cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute airway injury during high-frequency jet ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation

Background and methods We compared tracheal histologic injury patterns, airway pressure (Paw) requirements, and in vivo and in vitro estimate of airway humidification in 13 adult cats with normal lungs mechanically ventilated for 16 hr. Six animals were treated with high-frequency jet ventilation at 400 breaths/min and seven animals with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation at 900 breaths/min. Results Peak airway pressure, Paw, mean Paw, and end-expiratory pressure requirements were significantly higher for high-frequency oscillatory ventilation as compared with high-frequency jet ventilation for similar gas exchange (p less than .01). While in vivo estimates of airway humidification suggested progressively greater H2O delivery into the respirator circuit, and therefore the airway, with higher frequencies, the in vitro study suggested similar relative humidities of the delivered gases during both types of mechanical ventilation. Tracheal injury, measured using a semiquantitative scoring system, was scored similarly for both ventilators studied despite the higher pressure requirements seen with the high-frequency oscillator. Conclusions In this animal model, high-frequency ventilation using either jet or oscillation techniques produced similar inflammatory tracheal damage despite differences in Paw exposure and humidity.
Temperature compensation in short-duration time-measurement by an intertidal amphipod.

The duration of the swimming response of an intertidal amphipod to increases in hydrostatic pressure apparently serves to measure the timing of wave uprush on the beach. Experiments have demonstrated that this response to a standard pressure-increase stimulus varies in duration only slightly with temperature over the range from 10° to 28° C, with estimated Q 10 values of 1.3 to 1.5. Relative insensitivity to temperature, such as here described, seems to be an essential component of biological time-measuring systems (including endogenous circadian, tidal, and lunar rhythms) that are ecologically keyed to the timing of temperature-independent environmental factors.
Film stresses and electrode buckling in organic solar cells

Abstract We investigate the film stresses that develop in the polymer films and metal electrodes of poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. A compressive biaxial stress of ∼−36 MPa was measured in PEDOT:PSS while a tensile stress of ∼6 MPa was measured in the BHJ layer. We then analyze the effect of electrode deposition rate on the film stresses in the Al electrode. Compressive stresses of ∼−100 to −145 MPa in the Al electrode lead to a buckling instability resulting in undulating electrode surface topography. The BHJ layer was found to have the lowest cohesion (∼1.5–1.8 J/m 2 ) among the layers of the solar cell and dependent on the Al electrode deposition rate. The cohesive failure path in the BHJ layer exhibited the same periodicity and orientation of the Al electrode buckling topography. We discuss the implications of the film stresses on damage processes during device fabrication and operation.
Effects of tiodazosin, a new antihypertensive, hemodynamics and clinical variables

Tiodazosin, a new antihypertensive, resembles prazosin in structure and α-adrenergic-blocking activity, and it also exerts a direct vasodilator effect. We evaluated its long-term hemodynamic and systemic effects in patients with essential hypertension. Our data show that after 10 wk of therapy with tiodazosin, 7 of our 10 patients had significant reduction in intra-arterial mean blood pressure as a result of a fall in systemic vascular resistance. Heart rate, cardiac output, and plasma volume did not change. Systemic effects were minor and included a gain in weight and a reduction in hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, serum protein, albumin, bilirubin, and specific gravity of urine. No patient initially developed orthostatic symptoms after the first dose, but there were transient episodes of light-headedness in three patients, palpitations in two, increased urinary frequency in one, and drooping of eyelid in another during the trial period. One patient developed profound orthostatic hypotension, which could be attributed to the drug. Because of such side effects and the failure to lower blood pressure in 30% of patients with essential hypertension, tiodazosin appears to have several important drawbacks and little advantage over currently available antihypertensives. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 290–296; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.170
Queer desire in the sex industry

“They are all lesbians anyway,” is one of the stereotypes with which mainstream society labels sex workers. In this field study of exotic dancers, I research what dancers feel about this stereotype as well as the shapes they perceive queer desire assuming in the sex industry. In this article, I highlight a fascinating tension between the desire that sex workers perform for men and the queer desire they feel for other women. Using the framework of ethnographic descrition, I explore this tension through the description and analysis of the sexual identities of sex workers. Specifically, I examine the sex industry as a site that encourages women to expand notions of their own sexuality. This is partly because the environments of strip bars and peep shows offer women easy access to other women, invite them to break taboos, and teach them disdain for men.
Effects of climate variability on carbon sequestration among adjacent wet sedge tundra and moist tussock tundra ecosystems

