cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acting forces and energy transformation characteristics of anti-collision idler pulley for bridge pier under colliding

To avoid the loss from the direct collision between ships and bridge piers,a new anti-collision device of idler pulley was studied and designed to satisfy the characteristics such as the narrow channel of the Grand Canal.According to the relative ship-birdge collision theories,the acting forces,energy transformation characteristics and main components' collision damages during the colliding course between different types of ships and the new anti-collision device were analyzed and evaluated by 3D numerical simulation.The results indicate that the new device can prolong the collision acting time,protect both the ship and birdge pier and meet the anti-collision requirements for the bridge piers on the Grand Canal,which possesses the advantages such as easy replacing,little occupying area and obvious energy dissipating effect,and can be applied under different water depth,flow velocities and bridge positions.This new device can also provide a reference for the anti-collision design of canal bridges.
Characterization of Marcellus Shale and Huntersville Chert before and after exposure to hydraulic fracturing fluid via feature relocation using field-emission scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Two sets of experimental in situ fluid–rock interaction studies were implemented to understand the interactions between hydraulic fracturing fluid and rocks of the Marcellus Shale gas play. Marcellus Shale and Huntersville Chert core samples were exposed to synthetically prepared fracturing fluid and recycled fracturing fluid from the field, respectively, and examined before and after in situ exposure using surface relocation techniques via high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to investigate chemical or physical alterations. Results indicate that in situ pressure promoted fracture growth along the sedimentological (horizontal) bedding plane of the Marcellus Shale samples. Moreover, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution was observed and gypsum (CaSO4 ∗ 2H2O) appeared to precipitate both on the surface and in the numerous fractures. Barite (BaSO4), strontianite (SrCO3), celestine (SrSO4), and apatite (CaPO4) formed a unique pattern of precipitates on the surface of the Huntersville Chert samples. Additionally, Rhenium and rare earth element (REE) Europium were identified in minerals which precipitated on the Huntersville Chert surface identified by FE-SEM spectral analysis.
Using Information-Processing Principles in Public Policymaking

Effective consumer disclosure programs require an understanding of information-processing principles. Examples of successful and unsuccessful approaches are described to illustrate “bottlenecks” wh...
A facile cathode design combining Ni-rich layered oxides with Li-rich layered oxides for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract A facile synthesis method has been developed to prepare xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 (x = 0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30) cathode materials, combining the advantages of the high specific capacity of the Ni-rich layered phase and the surface chemical stability of the Li-rich layered phase. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical charge/discharge measurements confirm the formation of a Li-rich layered phase with C2/m symmetry. The high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveals a spatial relationship that the Li-rich nano-domain islands are integrated into the conventional Ni-rich layered matrix ( R 3 ¯ m ). Most importantly, this is the first time that Li-rich phase has been directly observed inside a particle at the nano-scale, when the overall composition of the layered oxide Li1+δNi1−y−z−δMnyMzO2 (M = metal) is Ni-rich (>0.5) rather than Mn-rich (>0.5). Remarkably, the xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 cathodes with optimized x value shows superior electrochemical performance at C/3 rate: an initial capacity of 190 mA h g−1 with 90% capacity retention after 400 cycles in a half cell and 73.5% capacity retention after 900 cycles in a pouch-type full cell.
Use of [11C]PBR28 to localize and quantify tumor associated macrophages in pancreas cancer (TUM6P.1008)

Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) are an important part of the immune microenvironment in pancreas cancer (PC) and are associated with poor prognosis. We investigated the use of a novel radiolabeled small molecule ([11C]PBR28), which binds to the macrophage translocator protein (TSPO), to track TAMs in-vivo. A murine PC line was generated from a KRAS/P53 mutant transgenic mouse. Immunoblotting confirmed lack of endogenous TSPO expression. After subcutaneous implantation, mice were administered [11C]PBR28. After micro-PET imaging, organs and tumors were harvested for autoradiography. Immunoflourescent co-staining of tumors confirmed TAM infiltration with co-expression of F4/80 and TSPO. Following [11C]PBR28 injection, micro-PET successfully localized tumors and autoradiography demonstrated a 3-fold increase in tumor radioactivity compared to background (muscle). To confirm the observed activity was TAM specific, the experiment was repeated in CD11b + diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) transgenic mice. After tumor inoculation, diphtheria toxin (DT) was administered and macrophage depletion confirmed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Autoradiography demonstrated equal tumor uptake relative to background and decreased levels compared to tumors from wild-type mice. We demonstrated a non-invasive method to quantify pancreatic cancer TAM infiltration in-vivo using a novel radiotracer. This could be used prognostically and to determine response to TAM based immunotherapy.
Work-Related musculoskeletal pain among lebanese dentists: An epidemiological study.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and identify their associated factors among a group of Lebanese dentists. Materials and Methods: A total of 314 Lebanese, dentists completed an anonymous questionnaire that focused on occupational health problems. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Lebanon. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for windows. The alpha error was set to 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.2 (±11.66) years. The results showed that 61.5% of the surveyed dentists complained of spinal pain: 31.6% of cervical pain, 22.3% of lumbar pain and 13.0% of dorsal pain. Moreover, the pain was continuous in 20.7% and, occasional in 65.8%. Our statistics showed that 7.6% had a problem with the carpal tunnel. A total of 22.3% suffered from tendinitis and 9.2% from arthritis of shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. The frequency of headaches was 30.6%. Concerning sports activity, 49.7% practiced it occasionally and 3.6% did so frequently. Conclusions: The occurrence of musculoskeletal pain in the upper extremities is a serious concern that affects Lebanese dentists. Most of them often complained of tendinitis and headaches because they do not practice sports; thus, encouraging them to practice sports may reduce or solve such health problems. Issuing brochures that include exercises to perform and hiring trained assistants could help reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Finally, these occupational health problems should be highlighted at all clinical and research symposia to increase awareness.
Synthetic nat- or ent- steroids in as few as five chemical steps from epichlorohydrin

