cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reduction half cell in biomaterials corrosion: Oxygen diffusion profiles near and cell response to polarized titanium surfaces

Mechanically assisted corrosion processes can greatly increase the oxidation currents generated in passivating alloy systems like Co–Cr and titanium due to oxide film disruption. When oxide films are abraded, repassivation and ionic dissolution both occur at rates that are orders of magnitude higher than undisrupted surfaces. The excess electrons generated by these anodic processes must be consumed in corresponding reduction reactions that include the reduction of oxygen. If large enough, these reduction reactions may locally deplete the concentration of solution-dissolved oxygen and, in turn, affect cell behavior in the vicinity of the implant surface. To date, this hypothesis has not been tested. In the present study, a scanning electrochemical microscope was used to measure oxygen concentration profiles in vitro near a planar titanium electrode polarized to different voltages representative of those attainable by titanium undergoing mechanically assisted corrosion. The potentials investigated ranged from 0 mV to −1000 mV (AgCl). The oxygen concentration as a function of distance from the titanium surface was measured using a platinum–iridium microelectrode and an amperometric technique. Also, preliminary experiments were performed to assess the response of rat calvarial osteoblast-rich cells cultured for 2 h on titanium samples polarized to two different potentials (0 mV and −1000 mV versus AgCl). The results of this study indicate that oxygen concentrations near titanium surfaces are affected by sample potentials out to probe-sample distances as great as 500 μm. Within 2 μm of the surface, oxygen concentrations decreased by 15 to 25% for sample potentials between −100 and −500 mV. At potentials more negative than −600 mV, the oxygen concentration dropped rapidly to near zero by −900 mV. The cell experiments showed a statistically significant difference in the amount of cell spreading, as measured by projected cell area, between the two groups (p < 0.03), with the cells cultured at −1000 mV undergoing much less spreading. This implies that −1000 mV inhibits normal cell behavior at the titanium surface and that this is most likely due, at least in part, to a diminished oxygen supply. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 42, 321–330, 1998.
Glycerol supplementation of the growth medium enhances in situ detoxification of furfural by Clostridium beijerinckii during butanol fermentation

Lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitors such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural adversely affect fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates to fuels and chemicals due to their toxicity on fermenting microbes. To harness the potential of lignocellulose as a cheap source of fermentable sugars, in situ detoxification of furfural and other lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitors is essential. To enhance in situ detoxification and tolerance of furfural by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 during acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, the effect of glycerol on NADH/NADPH generation and ABE production by furfural (4, 5, and 6 g/L)-challenged cultures was investigated in this study. In all instances, beneficial outcomes were observed. For example, the fermentation medium supplemented with glycerol and subjected to 5 g/L furfural elicited up to 1.8- and 3-fold increases, respectively, in NADH and NADPH levels in C. beijerinckii 8052 relative to the control culture. These critical changes are the likely underpinnings for the glycerol-mediated 2.3-fold increase in the rate of detoxification of 5 g/L furfural, substrate consumption, and ABE production compared to the unsupplemented medium. Collectively, these results demonstrate that increased intracellular NADH/NADPH in C. beijerinckii 8052 due to glycerol utilization engenders favorable effects on many aspects of cellular metabolism, including enhanced furfural reduction and increased ABE production.
Cardiac-induced physiologic noise in tissue is a direct observation of cardiac-induced fluctuations

Recent studies have shown that in certain cases, cardiac and respiratory rate fluctuations in BOLD-weighted MRI time courses may be an artifact unique to rapid sampled acquisitions and may not be present in longer repetition-time acquisitions. The implication of this is that, in these cases, cardiac and respiratory rate fluctuations are not aliased into data that undersample these effects and do not affect the resulting time course measurements. In this study, we show that these cases are specific to regions of large cerebrospinal fluid content and are not generally true for gray matter regions of the brain. We demonstrate that in many brain regions of interest, these fluctuations are directly observed as BOLD fluctuations and thus will affect measurements that undersample these effects.
Vibrational signals in a gregarious sawfly larva (Perga affinis): group coordination or competitive signaling?

