cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of stress distribution in model composites by using finite-element analysis. I. End effects

The stress distribution along a fiber in model polymer composites has been calculated using a finite-element analysis technique. Earlier experimental studies suggested that the stress distribution for fibers with tapered ends is much more efficient in carrying an external load than is the case for fibers with blunt ends. Both thermal residual (compressive) stress and tensile stress distributions along the reinforcement fiber have been measured with high sensitivity and spatail resolution. For fibers with blunt ends, the measured stress distribution agrees well with the stress distribution expected for an idealized shear-lag model. For tapered fibers, the stress distribution measured is a constant along the fiber and a critical length was not found. Finite-element calculations agree well with these experimental data. In addition, the stress distribution in the fiber, i.e., the radial dependence and the relative strain in both the fiber and matrix, was calculated. A detailed description of possible failure modes for the discontinuous fiber composites is provided based mainly on the finite-element calculation.
What kind of right is the right to the city

This essay critically examines the concept of the right to the city. While many progressive scholars have embraced the idea of the right to the city, what these scholars mean by rights has often been left unexplored. The first half of this essay focuses on the distinctions that political philosophers and legal scholars often draw between various kinds and forms of rights. The second section focuses specifically on how rights are mobilized within scholarship on the right to the city, as well as the tensions and contradictions – with respect to rights – that arise therein.
Congenital subacromial stenosis

Congenital subacromial stenosis is a previously undescribed entity that causes narrowing of the height of the subacromial space without proximal migration of the humerus. This study comprised 25 shoulders with congenital subacromial stenosis. All patients had either an impingement syndrome or rotator cuff tear. The average acromiohumeral interval was 4.7 mm. Fifteen of the 25 shoulders (60%) had rotator cuff tears. Patients requiring surgery comprised a bimodal age distribution: those with an impingement syndrome requiring decompression had an average age of 42, whereas those with rotator cuff tears requiring surgical treatment had an average age of 66. Study of a separate standard asymptomatic population of 84 patients showed that some younger individuals with congenital subacromial stenosis may be asymptomatic. However, the natural history seems to be a relentless progression to impingement and eventually to complete rotator cuff tear. Therefore, subacromial decompression is recommended in younger symptomatic individuals to prevent later rotator cuff tear.
Sub-100nm pattern transfer on compound semiconductor using sol-gel based TiO 2 resist

The possibility to pattern III-V compound semiconductor with nanometer scale is of great interest to photonic, electronic and optoelectronic systems. Typical method for sub-micrometer compound semiconductor dry etching utilizes PMMA or other resist to transfer patterns to SiO 2 as intermediate masks due to resist's low etching selectivity, especially for ultra-small features. This additional pattern transfer will inevitably increase the potential damage caused by plasma dry etching and the complexity of patterning process. Therefore, it is desirable to find an easier and more effective way to pattern compound semiconductor. In this paper, we report a new approach of direct pattern transfer using Ti(OBu n ) 4 solgel derived TiO 2 resist as mask. The optimal dose of TiO 2 resist for e-beam lithography is ~220mC/cm 2 . Thermal stability study of spin-coated TiO 2 shows a good performance as lithography resist even at 300°C, which will have wider applications than conventional resists. Post-annealings at different temperatures are performed to study temperature-dependence of patterned TiO 2 resist as dry-etching mask. The etching selectivity of sample InP compound semiconductor to TiO 2 resist is over 7:1. A variety of sub-100 dry etching patterns with good profile qualities have been obtained. The aspect ratio of etching patterns is over 20:1, and the smallest feature is as small as 20nm with over 600nm deep. This sol-gel derived TiO 2 sipn-coatable nanolithography resist with high etching selectivity and high aspect ratio etching profile provides a novel and convenient way to directly pattern compound semiconductor material for various challenging nano sacle photonic, electronic and optoelectronic applications.
A Survey of Ungulates by Students Along Rural School Bus Routes

We tested the reliability and utility of students, Grades 1–8, to count mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elephus) along rural school bus routes in Kittitas County, Washington, from 2003 to 2004 as part of an investigation on wildlife response to rural development. Student and supervisor counts of deer and elk were similar (α = .05). Student involvement was sustained by the presence of the supervisor and by providing a three-tiered incentives package to encourage participation. Our results demonstrate that students provide an opportunity for cost-effective long-term monitoring of changes in ungulate distribution along public transit routes. Beside providing information needed by wildlife managers, students and the community can benefit by increasing their ecological literacy and community participation.
Comparison of smectite- and illite-rich gouge frictional properties: application to the updip limit of the seismogenic zone along subduction megathrusts

