cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Investigation of Gravity-Driven Metal Powder Flow in Coaxial Nozzle for Laser-Aided Direct Metal Deposition Process

The quality and efficiency of laser-aided direct metal deposition largely depends on the powder stream structure below the nozzle. Numerical modeling of the powder concentration distribution is complex due to the complex phenomena involved in the two-phase turbulence flow. In this paper, the gravity-driven powder flow is studied along with powder properties, nozzle geometries, and shielding gas settings. A 3-D numerical model is introduced to quantitatively predict the powder stream concentration variation in order to facilitate coaxial nozzle design optimizations. Effects of outer shielding gas directions, inner/outer shielding gas flow rate, powder passage directions, and opening width on the structure of the powder stream are systematically studied. An experimental setup is designed to quantitatively measure the particle concentration directly for this process. The numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental data using prototyped coaxial nozzles. The results are found to match and then validate the simulation. This study shows that the particle concentration mode is influenced significantly by nozzle geometries and gas settings.
Preferential Solvation in Urea Solutions at Different Concentrations: Properties from Simulation Studies

We performed molecular dynamics simulations of urea solutions at different concentrations with two urea models (OPLS and KBFF) to examine the structures responsible for the thermodynamic solution properties. Our simulation results showed that hydrogen-bonding properties such as the average number of hydrogen bonds and their lifetime distributions were nearly constant at all concentrations between infinite dilution and the solubility limit. This implies that the characterization of urea−water solutions in the molarity concentration scale as nearly ideal is a result of facile local hydrogen bonding rather than a global property. Thus, urea concentration does not influence the local propensity for hydrogen bonds, only how they are satisfied. By comparison, the KBFF model of urea donated fewer hydrogen bonds than OPLS. We found that the KBFF urea model in TIP3P water better reproduced the experimental density and diffusion constant data. Preferential solvation analysis showed that there were weak urea−urea an...
Microwave response of DNA in solution: Theory.

Recent studies by Edwards, Davis, Swicord, and Saffer have indicated resonant absorption of microwave radiation by DNA in solution. Previous theoretical calculations had indicated that such resonances should be overdamped. We present a more realistic model that provides a parametrization for the overcoming of the overdamping. The refinements include the electrically active nature of the solvent and the binding of the first hydration layer. Our results show that the hydration layer binding is the single most important aspect of the phenomenon. The parametrization indicates that the ability of bound layers to transmit shear must be greatly reduced. This is a behavior that can be qualitatively explained in terms of bond orientation by the structured water and reduced bond density for the DNA-water interface as opposed to corresponding surface in pure water. Conclusive results, however, await a discrete molecular modeling of the hydration layer binding.
The missed breast cancer: perceptions and realities.

In Illinois, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 52-year-old woman was delayed for 1 year because the carcinoma was missed on mammography was settled for $900,000. In Texas, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 43-year-old woman was delayed for 7 months because the carcinoma was missed on mammography was resolved at trial, with a jury awarding $1.25 million to the woman’s family. In Hawaii, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 57-year-old woman was delayed for 17 months because the carcinoma was missed on mammography was resolved at trial, with a jury awarding $1.32 million to the plaintiff. In Tennessee, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 36-year-old woman was delayed for 10 months because the carcinoma was missed on mammography was resolved at trial, with a jury awarding $1.7 million to the plaintiff. In South Carolina, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 55-year-old woman was delayed for 2 years, in part because the carcinoma was missed on mammography, was resolved at trial, with a jury awarding $1.8 million to the plaintiff. In Massachusetts, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 45-year-old woman was delayed for 15 months, in part because the carcinoma was missed on mammography, was settled for $1.9 million. In California, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 38-year-old woman was delayed for 2.5 years, in part because the carcinoma was missed on mammography, was settled for $2 million. In Delaware, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 64-year-old woman was delayed for 21 months, in part because the carcinoma was missed on mammography, was resolved at trial, with ajury awarding $2 million to the plaintiff. In New York, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 37-year-old woman was delayed for 7 months because the carcinoma was missed on mammography was resolved at trial, with a jury awarding $2.5 million to the plaintiff. In Arizona, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 47-year-old woman was delayed for 13 months because the carcinoma was missed on mammography was settled for $3 million. In Kentucky, a medical malpractice lawsuit alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 33-year-old woman was delayed for 4 months because the carcinoma was missed on mammography was resolved at trial, with a jury awarding $3.1 million to the plaintiff. In florida, two medical malpractice lawsuits, one alleging that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 33-year-old woman was delayed for 4 months, the other that the diagnosis of breast cancer in a 56-year-old woman was delayed for 6 months, both because the carcinomas were missed on mammography, were resolved at trial, with juries awarding $3.1 million and $3.35 million to the respective plaintiffs.
Myopic and stationary solutions for stochastic cash balance problems

