cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinal gene expression responses to aging are sexually divergent.

Purpose Sex and age are critical factors in a variety of retinal diseases but have garnered little attention in preclinical models. The current lack of knowledge impairs informed decision making regarding inclusion and design of studies that incorporate both sexes and/or the effects of aging. The goal of this study was to examine normative mouse retina gene expression in both sexes and with advancing age. Methods Retinal gene expression in female and male C57BL/6JN mice at 3 months and 24 months of age were compared for sex differences and aging responses through whole transcriptome microarray analysis. Sex differences and age-related changes were examined in the context of cellular pathways and processes, regulatory patterns, and cellular origin, as well as for overlap with described changes in retinal disease models. Selected age and sex differences were confirmed with quantitative PCR. Results Age-related gene expression changes demonstrated commonalities and sexually divergent responses. Several cellular pathways and processes, especially inflammation-related, are affected and were over-represented in fibroblast, microglial, and ganglion cell-specific genes. Lifelong, and age-dependent, sex differences were observed and were over-represented in fibroblast-specific genes. Age and sex differences were also observed to be regulated in models of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other diseases. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that most age-related changes in retinal gene expression are sexually divergent and that there are significant sex differences in gene expression throughout the lifespan. These data serve as a resource for vision researchers seeking to include sex and age as factors in their preclinical studies.
Das Hayek Problem and Solution

There appear to be four conflicting categories of Austrian ‘knowledge’: what Hayek wrote and what he asserted in oral history interviews; what he alluded to in interviews and correspondence; what he did not write about but apparently spoke about in other oral history interviews that he may not have known were being taped (and which are being suppressed by disciples); plus the assertions made about him by fund-raising disciples. After winning his Nobel Prize, Hayek became in effect a Cold War propagandist for General Pinochet’s Junta; in 1939, he had sought a similar propaganda position. This chapter attempts to penetrate beneath the propaganda and provide a more reliable framework within which to examine Hayek’s objectives.
Picky eating and food neophobia: Resemblance and agreement in parent/young adult dyads.

Abstract Objective To explore selective eating in two samples: young adults and their middle aged parents, including the relationship between food neophobia and picky eating in each, resemblance between children and parents in these eating behaviors, agreement between child self-report and parent report on children's eating, and the relationship between parent eating behavior and parent-report on children's eating. We also explored the relationship between socioeconomic status and picky eating and food neophobia in each sample. Method University students responded to questionnaires assessing picky eating and food neophobia. Their parents were contacted and asked to complete the same measure about their own picky- and food neophobic behaviors and to report on their child's current picky eating and food neophobia. The final sample included 109 biological parent-child pairs. Results There were large positive correlations between food neophobia and picky eating in both samples. There were positive associations between parents' and children's self-reported selective eating behaviors. There was evidence of parent-child agreement in reporting on the child's selective eating, but also considerable variability between raters. This variability between child self-report and parent report was partially accounted for by parental selective eating. Finally, young adults from a lower-SES background (e.g., lower parent educational attainment and income) reported higher levels of pickiness and food neophobia. Conclusions Young adult children and their parents resemble each other in pickiness and food neophobia.
Misshapen Connects Food, Mechanosensing, and Intestinal Growth

Adult tissues such as intestinal epithelium can rapidly adapt their growth in response to environmental stimuli. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Li et al. (2018) demonstrate that gut epithelium stretching caused by food ingestion drives Drosophila intestinal growth via Hippo pathway regulation.
Layer-by-Layer Assembled Gold Nanoshells for the Intracellular Delivery of miR-34a

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs whose ability to regulate the expression of multiple genes makes them potentially exciting tools to treat disease. Unfortunately, miRNAs cannot passively enter cells due to their hydrophilicity and negative charge. Here, we report the development of layer-by-layer assembled nanoshells (LbL-NS) as vehicles for efficient intracellular miRNA delivery. Specifically, we developed LbL-NS to deliver the tumor suppressor miR-34a into triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, and demonstrate that these constructs can safely and effectively regulate the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2, two known targets of miR-34a, to decrease cell proliferation. LbL-NS were made by coating negatively charged nanoshells with alternating layers of positive poly-l-lysine (PLL) and negative miRNA, with the outer layer consisting of PLL to facilitate cellular entry and protect the miRNA. Electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and miRNA release studies were used to characterize LbL-NS. The particles’ ability to enter MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, inhibit SIRT1 and Bcl-2 expression, and thereby reduce cell proliferation was examined by confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and EdU assays, respectively. Each successive coating reversed the nanoparticles’ charge and increased their hydrodynamic diameter, resulting in a final diameter of 208 ± 4 nm and a zeta potential of 53 ± 5 mV. The LbL-NS released ~ 30% of their miR-34a cargo over 5 days in 1× PBS. Excitingly, LbL-NS carrying miR-34a suppressed SIRT1 and Bcl-2 by 46 ± 3 and 35 ± 3%, respectively, and decreased cell proliferation by 33%. LbL-NS carrying scrambled miRNA did not yield these effects. LbL-NS can efficiently deliver miR-34a to TNBC cells to suppress cancer cell growth, warranting their further investigation as tools for miRNA replacement therapy.
ELECTRICAL METHODS OF CHARACTERISING CURE PROCESSES IN RESINS

