cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative study of the general world knowledge and language development of pre‐kindergarten children from either day care or in‐home care

General world knowledge and language development of pre‐kindergarten children from either day care or in‐home care were compared. Sample groups were delimited to English speaking in‐tact middle‐ and upper‐middle class families where parents were college educated professionals. Day care sample had been placed there due to parents’ desires to continue careers. Subjects were at least 5, enrolled for Kindergarten in large private schools. Subjects were given the Peabody Individual Achievement Test ‐ Revised with additional questioning and probing and sessions were recorded. ANOVA for General Information and Total Test scores showed no significant differences. A two‐way ANOVA showed that in‐home care boys scored significantly higher. Positive indicators of language development were: complete sentences, complete thoughts, expanded vocabulary, elaboration of ideas, correct word usage, clear speech, logical flow of ideas. Negative indicators: irrelevant statements, nonsensical statements, incorrect word usage, un...
Pubertal Timing and Substance Use: The Effects of Gender, Parental Monitoring and Deviant Peers

Purpose: Early pubertal timing is associated with early initiation of cigarettes and alcohol; we evaluated parental monitoring and affiliation with deviant peers in a moderated, mediational model of this relationship for both genders. Methods: We tested a prospective model explaining the process through which pubertal timing is related to early use of cigarettes and alcohol for 360 fourth and fifth graders, following them for 4 years. Results: We found a relation between early pubertal maturation and trying cigarettes and alcohol without parents' knowledge for both boys and girls. In addition, for both genders, parental monitoring moderated the association between pubertal timing and trying alcohol, but not trying cigarettes. Affiliation with deviant peers mediated the effect of pubertal timing on both alcohol and cigarette initiation for girls only. Conclusions: Although pathways to substance use differ by gender, both early maturing girls and boys should be regarded as high-risk populations for initiation of substances, and intervention programs may be more effective if they are targeted accordingly. © 2008 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
Potent and selective nonpeptidic inhibitors of procollagen C-proteinase.

6-Cyclohexyl-N-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)hexanamides were previously disclosed as inhibitors of procollagen C-proteinase (PCP) culminating in the identification of amide 1. Our objective was to discover a second inhibitor that would have improved affinity for PCP and to optimize properties for transepidermal delivery (TED) to intact skin. Further investigation of this template identified a number of potent PCP inhibitors (IC50 values of 2−6 nM) with improved TED flux. Sulfonamide 56 had excellent PCP enzyme activity when measured with a peptide substrate (Ki 8.7 nM) or with the endogenous substrate procollagen (IC50 3.4 nM) and demonstrates excellent selectivity over MMPs involved in wound healing (>10 000-fold). In the fibroplasia model, 56 inhibited deposition of insoluble collagen by 76 ± 2% at 10 μM and was very effective at penetrating human skin in vitro with a TED flux of 1.5 μg/cm2/h, which compares favorably with values for agents that are known to penetrate skin well in vivo. Based on this...
DNA base compositions and photoreactivation capabilities of six Hansenula species

The DNA base compositions and photoreactivable sectors of six species of Hansenula were determined. The G+C ratios revealed two groups; the first had values of 38 to 44% and the second had lower values of 32–36%. Hansenula muscicola could not repair the UV-induced damage; whereas, H. dryadoides, H. lynferdii, H. ofunaensis, H. philodendra and H. sydowiorum could do so.
Impact of semiconductor optical amplifiers in coherent down-conversion microwave photonic links

We compare the impact of conventional semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and high-linearity slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers (SCOWAs) on the SFDR of carrier-suppressed coherent down-conversion microwave photonic links.
(E)-Methyl 2-[(2S,3S,12bR)-3-ethyl-8-meth­oxy-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octa­hydro­indolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl]-3-methoxy­acrylate ethanol solvate

In the title compound, C23H30N2O4·C2H6O, the indole derivative has four fused rings, forming an indolo[2-3a]quinolizine system, in which one six-membered ring is directly connected to the indole unit and has a distorted chair conformation. The fourth ring is also a six-membered ring, depicting a regular chair conformation. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N inter­actions, forming a C(7) chain.
Lipschitz and BMO norm inequalities for operators

Abstract In this paper, we obtain Lipschitz norm inequalities and BMO norm inequalities for operators applied to differential forms satisfying the nonhomogeneous A -harmonic equation.
Unifocalization of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect is essential to achieve excellent outcomes irrespective of native pulmonary artery morphology.

