cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Runtime biased pointer reuse analysis and its application to energy efficiency

Compiler-enabled memory systems have been successful in reducing chip energy consumption. A major challenge lies in their applicability in the context of complex pointer-intensive programs. State-of-the-art high precision pointer analysis techniques have limitations when applied to such programs, and therefore have restricted use. This paper describes runtime biased pointer reuse analysis to capture the behavior of pointers in programs of arbitrary complexity. The proposed technique is runtime biased and speculative in the sense that the possible targets for each pointer access are statically predicted based on the likelihood of their occurrence at runtime, rather than conservative static analysis alone. This idea implemented as a flow-sensitive dataflow analysis enables high precision in capturing pointer behavior, reduces complexity, and extends the approach to arbitrary programs. Besides memory accesses with good reuse/locality, the technique identifies irregular accesses that typically result in energy and performance penalties when managed statically. The approach is validated in the context of a compiler managed memory system targeting energy efficiency. On a suite of pointer-intensive benchmarks, the techniques increase the fraction of memory accesses that can be mapped statically to energy efficient memory access paths by 7-72%, giving a 4-31% additional L1 data cache energy reduction.
TINA: a natural language system for spoken language applications

A new natural language system, TINA, has been developed for applications involving spoken language tasks. TINA integrates key ideas from context free grammars, Augmented Transition Networks (ATN's), and the unification concept. TINA provides a seamless interface between syntactic and semantic analysis, and also produces a highly constraining probabilistic language model to improve recognition performance. An initial set of context-free rewrite rules provided by hand is first converted to a network structure. Probability assignments on all arcs in the network are obtained automatically from a set of example sentences. The parser uses a stack decoding search strategy, with a top-down control flow, and includes a feature-passing mechanism to deal with long-distance movement, agreement, and semantic constraints. TINA provides an automatic sentence generation capability that has been effective for identifying overgeneralization problems as well as in producing a word-pair language model for a recognizer. The parser is currently integrated with MIT's SUMMIT recognizer for use in two application domains, with the parser screening recognizer outputs either at the sentential level or to filter partial theories during the active search process.
Physical Activity in Preschool Children: Comparison Between Montessori and Traditional Preschools

BACKGROUND Little is known about the influence of Montessori methods on children's physical activity (PA). This cross-sectional study compared PA of children attending Montessori and traditional preschools. METHODS We enrolled 301 children in 9 Montessori and 8 traditional preschools in Columbia, South Carolina. PA was measured by accelerometry on weekdays during preschool (In-School), non-school (Non-School), and all day (All Day). Minutes/hour of light, moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), and total PA (light + MVPA) were calculated. RESULTS Children attending Montessori preschools accumulated more In-School light (7.7 vs. 6.5 minute/hour), MVPA (7.7 versus 6.5 minute/hour), and total PA (15.4 versus 13.0 minute/hour) than children attending traditional preschools, after adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, parent education and neighborhood poverty index. For Non-School (8.5 versus 6.2 minute/hour) and All Day (8.5 versus 7.6 minute/hour), children in Montessori preschools accumulated more MVPA than children in traditional preschools. In-School PA was higher for children in private Montessori than public Montessori preschools (8.1 versus 7.0 minute/hour; 8.1 versus 6.7 minute/hour; 16.1 versus 13.6 minute/hour, for light, MVPA, and total PA, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Children attending Montessori preschools were more active than children attending traditional preschools. Adopting the Montessori system may be an important strategy for promoting PA in children.
Enzyme-based logic systems interfaced with signal-responsive materials and electrodes.

Enzyme-based biocomputing systems were interfaced with signal-responsive membranes and electrodes resulting in bioelectronic devices switchable by logically processed biomolecular signals. “Smart” membranes, electrodes, biofuel cells, memristors and substance-releasing systems were activated by various combinations of biomolecular signals in the pre-programmed way implemented in biocatalytic cascades mimicking logic networks.
The scattering of electromagnetic waves by a perfectly conducting infinite cylinder

We consider the scattering of a plane time-harmonic electromagnetic wave by a perfectly conducting infinite cylinder with axis in the direction k, where k is the unit vector along the z axis. Suppose the incident wave propagates in a direction perpendicular to the cylinder. For a given observation angle θ, let FD(θ, α)k be the far-field pattern of the electric field corresponding to an incident wave with direction angle α polarized perpendicular to the axis and let FN(θ; α)k be the far-field pattern of the magnetic field corresponding to an incident wave with direction angle α polarized parallel to the z axis. Let {αn}n=1∞ be a distinct set of angles in [ − π, π] and μ a complex number. Then, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the set {(1 − μ)FD(θ;αn) + μFN(θ;αn)}n = 1∞ to be complete in L2[ − π, π]. Applications, together with numerical examples, are given to the inverse scattering problem of determining the shape of the cylinder from a knowledge of the far-field data.
Training day care home providers: Implications for policy and research☆

