cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portable tomographic PIV measurements of swimming shelled Antarctic pteropods

A portable tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomographic PIV) system is described. The system was successfully deployed in Antarctica to study shelled Antarctic pteropods (Limacina helicina antarctica)—a delicate organism with an unusual propulsion mechanism. The experimental setup consists of a free-standing frame assembled with optical rails, thus avoiding the need for heavy and bulky equipment (e.g. an optical table). The cameras, lasers, optics, and tanks are all rigidly supported within the frame assembly. The results indicate that the pteropods flap their parapodia (or “wings”) downward during both power and recovery strokes, which is facilitated by the pitching of their shell. Shell pitching significantly alters the flapping trajectory, allowing the pteropod to move vertically and/or horizontally. The pronation and supination of the parapodia, together with the figure-eight motion during flapping, suggest similarities with insect flight. The volumetric velocity field surrounding the freely swimming pteropod reveals the generation of an attached vortex ring connecting the leading-edge vortex to the trailing-edge vortex during power stroke and a presence of a leading-edge vortex during recovery stroke. These vortex structures play a major role in accelerating the organism vertically and indicate that forces generated on the parapodia during flapping constitute both lift and drag. After completing each stroke, two vortex rings are shed into the wake of the pteropod. The complex combination of body kinematics (parapodia flapping, shell pitch, sawtooth trajectory), flow structures, and resulting force balance may be significantly altered by thinning of the pteropod shell, thus making pteropods an indicator of the detrimental effects of ocean acidification.
Do Begging Calls From Nestling Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) Increase Nest Predation?

ABSTRACT I used 20 years of nest records and predation at silent control and begging-call playback nests to determine whether begging calls of Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) attract predators. Survival analysis provided no evidence that vocal begging affected nest predation. Survival schedules during egg and nestling periods were not significantly different, and vocal begging activity was not significantly correlated with daily nest survival. I found that predation at 35 no-longer-active nests at which begging calls were played at natural volume, at a typical rate, and following a normal schedule was slightly but not significantly higher than at 35 silent control nests. Selection may have favored adaptations of nestling Red-winged Blackbirds' begging calls that reduce the risk of predation.
Cancer-related infertility education in a public rural institution: Patient needs and provider attitudes.

e20605 Background: The National Cancer Institute estimates 50% of the 70,000 15-to-39-year olds diagnosed with cancer in the U.S. each year receive counseling on cancer-related infertility. The nee...
On the Dynamics of Nonlinear Process Systems with Input Constraints

Abstract This work deals with the dynamical analysis of nonlinear process systems with input constraints. In particular, a characterization of the “domain of attraction” of an equilibrium point under bounded control is provided and the notion of regions of invariance within these domains of attraction is introduced and characterized. A case study on a two-dimensional Gray and Scott model of an isothermal, auto-catalytic reaction occurring in a CSTR is also carried out.
Bipolar Disorder in the Cancer Patient

The diagnosis of any cancer is typically accompanied with instabilities of general health, disposition, and mood. Once the urgency of the cancer is addressed, additional health concerns, comorbidities, and conditions may be compromised and attention must be paid to these details in the context of the cancer. Mood disorders, including major depression and bipolar disorder, as well as distressful reactions are common and often ignored due to an inherent expectation of a sadness and distress associated with such a life-threatening disease. However, pathological mood swings are eminently treatable, and the management of mood disorders is particularly gratifying to the individual with cancer and rewarding for the practitioner. Adherence to treatment and improvements to quality of life are immediate, and enhancements in survivorship emerge over time. Bipolar disorder represents a particular challenge for the oncology team as gyrations of mood may jeopardize every aspect of management. This chapter discusses clinical strategies for the bipolar patient and includes the mood stabilizing and antipsychotic medications, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring of clinical mood symptoms, medication levels when possible, and physical health to gauge progress. Periods of unstable moods should be anticipated in the individual with concomitant cancer and specifically in the patient with bipolar disorder. Negotiating care involves clinical judgment at an interface of medicine wherein limited knowledge of pharmacological interactions is a major challenge; there are no clinical trials of mood management in the cancer patient with bipolar disorder. This chapter discusses the treatments of bipolar disorder and unstable moods in cancer.
Fuel motion in overpower tests of metallic integral fast reactor fuel

In this paper results from hodoscope data analyses are presented for transient overpower (TOP) tests M5, M6, and M7 at the Transient Reactor Test Facility, with emphasis on transient feedback mechanisms, including prefailure expansion at the tops of the fuel pins, subsequent dispersive axial fuel motion, and losses in relative worth of the fuel pins during the tests. Tests M5 and M6 were the first TOP tests of margin to cladding breach and prefailure elongation of D9-clad ternary (U-Pu-Zr) integral fast reactor-type fuel. Test M7 extended these results to high-burnup fuel and also initiated transient testing of HT-9-clad binary (U-Zr) Fast Flux Test Facility driver fuel. Results show significant prefailure negative reactivity feedback and strongly negative feedback from fuel driven to failure.
Make or Buy? The development of a Consumer Decision Process Model for home sewers

