cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary care in the emergency department -- an untapped resource for public health research and innovation.

With rising patient volumes and increasingly complex cases, the specialty of emergency medicine faces a growing array of challenges. Efforts have been made to improve patient throughput, yet little attention has been directed to the increasing amount of primary care delivered in emergency departments (EDs) for chronic disease states such as hypertension and diabetes. Management of chronic medical conditions is traditionally seen as beyond the purview of the ED, and emergency physicians tend to defer critical aspects of related patient care to other components of the healthcare continuum. As a result, vulnerable patients are often forced to navigate exceedingly complex and fragmented systems of care with little guidance, which often leads to inadequate treatment and exposure to increased risk for development of potentially avoidable complications. As evidenced by our experience with hypertension in an under resourced community, there is a crucial need for emergency physicians to espouse their role as providers of healthcare across the acuity spectrum and lead the way in defining regionally relevant solutions to better manage patients with chronic medical problems.
Histochemical alterations revealed by tetrazolium chloride in hypertensive kidneys in relation to renal VEM Mechanisms.

Summary and conclusionsThe incubation of slices of renal cortex with tetrazolium chloride (TTC) has disclosed patterns of formazan deposition in the proximal convoluted tubules with striking differences between normal and hypertensive kidneys obtained from dogs, rats and man. In the proximal convoluted tubules of kidneys from normotensive animals and man, the formazan is deposited as fine dust-like granules evenly distributed within the cytoplasm. In the hypertensive kidney the formazan is deposited in coarse clumps, plaques or needles, commonly at the cell margins and often extracellularly as well.Despite the difference in formazan patterns the total amount of reduced TTC per mg of kidney tissue is approximately the same in normal and hypertensive kidneys, as is the oxygen consumption determined by the conventional micro-respiration technic. Concurrent studies of VEM metabolism show the uniform restriction of VEM production to anaerobiosis in normal kidneys, and the formation of VEM under both anaerobic ...
Variability in individual responses of 532 patients with rheumatoid arthritis to first-line and second-line drugs.

Variability in individual responses to drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis was studied in 532 patients under care in seven U.S. rheumatology private practices. Among 15 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), estimated continuation of 1,775 courses was 48% at 12 months and 20% at 60 months. Acetylated salicylates, other than plain aspirin, were continued significantly longer than other NSAIDs. Among second-line drugs, estimated continuation of 50% of courses was 10 months for oral gold, 20 months for hydroxychloroquine, 21 months for penicillamine, 25 months for parenteral gold, 27 months for azathioprine, and more than 60 months for methotrexate and prednisone, the only drugs continued by more than 50% of patients 60 months after initiation.
Binding of phospholipase Cδ1 to phospholipid vesicles

Binding of phospholipase C delta 1 (PLC delta) to phospholipid vesicles was studied using large, unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (LUVs). PLC delta bound weakly to vesicles composed of phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) + PC, and even more weakly to vesicles composed of phosphatidylinositol. The enzyme bound strongly to LUVs composed of PE + PC and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) or sphingomyelin (SM). Binding of 50% of PLC delta occurred at 0.25 nmol/ml PIP2 when LUVs composed of PE + PC (molar ratio of 80:20), plus various amounts of PIP2, were used at a constant phospholipid concentration of 300 nmol/ml. When LUVs composed of PE + PC + PIP2 (molar ratio of 79:20:1) were tested as a function of increasing phospholipid concentration, 50% binding of PLC delta occurred at 1.2 nmol/ml PIP2 and 120 nmol/ml total phospholipid. Similar measurements were conducted with other phospholipids and PIP2 at a molar ratio of 99:1. These showed that 50% binding of PLC delta occurred at a level of 0.9 nmol/ml PIP2 with 80 nmol/ml PC; at 2.2 nmol/ml PIP2 with 170 nmol/ml PS; at 4.2 nmol/ml PIP2 with 320 nmol/ml PI; and at 0.26 nmol/ml PIP2 with 20 nmol/ml total liver phospholipids. Binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate was much weaker. When LUVs composed of PE + PC + SM (molar ratio 48:12:40) were tested as a function of increasing phospholipid concentration, 50% binding of PLC delta occurred at a level of 96 nmol/ml SM. This is well below the concentration of SM that can be calculated to face the cytosol. Binding of PLC delta to LUVs decreased as the temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 0 degree C. Thus PLC delta shows a high degree of specificity for binding to PIP2 and SM. Under physiological conditions a considerable fraction of PLC delta may be bound to cellular membranes, either in an inactive form if bound to PIP2 at low resting Ca2+ concentrations, or in the inhibited form if bound to SM.
Did Keynes Make His Case

