cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hare's Archangel, Human Fallibility, and Utilitarian Justification(?) of Deception.

The target article by Christopher Meyers (2021) concerning justification of deception for clinical ethicists is both well-reasoned and plausible. Clearly grounded in utilitarian considerations, its...
Healthcare Leadership in the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Innovative Preparation to Evolutionary Transformation.

Purpose In pandemics, centralized healthcare leadership is a critical requirement. The objective of this study was to analyze the early development, operation, and effectiveness of a COVID-19 organizational leadership team and transformation of healthcare services at West Virginia University Hospitals and Health System (WVUHS). The analysis focused on how Kotter's Leading Change eight-stage paradigm could contribute to an understanding of the determinants of successful organizational change in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The fifteen core leaders of WVUHS COVID-19 strategic system were interviewed. A qualitative thematic analysis of the interviews was used to evaluate key aspects of leadership dynamics and system-wide changes in healthcare policies and protocols to contain the pandemic. Outcome measures included the degree to which WVUHS could handle and contain COVID-19 cases as well as COVID-19 death and vaccination rates in West Virginia compared with other states. Results The leadership team radically and rapidly revamped nearly all healthcare policies, procedures, and protocols for WVUHS hospitals and clinics, and launched a Hospital Incident Command System. As a result of this effective leadership team and strategic plan, WVUHS surge capacity was adequate for COVID-19 cases. In addition, West Virginia was an early frontrunner in COVID-19 vaccination rates as well as lower death rates. Conclusion WVUHS's leadership response to the COVID-19 pandemic followed Kotter's eight-stage paradigm for Leading Change in organizations, including the establishment of a sense of urgency, formation of a powerful guiding coalition, creation of a vision, communication of the vision, empowerment of others to act on the vision, plan for and creation of short-term wins, consolidation of improvements and production of more changes, and institutionalization of new approaches. This approach was effective in limiting the spread and impact of COVID-19 within the hospital network and across the state, with many lessons learned along the way.
Longitudinal Patterns of Financial Kin Support and Welfare to Single Mother Families

This study examines longitudinal patterns of financial kin support and welfare given to single mother families using life table techniques. Drawing on the 1985-1993 Panel Study of Income Dynamics(PSID), I followed 560 single mothers from the time they began a single motherhood spell. About 30 percent of these single mothers received financial support from relatives, and 40 to 50 percent received AFDC and Food Stamps, respectively. Results indicate that kin support is more likely to be given in a transitional period and tends to decrease over time. In comparison, receiving welfare appears positively time-dependent.
Neurotransmitters and Temperature Regulation

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to define the role of neurotransmitters in temperature regulation. The elucidation of the role of the rostral hypothalamus as a central controller for maintaining body temperature, coupled with the demonstration that this part of the brain contains relatively high concentrations of most of the monoamines that are suggested as putative central neurotransmitters. Hypothalamus is inevitably led to a considerable body of research implicating these monoamines as being intimately concerned with thermoregulation. Modification of neurotransmitter release may disturb the thermoregulatory system: (1) by changing neuronal input, (2) by altering the function of the central thermostats, and (3) by attenuating normal effector functions of the system. In many species, especially in man, the major thermoregulatory responses to alterations in environmental temperature are behavioral and there is considerable evidence that these responses can also account for body temperature changes following manipulation of central neurotransmitter activity. The current status of the role of monoaminergic neurons in the central nervous system in regulating body temperature is reviewed with particular emphasis on the relevant techniques of investigation.
When Operating on Dead People Saves Lives: Benefits of Surgical Organ Donor Intensivists

Solid organ transplantation has emerged as a life-saving treatment for many patients suffering from end-stage organ failure. Organs have been successfully recovered after a variety of aggressive interventions. We propose that decompressive laparotomy, when clinically indicated, should be considered in the aggressive resuscitation of potential organ donors. A thorough literature review examining aggressive interventions on potential organ donors was conducted after experience with a unique case at this institution. Articles were reviewed for the types of interventions performed as well as the time frame in relation to organ donation. In our case, several ethical issues were raised when considering decompressive laparotomy in a patient pronounced dead by neurologic criteria. We propose that having a surgical intensivist involved in the management of potential donors will further increase the salvage rate, as more invasive resuscitation options are possible.
Heave of Silty Sands

Freezing tests were conducted at the University of Washington Periglacial Laboratories on predominantly quartz mineral silty sands at five different gradations, with a degree of fineness of (grain size diameter less than 0.02 mm) 5.6%, 8.4%, 10.6%, 15.4%, and 21.5% by weight. The soils were placed in the freezing cells at their optimum moisture contents. The experiments were carried out at three different surface temperatures, -2°C, -5°C, and -10°C, for a period of 72 hr each. From these experiments a relationship has emerged that relates the amount of soil heave H in mm to temperature in γ\N, in -°C, degrees of fineness, F, in percentage, and freezing time, T, in days. The amount of heave predicted with the aforementioned relationship agrees very well with the experimental values obtained in the laboratory.
Calmodulin activated adenylyl cyclase in ciliary processes: additivity of calcium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signals on intraocular pressure response of the rabbit eye.

