cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chronic elevation in plasma cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of chronic physiological elevations in plasma cortisol on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in conscious, overnight-fasted dogs. Experiments consisted of an 80-min tracer and dye equilibration period and a 40-min sampling period. Infusions of D-[3-3H]glucose, L-[U-14C]alanine, and indocyanine green dye were used to assess glucose production (Ra) and gluconeogenesis using tracer and arteriovenous (a-v) difference techniques. In the cortisol group, (n = 10), a continuous infusion of hydrocortisone (3.5 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) was begun 5 days before the experiment and continued throughout the sampling period. In the saline group (n = 10), there was no infusion of cortisol. The fivefold elevation in plasma cortisol increased plasma insulin from 12 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 microU/ml. Glucose Ra was elevated in the cortisol group (3.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.8 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1 x min-1) but net hepatic glucose output was markedly diminished (1.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.7 +/- 0.3 mg.kg-1 x min-1). Gluconeogenic conversion of alanine to glucose was increased slightly by cortisol (0.60 +/- 0.13 to 0.99 +/- 0.12 mumol.kg-1 x min-1), but the gluconeogenic efficiency of the liver was unchanged. Cortisol increased hepatic glycogen content evident at the end of the study greater than twofold (76.4 +/- 7.9 vs. 30.0 +/- 4.7 g/liver). These results suggest that cortisol 1) promotes glucose cycling through glycogen, 2) greatly inhibits nonhepatic glucose utilization, 3) increases hepatic gluconeogenesis in vivo primarily through enhanced substrate delivery to the liver, and 4) raises plasma insulin levels, which restrains intrahepatic gluconeogenesis.
Influence of fibrillar collagen structure on the mechanisms of platelet thrombus formation under flow.

We have used real-time video microscopy to study the mechanisms of platelet adhesion to type I collagen fibrils of distinct structure exposed to flowing blood. Electron microscopy analysis by surface replication demonstrated morphological differences between acid-insoluble fibrils, displaying a regularly repeating striated pattern (banded collagen), and acid-soluble fibrils generated by pepsin treatment of insoluble collagen, smaller in size with a helical configuration (nonbanded collagen). These structural differences proved to be related to the role of platelet integrin 2β1 in stabilizing adhesion to collagen under a variety of flow conditions. Blocking 2β1 function with a monoclonal antibody had no effect on platelet adhesion to insoluble type I collagen coated at high density on a glass surface, whereas there was an absolute dependence of 2β1 function for the initial permanent arrest of platelets and subsequent thrombus formation on pepsin-solubilized type I collagen under the same conditions. In contrast, reconstituted, banded fibrils prepared from pepsin-solubilized type I collagen supported platelet adhesion and thrombus development even when platelet 2β1 function was blocked, a process that was greatly accelerated by pre-exposure of this substrate to autologous plasma under flow. These results implicate a collagen receptor(s) on platelets other than 2β1 that can selectively engage domains in banded, but not nonbanded type I collagen when 2β1 function is blocked. In addition, collagen structure may regulate the extent and affinity of the binding under flow of plasma components such as von Willebrand factor and/or other IIbβ3 ligands.
Correlates of Amount Spent on Marijuana Buds During a Discrete Purchase at Medical Marijuana Dispensaries: Results from a Pilot Study.

ABSTRACTMarijuana purchasing behaviors vary by the purchaser’s individual characteristics; however, little is known about patients’ purchasing behaviors when buying from medical marijuana dispensaries (MMDs). Our objective was to explore whether patient characteristics were associated with amount spent during one financial transaction at medical marijuana dispensaries. We conducted a pilot study of four purposively sampled MMD locations in Long Beach, California, in 2012. A total of 132 medical marijuana patients (33 patients per dispensary) participated in an exit survey about their demographic characteristics, conditions for their medical marijuana recommendation, amount spent at the dispensary, and cross-streets of where they lived. The sample reported amounts spent on discrete purchases of marijuana buds averaging $40.82 (ranging from $10 to $255). Multivariate regression analyses indicated average amount spent differed significantly by patient age and condition. An increase in 10 years of age was ass...
John Blair Deaver: 1855-1931

