cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro galactation of human serum albumin: analysis of the protein's galactation sites by mass spectrometry.

The posttranslational modification of proteins by sugars has been demonstrated in diabetes and classical galactosemia. In diabetes, the glycation process occurs as a result of d-glucose nonenzymatically reacting with proteins such as albumin and hemoglobin, used today as important tools to monitor the efficiency of dietary control and therapy during treatment of diabetes. In classical galactosemia, d-galactose contributes to the formation of glycated proteins as well, suggesting that, akin to diabetes with glucated proteins, the monitoring of galactated proteins may facilitate management of patients with galactosemia. The objectives of this study were (i) to galactate human serum albumin (HSA) in vitro; (ii) to determine, by a sodium borohydride-dependent mass peptide mapping method, the galactation sites in HSA; and (iii) to compare HSA’s galactation sites with the protein’s reported glucation sites. Treatment of galactated HSA with sodium borohydride stabilized the condensed sugars on the protein and yielded discrete fragmentation patterns by tandem mass spectrometry, allowing reliable identification of HSA’s galactation sites. Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry, in combination with tandem mass spectrometry, revealed that the principal sites of galactation in HSA were the e-amino groups of lysine residues 12, 233, 281/276, 414, and 525. Lysyl residues 12, 233, 276, and 525 were previously reported as privileged sites for the nonenzymatic binding of d-glucose with HSA.
Cucurbita super caput ionae Translation and Theology in the Old Latin Tradition

The present paper aims at examining one passage in the Old Latin and Vulgate translations of the Book of Jonah, where Jerome inserted a controversial change by translating the Hebrew qyqywn with the Latin haedera instead of the usual cucurbita. The reasons for this variation are neither immediately evident nor directly stated by the translator, but an analysis of iconographical documents will show that Jerome wanted to exclude the possibility of a millenarian interpretation, which, after the conversion of Constantine, he had to deem heretic.
Response of early lactation cows to diets that vary in ruminal degradability of carbohydrates and amount of fat.

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing the amount of fermentable carbohydrates in a high fat diet may prevent the depression in milk protein content that usually occurs with high fat diets. Forty Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 2 by 2 factorial design to evaluate two sources of carbohydrates (corn and dried whey) without or with added fat (soybean meal and extruded soybeans) in the concentrate mix during wk 4 through 16 postpartum. Total mixed diets, formulated to be isonitrogenous at 16% CP, contained (DM basis) 40% corn silage, 10% alfalfa hay, and 50% of the respective concentrate mix. Production of milk (32.7 and 33.6kg/d), 4% FCM (28.3 and 29.4kg/d), and SCM (28.3 and 29.2kg/d) increased with dried whey in the diet. Percentages of fat (3.14 and 3.09) and protein (2.98 and 2.99) were similar for cows fed corn and dried whey diets. Production of milk (31.7 and 34.6kg/d) increased when cows were fed extruded soybeans. However, production of 4% FCM (28.7 and 29.0kg/d) and SCM (28.5 and 29.0kg/d) were similar due to lower percentages of fat (3.26 and 2.98) and protein (3.03 and 2.95) for cows fed diets containing extruded soybeans. Feeding a readily fermentable carbohydrate source in a high fat diet (dried whey plus soybeans) did not increase the concentration of milk fat (2.91 and 3.05%) or protein (2.96 and 2.94%) relative to corn plus soybeans but did increased production of milk (35.3 and 33.8kg/d).
Activin A is an endogenous inhibitor of ureteric bud outgrowth from the Wolffian duct.

Development of metanephric kidney begins with ureteric bud outgrowth from the Wolffian duct (WD). GDNF is believed to be a crucial positive signal in the budding process, but the negative regulation of this process remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of activin A, a member of TGF-β family, in bud formation using an in vitro WD culture system. When cultured with the surrounding mesonephros, WDs formed many ectopic buds in response to GDNF. While the activin signaling pathway is normally active along the non-budding WD (as measured by expression of activin A and phospho-Smad2/3), activin A was absent and phospho-Smad2/3 was undetectable in the ectopic buds induced by GDNF. To examine the role of activin A in bud formation, we attempted to inactivate activin action. Interestingly, the addition of neutralizing anti-activin A antibody potentiated GDNF action. To further clarify the role of activin A, we also tested the effect of activin blockade on the WD cultured in the absence of mesonephros. WDs without mesonephros did not form ectopic buds even in the presence of GDNF. In contrast, blockade of activin action with a variety of agents acting through different mechanisms (natural antagonist, neutralizing antibodies, siRNA) enabled GDNF to induce ectopic buds. Inhibition of GDNF-induced bud formation by activin A was accompanied by inhibition of cell proliferation, reduced expression of Pax-2, and decreased phosphorylation of PI3-kinase and MAP kinase in the WD. Our data suggest that activin A is an endogenous inhibitor of bud formation and that cancellation of activin A autocrine action may be critical for the initiation of this process.
A Compass, Not a Mirror: Georgetown University's Peripatetic Icon

