cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunological Techniques in Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy Applied to Skeletal Muscle Fibers

The sections in this article are: 1 Myofibrillar Proteins 1.1 A Band 1.2 M Band 1.3 I Band 1.4 Z Band 2 Nonmyofibrillar Proteins
Global Positioning System and solar radio burst forensics

[1] On 6 December 2006, a solar radio burst associated with a class X6 solar flare demonstrated that GPS receiver operation is vulnerable to solar radio burst noise at 1.2 GHz and 1.6 GHz. Within 8 days, two more solar radio bursts confirmed the initial results. These solar radio bursts occurred at solar minimum when they were least expected. Given that measurements of solar radio bursts extend back to at least 1960, why did 40 years pass before anyone realized that solar radio bursts could be so intense or pose a potential threat to the continuous availability of GPS operations? An investigation has been conducted to see if archived solar radio burst data or GPS data could be used to detect intense solar radio bursts. With the exception of the intense solar radio bursts of December 2006, we find that when both GPS data and Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) data are available, they agree within the limits presented by differing reception frequencies and unknown polarization. However, inconsistencies and lapses within the RSTN data set were also discovered, making it unlikely that we will ever know the true number of intense (>150,000 solar flux unit) solar radio bursts that may have occurred during the last 40 years.
The attitudes of juveniles toward the police

The relationship between race and attitudes toward the police has been the subject of numerous studies since the, 1960s. Unfortunately, only a limited number of studies have addressed this relationship as it applies to juveniles. The present study, using survey responses from 852 public high school students in a large metropolitan area, compares the attitudes of black and white teenagers. We find that the overall attitudes of black and white juveniles toward police performance are significantly different from one another, while their evaluations of officer performance during personal encounters are more similar.
Pediatrics and the Unwanted Child in History: Foundling Homes, Disease, and the Origins of Foster Care in New York City, 1860 to 1920

In recent years, America9s present means of providing for unwanted children, the foster care system, has come under severe criticism from many child-serving professional groups. The Committee on Adoption and Dependent Children of the American Academy of Pediatrics notes that children in foster care are not likely to receive routine health care, such as immunizations and screening for hypertension, dental caries, or vision or hearing problems.1 Yet these vulnerable children frequently have significant health problems, and they may require more medical attention than the average child. In Massachusetts, 33% of the children in foster care have emotional handicaps, 13% suffer from serious physical illnesses, 19% are mentally retarded, and 15% have multiple handicaps.2 Children in foster care often lack a single health provider and they have few health advocates. Despite criticism from pediatricians about the sorry state of health care provided to these children, pediatricians frequently find themselves in the uneasy position of recommending foster care placement to social service workers in intransigent cases of child abuse and neglect. Child psychiatrists, such as Anna Freud and Albert Solnit, have joined pediatricians in criticizing foster care. They point out that a child cannot develop emotionally in a rotating system of foster homes. With each move, the foster child becomes less open, attachments less intense. As a result, children emerge from foster care with significant emotional handicaps.3 Social workers, those professionals who work most closely with unwanted children, have added to the chorus of concern over foster care. They point to the difficulty of early identification of the family in trouble and then successful intervention.
Are children with Angelman syndrome at high risk for anesthetic complications

Summary Objectives/Aims: To review seven children with Angelman syndrome (AS) undergoing 16 general anesthetics for both invasive and noninvasive procedures to determine if these children are at greater risk for anesthetic-related complications than the general population. Background: Children with AS may exhibit unpredictable responses to GABA agonists because of abnormal GABA receptors. These abnormal receptors may affect AS patients' responses to sedation and general anesthesia. Methods: The study design was a retrospective chart review of seven patients with AS who underwent a total of 16 general anesthetics for a variety of invasive and noninvasive procedures between the years 4/25/2005 and 12/31/2010. We reviewed the preoperative orders, anesthesia record and PACU records for preoperative medication orders and intraoperative and PACU adverse events. Results: We could not find documentation of complications attributed to the delivery of general anesthesia regardless of chromosomal defect, the use of GABA activating drugs, or a history of seizures. Six patients received a propofol-based anesthetic while 10 patients received potent inhalation agent for anesthetic maintenance. There were no statistical differences between the PACU lengths of stay (LOS) for AS patients as compared to the average PACU LOS for the 60 969 postprocedure patients cared for between 1/1/06 through 12/31/10. Conclusions: We found no data to suggest that these patients demonstrate exaggerated responses to GABA stimulating drugs. In fact, it appears that regardless of the anesthetic agent, the perioperative course was unremarkable.
Abstract C184: A small molecule FAK inhibitor increases the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil.

