cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Cermet Nuclear Fuels Designed for the Transmutation of Transuranic Isotopes

The Uranium Extraction (UREX) family of processes uses solvent extraction techniques designed to partition spent uranium and transuranic (TRU) isotopes from fission product waste. Once separated, the collective TRU elements (Np, Pu, Am, and Cm) can be recycled in advanced nuclear energy systems. A zirconium matrix cermet is proposed as a fuel form for this application. Processing methods have been designed to convert the TRU product and spent Zircaloy cladding into feed materials for the hot extrusion of the cermet fuel pins. The TRU conversion process is being developed using a surrogate mixture of uranium and cerium nitrate solutions to generate mixed oxide microspheres. The Zircaloy recovery process is a hydride-dehydride method that is being demonstrated at the bench scale. The powder products from these methods may be combined through hot extrusion into a cermet composite; demonstration experiments using zirconium powder and zirconia microspheres have been completed.
Quantum Error Correction: Classic Group Theory Meets a Quantum Challenge

(2001). Quantum Error Correction: Classic Group Theory Meets a Quantum Challenge. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 108, No. 10, pp. 932-962.
Statistical study of pulse-width modulated control systems☆

Abstract This paper describes a statistical study of pulse-width modulated control systems. The pulse-width modulator is first considered for positive signals only. The output of this is then compared with the output of the approximate model where the pulse-width modulator is replaced by sampler, a saturating nonlinear element, and a hold circuit based on equal area approximation. An example is worked to show that there is little error involved in the use of this approximation. Using this as the basis, the open loop case is worked out for Gaussian inputs. The results have been tabulated and graphed. In the solution of the closed loop system, the difficulty of the calculation of the cross-correlation function is overcome by making another approximation based on the separability property of the Gaussian process. This facilitates the solution of the whole problem and the relationship of output mean square value to input mean square value is graphed for a simple example.
Management of an iatrogenic ileal perforation by temporary transileostomy placement of a fully covered esophageal self-expanding metal stent

h t s s F i Fully covered self-expanding metal stents (SEMSs) offer an alternative to the self-expanding plastic stent (SEPS) for the endoscopic management of benign leaks, perforations, and fistulae. Currently, fully covered SEMSs are available only for the esophagus and biliary tree. However, the use of esophageal SEMSs can be expanded elsewhere. We report a case of a patient with a postoperative ileal perforation that was successfully treated by temporary transileostomy placement of a fully covered esophageal SEMS.
Detection of damage in a space truss using modal data

A three-step damage detection procedure using modal data is developed for space trusses. The procedure is based on determining parameters associated with member stiffness matrices using a system identification technique. The first step is the refinement of the matrix using modal data from the undamaged structure. A modal residual vector is then used to determine whether or not damage has occurred. If it has, a minimization scheme is used to determine the parameters for only those members found to have been damaged. An eight-bay, hybrid-scaled truss designed and tested at NASA's Langley Research Center is used to verify the procedure. One damage case is used to illustrate the success of the procedure.
Response properties of dorsal root reflexes in cutaneous C fibers before and after intradermal capsaicin injection in rats.

Abstract C fiber dorsal root reflexes (DRR) contribute to neurogenic inflammation and possibly also to touch-evoked pain (allodynia) induced by intradermal capsaicin. The responses of C fibers in the sural nerve to graded mechanical stimuli before and following intradermal capsaicin were studied in 39 adult male rats. Two-thirds of 111 fibers were without spontaneous activity, while the remaining fibers averaged 1.41±0.25 spontaneous antidromic spikes per second. Among the quiescent C fibers only two had excitatory receptive fields, whereas the active C fibers showed three patterns of activity, an excitatory response, an inhibitory response, or no response to mechanical stimulation. The excitatory responses were to high intensity mechanical stimuli alone, while inhibitory responses were evoked in a graded fashion by both noxious and innocuous mechanical stimuli. Intradermal injection of capsaicin increased spontaneous and evoked DRRs in all C fibers with excitatory responses to mechanical stimuli, but none acquired responses to innocuous stimuli. Capsaicin initially produced inhibition of spontaneous activity in C fibers with inhibitory or no receptive fields, but this later resumed and achieved a rate higher than baseline. Mechanical stimuli re-applied following the resumption of spontaneous discharges failed to produce any response. Spontaneous DRRs were increased by topical application of 1 mM β-alanine (a competitive antagonist for GABA transporters) and abolished by ipsilateral spinal nerve L5 lesion, verifying antidromic origin. The role of C fiber DRRs in normal sensory transmission and during hyperalgesia is discussed.
Dilepton production in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

The production of dileptons is studied within a hadronic transport model. We investigate the sensitivity of the dilepton spectra to the initial configuration of the hadronic phase in a ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision. Possible in-medium corrections due to the modifications of pions and the pion form factor in a hadronic gas are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
An electrostatic highway.

