cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-species infection of specific-pathogen-free pigs by a genotype 4 strain of human hepatitis E virus

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important pathogen. The animal strain of HEV, swine HEV, is related to human HEV. The genotype 3 swine HEV can infect humans and genotype 3 human HEV can infect pigs. The genotype 4 swine and human HEV strains are genetically related, but it is unknown whether genotype 4 human HEV can infect pigs. A swine bioassay was utilized in this study to determine whether genotype 4 human HEV can infect pigs. Fifteen, 4-week-old, specific-pathogen-free pigs were divided into three groups of five each. Group 1 pigs were each inoculated intravenously with PBS buffer as negative controls, group 2 pigs similarly with genotype 3 human HEV (strain US-2), and group 3 pigs similarly with genotype 4 human HEV (strain TW6196E). Serum and fecal samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days postinoculation (dpi) and tested for evidence of HEV infection. All pigs were necropsied at 56 dpi. As expected, the negative control pigs remained negative. The positive control pigs inoculated with genotype 3 human HEV all became infected as evidenced by detection of HEV antibodies, viremia and fecal virus shedding. All five pigs in group 3 inoculated with genotype 4 human HEV also became infected: fecal virus shedding and viremia were detected variably from 7 to 56 dpi, and seroconversion occurred by 28 dpi. The data indicated that genotype 4 human HEV has an expanded host range, and the results have important implications for understanding the natural history and zoonosis of HEV.
Loss of color vision and Stiles' II1 mechanism in a patient with cerebral infarction.

A 70-year old man developed achromatopsia with bilateral loss of superior visual fields and an inability to recognize familiar faces (prosopagnosia). Ophthalmologic examination results were normal. Visual acuity was 20/25 in either eye. Computerized axial tomography of the brain revealed infarction of the inferior aspect of the temporal occipital cortex in both hemispheres. The patient’s complaint that objects appeared only in shades of gray was supported by large errors made throughout the spectrum on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test and by matches over the entire red/green range on the Nagel anomaloscope. Although absolute scotopic and photopic thresholds were unremarkable, the increment thresholds to a 482-nm test on a red background increased monotonically as if the ∏1 mechanism were absent. In addition, the spectral sensitivity to large test flashes on an intense red background peaked in the middle rather than in the short-wave portion of the spectrum, as is normally found. We speculate that the chromatic channel is compromised. The patient’s residual vision is mediated by a luminance channel that is subserved by the middle and long—but not the short—wave cone mechanisms.
Metabolic control analysis as a mechanism that conserves genetic variance during advanced cycle breeding.

The recycling of elite inbreds (i.e., advanced cycle breeding) has led to significant genetic gains but also to a narrow gene pool in plant breeding programs. Sustained yield improvements in many crops have suggested that genetic variance is not depleted at a rate predicted by an additive genetic model. Unlike the additive model in classical quantitative genetic theory, metabolic control analysis relates the variation in a biochemical process with the genetic variation in a quantitative trait. Our objective was to determine whether metabolic control analysis is a mechanism that slows the decrease in genetic variance during advanced cycle breeding. Three cycles of advanced cycle breeding were simulated with 10, 50, or 100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling a trait. In metabolic control analysis, these QTL coded for enzymes involved in a linear metabolic pathway that converted a substrate into a product. In the absence of selection, both the additive model and the metabolic control analysis model led to about a 50% reduction in genetic variance from cycle to cycle. With selection, the additive model led to a 50–58% reduction in genetic variance, but the metabolic control analysis model generally led to only a 12–54% reduction. We suggest selection in a metabolic control analysis model as a mechanism that slows the decrease in genetic variance during advanced cycle breeding. This conservation of genetic variance would allow breeders to achieve genetic gains for a longer period than expected under the additive model.
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Psychiatry: Current Perspectives

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a widely available neuro-imaging technique for the three-dimensional assessment of regional cerebral blood flow. The clinical utility of SPECT in neuropsychiatry is well established, and research devoted to its use in primary psychiatric disorders has been gaining momentum. In this review recent developments in SPECT neuroimaging are described, including the utility of SPECT in the differential diagnosis of the dementias and other neuropsychiatric conditions; SPECT studies of patients with affective disorders, at baseline and after treatment; and SPECT studies utilizing innovative techniques such as neuroreceptor imaging and activation strategies. Advances in SPECT research methodology and study design that may contribute to clarifying the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders are examined.
MAGNETIC FIELD AND IMPURITY EFFECTS IN PSEUDOGAP STATE OF CUPRATES