[1] Temporal and spatial variability in the Arctic introduces considerable uncertainty in the estimation of the current carbon budget and Arctic ecosystem response to climate change. Few representative measurements are available for land-surface parameterization of the Arctic tundra in regional and global climate models. In this study, the eddy covariance technique was used to measure net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of Alaskan wet sedge tundra and moist tussock tundra ecosystems during the summer (i.e., 1 June to 31 August) from 1999 to 2003 in order to quantify the seasonal and spatial variability in NEE and to determine controlling factors on NEE in these tundra ecosystems. Warmer and drier conditions prevailed for the moist tussock tundra compared with that of the wet sedge tundra. Over the 5-year period, the wet sedge tundra was a sink for carbon of 46.4 to 70.0 gC m−2 season−1, while the moist tussock tundra either lost carbon of up to 60.8 gC m−2 season−1 or was in balance. The contrasting patterns of carbon balance at the two sites demonstrate that ecosystem difference can be more important in determining landscape NEE than intraseasonal and interseasonal variability due to environmental factors with respect to NEE. The wet sedge tundra showed an acclimation (e.g., over days) to temperature, while the moist tussock tundra illustrated a strong temperature dependence. Warming and drying accentuated ecosystem respiration in the moist tussock tundra, causing a net loss of carbon. Better characterization of spatial variability in NEE and associated environmental controls is required to improve current and future estimates of the Arctic terrestrial carbon balance.
Neuroprotective effects of PACAP38 in a rat model of transient focal ischemia under various experimental conditions

: In the study reported here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of PACAP38 in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) under various experimental conditions. Stroke patients often develop mild hyperthermia that increases the infarct size and worsens the outcome. We compared the neuroprotective effect of PACAP38 in normothermic and moderately hyperthermic animals. Brain damage was more extensive in the hyperthermic animals, but PACAP38 significantly reduced the infarct size, measured 48 h after MCAO, in both the normothermic and the moderately hyperthermic animals, by more than 50%. However, a significant neuroprotection with PACAP38 could only be demonstrated when animals with no definite circling behavior and/or convulsions were excluded from the evaluations. In conclusion, moderate hyperthermia did not influence the effect of PACAP38, but animals with questionable brain damage or convulsions must be excluded from the sample in order to demonstrate the neuroprotection with PACAP38.
The Development and Construct Validation of a Portuguese Version of an Academic Self-Concept Scale

For a sample of 159 female students and for a sample of 236 male students enrolled in a chemical engineering school at a state university in Brazil, the major purpose of this investigation was to obtain evidence of the construct validity of a parallel Portuguese version of the Dimensions of Self Concept Scale Form H. From both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, promising evidence of the construct validity was obtained for each of the five subscales (Level of Aspiration, Anxiety, Academic Interest and Satisfaction, Leadership and Initiative, and Identification vs. Alienation), the titles of which corresponded to the hypothesized constructs. Internal consistency estimates of the reliability of all five 16-item subscales for the two samples varied between .80 and .86.
Calibration of an automatic condensation nuclei counter at the South Pole

Abstract NOAA's Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change program has been operating Pollak photoelectric and General Electric automatic condensation nuclei counters at the South Pole since 1974. The G.E. counter is a modified version of the older Cat. No. 112L428G1 and has shown good stability with sensitivity to below 10 nuclei cm −3 . The data are broken into time periods corresponding to intervals where the G.E. counter was operational and the calibration remained unchanged. G.E.—Pollak data pair calibration points are generated using a variability criterion determined from the raw G.E. counter one minute voltage means. The scaling equations are found by using a linear least squares analysis. The coefficients of the scaling equations have a minimum of a 90% confidence level and in most cases, the level is substantially higher. The equations, also, normally have a minimum multiple correlation coefficient of at least 0.9, where a value of 1.0 would signify that the linear least squares analysis has given a perfect fit of G.E. counter data to the Pollak observations. The regression equations are then applied to the G.E. counter hourly data to present the results in their final form for archiving.
Nuclear Factor-κB/p65 (Rel A) Is Constitutively Activated in Human Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Correlates with Disease Progression

Aberrant nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. In this study, we determined whether NF-κB is constitutively activated in human prostate adenocarcinoma, and, if so, whether increased NF-κB activation and its binding to DNA influence tumor progression. Using tissue samples obtained during transurethral prostatic resection and paraffin-embedded sections of benign and cancer specimens, we determined the nuclear expression of NF-κB/p65 and NF-κB/p50, cytoplasmic expression of IκBα, its phosphorylation, and expression of NF-κB-regulated genes, specifically Bcl2, cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A progressive increase in the expression of NF-τB/p65 (but not of p50) was observed in cancer specimens compared to benign tissue, which correlated with increasing levels of IτBα and its phosphorylation. NF-τB DNA-binding activity increased with increasing tumor grade and the binding complex mainly consisted of NF-τB/p65-p50 heterodimers. Immunohistochemical analysis showed enhanced nuclear staining for NF-τB/p65 in both high-grade (P < .0001) and low-grade (P < .003) cancer specimens, compared to benign tissue. The nuclear levels of NF-τB/p65 correlated with concurrent increase in cytosolic levels of IτBα along with NF-τB-dependent expression of Bcl2, cyclin D1, MMP-9, and VEGF. These results demonstrate that NF-τB/p65 is constitutively activated in human prostate adenocarcinoma and is related to tumor progression due to transcriptional regulation of NF-τB-responsive genes.
A conceptual and empirical approach to cultural translation