This paper presents constructive solutions to stochastic cash balance problems. The model studied is in a periodic review framework with convex holding and shortage costs levied both in the beginning and at the end of each period. Transaction costs are linear, with the possibility of unequal fixed and proportional parts for orders and disposals. Optimal myopic solutions are presented for convex and linear costs. The application of an integral of the cumulative demand distribution yields simple formulae for solving the exact values of the policy parameters. The logistic distribution is used to obtain results readily applicable in day-to-day decision-making. Approximations of the Wilson formula type are developed and compared with earlier contributions. Conditions for the optimality of myopic policies are also presented. Stationary solutions are developed, and compared with myopic results in order to evaluate the amount of suboptimality. The stationary distribution and the optimal policy are given for the bilateral exponential demand distribution case. All results have been programmed and tested against the local finance market data.
New Absorption Bands of Ammonia, Methyl Bromide, Methyl Iodide and Carbon Dioxide in the Infrared Spectrum

Work done with the recording spectrometer at the University of Michigan has shown near the wave-length 16.1\ensuremath{\mu} an absorption band of ammonia not hitherto observed in detail, and bands due to methyl bromide and methyl iodide, near wave-lengths 16.4\ensuremath{\mu} and 18.8\ensuremath{\mu} respectively. It has also shown the strong absorption band due to carbon dioxide near 15\ensuremath{\mu} to be more complex and extensive than has previously been indicated.
The psychological status of children with cancer

The psychological and social functioning of a sample of 16 children with cancer was assessed 3-5 years after diagnosis using Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist. Analysis indicated that 81% of the children were involved in age-appropriate social interactions and the same percentage showed normal behavioral patterns. No significant differences were found due to gender, type of tumor, or behavior over time. The children in this sample appeared to be functioning normally, both psychologically and socially, three to five years after a diagnosis of cancer.
Effect of postharvest biofumigation on fungal decay, sensory quality, and antioxidant levels of blueberry fruit

Abstract Postharvest decay, caused by various fungal pathogens, is an important concern in commercial blueberry production, but current options for managing postharvest diseases are limited for this crop. Four plant essential oils (cinnamon oil, linalool, p -cymene, and peppermint leaf oil) and the plant oil-derived biofungicides Sporan (rosemary and wintergreen oils) and Sporatec (rosemary, clove, and thyme oils) were evaluated as postharvest biofumigants to manage fungal decay under refrigerated holding conditions. Hand-harvested Tifblue rabbiteye blueberry fruit were inoculated at the stem end with conidial suspensions of Alternaria alternata , Botrytis cinerea , Colletotrichum acutatum , or sterile deionized water (check inoculation) and subjected to biofumigation treatments under refrigeration (7 °C) for 1 wk. Sporatec volatiles reduced disease incidence significantly ( P
Enhanced stability of t-butanol reaction intermediates on oxygen covered Cu(110): Cleavage of unactivated CH bonds on metal surfaces

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of t-butanol on clean and oxygen predosed Cu(110) was studied in order to assess the stability of t-BuO(a) which lacks a β-hydride elimination decomposition pathway. On the clean surface the alcohol adsorbs and desorbs intact without further reaction due to steric hindrance, in contrast to the reactions of ethanol, n-proponal, i-propanol and n-butanol, which readily form their respective alkoxides. On the oxygen predosed surface the alcohol reacts to form the surface t-butoxide, which further dehydrogenates at 600 K to yield isobutylene and water. In contrast to the reaction of t-butanol on oxygen predosed Ag(110), no isobutylene oxide or acetone is formed. The temperature at which CH bond cleavage in t-butoxide occurs on Cu(110) indicates a substantial stabilization of the tertiary alkoxide compared to the primary and secondary alkoxides studied previously. This difference is attributed to the presence of activated CH bonds in the more reactive alkoxides and is consistent with their relative reactivity in organometallic complexes.
Genetic Analysis of Rice False Smut Resistance Using Mixed Major Genes and Polygenes Inheritance Model

Abstract To study the inheritance of the resistance to rice false smut [Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahashi], a population of 157 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of F10 derived from the cross between resistant cultivar IR28 (Oryza sativa supsp. indica) and susceptible landrace Daguandao (O. sativa supsp. japonica) was analyzed using the mixed major genes and polygenes inheritance model. The indicator of resistance was disease rate index scored based on percentage of infected grains, which was investigated 3 weeks after artificial inoculation. The results showed that the resistance to rice false smut was controlled by the mixed 2 major genes and polygenes model (model E-1–3). The 2 major genes had equivalent additive effect of 11.41, and their heritability was about 76.67%. The heritability of polygenes was about 22.86%. Both effects of major genes and polygenes should be considered in the resistance breeding to rice false smut.
Honey Bee Hemocyte Profiling by Flow Cytometry

