cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SAID: Plasmaspheric short circuit of substorm injections

[1] We present magnetically-conjugate Cluster/DMSP observations of subauroral ion drifts (SAID) after the onset of a weak substorm on 18 March 2002 that confirm and expand on the previous Cluster/DMSP results. The outer side of the SAID channel is aligned with the plasmapause and its outer edge marks the dispersionless boundary of the electron precipitation. The SAID's inner edge co-locates with a sharp decrease in the flux of the injected ions whose minimum energy increases with the electric potential. Downward ionospheric FACs flow within the channel, mainly near its outer side, concentrating near the density maxima. The SAID peak co-locates either with that in the density or lies on the outer wall of the trough. The overall SAID features are consistent with a short circuiting of the substorm injection front over the plasmasphere and subsequent formation of a turbulent overlap region.
Seebeck coefficients in vanadium spinels

Abstract Omission of a negligibly small transport term gives a temperature-independent Seebeck coefficient for polaron charge carriers θ ± = ± 198 log [(N-p)/p], where the polaron concentration p can be determined from chemistry and the concentration N of available polaron sites is model-dependent. The expression contains no adjustable parameters. Application to the Seebeck data for the vanadium spinels shows that the transition from small polarons (identifiable V 4+ ions) to itinerant electrons goes via intermediate polarons trapped at vanadium pairs and four-vanadium clusters.
Polymorphism in fowl serum albumin VII. Distribution and activity of free and membrane-bound polysomes in developing fowl liver

Abstract The quantity and activities of membrane-bound and free polysomes in livers from chick embryos at successive stages of development were compared in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. Membrane-bound polysomes increased 2-fold between 8 and 18 days of development, while total polyribosome content remained constant. Free polysome activity also remained constant during this period, while that of membrane-bound (total — free) polysomes decreased, possibly because of an increase in ribonuclease activity in this fraction. Serum albumin biosynthesis occurred primarily on membrane-bound polysomes. With liver development, increased secretion of serum proteins may be correlated with synthesis of serum albumin on increasing numbers of membrane-bound polyribosomes.
Chlorophyll and nitrate fine structure in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf break front

Ocean fronts of considerable spatial extent and temporal persistence have been described for the shelf break region along the North American Atlantic coast1–3 and along the eastern Bering Sea shelf4. Intensive fishing activity in the vicinity of the shelf break front along the mid and north Atlantic coast suggests that high biological activity is associated with the front5,6. Primary productivity and chlorophyll standing crop are enhanced along the Scotian shelf break front as a consequence of vertical transport of nutrients to the photic zone7,8. Although physical data suggest that shelf break fronts persist for periods of from weeks to years, space and time scales associated with biological activity in shelf break fronts are not well known. We report here the spatial scales and fine structure of chlorophyll and nitrate distribution in near-surface waters of the shelf break front in the southeastern Bering Sea. Data collected on several cruises during an investigation of the processes and resources of the Bering Sea shelf (PROBES) allow a first order estimate of the time scales of persistence of nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics associated with the shelf break front. Properties associated with an extensive middle shelf front inshore of the shelf break front are reported elsewhere9.
COADA: Leveraging Dynamic Coalition Peer-to-Peer Network for Adaptive Content Download of Cellular Users

This paper argues that Dynamic Coalition Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network exists in numerous scenarios where mobile users cluster and form coalitions, and the relationship between sizes of coalitions and distances from mobile nodes to their Point of Interest (PoI) follows exponential distributions. The P2P coalition patterns of mobile users and their exponential distribution behavior can be utilized for efficient and adaptive content file download of cellular users. An adaptive protocol named COADA (COalition-aware Adaptive content DownloAd) is designed that (a) blends cellular and P2P (e.g., WiFi or Bluetooth) wireless interfaces, (b) leverages the clustering of people into P2P coalitions when moving towards PoI, and (c) utilizes exponential-coalition-size function of the Dynamic Coalition P2P Network to minimize the cellular download and meet content file download deadline. With COADA protocol, mobile nodes periodically sample the current P2P coalition size and predict the future coalition size using the exponential function. In order to decide how much file data is available in P2P coalition channels versus how much file data must be downloaded from the server over the cellular network, Online Codes techniques are used and tune cellular download timers to meet the file download deadline. The simulation results show that COADA achieves considerable performance improvements by downloading less file data from the cellular channel and more file data over the P2P coalition network while meeting the file download deadline.
Bridging the Brentano Gorge: An Introduction to Daniel Dennett's Breaking the Spell

In this introduction to a special MTSR issue dedicated to Breaking the Spell, I outline the broad philosophical contours of Daniel Dennett's career and its relevance for scholars of religion. By focusing attention on how Dennett's understanding of cognition is informed by a Darwinian principle of naturally selected "design," my goal is to explain why many academics in the field had high hopes for his account of religious cognition's natural origins.
Bronchogenic carcinoma in young patients.

