cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HSV-2 inhibits type-I interferon signaling via multiple complementary and compensatory STAT2-associated mechanisms

Type-I interferon (IFN)-mediated responses are a crucial first line of defense against viral infections and are critical for generating both innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, viruses have necessarily evolved mechanisms to impede the IFN response. HSV-2 was found to completely abolish type-1 IFN-mediated signaling via multiple STAT2-associated mechanisms. Although the extent and kinetics of this inactivation were indistinguishable between the various cell-lines examined, there were distinct differences in the mechanisms HSV-2 employed to subvert IFN-signaling among the cell-lines. These mechanistic differences could be segregated into two categories dependent on the phase of the HSV replicative cycle that was responsible for this inhibition: (1) early phase-inhibited cells which exhibited abrogation of IFN-signaling prior to viral DNA replication; (2) late phase-inhibited cells where early phase inhibition mechanisms were not functional, but viral functions expressed following DNA replication compensated for their ineffectiveness. In early phase-inhibited cells, HSV-2 infection targeted STAT2 protein for proteosomal degradation and prevented de novo expression of STAT2 by degrading its mRNA. In contrast, HSV-2 infected late phase-inhibited cells exhibited no apparent changes in STAT2 transcript or protein levels. However, in these cells STAT2 was not activated by phosphorylation and failed to translocate to the cell nucleus, thereby preventing transactivation of antiviral genes. In primary human fibroblasts, HSV-2 failed to fully degrade STAT2 and therefore, both early and late phase mechanisms functioned cooperatively to subvert IFN-mediated antiviral gene expression. Taken together, these results indicate the importance that HSV-2 has assigned to STAT2, investing significant genomic currency throughout its replicative lifecycle for continuous targeted destruction and inhibition of this protein.
Low-level lead exposure, social class, and infant development

Abstract A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the association between early development and low-level prenatal and postnatal lead exposure. Infants' performance between 6 and 24 months on the Mental Development Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development declined with increasing concentration of lead in blood, but the decline varied with children's age at exposure, level of exposure, and socioeconomic status. Within the second year of life, the performance of children in lower socioeconomic strata was adversely affected at lower levels of prenatal exposure (blood lead levels of 6 to 7 μg/dl) than was the performance of children in higher socioeconomic strata. However, even the performance of these advantaged infants was lower when cord blood lead level exceeded 10 μg/dl, well below the figure currently regarded as the maximum permissable level for young children. Exploratory analyses suggested that early postnatal blood lead levels between 10 and 25 μg/dl were also associated with lower Mental Development Index scores, but only among children in lower socioeconomic strata.
Intelligent representation for computer-aided building design

Abstract At the core of any computational system that can support design development, analysis, and evaluation is an `intelligent' building representation which should be able to represent all the different components that make up a building, along with the manner in which they come together. In other words, the representation must be informationally complete and semantically rich. The paper discusses these two criteria and briefly reviews other research efforts aimed at developing building representations for computer-aided design that attempt to meet them. Our solution to this problem is then presented. It is aimed primarily at the schematic design phase, the rationale for which is also stated. Taking the view that buildings are unique assemblies of discrete, mostly standardized components, our representation is clearly divided into two components: the Object Database (ODB) which stores detailed information about various building elements, and the Project Database (PDB) which holds information about how these elements are assembled to make up a particular building. An ODB may be shared by many building projects, while the PDB must necessarily be unique to each. The data schemas of both the PDB and the ODB are described in detail and their computational implementation, to the extent that it has been completed, is illustrated.
Production and properties of the extracellular lipase of Achromobacter lipolyticum

Abstract Achromobacter lipolyticum produced a maximum amount of extracellular lipase (glycerol ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) when grown at 21° for 36 h in a casitone broth medium at pH 7.0. The addition of 1% olive oil, corn, oil, or milk fat to the growth medium and slow stirring during incubation stimulated the lipase production 3-fold. The enzyme possessed a pH optimum of 7.0 and a temperature optimum of 37°. The lipase appeared to be fairly heat stable. Heating at 71° for 180 min destroyed the activity by only 47%. However, the enzyme lost all its activity when heated at 99° for 40 min or when autoclaved at 121° for 15 min. Various salts stimulated the lipase activity, MgCl 2 being the most stimulatory and CaCl 2 the least. The enzyme could lipolyze natural as well as synthetic glycerides. 10% substrate concn. seemed to be optimum for the enzyme action. Milk fat was lipolyzed faster than corn oil, olive oil, or any synthetic glyceride investigated. Oleyl glycerides were hydrolyzed more rapidly than butyryl glycerides. The lipase selectively liberated oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids from milk fat.
The Trials of Laurence Powell: Law, Space, and a ‘Big Time Use of Force’

