cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of plants on mineral weathering

This paper is centered on the specific effects of plants on the soil weathering environment; we attempt to address how to quantify this component of the ecosystem and assess feedbacks between plants and weathering processes that influence the degree and rates of mineral weathering. The basic processes whereby plants directly influence the soil chemical environment is through the generation of weathering agents, biocycling of cations, and the production of biogenic minerals. Plants may indirectly influence soil processes through the alteration of regional hydrology and local soil hydrologic regime which determines the residence time of water available for weathering. We provide a brief review of the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of plants on mineral weathering and critical knowledge gaps are highlighted. We summarize approaches that may be used to help quantify the effects of plants on soil weathering such as state factor analyses, mass balance approaches, laboratory batch experiments and isotopic techniques. We assess the changes in the soil chemical environment along a tropical bioclimatic gradient and identify the possible effects of plant production on the soil mineralogical composition. We demonstrate that plants are important in the transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide into the mineral weathering cycle and speculate how this may be related to ecosystem properties such as NPP. In the soils of Hawaiian rainforests subjected to deforestation, pasture grasses appear to change the proportion of non crystalline to crystalline minerals by altering the soil hydrologic regime or partitioning silica into more stable biogenic forms. A better understanding of the relationship between soil weathering processes and ecosystem productivity will assist in the construction predictive models capable of evaluating the sensitivity of biogeochemical cycles to perturbations.
Electronic Structure and Properties of Permanent-Magnet Materials

Band structure theory used in electronic-structure calculations is reviewed briefly. The various properties of the recently discovered classes of permanent-magnet materials derived from the band calculations and their comparison with the photoemission and other experimental data are discussed.
Does radial head implant fixation affect functional outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Radial head arthroplasty is used in the treatment of nonreconstructible radial head fractures. Although traditional implants have been loosely fixed, smooth stemmed implants functioning more as spacers, modern designs have introduced press-fit, tapered implants that articulate at the capitellum with more rigidly maintained congruity. Cemented implants also use rigid initial fixation. This study was conducted to help determine which fixation method results in better functional outcomes: "fixed" or "unfixed." METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was used. We identified 63 articles via 3 databases. Ten non-English or articles with insufficient text were excluded, and 17 others did not contain sufficient data or follow-up. The remaining 36 articles were qualitatively and quantitatively reviewed. RESULTS We identified 36 populations, with 878 unduplicated patients: 522 fixed and 356 unfixed. Respectively, mean follow-up in months was 46.2 and 37.4. Average Mayo Elbow Performance Scores were 85.9 and 88.2 (P = .08). Average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores were 17.1 and 18.7 (P = .47). Average final flexion/extension arcs were 119.1° and 115.8° (P = .08). Revision rates were 7.9% and 3.1%, and complication rates were 25.5% and 13.2%. Relative risks of revision and complications for the fixed cohort were 2.48 (P = .006) and 1.88 (P < 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Implant fixation type does not appear to affect functional outcomes of radial head arthroplasty. However, rigidly fixing the implant may increase the risks of revision and complications.
Calculating the incidence rate of sibling bereavement among children and adolescents across the United States: A proposed method.

AbstractThis study proposes a method for calculating the annual incidence rate of sibling bereavement among US youth using national epidemiological data. The proposed model combines data on family ...
Small Peptide Modulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3-Dependent Postnatal Lymphangiogenesis.

Abstract Background: The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family includes transmembrane receptors involved in a wide range of developmental and postdevelopmental biologic processes as well ...
Geographic Clusters of Alzheimer’s Disease Mortality Rates in the USA: 2008-2012

The results identified geographic clusters of high and low Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related mortality across the contiguous United States. These clusters identify specific geographic groupings of counties that allow researchers to narrow the focus to identify some of the biopsychosocial variables contributing to increased or decreased AD mortality. To determine the extent to which geographic clusters exist where AD mortality significantly differs from the national average. Such knowledge could further future research in a more focused study of variables that are contributing to these differences. Age adjusted AD mortality rates were analyzed with a spatial cluster analysis using the disease surveillance software SatScanTM. Three large clusters had elevated age-adjusted AD mortality of at least 60% above the national average. These clusters were in Washington State, Iowa, and North and South Dakota. Below average AD mortality was observed in several areas including New York City, and parts of Arizona, California, Arkansas and Texas. This study demonstrates the use of disease surveillance methodology in identifying geographic patterns of unusually high or low AD mortality rates in the USA. Such results provide supporting evidence of appropriate locations to test interventions with the goal to reduce AD mortality.
EPTIFIBATIDE INDUCED PROFOUND THROMBOCYTOPENIA: A NEW APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT USING INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND HIGH DOSE STEROIDS

Eptifibatide (Ep) induced profound thrombocytopenia (TP) has been rarely described. We report a case of acute profound TP after intravenous (IV) Ep. A 59 year old man with history of coronary artery disease and two vessel bypass was evaluated for a positive nuclear stress test. Coronary angiography
Cationic Co(I)-Intermediates for Hydrofunctionalization Reactions: Regio- and Enantioselective Cobalt-Catalyzed 1,2-Hydroboration of 1,3-Dienes.

