cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF AN INTERNALLY PRESSURIZED ORTHOGONALLY STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELL WITH AN ASYMMETRICAL SECTION RING

SUMMARY The linear elastic response is determined for an internally pressurized, long circular cylindrical shell stiffened on the inside by a regular arrangement of identical stringers and identical rings. Periodicity of this configuration permits the analysis of a unit cell consisting of a portion of the shell wall centred over one stringer-ring joint. The stiffeners are modelled as discrete beams. The stringer is assumed to have a symmetrical cross section and the ring an asymmetric open section. Displacements are assumed as truncated Fourier Series plus simple terms in the axial co-ordinate to account for the closed-end pressure vessel effect. Equilibrium is imposed by virtual work. Point-wise displacement continuity between the shell and stiffeners is achieved by Lagrange multipliers which represent the interacting line load distributions between the stiffeners and the inside shell wall. A composite material crown panel typical of a large transport fuselage is used as numerical example. Structural mod...
On univoque and strongly univoque sets

Abstract Much has been written about expansions of real numbers in noninteger bases. Particularly, for a finite alphabet { 0 , 1 , … , α } and a real number (base) 1 β α + 1 , the so-called univoque set of numbers which have a unique expansion in base β has garnered a great deal of attention in recent years. Motivated by recent applications of β-expansions to Bernoulli convolutions and a certain class of self-affine functions, we introduce the notion of a strongly univoque set. We study in detail the set D β of numbers which are univoque but not strongly univoque. Our main result is that D β is nonempty if and only if the number 1 has a unique nonterminating expansion in base β, and in that case, D β is uncountable. We give a sufficient condition for D β to have positive Hausdorff dimension, and show that, on the other hand, there are infinitely many values of β for which D β is uncountable but of Hausdorff dimension zero.
A Model for Evolution and Extinction

We present a model for evolution and extinction in large ecosystems. The model incorporates the effects of interactions between species and the influences of abiotic environmental factors. We study the properties of the model by approximate analytic solution and also by numerical simulation, and use it to make predictions about the distribution of extinctions and species lifetimes that we would expect to see in real ecosystems. It should be possible to test these predictions against the fossil record. The model indicates that a possible mechanism for mass extinction is the coincidence of a large coevolutionary avalanche in the ecosystem with a severe environmental disturbance.
TIBIAL FX'S AFTER TKA: A DEPRESSING EVENT

Periprosthetic fractures around a TKA typically involve the distal femur above a well-fixed femoral component. ORIF is typically indicated, using a retrograde nail or some form of locked plating. Tibial fractures after TKA are quite rare. In distinction to femoral fractures, fractures around a tibial component are typically associated with a loose prosthesis. Revision is indicated in this situation. Dealing with bone loss with augments, sleeves, cones, or allograft as well as stem bypass is typically necessary. Varus malalignment is often noted in these situations and should be corrected. More distal fractures can be managed with closed treatment if displacement and angulation is acceptable. A period of time in a long leg cast followed by conversion to a short leg or so-called PTB cast can be effective. More unstable fractures can be managed with plating techniques. Percutaneous so called MIPPO techniques can be particularly useful. Modern locking plates allow polyaxial proximal fixation that can be effective around the keels of tibial components. Malalignments are common so careful fluoroscopic scrutiny is necessary when using percutaneous techniques.
Capacity of the Energy-Harvesting Channel With a Finite Battery

We consider an energy harvesting channel, in which the transmitter is powered by an exogenous stochastic energy harvesting process $E_{t}$ , such that $0\leq E_{t}\leq \bar {E}$ , which can be stored in a battery of finite size $\bar {B}$ . We provide a simple and insightful formula for the approximate capacity of this channel with bounded guarantee on the approximation gap, independent of system parameters. This approximate characterization of the capacity identifies two qualitatively different operating regimes for this channel: in the large battery regime, when $\bar {B}\geq \bar {E}$ , the capacity is approximately equal to that of an additive white Gaussian noise channel with an average power constraint equal to the average energy harvesting rate, i.e., it depends only on the mean of $E_{t}$ and is (almost) independent of the distribution of $E_{t}$ and the exact value of $\bar {B}$ . In particular, this suggests that a battery size $\bar {B}\approx \bar {E}$ is approximately sufficient to extract the infinite battery capacity of the system. In the small battery regime, when $\bar {B}<\bar {E}$ , we clarify the dependence of the capacity on the distribution of $E_{t}$ and the value of $\bar {B}$ . There are three steps to proving this result, which can be of interest in their own right: 1) we characterize the capacity of this channel as an $n$ -letter mutual information rate under various assumptions on the availability of energy arrival information: causal and noncausal knowledge of the energy arrivals at the transmitter with and without knowledge at the receiver; 2) we characterize the approximately optimal online power control policy that maximizes the long-term average throughput of the system; and 3) we show that the information-theoretic capacity of this channel is equal, within a constant gap, to its long-term average throughput. This last result provides a connection between the information- and communication-theoretic formulations of the energy harvesting communication problem that have been so far studied in isolation.
Electromagnetic and Thermal Simulations of Human Neurons for SAR Applications

