cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Loss of Temporal Inhibition of Nociceptive Information Is Associated With Aging and Bodily Pain.

Abstract An age-related decline in endogenous pain inhibitory processes likely places older adults at an increased risk for chronic pain. Limited research indicates that older adults may be characterized by deficient offset analgesia, an inhibitory temporal sharpening mechanism that increases the detectability of minor decreases in noxious stimulus intensity. The primary purpose of the study was to examine age differences in offset analgesia in community-dwelling younger, middle-aged, and older adults. An additional aim of the study was to determine whether the magnitude of offset analgesia predicted self-reported bodily pain. Eighty-seven younger adults, 42 middle-aged adults, and 60 older adults completed 4 offset analgesia trials and 3 constant temperature trials in which a noxious heat stimulus was applied to the volar forearm for 40 seconds. The offset trials consisted of 3 continuous phases: an initial 10-second painful stimulus, either a 1.0°C or .4°C increase in temperature from the initial 10-second painful stimulus for 10 seconds, and either a 1.0°C or .4°C decrease back to the initial testing temperature for 20 seconds. During each trial, subjects rated pain intensity continuously using an electronic visual analog scale (0–100). All subjects also completed the Short-Form Health Survey-36 including the Bodily Pain subscale. The results indicated that older and middle-aged adults showed reduced offset analgesia compared with younger adults in the 1.0°C and .4°C offset trials. Furthermore, the magnitude of offset analgesia predicted self-reported bodily pain, with those exhibiting reduced offset analgesia reporting greater bodily pain. Dysfunction of this endogenous inhibitory system could increase the risk of developing chronic pain for middle-aged and older adults. Perspective Older and middle-aged adults showed reduced offset analgesia compared with younger adults. The significant association between reduced offset analgesia and pain in daily life supports the notion that pain modulatory deficits are associated with not just a chronic pain condition but with the experience of pain in general.
A Long Way to Go

Abstract. Knowing the back-breaking tedium of growing up on a family dairy, grain, and vegetable farm, I have spent most of my career trying to improve the design, manufacturing, control, and use of agricultural equipment, or teaching others to do so. Improved equipment makes farming better for the farmer, as well as for the crops and soils that produce the food, fiber, feed, and fuel that our modern consumer society requires. Improved equipment should maximize the productivity and efficiency of a farming operation in a way that is economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable.
Mega-Events and Tourism: The Case of Brazil

Megaâsporting events such as the FA©dA©ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup are expensive affairs. Host countries often justify the spending required to stage these events by predicting that megaâevents will draw large numbers of tourists. This paper analyzes monthly foreign tourist arrivals into Brazil between 2003 and 2015 and finds that the 2014 FIFA World Cup increased foreign tourism by roughly 1 million visitors. This number far exceeded expectations, but we show that roughly a quarter of this increase in foreign tourism was caused by the fortuitous advancement of Argentina's national team, and potential hosts should not count on the event to consistently produce outâsized tourism figures. We conclude that onâfield results can greatly influence FIFA World Cup tourism. (JEL L83, F14)
TKA patients with unsatisfying knee function show changes in neuromotor synergy pattern but not joint biomechanics

Nearly 20% of patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA) report persistent poor knee function. This study explores the idea that, despite similar knee joint biomechanics, the neuro-motor synergies may be different between high-functional and low-functional TKA patients. We hypothesized that (1) high-functional TKA recruit a more complex neuro-motor synergy pattern compared to low-functional TKA and (2) high-functional TKA patients demonstrate more stride-to-stride variability (flexibility) in their synergies. Gait and electromyography (EMG) data were collected during level walking for three groups of participants: (i) high-functional TKA patients (n=13); (ii) low-functional TKA patients (n=13) and (iii) non-operative controls (n=18). Synergies were extracted from EMG data using non-negative matrix factorization. Analysis of variance and Spearman correlation analyses were used to investigate between-group differences in gait and neuro-motor synergies. Results showed that synergy patterns were different among the three groups. Control subjects used 5-6 independent neural commands to execute a gait cycle. High functional TKA patients used 4-5 independent neural commands while low-functional TKA patients relied on only 2-3 independent neural commands to execute a gait cycle. Furthermore, stride-to-stride variability of muscles' response to the neural commands was reduced up to 15% in low-functional TKAs compared to the other two groups.
A Simple Congestion-Aware Algorithm for Load Balancing in Datacenter Networks

