cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective REM sleep deprivation and compensation phenomena in the rat.

Summary This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of alternative methods and durations of REM sleep deprivation with rats, and to explore the feasibility of suitable controls. A total of 24 chronically implanted rats on an 8 h schedule were monitored for 3 consecutive days to determine basal amount of REM sleep. All animals were then subjected to one of four control or experimental conditions for either 3 or 6 days, followed by 3 consecutive days of recovery sleep. Water tank deprivation, using a small pedestal, appeared the equivalent of a more traditional arousal method of depriving REM sleep. Neither control arousals during NREM sleep nor the water tank control procedure utilizing a large pedestal, produced substantial deprivation. Negligible differences were found between 3 and 6-day deprived rats in compensation for lost REM time on recovery days, suggesting a ‘plateau’ effect. Other measures suggest that ‘intensity’ changes may account for additional compensation beyond the plateau of increased REM sleep time.
Sorption of phosphorus from swine, dairy, and poultry manures.

In most phosphorus (P) sorption studies, P is added as an inorganic salt to a predefined background solution such as calcium chloride (CaCl2) or potassium chloride (KCl); however, in many regions, the application of P to agricultural fields is in the form of animal manure. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to compare the sorption behavior of dissolved reactive P (DRP) in monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4)–amended CaCl2 and KCl solutions with sorption behavior of DRP in three different animal manure extracts. Phosphorus single‐point isotherms (PSI) were conducted on eight soils with the following solutions: KH2PO4‐amended 0.01 M CaCl2 solution, KH2PO4‐amended 0.03 M KCl solution, water‐extracted dairy manure, water‐extracted poultry litter, and swine lagoon effluent. The PSI values for the dairy manure extract were significantly lower than the CaCl2 solution for all eight soils and lower than the KCl solution for six soils. The PSI values were significantly higher, on the other hand, for poultry litt...
A uniform treatment of Darboux's method

DARBOUX showed in his famous memoir, [1], that if a function F( t ) was analytic at t = 0 , and if on its corresponding circle of convergence, I t l = R , 0 < R < oo, it possessed only a finite number of singular points, all of which were algebraic in nature, then the rate of growth of its Maclaurin coefficients, F r could be deduced as n ~ oo. If these singular points, Re I~ Re t~ ... , were free to vary, it was assumed that they were restricted in such a manner that their essential configuration did not change as the Oj varied. In practice, their configuration was preserved by restricting the 0j to closed sub-intervals of [0, 2n] whose boundaries were independent of n. In this paper we consider the special case
Can concomitant restriction be detected in adult men with airflow obstruction

A reduction in lung volume is used to diagnose physiologic restriction in the pulmonary function tests of patients with lung disease. Airflow obstruction is commonly associated with hyperinflation of static lung volume. Because restriction and obstruction exert opposite effects on lung volumes, we questioned whether the lack of hyperinflation of static lung volumes could indicate the presence of concomitant restriction in patients with airflow obstructive ventilatory defects. To assess this, we evaluated by pulmonary function tests and chest roentgenograms of 58 patients with airflow obstruction (group 1), 18 of whom then sustained various types of resection for lung cancer (group 2) as a type of superimposed restriction. We selected 80 percent of predicted as the lower limit of "normal" frequently used by clinical pulmonary function laboratories. Despite a statistically significant decrease in total lung capacity (p less than 0.05) for the postpneumonectomy patients, when the static lung volume measurements of the patients with resection were evaluated, no one lung volume showed a consistent reduction sufficient to detect the superimposed restriction in all these patients. Using 80 percent of predicted as "normal," 61 percent of our patients with airflow obstruction and superimposed restriction would have been missed. We conclude that it is clinically difficult, based on only static lung volume measurements alone, to detect restriction superimposed on the hyperinflation of airflow obstruction unless these lung volumes are reduced to below accepted "normal" limits.
Protein-Induced Membrane Shape Instability: Dynamics and Membrane Tension Dependence

Cellular membranes undergo constant shape remodeling involving the formation of highly curved structures. However, the physical and molecular mechanisms governing the transition of membrane shapes are still not clear. Here, we seek to demystify this problem by quantifying the dynamics of membrane tubulation induced by the binding of peripheral proteins. A recently developed single giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) transfer method is utilized to record the association of fluorescence labeled-proteins onto single GUVs as well as the simultaneous changes in GUV shape. Endophilin, a BAR domain-containing protein, is chosen due to its well-know role in promoting the formation of transport vesicles during clathrin-mediated endocytosis.During endophilin-membrane association, we observe membrane tubulation when protein density on the relatively flat GUV reaches a critical level, as marked by a sudden decrease of GUV membrane area. The critical protein density is found to increase with membrane tension, which is accurately controlled through micro-pipette aspiration. Furthermore, the roles of lipid composition are investigated. PE lipids which provide more lipid packing defects in the bilayer are found to reduce the protein density required for initiating membrane tubulation. The negatively-charged PS lipids, while playing essential roles in determining the membrane binding rates and affinity of endophilin, do not alter the membrane instability criterion.The observed membrane instability criterion as a function of both membrane tension and critical protein density, agrees well with a theoretical curvature instability model. In this model, membrane-bound diffusive proteins, which can be treated as two-dimensional van der Waals gas, couple with the local out-of-plane fluctuations of the bilayer to drive the planar membrane unstable. The results give new insights into the dynamics of biological membranes and support a mechanism in which membrane tension is used to regulate dynamic transport and signaling processes in cells.
Quantitative spectroscopy to determine the effects of photodegradation on a model polyester-urethane coating

