cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shock Wave Therapy for Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder: A Prospective Clinical Study with Two-Year Follow-up

BackgroundShock wave therapy is a new modality that has shown efficacy in the treatment of various orthopaedic disorders.PurposeTo determine the effectiveness, at 2- to 3-year follow-up, of shock wave therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder.Study DesignProspective clinical study.MethodsThirty-seven patients (39 shoulders) with calcific shoulder tendinitis were treated with shock wave therapy (1000 impulses at 14 kV) and observed for 24 to 30 months. The control group, which underwent sham treatment with a dummy electrode, consisted of 6 patients (6 shoulders) with an average follow-up of 6 months. Evaluation included use of the 100-point Constant score system and shoulder radiographs.ResultsThe overall results in the study group were 60.6% excellent (20 of 33 shoulders), 30.3% good (10), 3.0% fair (1), and 6.1% poor (2), and those of the control group were 16.7% fair (1 of 6 shoulders) and 83.3% poor (5). The symptom recurrence rate in the study group was 6.5%. Dissolution of calcium deposits was ...
Evidence for osmotic regulation of hydrolytic enzyme production in germinating barley seeds.

α-Amylase levels in intact seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) reach a maximum at 3 to 4 days of germination while gibberellin levels continue to increase beyond 6 days of germination. In contrast to its effect on half seeds, gibberellic acid does not increase the total amount of α-amylase produced in germinating seeds. The inability of gibberellic acid to stimulate α-amylase production is not related to its availability; rather, evidence suggests that a factor(s) in whole seeds prevents further enhancement of α-amylase formation and accumulation. Hydrolysis products accumulate in the subaleurone space of the endosperm of germinating seeds up to concentrations of 570 milliosmolar. Chromatography of these hydrolysis products indicate the presence of maltose and glucose. Calculations based on reducing sugar determinations show that glucose accounts for as much as 57% of the solutes present in the endosperm fluid. Both maltose and glucose in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 M effectively inhibit the production of α-amylase by isolated barley aleurone layers. This inhibition is quantitatively similar to that brought about by solutions of polyethylene glycol and mannitol. On the basis of these data we propose that hydrolysis products which accumulate in the starchy endosperm of germinating seeds function to regulate the production of hydrolytic enzymes by the aleurone layer.
The Interface between Human Development and Instructional Communication.

In describing the interface between development and Instructional Communication, this article first outlines the theoretical underpinnings and methodologies involved in the developmental perspective for communication research. Several major developmental research trends in the general area of communication are discussed next. Four predominant lines of instructional communication research are reviewed and analyzed from a developmental perspective. Finally, this article suggests openning new lines of research for instructional communication scholars which incorporate the developmental aspects of the educational experience.
A case of limited systemic sclerosis with p-ANCA, complicated by multiple cerebral hemorrhages

ANCA associated vasculitides are a group of disorders characterized by the presence of necrotizing inflammation of blood vessels that involve venules, capillaries, arterioles, arteries, and veins. They are characterized by the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). ANCA associated vasculitis commonly affects the kidney producing proteinuria, hematuria and variable degrees of renal failure. Other organs involved include the lung, skin and peripheral nervous system. We present a patient with limited systemic sclerosis, who later developed pauci-immune glomerulonephritis with p-ANCA (antimyeloperoxidase) specificity and, whose disease was later complicated by cerebral vasculitis with multiple intracerebral hemorrhages.
Joint tracking of clean speech and noise using HMMs and particle filters for robust speech recognition

We propose a dynamic joint tracking framework to monitor the clean speech signal and noise simultaneously in order to compensate the noisy features. The clean speech signal is tracked using an integrated algorithm based on both particle filters and hidden Markov models. The information available from speech tracking is used for tracking and estimating the noise parameters. The availability of dynamic noise information enhances the robustness of the algorithm in case of large fluctuations in noise. We report on experimental results obtained with the Aurora-2 connected digit recognition task, and show that the performance for the additive noise cases can be improved by 12:15% over the state-of-the-art multi-condition training if the noise mean is updated every 300 milliseconds.
Gendering the City, Gendering the Nation: Contesting Urban Space in Fes, Morocco

An actor-centered approach to the gendering of urban spaces demonstrates how individuals respond to competing ideologies in determining the rules that surround women's presence in urban, Muslim spaces. This article examines how women in the Ville Nouvelle of Fes, Morocco draw on local conceptualizations of hospitality, kinship, and shame as they debate the gendering of four urban areas: the street, the cafe, a cosmopolitan exercise club, and cyber space. Women's tactics for occupying social space indicate the resilience of local culture in the face of ideologies that attempt to posit a specific vision of women in the Moroccan nation state. [Moroccan women, Islam, gender, public space, urban space, Middle East and North Africa]
MO‐D‐330D‐01: Molecular Imaging I: The Physics of Molecular Imaging