We study the problem of load balancing in datacenter networks, namely, assigning the end-to-end data flows among the available paths in order to efficiently balance the load in the network. The solutions used today rely typically on an equal-cost multi path (ECMP) mechanism, which essentially attempts to balance the load in the network by hashing the flows to the available shortest paths. However, it is well-known that the ECMP performs poorly when there is asymmetry either in the network topology or the flow sizes, and thus, there has been much interest recently in alternative mechanisms to address these shortcomings. In this paper, we consider a general network topology where each link has a cost, which is a convex function of the link congestions. Flows among the various source–destination pairs are generated dynamically over time, each with a size (bandwidth requirement) and a duration. Once a flow is assigned to a path in the network, it consumes bandwidth equal to its size from all the links along its path for its duration. We consider low-complexity congestion-aware algorithms that assign the flows to the available paths in an online fashion and without splitting . Specifically, we propose a myopic algorithm that assigns every arriving flow to an available path with the minimum marginal cost (i.e., the path which yields the minimum increase in the network cost after assignment) and prove that it asymptotically minimizes the total network cost. Extensive simulation results are presented to verify the performance of the myopic algorithm under a wide range of traffic conditions and under different datacenter architectures. Furthermore, we propose randomized versions of our myopic algorithm, which have much lower complexity and empirically show that they can still perform very well in symmetric network topologies.
The CEDAR Workbench: An Ontology-Assisted Environment for Authoring Metadata that Describe Scientific Experiments.

The Center for Expanded Data Annotation and Retrieval (CEDAR) aims to revolutionize the way that metadata describing scientific experiments are authored. The software we have developed—the CEDAR Workbench—is a suite of Web-based tools and REST APIs that allows users to construct metadata templates, to fill in templates to generate high-quality metadata, and to share and manage these resources. The CEDAR Workbench provides a versatile, REST-based environment for authoring metadata that are enriched with terms from ontologies. The metadata are available as JSON, JSON-LD, or RDF for easy integration in scientific applications and reusability on the Web. Users can leverage our APIs for validating and submitting metadata to external repositories. The CEDAR Workbench is freely available and open-source.
Lock-In and Team Effects: Recruiting and Success in College Football Athletics

How important is recruiting to a football program’s success? While prior research has attempted to answer this question, we utilize an extensive panel set covering 13 years of games along with a two-stage least squares approach to investigate the effects of recruiting on team success. This article also includes new control variables to account for omitted variable bias that prior work may have missed. We also split our sample to investigate whether recruiting displays heterogeneous effects across schools. Additionally, we find evidence that the benefits of recruiting are driven by team-specific effects, indicating that team success may be more heavily derived from the ability of teams to harness and improve their recruits than their ability to utilize each athlete’s raw abilities. This leads to important revelations regarding future research into both the value of recruits and what drives a football team’s success.
Beyond the Comfort Zone? County Government Collaboration with Private-Sector Organizations to Deliver Services

Despite burgeoning research on collaboration, the preference and choice of public managers to partner with other public-sector institutions versus private-sector organizations has received comparat...
Social Context, Institutional Capacity, and Police Services: A Local Public Economies Perspective

This article examines levels of policing services, focusing on an assessment of resources and their measurement for municipalities. Two measures of policing levels assess the reliability of the findings across alternative measurements. Social and institutional characteristics are explored to evaluate alternative explanations in policing efforts. The article presents four decades of census data for municipalities in metropolitan areas. The central finding is that unequal levels of policing are prevalent across American municipalities. An additional finding is that social and institutional contexts affect policing, based on a pooled time-series analysis of municipal governments. Although its main contribution is to local public economies research, the research also integrates the social and institutional literatures to identify factors in the allocation of resources to policing.
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Tipping Point of Employee Voice

Extant voice research suggests that voice has a positive effect on organizations, which indicates that an unlimited amount of resources should be devoted to increasing employee voice. However, reso...
Implementing Models of Geriatric Care—Behind the Scenes

Innovative geriatric clinical programs have proliferated in the 21st century, and many have been highlighted in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS). The Affordable Care Act has supported the accelerated innovation of publicized and unpublicized program development, adaptation, and implementation. Many JAGS articles report work conducted in programs with significant improvements in quality; high satisfaction for patients and providers; and for some, reductions in costs. Despite considerable detail, enabling implementers to attempt to adopt reported programs or adapt them to local environments, much less is typically conveyed about the subtleties of the implementation process that led to a successful outcome. Moreover, where we have been given a window into successful initiatives, far less is known about those that failed and even less about why some succeeded but others failed. With a focus on our shared needs as a geriatrics community, to foster the exchange of more-comprehensive models of successful and failed implementation, we propose publications that address implementation itself-a second layer of reporting about the "hidden" elements that may have been decisive factors in taking an efficacious test, treatment, or model and putting it into real-world practice. We propose a new platform for sharing a broader range of healthcare quality improvement initiatives-successes and failures. We include several salient characteristics that could be measured and described in support of dynamic, sustainable, evidence-based implementation of geriatrics programs.
Psychosocial Outcomes in Long-Term Cochlear Implant Users.

