cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human traffic—past and present

The essays in this issue are animated by the conference “Human traffic: Past and present,” sponsored by the Center for African and African American Studies (CAAAR) at Duke University in the fall of 2011.1 At this conference, participants sought to engage the multiple dimensions embedded in the complex phenomenon of human trafficking, rethinking, and unthinking some of its more popular frames and tropes, such as its ubiquitous reference to victimization, coercion, criminality, and modern slavery. As participants noted in that gathering, discussions of human trafficking have for the most part been framed through the dimension of “human rights” where “the trafficked” are reduced to commodities in insidious networks of violence and criminality, and are often portrayed as the unsuspecting victims of these criminal elements. Thus, as one blurb advertising an earlier North Carolina conference on the topic declared: “[H]uman trafficking is one of the most profitable and fastest growing criminal enterprises in the world.” Likewise, activists generally define human trafficking as “the sale, transport and profit from human beings who are forced to work for others,” and this trade, widely considered to be a contemporary equivalent to slavery, takes place both transnationally and nationally. Tied to the rise of prostitution, women and children, who are estimated to comprise 80% of those trafficked, constitute vulnerable groups that are seen to be at higher risk than others. Like indentured servitude of the past, persons are persuaded to leave their present, usually debilitating, situations for what are perceived to be better futures. As participants to the conference observed, however, evidence suggests a certain willingness by persons involved in these activities to risk their lives to realize what they envision, or at least hope, to be a better position for themselves by gaining a foothold in other places besides their “originary” homes. It was also recognized, however, that children are for the most part without the capacities to judge the sorts of risks such movements entail, and therefore face a higher probability of exploitation and abuse. Notwithstanding these broad realities, many conferees contended there is a need to calibrate the experiences of those involved in human trafficking against and within other processes of displacements and movements that are motivated by a general search for an escape from unfreedoms, or states of unhomeliness, that processes like migration entail.
TreeDMA: a hybrid MAC/routing solution for small-scale wireless networks

Vehicle-based networks need energy-efficient communication to extend the battery lifetime, which subsequently extends the mission time of the node. We observe that these kinds of networks operate under different assumptions than traditional static sensor networks. The main difference is that these are small-scale networks. This motivates the need for a protocol that is optimized for such scenarios. To handle the communication, we introduce a combined MAC and routing protocol, TreeDMA, that uses a contention-free MAC in conjunction with beaconing and overhearing. We show through simulation that for these kinds of networks, the energy consumption and latency is comparable to an “ideal” omniscient protocol and superior to traditional layered protocols.
Growth Temperature Effects on Deep-Levels in Si Grown by Low Temperature Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements were performed on Si:Sb and Si:B n+-p step junction diodes grown by LT-MBE at various growth temperatures. The trap density dependence on growth temperature decreases with increasing temperature. However, segregation and diffusion increase with increasing temperature. Electron traps, E1 (0.42–0.45eV) and E2 (0.257eV), and hole traps, H1 (0.38–0.41eV), were found in B-doped layer grown at 370°C, 420°C, 500°C, and 600°C. These traps have been characterized by their capture cross-section, activation energy level, and trap density. The origins of the dominating electron traps are hypothesized as the association with pure divacancy defects. E1 level can be assigned for singly negatively charged divacancy V(0/-) + α and E2 level for doubly negatively charged divacancy V(-2/-).
Deductive versus inductive equilibrium selection: experimental results

The debate in equilibrium selection appears to have culminated in the formation of two schools of thought: those who favor equilibrium selection based on rational coordination and those who favor zero-rationality adaptation. We examine four deductive selection principles and find that each fails to explain experimental data. We propose an inductive selection principle based on simple learning dynamics. Using out-of-sample maximum likelihood parameters, the predictive performance of one such dynamic is shown to be dramatically better than the deductive selection principles. However, this selection principle is not always definitive, since no dynamic is guaranteed to converge.
Ras Pathway Activation in Malignant Mesothelioma

Introduction Mutations in Ras family genes are rare in malignant mesothelioma. The role of activation of the Ras signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of mesothelioma is not clear. Methods We studied the activation status of the Ras pathway and the status of other Ras-associated kinases in a panel of human mesothelioma cell lines. In addition, we tested the effect of inhibition of several kinase pathways on mesothelioma cell proliferation. The potential role of kinase signaling on the regulation of cap-dependent translation was also studied. Results In general, Ras-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) was higher in mesothelioma cell lines when compared with a nontransformed mesothelial cell line (LP9). Furthermore, known Ras effectors such as extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase were found to be active in most of the mesothelioma cell lines tested. Exposure to specific inhibitors of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (U0126) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SP600125) significantly decreased the proliferation of H2596 and H2373 cells compared with mock-treated cells. SP600125-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibition, but not extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 inhibition, resulted in a decrease in phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, consequently decreasing cap-dependent activation. Conclusions These experiments provide a rationale for targeting Ras and associated signaling pathways in mesothelioma and also suggest cap-dependent translation as one mechanism by which Ras induces proliferation in this disease.
The Child With Acute Weakness

