cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dependence of the Fe 2+ -Mg cation-partitioning between olivine and basaltic liquid on pressure, temperature and composition

The equilibrium partitioning of Fe2+ and Mg between olivine and liquid along a liquid line of descent has been determined for a calc-alkaline system, ranging in composition from picritic to andesitic. Experiments were conducted between 1000–1450° C and 1 bar to 30 kbar. Within the compositional range investigated $${\text{x}}_{Mg}^{liq} = 0.4 - 0.8$$ and $$log Kd_{Fe}^{ol - liq} = 0.624 - 4.86 \cdot Mg + 7.3 \cdot Mg^2 + 0.00343 \cdot P$$ , the compositional dependence of the Fe2+ and Mg partitioning is a function of the Mg-content of the liquid. The Mg-content of the liquid correlates strongly with temperature. The variation of the Fe2+ and Mg partitioning were therefore evaluated individualy as functions of composition and temperature alone. The composition dependence of the cation-partitioning coefficients (Kd) is given by the following two equations: (I) $$log Kd_{Fe}^{ol - liq} = 0.624 - 4.86 \cdot Mg + 7.3 \cdot Mg^2 + 0.00343 \cdot P$$ (II) $$log Kd_{Fe}^{ol - liq} = 1.151 - 4.82 \cdot Mg + 7.3 \cdot Mg^2 + 0.00028 \cdot P$$ where Mg is the cation-fraction of magnesium in the liquid phase. The temperature dependence of the cation partitioning coefficients can be described by the two equations: (III) $$log Kd_{Fe}^{ol - liq} = - 1.926 + \frac{{3036}}{T} - \frac{{58.0 \cdot P}}{T} + 0.0364 \cdot P$$ (IV) $$log Kd_{Mg}^{ol - liq} = - 1.456 + \frac{{3117}}{T} - \frac{{67.0 \cdot P}}{T} + 0.0388 \cdot P$$ where Kd ol-liq is the cation-partition coefficient (Fe /2+ /Fe /2+ ) and analogous for Mg, temperature T is in Kelvin, pressure P in kbar and Fe2+ and Mg are cationfractions. The composition dependence of reactions (I) and (II) as well as the temperature dependence of reactions (III) and (IV) are identical within the statistical errors (Table 4). The Fe2+-Mg exchange reaction that is obtained by combining (I) and (II) or (III) and (IV) is therefore compositionand temperature-independent along the liquid lines of descent for the P-T-compositional range investigated, and the experimental data can be fitted to an equation of the form: (V) $$log Kd_{Fe - Mg}^{ol - liq} = - 0.5214( \pm 0.0023) + 0.00323( \pm 0.00017) \cdot P (kbar)$$ where $$log Kd_{Fe - Mg}^{ol - liq} = \left( {\frac{{Fe_{ol}^{2 + } }}{{Fe_{liq}^{2 + } }}} \right) \cdot \left( {\frac{{Mg_{lig} }}{{Mg_{ol} }}} \right)$$ .The increase of the Kd for Fe2+-Mg partitioning with pressure means that the x liq of primary magmas in equilibrium with an olivine of fixed composition increases with depth. For example, the x liq of a liquid coexisting with an olivine of composition x ol =0.9 increases from 0.73 at 1 bar to 0.77 at 30 kbar. This variation of Kd with pressure may be used either to constrain the depth of phenocryst-liquid equilibration or to test the possible primary nature of magmas of given compositions.
A discontinuous Galerkin fast spectral method for the full Boltzmann equation with general collision kernels

Abstract The Boltzmann equation, an integro-differential equation for the molecular distribution function in the physical and velocity phase space, governs the fluid flow behavior at a wide range of physical conditions, including compressible, turbulent, as well as flows involving further physics such as non-equilibrium internal energy exchange and chemical reactions. Despite its wide applicability, deterministic solution of the Boltzmann equation presents a huge computational challenge, and often the collision operator is simplified for practical reasons. In this work, we introduce a highly accurate deterministic method for the full Boltzmann equation which couples the Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) discretization in time and physical space (Su et al. (2015) [1] ) and the recently developed fast Fourier spectral method in velocity space (Gamba et al. (2017) [2] ). The novelty of this approach encompasses three aspects: first, the fast spectral method for the collision operator applies to general collision kernels with little or no practical limitations, and in order to adapt to the spatial discretization, we propose here a singular-value-decomposition based algorithm to further reduce the cost in evaluating the collision term; second, the DG formulation employed has high order of accuracy at element-level, and has shown to be more efficient than the finite volume method; thirdly, the element-local compact nature of DG as well as our collision algorithm is amenable to effective parallelization on massively parallel architectures. The solver has been verified against analytical Bobylev–Krook–Wu solution. Further, the standard benchmark test cases of rarefied Fourier heat transfer, Couette flow, oscillatory Couette flow, normal shock wave, lid-driven cavity flow, and thermally driven cavity flow have been studied and their results are compared against direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) solutions with equivalent molecular collision models or published deterministic solutions.
Microscopy and Imaging

