cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities for the modeling of failure in solids

This paper presents new finite elements that incorporate strong discontinuities with linear interpolations of the displacement jumps for the modeling of failure in solids. The cases of interest are characterized by a localized cohesive law along a propagating discontinuity (e.g. a crack), with this propagation occurring in a general finite element mesh without remeshing. Plane problems are considered in the infinitesimal deformation range. The new elements are constructed by enhancing the strains of existing finite elements (including general displacement based, mixed, assumed and enhanced strain elements) with a series of strain modes that depend on the proper enhanced parameters local to the element. These strain modes are designed by identifying the strain fields to be captured exactly, including the rigid body motions of the two parts of a splitting element for a fully softened discontinuity, and the relative stretching of these parts for a linear tangential sliding of the discontinuity. This procedure accounts for the discrete kinematics of the underlying finite element and assures the lack of stress locking in general quadrilateral elements for linearly separating discontinuities, that is, spurious transfers of stresses through the discontinuity are avoided. The equations for the enhanced parameters are constructed by imposing the local equilibrium between the stresses in the bulk of the element and the tractions driving the aforementioned cohesive law, with the proper equilibrium operators to account for the linear kinematics of the discontinuity. Given the locality of all these considerations, the enhanced parameters can be eliminated by their static condensation at the element level, resulting in an efficient implementation of the resulting methods and involving minor modifications of an existing finite element code. A series of numerical tests and more general representative numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the performance of the new elements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences Between Vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) and Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Agonistic Interactions Between Adult Females

We examined agonistic interactions between adult females in wild, unprovisioned patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops). The dominance hierarchy of patas is far less clear than that of vervets. Patas had fewer interactions per dyad, fewer dyads with interactions, and a high percentage (18%) of reversals in which lower-ranking females won in agonistic interactions with higher-ranking females. Although the rank ordering of the kinds of interactions patas and vervets displayed is similar, with avoidance being the most frequently observed agonistic response to approaches by other females, patas were chased and supplanted more often than vervets were. The resources over which females were supplanted also differ between species. Supplants over food comprise smaller proportion of total supplants patas than for vervets. Patas appear to feed on less usurpable foods than vervets. We conclude that (1) Erythrocebus and Cercopithecus spp., except C. aethiops, should not be categorized with other Cercopithecinae, and C. aethiops should not be categorized with other Cercopithecus spp. and Erythrocebus, in discussions and analyses of relationships between females within groups and (2) ecological conditions, i.e., usurpability of foods, can override phylogenetic history as the selective pressure determining the nature of female competitive relationships within groups.
Plenary Speeches Given by Prof. Nick Ellis and Dr. Boping Yuan at the Inaugural Conference of the Teachers College, Columbia University Roundtable in Second Language Studies (TCCRISLS)

Students from our doctoral seminar in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), guided by the vision from Prof. ZhaoHong Han, organized the world’s first conference on the acquisition of Chinese as a second or foreign language, which took place from September 30 to October 2, 2010.
Developing a driving training game on Windows mobile phone using C# and XNA

Since the release of the Windows phone [1] in 2010, the mobile phone industry has the opportunity to develop new and diverse applications on this platform. The iPhone [2] is one of the market leaders of smartphones; there are over 350,000 applications available for download. Although the Windows Phone is released much later than the iPhone, there are lots of opportunities to develop new and interesting game applications. Educational games [3] are a category of games that have been specifically designed to teach people about a certain subject, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play. in this paper, we introduce the development of an education game using the C# language and XNA on a Windows Phone platform that teaches people the basic of driving on roads.
The measurement of bulk and surface recombination by means of modulated free carrier absorption

A measurement technique is described which makes it possible to monitor the lifetime and surface recombination velocity of the starting wafer as well as a partially or completely processed wafer in the Si solar-cell fabrication process. This technique uses an infrared laser to monitor the carrier concentration via free carrier absorption while periodically exciting free carriers by means of a visible laser. The excited laser is sinusoidally modulated with an electro-optical modulator at frequencies of 100 Hz to 100 kHz. The free carriers generated by the exciter beam attenuate the probe beam, and the resultant output is detected with a phase-sensitive lock-in amplifier. The quantities measured are the amplitude and the phase of the detected signal relative to the exciter beam. The measured data are then fitted to theoretical expressions, and the bulk lifetime and surface recombination velocities are determined. The amplitude and phase are independent quantities, and the computed values from the two sets of data provide a self-consistency test. >
Interface compilation: steps toward compiling program interfaces as languages

