cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review : Stress, Antidepressant Treatments, and Neurotrophic Factors: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

Repeated stress or an excess of glucocorticoids can exacerbate neuronal damage in response to insults and, in severe cases, can lead to neuronal atrophy and death. These effects are thought to be related to the actions of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate function, neuronal metabolism, and the generation of cytotoxic free radicals. Recent studies demonstrate that the regulation of neurotrophic factors may contribute to the actions of stress on neuronal function. Acute or chronic stress decreases the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor, the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain, in specific regions of the hippocampus, and other forebrain regions. In addition, chronic stress increases the expression of neurotrophin-3 in certain regions of the hippocampus and may, thereby, help to protect these regions from the neurotoxic effects of chronic stress. The deleterious effects of stress may contribute to psy chiatric illnesses, such as depression, that can be precipitated or worsened by stress...
The Potential Role of Androgenesis in Cytoplasmic–Nuclear Phylogenetic Discordance

In many organisms, gene trees based on nuclear mark ers and those based on cytoplasmic markers (chloroplasts or mitochondria) sometimes indicate quite different re lationships among the species being studied (e.g., Rieseberg and Soltis 1991; Rieseberg et al. 1996; Cathey et al. 1998; Bergthorsson et al. 2003; Avise 2004; Croucher et al. 2004; Sullivan et al. 2004; Chan and Levin 2005; Fehrer et al. 2007; Linnen and Farrell 2007). This in congruence is normally attributed to incomplete lineage sorting (when two al?eles coalesce prior to speciation and do not track the species phylogeny), introgression (interspecific hybridization followed by unidirectional backcrossing), horizontal gene transfer, or errors in phy logenetic reconstruction. Although the usual explanations for cytoplasmic nuclear incongruence are well documented, these expla nations are often assumed rather than demonstrated in
Aminoborohydrides. 6. Diastereoselective reduction of the carbon-nitrogen double bond in chiral imines using lithium diethylaminoborohydride and lithium diisopropylaminoborohydride

Abstract Lithium aminoborohydrides (LAB), obtained by the reaction of n-BuLi with amine-boranes, readily reduce imines to the corresponding secondary amines. Lithium diethylaminoborohydride [Li(Et)2NBH2] and lithium diisopropylaminoborohydride [Li(i-Pr)2NBH3] reduce chiral aliphatic and aromatic imines, derived from α-methylbenzylamines, to give the corresponding enantiomerically enriched secondary amines. The yields of secondary amines from this procedure range from very good to essentially quantitative. The diastereomeric induction in the reduction of the carbon-nitrogen double bond with Li(Et)2NBH3 and Li(i-Pr)2NBH3 ranged from moderate to very good.
Measurement of a 24-GHz broad-band multilayer ceramic feedthru for microwave packaging

A feedthrough using a microstrip to stripline to conductor backed coplanar waveguide (CBCWG) design was investigated for microwave performance. The feedthrough was manufactured using a high-temperature cofired multilayer ceramic process. The study was instigated from the need to have a field-replaceable, Ku-band transmit/receive module as part of an existing DARPA MIMIC program. The result is a feedthrough capable of transmitting microwave frequencies to 24 GHz with acceptable loss characteristics. The feedthrough performance exceeds published results. >
Transferring, Translating, and Transforming: An Integrative Framework for Managing Knowledge Across Boundaries

The paper examines managing knowledge across boundaries in settings where innovation is desired. Innovation is a useful context because it allows us to explore the negative consequences of the path-dependent nature of knowledge. A framework is developed that describes three progressively complex boundaries--syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic--and three progressively complex processes--transfer, translation, and transformation. The framework is used to specify the practical and political mismatches that occur when innovation is desired and how this relates to the common knowledge that actors use to share and assess each other's domain-specific knowledge. The development and use of a collaborative engineering tool in the early stages of a vehicle's development is presented to illustrate the conceptual and prescriptive value of the framework. The implication of this framework on key topics in the organization theory and strategy literatures is then discussed.
Metal removal efficiency and ecotoxicological assessment of field-scale passive treatment biochemical reactors

Anaerobic biochemical reactors (BCRs) are useful for removing metals from mining-impacted water at remote sites. Removal processes include sorption and precipitation of metal sulfides, carbonates, and hydroxides. A question of interest is whether BCRs remove aquatic toxicity. Influent and effluent samples from the Luttrell Repository and Peerless Jenny King, both in Montana, USA; Park City, Utah, USA; and Standard Mine, Colorado, USA, were examined and compared for removal of metals and aquatic toxicity. Effluent samples from Standard Mine included those having solely BCR treatment and those having BCR treatment followed by aeration in a polishing cell. Metal removal for all sites was >90%. All influent samples were acutely toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas; toxicity was removed following treatment, except in the Luttrell Repository and Standard Mine BCR samples. Laboratory aeration of undiluted samples eliminated (Standard Mine BCR) or significantly reduced (Luttrell Repository, 65% survival) acute toxicity, most likely through removal of hydrogen sulfide. A toxicity identification evaluation suggested that metals also might be contributing to toxicity in the Luttrell Repository effluent samples; metals other than Mn were either not detected or very low (Fe and Pb) in the Standard Mine BCR samples. Field-aerated samples were not acutely toxic, and only the Luttrell Repository and Standard Mine samples showed short-term subchronic toxicity. Overall, results indicated BCR treatment had high metal removal efficiency and that inclusion of in-field aeration was beneficial in removal of acute and short-term subchronic toxicity.
Age-Related Observations of Low Mass Pre-Main and Young Main Sequence Stars (Invited Review)

