cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The behavioral effects of a new psychoactive drug (d-carbine) on a passive avoidance response and locomotion and its interaction with amphetamine.

The relationship between amphetamine and a new psychotropic drug, carbidin (in comparison with imipramine and chlorpromazine) was studied on a test of activity and the passiv avoidance conditioned response.
Computational technique for compressible vortex flows past wings at large incidence

A computational technique based on the integral solution of the full potential equation has been developed for the solution of three-dimensional subcritical flows past wings at high angles of attack. The problem includes two sources of nonlinearities: a boundary-oriented nonlinearity (separated flow roll-up) and a region-oriented nonlinearity (flow compressibility). The former is represented by a nonlinear vortex lattice, while the latter is represented by a source distribution within a finite computational volume. The solution is obtained by using double iteration cycles, a separated flow (wake) iteration cycle, and a compressibility iteration cycle. The computational technique is applied to a delta wing and the results show that the technique is accurate, promising, and efficient.
Cure Advancement of Urethane Networks Using a Sigmoidal Chemorheological Model

Archived measurements of urethane rheology undergoing crosslinking at 45, 55, and 658C were reanalyzed by a sigmoidal mathematical model. The phenomenological sigmoidal model, with two kinetic parameters associated with cure advancement coupled with parameters for the initial viscosity and the terminal viscosity of the network, captures the nonlinearities in dynamic viscosity during polymerization and were similarly compared with a power law model. The interpretation of the gel time was determined using both models, with the sigmoidal model interpretation of the gel time being defined in terms of the other kinetic constants. The takeaway message is that there is very little difference in the quality of the fit between the power law model and the sigmoidal model and the experimental dynamic viscosity data. One would need a more comprehensive dataset to make a larger comparison as to which model actually represents viscosity more accurately. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:499–503, 2010. a 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Surface crystallography of the c(2×2) sodium overlayer on Al(100)☆

Abstract Experimental LEED intensity-energy spectra are reported for clean Al(100) and for c(2×2) Na on Al(100). The experimental results are compared with spectra calculated with the layer-KKR method and found to be in good agreement for both the clean surface and the overiayer. For the overlayer, the best agreement is obtained for Na atoms in the four-fold hollow site at a perpendicular distance of 2.05 ± 0.1 A.
Cell Surface Tumor Endothelium Marker 8 Cytoplasmic Tail-independent Anthrax Toxin Binding, Proteolytic Processing, Oligomer Formation, and Internalization

The interaction of anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) and target cells was assessed, and the importance of the cytosolic domain of tumor endothelium marker 8 (TEM8) in its function as a cellular receptor for PA was evaluated. PA binding and proteolytic processing on the Chinese hamster ovary cell surface occurred rapidly, with both processes nearly reaching steady state in 5 min. Remarkably, the resulting PA63 fragment was present on the cell surface only as an oligomer, and furthermore, the oligomer was the only PA species internalized, suggesting that oligomerization of PA63 triggers receptor-mediated endocytosis. Following internalization, the PA63 oligomer was rapidly and irreversibly transformed to an SDS/heat-resistant form, in a process requiring an acidic compartment. This conformational change was functionally correlated with membrane insertion, channel formation, and translocation of lethal factor into the cytosol. To explore the role of the TEM8 cytosolic tail, a series of truncated TEM8 mutants was transfected into a PA receptor-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Interestingly, all of the cytosolic tail truncated TEM8 mutants functioned as PA receptors, as determined by PA binding, processing, oligomer formation, and translocation of an lethal factor fusion toxin into the cytosol. Moreover, cells transfected with a TEM8 construct truncated before the predicted transmembrane domain failed to bind PA, demonstrating that residues 321-343 are needed for cell surface anchoring. Further evidence that the cytosolic domain plays no essential role in anthrax toxin action was obtained by showing that TEM8 anchored by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol tail also functioned as a PA receptor.
Kinetic comparisons of amniotic fluid inactive renin and renal renin using synthetic and human renin substrates

Abstract Inactive renin has been isolated from pooled amniotic fluid and purified ∼642-fold. Prior to activation the isolates has ∼4% of the activity found after activation. The observation is similar to that reported for inactive renin from chorionic cell culture and suggests a placental origin of amniotic fluid inactive renin. Using plasma from an estrogen-treated woman, renin substrate was recovered free of renin and inactive renin and a portion was separated into NMW and HMW components. The NMW form constituted ∼93% and the HMW form ∼7% of the renin substrate. Amniotic fluid inactive renin was used for determinations of enzyme-substrate kinetics with the pooled, NMW, and HMW plasma substrate and tetradecapeptide synthetic substrate, and the results were compared to similar determinations using standard renal renin. Using synthetic substrate, the kinetics of renal renin and amniotic fluid inactive renin before and after activation were similar. The kinetics of renal renin with pooled, NMW, and HMW plasma substrate were also similar. Amniotic fluid inactive renin had a lower K m with pooled than with NMW substrate, however, which resulted from a significantly smaller K m with HMW component. Although the affinity constants with pooled substrate were not different for renin and inactive renin, the K m of inactive renin was significantly less with the HMW component of plasma renin substrate. The observation are compatible with a role for placental inactive renin in normal pregnancy and suggest the possibility of a further role in hypertensive pregnancy.
Synergistic effects of diacylglycerols and fatty acids on membrane structure and protein kinase C activity.

