cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence upstream of wind turbines: A large-eddy simulation approach to investigate the use of wind lidars

Abstract Despite the evolution of wind turbines, the way in which in-situ meteorological information is obtained has not evolved much. Wind vane and cup anemometers, installed at the turbines nacelle, right behind the blades, are still used. This near-blade monitoring does not provide any time to readjust the profile of the wind turbine, and subjects the blades and structure to wind gusts and extreme incoming wind conditions. A solution is to install wind lidar devices on the turbine's nacelle. This technique is currently under development as an alternative to traditional in-situ wind anemometry because it can measure the wind vector at substantial distances upwind. However, most used wind lidar systems are optimized for measuring within a fixed upwind range, but at what upwind distance should they interrogate the atmosphere? This work uses Large Eddy Simulations to create a realistic atmospheric flow to evaluate optimal scanning distances to learn about the incoming turbulence as a function of wind farm configuration and atmospheric stratification. A correlation model, based on a modified truncated normal distribution, has also been developed, which could be implemented within the feed-forward collective pitch control of the turbine, allowing for improved wind turbine readjustments.
LIMITED ANGLE PLANAR DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY: A FIRST-ORDER SOLUTION

We have shown in an earlier paper that the expected mean-squares error for a system using optimal incident angles is lower than that for the uniformly-spaced incident angles. However, the comparison is based on a full 180° range of incident angles.
Diatom taxonomy for paleolimnologists

The present chaotic state of diatom taxonomy presents both significant difficulties and large opportunities for paleolimnologists. Lack of complete and generally available taxonomic treatises and rapid and substantial changes in nomenclature make it necessary for persons using diatom populations to infer environmental conditions to become more deeply and directly involved in diatom systematics, in the broad sense, than is generally realized. Paleolimnologists develop collections that are extremely valuable in addressing classic questions in evolution and biogeography, and should be encouraged to use these resources to advance diatom systematics, either themselves or in collaboration.
Childhood trauma, pubertal timing, and cardiovascular risk in adulthood.

Objective An association between childhood trauma and adult health outcomes has been widely reported, but little is known about the developmental pathways through which childhood trauma influences adult cardiovascular disease (CVD). Method Hypotheses were tested with a sample of 405 African Americans from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS). Path modeling was used to test our theoretical model. Results Replicating prior research, exposure to childhood trauma was associated positively with increases in symptoms of CVD risk across young adulthood even after controlling for a variety of health-related and health behavior covariates. Further, the association of childhood trauma with CVD risk was mediated by early pubertal maturation. There were no gender differences in the magnitude of this effect. Conclusion Our findings support an evolutionary-development perspective (Belsky & Shalev, 2016) suggesting that early adverse life experiences lead to early biologically embedded changes reflected in early physical maturation and that these early changes predict later negative adult health outcomes. The results imply that early pubertal maturation is a precursor to vulnerability to long term health problems. From an intervention standpoint, identifying such developmental pathways may help inform future health-promoting interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
Sorting them all out: Exploring the separable phrasal verbs of English

Abstract Several studies in recent years have addressed the impact of phrasal verbs in the English language in an attempt to improve teaching and inform research. While some experts have mentioned the problematic case of separability with these structures, no major attempt to quantify and qualify separable phrasal verbs (SPVs) has been undertaken. Given the prolific nature of these structures, and the documented difficulty they pose for learning and research, we attempt to partially address this issue by finding, counting, and analyzing the SPVs in a mega-corpus of over 1.3 billion words of American and British English. Specifically, we provide and discuss lists of the most frequent SPVs overall, and for those separated by one, two, and three intervening words. We also provide data regarding separability preferences among prolific SPVs, as well as typical grammatical structures of the intervening words between verbs and their allied particles. Implications for instruction and research are discussed throughout the article.
Conduction mechanisms in BaTiO3 thin films.

We report the observation of two types of ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ thin films, one exhibiting the Poole-Prenkel transport mechanism and the other the field-enhanced Schottky mechanism. A factor-of-2 difference in the slope of the ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}$(I/V)-vs-${\mathit{V}}^{1/2}$ curves has been measured for these two types of films. Also, we have unambiguously determined that the static dielectric constant should be used to describe the carrier transport in these films.
Viruses and DNA in Marine Environments

DNA is the genetic material found in all living cells and is a molecule fundamental for life on this planet. Interest in the measurement of DNA in the oceans has evolved from a desire to quantitate biomass to a need to understand microbial diversity in the marine environment (see chapter by DeLong in this book).
Ecological Indicator Strategy for Monitoring Arid Ecosystems

