cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Television, Fred Rogers, and the History of Education

The history of teaching and learning via television has compressed into a half-century many of the same stages and themes of the larger story of common schooling in the United States. Responding to a variety of public, private, and foundation interests in the post-World War II period, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set aside 242 television frequencies for noncommercial educational purposes in 1952. Three decades earlier, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) had asserted a need for broadcasting to serve a common good for the broad public and civic interest. During the 1920s, nonnetworked educational radio stations were formed on various college and university campuses.
Template learning in morphological neural nets

This paper presents an application of morphology neural networks to a template learning problem. Morphology neural networks are a nonlinear version of the familiar artificial neural networks. Typically, an artificial neural net is used to solve pattern classification problems One useful characterization of many neural network algorithms is the ability to 'learn' to respond correctly to new data based only on a selection of known data responses. For example, in the multilayer perceptron model, the 'learning' is a procedure whereby parameters are fed back from output to input neurons and the weights changed to give a better response. The morphological neural net in this paper solves a different type of image processing problem. Specifically, given an input image and an output image which corresponds to a dilated version of the input, one would like to determine what template produced the output. The problem corresponds to teaching the network to solve for the weights in a morphological net, as the weights are the template's values. A reasonable method has been investigated for the boolean case; in this paper results are presented for gray scale images. Image algebra has been shown to provide a succinct expression of neural networks algorithms and also to allow a generalization of neural networks, and thus the authors describe the algorithm in image algebra. The remainder of the paper gives a brief discussion of image algebra, the relationship of image algebra and neural networks, a recap of the dilation morphology neural network boolean for boolean images, and the generalization to grayscale data.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lung cancer in 2013: Refining standard practice and admitting uncertainty

In 2013, the treatment of several NSCLC subtypes was refined. PROFILE-1007 and LUX-Lung 3 confirmed that targeted therapy was superior to chemotherapy, whereas NCIC BR19 and PointBreak failed to show superiority of adjuvant gefitinib and combined maintenance therapy, respectively. These studies reinforced some practices and discouraged others, underscoring the need for new prospective studies.
A Quantization Approximation for Modeling Computer Network Nodal Queueing Delay

A new approximation model for the analysis of a finite buffer GI/G/1 system is presented. The approach consists of formulating the computer node mean waiting time from a discrete time marginal overflow customer per time slot solution of a continuous marginal overflow time per customer solution. The key to the model solution is the quantization of the distribution (fu(u)) of the difference between customer service time and customer interarrival time to obtain areas of sections (quantiles) of this probability density function. These quantiles represent the entries of the probability transition matrix of the change in the number of customers allowed in the queue. Irreducible Markov chains represent these uniform quantization lower and upper bound steady state buffer occupancy solutions for the number of customers in the queue at time slot j. A guideline for selecting the optimal quantization interval width is the numerical relation observed between the optimal range of Peak Measurement Accuracy and Peak Measurement Complexity for finite areas of fu(u).
Informed consent: what the patient heard.

Transplant Psychiatrist: “Why is it important to take (routine) medications after transplantation?” Transplant candidate: “To protect the liver.” Doctor: “How?” Patient: “I don't know.” Doctor: “Think about it for a moment.” Patient: “To prevent rejection and infection.” Doctor: “Which one: rejection or infection?” Patient: “Both.” This article reports significant conceptual limitations in patient medical knowledge. In the course of customary comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, patients with end-stage renal and/or hepatic disease were asked about knowledge of benefits and side effects of required post-transplant medication. Liver transplant candidates were asked about their understanding of primary organ function and instructed in reference to components of Model for End-stage Liver Disease status on the deceased donor transplant list. Candidates for renal transplantation were selectively asked about risks regarding medical dietary compliance, including dangers of hyperkalemia. Patients had less than expected understanding of required immunosuppression. Liver transplant candidates, with infrequent exception, described the organ as a filter. Those with medical compliance problems related to end-stage renal disease had limited understanding of the kidney's role in homeostasis and impact of hyperkalemia on neurologic function. Additional teaching centered on narrative and analogy specific to individual life experience and skills. Historical reference to Sir Peter Medawar's Nobel Prize–winning work on skin allograft failure for treatment of World War II burn victims effectively illustrated the primacy of immunosuppression for successful organ transplantation. Patients were receptive to this teaching approach. Many expressed gratitude for improved understanding. Clinical awareness of patient skills and life experience can enrich understanding of transplantation objectives and importance of medical compliance.
Cytoreductive surgery for advanced nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis.

