cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Radiation from Charges in Weak Gravitational Fields

The electromagnetic potential of a point charge in arbitrary motion in a weak gravitational field of a mass $M$ is found by a Green's-function approach. This solution is then applied to the study of the geometrical effects on the generation and propagation of electromagnetic waves to first order in the Riemann tensor. The electromagnetic field is considered as a small perturbation in the sense that its gravitational field is negligible. Generally the received radiation is generated by the charge at two retarded times: that for the direct path of a null ray and that representing geometrical scattering off of the central mass. Explicit expressions for the power radiated are found in the small-$\ensuremath{\omega}{\mathcal{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and large-$\ensuremath{\omega}{\mathcal{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ limits, where ${\mathcal{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the distance of the charge from the central mass, for both nonrelativistic and relativistic motion. The analysis shows under what conditions one may suitably make an approximation based on ray optics or photon emission. In the small-$\ensuremath{\omega}{\mathcal{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ limit the power radiated by the charge is found to be smaller than calculated by a red-shift argument, and the total power depends on the orientation of the accelerating system to the mass $M$. For the case of nonrelativistic free-fall acceleration of the charge, geometrical corrections to the power radiated are of order $\frac{{v}^{2}}{{c}^{2}}$ smaller than the dominant contributions calculated from flat-space electromagnetism. Although the concept of constrained uniform motion is not precisely defined in a gravitational field, any reasonable definition gives electromagnetic radiation for a uniformly moving charge of a calculable amount in a gravitational field, in contrast to the nonexistence of such radiation in empty flat space. In the extreme relativistic limit ($v\ensuremath{\simeq}c$) the radiation from a uniformly moving charge is orders of magnitude larger than that from a freely falling charge; in either case large amounts of radiation are received by the observer at a time such that the charge, at the retarded time, is far from the mass and unambiguously moving uniformly. The geometrical origin and implications of this radiation are discussed, and related to the corresponding situation in gravitational radiation.
Abstract 2919: XBP1 and the unfolded protein response in antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Most of the 178,000 newly diagnosed cases of invasive breast cancer in 2010 will be estrogen receptor positive α positive (ER+). For these patients, endocrine therapy, administered as an antiestrogen, e.g., Tamoxifen (TAM) or Faslodex (Fulvestrant; ICI 182,780) or an aromatase inhibitor (AI), e.g., Letrozole (LET), is the least toxic and most effective means to manage their hormone-dependent breast cancer. While 5 years of Tamoxifen (TAM) produces a 26% proportional reduction in mortality, advanced ER+ breast cancer largely remains an incurable disease and resistance to endocrine therapy remains a significant clinical problem. Previously, we have shown that antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells over-express X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1), a transcription factor that belongs to the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) family. XBP1(U) and XBP1(S) variants result from an unconventional splicing of the XBP1 mRNA by IRE1α. High ratio of XBP1(S):XBP1(U) mRNA in breast tumors is associated with poor response to TAM in patients. IRE1α, ATF6 and PERK are endoplasmic reticulum proteins that sense cellular stress in the unfolded protein response (UPR) - an adaptive signaling pathway that allows cells to survive the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Initially a compensatory mechanism allowing cells to recover normal endoplasmic reticulum function, prolonged UPR may induce cell death; this is often dependent upon which arm of the UPR predominates. XBP1 is an obligate component in both the IRE1α and ATF6 arms of the UPR. Here we show that antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells survive by activating pro-survival autophagy through XBP1-mediated UPR. MCF7/LCC9 [Faslodex resistant; TAM cross-resistant; high level of XBP1(S)] cells showed an increase in UPR signaling as detected by increased expression of BiP/GRP78. MCF-7/XBP1 or T47D/XBP1 stable cells that over-express XBP1(S) showed increased level of basal and Faslodex-induced autophagy as measured by cleaved LC3BII protein fragment, GFP-LC3 activity, and reduced expression of p62/SQSTM1. Thus, our results highlight a novel cell fate signaling through the UPR in breast cancer cells that leads to antiestrogen resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2919.
Equity: The Actors' Trade Union

I. The Actors' Equity Association formed in 1913. — Affiliation with the Federation of Labor, and successful strike of 1919, 130. — Maneuvers of the managers, 132. — Virtually a closed-shop situation emerged, 133. — II. Complete success of the actors and their gains, 135. — The contract of 1924 distinctly a minimum contract, 139. — III. Further consideration of the contract, 140. — Benefits to the managers, and disciplinary power of Equity, 141.
Emerging patterns in tumor systems: simulating the dynamics of multicellular clusters with an agent-based spatial agglomeration model.

