cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
14. DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A PEDIATRIC RESIDENT COMPLEX CARE CURRICULUM

Background Despite early career physicians’ competence in caring for children with medical complexity (CMC) when acutely ill, residents often do not receive adequate training to care for CMC in the primary care setting. A recent national Delphi study identified 11 curricular gaps in the care of CMC. This study evaluates the design of a curriculum that addresses majority of these gaps. Methods Pediatric residents first watch an orientation video to learn the rotation expectations and complete an anonymous pre-rotation assessment and 4 pre-tests, one for each week's themes. Each week learners receive didactic lectures, conduct ∼ 15 patient visits per week, engage in community-based site visits, and complete writing assignments demonstrating grasp of health literacy and/or evidence-based practice guidelines. Residents complete the rotation with 4 post-tests, a post-hospital rotation assessment, and a reflection. Results The curriculum, guided by Kolb's experiential cycle, was delivered to 28 postgraduate trainees over 3 ½ years of pilot and implementation phases. Complete data were collected for 14 residents/fellows between June 2018 and November 2019. Test scores and trainee self-assessments reveal significant improvement in knowledge (26.3% vs. 99.4%), skills (41.7% vs. 100%), and self-reported behaviors (16.3% vs. 56.6%). Trainees produced 21 reflections describing changes in attitudes, 19 published blogs and 12 health care transition condition fact sheets, 8 health supervision guidelines EHR templates, and 4 portable medical summaries. Reflection statements identified 4 themes demonstrating what residents valued most from the curriculum: 1) coordination of care across disciplines including community-based resources; 2) communication with patients/families that elicits goals and fosters shared decision-making; 3) an empathic and people first approach to care; and 4) advocacy and addressing the social determinants of health. Conclusion A pediatric resident complex care curriculum addressing majority of nationally recommended topics improves trainees’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, and self-reported behaviors.
Considering an Advanced Degree

An advanced degree can expand knowledge and skills, enhance work performance, improve earning potential, increase contributions to the field, and promote a sense of accomplishment. This article provides nurses with a list of factors to consider prior to pursuing an advanced degree, and offers information on available master's and doctoral programs.
The Global Normal Disk Oscillations and the Persistent Low-Frequency Quasi-periodic Oscillations in X-Ray Binaries

We suggest that persistent low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) detected in the black hole (BH) sources XTE J1118+480, GRO J1655-40, and LMC X-1 at ~0.1 Hz, in HZ Her/Her X-1 at ~0.05 Hz, and in neutron star (NS) binaries 4U 1323-62, 4U 1746-31, and EXO 0748-76 at ~1 Hz are caused by the global disk oscillations in the direction normal to the disk (normal mode). We argue that these disk oscillations are a result of the gravitational interaction between the central compact object and the disk. A small displacement of the disk from the equatorial plane results in a linear gravitational restoring force opposite to this displacement. Our analysis shows that the frequency of this mode is a function of the mass of the central object and that it also depends on the inner and outer radii of the disk, which in turn are related to the orbital period of the binary system. We derive an analytical formula for the frequency of the normal disk mode and show that these frequencies can be related to the persistent lower QPO frequencies observed in the NS and BH sources. We offer a new independent approach to the BH mass determination by interpreting this low QPO frequency as the global disk oscillation frequency. The implementation of this method combined with the independent method recently developed by Shrader & Titarchuk that uses the X-ray energy spectra results in stringent constraints for the BH masses.
Enhancement of Kerr nonlinearity via multi-photon coherence

We propose a new method of resonant enhancement of optical Kerr nonlinearity using multi-level atomic coherence. The enhancement is accompanied by suppression of the other linear and nonlinear susceptibility terms of the medium. We show that the effect results in a modification of the nonlinear Faraday rotation of light propagating in an Rb87 vapor cell by changing the ellipticity of the light.
Iron-Catalyzed Vinylsilane Dimerization and Cross-Cycloadditions with 1,3-Dienes: Probing the Origins of Chemo- and Regioselectivity

The selective, intermolecular homodimerization and cross-cycloaddition of vinylsilanes with unbiased 1,3-dienes, catalyzed by a pyridine-2,6-diimine (PDI) iron complex are described. In the absence...
Characterization of steered fiber laminates: Perspectives and a survey of the state of the art on principal considerations

Abstract As a contribution towards developing a platform for the mechanical characterization and eventual certification of steered fiber laminates, this paper presents a methodical breakdown of principal considerations. It is acknowledged that the synthesis of such a laminate will introduce curvilinear fibers that would result in a spatial variation in fiber orientation, which is one of the main characteristics that define the response of steered fiber laminates. The other important factors are identified as the presence of gaps and overlaps. Subsequently, the current publication proposes that these main characteristics interact to produce significantly complex stress-states in steered fiber laminates. By comparing the characteristics of steered fiber laminates with those of conventional laminates and laminates with ply drops, it is deduced that significant interlaminar stresses would develop especially at high stress gradient regions such as gaps and overlaps. Research on the examination of the effect of the principal factors – fiber orientation, interlaminar stresses, gaps and overlaps, are discussed in the context of the characterization and certification. For every principal factor, corresponding discussions are constructed by a review of literature firstly regarding their nature and existing methods for quantifying them, and secondly related to their implementation in characterization frameworks.
Toys and Toy Accessories Strike Back: Pediatric Injuries From Plush Toys, Toy Figurines, and Doll and Toy Accessories.