Abstract Cytoreductive surgery increases the cure rate in selected patients with advanced nonseminomatous germ cell tumor receiving chemotherapy. Complete resection of residual malignancy is a prerequisite for improving long-term disease-free survival after chemotherapy. Complete resection of residual tumor after three to four inductions with an optimal chemotherapy regimen is the current recommendation. Progression of disease on chemotherapy represents a contraindication to cytoreductive surgery. Residual malignant tissue is found in up to one third of patients with clinical evidence of residual disease after chemotherapy and currently constitutes a current indication for further chemotherapy. Incomplete resection of malignant tissue and elevated tumor markers after surgery are poor prognostic signs. Elevated serum tumor marker levels after chemotherapy and prior to surgery represent a relative contraindication to surgery, and such patients should receive additional chemotherapy.
HLA serum screening based on an heuristic solution of the set cover problem.

Abstract A computer program initially written by the Milwaukee Blood Bank has been modified to use a new algorithm for the assignment of HLA specificities to antisera. The assignment is based on the reactions of cells with known specificities. Specificities which are present only on cells which do not react are first ruled out. This step is followed by one or more steps in which the ‘least reactive’ specificities are ruled out. The rationale for the algorithm is discussed and an example is presented.
Characteristics of Residual Stress Profiles in Hard Turned Versus Ground Surfaces With and Without a White Layer

Hard turning and grinding are competitive processes in many cases for manufacturing various mechanical products. Product performance is highly dependent on the process induced residual stresses. However, there exist some inconsistence regarding the true residual stress profiles generated by hard turning and grinding with and without the presence of a white layer. This study aims to clarify the pressing issues via an extensive residual stress measurement for five surface types: hard turned fresh (HTF), hard turned with a white layer (HTWL), ground fresh (GF), ground with a white layer (GWL), and as heat treated. The x-ray diffraction data revealed distinct differences in the residual stress profiles between the turned and ground surfaces. Specifically, the key findings are: (i) HTF surfaces generate a “hook” shaped residual stress profile characterized by surface compressive residual stress and maximum compressive residual stress in the subsurface, while GF surfaces only generate maximum compressive residual stress at the surface; (ii) HTWL surfaces generate a high tensile stress in the white layer, but has highly compressive residual stress in the deeper subsurface than the HTF surface; (iii) GWL surfaces only shift the residual stress to more tensile but does not affect the basic shape of the profile; (iv) Tensile residual stress in the HTWL surface is higher than that for the GWL one. However, the residual stress for the ground white layer does not become compressive and remains tensile in the subsurface; (v) Elliptical curve fitting is necessary for measuring residual stress for the HTWL surface due to the presence of shear stress induced severe Ψ splitting; (vi) Residual stresses by grinding show more scattering than those by hard turning; and (vii) Machining is the deterministic factor for the resulting residual stress magnitudes and profiles compared with the minor influence of initial residual stress by heat treatment.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Creep properties of nickel aluminide composite materials reinforced with SiC particulates

Abstract Nickel aluminide intermetallic is being considered as a structural component for high temperature applications. A large number of investigations have been reported on the mechanical properties of nickel aluminides but very little has been reported on the mechanical properties of nickel aluminides reinforced with SiC particulates. An investigation of the creep properties of SiC particulate reinforced nickel aluminide composite is presented. The SiC particles were about 15–30 μm in diameter. The objective of the investigation was to understand the effectiveness of the SiC particulate reinforcements in improving creep properties and to correlate the creep strain rate to the material microstructure. The composite material consisted of Ni–50 wt.% Al matrix reinforced with 10, 20, and 30 vol.% of SiC particulates. The material was fabricated using a solid-state powder metallurgy technique. Uniaxial compression test was performed on NiAl and reinforced composites prior to the creep test to determine the elastic properties of the creep samples. Constant compressive load creep tests were performed at 950 °C on the un-reinforced nickel aluminide and the reinforced composite samples. The steady-state compressive creep strain rate e ˙ ss of composite was found less than e ˙ ss for the un-reinforced nickel aluminide. The creep strain rate decreased with increasing volume fraction of reinforcement phase. Micro-indentation tests were also performed at room temperature to determine matrix/reinforcement interfacial strength. The hardness results and microstructural images indicate a strong NiAl/SiC interface.
Correspondences and Numerical Differences between Disjoint Sets.

