cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Interleukin-6 and Striatal Prediction-Error Signals Following Acute Stress in Healthy Female Participants.

Abstract Background Stress is widely known to alter behavioral responses to rewards and punishments. It is believed that stress may precipitate these changes through modulation of corticostriatal circuitry involved in reinforcement learning and motivation, although the intervening mechanisms remain unclear. One candidate is inflammation, which can rapidly increase following stress and can disrupt dopamine-dependent reward pathways. Methods Here, in a sample of 88 healthy female participants, we first assessed the effect of an acute laboratory stress paradigm on levels of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine known to be both responsive to stress and elevated in depression. In a second laboratory session, we examined the effects of a second laboratory stress paradigm on reward prediction error (RPE) signaling in the ventral striatum. Results We show that individual differences in stress-induced increases in IL-6 (session 1) were associated with decreased ventral striatal RPE signaling during reinforcement learning (session 2), though there was no main effect of stress on RPE. Furthermore, changes in IL-6 following stress predicted intraindividual variability in perceived stress during a 4-month follow-up period. Conclusions Taken together, these data identify a novel link between IL-6 and striatal RPEs during reinforcement learning in the context of acute psychological stress, as well as future appraisal of stressful life events.
Rethinking Oedipus: an evolutionary perspective of incest avoidance.

The author presents a biological hypothesis of incest avoidance. Pertinent literature from evolutionary biology, ethology, anthropology, and clinical research is reviewed. Secure early bonding to immediate kin predicts later adaptive kin-directed behaviors, including preferential altruism (kin selection) and incest avoidance. Impaired bonding predicts aberrant kin-directed behavior, including diminished altruism, neglect, and an increased incidence of incest. Failed bonding predicts the highest frequency of incest. Secure bonding to kin any function to establish adaptive kin-directed behaviors, including incest avoidance
Molecular Imaging of PARP

The poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose)polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes is an important factor in the cellular DNA damage response and has gained much attention for its role in many diseases, particularly cancer. Targeted molecular imaging of PARP using fluorescent or radiolabeled tags has followed on the success of therapeutic inhibitors and gained momentum over the past few years. This review covers PARP imaging from the very first imaging agents up to the current state of the technology, with a focus on the clinical applications made possible by these agents.
Education techniques for lifelong learning: principles of adult learning.

The adult education literature supports the idea that teaching adults should be approached in a different way than teaching children and adolescents (preadults). Many aspects of effective teaching apply to all age groups. However, adults have had more life experiences and in many ways are differently motivated than children. Adults are more self-directed in their learning and have a greater need to know why they should learn something. Self-initiated learning is the most lasting and pervasive. Learning should be applicable to the learner’s work or to other responsibilities valued by the learner. Thus, it is important that the instructor know the learner’s needs and design learning activities that are relevant to those needs. The learner should be actively involved in learning, with the instructor acting as a facilitator. The instructor should recognize that adults have different learning styles and should tailor instruction to the characteristic ways adults prefer to learn. Understanding the principles of adult learning can help teachers become better facilitators of learning. © RSNA, 2004
On J M Keynes's Correspondence about His General Theory IS-LM Model with Harrod and Hicks on Their Interpretations of His IS-LM Model: Keynes Had No Major Objections Because IS-LM Was Created, Developed and Applied by Keynes in the General Theory in Chapter 15

J M Keynes engaged in correspondence over the IS-LM model contained in chapter 15 of the General Theory with R. Harrod and J Hicks in 1937. Keynes had no major objections. How could he? How could Keynes object to interpretations concerning his own model of IS LM in the General Theory, as laid out by Keynes explicitly in chapter 15 of the General Theory? However, he did point out two relative deficiencies that needed to be fixed in his IS LM model. These deficiencies were fixed by Keynes within the broader framework of his Theory of Effective Demand, presented in the General Theory in chapters 3, 20, 21 and the appendix to chapter 19. The first deficiency was the lack of any microeconomic foundations in the theory of the firm for the IS curve. The second deficiency was that the IS curve had no explicit foundation in expectations concerning future prices and future economic profits. Keynes remedied both of these relative deficiencies in chapters 20 and 21 where he presented a detailed mathematical analysis incorporating a microeconomic foundation based on the theory of purely competitive firms. He explicitly incorporated variables, p for expected price, and P for expected economic profits, into his analysis. Keynes worked in wage units. Thus, pw and Pw appeared explicitly in the analysis in chapters 20 and 21.
Thinking Outside the Button Box: EMG as a Computer Input Device for Psychological Research