The synergistic effects of diacylglycerol (DAG) and fatty acid (FA) in activating protein kinase C have been investigated by correlating their individual and combined effects on enzymatic activity ...
Effect of sulfhydryl-deficient diets on hepatic metallothionein, glutathione, and adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) levels in rats☆

Abstract Low dietary concentrations of methionine and cysteine are known to decrease hepatic glutathione content. However, it is not known if restricting the dietary content of these sulfur containing amino acids also affects hepatic levels of adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the cofactor for sulfation, or metallothionein, a protein rich in sulfhydryl groups. Rats were fed diets lacking cysteine and containing various concentrations of methionine (0.15, 0.3, or 0.6%) for 8 days. Control diet contained 0.3% each of methionine and cysteine. Hepatic glutathione levels were decreased approximately 75% in rats fed diets containing 0.15 or 0.3% methionine. In contrast, PAPS and hepatic metallothionein concentrations were not decreased by the low sulfhydryl diets. Additionally, rats on the various diets were challenged by the administration of ZnCl 2 (3 mmol/kg, sc). In both control rats and rats maintained on sulfhydryl-deficient diets, ZnCl 2 increased hepatic metallothionein to the same level. However, significantly lower levels of PAPS were observed after ZnCl 2 in rats receiving sulfhydryl-deficient diets than in controls. In summary, restriction of dietary sulfhydryl markedly decreases the hepatic content of glutathione and has a minor effect on PAPS concentration, but does not decrease the basal hepatic concentration of metallothionein or its induction by ZnCl 2 .
Overlay in lithography

Advances in lithography rely largely on the capability of reducing overlay errors, which in turn depends on the capability to make two-dimensional overlay measurements. This paper describes a simple and accurate method of determining singular overlay errors of step-and-repeat exposure systems with a precision of ±0.01 µm (standard deviation).
Endoscopic total corpus callosotomy: cadaveric demonstration of a new approach.

Background: Callosotomy is a surgical option for treatment of a small number of patients with intractable seizures who are not candidates for surgical resection. The procedure is done conventionally with the aid of a microscope. In this article, we describe a new technique of endoscopic callosotomy through a parasagittal burr hole in a cadaveric model. Methods: We utilized this technique with a single frontal burr hole. Callosotomies were performed on 4 silicon-injected cadaver heads in our minimally invasive neurosurgical laboratory. Results: We were able to successfully perform total callosotomies in all cadaveric specimens without injury to the adjacent neurovascular structures. The advantages of our technique over microsurgery are the minimally invasive nature of the exposure and the improved visualization of the vascular structures near the rostrum and genu of the corpus callosum. A potential disadvantage we anticipate is the difficulty controlling bleeding in the event of vascular injury. Conclusion: We believe that this minimally invasive approach could have potential clinical applications.
A Comparison of Oral-Nasal Balance Patterns in Speakers Who Are Categorized as “Almost but Not Quite” and “Sometimes but Not Always”

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether amplitude or temporal patterns of oral-nasal balance differentiate speakers with cleft palate who are classified as belonging to the “almost but not quite” (ABNQ) and “sometimes but not always” (SBNA) subgroups of marginal velopharyngeal inadequacy. Design: The nasal accelerometric vibrational index (NAVI) was used to measure amplitude and temporal aspects of oral-nasal balance during the productions of oral and nasal syllables, words, and sentences. NAVI measures obtained include mean amplitude, time integral (area under the curve), duration, rise time, and fall time. Setting: Tertiary care center for patients with cleft palate–craniofacial anomalies. Participants: Seventeen patients with repaired cleft palate who were assigned by perceptual assessment to the ABNQ subgroup and 17 patients who were assigned to the SBNA subgroup. Results: No differences were found between the ABNQ and SBNA subgroups with regard to patterns of nasalizati...
Desert of What? On Murphy’s Reluctant Retributivism

In Punishment and the Moral Emotions, Jeffrie Murphy rejects his earlier, strong endorsements of retributivism. Questioning both our motivations for embracing retributivism and our views about the basis of desert, he now describes himself as a “reluctant retributivist.” In this essay, I argue that Murphy should reject retributivism altogether. Even if we grant that criminals have negative desert, why should we suppose that it is desert of suffering? I argue that it is possible to defend desert-based theories of punishment that reject this view of the object of desert. I consider, but reject, expressivist versions of such a theory.
Absorption/Scattering Coefficients and Scattering Phase Functions in Reticulated Porous Ceramics

