cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of doxorubicin on the expression of apoptotic-related genes in 22rv1 prostate cancer cells (1010.12)

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a common chemotherapy drug used to treat a wide variety of cancer types. The drug is known as an intercalating agent that binds to DNA, inhibiting biosynthesis and ultimately r...
Negative modulation of human NK cell activity by purinoceptors. 1. Effect of exogenous adenosine triphosphate.

Abstract A variety of receptors, including purinergic receptors (for adenosine and adenosine nucleotides), are present on lymphoid cells. We have investigated the negative modulatory action of ATP, a high-energy purinergic compound, on the human peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells. Micromolar doses of exogenous ATP produced a strong, direct, reversible, and dose-dependent (2.5 × 10 −5 to 8 × 10 −4 M ) inhibition of NK cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in 98% of the 131 healthy donors tested. The inhibitory effect of ATP could be demonstrated in unseparated total lymphocytes and enriched NK cells (Percoll density gradient or negative selection by complement lysis) in 2-or 16-hr NK assays, at various effectontarget ratios, at suboptimal and saturating concentrations of the K562 targets. The inhibitory constants ID 20 and ID 50max for ATP (2 hr), which were 5.6 × 10 −5 and 8 × 10 −5 M , respectively, appear to be a relatively stable feature of an individual. The mechanism of action of ATP was also explored. It is not due to a simple chelation by ATP of the divalent cations Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ which play a role in the binding/lytic reactions during NK cell-mediated oncolysis. ATP treatment of lymphocytes neither nonspecifically decreased the number of viable cells nor specifically eliminated the NK cells, including their subsets, CD57 + 16 − , CD57 + 16 + , and CD57 − 16 + as revealed by immunofluorescence staining. Use of an enzyme-like kinetic approach to define the nature of ATP-induced inhibition suggests that it may be an “uncompetitive” type (Lineweaver-Burke reciprocal plot), because both V max (maximal velocity of oncolysis) and K m (Michaelis constant) were reduced simultaneously from 1.53 × 10 4 and 2.64 × 10 4 to 0.44 × 10 4 and 0.73 × 10 4 , respectively, in presence of ATP. Other methods (Eadie-Hofstee's and Hane's equations) confirmed that ATP does elicit a qualitatively and quantitatively similar shift in these kinetic parameters. Finally, an 18-hr preactivation of effectors by interleukin 2 (IL2) resulted in partial protection from the negative modulation of NK activity by ATP, while the presence of ATP during preincubation did not interfere with the desensitizing effect of IL2. The biological relevance of these findings are discussed and it is concluded that by interacting with appropriate (non-FcRIII?) cell-surface binding sites such as P 2 purinergic receptors, ATP is capable of negatively modulating the antitumor cytotoxic activity of human NK cells. This downregulation can be partially overcome by IL2 that up-regulates NK cells. Such a model system could be helpful in elucidating the mechanism of action of purinergic agonists such as ATP in human NK cells.
Impaired Reelin-Dab1 Signaling Contributes to Neuronal Migration Deficits of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including defects in neuronal migration. However, the alterations in cell signaling mechanisms critical for migration and final positioning of neurons in TSC remain unclear. Our detailed cellular analyses reveal that reduced Tsc2 in newborn neurons causes abnormalities in leading processes of migrating neurons, accompanied by significantly delayed migration. Importantly, we demonstrate that Reelin-Dab1 signaling is aberrantly regulated in TSC mouse models and in cortical tubers from TSC patients owing to enhanced expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul5, a known mediator of pDab1 ubiquitination. Likewise, mTORC1 activation by Rheb overexpression generates similar neuronal and Reelin-Dab1 signaling defects, and directly upregulates Cul5 expression. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin treatment or by reducing Cul5 largely restores normal leading processes and positioning of migrating neurons. Thus, disrupted Reelin-Dab1 signaling is critically involved in the neuronal migration defects of TSC.
Protein Degradation in the Aging Organism

Proteins are essential macromolecules that serve both as structural components of the cell and as its enzymatic machinery. The turnover of these proteins (synthesis + degradation) is a dynamic process that plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Because of their interest in the effects of the aging process on homeostasis, it is not surprising that geron-tologists have had a long-standing interest in the effects of age on protein turnover. Most of the reported studies have focused on the protein synthesis aspect of protein turnover, as opposed to protein degradation, and there is a general consensus that protein synthesis does indeed decline with age (Van Remmen et al. 1995; Rattan 1996; Ward and Richardson 2000). There are a number of likely reasons why more attention has been directed toward protein synthesis, beginning with the fact that cellular protein concentration appears to remain relatively constant with age, in the face of declining protein synthetic activity. This would then imply that protein degradation must also decline with age. Secondly, we have a better understanding of the mechanisms of protein synthesis than the mechanisms of protein degradation and, lastly, it is easier to measure protein synthesis than protein degradation.
CONTINUITY OF THE JOINT SPECTRAL RADIUS: APPLICATION TO WAVELETS

