cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary: considerations on the pharmacological treatment of compulsions and stereotypies with serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pervasive developmental disorders.

Repetitive or ritualized behaviors have been considered an integral part of autistic disorder since Kanner’s original description in 1943. Presently 5 of the 13 DSM-IV criteria refer to stereotyped, repetitive, or ritualized behavior patterns of different types. Repetitive nonpurposeful motor behaviors of both involuntary (tics) and voluntary (motor stereotypies) nature are very frequently present. A desire for “sameness” and inflexible adherence to routines is combined with internal discomfort if such rituals are not closely followed in nearly all patients. Perseveration in terms of langugage use and interests is uniformly present. Finally, more typical obsessive-compulsive behaviors such as collecting, counting, and washing rituals are also frequently present. Strict and inflexible adherence to self-directed, repetitive patters of thinking and behaving and the tension, tantruming, and aggression which occur when one attempts to interfere with them impose major obstacles to learning and social development in autism. The relationship between these different types of repetitive behavior on a neurophysiological level is unclear. Nonselective and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and dopamine blockers (typical and atypical neuroleptic agents) have been the two classes of medications most helpful for reducing the impact of some of these behaviors on academic and social functioning. This discussion is focused on the serotonin reuptake blockers since neuroleptics are discussed elsewhere. The nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, clomipramine, was shown to be differentially effective in treating autistic symptomatology with both placebo and the primarily noradrenergic tricyclic agent desipramine in a double-blind comparison in 24 children with autism and adolescents (Gordon, State, Nelson, Hamburger, & Rapoport, 1993). Clomipramine improved obsessive-compulsive symptoms as hypothesized.
The formation of lipid-bound carnitine derivatives in the fat body of Phormia regina

Abstract Carnitine is incorporated into a phosphatide as β-methylcholine in several insects. The object of this investigation was to further elucidate the mechanism involved. Cell-free fat-body preparations of Phormia regina larvae catalyse the formation of acyl-carnitines, and this reaction is inhibited by CoA, γ-butyrobetaine, and trimethylamino-propane-1-ol. A minor lipid component was also isolated and this behaved in several tests similar to a phosphatide. In vivo the major carnitine derivative is phosphatidyl-methylcholine whereas in vitro preparations of fat body favour enzymic pathways leading to the formation of long-chain acyl-carnitine derivatives.
Dynamic changes in electrogram morphology at functional lines of block in reentrant circuits during ventricular tachycardia in the infarcted canine heart: a new method to localize reentrant circuits from electrogram features using adaptive template matching.

Localization of Reentrant Circuits Using ATM. Introduction: Fractionated, low-amplitude or long-duration electrograms have limited specificity for locating reentrant circuits causing ventricular tachycardia (VT). In this study a new method is described, adaptive template matching (ATM), based on the quantification of beat-to-beat changes in electrograms, for locating functional reentrant circuits that are relatively stable and cause monomorphic VT. Methods and Results: Monomorphic VTs were induced in 4-day-old infarcted canine hearts by programmed stimulation and reentrant circuits mapped in the epicardial border zone with a 196 or 312 bipolar electrode array. For ATM analysis, a template electrogram from each electrode, during an early cycle, was matched with all subsequent (input) electrograms at the same site by weighting the inputs of amplitude, duration, average baseline, and phase lag. The mean square error (MSE) between template and input was the criterion used to adapt the weights, and was also a measure of changes in electrogram shape that occur from cycle to cycle. The variance of each of the weighting parameters at all electrode sites were plotted on a representation of the electrode array, and the location of the functional lines of block bounding the central common pathway of reentrant circuits with figure-of-eight characteristics, overlaid on the ATM map. Peaks of high variance were found to be coincident with functional lines of block during all tachycardia episodes. Conclusion: Specific beat-to-beat changes in electrograms occur at functional lines of block in reentrant circuits that can be quantified by ATM analysis, suggesting that these regions might be located without activation mapping. The method might be useful to guide ablation catheter position.
Effects of processing on the nutraceutical profile of quinoa

Quinoa flour was subjected to a variety of thermal processes. Both unprocessed and processed quinoa samples were subjected to successive extractions in methanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Effects of processing were gauged via comparison of HPLC chromatograms of the quinoa extracts. Quinoa flour subjected to processing via roasting and extrusion resulted in a significant impact on the chemical profile when compared to unprocessed quinoa flour. Steam pre-conditioning had minimal effects on the chemical profile of quinoa flour. Process-enhanced isolate from roasted and extruded quinoa possessed a molecular weight of 480 D, was dissolved in methanol and ethyl acetate, and possessed a NMR spectra reminiscent of a terpenoid compound. This research suggests that thermal processing of quinoa flour can result in degradation of saponin molecules. Saponin decomposition may influence sensory or pharmacological properties.
Partially Activated Human Skeletal Muscle: An Experimental Investigation of Force, Velocity, and EMG