A growing interest in women sewing clothing for themselves provides a unique opportunity to understanding home sewer's evaluation of alternatives to sew or buy to fulfill perceived clothing needs. Academic research has yet to explore the consumption process undergone when purchasing materials to sew clothing. The Consumer Decision Process by Engel, Blackwell, & Minard (1995) was used as the foundation to develop a home sewer's clothing consumer decision process model. The newly developed model includes factors that are not considered in the traditional model: time, skills, cost, and product availability. It also depicts the two stages of consumption and the factors that affect divestment that include increased satisfaction factors and psychological benefits.
Service Learning as a High-Impact Practice: Integrating Business Communication Skills to Benefit Others.

Business schools today must implement teaching approaches that develop graduates who are ethical, socially responsible, and globally aware. One approach to achieving this goal is to implement missi...
PREVENTING INJURY IN YOUTH ATHLETES (PRIYA)

Affiliation:Emory Sports Medicine Center & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GABackground:To compare the incidence of re-injury after lower extremity (LE) injury and the days missed fol...
Accounting for complexity in medical education: a model of adaptive behaviour in medicine.

CONTEXT Medicine is practised in complex systems. Physicians engage in clinical and operational problems that are dynamic and lack full transparency. As a consequence, the behaviour of medical systems and diseases is often unpredictable. Medical science has equipped physicians with powerful tools to favourably impact health, but a reductionist approach alone is insufficient to optimally address the complex challenges posed by illness and public health. Concepts from complexity science, such as continuous quality improvement and teamwork, strive to fill the gap between biomedical knowledge and the realities of practice. However, the superficial treatment of these systems-thinking concepts in medical education has distorted their implementation and undermined their impact. 'Systems thinking' has been conflated with 'systematic thinking'; concepts which are adaptive in nature are being taught as standardised, reductionist tools. METHODS Using concepts from complexity science, the history of science and psychology, this problem is outlined and a theoretical model of professional development is proposed. RESULTS This model proposes that complex problem solving and adaptive behaviour, not technical expertise, are distinguishing features of professionalism. DISCUSSION The impact of this model on our understanding of physician autonomy, professionalism, teamwork and continuous quality improvement is discussed. This model has significant implications for the structure and content of medical education. Strategies for enhancing medical training, including interventions in recruitment, the curriculum and evaluation, are reviewed. Such adjustments would prepare trainees to more effectively utilise biomedical knowledge and tools in the complex high-stakes reality of medical practice.
Toward the Next Generation of Scholarship: Challenges and Opportunities for Full Participation in PhD Training in Economics

A great advantage of our rigorous doctoral training is that as PhD economists we speak a common language that allows for efficient vetting and quick dissemination of ideas and insights. But what good is sophisticated grammar and a powerful vocabulary if the contents of our narratives are lacking? Our top three criteria for admissions to PhD programs are prior coursework in math, the quantitative GRE score, and prior coursework in economics. To attract top talent and prevent becoming a stagnant discipline that loses the influence we have in society and academia, students' creativity, originality, and drive should receive more weight.
X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Presenting with Stuttering Stroke-like Symptoms.

X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX1) is the second most common form of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT). It is caused by a mutation in the gap junction β 1 (GJB1) gene, which encodes for connexin-32. In addition to the peripheral neuropathy and foot deformities observed in classic CMT, central nervous system symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal abnormalities in the brain have been reported in patients with CMTX1. Here we describe two cases of adolescent males who presented with stuttering neurologic deficits that were initially suggestive of acute ischemic stroke and were ultimately diagnosed with genetically confirmed CMTX1. Both patients had evidence of T2 hyperintensity and decreased diffusion on MRI in the centrum semiovale, posterior corona radiata, posterior periventricular white matter, and corpus callosum. Though rare, these cases illustrate the importance of comprehensive neurologic history, physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic evaluation.
Incorporating Resistance Into the Transition From Field Emission to Space Charge Limited Emission With Collisions

Field emitters and microplasmas often use series resistors to mitigate the rapid increase in current density that reduces device stability. This paper investigates the impact of external resistance on the transition of electron emission mechanism as a function of applied voltage $V_{app}$ , gap distance ${D}$ , and electron mobility $\mu $ . For low $\mu $ (high gas pressure), the circuit transitions from Fowler–Nordheim (FN) to space charge limited emission by Mott–Gurney (MG) and Child–Langmuir (CL) before reaching Ohm’s law (OL). At higher ${\mu }$ , a triple point arises where the asymptotic solutions for FN, MG, and CL intersect. This triple point is uniquely defined by ${D}$ , $\mu $ , or gap voltage $V_{g}$ while also defining a specific gap impedance $Z_{tp}$ . When $R \leq Z_{tp}$ , the electron emission transitions from FN to MG to CL to OL with increasing $V_{app}$ while MG and CL are bypassed at higher ${R}$ . For a given ${R}$ , increasing the applied voltage or emission current causes the gap to appear as a short.
Partitioning variation in vegetation communities around Lajaneh Piosphere, Iran

