cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supersonic particle deposition as an additive technology: methods, challenges, and applications

This paper presents a review of recent research inventions in the field of supersonic particle deposition (SPD) additive manufacturing (AM) technology. The SPD, also known as cold spray, is a coating technique that has gained popularity recently because of its ability to apply multi-component coatings. The SPD has the potential to revolutionize the global parts manufacturing and logistics landscape. The state-of-the-art, rapidly emerging cold spray manufacturing technology is an alternative to traditional additive manufacturing (AM) based on powder melting. It enables the rapid fabrication of parts that have properties similar to the parts developed by conventional manufacturing. In this paper, the history and process of SPD are explained. A broad background of metallic SPD AM is provided. SPD parameters, including substrate and particle properties, are discussed. Common challenges in creating consistent SPD coatings as well as challenges specific to metal and ceramic SPD are discussed. This paper explores the material science, processes, and performance gain. Several applications of SPD, including nuclear, aerospace, and electrical industries, are discussed.
Flat optics for image differentiation

Image processing has become a critical technology in a variety of science and engineering disciplines. Although most image processing is performed digitally, optical analog processing has the advantages of being low-power and high-speed, but it requires a large volume. Here, we demonstrate flat optics for direct image differentiation, allowing us to significantly shrink the required optical system size. We first demonstrate how the differentiator can be combined with traditional imaging systems such as a commercial optical microscope and camera sensor for edge detection with a numerical aperture up to 0.32. We next demonstrate how the entire processing system can be realized as a monolithic compound flat optic by integrating the differentiator with a metalens. The compound nanophotonic system manifests the advantage of thin form factor as well as the ability to implement complex transfer functions, and could open new opportunities in applications such as biological imaging and computer vision. Vertical integration of a metalens to realize compound nanophotonic systems for optical analog image processing is realized, significantly reducing the size and complexity of conventional optical systems.
Feasibility of multimodal multiphoton microscopy to facilitate surgical margin assessment in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a common cancer with poor odds of survival for the patient, with surgical resection offering the only hope of cure. Current surgical practice is time-consuming and, due to time constraints, does not sample the whole cut surface sufficiently to check for remaining cancer. Although microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is the gold standard for microscopic evaluation, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has emerged as an alternative tool for imaging tissue architecture and cellular morphology without labels. We explored the use of multimodal MPM for the label-free identification of normal and cancerous tissue of the pancreas in a mouse model by comparing the images to H&E microscopy. Our early studies indicate that MPM using second-harmonic generation, third-harmonic generation, and multiphoton excitation of endogenous fluorescent proteins can each contribute to the label-free analysis of the pancreatic surgical margin.
The discursive construction of the gamification of journalism

This study explores the discursive, normative construction of gamification within journalism. Rooted in a theory of discursive institutionalism and by analyzing a significant corpus of metajournali...
Behavioral Interventions for In-Treatment Injection Drug Users

An estimated one million individuals in the United States inject drugs (Institute for Health Policy Studies, 1990). Injecting drug users (IDUs) represent the second largest group at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and are the primary source for heterosexual and perinatal HIV transmission (Centers for Disease Control, 1991). Drug injection is more highly concentrated among poor and socially marginal groups. Rates of HIV infection among IDUs vary according to geographical location and generally range from 0% to about 20% (Centers for Disease Control, 1991). In areas such as New York City and Newark, New Jersey, however, over 50% of all IDUs may have been infected (Caussy et al., 1990; Lee et al., 1990). Therefore, the reduction of high-risk behavior is a critical issue in the drug treatment field.
Mycobacteria excise DNA damage in 12- or 13-nucleotide-long oligomers by prokaryotic-type dual incisions and performs transcription-coupled repair

In nucleotide excision repair, bulky DNA lesions such as UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are removed from the genome by concerted dual incisions bracketing the lesion, followed by gap filling and ligation. So far, two dual-incision patterns have been discovered: the prokaryotic type, which removes the damage in 11–13-nucleotide-long oligomers, and the eukaryotic type, which removes the damage in 24–32-nucleotide-long oligomers. However, a recent study reported that the UvrC protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis removes damage in a manner analogous to yeast and humans in a 25-mer oligonucleotide arising from incisions at 15 nt from the 3´ end and 9 nt from the 5´ end flanking the damage. To test this model, we used the in vivo excision assay and the excision repair sequencing genome-wide repair mapping method developed in our laboratory to determine the repair pattern and genome-wide repair map of Mycobacterium smegmatis. We find that M. smegmatis, which possesses homologs of the Escherichia coli uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes, removes cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from the genome in a manner identical to the prokaryotic pattern by incising 7 nt 5´ and 3 or 4 nt 3´ to the photoproduct, and performs transcription-coupled repair in a manner similar to E. coli.
Identification of osteoporosis treatment gaps