Experimental psychology research commonly has participants respond to stimuli by pressing buttons or keys. Standard computer input devices constrain the range of motoric responses participants can make, even as the field advances theory about the importance of the motor system in cognitive and social information processing. Here we describe an inexpensive way to use an electromyographic (EMG) signal as a computer input device, enabling participants to control a computer by contracting muscles that are not usually used for that purpose, but which may be theoretically relevant. We tested this approach in a study of facial mimicry, a well-documented phenomenon in which viewing emotional faces elicits automatic activation of corresponding muscles in the face of the viewer. Participants viewed happy and angry faces and were instructed to indicate the emotion on each face as quickly as possible by either furrowing their brow or contracting their cheek. The mapping of motor response to judgment was counterbalanced, so that one block of trials required a congruent mapping (contract brow to respond “angry,” cheek to respond “happy”) and the other block required an incongruent mapping (brow for “happy,” cheek for “angry”). EMG sensors placed over the left corrugator supercilii muscle and left zygomaticus major muscle fed readings of muscle activation to a microcontroller, which sent a response to a computer when activation reached a pre-determined threshold. Response times were faster when the motor-response mapping was congruent than when it was incongruent, extending prior studies on facial mimicry. We discuss further applications of the method for research that seeks to expand the range of human-computer interaction beyond the button box.
Exclusion size and material have minimal effects on stream benthic algae and macroinvertebrate colonization within submerged cages

Despite their widespread use in grazer–biofilm studies, stream exclusion cages have inherent physical properties that may alter benthic organism colonization and growth. We used laboratory studies and a field experiment to determine how exclusion cage design (size and material) alters light availability, water velocity, and benthic organism colonization. We measured light reduction by various plastic cage materials and flow boundary layer thickness across a range of exclusion cage sizes in the laboratory. We also deployed multiple exclusion cage designs based on commonly available materials into a second-order stream to assess algae and macroinvertebrate colonization differences among exclusion cages. All plastics reduced some light (190–700 nm wavelengths) and blocked more ultraviolet light than photosynthetically active radiation. Exclusion cage size did not influence flow boundary layer thickness, but larger exclusions tended to have higher velocity at the substrata surface. Despite light and water velocity differences, algal biomass, macroinvertebrate density, and community composition were similar between exclusion cage types. However, algal assemblages outside exclusion cages differed in composition and had higher biomass compared to inside exclusion cages. In terms of algal and macroinvertebrate colonization, plastic exclusion cage size and material appear to be flexible within the sizes tested, but differences can still exist between exclusion cage communities and those within the stream. Overall, artifacts of screened exclusion cages do not appear to introduce large bias in results of grazer–biofilm studies, but efforts to design exclusion cages that better mimic the natural system should continue.
An Honor and Privilege

1. Deepak M. Kamat, MD, PhD* 1. *Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI. June 30, 2017, was my last day as the editor for the Index of Suspicion (IOS) feature of Pediatrics in Review . Nine years ago, Dr Lawrence Nazarian, the former Editor-in-Chief of Pediatrics in Review , offered me the honor and privilege of serving as the editor for IOS, and I am forever indebted to him for this opportunity as well as his friendship and mentorship. Over …
Global E-Commerce

The impacts of telecommunications on businesses include a varieties of activities often lumped together under the term e-commerce, which includes both business-to-business (B2B) transactions as well as those linking firms to their customers (B2C) and customers-to-businesses (C2B). E-commerce takes a variety of forms, including electronic data interchange (e.g., inventory data, digital invoices and contracts, purchase orders, and product updates), internet recruiting and advertising, web-based banking and stock trading, electronic retail shopping, and digital gambling. For the most part, this activity is restricted to large commercial actors, although many observers hope that the internet will open opportunities for small and medium sized establishments to reach out to national and global markets. Digital convergence of hitherto distinct media has opened new possibilities in internet video and telephony. Advocates maintain that the internet will open opportunities for undercapitalized small and medium sized establishments (SMEs) to access national and global markets.
Load Balancing for Minimizing Deadline Misses and Total Runtime for Connected Car Systems in Fog Computing

Cloud computing provides a pool of highly available resources for applications to use to offload their tasks, but new applications such as coordinated lane-change assistance used in connected car systems have strict timing requirements that cannot be met by offloading tasks only to the cloud. Fog computing reduces latency by bringing the computation from remote datacenters to local fog servers, which are connected in close proximity to clients. Although fog computing lowers the latency for transferring data, load balancing among fog servers still needs to be addressed for better timing performance. The challenges include a large number of tasks, mobility of the clients, and heterogeneity of the fog servers. In this paper we use connected car systems as a motivating application, and first show that we can utilize mobility patterns of vehicles to perform periodic load balancing in fog servers.We then present a task model that solves the scheduling problem at the server level instead of device level. And finally we formulate a load balancing optimization problem for minimizing deadline misses and total runtime for connected car systems in fog computing. We show that it outperforms some common heuristics such as weighted round-robin, active monitoring, and throttled load balancer.
Massive small bowel resection during pregnancy causing short bowel syndrome

