cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a microelectrode array sensing platform for combination electrochemical and spectrochemical aqueous ion testing

A microelectrode array sensor platform was designed and fabricated to increase diversity, flexibility, and versatility of testing capabilities over that of traditionally reported sensor platforms. These new sensor platforms consist of 18 individual addressable microelectrodes, photolithography fabricated, that employ a glass base substrate and a resist polymer layer that acts as an insulating agent to protect the circuitry and wiring of the sensor from undesired solution interactions. Individually addressable microelectrodes increase diversity by allowing isolated electrochemical testing between electrodes, global array testing, or some combination of electrodes to perform electrochemical methods. Furthermore, because of the optical transparency of the glass base substrate and the resist mask layer, along with the small size of the electrode array, spectrochemical analysis is possible within the sample area that acts as electrochemical cell and cuvette, while the microelectrode array passively resides within the optical path length during spectrochemical testing. This unique arrangement offers improved testing possibilities for various applications, including simultaneous electrochemical and spectrochemical analysis in environmental testing, identification or quantification of possible species for bioavailability in the biotechnology field, and process control in industrial applications. Electrochemical characteristics and spectrochemcial use of the sensor platform are proven with potassium ferricyanide, an electrochemical standard analyte, and electrochemical measurements are compared against a commercially available working electrode of similar size. Additionally, the electrochemical method of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry is performed with the sensor platform to detect copper and lead heavy metal ions in aqueous solution, demonstrating the potential for use with environmental samples.
Comment on Le, Oh, Shaffer, and Schmidt

This article discusses how human resource practitioners and academics have continued to rely on unscientific approaches to selection and promotion. The author suggests that General Mental Ability (GMA) provides excellent prediction of performance for all jobs and all settings. Other approaches to employee selection and promotion are often biased. The meta analysis of a wide range of performance research proves this theory. In terms of supervisory performance evaluations, the author purports that this assessment is subject to a wide range of biases, including the rater-ratee bias where the supervisor inflates the ratings of subordinates of the same race.
Herpes zoster infection in the post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant pediatric population may be preceded by transaminitis: an institutional experience

Herpes zoster (HZ), a varicella-zoster virus reactivation, frequently complicates hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Its incidence, complications, and associated risk factors in 310 children undergoing HSCT were reviewed. In all, 61 of 201(32%) patients who had undergone allogeneic and 10 of 109 (9%) patients who had undergone autologous HSCT developed HZ. Of 90 VZV seropositive allogeneic patients, 50 (53%) developed HZ. Seven (17%) of 41 VZV seropositive autologous patients developed HZ. Although a substantial number of patients develop HZ in the early post-HSCT period, risk for HZ persists and HZ can occur up to 5 years post-HSCT. Risk factors for HZ included age >10 years (P 10 years of age with elevated ALT after TBI-conditioned allogeneic HSCT may permit earlier diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
Primary productivity of reef-building calcareous red algae

Primary productivity of reef—building algae was studied by putting samples from the reef in a closed system and measuring oxygen exchange in the light and in the dark. Gross productivity determined for 32 samples in full sunlight had a mean value of 0.048 mg O2 cm—2 hr—1. Photosynthesis was found to increase with the logarithm of light intensity up to 1,000 ft—c and was constant between 1,000 and 8,000 ft—c. Rates of gas exchange in flowing water showed no correlation with water velocity but were greater than rates in still water. Daily patterns of photosynthesis were calculated for populations of calcareous algae living on the submarine faces of the windward sides of atolls. During most of the daylight hours light is probably not a limiting factor for photosynthesis in these populations. Calculated productivity of various calcareous algal zones indicates that these do not contribute significantly to overall reef production on atolls of the northern Marshall Islands. Island reefs are less productive than previously studied inter—island reefs.
Elizabethan Diplomatic Compensation: Its Nature and Variety

In view of the large number of financial complaints in Tudor diplomatic correspondence, it is entirely understandable why compensation might be considered a central problem of sixteenth-century foreign service. The feeling conveyed by the diplomats is that their pay was haphazard in its conception, irregular in its distribution, and utterly insufficient in its magnitude; that is, it was thoroughly unsatisfactory in every respect. So consistent and so forceful did these envoys make their case that today it is virtually axiomatic for historians to assume that compensation was chaotic, and that service abroad was always financially debilitating. "Upon none of the royal servants did the disorder of sixteenth century fiscal administration bear harder [than upon the ambassadors]," Professor Mattingly notes. Moreover, "for an ambassador, the chance of financial embarrassment was almost a certainty."1 Sir John Neale, another of only a few who have addressed this issue directly, is persuaded that, "it was not exceptional for an Elizabethan ambassador to get into financial straits... generally ambassadors had to face making inroads into their private estates." Or: "His [the ambassador's] was not a happy lot. His profit and loss account was a statement in two terms of which one was never operative .... Their pay was often irregular and never adequate, and they were lucky if their private estates were not hopelessly mortgaged at the end of an embassy."2 Other historians, making only passing reference to diplomatic compensation, simply assume the worst.3 Yet the diplomats of Elizabeth served, frequently for extended periods, and often repeatedly as well. For the most part their service was successful in terms of what diplomats were expected to accomplish. And the vast
Resorting to Statism to Find Meaning