Objective The aim of the study was to examine age-associated injury trends and severe injury proportions for plush toys, toy figurines, and doll and toy accessories. We hypothesized that the proportion of severe injuries would be highest in the younger than 3-year and 3- to 5-year age groups. Methods We analyzed injury patterns from plush toys, toy figurines, and doll and toy accessories for ages of 0 to 18 years from 2010 to 2018 using the Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Exclusion criteria included unspecified toy categories, adult or pet involvement, or unspecified disposition. National estimates were calculated with National Electronic Injury Surveillance System sample weights. Outcome of interest was severe injury proportions per age and toy category. Severe injury was defined as life- or limb-threatening injuries or injuries requiring admission. [chi]2 test was used to analyze the distribution of categorical variables. Results We analyzed 1360 injuries. The majority occurred in female (n = 771, 56.7%) and ages of 3 to 5 years (n = 580, 42.7%). Annual injury frequency remained stable. One fifth of injuries were severe (n = 321, 23.6%), with a national estimate of 9304.7. The majority of both total (n = 778, 57.2%) and severe injuries (n = 182, 56.7%) resulted from toy figurines. Life-threatening injury secondary to foreign body aspiration or ingestion with a risk for asphyxiation was the most common severe injury. Severe injuries were significantly more common in the younger than 3-year group (odds ratio, 3.59; 95% confidence interval, 2.40-5.36) and 3- to 5-year age group (odds ratio, 2.97; 95% confidence interval, 2.01-4.39) than the older than 5-year age group. Conclusions Injury frequency remained stable. The greatest proportion of injuries were in ages up to 5 years, with most injuries occurring in the 3- to 5-year age category, and a significant proportion of injuries were severe.
Series Representation of Jointly S $$\alpha $$ α S Distribution via Symmetric Covariations

We introduce the notion of symmetric covariation, which is a new measure of dependence between two components of a symmetric $$\alpha $$ -stable random vector, where the stability parameter $$\alpha $$ measures the heavy-tailedness of its distribution. Unlike covariation that exists only when $$\alpha \in (1,2]$$ , symmetric covariation is well defined for all $$\alpha \in (0,2]$$ . We show that symmetric covariation can be defined using the proposed generalized fractional derivative, which has broader usages than those involved in this work. Several properties of symmetric covariation have been derived. These are either similar to or more general than those of the covariance functions in the Gaussian case. The main contribution of this framework is the representation of the characteristic function of bivariate symmetric $$\alpha $$ -stable distribution via convergent series based on a sequence of symmetric covariations. This series representation extends the one of bivariate Gaussian.
Remaking Science Teaching: Border Crossing Between Home and School

In this case study, we explore ways to prepare preservice teachers to translate theory into practice and make science curriculum accessible through familial curriculum. Using her “Family Science Lesson Planning” assignment sequence, Sumer taught preservice teachers the theory of transformative curriculum making (Seiki, 2016), and guided them to recognize, articulate, and translate their own familial curriculum into science lessons. As a result, the three participant preservice teachers’ own histories and familial knowledge were repositioned and valued alongside science. Our findings show how to use science curriculum and instruction to border cross between home and school, thereby making science more accessible.
Healthcare providers’ perspectives on the relevance and utility of recommended sex trafficking indicators: A qualitative study

Aims The aims of this study were to (1) explore the barriers and challenges of sex trafficking identification and (2) understand how sex trafficking indicators are perceived (i.e. relevance and utility) by healthcare providers at five sites of a large sexual health care organization in a Midwestern state within the United States. Design A qualitative, collective case study was conducted. Method In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 healthcare staff (e.g. medical assistants, nurse practitioners) who provided sexual and reproductive healthcare between fall 2018 and spring 2020. Results Findings suggest that providers perceived behavioural and verbal sex trafficking indicators (e.g. patients appearing nervous or being unable to answer questions) as relevant, particularly with a female patient accompanied by a 'controlling' male. Medical and physical indicators (e.g. repeat STIs, bruises and tattoos) were perceived as generally lacking clinical utility or irrelevant. Some indicators were only perceived as relevant when combined or only later, upon reflection (e.g. older, female adult accompanying one or more female patients). Conclusion Healthcare providers may be aware of sex trafficking indicators conducive to identifying female patients, in relationships with older men, who are at risk of sex trafficking. Our study finds that healthcare providers may not be aware of all recommended sex trafficking indicators and the nuances of how patients present. Impact Provider trainings on sex trafficking dynamics and nuanced clinical presentations should include observing ST indicators in simulated interviews, assessing and safety planning (including using harm reduction strategies) with seemingly ambiguous cases. In addition, we recommend that trainings emphasize the relationship between the continuum of agency and victimization in sex trafficking and patient presentations.
SNOOPI: Demonstrating P-Band Reflectometry from Orbit

