cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Die Reaktion des metallischen Titans, Zirkons, Hafniums und Thoriums mit Säuren, insbesondere mit Fluorwasserstoffsäure

Von den vier Metallen Ti, Zr, Hf und Th ist Th das widerstandsfahigste gegen die Einwirkung von Sauren. Th lost sich nur sehr langsam, wahrscheinlich unter Bildung vierwertiger Ionen in HF, HCl und H2SO4 auf, Konigswasser wirkt dagegen schneller. Andere Sauren sind fast oder ganzlich unwirksam. Das Verhalten der drei ersteren Metalle verschiedenen Sauren gegenuber ist sehr ahnlich: sie losen sich schnell in HF, auch in der verdunnten Saure, unter Wasserstoffentwicklung. Ti geht dabei als Ti3+ in Losung, wahrend die zwei weiteren Metalle Zr4+ und Hf4+-Ionen bilden. Ferner losen sich die 3 erwahnten Metalle in Konigswasser, wobei das Ti am langsamsten mit der Saure reagiert; mit HCl und H2SO4 ist die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit viel geringer. Alle anderen Sauren sind fast oder ganzlich unwirksam. Die Passivitat der drei Metalle wird jedoch aufgehoben, wenn in der sauren Losung in Wasser losliche Fluoride vorhanden sind. Die Metalle losen sich dann sogar sturmisch in sehr vielen Sauren, starken (HNO3), mittleren (H3PO4) und sogar in schwachen (CH3COOH). Nur die Jodsaure (HJO3) erwies sich im Falle des Hafniums als unwirksam. Durch oxydierende Sauren wird auch Ti in den vierwertigen Zustand uberfuhrt. Die Passivitat dieser Metalle last sich durch das Vorhandensein einer Schutzschicht auf deren Oberflache erklaren. Diese Schutzschicht lost sich leicht in HF, und die Saure greift dann die Metalle schnell an.
Electrostatic forces between nonidentical colloidal particles

Abstract The Verwey-Overbeek theory is extended to nonidentical particles and shown to be in need of revision. This revision is carried through by introducing an interaction dependent ψ0. It is shown that attractive forces can arise between nonidentical plates at small distances. The conditions for this attraction and the range of this force are calculated. It is shown that the range can be as large as a few hundred Angstroms.
Sedimentary and microbial record of the Middle/Late Ordovician phosphogenetic episode in the northern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Abstract Numerous phosphorite beds and phosphatic nodules occur in the upper Middle and lower Upper Ordovician carbonate-shale succession of the Bukowiany Formation outcropping in the northern Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland. The vertical stacking pattern of this succession indicates that phosphatic and accompanying strata reflect a conformable sedimentary succession accumulated during a rise of relative sea level. The base of the Bukowiany Formation is marked by a conspicuous phosphorite horizon revealing a low net sediment accumulation rate reflecting a switch into a mesotrophic ecological system. This horizon was produced by reworking and redeposition of pristine phosphate sediment (e.g. by currents activity) during the late Darriwilian transgression. The overlying sedimentary record appears to reflect nucleation of the phosphate phase in the sediment–water interface and its subsequent burial by the accompanying sediment. The phosphatized tiny stromatolites and nodules preserved within the Bukowiany Formation indicate that benthic microbial communities played an important role in redistribution and concentration of phosphate during deposition of this succession.
INTRODUCTION: THE POLITICAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE

Language is a marker of ethnic identity; a vehicle for expressing a distinct culture; a source of national cohesion; and an instrument for building political community. Yet the relationship between...
Effects of transforming growth factor-β on mammary remodeling during the dry period of dairy cows.

Abstract Mammary remodeling in dairy cows involves coordinated changes in stromal and epithelial tissue. Tissue remodeling is characterized by changes in cell proliferation, activation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and changes in extracellular matrix content. Transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1) increases differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, regulates expression of extracellular matrix proteins and proteases, and has cell-type dependent effects on proliferation. The objective of this study was to determine whether TGF-β1 treatment of mammary tissue from cows in late lactation and the dry period affects cell proliferation, expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and fibronectin (FN), and the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts that express smooth muscle α actin (SMA). Tissue was biopsied from 7 Holstein cows at 4 time points: late lactation, 1 wk after dry-off, 3 wk before expected calving, and 1 wk before expected calving. Explants of biopsied tissue were incubated for 2h in Waymouth's medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone, and 0 or 5ng of TGF-β1/mL; a subset of cultures was also incubated with bromodeoxyuridine to measure epithelial and stromal cell proliferation. Tissues were fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained by immunohistochemistry. Stage at biopsy had an overall effect on rate of epithelial and stromal cell proliferation, and TGF-β1 treatment increased rate of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation more than 2-fold in both cell types at 1 wk after dry-off. The number of fibroblasts expressing SMA was 19% higher in the intralobular stroma at 1 wk after dry-off compared with that at 1 wk before expected calving, and the percentage of activated fibroblasts tended to be higher in tissue incubated with TGF-β1. Biopsy stage had an overall effect on percentage area of epithelium expressing FN and MMP-3. Incubation with TGF-β1 had no effect on percentage intralobular stroma area expressing FN or MMP-3. Effects of TGF-β1 treatment were most apparent at 1 wk after dry-off, indicating that the first week of dry period may be an ideal target for testing effects in vivo.
Esophageal Sarcoidosis: An Unusual Diagnosis

