cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Violence Begets Violence: Anticolonial Mobilisation of Ressentiment in 19th Century Borneo

The sudden and violent uprising marking the start of the “Banjarmasin War” in south-central Borneo in 1859 caught the German Rhenish Mission Society (RMS) by surprise. A well-coordinated attack by indigenous Dayaks and prominent Muslim figures led to the brutal massacre of nine people associated with the RMS. In a matter of days, the mission work of 23 years was destroyed. In all, violence was directed at Dutch colonial forces, German missionaries, and Christian Dayaks alike. The coastal city of Banjarmasin, seat of Dutch imperialism, became the last refuge for survivors. Some blamed the RMS for the uprising, arguing that the conversion zeal of the missionaries had provoked an anti-Christian jihad. The RMS retorted that Muslims, conspiring to overthrow the Dutch, had incited indigenous Dayaks to what amounted to an anti-imperialist uprising. Recently, scholars have argued that the interference of Dutch imperialism in local politics was to blame for the uprising, and that the Dayaks were unable to distinguish between Dutch and German foreigners. This paper examines the contribution of Dutch colonial policy to the uprising, particularly its restriction of Islamic religious practices, as well as forms of cooperation between the Dutch and the RMS. Primary sources provide evidence of prolonged and severe RMS brutality against Dayaks in the decade before the war. This leads to the conclusion that the initial violence of the Banjarmasin War directed at RMS persons was no coincidence. Sufficient warrant exists to argue that this was not a matter of mistaken identity, but of reasoned calculation.
Use of Patient-Reported Data to Match Depression Screening Intervals With Depression Risk Profiles in Primary Care Patients With Diabetes: Development and Validation of Prediction Models for Major Depression

Background: Clinical guidelines recommend screening for depression in the general adult population but recognizes that the optimum interval for screening is unknown. Ideal screening intervals should match the patient risk profiles. Objective: This study describes a predictive analytics approach for mining clinical and patient-reported data from a large clinical study for the identification of primary care patients at high risk for depression to match depression screening intervals with patient risk profiles. Methods: This paper analyzed data from a large safety-net primary care study for diabetes and depression. A regression-based data mining technique was used to examine 53 demographics, clinical variables, and patient-reported variables to develop three prediction models for major depression at 6, 12, and 18 months from baseline. Predictors with the strongest predictive power that require low information collection efforts were selected to develop the prediction models. Predictive accuracy was measured by the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) and was evaluated by 10-fold cross-validation. The effectiveness of the prediction algorithms in supporting clinical decision making for six “typical” types of patients was demonstrated. Results: The analysis included 923 patients who were nondepressed at the study baseline. Five patient-reported variables were selected in the prediction models to predict major depression at 6, 12, and 18 months: (1) Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item score; (2) the Sheehan Disability Scale; (3) previous problems with depression; (4) the diabetes symptoms scale; and (5) emotional burden of diabetes. All three depression prediction models had an AUROC>0.80, comparable with published depression prediction studies. Among the 6 “typical” types of patients, the algorithms suggest that patients who reported impaired daily functioning by health status are at an elevated risk for depression in all three periods. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that leveraging patient-reported data and prediction models can help improve identification of high-risk patients and clinical decisions about the depression screening interval for diabetes patients. Implementation of this approach can be coupled with application of modern technologies such as telehealth and mobile health assessment for collecting patient-reported data to improve privacy, reducing stigma and costs, and promoting a personalized depression screening that matches screening intervals with patient risk profiles.
Restoration of the voice function after subtotal laryngectomy and formation of tracheopharyngeal shunt

We introduce our newly designed voice restoration technique for patients who have undergone subtotal laryngectomy for laryngeal and pharyngolaryngeal cancer. To study the efficacy of this technique, we analyzed the voice rehabilitation results in 14 patients with laryngeal and pharyngolaryngeal cancer. Voice function was restored in 13 (92.9%) patients 6-12 days after starting speech therapy. The middle voice, voice of medium timbre, long speech (phrase of 4-5 words) and speech sufficient for communication in everyday life and on the phone were formed. An acoustic analysis of spectral components of the speech signal of the formed voice revealed that the main voice parameters were reduced (the frequency of the fundamental tone was 75-130 Hz and the time of maximum phonation varied from 1.5 to 2.7 s). At a follow-up of 12 months, the frequency of the fundamental tone increased up to 120-170 Hz and the time of maximum phonation increased up to 4-4.5 s. Our technique of voice restoration after subtotal laryngectomy with the formation of a tracheopharyngeal shunt allowed us to restore voice function in a short time, return the previous social status and significantly improve the quality of life of laryngectomized patients.
Third Galois cohomology group of function fields of curves over number fields

