cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray studies of quasars with the Einstein observatory. III: The 3CR sample

Using X-ray emission detected by the Einstein Observatory from each of the 33 3CR quasars in Schmidt's complete sample, it is demonstrated that there is a relationship between the X-ray emission and centimeter wavelength radio emission even for steep-spectrum quasars, provided that only the radio emission from the central object is considered. The observations are summarized, and the estimation of the X-ray luminosity distribution, rather narrow compared to the radio and optical luminosity distributions, is presented. The relationship between X-ray and radio emission is discussed, as is the cosmological evolution of the X-ray luminosity function. The relationship between X-ray and optical luminosity provides an explanation for the finding that X-ray selected quasars have lower redshifts than optically selected quasars of the same optical magnitude.
Thermosetting epoxy as a moisture-resistant coating for YBa2Cu3O7

Composites of YBa2Cu307−x and a thermosetting epoxy have been fabricated to study the effectiveness of the epoxy as a protective coating against aqueous decomposition of the oxide, and to determine the effects of the polymer on the oxide's superconducting properties. Reaction with water depletes the ceramic of barium, causes cracks perpendicular to the surface, and decreases the volume fraction of superconducting phase. Microstructural studies show that the epoxy coating is an effective barrier against the decomposition of YBa2Cu307−x immersed in 70 ° C water. In addition, resistivity and AC susceptibility measurements indicate that the epoxy has no deleterious effect on the superconducting transition temperature of the ceramic.
Phenolic glycosides from Dirca palustris.

Five novel phenolic glycosides (1−5) were isolated from the MeOH extract of the dried twigs of Dirca palustris, as confirmed by their 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS data. Compounds 1−3 were not active aga...
Judgment of action capabilities in children at risk for developmental coordination disorder

Purpose. To evaluate the ability to accurately perceive the limits of action capabilities in children at risk for developmental coordination disorder (DCD).Methods. In Study 1, 9 to12-year-old children (mean = 10.6 years, SD = 1.09) were identified as at risk for DCD and the accuracy of their perceptual judgments was compared with the judgments of a group of typically developing children (TDC). Two judgment tasks were used: Maximum vertical reach and maximum sitting height. Study 2 tested the hypothesis that a significant correlation would be found between a specific movement task and a related judgment task. Participants were randomly selected (n = 24) 10 and 11-year-old children (mean = 10.5 years, SD = 0.51).Results. Magnitude of judgment error (absolute error) on all tasks was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the DCD group than in the TDC group. Study 2 revealed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the movement task and the related perceptual task (r = 0.70).Conclusion. Compared to a typica...
How Hunter‐Gatherers' Stories “Make Sense”: Semantics and Adaptation

The most important achievement of hunting-gathering cultures through human history has been effective internal communication. These cultures have been able reliably, if on a small scale, to motivate and inform individuals as to what they must do to make group life continue. They have found successful ways to make decisions, coordinate activities, and suppress conflict. With low population levels they have remained in balance within their environments, which they change very little in order to live. Western cultures are faced with the necessity of doing all these things on a much larger scale. Large populations and escalating exploitive capacity combine to threaten already stressed global resources. Yet understanding of what must be done either by individuals or groups is fragmented, action is piecemeal, and conflict is endemic.
Choosing an Involvement Strategy

The most prevalent approach to designing work organizations calls for such features as hierarchical decision making, simple repetitive jobs at the lowest level, and rewards based on carefully measured individual job performance. But this "control" approach appears to be losing favor. Numerous articles and books have recently argued that work organizations need to move toward an "involvement" or "commitment" approach to the design and management of work organizations.' The advantages of the involvement approach are said to include higher quality products and services, less absenteeism, less turnover, better decision making, and better problem solving in short, greater organizational effectiveness.2 Careful examination of the suggested ways to increase involvement reveals not one but at least three approaches to managing organizations. All three encourage employee participation in decision making. These three approaches, however, have different histories, advocates, advantages, and disadvantages. An organization interested in adopting an involvement-oriented approach needs to be aware of the differences among these approaches and strategically choose the approach that is best for it. The three approaches to involvement are (1) parallel suggestion involvement, (2) job involvement, and (3) high involvement. They differ in the degree to which they direct that four key features should be moved to the lowest level of an organization. Briefly, the features are: (1) information about the performance of the organization, (2) rewards that are based on the performance of the organization, (3) knowledge that enables employees to understand and contribute to organizational performance, and (4) power to make decisions that influence organizational direction and performance. Information, rewards, knowledge, and power are the central issues for all organizations. How they are positioned in an organization determines the core management style of the organization. When they are concentrated at the top, traditional control-oriented management exists; when they are moved downward, some form of participative management is being practiced. The parallel suggestion approach does the least to move power, knowledge, information, and rewards downward, while the high involvement approach does the most. Because they position power, information, knowledge, and rewards differently, these approaches tend to fit different situations and to produce different results. It is not that one is always better than another, but that they are different and, to some degree, competing. Let us consider how these three approaches operate, and the results they produce. Once we have reviewed them, we can discuss when and how they are best used.
Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in normal endometrium is associated with risk of endometrial cancer development

Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a DNA-binding protein that is mainly expressed in thyroid and lung tissue, but has also been found in gynecologic tissue. Recent studies have suggested that TTF-1 has tumor suppressor function in lung adenocarcinoma models. In the current study, we examined whether expression of TTF-1 in benign endometrium and endometrial hyperplasia might impact on the risk of developing endometrial cancer. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded endometrial tissues obtained from 535 cases were used to construct an endometrial tissue microarray. One hundred fifty of 207 patients had multiple serial endometrial specimens including 46 patients who progressed to endometrial cancer. The tissue microarray included a range of histopathologies including benign endometrium (n=231), simple hyperplasia (n=105), complex hyperplasia (n=36), simple atypical hyperplasia (n=10), complex atypical hyperplasia (n=44), and endometrial carcinoma (n=109). Expression of TTF-1 by immunohistochemistry in benign endometrium and endometrial hyperplasia was correlated with progression to cancer and clinical features known to be associated with increased risk of developing endometrial cancer. Carcinoma specimens showed a significantly greater expression of TTF-1 compared with benign endometrium and non-atypical hyperplasia (P=0.0007 and P=0.05). Presence of TTF-1 expression in benign endometrium was associated with a significantly decreased risk of cancer development (P=0.003, hazards ratio=0.104, 95% CI: 0.024-0.455). TTF-1 expression in hyperplasia did not significantly correlate with progression to cancer. The data from our study show that TTF-1 expression in normal endometrium is associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer development. This observation suggests that TTF-1 might function as a tumor suppressor in endometrial tissue. TTF-1 expression in normal endometrium could potentially provide clinically useful information as a biomarker for the risk of endometrial cancer.
Multiple competitive learning network fusion for object classification

This paper introduces a multiple competitive learning neural network fusion method for pattern recognition. By defining a confidence level measure for the learning vector quantization network classifier, we develop both a serial and a parallel network fusion algorithm to combine the discriminatory ability of different individually trained networks. We use two distinct feature vectors, gray-scale morphological granulometry and Fourier boundary descriptor, to demonstrate the efficacy of the classifier. The algorithms are applied on the classification of more than 8000 underwater plankton images. The classification accuracy for training data and for testing data are over 92% and 85%, respectively.
Multiple mechanisms enable invasive species to suppress native species

 Premise of the study : Invasive plants represent a signifi cant threat to ecosystem biodiversity. To decrease the impacts of invasive species, a major scientifi c undertaking of the last few decades has been aimed at understanding the mechanisms that drive invasive plant success. Most studies and theories have focused on a single mechanism for predicting the success of invasive plants and therefore cannot provide insight as to the relative importance of multiple interactions in predicting invasive species ’ success.  Methods : We examine four mechanisms that potentially contribute to the success of invasive velvetgrass Holcus lanatus : direct competition, indirect competition mediated by mammalian herbivores, interference competition via allelopathy, and indirect competition mediated by changes in the soil community. Using a combination of fiand greenhouse approaches, we focus on the effects of H. lanatus on a common species in California coastal prairies, Erigeron glaucus , where the invasion is most intense.  Key results : We found that H. lanatus had the strongest effects on E. glaucus via direct competition, but it also infl uenced the soil community in ways that feed back to negatively infl uence E. glaucus and other native species after H. lanatus removal.  Conclusions : This approach provided evidence for multiple mechanisms contributing to negative effects of invasive species, and it identifi ed when particular strategies were most likely to be important. These mechanisms can be applied to eradication of H. lanatus and conservation of California coastal prairie systems, and they illustrate the utility of an integrated set of experiments for determining the potential mechanisms of invasive species ’ success.
Minimax rate adaptive estimation over continuous hyper-parameters

We study minimax-rate adaptive estimation for density classes indexed by continuous hyper-parameters. The classes are assumed to be partially ordered in terms of inclusion relationship. Under a mild condition on the minimax risks, we show that a minimax-rate adaptive estimator can be constructed for the classes.
The Origin and Structure of the Vitelline Membrane of the Domestic Fowl’s Egg