Abstract. Paper considers Keynes’ case for fiscal stimulus under depression conditions – a case that remains prominent in both policy and academic literature. It highlights four specific real-history instances where, Keynes argued, monetary measures alone would not have restored prosperity and, hence, where fiscal activism would have been desirable. These were: 1) the depression of the 1890s; 2) the onset of the Great Depression in 1930; 3) the Roosevelt Recovery in 1933; and 4) the 1937-38 contraction in the US. But evidence from all four instances, gathered here, undermines Keynes’ claims... Paper then shifts to Keynes’ theoretical rationale, where it turns out that the frequently-cited “liquidity trap” argument was only one of several he advanced for monetary policy ineffectiveness. And it was not the one he most-often emphasized, while his own texts raise doubt about its coherence. Keynes view of Depression was intertwined with the stagnationist temper of economic theory during the middle 1930s, and with his cultural and aesthetic distaste for “capitalist individualism.” The weakness of Keynes’ real-history illustrations reflects in part Keynes’ flawed underlying critique of “classical” theory – a critique that, because it was so prominent, has often set back understanding. Keynes did not make his case. Keywords. International macroeconomics, Money demand, Keynesian macroeconomics, Macroeconomic history. JEL. B22, B31, E12, E41, E52, N10.
Comparing Conceptualizations of Urban Climate Resilience in Theory and Practice

In the face of climate change, scholars and policymakers are increasingly concerned with fostering “urban resilience”. This paper seeks to contribute towards a better understanding of synergies and differences in how academics and local decision-makers think about resilience in the context of climate change. We compare definitions and characteristics of urban climate resilience in the academic literature with a survey of 134 local government representatives from across the U.S. Our analysis shows discrepancies in how academics and practitioners define and characterize urban climate resilience, most notably in their focus on either “bouncing back” or “bouncing forward” after a disturbance. Practitioners have diverse understandings of the concept, but tend to favor potentially problematic “bouncing back” or engineering-based definitions of resilience. While local government respondents confirm the importance of all 16 resilience characteristics we identified in the academic literature, coding practitioners’ free response definitions reveals that they rarely mention qualities commonly associated with resilience in the scholarly literature such as diversity, flexibility, and redundancy. These inconsistencies need to be resolved to ensure both the usability of climate resilience research and the effectiveness of resilience policy.
A case study of comparing radiometrically calibrated reflectance of an image mosaic from unmanned aerial system with that of a single image from manned aircraft over a same area

Though sharing with many commonalities, one of the major differences between conventional high-altitude airborne remote sensing and low-altitude unmanned aerial system (UAS) based remote sensing is that the latter one has much smaller ground footprint for each image shot. To cover the same area on the ground, it requires the low-altitude UASbased platform to take many highly-overlapped images to produce a good mosaic, instead of just one or a few image shots by the high-altitude aerial platform. Such an UAS flight usually takes 10 to 30 minutes or even longer to complete; environmental lighting change during this time span cannot be ignored especially when spectral variations of various parts of a field are of interests. In this case study, we compared the visible reflectance of two aerial imagery – one generated from mosaicked UAS images, the other generated from a single image taken by a manned aircraft – over the same agricultural field to quantitatively evaluate their spectral variations caused by the different data acquisition strategies. Specifically, we (1) developed our customized ground calibration points (GCPs) and an associated radiometric calibration method for UAS data processing based on camera’s sensitivity characteristics; (2) developed a basic comparison method for radiometrically calibrated data from the two aerial platforms based on regions of interests. We see this study as a starting point for a series of following studies to understand the environmental influence on UAS data and investigate the solutions to minimize such influence to ensure data quality.
The Effect of Clinical Care Location on Clinical Outcomes After Peripheral Vascular Intervention in Medicare Beneficiaries.

Abstract Objectives Modifications in reimbursement rates by Medicare in 2008 have led to peripheral vascular interventions (PVI) being performed more commonly in outpatient and office-based clinics. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of this shift in clinical care setting on clinical outcomes after PVI. Background Modifications in reimbursement have led to peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) being more commonly performed in outpatient hospital settings and office-based clinics. Methods Using a 100% national sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 2010 to 2012, we examined 30-day and 1-year rates of all-cause mortality, major lower extremity amputation, repeat revascularization, and all-cause hospitalization by clinical care location of index PVI. Results A total of 218,858 Medicare beneficiaries underwent an index PVI between 2010 and 2012. Index PVIs performed in inpatient settings were associated with higher 1-year rates of all-cause mortality (23.6% vs. 10.4% and 11.7%; p Conclusions Index PVI performed in office-based settings was associated with a higher hazard of repeat revascularization when compared with other settings. Differences in clinical outcomes across treatment settings and geographic regions suggest that inconsistent application of PVI may exist and highlights the need for studies to determine optimal delivery of PVI in clinical practice.
Detecting and Quantifying Mind Wandering during Simulated Driving

