cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factor analysis of the social performance survey schedule

There are several studies suggesting that the Social Performance Survey Schedule (SPSS) is a reliable and valid measure of social skill. However, the factorial structure of the SPSS has never been examined. In the present study, SPSSs taken by 652 college students were factor analyzed by the method of principal components and the resulting factors were rotated according to the varimax criterion. Separate factor analyses were conducted for men and women. Seven factors, which accounted for a little over a third of the total variance, were retained for each sex. A large general factor labeled Prosocial Competence emerged for both sexes. Beyond this, the factorial solutions for the two sexes tended to diverge, with males showing a large negative factor (Social Offensiveness) and three smaller negative factors and females showing five relatively small negative factors. Suggestions were made concerning additional factor analytic studies of the SPSS and the ways in which derived factors might be used in research and clinical work.
Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive products in muscles of chickens and mice with genetic muscular dystrophy.

Abstract The specific activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, and the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products in muscles from chickens and mice with genetic muscular dystrophy were increased over those of control animals. These findings indicate the occurrence of lipid peroxidation and the activation of an in vivo lipid peroxidation protective system in these dystrophic animals. A partial explanation for some of the metabolic changes that occur in dystrophic species is provided by this work.
Simulation of phase-dependent pattern changes to perturbations of regular firing in crayfish stretch receptor.

Abstract A comparison was made of responses of a repetitively firing neuron to perturbations imposed in an ongoing steady firing pattern with those predicted by a model.termed the ‘active pacemaker model’ and by a simpler ‘integrate-and-fire’ model. The active pacemaker model simulates the kinetics of processes such as active response generation and electrogenic sodium pumping which govern the membrane potential trajectory between a reset-point following an impulse and threshold for the next impulse. Responses of the crayfish stretch receptor neuron (MRO) and of both models were studied for both abrupt steps and square pulses of current, both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing, as a function of phase of the start of the stimulus in the normal interspike interval. Physiological results are consistent with a substantially weaker effect of a perturbation delivered earlier in the interspike interval as compared to the same one given later. The active pacemaker model successfully simulates several of the prominent results of the physiology (though by no means all), while the linear integrate-and-fire model is less successful.
Fracture Behavior of Hydroxyapatite-Filled Polycaprolactone

This paper reports some fracture characterization results of hydroxyapatite (HAP)-filled poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL). For the fracture toughness tests, the HAP concentration was steadily increased. The effect of HAP phase in PCL on the fracture and tearing toughnesses was investigated. The techniques of essential work of fracture (EWF) and tear strength were attempted. T-peel test was also used to evaluate the adhesive bond strength between HAP and PCL components using compression molded PCL-HAP-PCL laminates. Little is reported on the interfacial adhesion properties between bioactive components in scaffold development. The influence of PCL layer thickness (1.25, 2.5 and 3.5 mm) on adhesive strength between HAP and PCL was investigated. The adhesion between HAP and PCL components was found to be relatively strong; however, the thickness of PCL layers did not significantly influence the adhesive strength.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Ibotenic acid lesions in the amygdaloid central nucleus but not in the lateral subthalamic area prevent the acquisition of differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits

The present study examined the effect of ibotenic acid lesions in the amygdaloid central nucleus (ACe) or in the lateral zona incerta of the subthalamus (LZI) on the acquisition of differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits. Previous work has shown that bilateral electrolytic lesions in either ACe or LZI abolished the retention of conditioned heart rate (HR) responses. In order to determine whether these findings were due to destruction of cells intrinsic to ACe or LZI, ibotenic acid lesions were placed bilaterally in either structure or in control sites. Following recovery, animals were subjected to differential Pavlovian conditioning in which one tone (CS+) was paired with periorbital shock and a second tone (CS-) was presented alone. It was found that destruction of cell bodies in ACe, but not LZI, prevented the acquisition of the differential bradycardiac conditioned response. In addition, ACe lesions did not interfere with baseline HR, the HR orienting response, the HR unconditioned response to shock, or the concomitantly conditioned corneoretinal potential. The results of this study suggest that destruction of cells intrinsic to ACe selectively prevents the acquisition of differentially conditioned HR, and perhaps other conditioned responses related to conditioned arousal, but does not affect unlearned HR responses or specific somatomotor conditioned responses.
LMRST-Sat: A small, high value-to-cost mission

The Communications, Tracking, and Radar Division at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Space and Systems Development Lab (SSDL) at Stanford University are collaborating to fly a nanosat-class mission for costs usually associated with small technology development tasks, a few $100K. The mission hosts a JPL-developed Low Mass Radio Science Transponder (LMRST) on a university-class CubeSat bus as a satellite that occupies a total volume of two liters plus deployable antennas. In low earth orbit, the LMRST payload will provide a far-field source for calibration of Deep Space Network X-Band equipment in the form of an integer turnaround X-Band transponder with support for ranging modulation. The CubeSat bus provided by SSDL supplies power, structural support, and command and telemetry while on orbit. CubeSat development and operations are conducted as a student project.
Lessons from Darwin: adaptation and career management for IT professionals