Interfaces-the collection of procedures and data structures that define a library, a subsystem, a module-are syntactically poor programming languages. They have state (defined both by the interface's data structures and internally), operations on this state (defined by the interface's procedures), and semantics associated with these operations. Given a way to incorporate interface semantics into compilation, interfaces can be compiled in the same manner as traditional languages such as ANSI C or FORTRAN. The article makes two contributions. First, it proposes and explores the metaphor of interface compilation, and provides the beginnings of a programming methodology for exploiting it. Second, it presents MAGIK, a system built to support interface compilation. Using MAGIK, software developers can build optimizers and checkers for their interface languages, and have these extensions incorporated into compilation, with a corresponding gain in efficiency and safety. This organization contrasts with traditional compilation, which relegates programmers to the role of passive consumers, rather than active exploiters of a compiler's transformational abilities.
Stress Induced Oral Behaviors and Facial Pain

Facial pain is frequently associated with environmental stress and emotional distress. One hypothetical mechanism by which stress is translated into pain is through stress induced motor function (e.g., teeth clenching, grinding, nail biting). Existent data partially supports these stress-hyperactivity models although they have also come under theoretical and empirical attack. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between oral behaviors and pain in an analog sample of facial pain sufferers and student controls. Subjects engaged in a controlled clenching task and reported on subjective facial pain intensity and unpleasantness at 5 specified times over the subsequent 48 hours. A one-way ANCOVA indicated group differences in self reported oral habits (p < .05) with the facial pain group reporting great frequency of oral habits. Two repeated measures ANCOVAs (i.e., pain intensity and pain unpleasantness), controlling for baseline pain ratings, indicated a between groups effect with facial pain sufferers experiencing significantly greater pain over the 48 hours postexperiment (p < .05). This study supports a hyperactivity model of facial pain and provides clues about relevant factors in facial pain development.
Brain-to-serum lithium ratio and age: an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors’ goal was to determine if there is an association between brain-to-serum lithium ratios and age. METHOD: Lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure in vivo brain lithium levels in nine children and adolescents (mean age=13.4 years, SD=3.6) and 18 adults (mean age=37.3, SD=9.1) with bipolar disorder. RESULTS: Serum and brain lithium concentrations were positively correlated. Younger subjects had lower brain-to-serum concentration ratios than adults: 0.58 (SD=0.24) versus 0.92 (SD=0.36). The brain-to-serum concentration ratio correlated positively with age. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that children and adolescents may need higher maintenance serum lithium concentrations than adults to ensure that brain lithium concentrations reach therapeutic levels.
On the response of a timoshenko beam under initial stress to a moving load

Abstract When an axial compressive force is present, the wavelength of the propagating free waves in a beam rapidly decreases. The conventional Euler-Bernoulli beam equations are often not adequate for determining dynamic behavior of the moving load on a beam supported on an elastic foundation when initial axial stress is present. Equations derived by Sun for the Timoshenko beam with initial axial stress (based on Trefftz's theory), form the basis of this investigation. Analytical solutions are presented for deformations of the beam both with and without damping. Expressions of the critical velocity as a function of initial axial stress and foundation modulus parameters, are obtained for the Timoshenko beam. Critical velocities of the Timoshenko beam, with and without axial stress, are compared with that obtained using Euler-Bernoulli beam formulation. Some significant agreements and disagreements in the behaviors of the two systems are described.
Attosecond Optoelectronics in the Relativistic &#955; 3 Regime

Particle-in-cell simulations reveal that strong attosecond electromagnetic pulses and dense attosecond electron bunches emerge synchronously from laser-plasma interaction in the relativistic lambda 3 regime. This provides a basis for relativistic attosecond optoelectronics
High dose insulin therapy, an evidence based approach to beta blocker/calcium channel blocker toxicity

Poison-induced cardiogenic shock (PICS) as a result of beta-blocker (β-blocker) or calcium channel blocker (CCB) overdose is a common and potentially life-threatening condition. Conventional therapies, including fluid resuscitation, atropine, cardiac pacing, calcium, glucagon, and vasopressors often fail to improve hemodynamic status. High-dose insulin (HDI) is an emerging therapeutic modality for PICS. In this article, we discuss the existing literature and highlight the therapeutic success and potential of HDI. Based on the current literature, which is limited primarily to case series and animal models, the authors conclude that HDI can be effective in restoring hemodynamic stability, and recommend considering its use in patients with PICS that is not responsive to traditional therapies. Future studies should be undertaken to determine the optimal dose and duration of therapy for HDI in PICS.
Long-Term Followup for Excision and Primary Anastomosis for Anterior Urethral Strictures

