cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping Boundaries of the Hostile Media Effect

The hostile media perception, the tendency for partisans to judge mass media coverage as unfavorable to their own point of view, has been vividly demonstrated but not well explained. This contrast bias is intriguing because it appears to contradict a robust literature on assimilation biases—the tendency to find information more supportive, rather than more opposed, to one’s own position. We set out to explore a theoretical basis for the hostile media perception that would reconcile it with assimilation biases. To do so, we exposed partisans from opposing camps on the genetically modified foods issue to identical information presented in either a mass media or a student essay context. Consistent with the hypotheses, partisans saw the information as disagreeably biased in a news story format. In student-essay format, however, the hostile media perception disappeared, and there was some evidence of biased assimilation. In addition, content evaluations based on perceived influence on oneself vs. influence on a broader audience suggested that the hostile media perception may be explained by perceived reach of the information source. To newspaper editors it is a common, and not unwelcome, criticism. Two readers from opposing partisan groups write letters to the editor, each complaining that news coverage is biased in favor of the other side. Editors welcome such responses (and usually print them side by side) for together they suggest it is readers, not news stories, who are biased. Psychologists refer to this phenomenon— when an individual perceives information to be more disagreeable with his or her own point of view—as a contrast effect. This particular instance of the contrast effect, a familiar experience for editors and reporters, has been called the hostile media perception. The hostile media perception was first described and documented more than 15 years ago (Vallone, Ross, & Lepper, 1985). Over the next decade, two other experimental studies (Giner-Sorolla & Chaiken, 1994; Perloff, 1989) replicated the effect using the same controversial issue—conflict in the Middle East. Interest in
Trends in blunt laryngotracheal trauma in children

Abstract Objective To examine the presentation, mechanisms, and management of blunt laryngotracheal trauma in a pediatric population, emphasizing the rise in severity. Design Retrospective analysis of laryngotracheal trauma evaluated from 1995 to 2008. The presentation, mechanism, management and outcomes data are detailed. Setting Tertiary medical center. Patients Thirty-five patients were identified with major laryngotracheal trauma. Main outcome measures Surgical results, airway patency, voicing, swallowing and other residual disabilities are tabulated. Results Average age was 10.8 years, with boys outnumbering girls 22–13. In cases of major trauma, mechanisms were related to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) in seven patients. Five of 11 major trauma victims were unconscious at presentation. Definitive airway reconstruction involved laryngotracheoplasty and tracheal resection/reanastomosis. Ten of 11 remain decannulated. Conclusions In an increasingly mobile society, major laryngotracheal trauma is occurring in a younger population. Victims of major laryngotracheal trauma may be unconscious or have other injuries that obscure airway injury, highlighting the need for vigilance. Once the airway is secured and the patient stabilized, airway reconstruction is undertaken, achieving decannulation in most patients. Hoarseness is often a lasting morbidity.
Increased Membrane Affinity of the C1 Domain of Protein Kinase Cδ Compensates for the Lack of Involvement of Its C2 Domain in Membrane Recruitment

Protein kinase C (PKC) family members are allosterically activated following membrane recruitment by specific membrane-targeting modules. Conventional PKC isozymes are recruited to membranes by two such modules: a C1 domain, which binds diacylglycerol (DAG), and a C2 domain, which is a Ca2+-triggered phospholipid-binding module. In contrast, novel PKC isozymes respond only to DAG, despite the presence of a C2 domain. Here, we address the molecular mechanism of membrane recruitment of the novel isozyme PKCδ. We show that PKCδ and a conventional isozyme, PKCβII, bind membranes with comparable affinities. However, dissection of the contribution of individual domains to this binding revealed that, although the C2 domain is a major determinant in driving the interaction of PKCβII with membranes, the C2 domain of PKCδ does not bind membranes. Instead, the C1B domain is the determinant that drives the interaction of PKCδ with membranes. The C2 domain also does not play any detectable role in the activity or subcellular location of PKCδ in cells; in vivo imaging studies revealed that deletion of the C2 domain does not affect the stimulus-dependent translocation or activity of PKCδ. Thus, the increased affinity of the C1 domain of PKCδ allows this isozyme to respond to DAG alone, whereas conventional PKC isozymes require the coordinated action of Ca2+ binding to the C2 domain and DAG binding to the C1 domain for activation.
Fatigue in women with type 2 diabetes.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between fatigue and physiological, psychological, and lifestyle phenomena in women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in order to establish the magnitude and correlates of fatigue in women with T2DM and explore the interrelationships between fatigue and specific diabetes-related factors that may be associated with increased levels of fatigue. These factors included physiological factors (glucose control, diabetes symptoms), psychological factors (diabetes emotional distress, depressive symptoms in general), and lifestyle factors (body mass index, physical activity).MethodsA cross-sectional, descriptive design was used. Women who reported conditions known to cause fatigue were excluded. Physiological measures included fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1C (A1C), glucose variability, and body mass index (BMI). Women completed questionnaires about health, fatigue levels, diabetes symptoms, diabetes emotional distress, depressive symptoms, physic...
Parasite community structure in Pimephales promelas (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from two converging streams.

