cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact Response and Damage Tolerance of Composite Sandwich Structures

The deformation and failure response of composite sandwich beams and panels under low velocity impact was reviewed and discussed. Sandwich facesheet materials discussed are unidirectional and woven carbon/epoxy, and woven glass/vinylester composite laminates; sandwich core materials investigated include four types of closed cell PVC foams of various densities, aluminum honeycomb, polyurethane foam, foam-filled honeycomb, and balsa wood. These materials were fully characterized under quasi-static loading and, in some cases, under high strain loading conditions as well. Sandwich beams were tested in an instrumented drop tower system under various energy levels, where load and strain histories and failure modes were recorded for the various types of beams. Peak loads predicted by spring-mass and energy balance models were in satisfactory agreement with experimental measurements. Failure patterns depend strongly on the impact energy levels and core properties. Failure modes observed include core indentation/cracking, facesheet buckling, delamination within the facesheet, and debonding between the facesheet and core. Sandwich beams with PVC cores tend to be more stable than beams with different cores. Although sandwich beams with balsa wood cores perform well under static loading, they fail catastrophically under impact loading due to the low fracture toughness along the grain direction. Sandwich beams with honeycomb cores show early catastrophic failure caused by the lack of continuity of the interface between the honeycomb core and the facesheet, resulting in debonding failure. In the case of sandwich panels, it was shown that static and impact loads of the same magnitude produce very similar far-field deformations. The induced damage is localized and is lower for impact loading than for an equivalent static loading. Static testing in general is more conservative regarding strain and damage levels. The load history, predicted by a model based on the sinusoidal shape of the impact load pulse, was in agreement with experimental results. A finite element model was implemented to capture the full response of the panel indentation. The investigation of post-impact behavior of sandwich structures shows that, although impact damage may not be readily visible, its effects on the residual mechanical properties of the structure can be quite detrimental.
Replicating a National Survey on Statistical Training in Undergraduate Psychology Programs: Are There “New Statistics” in the New Millennium?

This study describes a close replication of Friedrich, Buday, and Kerr’s late 1990s survey of statistics instruction in undergraduate psychology programs. Disciplinary reform efforts at that time s...
Nutrition Support During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Providing adequate nutrition to critically ill pediatric patients is essential and positively impacts outcomes. Critically ill infants and children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy are nutritionally vulnerable, yet there are challenges to reliable assessment of nutrition requirements and to the delivery of optimal nutrition in this cohort. In this review of the relevant literature, we present the current evidence and guidelines for the optimal prescription and delivery of nutrition for pediatric patients receiving ECMO. We also discuss nutrient delivery considerations in ECMO survivors and identify areas where further study is needed.
Comparison of vineyard evapotranspiration estimates from surface renewal using measured and modelled energy balance components in the GRAPEX project

Surface renewal (SR) is a biometeorological technique that uses high frequency air temperature measurements above a crop surface to estimate sensible heat flux (H). The H derived from SR is then combined with net radiation (Rn) and ground heat flux (G) measurements to estimate latent heat flux (LE) as the residual of an energy balance equation. Recent advances in SR theory enabled its use beyond research settings, and led to the development of an inexpensive, stand-alone SR system for use in commercial agricultural settings. However, these commercial applications require replacing expensive net radiometers with clear sky models designed to estimate Rn for the energy balance approach, while also assuming G is zero on a daily basis. The accuracy of substituting Rn measurements with modelled values is unknown, and the assumption of an inconsequential G requires additional testing. Here, we compare the accuracy of the SR derived estimates of H and LE when Rn is either measured directly or modelled, and we compare results to two eddy covariance (EC) LE observations, namely LE measured via EC with an infrared gas analyzer (ECIRGA) and LE solved as a residual in the surface energy balance (ECresid). These measurements were collected at the Grape Remote sensing Atmospheric Profile & Evapotranspiration eXperiment (GRAPEX) conducted over a vineyard within the Lodi, CA wine growing region. LE from SR using tower Rn data measured directly onsite was significantly correlated with LE from ECresid and from ECIRGA with a least squares regression slope ~ 1. LE derived with the modelled incoming solar radiation (SWi) and DisALEXI Rn approaches were also significantly correlated with LE from ECresid, but both modelling approaches overestimated LE at higher fluxes. Patterns were similar, but with more scatter for correlations between LE from ECIRGA and LE from SR using either modelled or remotely sensed Rn. Incorporating direct measurements of G had minimal impact on the agreement of several SR approaches and LE from both EC approaches, however, when differences did occur direct measures of G reduced scatter and bias especially for the empirical SR approach. Our results suggest that LE derived from the new SR method requires fairly accurate Rn modelling approaches to obtain reliable and unbiased estimates of daily LE in comparison to measured LE using EC techniques.
A new Burkitt "look-alike" lymphoma.

