cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Predictability Into Cost Optimization for Ground Delay Programs

This work introduces the goal of predictability into ground delay program GDP cost optimization under capacity uncertainty for a single airport case. This is accomplished by modifying traditional GDP delay cost functions so that they incorporate predictability. Extra premiums are assigned to unplanned delays, and planned but unincurred delays, due to their unpredictability. Two stochastic GDP models are developed based on deterministic queueing theory and continuous approximation to estimate the delay components in the cost functions: a static no-revision model and a dynamic model considering one GDP revision. The decision on the time when the planned airport arrival capacity moves from the low level to the normal level, T, is made to minimize the expected GDP cost. The case study shows that, by varying the unpredictability premiums within plausible ranges, the optimal value T* can be anywhere from the 33rd to the 87th percentile of the distribution of the actual capacity recovery time. Of the two unpredictability premiums, the one for unplanned delay has a stronger impact on T* than the one for planned but unincurred delay. In general, reducing GDP scope increases T* except when planned delay is almost equally costly whether or not it is incurred. Depending on the values of unpredictability premiums, cost savings of as much as 13% can be realized from properly valuing unpredictability in GDP decision making.
The Supercontraction in 9 M LiCl at 94°C of Chemically Modified Wool Fibers

B.A. Fleece wool fibers were chemically modified in order to study the influence of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups on supercontraction in 9 M LiCl at 94° C. The disulfide bonds were reduced with sodium thioglycolate solutions to form free sulfhydryl groups, and the free SH groups were blocked with N-ethylmaleimide. This had a significant effect on the rate of supercontraction, which was followed by a microscopic technique. A spontaneous re-elongation of the fibers was observed in the case of highly reduced fibers. The existence of linkages, other than disulfide bonds, that might tend to limit supercontraction was investigated by the addition of 0.1 N HCl to the supercontracting medium. The experimental results were interpreted in terms of a sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange mechanism.
Thermodynamic Optimization of a Gas Turbine Power Plant With Pressure Drop Irreversibilities

In this paper we show that the thermodynamic performance of a gas turbine power plant can he optimized by adjusting the flow rate and the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path. Specifically, we show that the power output has a maximum with respect to the fuel flow rate or any of the pressure drops. The maximized power output has additional maxima with respect to the overall pressure ratio and overall temperature ratio. When the optimization is performed subject to a fixed fuel flow rate, and the power plant size is constrained, the power output and efficiency can be maximized again by properly allocating the fixed total flow area among the compres­ sor inlet and the turbine outlet.
Bone mineral status of women with Marfan syndrome

Abstract purpose: With effective surgical correction of vascular abnormalities, skeletal health is an important issue for patients with Marfan syndrome. Osteopenia has been radiographically described, yet no systematic evaluation of bone status has been published. The purpose of this study was to determine the bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm 2 ) in women with Marfan syndrome. patients and methods: Seventeen women, 37.2 ± 7.3 years old, with Marfan syndrome were studied. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure BMD at the lumbar spine (L2-L4), proximal femur, and total body in all subjects. Scoliosis scores were assigned from 0 (no curvature) to 3 (severe curvature). results: Highly significant deficits in BMD were observed at the proximal femur (p = 0.0001) as well as of the whole body (p 3 ) was calculated. The femoral neck BMAD values (mean ± SD) were significantly lower than predicted (0.125 ± 0.02 versus 0.147 ± 0.001 g/cm 3 , p conclusions: Women with Marfan syndrome have bone deficits at the proximal femur as well as of the whole body. This deficit is not related to scoliosis and persists when corrected for bone size. Women with Marfan syndrome may be at increased risk for proximal femoral fracture.
Fractography and oxidative analysis of gamma inert sterilized posterior-stabilized tibial insert post fractures: Report of two cases

Abstract Background Highly crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has shown success in reducing wear in hip arthroplasty but there remains skepticism about its use in Total Knee Replacement (TKR) inserts that are known to experience fatigue loading and higher local cyclic contact stresses. Methods Two Legacy Posterior-Stabilized (LPS) Zimmer NexGen tibial implants sterilized by gamma irradiation in an inert environment with posts that fractured in vivo were analyzed. Failure mechanisms were determined using optical and scanning electron microscopy along with oxidative analysis via Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results Micrographs of one retrieval revealed fatigue crack initiation on opposite sides of the post and quasi-brittle micromechanisms of crack propagation. FTIR of this retrieval revealed no oxidation. The fracture surface image of the second retrieval indicated a brittle fracture process and FTIR revealed oxidation in the explant. Conclusions These two cases suggest that crosslinking of UHMWPE as a manufacturing process or sterilization method in conjunction with designs that incorporate high stress concentrations, such as the tibial post, may reduce material strength. Moreover, free radicals generated from ionizing radiation can render the polymer susceptible to oxidative embrittlement. Clinical relevance Our findings suggest that tibial post fractures may be the results of in vivo oxidation and low level crosslinking. These and previous reports of fractured crosslinked UHMWPE devices implores caution when used with high stress concentrations, particularly when considering the potential for in vivo oxidation in TKR.
Multilayered structures as dispersing devices in x-ray spectrometry

