cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embolotherapy for pelvic congestion syndrome: Long-term results

PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term clinical outcome of transcatheter embolotherapy in women with chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and pelvic varices. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population included consecutive patients referred to a tertiary-care interventional radiology service from 1998 to 2003 because of a high degree of clinical suspicion of pelvic and ovarian varices. Visual analog scales and questionnaires during clinic visits were used to measure pain perception levels. Basal female hormonal levels were obtained and compared. RESULTS Of 131 patients referred (mean age, 34.0 years ± 12.5), percutaneous transfemoral venography confirmed the presence of ovarian varices in 127 (97.0%), all of whom were treated with embolotherapy. Internal iliac embolotherapy was performed in 108 of 127 patients (85.0%). Ninety-seven patients completed long-term clinical follow-up (mean 45 months ± 18). The mean pelvic pain level had improved significantly from 7.6 ± 1.8 before embolotherapy to 2.9 ± 2.8 after embolotherapy ( P P CONCLUSION Direct venographic evaluation with embolotherapy can achieve significant improvement in pain perception levels in patients with chronic pelvic pain caused by pelvic venous congestion.
Using Game Theory to Link Domestic and International Politics

How do the links between domestic politics and the international system affect the way that states interact in the global arena? Scholars are giving this question greater attention today than they have in the past. One reason is that many see the end of the cold war as having made domestic politics more important in foreign policy matters. Similarly, the increasing importance of economic affairs in international relations has made domestic interest groups and coalitions more salient. Theoretical developments in the field of international relations also point toward a greater need to study the links between domestic politics and foreign affairs. For several decades, many in the field organized their arguments around particular "levels of analysis" or made claims about the primacy of one level over another (Singer 1961; Waltz [1954] 1959, 1979). Although the distinction has helped scholars make significant contributions to our understanding of international politics, many now feel a theoretical synthesis of variables from the international system and domestic politics is necessary. Some scholars who argue for a move past the levels-of-analysis distinction take issue with the positivist epistemology underlying most work in international relations. In particular, constructivists argue that looking at how states and systems mutually constitute each other can increase our understanding of world politics (Ashley 1984; Cox 1981; Wendt 1992). Others maintain that a positivist synthesis is possible, under the rubric of "two-level games" or a similar metaphor (Evans, Jacobson, and Putnam 1993; Mastanduno, Lake, and Ikenberry 1989; Putnam 1988). The contributors to this special issue agree with the latter position; we need not toss out the positivist baby with the levels-of-analysis bathwater. This issue explores the role that game theory can play in transcending the levelsof-analysis distinction and debate. The contributors show that game-theoretic tools can help scholars think rigorously about the simultaneous or interactive effects of
Water-cooled, in-cavity apertures for high power operation of FEL oscillators

In an oscillator FEL, higher-order harmonic radiation from wigglers can cause serious damage to the downstream FEL resonator mirror and limit the maximum electron beam current for FEL operation due to thermal overload. These problems can be effectively dealt with for FELs driven by helical wigglers using a system to block off-axis wiggler harmonic radiation. In this paper, we report a new scheme to block the off-axis radiation from helical wigglers using a set of motorized, water-cooled, in-cavity apertures. These apertures can reduce the wiggler harmonic radiation power load on the downstream FEL resonator mirror by two orders of magnitude or more. With these apertures, we were able to operate the Duke FEL with record high intracavity power in infrared and visible wavelengths and extend FEL operation into ultraviolet wavelengths with a large electron beam current. The technique for limiting wiggler harmonic radiation using in-cavity apertures is expected to be useful for other types of FEL oscillators including high average power FEL oscillators driven by superconducting linacs.
Association of interrupted aortic arch with malformations producing reduced blood flow to the fourth aortic arches

Interrupted aortic arch is a rare congenital malformation of the great arteries with loss of continuity between the proximal portion of the aortic arch and the descending aorta, which is usually supplied by a patent ductus arteriosus. The hearts of 12 patients with interrupted aortic arch listed in the autopsy files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were evaluated. Four categories were identified. Seven hearts with normal outflow tract relations had significant pulmonary arterial override of a ventricular septal defect and thus recevived part of left ventricular and all of right ventricular ejection flow; flow into the aorta was correspondingly reduced. Two hearts had mitral valve obstruction with decreased left heart flow. Two hearts had double inlet left ventricle and transposed great arteries with the aorta originating from a small anterior conal chamber. One heart had a truncus malformation with a disproportionately large flow entering the pulmonary arterial division. In each of these hearts, the pattern of the outflow tracts and associated malformations suggested that there was a preferential flow of blood into the sixth arches and correspondingly a reduced flow into the fourth arches at the time of normal disappearance of components of the embryonic aortic arch system. Thus, interrupted aortic arch may simply be disappearance of the normally persisting connection between the left fourth and sixth arches as a result of flow imbalance in early cardiogenesis.
Cancer Advisory Board