Spectral absorption and scattering coefficients and spectral scattering phase functions have been derived for partially stabilized zirconia (PS ZrO 2 ) and oxide-bonded silicon carbide (OB SiC) reticulated porous ceramics (RPCs) across the wavelength range 0.4-5.0 μm. These spectral radiative properties were investigated and quantified for 10 ppi (pores/inch), 20 ppi, and 65 ppi materials. Radiative properties were recovered from spectral hemispherical reflectance and transmittance measurements using inverse analysis techniques based upon discrete ordinates radiative models. Two dual-parameter phase functions were investigated for these materials : one based on the physical structure of reticulated porous ceramics and the other a modified Henyey-Greenstein phase function. The modified Henyey- Greenstein phase function provided the most consistent spectral radiative properties. PS ZrO 2 radiative properties exhibited strongly spectrally dependent behavior across the wavelength range studied. OB SiC radiative properties exhibited radiative behavior that was relatively independent of wavelength across the wavelength spectrum studied. OB SiC also demonstrated consistently higher absorption coefficients than PS ZrO 2 at all wavelengths. Spectral scattering albedos of PS ZrO 2 were discovered to be in the range 0.81-0.999 and increased as ppi rating increased, while those for OB SiC were lower in the range 0.55-0.888 and decreased as ppi rating increased. The average extinction efficiencies for 0.4-5.0 μm were discovered to be 1.45 for PS ZrO 2 and 1.70 for OB SiC. Extinction coefficients were discovered to correlate well with geometric optics theoretical models and electromagnetic wave/fiber interaction models based on independent scattering and absorption mechanisms.
Prognostic Features of Early Renal Transplant Rejections

In an analysis of 632 cadaver transplants, the early renal transplant course gave important prognostic information depending on temporal and/or renofunctional characteristics of rejection episodes. Two transplant rejections occurring within the first 2 mo posttransplant were associated with either 37%, 27%, or 6% 1-yr graft survivals depending on whether these episodes were separate, temporally back-to-back, or were without interrejection renofunctional recovery, respectively. This compares to 1-yr graft survivals of 89% or 73% in those patients who had no rejection or one with recovery early posttransplant. Patient survival in groups with multiple early rejections was also associated with a poor prognosis. Ninety to 93% 1-yr patient survival was noted when there was no or one rejection. There was only a 74%–83% 1-yr patient survival with two early treated rejections. Transplant rejection therapy must be individualized or even withheld in order to ensure optimum graft and patient survival.
Remote sensing photometric studies of Mars in 1971

Evaluation of the photometric Mars observations performed during the exceptionally favorable opposition of this planet in 1971. The techniques employed included conventional photography, multichannel spot photometry, dual channel area scanning, and image digitizing. Among the results obtained, there are indications that the Minnaert function is generally valid for the bright areas of Mars.
Therapeutic in vivo gene transfer for genetic disease using AAV: progress and challenges

In vivo gene replacement for the treatment of inherited disease is one of the most compelling concepts in modern medicine. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been extensively used for this purpose and have shown therapeutic efficacy in a range of animal models. Successful translation to the clinic was initially slow, but long-term expression of donated genes at therapeutic levels has now been achieved in patients with inherited retinal disorders and haemophilia B. Recent exciting results have raised hopes for the treatment of many other diseases. As we discuss here, the prospects and challenges for AAV gene therapy are to a large extent dependent on the target tissue and the specific disease.
The Variety of an Assortment

Consumers rank variety of assortment right behind location and price when naming reasons why they patronize their favorite stores. Consumers care about variety because they are more likely to find what they want when going to a store that offers more varied assortments. When tastes are not well formed or are dynamic, perceived variety matters even more because of the desire to become educated about what is available while maintaining flexibility. Variety perception also matters when the variety-seeking motive operates. Retailers care about variety because customers value variety. Therefore, it is important to understand how people perceive the variety contained in an assortment and how these perceptions influence satisfaction and store choice. Remarkably, except for a recent study by Broniarczyk et al. 1998, there has been no research aimed at understanding the variety perception process itself. We offer a general mathematical model of variety based on the complete information structure of an assortment, defined both by the multiattribute structure of the objects and their spatial locations. We impose a psychologically plausible set of restrictions on the general model and obtain a class of simpler estimable models of perceived variety. We utilize the model to develop assortments that vary widely in terms of their information structure and study the influence of three factors on variety perceptions: a information structure of each assortment i.e., the attribute level differences between objects; b level of organization of the objects and hence their relative spatial positions; and c task orientations, promoting either analytic or holistic processing. We also investigate the influence of variety perception and organization on stated satisfaction and store choice. To summarize our major findings: 1. Information structure has a big impact on variety perceptions, though diminishing returns accompany increases in the number of attributes on which object pairs differ. 2. People are more influenced by local information structure adjacent objects than nonlocal information structure. Proximity matters. 3. Organization of the display can either increase or decrease variety perceptions. When people engage in analytic processing, organized displays appear to offer more variety. When processing is holistic, random displays are seen as more varied. 4. Both variety perceptions and organization drive stated satisfaction and store choice. People are more satisfied with and likely to choose stores carrying those assortments that are perceived as offering high variety and that are displayed in an organized rather than random manner. Our work provides a basic framework for thinking about variety. By helping retailers to understand the factors that drive variety perception, it may be possible to design more efficient, lower cost assortments without reducing variety perceptions and the probability of future store visits.
An HRP study of the connections of the subfornical organ of the rat.

