cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endorektaler Ultraschall (ERUS) in der Behandlung von Patienten mit malignen Rektumpolypen

Diese Studie wurde durchgefuhrt, um die Effektivitat von endorektalem Ultraschall (ERUS) bei der Behandlung von Patienten mit malignen rektalen Polypen, die durch Schlingenexzision wahrend einer Koloskopie entfernt wurden, zu beurteilen. Retrospektive Untersuchung der medizinischen Daten sowie endorektalen Ultraschallbilder von 63 Patienten mit endoskopisch entfernten Rektumpolypen, die invasive Adenokarzinome enthielten—durch endorektalen Ultraschall fortlaufend eingestuft. Die Patienten unterzogen sich einer Operation oder wurden in einer Klinik nachverfolgt. Die Charakteristika der Polypen sowie Ultraschallbilder wurden mit dem Vorhandensein eines Resttumors an den Praparaten der Patienten, die weitere Operationen erhielten, oder mit Rezidiven bei Patienten, die keine Operation mehr erhielten, verglichen. Die Morphologie der Polypen wurde bei 31 Patienten beschrieben (49%); sie waren sessil bei 26 (41%) und gestielt bei sechs Patienten (9%). Die Rander waren bei 22 Patienten positiv (35%), bei 19 negativ (30%) und nicht spezifiziert bei 22 (35%). Die meisten Tumoren waren gut oder masig differenziert; nur drei (5%) waren undifferenziert. 33 Patienten durchliefen weitere Operationen (drei tiefe anteriore Resektionen sowie 30 transanale Exzisionen); 30 hatten keine weitere Operation. Die Genauigkeit von endorektalem Ultraschall bei der Feststellung des Vorhandenseins von Resttumoren in der Rektumwand bei Patienten, die eine Operation hatten, war 54%, mit einem zu 39% positiven und zu 65% negativem Vorhersagewert. Endorektaler Ultraschall identifizierte exakt metastatische Lymphknoten bei zwei von drei Patienten, die eine Radikaloperation hatten. Endorektaler Ultraschall war aussagekraftiger bei der Bestimmung des Vorhandenseins von Resttumor in der Rektumwand als die morphologischen oder histologischen Kriterien der Polypen. Endorektaler Ultraschall schliest die Moglichkeit eines Resttumors in der Rektumwand oder von mesenterialen Lymphknoten bei Patienten, die einen malignen Polypen endoskopisch entfernt hatten, nicht definitiv aus. Hieraus kann abgeleitet werden, dass Entscheidungen, die die endgultige Behandlungsart fur diese Patienten betreffen, nicht ausschlieslich auf der Grundlage der endorektalen Ultraschallbilder der Polypektomiestelle beruhen konnen.
Optimizing Volumetric Efficiency and Backscatter Communication in Biosensing Ultrasonic Implants

Ultrasonic backscatter communication has gained popularity in recent years with the advent of deep-tissue sub-mm scale biosensing implants in which piezoceramic (piezo) resonators are used as acoustic antennas. Miniaturization is a key design goal for such implants to reduce tissue displacement and enable minimally invasive implantation techniques. Here, we provide a systematic design approach for the implant piezo geometry and operation frequency to minimize the overall volume of the implant. Optimal geometry of the implant piezo for backscatter communication is discussed and contrasted with that of power harvesting. A critical design aspect of an ultrasonic backscatter communication link is the response of the piezo acoustic reflection coefficient $\Gamma$ with respect to the variable shunt impedance, $Z_E$ , of the implant uplink modulator. Due to the complexity of the piezo governing equations and multi-domain, electro-acoustical nature of the piezo, $\Gamma (Z_E)$ has often been characterized numerically and the implant uplink modulator has been designed empirically resulting in sub-optimal performance in terms of data rate and linearity. Here, we present a SPICE friendly end-to-end equivalent circuit model of the channel as a piezo-IC co-simulation tool that incorporates inherent path losses present in a typical ultrasonic backscatter channel. To provide further insight into the channel response, we present experimentally validated closed form expressions for $\Gamma (Z_E)$ under various boundary conditions. These expressions couple $\Gamma$ to the commonly used Thevenin equivalent circuit model of the piezo, facilitating systematic design and synthesis of ultrasonic backscatter uplink modulators.
Making Gideon Count? Public Defender Resources and Felony Case Outcomes for Black, White, and Latinx Individuals:

Although Gideon v. Wainright has provided indigent defendants potentially facing prison time the right to counsel, commentators and scholars have documented that the public defense system is vastly...
Exploring the effects of area-level factors on traffic crash frequency by severity using multivariate space-time models

