cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corneal Epithelial Tight Junctions and the Localization of Surface Mucin

Studies have shown that the corneal epithelial surface can be protected with artificial tears that have an ionic composition similar to natural tears.1 More recent studies have reported that the corneal epithelial mucin layer is also maintained to protect the epithelial tight junctions with artificial tears that contain bicarbonate.2 Although the mechanism of this effect is not yet known, bicarbonate is the physiological buffer in tears.2–5 The maintenance of a slightly alkaline environment is more compatible with the corneal epithelium than neutral or acidic conditions. Bicarbonate also appears to be important in maintaining the normal electrophysiological parameters of the corneal epithelium. Preliminary data from our laboratory has suggested that an artificial tear solution with bicarbonate will protect and maintain the corneal epithelial potential and resistance of rabbit corneas mounted in modified Ussing chambers. The role of bicarbonate in corneal epithelial homeostasis is not clear; however, Conroy et al.6 have reported that carbonic anhydrase is present in the epithelium, and recently Candia7 has shown that there is a net flux of bicarbonate from the cornea to the tears. Rismondo et al.8 have shown in rabbit tears (HCO- 3 = 27.5 mM/L) that the concentration of bicarbonate is higher than that obtained from the lacrimal gland (HCO- 3 = 14.7 mM/L). Thus, tear bicarbonate comes from two sources: lacrimal gland fluid and the corneal epithelium.
The implications of weather, nutrient prices, and other factors on nutrient concentrations in agricultural watersheds.

Abstract This paper examines how nutrient prices, weather, and other factors influenced P outputs in agricultural watersheds using a detailed daily dataset of water quality observations over a 40-year period. Because policies have focused differentially on soluble P through federal permitting programs for point sources and sediments through federal subsidies for conservation, we examine sediment, particulate P and soluble P separately. A novel element of this study is the inclusion of farm fertilizer and output (i.e., corn) prices, which affect agricultural sources of P in these watersheds. We do not find that sediment concentrations are influenced by P prices, but sediment has trended downward, and is seasonally lower in all months except February and March in the Maumee. In contrast, we find that soluble P concentrations are heavily influenced by P prices. They trended downward through 1995, but upwards since. While concerns about fall and winter P application have emerged, we do not find evidence that the distribution of soluble P concentrations shifted towards winter over time. Weather accounts for about 50% of the higher soluble P loadings in 1996–2011, but higher P prices in 2005–2011 lowered P concentrations relative to what they would have been. Other factors account for the remaining 50% of the increase in soluble P concentrations in 1996–2011.
Multiscale Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of Biomodified Bitumen

This paper studies the selective adsorption and dewetting processes of various biomodifiers with respect to siliceous surfaces to determine dominant moisture damage mechanisms in bitumen doped with...
Emergent airway management outside of the operating room – a retrospective review of patient characteristics, complications and ICU stay

Emergent airway management outside of the operating room is a high-risk procedure. Limited data exists about the indication and physiologic state of the patient at the time of intubation, the location in which it occurs, or patient outcomes afterward. We retrospectively collected data on all emergent airway management interventions performed outside of the operating room over a 6-month period. Documentation included intubation performance, and intubation related complications and mortality. Additional information including demographics, ASA-classification, comorbidities, hospital-stay, ICU-stay, and 30-day in-hospital mortality was obtained. 336 intubations were performed in 275 patients during the six-month period. The majority of intubations (n = 196, 58%) occurred in an ICU setting, and the rest 140 (42%) occurred on a normal floor or in a remote location. The mean admission ASA status was 3.6 ± 0.5, age 60 ± 16 years, and BMI 30 ± 9 kg/m2. Chest X-rays performed immediately after intubation showed main stem intubation in 3.3% (n = 9). Two immediate (within 20 min after intubation) intubation related cardiac arrest/mortality events were identified. The 30-day in-hospital mortality was 31.6% (n = 87), the overall in-hospital mortality was 37.1% (n = 102), the mean hospital stay was 22 ± 20 days, and the mean ICU-stay was 14 days (13.9 ± 0.9, CI 12.1–15.8) with a 7.3% ICU-readmission rate. Patients requiring emergent airway management are a high-risk patient population with multiple comorbidities and high ASA scores on admission. Only a small number of intubation-related complications were reported but ICU length of stay was high.
Neuronal Plasticity in Development: Lessons from Ethanol Neurotoxicity during Embryogenesis

