cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. regional climate simulations and seasonal forecasts

[1] Does a regional climate model provide a more useful regional climatology than can be obtained from larger-scale global analyses or a better regional forecast than can be obtained by a large-scale seasonal prediction model? To examine these questions, U.S. regional spectral model (RSM) climate simulations forced by 1-day global spectral model (GSM) forecasts initialized from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) operational analysis are compared with regional RSM simulations forced by the NASA Seasonal to Interannual Prediction Project general circulation model (GCM). The GCM was continuously forced by observed sea surface temperature variations, but since sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are so persistent, these forced GCM simulations were equivalent to seasonal GCM predictions, which are mainly based upon persistent SSTs anyhow. RSM simulations forced by these two global modes were compared at the same spatial resolution as the global models (200 km) and at higher resolution (50 km). Resolution was important for producing better geographic pictures but does not currently produce significantly more skillful regional climate simulations or forecasts of the temporal variability, which already have significant skill from the global models. However, regional climate simulations and forecasts better depict the precipitation intensity, especially over the U.S. West. Finally, re-initialized (from the large-scale analysis) 1-day RSM forecasts were compared with continuous RSM simulations, and this increased the overall regional skill back to the original GSM skill, which was somewhat degraded in continuous RSM simulations.
Viscous destabilization of stratified shear flow for Ri>1/4

Abstract Viscosity may allow instability in a stratified shear flow even though the Richardson number (Ri) is everywhere greater than one-quarter. This is in contrast to an inviscid fluid, where any flow with Ri>¼ is stable. While a rigorous upper bound has not been obtained, normal mode instabilities were found for Ri as large as 0.349. A description of the instability as an over-reflecting wave suggests why viscosity, which typically damps perturbations, can in this instance lead to their amplification.
Frequency modulation of hippocampal theta by the supramammillary nucleus, and other hypothalamo-hippocampal interactions: mechanisms and functional implications.

Abstract KIRK, I.J. Frequency modulation of hippocampal theta by the supramammillary nucleus, and other hypothalamo-hippocampal interactions: mechanisms and functional implications. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 22 (2), 291–302, 1998.—In this paper it is argued that theta-range hippocampal EEG activity, and in particular the specific frequency at which it occurs, is critical to hippocampal function. Results of the reviewed studies suggest that in particular circumstances (in the urethane anaesthetized animal and possibly during particular behavioral states), the frequency of hippocampal theta is primarily determined in the supramammillary nucleus (SuM). Rhythmic theta-frequency neuronal activity in the SuM is relayed to, and determines the frequency of theta activity in, the septum (and hence the hippocampus). It is also suggested that in general (e.g. freely moving, as opposed to anaesthetized animals, and in all but some specific behavioral states), other ascending pathways and mechanisms in addition to those from SuM are probably also involved in the modulation of theta frequency. The posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PH) probably acts in synergy with the SuM, but it is principally involved in the release and amplitude modulation of theta. Although descending input from the septo–hippocampal system to PH and SuM is not required for theta-related neuronal activity in these structures, we provide evidence for descending, rate-limiting influences from the septo–hippocampal system to both PH and SuM during theta. These descending systems are likely involved in the suppression of theta during non-theta (i.e. sharp-wave) hippocampal EEG. In contrast to the SuM and PH, theta-related neuronal activity in the medial mammillary nucleus (MM) is dependent on theta-frequency activity in, and descending from, the septo–hippocampal system. The MM it is argued, is involved in relaying theta-frequency activity around the limbic circuitry. A role for this re-entrant process is suggested.
The GORE-TEX anterior cruciate ligament prosthesis. A long-term followup.

The GORE-TEX anterior cruciate ligament prosthesis has been implanted in 268 patients at our institution since April of 1984. Follow-up for this study was avail able on 70% of these patients (188). Eighty-one percent (152) of these had the ligament for chronic injuries, 14% (26) for acute, and 5% (10) for subacute injuries. The patient population had an average age of 27.6 years (SD = 8.4) and a Tegner activity score of 6.05 (SD = 1.53). Prior procedures had been performed on 56% (105) of the patients. Concomitant procedures were performed in 73% (137) and included iliotibial band tenodesis, partial meniscectomy, posterior oblique lig ament advancement, or meniscal repair. Followup av eraged 48 months (range, 24 to 68). Evaluation included a questionnaire, physical examination, radiographs, KT- 1000 arthrometer testing, and an activity score.Results were graded as excellent, good, fair, and poor. Acceptable results (good and excellent) were obtained in 83 patients (44%). Fifty-eight patients (32%) were ra...
The Structure of Wall-Impinging Jets: Computed Versus Theoretical and Measured Results