Abstract This study aims to rank high crash risk areas and measure the impacts of accessibility and other spatial and socio-economic factors on county-level crash severities while controlling for spatial and temporal unobserved effects. Among other insights, the results suggest that primary roadway density is positively associated with all crash severities. Contrary, intersection density is negatively associated with injury and no injury crashes. Furthermore, school density and rates of driving under the influence are both positively associated with no injury crashes. Additionally, the mean travel time to the hospital is positively associated, while urbanity is negatively associated with fatal crashes. Unobserved effects due to unstructured random effect terms are significant and contribute to the model’s overall goodness of fit. The within-area correlation among crash severities is positive and non-negligible. From a temporal perspective, both fatal and no injury crashes have decreasing trends. However, no clear pattern for injury crashes is observed across the years. From a spatial perspective, extreme high and low crash risk counties are identified throughout the study area with no clear observed patterns of clustering or dispersion.
Financial analysis in management of technology programs: : links in a clinical approach

Abstract Economies rely on technological innovation for growth. To reap the benefits from technological innovation, managers, innovators, entrepreneurs and businesses need to understand the business environment so that they can successfully bring their products and ideas into the market. Pedagogy in technology management is directly linked to financial decision-making and yet few programs link both disciplines. The University of New Mexico (UNM) Management of Technology (MOT) program has evolved over the years with a critical link between technology and business, with programs and activities that not only train students to be experts at technology management but also to be financially competent. In this paper, we describe and prescribe the entrepreneurial finance and securities analysis courses, and how they can help technology managers, CEOs, strategists and technology entrepreneurs. These courses help MOT professionals in evaluating a range of decisions from the different sources of financing at the beginning of a venture all the way to the different exit strategies when they eventually exit the venture. Our recommendation is that a tighter link will help MOT programs around the world.
Lysis of viable rumen bacteria in bovine rumen fluid.

Streptococcus bovis and Butyrivibrio sp. were labeled with thymidine-methyl-3H, washed, and resuspended in rumen fluid or rumen fluid fractions obtained from Holstein and Jersey cows fed alfalfa hay once daily. Factors affecting the lytic activity found in untreated rumen fluid were examined. Day to day variation and differences before and after feeding were observed for the same cow. There were also differences between cows on the same day. For a given rumen fluid, the rate of release of label was roughly proportional to the number of labeled cells present over a 100-fold range in concentration. Removal of protozoa largely abolished the lytic action of fresh rumen fluid for S. bovis, but some soluble lytic activity remained. Mixed rumen protozoa added to media containing labeled S. bovis caused label to appear in solution. In a sample of rumen fluid containing 4.3 × 104 protozoa/ml 5.2% of the S. bovis population were destroyed by protozoa per hr. The mean rate of destruction for 12 runs on whole rumen fluid was 8.7% per hr with a standard deviation of 6.05. Parallel experiments with Butyrivibrio indicated that soluble lytic factors were more important for this organism. They could be destroyed by autoclaving and were generated when viable rumen bacteria were resuspended in autoclaved rumen fluid. The lysis of S. bovis and Butyrivibrio, at equal cell densities, by mixed rumen protozoa was compared in 30% rumen fluid media, and Butyrivibrio appeared to be more readily lysed than S. bovis.
Medical education for alcohol and other drug abuse in the United States

Initiatives by individuals, private foundations and government have led to improvements in the United States in medical education dealing with alcohol and drug-related problems. Progress has been made, particularly in the past 5 years, in developing new medical school curricula and in faculty development. Greater activity by national professional organizations has helped raise the priority of training in alcohol- and drug-related areas for undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. As an example, Project ADEPT (Alcohol and Drug Education for Physician Training in primary care) at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, is described. The importance of positive and motivated faculty role models and of skills training is emphasized.
Anomalous Hall effect in YBa2Cu3O7

The temperature dependence of the normal state Hall effect and magnetoresistance in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is investigated using the nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquid description of planar quasiparticles. We obtain a direct (nonvariational) numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation and find that highly anisotropic scattering at different regions of the Fermi surface gives rise to the measured anomalous temperature dependence of the resistivity and Hall coefficient while yielding the quadratic temperature dependence of the Hall angle observed for both clean and dirty samples.
ISEE Work on Collisionless Shocks; CDAW‐3, The Meeting and the Results July 23–26, 1979

At CDAW(Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop)-3, data from ISEE-1 and -2 were used, and 17 data sets were incorporated into a total of 44 megabytes of disk storage. The presence of ISEE-1 and -2 at variable separation distances has made it possible to settle the question of shock motion and to obtain shock thicknesses. A full range of wave instrumentation was available to study upstream waves and turbulence, and energetic particle investigations made it possible to obtain good observations of shock-induced particle acceleration. It is concluded that these improved observations have resulted in a revival of interest in the study of the collisionless shock, both as an experimental and theoretical research problem. It is expected that these investigations will lead to a better understanding of how to use the earth's bow shock to provide well-defined and theoretically useful examples for study.
Ethics of aggression research: Papers from a symposium of International Society for Research on Aggression

