cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence-Based Performance Measures for Rhinoplasty: A Multidisciplinary Performance Measure Set

SUMMARY The American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery commissioned the multidisciplinary Rhinoplasty Performance Measure Development Work Group to identify and draft quality measures for the care of patients undergoing both functional and aesthetic rhinoplasty. One outcome measure and three process measures were identified. The outcome looked at patient satisfaction with rhinoplasty procedures. The process measures look at motivations and expectations of the procedure, airway assessment, and nonnarcotic shared decision-making strategies for pain management. All measures in this report were approved by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Quality and Performance Measures Work Group and Executive Committee, and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Rhinoplasty Society, and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. The Work Group recommends the use of these measures for quality initiatives, Continuing Medical Education, Maintenance of Certification, Qualified Clinical Data Registry reporting, and national quality reporting programs.
Remote monitoring of giant kelp biomass and physiological condition: An evaluation of the potential for the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission

Abstract This study examines the potential of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission for monitoring the biomass and physiological condition of giant kelp forests on local to global scales. Giant kelp is a highly dynamic foundation species that supports an ecologically and economically important ecosystem found throughout the globe. Satellite, airborne, and field data are used to evaluate the suitability of HyspIRI's spatial, temporal, and spectral coverage for capturing variability in giant kelp biomass and physiological state. We analyze a 28-year time series of giant kelp biomass derived from Landsat satellite imagery in order to identify the dominant temporal modes of variability in giant kelp biomass using the California coast as a model region likely to be relevant to other regions of the globe. Temporal variability in California kelp canopy biomass is compared to the expected availability of cloud-free HyspIRI Visible Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) views for regions of the world that contain giant kelp populations. Spectral variability is explored by assessing how changes in the physiological condition of giant kelp canopy are exhibited in the reflectance and transmittance of kelp fronds. We compare chlorophyll a to carbon ratios (Chl:C) of kelp fronds collected off the coast of California to laboratory and airborne measurements of hyperspectral reflectance in order to develop metrics of kelp physiological condition. The seasonal cycle dominates giant kelp canopy biomass temporal variability. However, the strength and timing of this cycle varies in both space and time. Our projections of cloud-free HyspIRI coverage indicate that the sensor will be able to capture at least 1 cloud free view each season for nearly all of the global giant kelp habitats, thereby illustrating that HyspIRI will resolve the dominant seasonal cycles in giant kelp biomass. A novel spectral index developed here from field observations explained 76% of the variance in Chl:C and was applied to hyperspectral aircraft observations. These results demonstrate that the spatial, temporal, and spectral coverage provided by HyspIRI has the potential to provide new insights into the ecology and biophysiology of giant kelp.
Delayed diagnoses of Acanthamoeba keratitis at a tertiary care medical centre

Purpose To determine the prevalence and reasons for delays in diagnosis in patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) presenting to Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Maryland. Methods This retrospective study analysed all patients with culture-positive AK seen between 2012 and 2019 at a tertiary referral centre. Patient demographic information, clinical history, risk factors, symptom duration, referral patterns, slit lamp examination findings, visual acuity and need for surgery were collected. Results The study included 45 eyes of 43 patients. On average, patients were symptomatic for 52.6 days before culture collection. Thirty-one percent of patients were diagnosed within 28 days of symptom onset while 69% were diagnosed after 28 days. Before presentation to a tertiary care centre, 69% of patients were evaluated by an ophthalmologist outside of this institution and 27% were evaluated by a provider other than an ophthalmologist. AK was most commonly misdiagnosed as herpetic keratitis, occurring in 38% of patients. The strongest risk factor for AK was contact lens use. Only 11% of patients presented with the classic ring infiltrate and 82% had pain. Patients with an early versus late diagnosis had a mean Snellen visual acuity (VA) of 20/224 versus 20/296 at presentation (p = 0.33) and a mean Snellen VA of 20/91 versus 20/240 at final visit (p = 0.07). 11% of patients required a therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. Conclusion Delayed diagnosis of AK in our cohort occurred due to a misdiagnosis as herpetic keratitis, non-specific clinical signs including the lack of pain in a number of patients, and a delay in referral to a tertiary care centre. Any contact lens wearer with an atypical keratitis should be referred promptly for Acanthamoeba cultures.
Field-scale performance of biochar-amended soil covers for landfill methane oxidation