The major objective of research on electrical methods of characterising cure processes in resins is to develop on-line electrical instrumentation for non-destructive material evaluation, for determination of fabrication cycle window boundaries of thermosets and thermoplastics, and for on-line closed loop cure cycle control. The key to achieving this goal is to relate the chemistry of the cure cycle process to the dielectric properties of the polymer system by correlating the time, temperature and frequency dependence of electrical measurements with chemical characterisation measurements, i.e. viscosity, ultrasonics and differential scanning calorimetry. Measurements of geometry independent variables such as the complex permittivity (ɛ*) need to be made rapidly over a wide frequency range. In turn, the time-temperature and frequency dependence of the electrical measurements provide the basis for interpreting and understanding the signal in terms of the chemistry and physics of the resin system. Dynamic electrical measurements, together with chemical characterisation work can then be used to determine: resin quality, composition and age; cure cycle window boundaries; onset of flow and point of maximum flow; extent of reaction and completion of reaction; evolution of volatiles; Tg; crosslinking and molecular weight buildup.
Glove Use in Restaurants: Efficacy is Questionable

Apparently there seems to be a growing consensus on the part of both industry managers and consumers that the use of gloves is an effective barrier to the spread of food-borne illness. However, with more than 13 years’ experience as a food service manager and executive, the author has discovered otherwise.
Mechanism of Cooxidative Methane Dimerization Catalysis: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects

A general mechanism for the direct oxidative conversion of methane is emerging from recent experimental work. Considerable evidence indicates that heterogeneous production of methyl radicals followed by gas-phase coupling to form ethane initiates the production of higher hydrocarbons during the selective catalytic oxidation of methane. The definitive experiments are those of Lunsford and co-workers (Driscoll et al. 1985; Campbell and Lunsford 1988, 1989; Driscoll, Campbell, and Lunsford 1987; Driscoll, Zhang, and Lunsford 1986), who use matrix-isolated electron paramagnetic resonance (MIEPR) measurements to determine the distribution of methyl radicals downstream of a Li/MgO catalyst bed. These results have been confirmed by other workers using mass spectrometric (Amorebieta and Colussi 1988, 1989), spectroscopic (Lee, Yu, and Lin 1990; Gulcicek, Colson, and Pfefferle 1990), and other MIEPR (Sinev, Korchak, and Krylov 1988) methods. Isotopic exchange experiments (Nelson, Lukey, and Cant 1988, 1989; Nelson and Cant 1990; Cant et al. 1988; Mims et al. 1989) also support the view that the methyl radical is the primary intermediate in the production of ethane. Several reports indicate that the reactor geometry influences the product distribution and that microreactors without catalysts (van Kasteren, Geerts, and van der Wiele 1988; Lo, Agarwal, and Marcelin 1988; Lane and Wolf 1988; Asami et al. 1988; Yates and Zlotin 1988) can selectively produce ethane and ethene. These observations affirm the significant role of homogeneous kinetics in all aspects of the reaction, including its initiation.
Development of Vaccines by Grafting Microbial Epitopes in Immunoglobulins

The variable regions (V) of immunoglobulin (Ig) bear antigenic determinants that can stimulate both B and T lymphocytes. There is solid evidence that such antigenic determinants and particularly the idiotypes, which are phenotypic marker of V genes stimulate the expansion of B cells producing anti-Id antibodies in xenogeneic (Kunkel et al., 1963), allogenic (Oudin and Michel, 1963) and autologous (Rodkey, 1974) systems as well as idiotype specific T cells (Eichman and Rajewsky, 1975; Bona et al., 1979). The expression of idiotypes usually correlates with aminoacid sequences within CDR loops of V regions of Ig molecules (Capra et al., 1977; Rudikoff et al., 1983).
Implementing Servant Leadership to Move the World

Each person has the capacity and responsibility to lead to move the world to a better place. This concluding chapter emphasizes the call of leadership and the challenge to answer that call to make a lasting difference in the world. A review of one of the key outcomes of effective leadership, the engaged worker, is presented. What is the state of the world’s workers today and what does their level of engagement say about the effectiveness of current leaders? By moving out of an autocratic mindset and beyond a paternalistic mindset, a way of leading that engages our workers and maximizes our organization’s health emerges to move organizations closer to fulfilling their performance potential. The metaphor of Archimedes lever is revisited to describe how it helps create understanding of the leveraged power of servant leadership as the most powerful way to move the world.
NdFeB content in ancillary motors of U.S. conventional passenger cars and light trucks: Results from the field.