Abstract WHILE numerous studies have been made in which various characteristics of the vitelline membrane have been considered, knowledge of the origin and the resulting structure of the membrane are noticeably lacking. The membrane is of considerable interest both biologically and chemically as several interesting reactions take place through it or at its surface. It has its origin at ovulation, and must naturally be part of the original follicular wall of the ovum. While part of the wall of the follicle is ruptured at ovulation, that of the membrane is left intact. The germinal disc lies in intimate contact with the membrane, and some time after ovulation the membrane is penetrated by the sperm necessary for fertilization of the disc. In the practical handling of eggs it is well recognized that water passes from the white through the membrane into the yolk, and that the membrane becomes more fragile and stretches . . .
Philia and pedagogy ‘side by side’: the perils and promise of teacher–student friendships

This paper asks whether teachers and students can be friends with one another and yet maintain their integrity as teachers and students. It provides an account of friendship, drawing on Aristotle, Montaigne, and contemporary work by Elizabeth Telfer and Lawrence Blum, and addresses two key challenges: first, that teachers must be impartial and this impartiality is impeded by friendship, and, second, that friendship interferes with the pedagogical relationship. The paper concludes that neither objection is insurmountable, though both suggest important caveats. This paper also discusses two reasons to recommend friendship between teachers and students: friendship mitigates some of the harm effected by schools as institutions, and furthermore scholarship in the history and sociology of childhood suggests that there is reason to believe that children are often better off when they have adults as friends, though their opportunities to make such friends are limited. This paper concludes that friendship between ...
Improved electroluminescence of spark-processed silicon by an aerosol-assisted technique†

The electroluminescence (EL) intensity (radiant flux) of spark-processed (sp) Si has been improved by one order of magnitude by introducing into the spark plasma an intimately mixed methanol/silicon particle suspension. This results in a smoother surface and an increased contact area to the semitransparent silver layer. As a consequence the light emitting region is substantially enhanced. Further, the device current increases by aerosol-assisted spark processing compared to conventional sp techniques. The EL spectra of sp-Si display maxima near 750 nm (1.7 eV) and 660 nm (1.9 eV) and a threshold wavelength for light emission at about 360 nm (3.2 eV). A mechanism for sp-induced EL of Si is proposed.
On the prevalence and evaluation of recent TCP enhancements

In recent years several enhancements to TCP congestion control and loss recovery mechanisms have been proposed and accepted as Internet standards. In this paper, we examine these enhancements in detail. We consider five TCP enhancements: (1) selective acknowledgements (SACK) and the SACK-based loss recovery algorithm; (2) increasing initial congestion window; (3) limited transmit; (4) appropriate byte counting; and (5) early retransmit. We present results from active measurements performed on web servers on the state of deployment of these enhancements. Our results show that while several web servers support TCP enhancements, the majority still use previous standards for congestion control and loss recovery. Using simulation, we quantify the cumulative effect of these TCP enhancements on web based and bulk data transfers. We hope that such an evaluation provides a clearer view of the applicability of these enhancements, and further motivation for their implementation.
Abstractions from proofs

The success of model checking for large programs depends crucially on the ability to efficiently construct parsimonious abstractions. A predicate abstraction is parsimonious if at each control location, it specifies only relationships between current values of variables, and only those which are required for proving correctness. Previous methods for automatically refining predicate abstractions until sufficient precision is obtained do not systematically construct parsimonious abstractions: predicates usually contain symbolic variables, and are added heuristically and often uniformly to many or all control locations at once. We use Craig interpolation to efficiently construct, from a given abstract error trace which cannot be concretized, a parsominous abstraction that removes the trace. At each location of the trace, we infer the relevant predicates as an interpolant between the two formulas that define the past and the future segment of the trace. Each interpolant is a relationship between current values of program variables, and is relevant only at that particular program location. It can be found by a linear scan of the proof of infeasibility of the trace.We develop our method for programs with arithmetic and pointer expressions, and call-by-value function calls. For function calls, Craig interpolation offers a systematic way of generating relevant predicates that contain only the local variables of the function and the values of the formal parameters when the function was called. We have extended our model checker Blast with predicate discovery by Craig interpolation, and applied it successfully to C programs with more than 130,000 lines of code, which was not possible with approaches that build less parsimonious abstractions.
Trajectory Optimization for Nonholonomic Vehicles on Non-Flat Terrains Using Shooting and Collocation Methods

In this paper we focus on the trajectory optimization problem for a specific family of robots; nonholonomic mobile robots. We study the particular case where such robots operate on smooth, non-flat terrains, i.e. terrains with large differences in elevation. Initially we present the governing equations of such robots and then study the trajectory optimization problem in order to solve for the optimal control policy. We test two different approaches for this problem, namely a shooting and a collocation method, for evaluating and optimizing a performance index.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Management of bronchial asthma in children.