Today, more than 100 Food and Drug Administration-approved steroidal agents are prescribed daily for indications including heart failure, inflammation, pain and cancer. While triumphs in organic chemistry have enabled the establishment and sustained growth of the steroid pharmaceutical industry, the production of highly functionalized synthetic steroids of varying substitution and stereochemistry remains challenging, despite the numerous reports of elegant strategies for their de novo synthesis. Here, we describe an advance in chemical synthesis that has established an enantiospecific means to access novel steroids with unprecedented facility and flexibility through the sequential use of two powerful ring-forming reactions: a modern metallacycle-mediated annulative cross-coupling and a new acid-catalysed vinylcyclopropane rearrangement cascade. In addition to accessing synthetic steroids of either enantiomeric series, these steroidal products have been selectively functionalized within each of the four carbocyclic rings, a synthetic ent-steroid has been prepared on a multigram scale, the enantiomer of a selective oestrogen has been synthesized, and a novel ent-steroid with growth inhibitory properties in three cancer cell lines has been discovered.
Serial Uterine Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Placenta Percreta in the First Trimester: A Case Report.

Two patients with placenta percreta underwent uterine artery embolization (UAE) for abnormally invasive placenta (AIP) in the first trimester. Patient 1 had a 9-week cervical ectopic, while Patient 2 had a 9-week cesarean scar pregnancy. Elective termination of pregnancy was performed in both patients. UAE was performed with tris-acryl gelatin microspheres as well as gelfoam until stasis and was repeated in cases of revascularization. Both patients were followed with US/MRI/MRA scans and β-hCG levels. Revascularization occurred in both patients following UAE, requiring multiple embolizations to achieve complete placental involution. Serial bland UAE may be an effective technique in the treatment of first-trimester AIP, with the distinct advantage of maintaining a patient’s fertility. Level IV
Three Pressures in Porous Media

In a thermodynamic setting for a single phase (usually fluid), the thermodynamically defined pressure, involving the change in energy with respect to volume, is often assumed to be equal to the physically measurable pressure, related to the trace of the stress tensor. This assumption holds under certain conditions such as a small rate of deformation tensor for a fluid. For a two-phase porous medium, an additional thermodynamic pressure has been previously defined for each phase, relating the change in energy with respect to volume fraction. Within the framework of Hybrid Mixture Theory and hence the Coleman and Noll technique of exploiting the entropy inequality, we show how these three macroscopic pressures (the two thermodynamically defined pressures and the pressure relating to the trace of the stress tensor) are related and discuss the physical interpretation of each of them. In the process, we show how one can convert directly between different combinations of independent variables without re-exploiting the entropy inequality. The physical interpretation of these three pressures is investigated by examining four media: a single solid phase, a porous solid saturated with a fluid which has negligible physico-chemical interaction with the solid phase, a swelling porous medium with a non-interacting solid phase, such as well-layered clay, and a swelling porous medium with an interacting solid phase such as swelling polymers.
Computer Networking for Interactive Supercomputing

Supercomputers are now integral parts of scientific research. Resources and researchers are scattered over a wide geographic area. The distances involved are sufficiently large that wide area data network access is and will continue to be absolutely necessary.
Aging populations and rural places: impacts on and innovations in land use planning