Massive small bowel infarction in pregnancy is rare but has devastating complications. Diagnosis is difficult because pregnancy masks the symptoms. Our aim was to assess risk factors and outcomes of massive resection associated with pregnancy. We conducted a review of nine patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) secondary to massive bowel resection during pregnancy. The most common cause of bowel resection was midgut volvulus in seven patients. Four of these also had malrotation. Three others had previous abdominal operations, including gastric bypass. The two remaining patients had vascular insufficiency. Five of the nine patients presented after a cesarean delivery. There were three fetal deaths. Resulting small bowel length was less than 60 cm in all but one patient. All patients required parenteral nutrition (PN). Seven patients developed significant complications related to SBS and long-term PN. Four patients underwent transplantation. Massive small bowel resection during pregnancy is a devastating complication, which requires a high degree of suspicion to diagnose. Most patients have risk factors, which include previous surgery, congenital malrotation, and a hypercoagulable state. Surviving patients usually need long-term PN or transplantation.
Toward Sustainable Water Resource Management: Challenges and Opportunities

The United States has derived significant economic benefit from an abundant and high-quality water supply. The ability of the nation to continue this pace into the future is uncertain because of a number of significant challenges. These include increasing water demand because of increased population growth, declining water quality, aging water infrastructure, climate change, and competition for the resource. A number of actions could be taken to put the country on a more sustainable path; including improved water information, increased water efficiency and expansion of water availability; establishment and tracking of national-scale water-relevant sustainability metrics; and development of new governance models.
Tests of Significance II

In the last topic, you discovered the fundamental statistical technique of tests of significance, concentrating on the reasoning, structure, and interpretation involved with such tests. You will continue to study the principles of significance testing in this topic, focusing on the application of the procedure to problems involving a population proportion. You will also explore some common ways in which significance testing is misapplied in many situations.
PowerSynth: A Power Module Layout Generation Tool

PowerSynth is a multiobjective optimization tool for rapid design and verification of power semiconductor modules. By using reduced order models for the calculation of electrical parasitics of the layout and thermal coupling between devices, optimal trace layout and die placement can be simultaneously achieved orders of magnitude faster than conventional finite element analysis (FEA) techniques. An overview of the tool, its modeling methods, model validation, and module layout optimization are presented. The electrical and thermal models are validated against FEA simulations and physical measurements of built modules generated from the tool. The FEA comparisons are performed with FastHenry and ANSYS Icepak to evaluate electrical parasitics and thermal behavior, respectively. A sample hardware prototype based on a half-bridge circuit topology is chosen for testing. Excellent agreement between the FEA simulations, experimental measurements, and PowerSynth predictions are demonstrated. Additionally, when compared with conventional simulation runtime and workflow, PowerSynth takes considerably less computation and user time to produce several candidate layout solutions from which a designer may easily balance selected tradeoffs.
Cardiovascular Effects of Compression Garments During Uncompensable Heat Stress.

This study examined the potential hemodynamic benefits of wearing lower extremity compression garments (CGs) beneath thermal protective clothing (TPC) worn by wildland firefighters, while exercising in a heated environment. Using in a counterbalanced design, 10 male subjects ([mean +/- SD] age 27 +/- 6 years, height 1.78 +/- 0.09 m, body mass 74.8 +/- 7.0 kg, body fat 10.6 +/- 4.2%, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 57.8 +/- 9.3 ml[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1) completed control (no CG) and experimental (CG) conditions in randomly assigned order. Protocols were separated by a minimum of 3 days. Subjects exercised for 90 minutes (three, 30-minute segments) on a treadmill while wearing wilderness firefighter TPC and helmet in a heated room. Venous blood was drawn before and after exercise to measure hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), serum osmolarity (OSM), and serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Vital signs and perceptual measures of exertion and thermal comfort were recorded during the protocol. Data were analyzed by the paired t-test. There were no differences in the change in heart rate (84 +/- 27 vs. 85 +/- 14 b[middle dot]min-1, p = 0.9), core temperature rise (1.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.5[degrees] C, p = 0.39), or body mass lost (-1.72 +/- 0.78 vs. -1.77 +/- 0.58 kg, p = 0.7) between the conditions. There were no differences in the change in Hgb (0.49 +/- 0.66 vs. 0.33 +/- 1.11 g[middle dot]dl-1, p = 0.7), Hct (1.22 +/- 1.92 vs. 1.11 +/- 3.62%, p = 0.9), OSM (1.67 +/- 6.34 vs. 6.22 +/- 11.39 mOsm[middle dot]kg-1, p = 0.3), or CPK (22.2 +/- 30.2 vs. 29.8 +/- 19.4 IU[middle dot]L-1, p = 0.5). Total distance walked (3.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.5 miles, p = 0.2), exercise interval (88.6 +/- 3.5 vs. 88.4 +/- 3.6 minutes, p = 0.8), and perceptual measures were similar between conditions. Compression garments worn beneath TPC did not acutely alter the physiologic response to exertion in TPC. With greater use in the general public related to endurance activities, the data neither encourage nor discourage CG use during uncompensable heat stress.
Diffusion of hurricane evacuation behavior through a home-workplace social network: A spatially explicit agent-based simulation model

