cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic model for surfactant adsorption

Abstract The thermodynamic theory of the adsorption of liquid mixtures onto solids is reviewed in order to compare essential differences between monolayer and non-monolayer theories. This leads to the development of a method for constructing non-monolayer theories which are thermodynamically self-consistent. One such theory, based on the physical picture of hemimicelles, is applied successfully to the adsorption of decyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in aqueous NaBr solutions onto silica gel. The adsorption data includes both adsorption isotherms and heats of adsorption, which allows the model-parameters to be evaluated uniquely. The theory takes into account the non-ideal character of the bulk solution, and it is found that the effect of NaBr on the surfactant adsorption can be attributed primarily to its effect on bulk properties.
Induction of isoflavonoid production in Phaseolus Vulgaris L. leaves by ozone, sulfur dioxide and herbicide stress

The potential induction of phytoalexin production by stress following exposure to ozone, sulfur dioxide and several herbicides was evaluated in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and lines varying in sensitivity to ozone injury. The isoflavonoids, coumestrol and several other coumestans were extracted from leaf tissue after various periods of exposure to ozone, sulfur dioxide or application of various herbicides. Elicitation of isoflavonoid production varied with lines and cultivars, but generally increased with increased plant injury caused by ozone, sulfur dioxide or herbicide.
ICONOGRAPHY AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY: Lincoln's Image in the American Mind

Existing approaches to collective memory explain away images of the past by relating them to their economic, political, and social “sources.” The present case study of Abraham Lincoln suggests a mo...
Comparison of fecal urobilinogen excretion with bilirubin production in normal volunteers and patients with increased bilirubin production.

Abstract The amount of bilirubin produced daily was determined from analysis of the plasma disappearance curve of unconjugated [14C]bilirubin in 13 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with a reduction in the red blood cell 51Cr half-life and/or increased bilirubin production. Simultaneous measurement of the fecal urobilinogen excretion made possible a determination of the fraction of the daily bilirubin production excreted in the feces as urobilinogen. In the normal volunteers an average of 92% of the injected isotope was recovered in the feces, indicating that bilirubin and its degradation products are excreted almost exclusively in the feces. Nevertheless, only 50% of the daily bilirubin production was recovered as fecal urobilinogen. Although the bilirubin production rates (mg/kg/day) were not significantly different in males and females, females excreted a significantly smaller fraction of the bilirubin produced as fecal urobilinogen. Because of the variable relationship between bilirubin production and fecal urobilinogen excretion, 4 of the 12 subjects with increased bilirubin turnover had “normal” values for fecal urobilinogen excretion.
Security — A big question for big data

Summary form only given. Big data implies performing computation and database operations for massive amounts of data, remotely from the data owner's enterprise. Since a key value proposition of big data is access to data from multiple and diverse domains, security and privacy will play a very important role in big data research and technology. The limitations of standard IT security practices are well-known, making the ability of attackers to use software subversion to insert malicious software into applications and operating systems a serious and growing threat whose adverse impact is intensified by big data. So, a big question is what security and privacy technology is adequate for controlled assured sharing for efficient direct access to big data. Making effective use of big data requires access from any domain to data in that domain, or any other domain it is authorized to access. Several decades of trusted systems developments have produced a rich set of proven concepts for verifiable protection to substantially cope with determined adversaries, but this technology has largely been marginalized as “overkill” and vendors do not widely offer it. This talk will discuss pivotal choices for big data to leverage this mature security and privacy technology, while identifying remaining research challenges.
Control and Optimization of a Sensor Manufacturing Process

Abstract This paper presents a feedback control optimization framework for a sensor development and fabrication process. The existing sensor adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system intelligent model was configured in a closed-loop feedback control framework to optimally automate the sensor manufacturing process. Three main sensor manufacturing components were assumed to be the process inputs while the sensor relative optical density was considered as the output in the sensor intelligent model. The optimization and automation of the phenol sensor development were investigated by designing two controllers in a closed loop control tracking problem. Although the closed loop framework was inherently nonlinear, sensor design parameters with practical significance were successfully achieved for both types of controllers. The fuzzy logic controller receives the closed loop system error and the error rate and generates the incremental changes on the three sensor process inputs. The second controller is a proportional-integral-derivative type that processes each manufacturing process input and that manipulates the closed loop system error to produce the actual sensor process inputs. The numerical results for the proposed frameworks demonstrate that the sensor automation and design optimization can be enormously improved in closed loop control frameworks, eliminating the need of tedious trial-and-error sensor development process.
Receptor-Mediated Peptide Transport through the Blood-Brain Barrier*