Background and Objectives Some investigators have suggested that lung cancer in young patients has a more aggressive course and poorer prognosis than lung cancer in older patients. Methods A retrospective review is presented of patients less than 40 years of age with bronchogenic carcinoma treated at Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1984 and 1994, with comparison to a cohort of patients treated in the previous decade. Results There were 76 patients (41 male and 35 female). Mean age was 35 years (range, 26–39). Adenocarcinoma in 33 patients (43%) and undifferentiated large-cell carcinoma in 22 patients (29%) were the predominant histologic types. Stage IIIa or greater disease was present in 63 (83%) patients. Treatment consisted of chemotherapy (55 patients), radiation therapy (54 patients), and surgery (33 patients). Surgical procedures included pneumonectomy (14 patients), lobectomy (11 patients), wedge resection (1 patient), and thoracotomy only for unresectable disease (7 patients). Operative mortality was 6% (two patients who had radical pneumonectomy for T4 cancer). Median survival for the entire group of patients was 10.4 months, and 5-year survival was 8%. Univariate analysis identified acute presentation (P = 0.02), no resection (P = 0.0001), and higher stage (P = 0.0001) as negative prognostic factors. On multivariate analysis, stage of disease was the only independent predictor of survival (P = 0.005). Resectability was slightly higher (34%, 26/76, vs. 21%, 19/89; P = 0.06) and survival was marginally better (median 10.4 vs. 7.5 months; P = 0.05) than that seen at our institution in the previous decade. Conclusions Young patients with lung cancer often have advanced disease at the time of presentation. Nevertheless, they should be treated in accordance with standard stage-specific treatment guidelines. J. Surg. Oncol. 1999:71:29–31. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BEYOND MENDEL: AN EVOLVING VIEW OF HUMAN GENETIC DISEASE TRANSMISSION

Methodological and conceptual advances in human genetics have led to the identification of an impressive number of human disease genes. This wealth of information has also revealed that the traditional distinction between Mendelian and complex disorders might sometimes be blurred. Genetic and mutational data on an increasing number of disorders have illustrated how phenotypic effects can result from the combined action of alleles in many genes. In this review, we discuss how an improved understanding of the genetic basis of multilocus inheritance is catalysing the transition from a segmented view of human genetic disease to a conceptual continuum between Mendelian and complex traits.
Quantifying Culture: Problems and Promises

Recently economists, even many in the mainstream, have come to acknowledge the influence of culture on the economic process. Some, like original institutionalists, have a thorough understanding of and appreciation for the richness of culture and are, therefore, suspicious of any attempt to quantify cultural information. Others, particularly those trained in the use of statistical methods, are anxious to incorporate culture into statistical/quantitative models and may rush to quantify and include cultural information in their models without a full appreciation of the meaning(s) of culture. This paper reiterates the role of culture in the economy, explores several attempts to quantify culture, and reviews a number of papers that incorporate cultural information into statistical analyses. The broad purpose is to evaluate the prospects for incorporating culture into statistical models in ways that respect the richness of culture as it is perceived by institutionalists.
Effect of head position on postural orientation and equilibrium

This study examined (1) how changes in head position affect postural orientation variables during stance and (2) whether changes in head position affect the rapid postural response to linear translation of the support surface in the horizontal plane. Cats were trained to stand quietly on a moveable platform and to maintain five different head positions: center, left, right, up, and down. For each head position, stance was perturbed by translating the support surface linearly in 16 different directions in the horizontal plane. Postural equilibrium responses were quantified in terms of the ground reaction forces, kinematics, dynamics (net joint torques), body center of mass, and electromyographic (EMG) responses of selected limb and trunk muscles. A change in head position involved rotation of not only the neck but also the scapulae and anterior trunk. Tonic EMG levels were modulated in several forelimb and scapular muscles but not hindlimb muscles. Finally, large changes in head orientation in both horizontal and vertical planes did not hamper the ability of cats to maintain postural equilibrium during linear translation of the support surface. The trajectory of the body's center of mass was the same, regardless of head position. The main change was observed in joint torques at the forelimbs evoked by the perturbation. Evoked EMG responses of forelimb and scapular muscles were modulated in terms of magnitude but not spatial tuning. Hindlimb responses were unchanged. Thus, the spatial and temporal pattern of the automatic postural response was unchanged and only amplitudes of evoked activity were modulated by head position.
Evaluation of boundary-layer and parabolized Navier-Stokes solutionsfor re-entry vehicles

Numerical predictions made by a traditional inviscid/boundary-layer method and a parabolized NavierStokes method are compared with wind tunnel data for slender, blunted cones at moderate angle of attack. Mach numbers ranged from 6 to 14 and Reynolds numbers from 0.4 to 16 million. The purpose of the comparison is to evaluate the Mach number and Reynolds number range of applicability of the two prediction methods. Also described are the practical aspects of using these two methods in a design environment.
James Michaels (A) and (B)

