cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Somnogenic activity of immune response modifiers

Abstract Sleepiness is a presenting symptom in nearly all infectious diseases . James Krueger describes how microbial products, such as muramyl peptides, lipid A and double-stranded RNA, as well as endogenous products elicited by tnese substances, such as interleukin 1, modulate sleep. The altered sleep during infection seems to result from an exaggerated activation of physiological sleep mechanisms, since normal sleep is controlled by a wide range of substances including many of these immune response modifiers .
Pulmonary lesions in syrian golden hamsters following infection with influenza virus

Abstract It has been demonstrated that a mouse adapted strain of influenza virus, Type A, strain PR 8 was capable of producing the same sequence of histopathological changes in the lungs of weanling Syrian hamsters as it does in ferrets and mice, but without accompanying clinical findings. The virus was not lethal to any of the weanling animals so infected. Although the acute phase of the histopathological changes was over by two weeks post infection, in some animals minor but persistent lung changes were seen as long as one year post inoculation.
Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Malbrancheamide and Malbrancheamide B

The biomimetic total syntheses of both malbrancheamide and malbrancheamide B are reported. The synthesis of the two monochloro species enabled the structure of malbrancheamide B to be unambiguously assigned. The syntheses each feature an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a 5-hydroxypyrazin-2(1H)-one to construct the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core, which has also been proposed as the biosynthetic route to these compounds.
Success breeds success

Abstract While advancing new technologies has not traditionally been a major focus of industry–university collaboration, this article stresses that industry–university alliances can be instrumental in facilitating the industrial firm's advancement of both knowledge and new technologies. To investigate this phenomenon, this study focuses on industry–university relationships within the context of university research centers. The results from this multi-method, cross-sectional study indicate that a positive, two-way linkage exists between the intensity of industry–university relationships and the level of tangible outcomes generated. Results also show that while organization size and length of relationship do not significantly affect these dynamics, the industrial firm's geographic proximity to the university research center does. The implications of these findings for both industrial firms and universities are discussed.
The effect of vitamin A deficiency on testicular transfer RNA methyltransferase activity.

Abstract Testicular transfer RNA methyltransferase activity was examined in normal and vitamin A-deficient rats. The specific activity was reduced by 50% in the vitamin A-deficient rats. In addition, a 5-fold decrease in the extent of tRNA methylation was observed with enzyme preparations from deficient testes. Both the rate and extent of tRNA methylation returned to control levels in vitamin A-repleted rats. In contrast, retinoic acid repletion did not reverse the effect of vitamin A deficiency on testicular tRNA methyltransferase activity. The methylated nucleoside composition of tRNA methylated by extracts of vitamin A-deficient testes was altered dramatically compared to that of tRNA methylated by control testicular enzymes. Decreased testicular tRNA methyltransferase activity was noted in mildly deficient rats before the onset of testicular degeneration suggesting that the decreased tRNA methyltransferase activity in the testes is primarily the result of vitamin A deficiency.
Time resolved VUV spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation: fluorescent lifetimes of atomic Kr and Xe☆

Abstract Synchrotron radiation from the Stanford positron electron accelerator ring (SPEAR) was used to excite the np5 (n + 1)s states in Kr (n = 4) and Xe (n = 5). Utilization of the excellent time structure of this facility made possible the first direct measurements of the lifetimes of these states. The results for Kr are (in jl coupling notation); τ(5s[ 3 2 ]1) = 3.18 ± 0.12 ns; τ(5s[ 1 2 ]1) = 3.11 ± 0.12 ns; for Xe, τ(6s[ 3 2 ]1) = 3.46 ± 0.09 ns; τ(6s[ 1 2 ]1) = 3.44 ± 0.07 ns. In addition the lifetime of the Xe 5p5[ 3 2 ]5d[ 3 2 ] J = 1 state was found to be 1.40 ± 0.07 ns. Effects due to radiation trapping are discussed.
The role of Rothmann in the dissolution of the celestial spheres

At the end of the sixteenth century astronomers and others felt compelled to choose among different cosmologies. For Tycho Brahe, who played a central role in these debates, the intersection of the spheres of Mars and the Sun was an outstanding problem that had to be resolved before he made his choice. His ultimate solution was to eliminate celestial spheres in favour of fluid heavens, a crucial step in the abandonment of the Ptolemaic system and the demise of Aristotelian celestial physics. These debates involved issues that had not previously been part of astronomy, and had the effect of undermining the traditional hierarchy of the sciences. While this complicated story involves many scientific personalities of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the present paper we will concentrate on one figure who has been assigned an unnecessarily minor role in most histories of science: Christoph Rothmann. In the present paper we show that ‘the dissolution of the celestial spheres’ depends on arguments about the substance of the heavens, following a mistaken argument of Gemma Frisius, elaborated by Joannes Pena and appropriated by Rothmann. We next consider the status and origin of the doctrine, as presented by Brahe, that the heavenly spheres are solid, and the impact on Brahe of Rothmann's treatise on the comet of 1585. Rothmann provided several key ideas that enabled Brahe to develop his system, and we suggest in passing that Rothmann may also have precipitated Brahe's re-evaluation of his attempt to detect the parallax of Mars during the opposition of 1582–83. We offer a new account of this central piece of evidence for the Tychonic system.
Applying confirmatory factor analysis multi-trait multi-method approach in supply chain management research

