cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patients' sensations after breast cancer surgery. A pilot study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the prevalence and characteristics of breast sensations after breast cancer surgery, the impact they had on patients, and aggravating and relieving factors. description of Study: Within 1 month after the date of their surgery, 132 patients with breast cancer completed an instrument rating the prevalence, severity, and level of distress of breast sensations. Information also was obtained on the impact that those sensations had on activities of daily living and factors that triggered and provided relief from sensations. Results: Certain sensations remain prevalent (numb, tender), severe (burning, sharp), and distressing (cramping, painful). Overall these sensations significantly interfered with patients' activities of daily living. Certain activities (movement, position change) triggered sensations, while others (position change, medication) provided relief. clinical Implications: Healthcare professionals can use the information learned from this pilot study to educate patients both preoperatively and postoperatively about prevalent breast sensations after surgery for breast cancer and about the types of activities that may aggravate or relieve these sensations. As patient educators and advocates, oncology professionals must continue to explore the long-term effects and treatment options to provide optimal care and support to patients who have or are likely to have postsurgical breast sensations. More studies are needed to explore long-term effects and treatment options.
Discriminative stimulus properties of L-5-hydroxytryptophan: behavioral evidence for multiple serotonin receptors.

Rats were trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of l-5-hydroxytryptophan (l-5-HTP) (30 mg/kg SC), the immediate precursor of serotonin (5-HT). The peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor R04-4602, administered prior to l-5-HTP, greatly attenuated the disruptive effects observed on responding when l-5-HTP alone was injected. Following acquisition, the discrimination was dosedependent and generalized to fenfluramine, a 5-HT-releasing drug, but not to amphetamine, a catecholamine-releasing agent. Further evidence for the involvement of 5-HT receptor stimulation in mediating the discrimination was that pretreatment with fluoxetine, a highly specific 5-HT uptake inhibitor, markedly potentiated the cue. Nevertheless, the classical 5-HT antagonists methysergide, cyproheptadine, metergoline, and methiothepin did not block the l-5-HTP-related discriminative stimulus. This finding suggested that the cue properties of l-5-HTP might be mediated by a population of 5-HT receptors previously identified electrophysiologically in limbic structures. As in the present experiment, the putative 5-HT antagonists did not block the synaptic effects of 5-HT in these structures.
Yph1p, an ORC-interacting protein: potential links between cell proliferation control, DNA replication, and ribosome biogenesis.

Immunoprecipitation of the origin recognition complex (ORC) from yeast extracts identified Yph1p, an essential protein containing a BRCT domain. Two Yph1p complexes were characterized. Besides ORC, MCM proteins, cell-cycle regulatory proteins, checkpoint proteins, 60S ribosomal proteins, and preribosome particle proteins were found to be associated with Yph1p. Yph1p is predominantly nucleolar and is required for 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis and possibly for translation on polysomes. Proliferating cells depleted of Yph1p arrest in G 1 or G 2 , with no cells in S phase, or significantly delay S phase progression after release from a hydroxyurea arrest. Yph1p levels decline as cells commit to exit the cell cycle, and levels vary depending on energy source. Yph1p may link cell proliferation control to DNA replication, ribosome biogenesis, and translation on polysomes.
Atomic layer deposition of amorphous TiO2 on graphene as an anode for Li-ion batteries

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit TiO2 anode material on high surface area graphene (reduced graphene oxide) sheets for Li-ion batteries. An Al2O3 ALD ultrathin layer was used as an adhesion layer for conformal deposition of the TiO2 ALD films at 120 ° C onto the conducting graphene sheets. The TiO2 ALD films on the Al2O3 ALD adhesion layer were nearly amorphous and conformal to the graphene sheets. These nanoscale TiO2 coatings minimized the effect of the low diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in bulk TiO2. The TiO2 ALD films exhibited stable capacities of ~120 mAh g(-1) and ~100 mAh g(-1) at high cycling rates of 1 A g(-1) and 2 A g(-1), respectively. The TiO2 ALD films also displayed excellent cycling stability with ~95% of the initial capacity remaining after 500 cycles. These results illustrate that ALD can provide a useful method to deposit electrode materials on high surface area substrates for Li-ion batteries.
Effect of mid-scan breathing changes on quality of 4DCT using a commercial phase-based sorting algorithm

