cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a large rearrangement of the BRCA1 gene using colour bar code on combed DNA in an American breast/ovarian cancer family previously studied by direct sequencing

Editor—Linkage data suggest that BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene alterations account for the majority of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer cases.1 Though comprehensive screening of the BRCA1 gene has been attempted on a number of occasions, only two thirds of expected mutations have been detected so far.1-3 Most efforts have relied on standard PCR techniques, including direct sequencing, single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, heteroduplex analysis (HDA), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and protein truncation testing (PTT), with a focus on point and small mutations.2 The relatively low rate of detection of BRCA1 gene mutations may be because of the existence of large rearrangements, which are not detected by such approaches. Supporting this hypothesis, a number of large rearrangements, ranging from 0.5 to 23.8 kb and spanning the entire BRCA1 gene, have recently been detected by Southern blotting, analysis of BRCA1 lymphocyte transcripts, and long range PCR.4-14 In most cases, the characterised rearrangements are the result of unequal recombination events between Alu sequences, which cover 41.5% of BRCA1 introns.15 Here we report the identification, using colour bar coding on combed DNA, of a previously undescribed large rearrangement of the BRCA1 gene in an American breast/ovarian cancer family with ancestors from France and Germany (fig1). Figure 1 Pedigree of American family IC2361. Current ages or ages at death are indicated below each symbol. Tumour locations (T) and ages at diagnosis (Dx) are reported. The arrow indicates the patient studied. The index case was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 30 and ovarian cancer at the age of 49. She had one sister with breast cancer diagnosed at the age of 35, another sister with ovarian cancer diagnosed at the age of 35, and a paternal grandmother with breast cancer diagnosed at the age of 41. The …
A Machine Learning Framework for Adaptive Combination of Signal Denoising Methods

We present a general framework for combination of two distinct local denoising methods. Interpolation between the two methods is controlled by a spatially varying decision function. Assuming the availability of clean training data, we formulate a learning problem for determining the decision function. As an example application we use Weighted Kernel Ridge Regression to solve this learning problem for a pair of wavelet-based image denoising algorithms, yielding a "hybrid" denoising algorithm whose performance surpasses that of either initial method.
Integration in the Ventral Medulla and Coordination of Sympathetic, Pain and Arousal Functions

The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGi) in the rostral ventral medulla is implicated in several functions including cardiovascular control, respiration, pain and analgesia. More recent studies implicate this region in alertness and attention as well, by virtue of its prominent projections to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). To investigate information that is integrated in the PGi, we used tract tracing to examine brain and spinal projections to this region. Afferents to PGi were found to be functionally diverse and topographically organized. Projections to the retrofacial PGi are primarily autonomic in nature. A wider range of inputs were found to target the rostral (juxtafacial) aspect of the PGi, including brain nuclei involved in the processing of somatosensory and auditory stimuli, as well as autonomic areas. Efferent projections to the LC were also examined in detail. Neuropharmacology experiments revealed that the PGi provides a potent excitatory amino acid input to the LC and an inhibitory input acting at alpha 2 receptors on LC neurons. PGi neurons projecting to the LC stained for markers of adrenaline, enkephalin, GABA and corticotropin releasing factor. Finally, some PGi neurons collateralize to innervate both the LC and the spinal cord. These results suggest that the LC may function in parallel to peripheral autonomic systems providing a cognitive complement to sympathetic function, and that the PGi may integrate a wide range of inputs to facilitate adaptive responses to urgent environmental events.
Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders : An overview

Marked advances in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has occurred in the past few decades, primarily using applied behavior analysis. However, reviews of trends in social skills treatment for children with ASDs have been scant, despite a robust and growing empirical literature on the topic. In this selective review of 79 treatment studies, the authors note that the research has been particularly marked by fragmented development, using a range of intervention approaches and definitions of the construct. Modeling and reinforcement treatments have been the most popular model from the outset, with most studies conducted in school settings by teachers or psychologists. Investigators have been particularly attentive to issues of generalization and follow-up. However, large-scale group studies and comparisons of different training strategies are almost nonexistent. These trends and their implications for future research aimed at filling gaps in the existing literature are discussed.
Correctional officers' definitions of rape in male prisons

Research on rape in the community demonstrates that definitions of rape are highly situational and that the behavior of the victim is frequently used to redefine rape as consensual sexual behavior. Research on male rape in prison also suggests that the line between consensual homosexuality and rape is often blurred and that certain types of men are viewed as legitimate victims who precipitate their victimization. This study examines correctional officers' definitions of male rape in prison and explores whether a number of factors, including victim blaming, affect officers' definitions of rape.
Impacts of climatic variation on trout: a global synthesis and path forward