The structure of bi-functional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase suggests that substrate may be channelled accross the surface of the protein between the two active sites.
Is shock-wave lithotripsy the solution for gallstones in this, the year of the boom?

We treated nine patients with functioning gallbladders containing one to three symptomatic radiolucent stones not larger than 25 mm in diameter, as well as five patients with stones in the common bile duct that were not removable by endoscopic procedures, by means of extracorporeally generated shock waves during general anesthesia. The patients with gallbladder stones received adjuvant treatment with a combination of ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. All gallbladder stones were disintegrated into sludge or fragments with diameters of no more than 8 mm. In six of the nine patients the fragments disappeared completely within 1 to 25 weeks. No adverse effects were detected during a follow-up period of 10 to 34 weeks, except transient biliary pain in two patients, with mild pancreatitis in one. In four of the five patients with common-bile-duct stones, shock-wave treatment permitted stone disintegration and successful endoscopic extraction or spontaneous passage of fragments. We conclude that gallstone disease may be treated successfully and without serious adverse effects by extracorporeally generated shock waves in selected patients.
Electrocatalysts by design: from the tailored surface to a commercial catalyst

We review recent work from our laboratory on a materials-by-design approach to the development of new electrocatalysts. Model systems like the Pt(111) single crystal electrode and well-characterized Pt alloys are studied to create a link between the microscopic level of understanding the bonding and reactivity of adsorbates and the macroscopic measurements of kinetic rate and thermodynamic properties of the reacting system. The knowledge is then used to create tailor-made surfaces, usually using UHV surface processing techniques, having the required microscopic structure to produce the desired catalytic properties. Finally, after optimizing the tailor-made surface, the real-life catalyst is synthesized using chemistry that recreates, to the greatest extend possible, the tailor-made surface. We have demonstrated the successful development of a new CO-tolerant catalyst using this strategy.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE KINETICS OF STILBENEDISULFONATE BINDING TO BAND 3

Abstract Stilbenedisulfonates are potent inhibitors of erythrocyte band 3 chloride/bicarbonate exchange. Band 3 exists as dimers and tetramers in situ, and each monomer binds one stilbenedisulfonate molecule. We determine: (a) whether stilbenedisulfonates exhibit cooperativity in reversible binding to the Band 3 dimer, and (b) whether stilbenedisulfonates directly compete with chloride. Stopped-flow and static fluorescence spectroscopy were used to measure the kinetics and equilibrium of DBDS (4,4′-dibenzamido-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonate) binding to isolated and membrane-bound Band 3. DBDS binding showed biphasic kinetic time courses which were consistent with a two step mechanism: Static binding studies showed no evidence for cooperativity, in agreement with the kinetic measurements. Chloride (150 mM) strongly affected the second step in the binding process by increasing k−2 about 20-fold, without significantly affecting k1, k−1 or k2. Our results indicate: (a) that DBDS binds independently to each monomer of the band 3 dimer, and (b) that DBDS is not competitive with chloride for binding to the transport site, but rather interacts with the transport site allosterically.
Thermal polymerization of some glucofuranose derivatives

Abstract Methyl α,β- d -glucofuranoside ( 1 ) and 1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- d -glucofuranose ( 2 ) have been polymerized thermally, using 0.1% phosphoric acid as catalyst. The resulting alcohol-insoluble polymers were analyzed by gel-permeation chromatography and methylation analysis. The two starting materials gave polymers that were very similar in molecular-weight distribution and in glycosyl-linkage composition. The proportion of furanosyl residues in the polymer, estimated by the relative proportions of furanosyl and pyranosyl residues that could be determined unequivocally by methylation analysis, was ∼35–40%; higher than is found when glucopyranosides are polymerized, but indicating that significant furanose-pyranose isomerization had occurred during the polymerization process.
Crystal structure distortions in MnO2 and MnF2 at their antiferromagnetic curie temperature

Using a back reflection Debye powder camera, X-ray photographs were taken of MnO2 and MnF2 to determine the behavior of the lattice constants near the Neel temperature. It was found that on lowering the temperature the c-axis of MnO2 expands while that of MnF2 contracts. Examination of the results for MnO2 and MnF2 as well as other antiferromagnetics, shows that within a given crystal structure there is a correlation between the distortion and the spin direction.
Cellular and molecular pathogenesis of type 1A diabetes.

