cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic disparities in intimate partner violence against Native American women: a cross-sectional study

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global public health problem, yet data on IPV against Native American women are extremely limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study of Native American women to determine prevalence of lifetime and past-year IPV and partner injury; examine IPV in relation to pregnancy; and assess demographic and socioeconomic correlates of past-year IPV. Participants were recruited from a tribally-operated clinic serving low-income pregnant and childbearing women in southwest Oklahoma. A self-administered survey was completed by 312 Native American women (96% response rate) attending the clinic from June through August 1997. Lifetime and past-year IPV were measured using modified 18-item Conflict Tactics Scales. A socioeconomic index was created based on partner's education, public assistance receipt, and poverty level. More than half (58.7%) of participants reported lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV; 39.1% experienced severe physical IPV; 12.2% reported partner-forced sexual activity; and 40.1% reported lifetime partner-perpetrated injuries. A total of 273 women had a spouse or boyfriend during the previous 12 months (although all participants were Native American, 59.0% of partners were non-Native). Among these women, past-year prevalence was 30.1% for physical and/or sexual IPV; 15.8% for severe physical IPV; 3.3% for forced partner-perpetrated sexual activity; and 16.4% for intimate partner injury. Reported IPV prevalence during pregnancy was 9.3%. Pregnancy was not associated with past-year IPV (odds ratio = 0.9). Past-year IPV prevalence was 42.8% among women scoring low on the socioeconomic index, compared with 10.1% among the reference group. After adjusting for age, relationship status, and household size, low socioeconomic index remained strongly associated with past-year IPV (odds ratio = 5.0; 95% confidence interval: 2.4, 10.7). Native American women in our sample experienced exceptionally high rates of lifetime and past-year IPV. Additionally, within this low-income sample, there was strong evidence of socioeconomic variability in IPV. Further research should determine prevalence of IPV against Native American women from diverse tribes and regions, and examine pathways through which socioeconomic disadvantage may increase their IPV risk.
Organization of primary afferent projections to the gracile nucleus of the dorsal column system of primates

In order to reveal the somatotopic organization of the gracile nucleus of the dorsal column-trigeminal complex, neuroanatomical tracers were injected subcutaneously into various parts of the hindlimb and tail of prosimian galagos, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys. In most cases, tracers were injected bilaterally, and into more than one body part. In six cases, two different, distinguishable tracers were injected into the same hindlimb. Brainstem and spinal cord sections were processed for tracers transported by cutaneous afferents to terminations in the gracile nuclei. Foci of terminations were related to the cell-cluster architecture of the gracile nuclei in sections processed for cytochrome oxidase or stained for cell bodies (Nissl stain). In all taxa, terminations labeled by the injections were distributed in a patchy fashion along the rostrocaudal length of the ipsilateral gracile nucleus. Terminations were largely but not completely focused within the cytochrome oxidase dense cell clusters. Across taxa, afferents from the tail, foot, lower leg, and upper leg terminated in a mediolateral sequence within the gracile nucleus. Afferents from the glabrous skin of toes 1-5 terminated in a ventromedial to dorsolateral sequence in owl, squirrel, and macaque monkeys, but an altered arrangement was seen in the galagos, with a ventrolateral location for toe 1. The use of two tracers in squirrel monkeys indicated that terminations from adjacent toes formed adjacent and largely segregated patches. Terminations of afferents from the plantar pad (sole) of the foot tended to surround those from the glabrous toes.
Forensic Social Work Practice Standards: Definition and Specification

Social work practice is coming under increased scrutiny due to increased statutory regulation of practice and promotion of evidence-based practice (EBP). The social work profession has generated minimal, generic practice standards that are not well-suited to modern, specialized practice in social work. Forensic social work is a specialty that is vulnerable to misapplication of generic, minimal practice standards to highly complex clinical situations forensic practitioners face in routine practice. This article defines the various levels of performance expectations (standard of care, practice standards, professional ethics, generally accepted practice, practice guidelines, practice protocols, and best practices) in rank order based on the degree of mandated performance. Issues faced in developing concise and precise performance expectations are explored. The articles concludes with a preliminary generic model of forensic social work practice standards.
Analytical modeling and characterization of deep-submicrometer interconnect