The joint spectral radius is the extension to two or more matrices of the (ordinary) spectral radius ρ(A) = max ∣λ i (A)∣ = lim ∥A m ∥1/ m . The extension allows matrix products Π m taken in all orders, so that norms and eigenvalues are difficult to estimate. We show that the limiting process does yield a continuous function of the original matrices—this is their joint spectral radius. Then we describe the construction of wavelets from a dilation equation with coefficients c k . We connect the continuity of those wavelets to the value of the joint spectral radius of two matrices whose entries are formed from the c k .
Expression of mef2 genes in the mouse central nervous system suggests a role in neuronal maturation

Members of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) gene family are expressed in a dynamic pattern during development of the CNS of pre- and postnatal mice. The four MEF2 genes, Mef2A, -B, -C, -D, encode transcription factors belonging to the MADS (MCM1-agamous-deficiens-serum response factor) superfamily of DNA binding proteins. MEF2 factors have previously been shown to be positive regulators of gene expression in terminally differentiated muscle cells. To begin to determine the role of MEF2 factors in CNS development, we used in situ hybridization with gene-specific cRNA probes to define the expression patterns of each of the four Mef2 mRNAs in the developing and mature mouse CNS. Mef2C mRNA was first detected in a ventral portion of the telencephalon at 11.5 d postcoitum (p.c.). By 13.5 d p.c., each of the four Mef2 genes were expressed in overlapping yet distinct patterns in regions of the frontal cortex, midbrain, thalamus, hippocampus, and hindbrain. Temporal and spatial patterns of embryonic Mef2 gene expression appeared to follow gradients of neuron maturation and suggested that the onset of Mef2 gene expression coincides with withdrawal from the cell cycle and initiation of neuronal differentiation. This correlation is particularly striking for Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Since the molecular mechanisms that regulate neuron differentiation are unknown, we propose that the MEF2 factors are likely to play an important role in this process.
Die anodische oxydation des p-Methoxystyrols an der ring-scheibenelektrode in abhängigkeit von der pyridin-konzentration

The chemical reactions following the anodic formation of PMOS monocations in the presence of varying concentrations of pyridine were investigated using the ring-disc electrode. In the absence of pyridine a cathodic proton-wave was observed at the ring. This wave decreased to the same extent as the more cathodic pyridinium wave increased with increasing pyridine content. On further raising the pyridine concentration of the solvent the pyridinium wave at the ring began to disappear. At this point the first anodic PMOS wave at the disc started rising. This means that the reaction between pyridine and the protons formed by monocation decomposition is faster than the reaction between pyridine and radical cations. On further increasing the pyridine content the proton formation becomes slower than the pyridine complexation. 3,4-dimethoxypropenylbenzene behaved similarly and pyridine could be replaced by quinilone. The non-dependence of the height of the waves on rate of rotation showed that all reactions are very fast. The observation that a pyridine content which was less than equimolar sufficed to cause the proton wave to disappear may be shown to be due to the geometry of the ring-disc electrode and follows from an elementary relation for this arrangement.
Protection by thiols of the mitochondrial complexes from 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.

In the present study, the effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) on highly purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and its catalytic components in vitro and on PDC, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDC), and the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) activities in cultured human HepG2 cells were investigated. Among the PDC components, the activity of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase-E3-binding protein subcomplex (E2-E3BP) only was decreased by HNE. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) protected the E2-E3BP subcomplex from HNE inactivation in the absence of the substrates. In the presence of E3 and NADH, when lipoyl groups were reduced, higher inactivation of the E2-E3BP subcomplex by HNE was observed. Purified PDC was protected from HNE-induced inactivation by several thiol compounds including lipoic acid plus [LA-plus; 2-(N,N-dimethylamine)ethylamidolipoate.HCl]. Treatment of cultured HepG2 cells with HNE resulted in a significant reduction of PDC and KGDC activities, whereas BCKDC activity decreased to a lesser extent. Lipoyl compounds afforded protection from HNE-induced inhibition of PDC. This protection was higher in the presence of cysteine and reduced glutathione. Cysteine was able to restore PDC activity to some extent after HNE treatment. These findings show that thiols, including lipoic acid, provide protection against HNE-induced inactivation of lipoyl-containing complexes in the mitochondria.
Metabolic adjustments to dynamic hypoxic hypoxemia in feline brain tissue.