Conceptually, it can be said that development of the embryonic central nervous system begins with a population of undifferentiated, multipotent cells and ends up with a highly organized arrangement of mature neurons each of which expresses a functional neurotransmitter phenotype. This ultimate, functional phenotype is a product of the interaction of numerous influences impinging on multipotential neuroblasts. Physical factors such as cell-cell contacts, migratory pathways and a plethora of soluble factors all profoundly influence establishment of neuronal phenotype during neuroembryogenesis. For example, definitive studies by LeDouarin and coworkers beginning in the early 1970’s (Le Douarin, 1973; 1980; Le Douarin and Teillet, 1974; Le Douarin et al, 1975; Le Douarin and Smith, 1988; Teillet and Le Douarin, 1983) demonstrated in vivo that neuronal phenotypes are neither rigidly predetermined nor static. They found that the migratory destination of autonomic neuroblasts of neural crest origin determines their ultimate neurotransmitter phenotype. Furthermore, they demonstrated that exposure of neural crest-derived presumptive adrenergic neuroblasts to cells from another germ cell layer, splanchnic mesoderm, results in a phenotypic shift to fully differentiatied cholinergie neurons (Le Douarin et al, 1975). Collectively, these studies have introduced the idea of neuronal plasticity in the developing brain.
Modest Residual Effects of Short-Term Warming, Altered Hydration, and Biocrust Successional State on Dryland Soil Heterotrophic Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) on the Colorado Plateau may fuel carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling by soil heterotrophic organisms throughout the region. Late successional moss and lichen biocrusts in particular can increase soil C and N availability, but some data suggest these biocrust types will be replaced by early successional cyanobacterial biocrusts as the region undergoes rapid warming. In this study, we evaluated the short-term interactive effects of biocrust successional state and elevated temperature on soil heterotrophic C and N cycling (specifically, respiration, N2O emissions, microbial biomass C and N, and soluble C and N), using a two-phase approach consisting of an 87-day greenhouse mesocosm phase followed by a short-term (2-day) laboratory incubation phase. We found that biocrust successional state, as well as exposure to warmer temperatures during the mesocosm phase, had subsequent significant effects on the amount and temperature sensitivity of soil heterotrophic C and N cycling in laboratory incubations. Late successional biocrusts increased C and N cycling relative to early successional crusts, while warming reduced both the magnitude and the temperature sensitivity of C and N cycling. The inhibiting effect of warming was most evident in soils from beneath late successional biocrusts, suggesting that an overall effect of climate warming may be a marked shift in the soil C and N cycles in the region.
Robust Differential Abundance Test in Compositional Data

Differential abundance tests in compositional data are essential and fundamental tasks in various biomedical applications, such as single-cell, bulk RNA-seq, and microbiome data analysis. However, despite the recent developments in these fields, differential abundance analysis in compositional data remains a complicated and unsolved statistical problem, because of the compositional constraint and prevalent zero counts in the dataset. This study introduces a new differential abundance test, the robust differential abundance (RDB) test, to address these challenges. Compared with existing methods, the RDB test 1) is simple and computationally efficient, 2) is robust to prevalent zero counts in compositional datasets, 3) can take the data's compositional nature into account, and 4) has a theoretical guarantee of controlling false discoveries in a general setting. Furthermore, in the presence of observed covariates, the RDB test can work with the covariate balancing techniques to remove the potential confounding effects and draw reliable conclusions. Finally, we apply the new test to several numerical examples using simulated and real datasets to demonstrate its practical merits.
The Federal Union Paradigm of 1788: Three Anti-Federalists Who Changed Their Minds

AbstractThe Constitution would not have been ratified without the support of many who harbored doubts about the document. Samuel Adams, the logical Anti-Federalist leader in Massachusetts, helped broker a compromise that set the stage for ratification in other states. Edmund Randolph, who declined to sign the Constitution in the Philadelphia Convention, became one of its chief spokesmen in the ratifying convention in Richmond. Melancton Smith, one of New York’s most prominent opponents to the Constitution, voted to ratify the document he attacked earlier in the debates. All three ultimately supported the Constitution because, although they supported substantial state sovereignty, they believed that such sovereignty would not be meaningful if it threatened the union of the states. These three shared belief in what I have called the Federal Union Paradigm, the idea that union was essential to maintain state sovereignty and that a substantial degree of state sovereignty was equally essential to an effective ...
A partial skeleton of a new species of Tynskya Mayr, 2000 (Aves, Messelasturidae) from the London Clay highlights the osteological distinctness of a poorly known early Eocene “owl/parrot mosaic”

Tynskya eocaena is an early Eocene bird with a raptor-like skull and semi-zygodactyl feet, whose description is based on a skeleton from the North American Green River Formation. In the present study, three-dimensionally preserved bones of a new species of Tynskya, T. waltonensis, are reported from the London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK). The fossils belong to a single individual and provide new insights into the skeletal morphology of messelasturids. In particular, they reveal unusual vertebral specializations, with the cervical vertebrae having concave rather than saddle-shaped caudal articulation facets and the caudalmost thoracic vertebra being platycoelous (flat articular surfaces). The very deep mandible and a derived morphology of the ungual phalanges support a sister group relationship between Tynskya and the taxon Messelastur (Messelasturidae). Phylogenetic analyses of an emended data matrix did not conclusively resolve the higher-level affinities of messelasturids and the closely related halcyornithids, with both taxa sharing derived characters with only distantly related extant taxa (Accipitriformes, Strigiformes, Falconiformes, and Psittaciformes). An analysis that was constrained to a molecular scaffold, however, recovered messelasturids as the sister taxon of a clade including psittaciform and passeriform birds. The derived morphologies of the mandible and cervical vertebrae suggest specialized feeding adaptations of Tynskya, and messelasturids may have exploited a feeding niche, which is no longer available to extant birds.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Neuropathic Cough: A Tolerability and Feasibility Study