The history of research in plant anatomy started with and parallels technological inventions and advancements in microscopy. Many of the early discoveries in plant anatomy laid the groundwork for all of biology—from the very concept (and naming) of the cell (Hooke (1665) Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses. With observations and inquiries thereupon. The Royal Society, London) to Brownian movement (Brown R, Philosophical Mag 4:161–173, 1828), and beyond. The light microscope has been the tool of choice for over 300 years. The transmission electron microscope (available in the early 1950s) and scanning electron microscope (late 1960s) revolutionized biological imaging in the second half of the twentieth century. Innovations in microscopy continue apace, with confocal laser scanning microscopy and computer-based image enhancement leading the way.
Protein Scaffold Activates Catalytic CO2 Hydrogenation by a Rhodium Bis(diphosphine) Complex

The utilization of CO2 to generate chemical fuels, such as formic acid, is a potentially beneficial route to balance carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The development of efficient catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation is needed to implement this fuel generation. In the molecular catalyst design presented here, we covalently attached a rhodium complex, ([RhI(PNglyP)2]−, where PNglyP is defined as PEt2–CH2–N(CH2CO2–)–CH2–PEt2) to a protein scaffold, (lactococcal multidrug resistant regulator from Lactococcus lactis) to use the protein environment around the metal center to control substrate delivery and therefore enable and improve catalytic activity. The reactivities of the rhodium complex and the synthetic metalloenzyme were characterized by high-pressure operando NMR techniques. In solution, the rhodium complex alone is not a catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation. Incorporation of the rhodium complex into the protein scaffold resulted in a gain of function, turning on CO2 hydrogenation activity....
Hearing Disorders Associated With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)

Abstract The long-term audiological consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) include hearing loss, tinnitus, hyperacusis, and central auditory dysfunction, and are becoming a topic of heightened regard in the medical community. Tinnitus and hearing loss are two of the most common audiological disabilities reported in the US military population. While there is currently no cure for tinnitus, a variety of treatment options exist to help patients manage their symptoms. Mechanisms underlying tinnitus, hearing loss, and hyperacusis are unknown, although proposed theories suggest a tonotopic reorganization and hyperexcitability of the auditory cortex are involved. Further research regarding behavioral, alternative, and surgical therapies is critical for helping patients who suffer from hearing disorders following brain injury.
Chalcogenide glass metasurfaces from fluid instabilities.

Fluid instabilities in chalcogenide glasses can be exploited to self-assemble optical metasurfaces on various template substrates over a large area.
Acting More Generously than the Law Requires: The Issue of Employee Layoffs in halakhah

In this paper, the issue of plant closings is analyzed from the perspective of halakhah (the Written Law of Judaism). Two levels of analysis in halakhah must be differentiated: the legal (enforced by courts) and the moral (not enforced by law, but rather framed in terms of duty to God). There is no legal mandate to keep an unprofitable plant open, but there are a number of moral imprecations (particularly "acting more generously than the law requires") that might influence an employer's decision making. Using analogical reasoning to infer moral and/or legal obligations may be a fruitful means for businesspeople to analyze business situations in terms of ethical implications.
An archaeology of decolonization: Imperial intimacies in contemporary Lisbon:

The fall of the European empires over the course of the 20th century forced massive migratory flows from the former colonies to the old metropolis and between colonized regions. The experiences tha...
Comparison of Flammability of Low-GWP Refrigerants Using 1.76-m3 Combustion Chamber

The transition to low global-warming potential (GWP) refrigerants is ongoing. Since a large part of Low-GWP refrigerants is combustible, fundamental flammability parameters have been studied. Howev...
Preliminary Concepts of an Automated Additive Manufacturing System for Accident Tolerant Uranium Silicide Fuel Pellets

Traditional methods of manufacturing nuclear fuel are labor intensive and costly, generally including extrusion or sintering processes and the use of substantially pure materials. The US Department of Energy is working to develop accident tolerant nuclear reactor fuels as alternatives to Zircaloy-4-uranium dioxide (UO2) fuel systems. This could increase existing safety margins for nuclear plants while improving nuclear plant performance and decreasing maintenance and operational costs. Idaho National Laboratory has worked with Westinghouse to develop a new process called additive manufacturing as an Alternative Fabrication Technique (AMAFT) centered on the production of one such accident tolerant fuel, uranium silicide (U3Si2). A previous feasibility study performed with surrogate material demonstrates on a manual benchtop experimental setup that U3Si2 fuel pellets can be manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). This report provides preliminary concepts to aid in process scale-up, including improvements that an automated system can provide for optimized and repeatable material properties. Automation and robotics provide further acceleration of commercialization with the potential to reduce manufacturing time, costs, and decreased material waste while decreasing or even eliminating direct handling of radioactive materials.
IV – Multiple Integrals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a large class of integrable functions, which includes most functions of frequent occurrence in practice. The function f is called admissible only if f is bounded, f has bounded support, and f is continuous except on a negligible set. The properties of step functions are easily established, and an arbitrary function is integrable only if it is closely approximated by step functions. Two applications of Fubini's theorem are the generalizations of methods used in elementary calculus courses, either to define or to calculate volumes. In integration problems, which display a cylindrical or spherical symmetry, the use of polar or spherical coordinates is clearly indicated. A related application of multiple integrals is to the computation of force. A force field is a vector-valued function. In writing multidimensional integrals with differential notation, the order of the differentials in the integrand makes a difference.
Theory–Praxis Gap: Social Studies Teaching and Critically Transformational Dialogue

