cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass media, class, and democracy: the struggle over newspaper representation of the UPS strike

–This paper investigates whether organized labor can challenge the news media's pro-corporate representations of strikes and labor struggles. I studied the coverage of the 1997 UPS strike in three newspapers: USA Today, The Washington Post, and The New York Times. I found that their strike coverage, spanning about 191 articles, went through three distinct phases over the 15-day period. By studying these phases I agree that, for a brief period, public opinion and class solidarity, mobilized on the basis of a strike against corporate mistreatment of workers, played a key role in changing the tone of reporting, particularly in the Post and the Times. During this phase, the contradictions of the 1990s economic recovery and the problems of the working class became an issue of sustained interest in the public sphere. By showing how labor was able briefly to create an “open marketplace of ideas,” the paper concludes with an assessment of the democratizing potential of a politicized labor movement.
Down's syndrome: a genetic disorder in biobehavioral perspective

Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder that can lead to mental retardation of varying degrees. How this chromosomal abnormality causes mental retardation remains an open question. This paper reviews what is currently known about the neural and cognitive features of Down's syndrome, noting the growing evidence of disproportionate impairment of specific systems such as the hippocampal formation, the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum. The development of animal models of these defects offers a way of ultimately connecting the genetic disorder to its cognitive consequences.
Geographic variation of chronic opioid use in fibromyalgia.

Background Opioid use for the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain has increased drastically over the past decade. Although no evidence of efficacy exists supporting the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) with chronic opioid therapy, a large number of patients are receiving this therapy. Geographic variation in the use of opioids has been demonstrated in the past, but there are no studies examining variation of chronic opioid use.
Absence of Stabilizing Mutations of β-Catenin Encoded by CTNNB1 Exon 3 in a Large Series of Sporadic Parathyroid Adenomas

Context: The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of sporadic parathyroid adenomas are incompletely understood. Dysfunction of the Wnt signaling pathway is an established pathogenetic contributor to human tumorigenesis and, recently, the role of stabilizing mutations in β-catenin, a cause of abnormal Wnt signaling, has been examined in parathyroid tumors with conflicting results. Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of stabilizing mutations in exon 3 of CTNNB1, encoding β-catenin, in a large series of parathyroid adenomas. Patients and Design: Ninety-seven sporadic parathyroid adenomas were examined for mutations in exon 3 of CTNNB1 by direct DNA sequencing. Results: No mutations were identified in any of the adenomas. Conclusions: The absence of stabilizing mutations of β-catenin, including the previously reported S37A, encoded in CTNNB1 exon 3 among 97 tumors suggests that such mutations contribute rarely if at all to the development of sporadic parath...
Age-associated decrease in virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes during primary influenza infection

The mechanism of the age-associated decrease in CD8+ T cell response of mice to virus infection was examined in young adult (6 months) and aged (22 months) C57BL/6 mice during primary pulmonary influenza A virus infection. A significant age-associated decrease in both the percentage (P<0.0001) and number (P<0.05) of CD8+ T cells binding MHC Class I tetramers containing influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) epitope and in virus-specific CTL activity (P<0.05) was observed with pulmonary lymphocytes. The percentage of NP+CD8+ cells of individual mice strongly correlated with NP-specific cytotoxic activity (r(2)=0.77, P<0.02) and with the percentage of CD8+ cells that produced interferon-gamma (r(2)=0.86, P<0.002) in both young and aged mice. Comparable expression of the CD28, CD25, and the memory CD44(hi)/CD62L(lo) phenotype was detected on NP+CD8+ lymphocytes from mice of both age groups. There was a delay in the maximal expansion of NP+CD8+ cells in aged compared to young mice that paralleled a delay in maximal cytotoxic activity and in virus clearance. These data suggest that the age-related impairment of CD8+ lymphocyte activity during a primary influenza A infection is due to a defect in the expansion, rather than in effector activity, of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells.
Zero-Energy Theorem for Scale-Invariant Gravity

The general scale-invariant Lagrangian, $\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{4}\ensuremath{\int}{d}^{4}x{(\ensuremath{-}g)}^{\frac{1}{2}}[\ensuremath{\alpha}{c}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{c}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sigma}}+\ensuremath{\beta}{R}^{2}]$, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}g~0$, is considered. Although this theory admits linearized solutions with negative energy, it is shown that all exact solutions representing isolated systems have precisely zero energy. This result also holds in the presence of arbitrary matter. It can be understood as resulting from a confinement of energy. The implications of this result for quantum gravity are discussed.
In situ active control of noise in a 4 T MRI scanner