Abstract Research into secondary recovery of rare earth elements (REE) has focused mostly on hard disk drives and automotive applications. While REE content in Japanese and European vehicles is relatively well-known, understanding of U.S. vehicles is mostly based on database analysis. An attempt to pinpoint which components contain the most REEs was conducted on four different vehicle models including the Ford F-150, Chevrolet Silverado, Toyota Corolla and Honda Accord. The disassembly data were combined with 2017 vehicles in operation to estimate stocks and flows of Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB). Results showed that U.S. vehicles had major differences compared to Japanese and European vehicles. NdFeB magnets were only found in speakers ranging from 16 to 114 g/vehicle. An estimated 3.0–14 tonnes of NdFeB could be available from end-of-life vehicles in 2018 from different cohorts of the four aforementioned models. While opportunities for recycling NdFeB in vehicles exist, challenges are also present.
Design principles for open source bioinstrumentation: the poseidon syringe pump system as an example

ABSTRACT The poseidon syringe pump and microscope system is an open source alternative to commercial systems. It costs less than $400 and can be assembled in under an hour using the instructions and source files available at https://pachterlab.github.io/poseidon. We describe the poseidon system and use it to illustrate design principles that can facilitate the adoption and development of open source bioinstruments. The principles are functionality, robustness, simplicity, modularity, benchmarking, and documentation.
Concepts and practices for transforming infrastructure from rigid to adaptable

Infrastructure are increasingly being recognized as too rigid to quickly adapt to a changing climate and a non-stationary future. This rigidness poses risks to infrastructure service delivery and p...
Probing the Sorption of Perfluorooctanesulfonate Using Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks from Aqueous Solutions.

One approach to reduce increasing concentrations of toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) involves the capture of PFAS from aqueous media using porous materials. The use of highly porous...
Relationship between Urban Middle School Physical Education Teachers' Attitudes toward Fitness Testing and Student Performance on Fitness Tests.

A good fitness testing program can promote physical activity and fitness. There is no published research, however, that has examined the relationships between teachers’ attitudes and students’ perf...
ESR spectral change of radicals produced in L-alanine-3,3,3-d3 and L-alanine-d4. -A new pathway to produce the de-hydrogen radical and the hydrogen exchange reactions of the de-amino radical-

Abstract Radicals produced in L-alanine-3,3,3-d3 and L-alanine-d4 by X-irradiation and their spectral change were investigated using X-band ESR. Apparently, two major radicals appeared. One is the radical formed by deamination from a protonated anion and the other is produced by the loss of an alpha hydrogen. Before the appearance of the de-hydrogen radical, the precursor radical with a singlet feature was observed at 148–158 K. The signal of the precursor decreased and that of the de-hydrogen radical increased with temperature. Because the feature of the precursor radical was a singlet, it will be produced by deprotonation of the alpha hydrogen from the deprotonated cation radical observed at 77–80 K. Protonation to the amine moiety of the deprotonated radical will be a new pathway to produce the de-hydrogen radical. In L-alanine-3,3,3-d3, the hydrogen exchange reaction between the alpha hydrogen in the de-amino radical and the beta deuterium in a neighboring molecule occurred at the first-order rate of 7 × 10−4 s−1 at 294 K. The activation energy was 25 kcal/mol. By annealing at 393 K, the spectral features have obviously changed by the hydrogen exchange reactions in the de-amino radicals. Finally, all the de-amino radicals changed to •CHCH3COOH(D) and the methyl deuterium in the de-hydrogen radicals changed to hydrogen by a hydrogen exchange reaction between the C-D deuteriums of the radical and the N–H hydrogens of a crystal molecule after 100 min of annealing at 393 K. Many of the N–H hydrogens in the crystalline molecules changed to deuterons leading to the deuteration of the amino hydrogens in the de-hydrogen radicals.
Simple Construction of Mixed-Language Texts for Vocabulary Learning

We present a machine foreign-language teacher that takes documents written in a student’s native language and detects situations where it can replace words with their foreign glosses such that new foreign vocabulary can be learned simply through reading the resulting mixed-language text. We show that it is possible to design such a machine teacher without any supervised data from (human) students. We accomplish this by modifying a cloze language model to incrementally learn new vocabulary items, and use this language model as a proxy for the word guessing and learning ability of real students. Our machine foreign-language teacher decides which subset of words to replace by consulting this language model. We evaluate three variants of our student proxy language models through a study on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). We find that MTurk “students” were able to guess the meanings of foreign words introduced by the machine teacher with high accuracy for both function words as well as content words in two out of the three models. In addition, we show that students are able to retain their knowledge about the foreign words after they finish reading the document.
Nursing home work environment, care quality, registered nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction.

