cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Fooling fido”—chemical and behavioral studies of pseudo-explosive canine training aids

Genuine explosive materials are traditionally employed in the training and testing of explosive-detecting canines so that they will respond reliably to these substances. However, challenges arising from the acquisition, storage, handling, and transportation of explosives have given rise to the development of "pseudo-explosive" training aids. These products attempt to emulate the odor of real explosives while remaining inert. Therefore, a canine trained on a pseudo-explosive should respond to its real-life analog. Similarly, a canine trained on an actual explosive should respond to the pseudo-explosive as if it was real. This research tested those assumptions with a focus on three explosives: single-base smokeless powder, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and a RDX-based plastic explosive (Composition C-4). Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with solid phase microextraction as a pre-concentration technique, we determined that the volatile compounds given off by pseudo-explosive products consisted of various solvents, known additives from explosive formulations, and common impurities present in authentic explosives. For example, simulated smokeless powders emitted terpenes, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite. Simulated TNT products emitted 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene. Simulated C-4 products emitted cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and dimethyldinitrobutane. We also conducted tests to determine whether canines trained on pseudo-explosives are capable of alerting to genuine explosives and vice versa. The results show that canines trained on pseudo-explosives performed poorly at detecting all but the pseudo-explosives they are trained on. Similarly, canines trained on actual explosives performed poorly at detecting all but the actual explosives on which they were trained.
Dependence of the Performance of TSI 3020 Condensation Nucleus Counter on Pressure, Flow Rate, and Temperature

A theoretical study has been carried out to investigate the performance of the TSI 3020 condensation nucleus counter (CNC) at various pressures and flow rates by assuming a parabolic velocity profile in the condenser tube and solving the heat and mass transfer equations using the finite difference method. Calculations have been performed for pressures ranging from 0.03 to 10 atm and sampling flow rates from 0.5 to 50 mL/s. The results indicate that the counting efficiency of the CNC is a function of pressure and flow rate due to changes in heat and mass transfer rates. The counting efficiency can be correlated with a single parameter, ζ, which combines the effects due to pressure, sampling flow rate, and the length and diameter of the condenser tube. The cut size of the instrument, Dp50, defined as the particle size at which the counting efficiency is 50%, has been found to vary with pressures, reaching a minimum at a pressure of approximately 1 atm. The cut size of the CNC has been found to be most sensi...
Bilateral anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome variant secondary to extensor hallucis brevis muscle hypertrophy in a ballet dancer: A case report

We present a case of bilateral anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome secondary EHB hypertrophy in a dancer, with successful treatment with bilateral EHB muscle excisions for decompression. The bilateral presentation of this case with the treatment of EHB muscle excision is the first of its type reported in the literature.
Hatchery rearing techniques for the oyster Crassostrea rivularis Gould

Abstract Hatchery techniques were developed for the commercial production of seed of Crassostrea rivularis . Optimum larval growth required a temperature of 28°C and a salinity of 20‰. The flesh of this species remains firm at summer temperatures in Oregon estuaries. The oyster may therefore be marketable throughout the summer, and its use could increase overall oyster production in Oregon by as much as 35%.
Machiavelli & Modern Business: Realist Thought in Contemporary Corporate Leadership Manuals*

Niccolo Machiavelli’s teachings have never gone out of fashion; no doubt because power remains a central aspect of modern political and corporate life. The writings of this 16th century thinker seem as relevant today as they were a half millennium ago. Given the immutable nature of human beings, this is hardly surprising. What is surprising is the regular stream of monographs published in the last third of the 20th century, and reaching a crescendo in the last decade, that argue for Machiavelli’s relevance to modern management and corporate leadership. This essay will examine the structure, assumptions and conclusions of these manuals. After reviewing the manuals, this essay concludes that certain of these assumptions upon which these manuals are based are not transferable from a 16th century principality to a 21st century corporation. Not surprisingly, the teachings of these manuals concerning morality and the corporation are either inconsistent with the actual teachings of Machiavelli, or fail to acknowledge the teachings of Machiavelli most relevant to the modern corporate world.
Dispositions Supporting Elementary Interns in the Teaching of Reform-Based Science Materials

Dispositions supporting the teaching of science as structured inquiry by four elementary candidates are presented. Candidates were studied during student teaching based on their positive attitudes toward teaching science with reform-based materials in their methods course. Personal learning histories informed their attitudes, values, and beliefs about the teaching and learning of science through structured inquiry. Supportive dispositions included curiosity and questioning, investigating first-hand, learning together, and active learning. These dispositions supported early science teaching despite candidates limited science content knowledge, and may contribute to candidates’ further learning of science.
Characteristics Simulation of Ultra-High Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Excited by Equivalent Partical Discharge Mathematical Model in GIS

