cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An impulse-momentum approach to swing-up control of the pendubot

The standard control problem of the pendubot refers to the task of stabilizing its equilibrium configuration with the highest potential energy. Linearization of the dynamics of the pendubot about this equilibrium results in a completely controllable system and allows a linear controller to be designed for local asymptotic stability. For the under-actuated system, the important task is therefore to design a controller that will swing up both links and bring the configuration variables of the system within the region of attraction of the desired equilibrium. This paper provides a method for swing-up control based on a series of rest-to-rest maneuvers of the first link about its vertically upright configuration. The rest-to-rest maneuvers are designed such that each maneuver results in a net gain in energy of the second link. This results in swing-up of the second link and the pendubot configuration reaching the region of attraction of the desired equilibrium. A four-step algorithm is provided for swing-up control followed by stabilization. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.
Minimal cut set/sequence generation for dynamic fault trees

This paper proposes a zero-suppressed binary decision diagrams (ZBDD) based solution for minimal cut set/sequence (MCS) generation of dynamic fault trees. ZBDD is an efficient data structure for combinational set representation and manipulation. Our solution is based on the basic ZBDD set manipulations (union, intersection, difference and product). Due to the nature of the ZBDD, our algorithm is more efficient than the algorithms based on the BDD, both in computation time and memory usage. In our solution, we also extend the concept of minimal cut set in static fault trees into minimal cut sequence (also with notation MCS) in dynamic fault trees. The is based on minimal cut set generation. It is also efficient compared with Markov model based methods. As an example, we apply our method to X2000 avionics architecture. The system is modeled using a dynamic fault tree and the minimal cut sets/sequences are generated and analyzed.
The complexity of verifying memory coherence and consistency

The problem of testing shared memories for memory coherence and consistency is studied. First, it is proved that detecting violations of coherence in an execution is NP-complete, and it remains NP-complete for a number of restricted instances. This result leads to a proof that all known consistency models are NP-hard to verify. The complexity of verifying consistency models is not a mere consequence of coherence, and verifying sequential consistency remains NP-complete even after coherence has been verified.
Efficient Recovery from Organizational Disconnects in SkipNet

SkipNet is a scalable overlay network that provides controlled data placement and routing locality guarantees by organizing data primarily by lexicographic ordering of string names. A key side-effect of the SkipNet design is that all nodes from an organization form one or a few contiguous overlay segments. When an entire organization disconnects from the rest of the system, repair of only a few pointers quickly enables efficient routing throughout the disconnected organization; full repair is done as a subsequent background task. These same operations can be later used to efficiently reconnect an organization’s SkipNet back into the global one.
After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements

Preface p.vii Introduction: After Colonialism p.3 PART ONE: COLONIALISM AND THE DISCIPLINES Ch. 1 Secular Interpretation, the Geographical Element, and the Methodology of Imperialism p.2 Ch. 2 Africa in History: The End of Universal Narratives p.40 Ch. 3 Haiti, History, and the Gods p.66 Ch. 4 Why Not Tourist Art? Significant Silences in Native American Museum Representations p.98 PART TWO: COLONIALISM AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCE Ch. 5 The Effacement of Difference: Colonialism and the Origins of Nationalism in Diderot and Herder p.129 Ch. 6 Retribution and Remorse: The Interaction between the Administration and the Protestant Mission in Early Colonial Formosa p.153 Ch. 7 Coping with (Civil) Death: The Christian Convert's Rights of Passage in Colonial India p.183 Ch. 8 Exclusion and Solidarity: Labor Zionism and Arab Workers in Palestine, 1897-1929 p.211 Ch. 9 The Postcolonization of the (Latin) American Experience: A Reconsideration of "Colonialism,"Postcolonialism," and "Mestizaje" p.241 PART THREE: COLONIAL DISCOURSE AND ITS DISPLACEMENTS Ch. 10 Becoming Indian in the Central Andes p.279 Ch. 11 Ethnographic Travesties: Colonial Realism, French Feminism, and the Case of Elissa Rhais p.299 Ch. 12 In a Spirit of Calm Violence p.326 Notes on the Contibutors p.345 Index p.347
Dynamics of nematogens in isotropic phase: A mode coupling theory description

Orientational dynamics of nematic liquid crystals are studied using optical Kerr effect experiments in isotropic phase. A combined theory of mode coupling theory and Landau-de Gennes theory is successful to reproduce the data.
Diagenesis of Middle Miocene Sands in Geopressure Zone of Lirette Field, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana: ABSTRACT

