cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinating multiple rovers with interdependent science objectives

This paper describes an integrated system for coordinating multiple rover behavior with the overall goal of collecting planetary surface data. The MISUS system combines techniques from planning and scheduling with machine learning to perform autonomous scientific exploration with cooperating rovers. A distributed planning and scheduling approach is used to generate efficient, multi-rover coordination plans, monitor plan execution, and perform re-planning when necessary. A machine learning clustering component is used to deduce geological relationships among collected data and select new science activities. A key concept promoted by this system is the use of goal interdependency information to perform plan optimization and increase the value of collected science data. We discuss how we represent and reason about goal dependency and utility information in our planning system and explain how this information can change dynamically during system use. We show through experimental results that our approach significantly increases overall plan quality versus a standard approach that treats goal utilities independently.
Aerodynamic Focusing Effect in a Rectangular Slit Real Impactor at Different Reynolds Numbers

Numerical investigations were performed to assess the effect of “aerodynamic focusing” achievable by varying the angle of approach in the convergence section of a rectangular slit real impactor, at different Reynolds numbers. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach was used as a tool in the study. Simulations were performed on a slit impactor in which the angle of approach in the inlet section was varied from 15° to 75°, at three different Reynolds number values namely 200, 1000, and 2000, to characterize the effect of “aerodynamic focusing”. It is found from the results of the study that the impactor efficiency curve and cut-point SQRT (Stk)50 value are strong functions of the above parameters. Aerodynamic focusing effect achievable by varying the angle of inlet convergence section is delineated with appropriate particle tracks. Results of the study are expressed as a surface plot of the cut-point SQRT (Stk)50 value as a function of the Reynolds number and the angle of approach and a correlation relating the parameters is presented.
When does the cµ rule apply to finite-population queueing systems?

We consider optimal scheduling of the server in a finite-population queueing system with multiple classes of customers, when preemption is allowed. A customer of class i has arrival rate @l"i, service rate @m"i, and holding cost c"i per unit time. We derive conditions under which the c@m rule is optimal.
‘I Saw a Nightmare . . .’: Violence and the Construction of Memory (Soweto, June 16, 1976)

The protests on June 16, 1976 of black schoolchildren in Soweto against the imposition of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in their schools precipitated one of the most pro-found challenges to the South African apartheid state. These events were experienced in a context of violent social and political conflict. They were almost immediately drawn into a discourse that discredited and silenced them, manipulating meaning for ideological and political reasons with little regard for how language and its absence—silences—further violated those who had experienced the events. Violence, in its physical and discursive shape, forged individual memories that remain torn with pain, anger, distrust, and open questions; collective memories that left few spaces for ambiguity; and official or public histories tarnished by their political agendas or the very structures—and sources—that produced them. Based on oral histories and historical documents, this article discusses the collusion of violence and silence and its consequences. It argues that—while the collusion between violence and silence might appear to disrupt or, worse, destroy the ability of individuals to think historically—the individual historical actor can and does have the will to contest and engage with collective memory and official history.
Modeling and direct sensitivity analysis of biogenic emissions impacts on regional ozone formation in the Mexico-U.S. border area.

ABSTRACT A spatially and temporally resolved biogenic hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions inventory has been developed for a region along the Mexico-U.S. border area. Average daily biogenic non-methane organic gases (NMOG) emissions for the 1700 × 1000 km2 domain were estimated at 23,800 metric tons/day (62% from Mexico and 38% from the United States), and biogenic NOx was estimated at 1230 metric tons/day (54% from Mexico and 46% from the United States) for the July 1820, 1993, ozone episode. The biogenic NMOG represented 74% of the total NMOG emissions, and biogenic NOx was 14% of the total NOx. The CIT photochemical airshed model was used to assess how biogenic emissions impact air quality. Predicted ground-level ozone increased by 510 ppb in most rural areas, 10-20 ppb near urban centers, and 20-30 ppb immediately downwind of the urban centers compared to simulations in which only anthropogenic emissions were used. A sensitivity analysis of predicted ozone concentration to emissions was pe...
Dynamic MRI with compressed sensing imaging using temporal correlations

Compressed sensing (CS) is a recently emerged technique for reconstructing signals from data sampled under the Nyquist rate. It takes advantage of the signal sparsity in a transformed domain to reconstruct high-resolution signals from reduced data. This paper presents a CS imaging method for dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Specifically, a difference operator is applied to the temporal data frames to enhance the spatial signal sparsity for CS reconstruction. The new algorithm method was assessed using simulated and in-vivo dynamic imaging data. The result shows that the new method can obtain higher resolution than zero-padded Fourier reconstruction and the Keyhole method, and it results in reduced artifacts and noise than conventional CS reconstruction where no temporal information is used. It also shows that the new CS dynamic imaging method does not suffer substantial signal-to-noise loss.
Implementing public-key infrastructure for sensor networks

