cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral specification of nondeterministic state machines by event sequence sets

A method for extending the behavioral specification and verification of state machine networks by event sequences to non-deterministic behavior is presented. The nondeterministic behavior is described by a function between sets of event sequences instead of between sequences. Both the module composition and loop connection operations are modeled by the function composition and the least fixed point, respectively, just as in the deterministic case. Two application examples are described. The example with alternating bit protocol via unreliable communication lines indicates that the method detects the possibility of message stack just as the verification by temporal logic does, while the proof steps of our method are shorter. The second example discusses the cause of the Brock-Ackerman anomaly and a condition to avoid it.
Coherent nanopatterning with table-top soft x-ray lasers

We describe a table top nanofabrication system that utilizes the coherent Talbot imaging effect and a table-top soft x ray laser to implement a defect-free compact nanolithography tool. The Talbot lithography provides a robust and simple setup capable of printing periodic structures over millimeter square areas free of defects. Test structures were fabricated into metal layers showing a complete coherent extreme ultraviolet lithographic process in a table-top system.
Performance of wireless CDMA with M-ary orthogonal modulation and cell site antenna arrays

An antenna array-based base station receiver structure for wireless direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) with M-ary orthogonal modulation is proposed. The base station uses an antenna array beamformer-RAKE structure with noncoherent equal gain combining. The receiver consists of a "front end" beamsteering processor feeding a conventional noncoherent RAKE combiner. The performance of the proposed receiver with closed loop power control in multipath fading channels is evaluated. Expressions for the system uncoded bit-error probability (BEP) as a function of the number of users, number of antennas, and the angle spread are derived for different power control scenarios. The system capacity in terms of number of users that can be supported for a given uncoded BEP is also evaluated. Analysis results show a performance improvement in terms of the system capacity due to the use of antenna arrays and the associated signal processing at the base station. In particular, analysis results show an increase in system capacity that is proportional to the number of antennas. They also show an additional performance improvement due to space diversity gain provided by the array for nonzero angle spreads.
The effect of paraquat on guanylate cyclase activity in relation to morphological changes of guinea pig lungs

The effects of paraquat treatment (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on the guanylate cyclase activity in relation to the occurrence of morphological changes were examined in guinea pig lungs. It was found that paraquat-treated animals, as compared to controls, had a marked activation of guanylate cyclase activity and varying degrees of progressively advancing histopathological changes in the lung. A marked activation in guanylate cyclase activity preceding the development of pulmonary fibrosis in paraquat-treated animals supports the hypothesis that an increased level of intracellular cyclic GMP may somehow be involved in the fibroproliferative changes that eventuate in pulmonary fibrosis.
Looking for the DNA killer app

The structural and functional properties of nucleic acids may form the basis for carrying out elementary and complex computational operations with biological molecules. A recent meeting on computing with DNA explored the potential of this approach.
Rheological and Related Colloidal Aspects of Aqueous Processing that affect the Development of Microstructure

Shear flow in {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} suspensions having a volume fraction of solids ({phi}) in the range between 0.17 and 0.50 was investigated between pH 4 and 12. It is Newtonian if the magnitude of the zeta potential exceeds a critical value which depends on {phi}; its value is 39 mV if {phi} = 0.40 and 74 mV if {phi} = 0.50. If this potential is less than the critical value, shear flow is pseudoplastic; its yield value markedly changes (e.g., 0 to {gt}100 Pa) in a slightly {phi}-dependent, narrow pH range ({lt}0.5 units). If a second oxide, t-ZrO{sub 2}, is present, its pH-dependent colloidal behavior governs the overall rheology, though its concentration may be only 11 % that of {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Scanning electron microscopy of composite pieces indicates that a detrimental, rheologically detectable interaction between {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and t-ZrO{sub 2} can be avoided and the distribution of t-ZrO{sub 2} can be optimized during pressure casting by control of pH to ensure Newtonian flow or a very low yield value when the flow is pseudoplastic.
A kinetic study of the hydrolysis of chloropentamminecobalt (III) chloride in ethanol-water mixtures

ALTHOUGH the hydro lys i s o f the c h l o r o p e n t a m m i n e c o b a l t [ I I I ] i on has been s tud ied u n d e r a wide var ie ty o f cond i t ions , there is a p p a r e n t l y n o da ta o n its hydro lys i s in e t h a n o l w a t e r mixtures . BASOLO a n d PEARSON (1'2) a n d WILKINS (a) have s u m m a r i z e d m u c h o f the ava i lab le i n f o r m a t i o n o n this type o f react ion. The p r inc ipa l r eason for u n d e r t a k i n g this s tudy was to de t e rmine j u s t h o w sui table such m e d i a are for the s t udy o f such reac t ions a n d wha t difficulties arise.
High-Output Heart Failure: How to Define It, When to Treat It, and How to Treat It

