cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Na,K-ATPase is decreased in hippocampus of kainate-lesioned rats

The effects of intraventricular injection of kainic acid on the Na,K-ATPase (Na,K pump) were examined in discrete pyramidal cell regions of rat hippocampus. [3H]Ouabain binding was used to quantitate Na,K-ATPase catalytic subunits and in situ hybridization was used to determine Na,K-ATPase mRNA levels. Large decreases were found in both [3H]ouabain binding and alpha 3 isoform mRNA in hippocampus areas, especially in the CA3 pyramidal cell layer, which sustains heavy cell losses as a result of bilateral, intraventricular injection of kainic acid. Substantial decreases in the high affinity component of ouabain binding and in the alpha 3 isoform mRNA (but not isoforms for other Na,K-ATPase subunits) were also observed in the CA1 region of hippocampus, an area preserved in this model. High affinity [3H]ouabain binding was decreased 25-33% in the stratum pyramidale and stratum radiatum after treatment with kainic acid, and alpha 3 mRNA was decreased by 26-50%. To further characterize the decrease in alpha 3 mRNA, animals were killed at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after injection of kainate and results show a large decrease in alpha 3 mRNA only at 2 weeks recovery time. While the pathology underlying temporal lobe epilepsy is unclear, changes in the Na,K-ATPase may be involved in abnormal firing characteristics of cells in epileptic tissue.
Association of tocopherols with circulating autoantibody levels against an oxidized DNA nucleoside in humans.

Abstract Autoantibodies against oxidized DNA bases are found in vivo and have been used as an indicator of oxidative damage, yet little is known concerning their individual variation and relation to serum micronutrients. Human plasma anti-5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (HMdU) autoantibody (aAb) levels were repeatedly determined in 41 women and 11 men, and found to have small within-individual variation over time, but large between-individual differences. A positive association in both women (r = .5762, p = .0001) and men (r = .415, p = .2) between plasma total tocopherols and antibody levels was observed. Autoantibody levels were lower in postmenopausal women (8.37 ± 1.61 vs. 17.18 ± 2.85 in premenopausal women, p
Modeling of hydrogen transport and elastically accommodated hydride formation near a crack tip

Transient hydrogen diffusion and elastically accommodated hydride formation coupled with material elastic deformation are studied in a hydride forming system. The constitutive behavior of the material is modeled as isotropically linear elastic and account is taken of the effect of the dilatational strain induced by the solute hydrogen and formed hydride. The concept of terminal solid solubility of hydrogen as affected by stress is described and the mode of hydrogen diffusion through the two-phase material (matrix + hydride) is discussed. Probabilistic precipitation of hydride is modeled in the neighborhood of a stationary sharp crack tip under mode I plane strain loading, fixed hydrogen concentration on the crack surfaces and the outer boundary, and a uniform initial hydrogen concentration below the stress-free terminal solid solubility. A full transient finite element analysis allows for numerical monitoring of the development and expansion of the hydride zone. Information about the shape, size and density of the hydride in the hydride zone is obtained. The mechanistic effects of the solute hydrogen and hydride formation on the stress intensity at the crack tip are analyzed and their consequence on the fracture toughness resistance of the material is discussed.
When politics becomes play

The ways in which political systems and their members respond to social strains are little understood. When citizens are confronted by unfathomable problems or intense pressures, they often seek to suspend serious activities or escape rigid and alienating roles in order to attain psychological release, mutual involvement, and insights about their lives. Release, involvement, and insight are consequences of a universal human activity called play. People play in order to make room for personal expression in rigid social structures. People play in order to create and maintain the bounds necessary for community. People play in order to generate the novelty, perspective, and invention necessary for social and political change.
Anion-gap interpretation: the old and the new

The plasma concentration of sodium ions normally exceeds the sum of the plasma concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate ions. Calculation of the resulting 'anion gap' can aid the diagnosis of various acid–base and electrolyte disorders. Michael Emmett discusses the utility of this approach, and highlights the potential disrupting factors which should be taken into account when interpreting anion gap calculations.
Moving from Evaluation to Value in Cancer Care

Defining clinically meaningful outcomes for clinical trials provides a foundation for assessing and improving the value of cancer care by conducting multidisciplinary research in clinical trial design, comparative effectiveness, patient preferences, health outcomes, and economics captured through analysis of data generated in clinical trials and real-world clinical practice. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 947–9. ©2014 AACR . See related article by Sobrero et al., p. 1036
What is the Functional Value of the Gmat Analytical Writing Assessment for Management Education? A Critical Analysis, Part 2

