cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential STIM1 expression in T and B cell subsets suggests a role in determining antigen receptor signal amplitude.

Ca2+ acts ubiquitously as a second messenger in transmembrane signal transduction. In lymphocytes, calcium mobilization is triggered by antigen and chemokine receptors, among others, and controls cell functions ranging from proliferation to migration. The primary mechanism of extracellular Ca2+ entry in lymphocytes is the CRAC influx. STIM1 is a crucial component of the CRAC influx mechanism in lymphocytes, acting as a sensor of low Ca2+ concentration in the ER and an activator of the Ca2+ selective channel ORAI1 in the plasma membrane. While STIM1 function has been studied extensively, little is known regarding whether it is differentially expressed and thereby affects the magnitude of calcium mobilization responses. We report here that STIM1 expression differs in murine T and B lymphocytes, and in respective subsets. For example, mature T cells express ~4 times more STIM1 than mature B cells. Furthermore, we show that through the physiologic range of expression, STIM1 levels determine the magnitude of Ca2+ influx responses that follow BCR-induced intracellular store depletion. Considered in view of previous reports that differences in amplitude of lymphocyte Ca2+ mobilization determine alternate biological responses, these findings suggest that differential STIM1 expression may be important an determinant of biological responses.
Depression in Type 1 diabetes in children: Natural history and correlates

The combination of diabetes and depression in children and adolescents is largely unstudied. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the natural history and correlates of comorbid diabetes and depression in children and adolescents. Children with diabetes have a two-fold greater prevalence of depression, and adolescents up to three-fold greater, than youth without diabetes. Correlates of depression and diabetes include gender, poorer metabolic control, and family behaviors. Very little is known about treatment in these youth, and more studies are indicated.
Competition of peptide-MHC class I tetrameric complexes with anti-CD3 provides evidence for specificity of peptide binding to the TCR complex.

Background Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide tetrameric complexes (tetramers) are valuable tools for detecting and characterizing peptide-specific T cells. Because the frequency of these cells is generally very low, it may be difficult to discriminate between nonspecific and specific tetramer binding. Methods A four-color flow cytometric assay that simultaneously measures tetramer, CD3, CD8, and CD14 was used to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of MHC class I tetramer staining. This was accomplished by using the influenza virus matrix protein peptide, GILGFVFTL (FLU), as a model recall antigen and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase peptide, ILKEPVHGV (HIV), as a model novel antigen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 31 HLA-A2.1+ and 10 HLA-A2.1− healthy individuals were stained with the tetramers. Results The lower limit of detection was established at approximately 1/8,000. In HLA-A2+ PMBC, frequencies of tetramer-positive CD8+ T cells were log normally distributed and were high for FLU (1/910) but low for HIV (1/6,067). A novel competition assay, in which tetramer binding was shown to diminish subsequent staining with anti-CD3 antibody, was used to confirm the specificity of tetramer binding to the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex. The competition assay was validated by evaluating several anti-CD3 antibodies and showing that in PBMC from HLA-A2− subjects, spurious tetramer-positive events (1/20,000) failed to compete with CD3 binding. For the “recall” FLU tetramer, the degree of competition was proportional to the frequency, suggesting a selection of high avidity cells. Although CD3 competition was also highly correlated with the intensity of tetramer staining, competition allowed the identification of false positive cases with relatively high tetramer staining intensity. Conclusion The data indicate that competition of CD3 binding allows confirmation of the specificity of tetramer binding to the TCR, extending the usefulness of tetramers in the frequency analysis of peptide-specific T lymphocytes. Cytometry 41:321–328, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recognition of facial expressions using Gabor wavelets and learning vector quantization

Facial expression recognition has potential applications in different aspects of day-to-day life not yet realized due to absence of effective expression recognition techniques. This paper discusses the application of Gabor filter based feature extraction in combination with learning vector quantization (LVQ) for recognition of seven different facial expressions from still pictures of the human face. The results presented here are better in several aspects from earlier work in facial expression recognition. Firstly, it is observed that LVQ based feature classification technique proposed in this study performs better in recognizing fear expressions than multilayer perceptron (MLP) based classification technique used in earlier work. Secondly, this study indicates that the Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) database contains expressers that expressed expressions incorrectly and these incorrect images adversely affect the development of a reliable facial expression recognition system. By excluding the two expressers from the data set, an improvement in recognition rate from 87.51% to 90.22% has been achieved. The present study, therefore, proves the feasibility of computer vision based facial expression recognition for practical applications like surveillance and human computer interaction.
Latent tuberculosis: what the host “sees”?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most successful pathogen of mankind and remains a major threat to global health as the leading cause of death due to a bacterial pathogen. Yet 90–95% of those who are infected with MTB remain otherwise healthy. These people are classified as “latently infected,” but remain a reservoir from which active TB cases will continue to develop (“reactivation tuberculosis”). Latent infection is defined by the absence of clinical symptoms of TB in addition to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the purified protein derivative of MTB used in tuberculin skin test or a T-cell response to MTB-specific antigens. In the absence of reliable control measures for tuberculosis, understanding latent MTB infection and subsequent reactivation is a research priority. This review aims to summarize the recent findings in human and non-human primate models of tuberculosis that have led to new concepts of latent tuberculosis.
FT-IR spectroscopy study of the polycarboxylic acids used for paper wet strength improvement

