cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Web service-based SMAP soil moisture data visualization, dissemination and analytics based on vegscape framwork

Timely, frequent, crop vegetation condition information, with complete geospatial coverage acquired throughout the growing season is critical for public and private sector decision making that concerns agricultural policy, production, food security, and food prices. The NASA Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission provides such a reliable data source for cropland soil moisture assessment. This paper presents a prototype of an interactive Web service based SMAP soil moisture visualization, dissemination and analytics system for US soil moisture monitoring based on the VegScape framework. This system automatically retrieves and preprocesses SMAP soil moisture data for US cropland soil moisture condition monitoring and assessment. The prototype takes advantage of the VegScape's service oriented architecture and adds a new component for SMAP soil moisture. It reuses existing VegScape visualization, dissemination and analytical functionalities and tools. The prototype inherits the capabilities of interactive map operations, data dissemination, statistical tabulating and charting, comparison analysis, and various Web services.
Collaborating in GitHub

GitHub (https://sithub.com/) is a web-based repository for software projects and is reportedly the world's largest open source community, hosting over 31 million repositories that include both code and the documentation for that code. GitHub includes development tools such as issue tracking (bug reports and feature requests), notifications, diffs, and status dashboards; as well as social features. There are three options for documenting a project in GitHub: Readmes, a wiki, and GitHub Pages. All of these options can be authored in Markdown syntax. Because docs are stored in the same repository as code, they can follow the same workflow, which is especially useful in an Agile environment.
Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy Directly Probes Free and Trapped Carriers in Organo-Halide Perovskites

Free carrier dynamics in organo-halide perovskites can directly reveal information about their carrier lifetimes and indirectly reveal information about trap state distributions, both of which are critical to improving their performance and stability. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy is commonly used to probe carrier dynamics in these materials, but the technique is only sensitive to radiative decay pathways and may not reveal the true carrier dynamics. We used time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy in comparison to TRPL to show that photogenerated charges relax into free carrier states with lower radiative recombination probabilities, which complicates TRPL measurements. Furthermore, we showed that trapped carriers exhibit distinct mid-infrared absorptions that can be uniquely probed using TRIR spectroscopy. We used the technique to demonstrate the first simultaneous measurements of trapped and free carriers in organo-halide perovskites, which opens new opportunities to clarify how...
Breaking the Stigma — A Physician’s Perspective on Self-Care and Recovery

Through his own recovery, a physician with a history of depression, suicidal ideation, and alcoholism has learned important lessons for the medical community — about self-care, stereotyping, stigma, vulnerability, professionalism, patient safety, and support.
An analysis of the mathematics vocabulary knowledge of third- and fifth-grade students: Connections to general vocabulary and mathematics computation

Abstract To read mathematics textbooks, answer questions on mathematics assessments, and understand educator and student communication, students must develop an understanding of the academic language of mathematics. A primary aspect of academic language is vocabulary. In this study, we focused on the mathematics-vocabulary performance of students in 3rd and 5th grade. We designed and implemented a measure of key mathematics vocabulary in the late elementary grades, and we compared performance on this measure to scores from general vocabulary and mathematics computation measures. Student performance at both grades was variable, with a 62-point range at 3rd grade and a 95-point range at 5th grade. General vocabulary and mathematics computation were significant predictors of mathematics vocabulary, but the influence of these predictors differed by mathematics-vocabulary performance levels.
Spectral Imaging for Quantitative Phase Contrast

Phase imaging with simple experimental setup and quantitative accuracy is being widely investigated and face particular challenges in x-ray imaging. Combining spectral detection schemes with light transport models has shown to yield significant simplification of phase imaging experiments. These ideas will be presented to show potential medical and biological applications in low dose x-ray imaging.
Informing infant and young child feeding programming in humanitarian emergencies: An evidence map of reviews including low and middle income countries.

Around 200 million people were affected by conflict and natural disasters in 2015. Whereas those populations are at a particular high risk of death, optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices could prevent almost 20% of deaths amongst children less than 5 years old. Yet, coverage of interventions for improving infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in emergencies is low, partly due to lack of evidence. Considering the paucity of data generated in emergencies to inform programming, we conducted an evidence map from reviews that included low- and middle-income countries and looked at several interventions: (a) social and behavioural change interpersonal and mass communication for promoting breastfeeding and adequate complementary feeding; (b) provision of donated complementary food; (c) home-based fortification with multiple micronutrient powder; (d) capacity building; (e) cash transfers; (f) agricultural or fresh food supply interventions; and (g) psychological support to caretakers. We looked for availability of evidence of these interventions to improve IYCF practices and nutritional status of infants and young children. We identified 1,376 records and included 28 reviews meeting the inclusion criteria. The highest number of reviews identified was for behavioural change interpersonal communication for promoting breastfeeding, whereas no review was identified for psychological support to caretakers. We conclude that any further research should focus on the mechanisms and delivery models through which effectiveness of interventions can be achieved and on the influence of contextual factors. Efforts should be renewed to generate evidence of effectiveness of IYCF interventions during humanitarian emergencies despite the challenges.
Auf der Spur des Jet-Stream