Purpose: We report our experience and long-term followup of patients undergoing excision and primary anastomotic reconstruction for anterior urethral strictures.Materials and Methods: From July 1986 to May 2006 the charts of 260 patients who underwent excision with primary anastomosis at our center for bulbar urethral stricture were reviewed. Patient age ranged from 14 to 78 years (mean 38.4), stricture length ranged 0.5 to 4.5 cm (mean 1.9). Patients who had surgery within the last 5 years were contacted by telephone if their 6-month postoperative cystoscopic evaluation was patent and they had not visited the clinic afterward.Results: After a mean followup of 50.2 months 257 patients (98.8%) were symptom-free and required no further procedures. Recurrent stricture occurred early in 2 patients and late in 1 patient. Two patients opted for intermittent dilations, and a single direct visual internal urethrotomy was performed in 1 patient 4 years postoperatively. One of the patients who elected dilation subs...
Early and Late Functional Outcome Assessments Following Endovascular and Open Aneurysm Repair

l l Purpose: To compare early and late functional outcomes, as well as survival and recovery, following endovascular or open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Methods: Between 1996 and 2000, 294 patients underwent AAA repair (141 open and 153 endovascular); 57 patients from each group had 12-month follow-up for functional out- come assessment. Recovery was measured as hospital length of stay, skilled nursing re- quirement, and hospital readmission within 1 year to determine cumulative hospital utili- zation. Early (,6 months) functional outcomes were measured by activity level and convalescence days following surgery. Late (.6 months) functional outcomes were mea- sured as ambulation, independent living, and employment status pre- and postoperatively. Results: Operative mortality for open repair was 5 (3.5%) compared to 1 (0.6%) after an endovascular procedure (p,0.05). The endovascular group had a shorter hospital stay (2.862.8 versus 8.364.5 days) and fewer skilled nursing requirements (0% versus 26%; p,0.001). Cumulative hospital utilization over 12 months was 3.8 days for endovascular patients and 13.8 days for open repair (p,0.001). Recovery time was 99.3684.1 days (range 14-365) in conventionally treated patients and 32.1643.5 days (range 7-180) in the stent- graft group (p,0.001). At 6 months, 43 (75%) open and 54 (95%) endovascular patients had full recovery (p,0.01). Activity levels decreased in 13 (23%) open and 3 (5%) endo- vascular patients after surgery (p,0.01). There were no differences in ambulation, inde- pendent living, or employment status before and after treatment. Conclusions: Periprocedural survival following aneurysm repair is improved with endo- vascular grafting compared to open surgery, and recovery is more rapid, with a 78% re- duction in total hospital days. Early functional outcomes are markedly improved with en- dovascular repair, while there is no difference in late functional outcomes between the procedures. J Endovasc Ther 2003;10:2-9 l
Evaluating the truth® Brand

The American Legacy Foundation developed the truth campaign, an aspirational antismoking brand for adolescents. This study tested whether a multidimensional scale, brand equity in truth, mediates the relationship between campaign exposure and youth smoking. We collected brand equity responses from 2,306 youth on a nationally representative telephone survey. Factor analysis indicates that the scale has excellent psychometric properties and effectively measures brand equity. We developed a structural equation model to test the mediation hypothesis. Results show that brand equity mediates the relationship between truth and smoking. Analyses of potential cofounders show this relationship is robust. Behavioral branding (brands about a behavior or a lifestyle) is an important public health strategy.
Applying network analysis and Nebula (neighbor-edges based and unbiased leverage algorithm) to ToxCast data.

Abstract Background ToxCast data have been used to develop models for predicting in vivo toxicity. To predict the in vivo toxicity of a new chemical using a ToxCast data based model, its ToxCast bioactivity data are needed but not normally available. The capability of predicting ToxCast bioactivity data is necessary to fully utilize ToxCast data in the risk assessment of chemicals. Objectives We aimed to understand and elucidate the relationships between the chemicals and bioactivity data of the assays in ToxCast and to develop a network analysis based method for predicting ToxCast bioactivity data. Methods We conducted modularity analysis on a quantitative network constructed from ToxCast data to explore the relationships between the assays and chemicals. We further developed Nebula (neighbor-edges based and unbiased leverage algorithm) for predicting ToxCast bioactivity data. Results Modularity analysis on the network constructed from ToxCast data yielded seven modules. Assays and chemicals in the seven modules were distinct. Leave-one-out cross-validation yielded a Q2 of 0.5416, indicating ToxCast bioactivity data can be predicted by Nebula. Prediction domain analysis showed some types of ToxCast assay data could be more reliably predicted by Nebula than others. Conclusions Network analysis is a promising approach to understand ToxCast data. Nebula is an effective algorithm for predicting ToxCast bioactivity data, helping fully utilize ToxCast data in the risk assessment of chemicals.
Cavity noise control using Helmholtz resonators

