cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of the natriuretic response to isotonic saline load during hemorrhagic hypotension in the dog.

SummaryWater, sodium, and potassium outputs increased well above control values in normal hydrated fasting dogs during the intravenous administration of isotonic saline solution. With the reduction in arterial pressure to a constant level close to 50 mm Hg by controlled hemorrhage in these animals, all three outputs decreased in association with diminished glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance), hematocrit, and plasma protein concentration but never to levels as low as those observed during the control phase. Since the blood loss was more than replaced by the isotonic saline infused, it may be presumed that extracellular extravascular fluid volume increased while blood volume fell. The persistence of natriuresis indicates continued tubular rejection of sodium, possibly as a result of a change in interstitial volume or vascular perfusion of the kidney.
Notes on clavarioid fungi. XX: New taxa and distributional records in Clavulina and Ramaria

Clavaria americana is placed in synonymy under C globospora. Clavulina ramarioides, Ramaria bulbobasidiata, R. canescens, R. flavo-microspora, R. flavo-saponaria, R. maculospora, R. rosella and R. spinulosa forma fibulata are described as new. Ramaria spinulosa is recorded from the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Algorithm and techniques for using Sientra's highly cohesive shaped silicone gel implants in primary and revision breast reconstruction.

Background With the recent availability of shaped silicone gel implants for breast reconstruction, many plastic surgeons are inquiring as to when and how these devices should be used. Questions about indications, algorithms, and techniques have become prevalent. This article reviews the author's experience using Sientra's highly cohesive shaped silicone gel devices for breast reconstruction. Methods A total of 31 patients had prosthetic breast reconstruction procedures using Sientra's shaped silicone gel implants. Bilateral reconstruction was performed in 16 women; thus, a total of 47 breasts were reconstructed or revised. Sientra's 3 shaped implants included the classic-base, round-base, and oval-base devices. Reconstructions occurred immediately following mastectomy, on a delayed basis following mastectomy, and for revisional purposes following a previous reconstruction using a nonshaped device. Mean follow-up for the 31 patients was 7.9 months. Results There were a total of 3 complications that occurred in 3 patients (9.6%) and in 3 breasts (6.4%). These included an infection in 2 breasts (4.3%) and device exposure due to incisional dehiscence in 1 breast (2.1%). No patient developed a grade 3 or 4 capsular contracture, seroma, or device malposition/rotation. Reoperation was necessary in 3 of 31 women (9.7%). Conclusions Sientra's highly cohesive shaped silicone gel breast implant has been useful for controlling breast shape, contour, and position for breast reconstruction or revision following mastectomy. Breast projection has been maintained, and malrotation has not been observed within the follow-up period. Adverse events have been few, and patients have been pleased with the surgical outcomes.
SWAT Modeling of Water Quantity and Quality in the Tennessee River Basin: Spatiotemporal Calibration and Validation

Abstract. Model-data comparisons are always challenging, especially when working at a large spatial scale and evaluating multiple response variables. We implemented the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate water quantity and quality for the Tennessee River Basin. We developed three innovations to overcome hurdles associated with limited data for model evaluation: 1) we implemented an auto-calibration approach to allow simultaneous calibration against multiple responses, including intermediate response variables, 2) we identified empirical spatiotemporal datasets to use in our comparison, and 3) we compared functional patterns in landuse-nutrient relationships between SWAT and empirical data. Comparing monthly SWAT-simulated runoff against USGS data produced satisfactory median Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiencies of 0.83 and 0.72 for calibration and validation periods, respectively. SWAT-simulated water quality responses (sediment, TP, TN, and inorganic N) reproduced the seasonal patterns found in LOADEST data. SWAT-simulated spatial TN loadings were significantly correlated with empirical SPARROW estimates. The spatial correlation analyses indicated that SWAT-modeled runoff was primarily controlled by precipitation; sedimentation was controlled by topography; and NO3 and soluble P were highly influenced by land management, particularly the proportion of agricultural lands in a subbasin
Phosphorylation regulation of Hedgehog signaling

The study of posttranslational regulation of proteins has occupied biochemists for well over a half century. Understanding balanced phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the proteins may be the key to meeting some of the most pressing scientific challenges. A detailed examination of the phosphorylation of many components in the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway leads to a better understanding of the Hh signaling mechanisms. This chapter describes the precise phosphorylation that evolves during the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of players in the Hh signaling cascade, including the signal transducer Smoothened and the transcription factor Ci/Gli.
Time to Work for a Living: The Marvel Cinematic Universe and the Organized Superhero

The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) crystallizes how the superhero genre is now inflected by employment: by one's relation to a larger organization. If the superhero movie remains escapist, then th...
Value, Nature, and Labor: A Defense of Marx

