cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualization of Airflow by Means of Concentrated Beams of Light

W sunlight is admitted through a narrow opening in a darkened room, the dust particles flying in the air and crossing the beam become visible. This phenomenon reproduced in the wind tunnel may be utilized to visualize airflow around an object. Fig. 1 shows a sketch of the arrangement used. In the two opposite sides of a darkened wind tunnel are narrow slots through which parallel beams of light are thrown on the airfoil. Aluminum dust is introduced in the airflow by means of a blower at the opening of the wind tunnel. The camera is mounted on the top of the wind tunnel. A very small amount of light and aluminum powder is necessary to make the flow visible
Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens

Publisher Summary Pathogenic microorganisms usually originate from an infected host or directly from the environment; however, only a small proportion of these microbes cause infection. This chapter discusses the pathogens that are transmitted through the environment such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Many human pathogens can be transmitted only by direct or close contact with an infected person or animal such as herpesvirus. Virus transmission by the airborne route may be both direct and indirect inhalation of infectious droplets or through contact with contaminated fomites. Water-borne diseases—such as yellow fever, dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, and sleeping sicknessare transmitted by insects that breed in water or live near water. The common bacterial pathogens transmitted through water include Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and Legionella. Opportunistic pathogens are also numerous in the environment, and the most important opportunistic pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Viruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis and water-borne outbreaks may be caused by norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus, and adenoviruses. Respiratory diseases are also associated with a large number of viruses such as rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and adenovirus. Generally, viral and protozoan pathogens survive longer in the environment than enteric bacterial pathogens.
Kinetic and photochemical studies of 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2-'-deoxyuridine. Sensitization of ultraviolet inactivation of thymidine kinase by 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and other halogenated analogs of thymidine.

Abstract The effects of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, and 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, a new analog of thymidine, on the ultraviolet (UV) inactivation of thymidine kinase have been investigated. Of these compounds only 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine enhance the rate of inactivation of the enzyme by UV light. The other halogenated analogs neither protect nor sensitize thymidine kinase to UV inactivation. Whereas the inactivation of thymidine kinase by UV light in the presence of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine can be prevented by the substrate, thymidine (Cysyk, R., and Prusoff, W. H. (1969) Fed. Proc., 28, 473; Cysyk, R. (1970) Ph.D. thesis, Yale University), that produced by 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine is not prevented by thymidine alone but requires the presence of both substrates, thymidine and MgATP. Kinetic studies with thymidine kinase show 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to thymidine; however, 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine shows uncompetitive inhibition with thymidine and competitive inhibition with MgATP. The allosteric regulators, dCDP, an activator, and dTTP, an inhibitor, protect the enzyme against UV irradiation and decrease the rate of inactivation caused by 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. The primary photostable compound formed during photolysis of 3-N-methyl-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine appears to be 3-N-methyl deoxyuridine, which is analogous to the formation of deoxyuridine during photolysis of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (Cysyk, R. (1970) Ph.D. thesis, Yale University).
Generic and Composable Latecomer Accomodation Service for Centralized Shared Systems

It is important that a shared application allow a latecomer to join other users who are already working together with the application. We have developed a latecomer accommodation service framework for centralized shared systems (applications and infrastructures). It employs an independent latecomer accommodation server that is dynamically composable with its clients. The server, also called the logger, logs a shared application’s user interface (UI) changes in response to calls made by the client, also called the loggable. Later, when the time comes to accommodate a latecomer, the logger replays the logged changes to the loggable, which, in turn, creates the latecomer’s user interface. To deal with UI protocols at different levels of abstraction, we have defined the API in terms of a generic UI model. This reduces the burden on a loggable from a complete service implementation to a translation between its specific UI protocol and our generic UI model. To reduce the space and time overhead, the logger performs complex log compression. The extent of compression depends on the amount of semantic knowledge that the loggable provides to the logger. In this paper, we motivate, describe and illustrate the approach, and outline how it is implemented.
A Generalization of Pythagoras's Theorem and Application to Explanations of Variance Contributions in Linear Models

Many aspects of the geometry of linear statistical models and least squares estimation are well known. Discussions of the geometry may be found in many sources. Some aspects of the geometry relating to the partitioning of variation that can be explained using a little-known theorem of Pappus and have not been discussed previously are the topic of this report. I discuss, using the theorem, how geometric explanation helps us understand issues relating to contributions of independent variables to explanation of variance in a dependent variable. A particular concern that the theorem helps explain involves nonorthogonal linear models including correlated regressors and analysis of variance.
Anomaly Detection Enhanced Classification in Computer Intrusion Detection