Experiments are described which establish quantitative relations between muscular force, contraction velocity, and the electrical activity of the muscle (as measured by the surface EMG) under conditions of steady motion. The six subjects who participated in these experiments were all athletes. Test results confirm that human skeletal muscle in vivo behaves differently when it is contracting under load than when it is extending under load. At maximum voluntary effort the force-velocity relation is similar to that found for excised, tetanized muscle (Hill’s equation). Antagonist activity was found to be low under all conditions of load and velocity. Simple equations are proposed to describe the observed force-velocity-activation relations. The parameters of these equations, which represent the apparent internal friction properties of the muscles, are evaluated and reported.
The Influence of Season and the Age of Layers on Egg Weight, Shape Index, Albumen Quality and Shell Thickness

Abstract IN RECENT years an increasing number of poultrymen have been keeping layers for a second year of production. While adequate information is available on changes in egg quality during the pullet year, experimental evidence on the effect of age on egg quality during the second year of production is, with the exception of egg weight, relatively limited. Romanoff and Romanoff (1949) reviewed the literature on the changes in egg weight as the age of layers increases. They state that in spring hatched pullets egg weight increases from October to February or March, then declines somewhat until midsummer, but subsequently increases until it approximates that of two year old hens in October or November. According to these authors two year old hens lay their largest eggs in December or January and their smallest eggs in May, June and July. Benjamin (1920) in an experiment with Single Comb White Leghorns, found no …
Response from He

The comparison between the flagellar assembly and Hrp secretion systems is intended to highlight sequence similarities between the components of flagellar and Hrp secretion complexes, rather than between the respective filaments. The flagellar filament and the Hrp pilus may be considered structural equivalents in terms of their filamentous nature. They are certainly not structural homologues.The suggestion that pilus-like structures (<10 nm in diameter) might be required for the transport of macromolecules from bacteria to recipients only with cell walls (for example, bacteria and plant cells) is indeed intriguing. The idea that pili may be needed for reaching the recipient cell cytoplasm in this situation certainly merits further investigation.
Impact strength measurement of spot welds

AbstractThe impact strength of spot welds is a very important quality index in the automotive industry. However, impact testing is not routinely performed for weld quality testing because of its complexity, cost and relatively low reliability and repeatability. In this paper, the impact strength of steel spot welds was measured using a newly designed impact tester. Besides the impact energy of the welds, detailed impact process characteristics, such as impact force and displacement profiles, which may be important to understanding the impact performance of a weld for vehicle design and analysis, were also recorded. A brief description of the new impact tester and experimental results on welded joints using this device are presented. A sensitivity study of testing results to specimen size has been conducted, prior to experiments on the influence of weld size, shape and orientation on the impact strength of resistance spot-welded joints. Results of impact testing were also compared with those of static tens...
Ion mobility separation of variant histone tails extending to the "middle-down" range.

Differential ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) can baseline-resolve multiple variants of post-translationally modified peptides extending to the 3–4 kDa range, which differ in the localization of a PTM as small as acetylation. Essentially orthogonal separations for different charge states expand the total peak capacity with the number of observed states that increases for longer polypeptides. This potentially enables resolving localization variants for yet larger peptides and even intact proteins.
Dependence of the activity of the poliovirus replicase on a host cell protein

Abstract Two poliovirus-specific RNA polymerase activities have been identified: a poly(U) polymerase that copies poly(A)·oligo(U) and a replicase that copies natural heteropolymers with some preference for poliovirus RNA. Both activities purified together until a step of a salt gradient elution from poly(U)-agarose, when poly(U) polymerase but no replicase was recovered. Addition of a salt wash fraction from the ribosomes of uninfected cells to this poly(U) polymerase fraction reconstituted replicase activity, and a host factor was purified 50 fold from the ribosomal salt wash. None of the available initiation factors or elongation factors for protein synthesis were able to reconstitute replicase activity. Host factor activity could be supplied by adding oligo(U), suggesting that the factor acts at the initiation step of RNA replication. With the purified replicase-host factor combination, only poly(A)-containing RNAs were copied, and a preference for poliovirus RNA was shown.
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis and the Multiple, Atypical Nucleoli in Cleaving Embryos

The rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis per nucleus in cleaving sea urchin embryos is similar to the rate at later embryonic stages. The multiple, atypical nucleoli, present in early embryos and usually attributed to decreased ribosomal RNA synthesis, are beginning stages of nucleolar formation. Full nucleolar development requires more time than the brief interphase of the rapidly dividing cells.
THE CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF POROUS METALS AT HIGH RATES OF DEFORMATION

