cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Tools for the Analysis of Nutrition Effects on the Survival of Cohorts

We discuss various methods which can be employed for the comparative analysis of samples of response curves. In the application discussed here, these curves are hazard functions, each generated by the survival data obtained for a cohort of experimental subjects which are fed a specific diet. It is demonstrated how comparisons of the effects of different diets on survival can be carried out by employing statistical techniques for inference on samples of curves. The methods are illustrated with data on the survival of large cohorts of male and female Mediterranean fruit flies under full diet and under protein deprivation. These statistical methods allow one to investigate differences between the samples of hazard functions generated by the four groups defined by combinations of sex and diet.
Religion and Public Health: Moral Tradition as Both Problem and Solution

Despite strong religious influence in the development of medicine and medical ethics, religion has been relatively absent in the rise of preventive medicine and population health. Episodic, clinical medicine has a powerful hold on the religious imagination in health care. Nevertheless, Hebrew Scripture, elements of rabbinical teaching, and modern concepts of social justice all can be used to inspire action in health care that goes beyond clinical medicine. The Christian tradition can call upon the corporal works of mercy, virtue ethics, and Catholic social teaching, as well as the modern history Catholic sisters in the U.S. to do the same. By considering the moral imperative for public health, Jewish and Christian individuals and organizations reaffirm the notion that the human person is both sacred and social. This article suggests a need for religious traditions to consider their moral traditions anew with an eye toward prevention and population health.
Hollywood and the Great Depression: American Film, Politics and Society in the 1930s

The purpose of this volume of essays is both to expand readers’ knowledge of American film in the 1930s and to dispel, or at least nuance, the widely-held belief that this decade was American film’...
Chemometrics and Medical Geochemistry: A Brief Tutorial

Chemometrics – the science of extracting information from chemical systems using multivariate and mathematics methods – when applied to geochemical and human health data can reveal unique relations. As a tutorial for chemometric analysis of geochemical data and linked medical data, this chapter presents a brief survey of approaches that can be used to reveal new insights into the interdependencies of geochemistry and human health.
Stereotype validation and intellectual performance: Negative implications for future achievement

AbstractPrevious research has found that activating negative stereotypes after completion of a task can lead people to feel more certain that they performed poorly (i.e., stereotype validation). The current research examined the implications that stereotype validation may hold for future performance. In two studies, the accessibility of gender stereotypes was manipulated after participants completed an initial test on a topic. After reporting perceptions of their performance, participants completed a follow-up test on the same subject. Consistent with hypotheses, activating negative stereotypes after the initial test was found to increase certainty in negative performance evaluations among stigmatized participants. Importantly, this higher certainty – triggered by stereotypes – predicted decreased performance on the later, follow-up test.
Expression of Hormone Receptors and HER-2 in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors.

With the advent of targeted therapies, expression of sex hormone receptors and HER-2 in salivary gland tumors (SGTs) is of clinical interest. Previous reports of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor expression have varied. Androgen receptor (AR) and HER-2 overexpression are frequently reported in salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), but have not been studied systematically in other SGTs. This study examines ER, PR, AR, and HER-2 expression in SGTs. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, AR, and HER-2 was performed on 254 SGTs (134 malignant). ER, PR, and AR expression was scored using Allred system. HER-2 expression was scored using Dako HercepTest guidelines. FISH for HER-2 amplification was performed on select cases with HER-2 overexpression (2–3+). No SGT demonstrated strong expression of ER or PR. Combined strong AR and HER-2 expression was seen in 22 carcinomas: 14/25 SDC, 3/16 poorly differentiated, two oncocytic, and one each carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, squamous cell, and intraductal carcinoma. Eighteen additional high grade carcinomas had HER-2 overexpression with absent, weak, or moderate AR expression; eight high grade carcinomas had isolated strong AR expression with 0–1+ HER-2 staining. Of 15 tested cases, six demonstrated HER-2 amplification by FISH, all of which had 3+ immunoreactivity. Neither benign nor malignant SGTs had strong expression of ER or PR. None of the benign SGTs overexpressed AR or HER-2. Coexpression of AR and HER-2 should not define SDC, but immunostaining should be considered in high grade salivary carcinomas, as some show overexpression and may benefit from targeted therapy.
[64-OR]: Molecular basis for racial disparity in pre-eclampsia