This work addresses two fundamental concepts regarding deep-submicrometer interconnect. First, characterization of on-chip interconnect is considered with particular attention to ultrasmall capacitance measurement and in-situ noise evaluation techniques. An approach to measuring femto-Farad level wiring capacitances is presented that is based on the concept of supplying and removing charge with active devices. The method, called the charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) technique, has the advantages of being compact, having high-resolution, and being very simple. We also present a novel time-domain measurement scheme for on-chip crosstalk noise that is based on the use of cascaded high-speed differential pairs to compare a user-defined reference voltage to the unknown noise peak value. The noise measurement technique complements a delay measurement to directly evaluate the impact of capacitive coupling on delay for various victim and aggressor driver sizes as well as arbitrary waveform timing and phase alignments. The second area of emphasis in this work is analytical interconnect modeling. Several important effects are modeled, including a rigorous crosstalk noise model that also includes a timing-level model. Results from this noise model show it to provide accuracy within 10% of SPICE for a wide range of input parameters. The noise model can also be calibrated and verified with comparison to the noise measurement scheme described in this work. A fast Monte Carlo approach to modeling the circuit impact of back-end process variation is presented providing a better depiction of real 3-/spl sigma/ performance spreads compared to the traditional skew-corner approach. Finally. A comprehensive system-level performance model called Berkeley Advanced Chip Performance Calculator (BACPAC) is developed that accounts for a number of relevant deep-submicrometer system design issues. BACPAC has been implemented online and is useful in exploring the capabilities of future very large scale integration systems as well as determining trends and tradeoffs inherent in the design process.
Descriptors of breathlessness in healthy individuals: distinct and separable constructs.

Study objectives We tested the hypothesis thatdescriptors of breathlessness represent distinct and separablecognitive constructs, and predicted that the use of descriptors ofbreathlessness by healthy individuals is the same as their use bypatients with cardiopulmonary disease. Design Clusteranalyses obtained in healthy individuals were compared with thoseobtained previously in patients who complained of breathing discomfort. In addition, we used multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques toanalyze relationships among descriptors in healthy individuals. Setting Public university. Participants The participants were 100 healthy individuals (48 men and 52 women)ranging in age between 18 and 65 years (mean, 27.9 ± 11.7 years). Measurements and results Participants judgedthe dissimilarity among pairs of 15 descriptors of breathlessness thatwere used previously to examine the experience of dyspnea in patientswho complained of breathing discomfort. Cluster analysis solutionsobtained in the healthy individuals were virtually identical to thoseobtained previously in patients. Three dimensions (attributes) ofbreathing discomfort were uncovered with MDS: "Depth and frequency ofbreathing," "Perceived need, or urge, to breathe," and "Difficulty breathing and phase of respiration." The results didnot depend on age, sex, levels of education, or the presence ofuncomfortable awareness of breathing with activities. Conclusions The relations among descriptors ofbreathlessness obtained in healthy individuals support the contentionthat the association of different clusters with different diseasestates reflects distinct and separable cognitive constructs that are not simply dependent on the presence of an underlying pathophysiologyor on a specific disease condition. Our results in healthy individualsalso suggest that distinct qualities of breathlessness relate todifferent physiologic mechanisms underlying respiratorydiscomfort.
Neurobehavioral testing of chemicals: impact on recommended standards

Historically, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has served as a major source of information on recommended safe exposure limits (Threshold Limit Values or TLV's) for chemicals most frequently encountered in U. S. industry and of known toxicologic significance. A review of the ACGIH Documentation book, which details the basis for their judgements, has indicated that 167 of the 588 chemicals for which they assigned recommended standards have, as one of their bases, direct nervous system effects. In order to increase the impact of future behavioral toxicology research on recommended standards, the neurotoxicologist can utilize certain strategies: (a) Focus on established mixtures in the environment of interest or select exposures of particular chemical classes, considering population size and severity of effect; (b) Ensure that the results of the study are referable to the expected route of exposure in the environment of interest; and (c) Select tests with face validity for non-psychologists, using reference substances. Finally, the neurotoxicologist is urged to consider effects related to safety as well as health in developing his/her research.
Genitourinary Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: A Prospective Contemporary Evaluation of Causative Pathogens

Purpose: Prior literature identified anaerobes as the predominant causative organisms in genitourinary skin and soft tissue infections. However, the increasing prevalence of community acquired, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection has brought about the growing need to reevaluate these infections and their causative organisms. We examined the causative organisms and risk factors in suppurative superficial genitourinary infections, and evaluated the growing role of community acquired, methicillin resistant S. aureus.Materials and Methods: We performed a single institution, prospective assessment of 60 adults who presented between August 2008 and July 2010 with genitourinary skin and soft tissue infections requiring incision and drainage. Patients completed a standardized, nonvalidated questionnaire before undergoing debridement of the site.Results: A total of 60 patient specimens were obtained and 92 bacterial pathogens were isolated. Of these pathogens 55% were aerobes. S. aureus was the m...
Phosphoregulation of STIM1 Leads to Exclusion of the Endoplasmic Reticulum from the Mitotic Spindle