Purpose. The regulation of adenylyl cyclase by multiple signal systems was investigated by biochemical studies of the enzyme in ciliary processes and by in vivo intraocular pressure responses in the rabbit eye. Methods. Adenylyl cyclase enzyme activity was determined by radiometric assay using a-32 P-ATP as substrate. Drugs were administered to the rabbit eye by intravitreal injection or topical application, and intraocular pressure was measured by pneumatonography. Results. Adenylyl cyclase activity in the membrane/paniculate fraction of the rabbit ciliary process was activated by calmodulin in the presence of Ca 2+ , Co 2+ , or Mn 2+ , and inhibited by the calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium. The activity was additive to stimulations of adenylyl cyclase by the activating G-protein (Gs) via isoproterenol or vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors, and by forskolin. The biochemical findings were supported by in vivo correlation experiments with intravitreal injection of MnCl2, and by topical treatment with the Ca 2+ -mobilizing «radrenergic agonist phenylephrine and with agents affecting cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels (forskolin, isobutylmethylxanthine). The intraocular pressure response was augmented by combining threshold doses of phenylephrine with threshold doses of either forskolin or isobutylmethylxanthine. The maximal and most prolonged response (a decrease in intraocular pressure of 4 mm Hg for up to 8 hi) was obtained by combination treatment with all three agents at: closes that produced no significant effect by themselves. Conclusions. These findings provide a biochemical mechanism for ocular hypotensive drugs having both a Ca 2+ -mobilizing activity as well as increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels by receptor-coupled stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34:2041-2048.
Comparing two life cycle assessment approaches: a process model vs. economic input-output-based assessment

We compare two tools for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The software GaBi (Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung Integrated Assessment) from Germany is based on a process model approach, as recommended by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). These results are contrasted to those from the method developed by Carnegie Mellon University's Green Design Initiative, Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Analysis (EIO-LCA). The EIO-LCA model uses economic input-output matrices, and industry sector level environmental and nonrenewable resource consumption data to assesses the economy-wide environmental impacts of products and processes. The results from the alternative approaches are compared in terms of toxic chemical releases, conventional pollutant emissions, energy use by fuel type, and use of ores. We find that most of the values from the two tools are within the same order of magnitude, despite the fundamental differences in the models. We contrast the two approaches to identify their relative strengths and weaknesses.
NHLBI/NIH supported research related to computers and heart and vascular diseases

Summary form only given. Research related to computers and heart and vascular diseases is supported in the United States through the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Within NHLBI, the majority of this type of research is funded through the Devices and Technology Branch. Investigator-initiated research grants account for the greatest number of grants, and for most of the funding. In addition, each year several million dollars is set aside to support grant and contact programs in special research areas identified by NHLBI. Research grants include diagnostic and therapeutic areas of electrophysiology, imaging, mechanical circulatory support, drug infusion systems, metabolic and stereoscopic studies, flow modeling, and biomaterials. The NHLBI also supports research grants through a set-aside Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program with the aim of providing seed money to small businesses to develop and market biomedical instruments or processes. >
Children of Parents With Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

Topic Chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) is a prevalent occurrence and is experienced by adults in their child-rearing years. Somatic or psychiatric illness in a parent constitutes a potential threat to the physical, mental health, and normative development in children. Purpose A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to answer the question: What are the effects of parental CNCP on children in the family system? Sources Used The search was performed using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medline, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Premier. Search terms used were “parent pain or parent chronic pain or parent illness or parent chronic illness” and “child or adolescent or teenager.” Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed a priori. Eighteen articles (n = 18) met criteria and were included in the sample. Conclusions Three clusters were identified: (a) child/adolescent somatic complaints or behavior; (b) child/adolescent internalizing or externalizing symptoms; and (c) important mediating and moderating variables. The results of this review show that children and adolescents whose parents suffer from CNCP are at risk for more and similar-to-parent pain complaints and greater degree of internalizing and externalizing symptoms than those with healthy parents. Implications for clinical nursing practice and research are given.
A Missed Case of Occult Bilateral Temporomandibular Dislocation Mistaken for Dystonia

A 24-year-old male with a history of psychiatric disorder and no prior significant temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology presented to the emergency department for “lockjaw.” Plain film X-rays of the mandible were read as unremarkable by an attending radiologist, leading to the initial diagnosis of medication-induced dystonic reaction. Following unsuccessful medical treatment a maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) was ordered. CT confirmed bilateral dislocation, illustrating the importance of clinical judgment, and limitations of certain radiographic images. The authors believe this case to be the first reported case in the medical literature of bilateral anterior TMJ dislocation with a false negative X-ray.
The Boilerplate Puzzle