Infants and children are commonly brought to the emergency department (ED) with a complaint of acute weakness. A good history and physical are paramount in determining etiology. Once a diagnosis is suspected, tests such as a lumbar puncture and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine will help to further define the etiology and guide therapy. Many causes of acute weakness have the potential for respiratory compromise, and ED practitioners must continually and closely evaluate patients and may choose to electively intubate. This article explores the 2 most common diagnoses made in children presenting with weakness, namely, Guillain-Barre syndrome and transverse myelitis, and briefly discusses other less common etiologies. Effective treatment of these disorders is not possible without prompt recognition of these patterns of weakness and initiation of diagnostic testing in the ED.
A 90GHz pulsed-transmitter with near-field/far-field energy cancellation using a dual-loop antenna

A reflective, dual-loop, switching antenna utilizing near-field/far-field energy cancellation is integrated in a 90 GHz pulsed transmitter (TX). The TX features high ON/OFF ratio, good antenna efficiency and PRF up to 3.45GHz. It achieves TX power of 10dBm with 18dB of power tuning. The pulse width is tunable between 46ps to 310ps and initial bistatic measurements distinguish 4 reflectors across a 6cm region signifying progress towards the development of a diagnostic medical imager in silicon.
TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN THE SURVIVAL OF TWIN AND SINGLE MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) CALVES IN SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA

July was 0.27 6 0.03 SE, and their daily rate of mortality declined at a near constant rate with age in that period. Mean annual survival was 0.22 6 0.03 SE. Previous winter’s snow depths or survival of the mother’s previous calf was not related to neonatal survival. Selection for early parturition was evidenced in the 4 years of study by a 6.3% increase in the hazard of death with each daily increase in parturition date. Although there was no significant difference in survival of twin and single moose calves, most twins that died disappeared together during the first 15 days after birth and independently thereafter, suggesting that predators usually killed both when encountered up to that age.
Flux enhancement in direct contact membrane distillation by implementing carbon nanotube immobilized PTFE membrane

Abstract Carbon nanotube (CNT) enhanced direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) is presented for water desalination. We investigated the immobilization of CNTs on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. The presence of CNTs on the hydrophobic membrane favorably altered the water–membrane interactions to promote water vapor transport while preventing salt water penetration into the membrane pores. For a salt concentration of 34,000 mg l−1 and at 70 °C, the CNT incorporation led to a 54% enhancement in permeate flux, which was as high as 69 kg/m2 h.
When Judges Lie (and When They Should)

What should a judge do when she must apply law that she believes is fundamentally unjust? The problem is as old as slavery. It is as contemporary as the debates about capital punishment and abortion rights. In a seminal essay, Robert Cover described four choices that a judge has in such cases. She can (1) apply the law even though she thinks it is immoral; (2) openly reject the law; (3) resign; or (4) subvert the law by pretending that it supports the outcome that the judge desires, even though the judge does not actually believe that it does. This Article demonstrates that the fourth choice - judicial "subversion" or lying - is far more common than is openly acknowledged. The Article identifies cases in which, the evidence suggests, judges intentionally have framed the law to achieve a particular outcome. The Article also suggests that this kind of lie is occasionally justified. There is a thin line between enforcing law that is profoundly immoral and being complicit with it. The Article sets forth a moral theory of subversion, which would allow judges to ethically mediate conflicts between law and morality. It recommends judicial lying only when it will thwart extreme injustice - a recommendation that would reduce the subversion that is now endemic in our justice system. The Article situates its moral theory of subversion alongside other theories of adjudication that tolerate rules-departure and other ethical constructs that permit ends-justified lying. Recognizing that subversion is a controversial strategy, the Article concludes with an argument against symbolic or moderate responses to profound injustice.
Analysis and modeling of the variability associated with UV inactivation of Escherichia coli in apple cider.

