cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degradation of titanium 6Al–4V fatigue strength due to electrical discharge machining

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been known for many years to induce degradation of fatigue strength. Outdated or coarse EDM processing methods can reduce the fatigue strength of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V by as much as factors of 2–5, but a paucity of fatigue data exists for this important aerospace alloy processed with modern EDM techniques. An experimental study is presented in which the degradation of fatigue strength of Ti–6Al–4V due to improved EDM processing is measured in axial tension at a load ratio of R = 0.1. It is shown that, relative to specimens finely milled, state-of-the-art EDM processing causes a reduction of fatigue strength by 15–30%. This strength degradation is found to correlate directly to the thickness and roughness of recast layers created by the solidification of melt material formed during EDM. Post-processing with either electrochemical polishing or bead blasting is demonstrated to remove the deleterious effects of EDM, such that specimens possessed intrinsic fatigue behavior as indicated by crack initiation at interior locations.
A finite deformation continuum\discrete model for the description of fragmentation and damage in brittle materials

Abstract A dynamic finite element analysis of large displacements, high strain rate deformation behavior of brittle materials is presented in total Lagrangian coordinates. A continuum\discrete damage model capable of capturing fragmentation at two size scales is derived by combining a continuum damage model and a discrete damage model for brittle failure. It is assumed that size and distribution of potential fragments are known a priori, through either experimental findings or materials properties, and that macrocracks can nucleate and propagate along the boundaries of these potential fragments. The finite deformation continuum multiple-plane microcracking damage model accounts for microcracks within fragments. Interface elements, with cohesive strength and reversible unloading before debonding, between potential fragments describe the initiation of macrocracks, their propagation, and coalescence leading to the formation of discrete fragments. A surface-defined multibody contact algorithm with velocity dependent friction is used to describe the interaction between fragments and large relative sliding between them. The finite element equations of motion are integrated explicitly using a variable time step. Outputs are taken at discrete time intervals to study material failure in detail. The continuum\discrete damage model and the discrete fragmentation model, employing interface elements alone, are used to simulate a ceramic rod on rod impact. Stress wave attenuation, fragmentation pattern, and overall failure behavior, obtained from the analyses using the two models, are compared with the experimental results and photographs of the failing rod. The results show that the continuum\discrete model captures the stress attenuation and rod pulverization in agreement with the experimental observations while the pure discrete model underpredicts stress attenuation when the same potential fragment size is utilized. Further analyses are carried out to study the effect of potential fragment size and friction between sliding fragments. It is found that compared with the continuum\discrete damage model, the discrete fragmentation model is more sensitive to the multi-body discretization.
You taste what you see: Do organic labels bias taste perceptions?

Does simply believing that a processed food is organic improve how enjoyable it tastes, influence caloric estimations, or increase how much people are willing to pay for the item? In the present study, 115 participants recruited from a local shopping mall were asked to taste and evaluate three paired food samples (i.e., cookies, potato chips, and yogurt). Each of those food samples was labeled, specifying one of the items in the pair as ‘organic’ and the other label specifying its counterpart as ‘regular’, although they were identical and organically produced. Results found that participants estimated those foods with organic labels to be lower in calories than those without the organic label. Furthermore, foods with the organic label elicited a higher willingness-to-pay and yielded better nutritional evaluations (e.g., tastes lower in fat, higher in fiber) than foods without the organic label. Finally, results found that the effects of the organic label on caloric estimations were less pronounced among people who typically read nutritional labels, who often buy organic foods, and who often engage in pro-environmental activities. This underscores the idea that the health halo effect is primarily driven by automatic processing based on heuristics. Understanding how consumers use nutritional information on product labels has important implications for both public policy as well as processed food manufacturers who use such claims as tools to market their products.
CONTROLLING FARMLAND IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY: A STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS

A tenant farmer's preference for a cash vs. share rental arrangement is found to be highly conditional on the terms of each arrangement in a whole farm situation analysis of a representative North Dakota Red River Valley farm. Failure of landlords to contribute to the production expenses of share rent tenants, government commodity programs, multi-peril crop insurance and tax provisions favor cash renting. Profitability of alternative land control strategies and methods of financing were evaluated using the criterion of stochastic dominance. Selecting a method for control of land is a major decision facing farm operators. Methods of controlling land include ownership, cash and share renting. Ownership is the most common means farm operators use to control land in North Dakota (Krenz). Advantages of farmland ownership include the potential for price appreciation, ability to shelter income from taxation, security of tenure, convenience of having a permanent physical business location
Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectra of cocaine metabolites and derivatives