Abstract With coastal populations experiencing the growing threat of hurricanes as a consequence of global climate change, models for predicting how household evacuation behavior may diffuse over time and space are needed for emergency management. This study models the effects of social influence on household evacuation behavior in anticipation of a hurricane event. An agent-based model was developed in this study to simulate: 1) a home-workplace social network between households residing in the Florida Keys, 2) the communication of a hurricane evacuation order among socially linked households, and 3) the resulting spatio-temporal diffusion of household evacuation behavior. Data sources informing model implementation include U.S. Census block group data, business databases, and statistics from hurricane evacuation surveys. Simulated model results from the model were validated with empirical traffic records observed at a Florida Keys monitoring station during evacuation from Hurricane Georges in 1998. This model builds upon previous research using agent-based models to simulate hurricane evacuation by incorporating multiple data sources and validating results with empirical traffic patterns. Such an empirically-grounded model facilitates locally relevant exploration of evacuation behavior to support the development of more effective evacuation plans and preparedness for future hurricane events.
Options must be external

Brian Hedden has proposed that any successful account of options for the subjective “ought” must satisfy two constraints: first, it must ensure that we are able to carry out each of the options available to us, and second, it should guarantee that the set of options available to us supervenes on our mental states. In this paper I show that, due to the ever-present possibility of Frankfurt-style cases, these two constraints jointly entail that no agent has any options at any time. This consequence, however, is clearly unacceptable, so one of Hedden’s constraints must go. Because the ability constraint is indispensable, I argue, we have no choice but to reject the supervenience constraint. Hedden’s underlying motivation for imposing the supervenience constraint is the conviction that our options should be transparent to us, but transparency also proves to be incompatible with the ability constraint, so it must be rejected as well. I conclude by sketching an unabashedly externalist account of options, which conceives of options as exhaustive combinations of atomic movements.
Urinary Diversion Disparity Following Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer in the Hispanic Population.

Abstract Objective To determine if disparities in quality of surgical care exist between Hispanics and non-Hispanics undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Materials and Methods An observational cohort study was conducted retrospectively on patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder at our institution between January 2005 and July 2018. Data was collected on demographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics of patients, including self-reported ethnicity. Univariable and multivariable logistic or linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of ethnicity with receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, utilization of laparoscopic surgery, number of lymph nodes removed, and continent urinary diversion. Results We identified 507 patients in our database out of which, 136 (27%) were Hispanic and 371 (73%) were non-Hispanic. Compared to non-Hispanics, Hispanics had a higher body mass index (26.9 kg/m2 vs 28.2 kg/m2, P = .006) and lived further away from site of surgery (34 vs 96 miles, P = .02). No significant differences were observed in receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, laparoscopic surgery, or number of lymph nodes removed during cystectomy between ethnicity groups. However, Hispanics were less likely than non-Hispanics to receive a continent urinary diversion on multivariable analysis (odds ratio 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.10 - 0.92, P = .03). Conclusion Disparity exists in the delivery of continent urinary diversions for Hispanic patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Further investigation is needed to determine the potential causes for this disparity in care delivered.
Low-Latency Single Channel Speech Enhancement Using U-Net Convolutional Neural Networks

Single-channel speech enhancement (SE) can be described, in its simplest terms, as learning a transformation from single-channel noisy speech to the clean speech. To do this, we propose a simple but effective U-Net convolutional neural network (CNN) based architecture with skip-connections with a focus on real-time applications which require low-latency processing. To that end, we choose to process relatively small temporal windows and apply time-frequency (T-F) featurization on it to achieve magnitude estimation. Two state-of-the-art systems are picked for bench-marking: One operating on spectral-domain [1] and the other on temporal-domain [2]. We evaluate the performance of the systems in terms of perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ), short-time objective intelligibility (STOI). Experimental results show that in terms of PESQ measure the proposed method provides around 27% and 11% relative improvement over the baseline systems respectively and has significantly lower latency compared to them. We further investigate the trade-off between performance and overall latency of the proposed system.
Characterization of excipient enhanced growth (EEG) tobramycin dry powder aerosol formulations.