In this issue of Blood, Wagener et al demonstrate a new World Health Organization (WHO) provisional entity of MYC – Burkitt-like lymphoma (BLL) with 11q aberrations (mnBLL, 11q,) that is distinct from MYC + sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) as well as other germinal center–derived B-cell lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. 1
Examining the Relationships Among Intuition, Reasoning, and Conceptual Understanding in Physics

It is a common expectation that, after instruction, students will consciously and systematically construct chains of reasoning that start from established scientific principles and lead to well-justified predictions. When student performance on course exams does not reveal such patterns, it is often assumed that students either do not possess a suitable understanding of the relevant physics or are unable to construct such inferential reasoning chains due to deficiencies in reasoning abilities. Psychological research on thinking and reasoning, however, seems to suggest that, in many cases, thinking processes follow paths that are strikingly different from those outlined above. A set of theoretical ideas, referred to broadly as dual process theory, asserts that human cognition relies on two largely independent thinking systems. The first of these systems is fast and intuitive, while the second is slow, logically deliberate, and effortful. In an ongoing project focusing on student reasoning in physics, we have been developing and applying various methodologies that allow us to disentangle reasoning, intuition, and conceptual understanding in physics. We then use the dual process theory to account for the observed patterns in student responses. Data from introductory physics courses are presented and implications for instruction are discussed.
STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY CORRELATIONS IN TRIHYDROXYPHENETHYLAMINES AND DIHYDROXYTRYPTAMINES RELATIONSHIP TO CYTOTOXICITY IN ADRENERGIC AND SEROTONERGIC NEURONS

With trihydroxyphenethylamines, the neurodegenerative activity towards noradrenergic structures is clearly dependent upon an active uptake and concentration of the amine into the axoplasm of the neuronal terminal, followed by a rapid cyclical oxidation, reduction, and reoxidation to a para quinone with concomitant formation of hydrogen peroxide during oxidation. The para-quinones can react with macromolecular nucleophiles and can undergo cyclization and “isomerization” to dihydroxyindoles. The exact nature of the biochemical alteration or alterations which lead to “degeneration” of the terminal is as yet unknown and may be related to the rapid formation of reactive quinones and/or hydrogen peroxide from trihydroxyphenethylamines. In the case of dihydroxytryptamines, sufficient data is not yet available to delineate the nature of their cytotoxic activity towards serotonergic structures. The compounds do have high affinities for serotonin-transport systems in nerve terminals. Effects on noradrenergic structures have, however, been reported for 5,6-, 5,7-, and 6,7-dihydroxytryptamines. It is surprising that dihydroxytryptamines, which are autoxidized at very slow rates compared to 6-hydroxydopamine, would be quite efficacious in eliciting neurodegeneration, especially if this occurs via a similar mechanism involving intracellular oxidation to aminochrome-like compounds (quinone-amines) and hydrogen peroxide. The blockade of the long-term effects of the dihydroxytryptamines on cardiac noradrenergic mechanisms by inhibition of monoamine oxidase is unexpected and suggestive of monoamine oxidase-catalyzed formation of a toxic metabolite.
The Practice of Civic Tech: Tensions in the Adoption and Use of New Technologies in Community Based Organizations

This article reports on a qualitative study of community based organizations’ (CBOs) adoption of information communication technologies (ICT). As ICTs in the civic sector, otherwise known as civic tech, get adopted with greater regularity in large and small organizations, there is need to understand how these technologies shape and challenge the nature of civic work. Based on a nine-month ethnographic study of one organization in Boston and additional interviews with fourteen other organizations throughout the United States, the study addresses a guiding research question: how do CBOs reconcile the changing (increasingly mediated) nature of civic work as ICTs, and their effective adoption and use for civic purposes, increasingly represent forward-thinking, progress, and innovation in the civic sector?—of civic tech as a measure of “keeping up with the times.” From a sense of top-down pressures to innovate in a fast-moving civic sector, to changing bottom-up media practices among community constituents, our findings identify four tensions in the daily practice of civic tech, including: 1) function vs. representation, 2) amplification vs. transformation, 3) grassroots vs. grasstops, and 4) youth vs. adults. These four tensions, derived from a grounded theory approach, provide a conceptual picture of a civic tech landscape that is much more complicated than a suite of tools to help organizations become more efficient. The article concludes with recommendations for practitioners and researchers.
Dynamic Test Stimulus Adaptation for Analog/RF Circuits Using Booleanized Models Extracted From Hardware

Test stimulus generation algorithms for analog/RF circuits rely on iterative simulation of the circuits concerned and are extremely computation-intensive. Our objective is to speed up test stimulus generation while allowing tests to be optimized dynamically (adapted) across diverse process corners that a device under test (DUT) is experiencing during manufacturing without compromising test quality. To achieve this, we propose to dynamically recognize devices from unknown process corners during manufacturing test and create Booleanized models of these devices from measurements performed on hardware. The cumulative ensemble of Booleanized models across different devices is used to (re-) optimize tests depending on observed performance statistics. The use of Booleanized models for test generation allows orders of magnitude speed up in test computation time while allowing emulation of devices long after they have shipped to the customer. The method is demonstrated using the alternative test methodology developed in prior research and allows the tests concerned to adapt to process shifts in a dynamic manner during device manufacture. The simulation results and hardware measurements are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed techniques.
Implementation of Entrustable Professional Activities into a General Surgery Residency.