Parasites of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, were examined in fish collected from Elk Creek (40.88534°N, 96.83366°W) and West Oak Creek (40.90821°N, 96.81432°W), Lancaster County, Nebraska. These 2 streams are part of the Salt Valley watershed and flow together approximately 2 km downstream from the collection sites to form Oak Creek. This study examined the extent to which the 2 tributaries constitute a continuous habitat with respect to fish hosts. The parasite community included Trichodina sp., Myxobolus sp., Dactylogyrus simplex, D. bychowskyi, and D. pectenatus (all on gills); Gyrodactylus hoffmani (gill and body surface); Posthodiplostomum sp. (neascus, body cavity); and Uvulifer ambloplitis (encysted in skin). Among 46 fish from Elk Creek and 56 fish from West Oak Creek taken on 5 dates during April–July 1998, U. ambloplitis was found in Elk Creek fish at prevalences of 44–100% but in only 2 West Oak fish on 1 date. Prevalence and mean abundance of D. simplex also differed between the 2 si...
THE INFECTIOUS ORGANISM IN OSTEOMYELITIS

1. The filterable agent of transmissible bacteriolysis causes solution of the respective bacteria in watery culture media. In the circulating blood of the living animal it apparently fails to cause such solution, but exerts an opsonic effect, favoring more effective phagocytosis. 2. When properly employed, such a lytic agent brings aid to the body defenses in overcoming infection with the staphylococcus, not only in furuncles, carbuncles, and septicaemia, but also in the bone lesions of staphylococcic osteomyelitis. 3. Staphylococci have been observed within polynuclear neutrophilic leukocytes of the circulating blood.
Targeting transgene expression in research, agricultural, and environmental applications: Promoters used in plant transformation

Abstract Plant genetic engineering has contributed substantially to the understanding of gene regulation and plant development, in the generation of transgenic organisms for widespread usage in agriculture, and has increased the potential uses of crops for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. As the application of genetically engineered plants has widened, so has the need to develop methods to fine-tune control of transgene expression. The availability of a broad spectrum of promoters that differ in their ability to regulate the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the transgene can dramatically increase the successful application of transgenic technology. Indeed, a variety of promoters is necessary at all levels of genetic engineering in plants, from basic research discoveries, concepts and questions, to development of economically viable crops and plant commodities, to addressing legitimate concerns raised about the safety and containment of transgenic plants in the environment. This review co...
Person Centered Medicine: Core and Diversity

In the conceptualization of Person Centered Medicine (PCM) one can recognize core concepts as well as diversity at multiple levels. The core concepts convey vision and depth. Diversity displays plurality, richness and scope. And both are intertwined and articulated through the unfolding process and journey that the construction of PCM represents. This paper briefly elaborates on these complementary perspectives of PCM. And ends introducing a set of papers that illustrate its core and diversity.
In Vivo Assessment of Macular Vascular Density in Healthy Human Eyes Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Purpose To quantify density of macular vascular networks over regions of interest in healthy subjects using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods Setting was the Retina and Oncology Services of Wills Eye Hospital. Subjects with no known systemic disease and without retinal pathology were included. OCTA was performed on a 3 × 3-mm region centered on the macula and en face angiograms of the superficial and deep vascular networks were acquired. Vascular density was calculated using an automated image thresholding method over regions of interest. Foveal and parafoveal vascular density were calculated. The differences between vascular networks, sexes, and fellow eyes and correlation between vascular density, signal strength, and age, as well as reproducibility of measurements, were evaluated. Results A total of 198 healthy eyes were imaged, from which 163 eyes of 122 subjects were included based on image quality criteria. In the parafoveal region, deep vascular density was significantly higher than the superficial (52% ± 2.4% vs 46% ± 2.2%; P P P > .05). There was a negative correlation between vascular density and age that persisted upon adjusting for signal strength. Vascular density measurements were highly correlated between separate imaging sessions with intraclass correlation coefficients of over 0.85 for all assessments. Conclusions Calculation of vascular density using OCTA is a reproducible and noninvasive method to quantitate individual networks within the macula. Understanding normal values and their correlations could affect clinical evaluation of the macula in healthy patients and disease states.
Stability oriented task-structure based multi-agent replanning

In this paper, we evaluate the stability of a plan solution at the task level and argue that it is important for task structure based multi-agent replanning. With a plan solution represented by a TAEMS (Task Analysis, Environment Modeling and Simulation) task structure, we define new metrics of the stability of a TAEMS solution and use it to rank and recommend plan candidates. We preliminarily evaluate our approach with a producer-consumer-transporter domain.
Pediatric intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations.

