cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE OF SUPERCONDUCTING NbTi AND NbZr INORGANIC SOLENOIDS

Recent developments in coil construction and NbTi superconductors have resulted in magnets described by the following distinctive characteristics: 1. Reliable. Coils have consistently operated at the high short-sample limit of the conductor. The coils are self-protecting and may be safely transitioned while partially submersed in liquid helium. 2. Compact. Average current densities of 20,000 to 55,000 A/cm2 have been produced with fields, from 40 to 70 kG and bores up to 5 in. 3. Economical. Below 80 kG, NbTi superconductors operating near the short-sample limit offer significant savings when compared with presently available NbZr and Nb3Sn conductors. 4. Electrically insulated. Coils can be charged to full current within 1 min without training effects. There are no shunt currents and the field corresponds directly with the charge current. 5. Improved performance below 2°K. Operation in helium II results in an increase in the critical current and permits high charge rates. 6. Strong. The ductile NbTi copper-clad conductor will withstand large hoop stresses. Fiberglass cloth maintains electrical insulation between layers under high compressive loads. 7. Moderate currents. Reduces expense of the power supply and lead losses. The cost of the present conductors compares favorably with large conductors.
Toe Hold Collaborations Beyond Insider Trading

With the proliferation of the new practice of wolf packing, the incidence of toehold ("TH") collaborations as part of a takeover campaign is likely to increase as well. In addition to affecting the size of the TH, potentially transforming the TH into a foothold, TH collaborations may include asymmetric agreements between the collaborators that distort the incentives of the bidders and lead to inefficient results. For example, the asymmetric agreement may include contingent distribution rights that make losing the takeover bid to a rival bidder, even to a higher-value use bidder, undesirable. Losing may become so prohibitively expensive that the bidder may continue to bid beyond its reservation-value. As a result, ex-ante, asymmetric TH collaborations are likely to deter potential rival bidders, which may motivate the collaborators to enter into such agreements. Bidders may use TH collaborations to present a credible threat of winning determination in order to curb competing bids, including efficient bids, which will negatively affect both shareholder value and social wealth. This Article demonstrates and analyses potential distortions caused by TH collaboration agreements.
Rationalization and Student/School Personhood in U.S. College Admissions: The Rise of Test-optional Policies, 1987 to 2015:

This article examines the rise of ‘‘test-optional’’ college admissions policies since the 1990s. I argue that the rationalization of college admissions policies after World War II contributed to th...
Advancing Measurement of Foreign Policy Similarity

Extant theoretical literature in International Relations has suggested that the similarity of foreign policy preferences is a meaningful and important concept. The commonly used measures of this concept -- tau- b and, more recently, the S-score -- are problematic in two ways. First, as algorithms, neither operationalize the concept in a manner consistent with how students of IR theorize the concept. Speci cally, as Signorino and Ritter (1999) demonstrate, tau- b is not a measure of similarity. Furthermore, as this paper demonstrates, although S is a measure of similarity S it accounts for the symmetry of mutual relationships, not the magnitude of such relationships. I introduce a new algorithm, D, which incorporates the policy portfolio, network-based approach of tau- b and the symmetry-based similarity of S but also incorporates the magnitude of mutual relationships. Second, the input data for measures of foreign policy similarity are typically data on formal alliances. Generally speaking, alliances are a rough, granular indicator of an underlying, military-strategic relationship between states. As such, to improve the precision of the measure we can ask what else is an indicator of the same latent relationship. I refer to these as indicators of military cooperation and estimate dyadic military cooperation as a latent trait using an item response model. In addition to formal alliances, the other included indicators of military cooperation are joint military exercises, arms transfers, and multinational combat and peacekeeping operations. The new measure, the D-score, is directly compared with the S-score and shown to be consistent with intuitive notions of policy similarity while the S-score is not. In a replication study, the new measure is shown to not be substitutable with the S-score.
Mitochondrial degeneration precedes the development of muscle atrophy in progression of cancer cachexia in tumour-bearing mice

