cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric response of ferroelectric relaxors

Abstract The real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivities of a ferroelectric relaxor are studied by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation as a function of frequency and temperature. The simulation results are analyzed by the fluctuation–dissipation theory (FDT). In contrast to the previous results (Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (1996) 2353), the imaginary part of permittivity qualitatively agrees with the experimental results very well. The measuring frequency and T pi , the temperature at which the imaginary part of dielectric permittivity reaches its maximum, follow the Vogel–Fulcher relationship. The 1/ f type of noise is also found, which implies a glassy phase at low temperature. We suggest that the dipolar glass model can explain the observed non-Debye relaxation and non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of the relaxation time. The conduction loss assumption is not necessary for explaining the imaginary part of dielectric permittivity behaviors.
Assessment of Feeding Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Feeding problems are common among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but the assessment of feeding behavior in this population has received little attention. Currently, two of the most promising psychometric assessments of feeding problems in children and adolescents with ASD are the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI) (Lukens and Linscheid Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38:342–352, 2008) and the Parent Mealtime Action Scale (PMAS) (Hendy et al. Appetite 52:328–339, 2009). The BAMBI addresses common feeding problems exhibited by children and adolescents with ASD and the PMAS addresses parent behavior associated with child mealtime problem behavior. Additionally, there are direct observation measures that assess feeding problems. The current definition for pediatric feeding problems in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revisions [DSM-IV-TR]; American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2000) is limited and incomplete when assessing feeding problems in children with ASD; however, proposed changes to diagnostic criteria may lead to more accurate assessment of feeding problems in this population.
Low-energy cross-section calculations of single molecules by electron impact: a classical Monte Carlo transport approach with quantum mechanical description.

The present state of modeling radio-induced effects at the cellular level does not account for the microscopic inhomogeneity of the nucleus from the non-aqueous contents (i.e. proteins, DNA) by approximating the entire cellular nucleus as a homogenous medium of water. Charged particle track-structure calculations utilizing this approximation are therefore neglecting to account for approximately 30% of the molecular variation within the nucleus. To truly understand what happens when biological matter is irradiated, charged particle track-structure calculations need detailed knowledge of the secondary electron cascade, resulting from interactions with not only the primary biological component?water-?but also the non-aqueous contents, down to very low energies. This paper presents our work on a generic approach for calculating low-energy interaction cross-sections between incident charged particles and individual molecules. The purpose of our work is to develop a self-consistent computational method for predicting molecule-specific interaction cross-sections, such as the component molecules of DNA and proteins (i.e. nucleotides and amino acids), in the very low-energy regime. These results would then be applied in a track-structure code and thereby reduce the homogenous water approximation. The present methodology?inspired by seeking a combination of the accuracy of quantum mechanics and the scalability, robustness, and flexibility of Monte Carlo methods?begins with the calculation of a solution to the many-body Schr?dinger equation and proceeds to use Monte Carlo methods to calculate the perturbations in the internal electron field to determine the interaction processes, such as ionization and excitation. As a test of our model, the approach is applied to a water molecule in the same method as it would be applied to a nucleotide or amino acid and compared with the low-energy cross-sections from the GEANT4-DNA physics package of the Geant4 simulation toolkit for the energy ranges of 7?eV to 1?keV.
The sound of women's voices

AFTER WINNING: THE LEGACY OF THE NEW JERSEY SUFFRAGISTS, 1920–1947. By Felice D. Gordon. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986; pp. 262. $30.00. FEMINISM UNMODIFIED: DISCOURSES ON LIFE AND LAW. By Catharine A. MacKinnon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987; pp. 315. $25.00; paper $9.95. LETTERS ON THE EQUALITY OF THE SEXES AND OTHER ESSAYS. By Sarah Moore Grimke. Edited by Elizabeth Ann Bartlett. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988; pp. xi + 174. $21.50. MARIA W. STEWART, AMERICA'S FIRST BLACK WOMAN POLITICAL WRITER: ESSAYS AND SPEECHES. Edited by Marilyn Richardson. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1987; pp. xx + 136. $22.50; paper $8.95. THE SOUND OF OUR OWN VOICES: WOMEN'S STUDY CLUBS, 1860–1910. By Theodora Penny Martin. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987; pp. 254. Paper, $10.95. SUFFRAGE AND RELIGIOUS PRINCIPLES: SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF OLYMPIA BROWN. Edited by Dana Greene. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1983; pp. vii + 182. $18.00. A TIME OF PROTEST: SUFFRAGISTS CHALLENGE THE...
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibodies—The Calm After the Storm After the Calm?

