cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical on-the-move satellite communications for present and future mobile warfighters

As the battlefield becomes increasingly non-contiguous, improved warfighter mobility becomes critical and timely information transfers more difficult. Communication, especially beyond line-of-sight (BLOS), stands out as the key component enabling seamless information transfer across the battlefields. The satellite transmission path remains stalwart in closing the BLOS communications gap but presents several practical problems during operations. The mobile satellite user requires an antenna that remains low profile during travel and yet provides solid communication link closure. An antenna meeting such physical demands tends to be smaller and less efficient than those normally associated with satellite communications' on-the-move (SATCOM OTM). Because of these limitations, the mobile SATCOM antenna finds its performance limited in terms of transmit and receive gain. This limited gain decreases the information transfer rate (or data date) and hence the amount of critical knowledge key to the battle. Such problems pose themselves as challenges to the modern communications engineer. This paper examines the practical satellite operation parameters under typical conditions. This includes systems such as DSCS and Intelsat as well as extensions to the wideband gapfiller satellite (WGS) and future generation MILSTAR systems (the transformational satellite (TSAT)). Results presented include cases using various satellite parameters such as transponder gain, ground user uplink power, satellite downlink power and ground user antenna aperture size. Several cases detail system performance illustrating where the signals progress from bandwidth-limited to power-limited operation as the antenna aperture approaches the limited size available for COTM. Additionally, novel modulation overlays such as the baseband injected pilot carrier (BIPC) on QPSK provide signal-to-noise improvements enabling the smaller antenna apertures to effectively establish SATCOM OTM links. Such improvements range up to 3 dB over conventional QPSK without the overlay and only increase the signal bandwidth by 5%. Overall, the paper presents several successful SATCOM OTM operational options under typical satellite conditions. These options open the door to establishing successful critical information transfer for the present and next generation mobile warfighter
Heparin lock intravenous line. Use in newborn infants. A controlled trial

The heparin lock technique has been available for parenteral access in older children and adults but has not yet been described for use in newborns. We randomized 39 newborns who needed parenteral medication in the intermediate care nursery to receive a heparin lock catheter (17) or an intravenous line kept patent by continuous low infusion rate (22). There were no differences between study groups with regard to birthweight, gestational age, or distribution of diagnoses. Infants in the heparin lock group were enrolled in the study on average 1 day longer than the continuous intravenous group (p less than 0.05). Subcutaneous infiltration occurred twice as frequently with the continuous intravenous line (p = 0.0015), and the life span was significantly less than heparin lock (1.0 +/- 0.5 days versus 2.1 +/- 1.0 days, p = 0.0003). Infants with continuous intravenous lines received approximately 20 ml/kg/day greater quantity of fluid (p less than 0.0001). There was no difference between groups with regard to mean heparin activity level. None of the infants developed hemorrhagic complications, thrombophlebitis, or documented nosocomial infection. Nurses significantly favored heparin locks over continuous intravenous lines for ease of use. The heparin lock technique is a safe and reasonable alternative to a continuous low infusion intravenous line for administering parenteral medications to intermediate care newborns.
Go West: How the IRS Should Foster Innovation in Its Agents

The IRS faced a serious problem in the 1990s with taxpayers hiding their money offshore to avoid federal taxes. An International Revenue Agent, in New Jersey, Joe West, audited an individual engaged in hiding assets offshore and gained access to the offshore information through the use of a summons. The work of Joe West on that case caused him to “invent” a method for obtaining the names of individuals investing offshore who would not otherwise be known to the IRS. The article discusses the case that led Joe West to his discovery, the technique he developed for locating the names of U.S. citizens placing their money offshore, and the implications to the IRS of the type of creative thinking exhibited by Joe West.
Crossing Over Between Regions of Limited Homology in Escherichia coli : RecA-Dependent and RecA-Independent Pathways

We have developed an assay for intermolecular crossing over between circular plasmids carrying variable amounts of homology. Screens of Escherichia coli mutants demonstrated that known recombination functions can only partially account for the observed recombination. Recombination rates increased three to four orders of magnitude as homology rose from 25 to 411 bp. Loss of recA blocked most recombination; however, RecA-independent crossing over predominated at 25 bp and could be detected at all homology lengths. Products of recA-independent recombination were reciprocal in nature. This suggests that RecA-independent recombination may involve a true break-and-join mechanism, but the genetic basis for this mechanism remains unknown. RecA-dependent crossing over occurred primarily by the RecF pathway but considerable recombination occurred independent of both RecF and RecBCD. In many respects, the genetic dependence of RecA-dependent crossing over resembled that reported for single-strand gap repair. Surprisingly, ruvC mutants, in both recA(+) and recA mutant backgrounds, scored as hyperrecombinational. This may occur because RuvC preferentially resolves Holliday junction intermediates, critical to both RecA-dependent and RecA-independent mechanisms, to the noncrossover configuration. Levels of crossing over were increased by defects in DnaB helicase and by oxidative damage, showing that damaged DNA or stalled replication can initiate genetic recombination.
Robust MMSE transceiver designs for uplink MIMO systems subject to arbitrary linear equality power constraints