Type 1A diabetes is an organ-specific autoimmune disease resulting from destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. The main susceptibility genes code for polymorphic HLA molecules and in particular alleles of class II MHC genes (DR, DQ and DP). Polymorphisms of individual genes outside the MHC also contribute to diabetes risk but recent evidence suggests that there are additional non-HLA genes determining susceptibility linked to the MHC. It is now possible using genetic and autoantibody assays to predict the development of type 1A diabetes in the majority of individuals, and trials of diabetes prevention are underway.
Integrating multisensor data and RADAR texture measures for land cover mapping

Abstract This study evaluated multisensor spaceborne data from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C) for East African landscapes including settlements, natural vegetation, and agriculture. An extensive landscape that has been difficult to accurately map with spaceborne remote sensing has been subtropical areas of savanna or woodland, especially when mixed with scattered agricultural practices. These varied vegetation communities are often very difficult to spectrally differentiate with optical data. This study examines the utility of radar to accurately locate areas of natural vegetation, scattered agricultural, and settlements. Radar data were able to accurately map these features with approximately the same accuracy as TM. In addition to comparing these two sensor types, four different geospatial manipulations of the radar data were examined. Those manipulations included measures of texture, the size of the texture window, data filtering prior to extraction of texture values, and post-classification smoothing. The variance (2nd order) measure of texture provided the best classification accuracies. The optimum window size for texture was a 13×13 pixel array and both pre- and post-classification filtering of the radar data significantly improved results.
A MEMS Tunable Capacitor Based on Plastically Deformed Vertical Comb Sets

We report microfabricated tunable capacitors based on plastically deformed vertical comb sets using a batch process. The arrangement of cascaded comb finger sets and the uniqueness of the angular vertical comb actuators enable large tuning ratio with a small angular displacement. The capacitors are made of 50μm-thick single-crystal silicon on SOI wafer and actuated by self-aligned vertical comb-sets giving a tuning ratio of 4.93 from 0.194 to 0.96pF with a tuning voltage of 100 Volts. As such, this tunable capacitor could find applications in RF communication such as parametric amplifiers, harmonic frequency generators and voltage-controlled oscillators.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A superconducting linac driver for the Wisconsin free electron laser

We present an initial design of the driver for the Wisconsin VUV/Soft Xray FEL facility, which will provide high intensity coherent photons from 5 eV to 0.9 keV. It uses a 2.2 GeV, L-band CW superconducting linac with a 1.7 GeV tap-off to feed the lower energy FELs. In order to support multiple high rep-rate FELs, the average design current is 1 mA. Sub-nanocoulomb bunches with normalized transverse emittances of order 1 mum are generated in a photoinjector for beamlines operating at repetition rates from kHz to MHz. Multistage bunch compression provides 1 kA peak current to the FELs, with low energy spread and a suitable current profile. Compressed bunch lengths of order 100 fs will allow generation of photon pulses in the range 10 to 30 fs using seeded FELs. Consideration has been given to removing the residual energy chirp from the beam, and minimizing the effects of space charge, coherent synchrotron radiation, and microbunching instabilities. A beam switchyard using RF separators and fast kickers delivers the desired electron bunches to each of the FELs. Details of the design are presented, including those areas requiring the most development work.
Prediction of pathogenic mutations in mitochondrially encoded human tRNAs

Some mutations in human mitochondrial tRNAs are severely pathogenic. The available computational methods have a poor record of predicting the impact of a tRNA mutation on the phenotype and fitness. Here patterns of evolution at tRNA sites that harbor pathogenic mutations and at sites that harbor phenotypically cryptic polymorphisms were compared. Mutations that are pathogenic to humans occupy more conservative sites, are only rarely fixed in closely related species, and, when located in stem structures, often disrupt Watson-Crick pairing and display signs of compensatory evolution. These observations make it possible to classify approximately 90% of all known pathogenic mutations as deleterious together with only approximately 30% of polymorphisms. These polymorphisms segregate at frequencies that are more than two times lower than frequencies of polymorphisms classified as benign, indicating that at least approximately 30% of known polymorphisms in mitochondrial tRNAs affect fitness negatively.
Vitamin B12 deficiency presenting as acute ataxia

A previously healthy 7-year-old Caucasian boy was hospitalised for evaluation of acute ataxia and failure to thrive, initially suspicious for an intracranial mass. Weight and body mass index were below the third percentile and he demonstrated loss of joint position and vibratory sense on examination. Laboratory studies revealed megaloblastic anaemia while an initial MRI of the brain showed no evidence of mass lesions or other abnormalities. A dietary history revealed the child subscribed to a restrictive vegan diet with little to no intake of animal products or other fortified foods. The child was diagnosed with presumed vitamin B12 deficiency and was treated with intramuscular B12 injections. Neurological symptoms resolved promptly within several days after starting therapy. This case underlines the importance of assessing nutritional status in the evaluation of neurological dysfunction in the pediatric patient.
3'-deoxy-3'-[ 18F]fluorothymidine PET quantification of bone marrow response to radiation dose

Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship of bone marrow response to radiation dose, using 3’-deoxy-3’-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT)-labeled uptake quantified in positron-emission tomography (PET) scans. Methods and Materials Pre- and post-Week 1 treatment [18F]FLT PET images were registered to the CT images used to create the radiation treatment plan. Changes in [18F]FLT uptake values were measured using profile data of standardized uptake values (SUVs) and doses along the vertebral bodies located at a field border where a range of radiation doses were present for 10 patients. Data from the profile measurements were grouped into 1 Gy dose bins from 1 to 9 Gy to compare SUV changes for all patients. Additionally, the maximum pretreatment, the post-Week 1 treatment, and the dose values located within the C6–T7 vertebrae that straddled the field edge were measured for all patients. Results Both the profile and the individual vertebral data showed a strong correlation between SUV change and radiation dose. Relative differences in SUVs between bins >1 Gy and Conclusions The change in SUV observed in head and neck cancer patients treated with chemoradiation shows the potential for using [18F]FLT PET images for identifying active bone marrow and monitoring changes due to radiation dose. Additionally, the change in [18F]FLT uptake observed in bone marrow for different weekly doses suggests potential dose thresholds for reducing bone marrow toxicity.
Ranking Doctoral Programs by Placement: A New Method

While many bemoan the increasingly large role rankings play in American higher education, their prominence and importance are indisputable. Such rankings have many different audiences, ranging from prospective undergraduates or graduate students, to foundations and government funders, to university administrators identifying strengths and weaknesses of their school. This diverse audience necessarily has varying hopes for what “quality” is measured in school rankings, and different uses for the rankings themselves. But although there are currently a wide variety of ways to assess graduate school quality, most existing surveys have recognized failings that compromise their usefulness to at least one of these different constituencies.The authors extend their thanks to William Bowen, Derek Bruff, Jonathan Cole, Philip Katz, Gary King, Robert Townsend, Harriet Zuckerman, and two anonymous PS reviewers for their valuable comments on and criticisms of earlier drafts of this paper.
The influence of polymer structure on the interactions of cationic polymers with DNA and morphology of the resulting complexes

Four cationic polymers used to deliver DNA into cultured cells: polylysine, intact polyamidoamine dendrimer, fractured polyamidoamine dendrimer and polyethylenimine, are examined for their ability to interact with DNA. Complexes between the polymers and DNA were examined using electron microscopy. Similar toroidal structures with diameters of 55 +/- 12 nm were formed from all of the cationic polymers with DNA. The DNA complexes of the fractured dendrimer and polyethylenimine were observed as single, distinct units; their apparent diameters in solution as measured by dynamic light scattering ranged from 90 to 130 nm. The DNA complexes of polylysine and intact dendrimer generally appeared as clusters in electron micrographs; their diameters in solution were larger than 1000 nm, which suggests that their toroidal complexes aggregate in solution. The cationic polymers bind to DNA in a stoichiometry that is nearly 1:1 in primary amines to DNA phosphates. The apparent binding of all cationic polymers to DNA decreases linearly with increasing ionic strength, up to 0.8 M NaCl. Thus, at the concentrations studied, these polymers interact electrostatically with DNA forming a unit structure with toroidal morphology; the extent of aggregation of the unit structures in solution depends upon the characteristics of the individual polymer.
Visualizing statistical models: Removing the blindfold

Visualization can help in model building, diagnosis, and in developing an understanding about how a model summarizes data. This paper proposes three strategies for visualizing statistical models: i display the model in the data space, ii look at all members of a collection, and iii explore the process of model fitting, not just the end result. Each strategy is accompanied by examples, including manova, classification algorithms, hierarchical clustering, ensembles of linear models, projection pursuit, self-organizing maps, and neural networks.
Analog-to-Digital Conversion as a Source of Drifts in Displacements Derived from Digital Recordings of Ground Acceleration

Displacements obtained from double integration of digitally recorded ground accelerations often show drifts much larger than those expected for the true ground displacements. These drifts might be due to many things, including dynamic elastic ground tilt, inelastic ground deformation, hysteresis in the instruments, and cross feed due to misalignment of nominally orthogonal sensors. This article shows that even if those effects were not present, the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) process can produce apparent "pulses" and offsets in the acceleration baseline if the ground motion is slowly varying compared with the quantization level of the digi- tization. Such slowly varying signals can be produced by constant offsets that do not coincide with a quantization level and by near- and intermediate-field terms in the wave field radiated from earthquakes. Double integration of these apparent pulses and offsets leads to drifts in the displacements similar to those found in processing real recordings. These effects decrease in importance as the resolution of the ADC process increases.
Weighing the evidence for adaptation at the molecular level