Abstract The objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationships between work environment, care quality, registered nurse (RN) burnout, and job dissatisfaction in nursing homes. We linked 2015 RN4CAST-US nurse survey data with LTCfocus and Nursing Home Compare. The sample included 245 Medicare and Medicaid-certified nursing homes in four states, and 674 of their RN employees. Nursing homes with good vs. poor work environments, had 1.8% fewer residents with pressure ulcers (p = .02) and 16 fewer hospitalizations per 100 residents per year (p = .05). They also had lower antipsychotic use, but the difference was not statistically significant. RNs were one-tenth as likely to report job dissatisfaction (p
Psychometric Properties of a Self-Report Measure of Neglect during Mid-Adolescence

Developmentally specific measures of neglect remain lacking, especially concerning neglect in adolescence. The current study examines the Mid-Adolescent Neglect Scale (MANS), a 45-item youth, self-reported measure of neglect. Sixteen-year-old participants (N = 802) in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) completed the MANS, and they and their parents completed measures of parent-child relationship quality and parental monitoring. Reports of alleged neglect were coded from child protective services records. The sample was randomly assigned into two groups. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in the first group (n = 397) and confirmatory factor and convergent validity analyses (n = 405) were conducted in the second group. Five dimensions of adolescent neglect were identified: Inadequate Monitoring, Inattention to Basic Needs, Permitting Misbehavior, Exposure to Risky Situations, and Inadequate Support. Confirmatory factor analysis largely supported the measurement model (CFI = 0.951, TLI = .948, RMSEA = 0.058, 90% RMSEA = 0.055, 0.061), as did convergent validity analyses. Results establish psychometric properties of an adolescent neglect scale that may be valuable to researchers studying neglect during this important developmental period.
Motivation and provision in teacher education: context, culture and capacity

The question of why people chose teaching as a career is both interesting and complex. It is also a question that needs urgent attention. In the UK, as across the world, recruitment and retention o...
Combination of Dark-Field and Confocal Microscopy for the Optical Detection of Silver and Titanium Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells

We describe here two optical microscopy techniques-dark-field confocal light scanning microscopy (DF-CLSM) and dark-field wide-field confocal microscopy (DF-WFCM), that can be used to study interaction between nanoparticles and cells in 3D space. Dark field microscopy can detect very small structures below the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopes, while a confocal setup provides vertical sectioning capabilities to render specimens in 3D. The use of DF-WFCM instead of DF-CLSM allows faster sample processing but yields lower resolution. We used a retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 to illustrate different optical and lighting conditions necessary for optimal imaging of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 and Ag). Our experimental setup primarily involved an E-800 Nikon and Nikon Ni upright microscopes and a Nikon Ti2 microscope connected to a xenon light source along with special dark-field objectives. For confocal studies we used either Leica and Nikon inverted confocal microscopes. For microscopic analyses, ARPE-19 cells were fixed in situ in cultured chamber slides or collected from T-25 flasks and then fixed in suspension. At the lowest concentrations of TiO2 or Ag tested (0.1-0.3 μg/mL), we were able to detect as few as 5-10 nanoparticles per cell due to intense light scattering by the particles. The degree of brightness detected indicated that the uptake of nanoparticles within ARPE-19 cells could be monitored using dark-field microscopy. Here we describe how to use wide-field microscopy to follow nanoparticle uptake by cells and how to assess some aspects of cellular health in in vitro cell cultures exposed to nanoparticles.
SHAPE OF GAUGE FIELD TADPOLES IN HETEROTIC STRING THEORY

Orbifolds in field theory are potentially singular objects for at their fixed points the curvature becomes infinite, therefore one may wonder whether field theory calculations near orbifold singularities can be trusted. String theory is perfectly well defined on orbifolds and can therefore be taken as a UV completion of field theory on orbifolds. We investigate the properties of field and string theory near orbifold singularities by reviewing the computation of a one-loop gauge field tadpole. We find that in string theory the twisted states give contributions that have a spread of a couple of string lengths around the singularity, but otherwise the field theory picture is confirmed. One additional surprise is that in some orbifold models one can identify local tachyons that give contributions near the orbifold fixed point.
Holistic Pregnancy: Rejecting the Theory of the Adversarial Mother

In its zealous effort to protect the lives and health of unborn children, the law frequently views the expecting mother with suspicion. In its most extreme form, the law regards the potential mother as a potential murderess. This perspective does not reflect the nature of pregnancy, it undermines the autonomy of loving mothers, and it is detrimental to children. Regardless of whether there is any conflict between mother and fetus, the State presumes the mother to be a threat to her fetus and subjugates her rights as a result. The State interferes with the mother’s autonomy, bodily integrity, parental rights, and physical freedom. This overreach of authority has disastrous consequences for mothers, children, and families. This article proposes a reconceptualization of pregnancy that reflects maternal and scientific understandings of pregnancy. Further, it offers a path toward recognition of the pregnant woman as an expecting mother.
Sustainability Health Initiative for NetPositive Enterprise handprint methodological framework