The constitutive behavior of fully dense and porous Ti-6A1-4V at high rates of deformation is investigated using a Kolsky compression bar: stress-strain curves are obtained for homogeneous compressive deformations at strain rates between 102-104 s-'. In addition to the high rate testing, the behavior of the fully dense and porous materials in quasistatic compressionis obtained. The porous metal does show a higherdegree of strain hardening at both low and high rates due to the compressibility of the pores.
L'analyse de la variation saisonniére quand l'amplitude et la taille sont faibles

Studies of seasonal variation are valuable in biomedical research because they can help to discover the etiology of diseases that are not well understood. Generally in these studies the data have certain characteristics that require specialized tests and methods for the statistical analysis. But the effectiveness of these specialized tests is variable, especially according to the seasonal variation, the dimension of the amplitude in the seasonal variation, and the sample size. The purpose of this paper is to present a test and methods appropriate for the analysis and modeling of data whose seasonal variation has small amplitude and whose sample size is small. This test can detect different kinds of seasonal variation. The results from a simulation study show that the test performs very well. The application of these methods is illustrated by two examples.
Conventional transport assays underestimate sugar transport rates in human red cells

Abstract The time course of protein-mediated 3- O -methylglucose uptake by human red cells and by red cell ghosts containing or lacking 4 mM MgATP was measured at ice temperature and sub-saturating sugar levels by conventional sampling procedures and at 20°C by use of a quench-flow apparatus. The temporal resolution of the quench-flow apparatus (as fast as 5-ms sample times) was confirmed by analysis of alkaline hydrolysis of dinitrophenolacetate. Red cell sugar uptake at 4°C is consistent with two processes [fast ( τ = 120 s) and slow ( τ = 1100 s)] that occur in series. Intracellular ATP increases the size and the rate of equilibration of the fast compartment and slows the rate of filling of the slow compartment. Red cell ghost volume and protein content are unaffected by lysis/resealing in the presence of ATP. Uptake at 20°C is also consistent with two processes [fast ( τ = 10 ms) and slow ( τ = 15 s)] that occur in series. ATP increases the size of both compartments and the rate of filling of the small compartment at 20°C. Preliminary estimates indicate that the sugar uptake capacity of human red cells at 20°C is underestimated by as much as 8-fold by measuring sugar uptake over 2 s vs. 26 ms. We discuss the implications of multiphasic sugar uptake in the context of models for protein-mediated sugar transport.
Left ventricular dimensions and function in athletes: cardiac or cardiovascular adaptations, or both?

Echocardiographic studies of endurance athletes demonstrate greater left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions and volume than are observed in healthy untrained men. The greater exercise capacity of trained men was attributed to greater left ventricular systolic reserve and cardiac oxygen consumption as well as to altered blood flow distribution and regional aerobic metabolism
Procedures in Research on Identity Status: Some Notes on Method

The purpose of this paper was to delineate some of the inconsistencies in method found in research on identity status. This construct, operationalized by Marcia in 1964 as a means of testing hypoth...
The California rice cropping system: agronomic and natural resource issues for long-term sustainability

California rice is produced on approximately 200,000 ha mostly in the Sacramento Valley. The crop is planted in April/May and harvested in September/October. The growing season is characterized by a Mediterranean climate with negligible rainfall, high solar radiation, and relatively cold nighttime temperatures, thus yields may exceed 9 t ha−1, 20% above the US average. California is a highly urbanized State with an affluent population demanding agricultural practices to be environmentally benign and food products to be safe for human health. This has contributed to a rigorous regulatory climate for plant protection chemicals thus increasing the cost of production. Likewise, the resource base is being challenged. Increased demand for clean potable water for urban expansion and the demand for environmental water compete with rice for limited supplies while raising cost. Production problems, such as straw management for cleaner air, weed resistance to herbicides, and the introduction of exotic pests also contribute to higher costs. The California rice industry is challenged by the increasing complexity of the rice production system to meet both the off-farm public demands and the on-farm need for higher productivity.
An expanded genome-scale model of Escherichia coli K-12 (iJR904 GSM/GPR)

Diverse datasets, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data, are becoming readily available for specific organisms. There is currently a need to integrate these datasets within an in silico modeling framework. Constraint-based models of Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 have been developed and used to study the bacterium's metabolism and phenotypic behavior. The most comprehensive E. coli model to date (E. coli iJE660a GSM) accounts for 660 genes and includes 627 unique biochemical reactions. An expanded genome-scale metabolic model of E. coli (iJR904 GSM/GPR) has been reconstructed which includes 904 genes and 931 unique biochemical reactions. The reactions in the expanded model are both elementally and charge balanced. Network gap analysis led to putative assignments for 55 open reading frames (ORFs). Gene to protein to reaction associations (GPR) are now directly included in the model. Comparisons between predictions made by iJR904 and iJE660a models show that they are generally similar but differ under certain circumstances. Analysis of genome-scale proton balancing shows how the flux of protons into and out of the medium is important for maximizing cellular growth. E. coli iJR904 has improved capabilities over iJE660a. iJR904 is a more complete and chemically accurate description of E. coli metabolism than iJE660a. Perhaps most importantly, iJR904 can be used for analyzing and integrating the diverse datasets. iJR904 will help to outline the genotype-phenotype relationship for E. coli K-12, as it can account for genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and fluxomic data simultaneously.
An Information-theoretic Learning Algorithm for Neural Network Classification