Study Design. A retrospective analysis of a large single institution pediatric intramedullary tumor database. The database was searched for all pediatric intramedullary cavernous malformations. Objectives. To review the authors’ experience with three pediatric intramedullary cavernous malformations, review the previous literature, and discuss the surgical management for these rare lesions. Summary of Background Data. Cavernous malformations can occur throughout the central nervous system; however, the intramedullary spinal cord is a rare location. More recent estimates indicate that cavernous malformations constitute 5% of all vascular malformations. There is no series that reports the management of pediatric intramedullary cavernous malformations. Methods. There were 181 pediatric intramedullary lesions in the tumor database. A review revealed three children with a mean age of 13.3 years (range, 8–19 years) with intramedullary cavernous malformations. All these children presented with an acute motor deficit that prompted radiographic imaging and diagnosis. All the children underwent laminectomy and gross total removal of the lesion. All the malformations abutted the dorsal pial surface and created a blue discoloration, which was evident after opening the dura. Results. Approximately 10% of all intramedullary cavernous malformations present in the pediatric population. Pediatric lesions, unlike those in adults, have an acute presentation, and the lesions are typically found in the cervical region. The surgical removal of these malformations results in a good functional outcome. The entire neuraxis should be screened because there is a high incidence of multiple lesions. Conclusions. The surgical removal of these malformations results in a good functional outcome. The entire neuraxis should be screened because there is a high incidence of multiple lesions.
Management and the Electronic Computer

Provides a historical background on the use of computers in business. Notion of the failure of computer use in business; Control use of the computer; Implications of the trend in computer use in bu...
Mn7 species with an S = 29/2 ground state: high-frequency EPR studies of a species at the classical/quantum spin interface.

A high spin (S) compound has been synthesized whose properties straddle the interface between the classical and quantum mechanical spin descriptions. The cluster [Mn7O4(pdpm)6(N3)4](ClO4)2 (Mn7) ha...
Sensate media

The ability to blend diverse sensors in close proximity promises to usher in a new generation of electronic skins that hold the potential for revolutionary applications.
Data Modeling of the Intelligent Substation

Based on the IEC 61850 standard modeling,this essay expounds the general principle,the modeling process and the extension rule of data modeling of the intelligent substation,and probes into the modeling methods of the logic nodes of it.Finally,this essay can provides reference for the configuration of the data modeling of the intelligent substation.
Computerization of Mental Health Integration complexity scores at Intermountain Healthcare.

Intermountain Healthcare’s Mental Health Integration (MHI) Care Process Model (CPM) contains formal scoring criteria for assessing a patient’s mental health complexity as “mild,” “medium,” or “high” based on patient data. The complexity score attempts to assist Primary Care Physicians in assessing the mental health needs of their patients and what resources will need to be brought to bear. We describe an effort to computerize the scoring. Informatics and MHI personnel collaboratively and iteratively refined the criteria to make them adequately explicit and reflective of MHI objectives. When tested on retrospective data of 540 patients, the clinician agreed with the computer’s conclusion in 52.8% of the cases (285/540). We considered the analysis sufficiently successful to begin piloting the computerized score in prospective clinical care. So far in the pilot, clinicians have agreed with the computer in 70.6% of the cases (24/34).
Importance of the posterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament.

Background There has been a renewed interest in the pathomechanics of elbow dislocation, with recent literature having suggested that the medial ulnar collateral ligament is more often disrupted in dislocations than the lateral ligamentous complex. The purpose of this serial sectioning study was to determine the influence of the posterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament (pMUCL) as a stabilizer against elbow dislocation. Methods An elbow dislocation was simulated in 5 cadaveric elbows by mechanically applying an external rotation moment and valgus force. Medial ulnohumeral joint gapping was measured at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion in an intact elbow after sectioning of the medial collateral ligament's anterior bundle (aMUCL) and then after sectioning of the pMUCL as well. Results After sectioning of the aMUCL, the pMUCL was able to stabilize the joint against dislocation. After aMUCL sectioning, the proximal joint space significantly increased by 4.2 ± 0.6 mm at 30° of flexion and 2.6 ± 0.3 mm at 60° of flexion, although it did not dislocate. The gapping increase of 0.9 ± 0.6 at 90° of flexion did not reach significance. After sectioning of the pMUCL (after having already sectioned the aMUCL), all of the specimens frankly dislocated at all flexion angles. Conclusions An intact pMUCL can prevent elbow dislocation and limited joint subluxation to within 6.6 mm. Our findings indicate that repair or reconstruction may be warranted in certain circumstances (ie, residual instability after operative management of a terrible triad injury or after aMUCL reconstruction).
Visceral Leishmaniasis Control and Elimination: Is There a Role for Vaccines in Achieving Regional and Global Goals?