We report a 48-year-old patient who developed secondary achalasia because of esophageal sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis can involve many gastrointestinal tract organs and can affect the esophagus in different ways. We describe how achalasia was diagnosed and treated in our patient and provide a review of the presentations of esophageal sarcoidosis.
ON PARTITIONED DIFFERENTIAL QUASIFIELDS

A differential quasifield is a natural generalization of a differential field in characteristic p > 0. Elementary properties of differential quasifields are considered, and a generalized version of the theorem on the connection between linear independence over constants and the wronskian is presented. The notion of a partitioned differential quasifield is introduced, and the behavior of partitioned differential quasifields is considered, including under an extension of scalars.
Geographic disparities amongst patients with gynecologic malignancies at an urban NCI-designated cancer center.

Abstract Objective Women with gynecologic malignancies require specialized care. We hypothesize that a geographic disparity exists amongst patients with gynecologic malignancies and that longer distance and time traveled negatively impact completion of adjuvant therapy. Methods Patients with incident gynecologic malignancies at a single, urban NCI-designated cancer center were identified. Distances from the patient's home to the treating facility were calculated in miles and minutes. Demographic variables were evaluated for their impact on treatment outcomes using Chi-squared, ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis analyses. Results One hundred and fifty consecutive patients were identified. The median distance traveled to the hospital was 16.9miles with a median travel time of 28min. The distance and time traveled were significantly different between insurance groups, with the uninsured traveling the furthest for care by distance ( p =0.04) and time ( p =0.03). Race, tumor site, medical comorbidities and median income at zip code were not associated with travel distance or time to the hospital. The majority of patients (87%) completed recommended initial treatment. Treatment completion was related to distance traveled with those patients living at the distance extremes ( 50miles) least likely to complete care ( p p Conclusions Geographic disparities exist in women with gynecologic malignancies receiving treatment at an NCI-designated cancer center. Approaches to decreasing these disparities may include improved support for cancer patients needing assistance with travel and additional social work and psychosocial support to patients with medical co-morbidities.
Aspen and Willow Restoration Using Beaver on the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range

Aspen (Populus tremuloides) on the northern Yellowstone winter range has declined over the last half-century. Beaver (Castor canadensis) were reintroduced in Eagle Creek in 1991 in an attempt to reverse this trend. In 2005, we assessed the efficacy of this project by quantifying the long-term effects of beaver on aspen stands and the riparian area in this drainage. Between 1990 and 2005, the canopy cover of mature aspen decreased more than 62%, whereas immature aspen cover more than tripled, resulting in a total aspen canopy cover decrease (p < 0.05) from 43 to 25% (a loss of 7.25 ha). Willow canopy cover increased from 10 to 14% during the same period. The impacts of beaver on aspen stands were estimated by comparing vegetative changes among control sites with less than 10% beaver use (n = 5), active beaver sites (n = 6), sites inactive for 1–3 years (n = 7), sites inactive for 4–6 years (n = 4), and sites inactive for 7–11 years (n = 5). Aspen sprout and sapling densities were greater (p = 0.01) on sites which were active and inactive for 1–3 years compared to the other sites. Aspen ramets were not able to grow taller than 2 m on sites without beaver activity for 4–11 years due to ungulate herbivory. Although beaver stimulated the growth of aspen sprouts and saplings, ungulate herbivory prevented successful aspen recovery in the Eagle Creek drainage of the northern Yellowstone winter range 14 years after beaver reintroduction.
Enhanced sensitivity of trisomy 21 monocytes to the maturation-inhibiting effect of interferon

Abstract Cultured peripheral blood monocytes from subjects with trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) demonstrated a 3.7-fold enhanced sensitivity to the maturation-inhibiting effect of leukocyte interferon. This increased sensitivity is considered to be the result of the presence of an increased concentration of the interferon receptor, which is controlled by the IfRec locus on human chromosome 21, on the surface of the trisomic monocytes. Since macrophages are important components of many immune processes and interferon is itself a product of and has regulatory functions in immune reactions, the enhanced sensitivity of trisomic monocytes to interferon may be a factor leading, paradoxically, to the greater susceptibility of trisomic individuals to viral and bacterial infections.
Evaluating Terephthalate as Probe Ion in the Analysis of Inorganic Anions by Capillary Electrophoresis with Indirect Photometric Detection