This study assesses the characteristics, training background, and interest in training of day care home providers in an Illinois community. Interviews were conducted with 150 licensed home providers and, for the purpose of comparison, 103 center-based caregivers. Major findings were that (a) characteristics of the Illinois sample were similar to those of the National Day Care Home Study sample; (b) 86% of center-based caregivers had undergone training, as compared with 35% of home providers; (c) desire for training was significantly higher (p <. 0001) in centers than in homes; and (d) previous training, as regulated, was a significant variable in center-based caregiver's desire for more training. Findings led to two recommendations: to incorporate minimal training requirements into licensing standards for day care homes and to continue research on how different kinds of amounts of training influence the quality of care in day care homes and providers' interest in training.
Estimation of the prevalence of a rare disease, preserving the anonymity of the subjects by group testing: application to estimating the prevalence of aids antibodies in blood donors

Abstract In order to preserve individual anonymity when estimating the prevalence of a disease or trait possesing a possible social stigma, we group the sample to be tested in batches of size k. Each batch is first given a screening test. Those classified as positive are given a confirmatory test. The classifications of the batches follow a trinomial model. Two estimators of the prevalence including the maximum likelihood are determined and are shown to yield better estimates (at small prevalence) for a fixed cost than estimates from the procedure used to test individuals. While mathematically related to the group screening procedures originated by Dorfman and developed by Sobel, Kotz, and Johnson, the objective is different. We specifically do not want to identify individuals in order to protect their civil liberties. The methods are illustrated on AIDS test data obtained from Canadian subjects. The available data contains individual test results. To compare our procedure we must obtain the distribution of the number of batches, X1, that contain a positive sample. The corresponding prevalence estimates are found for each x1. The expected value of these prevalence estimates is shown to essentially equal the estimate obtained from individual testing.
β1 and β2-adrenergic receptor subtype effects in German shepherd dogs with inherited lethal ventricular arrhythmias

Objective: Delayed afterdepolarization-induced triggered activity originating in ventricular myocardium is a mechanism for some age-dependent, inherited ventricular tachycardias in a colony of German shepherd dogs. Methods: We used standard microelectrode techniques to study β-adrenergic receptor subtype modulation of the triggered activity in anteroseptal left ventricular myocardium from eleven of these dogs and seven unafflicted, age-matched German shepherd controls. Results : During sustained stimulation at cycle lengths of 300–4000 ms, 10−9–10−7 M isoproterenol concentration-dependently shortened action potential duration (APD) to 90% repolarization more in myocardium from afflicted than from unafflicted dogs. This shortening was prevented by a β1-blocker CGP20712A (10−7 M) while a β2-blocker ICI118551 (10−7 M) did not modify the effect of isoproterenol in either group. The β2-agonist zinterol 10−8–10−6 M had no effect on APD. Stimulation at a cycle length of 250 ms in the presence of 10−7 M isoproterenol induced more triggered AP in myocardium from afflicted than unafflicted dogs. β1-Blockade completely eliminated, while β2-blockade facilitated, and the β2-agonist zinterol did not induce triggered activity in the two groups. Conclusion : Isoproterenol effects on APD and triggered activity in the myocardium of dogs with inherited arrhythmias are due primarily to an abnormality of β1-adrenoceptor mediated signaling that is subject to β2-adrenergic modulation.
Ecto-Enzyme of Granulocytes: 5'-Nucleotidase

The 5'-nucleotidase of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes is localized exclusively on the plasma membrane of intact cells. The active site of this enzyme faces the external medium, not the cytoplasm.
Strong and weak F-regularity are equivalent for graded rings

It is shown that the tight closure of a submodule in a Artinian module is the same as its finitistic tight closure, when the modules are graded over a finitely generated [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]-graded ring over a perfect field. As a corollary, it is deduced that for such a graded ring, strong and weak F -regularity are equivalent. As another application, the following conjecture of Hochster and Huneke is proved: Let ( R, m ) be a finitely generated [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /]-graded ring over a field with unique homogeneous maximal ideal m , then R is (weakly) F -regular if and only if R m is (weakly) F -regular.
Developmental biology. Vesicles and the spinal cord.

The distinction between cell biology and developmental biology is becoming increasingly blurred. The latest example involves a signalling pathway switched on in the developing spinal cord.
Low-temperature transitions in fresh and osmotically dehydrated plant materials

Phase transitions in several plant materials were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small oscillatory amplitude rheology. The glass transition temperature of the unfrozen phase, recrystallization peak of water, and melting point of ice, in fresh plant materials as well as in samples osmotically dehydrated in 15, 30, and 45% sucrose solutions, were identified using both thermal and mechanical analysis. Mechanical analysis showed that the glass transition temperature of the unfrozen phase was approximately -45°C for fresh and osmotically dehydrated plant materials at all concentrations. Thermal analysis showed that the glass transition of the unfrozen phase in osmotically dehydrated potato samples varied depending on the amount of freeze-concentration achieved.
Impact of ethnic variation and residential segregation on long-term survival following myocardial perfusion SPECT.