Abstract In September 2015, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases organized a workshop to address the roles of vaccines in achieving regional and global goals for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) control and elimination, a critical step in determining desired product characteristics as well as research and development needs and opportunities. Although current regional programs and strategies are making progress to control and perhaps eliminate the disease in some endemic areas, such as India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, workshop participants concluded that vaccines would still be necessary to sustain elimination efforts and ultimately block and reduce transmission. In addition, vaccines would be valuable and even critical tools for other areas of the world, such as east Africa, where treatment options are more limited and control programs for VL are less effective. Because different disease foci present different epidemiological features, product characteristics should be carefully designed to reflect vaccines that either target common antigens for all forms of VL or are tailored to fit regional needs.
Ground-based hyperspectral remote sensing of hydrocarbon-induced rock alterations at cement, Oklahoma

Abstract Hydrocarbon seepages bring oil and gas from petroleum reservoirs to the surface, these hydrocarbons can generate various kinds of rock alterations, including bleaching of red beds and mineralogical changes. Satellite and airborne remote sensing techniques have been utilized in the detection of rock alterations and hydrocarbon seepages; however, they have limited resolutions and are unable to map vertical outcrops. Ground-based remote sensing techniques hold great potential to characterize rocks with great precisions and resolutions. This study used ground-based Specim hyperspectral data to detect hydrocarbon-induced rock alterations of the Rush Springs sandstone at the Cement field in southeast Anadarko basin, Oklahoma. Hyperspectral data of outcrops and hand specimens were examined, and spectral angle mapper technique was used to compare spectral similarity between image pixels and reference spectra. Laboratory spectroscopy was used to assist with mineral identification and image classification. Remote sensing data detected bleaching of red beds and carbonate cementation. Combining lithological, spectroscopic, remote sensing and geochemical data, this study built a model for petroleum seepage and related rock alterations, and provided a workflow for employing remote sensing techniques in resource exploration.
Subdural Hematoma and Glutaric Aciduria Type 1

An 8-week-old male infant diagnosed with bilateral subdural hematoma following a reported fall and head injury was found to have glutaric aciduria type 1 and was subsequently treated by dietary modification at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
Clustering of water molecules in ultramicroporous carbon: In-situ small-angle neutron scattering

The adsorption of water is central to most of the applications of microporous carbon as adsorbent material. We report early kinetics of water adsorption in ultramicroporous carbon using in-situ small-angle neutron scattering. It is observed that adsorption of water occurs via cluster formation. Interestingly, the cluster size remains constant throughout the adsorption process whereas the number density of clusters increases with time. The role of surface chemistry of microporous carbon on the early kinetics of adsorption process was also investigated. The present study provides direct experimental evidence for cluster assisted adsorption of water molecules in microporous carbon (Do-Do model).
Theory or Over-Eating

This chapter considers the ways in which literature hungers for theorization and theory hungers for literature. Through an analysis of Maryse Conde’s The Story of the Cannibal Woman and Patrick Chamoiseau’s Solibo Magnificent, it explores the fraught relationship between postcolonial literature and the Western literary theories through which it is interpreted, digested, or devoured. These novels use irony to blur the distinction between literature and theory, but they also draw new lines between literary and theoretical discourses that hunger for relation, for hunger itself, and those that hunger for satiation or satisfaction.
Heat Stress Decreases Levels of Nutrient-Uptake and -Assimilation Proteins in Tomato Roots

Global warming will increase root heat stress, which is already common under certain conditions. Effects of heat stress on root nutrient uptake have rarely been examined in intact plants, but the limited results indicate that heat stress will decrease it; no studies have examined heat-stress effects on the concentration of nutrient-uptake proteins. We grew Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) at 25 °C/20 °C (day/night) and then transferred some plants for six days to 35 °C /30 °C (moderate heat) or 42 °C/37 °C (severe heat) (maximum root temperature = 32 °C or 39 °C, respectively); plants were then moved back to control conditions for seven days to monitor recovery. In a second experiment, plants were grown for 15 days at 28 °C/23 °C, 32 °C/27 °C, 36 °C/31 °C, and 40 °C/35 °C (day/night). Concentrations of nutrient-uptake and -assimilation proteins in roots were determined using protein-specific antibodies and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). In general, (1) roots were affected by heat more than shoots, as indicated by decreased root:shoot mass ratio, shoot vs. root %N and C, and the level of nutrient metabolism proteins vs. less sensitive photosynthesis and stomatal conductance; and (2) negative effects on roots were large and slow-to-recover only with severe heat stress (40 °C–42 °C). Thus, short-term heat stress, if severe, can decrease total protein concentration and levels of nutrient-uptake and -assimilation proteins in roots. Hence, increases in heat stress with global warming may decrease crop production, as well as nutritional quality, partly via effects on root nutrient relations.
Grouped Pustules on an Erythematous Base.