Abstract Three different metabolic models were incorporated in a compartmental simulation of brain tissue pO2 response to rapid changes in arterial pO2. The first was the frequently utilized constant metabolism assumption. The second model was a 4-step kinetic simplification of glucose conversion to CO2 with an intermediate reversible reaction of pyrovate to lactate. The most sophisticated model was a new 11-step reaction scheme with the same start and end points accounting for glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. A unique representation was derived for the oxygen consumption depending on reduced cytochrome a33+ consistent with diverse observations in the literature. The theoretical predictions were compared to previously published cortical tissue pO2 recordings from detailed experiments with pentobarbital anesthetized cats. The 11-step metabolic model invariably provided the best match between the theoretical calculations and the observed responses. These results indicate that cellular metabolism rapidly adjusts to changes in O2 in a manner which reduces the tissue pO2 fluctuation. In concert with the large compensatory arterial blood flow response there was extensive damping of intracellular pO2 compared to arterial O2 changes.
Oviposition site selection: unresponsiveness ofDrosophilato cues of potential thermal stress☆☆☆

Abstract Larvae ofDrosophila melanogasterinfest necrotic fruit, which the sun can heat to temperatures warm enough to kill or damage in-dwelling larvae. This study examined whetherDrosophilafemales could recognize and avoid ovipositing on necrotic fruit that had previously been heated to lethal temperatures but was at moderate temperatures at the time of oviposition. Neither previous heating of necrotic fruit nor the presence of heat-killed larvae deterred oviposition. Females do not use evidence of prior heating to avoid potential oviposition sites, and thus apparently behave non-optimally with respect to temperature.
Alternative measures of political efficacy: models and means

In the 1982 and 1984 American national election surveys the CPS deleted a subset of its longstanding measures of political efficacy. This paper employs covariance structure analysis to test a two-factor measurement model based on alternative indicators. The model has an excellent fit for data from the 1964–84 national surveys as well as for different educational, gender, and racial groups in the 1984 study. Consistent with previous theorizing, the internal efficacy factor is significantly more stable than the external factor. Also, the two efficacy factors correlate as expected with measures of general personal competence and political trust. The paper is the first to use LISREL structured means tests to test group differences in levels of efficacy or other important political attitudes. Since this technique is not well-known, a tutorial appendix describing its implementation in LISREL VI is included to facilitate future research.
Efficacy of dichlorvos ministrips for German cockroach control in enclosed kitchen cabinets.

Mortality of Blattella germanica (L.) ranged from 75 to 90% during the 7 weeks after treatment of enclosed kitchen cabinets with dichlorvos ministrips. A 50% mortality was recorded 12 weeks after treatment. A 1.5% malathion + 0.5% diazinon check gave significant control until termination of the check after 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in mortality between the dichlorvos ministrips and the malathion + diazinon spray, or within either treatment at the various observation intervals. There were almost 4 times as many dead cockroaches counted in the posttreatment observations as Jiving cockroaches counted in the pretreatment observation, indicating a movement of cockroaches into the test cabinets, possibly seeking food.
Text generative modelling of Chinese regulated verse

Abstract Through an analysis of a fragment of Classical Chinese poetry (lu shih or regulated verse) the paper argues for a demonstrable approach to the modelling of literary phenomena. The first two sections of the paper lay the groundwork for an extension of the analyzed fragment of ten poems by detailing a set of syntactic, semantic and poetic constraints which are described as rules operating over grammatical categories and lexical items. Section three discusses the application of these rules in the actual generation of two texts and shows the interaction of the earlier defined levels of analysis. The remainder of the paper briefly raises issues of methodological credibility for literary studies proposing: (1) the use of motivated fragments for detailed analysis, (2) the definition of rules which specify the interaction of the linguistic and literary elements, and (3) an extension of the fragment through the production of new texts falling within and testing the limitations of the analysis. These proposals are subject to theoretical considerations at each of the levels of analysis, and in turn solicit support for such considerations based on the validity of the model proposed and the texts it produces.
Implicit Differencing of Predictive Equations of the Boundary Layer

Abstract The Crank-Nicholson method may not give useful results in detailed prediction of the thermal planetary boundary layer unless tune steps on the order of 10 s are used. In similar problems, lower order time differencing methods give reasonable results with time steps as large as 300 s. The reason for the superior behavior of the lower order schemes relative to straightforward application of the Crank-Nicholson technique is due to a better treatment of short waves which appear to be critically important in nonlinear terms.
Passive Antibody may simultaneously suppress and stimulate Antibody Formation against Different Portions of a Protein Molecule

IMMUNE suppression is the specifically induced suppression of antibody synthesis by antibodies1–3 (a comprehensive review can be found in ref. 4). Suppression has been demonstrated with various immunogens, including protein molecules1,5, bacterial flagella6, bacteriophage7, red blood cells2,3,8 and other cellular antigens9, and haptenic groups conjugated to protein10. The observed specificity of the phenomenon1,8–10 implies that the passively administered antibodies must somehow combine with antigen.
Pretreatment cognitive performance predicts survival in patients with leptomeningeal disease.

