cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ZBTB7A acts as a tumor suppressor through the transcriptional repression of glycolysis.

Elevated glycolysis is a common metabolic trait of cancer, but what drives such metabolic reprogramming remains incompletely clear. We report here a novel transcriptional repressor-mediated negative regulation of glycolysis. ZBTB7A, a member of the POK (POZ/BTB and Kruppel) transcription repressor family, directly binds to the promoter and represses the transcription of critical glycolytic genes, including GLUT3, PFKP, and PKM. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data sets reveals that the ZBTB7A locus is frequently deleted in many human tumors. Significantly, reduced ZBTB7A expression correlates with up-regulation of the glycolytic genes and poor survival in colon cancer patients. Remarkably, while ZBTB7A-deficient tumors progress exceedingly fast, they exhibit an unusually heightened sensitivity to glycolysis inhibition. Our study uncovers a novel tumor suppressor role of ZBTB7A in directly suppressing glycolysis.
The Therapeutic Effect of Physical Fitness on Measures of Personality: A Literature Review

The authors review the literature concerning the effects of physical fitness on various measures of personality and offer specific suggestions for future research in this area.
A biopsychosocial rationale for coerced community treatment in the management of schizophrenia

Coerced community treatment in its various forms is receiving increasing attention and generating considerable controversy. Few attempts, however, have been made to articulate a rationale for its use. The author presents material in support of the concept that schizophrenia can be viewed as a set of biopsychosocial deficits and that some of the deficits can be efficaciously addressed using coerced community treatment. The biological, psychological, and social deficits are each examined and then a biopsychosocial-coerced intervention hypothesis is generated. The underpinning of the use of coerced community treatment in this model is its ability to affect structure and motivation and thereby to alter the customary community living equation. The charge that one can just treat the deficits and then coercion becomes superfluous is answered. The concerns that the employment of coercion could become too widespread or be used in lieu of adequate community resources for mental health services are also considered. The conclusion is that coerced community treatment is a logical component of the treatment of schizophrenia in outpatient settings.
Ethical Considerations in Organ Donation and Transplantation

Organ transplantation continues to be an excellent therapeutic option for patients with end-stage organ disease. Due to advances made in immunosuppression, surgical techniques, and critical care management, graft and patient survival rates continue to improve. Although advances in technology have dramatically changed in the field of organ transplantation over the last several decades and complicated ethical decision-making, the fundamental ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice have not. Organ transplantation still remains a problem of supply and demand and challenges transplant professionals to meet society's push to find new organ donor sources.
Surface etch-front morphologies using in-plane light scattering

By using a diode array detector and an in-plane scattering geometry, we have investigated the diffraction from various etch-front morphologies. We can obtain an angular distribution of light intensity profile within 30 milliseconds. A series of experimental work, including the detailed characterization of Si backside surfaces and the morphology of Al films on Si during chemical corrosion, will be presented. The corresponding roughness parameters for different surfaces were extracted from light scattering profiles, and compared with those from real-space images. Real time measurements have been performed to study the evolution of Si surface morphology during wet chemical etching. RMS roughness, pits density, correlation length, and pits formation rate can be determined in real time.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transport adenosine triphosphatase: Absence of ATP: p-Nitrophenol phosphotransferase activity

Abstract It is generally accepted that transport adenosine triphosphatase hydrolyzes both ATP and p -nitrophenyl phosphate, and other authors have shown that the enzyme can be phosphorylated in the same location by either substrate. We could detect no label exchange between ATP and p -nitrophenol. This finding indicates that any common phosphorylated intermediate must be formed from either substrate in a poorly reversible reaction and places constraints on models for the sodium pump.
Alleviation of the effects of endotoxin exposure on behavior and hippocampal IL-1β by a selective non-peptide antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors

Previous research has shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) administration produces learning/memory deficits in a variety of paradigms. In our laboratory, we have consistently observed LPS-induced behavioral alterations in a two-way active avoidance conditioning paradigm. Following LPS administration, one factor that affects cytokine production is corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). CRF has well known anti-inflammatory effects, via stimulation of ACTH and corticosterone release. However, CRF acting directly on immune cells or within the CNS may potentiate proinflammatory effects. The current experiments explored the potential of antalarmin, a CRF-R1 non-peptide antagonist, to diminish or negate deficits observed with LPS administration. On the first day of testing, four-month-old male C57BL/6J mice received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antalarmin, followed 90min later by a second i.p. injection of LPS 4h prior to two-way active avoidance conditioning testing. As hypothesized, LPS administration altered performance. However, pretreatment with antalarmin attenuated the adverse effects of LPS administration. Moreover, evidence indicates that antalarmin attenuated hippocampal, but not peripheral, cytokine release. The behavioral results cannot be explained by alterations in the HPA axis, as antalarmin did not affect the LPS-induced rise in corticosterone. The current research contributes preliminary evidence that CRF may be an important factor in the development of LPS-induced behavioral effects, and that blocking the activity of CRF may be sufficient to alleviate some of the effects of endotoxin exposure, possibly due to diminished LPS-induced IL-1beta release in the dorsal hippocampus.
Light scattering studies of solutions of the bacterial polysaccharide (XM6) elaborated by Enterobacter (NCIB 11870)

