cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structuring cross-organizational knowledge sharing

Ontology development is fundamental to most knowledge management efforts. When approached in a formal knowledge engineering manner the resulting ontology usually becomes brittle when spanning even a modest number of groups within a single organization. It breaks entirely when scaled to multiple, heterogeneous organizations. A promising alternative is the bottom-up approach such as can be found in social tagging systems (e.g., del.ico.us), but little research has examined the utility of these systems for knowledge reuse activities. In this paper we extend our field work with IT helpdesk staff to examine the drivers for natural ontology development. We found that a balance between some degree of external order while maintaining local flexibility was required. This information space is navigated via social relations, especially expert referral. We examine the user-centered design criteria for both mid-level ontology development and related expert profile management.
RAD18-mediated ubiquitination of PCNA activates the Fanconi anemia DNA repair network.

The Fanconi anemia (FA) network is important for the repair of interstrand DNA cross-links. A key event in FA pathway activation is the monoubiquitylation of the FA complementation group I (FANCI)–FANCD2 (ID) complex by FA complementation group L (FANCL), an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In this study, we show that RAD18, another DNA damage–activated E3 ubiquitin ligase, also participates in ID complex activation by ubiquitylating proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on Lys164, an event required for the recruitment of FANCL to chromatin. We also found that monoubiquitylated PCNA stimulates FANCL-catalyzed FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitylation. Collectively, these experiments identify RAD18-mediated PCNA monoubiquitination as a central hub for the mobilization of the FA pathway by promoting FANCL-mediated FANCD2 monoubiquitylation.
Perspectives on Capital Market Anomalies

This book describes unexpected price behavior in equity markets, termed “anomalies,” that can potentially be exploited by investors to earn abnormal returns. An anomaly in capital markets is a deviation from the prediction of the efficient markets theory. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the academic research on anomalies, and to help the reader evaluate whether certain anomalies can be profitably exploited. Section 1.1 begins with a discussion of efficient markets theory, which specifies how assets (specifically, stocks) are expected to be priced under a set of ‘ideal’ or theoretical conditions. Sections 1.2 to 1.4 discuss anomalies, or price behavior that is unexpected if markets are efficient. These sections (1.2 to 1.4) define anomalies, discuss explanations for anomalies that have been examined in the academic literature and conclude by weighing the evidence for these different explanations. Since anomalies yield predictable positive risk-adjusted returns, proper risk measurement is critical to the identification of anomalies. Hence, the appendix to this chapter provides a detailed review of risk measurement and expected return models. No specific anomaly is discussed in this chapter, as the discussion here is intended to be applicable to all anomalies. It is hoped that, at the end of this chapter, investors will have the conceptual tools necessary to evaluate and understand observed price behavior in general, and the anomalies discussed in the subsequent chapters in particular.
MicroRNA-184 antagonizes microRNA-205 to maintain SHIP2 levels in epithelia

Despite their potential to regulate approximately one-third of the whole genome, relatively few microRNA (miRNA) targets have been experimentally validated, particularly in stratified squamous epithelia. Here we demonstrate not only that the lipid phosphatase SHIP2 is a target of miRNA-205 (miR-205) in epithelial cells, but, more importantly, that the corneal epithelial-specific miR-184 can interfere with the ability of miR-205 to suppress SHIP2 levels. This is the first example of a miRNA negatively regulating another to maintain levels of a target protein. Interfering with miR-205 function by using a synthetic antagomir, or by the ectopic expression of miR-184, leads to a coordinated damping of the Akt signaling pathway via SHIP2 induction. This was associated with a marked increase in keratinocyte apoptosis and cell death. Aggressive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells exhibited elevated levels of miR-205. This was associated with a concomitant reduction in SHIP2 levels. Partial knockdown of endogenous miR-205 in SCCs markedly decreased phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated BAD levels and increased apoptosis. We were able to increase SHIP2 levels in SCC cells after inhibition of miR-205. Therefore, miR-205 might have diagnostic value in determining the aggressivity of SCCs. Blockage of miR-205 activity with an antagomir or via ectopic expression of miR-184 could be novel therapeutic approaches for treating aggressive SCCs.
A sparse moment method technique for a wide class of scattering problems

In this paper, the problem of making the full matrix sparse is addressed. It was observed that the interaction between elements lying physically far away from each other is small. If they are sufficiently far away, the interaction should be almost negligible, i.e., the matrix entry can be zeroed out as a first approximation. Thus, the full matrix reduces to a sparse matrix, although the number of elements to be zeroed out depends on the size of the body and accuracy of the desired results. For solving large body scattering, this technique should work even better since the percentage of sparsity increases as a function of the physical size of the body. An important component of this technique is the capability to improve upon the approximation in an iterative manner without using additional storage resources. One or two iterations beyond the first yields the correct result provided certain sparsity criteria are satisfied.
Pim-1 kinase inhibits the activation of reporter gene expression in Elk-1 and c-Fos reporting systems but not the endogenous gene expression: an artifact of the reporter gene assay by transient co-transfection

