchronous online discussion appears to improve EoP for gender relative to F2F. Data suggest a dampening effect of online environments on black participants, as well as amplification for whites. Synchronous online voice communication EoP is on par with F2F across individuals. But individual-level EoP is much lower in the online forum, and greater online forum participation predicts greater F2F participation for individuals. Measured rates of participation are compared to self-reported experiences, and other findings are discussed.
Measurement of Enantiomeric Excess by Kinetic Resolution and Mass Spectrometry.

New applications for your mass spectrometer-use it to measure enantiomeric excess! The enantiomeric content of very small quantities of chiral alcohols and amines has been determined by derivatization with chiral acylating agents in which mass is correlated to absolute configuration. The resultant esters and amides were then analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS; shown schematically). The technique requires surprisingly low levels of diastereoselectivity in the acylation step, and is therefore generally applicable.
Comparing Rural Health and Health Care in Canada and the United States: The Influence of Federalism

Canada and the United States have significantly different arrangements for the provision of health care. They also have contrasting federal systems. While much research has considered the implication of these factors in terms of national health outcomes, there is little consideration of how these differences affect subpopulations within the countries. This article compares rural health outcomes between the two countries and how the variant federal arrangements address rural health. It is found that rural health outcomes are similar in spite of significant divergence in their institutional and intergovernmental responsibilities. Thus, it appears that rural health disparities are best understood as a function of social and economic environments of rural areas rather than institutional and policy assignments flowing from differences in their federal systems.
Microlens Mass Measurement Using Triple-Peak Events

We show that one can measure the effects of microlens parallax for binary microlensing events with three well-measured peaks, two caustic crossings plus a cusp approach, and hence derive the projected Einstein radius E. Since the angular Einstein radius θE is measurable from finite-source effects for almost any well-observed caustic crossing, triple-peak events can yield the determination of the lens mass M = (c2/4G)EθE. We note that, to a certain extent, rotation of the binary can mimic the effects of parallax, but it should often be possible to disentangle parallax from rotation by making use of the late-time light curve.
L^2 curvature and volume renormalization of AHE metrics on 4-manifolds

This paper relates the boundary term in the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet formula on 4-manifolds M with the renormalized volume V, as defined in the AdS/CFT correspondence, for asymptotically hyperbolic Einstein metrics on M. In addition, we compute and discuss the differential or variation dV of V, or equivalently the variation of the L^2 norm of the Weyl curvature, on the space of such Einstein metrics.
Thermally generated phenylcarbenium ions: acid-free and self-quenching Friedel–Crafts reactions

Abstract 2-Benzyloxy-1-methylpyridinium triflate ( 1 ) serves as a stable precursor to a phenylcarbenium species as evidenced by its reactivity in Friedel–Crafts alkylations with electron-rich arenes.
Transitional flow behavior of entangled polyisoprene solutions

A contradiction has recently appeared between the current understanding of entangled polymers in nonlinear shear flow and new experimental observations based on highly entangled monodisperse 1,4-polybutadiene solutions. Using entangled polydisperse solutions, we have examined the universality of the new revelation that any sufficiently entangled and relatively monodisperse polymeric fluids undergo a flow transition in simple shear when the applied stress is comparable to the plateau modulus. Indeed, a similar flow transition, marking the onset of bulk chain disentanglement, as previously observed for polybutadiene solutions in controlled-stress experiments, can also be observed in less entangled and more polydisperse polyisoprene solutions, whereas controlled-rate experiments do not reveal any transitional behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4132–4138, 2004
Dithering Digital Ripple Correlation Control for Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking

This study demonstrates a new method for rapid and precise maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic (PV) applications using dithered PWM control. Constraints imposed by efficiency, cost, and component size limit the available PWM resolution of a power converter, and may in turn limit the MPP tracking efficiency of the PV system. In these scenarios, PWM dithering can be used to improve average PWM resolution. In this study, we present a control technique that uses ripple correlation control (RCC) on the dithering ripple, thereby achieving simultaneous fast tracking speed and high tracking accuracy. Moreover, the proposed method solves some of the practical challenges that have to date limited the effectiveness of RCC in solar PV applications. We present a theoretical derivation of the principles behind dithering digital ripple correlation control, as well as experimental results that show excellent tracking speed and accuracy with basic hardware requirements.
Differential Harnack inequalities on Riemannian manifolds I: Linear heat equation☆

