cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conspecific and heterospecific plant–soil feedbacks influence survivorship and growth of temperate tree seedlings

Summary 1. The Janzen–Connell (J–C) Model proposes that host-specific enemies could maintain high tree species diversity by reducing seedling performance near conspecific adults. An implicit, but untested assumption of the J–C Model is that negative conspecific feedbacks would promote replacement by heterospecific seedlings. 2. In a glasshouse experiment, we tested plant–soil feedbacks as a J–C mechanism in four temperate tree species. We assessed effects of conspecific- relative to heterospecific-cultured soil extracts on seedling survival, total mass and performance for each focal species. To test the implicit assumption of replacement by heterospecific seedlings, we also compared relative performance of conspecific versus heterospecific seedlings grown with soil extract cultured by a particular tree species. We also tested whether soil microbes caused these plant–soil feedbacks and whether low irradiance increased seedling vulnerability to pathogens. 3. When grown with conspecific versus heterospecific soil extract, Acer rubrum mass decreased, Quercus rubra mass increased and Fraxinus americana increased survival. Conspecific extract reduced Acer saccharum mass in low light but increased it in high light. To integrate survival and growth, we examined seedling performance [(mean total mass × mean survival time)/(days of experiment)] at low and high light. In conspecific versus heterospecific soil extract, seedling performance was lower in two, higher in four and neutral in 18 of 24 cases, suggesting no advantage to dispersing away from conspecifics. Based on relative seedling performance within a soil extract, conspecific seedlings were disadvantaged in two, favoured in three and neutral in 19 of 24 cases relative to heterospecific seedlings. 4. Species pairwise interactions of soil modification and seedling performance were chemically mediated, occurring regardless of sterilization. Microbes lacked host specificity and reduced performance regardless of extract source. Additionally, microbial factors reduced seedling performance for Q. rubra regardless of light availability, and for A. rubrum and F. americana only in high light. 5. Synthesis. These chemical-mediated plant–soil feedbacks probably influence community dynamics, but are inconsistent with the J–C Model. Even when a species’ seedlings responded more negatively to conspecific than heterospecific soil, heterospecific seedlings were not necessarily favoured in that species’ soil, precluding heterospecific replacement as an explanation for coexistence.
X10 at scale

X10 is an open-source imperative concurrent object-oriented programming language developed by IBM Research to ease the programming of scalable concurrent and distributed applications. In this talk, I will report and reflect on our experience running HPC application kernels and graph algorithms implemented in X10 on a Petaflop IBM Power 775 supercomputer (with up to 55,000 Power7 cores). I will discuss design and implementation decisions that make it possible to achieve competitive performance at scale while retaining X10's productivity. In particular, I'll describe our implementation of the Unbalanced Tree Search benchmark (UTS), which illustrates X10's handling of irregular parallelism.
Controlling and ‘Civilising Natives’ through architecture and town planning in South Africa

The discourse of ‘Native housing’ in apartheid South Africa derived its architectural language and design principles from modern architecture, which became popular in Europe and America during the inter‐war period. As a particular architectural discourse, ‘native housing’ and ‘township’ were not just simply an architectural drawing or a plan, which described the configuration of a building or a neighbourhood. Rather it was part of a web of practice embedded within the evolving apartheid spatial strategy to control the social and geographic mobility of African workers and their families.
Clinical Features in the Management of Selected Hypertensive Emergencies

A hypertensive emergency is a clinical diagnosis that is appropriate when marked hypertension is associated with acute target-organ damage; in this setting, lowering of blood pressure (BP) is typically begun within hours of diagnosis. For hypertensive urgency with no acute target-organ damage, BP lowering may occur over hours to days. A hypertensive emergency may present with cardiac, renal, neurologic, hemorrhagic, or obstetric manifestations, but prompt recognition of the condition and institution of rapidly acting parenteral therapy to lower BP (typically in an intensive care unit) are widely recommended. For aortic dissection, the systolic BP target is lower than 120 mm Hg, to be achieved during the first 20 minutes using a β -blocker (typically esmolol) and a vasodilator to reduce both shear stress on the aortic tear and the BP, respectively. Otherwise, sodium nitroprusside is the agent with the lowest acquisition cost and longest record of successful use in hypertensive emergencies; however, it is metabolized to toxic thiocyanate and cyanide. Other attractive agents include fenoldopam mesylate, nicardipine, and labetalol; in pregnant women, magnesium and nifedipine are used commonly. Most authors suggest a reduction in mean arterial pressure of approximately 10% during the first hour and a further 10% to 15% during the next 2 to 4 hours; hypoperfusion can result if the BP is lowered too suddenly or too far (eg, into the range of
Evolution, Culture, and the Five-Factor Model

