cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of subcutaneous and intranasal administration of ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in man: comparison with intravenous administration.

Long term use of ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) requires a convenient route of administration. The effects of 0.3, 3, and 30 µg/kg BW synthetic oCRH given as a sc injection and of 10 and 30 µg/kg given as an intranasal spray were studied in 10 normal men in the late afternoon. Basal plasma immunoreactive ACTH (IR-ACTH) and IR-cortisol levels were 14 ± 1.9 pg/ml and 4.3 ± 0.4 µg/dl (mean ± SEM). Peak IR-ACTH levels (mean ± SEM) were 43 ± 5.5, 53 ± 8.1, and 64 ± 8.9 pg/ml after the 0.3, 3, and 30 µg/kg doses of oCRH given sc, respectively, and 23 ± 4.3 and 36 ± 4.8 pg/ml after the 10 and 30 µg/kg doses of oCRH given intranasally, respectively. The lowest sc dose and both intranasal doses caused only single IR-ACTH peaks. After 3 and 30 µg/kg sc oCRH, IR-ACTH rose by 15 min, reached an initial peak at 45–60 min, fell rapidly until 90–120 min, and rose to a second peak at 3–5 h. This biphasic response is similar to that previously found after iv administration. IR-ACTH levels remained elevated f...
Differential c-fos-like protein expression in mechanically versus chemically induced visceral nociception.

Abstract The expression of c- fos -like protein has been suggested to be a marker for neuronal activity in nociceptive processing. The immunohistochemical detection of this protein was used to determine if different visceral noxious stimuli induce distinct patterns in the rat spinal cord. We have developed a mechanical visceral pain model which is based on the acute distention of the duodenum yielding a quantifiable behavioral endpoint, writhing-like activity. One hour following either intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid or the distention of the duodenum via a chronically implanted balloon catheter, the animals were processed for the immunocytochemical detection of c- fos -like protein in the spinal cord. Characteristic patterns of c- fos -like immunoreactivity were observed following each type of stimulus that differed in spinal laminar and segmental distribution, number of neurons expressing fos -like immunoreactivity and staining intensity. The chemical noxious stimulus induced c- fos bilaterally in laminae I and X predominately in the thoraco-lumbar region of the spinal cord. In contrast, the mechanical noxious stimulus induced a greater number and more intense neuronal c- fos -like protein expression in laminae I–VI, IX and X. These data provide further evidence that there is a differential nociceptive modulation in mechanical versus chemical noxious visceral stimulation.
Parton bremsstrahlung as a mechanism of energy deposition in high-energy hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions

On the basis of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, we consider the bremsstrahlung energy losses of partons traversing {ital parton} {ital matter} using the well-known quantum electrodynamical formulas. We find the transport equation describing the energy distribution of partons as a function of thickness of a target. The equation is solved numerically and we briefly discuss the relevance of our results for hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies.
Simultaneous microdialysis in striatum and substantia nigra suggests that the nigra is a major site of action of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the “Hemiparkinsonian” rat

L-DOPA is frequently used to relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its use in patients with more advanced PD is complicated by on-off phenomena. We used simultaneous microdialysis of striatum and ipsilateral substantia nigra to characterize changes in extracellular fluid (ecf) levels of dopamine (DA) following systemic treatment with L-DOPA (25 mg/kg as methylester) in awake, normal rats and those with partial (less than 99%) or complete (greater than 99%) DA depleting unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway (nsp). In normal rats, nigral ecf DA rose 17-fold above baseline after L-DOPA, compared to a 2.6-fold increase in normal striata. Striatal ecf DA rose equally after L-DOPA in all three groups, whereas peak nigral ecf DA in completely lesioned rats was three times that in normal or partially lesioned animals. Peak nigral ecf DA in completely lesioned rats exceeded striatal ecf DA in all groups by almost 2-fold. Activity after L-DOPA was biphasic ("hyperkinetic/bradykinetic") in completely lesioned but not in normal or partially lesioned animals, and the reduced activity occurred 2.5-4 h after L-DOPA at a time when both nigral and striatal ecf DA levels were still elevated. L-DOPA-induced increases in activity were predictable by greater elevations in nigral compared to striatal ecf DA in animals with complete lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. Post-DOPA reduced activity might result from desensitization of synaptic events mediated by DA receptors; this may underlie DOPA-related on-off phenomena in patients with advanced PD.
Soldiers of Saint Agatha: Some campaigns against breast cancer. Fourth Wendell G. Scott memorial lecture March 10, 1976

There have been real and heartening advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer during the past 20 years. A greater proportion of women with breast cancer can now be detected before cancer has metastasized. Some patients with breast cancer can now be cured by systemic chemotherapy. Much of the problem still remains to be researched, but the control of breast cancer can be realistically predicted.
Point mutations in Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope protein : effects on infectivity, virion association, and superinfection resistance

