cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coevolution of Mars's atmosphere and massive south polar CO 2 ice deposit

A massive CO2 ice deposit overlies1 part of Mars’s primarily H2O ice2–4 south polar cap5. This deposit rivals the mass of Mars’s current, 96% CO2, atmosphere6. Its release could substantially alter Mars’s pressure and climate1. The deposit consists of alternating CO2 and H2O ice layers to a depth of up to approximately 1 km (refs. 1,7,8). The top layer is an enigmatic9–11 1–10 m covering of perennial surface CO2 ice12 called the residual south polar cap. Typical explanations of the layering invoke orbital cycles1,7. Up to now, models assumed that the H2O ice layers insulate and seal in the CO2, allowing it to survive high-obliquity periods7,13. However, these models do not quantitatively predict the deposit’s stratigraphy or explain the residual south polar cap’s existence. Here we present a model in which the deposit’s near-surface CO2 can instead exchange with the atmosphere through permeable H2O ice layers. Using currently observed albedo14,15 and emissivity16 properties of the Martian polar CO2 ice deposits, our model predicts that the present massive CO2 ice deposit is a remnant of larger CO2 ice deposits laid down during periods of decreasing obliquity that are ablated, liberating a residual lag layer of H2O ice, when obliquity increases. Fractions of previous CO2 deposits remain as layers because the amplitudes of the obliquity maxima have been mostly decreasing during the past ~510 kyr (ref. 17). Our model simultaneously explains the observed massive CO2 ice deposit stratigraphy, the residual south polar cap’s existence and the presence of a massive CO2 ice deposit only in the south. We use our model to calculate Mars’s pressure history and determine that the massive CO2 ice deposit is 510 kyr old. The long-term evolution and stratigraphy of the CO2 ice residual southern polar cap of Mars can be explained by a model that includes the active coupling of near-surface CO2 with the atmosphere through the permeable H2O ice layers.
Ethnic/Racial Differences in Postsecondary Enrollment Rates of Texas Public High School Graduates: A Statewide, Multiyear Investigation

Examined in this study was the degree to which ethnic/racial differences were present in the postsecondary enrollment of Texas public high school graduates at Texas 2-year public colleges and at 4-year public universities. Specifically analyzed were the enrollment percentages of Black, Hispanic, and White for three academic years (i.e., 2012-2013 through 2014-2015) for Texas public high school graduates. Over the 3-year time period analyzed, statistically significant ethnic/racial differences were present in postsecondary enrollment rates of Texas public high school. White Texas public high school graduates enrolled in both 2-year and 4-year public institutions at statistically significantly higher rates than their Black and Hispanic counterparts. Moreover, Black and Hispanic students tended to enroll at 2-year public institutions at a higher rate then 4-year public institutions. Implications of these results and recommendations for future research were discussed.
Effects of enzyme-inducing antiseizure medication on vitamin D dosing in adult veterans with epilepsy.

Abstract Background The association of antiseizure medication (ASM) and bone density abnormalities has long been recognized; however, there remains a lack of consensus on efficacy and optimal vitamin D dosing in patients receiving enzyme inducing and non-inducing ASMs. The objective was to explore the relationship between ASMs and vitamin D supplementation requirements in a population of adult patients with epilepsy. Methods Patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy receiving supplemental vitamin D were included in this retrospective chart review. All instances of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25−OHD) measured among those patients were compared between patients taking an enzyme inducing antiseizure medication (EIASM) to patients receiving ASM regimens only containing non-enzyme inducing antiseizure medications (NIASM). ASM use, prescription and over the counter (OTC) vitamin D use, 25-OHD plasma concentration, presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), age, gender, and ethnicity were collected. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for potentially confounding variables; the model included a cluster by participant term to account for repeated patients in the dataset. Results There were 542 vitamin D levels evaluated from 172 unique patients. There was an 11.5 % higher absolute percent increase in patients who achieved a 25-OHD level over 30 ng/mL in the NIASM (p = 0.012). Patients on EIASMs were supplemented with an additional 508 units of vitamin D daily (95 %CI 136–878, p = 0.007). When adjusted for CKD, OTC vitamin D use, OTC multivitamin use, age, gender, and ethnicity, patients on EIASMs were supplemented with an additional 445 units of vitamin D (95 %CI -69 to 960, p = 0.089) compared to NIASM use. Conclusions Patients taking EIASMs had an increase in vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplementation suggesting that EIASMs impact vitamin D metabolism. Closer monitoring of vitamin D status in patients with epilepsy, especially those on EIASMs, is warranted. This evaluation suggests that for patients taking ASM, use of a lower dose OTC requires closer monitoring of vitamin D status in patients with epilepsy, especially those on EIASMs, is warranted. vitamin D agent may not be adequate.
Limited fascicle shortening and fascicle rotation may be associated with impaired voluntary force-generating capacity in pennate muscles of chronic stroke survivors.

