cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding fertility preservation among specialists involved in the care of cancer patients

Aim: To evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding fertility preservation among various doctors involved in treatment and care of cancer patients and identify the potential barriers for the discussion of fertility preservation with patients. Settings and design: A survey-based cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary ART centre in Northern India (Jindal IVF & Sant memorial nursing home, Chandigarh). Materials and methods: The study involved Gynecologists, Infertility specialists, Radiotherapists, General Surgeons and Oncologists from multiple institutions. The survey included a questionnaire consisting of 20 items. The study was closed after receipt of the first 201 responses. The responses to questions were analysed by the standard statistical method using SPSS- 22. Results: The knowledge among respondents from all specialties regarding impact of cancer treatment on fertility was very high. The rates of knowledge regarding various fertility preservation (FP) options were variable, least knowledge regarding the transposition of ovaries/gonads, testicular tissue cryopreservation, fertility-sparing chemotherapy. There were variations in clinician’s attitude and practice regarding various fertility issues of the patient and fertility preservation based on the specialty of clinicians. Nearly three-fourth discuss various FP options but only one-third provide written information on the same. The referral practice for FP was variable and was influenced by many factors. The factors considered most important for barriers to fertility preservation are Socioeconomic status/cost and affordability issues, 75.1% (patient factor), prognosis, type of cancer and type of treatment 60.2%, (clinician’s consideration). Conclusion: To improvise utilization of fertility preservation services, the deficit in clinician’s knowledge should be circumvented by providing them with basic, advanced, and up to date information particularly among primary contact clinicians of cancer patients. The referral pathways should be defined and made clear.
Contemporary Refugees: Issues, Challenges, and a Culturally Responsive Intervention Model for Effective Practiceψ:

The vast number of worldwide refugees has caused a global refugee crisis, political turmoil, and heightened anxiety in resettlement countries, stimulating xenophobia and religious tensions. We prov...
Viewing Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence Through a Developmental Neuroscience Lens: The Impact of Neural Sensitivity to Socioaffective Pain and Reward:

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)—deliberate self-harm without the intent to die—is a high-risk and impairing behavior associated with long-term morbidity and mortality risks. The prevalence of NSSI e...
Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Silicon (Si) bipolar transistor technology, despite its desirable features of fast switching speed, high transconductance, and excellent current-drive capability at room temperature (RT = 300 K), is often viewed as unsuitable for the cryogenic environment because its current gain (β = Jc/JB), frequency response, and circuit speed typically degrade strongly with cooling [1,2]. Recent evidence [3–6] indicates, however, that careful profile design can be used to achieve respectable Si bipolar performance down to liquid-nitrogen temperature (LNT = 77 K). Even with these improvements, however, it is unlikely that conventionally designed Si bipolar technology will offer performance attractive enough to make it a serious contender to CMOS, a proven technology for cryogenic applications.
Religious Education in Contexts of Regulation: A Creative Tension?

In the form of an essay, a proposal is put forward for the interpretation of actions linked to changes in society, and the consequent regulations that are caused in the educational sphere in general, and in the religious sphere in particular. These actions have generated tensions in the context of religious formation which this analysis seeks to unveil, proposing a positive approach.
Reactions to Impression Management Behavior: Effects of Situational Strength and Attributions

Although impression management research has yielded great insights, there are a number of discrepancies in prior research. It is likely that these discrepancies are due, in part, to a lack of an ex...
Correlation between tumor voxel dose response matrix and tumor biomarker profile in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background We have developed a novel imaging analysis procedure that is highly predictive of local failure after chemoradiation in head and neck cancer. In this study we investigated whether any pretreatment biomarkers correlated with key imaging parameters. Methods Pretreatment biopsy material was available for 28 patients entered into an institutional trial of adaptive radiotherapy in which FDG-PET images were collected weekly during treatment. The biopsies were immunohistochemically stained for CD44, EGFR, GLUT1, ALDH1, Ki-67 and p53 and quantified using image analysis. Expression levels were correlated with previously derived imaging parameters, the pretreatment SUVmax and the dose response matrix (DRM). Results The different parameters of the SUVmax and DRM did not correlate with each other. We observed a positive and highly significant (p = 0.0088) correlation between CD44 expression and volume of tumor with a DRM greater than 0.8. We found no correlation between any DRM parameter and GLUT1, p53, Ki-67 and EGFR or ALDH1. GLUT1 expression did correlate with the maximum SUV0 and the volume of tumor with an SUV0 greater than 20. Conclusions The pretreatment SUVmax and DRM are independent imaging parameters that combine to predict local recurrence. The significant correlation between CD44 expression, a known cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, and volume of tumor with a DRM greater than 0.8 is consistent with concept that specific foci of cells are responsible for tumor recurrence and that CSCs may be randomly distributed in tumors in specific niches. Dose painting these small areas may lead to improved tumor control.
Distribution and Significance of Glacially Buried Organic Matter in Michigan's Southern Peninsula