This paper is intended as a contribution to a growing literature concerned with showing the importance of conceptions of space in interpretive legal struggles. The focus of the paper is on jury trials, where lawyers engage in an open contest to develop the most convincing narrative. It is suggested here that the geographic context of these narratives can help determine their plausibility. The author also argues for the necessity to recognize the influence of extralegal discourses on interpretive legal struggles, and focuses in particular on two such discourses, those of morality and scientific administration. It is further suggested that such discourses can be infused with conceptions of space and territory in ways that affect their capacity to influence juries, An attempt is made to demonstrate the significance of these arguments with an analysis of the trials of the four Los Angeles Police Department officers charged in the beating of Rodney King.
An LC/Particle Beam/MS Experiment for Undergraduates

The advantage of using an HPLC/Particle Beam/MS interfaced system for general uses is its ability to separate mixtures and identify the component compounds by collecting typical EI mass spectra that can be matched in standard libraries. In performing this experiment, students learn how an HPLC/Particle Beam/MS functions and they also realize how typical EI mass spectra of solids can easily be obtained through the use of the direct injection port on the particle beam interface.
Expression, purification, and characterization of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2

Abstract The full-length human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) was expressed and purified to homogeneity by two separate groups (Y.G. Gu, M. Weitzberg, R.F. Clark, X. Xu, Q. Li, T. Zhang, T.M. Hansen, G. Liu, Z. Xin, X. Wang, T. McNally, H. Camp, B.A. Beutel, H.I. Sham, Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of N -{3-[2-(4-alkoxyphenoxy)thiazol-5-yl]-1-methylprop-2-ynyl}carboxy derivatives as selective acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 inhibitors, J. Med. Chem. 49 (2006) 3770–3773; D. Cheng, C.H. Chu, L. Chen, J.N. Feder, G.A. Mintier, Y. Wu, J.W. Cook, M.R. Harpel, G.A. Locke, Y. An, J.K. Tamura, Expression, purification, and characterization of human and rat acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) isozymes, Protein Expr. Purif., in press). However, neither group was successful in expressing the full-length ACC2 due to issues of solubility and expression levels. The two versions of recombinant human ACC2 in these reports are either truncated (lacking 1–148 aa) or have the N-terminal 275 aa replaced with the corresponding ACC1 region (1–133 aa). Despite the fact that ACC activity was observed in both cases, these constructs are not ideal because the N-terminal region of ACC2 could be important for the correct folding of the catalytic domains. Here, we report the high level expression and purification of full-length human ACC2 that lacks only the N-terminal membrane attachment sequence (1–20 and 1–26 aa, respectively) in Trichoplusia ni cells. In addition, we developed a sensitive HPLC assay to analyze the kinetic parameters of the recombinant enzyme. The recombinant enzyme is a soluble protein and has a K m value of 2 μM for acetyl-CoA, almost 30-fold lower than that reported for the truncated human ACC2. Our recombinant enzyme also has a lower K m value for ATP ( K m = 52 μM). Although this difference could be ascribed to different assay conditions, our data suggest that the longer human ACC2 produced in our system may have higher affinities for the substrates and could be more similar to the native enzyme.
Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on ethanol-reinforced behavior: The involvement of the nucleus accumbens

Abstract Rats initiated to self-administer 10% ethanol (v/v) in an operant situation using the sucrose-substitution technique received bilateral n. accumbens or caudate nucleus microinjections of d-amphetamine (4, 10, and 20 μg/brain), quinpirole (4 μg/brain), and/or raclopride (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/brain). Only microinjections into the n. accumbens produced changes in rate and pattern of responding. With d-amphetamine, an increase in total responding and a slowing of initial response rate was seen, whereas with raclopride administration a dose-related decrease in total responding was observed with no alteration in momentary response rates. Drug-dependent behavioral rate and pattern differences suggest that DA activity in the n. accumbens influences ethanol reinforced behavior.
Accuracy of fear inventories and self-efficacy scales in predicting agoraphobic behavior

Abstract Self-rating fear inventories are widely used as primary dependent measures of therapeutic change in agoraphobia, but objective behavioral evidence of their validity has been largely unavailable. In contrast, self-efficacy scales are rarely used in agoraphobia research despite evidence that they correlate highly with agoraphobic behavior. In the present study, 37 agoraphobics completed the Marks and Mathews Fear Questionnaire, the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia, a set of agoraphobia-related self-efficacy scales, and a set of agoraphobia-related behavioral avoidance tests in the natural community environment. The Fear Questionnaire and Mobility Inventory items proved to be only modestly predictive of agoraphobic dysfunction, whereas the self-efficacy scales were highly predictive of agoraphobic dys-function. Although self-efficacy scales are not intended to be substitute measures of behavior, the findings indicate that they estimate agoraphobia much more accurately than do the standard fear inventories.
CREATING COMMUNITIES OF POETRY READERS