A study of temperature, pressure, and salinity distribution in the Lirette field reveals important information concerning the effects of the hydrodynamic regime on sandstone diagenesis. Mineralogic examination of associated shales also aids in the understanding of diagenesis in these sands. The Lirette field is a large domal structure related to deep-seated salt, approximately 20,000 ft (6,096 m), bounded to the north and south by major growth faults. Isothermal surfaces in the Lirette field closely follow the structure. Isotherms commonly drop in downthrown fault blocks. Along fault leakage zones, temperatures increase. Pressure distribution in the Lirette field is primarily related to structure, and the presence of a sufficient shale to sand ratio. Formation water salinities are lower (< 50,000 ppm) for wells that have been "flushed" by geopressured waters. The well-documented decrease of smectite in mixed-layer illite-smectite is present in Lirette shales. A more detailed analysis indicates that some montmorillonite may be converted to beidellite before it is converted to illite. Sandstone diagenesis in the Lirette field is complex and there are significant lateral and vertical variations. The relative sequence of diagenetic events in Lirette sands is as follows: (1) spherulitic calcite cement, probably formed at or near the sediment-water interface; (2) authigenic chlorite rims and platelets, which help to preserve primary porosity; (3) quartz and feldspar overgrowths, uncommon; (4) ferroan calcite cement, due to localized flushing of sandstones by waters released from clay diagenesis; and (6) authigenic kaolinite cement, which reduces porosity along fluid escape routes. Extensive carbonate cement and orthomatrix are the primary contributors to decreased porosity. Late stage kaolinite cement in flushed zones also reduces porosity, but to a lesser extent. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1557------------
Response of cave air CO2 and drip water to brush clearing in central Texas; implications for recharge and soil CO2 dynamics

[1] Brush removal is commonly conducted to increase water availability in arid areas, such as central Texas, where water resources are stressed. The effectiveness of brush clearing to enhance recharge, however, remains uncertain as numerous studies have yielded contradictory results. This study assesses the effects of brush clearing on recharge to a cave at Natural Bridge Caverns, central Texas by evaluating changes in drip rate, drip water compositions, cave air CO2 concentrations, and calcite growth in a cave underlying an area cleared of brush. Drip sites were monitored for 3 years preclearing and 2 years postclearing at five drip sites beneath and seven drip sites not beneath the surface cleared of brush. Physical and chemical drip water parameters exhibit preclearing and postclearing variability. Postclearing drip rate characteristics reflect an initial interval of anomalously heavy rainfall, then a longer dry period. Drip water 87Sr/86Sr values do not exhibit preclearing to postclearing variation at sites beneath the cleared area and indicate no change in postclearing water residence time. Significant decreases in postclearing cave air CO2 are observed at seven of nine drip sites in the cave beneath the clearing. Decreases in cave air CO2 influence calcite growth, which impacts postclearing drip water Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca. Decreases in cave air CO2 immediately following brush clearing suggest that a significant portion of soil CO2 respiration is from tree root respiration rather than from soil microbial activity. Seasonal calcite growth patterns, linked to cave air CO2, also exhibit variability postclearing and suggest that cave mineral deposits may record historical changes in vegetative cover.
The impact of channel estimation error on space-time block codes

We examine the impact of channel estimation error on the performance of 2 and 4 antenna space-time block codes. This is examined specifically in the context of space-time spreading as defined for the cdma2000 standard. The performance is determined by finding an expression for the probability of bit error when using BPSK or QPSK modulation and modeling the channel estimation error as a Gaussian random variable.
Developing DCE-CT to Quantify Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity in Breast Tumors With Differing Angiogenic Phenotype

The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) to assess intratumor physiological heterogeneity in tumors with different angiogenic phenotypes. DCE-CT imaging was performed on athymic nude mice bearing xenograft wild type (MCF-7neo) and VEGF-transfected (MCF-7VEGF) tumors by using a clinical multislice CT, and compared to skeletal muscle. Parametrical maps of tumor physiology-perfusion (F), permeability-surface area (PS), fractional intravascular plasma (fp), and interstitial space ( fis)-were obtained by fitting the time-dependent contrast-enhanced curves to a two-compartmental kinetic model for each voxel (0.3 x 0.3 x 0.75 mm3). Mean physiological measurements were compared with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and the spatial distribution of tumor vasculature was compared with histology. No statistically significant difference was found in mean physiological values of F, PS, and fp in MCF-7neo and muscle, while fis of MCF-7neo was a factor of two higher (p<0.04). MCF-7neo tumors also showed a radial heterogeneity with significant higher physiological values in periphery than those in middle and core regions (p<0.01 for all physiological parameters). MCF-7VEGF tumors demonstrated significant increases in all physiological parameters compared with MCF-7neo tumors, and a distinct saccular heterogeneous pattern compared with MCF-7neo and muscle. Both PET imaging and histological results showed good correlation with the above results for this same mouse model. No statistically significant difference was found in the mean perfusion and intravascular volume measured by PET imaging and DCE-CT. Increases in cross-sectional area of blood vessels (p<0.002) were observed in MCF-7VEGF tumors than MCF-7neo, and their spatial distribution correlated well with the spatial distribution of fp obtained by DCE-CT. The results of this study demonstrated the feasibility of DCE-CT in quantification of spatial heterogeneity in tumor physiology in small animal models. Monitoring variations in the tumor environment using DCE-CT offers an in vivo tool for the evaluation and optimization of new therapeutic strategies.
LigBase: a database of families of aligned ligand binding sites in known protein sequences and structures

