cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sketch of an Astronaut

I've wondered how far a man in a spacesuit can go in this little town, shaped for sleepy farmers and teens with buckets of turnips, who throw them off trucks at crowds of children. He has his own source of oxygen, so the smoke of Cuban cigars at the lodge or the gray clouds over the daily book burnings don't tear up his eyes or roll him over into a waiting line of coffins. Making so much of his big leaps at hopscotch, he plants flags in the housewives' petunias and plays golf among the asphalt potholes, disappointed the ball skips across lawns and fails to soar. When he chaperones the prom with our youngest teacher he buzzes his words through the white helmet, dwarfs her hands with his insulated gloves, and doesn't feel the hot pink lipstick through his visor. The neighbors find his boot prints, large steps for a man, at two in the morning outside their launch pads, where the astronaut creates explosive sounds with his mouth inside space cars that won't fire. Before he leaves he sits in a chair at the ladies'
Rapidly Progressive Bilateral Optic Nerve and Retinal Infarctions due to Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis (P1.333)

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of bilateral optic nerve and retinal infarctions due to rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis refers to a life-threatening fungal infection often due to the Rhizopus or Mucor species. The syndrome usually consists of a rapidly progressive sinusitis, periorbital edema, ophthalmoplegia and unilateral visual loss in an immunocompromised patient. We report a case of bilateral visual loss due to invasion of the ophthalmic arteries. DESIGN/METHODS: A 62-year-old woman with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus developed decreased visual perception on the left eye and ipsilateral facial numbness in the setting of diabetic ketoacidosis and recent sinusitis. Her initial examination was remarkable for left eye periorbital edema, proptosis, complete ophthalmoplegia and decreased acuity to light perception. Additionally, there was decreased sensation in the left ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve and left facial nerve palsy. Within 24 hours, she progressed to no light perception bilaterally, fixed and unreactive pupils, and bilateral ophthalmoplegia. Funduscopic examination revealed bilateral central retinal artery occlusions. RESULTS: Initial MRI was only remarkable for bilateral proptosis, but repeat examination on the following day demonstrated restricted diffusion in the bilateral optic nerves, worsened proptosis, and significant pansinsus inflammatory mucosal thickening. Intraoperative debridement revealed nonseptated fungal hyphae consistent with Rhizopus species with associated necrosis and vascular invasion. Notably, Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was detected in an initial blood culture, but cerebrospinal fluid and serum cultures were negative. Despite surgical debridement, intravenous amphotericin B and micafungin, and aggressive glycemic control, her clinical condition deteriorated and she was transitioned to hospice. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rapidly progressive and often fatal complication of diabetic patients that may invade the ophthalmic arteries and their branches, resulting in bilateral retinal and optic nerve infarctions and blindness. Disclosure: Dr. Duggal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaunzner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maciel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose. Dr. Merkler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dinkin has nothing to disclose.
Characterization of Human IgG Antimouse Antibody in Patients with B-Cell Malignancies

Purpose: Immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer offer an attractive adjunct to conventional modalities, although human antiglobulin responses can be an obstacle to repeated treatment. This study of a large number of patients with B-cell malignancies, over an extended period of time, characterized their human antimouse antibody (HAMA) seroconversion. Experimental Design: A total of 617 samples from 112 subjects were analyzed for HAMA titers. Eighty-five patients with B-cell malignancies; 12 breast cancer patients, and 15 volunteers were titered for comparison. Fifty-six B-cell malignancy patients were titered for HAMA throughout Lym-1 radioimmunotherapy (RIT); 29 were titered after a single imaging dose of Lym-1 antibody. Results: Baseline titers did not correlate with subsequent HAMA seroconversion against Lym-1. Only 1 of 29 (3%) of the patients developed HAMA after an imaging dose of Lym-1. Of the RIT trial group, 37 of 56 (66%) never developed HAMA above baseline despite multiple doses. Of those who did (19 of 56; or 34%), the HAMA responses fell into two categories. Thirteen responded rapidly (median of 31 days) and were termed “early responders,” whereas 6, termed “late responders,” had a median response time of 111 days. Early responders developed higher peak HAMA titers with fewer exposures to Lym-1 and took longer to return to baseline than did the late responders. The frequency of new antiglobulin seroconversion decreased as the number of exposures increased. Conclusions: Seventy-seven percent of B-cell malignancy patients developed no response or a weak response after multiple doses of mouse Lym-1 antibody. Positive responders occurred in all histology types and fell into two categories differing in seroconversion time and titer, possibly indicative of the initial state of the immune system.
Spatio-temporal dynamics of the surf-zone faunal assemblages at a Southern Oregon sandy beach