Recent demographic trends highlight the increased prevalence of older populations in rural America. The trends result from multiple demographic patterns, such as being ‘left behind’ as younger residents leave rural areas and the migration of older adults drawn to rural areas for amenity or lifestyle considerations. Policies aimed toward keeping older adults in their homes as long as feasible (the ‘aging in place’ movement) means Americans are residents in their communities for longer periods of time but with potential growing needs for assistance. The spatial and institutional organization of rural areas coincides to create significant challenges for an aging population. Rural areas lack many essential services for an older population, particularly health care. Transportation in rural areas is highly automobile-dependent, yet older adults face challenges with driving. Additionally, demographic trends indicate that older adults have fewer family members living near them. This chapter highlights innovations in land use planning and service provision for an aging population, emphasizing housing affordability and availability, multi-modal transportation options, recreational opportunities, and environmental sustainability. The chapter also describes governance issues shown to have success for organizations and land use planning agencies moving toward planning for an aging population.
Dynamic Workflows for Routine Materials Discovery in Surface Science

The rising application of informatics and data science tools for studying inorganic crystals and small molecules has revolutionized approaches to materials discovery and driven the development of accurate machine learning structure/property relationships. We discuss how informatics tools can accelerate research, and we present various combinations of workflows, databases, and surrogate models in the literature. This paradigm has been slower to infiltrate the catalysis community due to larger configuration spaces, difficulty in describing necessary calculations, and thermodynamic/kinetic quantities that require many interdependent calculations. We present our own informatics tool that uses dynamic dependency graphs to share, organize, and schedule calculations to enable new, flexible research workflows in surface science. This approach is illustrated for the large-scale screening of intermetallic surfaces for electrochemical catalyst activity. Similar approaches will be important to bring the benefits of i...
Aesthetic/Cosmetic Surgery and Psychiatry

In this chapter, we discuss psychiatric considerations relevant to the cosmetic surgery patient. Cosmetic (aesthetic) surgery is the discipline of medicine focused on enhancing appearance through medical and surgical techniques. It is practiced by doctors from a variety of medical fields, including plastic surgery, and aims to correct undesirable features of the body by reconstruction. All cosmetic procedures are elective because all the visible organs are functionally intact; therefore, selection process relies on subjective complaints, and patient satisfaction is the main outcome measure. Body dysmorphic disorder has a 7–8% prevalence among US cosmetic surgery patients, making it the most common psychiatric disorder among cosmetic surgery patients, yet it remains under-recognized. Importantly, though, it is closely associated with poor outcomes. Higher prevalence of substance use, particularly tobacco and alcohol use, has been identified in cosmetic surgery candidates. Suicidality in particular is associated with the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder and among breast augmentation patients. Finally, we review the challenges of psychosocial screening unique to this surgical population.
Hereditary Cancer Genetic Panel Testing: A Review of the Literature:

Cancer genetic testing (CGT) is a powerful diagnostic test that improves cancer prevention and early detection among individuals at high genetic risk of cancer. Since the completion of the mapping ...
An assessment of important SPECIATE profiles in the EPA emissions modeling platform and current data gaps.

Abstract The United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s SPECIATE database contains speciated particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions profiles. Emissions profiles from anthropogenic combustion, industry, wildfires, and agricultural sources among others are key inputs for creating chemically-resolved emissions inventories for air quality modeling. While the database and its use for air quality modeling are routinely updated and evaluated, this work sets out to systematically prioritize future improvements and communicate speciation data needs to the research community. We first identify the most prominent profiles (PM and VOC) used in the EPA's 2014 emissions modeling platform based on PM mass and VOC mass and reactivity. It is important to note that the on-road profiles were excluded from this analysis since speciation for these profiles is computed internally in the MOVES model. We then investigate these profiles further for quality and to determine whether they were being appropriately matched to source types while also considering regional variability of speciated pollutants. We then applied a quantitative needs assessment ranking system which rates the profile based on age, appropriateness (i.e. is the profile being used appropriately), prevalence in the EPA modeling platform and the quality of the reference. Our analysis shows that the highest ranked profiles (e.g. profile assignments with the highest priority for updates) include PM2.5 profiles for fires (prescribed, agricultural and wild) and VOC profiles for crude oil storage tanks and residential wood combustion of pine wood. Top ranked profiles may indicate either that there are problems with the currently available source testing or that current mappings of profiles to source categories within EPA's modeling platform need improvement. Through this process, we have identified 29 emissions source categories that would benefit from updated mapping. Many of these mapping mismatches are due to lack of emissions testing for appropriate source categories. In addition, we conclude that new source emissions testing would be especially beneficial for residential wood combustion, nonroad gasoline exhaust and nonroad diesel equipment.
The treatment ideal and detention reality: Demographic, professional/ occupational and organizational influences on detention worker punitiveness