This two-part case describes a challenging and painful period for James Michaels, a young and openly gay assistant professor of computer science at a small Midwestern liberal arts college. To James's surprise and disgust, a male student harasses him using a homophobic slur in an e-mail. The case chronicles not only the harassment incident, but also how college administrators and faculty colleagues handle this allegation. James soon finds himself in complete disappointment with the outcome and unsure how to proceed. He perceives that the college administrators, along with some of his colleagues, discount the severity of the harassment incident and in doing so disregard his rights and fail to hold the offending student fully accountable for such policy-violating behavior. Students assigned this case, taking into account James's perspective, are asked to identify and recommend specific strategies to achieve justice and accountability in this context.
Unidentified open reading frames in the genome of Methanococcus jannaschii are similar in sequence to an archaebacterial gene for tRNA nucleotidyltransferase.

The protein sequence of ATP/CTP:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (cca) from Sulfolobus shibatae was used to search open reading frames in the genome of Methanococcus jannaschii. Translations of two unidentified open reading frames showed significant sequence similarity to portions of the Sulfolobus cca protein. When the two open reading frames were joined together, the expanded open reading frame was similar in sequence to the entire Sulfolobus cca protein and displayed features of the active site signature sequence proposed for members of class I enzymes within the superfamily of nucleotidyltransferases (Yue et al., 1996, RNA 2, 895–908). A possible UUG start codon was identified based on significant sequence similarity of the resulting amino-terminal region to that of Sulfolobus, and on a six-base complementarity between an adjacent upstream sequence and Methanococcus 16S rRNA.
A 0D aircraft engine emission model with detailed chemistry and soot microphysics

Abstract Aviation emission of gas phase pollutants and particulate matter contribute to global radiative forcing and regional air quality degradation near airports. It is important to understand the formation and time evolution of these pollutants inside aircraft engines to design strategies for emission reduction. A physics and chemistry based zero-dimensional (0D) gas parcel model with detailed jet fuel chemistry and soot microphysics has been developed to predict the time evolution, formation history, and emission index (EI) of key combustion gases and size-resolved soot particles of an aircraft engine. The model was applied to a CFM56-2-C1 aircraft engine for idle operating condition, for which comprehensive measured data from the Aircraft Particle Emissions eXperiment (APEX) campaign are available. The measured EI data of four major pollutants, including CO, NOx (NO + NO 2 ), total hydrocarbon (HC) mass, and soot mass, were used to optimize the model parameters. The model predicts the time evolution of concentration of CO, NOx, HC, soot size distribution, CO 2 , H 2 O, SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , HONO, HNO 3 , SO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , O 2 , H, H 2 , O, OH, HO 2 , H 2 O 2 , and some HC species in the combustor and turbine. Reasonable agreement was found between the simulations and the measurements. It was found for idle operating condition that, for most of the combustion products, concentrations did not change significantly in the turbine and nozzle, however, HONO, H 2 SO 4 , and HO 2 concentrations did change by more than a factor of 10, while NOx, NO, NO 2 , O, OH, soot particle mass and soot particle number by less than a factor of 2. The developed model is computationally efficient and can be used to, study detailed chemical and microphysical processes during combustion, investigate the effects of different fuel compositions and operating conditions on aircraft emissions, and assist air quality study near aircraft emission sources.
Aseptic Packaging of Grade a Dairy Products

Abstract Some new concepts will probably evolve from UHT-AP processing and packaging methods. Future plants will probably be designed to restrict personnel and supply traffic in critical processing and filling areas. There is a good possibility that the filling area will be at least partially isolated from the rest of the plant. This area would be constructed to provide more than normal protection, thus guarding against product recontamination. Filtered air supplying pressurized rooms for aseptic packaging will undoubtedly be commonplace in new plant design. Aseptic packaging machines are being developed with greater capacities and improved performance, to provide more confidence in achieving aseptic filling. Dairy farmers supplying milk for UHT treatment must continue to produce high-quality raw milk. Raw milk will be evaluated in part on spore count, which will be included in the criteria for determining quality. The industry and regulatory agencies should develop labeling uniformity which would give consideration to terminology for UHT-AP products. One industry leader has cautioned against possible “over-regulation” in the production and distribution of UHT-AP products which could inhibit the full potential benefits from the method. Some products such as whipping cream, coffee whiteners, and certain flavored products can be processed by high-temperature methods. In general, however, Americans prefer normal pasteurized milk, because it does not have the cooked flavor which occurs with the UHT method. Many observers, nevertheless, believe that UHT-AP processing and packaging will expand. As new equipment is developed processors will likely become increasingly interested in including UHT-AP methods in the development and marketing of new products also.
Challenges in caregiving and creative solutions: Using technology to facilitate caring for a relative with dementia

