cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Evidence for Activation by Proinflammatory Mediators

Background—Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques, where in their active form, they may contribute to vascular remodeling and plaque disruption. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP), a novel transmembrane MMP that activates pro-MMP-2 (gelatinase A), is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques and that its expression is regulated by proinflammatory molecules. Methods and Results—MT1-MMP expression was examined in normal and atherosclerotic human arteries by immunocytochemistry with specific antibodies. MT1-MMP expression in human saphenous vein–derived smooth muscle cells (SMCs) maintained in tissue culture was determined under basal conditions and in response to proinflammatory molecules (interleukin [IL]-1α, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and oxidized LDL [ox-LDL]) by use of Northern blot and ribonuclease protection assays for mRNA, Western blot and immunoprecipitation for protein, and gelatin zymography for catalytic activity. Me...
Teaching Through the Lenses of Orality and Literacy: One Professor’s Journey

Abstract Teaching discipleship in a theological seminary, one is challenged by the diverse world that students serve. According to a 2004 study conducted for the United Nations by Princeton University (Office of Population Research), approximately 80% of the world's population operated as primarily oral communicators (3.74 billion). Only 2% of the world's population (123 million) was highly literate (e.g., students, staff, and professors at a theological seminary). Anthropologists and missionaries are addressing orality's impact on the teaching–learning process; surprisingly, educators are not. How do professional religious educators prepare students to engage oral cultures in their hometowns and around the world? This article describes the ongoing, transformational process of both a professor and her Western, highly literate classroom. Through the lens of orality, each now affirms and practices new ways of seeing, learning, and teaching.
Preparation and distribution of 195Ptm-labeled bleomycin

Abstract Radiolabeled bleomycin is known to localize in soft tumors, and is believed to serve as a specific radiopharmaceutical for this diagnosis. In the present study 195 Pt-bleomycin complexes were synthesized with PtCl 4 K 2 or Pt(NH 3 ) 2 as metal ligands, and the distribution of these complexes studied in mice bearing Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma. The results obtained suggest that these 195m Pt complexes of bleomycin are very stable in the body as they remain unmetabolized for up to 96 hr in vitro and up to 48 hr in vivo, and that they complex much better to bleomycin than any of the 99 Tc m complexes studied to date. As much as the highest concentration of 195m pt bleomycin radioactivity 1 hr post-injection is in the blood, it may also be traced in the lung tumor, liver, and skin. Its blood clearance seems to be very slow. The possible use of 195 Pt-bleomycin for tumor diagnosis and management is discussed.
No association between Novelty Seeking and dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III seven repeat alleles in Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants

Recent studies by Ebstein et al and Benjamin et al found associations between long repeat polymorphisms in the D4 dopamine receptor gene (D4DR) and individual variation in a human personality trait, identified as 'Novelty Seeking' (NS). Ebstein et al used the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) to measure NS scores; Benjamin et al used the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) to estimate NS scores. However, Malhotra et al failed to replicate the association between the direct measure of NS using the TPQ and the long alleles of the D4DR genotypes in two Finnish samples. In an attempt to confirm the association found by Benjamin et al using NEO-PI-R estimated NS, the present study used an alternative design extreme groups strategy to select high and low novelty seeking research volunteers from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). There were no significant associations between long alleles (7-repeat allele) and high novelty seeking groups. The findings of Ebstein and colleagues and those of Benjamin and colleagues do not generalize to this American middle-aged, mixed-gender sample, a conclusion also consistent with the findings of a recent Swedish study. Demographic factors such as the age and gender composition of the samples are important sources of variation in allelic association studies and future research must carefully address whether the D4DR genetic polymorphisms vary substantially across demographic groups.
Spectroscopic investigation of proton-conducting, cross-linked linear poly(ethylenimine) hydrochloride membranes

Abstract The degree of cross-linking for linear poly(ethylenimine) hydrochloride, cross-linked using malonaldehyde generated in situ, was determined from the ratio of the cross-link to backbone hydrogens obtained using 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The a.c. conductivity is highest at intermediate degrees of cross-linking (ca. 0.45), approximately 1 × 10 −3 S/cm at room temperature and 75% relative humidity. IR and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the cross-linked network. The presence of the β-aminoethenyliminium cross-linker units can be identified through a series of bands between 1570 and 1640 cm −1 . Other changes in the spectra identified as a function of degree of cross-linking are discussed.
ALDH1L2 is the mitochondrial homolog of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase.

Cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH, ALDH1L1) is an abundant enzyme of folate metabolism. It converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2 in an NADP+-dependent reaction. We have identified a gene at chromosome locus 12q24.11 of the human genome, the product of which has 74% sequence similarity with cytosolic FDH. This protein has an extra N-terminal sequence of 22 amino acid residues, predicted to be a mitochondrial translocation signal. Transfection of COS-7 or A549 cell lines with a construct in which green fluorescent protein was introduced between the leader sequence and the rest of the putative mitochondrial FDH (mtFDH) has demonstrated mitochondrial localization of the fusion protein, suggesting that the identified gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme. Purified pig liver mtFDH displayed dehydrogenase/hydrolase activities similar to cytosolic FDH. Real-time PCR performed on an array of human tissues has shown that although cytosolic FDH mRNA is highest in liver, kidney, and pancreas, mtFDH mRNA is most highly expressed in pancreas, heart, and brain. In contrast to the cytosolic enzyme, which is not detectable in cancer cells, the presence of mtFDH was demonstrated in several human cancer cell lines by conventional and real-time PCR and by Western blot. Analysis of genomes of different species indicates that the mitochondrial enzyme is a later evolutionary product when compared with the cytosolic enzyme. We propose that this novel mitochondrial enzyme is a likely source of CO2 production from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate in mitochondria and plays an essential role in the distribution of one-carbon groups between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of the cell.
High power aluminium-free InGaAsP/GaAs pumping diode lasers

Abstract We have developed low pressure metal-organic chemical vapour deposition technology for the growth of aluminium-free InGaAsP compounds lattice-matched to GaAs substrate. High power laser diodes based on these materials and emitting at 808 nm and 890 nm wavelengths have been fabricated and optimized. A threshold current density of 240 A cm −2 , differential efficiency of 1.3 W A −1 , characteristic temperature as high as 350 K (for 980 nm) and output power as high as 67 W in quasi-continuous wave mode have been obtained for the diodes with uncoated facets. The lasers have demonstrated excellent reliability (projected lifetime in excess of 100 years) and they are suitable for a broad range of pumping applications.
Rouse-ing out the Legitimation Project: Scientific Practice and the Problem of Demarcation

This essay critically examines Joseph Rouse's arguments against what he dubs the ‘legitimation project’, which are the attempts to delimit and justify the scientific enterprise by means of global, ‘a priori’ principles. Stipulating that a more adequate picture of science can be obtained by viewing it as a continuously transforming pattern of situated activities, Rouse believes that only by refocusing attention upon the actual practice of science can philosophers begin to detach themselves from the irresolvable epistemological problems that have remained the primary byproduct of the traditional philosophical approach. On closer inspection, however, Rouse's project appears susceptible to the criticism that it is either too relativistic to do the work he envisioned for it, or that it participates in the very same legitimation venture that it was intended to replace (in addition to its own brand of metaphysical/epistemological problems). This unexpected outcome, moreover, suggests that such legitimation projects may be an integral component of the very practice of science, contrary to Rouse's estimate.
Elevation of selenium levels in air by xerography.

ROOMS in which xerography machines are used for document reproduction frequently have a strong, characteristic ‘selenium’ smell. It seemed likely that this is caused by selenium compounds released from the selenium plates or drums charged with high voltages in the photosensitising step of the photoelectric printing process. To test this hypothesis, we sampled the air in an unventilated room (48 m3 in volume) housing a xerographic machine, on which some 450–475 copies were reproduced in intermittent use daily. The air was drawn by a small sampling pump at a rate of 1 foot3 h−1 through a fritted diffuser into 20 ml of 0.1 N NaOH for 9 h d−1 for 4 d. The selenium trapped (0.005–0.015 µg) was determined according to the fluorimetric method of Olson1.
Feedback of the Magnetosphere

For half a century, it has been known that the solar wind drives geomagnetic activity in Earth's magnetosphere. Changes in the solar-wind plasma produce perturbations in ground-based magnetometers and can prompt changes in Earth's auroral activity. When the coupling of the solar wind to the magnetosphere becomes particularly strong, a geomagnetic storm can occur, which may result in interference with communications, damage to spacecraft, and risk to high-latitude power grids ( 1 ). On page 1122 of this issue, Walsh et al. ( 2 ) report satellite measurements that quantify important modifications to this coupling between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere.
Effects of stress and structure on critical current densities of superconducting V3Si

Abstract Suppression of the martensitic transition from cubic to tetragonal structure by application of uniaxial stress decreases the critical current density in V 3 Si single crystals.
Allopaternal care in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: stepfathers discriminate against their adopted eggs

Some species of fishes with exclusive male parental care exhibit the phenomena of allopaternal care and female preference for males with eggs. In these species, newly reproductive males adopt and care for the eggs of other males, apparently as a part of their mating strategy. Assuming that adoption is adaptive, I would expect males to discriminate between adopted eggs and eggs that they sired themselves. Specifically, I predicted that adopted eggs would receive less care and suffer heavier mortality than sired eggs. I examined the allocation of care and egg survival for adopted and sired eggs in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, and corroborated both predictions.
A Point-of-Purchase Intervention Featuring In-Person Supermarket Education Affects Healthful Food Purchases