The impact of the electromagnetic waves (EM) on human neurons (HN) has been under investigation for decades, in efforts to understand the impact of cell phones (radiation) on human health, or radiation absorption by HN for medical diagnosis and treatment. Research issues including the wave frequency, power intensity, reflections and scattering, and penetration depths are of important considerations to be incorporated into the research study. In this study, computer simulation for the EM exposure to HN was studied for the purpose of determining the upper limits of the electric and magnetic field intensities, power consumption, reflections and transmissions, and the change in temperature resulting from the power absorption by human neurons. Both high frequency structural simulators (HFSS) from ANSYS software, and COMSOL multi-physics were used for the simulation of the EM transmissions and reflections, and the temperature profile within the cells, respectively. For the temperature profile estimation, the study considers an electrical source of 0.5 watt input power, 64 MHz. The EM simulation was looking into the uniformity of the fields within the sample cells. The size of the waveguide was set to be appropriate for a small animal model to be conducted in the future. The incident power was fully transmitted throughout the waveguide, and less than 1% reflections were observed from the simulation. The minimum reflected power near the sample under investigation was found to be with negligible reflected field strengths. The temperature profile resulting from the COMSOL simulation was found to be near 0.25 m°K, indicating no change in temperature on the neuro cells under the EM exposure. The paper details the simulation results for the EM response determined by HFSS, and temperature profile simulated by COMSOL.
Corporate social responsibility as an employee governance tool: Evidence from a quasi-experiment

Research summary: This study examines whether companies employ corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve employee engagement and mitigate adverse behavior at the workplace (e.g., shirking, absenteeism). We exploit plausibly exogenous changes in state unemployment insurance (UI) benefits from 1991 to 2013. Higher UI benefits reduce the cost of being unemployed and hence increase employees' incentives to engage in adverse behavior. We find that higher UI benefits are associated with higher engagement in employee-related CSR. This finding suggests that companies use CSR as a strategic management tool—specifically, an employee governance tool—to increase employee engagement and counter the possibility of adverse behavior. We further examine plausible mechanisms underlying this relationship. Managerial summary: This study examines whether companies employ corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve employee engagement and mitigate adverse behavior at the workplace (e.g., shirking, absenteeism). We find that companies react to increased risk of adverse behavior by strategically increasing their investment in employee-related CSR (e.g., work-life balance benefits, health and safety policies). Our findings have important managerial implications. In particular, they suggest that CSR may help companies motivate and engage their employees. Hence, companies dealing with employees that are unmotivated, regularly absent, or engage in other forms of adverse behavior, may find it worthwhile to design and implement effective CSR practices. Further, our findings suggest that CSR can be used as employee governance tool. Accordingly, managers could benefit from integrating CSR considerations into their strategic planning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis: Elusive active site in focus

The identification of the active site of an iron-containing catalyst raises hopes of designing practically useful catalysts for the room-temperature conversion of methane to methanol, a potential fuel for vehicles.
Interhemispheric SST Gradient Trends in the Indian Ocean prior to and during the Recent Global Warming Hiatus

AbstractSea surface temperatures (SSTs) have been rising for decades in the Indian Ocean in response to greenhouse gas forcing. However, this study shows that during the recent hiatus in global warming, a striking interhemispheric gradient in Indian Ocean SST trends developed around 2000, with relatively weak or little warming to the north of 10°S and accelerated warming to the south of 10°S. Evidence is presented from a wide variety of data sources showing that this interhemispheric gradient in SST trends is forced primarily by an increase of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean induced by stronger Pacific trade winds. This increased transport led to a depression of the thermocline that facilitated SST warming, presumably through a reduction in the vertical turbulent transport of heat in the southern Indian Ocean. Surface wind changes in the Indian Ocean linked to the enhanced Walker circulation also may have contributed to thermocline depth variations and associa...
Thermosonic flip-chip bonding system with a self-planarization feature using polymer