Mind wandering is a pervasive threat to transportation safety, potentially accounting for a substantial number of crashes and fatalities. In the current study, mind wandering was induced through completion of the same task for 5 days, consisting of a 20-minute monotonous freeway-driving scenario, a cognitive depletion task, and a repetition of the 20-minute driving scenario driven in the reverse direction. Participants were periodically probed with auditory tones to self-report whether they were mind wandering or focused on the driving task. Self-reported mind wandering frequency was high, and did not statistically change over days of participation. For measures of driving performance, participant labeled periods of mind wandering were associated with reduced speed and reduced lane variability, in comparison to periods of on task performance. For measures of electrophysiology, periods of mind wandering were associated with increased power in the alpha band of the electroencephalogram (EEG), as well as a reduction in the magnitude of the P3a component of the event related potential (ERP) in response to the auditory probe. Results support that mind wandering has an impact on driving performance and the associated change in driver’s attentional state is detectable in underlying brain physiology. Further, results suggest that detecting the internal cognitive state of humans is possible in a continuous task such as automobile driving. Identifying periods of likely mind wandering could serve as a useful research tool for assessment of driver attention, and could potentially lead to future in-vehicle safety countermeasures.
Strengthening the Precautionary Principle in the Post-Paris Climate Regime

iStock/inhauscreativeThis article explores the capacity of the precautionary principle to reposition the international climate regime specifically for the singular mission of urgently preventing ca...
Overview of DLO modeling and approaches to predict heterogeneous oxidative polymer degradation

Accelerated polymer aging under thermal oxidative conditions often involves heterogeneous degradation processes due to diffusion limited oxidation (DLO). DLO depends on geometrical shape and size, intrinsic oxidation rate and oxygen permeability of the material and occurs through the competition of simultaneous diffusional transport and reaction of oxygen. Definitions of the many parameters that describe polymer aging under DLO conditions are summarized for several applicable situations, which include the average oxidation rate, the oxidizing material fraction (i.e. fraction of the material oxidizing at a reference oxidation rate), and the depth of a specific flux reduction (i.e. generalized total oxidized layer (TOL)). Analytical and numerical solutions are derived for the prediction of spatially dependent oxidation behavior within a systematic framework for 1D to 3D geometries, multi-material situations and for a range of boundary conditions. Traditional mathematical approaches are expanded to embrace an arbitrary reaction domain through the finite element method (FEM). Concepts are also developed that address time dependent DLO profiles when the underlying oxidation rate or permeability may in itself depend on the evolving oxidation level. Understanding the occurrence of DLO and having the ability to predict spatially resolved oxidation reactions in polymers is critically important to determine when DLO (i.e. non uniform degradation) will interfere as part of accelerated aging studies, or to predict the aging behavior of multi-material polymer components of any geometry. This overview wishes to guide the polymer aging community towards embracing DLO phenomena and share newly developed computational approaches that facilitate comprehensive predictive modeling capabilities.
Cerebral Angiography: Arteriovenous Malformations and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae

Endovascular techniques are now at the forefront of the treatment of many neurovascular pathologies. Despite profound technological advances in noninvasive imaging, diagnostic cerebral angiography remains the gold standard in the evaluation of the cerebral vasculature. Endovascular therapy is often the definitive therapeutic option for the treatment of a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). While the role of endovascular therapy in the treatment of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is less well defined, it remains a necessary adjunct in a comprehensive therapeutic approach. In this chapter, we present an introductory overview to cerebral angiography and the therapeutic approach to DAVFs and AVMs.
Analysis of the A∼-X∼ bands of the ethynyl radical near 1.48 μm and re-evaluation of X∼ state energies

Abstract We report the observation and analysis of spectra in part of the near-infrared spectrum of C2H, originating in rotational levels in the ground and lowest two excited bending vibrational levels of the ground X 2 Σ + state. In the analysis, we have combined present and previously reported high resolution spectroscopic data for the lower levels involved in the transitions to determine significantly improved molecular constants to describe the fine and hyperfine split rotational levels of the radical in the zero point, v 2 = 1 and the 2 Σ + component of v 2 = 2 . Two of the upper state vibronic levels involved had not been observed previously. The data and analysis indicate the electronic wavefunction character changes with bending vibrational excitation in the ground state and provide avenues for future measurements of reactivity of the radical as a function of vibrational excitation.
Integrality Properties of the Symmetries

Let e = ±1 and let i \( \in \) I. The symmetry T’ ie : U→ U (resp. T" I,e : U → U) induces for each λ’, λ" a linear isomorphism \(\lambda \prime{\rm{U}}\lambda \prime\prime \to s_i (\lambda \prime){\rm{U}}s_i (\lambda \prime\prime)\) (notation of 23.1.1; s i : X → X is as in 2.2.6). Taking direct sums, we obtain an algebra automorphism \(T\prime_{i,e} :{\rm{\dot U}} \to {\rm{\dot U}}\) (resp. \(T\prime\prime_{i,e} :{\rm{\dot U}} \to {\rm{\dot U}}\)) such that \(T\prime_{i,e} (1_\lambda ) = 1_{s_i (\lambda )} \) (resp. \(T\prime\prime_{i,e} (1_\lambda ) = 1_{s_i (\lambda )} \)) for all λ and \(T\prime_{i,e} (uxx\prime u\prime) = T\prime_{i,e} (u)T\prime_{i,e} (x)T\prime_{i,e} (x\prime)T\prime_{i,e} (u\prime)\) (resp. \(T\prime\prime_{i,e} (uxx\prime u\prime) = T\prime\prime_{i,e} (u)T\prime\prime_{i,e} (x)T\prime\prime_{i,e} (x\prime)T\prime\prime_{i,e} (u\prime)\)) for all \(u,u\prime \in {\rm{\dot U}}\) and \(x,x\prime \in {\rm{\dot U}}\). Then T’ ie is an automorphism of the algebra U with inverse T" i-e . These automorphisms satisfy braid group relations just like those of U.
H. odera oruka on moral reasoning