Background/aims Osteoporosis is implicated in over 8.9 million fragility fractures worldwide with a cost in the United States of America of 19 billion dollars. The number of osteoporosis-related fr...
EXTENDING THE BIG POWER LAW IN THE SKY WITH TURBULENCE SPECTRA FROM WISCONSIN Hα MAPPER DATA

We use the data of the Wisconsin Halpha Mapper (WHAM) to test the hypothesis of whether the amplitudes and spectra of density fluctuations measured by WHAM can be matched to the data obtained for interstellar scintillations and scattering. To do this, first of all, we adjusted the mean level of signal in the adjacent patches of the data. Then assuming that the spectrum is Kolmogorov, we successfully matched the amplitudes of turbulence obtained from the WHAM data and the interstellar density fluctuations reported in the existing literature. As a result, we conclude that the existing data is consistent with the Kolmogorov cascade which spans from 10{sup 6} to 10{sup 17} m.
A Burst-Mode Controlled Inductive Wireless Power Transfer System

This paper presents a burst-mode controlled inductive wireless power transfer system (WPT). Power is transmitted in bursts between transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX). Duty cycle of the burst is controlled through load modulation to control power flow between TX and RX. The proposed WPT circuit can regulate output voltage against distance and load variations. No extra communication channel is present to establish feedback between transmitter and receiver, making the circuit suitable for many applications. A 100-milliwatt prototype circuit for use in medical implant is designed, built and tested.
Dilated cardiomyopathy

The management of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) heart failure starts with the determination of the underlying diagnosis, definition of the hemodynamic character (eg, systolic, diastolic, valvular, right- and left-sided heart dysfunction), recognition of complicating factors (eg, atrial fibrillation, renal dysfunction), and consideration for any surgically remedial lesions (eg, severe valvular regurgitation, high-grade coronary artery occlusive disease). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blocking agents, digoxin, and judicious diuretic administration make up the therapeutic plan for patients with symptomatic DCM heart failure. Angiotensin-converting enzymes are indicated for patients with DCM who have mild or no detectable symptoms; whether this subgroup would benefit from long-term betablockade remains to be established. Spirolactone also has been shown to be effective in patients with more advanced stages of heart failure. Biventricular pacing (cardiac resynchronization therapy) recently has been approved for use in patients with DCM and a left ventricular or intraventricular conduction defect and a QRS duration of longer than 140 msec. More intense pharmacotherapy, mechanical devices, and transplantation are directed at patients with severely symptomatic end-stage DCM. The effectiveness of any heart failure treatment plan is very much dependent on nonpharmacologic approaches, including dietary measures, exercise conditioning, and similar considerations, all of which are best delivered by dedicated heart failure programs.
The handbook of MIS application software testing: methods, techniques, and tools for assuring quality through testing

1. Software Quality: The Elusive Butterfly. 2. Software Testing: An Overview. 3. The Psychology of Software Testing. 4. The Test Plan. 5. A Comparison of Black Box and White Box Test Case Design Strategies. 6. Basis Testing. 7. Equivalence Partitioning, Boundary Analysis, and Error Guessing. 8. Cause-Effect Graphing. 9. Structured Tableau. 10. Integration Testing. 11. System Testing. 12. Human Testing: The Walk-Through and the Inspection. 13. Software "Tools" for Software Testing. 14. Controlling and Improving the Software Testing process: A Process Metrics Approach. Appendix A: Software Testing Bibliography. Appendix B: Journals, Magazines, and Newsletters Which Are Software Testing Resources. Appendix C: The Hardware Tracking System Test Plan. Index.
Sex Steroid Inhibition of LH Induction of the LH Receptor

Testosterone and estrogen were tested as possible mediators of the prolactin-dependent LH induction of LH receptors in hypophysectomized adult male rats. Animals were injected s.c. with saline, prolactin (100 micrograms/day), or combinations of testosterone (1 mg/day) or estrogen (1 mg/day) and prolactin for 7 days following a 7-day period of hypophysectomy. Twenty-four hours after the last saline or prolactin injection, the animals were given a single i.p. injection of either saline or oLH (10 micrograms) to evaluate LH-induced LH receptor induction. Membrane preparations from testicular homogenates were incubated with [125I]hCG as the binding ligand for determination of the receptor response and capacity. Neither testosterone nor estrogen were able to mimic the ability of prolactin to allow LH to induce the LH receptor. However, both testosterone and estrogen significantly inhibited prolactin-mediated, LH induction of its homologous receptor.
Development and validation of a railgun hydrogen pellet injector model