This paper describes experiences and results applying Support Vector Machine (SVM) to a Computer Intrusion Detection (CID) dataset. This is the second stage of work with this dataset, emphasizing incorporation of anomaly detection in the modeling and prediction of cyber-attacks. The SVMmethod for classification is used as a benchmark method (from previous study [1]), and the anomaly detection approaches compare so-called "one class" SVMs with a thresholded Mahalanobis distance to define support regions. Results compare the performance of the methods, and investigate joint performance of classification and anomaly detection. The dataset used is the DARPA/KDD-99 publicly available dataset of features from network packets classified into non-attack and four attack categories.
Mechanism of DNA damage responses induced by exposure to an oligonucleotide homologous to the telomere overhang in melanoma

T-oligo, an 11-base oligonucleotide homologous to the 3'-telomeric overhang, is a novel, potent therapeutic modality in melanoma and multiple other tumor types. T-oligo is proposed to function in a manner similar to experimental disruption of the telomere overhang and induces DNA damage responses including apoptosis, differentiation and senescence. However, important components involved in T-oligo induced responses are not defined, particularly the role of p53, TRF1 and TRF2 in mediating the T-oligo induced responses. In MU, PM-WK, and MM-MC melanoma cells, exposure to T-oligo upregulates p53 expression and phosphorylation, resulting in cellular differentiation and activation of a caspase-mediated apoptotic cascade. However, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p53 completely blocks T-oligo induced differentiation and significantly decreases apoptosis, suggesting that p53 is an important mediator of T-oligo induced responses. In addition, we characterized the roles of telomere binding proteins, TRF1, TRF2, and tankyrase-1, in T-oligo induced damage responses. We demonstrate that tankyrase-1 activity is required for initiation of T-oligo induced damage responses including p53 phosphorylation and reduction of cellular proliferation. These results highlight TRF1, TRF2, tankyrase-1 and p53 as important elements in T-oligo mediated responses and suggest new avenues for research into T-oligo's mechanism of action.
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: IDENTIFYING CULTURE TYPES AND LEADERSHIP ROLES

Organizational Leadership in Academic Libraries: Identifying Culture Types and Leadership Roles The purpose of this study is to identify organizational culture types and leadership roles among research and non-research libraries in higher education institutions in the United States and to reveal trends that can assist in enacting needed organizational change. Organizational culture and leadership are two intertwined concepts that are strongly aligned with the human element of any supervisory experience. According to Crosby, they help “nurture effective and humane organizations” (Crosby, 2004). This research project sought to test the claims brought forth by library researchers such as Kaarts-Brown et al. in which they reported a tie between the library manager’s ability to shift leadership roles to the overall effectiveness of the organization’s culture (2004, p. 38). It also examined possible models to aid libraries in diagnosing and making change that can influence organizational culture in positive ways. Application of Cameron and Quinn’s Competing Values Framework (CVF) by use of the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) provided a method for identifying culture and leadership roles among 625 academic library respondents. One hundred higher education libraries affiliated with the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) were compared to 123 similar-sized non-research oriented colleges and universities. The library literature stresses that budgetary constraints cause great difficulties among libraries of all types in this country. It also states that library science education does little to prepare its leaders to tackle this wide-spread crisis. This research project attempted to reveal the impact budget may have on culture and if education has any bearing on leadership traits and if one library type displays cultures or leadership roles that are desirable. Significant differences were revealed for several of the variables studied. Revealing culture types or library organizations and the leadership roles of their chief officers can aid in the diagnosis of effective or ineffective organizations. Once types and roles are identified, strategies can be suggested to meet institutional goals in spite of budget problems. With no statesupported economic relief anticipated for higher education in the near future, identifying creative strategies for library directors to employ may aid them in becoming more effective managers. Cameron and Quinn assert that effective managers beget effective leaders, who in turn can invoke positive change within their organizations (2006, p. 81).
Treatment of Agitation in Dementia

Behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms associated with dementia are common and often confusing because they do not meet criteria for typical discrete psychiatric disorders. Although the symptoms tend to occur in clusters, the clusters often vary with time and between patients. Recognizing the behavioral pathology associated with dementia is important because it can be distressing to the patient, lead to dangerous interactions with others or the environment, and result in the use of inappropriate psychotropic medications. A practical, general approach to the evaluation and management of agitation in dementia for psychiatric consultants confronted with such problems is proposed.
Finding Religion: An Analysis of Theology LibGuides

This paper will compare various LibGuides in theology from thirty-seven different institutions. These institutions include universities granting undergraduate and graduate degrees in religion or theology as well as seminaries for professional clergy. Data on LibGuides content, such as books, ebooks, journals, databases, librarian contact information, and others, will be compared and analyzed. Resources especially tailored to religious and theological studies will also be highlighted.
¡Apóyenos! Latina/o Student Recommendations for High School Supports