Summary The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) undergoes significant reorganization between interphase and mitosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown [1]. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is an ER Ca 2+ sensor that activates store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE) [2, 3] and also functions in ER morphogenesis through its interaction with the microtubule +TIP protein end binding 1 (EB1) [4]. We previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of STIM1 during mitosis suppresses SOCE [5]. We now show that STIM1 phosphorylation is a major regulatory mechanism that excludes ER from the mitotic spindle. In mitotic HeLa cells, the ER forms concentric sheets largely excluded from the mitotic spindle. We show that STIM1 dissociates from EB1 in mitosis and localizes to the concentric ER sheets. However, a nonphosphorylatable STIM1 mutant (STIM1 10A ) colocalized extensively with EB1 and drove ER mislocalization by pulling ER tubules into the spindle. This effect was rescued by mutating the EB1 interaction site of STIM1 10A , demonstrating that aberrant association of STIM1 10A with EB1 is responsible for the ER mislocalization. A STIM1 phosphomimetic exhibited significantly impaired +TIP tracking in interphase but was ineffective at inhibiting SOCE, suggesting different mechanisms of regulation of these two STIM1 functions by phosphorylation. Thus, ER spindle exclusion and ER-dependent Ca 2+ signaling during mitosis require multimodal STIM1 regulation by phosphorylation.
Staphylococcal infection and toxoplasmosis in a young harbor seal.

Generalized subcutaneous abscessation followed by acute systemic infection occurred in a young male harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii). Clinically, infection was manifested by malaise, progressive weight loss, labored respiration, intermittant vomitation, and mucohemorrhagic diarrhea. A coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the subcutaneous abscesses, and specimens of lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney. Microscopically, cysts and trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii were found in, or adjacent to, foci of necrosis present throughout the liver parenchyma.
An objective structured teaching exercise (OSTE) for preceptor development

Purpose: To pilot test an objective structured teaching exercise (OSTE) to determine its feasibility and acceptability as a preceptor development method. Methods: Phase I: A comprehensive training needs analysis was conducted. Data from a survey of pharmacy practice preceptors as well as students’ evaluations of preceptors were analyzed using qualitative and descriptive methods. Preceptor training needs amenable to the OSTE format were identified. Phase II: Three OSTE cases were developed. A pre/post-OSTE survey measured preceptor reaction to the method and preceptor performance on each OSTE case was observed. Welch’s t-test was used to assess the differences between mean responses of preceptors on the pre/post-OSTE survey. Results: Phase I: Needs analysis suggested that preceptors needed more training when communicating feedback to learners in three situations: (1) a poor or failing evaluation, (2) an observed patient encounter involving an over-the-counter recommendation, and (3) an observed patient counseling session regarding metered-dose inhaler use. In all, 15 preceptors participated in the OSTE. Preceptor confidence in performing the skills practiced during the OSTE significantly improved. Preceptors reported that OSTE is an effective method to enhance feedback skills. Conclusion: OSTE is an effective and well-received method for training pharmacy preceptors.
In Reply to Yartsev and Chen

We appreciate Yartsev and Chen’s comments1 on our article “Separating the dosimetric consequences of changing tumor anatomy from positional uncertainty for conventionally fractionated lung cancer patients”2 and are thankful for the opportunity to reiterate 2 of its main points. The first is the rather intuitive result that positional uncertainty can lead to dramatic changes in dose to the target and critical structures. The second (perhaps less intuitive) point is that, with accurate localization, dramatic changes in tumor volume result in only minor changes to the overall dose distribution. We emphasize these points because it was not our intent to suggest that replanning during the course of treatment may not be beneficial. Rather, we agree with Yartsev and Chen that there are potential benefits for adaptive radiation therapy. As stated in our article, these include mitigating undesirable changes in the dose distribution and better sparing of organs at risk, which subsequently offers the potential for dose escalation. However, as Yartsev and Chen mention, the primary concern with plan adaptation involving lung tumors is the potential underdosing of subclinical disease.3 Reducing the treatment volume to accommodate tumor shrinkage forces the clinician to decide whether the dose at which adaptation takes place is sufficient to treat the microscopic disease. This is admittedly a difficult and controversial question because there is not yet definitive clinical evidence that reducing treatment volumes to accommodate reductions in tumor volume is advantageous over treating the original volume to the full prescription dose. Although Guckenberger et al 4 have concluded that adaptive planning does in fact not underdose microscopic disease, their conclusions are based largely on mathematical models of tumor control probability and the accuracy of the parameters used within those models. Clearly, the questions associated with microscopic disease and adaptive planning for lung cancer patients are best addressed through prospective clinical trials and need further study before arriving at a definitive answer. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 1106 will likely provide additional information on this matter.
Local context sparse coding