We present a critical evaluation of the first known implementation of elliptic curve cryptography over F2p for sensor networks based on the 8-bit, 7.3828-MHz MICA2 mote. We offer, along the way, a primer for those interested in the field of cryptography for sensor networks. We discuss, in particular, the decisions underlying our design and alternatives thereto. And we elaborate on the methodologies underlying our evaluation.Through instrumentation of UC Berkeley's TinySec module, we argue that, although symmetric cryptography has been tractable in this domain for some time, there has remained a need, unfulfilled until recently, for an efficient, secure mechanism for distribution of secret keys among nodes. Although public-key infrastructure has been thought impractical, we show, through analysis of our original implementation for TinyOS of point multiplication on elliptic curves, that public-key infrastructure is indeed viable for TinySec keys' distribution, even on the MICA2. We demonstrate that public keys can be generated within 34 seconds and that shared secrets can be distributed among nodes in a sensor network within the same time, using just over 1 kilobyte of SRAM and 34 kilobytes of ROM. We demonstrate that communication costs are minimal, with only 2 packets required for transmission of a public key among nodes. We make available all of our source code for other researchers to download and use. And we discuss recent results based on our work that corroborate and improve upon our conclusions.
Spectral analysis of tuning fork generated tones.

Tuning forks have been used as clinical pure tone generators since the middle of the nineteenth century. The development of electronic signal sources has fostered innumerable advances in audiologic diagnosis, yet the tuning fork remains in daily use by thousands of physicians, for rapid and reliable screening of auditory acuity. This study examines tuning forks as oscillators, determining harmonic distortion with real-time spectral analysis. Various methods of striking the instrument are compared, with regard to harmonic distortion and sound pressure level generated. Tuning forks are, thus, compared to their electronic counterparts for the first time in the literature. Gentle striking of a steel, 256 Hz. fork on the thenar eminence produces tones comparable in purity to those generated by ANSI-calibrated audiometers. Similar results were obtained with forks of higher frequency; however, careful use of light aluminum alloy forks may produce equally satisfactory results.
International nanotechnology development in 2003: Country, institution, and technology field analysis based on USPTO patent database

Nanoscale science and engineering (NSE) have seen rapid growth and expansion in new areas in recent years. This paper provides an international patent analysis using the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) data searched by keywords of the entire text: title, abstract, claims, and specifications. A fraction of these patents fully satisfy the National Nanotechnology Initiative definition of nanotechnology (which requires exploiting specific phenomena and direct manipulation at the nanoscale), while others only make use of NSE tools and methods of investigation. In previous work we proposed an integrated patent analysis and visualization framework of patent content mapping for the NSE field and of knowledge flow pattern identification until 2002. In this paper, the results are updated for 2003, and the new trends are presented.
NMR structure of an acyl-carrier protein from Borrelia burgdorferi

Nearly complete resonance assignment and the high-resolution NMR structure of the acyl-carrier protein from Borrelia burgdorferi, a target of the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) structure-determination pipeline, are reported. This protein was chosen as a potential target for drug-discovery efforts because of its involvement in fatty-acid biosynthesis, an essential metabolic pathway, in bacteria. It was possible to assign >98% of backbone resonances and >92% of side-chain resonances using multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. The NMR structure was determined to a backbone r.m.s.d. of 0.4 A and contained four α-helices and two 310-helices. A structure-homology search revealed that this protein is highly similar to the acyl-carrier protein from Aquifex aeolicus.
The postspike positivity of unmedullated fibers of dorsal root origin.

The positivity following the spike in the action potential of unmedullated nerve fibers of dorsal root origin (d.r.C) has been shown to be homologous with the first positive potential (P1) of other varieties of nerve fibers. Thus it is only through the large size of the positivity that this group of nerve fibers is set apart from other groups. New findings accentuate and make more explicit the difference of d.r.C fiber behavior from that of the sympathetic unmedullated fibers. Support of the conclusion is derived from re-examination of the A fibers as well as from observations on the d.r.C fibers. Increase in size of the P1's in a tetanus of the d.r.C fibers can occur if the frequency is high enough; and it does not occur in an A fiber tetanus if the frequency is low enough. Frequency is also critical in the obtainment of increasing P1's in a tetanus of sympathetic C fibers. Decrease in the size of the P1's in the course of a tetanus is attributable to development of the negative after-potential (N a-p). In rested d.r.C fibers the N a-p is latent. But it appears during a tetanus, develops in size, and after the tetanus leads to a long lasting and clearly defined second positive potential. Absence of a supernormal period during the N a-p of the d.r.C fibers is accounted for. An analysis is made of the apparent increase in size of the spike elevations during a tetanus, for the two subgroups of the C fibers. The difference between the after-potentials of A fibers and of sympathetic C fibers is correlated with the shapes of the curves of cathodal electrotonus of these fibers.
SOLITON–SOLITON INTERACTION IN OPTICAL FIBERS