Along plate boundary subduction thrusts, the transformation of smectite to illite within fault gouge at temperatures of ∼150°C is one of the key mineralogical changes thought to control the updip limit of seismicity. If correct, this hypothesis requires illite-rich gouges to exhibit frictionally unstable (velocity-weakening) behavior. Here, we report on laboratory experiments designed to investigate the frictional behavior of natural and synthetic clay-rich gouges. We sheared 5-mm-thick layers of commercially obtained pure Ca-smectite, a suite of smectite–quartz mixtures, and natural illite shale (grain size ranging from 2 to 500 μm) in the double-direct shear geometry to shear strains of ∼7–30 at room humidity and temperature. XRD analyses show that the illite shale contains dominantly clay minerals and quartz; within the clay-sized fraction ( 40 MPa). Our data, specifically the velocity-strengthening behavior of illite shale under a wide range of conditions, do not support the hypothesis that the smectite–illite transition is responsible for the seismic–aseismic transition in subduction zones. We suggest that other depth- and temperature-dependent processes, such as cementation, consolidation, and slip localization with increased shearing, may play an important role in changing the frictional properties of subduction zone faults, and that these processes, in addition to clay mineralogy, should be the focus of future investigation.
SEMI-REALISTIC STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS IN THE LEAD REGION.

Abstract A model for carrying out nuclear-structure calculations is proposed which lies intermediate between the microscopic and the phenomenological approaches. The first-order interaction is taken to be the non-local Tabakin potential with core polarization effects simulated by additional pairing-plus-quadrupole forces. A discussion of our approximations as well as the results of a shell-model calculation on the eight nuclei having a 208 Pb core ±2 nucleons is presented. Results are very good compared either to phenomenological calculations or to experiment.
Low-Voltage Cathodoluminescent Properties of Blue-Emitting Yttrium Silicates Doped With Cerium

Yttrium silicate activated with Ce3+, (Y1−xCex)2SiO5, has been found to be an efficient phosphor that can potentially be used as the blue-emitting component in field emission flat panel displays. This highly refractory powder can be synthesized by combustion synthesis, a low cost technique used to fabricate multicomponent oxide powders in a single step process. The effect of activator concentration and post-synthesis annealing was examined on the fluorescent properties. The powders were found to be monoclinic space group P21/c in the as-synthesized state, and transformed to monoclinic space group C2/c after annealing. The maximum luminous emission intensity was reached after a one hour anneal at 1350°C for x=0.0075, with the peak Ce3+ emission wavelength between 420 and 450 nm. When co-doped with Gd3+, no increase in the emission intensity was observed.
G-banded karyotype of a primary renal-cell carcinoma.

Abstract Cytogenetic findings of a primary renal-cell carcinoma are reported. The chromosome number was near triploid and there was tetrasomy for the long arm of chromosomes #1 and #3. The following structural chromosomal abnormalities were identified by the G-banding technique: i(1q), t(3;17), 6q−, 7p+, and a ring chromosome of unknown origin. Chromosomes #1, #3, #6, #7, and #17 involved in this case are often implicated in malignancy.
Applications of whole-genome high-density SNP genotyping

The technology to simultaneously genotype hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms in a single assay has only recently been developed. These advances have the potential to revolutionize our ability to identify disease-associated proteins and their corresponding pathways as drugable targets. Several strategies that can take advantage of extremely high-density, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping to hone in on pathogenic genetic variants will be discussed. In familial linkage studies, high-density single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping has already been proven to speed up mutation identification of Mendelian traits several fold. Many studies now report examining loss of heterozygosity and genomic amplifications on a whole-genome level. Genotyping hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms in a single set of assays now also allows for whole-genome association studies in complex, multigenic diseases. The technology of high-density single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping has emerged rapidly, leaving data analysis and bioinformatic challenges only partially met. In this review, the immediate applications and implications of the rapidly changing high-density, whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping field on translational research will be described.
Stellar occultation spikes as probes of atmospheric structure and composition

The characteristics of spikes observed in occultation light curves of Beta Scorpii by Jupiter are discussed in terms of the gravity-gradient model. The occultation of Beta Sco by Jupiter on May 13, 1971, is reviewed, and the gravity-gradient model is defined as an isothermal atmosphere of constant composition in which the refractivity is a function only of the radial coordinate from the center of refraction, which is assumed to lie parallel to the local gravity gradient. The derivation of the occultation light curve in terms of the atmosphere, the angular diameter of the occulted star, and the occultation geometry is outlined. It is shown that analysis of the light-curve spikes can yield the He/H2 concentration ratio in a well-mixed atmosphere, information on fine-scale atmospheric structure, high-resolution images of the occulted star, and information on ray crossing. Observational limits are placed on the magnitude of horizontal refractivity gradients, and it is concluded that the spikes are the result of local atmospheric density variations: atmospheric layers, density waves, or turbulence.
Mathematics professional development as design for boundary encounters

This theoretical paper examines a process for researchers and teachers to exchange knowledge. We use the concepts of communities of practice, boundary encounters, and boundary objects to conceptualize this process within mathematics professional development (MPD). We also use the ideas from design research to discuss how mathematics professional development researchers can make professional development the focus of their research. In particular, we examine the question: How can MPD be conceptualized and designed around research-based knowledge in ways that promote knowledge exchange about students’ mathematics and mathematics learning among researchers and teachers to improve the practices of both the research and the teaching communities? We propose that MPD is a premier space for researchers and teachers to exchange knowledge from their communities, impacting both researchers’ and teachers’ practices without reducing the importance of either.
Analytical separations using molecular micelles in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography.

Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) is an alternative approach to conventional CEC. The primary advantage of OT-CEC is the elimination of problems associated with frits and silica particles in conventional CEC. This report is an investigation of the utility of using a polymeric surfactant (molecular micelle) for OT-CEC. In this approach, fused-silica capillaries coated with thin films of physically adsorbed charged polymers are developed by use of a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating procedure. The PEM coating is constructed in situ by alternating rinses with positively and negatively charged polymers, where the negatively charged polymer is a molecular micelle. This can offer a number of advantages for separation of hydrophobic analytes. In this study, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) was used as the cationic polymer and poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-l-glycinate) was used as the anionic polymer for PEM coating. The performance of the modified capillaries as a separation medium is...
Abstract B37: Antiproliferative effects of pomegranate are associated with downregulation of homologous recombination pathway: Potential use in cancer prevention

High antioxidant capacity of pomegranate fruit is thought to be responsible for various health benefits, although the link between antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative effects has not been established yet. To better understand this relation we examined growth inhibition by pomegranate extract (PE) in association with antioxidant capacity and analyzed global gene expression changes in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. PE inhibited cell growth by induction of cell cycle arrest in G2/M and the induction of apoptosis. In contrast, antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and Trolox did not affect cell growth at doses containing equivalent antioxidant capacity as PE, suggesting that growth inhibition by PE cannot solely be attributed to its high antioxidant potential. DNA microarray analysis revealed that PE downregulated genes associated with mitosis, chromosome organization, RNA processing, DNA replication and DNA repair, and upregulated genes involved in regulation of apoptosis and regulation of cell proliferation. Of particular interest, both microarray and quantitative RT-PCR indicated that PE downregulated important genes involved in DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR), such as MRE11, RAD50, NBS1, RAD51, BRCA1, BRCA2 and BRCC3. Downregulation of HR genes correlated with increased levels of their predicted microRNAs, miR-183 (predicted target RAD50) and miR-24 (predicted target BRCA1), suggesting that PE may regulate microRNAs involved in DNA repair processes. Further, PE induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that persisted and cells remained growth-inhibited for at least four days after the removal of PE. These data suggest that PE targets HR sensitizing cells to DSBs, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Downregulation of HR by PE is expected to specifically affect transformed and other rapidly growing cells because HR pathway is found to be dispensable for quiescent and post-mitotic tissues. HR not only repairs DSBs and replication-associated lesions but also may result in genome rearrangements and loss of heterozygocity, which drives oncogenic transformation. Hyperactive HR, genetic instability and elevated carcinogenesis has been exemplified in both humans and mice deficient in cell cycle control and DNA damage response genes including TP53 and ATM. Thus, these data suggest that downregulation of HR by PE may retard cell growth and prevent genetic instability and carcinogenesis. Citation Format: Prasad Kovvuru, Amit Shirode, Ramune Reliene. Antiproliferative effects of pomegranate are associated with downregulation of homologous recombination pathway: Potential use in cancer prevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B37.
Major Wet Interval in White Mountains Medieval Warm Period Evidenced in δ13C of Bristlecone Pine Tree Rings

A long δ13C chronology was developed from bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) at the Methuselah Walk site in the White Mountains of California. The chronology represents cellulose from five-year ring groups pooled from multiple radii of multiple trees. The most dramatic isotopic event in the chronology appears from A.D. 1080–1129, when δ13C values are depressed to levels ∼ 2σ below the mean for the period A.D. 925–1654. This isotopic excursion appears to represent a real event and is not an artifact of sampling circumstances; in fact, a similar excursion occurs in a previously-reported, independent δ13C chronology from bristlecone pine. By carbon isotope fractionation models, the shift to low δ13C values is consistent with abundant soil moisture, permitting leaf stomata to remain open, and allowing ready access of CO2 from which carbon fixation may discriminate more effectively against 13C in favor of 12C. According to this model, the 13C-depleted 50-yr isotopic excursion represents the wettest period in the White Mountains in the past 1000 yr, during which isotope-reconstructed July Palmer Drought Severity Indices averaged ∼ +2.2.
Synergistic effects of contamination and low energy space protons on solar cell current output