This paper presents experimental results of an investigation on cavity acoustic oscillation control using Helmholtz resonators. With properly tuned Helmholtz resonators mounted near the cavity trailing edge, significant reductions of tonal levels are observed and the amplitude of the excited instability wave associated with the cavity tonal frequencies is also reduced. When the feedback cavity tones are eliminated, a new set of cavity tones appears in the measured spectra for some conditions. It is also found that the total noise reduction increases linearly with the number of activated resonators.
BARIATRIC ARTERIAL EMBOLIZATION AS TREATMENT FOR OBESITY: MECHANISMS USING HIGHLY CALIBRATED 50 MICRON EMBOLIC BEADS

Bariatric arterial embolization (BAE) is a new treatment for obesity. However, the mechanism of action is not well understood, including the effect of particle embolic size. Using a highly calibrated 50 µ X-ray-visible alginate embolic bead (XEB), we investigated the effect of BAE in immature swine
Porous ceramic tablet embedded with silver nanopatches for low-cost point-of-use water purification.

This work describes a novel method to embed silver in ceramic porous media in the form of metallic silver nanopatches. This method has been applied to develop a new POU technology, a silver-infused ceramic tablet that provides long-term water disinfection. The tablet is fabricated using clay, water, sawdust, and silver nitrate. When dropped into a household water storage container, the ceramic tablet releases silver ions at a controlled rate that in turn disinfect microbial pathogens. Characterization of the silver-embedded ceramic media was performed using transmission electron microscopy. Spherical-shaped patches of metallic silver were observed at 1–6 nm diameters and confirmed to be silver with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Disinfection experiments in a 10 L water volume demonstrated a 3 log reduction of Escherichia coli within 8 h while silver levels remained below the World Health Organization drinking water standard (0.1 mg/L). Silver release rate varied with clay mineralogy, sawdust particle siz...
Chemotherapeutic effectiveness of alloxan in murine bartonellosis.

ConclusionsAlloxan in relatively low and presumably nondiabetogenic dosages was found to be effective in preventing the development of murine bartonellosis, which invariably follows splenectomy in untreated carrier rats. The activity of this agent probably depends on its reaction with SH groups.
Study on Aerodynamic Force Effect on Personnel Safety in High-speed Railway Tunnel

In order to guarantee the safe operation of high-speed railway,according to the 100 m2 double-line tunnel cross-section which is generally used in high-speed railway of China,the authors of this paper build a tunnel-air-train simulation model,based on the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the standard k-e turbulence model.This model can simulate two situations one of which is that a single train runs through a tunnel normally while the other is that another train runs beside a train parked in the tunnel.Time-history variation rules and space distribution characteristics of aerodynamic force on people on evacuation passageways are studied respectively at 120,200,250,300 and 350 km per hour.Furthermore,the authors discuss the influence of the aerodynamic force on people safety.The results show that the aerodynamic force changes with time and space,people should avoid activities at dangerous time and places,and that since people safety may be threatened by the aerodynamic force in the two situations above,effective measures should be taken to avoid accidents.
A two-part mixed-effects model for analyzing longitudinal microbiome compositional data

Motivation The human microbial communities are associated with many human diseases such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. High-throughput sequencing technology has been widely used to quantify the microbial composition in order to understand its impacts on human health. Longitudinal measurements of microbial communities are commonly obtained in many microbiome studies. A key question in such microbiome studies is to identify the microbes that are associated with clinical outcomes or environmental factors. However, microbiome compositional data are highly skewed, bounded in [0,1), and often sparse with many zeros. In addition, the observations from repeated measures in longitudinal studies are correlated. A method that takes into account these features is needed for association analysis in longitudinal microbiome data. Results In this paper, we propose a two-part zero-inflated Beta regression model with random effects (ZIBR) for testing the association between microbial abundance and clinical covariates for longitudinal microbiome data. The model includes a logistic regression component to model presence/absence of a microbe in the samples and a Beta regression component to model non-zero microbial abundance, where each component includes a random effect to account for the correlations among the repeated measurements on the same subject. Both simulation studies and the application to real microbiome data have shown that ZIBR model outperformed the previously used methods. The method provides a useful tool for identifying the relevant taxa based on longitudinal or repeated measures in microbiome research. Availability and implementation https://github.com/chvlyl/ZIBR CONTACT: hongzhe@upenn.edu.
The coastal areas of Yantai human and swine hepatitis E virus genotyping analysis