Let K be a number field or a p-adic field and F the function field of a curve over K. Let l be a prime. Suppose that K contains a primitive l-th root of unity. If l=2 and K is a number field, then assume that K is totally imaginary. In this article we show that every element in H3(F,μl⊗3) is a symbol. This leads to the finite generation of the Chow group of zero-cycles on a quadric fibration of a curve over a totally imaginary number field.
Customer is always right: optimising inhaler design to fit patient preferences in obstructive lung disease

Patient confidence in their inhaler regimen is essential in the management of asthma and COPD. Inhaler misuse is associated with poorer symptom control, more frequent use of oral corticosteroids and antibiotics for rescue, and more frequent hospitalisations in both COPD and asthma.1 Device designs have expanded to allow for ease of use; each device has its benefits and drawbacks. Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are pressurised and therefore less reliant on inspiratory effort. Breath-actuated MDIs, while more expensive and limited in range of agents, help to minimise timing errors. Dry powder inhalers also require less coordination but may be less effective with higher degrees of airflow obstruction. Soft mist inhalers offer extremely low resistance, improved delivery to the deeper respiratory tract, and less deposition in the oropharynx and upper trachea. There is currently only one soft mist device approved by the FDA, which limits the number of available agents through this delivery method.2 Education during initiation and follow-up is key for ensuring effective drug delivery, as technical errors are as frequent as 30% during each …
Multifunctional self-assembled BaTiO3-Au nanocomposite thin films on flexible mica substrates with tunable optical properties

Abstract Integration of multifunctional hybrid materials with hyperbolic, plasmonic and ferroelectric properties on flexible substrates is of great interest towards future flexible integrated electronic and photonic devices. In this work, the successful integration of BaTiO3-Au hybrid metamaterials on flexible mica substrates has been demonstrated using a one-step pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Tunable optical properties have been achieved by controlling the geometries of the Au nanostructures between nanoparticles and nanopillars by varying the growth temperature. The overall structure and properties of the hybrid materials is stable upon cyclic bending test (more than 1000 bending cycles), evidenced by the robust physical properties and microstructural stability. Furthermore, room temperature ferroelectric property was confirmed by piezoresponse force microscopy mapping. This work demonstrates an effective approach for integrating multifunctional oxide-metal nanocomposites on flexible mica substrate, and paves a way towards future flexible integrated devices.
Intelligent anomaly identification in cyber-physical inverter-based systems

Abstract Modern cyber-physical systems have become more autonomous and distributed with the inclusion of advanced control architectures and communication networks. Power electronics-based inverters that employ extensive communication structures are integral part of such systems. The controllers for inverter-based systems rely on communication networks that make them vulnerable to cyber-physical anomalies. The cyber anomalies occur due to malicious attacks targeting the communication layer and physical anomalies are caused by power system faults in the physical layer of the microgrid. In this work, an intelligent anomaly identification (IAI) technique for such systems is presented utilizing data driven artificial intelligence tools that employ multi class support vector machines (MSVM) for anomaly classification and localization. The effects of cyber anomalies such as false data injection and denial of service attacks that target the communication network are considered in this work. In addition, the physical anomalies due to power system faults are also considered. The proposed technique utilizes statistical features extracted from measurements for optimal learning of a dual of MSVM classifiers. The mean absolute percentage error is used as a performance metric and the results are validated by comparing to artificial neural network, Naive Bayes classification and using real time simulations in OPAL-RT.
Analysis of the neutron matter equation of state and the symmetry energy up to fourth order of chiral effective field theory

We present predictions for the neutron matter equation of state, from leading to fourth order of chiral effective field theory, using recently developed, accurate chiral nucleon-nucleon potentials. For the many-body method, we employ the nonperturbative particle-particle ladder approximation, that is, we solve the $G$-matrix equation. We find the impact of subleading three-neutron forces to be mild and attractive. We also show order-by-order predictions for the symmetry energy, and discuss its density dependence in relation to empirical constraints. For the nuclear matter equation of state, in this work we adopt an empirical parametrization with good saturation properties. This is to highlight, specifically, the energy and pressure in neutron matter, particularly when comparing with empirical constraints.
Moral Hazard: The Long-Lasting Legacy of Bailouts

The U.S. government appears to be committed to supporting any large bank that gets into trouble. A bailout environment distorts risk assessments. Debt capital flows more readily to large institutions, even inefficient ones, than to small ones. This article proposes reforms to the U.S. financial system. A change in incentives is needed. Phasing out the deductibility of interest on all business tax returns would reduce the incentive for leverage. Another reform would require all banks to issue 10-year subordinated notes, which would provide a large capital cushion. Banks would have to go to market every year to replace maturing subordinated debt, which would greatly enhance market discipline.
Energetics of pathways enabled by experimentally detected radicals during catalytic, plasma-assisted NH3 synthesis

