cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scanning gel chromatography: determination of transport parameters from dynamic profiles measured at low solute concentration

Abstract Direct optical scanning of solute boundaries in large zone gel Chromatography experiments provides an accurate means of determining boundary profile shapes and rates of motion. A method has been developed for correcting such boundaries to a constant time frame, eliminating the distortion which arises from finite column scanning rate Centroids or the corrected profiles can be used to determine the partition cross section for the solute of interest The partition cross section and flow rate determine translational motion within the column. The axial dispersion coefficient, L , which characterizes rate of boundary spreading may also be calculated from the profiles. In order to explore these procedures a study of four noninteracting solutes was conducted. Partition cross sections determined from rates of motion of boundary centroids were found to be in good agreement with those determined by the equilibrium saturation method on the same column.In order to explore the lowest concentration limits of the technique and to illustrate the boundary characteristics for a selfassociating solute, a study of carboxyhemoglobin was conducted over a wide concentration range. From measurements at 220 nm the lowest concentration where useful data could be obtained was 2 micrograms per ml (0.12 πM heme) These results establish validity of the procedures used in analyzing the rates of boundary transport and in studying solute transport over a wide range of conditions.
CLT for Lp moduli of continuity of Gaussian processes

Abstract Let G = { G ( x ) , x ∈ R 1 } be a mean zero Gaussian process with stationary increments and set σ 2 ( | x − y | ) = E ( G ( x ) − G ( y ) ) 2 . Let f be a symmetric function with E f 2 ( η ) ∞ , where η = N ( 0 , 1 ) . When σ 2 ( s ) is concave or when σ 2 ( s ) = s r , 1 r ≤ 3 / 2 , lim h ↓ 0 ∫ a b f ( G ( x + h ) − G ( x ) σ ( h ) ) d x − ( b − a ) E f ( η ) Φ ( h , σ ( h ) , f , a , b ) = law N ( 0 , 1 ) where Φ ( h , σ ( h ) , f , a , b ) is the variance of the numerator. This result continues to hold when σ 2 ( s ) = s r , 3 / 2 r 2 , for certain functions f , depending on the nature of the coefficients in their Hermite polynomial expansion. The asymptotic behavior of Φ ( h , σ ( h ) , f , a , b ) at zero is described in a very large number of cases.
MO‐E‐204C‐03: On the Development of On‐Board PET with Tomotherapy Using Open Dual Ring Geometry

Purpose:Positron emission tomography(PET) using open dual ring geometry was investigated as an on‐board system for functional imaging and PET marker tracking, specifically with tomotherapy. The dual ring PET would allow measurement of both inter and intra‐fractional variation, facilitating the determination of treatmentuncertainties and improving the delineation of tumor volume at any stage in the radiation treatment delivery process. This study demonstrates the field of view (FOV) of various PET ring axial gaps, the sensitivity of each system for each gap, and the image quality as a function of scan time and activity for one specified design. Method and Materials: Investigation of FOV and sensitivity of each design was accomplished via Monte Carlo simulations with GATE, the Geant4 Application for Emission Tomography. Image quality was investigated with a fully 3D OSEM iterative reconstruction algorithm for noiseless data to investigate the FOV and noisy data to investigate the scan time at a specified activity. Results: Even when the axial gap (G) exceeded the axial width (W) for each open ring system as in the extreme case of G = 600 mm (required to avoid actuators holding MLC's) the axial FOV was approximately 200 mm. A continuous axial and transaxial FOV (determined by PET ring diameter) of 360 mm and 450 mm respectively resulted from G=W=120mm. Reconstructed NEMA 2001 phantom images for activity of 15 mCi/70kg and scan times ranging from 10 to 100 seconds was demonstrated without the effect of attenuation, scatter, and random events. `Conclusion: For tomotherapy treatment 200 mm continuous FOV axially was sufficient and was achievable with all gaps simulated in the range from 120 mm to 600 mm. Open dual ring on‐board PET has the potential to acquire images within the time limit of a tomotherapy treatment session.
Regulation of dendritic development by the ARF exchange factor ARNO.

ARNO eliminated the enhanced branching effect. These results indicate that the ARF family of small GTPases contributes to the regulation of dendritic branching, and that ARF6 activation turns on two independent pathways that suppress dendritic branching in vivo: one through Rac1 and the other through ARF6. Dendritogenesis is a dynamic process that continues throughout the life of a neuron. The correct development and stabilization of dendritic arbors is essential for neurons to be able to receive,
REACTION OF Γ‐PICOLINE N‐OXIDE WITH KETENIMINES IN THE PRESENCE OF ORGANIC ACIDS‐ PREPARATION OF α‐ACYLOXY AMIDES

A synthesis of a-acyloxyamides is described which utilizes the reaction of 7-picoline N-oxide and various organic acids with diphenylketene N-p-tolylimine.
Social capital and the privatization of public goods

Discusses the privatization of public goods and services in urban areas. Examines the common assumption that shifting responsibility for providing goods and services to private individuals will increase the sense of community or “social capital” that binds residents of an urban area together. Argues that privatization of goods such as public safety, education or community recreation may result in more spatially limited social capital, where individuals are less willing to cooperate for the common good. Shrinking the spatial dimensions of “community” to include only members of the same housing development or neighborhood may impose other costs to local governments that offset the expected savings from privatization.
Estrogen receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms of breast cancer carcinogenesis