It is well known that solar cell coverglass materials are subject to darkening, or transmission degradation, due to interaction with protons. Our recent laboratory test results have shown that the transmission of coverglasses, once contaminated with organic molecular films, can be further degraded upon space proton irradiation (20–400 keV). The coverglass transmission loss occurs in the short wavelength region, thus multi-junction solar cells are expected to be particularly susceptible to such synergistic effects of contamination and proton irradiation when the top junction is the current limiting junction. In the previous work, AR/ITO coverglass materials, commonly used for space solar arrays, were photo-deposited with the model contaminant DC704. The contaminated coverglass samples were subsequently irradiated with a simulated 15-year geosynchronous orbit low energy proton radiation environment at 5-year increments. The progression of coverglass transmission change was characterized before and after each process. The measured coverglass transmission data were then convolved with the solar cell quantum efficiency and solar spectrum to determine the coverglass darkening effects on solar cell performance. Taking into account space proton radiation effects and the time dependent contaminant film accumulation process, our preliminary analysis indicates that, over a 15-year mission life, approximately 3.7 % solar cell current loss could be attributed to a beginning-of-life (BOL) contaminant film of 100 A, with no additional on-orbit film growth. For a BOL film of 100 A and additional film growth while on orbit, the end-of-life (EOL) solar cell current loss due to contamination is approximated at 5.5% for EOL 200 A, and 7.3% for EOL 300 A.
Effect of Salinity on Cold Tolerance of Juvenile Blue Tilapias

Abstract Cold tolerances of juvenile blue tilapias Oreochromis aureus at salinities ranging from 0 to 35%o were determined in the laboratory by decreasing temperatures 1°C/d until fish died. Fish maintained in isosmotic media (11.6%o) survived at lower temperatures than those in water ofhigher or lower salinity. Therefore, the potential range of this exotic species in North America can be expected to extend farthest north in estuarine habitats. Inasmuch as the difference in thermal tolerance between blue tilapias in fresh water and those in isosmotic media was small (about 1°C), the additional habitable range may also be relatively small.
Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in an alpine basin using binary regression tree models: the impact of digital elevation data and independent variable selection

Regression tree models have been shown to provide the most accurate estimates of distributed snow water equivalent (SWE) when intensive field observations are available. This work presents a comparison of regression tree models using different source digital elevation models (DEMs) and different combinations of independent variables. Different residual interpolation techniques are also compared. The analysis was performed in the 19Ð 1k m 2 Tokopah Basin, located in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. Snow depth, the dependent variable of the statistical models, was derived from three snow surveys (April, May and June 1997), with an average of 328 depth measurements per survey. Estimates of distributed SWE were derived from the product of the snow depth surfaces, the average snow density (54 measurements on average) and the fractional snow covered area (obtained from the Landsat Thematic Mapper and the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer). Independent variables derived from the standard US Geological Survey DEM yielded the lowest overall model deviance and lowest error in snow depth prediction. Simulations using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM and the National Elevation Dataset DEM were improved when northness was substituted for solar radiation in five of six cases. Co-kriging with maximum upwind slope and elevation proved to be the best method for distributing residuals for April and June, respectively. Inverse distance weighting was the best residual distribution method for May. Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LiquidText: active reading through multitouch document manipulation

Active reading, involving acts such as highlighting, writing notes, etc., is an important part of knowledge workers' activities. Most computer based active reading support has sought to better replicate the affordances of paper. Instead, this dissertation seeks to go past paper by proposing a more flexible, fluid document representation, controlled through gesture and multitouch input. Formative evaluations revealed details about modern active reading behavior and early reactions to the prototype system. I discuss how these will inform the next design iteration, and current plans for a comparative study against other media.
The Haptoglobin 1 allele correlates with white matter hyperintensities in middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes

Although the haptoglobin (Hp) 1-1 genotype is associated with a lower coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in diabetes, we recently reported an increased stroke incidence in type 1 diabetes with Hp 1-1. We, thus, evaluated differences in earlier brain vascular abnormality markers by Hp using neuroimaging. Neuroimaging was completed in 94 participants of the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study with Hp genotyping available (mean age, 49; duration, 41 years). White matter hyperintensities (WMH) volume, lacunar infarcts, and gray matter atrophy were quantified. Sixteen percent were homozygous for Hp 1 and 43% for Hp 2. A significant trend toward increased WMH was observed with greater duration and the number of Hp 1 alleles. Associations were strongest for the interhemispheric connecting fibers of the corpus callosum. Allowing for duration, sex, waist-to-hip ratio, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, and lipids in models with backward elimination, results were similar. No significant differences by Hp were noted for atrophy or lacunar infarcts. Consistent with its direct association with stroke, the Hp 1-1 genotype is associated with higher WMH in this population. Further, including mechanistic, studies on the role of the Hp genotype in cerebrovascular disease and the implications for worsening cognitive function are needed.
Calculation of stopping-power ratios using realistic clinical electron beams