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a form of electroanalgesia used for neuropathic pain disorders. Refractory chronic cough, or “neuropathic cough,” may be physiologically similar to other neuropathic pain conditions. This study explored the tolerability and feasibility of using TENS as a treatment for neuropathic cough. Laryngeal TENS was administered to five subjects with neuropathic cough. One electrode was placed over the lateral thyrohyoid membrane, and a second over the cricothyroid space. A frequency of 120 Hz was applied for 30 min. Participants rated symptoms pre-, during, and post-TENS treatment using a Likert scale. Laryngeal TENS was well tolerated by all subjects. Adverse effects included brief neck discomfort when increasing TENS intensity and an event of mild post-treatment hoarseness. The self-reported scores trended toward a reduction in symptom severity during and after treatment. Controlled trials using this method would elucidate the use of TENS for treatment of patients suffering from chronic cough.
Transcriptome profiles of the skeletal muscle of mature cows during feed restriction and realimentation

OBJECTIVE Realimentation can compensate for weight loss from poor-quality feedstuffs or drought. Mature cows fluctuate in body weight throughout the year due to nutrient availability. The objective of this study was to determine whether cows that differ in weight gain during realimentation also differ in the abundance of transcripts for enzymes associated with energy utilization in skeletal muscle. Mature cows were subjected to feed restriction followed by ad libitum feed. Skeletal muscle transcriptome expression differences during the two feeding periods were determined from cows with greater (n = 6) and less (n = 6) weight gain during the ad libitum feeding period. RESULTS A total of 567 differentially expressed genes (408 up- and 159 down-regulated) were identified for the comparison of restriction and ad libitum periods (PBonferroni < 0.05). These genes were over-represented in lysosome, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism pathways. Validation of the expression of five of the genes was performed and four were confirmed. These data suggest that realimentation weight gain for all cows is partially controlled by protein turnover, but oxidative stress and cellular signaling pathways are also involved in the muscle tissue. This dataset provides insight into molecular mechanisms utilized by mature cows during realimentation after a period of low abundance feed.
Measuring mental health in humanitarian crises: a practitioner's guide to validity.

There are ongoing methodological advances in measuring mental health in humanitarian crises. This Special Section describes numerous innovations. Here we take a practitioner's view in understanding the key issues related to assessment of mental health in humanitarian contexts and how the innovations contribute to the field. In this guide for practitioners, we address the following issues: (1) clarifying the intended purpose of conducting mental health assessment in humanitarian crises: why is this information collected and for what intended purposes?; (2) determining what type of tool should be selected and the types of psychometric properties that are important for tools serving this particular purpose; (3) when a validated tool is not available, considering how qualitative and quantitative methods should be used to generate information on validity; and finally, (4) how to report on validity and its implications for interpreting information for humanitarian practitioners, governments, care providers, and other stakeholders supporting people affected by humanitarian emergencies. Ultimately, mental health assessment tools are not independent of the group with which they were designed, nor are the psychometric properties of the tools or their utility universal across purposes. Therefore, organizations and stakeholders will optimize their positive impact when choosing tools wisely, appropriately adapting and validating tools, and providing guidance on how to interpret those findings to best serve populations in need.
Editorial: Polygenic Risk Scores in Child Psychiatry, Research Promise, and Potential Clinical Pitfalls.

Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for mental disorders have become a major player in child psychiatry research. PRSs quantify a child's risk for childhood psychiatric disorders by summing the effects of a multitude of common risk genetic variants across the entire genome. Each genetic variant in isolation contributes a minuscule amount to the disorder, but their combined effect can be substantial. The study by Pat et al.1 illustrates how PRSs can be used as a starting point to examine the mechanisms that might link common genetic variant risk with symptoms. In their exploration of how genes, cognition, and psychopathology may be tied together, the authors apply meticulous analytic techniques to a rich, open dataset (the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development [ABCD] cohort) and report fascinating results.
New distance estimates to Pulsating RR Lyrae Star DM And.

