cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Handbook of undergraduate second language education. Judith W. Rosenthal (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pp. 400.

Judith Rosenthal has brought together a wide variety of articles on second language (L2) teaching and learning that will surely interest foreign language (FL) educators in U.S. universities who are struggling to increase or maintain enrollment in their courses or who are seeking new ideas to meet the needs and demands of an increasingly diverse student population. Rather than encourage individual language departments to continue their separate battles for survival, Rosenthal hopes to enhance the “integration” of FL programs in order “to better promote proficiency in more than one language” (p. 353). This volume clearly illustrates how teachers of various languages can collaborate and share experiences in order to find solutions to what are often very similar problems.
Impedance Measurement on Transmission Lines

A derivation of the formulas available for the measurement of terminal impedances on transmission lines is given in terms of hyperbolic functions. The accuracy and usefulness of a number of different methods are considered. Results are obtained in a form suitable for convenient application to practical measuring problems involving standing-wave and resonance-curve methods.
The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

This lecture, delivered at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania, considers the short-, medium-, and long-term legacy of the ICTR. During its seventeen-year history, the ICTR has made notable contributions to the development of international criminal law generally and has impacted the lives of thousands of individuals specifically. Despite its precarious beginnings, the ICTR grew from a tiny organization to a vital institution trying cases of extraordinary historical significance, including the first conviction for genocide since the convention’s adoption in 1948. Situating the Tribunal’s work in its historical context, this lecture reflects upon the principles first developed at Nuremberg and offers suggestions for future action to help consolidate the legacy of the ICTR. As the work of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals winds down and the Residual Mechanism begins, it is clear that the ICTR has had profound effect upon people in Rwanda, East Africa, and the broader international community. The lecture concludes with the recognition that trials alone cannot bring about peace and reconciliation and emphasizes the need for continued development assistance and capacity building to ensure national healing. In short, much has been achieved in the almost two decades of operation at the ICTR but there remains a long road ahead for those committed to international peace and justice.
The necessity for prospective evidence for single-site umbilical laparoscopic surgery

During the past 10 years, the minimally invasive technique has become the standard approach for many thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic procedures in adults and children. We now know there are well-defined benefits to this approach. However, when it was introduced, the laparoscopic technique was quickly adopted without appropriate clinical evidence to justify its advantages over open surgery. With continued efforts to increase the benefits of minimally invasive surgery for their patients, surgeons have developed new techniques to further decrease the trauma of the operation and improve the postoperative cosmetic appearance for the patient. These innovations range from decreasing the size of the ports and instruments to the current group of techniques termed "scarless" surgery. In today's era of evidence-based medicine, it is important to scientifically evaluate the benefits of a new approach or technique. This article seeks to review the history of laparoscopic surgery, apply lessons learned during the past 10 years to the evolution of single incision laparoscopic surgery, and urge for sound prospective evaluation for the use of laparoscopic surgery using a single umbilical incision.
Radiation Risk in Orthopedic Surgery: Ways to Protect Yourself and the Patient

Radiation exposure to the patient has become an increasing problem in health care and has received attention in the media. The exposure to health care personnel is an issue as well. This article reviews radiation exposure caused by various devices used in the practice of orthopaedic surgery and the relative exposure to involved health care workers. Ways to protect oneself from such exposure is also discussed.
Exploration of Quantitative Scoring Metrics to Compare Systems Biology Modeling Approaches

In this paper, we report a focused case study to assess whether quantitative metrics are useful to evaluate molecular-level system biology models on cellular metabolism. Ideally, the bio-modeling community shall be able assess systems biology models based on objective and quantitative metrics. This is because metric-based model design not only can accelerate the validation process, but also can improve the efficacy of model design. In addition, the metric will enable researchers to select models with any desired quality standards to study biological pathway. In this case study, we compare popular systems biology modeling approaches such as Michaelis-Menten kinetics and generalized mass action and flux balance analysis to examine the difficulties in developing quantitative metrics for bio-model assessment. We created a set of guidelines in evaluating the efficacy of various bio-modeling approaches and system analysis in several ";bio-systems of interest";. We found that quantitative scoring metrics are essential aids for (i) model adopters and users to determine fundamental distinctions among bio-models, and (ii) model developers to improve key areas in bio-modeling. Eventually, we want to extend this evaluation practice to broad systems biology modeling.
Risk reduction using ddp (defect detection and prevention): software support and software applications

Risk assessment and mitigation is the focus of the Defect Detection and Prevention (DDP) process, which has been applied to spacecraft technology assessments and planning, both hardware and software. DDP's major elements and their relevance to core requirement engineering concerns are summarized. The accompanying research demonstration illustrates DDP's tool support, and further customizations for application to software.
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF GENERALIZED AUTOREGRESSIVE CONDITIONAL HETEROSKEDASTICITY AND STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY: MODELING LEVERAGE, JUMPS AND HEAVY‐TAILS FOR FINANCIAL TIME SERIES*

This paper develops a Bayesian model comparison of two broad major classes of varying volatility model, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and stochastic volatility models, on financial time series. The leverage effect, jumps and heavy-tailed errors are incorporated into the two models. For estimation, the efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are developed and the model comparisons are examined based on the marginal likelihood. The empirical analyses are illustrated using the daily return data of US stock indices, individual securities and exchange rates of UK sterling and Japanese yen against the US dollar. The estimation results indicate that the stochastic volatility model with leverage and Student-t errors yield the best performance among the competing models.
Reevaluation and identification of the best immunohistochemical panel (pVHL, Maspin, S100P, IMP-3) for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Context.—Differentiation of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas from nonneoplastic pancreatic tissues can be challenging, especially in small biopsy and fine-needle aspiration specimens. Objectiv...
Margalit Bejarano y Edna Aizenberg, eds. Contemporary Sephardic Identity in the Americas. An interdisciplinary Approach. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2012.

