cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of the human gene for lysosomal di-N-acetylchitobiase

Chitobiase is a lysosomal glycosidase that acts during the ordered degradation of asparagine-linked glycoproteins to cleave the core chitobiose unit at its reducing end. Human chitobiase is expressed in significant amounts, while bovine chitobiase is produced at extremely low levels. To begin to understand this species-dependent expression, we determined the gene structure of human chitobiase. The human chitobiase gene ( CTB S) is approximately 20 kb comprising seven exons varying from 0.1 to 2.3 kb and six introns of 0.3 to 8 kb. The previously characterized partial bovine chitobiase gene structure is similarly organized including exon and intron sizes and locations, but the human and bovine 5'-flanking regions differ significantly. 5'-RACE analysis of human chitobiase cDNA revealed only one transcriptional start site 45 bp upstream of the ATG translation initiation site. Computer analysis of the human chitobiase gene 5'-flanking region shows characteristics of a typical housekeeping gene. The putative promoter region contains a distal TATA box, and there are several Sp-1 and AP-2 cis elements. In contrast, bovine chitobiase gene 5'-flanking region shows totally different structures and may contain several silencers. A partial art-2 segment which is an artiodactyl Alu -like repetitive sequence, is also present. These evolutionary differences in the 5'-flanking region of the chitobiase genes from human and bovine could account for the widely varied expression levels of the hydrolase within these two species.
Ionic Strength Dependence of the Reaction between Methanol Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome c-551i: Evidence of Conformationally Coupled Electron Transfer

The quinoprotein methanol dehydrogenase and cytochrome c-551i are two soluble acidic proteins that form a physiological complex in which electrons are transferred from pyrroloquinoline quinone to heme. The oxidation of methanol dehydrogenase by the cytochrome was studied as a function of ionic strength using stopped-flow spectroscopy. The dissociation constant (Kd) for complex formation decreased 2-fold with increasing ionic strength from 0.21 to 1.3 M and increased at higher ionic strengths. The rate constant for the electron transfer reaction (kET) increased 2-fold with increasing ionic strength from 0.21 to 1.3 M and decreased at higher ionic strengths. The variation of Kd and kET over this range of ionic strengths was described by Van Leeuwen theory, which takes into account monopole-dipole and dipole-dipole forces, in addition to the monopole-monopole force, to predict the interactions between large molecules. Analysis of the kinetic results in terms of these electrostatic interactions indicated the probable orientations for protein-protein binding and electron transfer. To explain the ionic strength dependence of the observed kET, a model is presented in which the true kET is reduced by a factor Kc, an equilibrium constant that describes some rearrangement of the proteins after a nonoptimal collision to produce the most efficient orientation for electron transfer. This model is consistent with the notion that the large reorganizational energy obtained from temperature-dependence studies of this electron transfer reaction [Harris, T. K., & Davidson, V. L. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 14145-14150] is due to such an intracomplex rearrangement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency leads to prolonged foreign body response in the brain associated with increased IL-1β levels and leakage of the blood brain barrier

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes with specificity towards extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMPs, especially MMP-9, have been shown to degrade components of the basal lamina and disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thus, contribute to neuroinflammation. In the present study we examined the role of MMP-9 in the foreign body response in the brain. Millipore filters of mixed cellulose ester were implanted into the brain cortex of wild type and MMP-9-null mice for a period of 2 d to 8 wks and the response was analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. We observed enhanced and prolonged neuroinflammation in MMP-9-null mice, evidenced by persistence of neutrophils, macrophages/microglia, and reactive astrocytes up to 8 wks post-implantation. In addition, blood vessel density around implants was increased in MMP-9-null mice and detection of mouse serum albumin (MSA) indicated that vessels were leaky. Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses indicated that this defect was associated with the absence of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and ZO-2 from vessels in proximity to implants. Analysis of brain sections and brain protein extracts revealed that the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), which is a substrate for MMP-9, were significantly higher in MMP-9-null mice at 8wks post-implantation. Collectively, our studies suggest that increased levels of IL-1beta and the delayed repair of BBB are associated with prolongation of the FBR in MMP-9-null mice.
On the number of n-plexes

An n-plex of order p is an n-dimensional simplicial complex with p 0-simplexes in which every maximal simplex has dimension n or 0. An effective method is provided for calculating the number s^n"p of n-plexes of order p, and all values of s^n"p are computed for p>=9, thereby extending some results of Harary [1,2] and Oberschelp [5]. Connected n-plexes and self-complementary n-plexes are also enumerated and some useful asymptotic formulas are found.
Matching to Remove Bias in Observational Studies