Multiple stress factors in honey bees are causing loss of bee colonies worldwide. Several infectious agents of bees are believed to contribute to this problem. The mechanisms of honey bee immunity are not completely understood, in part due to limited information about the types and abundances of hemocytes that help bees resist disease. Our study utilized flow cytometry and microscopy to examine populations of hemolymph particulates in honey bees. We found bee hemolymph includes permeabilized cells, plasmatocytes, and acellular objects that resemble microparticles, listed in order of increasing abundance. The permeabilized cells and plasmatocytes showed unexpected differences with respect to properties of the plasma membrane and labeling with annexin V. Both permeabilized cells and plasmatocytes failed to show measurable mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry using the JC-1 probe. Our results suggest hemolymph particulate populations are dynamic, revealing significant differences when comparing individual hive members, and when comparing colonies exposed to diverse conditions. Shifts in hemocyte populations in bees likely represent changing conditions or metabolic differences of colony members. A better understanding of hemocyte profiles may provide insight into physiological responses of honey bees to stress factors, some of which may be related to colony failure.
Using Hierarchical Task Analysis to Compare Four Vehicle Manufacturers’ Infotainment Systems

Mobile technology has become pervasive in the driving environment, and its use has been linked to increased crash risk. Of particular concern are devices that place visual-manual demands on drivers...
An Adjoint Sensitivity Study of Buoyancy- and Wind-Driven Circulation on the New Jersey Inner Shelf

Adjoint sensitivity analysis is used to study the New York Bight circulation for three idealized situations: an unforced buoyant river plume, and upwelling and downwelling wind forcing. A derivation of adjoint sensitivity is presented that clarifies how the method simultaneously addresses initial, boundary, and forcing sensitivities. Considerations of interpretation and appropriate definitions of sensitivity scalar indices are discussed. The adjoint method identifies the oceanic conditions and forcing that are ‘‘dynamically upstream’’ to a region or feature of interest, as well as the relative roles of the prior ocean state, forcing, and dynamical influences. To illustrate the method, which is quite general, the authors consider coastal sea surface temperature (SST) variability and define the adjoint scalar index as the temporal‐spatial mean squared SST anomaly on a segment of the New Jersey coast at the conclusion of a 3-day period. In the absence of wind, surface temperature advection dominates the SST anomaly with two sources of surface water identified. Downwelling winds amplify upstream advective influence. Sensitivity to temperature is separated into direct advection and the dynamic effect on density stratification and mixing. For upwelling conditions, this decomposition shows that coastal SST is controlled by both advection from the south and subsurface, but above the 5-m depth, and temperature-related density stratification between 5 and 15 m to 10 km offshore. By identifying the timing and location of ocean conditions crucial to subsequent prediction of specific circulation features, the adjoint sensitivity method has application to quantitative evaluation of observational sampling strategies.
Deletion of Placental Growth Factor Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy and Is Associated With Akt Activation and HIF1α-VEGF Pathway Inhibition

A new diabetic mouse strain, the Akita.PlGF knockout (−/−), was generated to study the role of placental growth factor (PlGF) in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). PlGF deletion did not affect blood glucose but reduced the body weight of Akita.PlGF−/− mice. Diabetes-induced retinal cell death, capillary degeneration, pericyte loss, and blood-retinal barrier breakdown were prevented in these mice. Protein expression of PlGF was upregulated by diabetes, particularly in vascular cells. Diabetes-induced degradation of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin was reversed due to PlGF deficiency; their expression was correlated with that of sonic hedgehog and angiopoietin-1. PlGF deletion in Akita mice resulted in an increased Akt phosphorylation. Diabetes-activated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, including expression of HIF1α, VEGF, VEGFR1–3, and the extent of phospho (p)-VEGFR1, p-VEGFR2, and p–endothelial nitric oxide synthase, was inhibited in the retinas of diabetic PlGF−/− mice. However, expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, CD11b, and CD18 was not inhibited by PlGF deletion, nor was retinal leukostasis. These results suggest that PlGF is critical for the development of DR, and its genetic deletion protects the retina from diabetic damage. Protective mechanisms are associated with Akt activation and HIF1α-VEGF pathway inhibition, but independent of retinal leukostasis in the retinas of diabetic PlGF−/− mice.
Effectiveness of non-penetrating electroporation applicators to function as impedance spectroscopy electrodes

Electroporation is commonly performed to deliver drugs and genes to cells comprising tissues. A possible way to control and confirm delivery is through the use of impedance spectroscopy. Ideally, this tool should not interfere with delivery and should incorporate the use of electrodes, applicators, used for delivery. This work examines impedance spectra obtained with non-penetrating surface applicators commonly used for skin electroporation. After collecting and processing over 9,000 spectra from three animal models it was determined that the electrode systems tested would have no significant effect on the obtained spectra. Therefore, electroporation applicators currently in use could be used concurrently for the collection of impedance spectra.
Genomic Sequence of C1, the First Streptococcal Phage