Background Cancer cachexia is largely irreversible, at least via nutritional means, and responsible for 20–40% of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, preventive measures are of primary importance; however, little is known about muscle perturbations prior to onset of cachexia. Cancer cachexia is associated with mitochondrial degeneration; yet, it remains to be determined if mitochondrial degeneration precedes muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. Therefore, our purpose was to determine if mitochondrial degeneration precedes cancer-induced muscle wasting in tumour-bearing mice. Methods First, weight-stable (MinStable) and cachectic (MinCC) ApcMin/+ mice were compared with C57Bl6/J controls for mRNA contents of mitochondrial quality regulators in quadriceps muscle. Next, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells or PBS (control) were injected into the hind flank of C57Bl6/J mice at 8 week age, and tumour allowed to develop for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks to examine time course of cachectic development. Succinate dehydrogenase stain was used to measure oxidative phenotype in tibialis anterior muscle. Mitochondrial quality and function were assessed using the reporter MitoTimer by transfection to flexor digitorum brevis and mitochondrial function/ROS emission in permeabilized adult myofibres from plantaris. RT-qPCR and immunoblot measured the expression of mitochondrial quality control and antioxidant proteins. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Student–Newman–Kuels post hoc test. Results MinStable mice displayed ~50% lower Pgc-1α, Pparα, and Mfn2 compared with C57Bl6/J controls, whereas MinCC exhibited 10-fold greater Bnip3 content compared with C57Bl6/J controls. In LLC, cachectic muscle loss was evident only at 4 weeks post-tumour implantation. Oxidative capacity and mitochondrial content decreased by ~40% 4 weeks post-tumour implantation. Mitochondrial function decreased by ~25% by 3 weeks after tumour implantation. Mitochondrial degeneration was evident by 2 week LLC compared with PBS control, indicated by MitoTimer red/green ratio and number of pure red puncta. Mitochondrial ROS production was elevated by ~50 to ~100% when compared with PBS at 1–3 weeks post-tumour implantation. Mitochondrial quality control was dysregulated throughout the progression of cancer cachexia in tumour-bearing mice. In contrast, antioxidant proteins were not altered in cachectic muscle wasting. Conclusions Functional mitochondrial degeneration is evident in LLC tumour-bearing mice prior to muscle atrophy. Contents of mitochondrial quality regulators across ApcMin/+ and LLC mice suggest impaired mitochondrial quality control as a commonality among pre-clinical models of cancer cachexia. Our data provide novel evidence for impaired mitochondrial health prior to cachectic muscle loss and provide a potential therapeutic target to prevent cancer cachexia.
Toward 90-90-90: identifying those who have never been tested for HIV and differences by sex in Lesotho

ABSTRACTTo reach HIV epidemic control it is important to ensure that those who have never been tested access HIV testing and counseling (HTC) particularly in the context of a generalized HIV epidemic. Using data from the 2014 Lesotho Demographic Health Survey bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to determine the associations between never tested for HIV and key socio-cognitive characteristics by sex. Marginal probabilities at the means were calculated for the socio-cognitive variables for men and women to ascertain the magnitude of the differences in the likelihood of never being tested by sex. We stratified by gender and controlled for age, education, religion, marital status, place of residence, and years circumcised (for men only). Results indicate that more men than women have never been tested (χ2 = 461.16, p < 0.001); and, among men, acceptance of gender based violence (Odds ratio [OR]: 1.44, p < 0.001), holding discriminatory attitudes (OR: 1.50, p < 0.001), and not having...
Motor learning guided treatment for acquired apraxia of speech

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to expand the evidence on the effectiveness of motor learning guided approach for the treatment of acquired apraxia of speech. This study investigated the inf...
Thiamethoxam seed treatments reduce foliar predator and pollinator populations in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), and extra-floral nectaries as a route of exposure for seed treatments to affect the predator, Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Abstract Neonicotinoid seed-treatments are used frequently in sunflower production to prevent early-season herbivory, and have been implicated in declines in non-target species. Over three site-years, both insecticide treated (Cruiser ® , rate: 0.25 mg a.i. (thiamethoxam)/seed) and untreated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus [Family: Asteraceae]) fields were planted in Eastern and Central South Dakota. Foliar and subterranean predatory arthropod communities and pollinator populations were compared among the two treatments. A greenhouse study was performed to collect and quantify toxins in extra-floral nectar from treated and untreated sunflowers. A laboratory assay was performed to examine the effect of an artificial nectar diet laced with thiamethoxam or clothianidin on survival, fecundity and mobility of Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae]). Seed-treated fields had significantly fewer above-ground natural enemies and pollinators than untreated fields, while subterranean predators were unaffected. Beetle flip-over times increased as concentration of thiamethoxam in diet increased, but clothianidin showed no effect. Neither toxin affected number of eggs oviposited by beetles, or size of developing oocytes. However, there was a negative correlation between increasing thiamethoxam concentration and number of developing eggs. Extra-floral nectar (EFN) collected from treated greenhouse-grown plants contained thiamethoxam (range: 1.23 ± 0.09 ppb to 4.83 ± 0.63 ppb), but no clothianidin. Toxin-laden EFN was identified as a potential route of exposure between beneficial arthropods and seed-applied neonicotinoids. Risks of neonicotinoid seed treatment use are discussed in the light of additional exposure pathways being confirmed.
Mutagenesis Associated with Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Under Stress