In this second article on the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA), a new component in the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT), we analyze the AWA's contribution as a performance assessment and critique its potential usefulness as a diagnostic tool for management education. The AWA assesses writing as a high-level ability and thereby challenges its marginalization as a low-level skill in MBA programs. Holistic evaluation, which makes performance assessment of writing possible, however, cannot provide diagnostic information. Therefore, the AWA does not meet the expectations of GMAT-user schools who endorsed the test as a diagnostic instrument for identifying individual deficiencies. If business schools wish to determine students' needs for further work in writing, they must evaluate the essays locally. Ironically, this task may prove too costly for those schools enrolling students most in need of the diagnostic information.
Sir J.C. Bose revisited [MM wave research]

The presentation of the work of Sir. J.C. Bose (1895, 1896, 1897, 1927) to the scientific community has resulted in a plethora of newspaper articles which claimed that perhaps the western scientific world of Lords Rayleigh and Kelvin which created Bose, attempted to deprive him of his Noble Prize for his work on electromagnetic phenomena which were carried out at the same time as that of Marconi. In view of this, it is perhaps worthwhile to take a critical look at Sir J.C. Boses's work on millimeter waves and appraise what the contemporary scientists thought about it. During such a review, we found many interesting issues which are the subject of this paper. There is no question that the scientific community embraced Bose as a great experimentalist. Creating accurate apparatus was his forte. However, there appears to be some serious questions lingering on his scientific work which was communicated to him by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Crooks. The objective of this article is to review that situation.
THE TRUE VALUE OF LAMBDA WOULD APPEAR TO BE ZERO: AN ESSAY ON CAREER CRIMINALS, CRIMINAL CAREERS, SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION, COHORT STUDIES, AND RELATED TOPICS*

The idea of selective incapacitation and the distinction between prevalence and incidence (participation and lambda) justify the search for a group of offenders whose criminality does not decline with age and who may be identified solely on the basis of legally relevant variables. This paper questions such research, arguing that the decline in age with crime characterizes even the most active offenders. and that the distinction between incidence and prevalence does not deserve the theoretical, research, or policy attention it has been claimed to merit (Farrington, 1985; Blumstein and Graddy, 1981–1982). In doing so, it relies on research results widely accepted in criminology. Thus, the current focus of criminological research on the “career criminal,” on selective incapacitation, and on longitudinal research remains unjustified.
Primary prevention of osteoporosis: Pediatric approach to disease of the elderly

0 steoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease in Western societies and affects about 30% of all postmenopausal white women. The disease is characterized by a reduction of bone tissue relative to the volume of anatomical bone, that increases susceptibility to fracture. Current understanding of osteoporosis indicates that the disease is present when bone mass lies more than 2 standard deviations below the mean of young adults of the same sex. Several factors characteristic for the osteoporotic bone lead to subsequent bone fractures. Low bone mass is the most important. Fatigue damage, which causes structural failure of the bone, and poor bone architecture, which makes a bone less resistant to load and stress, are other factors contributing to fragility of a bone. In addition, there must be a fracture-producing force or trauma, usually a fall or a mechanical stress, that will lead to a fracture.’ Risk factors for osteoporosis can be divided into endogenous and exogenous in origin and are classified in Table 1.
Constructing the cerebral cortex: Neurogenesis and fate determination

Sitting at the apex of neural processing in the mammalian brain is the cerebral cortex, the convoluted sheet of neurons covering the two cerebral hemispheres. Neurons within the neocortex underlie our most sophisticated cognitive and perceptual abilities and are thus highly specialized for the analysis of sensory inputs or the generation of motor outputs. The position, connectivity, and morphology of each neuron reflect its particular function. Although neurons in the adult brain are organized in highly ordered and differentiated arrays, these cells arise from dividing progenitor cells of a simple neuroepithelium in which cells appear morphologically indistinguishable. This review addresses the question of how diverse neuronal phenotypes are generated from apparently homogeneous progenitors in appropriate numbers, times, and positions during the development of the cerebral cortex, focusing on key steps in neurogenesis including the molecular control of cell number, the decision to generate a neuron, and cell type specification. Overview of Cortical Organization and Development
Ultrasound-induced cell membrane porosity

Recent studies of ultrasound (US) methods for targeted drug delivery and nonviral gene transfection revealed new, advantageous possibilities. These studies utilized US contrast agents, commonly stabilized microbubbles, to facilitate delivery and suggested that US delivery resulted from cell sonoporation, the formation of temporary pores in the cell membrane induced by US. Using voltage clamp techniques, we obtained real-time measurements of sonoporation of single Xenopus oocyte in the presence of Optison trade mark, an agent consisting of albumin-shelled C(3)F(8) gas bubbles (mean diameter 3.2 microm). Ultrasound increased the transmembrane current as a direct result of decreased membrane resistance due to pore formation. We observed a distinct delay of sonoporation following US activation and characteristic stepwise increases of transmembrane current throughout US duration. We discovered that the resealing of cell membrane following US exposure required Ca(2+) entering the cell through US-induced pores.
Metabolic Efficiency Promotes Protection From Pressure Overload in Hearts Expressing Slow Skeletal Troponin I