Although hemodialysis patients who initiate and maintain a permanent form of dialysis vascular access have improved all-cause and cardiovascular survival compared with those who use catheters, the presence of an arteriovenous fistula has been shown to have a short-term, adverse effect on cardiac function. Through its effect as a left-to-right extracardiac shunt, the arteriovenous fistula can increase cardiac workload substantially, and, in certain patients, result in a high-output state and resultant heart failure over time. Here we review the mechanisms by which dialysis arteriovenous access may promote the development of high-output cardiac failure in end-stage renal disease patients, describe risk factors for and the diagnosis of high-output heart failure, and suggest management strategies for patients who develop high-output heart failure.
Role of surface dimer dynamics in creating ordered organic-semiconductor interfaces

Understanding the chemical reaction mechanisms governing how small organic molecules attach to semiconductor surfaces can lead to new strategies for creating specific surface patterns such as single adduct monolayers. In this study, room-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of one and two 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) molecule(s) reacting with the Si(100)-2x1 surface reveal that adducts form via a carbocation-mediated two-step mechanism. Dimer flipping can either promote or prevent bond formation depending on how the CHD approaches. CHDs often travel past several Si dimers before finding the proper local environment. The resulting intermediate can persist for more than 4 ps, allowing the second bond to form with any adjacent Si dimer. The additional reactive site accounts for a large portion of the discrepancy between the predicted thermodynamic and observed experimental product distribution. Surface adducts protect a 5.6 A region, direct unbound CHD exploration, and can cause adjacent dimers to flip.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel DTPA polymerized hemoglobin based oxygen carrier.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to prepare a novel polymerized hemoglobin (Hb) based oxygen carrier (HBOC) designed to minimize Hb induced hypertension, while employing a simple and inexpensive method of preparation. Cyclic-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was used to polymerize stroma free Hb (SF-Hb). Methods: SF-Hb was isolated from red blood cells and reacted with DTPA at a constant concentration, pH, and duration. Low molar mass fractions ( Results: Poly-DTPA-Hb demonstrated a number averaged molar mass of 128.7 kDa and a weighted average of 223.0 kDa. Oxygen binding equilibrium indicated high oxygen affinity (P50 = 5.1 ± 0.01 mm Hg) and little cooperativity (n = 1.4). Poly-DTPA-Hb and a control DTPA polymerized human serum albumin (Poly-DTPA-HSA) unexpectedly caused acute hypotension during the period of ET in rats (mean arterial pressure ≈45% less than baseline). Hypotension occurring over the period of ET was determined to be mediated by calcium binding to protein associated DTPA. This effect was attenuated by the addition of calcium chloride (CaCl2) to the Poly-DTPA protein preparations. Conclusions: Cyclic DTPA anhydride can be used to create cross-linked and polymerized hemoglobin, using a simple and inexpensive process. However, the addition of CaCl2 to the preparation appears to be required to prevent calcium chelation and subsequent hypotension during infusion.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Gd3+-loaded ultra-short carbon nanotubes

We present an x-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structure around the Gd3+ion loaded in ultra short (20-100 nm) carbon nanotubes (GNTs). X-ray Gd L3 absorption near edge structure data shows that the 31.2-μM GNT suspension exhibits a clear characteristic of hydration at the [GdOn] cluster. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure data show that the Gd3+ ion is coordinated by about 9 oxygen ions and that this first coordination shell exhibits an asymmetry similar to that found in triclinic Gd-acetate or Gd[C2H3O2]34H2O or GdAc. After correction for the asymmetry using the cumulant of the third order, the Gd-O bond distance is found to be 2.345 A, instead of 2.406 A for a symmetrical (or Gaussian) distribution. It is shorter than that in the Gd-containing MRI contrast agents currently in clinical uses. This may account in part for high proton relaxivity observed for the GNT suspension.
Perineal manifestations of HIV infection

Individuals who are seropositive for the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) frequently have disorders affecting the anorectum, yet little has been reported on this subject. We reviewed our initial experience with patients with HIV referred to the Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Forty patients (age range, 19–45 years; mean, 32.2 years) were seen between 1985 and 1989. The mean duration of symptoms was six months (range, one week to six years). In 25 patients (63 percent), more than one anorectal condition was identified. Condylomata were seen in 21 patients (52 percent), and in 11 these were associated with other pathologies. Fistulas and/or abscesses were identified in 15 patients (37 percent). Three had a “watering-can perineum,” all without any identifiable predisposing factors. Nineteen patients had symptomatic hemorrhoids (seven), fissures (17), and/or perianal herpes infections (five), usually in combination with other lesions (89 percent). Three individuals developed neoplastic processes. Rectal disease was discovered in addition in nine patients. This included nonspecific proctitis in four, a rectal mass in four (polyps, two; rectal diverticulum, one; and Kaposi's sarcoma, one), and a nonspecific rectal ulcer in one. Four patients had other symptoms, including diarrhea, incontinence, soiling, frequency, and/or urgency, always in combination with other anal disorders. Seventy-one operative procedures were performed in 31 patients (78 percent). Only six (8 percent) of these were for diagnosis and biopsy alone. Mean follow-up was 15.5 months in the 23 patients followed for greater than one month. Only 6 of 23 (26 percent) had resolution of their problem. Nine (39 percent) developed new perianal conditions. Anorectal disorders are often seen in patients infected with HIV. They may be aggressive, cause significant morbidity, and be difficult to resolve.
Living anionic polymerization using a microfluidic reactor.

