cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Ethics Agenda for Psychiatric Research Involving Prisoners

In the past 30 years, the incarcerated population in the United States has more than quadrupled to 2.3 million adults. With an alarmingly high prevalence of mental illness, substance use, and other serious health conditions compounding their curtailed autonomy, prisoners constitute perhaps the nation's most disadvantaged group. Scientifically rigorous research involving prisoners holds the potential to inform and enlighten correctional policy and to improve their treatment. At the same time, prisoner research presents significant ethical challenges to investigators and institutional review boards (IRBs) alike, by subjecting participants to conditions that potentially undermine the validity of their informed consent. In 2006, the Institute of Medicine Committee on Ethical Considerations for Revisions to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Regulations for Protection of Prisoners Involved in Research recommended both further protections and a more permissive approach to research review that wo...
Effect of anti-estrogenic action of clomiphene during the menstrual cycle: evidence for a change in the feedback sensitivity.

ABSTRACT The anti-estrogenic effect of clomiphene (Clomid) was evaluated during different phases of the ovulatory cycle. Clomid induced a significant increase in circulating LH when administered during the follicular phase, but not during luteal phase of the cycle. A difference in the quantitative rise of LH which was greater during the late than during the early follicular phase of the cycle and the reverse for FSH was found. This disparity between LH and FSH responses may be related to the preferential inhibition of FSH as compared to LH by E2 which was present in increasing amounts during the late follicular phase. The increased gonadotropin levels in response to Clomid treatment are composed of integrations of an enhanced pulsatile discharge as revealed by frequent blood sampling studies. These data suggest that a decrease in the negative feedback effect of estradiol exists for LH but not FSH during the course of the follicular phase.
Short communication: Characterization of early postpartum estrous behavior and ovulation in lactating dairy cows using radiotelemetry

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe early postpartum estrous behavior and ovulation in lactating dairy cows using radiotelemetry. Cows (n=50) were continuously monitored for behavioral estrus with a radiotelemetric system, HeatWatch II (CowChips LLC, Manalapan, NJ), from d 14 to approximately d 49 postpartum. Blood collection for analysis of progesterone and ovarian ultrasonography were performed once weekly starting on d 14. First ovulation was associated with behavioral estrus in 5 cows and occurred at 28.2±10.8d (mean±SD; range 17 to 40d). The average duration of estrus was 6.0±4.9h (range 3 to 12.2h), and the mean number of standing events was 18.4±8.9 (range 4 to 26). Based on progesterone concentrations of ≥1ng/mL, estimated first postpartum ovulation occurred at 25.1±10.4d (range 10 to 49d) for 38 animals without evidence of behavioral estrus. The interval to estimated first ovulation without behavioral estrus was not different from the interval to first ovulation associated with behavioral estrus. Level of milk production and body condition score loss did not affect the interval to estimated first ovulation without estrus or first ovulation associated with estrus. Six animals did not show evidence of ovulation based on progesterone concentration, whereas 1 cow showed evidence of estrous behavior on the day before removal from the study. The majority of first postpartum ovulations (38/43; 88.4%) were not associated with behavioral estrus.
Snow Temperature Changes within a Seasonal Snowpack and Their Relationship to Turbulent Fluxes of Sensible and Latent Heat

AbstractSnowpack temperatures from a subalpine forest below Niwot Ridge, Colorado, are examined with respect to atmospheric conditions and the 30-min above-canopy and subcanopy eddy covariance fluxes of sensible Qh and latent Qe heat. In the lower snowpack, daily snow temperature changes greater than 1°C day−1 occurred about 1–2 times in late winter and early spring, which resulted in transitions to and from an isothermal snowpack. Though air temperature was a primary control on snowpack temperature, rapid snowpack warm-up events were sometimes preceded by strong downslope winds that kept the nighttime air (and canopy) temperature above freezing, thus increasing sensible heat and longwave radiative transfer from the canopy to the snowpack. There was an indication that water vapor condensation on the snow surface intensified the snowpack warm-up.In late winter, subcanopy Qh was typically between −10 and 10 W m−2 and rarely had a magnitude larger than 20 W m−2. The direction of subcanopy Qh was closely rela...
Synthesis, Dispersion, and Viscosity of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Functionalized Water-Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The carbon nanotube−polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer was synthesized by covalent functionalization of electric arc single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with the monofunctional, tetrahydrofurfuryl-terminated polyethylene glycol PEG-THFF (MW∼200), to give a material composed of 80 wt % SWNTs. We show that the sequential processing of the resulting material by ultrasonication and high-shear mixing provides a means to disperse the SWNT-PEG-THFF macromolecules on two different length scales and leads to highly viscous solutions; at a concentration of 10 mg/mL the kinematic viscosity (ν) of an aqueous SWNT-PEG-THFF dispersion reaches a value of ν > 1000 cSt (for water ν ∼ 1 cSt). Analysis of this procedure by means of viscosity measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM), shows that ultrasonication is effective in disrupting the SWNT bundles, while the high shear mixing disperses the individual SWNTs. The kinematic viscosity of aqueous dispersions of SWNT-PEG-THFF was measured as a function of nan...
The revival of "Dora": advances in psychoanalytic theory and technique.