Background/ContextSocial studies scholars have suggested that dialogue is vital to helping students develop the skills and disposition for becoming engaged civic participants. More critical interpr...
ImageJockey: A Framework for Container Performance Engineering

Containerized applications have become widely used in modern software development due to their high flexibility and lightweight deployment. Currently, there exists a large set of publicly available container images with many different operating systems (OSs) and versions. As a result, developers typically select images carefully on the basis of memory footprint versus flexibility with available libraries. However, information regarding performance is insufficient. We have verified that different OS-based images with different versions vary the performance of certain applications running in them. Additionally, minor updates in container images, without changing its versions, also affect application performance. Therefore, to understand application performance, it is important to determine impact on performance in different container images along with the continuous monitoring of the minor changes. Since existing performance test frameworks do not encompass the required features to analyze performance regressions in container images, in this paper, we introduce ImageJockey, an original test framework to continuously evaluate the performance of a broad range of container images. Our framework enables experiments of container benchmarks with periodic image builds, simple container orchestration, metrics collection, and result visualization. We demonstrate the usefulness of our framework through case studies that analyze the performance characteristics of sixteen container images and nine popular benchmarks. The experimental results show that there is a noticeable performance variation due to the deployed environments and characteristics of Alpine and JDK images.
Formulation of 8-moment plasma transport with application to the Nernst effect

8-moment plasma models using two different distribution functions are used to study the Nernst effect and heat transport in dense plasma. These models are presented in hyperbolic form in contrast to traditional parabolic systems derived from perturbing the distribution function, as in Braginskii [Rev. Plasma Phys. 1, 205 (1965)]. The hyperbolic moment formulation can be solved implicitly in time with straightforward and fast local solvers. The numerical implementation of 8-moment models with the relaxation method in the PERSEUS code is also presented. To test 8-moment PERSEUS compared to Braginskii's transport equations, a verification test for the Nernst thermo-magnetic wave by Velikovich et al. [Phys. Plasmas 26, 112702 (2019)] is performed that confirms the presence of the same physics, but with slight differences in the transport coefficients, which are tabulated in the limits of high and low magnetization.
Balancing the Service Benefits and Mainline Delay Disbenefits of Operating Shorter Freight Trains

Advanced train control systems enabling single-person crews or driverless trains promise to significantly reduce the fixed costs of operating a train, removing a strong incentive for longer trains....
Spatial Tweedie exponential dispersion models: an application to insurance rate-making

In this paper we propose a statistical modeling framework that contributes to advancing methods for modeling insurance policy premium in the actuarial literature. Specification of separate frequenc...
Differential associations of the built environment on weight gain by sex and race/ethnicity but not age

OBJECTIVE To explore the built environment (BE) and weight change relationship by age, sex, and racial/ethnic subgroups in adults. METHODS Weight trajectories were estimated using electronic health records for 115,260 insured Kaiser Permanente Washington members age 18-64 years. Member home addresses were geocoded using ArcGIS. Population, residential, and road intersection densities and counts of area supermarkets and fast food restaurants were measured with SmartMaps (800 and 5000-meter buffers) and categorized into tertiles. Linear mixed-effect models tested whether associations between BE features and weight gain at 1, 3, and 5 years differed by age, sex, and race/ethnicity, adjusting for demographics, baseline weight, and residential property values. RESULTS Denser urban form and greater availability of supermarkets and fast food restaurants were associated with differential weight change across sex and race/ethnicity. At 5 years, the mean difference in weight change comparing the 3rd versus 1st tertile of residential density was significantly different between males (-0.49 kg, 95% CI: -0.68, -0.30) and females (-0.17 kg, 95% CI: -0.33, -0.01) (P-value for interaction = 0.011). Across race/ethnicity, the mean difference in weight change at 5 years for residential density was significantly different among non-Hispanic (NH) Whites (-0.47 kg, 95% CI: -0.61, -0.32), NH Blacks (-0.86 kg, 95% CI: -1.37, -0.36), Hispanics (0.10 kg, 95% CI: -0.46, 0.65), and NH Asians (0.44 kg, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.78) (P-value for interaction <0.001). These findings were consistent for other BE measures. CONCLUSION The relationship between the built environment and weight change differs across demographic groups. Careful consideration of demographic differences in associations of BE and weight trajectories is warranted for investigating etiological mechanisms and guiding intervention development.
Endoscopic Management of Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes

To review the clinical diagnosis, recommended endoscopic surveillance, and endoscopic management of the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes (HPS) including (1) Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), (2) juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), and 3) PTEN hamartomatous syndromes (PHTS). Device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) with polypectomy is now first-line treatment for small bowel polyps identified on surveillance with VCE or CT/MRI enterography. The efficacy and safety of DAE has been described in multiple studies of patients with PJS. Endoscopic management of HPS relies on endoscopic surveillance for gastric and colorectal polyps in JPS and PHTS with the addition small bowel polyps in PJS. Recommended surveillance varies by syndrome and guideline. Gastric and colonic polyps are managed with endoscopic polypectomy, and surgery is necessary if endoscopy is not sufficient.
Alpha cell dysfunction in early type 1 diabetes

Multiple islet autoantibodies (AAb) predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) and hyperglycemia within 10 years. By contrast, T1D develops in just ~15% of single AAb+ (generally against glutamic acid decarboxylase, GADA+) individuals; hence the single GADA+ state may represent an early stage of T1D amenable to interventions. Here, we functionally, histologically, and molecularly phenotype human islets from non-diabetic, GADA+ and T1D donors. Similar to the few remaining beta cells in T1D islets, GADA+ donor islets demonstrated a preserved insulin secretory response. By contrast, alpha cell glucagon secretion was dysregulated in both T1D and GADA+ islets with impaired glucose suppression of glucagon secretion. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNASeq) of GADA+ alpha cells revealed distinct abnormalities in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways and a marked downregulation of PKIB, providing a molecular basis for the loss of glucose suppression and the increased effect of IBMX observed in GADA+ donor islets. The striking observation of a distinct early defect in alpha cell function that precedes beta cell loss in T1D suggests that not only overt disease, but also the progression to T1D itself, is bihormonal in nature.
Searching for the Green Premium: A Study of the MDB Bond Market

In this paper, I test the prediction that green bonds sell for lower yields than equivalent non-green bonds. The relative performance of such green assets is of fundamental importance to the growing ESG investment industry, but current empirical literature disagrees regarding the existence of a theoretically-predicted green premium. Using methodologies from three prior authors — fixed-effect linear regression from Baker et. al. (2018), Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition from Karpf and Mandel (2018), and pairwise matching method from Larcker and Watts (2019) — I contextualize prior results and extend the estimation to the global market for Multilateral Development Bank (MDB) bonds. Contrary to the divergent results of those authors, I find all three models produce the same conclusion: there is essentially no evidence for a market-wide green bond premium.
Status of emerging standards for removable computer storage media and related contributions of NIST

Standards for removable computer storage media are needed so that users may reliably interchange data both within and among various computer installations. Furthermore, media interchange standards support competition in industry and prevent sole-source lock-in. NIST participates in magnetic tape and optical disk standards development through Technical Committees X3B5, Digital Magnetic Tapes, X3B11, Optical Digital Data Disk, and the Joint Technical Commission on Data Permanence. NIST also participates in other relevant national and international standards committees for removable computer storage media. Industry standards for digital magnetic tapes require the use of Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) developed and maintained by NIST. In addition, NIST has been studying care and handling procedures required for digital magnetic tapes. NIST has developed a methodology for determining the life expectancy of optical disks. NIST is developing care and handling procedures for optical digital data disks and is involved in a program to investigate error reporting capabilities of optical disk drives. This presentation reflects the status of emerging magnetic tape and optical disk standards, as well as NIST's contributions in support of these standards.
Implications of Internet Fragmentation and Transit Network Authentication

Presently, the DARPA TCP/IP Internet interconnects various type organizational networks (e.g., government agencies, academic and research environments, and commercial entities) that may have competing and/or conflicting interests. A current problem of interest and research is in providing network access control - administratively heterogeneous networks controlling the flow of information across its boundaries. In particular, enforcing network access control policies via network-level gateway packet authentication has proven to be somewhat difficult. In order for gateways to assume access control responsibilities within an (transit) intemet environment, certain orthogonal features of packet-switched networks must be reconciled with network-level access control mechanisms, specifically, packet fragmentation with packet authentication.
Dominant Modes via Model Error

This paper deals with obtaining a reduced model of a stable mechanical system with proportional damping. Such systems can be conveniently represented in modal coordinates. Two popular schemes, namely the modal cost analysis and the balancing method, offer simple means of identifying dominant modes for retention in the reduced model. The dominance is measured via the modal costs in the case of MCA, and via the singular values of the gramian-product in the case of balancing. Though these measures do not exactly reflect the more appropriate model error which is the H 2 norm of the output-error between the full and the reduced models, they do lead to simple computations. Normally, the model error is computed after the reduced model is obtained, since it is believed that, in general, the model error cannot be easily computed a priori. The main thrust of this paper is to point out that the model error can also be calculated a priori, just as easily as the above measures. Hence the model error itself can be used to determine the dominant modes. Moreover, the simplicity of the computations do not presume any special properties of the system, such as small damping, orthogonal-symmetry, etc.
Egg Yolk Factor of Staphylococcus aureus II. Characterization of the Lipase Activity