Evoquant la derniere conference organisee par Odera Oruka sur l'avenir de l'Afrique, l'A. met en evidence le lien entre philosophie et prophetie, d'une part, et examine la these humaniste defendue par le penseur dans les domaines de la politique, de l'ethique et de la religion, d'autre part.
PULSE-ECHO THERMAL WAVE IMAGING

We present calculations which describe the three-dimensional reflection of thermal wave pulses from planar sub-surface defects. We also present the results of confirming experiments for the case of subsurface flat-bottomed holes with various depths and lateral dimensions.
Immune Correlate-Guided HIV Vaccine Design

Although vaccines have been successfully developed against several pathogens, designing an effective vaccine to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has remained an intractable challenge. To address this, the research community has looked to human and non-human primate studies to understand the correlates of protective immunity, based on which a targeted vaccine strategy may be designed. Two distinct approaches, focused on different immune correlates of protection, have emerged. The first focuses on structure-based design of HIV envelope immunogens that are able to induce antibodies that neutralize the virus. The second focuses on strategies aimed at driving non-neutralizing polyclonal and polyfunctional antibodies that engage other arms of immunity to clear the virus. Here we review these two different vaccine design strategies and posit that ultimately the convergence of these two efforts will likely be necessary for the development of a globally protective HIV vaccine.
Sex differences in tolerability to Anti-PD1 therapy: Are we all equal?

9547Background: Immune related adverse events (IRAEs) have emerged as a serious clinical problem in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The etiology and risk factors for these potentially life...
Applications of On-Line Monitoring of Dynamic Forces Experienced by Needles during Formation of Needled Fabrics:

The significance of a recently developed system that measures dynamic forces experienced by individual needles during formation of needlepunched fabrics is demonstrated. The system design, coupled ...
Ohm’s law for ion conduction in lithium and beyond-lithium battery electrolytes

The viability of next generation lithium and beyond-lithium battery technologies hinges on the development of electrolytes with improved performance. Comparing electrolytes is not straightforward as multiple electrochemical parameters affect the performance of an electrolyte. Additional complications arise due to the formation of concentration gradients in response to dc potentials. We propose a modified version of Ohm's law to analyze current through binary electrolytes driven by a small dc potential. We show that the proportionality constant in Ohm's law is given by the product of the ionic conductivity, κ, and the ratio of currents in the presence (iss) and absence (iΩ) of concentration gradients, ρ+. The importance of ρ+ was recognized by Evans et al. [Polymer 28, 2324 (1987)]. The product κρ+ is used to rank order a collection of electrolytes. Ideally, both κ and ρ+ should be maximized, but we observe a trade-off between these two parameters, resulting in an upper bound. This trade-off is analogous to the famous Robeson upper bound for permeability and selectivity in gas separation membranes. Designing polymer electrolytes that overcome this trade-off is an ambitious but worthwhile goal.
Host-directed therapies for parasitic diseases.

Parasitic infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Management strategies rely primarily on antiparasitic drugs that have side effects and risk of dru...
SEXTANT: A Computational Framework for Scalable and Efficient Correlation of Spatio-Temporal Trajectories

Discovering pairs of related entities based on their spatio-temporal behavior has applications of scientific, commercial, and public interest. For example, inferring relationships between animals based on data collected from tracking devices can help biologists better understand group behavior and family structures; identifying commonalities in customer behavior can enable better targeted marketing; and discovering correlations in the movement patterns of maritime vessels can help crack down on illegal fishing or smuggling activity. However, this task becomes especially challenging when many entities are being observed simultaneously and when observations of different entities are made asynchronously and at different frequencies.We propose SEXTANT, a computational framework for performing spatio-temporal correlation at scale, implemented using efficient data structures over a distributed architecture. SEXTANT’s core capability consists of algorithms that, given a large set of time-stamped and geo-located observations, identify pairs of trajectories with high spatial proximity over time, demonstrating shared pattern-of-life behavior. Experiments on real-world and synthetic datasets demonstrate SEXTANT’s ability to efficiently capture correlated behavior at scale while being robust to asynchronicity, sparsity, and heterogeneity in the data, out-performing existing methods.
Comparison of iRECIST versus RECIST V.1.1 in patients treated with an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody: pooled FDA analysis.