Abstract Light scattering studies have been made on solutions of the sodium and tetra-methyl ammonium salts of the anionic heteropolysaccharide XM6. The polymers may be modelled as stiff wormlike chains. In dilute solution no conformational change was observed upon increasing the ionic strength. Models for gelation at higher polymer concentration are discussed. The measured mass per unit length of the polymer favours an ordered helical conformation and a gelation mechanism involving association and possibly crystallization of segments of the helical chains.
Efficacy of lithium as acute treatment of manic-depressive illness.

Abstract A double-blind comparison of alternating 7-10 day periods of lithium and placebo in thirty-eight manic-depressive inpatients demonstrated a significant advantage of lithium over placebo in mania. Median mania ratings after 56 periods of lithium (0.5 meq. per kg. per day) in twenty-eight patients decreased significantly, but did not decrease significantly after 42 periods of placebo in twenty-eight patients. Mania decreased in 75% of lithium periods and worsened in only 7%; mania decreased in 40.5% of placebo periods and increased in 40.5%. Median mania ratings during days 7-10 of treatment were significantly lower after lithium than after placebo, even though mania ratings immediately preceding lithium tended to be higher. In the initial treatment periods alone, patients receiving lithium had significantly lower ratings after treatment than patients receiving placebo. " Atypical " manic-depressive (manic) patients responded as well as did apparently typical cases. There was no significant correlation between lithium blood-levels and a decrement in mania ratings during days 7-10 of lithium treatment with the blood-levels attained (mean 0.93 meq. per litre) and the relatively low dose used. In 26 treatment periods in eighteen patients begun during behavioural depression, the 59% improvement-rate with lithium was not significantly higher than the 48% rate with placebo.
The impact of selected customer characteristics and response time on e-complaint satisfaction and return intent.

Customer service centers have become an important element in the complaint-handling process. In response to the changing needs of the Cyber customer, many hospitality companies have put the power to complain in the hands of their customers via e-mail complaints. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of customers’ technology readiness or enthusiasm and response time on satisfaction with the complaint handling process and return intent. The data collection involved re-contacting hotel guests (n=446) who had lodged a complaint with the sponsoring hotel company via e-mail. Our findings indicate that satisfaction with the problem handling and repurchase intentions are directly related to the time taken to respond. Moreover, technology enthusiasts were more demanding of an immediate response than their counterparts, who tend to be less responsive to advances in information technology. Implications to electronic complaint management systems are briefly discussed.
Unit determination: National Labor Relations Board rule making in the health care industry

This article reviews the events leading up to the National Labor Relations Board's (NLRB) historic decision to engage in substantive rule making over appropriate bargaining units in the health care industry. It describes the rule-making process and outcomes, and the reaction of hospital unions and management to the rules. Finally, the potential for the use of rule making for other issues facing the NLRB is analyzed. This analysis uses a cost/benefit framework from the agency's perspective to predict the likelihood of future rule making. The article concludes that rule making is sufficiently costly to make extensive use in other situations unlikely.
Emerging Principles Governing Signal Transduction by Pattern-Recognition Receptors

The problem of recognizing and disposing of non-self-organisms, whether for nutrients or defense, predates the evolution of multicellularity. Accordingly, the function of the innate immune system is often intimately associated with fundamental aspects of cell biology. Here, we review our current understanding of the links between cell biology and pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immune system. We highlight the importance of receptor localization for the detection of microbes and for the initiation of antimicrobial signaling pathways. We discuss examples that illustrate how pattern-recognition receptors influence, and are influenced by, the general membrane trafficking machinery of mammalian cells. In the future, cell biological analysis likely will rival pure genetic analysis as a tool to uncover fundamental principles that govern host-microbe interactions.
An XPS and SEM/EDS characterization of leaching effects on lead- and zinc-doped portland cement

Abstract The characterization of leaching effects on portland cement doped with lead and zinc has been carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Evidence is presented from XPS and SEM/EDS results that the dopant metal ions are preferentially adsorbed on the surface of the cementitious materials. Leaching tests reveal that most of the Zn 2+ ions and some of the Pb 2+ ions are dissolved. A chemical shift with respect to the Si( 2p ) XPS peak occurs due to the increased polymerization of the silicates present in cement. The distribution of the cations before and after leaching is discussed in relation to the XPS and SEM/EDS results.
Evidence supporting the formation of 2,3-epoxy-3-methylindoline: a reactive intermediate of the pneumotoxin 3-methylindole.