Abstract Background Muscle weakness is one of the most common motor impairments after stroke. A variety of progressive muscular changes are reported in chronic stroke survivors, and it is now feasible to consider these changes as an added source of weakness. However, the net contributions of such muscular changes towards muscle weakness have not been fully quantified. Methods Accordingly, this study aims: (1) to compare muscle architecture of the human medial gastrocnemius between paretic and non-paretic sides in seven chronic hemispheric stroke survivors under passive conditions; (2) to characterize fascicle behavior (i.e., fascicle shortening and fascicle rotation) of the muscle during voluntary isometric contractions; and (3) to assess potential associations between muscle architectural parameters and muscle weakness. Muscle architecture of the medial gastrocnemius (including fascicle length, fascicle pennation angle, and muscle thickness) was characterized using B-mode ultrasonography, and fascicle behavior was then quantified as a function of isometric plantarflexion torque normalized to body mass. Findings Our experimental results showed that under passive conditions, there was a significant difference in fascicle length and muscle thickness between paretic and non-paretic muscles, but no difference in resting fascicle pennation angle. However, during isometric contraction, both fascicle shortening and fascicle rotation on the paretic side were significantly decreased, compared to the non-paretic side. Moreover, the relative (i.e., paretic/non-paretic) fascicle rotation-shortening ratio (i.e., fascicle rotation per fascicle shortening) was strongly correlated with the relative maximum voluntary isometric plantarflexion torque. Interpretation This association implies that such fascicle changes could impair the force-generating capacity of the muscle in chronic stroke survivors.
Above Knee Amputation (AKA)

An above knee amputation is more debilitating than below knee amputation. If performed for vascular indications, the blood supply is usually compromised and delicate handling of the tissues is of paramount importance.
Long-term Prognosis of EARR

Tooth length is generally a Gaussian distribution within a specified population with ranges known to dental anthropologists. Severe EARR can result in teeth with extremely short roots, but short-rooted teeth occur in nature as well. Does a short root increase the risk of eventual tooth loss? This chapter will present the best evidence currently available to show that no, a short root in and of itself does not mean a tooth is at higher risk for loss. Furthermore, no tooth with a short root should be automatically extracted and replaced with a dental implant.
Characterization of Fer1L6 in the mouse C2C12 cell line.

Approved: _________________________________________ Colin P. Johnson Fer1L6 is an uncharacterized member of the ferlin family of proteins, a group of large, calcium sensitive proteins with emerging roles in vesicle trafficking and various disease states. The presence of Fer1L6 has been identified within the C2C12 cell line of mouse skeletal muscle. To determine the protein’s subcellular location within the cell, we used immunofluorescence. Results indicated Fer1L6 localized to the plasma membrane and perinuclear region, specifically at lamellopodia and adhesion junctions. Coimmunofluoresence, proximity ligation, and co-immunoprecipitation experiments were then performed to identify any Fer1L6 binding partners so as to aid in elucidating the protein’s function. The proteins syntaxin-4, SNAP-23, vimentin, and actin were confirmed to bind Fer1L6. Additionally, the focal adhesion proteins vinculin and talin-1, were observed to be in close proximity to Fer1L6. This suggests that Fer1L6 may play a role in vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion at focal adhesions. Thus, Fer1L6 may function as a regulator in the recycling of the focal adhesion complex.
Chromatin Regulators and DNA Repair: A Dissertation

DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is essential for maintenance of genome stability. However, the compaction of the eukaryotic genome into chromatin creates an inherent barrier to any DNA-mediated event, such as during DNA repair. This demands that there be mechanisms to modify the chromatin structure and thus access DNA. Recent work has implicated a host of chromatin regulators in the DNA damage response and several functional roles have been defined. Yet the mechanisms that control their recruitment to DNA lesions, and their relationship with concurrent histone modifications, remain unclear. We find that efficient DSB recruitment of many yeast chromatin regulators is cell-cycle dependent. Furthering this, we find recruitment of the INO80, SWR-C, NuA4, SWI/SNF, and RSC enzymes is inhibited by the non-homologous end joining machinery, and that their recruitment is controlled by early steps of homologous recombination. Strikingly, we find no significant role for H2A.X phosphorylation (γH2AX) in the recruitment of chromatin regulators, but rather that their recruitment coincides with reduced levels of γH2AX. We go on to determine the chromatin remodeling enzyme Fun30 functions in histone dynamics surround a DSB, but does not significantly affect γH2AX dynamics. Additionally, we describe a conserved functional interaction among the chromatin remodeling enzyme, SWI/SNF, the NuA4 and Gcn5 histone acetyltransferases, and phosphorylation of histone H2A.X. Specifically, we find that the NuA4 and Gcn5 enzymes are both required for the robust recruitment of SWI/SNF to a DSB, which in turn promotes the phosphorylation of H2A.X.
Analysis of stress corrosion cracking in alloy 718 following commercial reactor exposure