Much of the recent work on catalytic hydroboration of alkenes has focused on simple alkenes and styrene derivatives with few examples of reactions of 1,3-dienes, which have been reported to undergo mostly 1,4-additions to give allylic boronates. We find that reduced cobalt catalysts generated from 1,n-bis-diphenylphosphinoalkane complexes [Ph2P-(CH2)n-PPh2]CoX2; n = 1–5) or from (2-oxazolinyl)phenyldiarylphosphine complexes [(G-PHOX)CoX2] (G = 4-substituent on oxazoline ring) effect selective 1,2-, 1,4-, or 4,3-additions of pinacolborane (HBPin) to a variety of 1,3-dienes depending on the ligands chosen. Conditions have been found to optimize the 1,2-additions. The reactive catalysts can be generated from the cobalt(II)-complexes using trimethylaluminum, methyl aluminoxane, or activated zinc in the presence of sodium tetrakis[(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (NaBARF). The complex, (dppp)CoCl2, gives the best results (ratio of 1,2- to 1,4-addition >95:5) for a variety of linear terminal 1,3-dienes and 2-...
Dermoscopic Description of Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus With Negative Network.

Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus (FeP), a rare subtype of basal cell carcinoma, classically presents on the trunk as a pink, light brown, or skin-colored papule or plaque. Dermoscopy is a tool that can be utilized by dermatologists to correctly diagnose FeP. The dermoscopic features of FeP include polymorphous vessels, crystalline structures, milia-like cysts, ulceration, gray-brown areas, and gray-blue dots [1]. We present a case of FeP with negative network.
Using contributing causes of death improves prediction of opioid involvement in unclassified drug overdoses in US death records.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS A substantial share of fatal drug overdoses is missing information on specific drug involvement, leading to under-reporting of opioid-related death rates and a misrepresentation of the extent of the opioid epidemic. We aimed to compare methodological approaches to predicting opioid involvement in unclassified drug overdoses in US death records and to estimate the number of fatal opioid overdoses from 1999 to 2016 using the best-performing method. DESIGN This was a secondary data analysis of the universe of drug overdoses in 1999-2016 obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics Detailed Multiple Cause of Death records. SETTING United States. CASES A total of 632 331 drug overdose decedents. Drug overdoses with known drug classification comprised 78.2% of the cases (n = 494 316) and unclassified drug overdoses (ICD-10 T50.9) comprised 21.8% (n = 138 015). MEASUREMENTS Known opioid involvement was defined using ICD-10 codes T40.0-40.4 and T40.6, recorded in the set of contributing causes. Opioid involvement in unclassified drug overdoses was predicted using multiple methodological approaches: logistic regression and machine learning techniques, inclusion/exclusion of contributing causes of death and inclusion/exclusion of county-level characteristics. Having selected the model with the highest predictive ability, we calculated corrected estimates of opioid-related mortality. FINDINGS Logistic regression and random forest models performed similarly. Including contributing causes substantially improved predictive accuracy, while including county characteristics did not. Using a superior prediction model, we found that 71.8% of unclassified drug overdoses in 1999-2016 involved opioids, translating into 99 160 additional opioid-related deaths, or approximately 28% more than reported. Importantly, there was a striking geographic variation in undercounting of opioid overdoses. CONCLUSIONS In modeling opioid involvement in unclassified drug overdoses, highest predictive accuracy is achieved using a statistical model-either logistic regression or a random forest ensemble-with decedent characteristics and contributing causes of death as predictors.
Capital vs. Digital Labor in the Post-industrial Information Age: A Marxist Analysis:

AbstractIn the third millennium AD, humanity has reached the phase of the post-industrial information age. This age is characterized by the ubiquitous usage of Information and Communication Technol...
Processed food consumption is associated with diet quality, but not weight status, in a sample of low-income and ethnically diverse elementary school children