Evolutionary theory predicted that mutations occur randomly both in time and in genomic space. This expectation has been revised by the discoveries of stress-induced mutation mechanisms, which activate mutagenesis pathways under the control of stress responses. Stress-induced mutation mechanisms produce mutations preferentially when cells or organisms are maladapted to their environment, i.e., when they are stressed, potentially accelerating evolution. We review stress-­induced mutagenesis associated with repair of double-strand breaks in Escherichia coli. In this mechanism, the process of DNA break repair by homologous recombination is high-fidelity in unstressed cells, but is switched to a mutagenic mode using the error-prone DNA polymerase DinB, and other error-prone DNA polymerases, under the control of the RpoS general stress response. The switch to mutagenic repair occurs during starvation or if RpoS is upregulated artificially in unstressed cells, and presumably during the many different stresses that activate the RpoS response. Recent work shows that this mechanism accounts for most spontaneous base-substitution and frameshift mutagenesis during starvation in E. coli, acts not only in plasmid DNA but also in the chromosomes of plasmid-free cells, illustrates the generality of this mechanism in many organisms and circumstances, and resolves some other old tensions in the field. Stress-induced mutation mechanisms studied in the laboratory are likely to provide superior models for mutagenesis underlying pathogen-host adaptation, antibiotic resistance, and cancer progression and resistance mechanisms, all problems of evolution under stress driven by mutations.
Ca2+ waves are organized among hepatocytes in the intact organ

Hormone-induced increases in cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai2+) begin as Cai2+ waves in cells isolated from most types of tissue (1, 11), but whether such waves actually occur in vivo is unknown. To investigate this, we examined vasopressin-induced Cai2+ signals in hepatocytes within the perfused rat liver. Using confocal fluorescence video microscopy, we found that increases in Cai2+ began as waves that usually originated in hepatocytes near central venules, then spread opposite to the direction of blood flow, to hepatocytes near portal venules. We used immunochemistry to determine that the liver vasopressin V1a receptor is most concentrated among hepatocytes in the pericentral region, providing the mechanism by which Cai2+ waves originate there. Pericentral-to-periportal Cai2+ waves may direct peristaltic flow of bile, since Cai2+ induces contraction of the apical pole of hepatocytes and since peristaltic contractions in liver also occur in a pericentral-to-periportal direction. The organization of Cai2+ waves among cells in intact tissue may be a means by which an integrative, organ-level response is provided in response to hormonal stimuli.
Foundation and Rationale for Neuropsychological Bases of Individual Differences

Neuropsychology involves attempts to relate observable behavior to the functional efficiency of the central nervous system. Research that has begun to outline the parameters of the field has grown geometrically during the past four decades. Although the antecedents of neuropsychology may be followed some 2,000 years in the past, only since the late nineteenth century has public evidence begun to accumulate regarding brain functioning (e.g., Broca, 1865; Jackson, 1874). Of course, the luxury of retrospect allows the criticism of early case study methodologies that drew conclusions concerning normal cortical functioning from the remnants of diseased brains (Broca, 1865; Jackson, 1874). However, these initial reports represent the foundation and stimulus of our current appreciation for the behavioral expression of higher order operations of the brain. More recent research has provided evidence of a correspondence between the functioning of the adult brain and cognitive, sensory-motor, and affective constellations of behavior. Continued success in articulating adult brain-behavior relationships has stimulated the neuropsychological study of the developing child. As such, child neuropsychology is a far more recent pursuit. The intent of the present chapter is to examine neuropsychological aspects of cortical development that may offer insights into individual differences observed in children’s behavior. Following a review of a number of the critical issues in the area, the neuropsychological aspects of the child’s physical development will be examined with particular emphasis on functional asymmetries.
Maternal Parenting Style and Internalizing and ADHD Symptoms in College Students

The purpose of the current study was to test for a relation between emerging adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) status, how they reported being reared (i.e., perceived parenting style), and how the maternal parenting they received in childhood was linked with current adjustment. College students completed online surveys regarding their ADHD status, impairment, and maternal parenting style. Participants with ADHD reported higher levels of maternal authoritarian parenting (controlling/punitive) and lower levels of maternal authoritative parenting (structured/supportive) compared with participants without ADHD. Across the entire sample, higher reported maternal authoritative parenting was associated with lower levels of inattention (IA), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), depression, anxiety and stress, and higher levels of maternal authoritarian and permissive parenting was associated with higher levels of IA, HI, depression, anxiety, and stress. Sex moderated the relations between maternal parenting style and psychopathology such that women who reported low levels of authoritative parenting also reported higher levels of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, where no differences in psychopathology were found in men across both low and high levels of authoritative parenting. These links between current adjustment and maternal parenting style suggest authoritative parenting may protect against negative adjustment in college students and may be especially important for women.
Tangled Up in Tax: The Nonprofit Sector and the Federal Tax System