Objectives Pre-eclampsia (PE) affects 5-8% of pregnancies, and factors causing PE and mediating observed racial disparity are poorly understood. The cardiovascular gene Nkx2-5 is expressed in trophoblast cells and abnormal amnions are observed in mice Nkx2-5 mutant mice. We assessed Nkx2-5-related gene expression in placenta from normal and early onset and severe pre-eclampsia (EOSPE) pregnancies. Methods IHC and qPCR assay of Nkx2.5 and target gene expression in normal term and EOSPE placenta. Results Nkx2-5 is highly expressed in a subset of early EOSPE placentae, and is highly correlated with expression of the PE marker sFlt-1, and with an RNA splicing factor, Sam68. These correlations are significant in Caucasian, but not African American women. siRNA knockdown of Sam68 significantly impacts sFlt-1 expression in vitro, supporting a hypothesis that Nkx2-5 impacts EOSPE severity via upregulation of Sam68 and increased sFlt-1 expression. Other Nkx2-5 targets related to metabolic stress responses are also differentially activated in between Caucasians and African American women with EOSPE. Conclusions Nkx2-5 may play a direct role in the genesis of PE via regulation of Sam68/sFlt-1, and serve as a common link to two other stress-related modifiers of EOSPE. Disclosures E.R. Rivers: None. A.J. Horton: None. C.D. Clark: None. E.G. Favre: None. K.M. Senf: None. A.F. Hawk: None. E.Y. Chang: Consultant, Commercial Interest: Alere PETRA study, Hologic, Inc. C.J. Robinson: None. K. Lee: None.
A self-navigating robot using Fuzzy Petri nets

Abstract Petri nets (PNs) are capable of modeling nearly any conceivable system and can provide a better understanding of the idealized action sequence in which to most effectively describe or execute said system through their powerful analytical capabilities. However, because real world instances are rarely as consistent and ideal as simulated models, basic PN modeling and simulation properties may be insufficient in practical application. We remedy this through specialization in Fuzzy Petri nets (FPNs). Fuzzy logic is incorporated to better model a self-navigating robot algorithm, thanks to its versatile multi-valued logic reasoning. By using FPNs, it is possible to simulate, assess, and communicate the process and reasoning of the navigational algorithm and apply it to real world programming. In this paper, we propose a series of specific fuzzy algorithms intended to be implemented in concert on a mobile robot platform in order to optimize the sequence of actions needed for a given task, primarily the navigation of an unknown maze. A set of varied maze configurations were developed and simulated as PN and FPN models, providing a testing environment to examine the efficiency of several methodologies. Five methods, including an original proposal in this paper, were compared across 30,000 simulations, evaluating in particular performance in processing cost in time. Our experiments concluded with results suggesting a very competitive task completion time at a considerable fraction in processing cost compared to the closest performing alternatives.
Heart disease risk factors predict erectile dysfunction 25 years later: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

Abstract Objectives We examined whether common coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors measured in mid-life predict erectile dysfunction (ED) 25 years later. Background Retrospective and cross-sectional studies have suggested that ED is associated with classic CHD risk factors, but few prospective studies have studied these associations. Methods In this prospective study of community-dwelling men age 30 to 69 years, seven classic CHD risk factors (age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and obesity) were assessed from 1972 to 1974. In 1998, after an average follow-up of 25 years, surviving male participants were asked to complete the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), which allows stratification of ED into five groups. Results Sixty-eight percent of the surviving men returned, and 60% completed the IIEF-5 questionnaire. Respondents had more favorable levels of all heart disease risk factors at baseline than non-respondents. At baseline, the average age of the 570 ED study participants was 46 years; at follow-up, their average age was 72 years. Mean age, body mass index, cholesterol, and triglycerides were each significantly associated with an increased risk of ED. Cigarette smoking was marginally more common in those with severe/complete ED, as compared with those without ED. Blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were not significantly associated with ED, likely due to selective mortality. Conclusions Improving CHD risk factors in mid-life may decrease the risk of ED as well as CHD. Erectile dysfunction should be included as an outcome in clinical trials of lipid-lowering agents and lifestyle modifications.
Unmanaging Relationships and Innovation

Information and expertise become outdated faster than fashion trends these days in our current knowledge-intensive environment. Consequently, today people are valued more and more for their abilities not only to learn, but also to quickly unlearn and relearn. A shared-access context helps individuals and teams to do that far better than any configuration of a controlled-access system. I’m convinced that shared-access systems are the most productive organizational environments for riding the waves of rapid and erratic change so common in our twenty-first century.
Models in Space and Time

Up to this point in the book, the empirical context for the various estimators and tests has been limited to a purely cross—sectional situation. In this chapter, I consider models for which observations are available in two dimensions. Typically, one dimension pertains to space and the other to time, although other combinations, such as cross-sections of cross-sections and time series of time series can be encompassed as well. This situation has become increasingly relevant in a wide range of empirical contexts. It is referred to in the literature as panel data, longitudinal data, or pooled cross-section and time series data.
Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Leptospirosis. Morphologic and Lipid Studies