Raw data from validation studies of UV tubes used for nonthermal pathogen reduction in apple cider underwent comprehensive statistical analysis. Data from each tube that demonstrated at least a 5-log reduction of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, a surrogate for E. coli O157:H7, in each of three trials were used in the analysis. The within- and between-tube variability was calculated for 70 tubes. The mean log reductions of the tubes fit a Beta distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 0.0246), and the between-replicate variability followed a logistic distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 0.0305). These two distributions can be used together to model UV cider treatment as part of an overall E. coli O157:H7 in cider risk assessment. Examples of codes from @RISK and Analytica to describe these distributions, such as one would find in a quantitative risk assessment, are included.
ASPIRATIONS OF FRENCH CITIZENSHIP AND IDENTITY IN THE INDIGENOUS PRESS OF COLONIAL ALGERIA

Dans la premiere partie du XX e siecle, sous le regime colonial francais d'Algerie, quelques elites Arabes et Berberes eduquees a la francaise tenterent de favoriser l'acces des sujets coloniaux musulmans a la culture et a la citoyennete francaises, dans le respect de leur identite musulmane. Ils fonderent de nombreux periodiques en langue francaise qui servirent de plate-formes de discussions sur ces themes. Cet article retrace cette experience de presse ou se detachent quelques figures d'activistes comme Ferhat Abbas ou Rabah Zenati
Assessing Consonant Cluster Production under Imitative and More Spontaneous Conditions

Six children's production of word-initial consonant clusters was assessed before and after treatment using imitative or spontaneous sampling conditions. Gains in accuracy were documented under both...
Parental perception of functional status and impact on the family of children with congenital heart surgery

Abstract Aims To assess the functional status and the family impact of children with congenital heart defects (CHD), using the parental Functional Status II (FS-II) and the Impact on Family (IOF) questionnaires. Methods In this prospective observational study, parents of children who underwent surgery for CHD during the first year of life completed the FS-II and the IOF questionnaires. Genetic syndromes and prematurity Results Our cohort (n = 100), comprised 54% males; the median (IQR) age was 32 (10–56) months. Eighteen children had age-specific scores in the 1–2 SD below mean range (n = 17) or more than 2 SD below the mean (n = 1) for “ill children”. There were significant negative correlations between the total FS-II and total IOF (r = − 0.35, p Conclusions More complex CHD was associated with lower functional status, which correlated with a greater impact on the families. Parental questionnaires may be useful instruments for developmental surveillance in this population.
An Obscure Temnostoma Differentiated by Its Larval Characters

On March 26, 1929, I received from Mr. L. E. Hildebrand, of New Trier High School, Winnetka, Illinois, a small piece of decayed wood containing some peculiar-looking larvae and a letter with this comment: “I have roamed over these woods almost a fifth of a century, and I have never run across exactly that kind of larvae. Furthermore, I have dug through, time and again, all sorts of logs and stmnps, hence my interest at finding these things.”
I Am Dizzy When I Stand Up

This case discusses a pharmacokinetic interaction between thioridazine and propranolol leading to QTc prolongation. Thioridazine is a cytochrome P450 2D6 substrate. Propranolol is a 2D6 inhibitor.
Health Education and Athletic Training-Similar Professions, Similar Paths

(2000). Health Education and Athletic Training-Similar Professions, Similar Paths. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 299-302.
Phase Diagram of a ^6Li–^{40}K Mixture in a Square Lattice

We calculate the mean-field phase diagram for an attractive interacting Fermi mixture of Lithium-6 ( $$^6Li$$ ) and Potassium-40 ( $$^{40}K$$ ) atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice at finite temperatures. The polarization versus temperature diagrams show that there are three phases: the Sarma phase (in which the condensed pairs have zero net momentum), the Fulde–Ferrell (FF) phase (in which the pairs have non-zero net momentum), and the normal phase (in which the Helmholtz free energy is minimized for gapless phase). The zero polarization line is the conventional Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer state. The phase diagram contains a Lifshitz point. When the interaction strength is increased, the Lifshitz point moves toward the higher temperatures and larger polarizations. Moreover, contrary to the phase diagram of population-imbalanced $$^6Li$$ Fermi gas, where the phase separation appears for low polarizations, we found the existence of a polarization window for the FF phase. This means that as soon as the system is polarized it goes into the FF phase if the temperature is low enough. This polarization window is larger for a majority of $$^{40}K$$ atoms compared to the majority of $$^6Li$$ atoms. We also find that the largest polarization that the system can support before it becomes a normal fluid is larger for majority of $$^6Li$$ atoms.
Modeling GaN HEMTs using thermal particle-based device simulator

A Monte Carlo device simulator was developed to investigate the electronic transport properties in AlGaN/AlN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs). Two different polarization models were considered to introduce electromechanical coupling and changes in the piezoelectric polarization charge at the interface and their effect on the device characteristics was compared. The influence of the gate-voltage dependence of the polarization charge on the electron sheet charge density in the channel was determined. Our investigations suggest that 10% increase in the polarization charge is needed to match the experimental data when the gate voltage dependence of the polarization charge is included in the theoretical model. This information is important for calibration in commercial device simulators and for better understanding of the quality of the GaN/AlGaN interface [1].
Filling a dietary data gap? Estimating individual nutrient intakes from household‐level data in Ethiopia and Bangladesh