Objectives The objectives of this study were to investigate psychosocial outcomes in a sample of prelingually deaf, early-implanted children, adolescents, and young adults who are long-term cochlear implant (CI) users and to examine the extent to which language and executive functioning predict psychosocial outcomes. Design Psychosocial outcomes were measured using two well-validated, parent-completed checklists: the Behavior Assessment System for Children and the Conduct Hyperactive Attention Problem Oppositional Symptom. Neurocognitive skills were measured using gold standard, performance-based assessments of language and executive functioning. Results CI users were at greater risk for clinically significant deficits in areas related to attention, oppositional behavior, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and social-adaptive skills compared with their normal-hearing peers, although the majority of CI users scored within average ranges relative to Behavior Assessment System for Children norms. Regression analyses revealed that language, visual-spatial working memory, and inhibition-concentration skills predicted psychosocial outcomes. Conclusions Findings suggest that underlying delays and deficits in language and executive functioning may place some CI users at a risk for difficulties in psychosocial adjustment.
First-Person Activity Forecasting with Online Inverse Reinforcement Learning

We address the problem of incrementally modeling and forecasting long-term goals of a first-person camera wearer: what the user will do, where they will go, and what goal they seek. In contrast to prior work in trajectory forecasting, our algorithm, DARKO, goes further to reason about semantic states (will I pick up an object?), and future goal states that are far in terms of both space and time. DARKO learns and forecasts from first-person visual observations of the user’s daily behaviors via an Online Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) approach. Classical IRL discovers only the rewards in a batch setting, whereas DARKO discovers the states, transitions, rewards, and goals of a user from streaming data. Among other results, we show DARKO forecasts goals better than competing methods in both noisy and ideal settings, and our approach is theoretically and empirically no-regret.
Biomimetic and enzyme-responsive dynamic hydrogels for studying cell-matrix interactions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) governs all aspects of cancer progression and in vitro 3D cell culture platforms are increasingly developed to emulate the interactions between components of the stromal tissues and cancer cells. However, conventional cell culture platforms are inadequate in recapitulating the TME, which has complex compositions and dynamically changing matrix mechanics. In this study, we developed a dynamic gelatin-hyaluronic acid hybrid hydrogel system through integrating modular thiol-norbornene photopolymerization and enzyme-triggered on-demand matrix stiffening. In particular, gelatin was dually modified with norbornene and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid to render this bioactive protein photo-crosslinkable (through thiol-norbornene gelation) and responsive to tyrosinase-triggered on-demand stiffening (through HPA dimerization). In addition to the modified gelatin that provides basic cell adhesive motifs and protease cleavable sequences, hyaluronic acid (HA), an essential tumor matrix, was modularly and covalently incorporated into the cell-laden gel network. We systematically characterized macromer modification, gel crosslinking, as well as enzyme-triggered stiffening and degradation. We also evaluated the influence of matrix composition and dynamic stiffening on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell fate in 3D. We found that either HA-containing matrix or a dynamically stiffened microenvironment inhibited PDAC cell growth. Interestingly, these two factors synergistically induced cell phenotypic changes that resembled cell migration and/or invasion in 3D. Additional mRNA expression array analyses revealed changes unique to the presence of HA, to a stiffened microenvironment, or to the combination of both. Finally, we presented immunostaining and mRNA expression data to demonstrate that these irregular PDAC cell phenotypes were a result of matrix-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
Identifying the favored mutation in a positive selective sweep

Most approaches that capture signatures of selective sweeps in population genomics data do not identify the specific mutation favored by selection. We present iSAFE (for "integrated selection of allele favored by evolution"), a method that enables researchers to accurately pinpoint the favored mutation in a large region (∼5 Mbp) by using a statistic derived solely from population genetics signals. iSAFE does not require knowledge of demography, the phenotype under selection, or functional annotations of mutations.
Health in All Policies: From rhetoric to implementation and evaluation - the Finnish experience