Abstract A former student reflects on the pedagogy and teaching career of Fr. James V. Schall, S.J. at Georgetown University.
“It’s Not Who You Know, but Who You Add:” An investigation into the differential impact of friend adding and self-disclosure on interpersonal perceptions on Facebook

Abstract This research seeks to understand how people perceive and respond to structural factors and different types of disclosure on Facebook when evaluating the profile of someone they have never met offline. Using a 2 × 3 × 2 between-subjects experimental design, this research explored the relationship between friend adding (add; no add), levels of self-disclosure (low, medium, high), and sex of the Facebook profile owner (male; female) on feelings of interpersonal liking, future behavioral intentions to interact, and homophily. Results indicated that friend adding and higher levels of self-disclosure led to greater feelings of interpersonal liking and homophily amongst both male and female participants. In addition, males tended to view other male profiles with moderate amounts of disclosure and female profiles with the highest amount of disclosure most favorably. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Adaptability of rabbit digastric muscle to an abrupt change in length: A radiographic study

Abstract This study examined the chronic adaptive response of oral skeletal muscle to an abrupt change in muscle length. Digastric muscles of 11 rabbits were implanted with small, barbed metal markers. The distances were measured from periodically taken radiographs. After a control period of 35 days, the muscle was abruptly stretched by shortening the tendon into a loop. Adaptive change in muscle length following the stretching was determined by radiographically observing the distances between the implanted markers. Within a day, the tendon began to lengthen and the muscle began to shorten. After 3 weeks, the tendon reached 151 per cent of its original length and the muscle 84 per cent of its original length. It is suggested that passive muscle tension, acting on an altered tendon structure, can account for the observed lengthening and muscle shortening.
Increasing Off-Service Resident Productivity while on their Emergency Department Rotation Using Shift Cards

Abstract Background Differences in productivity between off-service residents rotating in the emergency department (ED) and their emergency medicine (EM) resident counterparts have never been directly quantified. Objectives We sought to quantify the difference between off-service residents rotating in the ED and their EM resident counterparts. We also sought to find whether shift cards could be used to increase the productivity of off-service residents rotating in the ED. Methods This is a prospective cohort study conducted at an urban, tertiary, Level I trauma center. We implemented the use of shift cards for off-service residents during their EM rotation. Completion of the shift card involved recording patients seen and their dispositions, procedures done, and documenting a learned bedside teaching point from their shift that day. Productivity was measured in terms of patients seen per hour (PPH) and relative value units per hour (RVU/h). Results Off-service residents showed a productivity of 0.529 PPH (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.493–0.566) and 1.40 RVU/h (95% CI 1.28–1.53) prior to implementation of shift cards. With the introduction of shift cards, productivity increased to 0.623 PPH (95% CI 0.584–0.663, p = 0.001) and 1.77 RVU/h (95% CI 1.64–1.91, p = 0.001). In comparison, first year EM resident productivity was 0.970 PPH (95% CI 0.918–1.02) and 3.01 RVU/h (95% CI 2.83–3.19). Conclusions Shift cards can be used to foster motivation for off-service residents rotating in the ED, and is a simple and cost-effective method to improve system-based practices and utilization of resources.
Reflections on Mandated Reporting and Challenges in the Therapeutic Relationship: A Case Study With Systemic Implications

The impact of legally mandated reporting of child abuse on the therapeutic relationship is discussed through a case study of a 13-year-old girl dating an 18-year-old boy. The challenges for the cou...
FACTORS AFFECTING AURAL DETECTIONS OF SONGBIRDS

Many factors affect the number of birds detected on point count surveys of breeding songbirds. The magnitude and importance of these factors are not well understood. We used a bird song simulation system to quantify the effects of detection distance, singing rate, species differences, and observer differences on detection probabilities of birds detected by ear. We simulated 40 point counts consisting of 10 birds per count for five primary species (Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia, Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerules- cens, Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens, Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina, and Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus) over a range of 15 distances (34-143 m). Songs were played at low (two songs per count) and high (13-21 songs per count) singing rates. Detection probabilities averaged across observers ranged from 0.60 (Black-and-white Warbler) to 0.83 (Hooded Warbler) at the high singing rate and 0.41 (Black-and-white Warbler) to 0.67 (Hooded Warbler) at the low singing rate. Logistic regression analyses indicated that species, singing rate, distance, and observer were all significant factors affecting detection probabilities. Singing rate 3 species and singing rate 3 distance interactions were also significant. Simulations of expected counts, based on the best logistic model, indicated that observers detected between 19% (for the worst observer, lowest singing rate, and least detectable species) and 65% (for the best observer, highest singing rate, and most detectable species) of the true population. Detection probabilities on actual point count surveys are likely to vary even more because many sources of variability were controlled in our experiments. These findings strongly support the importance of adjusting measures of avian diversity or abundance from auditory point counts with direct estimates of detection probability.
Chromosome numbers of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) from Africa south of the Sahara