Objective Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries is a complex lesion with a high rate of natural attrition. We evaluated the outcomes of our strategy of unifocalization in the management of these patients. Methods From 1989 to 2008, 216 patients entered a pathway aiming for complete repair by unifocalizing major aortopulmonary arteries to a right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit with ventricular septal defect closure. Where ventricular septation was not possible, definitive repair was considered to include pulmonary artery reconstruction and a right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit or systemic shunt. Native pulmonary artery morphology was classified into confluent intrapericardial (n = 139), confluent intrapulmonary (n = 51), and nonconfluent intrapulmonary (n = 26). Results A total of 203 patients (85%) had definitive repair at a median age of 2.0 years. There was no statistically significant difference in survival after complete repair among the 3 morphologic pulmonary artery groups ( P = .18). A total of 132 patients (56%) had complete repair with ventricular septal defect closure, as a single procedure in 111 patients and a staged procedure in 21 patients. Focalization of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries with proven long-term patency with the right ventricle was associated with a survival benefit compared with 14 patients in whom unifocalization was not possible and who had only systemic shunts. Overall survival was 89% at 3 years after definitive repair. During follow-up, 190 patients required 196 catheter reinterventions and 60 surgical reinterventions. Conclusion By using a strategy of unifocalization, intrapericardial pulmonary artery reconstruction, and right ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit, excellent long-term survival can be achieved in this group of patients even in the absence of native intrapericardial pulmonary arteries.
Forward Search as a Cryptanalytic Tool Against a Public Key

In symmetric cryptosystems that depend on a single (secret) key for both encryption and decryption, a cryptanalyst -- since the key is unknown to him -- must either work backward from the cipher or else from the cipher and some known pairs of plain-text messages and matching ciphers in attempting to recover the plaintext. In an asymmetric (two key) cryptosystem used in the public key, i.e., privacy channel, mode where the encryption key is publicly expcxsedso that anyone who wishes can encrypt messages that can mly be decrypted by the person having the (secret) decryption key, a cryptanalytic weakness may occur that has no counterpart in symmetric systems. If the entropy of the input messages is too small (roughly speaking if it is computationally feasible to search through the most likely messages) either because the total number of messages is small or because a small number of the messages occur with high probabilities, the cryptanalyst can pre-encrypt these messages to form a cipher file that can then be matched against observed ciphers to accomplish a simple substitution decryption. This forward search cryptanalytic weakness of a public key privacy channel is purely a function of the entropy of the plaintext messages and does not depend on the existence of any cryptanalytic weakness in the concealment of the secret decryption key from a knowledge of the public encryption key in the underlying public key algorithm.
Structural and Functional Characterization of Interaction between Hepatitis B Virus X Protein and the Proteasome Complex

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a unique fourth open reading frame coding for a 16.5-kDa protein known as hepatitis B virus X protein (HBX). The importance of HBX in the life cycle of HBV has been well established, but the underlying molecular function of HBX remains controversial. We previously identified a proteasome subunit PSMA7 that interacts specifically with HBX in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid system. Here we demonstrate that PSMC1, an ATPase-like subunit of the 19 S proteasome component, also interacts with HBX and PSMA7. Analysis of the interacting domains among PSMA7, PSMC1, and HBX by deletion and site-directed mutagenesis suggested a mutually competitive structural relationship among these polypeptides. The competitive nature of these interactions is further demonstrated using a modified yeast two-hybrid dissociator system. The crucial HBX sequences involved in interaction with PSMA7 and PSMC1 are important for its function as a transcriptional coactivator. HBX, while functioning as a coactivator of AP-1 and acidic activator VP-16 in mammalian cells, had no effect on the transactivation function of their functional orthologs GCN4 and Gal4 in yeast. Overexpression of PSMC1 seemed to suppress the expression of various reporters in mammalian cells; this effect, however, was overcome by coexpression of HBX. In addition, HBX expression inhibited the cellular turnover of c-Jun and ubiquitin-Arg-β-galactosidase, two well known substrates of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Thus, interaction of HBX with the proteasome complex in metazoan cells may underlie the functional basis of proteasome as a cellular target of HBX.
Heisenberg model and a random walk on the permutation group

It is shown that the isotropic Heisenberg model can be analysed in terms of a random walk on the permutation group. This approach makes it intuitively clear why the Heisenberg model exhibits long range order or ferrogmagnetic behavior in three dimensions and not in two and one dimensions. This approach to the Heisenberg model lends itself to computer analysis.
Retardation effects on the Efimov states

The retardation effect causes a small but finite change in the two-body potential, which in turn results in a large reduction in the scattering length A when the strength is near its critical value for forming a zero-energy bound state. This coupling to the vacuum fluctuation field thus affects the two-body dynamics such that the Efimov phenomenon is destroyed. Enhanced response of the scattering length $\ensuremath{\Delta}A$ for a small change in the two-body potential may be employed to gain efficiency and accuracy in experiments; for example, in testing body bound states in a cold atomic gas. The retardation effect can remove several Efimov bound states, depending on how large the change in scattering length is. Manipulation of the two-body potential by external fields is suggested to modify or eliminate some Efimov states. The optimal choice suggested from this analysis is to manipulate A such that $A/\ensuremath{\Delta}A\ensuremath{\ll}1.$ Also included is a discussion on the additivity correction to the two-body polarization potential due to the Casimir effect.
The Angiocardiographic Diagnosis of Valvular Stenosis

