cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intra-Disciplinary Research as Progress in Philosophy: Lessons from Philosophy of the City

Philosophy of the city has recently emerged as a new subfield, garnering global interest. While most inquiries in this area have ‘the city’ or an urban issue as common ground, particular approaches engage in a kind of study identified as ‘intra-disciplinary research.’ An intra-disciplinary approach draws from different areas of philosophy to address problems that extend beyond the limits of individual subfields. A close examination reveals that this practice challenges assumptions holding that definitively answering philosophical questions is the only path to progress. Engaging in this kind of research adds to philosophy’s set of methods, and shows promise for philosophers wrestling with complex issues.
Design of Traffic Hinge Intelligence Information Promulgate System

This paper describes the traffic hinge intelligence information promulgate system,discusses the functions,composition and the framework of the system.The design has been used for a traffic hinge successfully.
MapReduce program synthesis

By abstracting away the complexity of distributed systems, large-scale data processing platforms—MapReduce, Hadoop, Spark, Dryad, etc.—have provided developers with simple means for harnessing the power of the cloud. In this paper, we ask whether we can automatically synthesize MapReduce-style distributed programs from input–output examples. Our ultimate goal is to enable end users to specify large-scale data analyses through the simple interface of examples. We thus present a new algorithm and tool for synthesizing programs composed of efficient data-parallel operations that can execute on cloud computing infrastructure. We evaluate our tool on a range of real-world big-data analysis tasks and general computations. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of our approach and the small number of examples it requires to synthesize correct, scalable programs.
The Prehistory of Cognitive Science

Overview In the late 1970s cognitive science became an established part of the intellectual landscape. At that time an academic field crystallized around a basic set of problems, techniques, and theoretical assumptions. These problems, techniques, and theoretical assumptions came from many different disciplines and areas. Many of them had been around for a fairly long time. What was new was the idea of putting them together as a way of studying the mind. Cognitive science is at heart an interdisciplinary endeavor. In interdisciplinary research great innovations come about simply because people see how to combine things that are already out there but have never been put together before. One of the best ways to understand cognitive science is to try to think your way back until you can see how things might have looked to its early pioneers. They were exploring a landscape in which certain regions were well mapped and well understood, but where there were no standard ways of getting from one region to another. An important part of what they did was to show how these different regions could be connected in order to create an interdisciplinary science of the mind. In this chapter we go back to the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s – to explore the prehistory of cognitive science. We will be looking at some of the basic ideas and currents of thought that, in retrospect, we can see as feeding into what came to be known as cognitive science.
Midcervical scar satisfaction in thyroidectomy patients

Objectives/Hypothesis Assess long-term patient satisfaction with conventional thyroidectomy scars and the impact of thyroidectomy scars on patient quality of life. Study Design Validated survey administration and retrospective review of clinical and demographic data. Methods Patients who underwent conventional thyroidectomy through years 2000 to 2010 were identified and administered the validated Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire. Mean satisfaction, appearance and scar-consciousness scores were determined. Thirty-seven patients also measured the length of their current scar. Patient demographic and operative data were collected retrospectively from the medical record. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and independent samples t testing. Results Sixty of 69 patients perceived the appearance of their scar to be “good” or “excellent.” Sixty-three patients (91.3%) were satisfied with all scar outcomes; 67 (97.1%) were satisfied with the overall appearance of their scar. Mean total satisfaction score was 17.3 (<26 indicates a high level of satisfaction). Fifty-six (81.2%) were “not at all” self-conscious of their scar; 65 (94.2%) reported no attempt to hide their scar. Seven patients (10.1%) indicated any likelihood of pursuing scar revision. Females had significantly higher total satisfaction scores, consciousness scores, and satisfaction with appearance scores. The effect of perceived scar length was significant for scar-consciousness, not patient satisfaction. Conclusions The majority of patients were satisfied with their thyroidectomy scar appearance. Few patients reported a desire to hide the scar or pursue revision. Women were more likely to be dissatisfied than men. Length may play a role in scar consciousness. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2016
The outlaw method for solving multimodal functions with split ring parallel genetic algorithms

The similarities between island model parallel genetic algorithms (PGAs) and natural islands invite the application of certain geobiological concepts to the field of evolutionary computation. Heretofore, island model PGAs have usually been used to find single solutions to unimodal functions. However, geobiology's split ring species phenomenon— which refers to the tendency of related environments to develop multiple, distinct species from the same genetic stock[6]—suggests that island model PGAs could be used to develop multiple, distinct solutions to multimodal functions. Though initial experiments demonstrate that the strong selection pressures exerted by island model PGAs overwhelm the split ring species phenomenon, the outlaw method is a technique for protecting the split ring species phenomenon so that it can develop multiple solutions despite these pressures.
Rearing protocol and density trials of the brown marmorated stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the laboratory