A new learning algorithm is developed for the design of statistical classifiers minimizing the rate of misclassification. The method, which is based on ideas from information theory and analogies to statistical physics, assigns data to classes in probability. The distributions are chosen to minimize the expected classification error while simultaneously enforcing the classifier's structure and a level of "randomness" measured by Shannon's entropy. Achievement of the classifier structure is quantified by an associated cost. The constrained optimization problem is equivalent to the minimization of a Helmholtz free energy, and the resulting optimization method is a basic extension of the deterministic annealing algorithm that explicitly enforces structural constraints on assignments while reducing the entropy and expected cost with temperature. In the limit of low temperature, the error rate is minimized directly and a hard classifier with the requisite structure is obtained. This learning algorithm can be used to design a variety of classifier structures. The approach is compared with standard methods for radial basis function design and is demonstrated to substantially outperform other design methods on several benchmark examples, while often retaining design complexity comparable to, or only moderately greater than that of strict descent-based methods.
Structural basis for telomeric single-stranded DNA recognition by yeast Cdc13.

Abstract The essential budding yeast telomere-binding protein Cdc13 is required for telomere replication and end protection. Cdc13 specifically binds telomeric, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) 3′ overhangs with high affinity using an OB-fold domain. We have determined the high-resolution solution structure of the Cdc13 DNA-binding domain (DBD) complexed with a cognate telomeric ssDNA. The ssDNA wraps around one entire face of the Cdc13-DBD OB-fold in an extended, irregular conformation. Recognition of the ssDNA bases occurs primarily through aromatic, basic, and hydrophobic amino acid residues, the majority of which are evolutionarily conserved among budding yeast species and contribute significantly to the energetics of binding. Contacting five of 11 ssDNA nucleotides, the large, ordered β2–β3 loop is crucial for complex formation and is a unique elaboration on the binding mode commonly observed in OB-fold proteins. The sequence-specific Cdc13-DBD/ssDNA complex presents a complementary counterpoint to the interactions observed in the Oxytricha nova telomere end-binding and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pot1 complexes. Analysis of the Cdc13-DBD/ssDNA complex indicates that molecular recognition of extended single-stranded nucleic acids may proceed via a folding-type mechanism rather than resulting from specific patterns of hydrogen bonds. The structure reported here provides a foundation for understanding the mechanism by which Cdc13 recognizes GT-rich heterogeneous sequences with both unusually strong affinity and high specificity.
Pathologic Changes Associated with Shoulder Dislocations Arthroscopic and Physical Examination Findings in First-Time, Traumatic Anterior Dislocations

This prospective observational study was performed on young patients, less than 24 years old, with first-time, traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations. These patients were offered either arthroscopic or nonoperative treatment. Fifty-three patients chose nonoperative treatment. Sixty-three patients elected to have arthroscopic procedures. The average patient age was 19.6 years. There were 59 men and 4 women. All procedures were performed within 10 days of dislocation. All 63 patients had hemarthrosis. Sixty-one of 63 (97%) patients treated surgically had complete detachment of the capsuloligamentous complex from the glenoid rim and neck (Perthes-Bankart lesion), with no gross evidence of intracapsular injury. Of the other two patients, one had an avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament from the neck of the humerus, and one had an interstitial capsular tear adjacent to the intact glenoid labrum. Fifty-seven patients had Hill-Sachs lesions; none were large. There were six superior labral anterior posterior lesions, two with detachment of the biceps tendon. There were no rotator cuff tears. Of the 53 nonoperatively treated patients, 48 (90%) have developed recurrent instability. In this population, the capsulolabral avulsion appeared to be the primary gross pathologic lesion after a first-time dislocation. These findings, associated with the 90% nonoperative recurrence rate, suggest a strong association between recurrent instability and the Perthes-Bankart lesion in this population.
Profiling microRNA expression in bovine articular cartilage and implications for mechanotransduction.