The warranty that comes with your laptop computer is one of its many product attributes. Th lap op has a screen of a particular size. Its microcessors work at a particular speed, and the battery lasts given amount of time bet een recharging. The hard drive has a certain capacity and ean time to failur . There is a instruction manual, online technical support (or lack thereof), and software. Then there are the warranties that the seller ma es (o does not make) that ar also part of bundle. Just as I know the size of the screen, but not ing about the speed of the microprocessor, I know about some of the warran y terms that come with the computer and remain wholly ignoran of others. With respect t s me product attributes, the seller will give buyers a choice of op ions. For a higher price, I can buy a computer with a bigger screen. But with respect to others, th re is o choice. A seller may offer laptop comp ers with only ne type of battery. So too with the attribut s that are legal terms. A seller may give me a choice: I can buy a service con r ct that xtends the warranty. Other ti s, there will be no choic , as whe the seller specifies that Delaware law governs any contract dispute between us. Similarly, some product attributes are readily apparent to everyone, such as the size of th screen and the availability of an expensive service contract. Other pr duct att ibutes, like the speed of the microprocessor and the fo um selection clause, are apparen only to thos who s end time and nergy looking for them. T say that a product comes with boilerplate is to say that one of its attributes, long with many others, is pa ti lly hidden and is one over which here i no choice on the part of the buyer. But why should any of this raise sp cial concern? The legisla ure can regulate micropr cessor speeds or not. So too with boilerplate. But why is boil rplate any different? Legal sch lars have long assumed hat standardized con ract terms i fine print e
Consensus inverted terminal repeat sequence of Paramecium IESs: resemblance to termini of Tc1-related and Euplotes Tec transposons.

Abstract During the formation of a transcriptionally active macronucleus, ciliated protozoa excise large numbers of interstitial segments of DNA (internal eliminated sequences; IESs) from their chromosomes. In this study we analyze the published sequences of 20 IESs that interrupt surface protein genes of Paramecium and identify a consensus inverted terminal repeat. This sequence is similar to the ends of the Tc1-related transposons found in nematodes and other metazoans, as well as to both the ends of the Tec transposons and at least some of the IESs in the distantly related ciliate Euplotes crassus. The results of these analyses bolster previous proposals that IESs were created by transposition.
Improved Turn-on Times of Iridium Electroluminescent Devices by Use of Ionic Liquids

We demonstrate an improvement in the turn-on time of electroluminescent devices based on the iridium complex [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+(PF6-), where ppy is 2-phenylpyridine and dtb-bpy is 4,4‘-di-tert-butyl-2,2‘-dipyridine, by introduction of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate BMIM+(PF6-). Addition of 0.46 mol of the ionic liquid per mole of Ir complex reduces the turn-on time from 5 h to 40 min. However, the device lifetime is also reduced by a factor of 3 over this range, suggesting a tradeoff between device speed and stability. These results are discussed within the framework of the electrodynamic model of device operation and are found to be consistent with an increase in the ionic conductivity of the [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+(PF6-) films upon the addition of ionic liquid.
Pressor Responses to Antihypertensive Drug Types

BACKGROUND Pressor responses to antihypertensive drugs are not addressed in treatment guidelines although they have been described in various clinical situations. We now report the incidence of pressor responses to initiation of monotherapy using four antihypertensive drug types, and the influence of plasma renin activity (PRA) status, among participants in a worksite-based antihypertensive treatment program. METHODS Systolic blood pressure (SBP) response was evaluated among 945 participants with no prior treatment who were given either a diuretic or calcium-channel blocker (natriuretic antivolume V drugs, n = 537) or a beta-blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (antirenin R drugs n = 408). PRA was categorized by low, middle, and high tertiles (L, M, and H). SBP rise > or =10 mm Hg was considered pressor. RESULTS More pressor responses occurred with R than V drugs (11% vs. 5%, P = 0.001). L, M, and H renin tertiles had similar frequencies with V drugs (6, 4, and 6%), but low and middle tertiles given R had greater pressor frequencies (17% P = 0.003 vs. V and 10% P = 0.02 vs. V). Treatment SBP > or =160 mm Hg occurred more frequently with R than V drugs (19% vs. 13%; P = 0.007); moreover, in the lowest renin tertile 35% R vs. 13% V (P = 0.001) had SBP > or =160 mm Hg. Treatment SBP <130 mm Hg was more frequent in V patients in the lowest tertile (18% vs. 5%; P = 0.003), and in R patients in the highest tertile (26% vs. 12%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Pressor responses to antihypertensive monotherapy occur sufficiently frequently to be of concern, especially in lower renin patients given a beta-blocker or ACE inhibitor (ACEI).
Assessing Developmental Trajectories of Sexual Minority Youth: Discrepant Findings from a Life History Calendar and a Self-Administered Survey