Two numerical approaches, the Robust-Generalized Iterative Approach (R-GIA) and the Robust-Transmit Covariance Optimization Approach (R-TCOA), are proposed for jointly designing the minimum mean square error (MMSE) precoders and decoders of uplink multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems with arbitrary linear equality power constraints and possibly imperfect channel state information (CSI). The R-TCOA always gives optimum solutions but is only applicable when the rank constraints on the precoders are relaxed, the spatial correlation matrix for the transmit antennas of each user is an identity matrix, and there exists a scalar such that squaring the source covariance matrices is the same as multiplying them by it. The statistics of the CSI error also need to be the same for all users if the power constraints of the users are interdependent. The R-GIA, on the other hand, has no such restrictions. But whenever the R-TCOA is applicable, both approaches converge, and all the transmit covariance matrices are full rank, the two solutions are actually equivalent (i.e. the R-GIA is also optimum)! Numerical results show that these two robust approaches, for the most part, outperform their non-robust counterparts in various different channel correlation scenarios.
Barrenness vanquished: the legacy of Lesley Brown

AbstractPrior to 1978, the therapeutic offerings available to couples afflicted with infertility were painfully limited. Indeed, there was precious little one could offer Lesley and John Brown in their desperation. Anovulatory infertility was managed with ovulation induction using Clomiphene Citrate and Human Menopausal Gonadotropins. Anatomic infertility was addressed by increasingly sophisticated if marginally effective microsurgical approaches. The therapy of male infertility, still in its infancy, was commonly handled through cervical or intrauterine insemination including the use of donor sperm. The road traveled by Mrs. Brown radically altered this hope-limited landscape. A trailblazer to the millions who followed, Mrs. Brown played a key role in the abolition of the scourge of infertility. In this communication we trace in some detail the singular story of Mrs. Lesley Brown and the all-important legacy thereof. In doing so, we wish to pay tribute to this remarkable individual and her contributions ...
Macrophage/biomaterial interactions: The stimulation of endothelialization

Abstract This current study analyzed macrophage/biomaterial interactions as modulators of endothelial cell proliferation. Rabbit peritoneal macrophages were harvested and seeded (1 × 10 6 cells/ml) into culture flasks with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and 10% platelet-poor, plasma-derived equine serum. Macrophages were identified by morphologic characteristics, nonspecific esterase, and Fc (immunoglobulin G) receptors on the cell membranes. Culture conditions were (1) no prosthetic material, (2) Dacron, or (3) Polyglactin 910 (PG910) (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, N.J.). Both prosthetic materials were finely shredded into the media. After 5 weeks in culture, PG910 inclusions were seen within macrophage cytoplasm. No intracytoplasmic Dacron was observed. Conditioned media from all three groups were collected weekly from week 5 to week 10, centrifuged, filtered, and added in serial dilutions to cultured quiescent murine capillary lung endothelial cells. Quiescence was achieved by serum deprivation and verified by [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation. Sixteen hours after addition of conditioned media, [ 3 H] thymidine was measured in and expressed as percent increase above quiescent levels. Mitogenic activity in the PG910 group progressively increased from weeks 6 to 10. At week 10, the PG910 group (1:10 dilution) yielded a 620% increase in DNA synthesis. The Dacron group never varied from the control group (no prosthetic). The mean increases in [ 3 H] thymidine incorporations over weeks 7 to 10 were PG910, 540% ± 65%; Dacron, 323% ± 65%, and control, 343% ± 26% (PG910 vs Dacron, p ≤ 0.004). These studies suggest macrophage activation by bioresorbable prostheses, yielding growth factor release with subsequent enhanced endothelial cell proliferation. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:588–93.)
DNA-based species detection capabilities using laser transmission spectroscopy

