cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orofacial Manifestation and Dental Management of Sickle Cell Disease: A Scoping Review

Aims Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an upcoming global health problem with rapid progress in therapy especially since 2017. However, systematic reviews found no clinical trials on the dental treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). This article aims to outline the oral features of the sickle disease and discuss oral management strategies that can serve as guidelines for dental professionals. Material and Methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search strategies were developed to cover publications from January 2010 to March 2020. With the help of keywords, multiple abstracts were identified. These abstracts were further reviewed, which included the information about the SCD manifestation, particularly about the oral health features. Based on all these articles and clinical experience, a narrative review was constructed, which summarizes all the aspects of the oral manifestation in people with SCD. Results The results of this study demonstrate that there is distinct evidence available, indicating the developmental enamel defect leading to hypoplasia and increasing susceptibility to dental caries. Another important result of this review found that people with SCD have a vaso-occlusive crisis in the microcirculation in the dental pulp leading to symptomatic and asymptomatic pulpal necrosis without any signs of odontogenic pathology in an apparently healthy tooth. The study also found that early detection, intervention, and prevention are crucial for improving oral health care, and involving a multidisciplinary approach plays an important role in managing people with SCD. Conclusion Patients with sickle cell disease have chronic overall health problems. The hematological disorder becomes their main concern and impaired oral health becomes secondary, increasing the risk for dental caries at the most. This paper broadly describes the oral manifestations of SCD, additionally; this paper also provides recommendations for better dental management of patients with SCD. Patients with SCD are often misjudged and, due to lack of knowledge and guidelines, dental providers are not able to provide adequate care. This paper attempts to highlight the essential measures to provide better dental care.
RNA Isoform Discovery Through Goodness of Fit Diagnostics

There is great interest from the biological community—basic scientists to clinicians—in determining the expressed RNA isoforms in cells. Determining the extent of RNA expression has potential implications for basic scientific models in biology and for diagnosing and treating diseases such as cancer. Next generation sequencing provides an opportunity to discover expressed RNA isoforms that have previously not been detected. Algorithms for detecting these isoforms from RNA-seq data have attracted great interest and have been quite successful. However, even the most widely used algorithms generally do not assess goodness of fit statistics, even when they are based on statistical models. This leads to high rates of false positives in algorithm output and makes real biological signal more difficult to detect. The goal of this chapter is to present a simple statistical method for isoform discovery based on assessing goodness of fit of a statistical model for mismatches of aligned reads to putative isoforms in RNA-seq data.
Sitting in the VD Clinic

But couldn't think what it was I had forgotten. It was like the biplane from World War I, my father's. Beyond the window, the tree was waving its arms. A pilot from long ago, wearing my father's cap And goggles, was waving his arms. Now I remember. It was my father's dream, told to me as a child, Put on like a coat that one day fits. I rise from My window seat. Remember the child who wanted never To grow up? The child has gone and found his way.
Radiative Effects on Particle Acceleration in Electromagnetic Dominated Outflows

Plasma outflows from gamma-ray bursts (GRB), pulsar winds, relativistic jets, and ultra-intense laser targets radiate high energy photons. However, radiation damping is ignored in conventional PIC simulations. In this letter, we study the radiation damping effect on particle acceleration via Poynting fluxes in two-and-half-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) plasma simulation of electron-positron plasmas. Radiation damping force is self-consistently calculated for each particle and reduces the net acceleration force. The emitted radiation is peaked within a few degrees from the direction of Poynting flux and strongly linear-polarized.
Abstraction Techniques for Modeling Real-World Interface Chips

We describe techniques for specifying the requirements of real-world interface chips, using as a test target a processor interface unit (PIU). The PIU modeling problem is explained, and current interpreter specification practices are shown to be inadequate for the PIU requirements. General modeling techniques for handling difficult aspects of the PIU are explained, and a new approach that implements these techniques is presented and applied to the PIU requirements specification.
Martyrdom in Islam

In recent times Islamic martyrdom has become associated with suicide missions conducted by extremists. However, as David Cook demonstrates, this type of martyrdom is very different from the classical definition which condemned suicide and stipulated that anyone who died a believer could be considered a martyr. Ideas about martyrdom have evolved to suit prevailing circumstances, and it is the evolution of these interpretations that Cook charts in this fascinating history. The book covers the earliest sources on martyrdom including those from the Jewish and Christian traditions, discussions about what constituted martyrdom, and differences in attitudes between Sunnis and Shi'ites. A concluding section discusses martyrdom in today's radical environment. There is no other book which considers the topic so systematically, and which draws so widely on the literary sources. This will be essential reading for students of Islamic history, and for those looking for an informed account of this controversial topic.
Effect of interlaminar normal stresses on the uniaxial zero-to-tension fatigue behavior of graphite/epoxy tubes