Research suggests that the timing and sequence of sexual identity development milestones impacts myriad health and mental health outcomes for sexual minority youth. Because these milestone events are typically assessed retrospectively, traditional data collection approaches are limited by recall bias and lack of precision in the recording of milestone events, which may conceal the distinctions between events and distort the recording of youths' developmental trajectories. The purpose of this exploratory study was to compare responses to questions about psychosexual milestones elicited by a Life History Calendar and a self-administered survey. Results indicated discrepancies in the reported occurrence and timing of milestone events between the survey and Life History Calendar. Differences in the timing of specific milestone events ranged from two months to 15 years. Implications of these discordant findings for sexual minority youth are discussed.
Voltammetric response of dimethyl sulphoxide at gold electrodes modified by thin films of bismuth-doped lead dioxide

Abstract The anodic oxidation of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) to DMSO 2 is representative of numerous anodic oxygen-transfer reactions that do not occur at appreciable rates at conventional anodes, e.g., nobel metals and carbon. However, useful voltammetric waves can be obtained at noble metal electrodes modified by thin films of electrodeposited, bismuth(V)-doped lead dioxide (Bi-PbO 2 ). Voltammetric data for anodic deposition with cathodic stripping of Bi-PbO 2 films are examined for gold rotated disk electrodes in 1.0 M HClO 4 containing Pb 2+ with Bi 3+ . Evidence is shown that ultra-thin films ( 2 films (> ca. 10 μm) are voltammetrically stripped under rapid potential scan. The ultra-thin films possess a larger atomic ratio of Bi/Pb than the original thicker films and, following reoxidation to Bi-PbO 2 , they display greater catalytic activity. The effect is interpreted on the basis of mediation of the oxygen-transfer step.
Genetic mapping of trxA, a gene affecting thioredoxin in Escherichia coli K12.

The DNA polymerase induced by bacteriophage T7 is composed of a phage-specified subunit, the gene 5 protein, and a host-specified subunit, the 12,000 dalton thioredoxin of Escherichia coli. tsnC mutants of E. coli B (Chamberlin, 1974) have no detectable thioredoxin, and thus cannot support the growth of phage T7, although they are killed by phage infection. A mutant of E. coli K12 affecting thioredoxin has been isolated by a modification of the procedure used by Chamberlin (1974) to isolate tsnC mutants of E. coli B. The gene affecting thioredoxin has been designated trxA. This mutant, E. coli JM109, shows the TsnC phenotype in that it is killed by, but cannot support the growth of, bacteriophage T7. T7 DNA replication does not occur in mutantinfected cells. These phenotypic expressions of the tsnC mutation have enabled us to screen recombinants for the trxA allele in HfrxF- crosses and F-ductants in episome transfer experiments. Extracts of transductants in generalized transduction by P1 phage were screened for their ability to complement partially purified phage T7 gene 5 protein to form T7 DNA polymerase. The trxA gene is located at 84 min on the E. coli linkage map, between uvrE and metE; trxA is 34% co-transducible with metE.
Effects of oral zinc loading on zinc metabolism in humans II: In vivo kinetics

The effects of oral zinc loading on zinc metabolism were studied in 10 patients with taste and smell dysfunction following oral administration of Zn-65 (physical t1/2 = 245 d) and subsequent administration of oral stable zinc. Patients took an ad libitum dietary zinc intake of 8-13 mg daily for 290-440 days (mean, 336) following Zn-65 administration, followed by an intake of an additional 100 mg/day of zinc ion (as ZnSO4) over the next 112-440 days (mean, 307). A previously developed compartmental model, based on five day studies of patients with taste and smell dysfunction, was extended in such a way that it was consistent with both short term and long term kinetics. In this extended model, the turnover of 90% of total body zinc, previously unaccounted for by the kinetics in the short term studies could be explained by a single compartment, as postulated in the short term studies. Using the model, it was found that changes in the rate constants for gastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion of zinc were both necessary and sufficient to explain the changes seen in the kinetic curves following oral zinc loading. Michaelis-Menten type saturation mechanisms were adequate to explain the observed parameter changes. These changes also accounted for the observed mean plasma zinc mass increase of only 37% above pre-load levels in face of an 11-fold increase in zinc intake.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in victimization-related trauma.