Abstract In the first part of this paper, we get new Li–Yau type gradient estimates for positive solutions of heat equation on Riemannian manifolds with Ricci ( M ) ⩾ − k , k ∈ R . As applications, several parabolic Harnack inequalities are obtained and they lead to new estimates on heat kernels of manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below. In the second part, we establish a Perelman type Li–Yau–Hamilton differential Harnack inequality for heat kernels on manifolds with Ricci ( M ) ⩾ − k , which generalizes a result of L. Ni (2004, 2006) [20] , [21] . As applications, we obtain new Harnack inequalities and heat kernel estimates on general manifolds. We also obtain various entropy monotonicity formulas for all compact Riemannian manifolds.
Conflict and Loss Aversion in Multiattribute Choice: The Effects of Trade-Off Size and Reference Dependence on Decision Difficulty☆

Abstract Two experiments assess the type and amount of conflict influencing decision difficulty in hypothetical scenarios where subjects chose between two alternatives made to appear relatively attractive (approach–approach conflicts) or relatively unattractive (avoidance-avoidance conflicts), each involving attribute trade-offs across alternatives (embedded approach–avoidance conflicts). In Experiment 1, independent of information processing demands, decisions are more difficult when alternatives are unattractive and/or attribute trade-offs are large. Reference states that change the relative attractiveness of the alternatives increase or decrease decision difficulty in a manner consistent with loss aversion: Superior reference states increase decision difficulty more than inferior reference states reduce it. Experiment 2 further tests the reference dependence of decision difficulty by varying the nature of the reference state (stated comparators, as in Experiment 1, or endowments) as well as its extremity. Endowed reference states affect decision difficulty more than reference states that are stated comparators. Moreover, consistent with loss aversion, inferior reference states that are twice as extreme as superior reference states reduce decision difficulty about as much as the superior reference states increase it. The results demonstrate that decisions can be made easier or harder by way of reference dependence, and that the loss aversion so prevalent in preference formation generalizes to perceptions of decision difficulty in multiattribute settings.
Construction of a continuous utility function for a class of preferences

Abstract We construct a continuous utility indicator for a subclass of continuous preference relations, including some with thick indifference classes, using a measure theoretic technique related to that of Neuefeind (1972). This indicator is not continuous on the full class of continuous preferences endowed with the closed convergence topology. It appears that no such indicator can be constructed , although Mas-Colell (1975) has established that one exists. A finer topology for preferences seems appropriate.
Secular-Islamist cleavage, values, and support for democracy and shari'a in the Arab world

Public opinion polls demonstrate that Arab citizens support both democracy and shari’a. I argue that individual values related to the secular-Islamist cleavage are instrumental in explaining this joint support. The analysis of the Arab Barometer Survey shows that individuals holding Islamic values are more favorable of shari’a, whereas those with secularist values tend to support democracy. However, the bivariate probit estimations also confirm that Arab opinion about these governing principles is more complementary and less divergent. The results imply that constitutional models combining Islam and democracy, rather than strictly secular institutions, may be more acceptable to Arab citizens.
Exascale computing: The challenges and opportunities in the next decade

Supercomputing systems have made great strides in recent years as the extensive computing needs of cuttingedge engineering work and scientific discovery have driven the development of more powerful systems. In 2008, the first petaflop machine was released, and historic trends indicate that in ten years, we should be at the exascale level. Indeed, various agencies are targeting a computer system capable of 1 Exaop (10⋆⋆18 ops) of computation within the next decade. We believe that applications in many industries will be materially transformed by exascale computers.
Business cycles, migration and health.

