cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WIPF2 promotes Shigella flexneri actin‐based motility and cell‐to‐cell spread

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that disseminates in colonic epithelial cells through actin-based motility and formation of membrane protrusions at cell-cell contacts, that project into adjacent cells and resolve into vacuoles, from which the pathogen escapes, thereby achieving cell-to-cell spread. Actin nucleation at the bacterial pole relies on the recruitment of the nucleation-promoting factor N-WASP, which activates the actin nucleator ARP2/3. In cells, the vast majority of N-WASP exists as a complex with WIP. The involvement of WIP in N-WASP-dependent actin-based motility of various pathogens, including vaccinia virus and S. flexneri, has been highly controversial. Here, we show that WIPF2 was the only WIP family member expressed in the human colonic epithelial cell line HT-29, and its depletion impaired S. flexneri dissemination. WIPF2 depletion increased the number of cytosolic bacteria lacking actin tails (non-motile) and decreased the velocity of motile bacteria. This correlated with a decrease in the recruitment of N-WASP to the bacterial pole, and among N-WASP-positive bacteria, a decrease in actin tail-positive bacteria, suggesting that WIPF2 is required for N-WASP recruitment and activation at the bacterial pole. In addition, when motile bacteria formed protrusions, WIPF2 depletion decreased the number of membrane protrusions that successfully resolved into vacuoles.
Influence of Baricity on the Outcome of Spinal Anesthesia With Bupivacaine for Lumbar Spine Surgery

Background and Objectives. Although the majority of elective lumbar spine surgical procedures are performed under general anesthesia, successful use of spinal and epidural anesthesia has been reported. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of baricity on the performance of spinal anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery. Methods. The study was performed on 53 demographically similar American Society of Anesthesiologists status 1 and 2 patients who were randomly assigned to receive spinal anesthesia with 15 mg of bupivacaine along with 0.2 mg of epinephrine as either 3 mL 0.5% plain bupivacaine (I group) or 2 mL 0.75% bupivacaine (Sensorcaine Spinal, Astra, Westborough, MA) premixed in 8.25% glucose (H group). All blocks were placed with a 22-gauge Quincke needle (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) at the L3-L4 interspace with the patient in the sitting position. Subsequent data, collected by a blinded observer, included onset of motor and sensory anesthesia, highest sensory level achieved, maximum changes in heart rate and blood pressure, need for treatment of heart rate or blood pressure decreases, failed blocks, and need for supplemental local anesthetic injection to complete incision or wound closure. Results. The time to onset for complete motor and sensory block was significantly longer in the I group. The maximum sensory level achieved was higher in the H group, and the maximum drop in blood pressure and number of interventions to treat heart rate and blood pressure were greater in the H group. There were two failed blocks, which were repeated successfully, in the H group. The need for local anesthetic infiltration of the wound with incision and closure was greater in the H group. Conclusions. Plain bupivacaine is superior to hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia for elective lumbar spine surgery.
Effect of KOH passivation for top-down fabricated InGaN nanowire light emitting diodes

Gallium nitride (GaN) nanowire (NW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) are promising candidates for microdisplay applications due to smaller dimensions and potential for novel integration approaches. For the commonly adopted top-down GaN NW fabrication, the required dry etching steps tend to result in surface states, leading to reduced radiative recombination rates in LEDs. To passivate the surface and tune the diameter of the NWs, hydroxyl-based chemicals such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) are widely used to treat the surface of these nanostructures. However, studies on the effects of temperature, concentration, and the damage recovery aspects of hydroxyl etching of GaN NWs are very scarce. These etching parameters are of great importance for device performance. Here, these effects are explored thoroughly with a focus on the correlation of InGaN/GaN NW LED performances to KOH etching temperature, concentration, and time, together with a fundamental crystallographic analysis. The KOH concentration resulting in total removal of the NW base tapering and a collimated etch profile for InGaN NW LEDs was found to be 0.8 wt. % at a temperature of 45 °C. A 20 min etch at 23 °C with a 0.1 wt. % KOH concentration will remove surface states from a top-down fabricated NW LED to recover up to 90% of the peak photoluminescence (PL) intensity lost by the dry etch step. The oscillation behavior in PL intensity with regard to the KOH etch time has been demonstrated in InGaN/GaN NW LEDs for the first time, which will shed light upon the design and passivation of these devices for microdisplays.
Genetics, postprandial lipemia and obesity.