The Spencer-Attix water/air restricted mass collision stopping-power ratio is calculated in realistic electron beams in the energy range from 5-50 MeV for a variety of clinical accelerators including the Varian Clinac 2100C, the Philips SL75-20, the Siemens KD2, the AECL Therac 20, and the Scanditronix Medical Microtron 50. The realistic clinical beams are obtained from full Monte Carlo simulations of the clinical linear accelerators using the code BEAM. The stopping-power ratios calculated using clinical beams are compared with those determined according to the AAPM and the IAEA protocols which were calculated by using monoenergetic parallel beams. Using the energy-range relationship of Rogers and Bielajew [Med. Phys. 13, 687-694 (1986)] leads to the most consistent picture in which the stopping-power ratios at dmax derived from mono-energetic calculations underestimate the stopping-power ratios calculated with the realistic beam by 0.3% at 5 MeV and up to 1.4% at 20 MeV. The stopping-power ratios at dmax determined according to the AAPM TG-21 protocol (1983) are shown to overestimate the realistic stopping-power ratios by up to 0.6% for a 5-MeV beam and underestimate them by up to 1.2% for a 20-MeV beam. Those determined according to the IAEA (1987) protocol overestimate the realistic stopping-power ratios by up to 0.3% for a 5-MeV beam and underestimate them by up to a 1.1% for a 20-MeV beam at reference depth. The causes of the differences in the stopping-power ratios between the realistic clinical mono-energetic beams are analyzed quantitatively. The changes in the stopping-power ratios at dmax are mainly due to the energy spread of the electron beam and the contaminant photons in the clinical beams. The effect of the angular spread of electrons is rather small except at the surface. Data are presented which give the corrected stopping-power ratios at dmax or reference depth starting from those determined according to protocols for any energy of clinical electron beams with scattering foils. For scanned clinical electron beams the correction to stopping-power ratios determined according to protocols is found to be less than 0.5% at dmax or reference depth for all beam energies studied. We quantify the differences in the stopping-power ratios determined using the depth of 50% ionization level and the depth of 50% dose level. The differences are very small except for very-high-energy beams (50 MeV) where they can be up to 0.8%.
Mechanisms involved in A2E oxidation.

A2E is one of the bis-retinoid pyridinium compounds that accumulate as lipofuscin pigments in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in association with aging and in some inherited forms of retinal degeneration. Here we observed that 430 nm irradiation of A2E in the presence of the spin trap DMPO, led to the appearance of a superoxide dismutase-inhibitable electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum characteristic of DMPO-OH; this finding was indicative of hydroxyl radical (OH) formation following initial spin trapping of superoxide anion by DMPO. We also observed an increase in dihydroethidium (HEt) fluorescence and luminol-based chemiluminescence that on the basis of inhibition by superoxide dismutase, was indicative of superoxide anion generation when A2E was irradiated at 430 nm in cell-free systems. Nevertheless, while A2E was readily oxidized in the presence of a singlet oxygen generator, superoxide anion did not serve to oxidize A2E. Specifically, by HPLC quantitation and FAB-mass spectroscopy, there was no evidence of A2E oxidation when A2E was incubated with a superoxide anion generator (xanthine/xanthine oxidase) in a variety of solvents (100% PBS, 30% DMSO in PBS, 100% MeOH and CHCl3) or in the presence of detergent. On the other hand, however, peroxy-A2E, an oxidized form of A2E with an endoperoxide moiety on the short-arm of the molecule, readily underwent further oxygen addition when incubated with xanthine/xanthine oxidase. Superoxide anion may be generated by irradiation of A2E but is not involved in the early events that oxidize A2E. Superoxide can contribute to the further oxidation of already-oxidized A2E.
Structural, Nanomechanical, and Nanotribological Characterization of Human Hair Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanoindentation

Human hair is a nanocomposite biological fiber. Maintaining the health, feel, shine, color, softness, and overall esthetics of hair is highly desired. Hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners, along with damaging processes such as chemical dyeing and permanent wave treatments, affect the maintenance and grooming process and are important to study because they alter many hair properties. Nanoscale characterization of the cellular structure, mechanical properties, and morphological, frictional, and adhesive properties (tribological properties) of hair are essential to evaluate and develop better cosmetic products, and to advance the understanding of biological and cosmetic science. The atomic/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM) and nanoindenter have become important tools for studying the micro/nanoscale properties of human hair. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive review of the structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of various hair and skin as a function of ethnicity, damage, conditioning treatment, and various environments. Various cellular structure of human hair and fine sublamellar structures of the cuticle are identified and studied. Nanomechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus, tensile deformation, fatigue, creep, and scratch resistance are discussed. Nanotribological properties such as roughness, friction, and adhesion are presented, as well as investigations of conditioner distribution, thickness, and binding interactions. To study the electrostatic charge build-up on hair, surface potential studies are also presented.
Bringing Culture Into Parent Training With Latinos