Disease-specific markers that are readily measurable and clinically useful are rare. It is surprising, therefore, that it has taken 30 years for the measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) receptor antibodies (TRAb) in autoimmune thyroid disease to become acceptable to the clinician and available in most respectable clinical laboratories. The article by Morris and associates in this issue of the Proceedings (pages 707 to 717) highlights some of the advantages and disadvantages of two widely used techniques for measurement of TRAb and offers an opportunity for reflection on the passion and progress in this area. Certainly, no other disease marker throughout medical history has been so extensively studied, and TRAb can now be measured by so many different assays that general physicians may be accusing thyroidologists of confusing their colleagues in order to defend their specialty. A committee of the American Thyroid Association has attempted to establish some order out of this chaos by publishing a recent report entitled "Revised Nomenclature for Tests of Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid-Related Proteins in Serum,"1 which deserves to be applauded widely. As it applies to TRAb (the only approved abbreviation), the important message from this report is always to state the type of assay used for their detection. Until 1956, hyperthyroid Graves' disease was thought by the medical establishment (including J. H. Means) to be caused by excessive secretion of TSH. Then why was a lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid glands present in patients with this
Research on Computer-Mediated Instruction for Students with High Incidence Disabilities

In this literature review, the effects of computer-mediated instruction on the learning of students with mild and moderate disabilities are synthesized from 1996 onward that extends our previously published synthesis for the period 1987–1995. Empirically based findings are reviewed and discussed in the basic skills areas of reading, writing, and mathematics, as well as in the content areas of social studies and science. Results are interpreted and discussed regarding traditional teaching methodologies in special education as well as changes in the instructional ecology and expectations for students created by the inclusion movement and reforms in general education. Limitations found in the reviewed studies are described and future directions for research in special education technology for students with high incidence disabilities are identified.
Crystal structure of 9-methacryloylanthracene.

In the title compound, C18H14O, with systematic name 1-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-methyl­prop-2-en-1-one, the ketonic C atom lies 0.2030 (16) A out of the anthryl-ring-system plane. The dihedral angle between the planes of the anthryl and methacryloyl moieties is 88.30 (3)° and the stereochemistry about the Csp2—Csp2 bond in the side chain is transoid. In the crystal, the end rings of the anthryl units in adjacent mol­ecules associate in parallel–planar orientations [shortest centroid–centroid distance = 3.6320 (7) A]. A weak hydrogen bond is observed between an aromatic H atom and the O atom of a mol­ecule displaced by translation in the a-axis direction, forming sheets of parallel-planar anthryl groups packing in this direction.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on diatom biosilica photonic crystals

Diatoms are a group of single-celled photosynthetic algae that make skeletal shells of hydrated amorphous silica, called frustules, which possess hierarchical nanoscale photonic crystal features made by a bottom-up approach at ambient temperature and pressure. In this paper, we theoretically investigate electric field enhancements of plasmonic nanoparticles coated on the surface of diatom skeletal shells. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering substrates are prepared by evaporating 10 nm thick silver film and self-assembling silver nanoparticles on diatom surfaces, which show significantly better SERS signals than silver nanoparticles on flat glass substrates.
Polar fluctuations and first-order Raman scattering in highly polarizable KTaO3 crystals with off-center Li and Nb ions.

Relatively low concentrations of randomly substituted off-center ions are known to induce ferroelectric order in highly polarizable crystals. In the case of potassium tantalate (KTaO[sub 3]) doped with lithium or niobium, the results of first-order Raman scattering from two hard phonon modes (TO[sub 2] and TO[sub 3]) show that polar microregions are formed at relatively high temperatures. At lower temperatures, and above a certain critical dopant concentration, the Raman results are consistent with the occurrence of a structural phase transition. These results can be reasonably explained by using a random-molecular-field theory that takes into account the indirect dipolar interactions mediated by the soft lattice. This approach accounts for the characteristic asymmetry of the TO[sub 2] Raman scattering detected at high temperatures and for the subsequent increase in the integrated scattering intensity with decreasing temperature. An analysis of the Raman results provides a means for determining the size of the polar microregions formed in the highly polarizable KTaO[sub 3] lattice. The good agreement obtained between the theoretical and experimental results provides support to the physical concepts embodied in the present theoretical approach to describing the onset of order in these systems.
Effects of sex and age on electrocardiographic and cardiac electrophysiological properties in adults.