This overview summarizes the age dating methods available for young sub-solar mass stars. Pre-main sequence age diagnostics include the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram, spectroscopic surface gravity indicators, and lithium depletion; asteroseismology is also showing recent promise. Near and beyond the zero-age main sequence, rotation period or vsini and activ- ity (coronal and chromospheric) diagnostics along with lithium depletion serve as age proxies. Other authors in this volume present more detail in each of the aforementioned areas. Herein, I focus on pre-main sequence HR diagrams and address the questions: Do empirical young clus- ter isochrones match theoretical isochrones? Do isochrones predict stellar ages consistent with those derived via other independent techniques? Do the observed apparent luminosity spreads at constant effective temperature correspond to true age spreads? While definitive answers to these questions are not provided, some methods of progression are outlined.
Consumer Decision Making on the Web: A Theoretical Analysis and Research Guidelines

Recent empirical data on online shopping suggests that consumers have the potential to make better quality decisions while shopping on the web. But whether such potential is being realized by most consumers is an unresolved matter. Hence, the purpose of this research is to understand how (1) certain features of electronic environments have a favorable effect on the abilities of consumers to make better decisions, and (2) identify information-processing strategies that would enable consumers to make better quality decisions while shopping online. A cross-disciplinary theoretical analysis based on constructs drawn from economics (e.g., time costs), computing (e.g., recommendation agents), and psychology (e.g., decision strategies) is conducted to identify factors that potentially influence decision quality in electronic environments. The research is important from a theoretical standpoint because it examines an important aspect of online consumer decision making, namely, the impact of the electronic environment on the capabilities of consumers. It is important from both a managerial and public policy standpoint because the ability of shoppers to make better quality decisions while shopping online is directly related to improving market efficiency and enhancing consumer welfare in electronic markets.
Science Anxiety and Gender in Students Taking General Education Science Courses

Earlier studies [Mallow, J. V. (1994). Gender-related science anxiety: A first binational study. Journal of Science Education and Technology 3: 227–238; Udo, M. K., Ramsey, G. P., Reynolds-Alpert, S., and Mallow, J. V. (2001). Does physics teaching affect gender-based science anxiety? Journal of Science Education and Technology 10: 237–247] of science anxiety in various student cohorts suggested that nonscience majors were highly science anxious (SA), regardless of what science courses they were taking. In this study, we investigated science anxiety in a cohort consisting mostly of nonscience majors taking general education science courses. Regression analysis shows that the leading predictors of science anxiety are (i) nonscience anxiety and (ii) gender, as they were for different cohorts in the earlier studies. We confirm earlier findings that females are more SA than males. Chi-square analysis of acute science anxiety shows an amplification of these differences. We found statistically significant levels of science anxiety in humanities and social science students of both genders, and gender differences in science anxiety, despite the fact that the students were all enrolled in general education science courses specifically designed for nonscience majors. We found acute levels of anxiety in several groups, especially education, nursing, and business majors. We describe specific interventions to alleviate science anxiety.
Survey of secant methods for optimization

This paper describes the evolution of modern secant methods and compares their performance.
The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies

The complexities of everyday life reinforce the need to be cognitively flexible. Cognitive flexibility refers to a person's awareness of communication alternatives, willingness to adapt to the situation, and self‐efficacy in being flexible. Three studies were conducted to establish further the validity of the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (Martin & Rubin, 1995). In Study One, cognitive flexibility was positively related to two other identified constructs of communication competence, assertiveness and responsiveness. In Study Two, respondents’ assessments of their own cognitive flexibility were positively related to ratings from their friends. In Study Three, a positive relationship was found between being cognitively flexible and confidence in performing communication behaviors.
Social class: Frequency trends in domestic situation comedy, 1946‐1978

An examination of the social class of families portrayed in domestic situation comedy series on prime time network television from 1946 to 1978 reveals an overrepresentation of the middle class and an underrepresentation of the working class.
Checking and Correcting Behaviors of Java Programs at Runtime with Java-MOP

