cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dendritic complexity and innervation of submandibular neurons in five species of mammals

I have compared the dendritic complexity and innervation of homologous parasympathetic ganglion cells in several closely related species of mammals. In the smaller of these species (mouse, hamster, and rat), submandibular ganglion cells generally lack dendrites altogether and are innervated by a single axon. In the guinea pig, a somewhat larger species, these neurons possess rudimentary dendritic arbors and are innervated by 2 axons, on average. In the largest species investigated, the rabbit, submandibular ganglion cells have moderately complex dendritic arbors and receive innervation from several axons. These findings, together with a previous study of sympathetic ganglion cells in these same species (Purves and Lichtman, 1985a), indicate that relationships among neuronal morphology, convergent innervation, and animal size are widespread in the autonomic nervous system of mammals.
Semi-automated visualization of coronary arteries from three-dimensional magnetic resonance images

Visualization of coronary arteries from three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) coronary angiography often requires manual delineation of the vessels, a tedious and time consuming task. In this work, a semi-automated technique to rapidly identify the path of one or more coronary arteries throughout a 3D volume is presented. The method applied a nonlinear morphological filter to enhance vessel voxels and suppress myocardial muscle and blood pool. The filtered data and a user-selected ROI were then used to formulate a directed graph, which was subsequently searched to find an optimum path for the vessel through the volume. The coronary vessel was viewed by a curved reformatting and maximum intensity projection (MIP) along the derived path. The algorithm was applied to 3D MR volumes of left and right coronary arteries and successfully produced complete visualizations of the vessels of interest, demonstrating that morphological filtering and optimal path searching were capable of efficiently extracting and viewing coronary vessel paths from large 3D volumes.
Specific Brain Regions of Female Rats Are Differentially Depleted of Docosahexaenoic Acid by Reproductive Activity and an (n-3) Fatty Acid-Deficient Diet

Low tissue levels of (n-3) PUFA, particularly docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 22:6(n-3)], are implicated in postpartum depression. Brain DHA content is depleted in female rats undergoing pregnancy and lactation when the diet supplies inadequate (n-3) PUFA. In this study, the effects of DHA depletion as a result of reproductive activity and an (n-3) PUFA-deficient diet were examined in 8 specific brain regions of female rats after undergoing 2 sequential reproductive cycles. Virgin females, fed the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-containing or deficient (low-ALA) diets for a commensurate duration (13 wk) served as a control for reproduction. Total phospholipid composition of each brain region was determined at weaning (postnatal d 21) by TLC/GC. The regional PUFA composition of ALA virgins was similar to that previously measured in male rats. All brain regions examined were affected by reproductive activity and/or the low-ALA diet; however, the magnitude of the loss of DHA and compensatory incorporation of docosapentaenoic acid [(n-6) DPA, 22:5(n-6)] varied among brain regions. In low-ALA parous dams, frontal cortex (77% of ALA virgin) and temporal lobe (83% of ALA virgin), regions involved in cognition and affect, were among those exhibiting the greatest depletion of DHA. Caudate-putamen also exhibited significant depletion of DHA (82% of ALA virgin), whereas only (n-6) DPA levels were altered in ventral striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. This pattern of changes in regional DHA and (n-6) DPA content suggests that specific neuronal systems may be differentially affected by depletion of brain DHA in the postpartum organism.
So you think you want to run an environmental conservation meeting? Advice on the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune that accompany academic conference planning

A key component of academia is the meeting. A conference or symposium is a valuable resource for academics in so many ways. However, despite their value, planning an academic meeting can be difficult, partly because of the nature of academics themselves. Planning an environmental meeting adds an extra layer of difficulty, as special attention must be taken with ensuring that the meeting is as environmentally friendly as possible. This article has been written to give those wanting to plan an academic meeting some advice, with some useful tips and warnings about pitfalls that may be encountered. Issues such as location, transportation, accommodation, catering, promotion, social media, funding, and dealing with problem delegates are covered. Importantly, issues related to reducing the environmental impact of the meeting are discussed. It is hoped that the tips contained within this article will take some of the stress out of organizing an academic meeting for those in the environmental and conservation fields.
Light extraction analysis and enhancement in a quantum dot light emitting diode

We apply a rigorous dipole model to analyze the light outcoupling and angular performance of quantum dot light emitting diode (QLED). To illustrate the design principles, we use a red QLED as an example and compare its performance with an organic light emitting diode (OLED). By combining a high refractive index glass substrate with macroextractors, our simulation results indicate that the light outcoupling efficiency is doubled from ~40% to ~80%. After analyzing the light emission spectra and angular radiation pattern of the device, we confirm that QLED has a much weaker color shift than OLED.
Identification and clinical evaluation of segments of homozygosity, uniparental disomy and complex chromosomal abnormalities revealed by copy-number SNP arrays