For nearly six decades after its publication in 1905, Freud's remarkable case of Dora remained untouched by critical comment. However, beginning in the early 1970's, an abundance of articles began ...
Do lower mortgage rates mean higher housing prices

Much research has shown that mortgage rates exert a negative influence on housing prices. This study analyses the long- and short-run relationships between housing prices and mortgage rates using advanced nonstructural estimation methods. As expected, a bivariate specification and a four-variable housing demand specification both show that these variables have a long-run relationship, and that there is a rather inelastic response of housing prices to changes in mortgage rates. However, contrary to previous research, the results from Granger non-causality tests, impulse response functions and variance decompositions reveal that there is virtually no short-run influence from mortgage rates to housing prices.
BCL and CIM

Abstract The paper outlines the new EIA RS-494 standard, “32 Bit Binary CL exchange (BCL) input format for numerically controlled machines” and its impact on computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The advantages and disadvantages of BCL in a CIM environment are discussed at length.
Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has become increasingly complex and nuanced as treatments have evolved over the last decade. During that time, treatment has evolved from single agent 5-fluorouracil (5FU) chemotherapy to combination chemotherapy, and more recently to the inclusion of monoclonal antibodies. As such, mCRC is evolving into a chronic disease in which the median overall survival (mOS) is in excess of 2 years and the 5-year survival is 10%. This review highlights the chemotherapy advances in the treatment of mCRC and focuses on the antibody therapies that have provided incremental improvements in survival. Additionally, we will discuss the management of resectable and unresectable liver metastases, and directed liver therapies. The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has become increasingly complex and nuanced as treatments have evolved over the last decade. During that time, treatment has evolved from single agent 5-fluorouracil (5FU) to combination chemotherapy and more recently the inclusion of monoclonal antibodies. As such, mCRC is evolving into a chronic disease in which the median overall survival (mOS) is in excess of 2 years and the 5-year survival is 10%. This review highlights the chemotherapy advances in the treatment of mCRC and focuses on the antibody therapies that have provided incremental improvements in survival. Additionally, we will discuss the management of resectable and unresectable liver metastases and directed liver therapies.
Distance delivery and laboratory courses

When faced with the necessity of teaching a course at eight different locations separated by an average of more than fifty miles and a shortage of qualified lecturers for the subject area the Purdue School of Technology considered distance education. The implementation of distance delivery initially seemed to be impractical however, because the course which was under consideration was a laboratory course and required large, expensive laboratory equipment. Other difficulties included the conflict of evening class schedules at remote sites with the typical daytime class schedule of a traditional main campus, but the potential payoff was consistent quality instruction made accessible across the state of Indiana. This paper describes efforts at Purdue toward the remote delivery of laboratory-based courses, culminating in the Purdue School of Technology offering of an introductory manufacturing processes course to campuses of the Purdue Statewide Technology network. This paper very briefly outlines these plans. The difficulties and roadblocks to progress are discussed in addition to the specific methods and technologies to be employed. Lastly, plans are discussed for future development of methods and utilization of emerging technologies.
Illiquidity Premia in Asset Returns: An Empirical Analysis of Hedge Funds, Mutual Funds, and U.S. Equity Portfolios∗

We establish a link between illiquidity and positive autocorrelation in asset returns among a sample of hedge funds, mutual funds, and various equity portfolios. For hedge funds, this link can be confirmed by comparing the return autocorrelations of funds with shorter vs. longer redemption-notice periods. We also document significant positive return-autocorrelation in portfolios of securities that are generally considered less liquid, e.g., small-cap stocks, corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and emerging-market investments. Using a sample of 2,927 hedge funds, 15,654 mutual funds, and 100 size- and book-to-market-sorted portfolios of U.S. common stocks, we construct autocorrelation-sorted long/short portfolios and conclude that illiquidity premia are generally positive and significant, ranging from 2.74% to 9.91% per year among the various hedge funds and fixed-income mutual funds. We do not find evidence for this premium among equity and asset-allocation mutual funds, or among the 100 U.S. equity portfolios. The time variation in our aggregated illiquidity premium shows that while 1998 was a difficult year for most funds with large illiquidity exposure, the following four years yielded significantly higher illiquidity premia that led to greater competition in credit markets, contributing to much lower illiquidity premia in the years leading up to the Financial Crisis of 2007-2008.
Coating of crystalline nuclear waste forms to improve inertness