Background— The failing heart displays increased glycolytic flux that is not matched by a commensurate increase in glucose oxidation. This mismatch induces increased anaplerotic flux and inefficient glucose metabolism. We previously found adult transgenic mouse hearts expressing the fetal troponin I isoform, (ssTnI) to be protected from ischemia by increased glycolysis. In this study, we investigated the metabolic response of adult mouse hearts expressing ssTnI to chronic pressure overload. Methods and Results— At 2 to 3 months of age, ssTnI mice or their nontransgenic littermates underwent aortic constriction (TAC). TAC induced a 25% increase in nontransgenic heart size but only a 7% increase in ssTnI hearts ( P <0.05). Nontransgenic TAC developed diastolic dysfunction (65% increase in E/A ratio), whereas the E/A ratio actually decreased in ssTnI TAC. Isolated perfused hearts from nontransgenic TAC mice showed reduced cardiac function and reduced creatine phosphate:ATP (16% reduction), but ssTnI TAC hearts maintained cardiac function and energy charge. Contrasting nontransgenic TAC, ssTnI TAC significantly increased glucose oxidation at the expense of palmitate oxidation, preventing the increase in anaplerosis observed in nontransgenic TAC hearts. Elevated glucose oxidation was mediated by a reduction in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression, enabling pyruvate dehydrogenase to compete against anaplerotic enzymes for pyruvate carboxylation. Conclusions— Expression of a single fetal myofilament protein into adulthood in the ssTnI-transgenic mouse heart induced downregulation of the gene expression response for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase to pressure overload. The consequence of elevated pyruvate oxidation in ssTnI during TAC reduced anaplerotic flux, ameliorating inefficiencies in glucose oxidation, with energetic and functional protection against cardiac decompensation.
Dependent types and program equivalence

The definition of type equivalence is one of the most important design issues for any typed language. In dependently typed languages, because terms appear in types, this definition must rely on a definition of term equivalence. In that case, decidability of type checking requires decidability for the term equivalence relation.Almost all dependently-typed languages require this relation to be decidable. Some, such as Coq, Epigram or Agda, do so by employing analyses to force all programs to terminate. Conversely, others, such as DML, ATS, Ωmega, or Haskell, allow nonterminating computation, but do not allow those terms to appear in types. Instead, they identify a terminating index language and use singleton types to connect indices to computation. In both cases, decidable type checking comes at a cost, in terms of complexity and expressiveness.Conversely, the benefits to be gained by decidable type checking are modest. Termination analyses allow dependently typed programs to verify total correctness properties. However, decidable type checking is not a prerequisite for type safety. Furthermore, decidability does not imply tractability. A decidable approximation of program equivalence may not be useful in practice.Therefore, we take a different approach: instead of a fixed notion for term equivalence, we parameterize our type system with an abstract relation that is not necessarily decidable. We then design a novel set of typing rules that require only weak properties of this abstract relation in the proof of the preservation and progress lemmas. This design provides flexibility: we compare valid instantiations of term equivalence which range from beta-equivalence, to contextual equivalence, to some exotic equivalences.
Extensions to an Internet signaling protocol to support telecommunication services

We discuss extensions to the session initiation protocol (SIP) to enable a rich set of services between the cellular public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the Internet. We consider all manner of cellular endpoints, 2G, 2.5G, and early 3G endpoints. These extensions allow the PSTN endpoints to act as smart SIP user agents and participate in Internet-oriented services, such as presence and instant messaging (IM), without the endpoint itself being connected to the Internet. For cellular networks, our methodology conserves precious radio spectrum by offloading such data services from the bandwidth normally allocated to voice. Our approach is based on open standards and is not an ad-hoc or incremental solution.
Is Fluent, Expressive Reading Important for High School Readers?.

This study explores the link between fluency and comprehension through an examination of the importance of prosodic reading in secondary students.
Estimating Dynamic Panel Data Models in Political Science

Panel data are a very valuable resource for finding empirical solutions to political science puzzles. Yet numerous published studies in political science that use panel data to estimate models with dynamics have failed to take into account important estimation issues, which calls into question the inferences we can make from these analyses. The failure to account explicitly for unobserved individual effects in dynamic panel data induces bias and inconsistency in cross-sectional estimators. The purpose of this paper is to review dynamic panel data estimators that eliminate these problems. I first show how the problems with cross-sectional estimators arise in dynamic models for panel data. I then show how to correct for these problems using generalized method of moments estimators. Finally, I demonstrate the usefulness of these methods with replications of analyses in the debate over the dynamics of party identification.
Will supplemental screening ultrasound increase breast cancer overdiagnosis