Background Response criteria developed when cytotoxic chemotherapy was the predominant therapeutic modality to treat patients with cancer, do not capture the full spectrum of tumor response patterns observed with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody treatment. iRECIST was developed to capture both typical and atypical response patterns. Methods Target, non-target, and new lesion measurements for 7920 patients receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody (n=4751) or anti-CTLA-4 antibody (n=613) or undergoing chemotherapy (n=2556) from 14 randomized controlled trials submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration were used to calculate the best overall response, objective response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) per iRECIST (iPFS) and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST). Associations between either PFS or iPFS and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using the method adopted by Oba et al.1 Results Among 4751 anti-PD-1/PD-L1-antibody treated patients, 31.5% (95% CI 30.2% to 32.9%) and 30.5% (95% CI 29.2% to 31.8%) achieved an objective response per iRECIST or RECIST V.1.1, respectively. OS among the 48 patients with objective response by iRECIST only resembled that in patients with responses per RECIST V.1.1. The association between iPFS and OS was R2=0.277 and that between PFS and OS was R2=0.260. Conclusions Patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies with initial progressive disease per RECIST V.1.1 can experience prolonged stability or substantial reductions in tumor burden per iRECIST, atypical response patterns associated with prolonged OS. In the subgroup of patients with atypical responses, the application of iRECIST retrospectively in the evaluation of the objective response durations and the magnitude of PFS results in large differences compared with RECIST V.1.1. For the overall pooled population, the magnitude of these differences was modest, although a large proportion of patients had no further tumor assessments following RECIST V.1.1-defined progressive disease. Prospective studies employing iRECIST will be required to assess whether this response criteria more fully captures the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Review of Viral Testing (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Antibody/Serology Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 for the Intensivist

Objective As the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 pandemic develops, assays to detect the virus and infection caused by it are needed for diagnosis and management. To describe to clinicians how each assay is performed, what each assay detects, and the benefits and limitations of each assay. Data sources Published literature and internet. Study selection As well done, relevant and recent as possible. Data extraction Sources were read to extract data from them. Data synthesis Was synthesized by all coauthors. Conclusions Available assays test for current or previous severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection. Nucleic acid assays such as quantitative, or real-time, polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification are ideal for acute diagnosis with polymerase chain reaction testing remaining the "gold standard" to diagnose acute infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, specifically the presence of viral RNA. Assays that detect serum antibodies can theoretically diagnose both acute and remote infection but require time for the patient to develop immunity and may detect nonspecific antibodies. Antibody assays that quantitatively measure neutralizing antibodies are needed to test efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy but are more specialized.
Revisiting a rare disease: Oral cavity basaloid squamous cell carcinoma at a high-volume tertiary center.

Abstract Objectives Rare diseases are often poorly understood, and this study sought to investigate the incidence of a rare disease entity, basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the oral cavity (OC) at a tertiary care medical center and to assess its clinical outcomes. Methods The aim of this study was to collect data in order to better understand how this rare disease progresses. This was a case series of patients with OC BSCC diagnosed between 2001 and 2018. Results 10 patients with primary OC BSCC were identified. Average age at diagnosis was 58 years (33–71). The median follow-up period was 11 months. Primary sites included oral tongue (n = 4), floor of mouth (n = 4), hard palate (n = 1), and retromolar trigone (n = 1). A majority (60%) of patients had pathologic T3/T4 tumors. All patients underwent primary surgical treatment. There was an overall 60% mortality rate: 2 died from metastasis at 1- and 3-months postop, 2 from unknown causes, 1 from sepsis at 1 month postop, and 1 from metastatic colon cancer. Average survival for those patients who died was 20.7 months. 4 patients were disease-free at the time of publication. Conclusion There are few studies in the literature that seek to investigate cases of OC BSCC from a single institution. This is the first detailed case series of BSCC from a single American institution. Survival outcomes in our cohort were poor but demonstrate a variable course of disease burden. This study presents unique information regarding specific pathologic characteristics and patient outcomes for this rare disease.
On impact ionization and avalanche in gallium nitride

This paper is dedicated to discussing the physics and applications of avalanche on III-Nitrides, primarily using Gallium Nitride as the example. Understanding the breakdown phenomenon in wide bandgap materials is of great interest to the device and circuit community as it directly impacts design and applications with these emerging semiconductors. In this paper, first, we go over the various approaches that have been reported on estimating the impact ionization coefficients in GaN, then discuss about the estimation of the critical electric field for punch-through and non-punch-through designs, and, finally, go over two avalanche-based devices that we have recently demonstrated.
Demographic, comorbidity, and episode of care trends in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: 2008 to 2018.