Ethnic characteristics of a neighborhood may impact upon all-cause mortality (ACM). It is not known whether this consideration remains a risk modifier among those being evaluated for CAD. 6,477 pts (60 ± 13 years, male 38%) residing in NYC with normal or abnormal stress SPECT studies were assessed for ACM during a mean follow-up of 9 ± 3.8 years. Baseline CAD risk factors and ethnic characteristics of patient neighborhoods were considered. Zip-codes with >70% of one ethnicity was considered to be predominant of that ethnicity. There were 573 (20%) Hispanics (HS), 765 (27%) African-Americans (AA), and 250 (30%) Caucasians (CC) residing in areas >70% of their own ethnicity. Compared to CC, the risk for ACM was lower in HS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.68, 95% CI 0.57-0.8, P < .0001) and similar among AA (HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.95-1.41, P = .2). Among HS, there was a lower ACM among those residing in HS areas compared to those residing in a non-HS areas (HR 0.7 95% CI 0.56-0.9, P = .03) despite a lower median household income ($27,838 ± 3,328 vs $37,751 ± 17,036; P < .0001). This survival difference was not seen in CC and AA. Among patients referred for nuclear SPECT studies for suspected CAD, HS ethnicity was an independent predictor of a favorable prognosis. Among HS, the ethnic characteristic of patients’ neighborhoods was an independent predictor of ACM. These results imply that ethnic social support is a potentially powerful modifier of patient outcomes among certain patient groups.
Patterns of anxiety in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support.

Background Mechanical ventilation is one of the most frequently used technological treatments in critical care units and induces great anxiety in patients. Objectives Although mechanical ventilation and critical illness induce great anxiety and distress in hospitalized patients, little is known about anxiety ratings over the course of ventilatory support. Knowledge of anxiety ratings over time is needed to implement effective symptom management interventions. The purposes of this study were to describe anxiety ratings for a subgroup of mechanically ventilated patients over the duration of enrollment in a multisite clinical trial, to discern any pattern of change in anxiety ratings, to determine if anxiety decreases over time, and to explore the influence of sedative exposure on anxiety ratings. Methods Participants were 57 mechanically ventilated patients who were randomly assigned to the usual care group of a randomized controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy of music interventions on anxiety of mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units. Anxiety ratings were obtained at study entry and daily for up to 30 days. A 100-mm visual analog scale was used to measure anxiety. Visual Analog Scale-Anxiety scores were plotted as a function of study time in days for each participant to discern possible patterns of change. A mixed-models analysis was performed to assess the nature and magnitude of change over time (slope) using 251 observations on 57 patients. Results Results of the unconditional means model indicated that further modeling was appropriate. An autoregressive covariance structure with a random component for participant was chosen as the most appropriate covariance structure for modeling. An unconditional growth model indicated that the Visual Analog Scale-Anxiety ratings declined slowly over time: -.53 points per day (p = .09). Discussion Anxiety is an individual patient experience that requires ongoing management with appropriate assessment and intervention over the duration of mechanical ventilatory support.
A data handling system for automated analysis using a programmable calculator.

Abstract A program has been written for a relatively inexpensive desk-top programmable calculator which can easily be used to calculate the concentration of unknowns from an absorbance curve established by any number of data points. This procedure readily evaluates data from continuous-flow analysis as well as from other automated and spectrophotometric instrumentation. The coefficient of determination (R2) is determined for each set of standards to evaluate how well the data points fit the calculated curve. The program is also designed to identify the values of control samples which lie outside the programmed limits for each test. The data handling procedure includes: the printing of the input of the standards; the calculating of a curve; the calculating and printing of the standard concentrations as determined from the calculated curve and the resulting R2 value; the calculating and printing of the sample concentrations and a controlling step which identifies values for control samples which lie outside preset limits, thus calling immediate attention to any trouble with the tests.
Mom’s Milk Molds Neural Wiring for Metabolism

Vogt et al. demonstrate that, in mice, maternal high-fat feeding during lactation is sufficient to program the offspring for impaired energy and glucose homeostasis throughout their lifetime. They reveal that the resulting abnormal insulin signaling in the offspring interferes with the formation of hypothalamic neural circuits that contribute to metabolic status.
Estimating water solubilities of organics as a function of temperature

Abstract A simple UNIFAC-based algorithm for estimating the water solubilities of a variety of organics in the temperature range 10–80°C is developed. The procedure covers ten orders of magnitude in solubility with an average deviation of 0.5 log units. The solubilities of ionizable solids are the most sensitive and those of non-ionizable liquids are the least sensitive to temperature change.
Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis methods for determining ten causes of lengthening of a soft-tissue anterior cruciate ligament graft construct.