Abstract Brain cancer cells invade early on surrounding parenchyma, which makes it impossible to surgically remove all tumor cells and thus significantly worsens the prognosis of the patient. Specific structural elements such as multicellular clusters have been seen in experimental settings to emerge within the invasive cell system and are believed to express the systems' guidance toward nutritive sites in a heterogeneous environment. Based on these observations, we developed a novel agent-based model of spatio-temporal search and agglomeration to investigate the dynamics of cell motility and aggregation with the assumption that tumors behave as complex dynamic self-organizing biosystems . In this model, virtual cells migrate because they are attracted by higher nutrient concentrations and to avoid overpopulated areas with high levels of toxic metabolites. A specific feature of our model is the capability of cells to search both globally and locally . This concept is applied to simulate cell-surface receptor-mediated information processing of tumor cells such that a cell searching for a more growth-permissive place “learns” the information content of a brain tissue region within a two-dimensional lattice in two stages, processing first the global and then the local input. In both stages, differences in microenvironment characteristics define distinctions in energy expenditure for a moving cell and thus influence cell migration, proliferation, agglomeration, and cell death. Numerical results of our model show a phase transition leading to the emergence of two distinct spatio-temporal patterns depending on the dominant search mechanism. If global search is dominant, the result is a small number of large clusters exhibiting rapid spatial expansion but shorter lifetime of the tumor system. By contrast, if local search is dominant, the trade-off is many small clusters with longer lifetime but much slower velocity of expansion. Furthermore, in the case of such dominant local search, the model reveals an expansive advantage for tumor cell populations with a lower nutrient-depletion rate. Important implications of these results for cancer research are discussed.
Comparisons of Tetroon and Computed Trajectories

Abstract Forty-five tetroon flights made during the summer of 1980 for the PEPE/NEROS regions pollution studies, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, were compared to computed trajectories based on National Weather Service rawinsonde wind fields. Most tetroon data were obtained for travel times of less than 10 h and travel distances of less than 150 km. Two trajectory computation algorithms were used. No significant differences were found between the two comparisons. Results of the comparisons indicate that the median measure of direction difference—the angle, determined in a clockwise sense, between tetroon and computed forward trajectory position vectors—has a bias of 11°. The average standard deviation of the direction difference is ±28°. About 10% of the total direction difference variance could be due to random tetroon motion; the remaining 90% is probably the result of error in the trajectory algorithms and/or the input data. Other significant results of the trajectory comparisons ...
U-Pb zircon and titanite systematics of the Fish Canyon Tuff: an assessment of high-precision U-Pb geochronology and its application to young volcanic rocks

Abstract A large data set of single and multi-grain zircon and titanite analyses from a sample of the Oligocene Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT), a voluminous ash flow from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado and widely used 40Ar/39Ar geochronological standard, has been used to evaluate the influence of various sources of analytical and geological uncertainty on the calculated age of this tuff by the isotope dilution U-Pb zircon method. Twenty-three single zircon grains and seven small multi-grain fractions of the FCT yield an inverse-variance weighted mean 206Pb/238U date of 28.402 ± 0.023 Ma (2σ; MSWD 0.93) and a slightly older weighted mean 207Pb/235U date of 28.529 ± 0.030 Ma (MSWD 0.74), which are insensitive to common Pb corrections. Initial 230Th disequilibria calculated from a newly measured Th/U = 2.2 for FCT pumice shards indicate Th-deficiency for these zircons; its correction brings the weighted mean 206Pb/238U date to 28.478 ± 0.024 (MSWD 0.97), minimizing the discordance of the FCT zircon analyses. These calculations culminate in Concordia ages (Ludwig, 1998) for the crystallization of the FCT zircons of 28. 476 ± 0.029 Ma (MSWD 1.50) without propagating decay constant errors, or 28.498 ± 0.035 Ma (MSWD 1.03) with propagated decay constant errors. These results are in close agreement with a previous single-grain 206Pb/238U zircon date of 28.41 ± 0.05 Ma for the FCT (Oberli et al., 1990) , however they do not corroborate the discordia lower intercept date of 27.52 ± 0.09 put forth by Lanphere and Baadsgard (2001) . The 28.476 ± 0.064 Ma Concordia age for FCT zircons (including systematic decay constant errors and uncertainty in Pb/U tracer calibration) is substantially older than all published 40Ar/39Ar sanidine ages, which range from 27.5 to 28.05 Ma (Lanphere and Baadsgaard, 1997; Renne et al. 1998 ). A lengthy period (∼400 k.y.) of zircon residence in the magma chamber before eruption is commonly called upon to explain the age discrepancy. However, FCT titanite, which may remain open to Pb diffusive exchange until quenching upon eruption, yield a minimum 230Th-disequilibrium corrected weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 28.395 ± 0.049 Ma (± 0.078 with tracer uncertainty), weakening residence time arguments, and supporting recent calls for re-evaluation of the 40K decay constant and the accepted ages for commonly used 40Ar/39Ar mineral standards. The FCT zircon Concordia age also provides an empirical constraint on the decay constants of the U isotopes, indicating the relative accuracy of the currently accepted decay constants to within the original counting statistic errors of Jaffey et al. (1971) .
Dream Lucidity: Yume Nikki and Learning the Empathy Dreamscape