It has been shown that a number of candidate gene loci (APOA1, APOA4, APOC3, APOB, APOE, CETP, LPL and FABP2) explain a significant, although still rather small, proportion of interindividual variability in fasting dietary responses. Other loci code for products that play a major role in lipoprotein metabolism and are prime candidate for future studies (i.e., CYP7, ABCA1, SRBI). Some of these loci also affect postprandial lipemic responses, and the interactions between genetic and dietary factors may be further modulated by body mass index. The deleterious phenotypic associations observed with some of the genotypes of candidate genes may therefore only be expressed in subjects with a high BMI. This question requires more careful research, the findings of which may contribute towards the drafting of specific dietary recommendations for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.
Determinants of Oral Bisphosphonate Use Beyond 5 Years.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined factors that determine bisphosphonate (BP) continuation beyond 5 years in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with BP continuation ...
Artificial Intelligence for Caregivers of Persons With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: Systematic Literature Review

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has great potential for improving the care of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and the quality of life of their family caregivers. To date, however, systematic review of the literature on the impact of AI on ADRD management has been lacking. Objective: This paper aims to (1) identify and examine literature on AI that provides information to facilitate ADRD management by caregivers of individuals diagnosed with ADRD and (2) identify gaps in the literature that suggest future directions for research. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for conducting systematic literature reviews, during August and September 2019, we performed 3 rounds of selection. First, we searched predetermined keywords in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus with Full Text, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and the ACM Digital Library. This step generated 113 nonduplicate results. Next, we screened the titles and abstracts of the 113 papers according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, after which 52 papers were excluded and 61 remained. Finally, we screened the full text of the remaining papers to ensure that they met the inclusion or exclusion criteria; 31 papers were excluded, leaving a final sample of 30 papers for analysis. Results: Of the 30 papers, 20 reported studies that focused on using AI to assist in activities of daily living. A limited number of specific daily activities were targeted. The studies’ aims suggested three major purposes: (1) to test the feasibility, usability, or perceptions of prototype AI technology; (2) to generate preliminary data on the technology’s performance (primarily accuracy in detecting target events, such as falls); and (3) to understand user needs and preferences for the design and functionality of to-be-developed technology. The majority of the studies were qualitative, with interviews, focus groups, and observation being their most common methods. Cross-sectional surveys were also common, but with small convenience samples. Sample sizes ranged from 6 to 106, with the vast majority on the low end. The majority of the studies were descriptive, exploratory, and lacking theoretical guidance. Many studies reported positive outcomes in favor of their AI technology’s feasibility and satisfaction; some studies reported mixed results on these measures. Performance of the technology varied widely across tasks. Conclusions: These findings call for more systematic designs and evaluations of the feasibility and efficacy of AI-based interventions for caregivers of people with ADRD. These gaps in the research would be best addressed through interdisciplinary collaboration, incorporating complementary expertise from the health sciences and computer science/engineering–related fields.
Randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of expressive writing in reducing anxiety in first-year college students: the role of linguistic features.

Meta-analyses assessing the efficacy of expressive writing (EW) interventions have produced mixed results. The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of an EW intervention in the reduction of a...
A comparison of product dependence among cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users: Findings from Wave 3 (2015-2016) of the PATH study.

Abstract Introduction Little is known about differences in tobacco product dependence among people who use two tobacco products versus one. Self-reported product dependence among individuals using cigarettes only, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) only, and both cigarettes and ENDS (dual users) was compared. Method PATH Wave 3 data were collected between 2015 and 2016. We used 11 Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives items to assess cigarette and ENDS dependence, averaged to generate Cigarette Dependence (CD) and ENDS Dependence (ED) scores. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between tobacco use groups and the two dependence scores. Results Our analytic sample included 5538 (91.5 %) cigarette only, 399 (6.7 %) ENDS only, and 108 (1.8 %) dual users. There was no difference in CD between cigarette only and dual users. ENDS only users’ ED (2.11, SE = 0.05) was higher than dual users’ ED (1.67, SE = 0.04) (p Conclusion While there was no difference in CD between dual and cigarette only users, dual users’ ED was lower than that for ENDS only users. ENDS appeared to produce less dependence than cigarettes among dual users. Given the high nicotine concentration ENDS products that entered the market after PATH Wave 3 data were collected, future research should examine ED among ENDS only and dual users.
Patient selection in the presence of regulatory oversight based on healthcare report cards of providers: the case of organ transplantation

Many healthcare report cards provide information to consumers but do not represent a constraint on the behavior of healthcare providers. This is not the case with the report cards utilized in kidney transplantation. These report cards became more salient and binding, with additional oversight, in 2007 under the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Conditions of Participation. This research investigates whether the additional oversight based on report card outcomes influences patient selection via waiting-list registrations at transplant centers that meet regulatory standards. Using data from a national registry of kidney transplant candidates from 2003 through 2010, we apply a before-and-after estimation strategy that isolates the impact of a binding report card. A sorting equilibrium model is employed to account for center-level heterogeneity and the presence of congestion/agglomeration effects and the results are compared to a conditional logit specification. Our results indicate that patient waiting-list registrations change in response to the quality information similarly on average if there is additional regulation or not. We also find evidence of congestion effects when spatial choice sets are smaller: new patient registrations are less likely to occur at a center with a long waiting list when fewer options are available.
Acute common carotid artery blowout despite endovascular treatment of pseudoaneurysm

Abstract Carotid blowouts are a low-incidence complication of head and neck tumors. We present the case of a 56-year-old man squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx causing acute hemoptysis. Upon CT angiogram, a pseudoaneurysm was discovered on the left distal carotid artery and subsequently, a stent was placed. Despite treatment, re-hemorrhage occurred distal to the covered stent leading to irreversible brain damage and death. We provide striking images of active extravasation and propose liberal deployment of long stent constructs in treating this pathology. It may be beneficial neurointerventionalist to place a stent covering the area affected by the tumor rather than the area of the pseudoaneurysm.
Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer Treated With Immunotherapy Agents in Phase I Clinical Trials.