Shah, D. B. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and J. B. Wilson. Egg yolk factor of Staphylococcus aureus. II. Characterization of the lipase activity. J. Bacteriol. 89:949-953. 1965.-The staphylococcal egg yolk factor was characterized as a lipase. The enzyme had an optimal pH of 7.8, but the optimal pH of stability was 7. Substrate specificity data showed that the relative rate of hydrolysis was lowest with triacetin as substrate, was maximal with tributyrin, and decreased as the chain length of the acyl moieties increased. The enzyme showed an absolute requirement for a fatty acid acceptor like calcium, when the acyl moiety of triglyceride was water-insoluble. Magnesium, strontium, and barium functioned equally well as fatty acid acceptors. The enzyme was able to hydrolyze coconut oil, peanut oil, olive oil, and egg yolk oil.
440 Absolute Number of Adenomas Detected at Colonoscopy Represents the Preventive Capability of Colonoscopy More Accurately Than Adenoma Detection Rate

that could only have been obtained from ER. Overall, 65 % of significant findings were missed on the RR when the endoscopy report was not available in the EMR at the time of the RR, as compared to 25% when the ER was accessible at the time of the RR (OR 0.179, p 0.01). Conclusions: 1. Radiology interpretation of post ERCP spot films does not guide decision-making during this dynamic test and adds little to the endoscopists’ read of the study. 2. The significant error rate in RR is likely due to an interpretation based solely on spot films, whereas endoscopists have access to dynamic intraprocedural fluoroscopic and endoscopic images. 3. Radiologists have fewer discrepancies in their reads when the endoscopy report is accessible in the EMR at the time of their reads. Sensitiviy of Radiology Read Findings
The International Criminal Court

This Case describes a controversial 2010 decision by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and alludes to some of the broader challenges of building international institutions. The case briefly highlights certain milestones in international relations preceding the ICC's formation; provides an overview of the ICC and its activities as of March 2010; and outlines Kenya's post-election crisis in 2007-2008 and the ICC's decision to intervene. The ICC's involvement was a divisive issue: some argued it would destabilize Kenya, while others claimed it was an important step towards lasting peace. The Kenya scenario presents many aspects for consideration, including the wisdom of the ICC's involvement (given the complex historical, economic, and cultural issues underlying the 2007-2008 crisis), as well as the likelihood that Kenyan officials will cooperate with the ICC. Students can also weigh the broader implications for the ICC as it seeks to establish itself as a legitimate, fair, and just institution.Learning Objective: To consider the opportunities and challenges faced by the International Criminal Court as well as the broader tensions involved in building international institutions.
Structured Teaching in the TEACCH System

The positive outcome of structured special education for youngsters with autism has long been recognized. Already in the late 18th century, Itard (1962) had reported his well-known case study of educating Victor, a boy who was considered autistic. Learning from living with him, Itard reported the importance of daily routines and the use of visual information, as well as the written word, for developing the boy’s language skills. More recently, Fischer and Glanville (1970), Halpern (1970), and Graziano (1970) examined the use of structured teaching. Although the studies differed in methodology, diagnosis of children, and composition of educational program, the usefulness of structured teaching persisted.
Speech Coding: Fundamentals and Applications

In this chapter, we present an overview of the most widely used algorithms, standards, and applications of wideband and narrowband speech coding. Algorithms for speech coding are classified into four broad headings: (1) waveform coding techniques (including PCM, companded PCM, and DPCM), which are typically used for landline telephony, internet telephony, and secure military communications; (2) subband coding, including perceptually transparent multi-rate and embedded coding which is mainly used for internet and digital audio applications; (3) linear predictive analysis by synthesis coding (LPC-AS) algorithms, including multipulse LPC, CELP, SELP, VSELP, and low-delay CELP, which are typically used for digital cellular and telephony; and (4) LPC vocoders, including advanced vocoder algorithms (e.g., MELP, MBE, and PWI) are used for applications such as secure telephony and satellite telephony. Applications in areas such as voiceover IP (VoIP) and digital cellular are emerging and require a speech coder to gracefully adapt to rapidly changing channel conditions—a need that is met by embedded and multirate speech coders associated with joint source-channel coding algorithms. Measures of speech coder perceptual quality include subjective measures of intelligibility (DRT and DALT) and naturalness (MOS and DAM), as well as objective measures such as segmental SNR, Bark spectral distortion, PSQM, and PESQ. Speech coding standards are set by organizations including the ITU (for landline telephony), MPEG (for multimedia applications), ETSI (for European digital cellular), TIA (for U.S. digital cellular), and DDVPC (for United States military applications). Keywords: speech coding; PCM; subband coding; CELP; LPC; digital cellular; multimedia; voiceover IP; mean opinion score (MOS)
Cutting Edge: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion and Common Lymphoid Progenitor Depletion Require Hematopoietic-Derived, Cell-Autonomous TLR4 in a Model of Chronic Endotoxin