ABSTRACTIn this theoretical intervention, I argue that Karl Marx’s theory of value remains a powerful way to understand nature–society relations under capitalism. I suggest environmentalist critiques often misunderstand Marx’s value theory as a theory that “values” workers over nature. His critical theory is better understood as an explanation of how capitalist value exploits both workers and the environment. My defense of Marxian value theory is articulated through five “theses.” I provide empirical illustration based on recent research into the nitrogen fertilizer industry. (1) Value theory does not refer to all values. (2) Marx’s contention that nature does not contribute to value helps us explain its degradation under capitalism. (3) Marx’s value theory rooted in production allows for a critique of environmental economic valuation schemes (e.g. payments for ecosystem services) which are based on neoclassical value theories rooted in consumption/exchange. (4) Value is abstract social labor, but that me...
Generics, race, and social perspectives

AbstractThe project of this paper is to deliver a semantics for a broad subset of bare plural generics about racial kinds, a class which I will dub ‘Type C generics.’ Examples include ‘Blacks are criminal’ and ‘Muslims are terrorists.’ Type C generics have two interesting features. First, they link racial kinds with socially perspectival predicates (SPPs). SPPs lead interpreters to treat the relationship between kinds and predicates in generic constructions as nomic or non-accidental. Moreover, in computing their content, interpreters must make implicit reference to socially privileged perspectives which are treated as authoritative about whether a given object fits into the extension of the predicate. Such deference grants these authorities influence over both the conventional meaning of these terms and over the nature of the objects in the social ontology that these terms purport to describe, much the way a baseball umpire is authoritative over the meaning and metaphysics of ‘strike’/strike. Second, ter...
Exploiting shot noise correlations in the photodetection of ultrashort optical pulse trains

Shot noise originates from the discrete nature of optical field detection. By exploiting correlations in the shot-noise spectrum of optical pulse trains, scientists improve shot-noise-limited optical pulse timing measurements by several orders of magnitude. A photodetected pulse train timing noise floor at an unprecedented 25 zs Hz−1/2 is reported.
Latent classes of polydrug and polyroute use and associations with human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviours and overdose among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

Author(s): Meacham, Meredith C; Roesch, Scott C; Strathdee, Steffanie A; Lindsay, Suzanne; Gonzalez-Zuniga, Patricia; Gaines, Tommi L | Abstract: Introduction and aimsPatterns of polydrug use among people who inject drugs (PWID) may be differentially associated with overdose and unique human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk factors. Subgroups of PWID in Tijuana, Mexico, were identified based on substances used, route of administration, frequency of use and co-injection indicators.Design and methodsParticipants were PWID residing in Tijuana age ≥18 years sampled from 2011 to 2012 who reported injecting an illicit substance in the past month (n = 735). Latent class analysis identified discrete classes of polydrug use characterised by 11 indicators of past 6 months substance use. Multinomial logistic regression examined class membership association with HIV risk behaviours, overdose and other covariates using an automated three-step procedure in mplus to account for classification error.ResultsParticipants were classified into five subgroups. Two polydrug and polyroute classes were defined by use of multiple substances through several routes of administration and were primarily distinguished from each other by cocaine use (class 1: 5%) or no cocaine use (class 2: 29%). The other classes consisted primarily of injectors: cocaine, methamphetamine and heroin injection (class 3: 4%); methamphetamine and heroin injection (class 4: 10%); and heroin injection (class 5: 52%). Compared with the heroin-only injection class, memberships in the two polydrug and polyroute use classes were independently associated with both HIV injection and sexual risk behaviours.Discussion and conclusionsSubstance use patterns among PWID in Tijuana are highly heterogeneous, and polydrug and polyroute users are a high-risk subgroup who may require more tailored prevention and treatment interventions. [Meacham MC, Roesch SC, Strathdee SA, Lindsay S, Gonzalez-Zuniga P, Gaines TL. Latent classes of polydrug and polyroute use and associations with human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviours and overdose among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018;37:128-136].
Self-Appraised Readiness of Senior and Graduating General Surgery Residents to Perform Thoracic Surgery.

Objective General surgeons perform up to 50% of noncardiac thoracic surgery (TS). Although data show consistent TS case volume during general surgery (GS) residency it is unknown whether this operative trend will persist given potentially limited subspecialty exposure. We sought to determine if certain aspects of residency programs and resident characteristics were associated with trainees’ perceived comfort in performing certain basic TS procedures. Design An anonymous survey was distributed to GS residents regarding program characteristics, presence of a TS residency, and intent to pursue thoracic surgical training, and estimated case volumes of individual procedures. Comfort levels for performing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical (VATS) procedures, open lobectomy, elective thoracotomy, and sternotomy were attained through a 5-point Likert-type scale. Setting This survey was administered at 50 training programs with responses recorded via an online form. Participants Fourth- and fifth-year GS residents in the United States. Results Of 272 respondents 58% were fourth-year residents, 62% of residents trained at university-affiliated programs, and 64% reported a TS residency program at their institution and 16% stated intent to pursue TS. Fifth-year residents performed significantly more cases than fourth-year residents despite no difference in median comfort levels. Residents intending to pursue TS performed significantly more cases and were more comfortable performing a thoracotomy, sternotomy, VATS wedge resection/biopsy, and VATS decortication/pleurodesis (p = 0.044, Conclusion Most senior or graduating GS residents state they are comfortable performing certain thoracic procedures with those pursuing additional thoracic surgical training more comfortable overall. No characteristics were associated with comfort performing a lobectomy. These findings may advise residency curriculum design to ensure continued thoracic surgical exposure and recommend against non-fellowship trained surgeons performing a pulmonary lobectomy.
Economic modeling and sensitivity analysis of a alternative power plant designs