Within Michigan's Southern Peninsula, the presence of glacially buried Pleistocene organic matter is relatively uncommon but more abundant than previously recognized. These deposits tend to be concentrated in 13 districts and are most closely related to (1) places with high relief on the drift-covered bedrock surface, (2) the extent of buried bedrock valleys, and (3) low areas on a palimpsest paleosurface. Well logs show that multiple organic horizons at any one site are extremely rare, but variations in location, elevation, types of material with their climatic implications, and radiocarbon dates support the conclusion that remnants of several Pleistocene paleosurfaces, preserved through burial by deposits from separate glacial advances, exist at a number of places, especially in the southern part of the peninsula.
Carrageenan-induced decline of natural killer activity

Abstract The intravenous injection of 1 to 2 mg of ι-carrageenan (CAR) into (C57BL/6 × C3H)F 1 or BALB/c mice causes a prompt and substantial decline of splenic natural killer (NK) activity against YAC-1 lymphoma targets lasting approximately 1 week in F 1 mice. During this time, NK activity can be enhanced by administration of the interferon inducer polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid. The in vivo effect of CAR requires neither an intact thymus nor unimpaired proliferative capacity of lymphomyeloid cells, according to experiments in congenitally athymic BALB/c. nu/nu mice and in preirradiated (700 rad of γ-rays) F 1 hybrids. The splenic cytotoxic activity lowered in vivo by CAR can be restored in vitro by removing subpopulations of cells that adhere to glass wool or carbonyl iron particles, but not to Sephadex G-10. Thus, the lytic function of mature NK cells is reversibly inhibited in the spleens of CAR-treated animals; differentiation and maturation of NK precursors are not inhibited, as judged by the enhancing effect on NK activity of the interferon inducer. Splenocytes of CAR-treated donors suppress cytotoxic effectors of untreated mice in cell mixing experiments. Athymic and preirradiated animals given CAR are fully competent donors of suppressor cells. Suppressor function is insensitive to irradiation (2000 rad of γ-rays in vitro ) and to anti Thy-1 or anti-Ia antibody plus complement. Inhibition of NK cytolysis is not restricted by the major histocompatibility complex and can also be mediated by cell-free supernatants in which suppressor cells were incubated. This model of reversible inhibition of NK activity suggests that activation of thymus-independent suppressor cells is one of the regulatory mechanisms of natural cytotoxic activity in vivo .
Incorporation of Hydroxylysine into the Cell Wall and a Cell-Wall Precursor in Staphylococcus aureus

Smith, W. Grady (University of Minnesota, St. Paul), Daniel P. Gilboe, and L. M. Henderson. Incorporation of hydroxylysine into the cell wall and a cell-wall precursor in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 89:136-140. 1965.-Recent work has shown that hydroxylysine can substitute for lysine in cell-wall synthesis of Streptococcus faecalis, apparently becoming incorporated into cell-wall mucopeptide. This paper extends these observations to investigate the metabolism of hydroxylysine in Staphylococcus aureus, an organism from which sufficiently large quantities of cell-wall precursors. uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl peptides, could be obtained. Hydroxylysine has been shown to be incorporated into the cell-wall precursor uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl l-ala.d-glu. l-lys.d-ala.d-ala from S. aureus (Copenhagen) apparently in lieu of lysine. Hydroxylysine was also incorporated into the cell-wall mucopeptides of S. aureus in resting cultures. This incorporation was inhibited by penicillin or lysine, but not by chloramphenicol. Hydroxylysine had little effect on the incorporation of lysine into S. aureus. Hydroxylysine acted as a growth inhibitor in this organism; the inhibition was reversed by lysine.
Sexually violent predators and civil commitment: is selection evidence based?

Sexual offenses represent an alarming proportion of crimes committed yearly. To address these concerns, several states, including South Carolina (SC), have enacted laws requiring sexually violent predators (SVPs) to be civilly committed to treatment. To date, no published study has examined sexual offenders recommended for treatment in SC. This study used a specially designed statewide database (SC-SVP research database) to determine which offender and offense characteristics were associated with increased likelihood of being recommended for civil commitment. Factors correlated with being more likely to be recommended included: being of a younger age at time of evaluation, prior sex convictions, having related and unrelated victims, a higher number of victims, frequent substance use, and a history of suicide attempts. Prior sex convictions, having both related and non-related victims, and a higher total number of victims align with characteristics associated with sexual recidivism. Frequent substance abus...
Long-term depression of temporoammonic-CA1 hippocampal synaptic transmission.

