cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local time dependence of the prompt ionospheric response for the 7, 9, and 10 November 2004 superstorms

[1] In this paper, we study the local time response of the low-latitude ionosphere during the sequence of geomagnetic storms occurring on 7, 9, and 10 November 2004. Three distinct storm main phases leading to peak negative Dst index of at least −250 nT occur during this period. We analyze total electron content (TEC) measurements from the global network of GPS receivers available from the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service. Average TEC within the geomagnetic latitude band ±25° is computed as a function of local time for several hours following storm commencement. We find that significant TEC increases are observed on 7 November (increase of 100%) and 9 November (50%). During 7 November, the increases tend to occur during solar local times 1200–1600 LT. During 9 November, the largest TEC increases tend to occur at earlier local times (∼1000–1200 LT). No daytime TEC increase is observed on 10 November, although the Kp index suggests that this storm is comparable in intensity to the 7 November storm. Vertical drift measurements from the Jicamarca radar (Peruvian sector) for the 7 and 9 November storm periods suggest large (2–3 mV/m) low-latitude “prompt penetration” eastward electric fields (PPEF), consistent with observed increases in TEC. For the 10 November storm, published estimates of electric fields using the dual-magnetometer technique near the Japanese sector, which is near ∼1400 LT at storm onset, suggest the absence of eastward directed electric fields during daytime. A time series analysis of TEC in the Japanese sector throughout the 7–11 November period reveals significant daytime TEC reduction of 33% relative to quiet conditions. Reduced TEC occurs coincident with the onset of the 10 November storm period, persisting into the 11th. Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) retrievals of thermospheric atomic oxygen to nitrogen ratio suggest depleted oxygen in the southern hemisphere that may contribute to the TEC reduction on 10 November. Solar rotation reduces solar X-ray and EUV fluxes from 10 through 12 November, which may be a contributing factor to reduced TEC on 10 and 11 November. In conclusion, we postulate that an additional source of electric field is present on 10 November during daytime that counteracts the PPEF of magnetospheric origin.
Minimally invasive ablative therapies for definitive treatment of localized prostate cancer in the primary setting

Traditionally, the patient with a new diagnosis of localized prostate cancer faces either radical therapy, in the form of surgery or radiation, or active surveillance. A growing subset of these men may not be willing to accept the psychological burden of active surveillance nor the side effects of extirpative or radiation therapy. Local ablative therapies including cryotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy have emerged as a means for minimally invasive definitive treatment. These treatments are well tolerated with decreased morbidity in association with improvements in technology; however, long-term oncologic efficacy remains to be determined.
Faster incoherent rays: Multi-BVH ray stream tracing

High fidelity rendering via ray tracing requires tracing incoherent rays for global illumination and other secondary effects. Recent research show that the performance benefits from fast packet traversal schemes that exploit high coherence are lost when coherency is low due to inefficient use of the CPU's SIMD units. In an effort to solve this problem, methods have been proposed which try to extract the remaining coherency from secondary rays through ray sorting, reordering and streaming. Another category of traversal methods have also been proposed which ignore coherency altogether and use a higher order tree branching factor while tracing single rays at a time. These single ray methods not only target applications with incoherent rays but are also scalable with larger SIMD widths. This paper combines ideas from both categories to form a new traversal method which extracts coherency from a group of rays through simple filtering while still providing a fast single ray traversal in cases where there is no coherency present. This new algorithm does not depend on the use of packets which cleanly decouples traversal from shading and is scalable for larger SIMD widths. Results show that overall performance benefits are obtained on a current generation CPU architecture.
Human ecology and its applications

The term human ecology was first used in 1921 by sociologists at the Chicago School of Sociology. During the 20th century definitions and interpretations of human ecology have varied considerably, not only between the natural and human sciences, but also among academic disciplines in the social sciences including anthropology, geography, psychology and sociology. This paper presents some key concepts and principles that stem from a wide range of contributions. Then it shows how ecological concepts could be used to interpret human settlements.
Further observations on the deep Q3 of the electrocardiogram

Abstract Working on the theory that a Q wave in Lead III produced by infarction is due to a Q wave in VF, the author has drawn the following tentative conclusions: 1. 1. The disappearance of Q3 on deep inspiration is probably proof that it is positional, although failure to disappear is not incontrovertible proof of a coronary origin. 2. 2. The voltage of Q2 is a fairly good index of the depth of the Q wave in VF, but this is not absolutely dependable. 3. 3. A significantly deep Q3 may be less than 25 per cent as large as the largest R wave. 4. 4. W-shaped QRS complexes in Lead III may contain a deep Q3. 5. 5. R3 need not be present. 6. 6. A small, initial, upward deflection apparently takes the Q3 out of the coronary class. 7. 7. A deep Q3 that is due to infarction is relatively rare.
Skill requirements for IT managers and the IT model curriculum: a critical reflection