Overdiagnosis refers to the detection of cancers that would never come to light in a patient's lifetime and are only identified by means of screening. Exactly how much overdiagnosis currently exists with screening mammography is uncertain. Because we do not know for certain which tumors would ultimately lead to death if left untreated and which would not, we cannot directly measure overdiagnosis and how best to estimate it is a matter of controversy. A conservative estimate of overdiagnosis with mammography would be on the order of 10%, but estimates have ranged as high as 54%. We know from multiple studies that ultrasound (US) screening mostly detects small, invasive, node-negative cancers; and in the ACRIN 6666 study, there was a greater tendency for US-only-detected tumors to be low grade than those detected with mammography. However, the population of patients undergoing screening US can be expected to differ from the average screening mammography population in that they will have higher breast density, they will be younger, and they may also have higher breast cancer risk than the population undergoing screening mammography. These factors may be associated with more aggressive tumors. There is no way to know whether we will be increasing overdiagnosis without performing a large randomized controlled study with very long-term follow-up. Even if some cancers are overdiagnosed with US, there will be a greater proportion of lethal breast cancers that are successfully treated because of screening US. The more important task is to learn how to correctly diagnose and appropriately treat nonlethal cancers.
Amniotic membrane transplantation with conjunctival limbal autograft for total limbal stem cell deficiency.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the outcomes of corneal surface reconstruction with conjunctival limbal autograft when combined with amniotic membrane transplantation on both the donor and recipient eyes. Design Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional small case series. Participants Five eyes of five patients with total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) resulting from pseudopemphigoid (n = 1), chemical burns (n = 3), and extensive removal of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 1) were operated on by one surgeon (SCGT). Intervention After the removal of fibrovascular pannus from the corneal surface, two conjunctival limbal free grafts were harvested from the fellow eyes in all five patients with unilateral LSCD. Amniotic membrane, with the basement membrane side up, was grafted onto the defect created at the donor site and onto the recipient corneal and limbal sclera before placement of conjunctival limbal grafts. Main outcome measures Symptomatic relief, improvement in visual acuity, fornix deepening, and rapid healing and restoration of normal cornea and limbus in the recipient and donor eyes were assessed. Results During the mean follow-up of 22 months (range, 11–48 months), all eyes experienced symptomatic relief. All recipient eyes had a mean improvement in visual acuity of nine lines (range, 7–12). The three eyes with stromal vascularization showed regression, and all recipient eyes had marked improvement in corneal clarity. Three eyes receiving simultaneous symblepharon lysis and fornix reconstruction successfully regained deep, stable fornices. The donor eyes showed rapid healing and restoration of the normal limbal landmark, even in one eye where nearly the entire limbus was removed. Conclusions Limbal conjunctival transplantation is an effective procedure for restoring the corneal surface integrity in eyes with total LSCD. The additional use of amniotic membrane may contribute to a higher rate of success in the recipient eye and a lower rate of complications in the donor eye, as well as allow the simultaneous correction of concomitant cicatricial abnormalities.
WORM vs. WORM: preliminary study of an active counter-attack mechanism

Self-propagating computer worms have been terrorizing the Internet for the last several years. With the increasing density, inter-connectivity and bandwidth of the Internet combined with security measures that inadequately scale, worms will continue to plague the Internet community. Existing anti-virus and intrusion detection systems are clearly inadequate to defend against many recent fast-spreading worms. In this paper we explore an active counter-attack method - anti-worms. We propose a method that transforms a malicious worm into an anti-worm which disinfects its original. The method is evaluated using the CodeRed, Blaster and Slammer worms. We show through simulation the effectiveness of an anti-worm with several propagation schemes and its impact on the overall network. We also discuss important limitations of the proposed method.
Use of Cryopreserved Cell Aliquots in the High-Throughput Screening of Small Interfering RNA Libraries

Screening small interfering RNA (siRNA) libraries holds the potential to elucidate gene function as well as discover new targets for the therapeutic treatment of disease. Since the inception of siRNA as a discovery tool, there have been progressive improvements in siRNA design algorithms, the transfection reagents used to deliver them, and the assay formats used to monitor phenotypic changes. These changes have helped to improve the quality of the data emerging from siRNA screens. One variable that introduces inconsistency into high-throughput screening (HTS) of siRNA libraries is the state of the cells used in the assays. Multiple factors can contribute to differences in transfection efficiency as well as the basic cell biology, which can lead to differences in the genes identified in siRNA screens. The authors have developed a system using frozen cell aliquots to use in siRNA HTS, so that a major source of variability introduced into cell-based screens can be standard- ized. In addition, by transiently transfecting plasmids into cell lines and then freezing these cells down to use in siRNA transfection experiments, they have used this same technology to create new cell lines. This process of using aliquots of frozen cells is logistically advantageous in an HTS setting, as it reduces the time spent maintaining cell lines, as well as reducing possible downtime in screening due to lack of cells or poor cell health. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2010:469-477)
The Schur Derivative of a Polynomial

For a given sequence {am} and p≠0, Schur (2) definedIn particular if p is a prime, a an integer and , then by Fermat's theoremis integral. Schur proved that if p † a, then all the derivativesare integral. Zorn (3) using p-adic methods proved Schur's results and also found the residue of Xm (mod pm), where and x = 1 (mod p). The writer (1) proved Zorn's congruences by elementary methods as well as certain additional results of a similar sort.
Critical requirements for health-system pharmacy practice models that achieve optimal use of medicines.