During the accelerated exposure of a model polyester-urethane coating, measurements were taken at intervals to determine how the ultraviolet absorption, erosion, and chemical change proceeded during degradation. Infrared spectra showed that the carbonyl concentration increased with exposure as the material oxidized, but the ultraviolet results showed carbonyl peaks that diminished with exposure. Changes in optical path length, carbonyl concentration (both infrared and ultraviolet), and C–H concentration appeared linear with the exposure period. Knowing the chemical composition of the polyester and its reaction with isocyanurate made it possible to construct a representative model of the polymer network. Computational chemistry provided confirmation of the literature on which elements of the network were susceptible to degradation. As the polymer eroded, the aromatic content including some carbonyl was lost, but the remaining polymer was oxidized. Quantitative estimates were made for the mass lost and the change in concentration of the carbonyl and CH concentrations that agreed well with results from both the infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Knowing the polymer composition allowed thickness change, a macroscopic quantity, to be connected to chemical changes via the polymer network model.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Computer Science in the Liberal Arts

For many people, computer science is not closely associated with the liberal arts. Yet “liberal arts” can denote a philosophy of education that emphasizes broadly preparing students for all aspects of their future lives, and as computing becomes more central to the ways in which we think about the world, computer science becomes correspondingly more central in such an education. This, in turn, makes computer science more important in the programs of educational institutions that follow a liberal arts philosophy. This issue of Transactions on Computing Education presents three articles that examine the intersection of computer science and the liberal arts. Walker and Kelemen explore in detail how a liberal arts philosophy complements the needs of computer science education, and how computer science as a discipline fits the goals of a liberal arts philosophy. Bruce et al. present the history of a consortium of computer scientists from liberal arts colleges and the model computer science curricula they have developed for such colleges. Finally, Baldwin et al. describe the concrete computer science programs at five institutions, each with a distinct place in the liberal arts spectrum. We hope that these articles will advance understanding of computer science in the liberal arts, and inspire readers to incorporate liberal arts principles into their own computer science programs.
TRIPLE THERAPY AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A COMPARISON OF CLOPIDOGREL VERSUS PRASUGREL FROM THE TRANSLATE-ACS STUDY

While studies have found high bleeding rates when patients require triple antithrombotic therapy (oral anticoagulant, ADP receptor inhibitor and aspirin), there is limited information on the relative bleeding risks of clopidogrel vs. prasugrel in these regimens. We evaluated acute myocardial
Speculations on the origin of the ill-effects associated with the use of visual display terminals

There are increasing reports of a wide variety of unexplained ill-effects associated with the occupational use of visual display terminals (VDTs); these include psychological complaints such as headache, irritability, and fatigue, musculoskeletal pains, dry or burning eyes, deteriorating eyesight, cataracts, facial dermatitis, and pregnancy abnormalities. Many VDTs emit near-ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation in amounts ranging from 200 to 1500 times less than the present U.S. safety standard of 1·0 × 10 −3 W/cm 2 . Although the possibility of a radiation hazard from VDTs is widely discounted, various points of circumstantial evidence are marshalled in this paper in support of the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to even these low amounts of UV-A radiation may result in progressive increases in sensitivity to UV-A and in cumulative biologic damage. It is further proposed that UV-A produces the ill-effects by catabolizing vitamin A in skin and plasma into highly active metabolites, the gradual accumulation of which results in an endogenous form of vitamin A intoxication. In addition to producing the skin and systemic effects of hypervitaminosis A, these metabolites presumably enter the fetal circulation, leading to pregnancy abnormalities similar to those associated with high doses of the vitamin for the treatment of skin disorders.
INFLATION, MAINTENANCE OF CAPITAL, AND THE IRR MODEL: AN APPRAISAL AND ALTERNATIVE

Capital budgeting under inflationary conditions presents some additional implementation problems when computing the internal rate of return. This paper reviews an earlier proposal made in this journal and concludes that it has some technical deficiencies. Further, it does not have the flexibility needed to be congruent with a wide variety of concepts of capital maintenance and asset evaluation. An algorithm is developed that will permit the user to make a variety of assumptions and then solve for the IRR that is consistent with those assumptions.
Supernatant from cultured intestinal cells inhibits the growth of gram-negative bacteria