In this work, the structure of computed wall-impinging gas jets is compared with theoretical and experimental results presented in the literature. The computational study employs the k-e model to represent turbulence. Wall functions are employed to model momentum transfer at the walls. The computed penetration and growth rate of the jet agree with measured and analytical results within 10%. Computed radial velocities in the developed region of the wall jet are self-similar as found in prior experimental and analytical works. The computed radial velocity profile and quantitative values in the outer layer of the jet and the location of the maximum radial velocity agree within 5% with measurements and analytical results. Greater quantitative differences are found in the near-wall region. Mixing characteristics of a wall-impinging jet are compared with those of a round free jet. The wall-impinging jet mixes slower than the round free jet.
Adaptive composite antennas for a city-wide sensor network

A city-wide wireless sewer sensor system becomes 'intelligent' by having adaptive manhole cover antennas. Hundred and fifty wireless sensor nodes have been developed and deployed to monitor the sewer flow and to reduce the frequency of the combined sewer overflow (CSO) during heavy storm runoff in a mid-sized city: South Bend, Indiana in the US. The challenge for the wireless designer is to design a radiator that operates below ground as well as to improve the communication performance of the wireless sensor system. In this study, the authors replace a conventional cast-iron manhole cover with a composite manhole cover to create a radiator which is not only mechanically strong but electrically functional. The electrical characteristics of the composite are analysed by finding the relative permittivity and loss tangent. In addition, the effect of adaptive antennas is demonstrated to be extremely useful in terms of the packet reception rate and received signal strength. Measured results indicate that angular diversity significantly enhances received signal strength and the packet reception rate in the presence of interferers. The slot diversity antenna designed herein increased packet reception rate by 52.8% in the fielded system, compared to a uniformly radiating dipole antenna in the azimuthal plane.
Determination of saccharin in shrimp by ion chromatography and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract A procedure is described for the detection, identification and determination of saccharin in shrimp. Undeclared use of this regulated substance has been noted. Shrimp is extracted with water, and the extract is treated with a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge and a chloride removal cartridge. The method detection limit is 2 μg/g saccharin in shrimp. Recovery of a 16 μg/g saccharin spike averaged 91 ± 6%. The identity of saccharin is confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the methyl derivative which is prepared using an on-column methylating agent.
Lactose intolerance in captive nocturnal prosimians (Perodicticus potto): A twenty-one year record

A colony of pottos was captured in December 1959 and brought to the United States. At that time part of their diet consisted of a high protein porridge made with whole milk. In addition, their drinking water contained an antibiotic to protect them from possible infection resulting from the change in habitat. No intestinal incontinence resulted from this treatment. Antibiotic addition to the diet ceased in 1961. In 1971 the remaining pair of animals developed a calcium deficiency. This was alleviated by adding 5 g calcium lactate to the drinking water and serving whole milk every other day. In 1977 the male developed acute lactose intolerance. His feces became bacteriologically sterile. His mate, who died on January 9, 1979, produced feces containing enteric organisms throughout her life. A large number of dairy products were served the animals in the attempt to alleviate this problem. Acidophilus milk or tinned 2% milkfat containing milk with 100% of the lactose hydrolyzed, produced no intestinal incontinence in the animal. It is suggested that sterile stools resulted from a fungal infection that killed theEscherichia coli. In addition it is proposed that non-pathogenic bacteria brought about an alteration of the brush border of the columnar epithelial cells of the villi which synthesize the enzyme lactase, such that lactase production was seriously reduced.
Osteomyoplastic transtibial amputation: technique and tips

Treatment of severe lower extremity trauma, diabetic complications, infections, dysvascular limbs, neoplasia, developmental pathology, or other conditions often involves amputation of the involved extremity. However, techniques of lower extremity amputation have largely remained stagnant over decades. This article reports a reproducible technique for transtibial osteomyoplastic amputation.
Distinct Requirements for C-C Chemokine and IL-2 Production by Naive, Previously Activated, and Anergic T Cells

Ag presented by activated APCs promote immunogenic responses whereas Ag presented by resting APCs leads to tolerance. In such a model, the regulation of cytokine release by the presence or absence of costimulation might potentially play a critical role in dictating the ultimate outcome of Ag recognition. C-C chemokines are a structurally defined family of chemoattractants that have diverse effects on inflammation. We were interested in determining the activation requirements for chemokine production by CD4+ T cells. Our data demonstrate for T cell clones and previously activated T cells from TCR-transgenic mice that stimulation with anti-TCR alone results in the production of copious amounts of macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and other C-C chemokines, and that addition of anti-CD28 gives very little augmentation. Furthermore, MIP-1alpha production is nearly equivalent from both anergic and nonanergic cells. For naive T cells, anti-CD3 stimulation alone led to as much MIP-1alpha production as Ag + APC stimulation. The addition of costimulation gave a 3-10-fold enhancement, but this was 70-fold less than the effect of costimulation on IL-2 production. Thus, although C-C chemokines play a broad role in influencing inflammation, their production by signal 1 alone makes them unlikely to play a critical role in the decision between a tolerogenic and an immunogenic response. Furthermore, the production of MIP-1alpha by anergic T cells, as well as following signal 1 alone, raises the possibility that in vivo this chemokine serves to recruit activated T cells to become tolerant.
Probing the phase transition of Mo / Au TES microcalorimeters