Abstract Objective This study tested the efficacy of a multicomponent supermarket point-of-purchase intervention featuring in-person nutrition education on the nutrient composition of food purchases. Design The design was a randomized trial comparing the intervention with usual care (no treatment). Setting and Participants A supermarket in a socioeconomically diverse region of Phoenix, AZ. One hundred fifty-three adult shoppers were recruited onsite. Intervention The intervention consisted of brief shopping education by a nutrition educator and an explanation and promotion of a supermarket point-of-purchase healthful shopping program that included posted shelf signs identifying healthful foods, sample shopping lists, tips, and signage. Main Outcome Measures Outcomes included purchases of total, saturated, and trans fat (grams/1,000 kcal), and fruits, vegetables, and dark-green/yellow vegetables (servings/1,000 kcal) derived through nutritional analysis of participant shopping baskets. Analysis Analysis of covariance compared the intervention and control groups on food purchasing patterns while adjusting for household income. Results The intervention resulted in greater purchasing of fruit and dark-green/yellow vegetables. No other group differences were observed. Conclusions and Implications Long-term evaluations of supermarket interventions should be conducted to improve the evidence base and to determine the potential for influence on food choices associated with decreased chronic disease incidence.
Ground-state properties of two-dimensional liquid and solid /sup 4/He

Variational calculations of two-dimensional liquid and solid states of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ interacting by a Lennard-Jones potential are presented. The lowest-energy state of this system at $T=0$ is shown to be the liquid phase. At higher densities, the system does crystallize. The melting and solidification densities are computed; the melting behavior is compared with the observed melting of solids in two dimensions. The errors of previous approximate calculations are discussed.
Changing competitive dynamics in network industries: An exploration of sun microsystems' open systems strategy

An integral part of competition is to deny rivals access to proprietary technical knowledge. Yet, Sun Microsystems provides rivals easy access to its technical knowledge and encourages them to enter its workstation market. This paper employs theoretical insights on technological systems and network externalities to understand Sun's open systems strategy. The paper also explores the changing nature of competition in network industries-industries characterized by network externalities and built around technological systems.
Maximal tumor diameter and the risk of PSA failure in men with specimen-confined prostate cancer.

Objectives To evaluate whether the maximal tumor diameter (MTD) is significantly associated with the time to postoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure. Methods Between 1986 and 2002, 781 men with clinical Stage T1c–T2 prostate cancer underwent radical prostatectomy. The MTD was recorded as the maximal dimension of the largest single focus of cancer from all 3-mm step sections. The median follow-up was 5.4 years (range 0.1 to 14.9); 242 men (31%) experienced PSA failure. A Cox regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of time to postoperative PSA failure. Kaplan-Meier estimates of PSA failure-free survival were made, dichotomized about the median MTD value, and compared using a two-sided log-rank test. Results The value of the MTD was significantly associated with the time to PSA failure (adjusted hazard ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.07, P = 0.004), controlling for preoperative PSA level (P <0.0001), prostatectomy Gleason score (P <0.0001), and T stage (P <0.0001). When margin status was added (P = 0.0004), the MTD approached statistical significance (P = 0.07). For patients with a preoperative PSA level of less than 10 ng/mL, prostatectomy Gleason score of 3 + 4 = 7 or less, Stage pT2–T3a, and negative margins, the value of the MTD significantly (P = 0.05) stratified the time to PSA failure, when dichotomized about the median value (13 mm), with 7-year PSA failure estimates of 17% versus 8%. Conclusions Whether patients with traditionally low-risk but large MTD prostate cancer fare better when treated with adjuvant radiotherapy compared with salvage radiotherapy remains to be answered in the setting of a randomized trial.
Limitations of Rigid Body Descriptions for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Vibration

Internal combustion engine vibration modeling commonly relies on assuming the engine is a linearly reacting rigid body, thereby ignoring rotating, reciprocating, and nonsolid engine components. Limitations of this approach are identified from a series of experiments on a heavy-duty in-line six-cylinder Diesel engine typical of Class VIII trucks. Measurement of all three orthogonal vibration force components were made at each of three engine mounts during standard impact-excitation modal identification tests on the quiescent engine and during engine operation. The running-engine vibration forces, measured throughout the test engine load and speed operating envelope, were projected onto the quiescent-engine rigid body modes to determine the modal content and residual vibration as a function of frequency. Modal decomposition results for the running engine show that the quiescent-engine rigid body modes, with modal frequencies between 5.6 and 26.3 Hz, account for 80 percent or more of the measured engine vibration forces for all engine speeds and loads in a bandwidth from zero to 200 Hz. The likely origins of the residual vibration within this bandwidth are discussed.
Alternative built-in self-test (BIST) structures for analogue circuit fault diagnosis

To increase the number of test points, while still keeping low pin overhead, an alternative built-in self-test (BIST) structure using current copiers is presented. The BIST structure allows simultaneous sampling of either voltage or current test data at various test points and shifting the data for fault diagnosis and testing.
Organizational Predictors of Early Adopters of Innovation