There are many causes of lengthening of an anterior cruciate ligament soft-tissue graft construct (i.e., graftfixation devicesbone), which can lead to an increase in anterior laxity. These causes can be due to plastic deformation and/or an increase in elastic deformation. The purposes of this in vitro study were (1) to develop the methods to quantify eight causes (four elastic and four plastic) associated with the tibial and femoral fixations using Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) and to demonstrate the usefulness of these methods, (2) to assess how well an empirical relationship between an increase in length of the graft construct and an increase in anterior laxity predicts two causes (one elastic and one plastic) associated with the graft midsubstance, and (3) to determine the increase in anterior tare laxity (i.e., laxity under the application of a 30 N anterior tare force) before the graft force reaches zero. Markers were injected into the tibia, femur, and graft in six cadaveric legs whose knees were reconstructed with singleloop tibialis grafts. To satisfy the first objective, legs were subjected to 1500 cycles at 1 4 Hz of 150 N anterior force transmitted at the knee. Based on marker 3D coordinates, equations were developed for determining eight causes associated with the fixations. After 1500 load cycles, plastic deformation between the graft and WasherLoc tibial fixation was the greatest cause with an average of 0.80.5 mm followed by plastic deformation between the graft and cross-pin-type femoral fixation with an average of 0.50.1 mm. The elastic deformations between the graft and tibial fixation and between the graft and femoral fixation decreased averages of 0.30.3 mm and 0.20.1 mm, respectively. The remaining four causes associated with the fixations were close to 0. To satisfy the remaining two objectives, after cyclic loading, the graft was lengthened incrementally while the 30 N anterior tare laxity, 150 N anterior laxity, and graft tension were measured. The one plastic cause and one elastic cause associated with the graft midsubstance were predicted by the empirical relationships with random errors (i.e., precision) of 0.9 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. The minimum increase in 30 N anterior tare laxity before the graft force reached zero was 5 mm. Hence, each of the eight causes of an increase in the 150 N anterior laxity associated with the fixations can be determined with RSA as long as the overall increase in the 30 N anterior tare laxity does not exceed 5 mm. However, predicting the two causes associated with the graft using empirical relationships is prone to large errors. DOI: 10.1115/1.2904897
A Survey of Ethics-Related Instruction in U.S. Engineering Programs

Ethics as a topic of study is called for by both the present ABET accreditation criteria and the proposed Engineering Criteria 2000. This paper presents the results of a survey of the ethics-related course requirements of virtually all engineering programs in the U.S. Even with a liberal definition of “ethics-related topics,” the data reveal that only about one-fourth of the institutions surveyed require all of their engineering undergraduates to take at least one course in which ethics or ethics-related topics were listed in the catalog description. Because the institutions with extensive ethics course requirements tended to be small, only about one out of five students who graduated from accredited programs in 1996–97 came from an institution with such a requirement. These data show the relative invisibility of ethics-related instruction in present course requirements, and also highlight institutions that can serve as examples for others seeking to improve their instructional efforts in this area.
The Biology and Pathogenicity of a Recent Field Isolate of Eimeria praecox Johnson, 1930

A recent isolate of Eimeria praecox, strain G, was obtained from Georgia and purified. Studies of the life history, pathogenicity, and cross-immunity of the isolate were conducted to verify its identity. In inoculated three-week-old chickens, the occurrence of merogony and gametogony was limited to the superficial epithelium of the upper intestine. Oocysts, 23 x 19.5 microns, with a shape index of 1.17 were first observed 83 h after inoculation. Mortality and morbidity were not observed in any of the experimental birds. However, there was a positive correlation between dose of oocysts, reduced weight gain, and the incidence of exudative diathesis. These studies showed that E. praecox depresses weight gains in chickens and may be of economic importance. Although complete immunity to avian coccidiosis is believed to be species specific, chickens immune to E. praecox (G) or E. acervulina had a degree of cross-immunity to a heterologous challenge. Electrophoretic analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase prepared from the European strain of E. praecox and E. praecox (G) showed no differences, confirming the identity of the isolate as E. praecox.
Intrahypothalamic adrenergic and cholinergic injection effects on temperature and ingestive behavior in the rat.