The existence of a cytochrome P450-dependent 2,3-epoxide of the potent pneumotoxin 3-methylindole was indirectly confirmed using stable isotope techniques and mass spectrometry. Determination of hydride shift and incorporation of labeled oxygen in 3-methyloxindole and 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole, metabolites that may be in part dependent on the presence of the epoxide, were utilized as indicators of the epoxide's existence. One mechanism for the formation of 3-methyloxindole involves cytochrome P450-mediated epoxidation followed by ring opening requiring a hydride shift from C-2 to C-3. Through incubations of goat lung microsomes with [2-2H]-3-methylindole, the retention of 2H in 3-methyloxindole was found to be 81%, indicating a majority of the oxindole was produced by the mechanism described above. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylindolenine is an imine reactive intermediate that could be produced by ring opening of the 2,3-epoxide. The imine may be oxidized to 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole by the cytosolic enzyme aldehyd...
Studies on the Respiration of Insects

The following paper aims to present certain phases of investigations on the respiration of insects. In a recent article (see Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 15, pp. 89-96, 131-140) I called attention to the fixation of oxygen by the blood of some aquatic insects. “In a few rare cases,” it was stated (p. 94), “the carrier is colored. Thus, in some species of Chironomidae, the pigment is hemoglobin, like that of Vertebrates, except that it is found in the plasma, not within the corpuscles. \* * *| The oxygen diffuses through the epidermis just as in the case of vertebrates, and is fixed by the hemoglobin or other carrier (perhaps hemocyanin?) in the blood. Just what this other carrier may be is not definitely ascertained. But by far the larger number of aquatic insects have no visible colored carrier or respiratory pigment. Thus, for example, Trichoptera larvae, the larvae of Simulium, of Culicidae, and of most Chironomidae, have gill pouches, usually placed at the caudal end, but all without any visible indication of a respiratory pigment.”
A New Type of Tweezer Complex Involving a Rhenium−Rhenium Multiple Bond That Enforces an Unusual Structure in a Dipalladium(II) Unit

The substitution of the mu-acetato ligands in cis-Re(2)(mu-O(2)CCH(3))(2)Cl(2)(mu-dppm)(2) (1, dppm = Ph(2)PCH(2)PPh(2)) and trans-Re(2)(mu-O(2)CCH(3))(2)Cl(2)(mu-dppE)(2) (2, dppE = Ph(2)PC(=CH(2))PPh(2)) by [4-Ph(2)PC(6)H(4)CO(2)](-) occurs with retention of stereochemistry to give cis-Re(2)(mu-O(2)CC(6)H(4)-4-PPh(2))(2)Cl(2)(mu-dppm)(2) (3) and trans-Re(2)(mu-O(2)CC(6)H(4)-4-PPh(2))(2)Cl(2)(mu-dppE)(2) (6), respectively. The uncoordinated phosphine groups in complexes 3 and 6 have been used to form mixed-metal assemblies with Au(I) and Pd(II), including the Re(2)Pd(2) complex cis-Re(2)(mu-O(2)CC(6)H(4)-4-PPh(2))(2)Cl(2)(mu-dppm)(2)(Pd(2)Cl(4)) (5), in which the planar [(P)ClPd(mu-Cl)(2)PdCl(P)] unit has the unusual cis structure. The crystal structures of 3 and 5 have been determined.
New medium for solubilizing proteins of the eye lens core (nucleus).

Abstract 1. 1. The eye lens core (nucleus) is a practical source of proteins for use as genetic markers. 2. 2. A new, simple extraction solution for these proteins is described. The solution was tested on fish (mullet, rockfish, and barracuda) lens nuclei, which produced weak extracts with other extraction media. 3. 3. A new solution, in addition to producing the strongest extracts, demonstrated desirable qualities relating to electrophoresis and storage. 4. 4. This solution may serve as a general extraction solution for nuclear lens proteins.
User interface features influencing overall ease of use and personalization

This study examines user perceptions of gathering information on, locating, and buying compact discs through Web-based interfaces. A group of part-time MBA students in Hong Kong performed a specific set of tasks using the Web sites of two vendors of compact discs. The tasks were selected to be general enough to apply to a variety of on-line shopping situations. As they performed tasks, they answered questions regarding their perceptions of several user interface features as well as their perceptions of overall ease of use. User interface features associated with a perception of overall ease of use were identified, as were differences based on personal characteristics of respondents. Also, differences in perceptions of interface features that might be due to personal characteristics, such as age and sex, were identified. The methodology and results help identify user interface features that a designer should emphasize and features for which personalization is likely to be beneficial.
Using Social Media to Capture and Convey Cultural Knowledge: A Case of Chamorro People