A case of fulminant hemolytic anemia associated with a leptospiral infection is presented with morphologic and erythrocyte lipid studies. Both the frequency and pathogenesis of anemia in human leptospirosis is poorly understood. The anemia frequently observed in Weil's syndrome has been ascribed on clinical impression to blood loss, renal failure, and/or an ill-defined hemolytic process. However, hemolytic anemia associated with leptospirosis in animals is well documented and is due to hemolysins with phospholipase activity. Our patient's erythrocyte morphologic abnormalities on bright light and electron microscopy included particles of cells and cells with a thorny or spiculated surface suggesting that the hemolytic process was due to membrane injury. Measurement of the erythrocyte membrane lipids showed reductions in sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine suggesting that the observed hemolysis and morphologic changes resulted from phospholipases produced by the infecting leptospirae.
INDIVIDUAL, ARCHAEOLOGY OF IN PREHISTORY

Archaeologists by necessity move between the general and specific in excavating individual sites and relating those sites to broader interpretations and generalizing observations of the past over vast spaces and time periods. The archaeological record consists of materials made, used, lost, broken, and abandoned by individuals, and the role of the individual as a component of causality is widely recognized as a key factor in the creation of archaeological sites. The individual scale has been taken up by some, but larger scales of analysis are often preferred by archaeologists on account of many difficulties and restrictions that exist on the individual scale. Preservation conditions are often incompatible with the individual scale, making differentiation between occupation episodes elusive and the fine-grained analysis that the individual scale demands evasive. In a different sense, the individual scale has been rejected by other archaeologists who prefer to strive for broader, more general (and more widely applicable) interpretations about the past.
Anonymous Capital Flows and U.S. Housing Markets

Prior to 2016, all-cash purchases of residential real estate were a key loophole in US anti-money-laundering (AML) regulations. Beginning in January 2016, the Department of the Treasury announced orders requiring the owners of LLCs purchasing high-end residential real estate to identify themselves to authorities. We use a new detailed transactional dataset to identify all-cash purchases by corporate entities before and after the introduction of this new AML policy, and thus estimate the size and impact of anonymity-seeking capital on U.S. housing markets. We first find that all-cash purchases by corporate entities form approximately 10% of the dollar volume of housing purchases in our sample prior to the change in policy. After anonymity is no longer freely available to domestic and foreign investors, all-cash purchases by corporations fall by approximately 70%, indicating the share of anonymity-seeking investors using LLCs as “shell corporations.” Testing for potential distortionary market impacts, we find subsequent declines in luxury house prices in counties targeted by the policy relative to untargeted counties. Our findings are relevant to the (mis)measurement of international net investment flows, and to understanding a demand for anonymity that may impact certain asset classes (art, cryptocurrencies) regardless of their risk/reward characteristics.
Thermochemistry of some Zinc-Transition metal(TM) compounds and some Bismuth-TM compounds by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract Intermetallic compounds such as Heusler and half-Heusler alloys have a number of interesting properties and are being developed for numerous applications. Such alloy development requires thermodynamic data and our work is aimed at providing such data to the scientific community. The standard enthalpies of formation of some zinc, bismuth and transition metal(TM) compounds have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1273 ± 2 K. The following values for the TM-Zn compounds are reported in kJ/mole of atoms: ScZn (-41.4 ± 3.0); PdZn (-37.0 ± 3.0); Hf2Zn (-9.8 ± 2.3); PtZn (-24.8 ± 2.5). Bismuth yields approximately 15–20 binary transition metal compounds and 12–20 binary compounds with lanthanide elements. Some of these compounds have semiconductor properties and as such could be potentially useful for industrial endeavors, which is particularly noted for PdBi, RhBi, HfBi and ZrBi. The standard enthalpies of formation of some Bi-TM compounds have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1273 ± 2 K. The following values are reported in kJ/mole of atoms; Ti2Bi (-15.2 ± 3.2); Y5Bi3 (-81.7 ± 2.5); ZrBi (-47.3 ± 3.1); BiRh (-17.2 ± 2.8); PdBi (-30.2 ± 3.1); BiPt (-17.8 ± 2.9). All the measurements refer to 298 K. The results for both the TM-Zn and the TM-Bi compounds are compared with available thermodynamic data from the published literature and with predicted values from both Miedema's semi-empirical model and from ab initio calculations.
P-V-T equation of state of magnesiowüstite (Mg 0.6 Fe 0.4 )O