The article "Reagan seeks expansion of Soviet ties" by R. Jeffrey Smith (News and Comment, 13 July, p. 145) erroneously stated that the U.S. Senate had passed a resolution calling for a U.S.-Soviet summit "without preconditions or assurances of success." Shortly before midnight on 19 June, the resolution was amended to call for a summit at "the earliest practical time following thorough preparation." It was approved in this form.
Efficient Formation of the Tandem Thymine Glycol/8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine Lesion in Isolated DNA and the Mutagenic and Cytotoxic Properties of the Tandem Lesions in Escherichia coli Cells

Reactive oxygen species can induce the formation of not only single-nucleobase lesions, which have been extensively studied, but also tandem lesions. Herein, we report a high frequency of formation of a type of tandem lesion, where two commonly observed oxidatively induced single-nucleobase lesions, that is, thymidine glycol (Tg) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), are vicinal to each other in calf thymus DNA upon exposure to Cu(II)/ascorbate along with H(2)O(2) or gamma-rays. We further explored how the tandem lesions perturb the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication by assessing the replication products formed from the propagation, in Escherichia coli cells, of the single-stranded pYMV1 shuttle vectors containing two tandem lesions [5'-(8-oxodG)-Tg-3' and 5'-Tg-(8-oxodG)-3'] or an isolated Tg or 8-oxodG. The bypass efficiencies for the two tandem lesions were approximately one-half of those for the two isolated single-nucleobase lesions. The presence of an adjacent Tg could lead to significant increases in G-->T transversion at the 8-oxodG site as compared to that of a single 8-oxodG lesion; the frequencies of G-->T mutation were approximately 18, 32, and 28% for 8-oxodG that is isolated, in 5'-(8-oxodG)-Tg-3' and in 5'-Tg-(8-oxodG)-3', respectively. Moreover, both pol IV and pol V are involved, in part, in bypassing the Tg, either present alone or as part of the tandem lesions, in E. coli cells. Together, our results support that complex lesions could exert greater cytotoxic and mutagenic effects than when the composing individual lesions are present alone.
Synthesis and characterization of ionic liquids: viologen bis{tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate} salts

Several viologen bis{tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate} salts were prepared by metathesis reaction of the corresponding viologen dibromides (diiodide) with sodium bis{tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate} salt in a polar organic solvent. They were characterized for their physical and thermal properties by experimental techniques including variable temperature X‐ray diffraction. All exhibited low T g and T m, and their T g/T m (K) ratios were in the range 0.66–0.79. Several exhibited polymorphism and formed isotropic ionic melts at <150°C. They were soluble in many common organic solvents such as ethers, alcohols, acetonitrile and methylene chloride. They exhibited photoluminescence in both 1,2‐dimethoxyethane and methanol, as well as in the solid state. In the solid state, the emission spectra exhibited hypsochromic shift when compared with those in solutions of 1,2‐dimethoxyethane and methanol. §. This article is dedicated to Professor Robert W. Lenz with best wishes on the occasio...
Ferromagnetic Implants in Hyperthermia

The basic mechanisms of electromagnetic heating of metal implants in cancer therapy are considered. Using several models, it is pointed out that the quadrature-induced currents should be maximized to make the most efficient use of the implants, insofar as optimizing the power dissipated per unit volume of ferromagnetic material.
Theoretical study of the effect of a difference in column saturation capacities for the two components of a binary mixture on their elution band profiles and separation in non-linear chromatography

Abstract The elution profiles of large samples of binary mixtures are determined using the classical competitive Langmuir isotherm equations, with different values of the column saturation capacities for the two componetns. It is shown that the elution profile of an incompletely separated binary band system depends on the ratio of the two column loading capacities is as important as the relative composition in determining the two band profiles. Thus, if the column saturation capacity is lower for the first-eluted component than for the second, the displacement effect will appear to be smaller than would be predicted on the basis of the feed composition. Conversely, the tag-along effect will appear to be more important. The reverse is true if the column saturation capacity is larger for the first-eluted component than for the second.
Intermolecular vibrational motions of solute molecules confined in nonpolar domains of ionic liquids.

In this study, we address the following question about the dynamics of solute molecules in ionic liquids (ILs). Are the intermolecular vibrational motions of nonpolar molecules confined in the nonpolar domains formed by tail aggregation in ILs the same as those in an alkane solvent? To address this question, the optical Kerr effect (OKE) spectrum of CS2 in the IL 1-pentyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([C5mim][NTf2]) was studied as a function of concentration at 295 K by the use of optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. The OKE spectrum broadens and shifts to higher frequency as the CS2 concentration is decreased from 20 to 10 mol %; at lower concentrations, no further change in the width of the OKE spectrum is observed. Multicomponent line shape analysis of the OKE spectrum of 5 mol % CS2 in [C5mim][NTf2] reveals that the CS2 and [C5mim][NTf2] contributions to the spectrum are separable and that the CS2 contribution is similar to the OKE spectrum of 5...
Effects of ethanol, caffeine, and placebo on the auditory evoked response.

