cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mode of Action of Photosystem II-Specific Inhibitors in Herbicide-Resistant Weed Biotypes

This report reviews studies which provide evidence defining the mode of action and site of action of photosystem II (PS II) herbicides; the involvement of the secondary electron carrier on the reducing side of PS II (called B) is indicated as the target site for these compounds. These studies of the action of PS II-inhibitors were performed in chloroplasts of various weed species in order to define the mechanism which is responsible for herbicide tolerance at the level of chloroplast membranes in newly discovered triazine-resistant weed biotypes. Many species of triazine-resistant weed biotypes have been collected in North America and Europe. Where data is available, these plants have been found to share the following common features: a) they were discovered in areas where triazine herbicides had been used repeatedly,b) resistance to the triazines is extreme; it is not due to a minor shift in herbicidal response,c) no changes in herbicide uptake, translocation or metabolism - as compared to susceptible biotypes - can be detected,d) resistance is selective for only certain classes of photosynthetic herbicides, and, e) chloroplasts isolated from triazine-resistant weeds display high preferential resistance to the triazines in assays of photosystem II partial reactions. To focus on the mechanism which regulates preferential herbicide activity, we have characterized susceptible and resistant chloroplasts in the presence and absence of herbicides. Properties of the PS II complex of chloroplasts from several different triazine-resistant weed biotypes share the following traits:a) the herbicide binding site (as measured by direct binding of radiolabeled herbicides or by inhibition experiments) is modified such that the affinity for triazines is dramatically reduced.b) alterations in response to many PS II-herbicides occur such that the triazine-resistant chloroplasts are very strongly resistant to all symmetrical triazines, strongly resistant to assymmetrical triazinones, partially resistant to pyridazones and uracils, only slightly resistant to ureas or amides, and increasingly susceptible to nitrophenols, phenols and the herbicide bentazon (all as compared to susceptible chloroplasts), c) there is a change in the reaction kinetics of the electron transport step between the primary and secondary electron acceptors (referred to as Q and B), and d) in two examples, specific small changes in a membranepolypeptide can be detected in the resistant thylakoids. We suggest that certain amino acids or segments of the apoprotein of B (the bound quinone which acts as the secondary electron carrier) are modified or deleted in these chloroplasts. Such a polypeptide change could affect both the redox poising of the Q⁻/B reaction pair, and the specific binding of herbicides.
Root System Description of T(w, τ)

In this chapter we recall the construction due to Lakshmibai—MusiliSeshadri (cf. [105], [110]) of a special basis for the Weyl module associated to a fundamental weight in the case G is a classical group, and we compute the action of the Chevalley basis elements of g on this basis. Using these computations and a result of Polo (cf. [135])relating tangent spaces and Demazure modules, we give a description of the tangent space T(w, τ) τ≤w due to Lakshmibai ([98, 99, 100]) in terms of the root system. We also bring out the relationship between T(w, τ) and the multiplicities of certain weights in the fundamental representations of G. We have separated out the discussions of the case τ=id and the case of a general τ, since the results as well as the discussion for τ=id turn out to be more compact. We have also included a result of Polo (cf. [135]) describing the module structure of the tangent space at the identity. Also included are two criteria for smoothness due to Carrell—Kuttler ([34])
Elastic Solids with Many Cracks and Related Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some basic problems in mechanics of elastic solids containing multiple cracks. A number of mathematical aspects that frequently constitute fields of their own (like various numerical techniques) are discussed very briefly in the chapter. The focus is on physically important effects produced by crack interactions and to present results in the simplest form possible. The problems considered in this chapter can be divided into two groups: (1) The impact of interactions on individual cracks, particularly on the stress intensity factors (SIFs), and (2) the effective elastic properties of solids with many cracks. Problems of the first group are, generally, relevant for the fracture-related considerations; solutions are sensitive to the positions of individual cracks. Problems of the second group deal with the volume average quantities; they are relatively insensitive to the information on individual cracks. The chapter discusses, in this connection, whether correlations exist between these two groups of quantities; in particular, whether microcracking can be reliably monitored by measuring changes in the effective elastic moduli.
Evaluated Cross Sections for Neutron Scattering from Natural Carbon below 2 MeV Including R Matrix Fits to 13C Resonances

In this paper the ENDF/B-V differential cross sections for neutron scattering from natural carbon below 2 MeV, recommended as standards for measurements and based on an R matrix analysis for {sup 12}C using natural carbon data, are revised to include {sup 13}C resonances for high-resolution applications. The recommended {sup 13}C cross sections are also based on an R matrix analysis of the available data. The 0.1529- and 1.736-MeV resonances rise above the natural carbon background by 7 and 1%, respectively. The angular distributions of the elastically scattered neutrons from {sup 13}C are generated by the R matrix theory. The final recommended cross sections and Legendre coefficients of angular distributions for natural carbon, adopted for ENDF/B-VI, are tabulated.
CASP11--An Evaluation of a Modular BCL::Fold-Based Protein Structure Prediction Pipeline.