Darwin introduced the world to his theory on environmental change in the adaptation of different species; although his book originally appeared in 1842, the concepts are still relevant to provide a lens through which IT career management can be examined. Key terms in nature such as environmental change and evolution are also applicable and exist in the business environment and organizations today. In business as in nature, environmental changes influence opportunities and modification occurs to meet different needs. Just as organizations have evolved from the elaborate and complex hierarchies to new organizational forms such as matrix, virtual, and flat, the individuals working in these organizations have also had to change with the organizations. The business environment has evolved from one of predictability and long-term planning to one of rapid changes, unpredictability and global competition. One key area in need of modification is career management; current views on career management are based on old organizational concepts and models that are inappropriate for the current, rapidly changing environment. To meet these changes, Cheseborough & Davis (1983) recommended that IT professionals assume responsibility for their own careers. Many other research efforts since then have made the same recommendation, but there is little research and limited information to indicate if personal career management ever really occurred or to what extent.Traditional career management was previously accomplished between individuals and organizations through slow but deliberate progression and career ladders, and individuals relied on supervisors, experience and the passage of time for promotion. The business environment has radically changed; organizations rarely support traditional career ladders; the dual ladders in IT have provided less than stellar outcomes (Allen & Katz, 1986).
The effect of solvent on the analysis of secondary organic aerosol using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

This study examined the effect of solvent on the analysis of organic aerosol extracts using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced by ozonation of d-limonene, as well as several organic molecules with functional groups typical for OA constituents, were extracted in methanol, d3-methanol, acetonitrile, and d3acetonitrile to investigate the extent and relative rates of reactions between analyte and solvent. High resolution ESIMS showed that reactions of carbonyls with methanol produce significant amounts of hemiacetals and acetals on time scales ranging from several minutes to several days, with the reaction rates increasing in acidified solutions. Carboxylic acid groups were observed to react with methanol resulting intheformationofesters.Incontrast,acetonitrileextractsshowed no evidence of reactions with analyte molecules, suggesting that acetonitrile is the preferred solvent for SOA extraction. The use of solvent-analyte reactivity as a tool for the improved characterizationoffunctionalgroupsincomplexorganicmixtures was demonstrated. Direct comparison between mass spectra of the same SOA samples extracted in methanol versus acetonitrile was used to estimate the lower limits for the relative fractions of carbonyls (g42%) and carboxylic acids (g55%) in d-limonene SOA.
Integration and Apartness of Minority Groups as Reflected in Election Results

M INORITY groups differ from one another, among other things, in the extent to which they are integrated into or apart from the societies to which they belong. The extent of this integration or apartness is reflected in the various ways in which the minorities differ from the rest of the population, such as in the effect of economic class upon voting. No minority group is ever completely integrated into its society, for complete integration is tantamount to the extinction of group identity. No minority group is ever completely apart, for the term "minority" implies the existence of a majority with which the minority forms a common society. The dimension of integration-apartness is related to but not identical with the dimension of assimilation. Assimilation refers to the replacement or modification of group characteristics as a consequence of out-group contacts. Integration refers to the extent a minority actually forms a part of the body politic of its society. Thus, German "non-Aryan" Christians were fully assimilated but, in the Third Reich, certainly not integrated into the German society. In general, the term "integration" is applicable at various levels of analysis. We talk of the integration of individuals into groupings, the integration of these groupings into further units, and the integration of these into larger units in turn. In the case of our study, individuals are more or less integrated into their respective minority
Teaching Sensitivity to Cultural Difference in the First-Year Foreign Language Classroom

Abstract: This article summarizes teacher action research for the teaching of subjective culture in the foreign language classroom. It begins with a literature review, followed by a description of Milton J. Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (Bennett, 1993), the theoretical paradigm upon which classroom activities and experiments were based. Bennett's model is compared and contrasted with other approaches to teaching culture, its strengths and weaknesses are discussed, and suggestions for implementing the model are presented. The article then summarizes efforts to mobilize the theory at the elementary French level, describes various culture-teaching strategies, and presents the results of evaluations of the effectiveness of the strategies using the Intercultural Development Inventory. Final remarks concern the goals of the culture component in the foreign language curriculum and suggestions for next steps in research.
Semen Production of Cockerels as Related to Their Subsequent Capacity to Fertilize Hens in Flock Matings