Borrowing principles from total quality management and the emerging consumer-satisfaction movement in the field of ageing, we explored how technology might assist family members who are caring at home for a relative with dementia. In Phase 1, focus groups with a total of 26 current and former caregivers revealed that as caregivers and the relatives for whom they care struggle to maintain continuity of roles, relationships, and lifestyles, safety is a key concern. Despite the limited use by some caregivers of “low-tech” tools (e.g., door alarms, intercoms), caregivers lack a comprehensive system to enhance their relatives’ safety. In Phase 2, we identified an Internet-based monitoring system to address caregivers’ major concerns. In Phase 3, focus groups with eight caregivers evaluated the system that was identified in Phase 2. Results suggest that affordable technologies exist to assist family caregivers, and that these caregivers were amenable to the use of these technologies.
Junctional cleft [Ca²⁺]i measurements using novel cleft-targeted Ca²⁺ sensors.

Rationale: Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is regulated and signals differently in various subcellular microdomains, which greatly enhances its second messenger versatility. In the heart, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and signaling are controlled by local [Ca2+]i in the junctional cleft ([Ca2+]Cleft), the small space between sarcolemma and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, methods to measure [Ca2+]Cleft directly are needed. Objective: To construct novel sensors that allow direct measurement of [Ca2+]Cleft. Methods and Results: We constructed cleft-targeted [Ca2+] sensors by fusing Ca2+-sensor GCaMP2.2 and a new lower Ca2+-affinity variant GCaMP2.2Low to FKBP12.6, which binds with high affinity and selectivity to ryanodine receptors. The fluorescence pattern, affinity for ryanodine receptors, and competition by untagged FKBP12.6 demonstrated that FKBP12.6-tagged sensors are positioned to measure local [Ca2+]Cleft in adult rat myocytes. Using GCaMP2.2Low-FKBP12.6, we showed that [Ca2+]Cleft reaches higher levels with faster kinetics than global [Ca2+]i during excitation–contraction coupling. Diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak or sarcolemmal Ca2+ entry may raise local [Ca2+]Cleft above bulk cytosolic [Ca2+]i ([Ca2+]Bulk), an effect that may contribute to triggered arrhythmias and even transcriptional regulation. We measured this diastolic standing [Ca2+]Cleft–[Ca2+]Bulk gradient with GCaMP2.2-FKBP12.6 versus GCaMP2.2, using [Ca2+] measured without gradients as a reference point. This diastolic difference ([Ca2+]Cleft=194 nmol/L versus [Ca2+]Bulk=100 nmol/L) is dictated mainly by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak rather than sarcolemmal Ca2+ flux. Conclusions: We have developed junctional cleft-targeted sensors to measure [Ca2+]Cleft versus [Ca2+]Bulk and demonstrated dynamic differences during electric excitation and a standing diastolic [Ca2+]i gradient, which could influence local Ca2+-dependent signaling within the junctional cleft. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-42}
Quantitative Proof of Intentional Discrimination

The article considers several methodological and legal issues that arise from the use of quantitative methods to prove intentional discrimination in judicial and administrative proceedings. Following an analysis of the relevance of evidence of adverse impact in intentional discrimination cases, the paper discusses the issues involved in the construction of a measure of adverse impact, i.e., how one identifies the before and after popula tions used as a basis for comparison and inference. The paper next considers the issues involved in the selection of a mathematical formula used to compare the respective treat ment of the minority and majority groups. Finally the article analyzes the issues involved in the selection of a statistical procedure that will enable the decision maker to test the plausibility of the defense that the adverse impact observed in the case was caused by the application of a nondiscriminatory criterion selection or by chance.
Chloride complexation by heptapeptides: influence of C- and N-terminal sidechains and counterion

The channel-forming diglycolylated heptapeptides containing the amino acid sequence Gly-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly have been found to complex chloride in CDCl3. The strength of the interaction depends on the terminal alkyl groups and on chloride's countercation.
Dynamic stability of elastically supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid

Abstract The effect of support flexibility on the dynamic behaviour of pipes conveying fluid is investigated for both steady and pulsatile flows. The pipes are built-in at the upstream end and supported at the other by both a translational and a rotational spring. For the steady flow condition, the critical flow velocities, the frequencies and flow induced damping patterns that are associated with the different vibration modes of selected pipe systems are determined as functions of the flow velocity. The results from steady flow cases show that the pipes may first lose stability by either buckling or flutter, depending on the values of the rotational and translational spring constants and their relative magnitudes. In the case of pulsatile flow, the Floquet theory is utilized for the stability analysis of the selected pipe-fluid systems. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of the amount of translational and rotational resiliences at the elastic support on the regions of parametric and combination resonances of the pipes. The results more of the interesting aspects of the behaviour of non-conservative systems.
Lemur Tyrosine Kinase 2, a novel target in prostate cancer therapy.

