cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive toxicity of Aroclor-1254: Effects on oocyte, spermatozoa, in vitro fertilization, and embryo development in the mouse☆

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been reported to adversely affect reproduction in laboratory and wild animals. The present study was undertaken to determine the toxic potential of Aroclor-1254 (A-1254) on in vitro fertilizing ability of oocytes and epididymal sperm and on preimplantation embryo development in the mouse. A-1254 was added to the IVF medium at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 micrograms/mL. Cumulus masses containing the oocytes were obtained from superovulated B6D2F1 mice and were placed in the culture medium containing A-1254 to which epididymal sperm, capacitated in a medium without A-1254, were added. The IVF rate was assessed 20 to 24 h after insemination. A-1254 significantly reduced the mean percent ova fertilized even at 0.1 microgram/mL. Incubation of the cumulus masses in various concentrations of A-1254 for 6 h, followed by insemination with sperm capacitated in the presence of A-1254, also significantly reduced the IVF rate. Capacitation of sperm in A-1254-containing medium, followed by coculture with untreated oocytes, failed to affect the IVF rate. No significant effect on sperm motility was observed following exposure to 1 and 10 micrograms/mL of A-1254. Estradiol-17 beta also reduced the IVF rate, however, the effect of A-1254 was more severe compared to the estradiol treatment. Furthermore, addition of A-1254 to the embryo culture medium was associated with a significant decrease in embryo growth at 48 h and 96 h. These results demonstrate adverse effects of A-1254 on oocytes, IVF, and embryonic development in the mouse.
Gas phase conformations of biological molecules: the hydrogen/deuterium exchange mechanism

A model was developed to describe the deuterium uptake of gas phase polypeptide ions via H/D exchange with D2O. Ab initio calculations established, for energetic reasons, that the exchange must take place via a “relay” mechanism involving both a charged site and a nearby basic site. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the D2O molecule did not penetrate the core of the example peptide, protonated bradykinin (Bk+H)+, and hence the relay mechanism must occur on the peptide surface. Two factors were deemed to be important: (1) The surface accessibility of the charged sites and the basic sites and (2) the distances between them. An algorithm was developed that accounted for these features using the absolute exchange rate as a free parameter. Excellent agreement was obtained with experiment when equal weight was given to an ensemble of low energy conformations of (Bk+H)+, assumed to have a salt bridge primary structure. Single conformations, or other protonated forms, did not allow good agreement with experiment for any value of the absolute exchange rate constant.
Invariant imbedding and radiation dosimetry V: finite order intensity of radiation in a target slab

Abstract In a series of our papers invariant imbedding was used to derive the integro-differential and integral recurrence relations for the finite order scattering and transmission functions, the finite order X and Y functions, by which the diffusely reflected and transmitted intensities of finite order scattered radiation can be numerically computed. In the present paper, extending the Bellman-Krein-like recurrence relation for the Fredholm resolvent to the derivation of a modified decomposition formula, we show how to express the internal intensities of finite order radiation in terms of the finite order X , Y , f , and g functions. Then, once the finite order X and Y functions have been determined by the use of the preceding methods, making use of the integral recurrence relations for the finite order f and g functions, we can obtain the numerical solution of the finite order internal radiation field. Hence the absorbed dose distribution of finite order gamma radiation and neutron beams can be directly computed.
Determination of Nitric Oxide Using 1,1′-Dimethylferrocene and Chemiluminescence

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) released from cells or other sources is very rapidly oxidized to nitrite in the presence of oxygen. This article describes a procedure utilizing 1,1′-dimethylferrocene as the reducing agent for nitrite to nitric oxide and its subsequent determination by chemiluminescence. The introduced method allows the determination of nitric oxide together with nitrite. The total nitric oxide content of a sample can be quantified with high reproducibility in the picomolar range. A new microreaction vessel facilitates the convenient introduction of samples and of the reducing solution. The reaction is fast at room temperature and thus requires no additional heating.
Political economy and archaeology: Perspectives on exchange and production

Traditional approaches to the study of political economy are flawed in two respects. First, traditional approaches have submerged political economy within a discussion of political development and the evolution of complex society. Second, they have emphasized single dimensions of the economy such as production or distribution of resources as being the basis for political power. Current research has demonstrated that political economies are a mix of many different resource mobilization strategies that crosscut the production, service, and distribution sectors of the society. Archaeologists must attempt to identify this mix of strategies as a first step in reconstructing the structure of prehistoric political economy. Elites strive to control and mobilize resources from as many different sources as possible and invoke a common set of principles in doing so. These principles or components of the political economy are the accumulation, context, matrix control, and ideology principles. They are identified here as common mechanisms of resource creation, manipulation, and expropriation that can be applied to societies at different times and at different levels of organization.
Routine quality control of Ir-192 sources: results of 46 months of surveillance.

