cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of techniques for reducing ash deposition in coal-fired gas turbines

Abstract Direct coal-fired gas turbines are potentially attractive alternatives to conventional steam cycle electric power generation because of their higher efficiencies. However, the high mineral matter content of coal creates problems with deposition, erosion, and corrosion of turbine components. Reported here is a study of methods to reduce the rate of formation of ash deposits, including a study of the effects of the addition of potential sulfur sorbents on downstream deposition problems. Methods studied involved modifying the combustion history of the coal particles in the combustor, cooling turbine components, and adding small amounts of aluminosilicate to the coal. The results show that the proper combination of these techniques can produce a two orders of magnitude reduction in the rate of ash deposit formation.
Upper bound for spontaneous magnetization in the Hubbard model.

A rigorous upper bound for the spontaneous magnetization per site of a general Hubbard model is obtained. The bound is independent of the on-site Coulomb potential ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathbf{r}}$ of the model, and is valid for arbitrary band fillings. From it one may find that the magnetic (ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic) long-range order disappears in the atomic limit at finite temperatures.
Neonatal complications of term pregnancy: rates by gestational age increase in a continuous, not threshold, fashion.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether, when, and how rates of short-term neonatal complications increase beyond 37 weeks of gestation. Study design A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all low-risk, term, cephalic, and singleton births that were delivered at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1976 and 2001. Primary outcomes included neonatal umbilical artery pH, umbilical artery base excess, the presence of meconium, macrosomia, 5-minute Apgar scores, and admission to the intensive care nursery. Multivariate analyses were performed that controlled for maternal ethnicity, weight, age, socioeconomic status, and obstetric history. Results Among the 32,679 women who were delivered at ≥37 completed weeks of gestation, the rates of umbilical artery pH P Conclusion We found that the rates of immediate neonatal morbidity increase with increasing gestational age. Accurate determination of these rates is important in the determination of gestational age at which the risk of continuing the pregnancy outweighs the risk of induction of labor.
Parallel analysis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma and endothelial cells derived from patients with chronic pulmonary thromboemboli

BACKGROUNDChronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is the result of nonresolving pulmonary emboli that lead to chronic obstruction of the central pulmonary arteries.METHODS AND RESULTSTo determine if the failure to lyse pulmonary thromboemboli is caused by an abnormality in the endothelial cell (EC)-associated fibrinolytic system, conditions were established to culture ECs from patient main pulmonary arteries during surgical pulmonary thromboendarterectomies and to analyze the conditioned media for levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). Our data indicate that the levels of TPA antigen and PAI-1 activity in media conditioned by primary ECs harvested from areas free of thrombus were not significantly different between patients with chronic thromboemboli and organ donors. In 13 consecutive patients, no correlation was obtained in either the TPA antigen or PAI-1 activity level in a patient's plasma and the respective levels in media condition...
New cancer chemotherapeutic agents.

The new agents available for the clinical chemotherapy of cancer can be divided into four groups: 1. agents of relatively proven value, such as adriamycin, DTIC, bleomycin, asparaginase, BCNU, and CCNU; 2. agents with suggestive evidence of clinical activity in small series, such as Streptozotocin, N-demethylepipodophyllotoxin thenylidine glucoside (VM-26), azacytidine, hydroxyurea, guanazole, and 5-hydroxypicolinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (5-HP); 3. agents in Phase I studies, such as methyl-CCNU, ICRF 159, Iphosfamide, platinum diamminodichloride, and N-demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidine glucoside (VP-16), and 4. agents with considerable promise of activity at preclinical levels which have not as yet reached Phase I trials, at least in this country, such as palmo ara-C, cyclo-cytidine, and 2,2′-anhydro-1-(β-D-arabinosyl)-5-fluorocytosine. In addition to their clinical activity, these agents have many diverse mechanisms of action and differing limiting toxicity. For these reasons, they may offer unique opportunities for use in combination chemotherapy.
Animal Model of Fusarium Solani Keratitis

Because of the frequency of fungal keratitis due to Fusarium solani, we needed a sustained, progressive infection in an animal model to determine the mechanisms of pathogenicity and to evaluate the new antifungal agents. Pigmented rabbits interlamellarly injected with actively germinating conidia from lyophilized temperature-tolerant strains of F. solani produced sustained culture-positive ulcers in high percentage of eyes at two and three weeks, pretreatment with subconjunctival corticosteroids was necessary. Histopathology, although a poor index of infectivity since some corneas with plentiful hyphal fragments had negative cultures, simulated human fungal pathology.
Petri-Netz-Maschine a software tool for analysis and validation of Petri nets

Abstract Petri-Netz-Maschine is a program package which allows in a convenient way to detect design errors, to analyse and verify basic static and dynamic net properties, to reduce the size and to analyse and simulate the behaviour of Petri net models of concurrent and distributed systems, thus, it can act as a part of a CAD-system.
Double Intramolecular SN‘ O-Cyclization for Stereoselective Synthesis of Bistetrahydrofuran Core of Acetogenins