Abstract FERTILITY of eggs from flock matings of chickens is generally highest in the winter and spring months and decreases in the summer and fall as shown by Upp and Thompson (1927) and numerous other investigators since. It has also been reported by Parker and McSpadden (1943) and Wheeler and Andrews (1943) that chicken semen volumes decline during the summer and fall months. The above observations lead to the speculation that fertility in flock matings may be related to the volume of semen produced by the males. Malmstrom (1943) observed that fertility in flock matings declined when temperatures exceeded 47°F. and stated that this decline was probably because of reduced semen production in the males. Jones and Lamoreux (1942) observed that White Leghorn cockerels of a high-fecundity strain produced greater volume of semen than those of a low-fecundity strain. They also observed that fertility from natural matings was higher in the…
Contour tracking of machine tool feed drive systems

Summarizes the current advancement in contour tracking control of machine tool feed drive systems. Contouring performance can be improved by introducing a trajectory dependent coupling effect among the feed drive axes. We summarize various approaches to synthesize these trajectory dependent cross-coupling controllers. Advancement in synthesizing linear parameter varying (LPV) controllers provided a good framework for designing trajectory dependent cross-coupling controllers. By transforming the machine tool feed drive dynamics to a local task-based coordinate frame, a contour tracking controller can be designed using a gain scheduling approach for LPV systems.
Beam dynamics studies for the reacceleration of low energy ribs at the NSCL

Rare Isotope Beams (RIBs) are created at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) by the in-flight particle fragmentation method. A novel system that stops the RIBs in helium gas and reaccelerates them is proposed to provide opportunities for an experimental program ranging from low energy Coulomb excitation to transfer reaction studies of astrophysical reactions. The beam from the gas stopper [1] will first be brought into a Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) charge breeder [2] on a high voltage platform to increase its charge state, and then accelerated up to about 3 MeV/u by a system consisting of an external multi-harmonic buncher and a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) followed by a superconducting linac. The superconducting linac will use quarter-wave resonators with optimum acceleration for particle velocities as a fraction of the speed of light (betaopt) of 0.041 and 0.085 for acceleration and superconducting solenoid magnets for transverse focusing. The accelerator system design and the end-to-end beam dynamics simulations are presented.
Measurements of Complex Permittivity at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies With an End-Loaded Cavity Resonator

A novel cavity resonator method is proposed for measuring the complex permittivity of a dielectric plate in the millimeter-wave region. In this method, the dielectric plate is loaded at the end of the cavity resonator. The relative permittivity epsiv' and loss tangent delta are determined from measured resonant frequency and unloaded Q of the TE011 mode. This structure prevents excessive lowering of the resonant frequency due to the placement of the dielectric plate sample in the cavity. The suppression of spurious modes and the design of the cavity resonator are discussed. The values of epsiv' and tandelta were measured in the millimeter-wave range for low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC), Al2O3 , and sapphire plates. The temperature dependence of the complex permittivity of the LTCC plate was measured at 34 GHz. The measurement accuracies are estimated to be within 0.6% for epsiv', and within 10% for of 10-3.
Water in Mythology

Water in its various forms–as salty ocean water, as sweet river water, or as rain–has played a major role in human myths, from the hypothetical, reconstructed stories of our ancestral “African Eve” to those recorded some five thousand years ago by the early civilizations to the myriad myths told by major and smaller religions today. With the advent of agriculture, the importance of access to water was incorporated into the preexisting myths of hunter-gatherers. This is evident in myths of the ancient riverine civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China, as well as those of desert civilizations of the Pueblo or Arab populations.
Methodology for experimental computer vision

A key criticism in the experimental aspect in computer vision is that there are many reported experiments which illustrate results on only a few images and many experiments done all under essentially the same conditions. Such experiments are not sufficient. The author argues that the most informative kinds of experiments should state the set of controlled conditions under which a vision algorithm can be utilized and under which the vision algorithm performance exceeds some given specification. The planning document which describes the design for these experiments is called the experimental protocol. The specific elements of such a protocol are reviewed, stressing that the experimental data analysis plan must state how the hypothesis that the algorithm meets the specified requirement will be tested. The plan must be supported by theoretically developed statistical analysis which shows that an experiment carried out according to the experimental design and analyzed according to the data analysis plan will produce a statistical test itself having a given accuracy. >
Addition of Garlic or Onion before Irradiation on Lipid Oxidation, Volatiles and Sensory Characteristics of Cooked Ground Beef

Addition of 0.5% onion was effective in reducing lipid oxidation in irradiated cooked ground beef after 7 d storage. Addition of garlic or onion greatly increased the amounts of sulfur volatiles from cooked ground beef. Irradiation and storage both changed the amounts and compositions of sulfur compounds in both garlic- and onion-added cooked ground beef significantly. Although, addition of garlic and onion produced large amounts of sulfur compounds, the intensity of irradiation odor and irradiation flavor in irradiated cooked ground beef was similar to that of the nonirradiated control. Addition of garlic (0.1%) or onion (0.5%) to ground beef produced garlic/onion aroma and flavor after cooking, and the intensity was stronger with 0.1% garlic than 0.5% onion treatment. Considering the sensory results and the amounts of sulfur compounds produced in cooked ground beef with added garlic or onion, 0.5% of onion or less than 0.1% of garlic is recommended to mask or change irradiation off-odor and off-flavor.
Engineering development of permanent mechanical circulatory support systems