Several matching methods that match all of one sample from another larger sample on a continuous matching variable are compared with respect to their ability to remove the bias of the matching variable. One method is a simple mean-matching method and three are nearest available pair-matching methods. The methods' abilities to remove bias are also compared with the theoretical maximum given fixed distributions and fixed sample sizes. A summary of advice to an investigator is included.
Accuracy of doppler echocardiography in the assessment of pulmonary hypertension in liver transplant candidates

Pulmonary hypertension has been associated with poor outcome after liver transplantation. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in detecting significant pulmonary hypertension. Seventy-four potential liver transplant candidates underwent Doppler echocardiography in which the systolic right ventricular pressure (RVsys) was used to estimate the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAsys). Group 1 included 39 consecutive patients with RVsys >/=50 mm Hg who underwent elective right heart catheterization. Group 2 consisted of 35 patients with RVsys /=35 mm Hg), including 12 (30%) with severe pulmonary hypertension (MPAP >/=50 mm Hg). Only 1 of the group 2 patients had MPAP >/=35 mm Hg. Thus, in the diagnosis of moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension, the sensitivity of echocardiography was 97% and specificity was 77%. Doppler echocardiography is an accurate screening test to detect moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension. We advise that liver transplant candidates with RVsys >/=50 mm Hg undergo right heart catheterization to fully characterize pulmonary hemodynamics.
Intertemporal Statutory Interpretation and the Evolution of Legislative Drafting

All theories of statutory interpretation rely on an idea of how Congress operates. A commonly held supposition among scholars is that the procedures used in the creation of legislation are unsophisticated and almost anarchic. This supposition exists because scholars generally give little consideration to the underlying actors and their evolving roles in the drafting process. This Article deconstructs the many steps of, and actors involved in, the statutory-drafting process. It reveals an evolving process that is the opposite of what scholars generally believe: While Congress historically did not have the capacity or resources to draft statutes well, it has evolved through the last forty years to arrive at a point where modern statutes are carefully researched by professional researchers and clearly drafted by nonpartisan professional legislative drafters, with the entire process overseen by hundreds of specialized committee staff and countless lobbyists.This Article uses this better understanding of the evolution of Congress’s institutional competence to explain how the rise of judicial textualism over the last few decades should be viewed at least partially as a response to Congress’s improved drafting process. And not only do these practical findings provide a descriptive account of judicial behavior, they also provide a basis from which to make normative judgments about how to undertake statutory interpretation based on the era in which a statute was drafted, a method that this Article terms “intertemporal statutory interpretation.” This Article demonstrates how consideration of the evolution of the real-world legislative process can allow for more fully developed theories of statutory interpretation.
Teyyam: Annual Visit by the God Vishnumurthi

Teyyam: Annual Visit by the God Vishnumurthi. 1997.57 minutes, color, English narration and subtitles. film by Erik de Maaker. For more information contact Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02472, or the Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, Department of Visual Ethnography, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
Lung irradiation with static plutonium microspheres

Hamsters are exposed to selected lung burdens of plutonium contained in 10 µm diameter inert microspheres of ZrO2 ceramic. Injected into the jugular vein, the microspheres lodge quantitatively in the lung capillaries and remain immobile for the life of the hamster. Distribution through the lung is essentially random but shows a systematic variation through a factor of about 2 from lobe to lobe.
The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found an area in the fusiform gyrus in 12 of the 15 subjects tested that was significantly more active when the subjects viewed faces than when they viewed assorted common objects. This face activation was used to define a specific region of interest individually for each subject, within which several new tests of face specificity were run. In each of five subjects tested, the predefined candidate “face area” also responded significantly more strongly to passive viewing of (1) intact than scrambled two-tone faces, (2) full front-view face photos than front-view photos of houses, and (in a different set of five subjects) (3) three-quarter-view face photos (with hair concealed) than photos of human hands; it also responded more strongly during (4) a consecutive matching task performed on three-quarter-view faces versus hands. Our technique of running multiple tests applied to the same region defined functionally within individual subjects provides a solution to two common problems in functional imaging: (1) the requirement to correct for multiple statistical comparisons and (2) the inevitable ambiguity in the interpretation of any study in which only two or three conditions are compared. Our data allow us to reject alternative accounts of the function of the fusiform face area (area “FF”) that appeal to visual attention, subordinate-level classification, or general processing of any animate or human forms, demonstrating that this region is selectively involved in the perception of faces.
It's a Mad, Mad World: Using Emotion Inductions in a Survey