John B. Deaver was born July 25, 1855, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the son of a country physician. He attended Nottingham Academy near his home and matriculated in America's first medical school, the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1878. Following internship at the Germantown Hospital and the Philadelphia Children's Hospital, he emarked in clinical practice. Shortly thereafter he became attached to his alma mater in the Department of Anatomy, a well-recognized stepping-stone into surgery. In 1886, he joined the staff of the German Hospital (now Lankenau) and developed an enormous personal practice in surgery. His Saturday afternoon operative clinics were attended by surgeons throughout the world while he performed as many as 25 operations in an afternoon. It was, in fact, at the German Hospital where he achieved his greatest recognition, although he was called to the post of professor of the practice of surgery at the University of Pennsylvania in 1911 and assumed the Chair seven years later. Deaver was considered an aggressive and radical surgeon—a great “slasher.” He was among the early advocates of immediate appendectomy for acute appendicitis. He often uttered the phrase, “an inch and a half, a minute and a half, a week and a half” to mean, respectively, the length of the incision, the time it took to perform the operation, and the duration of the hospital stay. “Cut well, get weli, stay well,” was another of his pet phrases. He is also responsible for introducing the use of the word “pathology” to mean pathologic findings or lesion rather than the study (e.g., “What is the pathology.”) While Deaver was considered a less skillful surgeon than others, his reputation was awesome. It is said even today that Deaver did more surgery in Philadelphia than any of his predecessors, and that no one again will perform a comparable number. Deaver wrote primarily on abdominal surgical conditions—ulcer, hepatobiliary disease, colon resection. His paper on lumbar versus inguinal colostomy, the subject for thisClassics presentation, represents a fascinating perspective of the surgeon's philosophy in the management of rectal cancer and colorectal obstruction prior to the 20th century. Deaver is a well-recognized name to every medical student and surgical resident who has had the misfortune of hanging on to his retractor. He, in fact, did not permit his assistants to perform and aspect of the surgery. He insisted that all operations be done by his own hands. While he was accorded many honors including that of President of the American College of Surgeons, the practice of surgery was his total commitment—that, and writing five books and almost 250 articles. Deaver died September 25, 1931, at the age of 76. Deaver JB. Lumbar versus iliac colotomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1987; 30:66–71.
The Affordable Care Act, 1 Year Later

In Kentucky, the ACA and its Medicaid expansion have fundamentally altered medical practice, allowing clinicians to provide data-driven and thorough care without first considering patients' ability to pay.
Ultra-widefield fundus autofluorescence patterns in retinitis pigmentosa and other retinal dystrophies

Inherited retinal dystrophies comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders with widely varied phenotypes. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is most common and affects 1/3000–1/5000 people,1–3 and can be inh...
Experimental Demonstration of Fusion-Relevant Conditions in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion

This Letter presents results from the first fully integrated experiments testing the magnetized liner inertial fusion concept [S. A. Slutz et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 056303 (2010)], in which a cylinder of deuterium gas with a preimposed 10 Taxial magnetic field is heated by Z beamlet, a 2.5 kJ, 1 TW laser, and magnetically imploded by a 19 MA, 100 ns rise time current on the Z facility. Despite a predicted peak implosion velocity of only 70 km = s, the fuel reaches a stagnation temperature of approximately 3 keV, with T(e) ≈ T(i), and produces up to 2 x 10(12) thermonuclear deuterium-deuterium neutrons. X-ray emission indicates a hot fuel region with full width at half maximum ranging from 60 to 120 μm over a 6 mm height and lasting approximately 2 ns. Greater than 10(10) secondary deuterium-tritium neutrons were observed, indicating significant fuel magnetization given that the estimated radial areal density of the plasma is only 2 mg = cm(2).
Research on Business-oriented Covering LTE Power Wireless Private Network

To make full use of existing power optical fiber resources on account of electric business terminal distribution characteristics, this paper proposes a new business-oriented power wireless private network coverage mode and amorphous area network architecture based on the smart antenna technology. It extends the network coverage and improves the spectrum utilization and network fl exibility. Through data return by the optical fi ber link, it can greatly reduce the transmission delay, improve the real-time performance and safety reliability of the business. As a result, it has important guiding signifi cance for the future power wireless private network construction.
Plant chemosystematics and phylogeny.

There has beeii a fervour of intellectual activity in botanical systematics during the past 10 years, most of this associated with new approaches to old problems. Constance' has presented an excellent summary of this activity in his account of "Systematic Botany—An Unending Synthesis", and it need only be noted here that he recognizes three major new approaches to present-day systematics, these being (1) Chemical, (2) Numerical, and (3) Ultrastructural ("Fine Structure"). (I prefer to include ultrastructure as a subdivision of the chemical2, but at the present state of its development, and on pragmatic grounds, it would seem better to treat this approach as a subdiscipline in its own right.) In view of the current impact of the chemosystematic approach it is perhaps appropriate to evaluate the place of this discipline amongst those of anatomy, cytogenetics, etc. Aiston and Turner3 have outlined the history of systematics by recognizing five major periods, the inception of each being characterized by the development of new concepts or approaches which have permitted the accumulation of new data and/or conceptual insights bearing on systematics generally. Briefly these are: (1) the Megamorphic (400 B.c.— 1700 A.D.), (2) the Micromorphic (1700—1860), (3) the Evolutionary (1860--l900), (4) the Cytogenetical (1900—1960), and (5) the Biochethical (1960--?)t. It should be obvious that each of these periods has made, and continues to make, important contributions to svstematics; in fact it might he said that each has contributed in proportion to its time-span since ushered in (Figure fl. Certainly the development of succeeding periods has depended upon those preceding, and it is highly likely that any successful evaluation of the biochemical must depend upon the megaand rnicro-morphical data at all taxonomic levels. That the early 1960s has truly ushered in the Biochemical Era can be ascertained from the fact that four major chemosystematic texts appeared during this period3 as well as several major review articles7—'4. An additional catalytic factor in plant systematics has been the establishment of the periodical Phytochemistry (commenced, 1961). Most of the articles published in this journal have considerable bearing on the field of plant chemosystematics. Finally, it should be noted that an International Committee on Chemotaxonomy was formed during this period—a joint association of the formal Committees of Chemotaxonomy of the Organic Chemistry Division of
Toward optical quantum information processing with quantum dots coupled to microstructures [Invited]