Der Jet-Stream mag zwar fur die Piloten des zweiten Weltkrieges ein geheimnisvolles Ratsel gewesen sein, im Zeitalter der Raumfahrt brauchen wir jedoch keine Lupe mehr, wenn wir uns auf die Suche nach diesen Luftstromen in der Atmosphare begeben. Die Strahlstrome haben sich in den Jahren seit dem Krieg sehr gut in die sterile Atmosphare einer Wetterburodienststelle eingefugt. Hunderte von Messungen, uber die ganze Erde verteilt, uberwachen standig die Bewegungen und das Verhalten dieser Strome. Zivil- und Militarpiloten erganzen diese Messungen standig mit ihren eigenen Berichten und steuern so wertvolle Informationen bei, die uns die Luftbewegungen uber unbewohnten Gebieten ohne Radiosondenstationen verfolgen lassen.
Chemical eye injuries in the workplace. Prevention and management.

1. The majority of ocular burns are related to accidents at work. Acute ocular chemical injuries require emergent recognition and management. 2. Copious irrigation of the eye, done immediately at the scene, is the most important factor in the long term prognosis of ocular chemical burns. 3. After irrigation has been completed and the eyes have been allowed to rest, visual acuity can be tested and referrals can be made to health care facilities and an ophthalmologist. 4. The nurse conducts health hazard assessments of the workplace, provides information about workplace chemicals and their risks, and ensures proper safety protective equipment and emergency supplies. Practicing emergency procedures such as irrigation is important. 5. The nurse monitors and analyzes injury exposure episodes and trends, along with coordinating referrals, treatments, and follow up care for workers with ocular chemical burns. Language: en
Response of bluebunch wheatgrass to invasion: Differences in competitive ability among invader‐experienced and invader‐naïve populations

Invasive species may alter selective pressures on native plant populations. Although there is some evidence that competition with invasive plants may lead to differences in competitive ability between populations that have experienced invasion and those that have not, previous results have varied among species but also among populations of the same species. We conducted a glasshouse experiment to determine whether there was variation in traits or in ability to tolerate or suppress an invasive species among populations of a common native grass that had different histories of exposure to competition from an invasive species. Specifically, we grew seeds of a native grass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) collected from 14 wild populations (six from invaded populations and eight from uninvaded populations) and a cultivar (Anatone) alone or in competition with the invasive aster (Centaurea stoebe) and measured traits of both species during and at the end of a 100‐day growing period. Pseudoroegneria spicata seedlings from invader‐experienced populations had more leaves than invader‐naive populations, and juvenile plants from experienced populations were less affected by competition with C. stoebe than were plants from naive populations. There were significant differences in traits among populations at the seedling and juvenile life stages, and at both life stages variation among populations was greater than variation among experience types. The most predictive traits of P. spicata tolerance to competition were number of leaves (seedling and juvenile stage) and total and root biomass (juvenile only). No traits significantly predicted suppression of C. stoebe. There was not a significant relationship between a population's suppression of C. stoebe and its tolerance of competition. Our results suggest that, in P. spicata, invasion selects for larger plants and traits that can influence tolerance of competition. If land managers are interested in identifying highly competitive seed sources for revegetation in invaded areas, both population and invader experience type should be considered. As tolerance and suppression do not appear to be related in P. spicata, seed source selection should be driven by the element of competitive ability (either tolerance or suppression) that is most important to project goals. A plain language summary is available for this article.
Theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a torsional piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting system

Vibration energy harvesting has been extensively studied in recent years to explore a continuous power source for sensor networks and low-power electronics. Torsional vibration widely exists in mechanical engineering; however, it has not yet been well exploited for energy harvesting. This paper presents a theoretical model and an experimental validation of a torsional vibration energy harvesting system comprised of a shaft and a shear mode piezoelectric transducer. The piezoelectric transducer position on the surface of the shaft is parameterized by two variables that are optimized to obtain the maximum power output. The piezoelectric transducer can work in d 15 mode (pure shear mode), coupled mode of d 31 and d 33, and coupled mode of d 33, d 31 and d 15, respectively, when attached at different angles. Approximate expressions of voltage and power are derived from the theoretical model, which gave predictions in good agreement with analytical solutions. Physical interpretations on the implicit relationship between the power output and the position parameters of the piezoelectric transducer is given based on the derived approximate expression. The optimal position and angle of the piezoelectric transducer is determined, in which case, the transducer works in the coupled mode of d 15, d 31 and d 33.
Comparison of Ketamine- Versus Nonketamine-Based Sedation on Delirium and Coma in the Intensive Care Unit:

Background:At this time, there are no studies evaluating the risk of delirium or coma with the use of ketamine in mechanically ventilated adult patients, compared to conventional therapies such as ...
A Data Movement Policy Framework for Improving Trust in the Cloud Using Smart Contracts and Blockchains

Trust in the cloud is still a problem. Most are in agreement that 'transparency' is key to cloud trust, but transparency applies to a variety of cloud operations, which is why cloud trust research is diverse. Widely publicized breaches recently had to do with third parties. Untrusted third parties and data movement are closely related. There are valid use cases to duplicate data for redundancy, but this typically happens behind closed doors. We see that as a problem; there are no mechanisms that we know of to police or track data as it gets copied or moves between clouds. We are proposing an approach to cloud trust that leverages the innovative blockchain technology to help increase transparency and also reduce the problem of depending on TTPs. By using a consumer belief model tailored to the cloud we also show the relevance of consumer policies in trust with regards to their data. We propose to use smart contracts as the vehicle for the policies and a belief / recommendation model to help guide us to a successful outcome.
Aluminum Coordination and Lewis Acidity in Aluminas and Steamed Zeolites

Abstract 27 Al MAS NMR spectra obtained upon cross-polarization (CP) show that the distorted coordination shells of Al IV and Al V are surface species in small slabs of dehydroxylated alumina. These Al V -rich slabs are present in steamed zeolite as non-framework aluminum or in transition aluminas obtained from ground boehmite. P(CH 3 ) 3 is strongly bound to the Lewis site associated with Al V and this Lewis site is strong, as evidenced by the shift of the 31 P resonance. This shift goes from −51 ppm, in alumina without Al V , to +5 ppm for the Al V −P(CH 3 ) 3 adduct. Furthermore, a thorough kinetic study of the model reaction: 1-butene ↝ cis and trans 2-butene shows that the Lewis sites associated with Al V enhances the cis ↽ trans conversion in transition aluminas. These direct correlations support the earlier indirect evidences that Al V yields strong Lewis sites.
The Sequential Bootstrap

Abstract The main focus of this article is to carefully examine the information content of resampling techniques in bootstrap from a survey sampling point of view. Given an observed sample of size n , resampling for bootstrap involves n repeated trials of simple random sampling with replacement (SRSWR). It is well known that SRSWR does not result in samples that are equally informative (Pathak, 1964). In 1997, Rao et al. introduced a sequential bootstrap resampling scheme in the literature, stemming from the observation made by Efron (1983) that the usual bootstrap samples are supported on average on approximately 0.632 n of the original data points. The primary goal of our sequential bootstrap was to stabilize the information content of bootstrapped samples as well as to investigate whether consistency and second-order correctness of Efron’s simple bootstrap carried over to this sequential case. In Rao et al. (1997), we showed that the main empirical characteristics of the sequential bootstrap asymptotically differ from those of the corresponding simple bootstrap by a magnitude of O ( n - 3 / 4 ) . In Babu et al. (1999), we established the second-order correctness of the sequential bootstrap for a general class of estimators under regularity conditions analogous to those for the simple bootstrap. In a separate paper, Shoemaker and Pathak (2001) carried out simulations similar to those of Mammen (1992), confirming the consistency of the sequential bootstrap. More recently, Jimenez-Gamero et al. (2006), Pino-Mejias et al. (2010), Pauly (2011), and others have investigated the sequential bootstrap and its variants both empirically as well as theoretically. These investigations indicate that the sequential bootstrap is likely to perform better than the simple bootstrap in small to moderate samples. We present an expository account of these findings and discuss their potential applications.
Renal Hypothermia: In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Temporary occlusion of the renal artery may be necessary for operations to remove renal calculi in situ, such as partial nephrectomy, nephrolithotomy, and extended pyelolithotomy. Performance of these operations requires an understanding of renal responses to warm ischemia and available methods of protecting the kidney in situ when the period of arterial occlusion exceeds that which may be safely tolerated. Methods of extracorporeal renal preservation are also reviewed because autotransplantation and bench surgery may occasionally be employed to treat patients with renal calculous disease.
Active and inactive states of deoxycytidylate deaminase and their relation to subunit structure.