Abstract Documented problems with loose and inert Ir-192 seeds in nylon ribbons prompted us to develop a quality control program. lieveral problem cases are illustrated. A sample of ribbons from each shipment is measured in a radioisotope dose calibrator. Results of the measurements over a 46-month period are presented.
Transformed Eliassen Balanced Vortex Model

Abstract We consider the axisymmetric balanced flow occurring in a thermally forced vortex in which the frictional inflow is confined to a thin boundary layer. Above the boundary layer the absolute angular momentum ½fR2=rv+½fr2 is conserved. We refer to R as the potential radius, i.e., the radius to which a particle must be moved (conserving absolute angular momentum) in order to change its tangential component v to zero. Using R as one of the dependent variables we review the equations of the Eliassen balanced vortex model. We next reverse the roles of the actual radius r and the potential radius R, i.e., we treat R as an independent variable and r as a dependent variable. Introducing transformed components (u*, w*) of the transverse circulation we obtain the transformed Eliassen balanced vortex equations, which differ from the original equations in the following respects: 1) the radial coordinate is R which results in a stretching of positive relative vorticity regions and a shrinking of negative relati...
Numerical Computation with General Two-Dimensional Domains

Consider a bounded two dimensional domain R with boundary aR. Applications which involve processing R include approximation. numerical integration and the numer(cal solution of partial differential equations. In each case the geometric information of Rand aR must be put into a data structure (either implicitly or explicitly) as an initial phase of the problem solution. This paper presents one approach to this problem based on overlaying R by a rectangular grid. R is assumed to be defined by parameterization of pieces of an plus an orientation. Specific representations of this information are given and a dala structure presented which is convenient for using the geometric inrormation in various applications. An algorithm to produce this iniormation is given in a companion paper, "AlgDrithm: A Two Dimension Domain Processor"; various special techniques or the algorithm are described. The application to numerical integration is discussed in some detail. Thls 1I'ork 11'89 supported in part by NSF grant MC8-7926396 and DOE contract DE-AC026IERI099?
Efficient true-time-delay adaptive array processing

We present a novel and efficient approach to true-time-delay (TTD) beamforming for large adaptive phased arrays with N elements, for application in radar, sonar, and communication. This broadband and efficient adaptive method for time-delay array processing algorithm decreases the number of tapped delay lines required for N-element arrays form N to only 2, producing an enormous savings in optical hardware, especially for large arrays. This new adaptive system provides the full NM degrees of freedom of a conventional N element time delay beamformer with M taps, each, enabling it to fully and optimally adapt to an arbitrary complex spatio-temporal signal environment that can contain broadband signals, noise, and narrowband and broadband jammers, all of which can arrive from arbitrary angles onto an arbitrarily shaped array. The photonic implementation of this algorithm uses index gratings produce in the volume of photorefractive crystals as the adaptive weights in a TTD beamforming network, 1 or 2 acousto-optic devices for signal injection, and 1 or 2 time-delay-and- integrate detectors for signal extraction. This approach achieves significant reduction in hardware complexity when compared to systems employing discrete RF hardware for the weights or when compared to alternative optical systems that typically use N channel acousto-optic deflectors.
Effects of high CO2 levels on surface temperature and atmospheric oxidation state of the early Earth.

One-dimensional radiative and photochemical models are used to determine how much CO2 must have been present to maintain a temperate early climate and to examine the consequences that are implied for the controls on atmospheric oxidation state. It is shown that CO2 concentrations of the order of 1000 PAL are required to keep the average surface temperature close to the present value, if albedo changes and heating by reduced greenhouse gases were relatively unimportant. The oxidation state of such a high-CO2, prebiotic atmosphere should have been largely determined by the balance between the H2O2 rainout rate and the rate at which hydrogen escaped to space, with only a weak dependence on the volcanic outgassing rate or on other speculative sources of H2. The implied upper limit on the ground-level O2 mixing ratio is approximately 10 to the -11th and is subject to less uncertainty than the results of previous models.
Ethanol‐Associated Cues Produce General Pavlovian‐Instrumental Transfer