The Sustainability and Health Initiative for NetPositive Enterprise (SHINE) project is dedicated to improving the scientific basis for transformative environmental, social, and economic positive changes called handprints. Organizations and individuals can create handprints relative to their business-as-usual (BAU) through voluntary reductions in their own footprint as well as in the footprints of others. The novel SHINE handprint framework expands thus the scope, retains accountability for the outcomes, and increases widespread pursuit of net-positive goals. Handprints are quantified using the dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA)-based modeling and measured in footprint-related impact units. Like LCA, the SHINE handprint framework includes the goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. Existing life cycle inventory databases are adopted to promote widespread use of the method. However, in the SHINE handprint framework, the BAU footprint and the actor’s actions and positive changes (handprints) are defined. The scope of the handprint assessment includes changes caused by the action within the system boundary. The BAU footprint is then compared with actual footprint calculated with changes to assess the handprint. An additional element for making comparative claims about net positivity that are meant to be disclosed to the public is an attestation. The SHINE handprint framework is demonstrated through a case study collaboration with Interface, a global carpet tiles and flooring manufacturer. Historic handprints are estimated from Interface’s initiative to capture and flare nearby landfill gas and utilize a portion of the captured gas to produce heat in their facility and in a third actor’s facility. The handprints are calculated by dynamic LCA which included Interface’s BAU footprint during the years of landfill gas capture and the amount of natural gas displaced from landfill gas use in both facilities, and the amount flared at the landfill. Results are presented for the years of landfill gas capture and flaring (2003–2016). The results showed Interface could achieve net positive outcomes when all actions leading to positive changes are activated. While actors’ efforts to reduce their own footprints are essential, this perspective alone may not be enough to encourage the scale of action necessary to face global challenges. The SHINE handprint framework quantifies positive actions and changes caused by an actor, both within and outside the scope of the actor’s footprint. This shift in accounting for change can promote innovation and collaboration by multiple actors, which ultimately creates widespread ripple effects of positive impacts.
Teaching controversial and contemporary topics in economics using a jigsaw literature review activity

Most courses are taught almost exclusively using lecture and, despite gaps in textbook coverage of empirical economics, do not incorporate academic readings. The authors of this article present a “...
Free as a bird: the night that could last forever

Play is different when you’re a teenager – it’s not playing house or school. Rather, play as a teenager is full of rebellion and testing the boundaries. That’s exactly what my best friend, Hannah, ...
Psychosocial factors influencing smokeless tobacco use by teen-age military dependents.

Abstract : This paper uses bivariate and logistic regression analysis to explore the psychosocial correlates of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use in a sample of 2,257 teenage military dependents. Separate regression models for males and females were built to explain trial and use of SLT. Results show female and male triers share five factors regarding SLT use--parental approval, peer approval, having tried smoking, relatives who use SLT, and athletic team membership. Male trial of SLT was additionally found to be associated with race, difficulty in purchasing SLT, relatives who smoke, current smoking, and the belief that SLT can cause mouth cancer. Male use of SLT was found to be associated with race, seeing a dentist regularly, SLT counseling by a dentist, parental approval, trying and current smoking, and grade level. In all models, trying smoking was the strongest explanatory variable. Relatives and peers exert considerable influence on SLT use. Few triers or users had received SLT counseling from their dentist despite high dental utilization rates. Smokeless tobacco, Teenagers, Military dependents, Dental utilization.
Methods for domain-independent information extraction from the web: an experimental comparison

Our KNOWITALL system aims to automate the tedious process of extracting large collections of facts (e.g., names of scientists or politicians) from the Web in an autonomous, domain-independent, and scalable manner. In its first major run, KNOWITALL extracted over 50,000 facts with high precision, but suggested a challenge: How can we improve KNOWITALL's recall and extraction rate without sacrificing precision? This paper presents three distinct ways to address this challenge and evaluates their performance. Rule Learning learns domain-specific extraction rules. Subclass Extraction automatically identifies sub-classes in order to boost recall. List Extraction locates lists of class instances, learns a "wrapper" for each list, and extracts elements of each list. Since each method bootstraps from KNOWITALL's domain-independent methods, no hand-labeled training examples are required. Experiments show the relative coverage of each method and demonstrate their synergy. In concert, our methods gave KNOWITALL a 4-fold to 19-fold increase in recall, while maintaining high precision, and discovered 10,300 cities missing from the Tipster Gazetteer.
Passive and active sol-gel integrated optics

The fabrication and device characteristics of passive and active hybrid sol-gels are presented. Waveguides, modulators and switches are fabricated
Characterization of cardiac muscle collagen. Molecular heterogeneity.