Bacterial growth chambers of Transwell units bearing intestinal epithelial monolayers (C2BBe) was consistently observed to be stagnant during the course of transmigration studies with Salmonella typhi. This limitation could not be explained by varying the bacterial load in the inoculum. Conditioned media produced by cultured C2BBe cells would not support bacterial growth. Growth support of the media was restored by heating to 95 C for 10 min. C2BBe conditioned media had bacteriostatic activity for a large variety of gram-negative, enteropathogenic bacteria but had no effect on gram-positive bacteria.
On the Effect of Noise on the Moore-Penrose Generalized Inverse Associative Memory

Monte Carlo simulations of the continuous Moore-Penrose generalized inverse associative memory (Kohonen [l]) have shown that the noise-to-signal ratio is improved on recall in the autoassociative case as long as the number of vector pairs stored is less than the number of components per vector. In the heteroassociative case, however, the noise-to-signal ratio may actually be greatly increased upon recall, particularly as the number of vector pairs stored approaches the number of components per vector. The increase in output noise-to-signal ratio in the heteroassociative case is found to be due to the fact that the inverse of the product of the key vector matrix with its transpose may increase without bound in spite of the fact that the key vectors are linearly independent.
Biology of metastasis

The acquisition by tumor cells of the ability to metastasize is the critical event in the clinical course of most human neoplastic disease. While metastasis plays a pivotal role in the ultimate success of failure of therapy, it is in fact a result of a more insidious malignant process termed tumor progression. It is the progression of tumors from a less to a more malignant phenotype that results in tumor heterogeneity and the selection of cells with a more malignant (metastatic) phenotype. The development of metastases is thus integrally related to the mechanisms of tumor progression, which in turn is likely due to the instability of the tumor cell genome. The authors' thesis is that metastatic tumor cells are a selected population derived from a heterogeneous parent tumor which contains many clones with different phenotypes. This discussion will, therefore, address the role of tumor genomic instability as a basis for the selection of metastatic cells.
2007 Guideline for the Management of Ureteral Calculi

TheAmericanUrologicalAssociationNephrolithiasis Clinical Guideline Panel was established in 1991. Since that time, the Panel has developed three guidelines on the management of nephrolithiasis, the most recent being a 2005 update of the original 1994 Report on the Management of Staghorn Calculi [1]. The European Association of Urology began their nephrolithiasis guideline project in 2000, yielding the publication of Guidelines on Urolithiasis, with updates in 2001 and 2006 [2]. While both documents provide useful recommendations on the management of ureteral calculi, changes in shock-wave lithotripsy technology, endoscope design, intracorporeal lithotripsy techniques, and laparoscopic expertise have burgeoned over the past five to ten years. Under the sage leadership of the late Dr. JosephW. Segura, the AUA Practice Guidelines Committee suggested to both the AUA and the EAU that they join efforts in developing the first set of internationally endorsed guidelines focusing on the changes introduced in ureteral stone management over the last decade. We therefore dedicate this report to the memory of Dr. Joseph W. Segura whose vision, integrity, and perseverance led to the establishment of the first international guideline project. This joint EAU/AUA Nephrolithiasis Guideline Panel (hereinafter the Panel) performed a systematic review of the English language literature published since 1997 and a comprehensively analyzed outcomes data from the identified studies. Based on their findings, the Panel concluded that when removal becomes necessary, SWL and ureteroscopy remain the two primary treatment modalities for the management of symptomatic ureteral calculi. Other treatments were reviewed, including medical expulsive therapy to facilitate spontaneous stone passage, percutaneous antegrade ureteroscopy, and laparoscopic and open surgical ureterolithotomy. In concurrence with the previously published guidelines of both organizations, open stone surgery is still considered a secondary treatment option. Blind basketing of ureteral calculi is not recommended. In addition, the Panel was able to provide some guidance e u r o p e a n u r o l og y 5 2 ( 2 0 0 7 ) 1 6 1 0 – 1 6 3 1
Spatial Distribution of Cosmetic-Procedure Businesses in Two U.S. Cities: A Pilot Mapping and Validation Study

Cosmetic procedures have proliferated rapidly over the past few decades, with over $11 billion spent on cosmetic surgeries and other minimally invasive procedures and another $2.9 billion spent on U.V. indoor tanning in 2012 in the United States alone. While research interest is increasing in tandem with the growth of the industry, methods have yet to be developed to identify and geographically locate the myriad types of businesses purveying cosmetic procedures. Geographic location of cosmetic-procedure businesses is a critical element in understanding the public health impact of this industry; however no studies we are aware of have developed valid and feasible methods for spatial analyses of these types of businesses. The aim of this pilot validation study was to establish the feasibility of identifying businesses offering surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures and to characterize the spatial distribution of these businesses. We developed and tested three methods for creating a geocoded list of cosmetic-procedure businesses in Boston (MA) and Seattle (WA), USA, comparing each method on sensitivity and staff time required per confirmed cosmetic-procedure business. Methods varied substantially. Our findings represent an important step toward enabling rigorous health-linked spatial analyses of the health implications of this little-understood industry.
Recovery From Major Depressive Disorder Among Female Adolescents: A Prospective Test of the Scar Hypothesis

