cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood‐cell changes during experimental nutritional deficiency anemia and recovery in the newt, Triturus viridescens, with special reference to the erythrocytes

A batch of fifty newts was subjected to complete food deprivation for a period of 4 months. During the experiment twenty-two individuals died and twenty-eight were killed at intervals. From the end of the second month the erythrocytes began to show in increasingly greater numbers a progressive alteration in the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The nucleus of these atypical erythrocytes gradually enlarged and ultimately occupied the entire cytosome. Meanwhile the nuclear reticulum became extremely fine and closely meshed, eventually appearing practically homogeneous and relatively chromophobic. The end result was complete dissolution. The leukocytes became greatly reduced in number, the eosinophils disappearing completely. The neutrophils and basophils were agranular in the blood smears. The erythrocyte transformations represent late results of a chain of factors: cytoplasmic hypotonicity, nuclear endosmosis, attenuation and fenestration of nuclear membrane. The subcapsular lymphogranulocytopoietic tissue of the liver had almost completely disappeared. The spleen was greatly reduced in size; it was essentially lymphoid in character and erythrocytopoietic activity had ceased practically completely. Complete restoration of normal conditions in blood, liver and spleen was effected by the end of 2 weeks by feeding with earthworms. The regenerating blood showed many naked nuclei of disintegrating atypical erythrocytes, many immature erythrocytes in mitosis, increased number of small lymphocytes (lymphoid hemoblasts), large but variable numbers of microcytes, many giant thrombocytes and normal granulocytes.
The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in the new era of immunosuppression.

Despite significant improvements in renal transplantation (RTX), certain basic issues remain unresolved such as the routine use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP). To address the need for PAP, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 349 consecutive RTX patients who did not receive any PAP except for Bactrim. Of the 349 transplant recipients, 77% received induction therapy with low-dose rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) and the others were treated with basiliximab. All patients received triple immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisone. Seven patients (2%) developed wound infections. Wound infections were more common in obese and older patients. All wound infections were superficial and responded well to wound drainage and outpatient antibiotic therapy. Six patients (1.7%) experienced a urinary tract infection (UTI) within the first postoperative month. UTIs were more common in the patient with ureteral stent compared to nonstented patients (11.4% vs 0.3%, P < .001). No patient or graft was lost due to perioperative bacterial infections (PBI). Our study shows that despite many predisposing factors, PBI are rare following RTX even in the absence of PAP. Therefore, in order to avoid emergence of multiantibiotic-resistant pathogens, excessive costs, and antibiotic-related adverse events, we suggest that PAP should be used only in selected circumstances such as in recipients older than 60 or when the body mass index is greater than 35.
Towards an HIV-1 cure: measuring the latent reservoir

The latent reservoir (LR) of HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells serves as a major barrier to curing HIV-1 infection. While many PCR- and culture-based assays have been used to measure the size of the LR, correlation between results of different assays is poor and recent studies indicate that no available assay provides an accurate measurement of reservoir size. The discrepancies between assays are a hurdle to clinical trials that aim to measure the efficacy of HIV-1 eradication strategies. Here we describe the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to measuring the LR.
The Relationship Between a Seventh-Grade Pupil's Academic Self-Concept and Achievement in Mathematics.

In the 1965 publication entitled Analysis of Research in the Teaching of Mathematics (Brown & Abel, 1965), a list is presented of some crucial problems in mathematics education. These problems were identified by asking researchers to list one or two important questions still unanswered. One of the areas identified dealt with the relationship between student attitudes, or self-concept, and mathematics achievement.
Cross polarization from laser-polarized solid xenon to 13CO2 by low-field thermal mixing

Abstract The first observation of nuclear spin polarization enhancement in a molecular species by coupling to laser-polarized xenon is reported. The spins of 13 CO 2 were cooled by inclusion into the xenon solid followed by thermal mixing in magnetic fields comparable to the heteronuclear dipolar interactions. High-field NMR detection yielded enhancement factors of up to 200. Moreover, a change in the sense of the helicity of the optical pumping light results in a sign reversal of the spin temperature and hence an inversion of the 13 C NMR signal.
Studies on the structure of reovirus cores: Selective removal of polypeptide λ2

Abstract Exposure of reovirus cores, or reovirus top component cores, to pH 11.8 at 4° removed nearly all of polypeptide λ2. This effect occurred only within a narrow pH range: exposure to pH 11.4 resulted in less than 50% removal of λ2, and exposure to pH 12.4 completely destroyed the cores. Exposure to pH 11.8 at 4° also removed the 12 spikes that are present on the surface of cores, and reduced transcriptase activity by more than 90%. Iodination studies demonstrated that λ1 was the more accessible of the two major polypeptides which remained in cores after alkali treatment.
Abstract P5-01-06: Remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment via intratumoral administration of immunomodulatory agents