Abstract Excess consumption of highly processed foods may be associated with lower diet quality and obesity prevalence, but few studies have examined these relationships in children from low-income households. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between food consumption by processing category, diet quality as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of low-income children. Data from a study assessing the impact of Summer Food Service participation on diet quality and weight status (N = 131) was used to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of children aged six to twelve years from low-income communities in the Northeastern U.S. Total HEI-2015 score and percentage of calories consumed by processing level were computed per day from three 24-h diet recalls. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the relationship between percentage of calories from foods by processing category (unprocessed and minimally, basic, moderately and highly processed), HEI-2015 and BMI-z score. The final sample was 58% male and 33.8% obese. On average, children consumed 39.8 ± 17.2% of calories from highly processed foods. A 10% increase in calories consumed from highly processed foods was associated with a 2.0 point decrease in total HEI-2015 score [95% CI (−2.7, −1.2)], and a 10% increase in calories from minimally processed foods was associated with a 3.0 increase in HEI-2015 score [95% CI (2.1, 3.8)]. Relationships between processing level and BMI-z score were not significant. Among this sample of low-income children, greater intake of highly processed foods was associated with lower dietary quality, but not weight status. Future research should explore prospective associations between food consumption by processing category and weight status in children.
Chapter 3 – Melt Processes

This chapter covers the processing of metals, ceramic glasses, and thermoplastic polymers from the melt. The fundamentals section explores melt structure, surface tension and rheology, and then goes on to provide an introduction to the principles of liquid flow, heat transfer, and solidification. The first process discussed is shape casting, a process used to make complex metal shapes. The next is sheet casting of glasses. Polymer extrusion and injection molding are then discussed, along with blow molding of polymers and glasses. The chapter concludes with fused deposition modeling, an additive process used to make complex polymer shapes. For all processes, principles of liquid flow and solidification are applied to develop an understanding of factors that control the process and final products.
Understanding the switchable solvent extraction of phospholipids from dairy byproducts

Abstract Dairy byproducts represent a rich source of phospholipids with the potential for isolation and further commercialization. In this study, we extracted phospholipids from two dairy byproducts (buttermilk and beta-serum) using a tertiary amine (N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, CyNMe2) as a switchable hydrophilicity solvent. For comparison, the phospholipids were extracted via Folch (chloroform: methanol). CyNMe2 extraction resulted in recovery values of 98.66 ± 0.89 and 7.67 ± 0.51% for buttermilk and beta-serum, respectively. Insights into the extraction mechanism were obtained by the analysis of protein profile, particle size, zeta potential, and microstructure. CyNMe2 generated microfractures and hollow openings in the solid matrix through ion pair formation that releases the phospholipids from the solid matrix. In comparison to Folch, CyNMe2 resulted in higher concentration of phospholipids (up to 9-fold increment), and it provided a different relative distribution, where phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were the predominant phospholipids. The outcomes of this study help to gain insights into the extraction mechanism by which CyNMe2 acts, and develop extraction strategies for dairy byproducts.
Functionalities of surface depressions in runoff routing and hydrologic connectivity modeling

Abstract Hydrologic processes in depression-dominated areas are controlled by the spatial distribution of surface depressions and their dynamic hydrologic connectivity. Existing hydrologic models often utilize lumped ways to handle depressions, and hence their spatial features are lost in this simplification process. In this study, a unique watershed-scale, semi-distributed hydrologic model accounting for dynamic hydrologic connectivity (HYDROL-DC) is developed and the functionalities of depressions in runoff generation processes and hydrologic connectivity are respectively quantified by introducing two concepts of depression impact coefficient and connected area. Unlike other models, a new modeling framework is proposed in HYDROL-DC to facilitate separate modeling for the puddle-based units, off-stream channel-based units, and on-stream channel-based units of each subbasin. HYDROL-DC was applied to the Edmore Coulee watershed in North Dakota. The modeling results showed that depressions significantly influenced hydrologic processes and their impact capacities were mainly dominated by the storages and spatial distributions of depressions. In a subbasin with depressions of similar storage, depending on the spatial distribution of fully-filled depressions, hydrologic connectivity varied within a range. With the increase in depression storage, the variation of the range exhibited a progressive and hierarchical pattern. Additionally, depressions “blocked” the pathways of runoff water from the activated topographic units to the associated outlet in a subbasin, and such a “blocking” function became significant as more depressions were fully filled.
Editorial: Leadership Transitions and Highlights

At this moment of duress, induced both by the global COVID-19 pandemic, and political and social unrest in the United States, we are all wondering what lies ahead. As a dance community, we have wat...
Planning to Exacerbate Flooding: Evaluating a Houston, Texas, Network of Plans in Place during Hurricane Harvey Using a Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard

AbstractIn August 2017, Hurricane Harvey inundated Houston, Texas, where flooding already was a persistent and growing challenge. Coordinated, proactive land-use planning has been shown to help mit...
Multi-impulse Shape-based Trajectory Optimization for Target Chasing in On-orbit Servicing Missions