Background: Conditioned stimuli are thought to play an important role in maintaining ethanol use and inducing relapse. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms through which such stimuli trigger ethanol seeking is of interest in the study and treatment of alcoholism. Methods: This series of experiments examined the impact of ethanol-associated cues on ethanol-seeking behavior using a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer design. Rats received Pavlovian training in which an auditory stimulus predicted ethanol (10%) delivery. In a separate instrumental training phase, animals were trained to press a lever for ethanol. In the test phase, the impact of the stimulus on instrumental performance was assessed in extinction by presenting the stimulus while animals were free to perform the lever-press response. Experiment 2 assessed the selectivity of the transfer effect; rats received training with 2 auditory stimuli which predicted either ethanol or sucrose (2%) delivery and were trained to perform 2 instrumental responses, one earning ethanol and the other earning sucrose. Finally, Experiment 3 examined the selectivity of PIT using 2 natural rewards (sucrose and polycose). Results: The results from Experiment 1 show that ethanol supports excitatory conditioning and that ethanol-associated cues facilitate instrumental performance for ethanol. When the selectivity of the transfer effect was examined in Experiment 2, the ethanol-paired stimulus was found to have a general excitatory effect on reward-seeking behavior, affecting both ethanol-directed and sucrose-directed responding equally. In contrast, the sucrose-paired stimulus had a selective effect, elevating sucrose-directed responding only. Experiment 3 confirms that selective transfer is observed when 2 natural rewards are used to reinforce responding. Conclusions: These data provide further evidence that ethanol-associated cues can drive ethanol-seeking behaviors. Because ethanol-associated cues also enhanced seeking behavior for a nonalcohol reward, these results additionally suggest that the modulation of reward-directed behaviors by cues associated with ethanol versus natural rewards may rely on different behavioral and neural mechanisms.
Column purification of influenza virus.

Abstract A modification of the aluminum phosphate column method has been demonstrated to be comparable, and in some respects superior, to the red cell method for the purification of the PR8, DSP, and Lee strains of influenza virus. The influenza virus purified by the column method has been shown by hemagglutination and infectivity titers and by electron microscopy and ultracentrifugal analysis, to be similar to influenza virus purified by the red cell method. The modified column procedure not only yielded purified influenza virus in higher recovery than the red cell method, but also it gave a noninfectious, nonhemagglutinating sedimentable material which by several criteria seems equivalent to the sedimentable material of normal allantoic fluid.
Comparison of genomes of malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses by restriction endonuclease analysis.

The restriction endonuclease DNA cleavage patterns of eight isolates of malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses were examined using the restriction endonucleasesHindIII andEcoRI. The eight viruses could be assigned to two distinct groups. Virus isolates from a blue wildebeest, a sika deer and an ibex had restriction endonuclease DNA cleavage patterns that were in general similar to each other. The restriction pattern of these three viruses was distinct from the other five. Of these five, four were isolated from a greater kudu, a white tailed wildebeest, a white bearded wildebeest, and a cape hartebeest. The fifth isolate C 500, was isolated from a domestic cow with malignant catarrhal fever. These five viruses had similar DNA cleavage patterns.
Harmonic balance methods applied to computational fluid dynamics problems

In this paper, we briefly review the classical harmonic balance method, and describe the adaptation of the method required for its application to computational fluid dynamics models of unsteady time periodic flows. We describe several variations of the method including a classical balancing method with pseudo time relaxation, the nonlinear frequency domain form and the time spectral form. We show that the maximum stable Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy CFL number for explicit schemes is dependent on the grid reduced frequency, a non-dimensional parameter that depends on the cell size, characteristic wave speed, and the highest frequency retained in the harmonic balance analysis. We apply the harmonic balance methods to several nonlinear unsteady flow problems and show that even strongly nonlinear flows can be modelled accurately with a small number of harmonics retained in the model.
Nonlinear instability theories in hydrodynamics

After over one hundred years of effort in theory, experiment and calculation, linear and nonlinear approaches to instability processes remain clouded in controversy. In this review some of the existing theories will be summarized.
Cholinergic modulation of non-N-methyl-d-aspartic acid glutamatergic transmission in the chick ventral lateral geniculate nucleus

Neurotransmission between glutamatergic terminals of retinal ganglion cells and principal neurons of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) was examined with patch clamp recordings in chick brain slices during electrical stimulation of the optic tract. Since muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are present in high densities in LGNv, the present study examined possible roles of both receptors in modulating retinogeniculate transmission. During whole-cell recordings from LGNv neurons, acetylcholine (ACh, 100 microM) caused an initial increase in amplitudes of optic tract-evoked non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamatergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs). This increase was unchanged when 1 microM atropine was present, indicating that this initial enhancement of PSCs was due entirely to activation of nicotinic receptors. However, during washout of ACh the amplitudes of evoked PSCs became significantly decreased by 40.4+/-5.0% for several minutes before recovering to their original amplitudes, an effect blocked by 1 microM atropine. Exogenously applied muscarine (10 microM) markedly depressed optic tract-evoked PSCs, and this decrease in amplitude was blocked by atropine. In a second set of experiments, we examined effects of releasing endogenous ACh prior to optic tract stimulation. This was accomplished by stimulation of the lateral portion of LGNv via a separate conditioning electrode. Following a brief train of low intensity conditioning stimuli, non-NMDA glutamatergic PSCs evoked by optic tract stimulation were potentiated. However, at higher conditioning stimulus intensities the PSCs were markedly decreased compared with control, and this decrease was partially blocked by atropine (1 microM). Neither ACh nor muscarine altered amplitudes of PSCs elicited by exogenously applied glutamate. Muscarine significantly reduced the frequency but not the amplitudes of miniature PSCs, consistent with a presynaptic location for muscarinic receptors mediating these effects. Thus while activation of nicotinic receptors potentiates retinogeniculate transmission, activation of muscarinic receptors mediates depression of transmission, demonstrating a complex cholinergic modulation of sensory information in LGNv.
The resin bead as a thermal ion source: A sims study