Environmental issues such as global change, acidic deposition, and toxic wastes will continue to be of great economic, political, and social concern during the coming decades. Ecological pressures on the earth’s limited natural resources will increase as human activities continue to alter the earth’s ecosystems. Part of the problem in the past has been the tradition of dealing independently with environmental issues related to land, air, and water resources. Because these components of the environment are intricately linked and often codependent, dealing with them independently has often led to the environmental degradation of both natural and developed areas (Viessman, 1990). The challenge of developing an effective monitoring program and selecting key ecological indicators is to integrate all resources in order to provide quantitative assessments of the effects of pollutants and environmental change on all ecosystem components.
Cellular Factors That Regulate Retrovirus Uncoating and Reverse Transcription

Abstract This chapter summarizes the present state of knowledge of the early events of the retrovirus life cycle from the time of entry of the virion core into the cytoplasm to the delivery of the preintegration complex to the nucleus. The key steps in this process are described, including the uncoating of the core, the reverse transcription of the RNA genome, and the trafficking of the genome through the cytoplasm. The techniques that are used to monitor the various components of the virus, their nucleic acids and proteins, are discussed. The chapter then focuses on the major host factors known to affect these steps. These include both host factors that are exploited by the viruses to facilitate or promote infection, and the restriction factors that act to inhibit or block the course of infection. There follows a discussion of host machinery that acts to sense infection and activate the interferon responses. We end with comments on the future prospects for exploiting our knowledge of the host–viral interactions to inhibit virus replication.
Correlates of early cognition in infants with Down syndrome

Background While delays in cognitive development are detectable during early development in Down syndrome, the neuropsychological and biomedical underpinnings of cognitive skill acquisition in this population remain poorly understood. Method To explore this issue, 38 infants with Down syndrome [mean chronological age = 9.65 months; SD = 3.64] completed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III and a set of laboratory tasks that measured sustained attention (duration of visual attention during a 1-min object exploration task), attention shifting (mean latency to shift attention on an alternating object presentation task) and visual short-term memory (dishabituation to a novel object on a change preference task). Results Latency to shift attention was negatively associated with Bayley Cognitive Scale raw scores, even when controlling for the effects of chronological age, r (33) = -.41, P = .02. In addition, prematurity status was associated with latency to shift attention. Conclusions Early attention shifting may be an important factor that facilitates overall cognitive skill acquisition in infants with Down syndrome, and premature birth may be a risk factor for difficulties on this dimension.
n-3 PUFA Supplementation Alters Retinal Very-Long-Chain-PUFA Levels and Ratios in Diabetic Animal Models.

Scope Long-chain (LC)-PUFAs act as precursors for the special class of retinal lipids known as very-long-chain (VLC)-PUFAs and the effect of diabetes on retinal VLC-PUFA levels is unexplored. In order to understand the supplemental effect of omega-3 (n-3) LC-PUFAs on decreasing levels of VLC-PUFAs due to diabetes, Nile rats, which develop diabetes spontaneously, and Akita mouse, a genetic diabetes model, are chosen. Methods and results Human retinal punches from donors are collected from an eye bank; lipids are extracted and analyzed to study the alterations in VLC-PUFAs and their omega-3/omega-6 (n-3/n-6) ratios. Nile rats are fed a high-fat diet to induce hyperglycemia, and then an n-3 PUFA-rich diet is fed to the experimental group for 2 months. Diabetic male Akita mice and WT mice are fed with 5% fish-oil mixed in with their chow for 2 months to observe the effect of n-3 PUFAs. Results indicate that VLC-PUFA levels are lower in human diabetic and retinopathic retinal punches compared to age-matched controls. With supplementation of n-3 PUFAs, there is a significant increase in n-3/n-6 VLC-PUFA ratios in both animal models compared to diabetic controls. Conclusion Dietary supplementation with n-3 LC-PUFAs helps to prevent progression of diabetes and associated retinopathy.
Threshold concepts as ‘jewels of the curriculum’: rare as diamonds or plentiful as cubic zirconia?

The framework of threshold concepts has been used across several disciplines in higher education. Although the literature surrounding the identification of threshold concepts and their nature has f...
Navigating the body of literature assessing BRCA1/2 mutations and markers of ovarian function: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Twelve percent of women in the USA will develop invasive breast cancer in their lifetime, and that risk increases to 80% if they carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. BRCA1/2 mutations are thought to potentially affect ovarian reserve and/or fertility. PubMed and PubMed Central were searched for publications on ovarian reserve–related outcomes (i.e., AMH and response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) protocols) that were reported in relation to BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations from 1950 through May 2019. A meta-analysis was conducted to create forest plots and summary effect measures using Review Manager 5.3. This article reviews the 16 qualifying publications. There were several fundamental methodological differences in the study designs and outcome details reported in AMH studies. Summary statistics found no difference in AMH levels between BRCA1/2+ women as compared with controls (Z overall test effects p ≥ 0.45). Regarding responses to COH, there were overall non-significantly fewer total and mature numbers of oocytes retrieved in BRCA1/2+ cases as compared with controls (meta-analysis Z overall test effects p ≥ 0.40). While the summary measures indicate no significant differences in AMH levels between BRCA1/2+ cases and controls, readers should be aware that there are significant methodological differences in the AMH reports. Additionally, the response to COH protocols does not seem to be significantly lower in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers in the existing literature. Continued research on both of these clinical parameters would be beneficial for patient counseling.
Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 44