Abstract A previous paper (Wolpaw and Penry 1975) described separation of the 75–250 msec portion of the AER into N1P2, a product of large areas of cortex, and the T complex, probably a product of secondary auditory cortex. With monaural stimulation, the T complex is larger and earlier on the side contralateral to stimulation and on the right side. Thirty-one normal adults received 3 oz. of ethanol, 300 mg of caffeine, or placebo. Monaural AERs were recorded before intake in all cases, 1 and 4 h after ethanol and 80 min after caffeine or placebo. Blood levels of ethanol and caffeine were measured. Placebo produced mild (20%) decreases in N1P2 amplitude. Caffeine did not decrease N1P2 amplitude. It did produce a statistically significant 2% decrease in Ta peak latency. Ethanol reduced N1P2 amplitude markedly at 1 h and mildly at 4 h. Placebo did not affect hemispheric differences. Caffeine significantly increased the Ta peak ipsilateral vs. contralateral latency difference in 3 of 7 individuals. Ethanol significantly increased it in 3 of 6 subjects at 1 h and in 7 of 10 at 4 h, primarily by increasing ipsilateral latencies.
Psychosocial impact of parental cancer in adulthood: a conceptual and empirical review

This article reviews recent literature on the psychosocial aspects of parental cancer in adulthood. Overall, studies have shown that a sizable minority of adult children of cancer patients experience psychological distress in terms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Most research to date has focused on the first-degree female relatives of breast cancer patients, many of whom are daughters. Although distress reactions in this population are well documented, restrictive assumptions reflecting a vulnerability/deficit model of women limit scientific progress. In addition, the critical role of grown offspring caregivers of cancer patients deserves further investigation. Future research should examine the relations between intrapsychic and contextual factors that may influence psychological adjustment to parental cancer.
Psychiatric and behavioral manifestations of lysosomal storage disorders

The different lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) manifest with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Most of these disorders are typically diagnosed early in life, due to the severity of the associated phenotypes. However, it is important to appreciate that some of the LSDs present later in adolescence or adulthood. The diverse findings triggering the initial diagnosis, as well as the range of manifestations arising later during the disease course, contribute to the complexity of these issues. Clinical presentations occurring at a more advanced age, especially psychiatric and behavioral manifestations, can be overlooked or misdiagnosed. This review describes different psychiatric and behavioral manifestations encountered in individuals with LSDs, including psychosis, schizophrenia, mood disorders, aggressiveness, early-onset dementia, and conduct disorder. Twelve different disorders are presented, including descriptions of their associated biochemical abnormalities, clinical presentations, pathology, epidemiology, and genetics. In addition, discussions of neurocognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric findings are outlined for each disorder. A greater awareness of these features may help to reduce missed diagnoses, to avoid unnecessary, invasive and expensive testing, and to facilitate an earlier detection of these rare disorders. Earlier diagnosis can enable the implementation of appropriate interventions and improve genetic counseling. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Counselor, Know Thyself!: In Quest of a Viable Model of the Human Condition as a Prerequisite for Professional Effectiveness

This essay represents the attempt of a counselor-educator to examine openly the philosophic-psychological premises and related value commitments which sustain his functioning, professionally and personally. These reflections in search of a viable model of modern man are based upon the conviction that unless a counselor is aware of the ideological determinants of his own behavior, he cannot attend adequately to the client's search for values and for a sense of personal identity. The presentation is not a finished treatise, but is an honest attempt at self-examination pursuant to the dilemmas which confront inquiring men in their quest to understand the human condition.
Fitness costs of mutations at the HIV-1 capsid hexamerization interface.

The recently available x-ray crystal structure of HIV-1 capsid hexamers has provided insight into the molecular interactions crucial for the virus’s mature capsid formation. Amino acid changes at these interaction points are likely to have a strong impact on capsid functionality and, hence, viral infectivity and replication fitness. To test this hypothesis, we introduced the most frequently observed single amino acid substitution at 30 sites: 12 at the capsid hexamerization interface and 18 at non-interface sites. Mutations at the interface sites were more likely to be lethal (Fisher’s exact test p = 0.027) and had greater negative impact on viral replication fitness (Wilcoxon rank sum test p = 0.040). Among the interface mutations studied, those located in the cluster of hydrophobic contacts at NTD-NTD interface and those that disrupted NTD-CTD inter-domain helix capping hydrogen bonds were the most detrimental, indicating that these interactions are particularly important for maintaining capsid structure and/or function. These functionally constrained sites provide potential targets for novel HIV drug development and vaccine immunogen design.
Coevolution of crack-seal texture and fracture porosity in sedimentary rocks: cathodoluminescence observations of regional fractures