Recent research has uncovered a dynamic role for emotion in political decision-making. Anger in particular has increased in importance as scholars uncover its role in motivating participation and partisanship. One method for examining these effects is to use an induction to invoke an emotion, though such techniques are often limited to the laboratory. We discuss pertinent psychological research on induction, test several methods, and make practical recommendations for political science survey research. Using a unique research design which varies the way anger is invoked, we first find significant effects using a scenario induction. We replicate these findings with an adult sample and extend the results to political inductions. We are able to offer practical advice to scholars interested in replicating the effects of angry campaign ads or better understanding the effects of anger arousal on political behavior.
Accurate numerical methods for micromagnetics simulations with general geometries

In current FFT-based algorithms for micromagnetics simulations, the boundary is typically replaced by a staircase approximation along the grid lines, either eliminating the incomplete cells or replacing them by complete cells. Sometimes the magnetizations at the boundary cells are weighted by the volume of the sample in the corresponding cell. We show that this leads to large errors in the computed exchange and stray fields. One consequence of this is that the predicted switching mechanism depends sensitively on the orientation of the numerical grid. We present a boundary-corrected algorithm to efficiently and accurately handle the incomplete cells at the boundary. We show that this boundary-corrected algorithm greatly improves the accuracy in micromagnetics simulations. We demonstrate by using A. Arrott's example of a hexagonal element that the switching mechanism is predicted independently of the grid orientation.
Agritourism as a Catalyst for Improving the Quality of the Life in Rural Regions: A Study from a Developed Country

Poverty is not limited to underdeveloped and developing countries; it is a reality for developed countries as well, and the United States of American is no exception. Using a case study approach and a social accounting matrix (SAM) model with household disaggregation, this study shows that tourism can be a catalyst to alleviate poverty and unemployment in rural regions of developed countries. This study shows that “agriculture,” the primary economic activity of these regions, can be developed as agritourism attractions and destinations, helping the sustenance of these regions. The authors are indebted to anonymous referees of this journal for valuable comments. Part of the research was funded by the research grants #1043727 from Office of Research & Commercialization, University of Central Florida. We acknowledge valuable insight from Melissa Hunt, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Sanford, FL.
The Politics of Judicial Selection

Some of Stuart Nagel's earliest work has a continuing significance to research on the selection of state court judges. His research provides answers to why partisan election of judges, in spite of the flaws of this selection system, remains a major system for selecting state court judges. And Nagel's early research offers important insight about contemporary issues in the selection of judges such as the differences between elected and appointed judges and the role of race and ethnicity in judicial decision-making.
Human Cutaneous Myiasis by the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in Oklahoma.

This case report describes an incident of myiasis in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Paramedics treated a 53-year-old man in the field when he suffered cardiac arrest. He was intubated by the paramedics and transported to an emergency room, where he received two stents and a balloon pump. He was found to have a GCS of three and remained in the hospital for 7 days before passing away. After his death, the breathing tube was removed, revealing the presence of several maggots. On closer inspection, the dipteran larvae were found in both the oral and nasal cavities. Four of these larvae were reared to adulthood and identified as Lucilia cuprina (Weidemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), commonly known as the Australian sheep blowfly, by the Biology Department of the University of Oklahoma. Based on the fly's life cycle and rate of development, the infestation is suspected to be hospital acquired.
Warfare in inner Asian history (500-1800)

Military developments in Inner Asia lay at the basis of the rise of a number of Ancient and Early Modern Empires. This is the first scholarly work to embrace Inner Asian military history across a broad spatial and chronological spectrum, from the Turks and Uighurs to the Pechenegs, and from the Mongol invasion of Syria to the Manchu conquest of China. Based on previously unknown and until now underestimated sources, the contributors to this volume explore the context, development, and characteristic features of Inner Asian warfare, making original contributions to our understanding of Asian and world history.
Aging impacts isolated lymphoid follicle development and function