Microspheres of a crystalline waste form prepared by sol-gel processing were successfully coated with layers of pyrolytic carbon and silicon carbide to isolate the radioactive wastes from the biosphere. A separate process for cesium immobilization was developed which loads 5 wt% Cs onto zeolite particles for subsequent coating. Pyrolytic carbon-coated particles showed leach rates approx. =2 to 4 orders of magnitude less than the candidate reference borosilicate glass waste form. Aqueous leach-test results of coated waste forms were below detection limits of such sensitive analytical techniques as atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission. Significant progress was made in applying sol-gel and fluidized bed coating technology to the solidification of high-level nuclear wastes. The authors successfully prepared microspheres containing simulated wastes of Synroc-B, Synroc-D, a modified Synroc-D where alumina was previously removed from the waste, and a very high waste-loading composition containing 90% waste and 10% ZrO/sub 2/. Each of these compositions was sintered at 1000/sup 0/C and coated with pyrocarbon at temperatures as low as 1000/sup 0/C. Silicon carbide can be applied to these pyrocarbon-coated particles at temperatures as low as 900/sup 0/C for additional inertness or for oxidation resistance. Cesium was isolated by pyrocarbon-coating cesium-loaded zeolite. Pyrocarbonmore » and SiC coatings successfully reduced the leach rates to below detection limits.« less
A parallel algorithm for 3D dislocation dynamics

Dislocation dynamics (DD), a discrete dynamic simulation method in which dislocations are the fundamental entities, is a powerful tool for investigation of plasticity, deformation and fracture of materials at the micron length scale. However, severe computational difficulties arising from complex, long-range interactions between these curvilinear line defects limit the application of DD in the study of large-scale plastic deformation. We present here the development of a parallel algorithm for accelerated computer simulations of DD. By representing dislocations as a 3D set of dislocation particles, we show here that the problem of an interacting ensemble of dislocations can be converted to a problem of a particle ensemble, interacting with a long-range force field. A grid using binary space partitioning is constructed to keep track of node connectivity across domains. We demonstrate the computational efficiency of the parallel micro-plasticity code and discuss how O(N) methods map naturally onto the parallel data structure. Finally, we present results from applications of the parallel code to deformation in single crystal fcc metals.
The Effect of Marginal Tax Rates on Taxable Income: A Panel Study of The1986 Tax Reform Act

This paper reports new estimates of the sensitivity of taxable income to changes in tax rates based on a comparison of the tax returns of the same individual taxpayers before and after the 1986 tax reform. This comparison is done by using a panel of more than 4000 individual tax returns created by the Treasury that matches tax returns for the same taxpayers in different years. The analysis emphasizes that the response of taxable income is much more general than the response of traditional measures of labor supply and is likely to be much more sensitive to tax rates. The evidence shows a substantial response of taxable income to changes in marginal tax rates. The differences-of-differences calculations imply an elasticity of taxable income with respect to the marginal net-of-tax rate that is at least one and could be substantially higher. There is a brief discussion and simulation analysis of the implications of these estimates for the likely impact of the 1993 tax rate increases on tax revenues. Even the lowest estimated elasticity implies that the tax rate changes enacted in 1993 will lead to little additional personal income tax revenue.
The role of c-Myb and Sp1 in the up-regulation of methionine adenosyltransferase 2A gene expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver-specific and non-liver-specific methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) are products of two genes, MAT1A and MAT2A, respectively, that catalyze the formation of S-adenosylmethionine. We showed a switch from MAT1A to MAT2A expression at the transcriptional level in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that facilitates cancer cell growth. The purpose of the present study was to better understand the molecular mechanism of increased MAT2A expression in HCC. In vitro DNase I footprinting analysis revealed two protected sites (-354 to -312 and -73 to -28) using nuclear proteins from HCC and HepG2 cells, but not normal liver. These sites are also protected in HepG2 cells on in vivo DNase I footprinting analysis. These protected sites contain consensus binding sites for c-Myb and Sp1. In HCC, the mRNA levels of c-myb and Sp1 and binding to their respective sites increased. Mutation of the c-Myb or Sp1 site reduced MAT2A promoter activity by 67% and 50%, respectively. The importance of these cis-acting elements and trans-activating factors was confirmed using heterologous promoter and expression vectors. Increased expression of c-Myb and Sp1 and binding to the MAT2A promoter contribute to transcriptional up-regulation of MAT2A in HCC.-Yang, H., Huang, Z.-Z., Wang, J., Lu, S. C. The role of c-Myb and Sp1 in the up-regulation of methionine adenosyltransferase 2A gene expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Inhibition of ethylene action by 1-methylcyclopropene prolongs storage life of apricots.

