cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Static and dynamic collective correlations of polymer brushes

We report the results from a detailed Monte Carlo study of dynamic concentration fluctuations of a two-component grafted polymer ``brush.'' We compute the correlations at long length scales and their associated characteristic relaxation times, which could be measured in a dynamic scattering experiment. We find that the dynamic concentration fluctuations are dominated by in-plane contributions due to lateral chain fluctuations.
Radicalism, Marxism and medicine.

This article presents a critique of recent radical interpretations of medicine and provides an alternative explanation of such interpretations. It analyzes 1) the articulation of medical practices, knowledge, and institutions within specific modes of production and social formations; 2) the dual functions of medicine within capitalist relations of production; 3) the reproduction of power within medicine; and 4) the meaning of capitalist, socialist, and communist medicine. The political practice derived from these analyses is also elaborated.
Evaluation of the use of continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia for hypertensive pregnant women in labor

The use of continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension remains controversial. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 285 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension who were delivered in a 2-year period. Among 185 vaginally delivered patients who received continuous lumbar epidural or local anesthesia, there were no significant differences in the incidence of maternal hypotension, abnormal fetal heart rate tracings, low Apgar scores, or neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Of 100 patients delivered by cesarean section, the incidence of low Apgar scores, depressed umbilical cord pH values, and neonatal intensive care unit admission was increased among those who received general anesthesia (p
Comparing causality principles

Abstract The principle of common cause is discussed as a possible fundamental principle of physics. Some revisions of Reichenbach's formulation of the principle are given, which lead to a version given by Bell. Various similar forms are compared and some equivalence results proved. The further problems of causality in a quantal system, and indeterministic causal structure, are addressed, with a view to defining a causality principle applicable to quantum gravity.
Roof Moisture Surveys: Current State Of The Technology

Moisture is the big enemy of compact roofing systems. Non-destructive nuclear, capacitance and infrared methods can all find wet insulation in such roofs but a few core samples are needed for verification. Nuclear and capacitance surveys generate quantitative results at grid points but examine only a small portion of the roof. Quantitative results are not usually provided by infrared scanners but they can rapidly examine every square inch of the roof. Being able to find wet areas when they are small is an important advantage. Prices vary with the scope of the investigation. For a particular scope, the three techniques are often cost-competitive. The limitations of each technique are related to the people involved as well as the equipment. When the right people are involved, non-destructive surveys are a very effective method for improving the long-term performance and reducing the life-cycle costs of roofing systems. Plans for the maintenance, repair or replacement of a roof should include a roof moisture survey.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gelfand models for diagram algebras

A Gelfand model for a semisimple algebra $$\mathsf {A}$$ A over an algebraically closed field $$\mathbb {K}$$ K is a linear representation that contains each irreducible representation of $$\mathsf {A}$$ A with multiplicity exactly one. We give a method of constructing these models that works uniformly for a large class of semisimple, combinatorial diagram algebras including the partition, Brauer, rook monoid, rook-Brauer, Temperley-Lieb, Motzkin, and planar rook monoid algebras. In each case, the model representation is given by diagrams acting via "signed conjugation" on the linear span of their horizontally symmetric diagrams. This representation is a generalization of the Saxl model for the symmetric group. Our method is to use the Jones basic construction to lift the Saxl model from the symmetric group to each diagram algebra. In the case of the planar diagram algebras, our construction exactly produces the irreducible representations of the algebra.
Pseudorandom sources for BPP

Abstract A source for a probabilistic machine is an infinite binary sequence which can be used in place of random bits without asymptotic loss of performance on any input. Pseudorandom sources-sources which are deterministically computed by time-bounded machines-are investigated. New, measure-theoretic notions of pseudorandomness (“Δ-randomness”) similar to Martin-Lof randomness are defined. The following results are proven: For every BPP-machine M, almost every sequence in DSPACE (2linear) is a source for M. Every pspace-random sequence is a source for every BPP-machine. Almost every sequence in DSPACE (2polynomial) is a source for every BPP-machine.
QoS-driven asynchronous uplink subchannel allocation algorithms for space-time OFDM-CDMA systems in wireless networks

In order to support the diverse Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for differentiated data applications in broadband wireless networks, advanced techniques such as space-time coding (STC) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are implemented at the physical layer. However, the employment of such techniques evidently affects the subchannel-allocation algorithms at the medium access control (MAC) layer. In this paper, we propose the QoS-driven cross-layer subchannel-allocation algorithms for data transmissions over asynchronous uplink space-time OFDM-CDMA wireless networks. We mainly focus on QoS requirements of maximizing the best-effort throughput and proportional bandwidth fairness, while minimizing the upper-bound of scheduling delay. Our extensive simulations show that the proposed infrastructure and algorithms can achieve high bandwidth fairness and system throughput while reducing scheduling delay over wireless networks.
The spatial diffusion of regional housing prices across U.S. states