THERE are at least two incentives for investigating the mechanisms of transport of peptides through the brain capillary wall, i.e. the blood-brain barrier (BBB). First, it is important to understand how circulating peptides, such as insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), transferrin, angiotensinogen, PTH, or others affect the brain, and these effects must necessarily involve the interface between blood and brain. Second, the vast promise of peptides as neuropharmaceuticals has not been realized, and this is due, in large part, to the fact that virtually all of the potential peptide pharmaceuticals are water soluble and, thus, are substantially excluded from entry into brain by the BBB. However, a major purpose of this review is to emphasize that knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that mediate the transport of peptides through the BBB may lead to the development of new strategies for delivery of peptide pharmaceuticals to brain.
Solid-phase root zone extraction (SPRE): a new methodology for measurement of allelochemical dynamics in soil

Root exudates are implicated in the chemical defense of plants, but testing such hypotheses has been hindered by the difficulties of quantifying allelochemical concentrations in soil. Here we describe a new, simple method to quantify the dynamics of non-polar root exudates in soil. Novel soil probes were constructed using stainless steel wire inserted into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubing. Probes were inserted into soil for 24 h, removed and extracted, and analyzed by HPLC. Lipophilic thiophenes produced by roots of Tagetes and Rudbeckia species were chosen as candidate compounds to test the method. Probes recovered microgram quantities of the highly phytotoxic thiophenes 5-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithienyl (BBT) and α-terthienyl per probe per day from the root zone of Tagetes patula, and distribution of thiophenes beneath plants was spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Flux-proportional sampling of soil provides a means to test hypotheses about the role of root exudates in plant–plant and other interactions.
Identification and quantitation of drugs of abuse in urine using the generalized rank annihilation method of curve resolution.

Abstract A rapid analytical method which is of practical use for the identification and quantitation of drugs of abuse in urine using HPLC with a diode-array detection is described. Because the method utilizes mathematical resolution of partially resolved peaks, greatly simplified sample preparation procedures and very short run times can be used. The generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) is used to eliminate response due to unknown background peaks and separate partially resolved peaks. An optimized gradient elution program was found for which morphine, phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, benzoylecgonine, lidocaine, cocaine, diphenhydramine, nortriptyline, norpropoxyphene, nordiazepam, codeine, d -amphetamine, meperidine, and amitriptyline elute from the HPLC column in less than 8.5 min. A commercially available system for HPLC analysis of drugs of abuse is currently available, however, the commercially available system takes 21 min to complete its analysis. Two modified sample pre-treatment methods were also developed to simplify sample treatment procedures substantially. In this paper, The GRAM technique is shown to be extremely powerful in identifying drugs of abuse from large overlapping peaks.
A radiometric assay for kynurenine 3-hydroxylase based on the release of 3H2O during hydroxylation of L-[3,5-3H]kynurenine.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive assay for kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (KH) has been developed. This radiometric assay is based on the enzymatic synthesis of tritiated water from l -[3,5- 3 H]kynurenine during the hydroxylation reaction. Radiolabeled water is quantified following selective adsorption of the isotopic substrate and its metabolite with activated charcoal. The assay is suitable for detecting 0.1 pmol enzyme activity per minute per milligram protein in tissues displaying low levels of the enzyme. The amount of water produced in the reaction, as calculated from the tritium released, was stoichiometric with the 3-hydroxykynurenine product detected by HPLC. Rat liver KH was characterized by cofactor specificity and kinetic parameters. NADPH was preferred over NADH as coreductant in the reaction. Tetrahydrobiopterin was not a cofactor. The tissue distribution of KH activity in the rat suggested that the majority of active enzyme is located in liver and kidney. Detectable amounts were found in several other tissues, including brain which had low but significant levels of activity in every region assayed.
Who Is Memorable to Whom: A Study of Cognitive Disregard

Cues for cognitive disregard are those attributes of strangers that signify their lack of interest for us. Disregarded strangers are not noticed beyond category level; their invisibility is shown by our failure to recognize them as familiar in a subsequent encounter. Five experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 established the operation of disregard in a lab setting with the finding that subjects had better recall for (photos of) persons with natural relevance to their lives than for other photos to which their attention had been especially directed. In Experiment 2, which compared the recall of undergraduate-aged and elderly subjects for persons of varying ages, it was found that age discrepancy acted as a disregard cue, although youthfulness per se enhanced memorability. In Experiment 3, undergraduate-aged and middle-aged male and female targets had brief interactions with subjects. The hypothesis that college students were more likely to disregard middle-aged strangers with whom they had a brief encou...
The Effects of Political Risk on Different Entry Modes of Foreign Direct Investment

