cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radar Characteristics of Tropical Convection Observed During GATE: Mean Properties and Trends Over the Summer Season

Abstract Radar echo patterns observed daily during GATE have been analyzed to determine their mean characteristics and variations over the summer season. The characteristics analyzed were average echo areas, maximum heights, durations, number of high-intensity cores, motions, formation and dissipation modes, and orientations of echo lines. As in tropical convective echo patterns in other parts of the world, small echoes ( 103 km2 area) accounted for most of the area covered by precipitation. Echo height, duration and number of embedded cores were all positively correlated with echo area, and the most intense echo cores were found in the largest echoes, indicating that echo regions > 104 km2 in area were the areas of most enhanced convection. Echo areas, heights and durations tended to be log-normally distributed. During late summer, the convection in large echoes (> 104 km2 area) was enhanced, showing greater vertical development as...
Building a Testbed for Studying Service

Performing a task for a user is one part of assistance. As a prior step, a helper must identify which of a possible number of tasks should be assisted. We intend to study the requirements that enable service to be rendered and understand the factors that impact the delivery of assistance. Toward this end, we extended a simulated environment to use as our testbed for developing and evaluating approaches to service. Our new testbed, M˘DEN, supports multiple agents, communication between agents, and records detailed logs of agents’ behavior. We used the testbed in preliminary studies of servant and recipient behavior and interaction. Results hint at the usefulness of the testbed.
Mutagenesis from a Chemical Perspective: Nucleic Acid Reactions, Repair, Translation, and Transcription

Simple directly acting alkylating agents can be classified in terms of their mutagenic efficiency and their chemical reactivity. The most mutagenic are the N-nitroso compounds and these have a preference for reacting with nucleic acid oxygens in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the alkyl sulfates are generally poor mutagens and react almost exclusively with base nitrogens. Other classes of alkylating agents also show correlations between oxygen reaction and mutagenicity. Ethylating agents are more oxygen-specific than the analogous methylating agent and, in a substantial number of cases, also more mutagenic at lower levels of treatment.
Contagious Efficiency: The Growing Reliance on U.S.-Style Antitrust Settlements in EU Law

This Article analyzes the impact of the introduction of U.S.-style antitrust settlement procedures in EU law, which occurred in 2004 as part of an ambitious antitrust modernization program. After documenting the absence of a settlement tradition in EU law and the legal systems of individual EU member states, I argue that the new procedures were inspired by and transplanted from U.S. law, and that this was done without sufficient tailoring. Drawing on lessons from the longstanding U.S. experience with antitrust settlements and on emerging evidence about the EU's own approach since 2004, I analyze the effects of the new settlement procedures within three interconnected sub-systems of antitrust enforcement: at the EU level, at the member-state level, and at the level of U.S.-EU antitrust cooperation. I demonstrate that when compared to the standard case resolution procedures, settlements are more attractive both to the antitrust authority and to companies under investigation. The resulting reliance on settlements is likely to lead to distortions in enforcement incentives and a reduction in the degree of legal certainty and accountability within the EU antitrust system, which, in turn, threatens to shift the system towards further bureaucratization and interfere with many of the original goals of the antitrust modernization program. I conclude by suggesting that the EU should revisit those goals and assess whether the U.S. cost/benefit calculus for antitrust settlements is compatible with the EU's own legal regime and societal preferences. The immediate theoretical and practical insights of the Article relate primarily to EU antitrust law; viewed more broadly and from the vantage point of comparative administrative law, the Article also represents a detailed case study of the negative effects stemming from the untailored transplantation of legal rules and regulatory approaches across dissimilar legal systems.
Behind the Celestial Enchantment: The Private Self and Early Movie Star Portraits of Andy Warhol

Fame, glamour, luxury, and spectacle were enchanting qualities for Andy Warhol. Warhol, who became a cult hero and perhaps the artist to whom young people best responded, when asked by a friend if he wanted to be a great artist, replied, “No. I’d rather be famous”1 His early portraits of movie stars embody his fascination for their celebrity and their consequent attainment of enchantment. His images of Marilyn, Liz, Elvis, Marlon, and other screen personalities painted in synthetic, often shrill and garish colors, illustrate the ability of the artist as transformer, a concept he denied. Culled from fan magazines and stills for film promotions, these paintings show the magical skills of Warhol: he makes beautiful paintings of beautiful people. As one of the most important and influential artists of the post-war period, it is he who re-presents public icons. His movie star series tells us upon careful reading significant facts about the artist. It is a challenge to explore a number of these paintings and key events in the artist’s own life to see if any revelations can be surmised.
Learning Through Entrepreneurially Oriented Case-Based Instruction*