If the relationship between the federal tax system and the nonprofit sector is to be summed up in a single word, “entanglement” rather than “exemption” would be the appropriate term. Nonprofit organizations in the United States are caught in a complex web of nonprofit-specific tax provisions, and even seemingly unrelated tax statutes often tie back to the nonprofit sector in winding ways. This chapter seeks to understand how the federal tax laws lead to and limit the nonprofit sector’s entanglement with the public and for-profit sectors. It distinguishes among three types of entanglement — administrative entanglement, political entanglement, and market entanglement — and goes on to explain how society’s decisions to support the nonprofit sector through tax exemptions and tax deductions both respond to and result in entanglement of all three types. It then evaluates the specific strategies of entanglement management that the federal tax system employs. The chapter concludes with thoughts on the future of entanglement in light of the December 2017 tax law, which creates new sources of friction between the federal tax system and nonprofit organizations while at the same time withdrawing some of the tax system’s support for the nonprofit sector.
Was the Soviet Union Totalitarian? The View of Soviet Dissidents and the Reformers of the Gorbachev Era

The article explains why Soviet dissidents and the reformers of the Gorbachev era chose to characterize the Soviet system as totalitarian. The dissidents and the reformers strongly disagreed among themselves about the origins of Soviet totalitarianism. But both groups stressed the effects of totalitarianism on the individual personality; in doing so, they revealed themselves to be the heirs of the tsarist intelligentsia. Although the concept of totalitarianism probably obscures more than it clarifies when it is applied to regimes like the Nazi and the Soviet, the decision of the dissidents and the reformers to use the term enabled them to clarify their own values and the reasons they felt compelled to criticize the Soviet Union and to call for its radical reform.
Balance and the brain: A review of structural brain correlates of postural balance and balance training in humans

Abstract Background: Balance challenges are associated with not only the aging process but also a wide variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, relatively little is known regarding the neural basis of balance and the effects of balance interventions on the brain. Research question: This review synthesizes the existing literature to answer the question: What are the key brain structures associated with balance? Methods: This review examined 37 studies that assessed brain structures in relation to balance assessment or intervention. These studies provided 234 findings implicating 71 brain structures. The frequency of implication for each structure was examined based upon specific methodological parameters, including study design (assessment/intervention), type of balance measured (static/dynamic), population (clinical/non-clinical), and imaging analysis technique (region of interest [ROI]/voxel-based morphometry [VBM]). Results: Although a number of structures were associated with balance across the brain, the most frequently implicated structures included the cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, inferior parietal cortex, and frontal lobe regions. Findings in the cerebellum and brainstem were most common in studies with clinical populations, studies that used an ROI approach, and studies that measured dynamic balance. Findings in the frontal, occipital, and parietal regions were also more common in studies that measured dynamic compared to static balance. Significance: While balance appears to be a whole-brain phenomenon, a subset of structures appear to play a key role in balance and are likely implicated in balance disorders. Some of these structures (i.e., the cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus) have a well-appreciated role in balance, whereas other regions (i.e., hippocampus and inferior parietal cortex) are not commonly thought to be associated with balance and therefore may provide alternative explanations for the neural basis of balance. Key avenues for future research include understanding the roles of all regions involved in balance across the lifespan and in different clinical populations.
Venetoclax (VEN) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combinations in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia myeloid blast phase (CML MBP).

e18515Background: Ph+ AML and CML MBP have poor outcomes. VEN synergizes with BCR-ABL TKIs in vitro and may eradicate Ph+ leukemic stem cells. However, the clinical activity of VEN+TKI regimens is ...
Impact of a system-wide quality improvement initiative on blood pressure control: a cohort analysis

Objective To assess the impact of a quality improvement programme on blood pressure (BP) control and determine whether medication intensification or repeated measurement improved control. Design Retrospective cohort comparing visits in 2015 to visits in 2016 (when the programme started). Subjects Adults with ≥1 primary care visit between January and June in 2015 and 2016 and a diagnosis of hypertension in a large integrated health system. Measures Elevated BP was defined as a BP ≥140/90 mm Hg. Physician response was defined as: nothing; BP recheck within 30 days; or medication intensification within 30 days. Our outcome was BP control ( Results Our cohort included 111 867 adults. Control increased from 72% in 2015 to 79% in 2016 (p Conclusion A system-wide initiative can improve BP control, primarily through medication intensification.
Talectomy as Part of Chronic Foot and Ankle Deformity Correction Procedure: A Retrospective Study.