A database comprising all ligand-binding sites of known structure aligned with all related protein sequences and structures is described. Currently, the database contains approximately 50000 ligand-binding sites for small molecules found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The structure-structure alignments are obtained by the Combinatorial Extension (CE) program (Shindyalov and Bourne, Protein Eng., 11, 739-747, 1998) and sequence-structure alignments are extracted from the ModBase database of comparative protein structure models for all known protein sequences (Sanchez et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 28, 250-253, 2000). It is possible to search for binding sites in LigBase by a variety of criteria. LigBase reports summarize ligand data including relevant structural information from the PDB file, such as ligand type and size, and contain links to all related protein sequences in the TrEMBL database. Residues in the binding sites are graphically depicted for comparison with other structurally defined family members. LigBase provides a resource for the analysis of families of related binding sites. Availability: LigBase is accessible on the web at http: //guitar.rockefeller.edu/ligbase.
Challenges of testing high-volume, low-cost 8-bit microcontrollers

This paper compares the development and effectiveness of scan-based testing and functional testing using two microcontroller studies. This design-for-test methodology has been shown to reliably produce high quality products. This approach also provides a diagnostic failure analysis methodology that can greatly improve detection of quality and reliability failures.
Emotion specificity and consumer behavior: Anger, sadness, and preference for activity

We examine the influence of two specific negative emotions (i.e., sadness and anger) on consumers' preference for an advertised product promoting either activity (e.g., exercise) or passivity (e.g., relaxation). On the basis of empirical distinctions between the level of activation accompanying sadness and anger, and drawing upon a mood-as-information perspective, we hypothesized that individuals will have a preference for activity to passivity when in an angry compared to a sad emotional state. Thus, when angry, they preferred a product advertised as active, whereas when sad they preferred a product described in more passive terms.
Wireless powering of device embedded in concrete via Magnetic Resonance

Wireless power transmission by Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) with spiral resonators in air-concrete interface is analyzed. The power transfer mechanism consists of two self-resonant spirals and two single loops in contrast to the two resonant loops traditionally used in resonant inductive systems. The efficiency of wireless power transmission from a source in air to a device embedded in concrete via SCMR is reported. The concrete material is modeled at various humidity levels with extended Debye's model. The efficiency of the SCMR is also analyzed for different depths of concrete.
Experimental Investigation of Inertial Mixing in Droplets

Achieving the fast mixing requirements posed by the chemical, biological, and life science community for confined microchannel flows remains an engineering challenge. The viscous and surface tension forces that dominate conventional micro-flows undermine fast, efficient mixing. By increasing the collisional velocity of reagent droplets, inertia can be exploited to increase mixing rates. This paper experimentally investigates inertial droplet mixing in micro flows. A high speed, gaseous flow is used to detach, transport, and collide droplets of nanoliter-size volumes in standard T and Y-junction microchannel geometries. Mixing rates are quantified using differential fluorescent optical diagnostics. Measured droplet mixing times are compared to the characteristic time scales for mass and viscous diffusion and bulk convection. Results show that mixing times are decreased as the droplet inertia is increased, indicating the potential benefit of inertia-driven mixing.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Iterative inversion of neural networks and its application to adaptive control

An iterative constrained inversion technique is used to find the control inputs to the plant. That is, rather than training a controller network and placing this network directly in the feedback or feedforward paths, the forward model of the plant is learned, and iterative inversion is performed on line to generate control commands. The control approach allows the controllers to respond online to changes in the plant dynamics. This approach also attempts to avoid the difficulty of analysis introduced by most current neural network controllers, which place the highly nonlinear neural network directly in the feedback path. A neural network-based model reference adaptive controller is also proposed for systems having significant dynamics between the control inputs and the observed (or desired) outputs and is demonstrated on a simple linear control system. These results are interpreted in terms of the need for a dither signal for on-line identification of dynamic systems. >
Deployment of an imaging system to investigate fine-scale spatial distribution of early life stages of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Chesapeake Bay

A high-resolution digital imaging system, the zooplankton visualization and imaging system (ZOOVIS) was deployed in the mid-region of Chesapeake Bay to investigate the fine-scale distribution of small individuals of the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Counts of individuals, mostly ,5 mm, were enumerated from each frame of ZOOVIS and merged with data from a conductivity-temperaturedepth to provide corresponding values of depth, temperature and salinity. Mnemiopsis leidyi rarely occurred below the pycnocline depth but commonly occurred in the upper water column. Where the water column was strongly stratified, M. leidyi tended to be more common near the pycnocline, but it was more abundant near the bottom at locations where the water column was well mixed. Horizontally, M. leidyi was more abundant on the shoulders of the middle Bay than in the deeper main channel. In this survey, M. leidyi occurred more frequently in relatively warm and low salinity water. Furthermore, small M. leidyi were patchily distributed and the patch size was ,700 m in horizontal extent. A zero-inflated, general additive model successfully simulated the spatial distribution of M. leidyi, with temperature and salinity as predictors. The ZOOVIS system proved to be a valuable tool to study fine-scale distributions of small and delicate gelatinous zooplankton, even in the relatively turbid conditions that prevailed in this estuarine system.
Declining MIS Enrollment: The Death Of The MIS Degree?