The principles of the Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach are not new. Their international roots can be traced back to 1978 and the Alma-Ata Declaration and the 1986 Ottawa Charter. In Finland, the roots of HiAP go back to 1972 when the Economic Council of Finland, chaired by the Prime Minister, launched the 'Report of the working group exploring the goals of health'. The paper discusses the history, rationale, and implementation of the principles underlying the umbrella concept of HiAP. A rationale for implementing a new concept - HiAP in 2006 during the Finnish European Union presidency - is given. The focus here will be on implementation of HiAP. International material supporting the implementation is introduced and practical examples from Finland presented. The Benchmarking System for Health Promotion Capacity Building is introduced, since it has been used as a primary source of information for monitoring and evaluating HiAP in Finland at the local level. The experience from Finland clearly indicates that HiAP as an approach and as a way of working requires long-term commitment and vision. For working across sectors it is crucial to have data on health and health determinants and analyses of the links between health outcomes, health determinants, and policies across sectors and levels of governance. Intersectoral structures, processes, and tools for the identification of problems and solutions, decisions, and implementation across sectors are prerequisites of HiAP. Legislative backing has proven to be useful, especially in providing continuation and sustainability.
Surgical Excision Versus Ablation for Superficial Endometriosis-Associated Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Study Objective To compare surgical excision and ablation of endometriosis for treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Design Randomized clinical trial with 12-month follow-up (Canadian Task Force classification I). Setting Single academic tertiary care hospital. Patients Women with minimal to mild endometriosis undergoing laparoscopy. Interventions Excision or ablation of superficial endometriosis at the time of robot-assisted laparoscopy. Measurements and Main Results Primary outcome was visual analog scale (VAS) scoring at baseline and 6 and 12 months for menstrual pain, nonmenstrual pain, dyspareunia, and dyschezia. Secondary outcomes included survey results at baseline and 6 and 12 months from the Short Form Health Survey, Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire, and the International Pelvic Pain Assessment. From December 2013 to October 2014, 73 patients were randomized intraoperatively to excision (n = 37) or ablation (n = 36) of endometriosis. Patients were followed at 6 and 12 months to evaluate the above outcomes. After ablation of endometriosis, dyspareunia (VAS scores) improved at 6 months (mean change [MC], −14.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], −25.93 to −2.21; p = .02), but improvement was not maintained at 12 months. Dysmenorrhea improved at 6 months (MC, −26.99; 95% CI, −41.48 to −12.50; p Conclusion Treatment with ablation improved dysmenorrhea at 6 and 12 months and improved dyspareunia at 6 months as compared with preoperative data. However, only dyspareunia demonstrated a significant difference between ablation and excision. Excision and ablation showed similar effectiveness for the treatment of pain associated with superficial endometriosis, with ablation showing more significant individual changes. Careful patient counseling regarding expectations of surgical intervention is vital in the management of endometriosis.
Hot Spot Interaction with Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Binder in Energetic Composites

Binders play a pivotal role in solid propellants and polymer-bonded energetic composites by providing the means for safe transport, storage, and use. The fundamental role of binders is known qualitatively, but the exact role in the modification of chemistry and thermal transport is hard to quantify. Thermochemical response of a commonly used binder, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), in a model composite comprising of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) in the presence of a thermal hot spot was studied using reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations. The results from model interfaces between RDX and HTPB were analyzed to identify the unique role played by the binder phase. It was found that the binder phase provides a safety buffer by extending the time required for the hot spot to undergo ignition-to-deflagration transition. This delay is mainly due to the disparity in the heat capacities of HTPB and RDX. HTPB, which has a higher heat capacity than RDX, absorbs energy from the hot spot at a r...
The deterministic information bottleneck

Lossy compression and clustering fundamentally involve a decision about which features are relevant and which are not. The information bottleneck method IB by Tishby, Pereira, and Bialek 1999 formalized this notion as an information-theoretic optimization problem and proposed an optimal trade-off between throwing away as many bits as possible and selectively keeping those that are most important. In the IB, compression is measured by mutual information. Here, we introduce an alternative formulation that replaces mutual information with entropy, which we call the deterministic information bottleneck DIB and argue better captures this notion of compression. As suggested by its name, the solution to the DIB problem turns out to be a deterministic encoder, or hard clustering, as opposed to the stochastic encoder, or soft clustering, that is optimal under the IB. We compare the IB and DIB on synthetic data, showing that the IB and DIB perform similarly in terms of the IB cost function, but that the DIB significantly outperforms the IB in terms of the DIB cost function. We also empirically find that the DIB offers a considerable gain in computational efficiency over the IB, over a range of convergence parameters. Our derivation of the DIB also suggests a method for continuously interpolating between the soft clustering of the IB and the hard clustering of the DIB.
An Online Detection Framework for Cyber Attacks on Automatic Generation Control

We propose an online framework to detect cyberattacks on automatic generation control. A cyberattack detection algorithm is designed based on the approach of dynamic watermarking. The detection algorithm provides a theoretical guarantee of detection of cyberattacks launched by sophisticated attackers possessing extensive knowledge of the physical and statistical models of targeted power systems. The proposed framework is practically implementable, as it needs no hardware update on generation units. The efficacy of the proposed framework is validated in both four-area system and 140-bus system.
Hospital Readmissions in Patients with Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review