We present recent measurements obtained using a new method for characterizing transition edge sensor (TES) calorimeters: We measured the electrical impedance of a TES calorimeter throughout the superconducting to normal metal phase transition. The impedance method enables us to previously measure how the resistance and heat capacity of the TES varied throughout the phase transition. These measurements probe the internal state of oru Mo/Au TES. We also present recent results from measurements of noise in our TESs. Our measurements are instrumental toward understanding and optimizing our TES calorimeters.
Nonlinear pulse compression in optical fibers: scaling laws and numerical analysis

With a simple model, scaling laws are obtained for self-compression in the limit of a large soliton number. Numerical results for Gaussian and hyperbolic-secant initial pulse shapes and various initial amplitudes are used to verify the approximate analytic result and to determine accurate scaling constants. Self-decompression (self-dispersion) is also treated in the same fashion.
Transfusions in cardiac surgery.

JAMA Transfusion Requirements After Cardiac Surgery: the TRACS Randomized Controlled Trial Ludhmila A. Hajjar, MD, PhD; Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD; Filomena R. B. G. Galas, MD, PhD; Rosana E. Nakamura, MD; Carolina M. P. Silva, MD; Marilia H. Santos, MD, PhD; Julia Fukushima, MSc; Roberto Kalil Filho, MD, PhD; Denise B. Sierra, MD; Neuza H. Lopes, MD, PhD; Thais Mauad, MD, PhD; Aretusa C. Roquim, MD; Marcia R. Sundin, MD; Wanderson C. Leao, MD; Juliano P. Almeida, MD; Pablo M. Pomerantzeff, MD, PhD; Luis O. Dallan, MD, PhD; Fabio B. Jatene, MD, PhD; Noedir A. G. Stolf, MD, PhD; Jose O. C. Auler Jr, MD, PhD Context: Perioperative red blood cell transfusion is commonly used to address anemia, an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality after cardiac operations; however, evidence regarding optimal blood transfusion practice in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is lacking. Objective: To define whether a restrictive perioperative red blood cell transfusion strategy is as safe as a liberal strategy in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Design, Setting, and Patients: The Transfusion Requirements After Cardiac Surgery (TRACS) study, a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical noninferiority trial conducted between February 2009 and February 2010 in an intensive care unit at a university hospital cardiac surgery referral center in Brazil. Consecutive adult patients (n = 502) who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were eligible; analysis was by intention-to-treat. Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned to a liberal strategy of blood transfusion (to maintain a hematocrit ≥30%) or to a restrictive strategy (hematocrit ≥24%). Main Outcome Measure: Composite end point of 30-day all-cause mortality and severe morbidity (cardiogenic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or acute renal injury requiring dialysis or hemofiltration) occurring during the hospital stay. The noninferiority margin was predefined at −8% (ie, 8% minimal clinically important increase in occurrence of the composite end point). Results: Hemoglobin concentrations were maintained at a mean of 10.5 g/dL (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.4-10.6) in the liberal-strategy group and 9.1 g/dL (95% CI, 9.0-9.2) in the restrictive-strategy group (P Conclusion: Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, the use of a restrictive perioperative transfusion strategy compared with a more liberal strategy resulted in noninferior rates of the combined outcome of 30-day all-cause mortality and severe morbidity. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01021631 doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1446
Experimental analysis of models for correlation in multiversion software

Two different classes of models for correlation in multiversion systems have been proposed in the literature. One considers that the version failures are statistically correlated, and the other defines additional failure types to account for related failures. We investigate these two model types, and apply them to several different sets of experimental data available in the literature. Both models provide a good fit for the available data, and thus both seem appropriate for models of multiversion systems. The models which explicitly consider correlation appear better suited to the analysis of software in isolation from the rest of the system, while those models which propose additional failure types are better suited for system-level models that consider hardware as well as software. >
Lovastatin-Induced Apoptosis in Macrophages through the Rac1/Cdc42/JNK Pathway

Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, have been used successfully in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia for more than a decade. Statins also exhibit overall clinical benefits on cardiovascular diseases independent of their effects on lowering serum cholesterol levels. These beneficial effects of statin therapy are believed to be due, at least in part, to the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of statins. Statin treatment reduces the levels of inflammatory markers, decreases the activation and recruitment of immune cells, and delays the progression of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease. However, little is known about the direct impact of statins on immune cells, particularly on macrophages. We report that lovastatin, a member of the statin family, effectively induces apoptosis in macrophages. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism has revealed that Rac1 and Cdc42, the small GTPase family members, may play an important role in lovastatin-induced macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, the activation of the JNK pathway may contribute to this event. Our findings provide a better understanding of the molecular basis underlying the anti-inflammatory clinical benefits of statin therapy in cardiovascular diseases.
IT Employee Work Exhaustion: Toward an Integrated Model of Antecedents and Consequences