Development of mechanical circulatory support systems at Penn State began in 1972, about eight years into the coordinated national effort to develop mechanical replacements for the failing heart. Systems were developed in the 1970's to provide temporary support for bridge to recovery, and later bridge to transplantation. These provided an invaluable service to patients, demonstrated the potential of the underlying technology, and provided valuable technical, medical and human lessons. We were well-positioned to apply these lessons to the design of fully implanted systems in the 1980's when enabling technologies in microelectronics, materials and other areas became available. We have now developed, and used clinically, the completely implanted, intact-skin heart replacement systems that we envisioned at the start of our work. The engineering of these systems has involved concerns as disparate as mechanisms of blood clotting and formation of emboli to human interface design for devices that must be used comfortably by both medical professionals in the critical care setting and patients at home. This presentation will review the manner in which these systems were developed over three decades, highlighting lessons for the engineer regarding design of systems that will become part of the patient's physiology and working with a large team of disparate medical, scientific and engineering disciplines.
New results in image-based tactile sensing

A novel image-based sensor surface is defined and presented. It consists of a silicon-rubber skinlike material separated from a transparent plexiglass medium by a small air gap. The plexiglass is used to translate surface deformations into a focused image, which is then sensed by a light-sensing array. The size of the image of this touch surface (image footprint), under various deformations, remains bound to a small area. Thus the size of the array of light sensors needed is significantly reduced. The image footprints produced are easily interpreted by the computer. >
Simulation assisted design of a gallium phosphide n–p photovoltaic junction

A gallium phosphide photovoltaic junction is reported. Using a n–p structure, a gallium phosphide junction is grown on a gallium phosphide substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. Junction design is presented with measurements of the dark and light response. The light current was measured under an illumination of air mass (AM) 1.5. Without an anti-reflective coating, a Voc of 1.53 V and a Jsc of 0:959 mA=cm 2 is achieved at one-sun AM1.5 global. A simulation of the junction is presented with bestfit parameters. Strategies for efficiency improvements are discussed which yield a simulated Voc of 1.93 V and an AM 1.5 efficiency of 14% at 20 suns. Justification of a 51.3% efficient, ideal, multi-junction device is also presented.
Towards an Integrated Model of the U.S. Supreme Court's Federalism Decision Making

Disputes involving the boundaries of state versus federal power make up a substantial portion of the U.S. Supreme Court’s docket and have undergone extensive analysis. Yet, the conventional wisdom regarding the justices’ choices in these cases is that they are highly inconsistent. I argue that this is primarily a function of the failure of scholars to develop a comprehensive model of the justices’ federalism decision making. To remedy this, I introduce an integrated model of the individual justices’ choices in these cases, which is then subjected to empirical testing in the Rehnquist Court era (1986^2004). I explore a host of determinants of the justices’decision making, including attitudinal, institutional, legal, and personal attributes, as well as the role of organized interests in the Court. The findings reveal that the choices justices make in these cases are not as discordant as most commentators suggest. Rather, they are relatively predictable through the application of an integrated model of judicial choice. Each term, U.S. Supreme Court justices adjudicate disputes implicating the limits of federal versus state power. Through these federalism decisions, the justices are charged with determining the proper balance between the authority of states to operate as sovereign entities, free from federal interference, and the expansiveness of the federal government’s reach under the Constitution. The importance of this debate is perhaps no more evident than in scholarly analyses of the Rehnquist Court’s so-called ‘‘federalism revolution,’’ in which the justices, under the leadership of Chief Justice Rehnquist, are argued to have reinvigorated the concept of taking states’ rights seriously to a level that had not been witnessed since before the New Deal (Chen 2003; Greenhouse 2001; Pickerill and Clayton 2004). In so doing, the Rehnquist Court appeared to breathe new life into conspicuously long-forgotten constitutional provisions involving federalism as it struck down federal laws involving a wide range of social policies, including the regulation of firearms on school property (United States v. Lopez [1995]), violence against women (United States v. Morrison [2000]), and the free exercise of religion
Molecular Evolution of the Rice Blast Resistance Gene Pi-ta in Invasive Weedy Rice in the USA