Abstract Spray drying can be utilized to produce highly dispersible powder aerosol formulations. However, these formulations are known to be hygroscopic, leading to potential solid-state stability and aerosol performance issues. This study aims to investigate if control of the spray drying particle formation conditions could be employed to improve the solid-state stability and alter the aerosol performance of tobramycin EEG formulations. Eight formulations were prepared, each had the same drug:excipient ratio of 60%w/w tobramycin, 20% w/w l-leucine, 18% w/w mannitol, and 2% w/w poloxamer 188. An experimental design matrix was performed with drying air water content of 1 or 10 g/m3 and spray drying solution l-leucine concentrations of 4.6, 7.6, 15.2 or 23.0 mmol/L. The particle size, morphology and crystallinity of spray dried formulations were characterized together with their dynamic moisture vapor sorption and aerosol performance. Higher crystallization and glass transition %RH were observed for the formulations spray dried using drying air with higher water content indicating more stable characteristics. Initial screening using a handheld dry powder inhaler of the realistic aerosol performance revealed that neither changing l-leucine concentration nor the drying gas water content affect the in-vitro expected lung dose. However, using a novel positive pressure inhaler, formulations produced using spray drying solutions with lower l-leucine concentrations showed better aerosol performance with MMAD around 2 µm and FPF
Extracting Reaction Kinetics for Complex Reaction Systems

A valuable aspect of reactive MD is to provide rate constants of complex reactions. We give some examples for cases of detonation and pyrolysis. For the general case we need a good machine learning model to collect together the reactions at any one temperature so that we can extract rate constants. Since a reactive force field such as ReaxFF, describes all possible reactions of a system, it could be the basis for general approaches to extract the fundamental kinetic parameters to describe combustion (say of diesel full, gasoline, or JP-10 Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel) or shock-induced decompositions. Although great progress has been achieved in first principles modeling of low-pressure gas-phase reactions, it has been difficult to provide first principles predictions of Combustion and Shock processes for condensed phases. We will discuss several activities we have been pursuing to accomplish this.
USB Flash Drive 64GB PCB Factory with SMT OEM Assembly Prototype Design

At both laparoscopy and hysteroscopy, controlled movement of fluids is necessary. In addition, at laparoscopy, suctioning of accumulated smoke from lasers or electrosurgery is an essential venting technique to enhance visibility. This chapter will describe and discuss a unique, simple, cost-effective system that can be used for both hysteroscopy and laparoscopy to accomplish movement of fluids and management of smoke. Aquadissection or hydrodissection has been used for many years as an adjuvant to operative laparoscopy.' It has been found useful for operative laparoscopic treatment of conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, and tubal obstructron. Most current systems are cumbersome, wastefully use large volumes of fluid, and often require a mechanical pump for pressurizing the fluid suction and irrigation systems. Usually, during combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy, a separate system is used for accomplishing uterine distention when fluids are used for the hysteroscopic portion of surgery. The Pump Vac Plus can be used for both hysteroscopic distention and laparoscopic suction and irrigation. This article will describe our techniques for using the Pump Vac for both of these endoscopic approaches.
Prediction of Elastic Stresses in Porous Materials Using Fully Convolutional Networks

Machine learning (ML) models enable exploration of vast structural space faster than the traditional methods, such as finite element method (FEM). This makes ML models suitable for stochastic fracture problems in brittle porous materials, where large number of tests are needed to understand the origins of the variations in fracture strength. In this work, fully convolutional networks (FCNs) were trained to predict stress and stress concentration factor distributions in two-dimensional isotropic elastic materials with uniform porosity. We show that even with downsampled data, the FCN models predict the stress distributions for a given porous structure. Stress concentration factors were predicted with a mean prediction performance greater than 0.94. FCN predicted stress concentration factors >104 times faster than the FEM simulations. Furthermore, the FCN model predicts the pore configurations with the lowest and highest stresses from a set of structures, enabling ML optimization of porous microstructures for increased reliability.
Household Demand for Broadband Internet in 2010

This paper uses data from a nationwide survey administered during late 2009 and early 2010 to estimate a random utility model of household preferences for broadband Internet service. Reliability and speed are important service characteristics: the representative household is willing to pay $20 per month for more reliable service; $45 for an improvement in speed from slow to fast; and $48 for an improvement in speed from slow to very fast. A representative household would be willing to pay $79 per month for a fast, reliable Internet service. Internet valuations increase with experience, and there has been an estimated two- to three-fold increase in consumer surplus per household between 2003 and 2010. If experience causes increased valuation, targeted programs that educate households about the benefits from broadband, expose households to the broadband experience and/or directly support the initial take-up of broadband have potential to increase overall penetration in the United States.
Chapter 7 – Lutheran blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Lutheran blood group system. The terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the Lutheran blood group system are also reviewed. The carrier molecule has five disulfide-bonded, extracellular, immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains (two variable-region (V) sets and three constant region (C) sets). The function and the disease association of the Lutheran blood group system is also reviewed. This blood group possibly has adhesion properties and may mediate intracellular signaling. It's extracellular domains and cytoplasmic domain contain consensus motifs for the binding of integrin and Src homology 3 domains, respectively, suggesting possible receptor and signal-transduction function. Lutheran glycoprotein binds to laminin (particularly to isoforms that contain α5 chains), strongly suggesting that it is a membrane constituent that is involved in cell–cell and cell–matrix binding events and may function as a laminin receptor during erythropoiesis.
Reform or Retrenchment: Single Sex Education and the Construction of Race and Gender

