cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A manufacturing process design for producing a membrane-based energy recovery ventilator with high aspect ratio support ribs

Abstract Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems represent nearly half of building energy usage in the United States. Recent building regulations requiring increased air turnover within buildings will result in even greater air conditioning usage. To alleviate these concerns, membrane-based heat-and-moisture exchangers known as energy recovery ventilators have been developed to reduce the energy expenditure of air conditioning systems by pre-conditioning incoming air through sensible and latent heat transfer with building air exhaust. In this work, we propose and validate a manufacturing process design for channel lamination based on surface mount adhesives capable of meeting the process requirements of a membrane-based ventilator. In particular, the device requires rib supports with height-to-width aspect ratios greater than one. The proposed manufacturing process design is capable of meeting this process requirement by stretching the adhesive after initial adhesive tacking. A manufacturing process flow diagram, a machine tool specification and a cost model are proposed for meeting process requirements. A set of design constraints are developed detailing the adhesive requirements necessary for meeting requirements. The cost model is validated by building a sub-scale mesochannel array demonstrating the ability to meet process requirements. Results show that additional work is needed to validate the curing step but that the process is capable of producing a mesochannel array with an acceptable level of variation.
Recognition and Treatment of Adrenal Insufficiency Secondary to Abiraterone: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Objective Abiraterone is a relatively noncytotoxic drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2011 for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer (MPC). As an inhibitor of 17α-hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase (CYP17), abiraterone blocks androgen synthesis and glucocorticoid production. Decreased cortisol levels result in an increased ACTH release, which can lead to increased mineralocorticoid levels. While coadministration of abiraterone and glucocorticoids has been effective in reducing an apparent mineralocorticoid excess, adequate replacement of physiologic glucocorticoids, especially in times of acute stress, remains less well-defined. Methods A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for abiraterone and adrenal insufficiency. Publications were selected based on the quality of the data and clinical relevance. We reviewed the landmark trials leading to FDA approval and establishment of the standard glucocorticoid replacement dosing. Results We present 2 patients with MPC on abiraterone therapy. These 2 patients required modification of the glucocorticoid therapy because of adverse effects. Conclusions We found that a standard dose of prednisone of 5 mg/day as recommended previously may be inadequate to achieve physiologic glucocorticoid replacement in some patients with prostate cancer while on abiraterone treatment and as a result adrenal insufficiency due to inadequate dosing might be more common than initially thought. Additionally 10 mg of prednisone daily may cause adverse effects in some patients. Thus clinicians should be aware of the potential for development of adrenal insufficiency or symptoms of glucocorticoid excess in these patients receiving prednisone so that appropriate modifications in glucocorticoid dosing can be instituted without any delay. Prednisone dosing may need to be individualized in each patient receiving abiraterone therapy.
The effects of chloride dynamics on substantia nigra pars reticulata responses to pallidal and striatal inputs

As a rodent basal ganglia (BG) output nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is well positioned to impact behavior. SNr neurons receive GABAergic inputs from the striatum (direct pathway) and globus pallidus (GPe, indirect pathway). Dominant theories of action selection rely on these pathways' inhibitory actions. Yet, experimental results on SNr responses to these inputs are limited and include excitatory effects. Our study combines experimental and computational work to characterize, explain, and make predictions about these pathways. We observe diverse SNr responses to stimulation of SNr-projecting striatal and GPe neurons, including biphasic and excitatory effects, which our modeling shows can be explained by intracellular chloride processing. Our work predicts that ongoing GPe activity could tune the SNr operating mode, including its responses in decision-making scenarios, and GPe output may modulate synchrony and low-frequency oscillations of SNr neurons, which we confirm using optogenetic stimulation of GPe terminals within the SNr.
Correspondence, Public Process and State-Court Rulemaking

Professor Hazard, in his review of Judge Jack Weinstein's Reform of Court Rule-Making Procedures, finds the judge's proposed reforms of federal rulemaking procedure to be "restrained to the point of being exiguous." Yet, Professor Hazard fails to mention Judge Weinstein's attack on unfettered judicial rulemaking in the state courts, that is, state-court rulemaking free from subsequent legislative intervention. This failure is noteworthy. Whatever the virtues of the status quo in the federal context, the sweeping scope of judicial autonomy in many state-court rulemaking procedures renders Judge Weinstein's call for more "public process" especially apt in the state context. The frequent insulation of state-court rulemakers from both the legislature and the electorate underscores the need for new modes of public participation in state rulemaking, particularly when state courts exercise quasi-legislative authority, as, for example, in regulating the practice of law. Before proceeding to explore this topic, it should be noted that Judge Weinstein's description of state rulemaking suffers from several factual inaccuracies. These factual inaccuracies might be unimportant were it not that Judge Weinstein also miscalculates the significance of autonomous judicial control of rulemaking procedures in the states. The ability to affect judicial rules falls well short of the ultimate power to determine judicial rules. Recent events indicate the state judiciaries can, and will, block legislative attempts to subvert ultimate authority in rulemaking.
The returned traveler with neurologic manifestations: could my patient have a parasite?