Abstract In this paper I estimate the spatial diffusion of housing prices across U.S. states over a period from 1975 to 2011, showing how long and to what magnitude state-level housing prices are affected by a price shock emanating from surrounding states. I capture the spatial diffusion of regional housing prices with impulse response functions estimated directly from a single equation spatial autoregressive model. In addition, I compare and contrast spatial impulse response estimates over sub-periods. Results show that for the 1975 to 2011 period spatial diffusion of housing prices is statistically significant and persistent across states. This conclusion is robust to whether the model is estimated in levels or in first differences controlling for cointegration. Sub-period estimation, too, suggests the magnitude and persistence of spatial diffusion may be more pronounced after 1999 than before.
Two-loop spectroscopy of short ABJM operators

We study the spectrum of anomalous dimensions of short operators in planar ABJM theory at two loops. Specifically we develop a method for solving the OSp(6|4) Bethe ansatz equations for a certain class of unpaired length-4 states with arbitrarily high number of excitations, and apply it to identify three new sequences of rational eigenvalues. Results for low-lying paired states in the OSp(4|2) sector are obtained by direct diagonalization of the spin chain Hamiltonian. We also study the SL(2|1) sector and identify the set of states that corresponds to the SL(2)-like Bethe ansatz of Gromov and Vieira. Finally we extend part of our analysis to length-6 operators.
Deuterium fractionation on interstellar grains studied with the direct master equation approach

We have studied deuterium fractionation on interstellar grains with the use of an exact method known as the direct master equation approach. We consider conditions pertinent to dense clouds at late times when the hydrogen is mostly in molecular form and a large portion of the gas-phase carbon has already been converted to carbon monoxide. Hydrogen, oxygen and deuterium atoms, as well as CO molecules, are allowed to accrete on to dust particles and react there to produce various stable molecules. The surface abundances, as well as the abundance ratios between deuterated and normal isotopomers, are compared with those calculated with the Monte Carlo approach. We find that the agreement between the Monte Carlo and the direct master equation methods can be made as close as desired. Compared with previous examples of the use of the direct master equation approach, our present method is much more efficient. It should now be possible to run large-scale gas–grain models in which the diffusive dust chemistry is handled ‘exactly’.
Nonorthogonal Projections for Feature Extraction in Pattern Recognition

It is known that R linearly separable classes of multidimensional pattern vectors can always be represented in a feature space of at most R dimensions. An approach is developed which can frequently be used to find a nonorthogonal transformation to project the patterns into a feature space of considerably lower dimensionality. Examples involving classification of handwritten and printed digits are used to illustrate the technique.
Magnetic field induced cross relaxation between two different spin transitions of triplet coumarin

Abstract At certain magnetic fields, when the energy separations between the τ x — τ y spin levels and between the τ y — τ z levels of triplet coumarin become equal, intensity changes are observed in the phosphorescence of coumarin doped in a single crystal of durence cooled to 1.6 K that can be attributed to cross relaxation (CR) between the τ x — τ y spin levels of one triplet coumarin molecule and the τ y — τ z spin levels of another triplet coumarin. Rate equations that describe the time behavior of the populations of the spin levels which are involved in the CR process are described and numerically solved. CR behavior is found to be strongly dependent on the total coumarin triplet concentration.
Inversions of Lévy Measures and the Relation Between Long and Short Time Behavior of Lévy Processes

The inversion of a Levy measure was first introduced (under a different name) in Sato (ALEA Lat Am J Probab Math Stat 3:67–110, 2007). We generalize the definition and give some properties. We then use inversions to derive a relationship between weak convergence of a Levy process to an infinite variance stable distribution when time approaches zero and weak convergence of a different Levy process as time approaches infinity. This allows us to get self-contained conditions for a Levy process to converge to an infinite variance stable distribution as time approaches zero. We formulate our results both for general Levy processes and for the important class of tempered stable Levy processes. For this latter class, we give detailed results in terms of their Rosinski measures.
Discovery of the Neutron Star Spin Frequency in EXO 0748?676

We report the results of a search for burst oscillations during thermonuclear X-ray bursts from the low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) EXO 0748-676. With the proportional counter array (PCA) onboard the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) we have detected a 45 Hz oscillation in the average power spectrum of 38 thermonuclear X-ray bursts from this source. We computed power spectra with 1 Hz frequency resolution for both the rising and decaying portions of 38 X-ray bursts from the public RXTE archive. We averaged the 1 Hz power spectra and detected a significant signal at 45 Hz in the decaying phases of the bursts. The signal is detected at a significance level of 4 x 10 (exp -8) similar signal was detected in the rising intervals. The oscillation peak is unresolved at 1 Hz frequency resolution, indicating an oscillation quality factor, Q = nu (sub 0)/Delta nu (sub fwhm) greater than 45, and the average signal amplitude is approximately equal to 3% (rms) The detection of 45 Hz burst oscillations from EXO 0748-676 provides compelling evidence that this is the neutron star spin frequency in this system. We use the inferred spin frequency to model the widths of absorption lines from the neutron star surface and show that the widths of the absorption lines from EXO 0748-676 recently reported by Cottam et al. are consistent with a 45 Hz spin frequency as long as the neutron star radius is in the range from about 9.5 - 15 km. With a known spin frequency, precise modelling of the line profiles from EXO 0748-676 holds great promise for constraining the dense matter equation of state.
Rhodium elution from polymer-bonded hydroformylation catalysts