All previously reported chromosome counts for Umbelliferae of tropical and southern Africa are summarized, two from Socotra are included. New counts on 35 taxa in 14 genera are provided, mostly from Malawi or South Africa. Alepidea, Baumiella, Diplolophium, Lefebvrea, and Lichtensteinia are included for the first time.
Lysine in seed protein fromS-aminoethyl-l-cysteine resistant anther-derived tissue cultures of rice

Rice cells derived from PI 353705 (similar to Assam 5) were isolated from anthers cultured on Blaydes medium containing IAA, 2,4-D, kinetin, yeast extract, and coconut milk. Isolated aggregates of cells were plated on a modified Blaydes medium containing 10−3 M S-aminoethyl-l-cysteine (S-AEC). This level ofS-AEC inhibits nonselected wild type cells. Cells or aggregates of cells resistant to this analog of lysine were subcultured three times in the presence of 2×10−3 M S-AEC. The selected cells were then placed on a Murashige-Skoog (MS) regenerating medium containing 1 mg/l each of IAA and kinetin. Ten plants were recovered from 34 selected cell lines, three plants grew to maturity, and two produced seeds. Seeds from plants regenerated from cells in culture had higher lysine than the original field controls and had increased levels of free alanine, arginine, and asparagine. The in vitro selection produced plants with higher protein than the field controls. Plant breeders have begun to evaluate the genotype recovered from in vitro selection.
Access to Well‐Defined Ruthenium(I) and Osmium(I) Metalloradicals

One electron redn. of Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes, [SiP^(iPr)_3]MCl (M = Ru, Os) [SiP^R_3]- ([SiP^R_3]- = (2-R_2PC_6H_4)_3Si-, R = iPr), under dinitrogen atm. yields the first well-defined and thoroughly characterized examples of mononuclear Ru(I) and Os(I) complexes, [SiP^(iPr)_3]M(N_2) (M = Ru, Os). EPR and DFT studies confirm their resp. metalloradical character, and reactivity studies expose both 1-electron and 2-electron redox transformations. In particular, reactions of [SiP^(iPr)_3]M(N_2) (M = Ru, Os) with an orgnanic azide afford the unusual imido/nitrene complexes, [SiP^(iPr)_3]M(NAr) (M = Ru, Os; Ar = C_6H_4CF_3), which possess significant radical character on the 'ArN' moiety.
A Combined Logarithmic Bound on the Chromatic Index of Multigraphs

For a multigraph G, the integer round-up of the fractional chromatic index provides a good general lower bound for the chromatic index . For an upper bound, Kahn 1996 showed that for any real there exists a positive integer N so that whenever . We show that for any multigraph G with order n and at least one edge, ). This gives the following natural generalization of Kahn's result: for any positive reals , there exists a positive integer N so that + c whenever . We also compare the upper bound found here to other leading upper bounds.
Group Relaxation Training and Parental Involvement with Hyperactive Boys

This study investigated the effects of group relaxation training and parental involvement with hyperactive boys on three factors of self-concept: personal-self; social-self; and intellectual-self as measured by the Primary Self-Concept Inventory (PSCI). Subjects were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 16) and control (n = 16) groups. The treatment consisted of three sessions of group relaxation training. Mothers of the experimental group boys also participated in group relaxation exercise sessions separately from their sons. Mothers of the experimental boys were asked to encourage their sons in their relaxation efforts by doing the exercises with their sons at least once a day. They were also instructed to have their sons do the exercises prior to situations which would require continuous attention. Multivariate analysis of variance procedures indicated significant differences between the experimental and control boys (F3.28 = 5.63; p<.01). Post hoc procedures (univariate Fs and discriminant analysis) re...
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α/Caehectin Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Primary Macrophages

Macrophages are important target cells for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The ability of HIV-1 to productively infect macrophages may be influenced by endogenous cytokines that alter the activation state of these cells. In this study, the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha/cachectin (TNF alpha), a cytokine with macrophage-activating properties, on HIV-1 replication in primary blood monocyte-derived macrophages was examined. Treatment of macrophages with recombinant human TNF alpha (rTNF alpha), starting before or after HIV-1 infection, consistently enhanced viral production fivefold or greater above control (P less than .01). rTNF alpha was active at low concentrations (0.05-50 ng/ml) and increased the replication of both lymphocyte-tropic (human T lymphotropic virus type IIIB) and macrophage-tropic (human T lymphotropic virus type III BaL) strains of HIV-1. These findings provide additional evidence that TNF alpha may play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection by upregulating viral expression in macrophages.
Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors with the LeVeen probe: is roll-off predictive of response?