Background Presence of such segments of homozygosity (SOH) may be due to parental relatedness, chromosomal recombination or rearrangements and provides important clues regarding ancestral homozygosity, parental consanguinity or uniparental disomy. We have determined the frequency and nature of copy neutral segments with allelic homozygosity identified in cases interrogated by oligonucleotide-SNP microarrays.
A Model of Human Reaction Time to Dangerous Robot Arm Movements

An increasing number of studies indicate that robots are the most hazardous equipment in industry. The very virtue that makes them attractive for industrial work, the programmable arm, is the cause of accidents since the arm motion is often difficult to perceive. The present paper presents a model of human reaction time and emergency behavior. The total reaction time is the sum of three elements: perception, decision making and motor response. Each of these three elements are modeled using concepts such as perceptual discriminability and single detection theory. Finally the results of an experiment is presented where the human reaction time is modeled as a function of robot arm speed.
Effect of VAD Use on HLA Sensitization and Risk of Rejection Post-Heart Transplant in US Children with Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Purpose Studies suggest VADs may increase HLA sensitization in children waitlisted for heart transplant (HT). It is unknown how much sensitization is attributable to routine VAD use because of confounding factors such as previous surgeries and race. We sought to estimate the degree of sensitization attributable to VAD use by focusing our analysis on children with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a sample group with a low rate of sensitization. Methods and Materials All children Results A total of 892 children with DCM met the inclusion criteria including 236 (26%) on VAD support at HT and 656 (64%) with no prior VAD support at transplant. Patients on VAD support were more likely to be older, larger, have better renal function at HT and were slightly less likely to be black (44% vs 48%). Overall DCM patients in the VAD cohort were more likely to have a class I PRA >10% (22% vs. 6% in non-VAD cohort, P 25% (14% vs. 3%, P 10% (12% vs. 5%, P 25% (9% vs. 2%, P 25% (17% vs. 5%, P Conclusions The use of VADs for bridge-to-transplant in children with DCM is associated with a 3-fold increase in HLA sensitization, a 2-fold increase in the risk of a positive CM at transplant, and a higher incidence of rejection post-transplant. Sensitization risk is an important factor to consider in the decision to use a VAD as a bridge-to-transplant in children. Longer-term studies are needed to determine the durability of these antibodies.
Do Technology-Based Support Groups Reduce Care Burden Among Dementia Caregivers? A Review.

Technology-based support groups for caregivers are often more accessible and convenient than attending face-to-face support groups. In this review the author examines the effectiveness of technology-based social support groups on reducing care burden among caregivers of individuals with dementia. Studies were identified through 10 online bibliographic databases. Inclusion criteria: (a) published before June 2013, (b) rigorous study design, (c) English language, (d) peer-reviewed journals, (e) home-based care, (f) telephone and/or Internet support group utilized at home, and (g) outcome measure of care burden or caregiver stress. Technology-based social support groups enjoy a modest level of positive outcomes, appear to be low cost, and pose little risk of harmful effects while reducing care burden in caregivers. Based on the five studies reviewed, technology-based support group services have demonstrated a positive impact on reducing care burden among dementia caregivers; and improve support networks simi...
Characterization of the Piezoresistive Coefficients of (100) Silicon From −150 to +125C

Stress sensing test chips are widely utilized to investigate integrated circuit die stresses arising from assembly and packaging operations. The test chips incorporate resistor or transistor sensing elements that are able to measure stresses by observing the changes in their resistivity or carrier mobility. This piezoresistive behavior of such sensors is characterized by three piezoresistive coefficients, which are electro-mechanical material constants. We are interested in stress characterization over a very broad range of temperatures. However, the literature provides limited data over the desired range, and even the data at room temperature, exhibit wide discrepancies in magnitude as well as sign. This work focuses on an extensive experimental study of the temperature dependence of the piezoresistive coefficients, π11 , π12 , and π44 , for both p- and n-type silicon. In order to minimize errors associated with misalignment with the crystallographic axes on (100) silicon wafers, anisotropic wet etching was used in this work to accurately locate the axes. A special four-point bending apparatus has been constructed and integrated into an environmental chamber capable of temperatures from −155 to +300°C. Experimental calibration results for the piezoresistive coefficients as a function of temperature from −150°C to +125°C are presented and compared and contrasted with existing values from literature. Measurements were performed using stress sensors fabricated on (100) silicon mounted on PCB material including both die-on-beam and strip-on-beam mounting techniques. Four-point bending (4PB) was used to generate the required stress, and finite element simulations have been used to determine the actual states of stress in the silicon material.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Response of snow-dependent hydrologic extremes to continued global warming