SigNals Of Opportunity: P-band Investigation (SNOOPI) will be the first on-orbit demonstration of remote sensing using Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) in P-band (240–380 MHz). P-band is needed to penetrate through dense vegetation and into the root zone. The longer wavelength of P-band also increases the unwrapping interval for phase observations. These observations hold the potential for spaceborne remote sensing of root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) and snow water equivalent (SWE), two variables identified as priorities in the 2017–2027 Decadal Survey for Earth Science and Applications from Space. SNOOPI will provide in-space validation of both the P-band SoOp technique and a science instrument prototype. SNOOPI technology validation goals will be met by targeting observations within 9 km of the SMAP calibration/validation sites in the continental United States. A secondary priority is collection of continuous phase data over snow-covered regions. These goals are evaluated under constraints of a limited data budget and mission lifetime, with a launch readiness in early 2022. Updates on the development of measurement models and mission planning to support SNOOPI are provided. A ground-based station will be deployed to monitor the noncooperative sources, in order to reduce risk due to uncertainty in knowledge of the broadcast power, spectrum shape, and orbital position.
Proportional‐Odds Model

The proportional odds model is one member of the family of cumulative logistic regression models, designed for studying the effect of covariates on an ordinal responses variable. Relationships with other members of this family are described, emphasizing the effect of response aggregation. The connection with latent variable models, dispersion models, continuation-ratio models, and log-linear models is also discussed. Keywords: canonical regression model; extreme-value distribution; latent variable; logistic regression model; proportional-hazards model
Breaking Through Without Crashing Through

Journal of Management Education (JME) authors are fearless—creating learning opportunities that can be emotionally charged and challenging students to confront not only what they know but often who they are. JME readers, too, take risks by giving up the “sage on a stage” role willingly in the quest for student learning effectiveness. And, as editors, reviewers, instructors, and researchers, each of us supports and maintains this learning-focused agenda in management education. Important work to be sure; but, as leaders in the field, it is essential that we pause from time to time to consider reflexively the assumptions that underlie our approach to teaching and learning. The recent launch of OBTS’ newest publication, Management Teaching Review (MTR) (mtr.sagepub.com), provided us and other members of our editorial team with such a time and space. In particular, it caused us to consider the most fundamental assumption of our JME and now MTR work: that students learn best through experience—an umbrella term that encompasses many different “techniques” but which rests ultimately on the belief that students must be active partners in crafting their own learning through direct engagement. This ethos runs through all that we do at JME and is consistent with the norms and values of our sponsor organization, the OBTS Teaching Society for Management Educators. At OBTC, the annual conference, session norms for participants (i.e., learners) have always been predicated on facilitation, not PowerPoint. And, when we describe JME’s domain to groups of would-be authors, we are unequivocal that topics must explore some aspect of experiential or experience-based learning. Similarly, the call for
El Niño Southern Oscillation connection

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the most pronounced signal in tropical intraseasonal (20–90 days) variability, and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most dominant interannual climate phenomenon in the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. Both MJO and ENSO involve major shifts in tropical convection, large-scale circulation, and weather patterns around the world. The hypothesis that the MJO and ENSO may be intrinsically linked was first proposed in the mid-1980s by Lau (1985a, b). Subsequently, many observational and modeling studies have appeared in the literature debating the merits of the hypothesis. Today, while the MJO-ENSO connection is still a topic of active research (Zhang et al., 2001), knowledge gained from better understanding of the causes and evolution of the MJO and ENSO has been incorporated into long-range weather forecasting and climate prediction schemes, resulting in improved forecasts not only in the tropics but also in many extra-tropical regions. A key factor in the prediction improvement is the recognition that the MJO and ENSO events do not act independently, but may interact with each other to provide the long-term pre-conditions, and the short-term fine tuning needed for better skill in long-range (> months) predictions. How can the MJO and ENSO — two phenomena with widely separate timescales, be physically linked and interact with each other? This critical question and related issues will be addressed in this chapter.
Using CCD’s in Introductory-Level College Astronomy Laboratories