Following areview of evolutionary approaches to the five-factor model (FEM), I develop a synthetic perspective that incorporates three levels of analysis: personality systems as universal psychological mechanisms, systematic group (i.e., gender, birth order, age, ethnic) differences that can be illuminated by evolutionary theory, and individual differences. At the level of universal mechanisms, personality systems are species-typical systems with adaptive functions in the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness. At the level of group differences, the evolutionary theory of sex, parent-offspring conflict theory, and life history are used to analyze sex, age, and ethnic differences in personality systems. At the level of individual differences, variation in personality consists of a range of viable evolutionary strategies for humans. Humans evaluate and act on the genetic and phenotypic diversity represented by this range of viable strategies to solve adaptive problems. Evolutionary perspectives on cr...
Exploring the Dimensions of Systems of Innovation Analysis: A System of Systems Framework

The objective of this paper is to propose an analysis framework based on the System of Systems approach to overcome existing methodological problems in System of Innovation studies. The concept of System of Innovation has been an important focus of innovation policy studies over the last decade. These studies have concentrated on structuring theoretical frameworks to assess the determinants of innovation processes using systems analysis principles. Despite about 20 years of research, System of Innovation has yet to become a theoretical framework. This paper reviews the relevant literature in an attempt to identify the challenges that System of Innovation studies face in structuring theoretical frameworks. The primary reason for the challenges appears to be that Systems of Innovation have been analyzed as monolithic systems when, in reality, Systems of Innovation are Systems of Systems, which have different features than monolithic systems. Different dimensions of assessment of System of Systems analysis are therefore required in System of Innovation studies. Three dimensions of System of Innovation analysis (definition, abstraction, and modeling) are introduced here to provide an analysis framework for Systems of Innovation studies. The proposed system-of-systems-based analysis framework (called Innovation System of Systems) would resolve the methodological challenges that System of Innovation studies are confronting in developing theoretical frameworks. Thus, it is capable of being tested by other researchers in the area of Systems of Innovation to advance the state of knowledge.
A new transcription factor that regulates TNF-α gene expression, LITAF, is increased in intestinal tissues from patients with CD and UC

BACKGROUND The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Recently, a new transcription factor termed LITAF (lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor) was shown to mediate TNF-alpha expression in human macrophages by direct binding to specific sequences in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene. METHODS In this report, we identified LITAF in resected ileal and colonic tissues from patients with CD and UC by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. LITAF expression in inflamed and noninflamed areas of the tissues was compared. RESULTS This is the first demonstration of LITAF, a newly discovered transcription factor that regulates TNF-alpha gene transcription in ileal and colonic tissues from patients with either CD or UC. LITAF immunostaining was localized to lamina propria macrophages and was markedly increased relative to tissues from controls without inflammatory bowel disease. In patients with CD, a 5-fold increase in LITAF mRNA was measurable in noninflamed colonic tissues compared with controls without inflammatory bowel disease. LITAF mRNA in tissues from inflamed areas of the colon was increased by an additional 60% compared with noninflamed tissues. In patients with UC, LITAF mRNA levels in colonic tissues resected from noninflamed areas were elevated 15-fold above nondisease controls, but they were not different in tissues resected from inflamed areas. Western blot analysis showed that in patients with CD, there was a marked increase in LITAF protein in inflamed areas compared with noninflamed areas. LITAF protein levels were not different between noninflamed and inflamed tissues obtained from patients with UC. TNF-alpha mRNA and protein levels paralleled LITAF. Similarly, in inflamed ileal tissues from patients with CD, LITAF is also localized to lamina propria macrophages. LITAF mRNA and LITAF protein were significantly increased in inflamed ileal tissues compared with noninflamed areas. CONCLUSIONS LITAF is readily detectable in ileal and colonic tissues from patients with either CD or UC, is significantly elevated above controls, and is localized to macrophages, a major source of TNF-alpha. These data provide strong evidence of a role for LITAF in the pathophysiological regulation of the TNF-alpha gene and underscore the potential value of anti-LITAF strategies in the clinical management of these diseases.
The Secure Communication Interoperability Protocol (SCIP) over a VHF/UHF radio channel

The secure communication interoperability protocol (SCIP) is a newly emerging application layer interoperability standard that is being developed for secure voice and data communication between international coalition partners. It was designed to operate independently of the characteristics of underlying media layers. This paper will present the results of an investigation into the performance of the SCIP point to multi-point protocol over a VHF radio narrowband channel and the SCIP point to point protocol over a VHF wideband channel. An ldquoover the airrdquo field demonstration using the Harris AN/PRC-117G multiband Manpack was designed and is described. Voice quality performance data was gathered over a range of radio configurations and channel conditions. Performance data is presented along with discussion and recommendations on future work.
Population structures of Astragalus filipes collections from western North America