As an increasing number and proportion of engineers engage in endeavors that involve technical, socio-economic, and culturalcomplexity, there is likely an increased need for broader skill sets than those honed in typical engineering coursework. In particular,much of engineering education is focused on developing problem-solving skills in situations for which there is an accepted problem-solving paradigm. However, when novel problems arise and a prevailing paradigm ceases to work properly, these problem-solvingskills are likely to be ineffective, resulting in inconclusive or flawed results. Future engineers must therefore learn to identify whenthe prevailing paradigm is flawed and successfully manage such situations in order to solve problems for which no readily availablesolution exists. To help engineering students develop such skills, educators should likely provide educational experiences thatmotivate students at both a cognitive and meta-cognitive level and allow students to recognize potentially flawed paradigms so theycan tackle ambiguous and ill-structured problems. In many ways, the skills required for this type of problem-solving parallel theattributes of another class of professionals—entrepreneurs, as entrepreneurs routinely seek to break with accepted norms andpioneer new approaches to problems they observe in their environment. With this analogy in mind, this paper presents results fromthe implementation of an entrepreneurially oriented case study as a means to enhance engineering student attitudes andperspectives on problem-solving and learning.
Method to Generate 7 Pulsewidth Modulation Waves with Singlechip Microprocessor to Control Servos

A method to generate 7 pulsewidth modulation waves with singlechip microprocessor 80C196KC for the controlling of Futaba servos is proposed.Each PWM wave is produced by mechanism of timesharing.All 7 waves, whose resolution is 2us,are outputted from Port 1 of CPU simultaneously.With advantages of low cost,high resolution and more output number,the method has been successfully applied in an robot computer control system.
VERSE: a versatile and efficient RNA-Seq read counting tool

Motivation: RNA-Seq is a powerful technology that delivers digital gene expression data. To measure expression strength at the gene level, one popular approach is direct read counting after aligning the reads to a reference genome/transcriptome. HTSeq is one of the most popular ways of counting reads, yet its slow running speed of poses a bottleneck to many RNA-Seq pipelines. Gene level counting programs also lack a robust scheme for quantifying reads that map to non-exonic genomic features, such as intronic and intergenic regions, even though these reads are prevalent in most RNA-Seq data. Results: In this paper we present VERSE, an RNA-Seq read counting tool which builds upon the speed of featureCounts and implements the counting modes of HTSeq. VERSE is more than 30x faster than HTSeq when computing the same gene counts. VERSE also supports a hierarchical assignment scheme, which allows reads to be assigned uniquely and sequentially to different types of features according to user-defined priorities.
A Framework for Individual use of Market Information

Prior empirical work aimed at understanding market information use has focused primarily on factors impacting use of market research or organizational perspectives relating to market information use. This paper presents a conceptual model that integrates variable domains to explain information use by individuals within organizations, and suggests important implications for the exploration and management of market information use in organizations.
W-band passive load pull system for on-wafer characterization of high power density N-polar GaN devices based on output match and drive power requirements vs. gate width

A W-band on-wafer passive load pull system constructed for the characterization of high power density N-polar GaN devices is presented. N-Polar GaN's large RF voltage swing enables high power densities but also increases the power match impedance which must be synthesized with the limited on-wafer tuning range. Increasing test cell gate width to decrease impedance increases the system's drive power requirement. The tradeoff between these is analyzed, showing that a passive load pull system can characterize a wide range of devices. This is demonstrated with measured data from an N-polar GaN device exhibiting 4.1 W/mm power density at 94 GHz.
Teaching DSP and Dynamic Measurements at the Graduate Level at Michigan Technological University

This paper will present the topics and methods which are used in the graduate level digital signal processing and dynamic measurements course (ME5700) at Michigan Technological University. How topics such as the FFT, order tracking, leakage, …etc. are taught will be discussed. Differences in how the course is taught relative to the number of students in the course will also be discussed, large numbers of students require a different teaching approach than just a few students! The author has been teaching this course for over 10 years and will share various other insights as to the most effective way to present these topics to a variety of students with a diverse background.
The Tissue Expander Effect in Early Surgical Management of Select Focal Infantile Hemangiomas

ImportanceThe current standard of treatment for infantile hemangiomas (IHs) involves initial observation for regression throughout infancy and childhood, with or without medical management with β-b...
A Software Tool for Automatically Verified Operations on Intervals and Probability Distributions