Abstract Artificial Bragg diffractors (multilayers) are useful dispersing devices for the quantification of boron to silicon (atomic numbers 5–14). This paper describes the preparation, characterization and recent efforts to use such devices in that application, particularly where dispersing crystals of appropriate spacing for wavelength-dispersive spectrometers are not available.
The Hall effect in zinc

The Hall effect in zinc at elevated temperatures is analysed in terms of a simple model Fermi surface based on the standard 2-OPW (orthogonalised plane wave) approximation. The effect of k-dependent relaxation times appears to be negligible in the calculation of R/sub ///, but is probably important for Rperpendicular to . As temperature increases, the changing c/a ratio and decreasing band gaps, which are affected by the Debye-Waller factor, combine to reduce the values of the calculated Hall constants. The predictions for R/sub /// and Rperpendicular to agree quite satisfactorily with values extrapolated from measurements at lower temperatures.
Solar variability and climatic change during the current millennium

Claims of a Sun–weather relationship1 can only be evaluated properly when the history of solar change is known in detail. The most obvious feature of solar variability is the change over time in the number of sunspots on the visible half of the Sun. A less visible indicator of solar change is the 14C content of tree rings. The atmospheric 14C levels derived from tree ring measurements can be tied to the Sun's modulation of the cosmic ray flux in the vicinity of the Earth, and thus provide a history of solar change2. We report here a comparison of climate records with the record of solar change obtained from atmospheric 14C variations. This yielded ‘negative’ results, that is, a relationship between the climatic time series and the 14C derived record of solar change could not be confirmed.
Pursuit of nontraditional occupations: Fear of success or fear of not being chosen?

To determine whether fear of success reflects realistic expectations of the negative consequences of deviance rather than a motive, reactions to “gender-inappropriate” achievement by women and men were investigated. Occupational choices (masculine or feminine) and academic performance (successful or neutral-unknown) of target descriptions were crossed. Women described and seeking “masculine” occupations were perceived by women and men as least preferable heterosexual romantic partners. Similarly, women seeking a “masculine” occupation whose performance status was neutral-unknown were perceived by women and men as least preferable heterosexual friends. Perceptions of men as heterosexual romantic partners and friends did not parallel responses to descriptions of women and were less consistent across sex of perceiver. Gender-incongruent persons were least preferred as same-sex friends.
The syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift in dichotic listening

Abstract Children at two age levels, 6 to 7 years and 9 to 10 years, listened to pairs of words presented dichotically to the left and right ear either simultaneously or in immediate succession. Their task was to report what they heard after each pair. The experimental pairs involved either syntagmatic relations (e.g., bird-fly ) or paradigmatic relations ( table-chair ). The younger children correctly identified more syntagmatic than paradigmatic pairs (using control pairs as a base) while the older children correctly identified more paradigmatic pairs. There was no difference between associated and nonassociated pairs. The results are taken to mean that pragmatic, serial relations dominate the semantic organization of younger children and that logical, hierarchical relations make their impact later in the course of development.
An alternative AI breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to elevated ambient temperatures before or after calving or both.

Abstract Our objective was to determine if a timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol (Ovsynch) might produce greater pregnancy rates than AI after a synchronized, detected estrus during summer. Lactating Holstein cows (n=425) were grouped into breeding clusters and then assigned randomly to each of two protocols for AI between 50 and 70 days in milk. All cows were treated with GnRH followed 7 d later by PGF 2α . Ovsynch cows then were treated with a second injection of GnRH 48h after PGF 2α and inseminated 16 to 19h later. Controls received no further treatment after PGF 2α and were inseminated after detected estrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed once by transrectal ultrasonography (27 to 30 d after AI) and again by palpation (40 to 50 d). Based on concentrations of progesterone in blood collected before each hormonal injection, only 85.4% of 425 cows were considered to be cycling. Although conception rates were not different between protocols at d 27 to 30, AI submission rates and pregnancy rates were greater after Ovsynch (timed AI) than after detected estrus. A temperature-humidity index ≥72 was associated with fewer controls detected in estrus with lower conception than for controls detected in estrus when index values were
Activation of lateral habenula inputs to the ventral midbrain promotes behavioral avoidance

Lateral habenula (LHb) projections to the ventral midbrain, including the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), convey negative reward-related information, but the behavioral ramifications of selective activation of this pathway remain unexplored. We found that exposure to aversive stimuli in mice increased LHb excitatory drive onto RMTg neurons. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of this pathway promoted active, passive and conditioned behavioral avoidance. Thus, activity of LHb efferents to the midbrain is aversive but can also serve to negatively reinforce behavioral responding.
Alloying effect on superconductivity in amorphous lanthanum-based alloys