Long-term depression of temporoammonic-CA1 hippocampal synaptic transmission. The temporoammonic pathway, the direct projection from layer III of the entorhinal cortex to area CA1 of the hippocampu...
Alternative approaches to the numerical calculation of impedance

Abstract In many practical applications of numerical analysis applied to low-frequency electromagnetic problems, the desired output is often in terms of coil impedance. The mesh variable calculated by the more commonly used numerical formulations is the magnetic vector potential from which quantities like field intensities, eddy currents and others are calculated. In nondestructive testing applications, the quantity of interest is often the impedance of a coil or an array of coils. This paper discusses the calculation of impedance as a post-processing computation and introduces a new method of calculation of impedances and inductances based on computation of energy in the finite element mesh. The results presented clearly show the advantage of using direct integration methods for 2D and axisymmetric geometries. The energy approach, while valid regardless of dimensionality, should be restricted to 3D applications. Multiple-coil configurations in 3D applications present a special problem in analysis. The total impedance or inductance can be easily calculated but not independent coil or differential impedances. A method for calculation of these quantities in 3D computations is also presented.
Synthesis and characterization of a spin‐labeled aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid

Unfractionated yeast transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) was reacted in aqueous acetone solution with the sulfhydryl spin-labeling reagnent, N-(l-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-Pyrrolidinyl)iodoacetamide. Whereas tRNA stripped of amino acids reacted only slowly, there were sites on tRNA charged with cysteine which combined rapidly with the reagent. The latter class of spin-label was quickly cleaved from the tRNA upon incubation in mildly alkaline solution (pH 8.0), suggesting that it was attached to the cysteinyl side chains. The paramagnetic resonance spectrum of column-purified spin-labeled cysteinyl tRNA showed that the spin-label was partially immobilized as a result of its interaction with the tRNA. When the tRNA was slowly heated, an abrupt increase occurred in the rotational mobility of the paramagnetic amino-acid side chain.
Cell size and the morphogenesis of wing hairs in Drosophila.

Almost all epidermal cells on the Drosophila wing produce a single cuticular hair. This is formed in the pupae from a microvillus-like cell projection called the prehair. Previous experiments have shown the existence of two mechanisms that ensure that only a single hair is made. One is the restriction of prehair initiation to a small subregion of the cell by the action of the frizzled tissue polarity pathway. The second is a system that ensures the integrity of the prehair. Mutations and drugs that inhibit the actin cytoskeleton lead to the splitting of a single prehair into multiple smaller hairs. We report that large polyploid cells produce multiple hairs both because they form multiple independent prehair initiation centers and because the larger than normal hairs these cells produce have a tendency to split. We show that reducing cell size by starvation partially suppresses the phenotype seen in polyploid cells and that increasing apical cell surface area by mechanical stretching also results in the formation of multiple prehair initiation centers. We also show that the frizzled tissue polarity pathway is functional in large polyploid cells even if it is unable to restrict prehair initiation to a small region of the cell. We conclude that both of these cellular systems are limited in their ability to scale to accommodate larger cell size.
International Year of Chemistry 2011: Clinical Chemistry Celebrates

> “Chemistry: that most excellent child of intellect and art” > > — Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967) > > Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1956 The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have designated 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry (IYC2011). This special designation is meant to celebrate the achievements of chemistry and its contributions to mankind and is aimed at, under the unifying theme of “chemistry—our life, our future,” enhancing the public appreciation of chemistry in meeting world needs, increasing young persons' interest in chemistry, and promoting the creative future of chemistry (1). Since the early applications of synthetic chemistry in ancient Egyptian times 4000 years ago, chemistry has evolved, in its multiple subdisciplines, to enhance and touch many aspects of our lives, including the food we eat, the medicine we use, and the energy we consume. Clinical chemistry, a name purportedly coined by Charles Henry Ralfe (1842–1896) of London Hospital when he used it as the title of his 1883 treatise, is one of the younger disciplines in chemistry. It has grown from a mere intellectual curiosity in the 19th century into a sophisticated scientific discipline and an integral component of the contemporary practice of medicine. Clinical Chemistry is pleased to partake in the celebration of the IYC2011 by publishing during the year several articles and new features prepared by inspiring scientists and award-winning writers that highlight various aspects of our profession. Some of these articles will be prepared in collaboration with sister institutions and entities, such as the Chemical Heritage Foundation, the Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles in Paris, and the AACC History Division. Although we are appreciative of everyone's input and effort in this endeavor, we are particularly indebted to Michal Meyer, editor in chief …
Laser angioplasty of totally occluded arteries of the limb

The authors summarize their experience in the use of Nd-YAG laser in chronic occlusion of lower limb arteries. Percutaneous transluminal laser angioplasty (PTLA) with laser-heated metal and sapphire tips were used as an adjuvant to conventional balloon angioplasty. In cases of reocclusions, endovascular stents were implanted. Laser recanalization was performed in 46 arteries (iliac, superficial femoral, and popliteal). Indications for the procedure were: limb salvage, claudication below 100 m, and temporal or rest pain. Initial clinical and hemodynamic improvement was observed in 37 (80%) patients. Four perforations occurred without clinical sequel. The one-year cumulative clinical patency was 27 (58%) of the 46 lesions. PTLA may be appropriate for high-risk patients, who are unsuitable for surgical reconstruction because of the concomitant diseases. The combination of laser recanalization and implantation of vascular stents may be a promising method in the management of limb ischemia.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The pattern of virus-specific peptide synthesis in rabbit cells infected with eastern equine encephalitis virus and its response to interferon.