ABSTRACT Severe foot and ankle deformities can be associated with high complication rates and impaired quality of life in patients. Surgical correction using a talectomy procedure has previously been described in many lower extremity pathologies and is a powerful tool for the correction of severe foot and ankle deformity. This study aimed to describe the role of talectomy and the outcomes of this procedure in patients presenting with severe foot and ankle deformity. A review of 45 patients undergoing talectomy by a single surgeon was completed. Data extracted included the cause of deformity, history of infection, body mass index, and relevant comorbidities. Outcome measures of interest were minor or major complications and limb functionality at final follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed by using a Wilcoxon rank sum test and a Fisher exact test looking at variables affecting selected outcome measures. Limb salvage occurred in 38 of 45 patients (84.4%). Patients with an infection history had 89% lower odds of a functional limb at final follow-up (p = .0389). Six of 7 patients (85.7%) who ultimately underwent amputation had a history of prior infection. Women had 8.25 times higher odds of having a functional limb compared with men (p = .047). All 13 patients with major complications had neuropathy (p = .024). Patients with chronic lower extremity deformities can successfully be treated with a talectomy as a part of the reconstructive procedure. This is a challenging patient population that is associated with a high complication rate. Patients with a history of infection should be counseled on the possibility of requiring major amputation.
Teaching a Deaf-Blind Woman to “Wait” on Command:

A 21-year-old woman who was totally blind, severely hearing impaired, functionally retarded, behaviorally resistive (“stubborn”), self-stimulative, self-abusive, and who lacked basic communication ...
The basics of gait analysis

Abstract In this chapter we cover the basic principles of gait analysis. We discuss gait as a skill along with the definition of motor skill, more generally; we define gait analysis; present the periods and phases of gait; identify the most important spatiotemporal parameters to evaluate during gait analysis where we explore two special cases, the first being step width and lateral stepping, and the second stride/step time and gait variability; and we examine the determinants of gait. In addition, we present some of the more advanced principles with respect to modeling, such as the dynamic walking method and the inverted pendulum. There are many more topics with respect to gait analysis, but to include them here, we would need an entire book, not just a chapter. However, we wanted to give a solid foundation and cultivate a desire to dive deeper into the research performed in this exciting area of study.
Approximate Simulation for Template-Based Whole-Body Control

Reduced-order template models are widely used to control high degree-of-freedom legged robots, but existing methods for template-based whole-body control rely heavily on heuristics and often suffer from robustness issues. In this letter, we propose a template-based whole-body control method grounded in the formal framework of approximate simulation. Our central contribution is to demonstrate how the Hamiltonian structure of rigid-body dynamics can be exploited to establish approximate simulation for a high-dimensional nonlinear system. The resulting controller is passive, more robust to push disturbances, uneven terrain, and modeling errors than standard QP-based methods, and naturally enables high center of mass walking. Our theoretical results are supported by simulation experiments with a 30 degree-of-freedom Valkyrie humanoid model.
Contribution of the Autonomic Nervous System to Recovery in Firefighters.

CONTEXT Sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) have accounted for nearly half of the line-of-duty deaths among US firefighters over the past 10 years. In 2018, 33% of all SCDs occurred after the end of a fire service call. Researchers have suggested that an imbalance in autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation of heart rate postcall may interfere with recovery in firefighters. OBJECTIVE To use heart-rate recovery (HRR) and heart-rate variability (HRV), 2 noninvasive markers of ANS function, to examine the ANS recovery profiles of firefighters. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Firehouse and research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven male career active-duty firefighters (age = 39 ± 9 years, height = 178.8 ± 5.4 cm, mass = 87.9 ± 11.2 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Percentage of maximal HR (%MHR) and HRV (natural log of the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences [lnRMSSD]) were collected after both submaximal and maximal exercise protocols during a 10-minute seated recovery. The HRR profiles were examined by calculating the asymptote, amplitude, and decay parameters of the monoexponential HRR curve for each participant. RESULTS Differences in HRR parameters after 10 minutes of seated recovery were identified after submaximal versus maximal exercise (P < .001). In addition, although ANS was more suppressed after maximal exercise, HRV indicated incomplete recovery, and regardless of the test, recovery %MHR and lnRMSSD values did not return to pretest %MHR and lnRMSSD values. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the ANS contributions to recovery in active-duty firefighters are exercise-intensity specific, and this is likely an important factor when establishing best-practice recovery guidelines.
Blinded Me with Science: Trivial Graphs and Formulas Make Ads More Persuasive

Appearing scientific is persuasive, even when unmerited. Including simple elements such as graphs (studies 1-2) or a chemical formula (study 3) increased belief in a medication’s efficacy. This appears to be due to the association of such elements with science, rather than increased comprehensibility, use of visuals, or recall. Further, study 2 shows a these effects are moderated by a person’s belief in science. Overall, the studies contribute to past research by demonstrating that even trivial elements can increase public persuasion even when they do not indicate scientific expertise or objective support.
Resonant coupling in the heteronuclear alkali dimers for direct photoassociative formation of X(0,0) ultracold molecules.