Background: Immunosenescence is the age-related decline and dysfunction of protective immunity leading to a marked increase in the risk of infections, autoimmune disease, and cancer. The majority of studies have focused on immunosenescence in the systemic immune system; information concerning the effect of aging on intestinal immunity is limited. Isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) are newly appreciated dynamic intestinal lymphoid structures that arise from nascent lymphoid tissues, or cryptopatches (CP), in response to local inflammatory stimuli. ILFs promote “homeostatic” responses including the production of antigen-specific IgA, thus playing a key role in mucosal immune protection. ILF dysfunction with aging could contribute to immunosenescence of the mucosal system, and accordingly we examined phenotypic and functional aspects of ILFs from young (2 month old) and aged (2 year old) mice. Results: We observed that aged mice have increased numbers of ILFs and increased numbers of structures corresponding to an early stage of CPs transforming into ILFs. The cellular composition of ILFs in aged mice is altered with a smaller B-lymphocyte population and an increased T-lymphocyte population. The ILF T-lymphocyte population is notable by the presence of CD4+ CD8aa+ T-lymphocytes, which are absent from the systemic compartment. The smaller B-lymphocyte population in ILFs from aged mice is directly correlated with decreased mRNA and protein expression of CCL20 and CXCL13, two chemokines that play crucial roles in recruiting Blymphocytes into ILFs. Aged mice had elevated levels of serum and fecal immunoglobulins and despite the decreased B-lymphocyte population, ILFs from aged mice displayed increased IgA production. The immunoglobulin repertoire was skewed in aged mice, and ILFs demonstrated a repertoire usage similar to that of the systemic pool in both young and aged mice. Conclusions: Here we observed that ILF development, cellular composition, and immunoglobulin production are altered with aging suggesting that ILF dysfunction contributes to mucosal immunosenescence.
Quantitative phase evaluation of dynamic changes on cell membrane during laser microsurgery.

The ability to inject exogenous material as well as to alter subcellular structures in a minimally invasive manner using a laser microbeam has been useful for cell biologists to study the structure-function relationship in complex biological systems. We describe a quantitative phase laser microsurgery system, which takes advantage of the combination of laser microirradiation and short- coherence interference microscopy. Using this method, quantitative phase images and the dynamic changes of phase during the process of laser microsurgery of red blood cells RBCs can be evaluated in real time. This system would enable absolute quantitation of localized alteration/damage to transparent phase objects, such as the cell membrane or intracellular structures, being ex- posed to the laser microbeam. Such quantitation was not possible using conventional phase-contrast microscopy. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Mathematical analysis of cross-wire probe measurements

The cross-wire probe can be used for measuring static magnetic properties in small regions of thin magnetic memory films. This paper gives analytical solutions for the cross-wire probe outputs. The theoretical analysis is based on the ideal rotational switching model for flat films. Results are in excellent agreement with the experimental waveforms obtained in measurements of H_{c}, H_{k} , and skew.
On taxonomic membership

Taxonomic membership frequencies exhibit distributions in which groups with few numbers of subtaxa are much more common in a clade than those with more subtaxa. Here, a “broken plate” model is developed to describe such taxonomic memberships; some higher taxonomic group (the plate) is randomly subdivided into intermediate taxonomic units (plate fragments), whose sizes are dependent on the number of taxonomic subunits that they each contain. Theoretical distributions of membership frequencies produced by this model yield a superior fit to data from both modern and fossil groups, as illustrated by classifications for primarily fossil brachiopods and entirely modern mammals. The nature of these distributions is consistent with the contention that Linnaean membership frequencies result from the random partitioning of taxonomic/morphologic space. Moreover, numbers of taxa contained within hierarchically equivalent groups are unrelated, as are membership numbers at taxonomically higher and lower levels of consideration. Agreement between observed taxonomic memberships and those anticipated from the random partitioning of diversity as described by the “broken plate” model bears directly on a number of fundamental questions including the significance of extreme polytypy and inferred causes of adaptive radiation within many taxonomic groups.
Analysis of the Characteristics and Mechanisms of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in a Suite of Coupled Models from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

AbstractNorth Pacific decadal oceanic and atmospheric variability is examined in a suite of coupled climate models developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The models have ocean horizontal resolutions ranging from 1° to 0.1° and atmospheric horizontal resolutions ranging from 200 to 50 km. In all simulations the dominant pattern of decadal-scale sea surface temperature (SST) variability over the North Pacific is similar to the observed Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). Simulated SST anomalies in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) region exhibit a significant spectral peak at approximately 20 yr.Sensitivity experiments are used to show that (i) the simulated PDO mechanism involves extratropical air–sea interaction and oceanic Rossby wave propagation; (ii) the oscillation can exist independent of interactions with the tropics, but such interactions can enhance the PDO; and (iii) ocean–atmosphere feedback in the extratropics is critical for establishing the approximately 20-yr time s...
Awareness in collaborative information seeking

Support for explicit collaboration in information-seeking activities is increasingly recognized as a desideratum for search systems. Several tools have emerged recently that help groups of people with the same information-seeking goals to work together. Many issues for these collaborative information-seeking (CIS) environments remain understudied. The authors identified awareness as one of these issues in CIS, and they presented a user study that involved 42 pairs of participants, who worked in collaboration over 2 sessions with 3 instances of the authors' CIS system for exploratory search. They showed that while having awareness of personal actions and history is important for exploratory search tasks spanning multiple sessions, support for group awareness is even more significant for effective collaboration. In addition, they showed that support for such group awareness can be provided without compromising usability or introducing additional load on the users. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetospirillum bellicus sp. nov., a Novel Dissimilatory Perchlorate-Reducing Alphaproteobacterium Isolated from a Bioelectrical Reactor

