cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of agricultural activity on land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, California

Abstract The center of the San Joaquin Valley is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the US. Farmers rely heavily on surface-water diversions to meet irrigation water demand. However, the 2007–2010 and 2012–2017 droughts have caused strong increases in groundwater pumping causing land subsidence with strong variability in location, magnitude (total subsidence) and rate of subsidence. In this study, we try to understand what caused these variations. We focus our analyses on three areas: (i) the Westland water district where subsidence was very small during the two drought periods, (ii) ‘El Nido’ area where the greatest subsidence rate was monitored from 2008 to 2010, and (iii) the’ Kings-Tulare counties’ area where the subsidence was small during the 2008–2010 and the largest during 2015–2017 droughts. Our main finding is that land subsidence is located in areas where the water demand for agriculture and the density of groundwater wells is the highest, whereas the rate of subsidence is strongly affected the amount of local and imported surface water and by groundwater resources. Based on these simple observations, we propose using continuous satellite-based ground deformation monitoring and geomechanical modeling to (i) localize areas most prone for future subsidence and (ii) to estimate and manage groundwater resources.
Calculated Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirements in Primary Open Repair of Craniosynostosis.

Background Open surgical correction is effective in the treatment of craniosynostosis but may result in significant blood loss and transfusions. This study seeks to compare surgeon estimated blood loss with calculated blood loss and provide contemporary data that objectively quantify blood loss and transfusion rate associated with open repair of craniosynostosis. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing primary open repair of craniosynostosis between May 2011 and November 2016 was performed. The medical records of 43 patients were reviewed to obtain the operative age, weight, affected suture, pre- and postoperative hematocrit, blood transfusion volume, estimated blood loss, and syndromic status. Estimated blood volume (EBV) and red cell mass were calculated for analysis. Results The median age and weight at the time of surgery were 9 months and 8.6 kg, respectively. Mean surgeon estimated blood loss was 207.4 mL (28.1% of EBV). Mean calculated blood loss was 318 mL (44.3% of EBV). The mean transfusion volume was 188 mL (26.5% of EBV). The mean transfusion as a percent of estimated red cell mass was 59.1%. Fourteen percent of patients did not require any transfusion. Conclusions We report intraoperative blood losses and transfusion requirements that are lower than those of many previous studies of open repair of craniosynostosis. Additionally, we found that calculated blood loss estimates may be more reliable than surgeon-derived estimated blood loss. We hope that these updated, objective data will be useful in comparisons of open repair to minimally invasive surgery or to new blood loss reducing procedures.
Multiscale analysis of acne connects molecular subnetworks with disease status

ABSTRACT Acne vulgaris affects millions of individuals and can lead to psychosocial impairment as well as permanent scarring. Previous studies investigating acne pathogenesis have either examined a targeted set of biological parameters in a modest-sized cohort or carried out high-throughput assays on a small number of samples. To develop a more comprehensive understanding of acne pathophysiology, we conducted an in-depth multi-omic study of 56 acne patients and 20 individuals without acne. We collected whole blood, skin punch biopsies, microbiota from skin follicles, and relevant clinical measurements to understand how multiple factors contribute to acne. We provide an integrative analysis of multi-omics data that results in a molecular network of acne. Comparisons of lesional and non-lesional skin highlighted multiple biological processes, including immune cell and inflammatory responses, response to stress, T cell activation, lipid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, keratinocytes, antimicrobial activity, epithelial cell differentiation, and response to wounding, that are differentially altered in acne lesions compared to non-lesions. Our results suggest baseline differences in the skin that may predispose individuals to develop acne. These datasets and findings offer a framework for new target identification and reference for future studies.
Spectroscopic and 1O2 Sensitization Characteristics of a Series of Isomeric Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl Complexes Bearing Pendant BODIPY Chromophores.

Two new Re(I)bipyridyltricarbonyl chloride complexes, Re(BB3)(CO)3Cl and Re(BB4)(CO)3Cl, featuring BODIPY groups appended to the 5,5'- or 6,6'-positions of the bipyridine ligand, respectively, were synthesized as structurally isomeric compliments to a previously reported 4,4'-substituted homologue, Re(BB2)(CO)3Cl. X-ray crystal structures of the compounds show that the 4,4'-, 5,5'-, and 6,6'-substitution patterns place the BODIPY groups at progressively shorter distances of 9.43, 8.39, and 5.56 A, respectively, from the complexes' Re centers. The photophysical properties of the isomeric complexes were investigated to ascertain the manner in which the heavy rhenium atom might induce intersystem crossing of the pendant BODIPY moieties positioned at progressively shorter through-space distances. Electronic absorption spectroscopy revealed that the three metal complexes retain the strong visible absorption features characteristic of the bpyBODIPY (BB2-BB4) ligands; however, the fluorescence of the parent borondipyrromethane appended ligands is attenuated by more than an order of magnitude in Re(BB2)(CO)3Cl and Re(BB3)(CO)3Cl and by more than two orders of magnitude in Re(BB4)(CO)3Cl. Furthermore, phosphorescence from Re(BB4)(CO)3Cl is observed under a nitrogen atmosphere, consistent with highly efficient ISC to the triplet-excited state. Singlet oxygen sensitization studies confirm that all three complexes produce singlet oxygen with quantum yields that increase as the distance of the BODIPY groups to the heavy rhenium center is decreased. The trends observed across the series of rhenium complexes with respect to emission and 1O2 sensitization properties can be rationalized in terms of the varied distal separation between the metal center and BODIPY groups in each system.
How does community philanthropy function?: Direct effects of the social problem and the moderating role of community racial diversity