The angiocardiographic diagnosis of valvular stenosis depends on demonstrating a limitation in the motion of the cusps or leaflets so that the valve cannot open completely. In general, this technique is best for study of the pulmonic and aortic valves although a fairly accurate evaluation of the pliability or rigidity of a stenotic mitral valve can also be made. The normal valve cusps are usually not seen during systole, but, when they are stenotic, they assume a domelike configuration, bulging in the direction of blood flow. This is easily seen and is quite characteristic. Despite the degree of stenosis, so long as the cusps or leaflets are not severely fibrotic, they can appear normal in their diastolic position.
A new online manuscript submission and tracking system for Pediatric Nephrology in 2005

With the beginning of the new year, some significant changes will take place within our journal. In addition to a change in the editorial board, we are now implementing a new, electronic system for manuscript submission and tracking: This means that starting 1 January 2005, editorial processing of all Pediatric Nephrology manuscripts will be handled exclusively online. Manuscript Central was developed by ScholarOne (USA) and selected by our publisher Springer (Germany). This new system has several advantages: 1. Manuscripts will not have to be submitted as hard copies in quadruplicate, and glossy copies of figures will no longer be required. 2. The review process will be performed online, which will speed up the review of manuscripts. 3. Editorial decisions, passing on of referees’ comments, as well as resubmission of revised manuscripts by the authors will also be completed online. Mailing and courier costs will be reduced considerably for both the authors and the editorial offices. 4. The time between submission and publication will thus be shortened significantly.
Computer-assisted intraoperative mapping of the entire ventricular epicardium in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Intraoperative mapping with a hand-held, roving electrode requires a sustained rhythm lasting 5 to 10 minutes. To overcome this limitation, a computerized mapping system that records from 60 epicardial electrodes simultaneously was used to study 16 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A sock containing 6 rows of electrodes arranged concentrically from base to apex was placed over the ventricles. The total time from placing the sock to analyzing the most basal row of electrode recordings was 5 minutes. A 39 × 44-mm plaque containing 56 electrodes was then placed across the atrioventricular (AV) groove for detailed simultaneous mapping of the ventricle and atrium in the preexcited region identified from the most basal row of sock electrodes. During plaque placement and recording, the remaining sock recordings were analyzed and a complete isochronal epicardial map was drawn. The plaque recordings were then analyzed. This technique rapidly detects early activation at the AV groove as do other computer systems using only a band of electrodes around the AV groove. Also, complete epicardial mapping supplied important additional information. One patient with a posterior paraseptal accessory pathway had ventricular epicardial breakthrough below the strip recorded by the AV band. When more than 1 early activation site was present along the AV groove, complete maps allowed multiple pathways to be differentiated from normal activation fronts ascending from the bundle branches. Complete epicardial maps allowed the study of rapidly changing or short-lived electrical events including isolated premature impulses, initiation and termination of reciprocating tachycardia by pacing, entrainment and changing degrees of fusion created by pacing during reciprocating tachycardia, and ventricular responses during atrial fibrillation. Thus, computer-assisted mapping of the entire ventricular epicardium offers specific advantages over both hand-held probe mapping and computer mapping using only an AV band of electrodes.
Roles for βpat-3 Integrins in Development and Function ofCaenorhabditis elegans Muscles and Gonads

Heterodimeric integrin receptors for extracellular matrix (ECM) play vital roles in bidirectional signaling during tissue development, organization, remodeling, and repair. The β integrin subunit cytoplasmic domain is essential for transmission of many of these signals and overexpression of an unpaired β tail in cultured cells inhibits endogenous integrins. Unlike vertebrates, which have at least nine β subunit genes, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses only one β subunit (βpat-3), and a null mutation in this gene causes embryonic lethality. To determine the functions of integrins during larval development and in adult tissues, we have taken a dominant negative approach by expression of an HA-βtail transgene composed of a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag extracellular domain connected to the βpat-3 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Expression of this transgene in muscle and gonad, major sites of integrin expression, caused a variety of phenotypes dependent on the level of transgene expression. Abnormalities in body wall and sex muscles led to uncoordinated movement and egg-laying defects. Significant anomalies in migration and pathfinding were caused by tissue-specific expression of HA-βtail in the distal tip cells (DTC), the cells that direct gonad morphogenesis. A pat-3gene with Tyr to Phe mutations in the cytoplasmic domain was able to rescue pat-3 null animals but also showed DTC migration defects. These results show that βpat-3 plays important roles in post-embryonic organogenesis and tissue function.
A phenomenological Gibbs function for the single cell region of the PbZrO3:PbTiO3 solid solution system