Both impurities and magnetic field can be used as a tool to investigate the properties of superconducting state of cuprates. Recent STM tunneling experiments on impurity states in superconducting state provide a new set of results that can be compared with the expectations for d-wave pairing in cuprates. We will argue that impurities and magnetic field could be used to test the nature of the pseudogap state (PG). i) We will present the extension of the theory of impurity on the pseudogap regime. The impurity such as Zn or Ni, will generate resonance state in PG state on very general grounds. Single vs double impurity peak will appear depending on the superconducting vs non-superconducting origin of the PG. ii) For the particular proposal of the d- density wave PG (DDW) we found that out of plane magnetic field will induce complex, proportional to the field, idxy-wave density wave component. Physical properties of this, previously not considered, state will be discussed.
Anodic reactions of the halides in dimethyl sulfoxide at the pyrolytic graphite electrode

Abstract The anodic reactions of the halide ions in dimethyl sulfoxide at the pyrolytic graphite electrode have been studied. The iodide ion demonstrates a 3-step oxidation; the bromide, a 2-step oxidation and chloride, a 1-step oxidation. The electrode reaction (X-→ 1 2 X2 + e-) is complicated by a catalytic reaction occurring after the electrode reaction. The catalytic reaction is important for only bromide and chloride causing a considerable diffusion current enhancement. The αna value for all 3 primary reactions is of the order of 0.5.
The Electronic and Lattice Specific Heats in W, Mo, and Re

Calorimetric measurements have been made in the temperature range 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on W, Mo, and Re. At the lowest temperatures for W and Mo the specific heat could be resolved into a lattice ${T}^{3}$ function together with an electric term, $\ensuremath{\gamma}T$. It was found that at the lowest temperatures (a), for W, $\ensuremath{\theta}=250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{to} 380\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=(1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cal/mole-${\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$ (b), for Mo, $\ensuremath{\theta}=445\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=(5.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cal/mole-${\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$. These new measurements on tungsten indicate the need for revising previously quoted data.The measured lattice specific heat of tungsten agreed approximately with the theoretical computations made by Fine. The measured lattice specific heat of molybdenum varied with temperature in the manner predicted by Fine for the body-centered cubic lattice of tungsten. The measured electronic specific heat of tungsten was in moderate agreement with the theoretical computation of Manning and Chodorow, and the measured electronic specific heats of W and Mo were considerably less than those of most other transition elements except Cr, a result which may be approximately explained by assuming a $d$ band similar to that calculated by Slater. The question of the $d$-band shape is discussed in detail in the light of recent experimental results.Pure rhenium powder has been measured in the temperature range 68\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At these temperatures the Debye temperature $\ensuremath{\theta}$ was found equal to 262\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Spider Mite Species (Acari: Tetranychidae) Response to Propargite: Basis for an Acaricide Resistance Management Program

Spider mites were collected from cotton at 36 locations in the San Joaquin Valley of California, both before propargite had been applied and again late in the season. All populations of Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski, the dominant early season spider mite, were susceptible to propargite. Populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus pacificus McGregor exhibited a variety of responses from highly susceptible to highly resistant. These levels of resistance were defined by the range and homogeneity of response. Early season T. urticae populations were predominantly susceptible. Late-season collections of T. urticae from the same locations exhibited lower, equal, or increased tolerance to propargite, suggesting instability of resistance. Early and late-season collections of T. pacificus exhibited a consistently higher and narrower range of response to propargite than T. urticae , suggesting a possible natural tolerance to propargite. Field plots demonstrated lack of control with propargite when populations were composed of resistant T. pacificus alone. Cases of multiple resistance to propargite and dicofol were found for both T. urticae and T. pacificus.
Annotating Resources in Sequence Diagrams for Testing Web Security

Both legitimate users and attackers use web resources to realize their goals. These goals are either desired or malicious in terms of the role of the users. This paper presents a novel approach for testing web security by focusing on the web resources used/exploited by both legitimate users and attackers.
The effects of retinoic acid on the expression of α-fetoprotein and albumin genes in rat hepatoma cell lines

Abstract Many transcriptional regulators can stimulate or repress gene expression depending on the cellular or genetic contexts. Thus dexamethasone increases the amount of α-fetoprotein mRNA in Morris rat hepatoma derived cell line McA-RH 8994 cells, but decreases it in McA-RH 7777 cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that retinoic acid, whose receptors belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor gene family, also enhanced the expression of α-fetoprotein and albumin gene in McA-RH 8994 cells, but had no effect on α-fetoprotein gene expression in McA-RH 7777 cells. In contrast to the effect of dexamethasone on the α-fetoprotein gene expression, which requires ongoing protein synthesis, cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, enhanced the effect of retinoic acid. Actinomycin D inhibited the retinoic acid mediated increase in α-fetoprotein and albumin mRNA expression. Since the McA-RH 8994 cells did not express retinoic acid receptor β mRNA, the observed regulatory effects of retinoic acid on α-fetoprotein and albumin gene expression were not mediated through retinoic acid receptor β. We also conclude that the regulation was at the level of transcription and that retinoic acid and dexamethasone probably regulate the expression of liver specific genes through different mechanisms.
Childhood bone marrow monosomy 7 syndrome: a familial disorder?