Background Immuno-oncology (IO) agents have demonstrated efficacy across many tumor types and have led to change in standard of care. In breast cancer, atezolizumab and pembrolizumab were recently FDA-approved in combination with chemotherapy specifically for patients with PD-L1-positive metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the single agent PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors demonstrate only modest single agent efficacy in breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of novel IO agents in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC), beyond TNBC, treated in phase I clinical trials at the University of Colorado. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis using a database of patients with MBC who received treatment with IO agents in phase I/Ib clinical trials at the University of Colorado Hospital from January 1, 2012 to July 1, 2018. Patient demographics, treatments and clinical outcomes were obtained. Results We identified 43 patients treated with an IO agent either as a single agent or in combination. The average age was 53 years; 55.8% had hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer, 39.5% TNBC and 4.7% HER2-positive. Patients received an average of 2 prior lines of chemotherapy (range 0-7) in the metastatic setting. Most patients (72.1%) received IO alone and 27.9% received IO plus chemotherapy. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.3 months and median overall survival (OS) was 12.1 months. Patients remaining on study ≥ 6 months (20.9%) were more likely to be treated with chemotherapy plus IO compared to patients with a PFS < 6 months (77.8% v. 14.7%). No differences in number of metastatic sites, prior lines of chemotherapy, breast cancer subtype, absolute lymphocyte count, or LDH were identified between patients with a PFS ≥ 6 months vs. < 6 months. Conclusions Our phase I experience demonstrates benefit from IO therapy that was not limited to patients with TNBC and confirms improved efficacy from IO agents in combination with chemotherapy. A subset of patients with MBC treated in phase I clinical trials with an IO agent derived prolonged clinical benefit. Predictors of response to immunotherapy in breast cancer remain uncharacterized and further research is needed to identify these factors.
Results of a phase I study of Bendamustine in Combination with Ofatumumab, Carboplatin and Etoposide (BOCE) for Refractory of Relapsed Aggressive B-cell Non Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL)

8556 Background: No salvage regimen has shown clear superiority in relapsed NHL. Bendamustine has single agent activity in relapsed aggressive NHL. We conducted a phase I trial using a novel RICE-like salvage regimen in which ofatumumab was substituted for rituximab and bendamustine replaced ifosfamide, combined with carboplatin and etoposide (BOCE) Methods: Patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory aggressive B NHL were eligible. The design was a standard 3+3 design using escalating doses of bendamustine [70, 90, and 120 mg/m2 D1-2] with ofatumumab (cycle 1: 300 mg D1, 1000 mg D3, cycle 2 and 3: 1000 mg D1), carboplatin AUC 5 D2 and etoposide 100mg/m2 D1-3. Results: Eleven pts were enrolled (7M/4F). Median age was 62 (range 53-75), 5 pts (45%) had diffuse large B NHL, 4 pts (36%) had grade 3 follicular NHL, 1 pt (9%) had mantle cell NHL, and 1 pt (9%) had transformed CLL. Five pts (46%) had refractory disease and 6 pts (56%) had relapsed disease. All pts with refractory disease were refractory to rituxi...
SU-E-J-44: A Novel Approach to Quantify Patient Setup and Target Motion for Real-Time Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT)

Purpose Isocenter shifts and rotations to correct patient setup errors and organ motion cannot remedy some shape changes of large targets. We are investigating new methods in quantification of target deformation for realtime IGRT of breast and chest wall cancer. Methods Ninety-five patients of breast or chest wall cancer were accrued in an IRB-approved clinical trial of IGRT using 3D surface images acquired at daily setup and beam-on time via an in-room camera. Shifts and rotations relating to the planned reference surface were determined using iterative-closest-point alignment. Local surface displacements and target deformation are measured via a ray-surface intersection and principal component analysis (PCA) of external surface, respectively. Isocenter shift, upper-abdominal displacement, and vectors of the surface projected onto the two principal components, PC1 and PC2, were evaluated for sensitivity and accuracy in detection of target deformation. Setup errors for some deformed targets were estimated by superlatively registering target volume, inner surface, or external surface in weekly CBCT or these outlines on weekly EPI. Results Setup difference according to the inner-surface, external surface, or target volume could be 1.5 cm. Video surface-guided setup agreed with EPI results to within 0.5 cm) due to target deformation for some large breasts and some chest walls undergoing deep-breath-hold irradiation. Square root of PC1 and PC2 is very sensitive to external surface deformation and irregular breathing. Conclusion PCA of external surfaces is quick and simple way to detect target deformation in IGRT of breast and chest wall cancer. Setup corrections based on the target volume, inner surface, and external surface could be significant different. Thus, checking of target shape changes is essential for accurate image-guided patient setup and motion tracking of large deformable targets. NIH grant for the first author as cionsultant and the last author as the PI.« less
Federal Agency Blogs in Transition: Comparison of Late Bush Administration and Early Obama Administration Use of Blogs