We have studied the molecular mechanism and signal transduction of pim-1, an oncogene encoding a serine-threonine kinase. This is a true oncogene which prolongs survival and inhibits apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. In order to determine whether the effects of Pim-1 occur by regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, we used a transcriptional reporter assay by transient co-transfection as a screening method. In this study, we found that Pim-1 inhibited the Elk-1 and NFkappaB transcriptional activities induced by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in reporter gene assays. However, Western blots showed that the induction of Elk-1-regulated expression of endogenous c-Fos was not affected by Pim-1. The phosphorylation and activation of neither Erk1/2 nor Elk-1 was influenced by Pim-1. Also, in the gel shift assay, the pattern of endogenous NFkappaB binding to its probe was not changed in any manner by Pim-1. These data indicate that Pim-1 does not regulate the activation of Erk1/2, Elk-1 or NFkappaB. These contrasting results suggest a pitfall of the transient co-transfection reporter assay in analyzing the regulation of transcription factors outside of the chromosome context. It ensures that results from reporter gene expression assay should be verified by study of endogenous gene expression.
Food Allergy Herbal Formula-1 (FAHF-1) blocks peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model

Abstract Background: Peanut allergy is a major cause of fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to foods. There is no curative therapy for this condition. Traditional Chinese medicines have been reported to have antiallergic properties, which might be useful for treating peanut allergy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a Chinese herbal formula, FAHF-1, on peanut anaphylactic reactions in a mouse model of peanut allergy. Methods: Mice were sensitized with freshly ground whole peanut in the presence of cholera toxin and boosted 1 and 3 weeks later. FAHF-1 treatment was initiated 1 week later and continued for 7 weeks. After treatment, mice were challenged with peanut, and anaphylactic symptoms, body temperatures, and plasma histamine and IgE levels were measured. T-cell proliferative responses and cytokine production were also determined. Results: FAHF-1 completely blocked peanut-induced anaphylactic symptoms and markedly reduced mast cell degranulation and histamine release. Peanut-specific serum IgE levels were significantly reduced by 2 weeks of treatment at the time of challenge, and they remained lower 4 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. FAHF-1 significantly reduced peanut-induced lymphocyte proliferation as well as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 synthesis but not IFN-γ synthesis. No toxic effects on liver or kidney functions were observed, nor was there any overall immune suppression. Conclusion: FAHF-1 protected peanut-sensitized mice from anaphylactic reactions and significantly reversed established IgE-mediated peanut allergy. This suggests that FAHF-1 might prove valuable for the treatment of peanut allergy. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:639-46.)
Association of neighborhood-level factors with hospitalization for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, New York City, 2006: a multilevel observational study

Background: Hospitalizations with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection have increased in New York City, with substantial geographic variation across neighborhoods. While individual-level risk factors, such as age, sex, HIV infection, and diabetes have been described, the role of neighborhood-level factors (e.g., neighborhood HIV prevalence or income) has not been examined. Methods: To explore plausible neighborhood-level factors associated with CA-MRSA-related hospitalizations, a retrospective analysis was conducted using New York City hospital discharges from 2006 and New York City-specific survey and health department surveillance data. CA-MRSA-related hospitalizations were identified using diagnosis codes and admission information. Associations were determined by using sex-specific multilevel logistic regression. Results: The CA-MRSA hospitalization rate varied by more than six-fold across New York City neighborhoods. Females hospitalized with CA-MRSA had more than twice the odds of residing in neighborhoods in the highest quintile of HIV prevalence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]Q5 vs. Q1 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7). Both males and females hospitalized with CA-MRSA had nearly twice the odds of residing in neighborhoods with moderately high proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) residing in the neighborhood (males: AORQ4 vs. Q1 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.7; females: AORQ4 vs. Q1 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6); but this association did not hold for neighborhoods in the highest quintile (males: AORQ5 vs. Q1 1.2, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.8; females: AORQ5 vs. Q1 1.5, 95% CI: 0.82, 2.7). Conclusions: Neighborhood-level characteristics were associated with CA-MRSA hospitalization odds, independent of individual-level risk factors, and may contribute to the population-level burden of CA-MRSA infection.
A class of fast covariance least squares algorithms

A new class of fast least squares linear prediction algorithms for frequency estimation is described, and a specific example of this class of algorithms is presented in detail. A simulation for the case of single-sinusoid inputs shows that the estimates are quite sensitive to noise for frequencies near half the Nyquist frequency. A simplified error analysis seems to confirm the existence of the noise sensitivity in that range of frequencies. >
SUPERMAX PRISONS: THEIR RISE, CURRENT PRACTICES, AND EFFECT ON INMATES

In recent years, a number of new approaches in corrections have developed, one of which is the super-maximum, or “supermax,” prison. This article explores the roots of these institutions, explains how they operate, and examines their potential effects on inmate populations. The extant empirical research on supermax facilities suggests that these institutions have the potential to damage inmates’ mental health while failing to meet their purported goals (e.g., deterring inmates in the general prison population from committing criminal acts inside prison), resulting in added problems for correctional administrators and increased economic costs to public budgets without apparent benefits.
Hepatic and Renal Toxicities Associated with Perchloroethylene