Polycarboxylic acids have been used as cross-linking agents for cellulose to increase the wet strength of paper. In this research, we applied Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to study the kraft paper treated with poly(maleic acid) and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid. FT-IR spectroscopy is used to measure the carboxyl of a polycarboxylic acid and ester on the treated paper. The ester carbonyl band intensity and the carbonyl band intensity ratio (ester/carboxylate) are used for the evaluation of the effectiveness of a polycarboxylic acid for cross-linking cellulose on the paper. The correlation between the ester carbonyl band intensity and the wet strength improvement of the treated paper reveals that the increase in the paper wet strength by a polycarboxylic acid is the result of ester cross-linking of cellulosic fibers and molecules. We identified a five-membered cyclic anhydride intermediate formed on the paper during the curing processes. The infrared spectroscopy data support the reac...
Estimating pre-exponential factors for desorption from semiconductors: consequences for a priori process modeling

Abstract Quantitative estimation of gas desorption rates from semiconductor surfaces is playing an increasingly important role in designing and optimizing device manufacturing processes. Typical rate expressions use a simple Arrhenius form for the rate constant with an activation energy E d and pre-exponential factor ν . In the absence of experimental data, E d can often be estimated via standard quantum methods. This approach does not provide an estimate of ν , however, so modelers often simply set ν equal to a typical vibrational frequency near 10 13 s −1 . The present work surveys the available experimental literature to assess the likely validity of this procedure. We show that, like metals, semiconductors commonly give prefactors differing from 10 13 s −1 by many orders of magnitude. A brief survey of theoretical treatments of desorption shows that numerous factors can account for this variability, although the factors operating in any specific case cannot usually be identified ahead of time. The resulting uncertainties in estimating ν significantly reduce the reliability of a priori process modeling for operations involving gas–solid reactions, and the results of such modeling should be viewed with proportionate circumspection.
Image copy detection using dynamic partial function

By extracting representative image features and employing our recently developed perceptual distance function (dynamic partial function), image copy detection can be performed effectively. Our empirical study shows that our scheme can detect various forms of near-replicas with high accuracy. Thus, our system has application for protection of copyrighted images and trademarks.
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Mercury in Two Warmwater Fish Communities

ABSTRACT Total mercury concentrations were determined in two Connecticut lakes for six fish species representing a range of trophic levels—largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), chain pickerel (Esox niger), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Total mercury concentrations in all fishes increased with length and age. Slopes of log10 mercury concentration-age regressions, which were used to compare bioaccumulation rates, were different among species in both lakes. In both lakes, no difference in bioaccumulation rate was found between top-level predators. Top-level predators and intermediate trophic level species (black crappie and yellow perch) accumulated mercury at a faster rate than bluegills. Intermediate trophic level species had bioaccumulation rates comparable to top-level predators over the range of ages sampled. Differences in mercury concentrations between a top-level predator (largemouth bass)...
Thermal field-flow fractionation of water-soluble macromolecules

Abstract While previous thermal field-flow fractionation (TFFF) separations have been carried out with mobile phases containing organic solvents, we have found Our studies suggest that the thermal diffusion coefficients for highly water-soluble macromolecules are often very small in pure water. Adjustment of t For useful separations in aqueous systems, the TFFF equipment should generate relatively large temperature differences between the channel faces. Fract
An Immunoarray for the Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Triazine Herbicides

An immunochemical method for simultaneous analysis of cross-reacting analytes is presented. We demonstrate the general principle using triazine herbicides as the model system. The analysis is based on a combination of individual enzyme immunoassays (immunoarray) for triazine herbicides using antibodies with different cross-reactivity patterns towards the selected analytes. The assay signals obtained can be mathematically evaluated to estimate concentrations of each analyte out of a ternary or quaternary mixture. The mathematical model utilizes an extension of the empirical four parameter log-logistic fit. Using mono- and polyclonal antibodies it was possible to quantify the four analytes atrazine, simazine, cyanazine, and prometon in the low to sub-ppb range simultaneously.
The gallium-67 scan in clinical assessment of cancer.