ABSTRACT Previously isolated dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria (DPRB) have been primarily affiliated with the Betaproteobacteria. Enrichments from the cathodic chamber of a bioelectrical reactor (BER) inoculated from creek water in Berkeley, CA, yielded a novel organism most closely related to a previously described strain, WD (99% 16S rRNA gene identity). Strain VDYT has 96% 16S rRNA gene identity to both Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense and Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, and along with strain WD, distinguishes a clade of perchlorate-reducing Magnetospirillum species in the Alphaproteobacteria. In spite of the phylogenetic location of VDYT, attempted PCR for the key magnetosome formation genes mamI and mamL was negative. Strain VDYT was motile, non-spore forming, and, in addition to perchlorate, could use oxygen, chlorate, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide as alternative electron acceptors with acetate as the electron donor. Transient chlorate accumulation occurred during respiration of perchlorate. The organism made use of fermentation end products, such as acetate and ethanol, as carbon sources and electron donors for heterotrophic growth, and in addition, strain VDYT could grow chemolithotrophically with hydrogen serving as the electron donor. VDYT contains a copy of the RuBisCo cbbM gene, which was expressed under autotrophic but not heterotrophic conditions. DNA-DNA hybridization with strain WD confirmed VDYT as a separate species (46.2% identity), and the name Magnetospirillum bellicus sp. nov. (DSM 21662, ATCC BAA-1730) is proposed.
An epidemiological test of the Kandel–Kandel hypothesis of Sept. 2014: U.S. 2002–13

Aims: As the association between cannabis use and psychosis becomes more clear, especially in adolescence, this study aims to explore how cannabis use interacts with age to influence negative priming in adolescents and young adults. Methods: A sample of n=124 young people (aged 15–24) participated in this experiment to examine the effects of cannabis use and schizotypy on location-based negative priming, and explore whether the effects of cannabis use on negative priming vary according to age. The experiment was run over the Internet. Participants completed a number of measures of substance use, an inventory of feelings and experiences and 24 negative priming trials. Results: Participants had a mean age of 20.3 years (SD 2.5) and 58% were female. Across all participants there was on average a slowed responding to probedisplays of negative priming compared with controls (p< .001). The schizotypy dimension of Impulsive Nonconformity was found to have a significant effect on negative priming. Further, there was a significant age by cannabis use interaction indicating that younger, frequent users of cannabis may be more susceptible to its effects on attentional inhibition andperhaps at greater risk of developing a disorder on the psychosis dimension. Conclusions: Higher scores on the Impulsive Nonconformity dimension of schizotypy were related to reduced negative priming, suggesting that more impulsive participants show greater deficits in cognitive control and cannabis use interacting with age to influence negative priming, implying that the effectiveness of inhibitory cognitive control processes was impaired in younger cannabis users compared with older cannabis users if they used cannabis frequently. Longitudinal research examining changes in negative priming over time among frequent adolescent cannabis users would be useful to determine the factors involved in the maintenance, as opposed to improvement in, changes in priming with age. Financial support: NCPIC is supported by the Australian Government Department of Health.
What about β? Relationship between pain and EEG spindles during anaesthesia

aesthesia and their physiological basis. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i27–i31 7. Veselis RA.What about β? Relationship between pain and EEG spindles during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i3–i5 8. Purdon PL, Pavone KJ, Akeju O, et al. The aging brain: Age-dependent changes in the electroencephalogram during propofol and sevoflurane general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i46–i57 9. Chemali JJ, Kenny JD, Olutola O, et al. Ageing delays emergence from general anaesthesia in rats by increasing anaesthetic sensitivity in the brain. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i58–i65 10. Hudson AE, Proekt A. Some heightened sensitivity. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i5–i8 11. Akeju O, Pavone KJ, Thum JA, et al. Age-dependency of sevoflurane-induced electroencephalogram dynamics in children. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i66–i76 12. Pal D, Hambrecht-Wiedbusch VS, Silverstein BH, Mashour GA. Electroencephalographic coherence and cortical acetylcholine during ketamine-induced unconsciousness. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 979–89 13. Thomsen JL, Nielsen CV, Eskildsen KZ, DemantMN, GatkeMR. Awareness during emergence from anaesthesia: significance of neuromuscular monitoring in patients with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i78–i88 14. Thomsen JL, Nielsen CV, Palmqvist DF, Gatke MR. Premature awakening and underuse of neuromuscular monitoring in a registry of patients with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i89–i94 15. AvidanMS, Stevens TW. The diving bell and the butterfly. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i8–i10 16. Schuller PJ, Newell S, Strickland PA, Barry JJ. Response of bispectral index to neuromuscular block in awake volunteers. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i95–i103 17. Schneider G, Pilge S. Restrict relaxants, be aware, and know the limitations of your depth of anaesthesia monitor. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i11–i12 18. Pandit JJ, Russell IF, Wang M. Interpretations of responses using the isolated forearm technique in general anaesthesia: a debate. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i32–i45 19. Pryor KO, Root JC, Mehta M, et al. Effect of propofol on the medial temporal lobe emotionalmemory system: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human subjects. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i104–i113 20. Kent C, Posner K, Mashour G, et al. Patient perspectives on intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: report from a North American anaesthesia awareness registry. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115 (Suppl. 1): i114–i121
Appearance and Reality in The Philosophical Gourmet Report: Why the Discrepancy Matters to the Profession of Philosophy