Although the IT model curriculum is primarily designed to help students achieve the program outcomes in the ABET CAC accreditation criteria, it explicitly states that students must be able to manage the information technology resources of an individual or organization within five years of graduation. This raises the question to what extent the IT model curriculum will allow students to develop the skills to take on such positions. In this paper, we first briefly describe the skills that IT managers must possess, and then reflect on the extent the IT model curriculum allows students to develop these skills. The intent of this preliminary study is to provide a guideline to those institutions that, having implemented the IT model curriculum, wish to develop postgraduate educational programs to prepare graduates for IT management positions.
Uptake and degradation of 125I-labeled rat asialoorosomucoid by the perfused rat liver

Abstract The uptake and degradation of a homologous rat serum asialoglycoprotein, 125I-asialoorosomucoid, and the effects on this metabolism by leupeptin, a proteinase inhibitor, were studied in the perfused rat liver. 125I-Asialoorosomucoid was rapidly taken up by the liver ( t 1 2 = 5.7 min ) and acid-soluble degradation products began to appear in the circulating perfusate medium after 20–30 min. These products accounted for 60–65% of the initially added radioactivity after 90 min of perfusion. The early events in the galactose-mediated uptake of 125I-asialoorosomucoid were unchanged by the presence of leupeptin. However, the appearance of acid-soluble degradation products was greatly reduced when livers had been pretreated with the inhibitor (1.0 mg for 60 min). This effect corresponded with an increase in acid-precipitable material being located within the lysosomal-rich fraction from homogenates of leupeptin-treated livers. Leupeptin inhibited degradation of 125I-asialoorosomucoid by approx. 85% relative to control values over 90 min of perfusion. Inhibition of asialoorosomucoid degradation was also demonstrated in vitro. Leupeptin (1.0 mM) reduced hydrolysis of this glycoprotein substrate by greater than 50% during a 24 h incubation with isolated lysosomal enzymes. The thiol proteinases, cathespin B, H and L, which are known to be inhibited by leupeptin, are apparently involved in initiating digestion of rat 125I-asialoorosomucoid within liver lysosomes. As a result of inhibition by leupeptin both in the perfused liver and in vitro very limited changes occured in the native molecular weight of the starting glycoprotein.
C. H. McCloy Lecture: Reflections on Socialization into Physical Education--An Intergenerational Perspective.

Charles H. McCloy was an icon in our profession. He was not only a leading researcher in the area of anthropometrics and tests and measurements, but he was a leading advocate for physical education (PE) in our country. McCloy's advocacy ties nicely into the authors' belief that the socialization process has a profound impact on the state of PE in our country. Grounded in nearly 40 years of research related to teacher socialization, the purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the socialization of PE teachers across the phases of acculturation, professional socialization, and organizational socialization. Research pertaining to each of the phases is reviewed and then connected to an intergenerational comparison of the authors' autobiographical experiences in PE. The article concludes with propositions and implications about the socialization process and recommendations for future research.
The production and recovery of 77Br at Los Alamos for nuclear medicine studies

Abstract A procedure for the synthesis and isolation of 77 Br for nuclear medicine research has been developed at LASL. Metallic Mo targets are irradiated at LAMPF with medium-energy protons at high beam current. Following dissolution, volatilization, precipitation, and ion exchange techniques, 77 Br is recovered with a (91±7)% chemical yield and is completely free of all other radioactive species with the exception of small levels of 76 Br and 82 Br. Ci-quantity production capabilities have been demonstrated, and the product is proving successful for the labelling of diverse radiopharmaceuticals. Future improvements in the process are also discussed.
Adaptive forecasting techniques

The class of exponential smoothing models which vary the values of their parameters to adapt to changing conditions in a time series are referred to as adaptive forecasting techniques. In this article criteria for evaluating forecasting models are presented and the features of a simple exponential smoothing model that are exploited by the adaptive techniques are discussed. Several adaptive forecasting schemes are described and classified, and examples of the performance of these techniques are presented.
Opportunities for superconductivity in future space exploration programs: (A hydrogen economy for the 21st century)

Abstract Since the discovery of the 90K materials about five years ago the progress in development of thin film superconducting materials for microwave applications has progressed rapidly. At this point high temperature superconducting (HTS) films are already good enough for most space microwave applications. And a large community of technology developers are participating in insertion of this technology largely under the leadership of NRL's HTSSE program. A review of this area is contained in a companion paper by Leonard et.al. The progress in developing bulk superconductor technology, which is the basis of most large scale applications of HTS, has been steady but has not led to the perception that HTS materials are anywhere near ready for these applications. In the Space Exploration Initiative and generally in the long term we feel that the large payoff will be in the large scale applications of HTS not in thin film microwave applications. Interesting opportunities exist, for large scale bulk and digital applications of superconductivity in space, if one considers the possibilities for liquid hydrogen cooled superconducting systems operating near 20K.
Influence of Fiber Geometry on the Punching-Force Characteristics of Webs During Needle Felting