Supply chain integration (SCI) is considered as one of the important critical success factors for firms. Both academic researchers and business managers have attempted to understand the impact of supply chain integration for buyer and supplier firms. To date, the answer still remains unclear and is fuelled by debates that there could be an asymmetric distribution of benefits to buyer and supplier firms. One way to assess the impact of SCI is to assess the joint capabilities of buyer-supplier dyad. It calls for data collection of joint capabilities from the stand point of both the buyer and the supplier firms. When we deal with empirical research involving multiple traits (capability factors) and multiple methods (in this case, buyer and supplier firms), confirmatory factor analysis multi-trait multi-method approach can be applied to assess the construct validity. We provide a methodological review of this approach and provide a detailed empirical illustration by examining the ‘capabilities of buyer-supplier dyad’ construct.
Back-to-back dinuclear platinum terpyridyl complexes: synthesis and photophysical studies.

Two back-to-back terpyridine ligands using fluorenyl as bridging group (1-L and 2-L) and their corresponding dinuclear platinum(II) complexes (1 and 2) were synthesized and characterized. Their electronic absorption, photoluminescence, and the triplet transient difference absorption were systematically investigated. Both ligands possess intense 1π,π* absorption in the UV region, and they exhibit structured 1π,π* fluorescence around 400 nm. With addition of p-toluenesulfonic acid to the ligands, both the absorption band and the emission band are red-shifted because of the increased electron-withdrawing ability of the protonated terpyridines and possible mixture of some intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) character. For complexes 1 and 2, they both exhibit broad and strong absorption between 400 and 500 nm, which is assigned as the 1π,π*/1ILCT/1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transition. The involvement of 1ILCT in the lowest excited state is evident by the acid titration experiment of the ligands. At...
Effect of Cognitive Style on Test Type (Visual or Verbal) and Color Coding

66 field-independent undergraduates achieved significantly higher scores than 43 field-dependent students on drawing, terminology, and comprehension. Color coding was an inconclusive instructional variable, but unexpectedly, subjects who received the verbal tests scored significantly better than those who received the visual test format.
Rabbit Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase 5; A Regulatory Enzyme

Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 from rabbit skeletal muscle is activated by citrate, cis-aconitate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, aspartate, and glutamate. In the presence of these activators the shape of the pyruvate saturation curve is changed from sigmoid to hyperbolic. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 1 from rabbit heart gives a hyperbolic pyruvate saturation curve and is not activated by these compounds. Oxalacetate is a competitive inhibitor of both isozyme 5 and isozyme 1 but at low concentration it activates the former. These results indicate that lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 from rabbit skeletal muscle is an allosteric protein and a regulatory enzyme, while lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 1 from rabbit heart is apparently neither.
Mechanisms by which co-infections modify HIV-1 transmission

Women with HIV-1 are frequently co-infected with other pathogens that may influence transmission of HIV-1. Bacterial, helminth, and viral infections are prevalent in settings with high HIV-1 prevalence and may be associated with immune activation, increased HIV-1 replication and genital shedding. Discerning the contribution of co-infections to HIV-1 transmission is difficult because co-infections are more prevalent with advanced HIV-1, a scenario in which transmission is concurrently elevated due to increased systemic HIV-1 burden.
Lost in Himalayan expedition

Thomas ‘Tim’ Mutch, 49, associate administrator of NASA and formerly geology department chairman at Brown University, was reported missing and probably dead after a serious accident during a mountain-climbing expedition in Kashmir on October 5. Mutch headed the expedition to scale Nun Peak, which has an elevation of 7135 m. This was his third expedition to Kashmir. Three members of the expedition, including Mutch, Craig Heimark, and Thomas Binet, reached the wind- and snowwhipped summit on October 5. Shortly after beginning the descent, Mutch slipped down a precipitous face and lodged on a small ledge exposed to the face of the wind. His two companions, Heimark and Binet, reached him the next day but considered him too badly injured to move. Mutch had evidently suffered several injuries, including head wounds. Heimark and Binet were forced to leave Mutch so as to descend to their lower-elevation camp to reach help.
Influence of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators on the long-term prognosis of survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUNDSurvivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest not associated with acute myocardial infarction are at high risk for recurrent cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. The impact of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator on long-term prognosis in these patients is uncertain.METHODS AND RESULTSThree hundred thirty-one survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (age, 56 +/- 13.7 years) underwent electrophysiologically guided therapy. Implantable defibrillators were placed in 150 patients (45.3%), and 181 patients (54.7%) received pharmacological and/or surgical therapy alone. Left ventricular ejection fraction was 35.2 +/- 16.6% in defibrillator recipients and 45.3 +/- 18.2% in nondefibrillator patients. Median patient follow-up was 24 months in the defibrillator group and 46 months in the nondefibrillator group. In a proportional hazards model, the independent predictors of total cardiac mortality were left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 0.40 (relative risk, 4.55; 95% confidence inte...
Paths to power of women legislators in Costa Rica and Nicaragua