Purpose of review The present review focuses on parasitic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) that can affect the international traveler. Recent findings The epidemiology of imported parasitic infections is changing and clinicians are treating increasing numbers of returned travelers with parasitic infections in the CNS with which they are not familiar. Summary The epidemiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of parasites that affect the CNS will be discussed.
Leveraging Collaboration in Pediatric Multidisciplinary Colorectal Care Using a Telehealth Platform.

PurposePediatric colorectal problems often require complex multidisciplinary care (MDC), which has been affected by the SARS-CoV-2-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We describe our utilization and implemen...
Fighting the flames : the spectacular performance of fire at Coney Island

TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication Preface Introduction Part I The Spectacular Performance of Fire Fighters and Fire Chapter 1: Fighting Fire Fighters and the Public Performance of Heroism Chapter 2: Urban Fire: Tenement Houses and Coney Island as Prometheus Part II Introduction: Fighting the Flames on Stage Chapter 3: Fighting the Flames at Earl's Court and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Chapter 4: Coney Island and Spectacle as Total-Body Experience Chapter 5: Fire and Flames and Fighting the Flames at Coney Island Conclusion: Creative Destruction and Elemental Performativity Notes Selected Bibliography Index
Advanced biochip: principle and applications in medical diagnostics and pathogen detection

An important factor in medical diagnostics is rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of biochemical substances (proteins, metabolites, nucleic acids), biological species or living systems (bacteria, virus or related components) at trace levels in biological samples (e.g., tissues, blood and other bodily fluids). This manuscript provides an overview of the operating principle and application of an integrated multi-functional biochip based on integrated circuit complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor array for use in medical diagnostics and pathogen detection. The usefulness and potential of the biochip as a rapid diagnostic tool at the physician's office and as a practical, inexpensive screening tool for pathogens under field conditions are discussed.
AMPL: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Multiprocessing Language

Abstract : AMPL is an experimental high-level language for expressing parallel algorithms which involve many interdependent and cooperating tasks. AMPL is a strongly-typed language in which all inter-process communication takes place via message passing. The language has been implemented on the Cm multiprocessor, and a number of programs have been written to perforrm numeric and symbolic computation. In this eport, the design decisions relating to process communication primitives are discussed, and AMPL is compared to several other languages for parallel processing. The implementation of message passing, process creation, and parallel garbage collection are described. Measurements of several AMPL programs are used to study the effects of language design decisions upon program performance and algorithm design.
Deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) is a molecular checkpoint of B cell autoimmunity (BA2P.130)

Self-reactive B cells in the periphery are maintained in a tolerized state through low levels of sCD40L and BAFF (B-cell Activating Factor) signaling. Loss of tolerance due to hyperproduction of CD40L or BAFF, or uncontrolled downstream signaling following activation is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. In this study we identify Deleted in Breast Cancer 1 (DBC1) as a novel suppressor of B cell activation and autoantibody production. Mice with targeted deletion of Dbc1 gene have hyper-responsive B cells, which produce immunoglobulin, in particular IgG and IgA isotypes, against self-antigens when immunized with antigen without adjuvant. At the molecular level, DBC1 suppresses B cell function by regulating alternative NFΚB members RelB and p52 during the early phase of CD40 and BAFFR stimulation. In addition, IKKα regulates DBC1 interaction with RelB:p52 during B cell activation by phosphorylating a serine cluster at the C-terminus of DBC1. Finally, loss of DBC1 results in spontaneous autoantibody in aged mice. This study reveals that DBC1 functions as a critical regulator in the B cell immune tolerance checkpoint by suppressing the alternative NFκB pathway.
Peter L. Bergen. The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict Between America and al-Qaeda

Peter L. Bergen, a CNN national security analyst who along with Peter Arnett interviewed Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan back in 1997, is well qualified to write about al-Qaeda. Drawing upon his enc...
Empathy Deficits in Siblings of Severely Scapegoated Children: A Conceptual Model

ABSTRACT Empathy is a crucial concept in understanding not only child maltreatment, but its intergenerational transmission. One form of maltreatment, often involving both physical and emotional abuse, targets one child in the family, referred to as the “scapegoat.” Historically, the scapegoat has been regarded as the only abuse victim; clinical experience demonstrates otherwise. In many families, siblings identify with the parent, joining in blaming the victim for the caretaker's abuse of that child. They demonstrate empathy deficits, which may protect them from the effects of witnessing the process. This paper proposes a conceptual model that examines factors contributing to the development of empathy deficits. Ten elements are identified and a unifying model is proposed; the implications are examined.
Metabolic capabilities of CYP2F2 with various pulmonary toxicants and its relative abundance in mouse lung subcompartments