C(1), a lytic bacteriophage infecting group C streptococci, is one of the earliest-isolated phages, and the method of bacterial classification known as phage typing was defined by using this bacteriophage. We present for the first time a detailed analysis of this phage by use of electron microscopy, protein profiling, and complete nucleotide sequencing. This virus belongs to the Podoviridae family of phages, all of which are characterized by short, noncontractile tails. The C(1) genome consists of a linear double-stranded DNA molecule of 16,687 nucleotides with 143-bp inverted terminal repeats. We have assigned functions to 9 of 20 putative open reading frames based on experimental substantiation or bioinformatic analysis. Their products include DNA polymerase, holin, lysin, major capsid, head-tail connector, neck appendage, and major tail proteins. Additionally, we found one intron belonging to the HNH endonuclease family interrupting the apparent lysin gene, suggesting a potential splicing event yielding a functional lytic enzyme. Examination of the C(1) DNA polymerase suggests that this phage utilizes a protein-primed mechanism of replication, which is prominent in the phi29-like members of Podoviridae. Consistent with this evidence, we experimentally determined that terminal proteins are covalently attached to both 5' termini, despite the fact that no homology to known terminal proteins could be elucidated in any of our open reading frames. Likewise, comparative genomics revealed no close evolutionary matches, suggesting that the C(1) bacteriophage is a unique member of the Podoviridae.
Expression of kinesin heavy chain isoforms in retinal pigment epithelial cells

To examine the possible role of kinesin in pigment granule migration in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of teleosts, we investigated the expression and distribution of kinesin heavy chain (KHC) in RPE. Blots of fish RPE lysates probed with two well-characterized antibodies to KHC (H2 and HD) displayed a prominent band at 120 kD. A third KHC antibody (SUK4) recognized a band at 118 kD. The 118 kD band was also occasionally present in blots probed with H2, suggesting the presence of two KHC isoforms in teleost RPE. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of mRNA from RPE using primers homologous to conserved regions of the KHC motor domain resulted in the identification of two putative KHC genes (FKIF1 and FKIF5) based on partial amino acid sequences. Previous studies had demonstrated a requirement for microtubules in pigment granule aggregation in RPE. In addition, the reported microtubule polarity orientation in RPE apical projections is consistent with a role for kinesin in pigment granule aggregation. Immunofluorescent localization of KHC in isolated RPE cells using H2 revealed a mottled distribution over the entire cell body, with no detectable selective association with pigment granules, even in cells fixed while aggregating pigment granules. Microinjected KHC antibodies had no effect on pigment granule aggregation or dispersion, although each of the three antibodies has been shown to block kinesin function in other systems. Thus we found no evidence for KHC function in RPE pigment granule aggregation. However, the two KHC isoforms may participate in other microtubule-dependent processes in RPE.
EFFECTS OF EXCHANGEABLE CATION COMPOSITION ON THE THERMAL EXPANSION/CONTRACTION OF CLINOPTILOLITE

To understand and predict the effects of a thermal pulse induced by a radioactive waste repository on clinoptilolite-bearing rocks, the lattice parameters of 6 natural and 3 cation-exchanged (Ca, K, Na) clinoptilolites were studied as a function of temperature. The samples were examined at room temperature, under vacuum, and at 50°C increments to 300°C using a high-temperature X-ray powder diffractometer. The unit cell of all samples decreased in volume between 20° and 300°C Na-saturated clinoptilolite underwent the greatest volume decrease (8.4%) and K-saturated clinoptilolite the smallest (1.6%), of the clinoptilolites studied. The volume decrease for the Ca-saturated clinoptilolite was 3.6%. The highest percentage decrease for each sample was along the b axis, generally 80–90% of the total volume decrease. The change in the a axis was the smallest and was usually <5%, although 26.5% of the contraction of the Na-exchanged clinoptilolite was along a. The bulk of the volume contraction of many samples occurred on evacuation at room temperature, demonstrating that the observed changes were due to water loss and not to temperature-induced structural changes. Low-angle scattering was significantly reduced upon evacuation for every sample, and the 110 reflection of clinoptilolite at 7.45°2θ became obvious, whereas it was not in the untreated samples.
Comparison of linear and non-linear controllers for active steering of vehicles in evasive manoeuvres:

This paper presents different control approaches to perform an evasive collision avoidance manoeuvre using active steering. Linear and non-linear controllers to control the combined lateral and longitudinal motion of the vehicle using predefined trajectories are compared. A proportional–derivative controller, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR), and two different sliding-mode controllers (SMC) were developed. The second SMC model includes an additional velocity error term, which augments the model with a steering actuator term. The controllers were implemented on a bicycle model and a 17 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) vehicle model. The results showed that all controllers perform similarly in controlling the trajectory of the bicycle model. However, in implementation on the non-linear full vehicle dynamics model, the LQR and SMCs provided similar position tracking, but the two SMCs performed better in minimizing the yaw (directional) error at the end of the trajectory. However, at a higher velocity, SMC2 resulte...
Patient-Provider Communication and Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Acceptance