By 1 April 1973, 770 patients with malignancy were studied using Gallium-67 (67Ga) citrate radioisotopic scanning at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health. Of these, 21 had brain tumors, 19 (90%) of which concentrated 67Ga. Forty-four patients with melanoma had 54% of proven sites visualized on 67Ga scan (masses larger than 2 cm were detected in 75% of the sites). Ewing's sarcoma was studied in 15 patients with 67Ga scanning and all 15 primary tumors were visualized. Thirty-two of 43 scans performed on 30 patients with acute leukemia were abnormal. Sites of leukemic involvement in bone marrow and as myeloblastomas in soft tissue contained high levels of 67Ga. Patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease were abnormal in 90% of cases on 67Ga scan with 70% of proven sites of involvement being detectable. Sixty percent of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma sites were detected on 67Ga scans. Approximately 85% of anatomic sites involved with lung cancer were detected on scan. 67Ga citrate whole body scanning has proven to be useful in diagnosing and staging a wide variety of human tumors. The 67Ga study is most reliable when positive findings are recorded, but should be approached with caution when the findings are negative.
Numerical modeling of ground-penetrating radar in 2-D using MATLAB

We present MATLAB codes for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in two dimensions. Surface-based reflection GPR is modeled using a transverse magnetic (TM-) mode formulation. Crosshole and vertical radar profiling (VRP) geometries are modeled using a transverse electric (TE-) mode formulation. Matrix notation is used in the codes wherever possible to optimize them for speed in the MATLAB environment. To absorb waves at the edges of the modeling grid, we implement perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundaries. Although our codes are two-dimensional and do not incorporate features such as dispersion in electrical properties, they capture many of the important elements of GPR surveying and run at a fraction of the computational cost of more elaborate algorithms. In addition, the codes are well commented, relatively easy to understand, and can be easily modified for the user's specific purpose.
Response to “Comments on ‘Abdominoplasty-Derived Dermal-Fat Graft Augmentation Gluteoplasty’”

We thank Raposo do Amaral and his colleagues for their insightful critique1 of our article2 that detailed the use of our modified dermal-fat graft augmentation gluteoplasty operation. We read with equal interest the article by Raposo do Amaral et al3 that first described this type of operation and gave us the basis from which we developed our version. Our technique uses 2 intergluteal incisions, long-tipped electrocautery, and lighted retractors. We chose these …
Bladder transection--a functional, neurophysiological, neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical study.

Summary— Experimental models to represent the surgical methods of bladder transection in humans were performed on dogs and rabbits. The effects on vesical neurophysiology were studied by cystometry with bethanechoI supersensitivity testing; by in vitropharmacoIogicaI responsiveness; by determination of autonomic receptor densities using radio-ligand binding and by autonomic neurohistochemical staining. Analysis revealed that transection with or without neurovascular preservation resulted in an alpha-adrenergic denervation and cholinergic decentralization. A comparison with the surgical models is presented and proposed mechanisms of action are discussed in relation to the experimental results.
Cumulative stroke and survival ten years after carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract With the life-table method, late stroke and survival data were calculated for 329 patients (mean age 59 years) followed a minimum of 10 years after carotid endarterectomy. The cumulative incidence of stroke was 24% at 10 years after operation, but only 10% of patients sustained strokes that clearly involved the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Late strokes were most common (p ≤ 0.05) among hypertensive patients (31%), those with preoperative strokes (31%), and patients with recognized contralateral carotid stenosis (42%). Contralateral hemispheric strokes occurred in 36% of patients with uncorrected contralateral stenosis compared with 8% of those who had elective bilateral reconstruction (p = 0.09). Myocardial infarctions caused more late deaths (37%) than did strokes (15%), and 10-year survival after incidental myocardial revascularization (55%) was superior (p = 0.0001) to survival for patients with suspected but undocumented coronary disease (32%). (J VASC SURG 1985;2:661-8.)
Validation of cold climate lake temperature simulation

Abstract A detailed data set of water temperature profiles, ice thicknesses, snow depths, and weather parameters collected on an urban Minnesota lake is reported and compared to simulations with a one-dimensional, unsteady heat transfer model.
High temperature deformation and fracture mechanisms in a dendritic Ni3Al alloy

Abstract The mechanisms that control high temperature deformation and rupture were studied in a Ni 3 Al alloy that was thermo-mechanically treated to produce a non-porous dendritic grain structure. Comparisons of data corresponding to the dendritic grain morphology with that for the equiaxed grain structures indicate that the dendritic morphology results in significantly lower creep rates as well as substantially greater times to rupture. Comparison of the data with numerical calculations suggests that this difference in creep strength is due to an inherent resistance to grain boundary sliding by the dendritic grain structure. A constrained cavity growth model was adapted based on microstructural observations to account for cavitation within the dendritic microstructure. The success of the model indicates that rupture time is primarily determined by constrained cavity growth on isolated dendrite boundary segments.
Near Field Spectroscopic Investigation of Fluorescence Quenching by Charge Carriers in Pentacene-Doped Tetracene