Three papers are presented from the first symposium on ethical issues in aggression research of the International Society for Research on Aggression held at the biennial meetings 1980 in Haren, The Netherlands. The symposium reflected a growing awareness of the Society that their research is a matter for public concern and scrutiny, both for its potentially good uses, and for its potential misuse and misinterpretation. A paper by Santiago Genoves, a Mexican anthropologist, outlined some of the issues concerning the dissemination of information and misinformation of aggression to the public, along with an extensive bibliography on the subject. A paper by Paul Brain, a British zoologist, addressed the issues surrounding the use of animals in aggression research and the arguments being used in public attacks upon it. Daniel Wikler, a practitioner of normative ethics from the United States, discussed ethics as theory and as practice and suggested some of the types of actions that the Society could consider undertaking.
Pressure, volume, and chemosensitivity in afferent innervation of urinary bladder in rats

Bladder afferent nerve activity was recorded from the pelvic and hypogastric nerves of rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Bladder filling with isotonic NaCl at a rate of 250 microl/min excited multiunit afferent activity in the hypogastric nerve by 190 +/- 38% over background at a pressure of 30 mmHg, whereas 150 meq/l KCl at the same filling rate excited hypogastric nerve activity by 498 +/- 103% (P < 0.0001). This difference was localized to a group of chemosensitive fibers that are excited by bladder filling with KCl in a concentration-dependent fashion but are insensitive to bladder filling with NaCl. Bladder filling with 200 meq/l KCl at different filling rates caused a bursting pattern of discharge in these fibers at consistent bladder volumes but with a pressure threshold that increased proportionately with filling rate. Other hypogastric bladder afferent fibers were activated to a similar extent by NaCl and KCl solutions. Chemoreceptive bladder afferent fibers were rare in the pelvic nerve (1 of 15 units), and multiunit preparations showed comparable excitations during bladder filling with NaCl and KCl solutions. The bursting activation of bladder chemoreceptive afferent nerves in hypogastric nerves could signal noxious overdistension and/or inflammation of the bladder.
Evolutionary Genetic Bases of Longevity and Senescence

Senescence, as a time-dependent developmental process, affects all organisms at every stage in their development and growth. During this process, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are known to introduce a wide range of variation for longevity among individuals. As an important life-history trait, longevity shows ontogenetic relationships with other complex traits, and hence may be viewed as a composite trait. Factors that influence the origin and maintenance of diversity of life are ultimately governed by Darwinian processes. Here we review evolutionary genetic mechanisms underlying longevity and senescence in humans from a life-history and genotype-epigenetic-phenotype (G-E-P) map prospective. We suggest that synergistic and cascading effects of cis-ruptive mechanisms in the genome, and epigenetic disruptive processes in relation to environmental factors may lead to sequential slippage in the G-E-P space. These mechanisms accompany age, stage and individual specific senescent processes, influenced by positive pleiotropy of certain genes, superior genome integrity, negative-frequency dependent selection and other factors that universally regulate rarity in nature. Finally we interpret life span as an inherent property of self-organizing systems that, accordingly, maintain species-specific limits for the entire complex of fitness traits. We conclude that Darwinian approaches provide unique opportunities to discover the biological bases of longevity as well as devise individual specific medical or other interventions toward improving health span.
Reflections on the Importance of Indigenous Geography.

Using storytelling from his experiences with the Western Apache, Keith Basso elaborates the notion that “wisdom sits in places,” that is, the way in which social and cultural knowledge and guidance—wisdom—is based on experience. Because experience occurs in places, landscapes (and their stories and place names) can come to encode social and cultural knowledge.1 This notion of geography as philosophy would not have been foreign to the ancient Greeks to whom the discipline is often traced, but geography today, with some notable exceptions, is only slowly returning to the quest for wisdom. As an academic discipline, geography must struggle against the limitations of the larger (post)modern episteme within which it is situated. A genuine engagement with Indigenous geography may open a pathway out of this fix. What I call “modern geography”—meaning the Anglophone geography that has emerged during the past two centuries with influence from France and Germany—grew as both a tool and a product of the colonial era. The discipline helped map out the civilized and the uncivilized and the place of each in a world of empires. Its scholars at times justified territorial expansion with hints at world domination, laid out “scientific” justifications for racial inequality, or provided the technical tools and know-how for conquest and colonial rule. In the process, Western notions of geography—of space, time, and humanenvironment relations—were imposed on the rest of the world. The hegemonic power of the resulting modernist worldview continues to perpetuate in part through its intimate relationship with global capitalism. It is important to bear in mind that what is now held forth as a “rational” worldview has its roots in a European culture war—the Reformation. Although this worldview is accepted as common sense today, it embodies a distinct ideology that enabled the colonization of the world and the commodification of nature.
Comparison of performance of genome manipulated and standard tench, Tinca tinca (L.), groups under pond management conditions