In silico prediction of a protein’s tertiary structure remains an unsolved problem. The community-wide Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiment provides a double-blind study to evaluate improvements in protein structure prediction algorithms. We developed a protein structure prediction pipeline employing a three-stage approach, consisting of low-resolution topology search, high-resolution refinement, and molecular dynamics simulation to predict the tertiary structure of proteins from the primary structure alone or including distance restraints either from predicted residue-residue contacts, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) experiments, or mass spectroscopy (MS) cross-linking (XL) data. The protein structure prediction pipeline was evaluated in the CASP11 experiment on twenty regular protein targets as well as thirty-three ‘assisted’ protein targets, which also had distance restraints available. Although the low-resolution topology search module was able to sample models with a global distance test total score (GDT_TS) value greater than 30% for twelve out of twenty proteins, frequently it was not possible to select the most accurate models for refinement, resulting in a general decay of model quality over the course of the prediction pipeline. In this study, we provide a detailed overall analysis, study one target protein in more detail as it travels through the protein structure prediction pipeline, and evaluate the impact of limited experimental data.
Effects of Advanced Warning Flashers on Driver Interaction with Signalized Intersections

This study carried out a human factors analysis of the effects of advanced warning flashers (AWFs) on simulated driving performance, during interaction by drivers with simulated signalized intersec...
Properties of Electret Filters Made of Nonwoven Fabrics of Ultra Fine Polypropylene Fibers

Electrically, polarized nonwoven fabrics of ultrafine polypropylene fibers were examined as air filters in the effects of their structures and surface charge densities on the filtration characteristics. The dependency of particle penetration on fabric structure was investigated based on the fan model theory, which clarified the structural distinction between the nonwoven filters and two kind of glass filters used for clean room elements. The electrostatic and mechanical collection efficiencies were separately estimated. The stability in filtration property against heat, moisture, air flow rate, and dust loading was tested, by which the electret filter was proved to be applicable as clean room filter.
On Punishing Crime Severely When Taking Measures against Serious Offenders

Taking measures against serious offenders is a Chinese characteristic penal policy. What it emphasizes is sev ere and quick penalty according to the law. It has important theoretical and practical significance to properly understanding the connotation and essence of severe penalty.
Damage Performance of Sol-gel Anti-Reflective Coatings for the National Ignition Facility

Dip coating is used to apply sol-gel anti-reflective coatings to large optics for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Recent process improvements in tooling and Quality Control have enabled production of coatings with improved damaged resistance.
Quantum correlated photon-pairs from warm Rb-vapor

Using a diamond scheme in warm Rb-vapor, we generate quantum-correlated photon-pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing. Using a Rb-filled photonic-band gap fiber, this system could achieve pair generation efficiencies of 10−3 pairs/input photon.
Role of endothelial cells in the proliferative response of cultured pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells to reduced oxygen tension

The development of pulmonary hypertension in a wide variety of human disease states and experimental animal models characterized by chronic alveolar hypoxia is mediated by two pathologic vascular processes, a) vasoconstriction and b) vasoconstruction (structural remodeling). The anatomic changes seen within the pulmonary circulation include a) increased deposition of collagen and elastin in the adventitial layer and b) aberrant pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and maturation in the medial segments. Despite the demonstrated ability of pharmacologic manipulation in the experimental animal to ameliorate both the structural and hemodynamic changes, the actual etiologic mechanisms are only beginning to be explored. Using the cell culture technique of co-cultivation, we have investigated the potential role of bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cell-derived factors in mediating abnormal bovine smooth muscle cell growth under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. We have demonstrated that these cultured endothelial cells exposed in vitro to reduced levels of atmospheric oxygen concentrations of 5.0% and 2.5% O2 for durations of 24 to 72 h produce and secrete soluble growth factor(s) which stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation when compared to cells maintained under standard tissue culture oxygen conditions of 95% room air. This growth-stimulatory effect required the concomitant presence of serum factors (0.5% fetal bovine serum), was inhibited by heparin, was distinct from platelet-derived growth factor, and seemed to have a molecular weight greater than 14 000 Da. We conclude that reduced levels of oxygen tension in vitro can selectively induce pulmonary arterial endothelial cells to release mitogen(s) which can stimulate vascular smooth muscle replication. Furthermore, we speculate that this in vitro finding may be of importance as an etiologic mechanism to explain the accelerated smooth muscle cell growth characteristic of hypoxic pulmonary arteriopathy.
Biological Rhythms: Melatonin Shapes the Space–Time Continuum of Social Communication