Hematopoietic stem and progenitors cells (HSPCs) are activated through TLR4 in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether in vivo TLR4 sensing by HSPCs occurs directly or via other cell intermediates. In this study, we examined the cellular mechanisms underlying murine hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) depletion in a model of chronic low-dose LPS. Using adoptive-transfer approaches, we show that HSC and CLP sensitivity to chronic LPS depends on hematopoietic-derived, cell subset-autonomous TLR4. Like murine progenitors, human HSPCs are activated by TLR4 in vitro. Using humanized mice, a preclinical model relevant to human physiology, we show that persistent endotoxin increases the frequency of Ki-67(+) HSCs and severely depletes CLPs and B precursors. Together, our findings show that murine HSPCs directly respond to endotoxin in vivo and that persistent LPS, a feature of several diseases of global health significance, impairs human lymphopoiesis.
Gas-Phase Fragmentation Analysis of Nitro-Fatty Acids

Nitro-fatty acids are electrophilic signaling mediators formed in increased amounts during inflammation by nitric oxide and nitrite-dependent redox reactions. A more rigorous characterization of endogenously-generated species requires additional understanding of their gas-phase induced fragmentation. Thus, collision induced dissociation (CID) of nitroalkane and nitroalkene groups in fatty acids were studied in the negative ion mode to provide mass spectrometric tools for their structural characterization. Fragmentation of nitroalkanes occurred mainly through loss of the NO2- anion or neutral loss of HNO2. The CID of nitroalkenes proceeds via a more complex cyclization, followed by fragmentation to nitrile and aldehyde products. Gas-phase fragmentation of nitroalkene functional groups with additional γ or δ unsaturation occurred through a multiple step cyclization reaction process, leading to 5 and 6 member ring heterocyclic products and carbon chain fragmentation. Cyclization products were not obtained during nitroalkane fragmentation, highlighting the role of double bond π electrons during NO2- rearrangements, stabilization and heterocycle formation. The proposed structures, mechanisms and products of fragmentation are supported by analysis of 13C and 15N labeled parent molecules, 6 different nitroalkene positional isomers, 6 nitroalkane positional isomers, accurate mass determinations at high resolution and quantum mechanics calculations. Multiple key diagnostic ion fragments were obtained through this analysis, allowing for the precise placement of double bonds and sites of fatty acid nitration, thus supporting an ability to predict nitro positions in biological samples.
Biography: A brief life of Dr Edward Jenner

Abstract Smallpox was an ancient disease and for centuries was the scourge of Asia and Europe. Everyone was a potential victim. Inoculation of a primitive sort was used in Asian countries, and the method was especially popular in Turkey. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British ambassador to Turkey, introduced the procedure into England. The practice of inoculation (also called variolation) was widespread and reached the American colonies, but it met with considerable opposition and often caused spread of the disease from the inoculated patient to someone else. Thus, opinion about inoculation was far from settled when Edward Jenner first tried the procedure. Jenner frequently is considered the founder of the method of inoculation or vaccination for smallpox in England. His careful, thorough methods of research and procedure brought him great success in the field of smallpox eradication, and he performed pioneering research in the causes of angina pectoris. His life and career are remembered herein. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Isothermal Shock Formation in Nonequatorial Accretion Flows around Kerr Black Holes

We explore isothermal shock formation in nonequatorial, adiabatic accretion flows onto a rotating black hole, with possible application to some active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The isothermal shock jump conditions as well as the regularity condition, previously developed for one-dimensional flows in the equatorial plane, are extended to two-dimensional nonequatorial flows to explore possible geometric effects. The basic hydrodynamic equations with these conditions are self-consistently solved in the context of general relativity to explore the formation of stable isothermal shocks. We find that strong shocks are formed in various locations above the equatorial plane, especially around a rapidly rotating black hole with the prograde flows (rather than a Schwarzschild black hole). The retrograde flows are generally found to develop weaker shocks. The energy dissipation across the shock in the hot nonequatorial flows above the cooler accretion disk may offer an attractive illuminating source for the reprocessed features, such as iron fluorescence lines, which are often observed in some AGNs.
Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the clock face representation as used to describe the femoral intercondylar notch.

Purpose To validate the use of the clock face reference as a reliable means of communicating femoral intercondylar notch position.
Structure and Function of RNA Polymerase II Elongation Factor ELL IDENTIFICATION OF TWO OVERLAPPING ELL FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS THAT GOVERN ITS INTERACTION WITH POLYMERASE AND THE TERNARY ELONGATION COMPLEX

The human ELL gene on chromosome 19p13.1 undergoes frequent translocations with thetrithorax-like MLL gene on chromosome 11q23 in acute myeloid leukemia. Recently, the human ELL gene was shown to encode an RNA polymerase II elongation factor that activates elongation by suppressing transient pausing by polymerase at many sites along the DNA. In this report, we identify and characterize two overlapping ELL functional domains that govern its interaction with RNA polymerase II and the ternary elongation complex. Our findings reveal that, in addition to its elongation activation domain, ELL contains a novel type of RNA polymerase II interaction domain that is capable of negatively regulating polymerase activity in promoter-specific transcription initiation in vitro. Notably, theMLL-ELL translocation results in deletion of a portion of this functional domain, and ELL mutants lacking sequences deleted by the translocation bind RNA polymerase II and are fully active in elongation, but fail to inhibit initiation. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that the MLL-ELLtranslocation could alter ELL-RNA polymerase II interactions that are not involved in regulation of elongation.
A Partial Catalog of Proteins Secreted by Epidermal Keratinocytes in Culture