Thermosonic flip-chip bonding is a wire bonding technology modified for flip-chip assembly. Compared with the soldering technology, it is simpler, faster and more cost-effective. Unfortunately, the yield of thermosonic bonding is low and unreliable because it is difficult to control the ultrasonic energy transmission. A small planarity angle between the bonding tool and stage can result in a nonuniform ultrasonic energy distribution. A self-planarization concept was proposed to solve this problem. A layer of polymer was placed between the bonding tool and the chip to smooth the nonplanar contact. Experimental measurements and finite element modeling were used to study the effect of the polymer layer. Results showed that the polymer layer could assure a uniform ultrasonic energy distribution; however, it also reduced the energy transmission efficiency. A case study for optimization was conducted based on finite element modeling. For a 1000-I/O flip chip assembly with a 250 /spl mu/m pitch using a bonder with a 0.01/spl deg/ planarity angle, polymer thickness of 350 /spl mu/m and a Young's modulus of 2 GPa were selected.
On-Line Difference Maximization

In this paper we examine problems motivated by on-line financial problems and stochastic games. In particular, we consider a sequence of entirely arbitrary distinct values arriving in random order, and must devise strategies for selecting low values followed by high values in such a way as to maximize the expected gain in rank from low values to high values. First, we consider a scenario in which only one low value and one high value may be selected. We give an optimal on-line algorithm for this scenario, and analyze it to show that, surprisingly, the expected gain is n-O(1), and so differs from the best possible off-line gain by only a constant additive term (which is, in fact, fairly small---at most 15). In a second scenario, we allow multiple nonoverlapping low/high selections, where the total gain for our algorithm is the sum of the individual pair gains. We also give an optimal on-line algorithm for this problem, where the expected gain is $n^2/8-\Theta(n\log n)$. An analysis shows that the optimal expected off-line gain is $n^2/6+\Theta(1)$, so the performance of our on-line algorithm is within a factor of 3/4 of the best off-line strategy.
The Yellen rules

Abstract Suppose that the Fed were to adopt a policy rule. Which rule should it adopt? We propose three criteria. First, the rule should be consistent with good economic performance over a long historical period. Second, the rule should be consistent with recent Fed policy following the Great Recession. Third, the rule should be consistent with projected Fed policy. The first criterion is normative, while the second and third criteria are pragmatic. We consider three rules that have been the focus of extensive policy discussion. The Taylor (1993) and Yellen (2015) rules are “balanced” in the sense that the coefficients on the inflation and output gaps are equal, while the Yellen (2012) rule is an example of an “output gap tilting” rule because the coefficient on the output gap is larger than the coefficient on the inflation gap. We also consider “inflation gap tilting” rules where the coefficient on the inflation gap is larger than the coefficient on the output gap. An inflation gap tilting version of the Yellen (2015a) rule with a time-varying equilibrium real interest rate provides the most consistency with the three criteria. This paper was prepared for “Monetary Rules for a Post-Crisis World,” Mercatus-CMFA Academic Conference, September 7, 2016. We thank the participants at the conference for helpful comments and discussions.
Utility-value intervention with parents increases students’ STEM preparation and career pursuit

During high school, developing competence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is critically important as preparation to pursue STEM careers, yet students in the United States lag behind other countries, ranking 35th in mathematics and 27th in science achievement internationally. Given the importance of STEM careers as drivers of modern economies, this deficiency in preparation for STEM careers threatens the United States’ continued economic progress. In the present study, we evaluated the long-term effects of a theory-based intervention designed to help parents convey the importance of mathematics and science courses to their high-school–aged children. A prior report on this intervention showed that it promoted STEM course-taking in high school; in the current follow-up study, we found that the intervention improved mathematics and science standardized test scores on a college preparatory examination (ACT) for adolescents by 12 percentile points. Greater high-school STEM preparation (STEM course-taking and ACT scores) was associated with increased STEM career pursuit (i.e., STEM career interest, the number of college STEM courses, and students’ attitudes toward STEM) 5 y after the intervention. These results suggest that the intervention can affect STEM career pursuit indirectly by increasing high-school STEM preparation. This finding underscores the importance of targeting high-school STEM preparation to increase STEM career pursuit. Overall, these findings demonstrate that a motivational intervention with parents can have important effects on STEM preparation in high school, as well as downstream effects on STEM career pursuit 5 y later.
O-X mode conversion in a non-symmetric torus at electron cyclotron frequencies

Previous work on this topic, [Weitzner, Phys. Plasmas 11, 866 (2004)], applicable in a system with toroidal symmetry, is extended to the case of a non-symmetric background equilibrium state. Maxwell's equations with the cold plasma dielectric tensor are used to represent the plasma-electromagnetic wave interaction. Away from the mode conversion region, geometrical optics adequately characterizes the wave propagation. A new, simpler derivation of the wave equations in the mode conversion region is given. Aside from one very special case in which a general plasma equilibrium behaves like a stratified medium, the previous results apply and highly effective mode conversion is found. The matching of the mode conversion solution to the geometrical optics solution, not previously examined, is discussed. A relatively weak condition on the perpendicular wave number near the resonance layer is found. Provided that the perpendicular wave number is small, it tends to zero at the mode conversion layer and the solution...
Publicly Funded Objectors