Based upon the existing literatures surrounding collective action and the environmental justice frame, consciousness-raising is a social tool for community constituents facing the hazards of enviro...
Magnetic properties and structure of Gd-implanted L10 FePt thin films

In this study, we have investigated the effect of Gd implantation on composition, chemical order, and magnetic properties of 20 nm thick L10 ordered FePt thin films. We show that upon Gd implantation at 30 keV even a small amount of 1 at. % is sufficient to destroy the L10 order, resulting in a soft magnetic A1 FePt alloy, with the exception of a thin L10 ordered layer located at the film/substrate interface. Additionally, a strong resputter effect is observed which results in a large decrease in film thickness as well as to a reduction in Fe content in the FePt alloy. Post-annealing of samples in Ar atmosphere did not result in a restoration of the L10 order, but leads to a transformation to pure Pt and Fe2O3, facilitated by the presence of a high density of vacancies induced by the implantation process.
Evaluation of the severity of mitral stenosis in patient with pulmonary hypertension: Role of exercise hemodynamics

Dyspnea due to mitral stenosis (MS) and/or pulmonary hypertension (PHT) in patients who may have both conditions presents a challenging diagnostic dilemma. The hemodynamic response to exercise is probably the most helpful method to arrive at the correct diagnosis and treatment algorithm. In this hemodynamic rounds discussion, we evaluated a patient with MS and PHT prior to the decision for mitral valvuloplasty. KEY POINTS: Symptoms in patients with mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension cannot always be attributed to one pathology. Catheter-based hemodynamics are often needed to differentiate valve from lung disease. Exercise hemodynamics can clarify the predominant pathology in complex clinical scenarios.
Social and Object Attention Is Influenced by Biological Sex and Toy Gender‐Congruence in Children With and Without Autism

Emerging research suggests social attention in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) girls is enhanced relative to ASD boys but may also be affected by the type of social and nonsocial content presented. This study examined how biological sex and gender norms interact to influence visual attention in 79 school-aged children observing scenes that included gender-associated toys and actors of both sexes. Attention to social (faces) and object activity (hands with toys) stimuli was measured. Previously described distinctions between social attention in ASD boys and girls were replicated, with ASD girls looking more at faces than ASD boys. Irrespective of diagnosis, males and females attended more to actors that shared their same sex, and attended more to toys with gender-associations that were consistent with their own sex, suggesting that social and object salience increases for children under sex-consistent conditions. Importantly, ASD and typically developing (TD) children increased their gaze to faces when male actors were shown playing with female-associated toys, suggesting that both groups of children are sensitive to societal messages about the acceptability of males playing with female-associated toys. Our findings provide further evidence of heightened attention to faces in ASD girls relative to ASD boys, and indicate that social attention in ASD and TD children is influenced by who (male or female actor) and what (male- or female-associated toy) is being observed. Collectively, these results present a nuanced profile of attention in ASD that adds to a growing body of research indicating subtle phenotypic differences in ASD girls that may impact identification, assessment, and intervention. Autism Res 2020, 13: 763-776.. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Sex differences observed in typical development may also be present in individuals with autism. In this study, we developed an eye-tracking paradigm featuring videos of boys and girls playing with toys that varied in their gender associations. Attention to faces differed between autistic and non-autistic children but was also influenced by the sex of the actor and gender-association of toys. Autistic females demonstrated subtle attention differences that distinguished them from autistic males and may influence referral, diagnosis, and intervention.
Hyperspectral imaging enabled by an unmodified smartphone for analyzing skin morphological features and monitoring hemodynamics.