Blogs by governmental agencies are promising vehicles for increasing the transparency of agency actions, publicizing their missions, addressing issues with their publics and collaborating across organizational or geographic boundaries. Most scholars and observers agree that blogs have the potential to change the relationship between the leadership in an organization, its members and other stakeholders, and interested publics. The informality, immediacy, and level of interaction afforded by blogs make it possible to lower barriers and open new channels for real communication. Top-down communication with delays for editing, printing, and distributing are replaced by individually penned missives sent electronically 24-7. David Wyld, in his IBM Center for the Study of Government examination of the blogging revolution within government, notes that “blogging promotes a new sense of openness with an organization’s stakeholders, including employees, customers, the public, and the media.” (2007, 25) In a largely descriptive survey of blogging by political actors, he finds that blogs have great potential to change the ways in which government agencies and public officials conduct their activities. He also points to the need for further research in this area as there has been little empirical, social science research exploring the circumstances under which such positive outcomes will occur, especially for organizations operating in the political or administrative arenas.
Contingency selection via quadratized power flow sensitivity analysis

This paper proposes a new approach for contingency ranking/selection. The key elements of the method are: (a) use of a quadratized power flow (QPF) model; (b) use of contingency control variables for precise modeling of contingencies; and (c) use of the costate method to obtain the sensitivity of appropriate performance indices with respect to the contingency control variables. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated with an example test system. This evaluation indicates that the proposed method is superior to existing ranking methods in the sense that provides a more accurate ranking of contingencies. The paper provides a detailed description of the method and example results using a small test system.
Attitudes Toward Bribery in Australia: A Demographic Study

This study examined Australian attitudes toward bribe taking, using the data from the World Values survey. Nineteen demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, etc.) were also examined to determine whether certain responses differed by category. The findings indicate that many of the demographic variables did have a high level of significance.
Synergistic effect of 5-fluorouracil and N-(phosphonacetyl)-l-aspartate on cell growth and ribonucleic acid synthesis in a human mammary carcinoma

Abstract The biological effects of N-( phosphonacetyl )- l - aspartate (PALA) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were examined singly, and in combination, on the growth of a human mammary carcinoma (MDA) cell line in culture. All combinations of 5-FU (2.5 × 10−7 to 1.5 × 10−5M) and PALA (6.0 × 10−5 to 3.6 × 10−3 M) resulted in synergistic inhibition of cell growth as revealed by a 50 per cent isobologram.To examine the biochemical basis for the synergism, measurements of the incorporation of [3H]-5-FU into total non-poly(A)- and poly(A)-RNA, and of the simultaneous incorporation of [14C]deoxyguanosine and [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA, were determined. The combination of 3.7 × 10−5M PALA and 1 × 10−6 M 5-FU produced 65–85 per cent inhibition of cell growth after continuous treatment for 13 days. Treatment of the cells for 3 or 24 hr with the same drug regimen produced approximately a 170 per cent increase in the incorporation of 1 × 10−6M [3H]-5-FU into poly(A)RNA in comparison to [3H]-5-FU treatment alone; exposure for 24 hr to 3.7 × 10−5 M PALA and 1 × 10−6 M [3H]-5-FU resulted in a 285 per cent increase in the incorporation of [3H]-5-FU into non-poly(A)RNA. The incorporation of either [14C]deoxyguanosine or [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA was not inhibited by this drug regimen; however, the incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA was elevated significantly upon 12 or 24 hr of exposure to PALA alone. PALA and 5-FU treatment resulted in a 75 per cent reduction in the concentration of UTP and no change in the concentration of 5-fluorouridine-5′triphosphate 5-FUTP) versus 5-FU treatment alone. Thus, the proportion of 5-FUTP in the total 5FUTP + UTP pool was enhanced more than 3-fold by the combination regimen. These results indicate that the synergistic effect of the combination of PALA and 5-FU on the growth of MDA cells correlates with an increased proportion of 5-FUTP in the pyrimidine nucleotide pool and, consequently, with an enhanced incorporation of 5-FU into RNA, but not with inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Physical Properties of Human Mycoplasma Species