TANEJA, T., et al.: Effects of Sex, and Age on Electrocardiographic and Cardiac Electrophysiological Properties in Adults. Although differences in patient sex in heart rate and QT interval have been well characterized, sexual differences in other cardiac electrophysiological properties have not been well defined. The study population consisted of 354 consecutive patients without structural heart disease or preexcitation who underwent clinically indicated electrophysiological testing in the drug-free state. Atrial, AV nodal, and ventricular effective refractory periods (AERP, AVNERP, VERP) were determined at a pacing cycle length of 500 ms using an 8-beat drive train and 3-second intertrain pause. There were 124 men and 230 women with a mean age of 45 ± 19 and 47 ± 18 years, respectively The sinus cycle length (SCL) was longer in men than in women (864 ± 186 and 824 ± 172 ms, respectively, P < 0.05). The QRS duration was significantly longer in men (90 ± 12 ms) than women (86 ± 13 ms) (P < 0.005). The HV interval was 48 ± 9 ms in men and 45 ± 8 ms in women (P < 0.05). The sinus node recovery time (SNRT) was significantly longer in men than in women (1215 ± 297 ms and 1135 ± 214 ms, respectively, P < 0.05). AERP and VERP were similar in both sexes. Aging did not influence sexual differences in cardiac electrophysiological properties, although, it independently prolonged the SCL, PR, and QT intervals, AH and HV intervals, SNRT, AVNERP, and the AV Wenckebach cycle length. The SCL, QRS duration, HV interval, and SNRT were significantly longer in men than in women. Aging prolonged cardiac conduction and increased the SCL but the effects were similar in both sexes. AERP and VERP were unaffected by aging or sex.
Social and economic implications of oil policy development in Nigeria

National oil exploitation policies are generally designed to maximise petroleum revenues. Countries aim to control over domestic oil exploitation to ensure maximum socio-economic benefits from it. However, not all oil-producing countries can afford the same degree of control. Developing countries have historically been over-reliant on commercial stakeholders such as oil corporations and funding agencies to extract and commercialise their oil resources. This dependency often leads to protracted negotiations dominated by these powerful actors at the expense of state interests. With Nigeria as a case study, this chapter argues that the recent dynamics in the global oil industry have restored the influence of the state. The ever-increasing demand for oil has led to stiff competition for access to oil reserves, compelling investors and oil companies to court any potential oil producer, however marginal. The lack of political stability may be the main explanation for developing countries' limited leverage in negotiating extraction agreements and may have spawn the circumstances in which local institutions are too weak to make any effective use of oil proceeds for socio-economic development.
State-of-the-art research on "lymphomas: role of molecular imaging for staging, prognostic evaluation, and treatment response"

Lymphomas are heterogeneous but potentially curable group of neoplasms. Treatment of lymphomas has rapidly evolved overtime with significant improvement in the cure rate and reductions in treatment-related toxicities. Despite excellent results, treatment programs are continued to be developed to achieve better curative and safety profiles. In these patients individualized therapy schemes can be devised based on a well-defined risk categorization. The therapy efficacy can be increased early during therapy in non-responding patients with escalated therapy protocols or with the addition of radiation therapy, particularly, in advanced-stage or unfavorable risk patients. The increasing availability of positron emission tomography using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, particularly fused with computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) has lead to the integration of this modality into the routine staging and restaging for lymphoma with convincing evidence that it is a more accurate imaging modality compared with conventional imaging techniques. FDG-PET/CT is also is a promising surrogate for tumor chemosensitivity early during therapy. This review will summarize published data on the utility of FDG-PET/CT imaging in the staging, restaging, and predicting therapy response in patients with lymphoma.
Economic Impact of Sea‐bed Mineral Resources Development in Light of the Convention on the Law of the Sea

In 1983, the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea appointed its officers, decided upon its structure and adopted a programme of work. In July of the previous year, the US Government announced that it would not sign the Convention on the Law of the Sea and thus would not participate in the deliberations of the Preparatory Commission. As part of the Texts adopted, Resolution II establishes a scheme for the Protection of Pioneer investment pending the entry into force of the Convention. This scheme is predicated on the philosphy embodied in the Convention in respect of the establishment of a resource policy for the development of sea-bed mineral resources and takes into account its basic component, the limitation of production. This article investigates the impact of future sea-bed mineral development on the affected economies of developing land-based producer states. It also reviews the mechanisms to be utilized to mitigate against possible adverse impacts and attempts to assess the extent to which these resources may be exploited in the medium term.
Inferences about the Brand from Counterstereotypical Service Providers

We compared effects of information about a stereotypical service provider with that about a counterstereotypical service provider on inferences about the similarity of employees within the firm and the firm's similarity to other firms (across-brand differentiation). Our three experiments varied the provider's gender so that it was either stereotypical or counterstereotypical for an occupation. Consistent with previous research, information about a counterstereotypical employee whose behavior violated expectancies decreased the perception of similarity between the individual and other employees compared with when the employee was stereotypical. However, that same information increased the perception that the firm was superior to other firms.
Organization of cortical, basal forebrain, and hypothalamic afferents to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat

In a previous study (Herbert et al., J. Comp. Neurol. [1990];293:540-580), we demonstrated that the ascending afferent projections from the medulla to the parabrachial nucleus (PB) mark out functionally specific terminal domains within the PB. In this study, we examine the organization of the forebrain afferents to the PB. The PB was found to receive afferents from the infralimbic, the lateral prefrontal, and the insular cortical areas; the dorsomedial, the ventromedial, the median preoptic, and the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei; the dorsal, the retrochiasmatic, and the lateral hypothalamic areas; the central nucleus of the amygdala; the substantia innominata; and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In general, forebrain areas tend to innervate the same PB subnuclei from which they receive their input. Three major patterns of afferent termination were noted in the PB; these corresponded to the three primary sources of forebrain input to the PB: the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the basal forebrain. Hypothalamic afferents innervate predominantly rostral portions of the PB, particularly the central lateral and dorsal lateral subnuclei. The basal forebrain projection to the PB ends densely in the external lateral and waist subnuclei. Cortical afferents terminate most heavily in the caudal half of the PB, particularly in the ventral lateral and medial subnuclei. In addition, considerable topography organization was found within the individual projections. For example, tuberal lateral hypothalamic neurons project heavily to the central lateral subnucleus and lightly to the waist area; in contrast, caudal lateral hypothalamic neurons send a moderately heavy projection to both the central lateral and waist subnuclei. Our results show that the forebrain afferents of the PB are topographically organized. These topographical differences may provide a substrate for the diversity of visceral functions associated with the PB.
How Well Can Infrared Sounders Observe the Atmosphere and Surface Through Clouds

Infrared sounders, such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), and the Cross-track Infrared sounder (CrIS), have a cloud-impenetrable disadvantage in observing the atmosphere and surface under opaque cloudy conditions. However, recent studies indicate that hyperspectral, infrared sounders have the ability to detect cloud effective-optical and microphysical properties and to penetrate optically thin clouds in observing the atmosphere and surface to a certain degree. We have developed a retrieval scheme dealing with atmospheric conditions with cloud presence. This scheme can be used to analyze the retrieval accuracy of atmospheric and surface parameters under clear and cloudy conditions. In this paper, we present the surface emissivity results derived from IASI global measurements under both clear and cloudy conditions. The accuracy of surface emissivity derived under cloudy conditions is statistically estimated in comparison with those derived under clear sky conditions. The retrieval error caused by the clouds is shown as a function of cloud optical depth, which helps us to understand how well infrared sounders can observe the atmosphere and surface through clouds.
How Do “Religion” and “Spirituality” Differ? Lay Definitions Among Older Adults

Research and public interest in religion and spirituality is on the rise. Consequently, there is an increasing need for rigorously obtained information on what individuals mean when they use these terms. This study examined how 64 older adults living in three retirement communities (including one Christian-based community), a relatively understudied population, conceptualize religion and spirituality. Participants defined "religion" and "spirituality," and their narrative definitions were coded and compared using a framework derived from Hill et al. 's (2000) conceptualization of religion and spirituality. Despite considerable overlap, participants' definitions differed on several dimensions. Participants were more likely to associate religion than spirituality with personal beliefs, community affiliation, and organized practices. Moreover, spirituality appeared to be a more abstract concept than religion, and included nontheistic notions of a higher power.
Elemental Sulfur: Degradation Product of Thiamine in Model Systems

Abstract The nature of heat-induced thiamine degradation in an aqueous medium was investigated. Thiamine hydrochloride solutions were buffered to slightly acid and to slightly basic pH and were heated at 121C for 40min. Degradation products were extracted with benzene and separated by thin-layer chromatography. A characteristic degradation pattern was observed, with a major degradation product being identified as elemental sulfur.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STOCHASTIC PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING VIA GABOR AND WAVELET TRANSFORMS

An application to remote acoustic sensing that remains unexploited is measuring acoustic scattering and spreading effects with wideband, coherent signal processing techniques. Such techniques allow distributed objects, such as a layer of scatterers due to bubbles or biological particles, and first order time variations in an ocean channel to be estimated. This paper presents narrowband and wideband methods for characterizing stochastic propagation and acoustic scattering in a time-varying ocean in terms of spreading functions. It is shown that the Gabor transform is the natural transform for estimating the narrowband spreading function, and the wavelet transform is the natural transform for estimating the wideband spreading function. Both techniques of characterization use a correlator processing structure in a monostatic transmitter/receiver configuration to estimate the spreading function. The narrowband and wideband spreading functions characterize the distribution of scatterers in range and velocity (time and frequency) in a propagation channel. It is shown that the wideband formulation follows directly from a physical derivation. Moreover, wideband processing removes many of the narrowband restrictions and allows first order time variations, caused by inhomogeneities and relative motion in the ocean channel, to be processed. In addition, wideband techniques allow for increased time intervals and, therefore, increased energy transmission when the transmitter is peak-power-limited. Thus, weak scatterers that may have been unidentified with narrowband techniques may be identified with the wideband methods. Numerical examples for wideband characterization of a distributed scatterer are presented.
Inheritance of olfactory preferences III. Processing of pheromonal signals in the antennal lobe of Heliothis subflexa x Heliothis virescens hybrid male moths.