The concentration of grazing around artificial and natural watering points in an arid region produces a system known as a piosphere. This study focused on the Lajaneh Piosphere, located in a dry Zy...
Impact of concurrent ACE inhibitors and ARBs on outcomes with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

354Background: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in regulation of angiogenesis and cell proliferation and may improve drug delivery by enhancing tumor perfusion partly by downregulatin...
Vitamins and minerals

Abstract Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients needed in small amounts to promote growth and maintain health. This chapter details the properties, biological importance, and means of loss for each vitamin. The benefits and concerns related to vitamin supplementation are also included. Foods that are a significant source of each vitamin and their recommended daily intake value are provided. This chapter also describes 14 minerals that are important to health. Information regarding their biological importance, recommendations for daily intake, and supplementation is included.
Management and Economics of Natural Service Sires on Dairy Herds

To eliminate inefficient heat detection many dairies use natural service (NS) bulls. The perception is that pregnancy rates improves when NS is used because more cows are detected in true estrus and serviced; that is the intensity and accuracy improves in the herd. A 1984 survey of dairy herds in Florida showed that 50 per cent used AI, 38 per cent used a combination of AI and NS, and the remainder used mostly NS.3 A Pennsylvania study involving 329 dairy farms, evaluated the method used in breeding heifers; 11.2 per cent bred their heifers once with AI then used a bull, 8.5 per cent bred their heifers twice with AI then used bulls and 20.7 per cent bred their heifers with bulls only.4 Estimates from large dairy herds in Florida and Texas indicates that the use of NS is still widespread particularly in dairy herds employing a rotational grazing management. Dairy herds that use NS bulls usually do not raise replacement heifers, the genetic balance of the herd can be maintained by purchasing replacement heifers from breeders who are using AI with semen from proven bulls. The use of NS can reduce the negative effect that people can have on reproduction by eliminating errors in estrus detection. However, when the equation of reproduction is re-examined using NS, it becomes apparent that the fertility of the bull and his ability to service cows that are in estrus greatly determines the pregnancy outcome. Therefore, in order to adequately exploit the use of NS in dairy herds, proper selection and management of these bulls should be included in the overall herd health program of the dairy. In addition, to prevent the disastrous economic consequences of sub-fertile bulls, periodic evaluation of their reproductive performance must be performed.
Renal lymphomatous infiltration by mantle cell lymphoma: Treatment with chemoradiation and initiation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor for renal protection:

Background:Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that often takes an aggressive course. Rarely, MCL may cause acute kidney injury (AKI) either by direct lymphom...
Obesity: Cultural and Biological Factors

Humans are evolved to gain weight easily under the conditions of plenty and maintain weight when food supplies are insecure. Globalization of low cost and readily available calories alongside changes in work and built environments that encourage sedentism has led to obesity as a common condition in many parts of the world. Obesity is also increasingly associated with poverty and social and structural disadvantage within countries. Despite obesity being identified as one of the most critical contemporary public health challenges, standard interventions to address it have often failed and both child and adult obesity rates continue to rise around the world. Cultural, biocultural, and ecological theories help explain both the rise of obesity and the resistance to any easy fixes. Social theories provide critical perspectives on the medicalization of obesity and challenge pervasive views of obesity that treat it as a sign of individual moral failing.
Modes of nucleoside phosphorylation in plants: studies on the apparent thymidine kinase and true uridine kinase of seedlings.

Abstract 1. 1. Thymidine phosphorylation by extracts of roots from seedlings of ten plant species was compared. The specific activities of barley and wheat were more than 100 times higher than the least active, Lima beans. 2. 2. In every case AMP was at least as efficient as ATP as a phosphate donor in the thymidine phosphorylation reaction. 3. 3. No significant inhibition of thymidine phosphorylation by dTTP or other deoxynucleotides was observed. 4. 4. The concept of a two-component thymidine kinase system from plants (Wanka et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 85 (1964) 50) has been reinterpreted. Component T of barley contains a non-specific nucleoside phosphotransferase which may use AMP as a phosphate donor and does not require Mg 2+ . Component P contains both ATP-degrading activity and some nucleoside phosphotransferase. In experiments with isotopic ATP only the α-phosphate moiety appeared in the product dTMP. It is concluded that nucleoside phosphotransferase, not thymidine kinase, phosphorylates thymidine in this system. 5. 5. Crude barley extracts phosphorylate thymidine to dTTP, and intact roots readily incorporate thymidine into DNA. 6. 6. The uridine phosphorylating enzyme found in 0- to 1-day-old corn seedlings (before significant thymidine phosphorylation can be seen) has the characteristics of a true, regulatory, nucleoside kinase. ATP is the preferred substrate, and Mg 2+ is required. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by uridine and cytidine nucleotides, but not by the homologous deoxynucleotides.
Where Do Transactions Come From? A Perspective from Engineering Design