This study describes the effects of fiber surface and geometric properties on the punching-force characteristics of webs during the needling process. A small needle loom assembly (consisting of a needle board, stripper, and a bed plate unit) mounted on an Instron tensile tester was used to measure the punching forces generated during the needling process. The punching speed used in this investigation was much lower than that employed in industrial needle looming. The punching force encountered during the second cycle (with and without recovery times between the successive cycles) was used to characterize the efficiency of the needling and fiber reorientation process.It was found that fiber linear density has a profound effect on the punching force of polyester fiber webs, while surface roughness, cross-sectional shape, length and crimp seemed to have little or no effect on the punching-force values. How ever, the interaction of crimp and length, linear density and crimp, and linear density and length had ...
Studies in microbial and insect natural products chemistry

This article reviews selected studies performed over the years on natural products other than those of marine origin. The topics are: microbial products (monascorubrin and monascoflavin, rapamycin, intramolecular symbionts); ginkgolides and bilobalide; taxine and taxicin; phytoalexins—ipomeamarones; phytoalexins—cabenegrins; ocular pigment A2E and bilberry; and absolute configuration studies of monoalcohols and primary monoamines by zinc porphyrin host—anisotomenoic acid.
Impact studies in continuing education for health professions: Update

Introduction: This article critiques the questions asked and methods used in research syntheses in continuing education (CE) in the health professions, summarizes the findings of the syntheses, and makes recommendations for future CE research and practice. Methods: We identified 15 research syntheses published after 1993 in which primary CE studies were reviewed and the performance (behavior) of health professionals and/or patient health outcomes were examined. Results: The syntheses were categorized by the research questions they asked using a wave metaphor. Wave One (n = 3) syntheses sought to establish a general descriptive causal connection between CE and impact variables, asking. “Is CE effective, and for what outcomes?” Wave Two syntheses (n = 12) sought to explain the relationship between CE and impacts by identifying causal moderators, asking, “What kinds of CE are effective?” Discussion: Wave One findings confirm previous research that CE can improve knowledge, skills, attitudes, behavior, and patient health outcomes. Wave Two syntheses show that CE, which is ongoing, interactive, contextually relevant, and based on needs assessment, can improve knowledge, skills, attitudes, behavior, and health care outcomes. The most important implication of the present review is that there are differential impacts of CE programs, and the reasons for those impacts cannot be fully understood unless the context of the program is considered.
Physiology and antennal lobe projections of olfactory receptor neurons from sexually isomorphic sensilla on male Heliothis virescens.

The neurophysiology and antennal lobe projections of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) within sexually isomorphic short trichoid sensilla of male Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) were investigated using cut-sensillum recording and cobalt-lysine staining. A total of 202 sensilla were sorted into 14 possible sensillar categories based on odor responses and physiology of ORNs within. Seventy-two percent of the sensilla identified contained ORNs stimulated by conspecific odors. In addition, a large number of ORNs were specifically sensitive to s-caryophyllene, a plant-derived volatile (N = 41). Axons originating from ORNs associated with individual sensilla were stained with cobalt lysine (N = 67) and traced to individual glomeruli in the antennal lobe. ORNs with responses to female sex pheromone components exhibited similar axonal projections as those previously described from ORNs in long sensilla trichodea in male H. virescens. Antennal lobe axonal arborizations of ORNs sensitive to hairpencil components were also located in glomeruli near the base of the antennal nerve, whilst those sensitive to plant odorants projected to more medial glomeruli. Comparisons with ORNs described from female H. virescens supports the notion that glomeruli at the base of the antennal nerve are associated with conspecific and interspecific odorants, whereas those located medially are associated with plant volatiles.
Auroral temperature determination from A 2II → X 2Σ bands of the N2+ molecule☆

Abstract A comparison of observed N + 2 A 2 II → X 2 Σ(2,0) and (3,1) band profiles with calculated model intensity profiles at various temperatures indicates that the auroral rotational temperature is 350 ± 75°K. This temperature is higher than the average of the determinations from the N + 2 B 2 Σ → X 2 Σ bands but the difference is not sufficiently significant to affect the hypothesis that both band systems have a common excitation mechanism.
Is the scrapie agent a viroid

RECENT evidence indicates that the agent of the potato spindle tuber disease, previously thought to be a virus, is a replicating RNA with a molecular weight of about 50,000 (refs. 1 and 2). Because there seems to be no helper virus in the system1, the RNA must rely for its replication principally on biosynthetic systems already functioning in the host. This, as well as the absence of virions, distinguishes the potato spindle tuber agent from all known viral agents. I suggested that such agents, which may include the agents of citrus exocortis3 and of chrysanthemum stunt4 diseases, should be called “viroids”1. I now suggest that the agent of scrapie may also be a viroid.
Combined Inhibition of Types I and II 5 α-Reductase Selectively Augments the Basal (Nonpulsatile) Mode of Testosterone Secretion in Young Men