Description d'une fille decedee a 6 ans 1/2 et de son frere en vie a l'âge de 8 ans, tous deux souffrant d'un syndrome myeloproliferatif precurseur chez la fille d'une leucemie aigue non lymphocytaire, et tous deux porteurs d'une monosomie 7 dans 100% des cellules medullaires tandis que le caryotype des lymphocytes peripheriques etait normal. La monosomie 7 medullaire est souvent familiale, ce qui rend souhaitable une surveillance des germains des sujets monosomiques 7 par numeration periodique des globules, dosage de l'hemoglobine fœtale et au moindre doute ou avant un don de moelle en vue d'une greffe eventuellement, un caryotypage des cellules medullaires
Retention of Older In‐Migrants: Role of Family, Friends, and Community Services

The growth in the proportion of older persons in the population directs more attention to their resources and migration. The purpose of this study is to determine the role that family, friends, and community services play in how older persons feel about moving from or staying in their community. Data were collected from 985 older (age 50 to 70) recent in-migrants to Idaho, using a mailed survey. Based on structural equation analysis, friendships were significant for both genders in determining whether they thought they would move from their present community. For men, community services were also significant. The family construct, whereas somewhat stronger for women, was not a significant predictor of migration in either men or women. Communities that wish to attract or retain older persons should consider programs and facilities that foster friendships and social contacts, and promote services for older persons and older men in particular.
A state of double jeopardy: impact of prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse environments on the social communicative abilities of school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Purpose This article is a retrospective examination of environmental risk, language performance, and narrative discourse data from a clinical database of school-age children with fetal alcohol spec...
The determinants of coupon usage

This paper uses a large sample of survey data to investigate the empirical determinants of coupon usage. The broad set of control variables allows for comparisons of the relative importance of indi...
Analysis of the solidified structure of rheocast and VADER processed nickel-base superalloy

Conventional “ingot” processing of highly alloyed compositions results in a cast product which suffers from extensive macrosegregation, hot tears, and heterogeneities. By controlling the solidification journey, one can produce a fine grained cast product. This is achieved by manipulating the melt in the mushy zone. Rheocasting and vacuum arc double electrode remelting (VADER) are two such technologies where the melt is processed in the mushy zone. IN-100, a nickel based superalloy, was rheocast as well as VADER processed. The resultant cast structures are analysed, compared and discussed both on micro- and macrostructural levels. The effect of the rheocast processing variables (stirring speed, time and temperature) on the cast microstructure are also discussed
Market structure and the value of growth

In line with theory suggested by Miller and Modigliani (1961), this paper finds generally positive and statistically significant effects of growth on the current market value of the firm over the 1974–90 period. This intuitive result is not surprising, but the lack of a simple link between the valuation effects of growth and market structure considerations is noteworthy. Importantly, the value of future growth options appears to be closely tied to the firm's ongoing investment in advertising and R&D intangible capital. On the other hand, high current market share does not appear to offer any clear advantage in terms of a firm's ability to expand upon current success. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid metal MHD flow in a duct whose cross section changes from a rectangle to a trapezoid

Abstract This paper treats the liquid-metal MHD flow in a semi-infinite rectangular duct and a semi-infinite trapezoidal duct, which are connected by a finite-length transition duct. There is a strong, transverse, uniform magnetic field. The walls parallel to the magnetic field (sides) remain parallel, while the walls intersecting the magnetic field are twisted in the transition duct to provide the change in cross-sectional shape. The left side has a constant height, while the height of the right side increases or decreases in the transition duct. This geometry gives a skewed velocity profile with a high velocity near the left side, provided that the right side is relatively thick. All walls are thin and electrically conducting, but the sides are considerably thicker than the other walls. Junctions of different ducts with walls parallel to the magnetic field are treated for the first time. In expansions, contractions and other geometric transition ducts, as well as in straight ducts with axially varying magnetic fields, the fluid flow and the electric currents are concentrated in boundary layers adjacent to the sides and in the sides. At a junction with a straight duct with a uniform magnetic field, the flow and current must transfer from the boundary layers and sides to the core regions. These transfers at junctions play a key role in any three-dimensional flow.
A comparison of techniques for local stability analysis of tubular reactor systems