// Kalpit Shah 1 , Neil A. Bradbury 1 1 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Sciences, The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA Correspondence to: Kalpit Shah, e-mail: kalpit.shah@my.rfums.org Keywords: LMTK2, androgen receptor, castrate resistant prostate cancer, prostate cancer, kinases Received: March 16, 2015 Accepted: April 25, 2015 Published: May 08, 2015 ABSTRACT Progression from early forms of prostate cancer to castration-resistant disease is associated with an increase in signal transduction activity. The majority of castration-resistance cancers persist in the expression of the androgen receptor (AR), as well as androgen-dependent genes. The AR is regulated not only by it associated steroid hormone, but also by manifold regulatory and signaling molecules, including several kinases. We undertook evaluation of the role of Lemur Tyrosine Kinase 2 ( LMTK2 ) in modulating AR activity, as several Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have shown a marked association of LMTK2 activity with the development of prostate cancer. We confirm that not only is LMTK2 mRNA reduced in prostate cancer tissue, but also LMTK2 protein levels are markedly diminished. Knockdown of LMTK2 protein in prostate cell lines greatly increased the transcription of androgen-responsive genes. In addition, LMTK2 knockdown led to an increase in prostate cancer stem cell populations in LNCaP cells, indicative of increased tumorogenicity. Using multiple approaches, we also demonstrate that LMTK2 interacts with the AR, thus putting LMTK2 as a component of a signaling complex modulating AR activity. Our finding that LMTK2 is a negative regulator of AR activity defines a novel cellular pathway for activation of AR-responsive genes in castrate resistant-prostate cancer. Moreover, pharmacologic manipulation of LMTK2 activity will provide a novel therapeutic target for more effective treatments for patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
Engineering Students' Epistemological Views on Mathematical Methods in Engineering.

Background This study was motivated by the ubiquity and apparent usefulness of general epistemological development schemes, notably that of William J. Perry, Jr., in engineering education, but also by limitations that derive from their generality. Purpose/Hypothesis Empirical data were used to articulate engineering students' epistemological views on the role of mathematical methods in engineering and to explore the fit of a stage-based developmental model to those data. Design/Method Data included interviews, think-aloud protocols, and classroom observations over a one-year period. Ten undergraduates and four instructors in a civil engineering program participated. A grounded-theory approach was used to identify levels of epistemological views. Perry's scheme provided a starting framework. Skeptical reverence, the view veteran engineers hold regarding mathematics in engineering, which was previously identified by the author, was taken as a normative endpoint. All data were coded by view level and various contexts to detect students' epistemological developmental patterns. Results This article proposes three categories of engineering students' views on the role of mathematical methods in engineering: dualism, integrating, and relativism. Dualism and relativism reflect elements of Perry's general categories, but integrating, a new category, diverges significantly from Perry's middle category of multiplicity. No evidence supported a stage-based developmental model. Conclusions This empirically based scheme, while exploratory, provides further evidence that epistemological development differs across disciplines, and offers four levels of epistemological views held by engineering students on the role of mathematics in engineering. Conjectures about how to promote engineering students' epistemological development, based on classroom observations, are also offered.
Visualizing Complex Patterns in the Spread of Head and Neck Cancers

A predictable pattern in the spread of head and neck cancers has been derived from multidimensional scal ing MDS. MDS places points in an abstract space such that distances between points are proportional to differences in the occurrence of tumor in different clus ters of lymph nodes. The purpose of the present work is to visualize the predictions of this model. Ellipses are expanded in the abstract space to represent the spreading cancer. Lymph nodes on an image of a real head are made to change color as their corresponding points are encountered by the expanding ellipse in the abstract space. Correlations between the actual and predicted patterns of metastases are high r = .963 to .999, and experienced surgeons believe these depic tions of metastatic spread are accurate. Such transfor mations of pathological processes between real and abstract spaces could assist surgeons in locating tu mors and in other medical decisions.
The purpose of further atmospheric‐electric measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere

Owing to the absence of the author from May to July while engaged in potential-gradient and conductivity observations at a base-station near “Strato-Camp” and in preparations for recording of atmospheric conductivity during the proposed 1935 stratosphere flight of the National Geographic Society and United States Army Air Corps from Rapid City, South Dakota, the manuscript for this paper could not be completed for publication in the Transactions. It is expected it will appear later in the Journal of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity.
One-device cells for dynamic random-access memories: A tutorial

The evolutionary development of one-device cells for dynamic random-access memory (RAM) integrated circuits is described in this paper. From an examination of the areal layout (planar top view) and the cross section (vertical topography), various memory cells are compared in a systematic manner. Structural features such as contact via formation, bit-line and word-line pitch, metal step coverage, and cell placement along the bit line are also considered. Some new dynamic RAM cell concepts such as doubly doped storage capacitors, self-registering contacts, and VMOS FET's are discussed. From an examination of commercially available dynamic RAM chips, a basic lithographic groundrule was determined. It will be shown that, although this lithographic figure of merit has steadily decreased over the past four years, the number of lithographic squares per cell has remained constant for different cell types.
Effects of NaHCO3 loading on acid-base balance, lactate concentration, and performance in racing greyhounds

This investigation examined the effects of NaHCO3 loading on lactate concentration ([La]), acid-base balance, and performance for a 603.5-m sprint task. Ten greyhounds completed a NaHCO3 (300 mg/kg...
N-terminal iron-mediated self-cleavage of human frataxin: regulation of iron binding and complex formation with target proteins.