Snow accumulation is critical for water availability in the northern hemisphere 1,2, raising concern that global warming could have important impacts on natural and human systems in snow-dependent regions 1,3. Although regional hydrologic changes have been observed (e.g., 1,3-5), the time of emergence of extreme changes in snow accumulation and melt remains a key unknown for assessing climate change impacts 3,6,7. We find that the CMIP5 global climate model ensemble exhibits an imminent shift towards low snow years in the northern hemisphere, with areas of western North America, northeastern Europe, and the Greater Himalaya showing the strongest emergence during the near-term decades and at 2°C global warming. The occurrence of extremely low snow years becomes widespread by the late-21st century, as do the occurrence of extremely high early-season snowmelt and runoff (implying increasing flood risk), and extremely low late-season snowmelt and runoff (implying increasing water stress). Our results suggest that many snow-dependent regions of the northern hemisphere are likely to experience increasing stress from low snow years within the next three decades, and from extreme changes in snow-dominated water resources if global warming exceeds 2°C above the pre-industrial baseline.
Immunologic and Pharmacologic Concepts of Monoclonal Antibodies

While monoclonal antibodies have solved many of the difficulties of using immunologic reagents for radioimmunodiagnosis and therapy, in the 13 years since their introduction a number of persistent problems remain, most notably a low yield of antibody-producing cells from the fusion process, difficulty in obtaining high-affinity antibodies, and the potential immunogenicity of murine immunoglobulins (Igs). Several solutions are under development, including fusion techniques that enrich for cells producing desired antibodies, production of human-mouse chimeric antibodies by recombinant DNA technology, and the generation of human monoclonal antibodies by promising new approaches. Until these upcoming methodologies are established, and to better direct their development and application, a sound under-standing of the pharmacology of presently available native and modified monoclonal antibodies is crucial. Although much has been already determined in this area, a great deal of further clarification remains necessary.
An affirmed self and a better apology: The effect of self-affirmation on transgressors' responses to victims.

Abstract Comprehensive apologies are powerful tools that transgressors can use to promote reconciliation with the people they have hurt. However, because many apology elements require transgressors to admit fault, express shameful emotions and promise change, transgressors often avoid these threatening elements and instead choose to use more perfunctory apologies or even defensive strategies, such as justifications or attempts to blame the person they hurt. In two studies, I aimed to increase apology comprehensiveness and reduce defensiveness using self-affirmation. I predicted that self-affirmation would help transgressors maintain their self-integrity, consequently allowing them to offer more comprehensive apologies and bypass defensive strategies. Participants received a values affirmation, recalled an unresolved conflict, and indicated what they would say to the person they had hurt. As predicted, affirmed participants offered more comprehensive apologies and used fewer defensive strategies than control participants. These studies thus identify a simple method for promoting responses that facilitate conflict resolution and demonstrate the successful application of self-affirmation to the domain of interpersonal conflict.
Secondary contamination of emergency department personnel from o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile exposure, 2002

In a hazardous materials event in 2002, the unannounced presentation of 3 symptomatic, contaminated patients to an emergency department (ED) resulted in secondary contamination of 2 ED personnel who experienced skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. The material that caused these injuries was o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, a white powder with a peppery odor used largely as a tear gas and riot-control agent. Secondary contamination can cause adverse symptoms and injuries in ED personnel, further contaminate the ED, and potentially lead to costly ED closures and evacuations. To prevent secondary exposure, EDs can educate their staff about the potential for secondary contamination, implement a team approach for handling contaminated patients, establish decontamination protocols, ensure proper selection of and training in the use of personal protective equipment, and simulate drills for receiving contaminated patients.
Peptide EphB2/CTF2 Generated by the γ-Secretase Processing of EphB2 Receptor Promotes Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Cell Surface Localization of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptors

Presenilin 1, a protein involved in the development of familial Alzheimer disease, is an important functional component of the γ-secretase complex that processes many cell surface receptors including the EphB2 tyrosine kinase receptors (Litterst, C., Georgakopoulos, A., Shioi, J., Ghersi, E., Wisniewski, T., Wang, R., Ludwig, A., and Robakis, N. K. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 16155–16163). Recent evidence reveals that cytosolic peptides produced by the combined metalloproteinase/γ-secretase processing of cell surface proteins function in signal transduction and protein phosphorylation. Here we show that peptide EphB2/CTF2 released to the cytosol by the γ-secretase processing of EphB2 receptor, has tyrosine kinase activity, and directly phosphorylates the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits in both cell lines and primary neuronal cultures. This phosphorylation occurs in the absence of Src kinases and is resistant to Src inhibitors revealing a novel pathway of NMDAR tyrosine phosphorylation independent of Src activity. EphB2/CTF2, but not a kinase-deficient mutant of EphB2/CTF2, promotes the cell surface expression of NMDAR. Because NMDAR plays central roles in synaptic plasticity and function, our results provide a potential link between the γ-secretase function of presenilin 1 and learning and memory.
Teaching C++ to high school students