Introduction: Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in colon cancer progression. We have shown that SW620 colon cancer cells express both FAK and activated (phosphorylated) Y397 FAK. 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride (Y15) is a small molecule FAK inhibitor that decreases cell viability and tumor growth in vivo. Because chemotherapy for colon cancer is based upon regimens containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), we hypothesized that combining Y15 with 5-FU would synergistically inhibit colon cancer cell viability and growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods: SW620, SW480 and HCT116 colon cancer cells grown in culture were treated with Y15 and 5-FU alone and in combination. In vitro viability was assessed with an MTT assay. To test the in vivo affects of these agents, SW620 cells were injected into the flank of female nude mice. The mice were then treated with either Y15 (100mg/kg oral gavage), 5-FU (30mg/kg intraperitoneal injection), combination Y15+5-FU, or PBS control (30mg/kg intraperitoneal injection). Tumors were measured with calipers every 3 days and tumor volumes calculated. Results: MTT assays demonstrated synergistic inhibition of cell viability with combination Y15+5-FU treatment. The viability of SW620 cells treated with 2microM of Y15 and 50microM of 5-FU was significantly less than that of cells treated with either agent alone (p Conclusions: The small molecule FAK inhibitor, Y15, increases the cytotoxic activity of 5-FU against colon cancer cells in vitro. In vivo, at a dose where neither agent decreases tumor growth, the combination of Y15 and 5-FU significantly inhibits tumor growth. These data suggest that Y15 augments the effect of 5-FU and suggests that the addition of this small molecule FAK inhibitor may be a good therapeutic adjunct for treating colon cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C184.
Influence of two growing seasons of experimental ozone fumigation on photosynthetic characteristics of white oak seedlings.

Abstract White oak (Quercus alba L.) seedlings were exposed to charcoal-filtered air or to above-ambient ozone concentrations for 19–20 weeks during each of two growing seasons in continuously stirred tank reactors in greenhouses. Ozone treatments were 0·15 ppm (300 μg m−3) for 8 h day−1, 3 days week−1 in 1988, and continuous 15% above ambient in 1989. The seedlings were grown in forest soil watered twice weekly with simulated rain of pH 5·2. Responses of net photosynthesis to photosynthetically active radiation and intercellular CO2 concentration were measured three times each year. There were no significant differences in light-saturated net photosynthesis or stomatal conductance, dark respiration, quantum or carboxylation efficiencies, and light or CO2 compensation points on any date between control and ozone-exposed seedlings.
Preparation of ultrathin polyethylene foils by film casting.

A procedure for making normal and deuterated polyethylene foils with a thickness of 0.02 to 2 μm by the film casting method is described. The thickness of the foils is controlled by the concentration and temperature of the solution, and the quality is determined by the uniformity of temperature and rate of solution drainage.
Functional mimic of dioxygen-activating centers in non-heme diiron enzymes: mechanistic implications of paramagnetic intermediates in the reactions between diiron(II) complexes and dioxygen.

Two tetracarboxylate diiron(II) complexes, [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2(C5H5N)2] (1a) and [Fe2(μ-O2CArTol)4(4-tBuC5H4N)2] (2a), where ArTolCO2- = 2,6-di(p-tolyl)benzoate, react with O2 in CH2Cl2 at −78 °C to afford dark green intermediates 1b (λmax ≅ 660 nm; e = 1600 M-1 cm-1) and 2b (λmax ≅ 670 nm; e = 1700 M-1 cm-1), respectively. Upon warming to room temperature, the solutions turn yellow, ultimately converting to isolable diiron(III) compounds [Fe2(μ-OH)2(μ-O2CArTol)2(O2CArTol)2L2] (L = C5H5N (1c), 4-tBuC5H4N (2c)). EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopic studies revealed the presence of equimolar amounts of valence-delocalized FeIIFeIII and valence-trapped FeIIIFeIV species as major components of solution 2b. The spectroscopic and reactivity properties of the FeIIIFeIV species are similar to those of the intermediate X in the RNR−R2 catalytic cycle. EPR kinetic studies revealed that the processes leading to the formation of these two distinctive paramagnetic components are coupled to one another. A mechanism...
Evolution of extreme specialization within a lineage of ectomycorrhizal epiparasites

MONOTROPES (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) are achlorophyllous, epiparasitic plants that receive all of their fixed carbon from green plants through a common ectomycorrhizal association rather than by a direct parasitic connection (Fig. 1)1,2. Using molecular identification methods we show that some monotropes are highly specific in their fungal associations and at least one species, Pterosporo andromedea is specialized on a single species group within the genus Rhizopogon. Phylogenetic analysis of the Monotropoideae shows that specialization has been derived through narrowing of fungal associations within the lineage containing P. andromedea. High specificity is contrary to past predictions for the Monotropoideae and for plant communities in general, raising many questions about the roles of mycorrhizal specificity in ecosystem function.
The composition of seed banks on kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) mounds in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland

Disturbance is a major factor determining the plant community structure of ecological systems. In particular, small-scale disturbances from animals can increase heterogeneity and species diversity in plant communities. Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) mounds are small-scale disturbances that support unique plant communities compared to surrounding habitats. The seed bank, which is usually an overlooked part of plant communities, is an important trait of some plant species that allows for their persistence in unpredictable environments. To further understand how small-scale disturbances by kangaroo rats affect the plant community in Chihuahuan Desert grassland, we studied the composition of the seed bank for eight forb taxa on and off kangaroo rat mounds. Kangaroo rat mounds accumulated more seeds and supported different seed compositions than the adjacent grassland. Also, kangaroo rat mounds had different microhabitats than areas away from the mound. This suggests that kangaroo rat mounds facilitate some plant species by providing microhabitats that contain ‘safe sites’ for seeds to accumulate where adult plant populations can establish and colonize thus increasing plant diversity and altering plant structure in communities.
Effects of Multiple Scattering on Coda Waves in Three-Dimensional Medium

The contribution of multiple scattering to the coda waves for three-dimensional elastic medium is investigated by extending the computational procedures developed earlier for the two-dimensional medium. It is shown that the effects of multiple scattering start to become important at a shorter lapse time,t c = 0.65(n 0σu)−1, than in the two-dimensional case (t c = 0.8(n 0σu)−1).
Visible and FTIR microscopic observation of bisthiourea ionophore aggregates in ion-selective electrode membranes

Since conventional response models for ionophore-based ISEs are based on the assumption of a homogeneous membrane phase, they cannot accurately predict the response of membranes containing self-aggregating ionophores. However, meaningful conclusions about the relationship between ionophore structure and potentiometric responses can only be drawn if ionophore aggregation is properly recognized. This study demonstrates that dark field visible microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy are valuable tools for the observation of such ionophore self-aggregation and, thereby, the development of new ionophore-based ISEs. Sulfate selective electrodes with solvent polymeric membranes containing bisthiourea ionophores that differ only by peripheral nonpolar substituents were shown to exhibit very different interferences from the sample pH. On one hand, optimized electrodes based on an ionophore with a phenyl substituent on each thiourea group (1) do not respond to pH at all and function well as sulfate-selective electrodes. On the other hand, membranes containing a more lipophilic ionophore with two additional hexyl-substituted adamantyl groups (2) exhibit severe pH interference at pH values as low as pH 5. The observation of membranes containing ionophore 2 with dark field visible microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy shows supramolecular aggregation, and explains the startling difference between the potentiometric responses of the two types of electrodes.
Graphitized activated carbon based on big bluestem as an electrode for supercapacitors

Activated carbon based on biochar is an attractive material for energy storage in terms of its high specific capacitance and low cost. The activated carbon samples were based on big bluestem biochar, which is the waste from a thermochemical process optimized for bio-oil production. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide were used as reagents to obtain the activated carbon samples. The surface area and pore structure of the activated carbon, characterized by the N2 adsorption–desorption method, were firmly in conjunction with those of the reagents. The high specific surface area (2490 m2 g−1) of the activated carbon was achieved by the activation of potassium hydroxide. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to test the microstructure and crystallographic orientation of the carbon samples. Concerning the G band (1580 cm−1) and the ratio of this with the D band (1338 cm−1), which was 0.55, the Raman spectrum indicated that the potassium hydroxide activated carbon sample contained sp2 carbon. The 2D (2680 cm−1) band showed that this activated carbon has similar properties to multilayer graphene. The cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were measured after the activated carbon was assembled into supercapacitors. The potassium hydroxide activated carbon sample presented a high specific capacitance of 283 F g−1, and a relatively low inner resistance of 2 ohm.
A characterization of supersymmetric polynomials

Soit T(m,n) l'ensemble des polynomes supersymetriques dans F [x 1 ,...,x m ,y 1 ,...,y n ]. Pour r≥1 on definit σ m,n (r) =(x 1 r +x 2 r +...+x m r )−(y 1 r +y r +...+y n r ). Soit S(m,n) la sous algebre de T(m,n) generee par 1 et σ m,n (r) (r≥1). On demontre que S(m,n)=T(m,n)
The Bid to Transcend Popper, and the Lakatos-Polanyi Connection

Lakatos is considered to be a Popperian who adapted his Hegelian-Marxist training to critical philosophy. I claim this is too narrow and misses Lakatos' goal of understanding scientific inquiry as heuristic inquiry—something he did not find in Popper, but found in Polanyi. Archival material shows that his ‘new method’ struggled to overcome what he saw as the Popperian handicap, by using Polanyi.
O31. Genetic analysis of Hippo signaling in mammalian organ size regulation and tumorigenesis

The Hippo signaling pathway was identified through genetic screens in Drosophila that were designed to identify novel genes involved in organ size control. In flies, mutations in core components of the Hippo signaling pathway, including the serine-threonine kinases Hippo and Warts lead to tissue overgrowth, in part by enhancing proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Direct orthologs of these and other core Hippo signaling components are found in mammals and they have been shown to function in an analogous kinase cascade to inhibit the activity of Yap and Taz, transcriptional co-activators orthologous to Drosophila yorkie. Despite conservation at the biochemical level, little is known about the requirements for core Hippo signaling pathway components in mammalian growth control. Here we describe our recent studies that employ conditional mutagenesis to delineate essential requirements for core Hippo signaling components in mammalian organ size regulation and in tumor suppression.
A big band nucleosynthesis likelihood analysis of the baryon-to-photon ratio and the number of light particle degrees of freedom