Our goal in this paper is to explain the location of transactions (and contracts) in a system of production. Systems of production are engineered systems, and where to place "transactions" is one of the basic engineering problems that the designers of such systems face. We begin by characterizing a system of production as a network of tasks that agents perform and transfers of material, energy and information between and among agents. We then argue that whereas transfers between agents are absolutely necessary and ubiquitous in any human-built system of production, transaction costs make it impossible for all transfers to be transactions. The particular transaction costs we are concerned with are the so-called "mundane" costs of creating a transactional interface: the costs of defining what is to be transferred, of counting the transfers, and of valuing and paying for the individual transfers. We go on to argue that the modularity of a system of production determines the system's pattern of mundane transaction costs. In this fashion, the engineering design of a system of production necessarily establishes (1) where transactions can go; and (2) what types of transactions are feasible and cost-effective in a given location.
Expression of Heterologous Cellulases in Thermotoga sp. Strain RQ2

The ability of Thermotoga spp. to degrade cellulose is limited due to a lack of exoglucanases. To address this deficiency, cellulase genes Csac_1076 (celA) and Csac_1078 (celB) from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus were cloned into T. sp. strain RQ2 for heterologous overexpression. Coding regions of Csac_1076 and Csac_1078 were fused to the signal peptide of TM1840 (amyA) and TM0070 (xynB), resulting in three chimeric enzymes, namely, TM1840-Csac_1078, TM0070-Csac_1078, and TM0070-Csac_1076, which were carried by Thermotoga-E. coli shuttle vectors pHX02, pHX04, and pHX07, respectively. All three recombinant enzymes were successfully expressed in E. coli DH5α and T. sp. strain RQ2, rendering the hosts with increased endo- and/or exoglucanase activities. In E. coli, the recombinant enzymes were mainly bound to the bacterial cells, whereas in T. sp. strain RQ2, about half of the enzyme activities were observed in the culture supernatants. However, the cellulase activities were lost in T. sp. strain RQ2 after three consecutive transfers. Nevertheless, this is the first time heterologous genes bigger than 1 kb (up to 5.3 kb in this study) have ever been expressed in Thermotoga, demonstrating the feasibility of using engineered Thermotoga spp. for efficient cellulose utilization.
Towards an automatic exploit pipeline

A continuous and fully automated software exploit discovery and development pipeline for real-world problems has not yet been achieved, but is desired by defenders and attackers alike. We have made significant steps toward that goal by combining and enhancing known bug hunting and analysis techniques. The first step is the implementation of an easy-to-use distributed fuzzer. Single fuzzers take too long to produce the number of results required. Since distributed fuzzers achieve high-output (typically many found bugs) sorting is required, which we include. We add another layer of triage support by combining in an enhanced fault localization process. Our work automates much of the process so that human resources are only needed at a few key checkpoints along the pipeline, arguably enhancing overall system efficiency. We demonstrate our process on contrived code, the Siemens suite, and two real-world pieces of code: Firefox and Java.
Clearing the Air: The Meta-Standard Approach to Ensuring Biofuels Environmental and Social Sustainability

Despite early promise, the environmental and social sustainability of plant-based biofuels increasingly has come into question. Biofuels standards quickly are transforming at international, national, and state levels from merely carbon consciousness to inclusion of environmental, social and economic criteria in the definition of “sustainable.” The danger going forward is that governments may impose a redundant labyrinth of sustainability regulations that are counterproductive to ambitious incentive programs and of questionable cross-boundary enforceability. As the U.S. and California develop biofuels regulations, policymakers should consider other existing and developing standards in crafting sustainability standards, including the meta-standard approach adopted in the U.K. and by the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, and the EU’s future sustainability scheme. This approach would ameliorate the uncertainty inherent in a drawn-out regulatory process, and may avoid future trade disputes because of the meta-standard’s consideration of third-country regulations. The question remains, however, whether existing U.S. and state agro-environmental standards could qualify under the meta-standard. Despite the EPA’s conclusion to the contrary, existing and developing standards that meet or will likely meet the U.K. meta-standard could be used by U.S. biofuels producers, with small modifications to meet unique U.S. land-use provisions. Although pushback is likely from the conventional agricultural sector, the biofuels industry recognizes that sustainability will ensure the competitiveness critical to a nascent biofuels industry facing volatile and unfavorable market conditions.
Open standards and the role of politics