Long term exposure to estrogens is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The precise mechanisms responsible for estrogen mediated carcinogenesis are not well understood. The most widely accepted theory holds that estradiol (E(2)), acting through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), stimulates cell proliferation and initiates mutations arising from replicative errors occurring during pre-mitotic DNA synthesis. The promotional effects of E(2) then support the growth of cells harboring mutations. Over a period of time, sufficient numbers of mutations accumulate to induce neoplastic transformation. Laboratory and epidemiological data also suggest that non-receptor mediated mechanisms resulting from the genotoxic effects of estrogen metabolites are involved in breast cancer development. This manuscript critically reviews existing data implicating both ER-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The weight of evidence supports the possibility that both mechanisms are involved in the carcinogenic process. In addition, estrogen metabolites likely modulate stem cell functionality and cancer progression. The roles of ER dependent and independent actions in the carcinogenic process are pertinent to the consideration of breast cancer preventative agents as anti-estrogens block only receptor mediated pathways whereas the aromatase inhibitors block both.
Fractality and Impedance of Electrochemically Grown Silver Deposits

The frequency dispersions of the impedance of smooth and ramified silver deposits, in their oxidized and unoxidized states, were measured. We sought to correlate the constant phase angle exponent with the surface fractal dimension of the deposits, and compare the results with present theories. A monotonic relationship between the two parameters was found. The results agree with theoretical predictions that the functional relationship is insensitive to the dielectric properties of the interface.
Pseudotumor cerebri associated with obstructive nephropathy

We report two infants with pseudotumor cerebri associated with renal disease. The pathogenesis of increased intracranial pressure in this clinical setting is unclear, but may be mediated by one or more of the conditions commonly associated with pseudotumor cerebri, including sinus thrombosis, increased intravascular fluid volume, anemia, and endocrine disturbances resulting in abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The onset of pseudotumor cerebri also may be related to changes in vasopressin levels that affect brain water permeability.
The mouse KRAB zinc-finger protein CHATO is required in embryonic-derived tissues to control yolk sac and placenta morphogenesis.

Yolk sac and placenta are required to sustain embryonic development in mammals, yet our understanding of the genes and processes that control morphogenesis of these extraembryonic tissues is still limited. The chato mutation disrupts ZFP568, a Kruppel-Associated-Box (KRAB) domain Zinc finger protein, and causes a unique set of extraembryonic malformations, including ruffling of the yolk sac membrane, defective extraembryonic mesoderm morphogenesis and vasculogenesis, failure to close the ectoplacental cavity, and incomplete placental development. Phenotypic analysis of chato embryos indicated that ZFP568 does not control proliferation or differentiation of extraembryonic lineages but rather regulates the morphogenetic events that shape extraembryonic tissues. Analysis of chimeric embryos showed that Zfp568 function is required in embryonic-derived lineages, including the extraembryonic mesoderm. Depleting Zfp568 affects the ability of extraembryonic mesoderm cells to migrate. However, explanted Zfp568 mutant cells could migrate properly when plated on appropriate extracellular matrix conditions. We show that expression of Fibronectin and Indian Hedgehog are reduced in chato mutant yolk sacs. These data suggest that ZFP568 controls the production of secreted factors required to promote morphogenesis of extraembryonic tissues. Our results support previously undescribed roles of the extraembryonic mesoderm in yolk sac morphogenesis and in the closure of the ectoplacental cavity and identify a novel role of ZFP568 in the development of extraembryonic tissues.
On the Ownership of Recovered Meteorites

Roy R. Carpenter's digest of the legal cases where the ownership of a recovered meteorite was the subject of controversy is reviewed. The accepted ruling as to the ownership of recovered meteorites is shown to be unreasonable and to work against the best interests of science. It is urged that such organizations as the Society for Research on Meteorites seek to secure more just and realistic legislation on this highly important question.
A Theoretical Study of the Diurnal Wind Variations in the Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract An analytical solution of the wind velocity profile is obtained for the horizontally homogeneous planetary boundary layer with constant geostrophic wind velocity and with eddy diffusivity being constant in height and having periodic variations in time. The wind velocity oscillations occur for any disturbances in the flow. The time for a disturbance at the height z and eddy diffusivity A to decay appreciably is A−1z. The analytical solution is used to interpret the wind variations observed at Wichita and Oklahoma City as mainly due to the variations in the pressure gradient.
Molecular Characterization of a Hyperinducible, Surface Membrane-anchored, Class I Nuclease of a Trypanosomatid Parasite