This study examined the psychosocial consequences of experiencing major depressive disorder (MDD). In a 7-year longitudinal study of 496 female adolescents, the authors identified 49 girls who experienced their first episode of MDD and then recovered. They were compared with a randomly selected group of 98 never depressed participants on 13 psychological, social, psychiatric, and life events variables. None of the variables fit the scar pattern (i.e., a group difference that emerges during the first MDD episode and remains elevated post-recovery). All 13 variables were elevated before, during, and after the MDD episode, although some increased during the MDD episode. Results provide little support for the scar hypothesis among adolescent girls but instead suggest that many risk variables are elevated before and after the MDD episode. Interventions that modify these factors may help to reduce depression incidence and recurrence among female adolescents.
Hunting for the Black Swan: Risk Mining from Text

In the business world, analyzing and dealing with risk permeates all decisions and actions. However, to date, risk identification, the first step in the risk management cycle, has always been a manual activity with little to no intelligent software tool support. In addition, although companies are required to list risks to their business in their annual SEC filings in the USA, these descriptions are often very high-level and vague. In this paper, we introduce Risk Mining, which is the task of identifying a set of risks pertaining to a business area or entity. We argue that by combining Web mining and Information Extraction (IE) techniques, risks can be detected automatically before they materialize, thus providing valuable business intelligence. We describe a system that induces a risk taxonomy with concrete risks (e.g., interest rate changes) at its leaves and more abstract risks (e.g., financial risks) closer to its root node. The taxonomy is induced via a bootstrapping algorithms starting with a few seeds. The risk taxonomy is used by the system as input to a risk monitor that matches risk mentions in financial documents to the abstract risk types, thus bridging a lexical gap. Our system is able to automatically generate company specific "risk maps", which we demonstrate for a corpus of earnings report conference calls.
Ensemble of classifiers based incremental learning with dynamic voting weight update

An incremental learning algorithm based on weighted majority voting of an ensemble of classifiers is introduced for supervised neural networks, where the voting weights are updated dynamically based on the current test input of unknown class. The algorithm's dynamic voting weight update feature is an enhancement to our previously introduced incremental learning algorithm, Learn++. The algorithm is capable of incrementally learning new information from additional datasets that may later become available, even when the new datasets include instances from additional classes that were not previously seen. Furthermore, the algorithm retains formerly acquired knowledge without requiring access to datasets used earlier, attaining a delicate balance on the stability-plasticity dilemma. The algorithm creates additional ensembles of classifiers based on an iteratively updated distribution function on the training data that favors training with increasingly difficult to learn, previously not learned and/or unseen instances. The final classification is made by weighted majority voting of all classifier outputs in the ensemble, where the voting weights are determined dynamically during actual testing, based on the estimated performance of each classifier on the current test data instance. We present the algorithm in its entirety, as well as its promising simulation results on two real world applications.
Management Movements and Phases of the Image Potential for Closing the Loop

Public administrators always seem to be looking for a fix to the field's "big" problem of ineffective government. One popular solution was (and perhaps still is) New Public Management reforms based on market values. Collab- orative Public Management and related suggestions emerged thereafter to return the field to its democratic roots. The problem is, though, that both these constructs are pegged as "new" when nothing particularly innovative exists. This article uses Baudrillard's phases of the image to trace devel- opments within two popular governance constructs, showing, chiefly, how phases can loop back when appropriate historical roots of the object (nos- talgia) are revealed.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY : III. THE NATURE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS ANTIGEN.

1. Active immunity against many lethal doses of Pneumococcus Types I, II, and III may be produced in mice by two or three subcutaneous injections of the homologous type of pneumococcus saline vaccine. 2. Mice may be actively immunized with the protein fraction obtained by treating pneumococci with anhydrous sodium sulfate or by solution of pneumococci in bile salts and precipitation with alcohol. Pneumococcus antigen is therefore carried within or adheres to the protein fraction of the organism. 3. Pneumococcus antigen is resistant to prolonged autolysis and to tryptic digestion, and can be recovered from the soluble portions of digests of either the intact bacteria or the bacterial protein. 4. The antigen may be isolated from each of the three fixed types of pneumococcus by tryptic digestion of the pneumococci and extraction of the digest with 70 to 90 per cent alcohol. The antigen is not soluble in absolute alcohol, nor is it soluble in ether or in the other lipoidal solvents. 5. The immunizing property of slightly acid solutions of the antigen is not impaired by boiling for 5 minutes, nor by heating at 56°C. for 1 hour. Sterile unpreserved solutions of the antigen did not deteriorate by standing in the refrigerator for 3½ months. 6. The exact chemical nature of pneumococcus antigen still remains to be determined. From the experiments reported it appears that the antigen is non-lipoidal, that it probably adheres to the protein fraction in a loose chemical or physical union rather than representing a protein complex of a large molecular size, as shown by its solubility in alcohol, its thermostability, and its resistance to proteolytic digestion. 7. Some of the antigens studied have been shown to contain a non-specific factor promoting the growth of bacteria. 8. The purified pneumococcus antigen solutions are non-toxic for mice.
Can Incomplete Taxa Rescue Phylogenetic Analyses from Long-Branch Attraction?