Retroviral envelope proteins are synthesized in the infected cell and targetted to the assembling virion; during infection, they mediate receptor binding and fusion of the virion and cell membranes. We have generated a series of mutants of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) with alterations in the TM protein, p15E, and determined whether the mutants are defective for replication and where the defects lie. Twenty-one point mutants were assessed for infectivity, virion-associated envelope protein levels, and the ability to confer resistance to superinfection. Only one mutant was specifically defective in a post-receptor binding step. Three other mutants encoded virion-associated envelope proteins that could not confer resistance to superinfection, implying that they could not bind to the receptor. These mutants demonstrate that in M-MuLV, receptor binding and early events such as membrane fusion can be affected by amino acid changes in the TM protein.
The free-run period is not the best Zeitgeber period for the house mouse.

Abstract Two light cycles were presented simultaneously to house mice. One cycle had a period of 23.7 hr, the free-run period of the activity cycle in constant darkness, and the other a period of 24.0 hr. The activity cycles of all 31 subjects synchronized temporarily with the 24.0 hr light cycle. In contrast, only 10 mice also showed temporary synchronization with the 23.7 hr light cycle and only 2 of these spent more time synchronized with the 23.7 than the 24.0 hr light cycle. The results suggest that a relaxation oscillator is not an adequate model of the mouse circadian activity cycle. The results may have practical significance for the design of human temporal environments.
The organizational, interactional and care-oriented conditions for patient participation in continuity of care: A framework for staff intervention

Abstract This paper, based on data from a recently completed 2 year exploratory study of “The Patient's Participation in Continuity of Care”, focuses on how specific organizational, interactional and care-oriented factors in one clinical area provide a framework for guiding staff interventions toward furthering the patient's participation in the continuity of his care. Even though these conditions were found on the “rehab” ward of the large acute care medical school affiliated VA hospital studied, they are not unique to it and it is possible to generate them in other clinical contexts. Data were collected through methods of field observation in selected clinical sites and in-depth interviews.
The Effects of a Neutral Stimulus (Buzzer) on Motor Responses and Disfluencies in Normal Speakers

Seventy-two college students were divided into three groups: Button Push-Speech (BP-S), Speech-Button Push (S-BP), and Control. BP-S subjects pushed one of two buttons on signal for 8 min. During t...
Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I‐Enhanced Secretion Is Abolished in Protein Kinase C‐Deficient Chromaffin Cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that bovine chromaffin cells cultured in medium with 10 nM insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) secrete about twofold more catecholamine when exposed to secretory stimuli than do cells cultured without IGF-I. The purpose of this study was to determine whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in the effect of IGF-I on secretion from these cells. PKC was down-regulated in the cells by 16-18 h of treatment with beta-phorbol didecanoate (beta-PDD; 100 nM). Such treatment had no effect on high-K(+)-stimulated secretion from cells cultured without IGF-I; however, secretion from cells cultured with IGF-I was reduced to a level comparable to that in cells cultured without the peptide. The inactive isomer, alpha-PDD (100 nM), had no effect on secretion from untreated or IGF-I-treated chromaffin cells. The effect of beta-PDD was time and concentration dependent, with 100 nM beta-PDD producing a maximal effect in 8-10 h. In situ PKC activity measured in permeabilized cells treated with PMA (300 nM) was decreased by approximately 40% by 10 h and was reduced to almost basal levels by 18 h. Immunoblotting experiments demonstrated that both alpha- and epsilon-PKC were lost from the cells with time courses similar to that seen in the in situ PKC assay. Overnight treatment with the PKC inhibitor H7 (100 microM) prevented the enhanced secretion normally seen in IGF-I-treated cells, whereas HA1004 had no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparative study of three methods of resuscitation: closed-chest, open-chest manual, and direct mechanical ventricular assistance.

Presented are the results of a comparison study of three forms of circulatory support during ventricular fibrillation: closed-chest compression (CCC), open-chest manual compression (OCMC), and direct mechanical ventricular assistance (DMVA). DMVA is a method of circulatory support using a bell-shaped device that is affixed to the heart by apical suction and that alternately compresses and expands the ventricles. CCC produced a cardiac index (CI) of 780 mL/min/m 2 (19% of control) with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 26 mm Hg (23% of control). Both forms of direct cardiac compression produced higher values. OCMC at 60 compressions per minute (CPM) produced a CI of 2,069 mL/min/m 2 (52% of control) with an MAP of 50 mm Hg (45% of control). DMVA at the same rate produced a CI of 2,780 mL/min/m 2 (70% of control) with an MAP of 72 mm Hg (65% of control). The values for DMVA at 60 CPM were significantly higher than for OCMC at 60 CPM (P
Determination of the impurity profile of ethyl-2-(4-[(5R)-3[4-(methoxycarboxamidoiminomethyl)-phenyl]-2- oxo-5-oxazolidinylmethyl]-1-piperazinyl) acetate, citrate, a highly active platelet aggregation inhibitor, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Ethyl-2-(4-{(5R)-3-[4-(methoxycarboxamidoiminomethyl)-phenyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinylmethyl}-1-piperazinyl) acetate, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, is a drug substance of the oxazolidinone type from Merck's research to be developed for the chronic oral treatment of thrombotic disorders. For the separation of the byproducts in the bulk drug substance, a reversed-phase HPLC gradient separation was developed. The eluent consisting of a nonvolatile phosphate buffer system had to be changed to a volatile acetate buffer system in order to perform on-line LC–MS coupling.With a triple quadrupole system it was possible to characterize most of the unknown byproducts occuring during synthesis and during scale-up to kg amounts of the bulk drug substance.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in toxicology