In an optical communication system it is necessary to place the solitons close to one another to increase the information carrying capacity of the fiber. The theory of soliton–soliton interaction in a fiber optic communication system, through a single channel, is studied in this paper. In presence of the perturbation terms, the two soliton interaction of the Nonlinear Schrodinger's Equation is investigated. It is analytically proved and numerically supported that the perturbation terms lead to the suppression of the interaction of solitons through an optical fiber.
Surgical Approaches to the Elbow

Surgical exposures for complex injuries about the elbow are technically demanding because of the high density of neurologic, vascular, and ligamentous elements around the elbow. The posterior approaches (ie, olecranon osteotomy, triceps-reflecting, triceps-splitting, triceps-reflecting anconeus pedicle flap, paratricipital) include techniques used to navigate the area around the triceps tendon and anconeus muscle. These approaches may be extended to gain access to the entire joint. The ulnar nerve, the anterior and posterior capsules, and the coronoid process are addressed by means of a medial approach. Lateral approaches are useful in addressing pathology at the radial head, capitellum, coronoid process, and anterior and posterior capsules. These approaches may be combined to address complex pathology in the setting of fracture fixation, arthroplasty, and capsular release.
Graphene growth on SiC(000-1): optimization of surface preparation and growth conditions

Graphene growth of high crystal quality and single-layer thickness can be achieved by low pressure sublimation (LPS) on SiC(0001). On SiC(0001), which is the C-terminated polar surface, there has been much less success growing uniform, single-layer films. In this work, a systematic study of surface preparation by hydrogen etching followed by LPS in an argon ambient was performed. Hydrogen etching is an important first step in the graphene growth process because it removes damage caused by polishing the substrate surface. However, for SiC(0001), etching at too high of a temperature or for too long has been found to result in pit formation due to the preferential etching of screw dislocations that intersect the surface. It was found that temperatures above 1450°C in 200mbar of hydrogen result in pitting of the surface, whereas etch temperatures at and below 1450°C can result in atomically at terraces of ~ 1 µm width. Following the hydrogen etch optimization, argon-mediated graphene growth was carried out at several different temperatures. For the growth experiments, pressure and growth time were both fixed. Regardless of growth temperature, all of the films were found to have non-uniform thickness. Further, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction measurements reveal that trace amounts of oxygen, which may be present during growth, significantly affects the graphene growth process on this polar surface.
Electro-dynamic analysis of 60mm mortars modified with guidance, navigation, and control components

This paper summarizes the results from numerical analyses of 60mm mortar projectile bodies that are modified with guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) hardware. The major findings from the study include: 1) the far field radiation patterns predicted for the projectile considered in this analysis are sensitive to the overall size and shape of the projectile flight body, specifically shorter projectile structures tend to radiate more energy in the transverse flight direction, and 2) some electrical characteristics such as the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), characteristic impedance (Zo), and the return loss, as seen from the embedded GNC antenna are sensitive to the projectile body size and shape, also shorter projectile structures appear to have lower resonant frequency given the same GNC antenna configuration. The numerical simulations are validated with experimental measurement data obtained from the anechoic chamber. This was true for VSWR, S11 and characteristic impedance data, as well as the far field radiation pattern characteristics.
Meiosis, mitosis and microtubule motors

A framework for understanding the complex movements of mitosis and meiosis has been provided by the recent discovery of microtubule motor proteins, required for the proper distribution of chromosomes or the structural integrity of the mitotic or meiotic spindle. Although overall features of mitosis and meiosis are often assumed to be similar in mechanism, it is now clear that they differ in several important aspects. These include spindle structure and assembly, and timing of chromosome segregation to opposite poles. Here we review progress in the functional characterization of several newly identified microtubule motor proteins, emphasizing their possible roles in spindle structure and function.
Neuroblastoma associated with beckwith-wiedemann syndrome

This report describes an infant with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) found to have a thoracic neuroblastoma. Infants with BWS are known to have an increased incidence of tumors (10%). We believe this to be the first report of a malignant neural crest tumor in a child with BWS and also the first case occurring in familial BWS. Usually the malignancies associated with the BWS are intraabdominal; however, this malignancy was located in the chest. It is important to detect malignancy in early stages. Therefore, recommendations for screening children with BWS are discussed.
Neonatal-Age Treatment with Vitamin A Delays Postweaning Vitamin A Deficiency and Increases the Antibody Response to T-cell Dependent Antigens in Young Adult Rats Fed a Vitamin A-Deficient Diet