This is a study of the photometric data of the RR Lyrae star, DM And, in the B, V, sdssi, and sdss-z filters. The light curve shapes and estimated period 0.631± 0.011d in the B-filter, 0.631± 0.012d in the V-filter, 0.631± 0.011d in the sdss-i filter, 0.631± 0.011d in the sdss-z filter, and an average period of 0.6301 0.011d represent that of a typical RRab type RR Lyrae star. DM And’s magnitude is 12.175± 0.010 in B, 11.70± 0.010 in V, 11.60± 0.03 in sdss-i and 11.475± 0.046 in sdss-z, with an average magnitude of 11.738± 0.024. DM And has a measured distance averaged over all filters of 1647± 42 pc, 1558± 46 pc in V, 1728± 77 pc in sdss-i, and 1653± 95 pc in sdss-z. These results are comparable to GAIA’s measured distance of 1572± 157 pc.
The Three Asparaginases

Asparaginase (ASP) is a standard component of the antileukemia armamentarium. There are currently 3 preparations of asparaginase available: (1) E. coli (ASP, Elspar™); (2) the enzyme derived from Erwinia chrysanthemi (ERW, Erwinase™); (3) pegaspargase (PEG, Oncaspar™), the E. coli enzyme modified by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol. This report describes the findings of 3 pharmacologic end points: ASP enzyme activity in patients’ sera, depletion of asparagine and the development of anti-ASP antibodies. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic studies in a group of naive children with newly diagnosed ALL demonstrate a significant difference in apparent half-life (1.24 days E. coli vs. 0.65 ERW vs. 5.73 PEG; p < 0.001) and days of asparagine depletion (14–23 E. coli vs. 7–15 ERW vs. 26–34 PEG; p < 0.01) for the 3 different preparations. Data from Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) Protocol #8866 show that high antibody levels correlated with rapid ASP clearance and a significantly lower response rate (NR = 26% vs. CR + PR+64%). The pharmacologie characteristics of ASP in terms of clearance of enzyme activity and ability to deplete serum asparagine was dependent upon the nature of the enzyme and are significantly altered in patients who develop anti-ASP antibodies regardless of their clinical status. In addition, these data demonstrate that ASP pharmacokinetics are directly related to its anti-leukemic effect. In order to maximize the therapeutic benefits of ASP, the optimal dose and schedule of treatment should be determined based on pharmacologic testing rather than by clinical criteria alone. Future studies will focus on the role of “silent hypersensitivity” as a mechanism of resistance to ASP and strategies to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of ASP as part of ALL therapy.
Lighting retrofit study

A study conducted to determine the most cost-effective methods of retrofitting several configurations of lighting systems at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is described. A test protocol was developed to compare several of the most commonly utilized retrofit options for their applicability in labs and offices. A novel lighting contrast potential meter was designed and constructed to allow comparison of lighting quality as well as quantity. In addition the performance of the various retrofits, factors affecting their installation and operation were investigated. >
Time Resolved Measurements of the Exhaust from a Jet Ignition Prechamber Stratified Charge Engine

In the jet-ignition prechamber stratified-charge spark-ignition engine, the fuel-air mixture at the time of combustion is non-uniform. Instantaneous exhaust mass flow rates and emission concentrations from this engine were measured and used to determine the degree to which this charge stratification persists in the products of combustion immediately downstream of the exhaust valve throughout the exhaust process. In all the cases studied no appreciable variations, during the exhaust process, were detected either in the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gases as a function of time or in the instantaneous concentrations of CO2,O2 and NOX. The experimentally obtained instantaneous HC and CO concentrations in the exhaust, however, displayed large fluctuations and were used to study the sources of these two pollutants in this engine.
An algebraic formulation of Thurston's combinatorial equivalence

Let f : S 2 → S 2 be an orientation-preserving branched covering for which the set P f of strict forward orbits of critical points is finite and let G = π 1 (S 2 -f -1 P f ). To f we associate an injective endomorphism φ f of the free group G, well-defined up to postcomposition with inner automorphisms. We show that two such maps f, g are combinatorially equivalent (in the sense introduced by Thurston for the characterization of rational functions as dynamical systems) if and only if Φ f , φ g are conjugate by an element of Out(G) which is induced by an orientation-preserving homeomorphism.
Friction and microslip of turbomachinery components