Abstract The concentration of rhodium in solution over polymer-bonded hydroformylation catalysts was measured, and the factors influencing that concentration were identified. Rhodium dissolution exhibited an equilibrium behavior which' decreased with increasing temperature or hydrogen pressure and with decreasing CO pressure. Solvent effects were particularly pronounced with amine resins and the sequential reaction, olefin-aldehyde-alcohol, led to significant redistribution of rhodium within a reactor bed. The implications of these effects in catalysis are noted.
Measuring movement of denim trousers for garment-integrated sensing applications

The movement of everyday garments over the body surface during wearing often presents a problematic source of noise or error for garment-integrated wearable sensors. This paper describes early results of an assessment of the impact of body location and garment ease on movement of the garment over the body surface. The method implemented uses a running mannequin with a repeatable gait cycle as the source of humanoid motion, and measures the movement of a set of custom-graded denim trousers in 5 ease amounts over the mannequin's surface during the gait cycle. Initial results show consistent patterns of displacement over the body surface.
THE INTERNATIONAL AUDIOMETRIC ZERO.

Abstract International reference zero levels for pure-tone audiometers have been recommended by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and are under consideration for inclusion in a new American Standard for Audiometers. The new ISO levels are desirable because: (1) the shape of the threshold contour is more accurate, (2) the threshold levels are more readily reproducible, and (3) they will eliminate ambiguity and confusion in the international exchange of audiometric information. The new ISO levels differ significantly from the American Standard values of 1951, but readings on one of these bases can readily be transferred to readings on the other base by a simple arithmetical adjustment.
Mapping the universe

Maps of the galaxy distribution in the nearby universe reveal large coherent structures. The extent of the largest features is limited only by the size of the survey. Voids with a density typically 20 percent of the mean and with diameters of 5000 km/s are present in every survey large enough to contain them. Many galaxies lie in thin sheet-like structures. The largest sheet detected so far is the 'Great Wall' with a minimum extent of 60/h Mpc x 170/h Mpc, where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km/s per Mpc. The frequent occurrence of these structures is one of several serious challenges to our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe.
Innovative tests to predict the strength and type of asphalt-aggregate bonds.

ABSTRACT This paper discusses two techniques to characterize the type and measure the strength of asphalt-aggregate bonds. The Modified Lottman Test is commonly used to measure the physical strength of asphalt-aggregate bonds. Under certain conditions bonds may become weak due to chemical factors that are not accounted for in the Modified Lottman Test. In order to measure the chemical strength of the bond, a chemical preconditioning stage was introduced prior to performing the Modified Lottman Test. During this stage a compacted mix pill was exposed to an environment that was rich in either OH−- or Hplus; ions. Such high or low pH conditions affect bonding reactions that are reversible in nature, and thereby expose the chemical weakness of the bond. Results show that different antistrip agents react differently to such conditions. The paper also discusses the effect of mix curing on bond strength under these limiting pH conditions. The other technique discussed in this paper, U a test that characterizes d...
Counting conjugacy classes of elements of finite order in Lie groups

Using combinatorial techniques, we answer two questions about simple classical Lie groups. Define N(G,m) to be the number of conjugacy classes of elements of finite order m in a Lie group G, and N(G,m,s) to be the number of such classes whose elements have s distinct eigenvalues or conjugate pairs of eigenvalues. What is N(G,m) for G a unitary, orthogonal, or symplectic group? What is N(G,m,s) for these groups? For some cases, the first question was answered a few decades ago via group-theoretic techniques. It appears that the second question has not been asked before; here it is inspired by questions related to enumeration of vacua in string theory. Our combinatorial methods allow us to answer both questions.
THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF CRITICAL TAX THEORY: A CONVERSATION

This essay endeavors to document and to preserve the story of the origins of the book Taxing America (NYU Press 1997) edited by Karen B. Brown and Mary Louise Fellows. The publication of that text was a key milestone in the development of critical tax theory as an intellectual discipline. By identifying and bringing together lawyers and scholars with an interest in the political and discriminatory aspects of tax law, Professors Brown and Fellows created one of the first working groups of critical tax theorists. In this essay, the book's two editors reflect on the book's intellectual antecedents and its material creation. The editors describe the book's reception and influence. Together the essay's three authors consider the future of critical tax theory.
A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective alkylative desymmetrization of meso-succinic anhydrides.