Vitamin A supplementation for infants and young children is recommended by WHO/UNICEF for countries with a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, and vitamin A is often administered at immunization contacts. Using a rat model, we tested whether supplementation with vitamin A or other retinoids at the time of neonatal immunization has prospective benefit in terms of preventing postweaning vitamin A deficiency and promoting antibody responses to T-cell dependent (TD) antigens administered at the neonatal stage and at the young adult stage. Rats were treated orally on postnatal d 6-8 with oil (placebo control), vitamin A, retinoic acid, or a combination of both (VARA) (n > or = 12/group), and immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) on d 7. The primary anti-TT response was measured on d 21, after which weanling rats were fed the vitamin A-deficient diet until approximately 10 wk. At 8 wk, rats were immunized again with TT to determine the recall response, and with a novel TD antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), to assess the adult primary response. None of the supplements affected the plasma titer of anti-TT immunoglobulin G (IgG) on d 21 (P = 0.25). However, neonatal-age supplementation with vitamin A or VARA at the young adult stage resulted in: >5 times higher anti-TT IgG recall response (P < 0.01); 5- and 9-times higher anti-KLH primary IgM and IgG responses, respectively (P < 0.05), and plasma retinol in the normal range (approximately 1.0 micromol/L vs. approximately 0.35 micromol/L in retinoic acid-treated and control groups, P < 0.0001). We conclude that early-life supplementation with vitamin A or VARA can prospectively benefit the primary and recall antibody responses to TD antigens administered at the young adult stage, which may involve the maintenance of normal plasma retinol levels.
Development of an Antigen Spot Test for Detection of Coronavirus in Bovine Fecal Samples

We have developed a rapid and sensitive microimmunodot blot assay, the antigen spot test (AST), for the detection of bovine coronavirus (BCV) antigen from neonatal calf fecal samples. The AST procedure can be completed in 3.5 h, whereas the previously reported immunodot blot assays require 10 to 12 h. Ninety-six samples can be tested per membrane, and 10 membranes (960 samples) may be processed by a single technologist in 1 working day. The effects of detergents, oxidizing chemicals, chaotropic agents, and enzyme substrates in improving the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the AST were studied. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity of AST for the detection of BCV antigen were compared to those of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and a hemagglutination assay (HA). Of 347 field samples tested by all three methods, 94.2% were positive by AST, 91.4% were positive by ELISA, and 86.7% were positive by HA. The sensitivity of the AST was determined to be 100% compared to the results of the ELISA reference method. The specificity of the AST was 67%, which reflects a lower limit of detection of 10(4) viral particles per ml in a 10% fecal suspension.
Introduction of a Continuing Professional Development Tool for Preceptors Lessons Learned

Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) guidelines state that preceptors should "have a systematic, self-directed approach to their own continuing professional development (CPD)." The objective of this study was to encourage preceptors to take advantage of the ACPE CPD resources and implement the concept of CPD (reflect, plan, act, evaluate, record) as a framework for guiding individual preceptor's continuing development as educators and to determine their opinion regarding the usefulness, effectiveness, and obstacles to implementation of this approach. A total of 3713 preceptors from the participating schools were encouraged to undergo CPD training and invited to respond to a series of questions. Of the initial respondents, 48% represented health system/hospital preceptors, followed by community/independent pharmacists (64 of 236, 28%). Preceptor respondents often train students from multiple schools/colleges (average = 1.9 schools/colleges per preceptor) and 90% agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, "the CPD model, as learned in the webcasts, is beneficial for ongoing preceptor development." The general consensus was that the preceptor portfolio provided motivation to reflect, plan, and set more defined and realistic goals for students, residents, and themselves as educators and could be a valuable starting point for promoting preceptors' reflection, planning, and action related to rotation management, professional teaching, and student learning goals.
DIETARY STUDY OF BIG FREE-TAILED BATS (NYCTINOMOPS MACROTIS) IN BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS

Abstract Nyctinomops macrotis, the big free-tailed bat, is relatively uncommon in the southwestern United States, and diet information for this species is sparse. The objective of this study was to examine the diet of N. macrotis in Big Bend National Park, Texas, by using fecal analysis to determine what these bats ate in an area where they were sympatric with 3 other species of free-tailed bats. We collected and analyzed fecal samples from 40 individuals and obtained the following results: Lepidoptera (87.5% volume, 100% frequency), Hemiptera (4.1% volume, 22.5% frequency), Coleoptera (4.6% volume, 17.5% frequency), Orthoptera (1.1% volume, 12.5% frequency), unidentified insects (2.4% volume, 30.0% frequency). The diet of N. macrotis largely overlapped that of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) and pocketed free-tailed bat (Nyctinomops femorosaccus) in Big Bend National Park. However, N. macrotis consumed significantly more lepidopterans and significantly less hemipterans and coleopteran...
High resolution urban morphology data for urban wind flow modeling