The connections of the subfornical organ (SFO) wer investigated by using the HRP technique. Injections into the SFO labeled neurons in the medial septum, but not in lateral septum nor in the diagonal band nucleus. Labeled cells were observed in the median preoptic nucleus, below the ependyma of the third ventricle, in the dorsal preoptic region near the anterior commissure, and diffusely throughout the medial preoptic and anterior bypothalamic areas. Fibers were followed from the ventral stalk of the SFO. Precommissural fibers enter the median preoptic nucleus where many of them appear to terminate. Others continue on to the medial septum, the OVLT, the supraoptic nucleus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, HRP injections into the median preoptic nucleus labled many neurons in the SFO. Postcommissural fibers reach the hypothalamus by descending along the walls of the ventricle in the subependymal space, by traveling in the columns of the fornix and the medial corticohypothalamic tract, or by passing through the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Some postcommissural fibers turn rostrally and enter the median preoptic nucleus while others join precommissural fibers bound for the supraoptic nucleus. More caudally directed fibers appear to innervate the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas. HRP injections into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus labeled neurons in the SFO. These finding corroborate and extend previous work in describing neural connections between two brain regions that are important for fluid blance.
Ag I Isoelectronic Sequence: Wavelengths and Energy Levels for Ce XII through Ho XXI and for W XXVIII

An earlier analysis of the spectra of Ce XII, Pr XIII, Nd XIV, and Sm XVI has been significantly expanded. Wavelengths are presented for the first time for Eu XVII through Ho XXI. Spectra of Ce II through Ho XXI were obtained with a high voltage triggered spark and photographed on the NBS 10.7 m grazing incidence spectrograph. Observations of tungsten in the plasma of the Oak Ridge tokamak (ORMAK) were transmitted to us. Energy levels of configurations of the type 4d10 nl and 4d94f2 are derived for each ion and for W XXVIII. Ionization energies are derived through Eu XVII by means of the ns series.
FLOWERING PHENOLOGY AT BIG RUN BOG, WEST VIRGINIA

In each of four major plant communities at Big Run Bog, a 1 5-ha Sphagnum-dominated wetland in the Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia, the flowering phenology of 21 species was measured by counting the number of flowering stems at frequent intervals throughout the growing season. The four plant communities exhibited no consistent differences with regard to the patterns of flowering phenology Mean flowering duration was 30 days for all species, and was 32 and 31 days for wind- and insect-pollinated species respectively. Peak flowering times for the 21 species were randomly distributed throughout the growing season. Results from Big Run Bog are not markedly different from those reported fior other bogs in North America. PHENOLOGY, the study of periodically occurring natural phenomena and their relation to climate and changes in season, is a central focus of several aspects of ecology. Patterns of flowering phenology have long intrigued naturalists and ecologists (Clarke, 1893; Robertson, 1895, 1924). Here we report data on the flowering phenology at Big Run Bogs a minerotrophic very poor fen located in the unglaciated Appalachian Plateaus Physiographic Province (Fenneman, 1938) of West Virginia. Big Run Bog is near the southern limit of the distribution of bogs/poor fens in eastern North America (Cameron, 1968; Goodwin and Niering 1975; Mundale, 1981). Many plant species that are typically present in the ombrotrophic bogs of the glaciated regions of eastern North Amenca are absent from Big Run Bog. In addition, many of the species at Big Run Bog are not typically found in the more northern bogs. Some of the plant species at Big Run Bog, including Carex canescens, Gentiana linearis, Nemopanthus mucronata, Kaccinium oxycoccos, and Menyanthes trifoliatay approach their southeIn limits in the mountain wetlands of West Yirginia (cf. Wieder McCormick and Lang, 1981). Typically, the vegetation is distributed across the surface of one of these mountain wetlands in a mosaic of distinct plant
Surrogates of protection in repeated low-dose challenge experiments.