In this paper, the authors examine digital environments as a learning spaces and site of extended cognition by demonstrating the presence of active learning in both video games and their linked online collaborative communities. The authors use Shaun Gallagher's theory of extended mind to posit the notion that the shared cognitive space created in the game between creator and player can be extend to include many others through the digital communities of those players though gaming literacy. The authors conducted a think-aloud protocol with participants playing Yume Nikki, a minimalist Japanese indie game, then reading materials on hikikomori, a condition the creator is believed to have. They conclude from their results that active and creative learning of human communities should not be undervalued when designing virtual environments even when the environment is single-player.
Quantum Hall effect in Bernal stacked and twisted bilayer graphene grown on Cu by chemical vapor deposition

We examine the quantum Hall effect in bilayer graphene grown on Cu substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy suggests a mixture of Bernal (A-B) stacked and rotationally faulted (twisted) domains. Magnetotransport measurements performed on bilayer domains with a wide 2D band reveal quantum Hall states (QHSs) at filling factors $\ensuremath{\nu}=4$, 8, 12, consistent with a Bernal stacked bilayer, while magnetotransport measurements in bilayer domains defined by a narrow 2D band show a superposition of QHSs of two independent monolayers. The analysis of the Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations measured in twisted graphene bilayers provides the carrier density in each layer as a function of the gate bias and the interlayer capacitance.
Haptic holography: a primitive computational plastic

We describe our work on haptic holography, a combination of computational modeling and multimodal spatial display, which allows a person to see, feel, and interact with three-dimensional freestanding holographic images of material surfaces. In this paper, we combine various holographic displays with a force-feedback device to render multimodal images with programmatically prescribed material properties and behavior. After a brief overview of related work which situates visual display within the manual workspace, we describe our holo-haptic approach and survey three implementations, Touch, Lathe, and Poke, each named for the primitive functional affordance it offers. In Touch, static holographic images of simple geometric scenes are reconstructed in front of the hologram plane, and coregistered with a force model of the same geometry. These images can be visually inspected and haptically explored using a handheld interface. In Lathe, a holo-haptic image can be reshaped by haptic interaction in a dynamic but constrained manner. Finally in Poke, using a new technique for updating interference-modeled holographic fringe patterns, we render a holo-haptic image that permits more flexible interactive reshaping of its reconstructed surface. We situate this work within the context of related research and describe the strengths, shortcomings, and implications of our approach.
Accurate preoperative diagnosis of pericardial constriction using cine computed tomography.

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of cine computed tomography in the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. Background. Constrictive pericarditis is characterized by abnormalities of both cardiac structure and function. Accurate diagnosis requires detection of both a thickened pericardium and abnormal ventricular diastolic filling. At present, no one diagnostic technique has demonstrated sufficient accuracy in this setting. Cine computed tomography is a relatively new cardiac imaging mode with very high time and spatial resolution that has the potential to accurately diagnose constrictive pericarditis. Methods. Twelve consecutive patients were retrospectively identified who had catheterization findings suggestive of constrictive physiology, had undergone a cine computed tomographic examination and had pathologic data that delineated the status of the pericardium. Group 1 (with constrictive pericarditis; n = 5) had surgical confirmation of thickened pericardium and improved clinically after pericardiectomy. Group 2 (no constrictive pericarditis; n = 7) had cardiomyopathy with normal pericardium. Seven normal volunteers (Group 3) were also studied. Cine computed tomograms were obtained for the entire heart (8-mm slices, 17 frames/s, nonionic contrast medium). Pericardial thickness was measured at 10 ° intervals at three ventricular levels in each subject. The rapidity of diastolic filling was assessed by calculating the percent filling fraction in early diastole. Results. Pericardial thickness was 10 ± 2 mm (mean ± SD) in Group 1, 2 ± 1 mm in Group 2 and 1 ± 1 mm in Group 3 (p Conclusions. Cine computed tomography simultaneously provides both anatomic and physiologic data that allow accurate preoperative diagnosis of pericardial constriction.
Variability and Statistical Design

With each technology generation, the effects of on-chip variations are seen to more profoundly affect digital circuit behavior. These variations may arise from fluctuations attributed to the manufacturing process (e.g., drifts in channel length, oxide thickness, threshold voltage, or doping concentration), which affect the circuit yield, as well as variations in the environmental operating conditions (e.g., supply voltage or temperature) after the circuit is manufactured, which impact the performance of the design. These effects can cause unacceptable alterations in circuit performance parameters such as timing and power, and variation-tolerant design is imperative for next-generation designs. This paper overviews research in this area, describing methods for the analysis and optimization of statistical effects.
Pituitary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Gene Expression: Regulation by Triiodothyronine and Growth Hormone