Summary The following procedures provide a framework for rearing Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The insects were cultured in slightly modified, commercially available bug dorms. A diet of organic beans, organic carrots, organic sunflowers seeds, and water was replaced on the maintenance days of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday to maximize freshness of the food. Egg masses were collected and bug dorms were cleaned on maintenance days as well. Adult density affected the number of egg masses laid per female and female survival in this protocol. Densities greater than 2 mating pairs per bug dorm significantly reduced egg mass production per female and led to shortened adult female longevity.
Capacitive DNA sensor for rapid and sensitive detection of whole genome human herpesvirus‐1 dsDNA in serum

This work presents a rapid, highly sensitive, low-cost, and specific capacitive DNA sensor for detection of whole genome human herpesvirus-1 DNA. This sensor is capable of direct DNA detection with a response time of 30 s, and it can be used to test standard buffer or serum samples. The sensing approach for DNA detection is based on alternating current (AC) electrokinetics. By applying an inhomogeneous AC electric field on sensor electrodes, positive dielectrophoresis is induced to accelerate DNA hybridization. The same applied AC signal also directly measures the hybridization of target with the probe on the sensor surface. Experiments are conducted to optimize the AC signal, as well as the buffers for probe immobilization and target DNA hybridization. The assay is highly sensitive and specific, with no response to human herpesvirus-2 DNA at 5 ng/mL and a LOD of 1.0 pg/mL (6.5 copies/μL or 10.7 aM) in standard buffer. When testing the double stranded (ds) DNA spiked in human serum samples, the sensor yields a LOD of 20.0 pg/mL (129.5 copies/μL or 0.21 femtomolar (fM)) in neat serum. In this work, the target is whole genome dsDNA, consequently the test can be performed without the use of enzyme or amplification, which considerably simplifies the sensor operation and is highly suitable for point of care disease diagnosis.
Evaluating the taxonomic status of the Great White Heron (Ardea herodias occidentalis) using morphological, behavioral and genetic evidence

The Great White Heron (GWH) has an all-white plumage and occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Described originally as Ardea occidentalis, it is now considered a subspecies of Great Blue Heron (GBH; A. herodias). GWH and GBH meet in Florida Bay at the southern tip of Florida, providing the opportunity to evaluate their interaction and species status. To this end, we examined size variation and mate choice across their contact zone and genetic variation range-wide. Measurements of 7 morphological characters indicate trends, but not a significant difference, in size between GBH and GWH in southern Florida. GBH and GWH nest mainly in different places (mainland vs. islands) and at different peak times. In Florida Bay, mixed pairs occur, but white-white and blue-blue pairs are more common than in a randomly mating population. Assessing mating, however, is complicated because most, if not all, nesting blue birds are of mixed parentage. Microsatellite DNA analysis indicates that white and blue herons in Florida Bay and the outer Keys (outside Florida Bay) form a group distinct from blue forms on Florida Peninsula and elsewhere in North America. However, some gene flow occurs from white herons on the outer Keys to white and blue herons in Florida Bay, and from blue herons in Florida Bay to GBH on the Florida Peninsula. GWH alleles occur in all North American populations, but whether this is from gene flow or incomplete lineage sorting is unknown. Deciding GWH's species status is difficult. GWH and GBH meet in an ecotone where some gene flow occurs, but behavior and habitat largely isolate them. We argue in favor of splitting GWH from GBH. Regardless of how it is ultimately classified, the GWH's small population needs to be actively managed as an isolate in an extremely vulnerable environment.
Competition in the savanna: Models of species assemblages in Kruger National Park, South Africa

We examined hypotheses of spatial association arising from direct or indirect competitive interactions, using thirteen years of gridded mammal census data from Kruger National Park, South Africa. As interactions occur at different scales, we explored the data at 1, 5, 10, and 15 km2. We proposed four hypotheses structuring the mammal community: H1. direct competition between carnivores and herbivores; H2-4: indirect competition produced by each of three types of herbivore diet specialization: H2. ruminants and non-ruminants, H3. grazers and browsers, and H4. a four-way division of small and large grazers and browsers. We used the software CoOccur to implement a robust test for evidence of our hypotheses against null models of community assemblage. At 5, 10, and 15 km2 scales, the results supported a competition mechanism in the majority of years for hypotheses H1, H3, and H4, and facilitation in H2. At the finest spatial scale (1 km2), we saw evidence for a mixture of competitive, neutral and facilitative process. These results suggest strong, large-scale effects of interspecific interactions on distributions of African megafauna, which may not operate at a more local (1 km2) scale, underscoring the importance of scale and mechanism in the guild structure of communities.
Effect of evacetrapib on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with high-risk cardiovascular disease.