SummaryEastern equine encephalitis virus replicated extensively in rabbit kidney cells. Initially, five peptides were detected which are characteristic of cells infected by group A arboviruses. By 5 hr after infection, the two largest nonstructural peptides were no longer detected. Infected cultures labeled from 3-6 hr after infection demonstrated all five peptides. Failure to detect the two largest nonstructural proteins after 5 hr probably resulted from termination of their syntheses rather than increased rates of degradation. This phenomenon may represent a regulatory mechanism governed by viral RNA and/or protein concentrations, since termination was not apparent in cultures pretreated with large doses of interferon.This work was supported in part by NIH Grant 5ROI-AI-02953, 5R22-AI-02686, and NIH Predoctoral Fellowship 5 GM 41, 441-03. The technical assistance of Alma Tillman, Annie McCoy, Carlie White, and Mary White is gratefully acknowledged.
A new view of Starling's hypothesis at the microstructural level.

In this paper we quantitatively investigate the hypothesis proposed by Michel (Exp. Physiol. 82, 1-30, 1997) and Weinbaum (Ann. Biomed. Eng. 26, 1-17, 1998) that the Starling forces are determined by the local difference in the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure across the endothelial surface glycocalyx, which we propose is the primary molecular sieve for plasma proteins, rather than the global difference in the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure across the capillary wall between the plasma and tissue, as has been universally assumed until now. A spatially heterogeneous microstructural model is developed to explain at the cellular level why there is oncotic absorption at low capillary pressures in the short-lived transient experiments of Michel and Phillips (J. Physiol. 388, 421-435, 1987) on frog mesentery capillary, but a small positive filtration once a steady state is achieved. The new model also predicts that the local protein concentration behind the surface glycocalyx can differ greatly from the tissue protein concentration, since the convective flux of proteins through the orifice-like pores in the junction strand will greatly impede the back diffusion of the proteins into the lumen side of the cleft when the local Peclet number at the orifice is >1. The net result is that the filtration in the capillaries is far less than heretofore realized and there may be no need for venous reabsorption.
Pharmacological characterization of β-endorphin- and dynorphin A1–17-induced feeding using G-protein α-subunit antisense probes in rats

Abstract Antisense (AS) oligodeoxynucleotides targeting G-protein α-subunits distinguish feeding responses of morphine and its metabolite, as well as nocturnal and deprivation-induced feeding. The present study examined whether feeding elicited by β-endorphin (βEND) or dynorphin A 1–17 was altered by ventricularly-applied G i α 1 , G i α 2 , G i α 3 , G s α, G o α, G q α or G x/z α AS probes, or a nonsense (NS) control. The βEND-induced feeding was reduced by the G i α 1 and G x/z α AS probes, and increased by G i α 2 or G i α 3 AS treatment. Dynorphin-induced feeding was attenuated by G i α 1 and G o α AS treatment. Yet, G s α or G q α AS and NS treatments failed to alter opioid agonist-induced feeding. These data provide initial characterization of potential effector signaling pathways mediating βEND and dynorphin-induced feeding.
The Origin of a Species: Pediatric Urology

Here at the 30th annual meeting of the Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics it is instructive to look back at the origin of our species, pediatric urology, and to consider our organizational evolution. The story of pediatric urology offers an instructive case study in the development of the conceptual basis of medical practice. In the grand scheme of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, our field of pediatric urology may seem to be only a small footnote, a recent addition to the phylogeny of medical wisdom. Yet as a field of endeavor and study it occupies the lives and daily work of a growing worldwide cadre of physicians, nurses and scientists, who take responsibility for a range of difficult problems in children. A brief and personal reflection is presented on how we got here, what we are and what we should do next. One curious reality in our expanding universe is the increasing complexity, diversity and arborization of structures, life and human thought. We can explain this by the presence of divinity, idiosyncratic luck or the principles of natural selection. Somehow stardust became synapses. Between the singularity of creation and the chaos of ultimate entropy human reality now exists, for some unfathomable reason, on an island of rationality and ordered progress. The concept Darwin applied to the origin of species can be extended, in some fair measure, to the structures of the cosmos and human knowledge. This idea can be expressed by the old adage that nature abhors a vacuum; where there is time and space, opportunity is created and a niche is filled. Pediatric urology has become a legitimate and distinct entity of the tree of human knowledge, residing in a small niche on the branch of medical specialties (Appendix 1). Just as pediatrics split away from general medicine and urology diverged from general surgery, it was inevitable that a distinct field of intellectual and technical endeavor would form around pediatric genitourinary disorders.
The optics of comparative ophthalmoscopy