Conditions for the inactivation and reactivation of chick embryo deoxycytidylate deaminase (EC 3.5.4.12) are described. Aeration or dialysis in the absence of deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, MgCl2, and mercaptoethanol yields an inactive, disaggregated protein, which can be separated from residual active enzyme by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Reversal of the inactive state can be effected by incubation of the protein with a mixture of deoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate (or deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate), MgCl2, and mercaptoethanol. The rate of reactivation is dependent on temperature, pH, and mercaptoethanol concentration, and reactivation results in a reaggregation of the enzyme. Inactivation of the deaminase by the microsomal sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange enzyme is also reversed by the above conditions.
Is daily mvi required in patients receiving parenteral nutrition

Between November 1996 and January 1999 there was a nationwide shortage of intravenous multivitamins (MVI) in the US. We investigated whether patients who received parenteral nutrition (PN) with MVI three times per week instead of daily developed clinical manifestations of vitamin deficiency during that period. Five patients were enrolled in the study All received home PN as their sole source of nutrition for at least six months. None of these patients showed clinical manifestations of vitamin deficiency. In addition, compared to daily MVI administration, supplementation with MVI three times per week saved $1,000 per patient per year. This preliminary study raises the question of how much MVI is needed to prevent vitamin deficiency. Using MVI three days a week instead of daily would substantially reduce the cost of treatment and might reduce the risk of infections for these patients.
Flow in education

This article describes actual and potential applications of the flow model in education. Flow refers to a state of total absorption in the task at hand; a merging of action and experience where the individual loses track of both time and self. Researchers have identified several conditions under which the flow experience tends to emerge. Two of these conditions – high levels of challenge matched to an individual’s skills – are often present in educational environments, but other important conditions are largely absent in classrooms, with the result that students do not experience flow in school as often as one might expect.
Identifying and cloning Drosophila genes by single P element insertional mutagenesis.

Publisher Summary Cloning genes by transposon tagging has been successful in several organisms. This method often represents a significant savings in time compared to cloning genes by microdissection of chromosome segments and walking/jumping through DNA libraries following precise genetic mapping. Instead, transposon insertion provides a direct molecular tag of the gene, both identifying its location and facilitating its cloning. This chapter discusses identification and cloning Drosophila genes by single P element insertional mutagenesis. A strain (termed as ‘jumpstarter”) containing a complete P element maintained is used as a single copy to demonstrate that stable insertions of a defective P element (termed “mutator”) can be efficiently produced in genetic crosses, eliminating the need for microinjection. The generation of strains containing single P element insertions is sufficiently advantageous as a mutagenesis procedure that, in many cases, it would be more efficient than chemical mutagenesis, particularly when molecular analysis is desired. Mutations caused by the insertion of a single P element can be readily mapped cytologically, and DNA flanking the insertion site can be recovered with ease.
Bidirectional flow across a perforate cor triatriatum dexter in a dog with concurrent pulmonary, tricuspid, and mitral valve dysplasia

A 10-week-old male intact mixed breed dog presented for evaluation of suspected right-sided congestive heart failure. Echocardiographic imaging revealed a perforate cor triatriatum dexter (CTD), along with pulmonary valve stenosis and tricuspid and mitral valve dysplasia. In typical CTD cases, there is unidirectional blood flow across the dividing membrane, from the caudal into the cranial right atrial chambers. Owing to right-sided pressure alterations caused by the concurrent valvar defects, color Doppler imaging demonstrated bidirectional flow across the CTD membrane.
CHANGES IN URINE NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE-ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH WORSENING RENAL FUNCTION BUT WITH PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE HEART FAILURE

Worsening renal function (WRF) in the setting of diuretic therapy for patients with acute heart failure (AHF) can be a transient hemodynamic change in renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) without an acute kidney injury. The Acute Kidney Injury Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)
Book revew: Gods mechanics: How scientists and engineers make sense of religion, by Guy Consolmagno, S. J.

Book revew: Gods mechanics: How scientists and engineers make sense of religion, by Guy Consolmagno, S. J. Reviewed by: H.C. Connolly Jr.
Do Humans STILL Have a Monopoly on Creativity or Is Creativity Overrated

What is creativity? Do AIs have creativity? This research sets out to answer these questions. By conducting a small-scale user experiment, and quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing the data, this work aims to answer the following three research questions: (1) whether human participants can distinguish between AI generated and human composed music; (2) common preconceptions participants have on AI generated music; and (3) common constructs participants associate with human creativity. Our results show that people are not able to tell the difference between human and AI composed music.
Assessing the strength of evidence for genes implicated in fatty acid oxidation disorders using the ClinGen clinical validity framework.