The Pi-ta gene in rice has been effectively used to control rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae worldwide. Despite a number of studies that reported the Pi-ta gene in domesticated rice and wild species, little is known about how the Pi-ta gene has evolved in US weedy rice, a major weed of rice. To investigate the genome organization of the Pi-ta gene in weedy rice and its relationship to gene flow between cultivated and weedy rice in the US, we analyzed nucleotide sequence variation at the Pi-ta gene and its surrounding 2 Mb region in 156 weedy, domesticated and wild rice relatives. We found that the region at and around the Pi-ta gene shows very low genetic diversity in US weedy rice. The patterns of molecular diversity in weeds are more similar to cultivated rice (indica and aus), which have never been cultivated in the US, rather than the wild rice species, Oryza rufipogon. In addition, the resistant Pi-ta allele (Pi-ta) found in the majority of US weedy rice belongs to the weedy group strawhull awnless (SH), suggesting a single source of origin for Pi-ta. Weeds with Pi-ta were resistant to two M. oryzae races, IC17 and IB49, except for three accessions, suggesting that component(s) required for the Pi-ta mediated resistance may be missing in these accessions. Signatures of flanking sequences of the Pi-ta gene and SSR markers on chromosome 12 suggest that the susceptible pi-ta allele (pi-ta), not Pi-ta, has been introgressed from cultivated to weedy rice by out-crossing.
An overview of environmental forensics

Environmental forensics has emerged as an important area of environmental studies over the past two decades. There are two basic aspects to any environmental investigation. The first being a conventional approach where the standard EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) methods are used to determine concentrations of selected compounds released into the environment. These methods are extremely well documented and widely used, but only provide information on specific target compounds. Whilst this information may be useful for monitoring purposes it is of little use when trying to determine the source of a spill or contaminants in the environment. If the purpose of an investigation is to determine the source of a contaminant, or point of release, then it is necessary to use a wide variety of analytical techniques and integrate all of the resulting data into one comprehensive data set. It may not always be possible to obtain a unique answer, particularly in the case of groundwater contaminants where there might only be one compound, for example MTBE or PCE. In that case if there are multiple possible sources in the area it may be difficult to narrow it down to a specific source. Furthermore fingerprinting tools that may be useful with complex mixtures may not be directly applicable to single component mixtures. The purpose of this paper will be to provide a brief overview, along with some recent examples of the type of information that is typically obtained in an environmental forensic investigation and how this information may be interpreted. It should be noted that all these examples are related to organic contaminants in the environment since that is the major area of focus at this time. Examples will involve hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, and MTBE and BTEX compounds. Techniques will include gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), stable isotopes both bulk and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCIRMS). There are other techniques being used but in a paper of this length we will limit ourselves to these widely used techniques and those applications mentioned above since space does not permit a comprehensive review of all of them.
Spectrum of Thymic Uptake at 18F-FDG PET

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as a strong diagnostic tool for the diagnosis and staging of neoplasms. Uptake in the thymus at 18F-FDG PET complicates the assessment of mediastinal involvement by tumor in children and young adults. Increased thymic 18F-FDG uptake may represent normal physiologic uptake but may also indicate the presence of thymic hyperplasia, lymphomatous infiltration, primary thymic neoplasm, or metastatic disease. Familiarity with the patterns of 18F-FDG uptake that characterize these pathologic conditions is crucial to the interpretation of PET findings in the thymus. In addition, awareness of the subsets of patients in whom physiologic uptake may be seen and of the normal morphologic features and 18F-FDG PET appearance of the thymus, along with a general sense of the upper limits of metabolic activity for physiologic thymic uptake, will aid in differentiating between physiologic thymic uptake and mediastinal disease. In equivocal ca...
Dialectics, Transaction, and Piaget’s Theory

Overton (1976) has criticized those perspectives that subordinate scientific metaphors to scientific inquiries themselves. From such perspectives, the use of metaphor in the context of discovery must be followed by acts of verification, and the use of metaphor is permitted only until it can be reduced to empirical concepts. In agreement with Overton, however, we claim that metaphor is an essential part of the activity of science, guiding the relationship between scientists and the object of their study. As Overton (1976) himself suggests, the metaphors one employs to capture the essential character or image of one’s object of study may have “a continuing determining influence on the formulation of more concrete models and ultimately on the types of theories constructed; the questions asserted as significant or nonsignificant; and even the types of methods preferred” (p. 76). In this chapter, the use of two metaphors, dialectics and transaction, is explored.
Fluctuation-induced first-order quantum phase transition of the U ( 1 ) spin liquid in a pyrochlore quantum spin ice

We predict, using a free-energy calculation, that the quantum phase transition between the $U(1)$ quantum spin liquid (QSL) and antiferromagnet (AFM) phases in certain pyrochlore quantum spin ice is first order rather than second order. This change in order from second to first order is induced by gauge fluctuations, which are explicitly taken into account at gauge theory level in our effective low-energy theory. We therefore have identified a fluctuation-induced first-order quantum phase transition in pyrochlore quantum spin ice. We explicitly derive the quantum free-energy description of this QSL-to-AFM phase transition and predict that it is a weakly first-order phase transition. We also briefly discuss the experimental relevance of this result.
The end of the ocean