Turbomachinery applications present many tribological problems which are largely intractable without a significant number of simplifications. This paper focuses on the specific problem of turbomachinery blade damper performance, which is extremely sensitive to the interface friction and slip condition between the turbine blade and the damper. In particular, localized regions of slip and stick significantly affect the capacity of the blade damper to provide energy dissipation and therefore to prolong the fatigue life of the blade. A new microslip model has been proposed [ Berger, Begley & Mahajani (2000) ], and this paper describes its implementation for a turbine blade geometry with blade-to-ground damper. Full elasto-dynamic predictions of contact interface behavior are generated for a simplified geometry and loading scenario, in an effort to understand the connections between macroscopic dynamic response and contact interface behavior. The problem is first presented in light of the actual application with a discussion of prominent simplifications regarding system geometry and loading. Common interface microslip models are critically examined in the context of the relationship between inherent assumptions and the actual physics of dynamic contact. The paper includes discussion and interpretation of results from numerical simulations, examination of localized surface interactions, calculations of slip displacement and velocity, and implications on blade bending stress and fatigue life. The results indicate that inclusion of microslip effects and small-scale response is critical to accurately predict blade root stress. indicate that inclusion of microslip effects and small-scale response is critical to accurately predict blade root stress. This implies that both experimental measurements and numerical calculations for relative interface slip require high spatial resolution for accurate performance characterization. The research indicates that blade root stress calculations are more sensitive to interface slip conditions than to friction coefficient variations with problem parameters-this highlights the need for accurate elasto-dynamic simulations of stick-slip behavior. Finally, a discussion of model verification via experiments and recommendations for future directions are given.
Existence of a solution to an equation arising from the theory of Mean Field Games

Abstract We construct a small time strong solution to a nonlocal Hamilton–Jacobi equation (1.1) introduced in [48] , the so-called master equation, originating from the theory of Mean Field Games. We discover a link between metric viscosity solutions to local Hamilton–Jacobi equations studied in [2] , [19] , [20] and solutions to (1.1) . As a consequence we recover the existence of solutions to the First Order Mean Field Games equations (1.2) , first proved in [48] , and make a more rigorous connection between the master equation (1.1) and the Mean Field Games equations (1.2) .
The Beta Subunit, Kvβ1.2, Acts as a Rapid Open Channel Blocker of NH2-Terminal Deleted Kv1.4 α-Subunits

A recently discovered class of ancillary subunits has been shown to modify the inactivation properties of α-subunits belonging to the Kv1 family of potassium channels. One of these subunits, Kvs1.2, modifies intrinsic α-subunit C-type inactivation. N-type inactivation and open channel block have been proposed to increase the rate of development of C-type inactivation. We demonstrate here that Kvs1.2 has kinetic properties which are consistent with rapid open channel block.
Cells Persistently Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus III. Thermal Stability of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase of a Mutant Isolated from Persistently Infected L Cells

Data were obtained which indicated the possible cause of the defective elution from erythrocytes of the mutant virus (NDV(pi)) isolated from L cells persistently infected with the Herts strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV(o)). The chicken erythrocyte receptors for the mutant and wild-type viruses were equally sensitive to the action of Vibrio cholera filtrate neuraminidase; this suggests that the failure of NDV(pi) to elute from chicken erythrocytes is not due to a specific neuraminidase-resistant receptor for this virus on the erythrocyte membrane. There was no difference in the enzyme content of the intact virions of NDV(o) and NDV(pi) when tested with a soluble substrate, indicating that the inefficient elution of NDV(pi) was not due to a reduced enzyme content. The neuraminidase activity of intact NDV(pi) virions was significantly more stable at 55 C than the enzyme of NDV(o) virions, whereas the dissociated enzymes of the two viruses were inactivated at the same rate. On the basis of these findings, it seems likely there is a structural difference between the two viruses. The neuraminidase protein of the mutant NDV(pi) may be incorporated into the viral envelope in such a manner that it is prevented from reacting with the substrate in the erythrocyte membrane, although it can react with a soluble substrate. The hemagglutinin activity of both intact and disrupted NDV(pi) was significantly more resistant to thermal inactivation than that of the wild-type NDV(o). This finding suggests a genetic difference in the hemagglutinin protein of the two viruses.
Non-foster matching of electrically small Bowtie antenna covering 600 MHz to 1100 MHz

A wideband non-foster matched electrically small planar Bowtie antenna for 600 MHz–1100 MHz is proposed. The non-foster matched antenna is experimentally verified to have stable wideband matching bandwidth. Both measured radiation pattern and realized gain information is presented.
Informational diversity and entrepreneurial team performance: moderating effect of shared leadership

A research need exists regarding the relationship between entrepreneurial team informational diversity and team performance, including the conditions under which such diversity might benefit performance. This study explores the moderating effect of shared leadership on the relationship between informational diversity and entrepreneurial team performance. Four dimensions are used to measure informational diversity: functional specialty, educational specialty, educational level, and managerial skills. The results show that functional specialty diversity can improve entrepreneurial team performance. Managerial skill diversity can improve entrepreneurial team performance when leadership is shared among team members. These findings advance the understanding of entrepreneurial team performance and provide practical implications regarding team structure.
Diffusion properties of model compounds in artificial sebum.