The ADAGE computer graphics system has been used to develop a modified Devonshire form for the elastic Gibbs function to describe the simple proper ferroelectric phases in the PbZrO3:PbTiO3 family of crystalline solid solutions. The unusual morphotropic phase boundary between tetragonal and rhombohedral forms has been used to help delineate the coefficients in the function at that composition. For the Devonshire formulation, spontaneous strain in the ferroelectric phases is assumed to be electrostrictive in origin and an x-ray determination of the strains as function of composition and temperature has been used to derive the composition and temperature dependence of the higher order stiffness coefficients. The Gibbs function which has been derived permits for the first time the calculation of the full family of thermal, elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric parameters for the ferroelectric single domain states and an evaluation of the manner in which these parameters change under different elastic and el...
Gaining a competitive advantage through customer service training

Research shows that when funds are tight, the most effective use of training investment is on frontline workers and frontline managers. Some of the key frontline employees are customer service representatives, since they are often the go‐between for customers and the company. One large mutlinational organization achieved a competitive edge by developing a customer service representative certificate program in cooperation with a Graduate School of Management and training management organization. Results impacted both the customer and the financial bottom line. Descriptions of this multi‐day certificate program, as well as important lessons for creating successful initiatives, are highlighted.
Who cares if police become violent? Explaining approval of police use of force using a national sample

Understanding police violence is important in part because police violence, if generally tolerated, could transform a society based on law into one governed by political and personal whim. This research asks whether the conflict perspective can explain which groups are more likely to approve of police use of force, and whether several dimensions of power are at issue or just a few. Previous studies have found that race is the most important factor in determining approval of police use of force. Gender, age, class, and other variables have shown mixed results. Using a national sample (1998 General Social Survey), this paper contributes a more comprehensive examination of this issue to the small body of literature in this area. We look at approval of police use of force in five scenarios. Our findings show that minorities and women are more likely to disapprove of police use of force. Supporting a narrow application of conflict theory, other dimensions of power appear not to affect attitudes toward police hitting citizens. Context of violence matters too. When situations are not actively threatening for officers, by near consensus, violence is unacceptable. Disagreement comes from less clear-cut circumstances.
Biodiesel production from soybean oil using calcined Li–Al layered double hydroxide catalysts

The transesterification of soybean oil to fatty acid methyl esters was studied using a calcined Li–Al layered double hydroxide catalyst. The catalyst exhibited high activity, with near quantitative oil conversion being obtained under mild conditions (reflux temperature of methanol) and short reaction times (≤ 4 h). The influence of relevant parameters (catalyst calcination temperature, methanol to oil mole ratio, catalyst charge and reaction duration) was examined.
A deprotonated intermediate in the amide methanolysis reaction of an N4O-ligated mononuclear zinc complex.

Treatment of [(ppbpa)Zn](ClO4)2 (1(ClO4)2, ppbpa = N-((6-(pivaloylamido)-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N,N-bis((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) with 1 equiv of Me4NOH·5H2O in methanol−acetonitrile solution results within minutes in the stoichiometric formation of a complex having a deprotonated amide, [(ppbpa-)Zn]ClO4 (3). Complex 3 has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis. Notably, upfield shifts of specific 1H NMR resonances of the amide-appended pyridyl moiety in 3, versus those found for 1(ClO4)2, indicate delocalization of the anionic charge within the amide-appended pyridyl donor of this complex. Heating of analytically pure 3 in methanol−acetonitrile results in amide alcoholysis. Overall, this alcoholysis reaction is second-order, with a first-order dependence on both 3 and methanol. Analysis of the rate of decay of 3 as a function of temperature yielded activation parameters consistent with an intramolecular amide cleavage process (ΔH⧧ = 15.0(3) kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −33(1) eu). A possible rea...
Modelling nutrient-periphyton dynamics in streams with surface–subsurface exchange

Abstract Stream ecosystems include both surface and subsurface components that are connected by the flow of water. Processes occurring in subsurface sediments affect those in the surface, and vice versa. A model was developed to investigate the effects of nutrient transformations occurring in subsurface sediments on the growth of surface-dwelling periphyton. In the model the stream is divided into three zones: free-flowing surface water, a surface storage zone where flow is minimal and where periphyton growth occurs, and a subsurface zone. Parameters were based on information from Sycamore Creek, Arizona, a nitrogen-limited desert stream that has been extensively studied. The behavior of the model was examined both at steady state and as it approached steady state after periphyton biomass was reduced to low values, simulating the effects of a scouring flood. Previous work has shown that subsurface sediments are a source of inorganic nutrients, mainly nitrogen, to surface water and to periphyton communities in Sycamore Creek. Thus it was expected that in this model, periphyton biomass would increase when exchange between surface and subsurface zones was increased, and biomass would also increase when the rate of nutrient transformation in subsurface sediments was increased. Model results confirmed the expectations and highlighted the important role of organic nitrogen in mediating the periphyton-nutrient feedback. Post-flood recovery of periphyton biomass was particularly sensitive to elevated concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in flood water. The model shows that processes in the subsurface zone can have a large effect on surface organisms, and illustrates how surface periphyton communities interact with subsurface microorganisms through the recycling of nutrients.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF ADRENAL MEDULLARY HORMONES ON RENAL EXCRETION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES IN THE INTACT RAT