We extend the model-independent likelihood analysis of big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) based on 4He and 7Li to allow for numbers of degrees of freedom which differ from the standard model value characterized by Nv = 3. We use the two-dimensional likelihood functions to simultaneously constrain the baryon-to-photon ratio and the number of light neutrinos. The upper limit thus obtained is Nv < 4.0 (at 95% C.L.). We also consider the consequences if recent observations of deuterium in high-redshift QSO absorption-line systems (QSOALS) are confirmed.
Demographic Conditions and Extended Family Households: Egyptian Data

It has generally been supposed that households composed of three or more generations are the typical residence arrangement among a sizeable segment of the world's population. However, proponents of this view have failed to consider the extent to which demographic conditions may limit opportunities to form and maintain extended family households. Data from two interview studies conducted in Egypt, one of several Middle Eastern countries where an extended family system is thought to prevail in terms of both expected and actual behavior in rural, if not urban, locales are cited to illustrate this phenomenon. T he possibility that demographic factors may hold the number of three-generation households existing at any given point in time to a minority even in areas where an overwhelming majority of the population favors extended family residence arrangements and economic conditions encourage them is just beginning to receive the attention it merits in literature on comparative family and kinship structure. Prior to publication of Goode's World Revolution and Family Patterns in 19631 and Levy's essay on "Aspects of the Analysis of Family Structure" in 1965,2 it had generally been supposed that households composed of th1ree or more generations were the typical residence arrangement among a sizeable segment of the world's populace.3 Goode and Levy raise serious questions about the validity of this view. They point out that proponents of this view I William J. Goode, World Revolution anzd Fam1ily Patterns (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1963). 2 Marion J. Levy, Jr., "Aspects of the Analysis of Family Structure" in Ansley J. Coale, et al., Aspects of the Analysis of Fanily Structure (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), pp. 1-63. 3 See, for example, George Peter Murdock, Social Structure (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1949), chaps. 1 and 2. Also see Goode's and Levy's comments in this regard in the works cited above. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.159 on Sat, 22 Oct 2016 04:37:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Lots of Hopf Algebras

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give a “universal” construction of Hopf algebras over any commutative ring. The mod- p Steenrod algebras are all examples of this construction; other examples of Hopf algebras related to the mod- p Steenrod algebras are also produced. Then we give an argument to produce deformations of these Hopf algebras via “twisting.” The techniques of this paper are, in a way, “scheme-theoretic,” producing many rather complicated Hopf algebras, only a few of which are studied in any detail here; however, we hope to return to the study of some of these Hopf algebras in future work.
Subtype specific prognostic nomogram for patients with primary liposarcoma of the retroperitoneum, extremity, or trunk.

Objective:To determine the prognostic significance of histologic subtype in a large series of patients with primary liposarcoma (LS) and to construct a LS-specific postoperative nomogram for disease-specific survival (DSS).Summary Background Data:Nomograms, used to define and predict outcome followi
Workplace Mobbing: A Discussion for Librarians

Workplace mobbing occurs in libraries but is usually unrecognized and unchecked because the phenomenon has not been described and given a name. This discussion provides the library profession with an overview but also with specific background details to assist with recognizing mobbing and preventing severe harm to employees and organizations.
Intraosseous correction of misdirected cannulated screws and fracture malalignment using a bent tip 2.0 mm guidewire: technique and indications

Percutaneous pelvic screw placement is a technically demanding procedure. A precise intraosseous pathway must be prepared before screw placement into any osseous fixation pathway of the pelvis. Adjustments to a drill or guidewire become increasingly difficult as the instrument is advanced within the pelvis. We present a reliable and reproducible technique using a 2.0 mm guidewire that allows for correction of an initially misdirected drill within the pelvis. This technique also allows for manipulation and reduction of certain malaligned pelvic fractures prior to percutaneous cannulated screw placement. This technique does not substitute for poor surgical technique but is used to optimize the position of percutaneously placed pelvic screws.
Evidence of Endocrine Involvement Early in the Course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Adrenal, gonadal, and thyroid function were assessed in 40 asymptomatic subjects in whom infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had recently been documented. None of the patients had historical or clinical evidence of endocrine dysfunction. Their mean serum hormone levels were also within the expected ranges, but several differences were noted compared to those of seronegative controls. Basal cortisol, basal aldosterone, and ACTH-stimulated cortisol were significantly lower in the HIV group. One subject (2.5%) had a subnormal cortisol response, and two (5%) had abnormal aldosterone responses to ACTH. PRA tended to be higher, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels somewhat lower in the HIV group. Serum free testosterone was markedly elevated in the HIV patients and was associated with an exaggerated LH response to GnRH, but PRL, estradiol, and basal and peak GnRH-stimulated FSH did not differ between groups. Three subjects (8%) had subclinical hypothyroidism. Serum thyroid hormone le...
Hierarchical Classification of Load Profiles Based on Their Characteristic Attributes in Frequency Domain