Objective Concerns over resident ability to practice effectively after graduation have led to the competency-based medical education movement. Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) may facilitate competency-based medical education in surgery, but implementation is challenging. This manuscript describes 1 strategy used to implement EPAs into an academic general surgery residency. Design, Setting, Participants A mobile application was developed incorporating 5 EPAs developed by the American Board of Surgery; residents and faculty from the Departments of Surgery, Emergency Medicine, and Hospital Medicine at a single tertiary care center were trained in its use. Entrustment levels and free text feedback were collected. Self-assessment was paired with supervisor assessment, and faculty assessments were used to inform clinical competency committee entrustment decisions. Feedback was regularly solicited from app users and results distributed on a monthly basis. Results One thousand seven hundred and twenty microassessments were collected over the first 16 months of implementation; 898 (47.8%) were performed by faculty with 569 (66.0%) matched pairs. Engagement was skewed with small numbers of high performers in both resident and faculty groups. Continued development of resident and faculty was required to sustain engagement with the program. Nonsurgical specialties contributed significantly to resident assessments (496, 28.8%). Conclusions EPAs are being successfully integrated into the assessment framework at our institution. EPA implementation in surgery residency is a long-term process that requires investment, but may address limitations in the current assessment framework.
Antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer typically presents at an advanced stage and while initial chemotherapy response rates are favorable, a majority of patients experience recurrence with the subsequent development of c...
On the Broadcast Channel with Non-Distinct Message Demands and Symmetric Side Information

In this paper, we consider the K-receiver discrete memoryless (DM) broadcast channel (BC) with non-distinct message demands; in particular, the K-receivers demand N ≤ K messages of the same rate R with each message demanded by a (disjoint) subset of receivers. Moreover, each message consists of 2K independent sub-messages, with each sub-message available at a distinct subset of receivers as side information. We assume symmetric side-information in that the sub-messages that are available at the same number of receivers as side information have the same rate. This model is akin to coded caching with non-distinct demands over the general BC (rather than a shared noiseless link) and also extends our recent work in which message demands were distinct. We propose a coding scheme that consists of (a) a new form of network coding in which the non-distinctness of the message demands and the side information are used to create 2K−2K−N groupcast messages —and these are not in general the same as for decentralized caching over a shared noiseless link in recent work by Yu et al. —(b) message merging where certain sets of those groupcast messages are bijectively mapped into a single message each (c) superposition coding to generate the codebooks for the merged messages and (d) successive decoding at each receiver to find its intended message with the aid of the side information. In particular, while each receiver decodes the codebooks of certain merged messages, some of the receivers must in addition also locally generate 2K−N−1 groupcast messages to find their respective intended messages. Although we do not provide proofs of converses, the proposed scheme is optimal for two stated categories herein of BCs and message demands.
Practices and Perceptions at the COVID-19 Transition in Undergraduate Animal Science Courses

The swift transition to remote learning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic presented substantial challenges for both students and instructors in post-secondary natural sciences education. To examine teaching practices and student engagement during the emergency remote learning in the Spring 2020 semester, we surveyed 10 instructors and 261 students in an animal and dairy sciences department at a large midwestern university. Instructors reported using a diversity of teaching practices. On average, students perceived high teaching presence and cognitive presence and moderate social presence during emergency remote learning. Student-reported educational experience differed substantially between courses and explained a significant amount of variance in student engagement and satisfaction outcomes (p < 0.001). Open-ended responses revealed beliefs and attributions about remote learning that shaped students' interpretations of educational experiences. Results support the validity of the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework for assessing emergency remote learning and suggest future research on modulators of social presence.
Amyloidosis and Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease

Amyloidosis and light chain deposition diseases (LCDD) belong to the family of monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition diseases characterized by the inappropriate deposition of abnormal proteins resulting in organ injury and dysfunction. Although both conditions may present with manifestations that range from limited to multisystemic disease, the focus of this chapter will be the pulmonary manifestations, particularly cystic and nodular lung disease. These protein deposition disorders are also commonly associated with lymphoplasmacytic diseases such as multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, and monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. Treatment options include chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation for those with systemic disease, but these are rarely employed for pulmonary involvement alone.
Generalizable Seizure Detection Model Using Generating Transferable Adversarial Features

Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disorder, affecting 65 million people around the world. It is associated with seizures - a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can lead to profound transient changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. Current approaches to developing a generalized automated seizure detection algorithm rely on constructing large, labeled training and test corpora of electroencephalograms (EEGs) from different individuals. However, due to the inherent inter-subject variability, heterogeneity of acquisition hardware, different montage choices, and various recording environments, EEG patterns may exhibit very different distributions over time and between individuals. Therefore, training an algorithm on such data without accounting for this diversity can affect the performance of any classifier or predictor. In addition, this process smooths out individual differences, producing a general, but a non-specific model. To address these issues, we propose a novel method that generates transferable features to interpolate between features from the training and test sets. This is achieved by adversarially training deep classifiers to make consistent classifications or predictions over the transferable features. Experiments on an EEG seizure databases demonstrate that the proposed method increases the accuracy over state-of-the-art from 86.83% to 91.71% and specificity from 87.38% to 94.73% while reducing the false positive rate/hour from 0.8/hour to 0.58/hour. Therefore, this work has the potential for significantly reducing workload in reviewing clinical EEGs for seizures, and for improved real-time closed-loop vagal stimulation.
Efficacy of the social-emotional learning foundations curriculum for kindergarten and first grade students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders.

Abstract Researchers have shown that children's social-emotional growth is inextricably connected to academic learning. We developed the Social-Emotional Learning Foundations (SELF) intervention, a Grade K-1 curriculum merging social-emotional learning (SEL) and literacy instruction, to promote language supported self-regulation, specifically for primary grade children at early risk for emotional or behavioral difficulties. We report findings from a pretest-posttest cluster randomized efficacy trial with one fixed between-subjects factor to test the effects of teacher-delivered SEL instruction against those of business as usual (BAU). We recruited 163 kindergarten (K) and 141 first grade teachers from 52 schools across 11 school districts within one southeastern state. Our student sample (n = 1154) consisted of 627 kindergarteners and 527 first graders identified by teachers as at risk for internalizing or externalizing emotional and behavioral problems using the Systematic Screening for Behavioral Disorders; 613 of these students participated in the SELF condition and 541 participated in the BAU condition. We randomly assigned schools to SELF or BAU and used a multilevel model with three levels (i.e., children, classrooms, schools) to analyze data on subscales of six (four teacher-report and two direct) assessments related to self-regulation, social-emotional learning, social-emotional vocabulary, and general behavioral functioning. We found positive main effects of SELF compared to BAU on all but one measure, with effect sizes (calculated using Hedges' g) ranging from 0.20 to 0.65. Findings provide evidence for guiding future SEL intervention research and informing practice to improve student outcomes, particularly for children at risk for behavior problems.
Sparse Tracking State Estimation for Low-Observable Power Distribution Systems Using D-PMUs

A new state estimation method is proposed for power distribution networks that suffer from low-observability. The proposed distribution system state estimation (DSSE) method leverages the high reporting rate of only a small number of distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMUs), a.k.a., micro-PMUs, to unmask and characterize sparsity among the state variables. The DSSE problem is formulated over differential synchrophasors as an adaptive group sparse recovery problem to track the changes that are made in the states of the system due to the events that are captured in D-PMU measurements. The formulated DSSE is further augmented to use adequate side information on the support of the vector of unknowns that is obtained from the outcome of an event-zone identification analysis prior to solving the DSSE problem. The sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of the obtained sparse recovery solution are derived with respect to the available side information. Moreover, a calibration mechanism is developed to address drifting in the tracking state estimation to enhance robustness.
Les Institutions littéraires et la morale : le cas « Maurice Sachs »

March 1947. Le Sabbat, Maurice Sachs’ autobiography, is being considered for the Sainte-Beuve Prize. But an article from Les Lettres francaises denouncing Sachs’ ties to the Gestapo unsettles the j...
Gilles Deleuze: An Introduction

This book offers a readable and compelling introduction to the work of one of the twentieth century's most important and elusive thinkers. Other books have tried to explain Deleuze in general terms. Todd May organizes his book around a central question at the heart of Deleuze's philosophy: how might we live? The author then goes on to explain how Deleuze offers a view of the cosmos as a living thing that provides ways of conducting our lives that we may not have dreamed of. Through this approach the full range of Deleuze's philosophy is covered. Offering a lucid account of a highly technical philosophy, Todd May's introduction will be widely read amongst those in philosophy, political science, cultural studies and French studies.
Reconstructing Polyhedral Models of Architectural Scenes from Photographs