A critical step toward developing a successful vaccine to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic entails evaluation of vaccine candidates in non-human primates (NHPs). Historically, these studies have usually entailed challenges (i.e., exposures) with very high doses of a simian version of HIV, resulting in infection of all NHPs in the experiment after a single challenge. More recently, researchers have begun to conduct repeated low-dose challenge (RLC) studies in NHPs that are believed to more closely mimic typical exposure in natural human transmission settings. One objective of RLC studies is to assess whether measured immune responses to vaccination can serve as surrogate endpoints for the primary endpoint of interest, namely infection. In this paper, different designs of RLC studies for assessing a binary surrogate of protection are considered.
Cutoff assignment strategies for enhancing randomized clinical trials.

The randomized clinical trial (RCT) is the preferred method for assessing the efficacy of treatments. Recent ethical and logistical criticisms suggest that new variations of the traditional RCT are needed. Some of these criticisms may be addressed with new hybrid designs that combine random assignment with assignment by one or more cutoff values on a baseline variable (e.g., severity of illness). In a simple version of such a "cutoff-based" RTC, persons scoring below a cutoff score on a baseline measure (i.e., the least severely ill) are automatically assigned to the control-treated group, those scoring above a second, higher cutoff (i.e., the most ill) are automatically assigned to the test-treated group, and those scoring in the interval between the cutoff scores (i.e., the moderately ill) are randomly assigned to either group. Depending on the baseline score, the patient is assigned to treatment either randomly or by the need-based, clinically related baseline score. Six cutoff-based design variations are studied via simulations and compared with the traditional RCT and the single-cutoff (i.e., regression-discontinuity) design. All variations yield unbiased estimates of the treatment effect but estimates differ in efficiency, with the RCT being most efficient and the single-cutoff design being least efficient. Secondary analyses of data from the Cross-National Collaborative Study of the Effects of Alprazolam (Xanax) on panic are conducted for each variation by selectivity discarding cases from the original dataset to stimulate cutoff-based assignment. The results confirm the simulations and illustrate how cutoff-based designs might look with real data.
Contrast improvements in digital radiography using a scatter-reduction processing algorithm

An expectation maximization (EM) algorithm has been developed based on a model of radiographic imaging that accounts for scatter radiation and resolution degradation. Digital radiographs of a chest phantom were acquired, and the amount of scatter in several regions was computed using the known radiographic exposure and the known material properties. Contrast and noise were measured in a step wedge in the phantom. The phantom images were processed by the EM algorithm for up to 8 iterations, and the image intensity and noise values were measured at each iteration step. These values were used to compute the scatter reduction properties of the algorithm and its effect on the contrast-to-noise ratio. The algorithm removed over 90% of the scattered radiation in the image. Image noise values were reduced an average of 50% in the first iteration, but then increased to values equal or above unprocessed images. The contrast-to- noise ratio was initially increased substantially, but gradually decreased as further iterations caused the image noise to increase. With proper selection of processing parameters, this algorithm could provide considerable qualitative enhancement of clinical images with a single iteration as well as numerically accurate scatter reduction.
A high-precision neutron time-of-flight facility

Abstract A high-precision neutron time-of-flight facility has been constructed. The facility couples the advantages of an intense monoenergetic neutron source produced by a pulsed and bunched ion beam with those of a high-energy resolution, high mechanical precision, heavily shielded neutron time-of-flight spectrometer-goniometer. The system provides the necessary incident neutron energy stability and resolution, scattered neutron energy and angular resolution, and unusual freedom from background radiations to achieve measurements of differential scattering cross sections with magnitudes as small as 1 mb/sr to better than 5% absolute accuracy. The measures required to achieve this sensitivity and accuracy include optimization of the mechanical, shielding, and electronic systems, as well as the procedures for obtaining and analyzing the data.
Comments on the short-time behaviour of multiphoton ionisation

Some questions regarding the applicability of theoretical results (1977, 1978) for the short-time behaviour of the multiphoton ionisation to the experiments are discussed. It is argued that the relevant conditions could not have been satisfied in the experiments concerned.
Therapist factor in the treatment of insomnia

Abstract This quasi-experiment attempted to replicate the finding of Turner and Ascher (1979) in contrasting progressive relaxation, stimulus control and paradoxical intention therapies for the treatment of insomnia using clinicians-in-training as therapists. Progressive relaxation and stimulus control were again shown to be effective, paradoxical intention instructions were not. A significant therapist effect was found which is discrepant with previous findings in the field.
An Algorithm to Find the Lineality Space of the Positive Hull of a Set of Vectors

The positive hull of a finite set of vectors, ${\cal V}$ , in d-dimensional space may or may not contain a lineality space ${\cal L}$ . This article presents an algorithm that identifies the vectors of ${\cal V}$ that belong to ${\cal L}$ . This is done by means of a sequence of supporting hyperplanes because every supporting hyperplane of the positive hull of ${\cal V}$ contains ${\cal L}$ . Computational results show the effectiveness of the algorithm, which is compared to the best procedure currently available (to the best knowledge of the author) that solves the same problem. The algorithm introduced here is especially efficient in the case of large problems, where cardinality and/or dimensions are large.
The vocation of Kurt H. Wolff: Reflections on critical subjectivity in sociology