Objective Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with precise polarity and organization comprising 3 distinct functional zones: the surface, middle, and deep zones. Each zone has a different gene expression pattern that plays a specific role in articular cartilage development and maintenance. MicroRNA (miRNA) are small noncoding gene products that play an important regulatory role in determining cell differentiation and function. The purpose of this study was to test our hypothesis that miRNA expression profiles in the different articular cartilage zones as well as between regions subjected to different levels of weight-bearing stresses are unique. Methods Using an miRNA microarray approach in conjunction with quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, we identified miRNA in bovine articular cartilage that were differentially expressed in the different functional zones and in the anterior weight-bearing and posterior non–weight-bearing regions of the medial femoral condyle (M1 and M4, respectively). Results We identified miRNA-221 and miR-222 as part of a subset of differentially expressed miRNA that were up-regulated in articular cartilage in the anterior, M1, greater weight-bearing location. Additionally, miR-126, miR-145, and miR-335 were down-regulated in monolayers of tissue-cultured chondrocytes as compared with levels determined directly from intact native cartilage. Conclusion In conclusion, miR-222 expression patterns in articular cartilage are higher in the weight-bearing anterior medial condyle as compared with the posterior non–weight-bearing medial condyle. Thus, miR-222 might be a potential regulator of an articular cartilage mechanotransduction pathway. These data implicate miRNA in the maintenance of articular cartilage homeostasis and are therefore targets for articular cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Making recommendations better: an analytic model for human-recommender interaction

Recommender systems do not always generate good recommendations for users. In order to improve recommender quality, we argue that recommenders need a deeper understanding of users and their information seeking tasks. Human-Recommender Interaction (HRI) provides a framework and a methodology for understanding users, their tasks, and recommender algorithms using a common language. Further, by using an analytic process model, HRI becomes not only descriptive, but also constructive. It can help with the design and structure of a recommender system, and it can act as a bridge between user information seeking tasks and recommender algorithms.
THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF PEER VARIABLES ON DELINQUENCY

Drawing on relevant theory and research, it is argued that the impact of delinquent peers on delinquency is conditioned by (1) attachment to peers, (2) time spent with peers, and (3) the extent to which peers present delinquent patterns (i.e., present definitions favorable to delinquency, model delinquent behavior, and differentially rein force delinquency). Regression analyses with data from the National Youth Survey provide partial support for these arguments. When the above variables are at their mean or lower levels, a measure of association with peers who engage in serious delinquency has no impact or a negative impact on delinquency. When the above variables are at higher levels, delinquent peers (serious) has a strong, positive impact on delinquency. A measure of association with peers who engage in minor delinquency, however, is not conditioned by the above variables.
Expression of a Thatcher Wheat Adult Plant Stem Rust Resistance QTL on Chromosome Arm 2BL is Enhanced by Lr34

An F 6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) population derived from RL6071, a stem rust susceptible line, and RL6058, a backcross line of Thatcher wheat with Lr34 that is highly resistant to stem rust, was evaluated for adult plant stem rust resistance in North Dakota in 1999, and in Kenya in 2007 and 2008. In all three tests, most RILs that exhibited low stem rust severity had Lr34 and most lines that had high disease severity lacked Lr34. Molecular mapping with DArT and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers detected a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for adult plant stem rust resistance on chromosome arm 2BL. The RILs with both Lr34 and DArT marker wPt5044 on 2BL had signifi cantly lower stem rust severities compared with lines that only had Lr34 in North Dakota 1999 and Kenya 2008. Marker wPt5044 alone did not signifi cantly increase stem rust resistance. The QTL region on 2BL was not associated with any previously mapped Thatcher seedling stem rust resistance genes. The stem rust resistance in Thatcher enhanced by the presence of Lr34 is effective to different races in North America and Kenya and mapped to the same QTL.
Towards automatic real time preparation of on-line video proceedings for conference talks and presentations

How many times did you miss a conference talk on a parallel track and wish you had a second chance to see it? Or you just wanted to see a few talks from a conference you did not attend? Video proceedings, which contain videos of all the conference talks, would be of a great value in these cases and in many others. With recent progress in digital video, streaming technology, large storage, Internet and especially video indexing and retrieval technology, video proceedings finally become a reality. The key challenge is to create it in an efficient way and to provide the user with easy, intuitive and rapid access to the talks and the snippets of video that he is looking for. This paper describes an application that allows a nearly automatic real time creation of video proceedings. All the talks are captured in video, and are automatically indexed by speech recognition and video analysis tools. The abstracts and speaker's biography are extracted from the text proceedings and are converted to web pages. Free text search in speech and efficient multi-view video browsing are combined with a table of contents to compose fully searchable and browsable video proceedings. The paper covers different aspects of the problem, an overview of the CueVideo system and examples from two conferences that we have processed using this system.
Stochasticity and heterogeneity in host–vector models