The paper develops the idea of configuration of ownership to distinguish three primary political ideologies: (classical) liberalism, conservatism, and leftism. The liberal configuration is atomistic in its recognition of owners and ownership claims; it conforms closely to Adam Smith’s “commutative justice,” which Smith represented as a sort of social grammar. The conservative configuration also strives for a social grammar, but it counts among the set of owners certain spirit-lords such as God and Patria. The liberal and conservative configurations become isomorphic if and only if the ownership claims of the conservative spirit-lords are reduced to nothing. The left configuration ascribes fundamental ownership of resources to the people, the state, and sees laws as organizational house-rules into which one enters voluntary by choosing to remain within the polity; the type of justice that pertains is parallel to Smith’s “distributive justice,” which Smith associated with aspirational rules for achieving beauty in composition. The scheme illuminates why the left’s conception of liberty consists in civil liberties. The formulation of configurations is used to interpret the semantics of the three primary ideologies. Meanwhile, it is noted that actually existing parties and movements are admixtures of the three primary ideologies. For example, what makes Republicanism “conservative” is that it is relatively conservative; it by no means thoroughly or consistently rejects the precept of collective ownership by the polity.
Brain injury-related fatalities in American football, 1945-1999.

Objective Brain injuries have been the most common direct cause of death among American football players since the annual recording of football-related deaths began in 1931. This study examines the 55-year experience with brain injury-related fatalities in American football from 1945 to 1999, including not only the incidence but also the cause of death in discrete 5-year spans to focus on the variables that have either increased or decreased fatalities. In addition, we describe the types of injuries that have occurred, the activities in which the players were engaged at the time of injury, the level of play involved, and whether the injuries occurred during games or in practice sessions. Methods Data were collected nationwide regarding football fatalities in all organized football programs in public schools and in college, professional, and youth programs by conducting personal interviews and eliciting responses to questionnaires. The information collected included demographic data about the injured player, equipment data, injury type and body part involved, and pertinent information regarding the exact circumstances of the accident. Results We found that a total of 497 brain injury-related fatalities occurred among American football players during the period from 1945 through 1999. The causes of death were brain injuries in 69% of the cases, cervical spine injuries in 16%, and other injuries in 15%. Subdural hematoma was the type of injury associated with the majority (429, 86%) of brain injury-related fatalities. A majority (61%) of the brain injury-related fatalities occurred during participation in football games, and 75% of these were high school players. It should be noted that the number of high school football players is far greater (more than 1 million) than the number of either college (approximately 75,000) or professional (approximately 2000) players. The most frequent on-field activity involved when players sustained their fatal injuries was either tackling or being tackled (35%). Conclusion Brain injury-related fatalities accounted for 69% of all football fatalities from 1945 through 1999. The greatest number and percentage of brain injury-related fatalities occurred during the 5-year span from 1965 through 1969, and the smallest number and percentage occurred during the 2 decades from 1975 through 1994. Most brain injury-related fatalities involved a subdural hematoma sustained by high school football players while either tackling or being tackled in a game. In the 2 decades from 1975 through 1994, there was a dramatic reduction in these fatalities, and the preventive measures that have received most of the credit are 1) the 1976 rule change that prohibits initial contact with the head and face when blocking and tackling and 2) the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment helmet standard, which went into effect in colleges in 1978 and in high schools in 1980.
Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction – Authors' reply

www.thelancet.com Vol 380 December 8, 2012 1991 Carlo Vergani and Tiziano Lucchi wonder whether the HDL cholesterol phenotype does not capture the complexity of HDL and whether we should pay more attention to aspects of HDL function and composition. Several functions have been assigned to HDL, and the composition of HDL has been studied with a range of methods. We agree that further research is needed to establish which of these more refi ned HDL phenotypes, if any, has an eff ect on CHD. Leonelo Bautista wonders whether we had suffi cient power to exclude a protective eff ect for the LIPG Asn396Ser variant. In instrumental variable analysis with LIPG Asn396Ser, there is indeed overlap in the 95% CIs of the eff ect estimates from observational epidemiology and that from the genetic instrument. To overcome this potential limitation, we assessed multiple genetic variants in combination as an instrument (table 4 in our original report). In this analysis, there was no overlap in the CIs for the eff ect estimates from observational epidemiology (0·62, 95% CI 0·58–0·66) and from a genetic score (0·93, 0·68–1·26; p=0·63). A single HDL-cholesterol-raising polymorphism (LIPG Asn396Ser), a genetic risk score comprised of 14 HDL-cholesterolraising polymorphisms, and a drug that purely raised HDL cholesterol all fail to reduce risk of myocardial infarction or CHD. We disagree with Bautista’s assertion that little has been added to our “current knowledge about the role of HDL cholesterol” and instead suggest that a great deal of evidence now questions whether the association between plasma HDL cholesterol and CHD represents a causal relation.
Nature-inspired algorithms for the genetic analysis of epistasis in common human diseases: Theoretical assessment of wrapper vs. filter approaches