Monoalkylation of cyclic anhydrides provides an opportunity to couple a carbon−carbon bond-forming event with the control of backbone stereochemistry. We have developed a palladium-JOSIPHOS catalyst system that desymmetrizes meso-succinic anhydrides using organozinc reagents as nucleophiles, and have found that, in many cases, this reaction proceeds at ambient temperature.
On the precision of the computation of the QCD corrections to electroweak vacuum polarizations

Abstract We demonstrate that the dispersive computation of the threshold enhancements to heavy quark vacuum polarizations is unstable. Because of the slow convergence of the dispersion relations the result critically depends on the intermediate energy region where the non-relativistic approximation, intrinsic to threshold calculations, is invalid. We discuss other ambiguities precluding a reliable calculation of the threshold contribution to the vacuum polarizations. In the absence of a solution prudence should force one to assign an error to the radiative corrections not far below the level of the perturbative O( αα s ) contributions. This may preclude the extraction of the Higgs mass from precision measurements.
Regular Quantal Response Equilibrium

The structural Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) generalizes the Nash equilibrium by augmenting payoffs with random elements that are not removed in some limit. This approach has been widely used both as a theoretical framework to study comparative statics of games and as an econometric framework to analyze experimental and field data. The framework of structural QRE is flexible: it can be applied to arbitrary finite games and incorporate very general error structures. Restrictions on the error structure are needed, however, to place testable restrictions on the data (Haile et al., 2004). This paper proposes a reduced-form approach, based on quantal response functions that replace the best-response functions underlying the Nash equilibrium. We define a regular QRE as a fixed point of quantal response functions that satisfies four axioms: continuity, interiority, responsiveness, and monotonicity. We show that these conditions are not vacuous and demonstrate with an example that they imply economically sensible restrictions on data consistent with laboratory observations. The reduced-form approach allows for a richer set of regular quantal response functions, which has proven useful for estimation purposes.
Filtering smooth concordance classes of topologically slice knots

We propose and analyze a structure with which to organize the difference between a knot in S 3 bounding a topologically embedded 2‐disk in B 4 and it bounding a smoothly embedded disk. The n‐solvable filtration of the topological knot concordance group, due to Cochran‐Orr‐Teichner, may be complete in the sense that any knot in the intersection of its terms may well be topologically slice. However, the natural extension of this filtration to what is called the n‐solvable filtration of the smooth knot concordance group, is unsatisfactory because any topologically slice knot lies in every term of the filtration. To ameliorate this we investigate a new filtration,fBng, that is simultaneously a refinement of the n‐solvable filtration and a generalization of notions of positivity studied by Gompf and Cochran. We show that each Bn=BnC1 has infinite rank. But our primary interest is in the induced filtration,fTng, on the subgroup, T , of knots that are topologically slice. We prove that T=T0 is large, detected by gauge-theoretic invariants and the , s , ‐invariants, while the nontriviality of T0=T1 can be detected by certain d ‐invariants. All of these concordance obstructions vanish for knots in T1 . Nonetheless, going beyond this, our main result is that T1=T2 has positive rank. Moreover under a “weak homotopy-ribbon” condition, we show that each Tn=TnC1 has positive rank. These results suggest that, even among topologically slice knots, the fundamental group is responsible for a wide range of complexity. 57M25
Planar diagrams in light-cone gauge

We consider the open string vacuum amplitude determining the interaction between a stack of N D3-branes and a single probe brane. When using light cone gauge, it is clear that the sum of planar diagrams (relevant in the large-N limit) is described by the free propagation of a closed string. A naive calculation suggests that the Hamiltonian of the closed string is of the form H = H0−gsN. The same form of the Hamiltonian follows from considering the bosonic part of the closed string action propagating in the full D3-brane background suggesting the naive calculation captures the correct information. Further, we compute explicitly from the open string side in the bosonic sector and show that, in a certain limit, the result agrees with the closed string expectations up to extra terms due to the fact that we ignored the fermionic sector. We briefly discuss extensions of the results to the superstring and to the sum of planar diagrams in field theory. In particular we argue that the calculations seem valid whenever one can define a (σ↔τ) dual Hamiltonian in the world-sheet which in principle does not require the existence of a string action. This seems more generic than the existence of a string dual in the large-N limit.
Tidal dynamics in Kerr spacetime

The motion of free nearby test particles relative to a stable equatorial circular geodesic orbit about a Kerr source is investigated. It is shown that the nonlinear generalized Jacobi equation can be transformed in this case to an autonomous form. Tidal dynamics beyond the critical speed is studied. We show, in particular, that a free test particle vertically launched from the circular orbit parallel or antiparallel to the Kerr rotation axis is tidally accelerated if its initial relative speed exceeds . Possible applications of our results to high-energy astrophysics are briefly mentioned.
GLOBALISATION VS SKILL-BIASED TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT AND WAGE INEQUALITY*