Neste artigo, nos apresentamos aos leitores a arte de ler poesia com as criancas. Comecando com uma breve definicao de poesia e como ela funciona, seguido por uma discussao sobre os beneficios da leitura de poesia com as criancas. Em seguida, examinamos a negligencia do uso da poesia em escolas, bem como recomendacoes para lidar com essa negligencia. Estas recomendacoes tem como foco principal orientar um trabalho de imersao com o texto poetico para alunos em uma base diaria, lendo poesia em voz alta para os alunos e incentivando-os a ler poesia autonomamente. Nos compartilhamos uma pesquisa sobre as preferencias das criancas por poesia, a fim de orientar os professores na escolha de textos poeticos para a partilha em sala de aula. Finalmente, explicamos como ler poesia pode levar a escrever poesia. O nosso principal objetivo e fornecer aos professores e aos formadores de professores com conhecimento sobre como convidar os alunos para o mundo da poesia. http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v21i22.1625
Los poemas en cuaderna vía del siglo XIII como textos cerrados y obras abiertas

When read as written texts, thirteenth-century Castilian cuaderna via poems seem to be complete products, closed to further alteration. However, internal references consistently indicate that the works were designed to be communicated in the context of vocal delivery and aural reception (and even were open to further retellings of their content). The present article examines the dual nature of the mester de clerecia poems as closed/open products and explains this duality as a consequence of their primary system of production and communication.
School districting and the origins of residential land price inequality

Abstract This paper examines how education policy generates residential sorting and changes residential land price inequality within a city. In 1974, Seoul shifted away from an exam based high school admission system, created high school districts and randomly allocated students to schools within each district. Furthermore, the city government relocated South Korea’s then most prestigious high school from the city center to the city periphery in order to reduce central city congestion. I examine how residential land prices change across school districts using a first differenced boundary discontinuity design. By focusing on the immediate years before and after the creation of school districts and using general functional forms in distance, I find that residential land prices increase by about 13% points more on average and by about 26% points across boundaries in the better school district. Furthermore, there is evidence of dynamic sorting whereby the increase in neighborhood income attracts other high schools to relocate in the following years.
5′ Nucleotidase Activity in Mitogen-Stimulated Adult and Cord Blood Lymphocyte Cultures

Ecto 5'Nucleotidase (5'N) activity was determined in adult and cord blood lymphocytes before and after stimulation by phytohemagglutin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). After 7 days of culture, the mean 5'N level +/- S.E. in unstimulated adult cells was 15.9 +/- 3.21 nm/h/10(6) cells. Cells stimulated by PHA and PWM for 7 days had 5'N levels of 44.65 +/- 6.69 nm/h/10(6) cells and 33.24 +/- 7.67 nm/h/10(6) cells, respectively. Unstimulated cord blood cells cultured for 7 days had a mean 5'N level of 3.22 +/- 0.94 nm/h/10(6) cells whereas the level in PHA-stimulated cultures was 39.50 +/- 10.52 nm/h/10(6) cells and in PWM stimulated cultures 46.01 +/- 8.93 nm/h/10(6) cells. T-cell enriched and T-cell depleted subpopulations stimulated with mitogen generally did not show as great a degree of enhancement of 5'N activity as did unfractionated cells. This study indicates that 5'N activity is enhanced in cells that have been activated by mitogen stimulation. Although unstimulated cord blood cells have lower levels of 5'N activity than adult cells they have the capability upon stimulation to express levels equal to those found in adults.
Phenology and Abundance of Nabis americoferus, N. roseipennis, and N. rufusculus (Hemiptera: Nabidae) and Their Parasitoids in Alfalfa and Soybean

The seasonal abundance and phenology of three Nabis species and their parasitoids were studied in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Although all three species were present in both crops, differences were noted in composition of the Nabis complex between the two systems. Nabis americoferus (Carayon) was numerically dominant in alfalfa, a crop in which this species produced three generations per year in central Kentucky. In soybean. where one generation is produced, N. roseipennis Reuter rather than N. americo/eros or N. rufusculus Reuter produced the greatest number of nymphs for the three consecutive years of study. Sweep sampling recovered fewer nymphal nabids in comparison with suction or shake sampling and, thus, was less satisfactory in assessing population trends. Parasitoids reared from nabids that had been collected as adults or nymphs in alfalfa or soybean included the tachinid Leucostoma simplex (Fallen) and the braconid Wesmaelia pendula Foerster. Parasitism by the mymarid egg parasitoid Polynema boreum Girault was much higher in alfalfa than in soybean (50% versus 5%).
Evaluation of radiolabeled acetate and fluoroacetate as potential tracers of cerebral oxidative metabolism.