1. Pharmacokinetics aids interpretation of the dose-response relationship in individual toxicology studies. 2. When used to compare across studies, even in a single species other factors, including variation in pharmacodynamic response, must be taken into account. Variation in pharmacodynamic response becomes more profound when one compares across species. 3. Examples do occur where plasma concentration-response relationships are constant across species, particularly when corrected for unbound drug. These examples should not be taken as support, however, of a general universal principle. 4. Owing to multiple factors such as species differences in receptors, enzymes and ion channels, dose or plasma concentration-response relationships can vary enormously across species. In the light of this, the results of toxicology studies should be viewed as qualitative rather than quantitative. Once sufficient clinical experience is gained the human database is the overriding measure of drug safety.
The Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa: Which Regimen Is Most Efficacious? An Analysis of the Evidence for Physician Assistants and Primary Care Providers Treating Eating Disorders

Abstract Bulimia nervosa is a serious disorder with significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. It is therefore imperative that an effective treatment be initiated. The two categories of therapy currently used are psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy has long been advocated as the treatment of choice. However, there has been research into the efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of bulimia. The results of this review suggest that while antidepressants may have a role in the treatment of some of the comorbid symptoms of bulimia, they do not significantly alter the underlying factors such as disturbed attitudes about shape and weight. In addition, it has not been shown that pharmucotherapy elicits a durable response after cessation of the drug. Therefore psychotherapy, preferably in the form of cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy, is the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa.
Predicting 3D structures of transient protein-protein complexes by homology.

Abstract The paper reports a homology based approach for predicting the 3D structures of full length hetero protein complexes. We have created a database of templates that includes structures of hetero protein–protein complexes as well as domain–domain structures ( http://www.ces.clemson.edu/compbio/protcom ), which allowed us to expand the template pool up to 418 two-chain entries (at 40% sequence identity). Two protocols were tested–a protocol based on position specific Blast search (Protocol-I) and a protocol based on structural similarity of monomers (Protocol-II). All possible combinations of two monomers (350284 pairs) in the ProtCom database were subjected to both protocols to predict if they form complexes. The predictions were benchmarked against the ProtCom database resulting to false–true positives ratios of ∼ 5:1 and ∼ 7:1 and recovery of 19% and 86%, respectively for protocols I and II. From 350284 trials Protocol-I made only ∼ 500 wrong predictions resulting to 0.5% error. In addition, though it was shown that artificially created domain–domain structures can in principle be good templates for modeling full length protein complexes, more sensitive methods are needed to detect homology relations. The quality of the models was assessed using two different criteria such as interfacial residues and overall RMSD. It was found that there is no correlation between these two measures. In many cases the interface residues were predicted correctly, but the overall RMSD was over 6 A and vice versa .
Dipeptidase development in cotyledons of Cucurbita maxima during germination

Abstract The dipeptidase activity of an unpurified soluble extract of the cotyledons of Cucurbita maxima Duch. var. Hubbard remained unchanged during the first 2 days of germination and then increased at a rapid rate during the next 3 days. The dipeptidase activity of two of three lots of seeds required the presence of the embryo axis for maximal dipeptidase activity, whereas the third lot was uninfluenced by the embryo axis. This discrepancy was possibly due to genetic differences. In those seeds which required the presence of the embryo axis for maximal dipeptidase activity, the cytokinin benzyladenine could replace the embryonic axis. When the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide was added to the seeds at the beginning of germination, it inhibited dipeptidase activity of the cotyledons from 26 to 55 per cent, depending of the basis of calculation, at 5 days. When the cycloheximide was added to 3-day-old seedling the inhibition of dipeptidase activity in the cotyledons was almost immediate. The relative hydrolysis of l -leucylglycine and glycylglycine were compared after temperature inactivation and purification; the results showed that more than one enzyme was responsible for the dipeptidase activity. The presence of a dialysable dipeptidase inhibitor(s) was demonstrated. Relatively high dipeptidase activity was also found in the roots and shoots.
Losartan potassium, a nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin II, chronically administered p.o. does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier

Recently several novel nonpeptide antagonists of angiotensin II (Ang II) have been identified. One of these, losartan potassium (formerly DuP 753) was developed as an orally active and highly selective antagonist for Ang II. As it is inhibited by sulfhydryl agents, it is specific for the AT1 receptor subtype. Since Ang II has both central and peripheral effects, we investigated whether losartan, given p.o. chronically, crosses the blood-brain barrier. The effects of chronic administration of losartan orally (p.o.) at 3 mg/kg per day for three days on the dipsogenic and pressor responses to a pre-established dose of Ang II i.v.t. (50 ng) were studied. Three series of experiments were carried out using conscious normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were injected with Ang II intraventricularly (i.v.t.) before and after treatment of losartan p.o. and blood pressure and drinking responses measured. The experiments established that 3 mg/kg losartan p.o. for 3 days antagonized pressor effects of Ang II intravenously (i.v.), but did not antagonize the pressor or drinking effects of Ang II i.v.t. Daily water intake significantly increased with chronic losartan p.o.. Since chronic administration of losartan p.o. was able to block the effects of Ang II i.v. but had no effect on Ang II i.v.t. we conclude that losartan potassium does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier using this dose regimen.
Peptides of the corticoliberin superfamily attenuate thermal and neurogenic inflammation in rat pawskin.

Abstract The paws of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were immersed in 48 or 58°C water for 5 min and the thermal inflammatory response to heat was measured by Evans blue dye leakage into the pawskin. Sauvagine, sucker fish urotensin I and human/rat corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), homologous peptides belonging to the corticoliberin superfamily, injected i.v. 10 min before heat exposure, inhibited dye leakage with ED 50 (nmol/kg) of 0.44, 1.5 and 5.9, respectively. The same rank order of potency was observed when the peptides were tested against the protein extravasation evoked by antidromic stimulation of the rat saphenous nerve. The α-helical CRF-(9-41) antagonist, administered alone at 24 nmol/kg i.v., did not affect the heat-induced dye leakage into skin; but it attenuated the effects of h/rCRF, urotensin I and sauvagine. h/r[Tyr 0 ]CRF, ovine[Nle 21 ,Tyr 32 ]CRF and h/r[Met(O) 21,38 ]CRF, administered 24 nmol/kg i.v., did not affect the dye leakage response to heat. Peptides of the corticoliberin superfamily may have the unusual property of making small blood vessels less permeable when responding to injurious stimuli.
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and the generation of stem-like cells in pancreatic cancer

Abstract An epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be an important process in the acquisition of capabilities required for metastasis. Until recently, studies of EMT involved mostly in vitro assays and transplantation experiments of cancer cells that overexpressed known EMT drivers. While valuable, these studies do not allow us to conclude if an EMT sustained under “physiologic conditions” within the tumor microenvironment leads to the myriad changes in phenotype observed in vitro. Here we review our recently published work using a lineage labeled genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to characterize cells that have sustained an EMT in vivo.
Beyond the Law: The Reagan Administration and Nicaragua

It has been the tradition of criminological research to attempt to explain the etiological and enactment patterns of crime. More often than not, the focus has remained on “street crime”; however, since the 1990s, scholars have increasingly expanded attention to causal factors of corporate crime and state crimes (see Rothe and Friedrichs 2006; Kramer and Michalowski 2005; Michalowski and Kramer 2006; Mullins and Rothe 2008; Rothe and Mullins 2006; Rothe and Mullins 2007; Rothe and Mullins 2008). The goal of this paper is to add to this literature by providing a criminological analysis of former President Ronald Reagan’s war on Nicaragua. It begins by illuminating previous criminological research on state crime including an integrated theory of violations of international criminal laws used for the analysis of the case at hand. This is followed with a descriptive account of the events that occurred during the Reagan Administration’s dirty war and concludes with an analysis of the etiological factors behind the United States’ criminality.
Guided Self-Scheduling: A Practical Scheduling Scheme for Parallel Supercomputers

This paper proposes guided self-scheduling, a new approach for scheduling arbitrarily nested parallel program loops on shared memory multiprocessor systems. Utilizing loop parallelism is clearly most crucial in achieving high system and program performance. Because of its simplicity, guided self-scheduling is particularly suited for implementation on real parallel machines. This method achieves simultaneously the two most important objectives: load balancing and very low synchronization overhead. For certain types of loops we show analytically that guided self-scheduling uses minimal overhead and achieves optimal schedules. Two other interesting properties of this method are its insensitivity to the initial processor configuration (in time) and its parameterized nature which allows us to tune it for different systems. Finally we discuss experimental results that clearly show the advantage of guided self-scheduling over the most widely known dynamic methods.
Effects of clozapine on ketamine-induced linguopharyngeal events in rats.