Frataxin is an iron-binding mitochondrial matrix protein that has been shown to mediate iron delivery during iron–sulfur cluster and heme biosynthesis. Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) yields a form of human frataxin corresponding to residues 56–210. However, structural and functional studies have focused on a core structure that results from an ill-defined cleavage event at the N-terminus. Herein we show that the N-terminus of MPP-processed frataxin shows a unique high-affinity iron site and that this iron center appears to mediate a self-cleavage reaction. Moreover, the N-terminus appears to block previously defined iron-binding sites located on the carboxylate-rich surface defined by the helix (α1) and the β-sheet (β1), most likely through electrostatic contact with the carboxylate-rich surface on the core protein, as well as inhibiting iron-promoted binding of the iron–sulfur cluster assembly scaffold partner protein, ISU. The physiological significance of iron-mediated release of the N-terminal residues from this anionic surface is discussed.
The requirement of Ras and Rap1 for the activation of ERKs by cAMP, PACAP, and KCl in cerebellar granule cells

In cerebellar granule cells, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade mediates multiple functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In these cells, ERKs are activated by diverse stimuli, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein (PACAP), depolarization induced by elevated extracellular potassium (KCl), and the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Extensive studies in neuronal cell lines have implicated the small G proteins Ras and Rap1 in the activation of ERKs by cAMP, PACAP, and KCl. However, the requirement of Ras and Rap1 in these pathways in cerebellar granule cells has not been addressed. In this study, we utilize multiple biochemical assays to determine the mechanisms of action and requirement of Ras and Rap1 in cultured cerebellar granule cells. We show that both Ras and Rap1 can be activated by cAMP or PACAP via protein kinase (PKA)-dependent mechanisms. KCl activation of Ras also required PKA. Using both adenoviral and transgenic approaches, we show that Ras plays a major role in ERK activation by cAMP, PACAP, and KCl, while Rap1 also mediates activation of a selective membrane-associated pool of ERKs. Furthermore, Rap1, but not Ras, activation by PKA appears to require the action of Src family kinases.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC OPINION AND DECISION MAKING IN THE U.S. COURTS OF APPEALS

The potentially undemocratic nature of the federal courts has longed flamed the fires of the debate regarding the proper role of the judiciary in American politics. Extant scholarship concerning the influence of public opinion on judicial decision making focuses almost myopically on the U.S. Supreme Court, neglecting other significant judicial actors. We explore the extent to which the federal courts act as countermajoritarian institutions by investigating the impact of public preferences on decision making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Using data from 1961-2002, we examine whether the courts of appeals are influenced by public mood, both indirectly through the federal judicial selection process and directly via responsiveness to changes in circuit and national mood. Our results indicate that public opinion affects courts of appeals decision making indirectly by way of judicial replacements, but we fail to uncover evidence that courts of appeals judges respond directly to changes in public opinion at either the regional or national levels. We conclude that, absent membership turnover, the courts of appeals are not responsive to the will of the public.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS QUANTIFYING ATTRACTION OF THE PARASITIC WASP, DIACHASMA ALLOEUM (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) TO BLUEBERRY FRUIT INFESTED BY THE BLUEBERRY MAGGOT FLY, RHAGOLETIS MENDAX (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Abstract The host foraging behavior of the larval parasitoid Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from natural populations was directly observed in a highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., plantation. More D. alloeum were observed alighting on blueberry fruit clusters infested with Rhagoletis mendax Curran larvae than were observed alighting on uninfested blueberry fruit clusters 80 cm away. Approximately equal numbers of D. alloeum alighted on uninfested blueberries that were mechanically damaged versus undamaged. The majority of D. alloeum females were attracted to host-infested blueberries 15 to 21 days after R. mendax females had oviposited into fruit. Female D. alloeum spent more time alighting on R. mendax-infested blueberry fruit clusters than on uninfested blueberry clusters 80 cm away. There was no difference in the duration of time spent by D. alloeum on mechanically damaged versus undamaged uninfested blueberries. The data herein are an initial step toward elucidating t...
Depth in an Age of Digital Distraction: The Value of a Catholic College in Today’s World