This article synthesizes debates about cultural translation that have taken place in a recent Translation Studies forum and in other venues. It offers a conceptual map by examining the matrix formed by pairing meanings of “culture” (in an anthropological sense, in a symbolic sense, and in the sense of a community) with meanings of “translation” (as rewriting and as transposition). This map shows how different notions of cultural translation contradict and complement each other, and it provides concepts that can be tested empirically. The article concludes by using these concepts to describe a bill in the legislature of the Canadian province of Quebec (Bill 94) and by calling for further empirical investigation as a way to refine theories of cultural translation.
Binorm-a fortran subroutine to calculate the percentiles of a standardized binormal distribution

Abstract BINORM is a FORTRAN subroutine for calculating the percentiles of a standardized binormal distribution. By using a linear transformation, the percentiles of a binormal distribution can be obtained. The percentiles of a binormal distribution are useful for plotting purposes, for establishing confidence intervals, and for sampling from a mixed population that consists of two normal distributions.
Amination of p-cymene with trichloramine-aluminum chloride1,2—VII

Abstract The direct amination of p-cymene with trichloramine-aluminum chloride produced a mixture of bases in yields up to 61%. The product was composed of 2-, 3-, and 8-amino-p-cymene, 5-amino-m-cymene, and m- and p-toluidine. A compound was also formed which appears to be an N-chloro-8-amino-p-cymene. Several of the amines resulted from prior rearrangement and disproportionation of p-cymene. The product distribution was quite sensitive to changes in reaction conditions (temp, time and added water). Nuclear amination apparently occurs via a σ-substitution mechanism. Side-chain amination can be rationalized by a sequence involving intermediate formation of p-methyl-α,α-dimethylbenzyl cation which then suffers attack by a nitrogen-containing nucleophile.
Lateral hypothalamic injections of glutamate, kainic acid,d,l-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole propionic acid or N-methyl-d-aspartic acid rapidly elicit intense transient eating in rats

Abstract A convergence of evidence suggests that stimulation of lateral hypothalamic (LH) neurons can elicit eating, but the neurotransmitters that mediate this effect are unknown. To determine whether glutamate might be involved, it was injected through chronic guide cannulas directly into the LH of satiated adult male rats and consequent food intake was measured. Glutamate produced a dose-dependent eating response (mean intakes of 3.7 g at 300 nmol and 5.2 g at 900 nmol) only within the first hour after injection. As a first step in determining the receptor types mediating this response, agonists for specific excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors were similarly tested. Kainic acid (KA), d,l -α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or N-methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) injected into the LH each elicited eating in a dose-dependent fashion beginning at 0.33 to 1.0 nmol. At maximally effective doses (1.0–33 nmol), each agonist elicited food intakes of approximately nine grams within 1 h. Finally, analysis of meal and behavioral patterns produced by LH injection of glutamate (600 nmol) and KA (1.0 nmol) revealed that the elicited eating usually began 2–3 min postinjection and consisted of a single normal to large size meal. There were no other behavioral effects during this initial postinjection period and no effects on other oral behaviors, like drinking or gnawing, at any time. Collectively, these findings suggest that glutamate may act through several subtypes of its receptors on some LH neurons to elicit eating.
Absorption of endotoxin from the small intestines of mature non-pregnant gilts

Abstract The small intestines of 31 mature crossbred gilts were infused with Escherichia coli endotoxin through permanent jejunostomies. A total of 86 infusions were done. The endotoxin was absorbed after 4 infusions. Evidence of absorption included variations in body temperatures, decline in white blood cell counts, detection of the endotoxin in circulating blood plasma samples by a limulus amebocyte lysate gelation test, and abnormal clinical signs. E. coli endotoxin placed in the small intestines of normal, healthy, mature gilts does not readily cause illness.
Detection and analysis of FMCW and P-4 polyphase LPI waveforms using quadrature mirror filter trees

This paper investigates the performance of a quadrature mirror filter (QMF) in detecting two low-probability of intercept (LPI) emitter waveforms: a triangular Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave (FMCW) waveform and a P-4 polyphase code CW waveform. Detection performance for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of +10 dB, 0 dB, −10 dB, and −20 dB is examined. Signal features that can be extracted are also quantified. Results indicate that QMF processing can provide good detection of LPI waveforms even in the presence of a moderate amount of noise.
Acidification of rabbit corneal endothelium during contact lens wear in vitro