A 27-year-old woman presented with painful lesions on her left arm. A diagnosis was made with the use of a Tzanck smear.
Comparing Two Web/Mail Mixed-Mode Contact Protocols to a Unimode Mail Survey.

Recent research has shown mixed-mode surveys are advantageous for organizations to use in collecting data. Previous research explored web/mail mode effects for four-contact waves. This study explor...
Early Hearing Detection and Vocabulary of Children With Hearing Loss.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To date, no studies have examined vocabulary outcomes of children meeting all 3 components of the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) guidelines (hearing screening by 1 month, diagnosis of hearing loss by 3 months, and intervention by 6 months of age). The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of the current EHDI 1-3-6 policy on vocabulary outcomes across a wide geographic area. A secondary goal was to confirm the impact of other demographic variables previously reported to be related to language outcomes. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 448 children with bilateral hearing loss between 8 and 39 months of age (mean = 25.3 months, SD = 7.5 months). The children lived in 12 different states and were participating in the National Early Childhood Assessment Project. RESULTS: The combination of 6 factors in a regression analysis accounted for 41% of the variance in vocabulary outcomes. Vocabulary quotients were significantly higher for children who met the EHDI guidelines, were younger, had no additional disabilities, had mild to moderate hearing loss, had parents who were deaf or hard of hearing, and had mothers with higher levels of education. CONCLUSIONS: Vocabulary learning may be enhanced with system improvements that increase the number of children meeting the current early identification and intervention guidelines. In addition, intervention efforts need to focus on preventing widening delays with chronological age, assisting mothers with lower levels of education, and incorporating adults who are deaf/hard-of-hearing in the intervention process.
THE REACH OF THE MILITARY: TANG

During the Tang period (618–907), war and the preparations for war significantly influenced the shape of the Chinese empire and the lives of its people. That influence can be found on at least four levels. The first of these is the state’s demand for military service, which imposed a variety of burdens upon a significant percentage of the population. The second is the state’s demand for cash, fabric, grain and other financial and material resources to meet the needs of the military establishment, a demand that affected the whole of the taxpaying population. Third is the loss and destruction caused directly by warfare, especially massive internal conflicts such as the rebellions of An Lushan and Huang Chao. Fourth, and most far-reaching and diffuse, is the range of cultural reactions to military affairs, from the emphatic embrace of martial attitudes and behaviors to their emphatic rejection.
Marjorie Rice (16 February 1923–2 July 2017)

Marjorie Jeuck Rice, a most unlikely mathematician, died on 2 July 2017 at the age of 94. She was born on 16 February 1923 in St. Petersburg, Florida, and raised on a tiny farm near Roseburg in sou...
Vegetation Damage from Air Pollution

Air must be considered as an important natural resource vital to animals and plants for their life processes and to industry and transportation for combustion purposes. The quality of the air, or the chemical composition of its minor constituents, varies as a result of emission of contaminants from all of man’s activities including the generation of energy, manufacturing of goods, and disposal of various types of wastes. The amounts of the major constituents of air--nitrogen and oxygen--are fairly constant and together account for ninety-nine per cent of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface. In clean air the remaining one per cent is made up of carbon dioxide, water vapor and a variety of other compounds. The minor gaseous constitutents of the air, however, often vary as a result of emissions from the various activities noted above. Thus the quality of the air, when altered by many of these contaminants, may have profound effects on the growth and development of vegetation because gases enter the leaves during the course of normal gas exchange and, if toxic, kill cells and tissues and otherwise interfere with the plant’s normal growth processes.
Does parental support enhance the link between restrictions and adolescents' risky driving?

Abstract Parents' driving restrictions appear to reduce adolescent risky driving, which is associated with crash risk, yet the relational context in which parents impose restrictions may alter their effectiveness. Newly licensed adolescents (n = 151, Mage = 17.1 years, 53% female) and their parents (n = 174, 71% mothers) reported parenting style, driving restrictions, and risky driving behaviors. Concurrently, higher levels of parent-imposed driving restrictions were associated with lower levels of inexperience-based and volitional risky driving shortly after licensure. The associations were stronger in the context of high levels of parental support than in the context of low levels of parental support, particularly for boys. The associations also were stronger for inexperience-based risky driving than for volitional risky driving. Longitudinally, restrictions imposed shortly after licensure were not associated with inexperience-based and volitional risky driving one year later after controlling for risky driving shortly after licensure.
Blood pressure monitor-induced petechiae and ecchymoses

A case is presented of a diabetic, hypertensive, female patient who suffers from a bleeding complication from application of an ambulatory blood pressure monitor. A recent literature search is referred to and practitioners are cautioned against this adverse reaction.
Powered Liposuction Equipment

