cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HEAT TRANSPORT THROUGH HELIUM II: KAPITZA CONDUCTANCE.

Abstract A review is presented of experimental and theoretical work on the Kapitza conductance, which limits the heat that can be transferred from a solid to helium II. A short derivation of the phonon radiation limit indicates the reason for the approximate T 3 temperature dependence of the Kapitza conductance. The small size of this upper limit makes the Kapitza conductance a critical factor in He II heat transfer applications. Considerable qualitative and quantitative correspondence of the data with this limit is found. From the limited evidence available, the role of surface conditions and bulk parameters in determining the conductance are considered empirically. An examination of the theories of Kapitza conductance which have been proposed shows that none provide adequate explanations of the data, and that the underlying physical phenomena remain obscure. Because of the scarcity of available data, and discrepancies between experiments, the prediction of Kapitza conductance for design purposes from theory or experiment is difficult.
Factor Analytic Study of the Children's Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale':

A factor analysis of the Children's Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale was conducted with a biracial sample of children over a wide age range. The Scale was analyzed for 368 10 to 17 year old students in a rural community. Three factors had sufficient item loadings to be interpretable. They were related to Personal Control and Helplessness, Achievement and Friendship, and Luck. These three factors corresponded to the three dimensions identified by Nowicki (1976). Race, sex, and age relationships are also reported for these three factors.
Determinate growth and the scaling of photosynthetic energy intake in the solitary coral Fungia concinna (Verrill)

Abstract For many marine invertebrates, the maximum size of an individual is influenced heavily by environmental factors and may be limited by energetic constraints. In this study, an energetic model developed originally for anemones was applied to the free-living scleractinian Fungia concinna (Verrill) from Moorea (French Polynesia) to test the hypothesis that energetic constraints limit the size of this solitary coral. The modified model assumed that photosynthesis was the primary source of metabolic energy, and that metabolic costs were represented by aerobic respiration; these sources and sinks of energy were compared using daily energy budgets that were analyzed using double logarithmic regressions of energy against coral size. With this approach, energy limitation is characterized by a scaling exponent for energetic cost ( b cost ) that is larger than the scaling exponent for energy intake ( b intake ). For the size range of F. concinna studied, b intake = 0.73 ± 0.09 and b cost = 0.46 ± 0.10, thereby demonstrating that large individuals accumulated an energetic surplus, even when the expenditure associated with host tissue and symbiont growth was included in the model. The surplus of energy that this coral acquires as it grows appears to be driven by the scaling of traits associated functionally with the scaling of respiration and photosynthesis. Specifically, tissue biomass displayed a strong positive allometry with respect to surface area ( i.e. , b > 1), and this constraint on surface area may be the mechanistic basis of the low scaling exponent for metabolic cost. In contrast, the capacity for autotrophy – defined indirectly as Symbiodinium population density and chlorophyll content – increased isometrically with surface area, and likely contributed to the higher scaling exponent for intake relative to cost. Our results suggest that growth in F. concinna is not limited strictly by energy, but instead maximum size must be determined by alternative physiological or ecological constraints.
Electrochemistry of Gold in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions under Neural Stimulation Conditions

The electrochemistry of gold in 50 mM aqueous sulfuric acid solutions under conditions typical of neural stimulation (cathodic-first current pulsing at 50 Hz) was studied in oxygen-free and oxygenated solutions. As the electrode was pulsed from +0.75 V vs. a reference hydrogen electrode using a 100 μs, -500 mA/cm 2 pulse in oxygen-free solutions, (i) the initial 10 μC/cm 2 of injected charge was stored in the double layer, (ii) the next 20-30 μC/cm 2 was accommodated by double-layer charging plus an undetermined process consuming about 1.8 μC/cm 2 , and (iii) when the electrode potential reached approximately -0.52 V, water reduction consumed all further charge. In oxygen-saturated solution, the unrecoverable charge (associated with irreversible reactions) was not significantly different from the deaerated situation throughout the pulse period, but the electrode potential was less negative, consistent with oxygen reduction. Oxygen reduction appears reversible during a 100 μs pulse, provided the electrode is clamped back to +0.75 V immediately after the pulse. If an open-circuit period was introduced between the current pulse and application of the reversal potential, unrecoverable charge accumulated more rapidly in oxygen-saturated solution, suggesting that processes occurring during the interpulse interval of neural stimulation may produce potentially damaging reaction products.
Continuous-wave rotational Raman laser in H(2).

