cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellulose biosynthesis in plants: from genes to rosettes.

Modern techniques of gene cloning have identified the CesA genes as encoding the probable catalytic subunits of the plant CelS, the cellulose synthase enzyme complex visualized in the plasma membrane as rosettes. At least 10 CesA isoforms exist in Arabidopsis and have been shown by mutant analyses to play distinct role/s in the cellulose synthesis process. Functional specialization within this family includes differences in gene expression, regulation and, possibly, catalytic function. Current data points towards some CesA isoforms potentially being responsible for initiation or elongation of the recently identified sterol beta-glucoside primer within different cell types, e.g. those undergoing either primary or secondary wall cellulose synthesis. Different CesA isoforms may also play distinct roles within the rosette, and there is some circumstantial evidence that CesA genes may encode the catalytic subunit of the mixed linkage glucan synthase or callose synthase. Various other proteins such as the Korrigan endocellulase, sucrose synthase, cytoskeletal components, Rac13, redox proteins and a lipid transfer protein have been implicated to be involved in synthesizing cellulose but, apart from CesAs, only Korrigan has been definitively linked with cellulose synthesis. These proteins should prove valuable in identifying additional CelS components.
UWB magneto-dielectric ground plane for low-profile antenna applications

In low-profile applications, the antenna is often positioned very closely to an electrically conducting surface, or ground plane. Such a ground-plane backing significantly degrades antenna performance when the electrical height is less than lambda/15. Existing approaches, such as lossless electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures and artificial magnetic conductors (AMC), tend to operate over a small bandwidth. This paper discusses two alternative ultra-wideband (UWB) approaches that laminate the ground plane with special magneto-dielectric (or ferrite) layers. The first approach employs a ferrite layer with a high mur/epsivr ratio to produce an in-phase reflection, similar to that caused by a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC). The second approach adapts a lossy ferrite with similar values of relative permeability, mur, and relative permittivity, epsivr. Radiation enhancements achieved via these ground-plane treatments will be demonstrated by simulated and measured examples. Design guidelines based on a parametric study will also be discussed.
Modular flow analysis for concurrent software

Modern software systems are designed and implemented in a modular fashion by composing individual components. The advantages of early validation are widely accepted in this context, i.e., that defects in individual module designs and implementations may be detected and corrected prior to system-level validation. This is particularly true for errors related to interactions between system components. In this paper, we describe how a whole-program automated static analysis technique can be adapted to the validation of individual components, or groups of components, of sequential or concurrent software systems. This work builds off of an existing approach, FLAVERS, that uses program flow analysis to verify explicitly stated correctness properties of software systems. We illustrate our modular analysis approach and some of its benefits by describing part of a case-study with a realistic concurrent multi-component system.
Polyene sequence distribution in thermally degraded poly(vinyl chloride)

A kinetic model for the formation of polyene sequences during the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) in nitrogen is proposed. The model includes a propagation step of the “zipper” type and termination by crosslinking. The initiation can occur randomly or at weak links in the polymer chain. The rate of polyene growth increased with increasing polyene sequence length and passed through a flat maximum at n = 7. The average polyene sequence length was almost constant up to about 0.5% conversion, but then slowly decreased with increasing conversion. This was the result of a larger extent of termination reactions (crosslinking) at higher conversions. At 0.2–0.5% conversion an average polyene sequence length of about 6 was observed. The degradation was carried out in nitrogen at 190°C. The experimental results were obtained from ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric measurements.
Anticoagulation Monitoring Part 2: Unfractionated Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin

reliability, and clinical application of POC monitoring devices. DATA SYNTHESIS: The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and activated clotting time (ACT) are common tests for monitoring anticoagulation with UFH. Multiple devices are available for POC aPTT, ACT, and heparin concentration testing. The aPTT therapeutic range for UFH will vary depending upon the reagent and instrument employed. Although recommended by the American College of Chest Physicians Seventh Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy, establishing a heparin concentration‐derived therapeutic range for UFH is rarely performed. Additional research evaluating anti-factor Xa monitoring of LMWHs using POC testing is necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple POC devices are available to monitor anticoagulation with UFH. For each test, there is some variability in results between devices and between reagents used in the same device. Despite these limitations, POC anticoagulation monitoring of UFH using aPTT and, more often, ACT is common in clinical practice, particularly when evaluating anticoagulation associated with interventional cardiology procedures and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Large-Amplitude Coherent Anomalies in Baroclinic Zonal Flows