Although numerous studies document the effect of political institutions on foreign direct investment (FDI), few works in the political economy literature have investigated the link between political institutions and the mode of entry chosen by investors, be it mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, or greenfield investments. Using panel data for 111 developing countries covering 1980–2006, we find that countries with political institutions that uphold good governance tend to attract higher levels of mergers and acquisitions, as opposed to joint ventures and greenfield investments, because such institutions help to mitigate the special risks faced by merger and acquisition investors. Our findings provide a nuance for understanding the different effects of political institutions based on the particular mode of entry.
Dixie's Forgotten People : The South's Poor Whites

Introduction (2004)1. The Invisible Poor: Toward a Definition of Southern Poor Whites 2. Dogtrots and Jack Tales: Toward a Definition of Poor White Culture 3. "Lint Heads" and "Diggers": The Forgotten People of the New South, 1865-1920 4. Progress and Poverty, Southern Style: The 1920s and 1930s 5. Southern Poverty Forgotten and Discovered--Again 6. Appalachian Spring--and Winter 7. "A time to weep, a time to laugh ... "
Hemorrhage following colonoscopic polypectomy

Clinically significant hemorrhage following colonoscopic polypectomy may occur primarily as the polyp is removed or manifest itself days to weeks later secondary to clot dissolution. The rate of hemorrhage following colonoscopic polypectomy ranges widely from 0.3 to 6.1 percent, depending on whether the data are derived from studies using the number of patients or number of polypectomies. A retrospective study was performed in our institution to study 4,721 patients who underwent polypectomy between January 1987 and December 1991. Twenty (0.4 percent) of these patients required hospital admission because of 9 primary and 11 delayed hemorrhages. Fifty-four polyps were removed from these patients: 11 in the right colon, 7 in the transverse colon, 17 in the descending colon, and 19 in the sigmoid colon. Eight polyps were 2 cm or larger, 10 were pedunculated, and 44 were sessile. Six patients underwent cauterization or resnaring of the bleeding polyp site, one patient underwent subtotal colectomy, and the remainder of the patients stopped bleeding spontaneously. Factors that could be associated with the outcome of hemorrhage include patient age, size, location, number and morphology of polyps (i.e., sessile or thick stalk), and use of anticoagulants. An experienced endoscopist with knowledge of electrosurgical and technical principles may be the most important factor for prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding.
Role of fatty acids and eicosanoids in modulating proteoglycan metabolism in endothelial cells.

Abstract Endothelial cell dysfunction is considered to be a critical event in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Thus, the preservation of endothelial structure and function are a prerequisite for normal control of vascular permeability properties, mediation of both inflammatory and immunologic responses and the general ‘communication’ between blood-borne cells and abluminal tissues. Many of these properties can be influenced by proteoglycans present in vascular tissues. There is evidence that selected lipids can be atherogenic by altering endothelial proteoglycan metabolism. Little is known about the role of fatty acids in modulating proteoglycan composition in endothelial cells. Data suggest, however, that linoleic acid in particular can adversely alter proteoglycan metabolism, which may be related to an imbalance in eicosanoid synthesis patterns. These events could be sufficient to disrupt normal endothelial barrier function, initiate smooth muscle migration and proliferation, and result in other metabolic dysfunctions associated with the etiology of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Thus, the focus of this review is on fatty acids and eicosanoids as they may alter proteoglycan metabolism of vascular tissues and in particular of the endothelium.
Japanese and American negotiators: Overcoming cultural barriers to understanding

The article focuses on how cultural differences affect the outcome of intercultural negotiations. Evidence suggests that cultural differences may impede communication between negotiators from different cultural backgrounds. A lack of appreciation for the implications of cultural differences may affect the success of business negotiations. The results of research on the cultural differences that lead to the different negotiating styles of Japanese and American businesspeople are discussed, and the findings of the research are analyzed.
An improved approximation algorithm for the 0-extension problem

Given a graph G = (V, E), a set of terminals T ⊆ V, and a metric D on T, the 0-extension problem is to assign vertices in V to terminals, so that the sum, over all edges e, of the distance (under D) between the terminals to which the end points of e are assigned, is minimized. This problem was first studied by Karzanov. Calinescu, Karloff and Rabani gave an O(logk) approximation algorithm based on a linear programming relaxation for the problem, where k is the number of terminals. We improve on this bound, and give an O(log k/log log k) approximation algorithm for the problem.
The e-mental health consultation service: Providing enhanced primary-care mental health services through telemedicine

This article describes the University of California, Davis Medical Center eMental Health Consultation Service, a program designed to integrate tele-mental health clinical services, provider-to-provider consultation, and provider distance education. During the first year of operation, consultations were provided for 289 cases. The most common diagnoses among children were for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-spectrum problems. Among the adult patients, mood disorders were most common. A convenience sample of 33 adult patients who completed the SF–12 health status measure showed significant improvements in mental health status at 3–6 months of follow-up. This model of comprehensive rural outpatient primary mental health care delivered at a distance shows promise for wider application and deserves further study.
Bacterial translocation in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury: Is dysfunctional motility the link?