The 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease (3'-NT/NU) is a surface enzyme unique to trypanosomatid parasites. These organisms lack the pathway for de novo purine biosynthesis and thus are entirely dependent upon their hosts to supply this nutrient for their survival, growth, and multiplication. The 3'-NT/NU is involved in the salvage of preformed purines via the hydrolysis of either 3'-nucleotides or nucleic acids. In Crithidia luciliae, this enzyme is highly inducible. For example, in these organisms purine starvation triggers an approximately 1000-fold up-expression of 3'-NT/NU activity. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a gene encoding this intriguing enzyme from C. luciliae (Cl). Sequence analysis showed that the Cl 3'-NT/NU deduced protein possessed five regions, which we defined here as being characteristic of members of the class I nuclease family. Further, we demonstrated that the Cl 3'-NT/NU-expressed protein possessed both 3'-nucleotidase and nuclease activities. Moreover, we showed that the dramatic up-expression of 3'-NT/NU activity in response to purine starvation of C. luciliae was concomitant with the approximately 100-fold elevation in steady-state mRNA specific for this gene. Finally, results of our nuclear run-on analyses demonstrated that such up-regulation in 3'-NT/NU enzyme activity was mediated at the posttranscriptional level.
Control of the Maximum-Boiling Acetone/Chloroform Azeotropic Distillation System

The literature contains a number of papers that study the control of azeotropic distillation systems. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous azeotropes have been considered, but all of the systems considered in these control papers deal only with minimum-boiling azeotropes. These azeotropes are caused by molecular repulsion between different types of chemical components and are more common than systems in which molecular attractions occur that result in maximum-boiling azeotropes. There appears to be no papers that study the control of this type of azeotropic system. This paper explores the design and control of the maximum-boiling azeotropic acetone/chloroform distillation system. The normal boiling points of the two pure components are 329.4 and 334.3 K, while the azeotropic boils at 337.6 K at 1 atm with a composition of 34.09 mol % acetone. A two-column extractive distillation process is used with dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. The two components are separated into 99.5 mol % pure products leaving in ...
Comparative antigen-induced gene expression profiles unveil novel aspects of susceptibility/resistance to adjuvant arthritis in rats.

Lewis (LEW) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats of the same major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype (RT.1l) display differential susceptibility to adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). LEW are susceptible while WKY are resistant to AIA. To gain insights into the mechanistic basis of these disparate outcomes, we compared the gene expression profiles of the draining lymph node cells (LNC) of these two rat strains early (day 7) following a potentially arthritogenic challenge. LNC were tested both ex vivo and after restimulation with the disease-related antigen, mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65. Biotin-labeled fragment cRNA was generated from RNA of LNC and then hybridized with an oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray chip. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) were compared by limiting the false discovery rate to <5% and fold change ≥2.0, and their association with quantitative trait loci (QTL) was analyzed. This analysis revealed overall a more active immune response in WKY than LEW rats. Important differences were observed in the association of DEG with QTL in LEW vs. WKY rats. Both the number of upregulated DEG associated with rat arthritis-QTL and their level of expression were relatively higher in LEW when compared to WKY rat; however, the number of downregulated DEG-associated with rat arthritis-QTL as well as AIA-QTL were found to be higher in WKY than in LEW rats. In conclusion, distinct gene expression profiles define arthritis-susceptible versus resistant phenotype of MHC-compatible inbred rats. These results would advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and might also offer potential novel targets for therapeutic purposes.
Neural phenotypes of common and rare genetic variants

Neuroimaging methods offer a powerful way to bridge the gaps between genes, neurobiology and behavior. Such investigations may be further empowered by complementary strategies involving chromosomal abnormalities associated with particular neurobehavioral phenotypes, which can help to localize causative genes and better understand the genetics of complex traits in the general population. Here we review the evidence from studies using these convergent approaches to investigate genetic influences on brain structure: (1) studies of common genetic variations associated with particular neuroanatomic phenotypes, and (2) studies of possible 'genetic subtypes' of neuropsychiatric disorders with very high penetrance, with a focus on neuroimaging studies using novel computational brain mapping algorithms. Finally, we discuss the contribution of behavioral neurogenetics research to our understanding of the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders in the broader population.
Simulation of the energy budget of an urban canyon—I. Model structure and sensitivity test

Abstract This paper presents the formulation and results of a simple numerical model designed to simulate the climate of an urban canyon. The model is two-dimensional in nature and is based on the observation that ambient airflow which tranverses the long-axis of a symmetrical canyon drives a circulating vortex within the canyon air space which results in the exchange of heat, mass and momentum at the canyon top. A simple model is described which consists of two components: a semi-empirical model to relate within-canyon airflow to ambient wind velocity, and an energy budget model for canyon surfaces. The model is capable of simulating many aspects of the canyon climate, including the canyon surface and top energy budget and surface and air temperatures. Sensitivity tests with the model indicate that the canyon top energy budget is remarkably stable for many changes in canyon parameters. Canyon geometry (expressed as a height/width ratio) caused the greatest changes with increased narrowness being associated with less heat exchange across the canyon top. The model's predictions appear intuitively reasonable and compare well with existing measurement data. The results suggest that the coupling between the urban boundary and canopy layers in terms of heat exchange may be a function of canyon geometry.
The Equation of Motion and Energy Equation for Particles: A Historical Perspective (Keynote)