A diode-pumped, far-off-resonance cw Raman laser in H2 with rotational Stokes emission is reported for the first time to our knowledge. The Raman laser can produce single-wavelength emission at either 830 nm (rotational Stokes) or 1180 nm (vibrational Stokes) depending on the frequency tuning of the pump laser. The mirrors for the rotational cw Raman laser are easier to produce; the laser also exhibits a wider continuous tuning range and is less sensitive to thermal effects than the previously studied vibrational Raman laser [Opt. Lett.26, 426 (2001) and references therein].
On symmetric matrices and the matrix minimum principle

The gradient matrix has come into wide use during the past decade. When gradients are taken with respect to symmetric matrices in the context of optimization problems, special care must be taken to insure the validity of the results. This note considers the necessary conditions of the matrix minimum principle [1] when the system matrix is constrained to be symmetric.
1003-1 Serial Assessment of Doppler Hemodynamic Profiles in Fifty Clinically and Echocardiographically Normal Tricuspid Valve Prostheses

Normal Doppler hemodynamics of tricuspid valve prostheses (TP) have been established; the variability of TP hemodynamics over time has not been previously described. Thus we analyzed 2 or more (total 133) comprehensive sequential echo-Doppler exams from 50 patients (18 M: 33 F; mean age 44 ± 22 yrs) with clinically and echo normal TP (28 mechanical: 22 bioprosthetic). The earliest complete postop echo-Doppler exam from each patient was chosen as the index study; subsequent Doppler exams performed at mean 1.5 ± 0.8 yrs after the index study were analyzed. The mean values ±SD of early velocity, atrial velocity, pressure half-time (PHT), and mean gradient (MG) were obtained by digitizing 10 cycles for each TP study. The change (Δ) between studies was established for each parameter among valve types. The tricuspid bioprosthetic MG increased 0.8 ± 1.6 mmHg between the index and second study (p = 0.03) and continued to increase at a rate of 0.4 mmHg/yr (p = 0.001). This increase was not seen in mechanical valves. The PHT increased among all TP types with time (p = 0.001), and was significantly related to a decrease in heart rate (p = 0.003) for bioprosthetic but not for the mechanical TP. After adjusting for changes in heart rate, the increase in PHT was less significant (p = 0.052). No other significant changes among valve types over time were noted. Conclusions Serial echo-Doppler studies of clinically normal bioprosthetic TP demonstrate a significant increase in MG over time. Longer follow-up will be required to determine if the increasing MG for bioprostheses continues at a steady rate. Similar changes were not seen for mechanical TP, hence an increasing gradient in this setting requires further evaluation to exclude pathologic obstruction.
PHOSPHATE ION AS A PROMOTER CATALYST OF RESPIRATION

The active component of phosphate solutions, in relation to promoter action on oxidising enzymes, is the PO(4) (''') ion. This is shown by the demonstration of a hyperbolic relationship between per cent production of CO(2) (of Elodea) and pPO(4), the measure of the phosphate ion potential. This is consistent with the rate of respiration as affected by changing pPO(4) through change of total phosphate concentration while pH is kept constant. The equation for this relationship is (CO(2) - a) (pPO(4) - b)(n) = K where a, b, n, and K are constants and n = 1. The same relationship to phosphate ion concentration, expressed by the equation (Activity of enzyme) (pPO(4))(n) = K, where n and K are constants and n varies from 1 to 6 under different conditions, appears to hold for some other enzyme actions, including those of peroxidase and pancreatic lipase.
The anomalous heat capacity of superconducting niobium

Abstract No evidence is found in the specific heat of niobium which would be indicative of a second superconducting energy gap in this transition metal. The specific heat anomaly previously associated with a second gap is shown to be caused by hydrogen impurity. Substitution of deuterium for hydrogen produces a significant change in the temperature dependence of the anomaly.
Endoplasmic reticulum localization of the low density lipoprotein receptor mediates presecretory degradation of apolipoprotein B

Mutations in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) cause hypercholesterolemia because of inefficient LDL clearance from the circulation. In addition, there is a paradoxical oversecretion of the metabolic precursor of LDL, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). We recently demonstrated that the LDLR mediates pre-secretory degradation of the major VLDL protein, apolipoprotein B (apoB). Kinetic studies suggested that the degradation process is initiated in the secretory pathway. Here, we evaluated the ability of several LDLR variants that are stalled within the secretory pathway to regulate apoB secretion. Both a naturally occurring mutant LDLR and an LDLR consisting of only the ligand-binding domains and a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence were localized to the ER and not at the cell surface. In the presence of either of the ER-localized LDLRs, apoB secretion was essentially abolished. When the ligand-binding domain of the truncated receptor was mutated the receptor was unable to block apoB secretion, indicating that the inhibition of apoB secretion depends on the ability of the LDLR to bind to its ligand. These findings establish LDLR-mediated pre-secretory apoB degradation as a pathway distinct from reuptake of nascent lipoproteins at the cell surface. The LDLR provides an example of a receptor that modulates export of its ligand from the ER.
Information augmentation of passive tracking for autonomous underwater vehicles