Abstract The application of urban forestry methods and technologies to a number of practical problems can be further enhanced by the use and incorporation of localized, high resolution wind and temperature fields into their analysis methods. The numerical simulation of these micrometeorological fields will represent the interactions and influences of urban structures, vegetation elements, and variable terrain as an integral part of the dynamics of an urban domain. Detailed information of the natural and man-made components that make up the urban area is needed to more realistically model meteorological fields in urban domains. Simulating high resolution wind and temperatures over and through an urban domain utilizing detailed morphology data can also define and quantify local areas where urban forestry applications can contribute to better solutions. Applications such as the benefits of planting trees for shade purposes can be considered, planned, and evaluated for their impact on conserving energy and cooling costs as well as the possible reconfiguration or removal of trees and other barriers for improved airflow ventilation and similar processes. To generate these fields, a wind model must be provided, as a minimum, the location, type, height, structural silhouette, and surface roughness of these components, in order to account for the presence and effects of these land morphology features upon the ambient airflow. The morphology of Sacramento, CA has been characterized and quantified in considerable detail primarily for wind flow modeling, simulation, and analyses, but can also be used for improved meteorological analyses, urban forestry, urban planning, and other urban related activities. Morphology methods previously developed by Ellefsen are applied to the Sacramento scenario with a high resolution grid of 100 m × 100 m. The Urban Morphology Scheme defines Urban Terrain Zones (UTZ) according to how buildings and other urban elements are structured and placed with respect to each other. The urban elements within the 100 m × 100 m cells (one hectare) are further described and digitized as building height, building footprint (in percent), reflectivity of its roof, pitched roof or flat, building's long axis orientation, footprint of impervious surface and its reflectivity, footprint of canopy elements, footprint of woodlots, footprint of grass area, and footprint of water surface. A variety of maps, satellite images, low level aerial photographs, and street level photographs are the raw data used to quantify these urban properties. The final digitized morphology database resides in a spreadsheet ready for use on ordinary personal computers.
Furazolidone for treatment of diarrhoeal disease.

PIP: Furazolidone, a synthietic nitrofuran, is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria and Giardia lamblia. Since 1954, furazolidone has been used almost exclusively for the specific and symptomatic treatment of infectious diarrheal diseases. Diarrheal disease is the leading cause of death of children and a major contributing factor of malnutrition in the developing world. It can be avoided with proper water and waste treatment, personal hygiene, and food preparation. The most critical aspect of treating acute diarrhea is maintaining optimal hydration and electrolyte balance. Fluid and electrolyte replenishment must constitute the 1st line of therapy. Antimicrobial therapy, however, improves the outlook further. Effective antimicrobials reduce the average duration of illness and the likelihood of relapses, complications and death. The ideal antimicrobial for treating acute diarrhea is a single broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent of low toxicity that would be effective for empirical treatment of acute diarrheal disease. During 30 years of clinical use worldwide, the effectiveness of furazolidone has shown to be comparable or superior to that of other drugs used to treat these diseases. Because furazolidone has fairly low toxicity, it is a relatively safe drug. The most common reaction appears to be gastrointestinal distress, though dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, and general malaise have also been reported. A drug that acts specifically on its target is generally preferable to one with less specific activity. Furazolidone inhibits a variety of bacterial enzymes, an activity that minimizes the development of resistant organisms. Furazolidone is a single, broad-spectrum antimicrobial that is effective, relatively safe, specific, and is orally administered in tablet or suspension form.
The Next Generation of Nanophotonic Standing-Wave Array Traps for Precision Manipulation

Optical trapping is a powerful manipulation and measurement technique widely employed in the biological and materials sciences. Our lab has recently developed an on-chip device based on Si waveguides, coined a nanophotonic standing-wave array trap (nSWAT), which allows for controlled and precise manipulation of trapped nano/micro particles [1]. Here, we report on our next generation nSWAT devices. By employing Si3N4 waveguides to form an nSWAT, we demonstrate precision manipulation using a 1064 nm laser. This allows for high power applications with minimal heating to the sample plane, decreased optical loss, and considerable smaller nonlinear effects. Our Si3N4 nSWAT represents an important step towards enabling a variety of high throughput, precision single-molecule biological experiments.[1] M. Soltani, J. Lin, R. A. Forties, J. T. Inman, S. N. Saraf, R. M. Fulbright, M. Lipson and M. D. Wang “Nanophotonic trapping for precise manipulation of biomolecular arrays,” Nature Nanotechnology 9, 448-452 (2014).
Investigation of the influence of surface composition on the charge state distribution of ∼keV hydrogen exiting thin carbon foils for space plasma instrumentation