Our university recently purchased a liquid-nitrogen-cooled CCD camera system (from Photometrics Ltd., Tucson, Arizona) which has been installed on our campus’ 40-cm multiple access (Cassegrain/Newtonian) telescope. Images are reduced online at the observatory using Photometrics’ microcomputer-based analysis software package, which includes operations for standard data acquisition and initial stages of data reduction — including corrections for bias, dark current, and flat fielding. Images are displayed on a 256-level-gray-scale black and white monitor. Additional post-processing can be done either on the CCD system’s computer at the observatory or on IBM-AT/PC’s located both at the observatory and in the laboratory.
Coordinated, Interactive Data Visualization for Neutron Scattering Data

The overall design of the Integrated Spectral Analysis Workbench (ISAW), being developed at Argonne, provides for an extensible, highly interactive, collaborating set of viewers for neutron scattering data. Large arbitrary collections of spectra from multiple detectors can be viewed as an image, a scrolled list of individual graphs, or using a 3D representation of the instrument showing the detector positions. Data from an area detector can be displayed using a contour or intensity map as well as an interactive table. Selected spectra can be displayed in tables or on a conventional graph. A unique characteristic of these viewers is their interactivity and coordination. The position "pointed at" by the user in one viewer is sent to other viewers of the same DataSet so they can track the position and display relevant information. Specialized viewers for single crystal neutron diffractometers are being developed. A "proof-of-concept" viewer that directly displays the 3D reciprocal lattice from a complete series of runs on a single crystal diffractometer has been implemented.
Temporal course and pathologic basis of unawareness of memory loss in dementia

Objective: To characterize the natural history and neuropathologic basis of unawareness of memory loss in late-life dementia. Methods: Analyses are based on 2,092 older persons from 3 longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort studies who had no memory or cognitive impairment at baseline. Annual evaluations included clinical classification of dementia plus self-rating and performance testing of memory. At death, there was a uniform neuropathologic examination to quantify 7 dementia-related pathologies. Results: In the full group, memory ratings were modestly correlated with memory performance (intercepts r = 0.26, p r = 0.23, p Conclusions: Awareness of memory impairment typically begins to decline about 2–3 years before dementia onset and is associated with postmortem evidence of TDP-43 pathology, tangles, and gross cerebral infarcts.
CaM Kinase II and Visual Input Modulate Memory Formation in the Neuronal Circuit Controlling Courtship Conditioning

In Drosophila, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase) has been shown to be important in the expression of both learning and memory for the associative behavior courtship conditioning. In this study we examine the role of visual input in producing this behavior and the effects of modifying visual input on CaM kinase-dependent memory formation. Inhibition of CaM kinase blocked apparent learning regardless of visual input. Visual input selectively affected the memory phase of courtship conditioning: normal visual input masked the memory effects of inhibition of CaM kinase resulting in generation of memory without apparent learning, whereas disruption of visual input revealed the CaM kinase-dependence of memory. Visual input was found to be important only during the training period, which implies that vision and CaM kinase are interacting in the formation rather than the retrieval of memory. Our results suggest a model for courtship conditioning in which multiple sensory inputs are integrated at a CaM-kinase-dependent neuronal switch to modulate courtship behavior.
Dynamic Simulation of a Flexible Robot Arm and Controller

High performance requirements in robotics have led to the consideration of structural flexibility in robot arms. This paper employs an assumed modes method to model the flexible motion of the last link of a spherical coordinate robot arm. This model is used to investigate relationships between the arm structural flexibility and a linear controller for the rigid body motion. This simple controller is used to simulate the controllers currently used in industrial robots. The simulation results illustrate the differences between leadscrew driven and unconstrained axes of the robot; they indicate the trade-off between speed and accuracy; and show potential instability mechanisms due to the interaction between the controller and the robot structural flexibility.
Computer AIDS for chemical engineering education: An assessment of CACHE-1971-1992

Since its inception in 1971, the Computer Aids for Chemical Engineering Education CACHE Corporation has concentrated on promoting cooperation among universities, industry, and government in the development and distribution of computer-related and/or technology-based educational aids for the chemical engineering profession. This article assesses the success of several projects designed to provide aids for individual courses, as well as for a broader segment of the curriculum. The projects include: 1 the provision of 125 computer assignments for the core courses; 2 the preparation of teaching materials for, and the distribution of, Monsanto's FLOWTRAN program for use in the design courses; 3 the preparation of PC modules for many courses, leading to the Michigan project on the Development of Innovative Engineers, the Washington project on Graphical Computer Aids for fluid flow and reaction in the design of chemical reactors, and the Purdue project on Laboratory Modules; and 4 the development of the MICROCACHE courseware delivery system. Also considered are the CACHE recommendations concerning the minimum requirements for computing in the undergraduate curriculum, presented to the AIChE Education and Accreditation Committee. The CACHE Corporation has facilitated several research conferences, the impact of which is assessed.
LA HISTORIA INFAUSTA DE LA INMIGRACIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN CHILE A TRAVÉS DE LOS CONFLICTOS COMERCIALES Y POLÍTICOS