The carbon-13 nmr spectral assignments oi cocaine, O-benzoylecgonine, ecgonine, norcocaine, O-benzylnorecgonine, norecgonine, and N-allylnorcocaine were made. The assignments were primarily based on the correlation of substituent effects within series and selective proton irradiation studies.
Crandall Conglomerate, An Unusual Stream Deposit, and Its Relation to Heart Mountain Faulting

The Crandall Conglomerate (Eocene) is a channel deposit, more than 350 ft (100 m) thick, believed to have formed as a result of preliminary movement of the Heart Mountain detachment fault in northwestern Wyoming. Initial movement of the Heart Mountain fault opened a deep rift in which the conglomerate was deposited. The rift was less than a mile (1.6 km) wide and was bordered by 2,000-ft (600 m) cliffs, mostly of Paleozoic limestone. Before the gravel was deposited, unconfined Cambrian shale below the rift was deformed into the Blacktail fold, a sharp anticline without apparent roots, while streams carried away the upwelling shale and cut a channel several hundred feet deep. The debris that accumulated in this channel is the Crandall Conglomerate. Deposition of the conglomerate was followed by Cathedral Cliffs volcanism, by movement on the Reef Creek detachment fault, and by the main movement on the Heart Mountain detachment fault. The main movement on this fault left the lower part of the conglomerate in place but carried the upper part with deposits of the upper plate roughly 15 mi (24 km) southeastward. Most of the deposits of the lower plate rest directly on the Blacktail fold. Of the 15 known deposits of Crandall Conglomerate, five are in place but have been overridden by the upper plate of the Heart Mountain fault, and ten have been transported as part of the upper plate. After this movement, volcanic rocks of the Wapiti Formation blanketed the region.
Transient chaos and crisis phenomena in butterfly valves driven by solenoid actuators

Abstract Chilled water systems used in the industry and on board ships are critical for safe and reliable operation. It is hence important to understand the fundamental physics of these systems. This paper focuses in particular on a critical part of the automation system, namely, actuators and valves that are used in so-called “smart valve” systems. The system is strongly nonlinear, and necessitates a nonlinear dynamic analysis to be able to predict all critical phenomena that affect effective operation and efficient design. The derived mathematical model includes electromagnetics, fluid mechanics, and mechanical dynamics. Nondimensionalization has been carried out in order to reduce the large number of parameters to a few critical independent sets to help carry out a broad parametric analysis. The system stability analysis is then carried out with the aid of the tools from nonlinear dynamic analysis. This reveals that the system is unstable in a certain region of the parameter space. The system is also shown to exhibit crisis and transient chaotic responses; this is characterized using Lyapunov exponents and power spectra. Knowledge and avoidance of these dangerous regimes is necessary for successful and safe operation.
Does Positivity Matter? The Impact of Interparental Interactions on Young Adult Conflict Management

The main purpose of our study was to examine the impact of positive inter-parental interactions on the conflict management of young adults. Based on social cognitive theory (SCT), it was hypothesized that exposure to interparental positive interactions would mediate the intergenerational transmission of conflict. The findings only partially supported SCT and provided evidence for intergenerational transmission of conflict. However positivity did not buffer this association. Important contributions of this study include a better theoretical understanding of positivity in relationships and evidence for the intergenerational transmission of positive and negative conflict management tactics. Implications for researchers, clinicians, and educators are presented.
Intrinsic linear programming

Presentation d'une description alternative de programmes lineaires en terme de diagrammes d'espaces vectoriels et de transformations lineaires de facon a ce que le theoreme de dualite puisse etre demontre de facon completement intrinseque
Pancreatic Function, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolism in Aging

Aging is a risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Of the reported 25.8 million Americans estimated to have diabetes, 26.9% are over the age of 65. In certain ethnic groups, the proportion is even higher; almost 1 in 3 older Hispanics and African Americans and 3 out of 4 Pima Indian elders have diabetes. As per the NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination) survey, the percentage of physician-diagnosed diabetes increased from 3.9% in middle-aged adults (40-49 years) to 13.2% in elderly adults (≥75 years). The higher incidence of diabetes is especially alarming considering that diabetes in itself increases the risk for multiple other age-related diseases such as cancer, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how aging affects pancreatic β cell function, β cell mass, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. We also review the effects of aging on the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to impaired glucose homeostasis and T2D in the elderly will lead to development of novel treatments that will prevent or delay diabetes, substantially improve quality of life and ultimately increase overall life span.
Electrochemical test methods for evaluating organic coatings on metals: an update. Part III: Multiple test parameter measurements