The effect of alloying on the superconducting properties of amorphous, liquid-quenched La-based alloys containing Al, Ge, and Au is studied. The transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of these superconductors depends largely on the La content and is not very sensitive to the second alloy constituent throughout the composition range investigated (\ensuremath{\sim}65-83-at.% La). From the data on ${T}_{c}$, the temperature dependence of the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}(T)$, and the residual-resistivity values, we estimate the coherence length $\ensuremath{\xi}(o)$, the density of states at Fermi level $N({E}_{\mathrm{F}})$, and the electron-phonon coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ as a function of alloy concentration. The implication of these results is that the electron-phonon interaction strength $〈{I}^{2}〉$ is essentially constant, suggesting that superconductivity in these alloys is of a localized nature.
Comorbidity and age of onset of eating disorders in gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals

This study examines the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) men with eating disorders. A total of 388 white, black, and Latino LGB men and women were sampled from community venues. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses of anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder were assessed using the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Gay and bisexual men with eating disorders were more likely to have an anxiety or substance abuse disorder than gay and bisexual men without eating disorders, whereas lesbian and bisexual women with eating disorders were more likely to have a mood disorder than lesbian and bisexual women without an eating disorder. For individuals diagnosed with an eating and anxiety or major depressive disorder, the onset of the psychiatric disorder was more likely to precede the onset of the eating disorder. Researchers should study potential explanations of the relationship between eating and psychiatric disorders among LGB men and women.
Nurses with Chemical Dependency: Usage and Job Performance Effects

(1990). Nurses with Chemical Dependency: Usage and Job Performance Effects. Addictions Nursing Network: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 14-16.
Computational backbone mutagenesis of Aβ peptides: Probing the role of backbone hydrogen bonds in aggregation

Using replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) and united atom implicit solvent model we examine the role of backbone hydrogen bonds (HBs) in Abeta aggregation. The importance of HBs appears to depend on the aggregation stage. The backbone HBs have little effect on the stability of Abeta dimers or on their aggregation interface. The HBs also do not play a critical role in initial binding of Abeta peptides to the amyloid fibril. Their elimination does not change the continuous character of Abeta binding nor its temperature. However, cancellation of HBs forming between incoming Abeta peptides and the fibril disrupts the locked fibril-like states in the bound peptides. Without the support of HBs, bound Abeta peptides form few long beta-strands on the fibril edge. As a result, the deletion of peptide-fibril HBs is expected to impede fibril growth. As for the peptides bound to Abeta fibril the deletion of interpeptide HBs reduces the beta propensity in the dimers making them less competent for amyloid assembly. These simulation findings together with the backbone mutagenesis experiments suggest that a viable strategy for arresting fibril growth is the disruption of interpeptide HBs.
Substrate peroxidation patterns in vascular plants and their modification by exposure to mercury vapour

Abstract Donor substrate peroxidation patterns appear to reflect both taxonomic affinities and certain physiological states of the plant. When peroxidase activi
A Panel Study of Peer Norms and Adolescent Alcohol Consumption: Developing Strategies for Communication Interventions

Given that alcohol consumption and binge drinking among adolescents in the United States remain prevalent, this study assesses changes in the influence of peer norms—and their interactions with time, gender, and ethnicity—on alcohol consumption. Panel survey interviews of adolescents (N = 1,607) were completed in 9th grade and then again in 12th grade with students from Louisiana. Fixed effects multiple regression assessed the relations between the changes in 2 types of peer norms (i.e., descriptive norms and injunctive norms) and 2 alcohol consumption measures: 30-day alcohol prevalence and binge drinking. Increases in 30-day alcohol prevalence and binge drinking were associated with only descriptive norms. The effects of both types of peer norms intensified over time, and the effects of descriptive norms varied according to gender and ethnicity. Specifically, the influence of descriptive norms was greater on boys than on girls and on Caucasians than on African Americans. Communication interventions that...
The Phase Space Formalism for Quantum Mechanics and C* Axioms

On any quantum mechanical Hilbert space, the phase space localization operators form a set of operators that are both physically motivated and form the groundwork for a C* algebra. This set is shown to be informationally complete in the original Hilbert space. We also revisit the relation between having a complete set of eigenvectors, commutability and compatibility.
Deformation of maps to branched coverings in dimension three

In this paper we address the problem of finding the simplest possible representative within each homotopy class of maps between 2-dimensional manifolds. We shall show that each such surface map of nonzero degree is homotopic to one of an especially simple form. To formulate the main result, define a map f: M -> N between surfaces to be a pinch if there is a compact, connected submanifold M1 c M, with boundary consisting of a single simple closed curve in the interior of M, such that N = M/M1, the quotient of M with Ml identified to a point, and such that f is the quotient map. Define a surjective mapf: M --> N between surfaces to be a branched covering if f is finite-to-one and there exists a finite set B c N, perhaps empty, such that f I f'-(N - B) is an ordinary covering space projection.
VOLUME CHANGES, ION EXCHANGES, AND FRAGILITIES OF HUMAN RED CELLS IN SOLUTIONS OF THE CHLORIDES OF THE ALKALINE EARTHS*