Abstract Women are underrepresented in national legislatures, but in recent years the proportion of women in Costa Rica and Nicaragua has increased. Based on in-depth interviews with women representatives in the national legislatures of these two countries, this article explores the factors associated with increased representation for women. The political history of each country, including the development of women's legal rights, certain characteristics of the electoral system, the role of the state as an actor in gender politics, women's political activity, and important international bodies and events were found to influence the number and types of women elected. It appears that there are multiple paths that women may pursue to gain representation in national legislatures.
Command hallucinations and clinical characteristics of suicidality in patients with psychotic spectrum disorders

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death among patients with psychotic illnesses. Several researchers have suggested that specific illness symptoms may better predict suicide risk. An ability to identify high-risk patients would aid clinicians in instituting risk-reduction measures to decrease suicidal behavior in this population. Methods We examined the association between psychotic symptoms and suicidal behavior among 148 inpatients with psychosis using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Measures of suicidality were obtained from risk assessment clinical data routinely collected during intake. Results For individuals with a DSM-IV diagnosed psychotic spectrum disorder, 40% (n=57) endorsed suicidal ideation on admission and 23% (n=33) endorsed a recent suicide attempt. The presence of command auditory hallucinations was significantly associated with active suicidal ideation across diagnostic categories. Similarly, a greater percentage of patients endorsed a recent suicide attempt in the presence of command hallucinations. These correlations with CAH are noteworthy, as we found no significant difference in the prevalence of SI among those with and without general auditory hallucinations (42.5% and 37.7%). Conclusions The presence of command auditory hallucinations, in particular, but not auditory hallucinations, in general, was associated with suicidal behavior. These results indicate that command auditory hallucinations may identify or even place psychotic individuals at greater risk for acute, suicidal behavior--these symptoms should be the target of immediate and aggressive characterization and treatment.
Statistical inference for a semiparametric measurement error regression model with heteroscedastic errors

Efficient inference for regression models requires that the heteroscedasticity be taken into account. We consider statistical inference under heteroscedasticity in a semiparametric measurement error regression model, in which some covariates are measured with errors. This paper has multiple components. First, we propose a new method for testing the heteroscedasticity. The advantages of the proposed method over the existing ones are that it does not need any nonparametric estimation and does not involve any mismeasured variables. Second, we propose a new two-step estimator for the error variances if there is heteroscedasticity. Finally, we propose a weighted estimating equation-based estimator (WEEBE) for the regression coefficients and establish its asymptotic properties. Compared with existing estimators, the proposed WEEBE is asymptotically more efficient, avoids undersmoothing the regressor functions and requires less restrictions on the observed regressors. Simulation studies show that the proposed test procedure and estimators have nice finite sample performance. A real data set is used to illustrate the utility of our proposed methods.
Comparison of intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings in patients with neonatal seizures vs. no seizures: what are the differences?

OBJECTIVE To determine which intrapartum fetal heart rate parameters in the presence of severe neonatal acidosis (pH < 7.0) appropriately predicts the development of neonatal seizures in the context of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). METHODS The intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings of 25 neonates who developed neonatal seizures secondary to HIE were compared with 25 matched neonates with similar pH and gestational age who did not develop seizures. All patients had at least 2 hours of intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns available for review. We compared the fetal heart rate parameters of prolonged deceleration, variable and late decelerations, variability, accelerations, fetal heart rate baseline and duration of the fetal heart rate abnormality. Comparison between the groups was done using chi-square for nominal data and student t-tests for continuous data. RESULTS Neonates with seizures 2 degrees HIE had a significantly longer duration of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns (72 +/- 12 minutes vs 48 +/- 12 minutes, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION This study demonstrated that in the setting of neonatal acidosis the development of seizures is related to the period of stress (duration of the abnormal fetal heart rate pattern).
Two-dimensional optical wavefront measurements using a small-aperture beam technique derivative instrument

Results obtained from a new, 600-Hz, 624-subaperture, two- dimensional optical wavefront sensor for fluid-optic interaction applica- tions are presented. This instrument can operate at 1 kHz as currently configured and is extendable to 8 kHz with a minor modification. The new sensor uses the small-aperture beam technique for measurements in the streamwise direction, and scanned beams for cross-stream wave- front measurements. Wavefront aberrations produced by a low-speed, heated mixing layer are presented, and the accompanying measurement uncertainty is evaluated. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engi- neers. (S0091-3286(00)02012-2)
Three-Frame Flash X-Radiography System For Ion Beam Pellet Implosion Studies