Group living confers both benefits and costs to the individuals involved. Benefits may include enhanced defense, thermoregulation, and increased foraging efficiency while costs often involve competition for resources such as food, shelter, and mates. Communication provides a medium of exchange among individuals engaged in either cooperative or competitive interactions. The functional analysis of signals within groups therefore requires testing both cooperative and competitive functions, although the latter is infrequently done. In this paper, I study the use of two vibrational signals in a gregarious, processionary Australian sawfly larva, Perga affinis: tapping and contractions. Tapping involves striking the substrate with the sclerotized portion of the abdominal tail and a contraction is a fast, whole-body twitch, which is both tactile and vibrational in its transmission. For tapping, I first demonstrate that it is a form of communication, as tapping of one larva elicits tapping in another, and that it is transmitted through substrate vibrations. I then test whether the signal is mostly cooperative or competitive in nature by examining it in light of two hypotheses: (1) the Group Coordination hypothesis, stating that the signal functions to maintain group cohesiveness and (2) the Competitive Signaling hypothesis, stating that tapping serves as a competitive assessment signal between larvae while feeding. For contractions, I test only the group coordination hypothesis that they serve to coordinate and initiate group movement. Results support the group coordination hypothesis for each signal. While feeding, lone larvae (without potential competitors) were significantly more likely to tap than those in groups, and this trend continued in non-feeding situations. Contractions regularly preceded periods of group movement during processions and were given with increasing frequency before departure from preforaging clusters. The vibrational signals in this processionary species likely function cooperatively to maintain group cohesiveness and coordinate movement.
Individual differences in a within-subjects risky-choice framing study

Abstract A within-subjects study investigated several different risky-choice framing problems patterned after Kahneman and Tversky’s classic economic game, the Asian Disease problem, but included variations to increase generality. Risk-style and thinking-style were utilized to predict individual differences in response to the framing problems. Significant framing effects were found at both the item and composite level. Individual difference effects were rare when framing was strictly defined as a preference reversal. When a more encompassing preference shift defined framing, risk-averse individuals (measured by the Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire) and those scoring high on experiential (heuristic) thinking were more likely to show a framing effect. Discussion focuses on the meaning of these results in terms of individual susceptibility to framing.
Detection and Classification of CCD Defects with an Artificial Neural Network

We have developed an artificial neural network (ANN) system which locates and classifies defects in CCDs. This system, based on a feedforward neural network, was trained with a conjugate gradient training algorithm using observational data from an astronomical telescope. The network was tested with data from four large CCDs (2048x2048 pixels each) and found defects with a higher efficiency and in a much shorter time than human inspectors. This method of detecting and classifying objects in images is quite general and we discuss other applications in astronomy. In an appendix we provide a recipe for neural computing to make this technique more accessible to the astronomical community.
High-resolution infrared spectrum of the ν2 + ν3 band of 14N16O2

Abstract The ν2 + ν3 band of 14N16O2 has been recorded with resolution of 0.028 cm−1. Ground state and upper state rotational constants have been obtained. The band center obtained, ν0 = 2355.1517 ± 0.0011 cm−1 (error cited is 3σ), has been combined with the band centers recently determined for ν3 and ν2 to calculate X23 = −11.348 ± 0.020 cm−1 where the uncertainty cited is based on reasonable estimates of the absolute frequency error.
Biomechanical assessment of three rebar tying techniques.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a study of ironworkers to evaluate their risk for developing back and hand injuries from hand-tying reinforcing steel bar...
Primary sequence dependence of the deamidation of rabbit muscle aldolase.

The first-order deamidation half-time of the peptide, Gly-Ser-Asn-His-Gly in phosphate butler, p H 7.4, ionic strength at 0.2, 37.0°C, is 6.4 ± 0.5 days. This compares favorably with the in vivo deamidation half-time of 8 days for this sequence in rabbit muscle aldolase. This fact is discussed with respect to the general hypothesis that sequence-controlled deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginylresidues is a mechanism by which molecular and organismic development and aging are timed.
Socialization forces and the stability of work values from late adolescence to early adulthood

The present report is of findings from a longitudinal study of work values. The findings relate to four important areas, (a) the significance of parental socialization in the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic work values, (b) the effect of early employment on intrinsic and extrinsic work values, respectively, (c) the differential effects of these social experiences across ethnic and gender groups, (d) and the stability of intrinsic and extrinsic work values from late adolescence to the early years of adulthood. In a sample of 3290 African American and Caucasian students, young people consistently placed greater emphasis on intrinsic than on extrinsic work values. There was a decline in extrinsic work values between adolescence and the early years of adulthood. When parents held high aspirations, their children placed greater emphasis on work orientations. Race had a more significant influence on work values than either socioeconomic status or employment experience.
Understanding Einstein's 1905 derivation of E=Mc2

Abstract H. C. Ohanian maintains that a consideration of the internal structure of a body reveals several mistakes in Einstein's 1905 paper on the mass–energy relation. The “mistakes” he identifies are based on misunderstandings of Einstein's argument.
Altered gene expression associated with epizootic shell disease in the American lobster, Homarus americanus