On-orbit servicing is a range of orbital services that comprises visual inspection, refueling, repairing, upgrading, assembly, and debris removal. It intends to increase the satellites' lifetime and enhance their performance. This paper proposes a methodology for designing smooth trajectories for long-range rendezvous of servicing satellites with moving targets, in on-orbit servicing missions. The methodology employs a multi-impulse shape-based trajectory planning algorithm for in-plane orbit transfer, based on the two-body problem. A multiobjective constrained optimization architecture is developed using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal trajectories in the sense of Pareto optimality. Transfer time and control effort are considered as Pareto cost functions. Arriving at an orbiting target upon completion of the transfer and limitations in orbital elements are included as constraints. The latter constraint will help reduce the risk of collision in populated orbits by not entering those orbits, but maybe crossing them. The design variables are the orbital elements of the intermediate orbits, and the number and location of impulses. The location of the first impulse in the parking orbit indicates the waiting time before the commencement of orbit transfer that can impact the optimal solution when chasing a dynamic target. Compared to trajectory design methods using continuous thrust, the proposed technique has fewer design variables. The set of Pareto frontier solutions provides an on-orbit servicing mission with decision-making capabilities to choose a solution compatible with the priority requirements of the mission. The proposed methodology is specifically valid for the low Earth orbital regime (100–2000 Km altitude), where the gravitational field of the Earth dominates disturbances such as solar pressure, and the gravity of other celestial objects. To remain in this regime, constraints on intermediate orbits are imposed to ensure the altitude at apoapsides do not exceed 2000 km and at periapsides remains above 100 km. The performance of the resulting methodology is then compared with that of an optimal Lambert approach, in different case studies.
Role of financial incentives in family planning services in India: a qualitative study.

In an effort to encourage Family Planning (FP) adoption, since 1952, the Government of India has been implementing various centrally sponsored schemes that offer financial incentives (FIs) to acceptors as well as service providers, for services related to certain FP methods. However, understanding of the role of FIs on uptake of FP services, and the quality of FP services provided, is limited and mixed. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in Chatra and Palamu districts of Jharkhand state. A total of 64 interviews involving multiple stakeholders were conducted. The stakeholders included recent FP acceptors or clients, FP service providers of public health facilities including Accredited Social Healthcare Activists (ASHAs), government health officials managing FP programs at the district and state level, and members of development partners supporting FP programs in Jharkhand. Data analysis included both inductive and deductive strategies. It was done using the software Atlas ti version 8. It has emerged that there is a strong felt need for FP among majority of the clients, and FIs may be a motivator for uptake of FP methods only among those belonging to the lower socio economic strata. For ASHAs, FI is the primary motivator for providing FP related services. There may be a tendency among them and the nurses to promote methods which have more financial incentives linked with them. There are mixed opinions on discontinuing FIs for clients or replacing them with non-financial incentives. Delays in payment of FIs to both clients and the ASHAs is a common issue and adversely effects the program. FIs for clients have limited influence on their decision to take up a FP method while different amounts of FIs for ASHAs and nurses, linked with different FP methods, may be influencing their service provision. More research is needed to determine the effect of discontinuing FI for FP services.
Hypophagia, hypodipsia, and hypoactivity following electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei of mature rats of both sexes.

Electrolytic bilateral lesions of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus of both female and male mature rats resulted in hypophagia, hypodipsia and decreased spontaneous running activity. The latter is not associated with increased fat deposition. Resting oxygen consumption was reduced in both sexes, but significantly only in the males. Thyroid weight was normal in both sexes but ovaries and adrenals were lighter in the females and the pituitary was lighter in the male rats with lesions. The data show that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is involved in hypothalamic mechanisms controlling food intake, water intake and spontaneous activity not only in the weanling rat as previously demonstrated, but in the mature rat as well.
Tenure, Financial Exigency, and the Future of American Law Schools

As the number of matriculating law students stabilizes or, perhaps, continues to decline, law schools will seek to shrink the size of their respective faculties through faculty buyouts among other methods. This article discusses the conditions under which tenured faculty may be fired for financial reasons, discussing some of the underexplored areas that will likely need clarification in these trying times for law schools. Because there have been relatively few cases involving tenured law faculty who have been fired and then subsequently sued for damages or reinstatement, this article focuses on some of the cases that have arisen in other disciplines, and then seeks to apply what may be gleaned from those cases to the law school context.
Beneficence and Supererogation

According to standard definitions of supererogation, acts are supererogatory if and only if they are neither morally obligatory nor morally prohibited, but nevertheless have moral value (are morally good, etc.).’ While philosophers generally agree about what “supererogatory” means, however, they differ widely in their views regarding both the existence and philosophical significance of supererogatory acts. Philosophers particularly sympathetic to the concept of supererogation have come to be called “supererogationists,” and their position has acquired the label “supererogationism.” This position will be understood here as composed of the following propositions: that some acts are supererogatory; that supererogation cannot be explained solely in terms of concepts which are used to express moral obligations, prohibitions, and permissions; and that supererogation must nevertheless be accommodated by moral theory in much the way these other concepts must be.
Conceptualizing the International Industrial Market Segmentation Problem