The lattice parameter of magnesiowustite (Mg0.6Fe0.4)O has been measured up to a pressure of 30 GPa and a temperature of 800 K, using an external heated diamond anvil cell and diffraction using X-rays from a synchrotron source. The experiments were conducted under quasi-hydrostatic condition, using neon as a pressure transmitting medium. The experimental P-V-T data were fitted to a thermal-pressure model with the isothermal bulk modulus at room temperature K T0 = 157 GPa, (∇K TO /∇P) T =4, (∇K T /∇T) P =-2.7(3) × 10-2 GPa/K, (∇K T /∇T) v =-0.2(2) × 10-2 GPa/K and the Anderson-Gruneisen parameter δ T =4.3(5) above the Debye temperature. The data were also fitted to the Mie-Gruneisen thermal equation of state. The least-squares fit yields the Debye temperature θ DO = 500(20) K, the Gruneisen parameter γ 0=1.50(5), and the volume dependence q=1.1(5). Both thermal-pressure models give consistent P-V-T relations for magnesiowustite to 140 GPa and 4000 K. The P-V-T relations for magnesiowustite were also calculate by using a modified high-temperature Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with a δ t of 4.3. The results are consistent with those calculated by using the thermal-pressure model and the Mie-Gruneisen relation to 140 GPa and 3000 K.
Education in Motion: The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Artmobile, 1953 – 1994

This essay explores five exhibitions created for the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Artmobile, the first mobile art museum in the United States. The mission of the Artmobile was to bring works of art directly to citizens throughout the state of Virginia from 1953 to 1994. In analyzing educational and exhibition materials, such as exhibition booklets, audio guide recordings, press releases, and speeches, this research examines the educational philosophies of each exhibition in relation to contemporaneous museum education literature. Applying Tony Bennett’s analysis of the impact of culture on the social to the creation of educational philosophies, this essay argues that while the mission of the Artmobile remained constant, there was a shift in the educational objective from the development of cultured citizens through art appreciation and the improvement of public taste to fostering individual visual literacy and encouraging visitors to make art historical and personal connections.
JEFFREY ALEXANDER AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL SOCIOLOGY

Abstract Alexander's work has had a major impact on cultural sociology and the development of sociological theory more generally. His work in cultural sociology provides a large and useful toolkit for sociologists interested in doing empirical work on meaning and society. His theory of the civil sphere provides a template for scholars interested in studying the processes by which society itself become an object of interpretation and evaluation. All of these intellectual contributions have been supported by a generous style of theoretical practice, which combines solidarity, ritual, and a commitment to a "hermeneutics of faith".
Cardiac Metastasis of Nonvisceral Soft-tissue Leiomyosarcoma

Metastasis of a nonvisceral leiomyosarcoma to the heart is rare. We present the case of a man with a history of an upper extremity cancerous lesion that was completely resected with appropriate surveillance monitoring, which then metastasized to the heart 14 years later, presenting as superior vena cava syndrome. Full evaluation found no other metastatic lesions, including no residual sarcoma at the former primary site. We include transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography images of unusual presentation of the large mass extending from the caudal superior vena cava to the right atrium and into the right ventricle across the tricuspid valve.
Tidally resolved observations of organic carbon exchange through Eastern Long Island Sound

Abstract Long Island Sound (LIS), is an urban estuary on the US east coast that undergoes seasonal hypoxia in its western and central regions. Approximately 90% of the water exchange between LIS and the adjacent continental shelf, the Mid Atlantic Bight, occurs through its eastern boundary. Recent estimates of organic carbon (OC) export from LIS have shown that this value varies appreciably, both seasonally and inter-annually. In this study, the spatial, tidal, and seasonal variability were resolved by measuring dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) concentrations and currents at a cross-section in eastern LIS near the estuary mouth. Fluxes were extrapolated from these high-resolution observations collected in May, August, and November 2016, and August 2017. In August of 2016 (a low flow year), an OC flux of 41 × 106 kg C month−1 resulted from a net import of DOC and an export of POC. In August of 2017 (an average flow year), there was an OC flux of 30 × 106 kg C month −1 due to both DOC and POC export, indicating significant seasonal and inter-annual variability. The seasonally weighted-average total OC flux for 2016 was −41 × 106 ± 9 kg C yr−1 (net import). Results show that spot sampling in tidal estuaries can lead to spatial and tidal bias in concentrations of DOC (6–15%) and POC (31–18%) under high and low river flow conditions, respectively. This uncertainty is recommended for spot sampling in future OC studies and flux estimates in LIS.
The Report of the President’s Commission on the Uniform Determination of Death ACT

I have been asked to describe and assess the work of the President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research on the problem of “defining” death. In the midst of a conference devoted to very thoughtful philosophical analyses by physicians and historians as well as philosophers, a presentation on a governmental report takes on the appearance of a thorn among the roses. Although the work of the President’s Commission on this subject — presented in July, 1981, in the report Defining Death — had among its objectives that of being conceptually sound, it was by no means primarily a philosophical document, but instead part of the process of formulating public policy. While I believe it is fair to ask questions about the report’s theoretical aspects, I also believe that any judgment on the success of this endeavor has to be made primarily in terms of its impact with lawmakers as well as its practical usefulness to physicians and others who actually have to make death determinations.
Communicating and disseminating research findings to study participants: Formative assessment of participant and researcher expectations and preferences.