Major improvements have been made on semiconductor quantum dot light sources recently and now they can be seen as a serious candidate for near-future scalable photonic quantum information processing experiments. The three key parameters of these photon sources for such applications have been pushed to extreme values: almost unity single-photon purity and photon indistinguishability, and high brightness. In this paper, we review the progress achieved recently on quantum-dot-based single-photon sources. We also review some quantum information experiments where entanglement processes are achieved using semiconductor quantum dots.
The potential for urban household vegetable gardens to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract We carried out a life cycle assessment to model the potential for alternative household vegetable gardens (AHHVGs) to mitigate global climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for Santa Barbara County, California, USA. Our model included changes in GHGE due to the effect of creating an AHHVG for five components: reduction of lawn area due to replacement by the AHHVG; reduction of vegetables purchased from the conventional agrifood system due to replacement by vegetables produced in the AHHVG; reduction in amount of greywater exported to treatment facilities due to diversion to irrigate the AHHVG; reduction in amount of household organic waste exported to treatment facilities due to diversion to composting at the household level for application to the AHHVG; and composting organic household waste for use in the AHHVG. We found that AHHVGs could reduce emissions by over 2 kg CO2e kg−1 vegetable, but that results were sensitive to the range of values for the key variables of yield and alternative methods for processing household organic waste. In our baseline scenario (50% of single-family households with an 18.7 m2 AHHVG, providing 50% of their vegetable consumption), AHHVGs contributed 3.3% of the GHGE reduction goals of unincorporated Santa Barbara County for 2020, 0.5% of the goals for the City of Santa Barbara for 2050, and by extrapolation, 7.8% of the goals for California for 2020. Our results could provide an incentive for governments to include support of AHHVG as part of climate mitigation strategies, and for households to grow vegetables in AHHVGs to address climate change.
Sustainable forestry: What is it? how do we achieve it?

As defined here,sustainable forestry ensures each ecosystem provides its fair share of values, neither overly depriving itself or other times and places of the ability to provide values. This "working" definition builds on other efforts to examine sustainability and uses the Montreal Process criteria as values to be sustained. It is first important to ensure that each "potential forest ecosystem" contains enough "intact forests" to provide the values, followed by ensuring each forest provides the values through a combination of reserves and active management. Economic development, less-consumptive lifestyles, a better rural infrastructure, more wood product use, and other factors can be helpful at the proper times and plates.
Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an intervention to reduce older adults' sedentary behavior.

Older adults represent the segment of the population that sits the most. This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of an intervention to reduce sedentary behavior (SB) in older adults that can be disseminated broadly for limited cost and delivered by paraprofessionals with limited training. Senior centers in Central Pennsylvania were randomized to receive one of two healthy aging programs (i.e., intervention or comparison). Participants in both groups attended three 90-min meetings over 2 weeks. Behavior change content was delivered at the second session (i.e., day 7). Forty-two participants (n intervention = 25, n comparison = 17) were recruited from five senior centers. Content for the intervention group focused on reducing SB while comparison group content focused on reducing social isolation. Self-reported SB was assessed on days 7 and 14. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction for total and weekday, but not weekend, SB. In the week following the delivery of group content, participants in the intervention group reported an average decrease in total SB of 837.8 min/week; however, the comparison group reported a nonsignificant average decrease of 263.0 min/week of total SB. Participants in the intervention group also reported an average decrease in weekday SB of 132.6 min/weekday (d = −0.83) in the week following the delivery of group content; however, the comparison group reported a nonsignificant decrease of 24.0 min/weekday (d = −0.16). There were no significant changes in weekend SB in either group in the week following the delivery of group content. Participants’ attendance, measurement completion, and program ratings were high. Safety issues were minimal. This intervention was feasible to implement and evaluate, acceptable to older adults, and showed promise for reducing older adults’ SB.
Anna Maria Ortese: Celestial geographies