Abstract In a previous paper the authors developed an asymptotic time-dependent theory for coherent structures on a marginally stable baroclinic flow. It was shown that solitary waves, as well as other more general disturbances of sufficient amplitude, could be explosively unstable and that the asymptotic theory provided no mechanism for equilibration. The asymptotic theory is reexamined and shows that the instability can be interpreted as a problem in local instability. A discussion of the appropriate boundary conditions for localized instability problems is also given. Direct numerical integration of the full quasigeostrophic equations is then undertaken to determine the ultimate fate of the explosive instability. The instability equilibrates as a locally steady, zonally uniform O(1) alteration of the original zonal flow that expands slowly in time. This region is connected to the original flow by narrow regions of strong meridional flow. The finite-amplitude region develops both closed streamlines and ...
A Time for Bonding: Commerce, Love, and Law in the Merchant of Venice

This essay examines the plural nature and meaning of the word "bond" in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, dispelling popular readings of the play as anti-market. The Merchant of Venice is open to an array of interpretations favorable to commerce, and Shakespeare's Venice anticipates certain Hayekian notions about societies that accommodate competing interests and cultures.
Racial and ethnic disparities in universal cervical length screening with transvaginal ultrasound.

AbstractObjective: Determine if race or ethnicity is associated with missed or late transvaginal cervical length screening in a universal screening program.Methods: Retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with singleton gestations and a fetal anatomical ultrasound from 16–24 weeks’ gestation from January 2012 to November 2013. We classified women into mutually exclusive racial and ethnic groups: non-Hispanic black (black), Hispanic, Asian, non-Hispanic white (white), and other or unknown race. We used log-binomial regression to calculate the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of missed or late (≥20 weeks’ gestation) screening versus optimally timed screening between the different racial and ethnic groups.Results: Among the 2967 women in our study population, 971 (32.7%) had either missed or late cervical length screening. Compared to white women, black (RR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1–1.5) and Hispanic (RR:1.2; 95% CI: 1.01–1.5) women were more likely to have missed or late screening. Among wom...
Mechanism of the Formation of Carboxylate from Alcohols and Water Catalyzed by a Bipyridine-Based Ruthenium Complex: A Computational Study

The catalytic mechanism for oxidizing alcohols to carboxylate in basic aqueous solution by the bipyridine-based ruthenium complex 2 (BIPY-PNN)Ru(H)(Cl)(CO) (Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 122) is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) with the ωB97X-D functional. Using water as the oxygen donor with liberation of dihydrogen represents a safe and clean process for such oxidations. Under NaOH, the active catalyst is 3 (BIPY-PNN)Ru(H)(CO). Four steps are involved: dehydrogenation of alcohol to aldehyde (Step 1); coupling of aldehyde and water to form the gem-diol (Step 2); dehydrogenation of gem-diol to carboxylic acid (Step 3); and deprotonation of carboxylic acid to carboxylate anion under base (Step 4). The dehydrogenations of alcohol (Step 1) and gem-diol (Step 3) prefer the double hydrogen transfer mechanism to the β-H elimination mechanism. The coupling of aldehyde and water (Step 2) proceeds through cleavage of water by catalyst 3 followed by concerted hydroxyl and hydrogen transfer to the aldehyde. The formation of the carboxylate anion occurs via direct deprotonation of the carboxylic acid under base (Step 4), while in the absence of base a stable carboxylic acid-addition complex 6 was formed. Added base was found to play important roles in the generation of catalyst 3 from both the stable carboxylic acid-addition complex 6 and its chloride precursor complex 2. The chemoselectivity for the formation of carboxylic acid rather than ester is ascribed to the favorable cleavage of water and the subsequent generation of the stable carboxylate anion that leads to carboxylic acid upon acidification.
SAT0273 Lower socioeconomic status and smoking are associated with greater radiographic disease severity in axial spondyloarthritis

Background Radiographic severity and progression are important outcome measures in Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). In the past, the Bath Ankylosing Radiology Index (BASRI) was the primary measure used. More recently, the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) has been studied. However, most recent studies have reported on radiographic disease progression, not severity. Prior studies that have used the BASRI for radiographic severity have looked at patients with long-standing disease. Objectives To determine the clinical and demographic characteristics associated with radiographic spinal disease severity, as defined by the mSASSS in a heterogeneous single-center cohort of patients with axial Spondyloarthritis (SpA). Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis from the baseline visits for patients consecutively enrolled at one center. Patients were enrolled if they met Assessment of SpondyloArthritis (ASAS) criteria. Radiographs were performed at baseline (including Pelvis and spinal films). Clinical and demographic features were assessed by univariate analysis and then by Multivariate linear regression. Results One-hundred-and-seventy patients were enrolled. of which, 73.5% met Modified New York (NY) criteria for AS and 26.5% met ASAS criteria for axial SpA. Of those not meeting modified NY criteria, all but 2 had radiographic sacroilitis. This was an ethnically diverse group, with Caucasian patients accounting for 60% of the cohort. Baseline characteristics are outlined in the table 1. Of 170 patients, 138 had complete data available for analysis. In the multivariate analysis, a higher mSASSS was associated with male gender (coefficient = 5.52, p=0.02, 95% CI 0.81; 10.23), disease duration (coefficient = 0.54, p Conclusions Lower SES and smoking are independently associated with greater radiographic disease severity in Axial SpA. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship of how SES relates to radiographic damage and how smoking affects bone health in Axial SpA. References Michael M. Ward, Matthew R. Hendrey, James D. Malley et al., Arthritis Care & Research 2009 Vol. 61(7): pp. 859-66 Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Plasma-Surface Interaction Limits for Remote H-Plasma Cleaning of Si(100)