A railgun hydrogen pellet injector model is presented and its predictions are compared with the experimental data. High-speed hydrogenic ice injection is the dominant refueling method for magnetically confined plasmas used in controlled thermonuclear fusion research. As experimental devices approach the scale of power-producing fusion reactors, the fueling requirements become increasingly more difficult to meet since, due to the large size and the high electron densities and temperatures of the plasma, hypervelocity pellets of a substantial size will need to be injected into the plasma continuously and at high repetition rates. Advanced technologies, such as the railgun pellet injector, are being developed to address this demand. Despite the apparent potential of electromagnetic launchers to produce hypervelocity projectiles, physical effects that were neither anticipated nor well understood have made it difficult to realize this potential. Therefore, it is essential to understand not only the theory behind railgun operation, but the primary loss mechanisms, as well. Analytic tools have been used by many researchers to design and optimize railguns and analyze their performance. This has led to a greater understanding of railgun behavior and opened the door for further improvement. A railgun hydrogen pellet injector model has been developed. The model is based upon a pellet equation of motion that accounts for the dominant loss mechanisms, inertial and viscous drag. The model has been validated using railgun pellet injectors developed by the Fusion Technology Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Hydrogen pellet accelerations predicted by the model have been compared with experimental data and found to be in good agreement over a broad range of operating parameters. Therefore, the model may, in fact, be useful in determining optimal railgun operating parameters. For example, the model suggests that, depending on the rail and insulator materials used, there exists a point of diminishing returns. Namely, for a given rail current, there is an acceleration time beyond which little or no increase in pellet speed is produced. The model has been used to compute optimal acceleration times for various rail currents.
LOCAL STRUCTURE OF IDEAL KNOTS, II CONSTANT CURVATURE CASE

The thickness, NIR(K) of a knot or link K is defined to be the radius of the largest open solid tube one can put around the curve without any self intersections of the normal discs, which is also known as the normal injectivity radius of K. For C1,1 curves K, , where κ(K) is the generalized curvature, and the double critical self distance DCSD(K) is the shortest length of the segments perpendicular to K at both end points. The knots and links in ideal shapes (or tight knots or links) belong to the minima of ropelength = length/thickness within a fixed isotopy class. In this article, we prove that NIR(K) = ½DCSC(K), for every relative minimum K of ropelength in Rn for certain dimensions n, including n = 3.
Role of winding numbers in quantum Monte Carlo simulations

We discuss the effects of fixing the winding number in quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We present a simple geometrical argument as well as strong numerical evidence that one can obtain exact ground state results for periodic boundary conditions without changing the winding number. However, for very small systems the temperature has to be considerably lower than in simulations with fluctuating winding numbers. The relative deviation of a calculated observable from the exact ground state result typically scales as ${T}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}},$ where the exponent \ensuremath{\gamma} is model and observable dependent and the prefactor decreases with increasing system size. Analytic results for a quantum rotor model further support our claim.
An Interview with Barry Vercoe

Barry L. Vercoe (see Figure 1) is one of the foremost developers and disseminators of computer music technology. He is best known as the inventor of the Music 360 (Vercoe 1973), Music 11 (Vercoe 1978), Csound (Vercoe 1985), and RTCsound (Vercoe and Ellis 1990) languages for digital sound synthesis, which have been used by thousands of composers around the world. He is also a respected composer and a broad thinker who was one of the founding faculty members of MIT's Media Laboratory. Mr. Vercoe was born in New Zealand in 1937. He received bachelors' degrees in music and mathematics from the University of Auckland, followed by the MusD degree from the University of Michigan, where he studied under Ross Lee Finney. After brief appointments at Princeton, Oberlin, and Yale, he settled at MIT in 1971, where he was granted tenure in 1974 and became a full professor. In 1973 Mr. Vercoe founded the MIT Experimental Music Studio (EMS), the first facility in the world to dedicate digital computers exclusively to research and composition in computer music. The EMS was one of the innovating studios of its time, and it oversaw the development or improvement of technologies such as real-time digital synthesis, live keyboard input, graphical score editing, graphical patching languages, synchronization between natural and synthetic sound in composition, and advanced music languages. In 1976, the EMS hosted an international conference on computer music; in 1981, Mr. Vercoe encouraged the MIT Press to take over publication of Computer Music Journal beginning with Volume 4. In 1985, the EMS was integrated into the new MIT Media Laboratory to carry on its work in a new, cross-disciplinary context of multimedia research. At the Media Lab, Barry Vercoe has directed research groups on music and cognition, synthetic listeners and performers, and machine listening. His publications span many fields of research, including music theory (Vercoe 1968), signal processing (Vercoe 1982), music perception (Vercoe 1997), and audio coding (Vercoe, Gardner, and Scheirer 1998). Among other awards, Mr. Vercoe received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982-1983 for his innovative work exploring synthetic performers (Vercoe 1984; Vercoe and Puckette 1985) and other forms of automatic accompaniment systems. In 1992, he received the Computer World/ Smithsonian Award in Arts and Media. The study of interaction between human and computer performers remains his closest research interest. This interview was conducted in February 1999 as part of the Media Lab's "Digital Rewind" celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Experimental Music Studio.
Two estimators for the apt model when factors are measured

Abstract Non-linear SUR and ITSUR techniques are proposed for the estimation of the APT and the CAPM when the factors are observed. These techniques estimate all of the parameters of the model simultaneously and directly impose the model's non-linear parameter restrictions.
Factors governing the radiation characteristics of dielectric tube aerials