The purpose of this study is to assess how unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) patient demographics, comorbidities, and episode of care outcomes have changed from 2008 to 2018 in order to better understand the impact of recent changes in healthcare ideology on UKA. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried to identify demographics, comorbidities, and episode of care outcomes in patients undergoing primary UKA from 2008 to 2013 (n = 3096) vs 2014–2018 (n = 9073). Trends were analyzed using Student’s t-tests for continuous variables and Chi-squared tests and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. When comparing the years 2008–2013 to 2014–2018, there was no clinically significant difference in age, body mass index (BMI), proportion of patients with a BMI > 40 kg/m2, percentage of diabetes (15.0% vs 15.5; p = 0.715), smoking status (10.2% vs 9.4%; 0.177), COPD (3.0% vs 2.8%; p = 0.645), CHF within 30 days (< 0.1% vs 0.2%; p = 0.060), or acute renal failure (0.0% vs < 0.1%; p = 0.621) in patients undergoing UKA. However, the rate of patients with dyspnea, (5.7% versus 3.6%; p < 0.001), anemia (9.4 versus 7.3%; p < 0.001), and overall morbidity/mortality probability have improved, with a decrease in hospital LOS (2.2 ± 1.9 days versus 1.4 ± 2.1 days; p < 0.001) and an increase in home-discharge (90.7% versus 95.2%; p < 0.001). From 2008 to 2018, there was minimal improvement in UKA patients’ modifiable comorbidities. However, despite the lack of significant change in patient health status, our findings showed improvement in episode-of-care outcomes, implying that the value of UKA has been increasing over the last decade.
Pituitary incidentalomas

Introduction Incidentally discovered pituitary adenomas are more and more commonly encountered in endocrinology and neurosurgical practices. Often they present as difficult problems in management strategies. This review summarizes the latest evidence and opinions in a variety of settings in which incidental pituitary tumors are discovered, including subclinical pituitary tumor apoplexy.
A New View of Bone Loss in Phenylketonuria

Osteopenia is common in phenylalanine hydroxylase deficient phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is managed by limiting dietary phenylalanine. Osteopenia in PKU might reflect a therapeutic diet, with reduced bone forming materials. However, osteopenia occurs in patients who never received dietary therapy or following short-term therapy. Humans and animal studies find no correlation between bone loss, plasma hyperphenylalaninemia, bone formation, and resorption markers. Work in the Pahenu2 mouse recently showed a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) developmental defect in the osteoblast pathway. Specifically, Pahenu2 MSCs are affected by energy dysregulation and oxidative stress. In PKU, MSCs oximetry and respirometry show mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex 1 deficit and over-representation of superoxide, producing reactive oxygen species affecting mitochondrial function. Similar mechanisms are involved in aging bone and other rare defects including alkaptonuria and homocysteinemia. Novel interventions to support energy and reduce oxidative stress may restore bone formation PKU patients, and in metabolic diseases with related mechanisms.
IMPLICATIONS OF USING LAYERED THEORY IN PAVEMENT DESIGN

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the layered theory of pavement design. The mathematical detail associated with layered theory and particularly the procedures used to complete the numerical integrations are described. The contributions of the many workers in this field are organized so as to provide a ready reference on this subject as it is extended to include more descriptive material constitutive equations. The paper also contains a section which presents the ability of layered theory to provide a fundamental approach to pavement design.
Edward Norton Lorenz

Edward Lorenz discovered nonperiodic behavior in deterministic nonlinear systems and laid the foundation of chaos theory. He showed that chaos exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions implying that long-range weather prediction is difficult because of errors in the observations used as initial conditions. Lorenz described the intricate structure of chaotic attractors and quantified predictability. His important contributions in meteorology include energy cycle, slow manifold and general circulation.
A cirque-glacier chronology based on emergent lichens and mosses

Recession of “Golden Eagle” glacier in the central Brooks Range is exposing undisturbed lichen-covered boulders. Radiocarbon analysis of dead moss surrounding these boulders dates a Neoglacial advance across this site at 1120±180 years b.p Measurements of the preserved lichens indicate that a minimum ice-free period of 1500–2500 years preceded this glacial expansion.
Medication Compliance in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Focusing on the problem of lithium noncompliance, this article examines patterns and causes, clinical reports, and systematic studies of noncompliance, discusses the psychotherapeutic considerations of noncompliance in bipolar illness, and sets up a clinical framework for understanding and treating lithium noncompliance.
Total least squares for Toeplitz structures

System identification is formulated as a Total Least Squares problem for Toeplitz structures. Such a formulation applies to a variety of system identification philosophies. A procedure to solve the problem based on the geometry of the problem is derived and demonstrated via simulations.
Reported Goals of Instructors of Responsible Conduct of Research for Teaching of Skills