In Chile, European migration did not occur on the massive scale observed in American countries on the Atlantic coast. The migrants in our country did not resolve the need for cheap manpower as they did in other places. The majority of migrants arrived in Chile in a spontaneous way, without any contribution from the government. Spaniards formed the most numerous community of Europeans at the beginning of the twentieth century and they kept this status through the years. We know normally, about those immigrants that have had a successful experience as migrants, that means people that come to Chile as a young poor boys and finally they become rich men. But, we want to study the situation of all those immigrants that had to affront adversity and discover some of the problems that they had suffered as foreigners in our country.
Latina Mothers’ Cultural Beliefs About Their Children, Parental Roles, and Education: Implications for Effective and Empowering Home-School Partnerships

Parents’ cultural beliefs about children, education, and their caregiving roles can influence both the parent–child and parent-school relationships. Given the centrality of the mother–child relationship in Mexican families, mothers were situated as experts in their children’s development and education in the present investigation. Specifically, the childrearing and educational beliefs of six immigrant Latina mothers (five Mexican, one South American) of first-grade children were examined, as well as their beliefs about their roles in their children’s lives. Qualitative descriptive analyses revealed the women’s belief in the centrality of the maternal role, as well as the traditional cultural values of familismo and educacion. Five themes that further illuminated the nature and functions of mothers’ cultural beliefs were generated; namely, the salience of relationships with significant others in achieving in school. Educators and schools might well build on this knowledge to create spaces that are open to the perspectives of Latina mothers, and to forge more effective and empowering partnerships with Latino/a families in children’s early and later school years.
The activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in noradrenergic neurons during acute nerve stimulation

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase present in the adrenergic neurons of the vas deferens preparation of the guinea pig appears to exist in two forms; a less active form with a relatively low affinity for pterin cofactor; and a more active state in which the affinity for pterin cofactor is enhanced. Incubation of the vas deferens in the absence of stimulation is associated with conversion of the more active, high affinity enzyme form to the less active form, which exhibits reduced affinity for cofactor. Electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerve to the vas deferens preparation for periods as short as one min at 25 Hz results in almost complete activation of the enzyme to the high affinity form. Incubation of intact vasa deferentia in the presence of 8-methylthio cyclic AMP also is associated with enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity in situ and results in similar kinetic changes in the soluble enzyme which is prepared from these organs. Analogous changes in the kinetics of soluble tyrosine hydroxylase prepared from vasa deferentia can be achieved by incubation of the less active form of the enzyme in the presence of cyclic AMP, ATP and Mg++. The effects of electrical stimulation on the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase can be potentiated by stimulating the hypogastric nerve vas deferens preparation in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. These results are consistent with the notion that increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in sity which is associated with nerve stimulation results from a cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylating reaction. It has not yet been determined whether this cyclic AMP-dependent activation of tyrosine hydroxylase is a consequence of direct phosphorylation of the enzyme or phosphorylation of an activator or inhibitor of the enzyme. It is conceivable that the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by nerve stimulation, by the cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylating system, by polyanions, by anionic phospholipids and by limited proteolysis is mediated by a fundamentally similar mechanism.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders as a public health problem.

Summary The functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a heterogeneous group of chronic conditions that are considered to be important to public health because they are remarkably common, can be disabling, and induce a major social and economic burden. Despite the Rome consensus process, the line defining true abnormality from health is as yet imprecise. Furthermore, the concept that the FGIDs have no pathological or biochemical correlates is starting to unravel, and some candidate morphometric abnormalities (e.g. duodenal eosinophilia, colonic mastocytosis) have been documented. The quality of care that patients with FGIDs receive is not well understood, despite the high volume of patients seen in primary and specialty care. There are a remarkable number of symptom-based and disease-based co-morbidities that appear to be more common in those with FGIDs that are not alone explained by coexistent somatization. Whether there is any means of preventing the development of FGIDs post-infection is untested but has vast public health implications. Defining disease severity remains key to better understanding the public health impact of FGIDs; severity is probably influenced by the intestinal and extra-intestinal symptom burden, psychological distress and the impact on quality of life, but how these factors interact remains uncertain. An important future research direction must be to quantify at what risk level it is reasonable to prescribe a medication that may be dangerous, and stratify which subsets of patients with FGIDs would qualify for such an approach using objective well validated tools (e.g. based on accurately defining gradations of severity of disease). Finally, there are some reasons to suspect that there may be an increase in mortality in FGID sufferers; for example, unnecessary surgery or invasive testing has a small but not zero associated mortality, and this should be a factor in view of the high prevalence of disease.
Heritability and Fitness Correlates of Personality in the Ache, a Natural-Fertility Population in Paraguay