Summary Bronchial asthma is an allergiccondition characterized by wheezing, dyspnea, orthopnea, and cough. It is usually preceded or associated with seasonal or perennial rhinitis. The responsible allergens in childrenare easily discovered in at least 95 per cent of the cases. The history, physical examination, and clinical trials are important. Skin tests should be made in all cases and be done with all protein-containing materials to which the child is exposed. Scratch tests should be done first;intradermal tests are also necessary in about 25 per cent of all cases. Best results are obtained by strictavoidance of causative allergens and by hyposensitization with important inhalant materials. Preventive measures are importantin children of allergic parents. They can definitely delay the onset and lessen the severity of allergic conditions, including asthma. Reassurance, epinephrine, iodides, and ACTH and steroids are the most important symptomatic measures. Attention to complicating infections and to psychic influences are also necessary. Results in asthma in children areusually excellent and they are improving.
A combined finite element-state space modeling environment for induction motors in the ABC frame of reference: the no-load condition

A combined finite element state-space modeling environment capable of predicting no-load induction motor performance is introduced. The authors focus on the model derivation and the no-load simulation. The model is based on the natural ABC frame of reference and includes full effects of discrete winding layouts, magnetic saturation, and space harmonics. The model does not require the existence of actual motor hardware. The method is totally flexible and allows the design engineer to answer what-if questions before any resources are committed to prototyping. The method was shown to produce motor parameter results which correlate very well with corresponding test data of an example 1.2 hp 200 V three-phase induction motor. >
Gravity-field determination from laser observations

The paper obtains a global representation of the geopotential in spherical harmonics with sufficient detail to determine both a satellite trajectory and the geocentric coordinates of all the tracking stations in a well-defined coordinate system to an accuracy of a few centimeters or better. Laser tracking data on nine satellites are combined with terrestrial gravimetry to obtain a spherical-harmonics representation of the geopotential complete through degree and order 24.
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase reduces glucagon secretion in alpha TC-1 clone 6 cells via the DP1 receptor.

Diabetes is associated with disturbances in the normal levels of both insulin and glucagon, both of which play critical roles in the regulation of glycemia. Recent studies have found lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (l-PGDS) to be an emerging target involved in the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes. This study focused on the effect of l-PGDS on glucagon secretion from cultured pancreatic Alpha TC-1 Clone 6 cells. When cells were treated with various concentrations of l-PGDS (0, 10, 50, and 100 ug/ml) for 2 h in 1 mM glucose; glucagon secretion decreased to 670±45, 838±38, 479±11, and 437±45 pg/ml, respectively. In addition, pancreatic islets were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and stained for prostaglandin D2 receptors, DP1 and DP2, using immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that these islets express only the DP1 receptor. Pancreatic islets were then stained for alpha and beta cells, as well as DP1, to find the primary location of the receptor within the islets using immunofluorescence. Interestingly, DP1 receptor density was found primarily in alpha cells rather than in beta cells. Our study is the first to report a correlation between l-PGDS and glucagon secretion in alpha cells. Based on our obtained results, it can be concluded that higher concentrations of l-PGDS significantly reduced the secretion of glucagon in alpha cells, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as offer a novel therapeutic site for the treatment of diabetes.
Endometrial biopsy: Comparison of aspiration curettage with conventional dilatation and curettage

Aspiration curettage was compared with conventional dilatation and curettage to determine the efficacy of each in diagnosing endometrial cancer. Since 1946 at Roswell Park Memorial Institute 301 patients had both aspiration curettage and conventional dilatation and curettage. It was found that aspiration curettage is an entirely safe procedure is equal to conventional dilatation and curettage in diagnostic accuracy and is invaluable in diagnosing recurrent activity in the postradiation inoperable group of cases.
Designer fluid performance and inclination angle effects in a flat grooved heat pipe

Abstract A flat heat pipe was used to study the effects of an advanced working fluid previously shown to improve the thermal performance of phase change heat transfer devices through surface augmentation of the wick. Surface structures were created by the working fluid through chemical oxidation reactions and solubility forced deposits. The modular heat pipe apparatus allowed water and the advanced working fluid to be compared in the same device. A clear viewing cover plate allowed for visual observation of the evaporating section of the heat pipe. The setup was first tested for repeatability with water and produced three sets of thermal resistance values within 5%. The advanced working fluid decreased thermal resistance by approximately 20% and nearly tripled the capillary limit. The advanced working fluid was also tested at larger angles and was able to maintain normal operation due to the additional capillarity of the fluid deposits. This work also provides insight into the design of fluids for other wick geometries by examining the effect of increasing the concentration of the fluid and how the fluid deposits on the surface. The results indicate that concentration of the fluid was over the amount necessary for the evaporative surface area of the grooved wick.
Generating hard satisfiable formulas by hiding solutions deceptiveily