Globalisation and skill-biased technological change have emerged as alternative explanations for the increase in US wage inequality since 1980. We investigate the static and dynamic effects of these shocks on unemployment across skill classes using a model of search unemployment. Although we confirm that globalisation and skill-biased technological change both lead to increases in wage inequality, we show that these shocks may have different effects on unemployment. We also show that labour market institutions play a role in determining the size of shocks, which formalises an argument in Krugman (1994) about the labour market experiences of the US and Europe since 1980. Globalisation and skill-biased technological change (hereafter, SBTC) have emerged as alternative explanations for the increase in US wage inequality since 1980. Relatively little attention has been devoted to the effects of these shocks on unemployment across skill classes. We investigate this issue in this paper. In particular, we make four contributions. First, we link search unemployment - the leading unemployment model in the macroeconomics literature - with trade theory. In our model, relative factor endowments determine comparative advantage, and relative prices act as the transmission mechanism between countries. Second, although we confirm that globalisation and SBTC both lead to increases in wage inequality, we show that these shocks may have different effects on unemployment. Third, we show that labour market institutions play a role in determining the size of shocks. In so doing, we formalise an argument in Krugman (1994) about the labour market experiences of the US and Europe since 1980. Finally, we examine macroeconomic evidence for the US and Europe and ask how well globalisation, SBTC and other explanations in the literature fit the facts.
Combinatorics of Bi-Freeness with Amalgamation

In this paper, we develop the theory of bi-freeness in an amalgamated setting. We construct the operator-valued bi-free cumulant functions, and show that the vanishing of mixed cumulants is necessary and sufficient for bi-free independence with amalgamation. Further, we develop a multiplicative convolution for operator-valued random variables and explore ways to construct bi-free pairs of B-faces.
THE MOST STABLE CLASS OF BENZENOID HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS : TOTAL RESONANT SEXTET BENZENOIDS REVISITED

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that we previously called total resonant sextet (TRS) benzenoids are revisited within the framework of recent experimental findings. A benzenoid transformation called leapfrogging generates TRS benzenoids. There are 13, 30, and 114 TRS benzenoid isomers with formulas C72H26, C96H30, and C102H32, respectively. “The leapfrogs of benzenoids are 2-factorable” is a stronger statement than “the leapfrogs of benzenoids are closed-shell.”
Pulse-phase spectroscopy of Hercules X-1

The 6-18 keV and the 40-60 keV X-ray spectrum of Hercules X-1 were simultaneously observed with the A-2 experiment on HEAO-1. By combining these measurements with the results of an earlier observation of this X-ray pulsar, evidence was found for a component of emission above 40 keV which is above an extrapolation from lower energies, by a factor which depends on the phase of the pulse. These data were compared to previous hard X-ray observations and possible models were discussed.
Metal–ligand multiple bonding in uranium: structure and reactivity

There is a growing interest in uranium coordination chemistry, particularly as it relates to metal–ligand multiple bonding, and in the last decade significant progress has been made in synthesizing oxo, imido, μ-nitrido, and carbene-containing complexes of uranium. This review summarizes the synthesis, structure and reactivity of these complexes, starting from the inception of the field in 1981. Particular attention is focused on the recent developments in this area, such as the synthesis of the bis(imido) analogues of the uranyl ion, and the isolation of the first μ-nitrido complexes of this element.
An Abundance Analysis of the New Carbon-rich Proto-Planetary Nebula IRAS 06530–0213

In this paper we present a study of the proto-planetary nebula (PPN) IRAS 06530-0213 based on low- and high-resolution spectra. The low-resolution spectrum shows that the star is an F5 supergiant with molecular C2 and C3 and enhanced s-process lines. From the high-resolution spectra, the following atmospheric parameters were determined: Teff = 6900 K, log g = 1.0, and ξt = 4.5. Abundance analysis shows that IRAS 06530-0213 is metal-poor ([Fe/H] = -0.9) and overabundant in carbon ([C/Fe] = 1.3), nitrogen ([N/Fe] = 1.0), and s-process elements ([s-process/Fe] = 1.9), indicating asymptotic giant branch (AGB) nucleosynthesis and deep convective mixing. From the analysis of circumstellar C2 and CN molecular bands in the spectrum of IRAS 06530-0213, an envelope expansion velocity of Vexp = 14 ± 1 km s-1 was determined, a typical value for post-AGB stars. Also typical of PPNs is the double-peaked spectral energy distribution. The properties of both the photosphere and circumstellar envelope suggest that IRAS 06530-0213 is unambiguously a low-mass, carbon-rich PPN. For comparison purposes, new, high-resolution spectra of the well-known PPN HD 56126 (IRAS 07134+1005) were also analyzed and compared with previous results.
Incest Taboos and Kinship: A Biological or a Cultural Story?