A field validation of three biochar-amended soil covers (2%, 10%, and 100% biochar-amended soils) along with a soil control cover was conducted within the intermediate cover of an active municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in conjunction with laboratory studies evaluating the effect of biochar in enhancing methane (CH4) oxidation in cover soils. Baseline CH4 emissions and pre-existing site conditions were characterized prior to installation of test plots simulating three cover designs evaluated in related laboratory studies. Static chamber measurements of surface CH4 fluxes and sampling of soil pore gas at different depths were conducted across the 8-month monitoring period to assess cover performance. Surface fluxes from the test plots exhibited wide spatial variability, with one location emitting fluxes > 1100 g CH4 m−2 day−1 in one survey. Potential rates of CH4 oxidation were determined in batch assays of exhumed soil core subsamples following termination of the field trial and ranged from ~1 to 350 μg CH4 g−1 day−1. The heterogeneity of the waste led to nonuniform CH4 loads in the test plots. The soil control test plot was exposed to higher CH4 loads and biochar-amended test plots were exposed to significantly lower CH4 loads. As a result, the soil control test plot showed higher CH4 oxidation rates (257–289 μg CH4 g−1 day−1) than the biochar-amended test plots. Similarly, the soil control plot also showed higher relative abundance of methanotrophs which was positively correlated with the CH4 oxidation rates. The test plot with 10% biochar-amended soil experienced CH4 loads nearly 25% of that in soil control and still showed CH4 oxidation rates (260 μg CH4 g−1 day−1) comparable to that of soil control which showed the efficacy of biochar amendment in enhancing CH4 oxidation rates. The environmental and CH4 exposure conditions affected the microbial community composition in the test plots and showed the dominance of type I methanotrophic genus such as Methylomonas and Crenothrix spp. Overall, the waste heterogeneity led to nonuniform CH4 exposure conditions at each test plot making it hard to distinctly quantify the effect of biochar amendment on CH4 oxidation rates.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Contrasting Maize Inbred Lines Provides Insights on Molecular Mechanisms of Stalk Rot Resistance

Maize stalk rot caused by Fusarium graminearum can lead to severe losses and accumulation of mycotoxins with detrimental effects on livestock health. Because few management strategies are available...
Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral vasospasm is a feared complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of systemic inflammation, measured using the systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index, with delayed angiographic or sonographic vasospasm. We hypothesize that early elevations in SII index serve as an independent predictor of vasospasm. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 289 SAH patients for angiographic or sonographic evidence of delayed cerebral vasospasm. SII index [(neutrophils × platelets/lymphocytes)/1000] was calculated from laboratory data at admission and dichotomized based on whether or not the patient developed vasospasm. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed to determine the ability of SII index to predict the development of vasospasm. RESULTS A total of 246 patients were included in our study, of which 166 (67.5%) developed angiographic or sonographic evidence of cerebral vasospasm. Admission SII index was elevated for SAH in patients with vasospasm compared to those without (P < .001). In univariate logistic regression, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and SII index were associated with vasospasm. After adjustment for age, aneurysm location, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and modified Fisher scale, SII index remained an independent predictor of vasospasm (odds ratio 1.386, P = .003). ROC analysis revealed that SII index accurately distinguished between patients who develop vasospasm vs those who do not (area under the curve = 0.767, P < .001). CONCLUSION Early elevation in SII index can independently predict the development of delayed cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal SAH.
System Testability threshold design effectiveness via signal detection theory

Complex dynamic engineering systems i.e. Radar, gimbal, missile, infrared sensors, land vehicles, aircraft, ships, power plants become challenges for classical fault diagnostic system. They are modular consisting of modules or line replaceable units (LRU). Each module has its own BIT circuit that is linked with the system level BIT through the BIT architecture. The performance characteristic of the diagnostic system i.e. sensitivity and specificity is usually poor. Fault diagnostic for these systems are plagued with conditions known as False Alarm (FA), Missed Detection, Cannot Duplicate (CND) and Retest OK (RTOK) that have adverse impacts in Performance, Reliability, Maintainability, Availability, Safety and Affordability. These costly elusive problems may be due to many reasons; some of them are: absence or lack of fault modeling during the threshold design, absence or lack of test verticality, unobservable and uncontrollable modes of state variables in the system state space model.
Opportunities for imaging in heavily scattering random media with spatial intensity correlations

We describe a method that allows imaging of objects moving within heavily scattering random media. This should prove valuable in biological imaging and other applications.
Bioorthogonal labeling cell-surface proteins expressed in pancreatic cancer cells to identify potential diagnostic/therapeutic biomarkers

To develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools to specifically target pancreatic tumors, it is necessary to identify cell-surface proteins that may serve as potential tumor-specific targets. In this study we used an azido-labeled bioorthogonal chemical reporter to metabolically label N-linked glycoproteins on the surface of pancreatic cancer cell lines to identify potential targets that may be exploited for detection and/or treatment of pancreatic cancer. Labeled glycoproteins were tagged with biotin using click chemistry, purified by streptavidin-coupled magnetic beads, separated by gel electrophoresis, and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS). MS/MS analysis of peptides from 3 cell lines revealed 954 unique proteins enriched in the azido sugar samples relative to control sugar samples. A comparison of the proteins identified in each sample indicated 20% of these proteins were present in 2 cell lines (193 of 954) and 17 of the proteins were found in all 3 cell lines. Five of the 17 proteins identified in all 3 cell lines have not been previously reported to be expressed in pancreatic cancer; thus indicating that novel cell-surface proteins can be revealed through glycoprotein profiling. Western analysis of one of these glycoproteins, ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), revealed it is expressed in 8 out of 8 pancreatic cancer cell lines examined. Further, immunohistochemical analysis of human pancreatic tissues indicates NT5E is significantly overexpressed in pancreatic tumors compared to normal pancreas. Thus, we have demonstrated that metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters can be used to selectively enrich and identify novel cell-surface glycoproteins expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
The use of session control in DAVIC to provide interactive multimedia services

This paper begins with an introduction to DAVIC, with particular reference to its objectives and plans. It then considers the split of the functional model into the three roles — service consumer system, delivery system and service provider system. Once the vertical split of the functional model has been considered the horizontal split into S1-S4 levels is covered. The paper then expands on the concepts of session and connection control through the use of the S2, S3 and S4 levels in the set-up, transfer and release of a user-to-network session and the end-to-end control of the user-to-user session. Finally, future plans/directions for DAVIC are considered, along with the adoption of Internet technologies within the DAVIC specifications.
Fault tolerance analysis of odd-even transposition sorting networks with single pass and multiple passes

The odd-even transposition sorting networks have a simple and reliable VLSI implementation, and also have good fault tolerance properties. In this paper, a formal proof is presented for a well-known conjecture that states the odd-even transposition sorting networks are one-fault tolerant with respect to stuck-at-X fault at any internal comparators. Also, new simulation results are reported for a new mode of operation, sorting via multiple passes through the networks. Under this mode, the simulation results reveal that the odd-even transposition networks are k-fault tolerant with respect to stuck-at-X, stuck-at-H, and stuck-at-T at any set of internal comparators.
Aberrations in the control of quadriceps muscle force in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Objective To characterize the distribution of error in knee joint proprioception, quadriceps force accuracy and steadiness, and muscle strength in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Special attention was paid to eccentric strength. Methods We compared knee OA patients (n = 20: 15 women, 5 men) with age- and sex-matched, symptom-free adults. Knee pain and mobility were assessed with standard tests. Knee joint proprioception was measured with a repositioning test. Quadriceps force accuracy and steadiness were determined during a force target-tracking task. Maximal voluntary quadriceps force was measured during eccentric, isometric, and concentric contractions. Results OA patients had knee pain, needed 67% more time to complete 4 functional tasks, and produced 82% more proprioception errors (all P < 0.05). About 80% of this error was due to overshooting the target and 68% of the overshooting error occurred at 2 of the 5 least flexed knee joint positions. OA patients had 89% more errors in accurately matching target forces during submaximal quadriceps contractions and in the same tasks, OA patients also produced these forces with 155% more variability (all P < 0.05). OA patients had especially weakened ability to produce maximal voluntary eccentric strength. Conclusion Quadriceps dysfunction in knee OA includes impaired proprioception, especially in the more extended knee joint positions; impaired ability to accurately and steadily control submaximal force; and impaired eccentric strength. These results have implications for designing exercise and rehabilitation programs for patients with knee OA.
Herbicides, Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors

The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is an important target site for several classes of herbicides. Carotenoid biosynthesis can be stopped by inhibiting a number of key enzymes. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is the most common target site of herbicides affecting carotenoid production. As a group, these herbicides are considered environmentally safe because they are used at very low concentrations and target an enzyme not found in animals. As a result, fluridone is the most successful aquatic herbicide available to date. Keywords: fluridone; carotenoid biosynthetic pathway; phytoene desaturase; pyridazinones; clomazone; pyridinecarboximades; phenoxy-butanamide
Campaigns and disability: When an incumbent president questions his potential successor's mental health status during the campaign.

Editor's Note Former Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis knows about the damage that disability can cause—even its mere mention. In this keynote address given to the symposium on Presidential Disability and Succession held at Northeastern University in Boston last spring, Dukakis reflected on his famous 1988 presidential campaign that, largely at his expense, redefined negativity in presidential politics, in particular the fictitious allegation that he had a history of mental illness. A distinguish professor of Political Science and Public Policy at Northeastern University, Dukakis also spends each winter quarter at UCLA as a visiting professor in the Luskin School of Public Affairs. He remains active in both politics and public policy, canvassing for Democratic candidates such as Elizabeth Warren during her 2012 Senate campaign and promoting policy initiatives through the Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy at Northeastern, which he affectionately calls a “think and do tank.” The three-term g...
DRUG ABUSE AND THE FAMILY