Abstract Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging techniques have become a powerful tool for remotely probing plasma environments in space. ENA imagers cover energies from 0.01 keV up to a few MeV, and they use different techniques to cover such a broad energy range. Most of them convert the ENA into a charged particle to remove the converted ENA from the initial neutral direction. In the >∼0.2 keV/nuc to 10’s of keV/nuc range, the conversion subsystem is usually an ultra-thin carbon foil. The sensitivity of ENA imagers based on charge conversion by carbon foils is driven by the ability of these foils to convert a neutral atom into an ion. The charge state distribution after the carbon foils is a strong function of the chemical and physical properties of the exit surface. In this study, we analyze the composition and structure of the surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface is roughly 88% carbon and 12% oxygen, forming strong C O bonds. Annealing the foil lowers the oxygen content to about 9%. We coat the surface of the foils with Au, Al 2 O 3 , or MgO. We compare the exit charge state distributions of hydrogen prior to and post coatings. While no significant difference is observed in the exit charge state for the Au and Al 2 O 3 coatings, there is a slight decrease of the positive fraction after MgO. The annealing of the foil has the benefit of reducing the angular scattering of hydrogen by a factor of ∼1.2. This is a significant improvement that has the potential to increase sensitivity of ENA imagers.
Virgin Female Traps to Determine Activity and Populations of Red-Banded Leaf Roller

Virgin female moths of Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) in 1-gallon cylindrical cardboard traps hung in apple trees attracted males, but their attractiveness declined with age. Peak sexual activity, determined from the number of males collected in baited traps. occurred during the hour immediately after sunset. Laboratory-reared male moths marked with fluorescent powder and released in an apple orchard had patterns of sexual activity that were similar to those of native males. Of the males released, 37% were recaptured. Methylene chloride extracts of homogenized virgin female moths prepared at various times of day and placed in traps were attractive to males.
Molecular evidence for color discrimination in the Atlantic sand fiddler crab, Uca pugilator

SUMMARY Fiddler crabs are intertidal brachyuran crabs that belong to the genus Uca . Approximately 97 different species have been identified, and several of these live sympatrically. Many have species-specific body color patterns that may act as signals for intra- and interspecific communication. To understand the behavioral and ecological role of this coloration we must know whether fiddler crabs have the physiological capacity to perceive color cues. Using a molecular approach, we identified the opsin-encoding genes and determined their expression patterns across the eye of the sand fiddler crab, Uca pugilator . We identified three different opsin-encoding genes ( UpRh1, UpRh2 and UpRh3 ). UpRh1 and UpRh2 are highly related and have similarities in their amino acid sequences to other arthropod long- and medium-wavelength-sensitive opsins, whereas UpRh3 is similar to other arthropod UV-sensitive opsins. All three opsins are expressed in each ommatidium, in an opsin-specific pattern. UpRh3 is present only in the R8 photoreceptor cell, whereas UpRh1 and UpRh2 are present in the R1-7 cells, with UpRh1 expression restricted to five cells and UpRh2 expression present in three cells. Thus, one photoreceptor in every ommatidium expresses both UpRh1 and UpRh2 , providing another example of sensory receptor coexpression. These results show that U. pugilator has the basic molecular machinery for color perception, perhaps even trichromatic vision.
The Olfactory Responses of Flies in a New Type of Insect Olfactometer II: Responses of the Housefly to Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide and Ethyl Alcohol

It is an interesting circumstance that although there is world wide interest in the housefly, Musca domestica L., and although a wealth of observation and experiment exists proving that response to volatile substances plays an important part in the fly's feeding and oviposition habits, almost no quantitative data on its chemotropic reactions have been published. Most of the experiments have consisted in counting the number of flies attracted to traps baited with various substances often in process of fermentation or putrefaction (Morrill 1914; Richardson 1916, 1917; Crumb & Lyon 1917, 1921; Laake et al. 1931).
Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and antibody level to hepatitis B virus in children living in remote mountain area in Hekou,Yunnan