On paper, class actions run like clockwork. But practice suggests the need for tune-ups: sometimes judges still approve settlements rife with red flags, and professional objectors may be more concerned with shaking down class counsel than with improving class members’ outcomes. The lack of data on the number of opt-outs, objectors, and claims rates fuels debates on both sides, for little is known about how well or poorly class members actually fare. This reveals a ubiquitous problem — information barriers confront judges, objectors, and even reformers. Rule 23’s answer is to empower objectors. At best, objectors are a partial fix. They step in as the adversarial process breaks down in an attempt to resurrect the information-generating function that culture creates. And, as the proposed changes to Rule 23’s handling of objectors reflect, turmoil exists over how to encourage noble objectors that benefit class members while staving off those that namely seek rents from class counsel. The U.S. class-action scheme is not the only one that relies on private actors to perform public functions: citizens privately fund political campaigns, and private lobbyists provide research and information to lawmakers about public bills and policies. Across disciplines, the best responses to those challenges have often been to level up, not down. This Article therefore proposes a leveling up approach to address judges’ information deficit such that they can better perform their monitoring role. By relying on public funds to subsidize data collection efforts and nonprofit objectors’ information-gathering function, we can disrupt private class counsel’s disproportionate influence.
Impact of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumonia in Finnish children in a nation-wide population-based study.

BACKGROUND The ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced into the Finnish National Vaccination Program (NVP) in September 2010 using a 2+1 schedule (3, 5, 12 months). We estimated the direct and indirect effects of PCV10 on pneumonia among children to evaluate the public health impact of the vaccine. METHODS We conducted a nation-wide population-based, observational study comparing rates of pneumonia in children before and after the NVP introduction. For the total (direct and indirect) effect, the cohort of vaccine-eligible children (born June 1, 2010 or later) was followed until the end of 2013 (age range 3-42 months). For the indirect effect, a cohort of older children (age range 7-71 months) not eligible for the PCV vaccination was followed from 2011 to 2013. Both cohorts were compared with two season- and age-matched reference cohorts before NVP introduction. Hospitals' in- and outpatient discharge notifications with ICD-10 diagnoses compatible with pneumonia (J10.0, J11.0, J12-J18, J85.1 or J86) as set by the hospital pediatricians were collected from the national Care Register. The main outcome was hospital-treated primary pneumonia (HTPP), defined as primary diagnosis of pneumonia after in-patient hospitalization. We compared rates of pneumonia in the NVP target and reference cohorts by using Poisson regression models. RESULTS The rate of HTPP episodes was 5.3/1000 person-years in the combined reference cohorts and 4.1/1000 person-years in the target cohort vaccine-eligible children. Compared with the reference cohort, the relative rate reduction in target cohort was 23% (95%CI 18-28) and the absolute reduction 1.3/1000 person-years. In the indirect effect evaluation, we observed continued increase in HTPP incidence until 2011 with a subsequent reduction of 18% (95%CI 10-25) during years 2012 to 2013. Number of empyema diagnoses remained low. CONCLUSIONS A substantial decrease in pneumonia rates was observed both among vaccine-eligible children and among older, unvaccinated children after PCV10 introduction.
The corona problem with two pieces of data

We study the corona problem on the unit ball in , and more generally on strongly pseudoconvex domains in . When the corona problem has just two pieces of data, and an extra geometric hypothesis is satisfied, then we are able to solve it.
Affine Jacquet functors and Harish-Chandra categories

Abstract We define an affine Jacquet functor and use it to describe the structure of induced affine Harish-Chandra modules at noncritical levels, extending the theorem of Kac and Kazhdan on the structure of Verma modules in the Bernstein–Gelfand–Gelfand categories O for Kac–Moody algebras. This is combined with a vanishing result for certain extension groups to construct a block decomposition of the categories of affine Harish-Chandra modules of Lian and Zuckerman. The latter provides an extension of the works of Rocha-Caridi and Wallach [A. Rocha-Caridi, N.R. Wallach, Projective modules over infinite dimensional graded Lie algebras, Math. Z. 180 (1982) 151–177] and Deodhar, Gabber and Kac [V. Deodhar, O. Gabber, V. Kac, Structure of some categories of representations of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, Adv. Math. 45 (1982) 92–116] on block decompositions of BGG categories for Kac–Moody algebras. We also derive a compatibility relation between the affine Jacquet functor and the Kazhdan–Lusztig tensor product and apply it to prove that the affine Harish-Chandra category is stable under fusion tensoring with the Kazhdan–Lusztig category. This compatibility will be further applied in studying translation functors for the affine Harish-Chandra category, based on the fusion tensor product.
On Euler characteristic of equivariant sheaves