Purpose Though it is known that irregular breathing can introduce artifacts in commercial 4DCT, this has not been systematically explored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of variations in basic parameters of the breathing wave on 4DCT imaging quality. Methods A four-dimensional motion platform holding an acrylic sphere was scanned while moving in a trajectory modeled from a lung cancer patient. A bellows device was used as a respiratory surrogate, and the images were sorted by a commercial phase-based sorting algorithm. Motion during the first half of the scan was produced at a baseline trajectory with a consistent frequency and amplitude of 15 breaths per minute and 1 cm, peak to peak. The two parameters were then varied mid-scan to new frequency and amplitude values, with frequencies ranging from 7.5 to 22 bpm and amplitudes ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. Image sets representing four respiratory phases were contoured. Each set was analyzed to compare centroid displacement, density homogeneity, and volumetric and geometric distortions of the imaged sphere. Undercoverage of the target ITV and overcoverage of healthy tissue was also evaluated. Results Changes in amplitude of 25% or more, with or without changes in frequency, consistently caused measurable distortions in shape, position, and density of the imaged sphere. Frequency changes over 50% showed a similar trend. Conclusions This study suggests that basic breathing statistics can be used to quickly assess the quality of a 4DCT scan prior to image reconstruction. Such information can help give indication of the proper course of action when irregular breathing patterns are observed during CT scanning.
Breast Cancer Surveillance: Ambulatory Care Focus in Residency May Influence Practice Patterns

ABSTRACT: Breast cancer causes significant morbidity and mortality in the United States. Early detection of malignant lesions may increase survival rates. Recommended surveillance techniques include breast self-examination, breast examination by a clinician, and mammography. However, results of research suggest that physicians adhere inconsistently to screening guidelines. Residency training has the potential to impact significantly on future practice patterns. This study evaluated the breast cancer screening patterns in women 50 years of age and older by internal medicine resident physicians in a traditional and a primary care residency program from 1988–1994. A retrospective chart review revealed that resident physicians in the primary care residency performed more breast cancer surveillance than residents in the traditional residency for the following techniques: instructions for breast self-examinations, 10.9% vs. 3.6% (P
Simulation-based method for optimizing multi-echelon inventory systems

We propose a novel simulation-based optimization framework for optimizing distribution inventory systems where each facility is operated with the (r, Q) inventory policy. The objective is to minimize the inventory cost while maintaining acceptable service levels quantified by the fill rates. The inventory system is modeled and simulated by an agent-based system, which returns the performance functions. The expectations of these functions are then estimated by the Monte-Carlo method. Then the optimization problem is solved by a cutting plane algorithm. As the black-box functions returned by the Monte-Carlo method contain noises, statistical hypothesis tests are conducted in the iteration. A local optimal solution is obtained if it passes the test on the optimality conditions.
Electrocardiographic abnormalities in very young Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients precede the onset of cardiac dysfunction

Overt cardiac involvement in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) typically occurs later in the disease. The primary aim was to estimate the proportion of young (<6 years of age) DMD patients with manifestations of cardiac disease by electrocardiography (ECG). Secondary aims were to assess associations between ECG abnormalities and evidence of cardiac disease by echocardiography, as well as to estimate the relationship between dystrophin mutation site and an abnormal ECG. Seventy eight steroid-naive DMD patients <6 years of age were identified. ECG abnormalities were identified in 78%, with LV pathology being the most commonly identified pattern. Only one echocardiogram was abnormal. There was no statistically significant relationship identified between ECG abnormalities and dystrophin genotype. ECG abnormalities are common in very young DMD patients, signaling cardiac involvement well before the onset of clinical symptoms.
A METHOD FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROSTENOLYSIS.

A quantitative method for the investigation of electrostenolysis has been developed. Electrostenolysis is redefined in the light of the discovery that organic molecules are subject to it. The experimental requirements for a quantitative study are enumerated, and the apparatus and procedure described. It is found that with ferrous and ferric ions and a cellulose acetate membrane, the potential drop across the membrane must be above about 2150 v./cm. in order to effect any oxidation and reduction. With the present apparatus and conditions the ratio of equivalents oxidized or reduced to faradays passing the membrane is low,— of the order of one to several thousand.
Valuing Flexibility in Private Toll Road Development: Analysis of the Dulles Greenway

The emergence of alternative project delivery and finance methods in developing and sustaining infrastructure assets increases the significance of valuing such facilities. As private participants are introduced into the delivery of public facilities, the balance of possible future cash flows with initial capital inflows is an essential aspect of ensuring project viability. Traditional valuation techniques, which provide a tangible basis for the ultimate investment decision, often are employed in project financial analysis. The uncertainty of future cash flows, however, presents unique challenges for the use of these traditional methods. Moreover, the active management and planning of infrastructure projects creates flexibility that is largely ignored by traditional valuation methods. The Dulles Greenway, a recent private highway venture, provides a perspective to understand how “options” are used intuitively throughout a large-scale project and how the “option” to wait and resolve uncertainty can be valued with simple techniques that supplement traditional valuation methods. This article retrospectively analyzes project cash flows and the decision to invest in the Dulles Greenway.
Foodborne and waterborne infectious diseases. Contributing factors and solutions to new and reemerging pathogens

PREVIEWChanges in the makeup and eating habits of the US population, an increasingly complex system of food distribution, and less stringent surveillance for infectious agents are among the factors that have led to an alarming increase in foodborne and waterborne illnesses in recent years. Drs Prier and Solnick address these issues and suggest changes in public health programs and consumer behavior that can minimize future outbreaks.
Pseudoelasticity of Excised Visceral Pleura

A pseudostrain-energy function is proposed for describing the behavior of excised sheets of canine visceral pleura. Pseudoelastic material constants are determined from experimental biaxial data by employing a nonlinear least-squares algorithm. The agreement between theory and experiment is shown to be quite good. Furthermore, the visceral pleura studied appears to be inelastic and to exhibit in-plane isotropy. Comparison with previous works is discussed.
Effect of ocular enucleation and altered lighting regimens at various ages on the circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid levels in the rat.

The circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid levels was studied in control and experimental groups of 30 and 80-day-old rats by means of blood sampling every 4 hr over a 48-hr period. Experimental groups consisted of: 1) animals born and reared under normal light-dark conditions, constant light (CL) or constant dark (CD) until age of study; 2) animals enucleated either at birth or on the 14th or 30th day of life and reared under normal light-dark conditions until age of study; 3) animals born and reared in CL or CD until 14 or 30 days of age and then maintained under normal light dark conditions until age of study, and 4) animals born and reared under normal light-dark conditions until the 14th, 30th or 60th day of life and then maintained in CL or CD until age of study. The results indicate that normal circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid levels, once established, does not persist if the animal is subsequently enucleated or exposed to either CL or CD. Animals reared in CL or CD from birth...
Using monochloramines to disinfect drinking water: the effects it has on lead content

Over the past ten years, several U.S. cities have switched from using free chlorine to chloramines to disinfect drinking water. Coincident with this shift have been reports by some water districts of lead (Pb) levels in drinking water that exceed the action limit of 15ppb set by the EPA. In this paper, a study was conducted on a water district that utilizes monochloramines to disinfect drinking water. The purpose of this research was to determine the Pb content of drinking water treated in this district. Water samples were collected both from homes with and from homes without Pb plumbing. The water samples were analyzed for Pb content using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples obtained from homes without Pb plumbing had a Pb concentration range of 10.7 ppb − 20.3 ppb (average = 15.9 ppb), whereas samples obtained from homes with Pb plumbing had a Pb concentration range of 20.4 ppb − 73.9 ppb (average = 29.0 ppb). The average Pb concentrations for both types of homes were above the EPA action limit of 15ppb. The most plausible explanation for this is leaching of Pb from the water distribution system caused by the water treatment plants' use of monochloramines to disinfect water.
Gold-loaded polymeric micelles for computed tomography-guided radiation therapy treatment and radiosensitization.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have generated interest as both imaging and therapeutic agents. AuNPs are attractive for imaging applications since they are nontoxic and provide nearly three times greater X-ray attenuation per unit weight than iodine. As therapeutic agents, AuNPs can sensitize tumor cells to ionizing radiation. To create a nanoplatform that could simultaneously exhibit long circulation times, achieve appreciable tumor accumulation, generate computed tomography (CT) image contrast, and serve as a radiosensitizer, gold-loaded polymeric micelles (GPMs) were prepared. Specifically, 1.9 nm AuNPs were encapsulated within the hydrophobic core of micelles formed with the amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(e-capralactone). GPMs were produced with low polydispersity and mean hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 25 to 150 nm. Following intravenous injection, GPMs provided blood pool contrast for up to 24 h and improved the delineation of tumor margins via CT. Thus, GPM-enhanced CT ...
Bulk Gold-Catalyzed Oxidations of Amines and Benzyl Alcohol Using Amine N-Oxides as Oxidants

Bulk gold powder (~50 μm) catalyzes the oxidative dehydrogenation of amines to give imines using amine N-oxides (R3N-O) as the oxidant. The reaction of dibenzylamine (PhCH2–NH–CH2Ph) with N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) in the presence of gold powder at 60 °C produced N-benzylidenebenzylamine (PhCH=N–CH2Ph) in 96% yield within 24 h. Benzyl alcohol was oxidized by NMMO to benzaldehyde in >60% yield in the presence of gold powder. Although O2 was previously shown to oxidize amines in the presence of bulk gold, it is surprising that gold is also capable of catalyzing the oxidation of amines using amine oxides, which are chemically so different from O2.
Reading Suggestions for the Foundations of Statistics

These notes are thrown together to help you and stimulate you to find reading in connection with this course. The available literature is large and enormously heterogeneous in point of view, style, and subject matter. The course will be greatly amplified if you do a considerable amount of reading according to your own taste, background, and interest. You are each to make at least two brief, but thoroughly prepared, reading reports in class. But the reading you do for yourself should go considerably beyond that. Here I briefly describe the principal kinds of literature bearing on the foundations of statistics, make a few comments on relevant bibliographies, and give a short annotated bibliography. For your convenience, there is a growing and changing shelf of reserved books for this course in the library. A few items that are rare or fragile will be on three-hour reserve, the others on three-day reserve. Typically, you will in fact be able to keep a book out for much more than three days but must surrender it promptly to someone else who wants to look at it.
N-terminal region of CusB is sufficient for metal binding and metal transfer with the metallochaperone CusF.

Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, utilize efflux resistance systems in order to expel toxins from their cells. Heavy-metal resistance is mediated by resistance nodulation cell division (RND)-based efflux pumps composed of a tripartite complex that includes an RND-transporter, an outer-membrane factor (OMF), and a membrane fusion protein (MFP) that spans the periplasmic space. MFPs are necessary for complex assembly and have been hypothesized to play an active role in substrate efflux. Crystal structures of MFPs are available, however incomplete, as large portions of the apparently disordered N- and C-termini are unresolved. Such is the case for CusB, the MFP of the E. coli Cu(I)/Ag(I) efflux pump CusCFBA. In this work, we have investigated the structure and function of the N-terminal region of CusB, which includes the metal-binding site and is missing from previously determined crystal structures. Results from mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy show that the isolated N-ter...
Feedforward inhibition in biosynthetic pathways: inhibition of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase by the penultimate product

Inhibition of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase by the penultimate product of a pathway for the biosynthesis of an amino acid has been reported for several pathways in many different types of organisms. A regulatory role for this mechanism often has been suggested, although there is some conflicting experimental evidence. The significance of such feedforward inhibition is examined here by mathematical analysis. The techniques that have proved successful in the analysis of control by feedback inhibitionshowing that the nearly universal pattern of end-product inhibition is an optimal design-indicate that feedforward inhibition by the penultimate product does not contribute significantly to the functional effectiveness of regulation at the level of enzymatic activity. Feedforward inhibition by the penultimate product may have no physiological role, or it may be involved in differential signalling of intra- and extracellular changes and/or in directing the metabolic flow in branched pathways. These possibilities are discussed in light of analytical results presented in this paper and published experimental evidence.
The Influence of the size and Shape of Molecules and Particles on their Electrophoretic Mobility

As a general rule the electrophoretic mobility of molecules and particles is solely governed by the potential at their surface of shear (ζ-potential) and does not depend on their size or shape. The...
Power electronics primer

The functioning of power circuits is explained by considering the need to supply a load with an AC voltage waveform when the source of power is a DC voltage source. Another example of a power circuit's possible form, arising from the need to provide an automobile's microprocessor control unit with a regulated 5 V/sub DC/ from a battery whose voltage varies around 12 V/sub DC/, is examined. Supporting techniques are reviewed. The evolution of high-frequency, high-density power supplies is summarized. >
Association of Misexpression with Sterility in Hybrids of Drosophila simulansand D. mauritiana

Recent studies have identified genes associated with hybrid sterility and other hybrid dysfunctions, but the consequences of introgressions of these "speciation genes" are often poorly understood. Previously, we identified a panel of genes that are underexpressed in sterile male hybrids of Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana relative to pure species. Here, we build on this reverse-genetics approach to demonstrate that the underexpression of at least five of these genes in hybrids is associated with hybrid sterility and that these five genes are coordinately regulated. We map one upstream regulator of these genes to a region previously shown to harbor one or more factors causing hybrid sterility. Finally, we show that the genes underexpressed in hybrids are often highly conserved, as might be predicted for downstream targets of the genetic changes that cause hybrid sterility. This approach integrates forward genetics with reverse genetics to show a proximate consequence of the introgression of particular hybrid sterility-conferring regions between species: underexpression of genes necessary for normal spermatogenesis.
Experimental Electron Energy Distributions for Townsend Discharges in Helium

The energy distribution of electrons in Townsend discharges in helium has been investigated experimentally for a range of $\frac{E}{N}$ between 1.65\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ and 6.32\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, through the use of a retarding-field method. The effects of electron reflection and secondary emission from the surfaces of the retarding-field analyzer are considered; it is shown that these phenomena are relatively unimportant when low-reflectance materials are used to coat analyzer surfaces. Experimental energy distributions exhibit a curtailment of the distribution function near the first excitation potential of helium, except for $\frac{E}{N}=6.32\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The low-energy behavior of the experimental energy distribution indicates an increase of the most probable energy with increasing $\frac{E}{N}$.
Deterritorializing Extraction: Bioaccumulation and the Planetary Mine

Two independent technical developments have transformed the metal mining industry in considerable ways: the increasing share of waste materials in the feedstock of metallurgical operations has partially transformed metal extraction into a recycling industry, and the employment of microorganisms in the extraction of metals from mineral ores has rendered metals mining a biologically based industry. Increasing industrial interest and research activity in the application of biotechnologies to the extraction of metals from waste, particularly electronic waste, intimate a potential intersection of those two processes, destabilizing further the analytical distinctions between extraction and manufacturing, biologically based and nonbiologically based production, waste and resources. This combined deterritorialization of metal extraction requires a theoretical deterritorialization: rethinking extraction beyond extractive industry narrowly defined and the role that nonhuman forms of life play in the production of v...
Values and Philosophizing about Music Education