The recently introduced technique of near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) with an electrically biased NSOM probe is applied in this paper to the study of exciton/polaron interactions in single crystals of the mixed organic semiconductor, tetracene doped with pentacene. As in the case of the previously investigated conjugated polymers, the injection of hole polarons induces extreme fluorescence quenching for tetracene/ pentacene. However, the spectral selectivity, dynamics, and other features of the tetracene/pentacene data suggest a different mechanism than conjugated polymer for hole polaron interactions. The tetracene/pentacene mechanism is dominated by hole trapping by pentacene.
Diversity of sterol biosynthetic capacity in the caryophyllidae

The order Caryophyllales, along with its two associated orders, the Polygonales and Plumbaginales, comprise the angiosperm subclass Caryophyllidae. We have now characterized the sterol compositon of 231 members of this subclass. This includes 210 species and 21 cultivars in 108 genera within the 14 families of these three orders. From these data, clear differences in biosynthetic capability and putative relationships between taxa have been established. Members of the two monofamilial orders (Polygonales and Plumbaginales) contain Δ5-sterols in ratios typical of “main line” angiosperms. Members of families in the Caryophyllales contain Δ5-sterols, or Δ7-sterols or mixtures of Δ5- and Δ7-sterols. In the majority of species where Δ7-sterols are the dominant sterols produced, trace amounts to almost equal amounts of Δ5-sterols are also present. Replicate samples of many of these species have shown that the ratio of Δ5-sterols to Δ7-sterols in these species is stable over time and/or location. From these data, it appears that the conversion of Δ7-sterols to Δ5-sterols is highly regulated in the majority of species within this order. In these families, similarities in sterol composition correlate well with taxonomic relatedness. Relationships between these taxa with respect to biosynthetic capability can now be postulated.
Separate Spaces, Separate Outcomes? Neighbourhood Impacts on Minorities in Germany

In both the German and US literature on ethnic neighbourhoods, there is considerable debate as to whether living amongst co-ethnics hinders or furthers the integration process for immigrants. Using the detailed data on immigrant integration in the German Socio-economic Panel in combination with zip-code-level data on minority concentration and neighbourhood income levels, the research tests the extent to which ethnic neighbourhoods are economically, socially and/or culturally isolated spaces in Germany. The findings indicate that, although general neighbourhood quality is lower for minorities living within ethnic neighbourhoods, these persons are no more culturally isolated from Germans than their counterparts living outside these areas. Further, minorities living within ethnic neighbourhoods appear no more likely to maintain ties to their country of origin culture than those living outside ethnic neighbourhoods. This suggests that the correlation between social and spatial integration, assumed in much of...
Methamphetamine-related Psychiatric Visits to an Urban Academic Emergency Department: An Observational Study

Abstract Background Methamphetamine, a stimulant of abuse, is associated with a significant number of Emergency Department (ED) visits. Methamphetamine use may produce psychiatric symptoms including acute psychosis, depression, and anxiety disorders. Study Objectives To characterize psychiatric emergencies either directly or indirectly attributable to methamphetamine use in an urban academic ED. Methods We analyzed a database of patients determined to have an ED visit that was either methamphetamine related or non-methamphetamine related. We retrospectively reviewed the records of the subset of ED visits from this database with psychiatric diagnoses. We compared the characteristics of patients with methamphetamine-related psychiatric visits (MRPVs) and non-methamphetamine-related psychiatric visits (non-MRPVs). Results We identified 130 patients with MRPVs. This represented 7.6% (130 of 1709) of all psychiatric visits. Patients with MRPV, compared to non-MRPV patients, were younger (34.4 years vs. 39.1 years, respectively, p = 0.0005), more likely to be uninsured (55% vs. 37%, respectively, p = 0.001), and less likely to have a past history of depression (10% vs. 19%, respectively, p = 0.011). Many characteristics between the two groups (MRPV vs. non-MRPV) were similar: likelihood of patient being placed on a psychiatric hold; hospital charges; previous histories of psychiatric visits; and history of anxiety, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia. Conclusions Methamphetamine may be related to a significant proportion (7.6%) of psychiatric ED visits. Furthermore, patients with methamphetamine-associated psychiatric visits are younger, have lower rates of depression, are more likely to be uninsured, and are less likely to have a substance abuse-related chief complaint than patients with non-methamphetamine-associated ED psychiatric visits.
Physically Realistic Roughness Closure Scheme to Simulate Turbulent Channel Flow over Rough Beds within the Framework of LES

A physically realistic roughness closure method for the simulation of turbulent open-channel flow over natural beds within the framework of large-eddy simulation (LES) is proposed. The description of bed roughness in LES is accomplished through a roughness geometry function together with forcing terms in the momentum equations. The major benefit of this method is that the roughness is generated from one physically measurable parameter, i.e., the mean grain diameter of the bed material. A series of flows over rough beds, for which mean flow and turbulence statistics are available from experiments, is simulated. Measured and computed values are compared to validate the proposed roughness closure approach. It is found that predicted streamwise velocity profiles, turbulence intensities, and turbulent shear stress profiles match the measured values fairly well. Furthermore, the effect of roughness on the overall flow resistance is predicted in reasonable agreement with experimental values.
Museums and cultural memory in an age of networks

Techno-social developments over the last two decades have given rise to a multitude of translocal networks, making possible an unprecedented ‘globalization’ of cultural memory practices across geop...
A blend of chlorophytum borivilianum and velvet bean increases serum growth hormone in exercise-trained men.