We investigated the potential use of radiolabeled acetate (ACE) and fluoroacetate (FACE) as tracers of cerebral oxidative (Krebs cycle) metabolism. The rates of cerebral accumulation of14C-labeled FACE and ACE were compared with glucose metabolic rates measured simultaneously with18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in awake rats using dual-tracer quantitative digital autoradiography. Both FACE and ACE crossed the blood-brain barrier at approximately the same rate as glucose. Metabolism of FACE by the brain, however, was extremely slow; metabolites were practically undetectable above background precursor levels through 60 min. Metabolic uptake of ACE by the brain was significant by 10 min; its rate of accumulation averaged approximately 70–80% of the glucose rate. While the metabolic images of ACE were similar to those of FDG, variations in the uptake patterns of FDG and ACE occurred in some structures, perhaps related to regional variations in glucose versus oxygen metabolism.
Eine Beschleunigung der Phosphodiesterhydrolyse um den Faktor 1010 durch eine zwei Metallzentren enthaltende Aminopeptidase – Übergangszustandsanaloga als Substrate?

Die Dizink-Aminopeptidase ausStreptomyces griseus (sAP) zeigt eine spezifische Aktivitat von 33.7 nmol min−1 mg−1 fur die Hydrolyse des Ubergangszustandsanalogons Bis-p-nitrophenylphosphat mit einer Geschwindigkeitskonstante kcat/Km=100 M−1 s−1 und einer Reaktionsbeschleunigung von ungefahr 1010, die viel hoher als die zahlreicher chemischer Zn-Modellsysteme und vergleichbar mit der einiger Phosphodiesterasen ist. Diese Untersuchung legt nahe, das sAP als neues Zwei-Metallzentren-Modellsystem fur ahnliche Hydrolysen dienen kann.
Behavior of scattering amplitudes at high energies, bound states, and resonances

An exact Fourier-Bessel representation of the scattering amplitude is introduced and discussed for potential scattering and field theory. It is shown to contain the Mandelstam representation as a special case. The representation automatically satisfies unitarity exactly in the high-energy limit even in the many-channel situation. The behavior of the scattering amplitude for large momentum transfers is discussed and it is demonstrated that this limit is directly connected with the formation of bound states and resonances. A selection rule governing the ordering of resonances is derived. A variational principle for calculating the asymptotic dependence on momentum transfer in potential scattering is formulated. Some interesting relations between the asymptotic behaviors of π-π, π-N, and N-N are developed, and related to the single-particle poles and low-energy resonances.
Race, Region, and Representative Bureaucracy

Scholars of representative bureaucracy have long been interested in the linkage between passive representation in public agencies and the pursuit of specific policies designed to benefit minority groups. Research in this area suggests that the structural characteristics of those organizations, the external political environment, and the perceptions of individual bureaucrats each help to facilitate that relationship. Work to date has not, however, sufficiently investigated the impact of region on representation behavior, which is surprising given the emphasis that it receives in the broader literature on race and politics. Drawing on that literature, this study argues that, for black bureaucrats, region of residence is an important moderator of active representation because it helps to determine the salience of race as an issue and the degree of identification with racial group interests. It tests hypotheses related to that general argument in a nationally representative sample of more than 3,000 public schools. The results suggest that black teachers produce greater benefits for black students in the South, relative to other regions. A supplementary analysis also confirms the theoretical supposition that race is a more salient issue for Southern black bureaucrats, when compared with their non-Southern counterparts.
Imaging through scattering media using spatial incoherence techniques

Imaging of objects embedded in scattering media can be accomplished by sources with reduced spatial coherence instead of pulsed light or short temporal coherence light.
Recursive two-dimensional spectral factorization

The factorization of two-dimensional spectral functions is a problem of interest in the digital processing of signals because of the nonexistence of a fundamental theorem of algebra for bivariate polynomials. In this paper we consider the special case of rational spectral functions, which are quotients of polynomials or pseudo-polynomials of finite order. We first characterize the general use of asymmetric halfplane factors, and then propose recursive procedures to obtain the factors. In the case of strictly positive spectral functions, we use the homomorphic transform to characterize the causal factor by its first-order data and then apply the modified leastsquares approximation to obtain the rational factors. For those cases of partially characterized spectral functions, we propose extensions of one-dimensional procedures. These alternative procedures are based on the modified least-squares approximation as well as on the two-dimensional Levinson algorithm. All the procedures presented are recursive, thus computationally efficient, and guarantee the stability of the factors in most cases.
Performance of Multilayered Video Encoding and Delivery over Lossy Channels Using a Joint Source-Channel Coding Approach

In this paper, the performance of selected error-control schemes based on forward error-control (FEC) coding for H.263+ video transmission over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is studied. Joint source and channel coding (JSCC) techniques that employ single-layer and 2-layer H.263+ coding in conjunction with unequal error protection (UEP) to combat channel errors are quantitatively compared. Results indicate that with appropriate joint source and channel coding, tailored to the respective layers, FEC-based error control in combination with 2-layer video coding techniques can lead to more acceptable quality for wireless video delivery in the presence of channel impairments.
PHASE 2 TRIAL OF CHRONIC LOW-DOSE ORAL ETOPOSIDE AS SALVAGE THERAPY OF PLATINUM-REFRACTORY OVARIAN CANCER