Abstract The performance of the Galerkin and collocation methods were tested in the local stability analysis of the nonadiabatic tubular reactor with axial mixing (TRAM), without and with recycle, respectively. In estimating the dominant eigenvalue of the linearised material and energy balances of the TRAM system, Galerkin's method converged rapidly and monotonically in the positive direction, requiring from three terms in the trial solutions for a low conversion steady state to 24 terms for a high conversion steady state to achieve convergence. The collocation method was used to estimate the dominant eigenvalue of the TRAM-recycle system and converged in a damped oscillatory manner. The monotonic convergence property of Galerkin's method and the oscillatory convergence property of the collocation method may be used to establish local stability character before convergence occurs. Galerkin's method is recommended for local stability analysis of a system of coupled partial differential equations with unmixed boundary conditions. The collocation method is recommended for systems having mixed boundary conditions.
Transition metals in organic synthesis: highlights for the year 2001

A review with 1663 references to transition-metal catalyzed or mediated reactions and functional group preparations.
Uniform asymptotic solutions for potential flow about a slender body of revolution

The general problem of potential flow past a slender body of revolution is considered. The flow incident on the body is described by an arbitrary potential function and hence the results presented here extend those obtained by Handels-man & Keller (1967 α). The part of the potential due to the presence of the body is represented as a superposition of potentials due to point singularities (sources, dipoles and higher-order singularities) distributed along a segment of the axis of the body inside the body. The boundary condition on the body leads to a linear integral equation for the density of the singularities. The complete uniform asymptotic expansion of the solution of this equation, as well as the extent of the distribution, is obtained using the method of Handelsman & Keller. The special case of transverse incident flow is considered in detail. Complete expansions for the dipole moment of the distribution and the virtual mass of the body are obtained. Some general comments on the method of Handelsman & Keller are given, and may be useful to others wishing to use their method.
Update in Infectious Diseases

This Update covers terrorist threats to the health of the public, new approaches to some familiar clinical problems, newly recognized disorders, novel treatments for infectious diseases, HIV infect...
Calculated anisotropies in the fermi surface of alkali metals

The densities of states and Fermi energies were accurately calculated from E(k) data obtained by the self-consistent-band Augmented Plane Wave (APW) method, using a quadratic energy expansion. The reliability of the Monte Carlo integration was investigated. It was sufficiently good to determine the anisotropy of the Fermi surface of lithium, sodium, and potassium.
High coercivity and spin reorientation transition in DyCo10Mo2−xVx compounds

Abstract DyCo 10 Mo 2− x V x compounds ( x =0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) with the ThMn 12 structure were prepared by means of arc-melting and subsequent vacuum annealing. The magnetic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction on fixed aligned powder samples and by magnetization measurements. The lattice constants decrease linearly with increasing x , according to Vegard's law. The easy magnetization direction of all samples is parallel to the c -axis at room temperature. The magnetization hysteresis loops of the aligned sample at a very low temperature after this sample was cooled under an applied field and zero field are different. It results from the large coecivity at low temperature and magnetization reversal when passing the compensation temperature in the cooling process. After analyses, it is found that the samples are not magnetized to full saturation at 10 K due to the relatively small applied fields from −5 to 5 T. At least two or three types of particles with much different coercivity coexist in every sample, and the maximum coercivity for at least one of the types is larger than 5 T. The smaller the value of x , the larger the coercivity in the DyCo 10 Mo 2− x V x compounds. Temperature dependence of the magnetization indicates that a spin reorientation transition occurs, and the transition temperature increases from ∼30 K (for x =0) to ∼40 K (for x =2). The influence of substitution of Mo and V in Co positions of the 1 : 12 structure on the magnetic coupling constant and crystalline electric field parameter is discussed.
Brothers, Sisters and Fictive Kin: Communication about Sex among Urban Black Siblings.

Siblings have been shown to influence youth substance use and violent behavior. However, limited research has examined sibling-influences on sexual activity, particularly among urban Black youth. The current qualitative research was an exploratory study to describe discussions among siblings about sex and sexual health. Individual interviews were conducted with 15 Black youth (7 male, 8 female) from New York City ages 16 to 19 years. Participants were recruited from community agencies serving low income youth. Results indicated that youth had discussions about sex with their siblings. Discussions among siblings included information about sex, conversations about sexual activities and advice about sexual relationships. Some gender differences were observed. Males reported feeling pressure from their male siblings to be engaged in sexual activity. Female youth discussed hearing HIV/AIDS prevention messages from their siblings. Findings highlight the important role that siblings may play in socializing urban Black youth regarding sexuality, sexual health, and HIV/AIDS prevention.
Relative turnover rates of subunits of rat liver fatty acid synthetase.