Pheromone-responsive olfactory interneurons were studied to determine the extent to which their physiological and morphological properties complemented the behavior and peripheral olfactory neurobiolo
Thermal noise in ion-implanted MOSFETs

Abstract Measurements are reported on high-frequency noise in ion-implanted MOSFETs. The results are interpreted in terms of the thermal noise of the conducting channel.
Preservation of the ability of dissociated quail wing bud mesoderm to elicit a position‐related differentiate response

Previous studies showed that grafting wedges of fresh or cultured anterior quail wing mesoderm into posterior slits in chick wing buds resulted in the formation of supernumerary cartilage in a high percentage of cases. When anterior quail mesoderm, which had been dissociated into single cells and pelleted by centrifugation, was grafted into posterior slits of host chick wing buds, supernumerary rods or nodules of cartilage formed in 74.3% of the cases. Few supernumerary skeletal structures formed following control operations in which pelleted dissociated anterior or posterior mesoderm was grafted into homologous locations in host chick wing buds. When pelleted, dissociated anterior mesoderm was cultured in vitro for 1 or 2 days prior to being implanted in posterior locations, the incidence of supernumerary cartilage formation increased to 95.5% and 93.8%, respectively. The incidence of supernumerary cartilage formation following control orthotopic grafts of cultured mesoderm was 11.8% for 1-day and 31% for 2-day cultured anterior mesoderm; for 1- and 2-day cultured posterior mesoderm, the incidence of supernumerary cartilage formation was 20% and 41.7%, respectively. Longer-term culture resulted in a substantial decrease in the percentage of supernumerary cartilage after anterior to posterior grafts and an increase in the incidence of supernumerary cartilage from control grafts. The results demonstrate that quail anterior wing bud mesodermal cells do not need to maintain constant contact with one another in order to retain the ability to form or stimulate the formation of supernumerary cartilage after being grafted into a posterior location in a host wing bud. This ability is retained when the pelleted dissociated mesoderm is cultured in vitro outside the limb field for at least 1 to 2 days.
New lipophilic ionizable crown ethers

Abstract Two new ionizable crown ethers which bear lipophilic groups are synthesized and found to exhibit selectivity for complexation of K+ in competitive solvent extractions of alkali metal cations.
Source distributions of substorm ions observed in the near‐Earth magnetotail

This study employs Geotail plasma observations and numerical modeling to determine sources of the ions observed in the near-Earth magnetotail near midnight during a substorm. The growth phase has the low-latitude boundary layer as its most important source of ions at Geotail, but during the expansion phase the plasma mantle is dominant. The mantle distribution shows evidence of two distinct entry mechanisms: entry through a high-latitude reconnection region resulting in an accelerated component, and entry through open field lines traditionally identified with the mantle source. The two entry mechanisms are separated in time, with the high-latitude reconnection region disappearing prior to substorm onset.
Activation of nuclear factor κB in obstructive sleep apnea: a pathway leading to systemic inflammation

Apnea-induced hypoxia and reoxygenation, which generates reactive oxygen species, may activate the oxidant-sensitive, proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), increasing systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea. We measured NF-kappaB activity in circulating neutrophils and plasma levels of NF-kappaB-controlled gene products, soluble E (sE)-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in control subjects and in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. To confirm a causal link with OSA, we reassessed these parameters after nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Twenty-two subjects undergoing evaluation for symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing were grouped by apnea hypopnea index: control, less than 5/h; mild to moderate OSA, 11-40/h; severe OSA, more than 40/h. A morning venous blood sample was obtained. Neutrophils were isolated, and NF-kappaB activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Plasma sE-selectin and sVCAM-1 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophils in mild to moderate and severe OSA patients showed 4.8- and 7.9-fold greater NF-kappaB binding activity compared with control subjects (p<0.0001). The degree of NF-kappaB activation was positively correlated with indices of apnea severity. In five severe OSA patients, 1 month of CPAP therapy decreased neutrophil NF-kappaB activation to control levels. sE-selectin and sVCAM concentrations were reduced by CPAP in four of these five subjects. OSA leads to NF-kappaB activation, which may constitute an important pathway linking OSA with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
Automatic target recognition and tracking using an acousto-optic image correlator

This paper discusses a hybrid electro-optic image processor, developed for automatic target recognition and tracking using an acousto-optic correlator and digital electronics. The optical system performs the computationally intensive correlation operation on the large 2-D input scenes. The electronics provide the decision-making capability and also perform part of the postprocessing needed for increasing the peak-to-clutter ratio in cluttered scenes. The system is able to analyze each correlation plane and apply a real-time template selection algorithm to accommodate scale or rotation changes of the target. A demonstration of the current system capabilities is presented using a terrain board with several different types of stationary and moving model vehicles.
Prognostic significance of a fixed thallium defect one to six months after onset of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina

In a large prospective study of myocardial ischemia, exercise thallium studies were performed in 896 patients 1 to 6 months after an acute coronary event (acute myocardial infarction, 70%; unstable angina, 30%). Thallium images were analyzed quantitatively and classified as normal or demonstrating either a reversible defect after 2 to 4 hours or having only a fixed defect. The effect of the thallium findings on the time to end point (cardiac death, nonfatal infarction, or unstable angina) were examined by Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using the log-rank statistic. Follow-up averaged 23 months. The likelihood of cardiac death, nonfatal infarction, and unstable angina was similar in patients who had a normal exercise thallium test result or showed only a fixed defect. Moreover, cardiac events were not related to the size of a fixed defect. In contrast, both cardiac death and nonfatal infarction were increased in patients with the largest areas of reversible defects, although the sensitivity for nonfatal myocardial infarction was suboptimal. The presence of a fixed defect on exercise thallium in patients who are stable an average of 2.6 months after an acute cardiac event is associated with a prognosis similar to that of a normal exercise thallium test.
Ethical Concerns for Archivists

Archivists serve many constituencies and often find themselves mediating conflicting interests among records creators, donors, researchers, and their own institutions. Ethical concerns for archivists sometimes have easy answers, but more often require sensitivity to multiple perspectives and balancing of divergent interests. The nature of the archivist9s role in meeting these expectations varies somewhat according to the type of institution he or she serves. A written code of ethics can assist professional associations in evaluating actions when questions of unethical practice arise. In 1980 the Society of American Archivists adopted its first "Code of Ethics for Archivists." Revised in 1992 and again in February 2005, the code is now aspirational and general, providing a broad framework for resolving ethical dilemmas within the archival community. The basis for archival ethics consists of ten internationally accepted principles of archival ethics.
Newton methods on Banach spaces with a convergence structure and applications

Abstract In this study, we use inexact Newton-like methods to find solutions of nonlinear operator equations on Banach spaces with a convergence structure. Our technique involves the introduction of a generalized norm as an operator from a linear space into a partially ordered Banach space. In this way, the metric properties of the examined problem can be analyzed more precisely. Moreover, this approach allows us to derive from the same theorem, on the one hand, semilocal results of Kantorovich-type, and on the other hand, global results based on monotonicity considerations. By imposing very general Lipschitz-like conditions on the operators involved, on the one hand, we cover a wider range of problems, and on the other hand, by choosing our operators appropriately we can find sharper error bounds on the distances involved than before. Finally, our methods are used to solve integral equations that cannot be solved with existing methods.
Magnetic Structure Determinations at NBS/NIST

Magnetic neutron scattering plays a central role in determining and understanding the microscopic properties of a vast variety of magnetic systems, from the fundamental nature, symmetry, and dynamics of magnetically ordered materials to elucidating the magnetic characteristics essential in technological applications. From the early days of neutron scattering measurements at NBS/NIST, magnetic diffraction studies have been a central theme involving many universities, industrial and government labs from around the United States and worldwide. Such measurements have been used to determine the spatial arrangement and directions of the atomic magnetic moments, the atomic magnetization density of the individual atoms in the material, and the value of the ordered moments as a function of thermodynamic parameters such as temperature, pressure, and applied magnetic field. These types of measurements have been carried out on single crystals, powders, thin films, and artificially grown multilayers, and often the information collected can be obtained by no other experimental technique. This article presents, in an historical perspective, a few examples of work carried out at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), and discusses the key role that the Center can expect to play in future magnetism research.
Clinical Utility of the McVaugh and Grow Rules for the Detection of Faking on the Personality Inventory for Children.

Investigated the clinical utility of the McVaugh and Grow (1983) suggestions that Adjustment Scale (ADJ) greater than or equal to 84T indicates faking bad and K greater than or equal to 59T or Social Desirability (SD) greater than or equal to 54T indicates faking good on the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) in 100 children, aged 6-0 to 12-11, seen in a private, fee-for-service, practice of psychology. Profiles that exceeded the fake bad criterion were found in 35% of the cases, but only one profile met fake good criteria. In contrast to profiles below the faking bad criterion, those profiles with ADJ greater than or equal to 84 were associated with higher levels of family pathology, a higher incidence of learning disabilities, and a higher incidence of hyperactivity. It was concluded that profiles that meet the ADJ greater than or equal to 84T criterion reflect psychopathology, not faking.
Finite strains at the tip of a crack in a sheet of hyperelastic material: I. Homogeneous case

This paper describes an asymptotic analysis of the strain and stress fields at the tip of a crack in a sheet of incompressible hyperelastic material. The investigations are carried out within the framework of finite elastostatics and for the class of Generalized Neo-Hookean materials. Both the symmetric (mode I) and non-symmetric (mixed-mode) cases are considered. It is shown that the latter situation corresponds locally to a rigid body rotation of the symmetric fields. The effect of the “hardening” parameter on crack tip blunting is investigated analytically and numerically.
Maternal administration of dexamethasone in severe pregnancy-induced hypertension