Living anionic polymerizations were conducted within aluminum-polyimide microfluidic devices. Polymerizations of styrene in cyclohexane were carried out at various conditions, including elevated temperature (60 °C) and high monomer concentration (42%, by volume). The reactions were safely maintained at a controlled temperature at all points in the reactor. Conducting these reactions in a batch reactor results in uncontrolled heat generation with potentially dangerous rises in pressure. Moreover, the microfluidic nature of these devices allows for flexible 2D designing of the flow channel. Four flow designs were examined (straight, periodically pinched, obtuse zigzag, and acute zigzag channels). The ability to use the channel pattern to increase the level of mixing throughout the reactor was evaluated. When moderately high molecular mass polymers with increased viscosity were made, the patterned channels produced polymers with narrower PDI, indicating that passive mixing arising from the channel design is improving the reaction conditions.
Astronomy: out of the dark ages.

Light from the most distant sources known, emitted when the Universe was only a billion years old, hints at a complex history of star and galaxy formation, and at their effect on the primordial gas around them.
The Effect of Increasing Maternal Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate on Estrogen Synthesis by Pregnant Baboons

The effect of increasing maternal dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate (DHAS) concentrationon placental estradiol-17β (E2) synthesis was determinedin 4 pregnant baboons (Papio papio). Afterintravenous administration of trace doses of 14C-DHAS and 3H-E2 to the mother the 3H/14C ratiosof urinary E2 indicated that 1.3–5.5% (92–153 daysgestation) of the 14C-DHAS was converted to 14C-E2. When 14C-DHAS was diluted with 25–150 mgnonradioactive DHAS and administered within 1–2weeks of the trace experiments, the fraction of14C-DHAS converted to 14C-E2 was reduced by 50–70%. Since provision of exogenous DHAS didnot result in a proportionate rise in E2 formation it isconcluded that other factors, in addition to maternalprecursor availability, must regulate E2 synthesis. (Endocrinology 94: 1743, 1974)
The beyond must also be useful: the burden of alternative approaches.

Advocates of many different approaches have, for years, attempted to usurp cognitive psychology’s dominance in the field of psychology. Unfortunately, none of these approaches have yet made a convincing case that they could take cognitive psychology’s place. Because of its explicit use of the mind-as-computer model, cognitivism gains a false sense of concreteness, and becomes pragmatically useful. Because their models are implicit, alternatives, such as phenomenology, gain a false sense of ambiguity and lose their pragmatic potential. In addition, alternative theories often alienate potential sympathizers through unnecessarily harsh criticism. This leads to a professional attitude in which one must take sides, rather than an attitude that appreciates the benefits of diversity, and may lead to the emergence of other beneficial models. If alternative approaches, such as Dr. Flores-Gonzalez’s (Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, 2008), could push through to the point of immediate usefulness, and present themselves in a less adversarial way, they would be much better placed make meaningful contributions.
SIMULATION EXPLORATION OF THE POWER OF MARGINAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS

In either simple or multivariate regression models, measured coefficients represent a kind of average of co-variant relationships implicit in the data. For time-series data, if co-variant relationships follow no particular pattern over the sample period, use of this average in forecasting is rational. However, if relationships among independent and dependent variables is undergoing change over time, then measured regression coefficients are likely to be poor tools for prediction. This paper is an exploratory study of this general problem area. It develops implications as to the predictive impact of the problem and offers preliminary suggestions as to a method of developing predictions under such circumstances.
Quartz microbalance study of hydrogen and helium adsorbed on a rubidium surface.