Abstract The subunits of the multienzyme complex rat liver fatty acid synthetase are degraded with half lives which are related to their molecular weight in a manner similar to that found in the laboratory of Schimke for soluble, membrane and ribosomal proteins from rat liver. The rates of turnover of all the subunits of fatty acid synthetase appear to be slower than the rate of exchange of the enzyme prosthetic group, 4′-phosphopantetheine.
Isoform-specific Heparan Sulfate Binding within the Amino-terminal Noncollagenous Domain of Collagen α1(XI)

Collagen type XI is a constituent of the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes and plays a role in the regulation of fibrillogenesis. The amino-terminal domain of collagen type XI α1 chain is a noncollagenous structure that has been identified on the surface of cartilage collagen fibrils. The biochemical composition of the amino-terminal domain varies due to alternative splicing of the primary transcript. Recombinantly expressed α1(XI) aminoterminal domain isoforms were used in this study to investigate potential interactions. Purified products were analyzed for heparan sulfate binding properties. The results demonstrated that two additional binding sites exist within the α1(XI) aminoterminal domain, one within the amino propeptide and one within the variable region of the amino-terminal domain. Analysis of relative affinities indicated that the site located within the amino propeptide (site 1) was of similar affinity to sites that exist within the major triple helix of collagen type XI. Substitution of amino acid residues 147 to 152 within the amino propeptide by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in altered affinity for heparan sulfate. The binding site located within the variable region (site 2) demonstrated significantly higher affinity than other sites within the molecule. Displacement of collagen type XI within the pericellular matrix was observed in cell culture in the presence of excess heparan sulfate and by treatment with heparinase. These studies suggest two additional binding sites located within the noncollagenous amino-terminal domain that may play a role in the function of collagen type XI. The localization of collagen type XI within the pericellular matrix may be dependent upon interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and these are likely to take place in an isoform-specfic manner.
Puppets for Prevention“Playing Safe is Playing Smart”

Successful use of puppetry for education of children is well documented in literature. However, in this age of mechanically animated toys and sophisticated children, we have matched realism with an element of high technology for optimal learning experience. This 15-minute video is the basis for a burn prevention and education program entitled "Puppets for Prevention." The video is a creative and lively discussion between two puppets. The dialogue is delivered in a manner that is not threatening. It covers the child's hospitalization, types of burns and how they heal, feelings on scarring and returning to school as well as the conventional preventive measures. The realism in the video comes from the puppets, which have been specially constructed to teach children about burns, skin grafts, donor sites, and rehabilitative garments. High technology comes from the use of the puppets' pretaped accounts incorporated with the actual puppet show creating a completely integrated presentation. Initial response has been overwhelmingly positive. Our survey of one control group one week after viewing the puppet show demonstrated that all found it favorable. Forty percent remembered basic first aid and 65% mentioned significant points of the presentation. We plan to continue ongoing evaluations with the estimated 1,500 children who will view our program this school year.
Colon cancer: etiological issues and prospects for early detection.

Abstract Nearly 100,000 Americans will learn this year that they have colon cancer; more than half of them will be dead within 5 years. Not only does the magnitude of the colon cancer problem appear to be increasing, but also survival rates from the disease have not improved in at least 20 years. Much attention among both health professionals and laypeople has been directed toward the preventive potential of dietary fiber. But one of the difficulties for those in preventive medicine and public health is the relative dearth of strong evidence concerning the etiology of colon cancer. Nevertheless, techniques are available for detection at asymptomatic or early symptomatic stages of the disease where the probability of cure and survival are greatest. The purpose of this paper, then, is the promotion among health professionals of greater awareness of the seriousness of the colon cancer problem, what is known of its suspected etiology, and what can be done in the realm of early detection, including mass screening.
Hot QCD on the Lattice

We review lattice results that probe properties of high temperature QCD at different length scales and can help to elucidate its non-perturbative structure. We examine the flavor and chemical potential dependence of electric and magnetic screening lengths as well as the QCD equation of state. This emphasizes the subdominant role quark degrees of freedom play in building up the non-perturbative properties of high temperature QCD.
Demonstration of Rapid Production of Lactic Acid in Oral Cavity.

SummaryThe rapid production (within 10 minutes) of lactic acid in the oral cavity and in vitro is demonstrated as the result of the action of oral microorganisms on certain carbohydrates.
Quantitative evaluation of primary adrenal cortical deficiency in man.