The majority of species used for revegetation in semi-arid western rangelands of North America are grasses, with few forbs and nearly no legumes. Astragalus filipes (Torr. Ex A. Gray) is a western North American legume and a promising candidate for use in rangeland revegetation, but assessments of plant species diversity and structure are necessary to determine which collections should be used to constitute a conservation unit or regional seed source. To address this issue, we characterized within-collection genetic diversity, identified genetically differentiated groups, and tested genetic correlations with environmental variables on 67 collections of A. filipes. Within-population genetic diversity was greatest for collections in Oregon and lowest for collections in British Columbia and central Nevada. Five genetically differentiated groups were detected: one with strong support from central Nevada, one with strong support from British Columbia, and three with weak support comprising all other collection...
Low-Temperature Synthesis of a PtRu ∕ Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 Electrocatalyst for Methanol Oxidation

Niobium was doped into anatase TiO2 support at 10 mol % Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 using sol-gel chemistry. A PtRu/Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 catalyst was synthesized by LiBH4 reduction in tetrahydrofuran. The methanol electro-oxidation activity of the catalyst shows that this oxide support was electrically conductive. The current A/gPt was 6% higher on the PtRu/Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 catalyst compared to a commercial PtRu/C catalyst at 25°C. The electrochemically active surface area of the PtRu/C was 94% higher than PtRu/Nb0.1Ti0.9O2, thus the current per active site was 100% higher on PtRu/Nb0.1Ti0.9O2. A membrane electrode assembly with PtRu/Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 had 46% higher current A/gPt than an equivalent E-TEK membrane electrode assembly at 70°C. conducting material. 3,5 with an electrical conductivity in the range of 0.2-1.5 S/cm and a surface area of 1m 2 /g. 3 This high- temperature synthesis method shows promising results, but it leads to a low surface area material that requires long synthesis times. Because TiO2 undergoes a phase transition from anatase to the less catalytically active rutile near 700°C, 6 the high-temperature synthe- sis may also reduce some catalytic promotion of methanol oxidation by the support. In this paper, a low-temperature synthesis route for Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 via a surfactant templating method is presented. The support was characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET, X-ray diffrac- tion XRD, and transmission electron microscopy TEM tech- niques. A colloidal method was then used to deposit platinum and ruthenium nanoparticles onto the Nb-doped titania supports. Their catalytic activity toward the electrochemical oxidation of methanol was compared to commercial PtRu on carbon via cyclic voltamme- try CV on the catalysts deposited onto a disk electrode and direct methanol fuel cell DMFC test on the catalysts fabricated in mem- brane electrode assembles MEAs. Experimental Synthesis of an Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 support.— The synthesis of the Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 support was done through a modification of the proce- dure of Yan et al. 7 First, 0.030 mol of the template, octadecyl- amine, were mixed in a 250 mL beaker with 75 mL of dehydrated ethanol for 30 min with magnetic agitation. Second, 0.010 mol of niobiumV ethoxide was added to the solution and allowed to mix for 15 min. Then, 0.090 mol of titaniumIV butoxide was added to the solution and mixed for 15 min. Next, 54 mL of deionized water was added to the beaker, stirring was stopped, and the gel was aged for 48 h. The gel was filtered and then the template was removed using solvent extraction. For the solvent extraction, 92 mL dehy- drated ethanol and 8 mL of concentrated HCl were added to a round bottom flask containing the filtered sample. The mixture was then boiled under reflux for 12 h. The product of the solvent extraction was then mixed with 200 mL of dehydrated ethanol. This mixture was adjusted to a pH of 10 with NaOH. The resulting Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 was then dried at 100°C in a vacuum oven for 12 h.
ERROR BOUNDED VARIABLE DISTANCE OFFSET OPERATOR FOR FREE FORM CURVES AND SURFACES

Most offset approximation algorithms for freeform curves and surfaces may be classified into two main groups. The first approximates the curve using simple primitives such as piecewise arcs and lines and then calculates the (exact) offset operator to this approximation. The second offsets the control polygon/mesh and then attempts to estimate the error of the approximated offset over a region. Most of the current offset algorithms estimate the error using a finite set of samples taken from the region and therefore can not guarantee the offset approximation is within a given tolerance over the whole curve or surface. This paper presents new methods to globally bound the error of the approximated offset of freeform curves and surfaces and then automatically derive new approximations with improved accuracy. These tools can also be used to develop a global error bound for a variable distance offset operation and to detect and trim out loops in the offset.
Molecular genetics of autism spectrum disorder