A necessary part of digital government is the use of standards that allow for technologies to interconnect and interoperate. A growing debate among the technical and policy community is whether governments should provide preferential treatment to open standards over de facto or proprietary standards. In this paper, we discuss our preliminary research into open standards. A core finding is that scholars and policymakers need to recognize the role of politics at many phases from the development to the adoption of open standards. By focusing on the role of politics, we are able to offer a number of useful proposals for addressing issues around open standards.
Tectonic-Hydrothermal Pegmatites

The Kiawa pegmatites, New Mexico, are thought to have formed by the process outlined in part I of this paper, i.e., by the reaction, Quartz + Muscovite + (Na+, K+) ⇀ Perthite + H+. The pegmatites and country rocks were mapped and sampled in detail and geochemical data were obtained by spectrochemical analysis of separated minerals for 17 major and trace elements. Structural compatibility with the model is demonstrated by the occurrence of the pegmatites in structurally low pressure zones. Geochemical evidence indicates that quartz and muscovite, the raw materials for the reaction, were available before formation of the pegmatites. The distribution of major and trace elements in the minerals of the pegmatites and country rocks supports the model. Elements that were released by major reactions are found in secondary minerals in the country rocks and/or in pegmatite minerals. The distribution of barium in the minerals is that which would be predicted from its known geochemical behavior. Geologic evidence suggests that the pegmatites formed synkinematically during regional metamorphism. Other features of the Kiawa pegmatites, such as albitization, structural control of element distributions, and possibly an older generation of pegmatites, are shown to be in accord with the proposed model. Certain features of the pegmatites are not amenable to a magmatic explanation.
Two global regulatory systems (Crp and Arc) control the cobalamin/propanediol regulon of Salmonella typhimurium.

The genes for cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis (cob) are coregulated with genes for degradation of propanediol (pdu). Both the cob and pdu operons are induced by propanediol by means of a positive regulatory protein, PocR. This coregulation of a synthetic and a degradative pathway reflects the fact that vitamin B12 is a required cofactor for the first enzyme in propanediol breakdown. The cob/pdu regulon is induced by propanediol under two sets of growth conditions, i.e., during aerobic respiration of a poor carbon source and during anaerobic growth. We provide evidence that, under aerobic conditions, the Crp/cyclic AMP system is needed for all induction of the pocR, cob, and pdu genes. Anaerobically, the Crp/cyclic AMP and ArcA/ArcB systems act additively to support induction of the same three transcription units. The fact that these global control systems affect expression of the gene for the positive regulatory protein (pocR) as well as the pdu and cob operons is consistent with our previous suggestion that these two global controls may act directly only on the pocR gene; their control over the cob and pdu operons may be an indirect consequence of their effect on the level of PocR activator protein. The reported experiments were made possible by the observation that pyruvate supports aerobic growth of all of the mutants tested (cya, crp, arcA, and arcB); pyruvate also supports anaerobic growth of these mutants if the alternative electron acceptor, fumarate, is provided. By using pyruvate as a carbon source, it was possible to grow all of these mutant strains under identical conditions and compare their expression of the cob/pdu regulon. The role of Crp in control of vitamin B12 synthesis suggests that the major role of vitamin B12 in Salmonella spp. is in catabolism of carbon sources; the coregulation of the cob and pdu operons suggests that propanediol is the major vitamin B12-dependent carbon source.
Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Endothelium

The omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are necessary for proper bodily function and health. This class consists of a series of six fatty acids that can be interconverted through elongation, desaturation, and retroconversion.1 The metabolic pathway and the structures of the major components, linoleic acid (18:2) and arachidonic acid (20:4), are illustrated in Fig. 1. Linoleic acid, the main dietary component, can be converted to the other members of the omega-6 series. Prostaglandins and lipoxygenase products are formed from arachidonic acid in animal tissues, including the endothelium. These eicosanoids are especially important for endothelial function. PGI2, the main eicosanoid produced by arterial endothelium, inhibits platelet aggregation and causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.2 Several other eicosanoids produced by endothelium, including PGE2,3,4 hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs),3 and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (diHETEs),5,6 probably also play a role in endothelial function. Furthermore, linoleic acid can be converted to a hydroxylated metabolite, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE),7–9 which can influence the antithrombogenic properties of the endothelial surface as well as modulate eicosanoid formation and degradation.7,9
Investigating a Range of Solid Samples by Automatic Water Sorption