Symptom manifestations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are explained in light of current research findings. Assessment methods for evaluating PTSD and trauma exposure are presented and implications for treatment are discussed. Language: en
E-041 Use of Flow Diverters in the Endovascular Reconstruction of Fusiform Dissecting Vertebral Artery Aneurysms

Introduction/purpose Fusiform aneurysms (FUANs) of vertebral artery are difficult to treat by using current surgical techniques. Endovascular techniques like parent vessel occlusion, trapping, coiling, stent assisted coiling or stent mono-therapy is currently used to treat these aneurysms. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of flow diverters (Pipeline Embolization Device) in the treatment of vertebral artery FUANs compared to currently used therapeutic modalities. Materials and methods From July 2012 to October 2013, a total of 5 vertebral artery fusiform dissecting aneurysms in 5 patients (2 men and 3 women; age range, 39–59 years; mean age, 50.8 years) were treated with pipeline embolization device (PED) at our institution. In 2 patients the aneurysms were an incidental finding whereas in the other 3 cases were associated to neurologic symptoms, such as visual changes, ataxia, facial numbness or vertigo. Location of the aneurysms was as follows: 4 aneurysms on the right and 1 on the left side. 4 aneurysms were centerd at the V4 segment of the vertebral artery (intradural); only one was located at the vertebral V3-V4 segments junction (intra/extradural). Only one patient had family history indicative for intracranial aneurysm. Aneurysms ranged from 5 to 13 mm in maximal diameter. The technical feasibility of the procedure, procedure-related complications, angiographic results, and clinical outcome were evaluated. Results In every case, endovascular treatment was achieved. Immediate angiography demonstrated intra-aneurysmal contrast stagnation, with parent artery preservation in all cases. Major procedure-related complications were not observed. A brief temporary episode of dysarthria was noted in one of the patient. None of the treated aneurysms experienced bleeding or thrombo-embolic complication during the follow-up time. At 6 month follow-up (4 patients) was noted a complete/near complete aneurysm obliteration in 3 patients and partial obliteration in 1 patient. At 1 year follow-up (2 patients) was noted a progression to complete aneurysm obliteration in 1 patient and stable partial embolization in 1 patient. No intimal hyperplasia was noted at 6–12 months follow-up in the cohort of patients analyzed. Conclusion In our preliminary experience vertebral artery fusiform dissecting aneurysms treatment with PED is a safe and efficacious option in treating dissecting or fusiform intracranial aneurysms. Long term studies and larger cohort is recommended for further evaluation of this treatment strategy. Disclosures A. Puri: None. F. Massari: None. S. Hou: None. M. Perras: None. C. Brooks: None. C. Stout: None. M. Gounis: None. A. Wakhloo: None.
The effects of neuropeptides on mucous glycoprotein secretion from human nasal mucosa in vitro

Abstract The role of neuropeptides in the regulation of macromolecule secretion from human nasal mucosa is incompletely understood. Previous in vitro explant culture studies have demonstrated the effects of neuropeptides on lactoferrin release from serous cells and 3 H-glucosamine labeled respiratory glycoconjugate secretion from mucus-containing cells. The generation of a new monoclonal antibody, 7F10, has led to the development of an ELISA for high molecular weight respiratory mucous glycoproteins (MGP). This ELISA was used to measure the ability of sensory, parasympathetic and sympathetic neuropeptides to stimulate MGP release from human nasal mucosal fragments in short term explant culture in vitro. Significant MGP release was stimulated by the sensory neuropeptides gastrin releasing peptide (10 μM GRP: 10.6% ± 2.4% increase, n = 8, P
Levels of Gross and Fine Motor Development in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of this study was to compare levels of gross motor (GM) and fine motor (FM) development in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to compare their levels of GM and FM development with children with developmental delay (DD) without ASD. Thirty-eight children (ASD group: n = 19; DD group: n = 19) between 21 and 41 months of age were assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition (PDMS-2). Using PDMS-2 classifications as well as differences between standard scores, each child was placed in one of three motor profiles based on the child's relative levels of GM and FM skills (GM = FM,GM>FM, and GM<FM). The results showed that most of the children with ASD had generally similar levels of GM and FM development. The motor profiles of children with ASD were analogous to those of children with DD.
A re-evaluation of galium multiflorum and related taxa

Galium multiflorum Kellogg was the first named (in 1861) of a group of western North American Galia whose taxonomy has remained unclear for nearly a century. Since that date a dozen specific names have been published in the group, besides a dozen infraspecific names, in various combinations. The names G. multiflorunm and G. watsonii particularly have been used in a wide variety of meanings. In this study an attempt has been made first, by a synthesis of distributional and morphological data to determine what the natural groups are; secondly, to evaluate their categorical status; and thirdly, to determine the proper application of existing names. One new specific name was also found to be needed.
Heat and mass transfer in horizontal vapor phase epitaxy reactors

Heat and mass transfer processes were studied in a horizontal vapor epitaxy reactor with simultaneously developing velocity, temperature and concentration distributions. The susceptor placed in the reactor was either horizontal or slightly titled. An analytical solution was obtained using previous heat transfer results in entry length and fully developed duct flow, and the heat-mass transfer analogy for growth rate calculations. The mean concentration distributions along the susceptor are presented in dimensionless forms based on constant properties and laminar flow. The influences of axial temperature variation and wall cooling on the epitaxial growth rate distribution are examined in this study. Results of experimental studies of silicon growth from SiH4 in hydrogen agree well with the analysis.
Exploring job centers by accessibility using fuzzy set approach: the case study of the Columbus MSA