When evaluating and designing practice models to achieve a preferred vision for health-system pharmacy practice, it is instructive to examine the elements of pharmacy practice that are essential to ensure optimal medication use. These elements include leadership, responsibility and accountability
Development of a Fluorogenic Probe-Based PCR Assay for Detection of Bacillus cereus in Nonfat Dry Milk

A fluorogenic probe-based PCR assay was developed and evaluated for its utility in detecting Bacillus cereus in nonfat dry milk. Regions of the hemolysin and cereolysin AB genes from an initial group of two B. cereus isolates and two Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were cloned and sequenced. Three single-base differences in two B. cereus strains were identified in the cereolysin AB gene at nucleotides 866, 875, and 1287, while there were no species-consistent differences found in the hemolysin gene. A fluorogenic probe-based PCR assay was developed which utilizes the 5'-to-3' exonuclease of Taq polymerase, and two fluorogenic probes were evaluated. One fluorogenic probe (cerTAQ-1) was designed to be specific for the nucleotide differences at bases 866 and 875 found in B. cereus. A total of 51 out of 72 B. cereus strains tested positive with the cerTAQ-1 probe, while only 1 out of 5 B. thuringiensis strains tested positive. Sequence analysis of the negative B. cereus strains revealed additional polymorphism found in the cereolysin probe target. A second probe (cerTAQ-2) was designed to account for additional polymorphic sequences found in the cerTAQ-1-negative B. cereus strains. A total of 35 out of 39 B. cereus strains tested positive (including 10 of 14 previously negative strains) with cerTAQ-2, although the assay readout was uniformly lower with this probe than with cerTAQ-1. A PCR assay using cerTAQ-1 was able to detect approximately 58 B. cereus CFU in 1 g of artificially contaminated nonfat dry milk. Forty-three nonfat dry milk samples were tested for the presence of B. cereus with the most-probable-number technique and the fluorogenic PCR assay. Twelve of the 43 samples were contaminated with B. cereus at levels greater than or equal to 43 CFU/g, and all 12 of these samples tested positive with the fluorogenic PCR assay. Of the remaining 31 samples, 12 were B. cereus negative and 19 were contaminated with B. cereus at levels ranging from 3 to 9 CFU/g. All 31 of these samples were negative in the fluorogenic PCR assay. Although not totally inclusive, the PCR-based assay with cerTAQ-1 is able to specifically detect B. cereus in nonfat dry milk.
Effects of Hay Cropping on Invertebrate Biomass and the Breeding Ecology of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus Sandwichensis)

Abstract In hay fields in the northeastern United States, Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) whose first nests fail as a result of the harvesting of hay renest in the same field in a dramatically altered habitat. We evaluated availability of invertebrate prey in two treatments (harvested and unharvested hay fields) in Vermont's Champlain Valley and assessed potential effects of food resources on clutch size, food provisioning by adults, and growth of nestling Savannah Sparrows. A relative measure of invertebrate biomass (sweep-net samples) showed a 36–82% decline after harvesting, compared with continual increases throughout the nesting season on unharvested fields. Clutch sizes were not significantly different between treatments. Nestling provisioning rates obtained through video observations differed between treatments, with birds on unharvested fields delivering 73% more food than those on harvested fields (P = 0.02). However, food provisioning differences did not translate into differences ...
Dictionary learning based object detection and counting in traffic scenes

The objective of object recognition algorithms in computer vision is to quantify the presence or absence of a certain class of objects, for e.g.: bicycles, cars, people, etc. which is highly useful in traffic estimation applications. Sparse signal models and dictionary learning techniques can be utilized to not only classify images as belonging to one class or another, but also to detect the case when two or more of these classes co-occur with the help of augmented dictionaries. We present results comparing the classification accuracy when different image classes occur together. Practical scenarios where such an approach can be applied include forms of intrusion detection i.e., where an object of class B should not co-occur with objects of class A. An example is when there are bicyclists riding on prohibited sidewalks, or a person is trespassing a hazardous area. Mixed class detection in terms of determining semantic content can be performed in a global manner on downscaled versions of images or thumbnails. However to accurately classify an image as belonging to one class or the other, we resort to higher resolution images and localized content examination. With the help of blob tracking we can use this classification method to count objects in traffic videos. The method of feature extraction illustrated in this paper is highly suited to images obtained in practical cases, which are usually of poor quality and lack enough texture for the popular gradient based methods to produce adequate feature points. We demonstrate that by training different types of dictionaries appropriately, we can perform various tasks required for traffic monitoring.
CIRCULATION PUMP FOR HIGH-PRESSURE GAS SYSTEMS