The first day of the Molecular Imaging Symposium (MI‐1) will focus on the technology aspects of molecular, functional, and small animal imaging. Modalities which will be discussed include micro‐CT, micro‐PET, and high resolution MRI for small animal imaging. The presentation on micro‐CT technology will include an introduction to the basic requirements of the scanner hardware, examples of the images and biological applications in which micro‐CT is useful, and the radiation dose to the small animal undergoing micro‐CT will also be discussed. Micro‐CT techniques require longer acquisition times than human scanners, and thus maintaining the animal in a viable but motionless state is of clear importance. Therefore, issues surrounding animal support including anesthesia and respiratory gating will also be presented. Micro‐PET systems are widely used in small animal imaging for genome research, and represent probably the mainstay of truly molecular imaging modalities at this point in time. The presentation on micro‐PET will include a description of micro‐PET scanner hardware, a discussion of PET‐radiotracers, and an overview of current small animal PET systems. The limitation of current micro‐PET system design will be discussed, and ideas for overcoming some of these limitations will be presented. High resolution MRI systems have the benefit of delivering exquisite contrast with excellent spatial resolution, with no ionizing radiation. The presentation on micro‐MRI techniques for phenotype imaging will describe the integration of physics, biology, chemistry, engineering, and computer science which is necessary to achieve state‐of‐the‐art small animal MRIimaging. The use of hyperpolarized gases for lung imaging and MR histology will be discussed as well. The availability of small animal imaging systems across a number of modalities has proved essential for a large number of research applications. The primary goal of MI‐1 is to help familiarize medical physicists with the technical design and capabilities of these high resolution small animal imaging systems, and to highlight research applications of their use. Different modalities are used to address different research questions, and this symposium will emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of each modality in regards to various research applications. Differences between animal imaging and human scanners will also be discussed.
The Werner syndrome protein at the crossroads of DNA repair and apoptosis

Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disease characterized by genetic instability. WS is caused by mutations in a gene encoding for a 160 kDa nuclear protein, the Werner syndrome protein (WRN), which has exonuclease and helicase activities. The mechanism whereby WRN controls genome stability and life span is not known. Over the last few years, WRN has become the focus of intense investigation by a growing number of scientists. The studies carried out by many laboratories have provided a wealth of new information about the functional properties of WRN and its cellular partners. This review focuses on recent findings that demonstrate a functional interaction between WRN and two factors that bind to DNA breaks, Ku and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, and discuss how these interactions can influence fundamental cellular processes such as DNA repair, apoptosis and possibly regulate cell senescence and organismal aging.
BMDO/U.S. Army electronics and optical materials research program

The mission of the ARO is to seed scientifically sound and technologically important efforts which will enhance Army capabilities. Results of prior research activities have led to major changes in Army operations. The development of the laser provided a completely new capability to precisely measure the range to the target, and to designate targets. The Army's capability to fight at night was a direct result of scientific studies dealing with semiconductor materials and photoelectronic phenomena for image intensification.
Lack of effect of gender on retinopathy in the mouse

Background: The reported effect of gender on retinopathy of prematurity has been controversial. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of gender on oxygen-induced retinopathy in a mouse model. Methods: Oxygen-induced retinopathy was produced in C57BL6 mice by exposure to 75% oxygen from postnatal day (P) 7 for 5 days. Animals were returned to room air on P12 and killed on P17–21. Gender was determined by inspection. Retinopathy was evaluated by a retinopathy scoring system and by quantification of extraretinal neovascular nuclei on retinal sections. Results: Both males and females developed similar degrees of retinopathy. Males had a median total retinopathy score of 9 (25th, 75th quartile: 8, 11) and females had score of 9 (25th, 75th quartile: 7,10). Retinal subscores of blood vessel growth, blood vessel tufts, extraretinal neovascularization, haemorrhage and blood vessel tortuosity were similar in both groups. Males and females had a similar number of neovascular nuclei on retinal sections. Conclusions: Gender does not alter the development of oxygen-induced retinopathy in the C57BL6 mouse.
Self-administration of minaprine in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Four rhesus monkeys trained to press levers for intravenous cocaine infusions were tested with saline and minaprine [3-(2-morpholinoethyl-amino)-4-methyl-6-phenyl pyridazine dihydrochloride, 3–300 μg/kg per infusion] during daily 1-h sessions. From 4 to over 25 times more cocaine infusions were obtained than saline infusions during baseline sessions. When minaprine was substituted for cocaine, none of the tested doses maintained responding above saline levels in two of the monkeys. Some doses of minaprine did maintain responding slightly above those of saline in the other two monkeys; however, the average number of infusions and the within-session time course of minaprine infusions at these doses were markedly more similar to saline than to that of cocaine. It was concluded that minaprine did not serve as a positive reinforcer under the present experimental conditions for any of the monkeys and it was predicted that minaprine would have low liability for recreational use in humans.
DØ Layer 0—innermost layer of Silicon Microstrip Tracker

A new inner layer silicon strip detector has been built and will be installed in the existing silicon microstrip tracker in D0. They report on the motivation, design, and performance of this new detector.
Non-Hebbian spike-timing-dependent plasticity in cerebellar circuits

Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) provides a cellular implementation of the Hebb postulate, which states that synapses, whose activity repeatedly drives action potential firing in target cells, are potentiated. At glutamatergic synapses onto hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal cells, synaptic activation followed by spike firing in the target cell causes long-term potentiation (LTP)—as predicted by Hebb—whereas excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked after a spike elicit long-term depression (LTD)—a phenomenon that was not specifically addressed by Hebb. In both instances the action potential in the postsynaptic target neuron is an instructive signal that is capable of supporting synaptic plasticity. STDP generally relies on the propagation of Na+ action potentials that are initiated in the axon hillhock back into the dendrite, where they cause depolarization and boost local calcium influx. However, recent studies in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons have suggested that local calcium spikes might provide a more efficient trigger for LTP induction than backpropagating action potentials. Dendritic calcium spikes also play a role in an entirely different type of STDP that can be observed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. These neurons lack backpropagating Na+ spikes. Instead, plasticity at parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell synapses depends on the relative timing of PF-EPSPs and activation of the glutamatergic climbing fiber (CF) input that causes dendritic calcium spikes. Thus the instructive signal in this system is externalized. Importantly when EPSPs are elicited before CF activity, PF-LTD is induced rather than LTP. Thus, STDP in the cerebellum follows a timing rule that is opposite to its hippocampal / neocortical counterparts. Regardless, a common motif in plasticity is that LTD / LTP induction depends on the relative timing of synaptic activity and regenerative dendritic spikes which are driven by the instructive signal.
Deerskins and domesticates: Creek subsistence and economic strategies in the historic period

Previous research indicates that, following European colonization, animal husbandry did not replace hunting as the primary source of meat in the diet of southeastern Native Americans until the early nineteenth century. However, while the introduction of Eurasian domesticated animals had little immediate impact on the lives of indigenous peoples in the Southeast, the expansion of the European market economy had profound implications for the economic and subsistence strategies of Native Americans in all regions. In response to European demands for deerskins, furs, and other goods, Native Americans of the Southeast and elsewhere intensified exploitation of indigenous resources. The Creeks became one of the largest producers of deerskins for the European commodities trade in the Southeast. Ethnohistoric and zooarchaeological evidence indicates that the intensification of localized resource exploitation had a suppressive effect on the adoption of animal husbandry by the Creeks. It was only after the collapse of the deerskin trade in the Southeast that animal husbandry replaced hunting as the primary source of meat in the subsistence strategy of the Creeks.
Surface-active properties of vasoactive intestinal peptide*.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) aggregates in aqueous solution and, if so, whether the peptide interacts with a biomimetic phospholipid monolayer and increases surface pressure. Using a custom-made Teflon trough containing HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) at room temperature and a surface tensiometer, we found that the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of VIP is 0.4 μM. Surface pressure of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayer spread over the HEPES buffer declined significantly over 120 min because of phospholipid decomposition. However, injection of VIP at concentrations above CMC into the subphase of the monolayer elicited a significant concentration-dependent increase in surface pressure that persisted for 120 min (P < 0.05). Unlike VIP, injection of [8Arg]-vasopressin at an equimolar concentration only prevented the time-dependent decline in DPPC monolayer surface pressure. Taken together, these data indicate that human VIP aggregates in aqueous solution and expresses surface-active properties at physiological concentrations in vitro. We suggest that these attributes could have a role in modulating the bioactive effects of the peptide in vivo.
Mitochondrial distribution and microtubule organization in fertilized and cloned porcine embryos: Implications for developmental potential

Mitochondrial distribution and microtubule organization were examined in porcine oocytes after parthenogenesis, fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Our results revealed that mitochondria are translocated from the oocyte's cortex to the perinuclear area by microtubules that either constitute the sperm aster in in vitro-fertilized (IVF) oocytes or originate from the donor cell centrosomes in SCNT oocytes. The ability to translocate mitochondria to the perinuclear area was lower in SCNT oocytes than in IVF oocytes. Sperm-induced activation rather than electrical activation of SCNT oocytes as well as the presence of the oocyte spindle enhanced perinuclear mitochondrial association with reconstructed nuclei, while removal of the oocyte spindle prior to sperm penetration decreased mitochondrial association with male pronuclei without having an apparent effect on microtubules. We conclude that factors derived from spermatozoa and oocyte spindles may affect the ability of zygotic microtubules to translocate mitochondria after IVF and SCNT in porcine oocytes. Mitochondrial association with pronuclei was positively related with embryo development after IVF. The reduced mitochondrial association with nuclei in SCNT oocytes may be one of the reasons for the low cloning efficiency which could be corrected by adding yet to be identified, sperm-derived factors that are normally present during physiological fertilization.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptors in Human Glial Tumors

Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are anabolic effectors in many tissues and cultured cells, including astrocytes and neurons. Receptors for insulin and IGFs are found throughout the human brain. We examined the level of insulin and IGF receptors on membranes prepared from surgical specimens of tumor (astrocytomas and glioblastomas) and normal human brain. Specific binding (per 100 micrograms membrane protein) of insulin was less than 5% in all normal and tumor samples. Specific binding of IGF-I to 12 normal brain specimens ranged from 1-8%. IGF-I binding to 18 glioma specimens ranged from 2-25%. Scatchard analyses of IGF-I binding confirmed increased IGF-I-binding sites in some glial tumors vs. normal brain, but detected no difference in affinity characteristics. Cross-linking of [125I]IGF-I demonstrated that glioma tissue expressed the same lower mol wt (approximately 118 kDa) alpha-subunit as the normal brain confirming the neural origin of the cells expressing the IGF-I receptor. IGF-binding proteins (approximately 40 kDa) were also found in the membranes of some of the glioma but none of the normal brain specimens. In cell lines derived from glioma specimens, IGF binding was readily detectable (4-10% specific binding), but insulin binding was barely detectable (0-03%) in every line examined. The size of the IGF-I alpha-subunit in the cultured cells was larger (approximately 133 kDa) than that in the original tissue. Most glioma cell lines exhibited an IGF-I dose-dependent stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA, and partially purified IGF-I receptors from these cells exhibited a dose-dependent stimulation of the autophosphorylation of the beta-subunit. We conclude that human glioma cells have functional IGF-I receptors and suggest a role for this receptor in glioma cell growth.
1.9 – Nebular Versus Parent Body Processing

Chondritic meteorites contain a complex record of processes that occurred during the earliest stages of solar system evolution, from the formation of the earliest solids by condensation in the solar nebula to the accretion of asteroidal parent bodies and subsequent processing within these small planetesimals. Of key interest is the earliest history of nebular solids, which provide important constraints on nebular conditions and processes that are the ground truth for astrophysical models of nebular evolution. Although chondritic meteorites certainly contain a record of nebular processes, this very early record has been modified or obscured to different degrees by later processing. A major area of endeavor for researchers studying chondritic meteorites is to identify the nature of this secondary processing and establish where this processing occurred. This is a complex and challenging task, because secondary processing can occur in different environments and/or times and manifests itself in primitive chondrites in a number of different ways. These include, but are not limited to, aqueous alteration, oxidation, and metasomatism/metamorphism. This chapter reviews the cosmochemical evidence for secondary alteration within a framework of mineralogical and isotopic data and evaluates the evidence for nebular versus the asteroidal alteration of chondritic materials.
Estimation of the Rate of Cloned Gene Integration via Retrotransposition

A theoretical method has been developed to estimate retrotransposition (integration) rates of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty3 and Ty1 retrotransposons bearing heterologous and homologous genes (neo r , HIS3). The method is based on population growth modeling and Lea and Coulson's maximal likelihood method for mutation rate estimation (Lea and Coulson, 1949). This method has allowed us to examine directly retrotransposition rates of GAL-regulated marked Ty3 and Ty1 elements into the whole yeast genome, not just a particular DNA sequence, for the purpose of cloned gene integration. The integration rates of a Ty3-neo r system (ca. 1 x 10 -3 cell -1 generation -1 ) and a Tyl-neo r system (ca. (2-3) x 10 -3 cell -1 generation -1 ) were not significantly affected by temperature (18 and 30 °C). However, the retrotransposition rate of the Ty3-neo r -HIS3 system increased from ca. 2 x 10 -5 to 2 x 10 -4 cell -1 generation -1 when the temperature was decreased from 30 to 18 °C. The retrotransposition rate of Ty3-neo r was significantly higher than that of Ty3-neo r -HIS3 and slightly lower than that of Tyl -neo r . This method can be used to estimate integration rates of other Ty3 and Ty1 elements and to evaluate the efficiency of Ty-mediated cloned gene integration.
Enhancement of in vitro Translation by Gold Nanoparticle – DNA Conjugates

Gold nanoparticle (AuNP)−DNA conjugates can enhance in vitro translation of a protein. Enhancement occurs via a combination of nonspecific adsorption of translation-related molecules and the ribosome to the AuNP−DNA and specific binding to the mRNA of interest. AuNP−DNA conjugates enhanced protein production of fluorescent proteins (mCherry, eGFP) in retic lysate mixes by 65−100%. Gel electrophoresis was used to probe nonspecific adsorption of the AuNP−DNA conjugates to the translation machinery. It was determined that nonspecific adsorption is critical for enhancement, and if it was eliminated, expression enhancement did not occur. The interaction of the mRNA with the DNA on the AuNP surface influenced the amount of enhancement and was probed by expression in the presence of RNase H. These results suggest that higher translation enhancement occurs when the DNA on the AuNP forms an incomplete duplex with the mRNA. Tuning the balance between nonspecific adsorption and specific binding of the AuNP−DNA conju...
Integrated Adaptive Cyber Defense: Integration Spiral Results