Promising pathways for photoassociative formation of ultracold heteronuclear alkali metal dimers in their lowest rovibronic levels (denoted X(0,0)) are examined using high-quality ab initio calculations of potential energy curves currently available. A promising pathway for KRb, involving the resonant coupling of the 21Π and 11Π states just below the lowest excited asymptote (K(4s) + Rb(5p1/2)), is found to occur also for RbCs and less promisingly for KCs also. The resonant coupling of the 31Σ+ and 11Π states, also just below the lowest excited asymptote, is found to be promising for LiNa, LiK, and LiRb and less promising for LiCs and KCs. Direct photoassociation to the 11Π state near dissociation appears promising in the final dimers NaK, NaRb, and NaCs, although detuning more than 100 cm−1 below the lowest excited asymptote may be required.
Sources, Fate, and Plant Uptake in Agricultural Systems of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of > 4700 recalcitrant compounds, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. This review aims to (1) identify PFAS sources and fate processes relevant to agricultural systems and (2) expand on plant uptake mechanisms and plant responses to PFAS. The number of PFAS being quantified in studies involving soil, water, and plants is increasing. Transformation of precursors that tend to stay in the rhizosphere can lead to long-term PFAS reservoir to plants. Some PFAS are readily taken up, particularly the shorter-chain PFAS, and can evoke metabolic responses and phytotoxic effects at high concentrations. PFAS translocation from roots to shoots occurs through both active and passive transport mechanisms. Both PFAS uptake and effects vary between and within species. As new PFAS emerge, it will be necessary to continue expanding the list of PFAS quantified in land-applied media and assessing their accumulation potential in plants. While controlled laboratory or greenhouse studies have merit, comprehensive field studies are needed to provide clarity on PFAS fate and their relative risk in agricultural systems. Field studies should include identifying site-specific PFAS sources, quantifying a broader suite of PFAS and identifying potential precursors, evaluating plant uptake of replacement PFAS, reporting of soil properties and climatic conditions, and assessing risk of impacts to source and irrigation waters. This information can be utilized to inform future studies towards evaluating and mitigating risks to our food chain associated with PFAS in agricultural systems.
Effect of occult malignancy on femoropopliteal bypass graft thrombosis

OBJECTIVE The presence of cancer increases arterial thromboembolic events, specifically myocardial infarction and stroke, before a formal diagnosis of cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this increase in thrombotic risk has not been studied in patients with lower extremity bypass grafts. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of occult cancer on femoropopliteal bypass patency. METHODS A retrospective review of femoropopliteal bypass procedures completed from 2001 to 2018 was performed. International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th revision, codes corresponding to breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, skin, brain, and hematologic cancer were used to identify patients who had had occult cancer. Occult cancer was defined as cancer diagnosed within ≤1 year after the bypass procedure. The demographics, comorbidities, bypass configuration and conduit, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year occlusion rates, major adverse limb events, and mortality rates were analyzed. Statistical analysis included t tests, χ2 tests, and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 621 procedures in 517 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of the 621 procedures, 36 (5.8%) were classified as procedures in patients with occult cancer. The patients with occult cancer had had higher occlusion rates at 3 months (27.8% vs 8.0%; P < .001), 6 months (30.5% vs 15.1%; P < .01), and 1 year (44.4% vs 19.8%; P < .001). In Cox regression analysis for bypass thrombosis at 1 year, the only significant predictors were occult cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 2.03; P = .01), below-the-knee distal target (HR, 1.88; P < .01), and a compromised conduit (HR, 2.14; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS We found an increase in bypass graft thrombosis rates in patients who had undergone femoropopliteal bypass who had had occult cancer. Thrombosis of the graft within 1 year postoperatively might be a sign of occult cancer.
Polysomnographic predictors of abnormal brainstem imaging in children.

Study Objectives:Evaluation of elevated central apnea-hypopnea index (CAHI) or prolonged central apneas in pediatric patients typically includes neuroimaging with a focus on brainstem pathology. Th...
American Jewish women’s international travel and activism at the turn of the twentieth century

During the decades between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of World War II, the democratization of travel meant that going abroad became an increasingly common experience for women from ...
Is Age Just a Number? A Statewide Investigation of Community College Students’ Age, Classroom Context, and Course Outcomes in College Math and English

Students 25 years of age and older comprise one-third of the population in public two-year institutions, and these students face significant disadvantages in first-year retention and eventual graduation. Successfully passing college math and college English are important steps for adult students in building momentum toward a degree. Classroom context and classroom experiences play important roles in students' likelihood of passing college math and English. However, little is known about how the contextual features and experiences that are associated with the likelihood of passing differ depending on students’ age. Using multilevel models and statewide administrative data, we examine variation by age in relationships between students’ likelihood of passing a college math or English course and the characteristics of the course itself, peers in the course, the instructor teaching the course, and student behaviors that may bear on course outcomes.
Effectiveness of one-time psychoeducational programming for students with high levels of eating concerns