We examined 401 Latina/o high school students’ postsecondary plans and their responses to an open-ended question about how their schools should better help Latina/o students to achieve their plans. The majority of students planned to enroll in postsecondary education or training. Boys and those responding in Spanish were more likely not to plan to continue their education, and those responding in Spanish were more likely to plan to work full time or part time than those responding in English. Themes generated from the open-ended responses include that schools should provide more motivational support, structured programs, and clubs that engage Latina/o students within their schools and communities, academic assistance and support, information related to financial aid, college, and careers, and that schools should eliminate discrimination and racism and increase Latina/o cultural resources. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Proactive and reactive control by the medial frontal cortex

Adaptive behavior requires the ability to flexibly control actions. This can occur either proactively to anticipate task requirements, or reactively in response to sudden changes. In this article, we describe the behavioral and physiological evidence for dual mechanisms of control in response inhibition in the medial frontal cortex in the context of the stop signal or countermanding task.
An Artificial Nanopore for Molecular Sensing

We have used micromolding techniques to embed a nanoscale pore in PDMS. This novel design allows rapid and reproducible fabrication of pores, is extremely flexible, and can be modified both structurally and chemically for a variety of single-molecule detection applications. We demonstrate the capabilities of the device to sense electronically single DNA molecules.
Cation clustering and formation of free oxide ions in sodium and potassium lanthanum silicate glasses: nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopic findings

Abstract Alkali silicate glasses containing lanthanum oxide are useful model systems for understanding the structural role of rare earth cations in optical and other types of materials. We report 29 Si and Raman spectra of sodium and potassium silicate glasses, both with added La 2 O 3 and with La 2 O 3 substituted for Na 2 O or K 2 O on an equal-oxygen basis. In the former series, silicate speciation changes show the formation of more non-bridging oxygens (NBO) as more of the network-modifying La 2 O 3 is added. In the latter series, however, in which the nominal ratio of NBO to Si is constant, silicate speciation changes indicate that the actual ratio decreases significantly as La is substituted for 3 Na or K. The simplest explanation of this finding is that up to several percent of the oxygen in the La-rich glasses is not bonded to any Si, but instead forms `free oxide' ions that are part of La-rich domains. Although the size of these domains remains unconstrained, the lack of evidence for phase separation and continuity of trends in structure with composition suggests that the metastable liquid structure at the glass transition contains substantial intermediate-range heterogeneity.
New Method to Achieve AC Harmonic Elimination and Energy Storage Integration for 12-Pulse Diode Rectifiers

The 12-pulse rectifier is often used to supply high-power industrial loads. Its ability to effectively and cheaply mitigate the harmonics on the ac side has ensured its dominance in the industry even as active front ends become cheaper and more reliable. Despite its many benefits, the 12-pulse rectifier is not able to reduce the ac-side harmonics to a level acceptable by the pertinent IEEE standards without additional filtering. In this paper, we outline a novel method to profile the rectifier output current to be triangular which results in low ac-side harmonics. The novelty in the proposed approach is that we exploit the dc-side filter design to minimize the volt-amperes (VA) rating of the current source used to profile the dc-side rectifier current. Additional benefits of the proposed method include lower VA rating of the dc filter, simple integration of dc energy storage, and effective ac harmonic control even when the initial rectifier current is discontinuous.
On the coupling between two-level states and strains in amorphous solids

Abstract It is argued from recent measurements that the coupling constant, between strain and the two-level tunneling systems in vitreous silica, is dominated by the asymmetry energy of the double-well in the potential energy. This coupling constant is essentially independent of strain, as is the density of two-level states.
Non-invasive neuroimaging using near-infrared light

This article reviews diffuse optical brain imaging, a technique that employs near-infrared light to non-invasively probe the brain for changes in parameters relating to brain function. We describe the general methodology, including types of measurements and instrumentation (including the tradeoffs inherent in the various instrument components), and the basic theory required to interpret the recorded data. A brief review of diffuse optical applications is included, with an emphasis on research that has been done with psychiatric populations. Finally, we discuss some practical issues and limitations that are relevant when conducting diffuse optical experiments. We find that, while diffuse optics can provide substantial advantages to the psychiatric researcher relative to the alternative brain imaging methods, the method remains substantially underutilized in this field.
Theoretical study of anion binding to calix[4]pyrrole: the effects of solvent, fluorine substitution, cosolute, and water traces.