In human genetics, new technological methods allow researchers to collect a wealth of information about genetic variation among individuals quickly and relatively inexpensively. Studies examining more than one half of a million points of genetic variation are the new standard. Quickly analyzing these data to discover single gene effects is both feasible and often done. Unfortunately as our understanding of common human disease grows, we now believe it is likely that an individual's risk of these common diseases is not determined by simple single gene effects. Instead it seems likely that risk will be determined by nonlinear gene-gene interactions, also known as epistasis. Unfortunately searching for these nonlinear effects requires either effective search strategies or exhaustive search. Previously we have employed both filter and nature-inspired probabilistic search wrapper approaches such as genetic programming (GP) and ant colony optimization (ACO) to this problem. We have discovered that for this problem, expert knowledge is critical if we are to discover these interactions. Here we theoretically analyze both an expert knowledge filter and a simple expert-knowledge-aware wrapper. We show that under certain assumptions, the filter strategy leads to the highest power. Finally we discuss the implications of this work for this type of problem, and discuss how probabilistic search strategies which outperform a filtering approach may be designed.
The Food Sovereignty Prize: Implications for Discourse and Practice

The rhetoric of “food security” has dominated mainstream approaches to global food insecurity while alternative approaches have received less attention. For decades, the World Food Prize has honored work in the tradition of “food security.” More recently, the Food Sovereignty Prize has brought attention to alternative approaches, namely the “food sovereignty” approach. This article explores how the inaugural awarding of the Food Sovereignty Prize represents an attempt to bring broader visibility to and to gain recognition of these approaches by policymakers.
Inductively coupled plasma etching of III-V antimonides in BCl3/SiCl4 etch chemistry

Abstract Inductively coupled plasma etching of GaSb using BCl 3 /SiCl 4 etch chemistry has been investigated. The etch rates were studied as a function of bias power, inductively coupled plasma source power, plasma chemistry and chamber pressure. The etched surfaces remain smooth and stoichiometric over the entire range of plasma conditions investigated. The knowledge gained in etching GaSb was applied to etching AlGaAsSb and InGaAsSb in order to fabricate heterojunction phototransistors. As expected, InGaAsSb etch rate was much lower compared to the corresponding value for GaSb, mainly due to the relatively low volatility of indium chlorides. For a wide range of plasma conditions, the selectivity between GaSb and AlGaAsSb was close to unity, which is desirable for fabricating etched mirrors and gratings for Sb-based mid-infrared laser diodes. The surface roughness and the etch profile were examined for the etched GaSb, AlGaAsSb and InGaAsSb samples using scanning electron microscope. The high etch rates achieved (~ 4 μm/min) facilitated deep etching of GaSb. A single layer, soft mask (AZ-4903 photoresist) was used to etch GaSb, with etch depth ~ 90 μm. The deep dry etching of GaSb has many important applications including etching substrate windows for backside-illuminated photodetectors for the mid-infrared wavelength range.
TISSUE RETENTION OF CORTISOL AND METABOLITES INDUCED BY ACTH: AN EXTRA-ADRENAL EFFECT1

ACTH, both exogenously administered and endogenously produced, causes a retention of cortisol and its metabolites in blood, kidney, thymus and liver of adrenalectomized mice. Exogenous ACTH causes an inhibition of conjugation of corticoid metabolites. Following administration of cortisol-4-C14, these radioactive compounds were found in the livers of normal and adrenalectomized mice (ACTH-treated and non-treated): tetrahydrocortisol; tetrahydrocortisone; Reichstein’s substance “E”; the 20α epimer of Reichstein’s substance “E”; Reichstein’s substance “U”; and cortisone. Remaining unidentified were several compounds other than those listed whose structures were established.
Seismic energy release over a broad frequency band