Summary A new study shows that nocturnal courtship vocalization is regulated by a circadian rhythm and potentiated by melatonin at multiple timescales. These findings are in contrast to those in diurnal vocalizers and provide a striking example of melatonin's niche-specific functions.
Observation of prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena in liquid hydrocarbons under nonuniform field conditions

The prebreakdown processes have been recorded in n-hexane, toluene, and Marcol 70, both in a pure state and with selected impurities. The study was carried out using a point-plane geometry. A low ionization potential additive had only a small effect on the breakdown voltage or the streamer propagation speed but did significantly alter the shape of the prebreakdown streamer when the needle was the anode. For a cathode needle, chemical impurities affected the breakdown voltage.
Design of An Automatic Weaving Machine For 3-D Net Shapes

This paper reviews existing 3-D weaving processes and presents a new patented process developed at the Mars Mission Research Center of North Carolina State University. The design of an automated machine based on the U.S. patent will be presented. Preforms woven on this prototype machine and the properties of different composites made from carbon fibers for space applications will be discussed. Comparison of the properties of the new materials with existing ones showed superior performance.
Riboflavin Analogues: A Novel Class of Antihypertensive Drugs

1. Riboflavin analogues were tested in three hypertensive rat models: the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Dahl S rats. 2. When 1.6 mg of 7,8-dimethyl-10-formyl-methylisoalloxazine (FMI) or 7,8-dimethyl-10-(2′-hydroxyethyl)isoalloxazine (HEI) was administered with 3.0 mg of DOCA twice weekly for 9 weeks, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the unanaesthetized rats rose to only 136 ± 5 mmHg compared with 165 ± 5 mmHg during DOCA treatment alone. The analogues blunted the retention of iliopsoas muscle Na+ and water due to DOCA. 3. In subsequent studies, the more potent riboflavin analogue 7,8-dimethyl-10-(3-chlorobenzyl)isoalloxazine (CBI) was employed. Administration of 0.5 mg of CBI/100 g body wt. twice weekly for 7 weeks lowered the SBP of the unanaesthetized SHR from 188 ± 7 mmHg to 148 ± 2 mmHg. The rats tolerated the medication well. CBI was more effective than hydrochlorothiazide, which at 2.2 mg/100 g body wt. daily only lowered the SBP to 167 ± 5 mmHg. The combined administration of CBI and hydrochlorothiazide produced an additive effect in that the SBP was reduced to 126 ± 4 mmHg. 4. CBI treatment resulted in a 36% and 11% decrease in the iliopsoas muscle Na+ concentration and water content respectively, suggesting that the untreated SHR is retaining Na+. The hydrochlorothiazide-treated SHR exhibited elevated levels of serum aldosterone. There was a profound suppressive effect of CBI on the secondary hyperaldosteronism generated by hydrochlorothiazide which was also reflected in the iliopsoas muscle K+ concentration. 5. In contrast to the SHR, the administration to the Dahl S rats of CBI for 8 weeks at 0.5 mg/100 g body wt. twice weekly reduced neither their SBP nor their iliopsoas muscle Na+ and water contents. 6. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that the antihypertensive actions of the riboflavin analogues are closely associated with their ability to modify the effects of mineralocorticoids on Na+ balance. These data suggest that riboflavin analogues also decrease aldosterone production and may function as dual-mechanism diuretic agents with K+ sparing properties and thus act as a novel class of antihypertensive drugs.
PHATE: A Dimensionality Reduction Method for Visualizing Trajectory Structures in High-Dimensional Biological Data

In recent years, dimensionality reduction methods have become critical for visualization, exploration, and interpretation of high-throughput, high-dimensional biological data, as they enable the extraction of major trends in the data while discarding noise. However, biological data contains a type of predominant structure that is not preserved in commonly used methods such as PCA and tSNE, namely, branching progression structure. This structure, which is often non-linear, arises from underlying biological processes such as differentiation, graded responses to stimuli, and population drift, which generate cellular (or population) diversity. We propose a novel, affinity-preserving embedding called PHATE (Potential of Heat-diffusion for Affinity-based Trajectory Embedding), designed explicitly to preserve progression structure in data. PHATE provides a denoised, two or three-dimensional visualization of the complete branching trajectory structure in high-dimensional data. It uses heat-diffusion processes, which naturally denoise the data, to compute cell-cell affinities. Then, PHATE creates a diffusion-potential geometry by free-energy potentials of these processes. This geometry captures high-dimensional trajectory structures, while enabling a natural embedding of the intrinsic data geometry. This embedding accurately visualizes trajectories and data distances, without requiring strict assumptions typically used by path-finding and tree-fitting algorithms, which have recently been used for pseudotime orderings or tree-renderings of cellular data. Furthermore, PHATE supports a wide range of data exploration tasks by providing interpretable overlays on top of the visualization. We show that such overlays can emphasize and reveal trajectory end-points, branch points and associated split-decisions, progression-forming variables (e.g., specific genes), and paths between developmental events in cellular state-space. We demonstrate PHATE on single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry data pertaining to embryoid body differentiation, IPSC reprogramming, and hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. We also demonstrate PHATE on non-single cell data including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) measurements of European populations, and 16s sequencing of gut microbiota.
Understanding Animal Detection of Precursor Earthquake Sounds