BACKGROUND Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) involves the spread of malignant cells from solid tumors to the cerebrospinal fluid or to the leptomeninges. LMD has a very poor prognosis and it is difficult to diagnose and follow with traditional diagnostic tools. The purposes of this study were to characterize cognitive functioning of LMD patients before treatment and to determine if measurement of cognitive functioning could be used to predict survival time. METHODS Thirty-seven subjects with LMD were administered the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) before they received treatment and statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS The Conceptualization subtest of the DRS was the most sensitive to disease course. It was the only individual subtest to predict survival and it was the most impaired subtest across individual subjects. These results support earlier findings of a frontal-subcortical pattern of dysfunction in LMD patients. Cognitive performance at time of LMD diagnosis predicts survival time. Age and clinical status, two factors often correlated with survival in the cancer literature, did not predict survival time for our LMD population. In addition, there were no correlations between survival time and previous medical history or demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS Neuropsychological assessment appears to be a valuable tool both for tracking disease course over time and for predicting survival of patients. Cancer 2002;95:1311–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10816
Textbook questions: What thinking processes do they foster?

(1966). Textbook questions: What thinking processes do they foster? Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 285-292.
Ultrastructure of the bone marrow of the frog.

The structure of hematopoietic marrow of the frog, Rana pipiens, was studied by electron microscopy. Lining cells of the sinus wall lack a basal lamina and are not phagocytic. Phagocytic cells of the marrow are found free in the lumina of sinuses and in the extravascular tissue. Heterophil leucocytes, during their differentiation, possess a single population of granules; mature granules are elongate bodies having a crystalline content. Eosinophil leucocytes also have a single population of granules; the granules are round and have a homogeneous content.
On the theory of muscle contraction: filament extensibility and the development of isometric force and stiffness

The newly discovered extensibility of actin and myosin filaments challenges the foundation of the theory of muscle mechanics. We have reformulated A. F. Huxley's sliding filament theory to explicitly take into account filament extensibility. During isometric force development, growing cross-bridge tractions transfer loads locally between filaments, causing them to extend and, therefore, to slide locally relative to one another. Even slight filament extensibility implies that 1) relative displacement between the two must be nonuniform along the region of filament overlap, 2) cross-bridge strain must vary systematically along the overlap region, and importantly, 3) the local shortening velocities, even at constant overall sarcomere length, reduce force below the level that would have developed if the filaments had been inextensible. The analysis shows that an extensible filament system with only two states (attached and detached) displays three important characteristics: 1) muscle stiffness leads force during force development; 2) cross-bridge stiffness is significantly higher than previously assessed by inextensible filament models; and 3) stiffness is prominently dissociated from the number of attached cross-bridges during force development. The analysis also implies that the local behavior of one myosin head must depend on the state of neighboring attachment sites. This coupling occurs exclusively through local sliding velocities, which can be significant, even during isometric force development. The resulting mechanical cooperativity is grounded in fiber mechanics and follows inevitably from filament extensibility.
Asymptotic expansions of solutions for the Boltzmann equation

Abstract The Hilbert and Chapman-Enskog expansions approximate solutions of the Boltzmann equation, but each has some disadvantages: The Hilbert expansion, which results in nonlinear and linearized Euler equations, is invalid for weak shocks, weak boundary layers and long time asymptotics. The Chapman-Enskog expansion results in nonlinear Euler then Navier-Stokes then Burnett and super-Burnett equations. Navier-Stokes is correct for weak shocks, weak boundary layers and long time asymptotics, but the Burnett equations have spurious high order dispersive effects. In this paper a modified expansion is developed, which combines the best features of the two expansions. It results in nonlinear and linearized Navier-Stokes equations only and is valid in the above-mentioned regimes.
Apparent molal volumes and heat capacities of some 1:1 electrolytes in anhydrous methanol at 25°C

A flow calorimeter and flow densimeter have been used to measure volume specific heats and densities of solutions of LiCl, LiBr, NaCl, NaBr, KF, KBr, Kl, CsF, and Bu4NBr in anhydrous methanol at 25°C. The concentrations ranged from approximately 0.01m to close to saturation in some cases. Apparent molal heat capacities φ cp and volumes φ v have been evaluated and extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain φ and φ . Nearly all the heat capacities in methanol are negative. However, with the exception of the lithium halides and Bu4NBr they are more positive than heat capacities of the corresponding salts in water. The dependence of the heat capacities on ionic radii is generally opposite in methanol solutions from that observed for aqueous solutions. In agreement with others, the φ data indicate that electrostriction in methanol solutions is greater than in aqueous solutions.
Generating primitive positive clones