Taxon sampling may be critically important for phylogenetic accuracy because adding taxa can help to subdivide misleading long branches. Although the idea that added taxa can break up long branches was exemplified by a study of "incomplete" fossil taxa, the issue of taxon completeness (i.e., proportion of missing data) has been largely ignored in most subsequent discussions of taxon sampling and long-branch attraction. In this article, I use simulations to test the ability of incomplete taxa to subdivide long branches and improve phylogenetic accuracy in situations of potential long-branch attraction. The results show that for most methods and conditions examined, adding taxa that are only 50% complete may provide similar benefits to adding the same number of complete taxa (suggesting that the advantages of increased taxon sampling may be obtained with less data than previously considered). For parsimony, taxa that are less complete (5% to 25% complete) may often have limited ability to rescue analyses from long-branch attraction. In contrast, highly incomplete taxa can be surprisingly beneficial when using model-based methods. The results also suggest the importance of model-based methods in phylogenetic analyses that combine molecular and fossil data.
Trophic Ecology of the Dominant Fishes in Elkhorn Slough, California, 1974-1980

Food habits of the dominant fishes collected from 1974 to 1980 at eight locations in Elkhorn Slough, California, and the adjacent ocean were investigated. Epifaunal crustacea was the major prey group identified from stomach contents of more than 2,000 fishes, followed by epifaunal and infaunal worms, and molluscs. Overall, 18 fish species consumed 263 different prey taxa, ranging from 10 taxa to 125 taxa per fish species and including 99 crustacean, 56 polychaete, and 39 molluscan taxa. Mean prey richness was greatest at stations near the ocean and lowest at inshore stations. Detailed dietary data for all prey taxa were summarized as trophic spectra for each fish species. Trophic spectra represented functional groups of prey and were used for comparisons of dietary similarity. Cluster analyses, based on trophic spectra, resulted in four feeding guilds of fishes. Of 18 fish species, seven (Amphistichus argenteus, Leptocottus armatus, Embiotoca jacksoni, Clevelandia ios, Gillichthys mirabilis, Cymatogaster aggregata, andCitharichthys stimaeus) fed principally on epifaunal crustacea. Four species (Pleuronectes vetulus, Platichthys stellatus, Phanerodon furcatus, andMyliobatus californica) consumed mostly molluscs and infaunal worms. Two species (Psettichthys melanostictus andTriakis semifasciata) fed on mobile crustacea, and five species (Hyperprosopon anale, Engraulis mordax, Clupea pallasi, Atherinopsis californiensis, andAtherinops affinis) fed largely on zooplankton and plant material. Our results suggest that high food availability enhances the nursery function of imshore habitats, and emphasize the importance of invertebrate prey populations and the indirect linkage of plant production to the ichthyofaunal assemblarly marine immigrant species that are likely ‘estuarine dependent’.
Results of Reoperation for Periprosthetic Leakage

Between 1961 and 1978, 6,602 valves were replaced in 5,660 patients. Reoperation for periprosthetic leakage was performed in 105 patients (1.6% of the valves); early mortality was 5.7%. At reoperation, 52% of patients were in New York Heart Association Classes III and IV, whereas 72% had been in Classes III and IV prior to the primary valve replacement. Seventy-five patients had aortic periprosthetic leaks, which were distributed equally around the annulus. Among these patients, 41 (55%) had aortic valve rereplacement and 34 (45%) had suture repair. At 5 years, the survival was 94% and the event-free survival was 71%. Seventeen patients had multiple aortic valve reoperations. Hospital mortality for the second reoperation was 5.8%. At late follow-up, 19 patients had murmurs of residual or recurrent aortic periprosthetic leakage. Twenty-nine patients had mitral periprosthetic leaks, most often near the anterior leaflet. Eight patients had mitral valve rereplacement, and 21 had suture repair. At 5 years, the survival was 75% and the event-free survival was 52%. Four patients underwent multiple reoperations. At late follow-up, 5 of the 29 patients in the mitral valve group had murmurs of residual or recurrent periprosthetic leakage. One patient had tricuspid valve rereplacement. The low hospital mortality and the good late results have encouraged us to recommend an aggressive approach in the correction of periprosthetic leakage in all symptomatic and selected asymptomatic patients.
PRIMARY ROLE OF THE LIVER IN THROMBOPOIETIN PRODUCTION SHOWN BY TISSUE-SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT

To the Editor: Maintenance of an appropriate number of circulating platelets is required for hemostasis and blood coagulation. The control of platelet production is mediated by thrombopoietin (Tpo) through its effect on the proliferation of megakaryocyte progenitors and on megakaryocyte ploidy.[1][
The Anesthesia Machine as a Monitor

The anesthesia machine serves as a therapeutic device that delivers gases and vapors and provides for spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. To do so it monitors its own function since much of what it does requires internal feedback control. In addition, the anesthesia machine monitors some of the physiological processes it controls or interacts with. The information it shows to the anesthesia care provider through numeric data and graphic trends makes it easier to predict, detect, and treat patient changes.
Bruce Schneier: The Security Mindset

Security guru Bruce Schneier talks about what it takes to think like a security expert. The first Web extra at https://youtu.be/eZNzMKS7zjo is a video in which security guru Bruce Schneier talks with Charles Severance about what it takes to think like a security expert. The second Web extra at https://youtu.be/ZFa9gXBvCcU is an audio recording in which author Charles Severance discusses his interview with security guru Bruce Schneier.
A recipe for medical schools to produce primary care physicians.

U.S. health care reform will add to the growing demand for primary care physicians. The recent launching of new allopathic medical schools provides an opportunity to redesign the medical education experience to foster student selection of primary care careers.
On boundary-layer flows induced by the motion of stretching surfaces

We investigate laminar boundary-layer flows due to translating, stretching, incompressible sheets. Unlike the classical problem in the literature where the mechanics of the sheet are neglected, and kinematics are prescribed, the dynamics of both the fluid and the sheet are herein coupled. Two types of stretching sheets are considered: an elastic sheet that obeys linear elasticity and a sheet that deforms as a viscous Newtonian fluid. In both cases, we find self-similar solutions to the coupled fluid/sheet system. These self-similar solutions are only valid under limiting conditions.
"Microleaps" in the progression of flaps and grafts.

No momentous upheavals in the past decade have altered radically the knowledge or application of “flaps and grafts” but “microleaps” in slow and steady increments have ensured a continuum of progress. Fasciocuta-neous flaps, owing to an intimate relationship with the superficial nerves, may be neurocutaneous flaps in disguise. Distal-based flaps that recruit orthograde circulation may be made even more reliable for extremity coverage in lieu of complex microsurgical techniques. As success at the recipient site has now become so routine, further outcome improvement has been directed toward enhancing the appearance and residual function at the previously neglected donor site. The future of plastic surgery will continue to parallel advances in the principles of flaps, constrained only by the boundaries of imagination.
Collecting in Nebraska's Cretaceous Strata

(1980). Collecting in Nebraska's Cretaceous Strata. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 55, Nebraska, pp. 97-102.
Identifying “Free” Full-Text Resources in Agriculture, Food and Life Sciences: A Research Study

ABSTRACTInterlibrary loan requests in the fields of agricultural, food, and life sciences were analyzed by material type, department, and levels of users. These data were then used to identify the sources for “free” publications which would have satisfied these requests; to identify whether the “free” full-text found are available as.pdf,.html, or.doc documents, etc.; and to identify the top 30 sources from which the “free” items are available. Twenty-four percent of the requested items were found with full-text via Google Scholar. These came from several sources with ResearchGate, NIH.gov, several publishers, and.edu sites being the top ones.
Strengths of ceramic fiber bundles: Theory and practice

The Weibull modulus and reference strength of ceramic fibers can be inferred from measurements of the tensile stress-strain response of a bundle of such fibers. The goal of the present article is to address issues in the fidelity of results stemming from fiber bundle tests and strategies to optimize outcomes. The issues are addressed through established theorems in uncertainty propagation, Monte Carlo simulations of fiber bundle fracture, and experimental measurements on bundles of SiC fibers of various length and surface condition. The study shows that optimal results are obtained when: (i) tests are performed on fiber bundles with a gauge length that exceeds a critical value (specifically, that needed to prevent mechanical instabilities in the post-load-maximum domain); (ii) bundles are lubricated with a low-viscosity oil, to mitigate both inter-fiber friction and dynamic coupling associated with release waves following fiber fracture; and (iii) the Weibull parameters are obtained by directly fitting the measured stress-strain curves with the function predicted by fiber bundle theory, rather than using methods based on either linear regression analysis of Weibull probability plots or fitting of the peak stress and strain alone. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Chemoprevention of Ovarian Cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer remains a highly lethal malignancy. It is the fourth to fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States and causes more than 140,000 deaths annually in women worldwide. Despite intensive research efforts over the past decade directed toward improved detection and treatment of ovarian cancer, the long-term survival of women with ovarian cancer has only improved modestly. Progress in the fight against ovarian cancer has been hampered by a number of factors, including late diagnosis, the absence of highly curative chemotherapy, and a high degree of molecular heterogeneity in ovarian tumors, a finding that is a direct consequence of the large tumor burden typical in most patients at the time of presentation. The unusually large tumor burden that characterizes most advanced ovarian cancers at diagnosis makes ovarian cancer uniquely different than other solid tumors. Most women (75%) diagnosed with ovarian cancer have disseminated intra-abdominal disease at diagnosis, often characterized by a tumor volume comprising many cubic centimeters. Considering that each cubic centimeter of tumor contains as many as 1 billion cells, numerous cell doublings have occurred by the time an ovarian cancer is typically diagnosed, providing an immense opportunity for tumors to develop molecular and genetic heterogeneity. The Goldie-Coldman hypothesis suggests that the number of tumor cells and the length of time they are present are directly correlated with the likelihood of emergence of chemotherapy-resistant clones that may fail to respond to conventional chemotherapy. The markedly increased probability of chemoresistance in advanced bulky ovarian tumors readily explains the guarded clinical
Overexpression of superoxide dimutase enhances the matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and promotes an invasive phenotype in a dysplastic mouse prostate