Proteins secreted by epidermal keratinocytes are known to engage in functions other than those directly associated with barrier formation. We have used a previously published culture model to collect proteins secreted by adult human epidermal keratinocytes. Electrophoresis and microsequencing allowed us to identify 20 proteins. The list of proteins includes those known to be produced by keratinocytes (β-2 microglobulin, βIG-H3, calgranulin A, cathepsin B and D, E-cadherin, gelatinase B, gelsolin, interstitial collagenase, laminin B2t, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, protein 14–3-3e, SCC antigen, stratifin, and translationally controlled tumor protein) as well as those not previously known to be secreted by keratinocytes (epididymis secretory protein, maspin, and anti-neoplastic urinary protein). In addition, two proteins were identified that are not known to be secreted (glutathione-S-transferase and heat shock protein 27/28 kDa). The varied nature of the proteins identified suggests that epidermal keratinocytes have physiologic functions that have yet to be identified.
Quark mass matrices with four and five texture zeros, and the CKM matrix, in terms of mass eigenvalues

Using the triangular matrix techniques of Kuo, Mansour, and Wu and Chiu, Kuo, and Wu for the four and five texture zero cases, with vanishing (11) diagonal elements for U and D matrices, it is shown, from the general eigenvalue equations and hierarchy conditions, that the quark mass matrices and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix can be expressed (except for the phases) entirely in terms of quark masses. The matrix structures are then quite simple and transparent. We confirm their results for the five texture zero case but find, upon closer examination of all the CKM elements which our results provide, that six of their nine patterns for the four texture zero case are not compatible with experiments. In total, only one five texture zero and three four texture zero patterns are allowed.
The coupled oxidation of chlorophyll a with linoleic acid catalysed by lipoxidase

Chlorophyll a was bleached in a model system composed of pigment, linoleic acid and lipoxidase. The rate of chlorophyll bleaching was a function of its concentration. The maximum rate with respect to linoleic acid occurred at the critical micelle concentration. Chlorophyll inhibited diene conjugation through a steric protection of the fatty acid. The active component in crude soya bean extracts which catalysed pigment bleaching was lipoxidase and the mechanism involved a coupled oxidation with the linoleic acid.
Cytosolic PLA2 in zymogen granule fusion and amylase release: inhibition of GTP-induced fusion by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone points to cPLA2 in G-protein-mediated secretory vesicle fusion.

Previously we reported that the G-protein Gα i3 localized in pancreatic zymogen granule (ZG) membrane participates in vesicular fusion at the cell plasma membrane (PM). In the present study, the presence of cytosolic phosholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) in rat ZGs was demonstrated and its potential role in G-protein-mediated ZG-PM fusion was investigated. In vitro fusion assays utilizing both enzymatic and fluorimetric techniques demonstrate that ZGs fuse with PM with a greater potency in the presence of GTP. Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) at 40 μM reduces GTP-induced ZG-PM fusion by 25-50%. Anti-cPLA 2 antibody reduces ZG-PM fusion in a dose-dependent manner and a 50% reduction of the fusion takes place in the range of 0.48-0.64 ratios of cPLA 2 antibody to ZG proteins. PLAP, a cPLA 2 activator synthetic peptide increases ZG-PM fusion in a limited dose-dependent manner and tends to inhibit at higher concentrations. Exogenous arachidonic acid inhibits GTP-induced ZG-PM fusion in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue, Gpp(NH)p, reduces PLAP effect in ZG-PM fusion; and the net effect of Gpp(NH)p and PLAP differs significantly from the net effect of GTP and PLAP on ZG-PM fusion suggesting that cPLA 2 is involved in G-protein-mediated secretory vesicle fusion.
Fault detection and isolation in an unsupervised learning environment

Abstract A new approach to detect and isolate faults in dynamic systems is proposed. System parameters are identified by suitable recursive identification techniques. Faults in the system are detected when changes in the estimated parameters occur. The convergence of the identified parameters is determined by performing three different statistical tests on the residuals in a moving window of fixed length. The converged system parameters are classified using decision directed clustering which operates in an unsupervised learning environment. The main advantage of the method is that the algorithm does not require the relationship between the actual physical parameters and the estimated system parameters. Also, the clustering algorithm does not require a complete knowledge of all possible faults and their effects on the identified system parameters. Finally, the algorithm is used to detect faults in a position control system.
The architecture of ligand attachment to nanocarriers controls their specific interaction with target cells.