Abstract Secondary ion spectrometry has been used to follow the course of typical thermal emission mass spectrometric analyses of U samples loaded on single anion resin beads. It was found that U stayed almost entirely in the carbon matrix remaining after the resin beads were heated, while C showed considerable mobility. An interpretation of the enhanced ionization efficiency observed from samples mounted in this fashion is presented.
A Critical Institutionalist Reconciliation of "Contradictory" Institutionalist Institutions: Institutions and Social Provisioning

In the first part of this two-part paper, I presented an "irenic" reconciliation of the three apparently contradictory definitions of "institution" within original institutional economics (OIE), employing the methodology of critical institutionalism. The critical institutionalist reconciliation of these definitions conceptualizes institutions as an emergent process by which the internal and necessary relations of social structure as collective action, mediated through agency, results in the control, expansion, and liberation of the individual action of social actors in transactions. In short, an institution is the emergent process of social structure actualized in transactions (social action). Institutions, therefore, not only have a structural existence, but also an actual existence as they are the process of the emergence of the actual (in transactions) from the structural. Institutions are multi-level processes and cannot be reduced to structures, actions, behaviors, or patterns of behaviors. In this part, I demonstrate the significance of this reconciliation in two areas. The first is its ability to further differentiate the institutional definition of economics as "the science of social provisioning" from the mainstream definition of economics as "a relationship between ends and scarce means" by decomposing the institutional definition into its productive and distributive processes. The second is its usefulness in modeling the interaction of non-economic social institutions with economic institutions at varying levels of detail. I also introduce critical institutional analysis, and use as a method, for model-building and use it to build models of communal, feudal, and industrial capitalist economies.
Meridional circulation and CNO anomalies in red giant stars

The possibility is investigated that meridional circulation driven by internal rotation might lead to the mixing of CNO-processed material from the vicinity of the hydrogen shell into the envelope of a red giant star. This theory of meridional mixing is found to be generally consistent with available data and to be capable of explaining a number of observational results without invoking a radical departure from the standard physics of stellar interiors. It is suggested that meridional circulation must be a normal characteristic of a rotating star and that meridional mixing provides a reasonable framework for understanding many of the CNO anomalies exhibited by weak-G-band and CN-strong stars as well as the low C-12/C-13 ratios measured among field red giants.
Moving testimonies and the geography of suffering: Perils and fantasies of belonging after Katrina

This essay explores the use of situated testimony in documentary films and videos about belonging, displacement, and return while calling for a ‘spatial turn’ in trauma studies. Through an analysis of selected works about Hurricane Katrina (Spike Lee's When the Levees Broke, Tia Lessin and Carl Deal's Trouble the Water, and the activist video New Orleans for Sale! by Brandan Odums, Nik Richard, and the group 2-cent), this paper extrapolates from Cathy Caruth's insights about psychoanalytic ‘belatedness’ and critical human geography's anti-essentializing conceptions of place to expose the concomitant materiality and unassimilability of traumatic space. The essay questions assumptions about home and right of return, ultimately advocating what architect Eyal Weizman has called a new mode of ‘practising space’ in the service of social justice.
Iron single crystals as ammonia synthesis catalysts: Effect of surface structure on catalyst activity

Abstract The activity of three iron single-crystal faces with respect to their ability to catalyze ammonia synthesis was investigated. At 798 K and a total pressure of 20 atm of a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, the relative rates of ammonia formation were found to be 418:25:1 for Fe(111), Fe(100), and Fe(110) samples, respectively. The activation energy for ammonia synthesis on the Fe(111) surface was determined as 19.4 kcal mole−1. Significant quantities of nitrogen were found to be present in the bulk and on the surface of the iron samples after catalytic runs. This is the first study in which ammonia synthesis activity has been directly correlated with surface crystallographic structure under well-defined, high-pressure conditions.
Pore Surface Engineering with Controlled Loadings of Functional Groups via Click Chemistry in Highly Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks

Reactions of ZrCl4 and single or mixed linear dicarboxylic acids bearing methyl or azide groups lead to highly stable isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with content-tunable, accessible, reactive azide groups inside the large pores. These Zr-based MOFs offer an ideal platform for pore surface engineering by anchoring various functional groups with controlled loadings onto the pore walls via the click reaction, endowing the MOFs with tailor-made interfaces. Significantly, the framework and crystallinity of the functionalized MOFs are well-retained, and the engineered pore surfaces have been demonstrated to be readily accessible, thus providing more opportunities for powerful and broad applications of MOFs.
The effect of flicker on foveal and peripheral thresholds for oscillatory motion.