Eighteen previously treated patients with advanced ovarian cancer were entered into a phase 2 trial of chronic low-dose oral etoposide (50 mg/day for 20 days, repeated every 28 days) to determine the activity of this therapeutic strategy in organoplatinum-refractory disease. The treatment program was generally well tolerated, with mild neutropenia the most common side-effect encountered. One patient (6%; 95% confidence interval = 0-17%) achieved a partial response, which lasted for 11 months. Three additional patients (17%), who failed to meet the criteria of a partial response, demonstrated objective evidence of antineoplastic activity. Chronic low-dose oral etoposide administration is associated with definite, although modest, activity in platinum-refractory ovarian cancer.
Iron respiration by Acidiphilium cryptum at pH 5

The growth of acidophilic iron respiring bacteria at pH > 4.5 may be a key to the transition from acidic to circumneutral conditions that would occur during restoration of acid mine drainage sites. Flasks containing Acidiphilium cryptum ATCC 33463 were incubated initially under aerobic conditions in liquid medium containing Fe2(SO4)3 and glucose at an initial pH of 5. Significant iron respiration was observed after flasks were sealed to prevent oxygenation; at the same time, medium pH increased from 4.5 to 6. No soluble Fe(III) was detected throughout the experiments, consistent with pH conditions, indicating that bacteria were able to respire using precipitated ferric iron species. In addition, the concentration of soluble Fe2+ reached a plateau, even though iron respiration appeared to continue, possibly due to precipitation of mixed Fe (II)/Fe(III)-oxide as magnetite. Results suggest that A. cryptum has a wide range of pH tolerance, which may enable it to play a role in controlling acid generation by means of establishing growth conditions favorable to neutrophilic bacteria such as sulfate reduction.
Electronic transport in a 3-D network of 1-D Bi and Te-doped Bi quantum wires

Abstract The resistance (R ) and transverse magnetoresistance (TMR) of a high density network of 6 nm diameter wires of Bi and Bi doped with 0.14% Te in porous Vycor glass were measured. For pure Bi R increases as T decreases from 300 to 0.3 K . Below 5 K a sharp upturn in the resistance is observed; the order of magnitude of the resistance rise and the behavior of the MR are consistent with localization and electron–electron interaction theories of a one-dimensional disordered conductor in the presence of strong spin–orbit scattering. Addition of Te, which modifies the carrier density and scattering, reduces this resistivity increase, while the magnitude of the magnetoresistance is substantially enhanced.
SNPP VIIRS spectral response lessons learned and their impacts on JPSS VIIRS performance

A primary sensor on-board the Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) spacecraft, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has 22 bands: 14 reflective solar bands (RSBs), 7 thermal emissive bands (TEBs) and a Day Night Band (DNB). The RSBs cover the spectral wavelengths between 0.412 to 2.25 urn and have three (11-I3) 371m and eleven (M1-M11) 742m spatial resolution bands. Ocean Color/Chlorophyll (OCC) teams use moderate bands Ml (0.412um) through M7's (0.865 urn) calibrated Science Data Records (SDRs) to compute their ocean chemistry products. These bands require accurate relative spectral response (RSR) and polarization sensitivity characterization to produce accurate OCC Environment Data Products (EDRs). A change in the Joint Polar Satellite System-1 (JPSS-1) VIIRS spectral filters based on SNPP VIIRS prelaunch characterization results were made to reduce out-of-band response which was failed specification on SNPP VIIRS. This paper will discuss the improvements made to the JPSS-1 VIIRS RSR performance and the resultant impact on the polarization sensitivity performance.
A paleomagnetic power spectrum

We construct a power spectrum of geomagnetic dipole moment variations or their proxies that spans the period range from some tens of million down to about 100 years. Empirical estimates of the spectrum are derived from the magnetostratigraphic time scale, from marine sediment relative paleointensity records, and from a time varying paleomagnetic field model for the past 7 kyr. The spectrum has the most power at long periods, reflecting the influence of geomagnetic reversals and in general decreases with increasing frequency (decreasing period). The empirical spectrum is compared with predictions from simple models. Discrepancies between the observed and predicted spectra are discussed in the context of: (i) changes in reversal rate, (ii) overall average reversal rate, (iii) cryptochrons, (iv) the time taken for a reversal to occur, and (v) long term paleosecular variations and average estimates of the field strength and variance from other sources. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The use of the psychological stress evaluator with stutterers

Abstract A lie detection instrument, the Psychological Stress Evaluator, has been reported by the manufacturer as being capable of quantifying changes in the degree of “stress” as reflected by a subject's voice. Speech pathologists might consider the use of the instrument in clinical and research activities concerning the stutterer's emotional (stress) reaction to stuttering. To test the validity of the instrument, four stutterers and four normal speakers were recorded while making consecutive telephone calls. Randomized recordings were analyzed by a company trained technical to determine the degree of stress for each speech sample. Results indicated that both groups had a significant reduction of stress from the first to the fourth telephone call. However, the groups did not differ in the degree of stress during the ordered series of calls. Due to the inability of the Psychological Stress Evaluator to differentiate between the groups, the validity of the instruments is questioned.
Conversation as a Work of Art: Will it Hang in a Museum?