We propose a novel method and system that utilizes a popular smartphone to realize hyperspectral imaging for analyzing skin morphological features and monitoring hemodynamics. The imaging system works based on a built-in RGB camera and flashlight on the smartphone. We apply Wiener estimation to transform the acquired RGB-mode images into “pseudo”-hyperspectral images with 16 wavebands, covering a visible range from 470nm to 620nm. The processing method uses weighted subtractions between wavebands to extract absorption information caused by specific chromophores within skin tissue, mainly including hemoglobin and melanin. Based on the extracted absorption information of hemoglobin, we conduct real-time monitoring experiments in the skin to measure heart rate and to observe skin activities during a vascular occlusion event. Compared with expensive hyperspectral imaging systems, the smartphone-based system delivers similar results but with very-high imaging resolution. Besides, it is easy to operate, very cost-effective and has a wider customer base. The use of an unmodified smartphone to realize hyperspectral imaging promises a possibility to bring a hyperspectral analysis of skin out from laboratory and clinical wards to daily life, which may also impact on healthcare in low resource settings and rural areas.
The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha: II. The history and molecular chemistry of gutta-percha

Abstract The various early uses of gutta-percha are reviewed, and its molecular chemistry is discussed.
Metabolomics profiling of tobacco exposure in children with cystic fibrosis

Abstract Background Inflammation is integral to early disease progression in children with CF. The effect of modifiable environmental factors on infection and inflammation in persons with CF is poorly understood. Our prior studies determined that secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) is highly prevalent in young children with CF. SHSe is associated with increased inflammation, heightened bacterial burden, and worsened clinical outcomes. However, the specific metabolite and signaling pathways that regulate responses to SHSe in CF are relatively unknown. Methods High-resolution metabolomics was performed on plasma samples from infants (n = 25) and children (n = 40) with CF compared to non-CF controls (n = 15). CF groups were stratified according to infant or child age and SHSe status. Results Global metabolomic profiles segregated by age and SHSe status. SHSe in CF was associated with changes in pathways related to steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, cysteine metabolism, and oxidative stress. CF infants with SHSe demonstrated enrichment for altered metabolite localization to the small intestine, liver, and striatum. CF children with SHSe demonstrated metabolite enrichment for organs/tissues associated with oxidative stress including mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In a confirmatory analysis, SHSe was associated with changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress and cellular adhesion including MMP-9, MPO, and ICAM-1. Conclusions SHSe in young children and infants with CF is associated with altered global metabolomics profiles and specific biochemical pathways, including enhanced oxidative stress. SHSe remains an important but understudied modifiable variable in early CF disease.
Personalized Mapping of Drug Metabolism by the Human Gut Microbiome

The human gut microbiome harbors hundreds of bacterial species with diverse biochemical capabilities. Dozens of drugs have been shown to be metabolized by single isolates from the gut microbiome, but the extent of this phenomenon is rarely explored in the context of microbial communities. Here, we develop a quantitative experimental framework for mapping the ability of the human gut microbiome to metabolize small molecule drugs: Microbiome-Derived Metabolism (MDM)-Screen. Included are a batch culturing system for sustained growth of subject-specific gut microbial communities, an ex vivo drug metabolism screen, and targeted and untargeted functional metagenomic screens to identify microbiome-encoded genes responsible for specific metabolic events. Our framework identifies novel drug-microbiome interactions that vary between individuals and demonstrates how the gut microbiome might be used in drug development and personalized medicine.
Variability Reduction of Wind Power using Aggregation and Energy Storage

Integration of wind energy into the grid poses serious challenges to the system reliability due to its intermittent nature. Variability of wind can be mitigated using various methods including deployment of energy storage systems (ESS), aggregation of geographically diverse wind, and the use of flexible loads. This paper proposes a novel method for reducing the variability of wind power by both deploying ESS and aggregating geographically diverse wind production. Although the aggregation of geographically diverse wind can reduce its intermittency to some extent, the benefits of this approach are limited due to a number of factors which are discussed in this paper. ESS, on the other hand, have been widely used for variability mitigation of wind and achieving reliability targets. However, ESS projects are expensive. In this context, this paper studies the impact of reliability enhancement of a system and the reduction in storage size by aggregating wind power from geographically diverse wind farms. The proposed approach is validated by performing sequential Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) using the IEEE Reliability Test System data. Results show that aggregation of geographically diverse wind can significantly reduce the size of ESS required for improving the reliability of the system.
Influence of Facing on the Performance of GRS Bridge Abutments

The paper reports the construction and surcharge load testing of two large-scale GRS bridge abutment models in an outdoor test station to investigate the influences that the facing type used could have on their load-bearing performance. The facing types examined included commonly used concrete masonry units (CMU) and much larger solid concrete blocks. Reinforcement spacing was kept at 200 mm in both models within the FHWA recommendations. Results show that using large facing blocks in the model abutment led to significant improvements in its load–deformation performance relative to that of the model with the CMU facing alternative. It is concluded that even though the structural contribution of facing is not relied upon in the FHWA guidelines, large-block facing construction could help improve the structural performance of GRS abutments in GRS-IBS projects.
Retrospective chart review of perioperative pain management of patients having surgery for closed ankle fractures using peripheral nerve blocks at a level one trauma center

Chronic opioid use is unfortunately perceived among these postoperative patients, specifically within orthopedic surgery. Patients having orthopedic surgeries are at risk for becoming addicted to opioids, and one benefit of peripheral nerves blocks could be to provide an alternative mode of pain control. This study takes a retrospective look at the use of peripheral nerve blocks for pain control following surgery for isolated traumatic ankle injuries. We hypothesize that when peripheral nerve blocks are administered preoperatively to patients with closed ankle fractures, they will have overall better control of postoperative pain compared to patients who did not receive a peripheral nerve block. Objectives The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of preoperative peripheral nerve blockade on pain outcomes after ankle fracture surgery. Methods After approval from our institutional review board, a Current Procedural Terminology code search was performed of all patients within our institution over a 3-year data collection period (August 2016-June 2019). This resulted in 177 subjects who underwent isolated closed ankle fracture open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), of which 71 subjects met inclusion criteria. Results Results of the primary outcome measures found no difference in the mean postoperative care unit (PACU) pain scores between the groups (2.39 ± 2.91 vs 3.52 ± 3.09; P = 0.1724) nor the frequency of those who reported only mild pain (63.0% vs 47.10%; P = 0.2704). Subjects who received a peripheral nerve block spent more time in the PACU before discharge (2.06 ± 1.05 vs 0.94 ± 1.21 hours; P = 0.0004). Subjects receiving a peripheral nerve block were more likely to be given no analgesics in the PACU (38.9% vs 11.8%; P = 0.042) and less likely to receive a narcotic analgesic in the PACU (53.7% vs 82.4%; P = 0.047). Conclusion Although the results of this investigation demonstrate no significant difference in the mean PACU pain scores, they do demonstrate a significant difference in the amount of pain medication given in the PACU setting. This information will be used for future investigations of this discrepancy between pain perception and need for immediate postoperative pain medications as it relates to multimodal pain control in the setting of ankle fracture surgery.
Three Purāṇic Statements on the Shape of the Earth

The article analyses an argument given in Jnānarāja's Siddhāntasundara (ca. 1500) on the shape of the earth according to the Purāṇas. The argument involves the use of the word gola, 'ball, globe,' in the Purāṇas, a Purāṇic statement about the mountain Meru being north of everywhere, and a Purāṇic comparison of the earth to a mirror. The article concludes that Jnānarāja breaks with the Purāṇas as well as the traditional commentaries on these texts, and further suggests that we might have to rethink the dictionary definition of gola.
Robinson R44 Performance Flight Test

The Robinson R44 is the most prolific civil helicopter in the world with over 6,000 delivered to customers since 1992. Approved for normal category flight by the FAA through 14 CFR Parts 21 and 27, the accompanying Pilot's Operating Handbook includes all performance material required under the same. Practical planning materials, such as cruise charts and accompanying fuel flow rates for various operational weights and density altitudes, however, are absent. This leaves a large gap in flight planning resources needed for an airframe which is currently being used in a broad range of demanding civil capacities to include offshore oil support, aerial application, and medical services in austere environments. Operators must rely upon unpublished sources and rules of thumb for important flight planning information such as fuel consumption and endurance. A test program was initiated in order to analyze and present level performance data across multiple weights and density altitudes as part of a feasibility study while adhering strictly to data collection and reduction methods outlined in the US Navy Test Pilot School Performance Flight Test Manual. The results were presented in the form of practically formatted cruise charts that could be used to better inform pilots during the flight planning process of optimal speeds and power settings across multiple operating weights and altitudes.
The Psychiatrist and the Primary Care Network

I wish to examine the relationship which ordinarily, exists, and the relationship which ideally should exist, between the psychiatrist and the primary care physician. Although the major theme of this paper is the nature of that relationship in the neighborhood health center, in order to illuminate its vicissitudes, I wish to compare and contrast the actuality within the hospital setting with that in the neighborhood health center.
The Gaia Hypothesis: Fact, Theory, and Wishful Thinking

Organisms can greatly affect their environments, and the feedback coupling between organisms and their environments can shape the evolution of both. Beyond these generally accepted facts, the Gaia hypothesis advances three central propositions: (1) that biologically mediated feedbacks contribute to environmental homeostasis, (2) that they make the environment more suitable for life, and (3) that such feedbacks should arise by Darwinian natural selection. These three propositions do not fare well under close scrutiny. (1) Biologically mediated feedbacks are not intrinsically homeostatic. Many of the biological mechanisms that affect global climate are destabilizing, and it is likely that the net effect of biological feedbacks will be to amplify, not dampen, global warming. (2) Nor do biologically mediated feedbacks necessarily enhance the environment, although it will often appear as if this were the case, simply because natural selection will favor organisms that do well in their environments – which means doing wellunder the conditions that they and their co-occurring species have created. (3) Finally, Gaian feedbacks can evolve by natural selection, but so can anti-Gaian feedbacks. Daisyworld models evolve Gaian feedback because they assume that any trait that improves the environment will also give a reproductive advantage to its carriers (over other organisms that share the same environment). In the real world, by contrast, natural selection favors any trait that gives its carriers a reproductive advantage over its non-carriers, whether it improves or degrades the environment (and thereby benefits or hinders its carriers and non-carriers alike). Thus Gaian and anti-Gaian feedbacks are both likely to evolve.
Thermodynamics of formation for zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) fromT = 298.15 K toT = 1500 K

Abstract Zirconolite1999 Academic Press(CaZrTi 2 O 7 ) has been proposed as a ceramic host for the long-term disposal of excess weapons-grade plutonium. Using high-temperature oxide-melt solution calorimetry, the standard molar enthalpy of formation at Copyright T = 298.15 K for zirconolite, Δ f H m o = − (3713.7±4.5) kJ·mol −1 , has been obtained. In combination with the third-law entropy Δ 0 298.15 K S m o obtained by using adiabatic calorimetry on the same sample, the standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation at T = 298.15 K, Δ f G m o = − (3514.5±4.5) kJ· mol −1 , has also been obtained. The formation enthalpies, free energies, and third-law entropies Δ 0 T S m are reported from T = 298.15 K to T = 1500 K. Also reported for ZrTiO 4 , a compound of interest with respect to the (CaO, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 ) phase diagram containing zirconolite, are the first estimates of the standard molar enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation, Δ f H m o (ZrTiO 4 ) = − (2048.7±5.0) kJ· mol −1 , and Δ f G m o (ZrTiO 4 ) = − (1935.7±5.0) kJ· mol −1 .
The Paradox of Chronic Homelessness: The Conscious Desire to Leave Homelessness and the Unconscious Familiarity of the Street Life

This study theorizes that there are three essential, often unconscious, clinical components that may perpetuate homelessness among the chronic homeless population. The three main dynamics are a conflict with the familiar experience of homelessness, difficulty with structured environments, and an adaptation to the lifestyle of homelessness. These dynamics highlight a paradox for many who are chronically homeless: the desperate desire to leave their life of homelessness versus the deeply familiar and entrenched state of homelessness that serves to keep them homeless. Existing psychoanalytic theory is used to examine case studies that are drawn from clinical observations in the field. This article concludes that, as a result of these powerful dynamics, successful placement into long-term settings is predicated on two crucial aspects of service delivery: the establishment of the therapeutic relationship and the availability of low-demand supportive housing.
University Civic Engagement with Community-Based Organizations

Abstract This article compares and contrasts two case studies of large research universities involved in civic engagement projects with urban nonprofit community-based organizations and neighborhood associations. The article uses a community building framework in which organizational, interorganizational, and community-level features are examined. The study found that each university used a different approach through which to achieve a university-community partnership. A dispersed model favored an entrepreneurial approach for individual faculty and student involvement, while the coordinated model requested faculty and students from different departments to work together toward a community-driven goal. The extent to which these different models of civic engagement delivered what community organizations wanted was based on five factors: (1) the university's geographic proximity to a tar get low-income neighborhood, (2) leadership for institutional social commitment, (3) use of community-based research, (4) ...
CONCEPTUALIZING THE IMPACT OF HEALTH CARE CRIMES ON THE POOR

Past research shows that a small percentage of health’s care employees commit an assortment of criminal acts while on the job. Missing from previous research, however, is an examination of the effects such acts have on the poor (i.e. the victims). This paper fills this void by considering the effects of three broadly define health care crimes: Medicaid fraud, elder abuse, and prescription fraud. In addition to the direct victimization experiences of those served by the health care system, the physical, economic, and time losses are also considered. Implications for future research and policy are provided. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
IL-13-Induced Airway Hyperreactivity During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Is STAT6 Dependent

Airway damage and hyperreactivity induced during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can have a prolonged effect in infants and young children. These infections can alter the long-term function of the lung and may lead to severe asthma-like responses. In these studies, the role of IL-13 in inducing and maintaining a prolonged airway hyperreactivity response was examined using a mouse model of primary RSV infection. Using this model, there was evidence of significant airway epithelial cell damage and sloughing, along with mucus production. The airway hyperreactivity response was significantly increased by 8 days postinfection, peaked during days 10-12, and began to resolve by day 14. When the local production of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines was examined, there was a significant increase, primarily in IL-13, as the viral response progressed. Treatment of RSV-infected mice with anti-IL-13 substantially inhibited airway hyperreactivity. Anti-IL-4 treatment had no effect on the RSV-induced responses. Interestingly, when IL-13 was neutralized, an early increase in IL-12 production was observed within the lungs, as was a significantly lower level of viral Ags, suggesting that IL-13 may be regulating an important antiviral pathway. The examination of RSV-induced airway hyperreactivity in STAT6(-/-) mice demonstrated a significant attenuation of the response, similar to the anti-IL-13 treatment. In addition, STAT6(-/-) mice had a significant alteration of mucus-producing cells in the airway. Altogether, these studies suggest that a primary factor leading to chronic RSV-induced airway dysfunction may be the inappropriate production of IL-13.
Coping with complexity through adaptive interface design

Complex systems are characterized by a large number and variety of, and often a high degree of dependency between, subsystems. Complexity, in combination with coupling, has been shown to lead to difficulties with monitoring and comprehending system status and activities and thus to an increased risk of breakdowns in human-machine coordination. In part, these breakdowns can be explained by the fact that increased complexity tends to be paralleled by an increase in the amount of data that is made available to operators. Presenting this data in an inappropriate form is crucial to avoiding problems with data overload and attention management. One approach for addressing this challenge is to move from fixed display designs to adaptive information presentation, i.e., information presentation that changes as a function of context. This paper will discuss possible approaches to, challenges for, and effects of increasing the flexibility of information presentation.
U. S. Support of Rhodesia

America premacy in Rhodesia. She is responsible for backing up the fascist regime of Ian Smith to further suppress the liberation of our African brothers and sisters in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia). Capitalists and right-wing politicians are two main instruments manuvering U.S. assistance to Rhodesia. Many African statesmen and Africanist scholars vociferously denounce South Africa, Great Britain, and Portgual for the role that they are playing in Rhodesia, but often let deceitful white America off the hook. The Smith clique, backed by U.S. and British imperialists, is ruthlessly suppressing the Zimbabwe patriots and people who have risen in the struggle for freedom and independence. The existence of the racist Smith's puppet regime, as well as its barbarous massacre of the Zimbabwe patriots, is the product of the vicious crimes and schemes of the
TC-PUBS: a new tool for reflecting on research in technical communication

A growing body of research on technical and scientific communication promises to inform workplace communication problems and improve practices. Yet working professionals seldom have the resources to subscribe to all potentially helpful journals or to regularly scan the contents of those journals for relevant articles. To improve access to current research, the Miami University student chapter of the Society for Technical Communication (MU-STC) launched in January 2002 a pilot project for an email list to distribute information about current research in the profession. This list began with the cooperation of the editors of three key journals: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, the Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, and Technical Communication. Within the first two months, over 160 individuals from the US, Canada, and Europe had subscribed to the list. The paper describes the purpose and status of this resource and provides information on how to subscribe to TC-PUBS.
Effect of acetaldehyde on activity of shuttles for the transport of reducing equivalents into the mitochondria.

1. Introduction Oxidation of ethanol in the liver produces acetal- dehyde, which appears in the blood during ethanol metabolism [l] . Apparently, acetaldehyde is pro- duced faster than it is metabolized, despite the fact that,in vitro, aldehyde dehydrogenase is far more ac- tive than alcohol dehydrogenase [2]. Mitochondria oxidize several aldehydes, including acetaldehyde [3,4] , and contain 8% of the total aldehyde dehy- drogenase activity in the liver [S] . Oxidation of etha- nol produces NADH in the cytoplasm; reoxidation of this nucleotide may be rate-limiting for ethanol me- tabolism [6] . In view of the impermeability of the mitochondria toward NADH [7] , several shuttles have been postulated for the transport of reducing equivalents into the mitochondria. These include the a-glycerophosphate [8] , the malate-aspartate [9, lo] and the fatty acid shuttles [ 111. In view of the im- portance of the mitochondria in the oxidation ofre- ducing equivalents and of acetaldehyde, we studied the effects of acetaldehyde on the activities of these shuttles. We report here that acetaldehyde (0.6-4.5 mM) is a potent inhibitor of the reconstituted mal- ate-aspartate, a-glycerophosphate and fatty acid shuttles for the transport of reducing equivalents into mitochondria.
Propulsion installation characteristics for turbofan transports

Several investigations have been conducted in the Langley 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel and the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel to investigate propulsion integration characteristics for turbofan transport aircraft. These studies have focused on reducing the interference drag for conventional underwing, overwing, upper surface and wing aft-mounted engine nacelle installations. The experimental data presented in this paper will illustrate the difficulties associated with properly integrating nacelles and pylons with advanced supercritical wings. In addition guidelines for integrating the nacelle/pylons to eliminate adverse interference effects and possibly achieve favorable interference are discussed.
Organizational position and program implementation