Despite increasing concern that climate change may negatively impact trout—a globally distributed group of fish with major economic, ecological, and cultural value—a synthetic assessment of empirical data quantifying relationships between climatic variation and trout ecology does not exist. We conducted a systematic review to describe how temporal variation in temperature and streamflow influences trout ecology in freshwater ecosystems. Few studies (n = 42) have quantified relationships between temperature or streamflow and trout demography, growth, or phenology, and nearly all estimates (96 %) were for Salvelinus fontinalis and Salmo trutta. Only seven studies used temporal data to quantify climate-driven changes in trout ecology. Results from these studies were beset with limitations that prohibited quantitatively rigorous meta-analysis, a concerning inadequacy given major investment in trout conservation and management worldwide. Nevertheless, consistent patterns emerged from our synthesis, particularly a positive effect of summer streamflow on trout demography and growth; 64 % of estimates were positive and significant across studies, age classes, species, and locations, highlighting that climate-induced changes in hydrology may have numerous consequences for trout. To a lesser degree, summer and fall temperatures were negatively related to population demography (51 and 53 % of estimates, respectively), but temperature was rarely related to growth. To address limitations and uncertainties, we recommend: (1) systematically improving data collection, description, and sharing; (2) appropriately integrating climate impacts with other intrinsic and extrinsic drivers over the entire lifecycle; (3) describing indirect consequences of climate change; and (4) acknowledging and describing intrinsic resiliency.
Venous Duplex Ultrasound in Patients with Chronic Venous Disorders

Clinical evaluation of the location and extent of venous disease is an unreliable means of determining effective and durable treatment plans in a given limb. This is true as different patterns of incompetence can result in a similar appearance of abnormalities, and because several different patterns can coexist in a single limb. Although several diagnostic techniques exist, Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) has evolved to become the primary diagnostic tool used to evaluate patients with superficial venous insufficiency (SVI). DUS is an inexpensive, portable and reproducible means of simultaneously assessing both the venous anatomy and physiology. DUS has been proven to be invaluable in examining patients with known or suspected venous disease to identify the nature, location and extent of the abnormalities.
The Modified Apnea Test During Brain Death Determination An Alternative in Patients With Hypoxia

Introduction:Conventional apnea testing in patients with severe hypoxemia or hemodynamic instability with removal from the ventilator support is unsafe. We describe an alternative approach to apnea testing, which may be used in patients with hypoxia unable to undergo conventional apnea testing.Methods:Case Report. A 42-year-old man had a severe traumatic brain injury resulting in diffuse cerebral edema and subarachnoid hemorrhage with herniation. His presentation was complicated by hypoxic respiratory failure from pulmonary contusions and hemorrhagic shock. On hospital day 2, the patient lost brain stem reflexes. Brain death testing with conventional apnea testing was attempted but aborted due to hypoxia.Results:A modified apnea test was applied, which had been approved by appropriate hospital committees including critical care operations, ethics, and the brain death protocol council. Minute ventilation was gradually decreased by ≥50% to attain a PaCo2 level ≥20 mm Hg above baseline. The ventilation mode ...
Aligning mixed manifolds

Current manifold alignment methods can effectively align data sets that are drawn from a non-intersecting set of manifolds. However, as data sets become increasingly high-dimensional and complex, this assumption may not hold. This paper proposes a novel manifold alignment algorithm, low rank alignment (LRA), that uses a low rank representation (instead of a nearest neighbor graph construction) to embed and align data sets drawn from mixtures of manifolds. LRA does not require the tuning of a sensitive nearest neighbor hyperparameter or prior knowledge of the number of manifolds, both of which are common drawbacks with existing techniques. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in two real-world applications: a transfer learning task in spectroscopy and a canonical information retrieval task.
OSTEOTOMY-EXCISION OF THE SPINE FOR LUMBAR KYPHOSIS IN OLDER CHILDREN WITH MYELOMENINGOCELE

1. The etiology and natural progress of lumbar kyphosis in children from three to twelve years of age with myelomeningocele are reviewed. 2. The indications for operation have included intractable or recurrent skin ulceration, inability to wear calipers for walking, inability to sit in a wheel-chair and inability to perform ileal conduit operations. 3. The technique of osteotomy-excision of lumbar vertebrae used in eighteen cases is described. 4. The results in fourteen children are described. The primary aims of operation have been achieved in all patients. 5. A comparison is made with the results of neonatal osteotomy-excision of the spine in the newborn. Recurrence of deformity, but at a much reduced rate, must be anticipated after either operation.
Infection of Macaca nemestrina neonates with HIV-1 via different routes of inoculation.