Plasma-assisted catalysis is emerging as an alternative to several thermocatalytic processes. For ammonia synthesis, it could make the process milder, which would help production decentralization and compatibility with renewable energy. However, one major obstacle preventing optimization of the plasma-assisted process is the incipient mechanistic understanding of ammonia formation on plasma-exposed catalysts. Here, emission spectroscopy detects N• and H• radicals in plasma phas-es generated from N2/H2 mixtures even at atmospheric pressure, which are bound to enable new catalyst involved pathways not considered in previously reported kinetic models for ammonia synthesis. Thus, we comprehensively examined, via den-sity functional theory (DFT) calculations, the energetics (favorability) of 51 reactions on Fe, Ni, Co, Pd, Ga, Sn, Cu, Au, and Ag. Enthalpic barriers for Eley-Rideal (ER) reactions involving N• and H• radicals were found to be negligible and hence supportive of: i) plausible NNH formation and consequent prominent role of the associative pathway to form NH3 (con-sistent with some experimental reports detecting surface-bound NXHY species), ii) likelihood of N• adsorption taking over N2* dissociation as the primary source of surface bound N*, and iii) probable dominance of ER hydrogenation reactions over Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) ones. The energetics herein presented will allow thoroughly studying pathway competition in future kinetic models, but numbers calculated here already suggest that the dominant pathway may change with metal identity. For instance, N2HY dissociation favorability becomes competitive with ER hydrogenation earlier in the hydrogena-tion sequence in the more nitrophilic the metals. Yet, the calculated favorability of ER reactions is also already consistent with the weaker dependence of initial NH3 turnover frequencies (TOFs) on metal identity compared to the thermocatalytic scenario. With practical implications for computational catalyst screening, TOFs experimentally measured herein for an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor linearly correlate with ΔErxn for the ER hydrogenation reaction H• + HNNH2* → HNNH3*. This descriptor may be robust to exact synthesis conditions, as its correlation with TOFs was main-tained for earlier TOF data in a sub-atmospheric radio frequency (RF) reactor
The Arizona Anthropologist: History, Heritage, and Prospects

Nearly twenty-five years ago the graduate students in the University of Arizona Department of Anthropology published the first issue of the series that is today called the Arizona Anthropologist. Many of the more recently arrived graduate students in our department are unfamiliar with the journal, and this short article should bring them up to speed. It is, moreover, a history that offers inspiration. The journal is part of a fine tradition, an important example of the heritage of our department and the enterprise and talent of our graduate student body. It is worth a few pages to look back on its history both to better understand what it is today and to have a model from which to imagine what could be. The journal's history, of course, is situated within the broader history of graduate student life in our department. Tracing this history completely would be a task deserving a fuller treatment than I can give here; I encourage someone to take it further. To do so will mean interviewing the people who lived through this historythere are many still associated with our departmentand organizing and summarizing the extant archival material; both are pleasant tasks for which I wish I had sufficient time. Fully expecting, then, that someone will flesh out the story I tell here, and correct its errors, I can offer the broad outlines of the journal's past. As with so many things in our department, the threads of its history can be traced back to Emil W. Haury. What is now called the Arizona Anthropologist was originally
Remote detection of fluid-related diagenetic mineralogical variations in the Wingate Sandstone at different spatial and spectral resolutions

Abstract Well-exposed eolian units of the Jurassic system on the Colorado Plateau including the Wingate Sandstone, show prominent color variations throughout southeastern Utah due to diagenetic changes that include precipitation and/or removal of iron oxide, clay, and carbonate cement. Spatially variable characteristic diagenetic changes suggest fluid-rock interactions through the sandstone. Distinctive spectral signatures of diagenetic minerals can be used to map diagenetic mineral variability and possibly fluid-flow pathways. The main objective of this work was to identify characteristic diagenetic minerals, and map their spatial variability from regional to outcrop scale in Wingate Sandstone exposures of Lisbon Valley, Utah. Laboratory reflectance spectroscopy analysis of the samples facilitated identification of diagnostic spectral characteristics of the common diagenetic minerals and their relative abundances between altered and unaltered Wingate Sandstone. Comparison of reflectance spectroscopy with satellite, airborne, and ground-based imaging spectroscopy data provided a method for mapping and evaluating spatial variations of diagenetic minerals. The Feature-oriented Principal Component Selection method was used on Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data so as to map common mineral groups throughout the broader Wingate Sandstone exposure in the area. The Minimum Noise Fraction and Spectral Angle Mapper methods were applied on airborne HyMap and ground-based hyperspectral imaging data to identify and map mineralogical changes. The satellite and airborne data showed that out of 25.55 km 2 total exposure of Wingate Sandstone in Lisbon Valley, unaltered sandstone cover 12.55 km 2 , and altered sandstone cover 8.90 km 2 in the northwest flank and 5.09 km 2 in the southern flank of the anticline. The ground-based hyperspectral data demonstrated the ability to identify and map mineral assemblages with two-dimensional lateral continuity on near-vertical rock faces. The results showed that 39.71% of the scanned outcrop is bleached and 20.60% is unbleached while 6.33% remain unclassified, and 33.36% is masked-out as vegetation. The bleached and unbleached areas are alternating throughout the vertical face of the outcrop. The relative hematite abundance observed in the unbleached areas are somewhat symmetrical. This indicates fairly similar reaction intensities along the upper and lower reaction fronts observed in the vertical section. The distribution geometry and relative abundances of diagenetic minerals not only suggest multiple paths of fluid-flow in Wingate Sandstone but also provides some insight about relative direction of past fluid-flow.
Exploring Consumers’ Adoption of Highly Technological Fashion Products: The Role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivational Factors