Abstract Alloy 718 is generally considered a highly corrosion-resistant material but can still be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The combination of factors leading to SCC susceptibility in the alloy is not always clear enough. In the present work, alloy 718 leaf spring (LS) materials that suffered stress corrosion damage during two 24-month cycles in pressurized water reactor service, operated to >45 MWd/mtU burn-up, was investigated. Compared to archival samples fabricated through the same processing conditions, little microstructural and property changes occurred in the material with in-service irradiation, contrary to high dose rate laboratory-based experiments reported in literature. Though the lack of delta phase formation along grain boundaries would suggest a more SCC resistant microstructure, grain boundary cracking in the material was extensive. Crack propagation routes were explored through focused ion beam milling of specimens near the crack tip for transmission electron microscopy as well as in polished plan view and cross-sectional samples for electron backscatter diffraction analysis. It has been shown in this study that cracks propagated mainly along random high-angle grain boundaries, with the material around cracks displaying a high local density of dislocations. The slip lines were produced through the local deformation of the leaf spring material above their yield strength. The cause for local SCC appears to be related to oxidation of both slip lines and grain boundaries, which under the high in-service stresses resulted in crack development in the material.
Arcetri, 1928 – 1932

Early in 1928, a short time after receiving my doctorate at the University of Bologna, I was offered a position of assistant at the Physics Institute of the University of Florence. The Institute rose among olive trees, on the hill of Arcetri, a short distance from the villa where Galileo had spent the last years of his life as a political exile. The chair of physics was held by Professor Antonio Garbasso (Fig. 1) who, in earlier years, had done some creditable scientific work. But the first world war and the events of the post-war period had diverted his interests toward politics. He was now a senator and the mayor of Florence. However he still went to Arcetri three times a week to deliver his lectures and he still had a strong desire to see the Institute, which he had built, become an important center of research.
Material transport across Europa's ice shell

Jupiter's moon Europa exhibits a deformed icy surface with salt deposits concentrated along the varied geological features. The topographic alignment of salt deposits has been speculated to indicate an endogenic sourcing of the material. Two-way transport of salts from a liquid-water ocean beneath the ice shell to the surface, and vice versa, has been speculated. We present dynamical models that demonstrate the incorporation of newly frozen ice into convective plumes within the ice shell, caused by convection within the ice shell that drives dynamic topography along the ice-ocean boundary. The new ice that forms at the freezing front can be transported by the rising ice plumes toward the surface until it is blocked by a high-viscosity lid at the surface. Weakening of the lid by tidal or tectonic forces could then lead to the surface detection of ocean trace chemistry captured in the newly formed ice.
Site-specific Recombination

Site-specific recombination is defined as the rearrangement of two DNA partner molecules by specific enzymes performing recombination at their cognate pairs of sequences or target sites. Site-specific recombination, in contrast to homologous recombination, requires very little DNA homology between partner DNA molecules, is RecA-independent, and does not involve DNA replication at any stage. Keywords: integrase; resolvase; invertase; gene expression; chromosome segregation; lysogeny; gene targeting
Control systems challenges in the HP personal ink jet printing application

This paper presents several of the major control systems challenges faced by the Hewlett-Packard Company in designing competitive ink jet mechanisms for today's desktop printer and multifunction device market. A discussion of the physical plants under control, as well as the performance goals and the constraints on the control system is provided. It is hoped that this paper would afford the control systems community a deeper understanding of the problems faced in the ink jet printer industry, and generate interest in solving these problems.
Modeling and control of a rotary crane for swing-free transport of payloads

The kinematic and dynamic modeling of a rotary crane are presented in detail. The derived dynamical model consists of a set of two coupled equations. The well-known controller designs commonly used for rigid robots, such as the computed torque method and nonlinear state feedback linearization, are not readily applicable. To overcome these difficulties, a control scheme that consists of two parts is proposed. The first part is a controller that regulates the motor torques in order to make the joints of the crane follow the specified trajectories. The second part is a feedback control law designed so as to prevent the load from swinging. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the approach. >
Arterial blood pressure in the very low birthweight neonate: evaluation of an automatic oscillometric technique

The noninvasive oscillometric technique of arterial blood pressure determination was evaluated in fifteen very low birth weight neonates (less than 1,400 g). Measurement of invasive umbilical artery catheter pressure was used as a reference standard. By using a cuff width to arm circumference ratio of 0.33-0.42, mean blood pressure was overestimated by 6.2 (7.2) mmHg (mean and 1 SD), p less than 0.001. More accurate mean blood pressure measurements were recorded with a cuff width to arm circumference ratio of 0.44-0.55. Measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed similar results.
The presence of intranuclear annulate lamellae shortly after mitosis in human melanoma cells in vitro

Intranuclear annulate lamellae were found in human melanoma cells in vitro shortly after mitosis. Their origin is thought to be due to membranes being “trapped” during nuclear envelope formation at the end of mitosis. Intranuclear annulate lamellae are not seen during interphase.
Rock Physics Characterization for Gas Hydrate Reservoirs: Elastic Properties