Contact lens wear causes significant epithelial and stromal acidosis. In this study, we tested whether lens wear can cause endothelial acidosis as well. Rabbit corneas were isolated and perfused in vitro. The endothelial intracellular pH (pHi) was measured with a pH sensitive fluorescent probe (BCECF). Three conditions were examined: 1) Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lens wear using a range of oxygen transmissibility (Dk/L) from 0 to 121, 2) epithelial hypoxia produced by exposure to oligomycin/sodium azide solution or epithelial perfusion with 100% N2 equilibrated Ringer's solution, and 3) epithelial exposure to Ringer's equilibrated with 5% CO2, balance air. PMMA and RGP contact lens wear acidified endothelial cells by 0.23 ± 0.01 (n = 23) and 0.11 ± 0.01 pH units (n = 23), respectively, within twenty min of lens insertion. Epithelial hypoxia, induced by sodium azide and oligomycin, reversibly acidified the endothelium by 0.04 ± 0.01 pH units (n = 4). However, epithe...
Optical resolution by molecular complexation chromatography

Abstract Partial optical resolutions of three racemic aromatic compounds have been achieved by chromatography on silicic acid impregnated with optically active α-(2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenylideneaminooxy)-propionic acid using petroleum ether as solvent. The success of this method is ascribed to the occurrence of molecular complexation (between the widely dispersed molecules of the impregnant and the aromatic compound) on the surface of the silicic acid support.
The Supply of Labor to the Firm

Reasons for questioning the continuous forward-rising supply curve, 390. — Alternative shapes of the supply curve under full employment, 392. — The supply curve with unemployment and with employers hiring only from the unemployed, 398. — Effects of introducing differences in the individual efficiency of labor and occupational specialization, 406. — Conclusion, 410.
Influence of the polychlorinated biphenyl preparation Aroclor 1242® on color changes of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator

The melanin in the melanophores of specimens of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, exposed to 2, 4, and 8 ppm solutions of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) preparation, Aroclor 1242®, became less dispersed than in untreated specimens. This effect was dose-dependent. It was probably due to the PCB itself and not to polychlorinated dibenzofurans which are contaminants of commercial PCBs. The decreased melanin dispersion appeared to be related to a decrease in the rate of release of melanin-dispersing hormone from eyestalk neuroendocrine cells into the hemolymph. Eyestalks of crabs kept for 4 days in Aroclor 1242 contained 4 times as much melanin-dispersing hormone as did control crabs. When injected into isolated legs, did hemolymph from control crabs. Aroclor 1242 did not appear to have a direct effect on the pigment-dispersing mechanism of the melanophores.
Refusal: Deciding to Pull the Tube

A senior medical student grapples with her patient's end-of-life decisions, which are in stark contrast to the decisions made by her own grandfather facing a similar disease. As she explores her role and responsibility to her patient, she considers what it means to provide futile care and how to negotiate her own beliefs with the demands of her patient's family.
REFLECTIONS ON THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS OFCASIRAS: A PERSONAL REVIEW

. The history of CASIRAS and of Zygon is not only anintellectual history but a personal history-a history of humanencounter with hopes and disappointments, dreams and conces-sions. Notwithstanding, it is the story of an ambitious enterprisewith significant achievements and genuine promise of continuedcontributions to this important inquiry.
Molecular self-assembly at a pre-formed Langmuir-Blodgett template

Abstract The use of a Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer as a template for subsequent self-assembly of organic molecules from solution has been investigated. The template is formed by transferring a monolayer of octadecylphosphonic acid to a hydrophobic substrate and then binding Zr4+ ions to the surface from solution. The asymmetric methylene (va(CH2)) band of the template layer appears at 2918 cm−1 and possesses a full width at half-maximum of 20 cm−1 indicating that an all-trans close-packed template is formed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the template layer shows a 1:1 ratio of Zr:P. Octadecylphosphonic acid, 1,10-decadediyldiphosphonic acid (DDPA) and quaterthiophenediphosphonic acid (QDP) have been self-assembled to the template and characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform IR, XPS and UV-visible techniques. Octadecylphosphonic acid self-assembles to the zirconium template and produces a well-ordered close-packed film as followed by IR analysis. Multilayers of DDPA have been assembled to the template layer; however, the increase in the integrated area of the va(CH2) band is not linear with the number of DDPA layers assembled. A rigid diphosphonic acid molecule such as QDP has also been assembled one layer at a time to the template. A plot of UV-visible absorbance vs. the number of layers of QDP shows a linear increase in absorbance after each QDP deposition step.
Comment: DNA as Property: Implications on the Constitutionality of DNA Dragnets

Joe Smith is a maintenance worker at County Hospital. One morning he reported to work to find an array of law enforcement vehicles and personnel scattered about the premises. He proceeded to his locker to prepare for work and was confronted by a policeman. Apparently an elderly female patient was sexually assaulted late one night during the previous week. The police officer informed Joe that all male employees were required to give a blood sample to rule out their implication in the assault. Joe was apprehensive and stated that because he worked first shift, he could not possibly have been involved. The police officer told Joe that a warrant would be obtained if he resisted. Reluctantly, Joe agreed, though he did not understand how a sample of his blood could help this investigation. Was Joe required to give this blood sample, and further, should he have been afforded any constitutional protections?
Evolutionary and functional significance of hominoid tooth enamel.