C++ was used to teach programming to beginning programming students in a summer program for high-ability high school students. We discuss the reasons for choosing C++, how we presented it to this group of students, and the results of this experiment. Some suggestions are presented for others interested in teaching C++ to novice programmers.
A high-yield conversion of rhodium to sodium hexachlororhodate(III)

Abstract Optimum conditions for the preparation of sodium hexachlororhodate(III) were determined by chlorinating mixtures of sodium chloride and rhodium. By employing a high temperature (900°C), 100% excess sodium chloride, and mechanical agitation of the reaction mixture, almost quantitative conversion can be obtained with a single 30 min chlorination. Although the product may be recovered in low yield as large red crystals of the 12-hydrate by evaporating an aqueous solution of the reaction mixture at room temperature, recovery in ca. 85% yield by precipitation with acetone and vacuum desiccation to the 2-hydrate is recommended.
GROWTH OF THE EMBRYO OF GINKGO BILOBA UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. III. GROWTH RATES OF ROOT AND SHOOT UPON MEDIA ABSORBED THROUGH THE COTYLEDONS

BALL, ERNEST. (North Carolina State Coll., Raleigh.) Growth of the embryo of Ginkgo biloba under experimental conditions. III. Growth rates of root and shoot upon media absorbed through
Fatigue crack propagation resistance of ductile TiNb-reinforced γ-TiAl intermetallic matrix composites

Abstract An experimental study has been made to investigate the cyclic crack propagation resistance of ductile-particle toughened brittle materials, specifically, ductile TiNb-reinforced γ-TiAl intermetallic composites, as a function of microstructure. Under cyclic loading, cracks are found to grow subcritically at stress intensities of 4–5 MPa m 1 2 , far below their maximum toughness levels. Such behavior is associated with the susceptibility of the ductile TiNb phase to fatigue failure, and consequently to the diminished role of crack tip shielding from crack bridging by unbroken TiNb ligaments, in contrast to observations under monotonic loading. No evidence for bridging is seen under cyclic loading and bridging zone lengths in the wake of the crack tip are limited to less than 150 μm, compared with 4–5 mm under monotonic loading. Moreover, crack growth rates are very sensitive to applied ΔK level, with measured exponents for the da/dN-ΔK relationship ranging from 10 to 20. The exponent decreases with an increase in volume fraction of the ductile phase, but is independent of particle thickness; fatigue thresholds are, however, less affected.
Energy sub-modules applied in life-cycle inventory of processes

The heating and cooling of unit processes (utilities) are often the most significant energy fraction of a gate-to-gate life-cycle inventory (LCI) for individual chemicals. Electricity usage is typically a smaller factor. An LCI of a manufacturing process for a specific chemical has been used to identify the heating and cooling requirements. This paper demonstrates the sub-modules used to convert these utilities into actual energy-related emissions for use in the LCI of a specific chemical. Assumptions and results of the unit operation inventory data and of the potential life-cycle burdens are clearly stated, to foster the objective of transparency. A user may substitute another energy grid, fuel sources, or efficiencies based on some site-specific data. The sub-modules utilize a design basis for calculating the utility emissions. Results may be used in LCI studies in the chemical, biochemical, and pharmaceutical industries.
Variation in Warfarin Thromboprophylaxis After Mitral Valve Repair: Does Equipoise Exist and Is a Randomized Trial Warranted?

Background There are limited data available to inform decision making regarding warfarin thromboprophylaxis early after mitral valve repair. Methods We studied 13,082 patients from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database (STS ACSD) who underwent primary mitral valve repair between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2010. Excluded were those having other major concomitant operations or with an indication/contraindication to warfarin. The predictors of warfarin administration at dismissal were evaluated. Results In this cohort (median age 58 years; 59% male), warfarin was prescribed at hospital dismissal for 46% (5,963) of patients. Median postoperative length of stay was 5 days overall (6 days warfarin versus 5 days, p Conclusions At present, half of patients are prescribed warfarin after isolated mitral valve repair in North American cardiac surgical practice which may impact the length of hospital stay. Although patient-level predictors of warfarin prescription exist, center- and surgeon-level variations are prominent. There is a pressing need for a randomized trial both to guide therapy and to ascertain the potential for resource conservation.
Development of home orientation in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rat pups.