This research explores how complex adaptive organizations adopt innovation. Emphasis was placed on diffusion of innovation to develop an applied research framework for assessing the attributes of organizations that accelerate the early adoption of an administrative innovation. Adopter categories were utilized to segregate all hospitals that achieved magnet status from 1994 to 2010 into four adopter categories based on year of recognition. This research focused on organizational variables that influence the rate of adoption of the magnet hospital concept. Secondary data from the American Hospital Association and the American Nurses Credentialing Center were used to conduct the analysis. Organizational complexity, size, availability of slack resources, higher staffing ratios, and not-for-profit status were the factors associated with early innovation adoption among hospitals. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Volatile emanations from in vitro airway cells infected with human rhinovirus

Respiratory viral infections such as human rhinovirus (HRV) can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in people with underlying lung diseases such as asthma and COPD. One proposed strategy to detect viral infections non-invasively is by volatile organic compound (VOC) assessment via analysis of exhaled breath. The epithelial cells are one of the most important cell lines affected during respiratory infections as they are the first line of pathogen defense. Efforts to discover infection-specific biomarkers can be significantly aided by understanding the VOC emanations of respiratory epithelial cells. Here we test the hypothesis that VOCs obtained from the headspace of respiratory cell culture will differentiate healthy cells from those infected with HRV. Primary human tracheobronchial cells were cultured and placed in a system designed to trap headspace VOCs. HRV-infected cells were compared to uninfected control cells. In addition, cells treated with heat-killed HRV and poly(I:C), a TLR3 agonist, were compared to controls. The headspace was sampled with solid-phase microextraction fibers and VOCs were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We determined differential expression of compounds such as aliphatic alcohols, branched hydrocarbons, and dimethyl sulfide by the infected cells, VOCs previously associated with oxidative stress and bacterial infection. We saw no major differences between the killed-HRV, poly(I:C), and control cell VOCs. We postulate that these compounds may serve as biomarkers of HRV infection, and that the production of VOCs is not due to TLR3 stimulation but does require active viral replication. Our novel approach may be used for the in vitro study of other important respiratory viruses, and ultimately it may aid in identifying VOC biomarkers of viral infection for point-of-care diagnostics.
Comparison of half-dose and full-dose gadolinium MR contrast on the enhancement of bone and soft tissue tumors

To evaluate the effect of half-dose intravenous gadolinium contrast on the enhancement of bone and soft tissue tumors. This study is HIPAA compliant and informed consent was waived by the institutional review board. An institutional database search was performed over a 1-year period for patients with full- and half-dose MR examinations performed for musculoskeletal oncologic indications. Examination pairs that were identical with regard to field strength and presence or absence of fat saturation were included, resulting in 29 paired examinations. When multiple, the lesion that was best delineated and enhanced well on the first examination in the pair was chosen, yielding 17 bone and 12 soft tissue. Five musculoskeletal radiologists blinded to dosages were asked to assess for a difference in enhancement when comparing the lesion on both examinations and to rate the degree of difference on a three-point scale. They were also asked to identify the examination on which the lesion enhanced less (tallied as low dose). Results were analyzed with the exact binomial test. The readers perceived an enhancement difference in 41% (59/145) of studies (p = 0.03) and the majority were rated as “mild” (66%, 39/59). The readers did not accurately identify the low-dose examinations (54% correctly identified, 32/59, p = 0.60). Half-dose gadolinium enhancement of lesions could not be accurately distinguished from full-dose enhancement upon review of the same lesion imaged at both concentrations.
Flotillins/cavatellins are differentially expressed in cells and tissues and form a hetero-oligomeric complex with caveolins in vivo. Characterization and epitope-mapping of a novel flotillin-1 monoclonal antibody probe.

Abstract Caveolae are vesicular organelles that represent a subcompartment of the plasma membrane. Caveolins and flotillins are two families of mammalian caveolae-associated integral membrane proteins. However, it remains unknown whether flotillins interact with caveolin proteins to form a stable caveolar complex or if expression of flotillins can drive vesicle formation. Here, we examine the cell type and tissue-specific expression of the flotillin gene family. For this purpose, we generated a novel monoclonal antibody probe that recognizes only flotillin-1. A survey of cell and tissue types demonstrates that flotillins 1 and 2 have a complementary tissue distribution. At the cellular level, flotillin-2 was ubiquitously expressed, whereas flotillin-1 was most abundant in A498 kidney cells, muscle cell lines, and fibroblasts. Using three different models of cellular differentiation, we next examined the expression of flotillins 1 and 2. Taken together, our data suggest that the expression levels of flotillins 1 and 2 are independently regulated and does not strictly correlate with known expression patterns of caveolin family members. However, when caveolins and flotillins are co-expressed within the same cell, as in A498 cells, they form a stable hetero-oligomeric “caveolar complex.” In support of these observations, we show that heterologous expression of murine flotillin-1 in Sf21 insect cells using baculovirus-based vectors is sufficient to drive the formation of caveolae-like vesicles. These results suggest that flotillins may participate functionally in the formation of caveolae or caveolae-like vesicles in vivo. Thus, flotillin-1 represents a new integral membrane protein marker for the slightly larger caveolae-related domains (50–200 nm) that are observed in cell types that fail to express caveolin-1. As a consequence of these findings, we propose the term “cavatellins” be used (instead of flotillins) to describe this gene family.
Measurement of Radioactive Disintegration Rate by the Coincidence Method