Objective To understand the hepatitis B vaccination coverage and surface antibody level to hepatitis B in children living in remote mountain area in Hekou county,Yunnan province and provide evidence for the improvement of local hepatitis B prevention and control.Methods Cluster random sampling was conducted to select children aged 8-17 months,18-23 months,2-3 years and 4-5 years in 9 villages of 3 townships in remote mountain area in Hekou.Blood samples were taken from the children selected to detect HBsAg and anti-HBs with ELISA.Results A total of205 children were surveyed.The timely vaccination rate of the first dose hepatitis B vaccine was 60.00%,the completed vaccination rate was 89.76% and the qualified vaccination rate was 83.90%.The differences in age specific completed vaccination rate and qualified vaccination rate had no statistical significance(χ2= 7.01,P P 0.05;χ2= 2.11,P 0.05),but the difference in age specific timely 1stvaccination rate had statistical significance(χ2= 13.50,P 0.01).The overall HBsAg positive rate was 1.46% and the overall anti-HBs positive rate was 69.76%.The difference in age specific HBsAg positive rate had no statistical significance,but the difference in age specific anti-HBs positive rate had statistical significance(χ2= 31.96,P 0.01).Conclusion In 2013,the completed vaccination rate and qualified vaccination rate of hepatitis B vaccine in children in remote mountain area in Hekou were all above 80%.Anti-HBs level decreased with age.It is necessary to improve the newborns hepatitis B vaccination,increase the first dose vaccination rate and completed vaccination rate to increase the positive rate of antibody to hepatitis B virus in children for the purpose of reducing the incidence of hepatitis B.
My Approach to the Patient With Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a relatively common Mendelian genetic disorder, is associated with a dramatically increased lifetime risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease due to elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The diagnosis of FH is based on clinical presentation or genetic testing. Early identification of patients with FH is of great public health importance because preventive strategies can lower the absolute lifetime cardiovascular risk and screening can detect affected relatives. However, low awareness, detection, and control of FH pose hurdles in the prevention of FH-related cardiovascular events. Of the estimated 0.65 million to 1 million patients with FH in the United States, less than 10% carry a diagnosis of FH. Based on registry data, a substantial proportion of patients with FH are receiving no or inadequate lipid-lowering therapy. Statins remain the mainstay of treatment for patients with FH. Lipoprotein apheresis and newly approved lipid-lowering drugs are valuable adjuncts to statin therapy, particularly when the LDL-C-lowering response is suboptimal. Monoclonal antibodies targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 provide an additional approximately 60% lowering of LDL-C levels and are approved for use in patients with FH. For homozygous FH, 2 new drugs that work independent of the LDL receptor pathway are available: an apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotide (mipomersen) and a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor (lomitapide). This review attempts to critically examine the available data to provide a summary of the current evidence for managing patients with FH, including screening, diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance.
Overcoming the Trend Toward Healthier Foods: The Impact of Advertising and Intangibles on Investor Returns in the Packaged Food Industry

ABSTRACTThe study analyzes the impact of advertising, goodwill, and other intangibles on investor returns in the consumer packaged food and beverage industry during 2008–2012, a timeframe during which smaller brands wrestled $18 billion in sales away from large manufacturers of processed foods. The findings demonstrate that those firms that were able to allocate a greater percentage of their revenue to their ongoing advertising efforts were able to enhance investor holding period returns (HPR). In addition, those firms with a higher ratio of intangible assets other than goodwill to total assets were also able to enhance HPR. However, there was not a significant positive relationship between the ratio of acquired goodwill to total assets and HPR. Hence, packaged food and beverage manufacturers are advised to seek competitive advantages through their own brand-building efforts rather than seeking to enhance investor returns through a strategy based on company mergers and acquisitions.
Dietary Fatty Acids and Mammary Tumorigenesis

There has been a literal explosion in the study of the effects of diet on cancer. This development has resulted in part from the realization that it has not been possible to associate the cause of human cancer to specific agents despite the growing list of “potential” human carcinogens. Given the fairly stable age adjusted incidence of various tumors over the past forty years or so, attention has been directed more to factors in the human environment that may have been relatively stable over this period. Consequently attention has been focused on dietary constituents ranging from naturally occurring “carcinogens” occurring in foods to the effects of the macro and micronutrients. There is suggestive but not necessarily conclusive epidemiological evidence that the level of dietary fat is associated with the incidence of some tumors in humans. On the other hand, in experimental animals there is unequivocal evidence that both the level and composition of dietary fat can influence the development of several tumor systems and research is concentrating on attempts to define the mechanism of these effects. The other major question that must be addressed is the extent to which dietary intervention can affect tumorigenesis in humans.
Earth's Atmosphere and Its Surface Systems

This chapter discusses the earth's atmosphere and its surface systems. Earth's atmospheric air is a mixture of various constituents, the principal ones being nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Suspended solid and liquid particles of natural and man-made origin are always present in the atmosphere; they are called atmospheric aerosol. Its state and properties vary with the altitude and from time-to-time. The atmosphere may be divided vertically into a number of layers differing in composition, temperature, and other physical properties. Radiation emitted from the earth's surface can be considered black-body radiation and is a function of the surface temperature and the wave-length. There are passive and active methods for space remote imaging of the earth's surfaces and clouds. Reflected solar radiance and the earth's thermal emission radiance are the major sources for passive space sensor system applications. Radiance in bands of gases with a fixed concentration can be used to measure vertical temperature profiles. For gases with a variable concentration, space remote sounding can be used to estimate the vertical concentration profiles.
The 'Silver Spoon' Tax: How to Strengthen Wealth Transfer Taxation

Wealth transfer taxes are a critical policy tool for mitigating economic inequality, including inequality of opportunity. They are also relatively efficient. This short essay summarizes why and how wealth transfer taxes should be strengthened. Reform options that our next President should consider include increasing the wealth transfer tax rate, broadening the base, repealing stepped-up basis, addressing talking points against wealth transfer taxes with little or no factual basis, and converting the estate and gift taxes into a direct tax on the recipients of large inheritances.
Foods and food ingredients for prevention of diarrheal disease in children in developing countries.