An investigation of the parameters in H-plasma cleaning influencing H-diffusion and surface etching is described. The Si surface and subsurface regions were characterized with Raman spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and the plasma parameters were monitored with a double Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy. The parameters varied in the rf plasma cleaning were the substrate temperature, the rf power, and the plasma exposure time. It was found that low pressure and low power H-plasma exposure was effective in terms of cleaning the surface. In the 300°C, 20 Watts, 2 min. H-plasma exposure case, the Raman spectra indicated that there was no detectable H incorporation into the Si bulk and HRTEM showed no obvious defect microstructure in the near surface region and that the surface was smooth. In contrast, in the 150°C, 50 Watts, 60 min. H-plasma exposure case, HRTEM indicated that H-induced platelet defects formed in the Si(100) subsurface region and that the surface morphology was rough. Raman scattering revealed Si-H features at ~2100 cm-1.
The Reliability and Permanence of Vocational Interests of Adolescents

In recent years considerable emphasis has been placed in the secondary school upon vocational guidance to the end that more adequate vocational adjustments might sub sequently be effected. As is not uncommon in educational programs, the theory and objec tives have far outstripped available tech niques for achieving stated ends. Although consistently questioned by work ers in the field, vocational choices have usu ally provided the basis for guidance insofar as the interests of the individual are con cerned. The continued use of such methods has been due not so much to the fact that their limitations have not been recognized as to the absence of an objective and reliable tool for measuring vocational interests. Since 1920, many investigators in this field have been concerned with the construction and perfection of devices for the measure ment of interests, employing objectively scored inventories standardized on adult per sons employed in various occupations. The norms that have been secured in this fashion are, consequently, not intended for use with high school pupils. The present study was undertaken to determine the suitability of such a technique at the senior high school level. The motive behind the investigation has been a belief in the necessity for ade quate counseling data, available to the indi vidual at such an age that the impact of vocational failure or unadjustment may be avoided and time and money may be hus banded in securing professional and voca tional preparation. The adaptation to adolescents of an inven tory standardized for measuring vocational interests of adults depends chiefly upon three main characteristics of adolescent interests.
Energy-Aware Load Balancing and Application Scaling for the Cloud Ecosystem

In this paper, we introduce an energy-aware operation model used for load balancing and application scaling on a cloud. The basic philosophy of our approach is defining an energy-optimal operation regime and attempting to maximize the number of servers operating in this regime. Idle and lightly-loaded servers are switched to one of the sleep states to save energy. The load balancing and scaling algorithms also exploit some of the most desirable features of server consolidation mechanisms discussed in the literature.
Synchronization of Local Neural Networks in the Somatosensory Cortex: A Comparison of Stationary and Moving Stimuli

Stimulus-induced increases in the synchronization of local neural networks in the somatosensory cortex: a comparison of stationary and moving stimuli. Spontaneous and stimulus-induced responses wer...
Secondary water quality monitoring in Wujiang District of Suzhou City from 2011-2013

[Objective]To understand the water quality of secondary water supply in Wujiang District of Suzhou City,and propose appropriate recommendations.[Methods]The water samples were collected from residential area,large service places,schools,hospitals and other units with secondary water supply according to plan. The color, turbidity, odor and taste, oxygen consumption,total coliform,total bacteria,free chlorine,iron,ammonia,nitrite nitrogen were tested. The results were analyzed statistically by SAS software.[Results]The qualified rates of secondary water quality were 77.00%,51.84%,65.05% in Wujiang District from 2011-2013,with significant difference(χ2=28.32,P0.05). The qualified rate of water quanlity in residential area was higher than that of other places. The main unqualified items were free chlorine, microbial indicators and turbidity.[Conclusion]The water quality of secondary water supply is not optimistic in Wujiang District,with low qualified rate. Proposals for comprehensive management are put forward to solve the analyzed problem.
Retinotopic information interacts with category selectivity in human ventral cortex