Abstract This paper examines evidence of coupled diagenetic and mechanical processes within growing fractures in sandstones: crack-seal texture and associated, concurrently produced fracture porosity. Crack-seal textures in narrow mineral bridges associated with fracture porosity are common in regional fractures formed at moderate to great depth (>1000–∼6000 m) in quartz-cemented sandstones that otherwise lack significant structure. Use of SEM-based cathodoluminescence systems and superposition of images collected using color filters accurately delineate crack-seal increments in fracture-bridging quartz cement. Bridges and crack-seal texture mark competition between cement precipitation and opening rates during opening-mode fracture growth. These structures document episodic fracture growth that can include tens to hundreds of widening increments in fractures having apertures of a few tens of microns to several millimeters or more. These structures are not the product of unique circumstances in burial history and fluid flow but, rather, reflect the confluence of rock-dominated geochemistry that is widespread in time and space and fracturing caused by a spectrum of loading conditions.
Association of parent ratings of executive function with global- and setting-specific behavioral impairment after adolescent traumatic brain injury.

Objective To determine the association of primary caregiver-rated behavioral and metacognitive aspects of executive function (EF) with impaired functioning after adolescent traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Introduction to Special Section: Understanding Paths to Youth Purpose—Why Content and Contexts Matter

It is well-accepted that successful development is a process involving reciprocal relations and mutual constitution of self and environment over time (e.g., Brandtstadter, 2006; Markus & Kitayama, ...
Clinical Study of Dental Cements. VI. A Study of Zinc Phosphate, EBA-Reinforced Zinc Oxide Eugenol and Polyacrylic Acid Cements as Luting Agents in Fixed Prostheses

A clinical trial for the final cementation of crowns and bridges with a reinforced zinc oxide and eugenol cement, a polyacrylic acid cement and a zinc phosphate cement was made over a 3-year period. The study involved 441 patients for whom 547 bridges and 162 single restorations were cemented. The patients were recalled at 6-month intervals for the duration of the study and the restorations were examined for looseness. Of the 547 bridges 520 remained firmly cemented to the abutment teeth. Of 1,082 bridge retainers, 1,049 remained in position; success and failure by types of retainer will be the subject of a subsequent paper. Of the 162 single restorations 159 remained in place.
Influence of cavitation on the hydroelastic stability of hydrofoils

Abstract This work numerically examines the effect of turbulent and cavitating flow on the hydroelastic response and stability of a hydrofoil. A cantilevered, rectangular, chordwise rigid hydrofoil is modeled as a 2-degrees-of-freedom structure for its spanwise bending and torsional flexibilities. The fluid flow is modeled with the incompressible, Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations using an eddy-viscosity turbulence closure model that is corrected for the presence of cavitation, and with a transport equation based cavitation model. The results show that, in general, massive cavitation tends to: (i) reduce the mean lift, (ii) increase the mean drag, (iii) lower the mean deformations, and (iv) delay static divergence, while unsteady sheet/cloud cavitation promotes flow induced vibrations. Such vibrations and load fluctuations could be as large as (and even greater than) the mean values for cases with unsteady cavitation, so dynamic and viscous fluid–structure models are needed to simulate flexible hydrofoils in cavitating flows. In general, the flow induced vibrations, and hence the drag force, are higher with decreasing stiffness. For small leading edge partial cavitation, increasing foil flexibility increases the maximum cavity length and reduces the cavity shedding frequency; however, the influence of foil flexibility is limited for cases where the maximum cavity length is near or beyond the foil trailing edge, because of the relocation of the center of pressure at the elastic axis, near the mid-chord. The results show that the mean deformations are generally limited by stall, and by the quasi-steady linear theory predictions at the fully-wetted and supercavitating limits. Furthermore, frequency focusing can occur when the cavity shedding frequency is near the fundamental system resonance frequencies, and broadening of the frequency spectrum can occur due to excitation of the sub-harmonics and/or modulation induced by the fluctuating cavities, if the cavity shedding frequency is away from the fundamental system resonance frequencies.
On Findings of Category and Other Concept Cells in the Brain: Some Theoretical Perspectives on Mental Representation

There is substantial neurophysiological evidence from decades of single-cell studies that category and other concept cells exist in both human and animal brains. This indicates that the brain can generalize and create abstract concepts and encode and represent such abstractions using single cells. These single-cell findings cannot be accounted for and explained by the theory of distributed representation and population coding, the dominant theory in the brain sciences. In light of these findings, this paper reexamines the two contending mental representational schemes, localist and distributed, on the basis of computational efficiency, the ability to simultaneously process and activate many different concepts, and the structure for semantic cognition. The evidence for category and concept cells favors localist representation in the brain.
Electrophoretic identification and phylogenetic relationships of indigenous tilapiine species of Zimbabwe