Abstract 1.1. A method designed to afford a quantitative appraisal of adrenal cortical functional capacity has been devised. It consists of a two-fold test: (1) a standard metabolic regimen capable of provoking acute adrenal insufficiency in the severely adrenal-deficient individual; and (2) powerful adrenal cortical stimulation by means of intravenous corticotrophin. 2.2. Classification of patients into one of four separate grades of adrenal cortical functional capacity is proposed on the basis of multiple criteria of response to each portion of the test. Intrinsic and extrinsic grounds for confidence in the accuracy of the method are presented.
A Response to Guerrien and Benicourt

This response is a defense of neoclassical economics. Neoclassical economics contains more than the perfectly competitive model: much of it concerns the problems of market failure including public goods, externalities, imperfect structure, and asymmetric information. The article acknowledges that economic models are abstract, but argues that abstraction can be useful, and that full-blown utility theory is not required to gain insights from the concepts. Neoclassical economics helps us understand how the world works.
One-pot reaction cascades catalyzed by base- and acid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing base (primary amine) and sulfonic acid inside the MCM-41 type porous channels were successfully used as compatible catalysts for one-pot reaction cascades.
PUVA augments cyclosporine A-mediated rat cardiac allograft survival

Abstract PUVA, the administration of the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) followed by exposure of the skin to longwave ultraviolet radiation (UVA, 320–400 nm), is employed clinically for the treatment of skin diseases. PUVA is immunosuppressive and we have shown previously that it can significantly prolong skin allograft survival. This enhanced survival is associated with reduced spleen cell cytotoxic activity against donor cell targets with preserved ability of treated animals to be immunized to third-party alloantigens 5 days after exposure to a course of PUVA. To examine whether PUVA may potentiate the effect of cyclosporine A (CYA) in inhibiting cardiac allograft rejection, we employed a rat cardiac transplant model. Lewis rats (RT11) received cardiac allografts at a heterotopic site from Lewis Brown Norwegian ( RT1 1 n ) hybrid donors. Seventy animals were equally divided into 10 groups. Starting on the day of surgery, three groups received a suboptimal doses of CYA (1.5, 4.5, or 9.0 mg/kg im), three groups received the same doses of CYA and 1.0 mg/kg of 8-MOP injected ip followed by 6.35 J/cm2 of UVA radiation to their shaved dorsums (PUVA), one group received PUVA alone, one group received UVA radiation alone, one group received 8-MOP alone, and the final group received no treatment. Therapy was carried out daily for 7 days and survival of the allograft was assessed by daily palpation of the transplanted heart. Both PUVA and CYA alone significantly prolonged survival compared to no treatment (15.8 ± 1.4 SEM days for PUVA, 14.4 ± 0.9 for 1.5 mg/kg CYA, 14.7 ± 1.2 for 4.5 mg/kg CYA, and 18.7 ± 1.3 for 9.0 mg/kg vs 7.0 ± 0.8 for the untreated control group). The combinations of PUVA and CYA significantly prolonged survival compared to either treatment alone [23.0 ± 1.6 for PUVA and 1.5 mg/kg CYA, 22.0 ± 1.7 for PUVA and 4.5 mg/kg CYA, 3 out of the 7 animals that received PUVA and 9.0 mg/kg CYA exhibited apparent permanent acceptance (>200 days); the other 4 rejected at 19, 30, 36, and 40 days]. Administration of 8-MOP alone or UVA radiation alone failed to prolong allograft survival compared to no treatment. These data show that PUVA can improve CYA-mediated cardiac allograft survival and suggest that this modality might be a useful adjunctive therapy for organ transplantation.
Development of specifications for an integrated piezoelectric wafer active sensors system

This paper describes work performed in the development of a set of specification for the construction of an integrated electronic system for piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS). The paper starts with a comprehensive review of the PWAS material properties, dimensions, and electrical characteristics. PWAS of various shapes and sizes are considered. Two boundary conditions were examined: free PWAS and PWAS attached to actual structures. For both, the PWAS immittance and the allowable dc and ac voltages were considered. The predicted values were compared with measurements performed over a wide frequency range (10 kHz to 2 MHz). Next, the electronic-equipment specifications were considered. The PWAS can be used in a number of different ways to actively detect damage in structures. Our aim was to develop electronic-equipment specifications that would extract the optimum performance from the PWAS, i.e., maximize the coupling with the structure and obtain large-amplitude Lamb wave transmission and reception. Analytical predictions were compared with measurements made using current laboratory equipment. The comparative analysis revealed that the current electronic equipment does not fully exploit the PWAS capabilities. Hence, the PWAS equipment specifications were divided into two categories: “existing” and “desired”. The former category designates integrated electronic equipment that would offer the same PWAS performance as the existing lab equipment, but be of a lower volume/weight/cost. The latter category refers to advanced electronic equipment that will exploit the full potential of PWAS transducers while being of lower volume/weight/cost than the lab equipment. Both categories are presented and discussed in the paper.
A Turbine Driven Rotating Coil Magnetometer

A rotating coil magnetometer which utilizes an air turbine to turn the coil has been developed. Since the turbine rotor forms the mount for the coil, there are no shafts or gears. Thus, this magnetometer may be used to measure fields in locations inaccessible to more conventional rotating coil devices. The precision of the suspension of the turbine and the lack of mechanical vibration make it possible to measure transverse field components of the order of one milligauss in a field of one kilogauss. The sensitivity of the magnetometer is made independent of the rotational speed of the coil through the use of an electronic integrator. The coil and integrator circuit is used in conjunction with another system which allows the determination of the direction of the magnetic field being measured relative to a predetermined direction.
Stem cells: blood lines from embryo to adult.