Abstract Most of the growth-promoting effects of GH are mediated through insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Pituitary GH gene expression is, in turn, inhibited by IGF-I. Since rat pituitary tissue and GH3 pituitary tumor cells express both the GH and the IGF-I genes, we have attempted to clarify their potential interactions in the somat troph by examining hormonal factors involved in the regulation of pituitary IGF-I gene expression. IGF-I mRNA was measured in GH3 cells by a solution hybridization/RNase protection assay, using riboprobes to differentially protect the IGF-I vari nt mRNAs arising by alternative splicing at both the 5' untranslated (UT) and 3' ends of the primary transcript. GH3 cells contained both class A and class C 5′ UT variant mRNAs, with a relative abundance similar to that found in the liver. Sixty-five percent of the total IGF-I mRNA in GH3 cells was processed at the 3' end to IGF-Ia, and 35% to IGF-Ib mRNAs, whereas in the liver the proportions were 85% and 15%, respectively. GH...
On the equivalence of alternative finite element schemes in the time domain

Abstract A common approach to the numerical solution of time-dependent partial differential equations representing the equations of motion of a continuous media, is to discretize in space using a finite-difference or finite element method and leave the time as a continuous variable. This semidiscretization yields an initial-value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations for the solution of which there exists a wide choice of numerical techniques. The purpose of this paper is to show how one-step time integration algorithms of any desired order can be developed and analyzed systematically. The formulae discussed fall into two categories, those based on making an assumption regarding the variation of the displacement vector over the time increment, and formulae based on approximating the acceleration vector instead. In analogy to the finite element approach in space, the first element type is referred to as an ‘assumed displacement time element’ while the notation ‘assumed acceleration time element’ is used for the second. Procedures by means of which consistency, stability and optimal accuracy of these elements can be preserved are described in detail. Moreover, emphasis is placed on bringing out the relationship (and in some cases equivalence) between assumed displacement and assumed acceleration elements. Numerical results for a sample problem are presented in the last part of the paper which intend to demonstrate the performance of both kinds of elements in comparison with each other.
Differential interaction of reovirus type 3 with sialylated receptor components on animal cells.

Abstract In this report we study the interaction of reovirus type 3 Dearing (RV3) with vertebrate erythrocytes whose membrane glycoconjugates differ in the degree and position of O -acetylation of their sialic acid (NeuAc) residues. Binding to erythrocytes required the presence of NeuAc on cellular glycoconjugates, since pretreatment with sialidase (neuraminidase) abolished hemagglutination by RV3. Furthermore, we found that RV3 binds efficiently to and hemagglutinates all erythrocyte preparations possessing exclusively NeuAc, or a mixture of NeuAc and 4- O -acetyl-NeuAc (4- O -Ac-NeuAc), but poorly to erythrocytes bearing a mixture of 9- O -Ac-NeuAc and NeuAc, suggesting that RV3 binds preferentially to NeuAc-containing glycoconjugates. To gain further evidence for this hypothesis we treated chicken erythrocytes with influenza C virus neuraminate, 9- O -acetylesterase, to convert their 9- O -Ac-NeuAc residues to NeuAc. When hemagglutination assays were carried out on these cells, we observed a 16-fold increase in the hemagglutination titer for RV3 compared to untreated cells. When we treated bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) with influenza C virus, we observed a dramatic increase in its potency as an inhibitor of RV3 hemagglutination. Concomitant with this, the 9- O -Ac-NeuAc residues on BSM were converted to NeuAc. Taken together and in conjunction with a previous report (A. F. Pacitti and J. R. Gentsch, 1987, J. Virol. 61, 1407–1415) , these results suggest that the virion attachment protein exhibits a strong preference for NeuAc over 9- O -Ac-NeuAc as a receptor component on erythrocytes.
Implicit Theories of Body Weight: Entity Beliefs Can Weigh You Down

The current research extended the implicit theory approach to a weight management context and merged it with value expectancy theory. Three studies investigated the hypothesis that individuals are especially unlikely to self-regulate effectively after dieting setbacks when they believe body weight to be fixed (entity theory) rather than malleable (incremental theory). Study 1 examined avoidant coping after a hypothetical dieting setback. Study 2 examined the implicit theory-avoidant coping relation after naturally occurring challenges to participants' weight-loss goals. Across both studies, entity theorists, relative to incremental theorists, reported more avoidant coping after setbacks. In Study 2, avoidant coping, in turn, predicted difficulty achieving weight-loss success. Study 3 manipulated implicit theories of weight to test the causal effects of implicit theories on effortful regulation. Entity theorists, relative to incremental theorists, reported less persistence following setbacks. Across the three studies, expectations about the potential for future dieting success mediated the link between implicit theory and self-regulation.
Overcoming Barriers in Working With Families