Integrated Adaptive Cyber Defense (IACD) is the secure integration and automation across a diverse, changeable set of cyber defense capabilities. It is intended to dramatically change the timelines needed to defend computer enterprises, while maintaining operational and acquisition freedom by allowing 'plug and play'-type use of capabilities as they emerge. IACD applies the construct that commercially available solutions can be interconnected to greater impact and effectiveness than the individual parts, and that a gradual, industry-influenced transition towards interoperability can be achieved. Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (JH-APL) leads the IACD agile architecture, capability demonstration and assessment efforts within the Federated Innovation, Integration and Research Environment (FIIRE). In capability-driven spirals, commercial technologies are integrated and deployed across live and virtualized environments, demonstrating their applicability and effectiveness for improved network operations efficiency and more rapid cyber defense operations. The results, challenges, and gaps are communicated to Government and vendor communities at engagement sessions following every spiral.This presentation summarizes the results of the first several IACD spirals and describes the challenges targeted for future spirals. It also introduces the options for partnering with network owners and operators to allow them to leverage lessons from these spirals within their own enterprises.
P‐200L: Late‐News Poster: Louver Screens as Multi‐Functional Information Displays

Louver-type displays are a novel application for a variety of display technologies. Their form factor and their appearance can be quickly changed by rotating or moving the louver segments. In rooms, this type of display may be placed in the location of a door or window. Other applications such as in advertisement are envisioned.
Unimpaired trace classical eyeblink conditioning in Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mice

Young adult Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mice, with complete loss of cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells, are impaired in delay eyeblink classical conditioning. In the delay paradigm, the conditioned stimulus (CS) overlaps and coterminates with the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the cerebellar cortex supports normal acquisition. The ability of pcd mutant mice to acquire trace eyeblink conditioning in which the CS and US do not overlap has not been explored. Recent evidence suggests that cerebellar cortex may not be necessary for trace eyeblink classical conditioning. Using a 500 ms trace paradigm for which forebrain structures are essential in mice, we assessed the performance of homozygous male pcd mutant mice and their littermates in acquisition and extinction. In contrast to results with delay conditioning, acquisition of trace conditioning was unimpaired in pcd mutant mice. Extinction to the CS alone did not differ between pcd and littermate control mice, and timing of the conditioned response was not altered by the absence of Purkinje cells during acquisition or extinction. The ability of pcd mutant mice to acquire and extinguish trace eyeblink conditioning at levels comparable to controls suggests that the cerebellar cortex is not a critical component of the neural circuitry underlying trace conditioning. Results indicate that the essential neural circuitry for trace eyeblink conditioning involves connectivity that bypasses cerebellar cortex.
INCREASED IRRITABILITY IN NITELLA DUE TO GUANIDINE

Guanidine applied to Nitella may lower the threshold of E.M.F. required to produce electrical stimulation and may give rise to trains of action currents. Its effect thus appears to be somewhat similar to that observed in animals. Rapid action currents are produced as well as "square topped" action curves and transitional forms. These effects may be due in part to increased protoplasmic conductivity produced by the penetration of guanidine.
UV absorption spectrum of the ClO dimer (Cl2O2) between 200 and 420 nm.

The UV photolysis of Cl2O2 (dichlorine peroxide) is a key step in the catalytic destruction of polar stratospheric ozone. In this study, the gas-phase UV absorption spectrum of Cl2O2 was measured using diode array spectroscopy and absolute cross sections, σ, are reported for the wavelength range 200−420 nm. Pulsed laser photolysis of Cl2O at 248 nm or Cl2/Cl2O mixtures at 351 nm at low temperature (200−228 K) and high pressure (∼700 Torr, He) was used to produce ClO radicals and subsequently Cl2O2 via the termolecular ClO self-reaction. The Cl2O2 spectrum was obtained from spectra recorded following the completion of the gas-phase ClO radical chemistry. The spectral analysis used observed isosbestic points at 271, 312.9, and 408.5 nm combined with reaction stoichiometry and chlorine mass balance to determine the Cl2O2 spectrum. The Cl2O2 UV absorption spectrum peaks at 244.5 nm with a cross section of 7.6−0.5+0.8 × 10−18 cm2 molecule−1 where the quoted error limits are 2σ and include estimated systematic ...
An extremal problem in the uniform covering of finite sets

Abstract In the power set lattice of a finite set with n elements, a collection C of r element subsets is defined to be a uniform cover of weight λ for the q element subsets, q ⩾ r , if each q -set includes the same number λ of r -sets from C . C is a minimal uniform cover if no proper subset of C is a uniform cover and non-trivial if C is itself a proper subset of the family of r -sets. In this paper the non-existence of non-trivial minimal uniform covers for given q > r is proved for n ⩾ N if ( N r ) , ( q r ) It is also shown that there exists an N satisfying (1). Several examples of minimal uniform covers are given and discussed for q = n − 1 and q = n − 2.
Design and synthesis of substrate analogs for the inhibition of dehydroquinate synthase

Abstract The synthesis of two enantiomerically pure substrate analogs, designed as potential inhibitors of dehydroquinate synthase on the basis of the proposed mechanistic pathway for this enzyme, is reported.
A Note on Walt Whitman's Probable Reading of Robert Chambers

Suggests that the likeliest source for Whitman's understanding of certain scientific phenomena-especially geological and astronomical-was popular journalist Robert Chamber's anonymously published Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844), and compares relevant passages from Whitman and Chambers.
Interpreting deposition patterns of microbial particles in laboratory-scale column experiments.