Ashok Gadgil and Thomas P. Tomich, eds. 2019. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 44. (ISBN-13: 978-0-8243-2344-8, hbk). Annual Reviews, Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. (Orders: annualreviews.org, science@annualreviews.org). $116.00 US, 448 pp., 8½" × 9½".
Nanoparticle encapsulated oxytocin increases resistance to induced seizures and restores social behavior in Scn1a-derived epilepsy

Oxytocin (OT) has broad effects in the brain and plays an important role in cognitive, social, and neuroendocrine function. OT has also been identified as potentially therapeutic in neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and depression, which are often comorbid with epilepsy, raising the possibility that it might confer protection against the behavioral and seizure phenotypes in epilepsy. Dravet syndrome (DS) is an early-life encephalopathy associated with prolonged and recurrent early-life febrile seizures (FSs), treatment-resistant afebrile epilepsy, and cognitive and behavioral deficits. De novo loss-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel SCN1A are the main cause of DS, while genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), also characterized by early-life FSs and afebrile epilepsy, is typically caused by inherited mutations that alter the biophysical properties of SCN1A. Despite the wide range of available antiepileptic drugs, many patients with SCN1A mutations do not achieve adequate seizure control or the amelioration of associated behavioral comorbidities. In the current study, we demonstrate that nanoparticle encapsulation of OT conferred robust and sustained protection against induced seizures and restored more normal social behavior in a mouse model of Scn1a-derived epilepsy. These results demonstrate the ability of a nanotechnology formulation to significantly enhance the efficacy of OT. This approach will provide a general strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of additional neuropeptides in epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
Market Design in an Intermittent Renewable Future: Cost Recovery With Zero-Marginal-Cost Resources

The basic features of an efficient short-term wholesale market design do not necessarily need to change to accommodate a significantly larger share of zero-marginal-cost, intermittent renewable energy from wind and solar resources. A large share of controllable zero-marginal-cost generation does not create any additional market design challenge relative to a market with a large share of controllable positive marginal cost generation. Regardless of the technology, generation unit owners must recover their fixed costs from sales of energy, ancillary services, and long-term resource adequacy products.
Substance Use And Addiction Education For Northern Nevada Youth

Background: The Healthier Nevada Youth Educational Modules project consists of a curriculum created by a team of medical students to promote healthy, preventative lifestyle choices in the Washoe County School District (WCSD). In 2017, the WCSD reported that 30-35% of students in grades 9-12 had lived with someone who was a problem drinker, alcoholic, or had abused street or prescription drugs. Despite this, education in these areas is lacking in many schools. In our project we sought to educate youth on the health effects and social impact of substance use disorders, the commonality of addiction, …
Consolidation of Class Advantages in the Wake of the Great Recession: University Enrollments, Educational Opportunity and Stratification

Most U.S. universities have made explicit commitments to educating economically diverse student bodies; however, the higher education system is highly stratified. In this paper, we seek to understand stratification in the wake of the Great Recession by examining enrollment among students from differing income backgrounds by institutional type. Two theoretical frameworks suggest different conclusions. A Disaster Capitalism framework suggests that in places where the recession was most severe, enrollment by income would become more stratified than in places where the downturn was less severe. In contrast, Effectively Maintained Inequality would suggest that enrollments were already effectively stratified by income and would not necessarily be sensitive to exposure to an economic shock. Employing fixed effects modeling and novel data based on the tax records of 30 million Americans, we examine income composition by institutional type from 2004 to 2012. We find that although stratification by institutional type worsened during the recession and subsequent recovery, patterns of economic stratification were not more intense for institutions that enrolled students from states hardest hit by the recession. We conclude that these patterns are consistent with an Effectively Maintained Inequality framework. During the recession, the top quintiles continued to enjoy their longstanding disproportionate enrollment in the most selective institutions. For the bottom quintiles, the longstanding marginalization from 4-year college going persisted through the recession. These stratification patterns, however, were not more pronounced in places hardest hit by the recession.
Measuring the Impact of Immersive Virtual Reality on Construction Design Review Applications: Head-Mounted Display versus Desktop Monitor

AbstractHead-mounted display (HMD)–based virtual reality (VR) applications can potentially facilitate various visualization-intensive tasks in the construction industry, such as design and construc...
Artificial hyperventilation normalizes haemodynamics and arterial oxygen content in hypoxic rats.