Reducing serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by statins has been shown to reduce cardiovascular events and mortality in secondary and primary prevention trials (1-3). Further reduction of serum LDL cholesterol in patients after an acute coronary syndrome treated with statins by ezetimibe (4) and in patients with cardiovascular disease treated with statins by the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor evolocumab (5) have been demonstrated to further reduce cardiovascular events .
Mo-catalyzed deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes

Abstract A Mo(VI)-catalyzed deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes has been achieved using a sacrificial alcohol as a reductant. The MoO2(dtc)2 (dtc = diethyl dithiocarbamate) was proved to be a better catalyst than the other molybdenum based catalysts examined. Of the reducing agents examined, secondary alcohol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol was the most efficient and proved to be a better potential hydrogen donor. The reaction is very clean and the product yield ranges from moderate to excellent, with almost no byproduct(s) detected except, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone, which is the oxidized product of 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol. Download : Download full-size image
Autecology of Legionella pneumophila.

Abstract Species of Legionella are readily isolated from freshwater aquatic habitats throughout the United States, which are diverse in their physical and chemical parameters. Temperature studies indicate that Legionella is not present in habitats with temperatures above 63°C, and isolates have been obtained from frozen rivers. The presence of the organism in natural hot springs and man-made thermal habitats suggest that Legionella may have been present for a long period of time, but has only recently had man-made thermal habitats suitable to establish niches common to man.
Developing a novel preparation to analyze the onset of derived stimulus relations

Abstract The experimental analysis of derived stimulus relations is a critical research area. A training-then-testing preparation nearly always is used to study derived relations. In the training phase, participants learn the relevant baseline discriminations via differential consequences (e.g., AB and AC relations). In the testing phase, they are presented with probe trials in the absence of differential consequences (e.g., BA and CA symmetry trials and BC and CB equivalence trials). High accuracy levels sometimes are observed from the start of testing such that it is unclear whether the participants learned these relations before testing. The present experiment reports data from a novel preparation that monitors the development of derived relations as trained relations are acquired. Three college students were presented with both training trials (AB, AC) and testing trials (BA, CA, BC, CB) in every session from the start of experimentation. Each participant learned each of the six discriminations by the end of experimentation. Most importantly, they learned the trained and symmetrical relations in close temporal proximity and the equivalence relations only after learning the symmetrical relations. These results are consistent with several findings demonstrating disparities between learning different forms of derived relational responding. The results validate the utility of the present preparation in the experimental analysis of derived relational learning.
Factors Affecting the Pharmacology of Antibody–Drug Conjugates

Major advances in therapeutic proteins, including antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), have created revolutionary drug delivery systems in cancer over the past decade. While these immunoconjugate agents provide several advantages compared to their small-molecule counterparts, their clinical use is still in its infancy. The considerations in their development and clinical use are complex, and consist of multiple components and variables that can affect the pharmacologic characteristics. It is critical to understand the mechanisms employed by ADCs in navigating biological barriers and how these factors affect their biodistribution, delivery to tumors, efficacy, and toxicity. Thus, future studies are warranted to better understand the complex pharmacology and interaction between ADC carriers and biological systems, such as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and tumor microenvironment. This review provides an overview of factors that affect the pharmacologic profiles of ADC therapies that are currently in clinical use and development.
Outcomes of Relapsed and Refractory Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B Cell Lymphoma Treated with Second-Line Therapy and Intent to Transplant

Abstract Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma is a subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma with distinct clinical, molecular, and genetic features, many of which overlap with Hodgkin lymphoma. Increasingly, initial therapy for these patients has used dose-dense chemotherapy with or without radiation with excellent results. In patients with relapsed and primary refractory disease, outcomes of second-line therapy followed by consolidation with high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation remains largely undefined. We reviewed the outcomes of 60 transplant-eligible patients with relapsed or refractory primary mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma enrolled on sequential protocols with uniform second-line therapy with intent to consolidate with autologous stem cell transplant. The estimated 3-year overall and event-free survivals for all patients were 61% and 57%, respectively, and 68% and 65%, respectively, for patients proceeding to stem cell transplant. Multivariable analysis of risk factors before transplant revealed that an incomplete response to initial therapy, advanced Ann Arbor stage at disease progression, and failure to achieve a partial remission or better to second-line therapy to be independently associated with inferior event-free and overall survival. A risk score based on these variables was able to identify patients who are unlikely to respond to conventional second-line strategies. These results suggest that salvage chemoradiotherapy with intent of subsequent high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant is successful in most patients with relapsed and refractory primary mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma. Alternative strategies are warranted for a significant subset of patients with high-risk disease who are unlikely to be cured with this strategy.
A Compact Transportable HF Radar System for Directional Coastal Wave Field Measurements