Abstract Newborn screening is an incredibly useful tool for the early identification of many metabolic disorders, including fatty acid oxidation (FAO) disorders. In many cases, molecular tests are necessary to reach a final diagnosis, highlighting the need for a thorough evaluation of genes implicated in FAO disorders. Using the ClinGen (Clinical Genome Resource) clinical validity framework, thirty genes were analyzed for the strength of evidence supporting their association with FAO disorders. Evidence was gathered from the literature by biocurators and presented to disease experts for review in order to assign a clinical validity classification of Definitive, Strong, Moderate, Limited, Disputed, Refuted, or No Reported Evidence. Of the gene-disease relationships evaluated, 22/30 were classified as Definitive, three as Moderate, one as Limited, three as No Reported Evidence and one as Disputed. Gene-disease relationships with a Limited, Disputed, and No Reported Evidence were found on two, six, and up to four panels out of 30 FAO disorder-specific panels, respectively, in the National Institute of Health Genetic Testing Registry, while over 70% of the genes on panels are definitively associated with an FAO disorder. These results highlight the need to systematically assess the clinical relevance of genes implicated in fatty acid oxidation disorders in order to improve the interpretation of genetic testing results and diagnosis of patients with these disorders.
Immersive Approaches to Science Argumentation and Literacy: What Does It Mean to “Live” the Languages of Science?

In this chapter we investigate conditions that enable student immersive engagement in learning the languages of science through an argument-based inquiry approach. We focus on a range of critical issues including the type of argument to be promoted in student interactions, the knowledge bases students should use to participate in this inquiry, and the cognitive resources that are developed from these learning experiences. We claim that this orientation of living the languages of science is crucial if we want students to merge different epistemological tools and disciplinary perspectives to maximize learning.
FIP1L1/PDGFRa Synergizes with SCF/c-Kit Signaling To Induce Systemic Mastocytosis in a Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia Murine Model

Abstract Systemic mastocytosis (SM) associated with chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL)/hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a result of expression of the Fip1-like1 (FIP1L1)/platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa) (F/P) fusion gene. We have previously described a murine CEL/HES model (CEL-like mice) induced by F/P fusion gene transduction and T-cell overexpression of IL-5 (Yamada Y et al., Blood 2006). We have now validated a preclinical murine model of F/P-induced SM/CEL and analyzed the pathogenesis of SM in this model. F/P+ mast cells (MC, defined as EGFP+/c-kit+/FceRI+) were significantly increased in the small intestine, bone marrow (BM) and spleen of CEL-like mice compared to wild-type mice (Table). CEL-like mice also developed cutaneous MC infiltration. In addition, mMCP-1 serum levels, which correlate well with MC expansion and activation in vivo, were significantly higher in CEL-like mice than in wild-type mice (64,000 ± 23,800 and 38 ± 41.4 pg/ml, respectively). F/P induces increased expansion of BM-derived MC in vitro (∼2,000-fold) and F/P+ BM-derived MC survive longer than wild-type MC in cytokine-deprived medium (28.0 ± 2.3% vs. 8.7 ± 3.1% 7AAD−/Annexin V− cells after 48 hours). This correlated with increased Akt phosphorylation in the F/P+ MC. Since c-kit mutations are the most frequent cause of SM, we analyzed the possible synergistic role of SCF and F/P signaling. F/P and SCF/c-kit signaling indeed synergize in the development of BM-derived MC (16-fold greater expansion than in the absence of SCF) and F/P+ BM-derived MC showed a 3.7-fold greater migratory response to SCF than wild-type BM-derived MC. In order to determine the role of SCF/c-kit signaling in F/P+ MC development, activation and tissue infiltration in vivo,these responses were evaluated in mice that were treated with a blocking anti-c-kit blocking antibody, ACK-2, or an isotype-matched control antibody. ACK-2 treatment suppressed intestinal MC infiltration and elevated plasma levels of mMCP-1 induced by F/P expression by 95 ± 6.0% and 98 ± 0.76%, respectively, whereas MC and plasma mMCP-1 were completely undetectable in wild-type mice treated with ACK2. This suggests that SCF/c-kit interactions may synergize with F/P to induce SM. In summary, mice with CEL-like disease also develop SM. F/P-induced SM is a result of increased in vivo MC proliferation, survival, activation and tissue infiltration. SCF/c-kit signaling synergizes with F/P in vivo and in vitro to promote mast cell development, activation and survival. EGFP+/c-kit+/FceRI+ cell frequency in tissues of control and CEL-like mice (%) Control mice CEL-like mice Small intestine 1.0±0.95 47±21.4* Bone marrow 0.2±0.14 3±1.9* Spleen 0.05±0.01 3±0.8*
Peers Versus Pros: Confirmation Bias in Selective Exposure to User-Generated Versus Professional Media Messages and Its Consequences

Political information is now commonly consumed embedded in user-generated content and social media. Hence, peer users (as opposed to professional journalists) have become frequently encountered sou...
Single Species Population Models

In this module we will study first-order differential equations which govern the growth of various species. At first glance it would seem impossible to model the growth of a species by a differential equation since the population of any species always changes by integer amounts. Hence the population of any species can never be a differentiable function of time. However, if a given population is very large and it is suddenly increased by one, then the change is very small compared to the given population. Thus we make the approximation that large populations change continuously and even differentiably with time.
P redictor/ C orrector N ewton- R aphson (PCNR): A Simple, Flexible, Scalable, Modular, and Consistent Replacement for Limiting in Circuit Simulation