Sandy beach/surf-zone ecosystems are unique environments that, despite the harsh and highly variable hydrodynamic conditions, present a diverse and heterogeneous fauna. However, the dynamics of these ecosystems are currently poorly understood. In this study we tested the hypothesis that surf-zone assemblages vary with temporal factors such as time of day, tide and tidal height. To test this hypothesis, the surf-zone community of Bastendorff, a Southern Oregon sandy beach was sampled during the summer of 2006. Samples were collected to (i) describe the smaller, benthic and larger swimming assemblages, (ii) determine whether assemblage compositions, densities, species richness and diversity vary with time of day, tide and tidal height, (iii) explore potential reasons for the variation by correlating environmental factors to the assemblages, and (iv) identify particular species that most strongly exhibit these variations. A hyperbenthic sledge, a sediment corer and a beach seine were used to collect the smaller swimming, benthic and larger swimming fauna, respectively. Sampling occurred during day and night, spring and neap tide, and high, mid and low tide. A total of 76,743 individuals belonging to 105 species were collected. Ninety-one invertebrate (72,904 individuals), 15 invertebrates (2234 individuals), and 19 invertebrate and vertebrate species (1605 individuals) were collected with the sledge, corer and seine, respectively. Nine species of fish were caught, 98% of which were juveniles. The smaller and larger swimming assemblages varied most strongly with the time of day, suggesting certain species will actively move to the shallow surf-zone at night. The three assemblages also varied with the tide, potentially due to the larger waves and higher abundance of detached macrophytes observed during spring tides when compared to neap tides, which could push individuals into the surf zone. The benthic assemblage most strongly varied with tidal height and sand grain size, confirming the presence of different faunal zones within Oregon sandy beaches. Finally, several variables of the swimming assemblages varied with temperature and salinity, suggesting that downwelling favorable conditions may have transported species close to shore. Bastendorff presents a complex and diverse surf-zone community that appears to be influenced by diel species movements, environmental variables such as wave height and abundance of detached macrophytes, and regional oceanographic conditions.
Partial characterization of esterases in Meloidogyne (Nematoda)

Abstract 1. 1. Two esterase fractions were characterized from each of 5 species of Meloidogyne following separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reaction with specific inhibitors and substrates. 2. 2. The cathodal fraction was the only one to react on acetyl- and butyrylthiocholine iodide, and reacted maximally to α-naphthyl acetate (C2). The staining reaction with acetylthiocholine iodide was inhibited by 10−6M eserine. This fraction is predominantly acetylcholinesterase. 3. 3. The anodal fraction contained a number of bands, all of which reacted in the same manner to all substrates and inhibitors tested and had the same mol. wt ( ∼60,000 ). 4. 4. These enzymes hydrolyzed the substrates α-naphthyl propionate (C3) and α-naphthyl butyrate (C4) at a faster rate than the other substrates tested, and did not react with the choline substrates. 5. 5. Staining of the bands was inhibited in the presence of the organophosphates, paraoxon and DFP, at 5 × 10 −8 M . 6. 6. Results suggest that the bands in the anodal fraction are carboxylesterases (B-esterases). 7. 7. Two of the Meloidogyne species examined had significantly lower activity in this region than the other 3 species.
Synaptonemal complexes in brown algae.

THE small size of the nuclei of many brown algae makes it difficult to observe the chromosomes and their configurations in nuclear divisions, although life history studies and investigations of nuclei with the light microscope suggest that meiosis in these forms takes place in the unilocular sporangia. One means of testing the validity of this concept is to search for the presence of synaptonemal complexes because the relationship of meiotic chromosomes to these complexes has been well documented1,2 and their presence has served as an indicator of meiosis in several members of the Myxomycetes3,4 and for several species of red algae5. Our search for such complexes has been successful, and we describe here their occurrence in two species, Chorda tomentosa (Laminariales) and Pylaiella littoralis (Ectocarpales).
Dopamine receptors mediate cocaine-induced temperature responses in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Abstract The involvement of dopaminergic receptors in the responses of conscious, restrained spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to cocaine was examined using antagonists selective for DA-1 (SCH 23390) or DA-2 (sulpride) dopamine receptors. Following pretreatment with saline vehicle, SCH 23390 (50 mg/kg, SC), sulpride (50 mg/kg, IP) or SCH 23390 and sulpiride, cocaine was infused (1.25 mg/kg·min, IV) until death. Cocaine caused an initial pressor and tachycardic response, which was followed by a progressively developing secondary pressor response. Combined (DA-1 and DA-2) antagonist pretreatment abolished the initial tachycardic response to cocaine. Rectal temperature during cocaine infusion increased in 38.5% of vehicle-treated SHR (designated SHRH), but decreased in the remaining SHR (SHRL) and all vehicle-treated WKY. The time-to-onset of cocaine-induced convulsions (Tc) was reduced in vehicle-treated SHRH compared to vehicle-treated SHRL and WKY. Sulpiride elevated rectal temperature in response to cocaine in SHR and WKY but reduced Tc only in SHR. SCH 23390 abolished hyperthermic responses to cocaine in SHR without altering toxicity in SHR or WKY. Combined pretreatment virtually abolished temperature responses to cocaine in SHR and WKY, but increased the Tc only in WKY. Dopamine receptors, particularly the DA-1 subtype, are involved in cocaine-induced hyperthermia.
The Bay of Pigs

by Howard Jones, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, reprint edn, 2010, 272 pp., US $15.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780199754250 Nicaraguan president Louis Somoza, a loyal if unsavory client of...
A neurocentric perspective on glioma invasion

