cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Corporate Rights

Why exactly must the states respect federal Bill of Rights protections that apply to corporations? In Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010), the Supreme Court held that corporations enjoy the First Amendment’s freedom of speech. Then, in American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock, 132 S. Ct. 2490 (2012), the Court incorporated that holding to the states. Oddly, though, the per curiam opinion in the latter case did not mention the constitutional doctrine of incorporation. It did not mention due process. It did not even mention the Fourteenth Amendment.This omission is indeed surprising, as the Bill of Rights does not apply to the states but for their incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. Now of course, the Court long ago incorporated the First Amendment to the states. But that incorporation was to protect “liberty,” and the Court has also long held that corporations, as artificial entities, do not enjoy the “liberty” that the Fourteenth Amendment protects. So again, why must the states respect federal Bill of Rights protections that apply to corporations? As for the First Amendment, the Court addressed this exact question in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 437 U.S. 765 (1978). The analysis in Bellotti, however, suggests that the First Amendment is somewhat sui generis. That uniqueness naturally raises the question, must the states respect other Bill of Rights protections that corporations now enjoy — or might soon enjoy? Must states provide jury trials for corporate criminal-fines cases? What about if corporations have Second Amendment rights?This Article aims to provide an answer. It draws on two sources, one more recent, and the other from 1868. The first is organizational and associational standing, which scholars have recently proffered as providing coherence to the Court’s corporate-rights jurisprudence. But with respect to the unique problem of incorporating corporate rights, group-entity standing by itself fails to fully solve the incorporation problem. We need something more.That something, this Article argues, is the Fourteenth Amendment’s Property Clause. A property-based account of the incorporation of corporate rights explains why states must respect certain corporate rights. It explains why they do not have to respect others. And it avoids overturning long-standing precedent. After explaining the property-based approach, the Article concludes by explaining which federal Bill of Rights protections corporations should enjoy at the state level.
Wingless, the Drosophila homolog of the proto-oncogene Wnt-1, can transform mouse mammary epithelial cells.

The segment polarity gene wingless is the Drosophila ortholog of mouse Wnt-1, a proto-oncogene capable of causing transformation of mammary epithelial cells. These two genes presently represent the best studied members of the Wnt gene family. To evaluate the functional significance of the sequence conservation between wingless and WnW-1, we have examined the effects of expressing the Drosophila gene in mouse mammary epithelial cell lines. wingless induced morphological transformation, focus formation, and mitogenesis in confluent cultures of these cells, with resulting phenotypes comparable to those obtained with mouse Wnt-1
Neutrosophic Measure and Neutrosophic Integral

Since the world is full of indeterminacy, the neutrosophics found their place into contemporary research. We now introduce for the first time the notions of neutrosophic measure and neutrosophic integral. Neutrosophic Science means development and applications of neutrosophic logic/set/measure/integral/ probability etc. and their applications in any field. It is possible to define the neutrosophic measure and consequently the neutrosophic integral and neutrosophic probability in many ways, because there are various types of indeterminacies, depending on the problem we need to solve. Indeterminacy is different from randomness. Indeterminacy can be caused by physical space materials and type of construction, by items involved in the space, or by other factors. Neutrosophic measure is a generalization of the classical measure for the case when the space contains some indeterminacy. Neutrosophic Integral is defined on neutrosophic measure. Simple examples of neutrosophic integrals are given.
Unstable and Thermally Insensitive Resonators for Alexandrite

Unstable resonators ere useful in obtaining low divergent output with food rod fill and low diffraction losses. However, unstable resonators have previously bean Halted to relatively high gain laser materials since an unstable resonator with low output coupling la vary susceptible to stable node lasing in the nigh Q-portion of the resonator which causes optical damage. An unstable resonator which we have bean able to lase in a low gain configuration uses radially birefringent elements1,2 to support an unstable node of the resonator bat output couples primarily through a partially reflecting mirror. This resonator is not vary susceptible to optical damage since the higher output coupling in the high Q-portion of the resonator allows a stable mode to lase without optical damage.
Keeping TOCE on a Positive Trajectory

In my inaugural editorial as the new editor-in-chief of the ACM Transactions on Computing Education, I take stock of the journal's progress in its first 6 years of existence, and I describe my plans to help the journal maintain its positive trajectory as a viable and vibrant computing education research journal.
Effect of Si Doping and Porosity on Hematite’s (α-Fe2O3) Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Performance

The photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance under simulated solar irradiation of hematite (α-Fe2O3) films synthesized by coevaporation of pure Si and Fe in an oxygen ambient, a process known as reactive ballistic deposition, is studied as a function of Si doping level and film porosity, ranging from dense films to nanocolumnar films. It is found that Si segregates to the hematite surface, does not improve the bulk conductivity, and lowers the optical absorption coefficient. Nevertheless, the photoelectrochemical performance of Si-doped, porous films is significantly improved relative to undoped, porous films. However, the improvement relative to dense, undoped films is marginal. It is concluded that Si acts to passivate the hematite surface and aids charge transfer to the solution. Additionally, from incident photon conversion efficiency measurements it is found that Si doping and porosity have little effect on the normalized spectral response of 100 nm thick hematite films.
The Template Technique Applied to Epitaxial Growth of CrSi 2 on Silicon (111)

The template growth technique was applied to the growth of CrSi2 thin films on Si(111) by UHV E-gun evaporation. A 4He+ channeling yield of −50% was obtained for an epitaxial ~2100 A-thick film of continuous morphology grown at 450° C. The heteroepitaxial relationship is CrSi2(001)/Si(111) with CrSi2[210] ‖ Si . In the case of film formation simply via reactive deposition epitaxy (RDE, chromium evaporation onto hot substrates) a severe crystallinity-morphology tradeoff is always observed. Continuous films are formed at low temperature but no long-range epitaxy is found. On the other hand, high temperature annealing of these films induces the formation of islands that show good epitaxial alignment with the substrate. This tradeoff was addressed with the template growth technique. Our application of the template technique consists in first codepositing a small amount of chromium and silicon at low temperature, and then annealing it at high temperature, thus forming well-aligned but islanded CrSi2 seeds. A second, thicker CrSi2 layer is then codeposited at low temperature on this template. The result is that the second layer possesses both the good epitaxial alignment of the seeds, and continuity. Capillarity-driven islanding is presumably avoided by the low surface mobility which prevails at the low growth temperature of the second layer.
Endosome acidification and the pathways of receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis serves a variety of physiologically significant purposes (Goldstein et al., 1985). These include regulation of surface receptors, clearance of various macromolecules from the circulation, uptake of nutrients, transport of macromolecules across cells, cholesterol homeostasis, infection by some viruses, and penetration into the cytoplasm by certain toxins. Many basic steps in the endocytic pathways have been elucidated, but some of the essential features of this process remain poorly understood. Several organelles have been identified as being involved in endocytic events. However, in many cases the characteristics and function of these organelles are uncertain. Few proteins have been identified which are highly enriched in the individual endocytic compartments, and virtually nothing is known of the molecular recognition signals which govern targeting of proteins to specific endocytic or membrane recycling compartments.
Workload management for cloud databases via machine learning

As elastic IaaS clouds continue to become more cost efficient than on-site datacenters, a wide range of data management applications are migrating to pay-as-you-go cloud computing resources. These diverse applications come with an equally diverse set of performance goals, resource demands, and budget constraints. While existing research has tackled individual tasks such as query placement, scheduling, and resource provisioning to meet these goals and constraints, these techniques fail to provide end-to-end customizable workload management solutions, leading application developers to hand-craft custom heuristics that fit their workload specifications and performance goals. In this vision paper, we argue that workload management challenges can be addressed by leveraging machine learning algorithms. These algorithms can be trained on applicationspecific properties and performance metrics to automatically learn how to provision resources as well as distribute and schedule the execution of incoming query workloads. Towards this goal, we sketch our vision of WiSeDB, a learning-based service that relies on supervised and reinforcement learning to generate workload management strategies for both static and dynamic workloads.
Corporate Deviance and Corporate Victimization: A Review and Some Elaborations

Corporate deviance is organizational deviance occurring on the behalf of the corporation in the course of working in it. Many corporate deviant acts occur as an outcome of the often-conflicting goals of profit maximization and free competition.This paper attempts to analyze various classifications of corporate violations, corporate harms, corporate victimizations, and corporate victims. It suggests that various kinds of corporate victimization cause different kinds of harm, and hurt different kinds of victims to different degrees; in most corporate victimization cases there are multiple victims, i.e., besides direct victimization, indirect victimization also takes place; there is also a widescale inter-organizational victimization occurring among corporations.The paper also reviews the possibilities for the individualization of the victims, personalization of the offenders, and the personalization of harms as they relate to corporate deviance. The combined classifications may be helpful for further concep...
Vasectomy reversal semen analysis: new reference ranges predict pregnancy