Modern circuit simulators predominantly use Newton-Raphson (NR) iteration to solve circuit equations. To improve NR convergence, circuit simulators use a practice called “limiting”. This ensures that sensitive circuit quantities (such as diode voltages) do not change too much between successive NR iterations. However, in most simulators, the implementation of limiting tends to be inflexible, non-modular, inconsistent, and confusing. We therefore propose Predictor/Corrector Newton-Raphson (PCNR), a replacement for limiting that overcomes these disadvantages while incurring modest computational overhead. The key ideas behind PCNR are, (1) to add each limited circuit quantity as an extra unknown to the circuit’s Modified Nodal Analysis (MNA) system of equations, (2) to split each NR iteration into a “prediction” phase followed by a “correction” phase, and (3) to mitigate the computational cost of the extra unknowns by eliminating them from all Ax = b solves using a Schur complement based technique.
Pilot Study of Dacomitinib for Patients With Metastatic EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancers With Disease Progression After Initial Treatment With Osimertinib.

PURPOSEPatients with EGFR-mutant lung cancer have no approved targeted therapies after disease progression on first-line osimertinib, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyro...
How did individuals on Instagram discuss COVID-19 in the month following official pandemic status? A examination of user content.

OBJECTIVES: Instagram is a popular social media site used by high numbers of young people. This study was designed to investigate COVID-19 content on Instagram during the month following official pandemic status from the World Health Organization (WHO). METHODS: A total of 200 posts were collected and analyzed over a four-week period between mid-February and mid-March 2020. RESULTS: The vast majority of posts did not address recommended prevention measures. Further, only approximately one-third of the posts referenced a reputable source. Finally, the nature of posts changed over time was impacted by type of poster and reflected a tone of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the urgent need for public health officials to be aware of and address social media content on novel health threats. Furthermore, it is imperative that communicating risk on social media, such as Instagram be geared to young people. Failure to do so may hinder prevention, mitigation, and suppression strategies.
Boosting the oral bioavailability of anticancer drugs through intentional drug-drug interactions.

Oral anticancer drugs suffer from significant variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics partially due to limited bioavailability. The limited bioavailability of anticancer drugs is due to both pharmaceutical limitations and physiological barriers. Pharmacokinetic boosting is a strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability of a therapeutic drug by inhibiting physiological barriers through an intentional drug-drug interaction (DDI). This type of strategy has proven effective across several therapeutic indications including anticancer treatment. Pharmacokinetic boosting could improve anticancer drugs lacking or with otherwise unacceptable oral formulations through logistic, economic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic benefits. Despite these benefits, pharmacokinetic boosting strategies could result in unintended DDIs and are only likely to benefit a limited number of targets. Highlighting this concern, pharmacokinetic boosting has mixed results depending on the boosted drug. While pharmacokinetic boosting did not significantly improve certain drugs, it has resulted in the commercial approval of boosted oral formulations for other drugs. Pharmacokinetic boosting to improve oral anticancer therapy is an expanding area of research that is likely to improve treatment options for cancer patients.
The Organization of the Sinoatrial Node Microvasculature Varies Regionally to Match Local Myocyte Excitability.

The cardiac cycle starts when an action potential is produced by pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node. This cycle is repeated approximately 100 000 times in humans and 1 million times in mice per day, imposing a monumental metabolic demand on the heart, requiring efficient blood supply via the coronary vasculature to maintain cardiac function. Although the ventricular coronary circulation has been extensively studied, the relationship between vascularization and cellular pacemaking modalities in the sinoatrial node is poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the organization of the sinoatrial node microvasculature varies regionally, reflecting local myocyte firing properties. We show that vessel densities are higher in the superior versus inferior sinoatrial node. Accordingly, sinoatrial node myocytes are closer to vessels in the superior versus inferior regions. Superior and inferior sinoatrial node myocytes produce stochastic subthreshold voltage fluctuations and action potentials. However, the intrinsic action potential firing rate of sinoatrial node myocytes is higher in the superior versus inferior node. Our data support a model in which the microvascular densities vary regionally within the sinoatrial node to match the electrical and Ca2+ dynamics of nearby myocytes, effectively determining the dominant pacemaking site within the node. In this model, the high vascular density in the superior sinoatrial node places myocytes with metabolically demanding, high-frequency action potentials near vessels. The lower vascularization and electrical activity of inferior sinoatrial node myocytes could limit these cells to function to support sinoatrial node periodicity with sporadic voltage fluctuations via a stochastic resonance mechanism.
Examining the necessity of day-1 postoperative review after pars plana vitrectomy: A meta-analysis