Abstract The authors previously reported that mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in a chronic newborn piglet model creates dysfunctional intestinal motility. Whether this leads to inadequate bacterial clearance and translocation (BT) through the gastrointestinal tract remains unclear. To test this hypothesis the authors used their chronic piglet model (weight, 3.5 ± 0.3 kg; age, 18 ± 4 days; on formula feeding); nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia was induced via reversible pericardial tamponade. Mesenteric flow (SMA Doppler measurement via the retroperitoneal approach) was decreased to 25% ± 5% of baseline for 300 minutes in the ischemia group (n = 7) and followed by 14 hours of reperfusion in the IR group (n = 6). Control subjects had a sham operation (n = 7). Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver (L), spleen (S), ileum, peritoneum, and blood were harvested for blind quantitative microbial analysis. Subjects in the control group had no cultures positive for growth. Eighty-five percent of animals in the ischemia group had positive MLN cultures only ( P v control). All piglets in the IR group had positive MLN cultures ( P v control), and one third of them manifested bacteremia. Histological examination did not show mucosal disruption in any group. The validity of this model is confirmed by the negative cultures in the control group and by the presence of normal ileal flora in all animals. In the ischemia and IR groups, MLN cultures were consistently positive with gram-negative bacilli ( Escherichia coli and/or Klebsiella pneumoniae ). When subjects of the IR group had more than 1,000 colonies in the MLN, bacteremia with the translocating organisms was also identified. The overall solid organ (L&S) translocation rate was 17% in the IR group but absent in the ischemia-only group. Variables known to contribute to BT were eliminated in our model. The peritoneal cavity was not violated, subjects were studied without the influence of any drugs or anesthesia, and mesenteric ischemia was accomplished without mechanical manipulation of the SMA or hypovolemic shock. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an infant animal model that demonstrates the occurrence of enteric BT following ischemia and IR injury. We suggest that BT is mediated by the dysfunctional motility induced by IR, an abnormality that may be operant in many critically ill infants.
Building a Sense Tagged Corpus with Open Mind Word Expert

Open Mind Word Expert is an implemented active learning system for collecting word sense tagging from the general public over the Web. It is available at http://teach-computers.org. We expect the system to yield a large volume of high-quality training data at a much lower cost than the traditional method of hiring lexicographers. We thus propose a Senseval-3 lexical sample activity where the training data is collected via Open Mind Word Expert. If successful, the collection process can be extended to create the definitive corpus of word sense information.
Revisiting partial packet recovery in 802.11 wireless LANs

In wireless LANs, partial packets are often received which usually contain only a few errors. According to the current 802.11 standard, such packets have to be retransmitted. Much effort has been invested recently in repairing such packets without retransmitting the entire packet, e.g., by using error correction (EC) code or retransmitting only the corrupted blocks. In this paper, we revisit this problem, and propose Unite, a framework for more efficient partial packet recovery. Unite is motivated by two key observations. First, the two repair methods, i.e., the EC-based and block-based, are not mutually exclusive and can be combined to achieve higher performance. Second, the recently introduced error estimators can be utilized to determine the optimal repair method depending on the condition of each partial packet. The combined method should achieve better performance than each individual method; in addition, it should remain low in complexity because the EC-based and block-based method are both simple in nature. Unite uses AMPS, a recently proposed estimator, for error estimation. We implement Unite on the Madwifi open source driver, and our experiments show that Unite outperforms other recovery schemes.
Isolation and partial purification of the major abundant class rat seminal vesicle poly(A + -messenger RNA

Total poly(A(+))-RNA (poly(A(+))-RNA(tot)) was isolated from rat seminal vesicle and its size distribution determined by 70% formamide 5-25% sucrose density analysis. One major peak was resolved in the 10-13 S region and accounted for approximately 35% of the total poly(A(+))-RNA applied. Preparative 1% SDS, 5-20% linear sucrose density gradients also resolved a single major peak in the 11S region (poly(A(+))(11S). Analysis of poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) under denaturing conditions on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated two major components in both poly(A(+))-RNA populations. Size estimations for these components are 620 and 540 NT respectively. (3)H-cDNA was made to both poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S). Back-hybridization of poly(A(+))-RNA(tot) and poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) to their respective (3)H-cDNA revealed a highly abundant class representing 41% and 85% of the sequences in their respective (3)H-cDNA's. The highly abundant class corresponded to 3-5 sequences present in 30,000-50,000 copies/cell. Invitro translation of poly(A(+))-RNA(11S) resulted in two major polypeptides coded for by the 620 NT long and 540 NT long poly(A(+))-RNA respectively.Images
Adaptive regulation via weighted robust estimation and automatic controller tuning