Metabolism of perchloroethylene (Perc) occurs by cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation and glutathione (GSH) conjugation. The cytochrome P450 pathway generates tri- and dichloroacetate as metabolites of Perc, and these are associated with hepatic toxicity and carcinogenicity. The GSH conjugation pathway is associated with generation of reactive metabolites selectively in the kidneys and with Perc-induced renal toxicity and carcinogenicity. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have been developed for Perc in rodents and in humans. We propose the addition of a submodel that incorporates the GSH conjugation pathway and the kidneys as a target organ. Long-term bioassays of Perc exposure in laboratory animals have identified liver tumors in male and female mice, kidney tumors in male rats, and mononuclear cell leukemia in male and female rats. Increases in incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and of cervical, esophageal, and urinary bladder cancer have been observed for workers exposed to Perc. Limited, and not always consistent, evidence is available concerning the kidneys as a target organ for Perc in humans. Three potential modes of action for Perc-induced liver tumorigenesis are: 1) modification of signaling pathways; 2) cytotoxicity, cell death, and reparative hyperplasia; and 3) direct DNA damage. Four potential modes of action for Perc-induced renal tumorigenesis are: 1) peroxisome proliferation, 2) alpha-2u-globulin nephropathy, 3) genotoxicity leading to somatic mutation, and 4) acute cytotoxicity and necrosis leading to cell proliferation. Finally, the epidemiological and experimental data are assessed and use of toxicity information in the development of a reference dose and a reference concentration for human Perc exposure are presented.
Who Needs Enemies? Jews and Judaism in Anti-Nazi Religious Discourse

The so-called German Church Struggle has been a subject of scholarly study and popular interest for several decades. For obvious reasons, the minority of Germans who opposed the Nazis in word or in deed have become compelling symbols of courage and resistance, human reminders of the auspicious role religion can play in situations of political crisis. Rarely, however, has the discourse of anti-Nazi resistance been analyzed in terms of its assumptions concerning Jews, their role in Germany, or their historical destiny. When these assumptions are illuminated, it is apparent that despite their opposition to National Socialism and its encroachment in the affairs of the church, Christian resistors to Nazism transmitted concepts of Jews and Judaism that did little to ameliorate, and often exacerbated, the anti-Semitic environment in interwar Germany,
Vacuum-compatible standard diffuse source, manufacture, and calibration

Los Alamos National Laboratories has completed the design, manufacture and calibration of a vacuum-compatible, tungsten lamp, integrated sphere. The light source has been calibrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and is intended for use as a calibration standard for remote sensing instrumentation. Calibration 2{sigma} uncertainty varied with wavelength from 1.21% at 400 nm and 0.73% at 900 nm, to 3.95% at 2,400 nm. The inner radius of the Spectralon-coated sphere is 21.2 cm with a 7.4 cm square exit aperture. A small satellite sphere is attached to the main sphere and its output coupled through a stepper motor driven aperture. The variable aperture allows a constant radiance without effecting the color temperature output from the main sphere. The sphere`s output is transmitted into a vacuum test environment through a fused silica window that is an integral part of the outer housing of the vacuum shell assembly. The atmosphere within this outer housing is composed of 240 K nitrogen gas, provided by a custom LN{sub 2} vaporizer unit. Use of the nitrogen gas maintains the internal temperature of the sphere at a nominal 300 K {+-}10{degree}. The calibrated spectral range of the source is 0.4 {micro}m through 2.4 {micro}m. Three, color temperature matched, 20 W bulbs together with a 10 W bulb are within the main integrating sphere. Two 20 W bulbs, also color temperature matched, reside in the satellite integrating sphere. A Silicon and a Germanium broadband detector are situated within the inner surface of the main sphere. Their purpose is for the measurement of the internal broadband irradiance. A fiber-optic-coupled spectrometer measures the internal color temperature that is maintained by current control on the lamps. Each lamp is independently operated allowing for radiances with common color temperatures ranging from near 0.026 W/cm{sup 2}/sr to about 0.1 W/cm{sup 2}/sr at a wavelength of 0.9 {micro}m (the location of the peak spectral radiance).
THEORETICAL PEARLS: A bargain for intersection types: a simple strong normalization proof

This pearl gives a discount proof of the folklore theorem that every strongly $\beta$-normalizing $\lambda$-term is typable with an intersection type. (We consider typings that do not use the empty intersection $\omega$ which can type any term.) The proof uses the perpetual reduction strategy which finds a longest path. This is a simplification over existing proofs that consider any longest reduction path. The choice of reduction strategy avoids the need for weakening or strengthening of type derivations. The proof becomes a bargain because it works for more intersection type systems, while being simpler than existing proofs.
Towards a theory of trust in networks of humans and computers