There is little doubt that enrollments in MIS degree programs have been declining since the recession in the technical industry in 2001. Reagan's research (2008) indicates that enrollments in MIS degree programs is only about 25% of the 2001 level. Many MIS (IS) programs have been abandoned or combined with other related programs. While many reasons for this decline have been advanced, one of the most tenable reasons is a perception gap between what IT professors believe is important and what potential employers see as important skills for new hires. This study reports the results of a survey of MIS graduates of a medium size university in the midwest. Results suggest that graduates share the views that a perception gap exists. They tend to believe that their program needs to become more aligned with the needs of employers. Graduates believe that business leaders should be involved more closely in determining the direction and content of their program.
Archaeology education and the political landscape of American schools

Education, a primary mode for transmitting society's knowledge, values and beliefs, is a highly political endeavour. To understand fully the place of archaeology within the framework of public education in the United States, some background in the broader political landscape and sanctioned curricula in American schools is necessary. This article examines some key aspects of these issues, including governmental control of education, the ‘history of history’ in schools, and the appropriation of the past. It also looks at the status of archaeology education in the United States and considers an appropriate role for pre-college archaeology.
Welfare: The Negative Societal Effects

The welfare system was instituted, presumably, to decrease poverty, increase the wealth and well-being of the poor. Paradoxically, it has had just about the opposite effect. How did this boomerang in public policy occur? It is simple. Welfare payments helped break up the family, disproportionately in the black community. But a non-intact family is one of the most effective causal agents in impoverishment. Hence, a program that throws massive amounts of money at poor people reduces their economic wellbeing, does not increase it.
Prisoner's Dilemma and the Nuisance Suit

When a nuisance suit survives a motion to dismiss, defendant corporations are faced with a variant of the classic prisoner’s dilemma. If all corporations refused to settle and put their resources towards litigating frivolous claims, then the incentive of plaintiff’s firms to file these suits would diminish. However, if only one corporation chooses to litigate (and the rest settle), then litigating is a costly, futile, and self-destructive response. Although litigating and deterring frivolous suits would be better for all corporations, no individual corporation would be acting rationally in refusing to settle. So the optimal choice for each corporation individually leads to a worse outcome for all corporations. This paper argues that there is a way for corporations to both behave rationally and act collectively when it comes to nuisance suits. By analyzing the nuisance suit as a prisoner’s dilemma for corporations and understanding how the dilemma is solved, this note will illustrate how corporations can build a litigation strategy that will effectively deter nuisance suits.
Fasting or Nonfasting Lipid Measurements: It Depends on the Question

In the 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association Guideline (AHA) on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol treatment thresholds have been replaced with a focus on global risk. In this context, we re-examine the need for fasting lipid measurements in various clinical scenarios including estimating initial risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a primary prevention patient; screening for familial lipid disorders in a patient with a strong family history of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or genetic dyslipidemia; clarifying a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome so it can be used to make lifestyle counseling more effective; assessing residual risk in a treated patient; diagnosing and treating patients with suspected hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis; or diagnosing hypertriglyceridemia in patients who require therapy for other conditions that may further elevate triglycerides. Posing a specific question can aid the clinician in understanding when fasting lipids are needed and when nonfasting lipids are adequate.
Multiple sediment cores from reservoirs are needed to reconstruct recent watershed changes from stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and C/N ratios: case studies from the mid-western United States

Watershed land-use changes, including urbanization, have caused accelerated soil erosion, which in turn has increased sediment accumulation rates in most aging reservoirs in the mid-western United States (USA), thereby posing a threat to their longevity and productivity. We analyzed three sediment cores from each of two reservoirs in the mid-western USA, the Webber Dam impoundment in Michigan and Goshen Pond in Indiana. Core chronologies were established using 137Cs and 210Pb. Concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen and their stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ15N) were measured to investigate past land-use changes. We used three excess 210Pb-based (210Pbxs) sedimentation rate models (constant 210Pb flux and sedimentation, constant rate of supply of 210Pb and constant initial 210Pb concentration) to develop core chronologies and compared them to the chronology obtained from the 137Cs peak. Validation of the excess 210Pb-based chronology with137Cs-based chronology requires more than one 210Pbxs-based-model. That is, even in one watershed, output from more than one 210Pbxs-based model may have to be compared with an independent time marker. We compared C/N ratios, δ13C and δ15N among three time horizons in each of the three cores from the reservoirs (corresponding to dates of 1950, 1970 and 2010). Within a reservoir, there can be large differences between cores for a given time horizon, indicating there could be spatial differences in sources of C and N and the processes that influence carbon and nitrogen isotopes. We conclude that multiple sediment cores from reservoirs should be analyzed if carbon and nitrogen isotopes in sediments are to be used for paleoenvironmental inference.
Electrophoresis Helps to Identify Which Race of the Introduced Weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Has Transferred to Two Native Southern California Thistles