INTRODUCTION Although humans are capable of enduring critically low levels of oxygen, many hypoxaemic patients die despite aggressive therapies. Mimicking the physiological hyperventilation necessary to survive extreme hypoxic conditions could minimize the derangements caused by acute hypoxic-hypoxia. The objective of this study was to measure the haemodynamic-biochemical response to artificially induced hyperventilation in hypoxic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four deeply anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated rats were allocated to 3 groups: control (n = 5, FiO2 = 1); hypoxic spontaneously hyperventilating (n = 10, FiO2 = 0.08); and hypoxic artificially induced hyperventilation (n = 9, targeting PaCO2 = 10 mm Hg, FiO2 = 0.08). We compared the spontaneously and artificially hyperventilating groups. P-values < 0.01 were considered statistically significant. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and serum chemistry were measured for 180 minutes. RESULTS The control group remained stable throughout the experiment. The hypoxic groups developed profound hypotension after the decrease in FiO2. However, the artificially induced hyperventilated rats recovered their MAP to levels higher than the spontaneously hyperventilating group (117.1 ± 17.2 vs. 68.1 ± 16.0, P = 0.0048). In regard to the biochemical derangements, even though the serum lactate and PaO2 were not different among the hypoxic groups, the artificially hyperventilated group achieved significantly higher SaO2 (94.3 ± 3.6 vs. 58.6 ± 9.6, P = 0.005), pH (7.87 ± 0.04 vs. 7.50 ± 0.13, P = 0.005), and CaO2 (17.7 ± 2.6 vs. 10.2 ± 1.3, P = 0.005) at 180 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Artificially induced hyperventilation led to the correction of arterial oxygen content, severe serum chemistry, and haemodynamic derangements. These findings may represent a novel rescue manoeuvre and serve as a bridge to a permanent form of support, but should be further studied before being translated to the clinical setting.
Rhetorical hedonism and gray genres

As technical genres continue to grow and morph in promising new directions, we attempt an analysis of what are typically viewed as mundane genres. We use the term gray genres, which we find useful for interrogating texts that tend to fall in categories that tend toward a blandness that is invariably difficult to quantify. We use hedonism, along with a historical accounting for this value from its classical rhetorical lineage and run it up to contemporary applications. We posit that playful stylistic choices---while typically discouraged in more technical spaces---actually improves the rhetorical canon of delivery for informative documents. We close with case studies that offer close readings of a few attempts at employing hedonistic tactics within typical gray genres.
El discreto encanto de la antología

Una generacion desencantada. Harold Alvarado Tenorio (compilador). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, 1985.
LIM: a layered interconnection model for improving component reuse

As information technologies evolve, computing environments become more distributed, cooperated, and heterogeneous. More and more software applications written in different programming languages running on different platforms with different operating systems are required to communicate with one another over different computer networks in a collaborative manner. Conflicts resulting from having heterogeneous cooperated distributed computing environments require strategies for software interoperability. In this paper, we present a 4-layered interconnection model to support the development of heterogeneous distributed coordinated reusable components. Each layer will have a collection of well-defined functions that access the layer below it by using its interface. The interconnection model decouples the applications and the underlying middleware implementations by isolating computation, communication, and coordination promotes reuse, improves comprehension, and eases maintenance due to software evolution.
Expanding the role of the dynein regulatory complex to non-axonemal functions: association of GAS11 with the Golgi apparatus.

The mammalian GAS11 gene is a candidate tumor suppressor of unknown function that was previously identified as one of several genes upregulated upon growth arrest. Interestingly, although GAS11 homologs in Trypanosoma brucei (trypanin) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (PF2) are integral components of the flagellar axoneme and are necessary for regulating flagellar beat, the GAS11 gene was discovered based on its expression in cells that do not assemble a motile cilium. This suggests that GAS11 function might not be restricted to the cilium. To investigate this possibility, we generated GAS11-specific antibodies and demonstrate here that GAS11 is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells that lack a motile cilium. In COS7 cells, GAS11 is associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton and exhibits a juxtanuclear localization that overlaps with the pericentrosomal Golgi apparatus. This localization is dependent upon intact microtubules and is cell-cycle regulated, such that GAS11 is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm as cells progress through mitosis. GAS11 remains associated with Golgi fragments following depolymerization of cytoplasmic microtubules but is dispersed upon disruption of the Golgi with brefeldin A. These data suggest that GAS11 is associated with the Golgi apparatus. In support of this, recombinant GAS11 binds Golgi membranes in vitro. In growth-arrested mIMCD3 cells, GAS11 co-localizes with γ-tubulin at the base of the primary cilium. The pericentrosomal Golgi apparatus and base of the cilium both represent convergence points for microtubule minus ends and correspond to sites where dynein regulation is required. The algal GAS11 homolog functions as part of a dynein regulatory complex (DRC) in the axoneme (Rupp and Porter. J Cell Biol 2003;162:47–57) and our findings suggest that components of this axonemal dynein regulatory system have been adapted in mammalian cells to participate in non-axonemal functions.
Magmatism at Mid‐Ocean Ridges: Constraints from Volcanological and Geochemical Investigations