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the Residency Review Committee for psychiatry outline the expected competencies for residents. These competencies include working with families. This article describes barriers that residents face when working with families, and offers ways to overcome these barriers. In 23 years of combined experience teaching family therapy to psychiatry residents, the authors have identified typical barriers that residents face when beginning to work with families. Six clinical vignettes, with the resident’s concerns, the supervisor’s intervention and the resident’s response, illustrate these barriers. In order for residents to become skilled in working with families, barriers should be made explicit and ways of overcoming these barriers should be discussed clearly with residents.
A generalization of an edge-connectivity theorem of Chartrand

In 1966, Chartrand proved that if the minimum degree of a graph is at least the floor of half the number of nodes, then its edge-connectivity equals its minimum degree. A more discriminating notion of edge-connectivity is introduced, called the k-component order edge-connectivity, which is the minimum number of edges required to be removed so that the order of each component of the resulting subgraph is less than k. Results are established that guarantee that this parameter is at least as large as the minimum degree, provided the minimum degree is sufficiently large. This generalizes Chartrand's result. It is also determined when these results are best possible. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Transverse gradient coil with circle current paths

The paper describes a new type of transverse magnetic field gradient coil for applications in MRI and MRS. It uses full circle current paths rather than current arcs and has a particularly simple unit construction of symmetric form. It features a large volume of uniform transverse field gradient, high efficiency and low inductance for rapid switching. A prototype coil has been constructed and evaluated to check computer simulations. Two smaller sets have subsequently been made for NMR microscopy. This coil design may be used for all sizes.
Molar expansion in nonisothermal packed-bed chemical reactors

Abstract Catalytic reactions that involve changes in the number of moles as reactants are converted into products, induce a two-dimensional velocity field that affects the nonisothermal reactor performance. The numerical solution of the governing equations for conversion, temperature, and the stream function show that the hot-spot temperature, reactor performance, and stability to temperature runaway depend strongly on the often neglected expansion coefficient for the chemical reaction. The results show that the effect can be accounted for, in all cases, by the variation in the mean axial velocity.
Electron Hopping in π-Stacked Covalent and Self-Assembled Perylene Diimides Observed by ENDOR Spectroscopy

We have carried out room-temperature, solution-phase electron paramagnetic resonance and electron−nuclear double resonance studies on a series of radical anions based upon perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI). The following systems were studied: two PDI monomers, a covalent, cofacial dimer, and two covalent trefoil-PDI3 molecules, one of which self-assembles into π-stacked dimers. Full sharing of the unpaired electron in the covalent and self-assembled dimers is revealed by a halving of the hyperfine coupling constants in these species, relative to those of the monomers. These results and the electronic absorption spectra show that electron hopping on a >107 Hz time scale occurs between a reduced and neutral chromophoric pair.
Prescribed “Breaks” as a Means to Disrupt Weight Control Efforts

Objective: Research on long-term maintenance of weight loss is hampered by the fact that relapse typically does not occur until after 6 months. We sought to determine whether relapses could be induced earlier by intentionally interrupting the momentum of weight loss during a treatment program and thus provide a model for weight maintenance research. Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects (N = 142) were recruited at two centers and randomly assigned to a control group, a long break group (LB), or a short break group (SB). The control group received a standard behavioral weight loss program with 14 weekly sessions; the LB and SB groups received the same. However, the LB group took a 6-week break after lesson 7, and the SB group took a 2-week break after lessons 3, 6, and 9. Participants were instructed to stop all weight loss efforts during breaks. Results: Participants seemed to take breaks as prescribed, with interruptions in self-monitoring, dietary adherence, and self-weighing (but not in exercise). However, participants quickly resumed these behaviors after the break. Breaks produced a slowing of weight loss or slight regain, but weight losses during the breaks were not significantly different from the control group. Importantly, overall weight losses (0 to 5 months or 0 to 11 months) did not differ between conditions. Discussion: This study was not successful in developing a method to experimentally produce weight loss relapses. However, the finding that prescribed breaks do not have adverse effects may have clinical application.
9-Aminoacridine mutagenesis of bacteriophage T4 intracellular DNA.

Most of the intracellular T4 DNA made in the presence of 9-aminoacridine is of lower molecular weight than mature T4 DNA and does not get packaged into phage particles. Using a T4 DNA transformation assay, we have examined this intracellular T4 DNA for its content of 9-aminoacridine-induced revertants of certain rII gene frameshift mutations. The proportion of acridine-induced revertants in the intracellular DNA population is close to that found in the phage progeny made in the presence of 9-aminoacridine. Thus, the generation of low molecular weight T4 DNA in the presence of 9-aminoacridine is not, in itself, also a mutagenic process.
Radionuclide viability testing: should it affect treatment strategy in patients with cardiomyopathy and significant coronary artery disease?