We argue that a general theory of trust in networks of humans and computers must be build on both a theory of behavioraltrust and a theory of computationaltrust. This argument is motivated by increased participation of people in social networking, crowdsourcing, human computation, and socio-economic protocols, e.g., protocols modeled by trust and gift-exchange games [3,10,11], norms-establishing contracts [1], and scams [6,35,33]. User participation in these protocols relies primarily on trust, since on-line verification of protocol compliance is often impractical; e.g., verification can lead to undecidable problems, co-NP complete test procedures, and user inconvenience. Trust is captured by participant preferences (i.e., risk and betrayal aversion) and beliefs in the trustworthiness of other protocol participants [11,10]. Both preferences and beliefs can be enhanced whenever protocol noncompliance leads to punishment of untrustworthy participants [11,23]; i.e., it seems natural that betrayal aversion can be decreased and belief in trustworthiness increased by properly defined punishment [1]. We argue that a general theory of trust should focus on the establishment of new trust relations where none were possible before. This focus would help create new economic opportunities by increasing the pool of usable services, removing cooperation barriers among users, and at the very least, taking advantage of "network effects." Hence a new theory of trust would also help focus security research in areas that promote trust-enhancement infrastructures in human and computer networks. Finally, we argue that a general theory of trust should mirror, to the largest possible extent, human expectations and mental models of trust without relying on false methaphors and analogies with the physical world.
S100b immunoassay: an assessment of diagnostic utility in minor head trauma.

Abstract Background Over 1.4 million patients present annually to United States (US) emergency departments with minor head trauma. Many undergo unnecessary head computed tomography (HCT). Objectives We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of S100B, a central nervous system peptide, to screen for HCT+ head injury. Methods This study was a prospective observational study of adults with minor head trauma. Patients presenting within 6h of injury and undergoing HCT for evaluation were eligible. All HCTs were blindly reviewed for presence of a priori defined intracranial injury (HCT+). Quantitative S100B levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results A total of 346 patients were enrolled over 12 months, mean age 48 years (± 23 years), 62% male. Twenty-two (6.4%) were HCT+. Vomiting, headache, anterograde amnesia, Glasgow Coma Scale score p =0.032). Receiver operator characteristic analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.643. Sensitivity and specificity were 86% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67–96) and 37% (95% CI 29–45%) at 42 ng/dL, 91% (95% CI 72–98%) and 24% (95% CI 17–31%) at 32 ng/dL, and 96% (95% CI 78–100%) and 13% (95% CI 9–20%) at 24 ng/dL, respectively. Conclusion The study demonstrates that S100B may be a sensitive but non-specific marker of HCT+ injury.
Silicon CMOS BEOL Compatible Optical Waveguide Micro-mirrors

Optical waveguides are being explored for on-chip purposes to overcome the speed limitations of electrical interconnects. Passive optical components like waveguides and vertical outcouplers are important components in such schemes. In this study we fabricate planar waveguides with integrated vertical micro-mirrors using standard Back End of the Line silicon (BEOL) CMOS based processes. Around 1.6 μm of a hybrid alkoxy siloxane polymer with a refractive index of ∼ 1.50 at the intended wavelength of 830 nm is used as the core and plasma deposited silicon oxide with a refractive index of ∼ 1.46 is used as the cladding. The angular face in the polymer waveguide that would function as the mirror surface was fabricated by a pattern transfer method which involves transferring the angle in a template to the waveguide using anisotropic reactive ion etching. The sidewall angle realized in a positive resist on patterning was used as the angle template. Exposure and development conditions were adjusted for Shipley® S1813 photoresist to generate a sidewall angle of ∼ 65°. The anisotropic Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) was done using a CF4/O2 plasma chemistry. A gas composition of 50/50 CF4/O2 was chosen in order to minimize the etch related roughness of the polymer and the photoresist. The metallization of the mirror faces was done using a self-aligned maskless technique which ensures metal deposition only on the angular face and also eliminates a lithography step.
REVISIONARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN EPHEMERELLA AND SERRATELLA (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)

Abstract The study of population variability and the reexamination of type material of certain Ephemerellidae species has revealed changes in status and new synonyms. Ephemerella dorothea Needham, 1908 [=E. infrequens McDunnough, 1924, new synonym, =E. mollitia Seemann, 1927, new synonym] is divided into two subspecies: E. d. dorothea, new status, and E. d. infrequens new status [=E. mollitia, new synonym]. New synonyms were discovered for the following: Ephemerella excrucians Walsh, 1862 [=E. inermis Eaton, 1884, new synonym, =E. argo Burks, 1947, new synonym, =E. crenula Allen and Edmunds, 1965, new synonym, =E. lacustris Allen and Edmunds, 1965, new synonym, =E. rossi Allen and Edmunds, 1965, new synonym, =E. rama Allen, 1968, new synonym], E. invaria Walker, 1853 [=E. rotunda Morgan, 1911, new synonym, =E. vernalis Banks, 1914, new synonym, =E. feminina Needham, 1924, new synonym, =E. fratercula McDunnough, 1925, new synonym, =E. inconstans Traver, 1932, new synonym, =E. choctawhatchee Berner, 1946, n...
Aortic Root Replacement in Octogenarians Offers Acceptable Perioperative and Late Outcomes