In this essay, a quintet of values in doing philosophy of music education are examined: the need for a broad view, a personal perspective, a constructive vision, a relevant plan, and the courage to speak about important issues in music education. The following questions frame the analysis of each, in turn: What do these values mean? What importance do they hold today? How can they be expressed practically in the life and work of philosophers and those interested in the philosophy of music education? I speak of a quintet of values that goes to the heart of doing philosophy of music education, namely, the need for a broad view, a personal perspective, a constructive vision, a relevant plan, and the courage to speak about issues of importance to music education. I aspire to these values as ideals, and I suppose that philosophers of music education already share them in one fashion or another. As there is nothing particularly new here, why speak of them again? My sense is that given the particular academic pressures and expectations today, and in the way of philosophy, it is useful to revisit them for our time, and to ask: What do these values mean? What
The upper atmosphere as a multiply refractive medium for neutral air motions

Abstract Under the influence of gravity and heat conduction four plane characteristic waves obliquely incident on a horizontally stratified atmosphere can propagate, two of them upward and the two other downward. The two pairs of characteristic waves are the well known acoustic gravity waves and the heat conduction waves. Molecular viscosity generates two further pairs of characteristic waves, the ordinary and the extraordinary viscosity waves. Ion drag and Coriolis force make the atmosphere anisotropic with respect to the characteristic waves. Their propagation characteristics for east to west and north to south propagation differ from each other. Some analytical solutions of the eigenvalues of these eight characteristic waves are given in this paper. Numerical calculations of the eigenvalues depending on the parameters of the thermosphere, on frequency, azimuth and on angle of incidence are presented and discussed in some detail.
The role of peripheral and central sodium channels in mediating brain temperature fluctuations induced by intravenous cocaine.

Abstract While cocaine's interaction with the dopamine (DA) transporter and subsequent increase in DA transmission are usually considered key factors responsible for its locomotor stimulatory and reinforcing properties, many centrally mediated physiological and psychoemotional effects of cocaine are resistant to DA receptor blockade, suggesting the importance of other non-DA mechanisms. To explore the role of cocaine's interaction with Na+ channels, rats were used to compare locomotor stimulatory and temperature (NAcc, temporal muscle and skin) effects of repeated iv injections of cocaine (1 mg/kg) with those induced by procaine (PRO 5 mg/kg), a short-acting local anesthetic with negligible effect on the DA transporter, and cocaine methiodide (COC-MET 1.31 mg/kg), a quaternary cocaine derivative that is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier. While PRO, unlike cocaine, did not induce locomotor activation, it mimicked cocaine in its ability to increase brain temperature following the initial injection and to induce biphasic, down–up fluctuations following repeated injections. This similarity suggests that both these effects of cocaine may be driven by its action on Na+ channels, a common action of both drugs. While COC-MET also did not affect locomotor activity, it shared with cocaine and PRO their ability to increase brain temperature but failed to induce temperature decreases after repeated injections. These findings point toward activation of peripheral Na+ channels as the primary mechanism of rapid excitatory effects of cocaine and inhibition of centrally located Na+ channels as the primary mechanism for transient inhibitory effects of cocaine. DA receptor blockade (SCH23390 + eticlopride) fully eliminated locomotor stimulatory and temperature-increasing effects of cocaine, but its temperature-decreasing effects remained intact. Surprisingly, DA receptor blockade also altered the temperature fluctuations caused by PRO and COC-MET, suggesting that some of the central effects triggered via Na+ channels are in fact DA-dependent. Finally, repeated administration of PRO to animals that had previous cocaine experience led to conditioned locomotion and potentiated temperature-increasing effects of this drug. It appears, therefore, that, in addition to the central effects of cocaine mediated via interaction with the DA transporter and potentiation of DA uptake, interaction with peripheral and central Na+ channels is important for the initial physiological and, perhaps, affective effects of cocaine, likely contributing to the unique abuse potential of this drug.
The triple fluorescence of benzanilide and the dielectric medium modulation of its competitive excitation

Abstract The fluorescence of the benzanilide molecule at 298 K is inferred to consist of three independent electronic transitions associated with the single ground-state molecular species. F1 (λmax340 nm), the normal fluorescence is observed weakly and is ascribed to an n,π*,-π,π* mixed state. F′2 is ascribed to the proton-transfer imidol tautomer fluorescence (previously reported) with unresolved λmax (inferred at ≈460 nm). F″2 is ascribed to a charge-transfer state fluorescence to the ground state, and occurs as a resolved CT transition in tetrahydrofuran at λmax 520 nm. Comparison of the spectra of N-methylbenzanilide exhibiting only F1 and F″2 (CT) permitted the analysis of the benzanilide spectra.
The reactions of phosphorus fluorides with lithium bis-trimethylsilylamide