Epizootic shell disease is a poorly understood condition that has significantly affected the American lobster fishery in New England (northeastern US) since the 1990s. Here we present the results of a study to identify changes in gene expression in lobsters exhibiting symptoms of epizootic shell disease. Suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to compare gene expression between cDNA pools from diseased (symptomatic) and apparently healthy (asymptomatic) lobsters. Subsequently, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure expression of nine genes that were differentially-expressed in the SSH analysis, in seven tissues (muscle, gill, heart, hepatopancreas, brain, branchiostegite, gonad) dissected from individual symptomatic and asymptomatic lobsters. Expression of arginine kinase (involved in cellular energetics) was significantly decreased in muscle of symptomatic lobsters. Expression of hemocyanin (a respiratory hemolymph protein involved in oxygen transport) was highest in hepatopancreas and showed highly variable expression with a trend toward higher expression in asymptomatic individuals. Alpha-2 macroglobulin (involved in the innate immune system) was most highly expressed in the ovary, particularly of symptomatic lobsters. The ESTs produced through this study add to the fledgling field of crustacean genomics and revealed three genes that could be further evaluated in lobsters of varying shell disease severity, molt stage, and reproductive condition, for possible implication in epizootic shell disease.
In vitro metabolic activation of chemical mutagens. I. Development of an in vitro mutagenicity assay liver microsomal enzymes for the activation of dimethylnitrosamine to a mutagen

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative assay were developed to study the in vitro enzymatic activation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) to its mutagenic form. Three different fractions from mouse liver homogenates, including purified microsomes, were employed for the activation, and several parameters of the assay were investigated. Qualitative tests were conducted to measure the ability of hepatic enzymes obtained from six mammalian specie to activate DMNA. A comparison between two inbred mouse strains using the in vitro activation assay demonstrated that this technique might be a useful tool in quantitatively measuring differences in genetically influenced levels of DMNA metabolism in individual animals and their tissues.
Cellulases from Neocallimastix frontalis EB188 synthesized in the presence of protein glycosylation inhibitors: measurement of protein molecular weights and isoelectric focusing values

Protein and cellulase secreted in the presence of glycosylation inhibitors by Neocallimastix frontalis EB188 were studied using gel electrophoresis. Tunicamycin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose added to established cultures inhibited the production and secretion of proteins and cellulases. Schiff reagent staining of proteins after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of extracellular glycoproteins. Intracellular or extracellular cellulases from cultures treated with inhibitors possessed distinct isoelectric focusing values and native gel Rf values. In N. frontalis EB188, glycosylation of protein occurred and was important for the production, secretion and activity of cellulases.
Frequency analysis of accommodation, accommodative vergence and disparity vergence.

Abstract Engineering control analysis is used to gain some insight into the nature of the prediction operator and the synkinesis in the near response triad. The frequency characteristics of accommodation, accommodative vergence and disparity vergence systems are compared on a single subject. The prediction operator seems to be apparent in the accommodation and accommodative vergence system. The triadic interactions are complex and exhibit an adaptive nature; some indirect evidence is also provided for an accommodative vergence synkinetic processor.
A new current-based control model of the combined cardiovascular and Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Device

Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD) are mechanical pumps implanted in patients with congestive heart failure to assist their heart in pumping the required amount of blood in the circulatory system. Until recently, the combined mathematical model of the LVAD coupled with the left ventricle has assumed the availability of the rotational speed of the pump as the independent control variable. In reality, however, the device is controlled by the pump motor current which, in turn, produces the desired rotational speed of the pump motor. Therefore, the actual implementation of any desired speed controller for the device requires the solution of an inverse problem in order to determine the corresponding motor current that yields the desired pump speed. Recently, it has been observed from in-vivo experiments that an LVAD that is controlled by a motor current with a given profile (constant or ramp-like) has yielded a corresponding pump speed that exhibits a superposition of an oscillatory component which is synchronized with the pulsatility of the heart hemodynamic variables. Because of this, it has become evident that the solution of this inverse problem is extremely difficulty to accomplish. In this paper, we reformulate the existing combined LVAD and left ventricle model in such a way so as to introduce the pump motor current instead of the pump speed as the control variable, hence avoiding the inverse problem altogether. This new model is not only a more realistic representation of the LVAD control variable but also is much more practical in that it allows for the derivation of a controller directly in terms of the pump motor current rather than indirectly in terms of its rotational speed. Validation of this model and the challenges involved in using it when designing a feedback controller for the LVAD are also discussed.
Integrated CMOS compatible low power 10Gbps silicon photonic heater-modulator

We quantify bit-error performance of a heater-modulator that uses CMOS compatible heater and modulator voltages, occupies 50μm2, is compatible with differential signaling and shows consistent extinction ratio under tuning while consuming only 7μW /GHz.
Shear Wave Velocity Profiles via Seismic Cone Penetration Test and Refraction Microtremor Techniques at ANSS Strong Motion Sites in Charleston, South Carolina