Abstract Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p >0 and let l be another prime number. Gabber and Looser proved that for any algebraic torus T over k and any perverse l-adic sheaf F on T the Euler characteristic χ( F ) is non-negative. We conjecture that the same result holds for any perverse sheaf F on a reductive group G over k which is equivariant with respect to the adjoint action. We prove the conjecture when F is obtained by Goresky–MacPherson extension from the set of regular semi-simple elements in G . From this we deduce that the conjecture holds for G of semi-simple rank 1.
Threshold-range scaling of excitable cellular automata

Each cell of a two-dimensional lattice is painted one of κ colors, arranged in a ‘color wheel’. The colors advance (k tok+1 mod κ) either automatically or by contact with at least a threshold number of successor colors in a prescribed local neighborhood. Discrete-time parallel systems of this sort in which color 0 updates by contact and the rest update automatically are called Greenberg-Hastings (GH) rules. A system in which all colors update by contact is called a cyclic cellular automation (CCA). Started from appropriate initial conditions, these models generate periodic traveling waves. Started from random configurations the same rules exhibit complex self-organization, typically characterized by nucleation of locally periodic ‘ram's horns’ or spirals. Corresponding random processes give rise to a variety of ‘forest fire’ equilibria that display large-scale stochastic wave fronts. This paper describes a framework, theoretically based, but relying on extensive interactive computer graphics experimentation, for investigation of the complex dynamics shared by excitable media in a broad spectrum of scientific contexts. By focusing on simple mathematical prototypes we hope to obtain a better understanding of the basic organizational principles underlying spatially distributed oscillating systems.
A minimal classical sequent calculus free of structural rules

Abstract Gentzen’s classical sequent calculus LK has explicit structural rules for contraction and weakening. They can be absorbed (in a right-sided formulation) by replacing the axiom P , ¬ P by Γ , P , ¬ P for any context Γ , and replacing the original disjunction rule with Γ , A , B implies Γ , A ∨ B . This paper presents a classical sequent calculus which is also free of contraction and weakening, but more symmetrically: both contraction and weakening are absorbed into conjunction, leaving the axiom rule intact. It uses a blended conjunction rule, combining the standard context-sharing and context-splitting rules: Γ , Δ , A and Γ , Σ , B implies Γ , Δ , Σ , A ∧ B . We refer to this system M as minimal sequent calculus. We prove a minimality theorem for the propositional fragment Mp : any propositional sequent calculus S (within a standard class of right-sided calculi) is complete if and only if S contains Mp (that is, each rule of Mp is derivable in S ). Thus one can view M as a minimal complete core of Gentzen’s LK .
Gradient Boosting on Stochastic Data Streams

Boosting is a popular ensemble algorithm that generates more powerful learners by linearly combining base models from a simpler hypothesis class. In this work, we investigate the problem of adapting batch gradient boosting for minimizing convex loss functions to online setting where the loss at each iteration is i.i.d sampled from an unknown distribution. To generalize from batch to online, we first introduce the definition of online weak learning edge with which for strongly convex and smooth loss functions, we present an algorithm, Streaming Gradient Boosting (SGB) with exponential shrinkage guarantees in the number of weak learners. We further present an adaptation of SGB to optimize non-smooth loss functions, for which we derive a O(ln N/N) convergence rate. We also show that our analysis can extend to adversarial online learning setting under a stronger assumption that the online weak learning edge will hold in adversarial setting. We finally demonstrate experimental results showing that in practice our algorithms can achieve competitive results as classic gradient boosting while using less computation.
DUAL TAPER MODULAR HIP IMPLANT: INVESTIGATION OF 3D SURFACE SCANS FOR COMPONENT CONTACT, SHAPE, AND FIT