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate enamel thickness in extant and extinct hominoids. The material used in this study spans the evolutionary history of this group, from 20 million years ago to the present. The objectives of this investigation are to test three hypotheses: (1) the Loading Hypothesis: loading areas of the crown have thicker enamel than non-loading areas; (2) the Phyletic Hypothesis: differences in enamel thickness provide a basis for determining evolutionary relationships; and (3) the Functional Hypothesis: differences among hominoids result from adaptations to differing dietary and ecological habitats, that is from folivory to frugivory to hard object feeding and from tropical to forest to savanna habitats. Thin sections were prepared and polished to approximately 100 in thickness. Each section was then enlarged and digitally captured to the computer. Image processing and analysis software, Sigmalmage™ (was used to measure the sections. Subsequent statistical analysis was cond...
Effects of Colors and Appearance of the Potential Aggressor on Defensive Behavior of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Colonies

Defensive behavior of the European hornet Vespa crabro colonies were studied using the dummy and balloons in different colors. The strong aggressiveness level of hornet's workers was caused by dark colors (black and brown) and orange. The colors white and green did not cause their attack. However, the strongest reactions of hornets were caused by dummy with the animal snout and dark hair on the head. Thus people who are near wasp colonies should have clothes in white or green and hair obscured but when the whole nest is eliminate, they have to have a safe outfit properly constructed.
Evolution of Line-Pipe Steel and Its Implications for Transmission Pipeline Design

This paper discusses the evolution of line-pipe steel against the background of the failure incidence and the design basis for transmission pipelines, with a focus on those transporting natural gas. Working-stress design (WSD) is introduced as background for analysis of incident experience. It is shown that failure incidence does not correlate with the WSD factor of safety on pressure-induced stress, leading to the underlying causes of failure and discussion of alternative design philosophies, and consideration of safety factors other than those based on stress, or the effect of pressure. Full-scale test data are discussed to rationalize why failure frequency does not correlate with factor of safety. These results point to a very large factor of safety on pressure, with failure pressure found much in excess of the specified minimum yield stress (SMYS), the reference stress for WSD-based pipeline design. Full-scale failure at pressures much in excess of that for in-service incidents motivates discussion of causes of such failures and brings into question the utility of alternative design philosophies. The role of toughness is introduced as key to the success of WSD and alternative design philosophies. The historical evolution of both strength and toughness is then introduced along with apparent differences in toughness depending on how it is characterized. Historical trends are contrasted to those for modern steels, with diametrically opposing trends evident. The implications for design are discussed with reference to fracture control plans and methods to characterize required arrest toughness.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effect of additives on the melt elastic modulus of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) formulations

A factorial experiment shows that calcium stearate and paraffin wax significantly decrease the melt elastic modulus of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) formulations. It is also concluded the melt elastic modulus of PVC is not significantly affected by the presence of methyltin stabilizer, acrylic processing aids or polyethylene wax. The only significant interaction found was that between temperature and concentration of paraffin wax. A regression model was derived for shear storage modulus (G′) at a deformation frequency of 100 radians/sec. No significant correlation between G′ and critical shear rate for melt fracture was discernable.
Imaging local Ca2+ signals in cultured mammalian cells.

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, electrical excitability and cell proliferation. The diversity and specificity of Ca2+ signaling derives from mechanisms by which Ca2+ signals are generated to act over different time and spatial scales, ranging from cell-wide oscillations and waves occurring over the periods of minutes to local transient Ca2+ microdomains (Ca2+ puffs) lasting milliseconds. Recent advances in electron multiplied CCD (EMCCD) cameras now allow for imaging of local Ca2+ signals with a 128 x 128 pixel spatial resolution at rates of >500 frames sec-1 (fps). This approach is highly parallel and enables the simultaneous monitoring of hundreds of channels or puff sites in a single experiment. However, the vast amounts of data generated (ca. 1 Gb per min) render visual identification and analysis of local Ca2+ events impracticable. Here we describe and demonstrate the procedures for the acquisition, detection, and analysis of local IP3-mediated Ca2+ signals in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators using both wide-field epi-fluorescence (WF) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Furthermore, we describe an algorithm developed within the open-source software environment Python that automates the identification and analysis of these local Ca2+ signals. The algorithm localizes sites of Ca2+ release with sub-pixel resolution; allows user review of data; and outputs time sequences of fluorescence ratio signals together with amplitude and kinetic data in an Excel-compatible table.
Growth factors, mitogens, cytokines, and bone morphogenetic protein in induced chondrogenesis in tissue culture