A C2-symmetric bistetrahydrofuran core of acetogenins has been prepared via double intramolecular SN‘ O-cyclization reactions. Approaches using readily prepared both E- and Z-olefin substrates are investigated. The cyclization of E-olefins gave a mixture of two diastereomers with low selectivity, while the corresponding Z-olefins predominantly provided a desired trans,trans-bistetrahydrofuran product. The high diastereoselectivity is presumably controlled by a hydrogen-bonding transition state. An efficient enantioselective synthesis of this C2-symmetric bistetrahydrofuran is also described. Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation was used for this approach.
Once daily dosing of netilmicin in neonatal and pediatric intensive care.

Objective To examine a once daily dosing regimen of netilmicin in critically ill neonates and children.
DYNAMIC IMPURITIES IN ULTRAPURE SEMICONDUCTORS

Abstract Theoretical and experimental results are presented which shed light on a series of unusual shallow level impurities in ultrapure germanium. These impurities, both donors and acceptors, (1) show hydrogenic spectra with signatures identical to all other shallow impurities; (2) exhibit unusual dependence in their spectra to applied uniaxial stresses; (3) display a clear isotope effect (hydrogen to deuterium) in the electronic spectrum when the crystal growing conditions are changed -- a clear violation of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. They are dynamic impurities consisting of a two-atom center in a fully tetrahedral environment, in which coherent nuclear motion is coupled to the electronic degrees of freedom. Experimental data, together with group-theoretical analysis, permit a complete description of these systems.
Administering Success: The Legitimacy Imperative and the Implementation of Welfare Reform

Based on a case study of Florida's Family Transition Program (FTP), the first time-limited welfare program implemented in the United States, we argue that extra-legal “rules” and popular definitions of success can constrain bureaucratic action and shape policy outcomes. On paper, the FTP permitted considerable discretion in the administration of post-time-limit benefits and included a job guarantee for compliant participants; yet, as the program was implemented both the job guarantee and the benefit extensions were virtually eliminated through administrative procedures. In contrast to what we would expect from current theories of bureaucracy, the unwillingness of administrators to make use of their formal capacity could not be accounted for by the actions of interest groups or street-level bureaucrats, nor could it be explained solely by a lack of resources. Using a combination of insights from historical institutionalism in political sociology and neo-institutionalism in organizational analysis and bringing a new emphasis on the power of the media to define programmatic success, we argue that the legitimacy of the FTP would have been threatened if administrators made use of some of the policy options permitted by law. We conclude by offering three hypotheses on the relationship between media attention and bureaucratic action.
Cognitive Style and Sex: A Study of Stereotypical Thinking:

Differences between Cognitive Style Index mean scores of female and male undergraduate business students were tested using a general linear model. Among 286 undergraduate business students, women scored higher (more analytical) than men. The comparison of undergraduate business students with and without work experience related to their major shows that students with such related work experience were more intuitive than peers with no work experience related to their major.
A qualitative study of hardiness and social support among underserved, inner-city minority adults recovering from oral surgery.

Abstract Using qualitative data, this study examines hardiness and social support among twenty-two African American and Hispanic subjects, at least 18 years of age, who received treatment for a jaw fracture and participated in an hour-long focus group to discuss the treatment they received at King/Drew Medical Center, an inner-city hospital in Los Angeles, California. Treatment was either a non-surgical wiring of the teeth closed for six to eight weeks or surgical placement of a metal bone plate in the lower jaw with a short period of jaw fixation following surgery. A mandibular fracture is one of the most common orofacial traumas for minority individuals, and the majority of these fractures among patients at urban trauma centers are a result of interpersonal violence. Thus the link between psychosocial stress and oral health is evident, yet exposure to daily stress does not automatically place one at risk for distress. Some people under daily stress have hardiness, conceptualized as an internal personal ...
Generating dynamic narratives with real time interactions utilizing mobile technology

The popularity of smartphones and other mobile technologies provides unique and exciting opportunities for game developers to create interesting game experiences and simultaneously study how players react and interact to these new environments. By studying and enhancing these new interactive environments and utilizing these technologies, we can break free of traditional game experiences and create newer and more exciting games with the flexibility of mobile devices. This study explores how we expand our idea of what a traditional game should be and poses a newer, fresher look on mobile game play and social connectivity. We have added to the notion of playing a game without actively engaging in it from the foundation of previous research. We have done this in order to build players' unique stories that will allow players to make more meaningful choices throughout their gameplay experience. By offering the player real time choices and active engagement in a mobile game that currently offers none, we expect to increase the levels of enjoyment and usefulness, from both educational and recreational viewpoints.
Nondestructive SEM Studies of Localized Defects in Gate Dielectric Films of MIS Devices

A nondestructive technique to identify localized defects in the gate dielectric of MOS devices has been developed. The technique is based upon electron beam induced conductivity modulation which gives rise to a relatively large increase in gate current under an applied bias when the beam scans a localized defect area. Measurements on devices with low gate breakdown voltage have been made and correlated with regions where subsequent catastrophic gate breakdown occurred. A circuit description and physical model of the technique is presented.
Density of indoor tanning facilities in 116 large U.S. cities.