Objectives: Receptive anal intercourse but not orogenital sex has been identified as a major risk factor for transmission of HIV-1. Recent studies using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus macaques have demonstrated relatively efficient infection following oral administration, indicating that modes of transmission may vary between HIV-1 and SIV. Here, we investigate whether HIV-1 infection of macaques via the oral route is more efficient than via the rectal route. Design: Eleven Macaca nemestrina neonates were exposed to HIV-1 via different routes (four oral, two intravenous, and five rectal). One animal was orally inoculated with a sham inoculum and two control animals were not exposed. Methods: All animals were followed for virological signs of infection, and for pathogenesis associated with HIV-1 infection by general physical examinations, complete blood cell counts and lymphocyte subset analysis, and full necropsies. Results: Three out of five rectally exposed macaques and both of the intravenously inoculated animals became infected with HIV-1, whereas none of the orally exposed animals showed evidence of HIV-1 infection. Clinical observations following exposure included failure to thrive in the orally inoculated animals and low CD4/CD8 ratios in the rectally exposed macaques. Conclusions: The finding that, contrary to what has been reported for SIV, transmission of HIV-1 via the oral route is not more efficient than via the rectal route, indicates important biological differences between HIV-1 and SIV, with direct implications for the spread of HIV and associated AIDS, and for development of anti-HIV-1 vaccines.
A $K$ -Band Divide-by-Five Injection-Locked Frequency Divider Using a Near-Threshold VCO

This letter presents a divide-by-five injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) using a near-threshold (NT) VCO. The input frequency is injected in the proposed ILFD by a VCO employing a noise-cancelling technique. Both the proposed ILFD and VCO are based on a single compact coil which consists of a distributed and center-tapped inductor for an enhanced ILFD locking range of 20.2 to 21.9 GHz without varactors. The proposed VCO and ILFD are fabricated in a 0.13 μm CMOS process and consume 0.3 and 0.55 mW, respectively, from a 0.45 V supply.
Acupuncture for Dyspnea in Lung Cancer Results of a Feasibility Trial

Purpose. Dyspnea is a common and distressing symptom for patients with lung cancer (LC) because of disease burden, therapy toxicity, and comorbid illnesses. Acupuncture is a centuries-old therapy with biological plausibility for relief of dyspnea in this setting. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of acupuncture for dyspnea among patients with LC. Methods. Eligible patients had a diagnosis of LC and clinically significant dyspnea without a clear organic cause. The treatment consisted of 10 weekly acupuncture sessions, with a follow-up visit 4 weeks after therapy. The primary outcome was dyspnea severity as measured using a validated Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of 0 to 10 (10 being “most severe shortness of breath imaginable”). Results. We enrolled 12 patients in the study. The median age was 64.5 years; 66.7% of the patients were female, and 66.7% were Caucasians. Among those enrolled, 10 (83.3%) were able to complete all 10 acupuncture sessions. Acupuncture ...
Optical studies of electrokinetic processes in flowing oil

Dielectric liquids subjected to enforced motion in narrow ducts exhibit anomalous but reproducible breakdown behavior[1]. Furthermore the velocity dependent dielectric integrity of such an arrangement is characteristically different for sustained and impulse electric stress[2-4]. The physical mechanisms responsible for electrical breakdown in these circumstances are complex since it is known that both electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomena and streaming electrification are present to influence prebreakdown events [2].
Impact of lattice rotation on dislocation motion

We introduce a phenomenological theory of dislocation motion appropriate for two-dimensional lattices. A coarse grained description is proposed that involves as primitive variables local lattice rotation and Burgers vector densities along distinguished slip systems of the lattice. We then use symmetry considerations to propose phenomenological equations for both defect energies and their dissipative motion. As a consequence, the model includes explicit dependencies on the local state of lattice orientation, and allows for differential defect mobilities along distinguished directions. Defect densities and lattice rotation need to be determined self-consistently and we show specific results for both square and hexagonal lattices. Within linear response, dissipative equations of motion for the defect densities are derived which contain defect mobilities that depend nonlocally on defect distribution.
Influence of social organization on dispersal and survival of translocated female white-tailed deer

Translocation to manage overabundant deer (Odocoileus spp.) is viewed by some people as an acceptable alternative to harvest. Yet, posttranslocation mortality is generally high, and impacts of translocated animals on deer already present at the release site are unknown. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) female white-tailed deer translocated with other members of their social group have lower postrelease dispersal and higher survival than unrelated deer, and (2) movements of resident deer at the release site are not affected by translocation. A social group of 12 females and a group of 5 randomly selected, unrelated females from a well-studied population in northern New York were translocated and released together at a site 60 km west, in May and June 1 994. Mean dispersal distance of all translocated deer was 23.5 km and did not differ between social-group and unrelatedgroup animals (P = 0.87). Postparturient females released without their fawns dispersed farther than females released while pregnant or barren (P < 0.04). Survival did not differ between translocated groups (P= 0.47), but translocated deer had lower survival than resident deer at the release site (P 0.06). Home-range size of 5 translocated deer after 1 year postrelease did not differ from 8 resident deer (P= 0.88). Movements of resident deer indicated no measurable response to the presence of translocated deer.
Reversible Crystal Phase Interconversion between Covellite CuS and High Chalcocite Cu2S Nanocrystals