We describe a software tool for performing automatically verified arithmetic operations on independent operands when the operands are intervals, or probability distribution functions, or one operand is an interval and the other is a distribution. Intervals and distributions are expressed using the same technique, so the algorithms do not need to distinguish between intervals and distributions in their operation. The tool can calculate common arithmetic operations with guaranteed results (as well as confidence limits on a distribution if the distribution is empirically estimated from samples). A previous paper [1] discusses the concepts, algorithms, and related work. Here we emphasize a software tool that implements the algorithms, interacts with the user via a graphical user interface, and saves, retrieves, and prints the results of its calculations.
Analysis of Surface Characteristics of ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next Instruments by Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Background Many new rotary files systems have been introduced, however, limited research has been conducted related to the surface irregularities of these files and if these have any effects on the files themselves. Hence, the aim of the present study was to analyze surface irregularities of the ProTaper® Universal rotary files (PTU) and the ProTaper Next™ rotary files (PTN) before and after instrumentation in curved canals. The main objective was to investigate the nature of these irregularities and how they might influence the use and fracture of rotary files during root-canal treatments. Material and methods The files were examined pre-operatively using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) to analyze surface imperfections and the presence of particles. Mesial roots of forty extracted mandibular molars were selected. Each instrument was used to prepare one of the mesial canals. The files were then rinsed with alcohol, and autoclaved and analyzed again. Results Of the 80 files used in this study, five files fractured, five files unwound and seven files were curved or bent and they all belonged to the PTU group. Irregularities and debris could be visualized with the SEM on both unused PTU and PTN files. Most of the debris was found associated with deeper milling grooves and defects on the surface of the metal. Surface analysis of the files that were used and sterilized were performed and the SEM images demonstrated organic debris, metal flash, and crack formation and initiation of fractures for both file types. All files showed machining grooves, metal flash, debris, and defects on cutting edges. Conclusions These irregularities appear to be critical in the accumulation of debris and initiation of fatigue and crack propagation within the NiTi alloy. The accumulation of debris could be a concern due to the potential exchange of organic debris between patients. Key words:ProTaper® Universal, ProTaper Next™, surface characteristics, SEM.
Interlude : Technology and Arts Education

What is the reality of art to technology? And what does that tell us about the best role for technology in arts education? Is it a useful tool, a distraction, a competitor? In his book, Pirsig explores classical vs. romantic understandings of the world. Early in this exploration he points out that a technology, such as an electronic schematic, is of interest to the classical view while art is for the romantic. The "little problem" is that the relationship of arts and technology is estranged. Here, technology and art are in parallel realities.
The SPEECH Act and the Enforcement of Foreign Libel Judgments in the United States

This essay for the Yearbook of Private International Law discusses the Securing the Protection of Our Enduring and Established Constitutional Heritage Act (SPEECH Act) enacted by the U.S. Congress in 2010. The Act sought to address the perceived problem of libel tourism - the decision by plaintiffs in defamation suits to sue in jurisdictions with minimal ties to the case but with plaintiff-friendly substantive law - and has generated considerable discussion and commentary in the years since it was enacted. The essay first provides an overview of the Act. It then reviews the U.S. cases that have interpreted and applied the Act. It concludes by surveying the academic commentary relating to the Act.
Disablement in Context: Neighborhood Characteristics and Their Association With Frailty Onset Among Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES Frailty, an aggregate expression of risk resulting from age- or disease-associated physiologic accumulation, is responsible for large economic and societal costs. Little is known about how the context in which older adult's live may contribute to differences in frailty. This study clarifies the role of neighborhood structural characteristics and social processes for understanding declines in health status. METHOD Data from two waves of the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project were linked to tract-level information from the 2000 Census (n = 1,925). Frailty was measured with in-home assessments and self-report. Ordered logistic regressions were employed to estimate the role of tract-level structural and social process indicators at baseline on frailty at follow-up. RESULTS Living in a neighborhood characterized with a higher density of African Americans and with more residential instability was associated with higher odds of frailty. Adults in neighborhoods with increasing levels of physical disorder had higher odds of frailty (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 1.39), while those exposed to more social cohesion had lower odds (AOR: 0.87, CI: 0.78, 0.97). DISCUSSION For older adults, both neighborhood structural and social process characteristics appear to be independently associated with frailty.
Promoting School Psychologist Participation in Transition Services Using the TPIE Model

Transition services can be used to forge family, school, and community partnerships and foster a successful shift to adult life for students with intellectual disabilities (ID). School psychologists can play a valuable additive role in supporting the transition process due to their graduate training in interpersonal skills; consultation services; data-based decision-making; academic, social, and emotional interventions; and progress-monitoring. This paper introduces a three-phase cyclical intervention framework designed to improve comprehensive, evidence-based transition services for secondary students with ID by enhancing school psychologists’ knowledge of transition practices. By utilizing the Transition Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation (TPIE) model, school psychologists can proactively work with students, families, school personnel, and community agencies to foster post-school success in youth with ID in all phases of the transition process. This paper will discuss the theory, structure, and implementation of the TPIE phases. Strategies to bridge the research to practice gap in transition service delivery will also be discussed.
Conversion from tacrolimus-mycophenolate mofetil to tacrolimus-mTOR immunosuppression after kidney-pancreas transplantation reduces the incidence of both BK and CMV viremia.