Suppose \( \cal F \) is a set of operations on a finite set A. Define PPC(\(\cal F \)) to be the smallest primitive positive clone on A containing \( \cal F \). For any finite algebra A, let PPC#(A) be the smallest number n for which PPC(CloA) = PPC(ClonA). S. Burris and R. Willard [2] conjectured that PPC#(A) ≤|A| when CloA is a primitive positive clone and |A| > 2. In this paper, we look at how large PPC#(A) can be when special conditions are placed on the finite algebra A. We show that PPC#(A) ≤|A| holds when the variety generated by A is congruence distributive, Abelian, or decidable. We also show that PPC#(A) ≤|A| + 2 if A generates a congruence permutable variety and every subalgebra of A is the product of a congruence neutral algebra and an Abelian algebra. Furthermore, we give an example in which PPC#(A) ≥|A| - 1)2 so that these results are not vacuous.
Reliability and Validity of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative Care (FACIT-Pal) Scale

The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) system provides a general, multidimensional measure of health-related quality of life (FACT-G) that can be augmented with disease or symptom-specific subscales. The 19-item palliative care subscale of the FACIT system has undergone little psychometric evaluation to date. The aim of this paper is to report the internal consistency, factor structure, and construct validity of the instrument using the palliative care subscale (FACIT-Pal). Two hundred fifty-six persons with advanced cancer in a randomized trial testing a palliative care psychoeducational intervention completed the 46-item FACIT-Pal at baseline. Internal consistency was greater than 0.74 for all subscales and the total score. Seventeen of the 19 palliative care subscale items loaded onto the four-factor solution of the established core measure (FACT-G). As hypothesized, total scores were correlated with measures of symptom intensity (r=-0.73, P<0.001) and depression (r=-0.75, P<0.001). The FACIT-Pal was able to discriminate between participants who died within three months of completing the baseline and participants who lived for at least one year after completing the baseline assessment (t=-4.05, P<0.001). The functional well-being subscale discriminated between participants who had a Karnofsky performance score of 70 and below and participants with a Karnofsky performance score of 80 and above (t=3.40, P<0.001). The findings support the internal consistency reliability and validity of the FACIT-Pal as a measure of health-related quality of life for persons with advanced cancer.
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia after Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: A Review

Study Design Review. Objective Postoperative oropharyngeal dysphagia is one of the most common complications following anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS). We review and summarize recent literature in order to provide a general overview of clinical signs and symptoms, assessment, incidence and natural history, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment, prevention, and topics for future research. Methods A search of English literature regarding dysphagia following anterior cervical spine surgery was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was focused on articles published since the last review on this topic was published in 2005. Results Patients who develop dysphagia after ACSS show significant alterations in swallowing biomechanics. Patient history, physical examination, X-ray, direct or indirect laryngoscopy, and videoradiographic swallow evaluation are considered the primary modalities for evaluating oropharyngeal dysphagia. There is no universally accepted objective instrument for assessing dysphagia after ACSS, but the most widely used instrument is the Bazaz Dysphagia Score. Because dysphagia is a subjective sensation, patient-reported instruments appear to be more clinically relevant and more effective in identifying dysfunction. The causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia after ACSS are multifactorial, involving neuronal, muscular, and mucosal structures. The condition is usually transient, most often beginning in the immediate postoperative period but sometimes beginning more than 1 month after surgery. The incidence of dysphagia within one week after ACSS varies from 1 to 79% in the literature. This wide variance can be attributed to variations in surgical techniques, extent of surgery, and size of the implant used, as well as variations in definitions and measurements of dysphagia, time intervals of postoperative evaluations, and relatively small sample sizes used in published studies. The factors most commonly associated with an increased risk of oropharyngeal dysphagia after ACSS are: more levels operated, female gender, increased operative time, and older age (usually >60 years). Dysphagic patients can learn compensatory strategies for the safe and effective passage of bolus material. Certain intraoperative and postoperative techniques may decrease the incidence and/or severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia after ACSS. Conclusions Large, prospective, randomized studies are required to confirm the incidence, prevalence, etiology, mechanisms, long-term natural history, and risk factors for the development of dysphagia after ACSS, as well as to identify prevention measures. Also needed is a universal outcome measurement that is specific, reliable and valid, would include global, functional, psychosocial, and physical domains, and would facilitate comparisons among studies. Results of these studies can lead to improvements in surgical techniques and/or perioperative management, and may reduce the incidence of dysphagia after ACSS.
A nonadrenergic vagal inhibitory pathway to feline airways

In cats anesthetized with chloralose-pentobarbital and artificially ventilated, electrical stimulation of the caudal end of the cut cervical vagus nerve has a biphasic effect on the bronchoconstriction induced by an intravenous infusion of serotonin. The response consists of a brief augmentation of bronchoconstriction followed by relatively prolonged bronchodilation. After muscarinic receptor blockade with atropine, vagal stimulation causes only bronchodilation. Vagally mediated bronchodilation is not affected by beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol, alpha adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine, or adrenergic neuronal blockade with guanethidine, but is abolished by autonomic ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium. These findings support the conclusion that a nonadrenergic inhibitory nervous system is present in the pulmonary airways of the cat and that the system is supplied by preganglionic fibers in the cervical vagus nerves.
EFFECTS OF SIMULATED SPACE ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE RADIATION UPON DRY CYSTS OF COLPODA INFLATA