UHF electromagnetic waves radiated by PD in GIS can range from several hundreds of MHz to several GHz. FDTD method is usually used to simulate the characteristics of the UHF electromagnetic waves. Compared with the traditional ideal Gaussian pulses in simulation, one equivalent PD mathematical model based on the actual measure PD sources was considered to simulate the propagation characteristics. Time domain and frequency domain spectrum of signals excited by the two PD sources were studied to analyze the propagation characteristics. It can draw the conclusions that each insulator detect leads to each electromagnetic and its time domain and frequency domain spectrum. So it is recommended to use equivalent PD mathematical model to simulator the propagation characteristics.
Origin of supercontinuum generation in microstructured fibers

We investigate the propagation of femtosecond pulses in microstructured fibers under conditions in which a supercontinuum is generated. We find that higher-order dispersion primarily determines the spectral envelope and that the spectrum contains a highly complicated underlying sub-structure which is highly sensitive to input fluctuations.
The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well Underway

This paper introduces a Literature Compass panel cluster on the forthcoming Oxford edition of Donne's letters. Offering papers by the three editors, this cluster seeks to examine the new directions the edition will pursue. The papers were originally delivered to the members of the John Donne Society in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in February 2008. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ‘The Oxford Edition of Donne's Letters: Well Underway’, Margaret Maurer, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00598.x. ‘“Apparitions, and Ghosts”: H(a)unting Donne's Letters’, M. Thomas Hester, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00599.x. ‘“Only in Obedience” to Whom? – The Identity of a Donne Correspondent’, Dennis Flynn, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00600.x. ‘Problems in Editing John Donne's Letters: Unreliable Primary Materials’, Ernest W. Sullivan, II, Literature Compass 5 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2008.00601.x.
Variable-Temperature, Variable-Field Magnetic Circular Dichroism Studies of Tris-Hydroxy- and μ3-Oxo-Bridged Trinuclear Cu(II) Complexes: Evaluation of Proposed Structures of the Native Intermediate of the Multicopper Oxidases

Multicopper oxidases catalyze the 4e- reduction of O2 to H2O. Reaction of the fully reduced enzyme with O2 produces the native intermediate (NI) that consists of four oxidized Cu centers, three of which form a trinuclear cluster site, all bridged by the product of full O2 reduction. The most characteristic feature of NI is the intense magnetic circular dichroism pseudo-A feature (a pair of temperature-dependent C-terms with opposite signs) associated with O → Cu(II) ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) that derives from the strong Cu−O bonds in the trinuclear site. In this study, the two most plausible Cu−O structures of the trinuclear site, the tris-μ2-hydroxy-bridged and the μ3-oxo-bridged structures, are evaluated through spectroscopic and electronic structure studies on relevant model complexes, TrisOH and μ3O. It is found that the two components of a pseudo-A-term for TrisOH are associated with LMCT to the same Cu that are coupled by a metal-centered excited-state spin−orbit coupling (SOC), whereas...
Tyr30 of amicyanin is not critical for electron transfer to cytochrome c-551i: implications for predicting electron transfer pathways

Abstract A Pathways analysis of the methylamine dehydrogenase–amicyanin–cytochrome c -551i protein electron transfer (ET) complex predicts two sets of ET pathways of comparable efficiency from the type I copper of amicyanin to the heme of cytochrome c -551i. In one pathway, the electron exits copper via the Cys 92 copper ligand, and in the other, it exits via the Met 98 copper ligand. If the Pathways algorithm is modified to include contributions from the anisotropy of metal–ligand coupling, independent of differences in copper–ligand bond length, then the pathways via Cys 92 are predicted to be at least 100-fold more strongly coupled than the pathways via any of the other copper ligands. All of the favored pathways via Cys 92 include a through-space jump from Cys 92 to the side chain of Tyr 30 . To determine whether or not the pathways via Cys 92 are preferentially used for ET, Tyr 30 was changed to other amino acid residues by site-directed mutagenesis. Some mutant proteins were very unstable suggesting a role for Tyr 30 in stabilizing the protein structure. Y30F and Y30I mutant amicyanins could be isolated and analyzed. For the Y30I mutant, the modified Pathways analysis which favors ET via Cys 92 predicts a decrease in ET rate of at least two orders of magnitude, whereas the standard Pathways analysis predicts no change in ET rate since ET via Met 98 is not affected. Experimentally, the ET rates of the Y30I and Y30F mutants were indistinguishable from that of wild-type amicyanin. Likely explanations for these observations are discussed as are their implications for predicting pathways for ET reactions of metalloproteins.
Signaling by the Mpl receptor involves IKK and NF‐κB