Introduction: Translating research findings into practice requires understanding how to meet communication and dissemination needs and preferences of intended audiences including past research participants (PSPs) who want, but seldom receive, information on research findings during or after participating in research studies. Most researchers want to let others, including PSP, know about their findings but lack knowledge about how to effectively communicate findings to a lay audience. Methods: We designed a two-phase, mixed methods pilot study to understand experiences, expectations, concerns, preferences, and capacities of researchers and PSP in two age groups (adolescents/young adults (AYA) or older adults) and to test communication prototypes for sharing, receiving, and using information on research study findings. Principal Results: PSP and researchers agreed that sharing study findings should happen and that doing so could improve participant recruitment and enrollment, use of research findings to improve health and health-care delivery, and build community support for research. Some differences and similarities in communication preferences and message format were identified between PSP groups, reinforcing the best practice of customizing communication channel and messaging. Researchers wanted specific training and/or time and resources to help them prepare messages in formats to meet PSP needs and preferences but were unaware of resources to help them do so. Conclusions: Our findings offer insight into how to engage both PSP and researchers in the design and use of strategies to share research findings and highlight the need to develop services and support for researchers as they aim to bridge this translational barrier.
Insights into the Development of Light Microscopes

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some critical insights that I have obtained from my decades-long perusal of English and German literature on the history of optical microscopes and my visits to American and European museums that contain extensive collections of microscopes.
State Energy Cartels

Fracking has made America the center of global oil production and the engine of the world’s economy. But haste makes waste. America’s new oil wells are releasing natural gas as well, which is prized as a clean and reliable fuel around the world, but must be simply burned off or “flared” if there are no pipelines to bring it to the customers that need it. The pace of the oil boom, and the challenges of building new pipe-lines have forced oil companies to flare staggering quantities of natural gas. Texas and North Dakota are now flaring—that is, wasting—more gas than many states or even nations consume. This Article shows that to stop this economic and environmental waste, states must develop a new approach to antitrust law. It makes the case for state energy cartels. One of the few consensus grounds for regulation is combating market power—preventing dominant suppliers from increasing their profits by selling less at higher prices. States break up producer cartels so that competition provides consumers with lower prices. But what happens when a state’s interest coincides with producers rather than consumers? The economic health of major energy exporters depends on the price of the products they export. That is, these states, provinces, and countries can benefit by increasing the price of the oil and gas. For the first half of the twentieth century, the United States was the world’s premier oil exporter; during that time, U.S. states cooperated as a de facto cartel to ensure higher oil prices. When other countries overtook the U.S. as the world’s top oil producers, they formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to play a similar role. This article explains how state cartels offer the best solution to the flaring crisis and a unique opportunity for productive global cooperation to address climate change. It shows how states can slow production, protect the environment, and increase their industries’ profits by adapting and perfecting tools that the United States stumbled upon in the first half-century of oil production. And it shows how these tools can be tailored to protect consumers, industry, and the environment.
A New Approach to Functionally Assess Estuarine Fish Communities in Response to Hydrologic Change

Functional assessment approaches can identify indicators of environmental change and ecological response in estuaries. This study used a 24-year coastal fisheries dataset (1993–2016) and environmental data to evaluate fish assemblage changes in Galveston Bay, Texas (USA) in response to environmental parameters and freshwater inflows, drought, and flood. Functional classification categorized 107 fish species into eleven functional groups to determine if estuarine species serve as suitable indicators of environmental condition. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), distance-based linear models, and graphing techniques using annual departures from period averages determined relationships between functional group abundance, freshwater inflows, and environmental parameters. Results show that estuarine-resident carnivore, estuarine-resident omnivore, marine migrant carnivore, and marine straggler carnivore functional groups exhibit highest species richness (mean = 21 species) and abundance (mean = 48,411 individuals) compared with other functional groups (mean species richness = 3; mean abundance = 1143 individuals). Declines in abundance of functional groups occurred during a 2011–2014 drought, with rebounds in 2015–2016. Relationships between inflows, salinity, and functional group abundance were evident in upper Galveston Bay, diminishing with increasing distance from major freshwater sources. Functional abundance in lower parts of the bay was decoupled from inflows and salinity changes. Findings support the conclusion that estuarine-resident and marine functional groups have limited potential to serve as bioindicators, while freshwater migrant carnivores are potential bioindicators for upper portions of the estuary. Functional methodologies provide insight into effects of environmental change on estuarine ecosystems and serve as management tools to assess changes in fish assemblages.
Biblical Interpretation, Race, and Union Presbyterian Seminary:

Chattel slavery in the United States was never foreordained. The deliberate misinterpretation of Scripture predisposed people to accept what the Bible condemned. The development of the Biblical The...
Theoretical Virtues and Theorizing in Physics: Against the Instrumentalist View of Simplicity