A low-powered transportable coastal radar system which can measure the first five angular Fourier coefficients of the wave height directional spectrum as a function of wave number is proposed and described. Operating at a single frequency in the upper HF region, the surface-wave radar employs a novel, stationary three-element receiving antenna to obtain angular information. The received signals from two crossed Zoop antennas and a monopole, all aligned along the same vertical axis and standing ~2 m high, are combined digitally to form and scan a broad cardioid beam. The second-order portion of the sea-echo Doppler spectrum is used to extract wave spectral information. This echo portion is described mathematically by a nonlinear integral equation. Trigonometric basis functions are used to represent the radar system output (both first and second order) as well as the wave height spectrum’s angular dependence.
Carbanionic Polymerization: Polymer Configuration and the Stereoregulation Process

The earliest systematic study of anionic polymerization was carried out in the nineteen thirties by Karl Ziegler and his colleagues. By that time they had already attempted to determine the structures of oligomeric polybutadienes produced by butyllithium initiation in hydrocarbon and ether solvents.1 The results were, however, later found to be not typical of those of high molecular weight, whose analysis had to await the development of IR2 and NMR3 methods of structure determination. Further development of the subject was catalyzed by the announcement in 1956 of a highly cis-1,4-polyisoprene produced by lithium metal or alkyl initiation in hydrocarbon solvents.4 In addition to work on other diene polymers, examination of the structure of vinyl polymers soon led to the discovery of ordered forms of poly(methyl methacrylate)5 and polystyrene,6 both produced by lithium alkyl initiation. In the latter case it was later found that in strictly homogeneous solutions no ordered polymer was formed.7 Since the unique characteristic of anionic polymerization is its ability to exert stereocontrol under homogeneous reaction conditions consideration will generally be restricted to those conditions.
Complex Intracranial Aneurysms: Strategies for Surgical Trapping and Cerebral Revascularization

Intracranial aneurysms that are neither clippable nor coilable often require a deconstructive procedure to eliminate the risk of hemorrhage. In that setting, cerebral revascularization may become necessary to replace blood flow after parent artery sacrifice and, in the case of ruptured aneurysms, to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia. In this chapter, we guide the reader through the process of surgical decision-making in these challenging cases, as we elaborate on the management strategies and some of the technical nuances of microsurgical trapping and bypass.
Systematic review: associations of calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and physical activity with skeletal outcomes in people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus

The skeletal complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) include low bone density, poor bone quality and fractures. Greater calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and physical activity are commonly recommended to improve bone health in patients with T1D. However, it is not clear whether these factors are affected by T1D or improve clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature for evidence of associations between calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and physical activity and skeletal outcomes in T1D. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, twenty-two studies were included in this review. The prevalence of calcium deficiency was high and encompassed greater than 50% of participants in the majority of studies. Despite this finding, there was no clear association between calcium intake and bone density in any study. Calcitriol use was associated with gains in bone density in one study but was not associated with changes in bone turnover markers in a second report. No studies specifically investigated the impact of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on bone health. Two studies reported a beneficial effect of physical activity interventions on bone accrual in children. The findings from observational studies of physical activity were mixed. There are insufficient data to determine if deficient calcium intake, vitamin D intake, or physical activity contributes to the skeletal complications of T1D. Future studies specifically designed to assess the impact of these interventions on the skeleton in T1D participants are needed.
Cloud-Based Computing: Providing an Advantage to a Small New Zealand Wine Business

Oliver and Charlotte Martin (names disguised at their request) were both employed full time and leading very busy lives when they purchased their small, wine-celebration business located in New Zealand. The Martins desired to play pivotal managerial roles in their new wine business while remaining in their current jobs, but soon realized that they had become over-committed and needed to outsource the accounting of their wine business to a seasoned professional. The Martins wondered whether investing in new information technology, specifically cloud-based accounting and customer relationship management (CRM) solutions, could help them become more efficient and effective as their winery operations grew. This case examines the risks and rewards of implementing cloud-based software programs. It also illustrates the linkages between the fields of marketing and management accounting, as the software programs highlighted in the case study have the ability to be integrated with each other.
Effectiveness of the iPhone GoCheck Kids smartphone vision screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors.