Several purported normative models of industrial market segmentation have been developed. International market segmentation has been approached in terms of clustering eligible countries, but has not specifically addressed the problems of industrial marketers. This paper not only suggests a conceptualization incorporating the problem of international scale marketing, but conceptualizes the process from a different perspective, that of a user needs/strategic planning interface.
Determinants of User Ratings in Online Business Rating Services

We investigate the key determinants of user ratings in social media-based business rating services. Our hypothesis is that beyond factors internal to a user, external factors, such as the direct and indirect influence of other users, and environmental factors beyond the control of the user have a significant role in determining the actual rating assigned by a user for a given service. To test this hypothesis, we used data from Yelp, and attempted to predict user ratings on location-based services, in particular food and restaurant business. Our results show improved prediction performance over the baseline, with improved robustness to rating variability and rating sparsity.
Assimilation of GIRO data into a real‐time IRI

Increasingly accurate and detailed global 3-D specification of the Earth's space plasma environment is required to further understand its intricate organization and behavior. For a long time space physics and aeronomy research has been data starved due to the great variety of natural time scales involved in the plasma phenomenology. We have started developing a new approach to the global ionospheric specification called Real-Time Assimilative Mapping (RTAM). The IRI-RTAM will use data from the Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) to smoothly transform International Reference Ionosphere's (IRI's) background empirical maps of the ionospheric characteristics to match the observations. Such empirical assimilative modeling will provide a high-resolution, global picture of the ionospheric response to various short-term events observed during periods of storm activity or the impact of gravity waves coupling the ionosphere to the lower atmosphere, including timelines of the vertical restructuring of the plasma distribution. It will also contribute to the challenging task of providing a rapid insight into the temporal and spatial space weather development using the real-time GIRO data streams. The new assimilation technique "updates" the IRI electron density distribution while preserving the overall integrity of IRI s typical ionospheric feature representations. The technique adjusts the coefficients of the spherical/diurnal expansions used by the CCIR and URSI-88 model to obtain the global sub-peak electron density distribution. The set of global corrected coefficients can be generated as frequently as every 15 min and easily disseminated using a single real-time RTAM server operated by GIRO.
Decomposing Changes in Agricultural Price Gaps

This paper develops a method for decomposing changes in agricultural producer prices. The method builds on a procedure used by the World Bank, with the key variables in the decomposition being trade prices, exchange rates, and agricultural trade policies. The main ways by which we expand on the World Bank decomposition procedure are by broadening the analysis of policy effects, and by adding the effect from incomplete transmission of changes in border prices and exchange rates to producer prices, and the effect on prices from interactions between variables as they change simultaneously. We demonstrate the decomposition method by using the Russian poultry market in the late 1990s, and find that the dominant factor in changing the producer price was the large depreciation of the ruble. Many developing and transition economies have fluctuating exchange rates. The decomposition method presented in this paper could be used to test the hypothesis that exchange rate movements are the main cause of changes in these countries' agricultural commodity prices. Another hypothesis that the method could help test is that an important factor in affecting countries' agricultural prices is incomplete transmission of changes in trade prices and exchange rates to domestic prices, where the incomplete transmission is mainly caused not by policy, but rather by undeveloped market infrastructure.
A time-domain 1D Kirchhoff-PIC code for coupled-cavity traveling wave tubes

Summary form only given, as follows. We developed a 1-d small/large signal Kirchhoff-PIC hybrid code for modeling coupled-cavity traveling-wave tube (CCTWT). The objective is to determine the interaction between the electron beam and cavities both in the linear and nonlinear regimes. A, small signal multi-frequency TWT code can provide a description of the power spectrum produced by a low frequency modulated beam. A large signal multi-frequency TWT code is required to study the nonlinear mechanism responsible for mixing the low frequency modulation with the high frequency carrier signal. Each cavity is modeled as a three-port equivalent Curnow circuit with R, L, C elements. The input/output ports of each Curnow element connects to the corresponding output/input port of the following element, while the third port, called the beam port, models the interaction between the cavity gaps and the beam. The voltage across the beam port and the current through it are solved self-consistently, and the beam space charge forces for all discrete modes are included via the standard PIC method.
The Newly Disabled: Blind Nursing Home Residents:

The sarse literature on blind nursing home residents describes them as isolated, withdrawn, and dependent. We introduce a model that links blindness to immobility, isolation, dependence, loss of af...
Effect of Thallium on Sulfhydryl Compounds In Vitro