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of superimposed luminance flicker on the detection of oscillatory motion. Thresholds for oscillatory motion were determined in the fovea and at 2, 6 and 25 deg in the right field for a small luminous target with and without sinusoidal luminance flicker. At the fovea, flicker modulation up to 80% at frequencies from 1.5 to 9 Hz had no effect on motion detection, except for oscillatory motion at a frequency of 8 Hz, for which thresholds were elevated by about 0.2 log units. In the periphery, flicker elevated motion thresholds up to 0.3–0.4 log units at low and moderate frequencies of oscillation at all locations tested. However, both foveal and peripheral motion thresholds were unaffected by flicker when the luminance of the target was reduced. The absence of a robust effect of target flicker on motion thresholds may be accounted for in part by the comparison of activity across a large population of motion-detecting neurons with different direction preferences. Another contributing factor may be the existence of foveal velocity- and position-detecting mechanisms with similar sensitivities.
Some observations on axonal degeneration resulting from superficial lesions of the cerebral cortex

Thermal lesions were placed in the superficial cell layers of the neocortex in rats, cats, and tree shrews, and the resulting intracortical axonal degeneration was studied by the Fink-Heimer technique and by electron microscopy. Certain features of the degeneration resulting from such lesions are common to each cortical area studied. Despite the finding of appreciable axonal degeneration spreading tangentially, the most conspicuous axonal degeneration in each area studied was noted to be oriented vertically with terminations occurring in the deeper layers, especially in the region of the large pyramidal cells of layer V. The bulk of the degeneration in the deeper layers was confined to an area coextensive with the boundaries of the superficial lesion.
Reinnervation of Adult Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle by Embryonic Motoneurons Transplanted into the Axotomized Tibial Nerve

In some cases of spinal cord injury and in certain motoneuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophies, lower motoneurons are destroyed and muscle function cannot be restored except by reinnervation from alternate motoneuron sources. We have tested the feasibility of employing local transplantation of embryonic motoneurons to restore innervation to denervated somatic muscle as a first step in salvaging muscle function and enabling use of functional electric stimulation. Dissociated ventral spinal cord cells from Embryonic Days 14 and 15 rats were transplanted into the distal stump of axotomized tibial nerves of adult rats. Animals were killed 3-18 weeks after transplantation. After 3 weeks large multipolar cells, resembling alpha motoneurons, were observed within the transplant site surrounded by myelinated and unmyelinated axons and dendrites. Axons emanating from these transplanted motoneurons were identified within the nerve stump and within the previously denervated gastrocnemius muscle, forming neuromuscular junctions. Transplanted motoneurons survived up to 18 weeks and were labeled after intramuscular injection of fast blue. This study demonstrates that embryonic spinal motoneurons, transplanted into the distal adult peripheral nerve stump, are able to survive and reinnervate the denervated target muscle. We are now exploring the possibility of using this experimental approach to retard the atrophy of denervated skeletal muscle, thus providing a muscle capable of useful response to functional electrical stimulation.
Subtotal neonatal calvariectomy for severe craniosynostosis

This report sets forth an example of a new mode of management of severe craniosynostosis in the neonate: subtotal calvariectomy. An infant with synostosis of sagittal, coronal, and lambdoidal sutures who had signs of increased intracranial pressure with impending neurologic complications was operated on at 13 days of age. Wide excision of the bony calvarium from the underlying dura was accomplished from the supraorbital ridge to near the foramen magnum; the entire area of the coronal sutures was included. Regeneration of the calvarium occurred over two to 12 weeks and was accompanied by the presence of “sutures” in a usual location. These procedures have allowed for normal brain growth without reoperation up to the current age of two years. Neurologic and intellectual performance has been satisfactory, and cosmetic results appear to be preferable to those obtained by more limited surgery. The observations suggest that this approach may permit better craniofacial growth by minimizing secondary deformities in growth of the cranial base.
Development of a Mobile Fused Deposition Modeling System with Enhanced Manufacturing Flexibility

