cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early dynamics of photosynthetic Lhcf2 and Lhcf15 transcription and mRNA stabilities in response to herbivory-related decadienal in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Abiotic and biotic stresses widely reduce light harvesting complex (LHC) gene expression in higher plants and algae. However, control mechanisms and functions of these changes are not well understood. During herbivory, marine diatom species release oxylipins that impair grazer reproduction and serve as signaling molecules to nearby undamaged diatoms. To examine LHC mRNA regulation by oxylipin exposure, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was treated with a sublethal concentration of trans,trans-2,4-decadienal (DD) during the light cycle. Transcriptome analyses revealed extensive suppression of LHC mRNAs and a smaller set of up-regulated LHC mRNAs at 3 h. For two divergently regulated LHCF antennae family mRNAs, in vivo 4-thiouracil metabolic labeling was used to distinguish synthesis and degradation rates. Within 3 h of DD exposure, Lhcf2 mRNA levels and transcription were strongly suppressed and its mRNA half-life decreased. In contrast, Lhcf15 mRNA mainly accumulated between 3–9 h, its transcription increased and its mRNA was highly stabilized. Hence, DD-treated cells utilized transcriptional and mRNA stability control mechanisms which were likely major factors in the differing Lhcf2 and Lhcf15 expression patterns. Widespread LHC mRNA regulation and possible effects on photosynthesis may contribute to enhanced fitness in cells impacted by herbivory and other stresses.
Development of a position-velocity-time-modulated two-dimensional ion beam figuring system for synchrotron x-ray mirror fabrication.

With the rapid evolution of synchrotron x-ray sources, the demand for high-quality precision x-ray mirrors has greatly increased. Single nanometer shape accuracy is required to keep imaging capabilities at the diffraction limit. Ion beam figuring (IBF) has been used frequently for ultra-precision finishing of mirrors, but achieving the ultimate accuracy depends on three important points: careful alignment, accurate dwell time calculation and implementation, and accurate optical metrology. The Optical Metrology Group at National Synchrotron Light Source II has designed and built a position–velocity–time-modulated two-dimensional IBF system (PVT-IBF) with three novel characteristics: (1) a beam footprint on the mirror was used as a reference to align the coordinate systems between the metrology and the IBF hardware; (2) the robust iterative Fourier transform-based dwell time algorithm proposed by our group was applied to obtain an accurate dwell time map; and (3) the dwell time was then transformed to velocities and implemented with the PVT motion scheme. In this study, the technical aspects of the PVT-IBF systems are described in detail, followed by an experimental demonstration of the figuring results. In our first experiment, the 2D RMS in a $ 50\;{\rm mm} \times 5\;{\rm mm} $50mm×5mm clear aperture was reduced from 3.4 to 1.1 nm after one IBF run. In our second experiment, due to a 5 mm pinhole installed in front of the source, the 2D RMS in a $ 50\;{\rm mm} \times 5\;{\rm mm} $50mm×5mm clear aperture was reduced from 39.1 to 1.9 nm after three IBF runs, demonstrating that our PVT-IBF solution is an effective and deterministic figuring process.
Addressing the Hypervalent Model: A Straightforward Explanation of Traditionally Hypervalent Molecules

The concept of an atom with an expanded octet, known as hypervalency, has persisted in the general chemistry curriculum, despite abundant theoretical work disputing its veracity. Here, the electron...
Weight Management in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity: Challenges and Possible Solutions

This review highlights challenges associated with weight management in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our purpose is to propose potential solutions to improve weight outcomes in youth with T1D. A common barrier to weight management in T1D is reluctance to engage in exercise for fear of hypoglycemia. Healthcare practitioners generally provide limited guidance for insulin dosing and carbohydrate modifications to maintain stable glycemia during exercise. Adherence to dietary guidelines is associated with improved glycemia; however, youth struggle to meet recommendations. When psychosocial factors are addressed in combination with glucose trends, this often leads to successful T1D management. Newer medications also hold promise to potentially aid in glycemia and weight management, but further research is necessary. Properly addressing physical activity, nutrition, pharmacotherapy, and psychosocial factors while emphasizing weight management may reduce the likelihood of obesity development and its perpetuation in this population.
Academic and Demographic Cluster Analysis of Engineering Student Success

Contribution: This article uses student semester grade point average (GPA) as a measure of student success to take into account the temporal effects in student success. The findings highlight the student performance based on their demographic status and use of university resources such as financial aid. College campuses should not only increase current resources but also raise awareness of current resources and make them more accessible (e.g., easier to apply or automatic applications). This is especially important for some demographics such as Hispanic first-generation students. Background: Higher education institutions are facing retention and graduation problems. One way to improve this is by understanding why students are not academically successful. Research Questions: In this study, demographic information and past academic records were analyzed to understand patterns of student success. Methodology: A cluster analysis was conducted to understand groups of students based on academic performance and demographic information. Examples of these factors are enrollment status, financial status, first-generation status, housing status, and transfer status. For the purpose of getting more accurate results, the students were separated into two different groups according to their admission status: 1) freshman and 2) transfer. Findings: The results indicate Hispanic, first-generation, low-income students are not likely to apply for financial aid although they are eligible. They have lower GPA and take fewer units per semester than other students. This can cause delayed graduation and accumulating more debt.
Abstract P287: Delays in the Identification and Assessment of In-Hospital Stroke Patients