: We offer a first-principle-based, effective medium model for elastic-wave velocity in unconsolidated, high porosity, ocean bottom sediments containing gas hydrate or free gas. The dry sediment frame elastic constants depend on porosity, elastic moduli of the solid phase, and effective pressure. Elastic moduli of saturated sediment are calculated from those of the dry frame using Gassmann's equation. To model the effect of gas hydrate on sediment elastic moduli we use two separate assumptions: (a) hydrate modifies the pore fluid elastic properties without affecting the frame and (b) hydrate becomes a component of the solid phase, reducing porosity and modifying the elasticity of the frame. The goal of the model is to predict the amount of hydrate in sediments from sonic or seismic velocity data. We apply the model to sonic and VSP data from ODP Hole 995 and obtain hydrate concentration estimates from assumption (b) that are consistent with estimates obtained from resistivity, chlorinity, and evolved gas data.
Pion-nucleus charge exchange scattering at intermediate energies

Abstract Single and double charge exchange scattering of pions from nuclei are calculated using the Kisslinger optical potential. The cross sections so obtained are found to depend strongly on the difference between the neutron and proton density distributions in the target nucleus.
LC-EC determination of nucleotides and nucleic acids: application to enzyme assays and the analysis of DNA fragments.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to an electrochemical detector in an oxidative mode was used to analyze purine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides as well as restriction fragments of nucleic acids. Ligands were separated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LC-EC) using size exclusion, ion-exchange, or reverse phase techniques. Using an amperometric electrochemical detector the determination was characterized with respect to sensitivity, selectivity, and capacity factor. It was observed from hydrodynamic and cyclic voltammetry that the optimum oxidation potential differed for the three major classes of purines, permitting an enhancement in selectivity when compared to detection. Guanylyl moieties demonstrated a half-wave potential at 0.800 V vs Ag AgCl , while those for the adenylyl and inosylyl groups are above 1.000 V vs Ag AgCl . The facility of the method to analyze components of a complex biological milieu was demonstrated by examining the purine pools of crude and partially purified eye lens homogenates as well as by comparing the traditional hexokinase assay to the newly developed LC-EC technique. Additionally, LC-EC was compared to detection for determination of the purine-metabolizing enzyme activities, adenylate deaminase and adenylosuccinate synthetase from crude cellular lysates of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. Finally, the technique was used to assay the fragments from λ-DNA cut with the restriction endonuclease Pst-1.
Oxygen radicals alter LDL permeability and uptake by an endothelial-smooth muscle cell bilayer

Abstract There is evidence to suggest that the deposition of lipid within the arterial wall, which is characteristic of atherosclerosis, involves a break in the integrity of the endothelial barrier. Oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins by reactive oxygen species may enhance this process. In this study, an aortic endothelial (EC) smooth muscle cell (SMC) bilayer was briefly exposed to a free-radical generating system to determine the effect of superoxides on lipid permeability and uptake. 125 I-LDL (10 μg/ml) was added to the EC medium at various time intervals (3, 24, and 48 hr and 9 days). The amount of lipid reaching the subendothelial space was measured. Measurements of EC and SMC binding and uptake of LDL were also obtained and compared with those of untreated cells. The results demonstrate a significant increase in the permeability of the treated EC layer to LDL ( P −6 ), which was sustained over time. Superoxide exposure led to a limited initial increase in EC binding and uptake of LDL, which later returned to control values. In contrast, SMC uptake of LDL was significantly ( P −3 ) and persistently increased over control values and disproportionately increased over cellular binding. Such results suggest that superoxides can increase LDL permeability of the EC barrier. Because this was not associated with a comparable increase in EC binding and uptake, it is unlikely to be due to changes in receptor-mediated, transcellular transport. A sustained increase in SMC uptake over binding of LDL passing through a previously treated EC monolayer would imply that treated EC may either alter the LDL molecule to facilitate its uptake by a receptor independent process, or that it would signal the SMC to do so.
Insertion Reactions and Catalytic Hydrophosphination by Triamidoamine-Supported Zirconium Complexes

Triamidoamine-supported zirconium phosphido complexes, (N3N)ZrPRR′ (N3N = N(CH2CH2NSiMe3)33−; R = alkyl, aryl; R′ = R, H), have been shown to catalyze the hydrophosphination of terminal alkynes as well as that of symmetric aryl and alkyl carbodiimides. A mechanism based on insertion of the substrate into the Zr−P bond is proposed on the basis of competition experiments and model examples of stoichiometric insertion reactions of polar, small-molecule substrates possessing C═O, C═N, C≡N, and C═S functionalities into the Zr−P bond. Molecular structures of the insertion products (N3N)ZrN═C(PHCy)Ph (4), (N3N)ZrN═C(PPh2)Ph (5), and (N3N)ZrPhNC(O)PPh2 (11), as well as (N3N)Zr[η2(N,N)-(iPrN)2C(PPh2)] (9), a key intermediate in the catalytic hydrophosphination of carbodiimides, have been determined.
High volume antisera yields from rabbits using plasmapheresis