Introduction The use modular total hip arthroplasty is associated with potentially serious local and systemic complications. Each modular interface introduces a source for wear particle generation. Research suggests the etiology of wear particle generation and subsequent corrosion begins with mechanical fretting and disruption of the protective oxide layer leading to release of metal ions at the taper interface. The purpose of this study was to conduct three dimensional (3D) surface scans of the mating surfaces of the neck-stem taper to identify features that may contribute to the fretting and surface corrosion. Methods Eighteen modular hip implant components (9 stems and 9 necks) received 3D surface scans to examine the neck-stem taper junction. The study analyzed the neck-stem taper in an as assembled condition so relative surface positions and surface features could be studied. The 9 stems and 9 necks were scanned using an optical scanner. The implant image volume was resolved to a point spacing of 0.5 mm. Measurements were made to determine the normal distance between the surfaces of the neck taper as seated in the stem slot. These measurements were used to produce a color map of the contact proximity between the neck and stem surfaces (Figure 1). Circumferential surface points from the neck and stem at corresponding taper axis heights were used to create surface contour plots to identify surface shape variation and contact. The angle measurements and neck seated depth were analyzed by regression. Results The typical features observed in these contact maps were: 1) a distinct vertically running line of contact at one end of the transition from the flat surface section to the radius surface section, and present on opposite surfaces in the same location; 2) distinct vertically running line of contact in the radius surface section just past the centerline on the side further away from the transition contact, and also present on the opposite radius section in the same location; 3) a concavity or area of no contact along the flat surface exists between the neck and stem components; and 4) one of the neck flat surfaces was closer to its mating surface on the stem. The plot colors show contact proximity ranging from 0 – 0.025 mm, 0.025 – 0.050 mm, and 0.050 – 0.075 mm. The average neck seated depth in the stem was 14.181 mm, ranging from 13.796 mm to 14.422 mm. Regression analysis showed that the seated depth of the neck was dependent on the taper angles in the flat section of the neck (R2 = 0.5000, p = 0.0332). Conclusions Three dimensional scans and analysis suggest that the shape of the neck and stem tapers deviate from ideal design dimensions, which results in a contact pattern and component fit with gaps between the mating surfaces and rotated alignment. The probable cause of the dimensional deviation is due to machine tool deflection during manufacture. The combination of the contact and fit is expected to contribute to relative motions between the neck and stem, exacerbating the MACC.
Recurrent Multimodal Interaction for Referring Image Segmentation

In this paper we are interested in the problem of image segmentation given natural language descriptions, i.e. referring expressions. Existing works tackle this problem by first modeling images and sentences independently and then segment images by combining these two types of representations. We argue that learning word-to-image interaction is more native in the sense of jointly modeling two modalities for the image segmentation task, and we propose convolutional multimodal LSTM to encode the sequential interactions between individual words, visual information, and spatial information. We show that our proposed model outperforms the baseline model on benchmark datasets. In addition, we analyze the intermediate output of the proposed multimodal LSTM approach and empirically explain how this approach enforces a more effective word-to-image interaction.
Symmetry enriched U(1) quantum spin liquids

It is a central goal of physics to characterize and classify quantum phases of matter, and it is by now well appreciated that both symmetry and entanglement play important role in understanding quantum phases. In past years, significant progress has been made in classifying 2D gapped phases featuring interesting interplay between long-range entanglement and symmetries. This paper is one of the first systematic studies of 3D gapless systems, where the interplay between entanglement and symmetry gives rise to interesting physics. This is an important step towards a more comprehensive understanding of the structure of quantum phases in general. Moreover, the classification scheme used here is based on direct and physical characterizations of the system, rather than formal abstract mathematics. This physics-based method can also be generalized to other systems. This way of thinking will pave the way to achieve a better understanding of the physical properties of exotic phases of matter.
Gradient flows in uncertainty propagation and filtering of linear Gaussian systems

The purpose of this work is mostly expository and aims to elucidate the Jordan-Kinderlehrer-Otto (JKO) scheme for uncertainty propagation, and a variant, the Laugesen-Mehta-Meyn-Raginsky (LMMR) scheme for filtering. We point out that these variational schemes can be understood as proximal operators in the space of density functions, realizing gradient flows. These schemes hold the promise of leading to efficient ways for solving the Fokker-Planck equation as well as the equations of non-linear filtering. Our aim in this paper is to develop in detail the underlying ideas in the setting of linear stochastic systems with Gaussian noise and recover known results.
It Goes Without Saying: The Effects of Intrinsic Motivational Orientation, Leadership Emphasis of Intrinsic Goals, and Audit Issue Ambiguity on Speaking Up