Abstract Background Ischemic heart failure is a significant source of morbidity and mortality, yet it has an unclear treatment strategy. The assessment of viable myocardium by nuclear imaging studies has shown promise in predicting improvements in ejection fraction and symptoms. However, the relationship of viability to long-term mortality has not been fully established. Methods A number of studies have addressed long-term mortality with nuclear viability imaging in patients with impaired left ventricular function and significant coronary artery disease. These studies were analyzed to determine differences in design, results, trends, and limitations. They were then evaluated by use of qualitative criteria established for prognostic studies. Results Fourteen studies met our criteria. Although the conclusions differed, it appears that patients with viability who undergo revascularization have the highest survival rate, whereas patients with viability who are treated medically have a much lower survival rate. Patients without viability have an intermediate survival rate, regardless of treatment. Several limitations were identified, including a lack of randomization, small sample size, inadequate follow-up, and extensive study protocol and design differences. Conclusions The use of viability testing in patients with heart failure and significant coronary artery disease has shown promise in predicting the long-term mortality rate with treatment allocation. However, there is a need for further study involving larger cohorts with a randomized design, longer periods of follow-up, improved study designs, and identification of referral bias and viability prevalence.
Identification, Characterization, and Developmental Regulation of a Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase Expressed during Early Stages of Drosophila Development

Membrane forms of guanylyl cyclase are single-transmembrane proteins that are activated by the binding of specific peptide ligands to their extracellular domains. In this report, we describe the identification and characterization of a Drosophila cDNA clone encoding a protein, DrGC-1, with high sequence identity to members of this family of receptor proteins. The protein contains a single, hydrophobic domain predicted to represent a transmembrane segment separating an extracellular domain with significant sequence identity (30%) to sea urchin egg peptide receptors from intracellular domains containing a protein kinase-like domain followed by a region with high sequence identity (65%) to cyclase catalytic domains found in receptor guanylyl cyclases from both vertebrates and invertebrates. In contrast to other members of this family, DrGC-1 is predicted to contain a carboxyl-terminal extension of 430 residues that has no homology to any described protein. Northern analysis indicates that DrGC-1 transcripts are present at variable levels in all stages of development. In situ hybridization demonstrates that high levels of uniformly distributed transcript are present in 0-2-h embryos. Later in embryogenesis (14-18 h), elevated levels of hybridization appear to be preferentially associated with muscle fibers.
Bioconversion of cellulose wastes to protein and sugar

A schematic representation of the variety of products which can be obtained by microbial conversion of cellulose is presented. Alkaline pre-treatment has been used after milling in all the experiments. Solka-floc or sugarcane bagasse was used as sources of cellulose. A cellulolytic strain of Aspergillus terreus (ATCC 30514) was cultivated in batch-, fed batch and continuous culture up to 7 liter stirred tank fermenter. The general growth characteristics were determined by growing on glucose. Results of experiments on the growth of A. terreus for production of biomass on Solka-floc or Sugarcane bagasse are given, also the ability of crude cellulases to produce sugar syrups by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose has been evaluated.
Thermal desorption study of formic acid decomposition on a clean Cu(110) surface

Abstract The catalytic decomposition of formic acid was studied on a (110)-oriented copper single-crystal surface. Dehydrogenation of formic acid was the sole decomposition path observed. The parent molecule dissociated to form a stable formate species (HCOO(a)) as the surface intermediate. It was postulated that the formate species was bonded to the surface copper sites through the two oxygen atoms. The decomposition of the formate species was the rate-limiting step governing the rates of the formation of the CO2 and H2 products. The rate constant was determined to be 9.4 × 10 13 exp ( −31,870 RT ) sec −1 . A comparison of the catalytic properties of the Cu(110) surface with those of the carburized Ni(110) surface showed strong chemical similarities between the two surfaces.
Measurement and Prediction of Pressure Drop in Pneumatic Conveying: Effect of Particle Characteristics, Mass Loading, and Reynolds Number

This paper reports the effect of Reynolds number, mass loading, and particle shape and size on pressure drop in a vertical gas−solids pneumatic conveying line. We isolate the effect of one variable while holding all others constant. A commonly used pressure drop correlation and a state-of-the-art multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are then assessed by comparing their predictions to experimental data. Deficiencies in the models and the correlation are identified, and possible modifications are proposed. The most notable deficiency is the inability of both the experimental correlation and the CFD model to accurately predict the pressure drop for gas−solids flow with highly aspherical particles.
Endothelial biology in the post-menopausal obese woman

Women generally have a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, this protection of gender diminishes rapidly after menopause and with advancing age, particularly in obese women. Alterations in vascular function are thought to a key early step in the development of atherosclerosis. In this review, we will describe the features of endothelial dysfunction in the post-menopausal obese female and discuss the interplay of aging, estrogen withdrawal, and obesity. The objectives include (1) a review of endothelial biology and endothelial dysfunction, and (2) a discussion how the endothelial function is altered in the context of aging, hormonal changes and insulin resistance. The clinical consequences of endothelial dysfunction and CVD will also be reviewed.
A sampling study of blood pressure levels in white and Negro residents of Nassau, Bahamas