Background Hospital readmission is a significant problem for patients with complex chronic illnesses such as liver cirrhosis. Purpose We aimed to describe the range of readmission risk in patients with cirrhosis and the impact of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. Data sources We conducted a systematic review of studies identified in Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 2000 to May 2017. Study selection We examined studies that reported early readmissions (up to 90 days) in patients with cirrhosis. Studies were excluded if they did not examine the association between readmission and at least 1 variable or intervention. Data extraction Two reviewers independently extracted data on study design, setting, population, interventions, comparisons, and detailed information on readmissions. Data synthesis Of the 1363 records reviewed, 26 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these studies, 21 were retrospective, and there was significant variation in the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled estimate of 30-day readmissions was 26%(95% confidence interval [CI], 22%-30%). Few studies examined readmission preventability or the relationship between readmissions and social determinants of health. Reasons for readmission were highly variable. An increased MELD score was associated with readmissions in most studies. Readmission was associated with increased mortality. Conclusions Hospital readmissions frequently occur in patients with cirrhosis and are associated with liver disease severity. The impact of functional and social factors on readmissions is unclear.
A folded viral noncoding RNA blocks host cell exoribonucleases through a conformationally dynamic RNA structure.

Folded RNA elements that block processive 5′ → 3′ cellular exoribonucleases (xrRNAs) to produce biologically active viral noncoding RNAs have been discovered in flaviviruses, potentially revealing a new mode of RNA maturation. However, whether this RNA structure-dependent mechanism exists elsewhere and, if so, whether a singular RNA fold is required, have been unclear. Here we demonstrate the existence of authentic RNA structure-dependent xrRNAs in dianthoviruses, plant-infecting viruses unrelated to animal-infecting flaviviruses. These xrRNAs have no sequence similarity to known xrRNAs; thus, we used a combination of biochemistry and virology to characterize their sequence requirements and mechanism of stopping exoribonucleases. By solving the structure of a dianthovirus xrRNA by X-ray crystallography, we reveal a complex fold that is very different from that of the flavivirus xrRNAs. However, both versions of xrRNAs contain a unique topological feature, a pseudoknot that creates a protective ring around the 5′ end of the RNA structure; this may be a defining structural feature of xrRNAs. Single-molecule FRET experiments reveal that the dianthovirus xrRNAs undergo conformational changes and can use “codegradational remodeling,” exploiting the exoribonucleases’ degradation-linked helicase activity to help form their resistant structure; such a mechanism has not previously been reported. Convergent evolution has created RNA structure-dependent exoribonuclease resistance in different contexts, which establishes it as a general RNA maturation mechanism and defines xrRNAs as an authentic functional class of RNAs.
Rural‐Urban Differences in Human Papillomavirus‐associated Cancer Trends and Rates

Purpose Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease and a known cause of many cancers. Previous research explored HPV-associated (HPVa) cancer differences by gender or race, but rural-urban differences in rates and trends have received little attention. This study examined rural-urban differences in rates and temporal trends for individual HPVa cancers. Methods The North American Association of Central Cancer Registries public use data set, representing approximately 93% of the US population, was used to calculate age-adjusted incidence rates and rate ratios (RR; 2009-2013) and overall and annual percentage changes (APC; 1995-2013) for HPVa cancers, including cervical carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, rectum, and oropharynx. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes were dichotomized into urban (levels 1-3) and rural (4-9). RRs and APC analyses were stratified by cancer site, rurality, gender, and race/ethnicity. Findings Combined HPVa cancers were elevated in rural populations compared to urban (RR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.06-1.09). Rural females had significantly higher rates of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, oropharyngeal, and anal cancer compared to their urban peers, while rural males had higher rates of penile cancer. Many disparities remained after racial/ethnic stratification (eg, white and black rural females were at increased risk of cervical carcinoma). Regarding trends, rural females and males experienced greater rate increases, or smaller rate decreases, overall and by APC, for nearly every cancer site. Conclusions Rural populations experience consistent disparities in HPVa cancers. Further research should examine contributing behavioral and epidemiological risk factors and interventions to improve HPV vaccination.
Microconsistency in Simple Empirical Agent-Based Financial Models

Models with small numbers of agents have recently been simplified for direct empirical estimation. Parameters are estimated at the macro level to get a best fit to the data. However, little analysis is done at the micro level to examine the choices made by agents for forecasting rules. This paper explores one of these recent models from the standpoint of micro agent behavior. It is shown that at the fitted forecasting rules, agents would prefer deviating to other nearby rules. The simple two type model is then compared with several multi-type models allowing for agents to use a broader set of rules. This can impact the dynamics of the generated time series, but it also may not if one takes the parameter estimates of the original model as an exogenous restriction on a reasonable support for the forecasting rules. This result emphasizes that these models may be imposing some hidden micro assumptions about agent behavior.
The numerical delta method