Abstract ‘Perfection’ apricot fruit (Prunus armeniaca L.) were treated with 1 μl l−1 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) for 4 h at 20°C then stored at 0 or 20°C. The onset of ethylene production was delayed and respiration rate was reduced following MCP treatment. MCP treatment resulted in less firmness and titratable acidity loss during storage at both temperatures and delayed production of volatile alcohols and esters during ripening at 20°C. MCP treated fruit also exhibited less color change and were greener than controls. The effects of MCP were less pronounced following treatment of fruit at a more advanced stage of development.
The Rheological Properties of Suspensions of Rigid Particles

Experimental and theoretical work on the rheological properties of suspensions are reviewed. Attention is focused on systems consisting of rigid, neutrally buoyant particles suspended in Newtonian fluids; no restrictions, however, are placed on the concentration of the particles or on the forces acting in the suspension. The assumption that an effective viscosity depending solely on the volume fraction of the particles suffices to describe the rheology of suspensions is examined and shown to be inadequate. Indeed, the experimental evidence strongly supports the view that suspensions behave macroscopically as non-Newtonian fluids whose rheological properties are influenced by a large number of factors; these factors are listed. The various theories that have been put forward to explain the flow of suspensions are discussed, with particular emphasis placed on the nature of the approximations made, so that purely empirical formulas can be clearly separated from those having a theoretical basis. Suggestions for future work, both theoretical and experimental, are provided.
CAEMEMS: an integrated computer-aided engineering workbench for micro-electro-mechanical systems

A summary of a proposed computer-aided engineering system for micro-electro-mechanical systems is presented. The system will take advantage of existing high-level integrated mechanical engineering software tools and add application-specific software for the system to function as a MEMS-specific designers' workbench environment. The system, called CAEMEMS, will include database structures (MEMS Databases); a process modeler that can model MEMS-relevant process sequences (MEMS CAD); and a device modeler that can perform finite-element simulations, link individual devices together through appropriate matrix operations, and perform simulations of entire mechanical systems (MEMS Sim). >
A hypergraph extension of Turán's theorem

Abstract Fix l ⩾ r ⩾ 2 . Let H l + 1 ( r ) be the r -uniform hypergraph obtained from the complete graph K l + 1 by enlarging each edge with a set of r - 2 new vertices. Thus H l + 1 ( r ) has ( r - 2 ) l + 1 2 + l + 1 vertices and l + 1 2 edges. We prove that the maximum number of edges in an n -vertex r -uniform hypergraph containing no copy of H l + 1 ( r ) is ( l ) r l r n r + o ( n r ) as n → ∞ . This is the first infinite family of irreducible r -uniform hypergraphs for each odd r > 2 whose Turan density is determined. Along the way, we give three proofs of a hypergraph generalization of Turan's theorem. We also prove a stability theorem for hypergraphs, analogous to the Simonovits stability theorem for complete graphs.
Pituitary and testicular function in growth hormone receptor gene knockout mice.

The role of GH in the control of pituitary and testicular function is poorly understood. GH receptor gene knockout (GHR-KO) mice were recently produced. As these mice are good experimental animals to assess the influence of the effects of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), the present studies were undertaken. Young adult male GHR-KO mice and their normal siblings were tested for fertility and subsequently injected (ip) with saline or GnRH (1 ng/g BW) in saline. Fifteen minutes later, blood was obtained via heart puncture. Plasma IGF-I, PRL, LH, and testosterone concentrations were measured by RIAs. In addition, the testicular testosterone response to LH treatment was evaluated in vitro. The results indicate that the absence of GH receptors (GHRs) was associated with an increase (P < 0.005) in plasma PRL levels, and circulating IGF-I was not detectable. Although the basal plasma LH levels were similar in GHR-KO mice relative to those in their normal siblings, the circulating LH response to GnRH t...
Mode-mixity-dependent adhesive contact of a sphere on a plane surface

Tangential loading in the presence of adhesion is highly relevant to biological locomotion, but mixed-mode contact of biological materials or similar soft elastomers remains to be well understood. To better capture the effects of dissipation in such contact problems owing to viscoelasticity or irreversible interfacial adhesive processes, a model is developed for the combined adhesive and tangential loading of a rigid sphere on a flat half-space which incorporates a phenomenological model of energy dissipation in the form of increased effective work of adhesion with increasing degree of mode mixity. To verify the model, contact experiments are performed on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples using a custom-built microtribometer. Measurements of contact area during mixed normal/tangential loading indicate that the strong dependence of the effective work of adhesion upon mode mixity can be captured effectively by the phenomenological model in the regime where the contact area stayed circular and the slip was negligible. Rate effects were seen to be described by a power-law dependence upon the crack front velocity, similar to observations of rate-dependent contact seen for pure normal loading.
“Making the Readings Come to Life”: Expanding Notions of Language Arts at Freedom School