Purpose – This study seeks to develop and test a model of consumers' adoption of highly technological fashion products (HTFPs) through modifying the technology acceptance model (TAM). Design/methodology/approach – Using a convenience sampling method, students between 18 to 26 years old were chosen as the sample population from a mid-size southern university in the USA. The final sample consisted of 268 responses. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were employed to answer all hypotheses using the structural equation model. Findings – Empirical results revealed that consumers' intentions to adopt an innovation (i.e. highly technological fashion product) are driven by the multi-dimensional nature of consumers' extrinsic (i.e. perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness) and intrinsic (i.e. perceived innovativeness and perceived fashionability) motivation. Additionally, these motivational dimensions contribute to consumers' utilitarian and hedonic attitudes toward using an innovation, which in turn affects their purchase intentions. Practical implications – Consumers' utilitarian and hedonic consumer attitudes may enable retailers and marketers to design effective advertising campaigns by helping them to determine whether the functional or sensational components of the product need to be emphasized. Furthermore, when developing a new product, marketers need to focus on product attributes that possess both functionality and hedonic benefits. Originality/value – This is the first known study to examine the underlying relationships between motivations, two-dimensional consumers' attitudes (utilitarian and hedonic), and purchase intentions in the consumer-related product context. The study has broadened the TAM by integrating extrinsic and intrinsic motivational variables into the model. It has also deepened the TAM by conceptualizing consumers' attitudes as comprising two distinct dimensions: utilitarian and hedonic.
A Practical Approach to Humanizing Care for Patients Who Are Expected to Die in an Intensive Care Unit

In this issue, Cook and colleagues report their experience with an approach to humanize terminal care by identifying and implementing final wishes for dying patients.
Broadband circularly polarized annular ring array antenna for wireless communications

Future mobile communication systems are based on digitally beam formed multibeam phased array systems. The multibeams are generated and scanned using electronic scanning. The broadband circularly polarized antennas are important element in this communication structure. This paper presents implementation and experimental evaluation of a 2/spl times/2 array antenna using annular ring patch antenna at S-band. The achieved directivity gain is 9 dBi over frequency of 2.1-2.7 GHz. The input 2:1 VSWR is measured over frequency range of 1 GHz.
Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase X. Effect of Growth Conditions on the Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Glutamine Synthetase to Feedback Inhibition

The kinetic properties of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase are markedly influenced by the manner in which the organism is grown. Enzyme obtained from stationary-phase cells grown on glycerol and glutamate is strongely inhibited by each of the eight feedback effectors known to influence this enzyme; however, the enzyme from log-phase cells grown on glucose and growth-limiting concentrations of NH(4)Cl is stimulated by some of these effectors. Of the growth variables examined, nitrogen source and time of harvest were the most important; carbon source and aeration seemed to have no effect. Two purified enzyme preparations have been obtained from cells grown under two different conditions, designated enzymes I and II for convenience. Enzyme I is stimulated by adenosine 5'-monophosphate, histidine, and tryptophan in the transfer assay, whereas enzyme II is strongly inhibited by all effectors tested. Enzyme I has a higher specific activity in the forward assay in the presence of Mg(++) or Co(++), whereas enzyme II is more active in the presence of Mn(++).
Adaptation of Irrigation Infrastructure on Irrigation Demands under Future Drought in the United States

AbstractMore severe droughts in the United States will bring great challenges to irrigation water supply. Here, the authors assessed the potential adaptive effects of irrigation infrastructure under present and more extensive droughts. Based on data over 1985–2005, this study established a statistical model that suggests around 4.4% more irrigation was applied in response to a one-unit reduction in the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and approximately 5.0% of irrigation water application could be saved for each 10% decrease in the areas supplied by surface irrigation infrastructure. Based on the results, the model-projected irrigation infrastructure has played a greater role in changes in irrigation than drought in most areas under the current climate except some southwestern counties. However, under the predicted future more severe drought in 2080–99 under the representative concentration pathways 4.5 scenario, the model projected that the drought will require 0%–20% greater irrigation amounts assu...
The Photovoltaic Effect

Carrier generation and recombination with light within a pn junction device is analyzed. Photoconductors are identified. Photocurrent and photo emf are computed. A table of recent solar cell efficiencies is given. Quasi equilibrium approximation is used first. Reaction kinetic balance is given. A simple model of the photodiode is introduced. Derived photodiode parameters are given. A resistive network influencing the diode characteristics is discussed. A device cooling is pointed out when electric energy is extracted. A detailed energy balance is performed.
Violence, Privilege and Power: Images of Female Delinquents in Film