In spite of the large amount of experimental work done with thallium (1), its mode of action in producing alopecia has not been fully elucidated. Gross et al. (2) postulated that thallium, like many other heavy metals, may react with the free sulfhydryl groups of cysteine and homocysteine. In this way cystine deficiency results and normal hair growth is inhibited. This assumption is not supported by toxicologic studies showing that rabbits (3) and rats (4) cannot be protected against thallium poisoning by administration of BAL. No data could be found in the literature regarding the action of thallium on tissues in vitro. It seemed therefore of interest to study the in vitro effect of thallium acetate upon sulfhydryl compounds and a sulfhydryl enzyme, succinic dehydrogenase.
Chaperon and Lipid Composition Requirements for Transmembrane Insertion of CesA Helices 4 and 5

Folding of proteins with large transmembrane domains such as cellulose synthase CesA occurs in a highly heterogeneous environment of cellular membranes. Currently, detailed biophysical understanding of these processes is missing with only few examples of membrane proteins allowing for reversible folding found in the literature. Recently, in the course of ongoing investigation of the transmembrane structure of selected CesA helices, we have determined that both transmembrane helices (TMH) 4 and 5 would not insert properly into lipid bilayers and form aggregates unless specific requirements for lipid composition and/or chaperones are satisfied. In cellular membranes the roles of folding chaperons could be played by other proteins or even other domains of the same CesA. Here we have shown that an alanine-rich and generally non-aggregating membrane-spanning α-helical WALP peptide could also play such a role: when co-inserted with CesA TMHs, WALP promotes formation of transmembrane α-helices and prevents TMHs aggregation. Further, from screening of various lipids we determined that a short lipid DLPC (1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero- 3-phosphocholine) is the most suitable for formation of unaggregated CesA TMHs. Interestingly, a longer DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) lipid, when doped with 20 mol% of DLPC, showed even lower fraction of unaggregated peptide than in pure DLPC. Additional data on the hydrophobic matching of TMH4 and 5 to the bilayer thickness were provided by spin-labeling EPR studies. EPR data also showed that TMH4 and 5 are correctly assembled together in lipid bilayers even in the absence of the extracellular loop. Overall, the presence of various lipids in cellular membranes appears to be an important requirement for proper folding of complex integral membrane proteins. Supported as a part of the Center for LignoCellulose Structure and Formation under DOE Award DE-SC0001090.
49.1: Invited Paper: Psychophysics of Reading: Implications for Displaying Text

Our psychophysical approach has the goal of explaining the dependence of reading performance on text parameters in terms of our understanding of spatial vision. In this presentation, we will focus on the impact of three attributes of characters (contrast, size and bandwidth), introduce the explanatory concept of the visual span, and discuss implications for text displays.
Managing medical and surgical disorders after divided Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reported that over 40% of the US population is overweight. The average weight loss attained by medical management programs is neither sufficient nor durable enough to treat medically complicated obesity. An estimated 220,000 bariatric procedures are performed yearly in the USA and Canada. The divided Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is performed most commonly in these countries and is considered the gold standard bariatric surgical procedure. The complexity of RYGB means that serious and potentially preventable perioperative complications can occur. RYGB alters the normal anatomy and physiology of the upper gut, which has predictable adverse effects and potential complications. Patients seek advice and care for symptoms that develop or persist after RYGB; although some symptoms are expected and predictable, others are complications that may or may not require active medical or surgical intervention. Physicians should be able to predict and manage most postoperative medical and nutritional disorders related to RYGB and should be prepared to assess patients for potential referral for surgical intervention or revision.
Misleading SGOT (aspartate aminotransferase) values in obstructive jaundice due to pancreatic carcinoma

Obstructive jaundice in the adult is commonly accompanied by marked elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and only minor increases in SGOT (aspartate aminotransferase) levels. Although SGOT values above 600 have been reported in an occasional patient with common duct stone, values in this range almost invariably reflect a primary hepatocellular disorder (1-4). This case report describes a patient with obstructive jaundice due to carcinoma of the pancreas, in whom high SGOT levels led to an initial diagnosis of viral hepatitis.
Reciprocal connections between the striate cortex and extrastriate cortical visual areas in the rat

Following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the striate cortex of rats, a precise topographical correspondence between extrastriate cortical fields of anterograde and retrograde label was observed. The arrangement of these extrastriate labeled fields corresponds closely to the previously reported division of the peristriate cortex into multiple visual areas, suggesting that each of these areas is reciprocally connected to striate cortex. Cortical layers II--VI participate in this reciprocal connection.
A HIGHLY DISAGGREGATED MODAL-SPLIT MODEL - SOME TESTS