Abstract This paper provides a numerical derivative based Delta method that complements the recent work by Fang and Santos (2014) and also generalizes a previous insight by Song (2014). We show that for an appropriately chosen sequence of step sizes, the numerical derivative based Delta method provides consistent inference for functions of parameters that are only directionally differentiable. Additionally, it provides uniformly valid inference for certain convex and Lipschitz functions which include all the examples mentioned in Fang and Santos (2014). We extend our results to the second order Delta method and illustrate its applicability to inference for moment inequality models.
Boundary-Layer Stability Analysis of HIFiRE-5b Flight Geometry

Boundary-layer stability and laminar-to-turbulent transition are examined on the HIFiRE-5b flight geometry using provided flight conditions at two flight times. The parabolized stability equations ...
From electrodiffusion theory to the electrohydrodynamics of leaky dielectrics through the weak electrolyte limit

The Taylor–Melcher (TM) model is the standard model for describing the dynamics of poorly conducting leaky dielectric fluids under an electric field. The TM model treats the fluids as ohmic conductors, without modelling the underlying ion dynamics. On the other hand, electrodiffusion models, which have been successful in describing electrokinetic phenomena, incorporate ionic concentration dynamics. Mathematical reconciliation of the electrodiffusion picture and the TM model has been a major issue for electrohydrodynamic theory. Here, we derive the TM model from an electrodiffusion model in which we explicitly model the electrochemistry of ion dissociation. We introduce salt dissociation reaction terms in the bulk electrodiffusion equations and take the limit in which the salt dissociation is weak; the assumption of weak dissociation corresponds to the fact that the TM model describes poor conductors. Together with the assumption that the Debye length is small, we derive the TM model with or without the surface charge convection term depending upon the scaling of relevant dimensionless parameters. An important quantity that emerges is the Galvani potential (GP), the jump in voltage across the liquid–liquid interface between the two leaky dielectric media; the GP arises as a natural consequence of the interfacial boundary conditions for the ionic concentrations, and is absent under certain parametric conditions. When the GP is absent, we recover the TM model. Our analysis also reveals the structure of the Debye layer at the liquid–liquid interface, which suggests how interfacial singularities may arise under strong imposed electric fields. In the presence of a non-zero GP, our model predicts that the liquid droplet will drift under an imposed electric field, the velocity of which is computed explicitly to leading order.
Detection of Periodic Forced Oscillations in Power Systems Incorporating Harmonic Information

This paper derives an improved version of a periodogram detector for detecting forced oscillations (FOs) in power systems using synchrophasor measurements. FOs are usually periodic in nature and are often accompanied with multiple harmonic components. This harmonic information of FOs is incorporated into the proposed periodogram detector, which significantly improves its detection performance for a given probability of a false alarm. The original periodogram detector carries out detection of each component of FOs separately, even though they are related through their harmonics. In the proposed periodogram detector, the detection algorithm is re-derived by incorporating harmonic information such that the detector now looks for a combination of harmonic components of FOs for detection. This derivation shows a significant improvement in the detection performance of the proposed periodogram detector as compared to the original one. This is also illustrated by the results obtained by implementing the proposed periodogram detector on the simulated and real-world PMU measurements.
Phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil African papionins: Combined evidence from morphology and molecules

Abstract African papionins are a highly successful subtribe of Old World monkeys with an extensive fossil record. On the basis of both molecular and morphological data, crown African papionins are divided into two clades: Cercocebus/Mandrillus and Papio/Lophocebus/Rungwecebus/Theropithecus (P/L/R/T), though phylogenetic relationships in the latter clade, among both fossil and extant taxa, remain difficult to resolve. While previous phylogenetic studies have focused on either molecular or morphological data, here African papionin molecular and morphological data were combined using both supermatrix and molecular backbone approaches. Theropithecus is supported as the sister taxon to Papio/Lophocebus/Rungwecebus, and while supermatrix analyses using Bayesian methods are largely unresolved, analyses using parsimony are broadly similar to earlier studies. Thus, the position of Rungwecebus relative to Papio and Lophocebus remains equivocal, possibly due to complex patterns of reticulation. Parapapio is likely a paraphyletic grouping of primitive African papionins or possibly a collection of stem P/L/R/T taxa, and a similar phylogenetic position is also hypothesized for Pliopapio. ?Papio izodi is either a stem or crown P/L/R/T taxon, but does not group with other Papio taxa. Dinopithecus and Gorgopithecus are also stem or crown P/L/R/T taxa, but their phylogenetic positions remain unstable. Finally, T. baringensis is likely the most basal Theropithecus taxon, with T. gelada and T. oswaldi sister taxa to the exclusion of T. brumpti. By integrating large amounts of molecular and morphological data, combined with the application of updated parsimony and Bayesian methods, this study represents the most comprehensive analysis of African papionin phylogenetic history to date.
The Growth of Government, Trust in Government, and Evidence on Their Coevolution

