cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Vorticity Anomalies Associated with Squall Lines

Abstract This study involves observations and model simulations of potential vorticity anomalies in the wake of midlatitude squall lines. Using data from the Oklahoma–Kansas PRE-STORM experiment, we analyze potential vorticity fields near two squall lines—one with and one without a trailing stratiform region. From this observational analysis we suggest that squall lines with trailing stratiform regions can leave large, positive, midtropospheric potential vorticity anomalies in their wake. To further interpret these observations we consider a two-dimensional version of semigeostrophic theory formulated in isentropic and geostrophic coordinates, which results in a simple potential pseudodensity (inverse potential vorticity) equation. Using apparent heat source fields that model those computed diagnostically from PRE-STORM data, we find that theory does indeed predict large, midtropospheric potential vorticity anomalies for model squall lines with a trailing stratiform region but not for model squall lines t...
Microbial and vegetative changes associated with development of a constructed wetland

a b s t r a c t Wetlands may be constructed to provide several ecosystem functions. A constructed wetland receiving agricultural runoff water was observed prior to, and for more than two years after, establishment. The excavated portion of this wetland was compared to an undisturbed, upland area and to an adjacent, natural, depressional, reference wetland. After construction the excavated cell was rapidly colonized by wetland plant species, including some exotic invasive weeds. Flourescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) dehydrogenase assays indicated that the soil microbial community was more active in the excavated wetland cell than either of the two reference areas. In 2003 and 2004 TTC activity was greater than twice as high in the constructed wetland than the reference wetland. FDA was greatly stimulated in the constructed wetland immediately after construction, but by 2004 the three systems were not significantly different. The soil microbial community of the constructed wetland rapidly decreased in the abundance of fungi and gram-negative bacteria and increased in gram-positive bacteria and overall bacteria, as measured by fatty acid methyl esters. These shifts in the microbial community were consistent with the differences noted between the communities of the upland system and the reference wetland. During the time of observation the constructed wetland did not sequester carbon relative to the upland system (P = 0.11) and did not significantly increase in carbon content (P = 0.41).
MFIX simulation of NETL/PSRI challenge problem of circulating fluidized bed

In this paper, numerical simulations of NETL/PSRI challenge problem of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) using the open-source code Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchange (MFIX) are reported. Two rounds of simulation results are reported including the first-round blind test and the second-round modeling refinement. Three-dimensional high fidelity simulations are conducted to model a 12-inch diameter pilot-scale CFB riser. Detailed comparisons between numerical results and experimental data are made with respect to axial pressure gradient profile, radial profiles of solids velocity and solids mass flux along different radial directions at various elevations for operating conditions covering different fluidization regimes. Overall, the numerical results show that CFD can predict the complex gas–solids flow behavior in the CFB riser reasonably well. In addition, lessons learnt from modeling this challenge problem are presented.
A method of head restraint for cats

Abstract A method for head and body restraint is described which allows long-term micro-electrode recording of pontomedullary brain-stem units of cats. Mechanical restraint is achieved by securing bolts projecting from a headplate to a steel arch in a box. Adaptation to the box is enhanced by the strategic use of sleep deprivation.
Non-competitive inhibition of GABA currents by phenothiazines in cultured chick spinal cord and rat hippocampal neurons

Abstract The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibiting properties of several classes of antipsychotic medications were studied using gigaseal whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques in cultured chick spinal cord and rat hippocampal neurons. At doses above 1 μM trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine and thioridazine blocked GABA currents in a non-competitive fashion decreasing the maximal transmitter response without altering the half-maximal effective concentration. In contrast, haloperidol was ineffective against GABA at concentrations up to 100 μM. Among the agents studied trifluoperazine was the most potent GABA inhibitor with half maximal effect at 12 μM. Trifluoperazine (100 μM) also inhibited glycine-gated chloride currents in spinal cord neurons to an extent comparable to GABA (85 ± 6% inhibition) but reduced glutamate currents by less than 35% in either spinal cord or hippocampal neurons.
Food allergy: When and how to perform oral food challenges

In many situations, the diagnosis of food allergy rests simply upon a history of an acute onset of typical symptoms, such as hives and wheezing, following the isolated ingestion of a suspected food, with confirmatory laboratory studies of positive prick skin tests or Radioallergosorbent tests. However, the diagnosis is more complicated when multiple foods are implicated or when chronic diseases, such as asthma or atopic dermatitis, are evaluated. The diagnosis of food allergy and identification of the particular foods responsible is also more difficult when reactions are not mediated by IgE antibody, as is the case with a number of gastrointestinal food allergies. In these latter circumstances, well-devised elimination diets followed by physician-supervised oral food challenges are critical in the identification and proper treatment of these disorders. Because childhood food allergies to common allergenic foods such as milk, egg, wheat and soy are usually outgrown, oral food challenges are also an integral part of the long-term management of these children.
TH-E-AUD-04: Determination of Exit Skin Dose for MammoSite(R) RTS with TLD