We are on the brink of exciting discoveries into the molecular genetic underpinnings of autism spectrum disorder. Overwhelming evidence of genetic involvement coupled with increased societal attention to the disorder has drawn in more researchers and more research funding. Autism is a strongly genetic yet strikingly complex disorder, in which evidence from different cases supports chromosomal disorders, rare single gene mutations, and multiplicative effects of common gene variants. With more and more interesting yet sometimes divergent findings emerging every year, it is tempting to view these initial molecular studies as so much noise, but the data have also started to coalesce in certain areas. In particular, recent studies in families with autism spectrum disorder have identified uncommon occurrences of a novel genetic syndrome caused by disruptions of the NLGN4 gene on chromosome Xp22. Previous work had identified another uncommon syndrome that is caused by maternal duplications of the chromosome 15q11-13 region. We highlight other converging findings, point toward those areas most likely to yield results, and emphasize the contributions of multiple approaches to identifying the genes of interest.
Undoped-Body Extremely Thin SOI MOSFETs With Back Gates

We present a detailed study of gate length scalability and device performance of undoped-body extremely thin silicon-on-insulator (ETSOI) MOSFETs with back gates. We show that short channel control improves with the application of back bias via a decrease in the electrostatic scaling length as the subthreshold charges move toward the front gate. We demonstrate that, even for undoped ETSOI devices with ~8-nm SOI thickness, the improvement in short channel control with the application of a back bias translates to 10% higher drive current, 10% shorter gate lengths, and, consequently, 20% lower extrinsic gate delay at a fixed off-state current of 100 nA/mum and a back oxide electric field of 1.5 MV/cm (0.5 MV/cm SOI field).
Topics of interest in IS : evolution of themes and differences between research and practice

The information systems discipline has been criticized in the past for lack of secure foundations, frequent shifts in focus and lack of impact on practice. The study deals with two main issues—evolution of themes in IS research and practice over time and differences between research and practice in the IS area as evidenced by the publication process. More than 3000 articles published across five years in four IS journals and five magazines were examined and categorized by thematic areas. We find journals and magazines focusing on different themes with the former focusing on conceptual and abstract models while the latter devote attention to specific applications. Significantly, academic themes show more variance over time. Apparently, there is no significant increase in the richness of themes being addressed over time but there is evidence of conflicting contemporaneous trends in research and practice. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Rate at which glutamine enters TCA cycle influences carbon atom fate in intestinal epithelial cells.

Glutamine carbon entry into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was assessed in small intestinal epithelial cells by measuring CO2 production from [1-14C]glutamine, and these data together with [U-1...
Imaging of Skeletal Muscle

Various diagnostic imaging techniques such as sonography, computed tomography, scintigraphy, radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have made possible the noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle injury and disease. Although these different modalities have roles to play, MRI is especially sensitive in the diagnosis of muscle disorders and injury and has proved to be useful in determining the extent of disease, in directing interventions, and in monitoring the response to therapies. This article describes how magnetic resonance images are formed and how the signal intensities in T1- and T2-weighted images may be used for diagnosis of the above-mentioned conditions and injuries.
Extending voltage range and reducing torque ripple of five-phase motor drives with added voltage harmonics

As multi-phase (defined as greater than three-phase) drives become more popular and practical, new research in this area investigates potential advantages including lower torque ripple and better power density. The added dimensions of a multi-phase machine leads to a completely different operating nature than standard three-phase machines. It can be shown physically and mathematically that certain harmonics do not contribute to torque production and therefore the torque is not directly tied to the current wave-shape. This paper utilizes this property to demonstrate a substantial increase in voltage range and a reduction in torque ripple through the use of added voltage harmonics. An analysis of a five-phase motor is presented followed by a range of modulation techniques. It is shown that by proper selection of third, fifth, and seventh harmonics, the required dc voltage can be reduced by eighteen percent and the torque ripple can be reduced by nearly sixty percent over traditional methods at the expense of higher current THD; which may not be a disadvantage in certain applications. Further investigation is then carried out in applying a unique space-vector modulation patter to the five-phase motor drive. This further reduces the torque ripple. Detailed simulation and laboratory tests are used to demonstrate this concept.
Raman sorting and identification of single living micro-organisms with optical tweezers

We report on a novel technique for sorting and identification of single biological cells and food-borne bacteria based on laser tweezers and Raman spectroscopy (LTRS). With this technique, biological cells of different physiological states in a sample chamber were identified by their Raman spectral signatures and then they were selectively manipulated into a clean collection chamber with optical tweezers through a microchannel. As an example, we sorted the live and dead yeast cells into the collection chamber and validated this with a standard staining technique. We also demonstrated that bacteria existing in spoiled foods could be discriminated from a variety of food particles based on their characteristic Raman spectra and then isolated with laser manipulation. This label-free LTRS sorting technique may find broad applications in microbiology and rapid examination of food-borne diseases.
Nitric acid, particulate nitrate and ammonium in the continental free troposphere: Nitrogen deposition to an alpine tundra ecosystem