Malignant gliomas are devastating tumours that frequently kill patients within 1 year of diagnosis. The major obstacle to a cure is diffuse invasion, which enables tumours to escape complete surgical resection and chemo- and radiation therapy. Gliomas use the same tortuous extracellular routes of migration that are travelled by immature neurons and stem cells, frequently using blood vessels as guides. They repurpose ion channels to dynamically adjust their cell volume to accommodate to narrow spaces and breach the blood-brain barrier through disruption of astrocytic endfeet, which envelop blood vessels. The unique biology of glioma invasion provides hitherto unexplored brain-specific therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
Inhibitory stimulus control of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response of the rabbit

Pavlovian conditioned inhibition training provides a method for investigating inhibitory dimensional stimulus control of the rabbit’s conditioned nictitating membrane response. The basic technique consists of reinforcing a burst of white noise while a compound made up of white noise and a tone is systematically not reinforced. Generalization tests to the white noise and a series of test tones result in a U-shaped gradient which remains relatively stable over a series of training-test phases.
Optical properties of GaN Photonic Crystal Membrane Nanocavities at Blue Wavelengths

We have investigated the design parameters for high-Q photonic-crystal (PC) bandgap modes in the emission wavelengths of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells. We demonstrate experimental schemes to realize 2D triangular-lattice PC membrane structures, which is essential to obtain photonic bandgap (PBG) modes, and the optical properties of L7 membrane nanocavities that consist of seven missing holes in the Γ-K direction. L7 cavities show pronounced resonances with Q factors of 300 to 800 in the PBG as well as the enhancement of light extraction of the broad InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well emission by the 2D PBG.
A randomized study of closed wound suction drainage for extensive lumbar spine surgery.

Study Design. A prospective randomized study. Objectives. To study the risk of infection, hematoma, and neurologic deficits following extensive lumbar spine surgery in patients with or without prophylactic closed wound suction drain placement. Summary of Background Data. One randomized study assessing prophylactic drain placement in one-level lumbar spine surgery suggested that the use of a wound drain is not effective at preventing infection and may actually increase the rate of this complication. Our study was designed to determine the efficacy of closed wound suction drainage in preventing complications after extensive lumbar spine surgery. Methods. Eighty-three consecutive patients undergoing extensive lumbar spine surgery were prospectively randomized to one of two groups. Forty-two patients had a closed wound suction drain placed before wound closure and 41 patients did not have a drain placed. The two groups were then assessed for differences in postoperative infection rate, incidence of hematoma and neurologic deficits, operating room time, estimated blood loss, hemoglobin and hematocrit values, temperature, dressing drainage, and length of hospital stay. Results. No infections, epidural hematomas, or new neurologic deficits were encountered in either group of patients. The only significant finding was a higher temperature in the “no drain” group the first day after surgery (P = 0.0437). Conclusions. Based on the findings in this and other studies, the decision to use or not use a wound drain following lumbar spine surgery should be left to the surgeon’s discretion.
Coping with Poverty Impacts of Environment and Attention in the Inner City

Considerable evidence suggests that exposure to “green” environments can enhance human effectiveness and make life’s demands seem manageable. Does this phenomenon extend to poor inner cities, where...
Successful resection of ductus arteriosus aneurysm in infancy

We report a case of thrombosed patent ductus arteriosus aneurysm in an infant. The aneurysm was detected accidentally on chest roentgenogram and presented as globular soft tissue density mass in left posterosuperior mediastinum. Resection of the aneurysm was performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. Two years after operation the patient is well and growing normally.
Territoriality revisited: other customer's perspective.

Abstract In this study, we investigate the impact of other customers’ territorial behaviors on observing customers with a focus on a specific type of territorial behavior: refusing to share a table with another customer. Drawing from the other-customer-perception (OCP) framework, social projection theory and deontic justice theory, we examine how the observing customer's territorial tendency, perceived similarity to the rejected intruder and the level of crowding influence customer reactions to territorial behaviors. The results of this study suggest that these three factors jointly influence the observing customer's negative emotions. Moreover, the level of crowding and the observing customer's territorial tendency together influenced fairness perceptions. Finally, negative emotions and fairness perceptions had a significant impact on the observing customer's satisfaction. Implications for hospitality scholars and practitioners are discussed.
The Mystique of Organ Transplantation

The ability to replace faulty body parts with transplanted cells, tissues, and organs has forever altered the principles guiding the practice of medicine. I will first describe how basic science played an essential role in this revolution. But my second objective will be to show how surgeons successfully violated the preexisting rules of immunology and biology, thereby endowing transplantation with an enduring element of mystery. In the long run, surgeons who created the mystique also removed it, but not until a third of a century later.
Immunochemical characterization of myosin‐specific phosphatase 1 regulatory subunits in bovine endothelium