This paper presents a new image-based modeling method that facilitates the recovery of accurate polyhedral models of architectural scenes. The method is particularly effective because it exploits many of the constraints that are characteristic of architectural scenes. This work is placed in the context of the FaCade project, whose goal is to use images to produce photo-realistic novel views of architectural scenes.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men

The male reproductive axis consists of six main components: the extrahypothalamic central nervous system, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, testes, androgen transport and metabolism, and sex-steroid-sensitive target organs. The hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular unit is an integrated system that assures the adequate and appropriate secretion of male hormones and the production of sufficient sperm for the propagation of the species. Each anatomical site is integrated with the others in a classic endocrine-feedback manner, with ample local paracrine and intracrine modulation required for its most effective function. The Leydig cells of the testes are the site of production and secretion of the hormone T, which through its direct action and that of its metabolites, DHT and E2, creates the hormonal milieu required for male sexual development and function and androgen- and estrogen-mediated effects on critical target organs, such as the brain, bone, muscle, liver, skin, bone marrow, and immune systems, and the male reproductive system. The spermatogenic compartment consists of Sertoli cells and germ cells in the seminiferous tubules, which act in an integrated fashion with one another, the Leydig cells, and the pituitary gonadotrophic hormones (luteinizing hormone, LH; and follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH), leading to normal germ cell production. The testes, through their production of steroid and peptide secretory substances, also provide the regulatory feedback control of the hypothalamic and pituitary components of the axis. This chapter focuses on the individual components of the axis and provides an integrative sense of its control and the clinical manifestations associated with hormonal and spermatogenesis dysfunction.
Mutations affecting the catalytic activity of Bacillus cereus 5/B/6 beta-lactamase II.

Abstract Random in vitro mutagenesis of a cloned Bacillus cereus 5/B/6 beta-lactamase II gene was used to select defective genes unable to confer ampicillin or cephalosporin C resistance to Escherichia coli. DNA sequencing of mutant genes identified histidine at position 28 as important to beta-lactamase II function. In addition, the isolation of six identical frameshift mutants established that the carboxyl-terminal end of beta-lactamase II is critical for enzyme function. Random mutagenesis also revealed that His88 (implicated previously as one of 4 residues acting as a zinc ligand) is crucial to enzymatic activity and that a glycine to glutamic acid substitution at position 148 produced a defective beta-lactamase. Oligonucleotide mutagenesis directed at Glu37 and Glu212 suggests that these residues are inconsequential to enzyme function but that histidine at position 28 may be involved in substrate binding or recognition.
Magnetic Excitations in Mixed Valent Materials

The spin dynamics of a number of mixed valent materials have now been extensively studied using varied experimental probes including EPR, Raman scattering, infrared spectroscopy and inelastic neutron scattering. In this paper we review briefly photon and neutron spectroscopic studies of the 7F0–7F1 excitation dynamics in semiconducting SmS, SmSe and SmTe. New results for the phonon dispersion relations in SmS are presented. We also discuss recent neutron scattering experiments by Axe, Lawrence, Parks and ourselves on the γ-α transition in Ce.74Th.26. It is found that the spin fluctuation energy evolves from ~20 to >70 meV in going from the γ to the α phase.
Perspectives on MEMS, past and future: the tortuous pathway from bright ideas to real products

There has been no shortage of bright ideas in the area of microsensors, microactuators, and microelectromechanical devices of all sorts. However, the track record on converting those ideas into commercially successful products has seemed uneven to some, both inside and outside the field. It has taken as much as 15 to 20 years (or more) between early research prototypes and full commercialization for such devices as silicon pressure sensors, accelerometers, ion sensors, and optical displays, somewhat less for some of the passive components such as microfluidic cells for biological application. This paper looks back to the gathering at the Materials Research Society in Boston in 1981 out of which the sequence of Transducers conferences was born, illustrates how far the field has progressed since, and then examines some of the real hurdles that must be overcome during the process of creating products from ideas.
Model Based Evaluation of Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar

: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has become a viable technology for non-destructive condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures. Interpretation of the radar signal is typically performed through preliminary filtering techniques and interpretation is based on viewing numerous signals in the form of a scan. Although anomalies can be evident in the scanned image, quantification and interpretation of the main issue remain ambiguous. This article presents the ambiguity and common methods of interpretation based on response amplitude and travel time. An integrated medium is developed and used as a forward modeling tool to generate a realistic radar reflection of a reinforced concrete bridge deck with defects. A healthy deck reflection is obtained from a separate model and is combined with an inverse solution to quantifiably estimate unknown subsurface properties such as layer thickness and dielectric constants of subsurface materials evident in the realistic radar trace as well as. The forward modeling tool and associated model based assessment provides an objective computational alternative to the interpretation of scanned images.
Using regular expressions in Java

Regular expressions provide a useful and terse way to specify lexical elements. They have long been used in Linux/Unix utilities such as the various greps, ed, vi, sed and awk. They were not widely available in programming languages used outside of the Unix/Linux environment until the programming language Perl, and indeed are one of Perl highlights. Quite recently regular expressions have become much more broadly available in mainstream programming languages, such as Java, C#, and Visual Basic .NET. In their chapter All Input is Evil! Howard and LeBlanc [1] strongly recommend the use of regular expressions as a major part of data validation. Unfortunately, many programmers have little knowledge of regular expressions.
Incorporation of Cystine by Yeast Cells of Histoplasma capsulatum.