Background: Immune dysregulation has been implicated in the poor outcomes associated with high grade and/or triple negative (Tneg) breast cancers. This suggests that a multi-modal approach to stimulating the immune system could be an effective therapeutic strategy for Tneg breast cancer. However, many immunotherapeutic agents demonstrate significant toxicities when administered systemically at high doses. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of local, intratumoral administration of immunomodulators in a mouse model of Tneg breast cancer. Methods: 4T1, an aggressive, Tneg mammary carcinoma, was implanted orthotopically into syngeneic BALB/c mice. Treatment was initiated when tumors were 0.5-1.0 cm in the largest dimension. We examined various combinations of Toll-like receptor agonists (CpG oligonucleotide [TLR9] and imiquimod [TLR7]) with immunomodulatory antibodies (anti-CD40, anti-CTLA-4, anti-OX40). These agents were administered intratumorally (i.t.), either in PBS or formulated in an in situ depot forming drug delivery system. Growth of the injected tumors was monitored over time. In some experiments, tumors and spleens were harvested 3-10 days post therapy and analyzed for the presence of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, immunoregulatory T cells (Treg), and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). To test whether local immunotherapy generates a systemic antitumor immune response, 4T1 tumors were implanted at 2 sites on opposite sides of the mice, with one (left) used as the site of in situ immunomodulation (i.t. injections) and the other (right) observed to assess the systemic antitumor immune response. Results: Intratumoral administration of various combinations of immunomodulators resulted in complete regression of the injected tumor. These regressions were associated with a reduction in the number of MDSCs in the tumor as well as activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, local immunotherapy generated a systemic antitumor immune response that inhibited tumors growing at a distant site. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment via intratumoral administration of immunomodulatory agents elicits antitumor immunity that eradicates tumor cells locally as well as systemically at distant sites. The prospect of delivering immunotherapeutics only where it matters most, namely within the tumor microenvironment, is extremely attractive as this would likely be substantially less toxic and more specific than many of the current cancer treatments. Ongoing studies include identifying companion diagnostics that can indicate which patients would benefit most from such an immunotherapeutic approach. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-01-06.
Elusive Societies: A Regional‐Cartographical Approach to the Study of Human Relatedness

Despite a common propensity to conceptualize the social world as a jigsaw puzzle comprised of nonoverlapping pieces labeled “societies,’the geography of human relatedness defies all attempts at representation in such terms. Social relations may indeed be divided into geographically framed units by any number of criteria, and many of the resulting entities have at one time or another been designated as the primary foci of human interaction. Yet mapping such different aspects of human relatedness as cultural affiliation, social structure, political organization, and linguistic commonality often yields wildly noncongruent boundaries. This paper explores some of the dominant ways in which geographers and anthropologists have attempted to come to terms with the complex spatial patterning of human social life. Its purpose is twofold: first, to extract elements from both disciplines that may be used to construct a new geographical model of human relatedness, and second, to criticize developments in both fields that have hampered our understanding of the geographical dimension of human groupings. A brief empirical discussion, focusing on the Cordillera of northern Luzon in the Philippines, highlights the complexities that must be accommodated by any reformulated conception. The ultimate argument presented is that human relatedness must be apprehended by joining the social insights of the recently forwarded “new regional geography’ with the explicit concern for mapping detailed spatial structures that characterized earlier approaches.
Pattern Reversal Visual-evoked Response as a Prognostic Indicator in Macular Gliosis

We recorded the preoperative pattern reversal visual-evoked responses in 16 subjects (16 eyes) with macular gliosis who underwent membrane-peeling operations. A postoperative visual improvement of one octave or more was observed in 11 of 16 eyes (68.8%). Preoperatively, ten eyes had peak amplitudes greater than or equal to 2 μV, all 11 eyes had either lowpass or bandpass curve shapes, and ten eyes had recordable responses to 20- or 10-minutes of an arc check sizes. Each of the three preoperative criteria was significantly associated with a postoperative visual improvement of one octave or more (P = .01, .02, and .02, respectively). These results demonstrate that the preoperative pattern reversal visual-evoked response can objectively assess the function of the underlying macula in patients with macular gliosis and, consequently, is helpful in determining which patient would most likely benefit from a membrane-peeling operation.
Comparison of chemically dependent and nondependent nurses on familial, personal and professional characteristics

The characteristics associated with professional impairment due to chemical dependency in nurses are examined. A sample of 139 recovering chemically dependent nurses was compared with a random sample of 384 registered nurses not identified as chemically dependent on familial, personal and professional characteristics. Respondents completed an extensive mailed questionnaire requesting information on demographic variables, family history (past and present), education, employment, medical history, lifestyle characteristics and alcohol- and drug-related behaviors. Significant differences between the two groups were found in gender, familial alcoholism and depression, sexual trauma and functioning, sexual preference, parenthood status, marital history, physical health, depressive illness and alcoholism in spouse. No differences were found in sibling rank, basic nursing education, nursing school class rank, highest educational degree held, academic achievement and length of nursing experience. Recommendations f...
Progress in developing a thermal dosimetry