Energy and momentum exchange between spherical particles and a fluid is a fundamental problem that has excited the intellectual curiosity of many scientists for more than two centuries. The development of the energy equation of spherical particles in a fluid can be traced back to the work of Laplace and Fourier that appeared early in the 19th century. It is now little known that Peclet formulated the no-slip condition at a solid boundary, by observing the transfer of heat, approximately ten years before the concept of viscosity was conceived. Towards the middle of the 19th century Poison derived the hydrodynamic force on a sphere in an inviscid fluid and a few years later, Stokes formulated what is now known “the Stokes drag” for the steady-state hydrodynamic force acting on a spherical particle in a viscous fluid. Boussinesq and Basset developed a form for the transient equation of motion of the particles with very low inertia towards the end of the 19th century. The mathematical advances of the early 20th century are reflected in developments in mechanics and on the equation of motion of particles. Oseen and Faxen used asymptotic methods to derive improved our knowledge on the behavior of particles with inertia and in close proximity to boundaries. Experimentation contributed very useful correlations on the hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles. The experimentally derived data helped also in the development of semiempirical equations for the transient hydrodynamic force. Regular and singular perturbation methods have been used more recently to derive expressions for the transient hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles during time-dependent processes, both under creeping flow conditions and at low Reynolds or Peclet numbers. The recent advances on computational methods and the exponential increase in computer power enable us to simulate the motion and energy exchange of groups of particles and complex particle interactions. This presentation gives a historical perspective on the development of our knowledge on particle motion and heat transfer inside a viscous or conducting fluid. Emphasis is given on the exposition of the lesser-known works of the 19th century that have placed the foundation for many concepts and methods that are still used today. The presentation concludes with the most recent contributions of the numerical studies and a short exposition of the voids in our knowledge on energy and momentum exchange processes between particles and a fluid.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A Two-Dimensional X-Ray Detector with a Slow-Scan Charge-Coupled Device Readout

A prototype two-dimensional x-ray detector featuring an 80 mm photocathode and the use of a charge-coupled device array as the data integration and readout element was evaluated. By comparison to previously described detectors using SIT vidicons as readout devices, this detector showed low noise, improved uniformity of response and reduced size, complexity and cost. Improvements are suggested which would make such a detector highly suitable for x-ray diffraction work.
Dosage dependence of Ge quantum dots grown on carbon-implanted Si substrates

Abstract Carbon implantation effects on self-assembled Ge quantum dots (QDs) have been investigated. Carbon atoms were implanted at different dosage, 9.0×10 14 , 4.5×10 15 , and 9.0×10 15 ions/cm 2 using the same acceleration energy of 20 keV. A nominal amount, 6 monolayer (ML), of Ge was grown on the substrate at different growth temperatures ranging from 500 to 600 °C using solid source molecular beam epitaxy. The smallest Ge QDs with a 13 nm mean lateral diameter, a 1.2 nm mean height, and an areal density of 2.0×10 11 cm −2 were obtained using the lowest dosage substrate at 550 °C. Raman measurement is carried out to investigate the optical phonons and strain.
Radiation Therapy of Large Intact Breasts Using a Beam Spoiler or Photons with Mixed Energies

Abstract Radiation treatment of large intact breasts with separations of more than 24 cm is typically performed using x-rays with energies of 10 MV and higher, to eliminate high-dose regions in tissue. The disadvantage of the higher energy beams is the reduced dose to superficial tissue in the buildup region. We evaluated 2 methods of avoiding this underdosage: (1) a beam spoiler: 1.7-cm-thick Lucite plate positioned in the blocking tray 35 cm from the isocenter, with 15-MV x-rays; and (2) combining 6- and 15-MV x-rays through the same portal. For the beam with the spoiler, we measured the dose distribution for normal and oblique incidence using a film and ion chamber in polystyrene, as well as a scanning diode in a water tank. In the mixed-energy approach, we calculated the dose distributions in the buildup region for different proportions of 6- and 15-MV beams. The dose enhancement due to the beam spoiler exhibited significant dependence upon the source-to-skin distance (SSD), field size, and the angle of incidence. In the center of a 20 × 20-cm 2 field at 90-cm SSD, the beam spoiler raises the dose at 5-mm depth from 77% to 87% of the prescription, while maintaining the skin dose below 57%. Comparison of calculated dose with measurements suggested a practical way of treatment planning with the spoiler—usage of 2-mm “beam” bolus—a special option offered by in-house treatment planning system. A second method of increasing buildup doses is to mix 6- and 15-MV beams. For example, in the case of a parallel-opposed irradiation of a 27-cm-thick phantom, dose to D max for each energy, with respect to midplane, is 114% for pure 6-, 107% for 15-MV beam with the spoiler, and 108% for a 3:1 mixture of 15- and 6-MV beams. Both methods are practical for radiation therapy of large intact breasts.
A Case-Control Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Incarceration Among Urban Youth

Abstract Purpose Each day in the United States, approximately 100,000 youth are under correctional supervision. The purpose of this study is to examine the early risk and protective factors for incarceration using a high-risk sample of urban youth. Methods Data were obtained from 2,165 (54 who were incarcerated) youth who participated in Project Northland Chicago. Participants were matched exactly on gender, race/ethnicity, and aggressive behavior in sixth grade. Bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were used to examine the risk and protective factors present at sixth grade that increased the odds of incarceration at 12th grade. Results The early risk factors for incarceration were age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71–3.69), having been sent to detention (1–3 times: OR = 2.24; 95% CI 1.15–4.37; 4+ times: OR = 3.49; 95% CI 1.40–8.72), and the number of hours spent participating in a sport (OR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.03–1.20). Substance use was not significantly related to incarceration after adjusting for other behavioral and contextual risk factors. Conclusions General problem behaviors (nonaggressive) strongly predict incarceration among at-risk youth. Implications for prevention programs are discussed.
Mass transfer in a binary gas jet