Introduction: In-hospital stroke is associated with worse outcomes and fewer stroke interventions compared to patients with community-acquired stroke. We assessed factors associated with delays in ...
Global Patents: Limits of Transnational Enforcement

Preface Introduction Chapter 1: Global Protection for Inventions 1.1 The Territorial Limitations of Patent Protection 1.2 A World Patent 1.3 Parallel Patents 1.3.1 Obtaining a Patent Abroad 1.3.2 Obtaining Patents in Multiple Countries 1.4 Obstacles to Global Protection Chapter 2: Enforcing Parallel Patents 2.1 Private International Law Solutions to the Problem of Enforcement of Parallel Patents 2.1.1 The Brussels Regime 2.1.2 Mitigating the Problems Created By the Brussels Regime 2.1.3 The Hague Convention 2.1.4 The ALI Principles 2.1.5 The CLIP Principles 2.1.6 Obstacles to Implementation of Private International Law Solutions 2.1.6.1 Foreign Patents in U.S. Courts 2.1.6.2 Foreign Patents in German Courts 2.2 Institutional Solutions to the Problem of Enforcement of Parallel Patents 2.3 Obstacles to the Enforcement of Parallel Patents Chapter 3: Protecting an Invention outside the Protecting Country 3.1 Inventions in the Means of Transportation 3.2 Inventions in Transit and Border Measures 3.3 Offers to Sell 3.4 Inventions Assembled Abroad from Components from a Protecting Country 3.5 Acts Abroad Contributing to Infringements in the Protecting Country 3.6 Acts in Multiple Locations 3.7 Limits on the Protection of an Invention outside the Protecting Country Chapter 4: Limits of Protection under the Law of the Protecting Country 4.1 Foreign Parties before U.S. Courts ? A Quantitative View of the Enforcement Problem 4.1.1 Patent Cases Filed in 2004 and 2009 4.1.2 Cases Involving Foreign Parties 4.1.3 Cases Involving at Least One Foreign Defendant and Cases with Only Foreign Defendants 4.1.4 Some Observations about the Data on the Involvement of Foreign Defendants in Patent Litigation in 2004 and 2009 4.2 Injunctions 4.2.1 Cross-Border Injunctions in U.S. Courts 4.2.2 Cross-Border Injunctions in Europe 4.2.3 Challenges to Enforcement of Injunctions Abroad 4.2.3.1 Enforcement of an Injunction 4.2.3.2 Enforcement of a Contempt Order 4.3 Monetary Relief 4.3.1 Punitive Damages 4.3.2 Ongoing Royalties 4.4 Additional Requirements of Recognition and Enforcement 4.5 Obstacles to Enforcement Abroad Conclusions Bibliography Table of Cases Index
Chapter 4 Bond Breaking in Quantum Chemistry

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the different aspects of bond breaking in quantum chemistry. Ab initio quantum chemical methods can predict the equilibrium properties of small molecules in the gas phase to near-spectroscopic accuracy. A detailed understanding of a chemical reaction often requires the knowledge of its dynamics, which in turn requires the knowledge of the potential energy surface. By allowing the alpha and beta electrons to occupy different orbitals, the wave function can avoid the unphysical ionic terms. This approach is called unrestricted “Hartree–Fock (UHF),” as opposed to the usual, restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) method. The UHF potential energy curve is qualitatively correct, but often quantitatively poor. It also has the rather undesirable property that it is not an Eigen function of the electronic spin operator. CASSCF is the most widely used quantum chemical method for bond-breaking reactions. CASSCF wave functions are usually easier to converge than general multiconﬁgurational self-consistent-ﬁeld (MCSCF) wave functions and the ambiguity of selecting individual conﬁgurations is removed. The problematic ionic terms that make the RHF energy too high for large separations can also be avoided by using nonorthogonal orbitals in the valence bond approach.
THE TUCSON MASSACRE: DECONSTRUCTING COMPETING CLAIMS

What are the underlying causes of the 2011 Tucson shooting that killed six people–including a federal judge and a nine-year-old girl, critically wounded Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, and injured 12 others? In the aftermath of the shooting, three competing claims emerged: (1) Hate rhetoric from the right-wing; (2) The mental illness of the shooter; and (3) lax gun laws. From a critical constructionist model, this article deconstructs each claim, providing a coherent account of this tragic event, and other key players such as the NRA, Brady Bill, 1994 Ban on Assault Weapons, and British gun reform after the mass shooting that claimed the lives of sixteen five-year-old and six-year-old students and their teacher who died shielding them from the disturbed killer.
Intravenous antibiotic durations for common bacterial infections in children: When is enough enough?