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed active noise control (ANC) system for the reduction of the acoustic noise emission generated by a 4 T MRI scanner during operation and to assess the feasibility of developing an ANC device that can be deployed in situ. Materials and Methods: Three typical scanning sequences, EPI (echo planar imaging), GEMS (gradient echo multislice), and MDEFT (modified driven equilibrium Fourier transform), were used for evaluating the performance of the ANC system, which was composed of a magnetic compatible headset and a multiple reference feedforward filtered-x least mean square controller. Results: The greatest reduction, about 55 dB, was achieved at the harmonic at a frequency of 1.3 kHz in the GEMS case. Approximately 21 dB and 30 dBA overall reduction was achieved for GEMS noise across the entire audible frequency range. For the MDEFT sequence, the control system achieved 14 dB and 14 dBA overall reduction in the audible frequency range, while 13 dB and 14 dBA reduction was obtained for the EPI case. Conclusion: The result is highly encouraging because it shows great potential for treating magnetic resonance imaging noise with an ANC application during real-time scanning. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Current concerns in American library education

Education for librarianship is passing through a period of far-reaching changes in the United States. Many ofthese changes can be attributed to (a) the increasing use of technological aids in libraries, and (b) the uneasy but inevitable alliance between traditional librarianship and the newly emerging information profession. The aim of this paper is to discuss how the pervasive influence of information technology in libraries has generated new concerns and trends in education for librarianship in the United States. No one can deny that in the last decade, extraordinary developments in computer and communication technology have tremendously affected virtually every facet of librarianship. Shared technical services through electronic networks such as OCLC and RLIN, computerized circulation control systems, and online information retrieval are becoming routine and integral components of library service. The newest technological wave that is sweeping through the library world is the microcomputer. Some 200 public libraries in the USA have already installed coin-operated microcomputers. Library patrons can use these microcomputers for a variety of instructional and recreational purposes at charges ranging from free to six dollars per hour. These coin-operated microcomputers in public libraries have become so popular among library users that eventually almost all libraries in the country will have these machines as standard equipment for public use along with other equipment such as the pay-telephone and the coin-operated copying machine. Some school libraries are even lending microcomputers to students for home use.
Further Results on O VII X-ray Coronal Line Emission

Abstract : Measurements of the intensity ratio of O VII solar x-ray emission lines were made during a three-day period in 1969. The results are essentially the same as obtained from a different satellite during an extended period in 1966/1967. These results lead to an upper bound on the coronal electron density from the regions emitting the O VII radiation of approximately 5x10 to the 9th power/cc. (Author)
Experience with the whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) in a University-affiliated community hospital

Abstract Background The purpose of this report is to review the current standards of the Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy and show that excellent results are achievable in a low-volume, university-affiliated community hospital. Methods A case series of consecutive patients operated on during the period November 1981 to June 1996 was evaluated retrospectively. Medical records were abstracted for demographic data, clinical presentation, comorbid factors, pathological diagnosis and staging, operative records, perioperative mortality, morbidity, and length of stay. Postoperative follow-up data were obtained from telephone interviews and from the primary referring physicians. Results A total of 29 patients underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy procedure during this 15-year period. Twenty-eight patients underwent the standard Whipple resection and 1 patient underwent an extended resection owing to the extent of the disease. The average age was 64 years (range 41 to 82). Comorbid diseases were present in 59% of cases. Jaundice was the main presenting complaint (62%), loss of weight and appetite was present in 34%. The most common indication for this procedure was malignant periampullary disease (83% of cases). Of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, 67% were stage I and 33% were stage III. The operation lasted an average of 5.5 hours (range 3.5 to 8 h). The mean operative blood loss was 1153 mL (range 250 to 4,000). The median length of stay was 11 days (range 7 to 81). There was 1 operative mortality (3%), and the overall major morbidity rate was 28%. Three patients required reoperation (10%), 2 for intraabdominal hemorrhage and 1 for delayed gastric emptying. The major morbidity was hemorrhage at the gastrojejunostomy site (14%); 2 cases were intraabdominal and 2 were intraluminal. Pancreaticojejunostomy leak occurred in 1 patient, resulting in a localized intraabdominal abscess. Delayed gastric emptying, defined as the need for nasogastric suctioning for more than 10 days postoperatively, occurred in only 1 patient. Overall, an oral diet was tolerated after a median of 6 days (range 4 to 61). Seventy-two percent of patients had no major complications at all, 17% had one major complication, and 10% had two or more major complications. Pancreatic insufficiency was the major long-term complication, developing in about 50% of patients. There were no biliary strictures. The median survival for patients with carcinoma of the pancreas was 21 months and the 5-year survival was 15%. Conclusions The above study demonstrates that a complicated procedure like the Whipple Pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed with excellent results in a community hospital. The most important prerequisite is that the surgeon be adequately trained in the procedure. In low-volume hospitals, the case load should be restricted to a minimal number of trained surgeons in order to concentrate the experience.
Impacts of relationships on customer retention in the banking industry