For some time, corrections researchers have focused on the punitive and rehabilitative orientations of correctional officers. Relatively little research attention, however, has been devoted to understanding the support for these orientations among correctional workers responsible for the care and custody of juvenile delinquents. Based on survey data drawn from a sample of detention care workers (DCWs) in two facilities in a Southeastern state (N=109), this paper examines the extent to which, and why, DCWs adopt a punitive orientation to youth in detention despite policies and training that discourage this view. Findings, that contrast the relative impact of demographic, occupational/professional and organizational environment variables in accounting for variation in punishment/control orientation among DCWs, suggest that demographic indicators (i.e., age, gender) and organizational environment contribute disproportionately to explained variance in punitive orientation once other variables are controlled. Implications for detention policy, staff recruitment and training are discussed.
Enhanced pyroelectric properties of Bi1−xLaxFeO3 thin films

There is growing interest in the study of thin-film pyroelectric materials because of their potential for high performance thermal-energy conversion, thermal sensing, and beyond. Electrothermal susceptibilities, such as pyroelectricity, are known to be enhanced in proximity to polar instabilities, and this is conventionally accomplished by positioning the material close to a temperature-driven ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition. The high Curie temperature (TC) for many ferroelectrics, however, limits the utility of these materials at room-temperature. Here, the nature of pyroelectric response in thin films of the widely studied multiferroic Bi1−xLaxFeO3 (x = 0–0.45) is probed. While BiFeO3 itself has a high TC, lanthanum substitution results in a chemically induced lowering of the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric and structural-phase transition. The effect of isovalent lanthanum substitution on the structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric response is investigated using reciprocal-space-mapping studies; field-, frequency-, and temperature-dependent electrical measurements; and phase-sensitive pyroelectric measurements, respectively. While BiFeO3 itself has a rather small pyroelectric coefficient at room temperature (∼−40 µC/m2 K), 15% lanthanum substitution results in an enhancement of the pyroelectric coefficient by 100% which is found to arise from a systematic lowering of TC.
Least Squares Methods for Treating Problems with Uncertainty in x and y.

Methods for straight-line fitting of data having uncertainty in x and y are compared through Monte Carlo simulations and application to specific data sets. Under special circumstances, the "ignorance" methods, methods which are typically used without information about the data errors σx and σy, are equivalent to the recommended best approach. The latter is numerical rather than formulaic but is easy to implement in programs that permit user-defined fit functions. It can handle any response function, linear or nonlinear, for any σxi and σyi. Estimates for the latter must be supplied and rightfully belong in any data analysis.
Analytical Voltage Sensitivity Analysis for Unbalanced Power Distribution System

Large scale integration of distributed energy resources and electric vehicles in a transactive energy environment present new challenges in terms of voltage stability and fluctuations in a power distribution system. The impact of different level of DER/EV penetration on the voltages across the network is typically quantified through voltage sensitivity analyses. Existing methods of voltage sensitivity analysis are computationally expensive and prior efforts to develop analytical approximation lacks generality and have not been effectively validated. The objective of this work is to provide a new analytical method of voltage sensitivity analysis that has low computational cost and also allows for stochastic analysis of voltage change. This paper first derives an analytical approximation of change in voltage at a particular bus due to change in power consumption at other bus in a radial three phase unbalanced power distribution system. Then, the proposed method is shown to be valid for different load configurations, which demonstrates its generality. The results from our analytical approach is validated via classical load flow simulation of the test system based on IEEE 37 bus network. The proposed method is shown to have good accuracy, and computation complexity is of order $O(1)$, compared to $O(n^{3})$ in classical sensitivity analysis approaches.
False Alarms in Consumer Genomics Add to Public Fear and Potential Health Care Burden

We have entered an era of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genomics. Patients have relayed many success stories of DTC genomics about finding causal mutations of genetic diseases before showing any symptoms and taking precautions. However, consumers may also take unnecessary medical actions based on false alarms of “pathogenic alleles”. The severity of this problem is not well known. Using publicly available data, we compared DTC microarray genotyping data with deep-sequencing data of 5 individuals and manually checked each inconsistently reported single nucleotide variants (SNVs). We estimated that, on average, a person would have ~5 “pathogenic” alleles reported due to wrongly reported genotypes if using a 23andMe genotyping microarray. We also found that the number of wrongly classified “pathogenic” alleles per person is at least as significant as those due to wrongly reported genotypes. We show that the scale of the false alarm problem could be large enough that the medical costs will become a burden to public health.
Detection and analyzing plane of non-cavitated approximal caries by cross-polarized optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT).