One factor peculiar to the practice of comparative ophthalmoscopy is the very large variation in ocular size of the animals examined, a factor which is ignored in current textbook treatments of the subject. We have computed values of lateral magnification, axial magnification, angular field of view and linear field of view for 19 species of terrestrial vertebrates. The dimensional value of a 1 diopter change in direct ophthalmoscopic focus was also determined. The anterior focal length of the eye in air and the vitreal refractive index were the intrinsic optical parameters of the animal's eye necessary for these calculations. Where these values were not available from the literature, the vitreal refractive index was assumed to be 1.336 and the anterior focal length was estimated as two-thirds of the axial length using a regression equation we derived from data in the literature. The angular field of view in ophthalmoscopy was shown to be invariant in the emmetropic eye and equal to the angular subtense of the ophthalmoscopic beam. The lateral field of view and retinal depth corresponding to a 1 diopter change in direct ophthalmoscopic focus varied directly with the anterior focal length of the eye. The remaining parameters of lateral and axial magnification varied inversely with the anterior focal length of the animal's eyes. These findings provide a basis for evaluating the relative size and significance of ophthalmoscopically viewed features in terrestrial vertebrate eyes.
XLVII. Gas ion mobilities and their independence of the nature of the ion

(1924). XLVII. Gas ion mobilities and their independence of the nature of the ion. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 48, No. 285, pp. 446-458.
Existence of Walrasian equilibria with discontinuous, non-ordered, interdependent and price-dependent preferences

We generalize the classical equilibrium existence theorems by dispensing with the assumption of continuity of preferences. Our new existence results allow us to dispense with the interiority assumption on the initial endowments. Furthermore, we allow for non-ordered, interdependent and price-dependent preferences.
Effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in cultured muscle and fat cells

Abstract It has been reported that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibits insulin action in adipocytes and plays an important role as mediator of insulin resistance in non—insulin-dependent diabetes. The effect of this cytokine on insulin action in muscle, which is responsible for 80% of the glucose disposal in the body, has not been studied. Therefore, we examined the effect of TNF-α on basal and insulin-mediated transport of 2-deoxy[ 3 H]-glucose in L6 rat muscle cells. TNF-α treatment for 5 days up to a concentration of 20 ng/mL or 8 days at 10 ng/mL did not inhibit the insulin-stimulated increase in deoxyglucose transport in L6 cells. However, there was a significant increase in basal transport in TNF-α- treated cells. Comparative experiments with 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed that in cells cultured with insulin, TNF-α decreased basal transport but the insulin-stimulated increase was unaffected. In cells cultured without insulin, basal transport was slightly increased and the insulin-stimulated increase in transport was decreased by approximately 60% but the cell protein was decreased by approximately 60%, suggesting cytotoxicity. Cells cultured without insulin were more sensitive to inhibition of 14 C-alanine incorporation into proteins by low concentrations of TNF-α compared with cells cultured with insulin. These results suggest that TNF-α affects glucose metabolism, causing increased basal uptake in muscle cells and decreased uptake in adipocytes. TNF-α appears to affect general cell metabolism, including glucose transport in adipocytes, and not specifically insulin-stimulated glucose transport.
The effects of maternal cigarette smoke exposure on somatic mutant frequencies at the hprt locus in healthy newborns.

Abstract We utilized the hprt T-cell cloning assay to prospectively determined the somatic mutant frequency at the hprt locus of fetal T-lymphocytes exposed in utero to maternal active and passive cigarette smoke. In addition, a maternal questionnaire was administered to evaluate a number of social and medical parameters that may effect hprt mutant frequency. Newborn cord blood plasma cotinine levels were determined on all subjects to compare in utero tobacco metabolite levels with maternal smoking histories. A total of 63 newborns were enrolled and placed into four groups: Group I ( n =21), newborns whose mothers had no history of active or passive cigarette exposure during the pregnancy; Group II ( n =12), newborns whose mothers actively smoked cigarettes throughout the pregnancy; Group III ( n =8), newborns whose mothers actively smoked cigarettes during first trimester only; and Group IV ( n =22), newborns whose mothers were exposed only to passive cigarette smoke. Our analysis showed no statistically significant difference in hprt mutation frequency between any of the four groups. A significant increase in plasma cord blood cotinine was detected in Group II, newborns whose mothers were active cigarette smokers throughout the pregnancy. Our data indicate that exposure to active and passive maternal cigarette smoke in utero does not result in a significant increase in somatic mutant frequency as determined by the hprt T-cell cloning assay.
Control of a Hypersegmented Space Telescope

The primary mirror diameter of affordable space telescopes is limited by mass and manufacturing cost. Currently planned optical/near-infrared space telescopes use a segmented primary mirror with relatively few segments and make limited use of real-time position control. However, control can be used as an enabler for a fundamentally different, very highly segmented architecture, leading to a significant reduction in areal density, and hence a significant increase in the realistically achievable diameter of a space telescope. Weight can be reduced by minimizing the structure that supports mirror segments and instead relying on control for overall stiffness. Furthermore, smaller segments can be thinner (hence, lighter) while still providing sufficient internal rigidity. However, with these architectural changes, the control problem involves not only thousands of actuators and sensors but also many lightly damped modes within the control bandwidth. The objective here is to demonstrate that this control problem is solvable by applying a local control approach. This is illustrated for a 30-m-diam primary mirror composed of 12,000 0.3-m-diam segments.
Long-term smoking behavior patterns predicting self-reported chronic bronchitis.