Context: Testosterone (Te) is metabolized in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, where untransformed steroid and activated products participate in feedback regulation of GnRH and LH secretion. Genetic inactivation of 5 α-reductase type I remains undescribed clinically, whereas deficiency of the type II isoenzyme elevates both LH and Te concentrations. Objective: The aim of this study was to test the combined feedback contribution of 5 α-reduced steroids. Setting/Design/Intervention: In a university setting, nine young men received placebo and a dual (type I/type II) 5 α-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride. Methods/Outcomes: LH and Te dynamics were assessed by: 1) 10-min blood sampling for 26 h; 2) GnRH stimulation (100 ng/kg iv); 3) discrete peak detection; 4) deconvolution analysis; 5) cosinor analyses of 24-h rhythmicity; and 6) pattern regularity Results: Compared with placebo, dutasteride lowered 5 α-dihydro Te concentrations by 80% (P = 0.009), but did not alter any measure of LH dynamics. Conversely,...
A Broadband Distributed Amplifier with Internal Feedback Providing 660GHz GBW in 90nm CMOS

In the presented DA (distributed amplifier) architecture, a feedback mechanism that aims at improving the gain with a minimum reduction in BW is proposed. It is seen that in the band where the distributed effect of the DA is in action, the ratio of the forward to reverse gain is substantial (and depends on the number of stages used). The input and output blocks are connected to this core stage to provide matching and stability This method is different from other techniques that improve gain (e.g., cascade of DAs or matrix amplifier) in that it uses a new internal feedback to fed signals go through one DA twice. The input, core and output DA blocks consist of 4/3/3 gain elements respectively except that the core DA uses series input capacitances at the gates for BW enhancement and biasing purposes. Terminations Zx and Zy are chosen to minimize undesired reflections. The input and output biases are fed through appropriate bias tees. The lower cutoff of the DA is set at 12 GHz for our application in a wideband mm-wave imaging module. This frequency could be extended to frequencies close to 1 GHz if appropriate AC-coupling capacitors are used.
SU‐FF‐T‐346: Monte‐Carlo Investigation of Proton‐Generated Radioactivity in a Multileaf Collimator for a Proton Therapy Facility

Purpose: The requirements for a multi-leaf collimator (MLC) for a proton therapy facility include the neutrons and radioactive products generated by proton interactions in the collimator material. The range of protons decreases with increasing density of the leaf material, which suggests fabricating the MLC with a high density material to keep the length short. However, the rate of nuclear spallation events whereby particles such as n, 2H, 3H and α are ejected depends on the target nucleus. Method and Materials: The GEANT4 Monte-Code code was used to determine, per incident proton, the rate of these reactions as a function of proton energy in tungsten, iron and brass. In addition, the radioactive daughter products resulting from these interactions were evaluated. Results: Neutron production per incident 250 MeV proton on a leaf 1 cm2 in cross-sectional area and 10 cm in length was found to be 0.94, 1.27 and 1.75 for iron, brass and tungsten respectively. Decreasing the leaf thickness of W from 10 cm to 5 cm, which is still greater than the range of a 250 MeV proton in W, did not change the neutron production significantly (<3%) suggesting that the majority of neutrons were produced by the proton interaction and not by the interactions of the secondary neutrons. The mean neutron energy was between 15–17 MeV in all three materials, and 95% of the neutrons produced had energy less than 60 MeV. The yield of 2H and 3H particles, generated per incident 250 MeV proton was 0.178 and 0.096 respectively for all three metals. Alpha particles generated per incident 250 MeV proton were 0.08, 0.092 and 0.124 for Fe, brass, and W respectively. Conclusion: The production rates of secondary particles and radioactive isotopes within the MLC, and the associated radiation safety concerns, have been explored using GEANT4.
Selenium concentrations in crops grown on low-selenium soils as affected by fly-ash amendment

Studies were conducted under greenhouse and field conditions to evaluate the feasibility of using fly-ash amendments to produce selenium-adequate crops (0.10 to 0.30 ppm Se) on low-Se soils without adversely affecting either the crops or the soils. Two soils, a fine-loamy Alfisol belonging to the Honeoye series and a coarse-loamy Inceptisol belonging to the Mardin series were used to make 3 soil treatments thus: Honeoye, limed Mardin and unlimed Mardin. Fly-ash was mixed with the soils at rates of 0, 2500, 5000, 5000, 10000, 25000 and 50000 ppm. In the greenhouse studies the test crops were corn (Zea mays L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), birdsfoot trefoil (Loitus corniculatus) and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There were no yield differences due to fly-ash additions. The rates of 25,000 and 50,000 ppm fly-ash produced the desired Se levels in the utilizable parts of the crops. In the field studies, conducted on another fine-loamy Alfisol belonging to the Lima series and using fly-ash at the rates of 0, 11.2, 22.4 and 112.0 metric tons/ha, it was observed that the yields of corn and dry beans grown were also not influenced by the treatments. Increased levels of Se in corn grains (0.10 ppm) and stover (0.08 ppm) and dry bean seeds (0.14 ppm) were observed at the application rate of 112 metric tons per ha. The results indicate that fly-ash has a potential for producing forages and feed crops containing adequate amounts of Se to protect livestock from Se-responsive diseases.
The problem of carcinoma developing in a fibroadenoma: recent experience at Memorial Hospital.