Copper deficient copper sulfides (Cu2–xS, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) are earth abundant, nontoxic materials with size-, phase-, and composition-dependent localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Although synthesis of Cu2–xS nanocrystals (NCs) has attracted substantial research attention, understanding of the transformations of copper sulfides between their many possible stoichiometries and crystal phases is still lacking. Here, we develop a reversible transformation between CuS, which has a high density of free charge carriers and strong LSPR, and high chalcocite Cu2S with no LSPR. Initial CuS nanoplatelets (NPls) with a diameter of 55 nm and thickness of 4 nm were transformed into round high chalcocite Cu2S NPls with a diameter of 29.2 ± 2.0 nm and a thickness of 10.8 ± 0.7 nm by treatment with 1-dodecanethiol (DDT), which can reduce disulfide bonds in covellite. Treatment with an oleic acid–sulfur complex (OA-S), which serves as a sulfur source, can restore the hexagonal shape of the original CuS NPls during the rev...
Tectonic tremor and LFEs on a reverse fault in Taiwan

We compare low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs) from triggered and ambient tremor under the southern Central Range, Taiwan. We apply the PageRank algorithm used by Aguiar and Beroza (2014) that exploits the repetitive nature of the LFEs to find repeating LFEs in both ambient and triggered tremor. We use these repeaters to create LFE templates and find that the templates created from both tremor types are very similar. To test their similarity, we use both interchangeably and find that most of both the ambient and triggered tremor match the LFE templates created from either data set, suggesting that LFEs for both events have a common origin. We locate the LFEs by using local earthquake P wave and S wave information and find that LFEs from triggered and ambient tremor locate to between 20 and 35 km on what we interpret as the deep extension of the Chaochou-Lishan Fault.
Growth Kinetics of Small Renal Masses on Active Surveillance: Variability and Results from the DISSRM Registry

Purpose: Active surveillance is emerging as a safe and effective strategy for the management of small renal masses (4 cm or less). We characterized the growth rate and its pertinence to clinical outcomes in a prospective multi-institutional study of patients with small renal masses.Materials and Methods: Since 2009, the DISSRM (Delayed Intervention and Surveillance for Small Renal Masses) prospective, multi-institutional registry of patients with small renal masses has enrolled patients who elect primary intervention or active surveillance. Patients who elect active surveillance received regularly scheduled imaging and those with 3 or more followup images were included in the current study to evaluate growth rates.Results: We evaluated 318 patients who elected active surveillance, of whom 271 (85.2%) had 3 or more followup images available with a median imaging followup of 1.83 years. The overall mean ± SD small renal mass growth rate was 0.09 ± 1.51 cm per year (median 0.09) with no variables demonstrati...
Second sound tracking system

It is common that a physical system resonates at a particular frequency, whose frequency depends on physical parameters which may change in time. Often, one would like to automatically track this signal as the frequency changes, measuring, for example, its amplitude. In scientific research, one would also like to utilize the standard methods, such as lock-in amplifiers, to improve the signal to noise ratio. We present a complete He ii second sound system that uses positive feedback to generate a sinusoidal signal of constant amplitude via automatic gain control. This signal is used to produce temperature/entropy waves (second sound) in superfluid helium-4 (He ii). A lock-in amplifier limits the oscillation to a desirable frequency and demodulates the received sound signal. Using this tracking system, a second sound signal probed turbulent decay in He ii. We present results showing that the tracking system is more reliable than those of a conventional fixed frequency method; there is less correlation with ...
Simulation and validation of asphalt foaming process for virtual experiments and optimisation of WMA production

Asphalt foaming process, as one of the major warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies, can significantly increase the volume of asphalt binder with large surface area in the unit volume and thus generat...
Efficient Data Dissemination in Distributed Social Networks

Tremendous increase in the usage of mobile devices and interconnected social networking applications have brought privacy concerns for the end users. The privacy concerns in Online Social Networks (OSN) can be addressed with decentralized architectures where users directly interact with their peers. The distributed OSN platforms remove central authorities from the networked systems as users share their content only with intended peers through mobile devices. In a decentralized architecture, efficient sharing and timely access of objects play a vital role especially in interactive systems. In this study, we analyze content dissemination in decentralized OSNs. Measuring interactions in friend circle of 16 users red, which contain a total of 3,539 users, in detail, we analyze efficient approaches to locate online friends and exchange data efficiently and overhead with cloud-backed decentralized OSNs.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the new frontier for liver transplantation.

Purpose of review Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing cause of chronic liver disease globally and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is projected to become the most common indication for liver transplantation. The purpose of this review is to highlight key issues surrounding NAFLD as an indication for liver transplantation, including its increasing prevalence, outcomes related to liver transplantation, development of post liver transplant NAFLD and NAFLD in the liver donor pool. Recent findings With the advent of direct-acting antiviral therapies, the proportion of patients on the liver transplant list or undergoing liver transplant for chronic hepatitis C infection is steadily decreasing. In contrast, the number transplants performed for NAFLD is increasing. By 2030, it is estimated that the incidence of decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma will increase by 168 and 137%, respectively, and the number of deaths will increase by 178%. Summary Liver transplantation cures cirrhosis but does not treat the underlying metabolic disease associated with NAFLD. Thus, strategies to control comorbidities in patients with NAFLD prior to transplant are needed to decrease waitlist mortality and the recurrence of NAFLD after liver transplant. NAFLD in the donor pool is also a growing concern. Strategies to minimize steatosis and expand the number of donors are critical to meet the growing demand for liver transplantation.
Imaging cancer L-amino acid transporter system with Tc-99m-labeled alpha-methyltyrosine