Monitoring-oriented programming (MOP) is a software development and analysis technique in which monitoring plays a fundamental role. MOP users can add their favorite or domain-specific requirements specification formalisms into the framework by means of logic plug-ins, which essentially comprise monitor synthesis algorithms for properties expressed as formulae. The properties are specified together with declarations stating where and how to automatically integrate the corresponding monitor into the system, as well as what to do if the property is violated or validated. In this paper we present Java-MOP, an MOP environment for developing robust Java applications. Based upon a carefully designed specification schema and upon several logic plug-ins, Java-MOP allows users to specify and monitor properties which can refer not only to the current program state, but also to the entire execution trace of a program, including past and future behaviors.
Substance Use, Distress, and Adolescent School Networks

This study examined the associations of substance use, psychological distress, and mental health services receipt with the structure and content of adolescent school-based networks. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we found that substance use was associated with receiving more, but making fewer, peer nominations. It also was associated with less favorable network characteristics, such as low GPA. Services receipt was associated with receiving and making fewer nominations, less favorable network characteristics, and a lower likelihood of reciprocated best friendships. Psychological distress had fewer significant associations. All associations were modest in magnitude. Our results suggest the importance of considering multiple indicators of socioemotional problems and multiple dimensions of social networks in research on adolescent peer relations.
Gross computed surface anthropometry from 3D datasets

The paper describes the initial steps in the construction of a computer-assisted anthropometric system designed to enable the determination of gross anthropometric metrics from polyhedral 3D datasets (such as the Ceasar dataset).
Unilateral Tailored Fronto-Orbital Approach for Giant Olfactory Groove Meningiomas: Technical Nuances

Objective Giant olfactory groove meningiomas (maximum diameter ≥6 cm) remain a surgical challenge. Historically, extensive anterior and antero-lateral approaches have been the primary approaches for removal of such large tumors with limitations and morbidity pertaining to each approach. Herein, the authors describe a minimally invasive, unilateral, tailored fronto-orbital approach for resection of these complex lesions with an emphasis on preservation of the anterior cerebral arteries and olfactory nerves. Methods A 4-stage approach using neuronavigation is performed: 1) predefined corridor, 2) identification of the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery, 3) postdefined corridor, and 4) tumor base. The details of this approach are described below in a stepwise fashion and supplemented by a sample of 3 cases utilizing this technique. Results In the 3 representative cases in which this technique was used, gross total resection was achieved without injury to any of the adjacent neurovascular structures. Significant sellar extension can be resected through a second stage endoscopic endonasal approach. Conclusion Giant olfactory groove meningiomas (≥6 cm) can be safely and completely resected with this 4-stage, unilateral fronto-orbital technique. Furthermore, early identification and preservation of the adjacent critical neurovascular structures can be achieved. This technique avoids the inherent limitations and morbidity associated with the more classic pterional and bifrontal approaches respectively while minimizing normal tissue disruption.
Examination of psychological processes underlying resistance to persuasion

Three modes of resistance to persuasion (biased assimilation, relative weighting of attributes, and minimization of impact) were examined in the context of a longitudinal field study of the Clinton-Lewinsky affair and a lab experiment in the consumer setting. Only two of these modes (biased assimilation and relative weighting) were found to be sensitive to the refutability of the persuasive communication; the effectiveness of the remaining one (minimization of impact) was not influenced by this factor. Specifically, committed individuals demonstrated biased assimilation in the face of easy to refute negative information, but this mode of resistance decreased in its effectiveness when the information became difficult to refute. The relative-weighting mode of resistance (decreasing the weight given to attributes influenced by the negative information and increasing the weight given to favorably evaluated attributes), in contrast, emerged only in the face of difficult to refute information, apparently when biased assimilation decreased in its effectiveness. The impact mode of resistance was fairly effective in the face of both easy and difficult to refute information. That is, committed respondents attempted to isolate the impact of the negative information to the target attribute, minimizing its spillover to the other attributes in the attitudinal representation in response to both easy and difficult to refute messages.
Effective Mass Media Strategies for Drug Abuse Prevention Campaigns

Mass communication holds substantial promise as a tool for reaching and persuading people to adopt new and healthier lifestyles. This has long been recognized by those interested in prevention of drug abuse and in other unhealthy behaviors (Flay & Sobel, 1983; Rogers & Storey, 1987; Schilling & McAlister, 1990; Wallack, 1989). Prevention efforts, such as the National Institute on Drug Abuse's "Cocaine: The Big Lie" campaign and the Partnership for a Drug-Free America anti-drug campaign, have heavily relied on the promise. It is also reflected in the launching in 1998 of a historic $2 billion, 5-year, media-based campaign directed at reducing illicit drug use among 9to 18-year-olds. This campaign, directed by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), has many facets but relies primarily on televised anti-dmg public service ads (PSAs) and is by far the largest federally funded drug abuse prevention effort in history. This strong dependence on the mass media in prevention efforts is not unusual—the mass media are the primary or leading components in a variety of public health campaigns and frequently are the only component (Backer, Rogers, & Sopory, 1992; Flay, 1987; Rice & Atkin, 1989). As Bauman et al. (1991) note, "This is the most common and practical application of mass media in public health and, unlike multiple-component approaches, is capable of ready distribution on a
Probing molecular cell event dynamics at the single-cell level with targeted plasmonic gold nanoparticles: A review