In order to assess the effects of perinatal hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism on the development of an integrated behavioral response, we tested hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, and control pups, as well as pups receiving thyroxine replacement therapy, for the development of the home orientation response. Hypothyroidism was induced in the pups by feeding the pregnant or lactating female a diet of .2% propylthiouracil from Day 15 of gestation to Day 22 postpartum. Pups receiving replacement therapy and pups made hyperthyroid were injected daily with thyroxine, starting at birth. The ability of the pups to initiate and maintain locomotion toward the nest was assessed between Days 4 and 22. Hyperthyroid, control, and replacement therapy pups behaved very similarly on the task, showing a peak in the percentage of pups homing between Days 12 and 16. Hypothyroid pups showed a delay in the peak percentage until Day 20, although the percentage of pups was similar to that found in other treatments. An integrated behavioral response can be delayed by hypothyroidism and still emerge apparently intact at a later age.
Postoperative recurrence of mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation.

Background We investigated predictive factors of postoperative recurrence of mitral regurgitation (MR) after mitral valve annuloplasty for functional ischemic MR. Methods This study was a retrospective review of patients with functional MR who underwent mitral ring annuloplasty at our institution from 1998 to 2008. Records were reviewed for perioperative variables, including echocardiographic measurements. Recurrence was defined as MR grade moderate (3+) or greater on any postoperative echocardiogram. Results Of 548 patients who underwent mitral annuloplasty for functional MR, echocardiogram reports were available for review for 250. These patients comprised the study cohort. There were 154 patients with concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. The left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic (LVED) index was calculated by dividing the LVED dimension by body surface area (BSA). A high LVED index (> 3.5 cm/m 2 ) was predictive of MR recurrence ( p = 0.047): the recurrence rate was 20.3% (13 of 64) in high-index patients and 10.2% (19 of 186) in low-index ( 2 ) patients. Median recurrence-free survival was 35 months (range, 19 to 59 months) in high-LVED-index patients and 46.5 months (range, 22 to 75 months) in low-LVED-index patients ( p = 0.048). Preoperative MR severity and LV ejection fraction were not predictive of MR recurrence. Conclusions Careful analysis of the preoperative echocardiogram using a novel, easily calculated variable, the LVED index, may help identify patients who are at greater risk for MR recurrence and reduced survival. Such information could prompt consideration of alternative or additional interventions in these patients.
Measurements of dark current in a CCD imager during light exposures

Thermal excitation of electrons is a major source of noise in Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) imagers. Those electrons are generated even in the absence of light, hence the name dark current. Dark current is particularly important for long exposure times and elevated temperatures. The standard procedure to correct for dark current is to take several pictures under the same condition as the real image, except with the shutter closed. The resulting dark frame is later subtracted from the exposed image. We address the question of whether the dark current produced in an image taken with a closed shutter is identical to the dark current produced in an exposure in the presence of light. In our investigation, we illuminated two different CCD chips to different intensities of light and measured the dark current generation. A surprising conclusion of this study is that some pixels produce a different amount of dark current under illumination. Finally, we discuss the implications that this has for dark frame image correction.
Hazardous waste source‐reduction study with treated groundwater recycling

A feasibility study is presented for modifying electroplating processes for source reduction. Ion exchange and reverse osmosis units are suggested to allow reclaiming and recycling of metal solutions. A particular example of water conservation in an electroplating shop is presented for the treatment and utilization of groundwater contaminated by hydrocarbon chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gasoline products. Granular carbon adsorption, UV oxidation, and demineralization steps and alkalinity control measures for the groundwater are discussed. Engineering and economic analyses provide a basis for comparing alternative designs. An integrated scheme, including groundwater remediation and source reduction, is feasible for the plating shop. The removal of VOCs and demineralization of the polluted groundwater are important steps. With the integrated plan, 90% removal or recovery of heavy metals can be achieved, and water usage and wastewater can be reduced by 90%. Thus, it is feasible to prevent water pollution at the source and to recycle treated groundwater and wastewater for the manufacturing process.
DISAGGREGATING THE EFFECTS OF RACIAL AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ON EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY EXECUTION RATES

This article examines how class inequality may have influenced the historical use of executions in the United States, both within the South and outside of the South. Specifically, this article asks whether executions acted as a mechanism to maintain an exploitative class system in the entire United States, just as lynching maintained a racial caste system in the South. Much of the literature on the historical determinants of macrolevel execution rates has examined these disparities in terms of racial inequality. This study demonstrates that racial inequality alone cannot account for the high number of executions that typified the early twentieth century United States and contends that it is important to expand our understanding of the effects of class inequality on both historical and contemporary trends in executions.
Paying to save: Reducing cost of colocation data center via rewards