I begin with an autobiographical reflection. I first met Kurt Wolff when I was 20 years old. He was then attentive to packing, mixing, and smoking a pipe. At some point, no doubt at the advice of a physician, he laid the pipe to rest. Anyone who has smoked can attest to the Cartesian-like experience of laying the pipe to rest. Smoking and thinking (to oneself or aloud) become inseparable. I think therefore I smoke. Even without a pipe, Kurt Wolff continues to address his own and world existence as a matter of his life's work. He does so in ways that confound the conventional wisdom of so called mainstream sociology, and I would add, philosophy. I entered his classroom with the undergraduate expectation that sociology and philosophy had something to do with one another. Twenty years later, I realize how much that expectation was a mixture of naivete, ignorance, and hope. The moment I met Kurt Wolff, olfactory stimulation and all, I knew that I was in the presence of a person who was always eager to learn more, not least of all from students. In what follows, I offer in return to him something more from one of his students.
Criteria for Ultralyophobic Surfaces

Very rough surfaces can suspend small liquid drops and produce very large contact angles. This behavior often is referred to as ultralyophobicity or super repellency. It is proposed that two criteria must be met to invoke ultralyophobicity: a contact line density criterion and asperity height criterion. The proposed criteria were tested using experimental data available in the literature and were found to correctly predict suspension of small water drops on model rough surfaces with a wide variety of asperity shapes, sizes, and spacing.
An Edible Acetylated Monoglyceride Coating for Poultry Meat Preservation

Abstract AN INCREASING percentage of poultry meat is being offered to consumers in a prepackaged form. Until recently a majority of such poultry has been packaged at the retail level after having been purchased packed in ice. These distribution procedures required the use and transportation of large quantities of ice, and the need for packaging supplies and facilities plus labor at numerous retail stores. With advances in processing and quality control procedures it is now feasible to package ready-to-cook poultry or cut-up pieces in processing plants, and to distribute such products rapidly enough to offer them to consumers in excellent condition. A coating which minimizes moisture loss and inhibits bacterial growth would contribute to the effectiveness of marketing ready-to-cook poultry meat. Acetylated monoglycerides have recently been approved for food coatings. Wood-mansee and Abbott (1958) dipped fryer drumsticks in a 2–1 mixture of Myvacet 2 Type 5–00 and Type 9–40 …
MISSION GRADUATION: A Student Military and Veteran Organization

Mission Graduation, funded by a grant, promotes the success of military and veteran students at Ivy Tech Community College. Mission Graduation brings awareness to the student veteran organization, provides transition programming and ongoing assistance, and develops best practices for advising military students, veterans, and their families so they can achieve their academic goals.
Solubility and reactivity of sulfur dioxide in various oils.

A dynamic system was developed to measure the solubility and chemical reactivity of SO2 in various petroleum oils at concentrations of SO2 that might be found in the environment. Chemical reactivity proved to be more important than solubility as a mechanism of interaction of SO2 in three of the four oils tested.
Effect of dietary fat on opiate receptor binding and body composition in mice

Abstract C57BL/6 and C3H male mice were fed either a 25% corn oil, 25% butter fat, or chow diet ad libitum for 6 weeks. At that time, opiate receptor binding in the brain and body composition was determined. Regardless of the type of dietary fat, both groups fed with high-fat diets in each strain of mice exhibited obesity in the absence of hyperphagia as compared with their chow-fed counter-parts. Scatchard analysis of opiate receptor binding from the brains of C57BL/6 mice fed with the polyunsaturated fat diet (corn oil) demonstrated a decreased K D relative to the saturated fat-fed group with no significant difference in B max . The C3H mice exhibited no significant differences in either binding affinity or receptor number within the three dietary groups. Fatty acid analysis of the synaptic plasma membrane showed changes in the C18:1 ω-9, C18:2 ω-6, and C22:6 ω-3 fatty acid composition. C18:1 ω-9 was elevated while C22:6 ω-3 was depressed in corn oil compared to butter fat-fed C57BL/6 mice. There were no differences in membrane fluidity as measured by fluorescence polarization.
High performance GaN/AlGaN MODFETs grown by RF-assisted MBE