The abundance of genome polymorphism and divergence data has provided unprecedented insight into how mutation, drift and natural selection shape genome evolution. Application of the McDonald–Kreitman (MK) test to such data indicates a pervasive influence of positive selection, particularly in Drosophila species. However, evidence for positive selection in other species ranging from yeast to humans is often weak or absent. Although evidence for positive selection could be obscured in some species, there is also reason to believe that the frequency of adaptive substitutions could be overestimated as a result of epistatic fitness effects or hitchhiking of deleterious mutations. Based on these considerations it is argued that the common assumption of independence among sites must be relaxed before abandoning the neutral theory of molecular evolution.
Head-Mounted Projection Display Technology and Applications

Recent advances in microelectronics and the rapid growth of digital information have led to exciting new display technologies which are suitable to a wide variety of application domains. Head-mounted projection display (HMPD) has been actively developed in the recent decade as an alternative to conventional eyepiece-type head-mounted displays. HMPD replaces the eyepiece-type optics with a projection lens and employs a retroreflective screen instead of the diffusing screens typical to standalone projection-based systems. This unique combination of projection and retroreflection gives HMPD technology several remarkable advantages that make it suitable for collaborative visualization and augmented reality applications. In this chapter, we will review the fundamentals of HMPD technology and outline design considerations relating to the human visual system. We will summarize recent technological advancements, including efforts to improve the field of view and enhance image brightness. We will examine the significance of the retroreflective materials and their effects on imaging resolution and user perception. Finally, we will discuss a variety of application directions and user interface capabilities that have been enabled through HMPD technology.
Social change at the Harappan settlement of Gola Dhoro: a reading from animal bones

Detailed analysis of the animal bone assemblage at Gola Dhoro here throws light on the expansion of the Indus civilisation into Gujarat. A square fort, imposed on a settlement of livestock herders in the later third millennium BC, was shown to have contained people who introduced a broader diet of meat and seafood, and new ways of preparing it. These social and dietary changes were coincident with a surge in craft and trade.
A digital low drop-out regulator with wide operating range in a 16nm FinFET CMOS process

A digital LDO regulator provides a wide operating range and high efficiency. Accuracy is improved by using ripple reduction, output level dependent control, and auto-calibration. Fabricated in a 16nm FinFET CMOS process, the regulator accepts an input voltage of 0.65 V to 2.0V and provides a digitally tunable output of 0.4V to 1.3V with a step size of 0.05V. The DC output error is less than ±1% and the minimum drop-out voltage is 0.05 V. Current loads from 0mA to 100mA are supported with a peak current efficiency of 99.85%.
Turning Atrocity Prevention Inside-Out: Community-Based Approaches to Preventing, Protecting, and Recovering from Mass Violence

Abstract: This article reviews recent research and evolving practice of community-based approaches This article reviews recent research and evolving practice of community-based approaches to preventing and mitigating mass violence. It considers growing evidence that externally driven international interventions in response to violence are failing due to a lack of recognition and support for local actors, and increasing research into locally-led efforts, such as community protection strategies, early warning and response systems, interreligious peacebuilding, and postatrocity trauma healing. Drawing from examples from a wide range of cases, including Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Colombia, and Sri Lanka, the article identifies key lessons for improving atrocity prevention policy and practice. Based on examination of the literature and case studies, it argues for a fundamental shift in the field of atrocity prevention from external interventionism toward supporting local peace agency.
Effects of minocycline on hematopoietic recovery after whole-body irradiation.

Background/aim We previously found that minocycline enhanced the levels of several leukocyte populations and had the capacity to induce secretion of certain cytokines early after irradiation. In the current study we further determined the drug's effect on hematopoietic recovery. Materials and methods Minocycline was injected intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice for 5 days, beginning immediately before exposure to (60)Co γ-rays (1, 2, 3 Gy). Thirty-two days post-irradiation, spleen and blood were collected to quantify cell populations, cytokines in splenic T-cell supernatants after anti-CD3 activation, and chromosomic status based on spectral karyotyping. Results While radiation resulted in significantly lower B-cell counts at 3 Gy in both blood and spleen, minocycline treatment increased the counts and/or percentages of splenic B-cells at 2 Gy and 3 Gy. In spleen supernatants, the drug-alone increased the levels of cytokines, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-6 that are radioprotective, as well as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF that accelerate neutrophil recovery. In addition, minocycline suppressed the production of interferon-γ that can prevent hematopoiesis. Dose-dependent radiation-induced chromosomic abnormalities were present in splenic leukocytes. Conclusion The data indicate that minocycline exerts a relatively long-term effect on parameters that influence hematopoietic recovery. Further testing of this drug as a countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome, is necessary to determine its full potential.
The effects of the calcination atomosphere on the properties of nano-sized Y_2O_3 powders