Durations of intravenous antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections in hospitalized children sometimes extend well beyond clinical recovery and are often the primary determinants of length of stay. These durations, however, are not always based on solid evidence. Moreover, fixed durations are invariant to important individual factors. We review guidelines and the available evidence for durations of intravenous antibiotic therapy for meningitis, bacteremia, urinary tract infection, and osteomyelitis, conditions where intravenous antibiotics often extend beyond resolution of clinical symptoms. We propose a framework for the duration of therapy that is intended to serve as a guide when standards of care are either nonexistent, dated, conflicting, or contrary to evidence from published studies. This framework incorporates patient-centered factors such as severity of infection, response to therapy, ease of intravenous access, harms and costs of ongoing intravenous treatment, and family preferences.
Jejunostomy after Esophagectomy

Esophageal resection is indicated most often for treatment of localized esophageal cancer and Barrett’s esophagus with high grade dysplasia. Despite the improved techniques utilized for resection, Karl and colleagues report esophagectomy continues to be associated with a 30-day mortality of 2.1% and a 3-year survival of 29.6%. Overall, 29% of patients experience complications such as anastomotic leaks (3.5%) and pulmonary complications (19%). Approximately 58% of patients with esophageal cancer present with significant weight loss. These patients often have nutritional deficiencies due to the obstructive nature of the tumor and the catabolic effects of the malignancy. Poor preoperative nutritional status may increase the risk of postoperative complications and therefore nutritional support is a treatment modality that may directly impact outcomes.
Space Shuttle payload customer support tools: Orbiter-in-a-Box

Recent Space Shuttle program initiatives aim to achieve a substantial reduction in the mission operations production template. We undertake these initiatives in order to reduce infrastructure costs and increase mission operations supportability, while maintaining the program's substantial capability, flexibility, quality, and safety. We describe here one particular initiative that creates a new way to support Space Shuttle payloads. This initiative has many dimensions, including many process changes, and changes to on-board flight software and orbiter interfaces with the payload software. We describe briefly the dimensions of the initiative and the nature of the changes from the conventional process. In particular, we describe in detail one of the principal tools supporting the new process. This new tool, the orbiter-in-a-box, is a portable, high-fidelity, and comparatively inexpensive Space Shuttle vehicle simulation. In conjunction with the implementation of new processes and on-board support systems, this tool provides early life-cycle development and testing support for Space Shuttle payload customers.
Improved Size-Tunable Synthesis of Monodisperse Gold Nanorods through the Use of Aromatic Additives

We report an improved synthesis of colloidal gold nanorods (NRs) by using aromatic additives that reduce the concentration of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant to ∼0.05 M as opposed to 0.1 M in well-established protocols. The method optimizes the synthesis for each of the 11 additives studied, allowing a rich array of monodisperse gold NRs with longitudinal surface plasmon resonance tunable from 627 to 1246 nm to be generated. The gold NRs form large-area ordered assemblies upon slow evaporation of NR solution, exhibiting liquid crystalline ordering and several distinct local packing motifs that are dependent upon the NR’s aspect ratio. Tailored synthesis of gold NRs with simultaneous improvements in monodispersity and dimensional tunability through rational introduction of additives will not only help to better understand the mechanism of seed-mediated growth of gold NRs but also advance the research on plasmonic metamaterials incorporating anisotropic metal nanostructures.
Some observations on the spectra of cone preserving maps

The proof is long and intricate and extends the work of N. Dimitriev and E. Dynkin [2] who gave the characterization for n < 5. Our aim in this note is to give results on the location of spectra and hence a partial description of a set cor- responding to
Neuroimaging Insights into the Role of Cortical GABA Systems and the Influence of Nicotine on the Recovery from Alcohol Dependence

This paper reviews evidence suggesting that nicotine and tobacco smoke profoundly modulate the effects of alcohol on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuronal function, specifically at the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor (GABA(A)-BZR). The focus of this paper is on recent neuroimaging evidence in preclinical models as well as clinical experiments. First, we review findings implicating the role of alcohol at the GABA(A)-BZR and discuss the changes in GABA(A)-BZR availability during acute and prolonged alcohol withdrawal. Second, we discuss preclinical evidence that suggests nicotine affects GABA neuronal function indirectly by a primary action at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Third, we show how this evidence converges in studies that examine GABA levels and GABA(A)-BZRs in alcohol-dependent smokers and nonsmokers, suggesting that tobacco smoking attenuates the chemical changes that occur during alcohol withdrawal. Based on a comprehensive review of literature, we hypothesize that tobacco smoking minimizes the changes in GABA levels that typically occur during the acute cycles of drinking in alcohol-dependent individuals. Thus, during alcohol withdrawal, the continued tobacco smoking decreases the severity of the withdrawal-related changes in GABA chemistry. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
Analysis of the spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias: Consecutive ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings of ventricular tachycardia