As very little published work on dielectric tube aerials is to be found in the literature, the paper is intended to dis cuss the fundamental principles governing the radiation patterns of dielectric tubes rather than to present a detailed study of one or more aspects of the subject. The influences of the tube length, diameter and wall thickness on the radiation pattern were investigated experimentally and an approximate theory is presented which is in agreement with the experimental results. From this investigation it is suggested that the mechanism of radiation of dielectric tubes having thin walls more closely resembles that of a lens or corrective re-radiator than that of a leaking waveguide system, such as a dielectric rod aerial. Thus it is concluded that the dielectric tube and rod, though similar in many respects, are fundamentally different types of aerials.
Review: Review of recent shared memory based ATM switches

Shared memory based ATM switches are known to provide optimal performance in terms of throughput and delay under different traffic patterns. These switches are also known to provide better buffer utilization, can easily handle different service classes, and provide multicasting and broadcasting capabilities. Since late 1980s, several shared memory type switches were proposed for ATM switching. In this paper, we present a review of recent shared memory based ATM switches.
CNS complications in children receiving chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: retrospective analysis and clinical study of survivors.

Background Clinical studies analyzing CNS complications in pediatric oncology systematically are rare. Procedure In a single center retrospective analysis, CNS complications in 950 subsequent pediatric patients treated between 1992 and 2004 by chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were studied. Forty-six patients had pre-existing CNS diseases and were excluded. Out of the 904 remaining, 76 (8.4%) had 82 CNS complications. Results The most common manifestations were seizures (in 50.6% of the CNS episodes), altered states of consciousness, and motor deficits (in 47.5% of the episodes each). CNS complications were caused by infections (26.8%), toxicity (25.6%), neoplasma (13.4%), vascular (10.9%), and metabolic disturbances (8.5%). In 14.6%, the mechanism remained unclear. Patients (23.7%) died from the CNS event. Neoplastic disorders had the worst (50%) while metabolic the best (0% mortality) prognosis. Imaging techniques were the most effective diagnostic measures, followed by laboratory analysis, clinical examination, and CSF analysis. A neuro-psychological (CBCL, CFT-1/−20—testing) examination could be done in 21 of 32 long-term survivors. Seven had a major, 3 minor neurological impairment, 11 were normal in all tests. Conclusions These data show that there is not one typical CNS complication, but a wide variety. There is no close connection between either underlying disease or symptoms and cause of the complication. Prognosis is variable. About two thirds of the long-term survivors could lead a normal life. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:331–336. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulation of alloimmune responses by dendritic cell subsets.

Objective Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful mediators of immune responses. We have demonstrated that the content of plasmacytoid (type 2) dendritic cells (DC2) within allogeneic bone marrow grafts impacts survival and graft-vs-host disease following transplantation. In order to better understand the effect of DC subsets on regulation of immunity, we tested the effect of DC subsets on T cells in a model of indirect antigen presentation to mimic presentation of host-type alloantigen by donor-type DC. Materials and Methods Volunteers underwent apheresis without cytokine priming, and DC1, DC2, naive, and memory T cells were purified by immunomagnetic bead and fluorescein-activated cell sorting. Purified DC1 and DC2 cells were cultured with third-party irradiated blood mononuclear cells and either naive or memory homologous T cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Results Myeloid (type 1) dendritic cells (DC1) induced significant proliferation of homologous T cells and were more effective in priming naive T-cell responses than memory T cells responding to alloantigen. DC2 cells induced minimal T-cell proliferation regardless of the T-cell subset used as the responding fraction. Secondary mixed lymphocyte reaction studies demonstrated that DC2 primed T cells remained hyporesponsive even when challenged with a third-party alloantigen. The immunostimulatory effect of DC1 required DC-to-T–cell contact, and induced interleukin-12 secretion, while DC2 cells induced interferon-γ secretion. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of DC2-primed T cells demonstrated a significant increase in Foxp3 expression, supporting induction of a regulatory T-cell population. Conclusion DC1 and DC2 cells induced divergent T-cell responses using homologous cells. Better understanding of DC2-mediated T-cell suppression may yield strategies that overcome tumor-specific immune tolerance and regulate graft-vs-host disease.
Nucleic acid-solvent interactions: temperature dependence of the heat of solution of thymine in water and ethanol.