Abstract A capillary electrophoresis method using terephthalate as probe ion in indirect photometric detection was investigated. The operating parameters including the pH and concentration of phosphate buffer, the applied potential, and the concentration of terephthalate were studied. Standard solutions containing known concentrations of chloride, sulfate, and fluoride were repeatedly analyzed. The calibration characteristics of analyzing these anions are calculated. The overall accuracy in terms of % recovery is between 95 and 102%. The detection limit ranges from 0.03 to 0.4 mM. The linearity covers more than 100 mM. The reproducibility in terms of % RSD is between 2 and 6%. The sensitivity of analysis ranges from 5.6 for chloride to 28.2 mAu∗min/mM for sulfate.
Second virial coefficients for a fluid of dipolar hard ellipsoids

We calculate the two body contributions to the pressure, dielectric constant, depolarized light scattering intensity, electro-optical birefringence (Kerr effect), and other properties, of a fluid whose molecules are hard ellipsoids with embedded central point dipoles. The results are presented for various molecular anisotropies and dipole strengths. The second dielectric and Kerr virial coefficients are found to be particularly sensitive to molecular shape.
Educating Students via Distance Learning for Civil Engineering Design

Two structural engineering courses were taught using distance-learning technology. One course was a graduate level, steel design course and the other was an undergraduate, elective, timber design course. Two-way live video and audio connections linked classrooms at San Jose State University and San Francisco State University. The interaction between student and teacher is discussed. These courses were the first time the California State University system offered students academic credit at either of two universities for a course taught via distance education from a single location. The challenges of teaching engineering design concepts via distance learning are discussed. Assessment of the teaching method was performed using student surveys and review of student grades. The assessment survey revealed that the students’ overall impression was positive. Grades received by the students at the Remote Site were lower than those at the Home Site, but this discrepancy may not have been a result of the distance-l...
Design and demonstration of a high-authority shape morphing structure

A concept for a high authority shape morphing plate is described and demonstrated. The design incorporates an active back-plane comprising a Kagome truss, capable of changing the shape of a solid face, connected to the back-plane by means of a tetrahedral truss core. The two shape deformations to be demonstrated consist of hinging and twisting. The design is performed by a combination of analytic estimation and numerical simulation, guided by previous assessments of the Kagome configuration. It is shown that, while the structure is capable of sustaining large passive loads at low weight, the demonstrable authority is actuator-limited. The full potential of the system can only be realized by developing and incorporating superior actuators.
Human and Organizational Factors in Reliability and Design of ‘Minimum’ Offshore Structures

‘Minimum’ offshore structures represent a class of structures that have been optimized to deliver minimum Capital Expenditures. This paper summarizes a part of the work done for a Joint Industry –Government sponsored project to study the reliability characteristics of minimum offshore structures for the North Sea [1 ]. Three minimum structures were compared with a conventional 4-leg jacket structure. These structures all were designed for specific conditions at a site in the North Sea using current design and engineering criteria appropriate for these structures. The reliability characteristics of these structures were evaluated for in-place operating conditions considering strength — extreme storm conditions, fatigue conditions, and accidental – boat collision conditions. This paper addresses and summarizes the reliability characteristics of these structures evaluated for defect and damage states due to Human and Organizational Factors (HOF) that developed during design, construction, maintenance, and operation. The HOF based defect and damage states were based on information gathered from designers, builders, and owner – operators of similar structures and from databases that contain information on HOF based defects and damage in offshore structures. An advanced reliability formulation was developed and applied that allowed integration of the intrinsic (natural) and extrinsic (HOF) hazards. This paper summarizes the advanced reliability formulation that was applied, the processes used to define and evaluate the HOF defect and damage scenarios, the results from evaluations of the scenarios with conventional and advanced QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) processes, and the results of platform structure system analyses with and without recognition of the HOF effects.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Uptake of mercury by thiol-grafted chitosan gel beads.