The coevolution of trust in government alongside the growth of government is an aspect of research on the latter topic that has not been explored. We consider this coevolution in the context of a political economy model and a public interest view of government growth and incorporate the role of trust in government. The negative association of the growth in government with trust in government is consistent with a political economy model of government growth, rent seeking/lobbying, trust, and productivity. Though such a model is broadly consistent with the historical data since the late 1950s, we present a more econometrically sophisticated examination of the data. In particular, we recognize the difficulties of statistical inference with non-stationary data and take the appropriate steps to deal with it. There is evidence that two aspects of government size – transfer payments and regulatory activity – align with the political economy model. Specifically, we find cointegration indicating the following: a negative association between trust and lobbying activity, a negative relationship between trust and each of these two measures of government, and a positive association of trust and productivity. However, other measures of government size do not produce as robust of findings. Also, we do not find evidence of positive associations of trust and government size nor of trust and lobbying, as might be expected from a public interest view of government.
Dialog-Context Aware end-to-end Speech Recognition

Existing speech recognition systems are typically built at the sentence level, although it is known that dialog context, e.g. higher-level knowledge that spans across sentences or speakers, can help the processing of long conversations. The recent progress in end-to-end speech recognition systems promises to integrate all available information (e.g. acoustic, language resources) into a single model, which is then jointly optimized. It seems natural that such dialog context information should thus also be integrated into the end-to-end models to improve recognition accuracy further. In this work, we present a dialog-context aware speech recognition model, which explicitly uses context information beyond sentence-level information, in an end-to-end fashion. Our dialog-context model captures a history of sentence-level contexts, so that the whole system can be trained with dialog-context information in an end-to-end manner. We evaluate our proposed approach on the Switchboard conversational speech corpus, and show that our system outperforms a comparable sentence-level end-to-end speech recognition system.
Crisis and Intervention: Combating Terrorism in the Sahel

France gained worldwide acclaim for its swift military response to the advance of Islamist extremists in northern Mali. Malians celebrated the French arrival and the resulting retreat of multiple armed groups. The honeymoon was short lived, however, as the French failed to secure peace in Mali. This paper analyses counterterrorist activity in the Sahel. While many would consider Operation Serval an immediate success, the steady rise in violence in southern Mali and throughout the region belies this fact. This paper examines how the crisis in Mali and the narrow focus of counterterrorism in the Sahel relate to governance and insecurity in the region.
Adverse health effects of abuse‐deterrent opioids: Evidence from the reformulation of OxyContin

The United States is currently in the midst of the worst drug epidemic in its history, with nearly 64,000 overdose deaths in 2016. In response, pharmaceutical companies have begun introducing abuse-deterrent painkillers, pills with properties that make the drug more difficult to misuse. The first such painkiller, a reformulated version of OxyContin, was released in 2010. Previous research has found no net effect on opioid mortality, with users substituting from OxyContin toward heroin. This paper explores health effects of the reformulation beyond mortality. In particular, I show that heroin is substantially more likely to be injected than OxyContin, increasing exposure to blood-borne diseases. Exploiting variation across states in OxyContin misuse prior to the reformulation, I find relative increases in the spread of hepatitis B and C in states most likely to be affected by the reformulation. In aggregate, the estimates suggest that absent the reformulation, we would have observed approximately 76% fewer cases of hepatitis C and 53% fewer cases of hepatitis B from 2011 to 2015. I find some suggestive evidence that the reformulation also lead to increases in HIV and hepatitis A, although these findings are less robust. These findings have important implications for future policies addressing the opioid crisis.
Plantarflexor metabolics are sensitive to resting ankle angle and optimal fiber length in computational simulations of gait

Abstract Background: Plantarflexor structure is an important predictor of function in healthy, athletic, and some patient populations. Computational simulations are powerful tools capable of testing the isolated effects of muscle-tendon structure on gait function. Research Question: The purpose of this study was to characterize the sensitivity of plantarflexor muscle function based on muscle-tendon unit (MTU) parameters. We hypothesized that plantarflexor metabolics and shortening dynamics would be sensitive to MTU parameters. Methods: Stance phase of gait was simulated using a musculoskeletal model and computed muscle control algorithm. Optimal muscle fiber length, resting ankle angle, and tendon stiffness parameters were systematically changed to test these effects on plantarflexor metabolics, activation, and power. Dorsiflexor metabolics were also measured to determine the impact of the action of the antagonist muscle group. Results and Significance: Plantarflexor metabolic demands were 1.5 and 2.7 times more sensitive to optimal fiber length and resting ankle angle, respectively, compared to the effect of tendon stiffness. Increased resting ankle plantarflexion induced a large passive plantarflexion moment during early stance, which required non-physiologic dorsiflexor contractions. Conversely, longer optimal fiber and more neutral resting ankle angles increased the shortening demands of the plantarflexors. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting MTU parameters when modeling gait with musculoskeletal models, especially in pathologic or high-performance athlete populations.
Fetal MRI in the Identification of a Fetal Ventral Wall Defect Spectrum.