Objective To study the semen analysis values required to cause a pregnancy after vasectomy reversal (VR). Vasectomy reversal is increasingly performed on men who wish to regain fertility after elective sterilization. Despite a thorough understanding of predictors of vasal patency after surgery, little is known about the patients' semen parameters and pregnancy potential. Design Retrospective case-control study. Setting Tertiary-care hospital. Patient(s) A total of 139 patients who underwent VR at the Cleveland Clinic from 2010 to 2014. Intervention(s) Vasectomy reversal. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pregnancy, semen parameters. Data regarding patient and spouse ages, obstructive interval, intraoperative findings, procedure performed, postoperative semen results, and spontaneous pregnancy outcome were collected. Pearson and t tests were used to analyze categoric and numeric data, respectively. Average semen reference values were developed. Result(s) The mean obstructive interval was 9.5 ± 1.2 years. Spontaneous pregnancy was achieved by 49.6% of patients (69/139) and was directly related to better intraoperative vasal fluid quality and postoperative sperm concentration, motility, and strict morphology. The reference ranges of postoperative semen parameters of patients with spontaneous pregnancy were substantially lower than normal values published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010. Spontaneous pregnancy was reported in 15%, 21.3%, and 14.8% of patients with a sperm concentration of Conclusion(s) Normal ranges of semen parameters as established by the 2010 WHO standards may not adequately predict post–vasectomy reversal fertility. Significantly lower post-reversal semen parameters may be considered to be sufficient in previously fertile patients after reversal compared with the normal population.
Systems Theory and Environmental Education

System and environment go together like the yolk and white of an egg: every system has its own unique environment; every environment exists in respect to but one system. While the strict definition of the system-environment concept does not conform to popular usage, it serves to show why systems theory is an essential component of environmental education.
Does an Effective Theoretically Based Weight Loss Treatment for Middle-Aged Women Work for Young Women?

ABSTRACTBackground: Young adults gain weight faster and suffer from chronic diseases at a younger age than their older counterparts. Existing behavioral obesity treatments included few young adults, and their effects on young adults remain unknown. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore whether a behavioral treatment that was effective in weight loss for mostly middle-aged women would be effective for young women. Methods: One hundred eleven female undergraduates with obesity recruited from a large public university in the Southeastern United States in 2014–2016 received treatment, including 6 individual exercise support sessions over 6 months and 20 biweekly group nutrition sessions. Measurements include weight, waist circumference, physical activity, diet, mood, and exercise- and eating-related self-regulation and self-efficacy at baseline and at months 3 and 6. Results: Attrition was 65.8% at month 3 and 87.4% at month 6. Paired t tests show significant reductions in weight and significant i...
Phorbol Myristate Acetate-Induced Changes in Protein Kinase C Isozymes (α, β, γ and ζ) in Human T Cell Subsets

Protein kinase C (PKC), a serine/threonine kinase, plays an important role in downstream signaling pathway of T cell activation (1,2). Activation of PKC produces varied, and at times disparate, cell specific responses. In T cells, direct activation of PKC results in an induction of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression and IL-2 production, initiation of DNA synthesis, and regulation of cytotoxic function (3–11). Although PKC was originally thought to be a single molecule, recent molecular and biochemical studies have revealed that PKC exists as a family of different isozymes that differ in their structure, dependence on Ca++, tissue distribution and substrate specificity (12–15). They have been broadly categorized into three major subgroups; Group 1 including classical Ca++-dependent PKCs (α, β and γ); Group 2 comprised of Ca++-independent PKCs (δ, ϵ, η, θ); and Group 3, consisting of atypical PKC (ζ, λ). PKCζ isozyme is considered to be resistant to the effect of phorbol esters (12). Ways et al (16), using a variety of non-lymphoid cell lines, have failed to demonstrate translocation of PKCζ following stimulation with phorbol ester. To the best of our knowledge there is no study of PKCζ in normal human peripheral blood T cells. Further there is a controversy regarding the role of PKCβ isozyme T cell functions (17–19) and regarding the presence of PKCγ in T cells (22–26). In this study we examined the translocation of Ca++-dependent (PKCα, β, γ) and atypical (PKCζ) PKC isozymes in human peripheral blood T cells. This study demonstrates that PKC isozymes are differentially translocated among CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and PKCγ isozyme is present in T cells and translocated following PMA activation.
Another Look at the Dwork Family

We give a new approach to the cohomology of the Dwork family, and more generally of single-monomial deformations of Fermat hypersurfaces. This approach is based on the surprising connection between these families and Kloosterman sums, and makes use of the Fourier Transform and the theory of Kloosterman sheaves and of hypergeometric sheaves.
Speaking in Tongues: Mandating Multilingual Disaster Warnings in the Public Interest

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, hundreds of thousands of individuals were evacuated from their homes and well over a thousand lost their lives. Among the displaced and the dead were many Vietnamese, Latinos, and other language minorities. Many of these individuals were injured or killed during the storm and the flooding in its wake because they could not understand the English-only evacuation orders. Currently, our national public warning system issues emergency warnings only in English, although advocacy groups continue to lobby the Federal Communications Commission for change. Citing the FCC’s mandate to safeguard the “public interest, convenience and necessity” in implementing broadcast policies and licensing requirements, this Article argues that agency action is required by the clear public interest in the provision of multilingual disaster warnings as well as evidence of significant market failure to produce such warnings.
Sleep and circadian rhythms in normal aging