Abstract Objective The objective was to assess the detection ability and the effect of analyzing plane of CP-OCT for non-cavitated approximal caries. Methods Thirty human extracted premolars were selected based on micro-computed tomography [μ-CT: μ- CT = 0: sound (n = 12), μ-CT = 1/2: caries into outer-/inner-half of enamel (n = 6 each), μ-CT = 3: caries into outer one-third of dentine (n = 6)]. Teeth were mounted in a custommade device to simulate approximal contact, and scanned from the marginal ridge above the contact area. CP-OCT images were analyzed by deepest caries extension from horizontal and coronal planes, and repeated 48-hrs later. Sensitivity, specificity,percent correct, area under the ROC curve (Az), intra-examiner repeatability and correlation with μ-CT were determined. Results Sensitivity/specificity/Az for Horizontalplane, Coronal-plane, and Deepest from both planes were 94percent/58percent/0.76,81percent/100percent/0.90, and 94 %/58 %/0.82. Coronal-plane had significantly higher specificity than Horizontal-plane and Deepest (p = 0.004) but Horizontal-plane and Deepest were not different (p = 1.00). Horizontal-plane had significantly lower Az than Deepest (p = 0.048), but Coronal-plane was not different than Horizontal-plane (p = 0.07) or Deepest (p = 0.20). Correlation coefficients were Horizontal-plane (0.53, p Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, CP-OCT could be used to detect non-cavitated approximal caries. Analysis using the Coronal-plane is superior to the Horizontal-plane. Clinical Significance: It is challenging to detect non-cavitated approximal caries clinically due to the adjacent tooth. CP-OCT is a nondestructive, no ionized-radiation caries detection technique. CP-OCT seems suitable to detect non-cavitated approximal caries and observing the Coronal-plane appears better than Horizontal-plane.
Farnesol induces protection against murine CNS inflammatory demyelination and modifies gut microbiome.

Abstract Farnesol is a 15‑carbon organic isoprenol synthesized by plants and mammals with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. We sought to determine whether farnesol treatment would result in protection against murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We compared disease progression and severity in C57BL/6 mice treated orally with 100 mg/kg/day farnesol solubilized in corn oil to corn-oil treated and untreated EAE mice. Farnesol significantly delayed the onset of EAE (by ~2 days) and dramatically decreased disease severity (~80%) compared to controls. Disease protection by farnesol was associated with a significant reduction in spinal cord infiltration by monocytes-macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and a significant change in gut microbiota composition, including a decrease in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. The study suggests FOL could protect MS patients against CNS inflammatory demyelination by partially modulating the gut microbiome composition.
1D conditional generative adversarial network for spectrum-to-spectrum translation of simulated chemical reflectance signatures

Author Summary: The classification of trace chemical residues through active spectroscopic sensing is challenging due to the lack of physics-based models that can accurately predict spectra. To overcome this challenge, we leveraged the field of domain adaptation to translate data from the simulated to the measured domain for training a classifier. We developed the first 1D conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) to perform spectrum-to-spectrum translation of reflectance signatures. We applied the 1D conditional GAN to a library of simulated spectra and quantified the improvement in classification accuracy on real data using the translated spectra for training the classifier. Using the GAN-translated library, the average classification accuracy increased from 0.622 to 0.723 on real chemical reflectance data, including data from chemicals not included in the GAN training set.
An information theoretic method to resolve millisecond-scale spike timing precision in a comprehensive motor program

Sensory inputs in nervous systems are often encoded at the millisecond scale in a temporally precise code. There is now a growing appreciation for the prevalence of precise timing encoding in motor systems. Animals from moths to birds control motor outputs using precise spike timing, but we largely do not know at what scale timing matters in these circuits due to the difficulty of recording a complete set of spike-resolved motor signals and relatively few methods for assessing spike timing precision. We introduce a method to estimate spike timing precision in motor circuits using continuous MI estimation at increasing levels of added uniform noise. This method can assess spike timing precision at fine scales for encoding rich motor output variation. We demonstrate the advantages of this approach compared to a previously established discrete information theoretic method of assessing spike timing precision. We use this method to analyze a data set of simultaneous turning (yaw) torque output and EMG recordings from the 10 primary muscles of Manduca sexta as tethered moths visually tracked a robotic flower moving with a 1 Hz sinusoidal trajectory. We know that all 10 muscles in this motor program encode the majority of information about yaw torque in spike timings, but we do not know whether individual muscles receive information encoded at different levels of precision. Using the continuous MI method, we demonstrate that the scale of temporal precision in all motor units in this insect flight circuit is at the sub-millisecond or millisecond-scale, with variation in precision scale present between muscle types. This method can be applied broadly to estimate spike timing precision in sensory and motor circuits in both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Pressure-tailored lithium deposition and dissolution in lithium metal batteries