The purpose of the paper is to understand if information and communication technologies, specifically social media, are used to capture and convey Chamorro cultural knowledge. Two data collection methods were used to understand the type(s) of Chamorro cultural knowledge that is valued, and what social media is used by the Chamorro people today to capture and convey cultural knowledge. The results indicate that the Chamorro people today share the core Chamorro cultural values, and do use information and communication technologies, including social media to capture and convey Chamorro cultural knowledge.
Optical properties of C60 and related materials

Abstract The optical properties of C60 are reviewed with regard to their intrinsic interest as molecular solids exhibiting high symmetry. Modifications to these properties due to phototransformation and alkali metal doping are summarized. These optical properties provide background to current studies on C60-polymer composites, with their focus on potential applications.
US Environmental Politics: A Study of State Toxic Metal Water Quality Standards

Abstract Why do some U.S. states pass strict environmental regulations, while others are content with the baseline standards required by the federal government? This work outlines the state environmental choice as a trade-off between the desires of consumers (who want better environmental quality) and of producers (who want less restrictive environmental standards). A rational state legislator maximizes her chances of being re-elected by balancing these two competing forces when setting environmental policy. I test this model by directly analyzing the state decision to adopt strict water pollution regulations with a newly developed database of water quality criteria for eight toxic metals. The empirical results suggest that legislators weigh the relative influence of consumer and producer groups when setting toxic metal water quality standards, in addition to accounting for natural factors that influence the cost of compliance with stricter environmental regulations. Limited evidence is also provided to s...
Experimental crystallization of chrome spinel in FAMOUS basalt 527-1-1

Abstract FAMOUS basalt 527-1-1 (a high-Mg oceanic pillow basalt) has three generations of spinel which can be distinguished petrographically and chemically. The first generation (Group I) have reaction coronas and are high in Al2O3. The second generation (Group II) have no reaction coronas and are high in Cr2O3 and the third generation (Group III) are small, late-stage spinels with intermediate Al2O3 and Cr2O3. Experimental synthesis of spinels from fused rock powder of this basalt was carried out at temperatures of 1175–1270°C and oxygen fugacities of 10−5.5 to 10−10 atm at 1 atm pressure. Spinel is the liquidus phase at oxygen fugacities of 10−8.5 atm and higher but it does not crystallize at any temperature at oxygen fugacities less than 10−9.5. The composition of our spinels synthesized at 1230–1250°C and 10−9 atmfO2 are most similar to the high-Cr spinels (Group II) found in the rock. Spinels synthesized at 1200°C and 10−8.5 atmO2 are chemically similar to the Group III spinels in 527-1-1. We did not synthesize spinel at any temperature or oxygen fugacity that are similar to the high-Al (Group I) spinel found in 527-1-1. These results indicate that the high-Cr (Group II) spinel is the liquidus phase in 527-1-1 at low pressure and Group III spinel crystallize below the liquidus (∼1200°C) after eruption of the basalt on the sea floor. The high-Al spinel (Group I) could have crystallized at high pressure or from a magma enriched in Al and perhaps Mg compared to 527-1-1.
The variations in long term TLD measurements of environmental background radiation at locations in southeastern New York State and northern New Jersey

The variations of the measured dose rate in air should be recognized especially where background radiation is used as a comparative benchmark to assess radiation surveillance and environmental remediation work. In this note, the natural variations of the combined gamma and cosmic-ray background air-dose rate as measured by lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosimeters are reported. The dosimeters were deployed monthly at locations within 150 km of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory in New York City. Urban and suburban stations were established with simultaneous indoor and outdoor measurements at some locations. Measurements were obtained over 10 to 18 years. The mean air-dose rates from the six outdoor and four indoor stations vary from 50.8 to 123.1 nGy h{sup -1}. The range of the annual dose rates expressed as a percent-difference of the minimum and maximum is 5.3 to 18.0%. Commonly, 1-mo deviations from the long term mean of about {+-}10 to {+-}25% are observed. An abrupt decrease in the annual dose rate at one of the measurement sites was attributed to a minor relocation of a dosimeter. Structural shielding factors for the first and second floors of a residence are reported. The ground level location of a dosimeter inside another residence apparently resultedmore » in a very high shielding factor. Finally, a gradual decrease of the dose rate at most of the stations is shown to exist (approximately -0.3 nGy h{sup -1} y{sup -1} for the outdoor stations). Plausible causes of this trend are briefly discussed. 24 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Colonialism and Christianity in West Africa: the Igbo case, 1900–1915