Load profile classification is very important in load forecast, planning and management. Although customers are generally grouped by utilities into residential, commercial classes and respective subclasses, there is a lack of systematic framework that can be used to characterize different classes with signatures that are both human-readable and machine-readable. The work presented in this paper attempts to formulate the theoretical framework for customer classification using the annual load profiles. This paper demonstrates how to extract characteristic attributes in frequency domain (CAFD) and use these CAFDs to formulate a hierarchy of load profiles that can be used as the systematic framework for customer load classification. As signatures for customer classes and subclasses, the CAFDs are obtained by using a data mining method called CART (classification and regression tree). The paper presents a load profile classification test to establish the efficacy of the proposed approach which is significant improvement over current practices that provide mostly qualitative labeling.
Increased myosin light chain phosphorylation is not required for growth factor stimulation of collagen matrix contraction.

Previous research suggested the possibility that contraction of floating collagen matrices by human fibroblasts required increased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. In the current studies, we show that increased MLC phosphorylation was neither necessary for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-dependent matrix contraction nor sufficient for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-dependent contraction. In contrast, increased MLC phosphorylation did appear to be coupled to the formation of stress fibers by cells spreading in monolayer culture. Signal transduction pathways required for PDGF- and LPA-dependent matrix contraction involved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the Gi class of heterotrimeric G proteins, respectively. Our results indicate that PDGF- and LPA-dependent contraction of floating collagen matrices can be uncoupled from an increase in MLC phosphorylation.
Fast Avalanche Photodiode-Based Small Animal Time-Resolved Diffuse Fluorescence Tomography

We describe a time-resolved diffuse fluorescence tomography instrument that utilizes fast avalanche photodiode technology. The instrument has a very rapid temporal response and allows detection of early diffuse photons and improvement in tomographic imaging resolution.
The quantitative assessment of thermal discomfort

Abstract Discomfort aroused by lowering or raising the operative temperature of a subject's environment was found to follow the “power law” that governs many dimensions in the domain of sensory psychophysics. To a first approximation, discomfort caused by cooling grows as the 1.7 power of shifts downward in temperature from the level that feels comfortable; discomfort caused by heating grows as the 0.7 power of shifts upward from the level that feels comfortable. One group of 8 subjects matched numbers to the degree of discomfort (magnitude estimation); another group of 12 subjects adjusted the loudness of a white noise to match the discomfort (cross-modality matching). These verbal and nonverbal methods gave approximately the same result with regard to the quantification of thermal discomfort.
Posttraumatic stress and panic psychopathology: clinical import, research advances, and future directions--introduction to the special issue.

There has been a relative dearth of empirical attention focused on the study of the co‐occurrence of posttraumatic stress and panic psychopathology. Since these conditions represent two prevalent and impairing psychiatric conditions, the study of their diagnostic and phenomenological comorbidity is clinically meaningful and theoretically warranted. The articles in this series discuss the possible cognitive–affective mechanisms relevant to both conditions and elucidate innovations in applicable clinical intervention approaches. Thus, the overarching purpose of this series is to underscore key empirical questions, to showcase emerging research, and to stimulate further scientific inquiry into the co‐occurrence of posttraumatic stress and panic psychopathology.
Carbohydrate composition and physical properties of tobacco phosphodiesterase

Abstract Some physical and chemical properties of phosphodiesterase from cultured tobacco cells were studied. The enzyme contained ca 50% carbohydrate consisting of residues of arabinose, glucose, glucosamine, galactose, mannose and xylose. Analyses showed that the enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient, s 20,w of 16 S, a Stokes'radius of 5.7 nm and a calculated specific volume of 0.66 ml/g. The MW of the enzyme was calculated to be 300 000 from these values.
EARLY LIFE HISTORY AND RECRUITMENT PROCESSES OF CLAWED LOBSTERS