1. Concentrations of BaCl2, MgCl2, SrCl2, and CaCl2 can be found in which the volume of washed human red cells remains almost unchanged for short periods of time; in more concentrated solutions the cells shrink, and in less concentrated ones they swell. Between tonicities of about 1.5 and 0.75, the van't Hoff-Mariotte law applies roughly, but at lower tonicities the red cell volume is anomalously great, sometimes in the absence of hemolysis. 2. If the cells are allowed to stand at 4°C. in the media of different tonicities, the volume changes are not maintained. The volumes decrease in a complex way, and the decreases are accompanied by a loss of K from the cells and an entry of the external cation into them. 3. With two exceptions, these ion exchanges are not accompanied by any important changes in the osmotic, mechanical, or heat fragility of the red cells. The exceptions are a marked effect of BaCl2 on heat fragmentation, and of CaCl2 on osmotic and mechanical fragilities.
The interstate banking and branching efficiency act of 1994: A wealth event for acquisition targets

Abstract The Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA) represented a significant step in the deregulation of interstate banking and branching. The IBBEA's passage had a positive wealth effect on a sample of large Bank Holding Companies (BHCs). Cross-sectional tests of abnormal returns reveal that BHCs having characteristics associated with acquisition targets and BHCs headquartered in states that prohibited interstate branching experienced significantly higher returns. Collectively, the evidence suggests that investors anticipated that the IBBEA would provide for increased corporate control activities among banks and that a large portion of the BHC gains stems from the relaxation of interstate branching restrictions.
Cognitive Mapping in Persons Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the issues and perceptions of persons newly diagnosed (within last 3 months) with type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn this qualitative study, 16 adults newly...
Neutrino Physics from a U(2) Flavor Symmetry

We consider the neutrino physics of models with a sequentially broken U(2) flavor symmetry. Such theories yield the observed pattern of quark and lepton masses, while maintaining sufficient degeneracies between superparticles of the first two generations to solve the supersymmetric flavor problem. Neutrino mass ratios and mixing angles in these models may differ significantly from those of the charged leptons, even though the neutrinos and charged leptons transform identically under the flavor group. A wide class of well-motivated U(2) theories yield order one {nu}{sub {mu}}- {nu}{sub {tau}} mixing, without a fine-tuning of parameters. These models provide a natural solution to the atmospheric neutrino deficit, and also have distinctive signatures at long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
A convenient assay for siderochrome hydrolytic enzymes

Abstract Conditions are described under which ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) rapidly dissociates ferric ion from chelation with monohydroxamic acids and dihydroxamic acids, but under which the metal is not dissociated from natural trihydroxamic acids (siderochromes). Based upon this observation, enzymes which hydrolyze siderochromes to monohydroxamic acid subunits can be conveniently assayed spectrophotometrically. The characteristic absorption at 425–440 nm of the siderochrome decreases linearly during hydrolysis. The application of this assay to an enzyme isolated from an unidentified species of penicillium is described.
Changing conceptions of the maternal instinct

By students of modern sociology nothing is more commonly recognized as of fundamental importance than the attitude of the modern woman toward the bearing of children and toward their care when born. In the lower levels of animal life the attitude of the female toward this function is of slight or of
15-year simulation of ozone in Baltimore using SIPM

Abstract The objective of this study is to develop, evaluate, and apply the ozone prediction capability of the semi-empirical integrated pollution model (SIPM). SIPM is a source–receptor model that can be used to estimate the diurnal maximum ozone concentrations (DMOC). For this study, SIPM was applied to create a Base Case, 15-year (1981–1995) simulation of the DMOC for the Essex site in Baltimore, MD. The Base Case was used as part of a sensitivity analysis that examined the changes in the DMOC due to prescribed NOx and VOC point and area source emission changes. It was noted that decreasing point or area source NOx emissions up to 75% increased the number of 1-h exceedances relative to that found in the Base Case, and that decreasing total anthropogenic VOC emissions by as little as 6% decreased the number of 1-h exceedances by almost 50%.
Topic-based clustering of news articles

Recent years have witnessed an explosion in the availability of news articles on the World Wide Web. Although search-engines' algorithms have made it easier to locate these documents, they still require considerable effort on the part of the user since most search engine algorithms look for keywords and do not take the contents of the entire article into context. We propose a system that clusters articles based on their topics. More specifically, we have focused on applying text mining methods to help solve the problems faced by a media organization or public relations department.
AGGREGATE DYNAMICS IN AN OPEN ECONOMY