Early detection of invasive species is critical for effective biocontrol to mitigate potential ecological and economic damage. Laser transmission spectroscopy (LTS) is a powerful solution offering real-time, DNA-based species detection in the field. LTS can measure the size, shape and number of nanoparticles in a solution and was used here to detect size shifts resulting from hybridization of the polymerase chain reaction product to nanoparticles functionalized with species-specific oligonucleotide probes or with the species-specific oligonucleotide probes alone. We carried out a series of DNA detection experiments using the invasive freshwater quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) to evaluate the capability of the LTS platform for invasive species detection. Specifically, we tested LTS sensitivity to (i) DNA concentrations of a single target species, (ii) the presence of a target species within a mixed sample of other closely related species, (iii) species-specific functionalized nanoparticles versus species-specific oligonucleotide probes alone, and (iv) amplified DNA fragments versus unamplified genomic DNA. We demonstrate that LTS is a highly sensitive technique for rapid target species detection, with detection limits in the picomolar range, capable of successful identification in multispecies samples containing target and non-target species DNA. These results indicate that the LTS DNA detection platform will be useful for field application of target species. Additionally, we find that LTS detection is effective with species-specific oligonucleotide tags alone or when they are attached to polystyrene nanobeads and with both amplified and unamplified DNA, indicating that the technique may also have versatility for broader applications.
Characterization of proton and sugar transport at the tonoplast of sweet lime (Citrus limmetioides) juice cells

Citrus fruits accumulate high levels of sucrose and hexoses, although most photoassimilates arrive in the form of sucrose. In sweet limes, faster rates of sugar accumulation take place early in development when sucrose catabolic enzymes are most active. The present investigation was aimed at providing information on the mechanisms of sucrose (and hexose) uptake into the vacuole of cells containing high levels of sucrose hydrolylic activity. Tonoplast vesicles of high purity were isolated in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The vesicles were capable of forming a pH gradient in the presence of ATP. Both bafilomycin and NO 3 - (but not vanadate) inhibited ATP hydrolysis and prevented the formation of the pH gradient, confirming the tonoplast origin. Energized vesicles (either by addition of ATP or by artificial pH gradient) did not accumulate sucrose or hexoses against a concentration gradient. In the presence of either sucrose or hexoses, the established ApH was not disrupted as was the case with tonoplast vesicles from red beet hypocotyl. Therefore, a sucrose/H + (hexose) antiport may not be the mechanism of sucrose and hexose transport into the vacuoles of sweet lime juice cells. The data indicated that sucrose uptake into vacuoles of sweet lime occurs by facilitated diffusion. Hexoses originate from the hydrolytic action of acid invertase on sucrose within the vacuole, and by the action of cytosolic sucrose synthase.
Uniqueness of Positive Solutions for a Class of Elliptic Boundary Value Problems

On demontre l'unicite des solutions non negatives du probleme aux valeurs limites −Δu=λf(u) pour x∈Ω, u=0 pour x∈∂Ω, ou λ>0 et Ω est un domaine borne de R n a frontiere lisse
Transmucosal Delivery of Methionine Enkephalin. I: Solution Stability and Kinetics of Degradation in Various Rabbit Mucosa Extracts

To evaluate the feasibility of transmucosal delivery of methionine enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met; Met-Enk), it is important to first investigate its physicochemical and enzymatic stability. The kinetics of degradation of Met-Enk in aqueous solution was determined at pH 2.01-9.84 and 37-45 degrees C by high-performance liquid chromatography. The first-order rate constant (k) was calculated, and the log k-pH profile showed that Met-Enk is most stable at pH approximately 5.0. Various mucosae excised from rabbit were mounted on Valia-Chien permeation cells and exposed to isotonic phosphate buffer at physiologic pHs. Mucosal and serosal extracts were collected from the donor and receptor solutions, respectively. The degradation of Met-Enk in the extracts followed first-order kinetics, but no significant difference in the degradation rates was observed between mucosal and serosal extracts, regardless of the type of mucosa used. Degradation was most rapid in the extracts of rectal mucosa, followed by vaginal and nasal mucosae. The major metabolites were Des-Tyr-Met-Enk and Tyrosine (Tyr), indicating the enzymatic hydrolysis by aminopeptidases. However, the data also suggested that dipeptidyl peptidase and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase could play some roles in the degradation of Met-Enk. The degradation pathways of Met-Enk were further explored by concomitantly determining the formation of smaller metabolites of primary hydrolytic fragments of Met-Enk in the mucosal extracts.
Covariantization of nonlinear elasticity

In this paper we make a connection between covariant elasticity based on covariance of energy balance and Lagrangian field theory of elasticity with two background metrics. We use Kuchař’s idea of reparametrization of field theories and make elasticity generally covariant by introducing a "covariance field", which is a time-independent spatial diffeomorphism. We define a modified action for parameterized elasticity and show that the Doyle-Ericksen formula and spatial homogeneity of the Lagrangian density are among its Euler–Lagrange equations.
Deposition of ammonium and nitrate in the roots of maize seedlings supplied with different nitrogen salts