The Children's Defense Fund Freedom Schools provide literacy-rich, summer experiences for both the K-12 children they serve and the servant-leader interns who serve as teachers. In this article, the author expands upon the scholarship of preparing teachers to be culturally responsive pedagogues of language arts instruction by illuminating components of the Freedom Schools' curriculum, teacher-activist preparation, and the servant-leader interns' perceptions of language arts. The preparation of the interns as teacher-activists provided opportunities that allowed for the cultivation of knowledge, skills, and dispositions needed to use language arts as a transformative vehicle for social, cultural, and historical awareness as well as social action.
The origin of graben and ridges in Rachmaninoff, Raditladi, and Mozart basins, Mercury

the basin floor, and (3) subsidence following volcanic loading. Our results suggest that only thermal contraction can account for the observed pattern of graben, whereas some combination of subsidence and global contraction is the most likely explanation for the central ridges in Rachmaninoff and Mozart. Thermal contraction models, however, predict the formation of graben in the centermost region of each basin, where no graben are observed. We hypothesize that graben in this region were buried by a thin, late-stage flow of plains material, and images of partially filled graben provide evidence of such late-stage plains emplacement. These results suggest that the smooth plains units in these three basins are volcanic in origin. The thermal contraction models also imply a cooling unit ~1km thick near the basin center, further supporting the view that plains-forming lavas on Mercury were often of sufficiently high volume and low viscosity to pool to substantial thicknesses within basins and craters.
Contentious Feedback in Cellular Systems

We consider the problem of counting mobile stations based on feedback they provide. For this problem we propose an anonymous contentious feedback mechanism which permits efficient counting and relate the resulting estimation problem to a well know combinatorial problem of "coupon collection." Using this relationship, we analyze the estimation problem in an idealized setting. We find the ML estimator and demonstrate that it is inappropriate in this setting. We then propose an estimator which is shown to achieve good performance over a large range of parameters.
Reorganization of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Development of Ca2+ Release Mechanisms During Meiotic Maturation of Human Oocytes

Oocyte maturation in rodents is characterized by a dramatic reorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and an increase in the ability of an oocyte to release Ca(2+) in response to fertilization or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)). We examined if human oocytes undergo similar changes during cytoplasmic meiotic maturation both in vivo and in vitro. Immature, germinal vesicle (GV)-stage oocytes had a fine network of ER throughout the cortex and interior, whereas the ER in the in vivo-matured, metaphase II oocytes was organized in large (diameter, ∼2-3 μm) accumulations throughout the cortex and interior. Likewise, oocytes matured in vitro exhibited cortical and interior clusters with no apparent polarity in regard to the meiotic spindle. In vivo-matured oocytes contained approximately 1.5-fold the amount of IP(3) receptor protein and released significantly more Ca(2+) in response to IP(3) compared with GV-stage oocytes; however, oocytes matured in vitro did not contain more IP(3) receptor protein or release more Ca(2+) in response to IP(3) compared with GV-stage oocytes. These results show that at least one cytoplasmic change occurs during in vitro maturation of human oocytes that might be important for fertilization and subsequent embryonic development, but they suggest that a low developmental competence of in vitro-matured oocytes could be the result of deficiencies in the ability to release Ca(2+) at fertilization.
Defining characteristics of early adopters of multimodality cardiovascular imaging.

Background The prototype for the cardiovascular imager has evolved to necessitate some degree of competency in multimodality imaging (MMI)—defined as expertise in at least 2 of the 4 modalities (echocardiography [ECHO], nuclear cardiology [NUC], cardiovascular computed tomography [CCT], and magnetic resonance [CMR]). Uncertainty exists about the effects of this change. Methods Information detailing the current totals of board-certified practitioners in MMI was collected and organized into groups of 1, 2, and 3 modalities. A randomized stratified sample of names was obtained to identify a representative 10% of each group. Those names were cross-referenced online with information from state medical boards, faculty rosters of academic medical centers, and physician tracking Websites. Results There are a total of 2209 board-certified MMI practitioners (2 modalities = 1885, 3 modalities = 324) and 6450 single-modality imagers in the United States. Of those sampled, 98.9% were cardiologists, 31.3% were at academic medical centers and mean time from medical school graduation was 17.75 years. MMI practitioners were more likely to have graduated from medical school more recently (P < 0.0001) and to be trained cardiologists (P = 0.003) than those who practice in a single modality. There was a nonsignificant trend toward MMI being practiced more commonly in an academic setting (P = 0.38). Conclusion Board-certified specialists in MMI tend to be younger cardiologists than those engaged in single-modality cardiac imaging. There are few advanced (3 modality) MMI practitioners in the United States.
Transcatheter pulmonary valve implants: the unchained Melody.

Andersen patented his concept for transcatheter valve implantation in the early 1990s, 10 years prior to Phillip Bonhoeffer implanting the first valve in a human subject [(1)][1]; it was not in the aortic valve, as intended by the inventor, but in the pulmonary position. This occurred 2 years before
Reframing the Mandatory Versus Voluntary Debate in Advancing Labor, Environmental and Human Rights Protection