This report deals with the incorporation of cystine into macromolecules by yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. The results show that at saturating concentrations of cystine in a rich medium, total uptake of the cystine occurs in 10 hr, whereas the amount of label in the cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble material reaches a maximum at 3 to 4 hr and remains at this value. The amount of label in the cold acid-insoluble material accumulates linearly for 4 to 5 hr and reaches a plateau at 7 to 9 hr. A chemical fractionation of labeled cells shows that 25% of the cystine taken up remains as low-molecular-weight components, of which cystine comprises 60 to 75%. Approximately 30% of the total label incorporated is ethanol-soluble, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this material shows a rather uniform incorporation of the amino acid into many proteins. The combined hot KOH fractions account for 40% of the total label incorporated. The amount of hot KOH-insoluble material almost doubles in a 10-hr pulse, whereas there is an increase in hot KOH-soluble material. Hence, the greatest amount of label from cells pulsed with 14C-cystine is recovered from cell wall material.
α-Tocopherol Influences in Vivo Indices of Lipid Peroxidation in Postmenopausal Women Given Fish Oil

Although diets containing fish have been shown to be therapeutically valuable, the vitamin E requirement when large quantities of (n-3) fatty acids are consumed is not known. Additionally, as estrogens may function as an antioxidant, the requirement may be modified in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Consequently, the purpose of this study was to measure the impact of graduated doses of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) on in vivo indices of lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy when given a supplement of fish oil. Forty-eight postmenopausal women, half receiving (+HRT) and half not receiving (-HRT) hormone replacement therapy, participated in a four-period, double-blind crossover trial. Each period lasted 5 wk followed by a 4-wk washout interval. During each period, the subjects consumed a 15-g supplement of fish oil and either 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg TA/d in a balanced, single square dosing order. Plasma levels of (n-3) fatty acids were significantly higher after fish oil supplementation; alpha-tocopherol concentration of plasma was significantly higher at each level of supplementation compared with the level without supplementation. Urinary excretion of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and malondialdehyde, measured as the thiobarbituric-malondialdehyde adduct (TRA-MDA adduct), and the plasma concentration of the adduct were significantly greater after the fish oil supplement. Although urinary TBARS decreased linearly as the dose of TA increases (P < or = 0.05), urinary and plasma concentrations of TBA-MDA adduct did not. This study suggests that the evaluation of highly unsaturated fatty acids as oxidative stressors requires several measures of assessment.
Analysis and sensitivity analysis for polymer injection and compression molding

Polymer process modeling, design sensitivity analysis, and numerical optimization are combined to design processes for the manufacture of plastic components via the injection and compression molding processes. The Newton-Raphson iteration is used to solve the nonlinear equations for the polymer melt pressure field which are formed via the isothermal Hele-Shaw flow analysis and Galerkin finite element method. To compute the fill time and filling pattern, a moving boundary analysis is developed based on the volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique. Design sensitivities for the transient coupled pressure and volume fraction analyses are evaluated using the direct differentiation method. The molding analysis and sensitivity analysis are combined with numerical optimization to design, not just analyze, the injection and compression molding processes. Examples illustrate the polymer processing design methodology where the injection molding process is designed to minimize mold fill time and satisfy constraints on injection flow rate and mold clamp force.
Future Changes in Biological Activity in the North Pacific Due to Anthropogenic Forcing of the Physical Environment

Many studies have examined the physical changes expected in the environment as a result of anthropogenic forcing. These physical changes will have an effect on ecosystems as well. In this study, a nitrogen-phytoplankton-zooplankton (NPZ) model is used to examine the effects of changes in the physical environment on primary productivity in the North Pacific ocean. The physical variables considered are mixed layer temperature and depth, solar insolation, and large-scale upwelling. The changes in these fields by the 2090s are taken from a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model forced by projected atmospheric CO2 and sulfates, then applied to the NPZ biological model. Theresult is a change in the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton and herbivore concentrations across the subpolar North Pacific, moving from a regime characterized by strong variability with low wintertime values and a spring bloom, to much more constant yearly values. A reduction of yearly-averaged primary productivity accompanies much of this shift to more constant year-round conditions. In other regions, productivity increases as warmer surface waters enable higher growth rates. Changes in mixed layer temperature and depth account for almost all the changes in productivity; model-predicted changes in surface insolation and large-scale upwelling have little impact.
Operating system support for overlapping-ISA heterogeneous multi-core architectures