I argue that if (a) simplicity is a theoretical virtue and (b) some theoretical virtues are the constituents of the aims of theorizing in physics—i.e., theory choice and theory development in physics—and (c) scientific rationality is instrumental rationality, then simplicity cannot be a mere means to achieve the aims. I do this by showing that considering simplicity as a mere means brings about counterintuitive ramifications concerning scientific rationality. These counterintuitive ramifications can be avoided if we consider simplicity a constituent of the aims of theorizing in physics.
Microring Modulators in a New Silicon Photonics-Optimized 45 nm Monolithic Electronics-Photonics SOI CMOS Platform

We report on microring modulators in the new 45CLO photonics-optimized 45 nm electronic-photonic CMOS platform. Interdigitated disk and vertical-junction rib microring designs are demonstrated, with 20 GHz bandwidth at 25 Gbps data rate.
Modeling transport, fate, and removal kinetics of nitrate and orthophosphate using recycled adsorbents for high and low-flow stormwater runoff treatment.

Abstract Excessive nitrate and orthophosphate carried by the stormwater runoff potentially lead to eutrophication in surface water bodies. Various green infrastructures are used that commonly consider the biological treatment of nutrients from the runoff. Due to the leaching and clogging complexities in biological mechanisms, the selection of high-flow, eco-friendly, and recycled adsorbents has been advocated to promote the physiochemical treatment of nutrients as an alternative. In this study, column experiments were conducted to investigate the transport, fate, adsorption equilibria, and reaction kinetics of nitrate (NO3–N) and orthophosphate (PO4–P) onto three recycled adsorbents - recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), recycled crushed glass (RCG), rice husks (RH), and a layered media (LM), under high and low-flow conditions. The non-reactive solute transport in columns was investigated through the bromide tracer test. The HYDRUS-1D model was used to estimate adsorption coefficients and reaction kinetics of pollutants in unsaturated media columns. Our results indicated the maximum superficial pore velocity (v = 4.40 cm/s) and dispersion (α = 2.50 cm) in RCA at the low-flow condition. Overall, NO3–N removal at the exhaustion was low in all columns, ranging between 1 and 25%. Conversely, orthophosphate removal was significant (p
Optimum Backwashing of Sand Filters

A fundamental theoretical and experimental study of backwashing is presented showing that backwashing with water alone is an inherently weak process because of the absence of particle collision in the fluidized state. Thus, the principal mechanism of cleaning is hydrodynamic shear. Fluidization and backwashing literature are reviewed to substantiate the concepts of: (1) Insignificant particle collisions; and (2) the existence of a maximum for most turbulence parameters at a porosity, ϵ=0.65-0.70. A mathematical theory is developed indicating a maximum hydrodynamic shear and consequently optimum cleaning at an expanded porosity, ϵ around 0.70. Experimental evidence confirming the validity of the theoretical result is presented. The importance of air scour or surface wash in terms of the preceding concepts are examined.
When Reading Between the Lines is Not Enough: Lessons From Media Coverage of a Domestic Violence Homicide-Suicide

In October 2008, Karthik Rajaram murdered his wife, mother-in-law, sons and, ultimately, himself, in a wealthy Los Angeles suburb. This Article analyzes media reports about the deaths to illustrate the resilience of patriarchy and significant gaps in research and scholarship about domestic violence, and suggests a strategic approach to building counter-narratives about violence against women. The Article is composed of five parts. Part I is the Introduction. Part II draws on narrative theory and critical media scholarship to lay the groundwork for analysis, and to show why media coverage of homicide-suicide is implicated in the production of dominant ideology. Part III presents the Rajaram story as portrayed in the media to show that by departing from routine reporting styles, media coverage of the Rajaram case allowed a shadow story to emerge that illustrates new dimensions of hegemonic narrative and its role in rendering the stories of domestic violence victims less visible. Part IV focuses on the complex narrative roles played by wealth, race and culture in obfuscating the systematic nature of violence against women. This Part shows why countering hegemonic narratives about domestic violence requires complicating categories including "class", "race" and "culture", in order to allow for a more nuanced intersectional analysis. Part V elaborates on the importance of anti-essentialism by parsing out tensions between particularity and universality in domestic violence discourse and feminist theory. This Part concludes that, although deficiencies in feminist theory are not to blame for the media's a-structural representations of domestic violence, undermining hegemonic narrative requires analyzing women's experiences with greater particularity. This Part also considers the challenges involved for anti-domestic violence activists in engaging the media. Finally, Part V proposes that domestic violence death review teams are an important opportunity for activists to build a counter-hegemonic discourse geared toward eradicating domestic violence.
A new water-cooled lead blanket concept