A simple procedure for plasmapheresis of rabbits is described, permitting collection of approximately 75 ml of antisera to be obtained at weekly intervals. Evidence for maintenance of antibody titer throughout this interval is presented.
An Analysis of in-Flight Impairment and Incapacitation in Fatal General Aviation Accidents (1990–1998):

In-flight impairment and incapacitation are defined as states wherein the pilot's ability to effectively control the aircraft is adversely affected. They are of special concern in general aviation ...
Über die Anwendung einer Mischphase zur gas‐chromatographischen Trennung von Phenolen, Kresolen und Xylenolen

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Mischphase beschrieben, die zur gas-chromatographischen Trennung von Phenolderivaten mit gepackten Trennsaulen entwickelt wurde. The Application of a Mixed Phase in the Gas-chromatographic Separation of Phenols, Kresols and Xylenols In the present work, a mixed phase is described which was developed for the gas-chromatographic separation of phenol derivatives with packed separation columns.
Adjuvant radiation trials for high-risk breast cancer patients: adequacy of lymphadenectomy.

Background: The recently published, widely publicized adjuvant radiation trials from Denmark and Canada concluded that the addition of postoperative radiotherapy (XRT) to modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and adjuvant chemotherapy reduces locoregional recurrences and prolongs survival in high-risk premenopausal patients with breast cancer. Our thesis is that adequate lymphadenectomies were not performed in either study. Consequently, the conclusion to these studies is not applicable to those patients who have undergone adequate surgery.
High-speed computers of the Soviet Union

An overview is given of high-speed-computer projects in the USSR from the mid-1960s to the present. It covers the BESM-6, El'brus, the M-10, MARS, the ES-1766, the PS-x000, the TAGREI programmable architecture multiprocessor, and the IPM multiprocessor. The state of scientific computing in the USSR and the impact of recent political and organizational changes are discussed. >
ANALYSIS-BY-SYNTHESIS FEATURE ESTIMATION FOR ROBUST AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION USING SPECTRAL MASKS

Spectral masking is a promising method for noise suppression in which regions of the spectrogram that are dominated by noise are attenuated while regions dominated by speech are preserved. It is not clear, however, how best to combine spectral masking with the non-linear processing necessary to compute automatic speech recognition features. We propose an analysis-by-synthesis approach to automatic speech recognition, which, given a spectral mask, poses the estimation of mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) of the clean speech as an optimization problem. MFCCs are found that minimize a combination of the distance from the resynthesized clean power spectrum to the regions of the noisy spectrum selected by the mask and the negative log likelihood under an unmodified large vocabulary continuous speech recognizer. In evaluations on the Aurora4 noisy speech recognition task with both ideal and estimated masks, analysis-by-synthesis decreases both word error rates and distances to clean speech as compared to traditional approaches. Index Terms: analysis-by-synthesis, time-frequency masking, large vocabulary automatic speech recognition, missing data
Asian-Japanese: State Apology, National Ethos, and the “Comfort Women” Reparations Debate in Japan

Recent scholarship on apology has shifted its critical emphasis from the juridical use of apology as a means of self-defense to the moral value of apology as integral to specific reconciliation processes. This article examines the “comfort women” reparations debate in Japan in the 1990s as symptomatic of this change in how we think about apology and reparations. It illustrates how “comfort women” reparation lawsuits disrupted the symbolic economy of political apology in an inter-Asian political context and, thus, transformed the rhetorical force of apology from a past-oriented to a future-oriented technology of care.
Diffusion layer in well-ordered clay-modified electrodes

Recently [l] we demonstrated that there is a correlation between reduction currents for Fe(CN),3at spin-coated clay-modified electrodes (SPCME) and literature values for low-angle X-ray diffraction data of well-oriented SWy-1 montmorillonite. We suggested that the ratio of the maximum current (peak or plateau) obtained for the reduction of Fe(CN),3at CME to the peak current obtained at a bare electrode (R = Z pcme/Zpbare) during single sweep cyclic voltammetry could give quantitative information about clay platelet face-face interlayer distances [2]. These ratio measurements may shed light on the mechanism of long-range swelling in clays, which is important for understanding the role of the double-layer charge vs. surface hydration in interlayer forces. As the film thickness varies considerably with electrolyte concentration and speciation, the diffusion layer may or may not reside within the film for a fixed scan rate as the electrolyte concentration is varied. This could affect the validity of the correlation between the peak currents and interlayer spacing. It is, therefore, important to demonstrate that the diffusion layer resides within the film, regardless of changes in film thickness with film swelling, for all experimental conditions. In this paper, we map out systematically the conditions under which the diffusion layer will reside uniformly within the film, irrespective of changing film thickness.
Active centre association in anionic polymerization. Its relation to the mechanism of polymerization of dienes in non-polar solvents

The dissociation mechanism suggested for lithium-based polymerization in many cases requires a relationships between the degree of association of the active centres and the kinetic data. This connection has recently been questioned (R. N. Young, L. J. Fetters, J. S. Huang & R. Krishnamoorti, Polymer International, 33 (1994) 217). It is the purpose of the present communication to show that this questioning is not soundly based.
Constituents of the cotton bud. XVII. A survey of the lipids and fatty acids of glanded and glandless cotton with respect to nutrition and host preference of the boll weevil.