Purpose: To accurately determine the exit skindose from MammoSite® Radiation Therapy System treatments using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) placed on the surface of the skin during each treatment fraction. Methods and Materials: Well‐characterized TLD‐100 chips were calibrated using 137 Cs to establish an energy response correction factor for 192 Ir measurements. TLD response vs. material thickness was measured and compared for thicknesses of Virtual Water™ and breast‐equivalent material from 2 to 10cm. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the relationship between the dose to TLD and dose to basal skin layer for a range of treatment parameters (size and content of balloon, distance from skin, etc). Treatment planning system (TPS) predicted skindoses were also compared to the TLD measured skindose for 29 patients and two phantom setups. Results: The TLD‐100 energy response for 192 Ir relative to 137 Cs was determined to be 1.045. The TL vs. thickness curves for Virtual Water™ and breast‐equivalent material were found to be within 2.5% for all thicknesses studied for 192 Ir , and can be used interchangeably within the 2.5% limit, which falls within our measurement uncertainty of 3%. The Monte Carlo calculated dose to TLD agreed with the 1/r2 corrected basal skindose to within 0.5% for the entire range of treatment parameters studied when the dose to TLD vs. dose to water correction factor of 1.2 was applied. TPS predicted doses overestimated the TLD measured skindose by an average of 26% for the group of 29 patients studied, and by an average of 40% for the two phantom setups. Conclusions: TLDs placed on the surface of the breast during MammoSite RTS treatments can accurately measure the skindose when the proper correction factors are applied. The TLD measured dose is much more accurate than the TPS predicted dose.
A Framework to Reconcile Green Goals with Budget Reality

A public agency that decides to implement green design and construction features in its capital improvement program is actually adding an undetermined incremental cost to the initial cost of public buildings. Past research has portrayed these costs as a percentage increase, essentially creating an overall contingency for green buildings, but no work has been done to quantify the incremental cost on a building's actual design program that can be assigned directly to the project budget. This research sought to provide an objective approach to estimating sustainable design and proposes a framework for estimating the initial capital costs of sustainable building design and construction as measured by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program. The framework allows tracking of costs during design and can be utilized for estimating future projects. The framework is developed using case study analysis of green building projects in OK City, Oklahoma. The paper concludes that the cost of “going green” can be estimated as a unit price basis as a cost per LEED credit. The proposed framework can be used by any public agency to determine the additional cost of LEED certification and for budgeting future projects.
What is the Association of Cardiovascular Events with Clinical Failure in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia?

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Several investigators recently reported an increased risk of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CVEs may be the primary determinant of clinical failure in hospitalized patients with CAP. Future research may be necessary to identify patients at risk of CVEs during or after an episode of CAP. In these patients, therapeutics beyond antibiotics (eg, heparin or aspirin) may be indicated during and after hospitalization.
Humoral and cell-mediated immune status in mice exposed to trichloroethylene in the drinking water.

Abstract A 14-day study using male CD-1 mice exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) by daily po gavage suggested inhibition of cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, an evaluation of the immune status was undertaken after exposure of male and female mice to TCE in the drinking water for either 4 or 6 months. The immunological parameters assessed were humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, lymphocyte responsiveness, bone marrow function, and macrophage function. Females were more affected than males by TCE, particularly after a 4-month exposure. In the female, humoral immunity was inhibited only at the highest concentrations of TCE (2.5 and 5 mg/ml), whereas cell-mediated immunity and bone marrow stem cell colonization were inhibited at all four concentrations of TCE (0.1, 1.0, 2,5, and 5 mg/ml). The males were relatively unaffected after both 4 and 6 months compared to effects observed in the 14-day study.
A validated rating scale for global mental workload measurement applications

The Cooper-Harper (1969) scale has been extensively used for evaluation of aircraft handling qualities and associated mental workload. The scale is a 10-point scale with a decision tree. A modified version of the scale, called the MCH scale, has been devised for the purpose of assessing workload in systems other than those where the human operator performs motor tasks; namely, where perceptual, mediational, and communications activity is preent. The MCH scale has been validated in three different experiments. The scale is recommended for applications in which overall mental workload is to be assessed.
Decreased receptivity of pathway connective tissue to sympathetic nerve ingrowth in the developing rat.