A heterogeneous processor consists of cores that are asymmetric in performance and functionality. Such a design provides a cost-effective solution for processor manufacturers to continuously improve both single-thread performance and multi-thread throughput. This design, however, faces significant challenges in the operating system, which traditionally assumes only homogeneous hardware. This paper presents a comprehensive study of OS support for heterogeneous architectures in which cores have asymmetric performance and overlapping, but non-identical instruction sets. Our algorithms allow applications to transparently execute and fairly share different types of cores. We have implemented these algorithms in the Linux 2.6.24 kernel and evaluated them on an actual heterogeneous platform. Evaluation results demonstrate that our designs efficiently manage heterogeneous hardware and enable significant performance improvements for a range of applications.
Some enduring issues of cyberspace technology: A medium theory perspective

Using insights borrowed from medium theory, this study shows how several issues arising from past communications revolutions apply to the potential impacts of cyberspace technology. These include (a) monopoly of knowledge and creation of information elites, (b) threats to cultural stability and homogenization, and (c) the harnessing of epistemological strengths and weaknesses of all existing media in terms of humankind's sensory organization and cognitive capacities.
Acute effects of digoxin on total systemic vascular resistance in congestive heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy: A hemodynamic-hormonal study

The effects of the digitalis glycosides on systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are controversial. Most investigators report a reduction in total SVR, an action that has been attributed primarily to withdrawal of elevated sympathetic tone. Direct proof of this hypothesis is lacking, however, and the roles played by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and vasopressin systems have not been fully explored. Moreover, in several studies of patients with CHF, SVR did not decrease after the administration of digitalis. To clarify these issues, the hemodynamic and hormonal effects of digoxin were correlated in 11 normotensive men in sinus rhythm with CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Patients were evaluated at rest and during submaximal exercise before and 6 hours after the intravenous infusion of 1.0 mg of digoxin (mean serum concentration 1.7 ng/ml). With digoxin therapy, heart rate, pulmonary wedge pressure and right atrial pressure declined and cardiac output increased. Although vasopressin was unchanged, both plasma norepinephrine concentrations and plasma renin activity decreased, the reduction in norepinephrine correlating with the increase in cardiac output. Despite these hemodynamic and hormonal effects, there was no change in total SVR at rest or during exercise. It is concluded that the improvement in cardiac function with digoxin in this patient group was a result of the inotropic properties of the drug, without an associated reduction in impedance. The failure of total SVR to decrease despite decreases in plasma norepinephrine levels and plasma renin activity might be explained by concomitant digitalis-induced vasoconstriction, impaired ability of arterioles to dilate in CHF, or offsetting alterations in other vasoactive hormone systems.
The nicotinic α7 receptor agonist GTS-21 improves cognitive performance in ketamine impaired rhesus monkeys

The cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia are recognized as a core component of the disorder, yet there remain no available therapeutics to treat these symptoms of the disease. As a result, there is a need for establishing predictive preclinical models to identify the therapeutic potential of novel compounds. In the present study, rhesus monkeys were trained in the object retrieval-detour task, which is dependent on the prefrontal cortex, a brain region implicated in the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. The NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine significantly impaired performance without affecting measures of motor or visuospatial abilities. Pre-treatment with the nicotinic α7 agonist GTS-21 (0.03 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the ketamine-induced impairment, consistent with reports from clinical trials suggesting that nicotinic α7 receptor agonism has pro-cognitive potential in clinical populations. In contrast, pretreatment with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil failed to reverse the ketamine-induced impairment, consistent with studies showing a lack of pro-cognitive effects in patients with schizophrenia. These data suggest that the ketamine-impaired object retrieval-detour task could provide a model with improved predictive validity for drug development, and confirm the need for additional efforts in back-translation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
An approach for nanometer trench and hole formation

Patterning trench-hole type of structures with CD in nanometer dimension is very challenging in optical lithography due to limited depth of focus (DOF) and exposure latitude (EL). We have proposed an integration process to convert sub- 100nm line/post type of structure to trench/hole type of structure. The proposed method as well as its variations may have various potential applications, such as formation of plated perpendicular magnetic writer pole, bottom-up nanointerconnect, nano-wires and other out-of-plane nano-structures. We have shown the feasibility for formation of nanotrenches in various sub-100nm dimensions. Magnetic writer pole with 50nm critical dimensions (CD) and wellcontrolled sidewalls was demonstrated by using this approach. The minimum CD of the starting isolated line/post feature determines the minimum CD of the trench/hole structure.
IS THERE AN ELLSBERG-FELLNER PARADOX? A NOTE ON ITS RESOLUTION '