The tissue- and species-selective toxicity of a number of pulmonary toxicants has been attributed to the presence and distribution of activating enzymes with high k(cat) in target airways of susceptible species. The mouse is especially sensitive to a variety of metabolically activated lung toxicants. Recombinant CYP2F2 (mouse) was recently shown to effectively metabolize the species-selective pulmonary toxicant naphthalene. Here we show that the pulmonary toxicants 1-nitronaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene are metabolized readily with high k(cat) values (17.1 and 67.6 min(-1), respectively) to potentially cytotoxic intermediates at biologically relevant K(m) values (21.5 and 3.7 microM, respectively). Additionally, anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene are both metabolized by CYP2F2 (0.14 +/- 0.04 and 0.04 +/- 0.00 nmol/nmol/min, respectively), albeit at much lower rates. The levels of total CYP in mouse airways are considerably higher than those in parenchyma and trachea, and this is consistent with much higher rates of naphthalene metabolism in microsomal preparations from airways compared with the other subcompartments. The data suggest that CYP2F2 is a prominent cytochrome P450 in mouse lung that metabolizes a number of pulmonary toxicants. The presence of CYP2F2 may be important in the susceptibility of the mouse to metabolically activated pulmonary toxicants.
Paleotemperatures from fluid inclusions in halite: method verification and a 100,000 year paleotemperature record, Death Valley, CA

Abstract Maximum homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions (Thmax) in halite (laboratory-grown crystals and modern samples, Death Valley, CA) match maximum brine temperatures during halite precipitation. Maximum brine temperatures during halite precipitation in Death Valley, late April, 1993 (34.4°C) agree with Thmax (34°C) and correlate well with average maximum air temperatures in April (31.3°C) and May (37.6°C). Thmax may be used for paleoclimate interpretations based on the close relationship between saline lake temperatures and average air temperatures from modern settings. Lower homogenization temperatures, demonstrably below the temperatures at which halite grew, are interpreted to reflect collapse of some fluid inclusion walls due to the pressure difference between the inside and outside of inclusions. By only using Thmax, the problems of anomalously low homogenization temperatures due to possible collapse of fluid inclusions are avoided. Halite samples from 30 stratigraphic intervals, 90 to 0 m (100 to 0 ka), Core DV93-1, Death Valley, CA, were used to measure homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions. Virtually all homogenization temperatures from Core DV93-1 are below the modern Thmax of 34°C (halite precipitation late April, 1993). Lacustrine halites, deposited in a perennial saline lake 35 to 10 ka, have Thmax between 19°C and 30°C, which suggests brine temperatures approximately 4°C to 15°C below modern late April values. Ephemeral saline lake halites precipitated 60 to 35 ka have Thmax between 23°C and 28°C, 6 to 11°C below modern values. The highest Thmax value in the 100 ka record (up to 35°C) is from a halite sample formed approximately 100 ka in a climate regime somewhat colder than the modern.
Scoring system determines successful RVAD explant following BiVAD support: implications for destination therapy

average time to discharge was 13.3 days. Postoperative courses following LVAD replacement were shorter than those following initial LVAD implantation. ICU stays were decreased by 3.7 days (43%) and total hospital stays were decreased by 14.6 days (52%). Outcomes tended to be better in those who underwent abdominal only approaches (mortality 0 of 8, 0%) versus those who also underwent sternotomy (mortality 3 of 8, 47%). Conclusions: In this experience, the largest reported to date, LVAD replacement was undertaken with acceptable outcomes, including shortened postoperative courses. Further improvements in outcomes will be important as LVAD replacement is made commonplace by durations of support exceeding the life expectancies of current technology.
Long-term effects of early genetic influences on behavior.

In a recently published study, investigators at Columbia University reported on a mouse model in which the forebrain serotonin-1A receptor was knocked out. The mice demonstrated inhibition of certain aspects of behavior. For example, when placed in an open area the affected mice were less likely to explore than normal mice. In this commentary, Dr. Freedman discusses the implications of this provocative research for the genetic control of human behavior.
Postischemic, systemic administration of polyamine-modified superoxide dismutase reduces hippocampal CA1 neurodegeneration in rat global cerebral ischemia.

Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) have shown neuroprotective effects in animal models of cerebral ischemia, but only at very high doses. Modifications to increase the plasma half-life or blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of SOD have resulted in limited neuroprotective effects. No one has demonstrated neuroprotection with postischemic administration. The specific aim of the present study was to administer systemically a polyamine-modified SOD, having increased BBB permeability and preserved enzymatic activity, following global cerebral ischemia in rats and analyze the effects on the selective vulnerability of CA1 hippocampal neurons. Following 12 min of four-vessel occlusion, global cerebral ischemia, male Wistar rats were dosed (i.v.) with either saline, native SOD (5000 U/kg), polyamine-modified SOD (5000 U/kg), or enzymatically inactive, polyamine-modified SOD (2.1 mg/kg) twice daily for 3 days. Neuroprotective effects on hippocampal CA1 neurons were assessed using standard histological methods. Saline-treated animals had very few remaining CA1 neurons (1.44 +/- 0.60 neurons/reticle; x +/- S.E.M.) compared to sham rats (58.57 +/- 0.69). Native (10.38 +/- 2.96) or inactive, polyamine-modified SOD (7.32 +/- 2.68) did not show significant neuroprotective effects. Polyamine-modified SOD, however, resulted in the survival of significantly more CA1 neurons (24.61 +/- 5.90; P < 0.01). Postischemic, systemic administration of polyamine-modified SOD, having increased BBB permeability and preserved enzymatic activity, significantly reduced hippocampal CA1 neuron loss following global cerebral ischemia. Similar modification of other antioxidant enzymes and neurotrophic factors with polyamines may provide a useful technique for the systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins across the BBB for the treatment of stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Molecular cloning and localization of rhodopsin kinase in the mammalian pineal

Several retinal photoreceptor proteins involved in phototransduction have also been found in the mammalian pineal. This study demonstrates that rat and human pineals express protein kinases that are identical to the corresponding rod photoreceptor rhodopsin kinases. The deduced amino acid sequence of rat and human rhodopsin kinases have 84% sequence similarity to the earlier reported sequence of the bovine retinal enzyme, with complete conservation of the topological regions containing the position of the catalytic domain and sites of posttranslational modifications. Rat pineal also expresses rod opsin and putative blue cone opsin. Using immunocytochemistry, rod opsin and rhodopsin kinase were found to be co-localized in pinealocytes in the human tissue. These data demonstrate that the mammalian pineal contains light-sensitive opsins and a kinase involved in their inactivation. These findings correlate with an earlier report that neonatal rats show extraretinal light sensitivity, and suggest that a functional photoreceptive system may be present in the adult mammalian pineal.
Priorities for evaluation of nontraditional degree programs

The request to evaluate a nontraditional degree program sounds simple enough. But what does it mean “to evaluate the program?” This article identifies twelve major areas seeming to require evaluative attention according to the perspectives of a number of different groups of people. In addition to identifying these areas, the study suggested priorities for the areas in terms of their long-term, overall importance in a complete evaluation plan and their immediate or short-term importance in the early stages of program implementation.
Hepatitis C infection in patients undergoing liver retransplantation

Background. There is concern that repeat orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may be associated with poor long-term survival. The specific aims of the current analysis were to determine (1) the prevalence of HCV infection in a large cohort of patients undergoing retransplantation, (2) define the impact of HCV infection on patient survival, and (3) determine the predictors of outcome of HCV-positive patients undergoing retransplantation for graft failure not caused by primary nonfunction. Methods. We analyzed the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry data of 1539 adults undergoing orthotopic liver retransplantation between January 1990 and February 1996; 357 patients (23%) were HCV-positive. Results. The prevalence of HCV infection increased significantly from 6.5% in 1990 to 38.4% in 1995 (P<0.0001). Comparing the HCV-positive versus HCV-negative groups, there were no significant differences with regards to age, time to retransplantation, biochemical parameters immediately preceding retransplantation, UNOS registry status mix, or cause of graft failure (% with primary nonfunction). However, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significantly diminished survival in the HCV-positive group (P=0.0038, log-rank test; relative risk, 1.36; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.71). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the subgroup of HCV-positive patients undergoing retransplantation for graft failure not caused by primary nonfunction identified preoperative serum bilirubin and serum creatinine as significant predictors of outcome. Seven of 207 (3.4%) patients undergoing retransplantation died of recurrent HCV in their second allografts. Conclusion. The prevalence of HCV infection in patients undergoing retransplantation appears to have significantly increased since 1990. HCV infection is an independent risk factor for death after retransplantation. However, acceptable results are attainable in highly selected patients, i.e., those patients without severe hyperbilirubinemia and renal failure, and retransplantation remains the only viable option for patients whose allografts fail because of recurrent disease.
PE-1/METS, an Antiproliferative Ets Repressor Factor, Is Induced by CREB-1/CREM-1 during Macrophage Differentiation

The molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation remain poorly understood. Members of the Ets-domain family of transcription factors are candidates for proteins that might differentially regulate cell cycle control and cell type-specific genes during the differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. The Ets repressor PE-1/METS has been suggested to contribute to growth arrest during terminal macrophage differentiation by repressing Ets target genes involved in Ras-dependent proliferation. An important feature of this regulatory model is that PE-1/METS is itself induced by the program of macrophage differentiation elicited by M-CSF. Here, we present evidence that the PE-1/METS gene is a transcriptional target of the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein-1 (CREB-1). CREB-1 expression is dramatically up-regulated during macrophage differentiation and phosphorylation of CREB-1 and the related factor CREM-1 are stimulated by M-CSF in a SAPK2/p38-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that CREB-1/CREM-1 are recruited to the PE-1/METS promoter as well as to the promoters of other genes that are up-regulated during terminal macrophage differentiation. Overexpression of CREB-1 stimulates the activities of the PE-1/METS, and macrosialin promoters, while expression of a dominant negative form of CREB-1 during macrophage differentiation inhibits expression of the PE-1/METS and macrosialin genes. Inhibition of CREB function also results in reduced expression of CD54 and impaired cell adhesion. Taken together, these findings reveal new roles of CREB-1/CREM-1 as regulators of macrophage differentiation.
Membrane technology embedded into IGCC plants with CO2 capture: An economic performance evaluation under uncertainty

Abstract An economic performance assessment framework has been developed for membrane reactor modules embedded into Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants with CO2 capture (IGCC-MR), recognizing that such an option offers a promising prospect of significant environmental performance enhancement as well as a technical pathway for the co-production of electricity and hydrogen. A functional Net Present Value (NPV) model has been developed first to evaluate the economic viability of IGCC-MR plants. The project value of IGCC-MR is compared to other competing technology options such as Supercritical Pulverized Coal-fired and traditional IGCC power plants with and without CO2 capture. Sources of irreducible uncertainty (market and regulatory) as well as technology risks are explicitly recognized and the effect of these uncertainty drivers on the plant's/project's value is taken into account using Monte-Carlo techniques. Therefore, more realistic distribution profiles of the plant's economic performance outcomes are generated rather than single-point value estimates. It is shown that future regulatory action on CO2 emissions could induce appealing NPV-distribution profiles for IGCC-MR in the presence of uncertainty and technology risks. Finally, a creatively structured portfolio of technology-push and/or market-pull policy incentives could lead to more attractive profiles, suggesting possible means for accelerating the realization of demonstration projects.
Activation of Ventrolateral Preoptic Neurons During Sleep

The rostral hypothalamus and adjacent basal forebrain participate in the generation of sleep, but the neuronal circuitry involved in this process remains poorly characterized. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify the FOS protein, an immediate-early gene product, in a group of ventrolateral preoptic neurons that is specifically activated during sleep. The retrograde tracer cholera toxin B, in combination with FOS immunocytochemistry, was used to show that sleep-activated ventrolateral preoptic neurons innervate the tuberomammillary nucleus, a posterior hypothalamic cell group thought to participate in the modulation of arousal. This monosynaptic pathway in the hypothalamus may play a key role in determining sleep-wake states.
Laboratory support for prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: commentary on the new guidelines on screening for group B streptococci during pregnancy

Abstract New guidelines from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) used data from recent large studies as the basis for recommending a 35- to 37-week enrichment broth culture of a vaginal-anal swab to screen for group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant women. Various selective and enrichment media have been used to detect the organism. It is imperative that microbiologists perform screening cultures as outlined in the guideline, or validate their approach if different. Along with positive screening cultures, the guideline states that detection of any group B streptococci in urine is grounds for intrapartum prophylaxis; implementation of this recommendation will be difficult. Risk factors as the determinant of whether to give prophylaxis should be reserved for those without prenatal screening cultures. Use of PCR is promising. Despite increasing rates of clindamycin resistance, clindamycin is recommended for penicillin-allergic patients. Therefore, group B streptococcal isolates should be tested for susceptibility to clindamycin and erythromycin.
The IL-1 family: regulators of immunity

Over recent years it has become increasingly clear that innate immune responses can shape the adaptive immune response. Among the most potent molecules of the innate immune system are the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members. These evolutionarily ancient cytokines are made by and act on innate immune cells to influence their survival and function. In addition, they act directly on lymphocytes to reinforce certain adaptive immune responses. This Review provides an overview of both the long-established and more recently characterized members of the IL-1 family. In addition to their effects on immune cells, their involvement in human disease and disease models is discussed.
Dynamic staging and risk factor scoring for gestational trophoblastic disease.