While hyperthermia (HT) has potential for increasing the effectiveness of radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy in cancer treatment, demonstration of efficacy has been impeded by lack of a thermal dosimetry. Recent results using a frequency distribution of temperature model in a thermal isoeffective dose formula yield thermal dose-effect relationships that support the further testing of this model as a basis for a thermal dosimetry.
STUDIES ON THE MUCOLIPIDS AND THE CEREBROSIDES OF CHICKEN BRAIN DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

Abstract The formation of mucolipids, cerebrosides, and other brain constituents has been examined in the developing chick embryo. Mucolipids were isolated from adult chicken brain and a corresponding fraction from 10 developmental stages (starting at 4.5 days) of the chick-embryo brain. These fractions are compared with regard to amount per cell, composition, and several physical properties. Included in the discussion are the relationship between mucolipid formation and cerebroside formation, the presence of “pre-myelin” cerebrosides, the unusual composition of the hyperphasic fractions of the early stages, and the limitations of a chemical inventory in growing and differentiating tissue.
Spline collocation method for solving parabolic PDE's with initial discontinuities: Application to mixing with chemical reaction

Abstract A spline collocation method is used to numerically evaluate solutions to nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations where steep gradients characterize the solution profile. A general algorithm is developed that can handle the division of the problem domain into a number of subregions (finite elements) over each of which the solution is found by an orthogonal collocation technique and connected by weak spline conditions. Our method is illustrated by application to a mixing-disguised competitive-consecutive chemical reaction (Ott and Rys, 1975) and is found to be a much more efficient computational technique relative to the previously used methods.
Strengthened, biaxially textured Ni substrate with small alloying additions for coated conductor applications

Abstract Fabrication of a biaxially textured, strengthened Ni substrate with small alloying additions of W and Fe is reported. The substrates have significantly improved mechanical properties compared to 99.99% Ni and surface characteristics which are similar to that of 99.99% Ni substrates. High quality oxide buffer layers can be deposited on these substrates without the need for any additional surface modification steps. Grain boundary misorientation distributions obtained from the substrate show a predominant fraction of low-angle grain boundaries. A high critical current density, J c , of 1.9 MA/cm 2 at 77 K, self-field is demonstrated on this substrate using a multilayer configuration of YBCO/CeO 2 /YSZ/Y 2 O 3 / Ni–3at.%W–1.7at.%Fe. This translates to a I c /width of 59 A/cm at 77 K and self-field. J c at 0.5 T is reduced by only 21% indicating strongly-linked grain boundaries in the YBCO film on this substrate.
Compressive pushbroom and whiskbroom sensing for hyperspectral remote-sensing imaging

Most existing architectures for the compressive acquisition of hyperspectral imagery — which perform dimensionality reduction simultaneously with image acquisition — have focused on framing designs which require the entire spatial extent of the image be available at once to the sensor. On the other hand, hyperspectral imagery in remote-sensing applications is frequently acquired with a pushbroom or whiskbroom sensing paradigm which — incorporating line-based or pixel-based scanning, respectively — exploits the motion inherent in an airborne or satellite-borne sensing platform to acquire the image. Such pushbroom and whiskbroom sensing architectures are proposed for the compressive acquisition of hyperspectral imagery. Additionally, the necessity of employing multiple sensor arrays in order to sense a broad spectrum, including the infrared regime, is considered.
Transient Photoconductivity of a-Si:H at Low Temperatures Induced by Bandgap Light

The rise and decay of the photoconductivity {sigma}{sub p} of intrinsic and strongly p-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) samples was studied as a function of photocarrier generation rate G between 4.2K and 300K. In intrinsic samples the temperature regime T 80K where thermal re-excitation of photocarriers is possible. For the p-type sample the temperature dividing the two regimes is near 170K. In intrinsic samples the rise of {sigma}{sub p} is faster when residual photocarriers exist from previous light exposures than when the samples are in the electronic dark equilibrium. This indicates that geminate recombination decreases with increasing photocarrier concentration. In the p-type sample the authors observe an up to 20% overshoot in the rise of {sigma}{sub p} before {sigma}{sub p} settles down to its steady state value. This overshoot increases with G. The authors interpret the overshoot as an interplay of two recombination channels with different time scales.
Verse Analysis and the Nature of Creole Discourse: Universals and Substrata