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology to adaptively reduce time-varying additive disturbances in a feedback system, comprised a plant with uncertainty and an adaptable linear feedback controller. Adaptive regulation is done via the direct estimation of a perturbation on the feedback controller in a Youla–Kucera parametrization. Uncertainty on the plant dynamics bounds the size of the allowable controller perturbation for adaptation to maintain stability robustness. By simultaneously minimizing the variance of the plant output signal and a control output signal, the direct estimation of the controller perturbation is formulated as a weighted robust estimation problem that is implemented recursively for a real-time implementation. The methodology is applied to a vibration control benchmark to demonstrate how the proposed adaptive feedback regulation can effectively reduce unknown harmonic disturbances with a time-varying frequency for a mechanical system with unmodelled dynamics.
Functional and evolutionary morphology of lingual feeding in squamate reptiles: phylogenetics and kinematics

Use of the tongue as a prehensile organ during the ingestion stage of feeding in lizards was studied cinegraphically in seven species. Within Squamata, lingual prehension is limited to a single clade, the Iguania (Iguanidae, Agamidae and Chamaeleontidae), which includes all ‘fleshy-tongued’ lizards. All remaining squamates (Scleroglossa) use the jaws alone for prey prehension. Lingual prehension and a ‘fleshy’ tongue are primitive squamate characteristics. Kinematically, lingual ingestion cycles are similar to previously described transport cycles in having slow open, fast open, fast close and slow close-power stroke phases. Tongue movements are sequentially correlated with jaw movements as they are in transport. However, during ingestion, anterior movement of the tongue includes an extra-oral, as well as intra-oral component. Tongue protrusion results in a pronounced slow open-II phase at a large gape distance. A high degree of variability in quantitative aspects of ingestion and transport cycles suggests that modulation through sensory feedback is an important aspect of lizard feeding. Preliminary evidence indicates an important role for hyoid movement in tongue protrusion. Our results are consistent with the Bramble & Wake (1985) model generalized feeding cycle and support their contention that specialized feeding mechanisms often represent modifications of a basic pattern, particularly modification of the slow open phase.
Human ESC: Model for brain development and repair

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), initiated from the inner cell mass of an early embryo, offer an unprecedented tool for unveiling normal and abnormal human development as well as developing medical therapeutics. We have established a chemically defined neural differentiation system that recapitulates most of the key events that occur during early human embryo development, such as formation of neural tube-like rosettes and appearance of region-specific progenitors at the correct time. With this model system we have discovered that the neuroectodermal differentiation from hESCs undergoes two morphologically and molecularly distinguishable stages, which we term the primitive and the definitive neuroectodermal cells. The uniform expression of anterior transcription factors in the primitive neuroepithelial cells, as opposed to the predominant mid/hind brain neuroepithelial differentiation from mouse ESCs, reflects the need of building the large forebrain in primates. Our differentiation model hence sets a foundation for revealing genetic and epigenetic programs underlying the making of our brain. The two-step neuroectodermal differentiation model lends a conceptual framework for correctly patterning the nalve neuroepithelial cells, thus leading to successful differentiation of forebrain glutaminergic and GABAergic neurons, midbrain dopamine neurons, spinal cholinergic motor neurons, and myelinating oligodendrocytes. Systematic electrophysiological and transplantation analyses indicate that neurons produced in a Petri dish function like authentic neurons, respond to the brain environment for maturation, and correct functional deficit in neurological animal models. The in vitro produced oligodendrocytes can produce myelin sheaths in the brain of myelin deficient animals. Thus, the in vitro generated neural cells may be useful for potential future cell therapy. Cell Research (2008) 18:s172. doi: 10.1038/cr.2008.262; published online 4 August 2008
Making sense of one’s experience in the workplace

Six nursing managers learn to be more wholistic in how they manage responsibilities in a fast-paced work environment oriented toward cost efficiency.
Anthropology Goes to Court: Problems in Pocatello, Infighting in Frisco and Fiery Funerals