Abstract Perceptions of female delinquents are formed in part by exposure to media images of these females. The news media has depicted different constructions of troubled girls ranging from promiscuous to mean (Chesney-Lind & Irwin, 2004). The entertainment media provides images of troubled girls, yet this topic has rarely been addressed. This study examines films featuring female delinquents in order to understand how these girls are portrayed and to identify messages sent to viewers. It questions whether these images are similar to those found in the news media and how these images may shape perceptions of female delinquents in our society.
Methylcopper–Boron Trifluoride Etherate

(MeCu)[1184-53-8] CH3Cu (MW 78.59) InChI = 1S/CH3.Cu/h1H3; InChIKey = HRNSPWKFRJGQEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N (BF3·OEt2) [109-63-7] C4H10BF3O (MW 141.95) InChI = 1S/C4H10O.BF3/c1-3-5-4-2;2-1(3)4/h3-4H2,1-2H3; InChIKey = KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (selective nucleophilic reagent for conjugate additions2 and substitution reactions1) Preparative Method: prepared by the addition of Boron Trifluoride Etherate to a suspension of Methylcopper in Et2O or THF at −75 °C.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: see entries for Boron Trifluoride Etherate and Methylcopper. Use in a fume hood.
Managerial Control of Business Press Coverage

The business press plays a significant role in distributing firm news to investors. We investigate the extent to which managers can influence their firm’s level of coverage in newswires and newspapers. We consider three choices under managerial control: press release timing, press wire service, and ease of firm access. We find evidence that issuing press releases during the day instead of the evening increases the probability of coverage in both newspapers and newswires. Nonetheless, the largest determinants of coverage are firm and news specific factors which lie outside managerial control. We also examine how media incentives affect coverage choices. We find that newspapers, but not newswires, are more likely to cover negative news which suggests that papers cover particular business events for reasons other than informativeness.
A Pilot Study of Gait Function in Farmworkers in Eastern North Carolina.

ABSTRACTFarmworkers endure many job-related hazards, including fall-related work injuries. Gait analysis may be useful in identifying potential fallers. The goal of this pilot study was to explore differences in gait between farmworkers and non-farmworkers. The sample included 16 farmworkers and 24 non-farmworkers. Gait variables were collected using the portable GAITRite system, a 16-foot computerized walkway. Generalized linear regression models were used to examine group differences. All models were adjusted for two established confounders, age and body mass index. There were no significant differences in stride length, step length, double support time, and base of support; but farmworkers had greater irregularity of stride length (P = .01) and step length (P = .08). Farmworkers performed significantly worse on gait velocity (P = .003) and cadence (P < .001) relative to non-farmworkers. We found differences in gait function between farmworkers and non-farmworkers. These findings suggest that measuring ...
Upper and lower bounds for correlations in 2 × 2 tables-revisited

The correlation coefficient (r) between two dichotomous variables requires a different interpretation from that of the customary correlation between normally distributed continuous variables, since perfect correlation is usually not +1 or -1. The maximum and minimum possible correlations between two dichotomous variables depend on the marginal distributions. An example using data on smoking and lung cancer illustrates that what appears to be a small correlation in the usual sense may in fact be quite large in relation to the maximum possible. Similarly, the interpretation of R2 as the proportion of variance of the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable(s) is subject to the same consideration. This paper describes the calculation of the upper and lower limits of r for two dichotomous variables. The problem of interpreting R2 in linear regression and the use of R2 for variable selection in stepwise regression applied to dichotomous data are also discussed and illustrated.
A Destabilizing Thermohaline Circulation–Atmosphere–Sea Ice Feedback

Abstract Some of the interactions and feedbacks between the atmosphere, thermohaline circulation, and sea ice are illustrated using a simple process model. A simplified version of the annual-mean coupled ocean–atmosphere box model of Nakamura, Stone, and Marotzke is modified to include a parameterization of sea ice. The model includes the thermodynamic effects of sea ice and allows for variable coverage. It is found that the addition of sea ice introduces feedbacks that have a destabilizing influence on the thermohaline circulation: Sea ice insulates the ocean from the atmosphere, creating colder air temperatures at high latitudes, which cause larger atmospheric eddy heat and moisture transports and weaker oceanic heat transports. These in turn lead to thicker ice coverage and hence establish a positive feedback. The results indicate that generally in colder climates, the presence of sea ice may lead to a significant destabilization of the thermohaline circulation. Brine rejection by sea ice plays no impo...
Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds. Iv. Some 2-Aminopyridine Derivatives

Seventeen phosphoramidates and phosphoramidothionates containing 2-aminopyridine moieties were synthesized as potential antineoplastic agents.
Early Glaucoma Involves Both Deep Local, and Shallow Widespread, Retinal Nerve Fiber Damage of the Macular Region