Focusing on information technology (IT) professionals in state governments, this study found that organizational context (resources, participation, and feedback), job-related stressors (workload an...
Sensitization of Rapid Dopamine Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell After Repeated Cocaine in Rats

Repeated cocaine exposure and withdrawal leads to long-term changes, including behavioral and dopamine sensitization to an acute cocaine challenge, that are most pronounced after long withdrawal pe...
A short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory

A short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-SF) is described. A sample of 1351 adults who had completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) in previous studies provided the basis for item selection. The resulting 10-item form includes two items from each of the five subscales of the original PTGI, selected on the basis of loadings on the original factors and breadth of item content. A separate sample of 186 completed the short form of the scale (PTGI-SF). Confirmatory factor analyses on both data sets demonstrated a five-factor structure for the PTGI-short form (PTGI-SF) equivalent to that of the PTGI. Three studies of homogenous clinical samples (bereaved parents, intimate partner violence victims, and acute leukemia patients) demonstrated that the PTGI-SF yields relationships with other variables of interest that are equivalent to those found using the original form of the PTGI. A final study demonstrated that administering the 10 short-form items in a random order, rather than in the fixed context of the original scale, did not impact the performance of the PTGI-SF. Overall, these results indicate that the PTGI-SF could be substituted for the PTGI with little loss of information.
Absence makes the adaptations grow fonder: Proportion of time apart from partner, male sexual psychology, and sperm competition in humans (Homo sapiens).

Sperm competition occurs when the sperm of multiple males concurrently occupy the reproductive tract of a female and compete to fertilize an egg. We used a questionnaire to investigate psychological responses to the risk of sperm competition for 237 men in committed, sexual relationships. As predicted, a man who spends a greater (relative to a man who spends a lesser) proportion of time apart from his partner since the couple's last copulation reported (a) greater sexual interest in his partner, (b) greater distress in response to his partner's sexual rejection, and (c) greater sexual persistence in response to his partner's sexual rejection. All effects were independent of total time since the couple's last copulation and the man's relationship satisfaction. Discussion addresses limitations of the current research and situates the current results within the broader comparative literature on adaptation to sperm competition.
Ethical approval for research in physiology education.

The goal of this article is to reflect on the contemporary ethical standards that should be applied to the publication of physiology education research. As teachers, we are all education researcher...
Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on turning kinematics and related saccadic eye movements in Parkinson disease

Background Persons with Parkinson disease (PD) experience turning difficulty, often leading to freezing of gait and falls. Visual information plays a significant role in locomotion and turning, and while the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on oculomotor function have been well documented, the effects of DBS on oculomotor function during turning and on turning itself have yet to be fully elucidated.
The power of consumer-to-consumer community (network) on the internet: consumer decision-making, product sales, and product diffusion

The prevalent usage of the Internet and other information technologies (IT) has fundamentally changed the information balance between businesses and consumers. Prior to the information age, businesses carefully controlled the information they fed to the media and consumers through orchestrated marketing efforts. Little else was revealed to consumers except on the rare occasions where the businesses made headlines. The Internet and the resulting mass media, however, have turned a business's information advantage on its head. Visiting any online retailer today, you will notice that consumers actively share their experiences and product information with each other. The popularity of a product is increasingly determined by such consumer-to-consumer communications instead of a business's marketing budget. Even so, there is still limited understanding of the influences of consumer-generated media on the Internet, particularly its impact on business strategies. My dissertation investigates the information effect of the electronic communities on consumer decision-making, product sales, and strategic product diffusion. First, my dissertation considers the case where consumers can observe others' product choices, as well as gain access to public product information on the Internet. In such cases it is shown that consumers engage in significant herd behavior, and my research further investigates the impact of herding on consumer product choices. Second, my dissertation explores how online user feedback systems affect product sales. Using data from the entertainment industry, my research studies the dynamic relationship between online user feedback information and product sales. Following this line of inquiry, my dissertation also examines the impact of the Internet on a firm's global diffusion strategy. Information can be disseminated on the Web at rocket speed, which will fundamentally transform firms' and companies' strategic diffusion processes. In light of such a transformation, my research investigates the impact of the Internet on the international distribution of entertainment products. All in all, my dissertation expects to advance our understanding of the information value of the Internet.
The biology of environmental mycobacteria.