Abstract Adsorption isotherms of H 2 and 4 He on Rb measured with a quartz microbalance are presented. They clearly show sharp prewetting transitions. For H 2 on Rb a wetting temperature T W =17.89±0.04K is found. 4 He isotherms below the λ point show the characteristic frequency drop due to superfluid onset.
Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in relation to motor neurons and internuclear neurons of the cat abducens nucleus

Three distinct patterns of AChE localization have been observed in relation to cat abducens motor neurons and internuclear neurons labelled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. First, AChE was localized predominantly within cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum and agranular reticulum of motor neuron somata, dendrites and axons, but was absent from internuclear neurons. AChE was also associated with saccules of the Golgi apparatus in the motor neurons, but was was absent from all other cytoplasmic organelles. Second, AChE was observed on the soma-dendritic and axonal surface membrane of the motor neurons, particularly at sites of apposition of synaptic endings of all morphological types, but was usually absent from the surface membranes of internuclear neurons. Third, AChE was associated both extracellularly and intracellularly with certain synaptic endings that contained spheroidal synaptic vesicles and that contacted both motor neurons and internuclear neurons. A similar pattern of staining of synaptic endings was observed at the neuromuscular junctions in the lateral rectus muscle. Axotomy of the VIth nerve resulted in loss of intracellular AChE associated with the Golgi apparatus and extracellular AChE on the somatic surface membrane of the motor neurons. The patterned localization of AChE contrasted with the localization of butyrylcholinesterase, which was associated predominantly with astrocytes. The findings suggest different roles of AChE as a function of the different patterns of localization.
Is long-term glucocorticoid therapy associated with a high prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures?

Is long-term glucocorticoid therapy associated with a high prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures?
Integrating software productivity tools into Eclipse

This paper presents a framework designed to ease the process of building GUIs for software productivity tools in Eclipse. This framework provides a general system with which external tools may display graphs and trees within Eclipse and may link these displays to source code. In addition, our framework can retrieve information from Eclipse, passing it back to the user's external tools for further processing. Combining these pieces of functionality gives users an intuitive and powerful interface to existing productivity tools and provides developers an easy way of extending those tools.The paper also presents examples of two program productivity tools -- a memory leak detector and a security vulnerability detector -- which we have successfully integrated with our framework.
U.S. coastal waters graded

A comprehensive summary of the condition of U.S. coastal conditions, released 29 March, grades the nation's coasts as fair to poor. The “National Coastal Conditions Report,” prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal agencies, found that 44% of the nation's estuarine areas are impaired for use by people and aquatic life.
Controlled Multicenter Evaluation of a Bacteriophage-Based Method for Rapid Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Positive Blood Cultures

Staphylococci are a frequent cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs). Appropriate antibiotic treatment for BSIs may be delayed because conventional laboratory testing methods take 48 to 72 h to identify and characterize isolates from positive blood cultures. We evaluated a novel assay based on bacteriophage amplification that identifies Staphylococcus aureus and differentiates between methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively) in samples taken directly from signal-positive Bactec blood culture bottles within 24 h of positive signal, with results available within 5 h. The performance of the MicroPhage KeyPath MRSA/MSSA blood culture test was compared to conventional identification and susceptibility testing methods. At four sites, we collectively tested a total of 1,165 specimens, of which 1,116 were included in our analysis. Compared to standard methods, the KeyPath MRSA/MSSA blood culture test demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 91.8%, 98.3%, 96.3%, and 96.1%, respectively, for correctly identifying S. aureus. Of those correctly identified as S. aureus (n = 334), 99.1% were correctly categorized as either MSSA or MRSA. Analysis of a subset of the data revealed that the KeyPath MRSA/MSSA blood culture test delivered results a median of 30 h sooner than conventional methods (a median of 46.9 h versus a median of 16.9 h). Although the sensitivity of the test in detecting S. aureus-positive samples is not high, its accuracy in determining methicillin resistance and susceptibility among positives is very high. These characteristics may enable earlier implementation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for many S. aureus BSI patients.
Abrasive layer fracture wear of microgrinding tools

Research presented indicates that grain fracture is the most important mechanism of material removal from sharp abrasive wheels during grinding. The relationship between the wear of facets and vertices on the surface of microgrinding tools and the induced stresses in model abrasive grains is described in detail. It is concluded that the magnitude of tensile stresses induced in the abrasive layer depth is the best indicator of microgrinding tool wear during a grinding operation.
A Theory of Post-Stall Transients in Axial Compression Systems: Part II—Application

Using the theory developed in Part I, calculations have been carried out to show the evolution of the mass flow, pressure rise, and rotating-stall cell amplitude during compression system post-stall transients. In particular, it is shown that the unsteady growth or decay of the stall cell can have a significant effect on the instantaneous compressor pumping characteristic and hence on the overall system behavior. A limited parametric study is carried out to illustrate the impact of different system features on transient behavior. It is shown, for example, that the ultimate mode of system response, surge or stable rotating stall, depends not only on the B parameter, but also on the compressor length-to-radius ratio. Small values of this latter quantity tend to favor the occurrence of surge, as do large values of B. Based on the analytical and numerical results, several specific topics are suggested for future research on post-stall transients.
Optimism, appraisals, and coping in the adjustment of mothers and their children with spina bifida