There remains much uncertainty on the absolute elastic wave energy released by fault rupture. Few direct estimates of the partition of seismic wave energy in ground shaking have been made. In this work, ground particle velocities from integrated accelerograms are used to compute the kinetic energy crossing unit area per unit time. Simplified theory for the near-field strong-motion case would appear to give a valid lower energy bound; the wave attenuation does not present a major problem. The partition of energy in predominantly P, S, and surface wave portions, for given frequency windows, is tabulated using strong-motion accelerograms recorded at different azimuths to the fault-sources of six California earthquakes (5.5<M L<7.2). Checks against earlier magnitudeM L and momentM 0 correlations indicate significantly higher overall wave energy outputs than expected, but further calibration is needed. The study demonstrates that stable estimates of frequency-dependent seismic wave energies in the nearfield can be obtained from strong-motion records. Hence, energy flux may have a wider application to risk mapping than previously thought. In particular, a shift from peak acceleration scaling to (kinetic) energy inputs for engineering design appears to involve only routine processing.
Inductive electric field of a time-dependent ring current

Abstract The inductive electric field generated by a time-dependent symmetric ring current has been investigated. The symmetric ring current was modelled by a population of protons drifting in a magnetic dipole field. The interaction of these protons with ion-cyclotron waves was assumed to be the dominant energy loss process for the ring current protons, at least under certain conditions. The calculation, with spectral densities for the ion-cyclotron waves that are based on experimental data, showed that an azimuthal inductive electric field of as much as 0.25 mV/m can be produced by this mechanism. Furthermore there is evidence that if the spectral density of the waves is substantially larger than the one adopted here, the electric field might increase to the order of 1.0 mV/m or more.
Will Bribery and Fraud Converge? Comparative Corruption in Higher Education in Russia and the USA.

This study analyses the issue of comparative corruption in the national higher education sectors in the United States of America (USA) and the Russian Federation (RF). Corruption in higher education, as well as the way it is addressed in legislation and court cases and reflected in the media, appears to be consistent with the trajectory and pace of reforms that take place in the USA and the RF. The continuing massification of higher education, with increasing enrolment rates in both countries, as well as the emergence of the for-profit sector, necessitate more control and coordination on the part of the governments, educational institutions and the public. The two systems of higher education slowly and independently converge. In both systems, professional hierarchies based on meritocracy clash with managerialism based on the thriving for-profit principle. As a result, forms of corruption in higher education may become more similar.
Hierarchy of base-pair preference in the binding domain of the bacteriophage T7 promoter

The activity of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) at a collection of T7 promoter mutants having all possible single base-pair substitutions in the region from -15 to -6 was determined by transcription in vitro, thus establishing a hierarchy of base-pair preference at each position. The tolerance of the RNAP for base-pair substitutions is not uniform across the binding domain. Under stringent conditions (20 mM-MgCl2), T7 RNAP is highly permissive for all base-pair substitutions at -13 and -12. The RNAP is partially permissive at -15, -14, -11, -10 and -6, and exhibits a clear pattern of base-pair preference at these positions. The RNAP is non-permissive for substitutions at -9 to -7, and will accept only the consensus base-pairs at these positions. Under lower stringency conditions (8 mM-MgCl2, or additionally in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide) a decrease in specificity is observed at most positions except -9. Analysis of these data suggests potential contacts that may be important for promoter function.
Near-contact electrophoretic particle motion

The near-contact axisymmetric electrophoretic motion of a pair of spherical particles with thin electric double layers and differing surface zeta-potentials is analysed for low Reynolds numbers and moderate surface potentials. Near-contact electrophoretic motion of a spherical particle normal to a planar conducting boundary is analysed under the same assumptions. Pairwise motion is computed by considering touching particles in point contact; relative motion is described by a perturbation about the touching state using lubrication theory. Analytical formulae are derived for two particles of disparate sizes, and for the motion of a single particle towards a boundary; numerical calculations are performed for all size ratios. The results have a universal form with respect to the particle zeta-potentials. All results indicate that the electrophoresis is a much more efficient mechanism of near-contact motion than is buoyancy. An explanation for this finding is given in terms of the electro-osmotic slip velocity on the particle surfaces that facilitates fluid removal from between approaching surfaces.
Survey of Sex Education Coursework in Special Education Programs

Much has been written about the need to prepare handicapped individuals to deal with their sexuality. If they are to be taught sex education effectively, their teachers must receive adequate instruction in this crucial curriculum area. A survey was sent to the chair-persons of 185 special education teacher-training programs to determine the amount and type of coursework in sex education that their students received during their special education teacher preparation. Of the 146 programs that responded, 61% indicated that their students received some preparation in sex education. Further analysis indicates that the majority of the coursework was either elective options or a few hours of coverage within existing courses. The need for training programs to assist teachers in integrating sex education into their coursework is stressed.
The RGD finger of Del-1 is a unique structural feature critical for integrin binding