A high resolution three-frame flash x-radiography (FXR) system has been developed for studies of intense ion beam driven Inertial Confinement Fusion pellet implosions. This system consists of three independently triggered micro-point [ ~100 4m spot size] FXR sources and three lead shielded collimating cameras. Each of the FXR sources has a 3 ns output pulse that is characteristic of a 600 keV tungsten bremsstrahlung spectrum. The sources and the cameras are arranged with equal azimuthal angular spacing on a 12° half angle biconic surface. With this system, three time-separated and 3X magnified x-radiographic images of the imploding target with 100 p.m spatial resolution and 2.6 ns temporal resolution can be made. Targets moving as fast as 3-4 cm/4s can be recorded without motion blur. Studies of high Z metallic spherical and cylindrical targets imploded by an intense ion beam have been carried out. Results show that ablatively driven puher velocity as high as 1 cm/4s can be achieved with an ion beam intensity of 0.5 TW/cm on target.
Interrogating differences in expression of targeted gene sets to predict breast cancer outcome

Genomics provides opportunities to develop precise tests for diagnostics, therapy selection and monitoring. From analyses of our studies and those of published results, 32 candidate genes were identified, whose expression appears related to clinical outcome of breast cancer. Expression of these genes was validated by qPCR and correlated with clinical follow-up to identify a gene subset for development of a prognostic test. RNA was isolated from 225 frozen invasive ductal carcinomas,and qRT-PCR was performed. Univariate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer mortality and recurrence were calculated for each of the 32 candidate genes. A multivariable gene expression model for predicting each outcome was determined using the LASSO, with 1000 splits of the data into training and testing sets to determine predictive accuracy based on the C-index. Models with gene expression data were compared to models with standard clinical covariates and models with both gene expression and clinical covariates. Univariate analyses revealed over-expression of RABEP1, PGR, NAT1, PTP4A2, SLC39A6, ESR1, EVL, TBC1D9, FUT8, and SCUBE2 were all associated with reduced time to disease-related mortality (HR between 0.8 and 0.91, adjusted p < 0.05), while RABEP1, PGR, SLC39A6, and FUT8 were also associated with reduced recurrence times. Multivariable analyses using the LASSO revealed PGR, ESR1, NAT1, GABRP, TBC1D9, SLC39A6, and LRBA to be the most important predictors for both disease mortality and recurrence. Median C-indexes on test data sets for the gene expression, clinical, and combined models were 0.65, 0.63, and 0.65 for disease mortality and 0.64, 0.63, and 0.66 for disease recurrence, respectively. Molecular signatures consisting of five genes (PGR, GABRP, TBC1D9, SLC39A6 and LRBA) for disease mortality and of six genes (PGR, ESR1, GABRP, TBC1D9, SLC39A6 and LRBA) for disease recurrence were identified. These signatures were as effective as standard clinical parameters in predicting recurrence/mortality, and when combined, offered some improvement relative to clinical information alone for disease recurrence (median difference in C-values of 0.03, 95% CI of -0.08 to 0.13). Collectively, results suggest that these genes form the basis for a clinical laboratory test to predict clinical outcome of breast cancer.
The control of cellular morphology in embryonic cells infected with rous sarcoma virus in vitro.

Abstract Different morphological changes are induced in chick fibroblasts in vitro by infection with various lines of Rous sarcoma virus. The type of change induced is a genetic character of the virus line. The host cell also plays a role in determining the cellular change, the same virus line producing different effects on different kinds of fibroblasts. Viral mutations occur during the multiplication of the virus in Rous sarcoma cells and not at the time of infection.
Feedback signals in the caudate reflect goal achievement on a declarative memory task.

Abstract The striatum has been shown to be a key region in the processing of reward-related information. The head of the caudate nucleus has been implicated in processing performance feedback, or in other words, information about the outcomes of one's actions. However, feedback provides multiple types of information, and it is not clear which of these types of information drive a caudate response. We sought to determine whether the signal in the caudate differed when feedback was informative but only arbitrarily related to performance versus when it provided information about goal achievement. To do this, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine caudate activation during a feedback-based paired associate word-learning task. During an initial round of 60 distinct trials, participants chose one of two responses on each trial and received feedback about whether their responses were correct. On the subsequent two rounds, the 60 trials were repeated and participants chose their responses based on their memory of the correct answer. The caudate nuclei were strongly engaged only during the second two rounds, when feedback reflected the accuracy of memory. These results support the idea that feedback-based caudate activation is context dependent: the caudate can be engaged in feedback-based declarative memory tasks, but it is more strongly engaged when feedback is “earned” by performance than when it is informative but not tied to goal achievement.
Transient QT interval prolongation in an infant with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome.

Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS, OMIM #312870) is a rare X-linked overgrowth syndrome resulting from mutations in the GPC3 gene [Pilia et al., 1996]. SGBS is characterized by preand post-natal macrosomia, coarse facial features, varying degrees of intellectual impairment, cardiac and hand abnormalities, and an increased risk of embryonic cancers. Diagnosis in these patients can be challenging due to variability in clinical presentation, a small number of known patients, and overlap with other syndromic conditions. Timothy syndrome (OMIM #601005), also known as type 8 long QT syndrome (LQT8), is one of many syndromes that shares some common features with SGBS. Timothy syndrome is a cardiac channelopathy caused by a mutation in the CACNA1C gene of 12p13.3 resulting in marked QT interval prolongation and risk for sudden death [Splawski et al., 2004]. Additional clinical findings in Timothy syndrome include syndactyly, congenital heart disease, immune deficiency and cognitive abnormalities. We report on a male infant who presented elsewhere with transient QT interval prolongation and syndactyly that prompted an initial diagnosis of Timothy syndrome rather than the subsequent clinically suspected and genetically confirmed diagnosis of SGBS. We also describe the phenotype of his carrier mother and his prenatal findings that may be characteristic of SGBS and could potentially help in prenatal diagnosis.
An edge-coupling chip-to-chip optical interconnects system

We present an optical chip-to-chip coupling scheme with large misalignment tolerances. The coupling system is based on a multi-material platform with a polymer waveguide for the interconnection between chips. Simulation shows a position tolerance (3 dB coupling efficiency) of up to 1.0 µm when the polymer waveguide diameter equals 6.0 µm. The polymer waveguide can be easily fabricated by using a 3D laser lithography technique. Article not available.
The Use of a Sociological Perspective in the Development of a Science Textbook Evaluation Instrument.

Un outil tenant compte des recherches recentes sur la composante sociale de l'acces au savoir scientifique ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de l'evaluation des manuels scientifiques
Whole Lung Irradiation for Adults With Pulmonary Metastases From Ewing Sarcoma

Purpose To evaluate feasibility and patterns of failure in adult patients with Ewing sarcoma (ES) treated with whole lung irradiation (WLI) for pulmonary metastases. Methods and Materials Retrospective review of all ES patients treated at age 18 or older with 12-15 Gy WLI for pulmonary metastases at a single institution between 1990 and 2014. Twenty-six patients met the study criteria. Results The median age at WLI was 23 years (range, 18-40). The median follow-up time of the surviving patients was 3.8 years (range, 1.0-9.6). The 3-year cumulative incidence of pulmonary relapse (PR) was 55%, with a 3-year cumulative incidence of PR as the site of first relapse of 42%. The 3-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 38 and 45%, respectively. Patients with exclusively pulmonary metastases had better outcomes than did those with extrapulmonary metastases: the 3-year PR was 45% in those with exclusively lung metastases versus 76% in those with extrapulmonary metastases ( P =.01); the 3-year EFS was 49% versus 14% ( P =.003); and the 3-year OS was 61% versus 13% ( P =.009). Smoking status was a significant prognostic factor for EFS: the 3-year EFS was 61% in nonsmokers versus 11% in smokers (P =.04). Two patients experienced herpes zoster in the radiation field 6 and 12 weeks after radiation. No patients experienced pneumonitis or cardiac toxicity, and no significant acute or late sequelae were observed among the survivors. Conclusion WLI in adult patients with ES and lung metastases is well tolerated and is associated with freedom from PR of 45% at 3 years. Given its acceptable toxicity and potential therapeutic effect, WLI for pulmonary metastases in ES should be considered for adults, as it is in pediatric patients. All patients should be advised to quit smoking before receiving WLI.
MANAGEMENT OF HIGH-RISK SUBSETS IN UNSTABLE ANGINA