It is proposed that a dynamic staging and risk factor scoring system is introduced for the classification of gestational trophoblastic disease as a logical development of the system presently used by the FIGO. Modern computer technology permits such change as the disease changes and particularly if it progresses. By allowing a change of both stage and risk factor score for each patient reported, a dynamic scoring system results. Moreover, such a system allows the introduction of more clinical detail than is permitted by the present FIGO system. FIGO combining its anatomic staging, first devised by Professor Song of Beijing, with the World Health Organization risk factor scoring, first devised by Professor Kenneth Bagshawe of Charing Cross Hospital, London, in 2002 was a significant progress. The most important change of the FIGO 2002 modification was that criteria were defined for the diagnosis of postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. However, hydatidiform mole still has no place in that classification. Also, the time when the staging occurs is not mandated. The present FIGO classification allows for no change in the status of the patient. A dynamic staging and risk factor scoring system would allow such changes to be recorded and, therefore, permit a more precise account of the patient9s disease. A third issue is whether invasive mole should be included in the classification, as the Japanese Gynecologic Cancer Society insists is necessary. This problem may also be solved by the use of a dynamic risk factor scoring system.
Centrolobular hepatic necrosis related to covalent binding of metabolites of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract The mechanism of centrolobular hepatic necrosis produced by treating rats or mice with 14 C-labeled halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons was studied as an animal model of drug-induced tissue lesions. The development of hepatic necrosis was associated with the covalent binding of substantial amounts of radiolabeled material to liver proteins, and autoradiograms revealed that most of the covalently bound material was localized within the necrotic centrolobular hepatocytes. Prior induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes by phenobarbital administration potentiated the covalent binding and necrosis, whereas prior inhibition of hydrocarbon metabolism had the opposite effect, suggesting that the binding and necrosis are caused by toxic metabolites of the hydrocarbons. A positive correlation between the amount of covalent binding and the severity of centrolobular necrosis was obtained after various drug treatments and with several different halogenated benzene derivatives of varying hepatotoxicity. These results suggest that covalent binding of toxic metabolites may be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of tissue lesions elicited by a variety of foreign compounds.
An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of the deposition of mercury on graphite films

Mercury deposition onto microcrystalline graphite and glassy carbon electrodes from aqueous chloride media was studied by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry (EQCM) and voltammetric techniques. After deposition of Hg(0) under controlled potential conditions, mercury continued to deposit at open circuit as a calomel film by the reaction, Hg + Hg(II) + 2Cl− ⇄ Hg2Cl2(aq). The implications for the preparation of mercury film electrodes and for anodic stripping voltammetry are discussed.
Bovine blood serum as a substitute for human serum for quality control of the determination of cholesterol and triglyceride.

Abstract Bovine serum has been found suitable for preparation of serum pools for evaluation, standardization and quality control programs for cholesterol and triglyceride. Although bovine serum is low in cholesterol and triglyceride, these constituents can be raised in the serum to the desired level by the use of Triton WR-1339, a non-ionic detergent. This substance has been shown previously to cause hyperlipemia in rabbits, rats and dogs. I.v. injection of Triton at the level of 31 mg/kg body weight twice a week produces a sustained hyperlipemia both in steers and in cows. There was no interference from Triton in vivo or in vitro in the determination of cholesterol or triglyceride or the non-lipid constituents of serum tested.
Selected Aspects of the Clinical Pharmacology of Visceral Analgesics and Gut Motility Modifying Drugs in the Horse

Comparison of the visceral analgesic effects of xylazine, morphine, butorphanol, pentazocine, meperidine, dipyrone, and flunixin in a cecal distention model of colic pain indicated that xylazine produces the most relief from abdominal discomfort. Repeated administration of xylazine may reduce visceral pain so effectively that the seriousness of abdominal disease is obscured. Xylazine decreased propulsive motility in the jejunum and pelvic flexure of healthy ponies. Morphine and butorphanol also gave relief from visceral pain in the cecal distention model. Morphine may inhibit colonic, and butophanol jejunal, motility. Whether xylazine or opiate mediated decreases in gut motility cause clinically important slowing of ingesta transit is controversial and requires further investigation. The development of behavioral changes (i.e., apprehension and pawing) in horses given opiate therapy may limit the use of these drugs. Combinations of xylazine and morphine or butorphanol produce excellent, safe, visceral analgesia and sedation without untoward behavioral effects. Although flunixin fails to demonstrate good visceral analgesic effects in the cecal distention model, this drug produces analgesia in some cases of colic by blocking prostaglandin mediated induction of pain. Improvement of propulsive gut motility in patients with ileus may follow administration of neostigmine (which is particularly effective when the large bowel is hypomotile), naloxone (which experimentally stimulates propulsive colonic motility), and metoclopramide (which stimulates stomach and proximal small intestinal motility).
A controlled study of autonomic nervous system function in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulant medications: results of a pilot study.