Fatigue tests conducted with and without internal pressure have been found to possess approximately the same fatigue life as (+/-45)s graphite/epoxy tubes for zero-to-tension axial load-controlled conditions on an axial torsion servohydraulic apparatus. These tests therefore cannot be considered as confirmations of the suspected detrimental effect of interlaminar tensile stresses on the fatigue performance of thin-walled tubes. The addition of 90-deg plies on both the inside and the outside is found to significantly improve the tubes' static and fatigue strengths.
Chemotherapy of Differentiated Papillary or Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

Chemotherapy is used as a palliative measure in 25% of recurrent inoperable or metastatic papillary, follicular, or mixed thyroid cancers that do not concentrate 131I. Doxorubicin, bleomycin, and cisplatin have been the principal agents employed. As advanced thyroid cancer is rare, there are few meaningful clinical trials that compare singleand multi-agent chemotherapy for differences in efficacy and toxicity. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) designed and completed the only randomized study of doxorubicin vs doxorubicin plus cisplatin in inoperable, radioiodine-resistant advanced thyroid cancer in chemotherapy-naive patients. In this study reported in 1985 (1), 41 patients received doxorubicin alone, and 43 patients received the combination. There were 16 patients with differentiated thyroid cancers who received single-agent doxorubicin, given at a dose of 60 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 wk. A total of 19 comparable patients received the combination of doxorubicin at 60 mg/m2 and cisplatin at 40 mg/m2 every 3 wk. Treatment was discontinued when stable disease was achieved after three cycles of therapy, when disease progressed after two treatment cycles, or when the total dose of doxorubicin exceeded 550 mg/m2.
Role of obesity and race in predicting recurrence rates and survival in renal cell carcinoma

e16052 Background: Two in three Americans are obese or overweight, and African-Americans are 1.4 times as likely to be obese than whites. However, the relationship between obesity, race, and renal ...
Reconstructing the pragmatics of a medieval marriage negotiation (Novgorod 955)

This article presents a pragmaphilological approach to the analysis of a recently discovered Novgorodian birchbark letter (N955) written in the course of matchmaking. This document has an unusual format and includes ornamentation generally associated with parchment manuscripts. My chief goal is to reconstruct the complex communicative situation and social functions that it reflects. To be properly understood, the text, format, and ornamentation should be treated holistically, as functionally interrelated elements. I show that the visually and textually discrete sections of the letter pertain to different addressees or to addressees with changing social roles in the communicative event. Finally, in an excursus, I offer an interpretation of two words that differs from the one in the published edition.
Hermenêutica americana feia

This article is part of a Symposium that provides a forum for comparing legal hermeneutics as articulated by four scholars from the United States and four scholars from Brazil. The article embraces this cross-cultural event by asking whether American legal hermeneutics is “ugly” and is practiced by “ugly Americans.” The pejorative cast of this terminology is obvious and intentional, but it is also ambiguous and multi-layered. The Essay unfolds various dimensions of ugly American hermeneutics and suggests that - ugly though they may be -American scholars still can make some important contributions to the worldwide conversation regarding legal hermeneutics. It is their plain-faced pragmatism, perhaps, that is the source of our contribution even as it casts them (sometimes unfairly) as the ugly Americans. The Article discusses the political spectacle of appointment of new Supreme Court Justices, and the reductive efforts of some Justices to reduce judgment to simplistic history by means of the theory of “new originalism”.Key words: hermeneutics, United States, Brazil, America, justice.
Comparison of 193, 213 and 266 nm laser ablation ICP-MS

There is a widespread discussion concerning the ‘better’ wavelength for laser ablation chemical analysis. Wavelength is believed to be an important parameter based on the sample’s optical penetration depth as well as photon energy for bond breaking. The lasers most widely employed for analytical applications are the excimer, based on an ArF mixture with a wavelength of 193 nm, and the solid state Nd:YAG, with wavelengths of 266 nm and 213 nm. NIST glasses were ablated to test the effects of these wavelengths on fractionation and transport efficiency. Crater geometry and volume were measured by using a white-light interference microscope. For all three wavelengths, linear calibration curves were obtained using NIST glasses as standards. The 208Pb/238U ratio in a tuff rock sample was measured using all three wavelengths; the value obtained using the NIST-glass calibration was compared to that measured using liquid nebulization.
The natural history of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae.