Developmental endothelial cell locus-1 (Del-1) glycoprotein is secreted by endothelial cells and a subset of macrophages. Del-1 plays a regulatory role in vascular remodeling and functions in innate immunity through interaction with integrin αVβ3. Del-1 contains 3 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and 2 discoidin-like domains. An Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif in the second EGF domain (EGF2) mediates adhesion by endothelial cells and phagocytes. We report the crystal structure of its 3 EGF domains. The RGD motif of EGF2 forms a type II′ β turn at the tip of a long protruding loop, dubbed the RGD finger. Whereas EGF2 and EGF3 constitute a rigid rod via an interdomain calcium ion binding site, the long linker between EGF1 and EGF2 lends considerable flexibility to EGF1. Two unique O-linked glycans and 1 N-linked glycan locate to the opposite side of EGF2 from the RGD motif. These structural features favor integrin binding of the RGD finger. Mutagenesis data confirm the importance of having the RGD motif at the tip of the RGD finger. A database search for EGF domain sequences shows that this RGD finger is likely an evolutionary insertion and unique to the EGF domain of Del-1 and its homologue milk fat globule-EGF 8.—Schurpf, T., Chen, Q., Liu, J., Wang, R., Springer, T. A., Wang, J. The RGD finger of Del-1 is a unique structural feature critical for integrin binding.
Effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) on in vitro mineralization of human osteoblasts on implant materials

An in vitro cell-implant mineralization model system was used to study the effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-beta1) on mineralization in human osteoblast cultures. SaOs-2 and primary human osteoblast (HOB) cells were cultured on Tivanium (Ti-6Al-4V) disks. Administration of different concentrations of TGF-beta1 (0.02, 0.01, 0.2, 1.0, 2.0ng/ml) to these cultures demonstrated a biphasic dose response with 0.2ng/ml TGF-beta1 maximally increasing the calcium content compared to control culture. Results with SaOs-2 and HOB cultures were similar. An optimal dose of TGF-beta1 (0.2ng/ml) was provided to the cultures either in one single dose or multiple doses. Continuous administration of 0.2ng/ml TGF-beta1 caused 77% (SaOs-2) and 60% (HOB) increases in calcification compared to the control and 0.2ng/ml single dose groups. Single administration of the accumulative dose at 1.6ng/ml had no significant effect on the calcium content in either cell culture compared to control. Two weeks continuous administration of 0.2ng/ml TGF-beta1 in both cell cultures resulted in significant increases in the expression of bone specific extracellular matrix proteins which included alkaline phosphatase, Type I collagen, and osteocalcin as measured by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. At 4 weeks, the mRNA level of Type I collagen was still significantly higher in the TGF-beta1 treatment group compared to control. In conclusion, TGF-beta1 enhances mineralization of HOB on implant materials.
Knowledge-based distribution system analysis and reconfiguration

The development of a knowledge-based software package for the analysis and control of electric distribution networks is discussed. A relational knowledge base, implemented in Prolog, is used to insure fast access to the data and an efficient post-reconfiguration update algorithm. An expert system shell DECIDE, is used to interpret human knowledge coded as knowledge clusters, and to provide a menu-driven user interface. The knowledge-based system described here has the following advantages: its expert system shell provides 'backup' and 'explanation' facilities; it can generate all the possible network reconfigurations and recommend the best choice; and the Prolog implementation of the algorithms is easy to maintain. The knowledge base is easy to expand and can be modified during execution. The prototype system demonstrates that artificial intelligence techniques can be used in power system analysis and reconfiguration, and provides a platform on which a base future research on the utility of expert system technology in distribution automation. >
Structural Changes of Rat Mitral Valve Chordae Tendineae During Postnatal Development

Background and aim of the study: Mitral valve chordae tendineae are an essential component for correct functioning of the human heart. The microstructural make-up of the chordae is responsible for their tensile properties, and is seen gradually to change with age. However, little is known of the maturation of chordae tendineae and their microstructure. Methods: To examine such maturation, structural changes in chordae tendineae were studied in rats at 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days of postnatal life, and in adult rats. Differences in the chordae microstructure of each age group were observed using light microscopy. The collagen fibril crimp period was determined using polarized light microscopy. Results: At day 1 after birth the chordae had yet to develop, and the lateral sides of the mitral valve leaflets were completely attached to the papillary muscles. Chordae developed through the formation of gaps in the leaflet tissue. From day 7 on, numerous chordae were seen. As the chordae matured, crimped collagen fibrils were formed and began to align in a longitudinally packed core with increasing density. The collagen fibril crimp period increased significantly with the age of the animal. Conclusion: Rat chordae tendineae have yet to develop at postnatal day 1. Morphological development and microstructural maturation of the chordae are not completed until adulthood (>30 days). A further understanding of the development of mitral valve chordae tendineae will provide insight for the use of tissue-engineered chordae in surgical repair.
Self-esteem and self-perpetuating effects of threat on contingencies of self-worth