The North American population is aging rapidly. By 2020, more than 40% of the population will be over 40 and more than 25% will be over 55. There is no doubt that aging is associated with an important increase in sleep-wake cycle complaints, which has important individual, social, and economical consequences. Multiple factors including medical problems, side effects of medications, and specific sleep disorders account for this age-dependent increase in sleep difficulties. Notable modifications of the sleep-wake cycle are also observed in “optimal aging,” i.e., in people who do not suffer from medical, psychiatric, or specific sleep disorders. These age-dependent changes occur quite early and they may have important repercussions for older individuals, especially when their sleep-wake system faces challenges such as those related to stress, jet lag, and shift work.
0.5V-V IN , 165-MA/MM 2 Fully-Integrated Digital LDO Based on Event-Driven Self-Trisuerina Control

In recent digital low-drop-out (LDO) regulator designs, event-driven (ED) control achieved significantly better scaling in the output capacitor and voltage droop over Time-Driven (TD) one. The state-of-the-art ED LDO design, however, still has several drawbacks including long settling time and low current density. This paper presents a new LDO based on novel self-triggering ED control and initialization. The 0.5V digital LDO in a 65 nm achieves the best-in-class performance in the droop voltage, output capacitor size, settling time, and current density over the prior ED and TD LDOs.
Fully Convolutional Neural Network for Land Cover Mapping In A Coastal Wetland with Hyperspatial UAS Imagery

Coastal wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world providing numerous valuable services for people and wildlife including recreation, fish and wildlife protection, sediment control and flood prevention. Changes in land cover/use have great impact on the functionality and productivity of wetlands. Therefore, accurate and fast monitoring of land cover/use allow policy makers and wetland users to devise and implement policies and management practices to lessen the side effects of any potential change on wetlands. In this study, we apply deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to infer complex wetland classes in a semantic segmentation task on hyperspatial resolution UAS images. We examine the capacity of the well-known FCN-VGG architecture for wetland mapping. Results illustrate that fine-tuning the network using transfer learning with UAS hyper-resolution images provide state-of-the art semantic segmentation accuracy of 89.98%.
Spawning Microhabitat Selection in Wild-Caught Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus under Laboratory Conditions

Very little is understood about the spawning habitat of endangered delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, which hinders ongoing recovery efforts such as wetland habitat restoration and spawning habitat augmentation. To address this, the spawning response of wild-caught H. transpacificus to different substrates and water velocities was examined across three experiments. In experiment 1, spawning response to dead wood, pebble, natural and artificial Schoenoplectus acutus, empty tray, and tank floor at water velocities of 1.4 and 8.8 cm/s was tested. Egg deposition on pebble at 8.8 cm/s velocity (78.1% of 7778 total eggs) was significantly greater than that on all other substrate-velocity combinations. In experiment 2, spawning response to natural S. acutus, dead wood, sand, pebble, cobble, and empty tray at velocities of 8.7 and 15.4 cm/s was tested. Egg deposition on pebble at 15.4 cm/s (61.5% of 36171 total eggs) was significantly greater than that on all substrate-velocity combinations except for sand at 15.4 cm/s. Sand at 15.4 cm/s (22.3%) contained significantly more eggs than all combinations except for pebble at 8.7 and 15.6 cm/s. In experiment 3, egg attachment to natural S. acutus, dead wood, sand, pebble, cobble, and empty tray when exposed to 14.6 cm/s velocity was tested. Egg loss on sand was significantly greater than that on empty tray and pebble, indicating that egg deposition on sand may have been underestimated in experiment 2. Together, these results indicate that H. transpacificus selects pebble and sand at higher water velocities for spawning under certain laboratory conditions. These findings are important, as they provide insight into the potential natural habitats that may be used for spawning and thereby inform ongoing habitat restoration efforts.
Semi-Supervised Adversarial Domain Adaptation for Seagrass Detection in Multispectral Images

Seagrass form the basis for critically important marine ecosystems. Previously, we implemented a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to detect seagrass in multispectral satellite images of three coastal habitats in northern Florida. However, a deep CNN model trained at one location usually does not generalize to other locations due to data distribution shifts. In this paper, we developed a semi-supervised domain adaptation method to generalize a trained deep CNN model to other locations for seagrass detection. First, we utilized a generative adversarial network (GAN) loss to align marginal data distribution between source domain and target domain using unlabeled data from both data domains. Second, we used a few labelled samples from the target domain to align class specific data distributions between the two domains, based on the contrastive semantic alignment loss. We achieved the best results in 28 out of 36 scenarios as compared to other state-of-the-art domain adaptation methods.
Inferring Regulatory Networks From Mixed Observational Data Using Directed Acyclic Graphs.