Background Hemorrhage from cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVF) is a considerable source of neurological morbidity and even mortality. Objective To evaluate the natural history of cerebral dAVF. Methods We reviewed our own cohort of 70 dAVF and incorporated results from the literature, synthesizing pooled hemorrhage rates and evaluating risk factors for 395 dAVF in 6 studies. Results No hemorrhages occurred during 409 lesion-years of follow-up of Borden type I dAVF; however, cortical venous drainage developed in 1.4%. Like type I dAVF, type II dAVF demonstrated a female predilection and were most commonly transverse-sigmoid or cavernous. Eighteen percent of type II dAVF presented with hemorrhage (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8%-36%), and the annual hemorrhage rate was 6% (95% CI: 0.1%-19%). Borden type III dAVF demonstrated a male predilection and were most commonly tentorial or petrosal. Thirty-four percent presented with hemorrhage (95% CI: 0.4%-49%), with an annual hemorrhage rate of 10% (95% CI: 4%-20%), increasing to 21% for those with venous ectasia (95% CI: 4%-66%). The hemorrhage rate decreased to 2% for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic type II or III dAVF (95% CI: 0.2%-8%), and increased to 10% for those presenting with nonhemorrhagic neurological deficits (95% CI: 0.9%-41%) and to 46% for those presenting with hemorrhage (95% CI: 11%-130%). Conclusion Venous ectasia is a significant risk factor for hemorrhage among dAVF with cortical venous drainage. In addition, those with hemorrhagic presentation, even compared with nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit presentation, as well as Borden type III dAVF compared with type II dAVF demonstrated a trend toward greater hemorrhage rates.
Intraguild predation in biological control: consideration of multiple resource species

Theoretical models of intraguild predation (IGP) predict that IGP decreases the effectiveness of biological control while many empirical studies do not agree with this prediction. In this study, I discuss the importance of explicit consideration of multiple resource species that has been neglected in most theoretical IGP models. In the previous models of IGP, a single resource species represented the pest species. However, there are multiple resource species (e.g., multiple pest species or aggregates of pest and non-pest species) in real systems. This study shows that models with multiple resource species can predict a variety of outcomes including those consistent with the empirical observations. The explicit consideration of resource species is useful for the future development of theories in biological control.
Inprocess Quality Control through Propotionate Valve in Electrical Upsetting of Engine Valves

In regular electrical upsetting process, the process parameters were determined by the experience. During working, these parameters were constant and could not be controlled online. In this paper a new proportionate valve and various velocity top anvils, electrical upsetting system is introduced. Based on the bulb temperature measured at the time of operation proportionate valve will vary the upset pressure to obtain the bulb without crack or fold. The control strategy includes two key parts: sensing the temperature and controlling it by varying the power intensity in the circuit through controlling the upset pressure. And the different anvil position and anvil velocity will be used to change the bulb shape based on the valve profile. This control strategy also includes two key parts: Velocity of anvil is directly proportional to height of bulb, in various positions various velocity will be used to form a different shape of bulb without defects.
Accelerated aging experiments for capacitor health monitoring and prognostics

This paper discusses experimental setups for health monitoring and prognostics of electrolytic capacitors under nominal operation and accelerated aging conditions. Electrolytic capacitors have higher failure rates than other components in electronic systems like power drives, power converters etc. Our current work focuses on developing first-principles-based degradation models for electrolytic capacitors under varying electrical and thermal stress conditions. Prognostics and health management for electronic systems aims to predict the onset of faults, study causes for system degradation, and accurately compute remaining useful life. Accelerated life test methods are often used in prognostics research as a way to model multiple causes and assess the effects of the degradation process through time. It also allows for the identification and study of different failure mechanisms and their relationships under different operating conditions. Experiments are designed for aging of the capacitors such that the degradation pattern induced by the aging can be monitored and analyzed. Experimental setups and data collection methods are presented to demonstrate this approach.
On the model equations of Gibilaro and Foscolo with corrected buoyancy force

Abstract This note is intended to provide modifications to several conclusive model equations presented by Gibilaro and Foscolo. These equations appeared in their work concerning drag force, dynamic wave velocity and stability criterion. The modifications are made by considering the correct buoyancy force expression which is based on the density of fluid alone. The presentation is preceded by brief reviews and comments on pertinent literature which lead to the assertion that the expression of the buoyancy force should be based on the density of the fluid rather than that of fluid-particle suspension as claimed by Gibilaro and Foscolo.
A Novel Low Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Related to Transforming Growth Factor α Messenger RNA

Human transforming growth factor α (TGFα) is coded for by an mRNA of about 4800 nucleotides. The cDNA sequence demonstrates that the 50 amino acid TGFα is embedded in a larger 160 amino acid precursor protein. We report here that in addition to the 4800 nucleotide TGFα mRNA, there is a novel second RNA species of about 350 nucleotides that hybridizes to a human TGFα cDNA probe. This small RNA species has been found in the RNA of several human tumor cells including HT1080, A549, A431, A2058, and A673. We have demonstrated an inverse relationship between the amounts of the 4800 nucleotide TGFα mRNA and the 350 nucleotide novel RNA in these human cells. Restriction enzyme cleavage of a human TGFα cDNA probe into three separate domains consisting of a processed coding region and 5′- and 3′-preprocessed coding and untranslated regions showed that only the 3′-untranslated region hybridized to the 350 nucleotide RNA. Using sense and anti-sense single-stranded 3′-untranslated region probes, we determined that the...
TU‐F‐BRE‐08: Significant Variations in Measured Small Cone Output Factor for FFF Beams