We examined the effects of long-term smoking patterns on self-reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis within the Finnish adult twin cohort including 21, 609 individuals responding to questionnaires in 1975 and 1981, of which 11,015 respondents participated also in 1990. We also explored the association between smoking and bronchitis among discordant twin pairs. Among those without chronic bronchitis at baseline we examined incidence of chronic bronchitis in 1981 both by 1975 smoking status, but also based on subgroups formed according to change in smoking behaviors between 1975 and 1981. We conducted similar analyses in the longitudinal data including three consecutive measurements of smoking status. Logistic regressions demonstrated that among current smokers, the risk of chronic bronchitis increased about 1.5-fold by each amount category of daily cigarettes. When analyzing change of smoking status between 1975 and 1981, daily moderate and heavy smokers, smoking increasers and decreasers, as well as re-c...
Paracrine regulation of colony-stimulating factor-1 in medulloblastoma: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.

OBJECTIVE: Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, a chemotactic and mitogenic factor for macrophages and microglia, is expressed in a variety of nervous system tumors and when present in nonneural malignancies, is associated with marked inflammatory infiltrates, dissemination, and poorer prognosis. This study investigated the paracrine effects of CSF-1 production by medulloblastoma cells on the macrophage/microglial lineage. METHODS: A recurrent metastatic desmoplastic medulloblastoma was isolated from a 26-year-old man and propagated in tissue culture. Cellular phenotype and proliferation were assessed by immunocytochemical techniques; transcript expression for CSF-1, granulocyte macrophage-CSF, interleukin-3, and c-fms (the receptor for CSF-1) was examined with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; and conditioned media and coculture paradigms were used to study cytokine effects on cellular proliferation. RESULTS: Serially passaged cells were uniformly immunoreactive for two lineage-independent neuroepithelial markers, nestin and vimentin. A subpopulation of cells with morphological characteristics of early differentiation stained for neurofilament 66 (7%) and microtubule-associated protein (5%) (markers of early neuronal precursors and postmitotic neurons, respectively) and for the Yp subunit of glutathione-S-transferase (3%) (a marker of early oligodendroglial progenitors). Tumor cells expressed transcripts for CSF-1, but not for granulocyte macrophage-CSF, interleukin-3, or c-fms. Treatment of microglia with serum-free medulloblastoma-conditioned media significantly increased proliferation (P < 0.001), suggesting the secretion of CSF-1. Coculture of medulloblastoma cells and microglia significantly increased proliferation of both cell types (each condition, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that CSF-1 mediates important paracrine interactions between transformed cells and the immune system, resulting in increased growth rate and metastatic potential. Future therapeutic goals need to include immunotherapeutic protocols to modulate this interaction.
The contingent behavior of charter fishing participants on the Chesapeake Bay: Welfare estimates associated with water quality improvements

Abstract Water quality in the Chesapeake Bay has deteriorated over recent years. Historically, fishing has contributed to the region's local economy in terms of commercial and recreational harvests. A contingent behavior model is used to estimate welfare measures for charter fishing participants with regard to a hypothetical improvement in water quality. Using a truncated Poisson count model corrected for endogenous stratification, it was found that charter fishers not only contribute to the local market economy, but they also place positive non-market value on preserving the Bay's water quality. Using two estimates for travels costs it is estimated that the individual consumer surplus is $200 and $117 per trip, and the average individual consumer surplus values for an improvement in water quality is $75 and $44 for two models estimated.
Intelligent analysis support for linear programs

Abstract This illustrates a software module, ANALYZE, which is part of a project to develop an intelligent mathematical programming system . Its function is to provide intelligent analysis support for conventional questions of What if …? , Why …? and Why not …? ; for diagnosis of infeasible, or anomalous solutions; and, for questions pertinent to model management, such as reasoning about redundancy. The intelligence is distinguished by explanatory functions, including translation into English, and by rule-based reasoning to direct the search for the relevant information to organize the response. These functions are illustrated with instances of a refinery blending model.
Physician–pharmacist collaboration for oral chemotherapy monitoring: Insights from an academic genitourinary oncology practice

BackgroundOral chemotherapy is being routinely used in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate and renal cell cancer. Although convenient, these drugs require monitoring for adherence, toxicity, and...
Parallel permutation and sorting algorithms and a new generalized connection network

O(k log n) algorithms are obtained to permute and sort n data items on cube and perfect shuffle computers with n/sup 1+1/k/ processing elements, 1>k>log n. These algorithms lead directly to a generalized-connection-network construction having o(k log n) delay and o(kn/sup 1+1/k/log n) contact pairs. This network has the advantage that the switches can be set in o(k log n) time by either a cube or perfect shuffle computer with n/sup 1+1/k/ processing elements. 23 references.
Ethanol-stress interaction: biochemical findings.