Abstract Sebaceous glands secrete an oily sebum into the hair follicle. Hence, it is necessary to understand the drug partition and diffusion properties in the sebum for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents into the sebum-filled hair follicle. A new method was developed and used for determination of sebum flux of topical therapeutic agents and other model compounds. The drug transport through artificial sebum was conducted using sebum loaded filter (Transwell®) as a membrane, drug suspensions as donor phases and HP-β-CD buffer solution as a receiver phase. The experiment was performed at 37 °C for 2 h. The results of the drug transport studies indicate that the flux (Jsebum) through the artificial sebum is compound dependent and a bell-shaped curve was observed when log Js versus alkyl side chain length of the compounds that proved to be different from the curves obtained upon plotting log J skin versus clog P for the same compounds, indicating the possibility to select appropriate compounds for sebum targeted delivery based on the differences in the skin flux and sebum transport profiles of the molecules.
Factors Affecting Trap-Net Catchability of Black Crappies in Natural Minnesota Lakes

Abstract We quantified the effects of length-group (150–199, 200–249, and 250–299 mm), sampling period (September, October, early spring, and late spring), lake, and intraspecific density on catchability q of black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus in trap nets (modified fyke nets) set in eight natural Minnesota lakes during 1996–2001. The catchability of the two larger length-groups exceeded that of the smallest length-group in all lakes. Catchability in early and late spring exceeded that in September or October in most lakes; otherwise, q did not differ among sampling periods. Catchability differed among lakes during September, October, and early-spring sampling periods but did not differ among lakes in late spring. For 150–199-mm fish, q increased with increasing lake surface area during all sampling periods, decreased with increasing shoreline development ratio during all periods, decreased with increasing maximum depth during fall sampling periods, and was unrelated to the percentage of surface area o...
Damage loss assessment and control of the cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in winter canola using insecticides.

Experiments examining the efficacy, timing, and number of applications of various insecticides were used to assess cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull), yield loss relationships in winter canola, Brassica napus L. Typically, the pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin, esfenvalerate, permethrin, and zetacypermethrin were more effective than the currently registered insecticides endosulfan and methyl parathion in reducing adult numbers and preventing pod infestation by larvae. Two insecticide applications during flowering usually were needed to effectively reduce adult numbers and to prevent seed injury. Larval injury primarily affected grain weight by reducing seed weight and number of seeds per pod. One, 2, and 3 larvae per pod reduced seed weight per pod by 20.2, 38.1 and 52.2%, respectively. Larval injury did not consistently affect kernel weight or grain oil content. Yield loss increased linearly by ≈1.7% for each 1% increase in percentage of infested pods, when larval infestation of pods exceeded 23% infested pods. These results support findings from Europe that canola can tolerate pod infestations of ≥26% without measurable yield loss. However, depending on control costs and commodity value, preemptive insecticidal control was not justified until pod infestations exceeded 26–40% infested pods. These results provide a quantitative basis for the development of decision rules for C. assimilis which will minimize unnecessary insecticide use on canola in the United States.
An analysis of metal fatigue based on hysteresis energy

Halford's plastic-energy concept for lowcycle fatigue is extended to the medium- and high-cycle ranges. The resulting equations are compared with 74 sets of data in the medium- and high-cycle ranges. The difference in stress between theory and experimental data is less than ±5 percent.
Use of 3 H-muscimol for GABA receptor studies

γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) is a major transmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS)1,2 and studies of synaptic receptors for neurotransmitters have been useful in many areas of neuropharmacology3,4. Although GABA receptors can be studied using 3H-GABA itself5–7, a ligand which does not bind to GABA uptake sites would be valuable for autoradiography and for other studies of receptor function. Muscimol (3-hydroxy-5-aminomethyl-isoxazole) is a naturally occurring GABA analogue found in Amanita muscaria8,9. It is reported to be a potent agonist at bicuculline-sensitive, strychnine-insensitive postsynaptic receptors of the mammalian CNS10–12 and to have minimal affinity for the GABA uptake system13. Muscimol also seems to enter the brain after peripheral injection14 and is aldehyde fixable. I here present evidence of the binding of 3H-muscimol by brain tissue, comparing binding by membrane preparations in vitro with retention of 3H-muscimol after intravenous administration. The ability of muscimol to alter evoked release of GABA by synaptosomes was also used to verify the ability of muscimol to alter the function of GABA neurones.
A two-step finite-element time-integration scheme for the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress

Abstract A two-step time-integration scheme is developed for the finite-element approximation of the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress. The two-step method does not require the computation of more quantities than the forward-gradient method developed previously. For a thick-walled cylinder under internal pressure, the two-step method permits larger time-step size and requires less CPU time, but more disk storage, than the forward-gradient scheme.
Fourier transform Raman optical activity

Abstract Raman optical activity (ROA) is conventionally measured by modulating the incident laser polarization between right and left circular polarization states and detecting the difference in the scattered Raman intensities using a dispersive spectrograph attached to a multichannel detector. In this article, a Fourier transform technique using a Martin-Puplett interferometer is shown to be suitable for measuring both the ROA and ordinary Raman intensities in a single measurement. Novel features in this technique include: (a) incident laser radiation is plane polarized; (b) the scattered Raman light is collected without an analyzer.
Three-dimensional structure of N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase: a member of the ATP grasp protein superfamily.