A critical examination of the forces behind Igbo acceptance of Christianity during the first decade of this century reveals that British military imperialism and other forms of colonial exploitation were in fact basic to the decision of many Igbo communities to embrace Christianity. The adoption of the Christian religion, especially by the male adults, may be seen as a clear method of adjusting to the new colonial regime in which Christianity offered visible social advantages. Communities which embraced the new religion believed that by associating with the Christian missionaries, they would perhaps escape various forms of colonial over-rule.The expansion of British political authority in the Igbo country, therefore, widened the frontiers of missionary enterprise. And as the Christian missions found the Igbos remarkably receptive to missionary propaganda, each was more than anxious to exert its denominational influence on the people. Thus interdenominational rivalry, especially between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants, was acute. For various reasons, the Roman Catholic missionaries seem to have established a more preponderating influence than the other Protestant societies.
Search results based N-best hypothesis rescoring with maximum entropy classification

We propose a simple yet effective method for improving speech recognition by reranking the N-best speech recognition hypotheses using search results. We model N-best reranking as a binary classification problem and select the hypothesis with the highest classification confidence. We use query-specific features extracted from the search results to encode domain knowledge and use it with a maximum entropy classifier to rescore the N-best list. We show that rescoring even only the top 2 hypotheses, we can obtain a significant 3% absolute sentence accuracy (SACC) improvement over a strong baseline on production traffic from an entertainment domain.
Building the European Union’s Natura 2000 network

In the second half of the 20th Century there was a growing awareness of environmental problems, including the loss of species and habitats, resulting in many national and international initiatives, including the creation of organisations, such as the IUCN, treaties and conventions, such as Ramsar and the Berne Convention, and the establishment of networks of protected areas. Natura 2000 is a network of sites in the European Union for selected species and habitats listed in the 1979 Birds Directive and the 1992 Habitats Directive. Under the Habitats Directive a series of seminars and other meetings have been held with agreed criteria to ensure a coherent network. Despite both scientific and political difficulties the network is now nearing completion.
A de novo 10.79 Mb interstitial deletion at 2q13q14.2 involving PAX8 causing hypothyroidism and mullerian agenesis: a novel case report and literature review.

Reports of interstitial deletions involving proximal long arm of chromosome 2 are limited. Based on early chromosomal analysis studies, the phenotypic consequence of deletions at the ancestral chromosome fusion site at chromosome 2q13q14.1 remains unclear. A recurrent 1.71 Mb deletion at 2q13 has recently been proposed as a new genomic disorder, associated with an increased risk of intellectual disability and craniofacial dysmorphism. Herein, we report the case of a 12 year-old girl with unique clinical features including global developmental delay, mullerian agenesis, and hypothyroidism associated with a normal size and position of the thyroid gland, as well as negative thyroid antibodies. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization study revealed a de novo 10.79 Mb deletion at 2q13q14.2 (111,548,932–122,336,492), which involves more than 88 UCSC genes, 38 of which are OMIM genes, 7 of which are disease-causing and 3 of which (including GLI2, IL1B and PAX8) show a dominant inheritance pattern.. Interestingly, PAX8 (chr2:113,973,574–114,036,498), a member of the paired-box gene family, is essential for the formation of thyroxine-producing follicular cells. Autosomal dominant transmission of congenital thyroid hypoplasia due to loss-of-function mutation of PAX8 suggests a possible haploinsufficiency effect. Additionally, PAX8 is also expressed in the tissue primordia that form both the mullerian duct derivatives and the upper urinary tracts. A recent study has associated a novel PAX8 mutation with a severe form of hypothyroidism and abnormalities in the urogenital tract. Taken together, the unique clinical manifestation seen in this patient could be attributed to the heterozygous deletion of PAX8 gene. A prospective investigation is merited to fully evaluate the pathogenic effect of the interstitial deletion of 2q13q14.2.
A Novel Visualization Technique for Electric Power Grid Analytics

The application of information visualization holds tremendous promise for the electric power industry, but its potential has so far not been sufficiently exploited by the visualization community. Prior work on visualizing electric power systems has been limited to depicting raw or processed information on top of a geographic layout. Little effort has been devoted to visualizing the physics of the power grids, which ultimately determines the condition and stability of the electricity infrastructure. Based on this assessment, we developed a novel visualization system prototype, GreenGrid, to explore the planning and monitoring of the North American Electricity Infrastructure. The paper discusses the rationale underlying the GreenGrid design, describes its implementation and performance details, and assesses its strengths and weaknesses against the current geographic-based power grid visualization. We also present a case study using GreenGrid to analyze the information collected moments before the last major electric blackout in the Western United States and Canada, and a usability study to evaluate the practical significance of our design in simulated real-life situations. Our result indicates that many of the disturbance characteristics can be readily identified with the proper form of visualization.
Protein Fold Recognition using a Structural Hidden Markov Model

Protein fold recognition has been the focus of computational biologists for many years. In order to map a protein primary structure to its correct 3D fold, we introduce in this paper a machine learning paradigm that we entitled "structural hidden Markov model" (SHMM). We show how the concept of SHMM can efficiently use the protein secondary structure during the fold recognition task. Experimental results showed that the SHMM outperforms the SVM with a 6% improvement in the average accuracy. However, because in this application the two classifiers are not correlated, therefore their combination based on the highest rank criterion boosted the SHMM average accuracy with 10%
Talk about "hooking up": the influence of college student social networks on nonrelationship sex.