This study investigated the effectiveness of on-campus programming for National Eating Disorder Awareness Week at increasing knowledge of available treatment options and help-seeking intentions for participants with low and high levels of eating concerns. Program attendees were approached as they entered the space reserved for programming and were asked to participate in the study. One hundred thirty-six college students completed the study questionnaire both immediately before attending programming (pre-test) and immediately after attending programming (post-test). Results indicate that after programming both populations reported significantly greater knowledge of on-campus resources and help-seeking intentions for themselves. Only low eating concern participants reported significantly increased help-seeking intentions for a friend. Psychoeducational programming for eating disorders can be effective at increasing access to treatment and encouraging help seeking behaviors for students.
Darwin's Use of Intellectual Disability in The Descent of Man

When Charles Darwin turned his attention to writing about human descent in 1871 he attempted to narrow the fossil gap between human beings and higher primates by presenting persons with intellectual disabilities — "idiots" in the language of the day — as evidence in support of the theory of evolution. This paper explores the four ways that Darwin used persons with intellectual disabilities in The Descent of Man: 1) as intermediate rung on the evolutionary ladder connecting humans and primates; 2) as exemplars of the inevitable waste and loss produced by natural selection acting upon variability; 3) as the floor of a scale representing the "lowest", most unfit variety of any species when individuals were rank ordered by intelligence; and 4) as atavistic reversions to extinct forms whose study would reveal the characteristics of earlier stages of human evolution. Darwin's strategic use of intellectual disability is brought to bear on the controversy regarding the mental state of Darwin's last child.
Incentive Compensation and the Quality of Disclosure

Investors typically base executive compensation on performance measures reported by managers and verified by third-party monitors. This paper explicitly examines how compensation influences the reporting behavior of managers and auditors and finds that (1) strengthening the link between pay and reported performance can result in a weaker link between pay and actual performance and, consequently, lower managerial effort; (2) conservatism among auditors improves performance measurement; (3) in contrast to auditors, raising penalties on managers for overstating earnings can reduce audit quality and harm investors; and (4) side agreements between auditors and managers bias auditors, but increase their access to information and may improve investor welfare. These results, in turn, have a number of important implications for the reform of corporate governance.
Radiation Sterilization of Prototype Military Foods. III. Pork Loin

Abstract Ten lots of pork loin, packed in cans, were inoculated with approximately 106Clostridium botulinum spores per can. Each lot was seeded with a different strain; five type A and five type B strains were used. The pack comprised 5,690 cans, including controls, and contained about 109 spores per dose. The cans were irradiated with Co60 in the range of 0 to 5.0 Mrad (0.5 Mrad increments) at 5 to 25 C, incubated for 6 months at 30 C, and examined for swelling, toxicity, and recoverable C. botulinum. The minimal experimental sterilizing dose (ESD) based on nonswollen, nontoxic, but nonsterile end points was 2.5 < ESD ≤ 3.0 Mrad, and based on non-spoiled sterile cans was 3.5 < ESD ≤ 4.0 Mrad. The theoretical minimal radiation dose (MRD), the 12D equivalent, varied with the method of computation: 4.74, 4.33 ± 0.17, and 4.19 to 4.99 Mrad were obtained by the Weibull, Spearman-arber, and Schmidt-Nank techniques, respectively. Calculation of D and MRD values by the conventional Schmidt-Nank method produced increasing values with rising dosage; this finding was compared with the data derived by the other two methods of calculation. Suggestions for estimating the MRD of a prototype radiation process are offered.
Evaluation of Histoplasmin for the Presence of H and M Antigens: Some Difficulties Encountered in the Production and Evaluation of a Product Suitable for the Immunodiffusion Test

The development of a single histoplasmin suitable for use in immunodiffusion testing of a variety of human histoplasmosis sera depends not only upon the presence of both antigens, but on relative concentration of one to the other, and perhaps on the chemical characteristics of the H and M antigens of a given strain. Images
The influence of organizational expectations on ethical decision making conflict

This study considers the ethical decision making of individual employees and the influence their perception of organizational expectations has on employee feelings about the decision making process. A self-administered questionnaire design was used for gathering data in this study, with a sample size of 245 full-time employees. The match between the ethical alternative chosen by the respondent and that alternative perceived to be encouraged by his/her organization was found to be significantly related to both feelings of discomfort and feelings of intrapersonal role conflict. Implications for these findings are discussed.
A numerical model of slopewind circulation regimes in a V-shaped valley

A numerical model is utilized to simulate 2-dimensional day and night slopewind circulation regimes in a typical v-shaped valley. A large separated cell is developed over the lee slope during the day; a thin elongated separated cell is developed over the wind-ward slope during the night. The findings are consistent with analytical study and in good qualitative agreement with observations obtained from different parts of the world.
Implications of extinction due to meteoritic smoke in the upper stratosphere