Dietary intake data are needed for a wide variety of food policy purposes but are not consistently collected in many low-income countries. Many countries collect household level data in Household C...
Background pressure effects on EUV source efficiency and produced debris characteristics

The cost of future computer chips, among other things, will depend on the performance of EUV sources and on the duration of the efficient operation and lifetime of nanolithography devices. While the efficiency of the sources is continuously being improved, their operational cycle is still highly restricted due to optical mirrors degradation as well as necessity of cleaning chamber environment and components. One of the potential problems of EUV sources for high volume manufacture (HVM) regimes can be related to the contamination of chamber environment by products of preceding laser pulse/droplet interactions. Implementation of high, 100 kHz and higher, repetition rate of devices for Sn droplets and laser pulses generation can cause high accumulation of tin in the chamber in the form of vapor/clusters. Possible tin accumulation in the chamber in dependence on laser parameters and mitigation system efficiency was evaluated. Then, the effects of various pressures of tin vapor on the CO2 and Nd:YAG laser beams propagation and on the size, the intensity, and the efficiency of EUV sources produced were studied.
Personality in Swine

There are approximately 977 million domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) that live on farms across the world. Knowledge of individual variation in behavior, morphology and productivity has been the basis for artificial selection of this domestic species for thousands of years. Determining personality traits among group living swine may help to identify certain individuals that possess an increased ability to cope with, or a heightened sensitivity to, environmental and/or social stress. There have been approximately 48 studies that investigated behavioral variation in commercial swine. The majority of these studies have been limited to animals aged seven months or younger. Experimental trials are the predominant method of measuring behavioral differences among swine and include such methods as physical restraint, open field tests, human approach tests, novel object tests, and feeding competitions. Previous research on swine personality has reported the existence of multiple traits such as aggressive, exploratory or fearful, as well as dichotomous coping styles (e.g., proactive vs. reactive). Despite excellent work on themes such as environmental influences and trait development, scholars examining personality in swine have not yet fully explored proximate and ultimate explanations of swine personality traits. Considerable effort has gone into identifying personality traits and coping styles in swine in order to evaluate the relationship between behavior, health, and production (e.g., mothering skills, weight gain, lean meat percentage). Knowledge of individual personality traits among domestic swine may help the pork industry to adjust husbandry practices and housing conditions, which are currently under transition due to market-driven welfare concerns.
Microfluidically Reconfigurable Microstrip Line Combline Filters With Wide Frequency Tuning Capabilities

Microfluidically repositionable selectively metallized plates (SMPs) are utilized for the first time to design and realize microstrip line combline filters with wide frequency tuning and high power-handling capability. A continuous frequency tuning range of 2.7:1 is achieved by utilizing tight coupling between the SMP and open-ended microstrip line resonators in order to change their length for tuning from 2.5 to 4 GHz and capacitively load one of their open ends for tuning from 1.5 to 2.5 GHz. The unloaded quality factor (Q u ) of the resonators is maintained relatively constant (210–190) across the entire tuning range allowing for the low insertion loss (IL) and high power-handling capability. Specifically, a ~5% constant fractional bandwidth fourth-order filter design is discussed and experimentally verified. The filter exhibits less than 3-dB IL across the 2.7:1 tuning range. It is shown that the filter’s power handling capability can reach up to 15 W under constant average power excitation.
Predicting Lynching Atrocity: The Situational Norms of Lynchings in Georgia:

From 1882 to 1926, lynch mobs in Georgia killed 514 victims in 410 separate events. Based on a new comprehensive dataset, this study examined characteristics of the mobs related to the level of the atrocity of the violence in the lynchings. Consistent with prior research, the size of the crowd was a stable predictor of level of atrocity. However, in contrast to two prior studies, results did not uniformly support the self-attention perspective. Instead, the findings were more consistent with the concept that situational norms were the important mechanism behind collective violence, particularly because the violence used in a lynching event reflected the violence used in nearby lynchings. These results suggest that, rather than losing all norms of behavior through a process of deindividuation, lynchers adopted norms they viewed as appropriate for the situation.
The Impact of an Aging Population in the Workplace.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of people 65 years of age or older living in the United States is projected to double by 2030 to 72 million adults, represent...
Laser induced thermomechanical cracking for fatigue life determination of coated steel

A pulsed Yb fiber laser was used to irradiate steel coated with chromium to induce thermomechanical cracks; the resultant part showed a reduced fatigue life. This provides a path to accelerated fatigue tests.
Overview of Her Philosophy

From her early years, Edith Stein gave promise of becoming a philosopher. Always asking the why of all that happened in her world, she was never satisfied with the ready answers prevalent in her religious and social milieu. Later her university studies at Breslau generated the intense interest in philosophy which led her to the universities of Gottingen and Freiburg-im-Breisgau to study phenomenology under Edmund Husserl, in company with the famous scholars who engaged him in discussion and dialogue: Adolf Reinach, Fritz Kaufmann, Roman Ingarden, Theodor and Hedwig Conrad-Martius, and Martin Heidegger, to recall only a few. As Husserl’s assistant at Freiburg, she transcribed and edited his voluminous works and prepared students for his classes. In this period her own philosophy was taking form which was basically phenomenological but often at variance with her master’s views in substance, if not in spirit.
Mobilising resources within the community: 'mobilising the unmobilised'.