Arts are an expectation in early childhood classrooms - traditionally, visual art, music, drama, and movement. The variety of understandings of art and aesthetic experiences shape approaches to arts education, particularly with young children. Attempts to define the aesthetic experience refer to the presence of an object, most commonly a work of art. The object becomes central to the human response within the aesthetic experience. Through the analysis of data documenting conversations between a child and an adult, the author have previously proposed child- adult conversations as aesthetic experiences. In this article, she re-examines excerpts from child-adult conversations from her research, negotiating the possibility of naming child-adult conversation as art, in order to recognise child-adult conversation as an aesthetic experience. This article continues the conversation around thinking of conversation as art, and the art of conversation - an integral component of pedagogy with young children.
The Excluded Variable Problem in Nonrandomized Control Group Designs.

A solution to the problem of specification error due to excluded variables in statistical models of treatment effects in nonrandomized (nonequivalent) control group designs is presented. The solution relies upon longitudinal observation involving at least two pre tests. The assumptions of a single equation probit model for selection bias, structural invariance, and a first order autoregressive pattern are sufficient to identify the model and treatment effect—with one overidentifying restriction. The estimate of the treatment effect is adjusted for an unmeasured variable that influences both the dependent variable and the selection of cases into treatment and control groups. A small simulation suggests that the use of a ML estimation program such as LISREL, which assumes multivariate normality and linearity, may provide reasonable estimates of treatment effects.
The temporal dynamics of prospective memory: A review of the ERP and prospective memory literature

This review article examines the literature using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to study the temporal dynamics of the neurocognitive processes underpinning event-based prospective memory (PM). The successful encoding of delayed intentions is associated with slow wave activity over the frontal region in younger adults and this activity is attenuated in older adults. The realization of delayed intentions is associated with distinct components of the ERPs that are associated with the detection of a PM cue in the environment (N300), the retrieval of an intention from memory (recognition old-new effect), signaling the need to switch from the ongoing activity (frontal positivity), and configuration of the PM task set (parietal positivity). The development of prospective memory across the lifespan appears to reflect development of processes associated with retrieval of the cue-intention association from memory, and executive processes related to cue detection. The final section of the review examines the nature of executive processes that support PM within the context of a theory of the supervisory attentional system.
Enhanced saturation magnetization, electronic structure, and compositional segregation in epitaxially grown Co–Cr thin films

We have used the recently established linear correlation between the total intensities of the L3,2 ‘‘white lines’’ in electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and the number of unoccupied 3d states to probe the local electronic structure in epitaxially grown Co–Cr thin films. The significant enhancement of saturation magnetization measured for these epitaxial films, when compared to homogenized bulk alloys, has been correlated directly to the unoccupied 3d states to the Co atoms in these materials. These measurements are the first direct electronic structure evidence that may support models associating the enhancement of saturation magnetization with intragranular segregation in Co–Cr thin films.
Harvester ant foraging and plant species distribution in annual grassland.

The harvester antVeromessor andrei Mayr is a major seed predator on annual grassland growing on serpentine soil at Jasper Ridge, N. California. Ants forage intensively during morning and evening sessions in areas surrounding nests. Activity is at its most intense in early summer, coinciding with peak seed release for most annual plant species. Ants show strong preferences for seeds of non-dominant species, notablyMicroseris douglasii (DC.) Sch.-Bip., but preferences alter over the season in response to seed availability. Seeds of the dominant annual species,Lasthenia californica DC ex Lindley are not foraged until later in the summer when seeds of other species are less abundant.Seedling densities and species compositions on ant nests differ markedly from surrounding areas with species relative abundances being similar to those found on gopher mounds. An exclosure experiment in areas adjacent to nests indicated that ants significantly reduced the densities of species with preferred seeds. Ants may therefore significantly affect plant distribution and abundance within the serpentine grassland.
Methods to Reduce CIPS/CILC Risk for the Zero Fuel Failure by 2010 Initiative

In order to support the industry goal of zero fuel failures by 2010 and beyond, established by the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO), this paper describes how the Crud Induced Power Shift (CIPS) and Crud Induced Localized Corrosion (CILC) risk is being addressed by Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. As one of the key fuel failure mechanisms, CIPS/CILC risk assessments are being targeted, and the relationship between the CIPS/CILC mechanisms, fuel reliability, and plant operating conditions will be discussed. Plant and experimental data will be presented to show the current state of CIPS/CILC risk assessments for Westinghouse fuel. Finally, suggestions and other initiatives that specifically target reducing CIPS/CILC risk will be described for Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) supported by test and/or analysis results.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Social Issues and Management: Our Lost Cause Found