Background We sought to determine whether conversion from tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil (TAC-MMF) into tacrolimus/mTOR inhibitor (TAC-mTOR) immunosuppression would reduce the incidences of BK and CMV viremia after kidney/pancreas (KP) transplantation. Methods In this single-center review, the TAC-mTOR cohort (n = 39) was converted at 1 month post-transplant to an mTOR inhibitor and reduced-dose tacrolimus. Outcomes were compared to a cohort of KP recipients (n = 40) maintained on TAC-MMF. Results At 3 years post-transplant, KP survivals and incidences of kidney/pancreas rejection were equivalent between mTOR and MMF-treated cohorts. (P = ns). BK viremia-free survival was better for the mTOR vs MMF-treated group (P = .004). In multivariate analysis, MMF vs mTOR immunosuppression was an independent risk factor for BK viremia (hazard ratio 12.27, P = .02). Similarly, mTOR-treated recipients displayed better CMV infection-free survival compared to the MMF-treated cohort (P = .01). MMF vs mTOR immunosuppression (hazard ratio 18.77, P = .001) and older recipient age (hazard ratio 1.13 per year, P = .006) were independent risk factors for CMV viremia. Mean estimated GFR and HgbA1c levels were equivalent between groups at 1, 2, and 3 years post-transplantation. Conclusion Conversion from TAC/MMF into TAC/mTOR immunosuppression after KP transplantation reduced the incidences of BK and CMV viremia with an equivalent risk of acute rejection and similar renal/pancreas function.
Mathematics: Educational Tools for Diverse Learners.

The problems diverse learners have in mathematics are analyzed in terms of teacher access to high quality educational tools — textbooks, videos, software, activity guides, and so on. The first sect...
Organizational ethics in developing countries: A comparative analysis

Relationships with one’s employees, co-workers, or superiors create ethical dilemmas. Employees’ judgments and ethical perceptions have been extensively studied in Western cultures, but not in developing countries. The purpose of this investigation is to examine employees’ self-reported work-related ethics and compare them to their perceptions of co-workers’ and top managements’ along various morally challenging situations in three developing countries’ organizations. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Oman, known as the Gulf countries, were selected as the research setting – and provided the sampling frame – for this study. The results suggest that respondents perceived all ethically challenging situations as unethical and had significant differences among themselves regarding the ethical perceptions of self, as compared to perceptions of peers’, and top managements’. Discussion of the results and implications are provided.
TRANSFER OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MICE WITH HUMAN IMMUNE CELL EXTRACTS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to mice with human immune cell extracts. Transfer factor was prepared from the buffy coat layer of peripheral human leucocytes by the method of Lawrence. Donors were tested with commercial coccidioidin skin test reagent. Diameter of induration was measured for 48 h. Lymphocyte blastogenesis was carried out using the method of Mans and Novelli. The lymphocyte transforming antigens used were sonicated mycelial phase C. immitis and the skin test coccidioidin. Transfer factor was given intraperitoneally to CF#1 mice and an inbred strain. The mice were used at age 10–14 weeks. Forty eight hours after transfer factor was administered the mice were tested for sensitivity to these antigens. Measurements were made just prior to antigen injection, as control and at 2–4, 24 and 48 h later. The response was taken at the specified times after antigen injection. The data suggested that transfer factor from skin test and transformation positive human donors transfers delayed hypersensitivity to mice. In contrast, transfer factor from negative normal donors did not.
Elucidation of the roles of conserved residues in the biosynthesis of the lasso peptide paeninodin

Substrate binding assays, in vitro proteolytic processing assays, and heterologous lasso peptide production were used to investigate the roles of conserved precursor peptide residues during paeninodin maturation. Specifically, we delineate which residues are important for substrate recognition, proteolysis, and lasso peptide macrocyclization.
Increasing Interpersonal Interactions in an Online Course: Does Increased Instructor E-mail Activity and a Voluntary In-Person Meeting Time Facilitate Student Learning?