Binding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) to its receptor activates IKK complex, which leads to inducement of NF-kappaB activity. Here we report that activation of Mpl ligand is also linked to IKK and NF-kappaB activity. Mpl ligand, also known as thrombopoietin (TPO) or megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), induces megakaryocyte differentiation and inhibition of mitotic proliferation, followed by induction of polyploidization and fragmentation into platelets. The latter process is often observed in megakaryocytes undergoing apoptosis. Treatment of a Mpl ligand-responding megakaryocytic cell line with this cytokine led to an immediate, transient increase in IKK activity followed by a profound decrease in this kinase activity over time. This decrease was not due to an effect on the levels of the IKK regulatory components IKKalpha and IKKbeta. Proliferating megakaryocytes displayed a constitutive DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB p50 homodimers and of NF-kappaB p50-p65 heterodimers. As expected, reduced IKK activity in Mpl ligand-treated cells was associated with a significant reduction in NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and in the activity of a NF-kappaB-dependent promoter. Our study is thus the first to identify a constitutive NF-kappaB activity in proliferating megakaryocytes as well as to describe a link between Mpl receptor signaling and IKK and NF-kappaB activities. Since a variety of proliferation-promoting genes and anti-apoptotic mechanisms are activated by NF-kappaB, retaining its low levels would be one potential mechanism by which inhibition of mitotic proliferation is maintained and apoptosis is promoted during late megakaryopoiesis.
A Time-Resolved EPR Study of a New Zwitterion Undergoing Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer

We report on an unusual intramolecular electron transfer following the photoexcitation of the ground, charge separated, state of the zwitterionic compound, tetraphenylhexaazaanthracene, which results in a neutral biradical product. The reaction, studied by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy, could be carried out only when liquid crystals were used as the orienting solvents. On the basis of the analysis of the magnetic, kinetic, and polarization parameters of the TREPR spectra, the radical pair genesis is attributed to an intramolecular electron transfer from the singlet excited state.
Flow and transport modeling in the sea-breeze. Part I: A modified E - ∈ model with a non-equilibrium level 2.5 closure

In order to overcome shortcomings of the conventionalE — ∈ model and to develop a more general model applicable to the variety of atmospheric conditions observed, for example, during a land-sea breeze cycle, a modifiedE — ∈ model is proposed. The model is a simplified form of an algebraic stress model including wall proximity effects of Gibson and Launder (1978). The proposed model is similar to the popular Mellor and Yamada (1982) level 2.5 model but does not employ a local equilibrium assumption in the algebraic equations for Reynolds stresses. The resulting model shows a wider realization region under unstable conditions than the Mellor and Yamada model.
Wind Shear Modeling for Wind Turbine Siting Studies

A wind turbine generator offers a green renewable alternative to the traditional fossil and nuclear fuel processes to generate electrical power. Both wind energy technology and wind turbine farm designs remain in demand given the current growth in energy requirements and the public’s preference for clean sources. Simply put, wind energy offers a safe, relatively cost effective solution for global energy production. For example, the energy demand for populated coastal cities encourages offshore farms to fulfill future electrical needs. Similarly, wind turbines may be placed in land-locked regions and power transmitted through electric grids to population centers. Most wind models available to engineers offer superb capabilities for predicting wind velocities on land and far offshore (5 km and greater). However, near shore winds have proven difficult to determine due to surface roughness, thermal stratification, and abrupt displacement height variances. This paper discusses the model comparison of two foremost wind speed prediction tools, AWS Truewinds’ MASS and WindPro’s WAsP. The model comparison is related to measured South Carolina coastal data and suggests AWS Truewind’s MASS wind shear model is the more effective near-shore wind speed prediction tool. In arriving at these results, several areas of future work are discussed.© 2009 ASME
Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle relaxation by cAMP-mediated pathways.

Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated pulmonary vascular smooth relaxation is a principle mechanism of pulmonary vasomotor control. The purpose of this study was to compare the potency and efficacy of the following receptor-linked pathways of pulmonary vasorelaxation which are mediated by cAMP: (1) β2-adrenergic receptor activation (response to isoproterenol) (2) Adenosine A2-receptor activation (response to adenosine) (3) Prostaglandin EP2-receptor activation (response to prostaglandin E1) (4) Histamine H2-receptor activation (response to the H2-receptor agonist dimaprit) and (5) Purinergic P2-receptor activation (response to ADP). Cumulative concentration-response curves were generated in isolated rat pulmonary artery rings suspended on individual tensiometers. Five rats/ten pulmonary artery rings were studied for each agonist. Relaxation by β2-adrenergic receptor activation was most effective as complete ring relaxation was achieved at 10−6Misoproterenol with a median effective dose of 10−7M. A2, P2, and EP2-receptor activation all achieved complete ring relaxation at concentrations up to 10−3M.Relaxation by H2-receptor activation was least effective as 30% ring tension remained at a concentration of 10−3M.We conclude that these receptor-linked pathways, although all mediated through cAMP, have significant differences in potency and efficacy.
Lighting up the hypothalamus: coordinated control of feeding behavior

A new optogenetics study finds that stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons acutely regulates feeding behavior. AGRP-induced hyperphagia is independent of melanocortin signaling.
Kinetic investigations of unusual solvent effects during Ru/C catalyzed hydrogenation of model oxygenates

Abstract A systematic study of solvent effects in low-temperature hydrogenation of various model oxygenates in bio-oils (such as 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, and phenol) with Ru/C catalyst is presented. Protic (e.g., water and C 1 –C 4 primary alcohols), aprotic polar (e.g., γ-butyrolactone, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran), and aprotic apolar (e.g., cyclohexane and n -heptane) solvents were investigated. It was found that for 2-butanone hydrogenation, Ru/C catalyst shows the highest hydrogenation activity in water, followed by alcohols, while in aprotic apolar solvents (i.e., cyclohexane and n -heptane), a remarkably lower hydrogenation activity was observed. In sharp contrast, Ru/C catalyst shows little hydrogenation activity in aprotic polar solvents (i.e., γ-butyrolactone, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran). To explain these dramatic effects, both classical measures of polarity and others based on different solvatochromic scales were considered. For 2-butanone hydrogenation, a clear correlation between the initial hydrogenation rate and hydrogen-bond donor capability ( α ) of the solvents was observed. This is consistent with previously reported hypothesis that the strong interaction between protic solvents and 2-butanone by hydrogen bonding lowers the activation energy barrier and leads to high hydrogenation rate. For aprotic polar solvents, it seems plausible that such solvents could strongly adsorb onto the catalyst surface and block the Ru active sites, thereby inhibiting the hydrogenation rate. In the case of aprotic apolar solvents, both solvent–substrate and solvent–catalyst interactions are insignificant, and thus, a reasonable hydrogenation rate was observed in these solvents. Kinetic modeling of 2-butanone hydrogenation in water as a solvent indicates that the power-law and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (with the second hydrogenation step as the rate-determining step) models provide the best fits to experimental rate data. Further, the estimated activation energy for 2-butanone hydrogenation in water is 33.4 kJ/mol, which is lower than the value of 68 kJ/mol reported from density functional theory (DFT) calculations that assume the formation of the hydroxybutyl intermediate and its subsequent hydrogenation as the rate-determining step.
On a Conjecture of Carl de Boor Regarding the Limits of Lagrange Interpolants

The purpose of this paper is to provide a counterexample to a conjecture of Carl de Boor [2], that every ideal projector is a limit of Lagrange projectors. The counterexample is based on a construction of A. Iarrobino [9] pointed to in this context by G. Ellingsrud (as mentioned in de Boor's paper [2]). We also show that the conjecture is true for polynomials in two variables.
The Protooncogene c-Maf Is an Essential Transcription Factor for IL-10 Gene Expression in Macrophages

IL-10 is an important immunoregulatory factor. However, our understanding of IL-10 gene regulation remains very limited. In this study, following up on our previous novel finding that the protooncogene c-Maf of the basic leucine zipper family of transcription factors is expressed in monocytes and macrophages, we investigate the role of c-Maf in the transcriptional regulation of IL-10 and the underlying molecular mechanism in macrophages. c-Maf-null macrophages exhibit strongly impaired IL-10 protein production and mRNA expression upon LPS stimulation. Ectopic expression of c-Maf stimulates not only exogenously transfected IL-10 promoter-driven luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner but also enhances endogenous IL-10 gene expression stimulated by LPS. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments identify a c-Maf response element localized to nucleotides -196/-184 relative to the transcription initiation site in the IL-10 promoter. This site represents an atypical 12-O-tetradecanoate-13-acetate-responsive element for musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma recognition and functions as an enhancer element in a heterologous and orientation-independent manner. Furthermore, c-Maf is expressed constitutively in resting monocytes/macrophages. IL-4 can up-regulate c-Maf expression, its binding to IL-10 promoter, and dose dependently enhance IL-10 production induced by LPS; moreover, IL-4 failed to enhance LPS-induced IL-10 production in c-Maf-null macrophages. Taken together, these data demonstrate that c-Maf is an indispensable yet constitutive transcription factor for IL-10 gene expression in LPS-activated macrophages, and IL-4 modulates IL-10 production in inflammatory macrophages likely via its ability to induce c-Maf expression. Thus, this study uncovers a novel and important function of c-Maf in macrophages and elucidates its transcriptional mechanism in the regulation of IL-10 gene expression.
Comments on "Design of a frequency selective surface (FSS) with very low cross-polarization discrimination via the parallel micro-genetic algorithm (PMGA)"