— Dry cysts of Colpoda inflata were irradiated with an argon plasma arc lamp, the output of which simulates space radiation in its wavelength distribution although it is of higher intensity. Rapid evacuation reduced the rate of excystment as well as the percentage excysting; low temperature (near that of liquid nitrogen) had little effect on either measurement. All cysts were therefore irradiated at room temperature in a cell flushed with dry nitrogen. Radiation passed for 1 min through a sapphire filter, with a cutoff at 145 nm, prevented excystment. At smaller doses progressively less damaging effects were observed as judged by both the increase in time required for excystment and the percentage excysted. No dark recovery was observed in dry cysts. Exposure of cysts to radiation passed through a series of filters which progressively remove short ultraviolet wavelengths indicate that it is mainly the quartz-transmitted wavelengths (cutoff 185 nm) which damage the cysts. The presumption is that most of the vacuum-ultraviolet wavelengths are superficially absorbed; their lesser effect is also partially attributable to their lower intensity. Inasmuch as 1 min of argon lamp radiation is equivalent to 24 min in space, it is evident that Colpoda cysts would not long survive a journey in space, had they reached there in viable condition.
A hybrid genetic algorithm that optimizes capacitated vehicle routing problems

This study primarily focuses on solving a capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) by applying a novel hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) capable of practical use for manufacturers. The proposed HGA has three stages. First, the nearest addition method (NAM) was incorporated into sweep algorithm (SA) that simultaneously accounts for axial and radius relationships among distribution points with the depot to generate a well-structured initial chromosome population, rather than adopting either the NAM OR SA alone. Second, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize crossover probability and mutation probability via systematic experiments. Finally, an improved sweep algorithm was incorporated into the GA, producing a stir over gene permutations in chromosomes that enhance the exploration diversity of the GA, thereby avoiding convergence in a limited region, and enhancing the search capability of the GA in approaching a close-to-optimal solution. Furthermore, an elitism conservation strategy holding superior chromosomes to replace inferior chromosomes was also performed. As the proposed HGA is primarily used to solve practical problem, benchmark problems with fewer than 100 distribution points from an Internet website were utilized to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed HGA. A real case regarding the mission of local active distribution from armed forces in Taiwan details the analytical process and demonstrates the practicability of the proposed HGA to optimize the CVRP.
Scanning frequency comb microscopy (SFCM): A new method showing promise for high-resolution carrier profiling in semiconductors

A microwave frequency comb (MFC) with hundreds of measurable harmonics is superimposed on the DC tunneling current in a scanning tunneling microscope by focusing a mode-locked ultrafast laser on the tunneling junction. Two methods for carrier profiling of semiconductors by hyperspectral measurements with the MFC are considered. The first method, analogous to scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM), would require high-precision measurements because resonant detection, required in SCM, is not practical with the MFC. The second method, analogous to scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM), is more sensitive to the carrier concentration and shows promise for achieving sub-nm resolution which is needed by the semiconductor industry with sub-10 nm lithography.
PERCUTANEOUS VASCULAR INTERVENTION MARKET TRENDS: BULLISH ON LEGS, BEARISH ON RENALS- THE BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD OF MICHIGAN CARDIOVASCULAR CONSORTIUM EXPERIENCE

Peripheral arterial interventions (PVIs) are expanding. However, there is little data on the vascular beds treated and devices utilized. The study cohort was consecutive PVIs from January 2006 through December 2012 in the BMC2 PVI Registry. PVIs were divided by arterial segments to determine trends
Modelling and analysis of traffic light control systems

An urban traffic network of signalised intersections can be suitably modelled as a discrete event system, in which the traffic light alternations are described by means of timed coloured Petri nets (TCPNs). A module of basic traffic TCPN model with a signal timing plan for a day is successfully constructed. The traffic operations are ruled by the control logic of TCPN and an analysis method using place invariant is verified. From the basic TCPN model, some of the complicated traffic signal models will be easily obtained. Moreover, a real-world supervisor of the urban traffic light system is implemented by the new methodology. Finally, an urban traffic light control system with five intersections is realised. Also, the performance of the supervisor of the urban traffic light system can be confirmed by the simulation results.
Sampling in association rule mining

A relation is a representation of a set, called the universe V, of entities by a set of tuples. Hence it is associated with a unique sub-lattice, called relation lattice, of the partition lattice of V. In this paper, we examine the relation lattices on V and a sample V'(a subset). The analysis concludes that only very special types of samples may be able to have the "same" association rules as those of the original universe; here "same" means allowing some statistical errors. In other words, finding association rules by mere random sampling may not be able to fully reflect the association rules of the original universe; special attentions on the sampling are needed.
New Series Expansion in Statistical Mechanics