The effects of the calcination atmosphere on the property of Yttria nanopowders were investigated. The yttria powder were calcinated in O2 and H2atmospheres respectively at various temperatures,and the properties of the powders were characterized by using BET,XRD,SEM and TMA measurements. The results show that powders calcinated in O2 atmosphere are of cubic phase,and are composed of near spherical particles with smaller particle size and good dispersity. Besides,the powders show lower temperature of maximum shrinkage rate under CRH sintering. On the other hand,the powders calcinated in H2 atmosphere contain a trace amount of hexagonal structure YO1. 458. The particles are severely aggregated when calcinated at temperatures greater than 1 050 ℃,due to the occurrence of sintering between particles.Present investigation indicated that calcination in O2 is preferable to the preparation of sinterable Y2O3 powders.
A Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Zero Gravity Liquid Gas Phase Separator

Hydrophobic-hydrophilic zero gravity liquid-gas phase separator for Apollo 11 flight life support system
On the completeness and the linear dependence of the Cartesian multipole series in representing the solution to the Helmholtz equation

The (Cartesian) multipole series, i.e., the series comprising monopole, dipoles, quadrupoles, etc., can be used, as an alternative to the spherical or cylindrical wave series, in representing sound fields in a wide range of problems, such as source radiation, sound scattering, etc. The proofs of the completeness of the spherical and cylindrical wave series in these problems are classical results, and it is also generally agreed that the Cartesian multipole series spans the same space as the spherical waves: a rigorous mathematical proof of that statement has, however, not been presented. In the present work, such a proof of the completeness of the Cartesian multipole series, both in two and three dimensions, is given, and the linear dependence relations among different orders of multipoles are discussed, which then allows one to easily extract a basis from the multipole series. In particular, it is concluded that the multipoles comprising the two highest orders in the series form a basis of the whole series, since the multipoles of all the lower source orders can be expressed as a linear combination of that basis.
The 2011 Texas Drought

The 2011 drought in Texas was unprecedented in its intensity. Beginning in October 2010, most of Texas experienced a relatively dry fall and winter, but the record dry March 2011 brought widespread extreme drought conditions to the state. The 12-month rainfall total for October 2010 through September 2011 was far below the previous record set in 1956. Average temperatures for June through August were over 2 °F above the previous Texas record and were close to the warmest statewide summer temperatures ever recorded in the United States. As the drought intensified, the previous year’s relatively lush growth dried out, setting the stage for spring wildfires. Conditions were so dry during the spring planting season across much of the state that many crops never emerged from the ground. Continued dry weather through the summer led to increasing hardship for ranchers, who generally saw very little warm-season grass growth while stock tanks dried up. By early fall, trees in central and eastern Texas were showing widespread mortality, and dry and windy conditions allowed forest fires to burn intensely and spread rapidly in Bastrop and elsewhere. Near-normal rainfall across Texas in October–December improved short-term conditions, but almost the entire state remained in drought. Citation: Nielsen-Gammon JW. 2012. The 2011 Texas Drought. The Texas Water Journal. 3(1):59-95. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v3i1.6463.
Direct Mannich-Type Reactions Promoted by Frustrated Lewis Acid/Brønsted Base Catalysts.

Direct Mannich-type reactions that afford both α- and β-amino esters by the reaction of a broad range of carbonyl compounds and aldimines are disclosed. The transformation is promoted by a sterically frustrated Lewis acid/Bronsted base pair, which is proposed to operate cooperatively: Within the catalyst complex, an enolate is generated that then reacts with a hydrogen-bond-activated imine. Noncovalent interactions between reactants and the catalyst provide selectivity and new opportunities for future catalyst design.
An Evolutionary Process Model of Cause‐Related Marketing and Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature

Cause-related marketing (CRM) is almost ubiquitous as brands of all price points participate in this marketing strategy in the United States and internationally, as well. The value that CRM brings to the firm, the consumer, and the nonprofit organization has made it a popular and valuable tool for marketers. Academic research on CRM has gained momentum in recent years as the strategy has matured. However, insights have occurred without a framework to provide structure and direction for this body of research. Given CRM's continued popularity, the purpose of this article is to (1) propose an evolutionary process model (EPM) of CRM to explain the iterative process (2) utilize this model as a framework for (a) organizing the systematic review of the empirical literature on CRM and (b) for identifying some gaps in the literature. Propositions based on these gaps are provided for future research.
GeoPoetry: Designing Location-Based Combinatorial Electronic Literature Soundtracks for Roadtrips