Summary Over the last several decades, plasmonic nanoparticles, in particular those of gold have been extensively employed in biological investigations due to their unique optical and physical properties as well as their safe use in the biological environment. In this review, the utility of gold nanoparticles to probe intracellular environments and reveal dynamic measurements in real-time at the single-cell level is described. The fundamental principles and their associated methodologies behind their unique interaction with light and the associated methodologies are discussed. Gold nanoparticle synthesis and functionalization with organelle-targeting ligands is also highlighted. The review ends with an outlook on the challenges and efforts that need to be taken in order to fully realize the potential of utilizing gold nanoparticles in the real-time molecular mapping of single cells.
Photocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia on diamond thin films grown on metallic substrates

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that boron-doped diamond can act as a solid-state source of electrons in water when illuminated with above-bandgap light. Excitation of electrons to diamond's conduction band leads to facile emission of electrons into water; the resulting solvated electrons are potent reducing agents able to initiate many chemical reactions such as the reduction of N2 to NH3 and the reduction of CO2 to CO. Here, we report investigations of the photocatalytic activity of diamond thin films grown on Mo, Ni, and Ti substrates. Our results show that in each case, there is a maximum in the photocatalytic activity that occurs just when the diamond coalesces into a contiguous film, then decreasing as the film becomes thicker. These results suggest that electron emission arises in part from excitation of electrons in the metal substrate, followed by injection into the conduction band of the diamond film. More detailed studies on films grown on niobium show that at the open-circuit potential the films have a downward bend-bending of ~ 0.3 V, which is favorable for barrier-free electron emission. Our result suggests that metal–diamond heterostructures may provide a scalable approach to achieving difficult photocatalytic reactions.
Errors in finite-element formulation for lossy waveguides

A numerically efficient finite-element procedure is developed for solving general waveguide structures loaded with isotropic materials. The procedure is straightforwardly derived from the vectorial Helmholtz wave equation. In this procedure, a formulation derived in terms of the transverse magnetic field components, satisfying Maxwell's divergence equation and satisfying the boundary condition, is adopted. The eigenvalue of the final matrix equation corresponds to the propagation constant, while the eigenvector represents the corresponding propagation field mode. A dielectric-filled rectangular waveguide with highly conductive walls is studied, and the error induced by using the finite-element method is analyzed and studied in detail. This error is compared with that obtained in previous work by others. It is concluded that this efficient computer-aided solution procedure can be used in the analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in an anechoic chamber. >
Excited State Absorption in Pr3+ Doped Fluorozirconate Glass

The excited state absorption (ESA) spectrum for Pr3+ doped ZBLAN glass is determined using a new technique based on the McCumber theory [D.E. McCumber, Phys. Rev. 136, A954 (1964)]. ESA peaks at 1380 and 840 nm are found, corresponding to transitions from the 1G4 to the 1D2 and 1I6 levels, respectively. ESA at the fiber amplifier pump wavelength 1.017 μm is found to be very small. The new method is also applied to Er+ doped glass, and good agreement is obtained between the resulting ESA spectrum and previous measurements using a traditional pump-probe technique.
Deconstructing the Construction Industry: A Spatiotemporal Clustering Approach to Profitability Modeling

AbstractIn spite of the strong influence of the construction industry on the national health of the United States’ economy, very little research has specifically aimed at evaluating the key performance parameters and trends (KPPT) of the industry. Due to this knowledge gap, concerns have been constantly raised over lack of accurate measures of KPPT. To circumvent these challenges, this study investigates and models the macroeconomic KPPT of the industry through spatiotemporal clustering modeling. This study specifically aims to analyze the industry in 14 of its subsectors and subsequently, by 51 geographic spatial areas at a 15-year temporal scale. KPPT and their interdependence were firstly examined by utilizing the interpolated comprehensive U.S. economic census data. A hierarchical spatiotemporal clustering analysis was then performed to create predictive models that can reliably determine firm’s profitability as a function of the key parameters. Lastly, the robustness of the predictive models was test...
Long-term gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy: the evolving issue of steroidal 'add-back' paradigms