Purpose To better understand the nature of early glaucomatous damage of the macula by comparing the results from 10-2 visual fields, optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular cube scans, and OCT circumpapillary circle scans. Methods One eye of each of 66 glaucoma patients or suspects, with a mean deviation (MD) on the 24-2 visual field (VF) test of better than -6 decibels (dB), was prospectively tested with 10-2 VFs and OCT macular cube and circumpapillary circle scans. Thickness and probability maps of the retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform (RGC+) layers were generated. A hemifield was considered abnormal if both the macular RGC+ and the 10-2 probability plots were abnormal (cluster criteria). The thickness plots of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) were analyzed in the context of a model that predicted the region of the disc associated with macular damage. Results Twenty-seven hemifields (20 eyes) had abnormal 10-2 and RGC+ probability plots: 7 in upper VF/inferior retina, 6 in lower VF/superior retina, and 7 in both hemifields. Both shallow widespread and deep local thinning of the circumpapillary RNFL were observed. The local defects were more common and closer to fixation in the upper VF/inferior retina as predicted. Conclusions A model of glaucomatous damage of the macula predicted the location of both the widespread and local defects in the temporal and inferior disc quadrants. Optical coherence tomography scans of the circumpapillary RNFL and the macular RGC+ layer can aid in the identification of these defects and help in the interpretation of 24-2 and 10-2 VF tests.
Motivational maturity and helping behavior.

This study was undertaken to examine the independent influences of conative development (the Maslow needs hierarchy) upon behavioral aspects of prosocial orientations. It provides a behavioral demonstration of conative effects in a helping paradigm, among college-age men. A comparison of the conative data across the ages of 15–22 provided a cross-sectional view of conative development itself. Conative maturity was found to be predictive of greater helping among college-age men. Situational demands were demonstrated which tended to mask, but not override, these predispositional influences on helping. The cross-sectional data on conative development point to probable movement to early esteem concerns among high school men who have reached the conative level of love and belonging. On the other hand, the stability across the years of 15–22 of proportion of safety concerns suggests fixation of such concerns in those exhibiting them in high school. Results are discussed in terms of conative growth for development of prosocial orientations.
Book Review: The Tea House: Small Business, Everyday Culture, and Public Politics in Chengdu, 1900-1950,” by Di Wang

Di Wang, professor of history at Texas A&M and the winner of the 2005 Best Book (Non–North American) Award of the Urban History Association for his study of street culture in Chengdu, presents us w...
Rett Syndrome-causing Mutations in Human MeCP2 Result in Diverse Structural Changes That Impact Folding and DNA Interactions

Most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT) are caused by mutations in the methylated DNA-binding protein, MeCP2. Here, we have shown that frequent RTT-causing missense mutations (R106W, R133C, F155S, T158M) located in the methylated DNA-binding domain (MBD) of MeCP2 have profound and diverse effects on its structure, stability, and DNA-binding properties. Fluorescence spectroscopy, which reports on the single tryptophan in the MBD, indicated that this residue is strongly protected from the aqueous environment in the wild type but is more exposed in the R133C and F155S mutations. In the mutant proteins R133C, F155S, and T158M, the thermal stability of the domain was strongly reduced. Thermal stability of the wild-type protein was increased in the presence of unmethylated DNA and was further enhanced by DNA methylation. DNA-induced thermal stability was also seen, but to a lesser extent, in each of the mutant proteins. Circular dichroism (CD) of the MBD revealed differences in the secondary structure of the four mutants. Upon binding to methylated DNA, the wild type showed a subtle but reproducible increase in α-helical structure, whereas the F155S and R106W did not acquire secondary structure with DNA. Each of the mutant proteins studied is unique in terms of the properties of the MBD and the structural changes induced by DNA binding. For each mutation, we examined the extent to which the magnitude of these differences correlated with the severity of RTT patient symptoms.
Lymphokine expression in granulomas of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice.

Abstract Lymphokine mRNA for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IFN-γ was identified in total RNA, extracted from granuloma and spleen cells of Schistosoma mansoni -infected mice. The specific mRNA in these preparations was identified after reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. In some experiments, spleen cells were incubated in the presence of soluble egg antigens or mitogen before RNA extraction. Also, the secretion of these lymphokines from cells maintained in vitro was measured by ELISA or bioassay. The spleen cells from either uninfected or infected mice constitutively released no detectable cytokines and expressed only IL-10 mRNA prominently. Mitogen induced spleen cells from either source to express IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNAs and their corresponding proteins. Also, spleen cells from noninfected mice stimulated with mitogen expressed IL-4 mRNA, but not IL-5 mRNA, and no detectable protein products. Yet, IL-5 was inducible in spleen cells from infected animals. Soluble egg antigens induced spleen cells from infected mice to prominently express a variety of cytokine genes and produced large amounts of cytokine proteins, but spleen cells from uninfected mice did not respond. Unlike the spleen, the granulomas constitutively expressed mRNAs for all the cytokines examined. Yet, there was limited expression of IL-2 mRNA as compared to that of other cytokines. Except for IL-5, unfractionated granuloma cells constitutively released cytokines at low or undetectable levels. Soluble egg antigens or mitogen enhanced the production of all cytokines to different extents. These observations indicate that schistosome granulomas and spleens express both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The various lymphokines display complex differences in both lymphokine mRNA and product expression. These results suggest that the production of granuloma lymphokines is governed selectively, possibly by a variety of undetermined regulatory pathways.
Effect of Dietary Thyroid Hormone on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Broilers