This collection of essays co-edited by Gian Maria Annovi and Flora Ghezzo joins a recent effort to give more critical attention to Anna Maria Ortese (1914–1998), a writer from Naples. Because Ortes...
Determination of the Cell Permissiveness Spectrum, Mode of RNA Replication, and RNA-Protein Interaction of Zika Virus

Two lineages of Zika virus (ZIKV) have been classified according to the phylogenetic analysis: African and Asian lineages. It is unclear whether differences exist between the two strains in host cell permissiveness, this information is important for understanding viral pathogenesis and designing anti-viral strategies. In the present study, we comparatively studied the permissive spectrum of human cells for both the African (MR766) and Asian strains (PRVABC59) using an RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) to visualize RNA replication, an immunofluorescence technology, and a western blot assay to determine viral protein production, and a real-time RT-PCR to examine viral RNA multiplication level. The experiments were undertaken in the condition of cell culture. We identified several human cell lines, including fibroblast, epithelial cells, brain cells, stem cells, and blood cells that are susceptible for the infection of both Asian and African strains. We did not find any differences between the MR766 and the PRVABC59 in the permissiveness, infection rate, and replication modes. Inconsistent to a previous report (Hamel et al. JVI 89:8880–8896, 2015), using RISH or real-time RT-PCR, we found that human foreskin fibroblast cells were not permissive for ZIKV infection. Instead, human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) were fully permissive for ZIKV infection. Surprisingly, a direct interaction of ZIKV RNA with envelop (E) protein (a structure protein) was demonstrated by an RNA chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Three binding sites were identified in the ZIKV RNA genome for the interaction with the E protein. Our results imply that the E protein may be important for viral RNA replication, and provide not only the information of ZIKV permissiveness that guides the usage of human cells for the ZIKV studies, but also the insight into the viral RNA-E protein interaction that may be targeted for intervention by designing small molecule drugs.
Context-regularized learning of fully convolutional networks for scene labeling

This paper addresses the problem of pixel-wise semantic labeling of images. To this end, we use a fully convolutional network (FCN) whose input are raw pixels, and output are pixel labels. Our key novelty is that we regularize a supervised learning of FCN, such that FCN correctly predicts pixel labels and additionally does not violate a given set of spatial object relationships of interest. The frequency of occurrence of these object relationships in training images is used to estimate a new loss function for the regularized learning of FCN. The results on the benchmark PASCAL 2011, 2012 and NYU v2 datasets demonstrate that our regularized FCN outperforms a non-regularized FCN and other related state-of-the-art approaches. Importantly, in cases of error in semantic labeling, the regularized FCN does not violate the object relationships of interest, unlike the non-regularized counterparts.
The impact of aneuploidy upon public health: mortality and morbidity associated with human chromosome abnormalities.

The rationale for a conference on the etiology and mechanisms of aneuploidy is of course based upon the well-recognized association of chromosome abnormalities with human morbidity and mortality. Down syndrome, the best recognized phenotype, is only one of numerous adverse consequences of aneuploidy.
Egg Viability as a Determinant of Clutch Size in Birds: A Basic Analysis:

Many hypotheses address the determinants of clutch size in birds. One of the more recent is the egg viability hypothesis, which holds that a drop in egg viability with days left unincubated acts to...
Vibrational Band Shapes of Amorphous Solids

The vibrational modes of molecules and the lattice vibrations, or phonons, in crystalline solids have been studied since the beginning of the century.1, 2 These two classes of materials are now understood rather completely in terms of the force constants between atoms; although it is still all but impossible to calculate these force constants from first principles in any but the very simplest systems. However using phenomenological force constants it is possible to solve for the vibrational modes in the two classes of materials above because: 1. In molecules, only a small number of atoms and degrees of freedom are involved and the dynamical matrix can be diagonalised directly. 2. In crystalline solids, the periodicity of the structure and Bloch’s theorem means that only the degrees of freedom within a single unit cell need be considered and again the resulting dynamical matrix can be diagonalised.
Using Modal Substructuring to Improve Shock & Vibration Qualification

Qualification of complex systems often involves shock and vibration testing at the component level to ensure each component is robust enough to survive the specified environments. In order for the component testing to adequately satisfy the system requirements, the component must exhibit a similar dynamic response between the laboratory component test and system test. There are several aspects of conventional testing techniques that may impair this objective. Modal substructuring provides a framework to accurately assess the level of impairment introduced in the laboratory setup. If the component response is described in terms of fixed-base modes in both the laboratory and system configurations, we can gain insight into whether the laboratory test is exercising the appropriate damage potential. Further, the fixed-base component response in the system can be used to determine the correct rigid body laboratory fixture input to overcome the errors seen in the standard component test. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of reproducing a system shock environment on a simple beam model with an essentially rigid fixture.
Extracting Multi-Person Respiration from Entangled RF Signals