Constant fugacity studies in high-pressure systems most often require a device to move a gas or liquid in a recirculation mode within the high-pressure system itself. The differential head pressure required is often small, 7 to 14 kPa (1 to 2 psi), yet even a small displacement pump rated for system pressure can be cost prohibitive.
Estimating the Impact of Lygus hesperus on Cotton: The Insect, Plant, and Human Observer as Sources of Variability

Unexplained variation in the relationship between herbivore densities and the short- term appearance of crop damage is sometimes observed in pest management. Here we used a Þeld survey of commercial cotton Þelds and a linked questionnaire for cooperating pest control advisors to document the existence of such unexplained variation in the impact of the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus, on upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. L. hesperus feeds preferentially on sower buds ("squares"), and the plant may respond to this damage with abscission of the square. We explored four classes of factors that might contribute to unexplained variation in square abscission. First, misperceptions by the human observer (i.e., sampling problems) may play a role, because commercial Þeld scouts signiÞcantly underestimate densities of L. hesperus nymphs. Second, we found no support for the hypothesis that variable behavior expressed byL.hesperus contributes to unexplained variation in square abscission. L. hesperus seems to generate relatively predictable levels of square feeding damage; the variation that was observed was unrelated to grower categorization of Þelds as exhibiting normal versus unexpectedly high or low levels of square abscission. Third, variable plant responses to damage may instead be the key source of unexplained square abscission. Younger plants and plants with higher petiole phosphate concentrations expressed increased sensitivity to L. hesperus feeding; these correlations must, however, be tested experimentally before deÞnitive conclusions are drawn. Fourth, another arthropod might be generating damage that was erroneously being attributed to L. hesperus. The omnivoreGeocoris pallens was a candidate agent of cryptic damage to squares; however, an experiment showed thatG.pallens generated only trivial square damage and no detectable increase in square abscission. Thus, this study has focused our attention away from the arthropod side of the interaction and toward the host plant as the primary source of greater than expected square abscission generated by L. hesperus.
Characterization of monoclonal IgG cryoglobulins: fine-structural and morphological analysis.

The morphology of the amorphous, gelatinous, and crystalline varieties of monoclonal IgG cryoglobulins was analyzed by light and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Each cryoglobulin had a characteristic fine structure that correlated with its gross morphology. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the amorphous precipitates were random and disorganized molecular clumps. In contrast, cryogels were thin-walled, well-organized, and hydrated strawlike clusters, whereas cryocrystals formed tightly compacted, highly structured molecular clusters. Crystals that formed in blood produced rouleaux, and analysis by scanning electron microscopy indicated that the crystals could form thick-walled, branching, macromolecular nets that could physically trap cells. The morphological properties provided visual impressions by which cryoglobulins could cause clinical disease secondary to vascular occlusion produced by self- associated IgG cryoglobulin molecules.
The design of reversible hydrogels to capture extracellular matrix dynamics

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic environment that constantly provides physical and chemical cues to embedded cells. Much progress has been made in engineering hydrogels that can mimic the ECM, but hydrogel properties are, in general, static. To recapitulate the dynamic nature of the ECM, many reversible chemistries have been incorporated into hydrogels to regulate cell spreading, biochemical ligand presentation and matrix mechanics. For example, emerging trends include the use of molecular photoswitches or biomolecule hybridization to control polymer chain conformation, thereby enabling the modulation of the hydrogel between two states on demand. In addition, many non-covalent, dynamic chemical bonds have found increasing use as hydrogel crosslinkers or tethers for cell signalling molecules. These reversible chemistries will provide greater temporal control of adhered cell behaviour, and they allow for more advanced in vitro models and tissue-engineering scaffolds to direct cell fate.
Dominance Tests and Individual Differences

Young baboons appear to be generally less fearful of human Os than rhesus monkeys of the same age. Individual conspecific animals may also show considerable variation in their responses to man. Foo...
Bank consolidation before and after the 2008 crisis

ABSTRACTThis article statistically tests the impact of the financial crisis and of Dodd-Frank on the decade-long trends in banking consolidation in developed countries. The results show that though the trends have been consistent, widespread and powerful, the financial crisis was significant enough to increase the rate of decrease in commercial banks. However, the crisis seems to have moderated the trend towards greater concentration as measured by the Herfindahl Index. The identification of the global nature of these trends and their recent changes is critical in directing future research targeted to resolving the debate over the social good of bank concentration.
A handheld optical-sectioning device for early detection and surgical guidance