Background U.S. adolescents and young adults are using indoor tanning at high rates, even though it has been linked to both melanoma and squamous cell cancer. Because the availability of commercial indoor tanning facilities may influence use, data are needed on the number and density of such facilities. Methods In March 2006, commercial indoor tanning facilities in 116 large U.S. cities were identified, and the number and density (per 100,000 population) were computed for each city. Bivariate and multivariate analyses conducted in 2008 tested the association between tanning-facility density and selected geographic, climatologic, demographic, and legislative variables. Results Mean facility number and density across cities were 41.8 (SD=30.8) and 11.8 (SD=6.0), respectively. In multivariate analysis, cities with higher percentages of whites and lower ultraviolet (UV)index scores had significantly higher facility densities than those with lower percentages of whites and higher UV index scores. Conclusions These data indicate that commercial indoor tanning is widely available in the urban U.S., and this availability may help explain the high usage of indoor tanning.
Endomorphin-Stimulated [35S]GTPγS Binding in Rat Brain: Evidence for Partial Agonist Activity at μ-Opioid Receptors

Endomorphin-1 is a peptide whose binding selectivity suggests a role as an endogenous ligand at mu-opioid receptors. In the present study, the effect of endomorphin-1 on mu receptor-coupled G proteins was compared with that of the mu agonist DAMGO by using agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in rat brain. [35S]GTPgammaS autoradiography revealed a similar localization of endomorphin-1- and DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in areas including thalamus, caudate-putamen, amygdala, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, and nucleus tractus solitarius. Naloxone blocked endomorphin-1-stimulated labeling in all regions examined. Although the distribution of endomorphin-1-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding resembled that of DAMGO, the magnitude of endomorphin-1-stimulated binding was significantly lower than that produced by DAMGO. Concentration-effect curves of endomorphin-1 and DAMGO in thalamic membranes confirmed that endomorphin-1 produced only 70% of DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding. Differences in maximal stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding between DAMGO and endomorphin-1 were magnified by increasing GDP concentrations, and saturation analysis of net endomorphin-1-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding revealed a lower apparent Bmax value than that obtained with DAMGO. Endomorphin-1 also partially antagonized DAMGO stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding. These results demonstrate that endomorphin-1 is a partial agonist for G protein activation at the mu-opioid receptor in brain.
The Nineteenth-Century Quarantine Narrative

This essay articulates the literary and political consequences of a sub-genre of nineteenth-century travel writing that I call the quarantine narrative. Twelve texts, once fashionable but now little-known and understudied, published between 1832 and 1847 are examined herein. Written primarily by itinerant Americans—including titans of the antebellum periodical scene, Knickerbocker authors Nathaniel P. Willis, Theodore S. Fay, and Henry T. Tuckerman—these works collectively disseminate an anticontagionist perspective that derides the practice of quarantining “dangerous elements” to protect the well-being of a population. Linked together by an expose prose style aimed at demystifying and debunking medical detainment, and by the use of irony intended to prompt new thinking about national identity formation, these narratives convey a surprisingly positive attitude toward foreign influence during an early period of global travel, commerce, and cultural circulation.
Characterization of carbon nano-Onions for heavy metal ion remediation

Carbonaceous nanomaterials, such as fullerene C60, carbon nanotubes, and their functionalized derivatives have been demonstrated to possess high sorption capacity for organic and heavy metal contaminants, indicating a potential for remediation application. The actual application of these nanomaterials, however, is often hindered by the high cost of materials and the limited understanding of their mobility in porous media. In this work, carbon nano-onions (CNOs), a relatively new addition to the carbonaceous nanomaterials, were synthesized in a cost-effective way using a laser-assisted combustion synthesis process, and carefully characterized for their potential remediation application. Surface oxidized CNOs possessed 10 times higher sorption capacity than C60 for heavy metal ion contaminants including Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. CNOs aqueous suspension can be very stable in NaCl solution at ionic strength up to 30 mM and CaCl2 solution at ionic strength up to 4 mM CaCl2 when pH ranged from 5 to 9, which are consistent with environmentally relevant conditions. Interactions of CNOs with iron oxide and silica surfaces under favorable condition were found to be electrostatic in origin. Mobility of CNOs in quartz sands was controlled by electrolyte type and concentration. Approximately 4.4, 25.1, and 92.5 % of injected CNO mass were retained in the sand column in ultrapure water, 1 mM NaCl, and 1 mM CaCl2 solutions, respectively.
The Applicability of a Multiple-Mode Diode Laser in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A multiple-mode laser diode is used to supply the primary radiation for atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The multiple wavelength characteristics of the laser allow peak ratio measurements and possible background correction by the monitoring of the absorption spectrum with a diode-array spectrometer. In this demonstration, lithium is used as the analyte and air/acetylene flame is used as the atom reservoir. The detection sensitivity (1% absorption) is 20 ng/mL and the detection limit (2 σ of blank) is 4 ng/mL; these values are comparable to those of the conventional flame AAS with the use of a hollow cathode lamp as the source radiation.
The structure of the ITS2-proximal stem is required for pre-rRNA processing in yeast