Abstract This paper presents a summary of the methodology employed in investigating the economic feasibility of constructing small (10 MW e ) biomass-fueled electric generating plants, specifically, the development of an interactive computer program designed for the calculation of levelized bus bar power costs and the application of this program to perform economic sensitivity analyses.
Changing systems to scale up an evidence-based educational intervention

This paper reflects on a nationwide scale-up effort of school-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS) and offers lessons learned that may be applied to the scaling of other evidenc...
Event History Methods: Conceptual Issues and an Application to Student Departure from College

Recently I purchased a new television at one of those national “superstores” that specialize in selling electronic components and durable goods like washers and dryers. As the salesperson was entering the sale information into the computer, he asked me whether I knew about the extended warranty that was available for the television I purchased. He informed me that for “just $39.99” I could extend the 1-year manufacturer’s warranty for 4 additional years. I told the young man I was not interested in such an offer. He pressed me, telling me that it was “only $10 per year” and that “many customers buy this type of protection” and that I ought to reconsider my decision. I told the young man that I did not think this type of protection was necessary and he stopped his sales pitch.
Citrus Best Management Practices

Agricultural best management practices (BMPs) are practical, cost-effective actions that agricultural producers can take to reduce the amount of pesticides, fertilizers, sediment, and other pollutants entering water resources. BMPs are designed to benefit water quality while maintaining or even enhancing agricultural production. Implementing BMPs benefits both the farmer and the environment and demonstrates agriculture’s commitment to water resource protection and is a key component of agriculture’s environmental stewardship role.
Pineal Region Tumors

Pineal region tumors Comprise approximately 5% of pediatric central nervous system tumors, and may be seen (albeit less commonly) in adults as well. Although the majority of pineal region tumors are germinomas, a wide variety of tumor types may be found in this region. As the morbidity and mortality rates for surgical treatment of pineal region tumors prior to 1940 approached 90%, standard therapy consisted of shunting followed by empiric radiation therapy. With the advent of modern surgical techniques, particularly the minimally invasive stereotactic and endoscopic approaches to the pineal region, modern treatment protocols are now based on histopathologic diagnosis.
ZEROTH-ORDER STOCHASTIC PROJECTED GRADIENT DESCENT FOR NONCONVEX OPTIMIZATION

In this paper, we analyze the convergence of the zeroth-order stochastic projected gradient descent (ZO-SPGD) method for constrained convex and nonconvex optimization scenarios where only objective function values (not gradients) are directly available. We show statistical properties of a new random gradient estimator, constructed through random direction samples drawn from a bounded uniform distribution. We prove that ZO-SPGD yields a $O\left( {\frac{d}{{bq\sqrt T }} + \frac{1}{{\sqrt T }}} \right)$ convergence rate for convex but non-smooth optimization, where d is the number of optimization variables, b is the minibatch size, q is the number of random direction samples for gradient estimation, and T is the number of iterations. For nonconvex optimization, we show that ZO-SPGD achieves $O\left( {\frac{1}{{\sqrt T }}} \right)$ convergence rate but suffers an additional $O\left( {\frac{{d + q}}{{bq}}} \right)$ error. Our the oretical investigation on ZO-SPGD provides a general framework to study the convergence rate of zeroth-order algorithms.
Direct Single-Molecule Observation of Sequential DNA Bending Transitions by the Sox2 HMG Box

Sox2 is a pioneer transcription factor that initiates cell fate reprogramming through locus-specific differential regulation. Mechanistically, it was assumed that Sox2 achieves its regulatory diversity via heterodimerization with partner transcription factors. Here, utilizing single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that Sox2 alone can modulate DNA structural landscape in a dosage-dependent manner. We propose that such stoichiometric tuning of regulatory DNAs is crucial to the diverse biological functions of Sox2, and represents a generic mechanism of conferring functional plasticity and multiplicity to transcription factors.
Identifying Critical Issues in Smart City Big Data Project Implementation