A survey of rural Michigan banks found that building good customer relationships is an important goal. The financial success of efforts to build relationships depends on the customer loyalty associated with friendly relationships. Customer loyalty was investigated in a survey of financial institution customers located in rural areas. Compared to unfriendly relationships, friendly relationships increased the interest rate differential on deposited funds required for a customer to switch institutions by 74 basic points. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficacy and Safety of Tolterodine Extended Release and Dutasteride in Male Overactive Bladder Patients With Prostates >30 Grams

Objectives To assess safety and efficacy of 4 mg tolterodine extended release (TER) with 0.5 mg dutasteride (DUT) in men with persistent overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) unsuccessfully treated with DUT alone. TER is indicated for OAB and DUT is indicated for LUTS from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods A total of 51 men treated with DUT for ≥6 months with persistent OAB symptoms enrolled in a 12-week, open-label study, and given TER (4 mg q.h.s.). Inclusion criteria were international prostate symptom score (IPSS) ≥12, IPSS quality-of-life item ≥3, significant bother, frequency (≥8 voids/24 h), and urgency (≥3 episodes/24 h). Visits occurred at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by changes in diary endpoints and IPSS (total, storage, and voiding). Safety was assessed by changes in postvoid residual, peak flow rate (Qmax.), adverse events, and retention. Results Baseline prostate volume was 54.3 mL. TER significantly reduced frequency and urgency: 24-hour micturition frequency (−3.2, P <.02), OAB episodes (19.2%, P <.03), severe OAB episodes (71.4%, P <.05), and nighttime voiding (−0.9, P <.003). IPSS decreased with DUT (19.3-14.3) and decreased with addition of TER to 7.1 (P <.001). Storage symptoms decreased from 9.8 to 4.5 (P <.001). Dry mouth occurred in 4 (7.5%) subjects, constipation in 1 (2%), and decreased sexual function in 2 (3.9%) subjects. Postvoid residual increased by 4.2 mL, Qmax. decreased by 0.2 mL/s, and no patients went into retention. Conclusions The combination TER and DUT was effective, safe, and well-tolerated in men with large prostates (≥30 mL) with persistent OAB symptoms and LUTS secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Systematic choice among multiple outputs of public projects without prices

Benefit-cost analysis has been applied to the evaluation of public investment projects whose outputs have market derived prices. When prices are attached to all inputs and outputs it is possible to systematically rank projects by net return and to derive some implications for budget size. However, a consistent and explicit basis for ranking projects with non-priced outputs has been lacking. A step by step procedure is developed for systematic choice when some or all outputs have no market value reference points. The method makes clear the information that can be provided by the analyst and that which must be provided by the political process. The procedure gives no easy answer to value conflicts among members of society, but it does allow citizens to determine if public officials are making project choices consistent with announced objectives and explicit value weights. Such procedures could facilitate public participation in project choice and monitoring the behavior of public officials.
Edge effects on vegetation and soils in a Virginia old-field

We investigated the effect of proximity to forest edge on plant community structure and ecosystem properties during succession, using field measurements of leaf area index (LAI), species composition, and soil carbon. Data were collected along four transects within a 14-year-old temperate successional field in north-central Virginia over the 2000 growing season. Additionally, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated from LANDSAT 7 satellite data at a resolution of 30 m for the entire field. Results showed that relative frequencies of trees increased with proximity to forest edge suggesting a more advanced stage of succession in areas close to the adjacent secondary forest. Significant negative relationships were observed between distance from forest edge and both peak season LAI and NDVI. LAI and NDVI values within 60 m of the forest edge, however, were not significantly different from those values in the adjacent mature secondary forest, suggesting that some community level properties may take relatively short periods of time to reach undisturbed states. The presence of several key plant species, particularly Celastrus scandens (climbing bittersweet), exhibited a strong control on the spatial variability of LAI and potentially the aboveground net primary production. Soil carbon levels did not show a significant increase at sites close to the adjacent secondary forest (relative to an adjacent crop field), as seen with LAI and NDVI, suggesting no recovery of soil carbon in these systems after 14 years. This study points to the complexity of factors that influence spatial patterns of succession in old-fields and suggests that invasive species may play an important role in successional pathways and carbon cycling.
Comparisons of Single-Row and Twin-Row Soybean Production in the Mid-South