Abstract We tested the effects of clozapine (0.02–20 mg/kg i.p.) on ketamine-induced linguopharyngeal events in rats anesthetized with i.m. injections of ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg) and mounted on a stereotaxic with the tip of the tongue tied to a force displacement transducer monitoring tongue protrusions, retrusions and swallows. Reduction began at the 0.04 mg/kg dose. At 4.8 mg/kg there was total suppression of events. At 20 mg/kg, suppression lasted for 1 h. Notably clozapine doses causing total suppression of events in our model were much lower than those usually reported to alter dopamine turnover.
Pregnancy among three national samples of runaway and homeless youth.

Abstract Purpose: To compare estimates of the prevalence of pregnancy among runaway and homeless youth between the ages of 14 and 17 years in various settings with each other and with youth in the general population. Methods: Comparisons used three surveys of youth: (a) the first nationally representative survey of runaway and homeless youth residing in federally and nonfederally funded shelters, (b) a multicity survey of street youth, and (c) a nationally representative household survey of youth with and without recent runaway and homeless experiences. Results: Youth living on the streets had the highest lifetime rates of pregnancy (48%), followed by youth residing in shelters (33%) and household youth ( Conclusions: Shelter and street youth were at much greater risk of having ever been pregnant than were youth in households, regardless of whether they had recent runaway or homeless experiences. Such youth need comprehensive services, including pregnancy prevention, family planning, and prenatal and parenting services.
Ex vivo detection of histone H1 modified with advanced glycation end products

A number of oxidative stress agents cause DNA and protein damage, which may compromise genomic integrity. Whereas oxidant-induced DNA damage has been extensively studied, much less is known concerning the occurrence and fate of nuclear protein damage, particularly of proteins involved in the regulation and maintenance of chromatin structure. Protein damage may be caused by the formation of reactive carbonyl species such as glyoxal, which forms after lipid peroxide degradation. It may also result from degradation of early protein glycation adducts and from methylglyoxal, formed in the process of glycolytic intermediate degradation. Major adducts indicative of protein damage include the advanced glycation end product (AGE) carboxymethyllysine (CML) and argpyrimidine protein adducts. Thus, the formation of CML and argpyrimidine protein adducts represents potential biomarkers for nuclear protein damage deriving from a variety of sources. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify AGE adducts formed in vivo in a nuclear protein, specifically histone H1, using CML and argpyrimidine as biomarkers. Histone H1 was isolated from calf thymus collected immediately after slaughter under conditions designed to minimize AGE formation before isolation. Using antibodies directed against oxidative protein adducts, we identified CML, argpyrimidine, and protein crosslinks present in the freshly isolated histone H1. Detailed mass spectroscopy analysis of histone H1 revealed the presence of two specific lysine residues modified by CML adducts. Our results strongly suggest that glycation of important nuclear protein targets such as histone H1 occurs in vivo and that these oxidative changes may alter chromatin structure, ultimately contributing to chronic changes associated with aging and diseases such as diabetes.
A model for the brief hospital treatment of the disadvantaged psychiatrically ill.

A treatment approach is presented that is designed to deal more effectively than do conventional inpatient methods with several characteristics of lower-status populations: namely, their here-and-now orientation; their feelings of powerlessness; their tendency to externalize; and their expectation of receiving practical advice about current problems.
Pain Threshold Changes in Rats Following Central Injection of Beta-Endorphin, Met-Enkephalin, Vasopressin or Oxytocin Antisera

Both opioid peptides such as beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin and nonopioid peptides such as vasopressin and oxytocin increase pain thresholds in rodents. Antisera raised against each of these peptides have been developed for use in immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay procedures. The present study assessed whether central administration of antisera raised against beta-endorphin (ABE), met-enkephalin (AME), arginine vasopressin (AAVP) or oxytocin (AOT) altered tail-flick latencies elicited by three different levels of radiant heat, jump thresholds, core body temperatures and locomotor activity. ABE induced a transient hyperalgesia on the tail-flick test at thermal levels at which beta-endorphin administration would elicit an analgesic effect. While met-enkephalin increases tail-flick latencies elicited by high thermal levels, AME failed to alter latencies at this level, but rather induced a short-acting hyperalgesia at a low thermal level. While vasopressin increased tail-flick latencies at high therm...
Piecewise noetherian rings

(1984). Piecewise noetherian rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 12, No. 21, pp. 2679-2706.
Performance of peer-to-peer networks: service capacity and role of resource sharing policies

In this paper we model and study the performance of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing systems in terms of their 'service capacity'. We identify two regimes of interest: the transient and stationary regimes. We show that in both regimes, the performance of P2P systems exhibits a favorable scaling with the offered load. P2P systems achieve this by efficiently leveraging the service capacity of other peers, who possibly are concurrently downloading the same file. Therefore to improve the performance, it is important to design mechanisms to give peers incentives for sharing/cooperation. One approach is to introduce mechanisms for resource allocation that are 'fair', such that a peer's performance improves with his contributions. We find that some intuitive 'fairness' notions may unexpectedly lead to 'unfair' allocations, which do not provide the right incentives for peers. Thus, implementation of P2P systems may want to compromise the degree of 'fairness' in favor of maintaining system robustness and reducing overheads.
Refining the Measurement of Axis II: A Q-sort Procedure for Assessing Personality Pathology.