Power-hungry data centers face an urgent pressure on reducing the energy cost. The existing efforts, despite being numerous, have primarily centered around owner-operated data centers (e.g., Google), leaving another critical data center segment — colocation data center (e.g., Equinix) which rents out physical space to multiple tenants for housing their own servers — much less explored. Colocations have a major barrier to achieve cost efficiency: server power management by individual tenants is uncoordinated. This paper proposes RECO (REward for COst reduction), which shifts tenants' power management from uncoordinated to coordinated, using financial reward as a lever. RECO pays (voluntarily participating) tenants for energy reduction such that the colocation operator's overall cost is minimized. RECO incorporates the time-varying operation environment (e.g., cooling efficiency, intermittent renewables), addresses the peak power demand charge, and also proactively learns tenants' unknown responses to the offered reward. RECO includes a new feedback-based online algorithm to optimize the reward without far future offline information. We evaluate RECO using both scaled-down prototype experiments and simulations. Our results show that RECO is "win-win" and can successfully reduce the colocation operator's overall cost, by up to 27% compared to the no-incentive baseline case. Further, tenants receive financial rewards (up to 15% of their colocation costs) for "free" without violating Service Level Agreements.
Isolation and expression in transgenic tobacco and rice plants, of the cassava vein mosaic virus (CVMV) promoter

The cassava vein mosaic virus (CVMV) is a double stranded DNA virus which infects cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and has been characterized as a plant pararetrovirus belonging to the caulimovirus subgroup. Two DNA fragments, CVP1 of 388 nucleotides from position -368 to +20 and CVP2 of 511 nucleotides from position -443 to +72, were isolated from the viral genome and fused to theuidA reporter gene to test promoter expression. The transcription start site of the viral promoter was determined using RNA isolated from transgenic plants containing the CVMV promoter:uidA fusion gene. Both promoter fragments were able to cause high levels of gene expression in protoplasts isolated from cassava and tobacco cell suspensions. The expression pattern of the CVMV promoters was analyzed in transgenic tobacco and rice plants, and revealed that the GUS staining pattern was similar for each construct and in both plants. The two promoter fragments were active in all plant organs tested and in a variety of cell types, suggesting a near constitutive pattern of expression. In both tobacco and rice plants, GUS activity was highest in vascular elements, in leaf mesophyll cells, and in root tips.
Huck Finn and the game model gloss

Several authors have cited the metaphor of game playing as an analytical device to study social behavior. Traditionally, the game model has been used either to promote a more strict or instrumental control upon actual social behavior or to match a formal game model construction of a social event with actual behavior in everyday life, and through this method shed light upon aspects which otherwise would be overlooked. In another connection, various authors have discussed the concept of glossing in social relations. This paper uses Mark Twain's last chapters ofThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn to explicate how the game model can be used as a gloss. The game model gloss then is a unique combination of sociological conceptualizations presented through the medium of a lively literary allegory. We feel this paper extends the concept of glossing and furthers the understanding of the game metaphor in sociological theory.
Narcolepsy/cataplexy. III: Nocturnal sleep and wakefulness patterns.

Nocturnal sleep and wakefulness patterns of 50 patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy were compared to those of 50 control subjects. A sleep onset REM period (SOREM) occurred in 22 (44%) of the patients but in none of the controls. Comparisons among patients showing a SOREM, patients without this abnormality, and controls demonstrated that the timing, number and duration of the remaining REM periods did not differ across the three groups. Thus, the basic REM sleep disturbance in narcolepsy appears to relate to the timing of onset of the initial REM period. This finding lends further support to the theory of dual control of REM-NREM cycling. While narcoleptics took significantly less time to fall asleep, they had significantly more awakenings, wake time after sleep onset and total wake time. The disturbed sleep experienced by patients could not be accounted for by the presence of a sleep onset REM period or the use of medication. Nocturnal wakefulness appeared to be distributed in a regular oscillating man...
Highly Selective Protein Patterning on Gold−Silicon Substrates for Biosensor Applications

Proteins were precisely patterned on 2D sensor surfaces using photolithography and chemical selectivity. Microarrays of gold squares were fabricated on silicon substrates. The gold regions were modified with mixed COOH-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to have a high affinity for the desired proteins or peptides. The silicon regions were modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) by silanization to provide a high resistivity to protein adsorption. Protein surface coverage was visualized by fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM was also used for studying protein morphology to understand the interaction of proteins with SAMs at the molecular level. Proteins and peptides immobilized on SAMs were examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Contact angle measurements for surface wettability were conducted to confirm the success of the surface modification reactions. Protein resistance by the PEGs immobilized on bare silicon substrates and on the silicon regions o...
An exact discrete analog of an open linear non-stationary first-order continuous-time system with mixed sample

Abstract This article deals with the derivation of an exact discrete model that corresponds to an open linear non-stationary first-order continuous-time system with mixed stock and flow data. This exact discrete model is (under appropriate additional conditions) a stationary autoregressive moving average time-series model and may allow one to obtain asymptotically efficient estimators of the parameters describing the continuous-time system.
Equipment CO2 emission in surface coal mining

The continuous global increases in energy demand and the environmental impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, represent a substantial challenge for the mining industry. This paper presents the results of research work related to determination of surface mining equipment CO2 emission, which is part of a broader industrial project on analysis and control of energy consumption. The project was completed at a surface coal mine that is operated by one of the largest North American coal companies. The research results may be used by mining professionals to aid in the determination of carbon footprints for specific mining equipment.
Extending the boundaries, bridging the gaps: crafting Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity, a Supplement to the Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health.