The Academy of Management (AOM) was founded to help meet society’s social and economic objectives and in so doing, serve the public interest. However, scholarship in our field has pursued society’s economic objectives much more than it has its social ones. Surveying the supply and demand for all of the empirical research published by the AOM between 1958 and 2000 and all of the research published between 1972 and 2001 that attempts to link a firm’s social and economic performance, we provide evidence for this claim. We then propose reasons for why this research imbalance exists and conclude by foreshadowing a research agenda that honors our field’s historic social values.
The nuclear transport machinery as a regulator of Drosophila development

The developmental processes that give rise to the animal body plan are exceedingly complex. Model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster have yielded profound insight into roles of conserved genes and genetic pathways in development. Drosophila development begins with the formation of sperm and eggs, and proceeds through several morphologically distinct stages including development of the early embryo, larval instars, formation of pupae, and differentiation of adult tissues. The nuclear transport of proteins and RNAs represents a critical step in the regulation of gene expression during every stage of development and tissue differentiation. Studies of the nuclear transport machinery in Drosophila refute the notion that nuclear transport is strictly a housekeeping process without specific regulatory roles in development. Rather, they support the idea that the basal nuclear transport machinery has adapted during the evolution of the metazoan body plan to play important regulatory roles in key developmental events.
Investigative journalism and the moral order

In this essay, we examine the cultural consequences of a press that seeks to be both a detached observer of fact and a “custodian of conscience.” Drawing upon interviews with distinguished investigative journalists, we examine the diverse ways that these reporters have found to work within, but never resolve, the tension between objectivity and adversarialism. We also examine the particular contribution of investigative journalists to moral order within their communities (i.e., the “objectification” of standards by which the public can make moral judgments). In conclusion, we argue that this sort of journalism may oversee the reinforcement and relegitimation of enduring or dominant moral values but that it may also preside over the definition and development as well as the debasement and dissolution of those values.
Molecular imaging with contrast enhanced ultrasound

Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging techniques are well-established for studying cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. Over the past decade contrast enhanced imaging techniques have been developed that are also able to characterize the molecular constituents of cardiovascular disease. In this regard, microbubble- and ultrasound-based techniques have the ability to assess a broad range of molecular components of cardiovascular pathology such as inflammation, recent ischemia, atherosclerosis, acute transplant rejection, angiogenesis, and thrombosis. The advantages of ultrasound- and microbubble-based approach include the ability to assess multiple molecular disease markers without exposure to ionizing radiation or prolonged imaging protocols. This review highlights the development of microbubble-based molecular imaging, describes successful experimental conditions in which they have been studied, and postulates the importance of translating this technique into the clinical practice.
Inhibition of immunoglobulin E-mediated, antigen-induced monkey asthma and skin reactions by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid

The immediate-type, IgE-mediated rhesus monkey model of asthma due to aerosol challenge with ascaris has been developed to the status of an analytic system for agents capable of inhibiting the antigen-induced airway response. Two antigen-challenge systems have been developed. The standard ascaris challenge uses a dose of antigen that will induce an airway response in all reactive animals. In the threshold antigen-challenge system, the threshold dose of antigen that will induce an airway response is determined and is relatively constant for the individual animal. Both of these types of response were inhibited by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA). This action may be through the inhibition of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid and possibly through inhibition of production of slow-reacting substance. ETYA also inhibits cutaneous immediate-type reactivity to ascaris antigen in a dose-response relationship. This may be the result of inhibition of mast cell histamine release or the inhibition of production of other vasoactive mediators. An alternative explanation for the action of ETYA in the airway and skin responses is that ETYA may act as an end-organ antagonist to released bioactive mediators. ETYA is the first agent, other than beta agonists or cromolyn, that we have been able to demonstrate as clearly having an inhibitory action on the rhesus monkey model of asthma.
Effect of surroundings on the transient energy transfer in a layer of radiating gas

An analysis is presented for the transient cooling or heating of a stagnant layer of hot radiating gas surrounded by a cold gas capable of absorbing and emitting radiation. Scattering of radiation is neglected, and energy transfer by conduction and convection is considered to be negligible compared with radiation. The gas is assumed to be perfect and in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The heating of a cold gas by a diffuse and a collimated radiation flux incident on the boundary of the gas from some external source is considered, and the dependence of physical and radiative properties on temperature is taken into account. The problem is formulated exactly using radiative transfer theory. A scheme is developed for the numerical solution of the nonlinear integrodifferential equations of energy conservation. Starting with arbitrary, but given, initial temperature profiles, temperature distributions and local radiative fluxes are predicted as a function of time for a wide range of physically interesting conditions.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN A VERY HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD

An external magnetic field does not destroy superconductivity. As the field increases, the diamagnetic pair breaking is eliminated and the Abrikosov flux lattice crosses over into a new quantum limit, characterized by a transition temperature that is an increasing function of the field, the virtual absence of the Meissner effect, and a supercurrent flow along the field direction. The transition temperature remains finite in an arbitrarily strong external field as long as both spin states are present. Such a superconducting state in a very high magnetic field can occur irrespective of the nature of the ground state at low fields. We study various properties of this new state and discuss the relevance of our results for experimental work in high magnetic fields.
Functional Consequences of Sarcopenia and Dynapenia in the Elderly