The Charleston, South Carolina, region is considered to have the highest seismic hazard on the east coast of the United States and has been chosen as a location for an Urban Strong Motion Array of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS). This paper will report on subsurface investigations of the shallow shear wave velocity beneath the first four ANSS strong motion stations in Charleston. Both borehole (seismic cone penetration test or SCPT) and surficial seismic (refraction microtremor or ReMi) methods were used to determine shear wave velocities to a depth of 30 m beneath each site. All sites are National Eearthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Class D ( V S30 < 360 m/s), with V S30 ranging from 215 to 344 m/sec. Three sites have low-velocity zones within the shallow sedimentary section. The V S30 derived from the SCPT and ReMi techniques agree within 10% at three sites and within 15% at all four sites.
Homophobia and HIV/AIDS: Attitude Change in the Face of an Epidemic

We investigate how the distribution of AIDS cases in the United States increased homophobia over time. Using pooled GSS surveys, 1973-1998, with state-reported AIDS cases, we estimate models for variation in homophobic attitudes as a function of the time-specific proportion of AIDS cases in a given state. AIDS incidence had a negative impact on civil rights attitudes during the period 1981-1998, but demonstrated an impact only on morality attitudes from 1986 to 1991.
Seeds and seasons: interpreting germination timing in the field

This paper discusses how field and laboratory experiments, using a variety of genetic material, can be combined to investigate the genetic basis of germination under realistic ecological conditions, and it reviews some of our recent work on germination phenology of Arabidopsis thaliana in the field. Our results indicate that the genetic basis of germination depends on the environment. In particular, the conditions during seed maturation interact with post-dispersal environmental factors to determine germination phenology, and these interactions have a genetic basis. Therefore genetic studies of germination need to consider carefully the environment – both during seed maturation and after dispersal – in which the experiments are conducted in order to characterize genetic pathways involved with germination in the field. Laboratory studies that explicitly manipulate ecologically relevant environmental factors can be combined with manipulative field studies. These studies can identify the particular environmental cues to which seeds respond in the field and characterize the genetic basis of germination responses to those cues. In addition, a variety of genetic material – including mutant and transgenic lines, intact natural genotypes, recombinant genotypes, and near isogenic lines – can be used in field studies as tools to characterize genetic pathways involved in germination schedules under natural ecological conditions.
Estrous phase alters social behavior in a polygynous but not a monogamous Peromyscus species.

The social organization of rodent species determines behavioral patterns for both affiliative and agonistic encounters. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in the mediation of social behavior; however, variability in both neuropeptide expression and social behavior within a single species indicates an additional mediating factor. The purpose of the present comparative study was to investigate social behaviors in naive mixed-sex pairs of monogamous Peromyscus californicus and polygynous Peromyscus leucopus. We identified substantial inter- and intra-specific variability in the expression of affiliative and agonistic behaviors. Although all P. californicus tested engaged in frequent and prolonged intervals of social contact and rarely engaged in aggressive behaviors, P. leucopus exhibited significant variability in both measures of social behaviors. The naturally occurring differences in social behavior displayed by P. leucopus vary across the estrous cycle, and correspond to hypothalamic oxytocin, as well as circulating oxytocin and glucocorticoid concentrations. These results provide evidence for a rhythm in social behavior across the estrous cycle in polygynous, but not monogamous, Peromyscus species.
The Role of Parental Input in the Development of a Morphological System.

In order to isolate the properties of language whose development can withstand wide variations in learning conditions, we have observed children who have not had access to any conventional linguistic input but who have otherwise experienced normal social environments. The children we study are deaf with hearing losses so severe that they cannot naturally acquire spoken language, and whose hearing parents have chosen not to expose them to a sign language. In previous work, we demonstrated that, despite their lack of conventional linguistic input, the children developed spontaneous gesture systems which were structured at the level of the sentence, with regularities identifiable across gestures in a sentence, akin to syntactic structure. The present study was undertaken to determine whether one of these deaf children's gesture systems was structured at a second level, the level of the gesture – that is, were there regularities within a gesture, akin to morphologic structure?We have found that (1) the deaf child's gestures could be characterized by a paradigm of handshape and motion combinations which formed a matrix for virtually all of his spontaneous gestures, and (2) the deaf child's gesture system was considerably more complex than the model provided by his hearing mother. These data emphasize the child's contribution to structural regularity at the intra-word level, and suggest that such structure is a resilient property of language.
Use and effectiveness of hypothermia blankets for febrile patients in the intensive care unit.