Many cities across the globe are adopting smart city initiatives, as smart city holds the promise of better quality of life and equity for city's residents, more efficient use of city's infrastructure, and more effective city planning. Big data analytics is the backbone of smart city and the drive engine to achieve smart city's promises. However, statistics indicate that more than 50% of big data projects fail; they either never finish or do not offer the expected value. Resulting in severe consequences as such projects tends to be expensive and require allocating the organization's best resources while doing the project. This is even more crucial in the case of smart city, as cities usually have limited budget and resources.This paper conducted literature review and perspectives analysis to identify challenges, which can cause big data projects to fail, with focus on smart city related big data projects. The goal is to offer a list of challenges, that a project manager can consider as an initial list of risks for the upcoming project, and evaluate the city's readiness against each of them.
High-pressure synthesis of the BiV O 3 perovskite

We report the high-pressure, high-temperature synthesis of $\mathrm{BiV}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, a cubic perovskite that thus far has remained inaccessible under ambient pressure conditions. We created this material at $\ensuremath{\sim}25$ GPa and 1500 K in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell and recovered it to ambient pressure and temperature. Our synthetic approach circumvents the oxidative chemistry that, at ambient pressures, previously rendered the cubic $\mathrm{BiV}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskite inaccessible. We find through density-functional theory calculations that this material is a unique metallic and antiferromagnetic transition-metal oxide.
[The Mediterranean diet--healthy but and still delicious].

Mediterranean diets are characterized by a high portion of monounsaturated fatty acids (in particular olive oil) and a low intake of saturated fatty acids (from animal origin apart from fish). Moreover, high intakes of fruits, vegetables, cereals (in form of bread), and moderate (regular) wine consumption are typical for the mediterranean diet. Contrary to the current opinion, extra virgin olive oil has no advantage compared to ordinary olive oil. Canola oil is an alternative to olive oil because of its similar fatty acid composition. Based on the new medical literature, mediterranean diet has strong secondary preventive effects after myocardial infarction resulting in a decrease of total mortality, cardiac death and non fatal reinfarction. The high portion of monounsaturated fatty acids in olive oil cause a decrease in LDL cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol. In addition, antioxidative vitamins such as vitamin E, C and beta-carotene and phenolic substances such as the flavonoids, e.g. quercetin and resveratrol, decrease the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and thus atherogenicity. Mediterranean diet has at least no negative effects in the initiation and promotion of cancer, however, its potential positive effects are so far less well known.
Cannabis use in older drivers in Colorado: The LongROAD Study.

Abstract This study examined cannabis use and driving outcomes among older drivers in Colorado, which has legalized medical and recreational use. The associations of self-reported past-year cannabis use with diverse driving outcomes were assessed in 598 drivers aged 65–79 (51% female, 70% with postsecondary education), using regression analysis to adjust for health and sociodemographic characteristics. Two hundred forty four (40.8%) drivers reported ever using cannabis. Fifty-four drivers (9.0%) reported past-year use, ranging from more than once a day (13.0%) to less than once a month (50.0%). Of past-year users, 9.3% reported cannabis use within 1 h of driving in the past year. Past-year users were younger, less highly educated, lower income, and reported significantly worse mental, emotional, social and cognitive health status than drivers without past-year use. Past-year users were four times as likely to report having driven when they may have been over the legal blood-alcohol limit (adjusted OR [aOR] = 4.18; 95% CI: 2.11, 8.25) but were not more likely to report having had a crash or citation (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.70, 2.66) in the past year. Users and non-users had similar scores on self-rated abilities for safe driving (adjusted beta=-0.04; 95% CI: −0.23, 0.15) and on driving-related lapses, errors and violations in the past year (adjusted beta = 0.04; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.12). Further study is needed to establish driving risks and behaviours related to cannabis use, independent of other associated risk factors, among older adults.
Evidence of cognitive chunking in freehand sketching during design ideation

This paper reports a human-subject protocol study examining the cognitive process of freehand sketching during design ideation and presents empirical evidence for the presence of chunking during sketching. Volunteer designers sketched solution concepts to unseen design problems using a homegrown software program on a tablet computer to draw their sketches, which performed a time study and identified pen stroke clusters. These clusters were found to be strongly correlated with the sketched objects that the designers voluntarily named during labelling, irrespective of the object's containment level in the sketched solution. The frequent occurrence of single-private clusters, where all pen strokes in a cluster are used to draw a single named object, provides evidence for cognitive chunking during ideation sketching.
Impact of Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury on Families: An Updated Systematic Review