Abstract This study describes the synthesis and characterization of thiol-grafted chitosan beads for use as mercury (Hg) adsorbents. Chitosan flakes were dissolved and formed into spherical beads using a phase inversion technique, then crosslinked to improve their porosity and chemical stability. Cysteine was grafted onto the beads in order to improve the adsorption affinity of Hg to the beads. The beads possessed an average diameter of 3.2 mm, porosity of 0.9, specific surface area of ∼100 m 2 /g, average pore size of ∼120 A, and specific gravity of 2.0. Equilibrium and kinetic uptake experiments were conducted to study the uptake of Hg by the beads. The adsorption capacity was approximately 8.0 mmol-Hg/g-dry beads at pH 7, and decreased with decreasing pH. Hg adsorption kinetics was modeled as radial pore diffusion into a spherical bead with nonlinear adsorption. Use of the nonlinear Freundlich isotherm in the diffusion equation allowed modeling of the uptake kinetics with a single tortuosity factor of 1.5±0.3 as the fitting parameter for all initial Hg concentrations, chitosan loadings, and agitation rates. At agitation rates of 50 and 75 rpm, where uptake rate was reduced significantly due to the boundary layer effect, the mass transfer coefficient at the outside boundary was also used as a fitting parameter to model the kinetic data. At agitation rates higher than 150 rpm, pore diffusion was the rate-limiting step. The beads exhibited a high initial uptake rate followed by a slower uptake rate suggesting pore diffusion as the rate-determining step especially at high agitation rates. Higher uptake rates observed in this study compared to those in a previous study of chitosan-based crab shells indicate that dissolution and gel formation increase the porosity and pore accessibility of chitosan.
Adaptive MIMO radar waveforms

Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) radars enhance performance by transmitting and receiving coded waveforms from multiple locations. To date, the theoretical literature on MIMO radar has focused largely on the use of ldquoorthogonal waveforms.rdquo Practical approaches to approximate orthogonality (e.g., via waveforms characterized by low cross-correlation and low autocorrelation sidelobe levels) have also started to emerge. We show, however, that such waveforms can still perform poorly in adaptive systems. For adaptive MIMO radar systems, another factor is equally important; we call it ldquoMIMO Cancellation Ratio (CR).rdquo In this paper, we introduce MIMO CR and assess the performance of standard waveform classes (e.g., CDMA, TDMA and FDMA) with regard to this new metric. Then, we describe how to create new waveforms that facilitate higher performance adaptive cancellation. Finally, we apply our waveform design methodology to the problem of airborne MTI radar, in which STAP techniques are used to mitigate clutter.
Gelation of polyacrylic acid by divalent cations

“Gel point” studies involving polyacrylic acid and certain divalent ions have been carried out. As a gelation agent, barium hydroxide was found to be more effective than strontium hydroxide, which in turn was better than calcium hydroxide. This indicates that the association between inorganic cation and polyacrylate ion is not entirely a matter of coulombic charge. However, experiments involving partial replacement of barium hydroxide by barium chloride suggest that charge is still the most important factor in the bonding. The data cannot be explained upon the basis of simple ionic equilibria.
Transport Analysis in Mass Transport Phenomena

In this chapter we utilize the equations and principles presented in Chapter 5 to analyze mass transport situations involving diffusion, diffusion plus chemical kinetics, and diffusion plus chemical kinetics and convection.
Prevalence and risk factors associated with resistance-associated mutations to etravirine in a cohort of perinatally HIV-infected children

BACKGROUND Etravirine is a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with reduced cross-resistance to first-generation NNRTIs. Because many perinatally HIV-infected patients have been treated with first-generation NNRTIs, they may have acquired resistance-associated mutations to etravirine (RAMe). METHODS We determined for the interval 1998-2009 the prevalence and factors associated with the presence of RAMe. RESULTS Twenty-three of 66 (34.8%) children had RAMe; the most common were 181C (19.6%), 190A (7.5%), 98G (6%), 106I (4.5%), 179D (4.5%), 100I (3%), 181I (1.5%), 138A (1.5%) and 179T (1.5%). Eleven children with RAMe (17%) had a mutation score between 2.5 and 3.5 and 1 (1.5%) a score ≥4, indicating an intermediate and reduced response to etravirine. For each 1% increase in CD4% there is a 7% decrease in the odds of RAMe (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.88-0.97; P < 0.01). History of nevirapine use (OR 8.95; 95% CI 2.31-34.73; P < 0.01) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 4.76; 95% CI 1.03-21.87; P = 0.04) are significantly associated with risk of RAMe. CONCLUSIONS RAMe are present and common among antiretroviral-experienced perinatally HIV-infected children without previous exposure to etravirine. This could limit the efficacy of etravirine-based regimens. In addition, our results underscore the importance of taking previous history of nevirapine into account for combined antiretroviral therapy regimens that contain etravirine.
Exact realisation of 2-dimensional digital filters by separable filters

A scheme for the exact realisation of 2-dimensional digital filters by using separable filters is proposed. The desired impulse response is obtained by a process of successive corrections. The performance criterion in terms of computing speed is compared with that of another existing technique.
Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Literature for Health Educators.

According to Healthy People 2020, one population confronted with health disparities is that of individuals living with disabilities. Among these individuals are children living with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Increasing numbers of children in the United States have been diagnosed with ASDs, a group of developmental disorders for which no specific cause or cure has been conclusively identified. Increasing media exposure as well as legislation addressing ASDs reflects the increasing awareness of ASDs as a significant public health issue. However, whereas ASDs have become an issue of great interest to the general public, the amount of health education literature addressing autism spectrum disorders is extremely limited. This paper provides health educators with a review of literature concerning autism spectrum disorders, specifically its background, prevalence, possible causes, symptoms and diagnostic methods. Furthermore, the potential roles played by health educators in serving individuals ...
Role perceptions of occupational therapists providing support and education for caregivers of persons with dementia.