Traditional frameworks of parenting have failed to capture the distinctive nature of parenting in Latino families. Cultural values likely influence parenting practices. The study of cultural values may allow us to identify aspects of parenting that are unique to Latinos and which complement traditional frameworks of parenting. This paper presents qualitative work on two Latino cultural values, familismo and respeto, and examines ways in which these values may inform the provision of standard parent training programs with Latinos. The first study is an ethnography that explored the value of familismo. The second study consisted of focus groups in which Latina mothers discussed the value of respeto. Findings from these two studies are used to examine the cultural congruence of the characteristics of parent training programs and the Latino values of familismo and respeto. In light of the issues identified, clinical guidelines for working with Latino parents in parent training programs are offered.
The use of dark-field microscopy for the visualization of acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic neurons.

Acetylcholinesterase (ACEase) was investigated histochemically in hearts, kidneys and urinary bladders of the following animals: man, dog, cat, hamster, rat, tree shrew (Tupaia glis) and lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis). Slides examined with both bright-field and dark-field illumination showed that use of dark-field microscopy greatly enhanced the visibility of sites of ACEase activity. ACEase-positive nerve fibers which had low enzyme activity were difficult to identify by brght-field, due to their pale staining, but these fibers were easily identified as iridescent structures in the dark-field.
MODIS data from Terra and Aqua satellites

The Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) mission is entering it's fourth year of successful operation and has yielded staggering amounts of data types and volumes. After the first MODIS launch in November 1999 on board the Tera satellite, a second instrument was bought to orbit on board of the Aqua satellite in May 2002. Both instruments can provide global coverage in 250-1000 m resolutions in just one day. The distribution of all MODIS data by any single NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) is not feasible. Thus, the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) DAAC produces Level 1A and 1B, and distributes the latter as well as the higher level of Ocean and Atmosphere products. Our goal is to give a generic picture of MODIS products and services available from GES DAAC, intended for users introducing themselves to the MODIS mission.
Prothrombin complex concentrates for reversal of vitamin K antagonists: assessing the risks.

Prothrombin complex concentrates for reversal of vitamin K antagonists: Assessing the risks -
Disposition of 14C-Quinelorane in Dogs Following Oral or Intravenous Dosing and Transdermal Patch Application

AbstractA transdermal patch was developed to circumvent the emesis associated with the oral and intravenous administration of a dopamine agonist, quinelorane, to dogs.Approximate steady-state plasma concentrations were achieved following the daily application of a transdermal patch for 7 days. Each dog received between 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg per day from the transdermal patch.At steady-state conditions, dogs received either a single oral dose of 14C-quinelorane at 0.1 mg/kg, a bolus intravenous dose of 0.03 mg/kg or had a transdermal patch containing the radioactive free base, 14C-quinelorane, applied to their abdomens for 24 hours; the approximate dose was 0.18 mg/kg.The plasma pharmacokinetics were measured by liquid scintillation counting and ELISA.The systemic bioavailability of quinelorane, as measured by the ELISA, was 30%, indicative of first-pass metabolism.The radioactive urinary metabolite profile was similar for all three routes of administration. Principal entities in the urine were quinelorane, th...
Detection of cognitive structure with protocol data: Predicting performance on physics transfer problems

Abstract This article presents a cognitive map proposed to be associated with understanding of the “system concept,” one component of the physics principle of Newton's second law. A definition of the concept is followed by the results of a problem-solving experiment designed to investigate whether or not good problem solvers possess cognitive structures similar to the one proposed. Think-aloud protocols were collected as subjects solved a series of physics problems involving Newton's second law. Coding schemes were used to analyze these protocols and to develop a quantitative index intended to reflect the extent to which subjects possessed certain components of the proposed structure. This index proved a highly significant predictor of performance on Newton's second law transfer problems contained in a written exam. In contrast, performance on a set of familiar problems in the same written exam was not a good predictor of performance on transfer problems. These results indicate that cognitive structures that connect the equation ΣF=ma and the concept of choosing appropriate systems are at least part of what constitutes understanding of the principle of Newton's second law. Implications for physics education and problem-solving research are presented.
Comment on “comment on the cyclotron emission rates in superstrong magnetic fields”

Abstract The claim that a fundamental error in works by D. White (regarding synchrotron radiation transition rates) has been detected is disputed.
Compulsory voting in Czechoslovakia

Ninety per cent of the eligible persons vote in Czecho-Schovakia. To what extent isthis due to the system of compulsory voting?
A GATA family transcription factor is expressed along the embryonic dorsoventral axis in Drosophila melanogaster.