Fourteen new cases of unsuspected carcinoma developing in fibroadenomas are reported with a detailed analysis of their preoperative findings; histopathology, the results of varying surgical procedures and a three month to twenty-six year follow-up. The majority of lesions were lobular carcinoma in situ (71%) and 29% of all cases were found to have carcinoma of the contralateral breast. Our study suggests that for invasive carcinoma within a fibroadenoma complete mastectomy is warranted in virtually all instances while noninvasive disease treated by complete mastectomy is essentially curative. Contralateral breast biopsy at the time of diagnosis with a careful life-time follow-up are appropriate because of the high risk of contralateral invasive coarcinoma. There seemed to be no evidence of striking or unusual epithelial hyperplasia in the breast tissue adjacent to fibroadenomas that contained carcinoma suggesting that the carcinomas are not intrinsically different from those not related to fibroadenomas. Cancer 43:563–567, 1979.
Spin relaxation and chemical exchange in NMR simulations

Theory for describing the density matrix of a spin system experiencing chemical exchange and relaxation during the steps of an NMR experiment is presented in a form suitable for computation. Features in the theory that arise from exchange are discussed in detail, and comparisons to the exchange-free situation are made. A general computer program to carry out simulations of NMR experiments is described, and several examples of its performance are presented.
Requiem for a CAMP: The life and death of a domestic U.S. drug war institution

The life and death of California's Campaign Against Marijuana Planting (CAMP, 1983-2012) offers a unique analytical window into the time and space of the U.S. war on drugs in a global context. This paper draws on CAMP report archives, ethnographic interviews, and secondary data sources to locate the significance of CAMP, its demise, and enduring legacy for the political economy of domestic illicit cannabis production in southern Humboldt County, where it was initially focused. I first introduce the economic geography of cannabis production in southern Humboldt County and California. In the first part of the paper, using theoretical frameworks from Critical Geopolitics and International Relations, I examine the geo-politics of CAMP's emergence. In the second part of the paper, I examine industrial reterritorialization associated with its geographies of enforcement over time. I conclude by discussing the eclipse of its foundational logic-and-practice (policing the "Emerald Triangle") by new political and economic geographies of power.
Effects of lasofoxifene on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single-dose warfarin.

Aim To investigate the effect of steady-state lasofoxifene on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Methods Twelve healthy postmenopausal women received warfarin (single 20-mg dose) alone and during lasofoxifene. R- and S-warfarin concentrations, prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were determined with each treatment. Results Lasofoxifene had no clinically meaningful effect on R- or S-warfarin pharmacokinetics. The S-warfarin area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) was 23% and 67% larger in subjects with *1/*2 and *1/*3 heterozygous mutations, relative to *1/*1, respectively. The mean PT AUC and Cmax ratio (90% confidence interval) was 91.9 (89.6, 94.2) and 84.2 (80.6, 87.8), respectively. INR results were similar. Conclusions Lasofoxifene has no clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Although the decrease in PT/INR may not be clinically meaningful, more frequent INR monitoring may be considered during lasofoxifene introduction and discontinuation, consistent with warfarin’s label.
THE PREVENTION OF THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION WITH SODIUM WARFARIN

Using intravenous sodium warfarin, rabbits were rendered hypoprothrombinemic and subjected to two intravenous injections of Shear's polysaccharide. None of the 9 animals surviving the required period of time developed bilateral renal cortical necrosis or histologic thrombi in the kidney, liver, spleen, or lungs. In a control group of 7 animals treated only with endotoxin, 6 developed bilateral renal cortical necrosis. It is concluded that the prothrombin complex is necessary for the production of the generalized Shwartzman reaction by bacterial endotoxins and that this phenomenon is essentially a process of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
An active R filter using CMOS transistor arrays

A versatile state variable active R filter is described, which uses only resistors and CMOS transistor arrays as the circuit elements. The CMOS array can be used to produce either an integrator or an inverting amplifier depending on the power supply voltage. The design equations are very simple and with some modifications, the filter can be used to realize any biquadratic voltage transfer function in a straightforward manner.
Pulsed electrochemical etching of InGaN/GaN LED material

A pulsed electrochemical technique for etching MOCVD-grown InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode material at room temperature is reported. The p-GaN and InGaN layers can be etched away in minutes providing access to the n-GaN layer below. Movement of the etch front through the p-n junction region can be observed by monitoring changes in the current pulse shape with time on an oscilloscope.
A complete skull of Chasmosaurus mariscalensis (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) from the Aguja Formation (late Campanian) of West Texas