Kim, Kwang S. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), Wallace A. Clyde, Jr., and Floyd W. Denny. Physical properties of human mycoplasma species. J. Bacteriol. 92: 214–219. 1966.—Studies were made of the comparative morphology and stability of five Mycoplasma species of human origin ( M. hominis type 1, M. salivarium, M. fermentans, M. pneumoniae, M. pharyngis ). Broth-cultivated organisms were examined by electron microscopy to determine their relative appearance after uniform processing, including fixation-drying with formaldehyde vapor. M. pneumoniae was characterized by the occurrence of 250- to 300-mμ spheres in clusters, and M. pharyngis by the appearance of filaments 120 mμ by 1.5 to 8 μ; the remaining species revealed a variety of structures, including spheres, rings, and short filaments. To complement these findings, the effect of physical stresses on viability of the mycoplasmas was measured by exposing the organisms to heat (in saline), osmotic variations (in sucrose), and sonic oscillation and repetitive freeze-thawing (in culture medium). M. pneumoniae was most resistant to heat, vibration, and freeze-thawing; M. pharyngis was most sensitive to heart and vibration, but was least affected by osmotic changes. The remaining organisms assumed intermediate positions. The type-related variations in relative morphology and stability suggest differing physical attributes of the mycoplasmas studied, supporting taxonomic differentiation of the five species based on metabolic and immunological criteria. Images
Optical Methods of Stress Analysis Applied to Cracked Components

After briefly describing the principles of frozen stress photoelastic and moire interferometric analyses, and the corresponding algorithms for converting optical data from each method into stress intensity factors (SIF), the methods are applied to the determination of crack shapes, SIF determination, crack closure displacement fields, and pre-crack damage mechanisms in typical aircraft component configurations.
Calculating NMR Chemical Shifts and J‐Couplings for Heavy Element Compounds

Ab initio calculations of NMR parameters for compounds with heavy elements require a relativistic theoretical framework. Such calculations are able to reproduce experimentally observed ‘heavy atom’ effects in NMR spectroscopy quantitatively. Electron spin-orbit (SO) coupling is a relativistic effect that leads to the ‘normal halogen dependence’ of light atom chemical shifts in the vicinity of heavy halogens. Similar effects exist for light atoms bound to heavy transition metals or f-block elements or heavy main group elements other than halogens. J-coupling constants involving heavy elements may increase by several hundred percent because of relativistic effects. The tensor properties of NMR shielding and J-coupling, observed routinely in solid-state NMR, can be impacted very strongly by relativistic effects. This article discusses representative examples, provides a rationale why relativistic effects are large for atoms with high nuclear charges, and lists a selection of quantum chemistry program packages that are capable of relativistic NMR calculations.
Next steps in research on injection initiation incidence and prevention.

Keywords: HIV; injection drug use; injection initiation; prescription drug misuse; preventing injection; time to injection initiation
Induction and inhibition of the Th2 phenotype spread: implications for childhood asthma.

The interactions between genetic and environmental factors play a major role in the development of childhood asthma. We hypothesized that a pre-existing Th2/asthmatic response can promote Th2 responses to newly encountered Ags (i.e., phenotype spread). To test this hypothesis, we developed a mouse model in which the requirements for the induction and inhibition of phenotype spread to a clinically relevant neo-allergen (i.e., ragweed) were investigated. Our results indicate that 1) phenotype spread to the neo-allergen can be induced only within the first 8 h after a bronchial challenge with the first Ag (OVA); 2) Th2 differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells occurs in bronchial lymph nodes; 3) trafficking of naive CD4 + T cells to local lymph nodes and IL-4 produced by OVA-activated Th2 cells play essential roles in the differentiation of naive CD4 + T cells to Th2 cells; and 4) suppression of the production of chemokines involved in the homing of naive CD4 + T and Th2 cells to bronchial lymph nodes by a TLR9 agonist inhibited phenotype spread and abrogated the consequent development of experimental asthma. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into Th2 phenotype spread and offer an animal model for testing relevant immunomodulatory interventions.
Understanding Sensitivity by Analyzing Anonymity [Guest editor's introduction]

We can infer user privacy preferences and expectations by observing how people use existing product features. An analysis of how users employ anonymity features on Quora, a question-and-answer site, shows that the range of topics they consider sensitive is much broader than what service providers or regulators typically deem sensitive. A data-driven approach can help online services improve their products by developing features that let users express and exercise privacy preferences more effectively.
The effect of metallic additives on photoluminescence fatigue in a-As2Se3

Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) experiments on In-doped a-As2Se3 show none of the changes in the PL spectrum reported by earlier workers. However, a sharp increase of the initial PL fatigue rate with metallic additives is reported.
Repair of a Mycotic Aneurysm of the Infrarenal Aorta in a Patient with HIV, Using a Palmaz Stent and Autologous Femoral Vein Graft

With the widespread use of endovascular surgery, aneurysms can be managed selectively with the use of stent grafts. Standard treatment of mycotic aneurysms usually requires resection and extraanatomic bypass. Although stent graft repair of a mycotic femoral aneurysm with autologous graft has been reported, we present a case of an infrarenal mycotic aneurysm in a patient with the human immundeficiency virus (HIV) that was successfully treated with a novel endovascular approach.
397 THE OCCURRENCE AND TREATMENT OF IMPETIGO IN CHILDREN