Purpose: To evaluate the measurement accuracy of several dosimeters for small cone output factors in two SRS/SBRT dedicated systems with Flattening Filter Free (FFF) beams: a Varian TrueBeam STx (TB) and an Accuray CyberKnife VSI (CK). Output factors (OFs) were measured for both machines and for CK, compared against a Monte Carlo model. Methods: Dose measurements were taken using three different FFF beams (TB 6XFFF, TB 10XFFF, and CK 6XFFF). Three commonly used types of dosimeters were examined in this work: a micro-ion chamber (Exradin A16), two shielded diodes (PTW TN60008 and PTW TN60017), and radiochromic film (Gafchromic EBT2). Measured OFs from these dosimeters were compared with each other and OFs measured with an Exradin W1 scintillator. Monte Carlo determined correction factors for the CK beam for the micro-ion chamber and diodes were applied to the respective OF measurements and compared against scintillator measured OFs corrected for volume averaging. Results: OFs measured for the smallest fields using the micro-ion chamber, diodes, scintillator, and film varied substantially (with up to a 16% difference between dosimeters). Micro-ion chamber and film OF measurements were up to 9% and 10%, respectively, lower than scintillator measurements for the smallest fields. OF measurements by diode were up to 6% greater than scintillator measurements for the smallest fields. With correction factors, the micro-ion chamber and diode measured OFs showed good agreement with scintillator measured OFs for the CK 6XFFF beam (within 3% and 1.5%, respectively). Conclusion: Uncorrected small field OFs vary significantly with dosimeter. The accuracy of scintillator measurements for small field OFs may be greater than the other dosimeters studied in this work (when uncorrected). Measurements involving EBT2 film may Result in lower accuracy for smaller fields (less than 10mm). Care should be taken in the choice of the dosimeter used for small field OF measurements.
Visualization of force-closure grasps for objects through contact force decomposition

This article presents an analysis of the mechanics for grasps of solid objects. The main feature in the approach followed in this article is the decomposition of the contact finger forces. At each ...
Two-Dimensional Analysis of Conduction-Controlled Rewetting With Precursory Cooling

This paper presents a two-dimensional analysis of the effect of precursory cooling on conduction-controlled rewetting of a vertical surface, whose initial temperature is higher than the sputtering temperature. Precursory cooling refers to the cooling caused by the droplet-vapor mixture in the region immediately ahead of the wet front, and is described mathematically by two dimensionless constants which characterize its magnitude and the region of influence. The physical model developed to account for precursory cooling consists of an infinitely extended vertical surface with the dry region ahead of the wet front characterized by an exponentially decaying heat flux and the wet region behind the moving film-front associated with a constant heat transfer coefficient. Apart from the two dimensionless constants describing the extent of precursory cooling, the physical problem is characterized by three dimensionless groups: the Peclet number or the dimensionless wetting velocity, the Biot number and a dimensionless temperature. Limiting solutions for large and small Peclet numbers have been obtained utilizing the Wiener-Hopf technique coupled with appropriate kernel substitutions. A semiempirical matching relation is then devised for the entire range of Peclet numbers. Existing experimental data with variable flow rates at atmospheric pressure are very closely correlated by the present model.more » Finally a comparison is drawn between the one-dimensional limit of the present analysis and the corresponding one-dimensional solution obtained by treating the dry region ahead of the wet front characterized by an exponentially decaying heat transfer coefficient.« less
An analysis of urodelian retinal regeneration: III. Degradation of extruded melanin granules in Notophthalmus viridescens

The fine structural features of a retinal: melanophage, observed in degenerating retinae of Notophthalmus viridescens is described. The melanophage, believed to originate from the vascular supply, serves for the stepwise degradation of extruded single melanin granules from cellular elements of the pigment epithelium which are forming the regenerated retina.
Reflux injury of esophageal mucosa: experimental studies in animal models of esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