Does blood formation in mammalian embryos and adults have separate origins or a common source? The most recent investigations into the question add a further chapter to this long-running story.
Montana transform A tectonic cam surface linking thin- and thick-skinned Laramide shortening across the Rocky Mountain foreland

The Montana transform is here defined as the northern boundary of the Wyoming Laramide foreland. This sinistral-transpressional shear zone followed a crustal-scale structure that defined the southern margin of the Mesoproterozoic Belt basin of western Montana. The structural zone transferred clockwise tectonic rotation of the thick-skinned Wyoming foreland to clockwise rotation of thin-skinned thrust plates of the Montana thrust belt. Traction above the Farallon plate, which rotated northeastward beneath the Wyoming foreland, may have driven the rotation of the basement-involved Laramide ranges. The ancestral crustal structure that controlled the transform did not coincide exactly with a small circle of rotation about the Euler pole for the Wyoming foreland. Instead, the transform rotated eccentrically, like a cam surface, and generated sufficient sinistral transpression against the Belt Supergroup to thrust it out of its basin.
Acute Valvular Regurgitation

Acute severe valvular regurgitation is a surgical emergency, but accurate and timely diagnosis can be difficult. Although cardiovascular collapse is a common presentation, examination findings to suggest acute regurgitation may be subtle, and the clinical presentation may be nonspecific. Consequently, the presentation of acute valvular regurgitation may be mistaken for other acute conditions, such as sepsis, pneumonia, or nonvalvular heart failure. Although acute regurgitation may affect any valve, acute regurgitation of the left-sided valves is more common and has greater clinical impact than acute regurgitation of right-sided valves. Data to guide appropriate management of patients with acute regurgitation are sparse; there are no randomized trials, and much of the literature describes either small series or the experiences of specific centers. Despite these limitations, the available data are sufficient to allow identification of general principles as well as development of applicable guidelines from both the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology. The guidelines recommend valve surgery for symptomatic patients with aortic or mitral regurgitation, including those with acute regurgitation.1–3 The data and guidelines emphasize overarching clinical principles, including the need for a high clinical suspicion of acute regurgitation, timely use of echocardiography, and, in the majority of patients, rapid progression to surgery. Causes of acute regurgitation overlap with causes of chronic regurgitation and vary depending on the valve affected (Table 1). Endocarditis may affect either the aortic or mitral valve, whereas other causes are unique to the specific valve involved. The majority of causes of acute regurgitation present as an acute or subacute event. However, acute regurgitation can occur in patients with chronic regurgitation, when regurgitant severity is exacerbated by factors such as coronary ischemia, chordal rupture, or leaflet perforation from endocarditis. Acute regurgitation of either the aortic or mitral valve may result from procedural …
Modified-strip-analysis method for predicting wing flutter at subsonic to hypersonic speeds.

Modified strip analysis method for predicting wing flutter at subsonic to hypersonic speeds
The Cilkview scalability analyzer

The Cilkview scalability analyzer is a software tool for profiling, estimating scalability, and benchmarking multithreaded Cilk++ applications. Cilkview monitors logical parallelism during an instrumented execution of the Cilk++ application on a single processing core. As Cilkview executes, it analyzes logical dependencies within the computation to determine its work and span (critical-path length). These metrics allow Cilkview to estimate parallelism and predict how the application will scale with the number of processing cores. In addition, Cilkview analyzes cheduling overhead using the concept of a "burdened dag," which allows it to diagnose performance problems in the application due to an insufficient grain size of parallel subcomputations.Cilkview employs the Pin dynamic-instrumentation framework to collect metrics during a serial execution of the application code. It operates directly on the optimized code rather than on a debug version. Metadata embedded by the Cilk++ compiler in the binary executable identifies the parallel control constructs in the executing application. This approach introduces little or no overhead to the program binary in normal runs.Cilkview can perform real-time scalability benchmarking automatically, producing gnuplot-compatible output that allows developers to compare an application's performance with the tool's predictions. If the program performs beneath the range of expectation, the programmer can be confident in seeking a cause such as insufficient memory bandwidth, false sharing, or contention rather than inadequate parallelism or insufficient grain size.
Design and implementation of a multidimensional synchronous dataflow environment