IT HAS been reported by several investigators that the subcutaneous administration of adrenaline causes increased water and chloride excretion during water diuresis in the rat (Stein and Wertheimer, 1944; Gaunt et al., 1945; and Hays and Mathieson, 1945). Horres et at., (1950) found 30 μg./lOO gm. body weight of nor-epinephrine to be markedly diuretic, the same dosage of adrenaline was moderately diuretic and epinephrine at this dosage level had no effect on diuresis. These authors interpreted their results as indicating that adrenaline’s diuretic effect was due to its content of nor-epinephrine. After the report that low doses of epinephrine had no effect on water diuresis (Horres et al., 1950; Eversole et al., 1952), Drill and Bristol (1951) found that either epinephrine or nor-epinephrine in large doses (100 μg./100 gm. body weight) augmented urine flow during water diuresis. More recently Dexter and Stoner (1952) reported that 1-epinephrine and d,l-nor-epinephrine improved the diuretic response in adr...
The Relationship of Paper‐and‐Pencil Wellness Measures to Objective Physiological Indexes

College freshmen completed a paper-and-pencil wellness assessment instrument and a supplemental questionnaire and were given a number of physical tests including measures of body composition, cholesterol, blood pressure, and pulse rate. Analyses indicated there were no significant relationships between specific paper-and-pencil physical scores and specific objective physiological indicators but that when several wellness scores were considered simultaneously and general indicators of health were used, significant relationships did exist. There were also significant relationships between wellness scores and people's perceptions of their health. Limitations and implications of the results are discussed.
Chromosomal rearrangement generating a composite gene for a developmental transcription factor

Differential gene expression in the mother cell chamber of sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis is determined in part by an RNA polymerase sigma factor called sigma K (or sigma 27). The sigma K factor was assigned as the product of the sporulation gene spoIVCB on the basis of the partial aminoterminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein. The spoIVCB gene is now shown to be a truncated gene capable of specifying only the amino terminal half of sigma K. The carboxyl terminal half is specified by another sporulation gene, spoIIIC, to which spoIVCB becomes joined inframe at an intermediate stage of sporulation by site-specific recombination within a 5-base pair repeated sequence. Juxtaposition of spoIVCB and spoIIIC need not be reversible in that the mother cell and its chromosome are discarded at the end of the developmental cycle. The rearrangement of chromosomal DNA could account for the presence of sigma K selectively in the mother cell and may be a precedent for the generation of cell type-specific regulatory proteins in other developmental systems where cells undergo terminal differentiation.
Magnet nurse administrator attitudes and opportunities: toward improving lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-specific healthcare.

Objective This study explored Magnet® hospital chief nursing officers' (CNOs') attitudes toward gays and lesbians and the impact that these attitudes have on providing advocacy for lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) patients and staff. Background Homonegativity encompasses both heterosexism and homophobia and has profound effects on the health of LGBT populations. Little has been reported about the attitudes of CNOs toward LGBT populations and how these might impact advocacy for LGBT healthcare. Methods Surveys were electronically mailed to 343 Magnet CNOs. The Modern Homonegativity Scale was used to assess attitudes, and additional statements were developed to assess the comfort level of the respondent in advocating for LGBT populations. Results Attitudes among CNOs toward LGBT populations and comfort with advocating for LGBT populations were positively correlated. Those demonstrating less homonegative attitudes were more likely to feel comfortable advocating for LGBT patients and staff. Conclusions Recognizing and addressing bias among nurse leaders through education are important to ensure equitable healthcare for patients and employees.
Assessing the Anecdotes: Amicus Curiae, Legal Rules, and the U.S. Supreme Court

The support of amicus curiae may increase slightly the probability that the U.S. Supreme Court adopts the legal policy suggested by a litigant, but amici alone are rarely the source of legal doctrine. When amici echo the litigant's legal policy, however, they enhance the likelihood that the policy is chosen. Anecdotes that suggest that organized interests have a straightforward effect on Court policymaking appear to be just that—anecdotal. It seems instead that amici's influence on legal policy is conditional on their connection with litigants, and that they have—and may want—a less direct effect on Court policymaking than the literature suggests.
An analysis of potential firm survival within the Alabama and Mississippi shrimp fishery

Two different vessels are evaluated under alternative scenarios of replacement and no replacement of the vessel The older vessel’s ability to survive in the industry is determined by its annual cash flow. When forced to replace the vessel there is 88 percent chance of bankruptcy. The newer vessel has a greater potential for borrowing based on the value of the vessel and therefore a greater potential for success in the industry. The analysis prediets an exodus of older vessels from the industry and survivability linked to the ability to minimize the costs of operation.
Synthesis of branched-chain sugars: A stereoselective route to sibirosamine, kansosamine, and vinelose from a common precursor