This study measured total osmolarity and concentrations of NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), K(+), soluble carbohydrates, and organic acids in maize seminal roots as a function of distance from the apex, and NH(4)(+) and NO(3)(-) in xylem sap for plants receiving NH(4)(+) or NO(3)(-) as a sole N-source, NH(4)(+) plus NO(3)(-), or no nitrogen at all. The disparity between net deposition rates and net exogenous influx of NH(4)(+) indicated that growing cells imported NH(4)(+) from more mature tissue, whereas more mature root tissues assimilated or translocated a portion of the NH(4)(+) absorbed. Net root NO(3)(-) influx under Ca(NO(3))(2) nutrition was adequate to account for pools found in the growth zone and provided twice as much as was deposited locally throughout the non-growing tissue. In contrast, net root NO(3)(-) influx under NH(4)NO(3) was less than the local deposition rate in the growth zone, indicating that additional NO(3)(-) was imported or metabolically produced. The profile of NO(3)(-) deposition rate in the growth zone, however, was similar for the plants receiving Ca(NO(3))(2) or NH(4)NO(3). These results suggest that NO(3)(-) may serve a major role as an osmoticant for supporting root elongation in the basal part of the growth zone and maintaining root function in the young mature tissues.
Nanogravimetric Evaluation of Hydrogen Uptake in Thin Film Materials by A Quartz Crystal Microbalance

To study the hydrogen storage materials in their thin film format provides a unique approach to investigate many interfacial phenomena associated with current research on hydrogen storage materials. However, the challenge is to establish a reliable method to measure weight change of at least a few tens of nanograms in pressurized hydrogen gas. We demonstrate the application of a quartz crystal microbalance for direct mass-metric evaluation of hydrogen storage materials in the pressure range of 0-40 bars. The frequency shift of a quartz crystal coated with hydrogen absorbing materials is affected by the hydrogen mass uptake on the crystal, the pressure and the viscosity of the gases, and the crystal surface roughness, of which the roughness contribution has no direct analytical expression. Through a control experiment on the same crystal in helium, the roughness contribution in hydrogen can be derived and the frequency shift due to the hydrogen mass uptake is obtained.
AIDS surveillance and health education: use of previously described risk factors to identify high-risk homosexuals

Previously defined "risk factors" in homosexuals with Kaposi's sarcoma may not be causative of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) but are an important tool in identifying segments of the homosexual population who are at increased risk for the development of AIDS and who may benefit from health education and surveillance efforts. The epidemiologic characteristics of such a group of homosexuals from a low incidence area (Pittsburgh, PA) are examined and several factors which may account for differences in incidence are briefly discussed.
Requiring Certain Physical Enhancements For Internet Courses: A Survey

Use of the Internet continues to increase and new technology provides more and better communication options. A questionnaire was distributed to chairpersons of accounting departments to obtain their views on requiring some of these newer physical enhancements on a student’s computers when they register for an E course. Respondents strongly favored requiring students to provide a digital photo ID and audio capabilities when registering for an E course but rejected the idea of requiring them to provide a web cam that might be used for verifying their identity. They also tended to believe, even though they did not endorse requiring one, students should use a web cam when completing examinations on-line and that faculty should compare the photo ID with the web cam image. However, they do not believe that students should be required to use a web cam when completing homework assignments or that faculty should compare the photo ID with the web cam image. Overall accounting chairs endorse requiring the student who enrolls in an E course to obtain some existing technology and they expect the student to be prepared to spend more than $100 to obtain the technology
Complications of arthroscopic meniscal repair

The results of 101 consecutive arthroscopic meniscal repairs were studied to determine the nature and fre quency of associated complications. All arthroscopic repairs were done by the senior author (OS) between November 1984 and June 1991. Our data include 65 patients with associated anterior cruciate ligament in juries, of which 49 underwent concurrent arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. There was an overall complication rate of 18%.There was a 20% risk of complication with meniscal repair when associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury and 14% without anterior cruciate ligament injury. There was a 10% incidence of arthrofibrosis when meniscal repair was performed with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and a 6% incidence when per formed in an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient, non- reconstructed knee. Overall, there was a 13% risk of complication with lateral repairs compared with 19% with medial repairs. In the subset of patients with intact anterior cruciate ligame...
Analytical threshold voltage model for ultrathin SOI MOSFETs including short-channel and floating-body effects

Short-channel effects (SCE) in ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) fully depleted (FD) MOSFETs are analyzed and an analytical model for threshold voltage, including the kink effect, is presented. The proposed model accounts for (1) a general nonuniform channel doping profile, (2) the drain-induced V/sub th/- lowering enhancement resulting from the interaction of (a) impact ionization, (b) floating-body, and (c) parasitic-bipolar effects. Good agreement between the proposed model and experimental data is demonstrated. Impact ionization and floating-body effects dominate V/sub th/ lowering for drain voltages larger than V/sub dk//spl sime/B/sub i/./spl lambda//sub i//3, where B/sub i/ is the impact ionization coefficient, and /spl lambda//sub i/ is the impact ionization length, a structural parameter which, for a single-drain SOI MOSFET, coincides with the SCE characteristic length /spl lambda/.
Student Satisfaction, Needs, and Learning Outcomes: A Case Study Approach at a European University