Previous research suggested that low doses of ethanol (ETOH) may have a protective effect against stress: We now report confirmation and extension of that preliminary study. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0.50 g/kg ETOH (10% w/v) or an equivalent volume of saline and randomly assigned to one of four groups in Experiments I and II (saline-stress, saline-nonstress, ethanol-stress, ethanol-nonstress). In Experiment III, only two groups were tested (ethanol-stress, saline-stress). The stressors consisted of 30 trials (intertrial interval 60 s) of a 2-s duration 0.40 mA foot shock (Experiment I), 90 min restraint stress at 21°C (Experiment II) or 10 min tail-pinch (Experiment III). In Experiments I and II, plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were significantly increased in the saline-stress groups compared to the saline-nonstress or ethanol-nonstress groups. In contrast, subjects treated with ETOH and stress had significantly lower levels of plasma NEFA than saline-stress subjects in Experiments I and III. Plasma cortico-sterone was significantly elevated in response to stress. Subjects in the ethanol-stress groups had significantly lower levels of plasma corticosterone than subjects in the saline-stress group (Experiments I and II). These results suggest that ETOH has some protective effect against stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and NEFA. Furthermore, this finding may be generalized to several diffeeent types of stressors.
Sensing inside explosions: Thermal history deduced from microparticle luminescence

Fires and explosions are some of the most difficult environments in which to perform sensing. A technology is reviewed that measures the temperature versus time relationship of such rapid thermal events. It utilizes the dependence of luminescence on the trap populations of dispersed micro- and nano-particles. The thermoluminescence (TL) of various oxide microparticles gives direct information on temperature and time because the trapped charges that ultimately give rise to TL have a probability of detrapping that follows an Arrhenius-type relationship. To test this concept, Mg 2 SiO 4 :Tb,Co particles with two thermoluminescent peaks have been heated using micromachined heaters over a 232°C to 313°C range on time scales of less than 200ms. The effect of maximum temperature during excitation on the intensity ratio of the two luminescent peaks has been compared with first-order kinetics theory and shown to match within an average error of 4.4%. Other TL particles have recently been tested and shown to survive Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) explosions.
Lymphocyte subset analysis to predict progression to AIDS in a cohort of homosexual men in San Francisco.

A group of 10 leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets were measured by simultaneous dual immunofluorescence and flow cytometry in a group of homosexual men from the San Francisco General cohort. Absolute numbers and percentages of lymphocytes were determined in 30 individuals who progressed to AIDS and 29 who did not over a 44-month period at annual intervals. At entry into the study, all subjects were asymptomatic, HIV seropositive, and had multiple changes in lymphocyte subsets compared to HIV-negative controls. In progressors, large changes occurred from the first visit to the last visit before progression in both absolute numbers and percentages of CD4 cells. The percentage of HLA-DR-bearing CD8 cells also increased. We utilized a proportional hazards model to assign a predictive value for progression to AIDS to lymphocyte subsets in both univariate and multivariate tests. Increased DR-positive CD8 cells, decreased CD4 cells, and increased CD8-positive, Leu 7-positive cells independently predicted progression to AIDS at P < 0.006 (relative hazard 5.8-4.0). In a multivariate model, the most useful tests were either increased numbers or percentages of DR-positive CD8 cells. These data suggest parsimonious approaches to following HIV-positive individuals and further support the possibility of autoreactive T cells in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated diseases.
Effects of pentachlorophenol on predator avoidance behavior of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus

Intra- and interspecific interactions among rotifers are predominantly regulated by contact chemo- and mechanoreception. There is no evidence that predatory rotifers orient to their prey from a distance. As a result, the encounter rate between predators and prey is heavily dependent upon the swimming speed of each species. Thus, rotifers may alter their probability of encountering predators by reducing their swimming speed. However, this predator defense mechanism of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus is reversed by sublethal exposure to the toxicant pentachlorophenol. Swimming speed of B. calyciflorus was tested with the combined stresses of predation by Asplanchna girodi and sublethal concentrations of pentachlorophenol. A mathematical model was then developed to assess the effects of changes in B. calyciflorus swimming behavior on its predation risk. A significant interaction was found between the presence of the predator and pentachlorophenol on B. calyciflorus swimming speeds. In the absence of toxicant, B. calyciflorus swam up to 20% slower in the presence of the predator, indicating a predation defense mechanism capable of reducing encounter rates. However, sublethal pentachlorophenol exposure caused a 30% increase in swimming speed, resulting in an increase in predation risk of up to 50%. These results indicate that sublethal pentachlorophenol toxicity may adversely affect the ability of B. calyciflorus to avoid predation, thereby reducing its fitness.
Early treatment of cranio-facial deformities.