PURPOSE The LeVeen radiofrequency (RF) probe uses roll-off of electrical impedance as the endpoint for RF cautery of hepatic tumors. The purpose of this study is to determine the relation of roll-off to local control of hepatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty hepatic tumors, including 10 hepatomas and 10 metastases, were treated. Lesions ranged from 1.4 cm to 6.0 cm in diameter; 13 (57%) were smaller than 3.0 cm. Each lesion was ablated with use of the LeVeen 15-gauge RF needle according to the manufacturer's protocol. Five patients underwent chemoembolization the day before. Patients were followed up with contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging at 1 month and every 3 months thereafter. RESULTS Among the 20 lesions, roll-off was achieved at all burn locations in 11 (55%), no burn locations in eight (40%), and two of three burn locations in one (5%). Roll-off was observed in all patients who had undergone chemoembolization the day before. Six local recurrences occurred, five after RF ablation without roll-off and one after RF ablation with roll-off. According to life-table analysis, the local recurrence rate at 6 months without roll-off was 43% and with roll-off was 15% ( P = .024; OR=8.3; 95% CI=0.93–66). CONCLUSION Roll-off is a significant predictor of local control after RF ablation. Strategies to enhance roll-off, such as concurrent embolization, may be important to optimize the therapeutic effect of this device.
Effects of cardiac stress during a very-low-calorie diet and exercise program in obese women

To assess the safety of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs), stress tests known to induce arrhythmias in susceptible patients were performed in 24 obese women on a VLCD (660-720 kcal/d) for 6 wk. Half of the subjects had diet only (DO) and half underwent supervised exercise (DE) four times weekly. Five control subjects ate a balanced, moderately low-calorie diet (approximately 1400 kcal/d). Stress tests included maximal and submaximal (85%) exercise, psychological stress, and isometric handgrip tests, all with constant electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. Twenty-four-hour Holter monitors at weeks 0 and 6 and weekly resting ECGs were obtained. DO and DE lost similar amounts of weight. There were no changes in QT intervals or in voltage or width of the QRS complex on resting ECG and no arrhythmias on Holter monitoring. These data support the safety of VLCDs containing greater than or equal to 650 kcal/d and adequate amounts of high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals for use for periods of at least 6 wk in normal, healthy obese women.
The Effect of Combustor-Turbine Interface Gap Leakage on the Endwall Heat Transfer for a Nozzle Guide Vane

To enable turbine components to withstand high combustion temperatures, they are cooled by air routed from the compressor, which can leak through gaps between components. These gaps vary in size from thermal expansions that take place. The leakage flow between the interface of the combustor and the turbine, in particular, interacts with the flowfield along the endwall. This study presents measurements of adiabatic cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients on the endwall of a first vane, with the presence of leakage flow through a flush slot upstream of the vane. The effect of axial contraction of the slot width due to thermal expansion of the engine was tested for two blowing rates. Contracting the slot width, while maintaining the slot mass flow, resulted in a larger coolant coverage area and higher effectiveness values, as well as slightly lower heat transfer coefficients. Matching the momentum flux ratio of the leakage flow from the nominal and contracted slot widths lowered both cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients for the contracted slot flow. Comparison of the coolant coverage pattern to the measured endwall shear stress topology indicated that the trajectory of the slot coolant was dictated by the complex endwall flow.
Next generation 911: when technology drives public policy

As telecommunications technology has advanced, citizens assume that their communication devices are capable of soliciting emergency assistance. According to Marc Andreessen, developments in information technology are finding their way first to consumers and only later making their way into other arenas (The Economist, 2011). Text, video and calls from voice over IP (VOIP) phones are increasingly popular; however, the ability to procure 911 help via these modes has not been widely implemented. As the technology of 911 becomes more complicated and more expensive, federal and state agencies have struggled to find ways to enable public safety capability to meet consumer assumptions. These agencies have begun to recognise and act upon the need for centralised planning.
Correlation of corrected flow time in the carotid artery with changes in intravascular volume status.

Abstract Purpose Assessment of volume status remains a challenge in critical care. Our purpose was to determine if Doppler waveform analysis of carotid artery blood flow correlates with changes in volume status. Materials and methods Dehydrated patients receiving an intravenous fluid bolus were enrolled with exclusions including age less than 18 years, pregnancy, vasopressor administration, or atrial fibrillation. Ultrasound examination with Doppler analysis of the carotid artery was performed with measurements taken to calculate corrected flow time (FTc). Corrected flow time, mean arterial pressure, and pulse rate before and after fluid administration were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Results Fifty-six patients were enrolled with mean fluid administration of 1110 mL. Corrected flow time increased with fluid resuscitation from prefluid mean of 299 milliseconds (95% confidence interval [CI], 282-317 milliseconds) to a postfluid mean of 340 milliseconds (95% CI, 323-358 milliseconds) (P Conclusion Intravenous fluid administration in dehydrated patients resulted in significant changes in FTc in the carotid artery despite no change in vital signs. Corrected flow time measured from carotid arterial blood flow may be a useful means of assessing volume status in volume-depleted patients.
Colorado regional haze case study — Balancing visibility improvement with costs of control

• Congress… “declares as a national goal the prevention of any future and remedying of any existing impairment of visibility in any mandatory Class I Federal areas which impairment results from man-made air pollution”
Differences in energy intake affect body composition and adipose tissue accretion in young growing piglets