Families of children with physical disabilities show substantial differences in the levels of adjustment of both the children and their parents. These differences result, in part, from the complex interplay of family and child adaptation resources, such as coping and social support. In order to identify factors which may differentiate levels of adjustment among families with children with physical disabilities, this study examined relationships among optimism, primary and secondary appraisals of and coping with child-related stressors, maternal psychological adjustment, and child adjustment in 29 families with a child with spina bifida without mental retardation and 28 comparison families with a nondisabled child. For the spina bifida group, primary appraisals were related to the use of avoidant coping strategies, and these coping strategies were related to maternal psychological adjustment and child internalizing behavior problems. No significant differences between the groups in terms of the nature of the relationships or in the levels of the variables were found with the exception that mothers of children with spina bifida were less optimistic than comparison mothers. These data support the importance of coping in understanding the psychological adjustment of mothers faced with a chronic stressor in the family.
Cell cycle: Checkpoint proteins and kinetochores

Vertebrate homologs of yeast spindle assembly checkpoint proteins are localized to kinetochores and may act as a sensor for proper chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle.
Kinetics of the reactions of atomic chlorine with methanol and the hydroxymethyl radical with molecular oxygen at 298 K

The rate constants for the reactions Cl + CH3OD CH2OD + HCl (1) and CH2OH + O2 HO2 + H2CO (2) have been determined in a discharge flow system near 1 torr pressure with detection of radical and molecular species using collision-free sampling mass spectrometry. The rate constant k1, determined from the decay of CH3OD in the presence of excess Cl, is (5.1 ± 1.0) × 10−11 cm3 s−1. This is in reasonable agreement with the only previous measurement of k1. The CH2OH radical was produced by reaction (1) and its reaction with O2 was studied by monitoring the decay of the CH2OH radical in the presence of excess O2. The result is k2 = (8.6 ± 2.0) × 10−12 cm3 s−1. Previous estimates of k2 have differed by nearly an order of magnitude, and our value for k2 supports the more recent high values.
The Effect of Alternative e-Prices on eBay Book Auctions

This paper uses the usual eBay auction variables and some data from ABE and Amazon, namely, lot size and the alternative e-price, the lowest price for a given book on a given site, to examine in the question of how information from ABE and Amazon affects eBay auction outcomes. We find that although lot-size sometimes affects bids and final sale price, the alternative e-price effects are more important. Sellers on eBay set their minimum prices below the alternative e-prices, but the closer the minimum price is set to the alternative e-price, the lower the final sale price. Decomposing this result into bidding versus final sale price per se effects, our evidence suggests that the primary comparison shopping effect is on bidding behavior.
Neurobehavioral assessment in forensic practice

There is a growing awareness among mental health practitioners that many mental disorders previously believed to be primarily behavioral in nature, reflecting character and environment, are actually grounded in brain mal-development or brain disorder. This growing awareness, influenced by the advent of new diagnostic procedures and measures, is also found among forensic practitioners. In this paper, we describe some of the elements involved in conducting a neurobehavioral assessment of cognitive functioning, particularly in capital cases, organizing this material in terms of the professional disciplines - social work, mitigation investigation, psychological, and medical - with which these methods are mainly identified. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how to integrate the multiple areas of expertise to create an accurate understanding of the neurobehavioral functioning and capacity of the subject. This is the basis from which civil and criminal forensic opinions must emanate.
Vaccine safety policy analysis in three European countries: the case of thimerosal.

Increased societal concern regarding the safety of vaccines has had an impact on the risk tolerance of public health officials, parents, and medical professionals. Risks that were either unknown or accepted for years have come under new scrutiny and may result in new and changed perspectives. This has been due partly to the fact that effective immunization programs have markedly diminished the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases in industrialized countries. As a result, there is a lower awareness of the risks associated with the diseases themselves and a greater prominence of the potential risks of adverse effects associated with the vaccines. Risk perceptions and the actions taken in response to real or perceived risks regarding vaccines can and do vary significantly among nations. Due to the heightened awareness and concern over vaccine safety issues, immunization policymakers must carefully balance newly identified potential risks from vaccines with the actual risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. Concern regarding public reactions to new and often unverified safety issues may place pressure on policymakers and/or health care providers to act quickly in response to new
Biological and physical mechanisms of HIFU-induced hyperecho in ultrasound images

Abstract Guidance and monitoring of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy, using ultrasound imaging, has primarily utilized formation of a hyperechoic region at the HIFU focus. We investigated biologic and physical mechanisms of a hyperecho, as well as safety of this phenomenon, using thermal, acoustic and light microscopy observations. Single, short-duration HIFU pulses (30–60 ms) were able to produce a hyperechoic region at the HIFU focus, 2 cm deep in a rabbit thigh muscle. When hyperechoic regions appeared, inertial cavitation was detected in vivo using a custom-made passive cavitation detection system. Light micrographs showed a large number of cavities (approximately 100/mm 3 ), 1–10 μm in diameter, in a cytoplasm of cells located at the HIFU focus. Blood congestion was observed around a focal region, indicating an injury of microvasculature. Cellular necrosis was observed at 2 d after the treatment, while healing, scar tissue formation and regeneration were observed at 7 d and 14 d. The results indicate that a possibility of adverse tissue effects has to be taken into consideration when the hyperecho formation, induced by very-short HIFU pulses, is used for pretreatment targeting. (E-mail: adasi@u.washington.edu )
Radiation hybrid mapping: a somatic cell genetic method for constructing high-resolution maps of mammalian chromosomes

Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping, a somatic cell genetic technique, was developed as a general approach for constructing long-range maps of mammalian chromosomes. This statistical method depends on x-ray breakage of chromosomes to determine the distances between DNA markers, as well as their order on the chromosome. In addition, the method allows the relative likelihoods of alternative marker orders to be determined. The RH procedure was used to map 14 DNA probes from a region of human chromosome 21 spanning 20 megabase pairs. The map was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of RH mapping for constructing high-resolution, contiguous maps of mammalian chromosomes.
Detection of HSV-1 genome in central nervous system of latently infected mice

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can establish latent infections in peripheral nerve ganglia and the central nervous system (CNS) of experimentally infected mice. Latent infections of peripheral nervous tissue are characterized by the ability to recover infectious virus from explant cultures of most of the latently infected ganglia. In contrast, infectious virus is infrequently recovered from the CNS of latently infected mice following explant culture, although viral DNA can be detected in CNS tissue. The presence of incomplete or defective viral genomes during the latent CNS infections has been proposed to explain this difference between the two latent infections. To characterize the completeness and the physical state of the latent viral genome, we used Southern blot hybridization to analyse the viral DNA from latently infected mouse ganglia and brains. Our results, reported here, indicate that most, if not all, of the HSV-1 genome is present in latently infected CNS tissue and that the latent viral genome exists in a form other than linear, unit length DNA.
Optimized nonorthogonal localized orbitals for linear scaling quantum Monte Carlo calculations

We derive an automatic procedure for generating a set of highly localized, nonorthogonal orbitals for linear scaling quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations. We demonstrate the advantage of these orbitals for calculating the total energy of both semiconducting and metallic systems by studying bulk silicon and the homogeneous electron gas. For silicon, the improved localization of these orbitals reduces the computational time by a factor of 5 and the memory by a factor of 6 compared to localized, orthogonal orbitals. For jellium at typical metallic densities, we demonstrate that the total energy is converged to 3 meV per electron for orbitals truncated within spheres with radii $7{r}_{s}$, opening the possibility of linear scaling QMC calculations for realistic metallic systems.
Calcific discitis in children: vertebral body involvement (possible insight into etiology)

The aim of the study was to present our cases of calcific discitis, analyze the imaging findings, and review the literature in an attempt to formulate a possible etiology. We reviewed the imaging and clinical findings in nine patients with calcific discitis and accomplished a literature review of the condition. There were nine patients, five males and four females. Age range was 5-13 years with a mean of 9.7 years. Twenty-three discs were involved, nine cervical and fourteen thoracic. Four cervical discs were not calcified but merely swollen. One patient presented with abnormal magnetic resonance (MR) signal changes within a vertebral body. Our literature search revealed another such patient and brought up the possibility that the insult to the disc might be secondary to vertebral body involvement and disruption of the tenuous vascular/nutritional support of the intervertebral disc from the adjacent vertebral body. In the early stages of calcific discitis, only swelling and expansion of the disc are seen. More recently, with MR imaging, vertebral body involvement has been demonstrated to also occur. As a result, it may be that the initial insult (vascular compromise) is to the vertebral body (nutritional support for the disc) rather than to the disc.
Properties of sound.

Basic concepts about sound exposure are reviewed without extensive reliance on the technical details of physical acoustics or psychoacoustics. The frequencies and intensities of sounds that might be encountered in a hospital nursery are described. Examples of the nonlinear properties of sound levels are provided. The complexities of adding and subtracting decibels are discussed. Some important noise standards are reviewed, along with an explanation of why some sounds might be more annoying than others. A companion article in this issue gives practical information on how to make sound-level measurements.
Spillover between Daughters' Roles as Caregiver and Wife: Interference or Enhancement?