1537 Objectives This study was to develop a 99mTc-labeled α-methyl tyrosine (AMT) using L,L- ethylenedicysteine (EC) as a chelator and evaluate its imaging potential in breast tumor-bearing rats. Methods The amino and acid groups of AMT were protected with tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) and ethyl ester. Dibromopropane was then reacted with protected AMT to afford 3-bromopropyl AMT (N-BOC, ethyl ester). EC-AMT was synthesized by reacting EC and 3-bromopropyl AMT (N-BOC, ethyl ester) in the solution of ethanol/potassium carbonate. After de-BOC and de-ester, EC-AMT was labeled with 99mTc in the presence of tin (II) chloride. Rhenium-EC-AMT was synthesized by reacting EC-AMT with rhenium (oxo) trichloride, and used as a reference standard for 99mTc-EC-AMT. To assess the cellular uptake kinetics, 13762 rat breast cancer cells (50,000 cells/well) were incubated with 99mTc-EC-AMT at 0-2 h. To investigate the amino acid transport mechanism, same cell line was used to conduct the competitive inhibition study using L-tyrosine. Tissue distribution of 99mTc-EC-AMT was determined in breast tumor-bearing rats at 0.5-4 h. Planar imaging of 99mTc-EC-AMT in breast tumor-bearing rats was performed at 30 and 90 min. The data was compared to 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose (FDG). Results Structures of EC-AMT and Re-EC-AMT were confirmed by NMR, HPLC and mass spectra. In vitro cellular uptake of 99mTc-EC-AMT in 13762 cells showed increased uptake and the uptake could be inhibited by L-tyrosine. In vivo biodistribution of 99mTc-EC-AMT in breast tumor-bearing rats showed increased tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios as a function of time. Planar scintigraphy at 30-90 min revealed that tumors could be visualized clearly with 99mTc-EC-AMT. Conclusions The results indicate that 99mTc-EC-AMT, a new amino acid transporter-based radiotracer, is feasible for breast tumor imaging
The life of objects: bounds of creativity in theocritus' first idyll

A moment in Tom Stoppard's post-pastoral Arcadia suggests a way into the pre-pastoral scene of Theocritus' first Idyll. Stoppard's play generates two narratives that are divided by almost two hundred years, yet linked by identity of location. The estate of Sidley Park, soon to be ‘gothicised’, houses overlaid stories from past and present that separately inhabit the same room until they finally achieve simultaneous existence on stage. In this exchange from 1809, Lady Croom is looking over the plan to transform her gardens; Thomasina is her ‘pert’ daughter:LADY CROOM: But Sidley Park is already a picture, and a most amiable picture too. The slopes are green and gentle. The trees are companionably grouped at intervals that show them to advantage. The rill is a serpentine ribbon unwound from the lake peaceably contained by meadows on which the right amount of sheep are tastefully arranged—in short, it is as God intended, and I can say with the painter, ‘Et in Arcadia ego!’‘Here I am in Arcadia,’ Thomasina.THOMASINA: Yes, mama, if you would have it so.LADY CROOM: Is she correcting my taste or my translation?THOMASINA: Neither are beyond correction, mama, but it was your geography caused the doubt.
Entwicklung als Grundlage des Verhaltens

Zur Zeit der Depression in den 30er Jahren wurden 2 kleine Madchen, die von ihren geistig behinderten Muttern vernachlassigt worden waren, in ein Waisenhaus im Staate Iowa eingewiesen. Als sie Skeels (1966) zum ersten Mal beobachtete, waren sie krank und in ihrer geistigen Entwicklung deutlich zuruckgeblieben. Im Alter von 15 bzw. 18 Monaten wurden sie in eine Anstalt fur geistig Behinderte uberwiesen. Als Skeels sie 6 Monate spater sah, machten sie einen aufgeweckten Eindruck, lachelten, zeigten normale Aktivitat und schienen gesund zu sein. Auch ihre Intelligenzwerte hatten sich verbessert. Skeels vermutete, das die Veranderung dadurch zustande kam, das diese kleinen Waisenkinder von den Schwestern und Patienten „adoptiert“ worden waren. Obwohl die alteren Madchen und Frauen maximal ein Intelligenzalter von 10 Jahren aufwiesen (biologisches Alter 18–50 Jahre), sorgte ihre Gegenwart doch fur eine liebevolle stimulierende „familiare“ Umgebung (“tender loving care”, TLC). Diese zufallige Beobachtung wurde systematisch weiter verfolgt; 13 ahnlich vernachlassigte Kinder mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 19 Monaten und einem IQ von durchschnittlich 64 — also weit unter dem „normalen“ IQ von 100 — wurden vom Waisenhaus in die Anstalt fur geistig Behinderte als „Hausgaste“ uberwiesen. Sie wurden mit einer Kontrollgruppe ahnlichen Alters, aber mit hoherem IQ verglichen, die zur gleichen Zeit gepruft wurde, aber im Waisenhaus verblieb, das uberfullt und kaum stimulationsreich war. Jedes Kind der Experimentalgruppe wurde sofort von einer alteren Frau „adoptiert“, und es entwickelte sich ein warmes personliches Verhaltnis. Dieses Verhaltnis wurde noch zusatzlich durch die anderen Patienten und das Personal unterstutzt. Fur die alteren Patienten waren die Kinder eine willkommene Abwechslung in der Monotonie des Anstaltslebens. Fur die Kinder waren die Stiefmutter die Quelle von Aufinerksamkeit und Stimulierung, die sie im Waisenhaus nie erfahren hatten.
Studies of Fatigue and Human Performance in Patients with Sleep Disorders