Lead has been widely investigated as a candidate blanket material in the form of lithium-lead eutectic for D-T fueled fusion reactors. A new lead blanket concept is conceived that could be cooled by pressurized water and which mitigates the potential polonium and chemical activity concerns. One of the new ideas in the new lead blanket concept is the minimization of the lithium content in the lithium-lead material in order to further reduce the chemical activity with water. The minimum lithium concentration in this new Li-Pb alloy for achieving a tritium breeding ratio of 1.2 is 5 at.%. The other new idea is to mitigate the polonium leakage concern by using sealed tubes containing the recommended Li-Pb material. The bred tritium will permeate through the tube walls into the water coolant and be extracted. The tritium inventory in the blanket will be primarily that in the water coolant, amounting to about 320 g. 14 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.
A deep neural network approach to speech bandwidth expansion

We propose a deep neural network (DNN) approach to speech bandwidth expansion (BWE) by estimating the spectral mapping function from narrowband (4 kHz in bandwidth) to wideband (8 kHz in bandwidth). Log-spectrum power is used as the input and output features to perform the required nonlinear transformation, and DNNs are trained to realize this high-dimensional mapping function. When evaluating the proposed approach on a large-scale 10-hour test set, we found that the DNN-expanded speech signals give excellent objective quality measures in terms of segmental signal-to-noise ratio and log-spectral distortion when compared with conventional BWE based on Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). Subjective listening tests also give a 69% preference score for DNN-expanded speech over 31% for GMM when the phase information is assumed known. For tests in real operation when the phase information is imaged from the given narrowband signal the preference comparison goes up to 84% versus 16%. A correct phase recovery can further increase the BWE performance for the proposed DNN method.
[Special Section on Net Neutrality] Dynamic Effects of Network Neutrality

This paper is aimed at looking into the results of the U.S. and NATO apologies for the Chinese Embassy bombing, which occurred on May 7, 1999. Through the theoretical lens of Nick Smith’s categorical apology with reference to the relevant works of Tavuchis and Lazare and via the rhetorical method of close textual analysis, this study has analyzed the transcripts of five selected rhetorical artifacts of the U.S. and NATO apologies. A close reading of the artifacts against the nine standards of the categorical apology reveals both positive and negative findings. Positively, the United States and NATO have fully met three standards of performance of apology, reform and reparations, and standing and partially satisfied the standard of categorical regret. Negatively, they have failed to meet five other standards completely in their apologies. At the time, the United States and NATO had the first priority to continue with their air-strike campaign and the least motivation to present a full, categorical apology even though they were challenged with the humanitarian necessity and the intention to maintain their relationships with P.R. China.
Use of the Aintree intubation catheter® in a patient with an unexpected difficult airway

Purpose: To present a case where the Aintree intubation catheter® (AIC) was used in conjunction with the Laryngeal Mask Airway® (LMA) and a fibreoptic bronchoscope (FOB) in a patient with an unexpected difficult airway. Clinical features: A 38-yr-old 90 kg man scheduled for nasal endoscopy with ethmoidectomy under general anesthesia was found, unexpectedly, to be difficult to intubate using both a Macintosh laryngoscope (#4 blade) and a GlideScope® video laryngoscope despite having an airway examination that was unremarkable except for slightly decreased mouth opening and a large tongue. Intubation was achieved by inserting a size 5 disposable LMA into the upper airway, introducing a FOB into an AIC inserting the FOB/AIC assembly into the trachea via the LMA, removing the LMA, and then passing a regular size (7.5 mm) endotracheal tube into the trachea over the AIC. Conclusion: In this patient, the AIC provided an effective alternative to other methods for intubating through a regular LMA.
Intestinal Amino Aicd and Monosaccharide Transport in Suckling Pigs Fed Milk Replacers with Different Sources of Carbohydrate

Omnivorous mammals are able to adaptively modulate rates of intestinal nutrient transport to match changes in diet. Because adaptive responses during suckling, when dietary composition is relatively constant, have not been adequately determined, we measured in vitro sugar and amino acid uptake [nmol/(mg tissue.min)] in suckling pigs fed milk replacers with either lactose (LAC) or a 60:40 mixture of maltodextrin and sucrose (MDS). The MDS-fed pigs initially grew slower, but had intestinal dimensions similar to those of LAC-fed siblings when normalized to body weight. Carrier-mediated uptake for three monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) did not differ between LAC- and MDS-fed pigs at 5, 10, 15 and 20 d of age. Interdiet differences in rates of leucine and proline uptake, despite identical types and concentration of protein in both milk replacers, are indicative of non-specific responses to diet during suckling. Uptake capacities (grams of monosaccharide absorbed per 24 h) never exceeded estimates of monosaccharide intake by more than fourfold and were less than aldohexose intake during early suckling. Our results indicate 1) age-related changes in rates of nutrient uptake are genetically programmed and little influenced by diet; 2) any responses to diet are nonspecific and likely involve a shift in the timing of the genetic program; and 3) at birth and throughout suckling, pigs are capable of absorbing limited quantities of alternative nutrients.
Mechanisms of resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor blockade