Distance learning is expanding rapidly in universities. While theoretical and qualitative literature stress the critical role of effective interpersonal interactions in motivating students and facilitating learning in online environments, quantitative evidence on the benefits of increased interpersonal interactions on student learning outcomes is limited. This study examines the effect of providing a voluntary meeting time and increasing instructor e-mail activity on student grades in a fully online Pre-Calculus course at a public university. Student selection into courses was minimal since students only had access to one condition at a time. We further use a propensity score matching strategy to address demographic variations in student characteristics across cohorts. Our results indicate that the increased interpersonal interaction opportunities increased final exam scores by 0.22 standard deviations and improved passing rates by 19 percentage points. The Rosenbaum’s sensitivity analysis indicates that it is unlikely that these results are due to omitted variable bias.
Deoxydehydration using a commercial catalyst and readily available reductant

Abstract We have explored the use of a commercially available molybdenum compound, ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM) in catalyzing the deoxydehydration (DODH) reaction using sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) as reductant. The catalytic reactions were effected at relatively lower temperatures (170–190 °C) yielding the alkenes in moderate yields.
Mosquito-fungus interactions and antifungal immunity

The mosquito immune system has evolved in the presence of continuous encounters with fungi that range from food to foes. Herein, we review the field of mosquito-fungal interactions, providing an overview of current knowledge and topics of interest. Mosquitoes encounter fungi in their aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Mosquito larvae are exposed to fungi on plant detritus, within the water column, and at the water surface. Adult mosquitoes are exposed to fungi during indoor and outdoor resting, blood and sugar feeding, mating, and oviposition. Fungi enter the mosquito body through different routes, including ingestion and through active or passive breaches in the cuticle. Oral uptake of fungi can be beneficial to mosquitoes, as yeasts hold nutritional value and support larval development. However, ingestion of or surface contact with fungal entomopathogens leads to colonization of the mosquito with often lethal consequences to the host. The mosquito immune system recognizes fungi and mounts cellular and humoral immune responses in the hemocoel, and possibly epithelial immune responses in the gut. These responses are regulated transcriptionally through multiple signal transduction pathways. Proteolytic protease cascades provide additional regulation of antifungal immunity. Together, these immune responses provide an efficient barrier to fungal infections, which need to be overcome by entomopathogens. Therefore, fungi constitute an excellent tool to examine the molecular underpinnings of mosquito immunity and to identify novel antifungal peptides. In addition, recent advances in mycobiome analyses can now be used to examine the contribution of fungi to various mosquito traits, including vector competence.
Perceived corporate social responsibility and customers’ behaviors in the ridesharing service industry

Abstract This study aimed to investigate how a firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices affect customers’ attitudes, their self-brand connection, and, in turn, brand preference with ridesharing services (e.g., Uber). Adopting a second-order construct of perceived corporate social responsibility (PCSR) reflected from three CSR dimensions—environment, economy, and ethics—this study posited PCSR influences customers’ brand attitudes, self-brand connection, and brand preference. A total of 300 valid responses was collected from a convenience sample. Results revealed PCSR showed significant impacts on customers’ brand attitudes and self-brand connection. However, no direct impact of PCSR on customers’ brand preference was identified, while mediation effects were detected between PCSR and brand preference by brand attitudes and self-brand connection. This study also discussed the managerial and theoretical implications of PCSR practices for a ridesharing service industry.
Digitized HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence Interventions: A Review of Recent SMS/Texting Mobile Health Applications and Implications for Theory and Practice.

Background Mobile health technologies (mHealth) are efficacious along the continuum of HIV/AIDS-from prevention of HIV transmission to those at the highest risk of acquiring infection, to adherence to HIV medical care, for those living with the disease-decreasing the public health burden of the disease. HIV/AIDS is a complex condition, as certain population subgroups are disproportionately affected. Furthermore, barriers experienced at the individual level (e.g., HIV stigma) and at the systems level (i.e., access to care) contribute to these disparities. Low cost, high penetration rates and ease of use mean mHealth SMS/texting solutions hold the biggest promise for curbing the global HIV/AIDS epidemic; yet these technologies have their own challenges. Our primary objective was to assess interventions that promote adherence, which are delivered via SMS/texting, and important design and ethical considerations of these technologies. Specifically, we evaluated the underlying frameworks underpinning intervention design, strategies to safeguard privacy and confidentiality, and measures taken to ensure equity and equitable access across different subgroups of persons living with HIV (PLWH). We also synthesized study outcomes, barriers/facilitators to adherence, and barriers/facilitators of technology to support HIV adherence. Methods A scoping review methodology was utilized, searching the Medline database for recently published articles (January 2017 to June 2019). Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for relevancy using the following eligibility criteria: (a) original research or protocol; (b) inclusion of persons living with HIV; (c) intervention delivery via SMS/text messaging; and, (d) intervention included HIV care adherence. Results Seven (7) of the 134 articles met full criteria. The great majority (n = 6) did not report whether the interventions were developed under established behavioral change models or frameworks. Strategies to address privacy, confidentiality and equity/equitable access were taken in four (n = 4) studies. Conclusion Our mixed methods review determined that privacy and confidentiality remain a concern for PLWH. Provisions to accommodate literacy, infrastructure, technology and other challenges (e.g., access to smartphones and Wifi) are important ethical considerations that guarantee equity and equitable access. Further investigation will determine the contexts within which theoretical models and frameworks remain relevant in the rapidly evolving field of digitized interventions that support adherence.
Large Uterine, Subserosal Hematoma as a Complication of Dilation and Evacuation Leading to Necrotic Uterine Defect and Delayed Postabortion Hemorrhage