Objective Survey of the coastal city of Yantai,from human and swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype correlation. Method Application of reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT - nPCR) method for local acute sporadic hepatitis E patients,normal population of HEV-IgM positive and local pig farm pigs were HEV RNA detection.And HEV RNA positive samples for cloning sequencing and sequence analysis.Results In 16 patients with acute sporadic hepatitis E in 7 cases of RNA positive stool specimens of HEV; 51 lgM positive sera of normal people in specimens with 1 HEV RNA positive; 34 pig bile specimens with 1 HEV RNA positive. Sequence analysis revealed the region HEV strains and swine strains in the ORF2 region of nucleotide sequence homology is 87％ -98.1％.7 strains of hepatitis E virus genotype in patients and 1 strains of swine hepatitis E virus genotypes are type Ⅳ,gene sequence homology between the 87％ -98.1％ ; there were 6 patients and porcine gene sequence homology in 93.9％ -98.1％ between,for type a subtype; 1 patients and porcine gene sequence homology in 87％,for the type D subtype.Normal population of 1 cases of hepatitis E virus genotype for I type D subtype.Human and porcine HEV ORF2 gene fragment and HEV part Ⅰ-Ⅳ representative strains were compared,and the nucleotide sequence homology were 82.5％ - 100％,81.7％ - 92.9％,81.4％ - 93.9％,84.9％ - 100％.Conclusion The area population prevalence of HEV in the presence of 2 genotype 3 subtype genes,mainly to Ⅳ A,in pigs with popular HEV gene with a high homology; HEV type Ⅰ in the crowd disperses in the presence of. Key words: Hepatitis E virus; Genotype; Sequence analysis; Models,animal
Tumor Cell-Endothelial Cell Interactions During Blood Borne Metastasis: Role of Specific Adhesion, Motility, and Growth Molecules

The metastatic spread of blood borne tumor cells to near and distant sites does not occur randomly. Certain tumors tend to metastasize to particular organ sites, and this process appears to be due to differnces in tumor cell and host organ molecular properties (Nicolson, 1988a; Nicolson, 1991; Zetter, 1990). Once in the blood, tumor types cells can circulate to virtually every organ, yet metastases of many common tumor types form only at certain sites (Sugerbaker, 1983). This brief review will consider some of the properties of tumor cells and some of the properties of host organ cells and stroma in the organ preference of metastasis. For addidtional information, the reader is refered to more extensive reviews (Nicolson, 1988a; Nicolson, 1989; Nicolson, 1991; Liotta et al., 1991b).
The role of the US in the geopolitics of climate policy and stranded oil reserves

Computer-assisted technological innovation and breakthroughs in drilling are revolutionizing the energy landscape, creating greater uncertainty about the future trends for oil use. These new dynamics are prompting major oil producers to reconsider the commercial value of their assets, potentially changing the long-term outlook for oil prices. A shift in investment and production strategy by major oil-producing countries and large multinational companies to pre-empt the risk of stranded assets would have significant implications on energy markets. This Perspective surveys the competitive forces at play that are able to shift the dynamics of the global oil market and discusses their implications for US climate and energy policy. A declining long-term oil price might imply that energy and climate scientists and policymakers should revisit the road map of the optimum policies to promote the transition to lower carbon energy and to defend technology gains already achieved. Technology breakthroughs will tilt the long-term balance between oil demand and the resource base of oil and gas. According to Amy Myers Jaffe, energy markets will be characterized by the growing tension between low carbon efforts led by the US and the strategies of large oil exporting countries.
Abstract C39: High-content screening to capture tumor dynamics in response to microenvironmental perturbations

Tumor populations are in constant flux as a result of dynamic pressures of their surrounding microenvironment. Measuring the phenotypic response of multiple cell types exposed to physiological relevant tumor conditions has been a challenge due to the heterogenous nature of the tumor microenvironment. Further, traditional cell biology assays for assessing cell viability do not allow for additional downstream analyses and use surrogate measures for cell number, which may fail to provide a complete picture of cellular events. Here, we present a method to utilize high-content screening to generate quantitative, robust data sets characterizing cellular phenotypic responses (i.e. birth, death, morphology) of tumor cells to co-occurring perturbations of drug, oxygen, glucose, ECM stiffness, and stromal cell co-culture. Using an Operetta high-content imaging platform, we are able to perform multiple analyses on the same experimental setup to quantitatively assess the evolutionary dynamics of heterogenous cell populations under multiple environmental perturbations. We are able to differentiate between the effect of microenvironmental conditions on a decrease in cell birth versus increase in cell death, which has significant implications for predicting tumor growth kinetics and drug treatment response. We applied this platform to analyze isogenic lung tumor cells that are either sensitive or resistant to erlotinib, a commonly used tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitor in the treatment of lung cancer. We identified specific microenvironmental contexts where the resistant populations have a fitness advantage over the sensitive population, irrespective of the resistance mechanism. Furthermore, our experimental workflow allows us to capture and quantify cell morphology, an additional measure for overall cell health. We observed significant shifts in specific cell morphological parameters in response to alterations in tumor microenviromental conditions such as low oxygen and increased drug concentration. This novel application of a high-content screening platform allows for the quantification of multiple cellular phenotypes in response to over a hundred different microenvironmental contexts, thus providing deeper insight into the effect of tumor microenvironmental heterogeneity on evolving tumor cell populations. Citation Format: Colleen M. Garvey, Oscar Chen, Jasmine Foo, Shannon M. Mumenthaler. High-content screening to capture tumor dynamics in response to microenvironmental perturbations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr C39.
The American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study 3 (CPS-3): Recruitment, study design, and baseline characteristics.

BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies contribute importantly to understanding the role of lifestyle, genetic, and other factors in chronic disease etiology. METHODS The American Cancer Society (ACS) recruited a new prospective cohort study, Cancer Prevention Study 3 (CPS-3), between 2006 and 2013 from 35 states and Puerto Rico. Enrollment took place primarily at ACS community events and at community enrollment “drives.” At enrollment sites, participants completed a brief survey that included an informed consent, identifying information necessary for follow-up, and key exposure information. They also provided a waist measure and a nonfasting blood sample. Most participants also completed a more comprehensive baseline survey at home that included extensive medical, lifestyle, and other information. Participants will be followed for incident cancers through linkage with state cancer registries and for cause-specific mortality through linkage with the National Death Index. RESULTS In total, 303,682 participants were enrolled. Of these, 254,650 completed the baseline survey and are considered “fully” enrolled; they will be sent repeat surveys periodically for at least the next 20 years to update exposure information. The remaining participants (n = 49,032) will not be asked to update exposure information but will be followed for outcomes. Twenty-three percent of participants were men, 17.3% reported a race or ethnicity other than “white,” and the median age at enrollment was 47 years. CONCLUSIONS CPS-3 will be a valuable resource for studies of cancer and other outcomes because of its size; its diversity with respect to age, ethnicity, and geography; and the availability of blood samples and detailed questionnaire information collected over time. Cancer 2017;123:2014–2024. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
APART: Automatic Political Actor Recommendation in Real-time

Extracting actor data from news reports is important when generating event data. Hand-coded dictionaries are used to code actors and actions. Manually updating dictionaries for new actors and roles is costly and there is no automated method. We propose a dynamic frequency-based actor ranking algorithm with partial string matching for new actor-role detection, based on similar actors in the CAMEO dictionary. This is compared to a graph-based weighted label propagation baseline method. Results show our method outperforms the alternatives.
Morphological and combustion study of interface effects in aluminum-poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites

Abstract Condensed energetic composites were produced from poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and nano-scale aluminum (Al) via injection molding. This work aimed to (1) resolve changes in PVDF decomposition as a function of composition approaching Al concentrations sufficient in producing self-propagating burns and (2) observe interface effects on combustion performance. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the PVDF glass transition response to Al loading was negligible indicating that Al particles were well dispersed in the composite. This finding was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy imaging. Combustion performance was assessed with open-air burns and X-ray diffraction. Coupons loaded beyond 4 wt% Al burned in a linear manner and primarily produced aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ). Overall, results show that a condensed interface in Al-PVDF composites enhances ignition sensitivity at low Al loadings and controls reaction product species.
Metals and Semi-Metals in the Semiconductor Device Technologies

Semiconductor device and circuit chips have become an everyday occurrence in many of today’s technical areas. They are of course the heart and brain of computer systems. Yet, within a relatively short span of time, these electronic chips have also helped revolutionize communication and entertainment equipment, as well as many commodity products such as watches, cameras and household appliances. Many advances in the medical diagnostic and surgical equipment field have been realized as the result of the semiconductor device chips. We all have thus been touched and benefited, directly or indirectly, by the dramatic progress exemplified by the semiconductor industry.
Circuit Breakers and Program Trading Limits: What Have We Learned?

Exchanges adopted several circuit breakers and program trading limits following the 1987 Stock Market Crash. The intended purpose of these policies was to reduce volatility. Unfortunately, there has not been enough extreme volatility to conclusively determine whether they have been effective. The lack of volatility does not demonstrate their effectiveness since extreme volatility is very rare. Theoretical studies are also inconclusive. Some suggest that circuit breakers help prevent crashes by giving people time to respond with full information. Others suggest that they accelerate price changes caused by traders afraid they may not be able to trade. Some simple principles from political economy suggest why exchanges adopted the circuit breakers that they did.
Toward an information technology research agenda for public administration

Research questions are outlined, forming the dimensions of a research agenda for the study of information technology (IT) in public administration. The dimensions selected as being the most theoretically important include the issue of the impact of information technology on the distribution of power; the issue of information resource equity and the "digital divide"; the issue of the use of IT as symbolic action; the issue of the impact of IT on discretion; the issue of the impact of IT on organizational culture; the issue of privatization; the issue of decentralization; the issue of remote work; the issue of implementation success factors; the issue of persuasiveness of governmental websites; the issue of regulation of social vices mediated by IT; and other regulatory issues.
Acoustic Signalling and Detection by Semiterrestrial Crabs of the Family Ocypodidae