Abstract Development of a flexible and mobile fused deposition modeling (FDM) system from an existing FDM system to enable deposition of material on virtually any surface without being confined to a build chamber is described. Flexibility of the system was demonstrated by depositing ABS on different surfaces, and simple pull tests were performed to determine bonding strength between the deposited materials. To develop the flexible FDM system, a Stratasys FDM 3000 machine was used and modified by reversing the z stage and attaching the x–y table controlling the FDM head to the bottom of the z stage. In this new configuration, the z stage transports the x–y table vertically, and the x–y table controls the x–y motion of the FDM dispensing head, which is exposed at the bottom of the machine. The mean of the absolute value of the difference between 49 part dimensions (based on 20 part features) measured on a modified Grimm test part (n = 5) was ∼0.44 mm for parts fabricated using the developed flexible FDM system, while a mean of ∼0.11 mm was measured using parts produced by the commercial system (n = 5). The dimensional accuracy of the flexible system was comparable but expectedly larger than the commercial system, due to the configuration of the flexible FDM system with the x–y table attached at the bottom of the z stage. There are many possible design improvements particularly focused on reducing deflections in the mechanical components that can be explored and implemented to improve the overall dimensional accuracy of the flexible system, but these investigations are left for future research. Instead, manufacturing flexibility of this new configuration was demonstrated by successfully building a cylinder on flat and 3D cupped surfaces, including building a horizontally oriented cylinder on a wall by orienting the FDM system in the horizontal position. Pull tests were performed and showed that bonding strength for the cylinders built on flat surfaces compared favorably to a glued part (3.06 ± 1.38 MPa for the specimens manufactured with the flexible FDM system compared with 2.00 ± 1.06 MPa for the glued specimens). Additional flexibility was demonstrated by printing directly on a complex curved surface, thus illustrating the possibilities for using AM (a traditional 2D layer-stacking processing technique) in conformal printing applications. It is concluded that this new machine can provide enormous flexibility in freeform manufacturing with applications in part repair, 3D conformal adhesive dispensing, and a number of applications where the removal of the size constraints imposed by the build chamber enables one to deposit new arbitrary features directly on existing parts.
Autopsy Pathology, 2nd Edition

Autopsy Pathology, 2nd Edition Walter E. Finkbeiner, Philip C. Ursell, Richard L. Davis Saunders (Elsevier) Copyright © 2009 366 pages I write this review of the second edition of Autopsy Pathology from the perspective of a physician and a PhD student who has performed approximately 100 autopsies at Stanford University Medical Center over the past 4 years as part of clinical continuity experience during graduate training. The first edition of Autopsy Pathology released in 2003 quickly became my favored resource for learning the basics of the postmortem examination, recognizing common gross findings and tailoring prosection to the pathology of interest for specific cases. The recently published second edition of Autopsy Pathology contains 15 chapters and 2 appendices and maintains the same general format as the first edition while incorporating additional features that heighten the book's effectiveness. The structure of this text sets it apart from others on the market, which are typically either atlases or manuals for postmortem techniques. …
P and NP rats respond differently to the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine

Rats selectively bred for ethanol preference, that is, alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rats, were trained to discriminate the interoceptive stimuli produced by IP-administered 1,000 mg/kg ethanol (10% v/v) in a two-lever, food-motivated, operant task. Once criterion performance was attained, dose-response experiments indicated an ED50 value for P rats = 354.1 mg/kg, whereas NP rats generated an ED50 value of 495.1 mg/kg, not significantly different from each other. In contrast to these similar sensitivities to ethanol, administration of doses of nicotine (0.4-1.2 mg/kg, SC) indicated that P rats were significantly more sensitive to the ethanol-like effects of nicotine than were NP rats. The results provide additional evidence for a possible hereditary co-occurrence of alcohol and nicotine sensitivity.
Non-perturbative effects inside the QCD bag

Abstract Non-perturbative effects are investigated inside the QCD bag, on which perfectly confining boundary conditions are given. The instanton density is evaluated and used to estimate effective quark-antiquark hamiltonians, as well as the magnitude of chiral symmetry breaking for massless quarks.
The OH stretching region infrared spectra of low density amorphous solid water and polycrystalline ice Ih

The transmission spectra in the intramolecular stretching region have been measured for thin films of H2O and D2O polycrystalline ice Ih and amorphous solid water. The data have been reduced to obtain the complex refractive index in this region via an iterative procedure designed to account for reflection and interference losses. Details of this procedure are described. The values which result from this analysis are converted to give the imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity as a function of wavelength for each sample. In this form the spectra are examined and compared to one another, with regard to recent experimental and theoretical studies. We conclude that it is difficult to obtain detailed structural information for the amorphous solid from an analysis of the OH (OD) stretching vibrational spectrum alone.
Hindbrain Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Induces Hypothermia Mediated by GLP-1 Receptors