Abstract Noradrenaline and carbachol were microinjected into the anterior-preoptic area of the hypothalamus and the effects of these injections on colonic temperature, food intake, water intake, and body weight were recorded. Applications of carbachol in every instance produced a marked rise in colonic temperature which persisted for several hours. On the other hand, hypothermia was the usual finding with injections of noradrenaline. Both substances increased water consumption; however, food intake was affected only after adrenergic stimulation. In addition, animals lost weight during the 24 hr after cholinergic injections. Control injections of isotonic saline did not significantly alter any of the measures. The results are discussed in the light of previous findings, with particular emphasis on differences observed after intraventricular injections of the same and similar compounds.
Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography in Pediatric Urology: An Imaging Overview for Current and Future Daily Practice

The main imaging modality of the urinary tract in children is ultrasound. When further cross-sectional morphologic examination and/or functional evaluation is required, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the logical and optimal second step, particularly in pediatric patients. There are two main exceptions to this. The first one is when after an ultrasound, additional diagnostic imaging for urolithiasis is needed. The second one involves severe polytrauma, including blunt abdominal trauma. In this review, an overview of the MR imaging and computed tomography examinations important for current and future daily pediatric uroradiologic practice is presented.
The Second Gilded Age: The Great Reaction in the United States, 1973–2001 – By Michael McHugh

This ambitious work examines economic, political, and social trends in the United States in the late twentieth century. The period from 1973 to 2001, this author contends, should be viewed as a “se...
Asymptomatic Solitary Pulmonary Nodules Due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

We report the cases of three HIV-positive patients with solitary pulmonary nodules caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Although human infection with C. neoformans occurs via the respiratory tract, isolated pulmonary infection in HIV-positive patients, in contrast with HIV-negative patients, has been thought to be relatively rare. When isolated pulmonary disease in HIV-infected patients, has been described, most of the patients have been symptomatic (symptoms have included fever, cough, and dyspnea). In addition, these patients have had diffuse interstitial infiltrates, alveolar infiltrates, or nodular infiltrates that have often been associated with hilar adenopathy and occasionally with pleural effusions. None of the patients in the previously reported series have had lesions described as small, asymptomatic, isolated pulmonary nodules.
Effects of carnosine and anserine on muscle and non-muscle phosphorylases

Rabbit muscle phosphorylases a and b are activated by carnosine, whereas potato and yeast phosphorylases are inhibited at the same concentration of dipeptide. Rabbit muscle phosphorylase a is activated by anserine whereas the b form enzyme and the potato and yeast enzymes are inhibited by the dipeptide. The dipeptides affect the Vmax values for the enzymes rather than the substrate Km values. Kinetic analysis suggested that, for rabbit muscle phosphorylase, both dipeptides compete for occupancy of the same binding site(s) on the enzyme.
Biochemical characterization of a membrane-bound enzyme responsible for generating nitric oxide from nitroglycerin in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Abstract A membrane-bound enzyme responsible for generating nitric oxide (NO) from nitroglycerin (NTG) in vascular smooth muscle cells has been characterized. The enzyme could be solubilized from vascular microsomes by several detergents, the most effective of which was 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylamino]-l-propanesulfonate (CHAPS). A partially purified enzyme preparation was obtained with CHAPS-solubilized vascular microsomes that were processed sequentially through an ion exchange column and a gel filtration column. The activity of this partially purified enzyme showed a dependence on substrate concentration, protein concentration and the duration of incubation. Enzyme activity was enhanced 2.7- to 4.2-fold by several thiols such as cysteine, N -acetylcysteine, reduced glutathione, and dithiothretol. On the other hand, N -ethylmaleimide, iodoacetic acid, p -chloromercuric benzoic acid and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, reagents known to bind with the free sulfhydryl groups, inactivated the NO-generating activity from NTG. The enzyme activity could be reversibly bound to an organomercurial column. These results suggested the presence of a free thiol group in the enzyme and that this thiol group was required for enzyme activity. The partially purified enzyme was active in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The enzyme was purified to near homogeneity using several sequential Chromatographie steps including DEAE-Sephacel, Biogel A 1.5m, hydroxylapatite and organomercurial columns, resulting in an increase in enzyme activity of about 94-fold. The sub-unit of this enzyme, as identified on an SDS-treated electrophoresis gel, had an apparent molecular size of 58 kDa.
Middle School Students who use Computers

In recent years, there has been an increasing concern over the association between interactive media, such as computers and video games and reports of aches and pains in users. It is suggested that the physical set-up and individual styles of using interactive media has an influence over this discomfort. As children grow up, they will interact and use interactive media throughout most of their life. Healthy interactive media techniques may be vital to preventing/reducing the incidence of discomfort/pain associated with interactive media. This research paper will describe a study, which has collected health and comfort data on the incidence and prevalence of computer-related musculoskeletal discomfort/pain among 6th and 7th grade students in three middle schools in New England.
The Prandtl number effect on melting dominated by natural convection