This research examined how the roles of caregiver and wife affect one another, both positively and negatively, and how such "spillover" effects are related to caregivers' well-being. Spillover was assessed both from the perspective of 125 adult daughter caregivers and their husbands. Husbands reported less negative spillover and more positive spillover from the caregiver role to the wife role than did caregivers. Caregivers reported less positive spillover and more negative spillover from their parent-care role to their wife role than in the opposite direction (wife role to caregiver role). After controlling for caregivers' dispositional optimism, positive and negative spillover were related to several aspects of caregivers' well-being (depression, positive affect, and marital satisfaction), but not to physical health. Findings extend research on number and types of women's roles by suggesting that caregivers' well-being also is influenced by the ways their roles interfere with or enhance each other.
Characterization of Fourier Transforms of Hardy Spaces

Abstract Characterizations of Fourier transforms of boundary distributions of functions in Hp(R) or Hp(T), 0 < p ≤ 1, are given. These results are applied to obtain Fourier multiplier theorems on Hp.
Blocking map of He+ scattered from a Si(0 0 1)-(2 × 1) surface

Abstract Scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry (SARIS) in the “blocking configuration” for the system of 5 keV He+ scattering from a Si(0 0 1)-(2 × 1) surface has been used to measure a two-dimensional blocking map. The map demonstrates that this real-space surface crystallographic technique is sensitive to interatomic spacings in the surface and subsurface layers of a crystal. Classical ion trajectory simulations using the scattering and recoiling imaging code (SARIC) and “two-atom” molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to interpret the blocking patterns and to provide quantitative interpretations of the experimental data. The “blocking configuration”, in which atomic trajectories scattered from subsurface layers are blocked by atoms in layers nearer to the surface, is demonstrated to be a viable method for simultaneous acquisition of data from the surface and individual surface layers. It is found that the blocking map is representative of the crystal geometry. The results show that the major blocking cones for 5 keV He+ on Si(0 0 1)-(2 × 1) originate from fourth to seventh-atomic layer scattering, while cones of lesser intensity are observed from as deep as the 12th-atomic layer.
Evolutionary genetics of Metridium senile . II. Geographic patterns of allozyme variation

Electrophoretic surveys have demonstrated that populations of the sea anemone Metridium senile along the northeast coast of the United States are polymorphic at four enzyme loci. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) has two alleles in most populations, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) has three alleles, and two leucine aminopeptidase loci have two common alleles each. Phosphoglucose isomerase displays clinal variation and an apparent association with environmental temperature. Phosphoglucomutase shows clinal variation north of Cape Cod for two of the three alleles, while the two leucine aminopeptidase loci are not clinal. All loci show a great deal of variation in populations on Cape Cod, but there is no apparent systematic pattern to this variation. Temperature may be a selective agent in the maintenance of the PGI and PGM clines, although other possibilities cannot presently be completely excluded.
Formulations and solution procedures for nonlinear structural analysis

Abstract This paper presents a survey of the formulations and solution procedures for nonlinear static and dynamic structural analysis. The formulations covered include the pseudo force method, the total Lagrangian method, the updated Lagrangian method, and the convected coordinate method. The relationship of each principle to the basic principle of virtual work is presented. For static analysis, the solution by direct minimization of the total potential, Newton-Raphson and modified Newton-Raphson, and the first and second order self correcting method are reviewed and put in proper perspective. It is concluded that the most efficient methods for static problems are the modified Newton-Raphson and the first order self correcting methods. For dynamic nonlinear analysis, a new method based on modal analysis using the pseudo force method is presented. Numerical results for the highly nonlinear dynamic response of a shallow cap ( λ = 6) under a step load at the apex shows the method to be 5 times faster than the Houbolt solution procedure. Other methods surveyed include the Newmark β method, the Wilson method, central differences, and the stiffly stable solution procedure of Park.
Dynamic programming approach for burnout-to-apogee guidance of precision munitions

A method is presented for burnout-to-apogee munitions guidance that compensates for launch offsets from a nominal, ground-to-ground trajectory. The munition is assumed to be configured for low-cost, externally received navigation updates that are only available up to the time of apogee. Using a novel technique, a guidance problem with an unspecified final time is transformed to a form solvable by the method of dynamic programming. A set of feedback gains is generated for times between motor burnout and apogee to compensate for launch-induced offsets. Corrected ballistic trajectories from apogee are obtained by including a quadratic term of target miss distance in the problem formulation. A single set of gains is shown to be robust for a range of launch offsets.
In the Winter of Our Discontent: Law, Anti-Law, and Social Science

▪ Abstract Law and social science took shape as a field of inquiry in the third quarter of the past century, an era of expanding rights and remedies and optimism about the capacity of law, government, and social science to address intractable social problems. It put down vigorous institutional roots in organizations, publications, teaching, and research that enabled it to survive the erosion of the reformist soil that nurtured it and to adapt to a new era in which the prevailing common sense is a jaundiced view that emphasizes the weaknesses, costs, and dangers of law. A significant body of research has rebutted many of the components of the jaundiced view, but with little effect on the prevailing folklore. The legal system's distinctive susceptibility to such misreadings and misrepresentations is aggravated by a late and weak development of empirical knowledge and a lack of credible guardians of its knowledge base.
Merger Waves, Pseudo Market Timing and Post-Merger Performance