The heats of solution of thymine in water and ethanol have been determined calorimetrically as a function of temperature. These data, along with solubility data, have been used to calculate the thermodynamic quantities (ΔGt, ΔHt, ΔSt and ΔCp,t) associated with the transfer of thymine from ethanol to water. Since ΔSt = −2 cal/mole deg and ΔCp,t = 0, it has been concluded that hydrophobic bonding does not play an important role in the thermocynamic stability of nucleic acids. However, large heat capacities of solution of thymine are observed in both solvents (ΔC°p2 = 45 ± 4 cal/mole deg). This is explained in terms of temperature variation in the degree of solvent–solute hydrogen bonding. It is our proposal that the components of macromolecules (i.e., nucleic acid bases and amino acids) do not make all possible hydrogen bonds with the solvent in the vicinity of room temperature. Thus the thermodynamic contribution of hydrogen bonding to the stability of macromolecules in aqueous solution must be reassessed.
Interactions of bacteria with extracellular matrix proteins

Cell adhesion is a critical factor in microbial life. For commensal or saprophytic bacteria, attachment is a question of survival, while in pathogenic bacteria adherence to a particular site may initiate an infection. In addition to nonspecific forces, which seem to play some role, adhesion of bacteria is predominantly dependent upon specific interactions between bacterial cell surface receptors (adhesins) and ligands of the host tissue. The relative importance of particular adhesin-ligand interactions varies depending on factors such as the site of infection or the stage of the disease. For example, different sets of adhesins will determine the ability of strains of Staphylococcus aureus to colonize normal skin compared to the adhesins which enable these bacteria to initiate an infection within a wound or bone tissue. Even at later stages, the role of various adhesins may vary de-
FORUM: A view of environmental Utopia

The author ponders the ultimate ideal world from the standpoint of maintaining its healthy and sustainable environment and provides a list of eight points for this Utopia.
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: Regulation by a Strain-Specific Factor in Mouse Milk

Two inbred strains of mice show a threefold difference in duodenal phosphatase activity at 11 days of age. When half-litters of the two strains are interchanged between the two mothers on the day of birth, enzyme activity in young of the low-activity strain is unaffected at 11 days by the source of milk, but is significantly reduced in high-activity young nursed by a low-activity mother.
The psychosocial impact of opioid treatment

T he major goal of our focus article was to show that much of the disagreement regarding the role of narcotics in treating chronic nonmalignant pain has been due to the conflicting and often implicit conceptual models of the various proponents. A secondary purpose was to introduce our own position and briefly describe the way we utilize narcotic medications. We are pleased to take this opportunity to respond to commentaries of Fordyce and Portenoy. Both Fordyce5 and Portenoy” have recognized the value of examining fundamental assumptions about pain and explicated their previous positions within the context of a more comprehensive biopsychosocial model of pain. Fordyce’s emphasis on the important role of behavioral outcome assessment and Portenoy’s call for therapeutic trials of opioids extend the arguments each has made within this debate. Our focus article proposed a treatment paradigm that emphasizes the interaction between the provider and patient in which the patient is actively engaged as part of the treatment team and assumes, albeit gradually, much of the responsibility for his or her health care. This codisciplinary model of treatment and our emphasis on the interpersonal process has been described elsewhere.‘sg In our view, chronic pain treatment is fundamentally a psychosocial interaction involving a patient and health care providers. In our therapeutic approach, emphasis is placed on communication between the patient and provider team. Prescription constitutes an important part of
Timed barium esophagogram: A simple physiologic assessment for achalasia☆☆☆

Abstract Objective: Success of achalasia therapy is difficult to determine because repeated physiologic study is impractical and symptoms are subjective. Timed barium esophagography directly measures esophageal emptying and is simple to perform. This study (1) evaluates the assessment of myotomy by timed barium esophagography and (2) compares it with premyotomy and postmyotomy symptoms. Methods: Fifty patients ingested 250 mL low-density barium and had upright films at 1, 2, and 5 minutes premyotomy. Forty-five underwent repeat timed barium esophagography 8 weeks (median) postmyotomy. Premyotomy and postmyotomy height and width of the barium column were compared and related to symptoms. Results: At 1, 2, and 5 minutes premyotomy, median barium column height was 19, 17, and 15 cm, and width was 5.2, 4.8, and 4.5 cm, respectively. Surgery reduced these to 7.0, 5.0, and 1.0 cm and to 3.5, 3.0, and 1.0 cm, respectively ( P r ~ 0.2) to premyotomy height but was directly related to premyotomy width ( r = 0.3-0.5; P r ~ 0.6; P r = 0.26, P =.07). Premyotomy regurgitation was more severe the higher the barium column ( r ~ 0.4, P Conclusions: (1) The timed barium esophagogram gives objective confirmation of successful myotomy. (2) Symptoms are unreliable in assessing esophageal emptying. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:935-46)
Interaction of Methyl Bromide with Soil

Because methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a widely used agricultural fumigant for soil disinfection, it is important to know the chemical behavior and fate of CH3Br as a result of its use for soil treatment. A solid-state 13C NMR study of 13CH3Br-treated soil and soil-component samples shows that methylation of soil organic matter may be the major pathway for degradation of CH3Br in soils. Adsorption of CH3Br on a dried clay like Ca-montmorillonite or kaolinite does not contribute directly to the degradation of CH3Br. The results are interpreted in terms of the chemical structures of separated soil fractions and the nature of the separation procedure.
Behavioral Fever Response of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to Infection by Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales)