Abstract The status of evaluating organic coated metals utilizing electrochemical means was reviewed for the period of 1988–1994. The general improvements in the overall technology are presented in three parts, each as a separate publication. Part I covers the test cell configurations, changes in testing approaches and a brief survey of measurement equipment. Part II presents the test methods involving a single test parameter such as the panel potential relative to a reference electrode, electrochemical voltage and/or current noise, as well as the dc resistance of the coating on the metal substrate. Multiple test parameter measurements such as potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are covered in Part III. Although the majority of data were taken from the literature, some supplementary data are included from NSWCCD studies.
Elephant Moraine 87521: The first lunar meteorite composed of predominantly mare material

This paper presents the results of trace-element analyses and detailed petrography obtained for the Elephant Moraine 87521 meteorite (EET87521) found recently in Antarctica. Its high values found for the Fe/Mn ratio and the bulk-Co content indicate that the EET87521 is not, as was originally classified, a eucrite. Moreover, its low Ga/Al and Na/Ca ratios exclude the possibility that it is an SNC meteorite. These and other characteristics (e.g., a very low Ti content) of the EET87521 suggest its affinity with very-low-Ti high-alumina varieties of lunar mare basalt.
Nonlinear constitutive equations for directed viscoelastic materials with memory

Es werden die nichtlinearen Konstitutionsgleichungenfur ein richtungsorientiertes viskoelastisches Material mit Gedachtnis entwickelt. Die Beziehungen zwischen dieser Theorie und derjenigen der klassischen Elastizitat und Viskoelastizitat und einige andere Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Theorie der richtungsorientierten Medien werden besprochen.
Use of Nerve Conduction Velocity to Assess Peripheral Nerve Health in Aging Mice

Nerve conduction velocity (NCV), the speed at which electrical signals propagate along peripheral nerves, is used in the clinic to evaluate nerve function in humans. A decline in peripheral nerve function is associated with a number of age-related pathologies. While several studies have shown that NCV declines with age in humans, there is little information on the effect of age on NCV in peripheral nerves in mice. In this study, we evaluated NCV in male and female C57Bl/6 mice ranging from 4 to 32 months of age. We observed a decline in NCV in both male and female mice after 20 months of age. Sex differences were detected in sensory NCV as well as the rate of decline during aging in motor nerves; female mice had slower sensory NCV and a slower age-related decline in motor nerves compared with male mice. We also tested the effect of dietary restriction on NCV in 30-month-old female mice. Dietary restriction prevented the age-related decline in sciatic NCV but not other nerves. Because NCV is clinically relevant to the assessment of nerve function, we recommend that NCV be used to evaluate healthspan in assessing genetic and pharmacological interventions that increase the life span of mice.
Analysis of three-dimensional grids: Interpolation of data in prismatic array and the estimation of a missing datum

Nine data in cubical array can be interpolated by means of operational equations that use sines and cosines or exponential forms. The interpolating equations permit curvature estimations by means of quadratic-term coefficients. If the data reflect laws that are nearly linear, quadratic, cubic, exponential, or trigonometric, surrogate numbers for a missing datum can be estimated. If experimental work is costly, the surrogates may sufficiently accurate to interest experimentalists.
Malignant External Otitis Due to Aspergillus flavus with Fulminant Dissemination to the Lungs

Malignant external otitis secondary to aspergillus infection is rare, and only 10 cases have been reported in the literature. Nine of 10 patients responded to therapy and survived their infection. There have been no previous reports of dissemination of Aspergillus species from the ear to other organs. We describe a case of malignant external otitis due to Aspergillus flavus that disseminated hematogenously to the lungs. The result was an overwhelming, miliary pulmonary infection, which progressed very rapidly to respiratory failure and death. Pathological examination of lung tissue revealed multiple microabscesses and hyphal elements that had invaded the lung parenchyma from small pulmonary arteries.
Ultrafast electronic structures and dynamics of CdSe nanocrystals revealed by gas phase time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

Using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy in a gas phase environment, we observed the evanescent electron wavefunction of quantum dot excited states, and the effect of solvent on QD charge transfer.
Analysis of fluctuations in the cGMP-dependent currents of cone photoreceptor outer segments

We measured cGMP-dependent currents, under voltage clamp, in membrane patches detached from the outer segment of single-cone photoreceptors isolated from the retina of striped bass. We analyzed the variance of the current about its mean and the spectral density distribution of the current fluctuations. From the analysis of variance, we determined that the cGMP-gated channels increase their probability of opening with increasing cGMP up to a maximum value of 0.87 +/- 0.03. The dependence on cGMP of the probability of opening is well described by a Hill equation with Km = 60.2 +/- 3.7 microM and n = 2.33 +/- 0.32 at -50 mV. At the same voltage, the spectral density distribution is well fit by the sum of two Lorentzians with corner frequencies at 26 +/- 18 and 318 +/- 58 Hz. The single-channel conductance calculated from the current noise by two different methods suggests that the most frequently occupied conductance state has an amplitude of about 18 pS.
Inclusion of a matrix-attached region in a 7SK pol III vector increases the efficiency of shRNA-mediated gene silencing in embryonic carcinoma cells