Unstable angina (UA) remains the most common cardiovascular cause of hospital admissions in the United States. 110 This syndrome usually reflects significant underlying coronary artery disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this country. 47 The presentation of UA can be quite varied, from new-onset angina to postinfarction angina, carrying very different prognoses. Given this wide array of clinical features, risk stratification is helpful in determining who can be managed as an outpatient and who needs immediate hospitalization, either in a unit, telemetry unit, or regular hospital bed. Such risk stratification not only helps triage patients, but determines the preferred treatment strategies. Patients stratified as high-risk have the greatest likelihood to develop myocardial infarction (MI) or death. Certain features accompanying the initial presentation of UA that put patients in a high-risk group have been identified in the clinical practice guidelines for UA published by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. These features include greater than 20 minutes of resting chest pain or discomfort, pulmonary edema, a new or increased mitral regurgitant murmur, resting chest pain or discomfort with greater than 1 mm ST-T wave changes, angina with a third heart sound or rales, or angina with hypotension. 14 In addition, those who present with anginal symptoms more than 24 hours and less than a month following an acute MI (either Q wave or non–Q wave) are considered to have postinfarction angina, a group with an extremely high mortality rate estimated by some to be as high as 56% in 6 months with medical therapy alone if EKG changes are present in a remote myocardial region from the infarct zone. 102 Patients who are especially prone to postinfarction angina seem to be those who have suffered a prior anterior non–Q wave MI. 69 Other patients to consider at high-risk are those patients who although not initially stratified as such have refractory or recurrent angina despite optimal medical therapy. These patients often require an interventional approach and often intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation as a bridge to definitive therapy. This article focuses on the optimal treatment of postinfarction, refractory, or recurrent angina based on the results of recent clinical trials. Many of our recommendations hold true for the general management of UA, but special considerations for the high-risk subsets are emphasized. Specifically, we discuss acute medical management and suggest that an aggressive strategy that leads to early coronary angiography with the goal of revascularization when feasible best serves this subset. A special emphasis on the emerging role of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists is made, because the important role of platelets in coronary thrombosis has dominated recent views on the pathophysiology and management of UA.
Chemically Assisted Ion Beam Etching of SiGe

Chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) of Si1-xGex films is reported. Ar+ ion sputtering in the presence of Cl2 background gas has been used to etch epitaxial films of Si1-xGex, with x ranging between 0 and 0.5. It is found that Si1-xGex, sputters more rapidly than Si, but less than Ge. The use of C12 gas enhances the sputter rates of SiGe as in the case of Si. Analysis of the etch rates indicates that the etch rate increase is due to an enhancement of the sputtering process, rather than a chemical effect.
Ethylene oxide-bridged bipyridine oligomers that function as selective host molecules for the encapsulation of small alkali cation guests

Two novel ethylene oxide-bridged bipyridine oligomers were synthesized that contain host pockets with four (1) or six (2) oxygen donor atoms and a pyridyl nitrogen donor. The alkali picrate extracting ability and selectivity of these free ligands was investigated using a liquid–liquid dichloromethane–water extraction study. Both open-chain oligomer frameworks display unexpectedly high extraction efficiency (EE) values for specific guest ions (EE = 57% Na+ extracted by 1, and EE = 39% Cs+ extracted by 2). These extraction values are comparable to macrocyclic analogues and their ion selectivities follow the ‘same-fit’ concept that has been extensively reported for fixed pocket systems. The shorter chain oligomer (1) binds ions in the series (Na+ > K+ > Cs+), while the larger oligomer (2) binds ions in the reverse order (Cs+ > K+ > Na+). Formation of the host–guest ligand–ion complexes were verified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry experiments. A Job’s plot analysis based on UV spectral data also supported the 1:1 (oligomer to ion) complexation observed in the MALDI mass spectra.
Reliability improvements in solder bump processing for flip chips

A plated solder-bump process used for the manufacture of high-reliability flip chips is described. Characterization work done to improve the process manufacturability and the resulting product reliability gains are reviewed. Two detailed studies of the thin-film deposition conditions and the Cu pedestal plating parameters are described. Recommendations implemented as a result of these studies have reduced the bump-interconnect-failure level from a defect rate of approximately 500 p.p.m. to 1.5. This work highlights the need and the benefits of detailed characterization, which results in more robust manufacturing processes and eventually in more reliable product performance. >
Computer-aided diagnosis in breast magnetic resonance imaging.

In this paper, we review the role played by breast magnetic resonance imaging in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. This is followed by a discussion of clinical decision support systems in medicine and their contributions in breast magnetic resonance imaging interpretation. We conclude by discussing the future of computer-aided diagnosis in breast magnetic resonance imaging. Mt Sinai J Med 78:280–290, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Structural insights into the role of iron-histidine bond cleavage in nitric oxide-induced activation of H-NOX gas sensor proteins.

Heme-nitric oxide/oxygen (H-NOX) binding domains are a recently discovered family of heme-based gas sensor proteins that are conserved across eukaryotes and bacteria. Nitric oxide (NO) binding to the heme cofactor of H-NOX proteins has been implicated as a regulatory mechanism for processes ranging from vasodilation in mammals to communal behavior in bacteria. A key molecular event during NO-dependent activation of H-NOX proteins is rupture of the heme–histidine bond and formation of a five-coordinate nitrosyl complex. Although extensive biochemical studies have provided insight into the NO activation mechanism, precise molecular-level details have remained elusive. In the present study, high-resolution crystal structures of the H-NOX protein from Shewanella oneidensis in the unligated, intermediate six-coordinate and activated five-coordinate, NO-bound states are reported. From these structures, it is evident that several structural features in the heme pocket of the unligated protein function to maintain the heme distorted from planarity. NO-induced scission of the iron–histidine bond triggers structural rearrangements in the heme pocket that permit the heme to relax toward planarity, yielding the signaling-competent NO-bound conformation. Here, we also provide characterization of a nonheme metal coordination site occupied by zinc in an H-NOX protein.
Effects of Gamma Irradiation and Electrical Stress on a-Si:H Thin-Film Transistors for Flexible Electronics and Displays