The burrow-dwelling, semiterrestrial crabs of the family Ocypodidae have radiated to occupy many different types of habitats from the tropics to the temperate regions. In some species, individuals may be relatively isolated from one another, while other species live in dense colonies with adjacent burrows separated by a few inches. The group displays a wide spectrum of difference in behavioral organization and complexity. Only one genus in the family, the fiddler crabs (Uca), has received broad study. A summary of current advances knowledge of the behavior, ecology, and physiology of these and other semiterrestrial crustaceans has recently been published in the American Zoologist (Barnwell, 1968; Bliss, 1968; Miller and Vernberg, 1968; Salmon and Atsaides, 1968; Schone, 1968).
Pretreatment dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI biomarkers correlate with progression-free survival in primary central nervous system lymphoma

Prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is important for optimization of treatment planning. Quantitative imaging biomarkers for PCNSL have not yet been established. This study evaluated the prognostic value of pretreatment dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging for progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with PCNSL. Pretreatment dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging were retrospectively analyzed in 18 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL. Volumes of interest encompassing the tumors were assessed for measurements of blood plasma volume (Vp), volume transfer constant (Ktrans), and apparent diffusion coefficient. Patients were divided into short and long PFS groups based on median PFS. Imaging and clinical variables were correlated with PFS. Median PFS was 19.6 months. Lower Vpmean and Ktransmean values increased risk for rapid progression (< 19.6 months). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated an optimal Vpmean cutoff value of 2.29 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.74, sensitivity and specificity = 0.78, p = 0.023) for separating patients with short and long PFS. The optimal Ktransmean cutoff was 0.08 (AUC = 0.74, sensitivity = 0.67, specificity = 0.78, p = 0.025). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with log-rank test demonstrated significantly (p = 0.015) increased risk of rapid progression for patients with Vpmean < 2.29. Vpmean was significantly (p = 0.03) associated with PFS on univariate Cox analysis. Apparent diffusion coefficient values and clinical factors did not influence PFS. Pretreatment Vp and Ktrans derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI may be novel prognostic quantitative imaging biomarkers of progression-free survival in patients with PCNSL. These data should be prospectively validated in larger patient cohorts.
MicroROM: A Physics-Based Constitutive Model for Ni-Based Superalloys

In this article, a physics-based constitutive model is developed for representing the stress–plastic strain response of Ni-based superalloys by considering the hardening mechanisms that contribute to the macroscopic yield stress and the subsequent strain-hardening response in order to derive the entire tensile stress–strain curve. It is demonstrated that the log stress vs log plastic strain curves of Ni-based superalloys such as 702 Li and ME3 exhibit a bilinear behavior with a lower strain-hardening exponent in the low plastic strain regime and a much higher strain-hardening exponent in the high plastic strain regime. These two hardening regimes can be modeled on the basis of self-hardening of individual slip planes and latent hardening of five operative independent slip systems due to cross-slip from {111} planes to {001} planes, leading to the formation of incomplete and complete Kear-Wilsdorf locks. The proposed physics-based constitutive model, dubbed as MicroROM, exhibits a form that is similar to the Ramberg–Osgood (RO) constitutive model, which is widely used in structural analyses of engineering designs and components. MicroROM is applied to predict the tensile stress–strain curves of 720 Li and ME3 with either a subsolvus or supersolvus microstructure for temperatures ranging from 24 °C to 815 °C. The agreement is good between model predictions and experiment data from the literature. The sensitivity of the predicted stress–strain response to individual microstructural parameters is highlighted and the relation to individual hardening mechanisms is elucidated.
The Face Is Different from the Heart

Designing a thesis in Poland is part tradition, part education, part science and part politics. A clock starts the moment the scalpel touches flesh. Time is one procedural factor over which a surgeon has no control. A face cannot be completely restored to form and function piecemeal.
1961 symposium digest — fourth part of the digest

Radio-frequency interference coordination used to be a well-understood earthbound art. Now space technology, and particularly communication via satellites, is opening a new frontier of interference coordination, with new problems and new tools for their solution. The anticipated volume of such communication will require satellite systems to make multiple use of much of the 1–10 Gc spectrum and to share it with surface radio services. Worldwide cooperation in clearing gigacycle-bandwidths for satellite communication would be an unrealistic expectation and also unnecessary.
Pile under torque in nonlinear soils and soil-pile interfaces