The introduction of steroid 'add-back' regimens draws on the recognition that several clinical entities targeted for treatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) are not '6-month diseases'. Included under this heading are individuals suffering from symptomatic endometriosis (not desires of pregnancy), uterine fibroids (ineligible or disinterested in definitive surgical therapy), ovarian hyperandrogenism, premenstrual syndrome, menopausal transition, or dysfunctional uterine bleeding. A 6-month course of therapy with a GnRHa does not adversely affect lipoprotein economy and therefore presumably the corresponding cardiovascular risk. A 6-month course of GnRHa therapy appears to be associated with a substantial decrease (of up to 8.2%) in lumbar bone density, a phenomenon which may not be entirely reversible 6 months after discontinuation of therapy. In principle, steroid 'add-back' therapy should diminish some or all of the side-effects associated with GnRHa therapy, may provide a medical treatment option for patients representing a high surgical risk, and may delay surgical intervention if desired. On the other hand, a steroid 'add-back' therapy may delay tissue diagnosis, be associated with a substantial cost as well as with the need for parenteral route of administration. Norethindrone-only (but not medroxyprogesterone acetate-only) 'add-back' regimens have proved promising in the context of endometriosis. Non-concurrent oestrogen/progestin 'add-back' regimens proved promising in the context of uterine fibroids. Substantial additional studies would have to be carried out to validate the utility of steroid 'add-back' regimens. Special emphasis will have to be placed on the evaluation of long-term utility with an eye towards assessing clinical efficacy, impact on lipoprotein economy, impact on bone density, impact on urogenital tissues, and impact on the hot flush. The concurrent or non-concurrent use of non-steroid 'add-back' regimens will also most likely constitute a major component of future studies.
Fibrosarcoma of the extremities.

Fibrosarcoma is the most common important tumor of the extremities. The pathologic aspects of these tumors, which are important from the clinical point of view, are the pronounced tendency toward invasion into surrounding mesenchymal tissue, a pronounced tendency to recur unless radically excised, and the danger to the patient of recurrence and vascular metastases. Radical excision of the tumor without attempting to dissect away its attachments is the minimal surgical procedure. Recurrence of a sarcoma after an attempt at local excision is an indication for amputation.
Re: Penetration behavior of opposed rows of staggered secondary air jets depending on jet penetration coefficient and momentum flux ratio

The purpose of this article is to explain why the extension of the previously published C = (S/Ho)sqrt(J) scaling for opposed rows of staggered jets wasn't directly successful in the study by Choi et al. (2016). It is not surprising that staggered jets from opposite sides do not pass each other at the expected C value, because Ho/D and sqrt(J) are much larger than the maximum in previous studies. These, and large x/D's, tend to suggest development of 2-dimensional flow. Although there are distinct optima for opposed rows of in-line jets, single-side injection, and opposed rows of staggered jets based on C, opposed rows of staggered jets provide as good or better mixing performance, at any C value, than opposed rows of in-line jets or jets from single-side injection.
Stability and Ion Distributions Around Left- and Right-Handed DNA and RNA Duplexes: A Comparative Study

The determination of the relative stability of nucleic acids structures is often critical for the understanding of their molecular functions. Theoretically, the relative stability of polynucleotides is determined via free energy or thermal melting simulations. These quantities may, however, be computationally quite intensive and therefore challenging. As an interesting alternative, we explore the use of a non-equilibrium laser melting approach combined with molecular dynamics simulations in order to determine the relative stability of B-DNA and Z-DNA duplexes. Specifically, a fast laser pulse is applied to the d(5’-CGCGCGCGCGCG-3’)2 dodecamer in either form. A laser pulse, whose frequency is tuned to disrupt the Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds, is applied and induces a partial melting of the DNA duplexes. The subsequent structural relaxations and partial refolding is indicative of the greater stability of B-DNA in different aqueous environments. In addition, we have also carried out a detailed investigation of the ion atmosphere around both the B- and Z-DNA/RNA duplexes. This ion atmosphere is an intrinsic part of the structure of the solvated nucleic acids, but is difficult to probe experimentally. The ions investigated include Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Cl- in various concentrations. The simulations results quantitatively describe the characteristics of the ion distributions around the different nucleic acid structures. These, in turn, reflect the effect of the different ion types and the atomistic and structural elements of the nucleic acids, which are described and contrasted.
Reading Instruction for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and At Risk of Antisocial Behaviors in Primary Grades: Review of Literature.

Frequently, students with emotional and behavior disorders (EBD) exhibit academic underachievement combined with high levels of externalizing behaviors and resistance to instructional efforts. Regardless of the present reading initiatives, research focusing on interventions for teaching reading to students with EBD continues to be limited. This article extends previous efforts to review literature concerning reading instruction interventions for students with EBD. Specifically, this review focuses on interventions employed in primary grades. Because of the paucity in research and documented issues related to late and misidentification of students with EBD, studies including students at risk of antisocial behaviors were included. Eleven studies were found and carefully reviewed. Results demonstrate the efficacy of several reading interventions, including Direct Instruction, peer tutoring, and behaviorally based procedures such as time delay prompting, trial and error, and differential reinforcement.
The Federal Reserve and International Banking