The binding of different anions to calix[4]pyrrole has been studied by means of molecular dynamics coupled to thermodynamic integration calculations. The effect of different apolar solvents, octafluoro substitution, and the change in binding free energy derived from the presence of cosolute and water traces (the hydrated salt used to introduce the anion in the solution) were examined. Calculations allow us to rationalize the differential binding of ions to calix[4]pyrrole and octafluorocalix[4]pyrrole as well as to predict the behavior in new solvents for which experimental data are not available yet. It is found that both calix[4]pyrrole and octafluorocalix[4]pyrrole have a dramatic preference for F- in the gas phase and pure aprotic solvents, but the situation can change dramatically in protic solvents or in the presence of the hydrated cation which is used as cosolute of the anion. Overall, our results provide interesting clues for a better understanding of the process detected experimentally as “binding”.
Effects of testosterone on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats

A male advantage over females for spatial tasks has been well documented in both humans and rodents, but it remains unclear how the activational effects of testosterone influence spatial ability in males. In a series of experiments, we tested how injections of testosterone influenced the spatial working and reference memory of castrated male rats. In the eight-arm radial maze, testosterone injections (0.500 mg/rat) reduced the number of working memory errors during the early blocks of testing but had no effect on the number of reference memory errors relative to the castrated control group. In a reference memory version of the Morris water maze, injections of a wide range of testosterone doses (0.0625-1.000 mg/rat) reduced path lengths to the hidden platform, indicative of improved spatial learning. This improved learning was independent of testosterone dose, with all treatment groups showing better performance than the castrated control males. Furthermore, this effect was only observed when rats were given testosterone injections starting 7 days prior to water maze testing and not when injections were given only on the testing days. We also observed that certain doses of testosterone (0.250 and 1.000 mg/rat) increased perseverative behavior in a reversal-learning task. Finally, testosterone did not have a clear effect on spatial working memory in the Morris water maze, although intermediate doses seemed to optimize performance. Overall, the results indicate that testosterone can have positive activational effects on spatial learning and memory, but the duration of testosterone replacement and the nature of the spatial task modify these effects.
Transient ischemic alteration of synaptosomal neutral acid uptake

The effect of cerebral ischemia and postischemia on the synaptosomal uptake of some neutral amino acids was determined in mongolian gerbils at various periods of time. A transiently increased uptake of3H isoleucine,14C cycloleucine and3H phenylalanine in the synaptosomes was found after 3 min of bilateral common carotid occlusion which returned to normal at 30 min of reestablished cerebral blood circulation.
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM): A New Player on the Thyroid Endocrine Team?

3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous compound with chemical features that are similar to thyroid hormone. T1AM has a carbon skeleton identical to that of T4 and contains a single carbon-iodine bond. Theoretically, T1AM could be produced from T4 by enzymatic decarboxylation and deiodination. Recent studies show that T1AM and higher iodinated thyronamines are subject to similar metabolic processing as iodothyronines such as T4, suggesting a biological linkage between iodothyronines and iodothyronamines. In addition, single doses of T1AM administered to rodents induce a hypometabolic state that in certain ways resembles hibernation and is opposite to the effects of excess T4. This review will discuss the latest developments on this recently discovered thyroid hormone derivative.
Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Xenopus Collected in Africa (1871–2000) and in California (2001–2010)

International trade of the invasive South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), a subclinical carrier of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatis (Bd) has been proposed as a major means of introduction of Bd into naive, susceptible amphibian populations. The historical presence of Bd in the indigenous African population of Xenopus is well documented. However, there are no reports documenting the presence of Bd in wild Xenopus populations in the US, particularly in California where introduced populations are well-established after intentional or accidental release. In this report, a survey was conducted on 178 archived specimens of 6 species of Xenopus collected in Africa from 1871–2000 and on 23 archived specimens (all wild-caught Xenopus laevis) collected in California, USA between 2001 and 2010. The overall prevalence rate of Bd in the tested Xenopus was 2.8%. The earliest positive specimen was X. borealis collected in Kenya in 1934. The overall prevalence of Bd in the X. laevis collected in California was 13% with 2 positive specimens from 2001 and one positive specimen from 2003. The positive Xenopus (3/23) collected in California were collected in 2001 (2/3) and 2003 (1/3). These data document the presence of Bd-infected wild Xenopus laevis in California. The findings reported here support the prevailing hypothesis that Bd was present as a stable, endemic infection in Xenopus populations in Africa prior to their worldwide distribution likely via international live-amphibian trade.
Theoretical and experimental characterization of supersonic expansions from slit sources

Abstract Theoretical and experimental studies of supersonic expansions from slit sources are reported.
Lattice-Like Array Particles on Xenopus oocyte Plasma Membrane