Abstract Atmospheric sampling of nitric acid vapor, particulate nitrate and ammonium has been ongoing at a 3540 m a.s.l. alpine tundra site on Niwot Ridge, Colorado, since January, 1993. These nitrogen (N) species data, in conjunction with meteorological data, N data at a 3020 m a.s.l. subalpine site, and back-trajectory information, show that over 90% of the sampling was obtained under free tropospheric but, apparently, N-enriched conditions. Seasonal concentration and estimated N dry deposition trends are presented. Dry plus wet atmospheric N loading is found to provide 2.5–3 kg N ha−1 of new, available N to tundra plants during the growing season (mid-May to mid-September), of which 50%, or more, is dry deposited. During the eight-month, nongrowing season about 5 kg N ha−1 is wet plus dry deposited to the aggrading snowpack or dormant tundra plants. Up to half of this nongrowing season N loading is made available to growing tundra plants during snowmelt. Thus, a total of 3–5 kg N ha− is annually made available to tundra plants by atmospheric deposition of, primarily, anthropogenically derived N. This annual input of new, available N to nutrient N-limited tundra plants may be compared with the dominant pathway for plant N availability at Niwot Ridge—net mineralization of 10–12 kg N ha−1yr−1 recycled through the soil. The ratio of atmospheric N deposition to net N mineralization, presently approaching 0.5, is higher at the Niwot Ridge alpine tundra ecosystem than at most other ecosystems in the continental U.S.
On more ambitious conditional cash transfers, social protection and permanent reduction of poverty

Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTPs) show a remarkable flexibility. Based on that property, CCTPs might be extended to provide a more comprehensive and cohesive social protection umbrella. These programs might widen their scope by facilitating sector specific reforms and providing protection to large-scale contingencies. By mobilising assets other than human capital and targeting more selectively population groups in changing circumstances, these programs might well become effective instruments to crack permanent poverty. This note discusses enabling changes to achieve such ambitious goals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparative Antibody Analysis of Pannexin1 Expression in Four Rat Brain Regions Reveals Varying Subcellular Localizations

Pannexin1 (Panx1) channels release cytosolic ATP in response to signaling pathways. Panx1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system. We used four antibodies with different Panx1 anti-peptide epitopes to analyze four regions of rat brain. These antibodies labeled the same bands in Western blots and had highly similar patterns of immunofluorescence in tissue culture cells expressing Panx1, but Western blots of brain lysates from Panx1 knockout and control mice showed different banding patterns. Localizations of Panx1 in brain slices were generated using automated wide field mosaic confocal microscopy for imaging large regions of interest while retaining maximum resolution for examining cell populations and compartments. We compared Panx1 expression over the cerebellum, hippocampus with adjacent cortex, thalamus, and olfactory bulb. While Panx1 localizes to the same neuronal cell types, subcellular localizations differ. Two antibodies with epitopes against the intracellular loop and one against the carboxy terminus preferentially labeled cell bodies, while an antibody raised against an N-terminal peptide highlighted neuronal processes more than cell bodies. These labeling patterns may be a reflection of different cellular and subcellular localizations of full-length and/or modified Panx1 channels where each antibody is highlighting unique or differentially accessible Panx1 populations. However, we cannot rule out that one or more of these antibodies have specificity issues. All data associated with experiments from these four antibodies are presented in a manner that allows them to be compared and our claims thoroughly evaluated, rather than eliminating results that were questionable. Each antibody is given a unique identifier through the NIF Antibody Registry that can be used to track usage of individual antibodies across papers and all image and metadata are made available in the public repository, the Cell Centered Database, for on-line viewing, and download.
Constitutively activated Akt-1 is vital for the survival of human monocyte-differentiated macrophages. Role of Mcl-1, independent of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, Bad, or caspase activation.

Recent data from mice deficient for phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 or src homology 2 domain–containing 5′ inositol phosphatase, phosphatases that negatively regulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, revealed an increased number of macrophages in these animals, suggesting an essential role for the PI3K pathway for macro-phage survival. Here, we focused on the role of the PI3K-regulated serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 in modulating macrophage survival. Akt-1 was constitutively activated in human macrophages and addition of the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, suppressed the activation of Akt-1 and induced cell death. Furthermore, suppression of Akt-1 by inhibition of PI3K or a dominant negative (DN) Akt-1 resulted in loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspases-9 and -3, and DNA fragmentation. The effects of PI3K inhibition were reversed by the ectopic expression of constitutively activated Akt-1 or Bcl-xL. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt-1 pathway either by LY294002 or DN Akt-1 had no effect on the constitutive or inducible activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in human macrophages. However, after inhibition of the PI3K/Akt-1 pathway, a marked decrease in the expression of the antiapoptotic molecule Mcl-1, but not other Bcl-2 family members was observed, and Mcl-1 rescued macrophages from LY294002-induced cell death. Further, inhibition of Mcl-1 by antisense oligonucleotides, also resulted in macrophage apoptosis. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the constitutive activation of Akt-1 regulates macrophage survival through Mcl-1, which is independent of caspases, NF-κB, or Bad.
An internet routing forensics framework for discovering rules of abnormal BGP events