The morphological, structural, and volcanic characteristics of the neovolcanic zone at mid-ocean ridges (MOR) vary strongly with spreading rate. At fast-spreading ridges, the neovolcanic zone is narrow, has low-relief both across and along strike, is dominated by the products of fluid, fissure-fed eruptions, and exhibits morphologic and magmatic continuity along axis. At slow-spreading ridges, the neovolcanic zone is wider, has greater relief, is characterized by many discrete point-source constructs, and exhibits less morphologic and magmatic continuity along axis compared to fast-spreading ridges. Intermediate-spreading ridges typically have characteristics that vary in time and space between these two extremes. Lava flow morphology also varies markedly with spreading rate - sheet flows are dominant on fast-spreading ridges whereas pillow lavas are dominant at slow-spreading ridges.
Do further studies of acupuncture for pain make sense? An informal review

Background Therapeutic evidence of effectiveness for acupuncture is largely confined to pain, but is compromised by poor study quality, limited methodologies and selective reporting. Objectives To assess how the evidence of effectiveness for acupuncture for pain has developed over time, and to inform future research decisions. Methods PubMed was searched for meta-analyses and systematic reviews of acupuncture for pain. No time limits were imposed. Results Twenty-two meta-analyses and systematic reviews of acupuncture for pain were identified. There was one report of positive evidence for acupuncture vs. placebo from 1990–2004, and six from 2005–2012. An apparent clustering of positive evidence in recent years could be explained by the emergence of better trial methodologies, although a placebo effect still cannot be dismissed. Treatment effects appear to be small. Conclusions As recent studies show small effect sizes, acupuncture may have a specific but clinically unimportant effect; alternatively, the small benefits seen may have resulted from a residual placebo effect. A better understanding of the effect of acupuncture may be achieved through deeper analysis of existing studies, rather than the conduct of new randomised controlled trials.
Restructuring brain drain: strengthening governance and financing for health worker migration

Background: Health worker migration from resource-poor countries to developed countries, also known as ‘‘brain drain’’, represents a serious global health crisis and a significant barrier to achieving global health equity. Resource-poor countries are unable to recruit and retain health workers for domestic health systems, resulting in inadequate health infrastructure and millions of dollars in healthcare investment losses. Methods: Using acceptable methods of policy analysis, we first assess current strategies aimed at alleviating brain drain and then propose our own global health policy based solution to address current policy limitations. Results: Although governments and private organizations have tried to address this policy challenge, brain drain continues to destabilise public health systems and their populations globally. Most importantly, lack of adequate financing and binding governance solutions continue to fail to prevent health worker brain drain. Conclusions: In response to these challenges, the establishment of a Global Health Resource Fund in conjunction with an international framework for health worker migration could create global governance for stable funding mechanisms encourage equitable migration pathways, and provide data collection that is desperately needed. Keywords: brain drain; health worker migration; health policy; global health; global health governance; health system strengthening (Published: 15 January 2013) Citation: Glob Health Action 2013, 6: 19923 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19923
Update on stroke.

Purpose of review This review highlights some advances in the areas of epidemiology, therapy, and imaging of acute stroke. Recent findings Studies published in 2003 provided new insights into the epidemiology of stroke. The African American Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study found that traditional stroke risk factors are still undiagnosed and undertreated, particularly in minorities. Cohort studies have identified incident silent infarcts as risk factors for stroke and history of type I diabetes as a risk factor for death in patients with acute stroke. Cervical artery dissection, on the other hand, seems to have a benign course. Imaging has become an important tool for understanding the pathophysiology of stroke, as demonstrated in recent publications. New studies have shown the prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging: it can predict the volume of ischemic tissue that will progress to infarction and detects cerebral microbleeds - a risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage. Computed tomographic scanning may have a role in selecting patients for thrombolysis, particularly when validated scales are used. Despite the barriers to the use of tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of patients with stroke, data published this year show that it is a safe medication when used routinely in community and university hospitals. In addition to thrombolysis, other general medical measures, such as glucose control and adequate attention to nutritional status, can help improve the outcome of patients with stroke. Summary In acute stroke, recognition and modification of risk factors continue to be challenging tasks. Treatment of acute stroke should involve thrombolysis and attention to medical conditions that may influence outcome. New applications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography may help guide stroke therapy.
Droplet Interactions in Water-in-Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions Near the Critical Point: A Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study

Droplet interactions in water-in-carbon dioxide (W/C) microemulsions formed with a perfluoropolyether-based surfactant for droplet volume fractions from 0.05 to 0.10 are studied with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to understand the mechanism of microemulsion stability. The water-to-surfactant ratio (Wo) is fixed at 12.5. Droplet interactions increase as the upper critical solution pressure is approached with decreasing pressure at constant temperature, increasing temperature at constant pressure, or increasing droplet volume fraction. These interactions are quantified in terms of the structure factor at zero momentum vector, S(0), and the correlation length, ξ, for an Ornstein−Zernicke structure factor, or the square-well depth for the structure factor of a square-well potential. Near the critical solution pressure, the interaction strength (A) approaches the value predicted for a hard-sphere fluid with a van der Waals attractive term. The observed interaction strength between droplets is larger in...
Changes in gene expression within the ventral tegmental area following repeated excessive binge-like alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats.