Unregulated lithium (Li) growth is the major cause of low Coulombic efficiency, short cycle life and safety hazards for rechargeable Li metal batteries. Strategies that aim to achieve large granular Li deposits have been extensively explored, and yet it remains a challenge to achieve the ideal Li deposits, which consist of large Li particles that are seamlessly packed on the electrode and can be reversibly deposited and stripped. Here we report a dense Li deposition (99.49% electrode density) with an ideal columnar structure that is achieved by controlling the uniaxial stack pressure during battery operation. Using multiscale characterization and simulation, we elucidate the critical role of stack pressure on Li nucleation, growth and dissolution processes and propose a Li-reservoir-testing protocol to maintain the ideal Li morphology during extended cycling. The precise manipulation of Li deposition and dissolution is a critical step to enable fast charging and a low-temperature operation for Li metal batteries. Li electrodeposition is a fundamental process in Li metal batteries and its reversibility is crucial for battery operation. The authors investigate the effects of stack pressure on Li deposition and associated processes and discuss strategies for achieving dense Li deposits and practical Li metal batteries.
Measuring free energy in spin-lattice models using parallel tempering Monte Carlo

An efficient and simple approach of measuring the absolute free energy as a function of temperature for spin lattice models using a two-stage parallel tempering Monte Carlo and the free energy perturbation method is discussed and the results are compared with those of population annealing Monte Carlo using the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson Ising spin glass model as benchmark tests. This approach requires little modification of regular parallel tempering Monte Carlo codes with also little overhead. Numerical results show that parallel tempering, even though using a much less number of temperatures than population annealing, can nevertheless equally efficiently measure the absolute free energy by simulating each temperature for longer times.
Molecular embryology of skeletal myogenesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developmental and genetic studies that have provided an understanding of the developmental functions of myogenic basic HLH factors (mHLHs) and other myogenic regulatory factors during skeletal muscle determination and differentiation. During myogenesis, mHLH and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) proteins cooperatively activate skeletal muscle genes and physically interact through the basic domain and MADS domain, respectively. Analysis of the temporal and spatial expression patterns of these muscle regulatory factors during early somitogenesis has provided a new view of the muscle cell fate determination, differentiation, and gene expression. Identification of the mHLH and MEF2 families and characterization of their roles in myogenic determination and differentiation have provided not only an understanding of the molecular events of muscle cell fate determination, but also a framework to understand the determination and differentiation in general. The myogenic differentiation pathway involves: (1) determination of mesodermal precursors as myoblasts, (2) differentiation of myoblasts into multinucleate myotubes, and (3) maturation of myotubes into skeletal myofibers expressing different combinations of muscle structural gene isoforms.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY

Two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy has been developed during the past decade to become an extremely powerful tool, greatly expanding the applicability of NMR to chemical and biochemical structural problems. The fundamental aspects of 2D NMR will be discussed and some of the basic pulse schemes will be treated in more detail. The application of 2D spectroscopy to the imaging of macroscopic objects will not be treated here, but is, at least in principle, very similar to some of the pulse schemes that will be discussed.
Hard Kaur: Broadcasting the New Desi Woman

In the last 20 years hip hop has become an important site of identity construction for South Asian diasporic youth (Nair & Balaji, 2008; Huq, 2006; Sharma, 2010). In this article I examine the mediatized personae of Indian born and British raised recording artist Hard Kaur, who claims to be the first ‘Desi’ female rapper. As Hard Kaur’s music, music videos, and interviews travel to and are now being produced in India, the race, gender, and class constructions formed during her experiences in the U.K. are finding their way to a youthful Indian public. I argue that an analysis of Hard Kaur’s mediatized interactions reveals the ways in which gendered norms are being contested and reaffirmed within a transnational imaginary.
Corporate Ethics Codes: A Practical Application of Liability Prevention

With the great increase in litigation, insurance costs, and consumer prices, both managers and businesses should take a proactive position in avoiding liability. Legal liability may attach when a duty has been breached; many actions falling into this category are also considered unethical. Since much of business liability is caused by a breach of a duty by a business to either an individual, another business, or to society, this article asserts that the practice of liability prevention is a practical business application of ethics. In today’s highly litigious environment, it is appropriate for the concept of general liability prevention to be included in corporate codes of ethics.
MBE growth and characterization of high-mobility InAs quantum-well systems for application in spintronics

The InAs/Al(Ga)Sb quantum-well (QW) system offers a range of possibilities for application in the emerging field of spintronics. For this reason, InAs has been proposed as one of the ideal systems for realizing a novel spin-filter device structure, which exploits spin-dependent tunneling through a magnetic, quantum-point-contact, barrier.
Memory design for bit-level VLSI architectures