Abstract RNA interference is a widely used tool for analysis of gene function in mammalian cells. Stable knockdown of specific target genes can be maintained in cell lines and live organisms using vector-based delivery of short hairpins (shRNAs) driven by RNA polymerase III promoters. Here we describe a vector incorporating the human 7SK promoter for shRNA-mediated gene silencing in the P19 embryonic carcinoma stem cell line. Our preliminary experiments with the 7SK shRNA expression vector indicated that its activity could be hindered by random genomic integration. In order to counter this inhibitory mechanism, we inserted a matrix-attached region sequence to generate an episomal vector system. We compared the effects of insertion versus exclusion of the MAR sequence on the shRNA-mediated gene-specific silencing of the β - tubulin III and Cyclophilin A genes. While the MAR sequence is not strongly correlated with the episomal status of the expression vector, our studies indicate that inclusion of the MAR element significantly enhances the stability of shRNA-mediated gene silencing in the P19 stem cells.
In vivo observation of intracellular oximetry in perfluorocarbon‐labeled glioma cells and chemotherapeutic response in the CNS using fluorine‐19 MRI

Preclinical development of therapeutic agents against cancer could greatly benefit from noninvasive markers of tumor killing. Potentially, the intracellular partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2) ) can be used as an early marker of antitumor efficacy. Here, the feasibility of measuring intracellular pO(2) of central nervous system glioma cells in vivo using (19) F magnetic resonance techniques is examined. Rat 9L glioma cells were labeled with perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether ex vivo and then implanted into the rat striatum. (19) F MRI was used to visualize tumor location in vivo. The mean (19) F T(1) of the implanted cells was measured using localized, single-voxel spectroscopy. The intracellular pO(2) in tumor cells was determined from an in vitro calibration curve. The basal pO(2) of 9L cells (day 3) was determined to be 45.3 ± 5 mmHg (n = 6). Rats were then treated with a 1 × LD10 dose of bischloroethylnitrosourea intravenously and changes in intracellular pO(2) were monitored. The pO(2) increased significantly (P = 0.042, paired T-test) to 141.8 ± 3 mmHg within 18 h after bischloroethylnitrosourea treatment (day 4) and remained elevated (165 ± 24 mmHg) for at least 72 h (day 6). Intracellular localization of the perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether emulsion in 9L cells before and after bischloroethylnitrosourea treatment was confirmed by histological examination and fluorescence microscopy. Overall, noninvasive (19) F magnetic resonance techniques may provide a valuable preclinical tool for monitoring therapeutic response against central nervous system or other deep-seated tumors.
Sinology and Social Science

From Bandwagon to Balance-of-Power Politics: Structural Constraints and Politics in China, 1949-1978. By Avery Goldstein. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. Pp. viii, 366. $35.00 cloth.) Bureaucracy, Economy, and Leadership in China: The Institutional Origins of the Great Leap Forward. By David Bachman. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xxii, 262. $42.50 cloth.) From Lathes to Looms: China's Industrial Policy in Comparative Perspective, 19791982. By Dorothy Solinger. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. Pp. xii, 335. $37.50 cloth.) China in Transition: Communism, Capitalism, and Democracy. By Ronald Glassman. (New York: Praeger, 1991. Pp. vii, 288. $49.95 cloth.)
Mixed rectangular pulses models of rainfall

Abstract. A stochastic rainfall model, obtained as the superposition of independent Neyman-Scott Rectangular Pulses (NSRP), is proposed to provide a flexible parameterisation and general procedure for modelling rainfall. The methodology is illustrated using hourly data from Auckland, New Zealand, where the model is fitted to data collected for each calendar month over the period: 1966–1998. For data taken over the months April to August, two independent superposed NSRP processes are fitted, which may correspond to the existence of mixtures of convective and stratiform storm types for these months. The special case of the superposition of an independent NSRP process and a Poisson rectangular pulses process fits the data for January to March, whilst the original NSRP model (i.e. without superposition) fits the data for September to November. A simulation study verifies that the model performs well with respect to the distribution of annual totals, the proportion of dry periods, and extreme values. Keywords: stochastic processes; point processes; rainfall time series; Poisson cluster models
Predictive models of human supervisory control behavioral patterns using hidden semi-Markov models