Barrett's esophagus (BE), a gastroesophageal reflux associated complication, is defined as the replacement of normal esophageal squamous mucosa by specialized intestinal columnar mucosa with the appearance of goblet cells. The presence of BE is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Although the exposure of gastroduodenal contents to the esophageal mucosa is considered to be an important risk factor for the development of esophagitis, BE and EAC, the mechanisms of reflux esophageal injury are not fully understood. Animal models are now being used extensively to identify the mechanisms of damage and to devise protective and mitigating strategies. Experimental studies on animal models by mimicking the processing of gastroesophageal reflux injury have bloomed during the past decades, however, there is controversy regarding which experimental model for reflux esophagitis, experimental BE and experimental EAC is best. In this review article we aim to clarify the basic understanding of gastroesophageal reflux injury and its complications of BE and EAC, as well as to present current understanding of the reflux experimental models. The animal models of experimental esophageal injury are summarized with focus on the surgical procedures to guide the investigator in choosing or developing a correct animal model in future studies. In addition, our own experimental studies of the animal models are also briefly discussed.
Nanotechnology: Molecular transistors scrutinized.

Transistors have been made from single molecules, where the flow of electrons is controlled by modulating the energy of the molecular orbitals. Insight from such systems could aid the development of future electronic devices.
Programmed interactions in higher-order neural networks: The outer-product algorithm☆

Abstract Recent results on the memory storage capacity of the outer-product algorithm indicate that the algorithm stores of the order of n /log n memories in a network of n fully interconnected linear threshold elements when it is required that each memory be exactly recovered from a probe which is close enough to it. In this paper a rigourous analysis is presented of generalizations of the outer-product algorithm to higher-order networks of densely interconnected polynomial thresh-old units of degree d . Precise notions of memory storage capacity are formulated, and it is demonstrated that both static and dynamic storage capacities of all variants of the outer-product algorithm of degree d are of the order of n d /log n .
Decoding the mechanism for the origin of dark matter in the early universe using LHC data

It is shown that LHC data can allow one to decode the mechanism by which dark matter is generated in the early universe in supersymmetric theories. We focus on two of the major mechanisms for such generation of dark matter, which are known to be the stau coannihilation (stau co), where the neutralino is typically bino like and annihilation on the hyperbolic branch (HB), where the neutralino has a significant Higgsino component. An investigation of how one may discriminate between the stau-co region and the HB region using LHC data is given for the mSUGRA model. The analysis utilizes several signatures including multi leptons, hadronic jets, b tagging, and missing transverse momentum. A study of the supersymmetry signatures reveals several correlated smoking gun signals allowing a clear discrimination between the stau-co and the HB regions where dark matter in the early universe can originate.
Complement in tears from normal humans.

Abstract Tears from ten normal persons were used in hemolytic assays to test for activity of total hemolytic complement (tested in all ten subjects), activities of each of the nine complement components (tested in two subjects), and activity of the alternate pathway (tested in two subjects). A modified radial-immunodiffusion method was used to confirm the presence of C3 and C4 complement proteins in the tear samples from all ten subjects. Factor B protein was detected in tears from two of four normal subjects tested. In dilutions up to 1:4, hemolytic activity was observed in tears from five of the ten subjects. Samples from the remaining five subjects had CH50 activity at dilutions up to 1:2. In control tests, human serum had CH50 activity at 1:32. No lysis occurred in Veronal-buffered saline or in serum and tears heated to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes. Complement proteins C3 through C9 displayed hemolytic activity in tears from each of two subjects tested for complement components. The classic and alternate complement pathways in tears can be included among the defense mechanisms of the ocular surfaces.
Feminism and geography : the limits of geographical knowledge

Acknowledgements. 1. Feminism and Geography: An Introduction. 2. Women and Everyday Spaces. 3. No Place for Women?. 4. The Geographical Imagination: Knowledge and Critique. 5. Looking at Landscape: The Uneasy Pleasures of Power. 6. Spatial Divisions and Other Spaces: Production, Reproduction and Beyond. 7. A Politics of Paradoxical Space. Notes to Chapters.
155 Mb/s three-plane reconfigurable wavelength-division-multiplexed optical interconnection

The ability to efficiently connect many high-speed parts is of critical importance for large- capacity data communications. High bandwidth, 2D optical planes can be employed to achieve such an interconnection and avoid electronic bottlenecks. A novel solution which dramatically increases the functionality of optical-plane interconnections uses wavelength multiplexing to facilitate one 2D optical plane interconnecting reconfigurably with many other planes. We report the first experimental demonstration of using wavelength multiplexing to facilitate reconfigurable interconnections between one pixel on the source plane and one pixel on each of several detector planes. We show the near-error-free 155 Mb/s transmission and detection of 3 different wavelengths at three detector planes.
Microbial Metabolism of Bornaprine, 3-(Diethylamino)propyl 2-Phenylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate

Metabolism studies of the anticholinergic drug, bornaprine [3-(diethylamino)propyl 2-phenylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate, an epimeric mixture (1)], in rats, dogs, and humans have been conducted previously, but the identities of the metabolites were not established. Using an in vitro microbial system to study the metabolism of bornaprine resulted in the isolation of four metabolites whose structures were rigorously established using spectroscopic techniques, especially 13C NMR. The four metabolites found (2, 3, 4, and 5) were hydroxylated at C-5 or C-6 in the bicyclic ring.
Current prospects for the generation of patient-specific pluripotent cells from adult tissues.