The Family and Drug Abuse Symposium held on July 10–12, 1975, brought together individuals who possess clinical and/or research expertise in the area of family research and substance abuse. The purpose of the symposium was directed toward assessing the current state of knowledge in the field and delineating directions for future work. The role of family interaction in causing or maintaining a drug abuse problem has only recently become the focus of research and innovative treatment efforts. This special section is intended to acquaint therapists and researchers with recent work in the field; the papers are revised versions of materials originally prepared for the symposium. This first paper offers a brief overview of the symposium and summarizes issues that arose from each of the four workshops: I. Psychosocial Research; II. Clinical Observations; III. Clinical Programs; and IV. Recommendations Made to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The next paper is a review of recent studies in research and treatment that have approached substance abuse from a family viewpoint. Other research methods that appear relevant to the study of families with a drug-abusing member are discussed. Three commentaries on this review follow. The last paper describes an extensive effort to implement and evaluate family therapy within an existing drug treatment facility.
A VHSIC compatible CMOS/SOS cell family

Summary form only given, as follows. The authors report on a family of standard cells and macro/compilers designed into a VHSIC-compatible, radiation-hard CMOS/SOS (silicon-on-sapphire) process. The family currently consists of one hundred standard cells and five macro/compilers. Standard cells include basic gate and flip-flop functions. The macro/compilers are available for RAMs, ROMs, multipliers, register files, and barrel shifters. A front-end design library is available for these functions on Daisy workstations to permit schematic capture, logic simulation, timing analysis, and netlist generation. Automatic placement and route is accomplished using VLSI Technology Inc. software on Apollo workstations. Compiled functions use VLSI technology compiler software. Back annotation to the Daisy permits resimulation using exact routing capacitances. >
Lack of correlation between naloxone-induced changes in sexual behavior and serum LH in male rats.

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine whether the action of opiate receptor antagonist drugs on sexual performance in male rats is mediated by the central release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). First, in Experiment 1 it was demonstrated that administration of naloxone (20 mg/kg) caused a lengthening of postejaculatory intervals and an elevation of serum LH concentrations in gonadally intact male rats. In Experiment 2, manipulation of females' proceptive and receptive behaviors failed to reveal the reductions in ejaculation latencies and in the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation which have been previously reported after administration of naloxone to male rats. Again, the predominant response to treatment with naloxone was an increase in the length of the postejaculatory interval. In Experiment 3, pinching the tails of male rats every 30 sec after ejaculation partially abolished the relative refractory periods of the postejaculatory intervals; naloxone-induced increases in the lengths of these shortened postejaculatory intervals were nevertheless identical to those of control males, suggesting that naloxone acts to lengthen the absolute refractory period. Finally, in Experiment 4 naloxone was given to castrated males implanted with testosterone-filled silastic capsules ranging in length from 2 to 45 mm, which produced a wide range of basal serum LH concentrations. Naloxone caused an increase in postejaculatory intervals; however, this effect was not correlated with the degree to which naloxone stimulated serum LH, suggesting that the effects of naloxone on the postejaculatory interval are not mediated by a drug-induced release of LHRH.
Acetabularia physiological role of their deciduous organelles

The whorls of hair-like structures of the growing region ofAcetabularia appear to influence the elongation of the main cell axis. The cells bend when the hair of one side are removed or irradiated, with U.V., this suggests that the effect of each hair is localized to the sector of the cell to which it is attached.
Hue substitution: wavelength latency effects.

Abstract Temporal response of the chromatic system in isolation from the achromatic system was investigated under conditions of hue substitution (no luminance transients occur during stimulus presentation). The method of constant stimuli in conjunction with a two alternative forced choice judgement of simultaneity of chromatic stimulus onset was used to measure relative differences in temporal processing as a function of wavelength. Results indicate a non-linear relation between wavelength and latency. A red of 621 nm has the shortest latency of the stimuli tested. Relative to 621 nm as zero, the latencies for shorter wavelengths increase to a maximum 33 msec at 504 nm and return to a latency near zero at the shortest wavelength of 452 nm. These results form a pattern which can be correlated with observed electrophysiological activity of an opponent chromatic mechanism at the level of the lateral geniculate. The functions defined by the psychophysical and electrophysiological results show similar proportional changes at the same wavelengths, and support the conclusion that chromatic latency differences are mediated by opponent channel activity. It is also shown from appropriate comparison of increment and substitution results that the latencies obtained under this method closely approximate an additive system.
Migration and coherency stacking of the Friendswood reverse vertical seismic profile (VSP) data

In this paper I apply two processing methods to reverse VSP data: iterative conjugate gradient migration and coherency stacking. Iterative conjugate gradient migration helps to eliminate the migration artifacts and produce a reflectivity distribution which is consistent with the observed seismogram. The second method, coherent stacking, helps to coherently stack the prestack migrated sections to produce a more highly resolved composite migrated section. Numerical results show that these procedures are capable of eliminating a fault-like artifact from the conventionally processed VSP migrated section.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Efforts in Maintaining Currency in Engineering and Avoiding Obsolescence