The purpose of this chapter is to relate the growth in U.S. international banking activity to the evolving role of the Federal Reserve as a stabilising force in U.S. domestic and foreign economic relationships. An increased international commitment on the part of U.S. banks, and the changes that have taken place in the structure of the international financial markets present challenges and opportunities for the Federal Reserve. While conditions and problems are changing, Federal Reserve objectives remain essentially intact, including the pursuit of domestic economic stability and the preservation of reasonably well-balanced international payments relationships.
Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve to evaluate energy policy: Some practical considerations

Abstract The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a widely applied empirical model that is used to assess the effect of country's increased income on its emissions (such as CO 2 ). Typical estimation is of a reduced form model relating per capita emissions to per capita GDP (and sometimes to energy consumption) with an eye toward determining whether a country's per capita emissions increase or decrease with per capita GDP. In this article, we consider a number of practical issues in estimating and using the EKC for energy policy analysis. Proper estimation procedures should be used if the empirical work is to provide valid estimates of the EKC's shape. In addition, policymakers should proceed with caution when crafting policy on the basis of reduced form estimates of the EKC because the reduced form model provides limited insight into the policy implications of the relationship between income, energy consumption and emissions.
PV degradation methodology comparison — A basis for a standard

What is the best method to determine long-term PV system performance and degradation rates? Ideally, one universally applicable methodology would be desirable so that a single number could be derived. However, data sets vary in their attributes and evidence is presented that defining two methodologies may be preferable. Monte Carlo simulations of artificial performance data allowed investigation of different methodologies and their respective confidence intervals. Tradeoffs between different approaches were delineated, elucidating as to why two separate approaches may need to be included in a standard. Regression approaches tend to be preferable when data sets are less contaminated by seasonality, noise and occurrence of outliers although robust regression can significantly improve the accuracy when outliers are present. In the presence of outliers, marked seasonality, or strong soiling events, year-on-year approaches tend to outperform regression approaches.
Exploring New Territory: The History of Native Americans as Revealed through Congressional Papers at the Carl Albert Center Part I

This article is the first of a two-part review of the center's resources. Part I focuses on the 1920s and 1930s and glances at the 1940s. Part II, to be published in the 1999 Winter issue, will look at materials from the 1950s–1970s.
Beamforming improvement for non-contrast perfusion imaging with adaptive demodulation

Slow blood flow ultrasound imaging is challenging because of tissue clutter interference. We previously introduced an adaptive demodulation (AD) technique to address this that was developed and validated using unfocused single plane wave (SPW) power Doppler imaging. Other beamforming methods have been proposed to improve slow flow ultrasound imaging, including plane wave synthetic focusing (PWSF) and coherent flow power Doppler (CFPD). The benefits of these alternative beamforming methods are evaluated here using simulations and perfusion-mimicking phantom data. AD+CFPD resulted in the highest simulated blood-to-background SNR of 10.1dB. Qualitatively, AD improved clutter suppression and slow flow visualization for all three beamforming cases in the perfusion-mimicking phantom experiment.
Unilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation via inguinal incision for the correction of vesicoureteral reflux: a 10-year experience

ABSTRACT Introduction and Objective: Multiple options exist for the surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). We report on our 10-year experience using the inguinal approach to extravesical ureteral reimplantation (EVR). Materials and Methods: Patient characteristics of age, gender, and reflux grade were obtained and outcomes of operative time, hospital stay, and radiographic resolution were assessed. Results: 71 girls and 20 boys with a mean age of 74 months (range 14-164) underwent inguinal EVR via a 3.5-cm inguinal mini-incision. Mean follow up was 10.9 months (range 0.4-69.7). Average grade of reflux was 2.80. Average operative time was 91 minutes (range 51-268). The procedure was successful in 87 of 91 patients (95.6%). The 3 cases of reflux that persisted were all grade 1 and managed expectantly. Contralateral reflux developed in 9 cases, all of which resolved after treatment with either Deflux or ureteral reimplant. There were 4 case of urinary retention that resolved after a brief period of CIC or indwelling catheterization. There were no cases of ureteral obstruction. Most patients were discharged on post-operative day 1 (85/91) and no hospitalization extended beyond 3 days. Conclusions: The inguinal approach to extravesical ureteral reimplantation should be considered as a potentially minimally invasive alternative to endoscopic and robotic treatment of VUR with a success rate more comparable to traditional open approaches. We feel it is the method of choice in cases of unilateral VUR requiring surgical correction.
Foregrounding Accessibility through (Inclusive) Universal Design in Professional Communication Curricula.

Incorporating universal design (UD) both as a topic of discussion and as a pedagogical approach allows business and professional communication instructors to foreground accessibility in ways that acknowledge the rhetorical situatedness of accessibility. This article offers UD strategies that reimagine accessibility not just as a requirement that accommodates users but as an opportunity to create a rich rhetorical user experience for diverse populations. To illustrate how accessibility can be foregrounded in professional communication curricula, this article details the development of an information design course focused on usability and accessibility.
The predictive utility of the plant phylogeny in identifying sources of cardiovascular drugs.