Abstract Results of a study of blood pressure levels in Negro and white residents of Nassau, Bahamas, have been presented. Persons for study were selected by means of probability sample design. The purpose of the study was to describe as accurately as possible the differing patterns of blood pressure with regard to race, age, and sex. The site was selected because of the opportunity to study the two races in a somewhat different environment and perhaps mode of life than previously reported by others. Also, the water supply of the area is known to be high in salt. The following facts were disclosed: 1.1. A definite racial difference is seen. The pattern of progression of blood pressure with age is almost linear in the Negro. The white race, however, shows a flattening or "plateau" effect from the time adult ages are reached until middle life, when mean blood pressure again tends to rise. This is seen in the means of both systolic and diastolic pressure, but most noticeably in regard to the systolic. 2.2. Sex differences are shown. Women of both races have lower mean systolic pressures during the reproductive years than men of their race. Negro men have slightly but consistently higher mean diastolic pressures than women almost throughout life. 3.3. Comparison with population studies elsewhere leads to the conclusion that Bahamian Negroes resemble Negroes elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere and Bahamian white persons resemble white people in other geographic locations in regard to blood pressure. A particularly provocative comparison is that of Bahamian Negroes with Negroes in St. Kitts (Leeward Islands), 8 since blood pressure patterns appear similar, despite high salt intake in the Bahamas and low salt intake in St. Kitts.
Accurate Calculations of Rotationally Inelastic Scattering Cross Sections Using Mixed Quantum/Classical Theory

For computational treatment of rotationally inelastic scattering of molecules, we propose to use the mixed quantum/classical theory, MQCT. The old idea of treating translational motion classically, while quantum mechanics is used for rotational degrees of freedom, is developed to the new level and is applied to Na + N2 collisions in a broad range of energies. Comparison with full-quantum calculations shows that MQCT accurately reproduces all, even minor, features of energy dependence of cross sections, except scattering resonances at very low energies. The remarkable success of MQCT opens up wide opportunities for computational predictions of inelastic scattering cross sections at higher temperatures and/or for polyatomic molecules and heavier quenchers, which is computationally close to impossible within the full-quantum framework.
Towards nanoscale EXELFS analysis: limitation due to radiation damage

Abstract Spatial resolution limitations due to radiation damage were studied in the extended energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) spectroscopy technique using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Three types of samples were used for testing that represented a wide variety of practical materials: a metal (Al) for metallic, a semiconductor (SiC) for covalent, and a ceramic (MgO) for ionic-bonding. A TEM was used that was operated under various experimental conditions, with emphasis in electron probe currents, for the EXELFS experiments. The radiation damage was monitored using the fine details of energy loss K-edge structures of various elements contained in the samples using the newly-developed AcqLong software for EXELFS acquisition and analysis. It was found that it is possible to obtain an EXELFS signal with excellent counting statistics allowing quantitative analysis of short range atomic order from local regions as small as 20–30 nm in Al, 30–40 nm in SiC, and about 200 nm in MgO. Further improvements of spatial resolution toward nanoscale EXELFS analysis are discussed.
The impact of legislation and litigation on the role of the school nurse

p rofessional nurses function in dependent, independent, and interdependent roles. The level of autonomy nurses have relates to the practice arena, the needs of the client, and the expertise of the nurse. Nurses work in a variety of practice arenas, such as outpatient clinics, physician's offices, hospitals, homes, and schools. The selection of a particular site for practice relates to the desires of the nurse for clinical specialization and selfactualization. Practicing in educational institutions as school nurses places nurses in unique and highly complex organizational systems. Hawkins 1 states that there is no single identifiable school nurse role. The role of school nurse is noted to be contingent on a number of variables, such as demographic, economic, and sociopolitical factors of a given school or community, z Furthermore, the health of children is enhanced because nurses choose to practice in schools. A nurse practicing in a school may be "the only health professional on the premises. ''2 Therefore the nurse who practices in the role
Regulation of in vitro palmitate oxidation in liver from dairy cows during early lactation.

Abstract Regulatory effects of carnitine, glucose, some glucogenic compounds (propionate, pyruvate, alanine, lactate, glycerol, and fructose), ketone bodies (acetate, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate), and insulin on oxidation of palmitate were studied in slices of liver obtained from high producing dairy cows during early lactation. A total of 77 biopsies of liver from 21 multiparous Holstein cows (36±16 d postpartum) was used. L-Carnitine increased oxidation of palmitate to CO 2 by more than twofold and oxidation to acid-soluble products by about fourfold. Propionate decreased oxidation of palmitate in liver slices incubated without added carnitine, but the decrease was lessened by carnitine. Pyruvate, lactate, and alanine increased palmitate oxidation, especially in the presence of carnitine. Glycerol, glucose, and insulin tended to decrease palmitate oxidation in the absence of carnitine. Fructose tended to decrease oxidation to CO 2 but did not affect oxidation to acid-soluble products. Acetate and acetoacetate decreased oxidation of palmitate, whereas β-hydroxybutyrate decreased palmitate oxidation in the absence of carnitine but increased palmitate oxidation in its presence. In general, carnitine decreased the inhibitory effects of compounds that decreased palmitate oxidation but increased the stimulatory effects of compounds that increased palmitate oxidation.
Treatment of lead encephalopathy in children.