The n-gram model has been widely used to capture the local ordering of words, yet its exploding feature space often causes an estimation issue. This paper presents local context sparse coding (LCSC), a non-probabilistic topic model that effectively handles large feature spaces using sparse coding. In addition, it introduces a new concept of locality, local contexts, which provides a representation that can generate locally coherent topics and document representations. Our model efficiently finds topics and representations by applying greedy coordinate descent updates. The model is useful for discovering local topics and the semantic flow of a document, as well as constructing predictive models.
Employee Cross-Training: A Corporate Strategy for Increasing Productivity

This paper focuses upon the use of employee cross-training as a corporate strategy for increasing productivity. Cross-training is defined as training employees to perform tasks in addition to their usual assigned tasks. The adoption of cross-training strategies should create a flexible situation in which an individual may be transferred from one job to another. This should increase organizational productivity, especially in times of workload fluctuation among departments, absenteeism and employee turnover. The introduction of cross-training depends to a large extent upon a cost/benefit analysis. Estimating the costs of cross-training is relatively simple, whereas the benefits are more difficult to quantify. Several criteria have been proposed for evaluating the effectiveness of cross-training. These include: attendance, turnover, efficiency and quality, as measured before and after the introduction of cross-training. Additional issues include: the selection of which employees are to be cross-trained, the number of jobs for which an employee is to be cross-trained and the intensity of the cross-training. In 1984, the authors conducted a survey on employee cross-training practices in American businesses. Of the 116 respondents, 45% stated that 50% of the employees are cross-trained and for 88% at least 10% were cross-trained. In addition, the respondents were asked to specify what they considered to be a minimum acceptable level of cross-training for their department or group. These results plus: the respondents’ willingness to invest in cross-training, their reasons for initiating cross-training and compensation issues tied to employee cross-training are discussed in the paper.
Sleep measures predict next-day symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome.

Study Objectives:Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often report sleep disturbances. Previously, we have shown that self-reported sleep difficulties predicted exacerbations of next-day IB...
Water vapor extraction from the Martian atmosphere by adsorption in molecular sieves

This paper presents the results of a feasibility study of the extraction of water vapor by adsorption from the Martian atmosphere for in situ resource utilization (ISRU) purposes. Utilizing a process called Water Vapor Adsorption Reactor (WAVAR), the University of Washington is developing a potentially promising water extraction concept based on adsorption in zeolite molecular sieves. Utilizing both wind and fan power, Martian atmosphere is passed through a zeolite bed which adsorbs atmospheric water vapor. Once the zeolite bed is saturated, it is removed from the flow, placed in a sealed chamber, and the water vapor desorbed by microwave heating of the bed, all in a continuous batch process. New to this study is the inclusion of ambient Martian surface wind in the process flow. The study presents results of simulations using wind speed, temperature, and humidity data from the Viking 1 Lander.
Coevolution of pierid butterflies and their cruciferous foodplants

Two Colorado populations of Pieris butterflies show a spectrum of larval growth responses to potential foodplant crucifer species growing in montane habitats. Analysis of larval growth responses to this array suggests potential selection for differential utilization of these species: 1) available crucifers vary considerably in the rates of larval survival and growth they support; 2) climatological factors favor larvae which develop rapidly. Food-related larval mortality and climatological factors may provide selection for utilization of crucifer species on which larvae develop rapidly.
Atorvastatin-Induced Fixed Drug Eruption; Clopidogrel-Induced Acute Hepatitis; Bilateral Angle-Closure Glaucoma Induced by Chlorthalidone; Risk of Anaphylactic Reactions with Intravenous Iron Products; Zonisamide-Induced DRESS with Eosinophilic Pneumonia

*Chair and Clinical Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Clinical Advisor, Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Horsham, Pennsylvania The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) MedWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MedWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers. Write to Dr. Mancano at ISMP, 200 Lakeside Drive, Suite 200, Horsham, PA 19044 (phone: 215-707-4936; e-mail: mmancano@temple.edu). Your report will be published anonymously unless otherwise requested. This feature is provided by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) in cooperation with the FDA’s MedWatch program and Temple University School of Pharmacy. ISMP is an FDA MedWatch partner.
Effect of Particle Size on the Utilization of Calcium Supplements by the Chick