Abstract We investigate the proposition that illness poses as an obstacle to one's ability to use migration to hedge the business cycle. We employ data on migration, regional unemployment rates and health status from 10 years (1984–1993) of the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our results provide considerable for support this proposition. The evidence is the strongest for men, but we also find weaker evidence for married women. These results suggest that—ceterus paribus—aggregate health outcomes in an area should improve when the regional economy expands.
Derivative analysis of hyperspectral data

Abstract With the goal of applying derivative spectral analysis to analyze high-resolution, spectrally continuous remote sensing data, several smoothing and derivative computation algorithms have been reviewed and modified to develop a set of cross-platform spectral analysis tools. Emphasis was placed on exploring different smoothing and derivative algorithms to extract spectral details from spectral data sets. A modular program was created to perform interactive derivative analysis. This module calculated derivatives using either a convolution (Savitzky–Golay) or finite divided difference approximation algorithm. Spectra were smoothed using one of the three built-in smoothing algorithms (Savitzky–Golay smoothing, Kawata–Minami smoothing, and mean-filter smoothing) prior to the derivative computation procedures. Laboratory spectral data were used to test the performance of the implemented derivative analysis module. An algorithm for detecting the absorption band positions was executed on synthetic spectra and a soybean fluorescence spectrum to demonstrate the usage of the implemented modules in extracting spectral features. Issues related to smoothing and spectral deviation caused by the smoothing or derivative computation algorithms were also observed and are discussed. A scaling effect, resulting from the migration of band separations when using the finite divided difference approximation derivative algorithm, can be used to enhance spectral features at the scale of specified sampling interval and remove noise or features smaller than the sampling interval.
Determining the local origin of hydroxyl radical generation during phacoemulsification

Purpose To determine the local origin of hydroxyl radicals during phacoemulsification using an ultrasonic phacoemulsification device that includes longitudinal and torsional modalities. Setting Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Experiments were conducted using the Infiniti Vision System and Ozil handpiece. Hydroxyl radical concentrations during longitudinal and torsional phacoemulsification were quantitated as malondialdehyde (MDA) determined spectrophotometrically using the deoxyribose assay. The difference between the total concentration found in the aspirated solution at steady-state concentrations and the pre-aspirate levels deductively determined the concentration of MDA formed along the interior of the sonicating tip. The time to reach 50% of steady state as a function of reaction vessel volume was determined. Results The mean maximum for torsional ultrasound at 100% amplitude was 7.70 nM ± 0.38 (SD), 91.1% of which was generated outside the tip. During longitudinal ultrasound at 100% power, MDA concentration in the aspirated solution was 29.5 ± 0.3 nM, 71.6% of which was generated outside the tip. The time (seconds) to reach 50% of maximum for longitudinal ultrasound using 5 mL, 10 mL, and 20 mL reaction vessels was 12.6 ± 1.5, 21.0 ± 1.5, and 25.3 ± 3.4, respectively. Conclusion Although a significantly greater proportion of the hydroxyl radicals generated during ultrasound modality were formed outside the phaco tip (91.1% torsional; 71.6% longitudinal), torsional ultrasound generated only about one-fourth the amount of MDA as longitudinal ultrasound in total and about one-third that generated outside the tip (7.02 nM versus 21.1 nM). Financial disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
Effects of a college community campaign on drinking and driving with a strong enforcement component.

Objectives: A program of publicized intensive enforcement of minimum drinking age law and drinking and driving laws was implemented in a college community. The effects on driving at various blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were evaluated, particularly for drivers ages 16–24 targeted by the program. Methods: Objective measures of driver BACs were collected through nighttime roadside surveys before and during the program in the experimental college community and a comparison college community. Logistic regression models estimated the program's effects on the likelihood of driving at various BAC thresholds in the program community, after accounting for BAC patterns in the comparison community. Results: Relative to the comparison community, consistent reductions in driving at various BAC levels (positive BAC and BAC at least 0.02, 0.05, or 0.08%) were achieved in the experimental community. Reductions were greatest for 16- to 20-year-olds (from 66% for positive BAC to 94% for BAC ≥ 0.05%), followed by 21- ...
Incorporating Climate Uncertainty into Estimates of Climate Change Impacts

Abstract Quantitative estimates of the impacts of climate change on economic outcomes are important for public policy. We show that the vast majority of estimates fail to account for well-established uncertainty in future temperature and rainfall changes, leading to potentially misleading projections. We reexamine seven well-cited studies and show that accounting for climate uncertainty leads to a much larger range of projected climate impacts and a greater likelihood of worst-case outcomes, an important policy parameter. Incorporating climate uncertainty into future economic impact assessments will be critical for providing the best possible information on potential impacts.
Results from a study of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model on the lattice