A triennial performance test of five groups of tench, Tinca tinca (L.): Vodnany induced triploid V3n, Vodnany meiotic gynogenic Vgyn, diploid Vodnany V2n, Hungarian H2n and German G2n) in pond monoculture was carried out with diploid golden tench as control (C) to compute corrected weight of the groups tested. Survival rate ranged from 11.6% (V2n) to 30.6% (Vgyn) in yearlings, from 71.2% (V2n) to 91.5% (H2n) in 2 year-olds, from 60.0% (Vgyn) to 75.7% (V2n) in 3 year-olds while that of the control group was 8.5, 38.3 and 40.2% in the respective seasons. After three growing seasons the corrected weight of the fish in the groups H2n (254.6bg), V3n (257.0cg) and G2n (371.4cg) was higher (P < 0.05, Tukey HSD test) than that from the C (183.3ag) and V2n(205.6abg) groups. Among the chromosomally manipulated groups, ANCOVA test found the least slaughtering value for Vgyn (84.3%); among the purebreds the highest value was found for H2n (87.32%), significantly differing from V2n and G2n strains. A high gonadosomatic index in females (2.94 vs. 0.44% in males) resulted in inferior slaughtering values.
Effects of dietary precursors to biogenic amines on the behavioural response from groups of caged worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) to the alarm pheromone component isopentyl acetate

Summary The sound or ‘buzzing response’ from groups of fifteen worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L., to the presentation of isopentyl acetate, an alarm pheromone component, was recorded through a microphone connected via a digital–analogue converter into a computer. The effects of ingested biogenic amine precursors 5-hydroxytryptophan, L-DOPA and tryptophan were tested on three variables measurable from the sound traces: onset of the buzzing response after presentation of the pheromone stimulus, the duration of the buzzing event, and the maximal sound frequency produced during the buzzing event. Bees fed high doses of 5-hydroxytrytophan were found to react significantly more slowly and with a significantly lower maximum frequency than bees that were only fed sucrose controls. Bees fed DOPA were no different from controls for any of the variables measured, and bees fed tryptophan were so hyperactive that reliable responses to the presentation of alarm pheromone could not be made. Finally, the brains of worker bees fed these different precursors were examined for content of various neurochemicals. Bees fed 5-hydroxytryptophan were found to have dose-dependent elevations of both 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin within their brains. Bees fed tryptophan were found to have dose-dependent elevations of tryptophan and kynurenine in the brain but no change in brain serotonin. Bees fed DOPA had dose-dependent increases in DOPA and dopamine levels within their brains. These results suggest that the hyperactive condition results from kynurenine metabolism, and the reduced response to alarm pheromone is related to serotonin metabolism.
Opinions from an inquiry panel

The members of the panel at Tufts University that investigated the Cell article of which Dr Thereza Imanishi-Kari was the chief author respond to Dr Margot O'Toole's statement.
Dispersion-corrected DFT study of methano and ethano bridged Wilcox torsion balances

Wilcox torsion balances with well-defined “folded” and “unfolded” configurations provide a facile experimental probe of noncovalent interactions in solution. Recent modifications to the torsion balance bridgehead (Bhayana and Ams in J Org Chem 76:3594, 2011) provide new insights into the distance dependence of noncovalent interactions. We explore these systems using dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations and continuum model solvents. The results quantify the role of bridgehead flexibility and point to the importance of folding entropy and noncovalent interactions in the unfolded configuration.
High magnetic field studies of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and NdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ single crystals

The authors have measured the upper critical magnetic field H/sub c2/ of single crystals of the high-T/sub c/ superconductors YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and NdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ as a function of crystal orientation in DC fields up to 31.5 T. The temperature dependence and anisotropy of H/sub c2/ and inferences concerning spin-orbit scattering are discussed. The lowest value of critical field is obtained for the crystal orientation which makes the applied field perpendicular to the Cu-O planes and is not much different from the values of H/sub c2/ for some conventional superconductors. >
The organization of the ascending auditory pathway in the pigeon (Columba livia). I. Diencephalic projections of the inferior colliculus (nucleus mesencephali lateralis, pars dorsalis).

Abstract 1. An experimental-anatomical study of the projection from the inferior colliculus (MLD) in the pigeon was performed by the aid of the Nauta-Gygax method. The resulting observations can be summarized as follows. 2. A massive efferent fiber system — the brachium of the inferior colliculus—ascends from the MLD, passing medial to the brachium of the superior colliculus and dorsal to the ectomammillary nucleus. 3. The majority of its fibers are distributed to the ipsilateral nucleus ovoidalis via the prominent tractus nuclei ovoidalis. 4. Other fibers from the brachium of the inferior colliculus enter the dorsal supraoptic decussation (DSOD), terminating in passage on neurons of the nucleus of the DSOD, and join the contralateral tractus nuclei ovoidalis to end in the nucleus ovoidalis of the opposite side. 5. Degenerating axons were followed to the contralateral MLD and, via a descending path, to the ipsilateral trapezoid body. 6. No axonal degeneration was seen in nucleus ovoidalis after lesions of the spinal cord, nuclei cuneatus and gracilis, nucleus solitarius, trigeminal nucleus, cerebellar nuclei, retina or optic tectum. 7. It is concluded that nucleus ovoidalis represents a specific diencephalic auditory relay nucleus, possibly comparable to the ventral division (Morest) of the mammalian medial geniculate nucleus.
EFFECT OF HIGH PRESSURE ON A CO-CULTURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM COAL SYNTHESIS GAS

Abstract It has been demonstrated that coal synthesis gas may be converted to methane by anaerobic bacteria. One possible pathway involves the formation of acetate from carbon monoxide by bacteria such as P. productus. Acetate can be reacted to methane by methanogens, such as Methanothrix sp. Whenever a gas needs to react in a liquid phase, reaction rates are severely limited by mass transfer of the gaseous substrates into the liquid medium. Operation at high pressure increases the gas transport and solubility and, thus, the reaction rates. However, high concentrations of dissolved carbon monoxide are known to effects of high pressure on the performance of co-cultures capable of converting synthesis gas into methane.
Microinjected clonidine inhibits noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in freely moving cats.