Angiogenesis is essential for the growth of primary tumors and for their metastasis. This process is induced by factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), that bind to transmembrane VEGF receptors (VEGFRs). VEGF-A is the primary factor involved with angiogenesis; it binds to both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. The inhibition of angiogenesis by obstructing VEGF-A signaling has been investigated as a method to treat solid tumors, but the development of resistance to this blockade has complicated treatment. The major mechanisms of this resistance to VEGF-A blockade include signaling by redundant receptors, such as the fibroblast growth factors, angiopoietin-1, ephrins, and other forms of VEGF. Other major mechanisms of resistance are increased metastasis of hypoxia-resistant tumor cells, recruitment of cell types capable of promoting VEGF-independent angiogenesis, and increased circulation of nontumor proangiogenic factors. Additional mechanisms of resistance to VEGF-A blockade include heterogeneity of responsiveness among tumor cells, use of anti-VEGF-A agents at insufficient doses or for insufficient duration, altered sensitivity to anti-VEGF-A agents by mutations in endothelial cells or vascular remodeling, maintenance of vascular sleeves that allow for easy regrowth of tumor vasculature upon discontinuation of therapy, vascular cooption, and intussusceptive angiogenesis. An understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the development of targeted therapies that overcome this resistance. Some of these approaches include the combined inhibition of redundant angiogenic pathways, proper patient selection for various therapies based on gene expression profiles, blockade of cellular migration by inhibition of colony-stimulating factor, or the use of agents to disrupt vascular architecture. Cancer 2012;3455–3467. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Costs of Bankruptcy Chapter 7 Cash Auctions vs. Chapter 11 Bargaining

Our paper explores a comprehensive sample of both small and large corporate bankruptcies in Arizona and New York from 1995-2001. We find that bankruptcy costs are very heterogeneous and sensitive to measurement method. Still, Chapter 7 liquidations seem more expensive in direct and equally expensive in indirect costs, than Chapter 11 bankruptcies. The paper provides a large number of further empirical regularities.
Updating sea spray aerosol emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0.2

Abstract. Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) impact the particle mass concentration and gas-particle partitioning in coastal environments, with implications for human and ecosystem health. Model evaluations of SSA emissions have mainly focused on the global scale, but regional-scale evaluations are also important due to the localized impact of SSAs on atmospheric chemistry near the coast. In this study, SSA emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model were updated to enhance the fine-mode size distribution, include sea surface temperature (SST) dependency, and reduce surf-enhanced emissions. Predictions from the updated CMAQ model and those of the previous release version, CMAQv5.0.2, were evaluated using several coastal and national observational data sets in the continental US. The updated emissions generally reduced model underestimates of sodium, chloride, and nitrate surface concentrations for coastal sites in the Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (BRACE) near Tampa, Florida. Including SST dependency to the SSA emission parameterization led to increased sodium concentrations in the southeastern US and decreased concentrations along parts of the Pacific coast and northeastern US. The influence of sodium on the gas-particle partitioning of nitrate resulted in higher nitrate particle concentrations in many coastal urban areas due to increased condensation of nitric acid in the updated simulations, potentially affecting the predicted nitrogen deposition in sensitive ecosystems. Application of the updated SSA emissions to the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) study period resulted in a modest improvement in the predicted surface concentration of sodium and nitrate at several central and southern California coastal sites. This update of SSA emissions enabled a more realistic simulation of the atmospheric chemistry in coastal environments where marine air mixes with urban pollution.
A computer program for determining optimal data transformations minimizing skew

A program is presented that solves for an optimal transformation of data that minimizes skew. Various possible transformations are represented by a function that depends upon a single parameter, λ. A process of iterative approximations is employed to find a value of λ that will transform the data so as to produce a third moment equal to zero. The transformation found by this process may be used as computed or used to indicate which of the commonly employed transformations will most adequately counteract skew. The use of this program in processing data before analysis of variance is discussed.
Propagation of aberrated wavefronts using a ray transfer matrix

A ray transfer matrix is used to calculate the propagation of aberrated wavefronts across a homogeneous refractive index. The wavefront is represented by local surface normals, i.e., by a ray bundle, and the propagation is accomplished by transferring those rays across the space. Wavefront shape is generated from the slopes and positions of the collection of rays. Calculation methods are developed for the paraxial case, for higher-order expansions, and for the exact tangent case. A numerical example is used to compare results between an analytical method and the methods developed here.
Carrier density modulation in a germanium heterostructure by ferroelectric switching

The control of electrical charges through an electronic field is the basis of modern electronic devices such as the transistor. Here, the authors achieve charge density modulation through a ferroelectric field effect in germanium and barium titanate thin-film heterostructures.