This article is a data-driven critique of The Philosophical Gourmet Report (PGR), the most institutionally influential publication in the field of Anglophone philosophy. The PGR is influential because it is perceived to be of high value. The article demonstrates that the actual value of the PGR, in its current form, is not nearly as high as it is assumed to be and that the PGR is, in fact, detrimental to the profession. The article lists and explains five objections to the methods and methodology of the report. Taken together, the objections demonstrate that the report is severely flawed, failing to provide the information it purports to and damaging the profession overall. Finally, the article explains how several modifications may improve the PGR so that it can more legitimately and equitably play the role it already plays.
SURF ZONE MEASUREMENTS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

Suspended sediment concentration was measured in approximately 250 breaking waves on undeveloped beaches near Price Inlet, South Carolina, U.S.A., using portable in situ bulk water samplers. As many as 10 instantaneous 2-liter water volumes were obtained in each wave for a total of 1500 samples. Concentrations of suspended sediment were determined at fixed intervals of 10, 30, 60 and 100 cm above the bed for various surf zone positions relative to the breakpoint. The majority of waves sampled during 22 days in June and July, 1977 were relatively long crested, smooth, spilling to plunging in form, with breaker heights ranging from 20 to 150 cm. Surf zone process variables measured included breaker height and depth, breaker type, wave period, surface longshore current velocity, wind velocity and direction. Scatter plots of mean concentration against various process parameters indicate the amount of sediment entrained in breaking waves is primarily a function of elevation above the bed, breaker type, breaker height and distance from the breakpoint. Concentration ranged over 3 orders of magnitude up to 10 gm/1, but varied less than 1 order for samples collected under similar conditions with regard to elevation and breaker type. Plunging breakers generally entrain 1 order more sediment than spilling breakers equal in height. Despite considerable scatter, these data indicate concentration decreases with increasing wave height for waves 50 to 150 cm high, suggesting that small waves can be important in the transport of sand on gently-sloping open coasts.
Phylogenetic Analyses of Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli for the Identification of Molecular Epidemiological Markers: Whole-Genome Comparative Analysis Does Not Support Distinct Genera Designation

As a leading cause of bacterial dysentery, Shigella represents a significant threat to public health and food safety. Related, but often overlooked, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) can also cause dysentery. Current typing methods have limited ability to identify and differentiate between these pathogens despite the need for rapid and accurate identification of pathogens for clinical treatment and outbreak response. We present a comprehensive phylogeny of Shigella and EIEC using whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 169 samples, constituting unparalleled strain diversity, and observe a lack of monophyly between Shigella and EIEC and among Shigella taxonomic groups. The evolutionary relationships in the phylogeny are supported by analyses of population structure and hierarchical clustering patterns of translated gene homolog abundance. Lastly, we identified a panel of 404 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers specific to each phylogenetic cluster for more accurate identification of Shigella and EIEC. Our findings show that Shigella and EIEC are not distinct evolutionary groups within the E. coli genus and, thus, EIEC as a group is not the ancestor to Shigella. The multiple analyses presented provide evidence for reconsidering the taxonomic placement of Shigella. The SNP markers offer more discriminatory power to molecular epidemiological typing methods involving these bacterial pathogens.
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system