We have previously shown that myosin-specific phosphatase 1 (PPase 1) activity is critical for maintaining endothelial cell barrier function (Verin et al. [1995] Am. J. Physiol. 269:L99-L108). To further characterize myosin-specific PPase 1 in endothelium, we generated antibodies specific to published sequences of the myosin-associated PPase 1 regulatory subunit (M110) from smooth muscle. Peptide antigens were designed based upon consensus sequences for a single ankyrin repeat (ANK 110) and a leucine zipper motif region (LZ 110), which represents putative sites for binding the PPase 1 catalytic subunit (CS1) and myosin, respectively. Our initial study demonstrated that each antibody immunoprecipitated 2 proteins with an apparent Mr of 110 and 70 kD on SDS-PAGE. The CS1delta isoform, which appeared to be characteristic for the myosin-specific phosphatase, was co-immunoprecipitated under non-denaturing conditions with ANK110 and LZ110 as was actin, myosin, and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Similarly, immunoprecipitation with specific anti-myosin or anti-MLCK antibodies under the same conditions, followed by immunostaining with either LZ110 or ANK110 revealed the same 110 and 70 kD protein bands. The 70 kD protein (p70) was immunoreactive with ANK 110 and LZ 110, was complexed with myosin and MLCK, and was detected in non-denaturing M110 immunoprecipitates. Consistent with these results, endothelial cell fractionation demonstrates the presence of p70 in both cytoskeletal and myosin-enriched fractions, but not in the myosin-depleted (cytosolic) fractions. These data suggest that endothelial cells may exhibit two distinct myosin-specific PPase 1 regulatory subunits which share certain structural features with the M110 regulatory subunit from smooth muscle and which are tightly associated with myosin and MLCK in a functional complex.
Polyhormonal regulation of avian and mammalian corticosteroidogenesis in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. The combined actions of ACTH, corticosterone and prolactin (PRL) in the acute regulation of corticosteroidogenesis were investigated using isolated adrenocortical cells from intact and hypophysectomized (hypox) rats (Rattus norvegicus) and from intact male domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). 2. 2. Exogenous corticosterone suppressed to about 50% ACTH-induced corticosterone production of cells from either species. This suppression, in part, was due to corticosterone degradation. 3. 3. oPRL, in the presence or absence of ACTH, raised corticosterone production of hypox rat cells, but not intact rat and domestic fowl cells. 4. 4. In addition, oPRL counteracted the corticosterone-induced suppression of net ACTH-stimulated corticosterone production of hypox rat and intact domestic fowl cells, but not intact rat cells. 5. 5. The potency of oPRL with domestic fowl cells was 4 times that with hypox rat cells. 6. 6. Furthermore, in domestic fowl cells, the effect of oPRL was Ca2+-dependent.
Production and excretion of nitrate by human newborn infants: neonates are not little adults.

Abstract Endothelium-derived relaxing factor, identified as nitric oxide or its adducts, is metabolized to nitrate and excreted in the urine. Since blood pressures are lower in newborn infants compared to adults, we hypothesized that newborn infants would have increased excretion of nitrate on the day of birth. Neonatal urine was collected before 24 h of age when exogenous intake of nitrate was low. Two different analytical methods showed that nitrate accounted for >99% of nitrogen oxides in urine of healthy neonates and adults. The absolute micromolar concentration of nitrate in urine from infants was significantly below that of adults. When nitrate content was standardized for the reduced renal function in the newborn infant (creatinine content) and body mass (kilogram weight), the concentration of nitrate in neonatal urine was significantly higher than that of adults. Nitrate concentrations in the urine of prematurely born infants were twice that of nitrate measured in urine from term infants. These findings suggested that nitric oxide is produced in larger intravascular quantities in newborn infants versus adults. Thus, we postulated that nitric oxide released from a nitrosothiol would be metabolized to nitrate more readily by neonatal erythrocytes compared to red blood cells obtained from adults. Neonatal erythrocytes, suspended at concentrations of 8, 12, or 16 g per deciliter of hemoglobin, produced 1.7- to 2.1-fold more nitrate than equivalent hemoglobin concentrations of adult erythrocytes that were each incubated with S -nitroso- N -acetylpenicillamine (100 μM) over a 2-h period. Taken together, the studies of urinary nitrate in newborn infants and the ability of neonatal erythrocytes to generate nitrate are consistent with a robust production of nitric oxide immediately after birth.
Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate: Effect of Family History on Reproductive Planning, Surgical Timing, and Parental Stress:

Abstract Objective: This study tested whether the presence of a family history of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) lessens the negative impact on reproductive planning, decreases treatment anxiety, and relieves parental stress when there is a recurrent cleft. Design: Sixty-one participating families, retrospectively ascertained through their children with NSCLP, were divided into two groups: those with a family history of clefting and those in which only the proband was affected. Setting: Each family completed a questionnaire either at their home or during a clinic visit. Participants: Questionnaires were distributed to 117 families with an NSCLP child. Of these 117, 49 (42%) had another family member with NSCLP and 68 (58%) had no prior history of clefting. Sixty-one (52%) families returned the questionnaire and were categorized by family history. Main Outcome Measures: The Parenting Stess Index and the Hollingshead Index of Social Position were included with family and medical...
The role of antagonism of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission and inhibition of the dopamine reuptake in the neuroendocrine effects of phencyclidine.