The problem of localizing moving targets using platform-based passive-acoustic sensing that may be available for small autonomous underwater vehicles is considered. An approach to maintaining the robust tracking performance, based on augmenting the nominal tracking function by nonbearing types of information extracted synergistically from knowledge-based data such as motion capabilities of different classes of targets and constraints of the operating environment, and from data gathered by onboard sensing/communication resources, is introduced. The implementation of approaches to augmenting the tracking function that help maintain robust tracking performance in the face of degraded bearing accuracy is described and results of their application are presented. Augmentation based on constraints on the relative platform-target motion, such as on the maximum speed capability of the target, the relative range etc., is discussed in detail. >
Heat transfer limitations on nuclear reactor fuel elements

Limitations on heat transfer rates on fuel elements in Canadian heavy-water-moderated reactors are examined. With organic coolant in simple flow geometries, heat fluxes are limited by departure from nucleate boiling, (DNB); in simulated fuel bundles the failure mechanism can be either localized DNB, or coke-out, the formation, deposition and rapid growth of coolant decomposition products on heated surfaces. With boiling light water coolant, critical heat flux (CHF) is caused by DNB at low qualities and by dry-out at higher qualities. Parameters governing CHF in tubes and annuli are fairly well established. Data for fuel bundles are becoming available. Methods of increasing CHF and of rationally setting margins of safety on CHF are being developed. On a etudie les limitations relatives aux flux de chaleur sur les elements combustibles dans les reacteurs moderes a l'eau lourde. Lorsqu'on emploie un refrigerant organique dans un dispositif d'ecoulement de forme geometrique simple, les flux de chaleur sont limites par la deviation de l'ebullution germinee (DNB); dans des faisceaux simules de combustible, l'insucces du dispositif peut etre dǔ a DNB localie, ou a un “coke-out”, qui est la formation, le depǒt et l'accumulation des produits de decomposition du refrigerant sur les surfaces chauffees. Dans le cas de l'ebullition de l'eau ordinaire employee comme refrigerant, la flux de chaleur critique (CHF) est produit par DNB lorsque la vapeur est en faible proportion et par l'assechement lorsqu'elle est en forte proportion. Les parametres qui regissent CHF dans les tubes et les espaces annulaires sont assez bien etablis. Des renseignements sur les faisceaux de combustible deviennent disponibles. On a mis au point des methodes pour augmenter CHF et lui donner des limites rationnelles de securite.
Establishing percent resection and residual volume thresholds affecting survival and recurrence for patients with newly diagnosed intracranial glioblastoma

Results: Of 259 patients, 203 (78%) died and 156 (60%) had tumor recurrence. The median survival and progression-free survival were 13.4 and 8.9 months, respectively. The median (interquartile range) pre- and postoperative tumor volumes were 32.2 (14.0 –56.3) and 2.1 (0.0 –7.9) cm 3 , respectively. EOR was independently associated with survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.995; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.990– 0.998; P ¼ .008) and recurrence (HR [95% CI], 0.992 [0.983 –0.998], P ¼ .005). The minimum EOR threshold for survival (P ¼ .0006) and recurrence (P ¼ .005) was 70%. RV was also associated with survival (HR [95% CI], 1.019 [1.006– 1.030], P ¼ .004) and recurrence (HR [95% CI], 1.024 [1.001 –1.044], P ¼ .03). The maximum RV threshold for survival (P ¼ .01) and recurrence (P ¼ .01) was 5 cm 3 . Conclusion: This study shows for the first time that both EOR and RV are significantly associated with survival and recurrence, where the thresholds are 70% and 5 cm 3 , respectively. These findings may help guide surgical and adjuvant therapies aimed at optimizing
Red cell transfusion is associated with an increased risk for postoperative atrial fibrillation.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with increased resource utilization. Recent evidence supports a role of inflammation in the development of AF. It is also known that red blood cell transfusion modulates inflammation by increasing plasma levels of inflammatory markers. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that red blood cell transfusion increases the risk of postoperative AF for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Between February 2002 and January 2005, 5,841 patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with or without valve replacement. Patient and procedural variables associated with development of new-onset AF were identified by logistic regression. Propensity score matching was used to confirm results. Results In addition to older age, prior history of AF, higher preoperative hematocrit, β-blocker withdrawal, longer aortic clamp time, valve surgery, and intensive care unit inotropic usage, intensive care unit red blood cell transfusion increased risk for AF (odds ratio per unit transfused, 1.18; 95% confidence limits, 1.14, 1.23; p p Conclusions Intensive care unit red blood cell transfusion is associated with increased occurrence of postoperative AF after cardiac surgery. This factor should be considered in identifying patients who might benefit from prophylaxis to prevent this common postoperative complication.
The Value of Committee Assignments in Congress since 1994