HUDSON, TOM. Correspondences and Numerical Differences between Disjoint Sets. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1983, 54, 84-90. Young children's understanding of correspondences and numerical differences between disjoint sets was studied in a series of 3 experiments. In the first 2 experiments, 64 children between 4 and 8 years of age were shown pairs of sets and were asked both standard ("How many more birds than worms are there?") and nonstandard ("How many birds won't get a worm?") numerical difference questions. The children's observed success in answering the Won't Get questions indicates that many young children are skillful at establishing correspondences and determining exact numerical differences between disjoint sets; their poor performance on the standard questions apparently reflects a misinterpretation or inadequate comprehension of comparative constructions of the general form "How many . . . [comparative term] . . than . .. ?" The final experiment, involving 30 additional kindergarten children, dealt with children's solution strategies in answering Won't Get questions. The most frequently observed solution strategy was a sophisticated indirect counting strategy rather than a perceptually guided pairing strategy. Taken together, the present findings restrict the domain of applicability of the theory that young children are limited to perceptually based forms of mathematical reasoning.
Chisholm on Perceptual Knowledge: Foundationalism versus Coherentism

: Chisholm refuted phenomenalism as a theory of the justification of perceptual beliefs. He argued, following Thomas Reid, that some perceptual beliefs were justified in themselves, which provided a foundation for empirical knowledge. The question that remains is whether the foundational justification provided offers an adequate explanation of how justification is connected with truth. The search for a truth connection led me from foundationalism to a coherence theory of justification that, contrary to my intentions, was inspired by an observation of Chisholm himself.
Fluorometric detection of low temperature thermal transitions in the Clq component of human complement

Abstract Fluorescence studies with the human complement component Clq were performed as a function of temperature and demonstrated the existence of low temperature, thermally induced structural transitions in the Clq molecule. Both intrinsic protein fluorescence and the fluorescence of the apolar probe 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate independently showed thermal transitions at 15°C, 35°C and 48°C. Clq activity measurements indicated no loss of hemolytic activity at temperatures below 46°C. It is proposed that these structural transitions are a consequence of the internal flexibility of the native Clq molecule.
Perspectives of physicians regarding screening patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background and aims. Screening patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) facilitates early detection of disease, with improved outcome. The most common causes of HCC include chronic viral hepatitis infection—namely hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of screening among physicians involved in the management of patients at risk for HCC. Methods. Three hundred physicians from three academic centers were invited to participate in a mailed survey questionnaire. The main outcome measure was physicians’ knowledge of the current HCC screening guidelines. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from the survey questionnaire. Results. A total of 177 (59.0%) out of the 300 invited physicians responded to the survey questionnaire, including faculty members (n ¼ 129), residents (n ¼ 46), and fellows (n ¼ 2). The specialty areas of the responding physicians were internal medicine (62.1%), family medicine (16.4%), gastroenterology (15.3%), oncology (3.4%) and others (2.8%). The number of physicians who performed HCC screening in patients with cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C infection were 163 (92.1%) and 167 (94.4%), respectively; 35.0% of them used alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) every 6 months, while 22.0% used imaging modalities every 6 months to screen for HCC. Further, 22 physicians (12.4%) did not check for serum AFP levels and 33 (18.6%) never used imaging to screen for HCC. Conclusion. The majority of the participating physicians screen high-risk patients for HCC. However, the most appropriate modality of screening (i.e. imaging) is not employed by most physicians and there is greater reliance on AFP levels.
Nuclear performance assessment of ARIES-AT

Abstract The transition to a new ARIES design always involves a significant change in the engineering system with emphasis on high performance. Compared to ARIES-RS, numerous improvements were noted in ARIES-AT, ranging from physics improvements to a focus on advanced engineering for an economically and environmentally attractive source of energy. During the course of the ARIES-AT study, we closely monitored the key nuclear parameters and called for measures to enhance the engineering and physics aspects of the design. Optimization of components’ constituents, characterization of the radiation environment, and meeting the ARIES-AT specific design needs were also given considerable attention. A key engineering aspect of ARIES-AT is its compactness and the high-conversion efficiency (∼60%) of the LiPb/SiC blanket that is capable of performing at high temperature (∼1000 °C). Certain features of the nuclear activity were focused on areas unique to ARIES-AT, including breeding potential of the LiPb/SiC blanket containing tungsten stabilizing shells, high-performance shielding components to protect the high-temperature superconducting magnet, and compact radial builds to minimize the volume of solid waste requiring near-surface geological burial. The final design satisfies the top-level requirements and no serious nuclear issues have been identified for ARIES-AT. A salient design feature is the significant reduction in the ARIES-AT radwaste volume relative to precedent designs developed since the inception of the ARIES project in the late 1980s. Design measures such as the high-power density, well optimized shield, and blanket segmentation with extended service lifetime have all contributed to the waste minimization.
Effects of anisotropy and slip geometry on fatigue fracture of Cu/sapphire bicrystals