The measurement of personality disorders (PDs) has proven to be a difficult enterprise. This article describes two initial studies of the validity and reliability of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP), a Q-sort procedure that quantifies clinical judgment, which may be useful both for assessing personality pathology and for empirically refining Axis II categories and diagnostic criteria. In the first study, 153 clinicians from a random national sample used a version of the Q-sort to describe either a prototype or actual patient with either a borderline, antisocial, histrionic, or narcissistic personality disorder. Correlations between aggregated prototype and actual patient profiles provided evidence for convergent and discriminant validity, and a cluster-analytic procedure (Q-factor analysis) produced revised criteria for the four disorders that minimized the problem of comorbidity. In Study 2, a pilot sample of patients were interviewed using a clinical research interview that mirrors the way...
Soluble dietary fiber protects against cholesterol gallstone formation.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have suggested that soluble dietary fibers are hypocholesterolemic and may inhibit cholelithiasis. METHODS: Thirty prairie dogs were placed on a cholesterol-supplemented lithogenic diet. Ten animals received 5% psyllium (PSY) and 10 animals received 5% cellulose. After 6 weeks all gallbladders were inspected for stones; blood and bile were collected for analysis. RESULTS: Cholesterol stones were present in 8 of 10 of the control animals, in 6 of 10 of the cellulose group, and 3 of 10 of the PSY animals (P <0.05). Concentrations of cholesterol and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were significantly lower in the PSY group compared with controls (0.49 versus 0.88 mM and 4.2 versus 9.2 mM, respectively) leading to a significant reduction in the cholesterol saturation index (0.62 versus 1.2). CONCLUSIONS: A dietary soluble fiber (PSY) inhibits cholesterol stone formation by reducing the biliary cholesterol saturation index. This protective effect is associated with a selective decrease in biliary cholesterol and CDCA.
Educating Future Counselor Educators

The literature in Counselor Education and Supervision has had a variety of focuses, ranging from humanistic counselor education (Chenault 1968) to systems technique in training (Canada & Lynch 1975) and from Arbuckle (1974) to Ellis (1974) and back (Arbuckle 1975). However, there has been a scarcity of articles directed toward the education of future counselor educators who will lead the way in innovation, training, and research. I gather that this group has not been intentionally disregarded but that, through various counselor education programs, graduate students are given the opportunity to emerge as counselor educators. This process must vary with each institution. I would like to share one avenue that is being taken to help future counselor educators develop competencies in professional writing and convention program presentations.
A comprehensive protein-protein interactome for yeast PAS kinase 1 reveals direct inhibition of respiration through the phosphorylation of Cbf1

Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) kinase is a sensory protein kinase required for glucose ho- meostasis in yeast, mice, and humans, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its function. Using both yeast two-hybrid and copurification approaches, we identified the protein-protein interactome for yeast PAS kinase 1 (Psk1), revealing 93 novel putative pro- tein binding partners. Several of the Psk1 binding partners expand the role of PAS kinase in glucose homeostasis, including new pathways involved in mitochondrial metabolism. In addi- tion, the interactome suggests novel roles for PAS kinase in cell growth (gene/protein expres- sion, replication/cell division, and protein modification and degradation), vacuole function, and stress tolerance. In vitro kinase studies using a subset of 25 of these binding partners identified Mot3, Zds1, Utr1, and Cbf1 as substrates. Further evidence is provided for the in vivo phosphorylation of Cbf1 at T211/T212 and for the subsequent inhibition of respiration. This respiratory role of PAS kinase is consistent with the reported hypermetabolism of PAS kinase-deficient mice, identifying a possible molecular mechanism and solidifying the evolu - tionary importance of PAS kinase in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
Glucose-Residue Polymers as Protectants against Heat Denaturation of Whey Proteins

Abstract Thirty materials, 25 made up of varying numbers of glucose residue polymers (glucons) and 5 others, were tested for their potential to protect whey proteins during heat treatment and for their influence on fermentation media subsequently prepared from the wheys. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins was made on unheated control, untreated, treated, pasteurized, and autoclaved wheys; and on supplemented whey media. Densitometric plots of the gels evaluated whey protein bands according to the Melachouris and Tuckey classification (14). Two chemically defined pectins and two chemically defined dextrins (40 to 60 glucose residues) were effective protectants; the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide was proportional to protein denaturation by previous heat treatment of the wheys. Fermentation media prepared with the wheys were afforded similar whey protein protection.
Hemoglobinopathies in the Los Angeles area.