Connective tissue outgrowths of neonatal muscle onto a substratum of bone matrix differentiate into cartilage in response to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). The BMP can be separated from bone matrix by extraction with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) or degraded in situ by endogenous proteolytic enzymes to deactivate the matrix. Rat triceps muscle was minced in a suspension of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins including BMP (BMP/NCP) in culture medium. To investigate the possible synergistic interactions in induced chondrogenesis, six biosynthesized, highly purified growth factors were similarly added to the culture alone or in combination with BMP. Human interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Forskolin were also introduced to test the effects on BMP/NCP-induced chondrogenesis. On Day 14 of cultivation, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and [35S]sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were measured, and the values were expressed as percentages of the control. The quantity of induced cartilage formation was estimated by a histomorphometric scoring system. Under the influence of BMP/NCP, cultures grew on deactivated matrix, incorporated 55% more [3H]thymidine into DNA, incorporated 115% more [35S]sulfate into GAG than control cultures, and differentiated into cartilage. Without BMP/NCP, growth factors, IL-1, and Forskolin did not produce a comparable incorporation of either [3H]thymidine or [35S]sulfate, and they induced differentiation of fibrous tissue only. In the presence of BMP/NCP, cartilage developed in nearly all cultures. When the media were supplemented with growth factors, measurable increases in uptake of [3H]thymidine occurred with human epidermal growth factor (h-EGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), bovine acidic fibroblast growth factor (baFGF), IL-1, bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bbFGF), and Forskolin. Measurable increases in uptake of [35S]sulfate into GAG occurred with IL-1, baFGF, TGF-beta, h-EGF, IGF-1, bbFGF, NGF, and Forskolin. Synergistic interaction with BMP was considered when the quantity of cartilage developed (on a scale of 0-12 scores) in excess of the quantity of Score 4 induced by BMP/NCP alone. A cytokine, IL-1, had the greatest effect (Score 9). TGF-beta (Score 7), baFGF (Score 6), and NGF (Score 6) had relatively little effect. h-EGF, IGF-1, bbFGF, and Forskolin had no effect on cartilage development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
THE EFFECT OF BIRTH DATE ON FITNESS OF FEMALE DWARF PERCH, MICROMETRUS MINIMUS (PERCIFORMES: EMBIOTOCIDAE)

Lifetime reproductive success may vary considerably with birth date. I measured phenotypic selection on female birth date in a viviparous teleost fish (Embiotocidae: Micrometrus minimus) by sampling birth-date cohorts over time in Tomales Bay, California. Four episodes of selection were measured: survival from birth to first reproduction, reproductive success in the first breeding season, survival to second reproduction, and reproductive success in the second season. Birth date had a significant impact on fitness in the first two episodes. Early born females were more successful in their first breeding season than late born females (directional selection on birth date), but early born females were less likely to survive the period between birth and first reproduction, relative to females born in the middle of the season (stabilizing selection on birth date). The final two episodes of selection had no detectable effect on birth date. Because of the relationship between birth date and survival in the first year, overall selection on female birth date was stabilizing.
Construction of a microfluidic bistable fluid amplifier using the nickel electroforming method

This paper presents a method for creating planar, fluidic devices by bonding together laminations created with the nickel electroforming method. The fluid amplifier is created by sandwiching together several, several .001 inch [25.4 microns] thick laminations. These laminations contain the fluid amplifier, vents and transfer channels. The laminations are initially coated with an adhesive, which acts as a bonding agent when subjected to heat. Special pins are used to insure proper alignment. The entire process is performed in a clean room environment to minimize problems. The proportional fluid amplifier is made bi-stable by introducing positive feedback.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bénard-Marangoni Instability in an Open Vertical Cylinder With Lateral Heating

A linear stability analysis of Rayleigh-Benard-Marangoni flow of low Prandtl number fluid contained in an open vertical cylinder is presented. The cylinder is heated laterally and is cooled at top surface by radiation. Governing equations of the flow are solved for axisymmetric base flow using higher order finite difference scheme. Small perturbation was applied to the obtained base flow to determine the critical Marangoni number and Grashof number at which the axisymmetry is broken. The eigenvalue matrix equation is solved using linear fractional transformation with banded matrix structure taken into account. It is found that the thermocapillary effect stabilizes the convective flow driven by buoyancy.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Covariances in Multiplicative Estimates