Accurate and efficient processing of pre-rRNA is critical to the accumulation of mature functional ribosomal subunits for maintenance of cell growth. Processing requires numerous factors which act in trans as well as RNA sequence/ structural elements which function in cis. To examine the latter, we have used directed mutagenesis and expression of mutated pre-rRNAs in yeast. Specifically, we tested requirements for formation of an ITS2-proximal stem on processing, a structure formed by an interaction between sequences corresponding to the 3' end of 5.8S rRNA and the 5' end of 25S. Pre-rRNA processing is inhibited in templates encoding mutations that prevent the formation of the ITS2-proximal stem. Compensatory, double mutations, which alter the sequence of this region but restore the structure of the stem, also restore processing, although at lower efficiency. This reduction in efficiency is reflected in decreased levels of mature 5.8S and 25S rRNA and increased levels of 35S pre-rRNA and certain processing intermediates. This phenotype is reminiscent of the biochemical depletion of U8 snoRNA in vertebrates for which the ITS2-proximal stem has been proposed as a potential site for interaction with U8 RNP. Thus, formation of the ITS2-proximal stem may be a requirement common to yeast and vertebrate pre-rRNA processing.
Psychiatric length of stay determinants in a military medical center

In this 2-year prospective study, 1040 consecutive admissions to an adult inpatient psychiatric unit of the United States Air Force's largest tertiary care medical center were assessed for length of stay (LOS) determinants. Twenty-one demographic, clinical, and diagnostic variables were examined for their effect on LOS. The median LOS at our medical center was 9 days and was similar to the national median LOS of 10 days for psychiatric units in general hospitals. We found several clinical, nonclinical, and diagnostic variables to be independent predictors of LOS, accounting for 31% of the variance, but that much of the variance remained unaccounted for. Primary DSM-III-R discharge diagnoses were helpful in distinguishing a nonoverlapping, short-stay group from a long-stay group. HCFA Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) estimates for LOS were assessed for their ability to predict LOS in our institution. With the exception of substance abuse/dependence disorders, DRGs consistently underestimated LOS. Previous studies using the coefficient of variation (COV) have demonstrated the inability of DRGs to distinguish homogeneous diagnostic groups. However, in this study, COV was helpful in differentiating a majority of DRGs by LOS despite the general underestimation of LOS by DRG. These results continue to support the inadequacy of the DRGs in determining equitable reimbursement and the difficulties in predicting psychiatric LOS despite the inclusion of clinical and nonclinical variables.
THE EFFECTS OF NONLINEARITY ON PARAMETRIC AMPLIFIERS

Mechanical and electromechanical parametric amplifiers have garnered significant interest, as of late, due to the increased need for low-noise signal amplification in resonant micro/nanosystems. While these devices, which are traditionally designed to operate in a linear range, potentially represent an elegant, on-chip amplification solution, it is not readily apparent that this technical approach will suffice in all micro/nanoresonator implementations, due to the scale-dependent nature of a mechanical or electromechanical amplifier’s dynamic range. The present work investigates whether the aforementioned linear dynamic range constraint is truly a practical limitation, by considering the behavior of a representative degenerate parametric amplifier driven within a nonlinear frequency response regime. The work adopts a comparatively simple lumped-mass model for analysis and proceeds with the characterization of pertinent performance metrics, including gain/pump and gain/phase behaviors. Ultimately, the work concludes that parametric amplification can be realized in a nonlinear context, but such implementations generally lead to inferior amplifier performance.
Inter-Relation and Matching of Personality Factors from Behavior Rating, Questionnaire, and Objective Test Data

(1950). Inter-Relation and Matching of Personality Factors from Behavior Rating, Questionnaire, and Objective Test Data. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 243-260.
Resistance to delamination of 3D woven textile composites evaluated using End Notch Flexure (ENF) tests: Cohesive zone based computational results

The flexural response of 3D woven textile composite panels containing an edge crack is evaluated using the End Notch Flexure (ENF) test. In doing so, the effectiveness of 3D reinforcement in increasing and/or eliminating delamination is demonstrated. A finite element model of the ENF configuration using the Discrete Cohesive Zone Model (DCZM) was used to evaluate the deformation response and fracture properties corresponding to the experimental results presented in Pankow et al. (2011) [1]. A modified trapezoidal traction law was used in the DCZM to computationally evaluate the ENF test results. Good agreement between experimental results and predictions are reported, up to the point at which the crack reaches under the loading roller and damage begins to occur locally under the roller.
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and spinal arthrodesis: the basic science perspective on protein interaction with the nervous system