Impetigo occurs mostly in children; often in small epidemics. Little is known about the treatment of this disorder by the GP and opinions about the use of systemic antibiotics differ. In this study we answered the following questions: - How often is impetigo presented in general practice by children (0-14 years) and are there differences in gender, age, region, urbanisation and season? - How often does a GP treat impetigo with an antibiotic and are there differences in age, gender and reason for encounter? We used data of the Dutch National Survey of Morbidity and Interventions in General Practice, in which 161 GPs registered every contact between patient and practice during 3 months. Working hypothesis were coded using the ICPC. For impetigo we selected all episodes ending with an ICPC-code S84. We calculated an incidence rate of 19.5 per 1000 personyears (323 impetigo episodes in 64 000 children). Differences were found in season and region. Children at the age of 4 and 5 years present the most impetigo. The GP prescribed in 69 % of all episodes an antibiotic (23% local and 36% systemic). Gender, age and reason for encounter are not related to prescription rate. Considering the mild course of this disorder it is treated with antibiotics rather often by Dutch GPs.
Corrosion in atmospheric fluidized bed combustors—The reactions of CaSO 4 with Cr, Ni, Co, Fe, and several alloys

When coal is burned in the presence of limestone in an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor (AFBC), the sulfur emission can be kept below acceptable EPA levels. Calcining of the limestone produces CaO, which then forms solid CaSO4 by a reaction with the SO2 produced during coal combustion. The internal components (e.g., heat exchanger tubes) of the bed, however, become coated with a compact layer of CaSO4, CaO, and ash during combustion. It has been suggested that the presence of the sulfate on these hot metal surfaces is the cause of observed instances of accelerated oxidation-sulfidation. This paper presents results which support the above suggestion. The reactions between Cr, Ni, Co, Fe, alloy 800, 2.25 Cr-1 Mo, 9 Cr-1 Mo steels, or 304 stainless steel with CaSO4 were studied using differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses. The reaction products were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and in some instances, X-ray energy dispersive analyses. The chromium-calcium sulfate reaction is the only case studied in which a sulfide is not formed. In that case, CaCr2O4 is the reaction product. In all other cases, the reactions are oxidation-sulfidation processes.
Excisional lipectomy for HIV-associated cervicodorsal lipodystrophy.

Background The development of effective antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has allowed for prolonged and healthier lives for affected patients. However, significant side effects from the drugs have been well documented, including syndromes of abnormal fat distribution. Cervicodorsal lipodystrophy, or “buffalo hump” deformity, is a common presentation of lipodystrophy syndrome and can cause significant disfigurement to the patient. Surgical correction has been the mainstay of treatment. Objective The authors report on the use of excisional lipectomy to correct cervicodorsal lipodystrophy. Methods Six male patients and one female patient (mean age, 47.2 years) underwent excisional lipectomy for buffalo hump deformity caused by HIV protease inhibitor use. Common complaints on presentation included disfigurement, neck pain, and difficulty sleeping. Deformity had first been observed an average of 4.75 years before presentation (range 2 to 7 years). At the time of consultation all patients were on antiretroviral regimens that included protease inhibitors. Results Excisional lipectomy of the hypertrophied cervicodorsal fat pad was performed on all patients, with suction-assisted lipoplasty (SAL) additionally to optimally contour the nondystrophic fat at the periphery of the resection. One patient also underwent simultaneous abdominoplasty, another underwent rhytidectomy with autologous fat transfer, and one patient received malar autologous fat injections. The average operative time for all procedures was 2.7 hours (range 1.0 to 5.8 hours). Complications included seroma in three cases and wound dehiscence in one patient, none of which required reoperation. At an average of 26.6 months of follow-up, all patients report satisfaction with their results, and there have been no recurrences. Conclusions Cervicodorsal lipodystrophy is a well-described complication of extended use of HIV protease inhibitor therapy. Patients may seek consultation with plastic and reconstructive surgeons for correction of the aesthetic and functional morbidity associated with the deformity. Because of the fibrous nature of the hypertrophied cervicodorsal fat and the high rate of recurrence after SAL alone, an approach with excisional lipectomy (with or without SAL) may provide improved results and superior long-term outcomes.
Predicting the probability of progression‐free survival in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma

Allocation of cadaveric livers to patients based on such objective medical urgency data as the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score may not benefit patients with small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). To ensure that these patients have a fair opportunity of receiving a cadaveric organ, the risk for death caused by HCC and tumor progression beyond 5 cm should be considered. Using a Markov model, two hypothetical cohorts of patients with small hepatomas were assumed to have either (1) Gompertzian tumor growth, in which initial exponential growth decreases as tumor size increases; or (2) rapid exponential growth. The model tracked the number of patients who either died or had tumor progression beyond 5 cm. These results were used to back-calculate an equivalent MELD score for patients with small HCCs. All probabilities in the model were varied simultaneously using a Monte Carlo simulation. The Gompertzian growth model predicted that patients with a 1- and 4-cm tumor have 1-year progression-free survival rates of 70% (HCC-specific MELD score 6) and 66% (HCC-specific MELD score 8), respectively. When assuming rapid exponential growth, patients with a 1- and 4-cm tumor have progression-free survival rates of 69% (HCC-specific MELD score 6) and 12% (HCC-specific MELD score 24), respectively. Our model predicted that the risk for death caused by HCC or tumor progression beyond 5 cm should increase with larger initial tumor size in patients with small hepatomas. To ensure that these patients have a fair opportunity to receive a cadaveric organ, HCC-specific scores predicted by our model could be added to MELD scores of patients with HCC.
Fabrication of biodegradable polymer scaffolds to engineer trabecular bone