Every community has evolved ways of preventing and managing disease through its own understanding of the causes of illness. Health care is provided at many levels by many different groups of people. These include mothers and family members, traditional practitioners and private and public health workers. The contact between people and health workers through an equitable health system can lead to better understanding of the choices available to the people in addressing their health needs. It also offers an opportunity to improve people's health. At every level the capacity of people can be enhanced and the range of choices they have to protect their health problems can be increased. The distress of painful eyes: a child in Bangladesh Photo: Murray McGavin
Reductionin Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro and on tomato by sophorolipid and sanitiser as affected by temperature and storage time

Increased consumption of produce by consumers has been attributed to perceived health benefits of postharvest produce. Pathogen control is crucial because periodic occurrences and contamination of tomato and leafy greens have exacerbated food safety risks for consumers. We investigated the effects of temperatures (5 and 25 °C), storage time (30 min and 24 h) for inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by sophorolipid (SL‐p) produced fermentatively using palmitic acid as a co‐substrate at different concentrations in vitro. Reduction in pathogenic bacteria on grape tomato by SL‐p, sanitiser (Lovit) and combinations of SL‐p and sanitiser was determined. Temperature and storage time significantly (P < 0.05) affected pathogen inactivations by SL‐p as pathogen reductions were greater at 25 °C and 24 h than at 5 °C and 30 min of storage. L. monocytogenes was the most sensitive to SL‐p treatment as reductions of 5 log relative to untreated controls were attained at 0.12% of SL‐p. Significant reductions in S. enterica (1.91–3.85 logs) and E. coli O157:H7 (0.87–4.09 logs) were recorded at 2–5% of SL‐p. Lower populations of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 were inactivated than L. monocytogenes. On grape tomato, pathogen populations inactivated increased at higher SL‐p levels at 25 °C. Sanitiser and sanitiser + SL‐p reduced bacterial populations on tomato by 5.29–5.76 logs and 0.71–3.3.66 logs, respectively. These results imply the interactions of temperature, storage time and SL‐p significantly (P < 0.05) affected pathogen strain reductions. The combination of SL‐p with sanitiser led to synergistic effect on E. coli O157:H7, but not L. monocytogenes and S. enterica.
Absorption spectroscopy to determine the extent and mechanisms of aging in bitumen and asphaltenes

Abstract Recycling of petroleum bitumen used in road and roofing shingle is widespread, and in many cases the recycled content includes bitumen that has already endured multiple consecutive cycles of service life, and their aging level varies significantly. Therefore, there is a need to accurately determine aging level for each recovered bitumen based on fundamental measures established to track physio-chemical changes that occur during progressive aging. This study examines effects of progressive aging in bitumen and introduces aging indicators based on absorption spectroscopy. Bitumen samples were exposed to accelerated aging in a pressure aging vessel (PAV) and were examined by UV–vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy results not only showed carbonyl content consistently increased with aging time, but also revealed other distinct chemical changes such as loss of saturated hydrocarbons, followed by carbonation and then degradation of the poly-aromatic cores of asphaltenes and resins with extended aging. As such absorption spectroscopy deemed to be useful to determine extent of aging resembling multiple periods of service life for bitumen.
Cold adapted variants of influenza A

The genetic and biological properties of 13 recombinant influenza A clones derived at 25°C from the A/AA/6/60-cold variant (by crosses with 4 different wild type strains) were compared with a set of 5-FU inducedts-mutants. The 5-FU mutants had previously been placed into 7 complementation-recombination groups; the A/AA/6/60-cold parent (PI-7) and the 12 cold recombinant clones which werets were shown to share a lesion with only one of these groups. The parental strain and 5 recombinant clones were evaluated for replication in the lungs and nasal turbinates of hamsters. Each virus appeared to be attenuated; genetic stability correlated with the level of viral replication in the hamster lung, i.e., viruses which grew best showed a tendency to revert to thets+ phenotype. Characterization of thets+ revertants for the presence of the cold adaptation property revealed that these viruses exhibited a spectrum of cold adaptation properties. Two viruses, PI-7 (the parental cold variant) and the CR6 recombinant (A/Queensland/6/72) did not revert in either the lungs or nasal turbinates of hamsters.
Reduced Oral Nutrition Contributes to Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Total Body Irradiation Via Changes to the Gut Microbiome