Connective tissue, composed of approximately 80 % collagen, has been isolated from cardiac muscle. Physicochemical studies of the soluble collagen from this source revealed an α1:α2 ratio of 14:1, a ratio far in excess of that required for molecules of the chain composition [α1(I)]2α2, suggesting that at least some of these α1 chains must be derived from molecules composed of three identical chains. This conclusion was substantiated by the isolation from cardiac collagen treated either with pepsin or papain of an α1 chain readily differentiated from the α1(I) chain. The cardiac collagen α1 chain had a molecular weight of 94,000 and an amino acid composition which indicated that the synthesis of this chain was directed by a different structural gene from that responsible for α1(I) synthesis. Characterization of the cyanogen bromide peptides from intact cardiac collagen revealed the presence of several peptides homologous to those derived from the α1(I) chain as well as peptides having no obvious homologs in digests of α1(I), indicating that cardiac muscle collagen is composed of a mixture of molecules having the chain composition [α1(I)]2α2, and (α1)3. The stoichiometry of the CNBr peptides suggested that at least 50 % of the cardiac muscle collagen was of the (α1)3 type. The cardiac α1 chain contained eight residues of hexose with a molar ratio of galactose to glucose of 3:1. Approximately 50 % of the hydroxylysine residues were substituted by hexose. The banding pattern of segment long-spacing aggregates from cardiac muscle collagen molecules was indistinguishable from that found for [α1(I)]2α2 molecules from calf skin. The enthalpy of thermal denaturation, however, was reduced, indicating that the tertiary superhelix structure of cardiac collagen is less stable than that from other collagen sources.
Energetics of protein structure.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the experimental information on protein energetics. This field is developing fast and the concept of the energetics of protein structure has changed considerably during the past few years based on new findings. The proteins which are presented in the chapter are selected from a large number of proteins for which the thermodynamics of unfolding are studied in laboratory. The analysis of protein energetics presented in this chapter is based on several assumptions: (1) protein groups contribute additively, and proportionally as their surfaces, to the overall thermodynamic effects of unfolding; (2) the protein interior closely resembles an organic crystal in the way groups are packed and the energetics of the interactions among these groups are similar to those in the organic crystals; and (3) under certain conditions the denatured protein can be regarded as unfolded. The main criteria in choosing these proteins have been the reversibility of the denaturation process modeling unfolding, the completeness of this unfolding, the reliability of thermodynamic data on this process, and the resolution of the three dimensional structure of the given protein. The latter is important to investigate the correlation between thermodynamic and structural characteristics of protein, including the water-ASA of various groups in the native and unfolded states, the number of hydrogen bonds, and the extent of van der Waals contacts in the native state.
Solidification of a binary mixture in a square cavity with a free surface

Solidification of an NH4Cl-H2O solution in a square cavity with a free surface has been studied numerically and experimentally. Solidification is characterized by the coexistence of solid, mushy (solid plus liquid), and liquid regions, and flow within the liquid and mushy regions is driven by surface tension gradients, as well as by opposing thermal/solutal buoyancy forces. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that (i) surface tension forces spawn a cellular flow at the top of the cavity and enhance its development with increasing time, (ii) water enrichment of the top cell induces remelting of adjoining solid, and (iii) final steady-state conditions are characterized by a liquidus front whose thickness increases with increasing depth. However, predicted and observed results differ with respect to the chronological pattern of multicellular flow development and the time required to achieve steady-state conditions. Differences are attributed to selected model assumptions and to uncertainties concerning mushy region structure.
Computing Communication Sets for Control Parallel Programs

Data flow analysis has been used by compilers in diverse contexts, from optimization to register allocation. Traditional analysis of sequential programs has centered on scalar variables. More recently, several researchers have investigated analysis of array sections for optimizations on modern architectures. This information has been used to distribute data, optimize data movement and vectorize or parallelize programs. As multiprocessors become more common-place, we believe there will be considerable interest in explicitly parallel programming languages. In this paper, we extend traditional analysis to array section analysis for parallel languages which include additional control and synchronization structures.
Appearance DOES Matter

The effect of perceived competence on congressional elections reported by [ Todorov et al. ][1] likely reflects differences in their babyfacedness. In their Perspective, [Zebrowitz and Montepare][2] review research to support this explanation, with suggestions for future research on appearance biases. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/308/5728/1623 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5728/1565
SUNCT Syndrome Responding to OnabotulinumtoxinA Injections: A Case Report (P7.185)