ABSTRACT The recent discovery of a nearly complete ceratopsid skull in the Aguja Formation of southwest Texas supports previous conclusions that the Aguja ceratopsid represents a distinct species, Chasmosaurus mariscalensis. The diagnostic features of C. mariscalensis include an extensive anteromedian projection of the nasal between the premaxillae, erect supraorbital horns, and laterally rounded squamosal. Nine cranial features that vary among Chasmosaurus species, Pentaceratops sternbergii, and other chasmosaurines are analyzed. Chasmosaurus mariscalensis appears to be most closely related to northern species of Chasmosaurus (C. belli, C. russelli), which also exhibit a transversely flattened nasal horn and modifications of the anterior margin of the external naris. The genus Chasmosaurus, in turn, appears to be most closely related to the other southern chasmosaurine, Pentaceratops sternbergii. The biogeographic history inferred from these relationships suggests that the biogeographic exchange between ...
Protein post-translational modifications and regulation of pluripotency in human stem cells

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are known to be essential mechanisms used by eukaryotic cells to diversify their protein functions and dynamically coordinate their signaling networks. Defects in PTMs have been linked to numerous developmental disorders and human diseases, highlighting the importance of PTMs in maintaining normal cellular states. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into a variety of functional somatic cells; these cells hold a great promise for the advancement of biomedical research and clinical therapy. The mechanisms underlying cellular pluripotency in human cells have been extensively explored in the past decade. In addition to the vast amount of knowledge obtained from the genetic and transcriptional research in hPSCs, there is a rapidly growing interest in the stem cell biology field to examine pluripotency at the protein and PTM level. This review addresses recent progress toward understanding the role of PTMs (glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation) in the regulation of cellular pluripotency.
Acute myeloid leukemia following treatment of hodgkin's disease. A review

Risk factors were analyzed and searched for possible predictive parameters for the development of acute myeloid leukemia in 216 reported patients previously treated for Hodgkin's disease. The distribution of histologic subtypes and the stage at diagnosis were similar to that of all patients with Hodgkin's disease. Seventy-five percent of the 216 patients in whom acute myeloid leukemia developed had received both radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 15% chemotherapy only, and 10% radiotherapy only. Of those receiving radiotherapy, 66% were given multiple courses or total nodal irradiation. Of the patients receiving chemotherapy, 77% had received more than eight months of single or combination drug therapy; only 4% had not been exposed to alkylating agents. When acute leukemia developed, 68% of the patients showed no clinical or pathologic evidence of residual Hodgkin's disease. A period of pancytopenia preceded the onset of overt leukemia in at least one-third of the patients. Complete or partial remission of the acute leukemia was achieved in 25% of the patients treated with antileukemic chemotherapy. On the basis of these findings, it is deemed advisable to reexamine the intensity of treatment presently being administered to achieve cure of Hodgkin's disease. Unnecessary or unproved programs of combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy should be avoided. An optimal balance between the risks and benefits of treatment needs to be applied.
CARDIOVASCULAR CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY: ROLE OF LEPTIN

1. Several mechanisms have been implicated in the association between obesity and hypertension, including salt-sensitivity, insulin resistance and sympathetic activation. Obese animals and humans exhibit exaggerated blood pressure responses to increases in salt intake. 2. Although insulin resistance is common in obesity, it is clear that abnormal insulin action is not the sole or sufficient cause of hypertension in obesity. Obesity is associated with increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic blockade has been reported to attenuate sodium retention and hypertension in experimental models of obesity. 3. The mediators responsible for salt sensitivity, insulin resistance and sympathetic activation in obesity remain unclear. 4. The novel protein hormone leptin is produced almost exclusively by adipose tissue and acts in the central nervous system through a specific receptor and multiple neuropeptide pathways to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure. 5. Increasing evidence suggests that leptin may have wider actions influencing autonomic, cardiovascular, renal and endocrine function. We have shown that leptin increases sympathetic nerve activity to kidney, hindlimb and adrenal gland, in addition to brown adipose tissue. 6. Despite this sympathoexcitatory action, acute systemic administration of leptin does not acutely increase arterial pressure or heart rate in anaesthetized animals. This may reflect opposing antihypertensive actions of leptin. For example, leptin increases renal sodium and water excretion, apparently through a direct tubular action. In addition, leptin increases systemic insulin sensitivity, even in the absence of weight loss. 7. In conclusion, leptin may act as a mediator linking body adiposity with changes in insulin action, sympathetic neural outflow and renal sodium excretion. Alterations in leptin generation or action may, in part, underlie the sympathetic, endocrine and renal consequences of obesity.
KINETICS OF METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER DEGRADATION AND BY-PRODUCT FORMATION DURING UV/HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WATER TREATMENT