Abstract The reactions of phosphorus trifluoride, thiophosphoryl trifluoride, phosphorus oxytrifluoride, and phosphorus pentafluoride with lithium bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide have been studied. In hexane, phosphorus trifluoride and thiophosphoryl trifluoride react to give F2PN(SiMe3)2 and F2P(S)N(SiMe3)2 respectively with the loss of lithium fluoride, whereas phosphorus oxytrifluoride and phosphorus pentafluoride react to give LiN(P(O)F2)2 and LiN(PF4)2 respectively and trimethylsilyl fluoride. The i.r. and 31P and 19F spectra are reported for all products.
A Comparison of Combination and Family Selection in Chickens

Abstract Sire family selection was compared with index selection in six replicates of a single-generation experiment. The index comprised individual and sire family performance for rate of lay from 20 to 40 weeks of age in a synthetic White Leghorn type layer strain. Response was slightly greater to combination selection than to sire family selection, but the difference (.2%) was not statistically significant. On the basis of estimated relative efficiency value, a difference of 2.14% between selection criteria would be necessary for statistical significance, and the probability of detecting this difference in an experiment of the given magnitude would be quite low.
A membrane transporter mediates access of uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum of rat hepatocytes: implications for glucuronidation reactions

Abstract Hepatic glucuronidation of a wide variety of substrates is catalyzed by the membrane-bound UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA) is the essential cosubstrate for all UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-mediated reactions. The mechanism by which this bulky, hydrophilic nucleotide-sugar is transported from the cytosol (where it is synthesized) to its binding sites(s) on the enzyme is unknown. To determine whether a membrane carrier mediates the access of UDP-GlcUA into the endoplasmic reticulum, the transport of uridine 5′-diphospho- D -[U- 14 C]glucuronic acid into vesicles of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum isolated from rat liver was investigated at 38°C using a rapid filtration technique. Uptake of UDP-GlcUA by both rough and smooth vesicles was extremely rapid (linear for only 10–20 s) and temperature-dependent (negligible at 4°C). UDP-GlcUA uptake was saturable, and similar kinetic parameters were obtained for rough and smooth vesicles ( K m 1.9 μ M, V max 443 pmol/mg protein per min, and K m 1.3 μ M, V max 503 mol/mg protein per min, respectively). The uptake of UDP-GlcUA also exhibited a high degree of specificity, since many related compounds, including UMP, UDP and UDP-Glc, did not influence uptake. In addition, the non-penetrating inhibitors of anion transport, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (SITS), 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS), and probenecid, markedly inhibited UDP-GlcUA uptake. Finally, osmotic modulation of the intravesicular volume did not affect total uptake of UDP-GlcUA by membrane vesicles at equilibrium, indicating that this nucleotide-sugar is transported into the membrane rather than the intravesicular space. Collectively, these data provide direct evidence for a specific, carrier-mediated uptake process, which transports UDP-GlcUA from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. This UDP-GlcUA transporter may be involved in the regulation of hepatic glucuronidation reactions.
Influence of lipase-catalyzed interesterification on the oxidative stability of melon seed oil triacylglycerols

Melon seeds are rich in oil. However, the stability of melon seed oil (MSO) is low because of its high content of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (18:2n-6). MSO was physically blended or enzymatically interesterified with higholeic sunflower oil (HOSO). The fatty acid composition of MSO was remarkably changed after interesterification. Palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and oleic (18:1n-9) acid contents increased at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols, whereas 18:2n-6 decreased due to interesterification. The oxidative stability of the physical and Pseudomonas sp. (PS30) lipase-interesterified blends was assessed with the Oxidative Stability Instrument, peroxide value, and conjugated diene methods. The stability of MSO increased with increased proportions of HOSO, which was the source of 18:1n-9 in the blends. The ratio of 18:1n-9/18:2n-6 improved from 0.18 in MSO to 1.47 in the enzymatically interesterified blend. Calculated oxidizability and the results of oxidation tests of the blends confirmed the improvement in MSO stability by both physical blending and enzymatic interesterification.
Phase relations in the systems Na2OIrO2 and Na2OPtO2 in air

Abstract The equilibrium phase relations for the Na 2 OIrO 2 and Na 2 OPtO 2 systems were determined in air using the quenching technique. The Na 2 OIrO 2 system contains two stable compounds Na 2 O·IrO 2 and 2Na 2 O·3IrO 2 , which dissociate at 1235 and 1040°C, respectively. The Na 2 OPtO 2 system contains three compounds: Na 2 O·PtO 2 , metastable 2Na 2 O·3PtO 2 , and Na x Pt 3 O 4 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1). Their dissociation temperatures are 890, 710, and 810°C, respectively. Indexed X-ray diffraction powder patterns for Na 2 O·IrO 2 and 2Na 2 O·3IrO 2 are given.
Positron Injection and Acceleration on the Wake Driven by an Electron Beam in a Foil-and-Gas Plasma

A novel approach for generating and accelerating positron bunches in a plasma wake is proposed and modeled. The system consists of a plasma with an embedded thin foil into which two electron beams are shot. The first beam creates a region for accelerating and focusing positrons and the second beam provides positrons to be accelerated. Monte Carlo and 3D PIC simulations show a large number of positrons (${10}^{7}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{8}$) are trapped and accelerated to $\ensuremath{\sim}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ over 1 m with relatively narrow energy spread and low emittance.
Vaccinia virus nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase I is an essential viral early gene transcription termination factor.