[1] Recent optical observations of aerosols in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere show significant amounts of extinction at altitudes above about 40 km where the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer ends. Recent modeling of this region reveals that meteoritic smoke settling from the mesosphere and its interaction with the upper part of the sulfate aerosol layer is the origin of the observed extinction. Extinction in this region has major implications for the interpretation and analysis of several kinds of aerosol data (satellite and lidar). We compare observations from the SAGE II satellite and from NOAA's lidar located at Mauna Loa, Hawaii to extinction profiles derived from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) coupled with the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA). Our results show that a major source of extinction exists in the region above about 30 km that must be addressed by all remote sensing instruments that have traditionally used the stratosphere above about 30 km as an aerosol free region to estimate the molecular component of their total extinction. It is also shown that meteoritic smoke not only contributes to but also becomes the dominant source of aerosol extinction above 35 km and poleward of 30 degrees in latitude, as well as above 40 km in the tropics. After addressing the concerns described here, current and past observations of this region could be reanalyzed to further our understanding of meteoritic dust in the upper stratosphere.
Mandated Compensation Disclosures and CEO Pay

Mandated compensation disclosures provide important information for investors and may play a governance role in reducing excessive compensation and disciplining management. We utilize SEC evaluations of compensation disclosures mandated by rules adopted in 2006 to investigate whether noncompliance with the new regulations is associated with excessive CEO compensation, previous media attention, or proprietary costs. We also test whether subsequent CEO compensation is associated with the level of noncompliance identified by these publicized SEC reviews. We construct several measures of defective disclosures from SEC comment letters and find that disclosure defects are positively associated with excess CEO compensation and media criticism of CEO compensation during the previous year. We find no evidence supporting the contention that compensation disclosure defects are associated with proprietary costs. Furthermore, we present some evidence that the level of defects in pay-for-performance disclosures identified by the SEC is associated with a reduction in excess CEO compensation in the subsequent year.
Value of new fluorescent immunoassay for human prostatc acid phosphatase in prostate cancer

Abstract A new solid phase fluorescent immunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase in prostatic cancer has been evaluated. This technique is rapid, quantitative, and sensitive. In more than 133 patients studied by the National Prostatic Cancer Project, positive results were obtained in patients with localized, nonmetastatic disease as confirmed by clinical testing, surgical staging, and careful inspection of all pelvic lymph node material in appropriate cases. That this can occur even in Stage A 2 patients may alter current concepts on the staging or, even further, on the therapy of prostatic cancer.
Model for Predicting Changes in the Strengths and Moduli of Timber Exposed To Elevated Temperatures

A model is presented for predicting changes in the tensile, compressive, and shear strengths and moduli of timber exposed to high temperature. The strengths and moduli of southern pine exposed for predetermined lengths of time to either 100, 160, 245, 400, 600 or 800 °C were measured. The accuracy of the model was assessed by comparing the strengths and the moduli predicted by the model to the data.
Studies on flavin binding in flavodoxins

Abstract 1. 1. Stable apoproteins have been prepared from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii, C. pasteurianum and Clostridium MP flavodoxins by dialysis of the native proteins against 2 M KBr at pH 3.9 and 3.10·10 −4 M EDTA. The apoproteins each bind 1 molecule of FMN to give complexes identical with the native flavodoxins. 2. 2. Binding causes almost complete quenching of both protein and FMN fluorescence. This property has been used to determine the dissociation constant for the dissociation of P. elsdenii flavodoxin into apoprotein and FMN, and to follow the kinetics of the interaction. The dissociation constant determined at pH 6.55 and 20° was 4.26·10 −10 M. The maximum rate of binding occurs at pH 4.4 and is described by a second order rate constant of 2.6·10 5 M −1 · cm −1 at 0.5°. The rate is markedly influenced by the salt composition of the solution. 3. 3. Addition of excess apoprotein to FAD, riboflavin or lumiflavin causes only a small decrease in the flavin fluorescence, suggesting that binding of these compounds is weak. 4. 4. Two derivatives of FMN, iso-FMN and 3,4-dihydro FMN form strong, complexes with apoflavodoxin. In the case of iso-FMN and P. elsdenii apoflavodoxin the complex is catalytically active, and it is reduced by systems which reduce native flavodoxin. The complex of 3,4-dihydro FMN is catalytically inactive. 5. 5. C. pasteurianum, P. elsdenii and Clostridium MP flavodoxins contain 1, 2 and 3 sulfhydryl groups, respectively. Experiments with p- chloromercuribenzoate and N- ethylmaleimide indicate that at least one sulfhydryl group is important for flavin binding.
MITOGENIC STIMULATION OF HUMAN T LYMPHOCYTES AT LOW TEMPERATURE INDUCES ANERGY OR CELL DEATH. 42

MITOGENIC STIMULATION OF HUMAN T LYMPHOCYTES AT LOW TEMPERATURE INDUCES ANERGY OR CELL DEATH. 42