Updating ones professional skills, continuing education and the ability to work successfully in multidisciplinary environments have become increasingly critical to staying competitive in the face of rapid advances in technology and the current trends toward outsourcing of engineering jobs. Mechanical engineers, specifically, are continuously confronted with staying current with proficiency in CAD and FEA tools, evolving multiplicity of design materials and increased sophistication of design components, as are their capabilities in communicating with both engineers and non-engineers. A survey conducted of engineering alumni of the California State University, Fullerton indicates how its graduates pursue the complex task of staying current and the degree of successes achieved in this never ending endeavor. The survey evaluated ways and means of these efforts and the employers’ attitudes and support, or lack thereof, towards such efforts, experiences of working in multidisciplinary and multi national teams and attitudes towards community service. Relationships between continued education and career are examined. Implications of the findings to engineers, education and industry are discussed. Roles that educational institutions and professional societies play in this process are carefully examined and discussed.© 2007 ASME
Application of Adjunct Auto-Instruction to Teaching Computer Programming

(1966). Application of Adjunct Auto-Instruction to Teaching Computer Programming. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 71-72.
Synthesis of four isomers of parinaric acid.

Abstract A simple and reliable method for synthesizing four isomers of parinaric acid from α-linolenic acid (ALA) in high yields is described. The methylene-interrupted, cis triene system (1,4,7-octatriene) of ALA and common to other naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids was transformed to a conjugated tetraene system (1,3,5,7-octatetraene). The synthesis involves bromination of ALA using 0.l M Br2 in a saturated solution of NaBr in methanol, esterification of the fatty acid dibromides, double dehydrobromination by 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and saponification of the conjugated esters to a mixture of free conjugated acids. Addition of one molecule of bromine to the 12,13-double bond of ALA and subsequent dehydrobromination produces α-parinaric acid (9Z,11E,13E,15Z-octadecatetraenoic acid); addition of Br2 to the 9,10-double bond or 15,16-double bond and then dehydrobromination and rearrangement yields 9E,11E,13E,15Z-octadecatetraenoic or 9E,11E,13E,15Z-octadecatetraenoic acids, respectively. The mixture of parinaric acid isomers is obtained in 65% yield, and the isomers can be purified by preparative HPLC; alternatively, the isomers can be converted by base catalyzed cis–trans isomerization (or by treatment with I2) to exclusively β-parinaric acid (9E,11E,13E,15E-octadecatetraenoic acid). The various parinaric acid isomers were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, UV, GLC, HPLC and mass spectrometry.
A note on the modified stability table for linear discrete time systems

It is shown how to obtain the inner determinants of the stability determinantal criterion from the entries of the modified stability table. This requires the expansion of only 2*2 determinants instead of higher-order ones. This constitutes a computational simplification of the determinantal criterion. The results are the discrete analog of obtaining the Hurwitz minors from the Routh table. >
Silicon microfabrication technologies for THz applications

Silicon micromachining technology is naturally suited for making THz components, where precision and accuracy are essentials. We report here the development of robust micromachining techniques to enable novel active and passive components in the submillimeter-wave region. These features will enable large format submillimeter-wave heterodyne arrays and 3-D integration in the THz region, where fabricating circuits and structures becomes difficult with conventional machining.
Modeling of slow time-scale behavior of fast molecular dynamic systems

Abstract This paper aims to apply a recently developed numerical scheme toward multi-time scale modeling, which we refer to as ‘Practical Time Averaging’ (PTA), to molecular dynamical (MD) systems. In the first part, we investigate the fine-scale dynamics of a one-dimensional chain of identical particles under cyclic loading. Assuming a double-well interatomic potential among adjacent particles leads to a phase transition between two distinct equilibrium states. Specifically, we study the macroscopic stress–strain behavior of the dynamical chain in three settings, i.e. Newtonian MD, Newtonian MD with viscous dissipation and Newtonian MD with thermostat. Rate-independent high frequency oscillations are observed in Newtonian MD due to an instability that is related to the non-convexity of the strain energy. This is stabilized by adding viscosity or a thermostat, which leads to strong hysteresis that is consistent with quasi-static results (i.e. lattice statics). In the second part, we first define coarse variables as finite time averages of phase functions in MD. Then we apply the technique of PTA developed in Tan et al. (2013) to numerically approximate the coarse dynamics for the time averaged quantities. The tested model problems include a two-dimensional lattice made of stoichiometric Nickel–Manganese undergoing detwinning and a three-dimensional atomic chain made of face-centered cubic (FCC) Nickel under uniaxial tension. The macroscopic features (such as space-time averaged strain/stress) are obtained from coarse dynamics. It is also shown that the time savings become significant when the loading rate is small.
Differential stability of baculovirus late transcription complexes during initiation and elongation.