Abstract Problem Pediatric ICUs (PICU) that have adopted family-centered care models welcome families to the critically ill child's bedside to partner with clinicians in decision-making and the provision of care. The aim of this review was to synthesize the evidence on the impact of critical illness and injury on families of children admitted to the PICU to identify research needs in pediatric critical care. Eligibility criteria This systematic review included quantitative and qualitative studies that examined the experiences of families of children admitted to a PICU published between 2005 and 2019. Sample 33 articles were selected for inclusion in the final analysis after screening those identified by searches in CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and reference lists of included publications. Results Main parental stressors included the sights and sounds within the PICU, child acuity, changes to family functioning and parenting role, and uncertainty of the child's outcome. The most common need of parents was to be well-informed. Psychological, physical, and social impact of hospitalization were experienced by parents from days after admission to years after discharge. Spirituality was identified as a coping mechanism in half of the studies. Conclusions Parents experience negative effects of the ill child's admission to the PICU and to PICU exposure. Implications Careful consideration of the impact of the PICU admission on family members of critically ill or injured children is needed when implementing family-centered care strategies. Future research on other family members including the healthy sibling needs to be conducted.
The relationship of acculturation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among U.S. South Asians: Findings from the MASALA study

Abstract Aim We investigated the association between acculturation strategies and cardiometabolic risk among South Asian (SA) immigrants in the US. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis of data from 849 SA participants in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in SAs Living in America (MASALA), we performed multidimensional measures of acculturation to categorize the participants into three acculturation classes: separation (preference for SA culture), assimilation (preference for US culture), and integration (similar preference for both cultures). Differences in glycemic indices, blood pressure, lipid parameters and body composition by acculturation strategy were examined. Results Women in the integration class had the lowest prevalence of diabetes (16.4%), prediabetes (29.7%), fasting and 2-h glucose compared to women in the separation class with the highest prevalence of diabetes (29.3%), prediabetes (31.5%), fasting and 2-h glucose and 2-hr insulin (all p Conclusion SA women who employed an assimilation or integration strategy had a more favorable cardiometabolic profile compared to women using a separation strategy. Future research should investigate the behavioral and psychosocial pathways linking acculturation strategies with cardiometabolic health to inform preventive interventions among SAs living in America.
Colon and Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Are They Really One Disease? A Single-Institution Experience over 15 Years

Colon and rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are often studied as one entity. Recent evidence suggests that worse outcomes are associated with colon compared with rectal NETs; direct comparisons are lacking. Our aim was to assess clinicopathologic, treatment, and survival differences between these diseases. All patients who underwent resection of colorectal NETs at one institution from 2000 to 2014 were included and analyzed. Of 29 patients, 12(41%) had colon and 17 (59%) had rectal NETs. Baseline demographics were similar between groups, although colon patients tended to be symptomatic at presentation (67% vs 44%, P = 0.41). Eighty-three per cent of colon patients underwent surgical resection, whereas 77 per cent of rectal patients underwent endoscopic or transanal resection (P = 0.003). Colon patients had larger (3.4 cm vs 0.7 cm, P = 0.03), higher T-stage (T3/T4: 91% vs 14%, P = 0.003), higher grade tumors (42% vs 12%, P = 0.09) with more lymph nodes (58% vs 24%, P = 0.12) and lymphovascular invasion positivity (58% vs 24%, P = 0.32). Five-year disease-specific survival was 53% versus 80 per cent for colon and rectal patients, respectively (P = 0.22). After excluding high-grade tumors, colon NETs were associated with lymphovascular invasion positivity (100% vs 17%, P = 0.05) and advanced T-stage (80% vs 8%, P = 0.01). Colon and rectal 5-year disease-specific survival was 67 versus 80 per cent (P = 0.86). Colon and rectal NETs clinically seem to be distinct entities. Colon tumors have more aggressive clinicopathologic features, which may translate to worse outcomes. These differences in tumor biology may demand distinct management and should be further studied in a multi-institutional setting.
Pesticide and resource stressors additively impair wild bee reproduction

Bees and other beneficial insects experience multiple stressors within agricultural landscapes that act together to impact their health and diminish their ability to deliver the ecosystem services on which human food supplies depend. Disentangling the effects of coupled stressors is a primary challenge for understanding how to promote their populations and ensure robust pollination and other ecosystem services. We used a crossed design to quantify the individual and combined effects of food resource limitation and pesticide exposure on the survival, nesting, and reproduction of the blue orchard bee Osmia lignaria. Nesting females in large flight cages accessed wildflowers at high or low densities, treated with or without the common insecticide, imidacloprid. Pesticides and resource limitation acted additively to dramatically reduce reproduction in free-flying bees. Our results emphasize the importance of considering multiple drivers to inform population persistence, management, and risk assessment for the long-term sustainability of food production and natural ecosystems.
Designing markets for co-production of digital culture goods

Digital culture products are easily reproduced, easily distributed, and subject to boundless modification, extension and recombination. This sets the stage for the emergence of markets for co-production of cultural content. This paper studies two new market structures using two different licensing arrangements. First, we consider a consumer market that offers products with content access and content transmutation rights allowing consumers to co-create content products. Second, we consider a sourcing market where producers can trade content access and transmutation rights and thus license content for reuse in production processes. We present experimental findings that show that under both proposed licensing arrangements total surplus is larger than in the baseline case without tradable transmutation rights. The presence of transmutation rights diffuses monopoly power without hurting producers' profits. Our findings also suggest that transmutation-based co-production models can serve as an efficient mechanism for producing for the long tail in cultural content goods segments. In addition to our empirical findings, the paper also contributes a basic experimental framework and market design model that can be readily applied for testing other content licensing arrangements.
Chocolate Consumption and Sex-Interest.