Several surveys of abnormal hemoglobins in Los Angeles and in the Southwestern United States have been published in recent years (1–4), and the frequencies of the well known abnormal hemoglobins, such as Hbs S, C, and E, have been reported in this area; some rarer mutants and several new variants have also been described. In one study, an unselected population was studied by screening cord blood specimens in a large municipal hospital, and frequencies of Hbs S, C, and D were determined in various ethnic groups (3).
Paleoecology of Pamlico Formation (Late Pleistocene), Horry County, South Carolina: ABSTRACT

Depositional environments and paleogeography of the Late Pleistocene Pamlico Formation in Horry County, South Carolina, indicate that the formation was deposited near shore under non-marine, restricted marine, and shallow, open ocean conditions. Slight fluctuations of sea-level and other factors, such as shifting currents and migration of barriers produced sharp vertical lateral facies. From the observed distribution of macrofauna and microfauna, four marine environments are recognized: (1) inside intertidal, (2) shallow shelf, (3) lower bay (inlet influenced), and (4) upper bay (semi-restricted). Paleoecologic, stratigraphic, lithologic, and paleogeographic observations provide evidence that the Pamlico deposits are related to a low stand of the sea, higher than 10 feet and less than 40 feet above the present sea-level. Thus it is suggested that the Pamlico Formation be correlated with the making of the Pamlico shoreline (25-30 feet above present sea-level), which on paleogeographic and subsurface evidence was never located more than 5-7 miles inland from the present shoreline in Horry County. During deposition of the Palmico Formation, water depth was probably not more than 40 feet and generally much less; temperature of the water was probably slightly higher than that in the same latitude today; the water was usually slightly turbid and well oxygenated; and the salinity was variable. Inland from the bay and lagoon shores cypress swamps developed so that today non-marine clays and peat beds interfinger with brackish-water deposits. End_of_Article - Last_Page 264------------
Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates LAT1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle: Role in cell growth

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) contributes to vascular disease by stimulating the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Since amino acids are required for cell growth, the present study examined the effect of PDGF on system L amino acid transport, which is the predominant cellular pathway for the uptake of essential amino acids. System L amino acid transport was monitored by measuring the uptake of L-leucine. Treatment of SMCs with PDGF stimulated L-leucine transport in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and this was associated with a selective increase in LAT1 mRNA and protein. PDGF failed to induce the expression of the other system L transport proteins, LAT2 and the heavy chain of the 4F2 cell surface antigen. The induction of LAT1 by PDGF was dependent on de novo RNA and protein synthesis and on mTOR activity. Serum, thrombin, and angiotensin II likewise stimulated L-leucine transport by inducing LAT1 expression. Inhibition of system L amino acid transport by the model substrate 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid blocked growth factor-mediated SMC proliferation and induced SMC apoptosis, whereas it had no effect on quiescent cells. These results demonstrate that growth factors stimulate system L amino acid transport by inducing LAT1 gene expression and that system L amino acid transport is essential for SMC proliferation and survival. The capacity of vascular mitogens to induce LAT1 expression may represent a basic mechanism by which tho acid transport * apoptosis
Neuroscience Application to Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention

Context:Many factors, including anatomy, neuromuscular control, hormonal regulation, and genetics, are known to contribute to the noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk profile. The neurocognitive and neurophysiological influences on the noncontact ACL injury mechanism have received less attention despite their implications to maintain neuromuscular control. Sex-specific differences in neurocognition may also play a critical role in the elevated female ACL injury risk. This report serves to frame existing literature in a new light to consider neurocognition and its implications for movement control, visual-motor function, and injury susceptibility.Evidence Acquisition:Sources were obtained from PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and LISTA (EBSCO) databases from 1990 onward and ranged from diverse fields including psychological and neuroscience reviews to injury epidemiology and biomechanical reports.Study Design:Clinical review.Level of Evidence:Level 5.Results:Neurological factors may cont...
Number of deployments, relationship satisfaction and perpetration of partner violence among U.S. Navy members

The present brief report examined whether number of deployments, relationship satisfaction, and the interaction between number of deployments and relationship satisfaction predicted Navy members' reports of perpetrating physical partner violence. Participants were 80 U.S. Navy members assigned to an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer anticipating an 8-month deployment after Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. The effect that the number of deployments had on perpetrating physical partner violence diminished as relationship satisfaction increased. RESULTS suggest the importance of designing domestic violence intervention and treatment efforts toward those who report high levels of deployment and low relationship satisfaction. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Seizure phenotypes, periodicity, and sleep-wake pattern of seizures in Kcna-1 null mice