Allozyme frequency data supported by colonization records and field observations were used to show that the Italian thistle ( Carduus pycnocephalus L.) race of Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich recently has transferred to and adopted as new hosts two thistles native to California, Cirsium californicum Gray and Cirsium proteanum J. T. Howell. Other races of R. conicus established in California include weevils originating from Europe on the musk thistle ( Carduus nutans L.) and milk thistle ( Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertner). R. conicus from Italian thistles and musk thistles are genetically distinct from the milk thistle race displaying a Rogers' (modified) genetic distance of 0.3 units
Toxico-immunologic and serologic relationship of B. botulinus, type C, and B. parabotulinus, “seddon.” XXII.

During the past few years, organisms forming soluble toxins which in susceptible animals produce symptoms and pathologic changes indistinguishable from those noted after the administration of botulinus toxin, types A or B, have been found in widely divergent localities. The organism isolated by Bengtson 1 and Graham 2 in the United States, and known as B. botulinus type C, was first isolated from the larvae of the green fly Lucilia seratica, later from the contents of the crops of chickens, which had died of "limberneck" and from the stomach content of a horse. The Australian type culturally and biochemically almost similar to the type C strains was isolated by Seddon 3 from the bone marrow of a fatal case of so-called midland cattle disease in Tasmania. He called the organism "B. parabotulinus" and considered it of etiologic importance. Midland cattle disease appears to be identical with impaction paralysis found in Victoria, with "dry bible" in South Australia and also with lamziekte of South Africa. Biochemical, cultural and toxicologic studies of type C strains have been reported by Bengtson. She believes that the type C is more closely related to the original van Ermengem culture than are the A or B strains. A preliminary study has shown that the C type strains cannot be' distinguished morphologically or culturally from the B. parabotulinus strain. It will be shown in a later paper that the two species are so nearly alike in their metabolism that they cannot be differentiated by the ordinary chemical changes produced in culture mediums. The following questions therefore arose: Are the type C and the "Seddon" strains serologically and toxicologically alike? If not, is there any relationship between them and the A and B types ?
An IR Target Detection Algorithm Based on Kernel Quadratic Correlation Fliter

Subspace quadratic synthetic discriminant function(SSQSDF) is one type of quadratic correlation filters which show well performance for target detection.In order to gain better results on IR target detection under complex scenery,a kernel SSQSDF based algorithm(KSSQSDF) is proposed,which is an extension of SSQSDF from low dimensional space to high space is proposed.The kernel matrix of training samples is first obtained with suitable kernel function,then SSQSDF is transformed to kernel martrix equation using property of kernel function,at last the expression of KSSQSDF is achieved.The proposed algorithm can highly restrain background noise,and improve detection precision.The experiments on real scene verify that KSSQSDF outperforms SSQSDF in detecting infrared targets.
Biomass pyramids in lake plankton: influence of Cyanobacteria size and abundance