Summary Although the environmental mycobacteria are slow growing relative to other microorganisms in water and soil which would suggest that they are poor competitors, compensating factors permit survival, growth and persistence in natural and human-engineered environments. Factors such as the hydrophobic, lipidrich impermeable envelope, biofilm formation, acid resistance, anaerobic survival and metabolism of recalcitrant carbon compounds permit survival and growth of the environmental mycobacteria in a wide range of natural and human-engineered habitats. High numbers of environmental mycobacteria are found in coastal swamps and estuaries and boreal, peat-rich forest soils and waters. The hydrophobic surface results in concentration of the environmental mycobacteria at interfaces (air‐water and surface‐water) and in aerosolized droplets ejected from water. The survival and growth in protozoa and amoebae permit environmental mycobacteria to persist in habitats subject to predation and likely led to survival and growth in phagocytic cells of animals. Finally, slow growth allows time for mycobacterial cells to adapt to changing conditions before loss of viability. Biology: study of the structure, function, growth, physiology, origin, evolution, distribution and classification of living things. (King and Stansfield, 1997)
Templated metal–organic frameworks: synthesis, structures, thermal properties and solid-state transformation of two novel calcium–adipate frameworks

Two novel calcium-adipate framework materials have been synthesized hydrothermally. GWMOF-7 ([Ca(C6H8O4)(H2O)2]*(C10H8N2)) and GWMOF-8 ([Ca(C6H8O4)(H2O)2]*(C12H12N2)) both formed three-dimensional structures and were characterized with single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Thermal properties were also studied with thermogravimetric analysis, and show that these structures undergo a solid-state transformation into a denser three-dimensional framework.
Television and the older adult

(1971). Television and the older adult. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 153-160.
147 EFFECT OF OVULATORY FOLLICLE DIAMETER ON THE OOCYTE TRANSCRIPTOME IN BEEF COWS

Inadequate oocyte competence is a potential explanation for reduced pregnancy rates and(or) embryonic/fetal mortality when small dominant follicles are induced to ovulate prematurely with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Our hypothesis was that the physiological status of an ovulatory follicle has a direct effect on competence of the oocyte and resulting embryo. The objective was to determine if the transcriptome of oocytes differ depending on whether they are collected from small or large dominant follicles following a GnRH-induced gonadotropin surge. Suckled beef cows (n = 350) were pre-synchronized with a 5-day CIDR protocol. Following pre-synchronization, GnRH1 was administered on Day –9, prostaglandin F on Day –2, GnRH2 (to initiate the ovulatory process) on Day 0, and dominant follicles were transvaginally aspirated on Day 1 before follicular rupture. On Day 0, cows were divided into small ( 12.5 mm; no oestrus expression) groups based on dominant follicle diameter. Oocytes were individually collected after aspiration, and RNA was later extracted from pools of 4 oocytes (n = 6 oocyte pools from both small and large follicles) and sequenced on an Illumina HiSEqn 2000 (single reads, 100 bases; Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The sequences were tiled against a ~23 500 member bovine transcript reference obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Tiling to target transcripts required a minimum match of 50 bases with at least 96% identity. Tiling counts were displayed as reads per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (RPKM) values, which were obtained by correcting for the length of each target (in kb) and the number of total tiled reads (in millions). Differences between groups were defined by two-tailed t-test and gene lists were selected based on P-values <0.02. Numerous differences in transcript abundance were characterised between oocytes from small and large dominant follicles. Follistatin-like 5 expression was increased (P < 0.02) in oocytes collected from large dominant follicles compared with oocytes collected from small dominant follicles. Several genes were associated with the ubiquitin pathway (e.g. ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, ubiquitin like protein-7) and were up-regulated (P < 0.02) in oocytes from large versus small dominant follicles. In addition, 4 members of the zinc finger protein family were up-regulated (P < 0.02) and 4 members were down-regulated (P < 0.02) in oocytes from large compared with small dominant follicles. In summary, some of the genes that were highly differentially regulated in bovine oocytes between small and large dominant follicles included members of the zinc finger and ubiquitin pathways, which may reflect differences in transcriptional regulation and protein turnover, respectively, between oocytes collected from large and small follicles. Study was supported by AFRI Grant no. 2013–67015–21076 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Washington, DC).
Application of Electrochemical and UV/Visible Detection to the LC Separation and Determination of Methylene Blue and Its Demethylated Metabolites from Milk