Abstract Microinjection of the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine (CLON; 1.0 μ g 0.1 μ l ) effected a virtually complete suppression of the spontaneous activity of noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in freely moving cats. This effect lasted for approximately 90 min and was reversible by systemic administration of the α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine. In contrast, CLON had no consistent effect on the activity of neighboring non-noradrenergic neurons. These results provide additional evidence for the direct inhibition of central noradrenergic neurons by CLON by demonstrating such effects independent of anesthesia or the behavioral effects of systemic drug administration. More generally, these findings demonstrate the usefulness of a technique in which small amounts of drug can be applied in small volumes to produce a neuropharmacologically specific effect upon locally recorded neurons in behaving animals.
PHOTODISSOCIATION OF CN

CN rovibrational photodissociation cross sections have been computed using ab initio derived potential curves and dipole transition moment functions adjusted to match asymptotic experimental constraints where available. Here, we report results for the electronic transitions {sup 2}Σ{sup +}(4) ← X {sup 2}Σ{sup +}, {sup 2}Σ{sup +}(5) ← X {sup 2}Σ{sup +}, {sup 2}Π(4) ← X {sup 2}Σ{sup +}, and {sup 2}Π(5) ← X {sup 2}Σ{sup +}. Partial cross sections for transitions from all 5581 rovibrational levels theoretically obtained for the ground electronic state X {sup 2}Σ{sup +} were computed for a wavelength range that extends from 500 A to the dissociation threshold for each particular rovibrational state. Cross sections assuming a thermal Boltzmann distribution of rovibrational levels for gas temperatures between 500 to 5000 K are also obtained. Applications of the results to ultraviolet irradiated environments are discussed.
Using the proton backscattering method of light element profiling to achieve tailored low Z impurity distributions in solids

Abstract The proton backscattering technique has been used to evaluate efforts to achieve tailored depth profiles of implanted impurities in solids. A comprehensive example involving uniform depth profiles of helium implanted into erbium deuteride is presented. A computer program was developed to predict a combination of fluences and energies that should sum to a uniform composite depth profile. However, initial implant parameters selected were found to lead to severe near-surface non-uniformities. A parametric study of possible causative factors (fluence, heating, and flux dependences) revealed that it is necessary to limit the helium concentration to a critical value in order to achieve and retain depth uniformity. The necessary combination of fluences and implant energies is given for the example chosen.
Towards a practical sodium guide star laser source: design for < 50 watt LGS based on OPSL

We present laser results of OPS structures based on highly strained InGaAs quantum wells emitting at 1178nm and frequency doubled to produce high power, high beam quality laser radiation at 589nm. The laser architecture is the same as in our commercial offerings, allowing us to achieve the desired results with a system significantly simpler than alternative approaches.
The Effect of Expectancy on Visibility in Night Driving

The role of expectancy on the perceptions of drivers is an important variable that affects highway safety. But, it is not well understood. An experiment in which the visibility of a pedestrian dummy was measured found that the visibility distance was twice as great when drivers expected the pedestrian than when it was unexpected. The results of that study have been used as though the 2:1 ratio in visibility could be extrapolated to other night driving conditions. Arguments against such generalization are made. They involve analyses of the illumination of headlamp beams, the probability of detection of objects and the effects of speed. Various theoretical approaches are used to evaluate the role of expectancy and other studies are reviewed. No support was found for the 2:1 constant ratio between “expected” and “unexpected” driver visibility in night driving. Further work is needed to study expectancy and to quantify its effect on visibility in a variety of situations.
Mastering map scale: balancing workloads using display and geometry change in multi-scale mapping

This paper builds on a body of European research on multiple resolution data bases (MRDBs), defining a conceptual framework for managing tasks in a multi-scale mapping project. The framework establishes a workload incorporating task difficulty, time to complete a task, required level of expertise, required resources, etc. Project managers must balance the workload among tasks with lower and higher complexity to produce a high quality cartographic product on time and within budget. We argue for increased emphasis on the role of symbol design, which often carries a lower workload than multi-scale mapping based primarily on geometry change. Countering expectations that combining symbol change with geometry change will increase workloads, we argue that in many cases, integration of the two can reduce workloads overall. To demonstrate our points, we describe two case studies drawn from a recent multi-scale mapping and database building project for Ada County, Idaho. We extend the concept of workload balancing, demonstrating that insertion of Level of Detail (LoD) datasets at intermediate scales can further reduce the workload. Previous work proposing LoDs has not reported empirical assessment, and we encourage small and large mapping organizations to contribute to such an effort.
The role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in anoxic injury of spinal cord white matter