A Maturity Group (MG) IV and MG V soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar were planted on beds in 102 cm single-rows or 25 cm twin-rows with 102 cm centers at 20, 30, 40, and 50 seeds m -2 in a Beulah fine sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Typic Dysrudepts) in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and in Sharkey clay (very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquerts) in 2009 and 2010 at Stoneville, MS. Despite furrow irrigation, drought and consistent maximum temperatures -32°C during 2010 reduced stands, yields, and seed weight at both sites. Twin-rows produced more plants than similar single-rows, which helped increase twin-rows yields compared to single-rows on the clay. Yields on the clay did not differ among seeding rates. Yields from twin-rows on the sandy loam were only greater than single-rows at 40 and 50 seeds m -2 for the MG IV cultivar and did not differ for the MG V. The MG IV cultivar tended to yield better than the MG V at both sites. The MG IV cultivar averaged 20 nodes plant -1 compared to 15 for the MG V. Both cultivars on the sandy loam average 59 pods plant -1 , while the MG V cultivar produced 70 pods plant -1 vs. 63 pods plant -1 for the MG IV cultivar on the clay. Twin-rows did not produce more pods plant -1 . Row type or seeding rate did not effect seed weight at either site. Seeds m -2 were greater for the MG IV cultivar on the sandy loam and corresponded with yield, but not so on the clay.
A structured framework for efficient problem solving in diagnostic expert systems

Abstract Diagnosis in chemical processing plants is recognized as an activity in which efficiency is achieved through structure in both the knowledge and the problem-solving strategy. By exploiting this structure in diagnostic expert systems, an efficient methodology for navigating the solution space of possible plant malfunctions results. One approach to computationally describing this structure is in terms of a small, finite set of underlying tasks which comprise the diagnostic activity. Since the task descriptions are independent of a particular application, the integration of the tasks forms a framework which is generally applicable to diagnosis in the domain. Within the context of this approach, a framework for a diagnostic expert system in the chemical plant domain is shown to consist fundamentally of a primary task associated with plant sensors and an auxiliary task associated with product quality data. The framework provides a means of appropriately leveraging both compiled and model-based knowledge.
Success and failure rates of tumor genotyping techniques in routine pathological samples with non-small-cell lung cancer

Abstract Introduction Identification of some somatic molecular alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become evidence-based practice. The success and failure rate of using commercially available tumor genotyping techniques in routine day-to-day NSCLC pathology samples is not well described. We sought to evaluate the success and failure rate of EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and ALK FISH in a cohort of lung cancers subjected to routine clinical tumor genotype. Methods Clinicopathologic data, tumor genotype success and failure rates were retrospectively compiled and analyzed from 381 patient-tumor samples. Results From these 381 patients with lung cancer, the mean age was 65 years, 61.2% were women, 75.9% were white, 27.8% were never smokers, 73.8% had advanced NSCLC and 86.1% had adenocarcinoma histology. The tumor tissue was obtained from surgical specimens in 48.8%, core needle biopsies in 17.9%, and as cell blocks from aspirates or fluid in 33.3% of cases. Anatomic sites for tissue collection included lung (49.3%), lymph nodes (22.3%), pleura (11.8%), bone (6.0%), brain (6.0%), among others. The overall success rate for EGFR mutation analysis was 94.2%, for KRAS mutation 91.6% and for ALK FISH 91.6%. The highest failure rates were observed when the tissue was obtained from image-guided percutaneous transthoracic core-needle biopsies (31.8%, 27.3%, and 35.3% for EGFR , KRAS , and ALK tests, respectively) and bone specimens (23.1%, 15.4%, and 23.1%, respectively). In specimens obtained from bone, the failure rates were significantly higher for biopsies than resection specimens (40% vs. 0%, p =0.024 for EGFR ) and for decalcified compared to non-decalcified samples (60% vs. 5.5%, p =0.021 for EGFR ). Conclusions Tumor genotype techniques are feasible in most samples, outside small image-guided percutaneous transthoracic core-needle biopsies and bone samples from core biopsies with decalcification, and therefore expansion of routine tumor genotype into the care of patients with NSCLC may not require special tissue acquisition or manipulation.
Glycoprotein synthesis: Activity of collagen-galactosyl and collagen-glucosyl transferases in synchronized mouse leukemic cells L5178Y☆

Abstract L5178Y cells in logarithmic growth phase were found to have 4 000 cpm/mg protein/h of collagen: galactosyl transferase activity and 16 000 cpm/mg protein/h of collagen:glucosyl transferase activity. Both enzymes were distributed as S period peak enzymes in synchronized L5178Y cells. Endogenous transfer of 14 C-glucose and 14 C-galactose into glycoprotein also occurred primarily in the S phase of the cell cycle.
Ceftobiprole is superior to vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid for treatment of experimental endocarditis in rabbits caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Beta lactam agents are the most active drugs for the treatment of streptococci and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. However, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is resistant to all beta lactam agents licensed to date, and alternative treatments are limited. Ceftobiprole is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin that binds with high affinity to PBP 2a, the penicillin binding protein that mediates the methicillin resistance of staphylococci and is active against MRSA. Ceftobiprole was compared to vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid in a rabbit model of MRSA aortic valve endocarditis caused by the homogeneously methicillin-resistant laboratory strain COL. Residual organisms in vegetations were significantly fewer in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in any other treatment group (P < 0.05 for each comparison). In addition, the numbers of organisms in spleens and in kidneys were significantly lower in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in linezolid- and vancomycin-treated animals (P < 0.05 for each comparison). Anti-MRSA beta lactam agents such as ceftobiprole may represent a significant therapeutic advance over currently available agents for the treatment of MRSA endocarditis.
Causal Pixel Purity Index (PPI)