Abstract The use and “off-label” indications for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in spinal arthrodesis have been significantly expanded over the last decade. New surgical approaches and pathologies treated often place the exogenous protein near the spinal cord or peripheral nerves, yet little data exist to the potential interaction between rhBMP-2 and the nervous system. The current review was undertaken to provide a basic science perspective on the wide-ranging effects that rhBMP-2, a potent growth factor, has on the injured spinal cord and the local dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Results from the early animal studies on neural safety of rhBMP-2 were compared with the more recent in vivo work characterizing protein impact on the injured spinal cord. Potential mechanism of the rhBMP-2–induced radiculitis after lumbar arthrodesis is also discussed. The original pre-FDA approval animal study did not uncover any interaction between rhBMP-2 and the spinal cord or the nerve rootlets comprising the cauda equina. Recent in vivo work indicated, however, that in a penetrating injury model, rhBMP-2 triggers direct signaling in all spinal cord cells. In the rat, this interaction was deleterious to spontaneous recovery by exacerbating the inflammatory response to injury, increasing the glial scar, and making it more inhibitory to axonal regeneration. With respect to posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis in a noninjury model, rhBMP-2 use contributed to a transient postoperative mechanical hyperalgesia. Potential mechanism of this allodynia is through an observed inflammatory response within and around the local DRG. In summary, contrary to the original beliefs in the clinical community, rhBMP-2 does elicit a profound signaling response within the spinal cord and the peripheral ganglia. Recent preclinical studies indicate that rhBMP-2, if provided direct access to the spinal cord parenchyma or the DRG, can trigger significant inflammation and morphologic changes within these tissues that could be deleterious to neurologic recovery.
Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Greater Trochanter Associated with Osteolytic Lesions

BACKGROUND: A fracture of the greater trochanter through an osteolytic lesion may occur as a late complication after total hip arthroplasty. The optimal treatment for this difficult complication remains controversial. We have treated this problem with internal fixation and allogeneic bone-grafting at the time of revision of a loose acetabular component. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the results of treatment of a fracture through an osteolytic lesion of the greater trochanter in nineteen patients seen from 1996 to 2002. All fractures were treated with morselized allogeneic bone grafts and wire fixation at the time of revision of a failed acetabular component. Postoperative care included the use of an abduction orthosis and protected weight-bearing for at least three months. Follow-up of all patients consisted of radiographic examinations and clinical evaluation with use of the Harris hip score. RESULTS: At an average duration of 3.8 years after the revision, eighteen of the nineteen fractures had healed. The average time to healing was five months. The one treatment failure occurred in a patient who did not comply with the use of an abduction orthosis. The average Harris hip score for all patients improved from 32.5 points preoperatively to 91.2 points at the time of the latest follow-up. Polyethylene wear and recurrent osteolysis of the greater trochanter was noted in one hip at the eight-year follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the greater trochanter associated with osteolytic lesions can be effectively treated with open reduction, internal fixation with wire, and allogeneic bone-grafting.
Civil-Military Relations in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Implications for Domestic and Regional Stability:

Ukraine's progress towards a fully functioning democratic, civilian model has been weak. Due to the weakness of the military as a political force in Ukraine, this lack of progress itself does not threaten Ukraine's domestic stability. Instead, of greater concern and potential impact are the absence of significant military restructuring and implementation of Ukraine's military and strategic doctrine as well as the absence of any measure of civil-military control over the internal security forces of Ukraine. Moreover, the arrest of military restructuring impacts fundamentally on regional security as it affects Ukraine's ability and capacity to forestall any military aggression as well as Ukraine's contribution to multinational peacekeeping operations, under either NATO or UN auspices. Ultimately, the lack of progress in democratic civil-military reforms in Ukraine is of greater significance at the regional level than at the national one.
Cultivating Resiliency in Youth

This paper highlights characteristics of resiliency and the importance of strengthening resiliency and how to build it. The neuropsychiatry of traumatic stress is underscored and more esoteric resiliency-building activities are discussed.
WikiLeaks and the problem of anonymity: A network control perspective:

This article defines and applies the concept of “network control” as a tool for understanding the challenges and opportunities available to states as they seek territorial control over the global communications infrastructure. Through an analysis of the conflict between WikiLeaks and the US government on the tactical and structural levels, it reveals a contemporary dynamic of the territory–technology nexus of network control. From the perspective of the security establishment, the free speech aspect in the WikiLeaks case is tangential; the publication of sensitive information is just one of the many undesirable consequences of anonymity. Solutions to the problem so defined include the overhaul of the Pentagon’s network or “the Internet minus the anonymity,” which, if realized, will shape the future of the Internet.
Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract The synaptic surface of the acetylcholine receptor in membranes from Torpedo californica electric organ has been imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy. The molecule appears pentameric, with one major and four minor protrusions rising above the surface, and these protrusions encompass a large central cavity. The outer diameter of the molecule is 69 +/- 10 A, while the diameter of the cavity, measured at the widest complete contour line delimiting the opening, is 26 +/- 7 A. The images and dimensions obtained are consistent with the structure determined from hybrid density maps obtained by x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Thus, scanning tunneling microscopy can be used to obtain overall dimensions and low-resolution structural features of the surface of a membrane-embedded protein.
Surgical management of popliteal artery embolism at the turn of the millennium.