Abstract Phencyclidine (PCP) activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and decreases plasma prolactin levels in the rat. PCP is a noncompetitive N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, but it also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. The purpose of the present study was to utilize the PCP analogue N -[1-(2–thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine; (TCP), the potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor N -[1-(2–benzo(b)thiophenyl) cyclohexyl]piperidine; (BTCP) and the nonselective monoamine reuptake inhibitor cocaine as pharmacologic probes in order to determine the roles of noncompetitive NMDA receptor blockade and inhibition of dopamine reuptake in the neuroendocrine effects of PCP. PCP, TCP and cocaine increased plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone, but BTCP had no effect. In contrast, PCP, BTCP and cocaine decreased plasma prolactin, but TCP produced no such effect. The data suggest that mechanisms besides inhibition of dopamine reuptake are involved in the effects of PCP on the HPA axis, and the PCP-induced decrease in plasma prolactin is not a consequence of inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission.
Effectiveness of Levetiracetam in the Treatment of Lumbar Radiculopathy: An Open-Label Prospective Cohort Study

Objective The purpose of this open-label study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of levetiracetam (LEV) in the treatment of patients with lower lumbar radiculopathy diagnosed by clinical presentation, physical examination, and electrodiagnostics. Design Open-label, forced titration, prospective cohort intent-to-treat analysis. Setting Major teaching hospital. Patients Participants were recruited from the university pain clinic and through referrals from the community. Subjects were eligible to participate if they (1) were older than 18 years, (2) had leg pain greater than back pain, (3) had been symptomatic for 6 months and Interventions Patients initially received LEV 500 mg twice a day for 2 weeks. Dosages were then increased to 750 mg twice day for 2 weeks, and then to 1500 mg twice a day for the remainder of the study. Patients were observed for 8 weeks after reaching the maximum dose. Main Outcome Measurements Treatment effectiveness was assessed with the use of biweekly brief pain inventory and patient global assessment scales. Frequency and severity of adverse events were recorded. Results The mean biweekly worst and average pain scores decreased from 7.17 and 6.27 at baseline to 4.2 and 3.9, respectively, at week 12 ( P ≤ .001). Improvements were reported in general activity, ability to walk, mood, and relationship with people. Side effects consisted of sedation/drowsiness (46%), gastrointestinal upset (23%), headache (19%), blurred vision (15%), weakness/fatigue (11%), and dyscoordination (11%). Conclusions This study showed that LEV might be a well-tolerated and effective treatment for lumbar radiculopathy. A large randomized placebo-controlled trial is recommended and comparative studies with alternative agents should be sought.
Detection of synthetic corticosteroid analogues by the competitive protein-binding radioassay.

Abstract The influence of several synthetic corticosteroid analogues on the competitive protein-binding assay was examined in vitro using 1) purified, analytic grade steroids, and 2) material extracted from pharmaceutical tablets. The two sources yielded comparable results. It was found that some of the synthetic corticosteroids were detected by the radioassay and produced competitive displacement of labelled cortisol from binding protein. Treatment with certain corticosteroid analogues may therefore interfere with the estimation of plasma cortisol concentrations by the competitive protein-binding assay.
Subcutaneous Vaccination of Chickens with a Live, Avirulent Pasteurella multocida, Vaccine

The immunogenic responses to various routes of vaccination of broiler-type chickens to the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida were evaluated. Broilers were vaccinated at 9 or 10 weeks of age using the oral (drinking water), palatine cleft, ocular, or subcutaneous injection routes. All birds were challenged at 11 or 12 weeks of age with virulent X-73 strain of P. multocida by the palatine cleft method. The degree of efficacy of the various vaccination routes differed among three experiments. Nevertheless, the subcutaneous route produced the greatest degree of protection in all experiments and in two experiments differences were highly significant (P less than .01). Protection levels as high as 95% and 97.5% were attained in broilers vaccinated subcutaneously and no undesirable lesions or cheesy masses formed under the skin in the back of the necks of broilers.
Selenium deficiency and decreased Coenzyme Q levels

The effect of long-term (18 months) selenium deficiency on the levels of liver coenzyme Q was studied in the rat. Levels of coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10 in the liver of selenium-deficient rats were 40 and 67% of the levels in selenium-adequate animals, respectively. The results are similar to the findings using a shorter feeding period.
The geopolitics of super power