This research considers how communication within college student social networks may encourage high-risk sexual relationships. Students (n = 274) described sexual scripts for hooking up and reported on peer communication, sexual behavior, and sexual attitudes. Students described varied hookup scripts, expressed ambivalent attitudes, and reported moderate participation in hookups overall. However, the most common hookup script, suggesting high-risk sexual activity (i.e., unplanned, inebriated sex), was featured in most accounts of students who themselves participated in hookups. Students overestimated how often others were hooking up, and these estimates were especially inflated by students who frequently talked about hooking up with friends. Among students with strong ties to peers, frequent peer communication about sex predicted participation in hookups and favorable attitudes about hooking up. Peer approval also predicted hookup behavior and attitudes.
α-Synuclein, Especially the Parkinson's Disease-associated Mutants, Forms Pore-like Annular and Tubular Protofibrils

Two mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene (A30P and A53T) have been linked to autosomal dominant early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Both mutations promote the formation of transient protofibrils (prefibrillar oligomers), suggesting that protofibrils are linked to cytotoxicity. In this work, the effect of these mutations on the structure of alpha-synuclein oligomers was investigated using electron microscopy and digital image processing. The PD-linked mutations (A30P and A53T) were observed to affect both the morphology and the size distribution of alpha-synuclein protofibrils (measured by analytical ultracentrifugation and scanning transmission electron microscopy). The A30P variant was observed to promote the formation of annular, pore-like protofibrils, whereas A53T promotes formation of annular and tubular protofibrillar structures. Wild-type alpha-synuclein also formed annular protofibrils, but only after extended incubation. The formation of pore-like oligomeric structures may explain the membrane permeabilization activity of alpha-synuclein protofibrils. These structures may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
The Planner in the Garden: A Historical View into the Relationship between Planning and Community Gardens

A historical review of community garden programs in the United States since the 1890s reveals an ambivalent relationship between community gardens and the planning profession. On one hand, garden programs are praised and supported as local action to serve environmental, social, and individual objectives. On the other hand, because they are perceived as opportunistic and temporary, community gardens are largely ignored in long-range planning. Socially constructed as public catalyst and private resource, community gardens illustrate unresolved tensions between planning as a profession and as a civic concern and between comprehensive planning and interim, local interventions.
Distributional differences of the impact factor in the sciences versus the social sciences: An analysis of the probabilistic structure of the 2005 journal citation reports

This paper examines the probability structure of the 2005 Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) Journal Citation Reports (JCR) by analyzing the Impact Factor distributions of their journals. The distribution of the SCI journals corresponded with a distribution generally modeled by the negative binomial distribution, whereas the SSCI distribution fit the Poisson distribution modeling random, rare events. Both Impact Factor distributions were positively skewed—the SCI much more so than the SSCI—indicating excess variance. One of the causes of this excess variance was that the journals highest in the Impact Factor in both JCRs tended to class in subject categories well funded by the National Institutes of Health. The main reason for the SCI Impact Factor distribution being more skewed than the SSCI one was that review journals defining disciplinary paradigms play a much more important role in the sciences than in the social sciences. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Host specificity of Sacculina carcini, a potential biological control agent of the introduced European green crab Carcinus maenas in California

The European green crab, Carcinus maenas, is an introduced marine predator established on the west coast of North America. We conducted laboratory experiments on the host specificity of a natural enemy of the green crab, the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini, to provide information on the safety of its use as a possible biological control agent. Four species of non-target, native California crabs (Hemigrapsus oregonensis, H. nudus, Pachygrapsus crassipes and Cancer magister) were exposed to infective larvae of S. carcini. Settlement by S. carcini on the four native species ranged from 33 to 53%, compared to 79% for green crabs. Overall, cyprid larvae tended to settle in higher numbers on individual green crabs than on either C. magister or H. oregonensis. However, for C. magister this difference was significant for soft-shelled, but not hard-shelled individuals. Up to 29% of the native crabs arrested early infections by melanizing the rootlets of the parasite. Most native and green crabs settled on by S. carcini became infected, especially when settled on by >3 cyprids. Infected green crabs died at more than twice the rate of uninfected green crabs. In contrast to green crabs, all infected native crabs died without producing an externa (reproductive sac). At high settlement intensities, infected native crabs frequently exhibited neurological symptoms (twitching, loss of movement) before death. These results indicate that use of S. carcini as a biological control agent could result in the death of native crabs. The magnitude of this effect would be proportional to the density of infected green crabs in the environment and the probability that cyprids would contact native crabs in the wild. Potential benefits of biological control should be assessed in relation to these potential non-target effects.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oligomer Desorption from Surfaces: n-Alkanes on Graphite