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) training grant requirement to provide training in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) is now more than 20 years old. Implicit in the requirement is that this training will have an impact not only on what trainees know, but on what they know how to do. There is, however, a range of responses about what skills are seen to be necessary for the ethical practice of science. As part of a larger, earlier study examining RCR instructors’ overall goals in teaching RCR, we asked 50 RCR instructors from 37 different institutions what their goals were for teaching skills in their RCR courses. The responses about what constituted necessary skills were wide ranging, from a focus on teaching the skill of ethical decision making to the perceived importance of ensuring that trainees understand the importance of the community in some research relationships. This diversity in responses about what skills should be taught in RCR courses is not especially surprising, given the variation in instructors, formats, instruction, goals, and outcome measures for RCR courses, but it does reinforce the necessity of giving more thought to what goals are to be achieved. This is true not only of skills to be learned, but of any other objectives one might have for research ethics teaching and learning.
Granular matter: The movable and the jammed

Granular materials, ranging from fruit to rocks to powders, can change rapidly from a static jammed state to a free-flowing state. Insight from dynamical systems theory reveals that this tendency is governed by the growth of instabilities, rather than stress on individual particles.
Loosening of a biodegradable shoulder staple

Advances in shoulder arthroscopy have prompted a resurgence of interest in low-profile permanent or biodegradable staples and suture anchors for repair of glenoid labral and rotator cuff lesions.3, 3z, lo, 12 A case is reported in which a loose intraarticular bioabsorbable anchor was detected 1 year after its intracapsular implantation for treatment of shoulder instability. This case suggests that implant loosening may be a potentially adverse consequence associated with this type of implant. CASE A 31-year-old assembly line worker at a tire factory had shoulder instability after an on-the-job fall. She had an arthroscopic Bankart capsu!orraphy performed with an investigational BioTak absorbable fixation device (Linvatec Corp., Largo, Fla.) made of poly-L-lactic acid (PLA)7 Eight months later she was referred after being assaulted, and she reported left shoulder pain but denied any episodes of recurrent instability. Shortly afterward she had a hysteric conversion reaction with paraplegia. The physical examination was difficult to perform and produced exaggerated and inconsistent responses. A shoulder arthrogram revealed no evidence of a rotator cuff tear. However, a filling defect outlining a surgical screw was noted in the axillary recess of the joint capsule (Figure 1 ). Examination with the patient under anesthesia revealed a full range of shoulder motion, no evidence of generalized ligamentous laxity, and a negative load and shift test. At arthroscopic examination the glenoid labrum was firmly adherent to
α‐TERTHIENYL PHOTOSENSITIZES DAMAGE TO pBR322 DNA

alpha-Terthienyl photosensitizes single strand breaks in pBR322 DNA. Almost identical results were observed under oxygen and under argon. In the presence of oxygen, this DNA nicking was enhanced by histidine and was not affected by superoxide dismutase, catalase, or the antioxidant BHT. Although chemical damage to DNA treated with alpha-terthienyl plus near-UV was clearly demonstrated in vitro, transformation in E. coli with this damaged pBR322 DNA still took place. Likewise, Haemophilus influenzae DNA transforming activity was not significantly decreased by photosensitization with alpha-terthienyl.
Physiological Methods and Measurements in Driving Simulation

Driving simulators provide a closely controlled environment for examining links between human physiology and behavior. Physiologic measurements in different driving tasks can assess body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, galvanic skin response, electroencephalographic activity, electromyography activity, gastric activity, eyelid closure (as an index of alertness and arousal), and eye movements (as an index of cognitive processing). Synchronous measures of driver physiology and performance in driving simulator scenarios can illuminate relationships between cognitive deficits and performance errors in drivers who lack awareness of self-impairment and environmental hazards. Demonstrations include falling asleep at the controls in drivers affected by cognitive overload, fatigue, prescription medicine or drug effects, or mental decline from brain disease.
Alpha 2 beta 1 integrin mediates dermal fibroblast attachment to type VII collagen via a 158-amino-acid segment of the NC1 domain.

Abstract Dermal fibroblasts are in apposition to type VII (anchoring fibril) collagen in both unwounded and wounded skin. The NC1 domain of type VII collagen contains multiple submodules with homology to known adhesive molecules, including fibronectin type III-like repeats and a potential RGD cell attachment site. We previously reported the structure and matrix binding properties of authentic and recombinant NC1. In this study, we examined the interaction between dermal fibroblasts and the NC1 domain of type VII collagen. We found that both recombinant and authentic NC1 vigorously promoted human fibroblast attachment. Adhesion of fibroblasts to NC1 was dose dependent, saturable, and abolished by both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to NC1. Cell adhesion to NC1 was divalent cation dependent and specifically inhibited by a monoclonal antibody directed against the α2 or β1 integrin subunits, but not by the presence of RGD peptides. Furthermore, the cell-binding activity of NC1 was not conformation dependent, since heat-denatured NC1 still promoted cell adhesion. Using a series of recombinant NC1 deletion mutant proteins, the cell binding site of NC1 was mapped to a 158-aa (residues 202–360) subdomain. We conclude that human dermal fibroblasts interact with the NC1 domain of type VII collagen and this cell–matrix interaction is mediated by the α2β1 integrin and is RGD independent.
Panama's exports and its sovereign debt