Abstract From d 7 to d 32 of age, piglets were fed one of three diets that varied in energy content: LE, lowest; IE, intermediate; and HE, highest. The protein, vitamin and mineral content was constant, the fat content varied, and the amount fed was on a body-weight basis. Body fat, adipose tissue fat and adipocyte size were proportional to energy intake. Adipocyte distribution was bimodal at d 32; cells 25 μm was larger in the LE than in the IE and HE groups.
Characterization of Polarization Sensitive, High Efficiency Dielectric Gratings for Formation Flight Interferometry

Reflective diffraction gratings enable novel optical configurations that simplify and improve laser interferometers. We have proposed an all-reflective grating interferometer that can be used in LISA type interferometers for space gravitational wave detection [1]. One configuration requires a highly polarization sensitive grating. We report on characterizations of a grating made atop high reflective dielectric layers. Using a direct measurement method, the diffraction efficiency at the Littrow angle for s-polarization is measured as 97.3% and for p-polarization 4.2%, leading to a s/p polarization diffraction ratio of 23.2. The depolarization from s- to p-polarization is measured to be ~1.7×10-4, and from p- to s-polarization 1.8×10-4. We derived a transfer matrix based on these measurements. Furthermore, we have developed a more accurate method for diffraction efficiency measurement using a grating cavity. These measurements are encouraging steps taken towards the requirements of an ideal grating interferometer.
HIV and Proteinuria in an Injection Drug User Population

Background and objectives: Proteinuria is a major determinant of chronic kidney disease. We aimed to characterize the prevalence and correlates of proteinuria in a cohort of HIV-infected and uninfected injection drug users. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: A cross-sectional analysis was performed among 902 injection drug users (273 HIV-infected) in the AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience cohort. The primary outcome was proteinuria defined as having a urine protein/creatinine concentration ratio >200 mg/g. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to determine prevalence ratios. Results: Overall, 24.8% of participants had proteinuria; the prevalence was 2.9 times higher among HIV-infected participants (45%) compared with HIV-uninfected participants (16%). In addition, age, health insurance, employment status, hepatitis B and C serostatus, diabetes, and high BP were associated with proteinuria. Neither antiretroviral therapy nor features of illicit drug use history were associated with proteinuria. In multivariate analysis, HIV infection, unemployment, increased age, diabetes, hepatitis C infection, and high BP were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of proteinuria. Conclusions: In an aging, predominantly African-American cohort of injection drug users, we found a striking burden of proteinuria that was strongly associated with HIV status. In addition to being a pathway to ESRD, proteinuria is a potent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of aggressive screening and disease-modification strategies in this high-risk population is warranted.
Toward an object-based assessment of high-resolution forecasts of long-lived convective precipitation in the central U.S.

Forecast models have seen vast improvements in recent years, via both increased resolutions and the ability to assimilate observational data, particularly that which has been affected by clouds and precipitation. The High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model is an hourly updated, 3 km model designed for forecasting convective precipitation recently deployed for operational use over the U.S. that initializes latent heating profiles as a function of assimilated radar reflectivity. An object-oriented verification process was developed to validate experimental HRRR convective precipitation forecasts during the 2013 warm season using the NCEP Stage IV multisensor precipitation product. A database of 467 convective precipitation features that were observed during the forecast assimilation period and their corresponding HRRR forecast precipitation features was created. This database was used to evaluate model performance over the entire forecast period, and to relate that performance to model processes, especially those related to precipitation production. Generally, HRRR precipitation is located within 30 km of the observed throughout the forecast period. Validation statistics are best at forecast hour 3, with median biases in mean, maximum, and total rainfall and raining area near 0%. Earlier in the forecast, median biases in the mean and maximum rain rate exceed 30%, with bias values often exceeding 150%. The median bias in areal extent at the beginning of the forecast is near −40%. This low areal bias and POD values <0.6 appear to be related to the model's ability to produce deep convection relative to atmospheric moisture content and concentration of rainfall in convective cores.
Chaotic microcavity laser with high quality and unidirectional output

We demonstrate a chaotic microcavity laser which not only produces unidirectional emission but also has a quality factor of 22000. The output beam has a divergence angle less than 40 degree for all lasing modes.
The molecular evolution of development

Morphological differences between species, from simple single-character differences to large-scale variation in body plans, can be traced to changes in the timing and location of developmental events. This has led to a growing interest in understanding the genetic basis behind the evolution of developmental systems. Molecular evolutionary genetics provides one of several approaches to dissecting the evolution of developmental systems, by allowing us to reconstruct the history of developmental genetic pathways, infer the origin and diversification of developmental gene functions, and assess the relative contributions of various evolutionary forces in shaping regulatory gene evolution.
Biologically Plausible Local Learning Rules for the Adaptation of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a compensatory eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head turns. Its magnitude, or gain, can be modified by visual experience during head movements. Possible learning mechanisms for this adaptation have been explored in a model of the oculomotor system based on anatomical and physiological constraints. The local correlational learning rules in our model reproduce the adaptation and behavior of the VOR under certain parameter conditions. From these conditions, predictions for the time course of adaptation at the learning sites are made.
Inhibition of Streptococcus Mutans and Other Oral Streptococci by Hop (Humulus Lupulus L.) Constituents