When comparing accessibility, the interpretation of results is complex because of lack of standard or universal norm. This uncertainty issue of the distinction from the lack of standard can be solved using the multi-level approach of fuzzy set: universal, relative, and absolute index. Since a fuzzy set approach deals with the vagueness and indiscernibility of accessibility index, the proposed approach suggests a better solution to classify the index than a crisp set or even a single-level fuzzy set approach. In this study, we evaluate job accessibility of locations in the Columbus MSA in Ohio, USA for 18 worker groups. The uncertain distinction between strong/weak, rich/poor, and higher/lower accessibility is improved by the multi-level approach. Moreover, this study attempts to enhance our understanding of spatial structure of job accessibility disaggregated by occupation type and gender.
Parent behavioral training: an analysis of the relationship among multiple outcome measures.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among three types of outcome measures that have been employed to evaluate parent behavioral training: observational data collected by independent observers, parent-collected data, and parent-completed questionnaires. Previous research suggests that all three measures yield positive outcome data; however, a correlational analysis has not been performed to determine if the subjects who demonstrate the largest (smallest) change on one measure demonstrate the largest (smallest) change on the other measures. The present study undertook such a correlational analysis. Subjects were 20 young clinic-referred children and their mothers. Treatment consisted of a standardized parent training program to modifly child noncompliance. All three outcome measures (observational data, parent-collected data, and questionnaire data) indicated that therapy was effective. A correlational analysis performed on the outcome measures indicated a number of significant relationships for dependent variables withinthe observational data and withinthe questionnaire data; however, there were no significant relationships acrossthe three outcome measures. Although different outcome measures may yield similar conclusions about the effectiveness of parent behavioral training, the results suggest that any one subject, relative to other subjects, does not demonstrate uniform degrees of change across the three outcome measures. Explanations for the findings, as well as their implications, are discussed.
Establishing body composition in obesity

The field of human body composition research is reaching a mature stage in its development. Quantifying the main body components is integral to the study of growth, as the assessment of human physical characteristics is important both in anthropological and medical fields. This article will focus on body composition methodology. Specifically, our attention is aimed at estimates of body fatness. An overview is first provided of the five-level model of body composition as it relates to measures of fatness. We then provide general concepts related to techniques for estimating body composition. Finally, we briefly discuss the measurement of adipose tissue distribution.
Robust design of cooperative systems against attacks

While the use of a communication network facilitates the development of cooperative control for networked systems, it comes at a price that the systems become vulnerable to data attacks by an adversary. In this paper, we consider consensus dynamics on networked systems with strongly connected directed graphs in the presence of an additive stealthy attacker. The attacker has a linear dynamics and can corrupt the local state feedback of the system's agents by interconnecting with their communication network and inserting external attacks (or injections) with the intent of destabilizing the consensus dynamics. In order to make the consensus dynamics robust against such attacks, a hidden network, interconnected with the original consensus network, is introduced. The hidden network is designed to maintain stability of the overall system by competitively interacting with the original consensus network but without requiring any information about the adversary. Lyapunov analysis and design methods are presented which provide an explicit rule on how to interconnect both networks. Furthermore, using the same analysis and design framework we show that the nodes that are being attacked can also be identified in a distributed manner. An example, which includes several scenarios, is used to illustrate the results.
‘Special strengths for their own special duties’: women, higher education and gender conservatism in late Victorian Britain

The article discusses contributions towards female higher education made by a group of women whose views on gender roles were conservative, rather than feminist or suffragist. Four women's conservative ideals and interconnected work for women's education are reviewed in the context of late Victorian Oxford. This study is prefaced by a discussion of historical literature on women's higher education which concludes that twentieth century feminist historians have sometimes downplayed the role of reformers who deliberately disassociated women's educational reform from the advance of gender equality. A study of conservative reformers complicates definitions both of feminism and anti‐feminism, and provides an important reminder of the broader intellectual and political contexts which produced them both.
Repetition effects as a function of rehearsal and encoding variability

In Experiment I, subjects were presented a list of sentences with some repeated at separations (lags) of 0, 5, 10, and 20 intervening events. Rehearsal and organization among list items was controlled by requiring subjects to generate and describe an image for each sentence during the presentation period. Free recall of object phrases produced a massed-distributed difference that was eliminated in cued recall. In Experiment II, the presentation of the object phrase in two different sentences eliminated lag effects in free recall when rehearsal was controlled, but free recall increased as a direct function of lag when rehearsal patterns were not constrained.
Retrofitting crowns to an existing removable partial denture clasp: a simple technique.