We present a novel method for manufacturing three-dimensional, biodegradable poly(DLlactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) foam scaffolds for use in bone regeneration. The technique involves the formation of a composite material consisting of gelatin microspheres surrounded by a PLGA matrix. The gelatin microspheres are leached out leaving an open-cell foam with a pore size and morphology defined by the gelatin microspheres. The foam porosity can be controlled by altering the volume fraction of gelatin used to make the composite material. PLGA 50 : 50 was used as a model degradable polymer to establish the effect of porosity, pore size, and degradation on foam mechanical properties. The yield strengths and moduli in compression of PLGA 50: 50 foams were found to decrease with increasing porosity according to power law relationships. These mechanical properties were however, largely unaffected by pore size. Foams with yield strengths up to 3.2 MPa were manufactured. From in vitro degradation studies we establishe...
Effect of hospitalization on inappropriate prescribing in elderly Medicare beneficiaries

Objectives To determine whether acute hospitalization is associated with a change in potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use and whether use varies across geographic region. Design Observational. Setting Continental United States. Participants Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during 2007–08. Measurements Potentially inappropriate medication use was defined according to the High-Risk Medications in Elderly Adults quality indicator from the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set. Prevalence of outpatient PIM use was determined at admission and discharge and then used to identify medications discontinued during hospitalization and incident medications started during this period. Results Of 124,051 older adults hospitalized for AMI, 9,607 (7.7%) were outpatient PIM users at admission, which increased to 8.6% at discharge (P < .001). Admission PIM rates varied according to geographic region, as did the effect of hospitalization. Admission PIM use was lowest in the northeast and remained unchanged during hospitalization (5.1–5.1%, P = .95). In contrast, admission PIM use was highest in the south and increased significantly during hospitalization (9.9–11.4%, P < .001). PIM use also increased from the long-term perspective, with 6-month period prevalence rates of 22.6% before admission and 24.6% after discharge (P < .001). Conclusion Despite intervention studies demonstrating up to 80% reduction in PIM use during acute hospitalization, a significant increase in PIM use was observed in a naturalistic setting in Medicare beneficiaries with AMI. Further research is needed to develop an approach to minimizing PIM use in the inpatient setting that is cost-effective and suitable for widespread implementation.
Measurements of ion concentration in gasoline and diesel engine exhaust

Abstract The nanoparticles formed in motor vehicle exhaust have received increasing attention due to their potential adverse health effects. It has been recently proposed that combustion-generated ions may play a critical role in the formation of these volatile nanoparticles. In this paper, we design an experiment to measure the total ion concentration in motor vehicle engine exhaust, and report some preliminary measurements in the exhaust of a gasoline engine (K-car) and a diesel engine (diesel generator). Under the experimental set-up reported in this study and for the specific engines used, the total ion concentration is ca. 3.3×106 cm−3 with almost all of the ions smaller than 3 nm in the gasoline engine exhaust, and is above 2.7×108 cm−3 with most of the ions larger than 3 nm in the diesel engine exhaust. This difference in the measured ion properties is interpreted as a result of the different residence times of exhaust inside the tailpipe/connecting pipe and the different concentrations of soot particles in the exhaust. The measured ion concentrations appear to be within the ranges predicted by a theoretical model describing the evolution of ions inside a pipe.
Some Aspects of the Mechanical Response of BMI 5250-4 Neat Resin at 191 C: Experiment and Modeling

Abstract : The mechanical response of BMI 5250-4 neat resin at 191 degrees C was studied using both creep and recovery tests where several variables were allowed to change. In these tests, the effect of stress rate, prior history, and panel variability were all taken into account. During the creep test, the material showed both primary and secondary creep over 20 h. The recovery tests showed full recovery after it was subjected to 80% UTS. The higher stress rate caused a much greater response in both creep and recovery tests. The prior history was studied by allowing the specimens to go through a stepwise creep test. They behaved similar to the single step creep test when preceded by a loading segment. During creep tests preceded by unloading, the material showed a decrease in creep strain. This decrease grew as the creep stress approached zero. The only difference that could be seen with panel variability was that the UTS dropped dramatically between the panels. A nonlinear viscoelastic model was created that was based on the work by Schapery. This model included four constants that were material specific and stress dependant. These constants were obtained by viewing the response during a two- step program including creep and recovery. The model was verified by comparing the predictions to previous tests including the creep and stepwise creep tests. The model predicted the creep strain preceded by load up well. It was capable of showing the response of the negative creep but the error grew as more steps were introduced. The model could not take into account stress rate. Therefore it could only predict the results at the higher stress rate.
CLONING, CHARACTERIZATION AND SEQUENCE COMPARISON OF THE GENE CODING FOR IMP DEHYDROGENASE FROM PYROCOCCUS FURIOSUS