A study was initiated to find a suitable HPLC detection scheme for the determination of methylene blue(MB) in several types of complex animal tissues, milk and milk product matrices. In addition to methylene blue, the detection system would be required to simultaneously detect several of its demethylated metabolites(DMM). Current HPLC methods involve detection in the visible absorbance range(600–660nm). Working in the visible range, however, does not provide for the maximum sensitivity of each component with a single injection. To achieve this, for the analytes of interest, one must have the ability to monitor each visible absorbance maxima; MB:661nm, azure A:633nm, azure B:648nm, azure C:616nm, thionin:598nm and toluidine blue O:626nm. Electrochemical detection(ED) is known to be one of the most sensitive detectors for HPLC. The basis for the chromatographic system used in this study is an isocratic elution of MB and its DMM which is performed on a cyano column with acetonitrile-acetate buffer as mobile phase. The order of elution, under these conditions, is thionin, azure C, azure A, toluidine blue O, azure B and MB, which corresponds to the degree of methylation of the thiazine structure(Figure 1). Presented is the evaluation and practicality of applying and utilizing electrochemical(ED) and/or UV/VIS detection for the analysis of MB and its DMM in milk.
Solubility of Atmospheric Gases in Brackish and Marine Waters

This chapter presents tabular information on the standard air saturation concentration (moist air at 1 atm) for oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide gas in terms of μmol/kg, mg/L, and as Bunsen coefficients L real gas/(L atm) and mg real gas/(L mmHg) for 0–40°C in marine waters. Values are given at coarse salinity intervals for 0–40 g/kg (which embraces the range likely to be encountered in most common nearshore conditions) and at finer intervals for 33–37 g/kg for open water conditions. Because the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is changing, solubility information is provided for 2010 (390 μatm) and for 2030 (440 μatm) based on projected atmospheric values. Tabular information is also provided to allow computation of standard air saturation concentration of carbon dioxide gas directly as a function of atmospheric mole fraction. Equations and tabular information are provided to allow conversion of concentrations in mg/L to partial pressures in mmHg. Using the equations presented in Chapter 1, air saturation concentrations (at local barometric pressure) and solubility of arbitrary gas composition mixtures can be computed. Sample problems are included for representative examples.
Monitoring Protein Interactions in Living Cells with Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is now routinely used for dynamic measurements of signaling events inside single living cells, such as monitoring changes in intracellular ions and detecting protein–protein interactions. Here, we describe the digital frequency domain FLIM data acquisition and analysis. We describe the methods necessary to calibrate the FLIM system and demonstrate how they are used to measure the quenched donor fluorescence lifetime that results from Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). We show how the “FRET-standard” fusion proteins are used to validate the FLIM system for FRET measurements. We then show how FLIM–FRET can be used to detect the dimerization of the basic leucine zipper (B Zip) domain of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α in the nuclei of living mouse pituitary cells. Importantly, the factors required for the accurate determination and reproducibility of lifetime measurements are described in detail.
Circular Magnetic X-Ray Dichroism in Rare Earth Compounds

This report discusses the following topics: Circular magnetic x-ray dichroism at the ER L{sub 3} Edge; angular dependence of circular magnetic x-ray dichroism in rare earth compounds: and circular magnetic x-ray dichroism in crystalline and amorphous GDFE{sub 2}.
Preparation and Biological Assay of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Adrenocorticotropic extracts† were tested in normal 21-day-old male rats and in hypophysectomized rats. The amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone necessary to cause an increase of 50% over the adrenal weight of controls when injected into 21-day-old male rats in 3 doses over a period of 3 clays was defined as one normal rat unit. A total dose of 20 mg. was usually found to be adrnal to one unit.The injections of large amounts of beef brain (1000 mg.) produced no significant change in adrenal weights of normal 21-day-old male rats. Adrenocorticotropic preparations from beef anterior pituitaries showed the same activity as adrenocorticotropic preparations from whole sheep pituitaries, indicating that posterior lobe substances were not causing the hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex in the normal male rats.Male rats between 40 and 50 days old were hypophysectomized,† and at least 30 days were allowed for atrophy of the adrenals before injections were begun. The completeness of the operation was checked by exam...
Effect of Induced Hypercholesterolemia on Antibody-Response in Rabbits

ConclusionFollowing injection of rabbits with typhoid vaccine, a higher agglutinintiter against E. typhosa was obtained in those with induced hypercholesterolemia† as compared with control rabbits having normal blood cholesterol.
Negative-Ion Formation in H 2 O and D 2 O

The electron swarm-beam technique was employed to determine the dissociative attachment cross sections for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O. The formation of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O peaked at an energy, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{max}$, equal to 6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV, and the cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{max})$ for the process at ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{max}$ was found to be 6.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. For ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{max}$ was 6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{max})$ was 5.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Data on the formation of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O are also presented. Interesting isotope effects in the cross section for the formation of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O, and the relative ion yields of the three ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ peaks from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O were observed and are discussed in relation to existing theories for dissociative electron attachment. Data are also reported for ion-molecule reactions occurring in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ mixtures.
AB-Initio Calculations of CzSil-z-yGey, Compounds for Silicon-Based Heterojunction Devices