Using the Grosewart method of computing the value of committee service, we examine whether the "Republican takeover" of the House in 1995 led to a change in how members of Congress value service on committees. Our results confound a simple set of hypotheses and conventional wisdoms concerning the congressional committee system since 1995. In both the House and Senate, "power committees" have retained their positions of privilege on the value pecking order. In the House, less-valued committees have shuffled their relative standing in recent years, but on the whole committee service is as valuable as it once was. In the Senate, the value of lower-ranked committees has generally declined over the past decade, suggesting that committee service on the whole is more onerous in the Senate, but not the House, since 1995.
Possible Acute Thrombocytopenia Post Esomeprazole and Hydantoin Coadministration

Thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count less than 150 000/µL, occurs as a result of decreased production, sequestration, or peripheral destruction. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia is a clinically important adverse drug event involving many drugs including hydantoins. This report details an acute reaction of thrombocytopenia in a 55-year-old, critically ill, African American male patient after receiving a loading dose of fosphenytoin and a subsequent dose of IV phenytoin. The patient presented with an intracranial hemorrhage with hematoma and a blood pressure of 204/143 mm Hg. A fosphenytoin load infused for seizure prophylaxis and the first dose of a phenytoin maintenance regimen were followed by episodes of hypotension. In response to the hypotension, phenytoin was discontinued. On hospital day 2, the patient’s platelet count had dropped dramatically from the morning before, 150 000 to 28 000/µL. The platelet count subsequently returned to baseline within 7 days of phenytoin discontinuation. The prop...
The ram1 Mutant of Arabidopsis Exhibits Severely Decreased β-Amylase Activity

Despite extensive biochemical analyses, the biological function(s) of plant beta-amylases remains unclear. The fact that beta-amylases degrade starch in vitro suggests that they may play a role in starch metabolism in vivo. beta-Amylases have also been suggested to prevent the accumulation of highly polymerized polysaccharides that might otherwise impede flux through phloem sieve pores. The identification and characterization of a mutant of Arabidopsis var. Columbia with greatly reduced levels of beta-amylase activity is reported here. The reduced beta-amylase 1 (ram1) mutation lies in the gene encoding the major form of beta-amylase in Arabidopsis. Although the Arabidopsis genome contains nine known or putative beta-amylase genes, the fact that the ram1 mutation results in almost complete loss of beta-amylase activity in rosette leaves and inflorescences (stems) indicates that the gene affected by the ram1 mutation is responsible for most of the beta-amylase activity present in these tissues. The leaves of ram1 plants accumulate wild-type levels of starch, soluble sugars, anthocyanin, and chlorophyll. Plants carrying the ram1 mutation also exhibit wild-type rates of phloem exudation and of overall growth. These results suggest that little to no beta-amylase activity is required to maintain normal starch levels, rates of phloem exudation, and overall plant growth.
The Laryngeal Specifications of Fricatives

Phonologists have traditionally assumed that the unmarked laryngeal state of fricatives is to be unaspirated ([−spread glottis]). However, the data analyzed here, which are drawn from Armenian, Greek, Pali, Sanskrit, Spanish, and Thai, suggest that in their unmarked state voiceless fricatives are in fact [+spread glottis], whereas voiced fricatives are [−spread glottis].
Police work in the Caribbean – The influence of gender and nation

Over the past two decades, the growing number of women entering the police profession has challenged the historic male dominance of the occupation. Research from the USA and the UK has examined whether men and women police differ in their assessments of working conditions, occupational opportunities, and other aspects of police work. To date, however, no attempt has been made to conduct a quantitative study of gender across socio‐political contexts or to assess the applicability of models constructed in those two countries to Caribbean nations. This study employs survey data from a sample of police constables and their immediate supervisors in three Caribbean nations. The survey queried 1,237 constables and supervisors. A total of 11 per cent of the respondents were women. Constables were asked about various aspects of policing, working conditions, and the nature of their duties. The questions were based on 24 constructs evaluated in the US and UK literatures. Few differences between genders emerged from comparisons within nations, although such differences have been documented in the USA and UK. These findings suggest that gender models used in developed nations do not necessarily explain differences in developing nations. Differences were observed across the three nations, however. Implications for future research on gender and policing are discussed.
Qualified Dublin Core using RDF for Sci-Tech Journal Articles

As a participant in the D-Lib Test Suite project, the University of Illinois maintains a full-text XML testbed containing over 65,000 scientific and technical journal articles. For this project, we have developed techniques to generate and utilize Qualified Dublin Core (DCQ) metadata using RDF. In this short paper we will provide a brief overview of our digital collection, demonstrate DCQ metadata creation and usage for items in our collection, and finally summarize some of the issues that arose as a consequence of our decision to use DCQ.
Uniformity: A Crucial Attribute of Tire/Wheel Assemblies