The GATA transcription factors are a family of C4 zinc finger-motif DNA-binding proteins that play defined roles in hematopoiesis as well as presumptive roles in other tissues where they are expressed (e.g., testis, neuronal and placental trophoblast cells) during vertebrate development. To investigate the possibility that GATA proteins may also be involved in Drosophila development, we have isolated and characterized a gene (dGATAa) encoding a factor that is quite similar to mammalian GATA factors. The dGATAa protein sequence contains the two zinc finger DNA-binding domain of the GATA class but bears no additional sequence similarity to any of the vertebrate GATA factors. Analysis of dGATAa gene transcription during Drosophila development revealed that its mRNA is expressed at high levels during early embryogenesis, with transcripts first appearing in the dorsal portion of the embryo just after cellularization. As development progresses, dGATAa mRNA is present at high levels in the dorsal epidermis, suggesting that dGATAa may be involved in determining dorsal cell fate. The pattern of expression in a variety of dorsoventral polarity mutants indicates that dGATAa lies downstream of the zygotic patterning genes decapentaplegic and zerknullt.
The American Way: A Swing State Epiphany

After weeks of country-rending culture-warmongering in the final stretch of the presidential campaign, my neighbors brought over some cookies last night and offered something that reminded me why we, as a nation, will always come through these ordeals intact... This very short essay tells the story of a politically divided neighborhood in battleground southeast Virginia during the final days of the 2008 presidential election. It forecasts redemption for the fractured American electorate based on a deep kindness between politically opposed neighbors on the eve of the election. The Chicago Tribune published a version of this essay as an op-ed on November 6, 2008.
Laminar- and Target-Specific Amygdalar Inputs in Rat Primary Gustatory Cortex.

The primary gustatory cortex (GC) receives projections from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). Behavioral and electrophysiological studies demonstrated that this projection is involved in encoding the hedonic value of taste and is a source of anticipatory activity in GC. Anatomically, this projection is largest in the agranular portion of GC; however, its synaptic targets and synaptic properties are currently unknown. In vivo electrophysiological recordings report conflicting evidence about BLA afferents either selectively activating excitatory neurons or driving a compound response consistent with the activation of inhibitory circuits. Here we demonstrate that BLA afferents directly activate excitatory neurons and two distinct populations of inhibitory neurons in both superficial and deep layers of rat GC. BLA afferents recruit different proportions of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and show distinct patterns of circuit activation in the superficial and deep layers of GC. These results provide the first circuit-level analysis of BLA inputs to a sensory area. Laminar- and target-specific differences of BLA inputs likely explain the complexity of amygdalocortical interactions during sensory processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Projections from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the cortex convey information about the emotional value and the expectation of a sensory stimulus. Although much work has been done to establish the behavioral role of BLA inputs to sensory cortices, very little is known about the circuit organization of BLA projections. Here we provide the first in-depth analysis of connectivity and synaptic properties of the BLA input to the gustatory cortex. We show that BLA afferents activate excitatory and inhibitory circuits in a layer-specific and pattern-specific manner. Our results provide important new information about how neural circuits establishing the hedonic value of sensory stimuli and driving anticipatory behaviors are organized at the synaptic level.
Endoscopic hemostasis state of the art - Nonvariceal bleeding

New endoscopic techniques for hemostasis in nonvariceal bleeding were introduced and known methods further improved. Hemospray and Endoclot are two new compounds for topical treatment of bleeding. Initial studies in this area have shown a good hemostatic effect, especially in active large scale oozing bleeding, e.g., tumor bleedings. For further evaluation larger prospective studies comparing the substanced with other methods of endoscopic hemostasis are needed. For localized active arterial bleeding primary injection therapy in the area of ​​bleeding as well as in the four adjacent quadrants offers a good method to reduce bleeding activity. The injection is technically easy to learn and practicable. After bleeding activity is reduced the bleeding source can be localized more clearly for clip application. Today many different through-the-scope (TTS) clips are available. The ability to close and reopen a clip can aid towards good positioning at the bleeding site. Even more important is the rotatability of a clip before application. Often multiple TTS clips are required for secure closure of a bleeding vessel. One model has the ability to use three clips in series without changing the applicator. Severe arterial bleeding from vessels larger than 2 mm is often unmanageable with these conventional methods. Here is the over-the-scope-clip system another newly available method. It is similar to the ligation of esophageal varices and involves aspiration of tissue into a transparent cap before closure of the clip. Thus a greater vascular occlusion pressure can be achieved and larger vessels can be treated endoscopically. Patients with severe arterial bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract have a very high rate of recurrence after initial endoscopic treatment. These patients should always be managed in an interdisciplinary team of interventional radiologist and surgeons.
In situ measurement of deformation mechanics and its spatio-temporal scaling behavior in equal channel angular pressing