This research applies Verse Analysis to the study of creole languages seeking evidence to support the two principal theories: universalist and sub-stratist theories. Evidence is presented from Hawaii Creole English (HCE), Guyanese Creole, and Japanese. HCE manifests in discourse a possibly universal feature of patterning (i.e., hierarchical grammatico-semantic recurrence), which is shared by Guyanese Creole as well as Chinook Jargon and quite a few Native American languages. On the other hand, HCE also shows an idiosyncratic phenomenon of numbering (i.e., doublets, triplets, quadruplets, etc., in lines and verses), which appears to have been linguistically transferred from Japanese as a substratum. Linguistic data, sociohistorical facts, and a scenario of substratum transfer are presented. This research reinforces a hypothesis that both internal innate properties and external substratal factors need to be taken into account to explain the origin of creole discourse grammar.
Fluorescence enhancement by chelation of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions in sol gels

Chelation of rare-earth (RE) ions is investigated as a means of enhancing the optical properties of RE-doped silica sol-gels. Two chelating agents-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) and 3-pyridinepropionic acid (PPA) and two different synthesis techniques are studied. Eu(PDC) gels exhibit intense 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 fluorescence in the red under UV excitation and long fluorescence lifetimes compared to Eu(PPA) gels and to gels without a chelating agent. This behavior indicates that the PDC molecule remains associated with the Eu after incorporation into the gel. Similar behavior is seen for 5 D 4 → 7 F 5 green fluorescence in Tb(PDC).
Children with chronic illness

Abstract Chronic illness is common in children. Approximately 1 child in 10 in the United States has a chronic health condition that requires frequent medical intervention and/or limits his or her activities daily most of the time. Chronic illness can have a significant impact on the child's development, growth, academic achievement, and social and psychological function. Children with chronic physical illness are at increased risk for mental illness. Family members experience psychological, social, and financial stress when a child has a chronic health condition. The child with multiple handicaps brings special challenges to families and health care professionals. Children with chronic conditions are best served when the professionals involved in their care work together.
Mechanical design and design processes for the Telescope Optical Assembly of the Optical Communications Demonstrator

A mechanical design has been developed for the Telescope Optical Assembly (TOA) of the Optical Communications Demonstrator (OCD). The TOA is the portion of the OCD instrument that integrates all the optical elements of the system with the exception of the Laser Transmitter Assembly (LXA) which is fiber coupled to the TOA. The TOA structure is composed primarily of aluminum components with some use of steel and invar. The assembly is contained within a 16 cm MUL 20 cm X 33 cm envelope and has an estimated mass of 5.5 kg. The mechanical design was developed using Computervision's CADDS 5 computer aided design software. Code V optical design data was used as a primary input and was efficiently and accurately transferred form the optical designer to the mechanical designer through the use of IGES files. In addition to enabling rapid transfer of the initial optical design as well as subsequent optical design refinements, the IGES transfer process was also used to expedite preliminary thermal and dynamic analyses.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Human factors and safe patient care.

Aims This paper aims to introduce the topic of human factors to nursing management and to identify areas where it can be applied to patient safety. Background Human factors is a discipline established in most safety critical industries and uses knowledge about human behaviour in the analysis and design of complex systems, yet it is relatively new to many in healthcare. Evaluation Most safety critical industries have developed tools and techniques to apply human factors to system design, and these have been reviewed together with those resources already available for use in healthcare. Key issues Models of human behaviour such as the nature and patterns of human error, information processing, decision-making and team work have clear applications to healthcare. Human factors focus on a system view of safety, and propose that safety should, where possible, be ‘designed in’. Other interventions such as building defences, mitigating hazards and education and training should only be used where design solutions cannot be found. Conclusions Simple human factors principles such as: designing for standardization; the involvement of users and staff in designing services and procuring equipment; understanding how errors occur; and the workarounds that staff will inevitably take are vital considerations in improving patient safety. Implications for nursing management Opportunities for the application of human factors to healthcare and improved patient safety are discussed. Some existing tools and techniques for applying human factors in nursing management are also presented.
CO2 enrichment and reduced seawater pH had no effect on the embryonic development of Acropora palmata (Anthozoa, Scleractinia).

The effects of decreased pH, caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolution in seawater (known as ocean acidification (OA)), on the development of newly fertilized eggs of the Caribbean reef-building coral, Acropora palmata, was tested in three experiments conducted during the summers of 2008 and 2009 (two repeats). Three levels of CO2 enrichment were used: present day conditions (400 µatm, pH 8.1) and two CO2-enriched conditions (700 µatm, pH 7.9, and 1000 µatm, pH 7.7). No effects on the progression or timing of development, or embryo and larval size, were detected in any of the three experimental runs. The results show that the embryos and larvae of A. palmata are able to develop normally under seawater pH of at least 0.4 pH units lower than the present levels. Acropora palmata larvae do not usually begin to calcify after settlement, so this study only examined the non-calcifying part of the life cycle of this species. Most of the concern about the effects of OA on marine organisms centers on its effect on...
Fibrinolysis induction in vitro by aromatic derivatives.