Recent advances in wireless systems have demonstrated the possibility of tracking a person's respiration using the RF signals that bounce off her body. The resulting breathing signal can be used to infer the person's sleep quality and stages; it also allows for monitoring sleep apnea and other sleep disordered breathing (SDB); all without any body contact. Unfortunately however past work fails when people are close to each other, e.g., a couple sharing the same bed. In this case, the breathing signals of nearby individuals interfere with each other and super-impose in the received signal. This paper presents DeepBreath, the first RF-based respiration monitoring system that can recover the breathing signals of multiple individuals even when they are separated by zero distance. To design DeepBreath, we model interference due to multiple reflected RF signals and demonstrate that the original breathing can be recovered via independent component analysis (ICA). We design a full system that eliminates interference and recovers the original breathing signals. We empirically evaluate DeepBreath using 21 nights of sleep and over 150 hours of data from 13 couples who share the bed. Our results show that DeepBreath is very accurate. Specifically, the differences between the breathing signals it recovers and the ground truth are on par with the difference between the same breathing signal measured at the person's chest and belly.
Cultures of Legality: Rejecting the Inter-American Court: Judicialization, National Courts, and Regional Human Rights

This book chapter generates theories about when high courts comply with Inter-American Court rulings. In over one-half of the rulings it has issued since it began its work in 1979, the IACtHR issues orders that require action by national courts. Further, it has increasingly taken on a role of reviewing whether national practices of judicial independence and due process comply with the American Convention on Human Rights. The chapter seeks to discern the factors that influence how national high courts respond to this incursion into their turf, and whether they act as a partner in regional legal integration by complying with the IACtHR's decisions. It examines recent instances in which the high courts of Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela reject a ruling of the Inter-American Court.
Generality and Strength of Transition Metal β-Effects

Using computation, we examine the generality and strength of β-effects from transition metal centers on β-elimination. In particular, we find that a β-Pd(II) substituent imparts over twice the stabilization to a carbocation as a Si substituent, representative of the well-known β-silicon effect. We established efficient and practical computational parameters to investigate the σσ conjugation in an experimentally relevant system: N,N-picolinamide vinyl metalacycles with β-substituents that can undergo elimination. We have found that the β-Pd effect depends on the nature of the Cβ substituent (X): This effect is negligible for X = H, Me, OH, and F, but is significant for X = Cl, Br, and I. We have also extended these studies to the β-effect in N,N-picolinamide vinyl metalacycles with β-substituents of other transition metals—Fe(II), Ru(II), Os(II), Co(III), Rh(III), Ir(III), Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Cu(III), Ag(III), and Au(III). We found that the electronegativity of the metals correlates reasonably well wit...
Worst Month Tropospheric Attenuation Variability Analysis: ITU Model vs. Rain Gauge Data for Air-Satellite Links

An important unmanned aircraft system (UAS) application area is in rescue functions in remote areas, where ground station control may not be applicable. In such settings, an air-satellite (AS) communication link may be required. For transmissions in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands, rain attenuation can be a dominant fading component in the AS link, especially in so-called “worst month” conditions. Several models have been established by the International Telecommunications Union (ITV) to quantify rain attenuation. However, since the models are for global use, results are not always sufficiently accurate in local areas. Hence the use of local precipitation data can improve rain attenuation estimation accuracy. In this paper, we investigate attenuations in the AS channel in two frequency bands (30 and 45 GHz) for Columbia, SC. We use local rain gauge data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), along with the regional ITV data, as inputs to the ITV tropospheric time series attenuation model. Statistical results for attenuation distributions and time series are analyzed for the worst month. We show that use of local measured rain gauge data can yield rain fades significantly larger than those predicted by the regional ITV data-on the order of 20 dB larger, for probabilities (~ fractions of time) ranging from 0.001 to 0.04.
Effectiveness of control and preventive measures influenced by pathogen trait evolution: Example of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Abstract The main goal of the present work is to reassess the effectiveness of environmental decontamination (ED) and antimicrobial drug administration (ADA) by taking into account pathogen trait evolution within and between the hosts. To achieve this goal, we construct a multi-strain disease transmission model with cross immunity and intermittent shedding, where transmission occurs via environmental and host reservoirs. The ecology of infection is investigated by establishing conditions for stability and existence of equilibria. Using the stability results, it is demonstrated that pathogen trait evolution neutralizes or diminishes the effectiveness of ADA and ED. Specifically, first the model is fitted to the prevalence data of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a dairy farm. Then the effectiveness of ADA and ED is explored under four hypothesized cases of pathogen trait evolution. It is shown that excessive implementation of ADA or ED can result in pathogen traits capable of destabilizing the disease free equilibrium and establishing stable multi-strain or single-strain endemic equilibria.
Interfaces Between Alpha-helical Integral Membrane Proteins: Characterization, Prediction, and Docking

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is an essential mechanism by which proteins perform their biological functions. For globular proteins, the molecular characteristics of such interactions have been well analyzed, and many computational tools are available for predicting PPI sites and constructing structural models of the complex. In contrast, little is known about the molecular features of the interaction between integral membrane proteins (IMPs) and few methods exist for constructing structural models of their complexes. Here, we analyze the interfaces from a non-redundant set of complexes of α-helical IMPs whose structures have been determined to a high resolution. We find that the interface is not significantly different from the rest of the surface in terms of average hydrophobicity. However, the interface is significantly better conserved and, on average, inter-subunit contacting residue pairs correlate more strongly than non-contacting pairs, especially in obligate complexes. We also develop a neural network-based method, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.75 and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.70, for predicting interface residues and their weighted contact numbers (WCNs). We further show that predicted interface residues and their WCNs can be used as restraints to reconstruct the structure α-helical IMP dimers through docking for fourteen out of a benchmark set of sixteen complexes. The RMSD100 values of the best-docked ligand subunit to its native structure are <2.5 A for these fourteen cases. The structural analysis conducted in this work provides molecular details about the interface between α-helical IMPs and the WCN restraints represent an efficient means to score α-helical IMP docking candidates.
Escaping Paternalism: Rationality, Behavioral Economics, and Public Policy

The burgeoning field of behavioral economics has produced a new set of justifications for paternalism. This book challenges behavioral paternalism on multiple levels, from the abstract and conceptual to the pragmatic and applied. Behavioral paternalism relies on a needlessly restrictive definition of rational behavior. It neglects nonstandard preferences, experimentation, and self-discovery. It relies on behavioral research that is often incomplete and unreliable. It demands a level of knowledge from policymakers that they cannot reasonably obtain. It assumes a political process largely immune to the effects of ignorance, irrationality, and the influence of special interests and moralists. Overall, behavioral paternalism underestimates the capacity of people to solve their own problems, while overestimating the ability of experts and policymakers to design beneficial interventions. The authors argue instead for a more inclusive theory of rationality in economic policymaking.
Evidence that perceptions of and tolerance for medical ambiguity are distinct constructs: An analysis of nationally representative US data.

Background Medical information is often conflicting and consequently perceived as ambiguous. There are individual differences both in how much people perceive ambiguity and in their tolerance for such ambiguity. Little is known about how these constructs are related to each other and with other beliefs. Objective To examine the association between (a) perceived medical ambiguity, (b) tolerance for medical ambiguity and (c) their associations with various medical and cancer-specific judgement and decision-making correlates. Method and participants We conducted secondary data analyses using the cross-sectional, nationally representative Health Information National Trends Survey 4, Cycle 4 (n = 3,433, 51.0% female, Mage = 46.5). Analyses statistically controlled for age, sex, race, education and health-care coverage. Main variables studied Perceived medical ambiguity, tolerance for medical ambiguity, cancer perceptions, health-care experiences and preferences, and information-seeking styles and beliefs. Results Perceived medical ambiguity and tolerance for medical ambiguity were statistically independent. Higher perceived ambiguity was associated with lower perceived cancer preventability, lower reliance on doctors, lower perceived health and information-seeking self-efficacy, lower perceived quality of the cancer information-seeking process, and greater cancer information avoidance. Lower tolerance for ambiguity was associated with lower cancer worry, lower trust in doctors, lower likelihood of seeking health information, and lower engagement in medical research. Discussion and conclusions Perceived medical ambiguity and tolerance for medical ambiguity seem to be distinct constructs. Findings have implications for how people make medical decisions when they perceive and prefer to avoid conflicting medical information.
Grandparenting Children with Disabilities

Amber Tatro was born with spina bifida and went on to win a 1984 Supreme Court case. Amber had partial paralysis, impaired speech, and difficulty urinating on her own. Her family notified the Irving Independent School District that she would begin kindergarten in the fall, and would need catheterization every few hours to prevent kidney damage. The school took an individualistic approach to disabilities, arguing that catheterization was medical care that fell outside federal mandates and that accommodations for Amber’s disabilities were the responsibility of Amber and her family. Amber and her family sued and her case moved to the Supreme Court. By unanimous decision, the justices ruled that catheterization fell within the related services the school district was federally required to provide. The Supreme Court took a social approach to disabilities, arguing that the accommodations she needed were the responsibility of society at large.
Abstract 2822: Single-cell evaluation to identify tumor-stroma niches driving the transition from in situ to invasive breast cancer