Summary.-The EUsberg-Fellner Paradox can be shown to be nonparadoxical if Keynes' concept of weight-of-evidence is incorporated in decision making under risk and/or uncertainty. Keynes' concept is a more advanced version of C. S. Deuce's "second number" approach and is identical to R. Carnap's reliability-urnliability index. The Ellsberg-Fellner Paradox is paradoxical only to decision theorists who accept the Von Neumann-Morgensrern-Savage axioms. Decision theorists who accept the logical approach to probability can bypass this problem. The Von Neumann-Morgenstern-Savage (NMS) subjective expected utdity (SEU) approach requires that the probabhties used be linear (Raiffa, 1961; Brewer, 1963; Roberts, 1963). Yet experimental and empirical studies done over a forty-year period have consistently shown that the "probabilities" are nonlinear (Brady & Lee, 1989). One particular violation that has surfaced repeatedly is the violation of the sure-thing principle of SEU theory. Ellsberg and Fellner in 1961 discussed the problems of nonlinear subjective probabilities. Ellsberg (1961, 1963) characterized the problem as resulting from the "ambiguity" of the information base upon which the probabilities were calculated. Feher (1961, 1963) called such subjective probabilities "distorted" or "slanted" probabilities. The purpose of this note is to demonstrate that J. M. Keynes had already recognized and solved this problem in 1921. Keynes' formula for dealing with the ambiguity of information is presented here. Keynes' approach is a weighted monetary value (WMV) approach which incorporates a degree of complexity (or uncertainty) of information variable w. The variable w measures the amount and completeness of the information base which a decision maker will use to calculate probabdity estimates. Keynes' conventional coefficient of risk and weight is
Transforming growth factor beta-1 and beta-2 and type II receptor functional regulation of ALVA-101 human prostate cancer cells

Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1) causes apoptosis of many epithelial cells, including the prostate, but other secondary effects of TGFβ-1 may be important in carcinogenesis. In a human prostate cancer cell line (ALVA-101), we determined the effects of TGFβ-1 and TGFβ type I and II receptor antibody on cell proliferation and TGFβ-1 receptor bind ing. TGFβ-1 and -2 and TGFβ type II receptor mRNA expression levels were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Northern blot analysis. A dose-responsive suppression (0.03 to 10 ng/mL) was observed for cells treated with TGFβ-1 from 3 to 7 days (P < .01). Untreated cells had 1.1 × 103 (n = 3) TGFβ receptors per cell, with a Kd of 0.20 nmol/L (n = 3) as determined by Scatchard analysis; treatment for 3 days with TGFβ-1 (1 ng/mL) reduced the receptor number (0.9 × 103) and the Kd (0.12 nmol/L). Antibodies to TGFβ type I and II receptor stimulated proliferation with or without added TGFβ-1 (50% ± 5% above control, P < .01, n = 6). TGFβ-1 and -2 and TGFβ type II receptor mRNA expression was observed in untreated cells. In cells treated with TGFβ-1, TGFβ-1 mRNA was not affected by treatment, but expression levels of the TGFβ type II receptor and TGFβ-2 mRNA were moderately suppressed after 72 hours of treatment. Control cells actively produced TGFβ-1 as measured by radioimmunoassay. The active and inactive forms of TGFβ-1 were approximately equal, but TGFβ-2 was secreted in smaller quantities than TGFβ-1 and the inactive form of TGFβ-2 predominated, with very small amounts of the active form. Our results suggest that the human prostate cancer cell line ALVA-101 retains negative control of proliferation in response to TGFβ-1. Inhibition of endogenous TGFβ action by antibodies to its receptor enhances the growth of ALVA-101 human prostate cancer cells, suggesting that endogenous TGFβ exerts an inhibitory control on their growth and cellular function.
An ultraviolet-Raman spectroscopic investigation of magnesium chloride-ethanol solids with a 0.47 to 6 molar ratio of C2H5OH to MgCl2

MgCl2 and C2H5OH form complexes over a wide range of C2H5OH to MgCl2 molar ratios. MgCl2(C2H5OH)x adducts prepared over a wide composition range, x = 0.47 to 6, have been studied by ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy. These studies indicate the breaking of the Mg−Cl bonds at x ≥ 2. The Raman shift of the O−H stretch shifts in the 3230−3480 cm-1 range as the C2H5OH to MgCl2 molar ratio is altered and thus, it can be used to monitor the MgCl2(C2H5OH)x composition. It is suggested that the presence of the peak at 683 cm-1 may be attributed to the totally symmetric breathing mode of Mg−O octahedra, reinforcing the structure analysis of MgCl2(C2H5OH)6.