The transport and fate of microbial particles in subsurface environments is controlled by their capture (natural filtration) by sediment grains. Typically, filtration models used to describe microbe removal in porous media predict exponential decrease in microbial particle concentration with travel distance. However, a growing body of laboratory-scale column experiments suggests that the retained microbial particle profiles decay nonexponentially. The observed behavior may be attributed to the heterogeneity in the interactions between microbial particles and sediment grains, most likely due to the inherent variability in the microbial particles. This factor can be incorporated into classical colloid filtration (deposition) theory by inclusion of a distribution in the deposition rate coefficient. We show that certain distributions of the deposition rate coefficient (i.e., log-normal, bimodal, and power-law distributions) give rise to nonexponential deposition patterns. Comparisons of model predictions to experimental data indicate that the observed nonexponential deposition behavior of bacteria and virus particles may be attributed to a broad range (i.e., a power-law distribution) of microbial deposition rates. Other mechanisms such as particle release and blocking by previously deposited microbial particles are also shown to be potential sources of deviation from the classical filtration theory. Our results further suggest that monitoring fluid-phase particle concentration is insufficient for accurate characterization of the deposition and transport behavior of microbial particles in saturated porous media. Rather, the shape of the microbial particle retention profile is shown to be a key indicator of the mechanisms controlling microbial deposition and transport.
Prediction of Membrane Binding, Orientation and Permeability of Peptide-like Molecules Using a Continuum Model of the Lipid Bilayer

The reliable prediction of membrane permeability of active compounds is essential for the success or failure in preclinical drug development. A new computational method for simulation of partition and transfer across cellular membranes of peptides and drug-like peptidomimetics has been developed. This method combines an all-atom representation of a solute and an implicit solvent model of the lipid bilayer, where lipid head groups, interfacial mid-polar and hydrocarbon core regions are represented by layers with distinct dielectrics and water permeation profiles. Parameters of these profiles were derived form published spin-labeling data, statistical distributions of membrane protein groups along the bilayer normal, and from modeling of energy profiles of 20 amino acid residue types included in an alpha-helical fragment that is gradually immersed into the lipid bilayer. The calculations account for atomic solvation, ionization, ionic and dipole interactions of the molecules with different membrane regions. The model combines an accessible surface area-based approach and the Born model. The required atomic solvation parameters and the electrostatic transfer energy costs have been derived from transfer energies of ∼100 small organic molecules from water to five organic solvents. The method calculates the binding affinity of a solute molecule, its preferred spatial arrangement, lowest energy path and energy barriers along the membrane normal using solute 3D structure and pKa together with parameters of the membrane, such as surface, transmembrane potentials and pH values on both sides of the membrane. The method was tested for series of peripheral proteins, peptides and small molecules experimentally studied in lipid bilayers. Some of the results have been deposited in the Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database (http://opm.phar.umich.edu). The predicted membrane permeability of potential anticancer drugs, proapoptotic peptidomimetics correlates with their cellular activities.
MICROBIAL POPULATION DYNAMICS ON LEAVES

▪ Abstract Microbial population dynamics on leaves in time and space are a function of immigration, emigration, growth, and death. Insight into the relative significance of each population process to the generation of specific dynamics for individual microorganisms is necessary to understanding the ecology and life history strategy of the microorganism and to developing effective control strategies. Additionally, information on the significance of within-leaf versus extra-leaf processes to the generation of phyllosphere dynamics is important to determining the range of spatial scales over which a population should be studied. Unfortunately, such information is difficult to obtain due to the lack of effective methodologies for distinguishing these processes within phyllosphere populations. Future research efforts should focus on the quantification of immigration, emigration, growth, and death relative to the population dynamics of phyllosphere microorganisms.
The Dispersion of Atmospheric Tracers in Nocturnal Drainage Flows

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of a series of perfluorocarbon tracer experiments that were carried out in the Brush Creek Valley in western Colorado under the auspices of the Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) program. The results indicate that tracers entrained within the valley's nocturnal drainage flows displayed well defined plumes that were not influenced significantly by the larger scale flows above this deep and narrow valley. Thus, the spatial distributions of the tracers were primarily governed by the structure of the drainage flows. None of the tracers released within the valley were detected in significant quantities on the adjoining mesas or within the adjacent valleys prior to sunrise. The process of ventilating the tracers out of the valley was initiated shortly after sunrise by the upslope flows generated along the valley sidewall exposed to the morning sun. The rate of ventilation was influenced by the solar intensity, the ambient meteorology, and the location of th...
Effect of microdialysis perfusion of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[5,4-c]pyridine-3-ol in the perifornical hypothalamus on sleep–wakefulness: Role of δ-subunit containing extrasynaptic GABAA receptors