Abstract Background The recently released GoCheck Kids iPhone photoscreening app is designed to detect amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in young children and includes remote review of images captured by smartphone. We aimed to evaluate the system’s accuracy in detecting AAPOS guidelines ARFs. Methods Patients 6 months through 6 years of age at Medical University of South Carolina were recruited for this prospective study. Presence of age-specific ARF was determined based on a complete ophthalmic examination and compared with the GoCheck Kids recommendations. Results A total of 244 children were included (average age, 42 months; 51% male). Sensitivity of the GoCheck Kids iPhone with remote review to detect ARFs was 90.5%; specificity, 68.1%; positive predictive value, 56.8%; negative predictive value, 94.0%. Two of the 7 false negative results had hyperopia of >4 D, 4 had astigmatism, and 1 had anisometropia. Remote review of all images improved sensitivity. Conclusions The GoCheck Kids app had good sensitivity and adequate specificity in detecting AAPOS ARFs in our enriched cohort of young children.
Management research in Africa: Insights from organizational neuroscience

The present paper discusses the application of organizational neuroscience in management research in Africa. In so doing, the paper draws from the field of neuroscience, organizational neuroscience...
Factors associated with cognitive impairment during the first year of treatment for nonmetastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Women with breast cancer are more likely to develop cognitive impairment (CI), insomnia, fatigue, and mood disturbance than individuals with other cancers. The main objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence of CI and examine the relationships between CI, insomnia, fatigue, and mood over the first year of breast cancer treatment. METHODS Participants were recruited after diagnosis and completed validated measures of insomnia, objective and perceived CI, fatigue, and mood disturbance at four time points during the first year of treatment. A random intercepts cross-lagged panel model assessed relationships among symptoms over time. RESULTS The sample included 98 women. Prevalence of objective CI ranged from 3.1% to 8.2% throughout the year, whereas 36.7% demonstrated a clinically meaningful decline in perceived CI from baseline to 4 months, which remained relatively stable. Greater perceived CI was associated with more fatigue (β = -0.78, z = 17.48, p < .01) and symptoms of insomnia (β = -0.58, z = 5.24, p < .01). Short-term fluctuations in perceived CI (p < .05), but not fatigue or insomnia, predicted future perceived CI. Fatigue (p < .001) was a significant predictor of future reported symptoms of fatigue and insomnia. CONCLUSION Subjective CI is more prevalent than objective impairments. Fatigue, insomnia, and perceived CI remain stable and are associated during the first year of treatment. Changes in insomnia and fatigue may have little effect on future perceived cognition. Women with breast cancer likely require targeted intervention for these side effects.
Liver circadian clock disruption alters perivascular adipose tissue gene expression and aortic function in mice

The liver plays a central role that influences cardiovascular disease outcomes through regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. It is recognized that the local liver molecular clock regulates so...
Feline ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Cuterebra larvae: four cases (2005-2020).

Case series summaryDescribed are four cats diagnosed with ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by Cuterebra larvae. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify cats with ophthalmomyiasis e...
Governing by Algorithm? No Noise and (Potentially) Less Bias

As intuitive statisticians, human beings suffer from identifiable biases, cognitive and otherwise. Human beings can also be “noisy,” in the sense that their judgments show unwanted variability. As a result, public institutions, including those that consist of administrative prosecutors and adjudicators, can be biased, noisy, or both. Both bias and noise produce errors. Algorithms eliminate noise, and that is important; to the extent that they do so, they prevent unequal treatment and reduce errors. In addition, algorithms do not use mental short-cuts; they rely on statistical predictors, which means that they can counteract or even eliminate cognitive biases. At the same time, the use of algorithms, by administrative agencies, raises many legitimate questions and doubts. Among other things, they can encode or perpetuate discrimination, perhaps because their inputs are based on discrimination, perhaps because what they are asked to predict is infected by discrimination. But if the goal is to eliminate discrimination, properly constructed algorithms nonetheless have a great deal of promise for administrative agencies.
Isolation and complementation of mutants of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 unable to grow aerobically on dinitrogen.

Mutants of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 unable to grow aerobically on dinitrogen were isolated by mutagenesis with UV irradiation, followed by a period of incubation in yellow light and then by penicillin enrichment. A cosmid vector, pRL25C, containing replicons functional in Escherichia coli and in Anabaena species was constructed. DNA from wild-type Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 was partially digested with Sau3AI, and size-fractionated fragments about 40 kilobases (kb) in length were ligated into the phosphatase-treated unique BamHI site of pRL25C. A library of 1,054 cosmid clones was generated in E. coli DH1 bearing helper plasmid pDS4101. A derivative of conjugative plasmid RP-4 was transferred to this library by conjugation, and the library was replicated to lawns of mutant Anabaena strains with defects in the polysaccharide layer of the envelopes of the heterocysts. Mutant EF116 was complemented by five cosmids, three of which were subjected to detailed restriction mapping; a 2.8-kb fragment of DNA derived from one of the cosmids was found to complement EF116. Mutant EF113 was complemented by a single cosmid, which was also restriction mapped, and was shown to be complemented by a 4.8-kb fragment of DNA derived from this cosmid. Images
Anxiety: at the intersection of genes and experience