What is Soviet-American competition all about? Is the Soviet Union a security problem that the United States must solve? Or is it an insecurity condition with which the U.S. must learn to live -- and if so, on what terms? What kind of a player is the United States in the great game of power politics? In "The Geopolitics of Super Power," one of our most respected strategic theorists answers these and other questions.In geopolitical terms, Colin Gray sees the Soviet-American antagonism as an enduring contest between a continental empire and a maritime coalition, each with its distinctive character and purposes. Gray explores the roots of the American style in foreign policy and strategy, and how that style relates to defense options.He identifies four broad alternatives for U.S. national security policy: passive and active means of containment, disengagement from foreign security commitments, and the "rollback" of the Soviet empire. Gray argues vigorously for active containment, for the systematic deemphasis of nuclear weapons, and for the intelligent use, for deterrence and defense purposes, of the West's great competitive strengths in the political, economic, and technological spheres.
Improvement to reflective dielectric film color pictures

This paper presents methods used to improve reflective dielectric film color pictures. These changes include improvements in color purity, increased brightness, and elimination of any light absorption within the film layers. The color picture is fabricated by varying the silicon dioxide film thicknesses across a silicon wafer and coating the entire wafer with a thin layer of silicon nitride. In addition to the demonstration of fabricated color pictures, we also present more detailed calculation of basis colors and provide details of the fabrication process.
Marketing Financial Services in London

ABSTRACT Given the extremely csompetitive nature of the financial industry in London, England it is important to understand how to conduct a successful marketing effort. A look at various financial services firms in London, such as General Electric Corporation Global, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, Fidelity Investment and government organizations including the Financial Service Authority and the Bank of England help to profile several methods available to help a global marketing effort. Innovative marketing performance tools such as Customer Advisory Boards, Sales Technology Tools, and other effective performance issues are examined.
Thermal and physical properties of tortilla chips as a function of frying time

The objective of this study was to determine the thermal conductivity, specific heat, density (true and bulk), and the texture characteristics of tortilla chips and to study the effects of moisture content, oil content, and frying time on these properties. Tortilla chips were fried in fresh soybean oil for different times at 190C. Results showed that the values of thermal conductivity of tortilla chips decreased from 0. 23 to 0. 09 W/mC, specific heat from 3. 36 to 2. 31 kJ/kgC, and bulk density from 880 to 579 kg/m 3 as frying time increased. In general, the crispness of tortilla chips increased as frying time increased.
Warping background subtraction

We present a background model that differentiates between background motion and foreground objects. Unlike most models that represent the variability of pixel intensity at a particular location in the image, we model the underlying warping of pixel locations arising from background motion. The background is modeled as a set of warping layers, where at any given time, different layers may be visible due to the motion of an occluding layer. Foreground regions are thus defined as those that cannot be modeled by some composition of some warping of these background layers. We illustrate this concept by first reducing the possible warps to those where the pixels are restricted to displacements within a spatial neighborhood, and then learning the appropriate size of that spatial neighborhood. Then, we show how changes in intensity/color histograms of pixel neighborhoods can be used to discriminate foreground and background regions. We find that this approach compares favorably with the state of the art, while requiring less computation.
System Atics of the Holarctic Chipmunks (Tamias)

Electrophoretic data for 20 proteins were obtained from 17 species of chipmunks, including all three presently recognized subgenera. Average heterozygosity was higher than for ground squirrels ( Spermophilus ) but was generally within the range reported for other rodents; Tamias minimus , however, had a higher heterozygosity value than almost any other rodent species. Cladistic analyses of the electrophoretic data resulted in species groupings which differed from traditional analyses of morphological data. The species T. Sibiricus and T. striatus were grouped together, separate from all other chipmunks, thereby contradicting traditional supra-specific classifications. We recognize one genus ( Tamias ) with two subgenera, Tamias (composed of Sibiricus and striatus ) and Neotamias with five species groups. A hypothesis concerning dispersal in the ancestral chipmunk lineage was formulated and a phylogram constructed on the basis of cladistic and biogeographic analyses. Multivariate analyses then were conducted on cranial and body measurements of 53 taxa of chipmunks, representing all recognized species and subgenera. Variation among individual taxa was detected in both general size and cranial shape. Phenetic morphological relationships among the chipmunks were ascertained by cluster analysis. The proposed phylogenetic groupings were compared with the morphological groupings in an assessment of divergent and convergent evolution within the genus.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor injected icv induces adipose tissue apoptosis in rats

Recent findings show that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leptin have similar effects on food intake and body weight, suggesting possible overlapping mechanisms. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of leptin results in adipose tissue apoptosis. To determine if CNTF has similar activity, male Sprague Dawley rats implanted with lateral cerebroventricular cannulas were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (N = 8), including control (aCSF), 10 μg/day leptin, 1 μg/day CNTF, and 5 μg/day CNTF. Rats received daily icv injections for 4 successive days. Both leptin and CNTF (5 μg) decreased BW (8.6% and 11.77%, respectively, p < .05) and cumulative food intake was decreased 43% by leptin (p < .05). Leptin and CNTF (5 μg) reduced adipose tissue mass in epididymal adipose (Epi) by 30 and 33.5%, (p < .05), in inguinal adipose (Ing) by 51 and 55% (p < .05), in retroperitoneal adipose (Rp) by 65 and 64% (p < .05), and in intrascapular brown adipose (iBAT) by 34 and 25% (p < .05), respectively. Gastrocnemius muscle was not affected. Leptin and CNTF (5 μg) increased apoptosis in Epi by 84 and 150%, respectively (p < .05) and in Rp by 121 and 146%, respectively (p < .05). Loss of adipocytes by apoptosis may provide an explanation for the unexpected delay in return to initial energy status following CNTF treatments.
Multi-computer systems for the support of inventive learning