Broiler chickens were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with either 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) in five trials. Body weight gain and feed efficiency are reported for four trials. Chickens fed T3 at 1.00 ppm had poorer weight gain and feed efficiency than controls, but T4 at that same dosage did not adversely affect performance. Serum T3, T4, and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) were assayed by radioimmunoassay. T3 or T4 at 1.00 ppm in the diet resulted in respective serum T3 and T4 concentrations approximately three times the control concentration. Dietary T4 at 10 ppm resulted in increased rT3 values after 1, 2, 5, and 6 days of T4 feeding but increased T3 values at 1 day only. T4 was apparently deiodinated to rT3 and toxic concentrations of T3 were not observed during T4 feeding. The data indicate that chickens respond differently to T3 than to T4.
Misreport of gestational weight gain (GWG) in birth certificate data.

Birth certificates are potentially a valuable source of information for studying gestational weight gain (GWG) during pregnancy, particularly important given new Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. We examined factors associated with the accuracy of maternal GWG self-report by linking the gold standard obstetric electronic medical record (EMR) of women from a large urban practice to state birth certificates. Primary outcomes included maternal under-reporting of GWG (>10 lbs below the EMR), accurate reporting (within 10 lbs), and over-reporting (>10 lbs above EMR). Data were stratified across categories of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the actual GWG IOM categories (inadequate, adequate, and excessive) acquired in the clinical setting and recorded in the EMR. Among 1,223 women, mean (SD) age was 27.4 (6.2) years, mean (SD) BMI was 28.2 (8.1) kg/m2, and mean GWG was 26.0 (20.2) pounds. The majority of women with normal BMI (<25 kg/m2) and adequate GWG reported GWG accurately (78.8%), more so than any other group. After adjusting for age, race, insurance status, and number of prenatal visits, among women with actual adequate GWG, women with high BMI (≥25 kg/m2) were more likely to over-report GWG than women with normal BMI (RR 4.7, 95% CI 2.6–8.4). In patients with normal BMI, women with excessive GWG were more likely to under-report than women with adequate GWG (RR 6.0, 95% CI 3.0–12.1). Such findings raise concern for systematic bias that would limit the use of birth certificate data for studying population trends in GWG.
Erratum: Cloning and differential expression of two β‐pigment‐dispersing hormone (β‐PDH) isoforms in the crab cancer productus: Evidence for authentic β‐PDH as a local neurotransmitter and β‐PDH II as a humoral factor

Two β-pigment-dispersing hormone (β-PDH) isoforms have been identified in several decapod crustaceans, including the crab Cancer productus, but whether these peptides serve common or distinct physiological roles remains to be elucidated. Here we show that the distribution of β-PDH-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of C. productus is similar to that found in other brachyurans, suggesting roles as both a circulating hormone and a locally released transmitter for members of this peptide family. cDNAs encoding NSELINSILGLPKVMNDAamide (authentic β-PDH; here termed Canpr-β-PDH I) or NSELINSLLGISRLMNEAamide (Canpr-β-PDH II) were cloned. Double in situ hybridization revealed that these two β-PDH isoforms are differentially distributed within the eyestalk. For example, in most neurons between the medulla interna (MI) and the medulla terminalis (MT), both isoforms appear present; however, in some neurons in this region, mRNA for only one or the other isoform was detected. Likewise, only prepro-β-pdh I mRNA was detected in the somata of the lamina ganglionaris (LG) and in the brain. By direct tissue mass spectrometry, only Canpr-β-PDH II was detected in the neurosecretory sinus gland (SG), whereas Canpr-β-PDH I was found in all other parts of the eyestalk. Collectively, these data suggest distinct functions for each of the C. productus β-PDHs; Canpr-β-PDH II appears to be a neurohormone in the SG, whereas Canpr-β-PDH I may function as a local transmitter/modulator. Our data support the hypothesis that duplication and subsequent mutation of a common neuropeptide gene may underlie the evolution of two differentially distributed transcripts that serve distinct physiological roles. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:197–211, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Correlation of Film Quality and Hydrogen NMR Resonance Shifts in a-Si:D,H; a-Ge:D,H; and a-SiGe:D,H