Abstract Results are reported of analysis of the variability of complex ventricular arrhythmias in a cohort of 110 patients selected for the presence of ventricular tachycardia (VT). All patients were enrolled in investigational antiarrhythmic drug trials and had an average of 4 consecutive days of placebo ambulatory electrocardiographic recording to serve as the database for this study. Using a statistical approach incorporating analysis of variance, the minimum percent reductions of ventricular premature complexes, couplets and VT were calculated to establish “drug effect” rather than variability at a significance level of 0.05. The relative variability of ventricular arrhythmias in prognostically important groups was also analyzed: (1) coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 57) vs no CAD (n = 53); (2) patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less (n = 52) vs those with an ejection fraction greater than 40% (n = 58); and (3) patients with frequent runs of VT (10 or more runs/day, n = 63) vs infrequent VT (n = 47). Multiple regression analysis revealed that patients with CAD have significantly greater premature ventricular complex variability than patients without CAD (p
Osteopetrosis: Further heterogeneity

A form of osteopetrosis is described in two sibs which differs from the well-established autosomal dominant and recessive forms. The clinical course is mild with no evidence of clinically important encroachment upon the bone marrow or cranial nerve foramina; the skeletal radiographs show a mild generalized increase in bone density and metaphyseal modeling defects affecting primarily the distal femurs. The inheritance pattern is compatible with either an autosomal or X-linked recessive mode. The histologic features are distinct as well, and suggest that the pathogenesis of the condition differs from that of the usual forms of osteopetrosis.
Obtaining two attosecond pulses for X-ray stimulated Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Attosecond X-ray pulses are an indispensable tool for the study of electronic and structural changes in molecules undergoing chemical reactions. They have a wide bandwidth comparable to the energy bands of valence electronic states and, therefore, are well suited for making and probing multiple valence electronic excitations using core electron transitions. Here we propose a method of creating a sequence of two attosecond soft X-ray pulses in a free electron laser by optical manipulation of electrons located in two different sections of the electron bunch. The energy of each X-ray pulse can be of the order of 100 nJ and the pulse width of the order of 250 as. The carrier frequency of each X-ray pulse can be independently tuned to a resonant core electron transition of a specific atom of the molecule. The time interval between the two attosecond pulses is tunable from a few femtoseconds to a hundred femtoseconds with better than 100 as precision.
Nutritional lipid and antioxidant supplements: risks versus benefits

Two of the dietary tenets of the free radical theory of cancer, put forth by Denham Harman in 1962, require, in deference to newly accrued knowledge, refinement. The first was a recommendation for dietary reduction of vulnerable free radical targets, for example, polyunsaturated lipids. The second was the addition of one or more antioxidants to the diet. With respect to the first, it is now known that the equivalent levels of dietary ω-6, -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have opposite effects upon photocarcinogenesis. Increasing levels of ω-6 PUFA exacerbate photocarcinogenesis, with regard to decreased tumor latent period and tumor multiplicity. Dietary ω-3 PUFA inhibits photocarcinogenesis, increasing tumor latent period and reducing tumor multiplicity. Yet the degree of unsaturation in both types of fats is almost equal. It is almost certain that the action of these two types of PUFA rests with the intermediates that each generates through the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. The general ...
Small-angle AVO Response of PS-waves In Tilted TI Media

Field records for small source-receiver offsets often contain intensive reflected PS-waves, which are difficult to model without introducing velocity anisotropy on either side of the reflector. Here, we study the small-angle reflection coefficients of the split converted PS1and PS2-waves (RPS1 and RPS2) for a horizontal interface separating two transversely isotropic media with arbitrary orientations of the symmetry axis.
In vivo imaging platform for tracking immunotherapeutic cells

Cellular therapeutics show great promise for the treatment of disease, but few noninvasive techniques exist for monitoring the cells after administration. Here we present a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology that uses perfluoropolyether (PFPE) agents to track cells in vivo. Fluorine MRI selectively images only the labeled cells, and a 'conventional' (1)H image places the cells in their anatomical context. We labeled phenotypically defined dendritic cells (DCs) with PFPE ex vivo and observed efficient intracellular uptake of the PFPE with little effect on DC function. We injected labeled DCs into tissue or intravenously in mice and then tracked the cells in vivo using (19)F MRI. Although we focused on DCs, which are being developed as immunotherapeutics for cancer and autoimmune diseases, this technology should be useful for monitoring a wide range of cell types in vivo.
Fluid inclusion and phase equilibrium studies at the Cannivan Gulch molybdenum deposit, Montana, USA: Effect of CO2 on molybdenite-powellite stability