Background As the proportion of the population more than 80 years of age increases, cardiac surgeons will increasingly be consulted to operate on this high-risk patient group. The aim of this study is to evaluate the perioperative and late outcomes of octogenarians undergoing aortic root replacement in comparison with younger patients. Methods All patients undergoing aortic root replacement at our institution between 2005 and 2012 (n = 592) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were stratified according to their age at surgery: patients less than 80 years old (group LT80, n = 558) and octogenarians (group OG, n = 34). Primary outcomes of interest were inhospital mortality and perioperative complication rate. Results Patients in the OG group had significantly higher rates of preoperative stroke history, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. Indication for surgery was type A aortic dissection in 62 (10.5%), thoracic aortic aneurysm in 514 (86.8%), and endocarditis in 11 (1.9%), with no intergroup differences. Inhospital mortality was not significantly different between groups (5.9% OG versus 2.3% LT80, p = 0.21), and postoperative atrial fibrillation was more common in OG (60.6% OG versus 38.5% LT80, p = 0.01). Type A dissection, diabetes mellitus, and prior cardiac surgery were independent predictors of inhospital mortality or postoperative stroke. Conclusions Octogenarians can safely undergo aortic root replacement with moderately worse but acceptable perioperative mortality and late survival. Further studies are necessary to determine which subset of octogenarians are at the highest operative risk and may benefit from a conservative approach.
Human Capital and the Supply of Religion

Abstract We study the role of labor inputs in religious attendance using data on Oklahoma Methodist congregations from 1961 to 2003. Pastors play a significant role in church growth: replacing a 25th percentile pastor with a 75th percentile one increases annual attendance growth by 3%. A pastor’s performance in his or her first church (largely the result of random assignment) predicts future performance, suggesting a causal effect of pastors on growth. The deployment of pastors by the church indicates efficient use of labor: low-performing pastors are more likely to be rotated or exit the sample, and high-performing pastors are moved to larger congregations.
Breathing not properly during exercise: prognostic implications in heart failure.

Despite advances in medical and device therapy for chronic heart failure (CHF) over the past 3 decades, the morbidity and mortality of CHF remain extraordinarily high. Much effort has therefore been expended to develop prognostic tools to better risk stratify patients with CHF. Although demographic
Role for the Unfolded Protein Response in Heart Disease and Cardiac Arrhythmias

The unfolded protein response (UPR) has been extensively investigated in neurological diseases and diabetes, while its function in heart disease is less well understood. Activated UPR participates in multiple cardiac conditions and can either protect or impair heart function. Recently, the UPR has been found to play a role in arrhythmogenesis during human heart failure by affecting cardiac ion channels expression, and blocking UPR has an antiarrhythmic effect. This review will discuss the rationale for and challenges to targeting UPR in heart disease for treatment of arrhythmias.
Price differences among crude oils: The private costs of supply disruptions

I quantify the causes for price differences among crude oils that are set by the law of one price with a special emphasis on country risk. For crude oils that are part of the same market, I estimate cointegrating relations, which represent their long-run relation, and error correction models, which represent the rate at which the market eliminates disequilibrium in their prices. Results indicate that positive values of country risk impose a $0.51 price penalty on a barrel of crude oil from an unreliable supplier that increases with the variance in risk and the price of crude oil. These price penalties are the first empirical estimates for how the market values the private costs of oil supply disruptions. Beyond country risk, the price effects of sulfur content, density, distance between supply ports, and OPEC membership confirm the importance of oil supply choke points, OPEC's ability to influence prices, and differences in refinery technology. Because private costs of a supply disruption attach only to nations with a non-zero country risk, previous estimates for the social costs of a supply disruption may be too large.
The Status of the Admissibility of Hypnotically Induced Testimony in Maryland

With the ever-increasing concern over crime, law enforcement agencies and prosecutors have sought to expand their crime-solving capabilities by employing additional techniques. Over the past few years, several Maryland jurisdictions have turned to hypnosis as a means of attempting to enhance witnesses' identification of suspects and recollection of events, as well as to develop leads. Until recently, it appeared that, despite the controversy in the scientific community regarding the reliability of hypnosis, the use of hypnosis as an investigative tool had been sanctioned by Maryland's judiciary. Recently, however, Maryland's Court of Special Appeals has reexamined hypnosis in light of the scientific evidence and rulings of courts in other states and has concluded that "the use of hypnosis to restore or refresh the memory of a witness is not accepted as reliable by the relevant scientific community and that such testimony is therefore inadmissible."
Plankton dynamics and biogeochemical fluxes in the Costa Rica Dome: introduction to the CRD Flux and Zinc Experiments