Abstract Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was removed from aqueous solution by exposure to a low-pressure mercury lamp in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in a recirculating batch reactor. Dark and UV-only tests were conducted to separate the effects of MTBE loss to system components and photolytic processes. Experiments were conducted at initial peroxide:MTBE molar ratios of 4:1, 7:1 and 15:1. Benzene was added in some experiments to estimate the hydroxyl radical concentration. The concentrations of MTBE, benzene and by-products were measured over a 120-min period using a purge-and-trap GC-MS method. UV/H2O2 treatment resulted in >99.9% removal of MTBE with the major purgable by-product identified as tert-butyl formate (TBF). The second order rate constant for the degradation of MTBE from the hydroxyl radical was estimated to be 3.9 (±0.73)×109 M−1s−1. The second order rate constant for the reaction of TBF with the hydroxyl radical was estimated to be 1.2 (±0.40)×109 M−1s−1. The yield for the formation of TBF from the reaction of MTBE and the hydroxyl radical was 0.28±0.032. After 1 h of treatment the TBF remaining exceeded the remaining MTBE by as much as a factor of 35; this finding is important given the unknown human health impacts of TBF.
Caffeine-induced taste aversion and mimetic responses

Novel tastes preceded a range of caffeine doses (10-80 mg/kg) in a taste aversion training trial. One week later rats which had doses of 30 mg or higher showed strong aversions as measured by a single bottle consumption test. The 10 and 20 mg dose produced the most hyperactivity and apparently enhanced intake of the taste paired with caffeine. During the training trial, rats receiving the 80 mg dose exhibited copious gapes and chin-rubs, mimetic responses to noxious tastes. Gapes also occurred in these subjects during the aversion test. Consumption was more sensitive than mimetic responding as a measure of the aversive effects of caffeine. Only the 80 mg dose produced neophobia. Tests with isotonic injections indicated that tonicity was not the source of the aversions.
Display and correction of flow cytometry time-dependent fluorescence changes.

The resolution of measurements of cellular attributes by flow cytometry, based on differences in labeling by fluorescent markers, may be affected by variations in staining and sample stream flow that can occur during the course of data acquisition. We describe a method of display and correction of time-dependent changes by looking at the list mode data in chronological order. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonlinearly damped systems under simultaneous broad-band and harmonic excitations

The probability distribution of the response of a nonlinearly damped system subjected to both broad-band and harmonic excitations is investigated. The broad-band excitation is additive, and the harmonic excitations can be either additive or multiplicative. The frequency of a harmonic excitation can be either near or far from a resonance frequency of the system. The stochastic averaging method is applied to obtain the Ito type stochastic differential equations for an averaged system described by a set of slowly varying variables, which are approximated as components of a Markov vector. Then, a procedure based on the concept of stationary potential is used to obtain the exact stationary probability density for a class of such averaged systems. For those systems not belonging to this class, approximate solutions are obtained using the method of weighted residuals. Application of the exact and approximate solution procedures are illustrated in two specific cases, and the results are compared with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulations.
Eye movements and the motion aftereffect: alternatives to the induced motion hypothesis.

Abstract It has been previously reported that prolonged unidirectional smooth pursuit often produces a negative motion aftereffect (MAE). This was believed to be caused by retinal image motion of stationary environmental contours during pursuit which subsequently produced a primary motion aftereffect in the tracking direction. The peripheral MAE then induced motion in the stationary tracking target resulting in illusory movement in the opposite direction. We have found that a negative MAE is also produced when the adapting field is devoid of any contours. Furthermore, the presence of a moving textured background in conjunction with smooth pursuit produced an MAE whose direction was inconsistent with the induced motion hypothesis. Since all examples of motion aftereffects in this study were associated with the pursuit aspect of the experiment rather than any interactions with background contours, it was proposed that the illusory motion had an oculomotor determinant. A scheme was tentatively outlined in which fixation suppression of an unregistered ocular drift following prolonged pursuit adaptation (pursuit afternystagmus) produced the post-adaptive motion illusions.
A children's reinforcement survey schedule

Abstract The empirical development of a children's reinforcement survey schedule with 225 children is described and its test-retest reliability with 44 different children is reported. Uses for the schedule in clinical practice are enumerated.
Obstetric outcome of patients with more than one previous cesarean section

Records of patients with more than one previous cesarean section were reviewed for a 1-year period. Of 69 such pregnancies, 36 underwent trial of labor in concurrence with an ongoing departmental cesarean section reduction initiative; 80% culminated in vaginal delivery. Twenty of these 69 patients had three or more previous cesarean sections; 9 underwent trial of labor, with 8 subsequent vaginal deliveries. The vaginal delivery rate after more than one previous cesarean section was no different from that of patients with only one previous cesarean section. We conclude that trial of labor in patients with more than one previous cesarean section did not result in a deleterious outcome. Our findings suggest that a trial of labor after more than one previous cesarean section delivery can safely be allowed. Guidelines can be identical to those already established for patients with only one previous cesarean section.
CRYOANALYTICAL STUDIES OF FREEZING DAMAGE AND RECOVERY IN FUCUS VESICULOSUS (PHAEOPHYCEAE)