The principles of radioactive disintegration rate measurement by the coincidence method are reviewed. It is shown that the basic equations for complex decay can be translated into formulae suitable for deducing absolute rates from observed counting data without requiring any knowledge of the decay scheme constants. The formulae are generally valid for β–γ emitters under conditions attainable in practical 4πβ–γ coincidence systems. Currently used techniques and various factors which influence the accuracy of measurement are discussed.
A finite-difference frequency-domain scheme for simulation of current distributions on three-phase bus bar structures

Summary form only given. A finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) scheme is implemented to solve for 60 Hz current distributions in non-segregated phase bus structures commonly used in high voltage connections such as (1) switchgear to switchgear (2) switchgear to transformers and (3) generators to auxiliary compartments. The three-phase bus bars in these applications, normally configured in a side-by-side configuration, carry large currents in close proximity. Thus, the current distributions on the bus bars are simultaneously impacted by the skin effect and the proximity effect, so that simple approximations based solely on the skin effect are inaccurate. Accurate models of the bus bar current distributions are required to design the non-segregated phase bus such that excessive conductor heating is prevented.A FDFD scheme is selected to simulate the bus bar current distributions due to the low-frequency limitation of the commonly-used finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme. Highly resolved structures containing fine grids require very small time-steps in FDTD simulations that make a low-frequency solution impractical. Only the spatial variation of the current is involved in the single frequency FDFD solution, which yields an efficient solution scheme at lowfrequency. The FDFD formulation is implemented as a two-dimensional solution appropriate for the current distributions away from the ends of the bus bars. Maxwell's equations are manipulated into a modified wave equation for the electric field given the imperfectly conducting and nonmagnetic bus bars that are air-insulated. Simple finite-difference approximations to the spatial derivatives of the governing differential equation are incorporated and continuity of the tangential electric field is enforced at all air-conductor interfaces. A conducting enclosure is assumed for the non-segregated phase bus system. Examples of bus bar current distributions are presented for different geometries of interest. The interaction of the proximity and skin effects in the bus bar current distributions are examined for different conductor spacings.
Acute respiratory failure due to disseminated strongyloidiasis in a renal transplant recipient.

Excerpt Patients receiving renal transplants are subject to unusual opportunistic infections as a consequence of immunosuppression. These infections may present with respiratory manifestations and ...
Predictive factors of 30-day unplanned readmission after lower extremity bypass.

Background Thirty-day unplanned readmission after lower extremity bypass represents a large cost burden and is a logical target for cost-containment strategies. We undertook this study to evaluate factors associated with unplanned readmission after lower extremity bypass. Methods This is a retrospective analysis from a prospective institutional registry. All lower extremity bypasses for occlusive disease from January 1995 to July 2011 were included. The primary end point was 30-day unplanned readmission. Secondary end points included graft patency and limb salvage. Results Of 1543 lower extremity bypasses performed, 84.5% were for critical limb ischemia and 15.5% were patients with intermittent claudication. Twenty-seven patients (1.7%) died in-house and were excluded from further analysis. Of 1516 lower extremity bypasses analyzed, 42 (2.8%) were in patients with a planned readmission within 30 days, and 349 (23.0%), in patients with an unplanned readmission. Most unplanned readmissions were wound related (62.9%). By multivariable analysis, preoperative predictive factors for unplanned readmission were dialysis dependence (odds ratio [OR], 1.73; P = .004), tissue loss indication (OR, 1.62; P = .0004), and history of congestive heart failure (OR, 1.43; P = .03). Postoperative predictors included distal inflow source (OR, 1.38; P = .016), in-hospital wound infection (OR, 8.30; P P P P = .01) and long-term limb loss (hazard ratio, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.29; P = .001). Conclusions Thirty-day unplanned readmission is a frequent occurrence after lower extremity bypass (23.0%). Stratifying patients by risk factors associated with unplanned readmission is essential for quality improvement and equitable resource allocation when disease-specific bundling strategies are being derived.
Vitamin D: structure-function analyses and the design of analogs.