Suneet Agarwal, M William Lensch & George Q Daley† †Author for correspondence Children’s Hospital Boston, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 300 Longwood Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA Tel.: +1 617 919 2015; Fax: +1 617 730 0222; E-mail: george.daley@ childrens.harvard.edu ‘The great promise of stem cell-based therapy is to tackle the problems of modern transplantation by allowing the creation of genetically identical, healthy tissues to replace those damaged by disease or age.’
New AlPO4-sepiolite systems as acid catalysts, I. Preparation, texture, surface-chemical properties and cyclohexene skeletal isomerization conversion

The effects of the addition of aluminium orthophosphate (Al/P=1) to sepiolite were investigated with respect to texture, porosity, surface chemistry and catalytic performance. The AlPO4-sepiolite catalysts, containing different weight compositions, were prepared by precipitation of AlPO4 (Al/P=1) with propylene oxide or aqueous ammonia on to commercial natural sepiolite. Sepiolite inhibits the AlPO4 crystallization which is found when pure AlPO4 is calcined at 873 K. The surface acid-basic properties have been studied gas-chromatographically through the irreversible adsorption of organic acids and bases at temperatures in the range 473 to 673 K. In addition, the cyclohexene skeletal isomerization (CSI) acid catalysed test reaction to 1- and 3-methylcyclopentenes (1- and 3-MCP), was used to test catalyst performance. Catalytic activity, as an apparent rate constant, fits the Bassett-Habgood kinetic model for first-order processes. Marked changes were found in their catalytic properties as a function of the preparation method and the AlPO4 to sepiolite ratio. AlPO4 addition induced acidity by increasing the strength of acid sites which resulted in a higher conversion which was accompanied by a greater selectivity for 1-MCP. The incorporation of AlPO4 to sepiolite also inhibited the loss of activity with the prolonged use of the catalyst which was found for reference pure natural sepiolite.
Statistical solvent optimization for the separation of geometric isomers of retinol by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A systematic approach to the optimization of solvents for separation of isomers of retinol by straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The optimum resolution of the 11- cis isomer from the 13- cis isomer required solvent characteristics different from those for the optimum resolution of the 9- cis isomer from the all- trans isomer. A compromise solvent composition produced good resolution of all four isomers in less than 12 min when used with an Excalibar column packed with 5-μm spherical silica.
The Effects of Reference, Instruction, Database Searches, and Ongoing Expenditures on Full-text Article Requests: An Exploratory Analysis

Abstract ACRL Library Trends and Statistics survey data from two years were analyzed to explore relationships among variables thought to predict full-text article requests. Five different regression models predicted full-text article requests from variables including reference transactions, library instruction, Web site visits, database searches, and ongoing expenditures. Full-time student enrollment and Carnegie classification were included as covariates in all five models. All regressions supported using enrollment as a covariate; four of the regressions supported using Carnegie classification as an additional covariate. Results suggested that reference transactions, library instruction, and ongoing expenditures increase the number of database searches and full-text requests beyond these covariates. Ongoing expenditures made the largest contribution in all models, but did not always contribute the most unique variance. Furthermore, a mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of library instruction on full-text requests through database searches. This study suggests most ACRL data may need log transformation before using regression analyses, and offers one approach to interpreting results. Future research could investigate the meaning of ongoing expenditures after controlling for institutional size and Carnegie classification. Additional variables such as interlibrary loan usage or whether the library has a discovery tool might be interesting to include in similar models.
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PALATABILITY TRAITS OF RAW AND PRECOOKED GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Boneless beef (U.S. Utility chucks or triangles; U.S. Choice plates) was ground (0.95 cm plate), standardized to 26% fat, reground (0.38 cm plate) and divided into two lots. One lot remained in Plant A and the other lot was shipped via air-freight to Plant B. On the same day and at the same time, meat at both Plants was formed into patties. Half of the patties at Plant A were precooked in a moisture-controlled oven broiler, half of the patties at Plant B were precooked in an open-hearth broiler; the remaining patties at each Plant were not precooked and were frozen in the raw state. Precooked and raw patties at both Plants were frozen (°30°C) in spiral air blast freezers, boxed, air-freighted to College Station, Tex. and Beltsville, Md. and stored at °20°C. Frozen patties were cooked to 63°C (11 mm at 190°C) and palatability was evaluated by an 84-member consumer panel and by an 8-member trained panel. Pre-cooking of ground beef patties: (a) reduces cube space-weight dimensions, thus economies would accrue in packaging-transportmg-distributing such product in comparison to requirements for raw patties; (b) increases total weight loss by approximately 1.8–9.4 percentage points; (c) resulted in increased moisture retention but increased loss of fat during final heating of product; (d) increases incidence of off-flavors by 7–16 percentage points and decreases flavor desirability if performed by use of a moisture-controlled oven broiler; (e) increases tenderness of heated patties; and (f) has no apparent effect on amount of organoleptically detectable connective tissue, flavor intensity or ready-to-serve appearance. It is very doubtful that the advantages in size reduction and tenderness are sufficient to offset the disadvantages in off-flavor incidence, in cooking-freezing-heating losses, in energy required to cool trie product after precooking, and in the necessity to use heat twice (once for precooking, once for heating prior to being served) to prepare the product for ultimate consumption.
Mechanism of Increase in SRAM $V_{\min}$ Due to Negative-Bias Temperature Instability

Negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) has been identified as a problem for static random-access-memory (SRAM) reliability since variations in the PMOS threshold voltages have been shown to correlate with rising Vmin over time. The effect is greater than what would be expected from the relatively low sensitivity of the static-noise margin to PMOS device parameters reported in the literature. This paper investigates the mechanism of Vmin increases due to NBTI. It is shown that the sensitivity to PMOS threshold voltages increases at low voltages, and furthermore, this sensitivity can be exacerbated by process variations in other SRAM devices. For the design of an array with many cells, the most probable combination of parameter variations to set a given Vmin is identified and shown to change to a more probable combination with NBTI. Statistical designs must therefore consider NBTI as an additional source of variation, with increasing significance at low voltages.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of bcl-2 protein expression in gastric adenocarcinomas.

Background. bcl-2 protooncogene encodes for a 26 kD protein effective in inhibiting programmed cell death (apoptosis). Its expression has been noted in lymphomas and colonic, lung, and breast carcinomas. bcl-2 protein is believed to play a role in the gastric carcinogenic sequence where it has been demonstrated in dysplastic epithelium. To further study the role of bcl-2 protein in gastric carcinogenesis and tumor progression, an immunohistochemical study of bcl-2 expression in gastric adenocarcinomas and its relation to the histologic type, grade of differentiation, pT stage, lymph node status, and survival was performed. Methods. Immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal bcl-2 protein antibody, clone 124, was performed on archival material. Results. Forty-six of the sixty-four adenocarcinomas (72%) showed bcl-2 staining with immunoreactivity in 75% of the tumor or more. No specific pattern in the distribution of labeling was seen. bcl-2 reactivity was significantly associated with adenocarcinomas of the intestinal morphotype. Forty-five of 51 intestinal-type tumors (88%) were immunoreactive versus only 1 of the diffuse tumors (7%) (P = 0.001). Within the intestinal-type adenocarcinomas, a trend of increasing prevalence of immunoreactivity with higher histologic grades was seen. No correlation between bcl-2 expression and pT stage, lymph node status, or survival was observed. Conclusion. bcl-2 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma appears to be associated almost exclusively with the intestinal morphotype and to some extent is more prevalent in grade 3 tumors. No correlation was noted with the pT stage, lymph node status, and survival. Inhibition of apoptosis through bcl-2 protein expression appears to be specifically associated with promotion of intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma but does not appear to be active and/or correlated with tumor progression.
Autoantibodies to Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte autoantibodies may be benign, present in the plasma of healthy individuals, or pathologic, causing autoimmune hemolysis. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) consists of two major clinical disorders: cold hemagglutinin disease (cold AIHA), due to an IgM antibody that preferentially agglutinates red blood cells (RBC) in the cold (4 °24°C), and the more common syndrome of warm reactive (37°C) IgG-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm AIHA). In cold AIHA, the IgM autoantibody induces clearance of red blood cells (RBC) in the liver through complement activation and deposition of C3 on erythrocytes (9). This complement-dependent hepatic clearance responds poorly to corticosteroids and splenectomy. In warm AIHA, the IgG-coated erythrocytes are cleared primarily via Fc receptors on reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen. This process usually responds to corticosteroids and splenectomy (Table 1). These autoimmune hemolytic disorders may be idiopathic or develop as a complication of a lymphoproliferative disorder, infection, or drug therapy. The diversity of RBC autoantibodies occurring in these different clinical settings has not yet been completely defined. In contrast, the diversity of autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis, has been explored in various ways by different laboratories (5, 10). From these studies it appears that distinctive clones of autoantibody-producing cells are associated with particular disease processes. Similar restrictions in antibody clonality may also be present in immune-mediated hemolytic disease. To date, the complexity of erythrocyte autoantibody expression has been approached by examination of the antigen-binding properties (specificities) of these immunoglobulins and by analysis of their heavy and light chain isotypes. The following will review the current knowledge of the specificity (function), isotype, and cellular origin of these antibodies.
Tool wear monitoring for micro-end grinding of ceramic materials