References 1 Coles, D. E., "The Law of the Wake in the Turbulent Boundary Layer," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 1, Feb. 1956, pp. 191-226. Pohlhausen, K., "Zur naherungsweisen Integration der Differentialgleichung der laminaren Reibungsschicht," Zeitungfur angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Vol. 1, June 1921, pp. 252-268. Coles, D. E. and Hirst, E. A., "Computation of the Turbulent Boundary Layers," Proceedings of the 1968 AFOSR-IFP-Stanford Conference, Vol. II, Compiled Data, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, 1969. Pfeil, H. and Sticksel, W. J., "Influence of the Pressure Gradient on the Law of the Wall," AIAA Journal, Vol. 20, March 1982, pp. 434-436. Nikuradse, J., "Gesetzma'jSigkeiten der turbulenten Str6mung in glatten Rohren," VDI-Forschungsheft 356, Vol. 3, Sept. 1932. Coantic, M., "Contributions d Tetude de la structure de la turbulence dans une conduite circulaire," Dissertation, University d'AixMarseilles, France, 1966. Hinze, J.O., Turbulence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959. Falkner, V. M. and Skan S. W., Solution of the Boundary Layer Equations," The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical . Magazine and Journal of Science 7th Ser., Nov. 1931, p. 865. Sc6nauer, W., "Em Differenzenverfahren zur Losung der Grenzschichtglei-chungen fur stationSre, laminare, inkompressible Strdmung," Ingenieurarchiv, Vol. 33, June 1964, p. 173. Terrill, R. M., "Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow Near Separation With and Without Suction," Vol. 253, No. 1, 1960, p. 55. Schubauer, G. B. and Klebanoff, P. S., "Contributions on the Mechanics of Boundary-Layer Transition," NACA Report 1289, Feb. 1955. Feindt, E. G., "Untersuchung tiber die AbhSqngigkeit des Umschlages laminar-turbulent von der OberflSchenrauhigkeit und der Druckverteilung," Dissertation, TH Braunschweig, Institut fur Stromungsmechanik, FRG, 1956. Schroder, T., "Entwicklung des instationa'ren Nachlaufs hinter quer zur Strdmungsrichtung bewegten Zylindern und dessen Einflu/3 auf das Umschlagverhalten von ebenen Grenzschichten stromabwSrts angeordneter Versuchskdrper," Dissertation, TH Darmstadt, Institut fur Thermische Turbomaschinen, FRG, 1985. Erm, L. P., Smits, A. J., and Joubert, P. N., "Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Boundary Layers on a Smooth Flat Surface in a Zero Pressure Gradient," Turbulent Shear Flow, F. Durst, B. E. Launder, J. L. Lumley, F. W. Schmidt, and J. H. Whitelaw, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Granville, P. S., "The Calculations of Viscous Drag of Bodies of Revolution," U.S. Navy, Report 849, 1953. David Taylor Model Basin.
Vaginal reconstruction utilizing sigmoid colon: Complications and long-term results

Abstract Background/Purpose: The use of sigmoid colon segments to repair congenital deformities of the vagina is well established. There are little data, however, on complications or functional results in these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate complication rates and long-term patient outcomes in the use of sigmoid segments in vaginal reconstruction for congenital anomalies. Methods: The authors identified 28 patients who underwent vaginal reconstruction with sigmoid colon segments between 1985 and 2000 at their institution. Patient charts were reviewed for surgical technique, complication rates, cosmetic results, functional results, and psychosocial development. Patients were recalled for physical examinations and personal interviews to assess current status. Results: Of the 28 patients, 13 had male pseudohermaphroditism, 6 had Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, 2 had true hermaphroditism, 2 had mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 2 had common urogenital sinus syndrome, 2 had adrenogenital syndrome, and 1 had penile agenesis. Mean patient age was 16 years (range, 6 to 21 years). Mean follow-up was 6.2 years (range, 2 months to 15 years). Postoperative complications included introital stenosis (4 patients), mucosal prolapse (4), partial small bowel obstruction (2), perineal wound hematoma (2), superficial wound infection (2), and vaginal prolapse (1). None of the complications have affected long-term patency or cosmesis of the neovagina, nor has mucous production significantly affected quality of life. Fourteen of 16 (88%) adult patients are heterosexually active, 1 is homosexually active, and 1 is asexual. Of the 14 heterosexually active patients, 11 (79%) are "very satisfied" with their psychosexual development and 3 are "comfortable." Four patients are married, and 1 has carried a child to term. All adult patients felt that the appropriate time to undergo surgery was in adolescence. Conclusions: Reconstruction with sigmoid segments is an effective approach for many congenital conditions requiring vaginal reconstruction. Although surgical outcomes are not perfect, appropriately timed reconstructive vaginal surgery can provide most patients with an improved quality of life. For the best long-term results, a multidisciplinary team must be available from infancy to supply comprehensive support. J Pediatr Surg 37:629-633. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
ULE channeled mirror fabrication