A 23-year-old G2P0020 presented with a large anterior subserosal hematoma after dilation and evacuation at 19 weeks in the setting of anterior cervical laceration during dilator placement. Owing to...
Thin Film Enabled Tunable Engineered Substrate for Reconfigurable RF and Microwave Applications

This paper presents a methodology in the development of miniaturized and electrically tunable RF and Microwave passives with engineered substrate which has high and electrically tunable effective permeability. The perspective substrate is implemented with multiple layers of 100 nm thick Permalloy (Py) thin film patterns embedded on Silicon substrate, and each Py layer consists of an array of 15μm×40μm Py patterns with 5 μm gaps among them to suppress the magnetic loss. The effective permeability of the single layer and ten layers of Py enabled substrate is tunable by the static magnetic field produced from the applied DC current providing a tunability of 3.3% and 18.8%, respectively. Passives are developed on the proposed engineered substrate with a single layer embedded Py to demonstrate the efficacy of the engineered substrate on the design of arbitrary tunable components. Results show that the developed transmission line-based phase shifter provides continuous 90° phase shift from 0.956 GHz to 1.01GHz, and the center frequency of the bandpass filter shifts from 2.42GHz to 2.56GHz continuously.
Redefining the Boundary Between Regulation and Appropriation

The U.S. Supreme Court currently claims to distinguish between appropriations and regulations when interpreting the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause. While appropriations always require just compensation to survive constitutional scrutiny, whether a regulation infringing upon property rights requires compensation is determined on an ad hoc basis, guided by concerns of fairness and justness. In Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corporation, the Court attempted to define the boundary between regulations and appropriations, holding that an appropriation occurs when a government action results in a permanent, physical invasion of an owner’s real property. What constitutes a permanent, physical invasion, however, is entirely unclear due to the Court’s inconsistent decisions applying Loretto. The circumstances under which the physical takings doctrine applies has confounded the lower courts, rendering the heightened constitutional protection for appropriative actions largely illusory. Takings Clause scholars almost uniformly call for the elimination of the Court’s physical takings doctrine. Most, if not all, critics of Loretto argue that any distinction between appropriations and regulations should be eliminated, such that all government actions short of formal acts of eminent domain should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, with compensation only justified where the public interest is minimal or the economic hardship on the owner is great. This approach, however, would only further weaken the protection provided by the Takings Clause. The physical takings doctrine is unsound, but, contrary to the dominant view in the scholarship, the Court’s distinction between regulations and appropriations is not. The Court has long recognized that appropriations require compensation without regard to the public interest at play or fairness and justness concerns, as shown by nineteenth and early twentieth century cases overlooked or ignored by contemporary Takings Clause scholars. Rather than define appropriations as permanent, physical invasions, however, these cases demonstrate that an appropriation occurs when government seeks to transfer the right to use private property to a third party or the government itself whereas a regulation involves the government controlling or restricting an owner’s use of property. Redefining the boundary consistent with this historical understanding would bring much needed doctrinal clarity to takings jurisprudence and further important normative considerations. Requiring compensation for all properly defined appropriative acts furthers multiple values including autonomy and political freedom and accounts for the interests of owners and non-owners alike.
Instagram as a Special Educator Professional Development Tool: A Guide to Teachergram:

Instagram is a free, online social media application that facilitates social networking. Since Instagram is image dependent, educators create visuals accompanied by captions of up to 2,200 characte...
Mode coupling at avoided crossings in slab waveguides with comparison to optical fibers: tutorial

Avoided crossings are important in many waveguides and resonators. That is particularly the case in modern-day solid-core and air-core optical fibers that often have a complex geometry. The study of mode coupling at avoided crossings often leads to a complicated analysis. In this tutorial, we aim to explain the basic features of avoided crossings in a simple slab waveguide structure so that the modes can be found analytically with simple sinusoidal and exponential forms. We first review coupled-mode theory for the guided mode in a slab waveguide, which has a higher index in the core. We study the effective index of the guided true mode for a five-layer slab waveguide including two core layers with higher indices compared to the indices in the three cladding layers. Then, we study the same structure by using the overlap between approximate modes confined in the two individual core slabs. When the two individual core slabs are not near each other, the avoided crossing using the true modes within the two-slab waveguide agrees well with the results using the overlap between the two approximate modes. We also study coupled-mode theory and avoided crossings for leaky modes in an antiresonant slab waveguide. We obtain good agreement between the results using the true leaky mode and the results using the overlap between approximate modes. We then discuss examples of avoided crossings in solid-core and air-core optical fibers. We describe the similarities and differences between the optical fibers and simple slab waveguides that we have analyzed in detail.
Laryngeal mask ventilation with chest compression during neonatal resuscitation: randomized, non-inferiority trial in lambs.