Abstract It has been reported that the fibrinolytic system of human plasma is activated when certain urea derivatives are dissolved in it. As working hypothesis, hydrotropy was considered as the common denominator of the active compounds. In this paper it is shown that other compounds with strong hydrotropic activity but chemically unrelated to urea, such as 2,4-dimethylbenzene sulfonate, 2-naphthoate, and 2-naphthalene sulfonate, elicit marked fibrinolytic activity in human plasma as tested on preformed plasma standard clots. Studies with heated bovine fibrin plates and casein revealed proteolytic activity in the activated plasma. Fibrinolytic activity increases as the number of methyl groups on the sulfonated benzene ring increases.
SU-E-T-251: Novel Multi-Stage Stereotactic Radiosurgery Technique for Large Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Using the Gammaknife System

Purpose: To develop a multi-stage stereotactic radiosurgery delivery technique for large intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) using the Gammaknife treatment platform. Methods: Eleven patients having large (>15 cm3) cerebral AVMs were selected for this study. AVMs were contoured and divided into 3-8 subtargets with volumes ranging from 3–7 cm3. Each subtarget is to be treated sequentially in 1–4 week intervals between stages. The prescription dose was 16–20 Gy depending on the target volume. Gammaknife plans were retrospectively generated to treat the entire AVM target with a simulated Extend frame system that can reposition patients within a 1mm accuracy. The coordinates of each shot from the initial plan were extracted based on the shot position within the Extend frame system. Shots were then grouped based on their relative position to individual subtarget contours to generate stage-specific plans. The delivery time of each shot of a subtarget was corrected for decay of each stage to generate the same dose distribution as that of the original plan for the entire AVM. Conformality and dose-volume analysis was performed to evaluate the PITV (ratio of prescription isodose volume to target volume), R50 (ratio of 50% isodose volume to target volume), and V12Gy (percentage of brain volume receiving 12Gy or greater). Results: The total accumulated dose for the multi-staged treatments was shown to be equivalent to the initial plan of the entire AVM target. The Gammaknife plans resulted in an average of 95.8%±0.6 PTV coverage with a PITV of 1.06±0.07. The resulting V12Gy and R50 dose spillage values were 4.2%±2.0 and 3.2±0.4, respectively. Conclusion: With the Extend frame, the Gammaknife system can deliver a multi-staged conformal dose to treat large AVMs. Target dose coverage and conformality as well as normal brain toxicity measures were shown to be similar compared to that of a single fraction treatment.
Epidemiology of CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE infection among active duty United States military personnel (1998-2010)

Clostridium difficile associated disease (CDAD) has risen in incidence and the experience in the US military has not been described. We evaluated the U.S. military’s database and identified CDAD cases and demographic characteristics among affected military personnel from 1998 to 2010. 2,423 cases were identified. CDAD incidence was 13.2 cases (95% CI: 12.7-13.7) per 100 K p-yr and increased over study years. CA-CDAD and HA-CDAD incidence was 5.5 (95% CI: 5.2, 5.9) per 100 K p-y and 1.3 (95% CI: 1.2, 1.4) per 1,000 hospitalizations respectively. Females comprised a larger proportion of CA-CDAD than HA-CDAD (25.5% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.001) cases as did Air Force service (29% vs. 23.4%; p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis female gender, Coast Guard or Air Force service, and a married status was associated with CA-CDAD whereas Male gender and Marine Corps service were associated with HA-CDAD cases. CDAD has increased among military personnel, with female cases more likely to be community associated. Gender, marital status and branch of service had the strongest association with CDAD subtype. Further work is needed to evaluate the epidemiologic factors that have led to these increased rates in otherwise low-risk populations and associated sequelae.
Interleukin‐2 transfected prostate cancer cells generate a local antitumor effect in vivo

In an effort to stimulate host-mediated antitumor response against prostate cancer in an animal model, highly malignant Dunning MAT-LyLu rat prostate carcinoma cells were transfected with the interleukin-2 (IL-2) cDNA, resulting in their ability to secrete large amounts of biologically active IL-2. Although parental cells form lethal tumors when injected subcutaneously into syngeneic hosts at doses of ≥5,000, injections of IL-2 secreting cells initially formed tumors and regressed completely in each of over 200 animals at all doses tested (104-8 × 107 cells). Mixtures of parental and IL-2 transfected cells were similarly rejected, demonstrating the non-cell autonomous nature of the response. Histological analysis of regressing tumors revealed a vigorous, predominantly lymphocytic and macrophage infiltrate at day 2 and marked tumor necrosis by day 6. Immunohistochemical staining of infiltrating lymphocytes at this latter time point demonstrated numerous T cells bearing either CD4 or CD8 surface markers, suggesting these cells as possibly mediating the tumor rejection. The ability of athymic mice to reject the IL-2 secreting tumor cells, however, suggests a non-T-cell-mediated mechanism. Although splenic natural killer (NK) activity is increased following injection of IL2 secreting tumor cells, this activity appears to be unnecessary for tumor elimination since syngeneic animals injected with asialo-GM1 antiserum to decrease NK activity also rejected IL-2 transfected cells, albeit slightly less effectively than untreated animals. Immunization of animals with subcutaneous injections of IL-2 transfected cells protected animals against a subsequent challenge of 104 wild-type cells 1 to 2 weeks later in 19 of 51 cases; however, immunization did not confer protection against larger doses of parental tumor. These studies indicate that high local concentrations of IL-2 stimulate the elimination of large local burdens of prostate cancer in this model system, and this elimination results in a weak, but detectable systemic immune response against wild-type prostate cancer cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Liquid helium pumps for in-orbit transfer