Escherichia coli PurK, a dimeric N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (N5-CAIR) synthetase, catalyzes the conversion of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), ATP, and bicarbonate to N5-CAIR, ADP, and Pi. Crystallization of both a sulfate-liganded and the MgADP-liganded E. coli PurK has resulted in structures at 2.1 and 2.5 A resolution, respectively. PurK belongs to the ATP grasp superfamily of C−N ligase enzymes. Each subunit of PurK is composed of three domains (A, B, and C). The B domain contains a flexible, glycine-rich loop (B loop, T123−G130) that is disordered in the sulfate−PurK structure and becomes ordered in the MgADP−PurK structure. MgADP is wedged between the B and C domains, as with all members of the ATP grasp superfamily. Other enzymes in this superfamily contain a conserved Ω loop proposed to interact with the B loop, define the specificity of their nonnucleotide substrate, and protect the acyl phosphate intermediate formed from this substrate. PurK contains a minimal Ω loop without c...
Characteristics of indoor disaster environments for small UASs

This paper provides a formal analysis of indoor disaster environments that impact the design of small unmanned aerial systems (SUASs), their navigational algorithms, and their sensors. Four characteristics of a region of space: scale, degree of deconstruction, location of obstacles, and tortuosity are described. The analysis compares the value of these characteristics for Prop 133 at Disaster City® with twelve SUASs that have flown inside a disaster damaged building or other physical or computer simulated indoor space; the analysis normalizes the platform size. Eleven of the twelve systems were tested in more spacious regions (habitable) than the regions typified by Prop 133 (restricted maneuverability). Only one of the twelve systems was tested in a deconstructed environment; likewise only one testbed placed obstacles in equivalent configurations to those in Prop 133. The tortuosity of the testbeds was at best half of the tortuosity of Prop 133. The paper concludes that current obstacle avoidance and simultaneous localization and mapping algorithms vetted with those testbeds may not perform well in actual disaster environments.
Nutrition locus of control and dietary behaviors of pregnant women.

B EHAVIOR PATTERNS are a key factor in preventing illness and maintaining health (Department of Health and Human Services, 1991). Self-care behaviors are encouraged as a way to maximize personal health and limit health care expenses. Interventions to enhance self-care efforts have met with limited success because changes in daily living are often difficult to sustain (Evans & Hall, 1978). Because self-direction, as measured by the locus of control orientation, is believed to influence self-care efforts, educational and clinical programs based on locus of control perspectives have been suggested as one means to promote self-care behaviors (Houts & Warland, 1989; Muhlenkamp & Nelson, 1981). The locus of control construct, as derived from Rotter’s social learning theory (Rotter, 1954), has two dimensions. Internal locus of control is the extent to which one believes in one’s personal ability to control outcomes. External locus of control is the extent to which one believes events are beyond personal control. External control is divided into two subdimensions (a) powerful others locus of control describes the extent to which one believes that others, such as physicians, the health care system, family, or friends, are responsible for outcomes; and (b) chance locus of control describes the extent to which one believes outcomes are caused by factors such as chance, fate, or luck over which no one has control. Because the dimensions are considered to be independent, a person’s locus of control can be high or low in one or more dimensions. In addition, each dimension can vary according to specific situations, such as weight loss or pregnancy. To more accurately address health care issues,
An explanation of prevention and suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Abstract An explanation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis prevention and suppression is presented based upon evidence that the active unit in disease induction is an encephalitogen- adjuvant complex. The stereochemical complementarity in structure of the encephalitogen and adjuvant is mirrored in complementarity in the recognition sites of lymphocyte populations activated against encephalitogen and adjuvant. Since two complementary lymphocyte populations are necessary for disease induction, any procedure that prevents the development of one of these populations will prevent disease induction. Any procedure that eliminates one population after induction has occurred will suppress the disease. We argue that all extant data support the hypothesis. Several new experiments are proposed to further test it.
Survival needs of the older church member: Implications for educational programming

Pastors and church education planners must be made aware of the fact that older adulthood is a dynamic period fraught with new challenges for the elderly. The constriction phase of the adult life span places new demands on the older adult through its emerging social roles, developmental tasks, and teachable moments. Instrumental forms of education are required to develop new competencies that will, in turn, retard the process of decline. It is imperative that the decline process be slowed down in the older adult so that he may continue to experience new growth and expansion opportunities.
Determinants of Ditch Company Share Prices in the South Platte River Basin