Introduction: Ductal carcinoma in situ is a non-invasive lesion of the breast that comprises ~20% of newly diagnosed breast cancers in the United States. Prospectively distinguishing indolent from aggressive lesions has been a major clinical challenge. To begin addressing these challenges, we use an experimentally tractable mouse model of breast cancer in which invasive (but rarely in situ) lesions display architectural and morphological abnormalities while also being heavily immune-infiltrated. Methods: To explore the tumor-stroma niches that evolve as breast cancer progresses, we are undertaking single cell RNA sequencing and imaging mass cytometry to identify tumor and immune cells present within in situ (early) versus invasive (advanced) lesions, and to characterize shifts in phenotype and tumor-stroma niches that may occur as breast cancer transitions from in situ to invasive disease. Results: Single cell analyses revealed major cell populations within the tumor compartment of both early and advanced disease, including luminal- and basal-like populations, as well as an additional minor population that appears to represent a unique intermediate between luminal and basal states. Early stage lesions were comprised primarily of the major luminal population, whereas advanced lesions exhibited a significant expansion of intermediate and basal populations, suggesting that breast cancer cells may undergo a transition from luminal-like to basal-like phenotype during progression to invasive disease. Analysis of the immune compartments of early versus advanced disease also revealed that the relative neutrophil/MDSC/S100A8+ population increased as lesions advanced, while B cells, NK cells, and some T cells decreased. Furthermore, the immune populations of advanced lesions exhibited widespread upregulation of IL-17 targets, suggesting that the IL-17 pathway may drive shifts in the immune microenvironmental to support disease progression, particularly the increase in neutrophils/MDSCs. Additionally, given a previously reported role of IL-17 to alter epithelial stemness, increased IL-17 signaling in advanced lesions may also be driving the potential luminal-to-basal transition of malignant cells. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that a subset of malignant epithelial cells may transition from luminal-like to basal-like cells, and that this transition may be driven and/or maintained by a commensurate increase in IL-17 signaling that both directly impacts tumor cells and also establishes a tumor-supportive microenvironment. Citation Format: Vidya C. Sinha, Mingchu Xu, Amanda L. Rinkenbaugh, Xinhui Zhou, Xiaomei Zhang, Helen Piwnica-Worms. Single-cell evaluation to identify tumor-stroma niches driving the transition from in situ to invasive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2822.
Detonation shock dynamics modeling and calibration of the HMX-based conventional high explosive PBX 9501 with application to the two-dimensional circular arc geometry

Abstract A surface evolution model is developed for the detonation propagation dynamics of the HMX-based conventional high explosive PBX 9501, which relates the normal surface speed Dn to its local surface curvature κ. Such surface evolution models are important for the understanding and modification of engineering design calculations for high explosive applications. We describe a series of unconfined PBX 9501 slab geometry experiments of varying thickness, and detail how the steady axial detonation speed and detonation front shape data are obtained. A merit-function based calibration process is then described that uses both the PBX 9501 thickness effect and front shape data to parametrize the D n − κ propagation law. The time-dependent PBX 9501 D n − κ surface evolution law is then applied to detonation wave propagation in two-dimensional circular arc geometries, systematically examining the effect of arc thickness, inner radius, relaxation dynamics to steady-state propagation and confinement.
To, Through, and beyond Higher Education: A Literature Review of Multilingual Immigrant Students’ Community College Transitions

Amidst the growing diverse student population, community colleges are enrolling an increasing number of adult immigrant-background students. However, recent research trends tend to focus on student...
Counter-flow for stabilization of microfluidic thermal reactors: Experimental and numerical study

Abstract This work presents a novel counter-flow design for stabilizing microfluidic thermal reactors. In such devices, the substrate material is held in an unchanging thermal state while any combination of isothermal and gradient regions may be enacted on the surface region, all of which are stable in time. When such a state is achieved, precise control of the temporal temperature of the moving liquid is possible. The aim of this work is to establish a linear thermal gradient within the microfluidic reactor under a no-flow condition and to maintain the temperature profile for a broad range of flow conditions. Experimental results show that counter-flow will have a powerful stabilizing effect: isothermal regions remain isothermal, and gradient regions linearize. Distortions due to both external and internal convection/advection are reduced by several orders of magnitude. Counter-flow and direct-flow glass composite devices with different interlayer materials (silicon, quartz, and glass) were fabricated to investigate the role of interlayer thermal conductivity. The best performance was achieved for a counter-flow case with silicon interlayer for which a wide and stable linear thermal gradient (1 K/mm) was established, enabling ramp rates of up to 143 K/s. 3-D numerical models are used to predict the in-channel fluid temperature, its relation with the device surface temperature, and to evaluate the performance of the devices under other heating configurations.
The Elementary Mathematics Project: Supporting Preservice Teachers’ Content Knowledge for Teaching Mathematics

National reports and policy recommendations highlight the importance of deepening elementary preservice teachers’ understanding of the mathematical knowledge needed for teaching. One approach to addressing the mathematics preparation of future elementary teachers is through the development of curricula and corresponding educative instructor support materials. This chapter presents the philosophy, design principles, and practices that guided the Elementary Mathematics Project’s development of seven instructional units for use with undergraduate elementary education majors. Transcripts are used to illustrate how problem-solving and discussions are used to immerse students in the mathematical practices of sensemaking, justification, and generalization, while at the same time building a community of epistemic agents.
Posterior scleritis and acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy: A case of painful chorioretinitis and review of the current literature.