Background Effective positive-pressure ventilation is a critical factor in newborn resuscitation. Neonatal endotracheal intubation (ETT) needs considerable training and experience, which poses a human factor challenge. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) ventilation can be a secure and viable alternative during the initial stages of newborn resuscitation. However, there is limited evidence for its use during chest compression (CC). Methods Seventeen lambs were randomized into LMA or ETT ventilation post cord occlusion induced cardiac arrest. After 5 min of cardiac arrest, resuscitation was initiated as per NRP recommendations. Ventilation, oxygenation, systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic parameters were recorded till the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or 20 min. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. The incidence of ROSC was 75% (6/8) in the LMA group and 56% (5/9) in the ETT group (p = 0.74). The median (IQR) time to achieve ROSC was 6.85 min (6 min-9.1 min) in the LMA group and 7.50 min (5.33 min-18 min) in the ETT group (p = 0.65). Conclusion LMA ventilation during CC is feasible and non-inferior to ETT in this model. Impact Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) ventilation with chest compression is feasible and non-inferior to endotracheal tube ventilation in this experimental near-term lamb model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. First translational study to evaluate the use of LMA as an airway device with chest compression. Evidence primer for clinical studies to evaluate and confirm the feasibility and efficacy of LMA ventilation with chest compression are necessary before randomized clinical trials in neonates. LMA use in neonatal cardiopulmonary resusciation (CPR) could have the potential to optimize advanced resuscitation, especially in resource-limited healthcare settings.
Reliability of peak torque values for concentric and eccentric shoulder internal and external rotation on the biodex, kinetic communicator, and lido dynamometers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentric and eccentric peak torque reliability of the Biodex B-2000, Kinetic Communicator, and Lido isokinetic dynamometers when testing the shoulder internal and external rotators. The subjects were 22 males with no previous shoulder pathology. Each subject completed two test sessions for each isokinetic dynamometer. The right upper extremity was tested at 1200 /s through a 1400 arc of motion with the shoulder in 900 of abduction. After a warm-up of three sub-maximal repetitions and 1 maximal repetition, five maximal repetitions were completed in either the concentric or eccentric mode. A 5-min rest period lapsed and then the second test mode was completed. Six days later, the subjects were tested in the reverse order. This procedure was completed for each isokinetic dynamometer. Four one-way analyses of variance with repeated measures were used to compare peak torque values of shoulder internal and external rotation in each test mode. The F-values indicated significant differences in concentric and eccentric internal rotation and eccentric external rotation. Therefore indicating that comparisons of peak torque values should not be made between different isokinetic dynamometers. Means, standard error of measurement (SEM), and intraclass correlations (ICC) were calculated for each dynamometer in each test mode. The ICCs for concentric peak torque were generally higher than those of eccentric peak torque, but lower than those reported by previous researchers. Of the many variables that can impact isokinetic testing, position may have been the most influential in this study. It is possible that impingement of the shoulder rotators occured with the shoulder in 90 of abduction. Perhaps another test position would have yielded more consistent results. The presence of delayed onset muscle soreness may have also influenced this study. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
What's in a Name?-Microbial Secondary Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses microbial secondary metabolism. Of the prodigious number of carbon compounds, many are materials produced by living organisms. They are termed “natural products” Natural products constitute a very large and diverse group of compounds that are hard to characterize. This chapter focuses on “secondary metabolites.” The chapter explored what secondary metabolites are; origin of this term; and the use of secondary metabolites in biological sciences. Modern organic chemistry began with the isolation and characterization of certain compounds from human body fluids and from plant and animal tissues. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the number of known metabolites increased almost exponentially. To organic chemists, these strange metabolites were simply “natural products” providing never ending challenges of structure determination and total synthesis. With the exception of pigments, the chemical diversity expressed in secondary metabolism is less obvious and therefore, more mysterious. This represents the beguiling and beautiful manifestations of genotypic differentiation that species have perfected during their evolutionary history.
Sources of error in sonographic fetal mensuration and estimation of growth.