There is continuing and emerging new interest in the development of vitamin D analogs resulting from the recognition that analogs of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25‐(OH)2D3] may be therapeutically useful. Side chain analogs of this steroid hormone are of particular interest because a family of lead structures have recently emerged for possible use in the treatment of certain types of cancers and skin diseases. Because of the chaotic array of side chain structures which exhibit useful therapeutic indices for these purposes, a more systematic approach towards developing intelligible structure‐function information needs development. Accordingly, a method has been devised to analyze analogs as to their side chain topology based on identifying specific occupancy volumes through conformational analysis. Dot maps have been constructed as an indication of the volume in space which the side chain of 1α,25‐(OH)2‐D3 or analogs is permitted to occupy. Volume exclusion analyses based on comparison of structural and biological data for 1α,257‐(OH)2‐D3 and analogs are anticipated to lead to a more cogent model for drug design. A cautionary note on the limitations of this approach is discussed. Copyright © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy of four types of rubber impression materials compared with time of pour and a repeat pour of models

The accuracy of four types of elastomeric impression materials was studied as a function of model location, time of pouring, and repetition of pouring. There was little change in dimension among abutment preparations for all materials, for all times of pour, and with a repeat pouring. It appears that measurements between posts are not sensitive to detecting differences between materials and that other dimensions should be examined to discern where differences might lie. The diameter of the stone post was larger than the standard for the AS and PS materials and was unchanged or smaller than the standard for the CS and the PE. The vertical dimensions of stone posts were, in general, shorter than the standard for all materials, with the AS demonstrating the smallest change. The AS and CS products demonstrated the best recovery from undercuts and the least change in dimensions between an initial and second pour of an impression. The AS and PE were the least affected with delays of 1, 4, and 24 hours in pouring the impression.
Id4 messenger RNA and estrogen receptor expression: inverse correlation in human normal breast epithelium and carcinoma

Id (inhibitor of DNA binding) 4 is a member of the Id family of proteins (Id1-Id4), which function as dominant-negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Id factors are involved in numerous cell processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. We assessed the expression of Id4 messenger RNA (mRNA) in invasive mammary carcinoma from 31 patients, as well as in 21 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, in 9 lymph node metastases, and in the morphologically normal epithelium adjacent to the carcinoma from the same subjects. In addition, we evaluated Id4 mRNA in atypical ductal hyperplasia from 5 other women and in normal breast tissue from yet another 5 women with no history of breast malignancy or atypia. The distribution of Id4 signal was assessed in relation to that of estrogen receptor (ER) in all samples and correlated with the Her-2 status of the carcinomas. Id4 mRNA was present in the normal ER-negative mammary epithelium in all cases; in contrast, the ER-positive cells present in the normal breast were Id4 negative. Id4 mRNA was not detected in atypical ductal hyperplasia, in 22 of the 23 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, and in 27 of the 31 invasive carcinomas (P = .0008), all of which were ER positive. Conversely, 3 of the 31 invasive carcinomas were Id4 positive and ER negative. Only 1 ER-positive invasive carcinoma showed focal reactivity for Id4. The expression of Id4 in metastatic carcinoma paralleled that of the primary tumor. No correlation was apparent between Id4 and Her-2. Our data show that Id4 is constitutively expressed in the normal human mammary epithelium but is suppressed in ER-positive breast carcinomas and preneoplastic lesions. In contrast, ER-negative carcinomas appear to be Id4 positive. These results support a possible role of Id4 as a tumor suppressor factor in the human breast and suggest that the expression of Id4 in the mammary ductal epithelium may be regulated by estrogen. Further investigations are required to define the functions of Id4 in the human normal breast and in mammary neoplasia.
Power density aware power gate placement optimization scheme

As we are marching towards deeper sub-micron technology from process scaling, the transistor leakage itself had became more and more dominant to the total component power, which is unavoidable. Clever employment of power gating / sleep transistor / MTCMOS technology can help to shut off leakage power from un-use blocks. However over placement of power gate cells to reduce ON stage IR voltage drop can yield higher leakage power during OFF stage at high temperature and fast skew. This paper described the circuit analysis, optimization strategies and design methodology to tackle this issue head on. A proposal on power gate placement optimization using the concept of power windowing and Power Perimeter Scan (PPS) was introduced in this paper. Details break down of circuit modeling and design trade off on Power Gating FETs was described including simulation results and equations to aid the illustrations. The overall power saving using MTCMOS was re-evaluated for total leakage minimization.
Multi-Input Square Iterative Learning Control With Bounded Inputs

In this paper, we present a very simple modification of the iterative learning control algorithm of S. Arimoto et al. (1984, "Bettering Operation of Robots by Learning, " J. Robot Syst., 1(2), pp. 123-140) to the case where the inputs are bounded. The Jacobian condition presented in K. Avrachenkov (1998, "Iterative Learning Control Based on Quasi-Newton Methods, " Conference on Decision Control, pp. 170-174) is specified instead of the usual condition specified by Arimoto et al. (1984). (See also K. L. Moore, 1993, Iterative Learning Control for Deterministic Systems, Advances in Industrial Control Series, Springer-Verlag, London, UK.) In particular the former is a condition for monotonicity in the distance to the solution instead of monotonicity in the output error. This observation allows for a simple extension of the methods of Arimoto et al. (1984) to the case of bounded inputs since the process of moving an input back to a bound if it exceeds it does not affect the contraction mapping property; in fact, the distance to the solution, if anything, can only decrease even further The usual Jacobian error condition, on the other hand, is not sufficient to guarantee the chopping rule will converge to the solution, as proved herein. To the best of our knowledge, these facts have not been previously pointed out in the iterative learning control literature.
Integrating Vision and Spatial Reasoning for Assistive Navigation