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides are widely distributed throughout the neuraxis, including regions associated with energy balance. CART9s classification as a catabolic neuropeptide is based on its inhibitory effects on feeding, coexpression with arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin neurons, and on limited analysis of its energy expenditure effects. Here, we investigate whether (1) caudal brainstem delivery of CART produces energetic, cardiovascular, and glycemic effects, (2) forebrain–caudal brainstem neural communication is required for those effects, and (3) glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) contribute to the mediation of CART-induced effects. Core temperature (Tc), heart rate (HR), activity, and blood glucose were measured in rats injected fourth intracerebroventricularly with CART (0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 μg). Food was withheld during physiologic recording and returned for overnight measurement of intake and body weight. CART induced a long-lasting (>6 h) hypothermia: a 1.5°C and 1.6°C drop in Tc for the 1.0 and 2.0 μg doses. Hindbrain CART application reduced food intake and body weight and increased blood glucose levels; no change in HR or activity was observed. Supracollicular decerebration eliminated the hypothermic response observed in intact rats to hindbrain ventricular CART, suggesting that forebrain processing is required for hypothermia. Pretreatment with the GLP-1R antagonist (exendin-9–39) in control rats attenuated CART hypothermia and hypophagia, indicating that GLP-1R activation contributes to hypothermic and hypophagic effects of hindbrain CART, whereas CART-induced hyperglycemia was not altered by GLP-1R blockade. Data reveal a novel function of CART in temperature regulation and open possibilities for future studies on the clinical potential of the hypothermic effect.
Evolutionary significance of persistence of latent oncogenic virus information in vertebrates.

Abstract A hypothesis relating the independent schools of cancer research—virological and immunological—is proposed. It is suggested that oncogenic-virus information is a stable integral part of normal D.N.A. in most vertebrate species, including man, and that this information normally benefits the species, rather than doing harm, as is generally suggested for oncogenic viruses. Transcription of R.N.A. tumour viruses by derepression of such genetic information by carcinogenic agents leads to new antigenic information on the surfaces of transformed cells. These new antigens lead to recognition and rejection of the abnormal cell by the host's cellular immune system.
The rhetoric of ideological consensus in the United States: American principles and American pose in presidential inaugurals

For over two hundred years, many influential observers have argued that the people of the United States are uniquely united by certain constitutive ideals. But what, exactly, are these ideals? In this essay I review and critique traditional accounts of the United States' alleged ideological consensus in order to show how rhetorical scholars might redirect this discussion towards a more epistemological and pragmatic focus on how these ideals have been invoked within public discourse. This essay uses presidential inaugurals as a case study to illustrate this approach. My reading of these speeches suggests that presidents have not only urged the American people to think of themselves as sharing certain ideals, but also as sharing a particular attitudinal disposition, thus defining American character in terms of both principles and pose. This combination, I argue, has enabled presidents to translate mythic ideals into a less philosophical and decidedly conservative idiom for American national identity.
Comparison of organic matter content with soil color for silt loam soils of Indiana

Abstract Using data from the Purdue University soil characterization laboratory and soil descriptions made by field soil scientists, we have developed a semi‐quantitative relationship between organic matter content and soil color for cultivated, silt loam soils of Indiana. This relationship is correct for about 90% of the samples examined and divides them in three categories: 5% organic matter. This is not a replacement for chemical analysis but a tool that could be of use when examining problems in the field. Journal paper No. 7606, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station.
Infrared Absorption Bands in Hydrogen Sulphide

Absorption spectrum of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S in the region from 1.0\ensuremath{\mu} to 10.0\ensuremath{\mu}.---The absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulphide in the infrared has been investigated with a prism spectrometer from 1.0\ensuremath{\mu} to 10.0\ensuremath{\mu}. Two regions of absorption, one at 2.6\ensuremath{\mu} and another 3.7\ensuremath{\mu} were located, both of which revealed fine structure when examined under high dispersion.Structure of the 2.6\ensuremath{\mu} absorption band of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S.---The band at 2.6\ensuremath{\mu} was found to consist of $P$, $Q$, and $R$ branches, the $P$ and $R$ branches being made up of somewhat irregularly spaced lines and the $Q$ branch broadened unsymmetrically, sloping off more steeply toward lower frequencies. The separation between the most prominent lines in the $P$ and $R$ branches was found to be about 10 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A slight convergence was observed toward higher frequencies.Structure of the 3.7\ensuremath{\mu} absorption band of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S.---The 3.7\ensuremath{\mu} band was found to consist of but one branch, made up of several prominent lines with weaker satellites on either side. The average spacing between these is about 9.0 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and no convergence was discernable.Qualitative quantum mechanical discussion of structure of absorption bands of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$S.---Only a qualitative discussion of the structure of the observed bands is given, based on the classical quantum mechanical solution of an asymmetric rotator due to Witmer. The band at 2.6\ensuremath{\mu} is accounted for by a vibration of the electric moment along the least axis of inertia while the band at 3.7\ensuremath{\mu} is shown to arise from a vibration along the intermediate axis. It is pointed out that the rigorous quantum mechanical solutions of asymmetric rotators confirm the conclusions drawn herein and in addition satisfactorily explain the broadening of the $Q$ branch.
The effects of the placenta and fetal fluids on the acceptance of foster young.