We present recent results on the properties of ordered group IV compounds containing carbon, silicon and germanium. Our calculations are done using a full–potential linearized muffin–tin orbital (FP–LMTO) method within the local density approximation (LDA). Twenty–seven fully relaxed compounds represented by six different compound structures have been examined. With the exception of SiC, all compounds are found to be metastable. Two trends emerge: compounds that have carbon on a common sublattice are less unbound because of their relatively low strain, and carbon–germanium bonds are disfavored. Simple two–body (bond–length) and three–body (bond–angle) empirical fits to our first–principles results are not adequate to predict excess energies with sufficient accuracy to be reliably predictive for other structures. Some compounds have direct gaps. When carbon shares a sublattice with silicon or germanium, the large strain results in a narrowing of the band gap, and in some cases the compound is metallic. The most promising structures with the lowest excess energy contain carbon on one sublattice and do not lattice match to silicon, but match rather well to silicon carbide.
Drinking from the Talent Pool: A Resource Endowment Theory of Human Capital and Agency Performance

This article advances a resource endowment theory of human capital and performance in government organizations. Building on research on human capital and firm location in business economics and task complexity in public management, the authors argue that an agency's ability to implement policy is determined both by its scale and by the human capital of the population from which it draws its employees. The authors cast labor as a factor of production in public agencies and argue that access to higher-quality labor improves government effectiveness. The effect of human capital on performance is especially pronounced when agencies are charged with the implementation of technically complex tasks. The empirical subject is U.S. municipal water utilities’ compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act. Comparing records of compliance with more and less complex regulatory requirements provides evidence consistent with the general model. The findings carry important implications for public management and policy design.
Rehabilitation Predictors of Clinical Outcome following Revision ACL Reconstruction

Objectives: Revision ACL reconstruction has been documented to have worse outcomes compared with primary ACL reconstructions. The reasons why remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether rehabilitation-related factors prescribed at the time of ACL revision reconstruction significantly influence two year outcomes, as well as the incidence of incurring a subsequent re-operation. Our hypothesis was that immediate versus passive, active range of motion (ROM) and weightbearing will result in improved outcomes without incidence of subsequent surgery. Use of postoperative and functional return to sport braces will not improve return to sports function.
More library mashups: Exploring new ways to deliver library data, 2nd ed., edited by Nicole C. Engard: Medford, New Jersey, Information Today, Inc., 2015, 376 pp., $45.00 (paperback), ISBN 97801-57387-498-4

When Nicole Engard first published her book Library Mashups in 2009, the library world was just beginning to figure out what this new concept was all about. Engard provided basic information about ...
EFFECTIVE DOSE PER UNIT KERMA-AREA PRODUCT CONVERSION FACTORS IN ADULTS UNDERGOING MODIFIED BARIUM SWALLOW STUDIES

This study presents an investigation of adult effective dose (E) per unit Kerma-Area Product (KAP) in Modified Barium Swallow Study (MBSS) examinations. PC program for X-ray Monte Carlo (version 2.0.1) was used to calculate patient organ doses during MBSS examinations, which used combined to generate effective dose. Normalized patient doses were obtained by dividing the effective dose (mSv) by the incident KAP (Gy·cm2). Five standard projections were studied and the importance of X-ray beam size and in patient size (body mass index) were investigated. Lateral projections had an average E/KAP conversion factor of 0.19 ± 0.04 mSv/Gy·cm2. The average E/KAP was highest for upper gastrointestinal (GI) anterior-posterior projections (0.27 ± 0.04 mSv/Gy·cm2) and lowest for upper GI posterior-anterior projections (0.09 ± 0.03 mSv/Gy·cm2). E/KAP always increased with increasing filtration and/or X-ray tube voltage. Reducing the X-ray beam cross-sectional area increased the E/KAP conversion factors. Small patients have the E/KAP conversion factors that are twice those of a standard adult. Conversion factors for effective dose of adult patients undergoing MBSS examinations must account for X-ray beam projection, beam quality (kV and filtration), image size and patient size.
Partial Hard Thresholding