Plasma membrane from Xenopus laevis oocytes has been used as a model system to study membrane structure and particle components, including native and exogenously expressed proteins. Previous studies by electron microscopy (EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) compared intramembrane particles (IMPs) on uninjected oocyte membranes to oocytes expressing proteins of interest. These studies observed randomly distributed IMPs on the surface of the oocyte plasma membrane. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique to isolate oocyte membranes by bursting the oocyte and depositing its membrane on a flat mica substrate. The flat surface membrane preparation allows high-resolution AFM images to be obtained, revealing a novel structure of densely packed particles. These particles exhibit a regular, repeating pattern of a lattice-like array with orderly packing and are thus termed “lattice-like array particles” (LAPs). The LAPs are orderly yet imperfectly packed, are located in depressed pools, occur with a low frequency on the oocyte membrane surface, and have not previously been seen using other isolation and imaging methods. Histogram analysis of the center-to-center distance between LAPs suggest their size to be about 44 nm in diameter, considerably larger than other reported size estimates of IMPs. These results indicate that LAPs represent a novel membrane particle organization, which merits further study.
Erosion damage in structural ceramics

Abstract The erosion damage (material removal and strength degradation) in a variety of structural ceramics (Al 2 O 3 , SiC, Si 3 N 4 and MgO) as a function of kinetic energy of the impacting particle is compared. Based on this data an erosion damage model is developed by assuming that the kinetic energy of the impacting particle goes into grain boundary cracking and the subsequent grain fall-out creates a hemispherical pit with an annular crack of about a grain diameter in size. The model predicts that, as kinetic energy increases, larger pits are formed; however, the ratio of the annular crack to pit size decreases, causing the stress intensity factor for this pit-crack defect to become insensitive to the size of the pit. Thus, strength degradation is predicted to level off at high kinetic energies. The dependence of the erosive wear data on the kinetic energy of the impacting particle and the grain size and toughness of the target material agreed well with the model, as well as the strength degradation results of sintered Al 2 O 3 . However, the post-erosion strength of sintered SiC showed an increase at high impacting kinetic energies. This discrepancy was thought to be related to the fact that, in SiC, relatively shallow, rather than hemispherical, pits were formed on erosion.
PAC Contributions and Lobbying Contacts in Congressional Committees

Researchers and political observers often assume that campaign contributions help political action committees (PACs) and their affiliated lobbyists gain access to members of Congress. But empirical...
Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Measurement of Isotope Ratios in Depleted Uranium Contaminated Soils

Laser ablation of pressed soil pellets was examined as a means of direct sample introduction to enable inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) screening of soils for residual depleted uranium (DU) contamination. Differentiation between depleted uranium, an anthropogenic contaminant, and naturally occurring uranium was accomplished on the basis of measured 235U/238U isotope ratios. The amount of sample preparation required for laser ablation is considerably less than that typically required for aqueous sample introduction. The amount of hazardous laboratory waste generated is diminished accordingly. During the present investigation, 235U/238U isotope ratios measured for field samples were in good agreement with those derived from gamma spectrometry measurements. However, substantial compensation was required to mitigate the effects of impaired pulse counting attributed to sample inhomogeneity and sporadic introduction of uranium analyte into the plasma.
Bowel and bladder continence among children with spina bifida: a retrospective study

Address: 1Neurology & Developmental Medicine, Keelty Center for Spina Bifida, Kennedy Krieger Institute, North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2Behavioral Psychology, Keelty Center for Spina Bifida, Kennedy Krieger Institute, North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 3Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Keelty Center for Spina Bifida, Kennedy Krieger Institute, North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 4Urology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA and 5School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Abundance and assemblage structure of fish larvae in the lower Missouri River and its tributaries

Abstract Most of the backwater habitat in the floodplain of the lower Missouri River has been eliminated, but the lower reaches of tributaries have flow and depth characteristics similar to backwaters. We sampled the assemblages of fish larvae and age-0 juveniles in the lower 8 km of four tributaries and in the Missouri River main channel to determine the extent to which riverine species use these backwaters for early life history stages. We also sought to determine which tributary characteristics were associated with use by riverine species. Densities of 8 of the 10 fish taxa analyzed were greater in tributaries than in the Missouri River in 1987 and 1988. The composition of the larval fish fauna varied: carpsuckers Carpiodes spp., goldeye Hiodon alosoides, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, and common carp Cyprinus carpio occurred in large rivers; whereas mostly gizzard shad Dorsosoma cepedianum, nearctic cyprinids (mostly emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides and red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis), an...
Predicting unilateral prostate cancer on routine diagnostic biopsy: sextant vs extended.