Deformation mechanics in equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was studied in situ using digital image correlation (DIC) and infra-red (IR) thermography. In a prototypical experiment in an optical and IR transparent die, the deformation of commercially pure lead (Pb) is observed using high-speed optical and IR cameras. From the resulting time-sequence images of metal-flow in the deformation zone, DIC is used to characterize the zone of severe plastic deformation (SPD) as a function of the scale of deformation (sample dimensions), deformation speed, and die geometry. The temperature rise in the deformation zone was characterized using IR thermography and the results were compared against theoretical estimates. These observations provide direct insights into the mechanics of SPD in ECAP, which can offer strategies for microstructure control, process optimization, and miniaturization of ECAP.
Quantitative Changes in the Hen’s Oviduct Associated with Egg Formation

Abstract IN A previous report (Smith et al., 1957), the weight of the oviduct in the normal laying hen was compared with the secretory state of the magnum, as estimated by the position and condition of eggs found in the oviduct on autopsy. The oviduct was considered “pre-secretory” if it contained a hard-shelled uterine egg since these birds, if not sacrificed, soon would have deposited albumen on a new egg; it was considered “post-secretory” when a soft-shelled uterine or isthmian eggs were found. Assuming that albumen is accumulated in the magnum during the intersecretory period (as is indicated by histological findings; Richardson, 1935), one would expect the weight of the “pre-secretory” oviduct to exceed that of the “post-secretory” oviduct by approximately the weight of the deposited albumen (i.e., 20 gms.). Since this anticipated difference in oviduct weight was not found (Smith et al., 1957), another experiment, reported herein, was carried out …
The Submitted Paper–The Art and the Science

A number of you will soon make your professional debut by the well-known route of the submitted paper. I am pleased to offer some of my own views on the importance of this form of communication and some tips which I believe can contribute to your effectiveness. Perhaps no two of us would agree entirely as to how papers should be presented and I welcome rebuttals to the ideas which I shall present. My comments will apply largely to the submitted paper as a means of communication among members of the Entomological Society of America.
Light-induced nuclear export reveals rapid dynamics of epigenetic modifications

We engineered a photoactivatable system for rapidly and reversibly exporting proteins from the nucleus by embedding a nuclear export signal in the LOV2 domain from phototropin 1. Fusing the chromatin modifier Bre1 to the photoswitch, we achieved light-dependent control of histone H2B monoubiquitylation in yeast, revealing fast turnover of the ubiquitin mark. Moreover, this inducible system allowed us to dynamically monitor the status of epigenetic modifications dependent on H2B ubiquitylation.
A Summary of Harmonics Suppression about Dry Type Transformers

This paper analyzed the cause and the harm of harmonics in the power system,and introduced the measures of harmonics suppression in power system from both dry type transformers themselves and power electronic devices that equipped for transformers.At last getting a conclusion that by the development of the technology of the transformer and the power electronic,the problem of harmonics would be solved perfectly.
A morphology independent methodology for quantifying planview river change and characteristics from remotely sensed imagery

Abstract Remotely sensed imagery of rivers has long served as a means for characterizing channel properties and detection of planview change. In the last decade the dramatic increase in the availability of satellite imagery and processing tools has created the potential to greatly expand the spatial and temporal scale of our understanding of river morphology and dynamics. To date, the majority of GIS and automated analyses of planview changes in rivers from remotely sensed data has been developed for single-threaded meandering river systems. These methods have limited applicability to many of the earth's rivers with complex multi-channel planforms. Here we present the methodologies of a set of analysis algorithms collectively called Spatially Continuous Riverbank Erosion and Accretion Measurements (SCREAM). SCREAM analyzes planview river metrics regardless of river morphology. These algorithms quantify both the erosion and accretion rates of riverbanks from binary masks of channels generated from imagery acquired at two time periods. Additionally, the program quantifies the area of change between river channels and the surrounding floodplain and area of islands lost or formed between these two time periods. To examine variations in erosion rates in relation to local channel attributes and make rate comparisons between river systems of varying sizes, the program determines channel widths and bank curvature at every bank pixel. SCREAM was developed and tested on rivers with diverse and complex planform morphologies in imagery acquired from a range of observational platforms with varying spatial resolutions. Validation and verification of SCREAM-generated metrics against manual measurements show no significant measurement errors in determination of channel width, erosion, and bank aspects. SCREAM has the potential to provide data for both the quantitative examination of the controls on erosion rates and for the comparison of these rates across river systems ranging broadly in size and planform morphology.