Construction of regulatory networks using cross-sectional expression profiling of genes is desired, but challenging. The Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) provides a general framework to infer causal effects from observational data. However, most existing DAG methods assume that all nodes follow the same type of distribution, which prohibit a joint modeling of continuous gene expression and categorical variables. We present a new mixed DAG (mDAG) algorithm to infer the regulatory pathway from mixed observational data containing both continuous variables (e.g. expression of genes) and categorical variables (e.g. categorical phenotypes or single nucleotide polymorphisms). Our method can identify upstream causal factors and downstream effectors closely linked to a variable and generate hypotheses for causal direction of regulatory pathways. We propose a new permutation method to test the conditional independence of variables of mixed types, which is the key for mDAG. We also utilize an L1 regularization in mDAG to ensure it can recover a large sparse DAG with limited sample size. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that mDAG outperforms two well-known methods in recovering the true underlying DAG. We apply mDAG to a cross-sectional immunological study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and successfully infer the regularity network of cytokines. We also apply mDAG to a large cohort study, generating sensible mechanistic hypotheses underlying plasma adiponectin level. The R package mDAG is publicly available from CRAN at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mDAG.
Exposure to inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites alters metabolomics profiles in INS-1 832/13 insulinoma cells and isolated pancreatic islets

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is an environmental diabetogen, but mechanisms underlying its diabetogenic effects are poorly understood. Exposures to arsenite (iAsIII) and its methylated metabolites, methylarsonite (MAsIII) and dimethylarsinite (DMAsIII), have been shown to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β-cells and isolated pancreatic islets. GSIS is regulated by complex mechanisms. Increase in ATP production through metabolism of glucose and other substrates is the ultimate trigger for GSIS in β-cells. In the present study, we used metabolomics to identify metabolites and pathways perturbed in cultured INS-1 832/13 rat insulinoma cells and isolated murine pancreatic islets by exposures to iAsIII, MAsIII and DMAsIII. We found that the exposures perturbed multiple metabolites, which were enriched primarily in the pathways of amino acid, carbohydrate, phospholipid and carnitine metabolism. However, the effects of arsenicals in INS-1 832/13 cells differed from those in the islets and were exposure specific with very few overlaps between the three arsenicals. In INS-1 832/13 cells, all three arsenicals decreased succinate, a metabolite of Krebs cycle, which provides substrates for ATP synthesis in mitochondria. Acetylcarnitine was decreased consistently by exposures to arsenicals in both the cells and the islets. Acetylcarnitine is usually found in equilibrium with acetyl-CoA, which is the central metabolite in the catabolism of macronutrients and the key substrate for Krebs cycle. It is also thought to play an antioxidant function in mitochondria. Thus, while each of the three trivalent arsenicals perturbed specific metabolic pathways, which may or may not be associated with GSIS, all three arsenicals appeared to impair mechanisms that support ATP production or antioxidant defense in mitochondria. These results suggest that impaired ATP production and/or mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress may be the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of GSIS in β-cells exposed to trivalent arsenicals.
Immune Regulation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immune regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in susceptible Lewis rats is an acute T lymphocyte-mediated paralytic disease. Most animals recover and are subsequently resistant to attempts to reinduce the disease. The major auto-antigen of EAE is the basic protein (BP) that comprises approximately 30% of the myelin protein. Some methodologies are developed that permit the evaluation of the cellular mechanisms that are involved in EAE. These methodologies are based on adoptive transfer of EAE with lymphocytes from BP-CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant) -sensitized donors can be dramatically enhanced of the donor cells are cultured for 24 to72 hours with either concanavalin A or BP prior to transfer to naive recipients. It is demonstrated that accessory cells are required for the in vitro activation of effector cells of EAE. Irrespective of pathogenetic mechanism, EAE in the Lewis rat is transient. The paralyzed rats recover and are subsequently resistant to the disease.
High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and peripheral-blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) in patients age 40 or older with relapsed metastatic germ-cell tumors (mGCT).

e17054Background: HDCT plus PBSCT is effective salvage therapy for relapsed mGCT but has potential toxicity. Historically, age ≥ 40 years has been associated with greater toxicity and worse outcome...
Mycobacterium Immunogenum Flexor Tenosynovitis: A Case Report.