We performed a prospective observational (noninterventional) study of hypothermia blanket use in a population of adult intensive care unit patients with body temperatures of > or = 102.5 degrees F. Thirty-nine of ninety-four febrile episodes (in 83 patients) were treated with hypothermia blankets. Logistic regression revealed that the strongest independent predictors of hypothermia blanket use were a temperature of > or = 103.5 degrees F (odds ratio [OR] = 17), mechanical ventilation (OR = 25), and acute central nervous system illness (OR = 7.5). Hospitalization in the medical intensive care unit was strongly associated with avoidance of this therapy (OR = 0.023). Treatment with a hypothermia blanket was ordered by a physician in only 15% of cases. The mean cooling rate was the same (0.028 degree F/h) for blanket-treated and control patients. Multivariate Cox regression and factorial and repeated measures of analysis of variance revealed that blanket treatment was not more effective than other cooling methods. However, this treatment was associated with more "zigzag" temperature fluctuations of > or = 3 degrees F (56% of blanket-treated patients vs. 18% of control patients; P < .001) and rebound hypothermia (18% vs. 0; P = .001). Hypothermia blanket therapy is primarily a nursing decision. We conclude that in addition to being no more effective than other cooling measures, hypothermia blanket therapy was associated with more temperature fluctuations and with more episodes of rebound hypothermia.
The effect of scaleup on the processing behavior of a blend exhibiting phase inversion during compounding

The scaleup behavior of blends exhibiting phase inversion during compounding in batch mixers was studied. Similar morphological changes were observed during compounding of polystyrene/polyethylene blends of different batch sizes ranging from 12g to 240g. The time to achieve a continuous phase of the major component, polystyrene, was shown to depend on the scale of the mixing device. Based on visual observation of the morphological changes, a constant nominal-maximum-shear-rate scaleup condition was used. Upon a five-fold increase in batch size the time to phase inversion increased by a factor of 3. This change is explained using a combination of the reduced specific area and reduced mechanical energy input under the experimental conditions. A novel blade design using modular triangular elements was constructed and results from radial and axial scaleup using the new blades are presented. Similarities between the triangular and roller blades are used to highlight the importance of the high-shear region in determining the softening rate of the polystyrene pellets. The flexibility of the blade design was exploited to study the effect of blade configuration on the time to phase inversion. A relative stagger parameter is introduced to explain the observed dependence. Increasing the relative stagger decreased the stress transfer to the batch and increased the time to phase inversion. Implications of these results for mixing in the kneading sections of twin-screw extruders is discussed.
Circumstantial and temporal dependence in counterfactual modals

“Counterfactual” readings of might/could have were previously analyzed using metaphysical modal bases. This paper presents examples and scenarios where the assumptions of such a branching-time semantics are not met, because there are facts at the base world that preclude the complement of the modal becoming true. Additional arguments show that counterfactual readings are context dependent. These data motivate a semantics using a circumstantial (or factual) modal base, which refers to context-dependent facts about a world and time. The analysis is formulated in a version of premise semantics for modality.
Severe COPD and Acute Respiratory Failure: Correlates for Survival at the Time of Tracheal Intubation

The recognition of a reversible cause for acute respiratory failure (ARF) is frequently difficult in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We sought to identify clinical findings present at the time of tracheal intubation that were associated with successful weaning and short-term survival among a population of male veterans with severe COPD. Over a 5-year period (1987 to 1991), 39 episodes of ARF requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) were identified in 33 men with severe COPD. All the patients had a baseline FEV 1 1 and the absence of pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiography. The extent of baseline airways obstruction alone was not correlated with short-term survival in either group. These observations suggest that in the subset of patients with severe COPD and ARF, the presence of pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiography at the time of tracheal intubation may be associated with less likelihood for survival. An exacerbation of COPD may infrequently he the terminal illness in these patients.
A workplace colorectal cancer screening program in firefighters: lessons learned

Author(s): Walsh, JME; Potter, MB; Arora, M; Gildegorin, G; Terdiman, J | Abstract: BackgroundAlthough colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is widely recommended, screening rates remain low. Workplace interventions have the potential to increase rates of screening.AimsTo evaluate the impact of a workplace CRC screening program targeting active duty and retired firefighters.MethodsA letter, a fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kit and a survey were mailed to all active duty and retired San Francisco firefighters aged 40 and older during 2008-09. The survey included questions about CRC risk factors and prior CRC screening tests. The primary outcome was return of the completed FIT.ResultsFIT kits and surveys were sent to 1203 firefighters. In total, 445 individuals (37%) completed the survey, and 400 (33%) completed the FIT. Forty-five per cent of respondents had had a stool test for blood at some time, although few (8%) had had it within the past year. Thirty-six per cent of respondents said they had had a sigmoidoscopy at some time, although only 15% had had it within the past 5 years and 37% within the past 10 years. Among those aged 50 and older, 59% had had a test for colon cancer at some time.ConclusionsA workplace intervention can increase CRC screening rates in firefighters. Future studies should focus on the long-term sustainability of this type of program.
EXAFS studies of nickel nafion ionomers