Objective To ascertain if useful criteria for prenatal diagnosis of fetal ventral body wall defects (VBWDs) exists by reviewing published literature on diagnosis of VBWD as compared with our own diagnostic experience. Study Design A comprehensive literature review of diagnostic criteria of fetal VBWD including pentalogy of Cantrell (POC), omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spina bifida (OEIS), cloacal exstrophy, limb–body wall complex (LBWC), and body stalk anomaly was performed followed by a retrospective review of all fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations from our medical center over a 2-year period. Results Classically, OEIS is omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida. POC is defects of the supraumbilical abdomen, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart. LBWC is two of the following: exencephaly or enencephaly with facial clefts, thoracoschisis or abdominoschisis, and limb defects. Twenty-four cases of VBWD on MRI over a 24-month period were identified with seven cases involving defects of additional organ systems. Six of these seven cases demonstrated findings from two or more of the traditional diagnoses POC, OEIS, and LBWC making diagnosis and counseling difficult. Conclusion There is a lack of consensus on useful diagnostic criteria within the published literature which is reflected in our own diagnostic experience and poses a challenge for accurate prenatal counseling.
Piezoresistor-Embedded Multifunctional Magnetic Microactuators for Implantable Self-Clearing Catheter

Indwelling catheters are used widely in medicine to treat various chronic medical conditions. However, chronic implantation of catheters often leads to a premature failure due to biofilm accumulation. Previously, we reported on the development of a self-clearing catheter by integrating polymer-based microscale magnetic actuators. The microactuator provides an active anti-biofouling mechanism to disrupt and remove adsorbed biofilm on demand using an externally applied stimulus. During an in vivo evaluation of self-clearing catheter, we realized that it is important to periodically monitor the performance of implanted microactuators. Here, we integrate gold-based piezoresistive strain-gauge on our magnetic microactuators to directly monitor the device deflection with a good sensitivity (0.035%/Deg) and linear range (±30°). With the integrated strain-gauge, we demonstrate the multi-functional capabilities of our magnetic microactuators that enable device alignment, flow-rate measurement, and obstruction detection and removal toward the development of a chronically implantable self-clearing smart catheter.
Time-Resolved Thomson Scattering on Gas-Puff Z-Pinch Plasmas at Pinch Time

The conditions and dynamics of neon gas puff Z-pinch plasmas at pinch time are studied on a pulsed power generator with a current rise time of approximately 200-ns and 0.9-mA peak current. Radial tailoring of the gas puff mass-density profile using a triple-nozzle coaxial valve (two annular gas liners and a central jet) allows production of both more stable and less stable (with regard to the magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability) Z-pinch implosions. A 526.5-nm, 10-J Thomson scattering diagnostic laser enables probing of the flow dynamics and plasma conditions of these implosions with both spatial and temporal resolutions. The 2.2-ns laser pulse scatters from the plasma electrons and is carried by one optical fiber to a visible light streak camera, and by a bundle of optical fibers to a time-gated camera, both after spectral dispersion by 750-mm spectrometers. The streak camera, with a 10-ns full streak time, provides subnanosecond resolution of the evolution of the pinch plasma parameters through stagnation. The time-gated camera provides spatially resolved spectra (across a field of view of 6.1 mm) at the same time as the streak. Scattering spectra suggest that temperatures are high at stagnation, with the ion temperature as much as three times higher than the electron temperature. However, we consider the possibility of nonthermal explanations for the broad scattering spectra and high effective ion temperature, including collisionality, implosion velocity distributions (velocity gradients), and small-scale hydrodynamic motion.
Attainable Volumetric Targets for Adsorption-Based Hydrogen Storage in Porous Crystals: Molecular Simulation and Machine Learning

Hydrogen fuel is attractive to power vehicles without emitting carbon, but onboard storage of sufficiently densified hydrogen at moderate pressure remains a significant challenge. Adsorption-based storage in porous crystals such as metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks is attractive to reduce the storage pressure. It is, however, unclear to what extent volumetric storage targets can be met under constraints of adsorbent design and choice of operating conditions. To help elucidate attainable values for volumetric storage metrics upon the potential introduction of strong hydrogen-binding sites, we “computationally synthesized” a library of porous crystals and performed 18 000+ grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations to calculate hydrogen loadings at multiple T, P conditions. The studied frameworks are based on 17 pore topologies and feature alchemical catecholate sites: sites whose interaction with hydrogen was artificially and systematically modified within the range of density functiona...