Both mechanical and fountain-effect pumps are being considered for use in the in-orbit resupply of superfluid helium to a number of scientific instrument systems. This paper presents a review of the operating characteristics of these pumps. Particular emphasis will be given to the different methods of evaluating the efficiency of these pumps and their effectiveness in a transfer system.
FED up with fat tubes

Field emission displays (FED) offer the best and brightest of two display worlds: the bright picture of bulky cathode-ray tube devices and the trim flat-panel picture of liquid-crystal displays. The similarities and differences between FED and CRT are briefly mentioned. The principles of FED operation, and the fabrication of the emitter array and anode, are described.
Weight Loss and Oxidation Behavior of Structural Bodies During Firing

A thorough study of the factors which affect the firing behavior of structural clay materials is reported. The twenty materials which were investigated for length-change behavior previously (J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 34 [12] 361–65 (1951)) were studied for oxidation behavior. The methods of investigation which were used on these materials included differential thermal analyses, oxidation-rate determinations, and length-change determinations. The technique employed in securing the data, as well as a discussion of the results, is given. Particular emphasis is placed on the manner in which the information was used to draft firing schedules. Changes in fuel and time are cited. It was found that the carbon oxidation rate is influenced considerably by temperature; some types oxidize rapidly at 1000°F.; others oxidize slowly at 1000°F. and rapidly at 1400°F.
Monocular tracking of the human arm in 3D: real-time implementation and experiments

We have developed a system capable of tracking a human arm in 3D and in real time. The system is based on a previously developed algorithm for 3D tracking which requires only a monocular view and no special markers on the body. In this paper we describe our real-time system and the insights gained from real-time experimentation.
Dressed for success? The NBA's dress code, the workings of whiteness and corporate culture

This paper explores the constitutive power relations and representational politics produced through the advent of a dress-code policy instituted by the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 2005. Using the methodology of contextual cultural studies this analysis suggests that far from a simple policy that requires a particular style of dress, narratives and practices surrounding the policy are embedded in an economic rationale frequently embraced in corporate cultures that also reproduce whiteness. In recontextualizing the dress code this paper maps out and makes visible the complex processes which both venerate and demonize the athleticism and entertainment value of the league's black masculine bodies, and simultaneously deny the salience of political, social and economic processes that produce discourses of a commercialized white normativity. The ultimate aim of this analysis is to generate broader public pedagogical interest in these contexts in order to promote new understandings of the dress code ...
Potential Associations between Severity of Infection and the Presence of Virulence-Associated Genes in Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Background The clinical spectrum of Staphylococcus aureus infection ranges from asymptomatic nasal carriage to osteomyelitis, infective endocarditis (IE) and death. In this study, we evaluate potential association between the presence of specific genes in a collection of prospectively characterized S. aureus clinical isolates and clinical outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings Two hundred thirty-nine S. aureus isolates (121 methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] and 118 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA]) were screened by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to identify genes implicated in complicated infections. After adjustment for multiple tests, 226 genes were significantly associated with severity of infection. Of these 226 genes, 185 were not in the SCCmec element. Within the 185 non-SCCmec genes, 171 were less common and 14 more common in the complicated infection group. Among the 41 genes in the SCCmec element, 37 were more common and 4 were less common in the complicated group. A total of 51 of the 2014 sequences evaluated, 14 non-SCCmec and 37 SCCmec, were identified as genes of interest. Conclusions/Significance Of the 171 genes less common in complicated infections, 152 are of unknown function and may contribute to attenuation of virulence. The 14 non-SCCmec genes more common in complicated infections include bacteriophage-encoded genes such as regulatory factors and autolysins with potential roles in tissue adhesion or biofilm formation.
Infection experiments with Aphanomyces invadans in four species of estuarine fish