Many algorithms make use of memories for table lookup of functions. Parallel implementations of these algorithms require the parallelizing of the table-lookup function. Some of the issues involved with mapping such algorithms to highly parallel VLSI arrays are examined. Reading memory may be viewed as a census function, which is usually and most optimally implemented with tree structures. A parameterized memory algorithm which may be compiled such that it maps to a VLSI architecture which satisfies some notion of optimality is proposed. Optimally pipelining a memory read function is demonstrated, and issues of designing decoders to minimize VLSI cost measures are discussed. The design method is particularly well suited for bit-pipelined, multiport, and content-addressable memories. >
From Worldwide Capital Mobility to International Financial Integration: A Review Essay

To be useful to economists, the definition of worldwide financial integration must refer to its welfare-relevant functions or consequences. What ultimately matters is its contribution to the equalization of current and intertemporal trading opportunities, represented by the cost of financial services, at maximum efficiency levels. Analyzing imperfect financial integration implies identifying the obstacles that prevent such equalization, with a lack of perfect capital mobility being only one of the possible impediments. Focusing on how to achieve international equalization, at least cost, of a broad range of financial services is a necessary change for a literature that has tended to rely on single stock, flow, or price correlations to gauge the degree of financial integration, without viewing it as a continuing microeconomic task with many facets.
Dust as a standard of space and time in canonical quantum gravity.

The coupling of the metric to an incoherent dust introduces into spacetime a privileged dynamical reference frame and time foliation. The comoving coordinates of the dust particles and the proper time along the dust worldlines become canonical coordinates in the phase space of the system. The Hamiltonian constraint can be resolved with respect to the momentum that is canonically conjugate to the dust time. Formal imposition of the resolved constraint as an operator restriction on the quantum states yields a functional Schr\"odinger equation. The ensuing Hamiltonian density has an extraordinary feature: it depends only on the geometric variables, not on the dust coordinates or time. This has three important consequences. First, the functional Schr\"odinger equation can be solved by separating the dust time from the geometric variables. Second, disregarding the standard factor-ordering difficulties, the Hamiltonian densities strongly commute and therefore can be simultaneously defined by spectral analysis. Third, the standard constraint system of vacuum gravity is cast into a form in which it generates a true Lie algebra. The particles of dust introduce into space a privileged system of coordinates that allows the supermomentum constraint to be solved explicitly. The Schr\"odinger equation yields a formally conserved inner product that can be written in terms of either the instantaneous state functionals or the solutions of constraints. Gravitational observables admit a similar dual representation. Examples of observables are given, though neither the intrinsic metric nor the extrinsic curvature are observables. This comes as close as one can reasonably expect to a satisfactory phenomenological quantization scheme that is free of most of the problems of time.
Wage Arrears, Poverty, and Family Survival Strategies in Russia

In this paper we use a longitudinal survey of Russian households for analyzing the impact of wage arrears on the incidence of poverty among families and their survival strategies. The failure of enterprises and government to fully pay workers in a timely fashion is shown to be associated with a higher incidence of poverty; a similar effect is found for pensioners experiencing pension arrears. As a result of pay delays, we find that individuals and families were more likely to take second jobs, increase home production for own-consumption and sale, reduce their rate of saving, sell family assets, and receive transfers of goods and money from relatives (which, in turn, reduce the effect of wage non-payment on poverty). Wage non-payment also contributed to a rise in barter between workers and firms, although the monetary value of these goods and services did little to arrest the upward trend in outstanding net debt to workers.
A Review of “Psychopathology and Function, 5th Edition”

Psychopathology and Function aims to link the pathology of mental health disorders and occupational therapy practice. The text begins with describing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edit...
The Axiomatic Approach

The entire edifice of probability theory, and its offshoots statistics and stochastic processes, rests upon three famous axioms of Kolmogoroff [2.1]. Indeed, everything in this book derives from these simple axioms. The axioms are deceptively simple, in fact so simple that at first they appear to say nothing at all. However, let us recall that axioms are supposed to be that way. The simpler they appear, and the more they imply, the better they are mathematically.
Protection du moignon de l’artère gastro-duodénale par un lambeau de ligament rond au cours de la duodéno-pancréatectomie céphalique

Resume Introduction L’hemorragie tardive, quoique rare, reste une source importante de morbidite et mortalite apres duodeno-pancreatectomie cephalique (DPC). Une importante cause en est l’erosion ou le pseudo-anevrysme de l’artere gastro-duodenale (AGD) par les secretions pancreatiques ou les collections septiques. La protection de l’AGD pourrait eviter ces complications severes. Patients et methode Il s’agit d’une etude observationnelle retrospective. Tous les patients ayant eu une DPC entre aout 2007 et decembre 2014 etaient inclus. Un lambeau de ligament rond etait utilise pour proteger largement l’artere hepatique et le moignon de l’AGD et fixe aux tissus retroperitoneaux. Cette technique permettait une separation complete de l’AGD de la tranche pancreatique. Resultats Nous avons realise 182 DPC pendant la periode de l’etude. Alors que 27 patients (15 %) ont presente une fistule pancreatique et 6 un abces intraperitoneal, aucun n’a presente une hemorragie par erosion ou pseudo-anevrysme de l’AGD. Conclusion Cette option chirurgicale apparait comme une mesure efficace pour prevenir les hemorragies tardives par erosion ou pseudo-anevrysme de l’AGD apres DPC.
Globalization, Culture Wars, and Attitudes toward Soccer in America: An Empirical Assessment of How Soccer Explains the World