To test incomplete search algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems such as 3-SAT, we need a source of hard, but satisfiable, benchmark instances. A simple way to do this is to choose a random truth assignment A, and then choose clauses randomly from among those satisfied by A. However, this method tends to produce easy problems, since the majority of literals point toward the "hidden" assignment A. Last year, (Achlioptas, Jia, & Moore 2004) proposed a problem generator that cancels this effect by hiding both A and its complement A. While the resulting formulas appear to be just as hard for DPLL algorithms as random 3-SAT formulas with no hidden assignment, they can be solved by WalkSAT in only polynomial time. Here we propose a new method to cancel the attraction to A, by choosing a clause with t > 0 literals satisfied by A with probability proportional to qt for some q < 1. By varying q, we can generate formulas whose variables have no bias, i.e., which are equally likely to be true or false; we can even cause the formula to "deceptively" point away from A. We present theoretical and experimental results suggesting that these formulas are exponentially hard both for DPLL algorithms and for incomplete algorithms such as WalkSAT.
The effects of firms’ information environment on analysts’ herding behavior

We find financial analysts herd to a greater degree in firms with more opaque information environments as measured by the incidence of short-term institutional investors present. The S-statistic, a measure of forecast bias, and forecast timing and quality metrics are used to measure analyst herding behavior. The results are consistent with the notion that opaque information environments are more conducive to analysts engaging in reputational herding behavior where more capable analysts act first and less capable analysts follow. Additionally, analysts are more likely to issue forecast revisions subsequent to management earnings guidance in less opaque environments. Robustness tests indicate our operational measure of opacity is not subsumed by other measures of the information environment, namely information asymmetry.
Photoswitchable hydride transfer from iridium to 1-methylnicotinamide rationalized by thermochemical cycles.

Visible light-triggered hydride transfer from [Cp*Ir(bpy)(H)]+ (1) to organic acids and 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA+) is reported (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine). A new thermochemical cycle for determining excited-state hydride donor ability (hydricity) predicted that 1 would be an incredibly potent photohydride in acetonitrile. Phototriggered H2 release was indeed observed from 1 in the presence of various organic acids, providing experimental evidence for an increase in hydricity of at least 18 kcal/mol in the excited state. The rate and product selectivity of hydride transfer to MNA+ are photoswitchable: 1,4-dihydro-1-methylnicotinamide forms slowly in the dark but rapidly under illumination, and photolysis can also produce doubly reduced 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylnicotinamide.
Multicomponent Synthesis of 6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones and a Total Synthesis of Cannabinol

A multicomponent domino reaction that affords 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones is reported. The overall transformation consists of six reactions: Knoevenagel condensation, transesterification, enamine formation, an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction, 1,2-elimination, and transfer hydrogenation. Both the diene and dienophile for the key inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) step are generated in situ by secondary amine-mediated processes. In most cases, the yields (10–79%) are considerably better than those obtained using a stepwise process. This methodology is employed in a concise total synthesis of cannabinol.
A composite likelihood method for bivariate meta-analysis in diagnostic systematic reviews.

Diagnostic systematic review is a vital step in the evaluation of diagnostic technologies. In many applications, it involves pooling pairs of sensitivity and specificity of a dichotomized diagnosti...
Multiple-antibiotic-resistant Pathogenic Bacteria -- A Report on the Rockefeller University Workshop

Last year, a small group of scientists, physicians, and public health experts gathered at Rockefeller University for a one-day workshop to discuss the accelerating spread of bacterial pathogens resistant to antimicrobial agents and whether multiresistant bacteria pose a threat to public health in the United States. This report is based on the conclusions of that workshop. After a half-century of virtually complete control over microbial disease in the developed countries, the 1990s have brought a worldwide resurgence of bacterial and viral diseases1. An important factor in this phenomenon is the acquisition of antibiotic-resistance genes by virtually all major bacterial . . .
Extractives of Baldcypress, Black Walnut, and Redwood and Survival of the Eastern Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes flavipes

Survival varied by wood species and solvent system when Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) fed on selected solvent-extracted sawdusts prepared from redwood, black walnut, and baldcypress and on filter paper treated with the corresponding extracts. The best solvent system for removing the detrimental material(s) from all 3 woods appeared to be a mixture of acetone, hexane, and water (53:44:3).
The Impact of the 2008 Global Crisis on Human Development: An Examination of the Human Assets Index