This study was undertaken to describe seizure phenotypes, natural progression, sleep-wake patterns, as well as periodicity of seizures in Kcna-1 null mutant mice. These mice were implanted with epidural electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) electrodes, and simultaneous video-EEG recordings were obtained while animals were individually housed under either diurnal (LD) condition or constant darkness (DD) over ten days of recording. The video-EEG data were analyzed to identify electrographic and behavioral phenotypes and natural progression and to examine the periodicity of seizures. Sleep-wake patterns were analyzed to understand the distribution and onset of seizures across the sleep-wake cycle. Four electrographically and behaviorally distinct seizure types were observed. Regardless of lighting condition that animals were housed in, Kcna-1 null mice initially expressed only a few of the most severe seizure types that progressively increased in frequency and decreased in seizure severity. In addition, a circadian periodicity was noted, with seizures peaking in the first 12h of the Zeitgeber time (ZT) cycle, regardless of lighting conditions. Interestingly, seizure onset differed between lighting conditions where more seizures arose out of sleep in LD conditions, whereas under DD conditions, the majority occurred out of the wakeful state. We suggest that this model be used to understand the circadian pattern of seizures as well as the pathophysiological implications of sleep and circadian disturbances in limbic epilepsies.
Therapist and patient factors influencing the patient's perception of facilitative therapeutic conditions.

(1977). Therapist and Patient Factors Influencing the Patient’s Perception of Facilitative Therapeutic Conditions. Psychiatry: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 218-231.
Lessons Learned: European Approaches to Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Responsibility

Teenagers in the US have poorer sexual health indicators than their peers in most countries of western Europe. In 1998 and again in 1999, two study tours were conducted. Adolescent health experts, teen journalists, and graduate students examined factors contributing to lower rates of teen pregnancy, STDs, and other indicators in France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Participants examined media campaigns and social marketing strategies; reproductive and sexual health services for youth; sexuality education in schools; reproductive and sexual health policies; and the impact of family, community, and religion on adolescent sexual health. This article presents the findings, discusses the impacts on professional practice among the participants, and presents recommendations for US public health policy
Mortgage Credit Expansion

Written in 2009 in the midst of the greatest economic recession since the Great Depression, “The Consequences of Mortgage Credit Expansion: Evidence From the U.S. Mortgage Default Crisis”, by Atif Mian and Amir Sufi, analyzes the primary reasons for the increase in sub-prime mortgage lending leading up the housing bubble burst of 2007 and the subsequent drastic rise in mortgage defaults. The goal of the paper is to empirically examine three competing explanations for the subprime mortgage expansion and the resulting default crisis.
Development of Biomass Energy Technologies and Business Models for Southern Africa

This study evaluates options for biomass pellet formulations and business models to create a sustainable energy solution for cooking energy in Southern Africa. Various agricultural wastes and agro-processing wastes are investigated to meet industry standards on biomass pellet quality. These fuels are obtained from farms and facilities across a geographic area that affects the end-cost of the pellet through transportation costs and the cost of the biomass. The technical performance of the pellet and cost of the pellet are first contrasted and then optimized in unison to develop sustainable energy options that can provide year-round clean energy for household cooking and heating needs. A market was analyzed using wheat, sugarcane and maize crops as components for the biomass pellet fuel source in the Zululand district of South Africa. Using a target moisture content (MCtarget) of 8–10%, a target lower heating value (LHVtarget) greater than 16.0 MJ/kg and a target percent ash (Ashtarget) less than 3%, pellet metrics were optimized. The cost of the crops for the pellets was dependent upon the amount of each biomass used to make up the composition of the pellet. The production demand was then analyzed based on the most current consumer cooking fuel demand within South Africa. The production model was evaluated for three factory sizes; small (1hr/ton), medium (3hr/ton), and large (5hr/ton). Primary shipping cost is based on factory location and has a major impact on the cost of the pellet for the consumer as well as the availability of the supply. Factory location was analyzed by varying the biomass crop distance to the factory. Several business models are evaluated within this study to show which representation results in a high quality pellet of low cost to consumer. The study suggests the pellet be composed of 44.62% sugarcane, 47.49% maize, and 0.82% wheat resulting in a LHV of 16.00 MJ/kg, a MC of 8 (w/w%), and an ash content of 3 (w/w%). The optimal cost of the biomass fuel pellet for the consumer ranged from 172.77US$/ton to 185.03 US$/ton.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Morphological and molecular perspectives on systematics of the Hypocreales

The ascomycetous order Hypocreales and its anamorphs include fungi of economic importance ranging from virulent plant pathogens to effective agents of biological control, and from producers of powe...