Abstract Multiplicative estimators, in which a quantity is calculated as the product of two or more estimated factors, are relatively common in fisheries work. Creel surveys and stock assessment data are two obvious examples. If the same multiplicative factor is used in several estimates, or if there is covariance between multiplicative factors, then covariances will be induced in the estimates produced. These covariances can be large in some instances. This paper reviews general results for the variance and covariance of products, provides estimators for the induced covariances in some common fisheries applications, and demonstrates the use of the estimators in some simplified examples.
Sex role perceptions and social anxiety in opposite-sex and same-sex situations

The relationship between perceived sex role characteristics and self-rated anxiety and self-efficacy in both opposite-sex and same-sex interactions was evaluated. Forty-five male and 45 female undergraduates were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and male or female versions of the Survey of Heterosexual Interactions, the Interpersonal Interaction Survey, and a Same Sex Interaction Inventory developed for the study. For both male and female subjects, reported discomfort in both opposite-sex and same-sex situations was significantly negatively related to masculinity, and unrelated to femininity. Congruently, self-efficacy ratings were positively related to masculinity and unrelated to femininity. Androgynous and masculine subjects did not differ in reported social discomfort or self-efficacy in either type of situation. These results suggest that social difficulties are associated with a deficit in some of the characteristics associated with the masculine sex role and add to a growing body of literature finding that only masculinity is associated with mental health and adjustment. Ratings in opposite-sex and in same-sex situations were strongly correlated with each other for both male and female subjects, suggesting that dating anxiety may be part of a broader pattern of social difficulty for both men and women.
Spectrum of giant cell vasculitis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the commonest primary systemic vasculitis in the United States. Severe outcomes include blindness and stroke, and death may result from aortic dissection. Temporal artery biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of involved vessels shows promise as a useful noninvasive method for diagnosis and assessment of disease activity. Corticosteroid therapy is effective but is associated with considerable morbidity. Longitudinal studies with large numbers of patients are required to identify appropriate steroid-sparing agents. New insights into the immunopathogenesis of GCA have allowed us to identify heterogeneous subsets of patients with varying clinical presentations corresponding to specific cytokine profiles. The concept of the involved artery as an active participant in the events leading to luminal obstruction has been realized and provides the opportunity to evaluate novel therapies to modify the course of the disease.
Self-Interest, the Physician’s Duties, and Medical Ethics: A Philosophical and Theological Challenge

Duties are those things we are required to do with others “irrespective of inclination” ([21], p. 493). They may not be the whole of the moral life, but they are a substantial part of it. They entail the obligation to take serious account of the interests of others in the way we use our possessions, power, or position. Duties, therefore, necessitate some suppression of self-interest in deference to the interests of others. Effacement of self-interest is a central moral pediment in any ethic of duty, particularly in professional ethics.
Surface Analysis with FT-IR Emission Spectroscopy

The technique of infrared emission spectroscopy (IRES) is reviewed and further examined in this study as a surface analysis tool. A system has been designed which allows simultaneous kinetic and in situ infrared emission analysis of catalyst surfaces. IRES spectra of several gas mixture/solid systems are obtained in order to examine sample preparation and spectra processing issues; these systems include Pt/Al2O3 exposed to CO and CO-NO mixtures, an oxidized copper plate, and a zeolite exposed to inert atmospheres. For the temperature range of importance to catalysis (300-600 K), IRES is limited to frequencies less than 2500 cm−1. However, IRES is especially well suited for studying solid-state vibrational modes (<1000 cm−1). Moreover, IRES allows catalyst samples to be studied without dilution or extensive sample preparation. The thin samples required for IRES make it possible to study both surface adsorbate and the solid-state lattice vibrations simultaneously. This information can provide useful insight into the interpretation of kinetic data of reactions on metal oxide catalysts. However, samples which are too thick or are supported on a high-emissivity surface will not yield satisfactory spectra. Two correction techniques are examined which reduce background and sample-reflectance effects in the emission spectra. Some of the IRES data are compared to the corresponding spectra obtained by transmission and diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy. IRES is shown to be competitive with these more popular techniques for IR surface analysis.
Discrete Virial Theorem

We reexamine the classical virial theorem for bounded orbits of arbitrary autonomous Hamiltonian systems possessing both regular and chaotic orbits. New and useful forms of the virial theorem are obtained for natural Hamiltonian flows of arbitrary dimension. A discrete virial theorem is derived for invariant circles and periodic orbits of natural symplectic maps. A weak and a strong form of the virial theorem are proven for both flows and maps. While the Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem guarantees the existence of the relevant time averages for both regular and chaotic orbits, the convergence is very rapid for the former and extremely slow for the latter. This circumstance leads to a simple and efficient measure of chaoticity. The results are applied to several problems of current physical interest, including the Henon— Heiles system, weak chaos in the standard map, and a 4D Froeschle map.
Rigor in monitoring clinical trials is ethical.