The CISORP Water Sorption Analyser has been used to characterise a selection of solid samples at relative humidities from 0 to 100% and at ambient pressure. The analysis reveals many interesting features about the samples and shows the scope of the equipment. Hysteresis due to porosity and differences in the physical properties of similar chemical samples show up clearly in isotherm curves. Kinetic curves reveal features such as the level of stability of dehydrated food products, changes in the hydration states of salts, and the effect of adding powdered excipient on the water sorption behaviour of a pharmaceutical compound. Kinetic curves were also used to compare the water sorption behaviour of two types of wood found inside a pine cone, and to determine equilibrium moisture sorption by calculation. It was shown that many samples take up moisture irreversibly under the experimental conditions such as amorphous sucrose and other freeze-dried samples, as well as unstable crystalline forms of compounds. Wet samples such as soaked brick and archaeological wood from a well dry out irreversibly even at 100% RH. Recording isotherms at different temperatures allows the calculation of enthalpies of water sorption. If these are compared with the enthalpy of water condensation the two processes can be compared quantitatively.
The relevance of specific conversational behaviors to ratings of social skill: An experimental analysis

Research on the social effectiveness of specific conversational behaviors is reviewed and a new study is presented. Eight versions of the same tape-recorded conversation between a man and a woman were prepared in a 2×2×2 design, where the woman systematically varied her conversation either high or low on questions, compliments, and 4-sec latencies. Subjects listened to one of these tapes and rated the female's social skill. Results of the major social skill variable showed that high questions and high compliments elicited higher skill ratings. The effect of low latencies was only marginally significant. While other factors such as personal appearance or self-evaluation differences may also be important, this study suggests that it may be valuable to include assessment and training relevant to compliments and questions (and possibly latencies) in programs for women who are socially anxious.
Reasoning in open domains

In this paper we modify the semantics of epistemic speci cations (and hence the answer set semantics of extended logic program and disjunctive databases) to allow for reasoning in the absence of domain{closure assumption. This modi cation increases the expressive power of the language and allows one to explicitly state the domain{closure and other assumptions about the domain of discourse in the language of epistemic speci cations. The power of the language is demonstrated by way of examples. In particular we show how open domain assumption can be used to formalize default reasoning in the presence of anonymous exceptions to defaults.
4-Manifolds are quotients of R4

Abstract A proof is given that every connected piecewise linear 4-manifold is a quotient of R 4 by a group of homeomorphisms. One tool used in the proof is a generalization of the method Waldhausen used to prove that the universal cover of a closed Haken 3-manifold is R 3 .
Ab-initio calculations of electronic, transport, and structural properties of boron phosphide

We present results from ab-initio, self-consistent density functional theory calculations of electronic and related properties of zinc blende boron phosphide (zb-BP). We employed a local density approximation potential and implemented the linear combination of atomic orbitals formalism. This technique follows the Bagayoko, Zhao, and Williams method, as enhanced by the work of Ekuma and Franklin. The results include electronic energy bands, densities of states, and effective masses. The calculated band gap of 2.02 eV, for the room temperature lattice constant of a = 4.5383 A, is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 2.02 ± 0.05 eV. Our result for the bulk modulus, 155.7 GPa, agrees with experiment (152–155 GPa). Our predictions for the equilibrium lattice constant and the corresponding band gap, for very low temperatures, are 4.5269 A and 2.01 eV, respectively.
GeoTools: A Toolkit for Fluvial System Analysis

Detailed mechanistic modeling of hydrogeomorphic processes in fluvial systems is extremely chal- lenging, expensive, and of limited usefulness without explicit knowledge of prediction uncertainty. Accordingly, there is a need for parsimonious tools that support probabilistic scientific assessments of physical-biological link- ages in streams and rivers. This paper introduces GeoTools, a suite of analysis tools for fluvial systems written in Visual Basic for Applications ⁄Excel. Based on flow time series and basic geomorphic data, GeoTools auto- mates computation of numerous hydrologic, hydraulic, and geomorphic descriptors including effective discharge, sediment transport and yield, temporal distributions of hydraulic parameters (e.g., shear stress and specific stream power), cumulative erosion potential, channel stability indices, and over 100 flow regime metrics. GeoTools accepts input flow records in standard USGS format and a variety of other formats and temporal den- sities. The package also serves as a post-processor for SWMM, and HSPF ⁄BASINS model output. Three case studies illustrate specific applications of GeoTools: a channel restoration project, a stormwater manage- ment ⁄hydromodification study, and an analysis of the effects of flow regulation below an impoundment dam. (KEY TERMS: decision support systems; planning; environmental indicators; fluvial processes; urbanization; sediment transport; geomorphology; restoration.)
Measures of performance for evaluation of estimators and filters

This paper deals with practical measures for performance evaluation of estimators and filters. Several new measures useful for evaluating various aspects of the performance of an estimator or filter are proposed and justified, including measurement error reduction factors, and success and failure rates. Pros and cons of some widely used measures are explained. In particular, the merits of a measure called average Euclidean error (AEE) over the widely used RMS error is presented and it is advocated that RMS error should be replaced by the AEE in many cases.
What's driving gigibit/sec channels?