The August 2001 issuance of Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity—A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, represents a landmark in the dialogue—political and scientific—regarding health disparities in the United States. This paper offers a critical appraisal of the process and structure of generating these reports, paying particular attention to issues that marked serious epistemological tensions among the participants. These issues revolved around the relative emphasis placed on (1) mental illness and mental health; (2) risk, etiology, and treatment versus prevention and promotion; (3) large-scale, population-based surveys and randomized clinical trials as the standard bearers of scientific evidence; (4) variation related to gender, social class, and culture; (5) ethnicity and culture as dispositional variables or individual glosses as opposed to dynamic, collective phenomena; and (6) the historical forces that shaped the contemporary context for much of this discussion. It describes the sometimes subtle, other times stark differences in assumptions and experience that sprang from disciplinary orientations, investigative methods, institutional affiliations, and personal histories and agendas.
Overview of Chemical Modeling of Nuclear Waste Glass Dissolution

Glass dissolution takes place through metal leaching and hydration of the glass surface accompanied by development of alteration layers of varying crystallinity. The reaction which controls the long-term glass dissolution rate appears to be surface layer dissolution. This reaction is reversible because the buildup of dissolved species in solution slows the dissolution rate due to a decreased dissolution affinity. Glass dissolution rates are therefore highly dependent on silica concentrations in solution because silica is the major component of the alteration layer. Chemical modeling of glass dissolution using reaction path computer codes has successfully been applied to short term experimental tests and used to predict long-term repository performance. Current problems and limitations of the models include a poorly defined long-term glass dissolution mechanism, the use of model parameters determined from the same experiments that the model is used to predict, and the lack of sufficient validation of key assumptions in the modeling approach. Work is in progress that addresses these issues.
Effects of work stressors and work climate on long-term care staff's job morale and functioning

Relationships between work stressors and work climate, and job morale and functioning were examined. Initial and 8-month follow-up data were obtained from 405 staff in 14 long-term care facilities. Relationship and workload stressors were related to less job satisfaction and intent to stay in the job, and more job-related distress, depression, and physical symptoms. Patient care task stressors were associated with better outcomes. More positive work climates were linked to higher job morale. Initial work stressors predicted poorer functioning, and coworker cohesion predicted more intent to stay in the job at follow-up.
Archives Development in Kenya

Kenya experienced a great loss of official documentation during the colonial period. After independence, it was therefore decided to establish an archives service. However, poor management decisions threatened to distort priorities during specific periods. Despite the valuable contribution of consultants to the development of the National Archives, their assessments have often been based on ill-informed or biased opinions.
Exercise testing and training of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias.

ABSTRACTMalignant ventricular arrhythmias account for a significant number of deaths annually. Improved therapies have increased survival for this patient population. These patients, however, remain at high risk due to their history of sudden cardiac death and the preponderance of poor ventricular f
Gas-Phase Acidities of cis- and trans-2-tert-Butyl-1,3-dithian-5-ol

The gas-phase acidities (ΔGacid) of cis- and trans-2-tert-butyl-1,3-dithian-5-ol (1 and 2, respectively) have been determined to be 354.9 ± 1.2 and 350.2 ± 2.8 kcal/mol, respectively, by using the Cooks' kinetic method and acid−base bracketing in a flowing afterglow-triple quadrupole apparatus. The difference in the acidities of these diastereoisomers is unexpectedly large (4.7 kcal/mol) and significantly greater than that of epimeric 4-methylcyclohexanols (ΔΔGacid = 1.1 kcal/mol). The large difference is due to the unusually low acidity of 1, which is rationalized by an unfavorable electrostatic repulsion between the oxygen lone pairs of the corresponding axial alkoxide and the ring sulfur lone pairs. This interaction is not present in the conjugate base of 2, in which the negatively charged group is in an equatorial position. Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)) predict the axial 1,3-dithian-5-oxide (C4H7S2O-) to be higher in energy than the equatorial 1,3-dithian-5-oxide by 6.5 ...
Human system integration considerations for tactical head mounted displays

As computer-use propagates across the battlefield, the necessity to effectively integrate such system components challenges the system developer to find a balance between added functionality and system usability. The most significant challenge is ruggedizing and integrating these technologies in an acceptable manner that does not impede the users' combat capability, but instead significantly enhances it . In this paper, researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Battlespace Acoustics Branch explored alternative Head Mounted Display (HMD) concepts, investigating field of view as well as ease of use concerns. Special Operations personnel prosecute mission objectives in dynamic environments requiring an agile integration solution that is equally accommodating. This report describes the research process as well as the unique concerns and results of integrating tactical HMDs for special operation forces. Issues involving variable use-cases, as well as cable management are also addressed.
History of mild traumatic brain injury is associated with deficits in relational memory, reduced hippocampal volume, and less neural activity later in life