BackgroundSeveral isolated ingredients have been proposed to increase growth hormone (GH) release, including Chlorophytum borivilianum and Velvet bean. A combination of these two ingredients has been packaged within an investigational dietary supplement. It was the purpose of the present investigation to determine the impact of acute ingestion of this supplement on circulating GH in healthy, exercise-trained men.MethodsFifteen men ingested the dietary supplement on two different days, separated by one week. Blood was collected from subjects before ingestion of the supplement and at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 minutes post ingestion. GH was analyzed in serum samples using an ELISA method. Values for GH for each subject, at each collection time, were averaged over both test days and used in the main analysis.ResultsSerum GH increased over time, with higher values at 60 minutes (1.56 ± 0.65 ng mL-1; P = 0.04; +767%), 80 minutes (1.76 ± 0.69 ng · mL-1; P = 0.02; +878%), and 100 minutes (1.48 ± 0.62 ng · mL1;...
Sources of rotational cross section asymmetry σ(J→J + ΔJ)/σ(J→J ‐ ΔJ) in molecule‐atom and molecule‐molecule systems

Asymmetries are investigated for the rotationally inelastic transitions J→J + ΔJ and J→J ‐ ΔJ. Previous cross section expressions are extended to handle the case of two colliding symmetric top molecules. Asymmetries are shown to arise from (1) the previously considered interference terms in the cross sections, (2) angular momentum coupling effects, and (3) R⇄T energetic effects. It is shown that symmetric top molecules with threefold or higher symmetry axes are not likely to exhibit interference asymmetries unless high‐order tensor terms are important in the intermolecular potential. However, substantial asymmetries can still arise from angular momentum coupling and energetic effects. The conditions for the dominance of these sources of asymmetry are discussed and investigated numerically for the molecules HCl, HCN, and OCS perturbed by Ar and Xe as well as the systems HCl:HCl, HCN:HCN, OCS:OCS, HCl:OCS, and NH3:NH3. In these latter cases, the first molecule in each pair is the observed species and the second constitutes a thermal bath. Angular momentum coupling asymmetries are found to be important only at small J. Energetic asymmetries are particularly important for systems with large rotational constants.
Voltage-gated calcium channel CACNB2 (β2.1) protein is required in the heart for control of cell proliferation and heart tube integrity.

Background: L-type calcium channels (LTCC) regulate calcium entry into cardiomyocytes. CACNB2 (β2) LTCC auxiliary subunits traffic the pore-forming CACNA subunit to the membrane and modulate channel kinetics. β2 is a membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein. A major role of MAGUK proteins is to scaffold cellular junctions and multiprotein complexes. Results: To investigate developmental functions for β2.1, we depleted it in zebrafish using morpholinos. β2.1-depleted embryos developed compromised cardiac function by 48 hr postfertilization, which was ultimately lethal. β2.1 contractility defects were mimicked by pharmacological depression of LTCC, and rescued by LTCC stimulation, suggesting β2.1 phenotypes are at least in part LTCC-dependent. Morphological studies indicated that β2.1 contributes to heart size by regulating the rate of ventricle cell proliferation, and by modulating the transition of outer curvature cells to an elongated cell shape during chamber ballooning. In addition, β2.1-depleted cardiomyocytes failed to accumulate N-cadherin at the membrane, and dissociated easily from neighboring myocytes under stress. Conclusions: Hence, we propose that β2.1 may also function in the heart as a MAGUK scaffolding unit to maintain N-cadherin-based adherens junctions and heart tube integrity. Developmental Dynamics 241:648–662, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Influence of Exposure to Informational Media on Generalized and Specific Ethnocentrism