This paper describes the goals and research directions of the University of Texas Artificial Intelligence Lab's Intelligent Wheelchair Project (IWP). The IWP is a work in progress. The authors are part of a collaborative effort to bring expertise from knowledge representation, control, planning, and machine vision to bear on this difficult and interesting problem domain. Our strategy uses knowledge about the semantic structure of space to focus processing power and sensing resources. The semi-autonomous assistive control of a wheelchair shares many sub-problems with mobile robotics, including those of sensor interpretation, spatial knowledge representation, and real-time control. By enabling the wheelchair with active vision and other sensing modes, and by application of our theories of spatial knowledge representation and reasoning, we hope to provide substantial assistance to people with severe mobility impairments.
Bipolar Integrated Circuits in 4H-SiC

Due to its wide band gap, 4H-SiC is potentially capable of sustained operation at temperatures well above 600 °C, but current devices are limited to lower temperatures by the stability of the metallization and passivation layers. SiC bipolar transistors are capable of operation at temperatures above 300 °C, as they do not have an oxide layer under high electric field and hence do not suffer from oxide reliability issues. In this paper, we describe bipolar digital integrated circuits on semi-insulating 4H-SiC that operate over a wide range of supply voltage and temperature, demonstrating the potential of SiC for high-temperature small-scale integrated-circuit applications.
The pathophysiology of lower urinary tract symptoms after brachytherapy for prostate cancer.

Brachytherapy for prostate cancer has many good effects, but is also associated, like every treatment, with side-effects, some of which have been previously reported in the BJU International. In this section, authors from New York assessed the pathophysiology underlying LUTS which persisted for at least 6 months after brachytherapy, and found a relatively high incidence of detrusor overactivity and other conditions affecting the lower urinary tract.
Conduction System Injury After Aortic Valve Dilation in the Dog Single- Versus Double-Balloon Catheters

The range of morbidity induced by valvuloplasty is not fully known, but transient conduction disturbances are common. The authors performed aortic valve balloon dilatation on 10 closed-chest dogs with normal aortic valves, using a femoral cutdown approach and fluoroscopic guidance. Four were done with a single 15 mm balloon catheter, and in the other 6 two 12 mm balloon catheters were used. Balloons were inflated to 5 to 12 atms pressure with contrast solution. After several inflations the dogs were sacrificed, the hearts removed and exam ined. Gross examination revealed subendocardial hemorrhage in the outflow tract in 5 of the 6 in which double balloons had been used. Microscopically, all aortic valve areas showed hemorrahage, mostly in loose connective tissues of the valve leaflets. The severity of injury appeared greater when two ballons had been used. Histologic examination showed definite injury to the myocytes of the left bundle branch in all 6 of the double-ballooned dogs, but in none of those sub...
Pth1/Vam3p Is the Syntaxin Homolog at the Vacuolar Membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisae Required for the Delivery of Vacuolar Hydrolases

The PEP12 homolog Pth1p (Pep twelve homolog 1) is predicted to be similar in size to Pep12p, the endosomal syntaxin homolog that mediates docking of Golgi-derived transport vesicles and, like other members of the syntaxin family, is predicted to be a cytoplasmically oriented, integral membrane protein with a C-terminal transmembrane domain. Kinetic analyses indicate that deltapth1/vam3 mutants fail to process the soluble vacuolar hydrolase precursors and that PrA, PrB and most of CpY accumulate within the cell in their Golgi-modified P2 precursor forms. This is in contrast to a pep12 mutant in which P2CpY is secreted from the cell. Furthermore, pep12 is epistatic to pth1/vam3 with respect to the CpY secretion phenotype. Alkaline phosphatase, a vacuolar membrane hydrolase, accumulates in its precursor form in the deltapth1/vam3 mutant. Maturation of pro-aminopeptidase I, a hydrolase precursor delivered directly to the vacuole from the cytoplasm, is also blocked in the deltapth1/vam3 mutant. Subcellular fractionation localizes Pth1/Vam3p to vacuolar membranes. Based on these data, we propose that Pth1/Vam3p is the vacuolar syntaxin/t-SNARE homolog that participates in docking of transport vesicles at the vacuolar membrane and that the function of Pth1/Vam3p impinges on at least three routes of protein delivery to the yeast vacuole.
THz anomalous transmission in plasmonic lattices: incidence angle dependence