Abstract The molybdenum deposit at Cannivan Gulch is characterized by both stockwork- and skarn type mineralization. The vein mineral assemblages, however, differ considerably between the various host rocks. In the Cannivan stock, molybdenite occurs in typical quartz + K-feldspar or quartz + muscovite veins. In the country rocks, molybdenite occurs in chlorite + pyrite + magnetite veins containing variable amounts of quartz, calcite, and epidote. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite contain aqueous liquid, CO 2 liquid, and CO 2 vapor (average X CO 2 = 0.05). Microthermometric and Laser Raman microspectrographic analyses indicate CO 2 is the principal volatile phase. First melting temperatures in the aqueous portion indicate the dissolved salt is principally NaCl. Final CO 2 -clathrate melting temperatures indicate NaCl contents ranging from 2 to 7 wt% relative to H 2 O. Homogenization temperatures range from 196 to 272°C. Four chlorite temperatures from two samples range from 296 to 319°C. In P - T space, the four chlorite univariants intersect four fluid inclusion isochores (from the same samples) at temperatures of 300 ± 20° C and 1500 ± 300 bars, which are the inferred P and T of molybdenite formation. Mineral equilibria in vein assemblages from country rocks at Cannivan Gulch indicate f O 2 and f S 2 conditions of molybdenite formation between the pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite and pyrite-magnetite-hematite buffers. Formation of a calcite-molybdenite assemblage over powellite suggests that even small amounts of CO 2 ( X CO 2 = 0.05) in an ore fluid greatly extend the stability field of molybdenite to higher oxygen fugacities.
Photodetachment Spectroscopy of a Doubly Charged Anion: Direct Observation of the Repulsive Coulomb Barrier

Photoelectron spectra of citric acid doubly charged anion were measured. The repulsive Coulomb barrier due to the two excess charges was directly probed and estimated to be about {approximately}1.9{endash} 2.5 eV . The adiabatic binding energy of the second electron was measured to be 1.0thinspthinspeV. Two detachment channels were observed, with the second channel at {approximately}0.6 eV higher in binding energy. The current study presents the first photodetachment experiments of a multiply charged anion and opens up new opportunities to study these novel molecular species. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
A critical assessment of flow and cavity formation in a superplastic yttria-stabilized zirconia

Abstract Tensile tests were performed on specimens of high purity 3Y-TZP (tetragonal ZrO2 stabilized with ∼ 3 mol% of Y2O3) at temperatures from 1623 to 1803 K. Superplastic-like flow was achieved with elongations of up to >400%. The experiments show that the stress exponent, n, is ∼ 3.0–3.4 and the activation energy for flow, Q, is ∼ 602±20 kJ mol−1. Internal cavities developed in all specimens during flow, and quantitative measurements were taken of the cavity shapes and sizes over a range of experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that there is an increase in the extent of cavitation with (i) decreasing temperature at constant strain rate and (ii) increasing strain rate at constant temperature. The influence of strain rate on cavitation in 3Y-TZP is the opposite of most superplastic metals, and the difference arises because of an inhibition in the diffusion growth process in 3Y-TZP.
Utility of the frontal plane QRS axis in identifying non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with poor R-wave progression.

Poor R-wave progression (PRWP) is a common electrocardiographic phenomenon in which the anticipated increase in R-wave amplitude in successive precordial leads, V 1 to V 5 , fails to occur. PRWP is prevalent in approximately 10% of hospitalized adult patients, predominantly in those with coronary artery disease. Debate is ongoing on its association with myocardial infarction (MI). However, studies that showed no association failed to appraise the significance of the QRS axis in relation to PRWP among such patients with MI. In our retrospective study, we consecutively identified 150 unselected adult patients with PRWP among 660 successive admissions to the general medical floors of a tertiary care teaching hospital (Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts). After excluding patients with anterior wall Q-wave MI (defined as the presence of a QS complex or Q-wave ≥1 mm deep in V 2 or V 3 ), sudden unexpected death, MI after percutaneous coronary interventions or coronary artery bypass grafting during this hospitalization, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, pacemakers, bundle branch blocks, and electrocardiograms that were of poor quality or affected by severe motion artifact, inconsistencies with patient identification, or errors in lead placement, 137 patients remained. The patients were then screened for non–ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) during the present admission. The DePace criteria for PRWP were systematically used for all patients, and the QRS axis was calculated using limb leads based on Einthoven's equilateral triangle (normal was considered −30° to 100°). Of the 137 study patients screened with PRWP, 38 had NSTEMI (25.3%). Thirty-one had a normal QRS axis (mean age ± standard deviation 71.3 ± 12 years), and 7 showed either right or left axis deviation (mean age ± standard deviation 64.3 ± 15 years). This proved to be statistically significant (p
Sex differences, responses sets and response biases in fear assessment

Abstract Sex differences and response bias in assessment of fears were investigated in two studies. Both used a fear survey schedule, with the first employing normal instructions plus instructional sets of “best impression” (“create the most favorable impression you can”) and “worst impression” (simulate psychiatric illness) with 60 female and 60 male college students in a 2 x 3 design. Both generalized and extreme (phobic) fear scores were obtained. Both fear scores showed significant increases in the “sick” simulation. These results were compared to fear ratings by (“real”) psychiatric patients. The students “sick” simulation bore little resemblance to the fears of the patients; the greatest similarity was found between students' normal fears and the patients' fears! The second study examined opposite-sex simulations in 2 x 2 design with 46 female and 46 male college students. Females had significantly greater generalized and extreme fear scores. The males' simulations most closely reflected this reality. Multidimensional scaling of the results from both experiments, as well as other available data, was reported. It was concluded that the aproach used here to investigate sex effects on the perception of fears might well be extended to other situations, e.g. marriage.
Penile cryptococcosis with review of mycotic infections of penis