The Costa Rica Dome (CRD) is an open-ocean upwelling system in the Eastern Tropical Pacific that overlies the ocean's largest oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The region has unique characteristics, biomass dominance by picophytoplankton, suppressed diatoms, high biomass of higher consumers and presumptive trace metal limitation, but is poorly understood in terms of pelagic stock and process relationships, including productivity and production controls. Here, we describe the goals, project design, physical context and major findings of the Flux and Zinc Experiments cruise conducted in June-July 2010 to assess trophic flux relationships and elemental controls on phytoplankton in the CRD. Despite sampling during a year of suppressed summertime surface chlorophyll, cruise results show high productivity (∼1 g C m-2 day-1), high new production relative to export, balanced production and grazing, disproportionate biomass-specific productivity of large phytoplankton and high zooplankton stocks. Zinc concentrations are low in surface waters relative to phosphorous and silicate in other regions, providing conditions conducive to picophytoplankton, like Synechococcus, with low Zn requirements. Experiments nonetheless highlight phytoplankton limitation or co-limitation by silicic acid, driven by a strong silica pump that is linked to low dissolution of biogenic silica in the cold shallow thermocline of the lower euphotic zone.
Schwann Cells Proliferate in Response to Non-Myelinated Axons

During development of the PNS, Schwann cells (SC) proliferate in response to growing axons. In vitro studies (1) have confirmed that the axolemma is a powerful mitogen for SC, however only axons that were glial ensheathed, or those destined to become ensheathed, were used as a stimulus. The axons of granule cells (GC) of the cerebellum provide a unique opportunity to study the axonal mitogenic stimulus for unlike most axons of the CNS and PNS they lack glial ensheathment.
Sub-40 nm Zeolite Suspensions via Disassembly of Three-Dimensionally Ordered Mesoporous-Imprinted Silicalite-1

Zeolite nanocrystals were prepared from three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous-imprinted (3DOm-i) silicalite-1 by a fragmentation method involving sonication and dissolution within a certain pH range. 3DOm-i silicalite-1 with spherical elements with diameters ranging from 10 to 40 nm and a wide range of crystal sizes (100−200 nm, 500−600 nm, and 1−2 μm) was used as the starting material. The highest yield (57%) of isolated nanocrystals was obtained for 3DOm-i silicalite-1 with a crystal size of 100−200 nm and a spherical element diameter of 40 nm. The smallest nanocrystals obtained, albeit in very low yields, had a 10 nm diameter. Preparation of stable silicalite-1 nanocrystal suspensions fragmented from 20 and 40 nm 3DOm-i silicalite-1 was demonstrated. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy showed that the isolated zeolite nanocrystals can be used as seeds for the epitaxial growth of silicalite-1. An application of these findings was demonstrated: silicalite-1 nanocrystal suspensions were used to de...
Cryptosphaeria Pullmanensis, A New Species from Washington State

(1984). Cryptosphaeria Pullmanensis, A New Species from Washington State. Mycologia: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 166-169.
Spleen volume on CT and the effect of abdominal trauma

The aim of this study is to determine the magnitude of change in spleen volume on CT in subjects sustaining blunt abdominal trauma without hemorrhage relative to patients without disease and how the spleen volumes are distributed. Sixty-seven subjects with blunt abdominal trauma and 101 control subjects were included in this retrospective single-center, IRB-approved, and HIPAA-compliant study. Patients with an injured spleen were excluded. Using a semiautomatic segmentation program, two readers computed spleen volumes from CT. Spleen volume distribution in male and female trauma and control cohorts were compared nonparametrically. Spleen volume plotted against height, weight, and age were analyzed by linear regression. The number of females and males are, respectively, 35 and 32 in trauma subjects and 69 and 32 among controls. Female trauma patients (49.6 years) were older than males (39.8 years) (p = 0.02). Distributions of spleen volume were not normal, skewed above their means, requiring a nonparametric comparison. Spleen volumes in trauma patients were smaller than those in controls with medians of 230 vs 294 mL in males(p < 0.006) and 163 vs 191 mL in females(p < 0.04). Spleen volume correlated positively with weight in females and with height in male controls, and negatively with age in male controls (p < 0.01). Variation in reproducibility and repeatability was acceptable at 1.5 and 4.9 %, respectively. Reader variation was 1.7 and 4.6 % for readers 1 and 2, respectively. The mean spleen volume in controls was 245 mL, the largest ever reported. Spleen volume decreases in response to blunt abdominal trauma. Spleen volumes are not normally distributed. Our population has the largest spleen volume reported in the literature, perhaps a consequence of the obesity epidemic.
Design and Application of Multi-Stress Reliability Test Platform for Smart Meters

This paper designed and developed a multi-stress reliability test platform for smart meters,which can simulate a variety of stresses in operating environment. The automatic control was used to switch between the various stresses,and the test process was controlled by the program. Based on the test platform,this paper presented the implementation of the corresponding test program. Through the test application,the test platform can accelerate the reliability test process,and excites the hidden faults easily compared with a single stress reliability test. The platform improves the reliability level of smart meters further.
Geochemistry of CO2 in Steel Slag Leach Beds