A new approximation scheme is applied to thermodynamic variables which have power-series expansions in terms of real parameters. This method is based upon a previously discussed formula designed to overcome the convergence difficulties of the quantum-mechanical Born (perturbation) series. Some properties of the approximation scheme are obtained, and then the method is used to obtain information from power-series expansions such as those met with in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. In particular, the virial coefficients for several molecular models are used to obtain numerical approximations to the equations of state. The solution for a one-dimensional system of hard rods is obtained exactly in this scheme. For the two-dimensional hard-square lattice gas, the results agree quite well with recent low- and high-density Pad\'e approximants. The qualitative behavior of the solution for a system of hard spheres resembles that of the Mayer theory of condensation. It is noteworthy that the approximation scheme has the property of generating solutions which are monotonically increasing in the density. Thus, no van der Waals loop is obtained.
INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF TYPE 4 ADENOVIRUS : I. CELLULAR FRACTIONATION STUDIES

HeLa cells infected with types 1 or 4 adenovirus were separated into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions by mechanical disruption and differential centrifugation and the quantity of infectious virus in each was determined. The results showed that the majority of infectious virus of both types could be isolated in the cytoplasmic fraction. It was not possible to explain the large amount of type 4 virus in the cytoplasmic fraction by the number of nuclei disrupted in the fractionation procedure, but the amount of type 1 virus in the cytoplasmic fraction could have been contributed by disrupted nuclei. This suggested that there might be a basic difference in the intracellular formation of the two types of virus. The intracellular distribution of complement-fixing antigen was similar to that of infectious virus in type 4-infected cells. Technical difficulties, inherent in cellular fractionation studies, were encountered but did not appear to explain the results obtained.
Relationship of tumor leucocytic infiltration to host defense mechanisms and prognosis

The interface between the tumor and the host is often the site of leucocytic infiltration. We will examine the idea that the infiltrating leucocytes of human and experimental tumors are components of the host immunological defense against the tumor, and that the presence of the infiltrate is a marker of favorable prognosis. Leucocytes could infiltrate tumors because of an active immune response, either nonspecific or specifically directed to tumor-associated antigens. Leucocyte influx may also occur because of chemotactic factors secreted by the tumor cells. Some tumors release factors which enhance vascular permeability and permit improved access by leucocytes to the tumor focus. The consequences of leucocytic infiltration include tumor cell cytolysis, cytostasis, or stimulation of proliferation. The present state of our knowledge of the interactions between tumor cells and infiltrating leucocytes precludes broad generalization of mechanisms. Further study will probably reveal that the mechanisms are diverse, and that there are some systems in which immune interactions occur at this interface and others in which they do not.
Three-dimensional flow structure on a maneuvering wing

Unsteady plunging (heaving) of a wing in the form of a flat plate can give rise to pronounced axial flow in the small-scale leading-edge vortex, during its initial stage of formation. Opposing axial flows along the vortex interact at the plane of symmetry giving rise to large-scale patterns of streamwise-oriented vorticity, which can dominate the tip vortices over part of the oscillation cycle.
Pure lipid vesicles can induce channel-like conductances in planar bilayers.

Typical channel-like current fluctuations were observed in planar lipid bilayers following brief exposure to large concentrations of lipid vesiclesdevoid of protein. Vesicles, formed by sonication of pure lipids suspended in 150mm salt solutions, were ejected ∼0.5 mm from a planar bilayer with a pipette. Over the next several minutes the bilayer conductance changed in ways usually considered to be indicative of reconstituted protein channels including step conductance changes (both up and down), flickering, ion selectivity, and inactivation. This observation demonstrates the need for caution in interpreting conductance changes which occur following ejection of channel-containing vesicles near a membrane.
A family study of the high-risk children of opioid- and alcohol-dependent parents.

In this article, the author sought to use a high-risk study design focused on the children of parents with opioid or alcohol use disorders and children of parents with no substance use disorder (SUD) to evaluate the specificity of the risk conferred by the type of parental SUD. Using structured psychiatric interviews, cognitive assessments, and measures of social, academic, and family functioning, the authors studied 96 families (187 parents and 183 children, mean age of 11.6 years). Sixteen families had parental opioid dependence (22 children; 64% male), 14 families had parental alcohol dependence (22 children; 59% male), and 66 families had no SUD (controls; 139 children; 58% male). Fifty-nine percent of children of opioid-dependent parents had at least one major psychopathological condition, compared to 41% of the alcohol group and 28% of the control group (p < 0.01). The children of opioid- and alcohol-dependent parents were of lower socioeconomic status and had significantly more difficulties in academic, social, and family functioning than did controls. Children of opioid- and alcohol-dependent parents have significantly higher rates of psychopathology as well as more difficulties in academic, social, and family functioning compared to the children of non-SUD parents. In addition, notable trends emerged for the opioid group to have more psychopathology and functional impairment than the alcohol group. With a growing consensus that certain risk factors for later SUD start in childhood with potentially treatable childhood-onset disorders, new preventive approaches for individuals at risk may be developed targeting childhood precursors of SUD.
Toxicity of Carbaryl-Contaminated Pollen to Adult Honey Bees