Clinically, fatigue can be attributed to a myriad of conditions. While multiple medical conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism, anemia, depression, cancer, HIV, etc.) are known to cause fatigue, this chapter will focus on sleep disorders that may cause fatigue and sleepiness by disrupting sleep and how disrupted sleep can impact performance. We will first discuss general information regarding sleep regulation and what changes may be seen in sleep physiology with a poor night’s sleep. Then, studies of the effects of sleep deprivation on normal volunteers will be discussed, followed by performance studies in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, and narcolepsy.
CCR5 deficiency enhances hepatic innate immune cell recruitment and inflammation in a murine model of acute hepatitis B infection

Human genetic studies demonstrate a link between the 32-bp deletion that produces a nonfunctional CCR5 receptor and enhanced recovery from acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. To investigate the role of CCR5 in immune responses to acute HBV, we intravenously infected Ccr5+/+ (WT) and Ccr5-/- (KO) mice with a replication-incompetent adenovirus containing the overlapping HBV1.3 construct (AdHBV), or vector control. At day 3 following AdHBV infection, analysis of intrahepatic leukocytes (IHL) showed KO mice had increased CD11b+ NK cells compared to WT (18.2% versus 7.6% of live IHL, P < 0.01). These CD11b+ NK cells were nonresident (CD49a- ) and had capacity to degranulate and produce IFN-γ following stimulation. At day 3, plasma CXCL10 was significantly increased in KO, but not WT, mice receiving AdHBV as compared to vector control, while CXCR3 expression on hepatic CD11b+ NK cells in AdHBV-treated KO mice was significantly lower than that in uninfected mice, suggesting these NK cells are recruited along the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis. At days 7 and 14, no differences between genotypes were observed in number, or HBV-specific function, of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells. Instead, at day 14, KO mice had increased intrahepatic proinflammatory monocytes compared to WT mice (17.56% versus 6.57% of live IHL, P = 0.014), corresponding with an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase and intrahepatic IL-1β observed in KO mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that loss of CCR5 signaling drives a more robust inflammatory liver microenvironment early in acute HBV infection via enrichment of hepatic innate immune cells.
Communication ethics and the rejection of paternalism in John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty

Western rejections of paternalism as a practice of communication are informed by the analysis of John Stuart Mill in his classic work On Liberty. Mill asserted that the individual is best equipped ...
Interability Contact and the Reduction of Interability Prejudice: Communication Accommodation, Intergroup Anxiety, and Relational Solidarity:

Guided by intergroup contact and communication accommodation theories, this study tested the effects of U.S. participants’ (N = 286) communication with their most frequent contact who had a visible...
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Control of the pKa of Thiol Guests inside Yoctoliter Containers

Despite decades of research, there are still many open questions surrounding the mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze reactions. Understanding all the noncovalent forces involved has the potential to allow de novo catalysis design, and as a step toward this, understanding how to control the charge state of ionizable groups represents a powerful yet straightforward approach to probing complex systems. Here we utilize supramolecular capsules assembled via the hydrophobic effect to encapsulate guests and control their acidity. We find that the greatest influence on the acidity of bound guests is the location of the acidic group within the yoctoliter space. However, the nature of the electrostatic field generated by the (remote) charged solubilizing groups also plays a significant role in acidity, as does counterion complexation to the outer surfaces of the capsules. Taken together, these results suggest new ways by which to affect reactions in confined spaces.
Feasibility of rapid magnetic resonance imaging (rMRI) for the emergency evaluation of suspected pediatric orbital cellulitis.