Methyl 4,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-4-(N-methyl-N-phenylsulfonylamino)-alpha-L- mannopyranoside and methyl 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-mannopyranoside, derivatives of the branched-chain amino sugars sibirosamine and kansosamine, respectively, were synthesized by nucleophilic ring-opening of methyl 3,4-anhydro-6-deoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-talopyranoside. Catalytic reduction of methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyrano sid-4-ulose gave the axial alcohol methyl 6-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-talopyranoside, a known precursor to vinelose.
Research note: challenges of identifying female human trafficking victims using a national 1-800 call center

Human trafficking is a complex global and national crime problem harming victims physically, psychologically, and financially. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), Pub. La 106–386, and subsequent reauthorizations, provide assistance and benefits to foreign born victims of labor or sexual human trafficking who are here in the United States. The strategies used to encourage victims to come forward were modeled on those used in the anti- domestic violence (DV) and child protection movements. These include initiatives alerting the public to domestic violence situations through awareness campaigns to increase tips as well as calls for service to police. Other public service initiatives urge victims themselves to self-identify by calling 1-800 numbers. While these techniques have shown success in reducing incidences of domestic violence and providing help to victims, their use to combat sex trafficking has not produced the same level of results. This note explores the challenges for immigrant women victims to self-identify as trafficking victims and urges that evidence-based research is needed to determine the efficacy of a national call center approach.
Function of Ca(2+) release channels in Purkinje cells that survive in the infarcted canine heart: a mechanism for triggered Purkinje ectopy

Background— Triggered Purkinje ectopy can lead to the initiation of serious ventricular arrhythmias in post–myocardial infarction patients. In the canine model, Purkinje cells from the subendocardial border of the healing infarcted heart can initiate ventricular arrhythmias. Intracellular Ca2+ abnormalities underlie these arrhythmias, yet the subcellular reasons for these abnormalities remain unknown. Methods and Results— Using 2D confocal microscopy, we directly quantify and compare typical spontaneous Ca2+ events in specific subcellular regions of normal Purkinje cells with those Purkinje cells from the subendocardium of the 48-hour infarcted canine heart (IZPCs). The Ca2+ event rate was higher in the subsarcolemmal region of IZPCs when compared with normal Purkinje cells; IZPC amplitudes were higher, yet the spatial extents of these events were similar. The amplitude of caffeine-releasable Ca2+ in either the subsarcolemmal or core regions of IZPCs did not differ from normal Purkinje cells, suggesting that Ca2+ overload was not related to the frequency change. In permeabilized Purkinje cells from both groups, the event rate was related to free [Ca2+] in both subsarcolemmal and core, but in IZPCs, this event rate was significantly increased at each free Ca2+, suggesting an enhanced sensitivity to Ca2+ release. Furthermore, decays of wide long lasting Ca2+ release events in IZPC’s core were significantly accelerated compared with those in normal Purkinje cells. JTV519 (K201) suppressed IZPC cell wide Ca2+ waves as well as normalized the enhanced event rate and its response to free Ca2+. Conclusions— Increased spontaneous Ca2+ release events in IZPCs are due to uniform regionally increased Ca2+ release channel sensitivity to Ca2+ without a change in sarcoplasmic reticulum content. In addition, Ca2+ reuptake in IZPCs is accelerated. These properties would lower the threshold of Ca2+ release channels, setting the stage for the highly frequent arrhythmogenic cell wide Ca2+ waves observed in IZPCs. Received December 4, 2007; accepted August 8, 2008. # CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE {#article-title-2}
Effect of partial testosterone replacement or thymosin on anti-DNA in castrated (NZB × NZW)F1 males

Abstract Castration of young (3-week-old) but not older (3-month-old) male (NZB × NZW)F 1 mice was associated with autoantibody production similar to that of untreated female littermates. The castration-induced disease provided a unique model for the evaluation of therapeutic modalities during the first 9 months of life. Castrated male (NZB × NZW)F 1 mice were treated with either long-term thymosin (fraction 5) or testosterone for different periods of time. Continuous testosterone replacement abolished the autoimmune disease-accelerating effects of castration at 3 weeks. Brief treatment during either the early or the later periods of life of castrated (NZB × NZW)F 1 males was insufficient to prevent accelerated anti-DNA production. Thymosin treatment, when started at the time of castration and continued through life, abolished the rise in anti-DNA. These studies suggest that androgens work throughout the first 7 months of life of the mouse to suppress anti-DNA and that lack of androgens for a relatively brief period allows anti-DNA production to be initiated. Once initiated it cannot be completely suppressed. The cellular basis of the fixed aspect of this process is unknown. A possible role of the thymus is suggested by the ability of thymosin to suppress anti-DNA.
Effect of local pumping on random laser modes in one dimension