Abstract Good ride, acceptable comfort for passengers, is a required attribute for all road vehicles particularly automobiles and light trucks. The tire/wheel assembly is a critical component in providing good ride. Indeed, obtaining good ride was the crucial factor that drove the invention of and rapid popularization of the pneumatic tire. Today, the ride effect of tires is often thought of in two ways. The first is in terms of the transmission of vibration produced by the interaction of the tire with road surface irregularities, harshness. The second is in terms of tire structural irregularity generated energy transmitted during operation on a smooth road, uniformity. Both types of energy share the dynamic properties of the tire structure though they differ in source. This paper concentrates primarily on uniformity induced vibration particularly at the frequency of tire rotation, but does touch on harshness to a small degree, when the sharing of structural dynamics makes it appropriate. This review of t...
A practical method for exact computation of subtree prune and regraft distance

Motivation: Subtree prune and regraft (SPR) is one kind of tree rearrangements that has seen applications in solving several computational biology problems. The minimum number of rooted SPR (rSPR) operations needed to transform one rooted binary tree to another is called the rSPR distance between the two trees. Computing the rSPR distance has been actively studied in recent years. Currently, there is a lack of practical software tools for computing the rSPR distance for relatively large trees with large rSPR distance. Results: In this article, we present a simple and practical method that computes the exact rSPR distance with integer linear programming. By applying this new method on several simulated and real biological datasets, we show that our new method outperforms existing software tools in term of accuracy and ef.ciency. Our experimental results indicate that our method can compute the exact rSPR distance for many large trees with large rSPR distance. Availability: A software tool, SPRDist, is available for download from the web page: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~ywu. Contact: ywu@engr.uconn.edu
The S-wave project for focal mechanism studies, earthquakes of 1963

P - and S -wave data for thirty-five earthquakes selected from among the larger earthquakes of 1963 have been investigated. Focal mechanism determinations for twenty-six of these shocks are here presented. The solutions are based upon a combination of a graphical and a computer method for determining the poles of the nodal planes. In all cases it has been found that the mechanism may be adequately represented by a double couple as an equivalent point source of the focus, although in some few instances a single couple cannot be excluded as a possible alternate interpretation. The solution of a mid-Atlantic earthquake of November 17, 1963 is presented as an example of a focus which clearly conforms to the double couple model. Special attention is called to the solutions for a series of earthquakes in the Kurile Islands, and to three earthquakes of the mid-Atlantic.
ACTIVATION OF RAT THYMOCYTES SELECTIVELY UPREGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR SUBTYPE-1

Somatostatin and other neuropeptides are known to modulate the proliferative capacity of immune cells. In the present study, we investigated the expression of Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtypes on rat thymocytes. RT-PCR analysis of fresh thymocytes showed significant levels of transcripts for the SSTR2 whereas transcripts for the SSTR1 and SSTR3 were not detectable. Interestingly, when the thymocytes were activated with low concentration of Phytohemagglutinin and interleukin 1, the transcript for SSTR1 was markedly increased. Lymphokine induced activation of thymocytes selectively upregulated the SSTR1 since, transcripts for SSTR2 remained the same after activation and SSTR3 was not detectable. PCR amplified fragment of SSTR1 from the activated thymocytes showed identical sequence to the rat brain receptor. The physiological significance of the increase of SSTR1 mRNA in thymocytes after activation remains to be elucidated but it may be possible that these two different subsets of receptors (SSTR1 and SSTR2) are involved in the modulation of thymocyte proliferation and differentiation.
Optical Coherence Tomography of Vascular Disorders, Malformations, and Tumors

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), in conjunction with clinical examination, has become an important imaging modality to aid in both the diagnosis and treatment of ocular disorders. In this chapter, specific OCT findings of a variety of vascular diseases of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve are described through real clinical cases.
Analysis of Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Aplastic Anemia

We have analyzed natural killer (NK) cells in 43 patients with severe aplastic anemia, using cytotoxicity assays and microfluorometry with monoclonal antibodies, prior to and after treatment with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Before treatment, natural killer cell activity (NKa) in both peripheral blood and bone marrow was markedly decreased in 76% of patients as compared with normal controls. Although we have measured low NKa in patients receiving large numbers of blood transfusions (means = 150 U of RBCs), six aplastic patients had low NKa in the absence of transfusions, and the average number of transfusions in the total population was low (means = 24). Purification of larger granular lymphocytes (LGLs) from peripheral blood of aplastic anemia patients failed to recover significant NKa. Most of these large granular lymphocytes showed few azurophilic granules. NKa was appropriately enhanced in these patients samples by exposure of mononuclear cells to either interleukin 2 (IL-2) or interferon (IFN). Analysis of peripheral blood phenotypic markers showed that cells bearing Leu 7 antigen were in the normal range in aplastic anemia (means = 12% +/- 2%; normal = 16% +/- 2%), but there was a deficiency of Leu 11+ cells (means = 8% +/- 2%; normal = 15% +/- 2%). The number of Leu 11+ cells was well correlated with NKa. In 13 of 22 patients treated with ATG, NKa returned to the normal range, and recovery of NKa was correlated to hematopoietic recovery. Our results suggest that deficient NKa is an intrinsic feature of aplastic anemia, and that the circulating cells in this disease are of the pre-NK cell stage.
A Reckless Response to Rape: A Reply to Ayres and Baker