Interfacial fatigue cracks were propagated in Cu/sapphire bicrystals with (110)Cu(101 0)Al2O3 /[001]Cu[0001]Al2O3 to study the effect of anisotropy and slip geometry in the fracture process. Compact tension specimens with two different crystallographic crack growth directions were loaded to KIa2 Mpa m 1/2 with R0. Interfacial cracks grew preferentially along 110Cu and less favorably along 001Cu. Large areas of the copper fracture surface were relatively featureless for crack growth along 110Cu, whereas well defined striations could be observed for the second direction. A refined elastic analysis of the anisotropic near-tip fields for the interfacial crack revealed that the preferential crack growth direction had the highest energy release rate and mode I crack tip opening displacement. The second direction corresponded to a minimum mode II mix. Similar correlations were found in other Cu/sapphire bicrystal experiments described in the literature. Dislocation nucleation from the interfacial crack tip is also analyzed. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The tree-ring interpolation model (TRIM) and its application to Pinus monophylla chronologies in the Great Basin of North America

Tree-ringrecordsareroutinelyusedinappliedenvironmentalscienceasindicatorsoflong-termchangesatannualto-seasonal time steps. Since natural resource managers, modellers and researchers benefit from the use of spatially interpolated products over large areas, there is a need to convert point tree-ring chronologies into gridded fields. Our tree-ring interpolation model (TRIM) estimates an index of tree radial growth at unsampled locations based on available tree-ring chronologies and site-specific topographic variables. TRIM follows an approach similar to the parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model (PRISM) for interpolating climate data, as it is based on simple linear regression between tree-ring data and elevation. Topographic features are defined starting from a digital elevation model with 30-m grid cells, and model output is currently available at 4-km grid spacing. Tree-ring chronologies used for predicting each grid cell value are selected according to linear distance (≤200 km), slope aspect (in the same 908-class) and steepness (within 28). Additional model requirements can define elevation boundaries for the prediction and impose limits on the estimated values. We
Prioritizing Burn-Injured Patients During a Disaster

The U.S. government has mandated that, in a catastrophic event, metropolitan areas need to be capable of caring for 50 burn-injured patients per million population. In New York City, this corresponds to 400 patients. There are currently 140 burn beds in the region, which can be surged up to 210. To care for additional patients, hospitals without burn centers will be used to stabilize patients until burn beds become available. In this work, we develop a new system for prioritizing patients for transfer to burn beds as they become available and demonstrate its superiority over several other triage methods. Based on data from previous burn catastrophes, we study the feasibility of being able to admit 400 patients to burn beds within the critical three-to five-day time frame. We find that this is unlikely and that the ability to do so is highly dependent on the type of event and the demographics of the patient population. This work has implications for how disaster plans in other metropolitan areas should be developed.
The Evolution of U.S.-Indian Ties: Missile Defense in an Emerging Strategic Relationship

The shift in Indian positions on missile defense in the context of the growing transformation of U.S.-Indian relations since the end of the Cold War, and particularly since the advent of the George...
Calcium signaling in vertebrate embryonic patterning and morphogenesis

Signaling pathways that rely on the controlled release and/or accumulation of calcium ions are important in a variety of developmental events in the vertebrate embryo, affecting cell fate specification and morphogenesis. One such major developmentally important pathway is the Wnt/calcium signaling pathway, which, through its antagonism of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, appears to regulate the formation of the early embryonic organizer. In addition, the Wnt/calcium pathway shares components with another non-canonical Wnt pathway involved in planar cell polarity, suggesting that these two pathways form a loose network involved in polarized cell migratory movements that fashion the vertebrate body plan. Furthermore, left-right axis determination, neural induction and somite formation also display dynamic calcium release, which may be critical in these patterning events. Finally, we summarize recent evidence that propose a role for calcium signaling in stem cell biology and human developmental disorders.
Opiates for the Matches: Matching Methods for Causal Inference

In recent years, there has been a burst of innovative work on methods for estimating causal effects using observational data. Much of this work has extended and brought a renewed focus on old approaches such as matching, which is the focus of this review. The new developments highlight an old tension in the social sciences: a focus on research design versus a focus on quantitative models. This realization, along with the renewed interest in field experiments, has marked the return of foundational questions as opposed to a fascination with the latest estimator. I use studies of get-out-the-vote interventions to exemplify this development. Without an experiment, natural experiment, a discontinuity, or some other strong design, no amount of econometric or statistical modeling can make the move from correlation to causation persuasive.
Rapid West Nile virus antigen detection.