Popliteal artery embolism has been a focus of study at the Massachusetts General Hospital for over 60 years. It is a formidable vascular problem with significant limb loss and mortality. To assess the impact of advances in cardiac and vascular therapies, we reviewed our outcomes over 12 years. A retrospective review from our databases identified 66 patients with 72 popliteal artery emboli between January 1989 and October 2000. Patients undergoing nonsurgical therapy or with in situ atherosclerotic thrombosis were excluded. Demographics, comorbidities, presentation, duration, etiology, treatment, and outcomes were analyzed. Patients were classified into those with acute (AP; symptoms 7days; 13 of 72, 18%) presentation. The presentation was typically acute ischemia (85%) in the AP group and claudication (69%), rest pain (15.5%), or gangrene (15.5%) in the DP group. The most common etiology was embolism secondary to atrial fibrillation (17 of 72, 24%). Femoral artery access (15 of 72, 21%) was more prevalent than in our prior experience. In the AP group, 9 of 59 (15%) were treated with a femoral artery approach, 44 of 59 (75%) with a popliteal artery approach, and 6 of 59 (10%) with bypass. In the DP group, 11 of 13 (85%) were treated with a popliteal approach and 2 of 13 (15%) with bypass. Completion angiography was done in 17 cases (24%). Limb salvage rate was 88% (88% AP, 85% DP); the rate was 94% with angiography and 85% without it (p > 0.1). There were seven deaths (10%). The mortality rate was 33% after amputation and 7% after limb salvage (p < 0.05). Except for a greater prevalence of femoral artery access as an etiology, the demographics of patients with popliteal embolism were similar to those of prior reports. Although a femoral approach may be appropriate in select AP cases, a popliteal approach is preferred in most patients and is necessary in DP cases. Completion angiography should be performed to ensure adequacy of the embolectomy. Outcomes are unchanged. Future therapies should aim to improve limb salvage and mortality rates.
Quorum-Sensing Escherichia coli Regulator A: a Regulator of the LysR Family Involved in the Regulation of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement Pathogenicity Island in Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is a chromosomal pathogenicity island that encodes the proteins involved in the formation of the attaching and effacing lesions by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The LEE comprises 41 open reading frames organized in five major operons, LEE1, LEE2, LEE3, tir (LEE5), and LEE4, which encode a type III secretion system, the intimin adhesin, the translocated intimin receptor (Tir), and other effector proteins. The first gene of LEE1 encodes the Ler regulator, which activates all the other genes within the LEE. We previously reported that the LEE genes were activated by quorum sensing through Ler (V. Sperandio, J. L. Mellies, W. Nguyen, S. Shin, and J. B. Kaper, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:15196-15201, 1999). In this study we report that a putative regulator in the E. coli genome is itself activated by quorum sensing. This regulator is encoded by open reading frame b3243; belongs to the LysR family of regulators; is present in EHEC, EPEC, and E. coli K-12; and shares homology with the AphB and PtxR regulators of Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. We confirmed the activation of b3243 by quorum sensing by using transcriptional fusions and renamed this regulator quorum-sensing E. coli regulator A (QseA). We observed that QseA activated transcription of ler and therefore of the other LEE genes. An EHEC qseA mutant had a striking reduction of type III secretion activity, which was complemented when qseA was provided in trans. Similar results were also observed with a qseA mutant of EPEC. The QseA regulator is part of the regulatory cascade that regulates EHEC and EPEC virulence genes by quorum sensing.
Implementation and Validation of an Impedance Eduction Technique

Implementation of a pressure gradient method of impedance eduction in two NASA Langley flow ducts is described. The Grazing Flow Impedance Tube only supports plane-wave sources, while the Curved Duct Test Rig supports sources that contain higher-order modes. Multiple exercises are used to validate this new impedance eduction method. First, synthesized data for a hard wall insert and a conventional liner mounted in the Grazing Flow Impedance Tube are used as input to the two impedance eduction methods, the pressure gradient method and a previously validated wall pressure method. Comparisons between the two results are excellent. Next, data measured in the Grazing Flow Impedance Tube are used as input to both methods. Results from the two methods compare quite favorably for sufficiently low Mach numbers but this comparison degrades at Mach 0.5, especially when the hard wall insert is used. Finally, data measured with a hard wall insert mounted in the Curved Duct Test Rig are used as input to the pressure gradient method. Significant deviation from the known solution is observed, which is believed to be largely due to 3-D effects in this flow duct. Potential solutions to this issue are currently being explored.
Central Nervous System IL-1β System and Neuropeptide Y mRNAs During IL-1β-induced Anorexia in Rats