“The most serious deficiency, from the point of view of exchange dynamics, may be the assumption that export and import values react instantaneously to changes in prices and the exchange rate, while in reality, this reaction is distributed over a number of years.” (Jiirg Niehans, Journal of Political Economy, December 1977.)
Simulation and training of choledochoscopy

Simulators have been used to enhance traditional endoscopy teaching since the 1970s. Endoscopic simulators have been developed for training in esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy (ERCP). Evidence in the literature supports the use of endoscopic simulators as valuable tools in learning these endoscopic procedures. Currently, there is increased use of choledochoscopy, which is considered one of the most technically challenging procedures performed by interventional endoscopists. Because of its technical complexity, choledochoscopy serves as an ideal candidate for simulation-based endoscopic skills training in the preclinical setting. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the available simulators for ERCP and to assess their utility as a training tool.
Study of the effects of high temperatures during quenches on the performance of a small Nb3Sn racetrack magnet

Several high field Nb3Sn magnets of different design are under development for future particle accelerators. The high levels of stored energy in these magnets and the high current densities in the conductor can cause high peak temperatures during a quench. The thermal gradients generated in the epoxy-impregnated magnet coils during the fast temperature rise can result in high thermo-mechanical stresses. Considering the sensitivity of Nb3Sn to strain and epoxy cracks, it is important to define a maximum acceptable temperature in the coils during a quench which does not cause degradation of the magnet performance. A program was launched at Fermilab to study the effects of thermo-mechanical stress in Nb3Sn coils, supported by experiments and by analysis. In collaboration with LBNL, a sub-scaled magnet was built and instrumented to measure the effect of the thermo-mechanical shock during magnet quenches. The magnet consisted of two racetrack coils, assembled in a common coil configuration with a small gap in between. During the test, the magnet reached the maximum field of T at the short sample current of 9100 A. Temperature excursions up to 400 K did not diminish the magnet quench performance; only after temperature excursions over 430 K did the magnet show detraining effects, which occasionally reduced the quench current to about 6%. Signs of irreversible degradation (reducing the maximum current of about 3%) appeared only after temperature excursions over 550 K.
Shock waves and rarefaction waves in magnetohydrodynamics. Part 1. A model system

The present study consists of two parts. Here in Part 1, a model set of conservation laws exactly preserving the MHD hyperbolic singularities is investigated to develop the general theory of the nonlinear evolution of MHD shock waves. Great emphasis is placed on shock admissibility conditions. By developing the viscosity admissibility condition, it is shown that the intermediate shocks are necessary to ensure that the planar Riemann problem is well-posed. In contrast, it turns out that the evolutionary condition is inappropriate for determining physically relevant MHD shocks. In the general non-planar case, by studying canonical cases, we show that the solution of the Riemann problem is not necessarily unique – in particular, that it depends not only on reference states but also on the associated internal structure. Finally, the stability of intermediate shocks is discussed, and a theory of their nonlinear evolution is proposed. In Part 2, the theory of nonlinear waves developed for the model is applied to the MHD problem. It is shown that the topology of the MHD Hugoniot and wave curves is identical to that of the model problem.
Nonverbal cues-based first impressions: Impression formation through exposure to static images

Consumers often make judgments about service providers based solely on their photograph (e.g., on a billboard, on the Internet) before interacting with them face-to-face. This first impression is important for marketers to understand because it influences service provider selection and evaluation. This research explores the nature and subsequent influence of initial judgments made from static images. The results of two studies indicate that (1) judgments based on nonverbal cues can be surprisingly accurate, particularly of personality traits relevant to the domain in which the target is being judged, and (2) initial nonverbal cues-based judgments influence subsequent judgments of a target’s actions.
N-color (Hg,Cd)Te photodetectors

N-color (Hg,Cd)Te photodetectors capable of spectral band analysis have been fabricated, tested, and delivered. This paper discusses the state of the art in (Hg,Cd)Te n-color photoconductive detectors. Included is a discussion of narrow band two-color devices responsive in the region of 8-14 micro. D*lambda (lambda(p), 10 kHz, 1) higher than 3.5 x 10(9) cm Hz((1/2))/W have been achieved in both top and bottom elements at 95 K. The top element exhibited a cutoff wavelength of 8.8 micro, while the bottom element was responsive from 9.6 micro to 11.1 micro. The device was assembled with a long-wavelength pass filter that yielded two narrow bands. Preliminary results are also included for a unique three-color (Hg,Cd) Te device with cutoff wavelengths of 9.1 micro, 10.8 micro, and 13.8 micro.
Self-neutralized ion implantation into insulators

Abstract We have carried out some ion implantation experiments into conducting and insulating substrates with a metal ion beam produced by a vacuum arc ion source. We show that the broad ion beam produced by this implanter configuration is space-charge neutralized to a high degree, allowing ion implantation of insulating materials without complication due to charge build-up. The implantation is in effect self-neutralized, with the ion beam carrying along its own cold electron flood.
Sintering of Low‐Density Glasses: II, Experimental Study