An in vitro system for baculovirus late transcription was developed that allows comparison of conditions that affect transcription initiation and elongation. A series of synthetic promoters was constructed based on the baculovirus late p6.9 promoter. The modified promoters were designed with a cytidine-free region downstream of the late promoter in order to yield paused transcripts of defined lengths in the absence of CTP. Transcription was found to be more efficient from a supercoiled template than from a linear template for this promoter. The stalled transcription complex remained competent and could be elongated in the presence of a full set of nucleotides. This made it possible to separately test the effects of heat treatment and inhibition by sarkosyl and heparin on initiation and elongation. Elongation complexes were more resistant than initiation complexes to each of these treatments. Furthermore a 1-2 mM MgCl2 concentration is critical for optimal initiation, but elongation can proceed in the presence of MgCl2 concentrations as high as 20 mM.
Developing for privacy: civility frameworks and technical design

The Sunday Boston Globe of January 30, 2000 was very representative of current newspapers. In addition to the usual mayhem, fires, weather, traffic accidents, and sports, the newspaper contained a number of Internet related stories, all roughly on a similar topic. A page one story discussed Internet gambling. Even though it is illegal in US, Internet gambling has merely moved offshore. Another story reports the widow of Frank Malina, an artist, has been sued over the word “Leonardo.” Malina founded an academic journal called “Leonardo” in 1968, but a French corporation is claiming trademark damages because the journal shows up in Web searches for their site “Leonardo”. Another story tells people how to avoid auction scams on e-bay and similar Web sites.
Meal patterns of rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei lesions or sham operations

Abstract Rats with bilateral dorsomedial hypothalamic electrolytic lesions (DMNL rats) are hypophagic, hypodipsic and have reduced linear and ponderal growth when compared to sham operated controls (SCON). Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that DMNL rats eat and drink adequate amounts for their size and have normal body composition. In the present study we investigated meal parameters: meal size, and frequency (both light and dark period), total intake and meal size per metabolic size (body weight 0.75 ). Compared to SCON, DMNL rats at twelve days post surgery weighed less, were shorter, but had a normal body composition as determined by the Lee Index, and were hypophagic (grams eaten/day). The animals were placed into individual, self-contained feeding modules and given powdered chow. After familiarization to the modules, meal parameters were recorded continuously by a computer for an eight day period. While dark phase meal frequency did not differ significantly between groups, the lesioned rats took more meals during the light period. Over the eight-day measurement period DMNL rats were hypophagic compared to SCON in absolute terms. However, when total intake and meal size were normalized to metabolic size, these two parameters did not differ significantly between groups. Upon refeeding, after a one-day fast, the initial meal size of the normally hypophagic DMNL rats exceeded that of SCON. Rats with DMNL have previously been shown to have deficits in some hypothesized short-term food intake control mechanism (e.g., cholecystokinin, glucose sensing). Thus overeating by the lesioned rats after a fast could possibly result from a specific short term control deficit. Nevertheless, under ad lib conditions, except for a slight diurnal disruption in meal frequency, meal parameters were normal in the DMNL rats.
A finite element analysis of beams on elastic foundation including shear and axial effects

Abstract A displacement finite element method for analyzing a beam on continuous elastic foundation is presented. A three-dimensional model which accounts for the effects of both the Filonenko-Borodich and Pasternak foundation models in a consistent and complete way is used. A variational principle is introduced with the slope field due to bending only and the displacement field approximated by independent quantities subjected to variation. Numerical examples illustrate the accuracy of the element, the importance of shear, axial and shear-axial interaction effects associated with continuous elastic foundation, and finally the application of the element to a rotor supported by two hydrodynamic journal bearings.
Dislocation Configurations in an Extruded ZK60 Magnesium Alloy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to study the types of dislocations and their configurations in a commercially extruded ZK60 magnesium (Mg) alloy. We mainly employed the weak-beam dark-field (WBDF) technique with $$ \left\langle {01\overline 1 0} \right\rangle $$ zone axis to unambiguously identify Burgers vectors of various types of dislocations in the microstructure. It was found that nonbasal 〈a〉 dislocations and 〈c〉 dislocations were predominant. No 〈c + a〉 was observed. Rearrangement of these dislocations, due to dynamic recovery during extrusion, led to cell walls and low-angle grain boundaries with relatively high density dislocations. Dissociation of the 〈c〉 dislocations with a relatively narrow split distance was observed. The dissociated 〈c〉 dislocations could form a nodular structure. Fringes of stacking faults from the dislocation dissociation were observed.
Simultaneous vs. Separate Bilateral Muscular Contractions in Relation to Neural Overflow Theory and Neuromoter Specificity