Until recently, the general consensus with respect to the organization of ventral visual cortex is that early, retinotopic regions are sensitive to the spatial position of the input stimuli whereas later, higher-order regions are sensitive to the category of the input stimuli. Growing recognition of the bidirectional connectivity of the visual system has challenged this view and recent empirical evidence suggests a more interactive and graded system. Here, based on findings from functional MRI in adult observers, in which meridians and category selective regions are localized and their activation sampled, we support this latter perspective by showing that category effects are present in retinotopic cortical areas and spatial position effects are present in higher-order regions. Furthermore, the results indicate that the retinotopic and later areas are functionally connected suggesting a possible mechanism by which these seemingly disparate effects come to be intermixed in both early and later regions of the visual system.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma in a Tuberculous Kidney: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis is uncommon. Tuberculosis and cancer manifesting in the same kidney is even more unusual. To our knowledge we report the first case of tuberculosis and transitional cell carcinoma occurring in the same kidney.
Other neurologic diseases with dementia as a sequela.

Less-common causes of dementia are briefly discussed. Disorders covered include Pick’s disease, primary progressive aphasia, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington’s disease, olivopontocerebellar atrophies, closed head injury, dementia pugilistica, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Pseudodementia is also discussed. These disorders are compared and contrasted with the more common etiologies of dementia that are reviewed in other articles in the issue. Topics covered include treatment, differential diagnosis, clinical features, and pathogenesis.
Input-to-output discontinuity and transient improvement in add-on controls

Add-on control is commonly used in control systems for disturbance rejection and servo enhancements. Despite the capability of greatly enhancing the steady-state performance, even an ideal add-on compensation can introduce significant output discontinuity and transient response. This paper presents an exact formula for computing the output discontinuity during add-on servo, and discusses its influence on transient performance in different control designs. We show that adding the compensation signal as an update of the reference yields much more desirable transient response than the traditional choice of add-on design at the input of the plant. Evaluation of the results is performed on a semiconductor manufacturing system.
Peer evaluation of team member effectiveness as a formative educational intervention

Peer evaluation of team member effectiveness is often used to complement cooperative learning in the classroom, by holding students accountable for their team contributions. Drawing on the tenants of selfdetermination theory, this study investigated the impacts of formative peer evaluation in university level team-based design projects. The hypothesis was that the introduction of formative peer evaluation cycles would result in a more student-centered learning climate, increased competence, reduced doubt, and improved student learning. Two semesters were compared in this quasi-experimental study where results of peer evaluation became modifiers to students’ grades in the final project. In only one of the semesters, peer evaluation was also used multiple times formatively to provide students with feedback and encourage changes in behavior without impacting grades. When formative peer evaluation was implemented, students earned higher grades on the final project and in the course and perceived a more student-centered learning environment, more competence, and less doubt about the course.
Climate change imposes phenological trade‐offs on forest net primary productivity

Climate warming is expected to lengthen growing seasons of temperate forest ecosystems and increase gross primary productivity. Simultaneously, warming is expected to increase summer ecosystem respiration, which could offset gains accrued from longer growing seasons. These responses have been observed during anomalously warm years, but the role of future climate change on phenological tradeoffs and how they affect net primary productivity (NPP) at regional scales in temperate forests remains unexplored. We simulated scenarios of climate change on monthly forest NPP throughout 18 million hectares of temperate forests in New England, USA through year 2100. Using an ecophysiological model coupled to a forest landscape model, we simulated scenarios of climate change on monthly NPP. A high emission scenario (RCP 8.5), resulted in longer growing seasons that offset mid-summer ecosystem respiration costs and produced greater annual NPP throughout the study landscape compared to simulations using the current climate. In spring and autumn months, temperature was positively associated with greater NPP; in summer months, the relationship was negative. Spatially, the greatest increase in NPP occurred in the warmer southern region under a warm climate scenario with increased precipitation. Under a warm scenario with drier conditions, the greatest increase in NPP occurred in the cooler northern region. Phenological tradeoffs will affect NPP of future forests and their potential to serve as a negative feedback to climate change. Barring other limitations, longer growing seasons will offset greater respiratory demands and contribute to increases in NPP throughout the temperate forests of New England in the future.
Protection from epidemics is a driving force for evolution of lifespan setpoints

Most living organisms age, as determined by species-specific limits to lifespan. The biological driving force for a genetically-defined limit on the lifespan of a given species (herein called "lifespan setpoint") remains poorly understood. Here we present mathematical models suggesting that an upper limit of individual lifespans protects their cohort population from infection-associated penalties. A shorter lifespan setpoint helps control pathogen spread within a population, prevents the establishment and progression of infections, and accelerates pathogen clearance from the population when compared to populations with long-lived individuals. Strikingly, shorter-living variants efficiently displace longer-living individuals in populations that are exposed to pathogens and exist in spatially structured niches. The beneficial effects of shorter lifespan setpoints are even more evident in the context of zoonotic transmissions, where pathogens undergo adaptation to a new host. We submit that the selective pressure of infectious disease provides an evolutionary driving force to limit individual lifespan setpoints after reproductive maturity to secure its kin9s fitness. Our findings have important public health implications for efforts to extend human9s lifespan.
Failure of Fractional Horsepower Ventilation Fan Motors