Purpose : The current standard of care following retina surgery, particularly pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), is an in-person evaluation conducted on postoperative day 1 (POD1). Given the inherent difficulty of patients with visual disability attending POD1 visits and the safety concerns raised during the COVID-19 pandemic, a critical examination of this standard of care is needed. This study is a meta-analysis that aims to evaluate the necessity of the POD1 review following PPV. Methods : The analysis included available literature documenting medical and surgical interventions performed on POD1 review following PPV. 2262 patients across 14 eligible studies were included in the analysis. A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using a binomial-normal model to analyze datasets consisting of all interventions, medical interventions, and surgical interventions. The primary outcome measured was the proportion of patients requiring an intervention on POD1. Heterogeneity and publication bias analyses were performed. Statistical analyses were performed using R (version 3.5.1). Results : Of the 80 references identified as being of potential relevance, 14 studies met all eligibility criteria. POD1 reviews of 2262 patients were analyzed to yield an intervention rate estimate of 4.7% [95% CI 3.0-13.9]. The proportion of patients requiring medical interventions (4.1% [95% CI 1.4-11.6]) was significantly greater than that of surgical interventions (0.7% [95% CI 0.3-1.3]). Elevated intraocular pressure was the most frequent POD1 complication, accounting for 77.0% and 40.0% of medical and surgical interventions respectively. The heterogeneity analysis revealed significant inter-study variation, with I values of 97.93%, 97.80%, and 20.99% for the all intervention, medical intervention and surgical intervention datasets respectively. Attempts to integrate the different indications for surgery into this analysis were unsuccessful due to variability in reporting of indications and interventions. Conclusions : Given the wide confidence interval of the estimated intervention rate, variability in postoperative practices, and range of interventions performed, the POD1 review cannot be discarded. Future analyses could identify clinical characteristics associated with patients at a higher risk of requiring POD1 intervention.
Prediction of Secondary Organic Aerosol from the Multiphase Reaction of Gasoline Vapor by Using Volatility–Reactivity Base Lumping

Abstract. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from photooxidation of gasoline vapor was simulated by using the UNIfied Partitioning Aerosol phase Reaction (UNIPAR) model, which predicted SOA growth via multiphase reactions of hydrocarbons. The Carbon Bond 6 (CB6r3) mechanism was incorporated with the SOA model to estimate the hydrocarbon consumption and the concentration of radicals (i.e., RO2 and HO2), which were closely related to atmospheric aging of gas products. Oxygenated products were lumped according to their volatilities and reactivity and linked to stoichiometric coefficients and their physicochemical parameters, which were dynamically constructed at different NOx levels and degrees of gas aging. To assess the gasoline SOA potential in ambient air, model parameters were corrected for gas–wall partitioning (GWP), which was predicted by a qualitative structure activity relationship for explicit products. The simulated gasoline SOA mass was evaluated against observed data obtained in the UF-APHOR chamber under ambient sunlight. The influence of environmental conditions on gasoline SOA was characterized under varying NOx levels, aerosol acidity, humidity, temperature, and concentrations of aqueous salts and gasoline vapor. Both the measured and simulated gasoline SOA formation was sensitive to seeded conditions (acidity and hygroscopicity) and NOx levels. A considerable difference in SOA mass appeared before and after efflorescence relative humidity in the presence of salted aqueous solution. SOA growth in the presence of aqueous reactions was more impacted by temperature than that in absence of seed. The impact of GWP on SOA formation was generally significant, and it appeared to be higher in the absence of wet salts. We conclude that the SOA model in the corpus with both heterogeneous reactions and the model parameters corrected for GWP is essential to accurately predict SOA mass in ambient air.
Timing-specific associations between income-to-needs ratio and hippocampal and amygdala volumes in middle childhood: A preliminary study.

It is well known that financial disadvantage is associated with alterations in brain development in regions critical to socioemotional well-being such as the hippocampus and the amygdala. Yet little is known about whether family income at different points in development is differentially associated with these structures. Furthermore, little is known about which environmental factors statistically mediate associations between income and subcortical structure. Using a longitudinal birth cohort and linear mixed-effects models, we identified associations between income-to-needs ratio (INR) at 6 timepoints throughout childhood and hippocampal and amygdala volumes at age 7-9 years (n = 41; 236 INR measurements; 41 brain measurements). Mediation analysis identified environmental sequelae of income that statistically accounted for INR-brain associations. Lower INR prior to age 4 was associated with smaller hippocampal volumes, whereas lower INR prior to age 2 was associated with smaller right amygdala volume. These associations were mediated by unmet basic needs (e.g., food, housing). These findings delineate the temporal specificity of associations between income and hippocampal and amygdala structures.
Analyzing end-of-life care legislation: a social work perspective.