We have cloned and characterized the gene encoding inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) from Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf), a hyperthermophillic archeon. Sequence analysis of the Pf gene indicated an open reading frame specifying a protein of 485 amino acids (aa) with a calculated M(r) of 52900. Canonical Archaea promoter elements, Box A and Box B, are located -49 and -17 nucleotides (nt), respectively, upstream of the putative start codon. The sequence of the putative active-site region conforms to the IMPDH signature motif and contains a putative active-site cysteine. Phylogenetic relationships derived by using all available IMPDH sequences are consistent with trees developed for other molecules; they do not precisely resolve the history of Pf IMPDH but indicate a close similarity to bacterial IMPDH proteins. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that a gene duplication occurred prior to the division between rodents and humans, accounting for the Type I and II isoforms identified in mice and humans.
The isolation and characterization of a peptide that alters sodium channels from Buthus martensii Karsch.

Abstract The peptides were purified using gel filtration, ion exchange, FPLC, and HPLC chromatography and found to greatly prolong action potentials at nanomolar concentrations when applied to frog and mouse nerves. The N-terminal primary amino acid sequence of one of the peptides, BMK 16(5), was determined. The first 23 amino acids of BMK 16(5) were found to be: VKDGYIADDRN C PYF C GRNAYYD. The two cysteine residues in the sequence appeared as Edman sequence cycle blanks; however, they were assigned to be cysteines due to sequence similarity to other peptide toxins that bind to sodium channels and identification of the presence of cysteines obtained from single time point amino acid analysis. The MW of BMK 16(5) was determined by a Perkin–Elmer API 300 LC/MS/MS to be 3695. The amino acid residues of BMK 16(5) show strong similarity with the first 23 amino acid residues of a number of scorpion alpha neurotoxins. Unlike these neurotoxins, BMK 16(5) possesses a proline residue at position 13 which will likely make it fold in a unique way so as to bind to and alter sodium channels.
Perfluorocarbon induced alterations in pulmonary mechanics

Perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds induce pulmonary hyperinflation and respiratory distress in some animals following intravenous administration. This study was designed to quantify the effects of two PFC emulsions on lung volumes and compliance and to identify the mechanism of pulmonary hyperinflation. New Zealand White rabbits received isotonic saline (3 ml/kg), Fluosol (15 ml/kg) or Oxygent (90% perfluorooctyl-bromide emulsion, 3 ml/kg). After seven days we measured functional residual capacity, vital capacity, lung compliance and thoracic gas volume. Gross and microscopic histologic examination of the lungs was performed. Functional residual capacity after Fluosol administration was 16.0 +/- 4.0 ml/kg, significantly greater than after saline (3.4 +/- 1.0 ml/kg) or Oxygent (4.0 +/- 1.4 ml/kg). Vital capacity was lower with Fluosol (30 +/- 5.0 ml/kg) than after saline (37 +/- 3.0 ml/kg) or Oxygent (37 +/- 2.0 ml/kg). Thoracic gas volume increased from 9 +/- 1.0 ml/kg (saline) to 16 +/- 13 ml/kg (Oxygent) and 33 +/- 7.0 ml/kg (Fluosol). Lung compliance was the same after saline (1.6 +/- 0.5 ml.cm H2O-1.kg-1) and Oxygent (1.5 +/- 0.3 ml.cm H2O-1.kg-1) but lower after Fluosol (0.9 +/- 0.1 ml.cm H2O-1.kg-1). Gross pathology demonstrated foam exudation from airways of animals receiving PFCs and intra-alveolar foam was identified by light microscopy. These results show intra-airway foam formation causes gas trapping and shifts tidal breathing to a less compliant region of the pressure-volume curve.
Analysis of Vehicle Positioning Accuracy Requirements for Communication-Based Cooperative Collision Warning

This article describes an analysis of the use of vehicle positioning and wireless communication technologies to implement collision warning systems without using direct ranging sensors. If the positions and velocities of the vehicles can be known to sufficient accuracy and can be communicated to neighboring vehicles, each vehicle can identify whether it is in danger of colliding with any other vehicle. The probability that useful warnings can be provided is calculated as a function of the accuracy of the vehicle position and velocity information that are available (from Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and wheel speed sensors, for example). The analyses are reported for forward collision warnings, lane change warnings, and several intersection conflict scenarios. The governing accuracy requirement for all but the intersection scenarios is associated with the need to assign the vehicles to the correct lanes, which requires a standard deviation of positioning accuracy of about 50 cm in order to...