Background Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) flexor tenosynovitis represents a rare but potentially devastating manifestation of upper extremity infection. We present a novel case of NTM flexor tenosynovitis in which Mycobacter iumimmunogenum was found to be the causative agent. Case Description The patient presented with pain and insidiously progressive swelling and required multiple operative interventions and a complex antimicrobial regimen based on susceptibility profiles. Specifically, our patient was managed with three debridements and empiric antimicrobial agents based on inherent macrolide sensitivity, with later conversion to a complex antimicrobial regimen tailored to sensitivity. Literature Review The diagnosis and management of NTM tenosynovitis arechallenging because of low suspicion, nonspecific presentation, and cumbersome laboratory identification techniques. M. immunogenum was only characterized in the past two decades, and, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the pathogen causing a musculoskeletal infection. Clinical Relevance We present this case primarily because of the novelty of the organism and to demonstrate the recalcitrant nature of the infection. Due to the extensive resistant patterns of M. immunogenum, management requires complex antimicrobial preparations and almost certainly needs multispecialty collaboration between orthopaedic surgery and infectious diseases.
The Trajectory of Federal Gun Crimes

Federal gun prosecutions have for decades been a growing part of the federal docket, reflecting not only the priority placed on reducing gun violence, but also a broad range of quite distinct federal priorities. In this Article, we explore for the first time the evolution of federal gun crimes. They cover conduct ranging from gun distribution, possession of particular weapons such as machine guns, use by drug traffickers, and individual possession of firearms by felons. Second, we describe how in practice, uses of enacted gun crimes have adapted to criminal law priorities of Congress and federal prosecutors over time. Most recently, they became prominent in immigration prosecutions, while in the 1980s, drug gangs were the priority. In so doing, gun cases provided vehicles for testing the reach of federal jurisdiction, use of federal crimes as sentencing enhancements, and boundaries between federal, state, and local enforcement. We argue federal gun crimes reflect a unique dynamic in which legislation is shaped by three forces: (1) aggressive interest group lobbying that ends in compromise on harsh punishment; (2) judges and lawmakers dichotomizing guns, as between “law-abiding citizens” and use by “thugs” and “gangsters”; and (3) prosecutorial power, magnified due to ubiquity of firearms, permitting broad federal jurisdiction, and then leveraging the discretion of federal prosecutors to utilize severe sentences to obtain plea bargains. Our overall goal is to illuminate the central, but inconsistent and complex, place of gun crimes in federal criminal law. We conclude by asking what principles could guide the development of this body of law through judicial interpretation, future legislation, and in enforcement, towards a new vision in which federal law is designed to reduce disparities in enforcement and to prevent gun violence.
Nation branding in the COVID-19 era: South Korea’s pandemic public diplomacy

In a global pandemic, public health outcomes are not the only variables at stake. Also at stake are countries’ nation brands and influence, which hinge on how a country responded to the crisis. Based on a case study of a middle power, South Korea, one of the more successful COVID-19 national responses so far, we offer an exploratory conceptual explication of pandemic public diplomacy that is grounded in a normative framework of substance, information, trust, collaboration, and mutual benefit. Sentiment analyses of social media and international news media suggest that the country is perceived as a model on how to cope with the pandemic by international audiences. Unlike other public diplomacy contexts, pandemic public diplomacy challenge conventional assumptions about public diplomacy and nation branding. As nation-states confront a common enemy, how public diplomacy and nation branding play out in COVID-19—arguably the most socially disruptive event in modern history—helps to shed light on the dynamics of mutual interdependence in an interconnected yet competitive world fraught with fear, uncertainty, and information deficiency.
Equity Fund Size and Growth: Implications for Performance and Selection

Should individuals choose the largest or smallest equity funds for investment? This study explores the relationship of equity fund size to performance. Historical returns of large funds are found to be superior to their smaller peers. Yesterday's best performing funds tend to become today's largest funds as individuals invest heavily in response to the communications about the fund's past success. But the findings suggest that, once large, equity funds do not outperform their peers. Especially for funds in aggressive growth objectives, the advantages of being small appear to outweigh the disadvantages. For individual investors with aggressive growth objectives, a strategy of investing in smaller funds may thus be wealth maximizing.
Localized Versus Generalized Granuloma Annulare: A Retrospective Review of 407 Patients.