As grinding process usually is a final step of a machining procedure, excessive grinding tool wear could deteriorate both workpiece surface quality and its dimensional accuracy. This becomes more severe in the case of microgrinding than in conventional grinding because microgrinding wheels are more sensitive to tool wear. An effective tool wear monitoring technique is, therefore, crucial for maintaining consistent machining quality and high efficiency in microgrinding. In this paper, the influence of tool wear and tool stiffness on microgrinding process signals such as grinding force, grinding system vibration, acoustic emission signal and spindle load, are analyzed during end grinding of ceramic materials. To indicate the actual wear status of a microgrinding wheel, this study proposed a new monitoring parameter by fusing grinding force and system vibration signals, based on the concept of varying cutting stiffness. This new monitoring parameter is then experimentally tested in microgrinding a series of ceramic miniature features with consistent and inconsistent geometry.
Modifications in Children's Goals When Encountering Obstacles to Conflict Resolution

Previous studies have demonstrated that children's goals are associated with their success in peer relationships. The current study extends earlier findings by examining changes in children's goals during hypothetical conflicts. Participants were 252 children ages 9 to 12 years old (133 boys, 119 girls). As predicted, children's goals changed significantly when they encountered obstacles to conflict resolution, and these changes were predictive of their subsequent strategy choices. Both aggressive- and submissive-rejected children were more likely to evidence antisocial changes in their goals, including an increased desire to retaliate. They also showed reluctance to forego instrumental objectives. Other findings highlighted the need to investigate the combinations of goals children pursue as predictors of their strategies and the quality of their peer relationships.
Increasing Parity Is Associated with Cumulative Effects on Memory

Abstract Background: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if reproductive experience is associated with cumulative effects on human memory performance during pregnancy and if these effects persist into the postpartum period. Methods: Verbal recall memory performance was assessed in 254 women four times during pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum. The relation between parity and memory function was evaluated with hierarchical linear modeling and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The data indicate that the previously documented adverse effects of pregnancy on memory performance are compounded with successive pregnancies. During gestation and postpartum, multiparity was associated with poorer memory function, and these effects did not appear to be due to differences in maternal demographics, depressive symptoms, or sleep quality. Conclusions: Animal models demonstrate that the effects of reproduction on brain structure and function are both cumulative and enduring. However, little is kn...
Local polarity analysis: a sensitive method that discriminates between native proteins and incorrectly folded models

The evaluation of calculated protein structures is an important step in the protein design cycle. Known criteria for this assessment of proteins are the polar and apolar, accessible and buried surface area, electrostatic interactions and other interactions between the protein atoms (e.g. H..O, S..S), atomic packing, analysis of amino acid environment and surface charge distribution. We show that a powerful test of accuracy of protein structure can be derived by analysing the water contact of atoms and additionally taking into account their polarity. On the basis of estimated reference values of the polar fraction of typical globular proteins with known structure (mean, SD and distribution), the evaluation of misfolded structures can be improved significantly. The reference values are derived by moving windows of different length (3-99 amino acid residues) over the amino acid sequence. Model proteins, which are included in the Brookhaven protein structure databank, deliberately misfolded proteins, hypothetical proteins and predicted protein structures are diagnosed as at least partially incorrectly folded. The local fault, mostly observed, is that polar groups are buried too frequently in the interior of the protein. The database-derived quantities are useful in screening the designed proteins prior to experimentation and may also be useful in the assessment of errors in the experimentally determined protein structures.
A modified Farr technique for the detection of antibody in the presence of antigen-antibody complexes

Abstract Antibody bound in an antigen-antibody complex was barely detectable by the standard Farr technique using 10 μg/ml of radiolabeled antigen. When the Farr test was repeated using larger concentrations of antigen the ABC measurements increased several- In separate experiments complexes were dissociated with low pH buffer. The radio-labeled antigen was then added and the mixture returned to neutral pH before the Farr assay was performed. Pretreatment of the complexes with citrate-buffered saline pH 3.1 enhanced antibody measurements 1.5–3.6-fold. Pretreatment with glycine-buffered saline pH 2.2 enhanced complexed antibody measurements 2.1–4.8-fold. The low pH buffers did not affect ABC values on free antibody. Antibody bound in immune complexes can be detected with a modified Farr technique using a high concentration of antigen and/or by pretreatment of the complexes with low pH buffers before the addition of radio-labeled antigen.