For original paper see Chakravarty and Mittra (IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.51, p.1164-8, 2003 July).
Inherent ambiguities in recovering 3-D motion of a planar surface from a noisy flow field

The inherent ambiguities in recovering 3-D motion information of a planar surface from a single optical flow field are studied using a statistical model. These ambiguities are quantified using the Cramer-Rao lower bound, which is a lower bound for the error variances of motion parameter estimates. Motion-estimation algorithms which give unbiased estimates of motion parameters are considered. The bound is independent of the rotational motion parameters. It is studied for the motion of 3-D rigid planar surfaces. The dependence of the bound on several factors (such as the underlying motion, surface position, surface orientation, the field of view, and the density of available pixels) is derived in the form of closed-form expressions and can be computed by inverting a 5*5 positive-definite matrix. >
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase is activated by phosphopeptides that bind to the SH2 domains of the 85-kDa subunit.

2-3-fold in vitro. The concentrations of the peptides required to activate the enzyme are at least 10-1000fold higher than the dissociation constants of these peptides for the individual SH2 domains of the 85-kDa subunit (KO < 100 nM). Doubly phosphorylated peptides are more effective than singly phosphorylated peptides. The results suggest that a fraction of the cellular phosphoinositide 3-kinase has SH2 domains with relatively low affinity for phosphopeptides and that binding of phosphopeptides to these enzymes causes activation. Thus, SH2 domains may be involved not only in recruiting the enzyme but also in regulating activity.
Inferring single-cell gene expression mechanisms using stochastic simulation.

Author(s): Daigle, Bernie J; Soltani, Mohammad; Petzold, Linda R; Singh, Abhyudai | Abstract: MotivationStochastic promoter switching between transcriptionally active (ON) and inactive (OFF) states is a major source of noise in gene expression. It is often implicitly assumed that transitions between promoter states are memoryless, i.e. promoters spend an exponentially distributed time interval in each of the two states. However, increasing evidence suggests that promoter ON/OFF times can be non-exponential, hinting at more complex transcriptional regulatory architectures. Given the essential role of gene expression in all cellular functions, efficient computational techniques for characterizing promoter architectures are critically needed.ResultsWe have developed a novel model reduction for promoters with arbitrary numbers of ON and OFF states, allowing us to approximate complex promoter switching behavior with Weibull-distributed ON/OFF times. Using this model reduction, we created bursty Monte Carlo expectation-maximization with modified cross-entropy method ('bursty MCEM(2)'), an efficient parameter estimation and model selection technique for inferring the number and configuration of promoter states from single-cell gene expression data. Application of bursty MCEM(2) to data from the endogenous mouse glutaminase promoter reveals nearly deterministic promoter OFF times, consistent with a multi-step activation mechanism consisting of 10 or more inactive states. Our novel approach to modeling promoter fluctuations together with bursty MCEM(2) provides powerful tools for characterizing transcriptional bursting across genes under different environmental conditions.Availability and implementationR source code implementing bursty MCEM(2) is available upon request.Contactabsingh@udel.eduSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Correction to "Sidelobe Level and Wideband Behavior of Arrays of Random Subarrays"

Presents a correction to the paper by Kerby and Bernhard (IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.54, p.2253-62, 2006 August).
The Cytoskeletal Adaptor Protein IQGAP1 Regulates TCR-Mediated Signaling and Filamentous Actin Dynamics

The Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1 is a multimodular scaffold that controls signaling and cytoskeletal regulation in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. However, the functional role of IQGAP1 in T cell development, activation, and cytoskeletal regulation has not been investigated. In this study, we show that IQGAP1 is dispensable for thymocyte development as well as microtubule organizing center polarization and cytolytic function in CD8+ T cells. However, IQGAP1-deficient CD8+ T cells as well as Jurkat T cells suppressed for IQGAP1 were hyperresponsive, displaying increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production, heightened LCK activation, and augmented global phosphorylation kinetics after TCR ligation. In addition, IQGAP1-deficient T cells exhibited increased TCR-mediated F-actin assembly and amplified F-actin velocities during spreading. Moreover, we found that discrete regions of IQGAP1 regulated cellular activation and F-actin accumulation. Taken together, our data suggest that IQGAP1 acts as a dual negative regulator in T cells, limiting both TCR-mediated activation kinetics and F-actin dynamics via distinct mechanisms.
Do Physical And Sexual Abuse Differentially Affect Chronic Pain States in Women