Regulation requires auditors to raise significant audit issues and concerns to the attention of audit engagement leadership and requires leadership to encourage such communication. This research demonstrates, using an experiment and a survey, that audit team members' willingness to speak up about such issues is associated with their intrinsic motivational orientation. Based on this result, we test whether audit leadership can leverage this relationship to increase speaking up, particularly when audit issues are more ambiguous, by emphasizing intrinsic goals. Results across three additional experiments indicate that auditors whose leaders emphasize intrinsic goals, whether directly or through tone at the top and firm culture, are more likely to speak up than are other auditors. We also find that auditors are more likely to speak up when an audit issue is less versus more ambiguous. We conclude that leadership can fulfill their obligation to encourage upward communication by emphasizing intrinsic versus extrinsic goals, regardless of the level of ambiguity surrounding the audit issue. Les repercussions de l'orientation des motivations intrinseques, de l'insistance des responsables sur les buts intrinseques et de l'ambiguite des problemes d'audit sur le choix de signaler ces problemes La reglementation exige des auditeurs qu'ils portent les preoccupations et les problemes souleves par l'audit a l'attention des responsables de la mission d'audit et que ces responsables les encouragent a le faire. Les auteurs demontrent, a l'aide d'une experience et d'un sondage, que la propension des membres de l’equipe d'audit a signaler ces problemes est associee a l'orientation de leurs motivations intrinseques. Etant donne ce constat, ils verifient si les responsables de l'audit peuvent exploiter cette relation de maniere a cultiver cette attitude d'ouverture, en particulier lorsque les problemes d'audit sont plus ambigus, en mettant l'accent sur les buts intrinseques. Les resultats de trois experiences supplementaires indiquent que les auditeurs relevant de responsables qui mettent l'accent sur les buts intrinseques, que ce soit directement ou par l'exemple et la culture d'entreprise, sont davantage susceptibles que les autres auditeurs de signaler les problemes d'audit. Les auteurs constatent egalement que les auditeurs tendent plus souvent a signaler un probleme d'audit lorsque le degre d'ambiguite qui y est associe est moindre. Les auteurs concluent que les responsables peuvent s'acquitter de leur obligation d'encourager les auditeurs a signaler les problemes d'audit a leurs superieurs en mettant l'accent sur les buts intrinseques plutot que les buts extrinseques, peu importe le degre d'ambiguite associe au probleme d'audit.
The Challenges of Global-Scale Data Management

Global-scale data management (GSDM) empowers systems by providing higher levels of fault-tolerance, read availability, and efficiency in utilizing cloud resources. This has led to the emergence of global-scale data management and event processing. However, the Wide-Area Network (WAN) latency separating datacenters is orders of magnitude larger than typical network latencies, and this requires a reevaluation of many of the traditional design trade-offs of data management systems. Therefore, data management problems must be revisited to account for the new design space. In this tutorial, we survey recent developments in GSDM focusing on identifying fundamental challenges and advancements in addition to open research opportunities.
Short Run Gravity

Abstract Short run gravity is a model of bilateral export trade serviced by fixed bilateral capacities (marketing capital) along with labor that is frictionlessly allocated across destinations. Long run efficient capacity allocation yields long run gravity, equivalent to the standard structural gravity model. The estimated short run trade elasticity is about 1/4 the long run trade elasticity. Capacity reallocation raised world manufacturing trade 75% in the globalization era, 1988–2006 – a solution to the ‘missing globalization puzzle’. Counter-factual long run equilibrium allocation of marketing capital implies world real income gains ranging from over 2% in 1989 to under 1% in 2006.
Forecasting the potential for new industrial products

Abstract Industrial marketing managers base new-product decisions and marketing strategy on estimates of market potential. They often evaluate current product sales, market share, and market penetration, using some forecast of market potential as a benchmark. For maximum benefit to marketers, the concept of market potential should be clear, consistent, and highly operational This paper discusses a life-cycle concept of market potential. A simple descriptive model shows how the concept relates to other marketing concepts and how it can be used operationally.
Style Features for Authors in Two Languages.

Stylometry is the measurement of certain expressible features of writing style, and its uses include the characterization of authors for recognition in cases of text whose authorship is disputed or unknown. This work builds upon previous investigation into the success of a particular feature set on a particular corpus. We explore the creation and testing of a small corpus spanning multiple languages and character sets, and the building of a feature set for use in author attribution problems over that corpus. In-depth analysis of results is used to motivate further work.
Optical Tomography with Large Data Sets

We report recent work on reconstruction algorithm for optical tomography with large data sets.
The Reimplanted Ureter as a Catheterizing Stoma

Some current trends in the management of neurogenic bladder have been toward utilization of the urinary bladder as a storage device with a continent catheterizing stoma. This study presents a procedure using the now standard Cohen ureteral reimplantation, followed some 6 weeks later by transureteroureterostomy and distal ureteral stomal formation, after the method of Mitrofanoff. This staged procedure appears to have allowed the recently reimplanted ureter to be divided and brought to the skin as a viable catheterizing stoma. We believe that this experimental study has demonstrated that the Cohen technique of ureteral reimplantation is a reasonable antecedent to the use of transureteroureterostomy and distal ureteral stoma creation for continent catheterization. Monfort has demonstrated this clinically in one patient, and we feel that this technique deserves more extensive clinical trials.
Emergence of High-Level Trimethoprim Resistance in Fecal Escherichia Coli During Oral Administration of Trimethoprim or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Abstract The effect of daily administration of trimethoprim (TMP), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), or placebo on aerobically grown fecal gram-negative bacteria was monitored in 136 students from the United States during a two-week diarrhea-prevention study in Mexico. Unlike patients in other studies with these agents, who had urinary-tract infection or granulocytopenia, most persons in this study had no change in total fecal Enterobacteriaceae and had high-level TMP and SMX resistance in virtually all these strains. Escherichia coli was the predominant TMP-resistant organism isolated; 96 per cent of 165 TMP-resistant Esch. coli isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents, and 25 per cent were resistant to seven. TMP resistance was transferable in 40 of 100 strains tested. Despite the lack of TMP resistance in other studies of prophylaxis, our results clearly demonstrate the remarkable capacity for emergence and dissemination of resistance to this agent. (N Engl J Med. 1982; 306:...
Early Diagnosis and Management of Renovascular Hypertension