A recurrence of cryptococcosis sixteen years after the primary infection as a penile ulcer is reported. The clinical manifestations of genitourinary and skin involvement by cryptococci are discussed. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of penile mycotic infections are reviewed.
Speckle interferometry of asteroids IV. Reconstructed images of 4 Vesta

The images of 4 Vesta obtained by means of speckle interferometric observations on November 16 and 17, 1983, support a 5-hr 20.5-min rotational period. The 4 Vesta visible light curve was approximately matched by the placing of circular 'spots' with 135-km diameter over the three dark and three bright features, followed by the assigning of albedos of 0 to the dark spots and 2 to the bright. The light curve is found to be primarily defined by albedo structure, rather than shape; this results in one maximum and one minimum/rotation, rather than the two of each that would be associated with 4 Vesta's triaxial ellipsoid morphology.
Studies on egg and nymphal parasites of rice planthoppers,Nilaparvata lugetts (stål) andSogatella furcifera (Horvath)

Three species of egg parasites, viz.,Anagrus sp.,A. optabilis (Mymaridae) andOligosita sp. (Trichogrammatidae), and a nymphal/adult parasiteGonatopus sp. of rice planthoppers were studied for their biology and control potential. Larger number of adult mymarids emerged from host eggs between 8·30 a.m. and 12·30 p.m. of the day whereas trichogrammatid adults emerged between 12·30 p.m. to 4·30 p.m. All the three species parasitised both brown planthopper (BPH) and white backed planthopper (WBPH) but, in general, failed to parasitise rice leaf-hoppers.
Induction of luteal phase defect with clomiphene citrate

The effect of clomiphene citrate and progesterone on luteal function in infertile women was studied. Endometrial biopsies were performed in 103 women immediately prior to menstruation. Group 1 (n = 62) had secretory endometrium with a histologic lag time of greater than or equal to 48 hours with respect to the subsequent menses, that is, luteal phase defect. Group 2 (n = 10) had normal histologic characteristics of the secretory phase. Group 3 (n = 31) had anovulatory endometrium. The last group was subdivided into those with polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 9) and those without the characteristic gonadotropin pattern of polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 22). Clomiphene citrate at doses of 50 to 250 mg daily for 5 days was administered for induction of ovulation, timing of ovulation, or treatment of luteal phase defect. An endometrial biopsy was obtained after three ovulatory treatment cycles. Only one fourth of the women with prior luteal phase defect had normalization of the biopsy specimen with clomiphene citrate, while one half of those treated with progesterone had normal specimens. Half of the normally ovulating women had induction of a luteal phase defect with clomiphene citrate. Only women with polycystic ovary syndrome had consistently well-timed endometrial histologic features with clomiphene citrate therapy. Despite successful induction of ovulation, 16 of the other 22 previously anovulatory women had endometrial histologic findings compatible with luteal phase defect. Increasing the clomiphene citrate dosage was unsuccessful in improving endometrial maturation. These results suggest that the use of clomiphene citrate may be associated with a high rate of luteal phase defect induction, except among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clomiphene citrate, even at high doses, appears to be ineffective therapy for luteal phase defect.
Learning in networked systems

The setup of learning in networked systems is a collection of decision making components with local information and limited communication interacting to balance a collective objective with local incentives. This talk presents a tutorial overview of learning in such settings from a game theoretic perspective. While game theory is well known for its traditional role as a modeling framework in social sciences, it is seeing growing interest as a design approach for distributed architecture control. In game theoretic learning, the focus shifts away from equilibrium solution concepts and towards the dynamics of how decision makers reach equilibrium. This talk presents a sampling of results in game theoretic learning from its origins as a “descriptive” model for social systems to its “prescriptive” role as an approach to designing networked control. The talk presents also presents various examples from distributed coordination.
Solutions of linear Sobolev differential equations

Abstract Methods for finding the solution to linear Sobolev differential equation are discussed.
Personalizing Therapy for Esophageal Cancer Patients

Management of esophageal cancer starts with accurate tissue diagnosis and clinical staging. Advances in screening and surveillance programs and endoscopic techniques have resulted in patients with early-stage esophageal cancer diagnosed more frequently. Endoscopic mucosal resection for staging is essential to diagnose T1a cancer and crucial to exclude risk factors for progression to cancer or presence of concomitant cancer. Esophagectomy is an essential component of treatment of locally advanced, resectable esophageal cancer. Despite intensive multidisciplinary approaches, the prognosis of esophageal cancer is unacceptable. This article focuses on the process of decision making used to select optimal therapy for esophageal cancer.
UTILIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS SOURCES OF DIFFERENT AVAILABILITY BY MYCORRHIZAL AND NON-MYCORRHIZAL MAIZE*