Abstract Sympathetic axons can form atypical pathways to denervated orbital targets in neonatal rats but not in rats aged 30 or more days. The objective of this study was to determine if connective tissue pathways that carry sympathetic nerves lose their ability to sustain axonal sprouting during the early postnatal period. Regions of periorbital sheath known to contain large numbers of sympathetic axons that travel to distal orbital targets were excised from rats (sympathectomized 3 days previously) on postnatal days 6–7, 14–15, 30–31, and 48–49 and placed in anterior chambers of adult host rats. Tissues were removed 3, 6, or 10 days post-transplant and sympathetic ingrowth was analyzed by catecholamine histofluorescence in whole-mount or cryosectioned specimens. Connective tissue transplants from 6–15-day-old donors showed significant fiber ingrowth by 3 days in oculo, and innervation was maximal by 6 days. In contrast, sprouting into 30–49-day-old tissue was significantly slower, with most transplants lacking fibers at 3 days, and with small numbers of short fibers present at 6 days. We conclude that maturational changes occur in periorbital connective tissue pathways in the early postnatal period which make them less receptive to ingrowth by sympathetic nerves. The findings that connective tissue pathways are better substrates for sympathetic sprouting in the neonatal rat supports the view that developmental changes in these tissues are likely to contribute to the impaired reinnervation of orbital targets by contralateral neurons in juvenile and adult rats. © Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effort in isometric muscular contractions related to force level and duration

The degree of perceived force involved in squeezing a handgrip dynamometer is shown to grow as a power function of the force of isometric contraction and also as a power function of the duration of the squeeze. The exponent for force turns out to be more than twice that for duration. These two power functions are able to predict measurements of muscle endurance, i.e., of the maximum length of time that contraction of any constant level of force can be sustained.
Addition of aldehydes and acyl chlorides to [Rh(PiPr3)2Cl]2. Thermodynamics and molecular and crystal structures of Rh(PiPr3)2ClX[C(O)Ph] (X = H, Cl)

Addition of aldehyde (RCHO; R = n-octyl, Ph, p-Tol, p-MeOC(6)H(4), p-CF3C6H4) to [Rh((PPr3)-Pr-i)(2)Cl](2) (1) results in rapid addition of the aldehyde C-H bond to yield Rh((PPr3)-Pr-i)(2)-ClH[C(O)R] (2-R). 2-Ph was isolated, and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study reveals a trigonal-bipyramidal structure with a small H-Rh-C(acyl) angle of 85(4)degrees. Enthalpies of addition to 1 were measured by solution calorimetry (R, Delta H/(kcal/mol)): octyl, -15.2 +/- 0.3; Ph, -10.8 +/- 0.4; p-Tol, -10.6 +/- 0.4; p-CF3C6H4, -12.7 +/- 0.4; p-MeOC(6)H(4), -10.5 +/- 0.3. Electron-withdrawing para substituents on the aromatic aldehydes favor addition. Addition of nonanal is more favorable than addition of benzaldehydes, probably due to steric effects, particularly the close hydride-phenyl contact found in 2-Ph. 1 reacts with acyl chlorides (RC(O)Cl, R = octyl, Ph) rapidly to give Rh((PPr3)-Pr-i)(2)Cl-2[C(O)R] (3-R). 3-Ph possesses a square-pyramidal structure. The enthalpies of addition were also measured calorimetrically (R, Delta H/(kcal/mol)): octyl, -24.6 +/- 0.3; Ph, -21.7 +/- 0.3. Relative to the addition of acyl chlorides, the exothermicity of aldehyde addition is greater than would be expected on the basis of thermodynamic data for related late-transition-metal complexes.
Dynamic response of an elastic cylindrical shell-solid core composite subject to time- dependent loading

A long cylindrical shell bonded to a solid elastic core is subject to external time-dependent loading. The loading is uniform along the generator of the cylinder but may have arbitrary variation around the circumference. The solution is obtained by means of the Laplace transform. Inversion is accomplished by the Residue Theorem, giving the solution in the form of a modal series. Numerical results for impulsive loads demonstrate the wave nature of the motion in the core. The dynamic stress concentration due to the focusing effect is evident. The effect of wave propagation in the core on the motion of the shell varies widely depending upon the material properties of the core. These properties also affect the rate of convergence of the modal solution.
Effects of shell fit on the biology of the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus (Say)