Multidimensional synchronous dataflow is a model of computation where functional blocks produce and consume data on a multidimensional index space. The model can express multidimensional signal processing systems and algorithms elegantly, and is able to reveal the data parallelism of such systems in a way that raises possibilities for better multiprocessor scheduling. We have formalized definitions and specifications for a two-dimensional model and have created a single-processor simulation domain in Ptolemy. The paper discusses the design issues and methodologies we used to efficiently handle the large amounts of two-dimensional data that the systems operate upon. The primary structures used were matrices to act as buffers and submatrices to access subsets of those buffers. >
User Interaction with Scatterplots on Small Screens - A Comparative Evaluation of Geometric-Semantic Zoom and Fisheye Distortion

Larger, higher resolution displays can be used to increase the scalability of information visualizations. But just how much can scalability increase using larger displays before hitting human perceptual or cognitive limits? Are the same visualization techniques that are good on a single monitor also the techniques that are best when they are scaled up using large, high-resolution displays? To answer these questions we performed a controlled experiment on user performance time, accuracy, and subjective workload when scaling up data quantity with different space-time-attribute visualizations using a large, tiled display. Twelve college students used small multiples, embedded bar matrices, and embedded time-series graphs either on a 2 megapixel (Mp) display or with data scaled up using a 32 Mp tiled display. Participants performed various overview and detail tasks on geospatially-referenced multidimensional time-series data. Results showed that current designs are perceptually scalable because they result in a decrease in task completion time when normalized per number of data attributes along with no decrease in accuracy. It appears that, for the visualizations selected for this study, the relative comparison between designs is generally consistent between display sizes. However, results also suggest that encoding is more important on a smaller display while spatial grouping is more important on a larger display. Some suggestions for designers are provided based on our experience designing visualizations for large displays
A WKBJ spectral method for computation of SV synthetic seismograms in a cylindrically symmetric medium

Summary. A method of synthetic seismogram computation for teleseismic SV-waves is developed in order to treat quantitatively SV-waves in problems of body wave source inversion and source-receiver structure studies. The method employs WKBJ theory for a generalized ray in a vertically inhomogeneous half-space and the propagator matrix technique for waves in nearsurface homogeneous layers. Wavenumber integration is done along the real axis of the wavenumber plane and anelasticity is included by using complex velocity in all regions of the earth model. The near-surface source structure is taken into account in the computation for the case of the shallow source by allowing a point source to be located in the homogeneous layers. Source and receiver area structures are also allowed to differ. A general moment tensor point source is considered.
An Over-60 dB True Rail-to-Rail Performance Using Correlated Level Shifting and an Opamp With Only 30 dB Loop Gain

Correlated level shifting (CLS) is introduced as a new switched-capacitor technique to provide true rail-to-rail performance while reducing errors from finite opamp gain. There is negligible kT/C noise increase and in many cases a speed advantage compared to using a high gain opamp. The gain enhancement is quantified with formulas and the general technique is compared to correlated double sampling (CDS). Results are presented from a 0.18 mum CMOS testchip of a 20 MHz, 12-bit pipelined A/D converter using CLS to reduce errors from finite opamp dc gain and limited opamp swing. It achieves 10.5 ENOB operating beyond the supply rails using an opamp circuit with 30 dB loop gain and 0.9 V supply.
Effects of Magnesium on Inactivation of the Voltage-gated Calcium Current in Cardiac Myocytes

The effects of changes in intracellular and extracellular free ionized [Mg2+] on inactivation of ICa and IBa in isolated ventricular myocytes of the frog were investigated using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Intracellular [Mg2+] was varied by internal perfusion with solutions having different calculated free [Mg2+]. Increasing [Mg2+]i from 0.3 mM to 3.0 mM caused a 16% reduction in peak ICa amplitude and a 36% reduction in peak IBa amplitude, shifted the current-voltage relationship and the inactivation curve approximately 10 mV to the left, decreased relief from inactivation, and caused a dramatic increase in the rate of inactivation of IBa. The shifts in the current-voltage and inactivation curves were attributed to screening of internal surface charge by Mg2+. The increased rate of inactivation of IBa was due to an increase in both the steady-state level of inactivation as well as an increase in the rate of inactivation, as measured by two-pulse inactivation protocols. Increasing external [Mg2+] decreased IBa amplitude and shifted the current-voltage and inactivation curves to the right, but, in contrast to the effect of internal Mg2+, had little effect on the inactivation kinetics or the steady-state inactivation of IBa at potentials positive to 0 mV. These observations suggest that the Ca channel can be blocked quite rapidly by external Mg2+, whereas the block by [Mg2+]i is time and voltage dependent. We propose that inactivation of Ca channels can occur by both calcium-dependent and purely voltage-dependent mechanisms, and that a component of voltage-dependent inactivation can be modulated by changes in cytoplasmic Mg2+.