Dorsal column axons of the rat spinal cord are partially protected from anoxic injury following blockade of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels and the Na+/--Ca2+ exchanger. To examine the potential contribution of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to anoxic injury of spinal cord axons, we studied axonal conduction in rat dorsal columns in vitro following a 60-min period of anoxia. Glass microelectrodes were used to record field potentials from the dorsal columns following distal local surface stimulation. Perfusion solutions containing blockers of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were introduced 60 min prior to onset of anoxia and continued until 10 min after reoxygenation. Pharmacological blocking agents which are relatively selective for L- (verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine) and N- (omega-conotoxin GVIA) type calcium channels were significantly protective against anoxia-induced loss of conduction, as was non-specific block using divalent cations. Other Ca2+ channel blockers (neomycin and omega-conotoxin MVIIC) that affect multiple Ca2+ channel types were also neuroprotective. Ni2+, which preferentially blocks R-type Ca2+ channels more than T-type channels, was also protective in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that the influx of Ca2+, through L-, N- and possibly R-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, participates in the pathophysiology of the Ca2+-mediated injury of spinal cord axons that is triggered by anoxia.
Foxl1-Cre BAC transgenic mice: a new tool for gene ablation in the gastrointestinal mesenchyme†

The use of Cre-loxP technology for the purpose of cell type-specific gene ablation has revolutionized developmental biology and biomedicine. Several transgenic mouse lines have been developed for the analysis of gene function in the gastrointestinal tract, but in all of these the expression of Cre is limited to the epithelial cell layer. No Cre- expressing transgenic mouse lines ("Cre lines") exist for the deletion of loxP-flanked genes specifically in gut mesoderm. To address this deficiency, we have derived a bacterial artificial chromosome based transgenic mouse line in which the Cre gene is controlled by the Foxl1 promoter and enhancer elements. X-Gal staining of Foxl1-Cre; Rosa26R bi-transgenic lines confirm that Foxl1-Cre results in recombination specifically in the gastrointestinal mesenchyme. The Foxl1-Cre line will facilitate the dissection of mesenchymal to epithelial signaling that is known to play a major role in the patterning and function of the gastrointestinal tract.
Homocysteine and Reclassification of Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine whether adding homocysteine (Hcy) to a model based on traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors improves risk classification. Background Data on using Hcy to reclassify individuals in various risk categories beyond traditional approaches have not been adequately scrutinized. Methods We performed a post hoc analysis of the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) and NHANES III (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III) datasets. Hcy was used to predict composite CVD and hard coronary heart disease (CHD) events in the MESA study and CVD and CHD mortality in the NHANES III survey using adjusted Cox-proportional hazard analysis. Reclassification of CHD events was performed using a net reclassification improvement (NRI) index with a Framingham risk score (FRS) model with and without Hcy. Results Hcy level (>15 μmol/l) significantly predicted CVD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.79, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.19 to 1.95; p = 0.006) and CHD events (aHR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.20 to 4.09; p = 0.01) in the MESA trial and CVD (aHR: 2.72, 95% CI: 2.01 to 3.68; p Conclusions From these 2 disparate population cohorts, we found that addition of Hcy level to FRS significantly improved risk prediction, especially in individuals at intermediate risk for CHD events.
Is chronic calcineurin inhibitor toxicity responsible for long-term deterioration of renal function in transplant recipients?

Dose reduction or discontinuation of calcineurin inhibitors (CIs) in renal allograft recipients results in a measurable improvement in renal function, as assessed by a decrease in serum creatinine or improvement in glomerular filtration rate. In general, this effect has been presumed to result from a discontinuation of the acute vasoconstrictive action of CIs on the afferent arteriole. Does it reflect the resolution of chronic CI toxicity? Does chronic CI toxicity explain part of the syndrome of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN)? We have observed evidence of a continued improvement in renal function or a lack of further deterioration after CI dose reduction or discontinuation in patients with CAN. This improvement in renal function remains evident for up to several years after the intervention and is observed even when the period of acute vasoconstriction (6 months after intervention; the period when the greatest rate of change occurs) is taken into account. These findings suggest a detrimental effect of CIs on renal function that may be, at least in part, reversible and independent of vasoconstriction. In this review, we examine the data concerning the relationship between CI and chronic graft dysfunction.
Surgical site infection rates: open versus hand-assisted colorectal resections