Nafion membranes neutralized with Ni2+ have been examined by extended x-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) and x-ray absorption near-edge-structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The results indicate that in both the dry and water-soaked membranes, the nickel is in an octahedral site with six oxygen atoms as nearest neighbors. The degree of disorder in the NiO distance is comparable to that in ionic crystals in both the dry and hydrated materials. A contribution from a second shell of neighbors is very weak in the dry samples but, surprisingly, this contribution is strongly accentuated in the hydrated membranes. The data indicate that this contribution is due to neighboring Ni2+ cations. Thus the water absorption seems to enhance the local ordering of the cation environment. The local structure does not depend strongly on the concentration of ionic groups in the materials.
Effect of maillard browning reaction on protein utilization and plasma amino acid response by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

The effect of the Maillard browning reaction in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerA­)on growth and amino acid availability was investigated. Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis methods were applied for the detection of the losses of amino acids in a model protein browning system. Arginine and lysine ex hibited the greatest losses in the mixture of fish protein isolate and glucose stored for 40 d at 37 Â°C. The apparent digestibility and absorption of individual amino acids, particularly lysine, was lower in trout fed browned protein than in those fed the con trol protein. Plasma lysine levels were significantly depressed, while the plasma levels of glucose and most other amino acids were elevated in relation to the loss in nutritive value of dietary protein after browning. The early Maillard reaction derivative of lysine, Â«-deoxy-fructosyl-lysine, was recovered from browned protein (by using the in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis procedure) and from the plasma of trout fed browned pro tein. Analysis of plasma free amino acids provided an indication of lysine bioavail- ability and identified lysine as the first-limiting amino acid in the diets containing browned protein. J. Nutr. 115: 1589-1599, 1985.
Pulmonary Infantile Hemangioma Presenting as a Mass in a Premature Male Infant: A Case Report Focusing on Pathological Features

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign neoplasm of infancy, with most occurring in the head and neck region. Predisposing factors include prematurity, low birth weight, multiple gestations, advanced maternal age, and chorionic villous sampling. In addition, white women, particularly those with a family history, are also at a higher risk. However, pulmonary infantile hemangiomas are exceedingly rare, with only a few case reports in the literature. Infantile hemangiomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a pulmonary mass in the early pediatric population. We present a case of pulmonary infantile hemangioma in a premature male infant successfully managed by surgical excision, with an emphasis on the pathogenesis and histologic features.
Magnetic properties and texture of sputtered Fe/Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ multilayer films

Polycrystalline Fe/Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ multilayers have been fabricated with varying Fe/Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ ratios, period (bilayer) thickness, number of periods, and deposition sequence. The films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The coercivity was found to vary in a nonlinear fashion between that of Fe and Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/. For selected multilayer geometries, the coercivity can be increased beyond that of single-layer Fe and Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ films. The magnetic saturation was observed to follow a linear mixture rule. These results suggest that a multilayer approach is useful for designing magnetic thin films and may allow fabrication of new materials for recording media applications. A secondary result was the ability to obtain highly textured polycrystalline films of both Fe and Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/ on amorphous substrates for selected multilayer geometries. The texture results, which may be generally applicable, suggest that relatively thin multilayers of only a few periods may provide a means to control polycrystalline film texture on amorphous substrates. >
Transmit coding with a range ambiguity

Often a requirement of radar is a high pulse repetition frequency, as such range ambiguities are a consequence of this requirement. One approach to resolve said ambiguities is to use a non-uniform PRF. The interest in this paper is to utilize a uniform PRF and pulse diversity to resolve a single or multiple range ambiguities through temporal coding. An algorithm will be introduced that is completely scalable to any type of scenario that will quickly create a custom set of M unique transmit codes that can be used at every pulse of the transmitter in order to resolve range ambiguities.
Developmental cascades linking stress inoculation, arousal regulation, and resilience