Purpose of review The economic burden due to the sequela of sarcopenia (muscle wasting in the elderly) are staggering and rank similarly to the costs associated with osteoporotic fractures. In this article we discuss the societal burden and determinants of the loss of physical function with advancing age, the physiologic mechanisms underlying dynapenia (muscle weakness in the elderly), and provide perspectives on related critical issues to be addressed.
Design of tripeptide modeled inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme: Studies on the role of the N-terminal acylamino group

Abstract Several series of tripeptide modeled angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been reported which contain an N-terminal acylamino substituent as an essential structural component for conservation of biological activity. The results of a study aimed at defining the role served by this group in enzyme/inhibitor binding by examining the consequences of systematic chemical modifications are described. The benzamido N atom is shown to play a critical function in enzyme binding of ketomethylene ACE inhibitors. Evidence is also presented to implicate the benzamido carbonyl and phenyl ring in productive enzyme binding interactions.
Gravitational, Electromagnetic, and Nuclear Theory

Through an examination of neutron lifetimes we shall propose a new theory of gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear fields. The fundamental assumption of our theory is that the motion of a particle in a combination of gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear fields is determined from a variational principle of the form δ ∫ A B dτ=0. The form of the physical time is determined from an examination of classical equations of motion. The field equations are determined from an examination of Maxwell-Einstein theory and Yukawa theory. Utilizing the standard elementary model of the deuteron, the theory predicts that at a proton-neutron separationr ∼ 10−13 cm the neutron lifetime is infinite and that nucleons have a repulsive core. These predictions have been experimentally verified.
Analysis of Substrate-Binding Elements in OxlT, the Oxalate:Formate Antiporter of Oxalobacter formigenes

An OxlT homology model suggests R272 and K355 in transmembrane helices 8 and 11, respectively, are critical to OxlT-mediated transport. We offer positive evidence supporting this idea by studying OxlT function after cysteine residues were separately introduced at these positions. Without further treatment, both mutant proteins had a null phenotype when they were reconstituted into proteoliposomes. By contrast, significant recovery of function occurred when proteoliposomes were treated with MTSEA (methanethiosulfonate ethylamine), a thiol-specific reagent that implants a positively charged amino group. In each case, there was a 2-fold increase in the Michaelis constant (K(M)) for oxalate self-exchange (from 80 to 160 microM), along with a 5-fold (K355C) or 100-fold (R272C) reduction in V(max) compared to that of the cysteine-less parental protein. Analysis by MALDI-TOF confirmed that MTSEA introduced the desired modification. We also examined substrate selectivity for the treated derivatives. While oxalate remained the preferred substrate, there was a shift in preference among other substrates so that the normal rank order (oxalate > malonate > formate) was altered to favor smaller substrates (oxalate > formate > malonate). This shift is consistent with the idea that the substrate-binding site is reduced in size via introduction of the SCH(2)CH(2)NH(3)(+) adduct, which generates a side chain that is approximately 1.85 A longer than that of lysine or arginine. These findings lead us to conclude that R272 and K355 are essential components of the OxlT substrate-binding site.
Lymphocytic Mastitis and Diabetic Mastopathy: A Molecular, Immunophenotypic, and Clinicopathologic Evaluation of 11 Cases

Lymphocytic mastitis and diabetic mastopathy are uncommon fibroinflammatory breast diseases. The lesions seen in these entities are unique in that the associated lymphoid infiltrates are composed of predominantly B cells. In addition, B-cell lymphoepithelial lesions, a finding commonly associated with extranodal marginal zone B-cell/mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas, are also often present in lymphocytic mastitis and diabetic mastopathy. Although the clinical and immunomorphologic features are well characterized, the clonality of the B-cell infiltrate and the lymphomatous potential of lymphocytic mastitis and diabetic mastopathy have not been emphasized in the literature. We evaluated 11 cases of lymphocytic mastitis/diabetic mastopathy for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement and correlated the findings with all available clinical data. A longstanding history of Type I diabetes mellitus was present in seven patients. One nondiabetic patient had Sjogren's syndrome, and two patients had no history of diabetes mellitus or other autoimmune disease. Clinical data were unavailable for one patient. B-cell-predominant lymphoid infiltrates were seen in all cases, and B-cell lymphoepithelial lesions were found in five. No evidence of a B-cell clone was found in any of the 11 cases by appropriately controlled immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement studies, and none of the patients developed lymphoma during follow-up intervals ranging from 2-126 months. These findings suggest that despite the presence of B-cell-predominant lymphoid infiltrates and lymphoepithelial lesions, lymphocytic mastitis and diabetic mastopathy do not appear to be associated with an increased risk for lymphoma.