Demographic stochasticity and heterogeneity in transmission of infection can affect the dynamics of host–vector disease systems in important ways. We discuss the use of analytic techniques to assess the impact of demographic stochasticity in both well-mixed and heterogeneous settings. Disease invasion probabilities can be calculated using branching process methodology. We review the use of this theory for host–vector infections and examine its use in the face of heterogeneous transmission. Situations in which there is a marked asymmetry in transmission between host and vector are seen to be of particular interest. For endemic infections, stochasticity leads to variation in prevalence about the endemic level. If these fluctuations are large enough, disease extinction can occur via endemic fade-out. We develop moment equations that quantify the impact of stochasticity, providing insight into the likelihood of stochastic extinction. We frame our discussion in terms of the simple Ross malaria model, but discuss extensions to more realistic host–vector models.
Early outcome of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a matched comparison with mini-open rotator cuff repair.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the early functional outcome of mini-open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 128 patients with chronic small- and medium-sized rotator cuff tears who underwent mini-open rotator cuff repair (MRCR) (n=63) or arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) (n = 65). Data were collected prospectively at baseline 1 to 2 weeks before surgery and at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Patients were identified from a prospectively created database based on the dimensions of the size of the tear as determined intraoperatively. Outcome was assessed via physical examination, visual analog scales (VASs), the Simple Shoulder Test, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. Changes between baseline and follow-up were compared. Results: All demographic variables and preoperative baseline parameters of the 2 groups were equivalent. At 3 and 6 months, both MRCR and ARCR showed statistically significant improvement in all patient-derived outcome parameters ( P ≤ .0001) except for three SF-36 variables. The improvements in the SF-36 bodily pain score at 3 months postoperatively ( P = .041) and the VAS pain score at 6 months postoperatively ( P = .03) were better for ARCR. All other improvements in patient-derived parameters were equivalent. Conclusions: In our retrospective study we found that the early functional outcomes of MRCR and ARCR of small- and medium-sized rotator cuff tears are nearly equivalent. In light of the purported advantages of ARCR that motivate its popularity, this is an unexpected finding. However, an equally important result of this study was the finding that ARCR was associated with statistically significant improvement in the 3-month SF-36 bodily pain score and 6-month VAS pain score ( P = .041 and .03, respectively). Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective therapeutic comparative study.
Reformatting Preservation Departments: The Effect of Digitization on Workload and Staff

This study investigates whether digitization has affected the workload and staffing of preservation departments. Data from a survey of eighteen ARL libraries over five years were used to track the number of reformatting tasks completed and staffing trends in order to determine whether there is an evident effect from digitization. Analysis reveals that the number of items processed by preservation departments has increased by ten percent due to digital-reformatting tasks and without a corresponding increase in staffing. The shape of preservation departments is indeed shifting, and this trend should be followed closely over subsequent years
Measuring the effectiveness of an overview display for the mission to launch platform assignment process essential to the Tomahawk strike coordinator

This paper describes a computerized decision tool that supports Tomahawk strike coordinators in the complex process of allocating missions to launch platforms. The research followed a human-centered systems design process. The first phase involved a domain analysis of the Tomahawk weapon system, and the platform assignment process used by Tomahawk strike coordinators in the U.S. Navy today. The next phase was an iterative process of prototype development resulting in a decision tool that utilizes a high-level overview display, a graphic representation of platform characteristics, and an assignment tool. In the final phase, thirty two undergraduate students were trained and tested on one of two versions of the prototype (with or without an overview display). The results support the hypotheses that those subjects utilizing the high-level overview display make assignments faster and rate their situation awareness higher during the assignment process than those without the overview display.
Simplified method for modeling the impact of arbitrary partial shading conditions on PV array performance

It is often difficult to model the effects of partial shading conditions on PV array performance, as shade losses are nonlinear and depend heavily on a system's particular configuration. This work describes and implements a simple method for modeling shade loss: a database of shade impact results (loss percentages), generated using a validated, detailed simulation tool and encompassing a wide variety of shading scenarios. The database is intended to predict shading losses in crystalline silicon PV arrays and is accessed using basic inputs generally available in any PV simulation tool. Performance predictions using the database are within 1–2% of measured data for several partially shaded PV systems, and within 1% of those predicted by the full, detailed simulation tool on an annual basis. The shade loss database shows potential to considerably improve performance prediction for partially shaded PV systems.
Colistin, an Old Drug in a New Territory, Solid Organ Transplantation.

Abstract Background The clinical experience with colistin therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens in solid organ transplantation is limited. Methods Patients transplanted from January 2003 to July 2011 and treated with intravenous or nebulized colistin were included. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patients' characteristics and Kaplan-Meier curves for survival analysis. Results Fifteen patients were included: 10 adults (median age, 54.6 y; range, 32.2–79.6 y) and 5 children (median age, 3.3 y; range, 1.1–10.4 y). Eight patients had intra-abdominal infections, 3 had pneumonia, and 4 had bacteremia. The infections were diagnosed at a median of 5.9 months (range, 0.8–49.8 mo) after transplantation. Eight patients had coinfections, mainly with enteric pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 13 cases and ESBL Klebsiella oxytoca and ESBL Escherichia coli were isolated in 1 case each. Thirteen patients received concomitant antibiotics with colistin. The median dose of intravenous colistin (13 patients) was 2.7 mg/kg/d (range, 1–4.9 mg/kg/d) and nebulized colistin (2 patients) was 241.7 mg/d (range, 150–333.3 mg/d). Clinical cure was achieved in 9 patients (60%). Four-week survival rate after infection was 86.7% (95% confidence interval, 56.4%–96.5%). There was no difference in the median creatinine clearance in adults ( P = .38) or children ( P = .88) before and after colistin. One patient had both neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and 1 patient had neurotoxicity only. Conclusions Colistin might be used as an alternate therapy for transplant patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens.
Identification, intentions and entrepreneurial opportunities: an integrative process model