In order to characterize Zimbabwean tilapias 34 populations of seven species, two in the genus Tilapia and five in Oreochromis, were analysed using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Twenty-seven loci were polymorphic while five were monomorphic but had fixed allelic differences among some species and six were monomorphic for the same allele in all species. No fixed allelic differences were found between O. mossambicus and O.mortimeri, and only one locus distinguished O. andersonii from O. mossambicus and O. mortimeri. Pairwise comparisons of O. mossambicus or O. mortimeri populations of genetic distances frequently showed a greater degree of difference within the species than was evident in some O. mossambicusO. mortimeri pairs. This study failed to distinguish O. mortimeri as a distinct species from O. mossambicus. The Tilapia species formed distinct clusters from Oreochromis in both consensus eighbourjoining and distance Wagner topologies. Oreochromis ossambicus, O. mortimeri and O. andersonii clustered together consistently. Although some differences from the taxonomic arrangement of Trewavas are discussed, the principal relationships revealed in our analysis are consistent with most recent studies.
Scientific Notation in Instructional Design.

Many of us could arrive at a general agreement, but what happens to that agreement when we design the instructional strategies? And, is there any way to scientifically compare or differentiate these models with one another? The nonspecific nature of these titles is representative of the methods by which they are identified. One of the attempts to quantify this instructional process has been the development of the so-called system approach. Figure 1 illustrates the system approach. As system designers who write and teach these kinds of things, we often stress the component relationship and omit the decisions required in the application of the principles of learning. That is, skills such as writing objectives or conducting formative evaluation or constructing a learning hierarchy are skills readily learned. But skills involved with the design of instructional strategies demand a working knowledge
VARIATION IN THE ONCOGENIC POTENTIAL OF HUMAN ADENOVIRUSES CARRYING A DEFECTIVE SV40 GENOME (PARA)

The acquisition of the defective SV40 genome by a variety of human adenovirus serotypes by the process of transcapsidation has resulted in the addition of oncogenic potential for newborn hamsters to the previously nononcogenic adenovirus types 1, 2, 5, and 6. These serotypes have previously been grouped together by the high GC content of their DNA. Transcapsidation of the SV40 genome to weakly oncogenic adenovirus types 3, 14, 16, and 21 has failed to increase their oncogenic potential although the parent adenovirus type 7 carrying PARA is highly oncogenic. These serotypes belong to the group possessing a DNA of intermediate GC content. All the PARA-adenovirus populations, even those that were nononcogenic, were able to induce SV40 transplantation immunity and therefore carry the SV40 transplantation marker as well as the marker for synthesis of SV40 tumor or T antigen.
Toward Tense as a Clinical Marker of Specific Language Impairment in English-Speaking Children

A critical clinical issue is the identification of a clinical marker, a linguistic form or principle that can be shown to be characteristic of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). In t...
Further identification of the nature and linkage of the carbohydrate in hemoglobin A1c.

Abstract We have found that Hb A1c contains neutral sugars which are only partially hydrolyzed from the N-termini of β chains. In both normal and diabetic Hb A1c, 0.2–0.3 equivalents of hexose were released, composed primarily of glucose and mannose in a 3:1 ratio. When Hb A1c was reduced with 3HNa BH4 and then treated with periodic acid, most of the radioactivity was recovered as 3H-formic acid with much lesser amounts of 3H-formaldehyde. From these results, we propose that in the red cell, glucose binds to the α-amino position of hemoglobin β-chains (valine) in an aldimine (Schiff base) linkage. This aldimine can then partially rearrange in a reversible manner to form a ketoamine linkage which is stable to acid hydrolysis. This Amadori-type rearrangement accounts for the formation of mannose, the C-2 epimer of glucose, as well as the inability to demonstrate 3HNa BH4 reduction at the C-1 position.
Repression of stress-responsive genes by FIERY2, a novel transcriptional regulator in Arabidopsis

Low temperature, drought, and high salinity induce the expression of many plant genes. To understand the mechanisms for the transcriptional activation of these genes, we conducted a reporter gene-aided genetic screen in Arabidopsis. Seven allelic mutations in the FIERY2 (FRY2) locus result in significant increases in the expression of stress-responsive genes with the DRE/CRT (drought-responsive/C-repeat) cis element but non-DRE/CRT type stress-responsive genes were less affected. The specific regulation of DRE/CRT class of genes by FRY2 appears to be caused by repression of stress induction of the upstream CBF/DREB transcription factor genes. fry2 mutants show increased tolerance to salt stress and to abscisic acid during seed germination but are more sensitive to freezing damage at the seedling stage. FRY2/CPL1 encodes a novel transcriptional repressor harboring two double-stranded RNA-binding domains and a region homologous to the catalytic domain of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatases found in yeast and in animals that regulate gene transcription. These data indicate that FRY2 is an important negative regulator of stress gene transcription and suggest that structured RNA may regulate hormone and stress responses in plants as it does in animals.
Te2 chemiluminescence from alkali atom-TeCl4 reactions

Abstract The gas phase reaction between alkali atoms and TeCl 4 produces chemiluminescence from the A(0 u + ) state of Te 2 .
Treatment of Pain in Cognitively Impaired Compared with Cognitively Intact Older Patients with Hip-Fracture