The current study assessed the heritability of personality in a traditional natural-fertility population, the Ache of eastern Paraguay. Self-reports (n = 110) and other-reports (n = 66) on the commonly used Big Five Personality Inventory (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness) were collected. Self-reports did not support the Five Factor Model developed with Western samples, and did not correlate with other-reports for three of the five measured personality factors. Heritability was assessed using factors that were consistent across self- and other-reports and factors assessed using other-reports that showed reliabilities similar to those found in Western samples. Analyses of these items in combination with a multi-generation pedigree (n = 2,132) revealed heritability estimates similar to those found in most Western samples, although we were not able to separately estimate the influence of the common environment on these traits. We also assessed relations between personality and reproductive success (RS), allowing for a test of several mechanisms that might be maintaining heritable variation in personality. Phenotypic analyses, based largely on other-reports, revealed that extraverted men had higher RS than other men, but no other dimensions of personality predicted RS in either sex. Mothers with more agreeable children had more children, and parents mated assortatively on personality. Of the evolutionary processes proposed to maintain variation in personality, assortative mating, selective neutrality, and temporal variation in selection pressures received the most support. However, the current study does not rule out other processes affecting the evolution and maintenance of individual differences in human personality.
In pursuit of resistance: pragmatic recommendations for doing science within one’s means

Charles Peirce, the founder of pragmatism and himself a working scientist, was concerned to formulate elements of his pragmatism so as to be of practical benefit to philosophers and scientists alike. This discussion investigates the practical recommendations of Peircean pragmatism, especially as it relates to questions of how we should conduct scientific inquiry. Peirce’s model of inquiry is supposed to demarcate appropriate from specious methods of inquiry. While, as Cheryl Misak points out, Peirce’s explicit account fails, the account can nevertheless be rescued by elements of his own system. Specifically the account provided in this paper draws from Peirce’s corollary to his “first rule of reason,” that one should not block the road to inquiry. Following this corollary, under the guidance of Peirce’s view of reality and the role it plays in inquiry, leads us to conclude that the optimal way to conduct inquiry is to follow the path of greatest resistance. We cannot, however, as Peirce recognized, pursue our researches optimally, since we are limited in time, energy, and other resources. Making the best use of those resources requires a measure of economy. To this end, Peirce developed specific recommendations about the economy of research. The focus here is on his recommendation regarding hypothesis testing, which is that we “begin with that positive prediction . . . which seems least likely to be verified.” According to this suggestion, to test any given hypothesis we should begin by assessing the probability of each of its predictions, given a suitable, contrary hypothesis. Once we note which are the least likely of the predictions, we use other economic factors to determine which tests to perform. The fortified Peircean account developed here maintains that inquiry should be conducted so as to leave open the path to future inquiry. This means taking a particular attitude toward our set of beliefs—being prepared to recognize their limitations and keeping the field of belief susceptible to doubt. In accepting that inquiry is best that serves to maximize resistance, we require of ourselves a constant striving, believing just what we believe, but never resting content with it. This is the attitude of the consummate scientist, accepting the best of the theories available, but never dogmatically, and always on alert for opportunities to recognize the shortcomings of those views and awake to the possibility that other, better theories are on the horizon.
Polygenic Threshold Model with Sex Dimorphism in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: The Carter Effect

Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis occurs between two and ten times more frequently in females than in males. The exact cause of this sex discrepancy is unknown, but it may represent a difference in susceptibility to the deformity. If this difference is attributable to genetic factors, then males with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis would need to inherit a greater number of susceptibility genes compared with females to develop the deformity. Males would also be more likely to transmit the disease to their children and to have siblings with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Such a phenomenon is known as the Carter effect, and the presence of such an effect would support a multifactorial threshold model of inheritance. Methods: One hundred and forty multiplex families in which more than one individual was affected with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were studied. These families contained 1616 individuals, including 474 individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and 1142 unaffected relatives. The rates of transmission from the 122 affected mothers and from the twenty-eight affected fathers were calculated, and the prevalence among siblings was determined in the nuclear families of affected individuals. Results: The prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in these multiplex families was lowest in sons of affected mothers (36%, thirty-eight of 105) and highest in daughters of affected fathers (85%, twenty-two of twenty-six). Affected fathers transmitted adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to 80% (thirty-seven) of forty-six children, whereas affected mothers transmitted it to 56% (133) of 239 children (p < 0.001). Siblings of affected males also had a significantly higher prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (55%, sixty-one of 110) compared with siblings of affected females (45%, 206 of 462) (p = 0.04). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the presence of the Carter effect in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This pattern can be explained by polygenic inheritance of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, with a greater genetic load required for males to be affected.
Differences in depression, anxiety, and quality of life between women with and without breast pain prior to breast cancer surgery.