In this paper we present GeoPoetry, a location-based work of electronic literature that generates poetic language and dynamic soundtracks for road-trips that reflect the mood of people in the surrounding area. GeoPoetry takes recent nearby geotagged Twitter data and generates strings of combinatorial poetry from them using simple Markov-chain text generation. It also performs a sentiment analysis on the local Twitter traffic, which it uses to seed a playlist on Spotify, using a simple model of affect. The result is a sonic reflection of the social geography traversed by the user that responds to its situatedness in both space and time. GeoPoetry participates in a long tradition of public and locative artwork which has the potential to inspire exciting new works of interactive narrative.
Phase II study of lenalidomide in patients (pts.) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC)

4539 Background: MRCC is a disease with susceptibility to immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic approaches. Lenalidomide (LEN) is a structural and functional analogue of thalidomide with enhanced im...
Pseudomonas eradication and clinical effectivness of Ivacaftor in four Hispanic patients with S549N

Ivacaftor was approved for rarer class-III CFTR mutations including S549N in 2014. Since these mutations are uncommon, ongoing reports of patient experiences with Ivacaftor and these mutations are important. This case series describes the clinical effectiveness (including airway infection status, lung function, and growth) of Ivacaftor therapy in four pediatric Hispanic patients with S549N and F508del over 24 months. In these patients, Ivacaftor was highly efficacious with no further Pseudomonas-positive cultures despite prior chronic colonization in three patients as well as notable improvements in lung function and growth. The remarkable improvements in lung function and growth were similar to G551D patients with more striking changes in airway infection status. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017;52:E37-E39. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Promise and Practice of Peer Support Arrangements for Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Abstract This article addresses peer support arrangements as a promising and practical approach for supporting students with severe disabilities to access the myriad social and learning opportunities available within inclusive secondary school classrooms. My aim is to share some of what my colleagues and I have learned through the process of designing, delivering, and evaluating an intervention approach marked both by its efficacy and its feasibility. I begin by providing some context on secondary schooling to highlight both the complexities of supporting inclusive educational experiences and the enduring need for alternative support models. I then describe peer support arrangements and review research addressing the effectiveness of this intervention approach. Discussion then turns to the various ways in which core components of this intervention approach have evolved and been applied to support students. I conclude with recommendations for future research aimed at deepening our understanding of the application and impact of these interventions to support inclusive schooling for students with severe disabilities.
EMPOWERING ENGLISH WRITING STUDENTS: REFLECTING ON ASPECTS OF THE PROCESS THAT HELPED ME MOST?

Process-oriented writing instruction has been advocated for both L1 and L2 writing classrooms since the 1960s. Empowering learner autonomy may best occur through non-direct instruction (Rogers & Freiberg, 1994), engaging students in social learning (Vygotsky, 1978) and creating workshop-like classrooms (Murray, 2004). Any number of techniques can be used, preferably in-sync with each other, to accomplish such an approach. This study will examine the results of some recent action research in the classroom to attempt to ascertain among various process-techniques, designed to accomplish the aforementioned aspects of process-oriented instruction, which techniques (CODA paradigm / rubrics, journals, peer reviews, teacher conferences, etc.) were most useful to developmental students, especially from their own points of view. Student voices were collected through oral presentations, instructor evaluations, and classroom observations in an American classroom where native English speaking and non-native English speaking writers wrestled with freshman level developmental writing side-by-side. DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2017.200202
Reduction of bacterial burden by copper alloys on high-touch athletic center surfaces.

Background Athletic centers have been locations for the transmission of community-acquired infections. This study assessed the capacity of copper alloys to reduce the bacterial burden associated with high-touch athletic center equipment. Copper alloy weights and grips were rotated with rubber coated and stainless steel controls in an undergraduate college athletic center over a 16-month period. The athletic center is used by college athletic teams, student body, and local community. Methods The primary outcome was to compare bacterial burdens on copper and control grips by swabbing surfaces. Significance was determined using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test with significance assessed at P Results Control athletic center components carried bacterial loads 94% larger than those found on copper alloy components. Bacterial community characterization revealed Staphylococcus to be the most common bacterial genus found on grip surfaces. Antibiotic resistance testing of the Staphylococcus isolates revealed that all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid, whereas 35% of copper alloy isolates and 44% of control isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Conclusions Copper alloys can mitigate the bacterial burden on high-touch surfaces. Strategically placing copper alloys in areas of high human contact can augment infection control efforts and potentially decrease community-acquired infections in athletic centers.
Inferring ignorance from the locality of visual perception

This paper presents a logical theory that supports high-level reasoning about knowledge and perception. We construct a formal language in which perception can be described. Using this language, we state some fundamental axioms, and we show that these are sufficient to justify some elementary but interesting inferences about perception. In particular, our axioms make it possible in some cases to infer that an agent does not know about a particular event, because he has had no way to find out about it.
Rate Parameters For Catalytic Reactors By Dynamic Techniques