In experiments with phosphorus sources of different availability mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal maize grew equally well when the phosphorus source was readily available. When the phosphorus source was slowly available, however, mycorrhizal maize had a much higher phosphorus content and grew much better than non-mycorrhizal maize.
Critical and Feminist Reconstructions of Early Childhood Education: Continuing the Conversations:

Over the past few years, several early childhood educators have engaged in both critical and feminist analyses of the dominant perspectives in early childhood education. Following the work of such scholars as William Pinar and Maxine Greene, they have called for reconceptualizations of the field. In a recent session at the American Educational Research Association conference, a large panel of early childhood educators shared their visions for reconceptualization. Four of those visions are included in this colloquium. Readers are invited to react and provide their own suggestions.
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization: The synthesis of unsaturated polyketones

The first acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of unsaturated ketone containing monomers using the molybdenum catalyst, Mo(CHCMe2Ph)(N-2,6-C6H3-i-Pr2)[OCCH3(CF3)2]2 is reported. 6,6,8,8-Tetramethyl-1,12-tridecadiene-7-one undergoes homopolymerization; copoly-merizations are carried out with 1,9-decadiene and 2,12-dimethyl-2,12-dipentenylcyclododecan-1-one, 2,12-diallylcyclododecan-1-one, and trans-2,12-diallyl-2,12-dimethylcyclododecan-1-one These polymerizations are initiated under bulk conditions and are continued in solution. No evidence of Wittig chemistry is observed between the carbonyl functional group and the catalyst when a high degree of steric hindrance exists around the carbonyl moiety. Polymer structures were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weights were determined by endgroup analysis and gel permeation chromatography.
High-speed chromatographic analysis of high-fructose corn syrup for process monitoring.

Abstract High-speed chromatography is coupled with numerical methods for analyzing unresolved chromatograms and applied to a process analysis of high-fructose corn syrup. A column selection process is demonstrated where a minimum amount of resolution is sacrificed in order to decrease analysis time from over 5 min to 25 sec. Two data analysis methods, linear least squares regression and the sequential chromatogram ratio technique coupled with sequential suppression, are compared for their ability to quantitate the poorly resolved chromatograms. Both methods fit pure component analyte chromatograms, collected on a computer, to a sample chromatogram with unknown concentrations of each analyte. For a high-fructose corn syrup sample with a nominal fructose concentration of 55%, linear least squares analysis gave a fructose concentration percentage of 57.2 ± 0.9%. The sequential chromatogram ratio algorithm gave a fructose concentration percentage of 57.9 ± 0.7%.
Quantification of 22 phthalate metabolites in human urine

Phthalates are ubiquitous industrial chemicals with high potential for human exposure. Validated analytical methods to measure trace concentrations of phthalate metabolites in humans are essential for assessing exposure to phthalates. Previously, we developed a sensitive and accurate automated analytical method for measuring up to 16 phthalate metabolites in human urine by using on-line solid phase extraction coupled with isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. To include the measurement of seven additional analytes, including oxidative metabolites of diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates, two chemicals used extensively in numerous consumer products, we used a novel nontraditional HPLC solvent gradient program. With this approach, we achieved adequate resolution and sensitivity for all 22 analytes with limits of detection in the low ng/mL range, without increasing the analytical run time. The method also has high accuracy with automatic recovery correction, high precision, and excellent sample throughput with minimal matrix effects. Although it is possible to measure these 22 phthalate metabolites with adequate precision and accuracy at sub-parts-per-billion levels, additional information, including toxicokinetic data, is needed to demonstrate the usefulness of these phthalate metabolites for exposure assessment purposes.
On nationalizing private property and the present value of dictators

The empirical and theoretical results in this paper cast doubt upon the explanation of socialism advanced by Gifford and Kenney. The empirical finding that socialism is inversely related to the degree of political instability is directly contrary to the prediction of their model.
Ca2+ and Calmodulin Regulate the Binding of Filamin A to Actin Filaments

Filamin A (FLNa) cross-links actin filaments (F-actin) into three-dimensional gels in cells, attaches F-actin to membrane proteins, and is a scaffold that collects numerous and diverse proteins. We report that Ca2+-calmodulin binds the actin-binding domain (ABD) of FLNa and dissociates FLNa from F-actin, thereby dissolving FLNa·F-actin gels. The FLNa ABD has two calponin homology domains (CH1 and CH2) separated by a linker. Recombinant CH1 but neither FLNa nor its ABD binds Ca2+-calmodulin in the absence of F-actin. Extending recombinant CH1 to include the negatively charged region linker domain makes it, like full-length FLNa, unable to bind Ca2+-calmodulin. Ca2+-calmodulin does, however, dissociate the FLNa ABD from F-actin provided that the CH2 domain is present. These findings identify the first evidence for direct regulation of FLNa, implicating a mechanism whereby Ca2+-calmodulin selectively targets the FLNa·F-actin complex.
Effects of bile salt structure on chiral separations with mixed micelles of bile salts and polyoxyethylene ethers using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