A previous study of the desorption of straight-chain alkanes [H(CH2)NH, N = 5−60] from the surface of graphite has revealed that the measured desorption barriers, , have a nonlinear dependence on the chain length (Paserba, K. R.; Gellman, A. J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 86 (19), 4338). A model is proposed for the mechanism of oligomer desorption that accounts for the chain length dependence of the through consideration of both the energy and entropy of oligomers interacting with a surface. The segments of the oligomer are identified with individual backbone bonds such that an alkane with N carbon atoms has I = N − 1 segments. The oligomer segments are rapidly attaching to and detaching from the surface such that the various partially detached oligomers are in equilibrium with one another and can be classified by the number of detached segments i. Equilibrium among the partially detached oligomers is dictated by their relative free energies ΔAi, which are dependent on the numbers of detached segments. The ene...
Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure

The bedside estimation of left ventricular (LV) performance of critically ill patients is an important aspect of the diagnosis and management of these patients. Ever since the introduction of the balloon flotation pulmonary catheterization, health care providers have used measurements of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (Ppao) to estimate both pulmonary venous pressure and LV preload. However, the significance of any specific value for Ppao in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular insufficiency in patients with diseases other than cardiogenic shock has never been validated. The reasons for this continued uncertainty reflect both intrinsic inaccuracies in the measurement of Ppao and misconceptions about their physiological significance. In this first Physiological Note we shall discuss problems in the accurate measurement of Ppao at the bedside, while in the second Physiological Note we shall discuss the physiological significance of Ppao measurements.
Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Recidivism: A 5-Year Follow-Up

Research shows that women perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) and that their pattern of offending differs from that of men. Using arrest and court records from a large Midwestern city, this study examines 596 cases of IPV, 15.5% of which were perpetrated by women. Separate logistic regression models for men and women suggest there are both similarities and differences in factors that predict recidivism. Among both women and men, non-Whites as compared to Whites and drug users as compared to nondrug users are significantly more likely to recidivate. Additionally, for men, a history of probation or parole predicts recidivism, whereas for women, severity of the assault and having ended the relationship with their victim predicts recidivism. Policy and theoretical implications are discussed.
Interactions between biocontainment laboratories and their communities: a successful work in progress

To support increased research in the USA aimed at discovering products and technologies to combat infectious diseases, significant investment has been made to develop the appropriate laboratory infrastructure where these investigations can be conducted safely and securely. A key element to the success of this effort is the integration of these laboratories into their surrounding communities.
Lacerations Involving Glass Revisited

Sir .—In the May 1992 issue of AJDC , 1 Avner and Baker reported some interesting evidence supporting the use of routine roentgenography in all patients with lacerations involving glass. 1 In addition to the depth of the wound, I suspect that the length or size of the laceration is also related to the practitioner's ability to detect glass fragments, and wonder if this information is available. As stated by the authors, the degree of confidence that the examiner had that the bottom of the wound was visualized was not measured. It is possible that in a longer or wider wound, it is easier to visualize the bottom, and therefore easier to identify foreign material. In addition, information on whether shorter wounds had any glass in them at all would be helpful. As the authors stated in their conclusions, further investigation concerning the mechanism of injury, the depth of the wound,
The Sin of the Father: Reflections on the Roles of the Corporation Man, the Suburban Housewife, Their Son, and Their Daughter in the Deconstruction of the Patriarch

The roots of the postmodernist denigration of the patriarch are traced to the postwar middle class family. The premise of this family was that the father would work and make possible a sphere of family life in which maternal influences, based on a primordial image of the mother, could operate without constraint. But identification with the primordial mother was psychologically insupportable for the mother, who blamed the father and enlisted the son in her antagonism. This deprived the son of the possibility of forming a superego and resulted in his aliention. The daughter raised the antagonism to the level of social program and carried it forward.
Stereo image coding: a projection approach