Performance data was previously collected from steel slag leach beds (SLBs) being used to treat AMD in southeastern Ohio. During initial analysis of the SLB performance, it was postulated that CO2 geochemistry significantly affected the performance through precipitation of carbonate minerals in the flow paths of the SLB. To verify this postulation, we conducted a further investigation of the CO2 geochemistry in the SLBs, including extended geochemical analyses and additional X-ray diffractometer analyses. Since the primary geochemical reaction of CO2 in SLBs is mineral carbonation with calcium, a simple model was used to calculate the Ca dissolution potentials in the SLBs. The molar values for Ca dissolution potential were then used along with each SLB’s influent chemical concentrations in PHREEQC geochemical analyses to verify effluent concentrations and calcite precipitation. Results showed good agreement between the modeled effluent concentrations and the actual data, indicating that this approach can be used to estimate calcite precipitation within SLB systems.
Multifocal melanocytoma of the posterior fossa and subcutaneous scalp in the absence of neurocutaneous melanosis.

BACKGROUND Primary leptomeningeal melanocytic neoplasms of the central nervous system are rare. Multifocal lesions typically occur in the setting of cutaneous melanosis. We present the first report of a posterior fossa melanocytoma and subcutaneous melanocytoma of intermediate grade in the absence of cutaneous melanosis. CASE DESCRIPTION We present the case of a 22-year-old male with decreased hearing on the right side, ataxia, nausea, vomiting and a scalp mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated occipital and cerebellopontine (CP) angle masses. The patient underwent gross total resection of the scalp mass and subtotal resection of the CP angle mass. Pathologic examination revealed melanocytoma with intermediate grade. The patient underwent stereotactic radiosurgery to the residual CP angle tumor. This case represents, to the author's knowledge, the first report associating a posterior fossa melanocytoma with a subcutaneous melanocytoma of intermediate grade in the absence of cutaneous melanosis. CONCLUSION This case introduces the first report of a new variant of multifocal melanocytoma which is not confined to the central nervous system.
The effect of competition on price discrimination in the international flight market between the U.S. and China

This research offers new evidence on the relationship between competition and second-degree price discrimination in the airline industry using a unique micro data set on international flight ticket transactions between the U.S. and China. Due to the disaggregated nature of the transaction level data used in this analysis, I am able to precisely measure ticket restrictions/qualities and offer some plausible explanations for the restriction-specific effects of market competition on price discrimination. Overall, the results suggest that there is a negative relationship between price discrimination and market competition, which is consistent with the traditional wisdom that the ability to price discriminate will be deteriorated by less market concentration.
The Physical Characters of African and Other Non-American Negroids

(1945). The Physical Characters of African and Other Non-American Negroids. Psychiatry: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 279-285.
Defining Gas-Phase Fragmentation Propensities of Intact Proteins During Native Top-Down Mass Spectrometry

Fragmentation of intact proteins in the gas phase is influenced by amino acid composition, the mass and charge of precursor ions, higher order structure, and the dissociation technique used. The likelihood of fragmentation occurring between a pair of residues is referred to as the fragmentation propensity and is calculated by dividing the total number of assigned fragmentation events by the total number of possible fragmentation events for each residue pair. Here, we describe general fragmentation propensities when performing top-down mass spectrometry (TDMS) using denaturing or native electrospray ionization. A total of 5311 matched fragmentation sites were collected for 131 proteoforms that were analyzed over 165 experiments using native top-down mass spectrometry (nTDMS). These data were used to determine the fragmentation propensities for 399 residue pairs. In comparison to denatured top-down mass spectrometry (dTDMS), the fragmentation pathways occurring either N-terminal to proline or C-terminal to aspartic acid were even more enhanced in nTDMS compared with other residues. More generally, 257/399 (64%) of the fragmentation propensities were significantly altered (P ≤ 0.05) when using nTDMS compared with dTDMS, and of these, 123 were altered by 2-fold or greater. The most notable enhancements of fragmentation propensities for TDMS in native versus denatured mode occurred (1) C-terminal to aspartic acid, (2) between phenylalanine and tryptophan (F|W), and (3) between tryptophan and alanine (W|A). The fragmentation propensities presented here will be of high value in the development of tailored scoring systems used in nTDMS of both intact proteins and protein complexes.
Suspense and Authority amid Biblical Hebrew Front Dislocation

This study investigates front dislocation in Biblical Hebrew from a cognitive–semiotic perspective, employing evidence from Structure Building Framework theory to explain how the syntagm's formal components trigger psychological dynamics that yield rhetorical impacts. By momentarily suspending full alignment between linguistic code and message, front dislocation leverages ambiguity between expression and meaning, placing the listener into an acutely amplified state of expectation and bolstering the authority of the speaker over the communication event.
Time-based ΑΣADCs