Increases in exposure to mass media are associated with small but consistent and persistent increases in readiness for desegregation. These small differences become larger and reach statistical significance when the extremes of low and high exposure to rhe mass media are compared on their readiness for desegregation (1957, p. 248). The purpose of this present study was to use standardized measures of ethnocentrism (prejudice) and a Northern sample in testing Tumin's hypothesis. More specifically, the purpose was to investigate the relationship of amount of exposure to Negro desegregation problems offered within current informational mass media and the degree of ethnocentrism directed toward the Negro and other minority groups. In the Fall of 1959, 249 students in two introductory psychology classes were given the California E Scale, Final Form (Adorno, Frenkel-Bmnswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950), the California F Scale, Forms 40 and 45 combined (Adorno, et al., 1950), and a rating scale designed to measure estimated time spent exposed to various news areas in the mass media. Exposure to mass media was defined as listening, watching, and reading time involved with current news areas during the prior three-month period. Two criterion groups (Ns of 55 and 61) were selected within the sample to form high- and lowexposure groups based on the amount of rime spent exposed to Negro desegregation problems in the current news media. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to test the difference between the high and low groups with reference to the E Scale's Negro, Jewish, and Other Minorities and Patriotism subscales, and the F Scale. All Us were nonsignificant, Negro subscale ( U = 953, p = .34), Jewish subscale (U = 1.11, p = .26), Other Minorities and Patriotism subscale (U = 1.74, 9 = .08), and F Scale ( U = .93, p = .36) No significant relationships were found between the amount of time spent with desegregation problems in the current mass media and the direction of specific and generalized ethnocentrism (prejudice)
Effects of Large and Small Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions on Two Types of Passive-Avoidance Responses

Ten rats with large bilateral hippocampectomies, 10 rats with smaller amounts of damage of the dorsal hippocampus, 10 rats with destruction of postero-lateral neocortex, and 15 normal animals were trained in two types of passive-avoidance situations. One passive-avoidance task required inhibition of drinking while thirsty, the other required an animal to refrain from entering a small compartment after i: had been trained to enter, while hungry, for a food reward. Animals with the largest amounts of hippocampal destruction were impaired in both types of problems. Animals with smaller degrees of hippocampal damage were not different from normal animals in their ability to inhibit licking but were impaired in the other task. Animals with neocortical destruction showed impairment only in the licking situation.
Interactive and cooperative sensing and control for advanced teleoperation

This paper presents the paradigm of interactive and cooperative sensing and control as a fundamental mechanism of integrating and fusing the strengths of man and machine for advanced teleoperation. The interactive and cooperative sensing and control is considered as an extended and generalized form of traded and shared control. The emphasis of interactive and cooperative sensing and control is given to the distribution of mutually nonexclusive subtasks to man and machine, the interactive invocation of subtasks under the man/machine symbiotic relationship, and the fusion of information and decision-making between man and machine according to their confidence measures. The proposed interactive and cooperative sensing and control system is composed of such major functional blocks as the logical sensor system, the sensor-based local autonomy, the virtual environment formation, and the cooperative decision-making between man and machine. A case study is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the fundamental theory and system architecture of interactive and cooperative sensing and control, proposed for the new generation of teleoperation.
Optimism, Promotion Pride, and Prevention Pride as Predictors of Quality of Life

The relationship between optimism and two potential sources of optimistic beliefs—promotion pride (based on a history of success in promotion regulation) and prevention pride (based on a history of success in prevention regulation)—was explored. Optimism was more strongly related to promotion pride than prevention pride (controlling for neuroticism), consistent with past work showing that anticipating success increases eagerness motivation but decreases vigilance motivation. This suggests that the psychology of prevention regulators is not captured well by the existing literature on optimism. Although prevention pride does not predict self-reports of well-being, it does predict adaptive functioning independent of optimism, neuroticism, and promotion pride. Promotion pride uniquely predicted a sense of purpose in life or goal directedness. Both promotion and prevention pride predicted active coping. It is argued that promotion and prevention pride tell us something unique and important about the role of su...
Analytic sensitivities and design oriented structural analysis for airplane fuselage shape synthesis

Abstract A finite element-based design oriented structural analysis of isotropic and composite fuselage structures is presented. Simple shape parameterization techniques are chosen to demonstrate the explicit dependence of node locations on global shape design variables. Elements, whose stiffness and mass matrices can be expressed explicitly in terms of their vertex locations, as well as their sizing and material design variables, are used. The skin is modeled using flat triangular elements: discrete Kirchhoff triangles for bending, and degenerate linear strain triangles with drilling degrees of freedom for plane stress action. Frame elements are used to model stiffeners and fuselage rings. Analytic sensitivities of displacements, stresses and natural frequencies with respect to global sizing, material and shape design variables are obtained. The results of numerical tests, designed to evaluate the performance of the design oriented finite element capability at varying mesh densities and element aspect ratios, are presented. Sensitivity of finite difference and semi-analytic derivatives to design variable step size is studied using the analytic sensitivities presented. In addition, parametric studies are used to evaluate the performance of direct Taylor series approximations based on analysis and gradient information at reference points in design space.
Nanoparticulate materials densification

Abstract The successful application of nanomaterials, with their unique mechanical, optical, magnetic and electrical properties, largely depends on the consolidation of powders into engineering components that will preserve an initial metastable microstructure. The key characteristic of the nanopowder consolidation process is to achieve densification without microstructural coarsening. This paper addresses specific densification issues related to the nanocrystalline nature of the consolidating particulates. The theoretical issues that affect the thermodynamics and kinetics of the atomic processes involved in nanopowder densification are related to higher driving force, enhanced interfacial energy and diffusion, and full density values. The experimental aspects cover powder compressibility and differential shrinkage, heating rate and pressure effects, and grain growth. Meaningful results in terms of final density values and grain growth are presented with the emphasis on processes that have demonstrated the capability to form dense specimens with retention of fine grain sizes.
Problem-solving ability and response to feedback in peer-nominated mildly depressed children