Study Type – Diagnosis (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic properties of routine office-based sextant and extended biopsies for unilateral prostate cancer, as validated by final pathology, because focal therapy of prostate cancer is gaining acceptance as a viable treatment option and thus patient selection is of paramount consideration. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analysed records of patients who had a radical prostatectomy (RP) for biopsy confirmed prostate cancer at our institution between 1990 and 2007. Records with incomplete data were excluded. Diagnostic properties for sextant and extended biopsies were calculated and compared for diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) and false-positive and -negative rates. RESULTS We identified 882 records (729 sextant, 153 extended biopsies) matching our criteria. Overall, unilateral prostate cancer was confirmed in 151 (16%) of pathological RP specimens. The sensitivity improved from 84.1% to 88.0% on sextant and extended biopsy, respectively. Similarly, the PPV increased from 21.9% to 27.2%, specificity from 37.1% to 53.9% (P < 0.05), and NPV from 91.8% to 95.8% (P < 0.05). These changes are reflected in the decrease in false-positive rates (from 62.9% to 46.1%) and false-negative rates (from 15.9% to 12.0%). The overall diagnostic accuracy increased from 49% on sextant to 59% on extended biopsy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taking more prostate biopsy cores improves the diagnostic properties for identifying unilateral prostate cancer. However, a 12-core biopsy is not an ideal diagnostic test to select patients for focal therapy, and should be interpreted in conjunction with imaging and clinical variables. Additional research should investigate the diagnostic gain associated with a further increase in the number of biopsy cores.
An interview with A. A. Aardvark

Recently, the JGR offices received a manuscript authored by an A. A. Aardvark. The Editor had never heard of him but, since it was a reasonably well written article, assumed that one of his regular contributors had suddenly taken a nom-de-plume. Further, Aardvark's name could not be found in the papers bibliography, a dead giveaway that Aardvark was not his real name, for even anonymous referees reference themselves. Since his manuscript was postmarked from my city and since he had requested that all correspondence be forwarded to a post office box there, it was suggested that I try to track down Aardvark and ascertain what had led him to this action. No doubt the Editor just wanted to see whether or not Aardvark was dangerous, but I thought that it would be of interest to the AGU membership if I conducted an in-depth interview with him. Armed with a copy of the bibliography of Aardvark's paper, I found it quite easy to track him down. I knocked on his door, identified myself, and waited. I could hear paper shuffling and file cabinets being closed; then the door opened a crack, and the interview began.
THE NASAL APPARATUS IN DIPNOI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROTOPTERUS

An investigation is made of the homology of the nasal apparatus of the Dipnoi, in order to determine whether the posterior naris is homologous with the choana of tetrapods or with the posterior external naris of fishes. The ontogeny of the nasal capsule of Protopterus is described in detail. The nervous and venous systems of tho snout region of Protopterus are also duscrbed. It is found that whereas the pattern of the nervous and vascular systems is very similar in all Dipnoi, the structuro of the nasal capsule in the Lepidosiren-Protopterus stock differs greatly from that of the Neoceratodus stock. the homology of the various components of the depnoan nasal coasule is revised and it is shown that there are no evidences of a direct relationship of the Dipnoi with the tetrapods. It is further concluded that the posterior naris of Dipnoi is homologous with the posterior external naris of fishes.
New Facial Glands in Domestic Pig and Warthog

Sebaceous scent glands, located in the upper lip beside the tusks, are reported in two species of suids. A preorbital gland similar to the tusk gland is also described in the warthog. Tusk-gland secretion is employed for scent-marking objects and could contribute to salivary pheromones emitted during sexual and agonistic encounters when boars champ and gnash their tusks.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analysis of Peptides Derived from CapZ, NDR, p53, HDM2, and HDM4 Binding to Human S100B

S100B is a member of the S100 subfamily of EF-hand proteins that has been implicated in malignant melanoma and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Calcium-induced conformational changes expose a hydrophobic binding cleft, facilitating interactions with a wide variety of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and extracellular target proteins. Previously, peptides derived from CapZ, p53, NDR, HDM2, and HDM4 have been shown to interact with S100B in a calcium-dependent manner. However, the thermodynamic and kinetic basis of these interactions remains largely unknown. To gain further insight, we screened these peptides against the S100B protein using isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance. All peptides were found to have binding affinities in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Binding-induced changes in the line shapes of S100B backbone (1)H and (15)N resonances were monitored to obtain the dissociation constants and the kinetic binding parameters. The large microscopic K(on) rate constants observed in this study (≥1 × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) suggest that S100B utilizes a "fly casting mechanism" in the recognition of these peptide targets.
The Educational Expectation of Looked after Children