Control of protein abundance by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for normal brain development and function. Just over a decade ago, the first post-mitotic function of the anaphase-promoting complex, a major cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase, was discovered in the control of axon growth and patterning in the mammalian brain. Since then, a large number of studies have identified additional novel roles for the anaphase-promoting complex in diverse aspects of neuronal connectivity and plasticity in the developing and mature nervous system. In this review, we discuss the functions and mechanisms of the anaphase-promoting complex in neurogenesis, glial differentiation and migration, neuronal survival and metabolism, neuronal morphogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, and learning and memory. We also provide a perspective on future investigations of the anaphase-promoting complex in neurobiology.
The Major Dialects of Nyamwezi and Their Relationship to Sukuma: A Time-Based Perspective

This paper identifies the main dialects within Nyamwezi, a Bantu language of Tanzania, and clarifies the historical relationship between these Nyamwezi (F.22) dialects and Sukuma (F.21). I claim, contrary to the conventional wisdom regarding these languages, that a rough linguistic border exists, which separates the Nyamwezi varieties from Sukuma. By implication, Sukuma and Nyamwezi do not exist in a dialect continuum with one another, and the Ndala lect described in Maganga and Schadeberg ( 1992 ) should be considered Sukuma. These claims are supported by primarily lexical and phonological evidence gathered during recent surveys conducted by SIL International. Furthermore, Batibo's ( 2000 ) relative chronology of the main innovations considered in this present study (* c /* j fricativization, Bantu spirantization, Dahl's Law, and * p -lenition) is re-examined in light of this new evidence. This paper demonstrates how diachronic dialectology can shed light on the dualistic processes of divergence and convergence in Bantu, and the resulting spread of linguistic innovation.
Book Review: Arts Education from an International Perspective

Art&fact: Learning Effects of Arts Education (a collection of lectures given during the international conference on 17 and 29 March 1995, Rotterdam, The Netherlands). Utrecht: LOKV, Netherlands Institute for Arts Education, 1996. ISBN 90 6997 077 5.
Reproductive Biology of the Rock Squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) in Southeastern Arizona

Rock squirrels ( Spermophilus variegatus ) were studied from July 1983 to June 1987 in an oak ( Quercus sp.) savanna in southeastern Arizona. Adult males had testes in scrotal position from late March until at least early July. Estrous females were observed from 15 May (the earliest that summer research began in any year) to 16 June. Lactating adult females were observed from early June to early October, and, depending upon the year, the percentage of lactating adult females peaked from early July to late August. The percentage of adult females not lactating during the peak lactation period (16 June–15 September) ranged from 20 to 33% during a particular year. Yearling males had scrotal testes, and some (56%) yearling females lactated. Mating occurred from mid-April to early July. The mating period lasted approximately 9 weeks, and the timing of the mating period was associated closely with heavy summer rains, as juveniles first emerged shortly after the beginning of the rains and the concomitant increase in production of vegetation. Compared to many other ground-dwelling squirrels, rock squirrels in southeastern Arizona had a long breeding season that seemed to be associated with the extent of the summer rainy season and to the absence of a relatively early, cold winter that limits aboveground activity of many North American ground squirrels during autumn and winter.
Determination of chlorohydrocarbon in water by Automatic Headspace-capillary gas chromatography

Objective: To set up the analysis methods of chlorohydrocarbon in water.Methods: With optimization of chromatographic conditions and headspace conditions,the automatic headspace capillary gas chromatography was adopted to determine chlorohydrocarbon in water.Results: The seven kinds of components were completed determination in 10 minutes with good separation efficiency. There was good linearity with correlation coefficient of 0.998. The established method was used for the determination of synthetic water samples with the coefficient of variation in the range of 0.38%~5.8%. The lowest detection concentration were 0.05 μg/L(carbon tetrachloride,trichloroethylene),0.1 μg/L(perchloroethylene),0.5 μg/L(chloroform,bromodichloromethane,dibromochloromethane),1 μg/L(bromoform).Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid and has good precision and accuracy,which can be used for the determination of chlorohydrocarbon in water.
Digital Media and Stress: The Cost of Caring 2.0

ABSTRACTThis research explores the relationship between the use of digital media and stress. Based on the findings of a national, probability sample of adults in the United States, the use of digital media was not directly associated with higher levels of psychological stress. Some uses of digital media were associated with lower levels of perceived stress for women but not for men. However, the evidence suggests that, for men and women, digital media provides heightened awareness of network life events (AoNLE) in the lives of both close and more distant acquaintances. An awareness of undesirable, major life events in the lives of others can be a source of psychological stress; this is the cost of caring. Thus, the link between digital media and stress is indirect. We argue that the growth of digital media is related to changes in the structure of peoples’ personal communities that contribute to this trend. There has been a shift toward networks that offer persistent contact and pervasive awareness. Findi...
Abstract IA15: The unique genomic and epigenomic landscape of pediatric high-grade glioma