Abstract Deng and Shuman ( J. Biol Chem. 271, 29386 (1996)) reported that an ATPase different from the known viral termination factor, VTF, is required for vaccinia virus early gene transcription termination. Properties of this ATPase were similar to those of a known vaccinia virus enzyme, nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase I (NPH I) the product of gene D11L. Transcription-competent cell-free extracts were prepared from A549 cells infected with wild-type or mutant vaccinia virus harboring ts mutations in gene D11L. These extracts were employed to investigate the role of NPH I in early gene transcription termination. Extracts prepared under nonpermissive conditions from both wild-type virus and ts mutant virus-infected cells exhibited high levels of early and intermediate gene transcription activity but were incapable of supporting late gene transcription. ts mutant extracts lacked signal-dependent early gene transcription termination activity, which was restored by the addition of either free NPH I or a GST-NPH I fusion protein. A comparison of the NPH I amino acid sequence to the protein databases revealed the presence of a set of sequences characteristic of nucleic acid helicase superfamily II members. A series of site-specific mutations in the helicase motifs and N-terminal and C-terminal deletion mutations were expressed as GST fusion proteins and their activities assessed. Of the mutations in helicase motifs I to VI, alteration of all but motif III reduced the ATPase activity. Removal of as few as 24 amino acids from the N-terminal end eliminated ATPase activity, while deletion of 68 C-terminal amino acids exhibited only a modest decrease in ATP hydrolysis. Larger C-terminal deletions eliminated ATPase activity. Each deletion mutation, and site-specific mutations other than the motif III mutation, failed to support transcription termination in vitro. Mutations in motifs I, II, V, and VI inhibit wild-type NPH I transcription termination activity. However, deletion of up to 68 amino acids from the C-terminal end eliminates this inhibitory property. This observation is particularly interesting since these C-terminal deletions retain both ATPase activity and single-stranded DNA binding activity. Their failure to inhibit transcription termination suggests that these C-terminal deletion mutations eliminate a site required for a function other than from DNA binding or ATP hydrolysis.
Evaporation and discharge dynamics of highly charged droplets of heptane, octane, and p-xylene generated by electrospray ionization.

We report studies of the evaporation and discharge dynamics of highly charged droplets generated by electrospray ionization from n-heptane, n-octane, and p-xylene doped with Stadis-450, a conductivity-enhancing agent. A phase Doppler anemometer (PDA) characterizes individual droplets moving through the uniform electric field within an ion mobility cell according to size, velocity, and charge. Repeated reversal of the electric field allows multiple PDA measurements on selected droplets with diameters ranging from 3 to 60 μm and up to 107 elementary positive charges. This “ping-pong” technique provides individual droplet histories from which we determine the dynamics of solvent evaporation and charge loss. On average, n-heptane discharges at 101% of the Rayleigh limit of charge, while n-octane and p-xylene droplets discharge at 87% and 89% of their respective limits. Discharge events release an average of 19% of the charge in n-heptane and 17% of the charge in both n-octane and p-xylene. Within the limits o...
Dispersion of Gaussian channels

The minimum blocklength required to achieve a given rate and error probability can be easily and tightly approximated from two key channel parameters: the capacity and the channel dispersion. The channel dispersion gauges the variability of the channel relative to a deterministic bit pipe with the same capacity. This paper finds the dispersion of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the parallel AWGN channel, and the Gaussian channel with non-white noise and intersymbol interference.
Light-Dependent Pupation Site Preferences in Drosophila" Behavior of Adult Visual Mutants