Behavioral models of human operators engaged in complex, time-critical high-risk domains, such as those typical in Human Supervisory Control (HSC) settings, are of great value because of the high cost of operator failure. We propose that Hidden Semi-Markov Models (HSMMs) can be employed to model behaviors of operators in HSC settings where there is some intermittent human interaction with a system via a set of external controls. While regular Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) can be used to model operator behavior, HSMMs are particularly suited to time-critical supervisory control domains due to their explicit representation of state duration. Using HSMMs, we demonstrate in an unmanned vehicle supervisory control environment that such models can accurately predict future operator behavior both in terms of states and durations.
Body-posture-based dynamic link power control in wearable sensor networks

This article explores on-body energy management mechanisms in the context of emerging wireless body area networks. In severely resource-constrained systems such as WBANs, energy can usually be traded for packet delay, loss, and system throughput, whenever applicable. Using experimental results from a prototype wearable sensor network, the article first characterizes the dynamic nature of on-body links with varying body postures. A literature review follows to examine the relevant transmission power control mechanisms for ensuring a balance between energy consumption and packet loss on links between body-mounted sensors. Specific emphasis is put on approaches that are customized for TPC via tracking of postural node mobility. Then the article develops a WBAN-specific dynamic power control mechanism that performs adaptive body posture inference for optimal power assignments. Finally, performance of the mechanism is experimentally evaluated and compared with a number of static and dynamic power assignment schemes.
PCR‐based markers for detection of different sources of 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS wheat–rye translocations in wheat background

The rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm 1RS is one of the most successfully used alien resources in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement, and it is still being widely utilized by many breeding programmes. With increasing application of marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding, development of an efficient molecular marker system to monitor and track 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS wheat–rye translocations is of practical value. In this study, we systematically evaluated the utility of eight rye-specific molecular markers in detecting 1RS chromatins with different origins in diverse wheat genetic backgrounds. Two such markers, PAWS5/S6 and SCM9 were identified that were able to differentiate multiple sources of wheat–rye translocations involving 1RS. A duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed with two rye-specific markers PAWS5/S6 and RIS and tested in a set of representative wheat lines. The two rye-specific markers and the duplex PCR procedure established in this study provided a useful tool in marker-assisted selection of materials containing desirable 1RS chromatin in wheat breeding.
TandemHeart placement for cardiogenic shock in acute severe mitral regurgitation and right ventricular failure.

We report a case of a patient with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) due to infective endocarditis with preserved left ventricular systolic function complicated by severe pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and cardiogenic shock. He was evaluated by cardiothoracic surgery for mitral valve replacement (MVR). It appeared that the high pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) had been chronic with acute worsening, thus raising concerns that it may not promptly reverse after MVR, putting him at high risk for postoperative RV failure and increasing the risk of mortality. A TandemHeart (TH) percutaneous ventricular assist device (pVAD) was placed with improvement in hemodynamics following which MVR was done. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the preoperative use of the TH pVAD in severe acute MR for hemodynamic stabilization in preparation for MVR. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure and Change in a Late Classic Maya Domestic Group at Copan, Honduras

The dynamic process involving the establishment, growth, and decline of Patio Group 9M-22-A, an elite Late Classic Maya domestic group at Copan, Honduras, is described in terms of 11 time spans. Architectural and stratigraphie changes occurring within these time spans are integrated with 70 obsidian hydration dates and demonstrate that the patio group was occupied to the end of the tenth century, with sporadic activity continuing into the eleventh century. Changes in the leadership roles spanning several generations within the patio group are inferred from the archaeological data and related to socioeconomic variables influencing the development cycle.
A New System for Three-Dimensional Tracking of Motile Microorganisms

A new three-dimensional (3D)-tracking system with optimized dark-field illumination is presented. It allows simultaneous 3D tracking of several free-swimming microorganisms with diameters of >10 μm. Resolution limits and illumination efficiencies for different size classes of microorganisms are treated analytically. First applications for 3D tracking of protists are demonstrated.
Ensuring High-Quality Inclusive Practices: What Co-Teachers Can Do

Until 1975, students with disabilities could be denied the right to an education in public schools on grounds that they were uneducable. If parents of a child with a disability wanted an education ...
Protean: deriving protein structure from constraints

PROTEAN is an evolving knowledge-based system that is intended to identify the three-dimensional conformations of proteins in solution. Using a variety of empirically derived constraints, PROTEAN must identify legal positions for each of a protein's constituent structures (e.g., atoms, amino acids, helices) in three-dimensional space. In fact, because protein-structure analysis is an underconstrained problem, PROTEAN must identify the entire family of conformations allowed by available constraints. In this paper, we discuss PROTEAN's approach to the protein-structure analysis problem and its current implementation within the BB1 blackboard architecture.
Fault-tolerant stream processing using a distributed, replicated file system