As parents, policymakers, and educators search for solutions to the crisis in the nation's public schools, single sex education emerges time and again as a promising strategy, particularly for African American students. As the abstract indicates, the Bush Administration has indicated its support for sex segregation and announced its intention to loosen the applicable legal standards to enable school districts to experiment with single sex schools and classes. This paper argues that, in order to comprehend fully the implications of single sex schooling in inner city schools, examining the history of sex-based and race-based segregation in education is essential. History demonstrates that sex and racial segregation in education has supported gender and hierarchies and the attendant subordination of African Americans and white women. For example, when public education became available for Blacks, its primary purpose was to prepare males and females alike to work. To the extent that gender-based educational opportunities were available, they were to train Black women for the social roles relegated to them - as domestics, for example - and to compensate for their perceived moral shortcomings. For white students, sex segregated education was key to perpetuating the cult of true womanhood, which, in turn defined and privileged white masculinity and white femininity. Thus, state-established schools for "white girls" prepared their charges to take their rightful places as keeper of home and hearth. The lasting nature of the sex- and race-based stereotypes underlying these forms of education were particularly apparent during the effort to racially desegregate schools in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In this context, recalcitrant southern school districts resorted to sex segregation as a way to "dull the edge" of integration. With this history, the paper examines current efforts to segregate students based on sex, which reveals the intransigence of the racial and gender stereotypes, and the limitations they impose on students' educational opportunities. The paper thus argues that critical examination of single sex schooling, considering the intersection of race and gender, at a minimum, is necessary to ensure that current efforts do not perpetuate subordination of already under-served students.
If you hold it off-hours, will they come? Results from a feasibility project intended to stimulate interest in the physician-investigator career path among medical oncology trainees.

Background. An “endangered species,” the physician-scientist faces challenges in oncology. The authors thus implemented a series of voluntary off-hours sessions on academic development for their trainees. Methods. Numerous workday interruptions among trainees led the authors to conclude that off-hours sessions would be preferable. Thus, this feasibility project was conducted. All 34 trainees were invited to a session and were surveyed thereafter. An attendance rate of ≥34% was to be a “success.” Results. Seventy percent of trainees attended, and over 90% said they would do so again. Write-in comments were mostly favorable. Conclusions. Off-hours sessions to discuss academic career development are feasible among medical oncology trainees.
Recrystallization Behavior of a MgAlCa Alloy during Thermomechanical Processing and Subsequent Heat Treatment

Microstructure refinement via static and dynamic recrystallization during thermomechanical processing is crucial to the development of wrought magnesium product with desirable combinations of strength and ductility. Micro structural evolution in thixomolded AXJ810 is investigated during warm rolling and subsequent annealing at 300°C and 450°C using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The rolled sheets exhibited a partially recrystallized micro structure with a strong basal texture. Significant grain refinement was observed during both static and dynamic recrystallization. Retarded grain growth and strong texture randomization were observed only in regions containing intermetallic particles.
Immunological methods for mapping protein distributions on polytene chromosomes.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on immunological methods for mapping protein distributions on polytene chromosomes. The reproducible banding pattern of the polytene chromosomes has been used to map genes relative to chromosomal rearrangements, to map cloned DNAs to specific bands, to probe chromatin structure, and to map sites of protein accumulation. Polytene chromosomes are created through a process known as endoreduplication, in which multiple rounds of DNA replication occur without the concomitant strand separation and subsequent nuclear and cell division characteristic of normal mitoses. The characteristic polytene-binding pattern has been useful for mapping DNA and chromatin structure. Antibodies have been used to map regions of heterochromatization and atypical DNA structure such as non-B and Z-DNA. Antibody staining of polytene chromosomes has provided evidence for the in vivo association of transcription factors with the genes they regulate and the in vivo association of proteins with other proteins of related function.
ECB Monetary Policy and the EONIA Swap Spread

The effect of European Central Bank monetary policy upon EONIA swap spreads is investigated with GARCH-Jump models. I find that monetary policy, as expressed through the MRO (Main Refinancing Operations) rate, has an inverse relationship with the spread in EONIA swaps. At the same time, monetary policy has a positive relationship with volatility in spreads. The effect of monetary policy upon the likelihood of jumps in volatility is mixed. Temporary liquidity fluctuations in between main refinancing operations increase the likelihood of jumps in the swap term structure and in the size of the jumps.
Hydrofracking and Policymaking in New York Municipalities