Abstract One of the more intriguing challenges faced by educators is to help their students experience “inventive learning”. This is learning in which the acquisition of factual knowledge is enhanced by creatively extending and or synthesizing that knowledge. It is similar to the personal style of learning developed by intellectually curious adults, scholars, artists, and workers in research and development environments. Two factors that can help cultivate the practive of inventive learning in students are supportive social environments and supportive physical environments. The Solo/NET/works project at the University of Pittsburgh is currently developing a microcomputer-based system that uses multiprocess simulations to create such environments. Students use personal-level microcomputers to design local processes that they then run within a larger global-process framework. It is hypothesized that learning to deal creatively with the unforseen interactions that characterize such multiprocess simulations will foster inventive learning as a natural extension of solo-mode program design. Our experience in developing a low-cost version of the Solo/NET/works system will be described, and examples of the variety of multiprocess simulations that seem possible for the system will be given.
Dual effects of a second-order conditioned stimulus: Excitation and inhibition

On alternate days during Sidman avoidance training, four groups of four Ss each were conditioned in a separate chamber. Group 1 received 10 forward first-order (CS1-US) and 20 forward second-order (CS2-CS1) conditioning trials until 100 of the former and 200 of the latter were completed. For Group 2 second-order trials involved a random contingency. Only the CS1 was presented Group 3 on the first 180 of the 200 second-order trials. Group 4 was like Group 3 except that the last 20 CS2-CS1 trials involved a random contingency. During extinction of the avoidance response onset of CS1 occasioned accelerated response rates for all groups. CS1 offset produced below-baseline response depression. The CS2 accelerated responding for Group 3, depressed performance for Group 1, and left basically unchanged Groups 2 and 4.
Inspection of the Bayley Mental Scale Test Materials for Potential Hazards of Choking, Aspiration, and Ingestion When Used outside of Test Situation

The test materials of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were inspected for potential choking, aspiration, and ingestion hazards by unsupervised children under 36 mo. of age. When the small-parts test cylinder, defined by the Federal Code of Regulations, was used for the inspection, four pieces of test materials were judged too small: the doll with detached head, sugar pellets, the rabbit, and yellow cubes.
'SeaIsle 2000' paspalum putting surface response to mowing height and nitrogen fertilizer

'Sealsle 2000' seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), when maintained as a putting green surface, was observed for turfgrass response attributes, nutrient content, and ball roll distance (BRD) when subjected to three mowing heights and four monthly N application rates during a 2-yr period. Acceptable visible turfgrass quality of 6.0 (on a scale of 1 to 9) or greater was achieved at all mowing heights and with all N application rates. Shoot counts were greatest in both years at the 0.3-cm height and were not influenced by N. Root weights were not affected by mowing height or applied N fertilizer rates. Clipping dry weight generally increased with shorter mowing height and higher levels of applied N. There was a trend for leaf Fe levels to decrease with increasing mowing height. Leaf tissue N increased in response to increasing levels of N application. The BRD was largely unaffected by N fertilization, but was consistently affected by mowing height and rolling. Mowing height significantly affected BRD values on seven of eight test dates in 2000 and on all 12 in 2001, with greatest BRD occurring at the shortest mowing height. The maximum observed BRD was 277 cm. Mean BRD on rolled and unrolled turf surfaces mowed at the 0.3-cm height were 234 and 214 cm, respectively.
Martensitic transformation induced by a tensile stress pulse in Fe-22.5 wt% Ni-4wt% Mn alloy

The kinetics of martensitic transformation induced by a tensile pulse, produced by shock-wave reflection at the rear free surfaces of both projectile and target, has been investigated. The tensile stress thus generated prevails in time durations of microseconds and fractions thereof, and produces a considerable increase in the magnitude of the driving force for the γ → α' martensitic transformation. This tensile-pulse technique allows the determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (driving forces and activation energies for transformation) in regimes not attainable by conventional techniques. This work is a natural extension of Thadhani and Meyers' [Acta metall. 34, 1625 (1986)] investigation. While Thadhani and Meyers investigated an alloy exhibiting burst characeristics, the alloy chosen for this investigation (Fe-22.5 wt% Ni-4 wt% Mn) exhibits a very sluggish isothermal transformation. It was found that the volume fraction of martensite transformed at a constant impact pressure increased with increasing pulse duration at a constant temperature, and with decreasing temperature (−60 to −177°C) at a constant pulse duration. The C-curve kinetic behavior that is typical of isothermal martensitic transformations was not observed. From the results obtained, the isothermal kinetics and energetics of the martensitic transformation were obtained and interpreted in terms of the existing theories. The activation volume for nucleation was found to be equal to 65 atomic volumes. The morphology of martensite under zero stress was observed to consist of many fragmented plates of the same orientation, while the martensite transformed under impact conditions was more often lenticular. Transmission electron microscopy and diffraction analysis were made on martensite induced by the tensile pulse technique, and the martensite habit plane was found to be (112)ƒ.
A framework for estimating ecological risks posed by nutrients and trace elements in the Patuxent River