BackgroundGranuloma annulare has been linked to diabetes, dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, collagen vascular disease, malignancies, infectious hepatitis, and systemic infections. However, these assoc...
Voluntary Disclosure Under Imperfect Competitions: Experimental Evidence

This study investigates disclosure behavior when a manager has incentives to influence the actions of a product market competitor in a Cournot duopoly. Theoretical research suggests that under various conditions the manager has incentives to withhold some signals and disclose others. Using an experimental economics method, we find support for partial information disclosure. Our results suggest that when the manager receives private information about industry-wide cost, unfavorable (favorable) information is disclosed (withheld) and the competitor adjusts production accordingly. In contrast, when the manager receives private information about firm-specific cost, disclosure behavior is not affected by the favorableness of the information, and the competitor's production decision is invariant to the disclosure choice.
Ethanol ablation reliably achieves an anti-metastatic response after modulating tumor acidity and regulatory T cells

Objectives: Ethylcellulose (ECE) injections are a low-cost, accessible ablation method for patients with localized tumors. In order to increase the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancers, cyclophosphamide (cyclo) and sodium bicarbonate (bicarb) were used to prime the immune system prior to ECE injections in pre-clinical models of cancer. Cyclo specifically depletes pro-tumor regulatory T cells when once at a low-dose of 200 mg/kg (human equivalent dose of 16 mg/kg). Daily oral bicarb has been shown to reduce tumor pH and enhance infiltration of cytotoxic T cells into the tumor. Methods: Immunocompetent BALB/c mice were injected with orthotopic triple-negative (P53-null) breast cancer cell lines (4T1, 67NR). Tumor-bearing mice were treated with combinations of ECE, cyclo, and bicarb. On day 7 after tumor inoculation bicarb at 200 mM was added to the drinking water, on day 9 cyclo at 200 mg/kg IP was given, and on day 10 ECE ablation was performed with an intratumoral injection of 150 mL. Tumor growth rates, overall survival, and metastatic burden after treatment were quantified (n=5-7). To quantify metastatic disease, lungs were harvested at day 60 or earlier if the humane tumor burden limit of 2 cms was exceeded. HE however, the addition of ECE to cyclo+bicarb significantly decreased the metastatic burden at death (Fig. 1C, P Download : Download high-res image (101KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: The addition of cyclo+bicarb to ECE produced a potent systemic anti-tumor response reducing the size of the primary tumors and metastases in vivo.
Landau Level Oscillations in the Magnetoacoustic Absorption in Zinc

The de Haas-van Alphen or Shubnikov-de Haas effect periods were first observed in the electron component of low-temperature ultrasonic absorption by Reneker1 in bismuth. These observations were made with the magnetic field (H) perpendicular to the propagation direction (q) of longitudinal megacycle ultrasonic waves. Further observations of these periods were made in zinc and cadmium by Gibbons and Falicov,2 using magnetic fields of about 30 kOe, again with H ⊥ q.
“Getting It”: Identity and Sexual Communication for Sexual and Gender Minorities with Physical Disabilities

People with disabilities (PWD) make up a significant portion of the population in the US; the 2010 United States Census reported that 21.3 % of the population age 15 and up has a disability. Research and scholarship around sexuality and disability has grown internationally, yet much of the existing research on the sexuality of PWD is focused on sexual self-esteem and social attitudes on sexuality, not how PWD negotiate sex/engage sexually. This study focuses on themes that emerged from interview data in a subsample of a larger study that identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and/or queer, kink/BDSM practicing and/or polyamorous/in open relationships. It examines the themes of kink as a form of communication and boundary setting, as well as identity influences; how the process around coming out regarding sexually marginalized identities, and how these two themes impact coming out and communicating sexual needs regarding disabilities. PWD who are sexual or gender minorities experience unique understandings of communication with sexual partners. The findings suggest that their identities as part of marginalized communities actually serve to support and enhance this communication, leading to more self-reported positive outcomes.
Snare coupling of the pre-pectoral pacing lead delivery catheter to the femoral transseptal apparatus for endocardial cardiac resynchronization therapy : mid-term results.

Limitations imposed by the coronary sinus venous anatomy triggered the transseptal approach for endocardial LV lead placement. The alignment of the interatrial septum (IAS) and its neighborhood anatomy does not favor transseptal puncture from the pre-pectoral area. Locating and advancing a pre-pectoral LV lead delivery catheter (PDC) through an opening created in the IAS via femoral transseptal puncture (FTP) is time consuming and technically difficult. We describe a method where the PDC is snare coupled to the femoral transseptal apparatus (FTA). When the FTA is advanced into the left atrium (LA) the coupled PDC follows. The catheter of a 25-mm loop snare kit is replaced with the PDC (SelectSite®). The snare loop is positioned in the right common iliac vein from the pre-pectoral access. The PDC is coupled to the FTA by advancing the transseptal apparatus through the open snare loop. After conventional FTP, the FTA is withdrawn back into the right atrium (RA) over an extra support wire positioned in the LA. The PDC with open snare loop is pulled over the FTA up to the RA. The PDC is advanced to close the snare loop on the extra support wire immediately distal to the tip of the dilator close to the puncture site. The PDC is deflected to align with the FTA. The snare coupled catheters are gently advanced across the IAS into the LA. The PDC is released from the FTA by advancing the snare and opening the loop; the snare is then removed from the PDC. The PDC is deflected and advanced into the left ventricle (LV). After positioning the 4.1 Fr lumen less LV lead, the PDC is sliced and removed. The PDC snare coupled to the FTA was advanced into the LA in all five patients, however, access was lost during catheter manipulation in the one right-sided case. Endocardial LV lead was successfully positioned in all five patients. Snare coupling the pre-pectoral SelectSite® catheter to the FTA is technically simple, reliable and a safe method for transseptal endocardial LV lead placement for left pre-pectoral implantation.
Reusing Nonhazardous Industrial Waste Across Business Clusters