Until recently, educational issues for looked after children have been a largely neglected area of research. The current study by Amber Elliott aimed to investigate one factor that may contribute to the under-achievement of children in care. A group of high school teachers were selected to participate in the study to examine whether there were differences in teacher expectations of looked after children and their peers, as measured on seven educational factors. Participants were divided randomly into two groups and given one of two questionnaires. One asked about children with whom the teacher generally had contact, the other asked specifically about looked after children. There was found to be a significant difference in teacher expectations on questions measuring the likelihood of handing in homework consistently and the propensity to be the victim of bullying. Teachers did not have significantly different expectations of looked after children and non-looked after children on three other measures of beh...
Effect of metal film thickness on surface-atom coupling

Abstract Metal film thickness is found to be an important parameter in the nonradiative coupling of atoms to metal surfaces. Silver, sodium, and potasium films in the thickness range 8–120 nm are evaporated onto a 40 K substrate in ultra high vacuum. At 11 K, layers of N 2 in the thickness range 3–300 nm are condensed onto the metal films. Low energy electrons excite the N, 2 D→ 4 S (α) electronic transition. The lifetime of α is measured as a function of nitrogen thickness and metal film thickness. Results are found to be in good agreement with classical theory based on nonradiative coupling of perpendicular dipoles to surface plasmons of the metal surface.
A Review of the Geomydocecus subcalifornicus Complex (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) from Thomomys Pocket Gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae), with a Discussion of Quantitative Techniques and Automated Taxonomic Procedures

Geomydoecus subcalifornicus is redescribed and illustrated; its known host range is 44 subspecies of Thomomys bottae and 3 of T. umbrinus from U.S.A. (Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah) and Mexico (Baja California, Sonora). A new species, G. guadalupensis, is described from 5 subspecies of T. bottae (type-host: T. b. guadalupensis ) from U.S.A. (New Mexico, Texas) and Mexico (Coahuila). Quantitative characters of these lice, together with their host and locality data, were stored and evaluated by a computerized taxonomic analysis system. This was used to: define and identify tentative taxonomic groups; evaluate these groups for homogeneity; make comparisons among groups; and produce preliminary descriptions, lists of material examined, and host geographic range maps. Distinctions among taxa are shown using qualitative and quantitative characters and principal components analysis of quantitative characters.
On the Cross-Cultural Study of Circulation.

"Among the greatest faults of which we are guilty in migration research is being locked into the same kinds of questions related to the same concepts of migration that were developed years ago for a particular setting at a particular time" (Goldstein 1976:428). Internal migration, conventionally defined, involves a shift in perma? nent residence from one place to another. The qualifying adjectives used by scholars from many disciplines indicate that movements of moderately long duration do not necessarily eliminate an eventual, and equally 'permanent' return to the original place. Thus the notion of 'return migration' is basic to formal demography (e.g. Feindt and Browning, 1972); the economist Walter Elkan (1967) uses 'circular migration' to describe wage-labor movements in East Africa; and Breese (1966:83), a sociologist focusing upon Third World urbanization, speaks of 'floating migration'. Pierre George, the French geographer, finds the fluidity of wage-labor mobility in West Africa to be so persistent that he dispenses with both the term migration and its several adjectives in favor of one evocative word?turbulence (George 1959:200). One clear implication of all these terms and distinctions is that the concept of internal migration only faintly captures the full meaning of territorial mobility. Many movements involve the interchange of people between points of origin and destination, such as villages and towns, both individually and in small groups. All of the movements, however, have in common the characteristic that they begin and ultimately terminate in the same community and consequently involve no change in permanent place of residence. Being repetitive and perhaps cyclic, such movements have been termed circulation by both the anthropologist J. Clyde Mitchell (1961) and the geographer Wilbur Zelinsky (1971). For the people in-
Germ line abnormalities InDrosophila simulans transfected with the transposable P element

A strain ofDrosophila simulans was studied 40 generations after the transposable P element had been introduced into the genome by means of transformation. The genome also contained arosy transposon consisting of the wildtype allele of therosy gene flanked by P element DNA. During the 40 generations of evolution the number of P elements had increased to the level of 8–15 and the number ofrosy transposons to the level of 4–12. Continued transpositional activity in the germ line of the strain was evidenced by deletions occurring in therosy transposon and, in two independent sublines, by the transposition of therosy transposon from the X chromosome to the autosomes. Although at 25°C gonadal development and fertility appeared normal in both sexes, at 29°C both sexes were sterile. The sterile females had morphologically normal ovaries, but the sterile males often had shrunken, dysmorphic testes containing few or no immature sperm bundles. However, the sterility found in the transfected strain may not result directly from transpositional activity of the P element. The characteristics of theD. simulans strain infected with the P element are discussed in the context of factors that influence hybrid dysgenesis inD. melanogaster.
Hardened portland cement pastes of low porosity I. Materials and experimental methods