Fractional horsepower motors are used to power exhaust fans such as those found in bathrooms and oven hoods. There was an increase in fires attributed to these motors shortly after the year 2000. Still, many argue that these motors cannot cause fires because they contain a thermal cutoff (TCO) unit that shuts off electrical current when the TCO reaches a specific temperature. In this paper we describe an unsafe failure mode that can occur after extended use. As fans age, the bearings wear out, resulting in heating of the coil wires. Excessive heating results in break down of the wire insulation, which can lead to a short between wires and create an autotransformer configuration. An autotransformer can support high current in only part of the wiring, resulting in resistive heating sufficient for ignition. With the low thermal conductivity of the coil ( $$0.0162\,W/(\hbox {cm}\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C})$$ ) and the poor performance of the TCO (no cutoff up to $$260{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ ), a large temperature gradient is possible. The gradient allows for ignition in one part of the motor without activating the TCO. We experimentally validated the proposed mechanism in an isolated motor and a complete fan assembly resulting in ignition after 18 s and 23 s. The assembled fan burned for more than 6 minutes before we extinguished the flames for safety reasons. Our results are consistent with field results from actual fires.
Real-Time, Reconfigurable, Autonomous Detection of Threats under Challenging, Real-World Conditions

A need exists for effective, real-time detection of chemical, explosive and illicit drug threats. ChemImage Sensor Systems has developed, validated and fielded a variety of hyperspectral imaging based sensors to address this need.
Resection Versus SBRT for Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in Patients with Good Pulmonary Function

Anatomic pulmonary resection with systematic lymph node sampling remains the accepted standard for patients with clinical stage I NSCLC. The widespread use of diagnostic chest computed tomography particularly for lung cancer screening has identified smaller tumors. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has emerged as an alternative for medically inoperable patients harboring stage I NSCLC. Results from phase II prospective clinical trials have demonstrated that SBRT is highly effective at primary tumor control while avoiding serious toxicity. The efficacy of SBRT in operable patients with stage I NSCLC is under investigation and evidence to compare treatment equivalency to surgical resection is lacking.
Inactivation of Microorganisms on Polyethylene Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide Vapors in Air at Various Temperatures

Air saturated with hydrogen peroxide vapor in equilibrium with 35% (weight/weight) aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution possesses sporicidal properties suitable for use as a sterilant in aseptic packaging systems. At 70°C, a six-decimal reduction in population of Bacillus subtilis A and Bacillus subtilis var. globigii can be achieved after 0.95 and 1.2 min of exposure, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide vapor is adsorbed by the polyethylene surface. The adsorbed quantity that persists following 99.9999% inactivation of B. subtilis var. globigii decreased with increasing temperature. Without further treatment, residues will exceed the legal tolerance.
Elimination of Cyclic Stopping Sets for Enhanced Decoding of LDPC Codes

Ahstract- The Stopping-Set Elimination Problem is studied for LDPC codes: how to remove the fewest number of erasures from a stopping set such that the remaining erasures can be decoded by belief propagation in $k$ iterations (including $k$ = ∞). The problem is known to be NP-hard. Here efficient exact algorithms and approximation algorithms are presented for stopping sets whose induced graphs in Tanner graphs contain cycles.
A comparison of approaches for citrus canopy profile generation using ultrasonic and Leddar® sensors

Abstract Tree canopy profile can be generated with a variety of sensors that include Lidar, ultrasonic sensors, radar and camera-based systems. In this study, a new kind of sensor, Leddar® that uses LED’s to measure distances is compared with a popular ultrasonic sensor. The purpose of the study is to assess the viability of the sensors to form part of a control system design that will enable the operation of an automated shaker system. The shaker system will be able to move dynamically based on the shape of the tree canopy formed by the sensor outputs. Statistical methods were used in both indoor and outdoor environments to identify and reduce the systematic and random errors involved in the sensor measurements. The sensors provided with an average error less than 5.08 cm in the indoor environment and less than 10.16 cm in the outdoor environment. The sensor outputs showed lower error values on larger distances in the outdoor setting. A vertical and horizontal grid setup formed the basis of development of 3D canopy profiles of a grove of citrus trees. This grid setup was used to generate a point cloud from the sensor outputs to represent the tree canopy profile. Volume estimation is also performed with the Leddar® sensors. This study enlists an experimental approach to compare the performance of ultrasonic and Leddar sensors to 3D canopy profile generation and volume estimation.
Preliminary Notes on the Proliferation of Cittaviprayuktasamskāra-S in the Vaibhāsika School