High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing (commonly referred to as "fracking'' or "hydrofracking'') is a contentious issue playing out in localities across the country. In New York State, politicians and courts have upheld the rights of local governments to prohibit shale gas development within their limits. In this paper, I examine land-use decisions toward hydraulic fracturing in municipalities across New York State. I find that the partisanship of local officials does not mediate the demands of pro-fracking and anti-fracking interest groups. Localities with pro-environment and higher socioeconomic status interests are more likely to pass a ban or moratorium on hydraulic fracturing. The supply of water in a municipality, which could be contaminated by gas drilling, does not by itself influence local action toward fracking, but it motivates anti-fracking interests. Most surprising, I find that in municipalities that stand to gain economically from gas drilling, protection of farmland leads to prohibitions on hydrofracking.
An Apparent Connection between Histidine, Recombination, and Repair in Neurospora

Two mutants of Neurospora crassa, uvs-3 and mei-3 , share four properties—UV sensitivity, inhibition by histidine, meiotic blockage when homozygous, and increased duplication instability (due to mitotic crossing over, to deletions or to both). The present paper shows that a third nonallelic mutant, uvs-6 , exhibits the same four properties.—Also, the instability of duplications in the absence of any UV-sensitive mutant is increased by the presence of histidine in the growth medium.
Analysis of fluid injection-induced fault reactivation and seismic slip in geothermal reservoirs

We explore the issue of fault reactivation induced in enhanced geothermal systems by fluid injection. Specifically, we investigate the role of late stage activation by thermal drawdown. A Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical simulator incorporating a ubiquitous joint constitutive model is used to systematically simulate the seismic slip of an embedded critically stressed strike-slip fault. We examine the effects of both pore pressure perturbation and thermal shrinkage stress on the magnitude of the resulting events and timing. We analyze the sensitivity of event magnitude and timing to changes in the permeability of the fault and fractured host, fracture spacing, injection temperature, and fault stress obliquity. From this we determine that (1) the fault permeability does not affect the timing of the events nor their size, since fluid transmission and cooling rate are controlled by the permeability of the host formation. (2) When the fractured medium permeability is reduced (from 10−13 to 10−16 m2), the timing of the event is proportionately delayed (by a corresponding 3 orders of magnitude). (3) Injection temperature only influences the magnitude but not the timing of the secondary thermal event. The larger the temperature differences between that of the injected fluid and the ambient rock, the larger the magnitude of the secondary slip event. (4) For equivalent permeabilities, changing the fracture spacing (10 m-50 m-100 m) primarily influences the rate of heat energy transfer and thermal drawdown within the reservoir. Smaller spacing between fractures results in more rapid thermal recovery but does not significantly influence the timing of the secondary thermal rupture.
1-Methylcyclopropene and storage temperature influence responses of Gala' apple fruit to gamma irradiation

Abstract ‘Gala’ apple ( Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit pre-treated with 0.5 μL L −1 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) or air (control) for 12 h at 20 °C were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 0.44, 0.88 or 1.32 kGy at 23 °C. The fruit were then stored at 20 °C for 3 weeks or at 0 °C for 8 weeks plus 7 days at 20 °C. Fruit treated with MCP had higher firmness and titratable acidity (TA) than control fruit after storage at either temperature. During the post-irradiation storage at 20 °C, irradiation promoted respiration of MCP-treated fruit throughout the 3-week period but had no consistent effect on respiration of control fruit. Fruit firmness and TA decreased with increased radiation dose after 3 weeks storage at 20 °C regardless of MCP treatment. Compared to non-irradiated fruit, irradiated fruit had lower TA and similar firmness after storage at 0 °C for 8 weeks plus 7 days at 20 °C. Some irradiated fruit stored at 20 °C for 3 weeks developed internal browning, and MCP-treated fruit had more injury than control fruit. Storage at 0 °C after irradiation greatly reduced development of internal browning. Production of volatile esters, alcohols and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one by fruit stored at 0 °C was reduced. The magnitude of reduction directly increased with radiation dose. It appears that some responses of apple fruit to gamma radiation are influenced by ethylene action and post-irradiation storage temperature.
On the role of stroboscopic motion in metacontrast

In a series of two experiments, it was shown that activation of spatiotemporal sequence detectors or channels subserving the perception of stroboscopic motion is (1) not a sufficient and (2) not a necessary condition for obtaining metacontrast masking effects. The results are discussed in the context of current varieties of dual channel, sustained-transient theories of visual masking.
Microstructure and Dynamics of Semicrystalline Poly(ethylene oxide)−Poly(vinyl acetate) Blends