Three studies tested self-esteem as a moderator of the effect of self-threats on contingencies of self-worth. In Studies 1 and 2, participants recalled favorable or unfavorable experiences related to belongingness or academic competence; in Study 3, women watched commercials featuring attractive models. In general, threatening conditions led participants with high self-esteem to decrease the extent to which their self-worth depends on the threatened domain. In contrast, threatening conditions generally led participants with low self-esteem to increase the extent to which their self-worth depends on the threatened domain. The present studies suggest that contingencies of self-worth are malleable and that self-threats affect contingencies of self-worth in ways that perpetuate existing levels of trait self-esteem.
Hemorrhage Involving the Upper Airway in Hemophilia

Bleeding involving the upper airway is a rare, highly emergent complication of hemophilia. This report describes the occurrence of two distinct episodes in a patient with severe factor IX deficiency. Clinical data from other cases described in the literature is summarized with regard to predisposing factors, age of incidence, presenting symptomatology, diagnosis, and management. Pertinent features of this bleeding complication include: high prevalence involving the pediatric population, presentation with non-specific symptoms (e.g., sore throat, dysphagia) early in the course of the bleeding episode, progression to complete upper respiratory obstruction if not recognized and treated, and the need for relatively high levels of the deficient coagulation factor for a period of at least 7 days to ensure resolution of the hematoma. The diagnosis is confirmed by observing retropharyngeal soft-tissue widening on lateral neck x-ray or alternatively, via cervical computed tomography.
Stratigraphy, structure, and metamorphism in the central Panamint Mountains (Telescope Peak quadrangle), Death Valley area, California: Summary

The Telescope Peak quadrangle is located in the central Panamint Mountains, which form the western boundary of the central part of Death Valley, California. The central Panamint Mountains are composed of lower Precambrian gneiss and schist and upper Precambrian sedimentary rocks. These rocks were metamorphosed during late Mesozoic time and deformed during late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. The stratigraphy of the upper Precambrian rocks indicates a tectonically active depositional environment during the initiation of the Cordilleran geosyncline; the petrology of the metamorphic rocks indicates that the metamorphism occurred along a gradient with a low dp/dT; and the structure suggests an evolution from a compressional to an extensional tectonic regime during late Mesozoic and Tertiary time. This report summarizes the results of geologic mapping in the Telescope Peak quadrangle, and Figure 1 is a generalized version of the geologic map of the Telescope Peak 15' quadrangle by Albee, Labotka, Lanphere, and McDowell (1980). A more complete discussion of the geology occurs in Part II of this article.
Fluid-structure interaction modeling of complex parachute designs with the space-time finite element techniques

In recent years we introduced a number of enhancements to the space–time techniques we developed for computer modeling of Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) problems. These enhancements, which include more sophisticated fluid–structure coupling and improved mesh generation, are enabling us to address more of the computational challenges involved. Our objective here is to demonstrate the robustness of these techniques in FSI modeling of parachutes involving complex designs. As a numerical example, we have selected a conceptual parachute design with geometric complexities resembling those seen in some of the advanced parachute designs proposed and tested in recent times. We describe our FSI modeling techniques and how we compute the descent and glide performance of this conceptual parachute design. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biological effects of biosynthetic human EGF on the growth of mammalian cells in vitro.

The effects were examined of biosynthetic human epidermal growth factor (Bh-EGF) produced from cloned E. coli on DNA synthesis and all divisions of 13 different kinds of primary and established cell lines. Primary cultures of mammary epithelia, hepatocytes and stomach cells were strongly stimulated by EGF to undergo DNA synthesis in serum-free culture medium with concentrations of Bh-EGF as low as 0.1-10 ng/ml. In sharp contrast, 0.1-100 ng/ml of Bh-EGF failed to enhance thymidine incorporation into DNA when applied to established cell lines using the serum-free medium. Higher concentrations of Bh-EGF (30-100 ng/ml) promoted morphological changes only in hepatocytes, e.g., elongation, enlargement and projection of their cytoplasm. The above results were also obtained in mouse EGF (m-EGF). In our binding assay, Bh-EGF competed against [125I]-m-EGF with a one-fourth to one-fifth efficacy when compared with m-EGF. It was concluded that the in vitro biological activity of Bh-EGF was similar to that of m-EGF.
Cuticular lipids of the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila: hydrocarbons, aldehydes, fatty acids, and fatty acid amides.

The booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, is an increasingly common pest of stored food products worldwide. We report here the cuticular lipid composition of this pest (the first report of the hydrocarbons of any member of the Order Psocoptera and the first report of fatty acid amides as cuticular components for any insect). No unsaturated hydrocarbons were present. A homologous series of n-alkanes (C21–C34), monomethyl alkanes (3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 9-, 11-, 12-, 13- and 15-methyl-) with a carbon chain range of C28–C42, and dimethyl alkanes (3, 7-; 9, 13-; 11, 15-; 13, 17-; 9, 21-; 11, 19-; and 13, 21-); with a carbon number range of C31–C43 were identified. The relative abundances of these hydrocarbons were low, comprising approximately 0.0125% of total biomass. The amides were a homologous series (C16–C22 in chain length), with the major amide being stearoyl amide. In addition to the amides, free fatty acids (C16:1, C16:0, C18:2, C18:1, and C18:0 in chain length) and three straight chain aldehydes (C15, C16, and C17:1 in chain length) also occurred as cuticular components. These findings are discussed in terms of the chemical and physiological ecology of this species.
Xerostomia and the geriatric patient

Saliva is essential for the preservation of oral-pharyngeal health, and disorders of salivary physiology are associated with numerous oral and pharyngeal problems, particularly in older people. Although salivary function is remarkably intact in healthy aging, medical problems, medications, and head and neck radiotherapy can cause salivary dysfunction and complaints of xerostomia among older people. Sjogren's syndrome, an autoimmune exocrinopathy, is the most common medical disease associated with salivary dysfunction. Medications with anticholinergic side effects will impair salivary output, and head and neck radiotherapy for cancer will cause permanent destruction of salivary glands. Treatments for salivary problems are based upon establishing a diagnosis, protecting oral and pharyngeal health, stimulating remaining glands, and replacing lost salivary fluids.
Gender and Helping Behavior. A Meta-Analytic Review of the Social Psychological Literature

According to our social-role theory of gender and helping, the male gender role fosters helping that is heroic and chivalrous, whereas the female gender role fosters helping that is nurturant and caring. In social psychological studies, helping behavior has been examined in the context of short-term encounters with strangers. This focus has tended to exclude from the research literature those helping behaviors prescribed by the female gender role, because they are displayed primarily in long-term, close relationships. In contrast, the helping behaviors prescribed by the male gender role have been generously represented in research findings because they are displayed in relationships with strangers as well as in close relationships. Results from our meta-analytic review of sex differences in helping behavior indicate that in general men helped more than women and women received more help than men. Nevertheless, sex differences in helping were extremely inconsistent across studies and were successfully predicted by various attributes of the studies and the helping behaviors. These predictors were interpreted in terms of several aspects of our social-role theory of gender and helping.
Quantification of accuracy and precision of multi-center DTI measurements: A diffusion phantom and human brain study ☆

The inter-site and intra-site variability of system performance of MRI scanners (due to site-dependent and time-variant variations) can have significant adverse effects on the integration of multi-center DTI data. Measurement errors in accuracy and precision of each acquisition determine both the inter-site and intra-site variability. In this study, multiple scans of an identical isotropic diffusion phantom and of the brain of a traveling human volunteer were acquired at MRI scanners from the same vendor and with similar configurations at three sites. We assessed the feasibility of multi-center DTI studies by direct quantification of accuracy and precision of each dataset. Accuracy was quantified via comparison to carefully constructed gold standard datasets while precision (the within-scan variability) was estimated by wild bootstrap analysis. The results from both the phantom and human data suggest that the inter-site variation in system performance, although relatively small among scanners of the same vendor, significantly affects DTI measurement accuracy and precision and therefore the effectiveness for the integration of multi-center DTI measurements. Our results also highlight the value of a DTI-specific phantom in identifying and quantifying measurement errors due to site-dependent variations in the system performance, and its usefulness for quality assurance/quality control in multi-center DTI studies. In addition, we observed that the within-scan variability of each data acquisition, as assessed by wild bootstrap analysis, is of the same magnitude as the inter-site and intra-site variability. We propose that by weighing datasets based on their variability, as evaluated by wild bootstrap analysis, one can improve the quality of the dataset. This approach will provide a more effective integration of datasets from multi-center DTI studies.
Next generation burn-in development

Die level burn-in (DLBI) and wafer level burn-in (WLBI) are two technologies that are being investigated to address the growing industry demand for product shipped as "known good die" (KGD). Commercial DLBI technology is now in the prototype evaluation and development stages. WLBI technology is now being seriously discussed in the industry and will require significant development effort. The major development area for the WLBI process will involve the technology to do whole wafer probing. Potential whole wafer probe technologies are being evaluated and there are four that look promising. Detailed cost analysis for DLBL and WLBI has been performed, using the current package level burn-in (PLBI) cost for comparison. DLBI is an evolution from PLBI and is a viable near-term solution (i.e., technology availability, cost) that will support the development of a KGD product line. WLBI appears to offer a long-term solution for supplying both KGD and packaged product, although the development path is revolutionary, and will entail more risk and years to fully develop. >
Effect of Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Injections on Glucocorticoid Receptors in Chicken Thymocytes