Purpose of the research Little is known about the relationships between pain, anxiety, and depression in women prior to breast cancer surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate for differences in anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) in women who did and did not report the occurrence of breast pain prior to breast cancer surgery. We hypothesized that women with pain would report higher levels of anxiety and depression as well as poorer QOL than women without pain.
Chronic treatment with lisinopril decreases proliferative and apoptotic pathways in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is a common therapeutic modality in the treatment of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). This study was designed to investigate whether chronic inhibition of ACE would have a therapeutic effect in attenuating the progression of renal cystogenesis in an orthologous rat model of ARPKD, the polycystic kidney (PCK) rat. Lisinopril (3 mg/kg per day) was administered orally for a period of 12 weeks, beginning at post-natal week 4. Lisinopril treatment resulted in an ∼30% improvement in the collecting duct cystic indices (CT CI) of PCK animals. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and 2 (ERK2), proliferative signaling markers, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an end-point marker for proliferation, was reduced following chronic treatment with lisinopril compared to that in vehicle-treated PCK rats. To assess whether apoptotic pathways were altered due to chronic ACE inhibition, we examined p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), which are markers of apoptotic signaling cascades. p38 MAPK was significantly reduced (P < 0.0001) following chronic treatment with lisinopril, but no change in the activation of SAPK/JNK could be detected by immunoblot analysis. Lisinopril treatment resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in cleaved caspase-7 levels, but not caspase-3 activity, in PCK rat kidneys compared to the vehicle-treated PCK rat kidneys. Proteinuria was completely ameliorated in the presence of chronic ACE inhibition in the lisinopril-treated rats compared with the vehicle-treated PCK rats. In all, these findings demonstrated that chronic ACE inhibition can beneficially alter proliferative and apoptotic pathways to promote therapeutic reductions in renal cyst development in ARPKD.
Recycling in multi-family dwellings: Increasing participation and decreasing contamination

This study explored the promotion of recycling in multi-family dwellings. An experimental design investigated four behavior change techniques: biweekly postcards giving specific feedback to each dwelling unit as to quantity and contamination of the recyclables, newsletters giving general information on recycling and the amount recycled by the city as a whole, written pledges committing households to recycle for a specified period, and volunteer coordinators who distributed information and answered questions from residents. The effectiveness of these techniques was compared against that of a control group. The findings suggest that volunteer coordinators are not an effective intervention technique in multi-family dwellings, and that feedback and commitment techniques are useful mainly for managing contamination in medium sized complexes. The data also suggest that the size of a multi-family dwelling complex significantly affects the amount of recyclables collected and the level of contamination. Smaller complexes with less than ten units recycled up to three times the amount on a per unit basis as complexes with more units. Smaller units also had fewer problems with contamination in their recyclables. Several explanations are offered for the poor participation and performance in larger complexes.
Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. II. Conformation, immunochemistry and enzymic activity of a derivative modified at tryptophan.

Abstract The six tryptophan residues in lysozyme were modified by reaction for 3 min with 2-nitrophenyl sulfenyl chloride in 98 per cent formic acid. The modified enzyme showed a sedimentation coefficient (S 0 20, w ) of 4.05 S compared to 1·91 S for native enzyme and 1·95 S for formic acid-treated lysozyme. Significant conformational changes accompanied the modification as evaluated by the availability of the disulfide linkages to reduction and the susceptibility of the modified protein to proteolysis. Loss of enzymic activity as well as a marked decrease in the ability of modified lysozyme to react with antilysozyme antibodies were observed. There was evidence that modified lysozyme showed decreased antigenicity in rabbits.
Developmental changes in auditory evoked potentials in the inferior colliculi of mice during periods of susceptibility to priming

Abstract In C57BL 6J mice, which are not normally susceptible to audiogenic seizures, a single exposure to an intense acoustic stimulus between the ages of 12 and 26 days renders the animals susceptible thereafter to audiogenic seizures. This phenomenon is known as “acoustic priming”. In the present study, auditory evoked potentials were recorded from the inferior colliculi of 116 unanaesthetized mice bearing chronically implanted electrodes. The amplitude of the evoked potentials increased sharply between approximately 15 and 22 days of age, suggesting that the “critical period” for priming coincides with a period of rapid development in the auditory system. Since there is substantial evidence from the work of other investigators that priming is due to disuse of the auditory pathways resulting from sound-induced cochlear damage (and can be mimicked by puncturing the eardrum or stoping up the auditory meatus). A plausible hypothesis is that the development of the auditory pathways is modulated by input, as if damage to the receptors during the “critical period” of development leads to proliferation of functional connections.
An oncolytic measles virus engineered to enter cells through the CD20 antigen