Abstract House flies, Musca domestica L., infected with Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius were exposed to 40°C to determine the effects of high temperature on diseased house flies. In no-choice experiments, high temperatures early in the incubation period of two isolates of E. muscae increased the survival time of diseased house flies. House flies surviving E. muscae infections induced by a Nebraska/NE) isolate were 87, 78, and 37% if exposed to high temperature for 8 hr during Days 1, 2, and 3 of the incubation period, respectively. House fly survival rates declined to 17 and 13% if exposed to high temperature on Days ,4 and 5 of the usual 5-day incubation period. House flies surviving infections induced by a California (CA) isolate were 93, 97, and 92% if exposed to 40°C temperatures for 8 hr during Days 1, 2, and 3 of the incubation period. Survival rates declined to 75, 38, and 17% if high temperature exposures occurred on Days 4, 5, and 6 of the typical 7-day incubation period. Short-term exposures (4-6 hr) of E. muscae (NE) infected house flies (24 hr old) to 40°C increased fly survival 90%. Similar results were not observed at 35°C. In free-choice experiments, house flies infected with the NE isolate of E. muscae for 24-48 hr exhibited a behavioral fever and were able to use heat therapy to eliminate pathogenic effects of E. muscae . The response was not consistent throughout the E. muscae incubation period. Behavioral fevers were not exhibited by infected house flies on Days 1, 4, and 5 of the incubation period. On Day 5 of the incubation period, dying flies moved to the cool regions of the gradient.
Camina por Salud: Walking in Mexican-American women

Forty-six percent of older Mexican-American women report that they do not engage in leisure time physical activity (PA); 38.1% of them are obese. This study (1) evaluated a PA intervention for coronary heart disease risk reduction and (2) determined which variables affect adherence to PA. For 36 weeks, Group I members walked for 3 days a week and Group II members walked for 5 days a week. We measured the participants' total body fat, regional fat, blood lipids, and adherence to PA The walking interventions favorably affected body fat, with significant differences in body mass index reduction, F(2, 16) = 12.86, p = .001. No statistical difference was noted in the anthropometric and blood lipid results between the baseline and 36-week measures.
The Effects of MBO on Performance and Satisfaction in a Public Sector Organization

This field study examined the effets of MBO on measures of quantity and quality' of performance and satisfaction with the work and supervision among employees in a human services agency. Although not all the quantity measures improved significant/,} the (combined measure for quantity of performance and one of two quality measures showed significant improvement following implementation of MBO. Satisfaction with supervision also significantly improved but not satisfaction with work. The study lends support to the use of MBO in public sector organizations.
A practical model for hair mutual interactions

Hair exhibits strong anisotropic dynamic properties which demand distinct dynamic models for single strands and hair-hair interactions. While a single strand can be modeled as a multibody open chain expressed in generalized coordinates, modeling hair-hair interactions is a more difficult problem. A dynamic model for this purpose is proposed based on a sparse set of guide strands. Long range connections among the strands are modeled as breakable static links formulated as nonreversible positional springs. Dynamic hair-to-hair collision is solved with the help of auxiliary triangle strips among nearby strands. Adaptive guide strands can be generated and removed on the fly to dynamically control the accuracy of a simulation. A high-quality dense hair model can be obtained at the end by transforming and interpolating the sparse guide strands. Fine imagery of the final dense model is rendered by considering both primary scattering and self-shadowing inside the hair volume which is modeled as being partially translucent.
Burgers for Britain: A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK

The geography of food has recently come out of the pantry. Richard Pitlsbury, No Foreign Food McDonald's restaurants, which are often described as a unilateral symbol of American imperialism, have been a presence in British high streets since the 1970s. In fact, the official company history says that McDonald's does not modify its way of doing business to adapt to foreign cultures, but changes local cultures to meet its own needs. How successful has this approach been in Britain, which has a "special relationship" with the United States? Using a variety of sources, this study examines the material landscape of McDonald's, first in the United States and then in the United Kingdom. This paper summarizes the growth and development of the company from the 1970s to the early twenty-first century, and then focuses on the exteriors, interiors and restaurant menus of McDonald's UK. The creation of a two-tiered system of restaurant exteriors and interiors is discussed. Although the chain now has over a thousand ou...
Constrained reaction volume shock tube study of n-heptane oxidation: Ignition delay times and time-histories of multiple species and temperature