This experiment examined hypotheses that peer-nominated, mildly depressed children possess problem-solving deficits and evaluate their problem-solving efforts more negatively than nondysphoric children. Thirty dysphoric and 30 nondysphoric children were selected by peer nomination and administered two inclusive disjunction rule-learning problems. During problem solving, children received one of three types of feedback: feedback following both correct and incorrect responses (right—wrong feedback), feedback follo wing incorrect responses and no feedback following correct responses (wrong-blank feedback), and feedback following correct responses and no feedback following incorrect responses (right-blank feedback). Contrary to a cognitive distortion hypothesis, dysphoric children did not evaluate ambiguous feedback in a more negative manner than did nondysphoric children. Importantly, dysphoric children proved to be less efficient problem solvers than nondysphoric children.
Lower Critical Dimension of Ising Spin Glasses

Exact ground states of two-dimensional Ising spin glasses with Gaussian and bimodal $(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J)$ distributions of the disorder are calculated using a ``matching''algorithm, which allows large system sizes of up to ${N=480}^{2}$ spins to be investigated. We study domain walls induced by two rather different types of boundary condition changes, and, in each case, analyze the system-size dependence of an appropriately defined ``defect energy,'' which we denote by $\ensuremath{\Delta}E.$ For Gaussian disorder, we find a power-law behavior $\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{\ensuremath{\theta}},$ with $\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{-}0.266(2)$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{-}0.282(2)$ for the two types of boundary condition changes. These results are in reasonable agreement with each other, allowing for small systematic effects. They also agree well with earlier work on smaller sizes. The negative value indicates that two dimensions is below the lower critical dimension ${d}_{c}.$ For the $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J$ model, we obtain a different result, namely that the domain-wall energy saturates at a nonzero value for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{L}\ensuremath{\infty},$ so $\ensuremath{\theta}=0,$ indicating that the lower critical dimension for the $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J$ model is exactly ${d}_{c}=2.$
Dynamics of Droplets on the Surface of a Structured Fluid Film: Late-Stage Coarsening

We examined the late-stage structural evolution of droplets of a polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymer on a PS-b-PMMA “substrate”. The initial droplet size distributions and shape distributions varied appreciably from one sample to another. Coarsening of the droplets occurred, wherein the average droplet size, 〈S〉, increased with time, 〈S〉 ∝ tβ, accompanied by a decrease in the number of droplets per unit area with time, N(t) ∝ t-β. The value of the power law exponent β was found to increase as the size distribution and shape distribution of droplets decreased, from 1/10 to approximately 2/5. The droplet probability distributions, F(S/〈S〉) vs S/〈S〉, determined from our data were compared with theoretical probability distributions and the results strongly indicate that the mechanism of coarsening occurs via a self-similar, dynamic coalescence process, not Ostwald ripening. The differing exponents appear to be associated with quantitative differences between the details of the ...
An instrumental source for the dark pixel clusters in the Polar VIS and UVI Experiments

The controversy over the observation of dark pixels by the DE-1 and Polar imagers has centered around the small-comet theory rather than an instrumental source to account for the dark pixels. To check for instrumental effects, we simulated the Polar VIS and UVI response to uniform illumination and calculated the rate of dark pixel clusters. The simulation includes the finite size and exponential amplitude of light pulses from the experiments' image intensifiers and the removal of contamination by penetrating radiation. The dark pixel cluster size distributions from the computer simulations reproduce the distributions observed in both of the Polar imagers. (The VIS distributions were produced independently from one day of raw data kindly provided by Frank and Sigwarth and from a world-wide-web catalog of atmospheric hole events prepared by Frank and Sigwarth from their own Polar data. These two sets of VIS distributions are in agreement with each other and with the computer simulations.) These instrumental effects fully explain the dark pixel clusters without the need for invoking a geophysical phenomena.
T-matrix approach to multiple scattering of EM waves from N-spheres