Abstract The main results of our analysis of the two flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with SU (2) × SU (2) chiral symmetry on the four-dimensional hypercubic lattice with naive and Wilson fermions are presented. Large N techniques and numerical simulations are used to study various properties of the model. The scalar and pseudoscalar spectrum, the approach to the continuum and chiral limits, the size of the 1/ N corrections, and the effects of the zero momentum fermionic modes on finite lattices are studied. Also, some interesting observations are made by viewing the model as an embedding theory of the Higgs sector.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Protegrin-1 Insertion and Permeation through a Lipid Bilayer

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study the pathway for the insertion of the cationic antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1 (PG1) into mixed anionic lipid bilayers composed of palmitoyl-o...
A total synthesis of polyether antibiotic (−)-A23187 (calcimycin)

Abstract A total synthesis of (−)-A23187 (calcimycin) was accomplished by a convergent approach. The key step of synthesis was the stereospecific cyclization of the β-hydroxy ketone into the spiroketal under basic conditions.
Synthesis of highly functionalized 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadienes

Abstract Highly functionalized 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene derivatives have been synthesized via a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between N -acyl-3,4-disubstituted pyrroles and ethynyl p -tolyl sulfone 5 .
Turbulence Measurement in Transonic Flow

Two instrumentation systems are presently practical to use in turbulence measurements. The laser velocimeter can measure fluctuating velocities while the hot-wire anemometer, in principle, can be used to obtain both kinematic and thermodynamic fluctuations. In addition, the hot-wire anemometer gives an analog signal output that is convenient for use in time-space correlation studies and spectral analyses. The laser velocimeter has been used successfully in all flow regimes, whereas the hot wire has not been exploited in transonic flows, where the wire response has not been well-understood. The purpose of this Note is to examine the response and calibration of a constant-temperature, hot- wire anemometer in transonic flow and to present turbulence measurements, obtained in a transonic boundary layer.
The Regular Representation, Zhu's A(V)-theory, and Induced Modules

Abstract The regular representation is related to Zhu's A ( V )-theory and an induced module from an A ( V )-module to a V -module is defined in terms of the regular representation. As an application, a new proof of Frenkel and Zhu's fusion rule theorem is obtained.
A Normal Stellar Disk in the Galaxy Malin 1

Since its discovery, Malin 1 has been considered the prototype and most extreme example of the class of giant low surface brightness disk galaxies. Examination of an archival Hubble Space Telescope I-band image reveals that Malin 1 contains a normal stellar disk that was not previously recognized, having a central I-band surface brightness of μ0 = 20.1 mag arcsec-2 and a scale length of 4.8 kpc. Out to a radius of ~10 kpc, the structure of Malin 1 is that of a typical SB0/a galaxy. The remarkably extended, faint outer structure detected out to r ≈ 100 kpc appears to be a photometrically distinct component and not a simple extension of the inner disk. In terms of its disk scale length and central surface brightness, Malin 1 was originally found to be a very remote outlier relative to all other known disk galaxies. The presence of a disk of normal size and surface brightness in Malin 1 suggests that such extreme outliers in disk properties probably do not exist, but underscores the importance of the extended outer disk regions for a full understanding of the structure and formation of spiral galaxies.
Pontryagin Maximum Principle for Control Systems on Infinite Dimensional Manifolds

We discuss a mathematical framework for analysis of optimal control problems on infinite-dimensional manifolds. Such problems arise in study of dynamic optimization for partial differential equations with some symmetry. We develop nonsmooth analysis methods and Lagrangian charts techniques which can be used for study of global variations of optimal trajectories of such control systems and derivation of a maximum principle for them.
MTCP: scalable TCP-like congestion control for reliable multicast