Abstract The objective of this study was to detect changes in gene expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) following repeated excessive binge-like (‘loss-of-control') alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Adult female P rats ( n = 7) were given concurrent access to 10, 20, and 30% EtOH for 4 1-h sessions daily for 10 weeks followed by 2 cycles of 2 weeks of abstinence and 2 weeks of EtOH access. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation 3 h after the 4th daily EtOH-access session at the end of the second 2-week relapse period. A water-control group of female P rats ( n = 8) was also sacrificed. RNA was prepared from micro-punch samples of the VTA from individual rats; analyses were conducted with Affymetrix Rat 230.2 GeneChips. Ethanol intakes were 1.2–1.7 g/kg per session, resulting in blood levels >200 mg% at the end of the 4th session. There were 211 unique named genes that significantly differed (FDR = 0.1) between the water and EtOH groups. Bioinformatics analyses indicated alterations in a) transcription factors that reduced excitation-coupled transcription and promoted excitotoxic neuronal damage involving clusters of genes associated with Nfkbia , Fos , and Srebf1 , b) genes that reduced cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and increased protein degradation, and c) genes involved in cell-to-cell interactions and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Among the named genes, there were 62 genes that showed differences between alcohol-naive P and non-preferring (NP) rats, with 43 of the genes changing toward NP-like expression levels following excessive binge-like drinking in the P rats. These genes are involved in a pro-inflammatory response, and enhanced response to glucocorticoids and steroid hormones. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the repeated excessive binge-like alcohol drinking can change the expression of genes that may alter neuronal function in several ways, some of which may be deleterious.
Computer-aided design and manufacturing of dies for lubricated extrusion of shapes

Abstract Extrusion dies with smooth entry from a circular cross-section into an extruded shape are used in the extrusion of steels, superalloys, and titanium alloys. A significant application for smooth entry, or “streamlined”, extrusion dies is found in the extrusion of preforms for forging titanium turbine and compressor blades. In this application, before forging the thin airfoil section, a round- or preferably elliptical-shaped preform is extruded from round bar stock. The shape of the preform and the surface of transition from the round to the elliptical cross-section influence the subsequent defect-free forging of the blade. The difficulties of designing and manufacturing the complex dies and of maintaining consistent lubrication have somewhat inhibited a wide application of the lubricated-extrusion process in the production of non-symmetric shapes. An example is the hot extrusion of high-strength aluminum alloys, 2000 and 7000 series. The conventional practice is to extrude structural shapes of these alloys using flat-face dies. This practice results in internal shearing and significant temperature increases within the deforming material. Consequently, the extrusion must be carried at a sufficiently low speed to avoid hot shortness in the product. Lubricated extrusion of hard aluminum alloys can be expected to increase production rates and lower the required press capacity to extrude a given product at a predetermined extrusion ratio. This paper discusses new techniques for the design and manufacture of dies for lubricated extrusion of non-circular shapes. A simple analysis of the direct-extrusion process is developed and used to formulate a design procedure for determining the optimal shape of the extrusion dies. To manufacture the complex dies by NC (Numerical Control) machining and EDM (Electro-Discharge Machining), special computer programs have been written. The design procedure and the NC programs are applicable to cold and warm, as well as to lubricated hot extrusion of non-circular shapes. In this study, dies were designed and manufactured for lubricated hot extrusion of round and rectangular shapes. The results of extrusion trials conducted with these dies indicate that these new die-design techniques can be useful in some extrusion applications.
Intraoperative Echocardiography: Interpretation of Changes in Left Ventricular Wall Thickness

Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography (Q2-0E) may be used to detect intraoperative changes in left ventricular (LV) mass (M) and wall thickness (h). Potential causes of change in h include physiological redistribution of myocardium, myocardial edema, reactive hyperemia, and intramyocardial hemorrhage. Changes in h, in the absence of changes in LV shape and volume, generally indicate increased LVM. When changes in h are accompanied by changes in shape or volume, changes in LVM can only be detected by mathematical modeling, unless the direction of the observed changes is opposite that expected with physiological redistribution. Histological observations essential to understanding current mathematical models are presented and related to the inherent solid geometry. Technical considerations in determination of LV mass by Q2-0E are discussed. New procedures that alter LV volume and geometry, such as the Batista operation, defy modeling by conventional methods. Modeling techniques that allow an experimental approach to understanding LVM and h under such conditions are presented.
Enthalpies and entropies of sublimation of germanium tetraphenyl and di-germanium hexaphenyl. The bond dissociation energy of GeC and GeGe