Media and popular literature link chocolate and sex-interest in women, but there is little research examining their association. This cross-sectional analysis sought to address this gap by assessing the relation of chocolate-consumption frequency to self-rated interest in sex. Seven-hundred twenty-three (723) Southern California men and women, age >20, completed surveys providing chocolate-consumption frequency (Choc0, x/week) and interest in sex (rated 0-10). Regression (robust standard errors) examined the relationship of chocolate-consumption frequency (Choc0, x/week) to sex-interest, adjusted for potential confounders. Tests for gender and age interactions guided gender- and age-stratified analyses. The mean sex-interest was 7.0±3.0 overall; 5.7±3.1 in women and 7.4±2.8 in men. The reported chocolate frequency was 2.0±2.5x/week overall; 2.5±2.8x/week in women and 1.8±2.4x/week in men. Those who ate chocolate more frequently reported lower interest in sex. Significance was sustained with an adjustment: per-time-per-week chocolate was eaten, β=-0.11(SE=0.050), p=0.02. The gender interaction was significant (p=0.03). The gender-stratified analysis showed the effect was driven by the much stronger relation in women: full model, per time-per-week chocolate consumed, β=-0.26(SE=0.08), p=0.002. Chocolate-consumption frequency was the strongest assessed predictor of sex-interest in women. A relationship was not observed in men, though a trend was present in younger men. Women who ate chocolate more frequently reported less interest in sex, a finding not explained by assessed potential confounders. Popular portrayals in which chocolate is represented as substituting for sex and "satisfying" the need for sex in women represent one possible explanation for these findings.
Unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR) after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected multi-center database. UPROR (Unplanned Return to the Operating Room) is an inclusive metric for unexpected surgery after the index procedure. Given the many quality and safety improvements in AIS surgery over the past 20 years, it is useful for spine deformity surgeons to understand the current rate of UPROR, the etiologies, and trends over time. A report from a very large data set, including multiple surgeons and centers, with longer follow-up, would provide the clearest picture. We performed a retrospective review of a prospective multi-center database of patients who had AIS deformity correction surgery to analyze all cases of UPROR, using linear regression models, survival analysis, and descriptive statistics. Among 3464 patients who had surgery (ASF, PSF, or ASF + PSF) for AIS from 1995 to 2017, 4.8% had an UPROR event in one of the following categories: surgical-site-related (43.3%), instrument failures (34.3%), revisions (8.4%), neurologic (5.1%), pulmonary (5.1%), medical (0.6%), and other (3.4%). The average time from initial surgery to UPROR was 734.4 days. 45.5% of UPRORs occurred within 1 year, 12.4% between 1 and 2 years, 30.9% between 2 and 5 years, and 11.2% between 5 and 10 years. In patients with at least 2-year, 5-year, and 10-year follow-up, the UPROR rates were 6.6, 7.3, and 9.2%, respectively. Between 1997 and 2013, the UPROR rate decreased by 0.46% per year (95% CI 0.25–0.68, p < 0.001). UPROR has decreased significantly over time but as expected, increases with increased follow-up. Level III, therapeutic.
Statistical Delay and Error-Rate Bounded QoS Provisioning for SWIPT Over CF M-MIMO Based IoT Networks Using FBC

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been envisioned as one of the key promising techniques to enable massive connectivity while guaranteeing massive ultra-reliable low-latency communications (mURLLC) requirements for time-sensitive 6G services. However, the realization of IoT has brought many new challenges, including massive connectivity, ultra low latency, super-reliability, and low power budget. Towards this end, several advanced techniques, including statistical delay-bounded quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning, cell-free (CF) massive multi-input multi-output (m-MIMO), and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), have been developed to upperbound both delay and error-rate in supporting mURLLC traffics. Specifically, due to the potential benefits of favorable propagation, channel hardening, and aggressive spatial multiplexing gains, CF m-MIMO can significantly enhance the performance of SWIPT in terms of the achievable data rate and energy efficiency while improving QoS performance in 6G IoT networks. Furthermore, finite blocklength coding (FBC) has been proposed to support various massive access techniques while reducing the access latency and guaranteeing stringent QoS requirements. However, how to efficiently integrating SWIPT with CF m-MIMO using FBC based statistical delay bounded QoS theory in supporting 6G mURLLC has imposed many new challenges not encountered before. To overcome these problems, in this paper we develop statistical delay/error-rate bounded QoS provisioning schemes over SWIPT-enabled CF m-MIMO 6G IoT networks in the finite blocklength regime. In particular, we build SWIPT-enabled CF m-MIMO based system models using FBC. We also formulate and solve the ∊-effective capacity maximization problem for statistical delay and error rate bounded QoS provisioning. Our simulation results validate and evaluate our proposed schemes in supporting mURLLC traffics.
A High-Performance Gas-Fed Direct Ammonia Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Recently, ammonia has become more attractive for carbon-neutral transportation. Both aqueous ammonia and gaseous ammonia can be utilized for direct ammonia hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (D...
Promoted claims on food product packaging: Comparing direct and indirect effects of processing and nutrient content claims