Ditch companies were formed historically to distribute irrigation water. A portfolio of water rights would be acquired and the resultant water distributed proportionately among the members. Active markets for these shares developed because of their relative homogeneity and ease of transfer. This study identifies the factors that determine share prices, by regressing price on supply- and demand-side variables: characteristics of the underlying water rights, anticipated transfer losses, general factors affecting urban demand, and effects unique to each purchasing city. The major factors are found to be seniority of the underlying water rights, average yields, and transfer losses.
Paradoxical Embolism to the Central Nervous System After Sexual Intercourse in a Young Woman with a Complex Atrial Septal Abnormality

Ischemic stroke during sexual intercourse is an unusual occurrence. We report the evaluation and treatment of a young woman on oral contraceptives, with a complex atrial septal abnormality and right lower extremity deep vein thrombus, who had an ischemic stroke during sexual intercourse. Successful treatment was accomplished with administration of intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator and subsequent transvascular occlusion of the atrial septal abnormality.
Interstellar absorption lines in high-resolution IUE spectra of cataclysmic variables

High-resolution ultraviolet spectra of five cataclysmic variables obtained with the IUE are used to investigate the character of the interstellar medium in the vicinity of the sun. These spectra reveal narrow absorption features of neutral and singly ionized interstellar species, and, in SS Cyg, narrow velocity-shifted absorption features of C IV, Si IV, and Si III. Using the column densities implied by the absorption features of the neutral and singly ionized species, values for the depletion of Si, Mg, Mn, and Fe from the gas phase of the interstellar medium in the vicinity of the sun are obtained. These hydrogen column densities are of particular importance in constraining the soft X-ray luminosity of cataclysmic variables because of the severe attenuation of the soft X-ray flux of cataclysmic variables by photoelectric absorption in the interstellar medium. In addition, using the column densities implied by the absorption features of C IV, Si IV, and Si III in the spectrum of SS Cyg, the existence of an expanding H II region of interstellar gas photoionized by he EUV and soft X-ray flux of this cataclysmic variable are inferred.
Monopole antenna on circular disk over flat earth

The sinusoidal-Galerkin moment method is developed for a vertical monopole antenna at the center of a circular disk over the flat earth. Numerical results are included for antenna impedance and current distribution.
The accumulation of a chemical cue: nest-entrance trail in the German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica.

Vespine wasps have been shown to deposit an attractive chemical in the nest entrance. Foragers use this to help locate the nest when returning to it. We determined how many individuals need to track (pass through) the entrance before the chemical is recognized. We found a logistic response as the number of stracks increased. At 200 tracks and above there was a 75-90% positive response rate to the chemical. We found no evidence of trail-marking behavior performed by foragers inside the nest entrance. We conclude that the trail is not an evolved signal, but is a cue composed of an accumulation of hydrocarbons deposited from the legs or feet of workers as they walk on a substrate. This is the first quantitative measurement of the attractiveness of the nest-entrance chemical in a social wasp.
Cotton embryogenesis: the tube-containing endoplasmic reticulum.

The egg, zygote, and young embryo of cotton possess a tube-containing ER. The tubes are 290–310 A in diameter, microns in length, crooked, and branched. They are preserved with either GaOs or KMnO 4 . The ER within which they occur has attached ribosomes. The membrane of the ER and the membrane of the tubes is continuous at the ends, thus the interior of the tubes is open to the ground cytoplasm. The origin of the tubes is not clear, but they appear to be unrelated to the microtubules found in the cytoplasm of the cell. They are postulated as having a role in the reduction of cell volume during the development of the zygote.
Control of decoherence in the generation of photon pairs from atomic ensembles

We report an investigation to establish the physical mechanisms responsible for decoherence in the generation of photon pairs from atomic ensembles, via the protocol of Duan for long-distance quantum communication [Nature (London) 414, 413 (2001)] and present the experimental techniques necessary to properly control the process. We develop a theory to model in detail the decoherence process in experiments with magneto-optical traps. The inhomogeneous broadening of the ground state by the trap magnetic field is identified as the principal mechanism for decoherence. The theory includes the Zeeman structure of the atomic hyperfine levels used in the experiment, and the polarization of both excitation fields and detected photons. In conjunction with our theoretical analysis, we report a series of measurements to characterize and control the coherence time in our experimental setup. We use copropagating stimulated Raman spectroscopy to access directly the ground-state energy distribution of the ensemble. These spectroscopic measurements allow us to switch off the trap magnetic field in a controlled way, optimizing the repetition rate for single-photon measurements. With the magnetic field off, we then measure nonclassical correlations for pairs of photons generated by the ensemble as a function of the storage time of the single collective atomic excitation. We report coherence times longer than 10 mu s, corresponding to an increase of two orders of magnitude compared to previous results in cold ensembles. The coherence time is now two orders of magnitude longer than the duration of the excitation pulses. The comparison between these experimental results and the theory shows good agreement. Finally, we employ our theory to devise ways to improve the experiment by optical pumping to specific initial states.