0 0 1 212 1213 St. Croix Watershed Research Station 10 2 1423 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE The ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton (Z:P) standing stock biomass in freshwater lakes has been suggested to decline in highly productive systems. An increasingly large proportion of inedible phytoplankton, especially in eutrophic systems dominated by Cyanobacteria, is one possible mechanism for declining Z:P. We tested this hypothesis by calculating the biomass in phytoplankton and zooplankton samples collected from 173 eutrophic lakes and estimating the change in the functional relationship between zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass after ignoring inedible Cyanobacteria. We found up to two orders of magnitude less zooplankton biomass than would be predicted at a given total phytoplankton biomass and that removing Cyanobacteria led to zooplankton biomass approaching the level expected based on remaining phytoplankton biomass. Z:P increased with the percentage of edible phytoplankton biomass, indicating greater zooplankton production in lakes with the least Cyanobacteria. The lower Z:P found in these eutrophic lakes likely results from 89% of the phytoplankton biomass being composed of Cyanobacteria, whose cells were significantly larger than other phytoplankton. These results suggest that zooplankton biomass are limited by a declining proportion of edible phytoplankton in the most productive lakes and illustrates how eutrophication leads to declining resource use efficiency by consumers.
Abstract 126: Importance of Untreated Hypertension for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN), particularly untreated HTN, has been found to be a significant risk factor for ICH in predominately white ICH populations. We evaluated the risk of treated and untreated HTN on ICH in a multi-ethnic case-control study. Hypothesis: Treated and untreated HTN confer variable risk for ICH by race/ethnicity. Methods: The Ethnic/Racial Variations of ICH (ERICH) study is a prospective, multicenter, case-control study of ICH among whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Cases were enrolled from 42 recruitment centers using hot-pursuit. Controls matched to cases 1:1 by age (±5 years), sex, race/ethnicity, and metropolitan area were recruited by random-digit dialing. Subjects were interviewed to determine whether they had a history of HTN and if they took medications to reduce blood pressure. Results: Between 9/2010 and 6/2015, 891 white, 833 black, and 599 Hispanic case/control pairs were enrolled. Higher proportions of black and Hispanic ICH with HTN were untreated, compared with whites (43.3% and 48.3% vs. 33.2%; p=.0002 and p<.0001, respectively). When adjusted for medical insurance status, a significant difference persisted for whites vs. Hispanics (p=.002), but not whites vs. blacks (p=.197). In multivariate analyses adjusted for alcohol use, anticoagulation, hypercholesterolemia, education, and insurance status, treated HTN was a significant risk factor for ICH in whites (OR=1.72, 95% CI 1.33-2.22, p<.0001), blacks (3.04, 2.13-4.34, <.0001), and Hispanics (2.57, 1.64-4.00, <.0001). Untreated HTN was a substantially greater risk factor for ICH for all three racial/ethnic groups: whites (9.53, 5.88-15.45, <.0001), blacks (11.10, 7.06-17.47, <.0001), Hispanics (9.65, 5.49-16.95, <.0001). In the subtype analyses of deep, lobar, and infratentorial ICH, untreated HTN resulted in ORs of 3.50 to 24.81, with statistical significance for all subtypes and ethnic groups. Conclusion: Treatment of HTN reduces the risk of ICH conferred by HTN markedly, but not completely. Untreated hypertension, which is significantly more prevalent among black and Hispanic ICH cases than among white cases, confers at least a 9-fold risk of ICH regardless of race. Treatment of hypertension is expected to have substantial impact on risk of ICH.
CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION GUIDELINES: CURRENT AND FUTURE

SUMMARY Recent additions to the immunization schedule include acellular pertussis vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccine for all infants and selected adolescents. The third dose of OPV is recommended at 6 months of age and the first dose of MMR vaccine at 12 to 15 months. A new vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b has been licensed. Children aged 6 months and older with asthma, diabetes, or heart disease should receive influenza vaccine. Children aged 2 years and older with asplenia, immunosuppression, and nephrotic syndrome may be candidates for pneumococcal immunization.
One-Time Addition of Nano-TiO2 Triggers Short-Term Responses in Benthic Bacterial Communities in Artificial Streams.

Nano-TiO2 is an engineered nanomaterial whose production and use are increasing rapidly. Hence, aquatic habitats are at risk for nano-TiO2 contamination due to potential inputs from urban and suburban runoff and domestic wastewater. Nano-TiO2 has been shown to be toxic to a wide range of aquatic organisms, but little is known about the effects of nano-TiO2 on benthic microbial communities. This study used artificial stream mesocosms to assess the effects of a single addition of nano-TiO2 (P25 at a final concentration of 1 mg l−1) on the abundance, activity, and community composition of sediment-associated bacterial communities. The addition of nano-TiO2 resulted in a rapid (within 1 day) decrease in bacterial abundance in artificial stream sediments, but bacterial abundance returned to control levels within 3 weeks. Pyrosequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes did not indicate any significant changes in the relative abundance of any bacterial taxa with nano-TiO2 treatment, indicating that nano-TiO2 was toxic to a broad range of bacterial taxa and that recovery of the bacterial communities was not driven by changes in community composition. Addition of nano-TiO2 also resulted in short-term increases in respiration rates and denitrification enzyme activity, with both returning to control levels within 3 weeks. The results of this study demonstrate that single-pulse additions of nano-TiO2 to aquatic habitats have the potential to significantly affect the abundance and activity of benthic microbial communities and suggest that interactions of TiO2 nanoparticles with environmental matrices may limit the duration of their toxicity.
The Age of U233 Fission Neutrons in Water

(1959). The Age of U233 Fission Neutrons in Water. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 81-81.
Generalized DC power flow model and enhancing RTO Market clearing formulation with voltage security constraints

This two-part study first proposes the Generalized DC (GDC) power flow formulation which makes critical enhancements to the DC model by addressing its model limitations, with abilities to approximate bus voltage magnitudes and model networks with high resistance to reactance (R/X) ratio. Then, the GDC is applied to the current RTO electricity market clearing algorithms to model bus voltage security constraints. Case studies have successfully validated the GDC model capabilities and the new market clearing algorithm with voltage security enhancement. In addition, the incorporation of voltage security constraints supports reactive power pricing that helps incentivize voltage support via the market mechanism.
Fuzzy neural control