Abstract We report the inhibition of the causative agents of dental caries, Streptococcus mutans and other oral streptococci, by the antimicrobially active ingredients of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.). The hop constituents studied were purified beta acid, xanthohumol, iso-alpha acid and tetra iso-alpha acid. Cruder hop extracts were also investigated. The antimicrobial activity of these hop constituents was tested against four strains of Streptococcus mutans as well as one strain each of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus salivarius and compared to antimicrobial essential oils used in mouthwashes in two independent assay systems. We found that all tested hop constituents inhibited the Streptococci. The minimum inhibitory concentration at pH 7.5 ranged from 2 to 50 µg/ml depending on the microorganism and hop phytochemical tested. Contrary to a previous report, there was no activity enhancement by ascorbic acid over and above the enhancement due to pH lowering. There was no resistance development...
Two New Species of Moonworts (Botrychium subg. Botrychium) from Alaska

Abstract Botrychium tunux and Botrychium yaaxudakeit, new species of moonworts currently known only from southern Alaska, are described and illustrated. These ferns are distinguished from B. lunaria, with which they have been confused, by allozyme data and their morphological characteristics. Ploidy levels of B. tunux (diploid) and B. yaaxudakeit (tetraploid) are inferred from allozyme patterns. A key to Alaskan moonworts is presented.
Nutrition in Renal Failure

The uremic patient has multiple nutritional problems including those associated with dietary protein intake, fluid and electrolyte balance, phosphate retention, and acid-base disturbances. In the last two decades, enormous strides have been made in the care of these patients. A better understanding of the nutritional needs of the uremic patient has developed, and problem areas have been better defined. In addition, the advent of dialysis has generated an entirely new area for nutritional investigation. This review will describe the present status of nutritional therapy in dialyzed and undialyzed renal failure patients, including some recent advances in our understanding of protein metabohsm and their influence on dietary therapy.
Folic Acid Fortification, Folate Status and Plasma Homocysteine

Folic acid fortification of enriched cereal-grain products (which became mandatory in the U.S. on January 1, 1998) was intended to increase folate intake among childbearing-aged women to reduce their risk of neural tube birth defect (NTD)-affected pregnancies. Interest now focuses on assessing the effects of fortification on risk of NTDs and on folate intake relative to homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations and risk of vascular disease, although a causal relationship between the latter two has not been demonstrated. Increased serum folate levels were first reported in 1999. Data from the Framingham Offspring Study cohort showed increased mean serum folate in middle-aged and older adults; additionally, the prevalence of high Hcy concentrations had decreased by approximately 50% in subjects examined before (1995-1996) and after (1997-1998) fortification. Another analyses of samples collected between 1994 and 1999 identified a trend of increasing serum folate values from 1996 onward with values in 1998 160% of those measured in 1996. Comparisons between 1988-1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III data and 1999 NHANES showed increased serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations among childbearing-aged women. While recent data show improved folate status in a short period of time, much about long-term effects of the fortification program remains unknown. Interest in the effects of increased folate intakes on risk of NTDs or vascular disease needs to be balanced against concerns about masking the anemia of vitamin B-12 deficiency and the general lack of data about safety of continuous high intakes. Careful monitoring over time is necessary to determine that the program functions as intended.
RNA AND PROTEIN REPLACEMENT IN THE NUCLEUS DURING GROWTH AND DIVISION AND THE CONSERVATION OF COMPONENTS IN THE CHROMOSOME

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the RNA and protein replacement in the nucleus during growth and division and the conservation of components in the chromosome. It presents a study that involves the use of a similar approach combining microsurgery with isotope labeling of proteins in amoeba. In this study, DNA, RNA, or proteins of amoebae were labeled with tritiated precursors during the S period. Cytoplasmic amputations were made on these cells to inhibit mitosis and at the same time to permit continuous growth on nonradioactive food organisms between operations. By this procedure, the original radioactive cytoplasm was replaced with nonradioactive cytoplasm, while the cells were kept in uninterrupted interphase. Tritiated thymidine incorporated in the cytoplasm of amoebae was eliminated by ten operations, but the level of radioactivity in nuclear DNA remained unchanged. RNA labeled with H3-uridine was completely eliminated from both nucleus and cytoplasm by 12 operations. The main mass of protein labeled with tritiated amino acids was eliminated by 12 operations. The gradual decrease of radioactive protein in the nucleus and the persisting low level of radioactive protein in the cytoplasm during an additional 5 or more operations indicated the very gradual loss of radioactive protein from the nucleus.
Mycobacterial Osteomyelitis of the Spine Following Intravesical BCG Therapy for Bladder Cancer.

Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that can involve the vertebral column. A rare cause of vertebral osteomyelitis is Mycobacterium bovis after intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. In this report, we describe the case of a 64-year-old male presenting with constitutional symptoms, progressive thoracic kyphosis, and intractable T11 and T12 radiculopathies over the proceeding six months. A CT scan revealed erosive, lytic changes of the T12 and L1 vertebrae with compression of the T12 vertebra. An MRI demonstrated T11-12 osteomyelitis with intervening discitis and extensive paraspinal enhancement with a corresponding hyperintensity on a short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence. A needle aspiration grew out Mycobacterial tuberculosis complex that was pansensitive to all antimicrobial agent therapies, except pyrazinamide on culture, a finding consistent with an M. bovis infection. The patient’s infection and neurologic compromise resolved after transthoracic T11-12 vertebrectomies with decompression of the spinal cord and nerve roots as well as T10-L1 instrumented fusion and protracted antimicrobial therapy. The epidemiology and natural history of M. bovis osteomyelitis are reviewed and the authors emphasize a mechanism of vertebral inoculation to explain the predilection of M. bovis osteomyelitis in males after intravesical BCG therapy.
Symptomatic Bradycardia in a Healthy Older Adult.

©2016 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2016625 Teri M. Kozik is a nurse researcher and George S. Charos is an electrophysiologist and director of Cardiology at St. Joseph’s Medical Center, Stockton, California. Salah S. Al-Zaiti is an assistant professor at the Department of Acute and Tertiary Care Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Mary G. Carey is associate director for clinical nursing research, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York and Michele M. Pelter is an assistant professor at the the Department of Physiological Nursing at University of California, San Francisco, California. ECG Puzzler
Pulsed Ultrasonic Sound for Control of Oviposition by Cabbage Looper Moths

Pulsed ultrasonic sound was broadcasted over lettuce and broccoli crops to determine its effectiveness in reducing oviposition by the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). Three frequencies were used: 20, 30, and 40 kHz. Each was doubly pulsed: a low-frequency pulse (duration 1 second, interval 5 seconds), and a high-frequency pulse (duration 25 mseconds, interval 50 mseconds). The high-frequency pulse was generated during the on-time of the low-frequency pluse. Overall reductions in oviposition of 41, 23, and 30% were obtained in plots treated with 20, 30, and 40 kHz sound, respectively. However, sound intensities within each plot ranged from 30 or 40 to 80 or 90 db (re 0.0002 dynes/cm2). Linearregression analyses indicated that the greatest reduction in oviposition—up to 66%—occurred on plants receiving the highest sound intensities (70 to 90 db).
Abstract 4402: Triple negative breast cancer progression is impacted by NR4A orphan nuclear receptor signaling

PURPOSE: Despite the lack of an increased rate of breast cancer occurrence among African-American women, African-American women suffer greater mortality due to breast cancer as compared with other ethnic groups. A key factor in decreased survival among African American women may be the elevated occurrence of triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) breast cancers. The negative response makes these patients ineligible for hormonal therapy or Her2 targeted therapies, often leaving cytotoxic chemotherapeutic strategies. The NR4A subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors have the potential to serve as distinct, specific pharmacological targets which can directly affect apoptosis and be exploited to design highly selective, less toxic regimens in triple negative breast cancer phenotypes. DESIGN METHOD: Using cell lines derived from MB468 cells, crystal violet staining and Alamar blue assays for cell viability, Western blot for protein expression, PCR for gene expression, and fluorescence microscopy for immunohistochemical staining and xenograft studies were performed. RESULTS: Breast tumor microarrays demonstrate that NR4A2 is highly expressed in the nucleus of normal, but not malignant breast epithelial cells. shRNA-mediated silencing of NR4A2 in triple negative breast cancer cells leads to increased proliferation. Studies also reveal shRNA-silencing of NR4A2 expression mediated partial resistance to doxorubicin, while overexpression leads to cell cycle arrest. Additionally, gene expression arrays show that overexpression of NR4A2 induces expression of angiogenic factors, and suppresses markers associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that NR4A2 is a viable pharmacological target in triple negative breast cancer and may prove an effective means to address the disparity in survival rates of African-American women as compared to other ethnicities. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4402. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4402
An Analysis of Sports Research Output Status and Influencing Factors in Shanghai“985 Project”Universities

The purpose of this study was to find out and analyse Sports research output situation of the four"Project 985"universities in Shanghai,then analyzing the influence factors of research output. Putting forward Specific advice based on Surveys And Analysis. Methods: This study takes journal article,projects and monograph as the measurement indexes,applying literature study,interviewing method,mathematical statistics. Conclusion: First, the Sports research output of East China Normal University is at the same level with the other subjects,For the other three universities,there is a big gap between the Sports research output and other subjects' research output. Second,sports research tradition,PE teachers' research consciousness and ability are the main factors of restricting the sports research. Third,Putting forward specific advice. Strengthen the training of PE teachers,Introduction of high level talents,raise PE teachers' awareness of the sports research,encourage interdisciplinary research and international communication.
A SULFUR-PHOSPHORUS ABSOLUTE FAST NEUTRON FLUX DETECTOR