This paper presents a brief explanation behind the drive for gigabit/sec communications for individual users. A description is given of a resulting prototype LAN that delivers this capability to each user. The prototype is being built for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It was to be delivered in late 1991 and should be available for users by the end of the first quarter of 1992.
Using Three-Dimensional Models to Teach Molecular Structures in High School Chemistry

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of using two- and three-dimensional model representations of molecular structures on student learning of organic chemical structures. Organic structures were taught to high school students using one of four methods of molecular representation: (1) two-dimensional textbook representations, (2) three-dimensional computer models, (3) three-dimensional ball and stick models, and (4) combination of the computer molecular models and the ball and stick models. The computer software used in this study wasMolecular Editor. Students in the combination group of using both computer and ball and stick models scored significantly higher on the retention test of isomeric identification compared to the other groups. Molecules were represented in this test in the same mode as the instructional representation. However, on a similar two-dimensional post-instructional test of isomeric identification, this group had a significantly lower mean than the other groups; the two-dimensional group had the highest mean. This difference was not observed with the two-dimensional retention test of isomeric identification. When given a two-dimensional test of isomeric construction, no significant difference was found among the group means with either the posttest or the retention test.
Phase velocities of plane waves in a pipe with a flow whose velocity varies along the radius

The phase velocities of plane waves in a pipe filled with a moving acoustic medium are studied for different laws of flow velocity variation along the pipe radius. The wave equation is solved by the discretization method, which breaks the entire pipe volume into individual cylinders under the assumption that, within each of the cylinders, the flow velocity of the medium is constant. This approach makes it possible to reduce the solution to the wave problem to solving Helmholtz equations for individual cylinders. Based on boundary conditions satisfied at the boundaries between neighboring cylinders, a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations is obtained. From this system, with the use of the scattering matrices, a simple dispersion equation is derived for determining the phase velocities of plane waves. The stability of the numerical solution to the dispersion equation with respect to the number of cylinders is investigated. The phase velocities of quasi-homogeneous and inhomogeneous waves in a pipe are numerically calculated and analyzed for different velocities of a moving medium and different laws of flow velocity variation along the radius. It is shown that the variation that occurs in the phase velocity of a homogeneous plane wave in a pipe due to the motion of the medium is identical to the mean flow velocity for different laws of flow velocity variation along the radius. For inhomogeneous plane waves, the phase velocity increment exceeds the mean flow velocity several times and depends on both the law of wave amplitude distribution along the radius and the law of the flow velocity variation along the radius.
Integrated production planning and scheduling using a decomposition framework

To ensure the consistency between planning and scheduling decisions, the integrated planning and scheduling problem should be addressed. Following the natural hierarchy of decision making, integrated planning and scheduling problem can be formulated as bilevel optimization problem with a single planning problem (upper level) and multiple scheduling subproblems (lower level). Equivalence between the proposed bilevel model and a single level formulation is proved considering the special structure of the problem. However, the resulting model is still computationally intractable because of the integrality restrictions and large size of the model. Thus a decomposition based solution algorithm is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, the production feasibility requirement is modeled through penalty terms on the objective function of the scheduling subproblems, which is further proportional to the amount of unreachable production targets. To address the nonconvexity of the production cost function of the scheduling subproblems, a convex polyhedral underestimation of the production cost function is developed to improve the solution accuracy. The proposed decomposition framework is illustrated through examples which prove the effectiveness of the method.
The Mechanism of Endogenous Receptor Activation Functionally Distinguishes Prototype Canonical and Noncanonical Wnts

Wnt glycoproteins are developmentally essential signaling molecules, and lesions afflicting Wnt pathways play important roles in human diseases. Some Wnts signal to the canonical pathway by stabilizing beta-catenin, while others lack this activity. Frizzled serpentine receptors mediate distinct signaling pathways by both classes of Wnts. Here, we tandemly linked noncanonical Wnt5a with the C-terminal half of Dickkopf-2 (Dkk2C), a distinct ligand of the Wnt coreceptor LRP5/6. Whereas Wnt5a, Dkk2C, or both together were incapable of stimulating endogenous canonical signaling, the Wnt5a/Dkk2C chimera efficiently activated this pathway in a manner inhibitable by specific antagonists of either frizzled or LRP receptors. Thus, activation of the canonical pathway requires ligand coupling of an endogenous frizzled/LRP coreceptor complex, rather than Wnt triggering each receptor independently. Moreover, fusion of Wnt5a with Dkk2C unmasked its ability to signal to Dishevelled through multiple frizzleds, indicating that the lack of functional interaction with LRP distinguishes noncanonical Wnt5a from canonical Wnts in mammalian cells. These findings provide a novel mechanism by which the same receptor can be switched between distinct signaling pathways depending on the differential recruitment of a coreceptor by members of the same ligand family.
An Aptian Plant with Attached Leaves and Flowers: Implications for Angiosperm Origin