Transient experiments provide an attractive method for evaluating transport coefficients, and rate and equilibrium parameters for adsorption, in fluid-solid catalytic reactors. In this review methods of analyzing response curves to changes in input concentrations are discussed. Then evaluation of specific parameters by the moment method is described for different reactor arrangements, including fixed-bed, single pellet, slurry and trickle bed. Finally, applications to catalytic reactions are considered. Here dynamic experiments, in contrast to steady-state data, can be used to establish separate values of rate constants for adsorption, surface reaction and desorption.
Abstract 5486: The role of the GABA shunt in prostate cancer metabolic reprogramming and aggressive phenotype

The GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) shunt, a bypass mechanism for a portion of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is responsible in the mammalian central nervous system for the synthesis and degradation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65; gene names GAD1 and GAD2, respectively) synthesizes GABA from glutamate, while GABA-transaminase (GABA-T; gene name ABAT) metabolizes GABA into succinic semialdehyde, which is dehydrogenated into succinate. Although poorly studied in mammals, the GABA shunt plays a protective role against pH, thermo-, and oxidative stresses in plants and bacteria. We hypothesize that both cell non-autonomous GABA from the tumor microenvironment (TME), and cell-autonomous production of GABA contribute to cancer progression. Cell types within the TME such as endothelial and T-cells, are known to secrete GABA. To investigate the utilization of cell non-autonomous GABA by prostate cancer cells, we determined via LC-MS/MS that although the prostate adenocarcinoma LNCaP cell line does not contain significant amounts of GABA, it is capable of taking up exogenous GABA. The effect of exogenous GABA treatment on the metabolic capacity of LNCaP cells was examined using the SEAhorse XF24 Bioanalyzer. GABA treatment increased oxygen consumption rate while decreasing the rate of glycolysis and glycolytic reserve. This effect was blocked by co-treatment with GABA-T inhibitors, suggesting the ability of GABA to increase mitochondrial respiration occurs through the GABA shunt. GABA treatment did not affect the metabolic phenotype of a normal epithelial cell line control. Regarding cell-autonomous production of GABA, recent studies show dysregulation of genes encoding GABA shunt enzymes in various cancers; specifically relevant to this study, GAD1 is upregulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines (Ippolito 2014). Consistent with the involvement of GAD1 in aggressive prostate cancers, our analysis of the TCGA Provisional prostate cancer dataset reveals that GAD1 mRNA expression level increases with increasing Gleason Score (Pearson r = 0.19; p Citation Format: Erika L. Knott, Sumitra Miriyala, Hyung Nam, Manikandan Panchatcharam, Nancy Leidenheimer. The role of the GABA shunt in prostate cancer metabolic reprogramming and aggressive phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5486.
Comparing ethnographies of teaching when comparison seems impossible

This essay examines comparison in a double sense. Focusing on ethnographies of teachers’ work in the published literature, I ask whether it is possible to compare ethnographic studies across nation...
The peripheral neutrophils in subjects with COPD-OSA overlap syndrome and severe comorbidities: A feasible inflammatory biomarker?

Background Overlap syndrome (OS) describes the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a single individual. Subjects with OS have increased cardiovascular mortality which is presumed to be inflammation-mediated. As a clinical biomarker, an increased neutrophil count correlates with the severity of coronary artery stenosis. Objectives As little is known about the role of neutrophils in the underlying inflammatory mechanisms in OS, we aimed to assess the percentage of peripheral neutrophils (PPN) in OS vs in COPD alone. Material and methods A cross-sectional study of patients with COPD and severe comorbidities, as defined by a Care Assessment Need score over 95, were seen in the Pulmonary Tele-Health Clinic at the Salem Veteran Affairs Medical Center, USA, over a 1-year period. Demographic and polysomnographic data, FEV1 and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were extracted from the Electronic Medical Records. Obstructive sleep apnea was defined according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guidelines. Serum inflammatory markers (PPN, CRP, fibrinogen and procalcitonin) were obtained after the Tele-Health appointment. Results Out of the 38 subjects with COPD, 17 (44%) had OS. Compliance with continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP) was excellent in 7 OS subjects (41%). There was a significant difference in the PPN of subjects with OS vs COPD alone, regardless of whether they were compliant (p = 0.03) with the CPAP therapy or not (p = 0.005). No differences in the severity of COPD, baseline comorbidity, smoking, or inflammatory markers were found between the OS and COPD-only subjects. Body mass index (BMI), COPD severity, smoking, and home oxygen therapy (HOT) use were not associated with PPN (p > 0.2). Conclusions Overlap syndrome subjects have higher PPN than those with COPD alone, regardless of their CPAP compliance. Our results could be used to motivate OS subjects to improve their lifestyles and to comply with drug therapies aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD).