cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent aspect-dependent SAR image formation

An adaptive image formation algorithm is proposed to exploit the aspect-angle dependence of man-made scatterers in foliage penetrating (FOPEN) synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Man-made scatterers often exhibit a strong dependence on the aspect angle between the orientation of the scatterer and the line of sight of the radar. More specifically, the return from a man-made target is greater when the target is oriented broadside with respect to the radar. Conventional SAR image formation processing assumes that backscatter is independent of the aspect angle; by relaxing this assumption, it is possible to reformulate the image formation process to improve the separability of man-made scatterers vs. natural clutter. We propose an image formation process that adapts the length and position of the aperture used during the cross-range compression stage. The algorithm identifies the locations that are likely to correspond to aspect- dependent scatterers. In the vicinity of such scatterers, the algorithm chooses the aperture to match the expected return from a man-made scatterer. Elsewhere, the algorithm uses the full aperture. The resulting imagery enhances man-made targets relative to the background clutter and facilitates improved detection performance.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fast computation of the inverse CMH model

A fast computational method based on differential equation approach for inverse Della Torre, Oti, Kadar (DOK) model has been extended for the inverse Complete Moving Hysteresis (CMH) model. A cobweb technique for calculating the inverse CMH model is also presented. The two techniques differ from the point of view of flexibility, accuracy, and computation time. Simulation results of the inverse computation for both methods are presented.
Genomic mapping within the albino-deletion complex using individual early postimplantation mouse embryos.

Sensitive methods for analysis of DNA from limited amounts of tissue are often difficult, error prone, and time consuming. Here, we describe a procedure for molecular analysis of individual early post-implantation mouse embryos by Southern analysis. The procedure involves embedding single embryos in agarose before lysing and deproteinizing in situ. The embedded DNA can be digested with restriction enzymes and analyzed by standard Southern-blotting procedures. The procedure is sensitive enough to detect single-copy sequences in embryos as early as day 6.5 of development. We have used the technique to genotype embryos homozygous for an embryonic lethal deletion. Normally, the lethal phenotype associated with such mutations is identified by a retrospective statistical analysis of abnormal embryos produced from a heterozygous cross as compared to those produced from a control cross. Now, if associated with a detectable DNA abnormality, the mutant embryo can be genotyped directly. We also report the use of this method for mapping cloned markers relative to deletion breakpoints. This approach can save considerable time since mapping would conventionally be done using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected in Mus musculus/Mus spretus interspecies hybrids. Using this procedure, we have been able to redefine the distal limits of the region of Chromosome (Chr) 7 containing a gene (eed) needed for development of the embryonic ectoderm.
Turbulence without pressure

We develop exact field-theoretic methods to treat turbulence when the effect of pressure is negligible. We find explicit forms of certain probability distributions, demonstrate that the breakdown of Galilean invariance is responsible for intermittency, and establish the operator product expansion. We also indicate how the effects of pressure can be turned on perturbatively. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society
QoS optimized and energy efficient power control for deep space multimedia communications in InterPlaNetary networks

In this paper, we propose a QoS optimized power control approach to achieve an optimum multimedia communication quality over the InterPlaNetary (IPN) Internet with a strict energy consumption budget. The transmission power to send each frame is optimized by jointly considering the unequal distortion reduction gain of the multimedia data, energy consumption budget, and overall multimedia communication quality. Simulation results show that the proposed Unequal Error Protection (UEP) adaptive power control approach improves multimedia data transmission quality and achieves the energy utilization efficiency in energy-constrained IPNs.
Automatic removal of poor-quality images from digital image sequences

This paper introduces a spatio-temporal technique for selecting or filtering out lower quality digital image frames. The technique is demonstrated on Electro-Optical/Infrared image sequences which suggests it is a candidate for exploiting reconnaissance (recce) imagery or can be a part of a recce subsystem. For human vision exploitation, a few poor quality image frames out of hundreds in a digital image sequence may be only a minor irritation when the sequence runs at the typical 30 frames per se cond. Of course, if that human needs to examine each frame, a system that automatically removes or enhances lower quality image frames could be beneficial. For machine vision subsystems, a few poor quality image frames could cause lower probability of recognition.The filter technique introduced in this paper can improve input into machine vision algorithms. Another application for this technique is digital transmission to filter out unwanted images prior to transmission or to selectively enhance the poor quality frames. A major portion of current research into quality in digital image sequences focuses on transmission systems where an input high quality image sequence can be compared to the lower quality image sequence receivved at the output of the transmission system. However, this paper shows a technique for juding the quality of the input image frames prior to transmission, without a transmission system or without any knowledge of the higher quality image input. The impact of digital image artifacts on the spatio-temporal quality are shown. The quality variations in the individual frames of the input image sequence are charted to show which frames are of lower quality and thus need filtering.
Perspectives in the treatment of colorectal cancer

The availability of new chemotherapy agents in the last several years has had a significant impact on the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), but questions about how best to use these agents remain. In this article we review the evidence for maintaining full dose on schedule (FDOS) chemotherapy in CRC. To date, clinical studies have focused on determining which agents or combinations are optimal in advanced disease or the adjuvant setting. Combinations of irinotecan or oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin are currently being evaluated in the adjuvant treatment of CRC, and the addition of targeted biologic agents to standard chemotherapy regimens is being evaluated in the treatment of advanced disease. Few studies have investigated dose intensity in the adjuvant setting, and consequently, there is little evidence for a link between FDOS chemotherapy and outcomes. Nonetheless, the benefits of maintaining FDOS chemotherapy, as shown in trials in breast cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, may also hold true in CRC. Furthermore, several studies in metastatic CRC have found that greater survival can be achieved with dose-intensified chemotherapy. If FDOS chemotherapy is to become accepted in the treatment of CRC, end points other than overall survival may have to be assessed in metastatic disease and the concept will have to be investigated in the adjuvant setting. For now, the role of FDOS chemotherapy in CRC has not been adequately evaluated.
The genetic and biochemical basis of Omenn syndrome.

Abstract Omenn syndrome (OS) is a peculiar, autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) associated with early-onset, generalized, exudative erythrodermia; lymphoadenopathy; hepato- and splenomegaly; hypereosinophilia; elevated serum IgE; and normal to high activated, yet non-functional, oligoclonal T cells. Recent investigations have shown that the primum movens of all these puzzling features lies in a defect of the lymphoid-specific V(D)J recombination process. Abnormalities in both alleles of either Rag-1 or -2 genes are found in all OS patients. At variance with T B- SCID, whose Rag mutations represent null alleles, OS mutations maintain a residual recombination activity, allowing limited T-cell receptor gene rearrangements to occur in the thymus. The gene rearrangements are subsequently expanded in the periphery after environmental antigen exposure. Missense mutations detected in OS have been examined in a number of biochemical assays and have contributed to dissect the various functional domains of both Rag-1 and Rag-2 proteins. The examination of a set of mutations occurring in the Rag-1 N-terminal portion has demonstrated that this region plays a fundamental role in vivo. The elucidation of the molecular basis of OS has allowed us to perform early prenatal diagnosis and could be the basis for trials of in utero bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy approaches.
A Feminist Therapy Approach Towards "A Standard Pair"

In this article a heterosexual couple is presented as the typical male/female stereotype of the rational/emotional split. The authors argue that family therapy's traditional concept of complementariry is a framework for how these couples function ignores the obvious: that it is men who demonstrate one set of characteristics, women the other; they are gender-determined. Furthermore, the concept of complementarity masks the nature of the inequality of the two positions. The authors, all feminist family therapists, borrow the term "hysteric-obsessional relationship" from psychoanalytic theory. They focus on the mutual projection system, a system which originates in the couple's respective relationships with their mothers, without falling into the trap of "Mother-blaming."
Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of the blowfly, Phormia regina meigen, to acids

Flies of a standardized degree of thirst were tested for proboscis extension in response to mono- and dicarboxylic acids applied to the tarsi. Presence or lack of extension depended on pH for each acid, but acids of greater chain length were effective in preventing extension at higher pH values than those with shorter chain length (Fig. 1). Concentrated solutions of monocarboxylic acids at low pH values evoked a strange, delayed, hesitant form of proboscis extension which seemed to signify rejection rather than acceptance. It was not abolished by satiation with either water or sucrose (Fig. 2).
Evaluation of a pencil-beam dose calculation technique for charged particle radiotherapy☆

Abstract Purpose : The purpose of this article is to evaluate a pencil-beam dose calculation algorithm for protons and heavier charged particles in complex patient geometries defined by computed tomography (CT) data and to compare isodose distributions calculated with the new technique to those calculated with conventional algorithms in selected patients with skull-base tumors. Methods and Materials : Monte Carlo calculations were performed to evaluate the pencil-beam algorithm in patient geometries for a modulated 150-MeV proton beam. A modified version of a Mont Carlo code described in a previous publication (18) was used for these comparisons. Tissue densities were inferred from patient CT data on a voxel-by-voxel basis, and calculations were peformed with an without tissue compensators. A dose calculation module using the new algorithm was written, and treatment plans using the new algorithm were compared to plans using standard ay-tracing techniques for 10 patients with clival chordoma and three patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who were treated with helium ions at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL). Results : Pencil beam calculations agreed well with Monte Carlo calculations in the patient geometries. The pencil-beam algorithm predicted several multiple-scattering effects that are not modeled by conventional ray-tracing calculations. These includes (a) the widening of the penumbra as a function of beam penetration, (b) the degradation in the sharpness of the dose gradient at the end of the particle range in hgihly heterogeneous regions, and (c) the appearance of hot and cold dose regions in the shadow of cmplex heterogeneities. In particular, pencil-beam calculations indicated that the dose distribution within the target was not a homogeneous as expected on the basis of ray-tracing calculations. on average, for the 13 patients considered, only about 72% of the cone down target volume received at least 99% of the prescribed dose, whereas, 93% of the conedwn volume was contained within the 95% isodose surface. This may e significant because in standard charged particle dose calculations, the dose across the spread-Bragg peak is assumed to be uniform and equal to the maximum or prescribed dose. Conclusions : Dose distributions computed with the pencil-beam model are more accurate than ray-tracing calculations, providing additional information to clinicians, which may influence the doses they prescribe. In particular, these calculations indicate that for some patients with skull-base tumors, it may be advantageous to prescribe proton doses to a lower isodose level than is commonly done.
Courage Under Fire: Profiles in Bravery from the Battlefields of the Civil War – By Wiley Sword

The author of this book has compiled a welter of vignettes, often taken from Civil War letters he has personally collected, to explore wartime courage. Defining courage in terms akin to Aristotle, ...
Bilateral gluteal compartment syndrome after elective unilateral hypogastric artery ligation and revascularization of the contralateral hypogastric artery during open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Gluteal compartment syndrome is an uncommon entity that has been described in the literature after drug overdose and orthopedic procedures. We describe the first case of bilateral gluteal compartment syndrome that followed pelvic revascularization after the repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm with bilateral common and internal iliac aneurysms. The patient was treated with aggressive fluid hydration and bilateral gluteal fasciotomies with resolution. The bilateral gluteal compartment syndrome was likely caused by increased pressure on the gluteal muscles, secondary to increased patient weight combined with a period of local ischemia to the watershed areas during iliac cross-clamp.
The effects of neurohypophysial hormones on water and sodium balance in larval and adult bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana).

Abstract 1. 1. The injection of arginine vasoticin into bullfrogs at various stages of metamorphosis influences their body weight. In young tadpoles (stages IV–X) handling stress causes a pronounced loss of weight. This can be reduced or abolished by injecting AVT. Older tadpoles and adult elicit a typical Brunn effect; the intensity increases with stage of metamorphosis and reaches a maximum in adults. 2. 2. Doses of oxytocin up to 110 mμmoles/kg fail to elicit a water-balance response in tadpoles younger than stages XXII. Stage XXII animals show a small responses (106 per cent of initial weight in 2 hr) when injected with 22 mμmoles/kg; lower doses were not tested. Animals in stages XXIII to XXV respond to doses of 2·2 mμmoles/kg (103 per cent in 2 hr) and 22 mμmoles/kg (115 per cent in 2 hr). 3. 3. Arginine vasotocin (3·3 mμmoles/kg) causes a net uptake of sodium in tadpoles and adults. In tadpoles this is mostly attributable to a reduction in the efflux which probably reflects a decrease in the renal loss of the ion. In adults the uptake results from a faster influx indicating an effect on the skin.
Morphological and histochemical events during first bone formation in embryonic chick limbs

Staged embryos from White Leghorn chicken eggs were used to assemble a detailed morphological, cellular and molecular picture of the complex events of first-bone formation. To provide these details, light and electron microscopic, histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques were used to establish a temporal sequence for long bone development in chick wing and leg from Hamburger-Hamilton stage 29 through stage 35. Three distinctive cell regions can be morphologically identified by stage 28 (leg) or 29 (wing) at the mid-diaphysis. These regions are: 1. an outer grouping of loose mesenchymal and myogenic cells, 2. an osteoprogenitor layer which will later divide to maintain this progenitor layer in a brickwork or stacked configuration and to produce round, tightly packed osteoblasts, and 3. a core (rod) of cartilage. First bone is laid down just outside the cartilage core, initially as a layer of Type I collagen-rich osteoid which later becomes mineralized. Vascular elements then come to reside above this mineral layer, and osteoid is laid down between vascular elements and eventually above them to form a second layer of trabecular bone. As this radial formation of layers of bone is progressing, so too is the proximal and distal expansion of the first bone forming process. A model is presented which considers that chondrogenic and osteogenic cell commitment occur simultaneously in early limb development and that it is the expression of the osteogenic phenotype which governs the boundaries of cartilage development. Importantly, the vasculature plays a key role in the patterning of bone formation well before it enters the cartilaginous core at stage 35 and participates in the erosion of the core. While this report is restricted to events occurring through stage 35, it relies on data presented in a companion report detailing later bone development and remodeling (Pechak et al; Bone 1986) and emphasizes that the cartilage model does not provide the scaffolding for bone but rather defines the marrow space.
DRIED FISH PATTIES: STORAGE STABILITY AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS1

Storage study was conducted on dried fish patties from the mixture of several comminuted fish species (rockfish, Pacific cod, ling cod and Pacific herring) with structured vegetable protein, modified tapioca starch, sodium chloride and/or sodium sorbate and antioxidants. Moisture, pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), thiobarbituric test (TBA), total pour plate counts, and yeast and mold counts were conducted monthly during four months storage period at 25°C. Slight variations in the values of these tests indicated the stability of this product. Proximate analysis, amino acid profile and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in the dried patties indicated the nutritional quality of the product. A brief economic study indicated good feasibility of the dried patties in the market.
Synthetic progestins and sweetness preference in intact female Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract Intact Sprague-Dawley female rats were treated with 0.25 μg or 1.25 μg ethinyl-estradiol (EE) in combination with one of 3 synthetic progestins: (5 μg) norethindrone, norethynodrel, or norgestrel. In Experiment 1 both dosages of EE in combination with the synthetic progestins suppressed sweetness preference, with a somewhat greater effect for the 1.25 μg EE dosage. Norgestrel in combination with EE produced the longest suppression of sweetness preference. In Experiment 2 progestins administered in the absence of EE showed no significant effect on sweetness preference. When 1.25 μg EE was administered singularly, a significant decline in sweetness preference occurred, but not as great a decline as in combination with a progestin.
Breast‐Feeding as a Sustainable Resource System

La quete d'une egalite sociale et politique dans l'economie capitaliste a conduit a definir les contributions de la femme en termes de modele patriarchal scientifique occidental. Defiant le premisse du salaire capitaliste, l'economie met en lumiere l'estimation devaluee du travail de la femme. En particulier, la capacite des femmes de porter et de nourrir au sein les enfants a ete historiquement un travail non paye. Mais comprendre la contribution incommensurable que l'allaitement fait a l'economie de subsistance peut eclairer l'importance des approches holistiques concernant les problemes de famille et les questions de survie de la terre
Skeletal mass, chemistry, and growth during and after multiple reproductive cycles in the rat.

Abstract There are dramatic changes in skeletal physiology and metabolism to accommodate the mineral requirements of the developing fetus during pregnancy and milk production during lactation. The purpose of this study was to document changes in skeletal growth, chemistry, and mass during and after multiple reproductive cycles in the rat, with emphasis on the putative reconstitution of the skeleton after lactation. To determine skeletal changes, experimental groups included rats at the end of the first and second lactation, at the end of the second pregnancy, and at various times after the first and second lactation. These groups were also compared with aged-matched, nulliparous animals. There were decreases in femoral ash weights and bone mineral densities (BMDs) during the first and second lactations, but accelerated rates of gain after lactation, compared with the nulliparous controls. The changes in bone ash were even more pronounced when normalized to the maternal body weight changes during and after the reproductive cycles. The rates and amount of bone mineral (ash) gain after the first and second reproductive cycles were similar; however, neither bone mineral nor BMD returned to levels found in nulliparous animals after the first and subsequent reproductive cycle. There was also a decrease in ash/dry weight ratio of the femur during the second lactation, suggesting a preferential loss of more mineralized bone. This decrease in ash/dry weight ratio reversed after lactation, indicating a relative accumulation of bone mineral during the postlactational period. As expected, endochondral growth was substantially suppressed during lactation, but rebounded during the postlactational period. These data collectively support the notion that the female rat has excess skeletal mass to accommodate losses associated with the first reproductive cycle. After the first reproductive cycle, a new optimal skeletal mass is achieved. These data also demonstrate that the postlactational period is “anabolic” with accelerated rates of bone growth and accumulation of bone mineral and bone mineral density with increases in the ratios of the inorganic to organic composition of the bone. This postlactational recovery phase may serve to at least partially reconstitute skeletal mineral depleted during lactation and perhaps to prepare the skeleton for the next reproductive cycle.
Digital indirect-detection x-ray imagers with microlens focusing: effects of Fresnel reflections from the microlens layer

We have been investigating whether a microlens layer placed between the phosphor and the photodetector can improve indirect detection x-ray imagers. Using a simulation study, we analyzed the light collection properties of the proposed imager taking into account Fresnel reflection and transmission properties of the lenses and the screen. A digital x-ray imager combining an 82-μm-thick Gd2O2S:Tb phosphor screen, a fused silica microlens layer, and a 127-μm pixel pitch photodetector (optical fill factor of 57%) were modeled. The light collection for the prototypes varied from 53% to 69% for lens thicknesses ranging from 10 to 50 μm. The full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of the light spread function ranged from 177-192 μm. 4-8% of the light was reflected back into the phosphor screen when correctly taking into account Fresnel reflections for these prototype imagers. In comparison, 56% of the light was collected and the FWHM of the light spread function was 174 μm for a conventional imager with the screen in direct contact with the photodetector. We observed that the light collection was overestimated by 6-9% but the spread functions were basically unaffected when the Fresnel assumption was not utilized in the simulations. This study shows that a properly designed microlens layer can more than offset Fresnel losses, thereby producing an improved digital x-ray imager.
Endothelin A receptor blockade does not alter PSA secretion in prostate cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND Some men treated with atrasentan (ABT-627), an endothelin A (ETA) receptor inhibitor, had declines in their serum PSA levels. It is our hypothesis that this decrease is due to anti-tumoral activity and not a reduction in PSA secretion at the cellular level. METHODS Two PSA secreting prostate cancer cell lines (LAPC4 and LNCaP) were treated with atrasentan and an ETB receptor antagonist (A192621) in varying concentrations (10−6–10−10 M) and PSA levels were measured in the culture media. RESULTS LNCaP and LAPC4 cells both express ETA receptors. Neither the ETA or ETB antagonist altered PSA secretion, while addition of DHT, a positive control, produced a marked increase in PSA secretion. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of the ETA receptor does not affect the secretion of PSA in prostate cancer cell lines. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Carbohydrates on the Symbiotic Growth of Planktonic Blue–Green Algae with Bacteria

PHOSPHORUS and nitrogen have been suggested to be limiting agents in the unwanted growth of Cyanophyta. Removal of phosphorus from sewage effluents is being considered as the preferred method to control eutrophication. The significance of organic matter in lake water has been largely disregarded, although carbonaceous material is always found in productive lakes, for example, from 22 mg to 99 mg/l. of dissolved organic matter in the Great Lakes1. Massive growths of blue–green algae have been documented before the use of industrial phosphates, and they probably occurred always after a heavy influx of organic matter. Maximum growth of phytoplankton does not require high concentrations of phosphorus. As little as 0.02 mg of phosphorus/l. in natural lake water may sustain it2. Additional phosphorus alone does not increase growth because algal growth will depend on the presence and availability of not less than fifteen essential elements3.
Restrictions on statistics imposed by method of measurement: Some reality, much mythology

Practically everyone who has been exposed to a course or a textbook covering research methods in the social sciences realizes that there are four scales of measurement widely referred to in the field: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. As a result of that exposure, he or she may be concerned about using appropriate statistics when a given scale is at hand. Some anxiety, for example, may result from the mere thought of using a t-test with ordinal data. This article discusses the origins and philosophical bases of arguments regarding scale-statistics relationships; points out misconceptions and fallacies in certain of these arguments; and emphasizes that in the overwhelming majority of cases in the social sciences, most particularly in criminology and criminal justice, researchers may use statistics without concern or anxiety regarding scale properties.
Characterization of bipolar devices by steady state and modulated electroluminescence

Abstract A new characterization method is proposed based on measurements of the electroluminescence signal as a function of the terminal bias and the modulation frequency. The method is not susceptible to space charge region and emitter recombination currents and provides a direct measure for the separation of Fermi levels at the edge of the principal quasi-neutral region. The extraction of parameters, such as the series resistance and the minority carrier lifetime, is experimentally demonstrated on a silicon diode. The method can be extended to heterojunction bipolar transistors to measure the Fermi level drop across the heterojunction.
THE RESIDENTIAL LOCATION DECISION: STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY

Abstract This study examines six basic factors motivating households to move, including (a) house hold type, (b) change in household composition, (c) tenure (own or rent), (d) place utility (environment), (e) employment opportunities and (f) changes in environment. The differential mobility rate associated within each classification of subcategory is analyzed to determine if the variable influences the propensity of a household to move. The data source describing the mobility decisions is the Tri-State Transportation Commission's home interview survey (1963), a random, 1 per cent sample of the New York Metropolitan area, in which 56,000 household interviews were taken, including 15,000 residential moves. The most significant variables influencing mobility were the household characteristics of age of head and persons per household and the location variables of tenure (own-rent) and place utility (environment matchup). An important aspect of the paper was a derivation of a new methodology for classifying neighborhoods as environments. The results of this study may be used as inputs for structuring residential location models.
The use of combined bladder and epispadias repair in boys with classic bladder exstrophy: outcomes, complications and consequences.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Despite widespread use of modern staged reconstruction for classic bladder exstrophy, there remains a role for combined bladder closure and epispadias repair when primary closure is delayed or initial reconstruction has failed. The principle of combining bladder and urethral closure in 1 operation was first proposed more than 40 years ago, and represents a demanding technical procedure. We recount our experience to date with this approach.Materials and Methods: A total of 38 boys underwent combined bladder and epispadias repair using pelvic osteotomies. Five cases were delayed primary closures owing to a bladder template unsuitable for newborn closure. A total of 30 cases were previous failed bladder closures, with concurrent epispadias repair in 6. The 3 remaining cases were staged closures where the epispadias repair failed, leading to bladder prolapse via the posterior urethra. Overall, there was a major bladder prolapse in 25 cases, and separation of the pubic symphysis with dehiscenc...
Mergers and the Origin of Early-Type Galaxies

The relevance of mergers to the structure of present-day galaxies is examined, focusing on the proposal that most early-type galaxies originate by “major” mergers of late-type progenitors. In particular, N-body simulations are used to predict the structure of remnants formed by mergers of various types of progenitor galaxies. Observational signatures of major mergers are discussed along with difficulties arising from evolutionary effects.
Anti-Black racism, self-esteem, and the adjustment of White students in higher education.

The present study examined the negative consequences of racism to White university students. It was hypothesized that anti-Black racism would impact students’ selfesteem, college social adjustment, and college personal-emotional adjustment above and beyond academic adjustment. It was further expected that self-esteem would mediate the relationship between racism and college adjustment. In a White university student sample, students reporting attitudes reflecting a combination of overtly racist and egalitarian attitudes toward Blacks also reported lower levels of self-esteem and college social adjustment. Furthermore, self-esteem mediated the relationship between anti-Black racism and college social adjustment. Findings inform the multidimensional nature of negative consequences of racism to Whites in higher education. A discussion of implications from this research with regard to the creation of diverse and culturally sensitive university environments is presented.
Design Optimization of ALA Rotor SynRM Drives using T-AI-EM Environment

An integrated team-artificial intelligence-electromagnetic, T-AI-EM, environment is developed to accurately determine the performance characteristics of synchronous reluctance motors (SynRM) with axially laminated anisotropic (ALA) rotor configurations. This T-AI-EM is used to train a fuzzy logic system that predicts the optimal solution of the machine for any given input torque. The main objective of this optimization is to minimize the torque ripple corresponding to a given torque-load condition. The T-AI-EM is composed of two main blocks. The first consists of electromagnetic module utilizing indirectly coupled finite element state space (FE-SS) model. The second consists of an AI based model inspired from team member concept, that consists of several adaptive network fuzzy inference systems, ANFISs, supervised by a radial based network, RBN
Impact of imperfect channel estimation on turbo multiuser detection in DS-CDMA systems

In practical wireless communications, channel estimation is imperfect due to the effects of noise and interference. This paper analyzes the impact of imperfect channel estimation on a form of turbo multiuser detection based on linear minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detection and parallel interference cancellation. In particular, the variance of the noise caused by the channel estimation error is analyzed for full and reduced rank MMSE detectors and parallel interference cancellation in the large system limit.
Magnetization and Curie Temperature of Ilmenite–Hematite Ceramics

The morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of the magnetic semiconductor ceramic Ilmenite–Hematite (IH), (1−x)FeTiO3–xFe2O3, were studied as a function of the composition x. The magnetic ordering temperatures that we observed were consistently higher than those reported previously and were, for most of the composition range, above room temperature. We rule out the formation of Fe clusters as the origin of the magnetic properties. These magnetic properties of IH ceramics, in combination with their semiconducting characteristics, render them promising for spin-electronic applications.
Method for simulating O(N) lattice models at finite density

We present a method for simulating relativistic and nonrelativistic scalar field theories at finite density, with matter transforming in the fundamental representation of the global symmetry group O(N). The method avoids the problem of complex probability weights which is present in conventional path integral Monte Carlo algorithms. To verify our approach, we simulate the free and interacting relativistic U(1){approx_equal}O(2) theory in 2+1 dimensions. We compute the two-point correlation function and charge density as a function of chemical potential in the free theory. At weak |{phi}|{sup 4} coupling and zero temperature we map the m{sup 2}-{mu} phase diagram and compare our numerical results with perturbative calculations. Finally, we compute properties of the T-{mu} phase diagram in the vicinity of the phase transition and at bare self-couplings large compared to the temperature and chemical potential.
Local magnetic field distribution in polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7 and its influence on bulk critical currents

The transport critical current density Jc has been measured in high quality polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7 samples made from extruded preforms. The hysteretic response of Jc to applied magnetic fields was studied as a function of temperature (77–87 K) and sample morphology for various field sweeps in the 0–5 KOe range. A variety of samples show a basic Jc ∼ H−n behavior where n depends on temperature, but is independent of the other variables. A simple model of the local magnetic field distribution is presented and compared to the data, and the theoretical implications of the power law behavior are considered.
Outreach, engagement, and practical assistance: essential aspects of PTSD care for urban victims of violent crime

The purpose of this article is to examine the literature on the increased risk factors of disadvantaged inner-city residents for becoming victims of violence and for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and barriers to accessing comprehensive mental health services. Second, the article discusses the limitations of evidence-based treatments for early intervention with urban victims of violence and provides a new model of care emphasizing outreach, engagement, and practical assistance. Finally, the article concludes with recommendations for comprehensive hospital-based urban programs in terms of practice, policy, and research.
17β-Estradiol and testosterone in drainage and runoff from poultry litter applications to tilled and no-till crop land under irrigation

Thirteen million [corrected] metric tons of poultry litter are produced annually by poultry producers in the U.S. Poultry litter contains the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, endocrine disruptors that have been detected in surface waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of poultry litter applications on estradiol and testosterone concentrations in subsurface drainage and surface runoff in irrigated crop land under no-till and conventional-till management. We conducted an irrigation study in fall of 2001 and spring of 2002. Four treatments, no-till plus poultry litter, conventional-till plus poultry litter, no-till plus conventional fertilizer, and conventional-till plus conventional fertilizer, were evaluated. Flow-weighted concentration and load ha(-1) of the two hormones were measured in drainage and runoff. Soil concentrations of estradiol and testosterone were measured. Based on comparisons to the conventional fertilizer (and control) treatments, poultry litter did not add to the flow-weighted concentration or load ha(-1) of either estradiol or testosterone in subsurface drainage or surface runoff. Significant differences were, however, observed between tillage treatments: flow-weighted concentrations of estradiol were greater for no-till than conventional-till plots of the June irrigation; and runoff loads of both estradiol and testosterone were less from no-till than conventional-till plots for the November irrigation. Although the differences between no-till and conventional-tillage appeared to affect the hydrologic transport of both hormones, the differences appeared to have inconsequential environmental impact.
Evolution of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Responses: Go Fish

Endocrinology 2003 Oct;144(10):4223-4225. Evolution of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Responses: Go Fish Michael E. Baker Department of Medicine, 0693 University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0693 In the pre-molecular biology era, before the cloning of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), more was known about the binding of aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone and other corticosteroids to the GR than was known about their binding to the MR. The GR had advantages of being both present in reasonable quantities and sufficiently stable in tissue homogenates for steroid competition analyses. Moreover, establishment of the rat hepatoma HTC cell line in Tomkins’ laboratory (1) provided the opportunity for parallel studies of the binding of cortisol, corticosterone and other corticosteroids to the GR and their effects on GR-mediated induction of tyrosine amino transferase. In addition, HTC cell extracts did not contain corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), which was present in tissue homogenates, and skewed measurements of the binding of endogenous glucocorticoids to the GR. In contrast, the MR was much more difficult to study due to low levels of MR in the kidney, the main target organ for aldosterone, and MR instability in kidney homogenates. Moreover, CBG in kidney homogenates made it difficult to study the competitive binding of cortisol corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone and other glucocorticoids to the MR (2). With effort CBG was removed from kidney homogenates, and there was a surprise: aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol have similar affinity for the MR. Even more surprising was the demonstration that hippocampus, a non-traditional aldosterone target tissue, contained an MR with specificity similar to that in the kidney MR (3,4). The cloning of the human MR by Arriza et al. (5) established that aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol also had similar affinity for the human MR, although in the cell cultures studied, aldosterone was active at a 10-fold lower concentration than cortisol in stimulating MR-mediated transcription (6). The presence of mRNA for MR was verified in brain and heart, as well as traditional tissues, kidney and colon. These studies (2-6) raised important questions about aldosterone action. First, because free levels of glucocorticoids are 100-fold higher in blood than those of aldosterone, how could aldosterone bind to MR and regulate the mineralocorticoid response? Second, what is the function of a mineralocorticoid receptor in the brain and heart?
Cohomology of Isoparametric Hypersurfaces in Hilbert Space

One obtains descriptions of the cohomology ring of the manifolds mentioned in the title in terms of their multiplicities and the Euler, respectively Stiefel–Whitney classes of the curvature distributions. Lifts of equifocal hypersurfaces in symmetric spaces are also discussed.
Characterization of a porous medium employing numerical tools: Permeability and pressure-drop from Darcy to turbulence

Abstract A large set of microscopic flow simulations in the Representative Elementary Volume (REV) of a porous medium formed by staggered square cylinders is presented. For each Reynolds number selected, 10 different porosities are simulated in the 5–95% range. The Reynolds number is varied from Re = 10 −3 to Re = 10 5 , covering the Stokes flow regime, the laminar flow regime and the turbulence flow regime. Low and moderate Reynolds number flow solutions ( Re ⩽ 200) are achieved by numerically solving the 2D Navier–Stokes equations. Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations are employed to simulate the turbulence regime. Numerical results allow the investigation of the microscopic features of the flow as a function of the porosity and Reynolds number. Based on these microscopic results, the permeability of the porous medium is computed and a porosity-dependent correlation is developed for this macroscopic parameter. The Darcy–Forchheimer term or, equivalently, the friction factor, is also computed to characterize the porous medium for the complete range of porosity and Reynolds number simulated. The Forchheimer coefficient is found to be weakly dependent on the Reynolds number and strongly dependent on the porosity if the flow is fully turbulent. A porosity-dependent correlation is proposed for this quantity for high Reynolds numbers.
An environmental management system implementation model for U.S. colleges and universities

Abstract The Osnabruck model, and another under development by the South Carolina Sustainable Universities Initiative, are the only two EMS models that have been proposed specifically for colleges and universities, although several guides are now available. The Environmental Management System Implementation Model for U.S. Colleges and Universities detailed in this paper, an adaptation of the ISO 14001 standard and USEPA recommendations, has been tailored to U.S. colleges and universities for use in streamlining the implementation process. In using this three-phased implementation model created for the U.S. research and academic setting, it is hoped that these highly specialized institutions will be provided with a clearer and more cost-effective path towards the implementation of an EMS and greater compliance with local, state and federal environmental legislation.
The Effect of Polarity on the Diffraction of Plane Elastic Waves by a Cylindrical Cavity

An analysis considering the effect of polarity for the problem of a plane compressional wave impinging on a cylindrical cavity in the micropolar theory of elasticity is presented. In the case of plane strain, uncoupled equations are developed in Helmholtz displacement potentials and solved for the reflection of monochromatic waves. The micropolar stress and couple stress fields are found from these potentials. Three additional waves are obtained that do not occur in classical elasticity and two more waves exist in the micropolar theory than are present in the couple stress theory. Im Rahmen der mikropolaren Elastizitatstheorie wird der Polaritatseffekt bei einer ebenen, auf einen zylindrischen Hohlraum stosenden Druckwelle untersucht. Fur den Fall ebener Verformung werden die Gleichungen entkoppelt, nach Helmholtzschen Verruckungspotentialen entwickelt und fur die Reflektion monochromatischer Wellen gelost. Aus den Potentialen werden die mikropolaren Spannungs- und Momentenspannungsfelder gewonnen. Man findet drei zusatzliche Wellen, die in der klassischen Elastizitatstheorie nicht auftreten; in der mikropolaren Theorie existieren zwei Wellen mehr als nach der Momentenspannungstheorie vorhanden sind.
Characterization of nicotine's ability to serve as a negative feature in a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning task in rats

Pavlovian feature negative discriminations have been widely used to understand inhibitory conditioning processes using exteroceptive stimuli. Comparatively little is known about inhibitory conditioning processes using a drug state as a negative feature. A negative feature signals that presentation of a conditional stimulus (CS) will not be paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The present research examined whether nicotine served as a negative feature and started characterizing its properties. In acquisition, rats received intermixed saline and nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base) sessions. On saline sessions, a 15-s light CS was paired with 4-s access to sucrose; the CS was presented on nicotine sessions, but sucrose was withheld. The discrimination was acquired with more goal tracking during the CS on saline sessions. Nicotine's inhibition of this conditioned response (CR) was sensitive to nicotine dose (ED50=0.225) and injection to testing interval (CR returned at 200 min). Mecamylamine pretreatment, but not hexamethonium, produced a loss of inhibitory control by nicotine suggesting a role for central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Amphetamine, bupropion, arecoline, and chlordiazepoxide, but not caffeine, substituted for the nicotine feature. However, in locomotor tests, amphetamine and bupropion increased activity; arecoline and chlordiazepoxide decreased activity. For this reason, the motor effects of these ligands could not be dissociated from substitution via shared stimulus properties. This feature negative task provides a preclinical model for studying how drug states inhibit responding, although identifying the process(es) mediating CR inhibition will require further research.