Most hermit crabs have a specialized lifestyle that requires them to occupy gastropod shells. The size of shells that hermit crabs inhabit relative to their body size affects their growth, survival and fecundity. In this study, the effects of shell fit on individual growth rate, risk of predation, feeding rate, and activity level were examined in the laboratory for hermit crabs Pagurus longicarpus collected from Nahant, MA, USA. Feeding rate and general activity level of hermit crabs confined to tightly fitting shells and hermit crabs occupying shells of preferred size were not significantly different. Hermit crabs confined to tightly fitting shells grew at significantly slower rates, and were significantly more susceptible to predation by a common North Atlantic rock crab, Cancer irroratus. While this study provides further evidence of the negative effects of tight shell fit on growth and survivorship of hermit crabs, a mechanistic explanation for the decreased growth rate of hermit crabs in tightly fitting shells is still sought.
Connecting to the larger world: Distance education in rural community colleges

This chapter reviews the literature on the status of distance education in rural community colleges, and addresses issues rural community colleges face in implementing distance education.
Experiential Learning in International Business Education

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine the impact of experiential learning within international business education. We report how we introduced some innovative experiential techniques and their effectiveness, individually and on aggregate. Results indicate that incorporating such techniques in the pedagogy and course curriculum facilitates active learning for the students and augments overall learning.
Behavioral tactics, dominance, and copulatory success among male fox squirrels

The behavioral tactics and mating behavior of male fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) were studied in a small population of uniquely marked, free-ranging individuals during the winter breeding season in 1986 to 1990. Twelve mating bouts were observed with an average of 5.83 males. Two alternative male reproductive tactics were active pursuit and satellite. Active-pursuit males were the most dominant squirrels that fought for and defended proximity to the estrous female. Satellite males were subordinates that remained dispersed in the estrous female's home range but avoided interaction with active-pursuit males. Active pursuit accounted for more copulations than the satellite tactic (0.83 vs 0.23 copulations/male/bout) with the copulations distributed more evenly among active-pursuit males (CV = 133.7) than among satellite males (CV = 191.3). Satellite males copulated with a female after she avoided the contest competition among active-pursuit males. Although the tactics were dominance-based, dominance rank was...
Extensor motor neurons of the crayfish abdomen

The somata of five deep extensor motoneurons of the third abdominal ganglion of the crayfish(Procambarus clarkii) were located and identified. The positions of these somata within the ganglion and their distal distribution to muscles have been mapped and were constant. The soma of the extensor inhibitor was noted to touch the soma of the flexor inhibitor. Three of the excitatory neurons were clustered near their exit route.
Riu's Stain in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis: Introduction of a New Diagnostic Method

Pulmonary cryptococcosis is thought to be a rare disease. Clinically, it presents no characteristic symptoms, signs or chest x-ray film findings. Most of the reported cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis were not diagnosed either antemortem or before surgical intervention. A simple diagnostic method, Riu's stain, can be used routinely in bronchoscopic brushing smears, or for needle aspiration cytologic studies, making pulmonary cryptococcosis easy to diagnose.
Influence of design on dispersive mixing performance in an axial discharge continuous mixer—LCMAX 40

The axial discharge continuous mixer combines the features of a continuous mixer and a twin screw extruder, expanding the flexibility of this compounding machine. In this work we analyzed the influence of rotor design on the dispersive mixing performance of a LCMAX 40 unit. Specifically we looked at various arrangements for the pushing and counter pushing units in the design of the LCMAX 40. A fluid dynamics analysis package—FIDAP, based on the finite element method, was used to model the flow behavior of a power law model fluid under different pressurization conditions. Dispersive mixing efficiency was quantified in terms of shear stresses and elongational flow components generated in the flow field. We found that the counter-pushing unit generally contributes more in building up high shear stresses. However, the generation of elongational flow components, which is beneficial for dispersive mixing, is not solely dependent upon the pushing–counter pushing configuration but rather on the overall rotor geometry. We found that the maximum number of counter-pushing units in the rotor design of the LCMAX 40 should not exceed two in order to provide adequate material pumping. Rotor designs with alternating arrangements of pushing and counter-pushing units provide overall better dispersive mixing conditions.
Composition of Undigested Peptide Fragments from Gluten with Regard to Bioavailability of Essential Amino Acids

Our purpose was to isolate and characterize the high molecular weight peptides resulting from the in vitro digestion of wheat gluten in a system simulating actual in vivo conditions, and to determine to what extent essential amino acids were included in these peptides. Large peptides were separated from the smaller products by CuSephadex G-25, TLE and TLC, treated with dansyl chloride for end group determination, and redansylated to identify the remaining amino acids. Fifteen peptides, hexapeptides or larger, were isolated and were found to contain about 16.1% of the threonine, 15.2% of the methionine and 12.3% of the lysine originally present in wheat gluten.
Enhancement of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution on tantalum by submonolayer electrodeposition of silver