We present MTCP, a congestion control scheme for large-scale reliable multicast. Congestion control for reliable multicast is important, because of its wide applications in multimedia and collaborative computing, yet non-trivial, because of the potentially large number of receivers involved. Many schemes have been proposed to handle the recovery of lost packets in a scalable manner, but there is little work on the design and implementation of congestion control schemes for reliable multicast. We propose new techniques that can effectively handle instances of congestion occurring simultaneously at various parts of a multicast tree.Our protocol incorporates several novel features: (1) hierarchical congestion status reports that distribute the load of processing feedback from all receivers across the multicast group, (2) the relative time delay concept which overcomes the difficulty of estimating round-trip times in tree-based multicast environments, (3) window-based control that prevents the sender from transmitting faster than packets leave the bottleneck link on the multicast path through which the sender's traffic flows, (4) a retransmission window that regulates the flow of repair packets to prevent local recovery from causing congestion, and (5) a selective acknowledgment scheme that prevents independent (i.e., non-congestion-related) packet loss from reducing the sender's transmission rate. We have implemented MTCP both on UDP in SunOS 5.6 and on the simulator ns, and we have conducted extensive Internet experiments and simulation to test the scalability and inter-fairness properties of the protocol. The encouraging results we have obtained support our confidence that TCP-like congestion control for large-scale reliable multicast is within our grasp.
Sound Propagation Through a Variable Area Duct: Experiment and Theory

A comparison of experiment and theory has been made for the propagation of sound through a variable area axisymmetric duct with zero mean flow. Measurement of the acoustic pressure field on both sides of the constricted test section was resolved on a modal basis for various spinning mode sources. Transmitted and reflected modal amplitudes and phase angles were compared with finite element computations. Good agreement between experiment and computation was obtained over a wide range of frequencies and modal transmission variations. The study suggests that modal transmission through a variable area duct is governed by the throat modal cut-off ratio.
LDU-factorization of Miyazawa income multipliers in multiregional systems

A new triple LDU-factorization (L represents a lower-triangular block matrix, D represents the diagonal block matrix and U represents an upper-triangular block matrix) of the Leontief inverse is based on the Schur block-inversion of matrices. This factorization is applied to the decomposition of Miyazawa-type multipliers of income formation within the multiregional system and to the further elaboration in the extended demo-economic multiregional input-output analysis.
On quality requirements to the barium fluoride crystals

Abstract This report summarizes the quality requirements to the barium fluoride (BaF 2 ) crystals for constructing a high precision electromagnetic calorimeter at future hadron colliders. The basic property of BaF 2 crystals and the design and performance of a BaF 2 calorimeter are presented. The emphasis of the discussion is in the radiation resistance of the current production BaF 2 crystals. An approach to implement optical bleaching in situ is also presented. By using optical bleaching current production quality BaF 2 crystals could serve as an excellent candidate to construct a precision calorimeter at future hadron colliders.
The role of gluons in dilepton production from the quark–gluon plasma

Abstract We study high mass dilepton production from gluon-induced processes, gq→qγ ∗ , g q → q γ ∗ , and gg→q q γ ∗ , in a thermally equilibrated but chemically undersaturated partonic matter that is expected to be created in the initial stage of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. Regulating the divergence in these processes by the thermal quark mass, we find that gluon-induced processes are more important than the leading-order q q annihilation process as a result of the larger number of gluons than quarks in the partonic matter. The dependence of the thermal dilepton yield from the partonic stage of heavy ion collisions on the initial conditions for the partonic matter is also studied. We further discuss the feasibility of observing thermal dileptons from the quark–gluon plasma in heavy ion experiments.
Textural remanence: A new model of lunar rock magnetism

In reexamining the accumulated magnetic data on lunar rocks, several common patterns of magnetic behavior are recognized. Their joint occurrence strongly suggests a new model of lunar rock magnetism, which is based on partial preferred textural alignment of the spontaneous moments of magnetic grains without requiring the existence of ancient lunar magnetic fields. This magnetic fabric, mimetic to locally oriented petrofabric, gives rise to an apparent 'textural remanent magnetization'. In order to account for the observed intensity of 'stable remanence' in lunar rocks, only a minute fraction (0.001 to 0.00001) of the single-domain iron grains present need be preferentially aligned. Several mechanisms operating on the lunar surface, including shock and diurnal thermal cycling, appear adequate for producing the required type and degree of magnetic alignment in all lunar rock classes. The model is supported by a wide variety of direct and indirect evidence, and its predictions (e.g., regarding anisotropic susceptibility and remanence acquisition) can be experimentally tested.
Development of patient-centric linguistically tailored psychoeducational messages to support nutrition and medication self-management in type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study.