A commitment to holistic student formation in the liberal arts tradition and to the Catholic faith is a hallmark of most Catholic higher education institutions. To be most effective, Catholic institutions must adapt this central mission to changing circumstances in an age of ubiquitous mobile technologies and persistent digital distractions. By combining the Catholic liberal arts insistence on an examined life with other resources from the Catholic faith, these schools can present a more complete vision of the good life, thereby empowering their students to evaluate critically the problematic presuppositions of a digital age. In the process, they will help their students build lives of depth and meaning while also reaffirming the distinctive and enduring value of Catholic colleges in today’s world.
‘I could not be idle any longer’: buruli ulcer treatment assemblages in rural Ghana:

Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin infection that largely affects poor people in the tropics. In Ghana, federal policies promise free treatment to all individuals with the disease. Yet, this research found there is a tension between official policy narratives and the lived experiences of people in endemic regions. I demonstrate that as top-down government channels struggle to provide sick people with care, new treatment assemblages emerge in rural areas. I use the experiences of two individuals and one group of practitioners—the pirate, hybrid herbalist, and practitioners for profit—to detail the social relationships and practices governing Buruli ulcer treatment. These treatment assemblages reflect diverse knowledge and economic forms and represent lines of flight from official, and exclusionary, systems of disease surveillance. In contrast with existing literature on Buruli ulcer in Africa, I argue rural people's engagement with “traditional” medicine is often the result of policy failures and the disea...
A Discussion of 'Non-Financial Performance Measures and Physician Compensation'

The Evans, Kim, Nagarajan, and Patro (2010) (EKNP) study maps rich survey data into plausible proxies for an array of conceptual variables of interest. It documents novel empirical evidence of determinants of the use of contractible performance measures and demonstrates the importance of non-financial performance measures (NPMs) in compensating physicians. The study also highlights the importance to future NPM researchers of a clear definition of NPMs and the application of that definition consistently throughout a given study. In addition, it is conceivable that the variables the EKNP study uses as moderators of the pay-for-performance relation might also moderate pay-for-complexity and pay-for-size relations. Finally, a further path forward from the study’s context is that physician attributes, which can be measured in creative ways, likely affect physician compensation.
CD4 envelope interactions of HIV-1 and related human retroviruses.

The externalized envelope molecules of all human and simian immunodeficiency viruses thus far described have been shown to bind to the CD4 molecule expressed on the surface of some T lymphocytes and monocytes. The interaction of the envelope with CD4 is important both early in infection where it mediates the initial adsorption of the virion to the cell surface, and later during viral replication where it may contribute to a variety of cytopathic effects as well as the down modulation of the CD4 molecule from the cell surface. We have evaluated the extent to which interactions between CD4 and the viral envelope vary among different members of the HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV family of viruses, and have attempted to determine if these differences correlate with biological heterogeneity. We describe that remarkable differences do exist in the extent to which CD4-envelope binding occur and in the degree of CD4 modulation during viral replication. These differences may contribute both to the cytopathic potential of particular viruses, as well as in their ability to establish superinfection interference of related viral isolates.
Fluorescent–magnetic nanoparticles for imaging and cell manipulation

Individual classes of nanoparticles have made a tremendous impact on the biomedical sciences, with advances in imaging, single-molecule tracking, and cellular mechanotransduction. However, the future of nanotechnology will probably depend on the combination of attributes from several different nanomaterials. Here, one class of hybrid nanoparticles that possess both fluorescent and magnetic functionalities is described. These nanocomposites are created by combining fluorescent nanoparticles with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in an encapsulating micelle or solid polymer sphere. The resulting composites range from 10 to 500nm in size and display both fluorescent and magnetic properties of the constituent nano-particles. These particles are demonstrated as in vitro cellular labels, aprecursor to future in vivo studies; they will expand in vivo imaging options by providing the capability for both magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorescence imaging.
The Effect of Photoperiod on Fat Body and Ovarian Development of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Females of a California-derived strain of Culex tarsalis Coquillett respond to short (8-hour) daily photoperiod at 22 °C by increased size and compactness of the fat body, and by minimal ovary length. Lower temperature reinforces the response of the fat body. Differences are seen between groups raised as larvae on constant light, or on the same photoperiod as that of the adult. The result suggests that the larval stage responds to photoperiod, though this phenomenon is not evident in the fat body of newly emerged adults. No differences were noted in willingness of various photoperiod groups to partake of blood.
Energy Modeling of Air-Cooled Data Centers: Part II—The Effect of Recirculation on the Energy Optimization of Open-Aisle, Air-Cooled Data Centers