Abstract The dynamometer strength of 30 males age 21 years was measured for each hand. There were two trials under the condition of single-hand contraction and two trials with simultaneous contraction of both hands. Facilitation as predicted by the hypothesis failed to occur. The dominant hand showed 3 percent loss of strength when there was simultaneous contraction of the contralateral hand, but there was no influence on the strength of the nondominant hand. Individual differences in strength were found to be 54 percent specific to the hand tested; there was only 46 percent general hand strength ability.
Buffon, the Certainty of Sunrise, and the Probabilistic Reductio ad Absurdum

In 1777 the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon published an “Essai d’arithmetique morale” in the fourth Supplement to his multi-volume chef-d’oeuvre, the Histoire naturelle. In one section of the “Essai,” he attempted to calculate the probability that the sun would continue to rise after having been observed to rise n days in a row. By performing a thought experiment in which a newly created adult observed the sun’s movements over several days, he came up with odds of 2 or 2n−1 to 1. This special case of the longstanding problem of measuring inductive certainty would end up being ridiculed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by John Maynard Keynes and others, but Buffon was not the only eighteenth-century probabilist to treat it with seriousness. Applying Bayes’ theorem and using a thought experiment prefiguring Buffon’s to a remarkable degree, Richard Price came up with odds of 2n+1 or 2 to 1 in his appendix to Bayes’ “Essay” in 1764. Some years later, Laplace calculated the odds as n + 1 to 1 by his own rule of succession (Laplace, 1774; Laplace, 1814, p. xvii). Unlike Price and Laplace, Buffon offered little explanation for his mathematical results. Scholars, accordingly, have judged them “quite arbitrary” (Todhunter, 1865, p. 344) and mysteriously erroneous (Pearson, 1978, pp. 193–94, 660) and even wondered if they were not merely miscopied from Price’s text (Zabell, 1988, pp. 175–77; Zabell, 1997, p. 368 seems to abandon this theory and anticipates elements of my own argument). Here I will argue that Buffon’s odds for continued sunrise are understandable if erroneous and were not, in all likelihood, copied from Price. So numerous are the possible pre-1764 sources for Buffon’s analysis that it is difficult to determine how exactly it developed, but its innovations were clearly modest with respect to philosophical and mathematical traditions that were already well-established by the 1750s. This is Buffon’s argument, followed by Price’s for comparison:
Validation of hemoglobin and water molar absorption spectra in near-infrared diffuse optical tomography

Near Infrared diffuse optical tomography was used to measure the molar absorption spectra for de-oxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and water through phantom experiments. The measured spectra compensate for any systemic errors and errors arising from model-based estimation of concentrations of these chromophores, and show reasonable agreement with existing literature values. The spectra were validated by phantom experiments to obtain the oxygen dissociation curve. Variation of the partial pressure of oxygen in solution yielded results consistent with theory of mean error of 7.6% in estimation of oxygen saturation, and accurate within 5% in estimation of hemoglobin.
Effect of Renin-Angiotensin system inhibition on cardiovascular events in older hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome.

Objective Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Insulin resistance has been hypothesized as the underlying feature of MetS. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used antihypertensives that may improve insulin sensitivity. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of ACEI/ARB on incident CVD events in older hypertensive patients with MetS.
The New Politics of Immigration: “Balanced-Budget Conservatism” and the Symbolism of Proposition 187

This paper focuses on the politics of the new immigration restrictionism as manifest in Proposition 187, passed by California voters in 1994. I first show that restrictionist sentiment and immigrant scapegoating have a long history in U.S. immigration politics, briefly reviewing three periods of early nativism: 1870s to the 1890s; 1900 to World War I; and World War I and its aftermath. I then make two principal arguments. First, I argue that the new nativism embodied in Proposition 187 — which would bar undocumented immigrants in California from receiving social services, including public schooling — corresponds to specific features of the late twentieth-century political-economic landscape. In particular, I link the focus on the alleged tax burden of immigrants and their costly use of social services to ongoing economic transformations, the retrenchment of the welfare state, and what Plotkin and Scheuerman (1994) call “balanced-budget conservatism.” Second, following Edelman (1977), I show that Proposition 187 is symbolic in that it derives from and evokes beliefs about immigrants' responsibility and blame for the current economic and fiscal crisis. In addition, I suggest that Proposition 187 may represent a new kind of symbolic politics in which alienated voters — those who bother to vote at all — use their ballot symbolically to express anger and “send a message.”
Cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine as adjuncts to group behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder.