Reduced oral nutrition (RON) is common after cytotoxic therapy for hematologic malignancies. We examined the interplay between nutrition, intestinal bacteria and intestinal barrier function in mouse models of total body irradiation (TBI). By 3 days following 9 Gy of a single dose of TBI, C57BL/6 mice had an approximately 50% reduction in oral intake (2g/day, data not shown) and 3 days later displayed marked changes in the microbiome by 16S deep sequencing, including an expansion of mucolytic bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Fig 1). These mice lost roughly 20% of their body weight and showed compromise of intestinal barrier function assayed by oral challenge with FITC-dextran (data not shown). To ask if RON could be driving microbiome changes, we limited the access of unirradiated mice to 2g/day of chow for 7 days. The microbiome was perturbed in these mice with changes reminiscent of that following TBI, including expansion of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Fig 1). The colonic mucus layer was thinned in these mice (Fig 2), though intestinal barrier function remained intact (data not shown). To explore how RON could favor mucolytic bacteria, we characterized metabolic activity of colonic bacteria during RON. Bomb calorimetry demonstrated reduced substrates in the cecum during RON (Fig 2), and colonic luminal pH showed reduced acidity (Fig 2). IC-MS quantified lower concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate, and elevated succinate (Fig 2). RNA sequencing of stool samples revealed broad downregulation by several intestinal bacterial species of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, an enzyme known to be associated with production of propionate from succinate (data not shown). Finally, we evaluated in our RON model the impact of administration of oral sugars by supplementing a well-absorbed sugar (glucose), and a poorly-absorbed prebiotic sugar in the drinking water of mice. We found that sugar supplementation with the prebiotic acidified the colonic lumen (data not shown) and prevented thinning of the mucus layer in mice undergoing RON (Fig 3). Additionally, in mice following 9 Gy of TBI, daily dosing of the prebiotic started 24 hours later was highly effective in preventing weight loss (Fig 3), nearly completely abrogated compromise of intestinal barrier function (Fig 3), and improved overall survival (Fig 3). In summary, reduced oral intake following total body irradiation contributes to thinning of the colonic mucus layer, an effect that appears to be independent of the cytotoxic effects on the host and is rather mediated by changes in the intestinal microbiome, including reduced metabolism of organic acids. Strategies to restore colonic acidity with prebiotic sugars may successfully target this phenomenon with potential clinical benefits, particularly in preventing disruption to the intestinal barrier.
An efficient full space-time discretization method for subject-specific hemodynamic simulations of cerebral arterial blood flow with distensible wall mechanics

A computationally inexpensive mathematical solution approach using orthogonal collocations for space discretization with temporal Fourier series is proposed to compute subject-specific blood flow in distensible vessels of large cerebral arterial networks. Several models of wall biomechanics were considered to assess their impact on hemodynamic predictions. Simulations were validated against in vivo blood flow measurements in six human subjects. The average root-mean-square relative differences were found to be less than 4.3% for all subjects with a linear elastic wall model. This discrepancy decreased further in a viscoelastic Kelvin-Voigt biomechanical wall. The results provide support for the use of collocation-Fourier series approach to predict clinically relevant blood flow distribution and collateral blood supply in large portions of the cerebral circulation at reasonable computational costs. It thus opens the possibility of performing computationally inexpensive subject-specific simulations that are robust and fast enough to predict clinical results in real time on the same day.
Chiral acetylenic sulfoxide in alkaloid synthesis. Total synthesis of (R)-(+)-carnegine.

Abstract Remarkable diastereoselectivity was observed in the cyclization of β-aminovinyl sulfoxide 5a prepared from chiral acetylenic sulfoxide 1a in acidic medium. The cyclized product 6a was then converted to (R)-(+)-carnegine.
Smoking policies in the home have less influence on cigarettes per day and nicotine dependence level among African American than White smokers: A cross-sectional analysis.

Abstract Background African American smokers suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related disease caused, in part, by lower rates of smoking cessation. We examined whether smoke-free home policies and delay discounting were differentially associated with cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and nicotine dependence (ND) among African Americans and Whites. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from 65 African American (n = 40) and White (n = 25) smokers who completed measures of CPD, ND, tobacco craving, stress, depression, home smoking policy, and delay discounting. Results A significant interaction was found between race and home smoking policy on CPD (B = −11.21, p = 0.002) and ND (B = −3.42, p = 0.004). Smoke-free policies in the home were associated with fewer CPD and lower ND levels among Whites, but not among African Americans. Whites who allowed smoking in their homes had significantly greater mean CPD and higher mean ND than their counterparts who did not allow smoking in the home. Among African American smokers, there were no differences in CPD and ND among those who allowed smoking in their home versus those who did not. Conclusions The findings extend the scientific literature by suggesting that a malleable environmental factor (home smoking policy) commonly associated with cessation among Whites does not have the same influence on cessation among African American.
Optimal resource allocation in networked control systems