We have developed a numerical method based on the transfer matrix to calculate the quasi modes and lasing modes in one-dimensional random systems. Depending on the relative magnitude of the localization length versus the system size, there are two regimes in which the quasi modes are distinct in spatial profile and frequency distribution. In the presence of uniform gain, the lasing modes have one-to-one correspondence to the quasi modes in both regimes. Local excitation may enhance the weight of a mode within the gain region due to local amplification, especially in a weakly scattering system.
FTIR Spectroscopy Study of the Formation of Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates of Polycarboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Sodium Hypophosphite

In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to find formaldehyde-free durable press finishes to replace the traditional formaldehyde-based N-methylol compounds. 1,2,3,4-Butane-tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has been the most efficient nonformaldehyde crosslinking agent for cotton, with sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) being the most effective catalyst. In our previous research, we found that a polycarboxylic acid esterifies cellulose through the formation of a five-membered cyclic anhydride intermediate by the dehydration of two adjacent carboxyl groups. In this research, we use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the formation of cyclic anhydride intermediates by BTCA and poly(maleic acid) (PMA) with and without the presence of NaH2PO2. In the absence of NaH2PO2, BTCA forms the cyclic anhydride only when the temperature reaches the vicinity of its melting point. In the presence of NaH2PO2, however, the anhydride forms at much lower temperatures. We have found that NaH2PO2 weakens the...
An Examination of Gender Role Attitude Change Patterns Among Continuously Married, Divorced, and Remarried Individuals

Gender role attitudes influence marital satisfaction and stability and are typically treated as stable traits in adulthood. Theory and retrospective studies suggest changes in the life course based on relationship histories; however, tests of these assumptions are virtually nonexistent. Analyses from a longitudinal, nationally representative U.S. sample of 590 married individuals who vary in their marital experiences revealed both period effects and distinct within-group change patterns. Over a 20-year time period all demonstrate a shift toward more egalitarian attitudes. However, contrary to retrospective accounts asserting a steep increase in egalitarian attitudes in remarriages, prospective data from men and women indicate a curvilinear pattern over time that is distinct from patterns observed for continuously married and divorced/not remarried individuals.
Bioethics in the public square: reflections on the how

As bioethics gains more prominence in public policy debates, it is time to more fully reflect on the following: what is its role in the public square, and what limitations relate to and barriers impede its fulfilment of this role? I contend we should consider the how of bioethics (as a policy influencer) rather than simply focus on the who or what of bioethical enquiry. This is not to suggest considerations of latter categories are not important, only that too little attention has been paid to parallel or resulting policy involvement—involvement that will require specialised skills and knowledge that we can develop with a proactive (vs reactive) stance. Moreover, and equally critically, this how of public policy involvement will require more transparency regarding influences (eg, philosophical, ideological, cultural, socio-political) on what bioethicists bring to the table and what constituency base each represents—a humility as to the scope of one9s role. In this vision, bioethics is not one single person or belief system for a policymaker to call to guide or give support to a position; rather, it offers tools—formed and utilised by a diverse disciplinary range of individuals—to help guide ethical analysis of biomedical endeavours, with the goal of infusion and diffusion of ethical enquiry and prioritisation in health policymaking, and greater humility among bioethicists who inform this discussion.
Patency of the posterior communicating artery after flow diversion treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms.

Abstract Background and purpose Cerebral aneurysm treatment with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) often mandates device placement across the ostia of arteries of the Circle of Willis. We determined the patency rates of the posterior communicating artery (Pcomm) after placement across its ostium a PED and studied neurologic outcomes in these patients. Methods We analyzed, retrospectively, a consecutive series of patients in whom a PED was placed across the ostium of Pcomm while treating the target aneurysm. Pcomm arterial flow after PED placement was graded on a 3-point scale at post-operative angiography and follow-up angiography. Data on pretreatment aneurysm rupture status, concomitant coiling, number of PEDs used, and neurologic status at follow-up were collected. Results Eleven patients with 13 aneurysms were included in this study. All patients had an ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery arising from the basilar artery (P1). In the immediate post-procedural setting, four patients (36%) had diminished Pcomm flow rates. After a mean follow-up of 12.6 ± 6.7 months, three Pcomm arteries (27%) were occluded and two Pcomm arteries (18%) had diminished flow. Of patients with diminished flow/occluded Pcomm at follow-up, 80% (4/5) had diminished flow at initial post-procedure angiography compared to none of the six patients without diminished/occluded flow immediately post treatment. No patients suffered new neurologic symptoms at follow-up. Conclusions Approximately one half of Pcomm arteries demonstrated occlusion or decreased flow at follow-up if the ostia are covered with a flow diversion device. Covering the Pcomm ostium in patients with a P1 did not result in any neurologic deficits.
Arthroscopic Suprapectoral and Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis: A Comparison of Restoration of Length-Tension and Mechanical Strength Between Techniques