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of OnabotulinumtoxinA injections providing sustained relief in a patient with short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome. BACKGROUND: SUNCT syndrome is a rare trigeminal autonomic cephalgia, a primary headache disorder involving frequent, short-lasting unilateral trigeminal distribution pain associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic dysfunction. Though several medications and local nerve blocks have been shown to provide relief, some patients continue to experience debilitating pain or cannot tolerate effective medications due to side effects. DESIGN/METHODS: We present a patient with refractory headaches consistent with the diagnosis of SUNCT syndrome who was treated with OnabotulinumtoxinA injections after proving refractory, intolerant or minimally responsive to standard medical therapy and trigeminal and occipital nerve blocks. Diagnosis of primary SUNCT syndrome was made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies to rule out secondary headache pathology. RESULTS: Our patient is a 28 year old woman who presented with 13 months of episodic right-sided headache with retro-orbital pain, occurring more than 20 times per day lasting 5 to 20 seconds each. Associated symptoms included ipsilateral ptosis, scleral injection, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, hyperemia, and sweating. Brain MRI with and without gadolinium and MRA of head and neck were done to rule out any posterior fossa, pituitary, vascular anomaly, or other focal lesions. Pituitary hormones including prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I, and thyroid hormone levels were within normal range. Prior therapies included carbamazepine, topiramate, indomethacin, melatonin, verapamil, and trigeminal and occipital nerve blocks, which were poorly tolerated or minimally effective. OnabotulinumtoxinA injections were performed using the PREEMPT injection algorithm every 12 weeks with only rare minor exacerbations of pain. CONCLUSIONS: Refractory cases of SUNCT syndrome may respond well to OnabotulinumtoxinA injections, especially in patients refractory or intolerant to medications. It is also important to rule out secondary causes of SUNCT syndrome. Disclosure: Dr. Youn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Knievel has nothing to disclose.
Determinants of the Strength of Strategic Adjustments in Farm Capital Structure

This study employs correlation relationships to measure the strength of trade-offs between business and financial risks as a representation of the strategic capital adjustment process. Under different business risk measures based on varying lengths of historical farm income data, results suggest that farmers tend to adopt a myopic perspective when contemplating risk-balancing plans. Cross-sectional regression results for two-time period models covering the decade of the 1980s and 1990s yielded important implications. The liquidity-constrained environment of the 1980s emphasizes the combination of risk-balancing plans, specialization, and market revenue-enhancing strategies. In the 1990s, risk balancing becomes compatible with risk-reducing crop diversification and insurance protection plans.
Genes and Atopic Phenotypes

Significant advancements in the field of genetic epidemiology over the past several decades have greatly expanded our understanding of the pathogenesis of the atopic phenotypes. To date, multiple genome-wide linkage, candidate gene, and genome-wide association studies have elucidated genes (and in some cases, causal variants) associated with atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, childhood asthma, and, to a lesser degree, food allergy, and these findings have been replicated in independent and often ethnically and racially diverse populations. Despite the complexities associated with coexisting phenotypes and environmental influences, genes common to all four atopic phenotypes, especially genes that are part of the adaptive and innate immune response and skin barrier dysfunction, may help to explain the molecular processes underlying the sequential appearance of the clinical manifestations characteristic of the atopic march.
Strengths and Challenges in the Indian Family

Abstract Beginning with a brief geographical, historical, cultural, and religious overview of India and her people, this article then presents a summary of family life in the contemporary Hindu family. The family strengths that are unique and based on deep-rooted religious, cultural, and social values that have been in existence and integral to the Hindu family for multiple generations are then outlined. The article also summarizes some challenges that families have to contend with in day-to-day living situations.
Plasmon Resonance Studies of Agonist/Antagonist Binding to theHuman δ-Opioid Receptor: New Structural Insights into Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Abstract Structural changes accompanying the binding of ligands to the cloned human δ -opioid receptor immobilized in a solid-supported lipid bilayer have been investigated using coupled plasmon-waveguide resonance spectroscopy. This highly sensitive technique directly monitors mass density, conformation, and molecular orientation changes occurring in anisotropic thin films and allows direct determination of binding constants. Although both agonist binding and antagonist binding to the receptor cause increases in molecular ordering within the proteolipid membrane, only agonist binding induces an increase in thickness and molecular packing density of the membrane. This is a consequence of mass movements perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer occurring within the lipid and receptor components. These results are consistent with models of receptor function that involve changes in the orientation of transmembrane helices.
Influence of Rock Properties On Methods For the Verification of Underground Nuclear Explosions

A limestone for which mechanical behavior is well determined is used as a basis for a study of the effects of mechanical property variations on apparent seismic yield for contained nuclear explosions. The resulting variations in apparent seismic yield, up to 25% for this study, form an irreducible lower limit on the accuracy of seismic yield determination if further event-specific information on the mechanical properties is unavailable. 9 refs., 4 figs.
Stability and controllability

Abstract The paper unifies proofs of several results on the stability of linear control systems. The proofs are based on a criterion of controllability derived in the paper. This criterion suggests an efficient test of controllability.
Treatment to Prevent Transmission of HIV-1