The authors performed telephone interviews of parents of adolescents (n = 430) and their older adolescents (n = 208) in Monroe County, New York to measure parent and adolescent acceptance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, its association with ratings of provider communication, and vaccine-related topics discussed with the adolescent’s provider. More than half of adolescent girls had already received an HPV vaccination, with fewer than one quarter refusing. Parent and teen ratings of provider communication was high, and not related to HPV vaccine refusal. Parents were more likely to refuse if they were Hispanic (odds ratio [OR] = 5.88, P = .05) or did not consider vaccines “very safe” (OR = 2.76, P = .04). Most parents of boys (85%) believed males should be given HPV vaccine if recommended. Few parents and teens recalled discussing that vaccination does not preclude future Pap smear testing. Providers should address cultural and vaccine safety concerns in discussions about HPV vaccine.
Forced-flow electrophoresis of proteins and viruses.

This article describes a model for forced-flow electrophoresis (FFE), considering the desired species fraction removal, other fraction removals, and outlet concentrations of all species in the system. The model predicts the necessary inlet flow rate of the retentate chamber and the rate of filtration and the voltage gradient and also provides an appropriate heat balance permitting consideration of possible heat denaturation of the species. The equipment consists of two membranes and a filter, the electric field being imposed by means of external electrodes, and two fractions are obtainable. The main discriminating factor is not the pore sizes of the filter but the relative solute ionization, which depends on the pH and the ionic strength of the buffer solution. Serum proteins (albumin, γ-globulin) and bacteriophages (M13, MS2, ϕX174) have been used to characterize the separation process.
Pre-Columbian Native American Use of Fire on Southern Appalachian Landscapes

Fire suppression in the southern Appalachians is widely considered responsible for decreased regeneration in oak (Quercus) and fire-adapted species such as table mountain pine (Pinus rigida) and pitch pine (Pinus pungens) (Barden & Woods 1976; Harmon 1982; Abrams 1992). How fire-adapted species survived in the southern Appalachian highlands in pre-Columbian times is an enigma; lightning-set fires are very infrequent (Harmon 1982; Bratton & Meier 1995) in this region of high annual precipitation. Barden and Woods (1976), Harmon (1982), and Abrams (1992) have speculated that in preColumbian times, Native American use of fire may have been important in the eastern deciduous forest region, but no published studies have documented that the use of fire by prehistoric Native Americans affected the composition of southern Appalachian vegetation. We evaluated the importance of pre-Columbian human impacts on vegetation of the southern Appalachian highlands by comparing the fossil pollen and charcoalparticle record preserved in peat deposited during the past 3900 calendar years in Horse Cove Bog, Highlands, North Carolina, with the archaeological record. We examined the implications of our fidings for conserving biodiversity and maintaining landscape heterogeneity using prescribed burning.
DOES MANAGED CARE HURT HEALTH? EVIDENCE FROM MEDICAID MOTHERS

Abstract Most Americans are now in some form of managed care plan that restricts access to services in order to reduce costs. It is difficult to determine whether these restrictions affect health because individuals and firms self-select into managed care. We investigate the effect of managed care using a California law that required some pregnant women on Medicaid to enter managed care. We use a unique longitudinal database of California births in which we observe changes in the regime faced by individual mothers between births. We find that Medicaid managed care reduced the quality of prenatal care and increased low birth weight, prematurity, and neonatal death.
The Real-Time Phasemetric Microwave Navigation System for Position Detection and Drive Control of High-Speed Objects

The concept of construction of navigation system for high-speed ground transport on the base of a phase metric method is grounded. It is shown, that the system provides high accuracy of position fixing of high-speed objects (of the order of one-two decimeters at speeds of moving up to 500 km/h and own linear dimensions about 100 m), sufficient for control of the linear engine and also allows to process the information going from measuring sensors and to give out control commands on executive units in a real time mode. The requirements to stability of frequency of basic and mobile microwaves-generators are determined. The offered built-in subsystem of diagnostic of working state of radio-navigation system promotes higher reliability of control system of high-speed transport mean and so higher safety of the all high-speed transportations.
Speciation of metals in natural waters