Dead bird surveillance is an effective way to monitor the presence and spread of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America (1), and assays to detect infectious WNV virions, antigen, and RNA in tissues from infected birds are reliable techniques (2–4). More than 28,000 bird carcasses were tested for WNV in the United States from 1999 to 2002 (5). Processing and testing these carcasses require a substantial commitment of resources from federal, state, and local health departments. Simplifying diagnostic procedures by implementing rapid antigen-capture assays would permit increased specimen processing and, ultimately, improved surveillance. Cloacal and oral (nasopharyngeal) swabs from dead corvids (crows and jays) are reliable sources of WNV RNA and infectious virions (6). Three field evaluations of an antigen detection assay applied to corvid carcasses collected shortly after death found that oral swabs were more sensitive than cloacal swabs for detecting WNV antigen, and that sensitivity of the VecTest WNV antigen assay (Medical Analysis Systems, Camarillo, CA, USA) applied to oral swabs was >80% for American Crows, lower for other corvids, and variable for a variety of other species (7–9). Several questions remain unanswered regarding the usefulness of swab specimens for WNV surveillance. How long after death of a bird can WNV be detected in swab specimens? Can swabs from noncorvid birds be used to detect WNV? Can reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or VecTest detect WNV in oral swab samples that have remained dry and at room temperature? To address these questions, we compared the VecTest WNV antigen assay with standard methods of virus detection from oral and cloacal swabs taken 1–4 days postmortem from experimentally infected American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). The VecTest, which was originally developed for mosquito pools as a simple, 1-step wicking assay available in a kit, requires no specialized equipment, storage conditions, or highly trained personnel and provides results in 15 minutes (10,11).
Not by the sword alone: : soft power, mass media, and the production of state sovereignty

Scholars of civil conflict have long recognized the importance of state strength in the suppression of nascent insurgencies. However, previous empirical investigations have generally focused on the material and coercive dimensions of state power, obscuring the critical role played by the generation of widespread voluntary compliance through processes of political communication, that is, the production of �soft power.� In contrast, in this article I focus on a factor�mass communication technology�that can enhance state capacity only by strengthening the state's ability to broadly and publicly disseminate political messages. I argue that the enhanced capacities for large-scale normative influence generated by mass communication technologies can be expected to produce substantial barriers to the mobilization of militarized challenges to state rule, by strengthening economies of scale in the marketplace of ideas. Utilizing newly compiled cross-national data on mass media accessibility in the post�World War II period, I show that densely constituted mass media systems dramatically reduce the probability of large-scale civil violence, thereby providing new evidence for the fundamental importance of nonmaterial state capacities in the suppression of internal armed conflicts.
The ‘Lessons’ of Dictatorship: Political Learning and the Military in Chile

This article argues that political learning with regard to civil-military relations in Chile has proved an obstacle to democratization. In the postauthoritarian period, both the armed forces and political parties have referred to history when considering civil-military reform, especially with regard to how to avoid a repeat of the conflict of the Unidad Popular period. Meanwhile, the military also utilizes the Spanish example when resisting changes it feels are inimical to its interests. The ‘lessons’ each takes from the past directly influence political strategies and the overall result is that while civilian rule continues, democratic civil-military relations are not necessarily advanced.
HOW EFFECTIVE IS INQUIRY LEARNING FOR STUDENTS WITH MILD DISABILITIES

This investigation was intended to determine whether students with learning disabilities (LD) and mild mental retardation (MR) differed from normally achieving students with respect to inductive thinking on an inquiry learning task involving pendulum motion. Twenty normally achieving students, 18 students with LD, and 16 students with MR were provided individually with guided coaching, in a prespecified sequence of steps, intended to promote induction of the association between pendulum length and pendulum motion. After the initial guided activity, 75% of the normally achieving students and 50% of the students with LD, but none of the students with MR, provided the correct induction. Over one fourth of the students with LD, and nearly all of the students with MR, required all of the prescribed coaching levels, including direct explanation of the rule. Students with LD and MR were less likely to correctly answer transfer/application questions. Implications for teaching are provided.
Expansion of Voltage-dependent Na+ Channel Gene Family in Early Tetrapods Coincided with the Emergence of Terrestriality and Increased Brain Complexity

Mammals have ten voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channel genes. Nav channels are expressed in different cell types with different subcellular distributions and are critical for many aspects of neuronal processing. The last common ancestor of teleosts and tetrapods had four Nav channel genes, presumably on four different chromosomes. In the lineage leading to mammals, a series of tandem duplications on two of these chromosomes more than doubled the number of Nav channel genes. It is unknown when these duplications occurred and whether they occurred against a backdrop of duplication of flanking genes on their chromosomes or as an expansion of ion channel genes in general. We estimated key dates of the Nav channel gene family expansion by phylogenetic analysis using teleost, elasmobranch, lungfish, amphibian, avian, lizard, and mammalian Nav channel sequences, as well as chromosomal synteny for tetrapod genes. We tested, and exclude, the null hypothesis that Nav channel genes reside in regions of chromosomes prone to duplication by demonstrating the lack of duplication or duplicate retention of surrounding genes. We also find no comparable expansion in other voltage-dependent ion channel gene families of tetrapods following the teleost–tetrapod divergence. We posit a specific expansion of the Nav channel gene family in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods when tetrapods evolved, diversified, and invaded the terrestrial habitat. During this time, the amniote forebrain evolved greater anatomical complexity and novel tactile sensory receptors appeared. The duplication of Nav channel genes allowed for greater regional specialization in Nav channel expression, variation in subcellular localization, and enhanced processing of somatosensory input.
Fertility Decline in Russia in the Early and Mid 1990s: The Role of Economic Uncertainty and Labour Market Crises