We present SGuard, a new fault-tolerance technique for distributed stream processing engines (SPEs) running in clusters of commodity servers. SGuard is less disruptive to normal stream processing and leaves more resources available for normal stream processing than previous proposals. Like several previous schemes, SGuard is based on rollback recovery [18]: it checkpoints the state of stream processing nodes periodically and restarts failed nodes from their most recent checkpoints. In contrast to previous proposals, however, SGuard performs checkpoints asynchronously: i.e., operators continue processing streams during the checkpoint thus reducing the potential disruption due to the checkpointing activity. Additionally, SGuard saves the checkpointed state into a new type of distributed and replicated file system (DFS) such as GFS [22] or HDFS [9], leaving more memory resources available for normal stream processing. To manage resource contention due to simultaneous checkpoints by different SPE nodes, SGuard adds a scheduler to the DFS. This scheduler coordinates large batches of write requests in a manner that reduces individual checkpoint times while maintaining good overall resource utilization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach through measurements of a prototype implementation in the Borealis [2] open-source SPE using HDFS [9] as the DFS.
Geochemistry of porphyrins: biological, industrial and environmental aspects

The existence of metalloporphyrins in geological materials was established by Alfred Treibs in the 1930s. This discovery provided definitive evidence that organic matter in fossil fuels is largely of biological origin and laid the foundation for the modern science of porphyrin geochemistry. This overview covers to some degree biological, industrial, and environmental topics in the geochemistry of nickel and vanadyl porphyrins in fossil fuels, principally petroleum.
Criminal Homicide as a Situated Transaction

I will examine the organization and development of seventy transactions ending in murder. In all seventy cases, murder was the culmination of an interchange between an offender and victim, resembling what Goffman termed a “character contest,” a confrontation in which opponents sought to establish or maintain “face” at the other's expense by remaining steady in the face of adversity. The transaction took a sequential form: the victim issued what the offender deemed an offensive move; the offender typically retaliated with a verbal or physical challenge; a “working” agreement favoring the use of violence was forged with the victim's response; battle ensued leaving the victim dead or dying; the manner of the offender's exiting was shaped by his relationship to the victim and the moves of his audience.
Graviton emission from a soft brane

Theories with compact extra spatial dimensions felt only by gravity are subject to direct experimental tests if the compactification volume is large. Estimates of high-energy collider observables induced by graviton radiation into extra dimensions are usually given assuming rigid branes. This may overestimate the accessibility of these theories. Brane fluctuations soften the coupling of graviton radiation, and reduce our ability to see effects in high-energy collisions. We calculate the size of this suppression on single jet plus gravitons at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and single photon plus gravitons at an ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ linear collider. We advocate the use of a brane softening variable as an additional parameter when comparing theory predictions to data.
Joint Policy Advocacy in a Health and Human Services Network: A Co-Clique Analysis

We know little about how collaboration in policy advocacy is organized in a centrally governed service delivery network, where a lead organization manages a publicly-funded community service delive...
Housing characteristics of households with wheeled mobility device users from the American Housing Survey: do people live in homes that facilitate community participation?

AbstractFor people with mobility impairments, having an accessible and usable home environment is a critical factor in their ability to live independently and participate in their communities. However, the status of home accessibility in the American housing stock is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine accessibility of the American housing stock using the American Housing Survey. We analyzed data from the 2011 American Housing Survey to examine the accessibility of housing units across six groups defined by home ownership and impairment status. High levels of home inaccessibility across all groups and all variables were evident. Developing accessible housing stock is critical to community development in that it can support opportunities for increased participation and employment for people with disabilities. This study provides a basis for more specific studies regarding housing access and the potential impact of housing policy changes that could increase community access for people ...
A DECISION-BASED APPROACH TO IMPROVING BEHAVIOR OVER TIME OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS

Due to the size and number of interdependencies in a complex system, the resilience of such a system to disturbances is often questionable. In this paper, a case study, an industrial ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark, is modeled and investigated with respect to its ability to handle disturbances. Several disturbances are introduced and the robustness through time of production processes to these disturbances is measured and improved with an augmented form of the Robust Concept Exploration Method, in which response surfaces and a multiobjective problem solving tool are utilized. The standard RCEM is augmented to reduce the degree of approximation on which the solution ranges are based. This approach is significantly different from others in that behaviors over time, not instantaneous values, are improved. These behaviors over time are evaluated using multiple time pattern descriptors which characterize relevant features of the behaviors. The simulation model used in this paper is not emphasized as much as the processes used in measuring and improving the behavior over time of a complex system.
Are Improvements in Child Health Due to Increasing Status of Women in Developing Nations