Context: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death globally, responsible for over 17 million (31%) deaths in the world. Novel pharmacological interventions may be needed given t...
The Vulnerability of Adult and Young Brain to Ischemia

Adults are more susceptible than young animals to cerebral ischemia. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), the monoaminergic inhibitory neurotransmitter, is implicated among a variety of factors (such as other transmitter systems and arachidonic acid cascade) to play an important role in the complex pathomechanism of ischemic brain injury of adults.1–5 Accumulated data indicate a distinct association of ischemic 5-HT disturbance (synthesis, uptake, release, 5-HT1- and 5-HT2-receptors) with development and/or progression of cerebral edema. Particularly, a close correlation between the cerebrocortical increase of 5-HT turnover rate (= increased release) and the kinetic changes in 5-HT2 (S2- postsynaptic) binding sites was seen in cortical synaptosomes of adult gerbils subjected to bilateral ischemia (15 min) with recirculation (1 hr).6,7 The cerebral changes in the level of 5-HT, its precursor tryptophan and its main metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), as well as norepinephrine (NE) unlike those of energy metabolites depended on the age ofthe animal and duration of ischemia.8,9 The same ischemic insult which reduced the levels of 5-HT and NE in the adult cortex delayed or failed to induce 5-HT and NE changes in the young cortex. The present report reviews and summarizes our latest findings regarding the relationship between synaptosomal 5-HT release and the kinetic properties of 5-HT2-(S2-) postsynaptic receptors in the cerebral cortex of adult and young animals subjected to the same ischemic insult.
Concepts of louse-borne typhus control in developing countries: the use of the living attenuated E strain typhus vaccine in epidemic and endemic situations.

Louse-borne or epidemic typhus fever is without doubt one of the great epidemic diseases of mankind whose ebb and flow through the centuries has been important in the molding of human destiny (1). Much of our knowledge about typhus fever has come from experience in the unique setting of the temperate north of Europe (1–16) where its relative importance has declined as living conditions have improved over many years. Indeed, in recent times the epidemic potential of typhus in Europe has been realized primarily in the wake of the catastrophic disruptions caused by wars. Our attitude about relative importance, epidemiology, approaches to control and level of research support has been influenced strongly by the trends in modern, advanced Europe.
Young adolescent sleep is associated with parental monitoring.

Abstract Objectives Insufficient sleep can increase risk for adverse psychological and physical outcomes. Parental monitoring of daily activities is associated with youth health behaviors. We examined parental monitoring of waking and bedtime behaviors and sleep in a community sample of high-risk youth. Methods One-hundred sixty-five 10- to 14-year-olds from low–socioeconomic status families participated (11.8 years ±1.16, 52% female; 78% Black/African American). Parents and youth evaluated parental monitoring of waking activities. Parent expectations about bedtime and parent knowledge about adolescent's bedtime and sleep routine were independently rated. Youth sleep was assessed via parent report and actigraphy over 7 days. Results More parental knowledge about bedtime was associated with longer parent-reported sleep duration (β = .18, P .05). Parental monitoring of waking and bedtime behaviors was not associated with sleep duration variability (P values > .05). Conclusions Parental monitoring of waking activities may indirectly influence adolescent sleep via increased structure and felt security in the parent-adolescent relationship. Youth perception of monitoring may be particularly relevant for youth sleep duration.
Modeling of Protection Relays using Generic Models in System-Wide Power System Dynamic Simulation Studies

Protection systems in modern power networks have been identified by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation as a critical reliability issue. GE PSLF is one of the most widely used power system analysis tools in the industry. This paper explains how protection systems are modeled using generic relay models for system-wide simulation and the enhancements being made in PSLF to the grid dynamic models for transmission, generation, and load protection. The impact of the protection systems during extreme contingencies and the process of cascading outages have been simulated using the Dynamic Contingency Analysis Tool. A case study is given to show the effect of protection devices on dynamic simulations. This approach can be used by planning engineers to add protection models in dynamic simulations. Undervoltage, underfrequency, overvoltage, and overfrequency relays for each generator, distance relay protection for transmission systems, and four types of load-shedding relay schemes for loads have been modeled in this case study.
Analysis and Estimation of Intra-body Communications Path Loss for Galvanic Coupling

The desire to have ultra-compact, low power patient monitoring techniques that include intercommunicating wearable and implanted sensors/actuators encourages researchers to develop new communication methods that can replace current Radio Frequency (RF) wireless communication links. RF links require power and area hungry analog circuitry that limits the usability of such systems. This paper evaluates different techniques for Intra-body communication (IBC) where the signal is coupled galvanically to the human tissue. Finite element method (FEM) technique is utilized to determine the path loss of the human channel (human arm model) and to examine the current density distribution in human tissues using both a full and a reduced order model. In addition, we investigate the effect of bone fracture internal fixation implant effect on the channel parameters.
Supporting Institutional Objectives by Embedding Mission-Critical Competencies in Credit-Bearing Library Instruction: A Review and Case Study