OBJECTIVE: To compare the experience of pain and treatment of pain in cognitively impaired and cognitively intact older adults after surgical repair of a hip fracture. DESIGN: Prospective comparative survey design. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 88 hip fracture patients (53 cognitively impaired, 35 cognitively intact) from three Midwestern urban hospital orthopedic units was interviewed between days 2 and 5 postoperatively. Subjects whose Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score was less than or equal to 23 were categorized as impaired. RESULTS: Pain report and intensity did not differ significantly between the two groups. One-third of the subjects in both groups rated pain as severe or worse. Cognitively impaired subjects scored significantly higher on the Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators observed with movement (CNPI-m) than did cognitively intact subjects. Cognitively impaired subjects received significantly less opioid analgesics than cognitively intact subjects in the first and second 48 hours postoperatively. Both groups received less than 25% of the mean prescribed amount of opioid analgesics. Age, MMSE, and CNPI-m score accounted for 27% of the variance in the amount of opioid analgesic administered in the first 48 hours postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Pain is treated poorly in older postoperative patients. Cognitive impairment and age strongly influence the amount of analgesic nurses administer to older patients after surgical repair of hip fracture. Provision for patient comfort is a fundamental ethical obligation of healthcare providers. Clinicians need to pursue this goal more aggressively, especially for cognitively impaired, postoperative older adults.
Regulation of tyrosinase activity in mouse melanoma and skin by changes in melanosomal membrane permeability.

Compounds which are known to labilize biological membranes have been demonstrated to increase tyrosinase activity in the B-16 melanoma and newborn mouse skin. Detergents, bile acids, chlorpromazine (CPZ), neutral steroids and proteases all increase melanosomal tyrosinase activity. Digitonin (0.5%) produced approximately a five fold increase in tyrosinase activity and released 50% of the enzyme from the melanosome. CPZ (10 -3 M) produced a 2.7 fold increase in tyrosinase activity without releasing the enzyme from the melanosome. The CPZ-induced activition of tyrosinase was decreased by the membrane stabilizer, chloroquine and abolished by prior treatment of the melanosomes with digitonin. Alteration of the outer melanosomal membrane by digitonin and CPZ was confirmed by electron microscopy. The results suggest that the membrane surrounding the melanosome regulates the accessibility of eh substrate tyrosine to the tyrosinase molecule inside the organelle. A change in membrane permeability may be the mechanism by which certain physiological and pharmacological compounds control or alter pigmentation.
Terahertz spectroscopy studies on epitaxial vanadium dioxide thin films across the metal-insulator transition

We present results on terahertz (THz) spectroscopy on epitaxial vanadium dioxide (VO2) films grown on sapphire across the metal-insulator transition. X-ray diffraction indicates the VO2 film is highly oriented with the crystallographic relationship: (002)film//(0006)sub and [010]film//[21¯1¯0]sub. THz studies measuring the change in transmission as a function of temperature demonstrate an 85% reduction in transmission as the thin film completes its phase transition to the conducting phase, which is much greater than the previous observation on polycrystalline films. This indicates the crucial role of microstructure and phase homogeneity in influencing THz properties.
Factors affecting triple staining of human sperm.

We have previously described a triple stain for evaluating normal acrosome reactions of human sperm. This procedure uses trypan blue to distinguish live and dead sperm, Bismarck brown to stain the sperm's postacrosomal region, and rose Bengal to stain the sperm's acrosome. We have recently found that batches of rose Bengal vary significantly in their ability to produce good staining of the acrosome in this procedure. This appears to be due to variations in the intrinsic pH of rose Bengal solutions and the presence of nondye contaminants in the stain. In this study, we have evaluated acrosomal staining using 6 batches of rose Bengal and report a method for achieving uniform staining quality with each batch. Solutions of rose Bengal (0.8%) are made up in 0.1 M Tris HC1 (pH 2.3) buffer and adjusted to pH 5.3 if necessary. For most batches of rose Bengal this promotes precipitation of some of the dye and an unidentified contaminating crystal. The precipitate is removed by centrifugation, and the supernatants ...
Minding the metaphor: The elusive character of moral disgust.

Aiming to circumvent metaphor-prone properties of natural language, Chapman, Kim, Susskind, and Anderson (2009) recently reported evidence for morally induced activation of the levator labii region (manifest as an upper lip raise and a nose wrinkle), also implicated in responding to bad tastes and contaminants. Here we point out that the probative value of this type of evidence rests on a particular (and heavily contested) account of facial movements, one which holds them to be “expressions” or automatic read-outs of internal states. We also observe a largely neglected difference between morally induced disgust and moral disgust proper, arguing that data such as Chapman et al.’s (2009) provide evidence only for the former.
Fetal Lung Fibroblasts Secrete and Respond to Insulin-like Growth Factors