Abstract The sublimation pressures of germanium tetraphenyl and di-germanium hexaphenyl in the temperature ranges 402 to 476 K and 483 to 558 K, respectively, have been determined from simultaneous measurements of the torsional recoil and the rate of mass effusion. The enthalpies and entropies of sublimation derived from the least-squares analyses of the results are: δH° sub ( GePh 4 , c, 298.15 K )=(37.5±1) kcal th mol −1 ; δH° sub ( Ge 2 Ph 6 , c, 298.15 K )=(50±1) kcal th mol −1 ; δS° sub ( GePh 4 , c, 445 K =(59.8±0.6) cal th K −1 mol −1 ; δS° sub ( Ge 2 Ph 6 , c, 520 K =(70.8±1) cal th K −1 mol −1 ; The average bond dissociation energies are calculated to be: (Ge—Ph) GePh 4 =(73.7±0.8) kcal th mol −1 ; (Ge—Ph) Ge 2 Ph 6 =(70.4±0.7) kcal th mol −1 ; The bond dissociation energy D (Ph 3 GeGePh 3 ) is estimated to be (58 ± 5) kcal th mol −1 .
Lattice vibrational modes of Li 2 Ge O 3 measured by infrared and Raman techniques

${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is an orthorhombic pyroelectric transparent crystal with space group ${C}_{2v}^{12}(Cmc{2}_{1})$. Scott et al. have shown that it can be grown easily in very large boules by the Czochralski technique. We report and discuss infrared reflectivity and Raman measurements of the lattice vibrational modes along all three polarization directions, and the optic index of refraction. The frequencies of the modes determined from the two techniques are in good agreement with each other except that several more modes are observed by the Raman techniques. The clamped-dielectric-constant values calculated from the modes are in fair agreement with our capacitance measurements.
Variation of Milk Flavor

Abstract Monthly milk samples for five years from 127 cows from 68 twin pairs were tasted by at least three judges, providing 8,208 observations for flavor score and twelve flavors. Judges contributed significant (P
Experimental and numerical study of guided wave propagation in a thin metamaterial plate

Abstract In this Letter, both in-plane and out-of-plane guided waves in a thin plate with local resonators are studied numerically and experimentally. Through the numerical simulation, a new metamaterial plate design is achieved for a low-frequency bandgap in both in-plane and out-of-plane guided waves. Experiments were conducted to validate the numerical design. In the experiment, piezoelectric transducers were used to generate and receive guided wave signals. The results show that the numerical predictions are in very good agreement with the experimental measurements. Specifically, the connection between the local resonance in the thin plate and its wave attenuation mechanism was discussed.
ACTION OF NONAXISYMMETRIC DYNAMIC LOADS ON A CIRCULAR HOLE IN THE INFINITE ELASTIC PLANE

A modified finite-difference method with respect to time and the method of Fourier series with respect to the angular variable are used to solve a plane dynamic problem of the elasticity theory on the action of nonaxisymmetric loads on the boundary of a circular hole in the infinite plane. The distribution of stress is determined. The time dependence of the stress concentration on the boundary of a circular hole is numerically found for various Poisson’s ratios and the load distributed according to a certain law.
The New Jersey margin: compaction and fluid flow

Abstract Rapid sedimentation by fine-grained sediments on the upper slope of the New Jersey margin has generated nearly lithostatic fluid pressures. We use measured porosity from ODP Site 1073 to predict the in situ fluid pressures. We then simulate the pressure history with one-dimensional and two-dimensional sedimentation-compaction models. Two-dimensional models simulate a compaction-driven flow field that is dominated by lateral flow. This flow field increases overpressure and lowers effective stress on the lower slope. The combination of observation and theory provide a model that illuminates a mechanism through which seeps form and slope failure may occur in any rapidly loaded continental margin.
Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the 49-kDa proteinase of tobacco etch virus.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were generated against two tobacco etch virus (TEV)-encoded nonstructural proteins, the 49-kilodalton (kDa) proteinase and the 58-kDa putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This process was facilitated by the fact that these two TEV nonstructural proteins cocrystallize in the nuclei of virus-infected cells to form nuclear inclusion (NI) bodies which can be purified readily. The anti-NI McAbs were shown by Western blot analysis to be specific for either the TEV 49-kDa or the 58-kDa protein. Those McAbs reactive with the 49-kDa proteinase were characterized further with respect to the 49-kDa domain with which they reacted and with respect to their ability to inhibit the autocatalytic or self-processing activity of the 49-kDa proteinase. The 49-kDa antigens were synthesized from a TEV cDNA sequence using cell-free transcription and translation systems. Each anti-49-kDa McAb was used in immunoprecipitation studies with a series of 49-kDa antigens which represented a nested set of 49-kDa proteins with common amino termini but varying in length. Immunoprecipitation results showed that all of the anti-49-kDa proteinase McAbs reacted with one of five binding regions, designated A through E from the carboxy terminus of the proteinase, which were 77, 38, 81, 18, and 61 amino acids long, respectively. The 38-amino-acid binding region B contained the proposed catalytic cysteine 339 residue and was recognized by only one McAb, 4911. McAb 4911 was the only anti 49-kDa McAb capable of inhibiting the self-processing reaction in which the 49-kDa proteinase is released from its 75-kDa polyprotein precursor.
1H‐NMR assignments and secondary structure of human plasminogen kringle 1