We have earlier shown that attenuated measles virus (MV) has therapeutic potential as a replicating oncolytic virus in models of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In the current study, we investigated whether we could obtain replicating MVs capable of entering CD20(+) target cells through an interaction between a single-chain (scFv) anti-CD20 antibody and the CD20 antigen, a target of considerable clinical relevance in NHL. We replaced the H envelope glycoprotein of MV by an H-scFv anti-CD20 fusion protein with and without a protease-cleavable linker. Biochemical analysis of purified virions confirmed that the modified H proteins were incorporated into the viral particles with efficiency similar to unmodified H. Experiments employing CHO cells and CHO cells expressing human CD20 indicated that the MVH alpha CD20 viruses were able to replicate well in CHOCD20 but not CHO cells. MVH alpha CD20 or a nonmodified control MV were administered systemically to immunodeficient mice bearing bilateral human tumor xenografts, one side with and the other side without CD20 expression. Growth of CD20(+) tumors was retarded by MVH alpha CD20 as compared with the control virus. The viruses had equivalent effects on the CD20(-) tumors. Thus we have demonstrated that the entry of a replicating oncolytic virus can be mediated through an interaction between a highly clinically relevant single-chain antibody and its target antigen, and we have shown that this interaction enhances in vivo oncolytic activity.
Residue properties of certain quadratic units

Abstract Explicit formulas are given for the quadratic and quartic characters of units of certain quadratic fields in terms of representations by positive definite binary quadratic forms, as conjectured by Leonard and Williams (Pacific J. Math. 71 (1977), Rocky Mountain J. Math. 9 (1979)), and by Lehmer (J. Reine Angew. Math. 268/69 (1974)). For example, if p and a are primes such that p≡1 (mod 8), q≡5 (mod 8) and the Legendre symbol ( q p )=1 , and if e is the fundamental unit of Q (√q), then ( e p ) 4 =(−1) b+d , where p=a2+16b2 and pk=c2+16qd2 with k odd.
Pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of pediatric ADHD with associated aggression: a review

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often associated with symptoms of aggression in children and adolescents. Clinically, this is complex because aggression can be from hyperactivity and impulsivity, or could be a distinct symptom from a comorbid diagnosis. Past research has recommended first treating the primary disorder of ADHD. Stimulants are the most common treatment for pediatric ADHD, which can be helpful in decreasing aggressive behaviors. Alpha-adrenergic agonists and atomoxetine (ATX) are non-stimulant medications for ADHD and aggression, but more research is necessary to compare these drugs to stimulants. If aggressive symptoms do not improve from treating the primary disorder, aggression can be treated separately. Risperidone, lithium, valproic acid, clonidine, and guanfacine have shown positive results in reducing aggression, but studies including children with aggression and ADHD are limited. The variability in treatment tolerability in patients has stimulated research in pharmacogenetics for ADHD. Although this field is still emerging, research has found evidence supporting a link between the response rate of methylphenidate and the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and a link between the metabolism rate of atomoxetine and hepatic cytochrome 450 isozymes. Pharmacogenetics may be relevant to ADHD and associated aggression. Further research in pharmacogenetics will strive to identify patterns of genetic variations that can tailor individual treatments.
Significantly Elevated Liver Alkaline Phosphatase in Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive hepatopathy can have a mildly elevated liver profile, which should normalize with appropriate therapy. Liver specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in decompensated heart failure (HF) can be mildly elevated. The levels exceeding beyond the expected rise should be a concern and lead to further investigation. The literature reports insubstantial number of cases regarding significantly elevated levels of ALP and congestive hepatopathy. We report a case of a 45-year-old female with known history of severe cardiomyopathy that had persistently elevated levels of ALP. The extensive workup was negative for any specific pathology. The liver biopsy was consistent with congestive hepatopathy. The patient's ALP levels decreased with aggressive diuretic therapy but still remained elevated.
Fiber optic sensing of pulsed currents

In pulsed power research, controlled fusion experiments, high-explosives-related research, and other similar undertakings, it is often necessary to measure large pulsed electric currents. The pulses can be large enough to distort conventional, electrically-conducting sensors, such as Rogowski loops. Furthermore, the measurements must frequently be made in the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise. Optical sensing of the magnetic field surrounding the current is a way to reduce or eliminate both of these problems', and in addition it can provide the other benefits of photonics recording, such as improved bandwidth and reduced cost per channel. The sensing methods developed and used for large current pulses are also finding their way into the smaller-pulse regime.