Abstract To evaluate the role of physical and/or sexual abuse on chronic pain symptoms and health care utilization in women, 104 consecutive female patients presenting to a multidisciplinary pain center for management of chronic pain were surveyed. Outcomes included a measure of sexual or physical abuse history (Drossman Sexual–Physical Abuse Survey), and measures of anxiety, health care utilization, substance abuse, and somatic symptoms. Forty-eight percent of the sample reported a history of physical abuse (PA) or sexual abuse (SA). Forty percent of the abused patients reported both PA and SA and the remainder reported SA (37%) or PA (23%) alone. The women who reported abuse had increased pain, physical symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and mental health care utilization compared to nonabused women. The women who reported abuse were also more likely to smoke and abuse street drugs. Women who reported both PA and SA were more likely to report head pain when compared to those who reported only PA or SA. Given the impact of abuse, particularly SA, on the presentation of chronic pain, queries regarding abuse should become a routine component of the patient interview. Abused patients should be referred to mental health care practitioners as a component of successful pain management if unresolved issues persist.
Opinions Toward Breastfeeding in Public and Appropriate Duration

Objective. To examine the attitudes toward breastfeeding in public and perceptions toward appropriate durations. Methods. A total of 1036 adults completed an online survey on comfort levels toward ...
Interactions between sea urchin grazing and prey diversity on temperate rocky reef communities

While we frequently observe that increasing species richness within a trophic level can increase the rates of predation or herbivory on lower trophic levels, the general impacts of prey diversity on consumption rates by their predators or herbivores remains unclear. Here we report the results of two field experiments that examined how subcanopy sessile species richness affects rates of consumption by sea urchins. We crossed a natural gradient of species richness in a benthic subtidal community of understory macroalgae and sessile invertebrates against two experimental gradients of urchin density (0-50 and 0-14 individuals) in 0.5-m 2 fenced plots. We found that the percent cover of macroalgae and invertebrates consumed by urchins was greater at higher levels of sessile prey species richness. However, this positive association between prey richness and sea urchin consumption was only apparent at low urchin densities; at high urchin densities nearly all algal and invertebrate biomass was consumed irrespective of sessile species richness. The positive relationship between prey richness and urchin consumption was also stronger when the abundance of prey species was more even (i.e., higher Simpson's evenness). Collectively, our results show that the consumptive impacts of urchins on kelp forest understory communities increases as a function of species diversity (both prey richness and evenness), but that prey diversity becomes irrelevant when urchins reach high densities.
A Nursing Clinical Decision Support System and Potential Predictors of Head-of-Bed Position for Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation

Background Patients receiving mechanical ventilation are at high risk for pneumonia due to aspiration. Published guidelines recommend elevating the head of the bed 30 degrees to 45 degrees , if not contraindicated, to reduce risk, but this intervention is underused. Objectives To facilitate incorporating evidence-based practice by improving positioning of patients receiving mechanical ventilation and to identify patient and nurse characteristics that predict use of the guideline. Methods A modified interrupted time-series design was used. Data were collected on 43 patients and 33 nurses 3 separate times in a 12-bed intensive care unit at a medium-sized hospital. A total of 105 observations were recorded for analysis each time. Results Mean elevations of the head of the bed increased significantly from phase 1 (27.7 degrees ) to phase 2 (31.7 degrees ) and from phase 1 to phase 3 (31.1 degrees ). Elevations were higher for tube-fed patients than for patients not given enteral tube feedings. Elevations were higher for patients with a pulmonary-related diagnosis and lower for patients with a gastrointestinal diagnosis than for patients with other diagnoses. Elevations were lower for patients with a body mass index between 25.0 and 29.9 (overweight) than for patients with other body mass index values. Nurse characteristics were not significant predictors of elevation. Conclusion A nursing clinical decision support system integrated into a patient's electronic flow sheet can increase nurses' adherence to guidelines. Pulmonary and gastrointestinal diagnoses, body mass index, and tube feeding are predictors of elevation of the head of the bed.
Oligonucleotide-capped gold nanoparticles for improved atomic force microscopic imaging and enhanced selectivity in polynucleotide detection.