Pixel Purity Index (PPI) has been widely used in endmember extraction. While it is available in ENVI software there are several interesting issues arising in its implementation. This paper re-invents the wheel by re-visiting the design rationale of the PPI and re-designing algorithms to implement PPI. More specifically, it develops the so-called Causal PPI (CPPI) which implements the PPI in a causal manner in the sense that the information used for data processing is only up to the data sample currently being visited. If the time required for computer processing is negligible, the CPPI actually becomes a real time PPI. The proposed CPPI can be implemented automatically and resolves the main issue of requiring human intervention to determine parameters.
Comment on the Use of Eminent Domain to Restructure Performing Loans

There has been a lot of fear-mongering by financial industry trade groups over the widespread use of eminent domain to restructure residential mortgages. While there may be legitimate business reasons to oppose its use, its inconsistency with Takings jurisprudence should not be one of them. To date, the federal government’s responses to the current crisis in the housing markets have been at cross purposes, half-hearted and self-defeating. So it is not surprising that local governments are attempting to fashion solutions to the problem with the tools at their disposal. Courts should, and likely will, give these democratically-implemented and constitutionally-sound solutions a wide berth as the ship of state tries to right itself after being swamped by a tidal wave of mortgage defaults.
Relevance to Practice as a Criterion for Rigor

The authors argue for a reconceptualization of rigor that requires sustained, direct, and systematic documentation of what takes place inside programs to document how students and teachers change and adapt interventions in interactions with each other in relation to their dynamic local contexts. Building on promising new programs at the Institute of Education Sciences, they call for the formulation of collaborative research standards that must require researchers to provide evidence that they have engaged in a process to surface and negotiate the focus of their joint work, and to document the ways participation in this process was structured to include district and school leaders, teachers, parents, community stakeholders, and, wherever possible, children and youth. They close by describing how this new criterion—“relevance to practice”—can ensure the longevity and efficacy of educational research.
An index to identify late-successional forest in temperate and boreal zones

Old forests of the temperate and boreal zones are globally critical for forest biodiversity conservation yet are rapidly declining where commercial forestry dominates. Forest certification programs are the only global policyinstruments that require private landowners to conserveold forest, but certified landowners lack the necessary practical tools to do so. We developed statistically based, practical late-successional indices that can be used in the field to quickly identify high-conservation value old forest. We measured late-successional forest attributes in economically mature and older stands to be able to distinguish economically mature stands from late-successional stands for two forest types: northern hardwood forest and upland spruce-fir forest. Based on step-wise discriminant function analysis, the best single variable for both forest types was large (40 cm dbh) alive and dead tree density. For upland spruce-fir forest, the best linear discriminant function was created by adding one variable: large (35 cm dbh) log count. The thresholds levels between economically mature and late-successional stands were: 9 large live and dead trees/ 0.02 ha plot for northern hardwoods, 8 large live and dead trees/0.02 ha plot for upland spruce-fir forest, and a linear discriminant function score of 2.147 for upland spruce-fir forest. Indices were developed using old-growth data to provide reference levels with scores ranging from 0 to 10. The indices misclassified approximately 15% of economically mature and late-successional stands from an independent dataset. The indices increased across a range of seral classes with the greatest increases occurring between late seral stages. The indices were correlated with other latesuccessional attributes including: large snags, large logs, abundance of seven LS epiphyte taxa, tree size distribution, and dead wood variables. Our indices have been used to: conserve old forest by certified landowners; train foresters about ecological forestry; verify the implementation of latesuccessional management goals; and assess trends of late-successional forest in the region. Our approach could be used to develop LS indices for other regions to help conserve old forest. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A micromechanical modelling approach for predicting particle dislodgement