A method for the treatment of severe lead encephalopathy, using the combination of CaEDTA and BAL, is presented. Twenty-two patients have been so treated between 1954 and 1965 with only 1 death. The rationale for the use of this treatment is discussed, as well as measures intended to reduce cerebral edema.
Oxidative stress damage as a detrimental factor in preterm birth pathology

Normal term and spontaneous preterm births (PTB) are documented to be associated with oxidative stress (OS), and imbalances in the redox system (balance between pro- and antioxidant) have been reported in the maternal-fetal intrauterine compartments. The exact mechanism of labor initiation either at term or preterm by OS is still unclear, and this lack of understanding can partially be blamed for failure of antioxidant supplementation trials in PTB prevention. Based on recent findings from our laboratory, we postulate heterogeneity in host OS response. The physiologic (at term) and pathophysiologic (preterm) pathways of labor are not mediated by OS alone but by OS-induced damage to intrauterine tissues, especially fetal membranes of the placenta. OS damage affects all major cellular elements in the fetal cells, and this damage promotes fetal cell senescence (aging). The aging of the fetal cells are predominated by p38 mitogen activated kinase (p38MAPK) pathways. Senescing cells generate biomolecular signals that are uterotonic, triggering labor process. The aging of fetal cells is normal at term. However, aging is premature in PTB, especially in those PTBs complicated by preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM), where elements of redox imbalances and OS damage are more dominant. We postulate that fetal cell senescence signals generated by OS damage are likely triggers for labor. This review highlights the mechanisms involved in senescence development at term and preterm by OS damage and provides insight into novel fetal signals of labor initiation pathways.
Orienting Reflex and Attention in Concept Utilization

Stimmary.--30 Ss, 10 each in one control and two experimental groups, sorted 144 cards, 12 per trial under speeded conditions, into three relational concept categories. Experimental Ss encountered 4 intradimensional or exuadimensional stimulus-change cards over Trials 7 and 8 designed to elicit the orienting reflex. Across Trials 6 through 12 mean sorung-time per trial was transiently affected by extradimensional stimulus change only, while mean transformed errors rose for the control group and declined for both experimental groups, indicating that stimulus change facilirated attention to concept ucilizacion.
Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions.

UNLABELLED DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are interrelated diseases that strongly predispose people to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is about twice as frequent in individuals with diabetes as in those without. The prevalence of coexisting hypertension and diabetes appears to be increasing in industrialized nations because populations are aging, and both hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) increase with age. An estimated 35-75% of diabetic cardiovascular and renal complications can be attributed to hypertension. ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION Essential hypertension accounts for the majority of hypertension in individuals with diabetes, particularly those with NIDDM, who constitute over 90% of those with a dual diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension. Diabetic nephropathy, which occurs after 15 years of diabetes in one-third of those with insulin-dependent diabetes and 20% of those with NIDDM, is an important contributing factor to the development of hypertension in the diabetic. New investigations should focus increasingly on identifying appropriate antihypertensive agents that not only lower blood pressure but also reduce cardiovascular risk and retard the rate of progression of diabetic renal disease.
Computer simulation of solar pond thermal behavior

Abstract A computer model of salt gradient solar pond thermal behavior has been developed and used to verify the validity of assuming constant salt solution physical parameters and long term averaging schemes for ambient temperature and insolation in previous solar pond analytical models. A theoretical limit for pond transparency is calculated which is significantly higher than that previously assumed. It is suggested that a transparent membrane be placed just below the air/water interface of solar ponds to maintain pond solution purity and approach the theoretical limit for transparency. A means of estimating the diffuse insolation input into a solar pond is given which utilizes sky color temperatures for different values of the clearness index (KT). A single sky color temperature is calculated for each average clearness index value ( K T ).
Quinones in electron transport. II. Influence of accessory lipid factors on the activity of coenzyme Q analogs.

Abstract The restoration of succinoxidase and succinic ferricyanide reductase in acetone-extracted electron-transport particles from beef heart mitochondria has been studied. In the succinoxidase system, coenzyme Q 10 and analogs with long isoprenoid chains require addition of accessory lipid material in order to be fully effective, whereas short-chain analogs are more effective without accessory lipids. The action of the accessory lipids is related to a positioning effect on the Q analogs, and it appears that no additional electron carrier function other than coenzyme Q is involved.