The somatomedin hypothesis was proposed in 1957 to ex­ plain the failure of growth hormone (GH) to stimulate ana­ bolic response in hypophysectomized rat cartilage in vitro (1). A GH-dependent factor in serum was found to be directly active in vitro. The source of the serum factor was originally unknown, but there is now abundant evidence that it arises mainly from the liver in postnatal life. Progress in this field in the past three decades has greatly expanded our understanding of the significance of the somato­ medins (for a recent review, see [2]). The difficult task of iso­ lation and characterization of the primary structures of two somatomedin peptides, known as insulin-like growth factors (lGF) I and II, was achieved by Rinderknecht and Humbel in 1978 (3, 4), and the subsequent biosynthesis of these pep­ tides by recombinant techniques has made possible a great increase in the number of investigations of the significance of the IGFs in many tissues. We now know that IGFs are syn­ thesized in many tissues. This is particularly true during fetal life, when almost all cell types express the IGF genes, inde­ pendent of GH action, in response to the requirements for the local regulation of mitogenesis and anabolic processes. It appears that autocrine and paracrine modes of action are paramount in fetal life, whereas the endocrine mode of IGF action appears to predominate in postnatal life. In an article by Stiles and associates (5), which appears in this issue, evidence is presented that rat lung fibroblasts contain IGF-I mRNA and release IGF-I peptide and its bind­ ing protein and that endogenous EGF acts at least in part through the IGF-I receptor. This article, therefore, extends earlier work of Atkinson and colleagues (6), who found that human fetal lung fibroblasts release IGF into conditioned medium as detected by an RIA that we now know detects pri­ marily IGF-I. The article of Stiles and associates also illustrates some of the technical problems encountered in somatomedin re­ search. All cells that secrete IGFs also secrete one or both of the two principal IGF-binding proteins which may modify IGF action in either a positive or negative direction. Binding proteins also can interfere with immunoassay by reacting
How Does Mimulus verbenaceus (Phrymaceae) Set Seed in the Absence of Pollinators

Mimulus verbenaceus has successfully invaded and/or competed for the very specialized habitats of desert seeps and springs characterized by scarce or no pollinators (personal observation). It has done so by evolving an ingenious mechanism of reproductive assurance in which the senescing epipetalous corolla bends down, abscisses and slides down its style dragging its anthers over the stigma lobes, resulting in self-pollination. This dragging mechanism both depends on the plants ability to self-pollinate and presumably promotes the evolution of self-pollination by providing an advantage—invasion of new habitats—to counter-balance the disadvantages of selfing. M. verbenaceus has evolved a second means of reproductive assurance that depends on the nearness of the anthers to the stigma lobes. They are close, even touching, in the red flowers, leading to much self-pollination and are well separated in the yellow flowers leading to little self-pollination. This advantage of the red-flowered plants likely explains the relative abundance of the red morph and the rarity of the yellow morph in nature as well as the greater seed set of the red-flowered morph than that of the yellow-flowered morph.
Finding a Way: Afghan Women’s Experience in Community Participation:

Community participation is embedded in primary health care and is key to improving the health and well-being of communities. The concept has not, however, been well studied particularly from the perspective of community members who participate. This article describes findings from qualitative interviews with five Afghan refugee women to explore their experience and the meaning of community participation. From data analysis, two themes emerged: Becoming active encompasses their stories of home, flight, resettlement, learning, and coming together; and being active reflects what they are doing and why they are doing it. Nascent themes and questions that need further elucidation are also discussed.
An Auditory Display in a Dual-Axis Tracking Task

An auditory display in a dual-axis compensatory tracking task was studied. Subjects were presented concurrently with the primary task of controlling a second-order plant and the secondary task of controlling a first-order plant. The plant errors for the two tasks were shown on separate visual displays. An auditory display, whose output varied in frequency and volume with the error, was used to supplement the secondary task in half of the runs. To study the effects of the auditory display, two performance measures were obtained: 1) the integral of the squared error (ISE) and 2) the describing functions of the human operator. Statistical analysis of the ISE measures indicated that when the secondary task was supplemented with an auditory display, there was a significant improvement in performance on the secondary task. The performance on the primary task improved on the average, but not significantly. The variances of the ISE values decreased for both the tasks, indicating a more consistent behavior with the auditory display. The describing function analysis showed that supplementing the secondary task with the auditory display increased the low frequency gain of the human operator for this task. The describing functions for the primary task did not show any apparent changes.
Severe Hyponatremia as the Initial Sign Preceding Guillain-Barré Syndrome, an Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: A Case Report