We use recent research to provide an explanation of how animals might detect earthquakes before they occur. While the intrinsic value of such warnings is immense, we show that the complexity of the process may result in inconsistent responses of animals to the possible precursor signal. Using the results of our research, we describe a logical but complex sequence of geophysical events triggered by precursor earthquake crustal movements that ultimately result in a sound signal detectable by animals. The sound heard by animals occurs only when metal or other surfaces (glass) respond to vibrations produced by electric currents induced by distortions of the earth’s electric fields caused by the crustal movements. A combination of existing measurement systems combined with more careful monitoring of animal response could nevertheless be of value, particularly in remote locations.
Building Academic Communities to Support Nursing Students with Disabilities: An Integrative Review

Background: Students with disabilities in higher education are increasing, yet discrimination against nurses and nursing students with disabilities persists. A healthy academic community must include students with disabilities who are receiving accommodations per the ADAAA. Aim: To determine the extent, if any, of progress in accommodating nursing students with disabilities since the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendment (ADAAA) of 2008. Methods: An integrative review of peer-reviewed literature written in English was conducted. The Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, and Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) were searched. The date range spanned from 2008 to 2018. The type of peer-reviewed literature was not specified. Results: Accommodating students with disabilities depends on individual faculty who remain concerned about patient safety. Faculty tend to view students with disabilities using a medical rather than a social model and evaluate students on the ability to perform essential functions of the job instead of on student competencies. Conclusions: Faculty are more aware of the needs of nursing students with disabilities and the need to accommodate them, yet discrimination still occurs. Academic communities must not discriminate against students with disabilities and should structure an interdisciplinary approach that includes assistance from the university disability office, education of faculty about the ADAAA and the development of sustainable educational models that integrate the individualized needs of all learners.
Four-Wave Spectroscopy of Shallow Donors in Germanium

In recent years, four-wave mixing spectroscopy (FWMS) with tunable lasers has emerged as a powerful technique for the study of optical excitations in gases, liquids and solids. In a simple version of FWMS, two laser beams, say, at frequencies ω1 and ω2 interact in the medium of interest to generate radiation at the frequency ω4 = 2ω1 — ω2. All the processes leading to output at ω4 can be derived by a third-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor X(3) ijkl(-ω4, ω1, ω1, -ω2) which is a polar tensor of 4th order. It should be pointed out X(3) does not vanish identically for any symmetry group. In contrast, the second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor X(2) is identically zero for all media except non-centrosymmetric crystals. Thus, phenomena involving X(3) can be studied in all media: gases, liquids and solids.
Interactions between Dietary Proteins and the Human System: Implications for Oral Tolerance and Food-Related Diseases

Mounting evidence suggests that there are a number of important, but poorly understand, interactions between dietary proteins and the human immune system. The usual response of the human immune system to dietary proteins seems to be that of oral tolerance, a phenomenon involving up-regulation of protective gut localized immune mechanisms and down-regulation of potentially harmful systemic immunity to the protein in question. Abrogation of oral tolerance may play an important role in the development of food allergies and food enteropathies. Immune mechanisms underlying oral tolerance are therefore discussed in light of current understanding of such food-related diseases as IgE mediated food allergies and gluten sensitive enteropathy. Possible development of oral vaccines to immune-related diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis is also discussed.
Predicting Second Language Academic Success in English Using the Prism Model

Many students in English-speaking contexts who are new to the English language have to acquire proficiency in the language, and at the same time learn a range of academic content, some of which is very unfamiliar. The Prism model defines factors that allow for predictions to be made regarding English learners’ degree of second language acquisition in an academic context. In this chapter, the authors describe in detail the components and dimensions of the Prism model and describe several currently popular types of education programs for English language learners in the United States in terms of their degree of adherence to the model. Finally, we compare the predictions of the Prism model, using predicted rankings of relative program success, to the actual measured effectiveness of each program in producing varying degrees of English learners’ achievement gap closure with mother tongue-English speakers.
Inhibition of Oral Cancer in Animal Models by Black Raspberries and Berry Components