Objective: Despite the fact that autonomic nervous system (ANS) abnormalities are commonly found in adults and predict increased cardiovascular mortality, no studies have assessed ANS function in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) taking stimulants.Method: This pilot study evaluated ANS function in adults with ADHD in comparison with an age- and gender-matched control group.Results: The authors found that 4% of the control group had some abnormalities in the ANS in comparison with 24% of the ADHD group.Conclusion: Because the control group had higher levels of exercise fitness, and the level of abnormalities in the ADHD group was comparable with that of the general population, the significance of these findings is unknown. In addition, we did not determine if ANS abnormalities were present in individuals with ADHD who were not on stimulant medications. Further research is warranted to determine if there is any association between ADHD and stimulant use and ANS abnormalities.
Export of microRNAs and microRNA-protective protein by mammalian cells

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as a new class of regulators of gene expression has triggered an explosion of research activities, but has left many unanswered questions about how this regulation functions and how it is integrated with other regulatory mechanisms. A number of miRNAs have been found to be present in plasma and other body fluids of humans and mice in surprisingly high concentrations. This observation was unexpected in two respects: first, the fact that these molecules are present at all outside the cell at significant concentrations and second, that these molecules appear to be stable outside of the cell. In light of this it has been suggested that the biological function of miRNAs may also extend outside of the cell and mediate cell–cell communication. We report here that after serum deprivation several human cell lines tested promptly export a substantial amount of miRNAs into the culture medium and the export process is largely energy dependent. The exported miRNAs are found both within and outside of the 16.5 and 120 K centrifugation pellets which contain most of the known cell-derived vesicles, the microvesicles and exosomes. We have identified some candidate proteins involved in this system, and one of these proteins may also play a role in protecting extracellular miRNAs from degradation. Our results point to a hitherto unrecognized and uncharacterized miRNA trafficking system in mammalian cells that is consistent with the cell–cell communication hypothesis.
An Improved Preliminary Design Method for Ejectors

A preliminary design method is presented for evaluating ejector geometries and predicting variations in aerodynamic performance due to changes in configurations and flow conditions. The method is based on steady, quasi-one dimensional conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy with corrections to account for losses due to the primary nozzle exit, inlet to the mixing tube, frictional shear forces on the mixing tube walls, and outlet non-uniformity in the velocity profile from the mixing tube. The entrainment ratio, which is defined as the induced secondary flow (cold) rate divided by the primary (hot) flow rate, is first compared to ideal performance, which is obtained without losses. Next the results of the model are compared to experimental data, obtained from several ejector configurations and flow conditions, and agreement within three percent is shown. The usefulness of this method for preliminary design trade-off studies is demonstrated by comparison with a one-fifth scale cold-flow facility. Finally, the factors that contribute to performance degradation are identified and quantified. It is shown that the primary factor limiting performance is the nonuniformity in the exit momentum flux.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Placenta Growth Factor Induces Invasion and Activates p70 during Rapamycin Treatment in Trophoblast Cells

Problem Aberrant trophoblast invasion has been associated with human intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE). Our objective was to determine placenta growth factor (PlGF)-mediated regulation of cell invasion in trophoblast cells with reduced mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Method of study First trimester SW 71 trophoblast cells were subjected to invasion assays with the following conditions: 10% FBS, 10% FBS with Rapamycin, and 10% FBS with Rapamycin and PlGF. mTOR siRNA was also done in these cells. Western blots were performed on cell lysates with antibodies against phospho- and total mTOR, 70-kDa ribosomal protein kinase I (p70), 4EBP1, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (AKT). Results Compared to controls, trophoblast cells showed: (i) a 33% decrease in invasion following Rapamycin treatment, (ii) protection from decreased invasion following Rapamycin and PlGF treatment, (iii) a 31% decrease in mTOR phosphorylation with Rapamycin, (iv) increased phosphorylation of p70 (43%) with Rapamycin and PlGF, and (v) a 76% decrease in invasion following mTOR depletion. Conclusion We conclude that first trimester trophoblast invasion is functionally decreased when phosphorylation of mTOR is prevented and this decrease is recovered with the addition of PlGF. Mechanistically, this recovery involves the phosphorylation of p70 independent of mTOR.
The Military and Human Rights in a Post-Cold War Africa:

Le but de cet article est d'examiner la tension qui existe dans de nombreux pays africains entre le role de l'armee et l'exigence de democratie qui s'affirme sur tout le continent. Une bonne part de l'analyse part de l'argument selon lequel l'armee peut considerer les reformes democratiques comme menacantes pour ses privileges, et saper les processus democratiques et les droits de l'homme qui y sont associes. L'article considere les droits de l'homme dans son acception la plus etendue, soient les « trois generations » de droits : 1- civiques et politiques, 2- economiques, sociaux et culturels, 3- lies au developpement et a l'environnement. Considerer la relation entre ces droits et le statut de l'armee necessite l'examen des politiques et structures institutionnelles internes mais egalement celui des imperatifs internationaux devenant de plus en plus pressants. En examinant des evenements recents survenus en Afrique, l'A. evoque la fragilite des processus de democratisation, notamment l'instabilite politique pouvant resulter d'une insecurite economique
Preimplantation diagnosis of the beta1 integrin knockout mutation as a model for aneuploid gene testing.