Fuzzy neural control refers to the use of fuzzy logic and neural networks to control motors, actuators, and in general, the behavior of processes. The rapidly increasing number of fuzzy logic applications in process control and consumer electronics, as well as theoretical and hardware advances in neuro-control, provide significant incentives for studying fuzzy neural control. Of particular interest to control designers may prove the maturity of novel hardware systems, such as fuzzy logic and neural network boards, customized chips, and even fuzzy computers, where the data will be stored and arithmetically processed as fuzzy numbers.
Mid-term Outcomes of Retroperitoneal and Transperitoneal Exposures in Open Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Background There have been a number of studies comparing perioperative outcomes of the retroperitoneal (RP) and transperitoneal (TP) approaches to open aortic aneurysm repair (OAR), many of which have shown conflicting results. There remains a paucity of data comparing these 2 exposures beyond 30 days. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mid-term outcomes between RP and TP exposures in OAR. Methods This is a retrospective review of elective OAR from a single institution from 2010 to 2014 with at least one year of follow-up. Patients with any prior aortic repair, prior midline TP or RP exposures, prior small bowel obstruction (SBO), or prior abdominal wall hernia repair were excluded. Patients’ demographics, comorbidities, intraoperative details, and postoperative variables up to 5 years were compared. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, aortic or arterial reinterventions, incisional reinterventions, SBO or reintervention for SBO, and composite reintervention. Results Of the 273 OARs identified, 136 OARs (86 TP and 50 RP exposures) met criteria for the study. The average follow-up was 43.4 months. Of the preoperative and intraoperative characteristics, patients with RP exposures were significantly more likely to be female (30% vs. 12.8%; P = .014) and to have larger aneurysm (6.1 ± 1.02 cm vs. 5.4 ± 1.01 cm; P Conclusions In mid-term follow-up, OAR through TP exposure had more incisional hernias compared with RP exposure. However, there is no difference in mortality or composite reinterventions between approaches.
Sketches by Joseph Esherick

Sketches by Joseph Esherick Joseph Esherick retired f r o m the U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, i n the s p r i n g of 1985 after t h i r t y - three years of teaching. Esherick's d i s t i n g u i s h e d architectural practice, c o m b i n e d w i t h his effective teach- i n g , have altered o u r understanding of architecture. H i s b u i l d i n g s and questions have led many t o l o o k at architecture w i t h fresh eyes and re- newed purpose. We asked f o r the o p - p o r t u n i t y to r u m m a g e t h r o u g h the s k e t c h b o o k f r o m his most recent t r i p to Portugal a n d Spain a n d made the a c c o m p a n y i n g selection of d r a w - ings, w h i c h seemed to capture his sense for a r c h i t e c t u r a l i n q u i r y and f o r the e n t w i n e m e n t of people w i t h buildings and buildings w i t h landscape. ^ t £?<M.t\ CVv ^IM. 1 Placa de Murillo, Madrid 2 Mezquita, Cordoba Places/Volume 3, Number I
Why travel?–travel, tourism, and global consciousness

Why travel? For tourism scholars, this has been a question that has enlivened, haunted, and otherwise driven our desire to understand human mobility and the travel and tourism phenomenon. Why do pe...
Hazards from physical attributes of the home environment among patients on outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

Background Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) requires that patients and their caregivers administer antimicrobial medications in the home via venous catheters. Hazards from physical attributes of the home environment may impede safe performance of OPAT tasks. Methods We performed a qualitative study, including semistructured telephone interviews and contextual inquiries, of patients performing OPAT tasks inside the home. Eligible participants were discharged from 2 academic medical centers in Baltimore, Maryland, on OPAT. We coded interview transcripts and contextual inquiry forms based on a model of healthcare work systems. Results Twenty-nine patients underwent semistructured telephone interviews, and 14 patients underwent contextual inquiry. We identified hazards including bathing, animal or pets, extremes in temperature, household clutter, indoor soil and food exposures, outdoor soil, and travel. Patients often developed strategies to mitigate these hazards. Discussion Multiple hazards related to the home environment could have led to harm, and in the absence of specific guidance, patients developed strategies to mitigate these hazards. Conclusions Educational interventions to improve OPAT should incorporate an understanding of hazards that may occur in the home environment.
The Emergence of Social Norms and Conventions

The utility of our actions frequently depends upon the beliefs and behavior of other agents. Thankfully, through experience, we learn norms and conventions that provide stable expectations for navigating our social world. Here, we review several distinct influences on their content and distribution. At the level of individuals locally interacting in dyads, success depends on rapidly adapting pre-existing norms to the local context. Hence, norms are shaped by complex cognitive processes involved in learning and social reasoning. At the population level, norms are influenced by intergenerational transmission and the structure of the social network. As human social connectivity continues to increase, understanding and predicting how these levels and time scales interact to produce new norms will be crucial for improving communities.
Lagrange inversion

We give a survey of the Lagrange inversion formula, including different versions and proofs, with applications to combinatorial and formal power series identities.
Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on All Things Cellular: Operations, Applications and Challenges