Gaboxadol or 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[5,4-c]pyridine-3-ol (THIP) is a selective agonist for the delta-subunit containing extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors that will soon enter the U.S. market as a sleep aid [Winsky-Sommerer R, Vyazovskiy VV, Homanics GE, Tobler I (2007) The EEG effects of THIP (gaboxadol) on sleep and waking are mediated by the GABA(A)delta-subunit-containing receptors. Eur J Neurosci 25:1893-1899]. Numerous studies have shown that systemic administration of THIP reduces wakefulness and increases sleep both in humans and rats [Lancel M, Langebartels A (2000) Gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) agonist 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-3-ol persistently increases sleep maintenance and intensity during chronic administration to rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:1084-1090; Walsh JK, Deacon S, Dijk DJ, Lundahl J (2007) The selective extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, gaboxadol, improves traditional hypnotic efficacy measures and enhances slow wave activity in a model of transient insomnia. Sleep 30:593-602]. However, it is yet unclear where in the brain THIP acts to promote sleep. Since the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PFH) contains orexin neurons and orexin neurons are critical for maintenance of arousal [McCarley RW (2007) Neurobiology of rapid eye movement (REM) and NREM sleep. Sleep Med 8:302-330], we hypothesized that THIP may act on PFH neurons to promote sleep. To test our hypothesis, we used reverse microdialysis to perfuse THIP unilaterally into the PFH and studied its effects on sleep-wakefulness during the light period in freely behaving rats. Microdialysis perfusion of THIP (100 microM) into the PFH produced a significant reduction in wakefulness with a concomitant increase in non-rapid eye movement or slow wave sleep as compared with artificial cerebrospinal fluid perfusion. REM sleep was unaffected. This is the first study implicating the delta-subunit containing extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in PFH in control of sleep-wakefulness in freely behaving rats.
1523 INHIBITION OF LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS BY SERUM B-LIPOPROTEIN FROM MINIMAL CHANGE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (MCNS)PATIENTS

Serum B-lipoproteins recently were reported to inhibit lymphocyte blastogenesis (Menchaca et al. Lancet 1:1085, 1980; McLeod et al. Ped. Res. 14:1012, 1980). This study further characterizes the inhibitory factors. Lymphocytes from normal donors were cultured in serum of 3 MCNS children in relapse or in normal serum (control) for 48 hours with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and 3 H-thy-midine added for the last 6 hours. Heparin-Mn-precipitate(H-Mn-p) from MCNS serum showed 36% inhibition of PHA response. Sepharose 4b chromatography showed a large peak by O.D. at 280 nm (Mol. wt. 2 million). This fraction inhibited blastogenesis in proportion to amount added. Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) revealed a B-lipoprotein and 2 non-lipid containing proteins. All the fractions obtained by density gradient separation at 100,000 × g for 18 hrs showed inhibition and contained lipids by IEP, but the least dense (d=1000-1005) showed only one precipitin line. Normal serum showed no inhibition. H-Mn-p from normal serum showed no peak and no effect on PHA response at any concentration tested. Based upon observations that an inhibitory factor of lymphocyte blastogenesis 1) was precipitable with heparin-Mn, 2) eluted from gel filtration at high molecular weight, 3) appeared in a low density fraction, and 4) was associated with presence of B-lipoproteins, it seems that either lipoproteins or lipoprotein-bound compounds are responsible for that inhibition.
Distribution of the novel anticancer drug candidate brequinar sodium (DuP 785, NSC 368390) into normal and tumor tissues of nude mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenografts

The distribution of the novel anticancer drug candidate Brequinar Sodium (DuP 785, NSC 368390) was studied in control mice and mice implanted subcutaneously with human colon carcinoma xenografts. Mice were given radiolabeled 14C-Brequinar Sodium intravenously. Brequinar concentrations in blood and various tissues were determined at 1, 6, and 24 h after drug administration. Within 1 h Brequinar distributed to the tumor and all other tissues studied. The tumor-to-blood drug concentration ratios ranged from 0.19 to 0.41. Radioactivity in the liver and small intestine at 1 h accounted for 17% and 13%, respectively, of the dose given. Elimination rates of Brequinar from all tissues were approximately equal to that from blood. Comparison of blood concentrations determined by both radioactivity and HPLC methods suggests that the intact drug is probably the only form in the blood.
Simple overlay device for determining radial head and neck height

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a simple overlay device can be used on radiographs to measure radial head and neck height. Thirty anteroposterior elbow radiographs from 30 patients with a clinical diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis were examined to measure radial head and neck height. Three methods using different points along the bicipital tuberosity as a landmark were used. Method 1 used the proximal end of the bicipital tuberosity, method 2 used the most prominent point of the bicipital tuberosity, and method 3 used a simple overlay device (SOD) template that was aligned with anatomic reference points. All measurements were performed three times by three observers to determine interobserver and intraobserver reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficients revealed higher interobserver and intraobserver correlations for the SOD template method than for the other two methods. The 95% limits of agreement between observers were markedly better (−1.8 mm to +1.0 mm) for the SOD template method than for the proximal point method (−3.8 mm to +3.4 mm) or the prominent point method (−5.9 mm to +4.9 mm). We found that the SOD template method was reliable for assessing radial head and neck height. It had less variability than other methods, its 95% limit of agreement being less than 2 mm. This method could be helpful for assessing whether or not the insertion of a radial head prosthesis has resulted in over-lengthening of the radius.
Indecomposable triple systems exist for all lambda