It is estimated that there will be 35,720 cases and 7,600 deaths resulting from oral cancer in the United States this year. Even more common worldwide, oral cancer is the 6th most prevalent cancer internationally, the majority of which are squamous cell carcinomas that have been etiologically linked to carcinogens in tobacco. Current surgical and adjuvant therapies remain only modestly effective and are often associated with significant physical and physiological side effects. Therefore, alternative or complementary intervention strategies, such as oral cancer chemoprevention, should be developed and tested in appropriate preclinical animal models of experimental oral carcinogenesis. The best characterized model of chemically-induced oral cancer, the hamster cheek pouch, has been employed to evaluate the ability of dietary lyophilized black raspberries (LBR) to inhibit oral tumors. Tumors induced by DMBA were significantly inhibited by the administration of dietary LBR. A discussion of berry components and inhibition of oral cancers in hamsters, rats, and mice is included. These data show that administration of berries or berry components effectively inhibit chemically-induced tumor formation in several comparative animal models of experimental oral carcinogenesis.
Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis of space launch vehicles

Abstract This article demonstrates how Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) can be used as a powerful tool to identify, mitigate, and eliminate hazards throughout the space launch system lifecycle. Hazard analysis techniques commonly used to evaluate launch vehicle safety use reliability theory as their foundation, but most modern space launch vehicle accidents have resulted from design errors or other factors independent of component reliability. This article reviews safety analysis methods as they are applied to space launch vehicles, and demonstrates that they are unable to treat many of the causal factors associated with modern launch accidents. Next, it describes how STPA can be applied to the design of space launch vehicles to treat these casual factors. Safety-guided design with STPA is then demonstrated with a hypothetical small-lift launch vehicle, launch safety system, and upper stage propulsion system.
A neurodynamics-based nonnegative matrix factorization approach based on discrete-time projection neural network

This paper contributes to study the influence of various NMF algorithms on the classification accuracy of each classifier as well as to compare the classifiers among themselves. We focus on a fast nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm based on discrete-time projection neural network (DTPNN). The NMF algorithm is combined with three classifiers in order to find out the influence of dimensionality reduction performed by the NMF algorithm on the accuracy rate of the classifiers. The convergent objective function values in terms of two popular objective functions, Frobenius norm and Kullback–Leibler (K-L) divergence for different NMF based algorithms on a wide range of data sets are demonstrated. The CPU running time in terms of these objective functions on different combination of NMF algorithms and data sets are also shown. Moreover, the convergent behaviors of different NMF methods are illustrated. In order to test its effectiveness on classification accuracy, a performance study of three well-known classifiers is carried out and the influence of the NMF algorithm on the accuracy is evaluated. Furthermore, the confusion matrix module has been incorporated into the algorithms to provide additional classification accuracy comparison.
COMPARATIVE DIET ANALYSIS OF BARN OWL (TYTO ALBA) AND LONG- EARED OWL (ASIO OTUS) IN A HABITAT ISLAND IN NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS

Abstract Predator-prey interactions often define the coexistence of species in space and time. In this research, we are filling a regional gap in knowledge of diet composition of the barn owl (Tyto...
A systematic review of upper extremity responses during reactive balance perturbations in aging.

Abstract Background Balance responses to perturbations often involve the arms in an attempt to either restore balance or protect against impact. Although a majority of research has been dedicated to understanding age-related changes in lower limb balance responses, there is a growing body of evidence supporting age-related changes in arm responses. This systematic review aimed to summarize differences in arm responses between older and younger adults under conditions requiring counterbalancing, reaching to grasping, and protection against impact. Methods Following a systematic review and critical appraisal of the literature, data regarding the arm response in studies comparing young and older adults was extracted. The resulting articles were also assessed for quality to determine risk of bias. Results Fifteen high quality studies were identified. The majority of these studies reported delayed onsets in muscle activation, differences in arm movement strategies, delayed movement timing, increased impact forces, and greater grasp errors in older compared to young adults. These differences were also identified under varied visual and cognitive conditions. Conclusions The studies included in this review demonstrate age-related differences in arm responses regardless of the direction and nature of the perturbation. These differences could provide insight into developing more targeted rehabilitation and fall prevention strategies. More research is needed to assess whether the identified age-related differences are a necessary compensation or a contributory factor to balance impairments and fall risk in older adults
Changes in Metronidazole and Vancomycin Utilization for Nonsevere Clostridioides difficile Infection Among Institutions Caring for Children.