Wells focuses our attention on confidentiality of preliminary data in ongoing clinical trials. Based on his views of circumstance, regulation, and ethics, he concludes “. . . the medical and scientific community is being dishonest with patients and research subjects. . . engaging in unethical research practices and undermining ethical standards of research.” Restriction of information has the potential to be a thorny problem. However, current clinical trials principles and practices do not sink to the level of damnation suggested by Wells. In 1865, Claude Bernard said: Man is by nature metaphysical and arrogant. Accordingly, he thinks that the idealistic creations of his mind, which correspond to his feelings, are identical with reality. From this it follows that the experimental method is not really natural to him. . . This view is apposite to the spirit and foundations of Wells’ criticisms. Since the early 1980s when I began as a clinical trialist, we have seen the emergence and wide application of formal administrative and quantitative methods for monitoring trials to minimize errors of interpretation. Clinical trials have permeated nearly every area of medicine, encountering numerous circumstances that require the needs of society to be balanced with the rights of research subjects. Rigorous trial monitoring methods, including restraints on data dissemination, have evolved to improve the balance of needs and the ethics properties of studies rather than to aggravate them. The proper view of such matters hinges on four points: (1) the unreliability of early information, (2) the fact that research subjects are not disadvantaged by a temporary lack of access to preliminary data, (3) the ethics imperatives for good design and investigator competence, and (4) the obligation of physician scientists to acquire definitive information and make it available to everyone. I will return to these topics after a critical review of Wells’ arguments.
The Cross-Entropy Method Optimizes for Quantiles

Cross-entropy optimization (CE) has proven to be a powerful tool for search in control environments. In the basic scheme, a distribution over proposed solutions is repeatedly adapted by evaluating a sample of solutions and refocusing the distribution on a percentage of those with the highest scores. We show that, in the kind of noisy evaluation environments that are common in decision-making domains, this percentage-based refocusing does not optimize the expected utility of solutions, but instead a quantile metric. We provide a variant of CE (Proportional CE) that effectively optimizes the expected value. We show using variants of established noisy environments that Proportional CE can be used in place of CE and can improve solution quality.
Well-balanced positivity preserving central-upwind scheme on triangular grids for the Saint-Venant system

We introduce a new second-order central-upwind scheme for the Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations on triangular grids. We prove that the scheme both preserves “lake at rest” steady states and guarantees the positivity of the computed fluid depth. Moreover, it can be applied to models with discontinuous bottom topography and irregular channel widths. We demonstrate these features of the new scheme, as well as its high resolution and robustness in a number of numerical examples.
Translating Heat-related Illness Surveillance Into Action Through Partnerships

The purpose of this presentation is to communicate best practices NH realized in the development of an excessive heat surveillance response partnership for action through planning activities, partnership building, and the use of automated technology, with a focus on the use of surveillance data for actionable results.
ECLSS and Thermal Systems Integration Challenges Across the Constellation Architecture

As the Constellation Program completes its initial capability Preliminary Design Review milestone for the Initial Capability phase, systems engineering of the Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) and Thermal Systems for the various architecture elements has progressed from the requirements to design phase. As designs have matured for the Ares, Orion, Ground Systems, and Extravehicular (EVA) System, a number of integration challenges have arisen requiring analyses and trades, resulting in changes to the design and/or requirements. This paper will address some of the key integration issues and results, including the Orion-to-Ares shared compartment venting and purging, Orion-to-EVA suit loop integration issues with the suit system, Orion-to-ISS and Orion-to-Altair intermodule ventilation, and Orion and Ground Systems impacts from post-landing environments.
Growth, Thyroid Function, and Serum Macromineral Levels in Magnesium-Deficient Chicks

Abstract Growth and thyroid function were studied in Mg-deficient chicks. Dietary levels of 80 to 315 ppm Mg were compared with control levels of 578 to 787 ppm Mg. Signs of Mg deficiency appeared rapidly and acutely within 2 to 5 days at dietary levels of 250 to 260 ppm or lower. Growth and feed intake decreased progressively as the deficiency became more severe. Control chicks pair-fed with the deficient chicks gained significantly more weight. Serum Mg decreased at all levels of Mg below control, but at 260 and 315 ppm it returned to control values after 21 days on treatment. Serum Ca diminished only when dietary Mg was 250 ppm or less. Serum K increased in severely deficient chicks but decreased over time in milder deficiencies. Thyroid gland weights were unchanged. However, very young chicks fed a Mg-deficient diet had lower serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) whereas serum thyroxine (T4) was generally unaffected. Beyond 1 wk of age chicks that had prior access to a Mg-sufficient diet had low serum T4 levels whereas serum T3 was unchanged. Therefore, peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism is altered in a Mg deficiency, but this effect is dependent on the age at which the deficiency occurs.