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) induces anorexia and neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases feeding by direct action in the central nervous system (CNS). IL-1 beta, depending on the dose, attenuates or blocks NPY-induced feeding. This suggests that IL-1 beta-NPY interactions may be involved in IL-1 beta-induced anorexia. Here, RNase protection assays were used to investigate the effects of the chronic intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of IL-1 beta (at a dose that yields estimated pathophysiological concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid) on mRNA levels of IL-1 beta system components and NPY in the cerebellum, parietofrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain. The results show that the chronic ICV administration of IL-1 beta (8.0 ng/24 h for 72 h) differentially induced IL-1 beta system components across brain regions in anorectic rats. IL-1 beta mRNA and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) mRNA were induced similarly, exhibiting highest and lowest expression levels in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, respectively. IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) mRNA and the soluble form of IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1R AcP II) mRNA were also induced in the hypothalamus and cerebellum. NPY mRNA expression showed a small, but significant decrease in the hypothalamus. Heat-inactivated IL-1 beta (8.0 ng/24 h for 72 h) had no effect on the behavioral or molecular profiles. The results suggest that endogenous upregulation of IL-1 beta contributes to IL-1 beta-induced anorexia, and that modification of NPY mechanisms also may be involved.
Femoral Head and Neck Ostectomy for Surgical Treatment of Acute Craniodorsal Coxofemoral Luxation in Rabbits

Craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation is a common orthopedic condition causing lameness in rabbits, which may be caused through iatrogenic, congenital, or traumatic means. Current treatment methods for coxofemoral luxation in rabbit patients typically begins with conservative management in the form of restricted activity and often results in the need for an open surgical approach to the affected hip for a femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHNO). However, this technique has never been described for domestic rabbits. Because an FHNO is often performed successfully, it should be considered by veterinarians in rabbits diagnosed with a coxofemoral luxation that cannot be reduced. This article describes and illustrates the FHNO surgical procedure for the domestic rabbit.
Neurocognitive late effects in pediatric cancer.

As survival rates for the most prevalent types of childhood cancer have dramatically improved over the past three decades, the concept of “cure” has evolved to include optimizing the quality of life among survivors. Although significant progress has been made in addressing some adverse late effects of treatment that limit quality of life, such as endocrinopathies, other late effects remain problematic. This paper will review neurocognitive late effects as defined by problems with thinking, learning, and remembering among survivors of childhood cancer. After defining the neurocognitive phenotype that characterizes many such children, we will review the etiology and risk factors for damage to the central nervous system associated with childhood cancer and its treatment. We will then discuss methods of pharmacological, behavioral, and ecological intervention that may be helpful in reducing learning problems among surviving children. Finally, we will identify areas of future research that will be critical to the elimination of neurocognitive late effects in childhood cancer survivors and the resources needed to implement such research.
Ultra low power electro-optic modulator on silicon: Towards direct logic driven silicon modulators

We demonstrate ultra-low switching energy (9.4 fJ/bit), ultra-low swing voltage (150 mV peak-peak) electro-optic modulation in a 2.5 µm radius silicon ring modulator. These results can enable direct logic driven silicon modulators.
Mechanisms for chemostatic behavior in catchments: Implications for CO2 consumption by mineral weathering

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Concentrations of weathering products in streams often show relatively little variation compared to changes in discharge, both at event and annual scales. In this study, several hypothesized mechanisms for this "chemostatic behavior" were evaluated, and the potential for those mechanisms to in! uence relations between climate, weathering ! uxes, and CO2 consumption via mineral weathering was assessed. Data from Loch Vale, an alpine catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, indicates that cation exchange and seasonal precipitation and dissolution of amorphous or poorly crystalline aluminosilicates are important processes that help regulate solute concentrations in the stream; however, those processes have no direct effect on CO2 consumption in catchments. Hydrograph separation analyses indicate that old water stored in the subsurface over the winter accounts for about one-quarter of annual stream! ow, and almost one-half of annual ! uxes of Na and SiO2 in the stream; thus, ! ushing of old water by new water (snowmelt) is an important component of chemostatic behavior. Hydrologic ! ushing of subsurface materials further induces chemostatic behavior by reducing mineral saturation indices and increasing reactive mineral surface area, which stimulate mineral weathering rates. CO2 consumption by carbonic acid mediated mineral weathering was quanti" ed using mass-balance calculations; results indicated that silicate mineral weathering was responsible for approximately two-thirds of annual CO2 consumption, and carbonate weathering was responsible for the remaining one-third. CO2 consumption was strongly dependent on annual precipitation and temperature; these relations were captured in a simple statistical model that accounted for 71% of the annual variation in CO2 consumption via mineral weathering in Loch Vale. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Pattern-Sensitive Epilepsy