In a recent paper, Gobin and Benard considered the task of correlating the heat transfer data for melting in the presence of natural convection when the Pr value of the liquid phase is considerably smaller than 1. To correlate the low-Pr data is an important and timely task, especially in view of the voluminous work that has been dedicated to situations in which Pr is greater than 1. For the convection-dominated regime known also as quasi-stationary melting, Gobin and Benard correlated their low-Pr numerical data with the formula: Nu=0.29 Ra[sup 0.27]Pr[sup 0.18] They noted that this correlation does not agree with the Nu[approximately](RaPr)[sup 1/4] trend that might be expected from the single-phase natural convection scales for low Prandtl numbers. They concluded that: (1) The relevance of the group (RaPr) is not verified by their numerical results for convection-dominated melting, and (2) further work is required to determine the scaling laws that govern the transition from the initial (conduction) regime to the final (convection) regime of the process of melting by side heating. These two conclusions defined the work presented in this note. In it is reported that the correct scales of natural convection melting when the Prandtl number is small.more » Then construct a scaling-correct heat transfer correlation that spans the entire range of Prandtl numbers.« less
A Family With Parkinson Disease, Essential Tremor, Bell Palsy, and Parkin Mutations

Background Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease (EOPD). The A265G variant in the HS1 binding protein 3 gene ( HS1BP3 ) is common in essential tremor (ET). Objective To investigate the presence of mutations in the parkin gene and the A265G variant in the HS1BP3 gene in a Mexican family with EOPD, ET, and Bell palsy. Design Direct sequencing, semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction, and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction were performed in the 14 members of this family. Setting Mexican family. Patients Two patients with EOPD were analyzed. Results Compound heterozygous mutations ( EX 3_6 del and EX 5 del ) in the parkin gene were identified in 2 patients with EOPD, characterized by beneficial response to levodopa, relatively slow progression, and motor complications. Although heterozygous EX 3_6 del and homozygous EX 5 del mutations in the parkin gene have been previously described, to our knowledge, this is the first report of these mutations in compound heterozygotes. Seven heterozygous A265G variants in the HS1BP3 gene were found in this pedigree, but they did not cosegregate with ET, Parkinson disease, or Bell palsy, supporting the conclusion that this variant is not associated with ET. Conclusions Compound heterozygous parkin mutations ( EX 3_6 del and EX 5 del ) caused EOPD in this family, but the A265G variant in the HS1BP3 gene, previously considered to be responsible for ET, was probably not pathogenically related to the ET in this family.
The monogamous mating system of Peromyscus californicus as revealed by DNA fingerprinting.

I used DNA fingerprinting to assess mating exclusivity in Peromyscus californicus, a species presumed to be monogamous. Putative genealogical relationships were determined in the field from transfer of fluorescent pigments. The putative father was confirmed to be the genetic father for 82 offspring from 22 complete families. An additional 17 offspring from 5 families were tested in which samples from either the mother or father were not available. The offspring within each family were most likely full siblings and hence sired by only one father. An incestuous mating between brother and sister was also confirmed with DNA fingerprinting. Thus, all offspring from 28 families resulted from exclusive matings between single male and female pairs over a 2-year period. There were no instances of multiple paternity detected, and mate switches occurred only after one member of a pair disappeared. This is the first convincing demonstration of exclusive monogamy in a mammal.
Hybridization between pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus

This study found that introgressive hybridization of the pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus with the common shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus has probably occurred across the range of S. albus. Bayesian clustering found evidence of hybridization in all management units of S. albus. Some individuals were intermediate at both genetic and morphological characters, and some had discordant results. The results support introgressive hybridization throughout much of the range of S. albus, yet individuals consistent with being pure members of each species were detected in all management units. Simulations demonstrated that it would be very difficult to distinguish introgressed individuals from pure specimens after multiple generations of backcrossing with these microsatellite markers. Using hybrid or backcross fish as broodstock could artificially accelerate the loss of unique genetic variation in S. albus. Additional microsatellite loci or additional genetic markers, along with morphological data may be required to ensure that hybrid or backcross fish are not used. Introgressive hybridization requires at least two generations and generation lengths of S. albus are long, perhaps as long as 30 years. The proportion of individuals consistent with introgressive hybrid origins indicates that hybridization between S. albus and S. platorynchus probably has occurred for several generations and is not a recent phenomenon.
Structure and composition of forest floor fuels in long-unburned Jeffrey pine-white fir forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA

In spite of the mechanistic links between forest floor fuels and fire behaviour and effects, little information is available on their composition and structure. We collected fuels from well-developed forest floors in four long-unburned Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi)–white fir (Abies concolor) forests in the Lake Tahoe Basin in California and Nevada. We measured forest floor (litter, fermentation and humus, where present) load, depth, bulk density and mineral ash content at the base of each tree, near the crown drip line and beyond the crown in open gaps (n=40 Jeffrey pine, 40 white fir). We found substantial variability in composition between the two conifers’ forest floor fuels and across species. Forest floor was mounded near tree stems, with the majority of the depth (and mass) composed of fermentation fuels. Humus was present across spatial locations, but was patchier with increasing distance from trees. Ash content varied between trees (fir>pine) and with depth (humus>fermentation>litter). Results highlight the high spatial variation in forest floor fuels and underscore the need for building a greater understanding of forest floor fuels in long-unburned sites.
Linear Coherent Optical Removal Of Multiplicative Periodic Degradations: Processor Theory

A linear coherent optical technique for restoration of images altered by a multiplicative periodic degradation is considered. By proper choice of a multiplicative grating, restoration can be performed using conventional linear coherent optics techniques. Specific attention is given to the case of continuous sampling in which the image is periodically set to zero in strips.
Lead inhibits the basal and stimulated responses of a rat osteoblast-like cell line ROS 17/2.8 to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IGF-I.