Anthropologists enter the field for many reasons. There are, for some, the promise of adventure, the mystique of the foreign and the lure of unlimited cultural possibilities. There is, for others, the desire to study and eventually try to help the poor, the dispossessed and the oppressed of the world. There is, for still others, the need to take on an academic discipline that offers intellectually challenging ideas and a way of frequently putting together oppositional views. For whatever reasons anthropologists come into the field, they quickly learn that most traditional anthropology positions involve some type of teaching and writing. Anthropology positions outside of academia are frequently called by other names, must often be fitted into other job category and are usually hard to find. Anthropologists can enter government employment as well as corporate and business enterprises but many anthropologists still choose university work whenever possible. Those are the jobs that offer stable incomes with so...
Functional differential equations and nonlinear semigroups in Lp-spaces

The autonomous nonlinear functional differential equation x(t) = F(xt), t ⩾ 0, x0 = φ is studied as a semigroup of nonlinear operators in Lp function spaces. The method employed is to construct a semigroup of nonlinear operators which may be associated with the solutions of this equation. New existence and stability results are obtained for this equation by means of the semigroup approach.
Acoustic Analysis of the NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine

The goal of this work is to utilize computer simulation to predict the aerodynamic noise emitted from the NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine at the different revolutions per minute.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Do Bosses Give Extra Credit? Using the Classroom to Model Real-World Work Experiences

Recent college graduates are entering a competitive workforce that demands strong communication, teamwork, and problem-solving skills. However, many recent surveys and reports describe college graduates as deficient in these skills. For two courses at separate institutions, we each framed a course as a job, playing the role of a supervisor or employer rather than a professor. We prepared an employment contract rather than a syllabus, and created assignments and class activities that required students to explicitly consider how their college experiences might apply to the workplace. Students at both institutions thought the framing was interesting and fun, and thought the professors should continue to frame future courses as jobs. As instructors, we found that students were more professional, prompt, and detail-oriented. It also provided us with multiple opportunities to engage students in serious discussions about transitioning to the workplace upon graduation.
Leukopenia: its mechanism and therapy.

Abstract The most important and essential considerations dealing with the treatment of leukopenia are: (1) a good understanding of the mechanism responsible for the condition; (2) eradication or elimination of the causative factor or disease, if such is possible; (3) judicious use of antibiotics; (4) palliative measures as indicated.
Longitudinal study of circulating protein biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic and progressive inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. In IBD, protein serological biomarkers could be relevant tools for assessing disease activity, performing early-stage diagnosis and managing the treatment. Using the interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10 −/− ) mouse, a model that develops a time-dependent IBD-like disorder that predominates in the colon; we performed longitudinal studies of circulating protein biomarkers in IBD. Circulating protein profiles in serum samples collected from 30-, 93-, to 135-day-old IL-10 −/− mice were investigated using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 15 different proteins were identified and confirmed by ELISA and Western blot to be differentially accumulated in serum samples from mid- to late-stage IL-10 −/− mice compared to early non-inflamed IL-10 −/− mice. The use of another model of colitis and an extra-intestinal inflammation model validated this biomarker panel and demonstrated that comprised some global inflammatory markers, some intestinal inflammation-specific markers and some chronic intestinal inflammation markers. Statistical analyses using misclassification error rate charts validated the use of these identified proteins as powerful biomarkers of colitis. Unlike standard biomarker screening studies, our analyses identified a panel of proteins that allowed the definition of protein signatures that reflect colitis status. Biological significance Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the most common inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) occurring in humans. The major current diagnosis tool is colonoscopy, which is invasive and could lead to false diagnosis. The emergence of serological biomarkers enables the use of new diagnosis tools such as protein signatures for IBD diagnosis/management. Using 2D-DIGE coupled to mass spectrometry, our longitudinal study in a mouse model of colitis identified a signature of protein biomarkers for specific stages of disease.
Assessing the President's Role as Party Agent in Congressional Elections: The Case of Bill Clinton in 2000

Presidents have become their parties' chief fund-raisers and thus have the capacity to further their parties' collective fortunes by imposing a more efficient distribution of campaign resources than might otherwise prevail. In order to succeed, presidents must, first, accurately target their efforts where they will best improve candidates' prospects for winning seats, and second, either directly or indirectly (through signaling to other donors) generate sufficient new resources to affect the election outcome. Analyses of Bill Clinton's extensive fund-raising efforts during the 1999�2000 election cycle confirm that presidents can indeed use their unmatched fund-raising ability to help their parties win congressional contests they might otherwise lose. But analysis of the Clinton record also shows that presidential fund-raising activities may be shaped by other purposes that lead to a distribution of effort that is suboptimal for the party.
THE ACCURACY OF THE WINKLER METHOD FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS1

The potential errors in the various techniques for the Winkler method have been examined and a new technique developed. The accuracy of this technique has been tested by comparison with standards based on dissolving known quantities of oxygen in oxygen-free water. An accuracy of 0.1% was observed, so the technique appears suitable for oxygen analyses requiring an accuracy of greater than the 3–5% observed with tho common techniques.
Individual differences in preschoolers' salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity: relations to temperament and maladjustment.