In a recent article in the University of Chicago Law Review, Professors Ian Ayres and Katharine Baker propose the crime of "reckless sexual conduct," criminalizing unprotected first-encounter sexual intercourse. The goals of this proposal are to combat the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases by requiring condom use and to reduce acquaintance rape by "forcing" communication. While the goals are admirable, the proposal is deeply flawed. As public health legislation, it is overinclusive, thereby punishing the morally innocent, and its conception of consent as an affirmative defense fundamentally misunderstands criminal responsibility. As rape reform, which is arguably the true aim of the statute, the proposal is morally and constitutionally impermissible: it punishes the innocent and improperly allocates the burden of proving consent to the defendant. The proposed statute also distracts from rape reform by attempting to circumvent the critical normative questions about consent and offering a second-best solution in consent's place. Finally, the compromise verdicts that the authors seek, offered as a solution to the "sticky norms" problem, may ultimately undermine the seriousness of the very rapes the authors hope to prevent.
Muscarinic suppression of Ca2+-dependent K current in colonic smooth muscle

Acetylcholine (ACh) increases the amplitude and duration of colonic electrical slow waves. This suggests that ACh either increases an inward current or suppresses an outward current. The latter hypothesis was tested in whole cell voltage-clamp experiments performed on freshly dispersed smooth muscle cells from canine proximal colon. Addition of ACh (10(-5) M) to solutions bathing cells reduced time-dependent outward currents elicited by depolarizing test pulses in the range of -45 to +30 mV. Analysis of tail currents showed that ACh caused a 10- to 15-mV positive shift in voltage-dependent activation. When cells were pretreated with 10(-6) M nifedipine to abolish the Ca2+-dependent component of the outward current, the reduction of outward current by ACh was blocked. Single-channel experiments were performed to determine whether ACh had a direct effect on Ca2+-activated K channels. ACh, 10(-5) M, added to bath and pipette solutions caused a positive shift in voltage-dependent activation in on-cell experiments. This effect of ACh on Ca2+-activated K channels provides a mechanism for the effects of muscarinic, excitatory stimulation of circular muscle of the colon.
Replication of the association between general intelligence and the general factor of personality using the California Child Q-set

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to test the replicability of the positive correlation between a general factor of personality (GFP) derived from the California Child Q-set (CCQ) and general intelligence. Analyses were performed using data from two samples of children in which the participants were administered both a test of general cognitive ability and had their personality judged by raters using the CCQ. The results were consistent with previous results in which a positive correlation was found between the CCQ Big Five-based GFP and general intelligence. Future research should help to determine why GFPs derived from some measures correlate positively with general intelligence while GFPs derived from other measures do not.
Abstract LB-105: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP19A1 gene are strongly associated with CYP1A2 expression: First evidence for epistasis in the CYP superfamily

CYP1A2 is a member of the cytochromes P450 enzymes responsible for the oxidative metabolism of a wide array of endo- and xenobiotics, and has been demonstrated to be the major isoform responsible for oxidation of estrone and estradiol. To date, SNPs identified in this gene do not adequately explain the 60-80-fold variation in activity observed in Caucasians. We hypothesized that CYP1A2 could be a target of epistatic regulation (i.e., gene-gene interactions where SNPs in one gene influence the expression of another). CYP1A2 and CYP19A1 both lie on chromosome 15, and since CYP19A1 (aromatase) is responsible for the production of estrogens, and CYP1A2 is the primary catabolic P450, we hypothesized that these genes could be coordinately regulated, and SNPs influencing levels of CYP19A1 could also be related to expression levels of CYP1A2. Two TagSNPs (rs749292 A Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-105.
The Carryover Effect in Presidential Elections

The carryover hypothesis asserts that participants' candidate support behavior in the general election is affected by their preferences for their party's nomination. This paper examines data from activist and national sample surveys for evidence of a carryover effect in the 1980 election. There is a detectable carryover effect on voting behavior both for activists and for citizens generally. Among activists, where evidence about candidate support behaviors beyond voting is available, the effect on such activity is substantial, and increases with the effort associated with the general election activity in question.
Computer viruses: what they are, how they work, how they might get you, and how to control them in academic institutions

A computer virus is a program that replicates itself and spreads to computers with the goal of disrupting or destroying normal computer use. In academic computing, viruses represent a serious problem that costs millions of dollars in losses annually and hinders the free exchange of information so critical to education. Viruses operate in incubation, infection, and destroy phases. The nature, mechanisms, and preventive measures for personal-computer viruses are reviewed. Different procedures are recommended to protect research laboratories, instructional laboratories, and software lending libraries. Tradeoffs between providing adequate protection and not having the security become too burdensome are considered.
Sporidial Reproduction in Sorosporium consanguineum: Wall Ontogeny