The phenomenon of anomalous transmission through subwavelength aperture arrays in metallic films (plasmonic lattices) is thought to be mediated by surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) on the film surfaces. Using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy we systematically studied the anomalous transmission spectrum through plasmonic lattices as a function of the incidence angle, θ of the impinging beam. We observed splitting of the various transmission resonances into two resonance branches when θ deviates from normal incidence that depends on the polarization direction of the beam respect to the plane of incidence and θ. We show that the transmission resonance splitting is not related to dispersion relation of different SPP branches, but rather is associated to the interference properties of the SPP waves on the metal surface. The dependence of the split resonant frequencies vs. θ is fit with a theoretical formula that takes into account the effective dielectric function of the plasmonic lattice vs. θ, which emphasizes the important role of the Fanotype anti-resonances in the transmission spectrum. Finally, we introduced a simple way for making an efficient notch filter with high Q factor exploiting the splitting of transmission resonance under rotation.
Family meals and body weight in US adults.

Objective Family meals are an important ritual in contemporary societies and many studies have reported associations of family meals with several biopsychosocial outcomes among children and adolescents. However, few representative analyses of family meals have been conducted in samples of adults, and adults may differ from young people in predictors and outcomes of family meal consumption. We examined the prevalence and predictors of adult family meals and body weight outcomes. Design The cross-sectional 2009 Cornell National Social Survey (CNSS) included questions about the frequency of family meals, body weight as BMI and sociodemographic characteristics. Setting The CNSS telephone survey used random digit dialling to sample individuals. Subjects We analysed data from 882 adults living with family members in a nationally representative US sample. Results Prevalence of family meals among these adults revealed that 53 % reported eating family meals seven or more times per week. Predictive results revealed that adults who more frequently ate family meals were more likely to be married and less likely to be employed full-time, year-round. Outcome results revealed that the overall frequency of family meals among adults was not significantly associated with any measure of body weight. However, interaction term analysis suggested an inverse association between frequency of family meals and BMI for adults with children in the household, and no association among adults without children. Conclusions These findings suggest that family meals among adults are commonplace, associated with marital and work roles, and marginally associated with body weight only in households with children.
The effect of relaxin on the endometrium of monkeys histological and histochemical studies

Castrated or juvenile monkeys were given estrogen, progesterone and relaxin in various doses and combinations. Relaxin induced: (1) a dilatation of the superficial endometrial blood vessels and proliferation of their endothelial cells; this effect may be regarded as due to relaxin alone; (2) an intensified differentiation of the endometrial stroma cells into predecidual cells and granulocytes, dependent on estrogen priming and the simultaneous injection of progesterone; (3) a periarteriolar mantle-like accumulation of granulocytes in the basal endometrium dependent on the above pretreatment; (4) a degranulation of the granulocytes and hypersegmentation of their nuclei following prolonged administration of relaxin with estrogen and progesterone. Morphologically and histochemically the granulocytes of the monkey are almost identical with those of the human uterus and with the granular cells in the decidua and mesometrial gland of the pregnant rat. Immunohistologically relaxin has been demonstrated in the granulocytes of man and rat. The changes in the arterioles brought about by exogenous relaxin occur under physiological conditions only with the increased formation of endogenous relaxin during early pregnancy. They have been described in the immediate vicinity of ovum implantation in man, monkey, and rat. Their function possibly lies in the preparation of blood spaces for nutrition of the young embryo.
Distinctiveness‐based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta‐analytic integration*

This article reports the results of a meta-analytic integration of previous research on illusory correlation in stereotyping effects. The following patterns were observed. The basic distinctiveness-based illusory correlation effect is highly significant, and of moderate strength. Consistent with theoretical expectations, distinctiveness-based illusory correlation effects are stronger when the distinctive behaviour is negative. Effects are also stronger as a function of the number of exemplars presented in the stimulus array. This is consistent with the effects of memory load on covariation judgement demonstrated elsewhere. Finally, subjects' judgements of covariation in the distinctiveness-based illusory correlation paradigm are significantly predicted by the paired distinctive covariation judgement strategy. This indicates that subjects' judgements of covariation in the illusory correlation in stereotyping paradigm seem to reflect a responsiveness to the information being presented to them, and especially a reliance upon distinctive information. Discussion considers possible mechanisms for these effects, and suggests that future research examine the processes underlying the effects of the valence of the distinctive behaviours, the effects of the number of exemplars, and the strategies followed in making these types of covariation judgements.
Realistic assumptions for attacks on elections

We must properly model attacks and the preferences of the electorate for the computational study of attacks on elections to give us insight into the hardness of attacks in practice. Theoretical and empirical analysis are equally important methods to understand election attacks. I discuss my recent work on domain restrictions on partial preferences and on new election attacks. I propose further study into modeling realistic election attacks and the advancement of the current state of empirical analysis of their hardness by using more advanced statistical techniques.