This article reviews scholarship of incorporating institutional objectives in academic courses and proposes a method to embed mission-critical competencies in a library instruction course. Few acad...
A triterpene tetrasaccharide, formoside, from the Caribbean Choristida sponge Erylus formosus

Abstract A new triterpene tetrasaccharide, formoside ( 1 ) was isolated in 25% yield from the butanolic extract of the marine sponge Erylus formosus . The structure of the aglycone was identical to that of penasterol while the glycoside was composed of two arabinose and two galactose units with Ara-I as the branch point for Gal-I and the Ara-II-Gal-II unit.
Implementation of Laboratory Review of Test Builds Within the Electronic Health Record Reduces Errors.

Context.— As electronic health records (EHRs) become more ubiquitous, physicians have come to expect that laboratory data from a variety of sources will be incorporated into the EHR in a structured...
‘Kindness isn’t important, we need to be scared’: disruptions to the praxis of peace education in an Indian school

There is a dearth of research on the frustrations, moral dilemmas and challenges non-Western teachers might face in the everyday praxis of peace education. To address this gap, this study analyses ...
Structure and dynamics of ethane confined in silica nanopores in the presence of CO2

Fundamental understanding of the subcritical/supercritical behavior of key hydrocarbon species inside nano-porous matrices at elevated pressure and temperature is less developed compared to bulk fluids, but this knowledge is of great importance for chemical and energy engineering industries. This study explores in detail the structure and dynamics of ethane (C2H6) fluid confined in silica nanopores, with a focus on the effects of pressure and different ratios of C2H6 and CO2 at non-ambient temperature. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) experiments were carried out for the pure C2H6, C2H6:CO2 = 3:1, and 1:3 mixed fluids confined in 4-nm cylindrical silica pores at three different pressures (30 bars, 65 bars, and 100 bars) at 323 K. Two Lorentzian functions were required to fit the spectra, corresponding to fast and slow translational motions. No localized motions (rotations and vibrations) were detected. Higher pressures resulted in hindrances of the diffusivity of C2H6 molecules in all systems investigated. Pore size was found to be an important factor, i.e., the dynamics of confined C2H6 is more restricted in smaller pores compared to the larger pores used in previous studies. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to complement the QENS experiment at 65 bars, providing supportive structure information and comparable dynamic information. The simulations indicate that CO2 molecules are more strongly attracted to the pore surface compared to C2H6. The C2H6 molecules interacting with or near the pore surface form a dense first layer (L1) close to the pore surface and a second less dense layer (L2) extending into the pore center. Both the experiments and simulations revealed the role that CO2 molecules play in enhancing C2H6 diffusion (“molecular lubrication”) at high CO2:C2H6 ratios. The energy scales of the two dynamic components, fast and slow, quantified by both techniques, are in very good agreement. Herein, the simulations identified the fast component as the main contributor to the dynamics. Molecule motions in the L2 region are mostly responsible for the dynamics (fast and slow) that can be detected by the instrument.
Response of the Middle Atmosphere to Changing O3 and CO2 — A Speculative Tutorial

The notes that follow are very much in the spirit of the original lecture - they are pedagogical in intent, and contain almost nothing which has not already appeared somewhere else in the literature. The one important exception to this are the remarks on the obstacles which seem to me to stand in the way of a reliable prediction of the response of the middle atmosphere to altered composition.
Intravesical Anti-PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Treats Urothelial Bladder Cancer in a Mouse Model

Purpose:Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer is treated by resection within the bladder and bladder instillment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin or chemotherapy. For bacillus Calmette-Guerin-refractory d...
Double-site Ce Substitution of (Ba,Sr)MnO3 Perovskites for Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production

Solar thermochemical hydrogen production (STCH) is a renewable alternative to hydrogen produced using fossil fuels. While traditional serial bulk experimental methods can accurately identify promising STCH candidates like CeO2, they are quite slow for chemically complex material spaces like perovskites. Here we identify double-site Ce-substituted (Ba, Sr)MnO3 oxide perovskites as promising candidates for future STCH applications using both traditional bulk synthesis and high-throughput thin-film experiments. Single-site Ce-substitution on B site in 10H-BaMnO3 and on A site in 4P-SrMnO3 leads to 300-400C lower reduction temperature and 5-8x higher extent of reduction in bulk powders compared to CeO2 but still suffers from incomplete reoxidation. Double-site Ce substitution on both A- and B-site in (Ba, Sr)MnO3 thin films extends the stability range of the 10H and 4P structures, which is promising for their thermochemical reversibility. This study also demonstrates a high-throughput experimental method for screening complex oxide materials for STCH applications.