Surface architecture of pharmaceutical nanocarriers (using polymeric micelles as an example) and the length of the spacer group through which specific ligand is attached to the carrier surface determine the interaction of ligand-bearing nanocarrier with cells. We have prepared surface-modified polyethyleneglycol–phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG–PE) micelles containing TATp attached to PEG–PE with a PEG block longer or shorter (TATp–PEG1000–PE or TATp–PEG3400–PE) than the PEG block in the main micelle-forming material (PEG750–PE and/or PEG2000–PE). The length of the PEG spacer in TATp–PEG–PE should allow for a non-hindered interaction of TATp with the cell surface, but it should not be too long to allow for the conformational “folding in” of TATp moiety inside the PEG globule making it unable to interact with the cells. The “folding in” of the ligand attached to an unnecessary long PEG spacer was further supported by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) study between fluorescently labeled lipid 1...
Semiconductor device reliability vs process quality

Abstract This paper describes a method for defining a quantitative model relating “quality” expressed in terms of parameter distributions and “reliability” expressed in terms of failure rates. This model makes it possible to generate a more realistic failure rate estimate for semiconductor devices. With this model, failure rate predictions based on conventional life test data and on process parameter distributions, can be defined.
Photoperiodic changes in opiate binding and their functional implications in golden hamsters

Daylength modulates gonadotropin secretion, gonadal steroid hormone feedback, sexual behavior and body weight in male golden hamsters. Endogenous opiates regulate each of these phenomena, and the ability of opiate receptor blockade to elevate serum LH secretion is photoperiod-dependent. We used in vitro autoradiography to localize and quantity effects of daylength in golden hamsters. Hamsters were exposed to stimulatory (14 h light:10 h dark) or inhibitory (10 h light:14 h dark) photoperiods for 10 weeks before specific [3H]naloxone binding was assessed. Short days significantly decreased binding in medial amygdala and the intercalated amygdaloid nucleus. This effect was reversed by superior cervical ganglionectomy. No significant effects of daylength were observed in other amygdaloid, hypothalamic or preoptic areas. Lesions of the medial amygdala decreased copulatory behavior, short day-induced weight loss, and anogenital chemoinvestigation but did not affect gonadal regression or other forms of chemoinvestigation. These lesions facilitated testosterone's negative feedback on luteinizing hormone in long days but did not intefere with the potentiation of negative feedback by short days.
Electrophysiological Studies of the Cutaneous Innervation of the External Genitalia of the Male Dog

Summary The cutaneous innervation of the external genitalia of the female dog was studied using electrophysiologic recording of evoked afferent activity in peripheral branches of the caudal cutaneous femoral, superficial perineal, and genitofemoral nerves, and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. The observed cutaneous distribution was comparable to that of the male dog, with expected but relatively minor variation due to differences in morphology of the external genitalia. A speculative developmental sequence for the cutaneous innervation of the external genitalia was presented incorporating the distribution of the nerves studied to homologous structures between the sexes.
Design and synthesis of dihydrobenzofuran amides as orally bioavailable, centrally active γ-secretase modulators

We report the discovery and optimization of a novel series of dihydrobenzofuran amides as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs). Strategies for aligning in vitro potency with drug-like physicochemical properties and good microsomal stability while avoiding P-gp mediated efflux are discussed. Lead compounds such as 35 and 43 have moderate to good in vitro potency and excellent selectivity against Notch. Good oral bioavailability was achieved as well as robust brain Aβ42 lowering activity at 100 mg/kg po dose.
The Effects of Memory Structure on Using Rule‐Based Expert Systems for Training: A Framework and an Empirical Test*

One justification for eliciting and representing the judgment strategy of an expert in a rule-based expert system (RBES) is to facilitate knowledge transfer to individuals with less expertise. However, prior research suggests complexities and potential problems when using RBESs for training. In this paper, a conceptual framework of user learning from RBESs is presented. It is proposed that learning may be ineffective when the problem representation of the RBES is inconsistent with the user's mental representation of the task-domain knowledge. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of consistency (inconsistency) between the problem-solving strategy of RBESs and individuals' memory structures. Groups of subjects whose memory structure either matched or did not match two RBESs' problem-solving strategies were examined using an internal control evaluation task. The results suggest that learning was facilitated only for groups with congruence between the RBES's problem-solving strategy and a subject's memory structure.
Generalized cutaneous eruption in a dog, with histological similarity to human mycosis fungoides.

Summary.— A Boxer bitch aged 8 years had a chronic progressive cutaneous eruption of 5 months' duration. Histologically there was diffuse infiltration of the dermis, epidermis and adnexal structures by histiocytic cells. There was no evidence, at necropsy, of the presence of lymphosarcoma, mastocytoma, or histiocytoma. The lesions are compared with those of mycosis fungoides in man.
Generalization by neural networks

The authors discuss the requirements of learning for generalization, where the traditional methods based on gradient descent have limited success. A stochastic learning algorithm based on simulated annealing in weight space is presented. The authors verify the convergence properties and feasibility of the algorithm. An implementation of the algorithm and validation experiments are described. >
The Uses of Grammar

The author explores three ways in which generative grammar has been or can be of use to rhetorical study. First he proposes that the generative grammar can be a tool for the scientific analysis of ...