Low-level exposure to lead impairs longitudinal growth in children and in experimental animals. The proposed mechanisms include decreased osteocalcin secretion in response to 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 and decreased response to insulin-like growth factor-I. The interaction of lead, 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3, and insulin-like growth factor-I was investigated in an osteoblast-like cell line from rat osteosarcoma, ROS 172.8. Cells were cultured 24 hr in a serum-free medium with lead, 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3, and insulin-like growth factor-I, 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 (10 nm) evoked a 4–5× increase in osteocalcin secretion and a 100% increase in cellular alkaline phosphatase activity but no increase in DNA/cell layer. Insulin-like growth factor-I (92.5 ng/ml) evoked a 100% increase of osteocalcin secretion and a 20% increase in cellular DNA contents but no change in cellular alkaline phosphatase activity. Basal and stimulated cellular osteocalcin secretion, cellular alkaline phosphatase activity, and DNA contents were significantly inhibited by addition of 1–10 μm lead. The data are consistent with a toxic effect of lead on osteoblastic function and the cellular responses to 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 and insulin-like growth factor-I. This interaction may be relevant to impaired childhood growth at low levels of lead exposure.
How not to do things with metaphors: Paul Samuelson and the science of neoclassical economics

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show how recent discussions of “rhetoric” in economics might draw our attention to a puzzling phenomenon in twentieth century economics: the practice of Paul Samuelson of making persistent references to physics is explored. It is shown that this practice was not “merely” stylistic nor idiosyncratic, but instead was motivated by particular historical and mathematical issues in neoclassical economic theory. Examples are drawn primarily in this instance from dynamic neoclassical price theory.
Effect of alloying with silver on intermediate-range order in bulk germanium diselenide glasses

Abstract Neutron diffraction, inelastic scattering and Raman scattering measurements have been made on well characterized samples of GeSe 2 and Ag 4 Ge 3 Se 9 glass. The alloying with Ag causes pronounced effects on both static and dynamic structure, the former characterized by a sharp decrease in the amplitude of the first sharp diffraction peak and the latter by a reduction in the number of modes corresponding to the v 3 vibrations of a Ge(Se 1/2 ) 4 tetrahedron and an increase in the number between v 4 and v 1 . The neutron data are compared with a model based on the consideration of elementary structural units such as Ge(Se 1/2 ) 4 and Ag(Se 1/2 ) 3 . The Raman spectrum is characterized by the disappearance of the “companion” line in the v 1 breathing mode upon doping with silver.
Differential effects of dopamine agonists on acoustically and electrically elicited startle response: Comparison to effects of strychnine

Abstract This study sought to determine where drugs that are known to alter sensorimotor reactivity measured with the acoustic startle reflex ultimately act within the acoustic startle pathway. To do this, startle was elicited either acoustically or electrically within various nuclei believed to comprise the acoustic startle pathway. Direct infusion of serotonin into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spinal cord increased acoustic startle and startle elicited electrically through the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) to a comparable degree. Subconvulsant doses of strychnine increased startle elicited acoustically or electrically through either the VCN or the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (RPC), pointing to spinal locus of action of strychnine after systemic administration. In marked contrast, the dopamine agonists d-amphetamine and apomorphine consistently increased acoustic startle but actually depressed startle elicited electrically through the VCN or the RPC. These later results suggest that dopamine agonists increase sensorimotor reactivity measured with acoustic startle by acting on sensory rather than motor parts of the reflex arc.
Pronation–supination torque and associated electromyographic activity varies during a sustained elbow flexor contraction but does not influence the time to task failure

In this study we measured the pronation-supination torque, flexion force, and electromyographic activity in elbow flexor muscles during an isometric contraction in which a submaximal elbow flexion force was kept constant for as long as possible. Ten subjects performed the contraction at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque until failure. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the long and short heads of biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii was recorded with surface and intramuscular electrodes. The mean time to failure was 8.2 +/- 6.2 min. The fluctuations in flexion force and pronation-supination torque were correlated (r range = 0.68-0.92), and subjects exhibited a range of pronation-torque profiles that were not associated with the time to failure. Knowing the influence of concurrent actions about the pronation-supination axis during a submaximal fatiguing contraction with the elbow flexor muscles has implications for the design of workstations in ergonomic settings and in the prescription of activities for rehabilitation programs. Muscle Nerve 40: 231-239, 2009.
Connectionist algorithms for identification and control - System structure and convergence analysis