This research tests the hypothesis that change over time in women's status leads to improvements in their children's health. Specifically, we examine whether change in resources and empowerment in mother's roles as biological mothers, caregivers, and providers and social contexts that promote the rights and representation of and investment in women are associated with better nutritional status and survival of young children. Analysis is based on a broad sample of countries (n = 28), with data at two or more points in time to enable examination of change. Key indicators of child health show improvement in the last 13 years in developing nations. Much of this improvement--90 percent of the increase in nutritional status and 47 percent of the reduction in mortality--is associated with improving status of women. Increased maternal education, control over reproduction, freedom from violence, access to health care, legislation and enforcement of women's rights, greater political representation, equality in the education system, and lower maternal mortality are improving children's health. These results imply that further advancement of women's position in society would be beneficial.
Economic analysis of an isolated product obtained from muscadine grape pomace.

The grape (Vitis vinifera) industry has long been a leader in the utilization of edible by-products to increase the revenue of the industry with products such as grape seed extract, dried pomace, and pigment extracts. However, the muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) industry in the southeastern United States has lagged in the development of secondary products from wine and juice manufacture due to economic and processing limitations associated with this grape. Processing of pomaces rich in polyphenolics, such as muscadine grapes, can lead to an increase in economic value per ton of fruit and the decrease of waste material generated. Therefore, the profitability of two drying technologies (spray drying and vacuum concentration) was assessed as means to extract and concentrate polyphenolics from muscadine grape pomace. An economic analysis was conducted based on break-even point analysis, sensitivity analysis, and return on investment estimation. Assumptions were required to complete the analysis. Using initial production conditions (124 kg of extract at $140/kg, and 11,309 kg of dried skins at $3.00/kg), the profit generated from spray drying was higher than vacuum concentration. In addition, return of investment was 10% higher in spray drying (22.2%) compared with vacuum concentration (12.3%), which barely covered the net present value of the operation. Although spray drying proved to be a less expensive technology (with the actual characteristics and proper assumptions), the vacuum evaporator used for this situation had three times the capacity of the spray dryer, thus only vacuum concentration would support a potential growth in extract production if the volume processed was to be increased significantly. Sensitivity analysis illustrated that both technologies obtained positive results with initial production conditions with a 40% increase in production and prices. This study also illustrated various assumptions that could be changed to recalculate and readjust investment and costs of any processor.
Leaving the Dale to Be More FAIR: On CLS v. Martinez and First Amendment Jurisprudence

In Christian Legal Society of the University of California, Hastings College of Law v. Martinez, the Supreme Court upheld the Hastings College of Law’s requirement that all recognized student groups have an open membership policy. The decision has been criticized for a variety of reasons, e.g., that the Court conflated the First Amendment tests for speech and association. What has not been adequately explored is the degree to which the Court has modified limited purpose public forum analysis in the university context over the past few decades, resulting in a jurisprudence that is virtually unrecognizable in light of the more general First Amendment doctrines. While the Court is appropriately criticized for the way that it has sometimes interpreted First Amendment protections of speech and association both as a general matter and in the university context in particular, the Martinez reasoning and result make the best of a jurisprudence that has lost its moorings. Ironically, Martinez may come to stand for a more robust right of association outside of the limited public forum context.
Analyzing the Effect of Anti-Abortion U.S. State Legislation in the Post-Casey Era:

Much of the academic literature that analyzes U.S. state-level restrictions on abortion focuses on parental involvement laws and the extent to which abortion is publicly funded through Medicaid. However, one shortcoming common to all of these studies is that they fail to analyze informed consent laws and other types of anti-abortion legislation that received constitutional protection through the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992). In this study, a series of regressions on a comprehensive time series cross-sectional data set provides evidence that several types of state-level anti-abortion legislation result in statistically significant declines in both the abortion rate and the abortion ratio. Furthermore, a series of natural experiments provide further evidence that abortion restrictions are correlated with reductions in the incidence of abortion.
Joint Shear‐Wave Analysis Using MASW and Refraction Traveltime Tomography