Summary The authors describe the surgical technique employed and results obtained in cases of early treatment of cranio-facial deformities. They demonstrate the necessity of early freeing of the fronto-ethmoidal and fronto-sphenoidal sutures at the base of the skull, in view of the fact that these sutures together with the coronal sutures are responsible for the orbital-facial involvement. With the technique of early treatment, which has the objective of achieving an advancement and decompression of the fronto-orbital block, excellent results are obtained in most cases.
Postnatal development of 5-HT1A receptor expression in rat somatic motoneurons

Prior work has established that hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs) change postnatally in their response to serotonin (5-HT), in part as a result of a decline in expression of 5-HT(1A) receptors. In the current study, two issues were addressed. First, using in situ hybridization we found that transient expression of 5-HT(1A) receptors occurs in other populations of brainstem (facial and trigeminal) and spinal (cervical and lumbar) motoneurons. Second, the participation of motoneuronal afferent (serotonergic) and efferent (neuromuscular) innervation in inducing and maintaining this decline in expression was investigated. Serotonergic innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) was disrupted in neonatal rats by intra-cisternal injection of the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), and 5-HT(1A) receptor mRNA levels in nXII from these rats were assayed at postnatal day 21. In spite of an almost complete loss of serotonergic fibers in the region, the postnatal decrease in 5-HT(1A) receptor expression by HMs still occurred. To test for potential regulation by target-derived factors or by nerve injury, receptor mRNA levels were assayed after unilateral transection of the hypoglossal nerve in adult rats. Though this treatment resulted in re-induction of developmentally transient expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor, 5-HT(1A) receptor expression remained low. Thus, neonatal expression of 5-HT(1A) receptors appears to be common to somatic motoneurons, but we found no evidence for changes in serotonergic innervation in influencing this expression, nor did we find evidence for its regulation by peripheral factors.
Phase Equilibria in the System Iron Oxide—Cr2O3– SiO2 in Air

Phase equilibrium data, obtained by the quenching technique, are presented for the liquidus temperature region of the system iron oxide-Cr2O3-SiO2 in air, which represents an O2 isobaric section (po2= 0.21 atm.) through the quaternary system Fe-Cr-Si-O at a total pressure of 1 atm. The diagram is dominated by a large area of coexistence of two immiscible liquids, and high liquids temperatures prevail throughout most of the system. Possible applications to refractory problems are indicated.
Mapping meiotic single-strand DNA reveals a new landscape of DNA double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are formed by the Spo11 protein, initiate meiotic recombination. Previous DSB-mapping studies have used rad50S or sae2Δ mutants, which are defective in break processing, to accumulate Spo11-linked DSBs, and report large (≥ 50 kb) “DSB-hot” regions that are separated by “DSB-cold” domains of similar size. Substantial recombination occurs in some DSB-cold regions, suggesting that DSB patterns are not normal in rad50S or sae2Δ mutants. We therefore developed a novel method to map genome-wide, single-strand DNA (ssDNA)–associated DSBs that accumulate in processing-capable, repair-defective dmc1Δ and dmc1Δ rad51Δ mutants. DSBs were observed at known hot spots, but also in most previously identified “DSB-cold” regions, including near centromeres and telomeres. Although approximately 40% of the genome is DSB-cold in rad50S mutants, analysis of meiotic ssDNA from dmc1Δ shows that most of these regions have substantial DSB activity. Southern blot assays of DSBs in selected regions in dmc1Δ, rad50S, and wild-type cells confirm these findings. Thus, DSBs are distributed much more uniformly than was previously believed. Comparisons of DSB signals in dmc1, dmc1 rad51, and dmc1 spo11 mutant strains identify Dmc1 as a critical strand-exchange activity genome-wide, and confirm previous conclusions that Spo11-induced lesions initiate all meiotic recombination.
On a general equilibrium model of the incidence of the corporation tax under uncertainty

Abstract This paper addresses two issues. First, we demonstrate that when there is uncertainty in a general equilibrium model of a large country the usual rule for the auctioneer, that of searching for a set of relative prices at which excess demand in each market is zero, is no longer appropriate. It is suggested that the setting of expected demand to expected supply in each market would be a convenient generalization. Secondly, results on the incidence of the corporation income tax when there is uncertainty in the corporate sector, and alternatively when there is uncertainty in the noncorporate sector, are presented.
Disc Electrophoresis of Turkey Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes Using Polyacrylamide Gel 2. Turkey Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Zymograms

The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (akp) in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel as the supporting medium Test subjects consisted of 103 turkeys maintained for the "Vibrator" condition at Michigan State University; and 46 female turkey of the Nicholas Broad Breasted White egg laying strain. Thirteen distinct akp bands were isolated. The 13 bands were observed to occur in 13 different patterns, each pattern being classified as a separate zymogram. Specific types of zymograms were detected for "Vibrator" birds vs. Nicholas strain; females vs, males; high intensity egg production vs. low intensity egg production and molting vs. laying.