A study of student satisfaction, needs, and learning outcomes was commissioned by a comprehensive university in Western Europe to provide a professional evaluation of student services and the co-curricular activities of students. Such a study had not been completed in the past and was needed to align student services with the mission, long-range goals, and strategic planning of the university. The research involved both qualitative and quantitative methodologies conducted through volunteers divided into five focus groups of 33 national and international students and a survey involving 104 national students, of whom 86 provided complete data. The results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 22) and the constant comparison method. The study demonstrated that students view interactions outside the classroom as important opportunities to develop and hone a myriad of personal knowledge and skill sets important to becoming global citizens and internationally competent pro...
Should the Changing Character of War Affect Our Theories of War

War has changed so much that it barely resembles the paradigmatic cases of armed conflict that just war theories and international humanitarian law seemed to have had in mind even a few decades ago. The changing character of war includes not only the use of new technology such as drones, but probably more problematically the changing temporal and spatial scope of war and the changing character of actors in war. These changes give rise to worries about what counts as war and thus what norms to use in evaluating a particular conflict. In this paper, I develop an argument that the changing character of war gives us reasons to take reductionist revisions of just war theory seriously. By reductionist theories of war I mean those revisions within the just war tradition that suggest that we can use ordinary peacetime interpersonal analyses of moral responsibility and liability to harm to decide what justice requires in times of war.
IT Investment Commitment and Earnings Management: Theory and Evidence

This paper examines the relationship between a commonly observed strategic management behavior — real earnings management (REM) — and firms’ IT investment commitment (ITIC) in the context of IT infrastructure development. We also examine how the effects of REM may be influenced by three contingency factors: general corporate governance, IT decentralization, and corporate social responsibility. We employ a natural quasi-experiment to confirm the causal effects of REM on IT investment commitment. We find that REM undermines firms’ current commitment as well as future commitment to IT investments. These findings illuminate an important agency problem in IT investment. Results also suggest that both IT decentralization and corporate social responsibility mitigate the effect of REM on firms’ current commitment to IT investments, and corporate social responsibility also mitigates the effect of REM on firms’ future commitment to IT investments. General corporate governance, however, does not have any significant influence on the effects of REM. These findings generate important theoretical and practical implications to address agency problems in IT investment.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies on the biosynthesis of fusaric acid from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum

Fusarium oxysporum is a fungal pathogen that attacks many important plants. Uniquely pathogenic strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum were inadvertently imported into the United States on live cottonseed for dairy cattle feed. These strains produce exceptionally high concentrations of the phytotoxin fusaric acid. Thus, fusaric acid may be a critical component in the pathogenicity of these biotypes. This study investigated the biosynthesis of fusaric acid using (13)C-labeled substrates including [1,2-(13)C(2)]acetate as well as (13)C- and (15)N-labeled aspartate and [(15)N]glutamine. The incorporation of labeled substrates is consistent with the biosynthesis of fusaric acid from three acetate units at C5-C6, C7-C8, and C9-C10, with the remaining carbons being derived from aspartate via oxaloacetate and the TCA cycle; the oxaloacetate originates in part by transamination of aspartate, but most of the oxaloacetate is derived by deamination of aspartate to fumarate by aspartase. The nitrogen from glutamine is more readily incorporated into fusaric acid than that from aspartate.
In Utero Bisphenol A Exposure and Epigenetic Programming of Neurobehavioral Outcomes

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant widely used for the production of plastics. There is substantial evidence that low-dose in utero BPA exposure can disrupt neurodevelopment, sexual dimorphism, behavior, and learning in animals, and the consequences may extend to future generations. While studies in humans are far more limited and more difficult to interpret, increasing evidence suggests that high maternal BPA exposure during pregnancy may contribute to later behavioral problems in children. BPA has been shown to disrupt the brain epigenome in rodents, and it is likely that DNA methylation-dependent mechanisms contribute to lasting BPA effects on brain function and behavior. Early studies in humans show that prenatal BPA exposure may leave DNA methylation signatures in peripheral blood that could possibly be used to predict behavioral vulnerability. More detailed studies in both animals and humans are needed to understand BPA effects on the epigenome and its consequences for brain function and behavior of multiple generations. Epigenetic findings could be used to shape the regulatory policies on BPA use and may open new opportunities for the early detection and interventions for the environmentally contributed behavioral disorders.
Five-year results of a prospective clinical trial investigating accelerated partial breast irradiation using 3D conformal radiotherapy after lumpectomy for early stage breast cancer.