Examples of policy implementation success suggest that organizational characteristics are important but policy researchers generally neglect the explicit study of organizational characteristics. Data from a mailed survey are used here to examine two organizational characteristics in one policy area in a single state. The advice of capacitybuilders' (federal and state agencies, municipal associations) about organizing local energy management programs through the appointment of “comprehensive local energy coordinators” is one concern. The other is the importance of the regular organizational position of the parttime community energy coordinators on the “comprehensiveness” of community energy programs. The research develops a rudimentary methodology for studying program implementation which assesses organizational change by measuring differences among policies based on the dimensions of change embodied in a policy. Also devised are measures of program implementors' attitudes and perceptions in influencing pr...
In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin, alone and in combination with β-lactams, against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia

We tested three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin), each combined with each of four beta-lactams (cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and meropenem) for synergy against clinical isolates of nosocomial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia. The ciprofloxacin-beta-lactam combinations showed synergy against none or only a small fraction (7 to 10%) of the P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia isolates. Ciprofloxacin-cefoperazone, -ceftriaxone, and -meropenem were synergic against 50%, 25%, and 30% of the S. maltophilia isolates, respectively. Among the levofloxacin combinations, only those with cefoperazone and imipenem showed significant synergy, and this only against B. cepacia (50% and 30%, respectively). Trovafloxacin-cefoperazone and -imipenem showed modest synergy against P. aeruginosa (23% and 27%, respectively), as did trovafloxacin-cefoperazone and -ceftriaxone against B. cepacia (30%). The trovafloxacin-imipenem combination was synergic against all isolates of B. cepacia. Because of their synergy, the following combinations may be useful in the nosocomial setting: trovafloxacin-cefoperazone or -imipenem against P. aeruginosa; ciprofloxacin-cefoperazone, -ceftriaxone, or -meropenem against S. maltophilia; levofloxacin-cefoperazone and trovafloxacin-imipenem against B. cepacia.
The physician's influence on patients' choices.

Although the traditional physician ethic sees nothing objectionable about the doctor's influence over patients, superficial conceptions of the patient's right to self-determination imply that this influence may be manipulative. On the contrary, there are several different lines of argument which can reconcile self-determination with the physician's influence. Nevertheless, drawing the boundaries between legitimate methods of persuasion, and manipulation or coercion sometimes proves difficult.
Analysis of in Vivo-Derived Amyloid-β Polypeptides by On-Line Two-Dimensional Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The presence of senile plaques composed of amyloid-beta (Abeta) polypeptides within brain tissue is normally used as a definitive postmortem diagnosis for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Therefore, these polypeptides have been investigated as potential biomarkers of the disease state. However, at present, there is a lack of a robust assay for the detection of such polypeptides derived from in vivo sources. Such an assay is essential for analysis of biological samples from model AD systems. To overcome this problem we have developed a new single-step assay utilizing two dimensional-chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. The method consists of on-line size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to provide initial separation of analytes from the sample (based on their molecular weight) coupled with sample preconcentration prior to analysis by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). This provides an extremely versatile and powerful assay which can separate specific analytes from cell lysate in a single step without further sample handling. The use of mass spectrometry as the detection system yields much more structural information than can be obtained from traditional ELISA and sandwich ELISA antibody assays. Furthermore, the on-line sample cleanup protocol minimizes sample handling and facilitates assay automation. Utilizing this new assay we have been able to detect Abeta 1-40 and Abeta 1-42 at cellular concentration levels directly from cell lysates. Moreover, we have detected multiple peptide responses within the same analysis, some of which have been tentatively identified as other ragged C-termini Abeta polypeptides derived from Abeta 1-42, based on their molecular weight, as well as oxidized Abeta polypeptides.
Activation of the JAK/STAT Pathway in Epstein Barr Virus+‐Associated Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease: Role of Interferon‐γ

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated with B-cell lymphomas in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major oncogenic protein of EBV, promotes tumorigenesis through activation of NF-kappaB, Erk, p38, JNK and Akt. The Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway is also constitutively active in PTLD-associated EBV(+) B-cell lymphomas. Here we determine the mechanism of Jak/STAT activation in EBV(+) B-cell lymphomas and the role of LMP1 in this process. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed no direct interaction of LMP1 and JAK3, but known associations between JAK3 and common gamma chain, and between LMP1 and TRAF3, were readily detected in EBV(+) B cell lines from patients with PTLD. An inducible LMP1 molecule expressed in EBV(-) BL41 Burkitt's cells demonstrated STAT activation only after prolonged LMP1 signaling. While LMP1 induced IFN-gamma production in BL41 cells, IFN-gamma receptor blockade and IFN-gamma neutralization prior to LMP1 activation markedly decreased STAT1 activation and expression of LMP1-driven IFN-gamma inducible genes. Understanding the mechanisms by which EBV induces cellular signal transduction pathways may facilitate development of new treatments for PTLD.
Vitamin A-enhanced cleft palate susceptibility associated with H-2.