This review focuses on the larval, postlarval, and early benthic life of Homarus and Nephrops, the two best studied, and commercially most important, genera of the Nephropidae. Processes acting during this time of the life cycle may be critical of the fate of a cohort. In the past decade, significant advances have been made in understanding events before and after settlement. Nephrops and Homarus are very similar with respect to the processes affecting the distribution of the pelagic larvae and postlarvae: wind, currents and larval behavior play a significant role. Duration of the pelagic phase is determined by temperature, timing of settlement, and perhaps nutrition. Both genera probably arc quite selective of substratum during settlement, but this has been investigated only in Homarus, where substratum type, odor, and predator presence affect choice of habitat. The two genera contrast, however, with respect to some of the processes occurring during and after postlarval settlement. Although both are cryptic, newly settled Homarus are found in shallow, rocky habitats, while settled Nephrops arc found in deep water, in burrows they construct in cohesivc mud. Homarus undergoes a developmental change in behavior within the first few years of benthic life that causes an increasingly wide range of movement; sexually mature H. americanus can move hundreds of kilometers in a year. Nephrops emerges more as it grows, but appears to be far more sedentary than Homarus. Thus in contrast to Homarus, a number of distinct populations of Nephrops exist within the species range that are clearly defined by habitat boundaries. New techniques now permit routine census and tagging of early benthic phase Homcarus, making it possible to follow year classes from the time of settlement. It is the years immediately after settlement that a cohort may be subject to density-dependent controls, a key issue facing workers on both groups.
Populations of Misumenops (Araneida: Thomisidae) in Two Arizona Cotton Fields

Populations of Misumenops were studied in two southern Arizona cotton fields during 1979 and 1980. Spiders were found to be a major component of the general predators (44.2 to 57.6%), and Misumenops celer (Hentz) represented from 45.1 to 75.5% of the spiders collected on a seasonal basis. In general, populations increased steadily through the season unless interrupted by insecticide application. The importance of surrounding vegetation in maintaining populations of Misumenops is discussed
Two-dimensional modelling of potential ozone perturbation by chlorofluorocarbons

The possible adverse effect of man-made chlorine compounds, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), on the stratospheric ozone layer has been studied intensely in the past few years1,2, with assessments being based primarily on one-dimensional (1-D) mathematical models of atmospheric transport and chemistry. Two-dimensional (2-D) models now permit a more realistic comparison of model predictions with observational data over the full range of latitudinal and seasonal variations in many of the important atmospheric trace species3–8. We report here 2-D model calculations of the hypothetical steady state arising from constant CFC releases continuing indefinitely into the future. Latitudinal and seasonal variations in the calculated reduction of stratospheric ozone are discussed and contrasted with the calculated perturbation up to 1980. The global average is compared with the corresponding 1-D model. Several changes in the vertical structure of the ozone perturbation are found to result from recent revisions in chemical reaction rates.
Identification of nucleic acid binding residues in the FCS domain of the polycomb group protein polyhomeotic.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain the silent state of developmentally important genes. Recent evidence indicates that noncoding RNAs also play an important role in targeting PcG proteins to chromatin and PcG-mediated chromatin organization, although the molecular basis for how PcG and RNA function in concert remains unclear. The Phe-Cys-Ser (FCS) domain, named for three consecutive residues conserved in this domain, is a 30−40-residue Zn2+ binding motif found in a number of PcG proteins. The FCS domain has been shown to bind RNA in a non-sequence specific manner, but how it does so is not known. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of the FCS domain from human Polyhomeotic homologue 1 (HPH1, also known as PHC1) determined using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Chemical shift perturbations upon addition of RNA and DNA resulted in the identification of Lys 816 as a potentially important residue required for nucleic acid binding. The role played by this residue in Polyhom...
Multiterminal Source Coding for Many Sensors with Entropy Coding and Gaussian Process Regression

Summary form only given. In this paper, we take a different approach from the coding community. Instead of taking the usual route of quantization plus Slepian-Wolf coding, we do not perform any Slepian-Wolf coding on the transmitter side. We simply perform quantization on the sensor readings, compress the quantization indexes with conventional entropy coding, and send the compressed indexes to the receiver. On the decoder side, we simply perform entropy decoding and Gaussian process regression to reconstruct the joint source. To reduce the sum rate over all sensors, some sensors are censored and do not transmit anything to the decoder.
Dogmatism and exposure to political candidates.

Formation and change of political as well as other beliefs are a function of a person's exposure to information which is subject partially to his control. He may actively seek or avoid additional information, particularly information that might be discrepant with preconceived opinions. The hypothesis was that Ss with high scores on dogmatism were less willing than Ss with low scores to attend speeches of presidential primary candidates whose views were discrepant with their own. A sample of 181 Ss was drawn from franchised university students. In a questionnaire covering a wide variety of opinions, Ss were asked to indicate agreement-disagreement with active candidates and speech attendance. An analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test supported the hypothesis. The findings suggest implications for formation of beliefs about other public issues.
Would you have student engineers any other way

The Institute looks toward its Student Branches as the logical source of future Section members. In order to promote student interest, the AIEE must encourage Student Branch activities that can compete on their own merits for the limited free time available to electrical engineering students.
Importance of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to the Attenuated Vascular Responses Induced by Topical L-Nitroarginine during Vibrissal Stimulation

We assessed the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) response to vibrissal stimulation before and after nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors were topically applied through a closed cranial window placed over the cortical barrel fields in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. In the presence of L-nitroarginine (1 mM), both the maximum and total responses became reduced, but only in those animals demonstrating > 50% inhibition of NOS activity as determined by the conversion of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline within homogenates taken from cortical gray matter under the cranial window. The degree of enzyme inhibition depended in part, upon duration after topical application of NOS inhibitor. When > 50%, enzyme inhibition correlated with the decrease in maximum and total rCBF response (p < 0.01). These findings emphasize the merits of assessing enzyme activity after administering NOS inhibitors, and suggest that NO generated from parenchymal NOS activity plays an important role in the cerebrovascular response to physiologic somatosensory stimulation under the stated conditions.
The built environment and mental health.