ABSTRACTIn “The end of the ocean,” I argue that nineteenth-century literary imaginings of oceanic space that celebrated openness, wildness, and instability were, paradoxically, enabled by American efforts to ensure worldwide military control. I focus especially on two important nineteenth-century publications: Edward Everett Hale's “The Man Without a Country” (1863) and Frederick Douglass's Life and Times (1881), both of which highlight the significant differences between land and sea and between landed Americans and their seafaring counterparts. Though both texts seem to assume the existence of what James Fenimore Cooper called “the trackless and fathomless abyss of the ocean,” and the possibilities for freedom that lie therein, both texts also highlight the emergence of a global empire to limn and control the supposedly “trackless … abyss.” Indeed, as Hale and Douglass show us, as the United States' power and imperialistic ambitions grew, the country came to dominate and regulate the ocean to such an ex...
Effects of Televised Direct-to-Consumer Advertising for Varenicline on Prescription Dispensing in the United States, 2006-2009.

INTRODUCTION Televised direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) for prescription drugs is controversial, especially for tobacco cessation products such as varenicline, given safety concerns that arose only after its market approval. We aim to quantify the extent to which DTCA influenced varenicline use. METHODS We linked monthly DTCA television ratings with monthly prescription data from IMS Health's National Prescription Audit across top 75 media markets in 2006-2009. We used Poisson models with Generalized Estimating Equations to analyze effects of exposures to DTCA for both varenicline and nicotine replacement therapies on rate of dispensed varenicline prescriptions among smokers, controlling for population characteristics and varenicline-related events. RESULTS Varenicline prescriptions increased dramatically following DTCA launch and declined sharply after safety risks were publicized and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advisory. DTCA had significant impact on new prescription dispensing in the subsequent month: before the FDA advisory, one additional exposure to varenicline DTCA was associated with a 1.8% (rate ratio [RR] = 1.018 [1.015-1.021]) higher rate of new prescriptions; no effect was observed after the advisory (RR = 1.000 [0.997-1.003]). Prior to the advisory, cross-product effects of nicotine replacement therapy advertising on varenicline prescribing were negligible (RR = 1.002 [0.999-1.004]); after the advisory, effects were positive (RR = 1.015 [1.012-1.019]). CONCLUSIONS DTCA for varenicline had a significant impact on varenicline prescribing when the drug's safety profile was not well characterized, supporting arguments to limit DTCA for newly approved products whose real-world safety is unclear. IMPLICATIONS We examined the fluctuations in varenicline use in association with DTCA for varenicline and other tobacco cessation aids. To our knowledge this is the first study to quantify the effects of televised DTCA for varenicline and other tobacco cessation aids on varenicline prescription dispensing. We believe that understanding these relationships is critical for formulating effective public health policy and interventions.
Focal adhesions control stretch-induced rho signaling and vascular permeability via paxillin – GEF-H1 functional complex

Suboptimal ventilator support or regional ventilation heterogeneity in inflamed lungs causes excessive tissue distension which triggers stretch-induced pathologic signaling and may lead to vascular leak and lung dysfunction. Focal adhesions (FA) are cell-substrate adhesive complexes participating in cellular mechanotransduction and regulation of the Rho GTPase pathway. Stretch-induced Rho regulation remains poorly understood. We used human lung endothelial cells (EC) exposed to pathologic cyclic stretch (CS) at 18% distension to test the hypothesis that FA protein paxillin participates in CS-induced Rho activation by recruiting the Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1. CS induced phosphorylation of paxillin, activated p42/44-MAP kinase, Rho GTPase, paxillin/GEF-H1/p42/44-MAPK association. CS caused nearly 2-fold increase in EC permeability, which was attenuated by paxillin knockdown. Expression of paxillin-Y31/118F phosphorylation mutant decreased the CS-induced paxillin/GEF-H1 association (16.3+/-4.1%), GEF-H1 activation (28.9+/-9.2%), and EC permeability (28.7+/-8.1%), but not CS-induced p42/44-MAPK activation. Inhibition of p42/44-MAPK suppressed CS-induced paxillin/GEF-H1 interactions (15.9+/-7.9%), GEF-H1 activation (11.7+/-4.3%) and disruption of EC monolayer. Expression of GEF-H1T678A lacking p42/44-MAPK phosphorylation site attenuated Rho activation (31.2+/-11.6%). We conclude that MAPK-dependent targeting of GEF-H1 to paxillin is involved in the regulation of CS-induced Rho signaling and EC permeability. This study proposes a novel concept of paxillin-GEF-H1-p42/44-MAPK module as a regulator of pathologic mechanotransduction.
Functionalism is/n't formalism: an interactive review of Darnell et al. (1999) Michael Darnell, Edith Moravcsik, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Michael Noonan & Kathleen M. Wheatley (eds.) , Functionalism and formalism in linguistics , vol. I: General papers & vol. II: Case studies (Studies in Language Companion Series 41 & 42 ). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. Pp. iv+514 (vol. I) & pp. iv+407 (vol. II).