SUMMARY Pregnant mice from the congenic strains C57BL/10Sn, B10.BR, B10.A/SgSn, B10.A(SR)/SgSn, B10.A(2R)SgSn and B10.A(18R)Sg were fed Purina Laboratory Chow or the same diet plus approximately 400IU vitamin A daily and given 80 mg/kg dexamethasone intra-peritoneally or a sham injection on the 12th day of pregnancy. It was found that only strains with b alleles between H-2S and H-2D had significantly higher frequencies of isolated cleft palate among their progeny when fed the supplemental vitamin A. The locus appears to be on the centromeric side of a dexamethasone-induced cleft palate gene which has been mapped to the same general area.
The 2002 Census in Russia: Preliminary Results

A demograper specializing in the population of Russia examines salient trends revealed by the first post-Soviet census conducted in the Russian Federation in October 2002. The paper examines the statistical evidence for three notable developments: (1) a decline in Russia's overall population that was less than expected on the basis of previous official estimates; (2) the continuing growth of Moscow against the backdrop of absolute urban population decline; and (3) the emergence of abandoned settlements ("ghost towns"). In addition, the author presents background information on the conduct of the census and explains the various measures of Russian population that are commonly employed (de facto and de jure population, enumerated population, etc.). Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: J11, O18, R23. 2 figures, 2 tables, 19 references.
Nonlinear phenomena associated with large amplitude whistler pulses

In a magnetized laboratory plasma (n 10 11 cm -3 , kT e ≥ 1 eV, B 0 ≥ 10 G, 1 m diam x 2.5 m) large amplitude current pulses (150 A, 0.2 μs) are excited in the parameter regime described by Electron MHD (EMHD ; ω ci << ω << ω ce ). The currents are transported by low-frequency whistlers forming wave packets with topologies resembling 3D spherical vortices. The generalized vorticity, Ω = ⊇ x (v + eA/m e ), is shown to be frozen into the electron fluid, ∂Ω/∂t ⊇ x (v x Ω). The nonlinearity in v x Ω is negligible since v and Ω(r,t) are found to be nearly parallel. Thus, large amplitude pulses [Ω(r, t) ≤ Ω 0 = eB 0 /m e ] show the same behavior as small amplitude pulses. However, the associated large currents with v drift ≥ (kT e /me) 1/2 lead to strong electron heating which can modify the damping of whistlers in collisional plasmas (ω ∼ v ei T e -3/2 ). Observations show that a heated flux tube provides a filament of high Spitzer conductivity which permits a nearly collisionless propagation of whistler pulses. This filamentation effect is not associated with density modifications as in modulational instabilities but arises from conductivity modifications. The heated flux tube also generates a quasi-dc magnetic field driven by thermoelectric currents. These assume self-consistently a Taylor state with ⊇ x B kB.
Room temperature oxidation of soot by oxygen atoms

Abstract Soot from a paraffin candle diffusion flame was collected on a quartz plate and exposed to oxygen atoms in a flow tube apparatus under carefully controlled conditions. The gaseous combustion products, CO 2 and CO, were measured as a function of time during the combustion using a mass spectrometer, while the weight change of the soot was monitored by a microbalance. The striking feature of this oxidation chemistry is the substantial net adsorption of oxygen atoms by the soot. Under our experimental conditions, the soot adsorbed up to 25 % by weight oxygen, compared to an initial soot composition of less than 5 % by weight oxygen. This is a chemical adsorption, in which the oxygen atoms are strongly bonded to carbon atoms in the soot. Statistically this 25 % oxygen corresponds to one oxygen atom for every four carbon atoms in the soot. At 23 °C, oxygen atom adsorption on fresh soot is much faster than the production of gas-phase oxidation products. Furthermore, the oxygen laden soot does not produce gaseous CO 2 and CO at room temperature in the absence of O atoms; additional energy and/or chemistry is required to produce these gaseous oxidation products.
Cultural Considerations for Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The United States has been and continues to be a multicultural society. Many children are born into two cultures, sharing a different one with each parent. Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) may belong to a minority culture, the additional culture of disability, and the culture of poverty. After an introduction to culture and its characteristics, the focus of this article is on strategies pediatric nurses can use to assess and intervene with minority children with I/DD and their families in a culturally sensitive manner. Suggestions for future research are provided.
New Compounds: Anils

A series of new anils (ketimines) was synthesized by the condensation of a ketone with a desired amine.