Abstract A triple system ( v , 3, λ) is indecomposable if it is not the union of two triple systems ( v , 3,λ 1 ), ( v , 3, λ 2 .) with λ = λ 1 + λ 2 . A triple system is simple if it has no repeated blocks. In this paper we show the existence of simple indecomposable triple systems for all v and λ satisfying the necessary conditions with v large. Specifically, for each λ we show that there is a v 0 (λ) (where v 0 (λ) = O(λ 4 )) such that there exists a simple indecomposable triple system ( v , 3, λ) for each v ⩾ v 0 (λ) with λ v ( v - 1) ≡ 0 (mod 6) and λ( v - 1) ≡ 0 (mod 2). We then concentrate on the case of λ = 5 and show that v 0 (5) ⩽ 25.
Strain Differences in Alcohol-Induced Neurochemical Plasticity : A Role for Accumbens Glutamate in Alcohol Intake

Background: Repeated alcohol administration alters nucleus accumbens (NAC) basal glutamate content and sensitizes the capacity of alcohol to increase NAC extracellular glutamate levels. However, the relevance of alcohol-induced changes in NAC glutamate for alcohol drinking behavior is under-investigated. Methods: To examine the relationship between genetic variance in alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced neuroadaptations within the NAC, in vivo microdialysis was conducted in the alcohol-preferring C57BL/6J (B6) and alcohol-avoiding DBA2/J (D2) mouse strains on injections 1 and 8 of repeated alcohol treatment (8 × 2 g/kg, IP). To confirm an active role for NAC glutamate in regulating alcohol drinking behavior, the glutamate reuptake inhibitor dl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) (300 μM) and the Group 2 metabotropic glutamate autoreceptor agonist (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (APDC) (50 μM) were infused into the NAC of B6 and D2 mice prior to alcohol consumption in a 4 bottle-choice test. Results: While strain differences were not apparent for NAC basal levels of dopamine, serotonin or γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), repeated alcohol treatment elevated NAC basal glutamate content only in B6 mice. Strain differences in both the acute and the sensitized neurochemical responses to 2 g/kg alcohol were observed for all neurotransmitters examined. While the alcohol-induced rise in NAC dopamine and glutamate levels sensitized in B6 mice, a sensitization was not observed in D2 animals. Moreover, B6 mice exhibited a sensitized serotonin and GABA response to alcohol followed repeated treatment, whereas neither tolerance nor sensitization was observed in D2 animals. An intra-NAC APDC infusion reduced alcohol intake in both B6 and D2 mice by approximately 50%. In contrast, TBOA infusion elevated alcohol intake selectively in B6 mice. Conclusions: These data indicate an active role for NAC glutamate in regulating alcohol consumption in mice and support the hypothesis that predisposition to high alcohol intake involves genetic factors that facilitate alcohol-induced adaptations in glutamate release within the NAC.
Callus initiation and organ differentiation from shoot tip cultures of Colocasia esculenta

Abstract AZ medium was developed for callus induction and shoot differentiation of taro (Colocasia esculenta). Shoot tips excised from sprouting corms initiated callus on the AZ medium containing 10 μM p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (p-CPA), 2 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 0.45 μM kinetin after 6 to 7 weeks of incubation in total darkness. Shoot tip explants formed protocorm-like structures on AZ medium supplemented with 10 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 9 μM kinetic, or callus and roots when supplemented with 10 μM NAA and 0.45 μM kinetin. Callus was maintained on this medium supplemented with 30 μM NAA and 0.45 μM kinetin. Shoots were differentiated from callus after 6 weeks of incubation at 27 ± 2°C with 16 h of light alternating with 8 h darkness at 24 ± 2°C. Maximum shoot formation was achieved with 5 μM or 0.5 μM NAA and 9 μM kinetin. Induced plantlets were established in soil after root formation on AZ medium supplemented with 15 μM NAA and 0.4 μM kinetin.
On the characterization of graphs with maximum number of spanning trees

Abstract A graph G with n nodes and e edges is said to be t-optimal if G has the maximum number of spanning trees among all graphs with the same number of nodes and edges as G . Hitherto, t -optimal graphs have been characterized for the following cases: 1. (a) n = sp , and e = ( s ( s - 1)/2) p 2 , when s and p are positive integers, and s > 1; 2. (b) e ⩽ n + 2; 3. (c) e ⩾ n ( n - 1)/2 - n /2. In this paper we use algebraic techniques involving eigenvalues to determine t -optimal graphs for e ⩾ n ( n - 1)/2 - n + 2. This range is extended to include e = n ( n - 1)/2 - n + 1 and e = n ( n - 1)/2 - n , provided n ( n - 1)/2 - e is a multiple of three.