Clostridioides difficile infection guidelines were published in final format on April 1, 2018. Among 4962 and 3545 C. difficile infection cases in children the year before and after publication, oral metronidazole use decreased from 63.0% to 44.3% (P < 0.001) and oral vancomycin use increased from 27.3% to 47.7% (P < 0.001). Quarterly metronidazole utilization decreased postguidelines among 117 institutions, incidence rate ratios 0.86 (95% confidence intervals: 0.78-0.96).
701 Daily Associations Between Adolescent Sleep and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Sleep disturbances after a trauma forecast mental health difficulties such as post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). COVID-19 has resulted in numerous stressors for youth (e.g., school closures, social isolation) that directly disrupt sleep and may have negative mental health consequences. However, investigations of sleep and adverse events in youth have primarily been limited to months or years after a trauma has occurred. How adolescent sleep patterns and mental health intersect during an ongoing adverse experience is unknown. Methods: Adolescents from the United States (N = 503;80.9% female;13-18 years) participated in an online daily diary study within 3 weeks after COVID-19 was declared a national emergency. Participants completed one week of twice daily reports (5406 observations) on their nightly sleep (sleep timing, sleep quality, sleep onset difficulties, and nightmares) and daytime mental health symptoms (COVID-19 PTSS, positive affect, negative affect, and loneliness). Results: Mixed models adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status indicated that cyclical, bidirectional effects emerged, with daytime mental health symptoms predicting same-night sleep disturbances, and sleep disturbances predicting next-day mental health. Greater PTSS predicted sleep onset difficulties (Estimate = .02, SE = .004, t = 5.56 p < .001) and sleep onset difficulties predicted nextday PTSS (Estimate = .35, SE = .17, t = 2.04, p < .05). Greater daytime negative affect predicted greater nightmares (Estimate = .07, SE = .01, t = 4.97, p < .001), and nightmares predicted marginally more nextday negative affect (Estimate = .07, SE = .04, t = 1.66, p = .09). PTSS (Estimate = .01, SE = .003, t = 3.47, p < .001) and negative affect (Estimate = .05, SE = .03, t = 2.06, p < .05) both predicted poorer sleep quality the following night. Conclusion: Findings suggest that mental health symptoms during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with increased sleep disturbances. In turn, these sleep disturbances predict increased mental health symptoms. Overall, results provide a greater understanding of youth sleep patterns during COVID-19 and how sleep disturbances may inhibit resilience in the context of an ongoing stressor.
A machine learning approach for accurate and real-time DNA sequence identification

The all-electronic Single Molecule Break Junction (SMBJ) method is an emerging alternative to traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for genetic sequencing and identification. Existing work indicates that the current spectra recorded from SMBJ experimentations contain unique signatures to identify known sequences from a dataset. However, the spectra are typically extremely noisy due to the stochastic and complex interactions between the substrate, sample, environment, and the measuring system, necessitating hundreds or thousands of experimentations to obtain reliable and accurate results. This article presents a DNA sequence identification system based on the current spectra of ten short strand sequences, including a pair that differs by a single mismatch. By employing a gradient boosted tree classifier model trained on conductance histograms, we demonstrate that extremely high accuracy, ranging from approximately 96 % for molecules differing by a single mismatch to 99.5 % otherwise, is possible. Further, such accuracy metrics are achievable in near real-time with just twenty or thirty SMBJ measurements instead of hundreds or thousands. We also demonstrate that a tandem classifier architecture, where the first stage is a multiclass classifier and the second stage is a binary classifier, can be employed to boost the single mismatched pair’s identification accuracy to 99.5 %. A monolithic classifier, or more generally, a multistage classifier with model specific parameters that depend on experimental current spectra can be used to successfully identify DNA strands.
Medicaid Expansion and Enhanced Coverage of Direct Oral Antivirals: Improving Care for Patients With Liver Disease.

Effective health policies are crucial for mitigating barriers to adequate access to treatment for our most vulnerable patients, including those with liver disease. Patients with liver disease are especially reliant on sound healthcare policies as their mortality is strongly tied to expensive medications (e.g., direct acting antivirals [DAAs]) and surgical procedures such as transplantation.
The Effect of a Hydrocholeret Agent (Zanchol) on Biliary Lipids in Post Cholecystectomy Patients

Abstract Oral Zanchol administration (1 gram daily) reduced the molar percentageof cholesterol and lithogenic index of bile in six patients with prior lecystectomy for cholesterol gallstones.
Asian Film Connection: Developing a Scholarly Multilingual Digital Library - A Case Study

In 1998, the staff of the Center for Scholarly Technology (CST) in the Information Services Division (ISD) at the University of Southern California (USC) was approached for assistance with a database/digital library project. Generally, the role of the Center is to assist with curricular technology projects. Although the project described below is somewhat outside the normal scope for the Center, the scholarly nature of the project was taken into account in granting assistance to it. The impetus for the project came from Jeanette Paulson Hereniko, Director of the Asia Pacific Media Center at the Annenberg Center for Communication and Founding Director of the Hawaii International Film Festival. Ms. Paulson organized a conference in Los Angeles in May of 1998 attended by members of NETPAC, the Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema, a pan-Asian cultural organization involving critics, filmmakers, festival organizers and curators, distributors and exhibitors, and film educators. At the conference, a plan for the creation of a scholarly, multilingual digital library about film in Asia was first presented.
Speaking the Same Language: Is It Possible to Educate Every Obstetric Nurse and Physician in Arkansas on the Current Fetal Heart Monitoring Terminology?