Miniature dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscopes are being developed for the early detection of oral cancers and for guiding brain tumor resection. The design of MEMS-scanned DAC microscopes, and their analysis and optimization are described.
Finite Element Analysis of Slender Solar Sail Booms

In order to provide an appropriate surface to capture this solar effect, the sail must be supported in its deployed (or operational) state in the same way that a kite is supported by a relatively rigid framework. The key component of the support structure for solar sails are the slender booms, able to carry the axial and lateral loads to which they are subjected, and to maintain the geometric configuration of the sail. Given the requirement to minimize weight these booms tend to be somewhat slender and hence buckling and vibration problems are an important issue. Different structural configurations include the possibility of using inflatable members and various composite materials. The work described in this paper will focus on a number of static and dynamic issues concerning such structures. Much of this work is based on finite element analysis considering complicated effects associated with large deflections, geometric imperfections, transient dynamics, etc. Since experimental testing of full– scale models that can include the characteristics of the environment in which they will be used (no gravity and practically no damping) is almost impossible, we need to achieve high confidence in the numerical models we use. In this paper, two different structural designs of the booms are analyzed. The first design considered is, from the numerical model point of view, just a regular beam. The second one is the isogrid configuration (for more detailed descriptions see AIAA 2003-4659 and AIAA 2002-1297). In the case of the isogrid boom, ∗Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, AIAA Student Member †Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, AIAA Professional Member ‡Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Copyright c © 2005 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under the copyright claimed herein for Governmental purposes. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner.
Studies of controlled reperfusion after ischemia. XXII. Reperfusate composition: effects of leukocyte depletion of blood and blood cardioplegic reperfusates after acute coronary occlusion.

Objectives: This study evaluates the role of leukocyte depletion during initial reoxygenation with normal blood and blood cardioplegic reperfusates in limiting reperfusion damage. Methods: Twenty-eight dogs underwent 2 hours of ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The initial reperfusate (37° C) was delivered on total vented bypass to the left anterior descending artery by a calibrated pump via an internal mammary artery graft at 50 mm Hg for 20 minutes. Eight dogs received normal (normokalemic, nonenriched) blood reperfusion (leukocyte count 8000/mm3) and six were reperfused with leukocyte-depleted normal blood (leukocyte count
Immunofluorescent localization of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in tissues.

Dopamine β-hydroxylase from bovine adrenal medulla has been prepared in a form free from antigenic contaminants. The purified enzyme was used to induce the production of immunologically pure antienzyme in rabbits. The latter was utilized in the indirect immunofluorescent method for localization of dopamine β-hydroxylase in peripheral tissues and brain. Time cross-reactivity of the antibody to the bovine enzyme permits its application to studies with tissues from laboratory animals.
Searching Corrupted Document Collections

Historical documents are typically digitized using optical Character Recognition. While effective, the results may not always be accurate and are highly dependent on the input. Consequently, degraded documents are often corrupted. Our focus is finding flexible, reliable methods to correct for such degradation, in the face of limited resources. We extend upon our substring and context fusion based retrieval system known as Segments, to consider metadata. By extracting topics from documents, and supplementing and weighting our lexicon with co-occurring terms found in documents with those topics, we achieve a statistically significant improvement over the state-of-the-art in all but one test configuration. Our mean reciprocal rank measured on two free, publicly available, independently judged datasets is 0.7657 and 0.5382.
Reduced transition probabilities of vibrational states in /sup 154/ /sup 155/ /sup 156/ /sup 157/ /sup 158/ /sup 159/ /sup 160/Gd and /sup 176/ /sup 177/ /sup 178/ /sup 179/ /sup 180/Hf

The vibrational states of /sup 154/ /sup 156/ /sup 158/ /sup 160/Gd and /sup 176/ /sup 178/ /sup 180/Hf have been studied via Coulomb excitation. Thin high-purity targets were prepared in an isotope separator. Coulomb excitation of these nuclei was studied by the scattering of 11--17 MeV ..cap alpha.. particles. The particles were detected in an Enge split-pole spectrograph. The reduced transition probabilities B (Elambda;0/sup +//sub g./ ..-->.. I/sup ..pi../K), were obtained for I/sup ..pi../K = 2/sup +/2 states in each nucleus, and for I/sup ..pi../K = 2/sup +/0 and I/sup ..pi../ = 3/sup -/ states in several nuclei. The K/sup ..pi../ = 0/sup +/ levels are reasonably constant in energy and B (E2) strength while the K/sup ..pi../ = 0/sup +/ states change rapidly in energy and excitation strength with neutron number. In both the softly deformed Gd nuclei and the more strongly deformed Hf nuclei, the lightest nucleus has the lowest energy and largest B (E2) for an I/sup ..pi../K = 2/sup +/0 state, despite the difference in the sizes of the deformations at these lightest masses.
Advanced and end of life care: cautionary suggestions