Abstract The concentration of corticosteroid receptors in chicken thymocytes was determined by Scatchard analysis at various times after adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) injection. Plasma corticosteroid was measured concurrently. As expected, circulating corticosteroid was significantly elevated by one or two im injections of ACTH and at .5 or 2 hr after a single iv injection. Concomitantly, there was about a 50% decline in the cellular concentration of cytoplasmic receptor sites. Although there was significantly more circulating steroid after two im injections than after one, and more at 2 hr than at .5 hr after a single iv injection, there was no significant difference between the concentrations of the cytoplasmic receptor in either case. The concentration of nuclear receptors was not altered by the ACTH injections employed.
An oversampled channelized UWB receiver with transmitted reference modulation

To digitize the ultra-wideband (UWB) signal at its Nyquist rate, a frequency channelized receiver for UWB radio based on hybrid filter banks (HFB) is presented. Among the challenges of such receivers are the uncertainties of the analog analysis filters and the slow convergence speed. To overcome these problems, a channelized receiver operating at slightly above the critically sampling rate is presented. The proposed receiver, which is designed for use in transmitted reference (TR) systems, combines the synthesis filters and the matched filter so that the joint response of the analysis filter and the propagation channel can be estimated independently in each subband. When the input noise is colored or a narrowband interference (NBI) is present, the weighting in each subband can be adaptively adjusted so to approximate the noise whitening and matched filtering operation for near optimal detection. The adaptive performance of the proposed receiver is slightly better than an ideal full-band receiver when the input noise is white and significantly better when a NBI is present. The effect of the automatic gain controller (AGC) and the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) are also considered. The proposed receiver with 3-bit ADC seems sufficient to achieve performance comparable to an infinite bit channelized receiver even in the presence of large NBI
Asynchronous multi-domain variational integrators for nonlinear hyperelastic solids

We present the asynchronous multi-domain variational time integrators with a dual domain decomposition method for the initial hyperbolic boundary-value problem in hyperelasticity. Variational time integration schemes, based on the principle of minimal action within the Lagrangian framework, are constructed for the equation of motion and implemented into a variational finite element framework, which is systematically derived from the three-field de Veubeke-Hu-Washizu variational principle to accommodate the incompressibility constraint present in an analysis of nearly-incompressible materials. For efficient parallel computing, we use the dual domain decomposition method with local Lagrange multipliers to ensure the continuity of the displacement field at the interface between subdomains. The α-method for time discretization and the multi-domain spatial decomposition enable us to use different types of integrators (explicit vs. implicit) and different time steps on different parts of a computational domain, and thus efficiently capture the underlying physics with less computational effort. The energy conservation of our nonlinear, midpoint, asynchronous integration scheme is investigated using the Energy method, and both local and the global energy error estimates are derived. We illustrate the performance of proposed variational multi-domain time integrators by means of three examples. First, the method of manufactured solutions is used to examine the consistency of the formulation. In the second example, we investigate energy conservation and stability. Finally, we apply the method to the motion of a heterogeneous plane domain, where different integrators and time discretization steps are used accordingly with disparate material data of individual parts.
Charge and Spin Transport in an Organic Molecular Square

Understanding electronic communication among multiple chromophoric and redox units requires construction of well-defined molecular architectures. Herein, we report the modular synthesis of a shape-persistent chiral organic square composed of four naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) sides and four trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine corners. Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals some distortion of the cyclohexane chair conformation in the solid state. Analysis of the packing of the molecular squares reveals the formation of highly ordered, one-dimensional tubular superstructures, held together by means of multiple [CH⋅⋅⋅OC] hydrogen-bonding interactions. Steady-state and time-resolved electronic spectroscopies show strong excited-state interactions in both the singlet and triplet manifolds. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopies on the monoreduced state reveal electron sharing between all four NDI subunits comprising the molecular square.
Constellation-X mission: science objectives and implementation plan

The Constellation-X mission is a large collecting area X-ray facility, emphasizing observations at high spectral resolution (R ~ 300--3000) while covering a broad energy band (0.25-60 keV). By increasing the telescope aperture and utilizing efficient spectrometers the mission will achieve a factor of 25-100 increased sensitivity over current high resolution X-ray spectroscopy missions. Constellation-X is the X-ray astronomy equivalent of large ground-based optical telescopes such as the Keck and the VLT, complementing the high spatial resolution capabilities of Chandra. Key technologies under development for the mission include lightweight high throughput X-ray optics, multilayer coatings to enhance the hard X-ray performance of X-ray optics, micro-calorimeter spectrometer arrays, low power and low weight CCD arrays, lightweight gratings and hard X-ray detectors. Constellation-X will for the first time make high resolution X-ray spectroscopy of faint X-ray source populations a matter of routine. With its increased capabilities, Constellation-X will address many fundamental astrophysics questions such as observing the formation and evolution of clusters of galaxies, constraining the Baryon content of the Universe, observing the effects of strong gravity close to the event horizon of black holes and using these effects to determine the black hole rotation. The Constellation-X mission has received strong endorsements in two recent National Academy of Sciences reports: the Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey and the Committee on the Physics of the Universe.