This paper gives a variety of theoretical results associated with the Adaptive Neural Control (ANC) architecture and its application to the control of flexible structures. ANC is a new parallel processing, decentralized architecture for identification and adaptive control that has been under development by the author and associates over the past five years. The ANC architecture consists of a hierarchy of standardized modules and rules for combining them. In this paper, we give a step-by-step description of the ANC components and present basic theorems on convergence and stability for applications involving both identification and adaptive control.
Multiple schwannomas, multiple nevi, and multiple vaginal leiomyomas: A new dominant syndrome

We report on a family of seven affected with a new syndrome of multiple deep schwannomas, multiple nevi (both intradermal and compound types), and multiple leiomyomas of the vagina. Inheritance is dominant, whether autosomal or X-linked cannot be determined at this time. The nevi, which are congenital, appear to be a marker for the syndrome. Both the schwannomas and leiomyomas do not manifest until adulthood.
Effect of chemical surface heterogeneity on the adsorption mechanism of dissolved aromatics on activated carbon

Abstract The effects of oxygen-containing groups, particularly carboxylic and carbonyl groups, on the adsorption of dissolved aromatics on ash-free activated carbon have been studied. Adsorption isotherms for phenol, aniline, nitrobenzene, and benzoic acid were generated in both aqueous and cyclohexane media, using carbons with different amounts of surface oxygen groups. It was found that water adsorption, dispersive/repulsive interactions, and hydrogen-bonding were the main mechanisms by which surface oxygen groups influence the adsorption capacity, while donor–acceptor interactions were found not to be significant. The adsorption mechanism was also found to be influenced by the properties of the functional group on the aromatic adsorbate, especially its ability to hydrogen-bond and through its activating/deactivating influence on the aromatic ring.
Energy harvest with microbial fuel cell and power management system

This paper presents a system that can harvest energy in the water and use the harvested energy to power electronic devices deployed in the water. The system consists of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) and a power management system. The MFC uses electrochemical reactions and bacteria that are safe and abundant in the water to harvest energy and generate electricity. The power management system, consisting of a charge pump, a super capacitor, and a boost converter, accumulates and stores the energy harvested by the MFC in the super capacitor and bursts power to the load. The power management system also boosts the voltage of the MFC to a sufficient level for the electronic devices. The presented energy harvest system is sustainable, environmentally friendly and maintenance free. The system has been tested and proven through experimental work.
Fluoride Therapy for the Control of Dental Caries

F o r c e n t u r i e s research workers have been investigating the cause and methods of control of one of the most prevalent of diseases, dental caries. Even today knowledge of the causes of this disease is limited and methods of control are empirical, many being impractical and of unproved value. During the past decade research studies on the relation of fluoride-bearing waters and other flu­ oride solutions to dental caries have given promise of a new era in caries control. Epidemiologic studies, labora­ tory investigations and clinical trials sug­ gest that the incidence of dental caries can be reduced materially by fluoride therapy. The accumulated evidence to date on the fluorine-dental caries relation sug­ gests three different avenues of attack: ( i ) by adjusting the fluoride concentra­ tion in public water supplies to an op­ timum level; (2) by topical application of fluoride solutions to the erupted tooth surface, and (3) by increasing fluoride ingestion through daily supplements of this element to the diet. This paper discusses briefly some of the scientific evidence supporting these three methods of fluoride therapy. For a more complete review and bibliography on this subject the reader may consult a recent publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci­ ence.1
Juror Underutilization of Eyewitness Nonidentifications: A Test of the Disconfirmed Expectancy Explanation1

The impact of two types of eyewitness testimony on mock jurors' judgments was explored. A crime eyewitness either testified that the defendant definitely was the robber (identification), definitely was not the robber (nonidentification), or that they weren't sure if he was or was not the robber (control). An alibi eyewitness testified that the defendant either definitely was at the alibi location (identification), definitely was not at the alibi location (nonidentification), or he wasn't sure if the defendant was or was not at the alibi location (control). Strength of case was also manipulated. Results show that crime eyewitness identifications and alibi eyewitness nonidentifications were underutilized. A crime eyewitness by alibi eyewitness interaction revealed that within the crime eyewitness identification condition alibi identification was underutilized whereas with the other two crime eyewitness conditions, alibi nonidentification information was underutilized. The results supported a disconfirmed expectancy explanation.
On the co-existence of IR and UV optical filaments

In this work we first present analytical results showing the co-existence of intense infra-red, ultra-violet stationary filaments. Their existence is reminiscent of the universal scaling properties of the Townes soliton. We study different configurations and their propagation properties in a simplified time-independent model.