We use the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and SH-wave refraction traveltime tomography to constrain each method’s starting layer-model at a site located at the Yuma Proving Ground, AZ. Our treatment resulted in a more stratified, higher-resolution MASW S-wave velocity (Vs) model that deviated from the tomographic SH-wave solution by approximately 15%. The top 12 m were our target at the test site, which is comprised of roughly 30 m of unconsolidated sediments overlying bedrock. A bungee-assisted drop-weight source was used for MASW and a hammer and block were used for the refraction survey. A preliminary MASW profile served as the starting model for refraction inversion. The resultant Vs tomogram contained slightly higher velocity ranges and imaged a high-velocity layer not apparent with initial MASW results. Using this a priori information, along with density values from well logs, more layers were added to an updated Vs model for MASW inversion. The subsequent higher-resolution MASW profile moved toward the tomographic solution. The use of two inversion schemes allowed a more constrained Vs model of the site, while limiting resolution uncertainties for the MASW Vs section. Moreover, the possible over-parameterization problem seen with increased layers is defended through refraction comparison. We recommend the combined approach as a means to constrain MASW inversion and increase confidence in future Vs appraisals.
Emmanuelle Tourme-Jouannet. What is a Fair International Society? International Law Between Development and Recognition

Does international law have an answer to the question: "what is a fair international society"? In her insightful book, Emmanuelle Tourne-Jouannet interrogates in a systematic fashion diverse areas of international law that touch upon or address, directly or indirectly, fairness, equity, or redistribution: from the law of development to minority rights to international economic law. By taking positive law as the point of departure for an inquiry about global justice, Tourme-Jouannet departs, in a refreshing way, from attempts to extrapolate from mainstream legal theory an abstract conception of global justice. "[W]hat is to be addressed here are not contemporary theories of justice and the philosophical questions that the topic raises �. [I]t is the aim to address them here from a different angle: from within legal practice, as it were ... I have opted for an approach based on existing legal practice, with a view to conceptualizing and questioning it�"(at 3). For Tourme-Jouannet, the question about the fairness of international legal practice leads to a number of other legal-historical questions regarding the contemporary evolution of international law. The project is "simply to begin by identifying the principles and legal practices relating to development and recognition" (ibid.). In her view, adopting a historical perspective, these practices - notwithstanding their differences - reflect a joint concern with achieving global justice over the years. In What is a Fair International Society?, Tourme-Jouannet reviews the history of international economic law over the last decades. She disaggregates it into two strands of international law - "�the law of development" and the "law of recognition", which are inextricably enmeshed in today's world that is "postcolonial and post-Cold War". In her view, "[t]hese twin characteristics explain why international society is also riddled with the two major forms of injustice that ... afflict national societies"
How to Survive the Whitewashing of AIDS: Global Pasts, Transnational Futures

In this paper, I critique contemporary AIDS narratives of historiographic heroism that flatten the complex legacy of intersectional and transnational labor across coalitional lines. I ground my arguments about AIDS gentrification through a critique of the documentary How to Survive a Plague (2012) not simply to offer a “corrective” account of AIDS history that fills in missing gaps, but to intervene into the representational terms of AIDS historiography that has crucial bio-political and epidemiological implications in contexts that are not limited to the Global North. More specifically, I critique the redemption of biomedical discourse in contemporary AIDS narratives, examining its implications in the context of a transnational political economy that continues to mediate HIV drug access and affordability for people living with AIDS in the Global South (specifically, the political economy of India). I conclude my paper with a global focus of early AIDS activisms—both in the sense of a broader vision of coalitional politics as well as a transnational impetus—that moved beyond a drugs-into-bodies goal, which has come to dominate the representational field of AIDS history since 2010. These queer refusals of single-issue politics are in danger of being whitewashed if positivist versions of AIDS discourse lay claim to the “truth” about the epidemic’s historiography. At stake is not simply the need to proliferate and assert different versions of activist histories as more authentic, but to mobilize these alternative archival mediations to challenge the gentrification of AIDS in the Global North.
Update on Zika Virus: Considerations for the Traveling Athlete

As public health experts work to contain the outbreak of Zika virus in South America and minimize the devastating prenatal complications, the international sports community prepares for the 2016 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Athletes have publicly expressed concern regarding the health risks of competition in Zika-endemic areas.33 Ensuring the safety of the athletes during training and competition is the primary role of the team physician. Special consideration is needed for sports teams preparing for travel to areas affected by Zika virus.
High-resolution imaging and computational analysis of haematopoietic cell dynamics in vivo

Although we know a great deal about the phenotype and function of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, a major challenge has been mapping their dynamic behaviour within living systems. Here we describe a strategy to image cells in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution, and quantify their interactions using a high-throughput computational approach. Using these tools, and a new Msi2 reporter model, we show that haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells display preferential spatial affinity for contacting the vascular niche, and a temporal affinity for making stable associations with these cells. These preferences are markedly diminished as cells mature, suggesting that programs that control differentiation state are key determinants of spatiotemporal behaviour, and thus dictate the signals a cell receives from specific microenvironmental domains. These collectively demonstrate that high-resolution imaging coupled with computational analysis can provide new biological insight, and may in the long term enable creation of a dynamic atlas of cells within their native microenvironment.