This study proposes an optimal bandwidth allocation algorithm for a Networked Control System (NCS) that includes a time-driven sensor, event-driven controller and random channels. The authors predict resource demands at the next time step for the random channels, then calculate the resource demands from the event-driven and the time-driven channels. They allocate bandwidths for each channel by solving a convex optimisation problem based on the resource demands. When the total traffic exceeds the total capacity of the network, only the random and event-driven network bandwidths are allocated optimally. For time-driven channels, they increase the sampling period to reduce traffic volume and satisfy the total capacity constraint. This maintains sufficiently slow sampling to improve the quality of service in NCS. An upper bound on the sampling period is set to guarantee sufficiently fast sampling for control dynamics. Simulation results show that the proposed approach minimises network congestion.
Returning Migrants as a Force to Urban Transformation—A Case Study from Poznan, Poland

Literature has documented how urban landscapes around the world have been altered by immigrant groups but not much has been written on how returning migrants influence urban spaces in their home countries. This chapter focuses on the changes in Poznan, Poland precipitated by the return of Polish migrants from extended labor migration in the UK and other countries. Returning migrants diversify the city by introducing or creating a market for new businesses formerly unknown to the population of Poznan. The return of migrants inspires the introduction of ethnic (but not Polish) cultures and cuisines. These businesses were started and are operated by former emigrants or by travelers who had gained cultural knowledge by living, working, and interacting with different cultures during their stay away from Poland. Returning migrants also become the customer base for new businesses and help to shape and energize new consumer trends. This chapter will describe the origins, process, and outcomes of changes in the urban landscape caused by return migration.
Use of Primary Care and Specialty Providers: Findings from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

A comprehensive picture of how the US population engages in specialty care use is lacking, even though redesign models focused on specialty care are becoming more popular. To describe the type of provider, primary care or specialist, most often seen by individuals, to test associations between type of provider most often seen and insurance coverage, and to test associations between the number of generalist and specialist visits and insurance coverage. Cross-sectional analysis of 2013–2016 Medicaid Expenditure Panel Survey. Logistic and negative binomial models were used in multivariate regression modeling. Depending on the analysis, the study samples include between 71,402 and 79,518 US residents. Individuals’ provider type most often seen, primary care visits, and specialist visits were reported. More than half of the sample (55%) predominantly visited primary care providers (or generalists), and 36% predominantly visited specialists. Among individuals primarily visiting generalists, 80% visited only one type of primary care provider, and 24% also visited one or more specialists. Among individuals primarily visiting specialists, 48% visited only one type of specialist, and 47% did not visit any generalists in the year. Among Medicare enrollees, 50% predominantly visited specialists, and 40% predominantly visited generalists. Medicare enrollment was associated with greater odds of predominantly visiting specialists (p < 0.05), and Medicare-Medicaid enrollment and having no insurance were associated with lower odds of predominantly visiting specialists (p < 0.05). Medicare enrollment was associated with 13% more generalist visits and 35% more specialist visits, and Medicare-Medicaid enrollment was associated with 38% more generalist visits and 15% more specialist visits (all p < 0.05). Given the overall frequency of specialty care use and the reliance on multiple specialists in any given year, particularly among Medicare enrollees, public payers are uniquely positioned to promote specialty care redesign and champion improved coordination between specialists.
Fluorescence quenching in four unicellular algae with different light-harvesting and xanthophyll-cycle pigments

We examined the relationship between non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and xanthophyll de-epoxidation in the unicellular algae Euglena gracilis, Ochromonas danica, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Dunaliella tertiolecta. Generally, low-light-grown algae had a smaller pool of xanthophyll-cycle pigments per chlorophyll than medium-light-grown grown cells, but they developed more NPQ during exposure to high light. Thus, lumen acidification was apparently lower in medium-light-grown cells in spite of the exposure to a photon flux density (PFD) three times the growth PFD. In darkness Dunaliella maintained a relatively large content of de-epoxidized xanthophylls, and NPQ developed without concomitant de-epoxidation in response to a 5-min exposure to high light. Violaxanthin de-epoxidation that occurred during longer exposures to light did not cause a further rise in NPQ in Dunaliella. In Ochromonas, NPQ and xanthophyll de-epoxidation increased simultaneously during a 15-min exposure to high light. A further rise in NPQ was not accompanied by xanthophyll de-epoxidation. In Phaeodactylum, the rise in NPQ and de-epoxidation were nearly linearly related during a 60-min exposure to high light. NPQ recovered quickly after darkening in these three algae and no significant photodamage occurred. In Euglena no xanthophyll-conversions and no quickly reversible NPQ occured in response to high light, suggesting that photodamage occurred. Dunaliella has similar light-harvesting and xanthophyll-cycle pigments as higher plants but the relationship between NPQ and DPS during the exposure to high light was different from the linear relationship that is commonly observed in plants. Conversely, Phaeodactylum, which has different light-harvesting and xanthophyll-cycle pigments, had a relationship similar to that in plants.
3.18 – Tinnitus