Densification rates are reported for 3 classes of porous glass materials: soot preforms made by flame hydrolysis, silica gel, and phase-separated and leached borosilicate glass. Viscosity values obtained by fitting the densification data to the theory of Part I of the present study are in reasonable agreement with viscosity measured by beam bending using fully sintered glass of the same type.
Emotion and Cognition: Feeling and Character Identification in Dreaming

This study investigated the relationship between dream emotion and dream character identification. Thirty-five subjects provided 320 dream reports and answers to questions on characters that appeared in their dreams. We found that emotions are almost always evoked by our dream characters and that they are often used as a basis for identifying them. We found that affection and joy were commonly associated with known characters and were used to identify them even when these emotional attributes were inconsistent with those of the waking state. These findings are consistent with the finding that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, associated with short-term memory, is less active in the dreaming compared to the wake brain, while the paleocortical and subcortical limbic areas are more active. The findings are also consistent with the suggestion that these limbic areas have minimal input from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the dreaming brain.
Close-range outdoor wireless channel sounding

A data collection in the 2.4GHz ISM band was performed in order to characterize the coupling between a colocated transmitter and receiver in a time-varying, frequency-selective, wideband outdoor channel. Once least-squares channel estimates are obtained, channel length, RMS delay spread, coherence time, and coherence bandwidth are calculated. The values help assess the effects of line-of-sight (LOS) versus non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and traffic conditions, and are being used to inform the design of an advanced adaptive communications system.
Iron Localization in Pea Plants.

Iron chlorosis has often been ascribed to iron inactivation, immobilization, or precipitation within the plant (6, 7, 14, 18, 20). This argument has rested on the assumption that there is no correlation between the chlorophyll content and the iron content of chlorotic plants. Since more recent findings do not support this assumption (1, 11, 12, 13), it is difficult to assess suggestions that chlorosis is the result of iron precipitation in xylem elements (14, 18), nodes (10), high-pH tissue such as phloem or bundle sheaths (20), or translocating tissues in general (7,9, 19). If the total iron content of a leaf is related to its chlorophyll content, there is no reason to claim localized regions of high iron represent precipitation or inactivation. Before ascribing chlorosis to iron immobilization, more should be known about some fundamental aspects of its transport and distribution in normal, green plants. A previous study (5) described some of the factors governing iron transport. As a continuation of that study, the localization of absorbed iron was examined by various radioautographic techniques, some of which permitted cellular localization of soluble as well as insoluble iron. These radioautographic results are presented here. While corroborating previous evidence showing the metabolic involvement of root cells in iron transport (5), the radioautographic results shed new light on the cellular distribution of iron in non-chlorotic plants.
Effect of Propellant Combustion on Sapphire

Sapphire (Al2O3) is the window material of choice for laser beam transmission into the combustion chamber of laser-ignited guns. To evaluate the long-term effects of propellant combustion on an Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser window, it is important to know the window temperature during firing. This paper presents temperature data on an Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ sample located in the breech face of the gun where the laser window would be in a laser-ignited 155 mm(M199) cannon. Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ sample is a substrate material of a commercially sold thin-film thermocouple, and is therefore thermally, if not optically, representative of an actual Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser window.
GD2 ganglioside biosynthesis is a distinct biochemical event in human melanoma tumor progression

Gangliosides from cell cultures established from melanocytic lesions, representing different stages of melanoma tumor progression, were analyzed by chemical and immunological means on thin-layer chromatograms. The GD2 ganglioside and N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of GD2 from its precursor GD3, were detected in cultures established from advanced primary and metastatic melanomas, but not in cultures of normal melanocytes. Immunohistochemical studies on tissue sections from all progression stages confirmed GD2 expression only in these advanced lesions. A distinct biochemical event thus coincides with the onset of faster growth and acquisition of metastatic competence in human melanoma tumor progression.
Interactions between corticosteroids and fractions of rat liver and muscle cells as determined by “equilibrium fractionation” and equilibrium dialysis

Abstract Interactions between [4- 14 C]cortisol or [4- 14 C]corticosterone and fractions of the liver and muscle cell of the rat have been studied in vivo and in vitro , in normal and adrenalectomized animals. Multiple equilibrium dialysis and a novel procedure, “equilibrium fractionation”, have been used. Greater amounts of cortisol or corticosterone are bound by the mitochondrial fraction of the rat-liver cell than by the nuclei, microsomes and supernatant. Studies in vitro have shown that the affinity of normal rat-liver mitochondria is greater for corticosterone than for cortisol; essentially the same results were obtained with adrenalectomized rats. No significant binding of the two steroids was observed to the subcellular fractions obtained from skeletal muscle of the rat.
External Paradoxical Decompositions