Panama has a foreign debt that represents 81.2 percent of GNP. In absolute terms, this is not large by the standards established by countries such as Mexico. For countries like Panama, which are not in the severely indebted middle-income countries, there is a tendency to overlook them with debt assistance programs. In 1989, the Brady Initiative recognized the need to help SIMICs and the Paris Club also stepped in with rescheduling agreements primarily for SIMICs with high official debt. In the 1980s, Panama rescheduled $594 million in debt.
High precision GPS orbit determination using March 1985 demonstration data

Preliminary orbit determination for satellites in the U.S. Department of Defense's Global Positioning System has been performed using GPS carrier phase data collected in March-April 1985 at 10 sites in the continental United States. The data were analyzed using a new data processing software package called GIPSY (GPS Inferred Positioning SYstem) and with existing covariance analysis software. Data from one day have been processed with average formal position errors of 1.4 to 3.6 meters. The true errors are probably somewhat larger. Covariance results are presented which suggest that the orbits can be obtained with formal errors under 2 meters after certain software issues are resolved.
Direct interaction with a kinesin-related motor mediates transport of mammalian discs large tumor suppressor homologue in epithelial cells.

Abstract Membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologues (MAGUKs) are generally found under the plasma membrane of cell-cell contact sites and function as scaffolding proteins by linking cytoskeletal and signaling molecules to transmembrane receptors. The correct targeting of MAGUKs is essential for their receptor-clustering function; however, the molecular mechanism of their intracellular transport is unknown. Here, we show that the guanylate kinase-like domain of human discs large protein binds directly within the amino acids 607–831 of the stalk domain of GAKIN, a kinesin-like protein of broad distribution. The primary structure of the binding segment, termed MAGUK binding stalk domain, is conserved inDrosophila kinesin-73 and some other motor and non-motor proteins. This stalk segment is not found in GKAP, a synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain, and unlike GKAP, the binding of GAKIN is not regulated by the intramolecular interactions within the discs large protein. The recombinant motor domain of GAKIN is an active microtubule-stimulated ATPase withk cat = 45 s−1,K 0.5 (MT) = 0.1 μm. Overexpression of green fluorescent protein-fused GAKIN in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells induced long projections with both GAKIN and endogenous discs large accumulating at the tip of these projections. Importantly, the accumulation of endogenous discs large was eliminated when a mutant GAKIN lacking its motor domain was overexpressed under similar conditions. Taken together, our results indicate that discs large is a cargo molecule of GAKIN and suggest a mechanism for intracellular trafficking of MAGUK-laden vesicles to specialized membrane sites in mammalian cells.
Effect of the F129L Mutation in Alternaria solani on Fungicides Affecting Mitochondrial Respiration

Pasche, J. S., Piche, L. M., and Gudmestad, N. C. 2005. Effect of the F129L mutation in Alternaria solani on fungicides affecting mitochondrial respiration. Plant Dis. 89:269-278. Isolates of Alternaria solani previously collected from throughout the Midwestern United States and characterized as being azoxystrobin sensitive or reduced sensitive were tested for sensitivity to the Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides famoxadone and fenamidone and the carboxamide fungicide boscalid. All three fungicides affect mitochondrial respiration: famoxadone and fenamidone at complex III, and boscalid at complex II. A. solani isolates possessing reducedsensitivity to azoxystrobin also were less sensitive in vitro to famoxadone and fenamidone compared with azoxystrobin-sensitive isolates, but the shift in sensitivity was of lower magnitude, approximately 2- to 3-fold versus approximately 12-fold for azoxystrobin. The in vitro EC50 values, the concentration that effectively reduces germination by 50% relative to the untreated control, for sensitive A. solani isolates were significantly lower for famoxadone and azoxystrobin than for fenamidone and boscalid; whereas, for reduced-sensitive isolates, famoxadone EC50 values were significantly lower than all other fungicides. Isolates of A. solani with reducedsensitivity to azoxystrobin were twofold more sensitive in vitro to boscalid than were azoxystrobin-sensitive wild-type isolates, displaying negative cross-sensitivity. All isolates determined to have reduced-sensitivity to azoxystrobin also were determined to possess the amino acid substitution of phenylalanine with leucine at position 129 (F129L mutation) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In vivo studies were performed to determine the effects of in vitro sensitivity shifts on early blight disease control provided by each fungicide over a range of concentrations. Reduced-sensitivity to azoxystrobin did not significantly affect disease control provided by famoxadone, regardless of the wide range of in vitro famoxadone EC50 values. Efficacy of fenamidone was affected by some azoxystrobin reduced-sensitive A. solani isolates, but not others. Boscalid controlled azoxystrobin-sensitive and reduced-sensitive isolates with equal effectiveness. These results suggest that the F129L mutation present in A. solani does not convey cross-sensitivity in vivo among all QoI or related fungicides, and that two- to threefold shifts in in vitro sensitivity among A. solani isolates does not appreciably affect disease control. Additional keywords: Solanum tuberosum