We examine the impact of the 2008 Global Crisis on 142 Less-Developed Countries as defined in Closset, Feindouno, and Goujon (2014). We look at the Human Assets Index (i.e. HAI), as well as each of its four components that include two health dimension indicators (i.e. the Undernourishment Index and the Under-five mortality index) and two education dimension indicators (i.e. the Adult Literacy Rate and the Secondary Enrollment Index). First, we look at how the index and each of its components have changed over the 1980-2011 period. We find that there has been a gradual improvement in all of the HAI indicators. Then, to examine the impact of the Global Crisis, we compare the three-year period just before the Global Crisis and the three-year period just after the Global Crisis. Our results show that, for the overall sample, the Global Crisis has not had a significant impact on any of the indicators. However, further examination reveals that the relatively developed countries within the sample have actually improved their HAIs after the crisis. Therefore, we conclude that crises tend to have different effects on a countrys development depending on how developed the country is before the crisis begins.
KETAMINE: A POTENTIAL RAPID‐ACTING ANTISUICIDAL AGENT?

Ketamine has attracted widespread attention as a potential rapid-acting antidepressant. There is also considerable interest in its use for the rapid treatment of patients deemed at risk for suicide. Here, we review the available evidence (open-label and randomized controlled trials) that examine the effects of ketamine on suicidal ideation (SI). Overall, data suggest that ketamine has a rapid albeit transient effect in reducing SI, though some studies had mixed results at different time points or using different assessments. Weaknesses to the existing literature include the small sample sizes of the studies, the exclusion of patients with significant SI at baseline from many of the studies, and the potential functional unblinding when participants are randomized to saline as placebo. The evidence supporting the clinical use of ketamine for SI is very preliminary. Although ketamine appears to a promising therapeutic option in a context where there is a great unmet need (i.e., patients at imminent risk of suicide), further controlled trials are needed to allow for meaningful clinical recommendations.
Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohandas Gandhi, and the Contexts of Indian Secularism

Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohandas Gandhi shared the view that India’s nationalism made secularism unnecessary, for secularism is a notion whose conceptual genealogy is in a specific historical context, an idea designed to repair the damaging effects of European nation-state formation. An alternative Indian nationalism was to consist in a reconstruction of what they took to be India’s unselfconsciously pluralist traditions; the genuine and lived pluralism of ordinary Indian social life was to be replayed in the political arena of anti-imperialism. Secularism, both in Europe and post-Independence India, consists not in neutrality among religions but in a lexicographical ordering between the commitments to freedom of religion and to fundamental constitutional rights. The exception granted by the Indian state to Muslim personal law ought not to be seen as a denial of secularism but as a suspension of the secular ideal in the context of the history of a collective human subject.
Unique relations between counterfactual thinking and DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) propose that rumination about a trauma may increase particular symptom clusters. One type of rumination, termed counterfactual thinking (CFT), refers to thinking of alternative outcomes for an event. CFT centered on a trauma is thought to increase intrusions, negative alterations in mood and cognitions (NAMC), and marked alterations in arousal and reactivity (AAR). The theorized relations between CFT and specific symptom clusters have not been thoroughly investigated. Also, past work has not evaluated whether the relation is confounded by depressive symptoms, age, gender, or number of traumatic events experienced. METHOD: The current study examined the unique associations between CFT and PTSD symptom clusters according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) in 51 trauma-exposed treatment-seeking individuals. RESULTS: As predicted, CFT was associated with all PTSD symptom clusters. After controlling for common predictors of PTSD symptom severity (i.e., age, depressive symptoms, and number of traumatic life events endorsed), we found CFT to be significantly associated with the intrusion and avoidance symptom clusters but not the AAR or NAMC symptom clusters. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present study provide further support for the role of rumination in specific PTSD symptom clusters above and beyond symptoms of depression, age, and number of traumatic life events endorsed. Future work may consider investigating interventions to reduce rumination in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) Language: en
Haemosporidian Prevalence and Parasitemia In the Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)

Hemosporidians are a diverse group of blood parasites that infect terrestrial vertebrates worldwide, but there is variability in parasite prevalence and parasitemia with infections ranging from virtually inconsequential to lethal. In this study, we determined prevalence and parasitemia of avian hemosporidians in the Tufted Titmouse ( Baeolophus bicolor ; n = 81). Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus were detected and quantified from blood samples using microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and quantitative PCR. Thirteen mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages of hemosporidian parasites were found, including generalist and specialist lineages, and the data indicate that prevalence is 69.1% (Plasmodium 89.3%; Parahaemoproteus 7.1%; double infection 3.6%). However, parasitemia was low in all infected birds. Seasonally, parasite prevalence varied significantly, although prevalence and parasitemia were not associated with host sex, age, or health. Observations of infection in this naturally infected bird provide details on host susceptibility that are applicable to the understanding of hemosporidian parasites in other avian hosts.
“Clactonian Flaking” and Primary Flaking: Some Initial Observations