In tumescent liposuction new equipment is developed almost yearly and old designs are regularly improved upon and modified. The author discusses development of powered liposuction technology, current instrumentation, and advantages and disadvantages of powered instruments. Benefits of powered instruments include decreased work on the part of the liposuction surgeon, increased ease and efficiency of fat harvesting, and a patient’s preference for the comfort of the vibration. It is a nice instrument for difficult fibrofatty areas.
A Decision Support Approach for R&D Project Selection

Research and development (R&D) is often a well spring of new ideas and concepts leading to the development of commercially viable products and processes. An organization’s future market and financial positions may depend in large measure on the R&D project proposals which are selected. A variety of financial, market, technical, and manufacturing criteria may influence the selection decision. The importance of specific criteria varies by type of R&D activity, and the extent to which a particular project supports business objectives. This paper describes an approach for modeling the R&D project selection decision using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The AHP represents an improvement over other well-known scoring approaches since the criteria weights or priorities established by the AΗΡ are not based on arbitrary scales, but use a ratio scale for human judgments. The paper begins with a brief review of the R&D project selection literature, leading to a description of the desired characteristics for a decision support system for project selection. For a specific R&D strategy, namely, new product development, an AHP model is developed using an illustrative example. For situations requiring a large number of projects to be evaluated, the AΗΡ model is expanded to include a series of performance ratings for each criterion. The performance ratings and weights for each criterion are transferred to a spreadsheet program which produces the final project rankings. The resulting project priorities or scores are included in an integer programming model to assist in the project funding decisions. The relationship between the integer programming approach and a form of benefit-cost analysis is discussed and illustrated. Two extensions of the AHP approach are then presented. The first addresses situations requiring the evaluation of a broader set of project selection criteria. The second illustrates how the AHP project selection model can be linked to the strategic planning process through an analysis of the mission, objectives, and strategies of the business. The paper concludes with a discussion of future areas of research.
Cheating and Chiseling

Cheating is prevalent on most university and college campuses. Copying term papers and buying them at handsome prices, developing “cheat sheets,” and looking on others’ papers are practices more commonly observed than most academicians like to admit. Some students admit to the prevalence of cheating (with an astonishing lack of concern). The problems associated with this phenomenon represent a substantial threat to the traditions of the university system; the prospect of cheating and successfully raising one’s grade can have an influence on a student’s time allocation and how much is ultimately learned. Cheating can have feedback effects on the value of the college degree and in turn on the willingness of students to study.
Concurrent 5-fluorouracil and carboplatin for the treatment of canine carcinomas.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is used in combination chemotherapy protocols for human head and neck cancer and other epithelial neoplasms. However, a paucity of literature describing use of this drug in veterinary oncology exists, likely due to previous reports of fatal neurotoxicity in both dogs and cats, mainly due to ingestion of human creams. The primary aim of this retrospective study was to report the safety of concurrent 5-FU and carboplatin in canine carcinomas. Secondarily, we aimed to look at the efficacy of the combination using overall response rate in treated dogs. Medical records were searched from 2007 to 2017 for dogs treated with both agents; 24 dogs met inclusion criteria. Carboplatin dosages ranged from 180 to 250 mg/m2 (median 200 mg/m2 ); 5-FU dosage was 150 mg/m2 . Fourteen dogs had myelosuppression, ranging from Grade I to asymptomatic Grade IV; thrombocytopenia was more common than neutropenia. Gastrointestinal upset was uncommon, with only seven dogs having Grade I or II nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea. No cases were hospitalized for any of the above toxicities. One dog had an episode of ataxia, which could not be differentiated between otitis and 5-FU neurotoxicity. This protocol is well tolerated. Response rate in the gross disease setting was 43% (three complete responses, three partial responses). Prospective analysis of this combination protocol, and potentially 5-FU with other platinum agents, is warranted in the treatment of canine carcinomas.
Energy Management Strategy of Microgrid Based on Fuzzy Control

In order to mitigate the negative affections caused by the random and intermittent nature of the solar power source to the microgrid system, a fuzzy control theory based energy management strategy is proposed for the micro grid with PV (Photovoitaic) and energy storage units. The difference between the PV output and load power, as well as the battery remaining capacity are used as inputs of the fuzzy controller, and the operation mode is determined by fuzzy reasoning. Then stable operation of the mocrogrid system under different modes as well as full use of PV energy are enabled through coordinated control of the bidirectional DC/AC converter, the energy storage unit and the switch for grid connection. Simulation results show that the proposed energy management strategy can allocate power legitimately under the premise that PV-energy-storage microgrid system could operate stably, and improve the rate of PV energy utilization.
Bystander Intervention: Helping Friends Recognize and Address Deceptive Advances