Abstract Ignition delay times of normal heptane have been measured at temperatures ranging from 651 to 823 K and at pressures between 6.1 and 7.4 atm at an equivalence ratio of 0.75 in 15%O 2 /5%CO 2 /Ar and in 15%O 2 /Ar mixtures behind reflected shock waves in a shock tube. Time-history measurements of fuel, OH, aldehydes (mostly CH 2 O), CO 2 , H 2 O, and temperature were also measured under these conditions. These time-histories provide critically needed kinetic targets to test and refine large reaction mechanisms. Measurements were acquired using a novel constrained reaction volume approach, wherein a sliding gate valve confined the reactant mixture to a region near the endwall of the shock tube. A staged-driver gas filling strategy, combined with driver section extensions, driver inserts, and driver gas tailoring, was used to obtain constant-pressure test times of up to 55 ms, allowing observations of the chemistry in the Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) region. Experiments with conventional shock tube filling were also performed, showing similar overall ignition behavior. Comparisons between current data and simulations using the Mehl et al. n -Heptane mechanism (2011) are provided, revealing that the mechanism generally under-predicts first-stage ignition delay times in the NTC region, and that at low temperatures it over-predicts the extent of fuel decomposition during first stage ignition.
Lifetime Patterns of Substance Use among General Population Subjects Engaging in High Risk Sexual Behaviors: Implications for HIV Risk

IntroductionThe proportion of reported AIDS cases is currently low among heterosexuals without any reported risk factors. Further spread of HIV into this population will certainly depend on their sexual contact with drug users [1-4]. The AIDS epidemic has forced investigators to turn their attention to the histories of high risk sexual behaviors and drug-using patterns among their respondents. Primarily studies have been initiated on needle-sharing, homosexual, and other high risk samples, which limits the generalizability of such findings.
Amplitude Dependent Internal Friction within a Continuum Simulation

The mechanical losses due to the bowing of isolated Frank-Read sources under application of periodic loads is studied within a continuum simulation of dislocation dynamics. The dislocations are modelled within isotropic elasticity theory and assumed to be in the overdamped limit. Dislocation radiation effects are neglected. The mechanical losses are studied as a function of bias stress, amplitude of the periodic stress and frequency. The frequencies studied lie between 10 KHz and 1 MHz. Under high stresses applied at low frequencies, a deviation from the expected Lorentzian resonance shape is observed. The physical origins of this deviation are discussed.
Pseudochaotic dynamics near global periodicity

Abstract In this paper, we study a piecewise linear version of kicked oscillator model: saw-tooth map. A special case of global periodicity, in which every phase point belongs to a periodic orbit, is presented. With few analytic results known for the corresponding map on torus, we numerically investigate transport properties and statistical behavior of Poincare recurrence time in two cases of deviation from global periodicity. A non-KAM behavior of the system, as well as subdiffusion and superdiffusion, are observed through numerical simulations. Statistics of Poincare recurrences shows Kac lemma is valid in the system and there is a relation between the transport exponent and the Poincare recurrence exponent. We also perform careful numerical computation of capacity, information and correlation dimensions of the so-called exceptional set in both cases. Our results show that the fractal dimension of the exceptional set is strictly less than 2 and that the fractal structures are unifractal rather than multifractal.
Shot Impact Test for Dental Amalgam

Simulated amalgam restorations were tested destructively by means of oscillating shot impact, which produced fracture of the margins over time. Breakdown was related to the amalgam's composition and structure, it occurred on an all or none basis, and it was measurable subjectively. The test will be used to correlate laboratory and clinical evaluations of restorative materials.
The quantum Cayley-Hamilton theorem☆

Let X = (xij)n×n be the generic matrix of the quantum group K[GLq(n)]. First we prove that X satisfies two quantum characteristic equations, both become the classical characteristic equation when q = 1. Second we prove a quantum version of Muir's formula for X.
System Identification Under Regular, Binary, and Quantized Observations: Moderate Deviations Error Bounds

This technical note presents new results on probabilistic characterization of identification errors in their relationships to data sizes and accuracy requirements. Employing the moderate deviations principle, this technical note shows that if the identification accuracy progressively increases with a suitable rate, the probability of an estimate going outside the precision bounds decays exponentially with the data size. The precise rate of the decaying probability is obtained. System identification under regular, binary, and quantized observations are considered. Impact of unmodeled dynamics is also investigated.
Oxidative stress and preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a common disorder of human pregnancy and is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal death world-wide. The disease is polymorphic, with involvement of the placenta, maternal vasculature, central nervous system, coagulation cascade, liver and kidney. Preeclampsia is also associated with an increased incidence of fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Often, the only treatment option is delivery with consequent fetal prematurity. The clinical markers of this disorder include hypertension and proteinuria, which reverse after delivery. Hypertension is a result of the disease and is rarely of pathogenic importance. When accompanied by convulsions the syndrome is termed eclampsia (derived from the Greek eklampsis or “sudden flashing”). A primary clinical goal is to prevent progression to this deadly complication. The incidence of preeclampsia is between 5 and 10% of pregnancies and there is no evidence that this has changed appreciably during the last century. Despite the lack of progress from a practical standpoint, new insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia continue to arise.
Phenotypic Homogeneity Provides Increased Support for Linkage on Chromosome 2 in Autistic Disorder