Abnormal BGP events such as attacks, misconfigurations, electricity failures, can cause anomalous or pathological routing behavior at either global level or prefix level, and thus must be detected in their early stages. Instead of using ad hoc methods to analyze BGP data, in this paper we introduce an Internet Routing Forensics framework to systematically process BGP routing data, discover rules of abnormal BGP events, and apply these rules to detect the occurrences of these events. In particular, we leverage data mining techniques to train the framework to learn rules of abnormal BGP events, and our results from two case studies show that these rules are effective. In one case study, rules of worm events discovered from the BGP data during the outbreaks of the CodeRed and Nimda worms were able to successfully detect worm impact on BGP when an independent worm, the Slammer, subsequently occurred. Similarly, in another case study, rules of electricity blackout events obtained using BGP data from the 2003 East Coast blackout were able to detect the BGP impact from the Florida blackout caused by Hurricane Frances in 2004.
ALIENATING AUDIENCES FROM INNOVATION: THE PERILS OF POLEMICS, IDEOLOGY, AND INNUENDO

When judging innovative programs like Family Bridges™, it is important to balance careful scrutiny with openness to new ideas. Judicial responses to children who reject a parent are best governed by a multifactor individualized approach. A presumption that allows children and one parent to regulate the other parent's access to the children is unsupported by research. A custody decision based solely on the severity of alienation leaves children vulnerable to intensification of efforts to poison their affections toward a parent. Concern with possible short-term distress for some children who are required to repair a damaged relationship should not blind us to the long-term trauma of doing nothing. Professionals are urged to minimize the infusion of polemics, rigid ideology, and rumors when offering opinions with inadequate information, particularly public statements that risk harming children.
Cord Blood Ex Vivo Expansion

A disadvantage of umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation (UCBT) is the presence of delayed engraftment and a higher rate of engraftment failure than bone marrow (BM) transplants (BMT) or peripheral blood (PB) transplants. Ex vivo expansion strategies are designed to exploit the high proliferative potential of UCB and thereby to increase the cell dose before transplantation and lead to faster engraftment. In this chapter, new ex vivo expansion techniques are discussed and lead to faster engraftment results of recent clinical trials reviewed.
EVIDENCE FOR A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES OF OWLET-NIGHTJAR

Abstract I studied the systematic relationships of the three large owlet-nightjars (Aegothelidae) to determine the taxonomic status of a fawn-colored lowland form currently classified as Aegotheles insignis tatei. I examined most of the existing specimens of A. i. insignis (n = 158) and A. crinifrons (n = 23) and all known specimens of A. i. tatei (n = 4). I also examined specimens of A. albertisi (n = 70), A. archboldi (n = 25), A. bennettii (n = 55), A. cristatus (n = 50), A. savesi (n = 1), and A. wallacii (n = 21). Aegotheles i. tatei was distinguishable from A. i. insignis and A. crinifrons by its small size and in seven plumage characters. Aegotheles i. tatei was further distinguishable from one or the other of these taxa by four additional characters. Unique among owlet-nightjars, A. i. tatei has the shortest tarsi, does not have recurved filamentous tips on its facial feathers, and has stiffer feathers on the auricular area and throat. My search of museums revealed two new specimens of A. i. tatei...
Persephone's seeds: Abortifacients and contraceptives in Ancient Greek medicine and their recent scientific appraisal.

There is evidence from medical writings and other sources of antiquity that pennyroyal and other medicinal plants were used in Ancient Greece as anti-fertility agents. These agents which were administered orally or as vaginal suppositories may have functioned as early-term abortifacients and contraceptives in women. The present paper re-evaluates the thesis that contemporary science provides evidence for the efficacy of these ancient abortifacients and contraceptives. Beginning with a brief overview of the writings of Ancient Greek physicians in relations to key plants the author assesses the recent pharmacological and medical literature to determine what modes of action at the physiological level might contribute to the purported abortifacient or contraceptive effects. An additional assessment is used to determine whether extracts or key chemical constituents of the plants have broader toxic effects in humans such as hepatoxicity or neurotoxicity. In conclusion the author argues that recent scientific appraisal of the modes of action suggests that the plants may have had significant abortifacient and contraceptive effects in antiquity although critical questions remain in terms of extending the results of the experiments and analyses.
The Lab and the Field: Empirical and Experimental Economics

In this paper, I present my perspective on the interaction between experimental and empirical economics. This is a written version of remarks originally made at a conference on experimental-economics methodology at New York University, where I was asked to discuss two papers, one by John Kagel, and the other by Glenn Harrison, Morten Lau, and Elisabeth Rutstrom. I stress the complementarity between laboratory and field experiments, noting that laboratory experiments give us much more ability to observe and control variables of interest, while field experiments force us to think about how well economic theories approximate the outside world. I consider the important role of context in experiments, discuss examples of ways that laboratory and field experiments have combined to deepen our understanding of the world, and discuss my perspective on the appropriate definition of the term "field experiment."
Family-Related Experiences During Deployment and Their Role in the Postdeployment Mental Health of OEF/OIF Veterans