Abstract Food marketers increasingly use a combination of processing and nutrient content claims to convey information to consumers. Further, consumers are more aware of and concerned about how foods are processed as evidenced by the emergence of “clean labels” in promotion and retail store environments. Prior research generally has addressed evaluations of processing or nutrient content claims in isolation. This research extends our understanding of consumer responses to package claims by comparing the differential direct and indirect effects of processing claims, nutrient content claims, and ingredient lists on consumer evaluations. Drawing from activation theory and extant research, results from three studies indicate significant indirect effects on purchase intentions for processing claims and ingredient lists through the mediators of clean label and nutrition evaluations (in parallel), and perceived healthfulness (in serial). These findings suggest clean labels, relative to nutrient content claims, more positively influence how consumers define “healthy” and form purchase intentions.
Diversity in Sociotechnical Machine Learning Systems.

There has been a surge of recent interest in sociocultural diversity in machine learning (ML) research, with researchers (i) examining the benefits of diversity as an organizational solution for alleviating problems with algorithmic bias, and (ii) proposing measures and methods for implementing diversity as a design desideratum in the construction of predictive algorithms. Currently, however, there is a gap between discussions of measures and benefits of diversity in ML, on the one hand, and the broader research on the underlying concepts of diversity and the precise mechanisms of its functional benefits, on the other. This gap is problematic because diversity is not a monolithic concept. Rather, different concepts of diversity are based on distinct rationales that should inform how we measure diversity in a given context. Similarly, the lack of specificity about the precise mechanisms underpinning diversity's potential benefits can result in uninformative generalities, invalid experimental designs, and illicit interpretations of findings. In this work, we draw on research in philosophy, psychology, and social and organizational sciences to make three contributions: First, we introduce a taxonomy of different diversity concepts from philosophy of science, and explicate the distinct epistemic and political rationales underlying these concepts. Second, we provide an overview of mechanisms by which diversity can benefit group performance. Third, we situate these taxonomies--of concepts and mechanisms--in the lifecycle of sociotechnical ML systems and make a case for their usefulness in fair and accountable ML. We do so by illustrating how they clarify the discourse around diversity in the context of ML systems, promote the formulation of more precise research questions about diversity's impact, and provide conceptual tools to further advance research and practice.
The Heart of Autism: Building a Positive Islamic Model of Cognitive Disability

Autism is a developmental disorder that has been on the rise in recent years around the globe. When a child is diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it is a difficult and painful time for parents and relatives. People often turn to their faith in order to help them understand and face the complications that arise from this diagnosis. However, stigma is very pronounced in many Muslim majority regions and communities, often leaving individuals with cognitive disabilities and their families isolated. Muslims can encounter both understanding and assistance within the faith, but also confusion amid cultural beliefs about jinn possession, black magic, and the evil eye. This chapter delves into Islamic beliefs regarding cognitive disabilities in accordance with a strengths-based view of disability. The Heart Model, a positive Islamic Model of Cognitive Disability that applies the Islamic conceptualization of self to individuals with neuro-atypical development, is introduced. Finally, suggestions for the integration of Islamic teachings with psychological approaches to brain-based conditions are presented.
EMGraph: Fast Learning-Based Electromigration Analysis for Multi-Segment Interconnect Using Graph Convolution Networks

Electromigration (EM) becomes a major concern for VLSI circuits as the technology advances in the nanometer regime. With Korhonen equations, EM assessment for VLSI circuits remains challenged due to the increasing integrated density. VLSI multisegment interconnect trees can be naturally viewed as graphs. Based on this observation, we propose a new graph convolution network (GCN) model, which is called EMGraph considering both node and edge embedding features, to estimate the transient EM stress of interconnect trees. Compared with recently proposed generative adversarial network (GAN) based stress image-generation method, EMGraph model can learn more transferable knowledge to predict stress distributions on new graphs without retraining via inductive learning. Trained on the large dataset, the model shows less than 1.5% averaged error compared to the ground truth results and is orders of magnitude faster than both COMSOL and state-of-the-art method. It also achieves smaller model size, $4\times$ accuracy and $14\times$ speedup over the GAN-based method.
Late Quaternary Climate, Fire, and Vegetation Dynamics