Purpose To determine the feasibility of noncontrast rapid magnetic resonance imaging (rMRI), compared with traditional contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in assessing pediatric emergency department patients with suspected orbital cellulitis or orbital abscess. Methods All subjects Results A total of 14 patients were enrolled during the study period. Mean age was 5.9 years (range, 0.33-13). Of the 14 patients, 13 (93%) were able to complete the rMRI at 1.5 and 3T; 1 patient (1.67 years of age) was unable to complete the rMRI (no images obtained). Of the 26 unilateral orbital units assessed, 3 were positive for retroseptal orbital cellulitis by CT and were diagnosed correctly by rMRI. Interobserver agreement was 100% in detecting presence or absence of retroseptal cellulitis. CT and rMRI findings were concordant in 100% of cases in differentiating preseptal vs orbital cellulitis. Kappa statistics for three-category ratings by three raters for right eye/orbit was 0.921 and for left eye/orbit was 0.9288, suggesting almost perfect agreement. Concordance correlation coefficients were 0.938 for the right eye and 0.955 for the left eye. Conclusions Noncontrast rMRI orbits showed findings concordant in all cases with contrast-enhanced CT for differentiating preseptal cellulitis from orbital cellulitis.
Authentic Literacy and Language (ALL) for Science: A Curriculum Framework to Incorporate Science-Specific Disciplinary Literacies into the Elementary Classroom

Early elementary students are not typically introduced to science-specific disciplinary literacies – the specific ways in which scientists use and interpret language – even though authentic experiences with literacy strategies and tools used within the field may help incorporate learners into the scientific community of practice. The lack of freely available easy-to-use resources to build these literacies in the early elementary classroom may be a contributing factor. The Authentic Literacy and Language (ALL) for Science curriculum framework was developed as a deliberate approach to teach disciplinary literacies in the context of science using three distinct components: Science Investigations, Mini-lessons, and Inquiry Circles. Here we outline the development of the curriculum framework and a pilot of a 2nd grade unit based on the framework to teach concepts related to heredity and life cycles. We present findings from the pilot and discuss future directions and implications for the development and implementation of curricular materials using the ALL for Science curriculum framework.
Learning to Support and Sustain Cultural (and Linguistic) Diversity: Perspectives of Preservice Teachers

The purpose of this paper is to report on a collaborative project and study implemented by two teacher educators in an elementary education program. To prepare teacher candidates for field experiences and practicum in a diverse (bilingual) urban school, the program uses coursework to impart asset-based pedagogies and practices.,In this mixed-method case study, this paper examined the awareness and perspectives of preservice teachers (n = 26) to cultural and linguistic diversity and relevant teaching and learning practices. In particular, this study gauged their engagement with multicultural children’s literature in a collaborative interclass activity. The data sources included beginning and end of semester survey responses, notes on participant interactions during the mid-semester collaborative interclass activity and participant retrospective reflections about the activity.,This paper found that teacher candidates showed increased awareness and positive shifts in perspectives. This study also ascertaind that, in learning to become culturally (and linguistically) responsive and sustaining teachers, they benefited from collaborative peer work that focused on learning about multicultural children’s literature, analyzing it and planning to integrate it into their classrooms.,Studies show that culturally relevant literature in schools is beneficial; however, teacher candidates often lack knowledge of such literature and how to use it. This need is especially critical and relevant when learning about and implementing culturally relevant and sustaining practices. The collaborative undertaking discussed in this study fills this gap through co-teaching and interclass activity that brings preservice teachers as a cohort to collaboratively learn about, discuss, reflect on and plan lessons as they prepare to work with students from different backgrounds than their own.
The rDNA is biomolecular condensate formed by polymer–polymer phase separation and is sequestered in the nucleolus by transcription and R-loops

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome biosynthesis encompassing the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus in a phase separated state within the nucleus. In budding yeast, we find the rDNA locus and Cdc14, a protein phosphatase that co-localizes with the rDNA, behave like a condensate formed by polymer-polymer phase separation, while ribonucleoproteins behave like a condensate formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. The compaction of the rDNA and Cdc14's nucleolar distribution are dependent on the concentration of DNA cross-linkers. In contrast, ribonucleoprotein nucleolar distribution is independent of the concentration of DNA cross-linkers and resembles droplets in vivo upon replacement of the endogenous rDNA locus with high-copy plasmids. When ribosomal RNA is transcribed from the plasmids by Pol II, the rDNA-binding proteins and ribonucleoprotein signals are weakly correlated, but upon repression of transcription, ribonucleoproteins form a single, stable droplet that excludes rDNA-binding proteins from its center. Degradation of RNA-DNA hybrid structures, known as R-loops, by overexpression of RNase H1 results in the physical exclusion of the rDNA locus from the nucleolar center. Thus, the rDNA locus is a polymer-polymer phase separated condensate that relies on transcription and physical contact with RNA transcripts to remain encapsulated within the nucleolus.
The Information Role of Liquidity Shock, Firm Fundamentals, and Long-Term Stock Value

This paper focuses on explaining the effect of liquidity shocks on asset prices. This is the first paper that finds that negative liquidity shocks lead to lower stock prices in the short run; yet the initial underperformance only lasts for short period and is reversed in the longer time horizon. We explain the short-term price drop and long run price appreciation by changes in firm level fundamentals and information uncertainty. Specifically, stocks of negative liquidity shocks exhibit worsening firm level fundamentals and higher level of information uncertainty in the following several quarters after the initial liquidity shock. As time horizon is expanded, both firm level fundamentals and information uncertainty show signs of improvement. The unanticipated changes in fundamentals and information uncertainty explain the initial underperformance and subsequent outperformance.
Signs of Life