Purpose: This study evaluated the feasibility of developing linguistically tailored educational messages designed to match the linguistic styles of patients segmented into types with the Descriptor™, and to determine patient preferences for tailored or standard messages based on their segments. Patients and methods: Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were recruited from a diabetes health clinic. Participants were segmented using the Descriptor™, a language-based questionnaire, to identify patient types based on their control orientation (internal/external), agency (high/low), and affect (positive/negative), which are well studied constructs related to T2DM self-management. Two of the seven self-care behaviors described by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (healthy eating and taking medication) were used to develop standard messages and then linguistically tailored using features of the six different construct segment types of the Descriptor™. A subset of seven participants each provided feedback on their preference for standard or linguistically tailored messages; 12 comparisons between standard and tailored messages were made. Results: Overall, the tailored messages were preferred to the standard messages. When the messages were matched to specific construct segment types, the tailored messages were preferred over the standard messages, although this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Linguistically tailoring messages based on construct segments is feasible. Furthermore, tailored messages were more often preferred over standard messages. This study provides some preliminary evidence for tailoring messages based on the linguistic features of control orientation, agency, and affect. The messages developed in this study should be tested in a larger more representative sample. The present study did not explore whether tailored messages were
Generation of near-Earth reconnection by divergent flows in the plasma sheet

[1] A global two-dimensional hybrid simulation is carried out to study the evolution of the near-Earth plasma sheet. It is shown that reconnection X lines and plasmoids can be generated by diverging flows in the plasma sheet. These diverging flows can be caused by variations in the Maxwell stress due to variations of Bx and Bz components of the magnetic field outside the current sheet. In addition, the flow acceleration/deceleration in the plasma sheet can also be caused by variations in the local plasma mass density. Comparison runs have been made with a Harris model current sheet with zero Bz, and no evidence of reconnection is found. The results indicate that divergent plasma flow is a sufficient condition for reconnection even in a dissipation-less plasma.
Asymmetric Rh(I)-Catalyzed Addition of MIDA Boronates to N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Aldimines: Development and Comparison to Trifluoroborates

The Rh(I)-catalyzed addition of alkenyl and aryl MIDA boronates to N-tert-butanesulfinyl aromatic and aliphatic imines proceeds in good yields (up to 99%) and with very high selectivity (98:2 to >99:1). In comparison to trifluoroborates, higher yields and selectivities are observed for the addition to N-tert-butanesulfinyl aromatic imines. This new method expands upon the versatility of the Rh(I)-catalyzed addition of boron reagents to imines, thereby further enabling the synthesis of chiral α-branched amines.
Semiclassical calculations of conductance in ballistic open quantum dots

Abstract Conductance of a ballistic quantum dot with convex boundary and two leads in arbitrary orientations is considered. The semiclassical conductance formula of Jalabert, Baranger, and Stone ( Phys. Rev. Lett. , 1990, 65 , 2442) [1] for collinear-lead dots is generalized to arbitrary lead orientation. The monodromy matrix for a convex billiard is derived, based on which a computation procedure is developed that allows for explicit numerical calculations of various quantities needed in the formula. This computation technique is applied to a circular billiard with three different lead orientations. Coherent backscattering as well as weak localization effects are obtained. Fluctuations in the reflection coefficients as a function of Fermi energy show high degree of regularities and strong autocorrelations reflecting the underlying regular classical dynamics.
Large intragrain magnetoresistance in the double perovskite BaLaMnMoO6

Abstract BaLaMnMoO 6 was prepared in polycrystalline form by a solid-state technique. The sample is ferrimagnetic with T c ∼145 K, and a transition to spin-glass-type behavior is observed at 25 K at an applied magnetic field below 0.5 Tesla. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity, from 5 to 300 K, indicates semiconducting behavior with room temperature resistivity, ρ RT ∼1.06 Ω.cm, and is well described by Mott’s law for variable-range hopping conduction with large T 0 values. A large intragrain MR effect, −22% in a field of 5 Tesla at 5 K, was observed below 25 K.
Holding One’s Own

There is a tension with regard to regulative norms of inquiry. One’s commitments must survive critical scrutiny, and if they do not survive, they should be revised. Alternately, for views to be adequately articulated and defended, their proponents must maintain a strong commitment to the views in question. A solution is proposed with the notion of holding one’s own as the virtue of being reason-responsive with the prospects of improving the view in question.
Growth and fabrication of short-wavelength UV LEDs