Renovascular hypertension is more common in hypertensive children than in hypertensive adults, and renal artery stenosis is second only to coarctation of the thoracic aorta as a cause of surgically correctable hypertension. Three infants presented with uncontrollable hypertension secondary to renal artery thrombosis due to umbilical artery catheterization for respiratory distress in the neonatal period. They all responded to nephrectomy. A fourth infant had stenosis of a polar vessel secondary to umbilical artery catheterization and was cured by partial nephrectomy. Two infants with renal artery stenosis secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia benefited from revascularization and, at last follow-up, were normotensive and off all blood pressure medication. Ultrasonography, isotope scanning, angiography and selective renal vein renin assays should be used to identify patients with surgically correctable lesions. The use of fine suture material and microvascular surgical techniques, including ex vivo revascularization and autotransplantation, can salvage renal parenchyma and relieve hypertension. Infants with less than 10 percent renal function on the involved side should have a nephrectomy. The infant with an umbilical arterial catheterization line needs blood pressure monitoring and aggressive evaluation and treatment of persistent hypertension.
Urinary Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Equipment, Techniques, and Overview

Second generation urinary lithotriptors are characterized by extensive technical alterations and significant equipment improvement in the functional, logistical, and medical aspects of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). These newer devices feature a water bath-free environment, a reduced anesthesia requirement, improved imaging, functional uses in addition to lithotripsy, or combinations thereof. Shock wave generation by spark gap, electromagnetic, piezoelectric and microexplosive techniques are related to their peak energy, frequency, and total energy capabilities which impacts on both anesthesia needs and the length and number of treatment sessions required to pulverize calculi. A master table summarizes the types of SW energy, coupling, imaging systems, patient transport, functional features, cost, and treatment effectiveness of 12 worldwide lithotriptors in various stages of investigative and clinical trials as monitored by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of America.
Capturing the diversity of biological tuning curves using generative adversarial networks

Tuning curves characterizing the response selectivities of biological neurons often exhibit large degrees of irregularity and diversity across neurons. Theoretical network models that feature heterogeneous cell populations or random connectivity also give rise to diverse tuning curves. However, a general framework for fitting such models to experimentally measured tuning curves is lacking. We address this problem by proposing to view mechanistic network models as generative models whose parameters can be optimized to fit the distribution of experimentally measured tuning curves. A major obstacle for fitting such models is that their likelihood function is not explicitly available or is highly intractable to compute. Recent advances in machine learning provide ways for fitting generative models without the need to evaluate the likelihood and its gradient. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) provide one such framework which has been successful in traditional machine learning tasks. We apply this approach in two separate experiments, showing how GANs can be used to fit commonly used mechanistic models in theoretical neuroscience to datasets of measured tuning curves. This fitting procedure avoids the computationally expensive step of inferring latent variables, e.g. the biophysical parameters of individual cells or the particular realization of the full synaptic connectivity matrix, and directly learns model parameters which characterize the statistics of connectivity or of single-cell properties. Another strength of this approach is that it fits the entire, joint distribution of experimental tuning curves, instead of matching a few summary statistics picked a priori by the user. More generally, this framework opens the door to fitting theoretically motivated dynamical network models directly to simultaneously or non-simultaneously recorded neural responses.
Debt and Stabilization Policy: Evidence from a Euro Area FAVAR

Abstract The Euro Area poses a unique problem in evaluating policy: a currency union with a shared monetary policy and country-specific fiscal policy. Analysis can be further complicated if high levels of public debt affect the performance of stabilization policy. We construct a framework capable of handling these issues with an application to Euro Area data. In order to incorporate multiple macroeconomic series from each country but, simultaneously, treat country-specific fiscal policy, we develop a hierarchical factor-augmented VAR with zero restrictions on the loadings that yield country-level factors. Monetary policy, then, responds to area-wide conditions but fiscal policy responds only to its country-level conditions. We find that there is broad quantitative variation in different countries’ responses to area-wide monetary policy and both qualitative and quantitative variation in responses to country-specific fiscal policy. Moreover, we find that debt conditions do not diminish the effectiveness of policy in a significant manner, suggesting that any negative effects must come through other channels.