The autosomal β1 integrin knockout mouse mutation was selected as a model to experimentally determine preimplantation diagnosis test reliability for autosomal gene deletions and duplications. In experiment 1, which analyzed 198 individually disaggregated single blastomeres, the observed test frequencies matched the mathematically predicted frequencies calculated from the independently derived values of 90% normal allele amplification, 92% mutant allele amplification, 4% alternate allele contamination, and 4% failure to transfer amplifiable target DNA into the PCR reaction mix. This experiment correctly predicted a normal embryonic phenotype in 143 (99.3%) of the 144 phenotypically normal autosomal recessive results. Experiment 2 compared single biopsied blastomere test results to test results on the remaining embryonic cells cultured 1 week until trophoblast outgrowth. Single biopsied blastomere analysis correctly predicted a normal autosomal recessive phenotype in 87 (98%) of the 89 embryos that would have been selected for implantation. Experiment 3 compared the PCR results of two biopsied blastomeres tested independently to the PCR result from the remaining cultured blastomeres to improve test reliability. Given that embryos would have been implanted only when two normal results were obtained, 17 of 17 phenotypically normal embryos would have been implanted from among the 44 embryos tested. These experiment 3 results are consistent with the mathematical prediction that about 99.9% of embryos implanted with two unaffected biopsied blastomere results would have had a phenotypically normal genotype.
PAR-6, but not E-cadherin and β-integrin, is necessary for epithelial polarization in C. elegans.

Abstract Cell polarity is a fundamental characteristic of epithelial cells. Classical cell biological studies have suggested that establishment and orientation of polarized epithelia depend on outside-in cues that derive from interactions with either neighboring cells or the substratum ( Akhtar and Streuli, 2013 , Chen and Zhang, 2013 , Chung and Andrew, 2008 , McNeill et al., 1990 , Nejsum and Nelson, 2007 , Nelson et al., 2013 , Ojakian and Schwimmer, 1994 , Wang et al., 1990 , Yu et al., 2005 ). This paradigm has been challenged by examples of epithelia generated in the absence of molecules that mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, notably E-cadherin and integrins ( Baas et al., 2004 , Choi et al., 2013 , Costa et al., 1998 , Harris and Peifer, 2004 , Raich et al., 1999 , Roote and Zusman, 1995 , Vestweber et al., 1985 , Williams and Waterston, 1994 , Wu et al., 2009 ). Here we explore an alternative hypothesis, that cadherins and integrins function redundantly to substitute for one another during epithelium formation ( Martinez-Rico et al., 2010 , Ojakian et al., 2001 , Rudkouskaya et al., 2014 , Weber et al., 2011 ). We use C. elegans, which possesses a single E-cadherin ( Costa et al., 1998 , Hardin et al., 2013 , Tepass, 1999 ) and a single β-integrin ( Gettner et al., 1995 , Lee et al., 2001 ), and analyze the arcade cells, which generate an epithelium late in embryogenesis ( Portereiko and Mango, 2001 , Portereiko et al., 2004 ), after most maternal factors are depleted. Loss of E-cadherinHMR−1 in combination with β-integrinPAT−3 had no impact on the onset or formation of the arcade cell epithelium, nor the epidermis or digestive tract. Moreover, s-integrinPAT-3 was not enriched at the basal surface of the arcades, and the candidate PAT-3 binding partner β-lamininLAM−1 was not detected until after arcade cell polarity was established and exhibited no obvious polarity defect when mutated. Instead, the polarity protein par-6 ( Chen and Zhang, 2013 , Watts et al., 1996 ) was required to polarize the arcade cells, and par-6 mutants exhibited mislocalized or absent apical and junctional proteins. We conclude that the arcade cell epithelium polarizes by a PAR-6-mediated pathway that is independent of E-cadherin, β-integrin and β-laminin.
Maximum Contractile Strain in the Biceps Brachii Is Bounded by Sarcomere Geometry

Skeletal muscles’ primary function is the application of force to its bony origins and insertions. There are various models of muscle function that generally assume a uniform behavior from origin to insertion during force generation even though the structure and activation is complex. Engineering strains within skeletal muscles, though, have been shown to be non-uniform [1]. We have developed methods to quantify Lagrangian finite strains using cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (CPCMRI) and post-processing algorithms [2] and have described them during cyclic motion in the supraspinatus and biceps brachii. Principal and maximum in-plane shear strains can be identified at the scale of millimeters throughout the contracting and elongating muscle.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An Investigation of the Support Process: Decision, Enactment, and Outcome

This study examines factors influencing the effectiveness and relational consequences of emotional support through three phases: decision, enactment, and outcome. Participants (N = 428) completed a questionnaire asking them to identify a time they faced a traumatic event, to identify whom they turned to for support, to complete measures of trust and solidarity before and after the support episode, and to complete measures assessing the efficacy of the support exchange. Analyses revealed the type of event influenced selection of a support target, severity of event was correlated with pre-episode trust and solidarity levels, and females provided more effective support than did males. Trust and solidarity levels after the support episode were predicted, in part, by the efficacy of the support episode. Implications of the phasic model for future research on support following a traumatic event are discussed.