Victims of crime may experience devastating physical, emotional, psychological, financial, and quality-of-life injuries. As sad as it is to consider the initial suffering, it is tragic to think that many of these victims will have their wounds reopened. Despite the willingness of criminal justice professionals, crime victim advocates, school counselors, and workplace officials to help, survivors may not trust or feel comfortable discussing very personal matters with them. While these targets may be willing to accept help from friends, coworkers, and classmates, these individuals may be reluctant to get involved if they are not sure of what they can or should do. This chapter will discuss strategies to help third parties intervene safely, effectively, and compassionately.
Hierarchically structured hydrogels utilizing multifunctional assembling peptides for 3D cell culture

Approaches for the creation of soft materials, particularly hydrogels, with hierarchical structure are of interest in a variety of applications owing to their unique properties. In the context of tissue mimics, hydrogels with multiscale structures more accurately capture the complexities of tissues within the body (e.g., fibrous collagen-rich microenvironments). However, cytocompatible fabrication of such materials with hierarchical structures and independent control of mechanical and biochemical properties remains challenging and is needed for probing and directing cell-microenvironment interactions for three-dimensional (3D) cell encapsulation and culture applications. To address this, we have designed innovative multifunctional assembling peptides: these unique peptides contain a core block that mimics the structure of collagen for achieving relevant melting temperatures; ‘sticky’ ends to promote assembly of long fibrils; and a biocompatible reactive handle that is orthogonal to assembly to allow the formation of desired multiscale structures and their subsequent rapid, light-triggered integration within covalently crosslinked synthetic hydrogels. Nano- to micro-fibrils were observed to form in physiologically-relevant aqueous solutions, where both underlying peptide chemical structure and assembly conditions were observed to impact the resulting fibril sizes. These assembled structures were ‘locked’ into place and integrated as linkers within cell-degradable, bioactive hydrogels formed with photoinitiated thiol–ene ‘click’ chemistry. Hydrogel compositions were identified for achieving robust mechanical properties like those of soft tissues while also retaining higher ordered structures after photopolymerization. The utility of these innovative materials for 3D cell culture was demonstrated with human mesenchymal stem cells, where cell morphologies reminiscent of responses to assembled native collagen were observed now with a fully synthetic material. Using a bottom-up approach, a new materials platform has been established that combines the advantageous properties of covalent and assembling chemistries for the creation of synthetic hydrogels with controllable nanostructure, mechanical properties, and biochemical content.
A Set of New Sea Ice Feature Descriptors for SAR Images

Abstract : In this paper, we present a set of algorithms for describing sea ice features in SAR images. These algorithms we have implemented and incorporated in the ARKTOS software package, an intelligent sea ice classification. These algorithms have unique characteristics. Some are extensions or adaptations of existing image processing techniques to the specific problem domain of satellite sea ice classification, while some are innovative designs, inspired by the aforementioned problem domain. These feature descriptors may be generalized to other remote sensing applications.
Implications of test characteristics and population seroprevalence on 'immune passport' strategies.

Various forms of "immune passports" or "antibody certificates" are being considered in conversations around reopening economies after periods of social distancing. A critique of such programs focuses on the uncertainty around whether seropositivity means immunity from repeat infection. However, an additional important consideration is that the low positive predictive value of serological tests in the setting of low population seroprevalence and imperfect test specificity will lead to many false-positive passport holders. Here, we pose a simple question: how many false-positive passports could be issued while maintaining herd immunity in the workforce? Answering this question leads to a simple mathematical formula for the minimum requirements of serological tests for a passport program, which depend on the population prevalence and the value of the basic reproductive number, R0. Our work replaces speculation in the press with rigorous analysis, and will need to be considered in policy decisions that are based on individual and population serology results.
Myofibril assembly and the roles of the ubiquitin proteasome system

De novo assembly of myofibrils in vertebrate cross-striated muscles progresses in three distinct steps, first from a minisarcomeric alignment of several nonmuscle and muscle proteins in premyofibrils, followed by insertions of additional proteins and increased organization in nascent myofibrils, ending with mature contractile myofibrils. In a search for controls of the process of myofibril assembly, we discovered that the transition from nascent to mature myofibrils could be halted by inhibitors of three distinct functions of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). First, inhibition of pathway to E3 Cullin ligases that ubiquitinate proteins led to an arrest of myofibrillogenesis at the nascent myofibril stage. Second, inhibition of p97 protein extractions of ubiquitinated proteins led to a similar arrest of myofibrillogenesis at the nascent myofibril stage. Third, inhibitors of proteolytic action by proteasomes also blocked nascent myofibrils from transitioning to mature myofibrils. In contrast, inhibitors of autophagy or lysosomes did not affect myofibrillogenesis. To probe for differences in the effects of UPS inhibitors during myofibrillogenesis, we analyzed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching the exchange rates of two selected sarcomeric proteins (muscle myosin II heavy chains and light chains). In the presence of p97 and proteasomal inhibitors, the dynamics of each of these two myosin proteins decreased in the nascent myofibril stage, but were unaffected in the mature myofibril stage. The increased stability of myofibrils occurring in the transition from nascent to mature myofibril assembly indicates the importance of dynamics and selective destruction in the muscle myosin II proteins for the remodeling of nascent to mature myofibrils.
Assumption-Based Analysis of Distance-Bounding Protocols with cpsa