Lipid extracts of ‘Acala’ 4-42-77 and ‘Rex Smoothleaf’ and of their isogenic lines caused similar feeding responses in Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in the rolled plug assay. The total fatty acids in the glanded and glandless lines did not vary significantly, but the phospholipids and glycolipids of glanded lines contained 50% more fatty acids than did those of the glandless lines. This difference resulted primarily from differences in the amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid (C18:3) and linoleic acid (C18:2). About 50% of the total fatty acids in the glandless lines were contained in a highly polar lipid complex that was removed from silicic acid by hydrolysis with an acid solution.
Improved Loss Formula Computation by Optimally Ordered Elimination Techniques

The on-line economic dispatch of electric power systems is usually accomplished by use of loss formulas employing B coefficients. This paper shows how Kron's B coefficients can be calculated by Tinney's optimally ordered direct solution techniques which exploit the sparsity of the network admittance matrix. The new technique is much faster, more accurate, and more reliable than currently used iterative techniques. In addition, it rigorously handles systems with phase shifters and static elements to ground with no difficulty. Precise timing of sample system experiments (5 to 160 nodes) documents the greatly improved solution efficiency.
Solar Cell Light Trapping beyond the Ray Optic Limit

In 1982, Yablonovitch proposed a thermodynamic limit on light trapping within homogeneous semiconductor slabs, which implied a minimum thickness needed to fully absorb the solar spectrum. However, this limit is valid for geometrical optics but not for a new generation of subwavelength solar absorbers such as ultrathin or inhomogeneously structured cells, wire-based cells, photonic crystal-based cells, and plasmonic cells. Here we show that the key to exceeding the conventional ray optic or so-called ergodic light trapping limit is in designing an elevated local density of optical states (LDOS) for the absorber. Moreover, for any semiconductor we show that it is always possible to exceed the ray optic light trapping limit and use these principles to design a number of new solar absorbers with the key feature of having an elevated LDOS within the absorbing region of the device, opening new avenues for solar cell design and cost reduction.
Winding number, family index theorem, and electron hopping in a magnetic field

Abstract In this paper we study the general electron hopping hamiltonian in a magnetic field H = Σt ij c i † c j u ij using topological methods. We find that the energy spectrum E(kx, ky) of the hamiltonian always has at least p isolated zeros if the magnetic flux through each plaquette is Φ = 2 πq/p with p even. In general each zero corresponds to a (1 + 2) dimensional Dirac fermion in the continuum limit. Thus H has at least p families of Dirac fermions in the continuum limit. For the nearest neighbor hopping hamiltonian we are able to show (in a certain gauge) that the zeroes appear at a k = (π/2 + 2 πn 1 /p, π/2 + 2πn 2 /p) . We also discussed the relation of our problem to Berry's phase and supersymmetry.
Shaping an Islamic Identity: Religion, Islamism, and the State in Central Asia

The vast majority of Central Asians consider Islam to be part of their social identity - as it has been for centuries. Yet seventy years of official Soviet atheism decimated Islamic institutions of learning, leaving both imams and the population largely unfamiliar with traditional Islamic teachings. There is now a strugge within the five formerly Soviet republics of Central Asia between Islamists and governments to reconstruct an Islam and to capture the allegiance of the populace. Central Asia is not now engaged in a dash of its Islamic civilization with a Christian West or an Orthodox North - and far less a Confucian East. Rather, it is struggling to construct its own Islamic identity (or identities) on the foundation of a glorious ancient past, a harsh recent past, and a bleak economic and political future. This paper discusses the different aspects of religion in Central Asia (including Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school, Sufism, Shi'ism, "popular Islam," and Islamism), and describes political efforts to control (or "manage") religion - particularly the "Islamist threat." Such governmental efforts, however, appear to be exacerbating the very Islamist threat that they seek to contain.
Prediction of cellulose decomposition rates from thermogravimetric data

Thermogravimetric (TG) data is useful for determining the decomposition temperatures and rates of solid materials. Reaction rate parameters such as activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) can be determined from constant heating rate data using a simplified Arrhenius equation. Unfortunately, there is a wide variation in these parameters, reported in the literature for each substance, depending on the heating rate used among other factors. As a result there is no agreement on the data to be used in extrapolation to other conditions. We have measured the decomposition of cellulose at various heating rates and found that the present form of rate equation explains data only at a single heating rate at which the parameters have been determined. These parameters fail to explain the decomposition data obtained at other heating rates. In this paper we propose an equation of the form: dX/dT=A0/a2(a1/a2)mexp⁡(−E0/RT)f(X)n, where A0 and E0 are temperature independent rate parameters, a1 is the heating rate at which the kinetic parametersA0 and E0 have been calculated, a2 is any other heating rate for which the prediction is to be made, and m is an exponent. This equation is consistent with the original Arrhenius equation and is able to explain the TG data over a wide range of heating rates.
Effect of non-isotropic detector blur on microcalcification detectability in tomosynthesis