Ore's condition states that a cancellative semigroup S which has common right multiples embeds into a group G such that certain properties are satisfied by S and G. We show that G is nonamenable if and only if the semigroup S-1 is G-paradoxical with respect to right multiplication by elements of S. We explore certain properties of this decomposition of S-1.
In vitro microbial culture models and their application in drug development

Drug development faces its nemesis in the form of drug resistance. The rate of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, or tumor resistance to chemotherapy decisively depends on the surrounding heterogeneous tissue. However, in vitro drug testing is almost exclusively done in well stirred, homogeneous environments. Recent advancements in microfluidics and microfabrication introduce opportunities to develop in vitro culture models that mimic the complex in vivo tissue environment. In this review, we will first discuss the design principles underlying such models. Then we will demonstrate two types of microfluidic devices that combine stressor gradients, cell motility, large population of competing/cooperative cells and time varying dosage of drugs. By incorporating ideas from how natural selection and evolution move drug resistance forward, we show that drug resistance can occur at much greater rates than in well-stirred environments. Finally, we will discuss the future direction of in vitro microbial culture models and how to extend the lessons learned from microbial systems to eukaryotic cells.
Photochemical hydroformylation catalysis using ruthenium complexes

Abstract The catalytic hydroformylation of ethylene and propylene is promoted photochemically by the ruthenium(0) complexes Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2, Ru(CO)4-(PPh3) and Ru3(CO)12 under UV irradiation at low pressure (ca. 500 torr H2/CO, 1 1 ) and ambient temperature. Subsequent hydrogenation of the aldehydes is also observed. The photolyses are performed in benzene solution, and result in competitive hydroformylation and hydrogenation of the olefin to yield a product mixture of alkane, aldehydes and alcohols. The use of 13CO shows that the ligands in Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2 exchange readily under photolysis, and that under catalytic conditions Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2 is slowly converted to Ru(CO)4(PPh3) as the only observable Ru species in solution. Incorporation of 13C into the carbonyl position of propanal and the C(1) position of 1-propanol is observed directly by NMR spectroscopy. The tetracarbonyl complex exchanges CO readily at ambient temperature, and upon irradiation under H2 forms the unstable dihydride complex RuH2(CO)3(PPh3). A mechanism is proposed for the observed hydroformylation in which the photochemical step is thought to be generation of a coordinatively unsaturated Ru species.
Prognosis in cancer of the stomach.

The records of 427 patients with gastric cancer have been reviewed and the various types of X-ray abnormalities produced by the tumor have been correlated with the clinical course following surgery. The 5-year survival rate for the entire series was 11 per cent. Patients with X-ray evidence of an ulcer of the pars media without a mass had superior follow-up results. The 5-year survival rate for cancer of the pars media with indeterminate X-ray findings, usually resembling benign ulcer, was 30 per cent.
DG-Injective Covers, #-Injective Covers

Let R be a left noetherian ring. We show that every complex of left R-modules has a #-injective cover. We use this result to prove that the class of DG-injective complexes is covering if and only if the ring R is regular.
Effects of abnormal metabolites of maple syrup urine disease on neurotransmitter receptor binding

The deficiency of keto acid decarboxylase in maple syrup urine disease results in the accumulation of branched chain amino acids and their corresponding keto acids in tissues and body fluids. The effects of abnormal metabolites were investigated on neurotransmitter receptor binding in rat brain. alpha-Keto acids caused selective in vitro decrease in alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic receptor binding in synaptosomal preparations from rat brain. No significant changes were observed in binding of cholinergic, GABA, and dopamine receptors binding in appropriate rat brain preparations. These results indicate that selective inhibition of adrenergic receptor binding by branched chain keto acids may presumably account for neural abnormality in maple syrup urine disease.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Ralstonia solanacearum

We investigated the genetic diversity, extent of recombination, natural selection, and population divergence of Ralstonia solanacearum samples obtained from sources worldwide. This plant pathogen causes bacterial wilt in many crops and constitutes a serious threat to agricultural production due to its very wide host range and aggressiveness. Five housekeeping genes, dispersed around the chromosome, and three virulence-related genes, located on the megaplasmid, were sequenced from 58 strains belonging to the four major phylogenetic clusters (phylotypes). Whereas genetic variation is high and consistent for all housekeeping loci studied, virulence-related gene sequences are more diverse. Phylogenetic and statistical analyses suggest that this organism is a highly diverse bacterial species containing four major, deeply separated evolutionary lineages (phylotypes I to IV) and a weaker subdivision of phylotype II into two subgroups. Analysis of molecular variations showed that the geographic isolation and spatial distance have been the significant determinants of genetic variation between phylotypes. R. solanacearum displays high clonality for housekeeping genes in all phylotypes (except phylotype III) and significant levels of recombination for the virulence-related egl and hrpB genes, which are limited mainly to phylotype strains III and IV. Finally, genes essential for species survival are under purifying selection, and those directly involved in pathogenesis might be under diversifying selection.
The Effects of the Intergenerational Transmission of Family Emotional Processes on Conflict Styles: The Moderating Role of Attachment