This article consider some clinical and population level approaches to advanced care of chronic conditions and end of life care. One approach aims to follow patient values and preferences about acceptable end of life (EOL) as elicited by questionnaires. The grounds for emphasising patients' preferences and the adequacy of the questionnaires are examined. Other approaches involve additional aims such as meeting patient and family members needs, providing information, cost effectiveness and satisfying professionals' preferences for a certain type of EOL experience. Issues raised by adding these (and other) aims are examined.
Resolving the RAA to vn puzzle

Abstract After 10 years of struggling to simultaneously describe the nuclear modification factor R A A and flow harmonics v n 's at high pT, now theoretical models are able to reproduce experimental data well. The necessary theoretical developments such as event-by-event fluctuations, choice of initial conditions, and the scalar product method to calculate flow harmonics at high pT are reviewed. Additionally, a discussion of new proposed experimental observables known as Soft Hard Event Engineering (SHEE) that are sensitive to the path length dependence of the energy loss is included.
Inkjet Printing and Other Direct Writing Methods

Inorganic printed electronics produced via advanced printing techniques, e.g. direct write, inkjet and microcontact printing are attractive alternatives to conventional photolithography and electroless deposition routes, which are often time-consuming, complicated, and expensive. With the emergence of flexible electronics, the ability to integrate dissimilar materials, i.e., ceramics, metals, semiconductors, and polymers, onto a single, temperature-sensitive substrate enables the fabrication of volumetrically-concise, multi-functional packages. In this chapter, methods to deposit a variety of conductors, transparent conductors and superconductors via printing methods are detailed. A method to integrate such printed elements into self-powered, wireless telemetry units is detailed.
Biomimetic Structural Materials: Inspiration from Design and Assembly

Nature assembles weak organic and inorganic constituents into sophisticated hierarchical structures, forming structural composites that demonstrate impressive combinations of strength and toughness. Two such composites are the nacre structure forming the inner layer of many mollusk shells, whose brick-and-mortar architecture has been the gold standard for biomimetic composites, and the cuticle forming the arthropod exoskeleton, whose helicoidal fiber-reinforced architecture has only recently attracted interest for structural biomimetics. In this review, we detail recent biomimetic efforts for the fabrication of strong and tough composite materials possessing the brick-and-mortar and helicoidal architectures. Techniques discussed for the fabrication of nacre- and cuticle-mimetic structures include freeze casting, layer-by-layer deposition, spray deposition, magnetically assisted slip casting, fiber-reinforced composite processing, additive manufacturing, and cholesteric self-assembly. Advantages and limita...
Desensitization but not sensitization from commercial chemesthetic beverages

Abstract Sensations such as spiciness or stinging are particularly challenging to assess in sensory evaluation tests, as sensitization (increase in intensity with repeated tasting) and desensitization (decrease in intensity with repeated tasting) phenomena can confound intensity ratings. However, much of the published work on these phenomena are with model solutions or complex meals rather than commercial beverages. Thus, we tested whether we could observe sensitization or desensitization using canned spicy ginger beer (contained chili extract) and seltzer water. Samples were presented in pairs, with a 20 s wait and no rinse within a pair, but a 4 min wait with rinsing between pairs. Pairs of samples were: ginger beer followed by ginger beer, ginger beer followed by seltzer, seltzer followed by ginger beer, and seltzer followed by seltzer. These pairs were intended to allow us to also test for cross-sensitization/desensitization between the two beverages. Tests were conducted both in open cups and capped vials to observe how loss of carbonation influenced sample ratings. Participants tasted all pairs of samples in counterbalanced order and rated samples for intensity of “Spiciness, burning, or stinging sensation,” bitterness, sweetness, sourness, overall flavor, and liking/disliking. Results indicate no sensitization effects. Desensitization, however, likely occurred for both beverages. Further, tasting seltzer and ginger beer together in a pair amplified the “bitterness” of the seltzer water, a likely contrast effect. Overall, while sensitization may not interfere with the sensory ratings for these beverages, contrast effects and desensitization should be considered carefully when planning sensory evaluation tests.
Adjuncts to Resuscitation

Damage control resuscitation has been increasingly adopted and practiced over the last decade. The concepts used are not new to this era of medicine but are novel in combination. This chapter will focus on adjuncts to damage control resuscitation (DCR) including massive transfusion protocols, the “other” tenets of damage control resuscitation, hypertonic saline, tranexamic acid, pharmacologic resuscitation, Factor VIIa, and prothrombin complex, and viscoelastic testing.