Military deployments often introduce a variety of family-related stressors for both service members and their family members. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize what is known about the effects of deployment, and associated family-related experiences during deployment, on service members and their families. Following a review of the existing literature, preliminary study findings are presented regarding the nature and consequences of deployment family experiences for the postdeployment health and adjustment of service members deployed in support of the recent wars in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom; OEF) and Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom; OIF). These findings, based on a nationally representative sample of 1,046 OEF/OIF veterans, revealed that contemporary war veterans experience a variety of both objective and subjective family stressors during deployment. In turn, these experiences, as well as deployment social support from loved ones, demonstrate unique relationships with a variety of postdeployment mental health and adjustment outcomes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions for research in this area, underscoring the need for additional prospective studies and more attention to the nature of family stressors experienced by family members.
Theoretical Proton Affinity and Fluoride Affinity of Nerve Agent VX

Proton affinity and fluoride affinity of nerve agent VX at all of its possible sites were calculated at the RI-MP2/cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-31G* and RI-MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-31+G* levels, respectively. The protonation leads to various unique structures, with H+ attached to oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms; among which the nitrogen site possesses the highest proton affinity of −ΔE ∼ 251 kcal/mol, suggesting that this is likely to be the major product. In addition some H2, CH4 dissociation as well as destruction channels have been found, among which the CH4 + [Et−O−P(═O)(Me)−S−(CH2)2−N+(iPr)═CHMe] product and the destruction product forming Et−O−P(═O)(Me)−SMe + CH2═N+(iPr)2 are only 9 kcal/mol less stable than the most stable N-protonated product. For fluoridization, the S−P destruction channel to give Et−O−P(═O)(Me)(F) + [S−(CH2)2−N−(iPr)2]− is energetically the most favorable, with a fluoride affinity of −ΔE ∼ 44 kcal. Various F− ion−molecule complexes are also found, with the one having F− interacting with ...
Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death of women in the United States, and women with cardiovascular disease have a worse prognosis than do men. The exact reasons for the worse prognosis in women are unknown but likely reflect older age at diagnosis, delayed or suboptimal evaluation, inadequate therapy, more frequent coexistent illness, and, perhaps, smaller body size. This article discusses cardiovascular disease in women, the effect of estrogen on the cardiovascular system in women, and the role of hormone therapy in cardiovascular health and disease in women. A better understanding of the importance of early recognition and treatment of cardiovascular disease in women should improve health care for women overall.
Computation of leading edge film cooling from a CONSOLE geometry (CONverging Slot hOLE)

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mass flow rate on film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer over a gas turbine rotor blade with three staggered rows of shower-head holes which are inclined at 30° to the spanwise direction, and are normal to the streamwise direction on the blade. To improve film cooling effectiveness, the standard cylindrical holes, located on the leading edge region, are replaced with the converging slot holes (console). The ANSYS CFX has been used for this computational simulation. The turbulence is approximated by a k-e model. Detailed film effectiveness distributions are presented for different mass flow rate. The numerical results are compared with experimental data.
Structural Analysis for Diagnosability and Reconfigurability, with pplication to Electric Vehicle Drive System

Abstract This paper presents a structural approach for analyzing a system's diagnosability and reconfigurability, with application on a PMSM drive system in an electric vehicle. Diagnosability analysis is aimed at finding out whether a fault can be detected and isolated when it occurs. Reconfigurability analysis is conducted in order to access a system's fault tolerance capability by system reconfiguration. This paper formalizes conditions of system reconfigurability through structural analysis to check whether a system is able to maintain performance by system reconfiguration under actuation or sensor faults.
PianoTouch: A wearable haptic piano instruction system for passive learning of piano skills

We present PianoTouch, a wearable, wireless haptic piano instruction system, composed of (1) five small vibration motors, one for each finger, fitted inside a glove, (2) a Bluetooth module mounted on the glove, and (3) piano music output from a laptop. Users hear the piano music and feel the vibrations indicating which finger is used to play the note. We investigate the system's potential for passive learning, i.e. learning piano playing automatically while engaged in everyday activities. In a preliminary study, four subjects learned two songs initially and then wore the PianoTouch glove for 30 minutes while listening to the songs repeated. One of the songs included tactile sensations and the other did not. The study found that after 30 minutes, the PianoTouch subjects were able to play the song accompanied by tactile sensations better than the non-tactile song. These results suggest the value of a more detailed study.
Guerreiro Ramos’s intellectual trajectory in the U.S. as seen through his writing