Wall ontogeny during sporidial budding in Sorosporiwni consalnguineluml was studied. Primary buds developed through expansion of all layers of the mother-cell wall. Subsequent buds arose through expansion of wall material which originated beneath, and protruded through, the outer layers of the mother-cell wall. This material was interpreted as the mother-cell septum formed during the previous budding process. Successive budding resulted in the formation of annellations at the apex of the mother cell. Septation was initiated by centripetal invagination of the plasmalemma at the junction of the mother and bud cells in which a double septum was formed prior to abscission. Our observations are compared with those reported for other yeastlike fungi and yeasts.
Plasma perturbations in high-speed probing of Hall thruster discharge chambers: quantification and mitigation

An experimental investigation is presented to quantify the effect of high-speed probing on the plasma parameters inside the discharge chamber of a 6-kW Hall thruster. Understanding the nature of these perturbations is of significant interest given the importance of accurate plasma measurements for characterizing thruster operation. An array of diagnostics including a high-speed camera and embedded wall probes is employed to examine in real time the changes in electron temperature and plasma potential induced by inserting a high-speed reciprocating Langmuir probe into the discharge chamber. It is found that the perturbations onset when the scanning probe is downstream of the electron temperature peak, and that along channel centerline, the perturbations are best characterized as a downstream shift of plasma parameters by 15-20% the length of the discharge chamber. A parametric study is performed to investigate techniques to mitigate the observed probe perturbations including varying probe speed, probe location, and operating conditions. It is found that the perturbations largely disappear when the thruster is operated at low power and low discharge voltage. The results of this mitigation study are discussed in the context of recommended methods for generating unperturbed measurements of the discharge chamber plasma.
Treatment of Primary Enuresis With Desmopressin Acetate

OBJECTIVE: To observe the short-term effect of desmopressin acetate(DDAVP) in treating primary enure-sis.METHODS; 50 cases over 5 years old were observed .They had bed-wetting(^twice per week) and continued with bed-wetting over 6 months.The patients with normal day-time micturition and without urinary tract infection in the near future, who had not received DDAVP before,were received DDAVP(0.1mg or 0.2mg,po,qn) during one course of 3 months.The treatment could not be interrupted. RESULTS: The curative rate was 64% (32/50); the improving rate 26%(13/50) and unsatisfactory rate 10% (5/50) .The total effective rate was 90% (45/50) .CONCLUSION: DDAVP has reliable short-term effect on primary enuresis and is of safety without any adverse reactions, however, secondary enuresis should be excluded from its indications. The long-term therapeutic effect remains to be observed.
Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse.

A 22-year-old man presents for a routine physical examination. While you are taking his history, he states that he “goes out drinking” every weekend with his friends.
A Rumor of Empathy in Hume’s Many Uses of Sympathy

David Hume has at least four distinct meanings of “sympathy.” These are mapped in detail to the multi-dimensional aspects of empathic receptivity, empathic understanding, empathic interpretation, and empathic responsiveness. In turn, “sympathy” is engaged as receptivity to affects; as understanding of exemplary other individuals as possibilities (from ancient Roman and Greek times); as the empathic interpretation of the other using a general point of view of an ideal observer; finally, as the optimal response of benevolence. Hume delimits the difference between sympathy and emotional contagion as a double representation. Hume leaves undeveloped the parallel between a “clelicacy of taste” and a “delicacy of sympathy,” the latter capturing today’s “empathy.” The “clelicate” aspects of sympathy are gathered together with “clelicacy of taste” and considered here.
Constructing Matrilineal Connections in a Remembering Conversation

People often search for meaning to soothe the pain of grief. Some turn to religious doctrine or secular rituals, others toward counseling. Some may connect to ancestral stories to find genealogical meaning for their own lives. Each of these quests may be aided by counseling conversations. Death particularly challenges the meanings of a relationship. This chapter will showcase the use of “remembering conversations” with a woman whose mother had recently died. Rather than finding personal meaning in her own individuality, she is comforted by finding it in a renewed sense of lineage, connecting meaning to her mother, grandmother, and her daughter. By crafting questions that focus on what remains following the death of a loved one, a counselor can assist the bereaved to connect multigenerational meaning with narrative legacies. These stories can infuse the relationship between the living and the dead, often affirming familial connections, with strength and vitality. The transcript of a narrative counseling session will be featured along with contextualization of the practices.
A Racial/Ethnic Performance Disparity on the Facial Recognition Test

The Facial Recognition Test is a widely used psychometric instrument for assessing visuoperceptual functioning. Only two prior studies have examined the effects of race/ethnicity on this test. Given that the United States has become more culturally diverse since the creation of the test, it is important to re-visit the effects of this demographic variable on performance. Participants were 75 males and 75 females between the ages of 18 and 43 years (M = 21.91, SD = 5.33). Racial/ethnic categories utilized by the U.S. Census Bureau were equally represented. No gender differences were observed. The race/ethnicity main effect was significant. The gender x race/ethnicity interaction was not significant. The data revealed a clear racial/ethnic performance disparity on the Facial Recognition Test.
Antitumor effects of naturally occurring cardiac glycosides convallatoxin and peruvoside on human ER+ and triple-negative breast cancers