The form or speciation of a metal in natural waters can change its kinetic and thermodynamic properties. For example, Cu(II) in the free ionic form is toxic to phytoplankton, while copper complexed to organic ligands is not toxic. The form of a metal in solution can also change its solubility. For example, Fe(II) is soluble in aqueous solutions while Fe(III) is nearly insoluble. Natural organic ligands interactions with Fe(III) can increase the solubility by 20-fold in seawater. Ionic interaction models that can be used to determine the activity and speciation of divalent and trivalent metals in seawater and other natural elements will be discussed. The model is able to consider the interactions of metals with the major (Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, CO32-, Br-, F-) and minor (OH-, H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO43-, HS-) anions as a function of temperature (0 to 50 °C), ionic strength [0 to 6 m (m = mol kg-1)] and pH (1 to 13). Recently, it has been shown that many divalent metals are complexed with organic ligands. Although the composition of these ligands is not known, a number of workers have used voltammetry to determine the concentration of the ligand [L n ] and the stability constant (KML) for the formation of the complex M2+ + L n → MLn+2 KML= [MLn+2]/[M2+] [L n ] We have added the experimental values of KML for the formation of complexes of natural organics in seawater of known concentration ([L n ]) with Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, and Fe3+ . The model can be used to examine the competition of inorganic and organic ligands for divalent metals as a function of ionic strength. The importance of organic ligands in controlling the solubility of Fe(III) in seawater will be discussed. New experimental studies are needed to extend the model to higher temperatures and ionic strength.
Sppof-proofing fingerprint systems using evolutionary time-delay neural networks

With the new wave of affordable, small, and easy to use scanners, fingerprint-based biometric systems have been receiving an increasing attention. However, a major security concern is the possibility of intrusion by presenting a nonliving finger, be it a duplicate or a severed finger, to an electronic fingerprint scanner in order to gain access to a protected entity. It has been shown that one can spoof fingerprint scanners even with play-dohreg or gummy fingers. In order to circumvent this problem, one can read signals from the presented finger to verify its liveness and thus eliminate the threat of synthesized or cadaver finger attach. Earlier research has shown that the process of perspiration on the live fingertip skin presents a specific time progression that cannot be seen in cadaver or synthetic fingerprint scans, and thus phenomenon can be used as a measure of fingerprint liveness. However, the perspiration process demonstrates itself differently on different scanning technologies and thus a scanner-specific approach is needed. In this paper a new general evolutionary temporal neural network (GETnet) for perspiration-based liveness detection is proposed. It is shown that GETnet can arrive at a succinct solution that performs both feature extraction and classification on the raw fingerprint ridge signals. With the given variety of fingerprint scanners as well as the diversity of their operating conditions, including climate and user demographics, it is more efficient to automatically breed customized solutions for the perspiration-based fingerprint liveness detection through a general framework such as GETnet instead of tailoring feature extractors and classifiers to each and every different scenario
Automated detection of adverse events using natural language processing of discharge summaries.

Objective: To determine whether natural language processing (NLP) can effectively detect adverse events defined in the New York Patient Occurrence Reporting and Tracking System (NYPORTS) using discharge summaries. Design: An adverse event detection system for discharge summaries using the NLP system MedLEE was constructed to identify 45 NYPORTS event types. The system was first applied to a random sample of 1,000 manually reviewed charts. The system then processed all inpatient cases with electronic discharge summaries for two years. All system-identified events were reviewed, and performance was compared with traditional reporting. Measurements: System sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value, with manual review serving as the gold standard. Results: The system correctly identified 16 of 65 events in 1,000 charts. Of 57,452 total electronic discharge summaries, the system identified 1,590 events in 1,461 cases, and manual review verified 704 events in 652 cases, resulting in an overall sensitivity of 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–0.42), specificity of 0.985 (CI: 0.984–0.986), and positive predictive value of 0.45 (CI: 0.42–0.47) for detecting cases with events and an average specificity of 0.9996 (CI: 0.9996–0.9997) per event type. Traditional event reporting detected 322 events during the period (sensitivity 0.09), of which the system identified 110 as well as 594 additional events missed by traditional methods. Conclusion: NLP is an effective technique for detecting a broad range of adverse events in text documents and outperformed traditional and previous automated adverse event detection methods.
Regulation of Cyclic AMP Response Element‐Binding Protein (CREB) Phosphorylation by Acute and Chronic Morphine in the Rat Locus Coeruleus

Previous studies have implicated adaptations in the cyclic AMP system in mechanisms of opiate tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal in the rat locus coeruleus. It has been speculated that such adaptations may occur at the level of gene expression. To understand better the mechanism by which opiates produce these intracellular adaptations, we studied morphine regulation of the state of phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor that mediates some of the effects of the cyclic AMP system on gene expression. We show here, by use of a back phosphorylation and immunoprecipitation procedure, that acute morphine decreases the state of phosphorylation of CREB, an effect that becomes completely attenuated after chronic morphine administration. In contrast, acute precipitation of opiate withdrawal, via administration of an opiate receptor antagonist, increases the phosphorylation state of CREB. Such regulation of CREB phosphorylation could be part of the molecular pathway by which opiates produce changes in gene expression that lead to addiction.
A Novel Pathway that Links Caveolin-1 Down-Regulation to BRCA1 Dysfunction in Serous Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells

Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer and the five-year survival rate is only about 40%. High-grade serous carcinoma is the pre- dominant histotype associated with hereditary ovarian cancer and women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 have a lifetime risk of 40-60%. BRCA1 and its isoform BRCA1a are multifunctional proteins that are the most evolutionary conserved of all the other splice variants. Our group has previously reported that BRCA1/1a proteins, unlike K109R and C61G mutants, suppress growth of ovarian cancer cells by tethering Ubc9. In this study we found wild type BRCA1/1a proteins to induce expression of caveolin-1, a tumor suppressor in BRCA1-mutant serous epithelial ovarian cancer (SEOC) cells by immunofluorescence analysis. The K109R and C61G disease associated mutant BRCA1 proteins that do not bind Ubc9 were not as efficient in up-regulation of caveolin-1 expression in SEOC cells. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis showed BRCA1/1a proteins to induce redistribution of Caveolin-1 from cytoplasm and nucleus to the cell membrane. This is the first study demonstrating the physiological link between loss of Ubc9 binding, loss of growth suppression and loss of Caveolin-1 induction of disease-associated mutant BRCA1 proteins in SEOC cells. Decreased Caveolin-1 expression combined with elevated Ubc9 expression can in the future be used as an early biomarker for BRCA1 mutant SEOC.
산욕 초기 어머니의 스트레스, 불안 및 신생아 지각 간의 관계

The purpose of this study was to contribute to maternal nursing in early postpartum stage and to neonatal nursing. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include parental role stress scale, state-trait anxiety scale, and perception of the newborn scale. The ...
Ethical Challenges of ‘Disruptive Innovation’: State Sponsored Hactivism and ‘Soft’ War

The Alleged North-Korean attack on Sony Pictures, International is merely the latest chapter in the emergence of a new kind of “soft” warfare, in which states employ tactics once limited to non-state organizations and individuals. The methods involve vandalism, espionage, theft of property, and exposure of sensitive or classified information utilizing access available in cyber space. The first example was the now well-known massive vandalism carried out against essential Estonian cyber infrastructure by means of a coordinated DDoS attack in July of 2007.
Lipid Droplets Form from Distinct Regions of the Cell in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Eukaryotic cells store cholesterol/sterol esters (SEs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in lipid droplets, which form from the contiguous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. However, it is not known if droplets preferentially form from certain regions of the ER over others. Here, we used fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells where the nuclear and cortical/peripheral ER domains are distinguishable by light microscopy to show that SE-enriched lipid droplets form away from the nucleus at the cell tips, whereas TAG-enriched lipid droplets form around the nucleus. Sterols localize to the regions of the cells where droplets enriched in SEs are observed. TAG droplet formation around the nucleus appears to be a strong function of diacylglycerol (DAG) homeostasis with Cpt1p, which coverts DAG into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine localized exclusively to the nuclear ER. Also, Dgk1p, which converts DAG into phosphatidic acid localized strongly to the nuclear ER over the cortical/peripheral ER. We also show that TAG more readily translocates from the ER to lipid droplets than do SEs. The results augment the standard lipid droplet formation model, which has SEs and TAGs flowing into the same nascent lipid droplet regardless of its biogenesis point in the cell.
On Energy Security of Smartphones

The availability of smartphones is still severely restricted by the limited battery lifetime. To help users understand the energy consumption, major mobile platforms support fine-grained energy profiling for each app. In this paper, we present a new threat, called energy collateral attacks, which can abuse and mislead all existing energy modeling approaches. In particular, energy collateral attacks are able to divulge battery stealthily through interprocess communication, wakelock, and screen. To defend against those at- tacks, we propose E-Android to accurately profile the energy consumption in a comprehensive manner. E-Android monitors energy collateral related events and maintains energy consumption for relevant apps. We utilize E-Android to measure the energy consumption under the attack of six energy malware and two normal scenarios. While Android fails to disclose all these energy-malware-based attacks, E- Android can accurately profile energy consumption and re- veal the existence of energy malware.
Local resistance to a lethal dose of formalin.

SummaryWhen mice were pretreated with adrenalin they showed general resistance to a lethal dose of this substance but not cross resistance to formalin, either local or general. On the contrary, animals pretreated with formalin revealed only a local resistance, whether they were subjected to a lethal dose of formalin or of adrenalin. These observations seem to question Selye's interpretation of some of his experiments on general adaptation to the same or different “alarming” stimuli.
Abstract P3-04-10: Progesterone receptor (PR) blockade by antiprogestin, CDB4124 in hormone receptor positive breast cancer cells leads to significant inhibition of G2/M cell cycle genes