Abstract The fabrication of a new crown to replace an existing abutment tooth for a removable partial denture is one of the most labor-intensive chairside and laboratory procedures. The process can become more complicated when the patient requests a tooth-colored esthetic restoration. Numerous techniques are described in the literature, some for all-metallic restorations and others for metal-ceramic restorations. This article describes a simplified technique that makes use of a polymer ceramic material. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:399-402.)
The Toggle Local Planner for sampling-based motion planning

Sampling-based solutions to the motion planning problem, such as the probabilistic roadmap method (PRM), have become commonplace in robotics applications. These solutions are the norm as the dimensionality of the planning space grows, i.e., d > 5. An important primitive of these methods is the local planner, which is used for validation of simple paths between two configurations. The most common is the straight-line local planner which interpolates along the straight line between the two configurations. In this paper, we introduce a new local planner, Toggle Local Planner (Toggle LP), which extends local planning to a two-dimensional subspace of the overall planning space. If no path exists between the two configurations in the subspace, then Toggle LP is guaranteed to correctly return false. Intuitively, more connections could be found by Toggle LP than by the straight-line planner, resulting in better connected roadmaps. As shown in our results, this is the case, and additionally, the extra cost, in terms of time or storage, for Toggle LP is minimal. Additionally, our experimental analysis of the planner shows the benefit for a wide array of robots, with DOF as high as 70.
Are student peer assessments reliable? Analysis of a classroom-based management course

The purpose of this study was to investigate if undergraduate students could assess peer work in a school of business and economics course which involved several long essay-type reports. A key challenge was the volume of grading since there were three written assignments spread throughout the course. The secondary goal was to explore if the learning management system (LMS) could facilitate the peer assessment process and if it could calculate a fair grade representing the quality of peer assessment work. The techniques applied to examine the hypotheses were interrater reliability, correlation, and pair-wise t-test estimates. The results supported the hypotheses that students reliably assessed their peers; these scores were consistent with the professor, and with the LMS.
Unpacking Ideologies of Linguistic Purism: How Dual Language Teachers Make Sense of Everyday Translanguaging.

This article draws on qualitative data from two Spanish-English dual language elementary classrooms to explore how teachers in these classrooms made sense of the everyday practice of bilingualism. Methodologically, this study relied on participant observation, video recording, and semi-structured interviews. Conceptually, this article draws on the notion of translanguaging to describe how these teachers and their students moved fluidly across multiple languages and dialects in their everyday interactions. Drawing on language ideological inquiry, this article illustrates that these teachers’ perspectives on translanguaging sometimes echoed ideologies of linguistic purism that emphasize language separation, while also reflecting counterhegemonic ideologies that privilege Spanish and promote bilingualism. Teachers’ everyday language use and instructional practices both reflected and contrasted with their stated ideologies. It is argued that a more nuanced understanding of teachers’ complex language ideologie...
Dorsal Transfer of the Brachioradialis to the Flexor Pollicis Longus Enables Simultaneous Powering of Key Pinch and Forearm Pronation

Purpose To show biomechanically that the brachioradialis (BR) muscle can be transferred to restore key pinch and forearm pronation simultaneously. Methods Nine fresh-frozen forearms were thawed and instrumented with a custom muscle–tendon excursion jig. Maximum BR muscle–tendon excursion was measured with the wrist and thumb mobile. Muscle–tendon excursion then was measured from 60° of supination to 60° of pronation in 15° increments with the wrist and thumb fixed. Measurements were performed in 3 configurations: the native BR, the BR transferred volarly to the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon, and the BR transferred dorsally (posterior to the radius) through the interosseous membrane to the FPL tendon. Muscle excursion–joint angle data were differentiated to compute pronation/supination moment arms. Two-way analyses of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were used to compare transfer conditions. Results Maximum muscle excursion was nearly identical when volar and dorsal transfer conditions were compared. When pronation/supination motions were isolated, however, the volar transfer was associated with muscle shortening and small pronation moment arms through 30° ± 9° of supination. Importantly, the dorsal transfer was associated with muscle shortening and larger pronation moment arms through 28° ± 10° of pronation, a significant difference of 58.0° ± 16.0° compared to the traditional volar transfer. Conclusions These data suggest that dorsal BR-to-FPL transfers can power key pinch and forearm pronation simultaneously even in the absence of other functional pronators. This transfer can be accomplished without changes to total muscle excursion compared with the traditional volar BR-to-FPL transfer. This result may enable the use of the BR-to-FPL transfer in patients who need key pinch but who lack functional pronation muscle groups (eg, ocular cutaneous 3). As result a larger patient population may benefit from the BR-to-FPL reconstructive procedure.
Ascorbic Acid Oxidase in Cell Growth