Recent phylogenetic studies and fossil finds support a new view of the ancestral angiosperm. A diminutive fossil angiosperm from the Aptian of Australia has attached leaves, with intermediate pinnate-palmate, low-rank venation, and lateral axes bearing pistillate organs subtended by bracts and bracteoles that are the oldest direct evidence of flowers. A variety of data suggests a similar morphology for the ancestral angiosperm. This hypothesis explains similarities between rhizomatous to herbaceous Magnoliidae and basal monocots, scarcity of early agniosperm wood, and lack of recognition of earlier remains.
Bilingual college writers’ collaborative writing of word problems

Abstract Numerous researchers have studied bilingual students’ performance on word problems given that reading and writing these requires that they draw on linguistic and mathematical knowledge ( Barwell, 2009a , Barwell, 2009b ). Some researchers have studied how bilinguals write word problems in the second language, but few have considered how bilinguals use their first language to construct meaning when writing problems in the second language. Drawing on notions of scaffolding ( Vygotsky, 1978 ), intertextuality ( Kamberelis and Bovino, 1999 , Lemke, 1992 ;) and genre ( Martin, 2009 , Schleppegrell, 2004 ), the collaborative writing activity of two bilingual (Spanish/English) college students is analyzed. I show how these writers use multiple meaning-making resources, and traverse the continua of biliteracy ( Hornberger & Skilton-Sylvester, 2000 ). Their uniquely bilingual behavior also includes the strategic use of translanguaging ( Baker, 2003 , Garcia, 2009 ) – discussing the text in the first language and writing it in the second language.
Economic Efficiency in Polish Peasant Farming: An International Perspective

One decade following the market transition in Poland, the agricultural sector still exhibits low productivity. Policy makers often describe the sector as fragmented and inefficient. To understand why small-scale farming in Poland is inefficient despite longstanding secure property rights, a survey of economic efficiency in Southern agriculture was conducted and compared with limited studies of efficiency in Poland. The most important issues, particularly related to farm size and efficiency, are price risk, uncertainty and low rural development. Comparative studies across regions with varying institutional arrangements and economic organization are powerful, but must be made carefully and critically.
Relative Wage Changes and Fertility in the US

During the last several decades, the US wage structure experienced substantial changes because of energy price shocks, increased international competition, and technological change. Katz and Murphy, among others, argued that these changes reflected a rise in demand for skilled workers and women. I use these types of relative wage changes to identify the effects of women's and men's earnings on fertility rates. Measurement error in grouped regressions is addressed by applying the Devereux unbiased-error-in-variables estimator. I find that higher earnings of men increase fertility among younger married women. Holding men's earnings constant, increased wages of married women reduce fertility among the younger women and increase it among the older women.
Analysis of a Juvenile Court Diversion Program

ABSTRACT This article addresses a gap in knowledge about the characteristics of adolescents served by court diversion programs. Labeling and stress theories provide the theoretical framework for understanding the adolescents, their actions, and the societal response. This study of randomly selected cases of a juvenile court diversion program presents a characterization of adolescents, their families of origin, employment, offenses, and processing in the diversion system. Principal findings include the impact of alcohol, unemployment, and the variability in processing. The study suggests that the clients committed minor offenses and supports the thesis of net widening.
Total pressure loss in vortical solutions of the conical Euler equations

A technique for the solution of the conically self-similar form of the Euler equations is described. Solutions for the flow past a flat-plate delta wing at angle of attack are presented. These solutions show strong leading edge vortices with large total pressure losses in the cores. A study of the effects of various computational parameters on the total pressure loss is made. An explanation for the cause of the total pressure loss is presented. It is shown to be consistent with the results for both a quasi-one-dimensional model problem and the conically self-similar flow past the flat-plate delta wing.
Phage susceptibility of encapsulated Lactobacillus casei.

ONE of the principal factors which determines the susceptibility of a given bacterium to attack by bacteriophage is the availability of specific surface receptor sites. Numerous investigators have observed that encapsulated bacteria are generally phage resistant, and it has been assumed that the capsular layer, interposed as a physical barrier between receptor and phage, acts as a non-specific inhibitor of phage adsorption. In partial confirmation of this role, Maxted1 showed that although phage resistant group A streptococci possessed a hyaluronic acid capsule, treatment with hyaluronidase destroyed the capsule and rendered the cells phage-sensitive. It is not clear, however, from this and other reports2 whether the susceptibility of non-encapsulated cells was due to the availability of receptor sites permitting increased adsorption or to some other factor permitting increased virus penetration and lysis of the bacterial cell. This report presents evidence that in the related homolactic organism, L. casei, the specific surface receptor sites are present in varying amounts on both encapsulated and non-encapsulated cells but that the loss of the capsular material, either by mutation or mechanical removal, renders the previously resistant cell sensitive to lysis by phage.