3079 Introduction and objective: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) play a major role in cell motility and remodeling process during cancer cell invasion. The imbalance between pro-and anti-oxidants have been shown to modulate the cellular morphology and the MMP activities during the invasive process in many human malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic inflammation induced-oxidative stress on MMP activity and the molecular profile during EMT in a dysplastic mouse prostate. Methods : Twelve weeks old male C3H/HeOuJ mice were anaesthetized with isoflurane and inoculated intraurethrally with 2x106 E. coli 1677 bacteria. Control mice were inoculated with PBS. Mice were sacrificed at 26 weeks post-inoculation. Prostate tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and evaluated by light microscopy for inflammatory responses and dysplastic changes. Expression of antioxidant, EMT marker, and proteolytic enzymes were analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining using antibodies against manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), E-cadherin, and MMP-2, respectively. Results : PBS control mice had no prostate infections or inflammation. All E. coli infected mice had evidence of chronic prostatic inflammation with dense inflammatory infiltrates in the stroma. The prostatic glandular epithelium showed varying degrees of atypical hyperplasia with increased epithelial cell layers, cytological atypia, and dysplastic changes of glandular architecture. Prostatic gland exhibiting the dysplastic changes showed an overexpression of MnSOD, a decrease in E-cadherin, and an increased expression of MMP-2 as compared to PBS normal gland. Conclusions : These data suggest that overexpression of MnSOD induced by chronic bacterial inflammation enhances the MMP-2 expression and modulates the profile of E-cadherin during the EMT process. Also, these results suggest that the increased level of intrinsic oxidative stress associated with both MMP-2 activation and down-regulation of E-cadherin expression might play a role in the invasive phenotype observed in the dysplastic mouse prostate.
The Noninclusive experience of abusive supervision. Is it hot or is it cold and why it matters

This paper examines the relationship between abusive supervision and organizational inclusion. Drawing on justice theories and the recent conceptualization of inclusion, we argue that abusive super...
Pronunciation Acquisition of the Inflectional Morpheme –ed in English by Nicaraguan Spanish Speakers

This descriptive non-experimental quantitative study investigated if the pronunciation of the –ed morphemeim proves as the English proficiency level develops. A random sampling design was used to recruit research participants. A target sample of 48 Nicaraguan English as a foreign language students were chosen from an accessible population ( N= 91 ) to participate in this research. The participants’ age ranged from 18 to 24, with a mean age of 21 years. They belonged to three English proficiency levels: high beginners, intermediate, and high intermediate. Findings showed that more advanced English as a Foreign Language learners had a significantly higher pronunciation accuracy on the production of the allomorphs, /t/ and /d/. Their error rate on these two allomorphs was as low as 9% and 8%, respectively. Concerning the /əd, ɪd/ allomorph, no significant differences were found among proficiency levels. These results were interpreted in view of the Markedness Differential Hypothesis (Eckman, 1977) and the Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis (Major & Kim, 1996). The trends in the data definitely suggested support for the Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis which postulates that markedness by itself cannot explain the development of L2 learners as they improve their L2 proficiency level. This study offers implications for the teaching of the three phonological realizations of the -ed past tense inflection.
National trends in the management of patients with positive surgical margins at the time of radical prostatectomy.