Abstract A novel assay for selective determination of polynucleotides using atomic force microscopy in conjunction with the formation of the probe/target/DNA–gold nanoparticle sandwich structure at a gold surface is described. A 17-mer probe was attached to the surface for subsequent hybridization with a polynucleotide target. Due to the flat orientation of the probe–target hybrid with respect to the surface and the spatial obstruction of the unhybridized probes near the hybrids, the AFM images are not clear. The hybridization efficiency was estimated to be about 1.1% since certain surface features could not be resolved. The utilization of 30-mer-capped gold nanoparticles not only provides another dimension of selectivity, but also reorients the previously formed probe–target hybrid in such a way that the strands of the target become tethered with respect to the surface. This reorientation improves the resolution in imaging the hybridized target molecules and provides an accurate determination of the hybridization efficiency (16%).
Growth kinetics of solvent crazes in glassy polymers

The kinetics of craze growth from sharp cracks in polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in contact with liquid methanol were measured with time-lapse photography as a function of the stress intensity factor KI. At high KI the craze length in both systems increases as √t if the sides of the craze are protected from methanol and as t if they are not, where t is the elapsed time after loading. If such a side-protected craze is dried under load and then methanol is reintroduced to the crack tip, the methanol front advances with the same kinetics as the original craze growth. This experiment Proves that solvent crazing velocities are limited by the hydrodynamic transport of solvent through the porous craze structure under a capillary pressure driving force (which can be as high as 100 atm). An improved model of fluid flow through the craze is developed and shown to predict craze growth kinetics in good agreement with those observed. The hydraulic permeability of methanol crazes in PS was found to be independent of craze length at small craze length and to be independent of KI except at very low KI. Although increases in molecular weight in the range Mw = 200,000 to Mw = 670,000 do not markedly affect the crazing kinetics, they greatly increase the time to fracture of the craze.
How much routine preoperative laboratory testing is enough

Routine preoperative laboratory testing has become dogma to many. Often, surgeons, anesthesiologists, hospital administrators, and even patients expect that there will be some "labs" on the chart prior to any operative procedure. Many have questioned the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of such a policy. There is little evidence to support the need for routine preoperative testing and much evidence against it. Preoperative testing should be based on appropriate indications. This makes the assessment of the preoperative laboratory evaluation difficult for a medical quality assurance program. The question that arises is, how much routine preoperative laboratory testing is enough? The answer to this question depends on (a) the purpose of this testing and (b) the limitations and potential misinterpretations of laboratory testing. This article will discuss the reasons for the potential misinterpretation of laboratory tests and then the data supporting selective preoperative laboratory testing.
Hawking radiation and covariant anomalies

Generalizing the method of Wilczek and collaborators we provide a derivation of Hawking radiation from charged black holes using only covariant gauge and gravitational anomalies. The reliability and universality of the anomaly cancellation approach to Hawking radiation is also discussed.
What leads to age and gender differences in balance maintenance and recovery

Abstract OA compared to YA have high rates of falls and fall-related injuries. OF have notably higher rates of falls and fall-related injuries than OM. Healthy OA compared to YA, and females compared to males of any adult age, have lower strengths and have development rates for at least some strengths that are lower. The results of the obstacle avoidance and balance recovery studies described suggest that OA are not notably more at risk than YA, nor are females notably more at risk than males, in avoidance and recovery tasks that are time-critical (TC), but do not have high strength (HS) requirements. The results suggest that for TC/HS avoidance and recovery tasks, OA compared to YA and females compared to males are substantially more at risk for injury. The source of these age and gender differences seems to lie primarily in differences in muscle strengths and speeds of muscle contraction once contraction is initiated, rather than in neural factors underlying the sensory processing or motor planning that leads to the initiation of muscle contraction. Perhaps these findings help to explain the high rates of falls and fall injuries among OA compared to YA, and among OF compared to OM.
What your engineering students might be learning from their mathematics pre-reqs (Beyond Integrals and Derivatives)

While engineering students are required to complete a number of mathematics courses, some students and practitioners believe that they do not use the mathematics that they learned from their courses in engineering projects. This study investigates engineering students' use of mathematics through semi-structured interviews. Engineering students from five engineering disciplines (Aeronautics and Astronautics, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering) answered interview questions related to their mathematical backgrounds. More advanced engineers (Mechanical Engineering graduate students) were also interviewed about their mathematical training. The interview responses were analyzed using grounded theory methodology, and the emergent themes were mapped to Schoenfeld's aspects of mathematical thinking: knowledge base, heuristics, monitoring and control mechanisms, beliefs and affects and practices. The emerging findings suggest that engineering students learn problem solving strategies, develop beliefs and feelings about mathematics and engineering, acquire self-monitoring abilities and develop practices as a result of their experiences in their mathematics courses. The findings from this study provide insights that can help the engineering education community consider how mathematics should be taught to engineering students as well as information helpful to individual faculty members wanting to better understand their students' experiences outside of the engineering classroom.
Multipliers on some sequence spaces