The structure of this paper is as follows. First, I analyze what is meant by corporate social responsibility and the nature of the evils that proponents of corporate social responsibility seek to address. Second, I hypothesize the nature of the potential governance arrangements that can be constructed to deal with these concerns. I argue that those governance arrangements are global and that a refined understanding of the changing nature of the state in the contemporary world can help illustrate the precise way in which the notion of global governance should be conceived. To understand the precise configurations for these governance arrangements, I draw from the emerging field of global administrative law. In this context, I argue for a more balanced assessment of the relative contributions of state and non-state actors to the emerging institutional frameworks surrounding issues of corporate social responsibility. Based on this analysis, I suggest that the notion of corporate social responsibility as used in relation to efforts to curtail labor, environmental, and human rights abuses is no longer meaningful and is of little utility in developing a program of work designed to reduce the incidence of such conduct globally.
A Sacred Code: Mormon Temple Dedications, 1836-2000

This paper presents a statistical content analysis of the temple dedication prayers of the first one hundred Latter-day Saint temples. The most prominent changes over the approximately 150 years represented are the abbreviation and codification of prayers. The formalization process, spearheaded by church president Gordon B. Hinckley, has separated the prayers somewhat from their nineteenth-century origins while making them more consistent with other Latter-day Saint ritual prayers.
On Reviewing and Writing a Scholarly Article.

This article provides guidelines for reviewing and writing scholarly articles for the professional who reads and writes them for his/her own work and/or for publication in scientific journals. It outlines the purpose and contents of each section of a research article and provides a checklist for reviewing and writing a research article. This article is intended for use by authors, reviewers, Extension workers, graduate students, and neophyte scientists when reviewing and writing a scholarly article. The reviewer has the responsibility to determine and demand quality, and by doing so quality will result.
Increasing the effectiveness of religious freedom advocacy : a perspective from the U.S.

For the United States and its Western allies religious freedom is a fundamental right, inextricably linked to a variety of other notions of freedom. Although surveys indicate that citizens around the world aspire to some form of religious liberty, nonetheless it and other human rights are constrained for at least 60% of the world's population. Since 1998 the U.S. has committed itself to championing the religious liberty of people around the world, but at the same time indicators by Freedom House and other organizations suggest the world is becoming "less free." With this context in mind, the U.S. and its partners need to redesign a forward-looking strategy of religious freedom advocacy that includes, at a minimum, developing an academic sub-discipline of international religious freedom studies, engaging big business, and building partnerships with other governments.
Physiological and hormonal responses of lambs repeatedly implanted with zeranol and provided two levels of feed intake.

Forty crossbred wethers (average weight 30 kg) were implanted with zeranol (12 mg) at 30-d intervals and fed at two levels of intake in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine performance, carcass and bone characteristics, blood metabolites, and hormones. Restricted lambs were fed to gain one-half the BW gained by lambs with ad libitum feed access. Lambs with ad libitum and restricted access to feed were slaughtered after 98 and 154 d, respectively. Zeranol increased ADG ( P =.047 ; 20%), gain to feed ( P =.023 ; 17%), metacarpal length (P =.004 ; 6%) and weight (P =.013 ; 13%), and tended to increase carcass crude protein gain (P = .106 ; 63%) while reducing kidney pelvic fat (P =.001 ; 33%) and dressing percentage (P =.038 ; 3%). Restricted feed intake increased the percentage of carcass ash and metacarpal length and weight by 27% (P =.048), 5% (P =.006), and 10% (P =.045), respectively, while reducing quality grade scores ( P = .022 ; 5%), gain to feed (P =.001 ; 49%), longissimus muscle area ( P =.001 ; 28%), the percentage of kidney pelvic fat (P =.033 ; 13%), and daily fat gain (P = .001 ; 54%). Zeranol increased pituitary weight (P = .001 ; 166%), plasma glucose (P =.036 ; 13%), mean serum growth hormone (GH ; P =.011 ; 52%), baseline GH (P =.048 ; 34%), GH pulse amplitude (P =.003 ; 59%), and IGF-I (P =.001 ; 53%) concentrations. The results indicate that continuous administration of zeranol from 60 d of age to slaughter increases GH release, which directs nutrient utilization such that a carcass with more desirable lean and fat deposition patterns is obtained when nutrient availability is adequate.
Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded from the parasylvian cortex in humans

Lenz, F. A., M. Rios, D. Chau, G. L. Krauss, T. A. Zirh, and R. P. Lesser. Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded from the parasylvian cortex in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2077–2088, 1998. Cut...
Decision-making errors in anesthesiology.

Cognitive error is a term used to define a faulty thought process, as opposed to a gap in knowledge or a deficiency in technical skills. Faulty thought processes and preferences are important factors in medical decision-making mistakes. Although many authors have used traditional human factor paradigms to classify errors, the application of decisionmaking psychology in the specialty of anesthesiology is advancement in the understanding of error cause, prevention, and recovery. Decisionmaking psychology seeks to explain the human factor components that occur, despite skill, knowledge, and good intentions. Latent conditions have been defined by Reason as gaps that are present in a system and ultimately allow an adverse event to take place. Therefore, latent conditions should represent the primary targets of any safety management system. We believe that cognitive errors are caused by deeply ingrained and subconscious thought processes and should therefore be viewed as latent conditions that can be targeted and minimized. Many catalogs of biases and cognitive errors have appeared in the popular press; they sometimes vary in their precise definitions and are often perceived to be overlapping or redundant. It seems unlikely that strict terminology will be agreed upon, but this is less important than a general understanding of thought process pitfalls. This chapter explores principles of cognitive behavior and specific cognitive errors that are likely to be responsible for anesthesiologists’ mistakes.
Renal excretion of vitamin B12 and its use in measurement of glomerular filtration rate in man.