The chiral resolving abilities of micellar solutions of four different bile salts alone and in mixtures with polyoxyethylene-4-dodecyl ether (C12E4) and methanol were investigated using MECC. The four bile salts investigated were the unconjugated sodium salts of cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids. The test solutes included verapamil, norverapamil, gallopamil, bi-2-naphthol, atenolol and BAYK8644. The relative hydrophobicities of the micellar aggregates formed in solutions of binary mixtures of each bile salt with C12E4 were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy using pyrene as a probe molecule. The observed enantiomeric resolution for the test compounds using these binary mixtures as MECC pseudo-stationary phases was determined. Correlations between micellar hydrophobicity for these solutions and chiral resolution of these test solutes are presented. The addition of C12E4 with or without methanol to solutions of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate enhanced the chiral resolution observed for compounds containing a longer hydrocarbon chain separating some of the major functional groups from the chiral center. The pure bile salt solutions generally provided better chiral resolution for the compounds where the major functional groups, such as aromatic rings, were closer to the chiral center.
The Cast Net: an Overlooked Sampling Gear

AbstractSampling fishes and decapods in shallow, estuarine, marsh habitats is challenging because of depth variation, soft substrates that make standing difficult, and the presence of submersed aquatic vegetation. Though often overlooked, a cast net is an efficient gear type for sampling nekton in this environment. Complaints about the cast net are that it is difficult to deploy successfully and the results are not repeatable. We present a method of standardization of cast-net deployment that reveals that most of the variation in area covered is among individual operators rather than within one individual. The 1.8-m cast net collected more species, more biomass, and faster-swimming nekton than the throw trap. There was no statistical difference in the total number of animals collected or the total number of species between the gear types. We conclude that the cast net is a useful gear type for sampling nekton communities in estuarine habitats especially when there are differences in the spatial and tempor...
Competitive oil prices and scarcity rents when the extraction cost function is convex

The relationship between the time path of equilibrium prices and scarcity rents in the case of exhaustible resources depends on the nature of the extraction cost function. This paper examines the characteristics of the resource price path and scarcity rents when the extraction cost function is increasing and convex - a shape that seems to predominate in empirical work, especially in the case of oil. Scarcity rents eventually decline and the competitive price path inflects at the point where the scarcity rents stop rising. The theory is illustrated by using realistic cost and demand estimates from the oil industry.
An approach toward rational design of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment

Abstract A simulation-based design approach is used to find the optimal size a wetland constructed for wastewater treatment. The simulation scheme synthesizes submodels describing variable wastewater loadings, atmospheric moisture fluxes, contaminant fate and transport, and effluent release and recycle rules. The wetland is modeled as a lined densely vegetated prismatic open channel that behaves as a non-ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) with first-order temperature-dependent kinetics. The hydrodynamic equation for gradually varied unsteady free surface flow is linked with the one-dimensional advection diffusion decay equation for a nonconservative nonsorbing substance. The coupled equations are solved using an implicit finite difference method. The flexibility of the simulation approach is illustrated with four hypothetical examples which compare treatment performances among alternate wetland configurations and operating strategies. Results show that ambient temperature and the effluent release and recycle rule are much more important than precipitation and evaporation in determining the size of the wetland required to meet permit limits.
Photochemistry of α-phenoxy-p-methoxyacetophenone

Abstract The triplet state of the title compound decays by a competition of β-phenyl quenching and β-cleavage leading to CH 3 OC 6 H 4 COCH 2 · and phenoxyl radicals. The latter process occurs with a quantum yield of 0.020.
Commercialization of fisheries and the subsistence economies of the Alaska Tlingit

Abstract The commercialization of salmon in southeast Alaska has affected the traditional subsistence economies of the Tlingit Indians. Over the past hundred years, a mixed subsistence‐market economy that combines subsistence and market sectors has developed in Tlingit communities. Contemporary fishing households in two Tlingit communities are shown to participate in both subsistence and commercial fisheries using various strategies. In the 1980s, commercial salmon fishing households produced more subsistence fish and game than households without commercial permits. Certain factors in commercial fisheries development have exerted negative pressures on the traditional subsistence sector of the Tlingit economy: stock depletions; non‐local, non‐Native control of the fisheries; and restrictive subsistence fisheries management regimes. Resolution of these problems for the Tlingit depends on influencing historic processes stemming from legal and political structures that are not culturally responsive to indigen...
Piracy in China

Abstract In a global marketplace, doing business in China is inevitable. Companies that conduct business in China, especially manufacturing and distribution, are particularly sensitive to piracy. It is common knowledge that piracy can be found everywhere in China, and in virtually every industry. This article analyzes Intellectual Property Rights and the business structure in China. Herein, the legal system is evaluated and common problems facing companies operating in China are discussed. We conclude with suggestions for companies currently operating in China, as well as those which plan to enter China in the near future. The opportunities of doing business in China outweigh the threat and fear of piracy.
IMPORTANCE OF GAME LOCATION AND SCORING FIRST IN COLLEGE BASEBALL

This study examined the effects of game location and scoring first on performance outcome in college baseball. Data were collected from 10 teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Ana...