Pollen samples contaminated with 5% carbaryl dust at levels of 100 ppm and 10 ppm were found to kill 49 and 7 times as many honey bees, Apis mellifera L., respectively, as uncontaminated pollen when bees foraged on the samples in flight cages. More than 10 weeks after preparation, the contaminated pollens were still toxic to bees that foraged on them, or to bees fed the pollen inside their colonies or in laboratory cages. The pollen originally receiving 100 ppm carbaryl retained considerably more toxicity than that which had received 10 ppm. Bee bread made from pollen containing 100 ppm also was toxic to bees when fed in laboratory cages.
A role of topoisomerase II in linking DNA replication to chromosome condensation

The condensin complex and topoisomerase II (topo II) have different biochemical activities in vitro, and both are required for mitotic chromosome condensation. We have used Xenopus egg extracts to investigate the functional interplay between condensin and topo II in chromosome condensation. When unreplicated chromatin is directly converted into chromosomes with single chromatids, the two proteins must function together, although they are independently targeted to chromosomes. In contrast, the requirement for topo II is temporarily separable from that of condensin when chromosome assembly is induced after DNA replication. This experimental setting allows us to find that, in the absence of condensin, topo II becomes enriched in an axial structure within uncondensed chromatin. Subsequent addition of condensin converts this structure into mitotic chromosomes in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner. Strikingly, preventing DNA replication by the addition of geminin or aphidicolin disturbs the formation of topo II-containing axes and alters the binding property of topo II with chromatin. Our results suggest that topo II plays an important role in an early stage of chromosome condensation, and that this function of topo II is tightly coupled with prior DNA replication.
Rate of spread of citrus blight reduced when sharpshooter leafhoppers (Homoptera: cicadellidae) are controlled

Insect traps were used to monitor populations of sharpshooter leafhopper vectors, Oncometopia nigricans (Walker) and Homalodisca coagulate (Say), of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., a xylem-limited bacterium, in four 11-ha plots of ‘Valencia’ oranges, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb., and four 6-ha plots of ‘Pineapple’ oranges in a grove infected with citrus blight. When trap catches indicated that leafhopper populations were increasing, supplemental applications of insecticides were applied to half of the plots. One to three extra applications of insecticides per year were made to maintain significant differences in leafhopper populations between the routine care plots and the supplemental insecticide plots. Linear regression equations, with percentage citrus blight as a function of time in months, were fitted to the data for the supplemental insecticide and routine care plots. In the ‘Valencia’ plots, the slope of the regression line for the routine care plot was significantly greater than the slope for the supplemental insecticide plots; therefore, the rate of spread of blight was reduced significantly where supplemental insecticide applications were made. In ‘Pineapple’ plots, the trend was similar but the difference in slope was not statistically significant.
Morphologic and antigenic characterization of interferon gamma-mediated persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro.

Abstract An in vitro cell culture system was used to study the effect of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) on Chlamydia trachomatis growth and differentiation. The effect of IFN-gamma on chlamydiae was dose-dependent. IFN-gamma at 2 ng/ml completely inhibited chlamydial growth and differentiation; however, persistent infection was established when chlamydiae were cultured with IFN-gamma at 0.2 ng/ml. Persistent infection was characterized by the development of noninfectious atypical chlamydial forms from which infectious progeny could be recovered only when IFN-gamma was removed from the culture system. Analysis of persistently infected cells by immunofluorescent microscopy and immunoblotting with specific antibodies revealed that the atypical chlamydial forms had near-normal levels of the 60-kDa heat shock protein, an immunopathologic antigen, and a paucity of the major outer membrane protein, a protective antigen. Furthermore, steady-state levels of other outer membrane constituents, such as the 60-kDa cysteine-rich outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide, were greatly reduced. If IFN-gamma causes similar events to occur in vivo, then persistently infected cells could augment the pathogenesis of the chronic inflammatory sequelae that follow chlamydial infection by serving as depots of antigen capable of stimulating a sustained inflammatory response.
Visualizing Leibniz's Rule

The reader can find various derivations and applications* of Leibniz's rule in advanced calculus texts (cf. [2], [3], [4]). But what interpretation can we give to the two terms-an integral and a product-on the right side of Equation (2)? An integral is the area under a curve, or between two curves, and a product of two factors can be the area of a rectangle. I will show that this is essentially the correct geometric interpretation, and give an informal derivation of Leibniz's rule which may appeal to visually oriented students. First, we need a geometric interpretation of A(x), and this is given in FIGURE 1.