Abstract An attempt has been made to ascertain the magnitude and some of the sources of error inherent in ultrasonic cephalometry, both in relation to specific measurements of the head and to derived estimates of fetal weight and maturity. Measurements were made on nearly 100 normal gravidas near term and on their infants shortly after birth. In addition, 487 measurements were made on newborn infants selected at random. Growth curves and estimations of accuracy were derived from these data. Finally, preliminary growth curves were constructed for infants of abnormal gravidas. Ultrasonic cephalometry has shown a high degree of accuracy in forecasting infant maturity and weight.
Spectrophotofluorimetric determination of formaldehyde and acrolein with j-acid

Abstract Highly sensitive spectrophotofluorimetric methods for the determination and estimation of formaldehyde and acrolein have been described. Formaldehyde and acrolein can be estimated in amounts as low as 0.0005 μg formaldehyde and 0.01 μg acrolein, Quinaldinium salts have been shown to have high sensitivity for the spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde. The procedure in which these salts are used has a high potentiality for further improvement. Twelve different methods for the determination of formaldehyde have been compared.
Clarifying the Doctrine of Inequitable Conduct

Addressing squarely the issue of the multiple standards of materiality in inequitable conduct litigation, Therasense v. Becton Dickinson raises many difficult issues that could be clarified through the lens of the analogous concept of fraud on the Trademark Office. The standards for finding fraud on the Trademark Office lack the ambiguity found in the doctrine of inequitable conduct, despite the parallel penalties of unenforceability and requirements of proof of materiality and intent. Informed by the many decisions of Judge Michel, this essay concludes that the standards for finding fraud before the Trademark Office, as set forth in In re Bose, lights the path the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit should follow in Therasense, setting workable standards for finding inequitable conduct before the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Hippocampal correlates of depression in healthy elderly adults

Mixed findings have been reported on the relationship between hippocampal integrity and major depression in clinical populations. Few neuroimaging studies have investigated associations between hippocampal measures and depressive symptoms in nondemented older adults. Here, we address this issue by imaging 36 nondemented adults over age 70 from the Einstein Aging Study, a community-based sample from the Bronx, NY. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression scale (GDS). Clinically significant depression was defined using a cut-off score of 5 or greater. Hippocampal data included MRI-derived volume data normalized to midsagittal area and MRS-derived N-acetylaspartate to creatine ratios (NAA/Cr). Our result indicates that smaller total hippocampal volume was associated with higher GDS scores, but there were no significant association between hippocampal NAA/Cr and GDS score. These effects were consistent after controlling for age, education, and gender. Reduction in hippocampal volume could represent a risk factor or a consequence of depression in older adults. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of the hippocampus in the development and experience of depression in older adults.
Effects of parameter error on Cooper-Jacob drawdown estimates

Parameters employed in the Cooper-Jacob equation to describe drawdown are transmissivity, storativity, radial distance, time and pumping rate. An approach is described for quantifying how error or uncertainty in any one of the parameters used causes error in estimated drawdown. Dimensionless fractional error in estimated drawdown is expressed quantitatively as a function of (1) dimensionless fractional error of a given parameter, and (2) dimensionless argument of the well function, u. Fractional error in estimated drawdown is a linear function of fractional error in pumping rate and, for any given value of u, a nonlinear function of fractional error in transmissivity, storativity, radial distance or time. Fractional error in estimated drawdown for a given fractional parameter error varies considerably between parameters. The greatest sensitivity is for transmissivity and flow rate. Sensitivity is less for radial distance and time, and even less for storativity. The magnitude of the fractional error in drawdown may be affected by the sign of the fractional parameter error.
Use of DNA-DNA Annealing to Detect New Virus-Specific DNA Sequences in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts After Infection by Avian Sarcoma Virus

Labeled, virus-specific DNA synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated polymerase of avian sarcoma virus (ASV) was used to measure virus-specific sequences in cell DNA in three ways: (i) by determining the effect of cell DNA upon the reassociation rate of double-stranded polymerase products; (ii) by measuring the kinetics of annealing of single-stranded polymerase product (cDNA) to cell DNA; or (iii) by measuring the amount of cDNA which anneals to a large excess of cell DNA. With these three assays and modifications of them, we show that fewer than five copies of ASV-specific DNA sequences are present per diploid cell in uninfected chicken embryos; that a two- to several-fold increase in copy number of viral DNA follows infection by ASV; that infection introduces to the cell viral sequences not present before infection; and that DNAs from uninfected Pekin duck and Japanese quail embryos show no homology with DNA synthesized by the ASV polymerase. Some of these results differ from data in a previous report from this laboratory (H. E. Varmus, R. A. Weiss, R. R. Friis, W. Levinson, and J. M. Bishop, 1972) and, in general, reconcile our observations with those from other laboratories.