We have investigated the effect of non-isotropic blur in an indirect x-ray conversion screen in tomosynthesis imaging. To study this effect, we have implemented a screen model for angle-dependent x-ray incidence, and have validated the model using experimental as well as Monte-Carlo simulations reported in the literature. We investigated detector characteristics such as MTF, NPS and DQE, and we estimated system performance in a signal-known exactly detection task. We found that for such a screen, the frequency dependence of the MTF varies with x-ray source angle, while the frequency dependence of the NPS does not. Furthermore, as the x-ray source angle is increased, the DQE becomes more narrow and DQE(f=0) grows. We found that for a tomosynthesis scan angle of 90 degrees and a conversion screen thickness of 130 microns, detectability for small signals (radius=0.125 mm) was decreased by 13%, compared to signal radii above 0.5 mm. The magnitude of the degradation is expected to vary for different tomosynthesis configurations, such as scan angle and conversion screen thickness.
Application of the Advanced Distillation Curve Method to the Development of Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

The primary fuel used within the general aviation industry is a petroleum-based gasoline blended with small amounts of tetraethyl lead (a lead-based additive used to increase the octane number of gasoline without affecting its performance) called 100LL aviation gasoline. Lately, concern has mounted regarding the health effects of leaded aviation gasoline (typically called avgas). This concern, in addition to the increasing price of 100LL, has led to research involved with developing an unleaded avgas with the ability to meet performance regulations and safely operate the entire general aviation fleet without engine modifications. In this paper, we assess the vapor liquid equilibrium of two newly developed unleaded avgas fluids. For complex fluids, such as gasoline, the distillation curve provides the most practical approximation of this property. The distillation curves of these two fluids were measured by use of the advanced distillation curve method. The advanced distillation curve method uses temperatu...
Having a "safe delivery": Conflicting views from tibet

In the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) maternal mortality ratios remain among the highest in the world. Although traditional Tibetan medical theory, practice, and pharmacology include information on maternal and child health care, Tibet is one of the few societies in the world that does not have traditional birth attendants or midwives. Using ethnographic methods, we gathered data from individual interviews with rural Tibetan women (N = 38) about their beliefs and behaviors surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. Additional data were gathered through interviews with prefecture, county, and township health care providers. These data were used to develop a culturally appropriate village birth attendant training program in rural Tibet. We describe Tibetan women's perspectives of “having a safe delivery” in relation to concepts about “safe delivery” according to evidence-based medicine in the West. Our work also provides an example of the benefits and challenges that aris...
Human parvovirus B19 and pediatric rheumatologic disease

Purpose Human Parvovirus B19 causes a self-limited febrile illness with a characteristic exanthem and occasional acute arthritis. B19 infection has also been associated with multiple rheumatic diseases. Reports indicate that in patients with positive B19 PCR up to ~1/3 have negative IgM and positive IgG to B19. However little is known about how these findings might relate to rheumatologic symptoms, especially in children.
The expression of γ-aminobutyric acid and leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in primary monolayer cultures of rat striatum

Abstract Primary monolayer cultures of rat striatum were examined for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK) immunoreactivity. Cultures were established on polycation-treated glass coverslips from the striata of gestational day 17 rat embryos using a serum and insulin-supplemented medium. The proportion of GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) neurons increased during the first week in vitro from approximately one third to nearly one half and remained relatively constant thereafter. On the other hand, the proportion of L-ENK-IR neurons increased gradually over the culturing period, increasing from about one-fifth of the neurons initially to one-half after 3–4 weeks in vitro. The changes in the proportions of GABA- and L-ENK-IR neurons appeared to be largely a consequence of the death of non-immunoreactive neurons, not delayed expression or induction of GABA or L-ENK traits. Light microscopic analysis of somatic-proximal neuritic morphology led to a partitioning of the neuronal population into 4 groups. GABA- and L-ENK-IR groups were heterogeneous in this regard and differed only modestly.
Impact of assay parameters on the accuracy of free PSA test: source and stability of calibrator, calibration curve fitting, and level of total PSA in the serum

The measurement of PSA is recommended for men over 50 years of age for screening of prostate cancer. However, proper differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) relies on an accurate measurement of free PSA (fPSA) and a correct calculation of percent fPSA. Because of the extremely low concentration of fPSA in the serum, any slight deviation from its true value may produce large errors in percent fPSA calculated. Therefore, we undertook a study examining carefully those parameters of the fPSA assay which might affect the fPSA determination. We found that the integrity of the calibrator, the computer curve-fitting program selected, the source of the calibrator, and the total PSA or fPSA + PSA complexes (tPSA) concentration of the specimen all had an impact on the accuracy of the fPSA value assayed. We found that an examination of the slope of the calibration curve was important to reveal whether the calibrator had or had not been denatured during storage. We also found that the 4-parameter cure fitting program was best suited for plotting the fPSA calibration curve. The calibrator we isolated from LNCaP cells was acceptable for our assay because it had an affinity for the assay antibody very similar to that of serum fPSA. We also determined the effect of tPSA concentration on the fPSA determinations and found that within the concentration range of 4-10 ng/mL the impact on the percent fPSA calculated was not significant. We believe that our assay produces accurate fPSA values when all these assay parameters are well controlled.
Controlled clinical trial of a novel hemostatic agent in cardiac surgery