L'A. propose une etude critique de l'ouvrage de Darnell et al. Functionalism and formalism in linguistics (1999). Cette etude a pour caracteristique d'avoir ete redigee sous la forme d'un dialogue entre deux etudiants, d'un cote un jeune syntacticien formel et de l'autre un jeune sociophoneticien variationniste, qui parlent tous deux de l'ouvrage de Darnell et al. Ce choix a ete fait par l'A. pour illustrer les differences de point de vue entre formalisme et fonctionnalisme, et le debat entre les deux etudiants, representants de ces deux poles, reprend alors la problematique des articles de Darnell et al.
EXTENDED BURIALS IN THE PREHISTORIC SOUTHWEST

The burial of the dead is a conservative trait in all cultures, and thus the diffusion and spread of the rare extended burial pattern in the American Southwest provides excellent evidence of cultural contacts and cultural change. Prior to A.D. 1000, the common Southwestern burial pattern is seen to be that of flexure of the dead, with a few rare extended burials known. Concentrations of extended burials first appear at Chaco Canyon sites dating about A.D. 1050, and the pattern seems to spread from there first to the Sinagua region and to nearby Mogollon groups, then to the Hopi and Zuni regions, and finally, with the Sinagua and Salado migrations, into the Gila-Salt River Valley. The complex may ultimately be of Mesoamerican origin. Some data on grave types and burial covering are also discussed. N THE LITERATURE of the prehistoric American Southwest little attention has been given to the distribution of extended burials. While isolated examples do occur throughout the cultural sequence, concentrations of extended burials are always very rare, except in a few specific areas and periods. This paper discusses the areas and periods of time in which concentrations of extended burials are known, and attempts to trace the spread of this trait, thus suggesting periods and areas of cultural contact. In discussing some of the more common burial practices some attention will be paid to the distribution of several other burial features.
Understanding Criteria Development: A Rationale and Method for Instruction

One of the most neglected topics in Technical Communication textbooks and professional articles is the concept of criteria development. Most approaches to teaching criteria development tend to be prescriptive, overly superficial, and, at times, confusing and misleading. One can develop criteria for evaluating the relative merits of potential solutions to problems only after a thorough problem analysis. Criteria themselves derive from two sources: assumptions drawn from the conditions of the problem itself and external constraints that create additional barriers to problem solutions. This article provides a rationale for emphasizing methods of teaching criteria development and describes a heuristic for identifying relevant criteria. Such an approach also addresses national concerns that we develop teaching methods that allow students to think logically, systematically, and analytically.
Scrap Tire Disposal Process

Abstract Experimental results are presented which indicate that scrap rubber vulcanizates, typical of today's tires, can be depolymerized to a product which is essentially a carbon black dispersion in oil. The depolymerization is free radical in nature and requires an efficient chain transfer agent to prevent hardening of the vulcanizate and to increase the rate of depolymerization. The product, termed “Depolymerized Scrap Rubber” (DSR), should be useful, particularly as a rubber compounding ingredient and as a fuel oil extender.
Adrenalectomy and Pituitary Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Content.

SummaryTwenty-four hours after adrenalectomy the content of ACTH in the pituitary of the rat is reduced by 80%. Sham adrenalectomy and scalding reduce the content of ACTH by only 27% and 35%, respectively. The significance of these observations for the problem of the regulation of rate of synthesis and discharge of pituitary ACTH is discussed.
The Design of Linear and Dummy Modeling for Double Helix Single Screw Pump

A short-amplitude cycloid is used to be the primary gear form for stator and the conjuration gear form using on rotor on the basis of the analysis and compare of all kinds of cycloids.The expressions of linear of stator and rotor are derived and being dummy modeling with the Pro/Engineer wildfire aiming at offering the reference for future process and amending of the double helix single screw pump.
The Brain Volume of NAcc Might Predict Individual FinancialRisk Preference

Both mammal neurochemical and human imaging studies suggested that the nucleus accumbens(NAcc) could affect risk preference by expecting risk benefits.However,few studies addressed the relationship between individual financial risk preference and the NAcc structure in the brain.In this study,the contribution of the NAcc volume and individual financial risk preference was examined by the domain specific risk taking scale and FIRST imaging tool(FMRIB's integrated registration and segmentation tool).The result suggested that the volume of NAcc may underlie human financial risk preference traits.
Elementary Introduction of Storematurity of Yellow Rice Wine

The newly-produced yellow rice wine needs storing for a period of time in order to possess rich perfume,mellow taste and perfect quality.This process is usually called storematurity.The reaction of contents and the improvement of quality in the course of storematurity was stated in this paper,and the suitable storematurity conditions were also described.
The Racism-Race Reification Process A Mesolevel Political Economic Framework for Understanding Racial Health Disparities

The author makes the argument that many racial disparities in health are rooted in political economic processes that undergird racial residential segregation at the mesolevel—specifically, the neig...
Evolution versus "intelligent design": comparing the topology of protein-protein interaction networks to the Internet.