This paper investigates the usefulness of parameter disaggregation within a logistic modal-split model. Changes in parameter values caused by different origin-location and household characteristics are compared with parameter changes due to slight alterations to the model's structure. This spatial and sectoral parameter disaggregation scheme is used to link a modal-split model with a previously developed trip-distribution model at the same level of resolution. The disaggregations are seen as offering useful insights into intraregional variations in modal choice.
Growth and transport properties of Y-Ba-Cu-O/Pr-Ba-Cu-O superlattices

The pulsed-laser deposition method has been used to fabricate epitaxial, nonsymmetric M(Y) x N(Pr) superlattices in which YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) layers either M = 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, or 16 c-axis unit cells thick are separated by insulating PrBa2Cu3O7 (PBCO) layers N unit cells thick (N = I to -32). The zero-resistance superconducting transition temperature, Tc0, initially decreases rapidly with increasing PBCO layer thickness, but then saturates at TcO 19 K, 54 K, 71 K, or 80 K, for structures containing 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-cell-thick YBCO layers, respectively. Critical current density measurements carried out on structures with 16- or 32-cell thick YBCO layers show that the magnitude of Jc(H 0) 12 MA/cm2, as well as the magnetic field dependence and the anisotropy of Jc(H) all are in good agreement with corresponding measurements on thicker, single-layer YBCO films. Thus, there is no evidence of an enhanced Jc(H) due to the multi-layered structure, for the layer thicknesses investigated to date. The systematic variation of Tc0, as a function of the YBCO and PBCO layer thicknesses, is discussed in light of other recent experiments and theoretical model calculations. The superlattices' structural and compositional order are characterized using x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy, and details of the pulsed-laser deposition process are reported.
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of cyclopropane☆

The angular distribution parameter, β, determined for the valence orbitals (IP < 18 eV) of cyclopropane in the 10–30 eV photon energy range using dispersed polarized synchrotron radiation. The energy dependence of β for photoelectron energies between, 2 and 10 eV above threshold was found to be similar to those found previously for other σ orbitals. The effects of Jahn-Teller splitting on β for the 3e′ orbital were found to be small but definitely present. The overall shape and magnitude of the β(hv) curve are, however, sufficiently for the different Jahn-Teller components that, for purposes of orbital assignments using β(hv) curves the shape and magnitude of the curves can be considered associated only with the initial state. Resonance photoionization features at a photon ener of ≈ 18 eV were observed in the 3e′ and 3a′1 orbitals and tentatively assigned to autoionization.
Increases in protein kinase C gamma immunoreactivity in the spinal cord dorsal horn of rats with painful mononeuropathy

Eight days after chronic constrictive sciatic nerve injury (CCI), protein kinase C gamma (PKC gamma) immunoreactivity reliably increased in the spinal cord dorsal horn of CCI rats with demonstrable thermal hyperalgesia as compared to sham-operated controls. Such PKC gamma immunostaining was observed primarily in neuronal somata (ipsilateral > contralateral, laminae I-II > III-IV), indicating postsynaptic sites of PKC gamma increases. Both the development of thermal hyperalgesia and the increase in PKC gamma immunoreactivity in CCI rats were prevented by once daily intrathecal administration with 10 nmol MK-801 for 7 days. The present results provide further evidence for a role of PKC in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated mechanisms of thermal hyperalgesia.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Elderly Patients Hospitalized In The 1990s: A Favorable Outcome

Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and survival of elderly and younger hospitalized patients who sustain cardiac arrest and receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the 1990's and to assess predictors of survival. Design: Retrospective survey of cardiac arrest database and hospital charts, plus telephone follow-up. Setting: 450-bed acute care teaching hospital. Study Population: Seventy-eight hospitalized patients 70 years or older and 73 hospitalized patients under 70 years of age. Measurements: Survey of cardiac arrest data base, hospital charts, and telephonic follow-up to allow (1) comparison of clinical characteristics, survival, and long-term follow-up between two age groups and (2) univariate and multivariate analysis of predictors of mortality. Main Results: Pre-arrest clinical characteristics were not significantly different between the age groups. Prior to arrest the majority of patients were functionally active, and over one-third were hospitalized for acute coronary artery syndromes. In approximately 85% of the patients, the arrest was witnessed, and 70% of the patients had their cardiac rhythm monitored at onset of the arrest. Survival was not significantly different between the age groups; 26% of the total 151 patients were discharged. No significant difference was noted in pre-post arrest functional status of survivors. Survival at 1, 2, and 3 years in elderly and younger survivors was 86% versus 80%, 76% versus 67%, and 71% versus 61%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified the presence of coronary artery disease, admission systolic blood pressure, and functional level to be independent pre-arrest predictors of mortality. At the time of the arrest, the initial cardiac rhythm and duration of CPR were found to be independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Elderly patients hospitalized in the 1990's who receive CPR have outcomes similar to younger patients who receive CPR. The favorable outcome in the elderly patients may reflect patient selection: the majority of our patients were functionally active prior to hospitalization, without multiple serious illnesses; many were hospitalized for acute coronary artery syndromes; and, in most cases, the arrest was witnessed with the patient's cardiac rhythm monitored at onset of the arrest.
Model-based Reconstruction of Objects with Inexactly Known Components.