Purpose: This study aimed to (1) evaluate the ex vivo restoration of the long head biceps length-tension for both arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis (ASPBT) and open subpectoral biceps tenodesis (OSPBT) techniques and (2) assess how location in the proximal humerus affects pullout strength for tenodesis using an interference screw implant. Methods: Eighteen matched cadaveric shoulders were randomized to OSPBT or ASPBT groups (9 each). Tenodesis was performed using clinical techniques. Preoperatively, a metallic bead was placed in the biceps tendon and a fluoroscopic image was obtained. Postoperatively, an image was obtained to evaluate the location of the tenodesis and the metallic bead and determine tensioning. Biomechanical load-to-failure testing was then performed. Results: The ASPBT technique resulted in an average of 2.15 � 0.62 cm of biceps overtensioning compared with 0.78 � 0.35 cm (P < .001) in the OSPBT group. The average load to failure in the ASPBT group was 138.8 � 29.1 N compared with 197 � 38.6 N (P ¼ .002) in the OSPBT group. Failure caused by implant pullout was significantly more frequent in the ASPBT group (7 of 9) than in the OSPBT group (1 of 9). Conclusions: The described ASPBT technique using an interference screw implant has the tendency to overtension the biceps and has a significantly decreased ultimate load to failure compared with an open subpectoral technique in matched cadaveric specimens. Clinical Relevance: This study shows differences in the biomechanical properties of OSPBT and ASPBT. Modification of currently published ASPBT techniques may be necessary to improve restoration of the physiological length-tension relationship of the biceps. Clinical studies may need to clarify if the lower ultimate load to failure for the ASPBT technique is clinically significant.
Insomnia in cancer patients

Insomnia affects up to 50% of patients with cancer, but has received little attention from the oncology community compared with other symptoms such as pain and fatigue. Insomnia and subsequent sleep disturbances can lead to fatigue, mood disturbances, and contribute to immunosuppression, which can have a profound impact on quality of life and perhaps affect the course of disease. Insomnia in cancer patients must be distinguished from cancer-related fatigue. Although they are 2 distinct conditions, insomnia and fatigue are interrelated. Insomnia often leads to daytime fatigue that interferes with normal functioning. Conversely, daytime fatigue can lead to behaviors such as napping, which result in insomnia. The primary goal of insomnia treatment should first be to relieve any underlying disorder (eg, cancer pain, depression, anxiety) that may be causing the sleep disturbance. Because insomnia in this patient population may be due to a variety of causes, treatment must be multimodal and include both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies. A plan that combines attention to sleep hygiene and cognitive-behavioral therapy with prescription of hypnotic medications can help relieve the symptoms of insomnia in cancer patients and improve their quality of life.
Plasmid DNAs Encoding Insulin and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Have Distinct Effects on the Progression of Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice

We previously demonstrated that administration of plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) encoding IL-4 and a fragment of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) fused to IgGFc induces GAD65-specific Th2 cells and prevents insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. To assess the general applicability of pDNA vaccination to mediate Ag-specific immune deviation, we examined the immunotherapeutic efficacy of recombinants encoding murine insulin A and B chains fused to IgGFc. Insulin was chosen based on studies demonstrating that administration of insulin or insulin B chain by a variety of strategies prevents IDDM in NOD mice. Surprisingly, young NOD mice receiving i.m. injections of pDNA encoding insulin B chain-IgGFc with or without IL-4 exhibited an accelerated progression of insulitis and developed early diabetes. Exacerbation of IDDM correlated with an increased frequency of IFN-γ-secreting CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in response to insulin B chain-specific peptides compared with untreated mice. In contrast, treatment with pDNAs encoding insulin A chain-IgGFc and IL-4 elicited a low frequency of IL-4-secreting Th cells and had no effect on the progression of IDDM. Vaccination with pDNAs encoding GAD65-IgGFc and IL-4, however, prevented IDDM. These results demonstrate that insulin- and GAD65-specific T cell reactivity induced by pDNA vaccination has distinct effects on the progression of IDDM.
Chapter 203 Electronic and magnetic raman scattering studies of the high-Tc cuprates

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the Raman scattering studies of the many diverse phases of high-T c superconductors. In many respects, Raman scattering is a natural probe of the cuprates. As a technique that is sensitive to spin, electronic, and phonon degrees of freedom, Raman scattering can provide energy, symmetry, and lifetime information about many of the diverse excitations present throughout the complex phase diagram of the cuprates. Moreover, Raman scattering provides an ideal method with which to explore the evolution of charge, spin, and lattice excitations among different phases. Raman scattering lends itself particularly to the study of such important issues as the nature of the superconducting pairing mechanism, the manner in which antiferromagnetic correlations evolve into the metallic phase, and the relationship between “pseudogap” and superconducting phases in underdoped cuprates. The chapter describes the Raman scattering response in the insulating phase, focusing on scattering from two-magnon excitations, topological (chiral) spin excitations, excitons, and crystal-field excitations.