Do managers time the market when they make merger decisions? Merger and acquisition waves seem to correspond with market tides, cresting with bull markets. A contentious debate exists over whether this trend indicates managerial market timing ability. Pseudo market timing, introduced by Schultz (2003, Journal of Finance 58, 483–517), provides an alternative hypothesis to explain abnormal performance following events even when managers cannot time the market. I find that acquiring firms which use stocks as the method of payment exhibit negative long-run abnormal returns in event-time, but not in calendar time. Simulations reveal that even when ex ante expected abnormal returns are zero (i.e. managers have no market timing ability), median ex post performance for acquirers is significantly negative when event-time is used. These findings support pseudo market timing as an explanation for acquiring firm underperformance in the context of stock mergers.
Survival and Infectivity of the Insect-Parasitic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar in Solutions Containing Four Different Turfgrass Soil Surfactants

This laboratory study examined viability and infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar in solutions containing four different turfgrass soil surfactants: Revolution (Aquatrols Corp., Paulsboro, NJ), Aqueduct (Aquatrols Corp., Paulsboro, NJ), Cascade Plus (Precision Laboratories Inc., Waukegan, IL) and OARS (Aqua-Aid Inc., Rocky Mount, NC). Infective juvenile H. bacteriophora were added to solutions containing each of the four surfactants, and nematode viability and infectivity were monitored over time. In one of two trials, nematode survival in solutions containing the surfactants Aqueduct and Cascade Plus was consistently higher compared to the water control and solutions containing Revolution or OARS. Surfactants had no significant influence on nematode infectivity in either trial. Findings indicate that most of the common turfgrass soil surfactants examined should be compatible with EPNs and that some may potentially enhance nematode survival. Results also imply that tank-mixing of EPNs with most turfgrass soil surfactants should not pose a significant risk to the nematodes. The influence of soil surfactants on EPN performance remains to be examined in the field.
Consumer Culture and Political Transformations in Twentieth-Century Germany

Generally, Frankfurt School theorists Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's critique of mass culture as merely an instrument of totalitarianism dominates German historiography on consumption.1 According to this view, elites use the media to control how people think. Another member of the school, Walter Benjamin, is famous for arguing that the industrial production of goods removed the “aura” from unique things (paintings, for example) and turned them into commodities, devoid of higher social value.2 The widespread acceptance of their views meant German historians generally disdained consumer culture as a field of study.3 Recently, however, some have discovered another and more accurate conceptualization of consumer culture from an often-overlooked Frankfurt School scholar, Siegfried Krakauer. He agreed authoritarians could use consumer culture to control the polity, but “the mass ornament is [also] ambivalent.” Additionally, it offered the opportunity to think of things in new ways, to imagine oneself differently through film, for example. Krakauer's problem with consumer culture and capitalism in Weimar was that “it rationalizes not too much but rather too little.” The more people that could participate in capitalism through consumption, he reasoned, the more receptive the system could become to new voices.4 Much of the best contemporary historiography on twentieth-century Germany produced by scholars in the UK, USA and the Federal Republic is now premised on this insight.
Operational use of GPS navigation for space shuttle entry

The STS-118 flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour was the first shuttle mission flown with three Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in place of the three legacy Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) units. This marked the conclusion of a 15 year effort involving procurement, missionization, integration, and flight testing of a GPS receiver and a parallel effort to formulate and implement shuttle computer software changes to support GPS. The use of GPS data from a single receiver in parallel with TACAN during entry was successfully demonstrated by the orbiters Discovery and Atlantis during four shuttle missions in 2006 and 2007. This provided the confidence needed before flying the first all GPS, no TACAN flight with Endeavour. A significant number of lessons were learned concerning the integration of a software intensive navigation unit into a legacy avionics system. These lessons have been taken into consideration during vehicle design by other flight programs, including the vehicle that will replace the Space Shuttle, Orion.
Manifest Needs as Personality Predispositions to Conflict-Handling Behavior

This investigation examines manifest needs (affiliation, dominance, achievement, and autonomy) as personality predispositions to conflict-handling behavior. The design of the research represents an improvement over previous studies by utilizing a large heterogeneous sample within a controlled context of conflict introduced via a computerized business simulation. The research findings reveal a relationship between the need for dominance and affiliation and conflict-handling mode preference. These findings have implications for personnel placement and selection, conflict management, and organizational interventions.
Combustion of liquid fuels in a flowing combustion gas environment at high pressures

The combustion of fuel droplets in gases which simulate combustion chamber conditions was considered both experimentally and theoretically. The fuel droplets were simulated by porous spheres and allowed to gasify in combustion gases produced by a burner. Tests were conducted for pressures of 1-40 atm, temperatures of 600-1500 K, oxygen concentrations of 0-13% (molar) and approach Reynolds numbers of 40-680. The fuels considered in the tests included methanol, ethanol, propanol-1, n-pentane, n-heptane and n-decane. Measurements were made of both the rate of gasification of the droplet and the liquid surface temperature. Measurements were compared with theory, involving various models of gas phase transport properties with a multiplicative correction for the effect of forced convection.