Objective This pilot study explored occupational therapists' perceptions of their roles as interventionists providing education and support for caregivers of persons with dementia. The intervention was provided in caregivers' homes as part of a larger funded study. Method Interviews were conducted with four occupational therapists to elicit their reflections on practice and their views on occupational therapy services on the basis of their experiences providing support and education for caregivers in the funded study. Results Key themes consisted of the contrasts between the therapists' roles in the study and their customary practices and the professional and personal impact of their role in the study. Their recommendations for occupational therapy services emphasized the need to (a) collaborate with patients, families, and other health care staff members to solve problems; (b) acknowledge others as experts; (c) include family perspectives; and (d) fully address the needs of patients and families in their home environments. Conclusion Providing support and education for caregivers in the community can be a major transition for therapists accustomed to practicing in more traditional settings. Additional research is needed to explore the ways in which specific practice contexts influence delivery of occupational therapy services.
A web-based wireless mobile system design of security and privacy framework for u-Healthcare

The research project aims at designing and implementing a Web based wireless mobile system security and privacy framework that is centered on the concepts of ubiquitous healthcare services provided to the patients in rural or remote areas from distant hospitals. With this system framework, a physician can securely access and carry the patient information from a mobile device, update the patient information offline on the mobile device and synchronize the data with the server at a later time. The system provides high security to the highly sensitive patient health records. It provides various layers of security and privacy controls to access the patient information. This framework also maintains security levels both at system level and user level to constrain any attacks on the system. Data on the mobile device also is protected from being tampered or hacked using password protections and encryption. This application framework demonstrates a multi-tiered SOA (service oriented architecture) involving mobile client, Web services, security agents, business logic layer, data access layer and database in secured environments. This framework uses SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) security assertions for exchanging the secured user identification information between the server and mobile clients. Due to the length of the paper for the entire research project, the original paper is divided into two papers; the first paper emphasizes the system architecture and design and the second paper emphasizes the implementation and performance evaluation.
Evaluating consumer informatics: learning from health campaign research.

This paper suggests that some conceptual models used in health communication campaigns as well as the “uses and gratifications” approach might be successfully integrated into the evaluation of consumer informatics. These models and tools are especially pertinent when the desired outcomes of media health interventions are therapeutic changes in public knowledge, motivations, attitudes and patient behavior.
The cut delay fault model for guiding the generation of n-detection test sets for transition faults

We define a new transition fault model to guide the generation of n-detection test sets for transition faults. The model is referred to as the cut delay fault model. Under a cut delay fault, a transition fault on a line c/sub 0/ is detected while certain other lines in the circuit assume specific values. The lines involved in a cut delay fault form a cut or a subset of a cut. Each transition fault is associated with several combinations of values on the cut, and it is thus detected by several different tests.
Radiolucencies surrounding a smooth-stemmed radial head component may not correlate with forearm pain or poor elbow function

Hypothesis: Radiolucencies surrounding the stems of smooth-stemmed metal radial head prostheses placed for comminuted radial head fractures are associated with proximal radial forearm pain. Materials and methods: Patients in whom 18 consecutive elbows that underwent metal radial head replacement with smooth stems for comminuted radial head fractures were assessed at least two years after surgery. Proximal radial forearm pain was assessed with a visual analog score (0-10) and elbow function with a Mayo index."Meanstemradiolucency"wasdeterminedbytwomusculoskeletalradiologistsbaseduponthreeradiographs of each elbow: a lateral in maximum extension, a lateral in maximum flexion, and an antero-posterior. Results: All elbows were stable and stem radiolucencies were present in 16 of the 17 available for study. ‘‘Mean stem radiolucency’’ did not correlate with proximal radial forearm pain (p ¼ 0.63) or Mayo scores (p ¼ 0.37) using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. 6/17 prostheses were in patients that rated their pain level as 0; 11/17 were in patients that rated their pain as at least 1 with 5 being the highest. Using the Signed Rank test, operative elbows had less motion for both flexion/extension (p ¼ 0.0001) and pronation/supination (p ¼ 0.01) compared to non-operative elbows from the same patient. Discussion: ‘‘Mean stem radiolucency’’ did not correlate with proximal radial forearm pain. However, proximal radial forearm pain was present in 11/17 elbows based upon visual analog scores. Proximal radial forearm pain in this population may have several etiologies. Conclusion: ‘‘Mean stem radiolucencies’’ surrounding smooth-stemmed metal radial head prostheses for fractures did not correlate with proximal radial forearm pain scores. Level of evidence: Level 4; Retrospective case series, no control group. 2009 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Rebirth of Chip Sealing in Minnesota