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has the potential to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by reducing the concentration of HIV in blood and genital secretions. Indeed, mathematical models with favorable assumptions suggest the potential of ART to stop the spread of HIV infection. Empirical results from ecological and population-based studies and from several short-term observational studies involving HIV status-discordant heterosexual couples suggest that ART reduces the rate of HIV transmission. A multinational, randomized, controlled trial (National Institutes of Health HPTN052) examining the reliability and durability of ART as prevention of transmission in HIV status-discordant couples is under way. The latter and other studies also consider sexual risk-taking behavior and transmission of HIV-resistant variants when ART is used as prevention. Early HIV detection and treatment (ie, test and treat) are being considered as an important prevention strategy. In this article, we review the data supporting the use of ART to prevent HIV transmission and critically examine the public health implications of this strategy.
Universal Fermi gases in mixed dimensions.

We investigate a two-species Fermi gas in which one species is confined in a two-dimensional plane (2D) or one-dimensional line (1D) while the other is free in the three-dimensional space (3D). We discuss the realization of such a system with the interspecies interaction tuned to resonance. When the mass ratio is in the range 0.0351<m{sub 2D}/m{sub 3D}<6.35 for the 2D-3D mixture or 0.006 46<m{sub 1D}/m{sub 3D}<2.06 for the 1D-3D mixture, the resulting system is stable against the Efimov effect and has universal properties. We calculate key quantities in the many-body phase diagram. Other possible scale-invariant systems with short-range few-body interactions are also elucidated.
Transmembrane Helix Heterodimerization in Lipid Bilayers: Probing the Energetics behind Autosomal Dominant Growth Disorders

Here, we show that the energetics of transmembrane helix heterodimer formation can be characterized in liposomes using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We present the theory and the protocol for measuring the free energy of heterodimerization, and the total (hetero and homo-dimeric) dimer fraction. We use the presented methodology to determine the propensity for heterodimer formation between wild-type fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) transmembrane domain and the Ala391Glu mutant, linked to Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans.
Stress relaxation of a main-chain, smectic, polydomain liquid crystalline elastomer

Abstract It has recently been shown that liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) exhibit bulk macroscopic orientation or a `polydomain-to-monodomain' transition when stretched in uniaxial tension (see for example review articles by: Gleim, W. and Finkelmann, H., Side-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers , ed. C. B. McArdle. Blackie and Sons Ltd., 1989, p. 287; Zentel, R., Agnew Chem. Adv. Mater. , 1989, 101 (10), 1437; Barclay, G. G. and Ober, C. K., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1993, 18 , 899–945). In order to investigate this phenomenon further, single-step stress relaxation experiments were performed in uniaxial tension on a polydomain, smectic LCE at variable strains relative to the polydomain-to-monodomain transition. It was found that the smectic LCE exhibited a large amount of stress relaxation and could be described at intermediate times (≈7–3000 s) by a stretched exponential function with a relatively fast characteristic relaxation time (≈60 s), regardless of the magnitude of the strain. One possible origin of this phenomenon is that the local smectic LC order is transiently disrupted during initial deformation and reorientation of the LC domains. The free energy penalty for this disruption may provide a driving force for reversion back to the original (undeformed) state of order and, correspondingly, a large amount of local chain relaxation. It was also found that the stress relaxation data were divided into two regimes. At low strains (prior to the polydomain-to-monodomain transition) the data exhibited a final relaxed modulus of E f =1.8 MPa. Samples stretched to larger strains (greater than the polydomain-to-monodomain transition) were shifted to lower values with E f =0.7 MPa.
Ion—molecule reactions in 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane

Abstract Ion—molecule reactions in the 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorocyclobutane (c-C4H4F4) system were studied using a time-of-flight(TOF) mass spectrometer to obtain kinetic data, and an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer to obtain information about the reaction pathways. To obtain kinetic data, measurements of the variation of the ion intensities with changes in ion residence time were carried out. The parent ion C4H4F4+ had very low abundance and was found to be nearly non-reactive. However, ion—molecule reactions were observed for several fragment species, particularly the olefinic ions C2H2F2+ and C2H4+. It was found that C2H2F2+ becomes the most abundant ion in this system when the pressure is increased. Using the ion cyclotron double resonance technique, it was established that reaction of C2H2F2+ with parent c-C4H4F4 produces the species C6H6F6+ and C5H6F4+. The species C4H2F6+, seen in the TOF instrument but not in the ICR, probably also involves attack of C2H2F2+ on substrate molecules. All three reactions appear to involve a common mechanism: ring opening attack on substrate molecules to give a linear intermediate which may persist (C6H6F6+) or fragment. The rapid disappearance of C2H4+ probably involves a similar reaction sequence.