Abstract Four experiments were conducted using a total of 1480 broiler strain cockerels to determine the effect of particle size and source of calcium on chick weight and tibia ash. The particle sizes of the test calcium sources obtained from oyster shell and limestone were defined as 6–8, 16–20, 40–50, 100–140, and 270–Pan on a passed-retained basis using the U.S.B.S. sieve series. Non-screened samples of oyster shell, limestone and a mined marine source were also tested. No consistent differences in growth rate and percent tibia ash were observed between oyster shell and limestone when the particle size of these supplements was equal. Increased weight gains were obtained with the medium and fine particle sizes (U.S.B.S. 16–Pan) as compared to the larger sizes (U.S.B.S. 6–8). Tibia ash was significantly increased when the particle size of the calcium supplement was medium (U.S.B.S. 40–50) as compared to the ash values obtained by feeding either the smallest (U.S.B.S. 270–Pan) or largest (U.S.B.S. 6–8) particle sizes. Screen analyses of commercial limestone, oyster shell and the mined marine calcium source revealed that the commercial oyster shell was a larger sized material than either limestone or the mined marine source tested in this study. Increased tibia ash was obtained by feeding the commercial oyster shell product which verifies the need for a medium particle size (16–50) in the chick’s diet. These data indicate calcium utilization by the chick is dependent upon the particle size of the calcium supplement. It appears desirable to use a medium to fine (U.S.B.S. 16–Pan) particle size calcium supplement in chick diets when considering both chick weight and percent tibia ash.
Central Exclusive Production in Proton-Proton Collisions with the STAR Experiment at RHIC

We shall describe the physics program with tagged forward protons, focusing on Central Exclusive Production in polarized proton-proton collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), with the STAR detector at √ s = 200 GeV. Preliminary results in CEP of two oppositely charged pions and kaons produced in the processes pp → ppπ + π − and pp → ppK + K − shall be presented. Those Double Pomeron Exchange (DPE) processes, allow the final states to be dominated by gluonic exchanges. Silicon strip detectors placed in Roman Pots were used for measuring forward protons. The preliminary results are based on the measurement of the recoil system of charged particles in the STAR experiment’s Time Projection Chamber (TPC). Ionization energy loss, dE/dx, of charged particles was used for particle identification (PID).
Unique Factorization and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

ABSTRACTThe fundamental theorem of arithmetic is one of those topics in mathematics that somehow ‘falls through the cracks’ in a student's education. When asked to state this theorem, those few students who are willing to give it a try (most have no idea of its content) will say something like ‘every natural number can be broken down into a product of primes’. The fact that this breakdown always results in the same primes is viewed as ‘obvious’. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate with a number of examples that the ‘Unique Factorization Property’ is a rare property and the fact that the natural numbers possess this property is ‘fundamental’ to our understanding of this number system.
HSP90 Expression Associated with HER2 Overexpressing Breast Ductal Carcinomas in African American Women

Objectives: Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a chaperone that stabilizes many proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, cell survival and growth factors signaling pathways including HER2, an epidermal growth factor receptor. Our objective was to evaluate HSP90 expression by immunohistochemistry in the four major subtypes of breast carcinoma (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2, and triple negative) …
Tug-of-War Optical Tweezers to Control Cell Clusters

We design optical tweezers with lateral pulling forces, allowing active control of biological samples with complex shapes and different sizes. We apply these tweezers to manipulate cells and cellular clusters.
The Capitalist World-economy in the Longue Durée: Changing Modes of the Global Distribution of Wealth, 1500–2008

This article examines the global distribution of wealth within the capitalist world-economy over the longue duree . In stark contrast to the convergence of wealth predicted by modernization theory, the relatively stable bimodal (core-periphery) structure predicted by dependency theory, and the relatively stable trimodal (core-semiperiphery-periphery) structure, this article finds that the structure of the distribution of wealth in the world economy has transformed with each successive world hegemonic cycle. By adopting a longue duree perspective and a new statistical approach, I develop Arrighi and Drangel9s (1986) method of conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring the global distribution of wealth within the capitalist world-economy. Through an examination of the period from 1500 to 2008, this article shows that the global distribution of wealth within the capitalist world-economy has transformed from a unimodal distribution during the period of Dutch hegemony to a bimodal distribution during the period of British hegemony, then to a trimodal distribution during the period of US hegemony, and now to a quadrimodal distribution in the early twenty-first century. While the global wealth hierarchy remained stable during periods of world hegemonies, it was transformed during periods of systemic crisis and hegemonic transition, thereby creating new forms of hierarchies.
The Interactive Schedule: A Common Conceptualization for Ratio and Interval Schedules