The work presented in this paper describes a simplified thermodynamic model that can be used for exploring optimization possibilities in air-cooled data centers. The model has been used to identify optimal, energy-efficient designs, operating scenarios, and operating parameters such as flow rates and air supply temperature. The model is used to parametrically evaluate the total energy consumption of the data center cooling infrastructure, by considering changes in the server temperature rise. The results of this parametric analysis highlight the important features that need to be considered when optimizing the operation of air-cooled data centers, especially the trade-off between low air supply temperature and increased air flow rate. The analysis is used to elucidate the deleterious effect of temperature non-uniformity at the inlet of the racks on the data center cooling infrastructure power consumption. A recirculation non-uniformity metric, θ, is introduced, which is the ratio of the maximum recirculation of any server to the average recirculation of all servers. The analysis of open-aisle data centers shows that as the recirculation non-uniformity at the inlet of the racks increases, optimal operation tends toward lower recirculation and higher power consumption; stressing the importance of providing as uniform conditions to the racks as possible. Cooling infrastructure energy savings greater than 40% are possible for a data center with uniform recirculation (θ = 0) compared to a data center with a typical recirculation non-uniformity (θ = 4). It is also revealed that servers with a modest temperature rise (∼10°C) have a wider latitude for cooling optimization than those with a high temperature rise (≥20°C).Copyright © 2011 by ASME
ATPS-69POLYDOTS, A NOVEL NANOMICELLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM, FOR TARGETED THERAPY OF BRAIN TUMORS

Standard therapies have limited success against malignant primary brain tumors such as glioblastoma (GB) raising the need for novel therapies that can efficiently transgress the blood brain barrier (BBB), target tumor and provide sustained drug release. Nanoparticle delivery systems which can bypass the BBB and target nervous system tumor cells allowing combined delivery of therapeutic agents with unique advantages compared to conventional agents. We have developed a novel nanodelivery vehicle called PolyDots that combines features of nanomicelles and polymer (poly[lactic-co-glycolic acid]) nanoparticles. We examined the in vivo and in vitro effects of PolyDot delivery both as empty particles and loaded with either fluorescent markers (Coumarin 6) or a therapeutic agent, vorinostat (HDAC inhibitor). Both glioma cells and GSC tumor spheres showed robust uptake of fluorescent PolyDots with initial endosomal uptake (punctate foci) followed by release from endosomes (diffuse fluorescence) indicating entry into both monolayer and 3-D tumor cell aggregates. Treatment of LN229 and U373 cells with fluorescent empty (PDC6) or vorinostat-loaded (PDV) PolyDots showed PDV-specific increase in acetyl-Histone 3 and acetyl-tubulin levels indicating uptake and biological effect of drug-loaded PolyDots in glioma cells. Lastly, fluorescent PolyDots injected into intracranial glioma xenografts in zebrafish showed discrete green punctae in the brain after 30 min and throughout the neuraxis at 24 hours, indicating neuraxis retention and wide-spread distribution of PolyDots in vivo after intracranial injection. Our results suggest that PolyDots can serve as a robust drug delivery platform that can encapsulate both drugs and imageable markers for nervous system delivery. Of particular relevance, they exhibit tunable release characteristics with potential for co-release of multiple agents with different release rates along with enhanced BBB penetration and diffusion in brain. PolyDots hence constitute a novel therapeutic delivery system that has the potential to overcome critical roadblocks in drug delivery for nervous system malignancies.
FDA Approval of Extended-Release Oxycodone for Children With Severe Pain.

* Abbreviation: FDA — : Food and Drug Administration In a highly controversial decision, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, in August 2015, extended-release oxycodone for use by children between 11 and 16 years old with “pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.”1 For the first time, doctors are provided specific dosing guidance for pediatric patients who must already be responding to and tolerating a minimum opioid dose equal to at least 20 mg oxycodone per day before they can be prescribed an equivalent dose of extended-release oxycodone.1 With this decision, on-label prescribing of extended-release oxycodone to children has become a possibility. Previously, it was only prescribed off-label in the pediatric setting, even though the practice was common and generally accepted. Although the potential risks of increased opioid addiction and abuse among youth are a legitimate concern, they are outweighed by the tangible benefits of the new pediatric safety and dosing instructions. The approval provides health care practitioners with evidence-based information to use extended-release oxycodone more safely in pediatric patients. Extended-release oxycodone allows dosing every 12, as opposed to every 4 to 6 hours.1 In pediatric patients who require opioid treatment to manage pain, extended-release opioids may be a useful alternative because they require fewer doses per day. Reduced complexity in dosing may in turn help improve medication adherence and quality of life.2 For patients experiencing inadequately controlled chronic severe pain, use of long-acting prescription opioids may … Address correspondence to Y. Tony Yang, ScD, LLM, MPH, Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, MS: 1J3, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030. E-mail: ytyang{at}gmu.edu
Cognition and Language: Problem Solving as Affected by Knowledge of English and Navaho

Two groups of Navaho children whose knowledge of English and Navaho differed were given “culture-fair” problems. Solutions to the problems were related to the age when English was learned (degree of knowledge of English). Differences were found between groups in number of problems solved, number of trials per problem solved, and proficiency in coping with certain problem types. It was tentatively concluded that performance on such problems is based on representational processes which in turn depend on available symbol system.