Abstract Background Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is emerging as an alternative to whole-breast irradiation. This study presents the results of a prospective trial evaluating 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) to deliver APBI for early-stage breast cancer. Methods Patients with unifocal stage 0–II breast cancer measuring ≤2.5 cm without lymph node involvement were eligible. After lumpectomy, 3D-CRT APBI was delivered to the lumpectomy cavity + margin (34–38.5 Gy in 10 fractions over 5 days). Results 141 patients with 143 breast cancers (2 bilateral) were treated with 3D-CRT APBI. Median age was 60. Median tumor size was 1.1 cm. At a median follow up of 60 months (range, 5–113), the 5-year and 8-year cumulative incidence rate of a true recurrence is 0.9%. The 5-year and 8-year cumulative incidence rates of an elsewhere failure are 2.4% and 4.4%, respectively. The 5-year and 8-year overall survival is 100% and 94%, respectively. Among the 62 patients with follow up >5 years, 95% had excellent/good cosmetic results. Conclusions Our experience with 3D-CRT APBI demonstrates excellent cosmesis and local control. Longer follow up will be necessary to evaluate long-term efficacy and toxicity of 3D-CRT APBI. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00185744 .
A Social Psychological Perspective of Disability Prejudice

The purpose of this chapter was to integrate social psychological theories of prejudice with considerations of disability laws to shed light on when people with disabilities will experience prejudice and the forms that disability prejudice may take. Drawing on Chapter 7 by M. Selmi (this volume) and Chapter 3 by P. Blanck (this volume), I examined the prejudices that people with disabilities may experience as a result of the degree and type of their disability. First, I considered models of person perception and suggested that the degree and type of disability may influence whether people with disabilities experience prejudice in the first place. Second, I examined models of intergroup prejudice and suggested that the degree and type of disability may result in predictable types of prejudice. Implications for future research are discussed throughout.
Garnet morphology distribution in the northern part of the Moine Supergroup, Scottish Caledonides

Garnet is a versatile and useful indicator mineral exploited in numerous geological studies. Despite its utility in providing thermobarometry and geochronology constraints, many difficulties remain in making meaningful interpretations of such data. In this paper, we characterize garnet grains from over 140 garnet-bearing metasedimentary rock samples collected from the northern part of the Moine Supergroup (Scottish Caledonides). Large, euhedral garnet grains are interpreted to be indicative of prograde metamorphic growth during the most recent (Scandian, c. 430 Ma) phase of orogenesis. Anhedral garnet is largely restricted to the relatively low-grade (greenschist – lower amphibolite facies) Moine thrust sheet, with an abrupt change in morphology and grain size when traced across the overlying Ben Hope and Sgurr Beag thrusts into the higher grade, more hinterland-positioned thrust sheets. Our results suggest that caution should be exercised in using anhedral garnet in the Moine thrust sheet to estimate peak P–T conditions associated with low temperature (< ~500 °C) Scandian metamorphism, because in at least some cases garnet growth may have occurred during an earlier metamorphic event. However, chemical and isotopic data from this structurally lower anhedral garnet may still be useful for deconvolving a possible polymetamorphic history for this thrust sheet. In the immediately overlying Ben Hope thrust sheet, garnet has prograde euhedral (Scandian?) rims, indicating that the Ben Hope thrust must represent a significant thermal and/or chemical break. Inclusion distribution and mineral assemblages in garnet have been used to gain further insight on garnet growth conditions and to distinguish garnet that likely contains multiple generations of growth. Although our results are specific to the Caledonides of northern Scotland, this work highlights the general necessity of a comprehensive petrographic assessment in advance of interpreting large suites of garnet-derived thermodynamic and geochronological data.
Hemophilus Influenzae Vaccine and Guillain-Barre

A four-year-old girl with Guillain-Barre syndrome that developed 10 days following H influenzae type b conjugate vaccine immunization is reported from Geneva, Switzerland.
Kids’Team: Statewide Agencies Model for Building Community Level Coalitions

As educators, we build coalitions to identify and address community problems. We aim to bring a sometimes diverse group of people together to study an issue and explore information on alternatives. While simple coalitions address a single issue, complex coalitions are multi-issue and are mobilized for a longer time. This paper describes building a complex coalition at the state level, in a project titled KIDS’ TEAM, as a model for developing and guiding formation of community coalitions to address specific local needs.
Electrical characteristics of high-power AlGaN-GaN high electron mobility transistors irradiated with protons and heavy ions

High electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on AlGaN-GaN hetero-structures are finding an increasing number of commercial and military applications that require high voltage, high power, and high efficiency operation. In recent years, leading GaN HEMT manufacturers have reported excellent RF power characteristics and encouraging reliability, but long-term reliability in the space environment still remains a major concern due to a large number of defects and traps present both in the bulk as well as at the surface, leading to undesirable characteristics including current collapse. Furthermore, degradation mechanisms in GaN HEMTs are still not well understood. Thus, reliability and radiation effects of GaN HEMTs should be studied before solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs) based on GaN HEMT technology are successfully deployed in space satellite systems. For the present study, we investigated electrical characteristics of high-power GaN HEMTs irradiated with protons and heavy ions under various irradiation and biasing conditions.
Effects of Chamber Pressure and Partial Pressure of Water Vapor on Secondary Drying in Lyophilization