High performance 0.25 /spl mu/m gate-length GaN/AlGaN modulation doped field effect transistors grown by RF-assisted MBE on sapphire are demonstrated. A maximum drain current of 750 mA/mm, and a breakdown voltage exceeding 45 V were obtained. Small signal measurement yielded a current gain cutoff frequency of 28 GHz, and a maximum oscillation frequency of 40 GHz. The authors have achieved <5% variation in the maximum drain current across 2 in wafers. These results demonstrated the excellent potential of RF-assisted MBE in the growth of GaN-based microwave power devices for practical applications.
The role of uncertainty in fish stock assessment and management: A case study of the Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus, in the US Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Stock assessments utilize many parameters which are known to contain uncertainty about the point estimate. This uncertainty can arise from many sources including natural variability, estimation procedures, statistical fitting, and lack of knowledge regarding the parameter. The uncertainty in parameter estimates can be incorporated in the stock assessment to produce a variable result under a given management scheme. This variability provides flexibility to managers, but also has implications for the stock depending upon where in the range of possibilities the managers decide. This study uses the Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus, fishery in the US Gulf of Mexico as a case study of incorporating uncertainty in stock assessment. Spanish mackerel stock assessments perform calibrated virtual population analysis followed by prediction of recruitment and application of a non-equilibrium F%SPR to arrive at a range of allowable biological catches (ABC). A quota called the total allowable catch is then chosen by managers from the range of ABCs. In this paper we present methods to incorporate trends in the tuning indices of virtual population analysis and uncertainty in the shrimp trawl bycatch of Spanish mackerel, growth parameters, and natural mortality. We examine the effects of each source of uncertainty independently and then examine interaction effects among the sources. We use a 3-D graphical presentation of the ABCs for each scenario which allows comparison of uncertainty among and within different sets of parameters. The risk implications of choosing a given total allowable catch from the ABCs are also demonstrated both for the fishing industry and the fish stock.
Molecular clouds and supernova remnants in the outer galaxy

The study of extragalactic supernova (SNs) suggests that Type II SNs, not Type I, tend to occur near extreme optical Population I objects, but the detection of these objects in the Galaxy is limited by heavy local obscuration. A CO survey has been conducted toward every confirmed outer Galaxy SNR from l = 70 to 210 deg, for a total of 26, and it is found that roughly half of them, within uncertainties of distance estimates, revealed spatial coincidences with large molecular cloud complexes. Most of the cloud complexes in these coincidences probably are the birthplaces of the progenitors of the corresponding Type II SNRs, because it is statistically improbable that the coincidences result from change superposition.
Spin polarons in high-Tc copper oxides: Differences between electron- and hole-doped systems.

It is argued that in the small-doping region there is an asymmetry between the hole-doped and the electron-doped copper oxide systems. This asymmetry is reflected in both the magnetic and transport properties. Significant oxygen {ital p}-{ital p} orbital overlap leads to a large conduction-band width, which has qualitatively different effects on the two differently doped systems. In the hole-doped case, large-spin polarons are formed as the system is doped; this leads to a quick destruction of the antiferromagnetic correlation. In the electron-doped case, doped carriers are more localized; thus the magnetic correlation is more robust with respect to doping. In the low doping concentration, the low-temperature conductivity is shown to be two-dimensional variable-range-hopping type. The conductivity, which is expected to scale with the asymmetry of the magnetic phase diagram, is smaller in an electron-doped system than that of a hole-doped system.
A Taxonomic Approach to Understanding Direct Manipulation

This paper presents a taxonomy for user interface techniques which is useful in understanding direct manipulation interfaces. The taxonomy is based on the way actions and objects are specified in the interface. We suggest that direct manipulation is a characteristic shared by a number of different interface techniques, rather than a single interface style. A relatively new interface method, gesture, is also described in terms of the taxonomy and some observations are made on its potential.
Urologic Complications of the Neurogenic Bladder

Patients with a neurogenic bladder are at risk for several urologic complications including hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, renal failure, urinary tract infections, calculus disease, bladder cancer, sexual dysfunction including infertility, and the destroyed bladder and urethra. The management of filling bladder pressures and regular, complete emptying, ideally with clean intermittent catheterization, can prevent or delay many of these complications. Even with optimum management, complications may still develop over time, necessitating regular urologic follow-up to recognize, treat, and prevent further complications. The ultimate goal of the urologist in treating the patient with a neurogenic bladder is to allow for preservation of renal function and continence with minimum complications.
The general optimal market area model

Market area models determine the optimal size of market for a facility. These models are grounded in classical location theory, and express the fundamental tradeoff between economies-of-scale from larger facilities and the higher costs of transport to more distant markets. The simpler market area models have been discovered and rediscovered, and applied and reapplied, in a number of different settings. We review the development and use of market area models, and formulate a General Optimal Market Area model that accommodates both economies-of-scale in facilities costs and economies-of-distance in transport costs as well as different market shapes and distance norms. Simple expressions are derived for both optimal market size and optimal average cost, and also the sensitivity of average cost to a non-optimal choice of size. The market area model is used to explore the implications of some recently proposed distance measures and to approximate a large discrete location model, and an extension to price-sensitive demands is provided.
An analysis of whitewater rafting safety data: risk management for programme organizers