This study examines the “culture wars” using the lens of attitudes toward soccer. Despite soccer's increasing popularity in the United States, anti-soccer rhetoric is fairly common. In his widely read book, How Soccer Explains the World (2004), Foer contends that the “culture wars,” including divisions over soccer, are better explained by reactions to globalization than social class or political ideology. Using data from a survey of Nebraskans, we find that attitudes about cultural globalization are the best predictor of soccer sentiment. Contrary to popular claims about the “culture wars,” most respondents were moderate in their attitudes toward both soccer and globalization.
FRAM-the ultimate memory

This paper has described a new nonvolatile technology based on utilizing the ferroelectric properties of PZT thin films. This technology has been applied to manufacture a family of low density serial and parallel memories that combine the fast reads and writes of SRAM and nonvolatility of EEPROM with very high read/write endurance. These products are shown to be superior to equivalent EEPROM products in write speed, write endurance, and overall power consumption. The failure rate of packaged parts has been shown to be less than 60 fits with a 60% confidence level for 10-year data storage at room temperature, which confirms the production worthiness of ferroelectric technology for volume applications. Future developments include high density products with better endurance and retention and the ability to work at lower voltage. As a result, FRAM technology will become the dominant nonvolatile memory technology by the end of this decade.
EFFECTS OF AN ARTIFICIAL SEA SLICK UPON THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE OCEAN

Abstract Vertical mean wind profiles, hot-film data, and wave height data measured during the passage of an artificial sea slick are compared with similar measurements without a sea slick. The effects of the slick are modifications of profile roughness length z0, and a possible increase in mean wind speed. Power spectral density plots of wave records obtained before, during and after the slick show wave energy modifications for wavelengths up to 10 m. Coherence values computed from a cross-spectral density of the wind field and simultaneously measured wave field both during and after the slick demonstrate the importance of small waves to air-sea interaction processes. Phase angles indicate the maximum horizontal velocity occurs over the wave trough for all spectral components, some of which are above and some below the wind-wave “matched layer.” During a stick, however, the horizontal velocity maximum occurs over the wave crest for those waves remaining coherent with the wind field.
Metal/air batteries: Their status and potential — a review

Abstract Considerable work was carried out on metal/air batteries in the 1960's and early 1970's for a variety of applications. After this time, however, the overall effort was considerably reduced due to materials problems at the air electrode, thermal management, and miscellaneous technical problems associated with the various anodes evaluated. Recent advances in the performance and stability of air cathodes, together with new and improved candidate anodes, make a comparison of metal/air batteries appropriate at this time. This review concentrates on comparing lithium, aluminum, magnesium, zinc and iron/air batteries with particular emphasis on the suitability of each system for electric vehicle propulsion. The relative merits of mechanically and electrically rechargeable batteries are given, together with systems employing static and circulating electrolytes. We conclude that, due to the institutional difficulties associated with the deployment of recharge systems for mechanically rechargeable batteries in electric vehicles, electrically rechargeable systems are more viable for commercialization in the near term. This conclusion makes zinc/air and iron/air batteries major candidates for this application.
Precipitation behavior and microstructural changes in maraging FeNiMnTi alloys

Abstract The microstructural changes and precipitation reactions in FeNiMnTi martensitic alloys aged at 400–550°C for up to 600 h have been studied utilizing electron microscopy and diffraction, and X-ray microanalysis. Lath martensite with a high density of dislocations was observed in previously annealed specimens. Upon aging from 400 to 550°C, the alloys showed classical age-hardening behavior and the activation energies for precipitation were calculated as 38–46 kcal mol −1 , which supports precipitate nucleation occurring on dislocations and growth proceeding by a mechanism of pipe diffusion. Aging results in a decrease in dislocation density and a refined distribution of needle-like precipitates of η-Ni 3 Ti. The orientation relationship between the matrix and Ni 3 Ti was found to be (0001) η ‖(011) M and [1120] η ‖[111] M . Widmanstatten austenite appeared in the lath martensite at longer aging times along with lath-like reverted austenite and globular austenite. Loss of hardness at longer aging times is associated in part with overaging, but mainly from a large fraction of reverted austenite. For 550°C aging, recrystallized austenite appears at lath packet boundaries after long times and some transforms to lath martensite on cooling.