Increased awareness of the morbidity and mortality attributed to diarrheal disease among children under 5 years of age in developing countries has led to a variety of approaches aimed toward prevention. In this review, foods and food ingredients which appear to be most effective in prevention of diarrheal disease in infants are considered. The effect of each of the following potential food or food ingredient categories on the control or prevention of diarrheal disease is discussed: human milk components, antibodies, probiotics, and fermented foods.
Rotator Cuff Pathology

Rotator cuff pathology is the most commonly treated shoulder disorder treated by orthopedic surgeons in the USA. There is a correlation with increasing prevalence with age, with almost a 30% incidence in adults past the age of 40. Tears can be clinically evaluated by functional exam, as well as with various imaging modalities with good sensitivity. Treatment consists of both nonoperative therapy and open or arthroscopic repair techniques with high success rate of reliving pain and restoring function.
Intercompartmental Piecewise Gene Transfer

Gene relocation from the residual genomes of organelles to the nuclear genome still continues, although as a scaled down evolutionary phenomenon, limited in occurrence mostly to protists (sensu lato) and land plants. During this process, the structural integrity of transferred genes is usually preserved. However, the relocation of mitochondrial genes that code for respiratory chain and ribosomal proteins is sometimes associated with their fragmentation into two complementary genes. Herein, this review compiles cases of piecewise gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus, and discusses hypothesized mechanistic links between the fission and relocation of those genes.
Characterization of transmission lines with nonlinear dielectric materials

Nonlinear transmission lines are interesting for several device applications including harmonic generators, and phase shifters. They are also good candidates for characterizing nonlinear materials at mm-wave frequencies. Regardless of the application, circuit modeling is challenging because nonlinear waveguides are described by a nonlinear wave equation. In this paper, we focus on characterizing the nonlinear mixing products generated by coplanar waveguides on a nonlinear ferroelectric Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 (BST) film. We developed a perturbative solution to the nonlinear wave equation, and validate our model by using a nonlinear vector network analyzer (NVNA) to measure the nonlinear mixing products. Our approach is useful for predicting spurious signals generated by nonlinear mixing in devices with nonlinear dielectrics, and predicting the performance of nonlinear devices such as harmonic generators.
The future role of proteomics in the understanding of acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an increasingly frequent clinical condition that occurs in 5% of all hospitalizations, and in up to 26% of critically ill patients [1]. AKI is associated with significa...
Parallel Evolution of Key Genomic Features and Cellular Bioenergetics Across the Marine Radiation of a Bacterial Phylum

Diverse bacterial and archaeal lineages drive biogeochemical cycles in the global ocean, but the evolutionary processes that have shaped their genomic properties and physiological capabilities remain obscure. Here we track the genome evolution of the globally-abundant marine bacterial phylum Marinimicrobia across its diversification into modern marine environments and demonstrate that extant lineages have repeatedly switched between epipelagic and mesopelagic habitats. Moreover, we show that these habitat transitions have been accompanied by repeated and fundamental shifts in genomic organization, cellular bioenergetics, and metabolic modalities. Lineages present in epipelagic niches independently acquired genes necessary for phototrophy and environmental stress mitigation, and their genomes convergently evolved key features associated with genome streamlining. Conversely, lineages residing in mesopelagic waters independently acquired nitrate respiratory machinery and a variety of cytochromes, consistent with the use of alternative terminal electron acceptors in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Further, while surface water clades have retained an ancestral Na + -pumping respiratory complex, deep water lineages have replaced this complex with a canonical H + -pumping respiratory complex I, potentially due to the increased efficiency of the latter together with more energy-limiting environments deep in the ocean9s interior. These parallel evolutionary trends across disparate clades suggest that the evolution of key features of genomic organization and cellular bioenergetics in abundant marine lineages may in some ways be predictable and driven largely by environmental conditions and nutrient dynamics.
Synthesis and Characterization of Phthalic Acid Complexes with Biologically Active Metal Ions

Animal and plants contain carboxylic acids, which are involved in their metabolic reactions. It is also well known that metal ions are involved in their metabolic reactions. So far the complexation of carboxylate ions with metal ions has been extensively studied. Since neutral or acidic medium is existing in most of the biological reactions in animals and plants it is interesting to study the complexation of organic carboxylic acids in neutral medium with biologically active metal ions such as manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. Complexes of phthalic acid were prepared in neutral medium and were characterized. In such complexes the carboxylic acid group is not ionised and carbonyloxygen of the carboxylic acids are coordinated to the metal ions. However the microbial study is not the scope of this work.
The professionalisation of teaching: teacher training and education reform in Austria, 1867–1914

This article examines Austria’s efforts to reform teacher education during the period of the Dual Monarchy, 1867–1914. It offers insight into the role of teachers in Austrian society and how this r...