Publisher Summary Nonhazardous industrial waste (NHIW) is distinct from both municipal solid waste (MSW), the more familiar mix from homes and businesses, and hazardous waste, materials that are more highly regulated owing to their toxicity and related public health concerns. The sheer quantities of NHIW raise the question of how best to manage it. The first defense is cleaner production—generating less waste by increasing industrial efficiency and effectiveness. A broad range of companies now produce annual sustainability reports detailing the amount of waste reduced in particular categories, year to year. For wastes that continue to be generated, many large volume industrial streams are amenable to separate handling such as foundry sand, coal ash, and paper mill sludge, some of these streams have an excellent track record for reuse. Specifically, industrial symbiosis is part of a new field called industrial ecology. Industrial ecology is principally concerned with the flow of materials and energy through systems at different scales, from products to factories and up to national and global levels. Industrial symbiosis focuses on these flows through networks of businesses and other organizations in local and regional economies as a means of approaching ecologically sustainable industrial development. It engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products. The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity.
Essential Library of Congress Subject Headings

Vanda Broughton's Essential Library of Congress Subject Headings is the first general guide to LCSH to be published in book form since the 4th edition of Lois Mai Chan's Library of Congress Subject...
Evaluation of lattice theoretic techniques for task decomposition formalism

The authors have applied lattice-theoretic techniques of the task-decomposition process and have demonstrated the feasibility of such an approach. The technique incorporates the following steps. The complete state space for the task under consideration is defined. A state-machine model of the task is developed with primitive operations as inputs to the machine. The state machine serves as a tool to find the lattice of substitution property partitions from which the type of the decomposition (serial, parallel, or complex) is determined. >
Establishment of rat embryonic cells in vitro: Relationship of DNA synthesis, senescence, and acquisition of unlimited growth potential

Abstract Evidence is presented that rat embryo cultures undergo an in vitro aging process similar to that described for mouse embryo, chick, and human cell cultures. Measurements of the percentage of cells capable of incorporating [ 3 H]thymidine at each passage revealed that newly explanted rat embryo cells displayed an early decline in proliferative capacity with repeated subcultivation in vitro. This decline in cell doubling capacity was reflected by a parallel reduction in the rate of cell proliferation. Time-lapse microcinematographic analysis also revealed lengthened interdivision times for many cells, and an increase in the fraction of cells observed which did not undergo cytokinesis during the period of observation. Transformation into a cell line with indeterminant growth occurred at about the tenth passage, when the cell proliferation rate and percentage of cells able to incorporate [ 3 H]thymidine rapidly increased. In contrast to mouse cells, which generally are heteroploid and acquire the ability to produce tumors prior to the twentieth passage, rat embryo cultures remained diploid and non-tumorigenic during a similar period in culture. These results provide evidence that although rat embryo cell cultures generally proliferate indefinitely, they initially exhibit in vitro cellular age-related characteristics similar to human cells.
Seasonality of reported poison exposures

Review of 3,381 records from New Hampshire Poison Center for July through September 1981 and January through March 1982 revealed no seasonal difference in the total number of calls. A significant predominance in the summer reports was noted for plants, pesticides, envenomations, and acetaminophen exposures. During the winter a predominance was noted for aspirin, vitamins, cold and cough remedies, liniments, foods, and calls with no specific agent identified.
The Challenges of Cognitive Aging: Integrating Approaches from Science to Intergenerational Relationships

The individual and social challenges created by population aging and especially the growing number of people labeled with dementia demand new innovative and comprehensive approaches. A broader integrative biology needs to replace reductionist, overly simplistic biomedical solutions that dominate today's scientific discourse, particularly with regards to cognitive aging. Alzheimer's disease is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized more fully at a system rather than molecular level. Coordinated scientific and community responses are needed including new attention to intergenerational relationships, innovative learning organizations, and empowering health practices. The Intergenerational School is a successful public charter school which provides learning opportunities for elementary school children and adults of various ages, including those with dementia. InterWell is a planned primary care and public health practice to be associated with the school. Both represent innovations that balance the sciences and the humanities in address growing social challenges associated with changes in population demographics and climate.