□ VCO-based quantizers — Concept — Theory — Limitations □ VCO non-linearity mitigation techniques — Calibration — Negative feedback □ Circuit implementation □ Practical considerations
Epichloë festucae endophytic growth in florets, seeds, and seedlings of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Many symbiotic Epichloe species are seed-transmitted in their grass hosts. For a detailed investigation of Epichloe festucae colonization throughout the life cycle of its host, the authors transformed strain Fl1 with a fungal-active gene for enhanced cyan-fluorescent protein (eCFP), introduced it into perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and used confocal microscopy to track its growth in the shoot apex, floral primordium, floral organs, seeds, and seedlings. Hyphae intercellularly colonized leaf sheaths, blades, true stems, and leaf primordia, and among floral primordia the endophyte exhibited different levels of colonization. In preanthesis florets, E. festucae colonized the pistil and stamen, but not pollen grains, and ramified throughout the ovule nucellus, but not the integument or embryo sac. Generally, only a single hypha was observed extended from the ovary placenta into the ovule. Within 4 d after anthesis, fungal hyphae had ramified throughout the developing seed and embryo. As the embryo matured, fungal hyphae became abundant between the testa and aleurone layer, and around the shoot apex and radical of the embryonic axis. During germination, hyphae accumulated in the mesocotyl and invaded the newly formed shoot apex near the meristem. In this host-fungus symbiosis, transmission to seedlings averaged 41% in 2010 and 76% in 2011. Each year, the frequency of ovary infection was similar to the frequency of infecting embryos and seedlings, indicating that colonization of the ovary and embryo was required for seed transmission.
Taste sensitivity to a mixture of monosodium glutamate and inosine 5'-monophosphate by mice lacking both subunits of the T1R1+T1R3 amino acid receptor.

The taste of l-glutamate and its synergism with 5′-ribonucleotides is thought to be primarily mediated through the T1R1+T1R3 heterodimer in some mammals, including rodents and humans. While knockou...
Failure strength predictions for closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams:

This paper describes an effort to model mechanical strength of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams under static loading. The study presented here is a continuation of an earlier study to model ela...
Chromatin Characterization in Xenopus laevis Cell-Free Egg Extracts and Embryos

Xenopus laevis development is marked by accelerated cell division solely supported by the proteins maternally deposited in the egg. Oocytes mature to eggs with concomitant transcriptional silencing. The unique maternal chromatin state contributing to this silencing and subsequent zygotic activation is likely established by histone posttranslational modifications and histone variants. Therefore, tools for understanding the nature and function of maternal and embryonic histones are essential to deciphering mechanisms of regulation of development, chromatin assembly, and transcription. Here we describe protocols for isolating pronuclear sperm chromatin from Xenopus egg extracts and hydroxyapatite-based histone purification from this chromatin. The histones purified through this method can be directly assembled into chromatin through in vitro assembly reactions, providing a unique opportunity to biochemically dissect the effect of histone variants, histone modifications, and other factors in chromatin replication and assembly. We also describe how to isolate chromatin from staged embryos and analyze the proteins to reveal dynamic developmental histone modifications. Finally, we present protocols to measure chromatin assembly in extracts, including supercoiling and micrococcal nuclease assays. Using these approaches, analysis of maternal and zygotic histone posttranslational modifications concomitant with cell-cycle and developmental transitions can be tested.
Climatic Changes for the last 2000 Years Inferred from Ice-Core Evidence in Tropical Ice Cores

Distinct annual dust layers are preserved both in the tropical Quelccaya ice cap located in the Southern Andes of Peru as well as in the Guliya ice cap in the far Western Kunlun mountains of Tibet. The Tibetan Plateau and Bolivian-Peruvian altiplano have similar mean elevations (∼ 4000 metres) and their regional weather patterns are driven primarily by the sensible heat flux over these plateaus and latent heat release during precipitation. On average 70 to 80% of their annual snowfall arrives during their wet seasons, November to April on Quelccaya and April to August on Guliya.
Robert Gilmer’s contributions to the theory of integer-valued polynomials

denote the ring of integer-valued polynomials on D with respect to the subset E (for ease of notation, if E = D, then set Int(D,D) = Int(D)). Gilmer’s work in this area (with the assistance of various co-authors) was truly groundbreaking and led to numerous extensions and generalizations by authors such as J. L. Chabert, P. J. Cahen, D. McQuillan and A. Loper. In this paper, we will review Gilmer’s papers dedicated to this subject. We close with an elementary analysis of polynomial closure in integral domains, a topic which Gilmer motivated with a characterization of which subsets S of Z define the ring Int(Z) in [18]. Before proceeding, please note that we use Q to represent the rationals, Z the integers, N the natural numbers and P the primes in Z. It is clear that Gilmer’s interest in the rings Int(E,D) was motivated by his early work on multiplicative ideal theory and the theory of Prufer domains. In particular, there was a problem open in the early 60’s regarding the number of required generators for a finitely generated ideal of a Prufer domain. It was at the time well known in the Noetherian case (i.e., for a Dedekind domain) that every ideal could be generated by two elements, one of which could be chosen to be an arbitrary non-zero element of the ideal.
Defining Aviation Management

The term aviation management is widely used in academia and elsewhere, yet there is no accepted definition of the term. This short article discusses separately the meaning of the constructs aviation and management and ends proposing a definition of aviation management. The intent is to initiate a dialog that results in eventual agreement on the meaning of the term among members of academia.