In recent years, the impulse and energy concepts have been proposed as a means of improving the prediction of sediment particle entrainment. Because they account for temporal aspects of the applied hydrodynamic forces, impulse-based or energy-based approaches provide a better representation of a highly fluctuating phenomenon compared to the more traditional time-averaged Shields parameter or constant force magnitude-based model. In the present paper, we elaborate further on the simulation of particle migration by applying a theoretical model based on hydrodynamic pressure data. Three common movement scenarios and the dynamic critical drag force, allowed to vary during particle motion, are qualitatively discussed here. Also, the possible inaccuracy in entrainment prediction of three different models is addressed with reference to our simulation results. It is demonstrated that the multi-parcel impulse model has the best performance when compared to the single-parcel impulse and force magnitude-based models.
Neural encoding of cocaine-seeking behavior is coincident with phasic dopamine release in the accumbens core and shell

Mesolimbic dopamine neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are part of a complex circuit mediating cocaine-directed behaviors. However, the precise role of rapid (subsecond) dopamine release within the primary subregions of the NAc (the core and shell) and its relationship to NAc cell firing during this behavior remain unknown. Here, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in rats we report rapid dopamine signaling in both the core and shell; however, significant differences were observed in the timing of dopamine release events within seconds of the cocaine-reinforced response during self-administration sessions. Importantly, simultaneous voltammetric and electrophysiological recordings from the same electrode reveal that, at certain sites within both subregions, neurons exhibiting patterned activation were observed at locations where rapid dopamine release was present; the greater the strength of the neural signal the larger the dopamine release event. In addition, it was at those locations that electrically-evoked stimulated release was greatest. No changes in dopamine were observed where nonphasic neurons were recorded. Thus, although differences are evident in dopamine release dynamics relative to cocaine-reinforced responding within the core and shell, dopamine release is heterogeneous within each structure and varies as a function of precise neuronal targets during cocaine-seeking behavior.
Lyapunov-based design of resilient observers for a class of nonlinear systems and general performance criteria

A class of continuous-time nonlinear system and measurement equations having incrementally conic nonlinearities and finite energy disturbances is considered. A Lyapunov based resilient observer design approach is presented, which guarantees the satisfaction of a variety of performance criteria ranging from estimation error boundedness to dissipativity of various types. Linear matrix inequalities are used in the feasibility study of the solution. Some simulation studies are included to illustrate and provide support to the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology.
Nine days of intensive exercise training improves mitochondrial function but not insulin action in adult offspring of mothers with type 2 diabetes.

Context: A close association between insulin resistance and reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity has been reported in adult offspring of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), prompting a hypothesis that insulin resistance may result from mitochondrial dysfunction or vice versa. Objective: We determined whether 9 d of intensive exercise training ameliorates the mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in offspring of T2D. Methods: We compared the response to 9 d of intensive exercise training in eight (seven females, one male) healthy adult offspring of mothers with T2D with eight (six females, two males) nondiabetic controls. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production was assessed using a luciferase-based assay, and insulin sensitivity was measured using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Results: Short-term intensive training increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production and citrate synthase activity similarly in both groups (P < 0.01). In contrast, whereas short-term intensive tra...
Preclinical Development Strategies for Novel Gene Therapeutic Products

With over 220 investigational new drug applications currently active, gene therapy represents one of the fastest growing areas in biotherapeutic research. Initially conceived for replacing defective genes in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or inborn errors of metabolism with genes encoding the normal, or wild-type, gene product, gene therapy has expanded into other novel applications such as treatment of cancer or cardiovascular disease, where the risk:benefit profiles may be more acceptable in relation to the severity of the disease. Different types of vectors, including modified retroviruses, adenoviruses, adenovirus-associated viruses, and herpesviruses and plasmid DNA, are used to transfer foreign genetic material into patients' cells or tissues. Developing a toxicology program to determine the safety of these agents, therefore, requires a modified approach that encompasses the pharmacology and toxicity of both the gene product itself and the vector system used for delivery in the context of the application for the clinical trial. In general, the issues involved in designing and developing appropriate preclinical testing to determine the safety of these products are similar to those encountered for other recombinant molecules, including protein biotherapeutics. Limitations to some of the typical toxicology studies conducted for a traditional drug development program may exist for these agents, and nontraditional approaches may be required to demonstrate their safety. Many factors may affect the safety and clinical activity of these agents, including the route, frequency, and duration of exposure and the type of vector employed. Other safety considerations include quantitation of the duration and degree of expression of the vector in target and other tissues, the effects of gene expression on organ pathology and/or histology, evaluation of trafficking of gene-transduced cells or vector after injection, and interactions of the host immune system with the transduced cell population. Because of the unique concerns regarding each of these therapies, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research encourages sponsors to obtain toxicity data whenever possible while evaluating the pharmacologic activity of the vector in a species or animal model relevant to their clinical indication. Sponsors are encouraged to discuss preclinical study design and results with the Center during product development to facilitate early identification of safety concerns prior to entry of these novel agents into the clinical setting and to ensure an uninterrupted course of development while addressing issues required for licensure.
Payments for Ecosystem Services Programs: Predicting Landowner Enrollment and Opportunity Cost Using a Beta-Binomial Model