On behalf of the organizing committee, we welcome you to the Fifth Workshop on All Things Cellular! We are living in an increasingly connected mobile world, where smartphones and tablets are prevalent, the use of wearable devices is growing, and the "Internet of Things" is permeating our lives. An important part of this ecosystem is the underlying connectivity provided by cellular networks. While innovations in mobile services and applications have thrived, innovations in the underlying cellular systems are more limited. Specifically, research in mobile cellular networks has been hampered by the fact that academic researchers typically do not have access to radios, mobile protocol stacks, management tools, and realistic cellular network traces. The goal of this workshop is to bring together network operators, as well as researchers from both industry and academia, to discuss emerging problems, challenges, and potential solutions in this domain. We solicited papers on these topics to kick-start discussions at the workshop. We received 16 submissions, each of which received at least three reviews from our 19 expert reviewers. With their hard work and careful evaluation, we accepted 8 exciting papers to be presented at the workshop. The workshop program is designed to be interactive, with short talks followed by mini panel discussions with all paper presenters at the end of each session. Additionally, we are grateful to have Goran Rune from Ericsson to give a keynote address discussing challenges and opportunities in 5G cellular networks. Finally, we thank the SIGCOMM organization for hosting this workshop. We hope you enjoy the workshop, and look forward to an interesting and productive day!
Application of SOF ‘Fair Trial’ Safeguards

The inclusion of explicit “fair trial” safeguards in the 13 nation NATO SOF Agreement and in 7 bilateral status of forces agreements is a tacit, but massive, recognition by the United States and the other states concerned of the truth of the conclusion of Chapter II ; that customary international law contains no demonstrable standards, no reliable criteria, for determination of what are the minimal procedural safeguards international law is said to require host states to accord aliens.
P28 Qualitative Study: User Experiences with Platano, a Dietary Self-Monitoring App for Underserved Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background Dietary self-monitoring is a key strategy in diabetes self-management and may be facilitated by mHealth. However, smartphone applications are typically designed for high resource audiences and may exacerbate health inequity if they fail to meet user needs in underserved groups. Objective We aimed to understand user experiences with a dietary self-monitoring smartphone application designed for patients with Type 2 diabetes in a New York City neighborhood with high levels of health disparity. Study Design, Settings, Participants As part of the Personal Informatics Technology for Engagement in Community Health (PI-TECH) study, we applied user-centered design to develop Platano, a self-determination theory-based app that promotes self-tracking of diet and blood glucose in diabetes via motivationally-tailored user interfaces. During an ongoing pilot evaluation, we conducted face-to-face, in-depth interviews with English-speaking users (n = 9, age range = 28-61, 88% female, 89% non-white, 88% household income Measurable Outcome/Analysis Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim; data were managed in NVivo 12. Two authors coded interviews using Thematic Analysis, resolving differences through consensus. Results Five themes emerged: a) context: external circumstances (e.g., food insecurity, cultural norms) were central to participants’ user experience; b) flexible tool: participants used Platano for both self-discovery and accountability, reporting benefits including learning their personal glycemic response to specific foods and maintaining self-discipline in making dietary choices; c) empowerment: users attributed dietary changes, weight loss, and improved patient-provider communication to Platano; d) individual characteristics (e.g., nutrition literacy, motivation, self-efficacy), and e) in-the-moment barriers (e.g., social pressure) both influenced app usage and diet goal adherence. Conclusion Findings suggest Platano was well-received and viewed as a supporting tool for diabetes self-management among underserved urban adults. Further, findings reinforce the need for more comprehensive and personalized solutions to reduce barriers to engaging in dietary behavior change to improve diabetes outcomes.
Auxetic deformation of the weft-knitted Miura-ori fold:

Negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) material with unique geometry is rare in nature and has an auxetic response under strain in a specific direction. With this unique property, this type of material is ...
A Survey of Active EMI Filters for Conducted EMI Noise Reduction in Power Electronic Converters

Wide bandgap devices enable high power density power converters. Despite the advantages of increased switching frequency, the passive components are still a major bottleneck toward enabling high power density. Among the passive components in the converter, the passive electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters are unavoidable to ensure compliance with conducted EMI standards. Active EMI filters (AEFs) help reduce the volume of the passive components and have been around for three decades now. The design and implementation of the AEFs depend upon the type of noise (common-mode or differential-mode) and power converter (ac–dc, dc–dc or inverter). This article presents a comprehensive survey of different AEFs and their implementations for different power converters presented in the literature. A comprehensive survey of noise-sensing, noise-processing, and noise-cancellation circuits is presented. Also, a comparison of attenuation provided by the AEFs for common-mode and differential-mode noises for different converters is carried out. Furthermore, other facets of AEFs such as the auxiliary power supply, power loss, and protection methods for the AEF are also summarized. This article is intended to be a useful reference for power converter designers in both industry and academia.
The Pink Tide: media access and political power in Latin America

Lee Artz, editor of The Pink Tide: Media Access and Political Power in Latin America, presents a scathing critique of the neoliberal economic and political models that dominated most Latin American...