Ultra-violet light emitting diodes with a peak wavelength of 293 nm were grown by MOCVD on AlN on sapphire. The maximum output power was 15 μW at 100 mA DC current injection for on wafer, room temperature testing. We have shown that by forming an interdigitated multi-fingered n-contact compared to a square geometry LED, the series resistance is reduced by ~ 8 - 15 Ω at 100 mA. This results in a 2 - 4 V reduction in drive voltage at 100 mA. The quantum wells exhibit a sharp electroluminescence peak at 293 nm with a 9 nm full-width at half maximum, but deep level related emission was observed at 2.56, 2.80, 3.52, and 3.82 eV. The high energy peaks, 3.52 and 3.82 eV, saturate with increasing drive current while the low energy peaks, 2.56 and 2.80 eV, increase with drive current proportional to the quantum well emission. This indicates the recombination mechanism for the low energy and high energy peaks is fundamentally different. We have also shown that forward bias leakage current in these devices is another factor limiting the quantum efficiency.
Dry-developed organosilicon resists for 193-nm excimer laser lithography

Irradiation of certain organosilicon polymers with a 193-nm excimer laser forms a latent image that contains increased amounts of oxygen. Patterning is achieved by dry development in an HBr plasma, where the oxidized polymer etches more slowly than the unexposed areas. With these polymers as the top layer in a bilayer resist scheme, 0.2 μm resolution has been demonstrated and resist sensitivities less than 50 mJ/cm 2 have been achieved. Three classes of organosilicon layers have been investigated: polysilynes; polysilanes, in particular polyphenylmethyl) silane; and a plasma-deposited polymer derived from tetramethylsilane (PPTMS)
Diversity through isosterism: the case of boron-substituted 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborines.

The first general synthesis of boron-substituted 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborines is described. The versatile 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine precursor 4 is synthesized through a ring-closing metathesis−oxidation sequence. Treatment of 4 with a wide range of anionic nucleophiles furnishes the desired adducts 5 in good yields. The scope includes hydrogen- and a variety of carbon- and heteroatom-based nucleophiles. Furthermore, the boron-containing isostere (7) of the potent hypolipidemic agent, methyl 2-ethylphenoxyacetate (8), is readily prepared through our method.
How the Housing and Financial Wealth Effects Have Changed over Time

We measure the “evolution” of the housing and financial wealth effects in the United States over different time periods from 1952 to 2009. To understand how the housing and financial wealth effects have changed over time, we use a combination of recent time series techniques, including system structural break tests and linear projections, to estimate impulse response functions of consumption to both forms of wealth over relatively short sub-samples. Our key results are that the housing wealth effect gets larger over time, with the largest effect apparent after 1998; while the financial wealth effect diminishes over the same sub-samples, even over a period that includes the equities boom of the 1990s. Our results provide insight into what mechanisms may explain the differing responses of consumption to wealth.
Incompressible, viscous, swirling flow through a nozzle

The viscous core of an incompressible, swirling flow through the nozzle is treated by momentum-integral equations. These equations, together with the statement of the conservation of mass in the whole nozzle and the conservation of momentum along the nozzle axis, form a system of four ordinary, nonlinear differential equations. This system of equations is solved for the circumferential and axial velocities both inside and outside the core. This system has a singularity which occurs when the square of the ratio of the circumferential to axial velocities, at core boundary, reaches a certain value depending upon the axial velocity profile. This singularity divides the possible solutions into those in which the core is massflow dominated and those in which the core is swirl dominated. The massflow-dominated core occurs at low swirl and is characterized by high discharge coefficient, which is essentially unaffected by the swirl and by a certain maximum total pressure loss which is inversely dependent on nozzle contraction. The flows with the swirl-dominated core have their discharge strongly throttled by the swirl, have the capability to sustain very large total pressure loss, and usually have regions of reversed axial velocity. The increase of Reynolds number tends to decrease the discharge coefficient, whereas the change from laminar to turbulent flow tends to increase the discharge coefficient. Both of these effects are particularly pronounced in swirl-dominated flows.
Coded excitation of broadband terahertz using optical rectification in poled lithium niobate

We demonstrate coded excitation of broadband terahertz using optical rectification in poled lithium niobate patterned with a 53-bit binary phase code. Digital pulse compression produces near single-cycle terahertz pulses at 1.2 THz.