This paper concerns predicting enrollment in payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs to promote habitat preservation on private lands. We develop a beta-binomial model to address both program participation and the amount of land enrolled by each potential enrollee. We apply the estimation approach to stated preference data from non-industrial private forest owners in Finland. As an alternative econometric model, we also develop a multivariate censored regression model of enrollments. Using cross-validation, we find that the beta-binomial model predicts at least as well as the multivariate censored model yet has fewer parameters. Using our estimation results, we demonstrate policy predictions regarding program enrollment and landowner opportunity cost.
Stream denitrification and total nitrate uptake rates measured using a field 15N tracer addition approach

We measured denitrification and total nitrate uptake rates in a small stream (East Fork of Walker Branch in eastern Tennessee) using a new field 15 N tracer addition and modeling approach that quantifies these rates for entire stream reaches. The field experiment consisted of an 8-h addition of 99 atom% K 15 NO3 and a conservative solute tracer. Two 15 N tracer addition experiments were performed on consecutive days, the first under ambient NO concentra2 3 tions (23 m gNL 21 ) and the second with a NO addition of approximately 500 m gNL 21 . We fit first-order NO 2 2 3 3 uptake and two-box denitrification models to the longitudinal measurements of tracer 15
X-ray optics. 2: A technique for high resolution spectroscopy

A novel combination of optical elements and properties is combined to achieve high spectral resolution using grazing incidence optics of modest quality. We show through analysis and ray tracing of examples that using radial groove gratings at high blaze angles in the manner of an echelle spectrograph can provide high spectral resolution. We compare this arrangement to the conventional in-plane designs and show the off-plane to be superior in nearly every respect. Cross dispersion can be provided by the energy resolution of a CCD detector. Then, we show how additional resolution can be squeezed from the system by strategic placement of gratings to take advantage of the azimuthal response of a Wolter x-ray optic. With a telescope that has only 30-sec of arc imaging we are able to support resolution lambda/deltalambda of 3000, while a conventional design at the same graze angle supports resolution of only 200.
The effect of repeated administration of ipodate (Oragrafin) in hyperthyroidism.

This report describes the effect of administration of repeated doses of ipodate (Oragrafin; 3 g orally every third day for five doses) in six hyperthyroid patients. Baseline serum concentrations of immunoassayable T3, rT3, and T4 were 926 ± 206 ng/100 ml, 165 ± 31 ng/100 ml and 21 ± 2.7 μg/100 ml (mean ± SEM), respectively. Within 24 h after the first dose of ipodate, serum T3 fell by 54% and it remained between 66–77% below baseline until the third day after the fifth dose; subsequently, there was a gradual recovery from the effect of ipodate. Serum T4 also decreased after ipodate administration; it was 23–31% lower than baseline from the second day after the third dose to the sixth day after the fifth dose. Serum rT3 increased after each dose of ipodate; peak values of 97%–203% above baseline value were observed at 24–48 h after each dose. There was a subjective improvement in clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism in all cases. Resting pulse rate and pulse pressure dropped significantly (P < 0.02) by the...
Suppression of Capillary Instability of a Polymeric Thread via Parallel Plate Confinement

We investigate the stability of a polymer thread imbedded in a matrix that is confined between two parallel plates. Utilizing a combination of experiments, numerical simulations (lattice−Boltzmann), and surface area calculations, we find substantial deviations from the classical results when the diameter of the thread (D0) is comparable to the height (H) of the matrix. We find three regimes as a function of H/D0: For H/D0≳ 3, the thread breaks up into droplets through a finite wavelength axisymmetric capillary instability as described by Rayleigh and Tomotika. For 1.3 ≲ H/D0 ≲ 3, the effects of the confinement are felt; the shape becomes nonaxisymmetric, the early-stage growth rate decreases, and the wavelength increases. For sufficiently low H/D0, we observe that the thread is stable with respect to the capillary instability over the experimental time scales. The simulations qualitatively agree with the experiments and reveal that while the shape of the growing bulges is nonaxisymmetic, the narrowing ne...
Double Discounting: The Effects of Comparative Negligence on Mock Juror Decision Making

Two experiments were conducted to ascertain the effects of comparative negligence on damage awards. Participants awarded damages for a mock medical malpractice case in which the level of the plaintiff's negligence was varied. Both experiments showed that damage awards were doubly discounted for partially negligent plaintiffs. Experiment 1 also found that the responses of college students did not differ from those of people who had been called for jury duty. Experiment 2 examined four components of the damage award and showed that the reduction due to the level of the plaintiff's negligence occurred only in damages for bodily harm. Implications for the judicial system are discussed.
On Using Microcomputers in Statistical Analysis