Secondary drying is the final step of lyophilization before stoppering, during which water is desorbed from the product to yield the final moisture content. We studied how chamber pressure and partial pressure of water vapor during this step affected the time course of water content of aqueous solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in glass vials. The total chamber pressure had no effect when the partial pressure of water vapor was very low. However, when the vapor phase contained a substantial fraction of water vapor, the PVP moisture content was much higher. We carried out dynamic vapor sorption experiments (DVS) to demonstrate that the higher PVP moisture content was a straightforward result of the higher water vapor content in the lyophilizer. The results highlight that the partial pressure of water vapor is extremely important during secondary drying in lyophilization, and that lower chamber pressure set points for secondary drying may sometimes be justified as a strategy for ensuring low partial pressure of water vapor, especially for lyophilizers that do not inject dry gas to control pressure. These findings have direct application for process transfers/scale ups from freeze-dryers that do not inject dry gas for pressure control to those that do, and vice versa.
Enriching a thesaurus as a better question-answering tool and information retrieval aid:

This article reports the method of enriching a thesaurus by differentiating the related term relationship with specific semantic relations and expanding related terms. It also tests the usefulness of an enriched thesaurus as a better question-answering tool and information retrieval aid based on users’ perceptions. A small portion of the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) thesaurus was enriched, and two enriched mini-thesauri were compiled with different levels of detail. A total of 22 participants were recruited to test the usefulness of the three mini-thesauri for facilitating question-answering and information retrieval within the ERIC Abstracts of the EBSCOHost Database and on the Web using Google. The experimental results suggest that the enriched thesauri are better question-answering tools and information retrieval aids than the original thesaurus. The findings imply that thesauri enriched with semantic relations are useful in question-answering and modern information retrieval, although...
Using piecewise-functional broadside tests for functional broadside test compaction

Approximations of functional broadside tests maintain close-to-functional operation conditions in order to avoid overtesting of delay faults. Approximations were used earlier for increasing the fault coverage of functional broadside tests. This paper describes the first procedure that uses an approximation, referred to as piecewise-functional broadside tests, to achieve test compaction. Piecewise-functional broadside tests are characterized by a parameter p. A lower value of p indicates a closer proximity to functional operation conditions. The test compaction procedure combines a pair of tests, t i and t j , to form a test, t i,j , that can replace t i and t j without reducing the fault coverage, and thus reduce the number of tests. With t i and t j having parameter values p i and p j , respectively, the combined test t i,j has parameter value p i,j ≤ p i + p j . The procedure increases the bound p on p i,j gradually as it compacts the test set. Experimental results for benchmark circuits show that significant levels of test compaction can be achieved with p = 2. In addition, the procedure converges for a small value of p.
Abstract WMP109: Activation of the Brain Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) Causes Selective Cerebrovascular Dysfunction

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Although many changes during hypertension may be mediated by the RAS, most hypertensive patients have normal or reduced levels of circulating renin, suggesting that local tissue RAS play a key role. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the impact of the brain RAS on the cerebral vasculature. We tested the hypothesis that activation of the central RAS using deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt (which simultaneously suppresses the peripheral RAS) alters vascular function. Male C57Bl/6 mice treated with DOCA were given both tap water and water with 0.9% salt for 3 weeks, followed by measurements of vessel reactivity. Mean arterial pressure was elevated modestly after DOCA-salt (79±2 vs 95±3 mmHg; P
Structure of SnF2-SnO-P2O5 Glasses

Abstract Low melting point glasses, specifically tin fluorophosphates, have recently received attention as a successful host matrix to rare earth metals to be used in photon conversion for solar cell applications. We have used high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman microscopy to investigate the structure of 50SnF2-20SnO-30P2O5 glass. To compliment this experimental study density functional theory was used to predict Raman spectra. The O 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra indicate a high non-bridging to bridging oxygen ratio, a sign of relatively high durability needed for this glass to be applied to solar energy. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Treatment and Prevention of Recurrent Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Women: A Rapid Review with Practice Recommendations

Purpose: Recurrent lower urinary tract infections in women are a highly prevalent and burdensome condition for which best practice guidelines for treatment and prevention that minimize harm and optimize well-being are greatly needed. To inform development of practice recommendations, a rapid literature review of original research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and practice guidelines was conducted.Materials and Methods: PubMed®, Embase®, Opus, Scopus®, Google Scholar, The Cochrane Library and the U.S. National Guideline Clearinghouse electronic databases were searched from inception to September 22, 2017. Articles and practice guidelines were included if they were in English, were peer reviewed, included women, involved treatment or prevention strategies for recurrent urinary tract infection and reported an outcome related to recurrence rates of urinary tract infection. Critical appraisal of original studies was conducted using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and of systematic reviews using the AMSTAR...
Inhibiting the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System in Patients with Heart Failure and Myocardial Infarction