Abstract The paper is the first of a series on hardened portland cement pastes of low porosity, prepared with water-cement ratios of 0.2 and 0.3. A Type I and a Type II clinker were ground to Blaine surface areas ranging from 6000 to 9000 cm 2 /g, using a variety of grinding aids, 0.5% of the weight of the clinker. The ground clinker was dry-mixed with calcium lignosulfonate, 1.0% and 0.5% of the weight of the Type I and Type II clinker, respectively. Potassium carbonate, 0.5% of the weight of the clinker, was dissolved in the mix water. The three additives, grinding aid, calcium lignosulfonate, and potassium carbonate, jointly produced excellent workability of the paste and satisfactory setting times with as low water-cement ratio as 0.2. Because of the low porosity, much higher compressive strengths and much lower dimensional changes were obtained than with “normal” cement pastes, i.e., pastes made with water-cement ratios of 0.4 or greater. The first paper describes the materials used in the research and the experimental methods.
Right to left shunting through communications between the left superior intercostal vein tributaries and the left atrium: A potential cause of paradoxical embolism

Abstract Objectives To investigate the role of collateral venous pathways between the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV) and the left atrium through an arcade comprising the left superior intercostal vein (LSICV), left vertical vein (LVV), and pulmonary veins as a potential cause of paradoxical embolism. Methods A retrospective search was performed to find symptomatic patients with negative work up for paradoxical emboli whose chest CT or MR angiography by left arm contrast injection showed a visible right to left shunt through the LSICV/LVV collateral pathway (symptomatic group). We also evaluated the characteristics of this collateral pathway in 150 chest CT angiographies from general referrals (comparison group). Results We found 7 symptomatic patients. Initial presentations included neurological symptoms in all patients and episodes of hypoxemia in three patients. Communications between the LBV and left atrium through the LSICV/LVV pathway was seen is all 7 cases and confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography in two. An abnormal LBV was seen in 6 cases (absence in one, stenosis in 5). Moderate superior vena cava stenosis was seen in one and acute right subclavian vein thrombosis in one. Six patients had past history of an upper extremity central line placement. In the comparison group, LSICV was seen in 73 (48%), connecting to the hemiazygos vein in 41, to a LVV in 19 and to the left atrium in 7. Conclusion LSICV/LVV collaterals are common and can be a potential route for paradoxical emboli especially when stenosis of a draining vein such as LBV exists.
Optimizing Address Code Generation for Array-Intensive DSP Applications

The application code size is a critical design factor for many embedded systems. Unfortunately, most available compilers optimize primarily for speed of execution rather than code density. As a result, the compiler-generated code can be much larger than necessary. In particular, in the DSP domain, the past research found that optimizing address code generation can be very important since address code can account for over 50% of all program bits. This paper presents a compiler-directed scheme to minimize the number of instructions to be generated to manipulate address registers found in DSP architectures. As opposed to most of the prior techniques that attempt to reduce the number of such instructions through careful address register assignment, this paper proposes modifying loop access patterns in array-intensive signal processing applications. In addition, it demonstrates how the proposed scheme can cooperate with a data layout optimizer for increasing its benefits further. We also discuss how optimizations that target effective address code generation can conflict with data locality-enhancing transformations. We evaluate the proposed approach using twelve array-intensive embedded applications. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed approach not only leads to significant reductions in code size but also outperforms prior efforts on reducing code size of array-intensive DSP applications.
Immediate Listing for Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Cirrhosis: Curbing Our Enthusiasm

In this issue, Vanlemmens and colleagues report that patients with Child–Pugh stage B alcoholic cirrhosis who were immediately listed for liver transplantation were more likely than those assigned ...
Deficits in visual discrimination performance following neglect-producing unilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions in the albino rat

Abstract Adult male albino rats were trained with water reinforcement on a lateralized visual discrimination task. For six rats the correct head turn—nose poke response was to the side as the discriminative stimulus (Turn Towards group). For six others the correct response was to the side opposite from the discriminative stimulus (Turn Away group). Immediately after a rat had mastered its task, a unilateral electrolytic lesion was made under ether anesthesia through a stainless steel electrode previously implanted in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Discrimination training continued until the rat's performance returned to criterion. The lesions produced contralateral neglect as demonstrated by deficits in turning and orientation contralateral to the lesion. The lesions also disrupted all measures of discrimination performace (% correct, latency, and duration of observing response) for trials on which responses contralateral to the lesion were correct, regardless of whether the discriminative stimulus was also contralateral (Turn Towards group) or was ipsilateral (Turn Away group). These data are interpreted as showing that contralateral neglect following LH lesions is associated with a deficit in initiating instrumental responses contralateral to the lesion. They also confirm previous results from a similar task using tactile discriminative stimuli.