Over several years, I have used microcomputers for most of my statistical analyses. This article is a summary of some of my preferences and thoughts from this experience. Some of the ideas expressed here, of course, are distillations and re-expressions of the thoughts of others. When you use a microcomputer for your analyses, you assume all the roles traditionally associated with a computer center. You are responsible for the purchase of your machines, supplies and program selection. One problem that may arise is that you may not have a program you need or it may not exist in a version for your computer. If this is the case, you must either find a program that does the job you want or move the data set to a different computer. This problem is less severe now than it was a few years ago because many major statistical packages are available.
The “Age of Crinoids”: A Mississippian Biodiversity Spike Coincident with Widespread Carbonate Ramps

Crinoids reached their highest generic richness and overall abundance during the Mississippian, which thus has been dubbed the Age of Crinoids. The causes are hypothesized to be from the coincidence of two factors. First, in the wake of the Late Devonian mass-extinction event, the five major crinoid groups recovered and radiated in the Early Mississippian. The advanced cladids continued to radiate from their origin in the Early Devonian and reached a peak in the Middle Mississippian (Visean) that was not exceeded again until the Middle Pennsylvanian (Moscovian). Second, the Late Devonian mass-extinction event destroyed the extensive coral-stromatoporoid platform-edge reefs that had restricted circulation on carbonate platforms and limited the abundance of crinoids, which are stenohaline. The resulting carbonate ramps during the Mississippian had improved circulation, producing stenohaline conditions that resulted in an abundance peak for crinoids, recorded by widespread regional encrinites on multiple continents. This increased habitat space was ideal for camerate crinoids and resulted in a new radiation of camerate crinoids. The simultaneous radiation of pinnulate cladids and the short resurgence of camerates were responsible for the biodiversity spike in the Mississippian. The Age of Crinoids ended with a major drop in sea level at the end of the Mississippian as massive glaciers formed on Gondwana and epicontinental seas were drained.
A Component-Based Data Management and Knowledge Discovery Framework for Aviation Studies

Organizations are beginning to apply data mining and knowledge discovery techniques to their corporate data sets, thereby enabling the identification of trends and the discovery of inductive knowledge. Since traditional transaction databases are not optimized for analytical processing, they must be transformed. This article proposes the use of modular components to decrease the overall amount of human processing and intervention necessary for the transformation process. Our approach configures components to extract data-sets using a set of “extraction hints.” Our framework incorporates decentralized, generic components that are reusable across domains and databases. Finally, we detail an implementation of our componentbased framework for an aviation data set.
Graph Drawing for Security Visualization

With the number of devices connected to the internet growing rapidly and software systems being increasingly deployed on the web, security and privacy have become crucial properties for networks and applications. Due the complexity and subtlety of cryptographic methods and protocols, software architects and developers often fail to incorporate security principles in their designs and implementations. Also, most users have minimal understanding of security threats. While several tools for developers, system administrators and security analysts are available, these tools typically provide information in the form of textual logs or tables, which are cumbersome to analyze. Thus, in recent years, the field of security visualization has emerged to provide novel ways to display security-related information so that it is easier to understand. In this work, we give a preliminary survey of approaches to the visualization of computer security concepts that use graph drawing techniques.
Chromosome Arrangement in Interphase and in Differentiated Nuclei

Until some 10 years ago our knowledge of the structure of interphase nuclei was limited to a few aspects of chromosome arrangement. As early as 1885, Carl Rabl showed that chromosomes remain in the same polarized orientation through interphase that they had assumed in anaphase. This Rabl orientation, as it has been called, is often still visible in the following prophase (Fig. 14.1a, b; Heitz, 1933). Rabl also found that chromosomes in interphase do not form a tangle of threads, but that each of them occupies a defined territory, a domain. Recent studies done by creating prematurely condensed chromosomes (Sperling and Ludtke, 1981; Cremer et al., 1982) and by hybridizing specific DNA probes to nuclei (Manuelidis, 1985; Schardin et al., 1985) have shed new light on the nuclear structure. The latter technique, especially, has made visible the domains of individual chromosomes and has enabled the determination of numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities in interphase nuclei (Cremer et al., 1988).
SOME FACTORS IN DELAYED DIAGNOSIS IN NONTROPICAL SPRUE.

Four cases of nontropical sprue are presented in which gastrointestinal symptoms were either absent or inconspicuous. The clinical picture was dominated by various nutritional deficiency states, including anemia, osteomalacia, hemorrhagic tendency and edema.These cases serve to emphasize that the clinical picture of sprue may be incomplete and that this disorder should be suspected when an unexplained nutritional deficiency is present, even in the absence of diarrhea.