The built environment has direct and indirect effects on mental health. High-rise housing is inimical to the psychological well-being of women with young children. Poor-quality housing appears to increase psychological distress, but methodological issues make it difficult to draw clear conclusions. Mental health of psychiatric patients has been linked to design elements that affect their ability to regulate social interaction (e.g., furniture configuration, privacy). Alzheimer's patients adjust better to small-scale, homier facilities that also have lower levels of stimulation. They are also better adjusted in buildings that accommodate physical wandering. Residential crowding (number of people per room) and loud exterior noise sources (e.g., airports) elevate psychological distress but do not produce serious mental illness. Malodorous air pollutants heighten negative affect, and some toxins (e.g., lead, solvents) cause behavioral disturbances (e.g., self-regulatory ability, aggression). Insufficient daylight is reliably associated with increased depressive symptoms. Indirectly, the physical environment may influence mental health by altering psychosocial processes with known mental health sequelae. Personal control, socially supportive relationships, and restoration from stress and fatigue are all affected by properties of the built environment. More prospective, longitudinal studies and, where feasible, randomized experiments are needed to examine the potential role of the physical environment in mental health. Even more challenging is the task of developing underlying models of how the built environment can affect mental health. It is also likely that some individuals may be more vulnerable to mental health impacts of the built environment. Because exposure to poor environmental conditions is not randomly distributed and tends to concentrate among the poor and ethnic minorities, we also need to focus more attention on the health implications of multiple environmental risk exposure.
Identification of a spectrally stable proteolytic fragment of human neutrophil flavocytochrome b composed of the NH2-terminal regions of gp91(phox) and p22(phox).

A heme-bearing polypeptide core of human neutrophil flavocytochrome b558 was isolated by applying high performance, size exclusion, liquid chromatography to partially purified Triton X-100-solubilized flavocytochromeb that had been exposed to endoproteinase Glu-C for 1 h. The fragment was composed of two polypeptides of 60–66 and 17 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and retained a native heme absorbance spectrum that was stable for several days when stored at 4 °C in detergent-containing buffer. These properties suggested that the majority of the flavocytochrome b heme environment remained intact. Continued digestion up to 4.5 h yielded several heme-associated fragments that were variable in composition between experiments. Digestion beyond 4.5 h resulted in a gradual loss of recoverable heme. N-Linked deglycosylation and reduction and alkylation of the 1-h digestion fragment did not affect the electrophoretic mobility of the 17-kDa fragment but reduced the 60–66-kDa fragment to 39 kDa. Sequence and immunoblot analyses identified the fragments as the NH2-terminal 320–363 amino acid residues of gp91phox and the NH2-terminal 169–171 amino acid residues of p22phox. These findings provide direct evidence that the primarily hydrophobic NH2-terminal regions of flavocytochrome b are responsible for heme ligation.
Direct Effects of Meconium on Rat Tracheal Smooth Muscle Tension in Vitro

Increased airway resistance is a component of the meconium aspiration syndrome. Experiments were done to determine whether meconium can have a direct affect on tracheal smooth muscle tension. Tracheal segments (4-5 mm long) were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats and suspended in organ baths with physiologic salt solution at 37 °C gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. Each segment was attached to a fixed glass rod on one side and to a force displacement transducer on the other side to measure transverse tension. The segments were stretched to 1.5 g of tension and equilibrated for 2-5 h. Human meconium was diluted in physiologic salt solution (20 g/100 mL) and filtered through gauze. Tension was generated in the segments by adding acetylcholine (10-6 M) to the tissue bath. Addition of meconium to the organ bath (0.1-5 mg/mL) caused tracheal smooth muscle relaxation in 44% of tracheal segments tested. Contraction occurred in 8% of tested segments, but only at the intermediate and low doses. The amount of relaxation increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. These responses were not affected by pretreating segments with indomethacin, removing the tracheal epithelium, using KCl to generate tone, or by heating meconium above 60 °C for 1 h. Addition of oleic acid to the organ bath (3.5 × 10-6 to 3.5 × 10-4 M) caused concentration-dependent tracheal smooth muscle responses (with relaxation predominating at 3.5 × 10-4 M and contraction predominating at 3.5 × 10-6 M). These results suggest that meconium can cause tracheal smooth muscle relaxation by a mechanism that does not appear to be mediated by cyclooxygenase products, by the tracheal epithelium, or a protein. The direct action of meconium on tracheal smooth muscle, which may in part be mediated by a fatty acid, does not appear to contribute significantly to the increased airway tone associated with the meconium aspiration syndrome.
Coronary Artery Spasm in Multivessel ACS: What More Should We Know?