A new mathematical method for specifying response-time-reinforcement contingencies is presented and called the interactive schedule. It allows the experimenter to specify schedule of reinforcement characteristics along a single continuous dimension, x. Ratio schedules are specified at one point of the continuum (x = 1) and interval schedules are specified at another point (x = 0). At all other values of x the specified interactive schedule requirements are a“blend” of ratio and interval schedule requirements, in which both the rate of reinforcement and the number of responses per reinforcer are dependent variables related to the rate of responding. The behavior of rats was observed with interactive schedules having four values for x between zero and unity inclusively. When x is greater than zero and less than unity a trade-off is specified in which an increase in the rate of responding increases the rate of reinforcement, but at a cost of increasing the number of responses per reinforcer required. Subjects responded at higher rates for values of x closer to unity (more ratio-like) and at lower rates for values of x closer to zero (more interval-like). Response rates were not proportional to reinforcement rates, nor did subject maximize the rate of reinforcement. Classes of models of behavior are discussed, and it is suggested that two-dimensional economic models which have as factors both reinforcement and response cost are most consistent with these data. It is further suggested that the interactive schedule may be a useful experimental tool in assessing such two-dimensional models because it can specify two-dimensional relationships between the dependent variables of reinforcement rate and response cost (number of responses per reinforcer) as functions of the rate of responding.
Bone Tumor Diagnosis Using a Naïve Bayesian Model of Demographic and Radiographic Features.

Because many bone tumors have a variety of appearances and are uncommon, few radiologists develop sufficient expertise to guide optimal management. Bayesian inference can guide decision-making by computing probabilities of multiple diagnoses to generate a differential. We built and validated a naive Bayes machine (NBM) that processes 18 demographic and radiographic features. We reviewed over 1664 analog radiographic cases of bone tumors and selected 811 cases (66 diagnoses) for annotation using a quantitative imaging platform. Leave-one-out cross validation was performed. Primary accuracy was defined as the correct pathological diagnosis as the top machine prediction. Differential accuracy was defined as whether the correct pathological diagnosis was within the top three predictions. For the 29 most common diagnoses (710 cases), primary accuracy was 44%, and differential accuracy was 60%. For the top 10 most common diagnoses (478 cases), primary accuracy was 62%, and differential accuracy was 80%. The machine returned relevant diagnoses for the majority of unknown test cases and may be a feasible alternative to machine learning approaches such as deep neural networks or support vector machines that typically require larger training data (our model required a minimum of five samples per diagnosis) and are "black boxes" (our model can provide details of probability calculations to identify features that most significantly contribute to truth diagnoses). Finally, our Bayes model was designed to scale and "learn" from external data, enabling incorporation of outside knowledge such as Dahlin's Bone Tumors, a reference of anatomic and demographic statistics of more than 10,000 tumors.
Ketamine infusion for refractory status epilepticus: A case report of cardiac arrest

Abstract Background Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) has a high mortality rate and is often difficult to treat. When traditional therapies fail ketamine may be considered. There are limited reports of adverse cardiac events with the use of ketamine for RSE and no reports of cardiac arrest in this context. Objective Evaluate the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias associated with the use of ketamine for RSE. Methods Retrospective chart review of nine patients who underwent ketamine infusion for RSE. Results Etiology of refractory status epilepticus included autoimmune/infectious process (Zeiler et al., 2014), ischemic stroke (Bleck, 2005) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (Bleck, 2005). Of the nine patients who received ketamine, two had documented cardiac events; one remained clinically stable and the other developed multiple arrhythmias, including recurrent episodes of asystole. Once ketamine was discontinued the latter patient stabilized with the addition of anti arrhythmic therapy. Conclusion Ketamine is utilized to treat refractory status epilepticus, but should be used with caution in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, as there may be an increased risk of life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
Abaloparatide: Review of a Next-Generation Parathyroid Hormone Agonist.

Objective: To review the efficacy, safety, and economics of abaloparatide in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Data Sources: PubMed (1966 to October 2017), Clinicaltrials.gov (October 2017), and Scopus (1970 to October 2017) were searched using abaloparatide, Tymlos, BA058, PTHrP 1-34 analog, and parathyroid hormone–related peptide 1-34 analog. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Human studies published in peer-reviewed publications in English were the primary sources for efficacy, safety, and economic data. Data Synthesis: In the 2 randomized, published clinical studies of 24 weeks and 18 months duration, bone mineral density changes were higher for abaloparatide (lumbar spine, 6.7%-11.2%; femoral head, 3.1%-3.2%; total hip, 2.6%-4.2%) compared with placebo (lumbar spine, 0.6%-1.6%; femoral head, −0.4% to 0.8%; total hip, −0.1% to 0.4%; P < 0.05) and compared with teriparatide in the 24-week study (total hip 2.6% vs +0.5%, P < 0.05). New vertebral and nonvertebral fractures occurred in 0.6% ...
Fostering optimal development and averting detrimental development: Prescriptions, proscriptions, and specificity

Understanding relationships and contexts as “drivers” of development requires a fuller explication of the ecological contextual relational developmental systems framework along with the specificity principle of development. This commentary undertakes to meet that requirement.
Prospective Teachers' Perceptions of the Value of an Early Field Experience in a Laboratory Setting