Human anxiety disorders arise from a combination of genetic vulnerability and traumatic experience. Mice with a GABAA receptor mutation may provide a model for these disorders.
Library-by-the-sea : The impact of the web on the friday harbor library

ABSTRACT The University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories, a 480-acre marine labs and biological preserve located in the San Juan Islands of Washington state, celebrated its centennial in 2004. Over the past 100 years, the library at the Labs has undergone significant changes, from a few books in a tent to a nearly 19,000 volume collection. The advent of the Internet and the Web has revolutionized the little “library-by-the-sea,” facilitating development of customized Web tools which connect students and researchers at the Labs with the significant resources of the UW Seattle campus, and the worldwide Internet community.
The Take-off into Self-sustained Growth

The purpose of this article is to explore the following hypothesis: that the process of economic growth can usefully be regarded as centring on a relatively brief time interval of two or three decades when the economy and the society of which it is a part transform themselves in such ways that economic growth is, subsequently, more or less automatic. This decisive transformation is here called the take-off.1
Frictional Slip in Elasticity: An Example

In order to study various aspects of propagating slip zones with friction, the unbounded solid with a semi-infinite cut are considered. The solid is first compressed in a direction normal to the cut and subsequently subjected to a concentrated force, which is also normal to the cut and applied at its tip. The concentrated force, which varies with time, induces slip zones. The problem can be solved in closed form, and consequently it is possible to follow not only loading but also unloading, reloading and periodically fluctuating loads.
Liquid Phases for Gas Chromatography

In gas chromatography (GC), the liquid phase, also called the stationary phase, provides the medium in which the separation occurs. The magnitude of separation is given by the relative strengths of intermolecular interactions between analyte and stationary phase molecules, thus numerous liquids have been used over the years. The stationary phase can be coated onto a solid support and packed into a tube (packed column GC), or coated onto the wall of a capillary (capillary GC). Today, most GC analyses are performed using capillary columns.
Global-Local Methods for Thermoelastic Stress Analysis of Thick Fiber-Wound Cylinders:

Efficient global-local methods are developed for stress analysis in thick laminated cylinders consisting of a repeating sublaminate. The effective moduli and thermal expansion coefficients are obtained from the typical sublaminate and used to obtain global solutions. A refining procedure is introduced in which the global solution is used as boundary conditions for the sublaminate which is then solved by using the exact thermoelasticity formulation. Solutions obtained using these global-local methods are compared with the exact solutions for a number of composite cylinders.
Thermal denaturation procedures for hemoglobin.

Publisher Summary The stability of cross-linked hemoglobins is an important aspect in evaluating them as potential blood substitutes. Both of these situations require a quantitative measurement of hemoglobin stability that can be used to compare different species. The use of thermal denaturation curves to provide a denaturation temperature (Tm) solves this problem. Thermal denaturation provides a direct measure of the stability of the hemoglobin. The experiment can be done by two different methods: (1) precipitation as a function of time at a particular temperature or (2) the unfolding of the protein determined from absorbance changes as a function of increasing temperature. Thermal denaturation experiments in which the sample is slowly heated are more useful in providing quantitative comparisons. The thermal denaturation method can be used to detect and quantitate changes in stability for variants that are not clinically unstable. This chapter presents thermal denaturation procedures for cross-linked hemoglobin. The interest in cross-linked hemoglobins is because of their potential as blood substitutes. The increased stability that results from these covalent modifications allows them to be pasteurized to kill infectious viruses, such as those for autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis.
Economic impact of control and optimization on industrial utilities

Industrial energy management includes the fuel procurement, production, conservation, and efficient use of utilities such as steam, electricity, compressed air, and water. Steam is the underpinning...
IL-1β during in vitro decidualization in primate