Many outdoor organizations integrate whitewater rafting into their programmes. Often this is accomplished by contracting with a whitewater outfitter. This paper analyses rafting accident data collected by the American Canoe Association in an effort to suggest ways in which programmes can better manage risk while contracting with outfitters for rafting services. The primary conclusion is that there are countless unknown, and even unknowable, hazards associated with the whitewater environment—rafts staying on line and rafters staying in the boat are both important in all whitewater environments. To facilitate this, programme managers are advised to: (1) carefully select a responsible safety-oriented rafting outfitter which is able to be responsive to the organizations programme and safety concerns; (2) have procedures in place whereby programme staff monitor on-river safety procedures; (3) manage risk partly by selecting the difficulty of the river; and (4) know the river level which corresponds to ‘high wa...
Ad Hoc Networks: To Spread or Not to Spread? [Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks]

Spread spectrum communication - often called code-division multiple access - has been widely adopted over the years for many types of interference-challenged wireless communication systems including cellular and cordless telephones, wireless LANs and PANs, military applications, and global positioning systems. In this article we explore whether CDMA, in either its frequency hopping (FH) or direct sequence (DS) form, is an appropriate design approach for wireless ad hoc, or mesh, networks. One goal of this article is to help provoke a debate by explaining the main advantages and disadvantages of CDMA in the context of ad hoc networks as exposed by recent research. We argue that CDMA does not inherently improve the spectral efficiency of ad hoc networks; on the contrary, its valued interference averaging effect is not appreciable in ad hoc networks due to the irregular distribution of both the transmitters and receivers. On the positive side, both types (FH and DS) of spread spectrum allow for longer hop distances and a reversal of the usual relationship where the desired transmitter must be closer to the receiver than interfering transmitters. These two facts allow for significant advantages over narrowband systems in terms of energy efficiency and end-to-end delay.
Enteric hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and oxalate nephropathy: potentially serious and unappreciated complications of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Neither the presence nor prevalence of enteric hyperoxaluria has been recognized after Roux-en- Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). We have noted a high rate of oxalate nephrolithiasis and even 2 patients with oxalate nephropathy in this patient population postoperatively. Our aim was to determine the frequency of the occurrence and effects of enteric hyperoxaluria after RYGBP. Methods Retrospective review of all patients at our institution diagnosed with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis or oxalate nephropathy after standard (n = 14) or distal (n = 9) RYGBP. The mean postoperative follow-up was 55 months. Results A total of 23 patients (14 men and 9 women; mean age 45 years; mean preoperative body mass index 55 kg/m2) developed enteric hyperoxaluria after RYGBP, defined by the presence of oxalate nephropathy (n = 2) or calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis (n = 21) and increased 24-hour excretion of urinary oxalate and/or calcium oxalate supersaturation. Enteric hyperoxaluria was recognized after a mean weight loss of 46 kg at 29 months (range 2–85) after RYGBP. Two patients developed renal failure and required chronic hemodialysis. Of the 21 patients with nephrolithiasis, 14 had no history of nephrolithiasis preoperatively, and 19 of 21 required lithotripsy or other intervention. Of the 23 patients, 20 tested had increased oxalate excretion, and 14 of 15 tested had high urine calcium oxalate supersaturation. Conclusion Enteric hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and oxalate nephropathy must be considered with the other risks of RYGBP. Efforts should be made to identify factors that predispose patients to developing hyperoxaluria.
Optofluidic cell manipulation for a biological microbeam

This paper describes the fabrication and integration of light-induced dielectrophoresis for cellular manipulation in biological microbeams. An optoelectronic tweezers (OET) cellular manipulation platform was designed, fabricated, and tested at Columbia University's Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF). The platform involves a light induced dielectrophoretic surface and a microfluidic chamber with channels for easy input and output of cells. The electrical conductivity of the particle-laden medium was optimized to maximize the dielectrophoretic force. To experimentally validate the operation of the OET device, we demonstrate UV-microspot irradiation of cells containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged DNA single-strand break repair protein, targeted in suspension. We demonstrate the optofluidic control of single cells and groups of cells before, during, and after irradiation. The integration of optofluidic cellular manipulation into a biological microbeam enhances the facility's ability to handle non-adherent cells such as lymphocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that OET cell handling is successfully implemented in a biological microbeam.
A distributed coordinated approach to parallel programming

Heterogeneous applications often need to access diverse data from different computers and process the data in parallel. The software for such heterogeneous applications can be quite complex due to the need to manage the low-level aspects of the computation. We discuss the issues of heterogeneity such as different programming languages, systems, architectures, networks, and mechanisms expressed in programming languages which should be transparent to application developers to provide an easy-to-code programming model. In this paper, we are proposing an approach to providing parallel processing support through multiparty interaction (MI) protocol without inventing a new programming language. A 4-layered interaction model will be presented to decouple the applications and their underlying middleware implementations including coordination by providing a set of generic interfaces to the applications. The decoupling of applications and middleware technologies by isolating computation, communication, coordination, and parallelism promotes reuse, improves comprehension, and eases maintenance due to software evolution.