Analysis of the abundance of microscopic charcoal in radiocarbon-dated lake and bog sediment cores from midwestern and northeastern U. S. sites provide climate-driven regional fire histories which can be compared to the regional vegetation changes since deglaciation determined from pollen. Charcoal abundances change at or immediately preceding pollen zone boundaries which delineate plant community change. Vegetation stability in the northern conifer forest, coastal pine barrens, and the midwestern oak-savanna requires high fire incidence and highest charcoal abundances are found while these plant communities dominate the landscape. Low charcoal abundances are found when closed-oak, mesophytic hardwood, floodplain, and northeastern boreal forests are inferred from regional pollen. Stable carbon isotope analysis of the sediment charcoal suggests the proportions of C3 or C4 plants on the landscape during the late-glacial and the Holocene and provides evidence for initiation of C4 prairie vegetation in the midwestern U. S. These results suggest that, as with windborne pollen, a regional microscopic windborne charcoal rain exists. The charcoal results demonstrate that fire disturbance was as important a factor in plant community dynamics in the past as it is today. Regional charcoal analysis can be used to reconstruct paleo-environments and climatic variables, and also to validate climate and vegetation models.
Variational asymptotic homogenization of elastoplastic composites

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop a micromechanics approach to homogenizing elastoplastic composites. A rigorous second-order radial return algorithm, which can handle elastic and plastic anisotropy and nonlinear kinematic hardening, is developed. A variational statement for homogenization is formulated using the variational asymptotic method, discretized in a finite-dimensional space, and solved using a multilevel Newton–Raphson method. The versatility and accuracy of the present approach are demonstrated through homogenizing long fiber-, particle-, and short fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). Different types of reinforcement are found to differently affect the response of MMCs. The present approach is found to be capable of handling various microstructures, complex material models, complex loading conditions, and complex loading paths. More sophisticated material models can be implemented in it.
Magnesium and Atherogenesis

Dietary Mg-deficiency in rabbits and rats induces a hyperlipemic state, oxidation of lipoproteins, vasospasm, ischemia, increased vascular reactivity, enhanced Ca2+ uptake in arterial walls (smooth muscle and endothelial cells) often followed by atherosclerosis or a pro-atherogenic state. Experimentally, Mg-deficiency can lead to rapid changes in vascular and cardiac muscle membrane fatty acids and phospholipids with concomitant alterations in cellular sphingolipid second messengers. Mg-deficiency can also lead to alterations in vascular, cardiac and brain pH and cellular bioenergetics. Clinically, a large segment of the cardiovascular high risk population (e.g., ischemic heart disease, hypertension and stroke) demonstrate a high incidence of abnormally lowered levels of serum ionized Mg2+, but not serum total Mg levels. Such lowered levels of ionized Mg2+ (e.g., 0.3–0.48 mM) when mimicked in-vitro with primary cultured cerebral, aortic and coronary vascular smooth muscle cells result in spasmcontraction, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) overload and a resistance to normalization of [Ca2+]i when normal or high [Mg2+]o is reintroduced. Collectively, the available data suggest that lowered serum and tissue Mg2+ levels results in a pro-atherogenic state which eventuates in hypertension, ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction and/or stroke. Extracellular Mg2+ appears to be a true regulatory cation. Lowered serum ionized magnesium should be added to the list of other well-known cardiovascular risk factors.
EM methods for visualization of genetic activity from disrupted nuclei.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the technique of Miller chromatin spreading and its applications to the study of Drosophila RNA transcription and processing. The Miller technique is a preparatory method for electron microscopy that yields gently dispersed interphase nuclear chromatin as the specimen. The advantage of the method are first, its ability to display chromosomal activities, such as DNA replication or RNA transcription, for analysis at the level of the individual genetic locus, while at the same time providing a view of the general population, and second, its conservation of the basic nucleoprotein structures on DNA and RNA, as opposed to most electromagnetic (EM) procedures for nucleic acids, which involve deproteination. The major drawback to the technique as applied to Drosophila is the inability to routinely visualize a specific gene of choice or to identify the genes visualized. Although individual genes on plasmid vectors can be visualized after microinjection into Xenopus oocytes, similar injection of genes into Drosophila embryos has been unsuccessful to date for the purpose of gene visualization.
PLATO P: PLA timing optimization by partitioning

This paper addresses the problem of partitioning a large PLA into a number of smaller PLA's (sub-PLA's) such that the total area of these sub-PLA's is minimum and the cycle time of the partitioned circuit is minimized. First, we describe an iterative improvement method that deals with the case that sub-PLA's assume arbitrary sizes. Second, we present a partitioning technique based on fuzzy logic that deals with the case that the sizes of the sub-PLA's are fixed. Finally, we describe a method that considers not only delay through each sub-PLA, but also loading of sub-PLA's on the stage that is driving them. These techniques have been implemented and significantly outperformed conventional PLA partitioning schemes.
Limitations of electromagnetic-based package analysis tools

Through the use of specially designed problems that stress package analysis codes, the author provides valuable insight and shows users how to determine if their codes are providing the correct solutions to their packaging problems.