Diffuse high-grade gliomas (HGGs) of childhood are a spectrum of disease with devastatingly poor outcome. Despite similar histological features, pediatric HGGs arise from a broader distribution of anatomical locations when compared to adults, with approximately 50% arising in the brainstem as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), a disease found almost exclusively in children. Recent genome-wide studies provided abundant evidence that unique selective pressures drive HGG in children compared to adults, identifying novel oncogenic mutations connecting tumorigenesis and chromatin regulation as well as developmental signaling pathways. The striking association between frequencies of specific mutations with spatiotemporal pattern of HGG formation in children further highlights context-dependent connections between developmental states and oncogenic drivers. Activating mutations in the BMP receptor ACVR1 are found exclusively in the youngest subgroup of DIPG patients, and not identified in HGGs outside the brainstem. Recurrent mutations in histone H3 establish a critical role for epigenetic regulation in disease pathogenesis of childhood HGG. H3K27M mutations occur in nearly 80% of DIPGs and more than half of HGGs arising in midline structures outside the brainstem such as the thalamus. In contrast, approximately 15% of HGGs arising in the cerebral cortex have an alternative H3 mutation, G34R/V, and are predominantly found in older adolescents and young adults. To study these mutations in the developing mammalian brain, we generated conditionally activated, epitope tagged H3f3a knock-in mice to express K27M, G34R or non-mutated H3.3 proteins from the endogenous H3f3a locus. We will present early analyses of these new oncohistone mouse models. Citation Format: Jon D. Larson, Andre B. Silveira, Lawryn H. Kasper, Alexander K. Diaz, Xiaoyan Zhu, Suzanne J. Baker. The unique genomic and epigenomic landscape of pediatric high-grade glioma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr IA15.
3D Printed ABS and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Specimens for Engineering Education

Three 3D printed plastic materials, ABS, ABS plus, and CFRP, have been studied for their potential applications in engineering education. Using tensile test, the stress strain curves of the materials have been measured. The Young’s modulus, ultimate strength, and fracture toughness of the materials are calculated from the stress strain curve. The results show that CFRP has the highest stiffness or Young’s modulus. ABS plus has strongest mechanical properties, with highest ultimate strength and fracture toughness. With the measured properties, the 3D printed samples are a viable solution for engineering students to learn mechanical properties of materials.
Popular Organizations in South Africa: From Civics to Service Delivery Protests

Popular organizations in South Africa have gone through dramatic changes from the years of the anti-apartheid struggle to the almost two decades since the end of apartheid. This chapter presents an in-depth analysis of civic organizations, which rose to prominence in the 1980s, the post-apartheid new social movements, and the service delivery protests that followed in their wake. Despite their differences, each of these forms of mobilization was designed to draw attention to continuing basic material needs in poor townships. Together, they demonstrate both the idealism and the stark challenges faced by South Africans living in poor urban communities. The most significant shift from the early 1990s to the second decade of the twenty-first century is not the focus of protests, but their relationship to the ruling party and the role of township-based non-party organizations established to advocate for citizens’ demands after the protests have died down.
When Do Banks Take Equity? An Analysis of Bank Loan Restructurings and the Role of Public Debt

This paper examines the conditions under which bank lenders make concessions by taking equity in financially distressed firms. A simple model is developed which shows that the role banks play in debt restructurings depends upon the financial condition of the firms as well as the existence of public debt in the firm's capital structure and the ability of public debt to be restructured. Empirically, I find that for firms with public debt outstanding, banks never make concessions unless public debtholders also restructure their claims. When banks do take equity, on average they obtain a substantial proportion of the firm's stock, and they maintain their position for over two years. Finally, subsequent to the restructuring, firms in which banks hold stock perform better than firms in which banks do not take equity.
Residual soil nitrogen credits for corn production along the upper Texas Gulf Coast region

ABSTRACTStudies were conducted to evaluate response of dryland corn (Zea mays L.) along the upper Texas Gulf Coast to residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) measured to depths of 15, 30, and 61 cm. Residual soil NO3-N levels ranged from 3.4 to 31.6, 7.8 to 49.3, and 9.0 to 71.7 kg ha−1, respectively, in 0 to 15, 15 to 30, and 30 to 61 cm depth increments, with cumulative NO3-N ranging from 23.5 to 114.5 kg ha−1 across sites-years. Where N fertilizer was reduced due to N crediting, yields and bushel weights at all 13 site-years showed no difference from those receiving full recommended N rates. A yield response to any level of added fertilizer N above the control was observed for only 6 of 13 site-years. These results indicate a high potential for success in crediting carryover soil NO3-N to 61 cm as a means of reducing applied nitrogen fertilizer rates.