This paper analyses the fertility decline in Russia during theearly and mid 1990s from both a macro- and micro-perspective and presents astriking divergence between these two empirical viewpoints. While the formersuggests that the fertility decline after 1989 is associated with theeconomic hardship accompanying the transition to a market economy, themicro-evidence using the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey is to thecontrary. There is no negative association between labour market uncertaintyor a labour market crisis and fertility, and frequently there is even apositive association. That is, women or couples who are themselves affectedby labour market crises often had a higher probability of having anotherchild in the period 1994–1996 than women/couples who were less affected bysuch crises. The lack of a negative association, and the presence of apositive association in many instances, is surprising from the standpoint ofeconomic fertility theory. It is also contrary to many explanatory theoriesabout the recent fertility decline in Central and Eastern European countriesthat are built on a more or less direct connection between the labour marketor an economic crisis and low fertility.
The ETI Exclusion: Where do Matters Stand Following the WTO Panel Report?

In this report, Westin and Vasek examine a variety of issues raised by a World Trade Organization panel's ruling that the extraterritorial income regime (the replacement for the Foreign Sales Company regime) constitutes an illegal trade subsidy.
Parent–Child Conversations About Animals in Informal Learning Environments

ABSTRACTA large body of empirical research has focused on understanding children's biological knowledge development. However, limited research has investigated the informal learning experiences through which children actively construct biological concepts. The current study focused on examining whether parents provide information that supports and shapes children's emerging biological knowledge within settings that provide opportunities for biological learning about animals. We observed parent–child interaction within informal learning environments about two different types of animals: A penguin exhibit at a zoo and an insect exhibit at a science museum. Fifty-two families with preschool and school-aged children participated. Parents more frequently provided important, unobservable information such as predictions and causal inferences to the youngest children, potentially supporting the development of children's knowledge. However, parents seldom explicitly supported their children's knowledge by providin...
Gender Differences in Psychopathy Links to Drug Use

Although the relationship between psychopathic personality traits and substance use has received some attention (Hart & Hare, 1989; Smith & Newman, 1990), gender differences have not been thoroughly assessed. The current study examined whether gender modified the relationship between 2 criminally relevant constructs, (a) psychopathy and its factors and (b) drug use. A sample of 318 participants with criminal histories and recent substance use was assessed for psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version and for illicit drug use using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. As expected, the impulsive-antisocial traits (Factor 2) of psychopathy were positively related to a number of drug use characteristics (symptoms, age of drug initiation, extent of drug experimentation), whereas the interpersonal-affective traits (Factor 1) showed a negative relationship with drug abuse symptoms and a positive relationship with age of first use. In terms of gender differences, analyses revealed that women showed a stronger association between Factor 1 traits and later age of initiation compared to men, and that Factor 2, and the antisocial facet in particular, were more strongly related to drug abuse in women than men. These findings suggest that psychopathic traits serve as both protective (Factor 1) and risk (Factor 2) correlates of illicit drug use, and Factor 1 may be especially protective in terms of initiation of drug use among women. These conclusions add to the growing literature on potential routes to substance use and incarceration in women.
The Good-Enough Setting of Anna Deavere Smith: Restaging Crown Heights

Anna Deavere Smith developed a genre of theatre that combines journalism and social commentary in order to investigate cultural conflict. Her play Fires in the Mirror: Crown Heights, Brooklyn and Other Identities is a solo performance that addresses group trauma and the task of racial healing in contemporary America. This essay analyzes how this one-woman docudrama intervenes into the psychodynamics of the public response to the Crown Heights crisis. Specifically I want to consider how Smith's restaging creates what DW Winnicott calls a “facilitating environment” for the Black and Jewish people of the neighborhood and “potential space” for social change.
Status survey on health knowledge awareness among rural residents of Henan province