Abstract Often it is possible to enhance the catalytic properties of a metal by electrochemically decorating its surface with submonolayer amounts of a foreign metal. The earlier studies of this phenomenon have focused primarily on substrate metals that exhibit some intrinsic catalytic properties of their own. In the present work, we demonstrate that it is possible to extend this catalytic effect of foreign metal deposition to the case of a chemically inert substrate metal. We study a catalytically inefficient polycrystalline Ta electrode in aqueous solutions of NaNO 3 (pH 3–5) at room temperature, using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a probe of electrode reactivity. We show that the catalytic efficiency of the Ta electrode (expressed in terms of the charge transfer resistance for HER) is increased by more than an order of magnitude as a result of covering a small fraction of the Ta surface with an electrodeposited foreign metal, Ag.
YOUNG CHILDREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF ANIMACY AND ENTERTAINMENT ROBOTS

Complex interactions, biologically-inspired features and intelligence are increasingly seen in entertainment robots. Do these features affect how children interpret robots? Children have "animistic intuitions" that they use to attribute intelligence, biology, and agency to living things. Two studies explore whether young children also apply animistic intuitions to robotic animals, and whether attributes vary by the child's age, robot behavior and appearance. A total of ninety-three three- to five-year-olds participated in two experiments. They observed or interacted with robots that exhibited different behaviors and levels of responsiveness to their environment. They then answered simple questions that probed their attributions of biology, intelligence, and agency. The results indicated that regardless of the robots' look and behavior, younger children over-generalized their animistic intuitions about real animals and older children attributed some animistic qualities but not others. One implication is that young children's criteria and attributions do not depend on robot features that are important for older children and adults. Another implication is that children do not have a theory of aliveness, and they develop the category of robot slowly and piecemeal as they learn discrete facts about how technology differs from living things.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF LIVER SAUSAGE.

Cooked liver sausage was freeze-fractured and examined using scanning electron microscopy after fixation in either Zenker's solution or osmium tetroxide. The microstructure was characterized as consisting of dispersed protein particles and fibrous networks of protein surrounding variable-sized fat globules. If the fat globules were not thoroughly fixed they were dislodged from the freeze-fractured surfaces leaving vacuoles that could easily be mistaken for air pockets. The study demonstrated that the structure of liver sausage includes both an oil in water emulsion with protein as the emulsifier as well as dense layers of protein or protein-fat colloidal complexes.
A new single-pass algorithm for extracting the mid-crack codes of multiple regions

A new algorithm for the conversion of a binary image with multiple regions into the mid-crack codes is presented. A fast online implementation can be achieved by using tables look-up. The input binary image may contain several object regions and their mid-crack codes can be extracted at a same time in a single-pass row-by-row scan. The perimeter and area of each region can be obtained during the execution of the algorithm. The inclusion relationship among region boundaries also can be easily determined.
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE ASTROMETRY OF TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS

We present 1428 individual astrometric measurements of 256 trans-Neptunian objects made with Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The observations were collected over three years with two instruments, the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and the Advanced Camera for Surveys High Resolution Camera, as part of four HST programs. We briefly describe the data and our analysis procedures. The submission of these measurements to the Minor Planet Center increased the individual arc length of objects by 1.83 days to 8.11 years. Of the 256 total objects, 62 (24.2%) had arc length increases of ≥3 years. The arc length for 60 objects (23.4%) was increased by a factor of 2 or greater.
Operational Equations of State for Hydrocode: Computer Implementation

Abstract Formally, the central feature of the equation of state (EOS) for hydrocode is in the choice of the specific volume V and specific internal energy density E as independent thermodynamic parameters. We suggest and explore the properties of the complete EOS for hydrocode having the following form S(V,E)=α(V)+β(E) where α(V) and β(E) are functions that should be determined from experiment. This class of EOS includes the case of perfect gas as very special example. We, then, proceed with the Dulong-Petit model. It is defined as the EOS with a constant heat capacity C v . For the Dulong-Petit model we also discuss the procedure of computer implementation, and demonstrate our methodology by analyzing experimental data for the stainless steel.
Ultrastructure of the Foregut-Hindgut Junction in Porcellio scaber Latreille

ABSTRACT A detailed examination of the foregut-hindgut junction in Porcellio scaber, using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the absence of a noncuticularized midgut in the straight-tube digestive tract.
Parametric study of carbon nanotube growth via cobalt-catalyzed ethanol decomposition

Ethanol has been found to be a superior carbon source that can produce clean carbon nanotubes with minimal amorphous carbon impurity. In this study we have investigated the influence of several synthesis parameters on the growth of carbon nanotubes via cobalt-catalyzed decomposition of ethanol on porous alumina substrates. The synthesis parameters investigated here include the synthesis temperature and time, the flow rate of carrier gas for ethanol, and the concentration of cobalt catalyst solution. Our results suggest that there exist a critical flow rate for ethanol carrier gas and a critical concentration of cobalt solution, below which no carbon nanotube can grow. There also exist optimum parametric windows for synthesis temperature and cobalt solution, within which clean carbon nanotubes grow readily.
Politics, Locality, and Economic Restructuring: California's Central Coast Strawberry Industry in the Post–World War II Period