There is plenty of life here on Earth, but where else might it be found? In "Signs of Life", we discover what it took to put life in the universe in the one place where we know it exists. We see how the laws of chemistry and physics drive cosmic evolution, and we travel through the solar system, the MilkyWay Galaxy, and beyond in a search for more signs of life.
Uniformly Perfect Sets, Rational Semigroups, Kleinian Groups and Iterated Functions Systems

These are lecture notes based on the paper of the same title which is to appear in the Proceedings of the AMS. See this paper for more details and for a more extensive bibliography.
Relevance of Nonpremixed Laminar Flames to Turbulent Combustion

Advances in algorithms and in computational power have made calculations of one-dimensional laminar flames almost routine. The numerical models contain complete chemical schemes, for fuels up to the lower hydrocarbons, along with detailed molecular transport properties. Typical applications include assessing the relative significance of elementary reactions and their influence on selected products, and simplifying the full schemes while retaining specific predictive ability such as flame speed. Here, the relevance of the laminar flamelet to turbulent combustion is examined. Data on NOx and temperature in laboratory flames are reviewed. Turbulence and chemical time-scales are compared with one another in a hypothetical scramjet and gas-turbine combustor. The results indicate that, contrary to the situation required for the existence of laminar flamelets in turbulent flames, chemical time-scales are often much larger than turbulence scales. Due to the wide disparity in chemical time-scales associated with the phenomena of potential interest — ignition and extinction, combustion efficiency, NOx, CO, and so on — it is not possible to universally classify all flames, or even all the reactions in a given flame, as being entirely inside or outside the flamelet regime. In practice, therefore, simplifying assumptions must still be made on a heuristic basis.
Neural mechanisms underlying corticospinal and rubrospinal control of limb movements.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the present understanding of the organization and functional properties of descending systems and recent advances that have come from single unit recording in awake monkeys using new techniques that reveal the synaptic connections of single premotor neurons with motoneurons of agonist and antagonist muscles. The technique of spike-triggered averaging of electromyogram activity in awake monkeys is yielding new information at the level of individual premotor neurons concerning the sign, strength, and distribution of synaptic effects from descending systems to spinal motoneurons. The chapter emphasizes the role of descending systems in the control of limb movements, although it is recognized that locomotion and other motor behaviors involving axial, head, and/or facial muscles may involve similar principles. It also emphasizes motor control in primates, although relevant data from the cat and other species will be included where no primate data are available.
Risk Analysis Using Earned Value: An Engineering Project Management Study

Control and feedback in complex and sensitive systems with different resources and properties in uncertainty conditions are one of the significant challenges for project managers. Therefore, in this paper an integrated model with quantitative and qualitative approach based on Earned value management and risk analysis methods proposed to decrease deviations in time and cost estimation at complete EACt & EAC. Using the proposed performance indexes based on risk scores obtained by non-parametric resampling technique, namely bootstrap, calculating more accurate estimations of final cost and duration at lower and upper band with various confidence levels will be possible. Finally, an illustrative case study presented demonstrating the proposed model can be efficiently applied through real case software projects.
Suprafroth in type-I superconductors

Froths and foams are complex structures, particularly those that disappear irreversibly. Superconducting froth, however, can be reversibly controlled by several external parameters, so it may help quantify froth dynamics across different systems.
Do alcohol advertisements for brands popular among underage drinkers have greater appeal among youth and young adults

ABSTRACTBackground: No previous study has determined whether there are differences in the youth appeal of alcohol advertisements for popular versus unpopular brands among underage drinkers. This paper provides a systematic investigation of the differential appeal of brand-level alcohol advertisements among underage youth and young adults in the United States. Methods: We examined 3 issues of 8 magazines popular among underage youth. From the advertised alcohol brands, we selected the ads for the top 10 and bottom 10 brands by prevalence of underage youth consumption, based on the results of a previous national survey. We assessed the ads' appeal using a sample of 211 students recruited from 1 graduate and 2 undergraduate courses at Boston University. Respondents rated the appeal of each advertisement on 4 dimensions: physical and social appeal, appeal to underage youth, perceived effectiveness, and liking. Using random-effects linear regression, we compared the appeal of advertisements for popular versus ...
Identification and Control of NASA's ACES Structure

In this paper, we present the results of identification and control experiments on NASA's ACES structure at the Marshall Space Flight Center. The models used for controller design were obtained from identification experiments employing the algorithm Q-Markov Cover. The OVC algorithm used for control design produces a controller minimizing the control energy of the closed-loop system, subject to inequality constraints on each of the output variances. The identified model matches the experiment data of the ACES structure reasonably well. The line of sight pointing errors of the structure is substantially reduced by the controllers.