In most, if not all, societies, incest taboos—perhaps the most universal of cultural taboos—include prohibitions on marriage between parent and child or between siblings. This universality suggests a biological origin, yet the considerable variation across societies in the full range of prohibited marriage relations implies a cultural origin. Correspondingly, theories regarding the origin of incest taboos vary from those that focus on the biological consequences (were marriage-based procreation allowed to include inbred matings) to those that focus on social consequences such as confounding social roles, especially within the family, or restricting networks of interfamily alliances, were marriages to take place between close relatives. For those focusing on the biological consequences, the sexual aversion hypothesis of the anthropologist Edvard Westermarck has played a central role through seemingly providing an empirically grounded, causal link from the phenomenal level of behavior to the ideational leve...
Far-Ultraviolet Observations of Molecular Hydrogen in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium of Starburst Galaxies*

The 905-1180 A spectral range of FUSE includes numerous transitions of molecular hydrogen, making it possible to study H2 in diffuse interstellar environments directly through absorption measurements. We have searched for H2 absorption in five starburst galaxies: NGC 1705, NGC 3310, NGC 4214, M83 (NGC 5236), and NGC 5253. We tentatively detect weak absorption by H2 in M83 and NGC 5253 and set upper limits on the H2 column density in the other galaxies. Conservative upper limits on the mass of molecular gas detected with FUSE are many orders of magnitude lower than those of the H2 mass inferred from CO emission measurements for the four galaxies in our sample in which CO has been detected. This indicates that almost all the H2 is in the form of clouds with N(H2) 1020 cm-2 that are opaque to far-UV light and therefore cannot be probed with far-UV absorption measurements. The far-UV continuum visible in the FUSE spectra passes between the dense clouds, which have a covering factor less than 1. The complex observational biases related to varying extinction across the extended UV emission in the FUSE apertures prevent an unambiguous characterization of the diffuse H2 in these starbursts. However, the evidence suggests that there is less H2 in the diffuse interstellar medium between the dense clouds compared with similarly reddened sight lines in the Milky Way. This holds with the expectation that the destructive UV radiation field is stronger in starbursts. However, previous UV observations of these starbursts have shown that there is reddening caused by the diffuse interstellar medium. This suggests that, while diffuse H2 may be destroyed in the starburst, dust still exists.
Chiral bicyclic Lactams as homoenolate equivalents: An asymmetric route to 5-substituted cyclohexenones

Abstract Bicyclic Lactam 2 was transformed into α-cyanoenamine 8 in a four-step, high-yielding process. γ-Metalation of 8 was achieved using LiTMP in THF/HMPA, and the resultant homoenolate equivalent underwent stereoselective alkylation and subsequent hydrolysis to provide lactams of type 10 as a single diastereomer. Partial reduction and hydrolysis of lactams 10 furnished enantiopure 5-substituted cyclohexenones 13 in good overall yield.
The Phenomenology of a Hidden Symmetry Breaking Sector

Abstract We calculate the production rate of gauge-boson pairs at the SSC in a model with a “hidden” electroweak symmetry breaking sector. We show that the signal of electroweak symmetry breaking is lower than the background and that we cannot necessarily rely on gauge boson pairs as a signal of the dynamics of symmetry breaking.
En-gendering Effective Planning: Spatial Mismatch, Low-Income Women, and Transportation Policy

Welfare-to-work transportation programs are predicated on a conceptualization of the spatial mismatch hypothesis that focuses on the central-city residential locations of welfare participants, rapidly expanding job opportunities in the suburbs, and the long commutes needed to connect them. Feminist scholarship and travel behavior research, however, show that the travel patterns of low-income single mothers are not consistent with this behavior, resulting in a policy mismatch between many welfare recipients and their transportation needs. The research reviewed in this article indicates that policymakers and planners should do more to address the transportation needs of these low-income women. Policies must account for the important role of gender in determining where welfare recipients will look for work, how they are likely to conduct their job searches, and the mode by which they travel to both employment and household-supporting destinations.
Incentive-compatible interdomain routing