Stressful experiences that are challenging but not overwhelming appear to promote the development of arousal regulation and resilience. Variously described in studies of humans as inoculating, steeling, or toughening, the notion that coping with early life stress enhances arousal regulation and resilience is further supported by longitudinal studies of squirrel monkey development. Exposure to early life stress inoculation diminishes subsequent indications of anxiety, increases exploration of novel situations, and decreases stress-levels of cortisol compared to age-matched monkeys raised in undisturbed social groups. Stress inoculation also enhances prefrontal-dependent cognitive control of behavior and increases ventromedial prefrontal cortical volumes. Larger volumes do not reflect increased cortical thickness but instead represent surface area expansion of ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Expansion of ventromedial prefrontal cortex coincides with increased white matter myelination inferred from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. These findings suggest that early life stress inoculation triggers developmental cascades across multiple domains of adaptive functioning. Prefrontal myelination and cortical expansion induced by the process of coping with stress support broad and enduring trait-like transformations in cognitive, motivational, and emotional aspects of behavior. Implications for programs designed to promote resilience in humans are discussed.
Teaching Health-Care Operations in the MBA Program at Vanderbilt University Owen Graduate School of Management

This paper describes a case-based MBA elective “Health Care Operations” (HCO) developed by an instructor without prior education, consulting, or research experience in the health-care field. HCO he...
Analysis and optimization of structured power/ground networks

This paper presents an efficient method for optimizing power/ground (P/G) networks by widening wires and adding decoupling capacitors (decaps). It proposes a structured skeleton that is intermediate to the conventional method that uses full meshes, which are hard to analyze efficiently, and tree-structured networks, which provide poor performance. As an example, we consider a P/G network structure modeled as an overlying mesh with underlying trees originating from the mesh, which eases the task of analysis with acceptable performance sacrifices. A fast and efficient event-driven P/G network simulator is proposed, which hierarchically simulates the P/G network with an adaptation of PRIMA to handle nonzero initial conditions. An adjoint network that incorporates the variable topology of the original P/G network, as elements switch in and out of the network, is constructed to calculate the transient adjoint sensitivity over multiple intervals. The gradients of the most critical node with respect to each wire width and decap are used by a sensitivity-based heuristic optimizer that minimizes a weighted sum of the wire and the decap area. Experimental results show that this procedure can be used to efficiently optimize large networks.
Embodying emotional dirty work: a messy text of patrolling the border

Purpose – “Dirty work” is an embodied, emotional activity, and may best be expressed through narrative thick description. The purpose of this paper is to employ creative analytic techniques through a “messy text” for better understanding the tacit knowledge and emotionality of dirty work and dirty research. The vignettes, based upon ethnographic fieldwork with US Border Patrol agents, viscerally reveal the embodied emotions of dirty work and doing dirty research. Design/methodology/approach – The research draws on a two and a half year ethnography of the US Border Patrol in which the first author engaged in participant observation, shadowing, and interviews. Based upon the iterative data analysis and narrative writing techniques using verbatim quotations and field data, the essay provides a series of vignettes that explore the multi-faceted feelings of dirty work. Findings – Tacit knowledge about dirty work is unmasked and known through experiences of the body as well as emotional reactions to the scene. ...
Directed Design of Experiments for Validating Probability of Detection Capability of NDE Systems (DOEPOD)

The capability of an inspection system is established by applications of various methodologies to determine the probability of detection (POD). One accepted metric of an adequate inspection system is that there is 95% confidence that the POD is greater than 90% (90/95 POD). Directed design of experiments for probability of detection (DOEPOD) has been developed to provide an efficient and accurate methodology that yields observed POD and confidence bounds for both Hit‐Miss or signal amplitude testing. Specifically, DOEPOD demands utilization of observance of occurrences. Directed DOEPOD does not assume prescribed POD logarithmic or similar functions with assumed adequacy over a wide range of flaw sizes and inspection system technologies, so that multi‐parameter curve fitting or model optimization approaches to generate a POD curve are not required.
The Evolution Of The American Brewing Industry

This case provides industry and historical background to firm specific cases in the brewing industry. It also stands alone as an industry evolution case. This case is intended for MBA or upper level undergraduate classes in strategic management.
Compensatory branching morphogenesis of stalk cells in the Drosophila trachea

ABSTRACT Tubes are essential for nutrient transport and gas exchange in multicellular eukaryotes, but how connections between different tube types are maintained over time is unknown. In the Drosophila tracheal system, mutations in oak gall ( okg ) and conjoined ( cnj ) confer identical defects, including late onset blockage near the terminal cell-stalk cell junction and the ectopic extension of autocellular, seamed tubes into the terminal cell. We determined that okg and cnj encode the E and G subunits of the vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) and showed that both the V0 and V1 domains are required for terminal cell morphogenesis. Remarkably, the ectopic seamed tubes running along vATPase-deficient terminal cells belonged to the neighboring stalk cells. All vATPase-deficient tracheal cells had reduced apical domains and terminal cells displayed mislocalized apical proteins. Consistent with recent reports that the mTOR and vATPase pathways intersect, we found that mTOR pathway mutants phenocopied okg and cnj . Furthermore, terminal cells depleted for the apical determinants Par6 or aPKC had identical ectopic seamed tube defects. We thus identify a novel mechanism of compensatory branching in which stalk cells extend autocellular tubes into neighboring terminal cells with undersized apical domains. This compensatory branching also occurs in response to injury, with damaged terminal cells being rapidly invaded by their stalk cell neighbor.
Individual estimates of age at detectable amyloid onset for risk factor assessment.