We examined the relations of 84 preschoolers' (43 boys; mean age = 54 months) situational stress reactivity to their observed emotions and mothers' reports of temperament and adjustment. Salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) were collected prior to, and following, a frustrating task. Children's anger, sadness, and positive affect were measured, and mothers reported on preschoolers' dispositional emotionality, regulation, impulsivity, and problem behaviors. Forty-seven percent of children had an increase in sAA and 52% had an increase in cortisol following the challenging task. On average, sAA levels showed the predicted pattern of rise following the frustrating task, followed by return to baseline. For cortisol, there was a mean increase from pre-task to 40 min post-test. sAA reactivity was associated with relatively low levels of dispositional anger and impulsivity and relatively high regulation, particularly for girls. sAA reactivity also was related to low externalizing problems for girls, but not boys. Although cortisol reactivity was unrelated to children's emotions and maladjustment, it was positively related to mothers' reports of regulation. The findings suggest that sAA reactivity in response to a frustrating social task may reflect girls' constrained behavior.
SINGLE-PARTICLE ENERGY AND EFFECTIVE MASS AND THE BINDING ENERGY OF MANY- BODY SYSTEMS

The relationship between the single-particle energy and effective mass and the binding energy of the manyparticle nuclear system is discussed. It is shown that only in the case of first order perturbation theory is it possible to define a physically meaningful singleparticle energy E(p) so that both relationships, E(p/sub F/) = (p/sup 2//2M) + V (p/sub F/) = E/saub average/ and NE/sub average/ = (p /2M)/sub average/ + 1/2STAV (p)!/sub average, are satisfied. More generally a correction term appears, as a result of important manybody contributions to the single-particle energy which arise from the effects of the exclusion principle and from the variation of the self-consistent excitation spectrum with density. The principal effect of the correction is to alter the relationship between E/sub aveage/ and the average value of the single-particle energy. Analysis of the optical potential which determines the momentum of a nucleon interacting with the nucleus shows that the same correction term sgain appears, changing the usual definition of the optical potential. An additional consequence is that it is not possible to fix the effective mass for particle motion from knowledge of the average binding energy and kinetic energy alone, the first order theory underestimating the effective massmore » by 38% in nuclear matter and by 77% in liquid He/sup 3/. (auth) The potential scattering cross section for slow neutrons, sigma /sup p/, has been measured for seventeen elements in order to determine the nuclear potential radius and to investigate the predictions of nuclear optical models. The measurements were based on tetal cross sections resulting from transmission experiments performed with the Brooknaven fast chopper. In the energy region where individual resonances can be resolved and their parameters determined wth reasonable accuracy, sigma /sub p/ is obtained by subtracting the resonance contribution, including interference effects, from the measured total cross sectlon. In the kev region, where the chopper resolution pernlits determination of cross sections averaged over many resonances only, different sample thicknesses are used and sigma /sub p/ derived from the slope of the transmission curve. The results in the two energy regions agree, thereby justifying the concept of potential scattering as a cross section constant with energy, once effects of nearby resonamces are removed. The variation of potential scattering wth atomic weight is compared with predictions of optical models of the nucleus. The data reflect rather strongly the effects of the deformation of the nuclear shape from spherical, and good agreement is obtained for a potential well with a diffuse surface and nuclear deformations corresponding to known quadrupole moments. The radius of the potential (the distance in its half -value) is given by R = r/sub o/A/sup 1/2/, with r/sub o/ = (1.35 plus or minus 0.04) x 10/sup -13/ cm. The radius parameter r/sub o/ is thus distinctly larger than the 1.09 x 10/sup 13/ cm obtained from electron scattering experiments. (auth)« less
Effect of Cyclic Suction History (Hydraulic Hysteresis) on Resilient Modulus of Unsaturated Fine-Grained Soil