SUMMARY Several policy approaches are currently being considered in an attempt to organize a national response to the crisis surrounding quality end-of-life care. Recent healthcare efforts aimed at supporting individuals facing advanced illness are marked by debate over assisted suicide, untimely referrals to hospice care, inconsistent adherence to advance directives, and substantive amounts of unrelieved pain in end-of-life. Social workers require a clear understanding of the current political and social climate if they are to navigate the ethical dilemmas as they are presented in end-of-life care. This article discusses recently proposed policy responses to the various political and social controversies surrounding end-of-life care for individuals facing advanced illness. The analysis will suggest criteria for evaluating end-of-life policy in general and offer a framework for evaluating proposed legislation. Suggestions for making end-of-life policy more effective and areas for future research will be p...
DesiCrit: Theorizing the Racial Ambiguity of South Asian Americans

This Article analyzes the racial ambiguity of South Asian Americans (peoples whose ancestry derives from the Indian subcontinent) and has two major aims. First, it provides a comprehensive account of the racialization of South Asian Americans (or “desis”) - a group that legal scholars have not considered at any length in the rubric of American racial dynamics. The experiences of South Asian Americans are unique in the variety of racial classifications and characterizations they present - including the U.S. Supreme Court case of U.S. v. Thind (1923), the “model minority” stereotype, “flying while brown” instances of racial profiling, and former Virginia Senator George Allen’s “macaca” remark in 2006. Analysis of South Asian American racialization adds many general insights to Critical Race Theory (CRT), and this Article introduces “DesiCrit” (focusing on South Asian Americans as racially ambiguous beings) to go alongside LatCrit, AsianCrit, and TribalCrit. The analysis here covers the formal classification of South Asian Americans as White and non-White, and it also examines informal racial characterizations of South Asian Americans as model minorities, mystical foreigners, and malleable scapegoats more generally.By analyzing South Asian American racialization, the Article aspires to its second major aim: beginning the synthesis of a general theoretical framework to analyze racial ambiguity of individuals and groups. In the process, the Article draws from not only from CRT, but also from sociological theories of racialization, ethnic studies, historical and philosophical work on race and racial identity, and Whiteness studies. It delineates formal and informal modes of racialization, extending racialization theory past the creation of legal categories to racial symbols and performative notions of race. The Article expands the discourse on racial status hierarchies by examining the agency of racialized actors, analyzing not only ascriptions of racial status by others, but also proactive claims to racial status by such actors. Also, this Article highlights the importance of “racial microclimes” - local historical and political climates that impact racialization, particularly for ambiguous groups and individuals. Finally, while the Article is a full account of South Asian American racial ambiguity, it also posits broader implications of this analysis for examining American racial hierarchy and dynamics more broadly.
Effect of field pea level on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance in beef steers fed growing diets.

Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated crossbred beef steers (397 ± 55 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of increasing level of field pea supplementation on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance in steers fed moderate-quality (8.0% CP, DM basis) grass hay. Basal diets, offered ad libitum twice daily, consisted of chopped (15.2-cm screen) grass hay. Supplements were 0, 0.81, 1.62, and 2.43 kg (DM basis) per steer daily of rolled field pea (23.4% CP, DM basis) offered in equal proportions twice daily. Steers were adapted to diets on d 1 to 9; on d 10 to 14, DMI were measured. Field pea and grass hay were incubated in situ, beginning on d 10, for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h. Ruminal fluid was collected and pH recorded at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h after feeding on d 13. Duodenal samples were taken for three consecutive days beginning on d 10 in a manner that allowed for a collection to take place every other hour over a 24-h period. Linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of increasing field pea level. Total DMI and OMI increased quadratically (P = 0.09), whereas forage DMI decreased quadratically (P = 0.09) with increasing field pea supplementation. There was a cubic effect (P < 0.001) for ruminal pH. Ruminal (P = 0.02) and apparent total-tract (P = 0.09) NDF disappearance decreased linearly with increasing field pea supplementation. Total ruminal VFA concentrations responded cubically (P = 0.008). Bacterial N flow (P = 0.002) and true ruminal N disappearance (P = 0.003) increased linearly, and apparent total-tract N disappearance increased quadratically (P = 0.09) with increasing field pea supplementation. No treatment effects were observed for ruminal DM fill (P = 0.82), true ruminal OM disappearance (P = 0.38), apparent intestinal OM digestion (P = 0.50), ruminal ADF disappearance (P = 0.17), apparent total-tract ADF disappearance (P = 0.35), or in situ DM disappearance of forage (P = 0.33). Because of effects on forage intake and ruminal pH, field peas seem to act like cereal grain supplements when used as supplements for forage-based diets. Supplementing field peas seems to effectively increase OM and N intakes of moderate-quality grass hay diets.