Abstract Background: . We performed a prospective randomized trial to compare FloSeal Matrix (Fusion Medical Technologies, Inc, Mountain View, CA), a gelatin-based hemostatic sealant, with Gelfoam-Thrombin (Gelfoam, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI; Thrombin, Gentrac Inc, Middeton, WI) (control group) to control perioperative bleeding. Methods: . A total of 93 patients undergoing cardiac operations were randomized into the FloSeal or control group after standard surgical means to control bleeding had failed. The bleeding site was evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 10 minutes after applying the hemostatic agent. If bleeding stopped within 10 minutes, the application was considered to be successful. In the case of a failure, the surgeon could use any means preferred (except FloSeal) to achieve hemostasis. All bleeding sites in a patient were treated with the hemostatic agent to which the patient was randomized. Follow-up evaluation was performed at 12 to 36 hours and 6 to 8 weeks after operation. Results: . FloSeal stopped bleeding in 94% of the patients (first bleeding site only) within 10 minutes, compared to 60% in the control group ( p = 0.001). At 3 minutes, successful hemostasis was achieved in 72% of the FloSeal group compared with 23% in the control group ( p = 0.0001). There was no difference in the adverse event profile between the two groups. Conclusions: . FloSeal Matrix demonstrated efficacy superior to that of Gelfoam-Thrombin and had a safety profile similar to that of Gelfoam-Thrombin when used as a topical hemostatic agent during cardiac surgery procedures.
ACCOUNTING FOR EDUCATION

Establishing accountability in education requires more definitive discussion of the short term goals of individual schools and school systems. All of the school actors should participate in the setting of these goals and establishing time schedules for evaluating progress. Although the sanctions are limited for lack of achievement of goals because of the distribution of power in school systems, some progress is possible if the process of decision-making is enhanced.
A Study of 2 Bone Plating Methods for Fractures of the Mandibular Symphysis/Body

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate outcomes for 2 bone plating techniques used in the treatment of mandibular symphysis/body fractures. Patients and Methods All patients with adequate records treated for fractures of the mandibular body or symphysis by 2 miniplates or 1 stronger plate over an 11-year period were included. Demographic and outcome variables were collected and statistically analyzed to determine if the 2 treatments produced different outcomes. Results Six hundred eighty-two patients had sufficient follow-up for inclusion in this study. There were no significant differences in demographic data for the 2 groups. There were no statistically significant differences in occlusal or osseous healing outcomes. However, there were significant differences in treatment outcomes for several variables, including wound dehiscence, plate exposure, the need for plate removal, and tooth root damage between the groups. Conclusion The use of 2 miniplates was associated with more postoperative complications than the use of 1 stronger plate, but both techniques produced sufficient stability for healing.
Wall-to-liquid mass transfer in fixed beds at low flow rates

Abstract The wall-to-fluid mass transfer coefficient was obtained from coated wall dissolution experiments, for water flow through fixed beds of spheres with tube-to-particle diameter ratios of 2.9–11.6, and for particle Reynolds number ( Re ) in the range 3–200. The coefficients, in the form of dimensionless Sherwood numbers ( Sh wf ), were shown to approach a nonzero limit as Re →0. The data were well-represented by the equation Sh wf =15.0+0.63Sc 1/3 Re 0.57 . Qualitative differences were shown between the behavior of the wall coefficients Sh wf , which approached a constant value as Re decreased, and the overall coefficients Sh ov , which approached zero as Re decreased.
Personal ideology polarity: its emotional foundation and its manifestation in individual value systems, religiosity, political orientation, and assumptions concerning human nature.

Personal ideology is an individual's philosophy of how life should be and of what forces influence human living. In this study S.S. Tomkins's (1963b, 1965, 1978, 1987) polarity theory of ideology was used to examine the manifestation of personal ideology in 4 value-laden domains of personality. Tomkins's theoretical postulates concerning the emotional foundation of personal ideology also were tested. Analyses revealed that the 2 defining dimensions of polarity theory--humanism and normativism--are related in the predicted meaningful ways to value systems, assumptions concerning human nature, religiosity, and political orientation. Evidence also was found for Tomkins's contention that specific affect clusters serve as the foundation of personal ideology. Participants who scored high in humanism ideology related autobiographical memories containing the emotion cluster of joy, distress, fear, and shame, whereas the memories of participants with normative ideologies contained relatively more anger.