The sequence of biochemical and molecular events associated with decidualization in the primate remain unclear. In the baboon, the sequential changes during this period in vivo are characterized by the downregulation of alpha-smooth actin followed by induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the implantation site and the expression of insulin growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). IGFBP-1 is the predominant protein in decidualized cells and is considered to be biochemical marker of decidualization. In the baboon the expression of IGFBP-1 requires the presence of a conceptus in vivo or N(6), 2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3:5'-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP) in the presence of hormones in vitro. In addition IL-1beta, as a possible conceptus-mediated factor, can induce IGFBP-1 expression in the presence of hormones following 3 days of incubation. However, if IL-1beta and dbcAMP are added together, IGFBP-1 expression is inhibited which resulted in IL-1beta being considered to be "inhibitory" to decidualization. Current data suggest that IL-1beta can activate multiple signaling pathways that either positively (no exogenous cAMP) or negatively (in presence of exogenous cAMP) regulate IGFBP-1 gene expression and decidualization in vitro. Signaling pathways activated by IL-1beta following 10 min of stimulation result in the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, specifically p38 MAPK) and also lead to NF-kappaB activation. The expression of COX-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) genes follows after 4-6 h. The steroid hormones, particularly progesterone, which are critical for IGFBP-1 expression, modulate the activity of IL-1beta by down-regulating MMP-3 activity. Disruption of actin filaments enhances IGFBP-1 induction during decidualization. IL-1beta induced MMP-3 may upregulate IGFBP-1 by initiation of cytoskeletal reorganization through degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Inhibition of IL-1beta induced pathways leads to reduction of IGFBP-1 expression, suggesting that IL-1beta may be involved in the events leading to decidualization in baboons.
Mus81 and Yen1 Promote Reciprocal Exchange during Mitotic Recombination to Maintain Genome Integrity in Budding Yeast

Holliday junction (HJ) resolution is required for segregation of chromosomes and for formation of crossovers during homologous recombination. The identity of the resolvase(s) that functions in vivo has yet to be established, although several proteins able to cut HJs in vitro have been identified as candidates in yeasts and mammals. Using an assay to detect unselected products of mitotic recombination, we found a significant decrease in crossovers in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mus81Δ mutant. Yen1 serves a backup function responsible for resolving intermediates in mus81Δ mutants, or when conversion tracts are short. In the absence of both Mus81 and Yen1, intermediates are not channeled exclusively to noncrossover recombinants, but instead are processed by Pol32-dependent break-induced replication (BIR). The channeling of recombination from reciprocal exchange to BIR results in greatly increased spontaneous loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and chromosome mis-segregation in the mus81Δ yen1Δ mutant, typical of the genomic instability found in tumor cells.
Carbachol-induced drinking at ventricular and subfornical organ sites of application.

Abstract Carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol) applied to the cerebral ventricle of the rat in the region of the interventricular foramen produced drinking behavior. This contrasts with prior reports and arguments concerning the lack of involvement of the ventricular system in carbachol-induced drinking. Furthermore, the subfornical organ was implicated as one site of action of carbachol-induced drinking on the basis of the following results: (1) Injection of carbachol into the ventricle, but not in intact fornix fibers, reliably produced drinking; (2) direct application of carbachol to the subfornical organ produced drinking; (3) latency to drink was immediate and dose required to produce drinking was less for subfornical organ placements than for ventricular placements; (4) although application to fornix did not produce drinking, if demyelination of fornix fibers between the probe tip and the subfornical organ was present, drinking was observed. It was concluded that (a) drinking can be elicited by carbachol applied to the ventricle, thereby supporting the ventricular hypothesis; (b) the subfornical organ, situated below the fornical commissure in the interventricular foramen, is one site of action of carbachol-induced drinking.
Fluorescent, Benthic, Pacific Coast Coelenterates

ORANGE fluorescing pigments have been studied extensively in red algae1,2, where the fluorescence becomes apparent in the moribund plant; but such pigments would appear to be rare in the animal kingdom (see Kluver3 for evidence of a red-fluorescing pigment in mammals). At depths greater than 10 m. where sunlight becomes deficient in the longer orange and red wave-lengths, divers have sometimes observed brilliantly luminous orange and red animals. Marden4 noted the phenomenon while photographing a large unidentified anemone in the Red Sea at 20 m., and suggested the animal might have a fluorescent pigment. Our investigations show that certain animals do indeed possess the ability to fluoresce.
Differences in particulate nitrogen concentration and isotopic composition for samples collected by bottles and large-volume pumps in Gulf Stream warm-core rings and the Sargasso Sea

Nitrogen content and isotopic composition for particles collected by standard water-sampling bottles and in situ large-volume pumps are compared. Data are presented for stations in warm-core ring 82-B in April and June 1982, newly formed warm-core ring 82-H in September/ October 1982, and the OFP site off Bermuda. For warm-core rings, relatively large differences in γ15N and PN concentration were observed between the two techniques. For the OFP site, except for PN concentration in the upper 200 m, good agreement was observed. Consideration of the effects of different retention sizes for the filter types used by the two techniques and whether or not large particles were included in the samples brought the OFP results into even closer agreement. However, only a fraction of the discrepancies in the warm-core ring results could be accounted for. Possible explanations include artifacts associated with differences in the details of the sample collection and handling techniques or differences in the size distributions of submicron particles and their γ15N values in rings. The much better agreement in γ15N between pumps at the OFP site, bottles at the OFP site, and pumps in ring 82-H suggests that minimal sample handling is desired. In addition, choice of filter material appears to be critical since significant quantities of PN can pass through commonly used varieties. These difficulties underscore the need to evaluate carefully the limitations of any particle-sampling technique regarding the specific measurements to be made.
Carbonyl-carbon relaxation rates reveal a dynamic heterogeneity of the polypeptide backbone in villin 14T