Abstract Introduction Individualized estimates of age at detectable amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, distinct from amyloid positivity, allow for analysis of onset age of Aβ accumulation as an outcome measure to understand risk factors. Methods Using longitudinal Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography data from Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we estimated the age at which each PiB+ individual began accumulating Aβ. We used survival analysis methods to quantify risk of accumulating Aβ and differences in onset age of Aβ accumulation in relation to APOE e4 status and sex among 36 APOE e4 carriers and 83 noncarriers. Results Age at onset of Aβ accumulation for the APOE e4− and e4+ groups was 73.1 and 60.7, respectively. APOE e4 positivity conferred a threefold risk of accumulating Aβ after adjusting for sex and education. Discussion Estimation of onset age of amyloid accumulation may help gauge treatment efficacy in interventions to delay symptom onset in Alzheimer's disease.
Multi-decadal decline in reef fish abundance and species richness in the southeast USA assessed by standardized trap catches

Reef fish species naturally fluctuate in abundance over various temporal and spatial scales, but recent broad-scale declines in abundance have been observed worldwide and attributed to various anthropogenic influences. We used 25 years of fishery-independent trap data (N = 11,237 trap hauls) to examine the spatial and temporal variability in temperate reef fish abundance along the southeast coast of the USA, a relatively understudied region with many economically important reef fish species. Overall, 441,298 individuals from 118 species were caught in the trap survey. Number of species and total number of individuals caught in the trap survey declined over the 25 years, but when separated, nontargeted fish species declined more than fishery-targeted species. For instance, traps caught a median of 18 nontargeted individuals and a median of 2–3 nontargeted reef fish species in the early 1990s, but by the 2010s, traps caught a median of fewer than three nontargeted individuals and a median of one nontarget species. Using generalized additive models, we found that the catch of fishery-targeted and nontargeted species was positively related to bottom water temperature, while depth influenced nontargeted and fishery-targeted species in opposite ways. The substantial and consistent decline in nontargeted fish species suggests that more research and management attention should be given to these often ignored species. These results suggest that the temperate reef fish community in the southeast USA is influenced by more than just fishing, perhaps including invasive species (e.g., lionfish Pterois volitans), decadal-scale environmental variability, or climate change.
Creative Shipwrecks: Coleridge’sThe Rime of the Ancient Marinerand Byron’sDon Juan

Contemporary discussions of English Romantic philosophers and their theories often include such names as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Hazlitt, Thomas DeQuincey, and Charles Lamb, but rarely do they treat of George Gordon, Lord Byron. While Byron’s reputation was not built upon complex philosophical explications of literary theory, the passion of his life did not preclude that of his mind. He has left us with no overtly philosophical work, and yet, many of the digressions inDon Juanare directed at the poets and philosophers of his time and some others seem to point us to a coherent system of thought about literature and how it works. Specifically, Juan’s voyage at sea contains several passages which parody Coleridge’sRime of the Ancient Mariner. Some of these similarities have been explored, but are frequently treated as if Byron were simply creating a pastiche of contemporary literature. However, Coleridge had used theRimeto elucidate a portion of his understanding of how literature works. It seems possible that Byron is purposely answering Coleridge in the second canto ofDon Juan. Thus, we may be able to use Byron’s natural imagery and poetic technique to piece together a philosophical statement from that most unphilosophical of Romantics, Lord Byron.
Gram–Schmidt–Fisher scoring algorithm for parameter orthogonalization in MLE

The estimation of parameters is a key component in statistical modelling and inference. However, parametrization of certain likelihood functions could lead to highly correlated estimates, causing numerical problems, mathematical complexities and difficulty in estimation or erroneous interpretation and subsequently inference. In statistical estimation, the concept of orthogonalization is familiar as a simplifying technique that allows parameters to be estimated independently and thus separates information from each other. We introduce a Fisher scoring iterative process that incorporates the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization technique for maximum likelihood estimation. A finite mixture model for correlated binary data is used to illustrate the implementation of the method with discussion of application to oesophageal cancer data.
In Other Sources: 2012

This column provides brief summaries of transition-related articles published in 2012 in other professional journals. The 44 articles included descriptive, experimental, and qualitative research as...
The informal American city: beyond taco trucks and day labor

There is a delicious irony to a book written about urban informality for an American planning audience ‒ whose profession is more often than not associated with formal structures and rules designed...