Aim: To understand the current situation of health knowledge among rural residents of Henan province and consequently to provide evidences for health education strategies. Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 8 978 rural residents who were selected by a multi-phase sampling method from 159 counties of the whole province. Both EpiData and SAS were employed for data management and analysis. Results: The rate of awareness of health knowledge among rural residents was 64.98%, among which, the knowledge about health lifestyles was the highest with 75.30%,and chronic diseases was the lowest with 59.59%. The rate of male's awareness of health knowledge was higher than female's(χ2=204.014,P0.001); that of the group with the age of -34 years was the highest, and decreased along with the age(χ2=4 813.601,P0.001). The rate of awareness of health knowledge increased with their education level (χ2=4 758.084,P0.001); that of widows,widowers and divorced was lower than that of other marital status(χ2=903.912,P0.001);that of students was higher than that of non-students(χ2=105.835,P0.001); that of medical workers was higher than that of non-medical workers(χ2=838.639,P0.001). Conclusion: The awareness rates of health knowledge among rural residents are low. Health education target to nutrition,hepatitis, bacillary phthisis, iodine deficiency disorders, diabetes, safe medication should get strengthen. Women, elder,low education population, widows,widowers and divorced, non-students, and non-medical workers are the main population in health education.
Was This Readmission Preventable? Qualitative Study of Patient and Provider Perceptions of Readmissions.

Objectives Readmissions are a costly, burdensome, and potentially preventable occurrence in the healthcare system. With the renewed national focus on the cost and quality of health care, readmissions have become a major target for improvement; however, in general, the viewpoints of patients and healthcare providers have not been considered in these discussions. We aimed to compare provider and patient perspectives on the preventability of hospital readmissions. We also aimed to compare the factors that patients and providers perceive as contributing to readmissions. Methods We conducted descriptive statistics of readmissions using provider chart reviews (N = 213) on all readmissions to the University of North Carolina hospitalist service during a 6-month span. We also performed a qualitative analysis of those provider chart reviews, in addition to interviews with those readmitted patients (n = 23). We compared the percentage of providers versus patients who believed the readmission was preventable, and we explored the factors to which each group attributed the readmission. Results Providers stated that 30% of the readmissions were preventable, compared with only 13% of patients. Key contributing factors differed between providers and patients. Providers cited medical problems in 45% of readmissions, pain (24%), follow-up problems (22%), substance abuse (20%), and nonadherence (17%). Patients believed nothing could have been done to prevent them in 35% of readmissions, but they also cited medical problems (35%), incomplete diagnosis or treatment (22%), medication issues (17%), and system concerns (13%) as contributing to readmissions. Conclusions These data suggest that patients and providers view the issue of readmissions differently and highlight potential areas for improvement.
Defective insulin-mediated splanchnic glucose regulation and glucose clearance: early glucose homeostatic defects in nondiabetic, young offspring of patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Nondiabetic, young offspring of noninsulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients manifest insulin insensitivity. The pathophysiologic implications of the insulin insensitivity are uncertain since such subjects are usually normoglycemic. We have, therefore, studied isotopically the glucose turnover fluxes (D(3-3H) glucose technique) during postabsorptive state and after a physiological solid mixed meal ingestion for 240 min in 13 nondiabetic offspring and eight age-, sex- and weight-matched controls. Mean fasting serum glucose (84 +/- 3 vs. 78 +/- 2 mg/dl) and insulin (13.9 +/- 1.5 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.8 microU/ml) were significantly (p less than 0.05) greater in the offspring vs. controls. After the mixed meal ingestion, both serum glucose and insulin levels rose to significantly higher levels throughout the study period in the offspring vs. controls. Basal (2.04 +/- 0.73 vs. 1.84 +/- 0.76 ng/ml) and peak (5.72 +/- 0.65 vs. 6.47 +/- 0.40 ng/ml) serum c-peptide levels were not significantly different between the offspring and controls, respectively. Mean basal hepatic glucose output was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in the offspring vs. controls (79 +/- 6 vs. 66 +/- 6 mg/m2.min). Following the mixed meal ingestion, the total splanchnic glucose appearance was significantly greater and qualitatively different in the offspring vs. controls. This occurred in the presence of identical intestinal carbohydrate absorption rates in both groups as assessed by simultaneous D-xylose test. Despite higher serum insulin levels, basal and post-meal metabolic clearance rates of glucose were similar in the two groups. We conclude that in nondiabetic offspring, greater basal and post-meal serum glucose and insulin levels occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dealing with Climate Change – The Opportunities and Conflicts of Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation

There are frequent calls to integrate strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation regarding the unavoidable consequences of climate change. Taking an integrated view appears reasonable especially in planning practice; after all, we now have a broad range of experience concerning climate mitigation, in contrast to climate adaptation. This is shown, for example, by the results of a written survey carried out among regional planning agencies in Germany in 2008 by the ‘Climate Change and Spatial PlanningWorking Group’ of the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL). At the European level, the situation in the Baltic Sea Region is comparable.
Land and Economy in the Traditional Village