It has been demonstrated by Marre and his associates that ascorbic acid (AA) antagonizes auxin in most of its effects, and that this antagonism is attributed to the rapid oxidation of AA to inhibitory concentrations of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) wi,thin the tissues (6, 7, 14). In 1957 Marre and Arrigoni (8) postulated a mechanism through which the effect of auxin on ascorbic acid oxidation could be transmitted to metabolic functions of fundamental importance to cell growth. They suggested that an auxin-induced decrease of ascorbic acid oxidation would produce a shift toward the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), possibly through the participation of dehydroascorbic acid reductase. A shift in the reduced-oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio could affect the reduction state of sulfhydryl enzymes and cofactors. They concluded that the GSH/GSSG ratio is closely controlled by growth regulators and that auxin-induced growth favors GSH. More recently Key (2, 3) has presented data that would tend to support the Milan group. While this theory and its supporting data are of considerable interest it does not explain the observation that the highest ascorbic acid oxidase activity in the maize root tip is associated with those cells which are undergoing rapid cell elongation (9). Furthermore, Newcomb (11, 12) has demonstrated that ascorbic acid oxidase activity is increased by auxin in tobacco pith tissue. It was because of these discrepancies that the following study was undertaken to determine what changes occur in asorbic acid oxidase activity in a tissue that has been induced to grow.
ARIA, a protein that stimulates acetylcholine receptor synthesis, also induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a 185-kDa muscle transmembrane protein

Motoneurons promote the accumulation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at developing neuromuscular synapses. The AChR-inducing activity protein ARIA, which is purified from chicken brain and increases the synthesis of AChRs in chicken myotubes, may play a crucial role in this process. Here we show that ARIA induces the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a M(r) 185,000 protein (p185) in muscle cells. Phosphorylation of p185 correlates with AChR induction at each stage of ARIA purification. Moreover, medium conditioned by spinal cord motoneurons stimulates AChR synthesis and p185 phosphorylation. Studies with membrane-impermeant reagents and 125I-labeled ARIA indicate that p185 is a transmembrane ARIA-receptor tyrosine kinase. Our data suggests that muscle AChR synthesis can be regulated through tyrosine phosphorylation.
Cigarette smoke decreases MARCO expression in macrophages: Implication in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Bacterial infections including Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) are a major cause of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading cause of COPD, and affects the function of alveolar macrophages that act as the first line of defense against the invading respiratory pathogens. Macrophages express a transmembrane receptor called macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) that is involved in the clearance of microorganisms. Whether CS down-regulates MARCO and eventually decreases the clearance of Mp has not been investigated. We utilized human monocytic cell line (THP-1)-derived macrophages to examine the effects of CS extract (CSE) on MARCO expression and Mp growth. Specifically, macrophages were pre-exposed to CSE for 6 h, and then infected with or without Mp for 2 h. MARCO was examined at both mRNA and protein levels by using real-time PCR and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Mp in the supernatants was quantified by quantitative culture. In addition, a neutralizing MARCO antibody was added to macrophages to test if blockade of MARCO impaired Mp clearance. We found that CSE significantly decreased MARCO expression in a dose-dependant manner at 6 h post-CSE. Mp levels in CSE-treated cells were higher than those in non-CSE-treated cells, indicating a decreased pathogen clearance. Additionally, neutralizing MARCO in macrophages markedly increased Mp levels. Our results indicate that cigarette smoke exposure down-regulates MARCO expression in macrophages, which may be in part responsible for impaired bacterial (e.g., Mp) clearance.
Anti-Americanism and left-right ideology in France

This article examines the shifting relationship between left-right ideology and anti-Americanism in France. Neo-Gaullist episodes such as French opposition to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 have only underscored the weakness of anti-Americanism on the French right, as this policy was least popular among the supporters of the center right UMP, and found more support on the left. This article traces the decline of right wing anti-Americanism in the French public, and the increasing alignment of anti-American attitudes with the left end of the left-right ideological dimension. This development is placed in the context of the increasing emphasis on neoliberal economic policy on the post-Gaullist right, and the use of the United States as a model for neoliberal economic policy.
Effects of SFO lesion or captopril on drinking induced by intragastric hypertonic saline

This study examined the hypothesis that the subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular organ with both osmosensitive elements and dipsogenic receptors for circulating angiotensin (ANG) II, is important for the water drinking response that follows an intragastric (ig) load of hypertonic NaCl. A 2-ml saline load was administered ig at 300, 900, or 1200 mOsm/kg to rats with sham lesions or lesions of the SFO, and intake was measured periodically for 2 h. Hypertonic loads caused sham-lesioned rats, but not SFO-lesioned rats, to drink earlier in the test or to drink more water than did the isotonic load. Inhibition of ANG II synthesis in unoperated rats with 100 mg/kg of captopril reduced water intake only during the initial 15 min after a gavage of 1200 mOsm/kg saline. Loads of 900 and 1200 mOsm/kg both increased plasma osmolality and sodium concentration by 15 min after gavage without greatly affecting hematocrit or plasma protein concentration. Thus, the SFO is important for the osmotically-induced water drinking response after acute ig administration of hypertonic saline. With the possible exception of the first 15 min, this drinking response is independent of the peripheral synthesis of ANG II.