Maternal acceptance of foster young was altered by the interaction of the type of delivery of the rat pup and the presence or absence of placenta or liver. The presence of tissues which the mother ate did not alter the survival among normally delivered pups, but decreased survival among surgically delivered pups. Injecting the mothers with homogenates of these tissues indicated that eating of the placenta or liver by the mother was not essential for the effects. A 3rd experiment simulated normal and surgical delivery by washing surgically delivered animals with saline and smearing normally delivered animals with amniotic fluids, respectively. The data from this experiment showed that survival of the young was determined by the presence or absence of amniotic fluids on the pup interacting with the presence or absence of some material present in the placenta and liver.
An experience in surgical anatomy to provide first-year medical students with an early exposure to general surgery: a pilot study

Introduction The level of interest expressed by medical students toward the field of general surgery has decreased. The aims of this study were to (1) describe an educational scheme in surgical anatomy that increases interaction between practicing surgeons and first-year medical students and (2) garner feedback and opinions of these medical students from a pilot study of this educational experience. Materials and Methods A faculty member from the Department of Surgery provided a review of pancreatic malignancies and its management to first-year medical students during their anatomy course. Then, using a cadaver, the clinically relevant anatomy was detailed, and a pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed with the help of student volunteers. A 7-question survey using the 5-point Likert response scale ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” was used to obtain feedback from the students. Results A total of 145 responses (of 205) were collected for a response rate of 70.38%. Most students (99%) felt that this type of surgical demonstration during the anatomy course was extremely beneficial. The students also felt that this approach improved their understanding of the relevant anatomy and its clinical importance. The survey also demonstrated that most students would like these surgical demonstrations to be repeated in future. Less than 1% of the students did not find these demonstrations beneficial. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate the benefit of surgical demonstrations by surgical faculty to first-year medical students. These findings have led to the incorporation of this educational scheme into the medical school anatomy curriculum on a regular basis at our University.
Characterization of Layer-2 Unique Topologies in Multisubnet Local Area Networks

Obtaining network connectivity information (or, alternatively, network topology) at layer-2 of the ISO hierarchy is critical to an effective management of large local area networks (LANs) that include hundreds of layer-2 network elements. Despite the importance of getting a layer-2 network topology, there are several major difficulties in tracking this information
Oxidative metabolism of tissue culture cells in the presence of porphyria-inducing drugs☆

The effects of several porphyria-inducing drugs on cultured mammalian cells have been studied. In tissue culture these drugs caused increased glycolysis as indicated by stoichiometric increases in lactic acid production and glucose consumption. Concomitant decreases were noted in ATP levels, catalase activity, and oxygen uptake. Cell multiplication was decreased, while mean cell diameter, RNA, and protein content per cell were increased. The “porphyric” cells took up greater amounts of Fe59, incorporated more Fe59 into cellular hemin and concentrated more total iron per cell. Many of these findings, which are parallel to those observed in the mammalian liver, suggest that oxidative metabolism has been altered by the drugs. Impaired terminal oxidation as the primary lesion in porphyria could explain the multiple areas of metabolism which are affected by porphyria-inducing compounds.
Rate Constants, 1100 ≤ T ≤ 2000 K, for H + NO2 → OH + NO Using Two Shock Tube Techniques: Comparison of Theory to Experiment†

Rate constants for the reaction H + NO2 → OH + NO have been measured over the temperature range 1100−2000 K in reflected shock wave experiments using two different methods of analysis. In both methods, the source of H-atoms is from ethyl radical decomposition in which the radicals are formed essentially instantaneously from the thermal decomposition of C2H5I. The first method uses atomic resonance absorption spectrometry (ARAS) to follow the temporal behavior of H-atoms. Experiments were performed under such low [C2H5I]0 that the title reaction could be chemically isolated, and the decay of H-atoms was strictly first-order. The results from these experiments can be summarized as k = (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for 1100 ≤ T ≤ 1650 K. The second method utilizes a multipass optical system for observing the product radical, OH. A resonance lamp was used as the absorption source. Because this is the first OH-radical kinetics investigation from this laboratory, extensive calibration was required. Thi...
Electronic structure of metal-electrolyte surfaces: Three-dimensional calculation.

We improve upon a theory presented earlier for the response of a metal-electrolyte surface to applied voltage. The new calculation is three dimensional, using a local-density, repeated-slab model of a jellium surface in contact with a monolayer of a model solvent. The ground state of this system is obtained for a range of jellium-solvent distances and for a range of induced surface charge densities. The results are used to examine the charge dependence of the metal-solvent distance, the distribution of charge induced on the metal, and to extract a rough prediction for the differential capacitance of a metal-electrolyte interface as a function of charge.