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the cognitive processes whereby persons develop intentions to enact entrepreneurial behaviours via exploring entrepreneurial identification as a significant influence on an individual’s intentions to recognise and exploit opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – In this conceptual paper, insights from Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour are utilised to develop propositions regarding the influence of entrepreneurial identification on intentions to search for opportunities and commit resources to exploiting opportunities. The role of two behavioural controls – entrepreneurial munificence and domain relevant knowledge – are discussed as influencing both an individual’s ability and desire to recognise and exploit opportunities. Opportunity recognition and exploitation are also suggested to reinforce an individual’s entrepreneurial identification, creating a recursive relationship between identification and entrepreneurial behaviour. Findings – The l...
Cubic Aluminum Silicides RE8Ru12Al49Si9(AlxSi12-x) (RE = Pr, Sm) from Liquid Aluminum. Empty (Si,Al)12 Cuboctahedral Clusters and Assignment of the Al/Si Distribution with Neutron Diffraction

Two new quaternary aluminum silicides, RE8Ru12Al49Si9(AlxSi12-x) (x ∼ 4; RE = Pr, Sm), have been synthesized from Sm (or Sm2O3), Pr, Ru, and Si in molten aluminum between 800 and 1000 °C in sealed fused silica tubes. Both compounds form black shiny crystals that are stable in air and NaOH. The Nd analog is also stable. The compounds crystallize in a new structural type. The structure, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is cubic, space group Pm3m with Z = 1, and has lattice parameters of a = 11.510(1) A for Sm8Ru12Al49Si9(AlxSi12-x) and a = 11.553(2) A for Pr8Ru12Al49Si9(AlxSi12-x) (x ∼ 4). The structure consists of octahedral units of AlSi6, at the cell center, Si2Ru4Al8 clusters, at each face center, SiAl8 cubes, at the middle of the cell edges, and unique (Al,Si)12 cuboctohedral clusters, at the cell corners. These different structural units are connected to each other either by shared atoms, Al−Al bonds, or Al−Ru bonds. The rare earth metal atoms fill the space between various structural ...
Signal conditioning for UAV-radar in vital sign monitoring

A customized signal conditioning circuit has been simulated, fabricated and tested for assisting vital sign monitoring using a short distance Doppler radar installed in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Vital sign detection using UAV in real-time requires wireless transmission of baseband data to the monitoring station. Methods have been devised to achieve this goal.
Revising history: Elvira Giallanella’s Umanità and the editing of gender

AbstractA mix of fantasy, history, spirituality, and political engagement, Elvira Giallanella’s film, Umanita (1920), is a sort of Carrollian ‘through the looking glass’ in which reality resembles itself but upside-down. In the immediate aftermath of WWI, Giallanella’s film – a revision of Vittorio Emanuele Bravetta’s 1916 children’s story from 1916. children’s story – both reflects and critiques gender roles that had been temporarily fissured by the war itself. A feminist position transpires in the juxtaposition of the pre-war male-authored text with the postwar female-directed film, further revised by men. An invaluable historical source, Umanita not only offers insight into a woman’s and a feminist’s perspective on the Great War and its aftermath but also sheds light on the moral, political, and philosophical atmosphere of destabilization at the time. Coming full circle, Umanita suffered from the very same revisions by the re-established postwar patriarchy, and by the end of the 1920s, cinema itself ha...
Development of the mucosal barrier: bacterial toxin interaction with the immature enterocyte.

The microvillus surface of the enterocyte has been studied extensively to determine if compositional differences in pre-and postweaned animals can account for the increased incidence of immunologic and infectious intestinal disease states in newborns. The interaction of cholera toxin with the developing enterocyte was studied with respect to receptor-effector response. In previous studies, we have reported that more toxin binds to the preweaned animal gut than to the postweaned. More recently we have shown that toxin causes an increased cAMP response and decreased Na+-Kl+ATPase response, suggesting that the enhanced response to toxin by the immature enterocyte may contribute to increased toxigenic diarrhea in newborns.
Scar Revision and Dermabrasion

Ideal facial scars when matured should be narrow, flat, and parallel to relaxed skin tension lines or along boundaries of facial subunits. Several scar revision techniques can be combined with adjunctive procedures to significantly improve the appearance of unfavorable scars.
GRADED RESPONSES IN ACTIVE MEMBRANES