ULETM, a zero expansion glass, offers many advantages as mirror blank material due to its thermal and mechanical properties as well as the flexibility it offers in design and fabrication. Produced by the flame hydrolysis process, this titanium silicate has high homogeneity of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) that can be determined within any piece of ULE by nondestructive ultrasonic measurements. The ability to fusion-seal the glass while maintaining strength offers mirror manufacturing design freedom. Coming has produced a 12 inch square plano blank and a 24 inch diameter meniscus, both fabricated with cooling channels, using existing fusion techniques. The square blank was manufactured by actually machining grooves into the plates prior to fusing them together. The meniscus production consisted of fusing bars of ULE between the two outside plates. The meniscus was subsequently thermally tested by NOAO. A 4 meter solid monolithic meniscus with cooling channels is an extension of this fusion technology.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Erroneous Knowledge of Results Affects Decision and Memory Processes on Timing Tasks

On mental timing tasks, erroneous knowledge of results (KR) leads to incorrect performance accompanied by the subjective judgment of accurate performance. Using the start-stop technique (an analogue of the peak interval procedure) with both reproduction and production timing tasks, the authors analyze what processes erroneous KR alters. KR provides guidance (performance error information) that lowers decision thresholds. Erroneous KR also provides targeting information that alters response durations proportionately to the magnitude of the feedback error. On the production task, this shift results from changes in the reference memory, whereas on the reproduction task this shift results from changes in the decision threshold for responding. The idea that erroneous KR can alter different cognitive processes on related tasks is supported by the authors' demonstration that the learned strategies can transfer from the reproduction task to the production task but not visa versa. Thus effects of KR are both task and context dependent.
Fatty Acids and Insulin Resistance: A Perfect Storm

VLDL levels are elevated in type II diabetes, where they contribute to the risk of coronary heart disease. A study by Wolfrum and Stoffel (2006) shows that the forkhead protein Foxa2 stimulates hepatic VLDL production in concert with the coactivator PGC-1β and that insulin inhibits this process by inactivating Foxa2.
The synthesis of connective tissue protein in smooth muscle cells.

Abstract The synthesis of elastin by smooth muscle cells was clearly demonstrated by amino acid analyses and the presence of lysine-derived crosslinks. The values obtained were compatible with those found in amorphous elastin isolated from rabbit aortic tissue. Collagen synthesis by these same cells was monitored by the appearance of [1 4C] hydroxyproline when the cells were grown in the presence of [1 4C] proline. When the cells were pulsed with [1 4C] lysine, one could detect [1 4C] hydroxylysine and [1 4C] glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine. Further evidence for the synthesis of elastin and collagen was the finding of radiolabelled ϵ-hydroxynorleucine and the reduced aldol condensate of two residues of allysine after reduction of [1 4C] lysine pulsed cells with NaBH4.
Nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced pulmonary adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters contain beta 2-adrenergic receptor single-nucleotide polymorphisms

Cigarette smoking contributes to the development of lung cancer throughout the world, with cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) the most numerous. Nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is formed from nicotine, has been demonstrated to cause mutations in genes that affect cell regulation and proliferation. Moreover, NNK has been shown to interact directly with and stimulate beta adrenergic receptor (ADRB) signal transduction pathways. Our goal was to determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Adrb2 from PAC tumors were induced in golden hamsters by the injection of NNK. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of Adrb2 clones from either dissected lung tumors from NNK-injected animals or whole-lung tissue from water-injected controls. Both sets of animals contained SNPs; however, we found significantly more SNPs in the Adrb2 from NNK-injected animals than in the controls. The majority of these SNPs were novel, nonsynonymous mutations found in regions of the Adrb2 known to be involved in ligand binding, G-protein coupling, and desensitization/down-regulation. Our data verified the mutagenic effects of NNK as well as demonstrated that this animal model provides an outstanding way of identifying mutations not only in the Adrb2, but also in other genes that may play essential roles in the regulation and growth of pulmonary adenocarcinomas.
Hemispheric function and linguistic skill in the deaf

Abstract The nature of hemispheric processing in the prelingually deaf was examined in a picture-letter matching task. It was hypothesized that linguistic competence in the deaf would be associated with normal or near-normal laterality (i.e., a left hemisphere advantage for analytic linguistic tasks). Subjects were shown a simple picture of a common object (e.g., lamp), followed by brief unilateral presentation of a manually signed or orthographic letter, and they had to indicate as quickly as possible whether the letter was present in the spelling of the object's label. While hearing subjects showed a marked left hemisphere advantage, no such superiority was found for either a linguistically skilled or unskilled group of deaf students. In the skilled group, however, there was a suggestion of a right hemisphere advantage for manually signed letters. It was concluded that while hemispheric asymmetry of function does not develop normally in the deaf, the absence of this normal pattern does not preclude the development of the analytic skills needed to deal with the structure of language.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ASSISTANT PROFESSOR. III.