Abstract In physiologic amounts vitamin B 12 was firmly bound by plasma proteins. When the binding sites were saturated by addition of vitamin B 12 the renal excretion of free (dialyzable) vitamin was by glomerular filtration, without evidence of either tubular secretion or reabsorption. In patients with normal renal function as well as in those with severely impaired function, the ratio of the clearance of free Co 57 vitamin B 12 to the clearance of inulin was 0.99 ± 0.8 (mean ± 1 S.D.). Stop-flow studies in dogs during the simultaneous infusion of inulin and Co 57 vitamin B 12 indicated that vitamin B 12 was not secreted or reabsorbed by the renal tubules. A lack of tubular secretion of vitamin B 12 was demonstrated in the aglomerular toadfish. Total body counting of fish injected with 2000 μg of Co 60 -labeled vitamin B 12 revealed that 94 per cent was retained after 38 days. Measurement of the radioactive vitamin B 12 clearance provided a simple and accurate method for determining the glomerular filtration rate in man. By presaturating the B 12 binding sites with stable vitamin B 12 and infusing the radiovitamin with a low specific activity (1 μc per 2000 μg) plasma protein binding of the radiovitamin was sufficiently low (8 per cent) that the glomerular filtration rate could be accurately measured even without dialysis of the plasma samples. Radiation exposure from the procedure was minimal, and counting of the plasma and urine samples could be performed readily in standard radiation detection equipment.
Sensitivity of imatinib-resistant T315I BCR-ABL CML to a synergistic combination of ponatinib and forskolin treatment

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically improved the life expectancy of patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); however, patients will eventually develop resistance to TKI therapy or adverse side effects due to secondary off-target mechanisms associated with TKIs. CML patients exhibiting TKI resistance are at greater risk of developing an aggressive and drug-insensitive disease. Drug-resistant CML typically arises in response to spontaneous mutations within the drug binding sites of the targeted oncoproteins. To better understand the mechanism of drug resistance in TKI-resistant CML patients, the BCR-ABL transformed cell line KCL22 was grown with increasing concentrations of imatinib for a period of 6 weeks. Subsequently, a drug-resistant derivative of the parental KCL22 cell line harboring the T315I gatekeeper mutation was isolated and investigated for TKI drug sensitivity via multi-agent drug screens. A synergistic combination of ponatinib- and forskolin-reduced cell viability was identified in this clinically relevant imatinib-resistant CML cell line, which also proved efficacious in other CML cell lines. In summary, this study provides new insight into the biological underpinnings of BCR-ABL-driven CML and potential rationale for investigating novel treatment strategies for patients with T315I CML.
Trap analysis in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using indirect and direct methods

AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are important for high-frequency RF communication systems. However free carrier traps in the HEMTs caused by material growth issues, material interfaces, and processing issues reduce the device performance and life. We analyzed the switching performance of HEMTs and investigated locating and quantifying the traps involved. Results from multiple samples will be provided for comparisons.
Portfolio-Associated Faculty: A Qualitative Analysis of Successful Behaviors from the Perspective of the Student

Purpose. While some aspects of what makes for an effective portfolio program are known, little is published about what students value in the faculty-student-portfolio relationship. Lack of student buy-in and faculty engagement can be significant challenges. The purpose of this study was to identify behaviors and types of engagement that students value in their relationships with portfolio-associated faculty. Methods. Medical students (174) participating in the Ohio State University College of Medicine Portfolio Program described behaviors observed in their portfolio-associated faculty in a survey completed at the end of the first year of their four-year program. Narrative responses were coded and categorized into themes, followed by member checking. Results. A total of 324 comments from 169 students were analyzed. Four themes were identified: (1) creating a supportive environment; (2) inspiring academic and professional growth; (3) investing time in students; and (4) providing advice and direction. Conclusions. The themes identified suggest that students value certain types of coaching and mentoring behaviors from their portfolio-associated faculty. The themes and their specific subcategories may be useful in making decisions regarding program development and guiding recruitment and training of these faculty coaches.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WEATHER FACTORS, SOURCE OF SAMPLE, COMPOSITION OF MILK, AND FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