This study was performed to determine impact of open and hand-assisted colorectal resection on surgical site infection (SSI) rates. National Surgical Quality Improvement Project data from 2006 to 2008 were supplemented with an institutional review board-approved chart review. Primary endpoint was SSI rates defined by the Centers for Disease Control National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system and classified as superficial, deep incisional, and organ space. Inclusion criteria were elective or emergency open or hand-assisted colorectal resections. Wounds were classified as clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty-infected. Patients were not included if they underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection, small bowel resection, or stoma creation. Two hundred and forty-five consecutive patients were included over a 29-month period. One hundred and ninety-five open and 50 hand-assisted patients were comparable for gender, body mass index, ethnicity, tobacco addiction, steroid use, type of colorectal resection, operating time, and method of wound closure. Differences in ASA class, wound classification, and preexisting comorbidities resolved when 80 open and 5 hand-assisted patients who underwent emergency resections were excluded from analysis. Rate of stoma creation remained higher in open patients even after excluding emergency cases (p < 0.01). Overall SSI rates following open and hand-assisted resections were 28 and 44 %, respectively (p = 0.015). Superficial SSI rates were higher in hand-assisted patients (20 vs. 40 %, p = 0.006). Deep (2.1 vs. 4 %, p = 0.605) and organ space SSI rates (5.1 vs. 0 %, p = 0.221) did not differ. These results did not change when emergency resections were excluded: overall 28 and 44 % (p = 0.015), superficial (23 vs. 44 %, p = 0.009), deep (3.5 vs. 4.4 %, p = 0.541), and organ space (7 vs. 0 %, p = 0.066). This study seems to suggest possibly higher rates of incisional SSI in patients who underwent hand-assisted colorectal resection as compared to open. This retrospective study had, however, insufficient power to stratify by surgeon and control for risk factors by logistic regression.
Elevated expression of erbB3 confers paclitaxel resistance in erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells via upregulation of Survivin

The coexpression of erbB3 and erbB2 is frequently observed in breast cancer; and erbB3 has a critical role in erbB2 promotion of breast cancer progression and anti-estrogen resistance. In this study, we determine the role of erbB3 in erbB2-mediated paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells. The overexpression of exogenous erbB3 via either stable or transient transfection in erbB2-overexpressing, but not epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing, breast cancer cells significantly decreases paclitaxel-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Consistently, knockdown of erbB3 expression with a specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in breast cancer cells with coexpression of both erbB2 and erbB3 enhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis evidenced by increased DNA fragmentation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and activation of caspase-3 and -8. Furthermore, while forced overexpression of erbB3 increases, specific knockdown of erbB3 decreases the expression levels of Survivin only in the erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Targeting Survivin with specific shRNA overcomes paclitaxel resistance without effect on the expression levels of either erbB2 or erbB3. Mechanistic studies indicate that the specific phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K), Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, not only abrogate erbB3-mediated upregulation of Survivin, but also reinforce the erbB2/erbB3-coexpressing breast cancer cells to paclitaxel-induced growth inhibition. These data demonstrate that heterodimerization of erbB2/erbB3 is a prerequisite for erbB2 tyrosine kinase activation; and elevated expression of erbB3 is required for erbB2-mediated paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells via PI-3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway-dependent upregulation of Survivin. Our studies suggest that new strategies targeting erbB3 or Survivin may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents against erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer.
Emergency department diagnosis of atrial and ventricular septal defects, bicuspid aortic valve and pulmonary hypertension

A 41-year-old Cuban man with Down syndrome and mental retardation was brought to the Emergency Department for episodes of worsening shortness of breath over one day. Bedside color Doppler ultrasound subcostal and apical four-chamber examination of the heart revealed atrial and ventricular septal defects with left-to-right shunting of blood. A right ventricular outflow tract view revealed a bicuspid aortic valve, and continuous wave Doppler ultrasound in the right ventricular inflow tract view revealed tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension. Bedside echocardiography with color Doppler and continuous wave Doppler imaging can assist the emergency physician and the critical care physician in the diagnosis of ASD, VSD, bicuspid aortic valve, and pulmonary hypertension in the Down syndrome patient who is short of breath.
BUILDING A JAPANESE RESEARCH TRADITION IN PHYSICS: HANTARO NAGAOKA AND THE SPECTROSCOPE1

title SUMMARY /title Hantaro Nagaoka (1865-1950) became one the foremost Japanese professors of physics and was notable for a Saturnian model of the atom he first proposed in 1903. However, he later abandoned this model and turned to spectroscopy in order to understand the structure of the atom. Most histories of physics speak well of Nagaoka for his theoretical work on an atomic model, but have largely overlooked Nagaoka's several decades of experimental spectroscopic work. This paper examines Nagaoka's research involving the spectroscope and how it helped to establish a Japanese research tradition in physics.
Distortions in estimating net benefits of regional development projects