The routing of traffic between Internet domains, or Autonomous Systems (ASes), a task known as interdomain routing, is currently handled by the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP, Rekhter and Li in RFC 4271 of the Internet Engineering Task Force, 2006). Using BGP, ASes can apply semantically rich routing policies to choose interdomain routes in a distributed fashion. This expressiveness in routing-policy choice supports domains’ autonomy in network operations and in business decisions, but it comes at a price: The interaction of locally defined routing policies can lead to unexpected global anomalies, including route oscillations or overall protocol divergence (see, e.g., Varadhan et al. in Comput Networks 32(1):1–16, 2000). Networking researchers have addressed this problem by devising constraints on policies that guarantee BGP convergence without unduly limiting expressiveness and autonomy (see, e.g., Gao and Rexford in IEEE/ACM Trans Network 9(6):681–692, 2001; Griffin et al. in Proceedings of 9th ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM’03), pp. 61–72. ACM Press, New York, 2003). In addition to taking this engineering or “protocol- design” approach, researchers have approached interdomain routing from an economic or “mechanism-design” point of view. It is known that lowest-cost-path (LCP) routing can be implemented in an incentive-compatible, BGP-compatible manner (Feigenbaum et al. in Distribut. Comput 18(1):61–72, 2005; Shneidman and Parkes in Proceedings of 23rd ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC’04), pp. 88–97. ACM Press, New York, 2004) but that several other natural classes of policies cannot (Feigenbaum et al. in Theor Comput Sci 378(2):175–189, 2007; Feigenbaum et al. in Distribut Comput 18(4):293–305, 2006). In this paper, we present the first example of a class of interdomain-routing policies that is more general than LCP routing and for which BGP itself is both incentive-compatible and guaranteed to converge. We also present several steps toward a general theory of incentive-compatible, BGP-compatible interdomain routing.
Ethical motivations for green business and engineering

Corporate references to “sustainability” and the operative process of “green business” have become almost commonplace over the past decade. Companies not only seek to comply with environmental regulations, but many have discovered that techniques for reducing adverse environmental impact often have positive effects on corporate profitability as well. Such adoptions of green business and engineering practices are morally neutral because the driving forces behind them are legal and economic, but not ethical. In some instances, however, managers and engineers have undertaken green business initiatives with the notion of doing something positive for future humans and for the natural environment. In this paper we discuss the “green” driving forces behind moral decisions regarding the adoption of green engineering and business practices and conclude that most “green engineering” known to the public is simply good business practice. Only when engineering and business begin the “green engineering” program with the aim of reducing adverse impact on health or environment does “green engineering” become morally admirable.
The impact of agricultural biotechnology on supply and land-use

We use aggregate data to estimate supply, price, land-use, and greenhouse gas impacts of genetically engineered (GE) seed adoption due both to increased yield per hectare (intensive margin) and increased planted area (extensive margin). An adoption model with profitability and risk considerations distinguishes between the two margins, where the intensive margin results from direct ‘gene’ impacts and higher complimentary input use, and the extensive margin reflects the growing range of lands that become profitable with the GE technology. We identify yield increases from cross-country time series variation in GE adoption share within the main GE crops – cotton, corn and soybeans. We find that GE increased yields 34 per cent for cotton, 12 per cent for corn and 3 per cent for soybeans. We then estimate the quantity of extensive margin lands from year-to-year changes in traditional and GE planted area. If all production on the extensive margin is attributed to GE technology, the supply effect of GE increases from 5 per cent to 12 per cent for corn, 15 per cent to 20 per cent for cotton, and 2 per cent to 40 per cent for soybeans, generating significant downward pressure on prices. Finally, we compute ‘saved’ lands and greenhouse gases as the difference between observed hectarage per crop and counterfactual hectarage needed to generate the same output without the yield boost from GE. We find that altogether, GE saved 13 million hectares of land from conversion to agriculture in 2010, and averted emissions are equivalent to roughly one-eighth of the annual emissions from automobiles in the US.
The Kinematics and Physical Conditions of the Ionized Gas in NGC 4593 from Chandra High-Energy Grating Spectroscopy

We observed the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4593 with the Chandra high-energy transmission gratings and present a detailed analysis of the soft X-ray spectrum. We measure strong absorption lines from He-like O, Ne, Mg, Si, H-like N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and highly ionized Fe XIX-Fe XXV. The weighted mean of the offset velocity of the strongest absorption profiles is -140 ± 35 km s-1. However, the individual profiles are consistent with the systemic velocity of NGC 4593, and many profiles hint at the presence of either multiple kinematic components or blending. Only the N VII Lyα (λ24.781), O VIII Lyα (λ18.969), and Mg XII Lyα (λ8.421) lines appear to be marginally resolved. We identify a spectral feature at ~0.707 keV with a neutral Fe L edge, which might suggest that there is dust along the line of sight to NGC 4593, although this is not the only interpretation of this feature. A search for neutral O absorption, which would reasonably be expected from dust absorption, is complicated by contamination of the Chandra ACIS CCDs. Neutral Si absorption, which might also be expected from absorption due to dust, is present (though not significantly) in the form of a weak neutral Si edge. The neutral Si column (<4 × 1017 cm-2) corresponding to the Si edge is consistent with the neutral Fe column (~1.5 × 1017 cm-2) from the Fe L edge. We also detect, at marginal significance, N VII Lyα (λ24.781) and O VII (r) 1s2-1s2p (λ21.602) absorption at z ~ 0, due to a hot medium in our Local Group. The soft X-ray spectrum of NGC 4593 is adequately described by a simple single-zone photoionized absorber with an equivalent hydrogen column density of 5.37 × 1021 cm-2 and an ionization parameter of log ξ = 2.52 ergs cm s-1, although there remain some features that are not identified. Although the photoionized gas almost certainly is composed of matter in more than one ionization state and may consist of several kinematic components, data with better signal-to-noise ratio and better spectral resolution are required to justify a more complex model. Finally, in emission we detect only weak forbidden lines of [Ne IX] and [O VII].
State government cash and in-kind benefits: Intergovernmental fiscal transfers and cross-program substitution