This study of 203 emerging adults investigated the moderating role of attachment on the intergenerational transmission of the effects of family emotional processes (enmeshment and disengagement) on adult offspring's conflict management. Results indicated that higher levels of perceived disengagement led to more use of hostile and volatile and lower use of validating conflict styles. Results further indicated that attachment moderated the effects of disengagement on hostile and volatile but not validating styles. High levels of anxiety exacerbated the effects of disengagement while low levels of avoidance buffered the effects of disengagement. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
The genetics of hereditary colon cancer

The genetic basis of sporadic colorectal cancer has illuminated our knowledge of human cancer genetics. This has been facilitated and catalyzed by an appreciation and deep understanding of the forms of colorectal cancer that harbor an inherited predisposition, including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome, the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes, and certain other rare syndromes. Identification of germline mutations in pivotal genes underlying the inherited forms of colorectal cancer has yielded many dividends, including functional dissection of critical molecular pathways that have been revealed to be important in development, cellular homeostasis, and cancer; new approaches in chemoprevention, molecular diagnostics and genetic testing, and therapy; and underscoring genotypic-phenotypic relationships.
Stabilization of Accelerating Voltage under High-Intensity Beam Loading

The problem of fluctuating beam load in high-intensity cascade synchrotrons is discussed. A comparison is made of various methods of controlling rf system amplitude and phase fluctuations, with emphasis on feedback control as an economical method of stabilization. Equations describing performance are given, together with typical values for the 200 BeV machine at 3 × 1013 protons/pulse.
The prolate spheroidal antenna: Current and impedance

This paper studies the near field of the prolate spheroidal antenna. By expanding the components of the electromagnetic field in terms of the spheroidal functions, we determine the current distribution over the antenna and the impedance at the gap. We consider both center and off-center gaps for kL = 1, 1.49, 2, 3, 4 , where k =2\pi/\lambda, L is the semifocal length of the spheroid, and \lambda is the wavelength. The radiation resistance is calculated from the far field and found to be in excellent agreement with the resistance at the gap calculated from the near field.
A critical look at iron paleoredox proxies: New insights from modern euxinic marine basins

Enrichments in reactive iron occur under euxinic marine conditions, that is, where dissolved sulfide is present in the water column. These enrichments result primarily from the export of remobilized iron from the oxic shelf, which is scavenged from the euxinic water column during syngenetic pyrite formation and deposited in the underlying sediments. Strongly elevated ratios of highly reactive iron to total iron (FeHR/FeT) and total iron to aluminum (FeT/Al) and high degrees of pyritization (DOP) are each products of this enrichment process. These paleoredox proxies are among the most faithful recorders of ancient euxinia. Contrary to previous arguments, iron enrichment is decoupled from biogenic sediment inputs, but it does appear to be a uniquely euxinic phenomenon. In other words, we can rule out a major contribution from preferential physical transport of FeHR-rich detrital sediment to the deep basin, which could also operate under oxic conditions. Furthermore, enrichment via the shuttling of iron remobilized from oxic shelves appears to be limited by inefficient transport and trapping processes in deep oxic basins. Elevated FeT/Al ratios in the euxinic sediments also cannot be a product of internal enhancement of the reactivity of the detrital iron pool without net FeHR addition. These conclusions are supported by observations in the modern Black Sea, Orca Basin, and Effingham Inlet. FeT/Al ratios are unambiguous recorders of paleoredox even in sediments that have experienced high degrees of metamorphic alteration. However, this study suggests that high siliciclastic accumulation rates can swamp the enrichment mechanism, resulting in only intermediate DOP values for euxinic sediments and FeT/Al ratios that mimic the oxic shelf. Such dilution effects are well expressed in Black Sea basinal turbidites and rapidly accumulating muds on euxinic basin margins. Under conditions of persistent euxinia, varying extents of FeHR enrichment can illuminate spatial and temporal gradients in siliciclastic sedimentation. The magnitude of enrichment is a function of the source (shelf) to sink (ocean basin) areal ratio, suggesting that iron proxies can also record ocean-scale paleoenvironmental properties through muted enrichments at times of very widespread euxinia. For the first time, manganese data are interpreted in light of the redox shuttle model. As for the iron data, the Black Sea, Orca Basin, and Effingham Inlet show enrichments in total manganese in the deep euxinic basin, suggesting export from the suboxic porewaters of the oxic shelf and scavenging and burial in the basin. The Black Sea data reveal iron and manganese enrichment across the broad, deep euxinic basin, suggesting efficient lateral transport and deep-water mixing tied to the physical properties of the water column.
Death Row Correctional Officers: Experiences, Perspectives, and Attitudes

Capital punishment has received much scholarly attention; however, very little is known about correctional officers who work on death row. This research attempts to fill this gap in our knowledge b...