CONTENTS The Cultural Factor in the Dental Curriculum: PROFESSOR EDWARD C. KIRK .... 481 The Problem of the Assistant Professor: PRoFESSOR GUIDO H. MARX 488 Scientific Notes and News 497 University and Educational News 500 Discussion and Correspondence:Fracastorius, Athanasius Kircher and the Germ Theory of Disease: DR. FIELDING H. GARRISON. The Lower Tertiaries of Louisiana: DR. G. D. HARRIS. The Length of Service Pensions of the Carnegie Foundation: PROFESSOR WM. HERBERT HOBBS .... 500 Scientific Books:Kastle on the Oxidases and other Oxygen Catalysts concerned in Biological Oxidation: PROFESSOR W. H. HOWELL. Lowell on the Evolution of Worlds: PROFESSOR CHARLES LANE POOR. Turner on Aerial Navigation of To-day: PROFESSOR A. LAWRENCE ROTCH 504 Scientific Journals and Articles 508 Reflections on Joly's Method of Determining the Ocean's Age: DR. GEORGE F. BECKER .. 509 Botanical Notes:Recent Studies of the Fungi; Nomenclature of the Fungi; Descriptive Botany of the Flowering Plants: PROFESSOR CHARLES E. BESSEY 512 Special Articles:The Sex-determining Chromosomes in Ascaris: PROFESSOR CHARLES L. EDWARDS ... 514 The American Federation of the Teachers of the Mathematical and Natural Sciences: PROFESSOR C. R. MANN 515 The American Association of Economic Entomologists 516 Societies and Academies:The Geological Society of Washington: EDSON S. BASTIN, FRANgOIS E. MATTHES. The Biological Society of Washington: D. E. LANTZ. The American Chemical Society, New York Section: C. M. JOYCE. The Chemical Society of Washington: J. A. LECLERC 516
Nuclear Receptors in Mosquito Vitellogenesis

Synopsis. Vitellogenesis in insects involves the coordinated activity of the fat body, which produces large amounts of yolk protein precursors (YP), and oocytes, which specifically accumulate these proteins. The expression of YP genes is achieved through strict sex-, tissue-, and hormone-specific control in the female fat body. In mosquitoes, expression of YP genes is controlled by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). To elucidate the role of 20E in mosquito vitellogenesis, we cloned cDNAs encoding the Aedes aegypti ecdysteroid receptor (AaEcR) and two isoforms of its heterodimeric partner, the Ultraspiracle homologue (AaUSP). The two AaUSP iso? forms differ in their A/B domains and have distinct expression patterns. The ec? dysone regulation of YP genes likely involves products of early genes. We cloned the gene of the mosquito homologue to the Drosophila early gene E75 (AaE75) belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Kinetics of AaE75 expression cor? relate with the expression of YP genes, suggesting that AaE75 may have a regu? latory role in YP gene expression. A second nuclear receptor superfamily member, the NGFI-B homologue AaHR38 is implicated in repression of the ecdysone-signaling pathway in the fat body of the previtellogenic female mosquito at the stateof-arrest. Finally, three isoforms of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) ho? mologue AaHNF-4 are differentially expressed in the mosquito fat body during vitellogenesis, suggesting their involvement in regulating vitellogenic events in this tissue.
A comparison of adaptive, verbal, and motor profiles of psychotic and non-psychotic subnormal children.

A test battery designed to evaluate intellectual, verbal, motor, perceptual-motor, and perceptual task performance levels of preschool psychotic children is outlined in some detail. Also presented to illustrate the battery's application is an experimental comparison of psychotic (11 early schizophrenic, 19 primary autistic, and 35 secondary autistic) and non-psychotic subnormalN=29) children, whose CA group means ranged from 56.1 to 71.8 months. The comparison involved selected adaptive (nonverbal intellectual and perceptualmotor), verbal, and motor tasks, all also performed by 3 normal children. Subnormal children were significantly more advanced than the schizophrenic in 2 motor tasks, and than the primary autistic, in all excepting the Seguin formboard and stair climbing. Primary autistic children were better at stair climbing than the schizophrenic whose motor performance profiles proved similar to those of lower functioning autistic. The discussion is focused on etiological implications of results.
High-Precision Photometry of the Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 020813: The Smoothest Afterglow Yet

We report results of our precise reduction of the high signal-to-noise ratio VRI observations of the optical afterglow of the gamma-ray burst GRB 020813 obtained by Gladders & Hall with the Magellan 6.5 m telescope 3.9-4.9 hr after the burst. These observations are very well fitted locally by a power-law curve, providing the tightest constraints yet on how smooth the afterglows can be in some cases: the rms deviations range from 0.005 mag (0.5%) for the R band to 0.007 mag for the I band, only marginally larger than the rms scatter for nearby nonvariable stars. This scatter is a factor of several smaller than the smallest reported rms of 0.02 mag for GRB 990510 (Stanek et al.). These observations are in strong contrast to those of afterglows of GRB 011211 and GRB 021004, for which large, greater than 10% variability has been observed on timescales from ~20 minutes to several hours. If interstellar medium (ISM) density fluctuations near the GRB are indeed causing the bumps and wiggles observed in some bursts, very uniform regions of ISM near some bursts must be present as well. This result also constrains the intrinsic smoothness of the afterglow itself.
Direct Speciation of Selenite and Selenate with Thermospray Sample Introduction Methods