We study iterative algorithms for compressed sensing that have an “orthogonalization” step at each iteration to keep the residual orthogonal to the span of those columns of the measurement matrix that have been selected so far. To unify the design and analysis of such algorithms, we propose a novel partial hard-thresholding (PHT) operator that is similar to the hard thresholding operator but restricts the amount by which the support set can change in one iteration. Using the PHT operator and its properties, we provide a general framework to prove support recovery results for iterative algorithms employing this operator as well as those employing the hard-thresholding operator. Next, based on the PHT operator, we propose a novel family of algorithms. At one end of our family of algorithms lie well-known hard thresholding algorithms iterative thresholding with inversion and hard thresholding pursuit, whereas at the other end, we get a novel algorithm that we call orthogonal matching pursuit with replacement (OMPR). Like the classic greedy algorithm OMP, OMPR too adds exactly one coordinate to the support of the iterate at each iteration based on the correlation with the current residual. However, unlike OMP, OMPR also removes one coordinate from the support. This simple change allows us to prove that OMPR has the best known guarantees for sparse recovery in terms of the restricted isometry property (RIP), a condition on the measurement matrix. In contrast, OMP is known to have very weak performance guarantees under RIP. Finally, we show that most of the existing “orthogonalized” iterative algorithms, such as CoSaMP, subspace pursuit, OMP, can be expressed using the PHT operator. As a pleasing consequence of our novel and generic results for the PHT operator, we provide the tightest known RIP analysis of all of the above-mentioned iterative algorithms: CoSaMP, subspace pursuit, and OMP.
Viral Features and Testing for Streptococcal Pharyngitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends that clinicians forego testing for group A Streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis in patients with clinical features of viral illness. The prevalence of viral features in patients tested for GAS pharyngitis is not known. The objectives of this study were as follows: to describe the prevalence of viral features in pediatric patients for whom rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) for GAS pharyngitis are performed; and to compare the prevalence of GAS and the sensitivity of the RADT in patients with and without viral features. METHODS: This secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study included children aged 3 to 21 years for whom RADTs were performed for sore throat in an urban tertiary care emergency department. The primary outcome was the prevalence of viral features, defined as cough, rhinorrhea, oral ulcers/vesicles, and/or conjunctival injection. Secondary outcomes were the prevalence of GAS and sensitivity of the RADT; these outcomes were compared between patients with and without viral features. RESULTS: Overall, 63% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 57%–68%) of patients had at least 1 viral feature. The prevalence of GAS pharyngitis was higher in patients without viral features (42% [95% CI: 33%–51%]) than in patients with viral features (29% [95% CI: 23%–35%]) ( P = .01). The sensitivity of the RADT was 84% (95% CI: 77%–91%) and was not significantly different in patients with and without viral features. CONCLUSIONS: Because many asymptomatic children are carriers of GAS, judicious use of laboratory testing for GAS pharyngitis remains an important target for antimicrobial stewardship.
The Tata Nano: The People's Car (Abridged)

This case is an abridged version of UVA-M-0768, "The Tata Nano: The People's Car (A)," and UVA-M-0804, "The Tata Nano: The People's Car (B)." Excerpt UVA-M-0850 Jul. 5, 2013 THE TATA NANO: THE PEOPLE'S CAR (ABRIDGED) Source: © User:High Contrast/Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-SA-3.0. It was one of the longest-awaited and most-talked-about car debuts in India. On January 10, 2008, Tata Motors unveiled the Nano, a USD2,500 automobile referred to as “the people's car.” Would it live up to the hype? And did its launch signal a new era for the small car market in India? How could Tata ensure the product would be profitable? Measuring 3.1 m by 1.5 m, the Nano displaced Maruti Udyog's Maruti 800 as the world's smallest car, yet its seating room was 21% greater than the 800's—providing ample room for four adults. The Nano was also one of the world's most fuel-efficient cars, getting 52 mpg in the city and 61 mpg on the highway. Touted as the cheapest car in the world, the Nano was scheduled to be available in September 2008. . . .
TBBPA disposition and kinetics in pregnant and nursing Wistar Han IGS rats.

Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) commonly used in electronics to meet fire safety standards and has the largest worldwide production of any BFR. TBBPA has been detected in human breast milk and maternal/cord serum, indicating exposure to mothers, fetuses, and breastfeeding newborns although exposure to fetuses and newborns is poorly understood. Pregnant or nursing Wistar Han IGS rats were administered [14C]-TBBPA in a single dose (25 mg/kg, 2.5 μCi/kg) and euthanized between 0.5&24 h post dose to determine disposition in pregnant and nursing rats and their pups. Systemic exposure was largely unchanged between 1&8 h post dose in pregnant rats; [14C]-radioactivity in blood varied only slightly between 0.5&8 h (2.6 ± 0.6 → 2.6 ± 0.8 nmol-eq/mL) but was below the limit of detection at 24 h with an absorption half-life of 16min and elimination half-life of 17 h. Cmax was observed at 30min in lactating rats and concentrations fell steadily through 8 h. Plasma from pregnant rats contained a mixture of TBBPA and TBBPA-conjugates at 30min but only metabolites in subsequent samples. TBBPA was not detected in lactating dam plasma in this study. Placental concentrations increased through 8 h while whole-fetus Cmax occurred at 2 h post dose. In lactating animals, liver, uterus, and mammary time-concentration curves lagged slightly behind blood-concentration curves. It was clear from these studies that TBBPA is available to both the developing fetus and nursing pup following maternal exposure, and nursing pups are continuously exposed via contaminated milk produced by their mother. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of NIH/NCI.
FraudBuster: Reducing Fraud in an Auto Insurance Market.

Abstract Nonstandard insurers suffer from a peculiar variant of fraud wherein an overwhelming majority of claims have the semblance of fraud. We show that state-of-the-art fraud detection performs ...