Abstract Purpose To describe a patient who developed concurrent acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) and posterior scleritis. Observations We describe a middle-aged woman that developed eye pain and photopsia. She was found to have a “T-sign” on ultrasound of the right eye and multiple, nearly confluent, ill-defined subretinal whitish lesions in both eyes. After an extensive laboratory evaluation and neuroimaging, her photopsia, pain with eye movements, and subretinal lesions began to regress on high dose systemic corticosteroids. Conclusions and Importance This is the first reported case of bilateral APMPPE and concurrent posterior scleritis. Our case highlights the importance of performing a full review of systems, specifically eliciting neurological changes, and dilated eye examination in all new uveitis cases.
Could an Academic Review of Pathology Lead to Changes in Patient Care in Men With Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Approximately 200,000 men per year are diagnosed with prostate cancer, a disease that causes over 30,000 deaths per year, making it the second leading cause of cancer mortality among men. There are multiple treatment options for patients with low, intermediate and high-risk disease. However, a successful treatment regimen is dependent on accurate pathologic evaluation of the Gleason Score (GS) in addition to imaging and physical exam findings. Here, we report our experience with changes in pathologic diagnosis seen in a multi-disciplinary community-based practice. MATERIALS/METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients who had a pathologic diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma seen at our institution from Jan 2017 to March 2019. Patients underwent a re-review of their pathology at our institution with pathologists using established institutional protocols for pathologic review. All patients were seen in an academic multidisciplinary setting. Pathology was re-reviewed at our institution at or before the time of consult. Additionally, patient cases were discussed in a multi-disciplinary tumor board with Urology, Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology. Medical records were reviewed and demographic data, initial and final pathologic diagnosis and any changes in treatment plans were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used in this analysis. RESULTS A total of 300 patients (pts) were treated in either the definitive or adjuvant/salvage setting for their prostate cancer. 23 pts had an initial GS 6 disease, 70 pts had GS 3+4 disease, 68 had GS 4+3 disease, 58 had GS 4+4, 72 had GS4+5 or 5+4 and 9 patients had Gleason 5+5 disease. 270 (90%) men underwent radiation therapy treatment for definitive prostate cancer and 30 (10%) men underwent radiation therapy in the adjuvant and/or salvage setting. 101 (34%) men had a change in pathologic diagnosis after re-review with our institution's pathologists, specifically 44 (44%) had a decrease or downgrade in Gleason score and 57 (56%) had an increase in Gleason score. 199 (66%) pts had no change in pathology on re-review. Additionally, 5 men had a change in pathology in the post op group versus 96 men had a change in pathology in the intact group (P = 0.150). Interestingly, there were no changes in treatment plan in the post-op group versus 14 men had a change in treatment plan in the intact group. Similarly, there were 34 patients in the intact group who had changes in staging risk stratification after re-review and only 1 patient in the post-op group with changes in staging risk stratification. CONCLUSION Overall, we found that 34% patients had a change in pathologic diagnosis following re-review at a multi-disciplinary institution. These initial results suggest the importance of a multi-disciplinary, academic approach to not only the treatment but also diagnosis and staging for men with prostate cancer.
Assessing soil quality in a riparian buffer by testing organic matter fractions in central Iowa, USA

A multispecies riparian buffer strip (MRB) was established along Bear Creek in central Iowa by the Agroecology Issues Team at Iowa State University (ISU) in order to assess the ability of the MRB to positively impact soil erosion and process non-point source pollutants to improve water quality. Soil organic matter (SOM), and especially biologically-active soil organic matter, is considered to be an important soil quality indicator variable because of it has relationship to critical soil functions like erodibility and the capacity of the soil to act as an environmental buffer. The objectives of this study were to examine trends in SOM C accrual and to quantify intra-seasonal changes in SOM C and particulate organic matter (POM) C for each vegetation zone of a MRBS seven years after establishment on previously cultivated or heavily grazed soil. Total SOM C and POM C in soil under perennial vegetation (poplar, switch- grass and cool season grass) were significantly higher than under cropped soil. Total POM C changed within vegetation type over the four month study period, whereas total SOM C did not. After six growing seasons, SOM C increased 8.5% under poplar grown in association with cool season grass, and 8.6% under switchgrass. The results are very promising and suggest that changes in SOM C can occur in a relatively short time after the establishment of perennial vegetation in a MRB. These changes should increase the ability of MRB soil to process non- point source pollutants.