Breast cancer is second most prevalent cancer in women, and the second only to lung cancer in cancer-related deaths. It is a heterogeneous disease and has several subtypes based on the presence or absence of hormone receptors and/or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Hormone receptor-positive and HER2-enriched cancers can be targeted using hormone and HER2-targeting therapies such as trastuzumab or lapatinib. However, triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) do not express any of the receptors and therefore are resistant to most targeted therapies, and cytotoxic chemotherapies are the only viable option available for the treatment of TNBCs. Recently, cardiac glycosides (CGs) have emerged as potential anticancer agents that impart their antiproliferative effect by targeting multiple pathways. In this study our aim was to evaluate anticancer effects of two naturally occurring CGs, Convallatoxin (CT) and Peruvoside (PS), on ER+ and TNBCs cells. CT and PS demonstrated dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, which was further supported by loss of colony formation on drug treatment. CT and PS arrested MCF-7 cells in the G0/G1 phase and reduced the viability of MCF-7-derived mammospheres (MMs). Interestingly, while CT and PS imparted cell death in TNBCs cells from both Caucasians (MDA-MB-231 cells) and African Americans (MDA-MB-468 cells) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, the drugs were much more potent in MDA-MB-468 as compared with TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. Both drugs significantly inhibited migration and invasion of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells. An assessment of intracellular pathways indicated that both drugs were able to modulate several key cellular pathways such as EMT, cell cycle, proliferation and cell death in both cell types. Our data suggest a promising role for CGs in breast cancer treatment specifically in targeting TNBCs derived from African Americans, and provides impetus for further investigation of the anticancer potential of this class of drugs.
Petroglyphs and puha: how multisensory experiences evidence landscape agency

Recent moves by many Great Basin and California scholars to connect the ethnographic record with archaeological evidence have fostered new understandings of the interconnected relationship between ...
Oral Contraceptives and Ischemic Stroke Risk

A 27-year-old, previously healthy woman with no history of migraine presented to the emergency department with sudden-onset left hemiparesis. Her only stroke risk factor was oral contraceptive use for the past several months. She awoke in normal health but soon developed left-sided weakness. On arrival to the emergency department, she had a blood pressure of 126/73 and a heart rate of 88. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 5 for a left facial droop, hemiparesis, and dysarthria. Her computed tomography head was normal. She received intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) at her local hospital and was transferred to a comprehensive stroke center. On arrival, she had improved to a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale of 2 for left facial droop and left arm drift. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed diffusion restriction within the right insula, putamen, and caudate (Figure [A] and [B]). Magnetic resonance angiography of the head and neck showed no intracranial or extracranial stenosis (Figure [C] and [D]). Fat-saturated imaging was considered but not done because she had widely patent arteries and no symptoms suggestive of dissection, such as headache or neck pain. She underwent an extensive workup, including transesophageal echocardiogram with bubble study, cardiac monitoring for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, hemoglobin A1c, lipid panel, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, antithrombin-3, β-2 glycoprotein, homocysteine, protein C and S, and genetic testing for prothrombin gene mutation and Factor V Leiden. All testing was negative for a potential cause of stroke. She was diagnosed with cryptogenic stroke and discharged on aspirin and statin. Her oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) were stopped. Figure. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a right-sided infarction on diffusion-weighted imaging ( A ). Intracranial ( B ) and extracranial vessels were widely patent ( C and D ). This case illustrates a common scenario where the only potential risk factor for …
Trends and Future Directions of Research for Smart Grid IoT Sensor Networks

This chapter provides a high-level description and summary of smart grid IoT entity’s three logical modules responsible for its intelligence: wide, medium, and local area sensor networks. For each module, the architecture, key applications, and potential challenges to future research are discussed using a widely recognized system as an example. In particular, the interdependency between these IoT entity modules, underlying power system and overlying operational entity, is presented, with a special emphasis on big data, communication, and security challenges. This chapter will serve as a starting point for researchers entering the field of smart grid IoT big data analytics, communication, and security.
Economic implications of potential ENSO frequency and strength shifts

Some argue that global climate change may alter the frequency and strength of extreme events. This paper examines the economic damages in the agricultural sector arising from a shift in El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event frequency and strength. The assumptions about the frequency of ENSO shift are motivated by an article by Timmermann etal. (1999). The damage estimates reported here are in the context of the global agricultural system. Annual damages in the 3 to 4 hundred million U.S. dollar range are found if only the frequency of ENSO events changes. However, annual damages rise to over $1 billion if the events also intensify in strength. Event anticipation and crop mix adaption on the part of farmers can help offset the damages but cannot fully alleviate them.