: This article challenges overly economistic, static, and homogenizing representations of contemporary economic restructuring through an in-depth ethnographic case study of the central coast California strawberry industry in the post–World War II period. It demonstrates that restructuring is much more uneven in its incidence and complex in its motivation than usually portrayed, and that politics and human agency are at its core. Because of the place-based nature of certain economic activity and the grounded experience of political process, its explication requires a sensitivity to space and place.
A comparison of tropical oceanic heat fluxes determined by airborne eddy correlation and shipboard bulk aerodynamic techniques

Vertical turbulent transports of latent and sensible heat through the tropical marine boundary layer were measured with ship and airborne instruments in the GATE experimental area. The measurements from the two systems are compared for cases of simultaneous sampling in the same locations during undisturbed weather and during the wakes of convective disturbances. The paired average fluxes from the airborne eddy correlation measurements and the shipboard bulk aerodynamic measurements, for undisturbed weather, are related with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.6 to 0.9; the correlations depend primarily on stratifications of the aircraft data according to sampling altitude (15–153 m msl) and flight pattern relative to the mean wind. The agreement between the two types of measurements is best for ship data paired with aircraft samples from the lowest altitudes (15 and 30 m) and from alongwind rather than crosswind flights, as is appropriate since the stationary ships monitor the alongwind characteristics of the turbulence. The use of long (1–3 hr) versus short (10 min) ship samples did not significantly affect the comparability with the aircraft samples during undisturbed periods.
Y+- and L-system amino acid transport in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes: photoinhibition by fluoronitrophenylazide.

Abstract Three major pathways mediate amino acid transport into mammalian cells: the Asystem and the ASC-system, which require a sodium gradient across the plasma membrane, and the L-system, which has no requirement for a sodium gradient. We have found that the lymphocytes from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a marked reduction in the L-system of amino acid transport when compared to normal human B-lymphocytes from blood or tonsils. Transport by the A- and ASCsystems was not decreased in CLL B-lymphocytes. Because of the specific defect of the sodium-independent L-system amino acid transport in CLL cells, we have examined the activity of another sodium-independent transport system, the Y+-system, in human lymphocytes. The Y+-system favors the transport of dibasic, cationic amino acids such as lysine, ornithine, and arginine, which carry a positively charged group on their side chains. Our studies indicate that there is a large nonsaturable component of amino acid transport by the Y+-system in human lymphocytes. Using a multicomponent mathematical analysis, we have determined that the saturable component of Y+-transport is similar in T- (thymus-derived) and B- (bone-marrow-derived) lymphocytes and is unimpaired in CLL B-lymphocytes. Further, fluoronitrophenylazide, which was thought to be a specific inhibitor of the Y+-system when photoactivated, also inhibits A-, and L-system transport in CLL, T-, and B-lymphocytes.
The relationships between judged similarity, judged association, and normative association

Word pairs varying in word association probability between members of the pairs were used to obtain judgements of similarity (JS) and three different sets of association strength judgements. Correlations between JS and associative judge-were low with the highest reaching.33. Correlations between JS and normative association strength were also low. Some correlations between associative judgements and normative values were high with the correlation between bi-directional associative judgements and bi-directional norms reaching .98.
Rhythm and "good endings": effects of temporal structure on tonality judgments.

The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the influence of rhythmic structure on the perception of tonal relationships marking the end of a melody. Musically sophisticated listeners were asked to rate the degree of resolution in a set of folk tunes that varied in their tonal ending and temporal accent structure. The results indicated that melodies ending on the leading tone-to-tonic progression were judged the most complete, while the least complete were those leaving a listener “hanging” by ending on the leading tone note. These ratings, however, were influenced by the temporal accent structure of a tune. The highest degree of resolution was observed for melodies that ended “on time” through an invariant pattern of temporal/melodic accents. Accent structures that led to endings occurring earlier or later than expected resulted in significantly lower resolution ratings. The present results illustrate the need to incorporate dynamic pattern influences into models of tonal perception.
Is Food Security a New Tariff? Explaining Changes in Sanitary and Phytosanitary Regulations by World Trade Organization Members