A systematic study of both proton and deuteron NMR in hydrogenated amorphous silicon films has revealed significant resonance shifts among various resolved components. The shifts include both paramagnetic and diamagnetic displacements of resolved spectral features from trapped molecular hydrogens. The shifts depend on film quality and deposition conditions. Some of the shifts vary as 1/T and reflect Curie susceptibilities characteristic of local regions of differing dangling bond densities. Spectra from relatively immobile hydrogen molecules trapped in nanovoids are shifted diamagnetically and broadened as temperature decreases. Hydrogens tightly bound to Si do not show similar changes and thus are more remote from dangling bonds and other magnetic defects. Similar spectrally-resol ved shifts have been observed in a-Ge and a-SiGe films and are correlated with film photovoltaic quality as measured by mobility-lifetime products.
On the location of crack closure and the threshold condition for fatigue crack growth

These experiments on ingot aluminum alloys provide further confirmation that the development of a threshold for the growth of long fatigue cracks is primarily associated with a reduction in local crack driving force due to crack closure in the wake of the crack tip. Moreover, based on studies of the change in K /SUB c1/ during progressive removal of the wake at threshold levels, it appears that although such closure is fairly evenly distributed over most of the crack length, more than 40% of the closure is confined to the near-tip region.
Dependency relation based vulnerability analysis of 3G networks: Can it identify unforeseen cascading attacks?

Cascading attacks pose a new threat to the third generation (3G) wireless telecommunications network. These attacks are dangerous and difficult to detect due to their remote far-reaching effects. To automate the accurate detection of these attacks and their remote effects, we developed a telecommunication specification based toolkit called the Advanced Cellular Network Vulnerability Assessment Toolkit--aCAT. aCAT is unique due to the incorporation of 3G network specific dependency model, infection propagation rules, as well as expert knowledge. These features allow aCAT to accurately and exhaustively identify cascading attacks and their remote effects. aCAT illustrates the types of cascading attacks that may be derived from the specifications, and showcases its utility in uncovering these attacks.
Preoperative endoscopic screening for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has a low yield for anatomic findings.

Patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery undergo screening esophagoduodenoscopy (EGD) during preoperative evaluation. The hypothesis is to examine the utility of this examination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinically significant upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract findings at screening EGD in patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery. A secondary aim was to determine whether preprocedure symptoms could predict findings at EGD. We evaluated records of patients undergoing EGD prior to bariatric surgery between 2000 and 2005 at the Stanford University Medical Center. Clinical, endoscopic, and pathological data were analyzed. The prevalence of endoscopic findings of clinical significance was determined. Two hundred seventy two complete patient records were identified and included in the study. Of these, 237 (87%) were female and 197 (72%) were Caucasian. The mean age was 43 ± 9.68 years and mean body mass index was 48 ± 7.95 kg/m2. Of the 272 patients, 33 (12%) had EGD findings of clinical significance including erosive esophagitis (3.7%), Barrett’s esophagus (3.7%), gastric ulcers (2.9%), erosive gastritis (1.8%), duodenal ulcers (0.7%), and gastric carcinoid (0.3%). No patients had malignancy. Of these 33 patients, 22 (67%) had UGI symptoms. Significant findings at screening EGD were found in 12% of patients. While EGD may be low-yield, the findings could be useful in guiding clinical decision making.
A Self-Configuring Communication Virtual Machine

Today's communication-based applications are mostly crafted in a stovepipe development paradigm, which is inflexible to be used by various domain-specific applications and costly in the development phase. In a previous paper, we proposed a new design called CVM (communication virtual machine) to overcome these problems by having a high-level API which can be reused and extended easily for user-centric applications in any domain. Within CVM framework, we came across a practical issue, which is actually the case for any end- to-end multimedia communication, namely the NAT-traversal (network address translation) problem that limits the reliability and availability of CVM and variants of CVM. In this paper, we explain about the necessity of self-configuration for the NAT-traversal problem in end-to-end communications, and propose a solution within the core CVM framework.
Sensitivity of Narrow-Band and Broad-Band Indices for Assessing Nitrogen Availability and Water Stress in an Annual Crop

We evaluated a suite of vegetation indices to detect treatment differences in nutrient and water availability in corn for areas larger and smaller than the ground sample diameter (GSD) from both a portable spectrometer and the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). The ANOVA results for a N trial showed that indices based on the chlorophyll red-edge were more sensitive to differences in N treatment than those based on the visible and near infrared (NIR) regions only. Classifications of pixels for a spatial detection study using unfertilized strips with widths of 6 m, 12 m, 18 m, and 24 m were performed and scored as the percentage of correctly classified pixels. Generally, the indices using the red-edge produced more accurate detections, although none of the indices could detect nutrient stress in the 6-m strips based on 15-m imagery. A water stress study was set up in another location of the same field by withholding irrigation water. While the indices based on the chlorophyll red-edge outperformed others for N application detection, the visible and NIR indices differentiated water stress the best.