Quality early field experience is crucial for prospective teachers. Of particular importance is the need to expose future teachers to at-risk learners. This study evaluates a unique “laboratory” field experience that places secondary education majors in an on-campus alternative school program. The researchers examined perceptions regarding to what extent the experience reinforced or changed prospective teachers’ career plans, and what prospective teachers indicated they learned from the experience. Qualitative data in the form of end-of-course reflections were examined through the use of inductive analysis. Results indicated that the field experience reinforced most of the participants’ plans to become teachers, and that participants indicated learning the most about the characteristics of a good teacher and good teaching, and about student diversity. Future research should continue to document the characteristics of successful early field experiences in laboratory settings.
Abstract 16226: Mechanism of Caveolin and Plasma Membrane Repair in Daunorubicin-induced Heart Failure

Background: Anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin (Dau), are used as anticancer drugs but are associated with heart failure. Caveolin-3 (Cav-3), a structural protein in cell membranes, and membrane repair proteins, such as mitsugumin-53 (MG-53) and dysferlin, are involved in protection of the heart from cardiac stress. However, little is known about their roles in anthracycline-induced heart failure. We hypothesize that Dau alters caveolin and membrane repair proteins in the heart. Methods and Results: New Zealand rabbits were administered Dau (3 mg/kg, intravenous) weekly for 9 weeks to induce heart failure. Dau treatment resulted in reduced left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction (Control; 69 % vs Dau; 38 %, n=8, p p p p p p Conclusion: In rabbits with heart failure induced by Dau, caveolae, Cav-3, and membrane repair proteins are increased in LV. The results suggest a potential pathophysiologic role for Cav-3 and membrane repair proteins in daunorubicin-induced heart failure.
Three open-label studies of oral interferon alpha in the treatment of HIV disease

Three open-label studies were conducted in which natural human interferon-alpha (nHuIFN-alpha) was given orally to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients at a daily dosage of 150 IU for 12 months in an attempt to assess the effects of this treatment on their CD4+ cell counts. In the first study, 110 patients received nHuIFN-alpha, and 142 patients received nHuIFN-alpha and azidothymidine (AZT). At 12 months, patients given nHuIFN-alpha alone had a mean increase of 14% in their CD4+ counts, although the mean increase in absolute CD4+ count was similar between the groups. Blacks in this study were more likely to experience an increase in CD4+ count than other ethnic groups (P 700/mm3 were enrolled in groups of 19, matched by gender and ethnic group, to receive nHuIFN-alpha or nothing (untreated controls). Patients given nHuIFN-alpha experienced a mean increase of 12% in their CD4+ counts by the end of the 12-month study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Trends in Engineering Geology in the United States

Tendenzen der Ingenieurgeologie in den Vereinigten Staaten. Der Aufgabenbereicl geologischer Wissenschaften in den Vereinigten Staaten hat sich wahrend der letzten Generation verschoben. Der Wert, welcher der Geologie heute beigemessen wird, richtet sich hauptsachlich nach dem Umfang ihrer Anwendungsmoglichkeit in Verbindung mit angewandter Naturwissenschaft und Ingenieurberufen. Annahernd 85% der Geologen befassen sich, als Haupt- oder Nebentatigkeit, mit solchen Anwendungen der Geologie. Obgleich die akademische Betonung auf den rein klassischen Bereich gerichtet war, steht auch hier das letzte Jahrzehnt im Zeichen einer Umorientierung.
In-situ TEM study of radiation-induced amorphization and recrystallization of hydroxyapatite

Abstract The radiation response of hydroxyapatite, a nuclear waste form candidate, was investigated using 1 MeV Kr2+ and 200 keV electron irradiations combined with in-situ TEM observation. The results showed a remarkable difference in the behavior of nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite under the two different radiation conditions. A crystalline-to-amorphous transformation occurred under the 1 MeV Kr2+ irradiation due to the accumulation of displacement damage, with a critical amorphization dose (Dc) of 2 × 1014 ions/cm2 (0.05 dpa) at room temperature. The Dc increased dramatically with temperature due to effective dynamic annealing of radiation-induced defects, such that no amorphization occurred above a critical temperature (Tc) of 545 K. In contrast, under 200 keV electron irradiation, which mainly dissipates its energy through inelastic ionization processes, the pre-amorphized hydroxyapatite exhibited rapid recrystallization, likely due to the bond breaking and reforming at the amorphous-crystalline interface assisted by the ionization. The electron-irradiation induced recrystallization in amorphous hydroxyapatite was extremely sensitive, with a critical electron dose several orders of magnitude lower than most previously reported ceramics. Under concurrent ion and electron irradiations, the materials retained crystalline even at the critical dose of 0.05 dpa, and remained so until the dose reached 0.15 dpa, lending further proof to the enhanced defect recovery by ionizing electrons. The radiation data of hydroxyapatite highlights the material's sensitivity to radiation conditions and its excellent dynamic defect annealing ability.
Parents’ Perceptions of Their Lives