This study explored the effect of hydraulic hysteresis on the resilient modulus (Mr) of subgrade soils. For that purpose, suction-controlled Mr tests were performed on compacted specimens along the primary drying and wetting and secondary drying and wetting paths. First, Mr tests were performed continuously on the same sample at various suction values along all of the paths (drying, wetting, etc.). A relationship between Mr and matric suction was obtained and identified as the resilient modulus characteristic curve (MRCC). MRCC results indicated that Mr increased with suction along the drying curve. Results along the primary wetting curve indicated a higher Mr than along primary drying and secondary drying curves. The second series of tests, referred to as virgin tests, were performed at suction values without subjecting the sample to previous Mr testing. Results indicated that Mr values were lower compared with results from the other type of test (i.e., with continuous Mr testing), and that Mr results we...
Using digitally coded healing abutments and an intraoral scanner to fabricate implant-supported, cement-retained restorations

The accuracy of conventional impression materials and stone dies has been a consistent challenge for clinicians. As an alternative, intraoral scanning technology has the potential to resolve this problem. This clinical report describes the step-by-step technique necessary to scan digitally coded healing abutments with an intraoral scanner and generate implant abutments and cement-retained restorations without the use of impression materials, dental stone, or implant impression copings and analogs.
An Application of Renewal Theory to Contraceptive Follow-up Studies, Exemplified by an Intrauterine Device Study

Contraceptive practice consists of a series of recurrent events of use and nonuse. Application of the life table technique for analysis of multiple-segment contraceptive usage is not entirely satisfactory. In this paper the renewal process approach is applied to the results of contraceptive follow-up studies involving all segments of use. By means of this model, it is possible to estimate the proportion of current users, the average duration of actual use, and the average number of segments used by the acceptors. The practical importance of these parameters for the evaluation of family planning programs is considered.
GENDER AND ACHIEVEMENT-RELATED BELIEFS AMONG ENGINEERING STUDENTS

are more likely than men to leave such majors. The results indicated that (a) among the engineering majors, women were more likely than men to identify engineering aptitude as a fixed ability, a belief that was associated with a tendency to drop classes when faced with difficulty; (b) female engineering majors were more likely to perceive male and female engineering students as receiving different treatment than their male counterparts; and (c) female engineering majors tended to place more emphasis on extrinsic factors and less emphasis on intrinsic factors than female nonengineering majors, a pattern not seen among men. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.
Are The Rich Getting Richer? Trends in U.S. Wealth Concentration

When tested against U.S. evidence back to the nineteenth century a straight-forward model of wealth accumulation contradicts the belief that “the rich are getting richer.” If the wealth owned by the top 1 percent of American families in 1922 had earned only a modest 8 percent yearly until 1953 then they (or their heirs) would have owned 98 percent of personal wealth—instead of an actual share of 28 percent. The erosion of top wealth groups also appears for 1953–1969, and for 1892 and the years following. The reasons for such erosion, inherent in the structure of U.S. families and of U.S. institutions, are discussed.
The role of the cleavage site 2′-hydroxyl in the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme reaction

Abstract Background: The 2′-hydroxyl of U preceding the cleavage site, U(−1), in the Tetrahymena ribozyme reaction contributes 10 3 -fold to catalysis relative to a 2′-hydrogen atom. Previously proposed models for the catalytic role of this 2′-OH involve coordination of a catalytic metal ion and hydrogen-bond donation to the 3′-bridging oxygen. An additional model, hydrogen-bond donation by the 2′-OH to a nonbridging reactive phosphoryl oxygen, is also consistent with previous results. We have tested these models using atomic-level substrate modifications and kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Results: Replacing the 2′-OH with -NH 3 + increases the reaction rate ∼60-fold, despite the absence of lone-pair electrons on the 2′-NH 3 + group to coordinate a metal ion. Binding and reaction of a modified oligonucleotide substrate with 2′-NH 2 at U(−1) are unaffected by soft-metal ions. These results suggest that the 2′-OH of U(−1) does not interact with a metal ion. The contribution of the 2′-moiety of U(−1) is unperturbed by thio substitution at either of the nonbridging oxygens of the reactive phosphoryl group, providing no indication of a hydrogen bond between the 2′-OH and the nonbridging phosphoryl oxygens. In contrast, the 10 3 -fold catalytic advantage of 2′-OH relative to 2′-H is eliminated when the 3′-bridging oxygen is replaced by sulfur. As sulfur is a weaker hydrogen-bond acceptor than oxygen, this effect suggests a hydrogen-bonding interaction between the 2′-OH and the 3′-bridging oxygen. Conclusions: These results provide the first experimental support for the model in which the 2′-OH of U(−1) donates a hydrogen bond to the neighboring 3′-bridging oxygen, thereby stabilizing the developing negative charge on the 3′-oxygen in the transition state.
College Student Civic Development and Engagement at a Hispanic Serving Institution.

This study compares the civic development and engagement of Cuban American and non-Hispanic White college students at a large, urban Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI). The findings indicate that b...