AbstractThis paper reappraises the long-accepted terms and concepts of Clactonian flaking and Clactonian flakes. It attempts to show that Clactonian flakes are nothing more than the regular products of the primary stage in the flaking process of every technology. Therefore, “Clactonian flakes” cannot serve as criteria for distinguishing any distinct industrial tradition.
Similar Improvement in Gait Parameters Following Direct Anterior and Posterior Approach Total Hip Arthroplasty

Introduction: Direct anterior approach (DAA) total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been reported to be a muscle sparing approach. The purpose of this study was to compare gait patterns over time between patients undergoing THA via DAA and posterior approach (PA). Methods: 22 patients with unilateral primary hip osteoarthritis were prospectively enrolled and gait analysis was performed prior to, at 6 months and 1 year following THA via DAA and PA. All PA THA9s were performed by a single surgeon from January 2008 to February 2009; all DAA THA9s were performed by the same surgeon at the same institution from January 2010 to May 2011 with similar design of uncemented acetabular, femoral components and bearing surfaces. Reflective markers were placed on the lower extremity and motion data collected using six infrared cameras (Qtrac, Qualysis). Ground reaction forces were recorded with a multicomponent force plate (Kistler). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare changes in gait parameters over time. Harris Hip Score was used to quantify pain and function. Results: There were 11 patients in both groups with similar age, sex and BMI distribution. Postoperatively, both groups demonstrated improvement in flexion/extension range of motion (ROM) (p = 0.006), peak flexion (p = 0.05) and extension moments (p = 0.004) with no differences between groups. Internal/external ROM improved significantly and was higher in DAA group as compared to PA group (p = 0.05). Gait velocity and single-leg stance time improved significantly in PA group (p = 0.001), but they were similar between groups postoperatively. Pain and function scores were also similar. Conclusions: THA performed via DAA and PA offer similar improvement in gait parameters at 6 months and 1 year follow-up with the exception of internal/external ROM. This might be indicative of altered hip mechanics related to release and repair of external rotators during PA THA.
Printed optics: phantoms for quantitative deep tissue fluorescence imaging

Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for complex or physiologically realistic phantoms, useful, for example, in developing biomedical imaging methods and for calibrating measured data. However, available 3D printing materials provide a limited range of static optical properties. We overcome this limitation with a new method using stereolithography that allows tuning of the printed phantom’s optical properties to match that of target tissues, accomplished by printing a mixture of polystyrene microspheres and clear photopolymer resin. We show that Mie theory can be used to design the optical properties, and demonstrate the method by fabricating a mouse phantom and imaging it using fluorescence optical diffusion tomography.
Flipping the classroom in business and education one-shot sessions: a research study

In response to the challenge of maximising the effectiveness of one-off information literacy (IL) sessions, library faculty at Lehman College experimented with the flipped classroom model. This research paper reports the results of a multi-semester quantitative study of the flipped classroom in business management and education one-off sessions. Researchers explored two research questions: Do students in a flipped session demonstrate greater knowledge before their session than students in a control session? and Do flipped and control students demonstrate significant, positive improvement in knowledge after their session? The researchers used pre- and post-tests to evaluate two crucial aspects of the flipped model: pre-class homework assignments and in-class active learning. A significant finding supports the usefulness of homework assignments in preparing students for these library sessions. Both education and business classes also reported high degrees of satisfaction with the flipped model. The article provides evidence that the flipped classroom, especially those using the pre-class homework assignments, can be effective for student learning in IL one-off sessions.
Heart transplantation in cardiac amyloidosis

"Cardiac amyloidosis" is the term commonly used to reflect the deposition of abnormal protein amyloid in the heart. This process can result from several different forms, most commonly from light-chain (AL) amyloidosis and transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, which in turn can represent wild-type (ATTRwt) or genetic form. Regardless of the origin, cardiac involvement is usually associated with poor prognosis, especially in AL amyloidosis. Although several treatment options, including chemotherapy, exist for different forms of the disease, cardiac transplantation is increasingly considered. However, high mortality on the transplantation list, typical for patients with amyloidosis, and suboptimal post-transplant outcomes are major issues. We are reviewing the literature and summarizing pros and cons of listing patients with amyloidosis for cardiac or combine organ transplant, appropriate work-up, and intermediate and long-term outcomes. Both AL and ATTR amyloidosis are included in this review.
Action is an Artifact