The T-matrix approach is applied to formulate electromagnetic scattering from an arbitrary number of spheres due to an incident plane wave. The representation of an incident plane wave in spherical vector wave functions from an arbitrary incident direction is given to facilitate subsequent derivation. The T-matrix formulation for an arbitrary number of spheres is obtained in two forms: an iterative form and a recursive form. It is shown that the recursive form is much more efficient than the iterative form when the number of spheres is greater than 2. The representations of the radar cross section, extinction and scattering cross sections in T-matrix form are provided. Numerical illustrations are given showing comparisons with calculations made by other investigators.
Saturation mutagenesis of the UASNTR (GATAA) responsible for nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive transcriptional activation of the allantoin pathway genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Saturation mutagenesis of the UASNTR element responsible for GLN3-dependent, nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive transcriptional activation of allantoin pathway genes in yeast cells identified the dodecanucleotide sequence 5'-TTNCTGATAAGG-3' as the minimum required for UAS activity. There was significant flexibility in mutant sequences capable of supporting UAS activity, which correlates well with the high variation in UASNTR homologous sequences reported to be upstream of the DAL and DUR genes. Three of nine UASNTR-like sequences 5' of the DAL5 gene supported high-level transcriptional activation. The others, which contained nonpermissive substitutions, were not active.
MEKK1 Activation of Human Estrogen Receptor α and Stimulation of the Agonistic Activity of 4-Hydroxytamoxifen in Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer Cells

Estrogens are mitogens that stimulate the growth of both normal and transformed epithelial cells of the female reproductive system. The effect of estrogens is mediated through the estrogen receptors, which are ligand-regulated transcription factors. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, functions as an estrogen receptor antagonist in breast but an agonist in uterus. In the current study, we show that coexpression of a constitutively active MEKK1, but not RAF or MEKK2, significantly increases the transcriptional activity of the receptor in endometrial and ovarian cancer cells. The expression of wild-type MEKK1 and an active Rac1, which functions upstream of MEKK1, also increased the activity of the receptor while coexpression of dominant negative MEKK1 blocked the Rac1 induction, indicating that endogenous MEKK1 is capable of activating the receptor. Additional experiments demonstrated that the MEKK1-induced activation was mediated through both Jun N-terminal kinases and p38/Hog1 and was independent of the known phosphorylation sites on the receptor. p38, but not Jun N-terminal kinases, efficiently phosphorylated the receptor in immunocomplex kinase assays, suggesting a differential involvement of the two kinases in the receptor activation. More importantly, the expression of the constitutively active MEKK1 increased the agonistic activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen to a level comparable to that of 17beta-estradiol and fully blocked its antagonistic activity. These findings suggest that the uterine-specific agonistic activity of the tamoxifen compound may be determined by the status of kinases acting downstream of MEKK1.
Zooplankton Production and Planktivore Consumption in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho

This paper assesses the feeding demand of planktivores in Lake Pend Oreille in relation to crustacean zooplankton food availability. The copepods Diacylops bicuspidatus thomasi and Diaptomus ashlandi accounted for 75% of the standing zooplankton biomass over a two-year study period, whereas Daphnia spp. were the cladocerans of highest biomass. Annual zooplankton production, estimated using temperature-dependent empirical models that relate production to biomass, was 97.11 and 139.19 kg·ha−1. During the same study years, we estimate that zooplankton consumption by the lake's two primary planktivores, kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka, and the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta, comprised 56 and 42% of total zooplankton production. Consumption of cladoceran zooplankton, the preferred prey for both planktivores, was estimated to be 63% of production over the study period. Although few studies exist that relate zooplankton production to consumption by the planktivore community, data suggest high levels of zooplankton cons...
The association of physical activity with obesity, fat distribution and glucose intolerance in Pima Indians

The relationships between physical activity, obesity, fat distribution and glucose tolerance were examined in the Pima Indians who have the highest documented incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Fasting and 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentrations, body mass index, and waist-to-thigh circumference ratios were determined in 1054 subjects aged 15–59 years. Current (during the most recent calendar year) and historical (over a lifetime) leisure and occupational physical activity were determined by questionnaire. Current physical activity was inversely correlated with fasting and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations, body mass index and waist-to-thigh ratios for most sex-age groups even when diabetic subjects were excluded. Controlled for age, obesity and fat distribution, activity remained significantly associated with 2-h plasma glucose concentrations in males. In subjects aged 37–59 years, individuals with diabetes compared to those without reported significantly less leisure physical activity during the teenage years (median hours per week of activity, 9.1 vs 13.2 for men; 1.0 vs 2.2 for women). Controlled for body mass index, sex, age and waist-to-thigh ratio, subjects who reported low levels of historical leisure physical activity had a higher rate of diabetes than those who were more active. In conclusion, current physical activity was inversely related to glucose intolerance, obesity and central distribution of fat, particularly in males. Subjects with diabetes were currently less active and reported less historical physical activity than non-diabetic subjects. These findings suggest that activity may protect against the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes both directly and through an influence on obesity and fat distribution.
An Ultrahigh‐Resolution Digital Image Sensor with Pixel Size of 50 nm by Vertical Nanorod Arrays

The pixel size limit of existing digital image sensors is successfully overcome by using vertically aligned semiconducting nanorods as the 3D photosensing pixels. On this basis, an unprecedentedly high-resolution digital image sensor with a pixel size of 50 nm and a resolution of 90 nm is fabricated. The ultrahigh-resolution digital image sensor can heavily impact the field of visual information.