Due to advances in display technology, three-dimensional (3-D) imaging systems are becoming increasingly popular. One way of stimulating 3-D perception is to use stereo pairs, a pair of images of the same scene acquired from different perspectives. Since there is an inherent redundancy between the images of a stereo pair, data compression algorithms should be employed to represent stereo pairs efficiently. This paper focuses on the stereo image coding problem. We begin with a description of the problem and a survey of current stereo coding techniques. A new stereo image coding algorithm that is based on disparity compensation and subspace projection is described. This algorithm, the subspace projection technique (SPT), is a transform domain approach with a space-varying transformation matrix and may be interpreted as a spatial-transform domain representation of the stereo data. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it can locally adapt to the changes in the cross-correlation characteristics of the stereo pairs. Several design issues and implementations of the algorithm are discussed. Finally, we present empirical results suggesting that the SPT approach outperforms current stereo coding techniques.
Artificial neural/chemical networks

What strikes the attention of a neural network designer is that the chemicals seem to work not so much on individual neural circuits as on neural cell assemblies. These are large blocks of neural networks that carry out high level tasks using their constituent networks as needed. It follows to us that we might seek ways of achieving that same sort of behavior in an artificial neural network. In what follows, we provide two examples of how that might be done in an artificial system.
An Introduction to "Early College"

Abstract Several national and international assessments have demonstrated that there has been little improvement in the performance of American high school students in recent decades. High school students are increasingly underprepared for transition into college-level course-work. One new approach to high school redesign, “early college,” seeks to address these issues. The model features a rigorous academic course of study that engages students in college-level work in grades nine through fourteen. Early college is a subset of dual enrollment programs providing opportunities for students to complete high school and college credits with the same courses. The goal is to prepare students academically for college-level coursework while easing the transition to higher education. Early college offers promise in directly addressing student academic performance, attrition rates, and readiness for college, but further research is needed to determine its efficacy and scalability.
Transcriptomics and functional genomics of plant defence induction by phloem-feeding insects

The relationship between phloem-feeding insects (PFIs) and plants offers an intriguing example of a highly specialized biotic interaction. These insects have evolved to survive on a nutritionally imbalanced diet of phloem sap, and to minimize wound responses in their host plants. As a consequence, plant perception of and responses to PFIs differ from plant interactions with other insect-feeding guilds. Transcriptome-wide analyses of gene expression are currently being applied to characterize plant responses to PFIs in crop plants with race-specific innate resistance, as well as in compatible interactions with susceptible hosts. Recent studies indicate that PFIs induce transcriptional reprogramming in their host plants, and that plant responses to PFIs appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively different from responses to other insects or pathogens. Transcript profiling studies also suggest that PFIs induce cell wall modifications, reduce photosynthetic activity, manipulate source–sink relations, and modify secondary metabolism in their hosts, and many of these responses appear to occur within the phloem tissue. Plant responses to these insects appear to be regulated in part by the salicylate, jasmonate, and ethylene signalling pathways. As additional transcript profiling data become available, forward and reverse genetic approaches will be necessary to determine which changes in gene expression influence resistance or susceptibility to PFIs.
Functional Significance of Retrieval-related Activity in Lateral parietal cortex: Evidence from fMRI and ERPs

The present study addressed the question whether neural activity in left lateral parietal cortex is modulated by amount of information recollected. In two experiments (one using fMRI, the other ERPs) subjects first studied pairs of pictures presented for either one or six seconds. They then performed a standard ‘Remember/Know’ recognition memory test in which the old items comprised one of the pictures from each studied pair. In both experiments, a surprise post-test indicated that subjects recollected more details about the study presentation of the items presented for the longer duration. In the fMRI experiment, recollection- and familiarity-based recognition elicited activity in distinct cortical networks. Additionally, recollection-related activity in left inferior parietal cortex was of greater magnitude for test items presented for six seconds than for one second. In the ERP study the ‘left-parietal old/new effect’ – a putative correlate of successful recollection – was likewise modulated by amount of information retrieved. Together, these findings provide further support for dual-process models of recognition memory and add weight to the proposal that retrieval-related activity in left inferior parietal cortex reflects processes supporting the online representation of retrieved episodic information.
Two new remarkable Callimicra Deyrolle, 1864 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae) from Central America

Collections from Panama and the recent Arthropods of La Selva biodiversity inventory project in Costa Rica yielded specimens of two unusual species of the genus Callimicra Deyrolle, both of which exhibit striking color patterns. A brief review of the history of treatment of the genus is presented and the two new species are described and illustrated: Callimicra timmonsae sp.n. species, and C. prenai sp.n.
Challenges of Low Effective-K approaches for future Cu interconnect

Challenges of various Low Effective-K approaches, including homogeneous Low-K and Air-Gap, for next generation Cu/Low-K interconnect will be presented. For homogeneous Low-K approach, top issues and possible solutions for K damage, package, and CMP peeling & plannarization due to introduction of fragile lower k (K≪2.4) insulator will be focused. For Air-Gap, various types of Air-Gaps will be reviewed from the points of cost, layout/designer, and new processes involved.