Scholars at the intersection of agricultural trade policy and health regulation have speculated that some governments, under the pretext of health protection, have adopted food safety and plant and...
Abstract 3938: Role of Chi3l1/YKL-40 in the tumor progression and metastasis in the lung.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The 18 glycosyl hydrolase gene family (GH18) contains chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (CLP) that lack enzyme activity. Chitinase 3-like-1 (Chi3l1; also called BRP-39 in mouse and YKL-40 in man), the prototypic CLP, is expressed in an exaggerated fashion in the serum and or tissues from patients with a variety of malignancies including breast, colon/rectum, ovary, melanoma, prostate, kidney, brain, bone, and lung. In many of these malignancies, there is a strong correlation between the levels of Chi3l1/YKL-40 and disease progression, prognosis and disease-free survival. However, the roles of YKL-40 in the development and progression of lung cancer has not been determined. To begin to address this issue, we generated Chi3l1/BRP-39 null mutant (Chi3l1-/-) and lung-specific overexpressing YKL-40 transgenic (YKL-40 Tg) mice and evaluated them in a number of settings. The studies demonstrated that Chi3l1/BRP-39/YKL-40 is an important regulator of cellular apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and M2 macrophage differentiation. We also found that melanoma metastasis to the lung was significantly decreased in Chi3l1-/- mice and increased in YKL-40 Tg mice and that activation of the RIG-like helicase (RLH) innate immune pathway significantly decreased BRP-39 production and melanoma or breast cancer lung metastasis. Lastly, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrated that, in mice with specific mutation of KRAS and/or p53, Chi3l1/BRP-39 is expressed in an exaggerated manner in normal peritumor tissues and lung cancer cells in early and late stages of lung cancer development, respectively. In combination, our preliminary studies demonstrate that Chi3l1/BRP-39/YKL-40 plays a critical role in the generation of a metastasis-permissive microenvironment and is dysregulated in the course of the development of primary lung cancers. Citation Format: Chun Geun Lee, Bing Ma, Ja Seok Koo, Roy S. Herbst, Jack A. Elias. Role of Chi3l1/YKL-40 in the tumor progression and metastasis in the lung. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3938. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3938
Calculations of transport phenomena and reaction distribution in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

The performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells depends on the design of the cell as well as the operating conditions. The design of the cell influences the complex interaction of activation effects, ohmic losses, and transport limitations, which in turn determines the local current density. Detailed models of the electrochemical reactions and transport phenomena in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells can be used to determine the current density distribution for a given fuel cell design and operating conditions. In this work, three-dimensional, multicomponent and multiphase transport calculations are performed using a computational fluid dynamics code. The computational results for a full-scale fuel cell design show that ohmic effects due to drying of polymer electrolyte in the anode catalyst layer and membrane, and transport limitations of air and flooding in the cathode cause the current density to be a maximum near the gas channel inlets where ohmic losses and transport limitations are a minimum. Elsewhere in the cell, increased ohmic losses and transport limitations cause a decrease in current density, and the performance of the fuel cell is significantly lower than that which could be attained if the ohmic losses and transport limitations throughout the cell were the same as those near the gas channel inlets. Thus overall fuel cell design is critical in maximizing unit performance.
Fuselets: lightweight applications for information manipulation

Information management draws upon many disciplines including the collection of information needs, acquisition of information, information assessment, dissemination of information, and control of a managed information space. This paper introduces the general notions of information management in the large and the facet of information management known as manipulation, and provides an in-depth discussion of an advanced technology prototype implementation for the management of lightweight applications known as “fuselets” that perform value-added information processing functions over the managed information space. A fuselet is a light-weight, special-purpose Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) client that provides value-added functions for information processing that are under the control of the JBI platform services. The information processing functions take existing information objects within the JBI information space as input and manipulate them in a specified manner to produce new information objects. Information manipulations performed by fuselets typically satisfy the recurring information needs that are found to be common across multiple Communities of Interest (COIs), but are also often customized or developed from scratch to satisfy the immediate needs of a specific COI or information consumer for which there is no other readily available solution. This paper will discuss the overall fuselet system architecture and a developmental prototype that establishes an operational framework for fuselet execution and management.
Identifying global dust source areas using high‐resolution land surface form