The village described in this chapter existed in Vietnam from the fifteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. This model of the village economy is constructed from laws and regulations of the period and from accounts and observations made in the early to mid-colonial period (1853–1935). The model depicts the distribution of property rights and the relations of productions and exchange in the Vietnamese village in this period.
Overcoming radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Radiation therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), yet therapeutic efficacy is hindered by treatment-associated toxicity and tumor recurrence. In comparison to other cancers, innovation has proved challenging, with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab being the only new radiosensitizing agent approved by the FDA in over half a century. This review examines the physiological mechanisms that contribute to radioresistance in HNSCC as well as preclinical and clinical data regarding novel radiosensitizing agents, with an emphasis on those with highest translational promise.
Solving the traveling salesman problem with interdiction and fortification

Abstract We solve a defender-attacker-defender problem over a traveling salesman problem (TSP), in which the defender first acts to defend a subset of arcs, the attacker then interdicts a subset of undefended arcs (thus increasing their costs), and the defender solves a TSP over the remaining network. Our approach employs an exact approach augmented with a TSP restriction phase to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm. Our computational results show success for the first time in optimally solving defender-attacker-defender TSP problems.
THE SYNTHESIS OF POTENTIAL ANTIMALARIALS DERIVATIVES OF PANTOYLTAURINE

The general hypothesis as to the mode of action of chemotherapeutic agents, which has been formulated by Fildes, Woods, McIlwain, and others (2), offers a rational and useful guide to the design of new drugs. Thus, bacteriostasis is pictured as caused by the blocking of reactions essential to growth by an inhibiting substance which has a structure similar to that of one of the normal enzymes or metabolites essential to the growth of the organism.
Abstract 4941: Lysophosphatidic acid receptor signaling and pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment

Introduction: Changes in lipid biosynthesis has attracted significant attention in the study of cancer. Its value in our understanding of pancreatic cancer has not yet been realized. This study examined lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) variant biosynthesis in patients with stage II-III pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), evaluating serum, bile, and tissue levels of LPA, its receptors, and downstream metabolites. LPA, a product of phospholipase D activity of the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is a potent mitogenic agent. Data suggests that changes in lipid biosynthesis contribute to the tumor microenvironment in PDAC. Methods: PDAC, matched adjacent non-malignant tissues, gall bladder bile and serum samples were collected from patients with Stage II-III pancreatic cancer at the time of surgery. Control bile and serum were collected from patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign disease and living renal donors respectively. Results: Serum and biliary LPA levels were increased in patients with PDAC when compared to controls. ATX activity, and LPA receptors, LPAR1, LPAR2, and LPAR5 were greater in PDAC adjacent pancreatic tissue when compared to PDAC tissue. In contrast, TNFα receptors TNFα1 and TNFα2 and LPA receptor LPAR3 receptor expression was greater in PDAC lesions when compared to adjacent tissue. Conclusion: PDAC patients display a modified LPA biosynthesis profile, when compared to non-PDAC patients, potentially providing a paracrine-signaling cascade to promote pancreatic tumorigenesis through increased expression of mitogenic cytokines and growth factors. Citation Format: Nicholas J. Skill, Mary A. Maluccio. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor signaling and pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4941. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4941
Bioelectric gene and reaction networks: computational modelling of genetic, biochemical and bioelectrical dynamics in pattern regulation

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) describe interactions between gene products and transcription factors that control gene expression. In combination with reaction-diffusion models, GRNs have enhanced comprehension of biological pattern formation. However, although it is well known that biological systems exploit an interplay of genetic and physical mechanisms, instructive factors such as transmembrane potential (Vmem) have not been integrated into full GRN models. Here we extend regulatory networks to include bioelectric signalling, developing a novel synthesis: the bioelectricity-integrated gene and reaction (BIGR) network. Using in silico simulations, we highlight the capacity for Vmem to alter steady-state concentrations of key signalling molecules inside and out of cells. We characterize fundamental feedbacks where Vmem both controls, and is in turn regulated by, biochemical signals and thereby demonstrate Vmem homeostatic control, Vmem memory and Vmem controlled state switching. BIGR networks demonstrating hysteresis are identified as a mechanisms through which more complex patterns of stable Vmem spots and stripes, along with correlated concentration patterns, can spontaneously emerge. As further proof of principle, we present and analyse a BIGR network model that mechanistically explains key aspects of the remarkable regenerative powers of creatures such as planarian flatworms. The functional properties of BIGR networks generate the first testable, quantitative hypotheses for biophysical mechanisms underlying the stability and adaptive regulation of anatomical bioelectric pattern.