We present new pulse sequences for measuring carbonyl T 1 and T 1ρ values. The methods are demonstrated on a doubly labeled ( 15 N- 13 C) 126 amino-acid domain on the actin-severing protein villin (villin 14T). The results obtained for the carbonyl carbons are compared with T 1 and T 1ρ values for 15 N nuclei in the same protein.
Particle melting in high temperature supersonic low pressure plasma jets

A numerical model has been developed to predict the temperature history of particles injected into a low pressure dc plasma jet. The temperature and velocity fields of the plasma jet are predicted as a free jet by solving the parabolized compressible Navier-Stokes equations using a spatial marching scheme. Particle trajectories and heat transfer characteristics are calculated using the predicted plasma jet temperature and velocity fields. Correction factors have been introduced to take into account noncontinuum effects encountered in the low pressure environment. The exchange of energy and momentum between the injected particles and plasma flow was treated by considering the source terms in the governing equations. The plasma jet profiles as well as the particle/plasma interactions with different jet pressure ratios (from underexpanded to overexpanded) have been investigated. The effect of particle loading on the resulting jet profiles, particle trajectories, and temperature profiles is presented and discussed.
Depositional and Structural Architecture of Prograding Clastic Continental Margins: ABSTRACT

Progradation of a clastic continental-margin sediment wedge onto attenuated continental or oceanic crust is characterized by load-induced crustal subsidence and a predictable internal structural and depositional architecture. The prograding wedge has one free surface, characterized by a very low but nonetheless unstable slope. Here, sandy, normally consolidated sediment is deposited on top of an underconsolidated mud-rich End_Page 2044------------------------------ foundation. The combination of large scale, morphology, and undercompaction make continental-margin sequences prime sites for syndepositional gravitational tectonics, including gravity gliding, gravity spreading, and diapirism. Strain regimes reflect the focus of tensional stress along the continental margin and of compressive stress at the toe of the slope. A belt of active, listric normal faults defines the contemporary shelf margin, producing a structurally defined shelf edge/upper slope depocenter. In contrast, the lower slope is a compressional tectonic terrane characterized by uplift, folding, and overthrusting. Major prograding clastic margins, such as the Gulf Coast Cenozoic wedge or the Niger delta, contain one or more principal depocenters where deltaic headlands prograde to the contemporary shelf edge, feeding sediment directly onto portions of the continental slope. Marginal to such headlands, submarine canyon systems may act as pipelines, funneling large amounts of sediment across the outer shelf, down the slope, and onto the abyssal plain in front of the offlap wedge. Eustatic sea level changes may temporally or locally affect depositional and erosional patterns, but are commonly masked or overwhelmed by regional intraplate tectonic events and extrabasinal controls on rate and location of sediment transport into the basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2045------------
A technique for presenting lateralized visual input with prolonged exposure.

Abstract A new technique is described for occluding selective regions of the visual field while permitting ocular scanning. The method has been applied in the present case to lateralizing complex stimuli to one visual half field of patients whose cerebral hemispheres have been disconnected. Other possible applications with normal subjects include lateralizing complex visual input and simulating scotomas or tunnel vision. The subject scans a reduced stimulus image close to his eye through a short focus collimator attached to a scleral contact lens. The image of an occluding screen which is supported at the focal plane of the collimator then follows the subject's eye movements faithfully while superimposed on the unstabilized stimulus image.
HOIL and water: the two faces of HOIL-1 deficiency

Autoinflammation and immunodeficiency are rare in humans, but the rate of discovery of these conditions has increased. Three patients have now been characterized in whom deficiency in HOIL-1, a component of the LUBAC complex, leads to these conditions.
A generalization of the theory of incompletely specified machines

A generalized theory of incompletely specified machines is described in whichspecification of various alternative outputs is possible for any given input. Also, certain inputs may be prohibited. Algorithms for state reduction are given.
Some effects of considerate and inconsiderate systems

Concern for the human factors in computer systems continues to grow as computerization becomes more and more pervasive. In the early period of computing such concern was expressed in terms of "user orientation" and "user requirements." As interactive systems evolved it became more common to hear terms like "responsive systems," and "end-user requirements." In the early Seventies, when the computer profession experienced a wave of social responsibility, discussions emerged on "humanizing" systems [1]. More recent discussions on these issues describe ideal systems as people-oriented, convivial, or friendly [2]. Despite this attention to human factors there is relatively little systematic knowledge about what system features actually take human needs and desires into account, and, in this sense, are considerate.