111Background: The optimal management approach for patients with positive surgical margins (PSM) at radical prostatectomy (RP) has not been definitively assessed. To better understand contemporary patterns of care, we sought to examine time trends and determinants of adjuvant therapy in a large national sample of men with prostate cancer (PCa) treated with RP. Methods: We queried the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to identify men with clinically-localized PCa diagnosed from 2010 to 2014 who had PSM at RP performed as initial primary definitive treatment. We used descriptive statistics to examine subsequent management strategies, assessed as no adjuvant therapy as part of the initial planned course of management, receipt of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT), and receipt of adjuvant RT in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Binary logistic regression models were constructed to identify patient, tumor, and facility features associated with receipt of adjuvant therapy. Results: During the stud...
Inertia Equity: The Impact of Anchoring Price in Brand Switching

Customers often show a tendency to prefer the status quo rather than switching to a new brand. Inertia equity is inferred from the difference between the price that will induce a customer to switch to a new brand and the price of the brand the customer has typically been using in the past (i.e., the anchoring price). Two studies demonstrated that inertia equity increases with the magnitude of the anchoring price, whereas the ratio of the inertial equity to the anchoring price decreases as the anchoring price increases. However, the hypothesis is retained that the logarithmic transformation of the inertia equity is a constant portion of the logarithmic transformation of the anchoring price. The asymmetric value function postulated by prospect theory was used to account for these relationships that link monetary variables (e.g., inertia equity) to consumer variables (e.g., inertia driver and inertia values).
Caregiving and Caregivers

Remarkable strides have been made in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, yet a considerable proportion of those infected with the virus may continue to require care. Those with cognitive deficits, those aging into a second decade of HIV infection, and those struggling with debilitating physical and mental symptoms may need at home caregiving. Since its inception, AIDS caregivers have provided physical, mental, and spiritual support to the infected. As AIDS was first identified the majority of caregivers were young, white, gay males who were largely unprepared to provide care for a young, terminally ill partner or friend. Today, HIV is increasingly a chronic disease of the disenfranchised: the poor, especially women and men of color, injection drug users, sex workers, the homeless, the young, and those approaching their senior years. Paralleling changes in the HIV infected are changes in the face of AIDS caregivers. Caregivers are a diverse group of people with varied perceptions and experiences of caregiving. Yet even under the best of all possible circumstances, there is one factor which binds them together: the stress of caregiving for a person with AIDS is often experienced as being burdensome at some level. Whether caregiving burden is perceived to be largely a physical burden, a psychological burden, or both and what mediates the burdensome experience depends on a number of factors. Even when the amount of burden reported differs across caregiver group, the common sequelae of caregiving for a person with AIDS are often physical health problems and depression.
Solid Versus Liquid Calories: Current Scientific Understandings

Food form influences food choice, energy intake, and possibly body weight. Expectations and sensory properties related to food form alter behavioral and physiological responses in consumers. Beverages hold weaker appetitive effects and elicit compensatory dietary responses than solid foods. Thirst sensations are stronger and more consistent over the day than hunger sensations. Not all foods high in water content elicit comparable appetitive and compensatory responses; clear beverages are most problematic for promoting positive energy balance and weight gain. Energy-yielding beverage intake increased markedly between the late 1970s and early 2000s then moderated, albeit at a high level. Beverage consumption adds energy to the diet, but it is also associated with increased energy intake from solid foods; causality has yet to be established. The association between beverage and food energy holds across sexes, age, and ethnic groups. The epidemiological data, short-term appetite and feeding studies, randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic findings strongly suggest, but do not confirm, that energy-yielding beverage consumption is directly related to risk of weight gain.
Investigating Connections Between Industry Affiliation and Climate Change Attitudes

Among adults meeting for the first time, occupational questions commonly surface. This is true also in discussions about climate change. The question posed by this research is whether or not attitudes about climate change are influenced by occupation, particularly for those individuals who work in the oil and gas industry. To investigate this question, a survey has been conducted of engineering and technical professionals in the oil and gas industry as well as professionals in other science and engineering fields. This chapter provides the study’s background, methods, and findings that show interesting differences and a few similarities between professionals inside and outside of the oil and gas industry.
Is Lower Extremity Transplantation a Superior Alternative to Prostheses? No—At Least Not Yet

This paper reviews previously attempted cases of lower extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), critically assesses the challenges associated with this procedure, and highlights alternative approaches to restore function for patients with lower limb loss. Despite progress in the field of upper extremity transplantation, attempts at lower extremity transplantation have resulted in zero successes. Major hurdles that must be overcome prior to future attempts include, but are not limited to, large motor nerve regeneration and immunosuppression-related complications. For those patients unable to achieve satisfactory function with traditional prostheses, alternative strategies involving osseointegration, active prostheses, and advanced human-machine interfaces provide improved function with a more favorable risk/benefit profile. Given the uncertain functional outcomes and considerable surgical and immunosuppression related risks, lower extremity VCA is far from being a superior alternative to advanced or even traditional prostheses. We believe the transplant community should focus on upper extremity transplantation and revisit this topic as further advances in the field are made.
Captivating algorithms: Recommender systems as traps:

Algorithmic recommender systems are a ubiquitous feature of contemporary cultural life online, suggesting music, movies, and other materials to their users. This article, drawing on fieldwork with ...