The change in electrical characteristics of a-Si:H thin-film transistors (TFTs) was determined in the presence of electrical gate bias stress, gamma radiation, and both simultaneously, simulating the harsh environment of space. Multiple TFTs were tested under each condition, and the current-voltage characteristics were measured. The results show the gate bias stress increasing the threshold voltage (VT) with power law time dependence while the gamma irradiation decreases threshold voltage for all working transistors. When both the irradiation and gate bias stress were applied simultaneously, the VT initially increased with electrical stress and then decreased as the gamma radiation dominated. Changes in effective mobility were also extracted and detailed analysis of the current-voltage characteristics indicated that the gamma radiation creates interface traps and electron-hole pairs whereas the gate stress produces defect states in the amorphous silicon.
Simple Gas Permeation and Pervaporation Membrane Unit Operation Models for Process Simulators

Mathematical model equations and their corresponding solution methods for membrane gas permeation and pervaporation were developed for direct use in process simulators, without the need for external, custom programming. The models are based on the solution-diffusion mechanisms for species permeation through nonporous membranes. Cross-flow and counter flow models using the logarithmic-mean trans-membrane partial pressure were used to simulate spiral wound and hollow fiber membrane configurations. The Chen approximation of the log-mean partial is recommended for avoiding divergence in the iterative solution methods required to solve the non-linear model equations. The models incorporate temperature, pressure, composition, mass flow, membrane area, and species permeance effects into the simulations. The models were designed for implementation in process simulators using intrinsic capabilities for calculating material and energy balances and predicting physical and thermodynamic properties. Examples are given using the process simulator HYSYS.
Turbine Airfoil Aerothermal Characteristics in Future CoalGas-Based Power Generation Systems

Most promising operating cycles being developed for future coal– gas-based systems are hydrogen-fired cycle and oxy–fuel cycle. Both cycles will likely have turbine working fluids significantly different from those of conventional air-based gas turbines. The oxy–fuel cycle, with steam and CO2 as a primary working fluid in the turbine section, will have a turbine inlet temperature target at approximately 1750 o C, significantly higher than the current level of utility turbine systems. Described in this paper is a CFD-based simulation of the transport phenomena around the gas side of a turbine airfoil under realistic operating conditions of future coal–gas-based systems. The relatively high concentration of steam in the oxy–fuel turbine leads to approximately 40% higher heat transfer coefficient on the airfoil external surface than its hydrogen-fired counterpart. This suggests that advances in cooling technology and thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are critical for the developments of future coal-based turbine systems. To further explore this issue, a comparative study on the internal cooling effectiveness between a double-wall or skin-cooled arrangement and an equivalent serpentine-cooled configuration is performed. The contribution of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) toward overall thermal protection for turbine airfoil cooled under these two different cooling configurations is also evaluated.
Spinal Cord Neuroplasticity following Repeated Opioid Exposure and Its Relation to Pathological Pain

Convincing evidence has accumulated that indicates neuroplastic changes within the spinal cord in response to repeated exposure to opioids. Such neuroplastic changes occur at both cellular and intracellular levels. It has been generally acknowledged that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays a pivotal role in the development of neuroplastic changes following repeated opioid exposure. Intracellular cascades can also be activated subsequent to NMDA receptor activation. In particular, protein kinase C has been shown to be a key intracellular element that contributes to the behavioral manifestation of neuroplastic changes. Moreover, interactions between NMDA and opioid receptors can lead to potentially irreversible degenerative neuronal changes in the spinal cord in association with the development of opioid tolerance. Interestingly, similar cellular and intracellular changes occur in the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury. These findings indicate that interactions exist in the spinal cord neural structures between two seemingly unrelated conditions-chronic opioid exposure and a pathological pain state. These observations may help understand mechanisms of chemical intolerance and multiple chemical sensitivity as well as have significant clinical implications in pain management with opioid analgesics.
A 2-dimensional detector decoding study on BGO arrays with quadrant sharing photomultipliers

This is a theoretical estimation and experimental study of the positron camera detector design using quadrant sharing of phototubes and optically cross-coupled BGO scintillation crystals. This study estimates the maximum number of BGO crystals which can be coupled to a photomultiplier and be decoded with this design, based on the number of photoelectrons generated and the optical efficiency of the crystal-phototube combination. From photoelectron statistics, a 10/spl times/10 BGO array can be coupled to a single square phototube (Hamamatsu R-2497) and have each crystal clearly decoded. Simulation of 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional statistical photoelectron distribution verifies the estimations. The simulation also yields the optimal distribution of light to the decoding phototubes. This theoretically optimal light distribution is used to guide the development of an 8/spl times/8 array of 3.2/spl times/3.2 mm BGO crystals (10 mm deep) using Hamamatsu R-2497 phototubes. All 64 crystals in the array can be clearly identified. The reconstructed image resolution is further estimated for the 8/spl times/8 and 10/spl times/10 arrays. These resolution results are also compared to discrete detectors which do not use analog decoding. The comparison shows that the analog decoding process degrades the image resolution by 7 to 9%. >
Models and simulation for analysis of a computer network