The continued urbanization of coastal watersheds can influence the quality of water that enters rivers and estuaries. Intelligent management of aquatic resources will require the capability to quantitatively assess and evaluate the impacts of alterations in surface waters that result from changes in patterns of land use. An aquatic ecosystem model was developed and linked to an empirical landscape model to estimate ecological risks posed by nutrients and potentially toxic trace elements (copper [Cu], cadmium [Cd], arsenic [As]) in the Patuxent River, Maryland. The empirical landscape model translated reductions in croplands within the Patuxent River watershed into corresponding changes in nitrate estimated to enter the river. Trace element concentrations were increased in relation to urbanization associated with the loss of agricultural lands in the watershed. The aquatic ecosystem model used the altered inputs of nutrients and trace elements to estimate changes in the annual production dynamics of selected producer and consumer populations within the Patuxent River. The models were implemented for four mainstem locations that defined a transect from the upper freshwater portion of the river to downstream estuarine locations. Ecological impacts were estimated for 4 hypothetical changes in land use that consisted of 10%, 7.5%, 5%, and 2.5% watershed coverage by cropland. Impacts were estimated as the probability (risk) of different magnitudes of increases or decreases in total annual production of populations representative of freshwater and estuarine food webs in the Patuxent River.
The impact of chorioamnionitis on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3, 8 and 18 years in low-birthweight preterm infants

The impact of chorioamnionitis on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3, 8 and 18 years in low-birthweight preterm infants
Alcohol use and reported physician visits in older adults.

Background. In general, older adults use a greater proportion of health care services than other age segments of the population. Alcohol abusers also use a greater proportion of health care services than alcohol nonabusers. Therefore we expected that among older adults, alcohol consumption would be positively related to health service use. In a sample of older adults, this study examined the relationship between alcohol consumption and an indicator of health service use-the self-reported number of physician visits. Methods. Data obtained on adult participants in the 1990 National Health Interview Survey, age 60 and older (n = 10,522), were examined. The number of physician visits was regressed on health status and alcohol consumption measures. Results. Counter to a priori expectations, alcohol consumption was negatively associated with physician visits. This finding was obtained after adjusting for respondent sex and health status measures. Conclusions. Other research suggests that the rates of alcohol-related hospital admissions among older adults are on par with those of myocardial infarctions-an indication that harmful use of alcohol in older adults is going undetected. We found heavier alcohol consumption associated with fewer physician visits. This underscores the need for a better understanding of the role alcohol serves in the health perceptions of older adults. Broadening our knowledge in this area would be of benefit not only to the well-being of individuals also for health services policy considerations.
Breeding soundness evaluations of 3648 yearling beef bulls using the 1993 Society for Theriogenology guidelines

Abstract Our objective was to perform a retrospective analysis of breeding soundness evaluations (BSEs) as classified by the 1993 Society for Theriogenology (SFT) guidelines [Chenoweth et al., Guidelines for using the bull breeding soundness evaluation form, in: Theriogenology Handbook, 1993, pp. B-10]. Data included BSE information obtained from five performance-testing stations in South Carolina (SC1, SC2, SC3) and Tennessee (TN1, TN2) from 1986 through 1999 on 3648 Angus, Brangus, Charolais, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Polled Hereford, Santa Gertrudis, Simbrah, and Simmental bulls. Analyses were simplified by classifying all bulls as either satisfactory or unsatisfactory potential breeders. Of the 3648 bulls evaluated, 76.2% were classified as satisfactory potential breeders. Of all bulls evaluated, 4.0% were unsatisfactory due to inadequate spermatozoal motility, 7.0% due to inadequate spermatozoal morphology and 2.6% due to a combination of inadequate motility and morphology. Unsatisfactory classifications due to non-spermatozoal parameters out of all bulls were 10.2%, with 7.1% for inadequate scrotal circumference and 3.1% for physical abnormalities. For satisfactory and unsatisfactory bulls, respectively, means and standard deviations were 35.8±2.7 and 33.0±4.1 cm (P
Item bias in cognitive screening measures: Comparisons of elderly white, Afro-American, Hispanic and high and low education subgroups

A study of item bias in standard cognitive screening measures was conducted in a sample of Afro-American, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elderly respondents who were part of a dementia case registry study. The methods of item-response theory were applied to identify biased items. Both cross-cultural and high and low education groups were examined to determine which items were biased. Out of 50 cognitive items examined from six widely used cognitive screening measures, 16 were identified as biased for either high and low education groups or ethnic/racial group membership.