La theorie cittaviprayuktasamskara-s (CVS) constitue l'un des traits les plus caracteristiques de l'analyse de l'ecole Vaibhasika a propos des constituants de la realite. Le traitement de CVS par l'Abhidharmamahavibhasa (AMV) demontre que les Vibhasasastrins correspondent a cette categorie particuliere de dharmas appeles a resoudre des questions doctrinales. Il existe plusieurs CVS discutes en detail dans l'AMV mais ne sont pas traites du tout dans des traites normatifs plus tardifs ce qui amene a penser qu'il y a eu simplification du systeme doctrinal Vaibhasika apres le IV e siecle de notre ere
Der Aktivitätskoeffizient von Zink in verdünnten flüssigen Lösungen von Zink in Zinn im Temperaturbereich von 470–540°K nach der Torsions-Effusionsmethode

Chang und Mitarb.1 haben das Problem der Konzentrationsverarmung in der Grenzflache Dampfraum—Legierungsinneres im Laufe eines Torsions-Effusionsversuches quantitativ behandelt, indem sie die Diffusionsgleichung aus dem zweitenFick-schen Gesetz losten. Es wurde auch experimentell gezeigt, das ihre theoretische Methode erfolgreich den Unterschied der Zn-Konzentrationen in der Grenzflache und im Legierungsinneren erklaren kann, der auftritt, wenn Zn bei 500°C aus verd. fluss. ZnSn-Legierungen verdampft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird diese Vorgangsweise in ausgedehnten Messungen der Verdampfung von Zn aus verd. ZnSn-legierungen in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur angewendet. Es werden Effusionszellen mit verschieden grosen Effusionsoffnungen verwendet. Die Mesergebnisse werden ausgewertet und der Aktivitatskoeffizient von Zn bei unendlicher Verdunnung als Funktion der Temperatur dargestellt.
The Efficacy of Liposomal Bupivacaine Over Traditional Local Anesthetics in Periarticular Infiltration and Regional Anesthesia During Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract Background Since its Food and Drug Administration approval in 2011 as a local anesthetic for postsurgical analgesia, liposomal bupivacaine (LB) has been incorporated into the periarticular injection (PAI) of many knee surgeons. The slow release of this medication from vesicles should significantly extend the duration of its analgesic effect, but current evidence has not clearly demonstrated this benefit. Methods We systematically searched electronic databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, as well as the Journal of Arthroplasty web page for relevant articles. All calculations were made using Review Manager 5.3. Results We identified 42 studies that compared LB to an alternate analgesic modality. Seventeen of these studies were controlled trials that were included in meta-analysis. Significant differences were seen in pain scores with LB over a peripheral nerve block (mean difference = 0.45, P = .02) and LB over a traditional PAI (standard mean difference = −0.08, P = .004). Conclusion While LB may offer a statistically significant benefit over a traditional PAI, the increase in pain control may not be clinically significant and it does not appear to offer a benefit in reducing opioid consumption. However, there is no standardization among current studies, as they vary greatly in design, infiltration technique, and outcome measurement, which precludes any reliable summarization of their results. Future independent studies using a standardized protocol are needed to provide clear unbiased evidence.
Constraining the Self-Interacting Neutrino Interpretation of the Hubble Tension

Large, nonstandard neutrino self-interactions have been shown to resolve the $\ensuremath{\sim}4\ensuremath{\sigma}$ tension in Hubble constant measurements and a milder tension in the amplitude of matter fluctuations. We demonstrate that interactions of the necessary size imply the existence of a force carrier with a large neutrino coupling ($g{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$) and mass in the keV--100 MeV range. This mediator is subject to stringent cosmological and laboratory bounds, and we find that nearly all realizations of such a particle are excluded by existing data unless it carries spin 0 and couples almost exclusively to $\ensuremath{\tau}$-flavored neutrinos. Furthermore, we find that the light neutrinos must be Majorana particles, and that a UV-complete model requires a nonminimal mechanism to simultaneously generate neutrino masses and appreciable self-interactions.
A virus-like particle vaccine prevents equine encephalitis virus infection in nonhuman primates

Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV, EEEV, and VEEV, respectively) are important mosquito-borne agents that pose public health and bioterrorism threats. Despite considerable advances in understanding alphavirus replication, there are currently no available effective vaccines or antiviral treatments against these highly lethal pathogens. To develop a potential countermeasure for viral encephalitis, we generated a trivalent, or three-component, EEV vaccine composed of virus-like particles (VLPs). Monovalent VLPs elicited neutralizing antibody responses and protected mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) against homologous challenges, but they were not cross-protective. In contrast, NHPs immunized with trivalent VLPs were completely protected against aerosol challenge by each of these three EEVs. Passive transfer of IgG from immunized NHPs protected mice against aerosolized EEV challenge, demonstrating that the mechanism of protection was humoral. Because they are replication incompetent, these trivalent VLPs represent a potentially safe and effective vaccine that can protect against diverse encephalitis viruses.
OpenFlow Experimenter Labels for Encoding Adaptive Network Functions

OpenFlow is the single most important widely used protocol created for the development of software defined programmable adaptive network architectures. The protocol is based on standardization which allows for a highly extendable protocol that allows the introduction of new network functions and abstractions. This architecture brings computation and communication close together in order to bring network awareness into applications. However, lack of proper documentation and complex interaction between several software modules makes development a bit cumbersome in certain cases. The current method for introducing new OpenFlow functionality is to use Experimenter functions intended for extending OpenFlow functionality. In this paper we detail the process of introducing Experimenter Labels into both Open vSwitch and the Ryu controller in order to introduce new OpenFlow functionality.
Do you have a healthy smile

This article examines whether cosmetic interventions by dentists and plastic surgeons are medically indicated and, hence, qualify as medical interventions proper. Cosmetic interventions (and the business strategies used to market them) are often frowned upon by dentists and physicians. However, if those interventions do not qualify as medical interventions proper, they should not be evaluated using medical-ethical norms. On the other hand, if they are to be considered medical practice proper, the medical-ethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice and others hold true for cosmetic interventions as much as they do for other medical and dental interventions. It is concluded that most cosmetic interventions do not qualify as medical interventions proper because they do not restore or maintain the patient's health (defined as the patient's integrity) by any objective standards. Rather, cosmetic interventions are intended to enhance a person's physical appearance; more specifically, they intend to fulfill the client's subjective perception of an enhanced appearance.
AREES at 50: A Semicentennial Celebration

I survey the 50-year history of the Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, retitled Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics in 2003. An overview of reviews up through 2009 portrays ...
Prion diseases: Infectivity versus toxicity.

Prions are infectious proteins that can cause deadly diseases in mammals. Detailed measurements of infectivity suggest that there may be distinct infectious and toxic versions of this protein. See Letter p.540 Prion infections have a clinically silent incubation period that can go on for years or even decades, followed by an aggressive, short clinical phase. Experiments in the RML mouse model of prion disease now show that prion propagation in the brain proceeds by two distinct phases: a relatively brief exponential phase that is not rate-limited by prion protein concentration, followed by a plateau phase. Surprisingly, it is the latter that can be very prolonged, accounting for the majority of the clinically silent incubation period. The similar levels of infectivity at the end of the first and second phase suggest that there is a separation between prion infectivity and toxicity. The authors suggest that the prions are not neurotoxic themselves, but catalyse the formation of such species from host-cell-encoded cellular prion protein.
William Marshal Great Knight and Protector of Magna Carta: The Unknown Founder of the Rights of Englishmen and Americans

Few individuals are as important to the history of English rights and therefore American rights than the great knight of the Middle ages, William Marshal. This article traces Marshal’s contributions to the Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest, suggesting that his personal experiences of King John’s cruelty led him to advocate for more restriction on the King’s power through the two charters. One knight’s experience of the King’s oppressive rule illuminates the historical context that gave rise to the two charters, both of which had long-lasting effects on English and American law, most importantly the limitation of absolute use of power. This article examines lesser known provisions of the Magna Carta, such as limiting the power to raise or impose taxes and argues that the Charter of the Forest was an important step in ensuring the rights of common folk. It draws a parallel between the oppressive regimes of King John and King George III and between the responses: the Magna Carta and Charter of the Forest and the Bill of Rights of the United States.
An implicit shock-fitting scheme for unsteady transonic flow computations

The alternating-direction implicit scheme developed by NASA Ames for unsteady transonic flows has been modified to include a shock-fitting algorithm as well as an analytically stretched coordinate system. The shock-fitting procedure treats shock waves as discontinuities normal to the free stream. Improvements in shock position and the unsteady pressure distributions are obtained by this modification. The various types of shock motion observed experimentally by Tijdeman are well simulated in calculations using the modified computational scheme. The method of detecting shock wave formation and the procedure for fitting a moving shock wave are illustrated. Results for a pulsating parabolic arc airfoil and for an NACA 64A006 airfoil with oscillating quarter-chord flap are presented and discussed.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by liver resection for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

147Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths with liver being most common site of CRC metastasis. More than 50% of the CRC patients will develop metastatic...
Metal-Catalyzed P–C Bond Formation via P–H Oxidative Addition: Fundamentals and Recent Advances