The 1H-NMR spectrum of the kringle 1 domain of human plasminogen complexed with 6-aminohexanoic acid, an antifibrinolytic drug, has been assigned. Elements of secondary structure have been identified on the basis of sequential, medium and long-range dipolar interactions, backbone amide spin-spin couplings (3JHN-Hα) and 1H-2H exchange rates. The kringle contains scarcely any repetitive secondary structure: eight reverse turns and two short β-sheets. These comprise 40% and 12% of the domain, respectively. No α-helix was found. An aromatic cluster formed by His31, Phe36, Trp62, Phe64, Tyr72 and Tyr74 is indicated by several inter-residue Overhauser connectivities. Contacts between the methyl groups of Leu46 and the side chains of Phe36, Trp62 and Trp25 are observed. A second hydrophobic cluster formed by Tyr9, Ile77 and Leu78 is also indicated. A comparison of secondary structure elements among plasminogen kringles 1 and 4 and tissue-type plasminogen activator kringle 2 suggests that there is variability in the position and number of reverse turns on going from one kringle to another; however, the β-sheets are conserved among the homologs.
Is low fertility a twenty-first-century demographic crisis?

Nearly half of the world’s population in 2000 lived in countries with fertility rates at or below replacement level, and nearly all countries will reach low fertility levels in the next two decades. Concerns about low fertility, fertility that is well below replacement, are widespread. But there are both persistent rationales for having children and institutional adjustments that can make the widespread intentions for two children attainable, even in increasingly individualistic and egalitarian societies.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE THYMUS SYSTEM AND THE BURSA SYSTEM IN THE CHICKEN

The bursa of Fabricius and the thymus are "central lymphoid organs" in the chicken, essential to the ontogenetic development of adaptive immunity in that species. Surgical removal of one or both of these organs in the newly hatched chicken, followed by sublethal X-irradiation the next day, has permitted recognition of two morphologically distinct cell systems in the "peripheral lymphoid tissues" of the spleen, gut, and other organs, and clear definition of the separate functions of each cell system. The thymus-dependent development is represented morphologically by the small lymphocytes of the circulation and the white pulp type of development in the tissues. As in mammals, the thymus-dependent tissues of the chicken are basic to the ontogenesis of cellular immunity: graft versus host reactions, responses of delayed hypersensitivity and homograft rejection; and play a less clearly defined role in the antibody response to at least some antigens. Thymectomized-irradiated chickens are deficient in all these responses, and grow more slowly than any of the other experimental groups. In these animals germinal centers, plasma cells, and capacity for immunoglobulin synthesis remain intact. The bursa-dependent development is represented morphologically by the larger lymphocytes of the germinal centers and the plasma cells, and functionally by the immunoglobulins. Bursectomized-irradiated chickens are agammaglobulinemic and unable to produce detectable antibody despite intense, repeated stimulation with bovine serum albumin and Brucella abortus organisms. The thymus-dependent development in these animals seems to be normal; they have adequate numbers of lymphocytes in the circulation and tissues, are able to reject skin homografts, though more slowly than usual, and to exercise graft versus host reactions. The short life span of these chickens has precluded adequate study of responses of delayed hypersensitivity. There was no evidence of significant impairment of reticuloendothelial function in either the bursectomized-irradiated or the thymectomized-irradiated group, as judged by the clearance of colloidal gold and I131-tagged keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
Effects of mood state and psychosocial functioning on plasma interleukin-6 in adult patients before cardiac surgery

Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effect of mood states and psychosocial functioning during the waiting weeks prior to major cardiac surgery on the plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in 236 patients immediately before their operation.Method:The sample was recruited from patients at the cardiac clinic of the University of Michigan Medical Center (Ann Arbor). Two weeks before cardiac surgery, trained research assistants conducted a face-to-face interview with these middle-aged and older patients on their preoperative physical examination date at the clinic. Standardized instruments were used to assess mood states and psychosocial functioning. The blood samples of 236 patients, obtained on the morning of the operation, were analyzed for plasma IL-6.Results:In bivariate analysis, poor psychological functioning and anxiety, as well as bodily pain and body mass index (BMI), were correlated with plasma IL-6 (p < .05), but sociodemographics, chronic illness and use of psychotropic m...