Pharmacologic inhibitors of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) have played an important role in treating and preventing a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Although mainly developed as antihypertensive agents, the life-saving benefits of inhibiting the RAAS at several steps along its neurohumoral cascade in patients with chronic heart failure and high-risk myocardial infarction have earned these compounds a central role in the pharmacologic armamentarium. This chapter will highlight proven accomplishments of various inhibitors of the RAAS and discuss optimal clinical use of these compounds individually and in combinations in both of these conditions.
Hormonal Influences on Memory: Interaction of Central and Peripheral Systems

A number of stress-related hormones, including adrenergic catecholamines as well as peptide hormones, have been shown to affect retention when administered to animals after training (de Wied, 1980; Gold and Zornetzer, 1983; McGaugh, 1983). It is well-known that many of the hormones found to affect retention are released from the adrenal medulla and pituitary when animals are given stimulation of the kind typically used in training. In view of this evidence it has seemed reasonable to propose that endogenous hormones released at the time of a learning experience may play an important role in the normal physiology of memory storage (Gold and McGaugh, 1975). According to this view, the susceptibility of memory to posttraining modulating influences serves an important adaptive function: The period of susceptibility allows hormones released by experiences to influence memories of the experiences.
Blackmun’s Books: What a Justice Read and What it Means for a Justice to 'Read'

Justice Harry Blackmun described Benjamin N. Cardozo’s The Nature of the Judicial Process as “a somewhat disappointing book.” A rummage in the folder labeled “Books – Read by Blackmun, lists – 1973-1997” in the Blackmun Papers at the Library of Congress turns up a possible reason for Blackmun’s less-than-friendly reaction to Cardozo’s great book – the book that brought Cardozo “national fame as well as that idolatrous regard of the law schools which eventually propelled him to the highest court of the land.” Possibly, Blackmun’s disappointment was a matter of context. Possibly, The Nature of the Judicial Process, as great a work as it may be, just did not measure up to some of the other books Blackmun was reading at the time – books that he might have seen as better-written, or more thought-provoking, or more informative, or more fun. It is certainly possible, because the bibliographic competition for Blackmun’s admiration was both diverse and high-powered during the summer he read Cardozo. What to make of such speculation about Blackmun and his books depends in part on what we seek. Four reasons to study the reading habits and judgments of Supreme Court Justices come to mind (and there are surely more): (1) our perennial and important interests in understanding both why they did what they have done – that is, their decisions and opinions in cases past – and what they might do next – that is, their decisions and opinions in pending and future cases (as Eleanor Little observed in The Early Reading of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, “The importance of [Holmes’s] reading lists is that they reflect the influence of other minds on Holmes’s own thought...”); (2) a general interest in learning something about the minds and characters of our public leaders from how they speak and write about books, reading, and learning, with an eye to choices we might make as citizens and role models we might emulate as individuals; (3) a far less important but not unreasonable interest in the reading (and listening, and watching, and traveling, and so on) choices made by clever, thoughtful, accomplished individuals, because we might want to try some of the same things; and (4) a perennial but trivial interest in every detail of the lives of celebrities, the Justices being among the biggest celebrities in the law. Why else would we need to know about every opera or baseball game or seminar they attend? Alas, all of these topics are beyond the scope of this little article, because they all depend on the resolution of the preliminary issue addressed below: The quality and reliability of the evidence.
Rapid diffusion-state switching underlies stable cytoplasmic gradients in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote

Protein concentration gradients organize cells and tissues and commonly form through diffusion away from a local source of protein. Interestingly, during the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, the RNA-binding proteins MEX-5 and PIE-1 form opposing concentration gradients in the absence of a local source. In this study, we use near-total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging and single-particle tracking to characterize the reaction/diffusion dynamics that maintain the MEX-5 and PIE-1 gradients. Our findings suggest that both proteins interconvert between fast-diffusing and slow-diffusing states on timescales that are much shorter (seconds) than the timescale of gradient formation (minutes). The kinetics of diffusion-state switching are strongly polarized along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis by the PAR polarity system such that fast-diffusing MEX-5 and PIE-1 particles are approximately symmetrically distributed, whereas slow-diffusing particles are highly enriched in the anterior and posterior cytoplasm, respectively. Using mathematical modeling, we show that local differences in the kinetics of diffusion-state switching can rapidly generate stable concentration gradients over a broad range of spatial and temporal scales.