Metal-catalyzed addition of P–H bonds to alkenes, alkynes, and other unsaturated substrates in hydrophosphination and related reactions is an atom-economical approach to valuable organophosphorus c...
Surgical Decisions on Breast Cancer in the Elderly

Life expectancy rather than chronological age could be used to inform breast cancer screening guidelines and treatment. Maximizing potential benefits of treatments for breast cancer while minimizing potential harms depends on comorbidity-adjusted life expectancy. Further, health-adjusted age and corresponding life expectancy can provide recommendations for breast screening and treatments for breast cancer in those with sufficient life expectancy for whom benefits are likely. Cancer-specific outcomes in the elderly should not solely be driven by treatments according to chronologic age or extrapolated from data derived from younger populations. This chapter explores breast cancer screening and treatments geared for the elderly.
Sorting Schools: A Computational Analysis of Charter School Identities and Stratification.

Research shows charter schools are more segregated by race and class than are traditional public schools. I investigate an underexamined mechanism for this segregation: Charter schools project iden...
Evaluating the applicability of soil moisture-based metrics for gauging the resiliency of rainfed agricultural systems in the midwestern United States

Abstract Measuring and improving resiliency is the key goal of climate risk management in rainfed agriculture. Currently, available metrics are generally used to qualitatively measure the resilience of agricultural systems at broader scales. Moreover, these metrics showed non-linear responses to climate variability, thus often fail to capture the temporal dynamics of resilience at field scales. Our objective for this study is to combine a few soil moisture-based metrics to gauge the resiliency of three promising rainfed agricultural treatments, namely the no-till, organic, and reduced input treatments against the conventional treatment. These treatments have been established at the Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research (KBS-LTER) experiment in a randomized complete block design with six blocks per treatment. All four of these treatments consisted of maize (Zea mays)-soybean (Glycine max)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in rotation. Long-term (1993–2018) soil moisture data from this experiment was collected to compute the soil moisture metrics while the total crop biomass, crop yield, and soil organic carbon data were statistically analyzed to evaluate the robustness of the metrics to gauge the resiliency of these systems. Results have shown that, among the soil moisture metrics, the mean relative difference, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and soil water deficit index were suitable, while the index of temporal stability was not suitable to gauge the resiliency of different rainfed agricultural systems. The no-till treatment was identified as the most resilient treatment in terms of soil moisture retention, effectiveness for drought mitigation, and crop yields. Meanwhile, the reduced input treatment was the least resilient in terms of soil water conservation and drought recovery. The results of this study can be extended to other Midwest regions of the United States and similar climatological areas around the world.
Complexity of the Nano-Bio Interface and the Tortuous Path of Metal Oxides in Biological Systems

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have received a great deal of attention as potential theranostic agents. Despite extensive work on a wide variety of metal oxide NPs, few chemically active metal oxide NPs have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance. The clinical translation of metal oxide NP activity, which often looks so promising in preclinical studies, has not progressed as rapidly as one might expect. The lack of FDA approval for metal oxide NPs appears to be a consequence of the complex transformation of NP chemistry as any given NP passes through multiple extra- and intracellular environments and interacts with a variety of proteins and transport processes that may degrade or transform the chemical properties of the metal oxide NP. Moreover, the translational models frequently used to study these materials do not represent the final therapeutic environment well, and studies in reduced preparations have, all too frequently, predicted fundamentally different physico-chemical properties from the biological activity observed in intact organisms. Understanding the evolving pharmacology of metal oxide NPs as they interact with biological systems is critical to establish translational test systems that effectively predict future theranostic activity.
Wang Chong and the Theatre of Immediacy: Technology, Performance, and Intimacy in Crisis

In early January 2020, when Chinese theatre director Wang Chong (b. 1982) arrived in New York to remount his production of Nick Payne's Constellations for the Public Theater's Under the Radar Festival, he couldn't have predicted that this would be the last time for months that he would watch his actors from the middle of a full house. By the time his work-in-progress solo show, Made in China 2.0, opened at the Asia TOPA Festival in Melbourne, Australia, at the end of that February, it was clear that there would be no live theatre in Wang's hometown of Beijing for some time. All of China was on lockdown as the disease now tragically familiar as COVID-19 swept the country. Then, as Wang returned to Beijing in early March, businesses around the globe were shuttering, theatres were going dark, and theatre artists were confronting an unprecedented challenge to their personal safety, livelihoods, and ability to make meaningful art. In short order, some well-resourced theatre institutions began to stream performance recordings and reconfigure their seasons for online platforms. Only a month after returning home, Wang Chong joined this mass online movement with his production of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, streamed live on 5–6 April 2020 as Dengdai Geduo.