Changes in composition of milks from individual cows did not always respond to differences in atmospheric conditions to the same extent as did herd milk. Milk from individual cows tended to have a lower chloride concentration because of conditions related to wet bulb temperature than did herd milk. Caution should be used in translating results from individual cow's milk to herd milk.
Evaluation of Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

tudy Objectives The primary objective was to determine the impact of hematologic malignancies and/or conditioning regimens on the risk of developing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Secondary objectives were to determine if traditional CDI risk factors applied to patients undergoing HSCT and to determine the presence of CDI markers of severity of illness among this patient population. Design Single-center, retrospective, case-control study. Setting Quaternary care, academic medical center. Patients One hundred five patients who underwent HSCT between December 2009 and December 2014; of these patients, 35 developed an initial episode of CDI (HSCT/CDI group [cases]), and 70 did not (controls). Controls were matched in a 2:1 ratio to cases based on age (± 10 years) and date of HSCT (± 6 months). Measurements and Main Results Baseline characteristics of the two groups were well balanced regarding age, sex, race, ethnicity, and type of HSCT. No significant differences in conditioning regimen, hematologic malignancy, total body irradiation received for HSCT, use of antibiotics within 60 days of HSCT, or use of prophylactic antibiotics after HSCT were noted between the two groups. Patients in the control group were 10.57 (95% CI 1.24 – 492.75) more likely to have received corticosteroids prior to HSCT than patients in the HSCT/CDI group (p=0.01). Use of proton pump inhibitors at the time of HSCT was greater among the control group than among patients in the HSCT/CDI group (97% vs 86%, p=0.048). No significant difference in mortality was noted between the groups at 3, 6, and 12 months after HSCT. Metronidazole was frequently prescribed for patients in HSCT/CDI group (34 patients [97%]). Severe CDI was not common among patients within the HSCT/CDI group (13 patients [37%]), but vancomycin was infrequently prescribed for these patients ([31%] 4/13 patients). Conclusion Hematologic malignancies and conditioning regimen administered for HSCT were not significant risk factors for the development of CDI after HSCT. Use of corticosteroids prior to HSCT and use of proton pump inhibitors at the time of HSCT were associated with significantly decreased risk of CDI. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of a 16-Week High-Intensity Cardioresistance Training Program in Adults

Greenlee, TA, Greene, DR, Ward, NJ, Reeser, GE, Allen, CM, Baumgartner, NW, Cohen, NJ, Kramer, AF, Hillman, CH, and Barbey, AK. Effectiveness of a 16-week high-intensity cardioresistance training program in adults. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2528-2541, 2017-The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel, 16-week high-intensity cardioresistance training (HICRT) program on measures of aerobic fitness, agility, aerobic power, muscular endurance, lower-body explosive power, and self-reported activity level. The intervention group (N = 129; 63 f, 24.65 ± 5.55 years) had a baseline V[Combining Dot Above]O2max of 39.83 ± 9.13. These individuals participated in 26, 70-minute exercise sessions, and 4 fitness testing sessions. Participants were matched with a nonexercise control group, paired by sex, age, and baseline V[Combining Dot Above]O2max. Matched controls (N = 129, 63 f, 24.26 ± 5.59 years) had a baseline V[Combining Dot Above]O2max of 39.86 ± 8.59 and completed preintervention and postintervention V[Combining Dot Above]O2max testing only. The results demonstrate that participants in the fitness intervention group significantly increased their V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (2.72 ± 0.31, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001) and reported being more physically active (0.42 ± 0.11, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001) after the intervention. The matched control group showed no significant pre-post intervention changes. Participants in the fitness intervention showed a significant improvement in 3 of 5 components of the fitness field tests. Specifically, significant improvements were observed for the 1-minute rower (5.32 ± 0.505, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001), 1-minute push-up (8.168 ± 0.709, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001), and 1.5-mile run tests (1.79 ± 0.169, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001). No significant improvements were observed for the shuttle run (p = 0.173) or standing long jump (p = 0.137). These findings demonstrate the efficacy of a novel, HICRT intervention across multiple dimensions of fitness for young- and middle-aged adults. High-intensity cardioresistance training affords flexibility for tailoring to meet desired health and fitness outcomes and makes perceivably daunting high-intensity functional training and multimodal sports training more accessible to general, traditionally nonathletic, populations.
Autonomous system ranking by topological characteristics: A comparative study

The Internet is a highly engineered, large scale complex system serving billions of people worldwide. The whole system is formed by tens of thousands of autonomous networks owned by a different organizations. These autonomous networks are connected to each other through hundreds of thousands of relations which reflect the business partnerships among the network operators as well as the traffic routing in the Internet. Ranking ASes by their topological characteristics allow us to acquire immediate insight on the complex structure of the Internet and make decisions based on various criteria. In this study we compare and contrast six different AS ranking schemes based on the topological features of the ASes: customer degree, provider degree, peer degree, customer-cone size, alpha centrality and betweenness centrality. We report varying levels of agreement/disagreement among the ranking schemes and show that selecting multiple ranking schemes might be necessary to gain a diverse insight on the topology.
Effect of home exposure to Staphylococcus aureus on asthma in adolescents.

This is the first study to find that environmental Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins in a national population of inner-city adolescents with asthma are common and have the potential to drive asthma symptoms.