Abstract US states provide both cash and health insurance benefits for the poor, partially financed by fiscal transfers from the Federal government. The 1996 welfare reform drastically reduces Federal support for cash transfers at the margin , lowering the relative price to states of providing benefits to the poor through Medicaid. This paper analyzes the comparative-statics response of state governments to such changes in intergovernmental transfers, showing (in central cases) that they can contribute not only to reductions in state expenditures on cash benefits but to increases in expenditures on Medicaid, whether or not beneficiary populations are mobile among states.
Resolution Limitations And Optimization Of The LLNL Streak Camera Focus

ABSTRACT The RCA C73435 image tube is biased at voltages far from its original design in the LLNL ultrafast (10 ps) streak camera. Its output resolution at streak camera operating potentials has been measured as a function of input slit width, incident-light wavelength, and focus-grid voltage. The temporal resolution is insensitive to focus-grid voltage for a narrow (100 ym) input slit but is very sensitive to focus-grid voltage for a wide (2 mm) input slit. At the optimum wide-slit focus voltage, temporal resolution is insensitive to slit width. Spatial resolution is nearly independent of focus-grid voltage for values that give good temporal resolution. Both temporal and spatial resolution depend on the incident-light wavelength. Data for 1.06-ym light show significantly better focusing than for 0.53-ym light. Streak camera operation is simulated with a computer program that calculates photoelectron trajectories. Electron ray tracing describes all of the observed effects of slit width, incident-light wavelength, and focus-grid voltage on output resolution.
How life began

Study of the origin of life has become a legitimate scientific inquiry, with an international, multidisciplinary membership and a cogent body of data. Experiments involving plausible early Earth conditions and biogeochemical analyses of carbonaceous meteorites imply a variety of available starting molecules. Biogeological evidence indicates microbial beginnings about 3800 million years (3.8 aeons) ago. By then the known universe had been in existence for perhaps 15 aeons and galaxies abundant for ten. Conditions suitable for the origin of life may require a long prior cosmic evolution. The natural origin of life on the early Earth is now widely agreed upon but not the pathways. The beginnings of catalysis, replication and a functional cell remain moot. Much discussion has centered on the templating role that crystals such as clays and zeolites might have played in prebiotic evolution. Recent discovery of the catalytic and replicative functions of RNA recommend it as the key molecule in the transition from chemical to biological evolution.
Control of Dynamic Capacitor

Industrial plants are faced with stringent requirements by the utility to maintain a near unity power factor. These plants have traditionally utilized switched capacitor banks as a cost-effective means for power factor correction (PFC). However, if there is a significant level of harmonics present in the current that is disturbing the neighboring loads, then a separate unit for harmonic filtering is required as well. By the time a realistic system is configured, significant cost and complexity are encountered. The concept of a dynamic capacitor (D-CAP) was previously introduced as a means by which to achieve dynamic VAR injection as well as active harmonic filtering in one single integrated unit. The topology consists of taking an existing asset like a PFC capacitor, adding a pair of ac switches and small LC components per phase, and thereby realizing an asset with augmented functionalities. Although the power stage is simple, the underlying control is very challenging. This paper discusses the intricacies of controlling such an architecture and provides keen insights into how one would go about designing a controller.
Online maximizing weighted throughput in a fading channel

We consider online scheduling weighted packets with time constraints over a fading channel. Packets arrive at the transmitter in an online manner. Each packet has a value and a deadline by which it should be sent. The fade state of the channel determines the throughput obtained per unit of time and the channel's quality may change over time. In this paper, we design online algorithms to maximize weighted throughput, defined as the total value of the packets sent by their respective deadlines. Competitive ratio is employed to measure an online algorithm's performance. For this problem and one of its variants, we present two online algorithms with competitive ratios 2:618 and 2 respectively.
Some experiments in the generation of word and document associations

The solution of most problems in automatic information dissemination and retrieval is dependent on the availability of methods for the automatic analysis of information content. It is, in fact, impossible to identify, classify, encode, and organize items of information, or requests for information, without first determining the content or subject matter of the information to be processed. In most proposed automatic systems, this analysis is based on a counting procedure which uses the frequency of occurrence of certain words or word classes to generate sets of index terms, and to prepare automatic abstracts or extracts.