Objective: Although binge eating disorder is a common and distressing concomitant of obesity, it has not yet been established whether affected individuals presenting to behavioral weight control programs should receive specialized treatments to supplement standard treatment. This study was designed to examine the added benefit of two adjunctive interventions, individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and fluoxetine, offered in the context of group behavioral weight control treatment. Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred sixteen overweight/obese women and men with binge eating disorder were all assigned to receive a 16-session group behavioral weight control treatment over 20 weeks. Simultaneously, subjects were randomly assigned to receive CBT + fluoxetine, CBT + placebo, fluoxetine, or placebo in a two-by-two factorial design. Outcome measures, assessed at the end of the 16-session acute treatment phase, included binge frequency, weight, and measures of eating-related and general psychopathology. Results: Overall, subjects showed substantial improvement in binge eating and both general and eating-related psychopathology, but little weight loss. Subjects who received individual CBT improved more in binge frequency than did those not receiving CBT (p < 0.001), and binge abstinence was significantly more common in subjects receiving CBT vs. those who did not (62% vs. 33%, p < 0.001). Fluoxetine treatment was associated with greater reduction in depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). The 54 subjects who achieved binge abstinence improved more on all measures than the 62 subjects who did not. In particular, these subjects lost, on average, 6.2 kg compared with a gain of 0.7 kg among non-abstainers. Discussion: Adjunctive individual CBT results in significant additional binge reduction in obese binge eaters receiving standard behavioral weight control treatment.
Variation in the structural properties of high Tc superconductors due to hydrogen

Abstract Changes in electronic and atomic structure for copper oxide high-T c superconductors after the reaction with H are reported. XAFS data clearly indicates that H is located in interstitial sites adjacent to Cu.
In vitro biocorrosion of Ti‐6Al‐4V implant alloy by a mouse macrophage cell line

Corrosion of implant alloys releasing metal ions has the potential to cause adverse tissue reactions and implant failure. We hypothesized that macrophage cells and their released reactive chemical species (RCS) affect the alloy's corrosion properties. A custom cell culture corrosion box was used to evaluate how cell culture medium, macrophage cells and RCS altered the Ti-6Al-4V corrosion behaviors in 72 h and how corrosion products affected the cells. There was no difference in the charge transfer in the presence (75.2 +/- 17.7 mC) and absence (62.3 +/- 18.8 mC) of cells. The alloy had the lowest charge transfer (28.2 +/- 4.1 mC) and metal ion release (Ti < 10 ppb, V < 2 ppb) with activated cells (releasing RCS) compared with the other two conditions. This was attributed to an enhancement of the surface oxides by RCS. Metal ion release was very low (Ti < 20 ppb, V < 10 ppb) with nonactivated cells and did not change cell morphology, viability, and NO and ATP release compared with controls. However, IL-1beta released from the activated cells and the proliferation of nonactivated cells were greater on the alloy than the controls. In summary, macrophage cells and RCS reduced the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloys as hypothesized. These data are important in understanding host tissue-material interactions.
Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for cancer breakthrough pain: a review.

Purpose/objectives To review the dose titration, efficacy, and safety of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC). Data sources Phase I and II clinical trial abstracts and evidence-based review articles. Data synthesis OTFC has an onset, peak, and duration of action similar to that of an IV dose of an opioid and has been demonstrated to be effective and well tolerated for the management of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer. Conclusions Studies of OTFC demonstrate that it is easy to use,noninvasive, effective, safe, and acceptable to patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers. However, OTFC is expensive and approved for use only in opioid-tolerant patients with cancer. Implications for nursing Breakthrough pain in patients with cancer is a common problem with characteristics that make it difficult to treat. Oncology nurses should familiarize themselves with OTFC's unique characteristics to be able to best help patients manage their therapy.
Effects of Physical Therapy on Functional Status of Nursing Home Residents

Nursing home residents typically have decreased functional and physical status and high health care utilization and costs. This randomized trial evaluates whether physical therapy is beneficial for frail debilitated long-stay residents of nursing homes. Subjects are recruited from a cohort of academic and community nursing home residents who have resided in the nursing home for greater than 3 months and are over age 60 and dependent in at least two activities of daily living. Subjects randomized to the intervention group receive one-on-one physical therapy sessions three times weekly for 4 months, while control group subjects receive structured social visits three times weekly to control for potential Hawthorne effects. Physical therapy sessions generally last 30 minutes and consist of functional activity and general conditioning exercises; these exercises are individually tailored to the subject's level of physical and functional disability. Prime outcome variables are physical function assessed by an observer-administered, performance-based instrument and self-perceived health status assessed by the Sickness Impact Profile. Health care utilization and associated costs are calculated for the following areas: the nursing home, hospitalizations, outpatient visits and procedures, medications, and the intervention. A cost-effectiveness ratio dividing incremental health care utilization and physical therapy intervention costs by the observed improvement in physical function is calculated. It is expected that results of this study can be used to help determine whether long-stay nursing home residents should be eligible for physical therapy.