The microstructure and dynamics of semicrystalline, melt-miscible poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(vinyl acetate) (PEO/PVAc) blends were investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, respectively. PEO/PVAc blends with selected compositions were crystallized, and SAXS was used to determine the location of the noncrystallizable PVAc in the structure. Values of the microstructural parameters indicate that little, if any, PVAc is incorporated into interlamellar regions under these crystallization conditions, but PVAc diffuses to interfibrillar regions during the crystallization process. For crystalline blends, a dielectric relaxation appears in the same location as the neat PEO α-process, indicating the presence of relatively mobile amorphous segments consisting almost entirely of PEO, in blends with compositions having as much as 50% PVAc. Considering the findings from the SAXS experiments, we attribute αPEO in the blends to the segmental process of the mob...
Line width optimization for interdigitated power/ground networks

Higher operating frequencies have increased the importance of inductance in power and ground networks. The effective inductance of the power and ground network can be reduced with an interdigitated structure. A closed-form solution for determining the optimal power and ground wire width is described, producing the minimum impedance within an interdigitated structure. The optimal wire width is determined under different physical network dimensions and signal frequencies, suggesting useful trends for interdigitated power and ground networks. In addition, a closed-form expression for the optimal wire width is determined that minimizes the voltage drop over a single metal layer of an interdigitated power/ground network.
Cardiovascular Effects and Safety of Fingolimod in Clinical Practice (P04.138)

Objective: To describe the cardiovascular safety and tolerability of fingolimod in a clinical/academic practice. Background Fingolimod is approved by the FDA for relapsing multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Bradycardia and slowing of AV conduction were observed with fingolimod initiation in clinical trials. Screening electrocardiogram (EKG) and a first dose observation (FDO) period is recommended in all patients starting this medication. Design/Methods: Patients starting fingolimod from December 2010 to August 2011 were identified through the electronic medical record database. Demographics, cardiovascular history, screening EKG, cardiology consultation notes, FDO experience and 3 month follow-up data were retrieved and tabulated. Results: A total of 318 patients were identified. A history of hypertension was present in 30 (9.4%) of patients and a history of cardiac disease was present in 8 (2.5%) patients. Betablockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin were used by 3.7%, 2.8%, and 0.6% of patients respectively. Pretreatment EKG studies were available in 300 (94.3%) patients and were abnormal in 80 (25.2%) cases. Cardiology consultation was requested in 33 (10.4%) patients and use of fingolimod was cleared for all. During FDO mean heart rate change was -11.5 bpm (p Conclusions: Screening EKG showed abnormalities in a quarter of patients starting fingolimod, and identified patients at risk for symptomatic bradycardia. Fingolimod was well tolerated and no severe or serious cardiovascular adverse effects were encountered during FDO. Disclosure: Dr. Bermel has received personal compensation for activities with Astellas, Biogen Idec, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant and/or speaker. Dr. Ontaneda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hara-Cleaver has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Novartis, Serono, Inc., and TEVA Neuroscience as a consultant. Dr. Rudick has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Genzyme, and Wyeth/Pfizer. Dr. Rudick has received research support from Biogen Idec through the Cleveland Clinic. Dr. Cohen has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Eli Lilly & Company, Novartis, and Vaccinex. Dr. Cohen has received research support for activities with Biogen Idec, BioMS, Genzyme Corporation, Novartis, Synthon, and Teva Neuroscience.
Evolutionary modelling and optimization of grinding processes

The objective of this study is to develop a framework of modelling the complex grinding processes and finding optimal process conditions to meet the general class of process requirements. In order to achieve the above goal, novel modelling schemes and optimization methods based on evolutionary algorithms (EA) are developed. The optimization problem of grinding processes can be formulated as a constrained non-linear programming problem with mixed-discrete variables. The adaptive least-squares (ALS) algorithm proposed by Lee and Shin's 1998 study is extended for modelling multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) complex grinding processes using fuzzy basis function networks (FBFN), while the modified evolution strategies (ES) is proposed for successful optimization of grinding processes. Two grinding optimization problems demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed scheme.
NO2 Adsorption on Ultrathin θ-Al2O3 Films: Formation of Nitrite and Nitrate Species

Interaction of NO2 with an ordered θ-Al2O3/NiAl(100) model catalyst surface was investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The origin of the NOx uptake of the catalytic support (i.e., Al2O3) in a NOx storage catalyst is identified. Adsorbed NO2 is converted to strongly bound nitrites and nitrates that are stable on the model catalyst surface at temperatures as high as 300 and 650 K, respectively. The results show that alumina is not completely inert and may stabilize some form of NOx under certain catalytic conditions. The stability of the NOx formed by exposing the θ-Al2O3 model catalyst to NO2 adsorption increases in the order NO2 (physisorbed or N2O4) < NO2 (chemisorbed) < NO2- < NO3-.