In order to really understand or “see” Autism, it is necessary to examine the family dynamic, and that begins with parents. This chapter shares parents’ perceptions of their lives. Parents explain that their lives are difficult due to financial pressure, an abundance of tasks, and limited assistance. Parents indicate that caring for a child with ASD increases their level of stress. Limited support, their child’s problem behavior, criticism of their parenting skills by friends and family members, financial pressures, and emotional burdens are also discussed as stressors. Loneliness and isolation are discussed as a direct result of the kaleidoscope of issues inherent in a diagnosis of ASD. Many parents state that they cannot enjoy social opportunities because of their child’s misbehavior and limited emotional and respite support from friends and family. Parents feel constant pressure to conduct research to find services and interventions that can help their child, and they worry about their child’s future, their child’s total dependence on the opportunities they are able to provide, and their ability to protect their child from predators. Additionally, this chapter examines parents’ thoughts about the public stares and the silent judgments they receive from others when they are in public and their child misbehaves. Even though the challenges are great, parents use wonderful adjectives to describe their children with autism spectrum disorder: “beautiful people,” “intelligent,” “a wonderful blessing,” “great teachers,” “a total joy,” “incredible,” “humorous,” “sweet,” “bright,” “unique,” and more.
Derek Miller. Copyright and the Value of Performance, 1770–1911.

Derek Miller’s study examines how performances of drama and music became objects of copyright protection between 1770 and 1911. Copyright and the Value of Performance will be important for literary...
Modified Lemaire Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis in the Pediatric Patient: An Adjunct to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Abstract Recent literature has identified a population of active adolescents aged 13 to 15 years who are at high risk for anterior cruciate ligament graft rupture. Addressing the anterolateral complex during primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has recently re-emerged in the literature, with various techniques available. This paper aims to describe a lateral extra-articular tenodesis procedure using the iliotibial band with a modified Lemaire technique. This procedure is recommended for active adolescents at a high risk of graft re-tear as an enhancement to primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with soft-tissue graft.
Power and Sample Size for Marginal Structural Models

Marginal structural models fit via inverse probability of treatment weighting are commonly used to control for confounding when estimating causal effects from observational data. When planning a study that will be analyzed with marginal structural modeling, determining the required sample size for a given level of statistical power is challenging because of the effect of weighting on the variance of the estimated causal means. This paper considers the utility of the design effect to quantify the effect of weighting on the precision of causal estimates. The design effect is defined as the ratio of the variance of the causal mean estimator divided by the variance of a naive estimator if, counter to fact, no confounding had been present and weights were not needed. A simple, closed-form approximation of the design effect is derived that is outcome invariant and can be estimated during the study design phase. Once the design effect is approximated for each treatment group, sample size calculations are conducted as for a randomized trial, but with variances inflated by the design effects to account for weighting. Simulations demonstrate the accuracy of the design effect approximation, and practical considerations are discussed.
Nation-Building and Turkish Modernization: Islam, Islamism, and Nationalism in Turkey

Turkey has long been given attention as a secular Muslim-majority democracy. Yet, many scholars argue that the Turkish nation-building project was never entirely secular because Islam has always be...
Moving to a Medical Model of Substance Use Treatment of Youth.

* Abbreviations: ACA — : Affordable Care Act SBIRT — : Screening Brief Intervention Referral to Treatment SUD — : substance use disorder Although the majority of the articles contained in this supplement address the need for comprehensive evidence based clinical standards and principles of care for young adults with substance use disorders (SUD), it is also critical that we address several important policy factors that can dramatically impact care for this population. In this article, we identify several of these factors, including a strategic focus on substance use as a health condition, access to affordable and equitable public and private insurance coverage, and thorough integration of substance use care with primary care settings that are supported by enhanced provider training. The recommendations in this article are not American Academy of Pediatrics policy, and publication herein does not imply endorsement. Historically, both substance use policy and funding have reflected a moralistic and punitive approach to the problem, despite the scientific recognition of addiction as a medical condition. Since the late 20th century, the majority of federal funding has been spent on supply side reduction efforts and deterrence through law enforcement and the criminal justice system, with comparatively little spent on treatment or prevention. News media coverage reinforces the problem by emphasizing the problem of illegal drug dealing and highlighting law enforcement solutions designed to arrest and prosecute the individuals responsible for diverting opioid analgesics onto the illegal market. The flaws … Address correspondence to Sharon J. Levy, MD, Adolescent Substance Use and Addiction Program, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: sharon.levy{at}childrens.harvard.edu