Muito negligenciados, na recente e extensa literatura sobre Guerreiro Ramos, sao os artigos que ele publicou em ingles durante seu exilio nos Estados Unidos. Argumenta-se aqui que esses artigos demonstram sua impressionante habilidade de se adaptar a possibilidades intelectuais mutantes. Nesses artigos, ele trocou o foco erudito sobre o Brasil e a America Latina por um engajamento total com a literatura americana de sociologia e, especialmente, com a de Administracao Publica, ao mesmo tempo em que mantinha seu papel como um critico criativo. Esses artigos, muitos dos quais tinham sido antecipados em seus escritos brasileiros, foram incorporados em seu livro, The New Science of Organizations (A Nova Ciencia das Organizacoes). Com a anistia de 1978, ele retornou ao Brasil e as questoes brasileiras, por isso voltou a publicar em portugues. Seu impacto nos Estados Unidos e fora da University of Southern California parece limitado enquanto seu redescobrimento no Brasil tornou-se dramatico. Sugerem-se as possiveis razoes disso.
Super Resolution Mapping with Multiple Point Geostatistics

Super-resolution is the process of providing fine scale land cover maps from coarse-scale satellite sensor information. Such a procedure calls for a prior model depicting the spatial structures of the land cover types. When available, an analog of the underlying scene (a training image) may be used for such a model. The snesim (single normal equation simulation) algorithm allows extracting the relevant pattern information from the training image and uses that information to downscale the coarse fraction data into a simulated fine scale land cover scene. First, the coarse fraction observed image is downscaled using block indicator Kriging (BIK), with the fine scale indicator variograms computed from the training image. The resulting downscale fractions at any given location are interpreted as a prior probability of having a specific land cover at that location. That prior probability is then merged with a probability lifted from the training image. That latter probability is made conditional to any available fine scale data and previously simulated class data along the simulation path. Land cover types are drawn from the resulting posterior distribution. A servo-system keeps track of the number of simulated classes inside each coarse fraction and assures exact reproduction of the coarse fraction data. By repeating the process with a new path visiting the simulation grid, one can generate several super resolution maps and explore the space of uncertainty for the fine scale land cover. The proposed snesim super resolution mapping algorithm allows to i) exactly reproduce the coarse fraction, ii) inject the structural model carried by the training image, and iii) condition to any available fine scale ground observations. A case study is provided to illustrate the proposed methodology using Landsat TM data from SE China.
Sur la stabilité des points d'équilibre triangulaires dans le problème restreint elliptique

La stabilite du mouvement d'un petit corps au voisinage des points triangulaires dans le probleme restreint elliptique est discutee. Les courbes de stabilite dans le plan (μ,e) sont obtenues jusqu'au quatrieme ordre ene par la methode du prolongement analytique. Les coefficients des series obtenues sont donnes de facon exacte. Ensuite, les exposants caracteristiques du systeme des equations aux variations sont obtenus par un procede d'integration matricielle.
Novel, non-gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging technique of pedal artery aneurysms

Non-gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (nMRA) is a noninvasive, contrast-free imaging modality used for visualizing pedal arterial anatomy. We report application of the nMRA technique for detailed arterial imaging in a patient with dorsalis pedis aneurysm. Compared with digital subtraction angiography, we demonstrate that nMRA provides sufficient arterial detail needed to develop a complex operative plan before vascular intervention without risk of contrast agent or ionizing radiation exposure.
Maximizing Capacity in Cognitive Radio Networks Under Physical Interference Model

A fundamental problem in cognitive radio networks (CRN) is the following capacity maximization in CRN (CM-CRN) problem: given a set of primary links with a common transmitter, together with a set of secondary links, select a maximum cardinality subset of the links that can concurrently transmit successfully under the constraint that all primary links are selected. This problem is intrinsically different from the well-known link scheduling (LS) problem in wireless mesh networks, which does not have the constraint to select all primary links. In this paper, we make both theoretical and practical contributions to the CM-CRN problem. To achieve deep theoretical understanding of the problem, we show that CM-CRN is NP-hard and design a polynomial time approximation algorithm with a constant approximation ratio. In addition, we extend the designed algorithm to find approximate solutions to two variations of CM-CRN, one with the objective of maximizing the number of selected secondary links and the other with multiple primary users. To achieve good performance in practice, we design a simple but effective heuristic algorithm based on a greedy strategy. We also design an optimal algorithm based on integer linear programming, which serves as a benchmark for evaluating the performance of the approximation algorithm and heuristic algorithm, for problem instances of small sizes. Extensive evaluations show that our proved constant ratio of the approximation algorithm is considerably conservative and our heuristic algorithm produces results that are very close to the optimal solution. Our approximation algorithm for CM-CRN is motivated by and can be viewed as a non-trivial extension of the elegant approximation algorithm for the LS problem by Wan et al. to CRNs.