Receptacles of Fucus vesiculosus L. were examined using cryoscanning electron microscopy of rapidly frozen, hydrated tissue to avoid extraction and collapse of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide new structural information. The pore of the conceptacle was occluded by the tightly appressed tips of the paraphyses. These were embedded in copious ECM within the conceptacle. The ECM inside the conceptacle and in the medulla differed markedly in texture and with respect to the distribution of S and Cl, as revealed by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. High levels of S were restricted to the conceptacle’s ECM, whereas the ECM in the medulla was always S poor and Cl rich. Receptacles frozen naturally at low tide during the winter of 1998 showed extensive damage in the medulla, and this likely accounts for the cessation of reproduction during the winter on the Maine shore. The damaged receptacles recovered and resumed growth during the spring, and they released gametes by May. Abscission of the overwintered receptacles was observed in June to July, coincident with the formation of new receptacles at the tips of newly grown portions of the fronds.
Convection in multiple layers of immiscible liquids in a shallow cavity. I: Steady natural convection

Abstract The problem of convective flow in multiple immiscible liquid layers in a differentially heated shallow rectangular cavity with rigid and insulated upper and lower boundaries is considered. As a model for multiple layers, a three-layer system featuring two non-deformable interfaces is investigated. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to determine the flow in the two distinct regions: the core region characterized by parallel flow; and the end-wall regions where flow turns around. The driving mechanism for convection is buoyancy. To study mechanical coupling across interfaces between immiscible liquids, the influence of varying encapsulant viscosity is investigated.
Cancer epigenetics is no Mickey Mouse

Summary Epigenetic changes are the most common alterations in human cancer, but it has been difficult to sort out cause and effect from studies of human tumors. Several recent nonlethal mouse models implicate both hypomethylation and loss of imprinting (LOI) in tumor formation, including a paper in this issue of Cancer Cell showing that transient hypomethylation in ES cells causes LOI and liver and intestinal tumors (Holm et al., 2005). Hypomethylation appears to be a critical determinant of cancer, affecting chromosomal stability and specific gene targets.
Effective stochastic behavior in dynamical systems with incomplete information

Complex systems are generally analytically intractable and difficult to simulate. We introduce a method for deriving an effective stochastic equation for a high-dimensional deterministic dynamical system for which some portion of the configuration is not precisely specified. We use a response function path integral to construct an equivalent distribution for the stochastic dynamics from the distribution of the incomplete information. We apply this method to the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators to derive an effective stochastic equation for a single oscillator interacting with a bath of oscillators and also outline the procedure for other systems.
Harsh-environment fiber optic sensors for structural monitoring applications

The objective of the work presented was to develop a suite of sensors for use in high-temperature aerospace environments, including turbine engine monitoring, hypersonic vehicle skin friction measurements, and support ground and flight test operations. A fiber optic sensor platform was used to construct the sensor suite. Successful laboratory demonstrations include calibration of a pressure sensor to 100psi at a gas temperature of 800°C, calibration of an accelerometer to 2.5g at a substrate temperature of 850°C. Temperature sensors have been field tested up to 1400°C, and a skin friction sensor designed for 870°C operation has been constructed. The key advancement that enabled the operation of these novel harsh environment sensors was a fiber optic packaging methodology that allowed the coupling of alumina and sapphire transducer components, optical fiber, and high-temperature alloy housing materials. The basic operation of the sensors and early experimental results are presented. Each of the sensors described here represent a quantifiable advancement in the state of the art in high-temperature physical sensors and will have a significant impact on the aerospace propulsion instrumentation industry.
Mini workshop — Innovation for a crowded curriculum: Learning modules for tomorrow's energy engineers

As energy technology evolves to meet demands for development and ecological sustainability, engineers need to have up-to-date skills and knowledge to meet the creative challenges our energy problems demand. However, current engineering thermodynamics textbooks are grounded in historical developments of the steam engine in Europe and subsequent fossil fuel technologies. A set of course modules has been designed to take a fresh look at the engineering knowledge and skills required for current and emerging energy challenges. Stand-alone modules facilitate integration with existing courses and curricula and are adaptable to a variety of settings. Modules employ innovative engineering pedagogies that foster student engagement. Because energy engineers will need the full range of capabilities outlined in ABET's learning outcomes, modules address outcomes not often addressed in conventional thermodynamics courses: design within realistic social and technical constraints, professional ethics, effective communication, understanding social contexts of engineering, lifelong learning, and a knowledge of contemporary issues. Modules also focus on policy analysis for energy technology selection, and incorporate contributions from the global South. The mini-workshop will demonstrate the use of the modules in core engineering courses. Participants will individually design a plan for implementing a module of their choice in one of their courses.