Some axons exhibit subthreshold oscillations and some dendrites propagate spikes, neither of which would occur if the membranes are purely passive. This chapter discusses these phenomena. Depending on membrane properties and stimulus strength, the subthreshold response of an axon could be either as predicted by the cable equations or in the form of a damped oscillation. Such oscillations could be computed for the space-clamped axon by using a linearized approximation of their model. The chapter discusses graded pulses (g-pulses) that may be of importance for signal transmission in dendrites and other fibers, where they could be propagated over long distances without complete attenuation. Because they are less refractory than all-or-none spikes, g-pulses can be summated more flexibly. They represent a whole range of signals from the nondecremental action potential to electrotonic responses, combining flexibility and reliability to varying degrees. The study of g-pulses under varying degrees of regeneration should help in elucidating the molecular basis of membrane excitability.
Blood supply to the bovine ovary.

Summary Corrosion or latex casts of arteries supplying the uterine horns and ovaries on one or both sides of 30 cows were prepared. The uterine branch (Ramus uterinus) of the ovarian artery (A. ovarica) and especially its anastomosis with the uterine artery (A. uterinus) was larger on the side near an ovary containing a corpus luteum (CL). It is possible that the blood supply to the ovary containing a corpus luteum comprises blood from both the uterine and ovarian arteries. The importance of this relationship to ovarian function was tested by section of the A. ovarica or its R. uterinus, and observing estrous cycles, ovarian morphology and steroid secretion. The results indicate that the anastomosis is necessary for normal cyclic ovarian function. This finding has implications for an understanding of the functional anatomy of the vessels of the genital tract and for the regulation of luteal function. A useful approach to measuring blood flow to the ovary is also outlined. The blood supply to 14 of 16 CL comprised a single primary branch of the Ramus tubarius of the A. ovarica. Other primary branches supply separate compartments of the ovary.
An Application of Socialization Resources Theory: Collegiate Student-Athletes’ Team Socialization as a Function of Their Social Exchanges With Coaches and Teammates

Student-athletes’ adjustment to their collegiate teams is noted as especially difficult but is also underdeveloped as a topic of research. This article uses Socialization Resources theory to argue that student-athletes’ leader-member exchanges with coaches and team-member exchanges with teammates provide them with important resources that assist in their socialization. Data collected from 160 Division-I student-athletes from five universities demonstrated that portions of their understandings of team history, politics, and values and goals are accounted for by their exchange relationships. In particular, exchanges with assistant coaches and teammates appear to be most salient within student-athletes’ socialization process. As such, this article provides insight regarding the social dynamics that shape collegiate athletes’ understandings of their environments.
Expanding the Happiness Paradox: Ethnoracial Disparities in Life Satisfaction Among Older Immigrants in the United States:

Objective: This study investigated nativity disparities in life satisfaction among ethnoracial groups of older adults in the United States and the factors associated with such disparities. Method: ...
Towards finding optimal solutions with non-admissible heuristics: a new technique

A problem with A* is that it fails to guarantee optimal solutions when its heuristic, h, overestimates. Since optimal solutions are often desired and an underestimating h is not always available, we seek to remedy this. From a nonadmissible h an admissible one is generated using h's statistical properties. The new heuristic, hm, is obtained by inverting h with respect to its own least upper bound function. The set of nodes expanded when A* uses g + hm as an evaluator is compared with the set of nodes expanded using other approaches which have been suggested in the literature. A considerable potential savings in node expansion when using hm is indicated. In 8-puzzle experiments A* using g + hm expands one fifth as many nodes as does the best alternative approach.
Genome-wide association analysis of nutritional composition-related traits and iron bioavailability in cooked dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Seed nutrients in legumes are important for human health, particularly in developing countries with heavy reliance on plant-based diets, and among vegetarians in developed nations. Here, we report on our efforts to uncover the genetic basis underlying the phenotypic variation for protein, zinc, calcium concentrations, and iron bioavailability present in 206 accessions of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP). We used 8111 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to examine the allelic variants’ associations with seed protein, zinc, and calcium concentrations, and iron bioavailability in the 206 ADP accessions grown over 2 years in Michigan. These efforts identified phenotypic variation among the ADP genotypes for each of the traits, with the highest variation (5.4-fold) found for cooked seed iron bioavailability. In addition, significant SNP-trait associations were found and explained from 6.3 to 13.2% of the phenotypic variation. These results expand the current understanding of the genetic architecture underlying these complex nutritional quality traits and iron bioavailability in dry beans. Furthermore, they have utility for future nutritional quality breeding efforts to better biofortify dry bean through genomics-assisted breeding.
Difference Equation Models of Differential Equations Having Zero Local Truncation Errors

It is suggested that there exists a “best” difference equation model of a differential equation. An existence theorem is proven for the case of ordinary differential equations. The difficulties of generalizing this result to partial differential equations are discussed.