Computer communication networks are becoming common items in office and manufacturing environments. Electrical component characteristics and network operation are understood by a small number of engineers and designers with knowledge about communication networks. This lack of widespread knowledge was recognized when a high-speed computer communication network was being installed in the integrated circuit (IC) fabrication facility in the Solid-State Electronics Laboratory (SSEL) at The University of Michigan. At a reasonable cost, it was not possible to independently verify a proper design for that facility. To develop a capability to analyze computer communication networks, two important methods were developed: (1) a model parameter extraction algorithm for network components and (2) a simulation algorithm to analyze electrical operation of an overall network. The model parameter extraction algorithm is crucial to the success of this effort. The model parameter extraction algorithm is based on a consistent mathematical formulation of multi-port models to represent the real-world situation of components with several input/output ports, and components that have specifications cited in terms of attenuation losses. The extraction algorithm has been used to compute model parameters for components having 1 port to 10 ports. The extracted model parameters are then placed in the network analysis simulation algorithm to compute characteristics for the complete network. The simulator includes automated input of the computer network description with component specifications, internal models of computer network components, automatic equation generation, equation solution methods, and output (display) of electrical operational characteristics of the computer network. The simulator has been used to analyze the network characteristics of the SSEL IC facility and other networks, including a generic computer network that was developed to exercise and validate all formulated models in the simulator. The important results of this article are: (1) a simulation algorithm to analyze computer communication networks using internal models of components, (2) an algorithm for model parameter extraction for the components of the networks, and (3) analysis of sample computer networks to validate the models, the model parameter extraction algorithms, and the simulation algorithm. >
Risks of toxic contaminants to exploited fish populations: Influence of life history, data uncertainty and exploitation intensity

We investigated three aspects of the use of toxicity test data for population-level risk assessment: (a) the influence of life history characteristics on vulnerability to contaminant-induced stress, (b) the importance of test data availability and (c) the influence of exploitation intensity. We quantified population-level effects of chronic contaminant exposure by coupling standard toxicity test data to matrix-type population models derived from long-term field studies of the Gulf of Mexico menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) and Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis) populations. We used statistical regressions to quantify the uncertainty inherent in using test data ranging from life cycle tests to quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to estimate effects of contaminants on the survival and reproduction parameters of the population models. We found that because of differences in life history, menhaden and striped bass differ in terms of their capacity to sustain the same level of contaminant-induced mortality. Changes in exploitation intensity affect the responses of both populations to the same level of additional contaminant-induced mortality. However, the quantitative effects of both factors are negligible compared to the uncertainty introduced by estimating long-term effects from short-term tests or QSARs. Our results suggest that consideration of life history may be important primarily for site-specific assessments. For screening-level assessments, the substantial differences in uncertainty associated with different types of test data are of much greater concern.
A pulsed source-sink fluid mixing device

Efficient fluid mixing can be achieved in a high-aspect-ratio volume by periodically pulsing an arrangement of source-sink pairs. In order to conserve fluid and promote mixing, the fluid extracted through a sink is subsequently injected through a source. We present an implementation of this approach that consists of a disposable chip with embedded microchannels and external fluidic control. When both the mixing chamber geometry and the source-sink arrangement are fixed, mixing is controlled by choosing /spl alpha/, the fraction of the mixing chamber volume that is exchanged with each pulse. Experimental results in a rectangular chamber show that the value of /spl alpha/ has a significant effect on mixing efficiency. This device shows promise for enhancing the performance of massively parallel sensing systems such as DNA microarrays.
Embodied Preference Judgments Can Likeability Be Driven by the Motor System

Can covert sensorimotor simulation of stimulus-relevant actions influence affective judgments, even when there is no intention to act? Skilled and novice typists picked which of two letter dyads they preferred. In each pair, one dyad, if typed using standard typing methods, would involve the same fingers (e.g., FV); the other would be typed with different fingers (e.g., FJ). Thus, if typed, dyads of the former kind should create more motor interference than dyads of the latter kind. Although individuals could not explain how the dyads differed, skilled typists preferred those typed with different fingers. Novices showed no preference. Moreover, a motor task performed while making dyad preference judgments attenuated skilled typists' preference—but only when the motor task involved the specific fingers that would be used to type the dyads. These findings suggest that in skilled typists, perceiving letters prompts covert sensorimotor simulation of typing them, which in turn influences affective judgments ab...