Fourteen patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension and low lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were treated with 5 mg of dexamethasone phosphate intramuscularly every 12 hours for four doses to induce fetal pulmonary maturity. A comparison was made of the average gestational age, mean L/S ratio, method of delivery, Apgar scores, mean birth weight, and incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in these patients and in 16 patients with similar demographic backgrounds and clinical presentations who did not receive corticosteroid therapy. There was no significant difference between the two groups except that the time of treatment (or nontreatment) to delivery was longer in the steroid group. There were two cases of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in the treatment group, and one of these infants died. In the control group, there were two neonatal deaths among four cases of respiratory distress syndrome. There was no clinical evidence of intraventricular hemorrhage in any neonate nor was there aggravation of hypertension in the parturient patients. The administration of corticosteroids to induce fetal pulmonary maturity in patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension who are carefully selected and monitored does not appear to be contraindicated.
Conformation and reactivity in dibenzocyclooctadienes (DBCOD). A general approach to the total synthesis of fully substituted DBCOD lignans via borostannylative cyclization of α,ω-diynes

Dibenzocyclooctadienes (DBCOD) are a class of plant-derived natural products that exhibit a broad range of biological activities. These include cytotoxicity, anti-hepatitis-B activity, inhibition of HIV replication and of NO production and activity. None of the fully substituted DBCODs have been prepared before. 2,2′-Dipropargylbiphenyls undergo highly regio- and atropselective cyclizations mediated by a [B-Sn]-reagent, 1-trimethylstannyl-2,5-diazaborolidine (Me3Sn–B[–N(Me)CH2CH2(Me)N–], in the presence of Pd(II)-catalysts, to give highly functionalized DBCOD precursors. The configuration of the newly created, axially chiral, 1,2-bis-alkylidene moiety is controlled by the resident chirality of the starting biphenyls and the configurations of the benzylic positions. New chemistry of the bis-alkylidenes described in this paper enables the first total syntheses of a wide variety of DBCOD natural products, fully functionalized at the cyclooctadiene ring. These include ananolignans B, C, D, F, interiotherin C, kadsuralignan B, tiegusanin D and schizanrin F. Revision of the structure of a key natural product, ananolignan B, is also reported. Key steps in the syntheses exploits the conformational features of the various DBCOD intermediates as revealed by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
Harvesting winter forages to extract manure soil nutrients

Harvested hay captures soil manure nutrients, which, if not utilized, could cause pollution of surface water or aquifer. This study determined yields of hay and N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu of three winter forages for five harvest systems. Dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sod fertilized with swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) effluent was fall seeded with 'Kenland' red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), 'Bigbee' berseem clover (T. alexandrinum L.), or 'Marshall' annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Forage was removed for three springs with single 1 June harvest or with one of four two-harvest-day systems: 1 April and 1 June, 15 April and 1 June, 1 May and 1 June, and 15 May and 1 June. Mean herbage yields were similar for the forages, but nutrient yields and best harvest date varied. Ryegrass yields across harvests were similar except for a reduced 1 May and 1 June harvest. 1 April and 1 June was usually the best harvest for the clovers while the single 1 June was the poorest. The use of two spring harvests for the legumes increased yields up to 130% of the single harvest. The legumes yielded up to 64% more N, 24% more P, and 40 and 72% more of the metals Zn and Cu than the ryegrass. The 1 April harvest of berseem clover removed >30 kg ha -1 yr -1 of soil P. Management of soil nutrients is critically affected by choice of winter forage and harvest system.
On improving omnibus tests in metaanalysis using vote counts

In this article, we identify a situation in Meta analysis involving independent studies in which the conventional omnibus tests are orthogonal to a certain type of votecounting method. This, in turn, gives partial evidence pointing to the inefficiency of using a conventional omnibus test or a votecounting method alone. Also a method is suggested to combine an omnibus test and the votecounting method when an appropriate situation arises in practice. By simulation, it is demonstrated that the test due to this process of combination has somewhat more power than the omnibus tests for many classical problems
Survivorship Of Sons Under Conditions Of Improving Mortality

The strong desire of fathers to be assured that at least one son will outlive them, coupled with the traditional belief in a high probability of sons predeceasing their father, is often a deterrent to restriction of family size. A calculation of the probabilities of survivorship of sons on the basis of the United Nations Model Life Tables, however, shows that the probabilities of a father being outlived by even one son are remarkably high, particularly after that son has survived the first two years of life. When cohort tables are used, reflecting expected mortality improvements, the probabilities are even higher. In general, it is found that the probability that a two-year-old son will outlive his father is 80% or better, subject to the current mortality level and the age of the father.
Yolk steroid hormones and sex determination in reptiles with TSD

In reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), the temperature at which the eggs are incubated determines the sex of the offspring. The molecular switch responsible for determining sex in these species has not yet been elucidated. We have examined the dynamics of yolk steroid hormones during embryonic development in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, and the alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, and have found that yolk estradiol (E(2)) responds differentially to incubation temperature in both of these reptiles. Based upon recently reported roles for E(2) in modulation of steroidogenic factor 1, a transcription factor known to be significant in the sex differentiation process, we hypothesize that yolk E(2) is a link between temperature and the gene expression pathway responsible for sex determination and differentiation in at least some of these species. Here we review the evidence that supports our hypothesis.
Knoop Microhardness Anisotropy of Single‐Crystal Stoichiometric MgAl2O4 Spinel

Microhardness anisotropy profiles for the (100) and (111) planes of single-crystal stoichiometric MgAl2O., spinel were determined at room temperature. The (100) microhardness profile has ahardness maximum in tiie [001] and a minimum in the [O11], which supports the previous suggestion that the primary slip system is the {111}〈11¯0〉. The microhardness of the (111) plane is independent of indenter orientation, also consistent, with a {111}〈11¯0〉 primary slip system. It is concluded that these microhardness profiles are in accord with other experimental observations that the {111}〈11¯0〉 is the primary slip system in stoichiometric MgAl2O4 spinel.
B7.1 on human carcinomas: costimulation of T cells and enhanced tumor-induced T-cell death.

Abstract Human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) do not express the costimulatory molecules B7.1 or B7.2 in situ or in culture. Transduction of B7.1 − SCCHN cells with the retroviral B7.1 and neo r genes resulted in the expression of high levels of the transgene in these tumor cells. When B7.1 + SCCHN cells were used as stimulators of autologous or allogeneic PBL in mixed lymphocyte–tumor cultures (MLTC), T-cell proliferation and generation of antitumor effector T cells as well as levels of their lytic activity were significantly increased. At the same time, a proportion of activated T cells seen to undergo apoptosis was found to be significantly higher upon coincubation with B7.1 + SCCHN than with B7.1 − SCCHN. Both B7.1 + and B7.1 − SCCHN cells were found to express FasL on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm, as well as mRNA for FasL and mRNA for TRAIL. However, expression of the B7.1 transgene did not lead to increased expression of FasL protein on tumor cells. Yet, up to 50% of activated CD28 + allogeneic T cells, which were CD95 + , showed evidence of DNA fragmentation in JAM and TUNEL assays upon incubation with an excess of B7.1 + SCCHN for 24 h. Tumor-induced T-cell death was equally and only in part blocked by anti-Fas antibodies in both B7.1 + and B7.1 − MLTC. While surface expression of B7.1 molecules on SCCHN cells enhanced T-cell costimulation via B7.1-CD28 interactions, it did not rescue activated T cells from tumor-induced apoptosis. The outcome of MLTC under these conditions was dependent on the ratio of tumor to T cells. Thus, in the presence of an excess of B7.1 + tumor cells, activated T cells showed increased sensitivity to apoptosis which did not appear to be Fas/FasL mediated. These data are important for the development of B7.1 gene therapy and efforts directed at the generation of effector cells in MLTC.
Paternally Inherited Gsα Mutation Impairs Adipogenesis and Potentiates a Lean Phenotype In Vivo

Paternally inherited inactivating mutations of the GNAS gene have been associated with a rare and disabling genetic disorder, progressive osseous heteroplasia, in which heterotopic ossification occurs within extraskeletal soft tissues, such as skin, subcutaneous fat, and skeletal muscle. This ectopic bone formation is hypothesized to be caused by dysregulated mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation that affects a bipotential osteogenic-adipogenic lineage cell fate switch. Interestingly, patients with paternally inherited inactivating mutations of GNAS are uniformly lean. Using a mouse model of Gsα-specific exon 1 disruption, we examined whether heterozygous inactivation of Gnas affects adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissues (fat pad). We found that paternally inherited Gsα inactivation (Gsα+/p−) impairs adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs). The Gsα+/p− mutation in ASCs also decreased expression of the adipogenic factors CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)β, C/EBPα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and adipocyte protein 2. Impaired adipocyte differentiation was rescued by an adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, and provided evidence that Gsα-cAMP signals are necessary in early stages of this process. Supporting a role for Gnas in adipogenesis in vivo, fat tissue weight and expression of adipogenic genes from multiple types of adipose tissues from Gsα+/p− mice were significantly decreased. Interestingly, the inhibition of adipogenesis by paternally inherited Gsα mutation also enhances expression of the osteogenic factors, msh homeobox 2, runt-related transcription factor 2, and osteocalcin. These data support the hypothesis that Gsα plays a critical role in regulating the balance between fat and bone determination in soft tissues, a finding that has important implications for a wide variety of disorders of osteogenesis and adipogenesis. STEM CELLS2012;30:1477–1485