[1] Dust originates from specific, landscape-scale (≈1-10 km) features; however, dust erodibility is commonly parameterized in global climate models using grid-cell-scale (≈1-5°) relationships. We examine surface characteristics from the high- resolution (90 m at equator) global Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measurements from the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) instrument to find landscape-scale characteristics common to dust producing regions. Regions with climatologically high aerosol optical thickness are associated with extremely low-slope landscapes at ≈5 km scale that also have high-elevation variance, likely due to aeolian features. We refer to these landscape characteristics as "levelness" and "residual landscape roughness," and we extrapolate these relationships globally to identify geomorphologically based dust erodibility functions on the basis of levelness and residual landscape roughness criteria. We test these with the Dust Entrainment and Deposition model embedded in the Model for Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry global atmospheric tracer transport model, driven by reanalysis meteorology. The modeled global dust spatial distributions calculated with these erodibility parameters agree well with observations of MISR AOT and deposition and in the modeling framework used here represent an improvement over existing parameterizations in predicting the spatial patterns of dust sources in the Sahara and the relative amount of emission of sources in the Dust Belt to those in the Southern Hemisphere; however, agreement with observations is less good in high-relief areas such as the Asian dust source regions, possibly because of the coarse resolution of the meteorological fields used to drive the model.
Transmission of male cytoplasm during fertilization in Nicotiana tabacum

Serially sectioned embryo sacs of Nicotiana tabacum were examined during fertilization events using transmission electron microscopy. After pollen tube discharge, the outer membrane of the sperm pair is removed, the two sperm cells are deposited in the degenerate synergid and the sperm cells migrate to the chalazal edge of the synergid where gametic fusion occurs. During fertilization, the male cytoplasm, including heritable organelles, is transmitted into the female reproductive cells as shown by: (1) the cytoplasmic confluence of one sperm and the central cell during cellular fusion, (2) the occurrence of sperm mitochondria (distinguished by ultrastructural differences) in the zygote cytoplasm and adjacent to the sperm nucleus, (3) the presence of darkly stained aggregates which are found exclusively in mature sperm cells within the cytoplasm of both female cells soon after cell fusion, and (4) the absence of any large enucleated cytoplasmic bodies containing recognizable organelles outside the zygote or endosperm cells. The infrequent occurrence of plastids in the sperm and the transmission of sperm cytoplasm into the egg during double fertilization provide the cytological basis for occasional biparental plastid inheritance as reported previously in tobacco. Although sperm mitochondria are transmitted into the egg/zygote, their inheritance has not been detected genetically. In one abnormal embryo sac, a pair of sperm cells was released into the cytoplasm of the presumptive zygote. Although pollen tube discharge usually removes the inner pollen-tube plasma membrane containing the two sperm cells, this did not occur in this case. When sperm cells are deposited in a degenerating synergid or outside of a cell, this outer membrane is removed, as it apparently is for fertilization.
Long-term Resource Utilization and Survival After Major Amputation for Critical Limb Ischemia

direct and indirect hospital costs of the initial and subsequent reinterventions was applied to a prospectively collected vascular database. Analysis was done via Student t test and log-ranked Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: The mean length in the ER group was 18.5 cm. A prosthetic conduit was used in 51% of SR group. Patency at 1 year was similar in both groups and superior for SR thereafter. The rate of all reinterventions was 28 of 85 (33%) in ER and 40 of 98 (41%) in SR. The average hospital costs for the SR group were significantly greater than costs for the ER group ($18,506 $,877 vs $11,740 $709, P .005); however, this difference was not significant when comparing amortized costs per day of patency at 1 year ($82 $21 vs $136 103), 2 years ($55 $28 vs $152 134), 3 years ($56 $44 vs $16 3), or 4 years ($8 $1 vs $10 $2) in patients with claudication or chronic limb ischemia. Conclusions: The amortized cost/day model is valuable for evaluating resource utilization, enabling us to examine the cost efficacy of the procedure, patency, and reinterventions. Our findings indicate that although initially endovascular therapy for femoropopliteal occlusive disease is associated with significant savings, long term the amortized cost per day is comparable in selected patients undergoing ER or SR.
Autoreactive B Cells in the Marginal Zone that Express Dual Receptors

Allotype and isotype exclusion is a property of most lymphocytes. The reason for this property is not known but it guarantees a high concentration of a single receptor, and threshold numbers of receptors may be required for efficient positive and negative selection. Receptor editing compromises exclusion by sustaining recombination even after a functional receptor is formed. Consequently, B cells expressing multiple receptors arise. We have studied such B cells in which one of the two receptors is anti-self, and find that these partially autoreactive B cells accumulate in the marginal zone. The restriction of these cells in this location may help to prevent them from undergoing diversification and developing into fully autoreactive B cells.
Deterrence and Individual Differences Among Convicted Offenders

Conflicting evidence exists on how criminal propensity moderates deterrent effects, and there is little empirical evidence on this issue from relatively experienced offenders. This study tested how variation in criminal propensity (operationalized as “low self-control”) moderates deterrent effects in a sample of convicted offenders in New Jersey’s Intensive Supervision Program in 1989 and 1990. Offenders’ perceptions of the risks and consequences from violating ISP were associated with whether they successfully completed ISP. Moreover, lower self-control did not diminish, and if anything, enhanced these deterrent effects.