This paper, dedicated to Andre Scedrov, was inspired by conversations with him about the physical properties of distributed systems. We use cpsa, the strand space protocol analysis tool, to analyze and classify distance-bounding protocols. We introduce a model of strand spaces that explicitly accounts for physical properties like distance. We prove that non-metric, causal facts allow us to infer distance bounds. Moreover, cpsa already provides these causal conclusions about protocols. We apply this method to numerous protocols from the literature. By taking an assumption-based perspective—rather than an attack-based perspective—we introduce a taxonomy of distance-bounding protocols that compares the relative strength of different designs.
The Intersection of Military History and the History of Emotions: Reconsidering Fear and Honour in Ancien Régime Warfare

This article reinterprets combat training and tactics in terms of the “execution” of the emotions, the shaping of actual military practice by the perceptions of fear and honour by different emotional communities. In the early modern European example emphasized here, the command community comprised of officers and commanders perceived itself largely driven by honour, but saw the emotional communities of the men in the ranks as most influenced by raw fear. The result was a tactical system based on supervision and control, minimizing soldier initiative. Only change in the compositions and perceptions of emotional communities allowed tactical revolution.
Efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of painful bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To report the safety and efficacy of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) in the treatment of painful bone metastases through a systematic review and meta-analysis of pain scores before and after MRgFUS treatment and post-treatment adverse events. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Embase databases was performed for studies evaluating the efficacy and/or safety of MRgFUS. The mean difference of pain scores (10-point visual analogue scale or numerical rating scale) between baseline and 1-month/3-month pain scores was collected and analyzed in a pooled meta-analysis. Post-treatment adverse events based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading were recorded and the pooled prevalence was calculated. A total of 33 studies published between 2007 and 2019 were collected, resulting in a total sample size of 1082 patients. The majority of the studies were prospective with a reported follow-up period of 3 months. The pooled proportion of patients that achieved pain relief from MRgFUS (complete response or partial response [≥ 2-point improvement of pain score]) was 79% (95% CI 73–83%). The pooled 1-month and 3-month mean difference in pain score were − 3.8 (95% CI − 4.3; − 3.3) and − 4.4 (95% CI − 5.0; − 3.7), respectively. The overall rate of high-grade (CTCAE grade 3 or higher) and low-grade (CTCAE grade 2 or lower) MRgFUS-related adverse events were 0.9% and 5.9%, respectively. MRgFUS is an effective procedure that is able to provide significant pain palliation for patients with symptomatic bone metastases with a favorable safety profile.
Integrating Radiation Oncology Into Undergraduate Medical Education.

Abstract Cancer is one of the most important public health problems. However, medical education has not advanced at the same rate when it comes to cancer education. Currently, the United States Medical Licensing Examination subject examinations do not cover radiation oncology, prevention, and survivorship planning in its assessment model. Incorporating medical oncology and radiation oncology training into the undergraduate medical education curriculum can have a significant benefit in training future physicians. In this paper, we review current literature and propose some ideas that can help incorporate oncology, and specifically radiation oncology, into undergraduate medical education.
The geriatric incontinence syndrome: Characterizing geriatric incontinence in older women.

OBJECTIVES Among older women, the clinical presentation of urinary incontinence (UI) is heterogeneous; presenting as a pelvic floor condition or geriatric syndrome. We aimed to characterize the geriatric incontinence syndrome (GIS) to establish its foundation in clinical practice. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Geriatric Clinical Research Unit. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-one community-dwelling women aged 70 and older with bothersome UI symptoms. MEASUREMENTS UI symptom type and severity were determined by 3-day bladder diary. UI severity was defined; moderate UI defined as 9 define normal physical performance and scores ≤9 defined impaired physical performance. RESULTS The average age was 77.1 ± 5.8 (mean ± SD) years; 69% of women had severe UI and 31% had moderate UI. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups. Daytime voiding frequency was 7.1 ± 2.9 and nocturia was present equally between groups. The majority of women (59%) with severe UI had SPPB ≤9 compared with 26% among women with moderate UI (p = 0.02); featuring significantly slower chair stand scores (2.3 ± 1.4 vs 3.3 ± 0.9, p = 0.007) and gait speed (0.08 ± 0.2 m/s compared with 1.0 ± 0.2 in women with moderate UI). CONCLUSIONS A multifactorial GIS may be present in older women evidenced by the co-existence of severe UI, physical disability, slower chair stand pace, and gait speed. Prospective studies are needed to understand how these clinical features may impact the clinical care of older incontinent women.