UMMARY The authors describe 4 cases of epilepsy triggered by the viewing of line patterns. Two of the patients were brothers. The detailed investigation of the factors involved in the elicitation of epileptic activity in the EEG of these subjects included a study of the role played by: the visual angles subtended by adjacent lines of the pattern, the orientation, luminance, degree of contrast, sharpness of boundaries and minimal effective surface area of the pattern, the effects of monocular and binocular stimulations, of movements of the pattern or of the patient's eyes, of selective stimulation of portions of the visual field and of the cone or rod systems and of the influence of the patient's accommodation. RESUME Les auteurs decrivent 4 cas d'epilepsie declenchee par l'observation d'images repressentees par des dessins rayes. Deux de ces malades etaient freres. L'investigation detaillee des facteurs impliques dans la provocation d'activiteepileptique dans l'EEG de ces sujets comprit l'etude du role joue par Tangle visuel sous-tendu par les lignes adjacentes de l'image, l'orientation, la luminositye, le degre du contraste, la nettete des lignes, la surface minime de l'image compatible avec son effet, les resultats des stimulations monoculaires et binoculaires, des mouvements de l'image ou des yeux du malade, la stimulation selective de certaines parties du champ visuel et des systemes des cones et des bâtonnets et du role de l'accommodation.
The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four

The best books on rock are prized equally by fan and scholar. The fan will read a great rock book more than once, then return to it on and off over the years, browsing through it for the sheer plea...
The Devil's Tabernacle: The Pagan Oracles in Early Modern Thought, by Anthony Ossa-Richardson, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013, 342 pp. ISBN 978 0 691 15711 5, US$35.00 (hardback); ISBN 978 1 400 84659 7 (e-book)

Each age finds in Apollo's oracle at Delphi – for the ancient Greeks the umbilicus of the world – what it cares enough to look for. These days, scholarship on the Pythia tends either toward the soc...
Restaurant human resource managers’ attitudes towards workplace diversity, perceptions and definition of ethical hiring

Abstract Human resource (HR) managers play a vital role in hiring new employees. We administered a web-based questionnaire to a convenience sample of HR managers’ who were members of the Council of Hotel and Restaurant Trainers (CHART) to assess their attitudes towards workplace diversity, perceptions of ethical hiring within their organization, and their definition of ethical hiring. Significant differences were observed between attitudes towards ethical hiring and HR managers’ ethnicity, and between organizational size and perceptions of ethical hiring within organizations. Given the diversity of today's labor market, findings from this study have potential for impacting training of HR managers and hiring of foodservice personnel.
When Will Schools Take Bullying Seriously

Children who suffer severe, long-lasting injuries at the hands of school bullies have thus far realized little or no hope of recovery at law for the harm done. This article starts by clarifying the definition of what educational researcher mean by “bullying”, its effects, and known strategies for its prevention. Current shortcomings in theories of recovery based on tort claims for negligent supervision and failure to supervise are reviewed. A new theory is proposed in which liability is based on school officials’ failure to take deliberate, research-based action to provide a bullying-free environment; and that schools that do implement research-based reforms in good faith should enjoy a rebuttal presumption of reasonable supervision.
Accomplishments of a Training Support Program for American Indian and Alaska Native Health Researchers

The Native American Research Centers for Health program was designed to foster research training and skill development for American Indian/Alaska Native trainees. Increasing the number of American Indian/Alaska Native researchers with advanced training in science is one strategy to help decrease health disparities in native peoples. Our NARCH program provided financial support and mentorship for professional and academic development of American Indian/Alaska Native award recipients. We report on an assessment of our NARCH training program that is directed toward increasing the number of qualified American Indian/Alaska Native researchers.
A MODEL FOR DECOUPLING EMIGRATION FROM MORTALITY IN RECAPTURE SURVEYS OF SLOW-MOVING BENTHIC MARINE GASTROPODS

Abstract Decoupling emigration from mortality is critical for accurately estimating mortality in recapture surveys. However, open-population models often suffer from their inability to distinguish between these two parameters. A model is presented here that separates emigration from mortality based on movements of a tagged population of 42 hatchery-reared queen conch, Strombus gigas, released into a 20 m × 20 m plot in the nearshore waters of the Florida Keys. The model was constructed in a 4-step process. Recapture sampling of uniquely tagged individuals was used to derive a frequency distribution based on the movements of these individuals over a given time period. A probability density function was then fit to the frequency distribution. A probability of emigration was assigned to each cell in the plot. This value represented the probability of an individual located in that cell emigrating from the plot. Missing tagged individuals were assigned emigration probabilities (survival) based on the distance ...