Threshold detectors composed of S-P mixtures are used for flux measurements on fast neutrons. P is incorporated into the detector in order to furnish a method for determining the counting efficiency of the counter. The counter is exposed to thermal neutrons with a known flux, and the P/sup 32/ produced by the P/sup 31/(n, gamma )P/sup 32/ is determined. The detector is then covered with Cd in order to prevent further P/sup 32/ production by this mechanism, and is exposed to the unknown fast-neutron flux. The P/sup 32/ produced by the fast-neutron reaction S/sup 32/(n,p)P/sup 32/ is then determined, and since the counting efficiency of the counter is known from the thermal- neutron measurement, the absolute fast-neutron flux can be calculated. (T.F.H.)
Integrating Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Health Care Environment: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacists

Abstract In this chapter, practical aspects of integrating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in a hospital system are discussed with special emphasis on how frequently drug monitoring should be ordered, turnaround time, who should interpret results (pharmacist vs laboratory professionals), and overall cost savings to the hospital due to TDM.
Helicobacter pylori-induced changes in microtubule dynamics conferred by α-tubulin phosphorylation on Ser/Tyr mediate gastric mucosal secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its modulation by ghrelin

Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) secretion in response to proinflammatory challenge remains under a strict control of factors that affect the stability dynamics of the major cytoskeleton polymeric structures, microtubules (MTs). In this study, we report that H. pylori LPS-elicited induction gastric mucosal MMP-9 secretion is accompanied by the enhancement in MT stabilization as evidenced by the increase in α-tubulin acetylation and detyrosination while the modulatory influence of hormone, ghrelin, is associated with MT destabilization and reflected in a decrease in α-tubulin acetylation and detyrosination. Further, we reveal that the LPS-induced enhancement in MT stabilization and up-regulation in MMP-9 secretion as well as the modulatory influence of ghrelin occur with the involvement of PKCδ and SFK. The LPS effect is reflected in a marked increase in PKCδ-mediated α-tubulin phosphorylation on Ser, while the modulatory effect of ghrelin on MT dynamics and MMP-9 secretion is manifested by the SFK-dependent phosphorylation of α-tubulin on Tyr. Moreover, the changes in α-tubulin phosphorylation and MT stabilization dynamics occur in concert with the Golgi recruitment and activation of PKD2 and Arf-GEF. The findings demonstrate that the enhancement in gastric mucosal MMP-9 secretion in response to H. pylori and its modulation by ghrelin are the result of changes in MT dynamics conferred by PKCδ/SFK- mediated α-tubulin Ser/Tyr phosphorylation.
Thrombotic and Embolic Complications Associated With Atrial Arrhythmia After Fontan Operation: Role of Prophylactic Therapy

Abstract Background There are limited data about the risk of thrombotic and embolic complication (TEC) in adults with atrial arrhythmia after Fontan operation. Objectives This study sought to determine the risk of TEC in this population and the role of anticoagulation therapy in TEC prevention. Methods This was a retrospective review of adults with atrial arrhythmia after Fontan operation who were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic between 1994 to 2014. TEC was classified into 2 groups: systemic TEC, defined as intracardiac thrombus, ischemic stroke, or systemic arterial embolus; and nonsystemic TEC, defined as Fontan conduit/right atrial thrombus or pulmonary embolus. Patients were divided into 3 groups: anticoagulation, antiplatelet, and no therapy cohorts. Results We followed 278 patients, mean age 31 ± 9 years, for 88 ± 14 months (1,464 patient-years). Patient groups included antiplatelet (n = 181), anticoagulation (n = 91), and no therapy (n = 6). There were 97 TEC in 81 patients (29%); 32 were systemic, yielding an event rate of 2.1 systemic TEC per 100 patient-years, and 65 were nonsystemic TEC, yielding an event rate of 4.4 nonsystemic TEC per 100 patient-years. Prevalence of TEC was 18% and 55% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Atriopulmonary connection was a risk factor for TEC (hazard ratio: 2.31; 95% confidence interval: 1.61 to 4.64), and TEC were associated with higher risk of death and hospitalization (p Conclusions Anticoagulation was associated with lower TEC rate and lower risk of death and hospitalization, without a significant increase in bleeding risk. Perhaps anticoagulation should be the preferred preventive strategy.
SMILE antenna arrays for wireless communication

The paper discusses the recently proposed smart antenna architecture based on the spatial multiplexing of local elements (SMILE) technique. A new method of reducing mutual coupling in the SMILE type smart antenna receiver is proposed. The new method utilizes the dynamic switching nature of the SMILE array feed network to reduce mutual coupling. It is shown that proper placement of the switching device in the feed network reduces the magnitude of the surface current on the patch elements not activated by the SMILE system. Through simulations, this reduction in current is shown to improve the active element pattern to nearly the ideal single element pattern. Furthermore, it is shown that the radiation patterns formed by the SMILE smart antenna array using this technique match extremely closely with ideal patterns predicted by theory.