One of the oldest and most standardized procedures in assessing regional impact is the calculation of the number of jobs expected to result from the funding of a proposed project. Procedures for estimating expected job expansion date back to the early 20th Century. Before then, evaluation, especially of publicly funded or sponsored projects, was seen essentially as a political process; evaluation with implicit net benefits determined by legislative debate. The role for explicit economic analysis was limited. The pre-cursor of modern welfare economics began in the 18th Century (Bentham 1789). The essential principle involved viewed outlays by individuals as moving along a “hill of pleasure” to achieve the greatest utility, subject to their income. The aim of policy was to distribute income and or identify public projects so as to achieve “the greatest good for the greatest number”. By late 19th Century, this principle came to be less ambiguously formulated (Edgeworth 1881) when it came to be viewed as an overall allocation of resources so as to maximize aggregate satisfaction by equalizing marginal utilities of income over all individuals. Realizing that not everyone gained from government intervention, Vilfredo Pareto added the condition that the “gains to the gainers” exceed the “losses of the losers” (Pareto 1906). Finally, in A. C. Pigou (1920), Marshall (1928), and Nicholas Kaldor (1939) these changes in aggregate welfare would depend on whether or not the gainers from any initiative could, in principle, compensate the losses to the losers. These theoretical developments laid out the possibilities of constructing an actual “calculus of welfare maximization”. Dramatic floods in eastern U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries resulted in thousands of deaths and extensive property damage, leading to widespread interest in the Federal government assuming some responsibility for flood control, along with their historic interest in
Temporal and spatial variations in fly ash quality

Abstract Fly ash quality, both as the amount of petrographically distinguishable carbons and in chemistry, varies in both time and space. Temporal variations are a function of a number of variables. Variables can include variations in the coal blend organic petrography, mineralogy, and chemistry; variations in the pulverization of the coal, both as a function of the coal's Hardgrove grindability index and as a function of the maintenance and settings of the pulverizers; and variations in the operating conditions of the boiler, including changes in the pollution control system. Spatial variation, as an instantaneous measure of fly ash characteristics, should not involve changes in the first two sets of variables listed above. Spatial variations are a function of the gas flow within the boiler and ducts, certain flow conditions leading to a tendency for segregation of the less-dense carbons in one portion of the gas stream. Caution must be applied in sampling fly ash. Samples from a single bin, or series of bins, may not be representative of the whole fly ash, providing a biased view of the nature of the material. Further, it is generally not possible to be certain about variation until the analysis of the ash is complete.
Immunocytochemical study of Myelin-associated Glycoprotein (MAG) and Basic Protein (BP) in acute Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE)

Abstract To compare distributions of oligodendroglial myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (BP) during demyelination in acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), Lewis rats were sensitized with an emulsion containing guinea pig spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant. The rats were examined clinically and groups were perfused with fixative before symptoms appeared (7d), within 48 h of symptom onset (10d) and during more severe illnes (14d, 21d). Paraffin sections of cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord were immunostained with antisera to MAG and BP. Other sections in each serially mounted series were stained with luxol fast b;ue, hematoxylin and eosin or with the Bodian method to correlated MAG and BP results with histological changes. No abnormalities were detected 7d after sensitization. After 10d, small perivenular inflammatory cell infiltrates were present in white matter, displaced myelated fibers, but their MAG stained periaxonal regions and BP-stained myelin sheaths appeared normal. In pontine grey matter lesions, there were local abnormalities in a few myelin sheaths. After 21d, demyelinating lesions were present that were largest in pontine grey matter. Decreased MAG staining was present in areas of myelin sheath loss.
Evaluation of several alloys for solid oxide fuel cell interconnect application

Isothermal oxidation tests of several ferritic and Ni-base alloys were conducted at 800 °C for 500 h in air. The concentrations of Mn and Ti in the ferritic Fe–Cr alloys had a significant effect on the oxidation rate and the scale area specific resistance. High alloy purity was beneficial to the oxidation resistance and oxide scale adherence. Two Ni-based alloys, Haynes 230 and 242, showed lower weight gain and scale area specific resistance than the ferritic alloys.
1291 AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE OF SPONDYLOLISTHESIS, SPONDYLOLYSIS AND ACROMIAL SKIN DIMPLES

Spondylolisthesis (SOL) which is a forward displacement of the vertebra and spondylolysis (SLY) which is a deterioration or fracture in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch often occur together with SLY usually giving rise to SOL. These defects often involve the 5th lumbar vertebra and have an increased association with spina bifida occulta of 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra. Symptoms usually begin in late adolescence or young adulthood and include back spasm, back pain, sciatic pain, and spinal curvature. Autosomal dominant inheritance (Clin Genet 13:471, 78) has been noted in some families. Acromial skin dimples (ASD) are rare in normal individuals, but can be found in conditions where there is a deficiency of subcutaneous fat, muscle, and/or bone. Two families (Amer J Hum Genet 26:412, 74 and Amer J Med Genet 6:259, 80) of otherwise normal individuals have been reported with autosomal dominant ASD. No family has been reported with SLY, SOL and ASD. The present report identifies a 4 generation family of 9 affected persons with SOL and SLY. In those individuals personally examined (4), the presence of ASD is segregating with SOL and SLY. Additionally, the dimples are congenital and are associated with decreased shoulder muscle mass. The uniqueness of this association will be discussed and the potential value of recognition of ASD as a presymptomatic marker for SOL and SLY in the children of affected adults.