Autistic disorder (AutD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant disturbances in social, communicative, and behavioral functioning. A two-stage genomic screen analysis of 99 families with AutD revealed suggestive evidence for linkage to chromosome 2q (D2S116 nonparametric sib-pair LOD score [MLS] 1.12 at 198 cM). In addition, analysis of linkage disequilibrium for D2S116 showed an allele-specific P value of 36 mo) of phrase speech (PSD). We similarly classified our data set of 82 sib pairs with AutD, identifying 45 families with AutD and PSD. Analysis of this PSD subset increased our support for linkage to 2q (MLS 2.86 and HLOD 2.12 for marker D2S116). These data support evidence for a gene on chromosome 2 contributing to risk of AutD, and they suggest that phenotypic homogeneity increases the power to find susceptibility genes for AutD.
SOX10 directly modulates ERBB3 transcription via an intronic neural crest enhancer

The ERBB3 gene is essential for the proper development of the neural crest (NC) and its derivative populations such as Schwann cells. As with all cell fate decisions, transcriptional regulatory control plays a significant role in the progressive restriction and specification of NC derived lineages during development. However, little is known about the sequences mediating transcriptional regulation of ERBB3 or the factors that bind them. In this study we identified three transcriptional enhancers at the ERBB3 locus and evaluated their regulatory potential in vitro in NC-derived cell types and in vivo in transgenic zebrafish. One enhancer, termed ERBB3_MCS6, which lies within the first intron of ERBB3, directs the highest reporter expression in vitro and also demonstrates epigenetic marks consistent with enhancer activity. We identify a consensus SOX10 binding site within ERBB3_MCS6 and demonstrate, in vitro, its necessity and sufficiency for the activity of this enhancer. Additionally, we demonstrate that transcription from the endogenous Erbb3 locus is dependent on Sox10. Further we demonstrate in vitro that Sox10 physically interacts with that ERBB3_MCS6. Consistent with its in vitro activity, we also show that ERBB3_MCS6 drives reporter expression in NC cells and a subset of its derivative lineages in vivo in zebrafish in a manner consistent with erbb3b expression. We also demonstrate, using morpholino analysis, that Sox10 is necessary for ERBB3_MCS6 expression in vivo in zebrafish. Taken collectively, our data suggest that ERBB3 may be directly regulated by SOX10, and that this control may in part be facilitated by ERBB3_MCS6.
Hexagonal Prism Blue Laser Diode with Low Threshold Power using Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) Resonances

In this work, electrically pumped room temperature emitters using hexagonal prism cavities have been fabricated. The hexagonal prism shape provides a route to atomically smooth facets through selective growth or post etching annealing treatments, exploiting the natural crystal form of the wurtzite-structured nitride heterostructures. The lasing mode of the hexagonal prism diodes was verified as WGM by using focused ion beam (FIB) to notch one of the hexagon facets. The threshold current density and forward voltage of the hexagonal prism laser diode were 7kA/cm2 and 9V, respectively. WGM and TIR are believed to be the main mechanisms for reduced reflection losses and increased overall resonance efficiency.
Short-Range and Long-Range Guidance by Slit and Its Robo Receptors: Robo and Robo2 Play Distinct Roles in Midline Guidance

Previous studies showed that Roundabout (Robo) in Drosophila is a repulsive axon guidance receptor that binds to Slit, a repellent secreted by midline glia. In robo mutants, growth cones cross and recross the midline, while, in slit mutants, growth cones enter the midline but fail to leave it. This difference suggests that Slit must have more than one receptor controlling midline guidance. In the absence of Robo, some other Slit receptor ensures that growth cones do not stay at the midline, even though they cross and recross it. Here we show that the Drosophila genome encodes three Robo receptors and that Robo and Robo2 have distinct functions, which together control repulsive axon guidance at the midline. The robo,robo2 double mutant is largely identical to slit.
On the solid solutions of bismuth telluride and bismuth selenide

The heats of formation at 0°C of various solid solutions in the system Bi2Te3−xSex(0 < x < 3) have been measured by liquid metal solution calorimetry with bismuth as solvent. Slowly cooled and quenched alloys near the composition Bi2Te2Se had different heats of formation; the difference is interpreted as the energy of an order-disorder transition. The heats of formation of the slowly cooled alloys based on the binary compounds and the energy of ordering were maxima at the composition Bi2Te2Se. The thermodynamic results are interpreted in terms of the nearest-neighbor bond theory. The postulated order-disorder transition was investigated by X-ray diffraction with briquettes of Bi2Te2Se. The powder patterns of slowly cooled specimens showed no superstructure reflections in agreement with a structure factor analysis and symmetry considerations, but the ratios of the integrated intensities of corresponding reflections from the slowly cooled and quenched specimens confirmed the occurrence of ordering.
TIMELINESReflections on the future of iSchools from a dean inspired by some junior faculty

This article, by Martha Pollack, Dean of the School of information at the University of Michigan, completes a year in which five of the six Timelines columns have dealt with prospects for research on Information as well as aspects of its history. This is an exciting time for many elements of HCI, including Design, the input and display device renaissance, a flowering of domain-specific HCI-yet this period may be most remembered for its embrace of Information.---Jonathan Grudin