Because tomographic reconstructions are ill-conditioned, algorithms that incorporate additional knowledge about the imaging volume generally have improved image quality. This is particularly true when measurements are noisy or have missing data. This paper presents a general framework for inclusion of the attenuation contributions of specific component objects known to be in the field-of-view as part of the reconstruction. Components such as surgical devices and tools may be modeled explicitly as being part of the attenuating volume but are inexactly known with respect to their locations poses, and possible deformations. The proposed reconstruction framework, referred to as Known-Component Reconstruction (KCR), is based on this novel parameterization of the object, a likelihood-based objective function, and alternating optimizations between registration and image parameters to jointly estimate the both the underlying attenuation and unknown registrations. A deformable KCR (dKCR) approach is introduced that adopts a control pointbased warping operator to accommodate shape mismatches between the component model and the physical component, thereby allowing for a more general class of inexactly known components. The KCR and dKCR approaches are applied to low-dose cone-beam CT data with spine fixation hardware present in the imaging volume. Such data is particularly challenging due to photon starvation effects in projection data behind the metallic components. The proposed algorithms are compared with traditional filtered-backprojection and penalized-likelihood reconstructions and found to provide substantially improved image quality. Whereas traditional approaches exhibit significant artifacts that complicate detection of breaches or fractures near metal, the KCR framework tends to provide good visualization of anatomy right up to the boundary of surgical devices.
On leadership and service during medical training.

On Leadership and Service During Medical Training To the Editor: It is the unfortunate nature of our profession that long work hours, pressure to succeed, difficult working conditions, and other frustrations often lead to fatigue and/ or burnout, among both trainees and early-career physicians. I have often wondered if this is because we lose sight of why we pursued this calling in the first place. To remain grounded, it is imperative for us to have a mentality of leadership and service, and it is never too early for us to get involved in these activities.
Conformational Changes of HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Ectodomain Region Induced by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies

The membrane proximal ectodomain region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs), 4E10, 2F5 and Z13e1. To unravel the molecular basis of BNAbs interference with virus entry, we have characterized BNAb-induced MPER conformational changes by a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques. The analyses of MPER revealed a tilted N-terminal α helix connected via a short hinge to a flat C-terminal helical segment. This metastable L-shaped structure is immersed in viral membrane and, therefore, less accessible to immune attack. 4E10, a potent BNAb, was found to largely alter MPER membrane orientation, extracting buried W672 and F673 residues after initial encounter with the surface-embedded MPER. MPER conformational changes induced by other mAbs with various neutralizing potency were also determined. The data suggest that 2F5 and 4E10 HIV BNAbs may block viral fusion by perturbing the orientation of MPER relative to the lipid bilayer, extracting buried tryptophan residues in the process. These findings have important implications for the design of vaccines to elicit effective broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Range and regression effects in magnitude scaling.

The relation between power law exponents obtained by magnitude estimation and magnitude production was studied for both loudness and perceived distance. While the results confirm the usual finding of higher values for production for relatively large stimulus ranges, just the opposite occurs when the stimulus range is short, necessitating a revision of the Stevens-Greenbaum regression principle. The relation between range and exponent was explored, both for the case in which several intensities are presented for judgment and for the simpler case of only two intensities. In both cases, a power relation was described relating stimulus ratios to judgmental ratios, with exponents containing both range-dependent and range-independent components.
Spectroscopic studies reveal that the heme regulatory motifs of heme oxygenase-2 are dynamically disordered and exhibit redox-dependent interaction with heme.

Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes a key step in heme homeostasis: the O2- and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase-dependent conversion of heme to biliverdin, Fe, and CO through a process in which the heme participates both as a prosthetic group and as a substrate. Mammals contain two isoforms of this enzyme, HO2 and HO1, which share the same α-helical fold forming the catalytic core and heme binding site, as well as a membrane spanning helix at their C-termini. However, unlike HO1, HO2 has an additional 30-residue N-terminus as well as two cysteine-proline sequences near the C-terminus that reside in heme regulatory motifs (HRMs). While the role of the additional N-terminal residues of HO2 is not yet understood, the HRMs have been proposed to reversibly form a thiol/disulfide redox switch that modulates the affinity of HO2 for ferric heme as a function of cellular redox poise. To further define the roles of the N- and C-terminal regions unique to HO2, we used multiple spectroscopic techniques to characterize thes...