Along the eastern seaboard of the US, Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, develop characteristic ulcerative lesions, a condition termed ulcerative mycosis. These lesions are identical to those seen across Asia in fish affected by epizootic ulcerative syndrome, a condition caused by the fungus-like oomycete Aphanomyces invadans. Young-of-the-year menhaden inhabiting estuarine environments are the primary species affected in the USA and little is known about the factors involved in the initiation of the lesions, or why menhaden are predominantly infected. Atlantic menhaden, hogchoker, Trinectus maculatus, striped killifish, Fundulus majalis, and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, were inoculated with A. invadans (80 zoospores per fish) to explore species differences in infection and lesion development. All four species developed lesions. Killifish developed frank lesions similar to those observed in menhaden but the gross lesions occurred later, approximately 5‐10 days after those on menhaden. Hogchoker and mummichog did not develop gross skin ulcers; rather, their lesions appeared as reddened areas under the epidermis. Mummichogs also showed evidence of significant healing with a welldeveloped granuloma and significant myocyte regeneration. These experiments show that species barriers as well as ecological barriers can explain some of the factors involved in the development of lesions in, and specificity of the water mould for, menhaden.
Parallel Processing in Optimal Structural Design Using Simulated Annealing

The need to reliably solve large structural design optimization problems in a reasonable time frame naturally leads to the investigation of the scope of parallel processing in optimization. Parallel optimization may be approached in two general ways. First, the analysis could be the target of parallel processing specially if it is significantly large compared with the overall computation. The second approach is the parallel implementation of the optimization algorithm, which can then be easily adapted for solving any appropriately formulated optimization problem. In this work the basics of parallel computer architectures and some popular parallelization strategies are described. Simulated annealing (SA), a stochastic, discrete optimization technique, is chosen for its global capability, robustness, and suitability for parallel processing. The concept of "shakeup" in SA, which simulates re-annealing, is introduced. The beneficial effects of shakeup for escaping local optima is demonstrated by solving a two-dimensional multimodal optimization problem. A pin-jointed 10-storied multibay plane truss structure is considered as an example optimization problem and has been solved using both serial as well as parallel versions of the S A algorithm. The parallel result, achieved with a relatively small parallel configuration of the computer, indicates that very large structural designs can be optimized in much shorter times along with high probability of achieving global solutions even on moderately sized parallel computers.
Role of parenteral nutrition in preventing malnutrition and decreasing bacterial translocation to liver in obstructive jaundice

Surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice is associated with significant infectious complications probably due to impaired immune function and malnutrition. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may alleviate malnutrition but may also promote bacterial translocation (BT) from the gut. To elucidate if TPN can prevent malnutrition without promotion of BT in obstructive jaundice, 40 dogs underwent laparotomy for tissue sampling and placement of a central venous line and were allocated into one of four groups: I (PO-control) received dog chow and water ad libitum; II (PO-CBDL) underwent ligation of common bile duct (CBDL) and was fed dog chow; III (TPN-control) received TPN; and IV (TPN-CBDL) underwent CBDL and received TPN. Body weight, blood samples for liver function tests and bacterial culture, and tissues from liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) for quantitative bacterial culture and for histology were obtained prior to and 2 weeks after the experiment. The incidence of BT to MLN was 40% in the PO-CBDL and TPN-CBDL animals, which was significantly different from the other two groups (0%; p < 0.05). The incidence of BT to liver was 70% (7/10) in the PO-CBDL animals, which was significantly higher than that in groups I, III, and IV (0%, 20%, 20%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The PO-CBDL animals showed a significant decrease in body weight and prealbumin compatible with malnutrition, whereas the TPN-CBDL animals showed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and a consistent cholestasis on histology. The data suggest that TPN can prevent jaundice-associated malnutrition and decrease BT to liver but should be administered cautiously because it may precipitate cholestasis.
From Geschlechtscharakter To Geschlecht Und Charakter: The "Nature" Of "Woman" Debate In Sacher-Masoch's "Venus In Furs"

This article investigates Venus in Furs as Sacher-Masoch's attempt to partake in an urgent and sometimes virulent social discussion centered on the question of the “nature” and role of “woman.” The representation of that discussion in Venus in Furs is of special interest because it delineates a moment of discursive change. In an elaborate set of stagings, the novel shows the transition from the idealist late-eighteenth century gender polarizations to the late nineteenth-century biologist redefinitions of those polarizations.
In-service behavior of creep strength enhanced ferritic steels Grade 91 and Grade 92 – Part 1 parent metal

Abstract In creep strength enhanced ferritic steels, such as Grade 91 and Grade 92, control of both composition and heat treatment of the parent steel is necessary to avoid producing components which have creep strength below the minimum expected by applicable ASME and other International Codes. These efforts are required to ensure that the steel develops a homogeneous fully tempered martensitic microstructure, with the appropriate distribution of precipitates and the required dislocation substructure. In-service creep related problems with Grade 91 steel have been reported associated with factors such as incorrect microstructure and heat treatment, welded connections in headers and piping, dissimilar metal welds as well as the manufacture and performance of castings. Difficulties associated with remediation of in-service damage include challenges over detection and removal of damaged material as well as the selection and qualification of appropriate methodologies for repair. Since repeated heat treatment leads to continued tempering, and a potential degradation of properties, specific procedures for performing and then lifing repair welds are a key aspect of Asset Management. This paper presents a summary of in-service experience with Grade 91 steel and outlines approaches for repair welding.
X-antenna arrays for optical field concentration and enhanced Raman scattering