Both action research and design science provide the means for doing research that is rigorous and relevant. In this essay, I combine the different stages of the action research cycle with the different research activities and research outputs of design science. The result is a framework in which action research and design science are able to complement and strengthen each other.
Panchromatic Osmium Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy: Solutions to Existing Problems and New Questions

This article is a highlight of the paper by Lazic et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology, https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12767. It describes the validation of osmium coordination complexes as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, with very promising in vivo results that demonstrate radical improvements in survival following irradiation with visible (635 nm) or near-IR (NIR; 808 nm) light. An unusual feature in the study is that the different complexes exhibit disparate photophysical and photobiological characteristics, despite sharing common structural motifs. These findings raise hopes for the development of novel photosensitizers that overcome the limitations of current commercially available systems for PDT, but also raise questions regarding the most efficacious biological mechanisms of action for this treatment modality.
The Transition to Caregiving: The Experience of Family Members Embarking on the Dementia Caregiving Career

Although there is an extensive literature on dementia caregiving, research on family members' adjustment to the onset of dementia and on the early stage of caregiving is limited. This article describes a phenomenological study based on twenty semi-structured interviews with spouses and adult daughters of someone with early/mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants were asked to describe the earliest changes in the parent or spouse and the changes to their everyday lives and in their relationships brought by cognitive impairment. These family members reported taking on many new responsibilities in a highly interactive caregiving process consisting primarily of decision-making and supervision. Many participants reported experiencing frustration, resentment, grief, and relational deprivation, along with increased protectiveness and tenderness towards the person with dementia. Most of the participants were ambivalent about seeking or accepting help from others and seemed to want to maintain the status quo as long as possible. Social workers meeting with families in the context of disclosure of a dementia diagnosis or the early adjustment period may help by identifying their losses, normalizing negative feelings, and helping families envision ways they could use outside help.
Cognitive Development and Psychopathology: Observations on Egocentrism and Ego Defense

Over the past decade and a half, American research on the cognitive development of children has received its greatest impetus from the work of Jean Piaget (e.g., Piaget, 1963). Most of this research started from Piaget’s later studies and theorizing concerned with the evolution of rational thought. Much less attention was paid to Piaget’s early work (e.g., Piaget, 1929) on egocentrism. But the work on egocentrism seems most closely related to psychopathology and thus seems to warrant more study than it has heretofore received. The intent of the present paper is to provide a brief example of one of the directions such a study might take. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section reviews some of the history of the study of egocentric thought. In the second section, some of my own conceptions of the evolution of egocentric structures in children and adolescents will be described. The third section of the paper deals with the relation between egocentric structures and ego defenses at three age levels. Then, in the final section, some clinical and research implications of the discussion will be briefly presented.
Next-Generation Firewalls: Cisco ASA with FirePower Services

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the Cisco ASA next-generation firewall with FirePower Services. The product will be introduced as to its purposes and features of why an organization would want to deploy it as a security product in an enterprise or otherwise large scale network. This paper will give insight into the technology behind the Cisco ASA as well as additional features that the FirePower Services adds. I will cover some of the strengths found on the FirePower platform that Cisco offers such as signature-based threat detection and Snort, as well as some of the limitations the platform has compared to other leading vendors in the network security world such as the lack of SSL inspection as the time of this writing.
In The Shadow Of Corporate Scandal: The Use Of Audit Committees In U.S. Local Governments

Recent financial scandals in the private sector have led to widespread speculation that public organizations may be susceptible to similar events of financial misconduct and should, therefore, be required to adopt similar strategies to those that are mandated of private-sector corporations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This paper looks at one of those strategies by examining the use of audit committees in U.S. local governments. Specifically, this paper explores (1) why local governments have heretofore voluntarily created audit committees, (2) the perceived benefits and problems of audit committees, and (3) whether the use of audit committees is compatible with the principal-agent logic that underlies their promotion.
Translating Health Behavior Interventions across Nations.

This article provides an overview of international translation of health behavior interventions. The ideas expressed in this article serve to provide direction when developing a health behavior program for a host country, utilizing previous programmatic knowledge from elsewhere. First, the authors discuss constituents of country-level variables about which international translation might focus. Next, they suggest two general sorts of adaptations reflecting country-level differences: surface versus deep-level changes and language. Then, they highlight the importance and means of cooperation in international translation. Two examples of international translation protocols are presented.
Teaching Community-Based Learning Course in Retailing Management.

This study outlines the use of a community-based learning (CBL) applied to a Retailing Management course conducted in a 16-week semester in a private institution in the East Coast. The study addres...