Chip sealing is a common form of pavement preservation used by most cities and counties and by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MNDOT). MNDOT, working in partnership with the Minnesota Local Road Research Board, was able to rejuvenate the chip seal program in Minnesota. Efforts to improve the performance of chip sealing as a pavement preventive maintenance treatment are discussed. The discussion covers chip seal design, aggregate characteristics, and training efforts, and the successes of MNDOT, counties, and cities are documented.
The Construction of Scientific Knowledge by Students with Mild Disabilities

Recent experimental research has lent partial support to constructivist views of science learning for students with mild disabilities. This article describes the findings of this research as well as the results of ongoing, qualitative research on science learning of students with mild disabilities. Both lines of research converge on general acceptance of the view of students with mild disabilities as learners who are capable of constructing scientific knowledge, and who benefit from doing so. However, all research to date has underlined the importance of carefully structured and sequenced, teacher-led presentations, as well as systematic and effective classroom and behavior management. Further, although students with disabilities have been successfully included in inquiry-oriented mainstream science classrooms, there is reason to believe that special education settings may be more facilitative of scientific knowledge construction for some students with disabilities. Implications for further research are d...
Motion Picture Photography

It is not the intention of this article on motion picture photography to be all encompassing. Motion picture photography as a professional industry has many facets. In effect, this is a compendium. Subjects pertaining more closely to imaging are covered in greater detail than others not directly involving imaging. For definitions of many terms used here, consult the glossary. Motion picture photography, dating from the 1890s, is one of the oldest of modern imaging, technologies that remains current today. Motion picture theory is simple and clear-cut. Motion film is composed of a series of still pictures. When the still pictures are projected progressively and rapidly onto a screen, the eye perceives motion, hence they become a motion picture. This is termed persistence of vision. In a conventional sound motion picture, 24 individual pictures are projected onto the screen in one second. The screen is blank (black) for 1/96th second. While picture number one is blanked out, the film moves to picture number two. The eye and mind retain the image of picture number one for that fraction of a second when the screen is black. If, for example, something in motion is being photographed, the difference between image one and image two is minute. The eye and memory record a smooth transition from picture one to picture two. This is perceived as motion. Oxygens of motion picture photography are discussed. Photographic film used for motion pictures is normally a thin strip or ribbon. The exception is wide format films, 65 mm and 70 mm used for wide-screen shows. Composition types and properties of film are detailed. A motion picture camera is a lighttight precision instrument. All professional cameras, with a few exceptions, are operated by an electric motor. The power can be supplied by a battery in the field or ac power in the studio. Essentially, there are two types of projectors. Both operate using the same basic configuration of picture head, optics, and shutter system. The major difference is in the film supply and take-up system. Keywords: applications; motion picture; history; camera film; motion picture camera; film composition; film types; physical characteristics; video; theaters; accessories; sound development; projection; archives; film preservatives; digital camera
Chromosome-Wide Mapping of Estrogen Receptor Binding Reveals Long-Range Regulation Requiring the Forkhead Protein FoxA1

Estrogen plays an essential physiologic role in reproduction and a pathologic one in breast cancer. The completion of the human genome has allowed the identification of the expressed regions of protein-coding genes; however, little is known concerning the organization of their cis-regulatory elements. We have mapped the association of the estrogen receptor (ER) with the complete nonrepetitive sequence of human chromosomes 21 and 22 by combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with tiled microarrays. ER binds selectively to a limited number of sites, the majority of which are distant from the transcription start sites of regulated genes. The unbiased sequence interrogation of the genuine chromatin binding sites suggests that direct ER binding requires the presence of Forkhead factor binding in close proximity. Furthermore, knockdown of FoxA1 expression blocks the association of ER with chromatin and estrogen-induced gene expression demonstrating the necessity of FoxA1 in mediating an estrogen response in breast cancer cells.
For catch bonds, it all hinges on the interdomain region.

Tensile mechanical force was long assumed to increase the detachment rates of biological adhesive bonds (Bell, 1978). However, in the last few years, several receptor–ligand pairs were shown to form “catch bonds,” whose lifetimes are enhanced by moderate amounts of force. These include the bacterial adhesive protein FimH binding to its ligand mannose (Thomas et al., 2002; Thomas et al., 2006), blood cell adhesion proteins P- and L-selectin binding to sialyl Lewis X (sLeX)–containing ligands (Marshall et al., 2003; Evans et al., 2004; Sarangapani et al., 2004), and the myosin–actin motor protein interaction (Guo and Guilford, 2006). The structural mechanism behind this counterintuitive force–enhanced catch bond behavior is of great interest.
Bifurcation of elastoplastic solids to shear band mode at finite strain

This paper formulates and implements a finite deformation theory of bifurcation of elastoplastic solids to planar bands within the framework of multiplicative plasticity. Conditions for the onset of strain localization are based on the requirement of continuity of the nominal traction vector, and are described both in the reference and deformed configurations by the vanishing of the determinant of either the Lagrangian or Eulerian acoustic tensor. The relevant acoustic tensors are derived in closed form to examine the localization properties of a class of elastoplastic constitutive models with smooth yield surfaces appropriate for pressure-sensitive dilatant/frictional materials. A link between the development of regularized strong discontinuity and its unregularized counterpart at the onset of localization is also discussed. The model is implemented numerically to study shear band mode bifurcation of dilatant frictional materials in plane strain compression. Results of the analysis show that finite deformation effects do enhance strain localization, and that with geometric nonlinearities bifurcation to shear band mode is possible even in the hardening regime of an associative elastoplastic constitutive model.
The Minnesota Articulation Project and its Proficiency-Based Assessments

Various articulation projects have been funded across the country with an eye toward improving foreign language learning and instruction. The present paper reports on the Minnesota Articulation Project. It provides an overview of the project's three principal working groups: political action, curriculum, and assessment. The paper then outlines the theoretical underpinnings of the proficiency-based assessment instruments developed in French, German, and Spanish, and describes in detail the content and format of these instruments.
SeqVISTA: a graphical tool for sequence feature visualization and comparison

Many readers will sympathize with the following story. You are viewing a gene sequence in Entrez, and you want to find whether it contains a particular sequence motif. You reach for the browser's "find in page" button, but those darn spaces every 10 bp get in the way. And what if the motif is on the opposite strand? Subsequently, your favorite sequence analysis software informs you that there is an interesting feature at position 13982–14013. By painstakingly counting the 10 bp blocks, you are able to examine the sequence at this location. But now you want to see what other features have been annotated close by, and this information is buried several screenfuls higher up the web page. SeqVISTA presents a holistic, graphical view of features annotated on nucleotide or protein sequences. This interactive tool highlights the residues in the sequence that correspond to features chosen by the user, and allows easy searching for sequence motifs or extraction of particular subsequences. SeqVISTA is able to display results from diverse sequence analysis tools in an integrated fashion, and aims to provide much-needed unity to the bioinformatics resources scattered around the Internet. Our viewer may be launched on a GenBank record by a single click of a button installed in the web browser. SeqVISTA allows insights to be gained by viewing the totality of sequence annotations and predictions, which may be more revealing than the sum of their parts. SeqVISTA runs on any operating system with a Java 1.4 virtual machine. It is freely available to academic users at http://zlab.bu.edu/SeqVISTA .
"It's Going Good": Inner-City Black and Latino Adolescents' Perceptions about Achieving an Education.

This article is based on in-depth interviews conducted with 39 inner-city Black and Latino adolescent students who were involved in a precollege tutorial academic program. The focus of this article...
The Impact of Lumbar Spine Disease and Deformity on Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes

Concurrent spine and hip disease is common. Spinal deformities can restrict lumbar range of motion and lumbar lordosis, leading to pelvic obliquity and increased pelvic tilt. A comprehensive preoperative workup and component templating ensure appropriate compensation for altered pelvic parameters for implantation of components according to functional positioning. Pelvic obliquity from scoliosis must be measured to calculate appropriate leg length. Cup positioning should be templated on standing radiograph to limit impingement from cup malposition. In spinal deformity, the optimal position of the cup that accommodates pelvic parameters and limits impingement may lie outside the classic parameters of the safe zone.
Severe Lower Extremity Arterial Disease

Innovations in surgery, radiology, and medical management during the past 30 years have allowed patients who once faced certain amputation as a result of leg ischemia to be offered a variety of alternatives. Patients with limb-threatening ischemia differ from those with intermittent claudication in regard to both natural history and treatment requirements. Management of patients with claudication involves risk factor modification, exercise regimens, and pharmacologic intervention. This group rarely requires amputation. Patients with critical limb ischemia are most often treated surgically in order to preserve limb functionality. Five year rates of limb salvage for this patient population have been shown to be 81 % for femoropopliteal bypass and 47% for infrapopliteal bypass (1). However, despite continued additions to our treatment armamentarium, it has been shown that amputation rates have remained the same over the past decade (2). The mortality from major amputations is generally reported to be 3 to 10% (3), but in selected populations, such as those over 80 years old, mortality may be as high as 82% (4). In addition, the rehabilitation outcome after amputation for nonrecon-structible arterial disease is usually overestimated. One recent study (5) reported that only 26% of patients were able to ambulate outdoors with a prosthesis 2 years after major amputation. Another study predicted that the number of amputations performed in the geriatric population will double by the year 2030 (6).
Anthropocene as an evolving paradigm

At some point during the Holocene, human action began to accelerate or redirect landscape and biospheric evolution. Basic questions for this preface are whether we should define this new dynamism as an ‘Anthropocene era’ and how might it be delimited with respect to absolute time or to the Holocene. Traditional geo-stratigraphic nomenclature developed through accretion of field observations, vetted by theoretical discussion, to facilitate four-dimensional reference to lithology, topography, space, and time. Current notions for an Anthropocene carry additional connotations: (1) the focus is on a more dynamic agenda that is far from being synthesized; (2) this revolves around the increasingly salient role of cultural agents that selectively shape a multitude of small and large specific areas, so as to favor divergences and disjunctures; (3) the result is a non-normative dynamic of changing spatial configuration and temporal scales that was superimposed on non-cultural Holocene processes predominantly steere...
Organizing collective action amid the ripple effects of change: narratives of crisis, disaster, and opportunity

ABSTRACTThis study examines how narrative is used by remote stakeholders to cope with organizational change. Specifically, I focus on the public narratives of community leaders because these narratives often function as a rhetorical resource to attract businesses, receive grants, and retain local residents. Public stories announcing, explaining, and managing the ripple effects of organizational change warrant deeper analysis in order to refine our ability to respond to these effects at a community level. This in-depth case study analysis of one community's efforts to respond to the loss of its largest employer suggests that naming a change event as a crisis, disaster, or opportunity positions actors differently within narratives, creating powerful implications for social action. Specifically, crisis narratives call for punishment of the causal agent and legislation of responsibility; disaster narratives call for assistance to affected communities and legislation of support; and opportunity narratives crea...
The utility of positron emission tomography with and without computed tomography in patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Combined positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used in the staging and monitoring of most malignancies. The differential for PET-positive cutaneous lesions includes primary skin cancers, infections, cutaneous metastases from distant malignancies, and benign neoplasms. In dermatology, PET/CT scans have been most widely studied in patients with melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. The role of PET/CT scans in the management of other cutaneous malignancies is less clear, but it has shown great promise in the management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous lymphoma. This review seeks to address the usefulness of PET/CT scans in nonmelanoma skin cancer and to provide guidance regarding the management of patients with incidental PET-positive nodules. Currently, there is limited experience with PET/CT scans for staging and monitoring of non–head and neck metastatic basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, and results show limited sensitivity and specificity. We also address the evidence for management of an incidental PET-positive cutaneous nodule and recommend obtaining a biopsy specimen in patients with a known noncutaneous malignancy, a history of primary skin cancer, or a high risk of either cutaneous or noncutaneous malignancy.
Reliability of Conjoint Analysis: Contrasting Data Collection Procedures:

Variations in measures of reliability of alternative conjoint data collection procedures are examined empirically. The two most commonly used methods, multiple-factor evaluation (MFE) and two-facto...
Inversion of Rayleigh waves recorded on pyroclastic deposits at Augustine volcano

We invert Rayleigh wave group velocity measured on a three-component broadband seismometer at Augustine volcano, Alaska, from a sledgehammer source. The subsurface consists of deposits from pyroclastic flows emplaced during past eruptions. Although a smooth depth model is found that fits the observed group velocity dispersion curve, the ratio of horizontal-to-vertical surface motion, or HZ ratio, calculated from the inverted model does not agree with the HZ ratio measured on the threecomponent seismometer. We develop a perturbational theory for the construction of HZ ratio kernels of a layered elastic halfspace for the purpose of inverting HZ ratio.
Weight as a Variable in the Response of the Western Spruce Budworm to Insecticides

The hypothesis that the response of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman to mexacarbate, pyrethrins, and DDT is proportional to body weight was investigated by using multiple probit and logit regressions. For each chemical, different sampling procedures, weight ranges, and dose adjustment procedures were compared when testing for proportional response. The hypothesis of proportional response was generally rejected for all three chemicals. These results suggest that proportional adjustment may produce misleading inferences in topical application experiments.
Flotation Technique for Extracting Eggs of Diabrotica spp. and Other Organisms from Soil

A simple, rapid, inexpensive method of extracting eggs of Diabrotica spp. and other soil fauna from soil by utilizing flotation has been devised. Such use of flotation is not a new technique. Kevan (1962) stated that in 1936 W. R. S. Ladell utilized a magnesium sulfate solution upon which to float soil arthropods. Since then different workers have used several types of apparatus and solutions. Most involve a complicated combination of sieves and funnels. In general, they are designed to aid in survey work in which viability of specimens after extraction is not important. Salt solutions containing magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, or potassium bromide are most commonly used for flotation. However, in collecting nematodes Coveness and Jensen (1955) utilized a centrifugal flotation of soil in sugar solution.