Background: Several lines of evidence suggest that progesterone signaling is important in the breast cancer development, particularly in young women. Therefore, we sought to establish the effects of the antiprogestin CDB4124 (telapristone), and to identify PR related signature genes in hormone receptor positive (ER+ PR+) breast cancer cells. Methods: The PR expressing breast cancer cell line T47D was used to evaluate responses to PR ligands (P4, MPA and R5020, 10nM) alone or in combination with estradiol (E2, 1nM). The effects of the antiprogestin CDB4124 (0.1 or 1μM) were tested using varying hormonal conditions. The effect on (a) PRE promoter activity by dual luciferase assay; (b) cell proliferation using the MTT assay; (c) cell cycle by flow cytometry; (d) determination of gene expression signatures related to active PR responses. For the gene array experiment, cells were treated with either vehicle or R5020 (10nM) or R5020 (10nM) plus CDB4124 (1μM) in triplicate for 24hr. Total RNA was isolated and converted to cDNA and human Illumina chip microarray was performed. Data obtained from the microarray was further analyzed by Metacore Gene GO and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Real time PCR was performed in triplicate to confirm the expression of those genes related to the cell cycle and proliferation. ANOVA analysis and post-hoc Sidak test were used to determined the statistical significance of the data. Results: The PRE reporter activity resulting from P4, MPA and R5020 stimulation was inhibited by 80-90% in the presence of CDB4124 at 10 to 1000nM (p 1.5 fold upregulation (p Conclusion: These data demonstrate that PR mediated cell proliferation occurs upon treatment with three different ligands of PR (P4, MPA and R5020); that PR actively engages key genes involved in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle to drive proliferation of ER+ and PR+ cells; and that the antiprogestin, CBD4124 is a potent transcriptional inhibitor for blockade of PR mediated cell proliferation in hormone receptor positive breast cancer cells. Citation Format: Akash Gupa, Mi Ran Choi, Susan E Clare, Jun Wang, Oukseub Lee, David Z Ivancic, J Julie Kim, Seema A Khan. Progesterone receptor (PR) blockade by antiprogestin, CDB4124 in hormone receptor positive breast cancer cells leads to significant inhibition of G2/M cell cycle genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-10.
Long-Term PPI Use: Balancing Potential Harms and Documented Benefits

Concerns about the possible side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been raised since their introduction in the 1980s, including gastric carcinoids, gastric carcinoma, decreased absorption of minerals (e.g., iron, calcium) and vitamin B-12, fractures, enteric infections (e.g., C. difficile), pneumonia, hypomagnesemia, and cardiovascular events (1). This year studies reporting associations with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dementia had widespread media coverage (2, 3), prompting renewed concern and many questions from patients and physicians regarding long-term PPI use.
Predicting distant failure in early stage NSCLC treated with SBRT using clinical parameters

Abstract Purpose/objective The aim of this study is to predict early distant failure in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) using clinical parameters by machine learning algorithms. Materials/methods The dataset used in this work includes 81 early stage NSCLC patients with at least 6months of follow-up who underwent SBRT between 2006 and 2012 at a single institution. The clinical parameters ( n =18) for each patient include demographic parameters, tumor characteristics, treatment fraction schemes, and pretreatment medications. Three predictive models were constructed based on different machine learning algorithms: (1) artificial neural network (ANN), (2) logistic regression (LR) and (3) support vector machine (SVM). Furthermore, to select an optimal clinical parameter set for the model construction, three strategies were adopted: (1) clonal selection algorithm (CSA) based selection strategy; (2) sequential forward selection (SFS) method; and (3) statistical analysis (SA) based strategy. 5-cross-validation is used to validate the performance of each predictive model. The accuracy was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of the system was also evaluated. Results The AUCs for ANN, LR and SVM were 0.75, 0.73, and 0.80, respectively. The sensitivity values for ANN, LR and SVM were 71.2%, 72.9% and 83.1%, while the specificity values for ANN, LR and SVM were 59.1%, 63.6% and 63.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, the CSA based strategy outperformed SFS and SA in terms of AUC, sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions Based on clinical parameters, the SVM with the CSA optimal parameter set selection strategy achieves better performance than other strategies for predicting distant failure in lung SBRT patients.
Skin Immunity to Candida albicans

Candida albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes healthy human skin, mucosa, and the reproductive tract. C. albicans is also a predominantly opportunistic fungal pathogen, leading to disease manifestations such as disseminated candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). The differing host susceptibilities for the sites of C. albicans infection have revealed tissue compartmentalization with tailoring of immune responses based on the site of infection. Furthermore, extensive studies of host genetics in rare cases of CMC have identified conserved genetic pathways involved in immune recognition and the response to the extracellular pathogen. We focus here on human and mouse skin as a site of C. albicans infection, and we review established and newly discovered insights into the cellular pathways that promote cutaneous antifungal immunity.
On Comparison of Modern Coastal Defense between China and Japan around 1840

Because of the invasion of the western powers around 1840,the advanced people of China and Japan were aware of the importance of modern coastal defense.They wrote books and put forward unprecedented thought of modern coastal defense.With the rising,developing and maturating of the thought of coastal defense of the two countries,their fates were absolutely different.And at last,Japan defeated the Qing Dynasty in 1894.By comparing the ideas of coastal defense of the two countries,we can find that Chinese modern coastal defense was exceeded by Japanese just when it sprang up and doomed to be defeated at the initial stage.