Abstract This paper presents a new method for analyzing the nonlinear response of a single, vertical pile with the circular cross-section under torque in layered soils. The nonlinear stress-strain relationships of both soil-pile interface and soil are approximated by the hyperbolic model, whereas the pile material is elastic. The torsional spring stiffness of the soil-pile interface and the soil are determined by traditionally available methods. A four-node finite element model for the soil-pile interface is proposed to represent nonlinear behaviors of the soil-pile interface and the soil, separately. A new iterative scheme for nonlinear analysis of a single pile under torque is also developed that avoids having to solve a large number of simultaneous equations found in traditional solution schemes. The new solution method is based on the tangential stiffness of the soil-pile interface and soil springs, which are determined at each load step. From this solution scheme, an equivalent stiffness of the soil-pile-interface system of each pile element is calculated from the bottom element to the top element while torque and angle of twist are calculated from the top to the bottom elements. The solution gives the distribution of the angle of twist and torque along the pile, and the equivalent stiffness of the soil-pile system and torque-angle of twist curves at any depth. The solution method can be easily applied to the practice field in nonlinear analysis and in designing a single pile under torque in layered soils. The analysis results using the new solution scheme compared well with the results from other analytical methods studied by previous researchers. The proposed method is also used to predict the behavior of two full-scale piles under torques. The predictions are in good to excellent agreement with measurements.
Fabrication and Experimental Characterization of a MEMS Microphone Using Electrostatic Levitation

Fabrication and acoustic performance of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microphone are presented. The microphone uses an unusual electrostatic sensing scheme that causes the sensing electrode to move away, or levitate, from the biasing electrode as the bias voltage is applied. This approach differs from existing electrostatic sensors and completely avoids the usual collapse known as pull-in instability. In this study, our goal is to fabricate a MEMS microphone whose sensitivity could be improved simply by increasing the bias voltage, without suffering from pull-in. The microphone is successfully fabricated and tested in our anechoic chamber. A read-out circuit is used to obtain electrical signals in response to sound pressure at various bias voltages. Experimental results show that the sensitivity increases approximately linearly with bias voltage for bias voltages from 40 volts to 100 volts. The ability to design electrostatic sensors without concerns about pull-in failure permits a wide range of promising sensor designs.
Surface-Treated Pellethanes: Comparative Quantification of Encrustation in Artificial Urine Solution

Introduction: Encrustation of implanted urinary tract devices is associated with significant morbidity. Pellethane® is a polyether-based compound noted for its strength, porosity, and resistance to solvents. We assessed Pellethane thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with and without surface coatings 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TETRA) for the potential to resist encrustation in an artificial urine environment. Materials and Methods: Samples of Pellethane TPU, HEMA Pellethane TPU, TETRA Pellethane TPU, and hydrogel-coated ureteral stent (Cook®) were suspended in a batch-flow model with an artificial urine solution (AUS). Every 48 hours for 90 days, 40% of the solution was replaced with fresh AUS. All samples were stored in a 37°C incubator. Subsequently, the samples were thoroughly dried for 48 hours before weighing. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the degree of encrustation. Nu-Attom Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the precise compositions of the encrustation specifically with regard to calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Results: At the conclusion of the 90-day trial, the samples were analyzed, and the average mass changes were as follows: stent 63.78%, uncoated Pellethane TPU 11.50%, HEMA-coated Pellethane TPU 2.90%, and TETRA-coated Pellethane TPU 0.60%. Pellethane TPU products, and specifically those coated with HEMA and TETRA, exhibited less average mass increase and a lesser propensity to form encrustation than the traditional urinary tract stent. The mass increases noted on coated Pellethane devices were primarily ionic, whereas that of the stent was not. Conclusion: Pellethane, particularly with an HEMA-based preventative coating, may serve as a favorable alternative to traditional urinary stent material, providing its improved resistance to encrustation.
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY EXAMINING PHENTERMINE ON PRECONCEPTION WEIGHT LOSS AND PREGNANCY OUTCOMES.

Objective: Obesity is a well-known risk factor for infertility. However, the use of weight loss medications prior to conception is underutilized. The objectives of our study are to describe weight ...
Misinformation on Instagram: The Impact of Trusted Endorsements on Message Credibility:

This research explores how social validation, measured through trusted endorsements and bandwagon heuristics, influence the credibility of misinformation on Instagram. Using experimental design, th...
Towards the Development of Entropy-Based Anomaly Detection in an Astrophysics Simulation.

The use of AI and ML for scientific applications is currently a very exciting and dynamic field. Much of this excitement for HPC has focused on ML applications whose analysis and classification generate very large numbers of flops. Others seek to replace scientific simulations with data-driven surrogate models. But another important use case lies in the combination application of ML to improve simulation accuracy. To that end, we present an anomaly problem which arises from a core-collapse supernovae simulation. We discuss strategies and early successes in applying anomaly detection techniques from machine learning to this scientific simulation, as well as current challenges and future possibilities.