Guillain-Barre syndrome is an immune-mediated polyneuropathy that frequently presents with progressive muscle weakness. Hyponatremia has recently been described as a feature of this condition, generally appearing over the course of the illness and following the diagnosis of this demyelinating process. We report a case of Guillain-Barre syndrome presenting with severe hyponatremia that is further exacerbated by intravenous immune globulin therapy. Awareness should be raised for consideration of both Guillain-Barre syndrome and its treatment with intravenous immune globulin therapy as the cause of hyponatremia.
On the Flexible Demand Assignment Problems: Case of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Multiresource generalized assignment problem (MRGAP) has enormous applications in solving real problems of industries. In recent years, several generalizations of MRGAP have been proposed to tackle very difficult problems. An important generalization is called flexible demand assignment (FDA) problem. In this paper, a generalization of FDA is proposed that has many applications. Two features of our formulation are inclusion of: 1) acceptance of orders from a large set of available orders and 2) consideration of setup time between operations of two consecutive of tasks. We show an interesting application of generalized FDA is unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assignment problem. For the UAV assignment problem, we show our formulation considerably reduces the size of the problem compared to some recent results. To test effectiveness of the proposed model, computational experiment with CPLEX for the UAV assignment problem is presented.
The study of human sleep: a historical perspective

Since this is an historic meeting which will address one of the most important clinical issues in the field of sleep medicine, it is appropriate to examine how we arrived at this moment. Accordingly, I will present a brief review of the history of sleep medicine. I have addressed this topic on several previous occasions.1-3 In my view the history of sleep medicine can be divided into five clearly demarcated phases. These are listed in table 1. View this table: Table 1 History of sleep medicine I have designated the first phase, to some extent with tongue in cheek, as “prehistoric”. This reflects the relative lack of scientific experimentation involving sleep over the first half of the 20th century and before. The subject of dreams and dream interpretation probably received the most attention. A great deal of the early sleep literature reported observations on sleep habits and sleep characteristics in the service of comparing and contrasting the data reciprocally to data describing the waking state. During this “prehistoric” period nearly every biomedical scientist assumed that sleep occurred when sensory stimulation continuously bombarding the brain during the day was rendered insufficient to maintain a waking level of brain activity by the occurrence of the darkness and silence of night. It seems reasonable that this perspective, often called the “passive process theory”, would have made the study of sleep seem relatively uninteresting. The notion that sleep was the brain “turned off” led to the erroneous conclusion that sleep could be regarded as an entirely homogenous state, and that a single observation could be generalised to the entire sleep period. Finally, there was no tradition of staying up at night to carry out scientific research except, of course, for astronomy. There are some “prehistoric” scientific landmarks that are worth noting but which occurred far too early …
ANGLES ON THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD: WRITING AND VOCABULARY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (Vol. 4)

ANGLES ON THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD: WRITING AND VOCABULARY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (Vol. 4). Dorte Albrechtsen, Kirsten Haastrup, and Birgit Henriksen (Eds.). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2004. Pp. 151. $23.00 paper.Comprised of eight research-based chapters and one book review, this volume brings together a compelling and unique array of research studies on two topics of ongoing interest to second language (L2) professionals. The volume opens with three L2 writing studies, the first two of which draw from the same investigation of university and preuniversity English as a second language (ESL) writers. The first chapter, “Activity Systems for ESL Writing Improvement: Case Studies of Three Chinese and Three Japanese Adult Learners Of English,” is co-authored by Yang, Baba, and Cumming. Using an activity theory framework, the researchers explore writers' perceptions of their learning intentions, crosslinguistic relationships, vocabulary, grammar, and the role of instruction in promoting their L2 composing skills. As the participants progressed in their ESL writing development, their activity systems evolved as a function of the interaction between external factors and internal predispositions. In the second chapter, “Scaling Changes in Learners' Goals for Writing Improvement over an ESL Course,” Cumming, Eouanzoui, Gentil, and Yang report on an analysis of interviews conducted with 45 preuniversity ESL writers. Their method featured dual scaling, which showed that participants' short- and long-term goals as students and writers remained stable over time, although the actions taken by students to improve their writing reflected individual learning styles.
The Architecture and Measurement of an Ecosystem Services Index

This paper discusses the construction of an ecosystem services index (ESI) and the respective roles of ecology and economics in that effort. It extends the concept of an ESI, analogous to Gross Domestic Product, to other analogous indices, including an ecosystem price or value index, and a net ESI that accounts for interactions between ecosystem stocks and service flows. A central aim of this paper is to account for services in an economically and ecologically defensible manner. It thus also discusses the connection between ecological models and economic models in the construction of ecosystem services indices, the former on the quantity side and the latter on the price/value side of the index.
Hexagonal wavelet representations for recognizing complex annotations

This paper describes a method of pattern recognition targeted for recognizing complex annotations found in paper documents. Our investigation is motivated by the high reliability required for accomplishing autonomous interpretation of maps and engineering drawings. Our approach includes a strategy based on multiscale representations obtained by hexagonal wavelet analysis. A feasibility study is described in which more than 10,000 patterns were recognized with an error rate of 2.06% by a neural network trained using multiscale representations from a class of 52 distinct patterns. We observed a 21-fold reduction in the amount of information needed to represent each pattern for recognition. These results suggest that high reliability is possible at a reduced cost of representation. >