Tinnitus is the perception of a sound in the absence of an external acoustic stimulus. Chronic tinnitus is associated with all forms of hearing impairment. Noise exposure is the most important cause of tinnitus. In 10% of individuals experiencing tinnitus, it causes annoyance, sleeplessness and anxiety. It is frequently associated with depression. The adverse reactions to tinnitus are attributed to activation of the limbic and autonomic nervous systems. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have demonstrated objective evidence of tinnitus. Antidepressive therapy, hearing aids, tinnitus retraining therapy, and other psychological methods are effective in the treatment for tinnitus and reactions to it. Improved behavioral therapies enhanced with pharmcotherapy hold promise for the future.
Twice-Daily Doravirine Overcomes the Interaction Effect from Once-Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid in Healthy Volunteers.

Doravirine (DOR) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of HIV-1. Its use in combination with rifapentine (RPT), an antituberculosis (TB) antibiotic, may reduce the exposure of DOR compromising viral suppression in those living with HIV-1 co-infected with TB. We conducted a prospective, phase I, open label, two-period, fixed sequence, drug interaction study to evaluate the effect of once-weekly RPT and isoniazid (INH) on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of DOR in healthy volunteers. DOR 100 mg was administered alone twice-daily for 4 days in period 1. In period 2, once-weekly RPT + INH were co-administered with multiple doses of DOR 100 mg twice-daily for study days 7, 14, and 21. Plasma was obtained for DOR PKs when given alone and co-administered with RPT + INH. Eleven healthy volunteers enrolled and completed the study. The geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals for DOR area under the concentration-time curve from zero to 12 hours (AUC0-12 ) and C12 in the presence of RPT + INH compared with DOR alone were 0.71 (0.60-0.85) and 0.69 (0.54-0.89), respectively. Although exposures were moderately reduced in the presence of RPT + INH, trough DOR values were within the concentration range associated with virological suppression. These results demonstrate that a modest decrease in DOR exposure would unlikely be clinically relevant in a virally suppressed patient co-administered once-weekly RPT + INH.
On the validity of perceived social structure

Abstract The validity of survey-based reports of social relationships is a critical assumption for much social network research. Research on informant accuracy has shown that observational data and recalled behavior by informants are imperfectly correlated, which calls into question whether complex relations like friendship and advice-seeking can be accurately measured from individual reports. A class of network inference models, the Bayesian Network Accuracy Models, growing out of the pioneering work of Batchelder and Romney on inference from informant reports, provides a principled basis for inferring network structure given such error-prone data. Using these models, we can gain insight into the accuracy of informants’ self and proxy reports of social ties, and more broadly, the reliability and validity of respondents’ reports of informal social relations. While existing data does not provide a criterion validity check for inferring most relationships, other notions of validity and/or reliability can still be applied. For instance, if friendship reports are generated from a common underlying network that is perceivable (albeit imperfectly) by all actors, then random subsets of actors should produce estimates that should agree (i.e., split-half reliability). Using informant reports on friendship and advice-seeking networks from four different organizations, we show substantially higher levels of split-half reliability than can be explained by chance, suggesting that models are indeed estimating a common underlying relation. We also show that informants’ errors appear to be structured in ways that are consistent with cognitive models of social perception, with greater accuracy on average for large-scale network features rather than fine details, for own versus others’ ties, and for core–periphery structures versus bipartitions. Evidence from construct validity checks further suggests the that common networks underlying informants’ reports have properties that would be expected of true social structures. Taken together, our findings support the view that informants’ mental models of social structure, while error-prone, nevertheless reflect an underlying social reality.
Consumers Punish Firms that Cut Employee Pay in Response to COVID-19

Two experiments, including one incentive compatible study, examine the impact of cutting pay for executives versus employees in response to COVID-19 on consumer behavior. Study 1 explores the effect of announcing cuts or no cuts to CEO and employee pay, and shows that firms’ commitment to paying employees their full wages leads to the most positive consumer reactions. Study 2 further examines the effects of announcing employee and CEO pay cuts: though announcing CEO pay cuts in tandem with employee pay cuts can help mitigate the negative effects of employee pay cuts, consumers respond most positively to firms which prioritize paying employees regardless of their strategy for CEO pay. These positive perceptions are mediated by perceptions of financial pain to employees. We discuss the implications of our results for firms and policy-makers during economic crises.