Tesa Ivey, MSN, APN TLIvey@uams.edu Background With numerous rural hospitals struggling to remain open, often the continuing education budget and the nurse educator position are the first things slashed. This creates a problem for rural nurses and physicians to remain current on changes in obstetrical practice. The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) Rural Hospital Program and ANGELS (Antenatal & Neonatal Guidelines, Education & Learning System) are partners to provide a seamless network of current obstetrical and neonatal clinical information to rural providers throughout Arkansas.
Bronchial lesions of mouse model of asthma are preceded by immune complex vasculitis and induced bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT)

We systematically examined by immune histology the lungs of some widely used mouse models of asthma. These models include sensitization by multiple intraperitoneal injections of soluble ovalbumin (OVA) or of OVA with alum, followed by three intranasal or aerosol challenges 3 days apart. Within 24 h after a single challenge there is fibrinoid necrosis of arterial walls with deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) and OVA and infiltration of eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells that lasts for about 3 days followed by peribronchial B-cell infiltration and slight reversible goblet cell hypertrophy (GCHT). After two challenges, severe eosinophilic vasculitis is present at 6 h, increases by 72 h, and then declines; B-cell proliferation and significant GCHT and hyperplasia (GCHTH) and bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy recur more prominently. After three challenges, there is significantly increased induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation, GCHTH, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Elevated levels of Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, are present in bronchial lavage fluids. Sensitized mice have precipitating antibody and positive Arthus skin reactions but also develop significant levels of IgE antibody to OVA but only 1 week after challenge. We conclude that the asthma like lung lesions induced in these models is preceded by immune complex-mediated eosinophilic vasculitis and iBALT formation. There are elevations of Th2 cytokines that most likely produce bronchial lesions that resemble human asthma. However, it is unlikely that mast cell-activated atopic mechanisms are responsible as we found only a few presumed mast cells by toluidine blue and metachromatic staining limited to the most proximal part of the main stem bronchus, and none in the remaining main stem bronchus or in the lung periphery.
Enhanced osmotic responsiveness in angiotensin AT1a receptor deficient mice: evidence for a role for AT1b receptors.

Experiments were performed to study the role of angiotensin (Ang) AT1a and AT1b receptor subtypes in osmotic regulation of blood pressure using gene deletion and pharmacological methods. The cardiovascular effects of hypertonic saline (HS) or vasopressin (VP) delivered via vascular catheters were measured in Ang AT1a gene deletion (AT1a−/−) and control (AT1a+/+) mice. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in conscious mice using direct carotid catheters. Plasma osmolality and VP concentration were also measured. The major finding was that deletion of AT1a receptors resulted in enhanced BP response to osmotic stimulation. This was seen after acute HS injection (20 μl, 20% NaCl). The peak percentage change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 15.4 ± 1.9%versus 28.1 ± 2.4% (AT1a+/+versus AT1a −/−, respectively). Losartan (AT1 antagonist), but not PD123319 (AT2 antagonist), inhibited the HS-induced MAP response, specifically in AT1a−/− mice. Plasma osmolality and VP concentration were elevated after HS injection with no differences noted between groups. Vascular injection of VP (5 ng g−1) increased BP and HR, with similar MAP response between groups. Evidence shows that removal of Ang AT1a receptors results in a significant enhancement in the pressor response to acute osmotic stimulation. Studies of AT1 receptor blockade indicate that complementary Ang AT1b receptors, but not AT2 receptors, may be involved in the osmotic response.
Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: a descriptive and comparative review

Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) is an extremely challenging surgery. First described in 1994, it has been slow to gain in popularity. Recently, however, we have seen an increase in the number of centers performing this operation, including our own institution, as well as an increase in the quantity of published data. The purpose of this review is to describe the current status of LPD as described in the literature. We performed a literature search in the PubMed database using MeSH terms “laparoscopy” and “pancreaticoduodenectomy”. We then identified articles in the English language with over 20 patients that focused on LPD only. Review articles were excluded and only one article per institution was used for descriptive analysis in order to avoid overlap. There were a total of eight articles meeting review criteria, consisting of 492 patients. On descriptive analysis we found that percent of LPD due to high-grade malignancy averaged 47% over all articles. Average operative time was 452 minutes, blood loss 369 cc’s, pancreatic leak rate 15%, delayed gastric emptying 8.6%, length of hospital stay 9.4 days, and short term mortality 2.3%. Comparison studies between open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD) and LPD suggested decreased blood loss, longer operative time, similar post-operative complication rate, decreased pain, and shorter hospital length of stay for LPD. There was also increased number of lymph nodes harvested and similar margin free resections with LPD in the majority of studies. LPD is a safe surgery, providing many of the advantages typically associated with laparoscopic procedures. We expect this operation to continue to gain in popularity as well as be offered in increasingly more complex cases. In future studies, it will be beneficial to look further at the oncologic outcome data of LPD including survival.
Exposure to Copper Nanoparticles Causes Gill Injury and Acute Lethality in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Increasing use of metallic nanomaterials is likely to result in release of these particles into aqueous environments; however, it is unclear if these materials present a hazard to aquatic organisms. Because some dissolution of metal particles will occur, it is important to distinguish effects of nanoparticulates from dissolved metals. To address this issue, acute toxicity of soluble copper and 80 nm copper nanoparticle suspensions were examined in zebrafish. The results demonstrate that nanocopper is acutely toxic to zebrafish, with a 48 h LC50 concentration of 1.5 mg/L. Rapid aggregation of copper nanoparticles occurred after suspension in water, resulting in 50–60% of added mass leaving the water column. While dissolution of particulate copper occurred, it was insufficient to explain the mortality in nanocopper exposures. Histological and biochemical analysis revealed that the gill was the primary target organ for nanocopper. To further investigate the effects of nanocopper on the gill, zebrafish were e...
Lipovitellins in Fresh and Stored Shell Eggs

Abstract Lipovitellins were isolated from fresh eggs and from eggs which had been kept in cold storage for 6 months. No differences in structure were observed when studied by the procedure of progressive proteolytic digestion. Both the lipovitellins of fresh eggs and those of stored eggs were composed of 23% alpha-lipovitellin and 77% of beta-lipovitellin. No changes in lipids of the lipovitellins occurred during storage of the eggs. An increase in electrophoretic mobility of part of the lipovitellins was previously observed to occur during cold storage of shell eggs, but no changes were observed in lipovitellin during storage which would account for the change in electrophoretic properties of the lipovitellins.
Healthy Weight Gain in Pregnancy: A Clinicians Tool for Individualized, Patient‐Focused Collaboration

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The purpose of this poster presentation is to share a tool developed by the Washington State Department of Health for prenatal clinicians to use to engage patients in developing goals and healthy behaviors, and provide individualized resources for healthy weight gain during pregnancy. Proposed Change Five obstetric (OB) practices were presented with the tool as a way to address healthy weight gain during the first prenatal (intake) exam. Previously, one of these practices did not formally address weight gain and the other four did not have a patient‐based tool. The goal was to get each clinic to use the tool. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation In a pilot, five OB practices throughout the Southwest Region of Washington State were presented with the “Healthy Weight Gain in Pregnancy” tool, along with a “Clinician's Tool for Healthy Weight Gain in Pregnancy” to help clinicians with assessment, dialog, and monitoring. Represented were one urban, underserved OB access clinic; one urban family practice and residency practice; one urban OB practice; one suburban OB practice; and one rural OB practice. The clinician tools and patient tools were given to each practice (in laminated pad form) in three languages: English, Spanish, and Russian. After 3 months, each practice was queried regarding whether healthcare providers were using the tool, the patient interaction and success in engagement, and plans to continue the use of the tool. Of the five practices, only the rural practice did not embrace the tool—probably because of significant changes in staff, healthcare providers, and management. All others incorporated the tool in their OB intake process. The OB access clinic used the tool in their Centering/Group visit program and the other practices used the tool as part of their OB intake interview. Most successful in embracing the tool was the suburban practice, which used the tool and resources within the tool to develop plans that were incorporated into their electronic medical record (EMR) and monitor weight gain based on the goals developed. Implications for Nursing Practice The purpose of presenting this poster is genuinely to share this tool with others. Many healthcare providers are seeking a tool that will help engage patients and are eager to find something that has already been developed and can be used in their practices. This tool is a tangible, readily accessible way to involve patients and have them participate in healthy behaviors for healthy pregnancies and healthy birth outcomes.
Regulation of pulmonary vasoconstriction by agonists and caveolae.

Sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction contributes to the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance observed in pulmonary arterial hypertension. A rise in cytosolic Ca2 + in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is major trigger for pulmonary vasoconstriction. One family of drugs currently being pursued as a potential treatment for pulmonary hypertension are the statins, which act by depleting cholesterol and reducing the number of caveolae. This study aimed at investigating the role of caveolae, membrane receptors, and ion channels (that are potentially located in the caveolae) in agonist-mediated pulmonary vasoconstriction in order to gain a greater understanding of the signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. Chronic treatment of PASMCs with the cholesterol-depleting agent, methyl-β -cyclodextrin (Mβ CD), significantly reduced the number of cholesterol rich caveolae regions in the membrane. This disruption of cholesterol in caveolae significantly inhibited pharmaco...