A method for measuring the influence of light on pupation site preferences, PSP, of late-third-instar Drosophila is described. Wild-type strains of D. melanogaster all are characterized by dark PSPs. Strains of flies having mutations that render adults blind due to structural abnormalities of the compound eye show no alterations in PSP. Flies carrying the mutant trp TM also show normal PSPs. However, severe mutations at the norpA locus appear to leave larvae blind as well as cause blindness in adults. The norpA locus is believed to control a protein intermediate in the phototransduction process. It is hypothesized that the step controlled by the norpA locus is common to the photoreceptors of both larvae and adult flies. Genes controlling structural components of the compound eye of adults are evidently not important for light-dependent behavior in preimaginal stages. A tremendous amount of literature exists describing phototactic responses of adult Drosophila at the neurological level (Pak & Grabowski, 1978) and populational level (Markow, 1975; Markow & Smith, 1977, 1979). In adult flies the major photoreceptor is the compound eye and almost all light-dependent adult behaviors appear to be mediated by this organ. Extensive mutagenesis studies have generated numerous mutants producing aberrations in visually dependent behaviors that have been traced to lesions in the structure and/or function of the compound eye. These mutants have been indispensable.to the enormous progress made in the field of insect vision. On the other hand, a little-studied area of Drosophila behavioral and neural biology is phototactic responses in preadult stages. In D. melanogaster the first three larval instars last 4 to 5 days and the pupal stage makes up the other half of preimaginal life. Responses to environmental variables such as light, density, temperature, and gravity during these stages are not random (Rizki & Davis, 1950; Sokal, Ehrlich, Hunter,
Designs for ramp-constrained day-ahead auctions

Some electric power markets allow bidders to specify constraints on ramp rates for increasing or decreasing power production. We show in a small example that a bidder could use an overly restrictive constraint to increase profits, and explore the cause by visualizing the feasible region from the linear program corresponding to the power auction. We propose two penalty approaches to discourage bidders from such a tactic: one based on duality theory of linear programming, the other based on social cost differences caused by ramp constraints. We evaluate the two approaches using a simplified scaled model of the California power system, with actual 2001 California demand data.
Pharmacogenetics of Antihypertensive Response

See related article, pp 1204–1211 The widespread variation in individual response to antihypertensive treatment motivates a search for genetic factors associated with this variation. Pharmacogenetics evaluates the role of genetic variation in drug response, and pharmacogenomics applies pharmacogenetics to variants throughout the entire genome. The report by Turner et al1 in this issue of Hypertension is a pharmacogenomic study that identifies polymorphisms associated with blood pressure response to candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Knowledge of genetic factors that predict antihypertensive drug response may eventually enable clinicians to choose the most effective drug for each individual patient based on his or her genetic profile. This tailored therapy may help patients achieve better blood pressure control and may help to reduce the costs and adverse effects of antihypertensive therapy. Pharmacogenetic studies have identified numerous potential genetic variants associated with response to antihypertensive drug treatment. Potential variants identified thus far include variants in the renin-angiotensin system, variants in other genes involved in blood pressure regulation, and variants in regions …
Psychological impact of women's name change at marriage: Literature review and implications for further study

Abstract Because the custom of wives assuming husbands' surnames at marriage is now in question, we reviewed the published research on the psychological significance of names and name changes. Although names and name changes are relevant psychological variables, little data pertain to the implications of a woman's changing or retaining her surname at marriage. Research on such implications would have relevance for individual personality development, marital and family relationships, and social and cultural systems.
Large-stroke MEMS deformable mirrors for adaptive optics

Surface-micromachined deformable mirrors that exhibit greater than 10 /spl mu/m of stroke are presented. The segmented arrays described here consist of 61 and 85 hexagonal, piston/tip/tilt mirrors (three actuators each) with diameters of 500 and 430 /spl mu/m, respectively, and fill a 4 mm circular aperture. Devices were packaged in 208 and 256 pin-grid arrays and driven by a compact control board designed for turn-key operation. After metallization and packaging mirror bow is /spl sim/680 nm (/spl lambda//1), but a heat-treatment procedure is proposed for controlling mirror curvature to better than /spl lambda//10. An optical test bed was used to demonstrate basic beam splitting and open-loop aberration correction, the results of which are also presented.
Embryo development in vitro to the blastocyst stage in cattle, pigs and sheep

Abstract Schemes for the in vitro production of embryos as well as embryo manipulations such as nuclear transfer (cloning) and gene transfer require the ability to culture embryos from the zygote to the blastocyst stage in vitro while maintaining embryo viability. For cattle, pig or sheep embryos, significant problems have been encountered in achieving development to the blastocyst stage due to ‘in vitro development blocks’. These blocks can be overcome now, either with complex solutions such as co-culture with other cells or with simple solutions like minor modifications of the culture medium. Some data indicate significant differences between in vitro cultured and in vivo embryos which may account for differences in survival after embryo transfer. Even so, success of embryo culture is high enough to warrant considerable optimism about further improvements in the efficiency of many embryo technologies.
Megahertz-repetition-rate Nd:glass fiber laser.

Stable trains of 100–200-ns-long pulses are obtained at 0.46–1.06-MHz repetition rates in a Nd:glass fiber laser by driving large-amplitude relaxation oscillations at or below their resonance. Numerical simulations agree qualitatively with temporal profiles of the output power. We show that the maximum pulse-repetition rate of a relaxation-oscillation laser increases as the square root of pump power at low P and that its theoretical upper limit is close to the pulse rate of a mode-locked laser.