Evidence suggests that a history of head trauma is associated with memory deficits later in life. The majority of previous research has focused on moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), but recent evidence suggests that even a mild TBI (mTBI) can interact with the aging process and produce reductions in memory performance. This study examined the association of mTBI with memory and the brain by comparing young and middle-aged adults who have had mTBI in their recent (several years ago) and remote (several decades ago) past, respectively, with control subjects on a face-scene relational memory paradigm while they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Hippocampal volumes were also examined from high-resolution structural images. Results indicated middle-aged adults with a head injury in their remote past had impaired memory compared to gender, age, and education matched control participants, consistent with previous results in the study of memory, aging, and TBI. The present findings extended previous results by demonstrating that these individuals also had smaller bilateral hippocampi, and had reduced neural activity during memory performance in cortical regions important for memory retrieval. These results indicate that a history of mTBI may be one of the many factors that negatively influence cognitive and brain health in aging.
Inhibitor of DASH proteases affects expression of adhesion molecules in osteoclasts and reduces myeloma growth and bone disease

Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV activity and/or structure homologues (DASH) are serine proteases implicated in tumourigenesis. We previously found that a DASH protease, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), was involved in osteoclast-induced myeloma growth. Here we further demonstrated expression of various adhesion molecules in osteoclasts cultured alone or cocultured with myeloma cells, and tested the effects of DASH inhibitor, PT-100, on myeloma cell growth, bone disease, osteoclast differentiation and activity, and expression of adhesion molecules in osteoclasts. PT-100 had no direct effects on viability of myeloma cells or mature osteoclasts, but significantly reduced survival of myeloma cells cocultured with osteoclasts. Real-time PCR array for 85 adhesion molecules revealed upregulation of 17 genes in osteoclasts after coculture with myeloma cells. Treatment of myeloma/osteoclast cocultures with PT-100 significantly downregulated 18 of 85 tested genes in osteoclasts, some of which are known to play roles in tumourigenesis and osteoclastogenesis. PT-100 also inhibited osteoclast differentiation and subsequent pit formation. Resorption activity of mature osteoclasts and differentiation of osteoblasts were not affected by PT-100. In primary myelomatous severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-hu mice PT-100 reduced osteoclast activity, bone resorption and tumour burden. These data demonstrated that DASH proteases are involved in myeloma bone disease and tumour growth.
Dendritic Cell Antigen Presentation Drives Simultaneous Cytokine Production by Effector and Regulatory T Cells in Inflamed Skin

Summary Effector (Teff) and regulatory (Treg) T cells produce cytokines that balance immunity and immunopathology at sites of infection. It is not known how this balance is achieved. Here, we show that Treg and Teff cells specific for the same foreign peptide:major histocompatibility complex II (pMHCII) ligand accumulated preferentially in a subcutaneous site injected with the relevant antigen plus an adjuvant. Some of the Treg cells in this site were producing IL-10 12 days after injection, whereas a similar fraction of the Teff cells were producing IFN-γ. Acute ablation of Treg cells increased the fraction of IFN-γ-producing Teff cells, indicating that Teff function was limited by the Treg cells. Production of cytokines by both populations was driven by pMHCII presentation by local CD11b hi dermal dendritic cells. Therefore, balanced production of microbicidal and suppressive cytokines in inflamed skin is achieved by simultaneous dendritic cell antigen presentation to Teff and Treg cells.
On the benefits of interrelating computer science and the humanities: The case of metaphor

If there is to be a new, substantive area of teaching and research that combines competence in specific areas of the humanities with computer science understandings and skills, such teaching and research needs to be led by persons who themselves are competent in both the humanities and in computer science, rather than by a team of persons who represent a division of labors along the lines of “idea” persons and “technical” persons. The new kind of teaching and research that might result is pointed to by describing a connectionist, neural network approach to the study of metaphor.
Modification of a P-Phenylenediamine Oxidase Method to Permit Non-Automated Ceruloplasmin Determinations in Batches of Rat Serum or Plasma Microsamples

Abstract An essentially one-sample-at-a time p-phenylenediamine oxidase method was converted to a batch method by employing 0°C temperature during the serum or plasma sample preparation for incubation at 37°C. The samples were also amenable to a simple scale-down of all reaction mixture components, so that good results could be obtained with samples ranging down to 0.010 ml from the usual 0.100 ml. These two modifications should be applicable to most p-phenylenediamine oxidase ceruloplasmin methods.