Recent research eorts have made available genome-wide, high-throughput protein-protein interaction (PPI) maps for several model organisms. This has enabled the systematic analysis of PPI networks, which has become one of the primary challenges for the system biology community. In this study, we attempt to understand better the topological structure of PPI networks by comparing them against man-made communication networks, and more specically , the Internet. Our comparative study is based on a comprehensive set of graph metrics. Our results exhibit an interesting dichotomy. On the one hand, both networks share several macroscopic properties such as scale-free and small-world properties. On the other hand, the two networks exhibit signican t topological dierences, such as the cliqueshness of the highest degree nodes. We attribute these dierences to the distinct design principles and constraints that both networks are assumed to satisfy. We speculate that the evolutionary constraints that favor the survivability and diversication are behind the building process of PPI networks, whereas the leading force in shaping the Internet topology is a decentralized optimization process geared towards ecien t node communication.
Echocardiography in Pregnancy: Part 2

The prevalence of pregnant women with cardiovascular heart disease is increasing. Transthoracic echocardiography is safe during pregnancy, and it is an important diagnostic tool in pregnant women with established heart disease in order to monitor ventricular and valvular anatomy and function. In addition, it can be used to delineate cardiac anatomy in complex congenital heart disease and help stratify maternal risk during pregnancy. This review will focus on the use of echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of pregnant women with common congenital lesions and with prosthetic valves.
A General Analytical Three-Phase Induction Machine Core Loss Model in the Arbitrary Reference Frame

An analytical three-phase induction machine model is proposed, derived, and validated in this paper. This model is capable for arbitrary qd0-frame analysis and core loss estimation at both line-fed and inverter-fed situations. Detailed model-based machine copper and core loss estimations are presented. A simulation verification of the model consistency is given under a changing load profile in MATLAB/Simulink. Then, the model is verified comprehensively using three induction machines (1.5 HP, 3 HP, and 10 HP), where the model is proved to be scalable, and to provide excellent machine loss estimation in line-fed situation and inverter-fed situation with machine input line filters, as well as in the flux-weakening region. Finally, a series of sensitivity tests of the model parameters are performed and the effects of the parameters on the machine losses are discussed. It is believed that the proposed model will be beneficial for various qd0-frame model-based research works of three-phase induction machines.
Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of spin-glass material DyNi0.67Si1.34

Abstract Structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of DyNi 0.67 Si 1.34 were investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and magnetization measurements. X-ray powder diffraction pattern shows that DyNi 0.67 Si 1.34 crystallizes in the AlB 2 -type hexagonal structure (space group: P 6/ mmm , No. 191, a = b = 3.9873(9) A, and c = 3.9733(1) A). The compound is a spin-glass with the freezing temperature T G = 6.2 K. The ac magnetic susceptibility measurements confirm magnetic frustration in DyNi 0.67 Si 1.34 . The maximum value of the magnetic entropy change determined from M(H) data is −16.1 J/kg K at 10.5 K for a field change of 70 kOe.
Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Mississippi Adults, 2001-2010 and 2011-2015.

Introduction In 2015, about 1.5 million adults in Mississippi were overweight or obese. Obesity is associated with increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular problems. We examined trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity from 2001 through 2010 and 2011 through 2015. Methods We used data from the Mississippi Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to analyze trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults from 2001 through 2010 and 2011 through 2015. Joinpoint software was used to examine annual percentage change (APC) in the prevalence of each condition overall and by sex and race. Results We observed a significant decrease in overweight prevalence from 2001 to 2010, both overall (APC, -1.3%) and among men (APC, -2.0%), blacks (APC, -1.0%), and whites (APC, -1.5%), but not among women. The overall prevalence of both obesity (APC, 2.9%) and extreme obesity (APC, 3.6%) increased significantly, and these increases occurred across all subgroups for both obesity (men APC, 3.5%; women APC, 2.5%; blacks APC, 1.9%; and whites APC, 3.8%) and extreme obesity (men APC, 6.7%; women APC, 2.5%; blacks APC, 2.2%; and whites APC, 5.0%). From 2011 to 2015, the only significant change was an increase in the prevalence of extreme obesity among whites (APC, 2.6%). Conclusion The increasing proportion of adult Mississippians in the 2 highest-risk BMI categories warrants urgent community and clinical obesity interventions. Community-tailored and sustained obesity prevention, treatment, and control programs that include diet and physical activity are needed to address the obesity epidemic.