Let ω be the space of all (complex) sequences. If E, F are subspaces of ω and if A is any (infinite) normal matrix, we set and If A is the matrix of a sequence–sequence summability transform, Ā and Â shall denote the series–sequence and series–series forms of the transform, respectively. The multiplier spaces M ( c (Ā), c (Ā)), M ( l p (Â), l 1 (Â)) and M ( l p (Â), c (Ā)) are characterized (1 ≤ p M ( c (Ā), l p (Â)) and M ( l p (Â), l p (Â)).
Mental health care for depressed older adults.

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ALTERATIONS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA OF SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

An enhanced sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) has been implicated in the development and maintenance of the hypertension observed in experimental animal models such as the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Recent evidence suggests that an alteration of sympathetic synaptic transmission could also play a significant role in the elevation of SNA observed in the SHR (J. C. Magee and G. G. Schofield. Hypertension Dallas 20: 367-373, 1992). To test this hypothesis, we used intracellular recordings from superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons to compare properties of synaptic transmission between SHRs and two normotensive controls [Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar rats]. Supramaximal preganglionic stimulation elicited larger amplitude fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and currents (EPSCs) in SHR sympathetic neurons compared with the normotensive controls. Analysis of variance of both compound and unitary EPSC amplitudes suggests that an increase in transmitter release is responsible for the elevated EPSP amplitude in these neurons. Also, a diminished short-term facilitation and an elevated synaptic depression limit the ability of SHR preganglionic neurons to increase transmitter release during short trains of repetitive stimuli. It is hypothesized that an enhanced transmitter depletion results in the altered synaptic plasticity of SHR sympathetic ganglion neurons. Intracellular recordings in low-Ca2+, high-Mg2+ external solutions support this idea. Therefore, synaptic transmission between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of SCGs from hypertensive rats was found to be altered in a manner that would tend to enhance sympathetic nervous activity, further implicating an exaggerated SNA in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the SHR model.
An open source software selection process and a case study

In this study, I design an empirical open source software selection process, which reuses some ideas from Commercial Off-the-Shelf selection methods and addresses the characteristics of the open source software. Basically, it consists of three basic steps: identification, screening and evaluation. The identification step is to find all possible alternatives to open source software that can meet the high level requirements. The next step is screening, in which the refined requirements are applied to filter the alternatives. The evaluation step is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, in which the alternatives are inspected from functional suitability, source code, support strength and popularity. In more detail, under functionality suitability criterion, alternatives to open source software are evaluated in viewing of how much functionality can fit in with the functional user requirements. The source code of the alternatives is evaluated from six criteria: programming language, code size, code comment, code intra-module complexity and code inter-module complexity. The evaluation of support strength depends on the evaluation of field support and support resources. The field support includes commercial support and community support. The community support specifically refers to the direct responses from the community to the support requests. Aside from field support, open source software projects also provide various support-related resources such as, documents, wiki, blog, etc. To determine the popularity of the alternatives, I evaluate them from software use, development participation and web popularity. In the case study, I utilize the process to select the best open source unified modeling language tool from the ten alternatives for the software development process. After the screening phase, the four competitive alternatives, BOUML, ArgoUML, UMLet and Violet, are evaluated from functionality, source code, support strength and popularity criteria. The evaluation result indicates that ArgoUML is the best tool for the requirement. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the selection process. Various important attributes of open source software are taken into consideration systematically and the final decision is reached based on comprehensive investigation and analysis. The process provides an operable solution to the open source selection problem in practice.
Beyond Frame Resonance: The Argumentative Structure and Persuasive Capacity of Twentieth-Century U.S. Women's Jury-Rights Frames

Research on movement political success has grown measurably, yet few studies consider the role of framing in bringing about challenger victories. Existing investigations taking collective action framing into account typically consider only whether movement frames with broad cultural resonance are more convincing to policymakers. This study examines other qualities of movement frames to uncover argumentative forms that allow activists to persuade lawmakers to alter policy. I examine efforts by organized U.S. women in the early twentieth century to persuade state legislators to broaden jury laws to seat women jurors. Quantitative analyses reveal that jury frames that (a) define the problem of excluding women as serious and broad in scope, (b) provide a clear rationale for supporting activist demands, and (c) offer concrete evidence to support the frame's claim are likelier to convince lawmakers. The status of the frame's articulators and the quantity of movement framing are not predictors of movement success.