We design, fabricate and characterize periodic arrays of X-shaped nano-aperture antennas in Ag and Au films. By matching the plasmonic resonance of individual antennas to that of the lattice arrangement, we demonstrate increased optical transmission and field concentration leading to enhanced Raman scattering.
Triplet state geometry of hexachlorobenzene in different hosts at 1.6 °K

Abstract The zero-field parameters of the triplet state of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in HCB x-traps and in hexamethylbenzene (HMB) are determined using PMDR methods. In HCB, D and E are found to be 4.66 (or 6.44) and 0.89 Ghz, respectively. The corresponding values in HMB are found to be 4.621 and 0.045 GHz. These results as well as the difference in the relative band intensities in the phosphorescence spectrum in the two hosts strongly suggest that the geometry of HCB deviates greatly from D 6h symmetry in HCB crystal but only slightly in HMB crystal.
Proton-Induced Dehydrogenation of Defects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

The responses to 1.8 MeV proton irradiation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs grown under Ga-rich and ammonia-rich conditions are investigated in this work. Changes in defect energy distributions of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs during proton irradiation are characterized via temperature-dependent low-frequency noise measurements. Density functional theory calculations show these changes are consistent with the reconfiguration and/or dehydrogenation of oxygen-related defects in Ga-rich devices.
GaN/SiC heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract Heterojunction bipolar transistors made from GaN emitter and SiC base and collector regions are desired for high power, broad bandwidth microwave amplifiers. Their most critical element is the quality of the base-emitter junction. High efficiency emitter injection requires an interface between these lattice-mismatched materials, which does not produce significant leakage current due to defects, in addition to having desirable band-offsets. An important factor in understanding GaN/SiC heterojunction rectification is accounting for spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric effects. Theory is presented which shows that a strained GaN/SiC junction will form a 2D hole gas in the base, while an unstrained junction will form a 2D-electron gas. Extending the critical thickness of GaN grown on SiC using patterned area growth might permit improved interface properties.
Preliminary report on the biocompatibility of a moldable, resorbable, composite bone graft consisting of calcium phosphate cement and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres

Abstract We have assessed the biocompatibility of a new composite bone graft consisting of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (approximate diameter of 0.18–0.36 mm) using cell culture techniques. CPC powder is mixed with PLGA microspheres and water to yield a workable paste that could be sculpted to fit the contours of a wound. The cement then hardens into a matrix of hydroxyapatite microcrystals containing PLGA microspheres. The rationale for this design is that the microspheres will initially stabilize the graft but can then degrade to leave behind macropores for colonization by osteoblasts. The CPC matrix could then be resorbed and replaced with new bone. In the present study, osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) were seeded onto graft specimens and evaluated with fluorescence microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and the Wst-1 assay (an enzymatic assay for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity). Cells were able to adhere, attain a normal morphology, proliferate and remain viable when cultured on the new composite graft (CPC–PLGA) or on a control graft (CPC alone). These results suggest that our new cement consisting of CPC and PLGA microspheres is biocompatible. This is the first time that a `polymer-in-mineral' (PLGA microspheres dispersed in a CPC matrix) cement has been formulated that is moldable, resorbable and that can form macropores after the cement has set.
Heat Capacity of Superfluid (sup 4)He in the Presence of a Heat Current Near T

We present a thermodynamic theory of superfluid helium in the presence of a heat current Q. A thermodynamic relation is derived expressing the heat capacity in terms of ρ_4(W), which describes the depression of the superfluid density with the counterflow velocity W. We find that at constant Q the heat capacity, C_Q, diverges, raising the possibility of a new second order phase transition.
Can angiographically silent coronary atherosclerosis predict mortality after cardiac transplantation

Can angiographically silent coronary atherosclerosis predict mortality after cardiac transplantation?
The South Carolina school incentive reward program: A policy analysis

Abstract South Carolina has been experimenting with a school incentive system since 1984. This article analyses trends in student achievement and student and teacher attendance — outcomes rewarded by the program. It also compares performance and gain score outcomes, evaluates the banding system and examines the distributional consequences of alternative incentive designs. The authors find modest improvements in student achievement and no significant improvements in attendance patterns for students or teachers. Grouping schools into SES bands to compete for incentive awards has important distributional and policy implications. Most importantly, using school gain scores and SES bands together effectively eliminates the impact of SES on the distribution of incentive rewards.