Coronary spasm may present as acute coronary syndrome (ACS), “which can be an ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI, or unstable angina.” However, the prevalence of coronary spasm in patients with ACS remains unknown due to scarcity of data. Concomitant coronary spasm may mask the true atherosclerosis burden in such cases, posing several management challenges. We illustrate the case of managing an ACS patient with concomitant spasm and atherosclerotic disease. We show that the routine use of vasodilator treatment in ACS cases may prevent inappropriate stenting by identifying concomitant coronary spasm, influencing the clinical outcomes associated with inappropriate stenting in the setting of coronary spasm.
Noble and Coinage Metal Nanowires by Electrochemical Step Edge Decoration

A general method is described for the electrodeposition of long (>500 μm) nanowires composed of noble or coinage metals including nickel, copper, silver, and gold. Nanowires of these metals, with diameters in the range from 60 to 750 nm, were obtained by electrochemical step edge decoration (ESED), the selective electrodeposition of metal at step edges. Nanowire growth by ESED was accomplished on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces by applying three voltage pulses in succession: An oxidizing “activation” pulse, a large amplitude, reducing “nucleation” pulse, and a small amplitude reducing “growth” pulse. The activation pulse potential was optimized to oxidize step edges on the graphite surface just prior to deposition. The nucleation pulse had an overpotential for metal deposition of between −150 and −500 mV and a duration of 5−100 ms. The growth pulse had a small deposition overpotential of less than −100 mV. Nanowire growth was characterized by a time-independent deposition current, and consequ...
Characterization of Thermoelectric Properties of Heavily Doped n-Type Polycrystalline Silicon Carbide Thin Films

The thermoelectric properties of heavily doped n-type 3C polycrystalline silicon carbide (poly-SiC) films are investigated for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications in harsh environments. Two MEMS structures are designed and fabricated to measure the Seebeck coefficient and the lateral thermal conductivity of poly-SiC thin films. The van der Pauw structure is used to determine electrical resistivity. The obtained Seebeck coefficient is -10μV/K at room temperature, increasing in magnitude to -20 μV/K at 300 °C. The power factor is in the range of 10-6 W·m-1·K-1 within the tested temperature range. The measured lateral thermal conductivity of poly-SiC thin film is 64 W·m-1·K-2, significantly lower than that of undoped single-crystalline SiC, due to increased phonon-grain-boundary and phonon-impurity scatterings. The decrease in the thermal conductivity of the heavily doped poly-SiC film benefits its thermoelectric figure of merit, which is 4.6 × 10-6.
Proteomics: Enzyme: Structure, Function, Kinetics, and Engineering Aspects

Proteins are often defined metaphorically as the workhorses of the cells. They are of extreme importance for many functions of the cells since they can be: enzymes, receptors, carriers, ion channels, contractile elements, antibodies, antigens, hormones, being also major macronutrients in the human diet. The word originates from Greek’s “Proteos” which means “the first” or prioritized molecule, and although today we think it is DNA, the link with DNA and incredible spectrum of proteins and their functions including enzymatic, makes this molecule(s) unconditional necessity of the cell and driving force for activity of each cellular compartment.
Patients With Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Do Not Have a Higher Risk of Stroke and Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Background and Purpose—Stroke development is a major concern in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Whether asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis (CAS) contributes to the development of stroke and mortality in such patients remains uncertain. Methods—A retrospective analysis of 878 consecutive patients with documented carotid duplex ultrasound who underwent isolated CABG in our institution from January 2003 to December 2009 was performed. Patients with severe CAS (n=117) were compared with those without severe CAS (n=761) to assess the rates of stroke and mortality during hospitalization for CABG. The 30-day mortality rate was also assessed. Results—Patients with severe CAS were older and had a higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and heart failure. Patients with severe CAS had similar rates of in-hospital stroke (3.4% versus 3.6%; P=1.0) and mortality (3.4% versus 4.2%; P=1.0) compared with patients without severe CAS. The 30-day rate of mortality was also simila...
Gum pigmentation: an unusual adverse effect of sublingual immunotherapy

Sublingual immunotherapy has gained acceptance amongst the paediatric community as it is very well tolerated and is safe. The adverse effects of this therapy is minimal consisting mainly of local side effects within the oral cavity such as itching of the mouth, swelling of the lips and less frequently abdominal pain, wheezing and urticaria has been described. This report is to highlight another local side effect of sublingual immunotherapy which has been observed in 3 of our patients. This is pigmentation of the gums which can occur anytime during the course of the immunotherapy. It resolves on stopping the immunotherapy and is likely due to a local inflammatory process occurring in the gums of these children. There is no associated pain or itching with the pigmentation. It can persist as long as the child is on the immunotherapy.