Thermospray is a high-temperature and high-pressure process compared with pneumatic nebulization. In this study, these characteristics of thermospray were exploited for selenium speciation with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) detection. In aqueous solution, the sensitivity for Se(IV) was found to be lower than that for Se(VI). Addition of methanol into the solution further depressed the sensitivity for Se(IV) to a negligible level compared to that for Se(VI). The low sensitivity for Se(IV) arises from its reduction to Se(0) within the thermospray process, after which selenium metal was trapped on the vaporizer. This loss of Se(IV) can be counteracted by addition of an oxidant (K2S2O8 or K2Cr2O7) into the selenium solution, which prevents Se(IV) from being reduced within the vaporizer. Based on these results, a method for speciation of Se(IV) and Se(VI) was developed. The concentration of Se(VI) is selectively determined in a sample aliquot with 20% (v/v) methanol added. ...
Mature pulmonary lobar transplants grow in an immature environment.

Abstract Objective: Mature lobar transplantation will increase the pediatric donor organ pool, but it remains unknown whether such grafts will grow in a developing recipient and provide adequate long-term support. We hypothesized that a mature pulmonary lobar allograft implanted in an immature recipient would grow. Methods: We investigated our hypothesis in a porcine orthotopic left lung transplant model using animals matched by the major histocompatibility complex to minimize the effects of chronic rejection. Twenty-three immature animals ( n = 4), left upper lobectomy to study compensatory growth (UL control, n = 4), age-matched immature whole left lung transplants (IWL TXP, n = 6), mature (donor > 1 yr in age and > 40 kg in total body weight) left lower lobe transplants (MLL TXP, n = 5), or mature left upper lobe transplants (MUL TXP, n = 4). Twelve weeks after implantation, functional residual capacity of the left lung was measured and arterial blood gas samples were obtained after the native right lung had been excluded. The graft was excised and weighed, and samples for microscopy and wet/dry ratios were collected. Results: Initial and final graft weights were as follows: IWL TXP group (34.6 ± 1.5 and 107.8 ± 5.9 gm, p p p Conclusions: We conclude that a mature lobar graft implanted into an immature recipient grows by pneumocyte division in this model. Mature lobar transplants can be expected to grow and provide adequate long-term function in developing recipients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:186-94
Biopsychological and Cognitive Differences in Children With Premature vs On-Time Adrenarche

Background Puberty consists of 2 components: gonadarche and adrenarche. Both components have distinct endocrine changes. Adrenarche has virtually been ignored with respect to examining hormone-behavior relations. Objectives To provide descriptive biological and behavioral information on children with premature adrenarche (PA) and to examine differences in biological, psychological, and cognitive variables of children with PA and a healthy comparison group of children with on-time adrenarche. Design Descriptive pilot study. Setting A consecutive sample of patients was recruited from pediatric endocrine clinics; comparison children were recruited from the community. Participants Children aged 6 to 9 years. Mean (±SD) age of children with PA (n=9) was 7.8 (±1.3) years; of children with on-time adrenarche (n=20), 8.0 (±1.2) years. Methods and Measures Serum and saliva samples were collected for measurement of hormone concentrations. Questionnaires, tests, and interviews were completed by children and parents. Results Compared with the on-time group, the PA group had significantly higher concentrations of adrenal androgens, estradiol, thyrotropin, and cortisol. By parent report on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, 4 children (44%) met diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders (primarily anxiety disorders). The PA group also had more self-reported depression and parent-reported behavior problems and lower scores on various intelligence tests. Conclusions Although PA is considered a normal variation of pubertal development that warrants no medical intervention, PA presents with significant psychosocial problems. Children with PA may need psychological evaluation and follow-up. Future studies should confirm these findings with a larger sample and examine the long-term ramifications of this early presenting abnormality.
Moderate Intuitionism and the Epistemology of Moral Judgment

This paper outlines and defends a moderate intuitionism. The point of departure is the intuitionism of W. D. Ross (1930) in The Right and the Good, conceived as ethically pluralist and epistemologically rationalist. The paper articulates a conception of self-evidence – including mediate as well as immediate kinds – appropriate to a moderate intuitionism, explores some of the resources and varieties of that position, and considers some problems and prospects for a rationalist version of intuitionism. The final section addresses the issue of how best to conceive the nature and grounds of prima facie duty, the problem of whether intuitionism can adequately deal with conflicts of prima facie duties, and the question of how satisfactorily a moderate intuitionism can account for the epistemic status of moral judgments of overall duty and their connection with rational action.
Mountain wave drag over double bell-shaped orography

An integral expression is developed for the mountain wave drag (MWD) associated with linearized, hydrostatic flow over two infinitely long, bell-shaped ridges. This analysis extends previous studies of airflow over a single ridge. The MWD is expressed in canonical form with three terms: the sole effect of each ridge and a cross-term. While all three terms tend to zero with the appropriate inverse Rossby number, the cross-term also tends to zero with large ridge-ridge separation normalized by the sum of the half-widths. Asymptotic expansions of the dimensionless integral forms arising from the three terms in the MWD expression are presented.