En la lente: memoria, referencialidad historica y documentalismo en el cine latinoamericano actual
Insurance, race/ethnicity, and sex in the search for a new physician

We employed simulated patient calls to a national random sample of primary care physicians to assess appointment availability for adults who differed by insurance, race/ethnicity, and sex. The disparities we found are much larger than those reported in previous assessments, highlighting the importance of including race/ethnicity and sex in such research.
Role of Epithelial-Mesenchyme Transition in Chlamydia Pathogenesis

Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in women causes serious adverse reproductive complications, and is a strong co-factor for human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated cervical epithelial carcinoma. We tested the hypothesis that Chlamydia induces epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT) involving T cell-derived TNF-alpha signaling, caspase activation, cleavage inactivation of dicer and dysregulation of micro-RNA (miRNA) in the reproductive epithelium; the pathologic process of EMT causes fibrosis and fertility-related epithelial dysfunction, and also provides the co-factor function for HPV-related cervical epithelial carcinoma. Using a combination of microarrays, immunohistochemistry and proteomics, we showed that chlamydia altered the expression of crucial miRNAs that control EMT, fibrosis and tumorigenesis; specifically, miR-15a, miR-29b, miR-382 and MiR-429 that maintain epithelial integrity were down-regulated, while miR-9, mi-R-19a, miR-22 and miR-205 that promote EMT, fibrosis and tumorigenesis were up-regulated. Chlamydia induced EMT in vitro and in vivo, marked by the suppression of normal epithelial cell markers especially E-cadherin but up-regulation of mesenchymal markers of pathological EMT, including T-cadherin, MMP9, and fibronectin. Also, Chlamydia upregulated pro-EMT regulators, including the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox protein, ZEB1, Snail1/2, and thrombospondin1 (Thbs1), but down-regulated anti-EMT and fertility promoting proteins (i.e., the major gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43), Mets1, Add1Scarb1 and MARCKSL1). T cell-derived TNF-alpha signaling was required for chlamydial-induced infertility and caspase inhibitors prevented both infertility and EMT. Thus, chlamydial-induced T cell-derived TNF-alpha activated caspases that inactivated dicer, causing alteration in the expression of reproductive epithelial miRNAs and induction of EMT. EMT causes epithelial malfunction, fibrosis, infertility, and the enhancement of tumorigenesis of HPV oncogene-transformed epithelial cells. These findings provide a novel understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of chlamydia-associated diseases, which may guide a rational prevention strategy.
Theoretical and Policy Considerations

Public concern about juvenile justice and the apparently alarming rates of juvenile violence has reached a point of greater public policy significance than at any time in the last decade. Hardly a week goes by without the national media reporting on some violent episode involving juveniles somewhere across the country. Crime, especially juvenile crime, has not only captured the public’s attention but has also preoccupied legislative bodies at all levels of government. The 103rd Congress passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (P.L. 103–322) which ushered in sweeping changes in federal criminal law, including changes pertinent to juveniles.
The effect of moderately severe hemodilution with fluosol-DA on cytochrome P-450 mediated antipyrine metabolism

Antipyrine metabolism was determined in conscious, unrestrained rats after isovolemic hemodilution with FluosolR-DA. Rats received an intravenous antipyrine dose (20 mg/kg) 0.5, 24, 48, or 72 hours after hemodilution and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to non-exchanged control (CONT) animals. Antipyrine clearance (Cl) was significantly decreased at 0.5 and 72 hours after hemodilution. Hemodilution did not significantly alter the antipyrine apparent volume of distribution (Vd) for 48 hours; however, Vd was significantly decreased by 60% at 72 hours. The cytochrome P-450 mediated formation of 30HME and 40H was significantly increased at 48 and 72 hours due to an increased metabolite formation rate constant (kf) and not an enhanced metabolic clearance (Clm).
What difficulties do faculty members face when conducting workplace-based assessments in undergraduate clerkships?

Objectives: Workplace-based assessments are based on the principle of providing feedback to medical students on clinical performance in authentic settings. In practice, however, the assessment often overshadows the feedback. The aim of this study was to determine what problems faculty perceived when performing workplace-based assessments and what solutions they suggested to overcome these difficulties. Methods: Discussion meetings were conducted with education coordinators and faculty (n=55) from 11 peripheral hospitals concerning the difficulties encountered when conducting workplace-based assessments. We analysed the reports from these discussion meetings using an integrated approach guided by our research questions to code the data. Two researchers analysed the data independently and resolved differences of opinion through consensus. Results: The problems perceived by faculty in workplacebased assessments (difficulties) and suggestions for improvement formed the overarching themes. Problems included the short duration of clerkships, students choosing the assessment moments, the use of grades for the miniClinical Evaluation Exercise, the difficulty in combining teacher and assessor roles and the difficulty in giving fail judgements. Suggestions for improvement included longer clerkship duration, faculty choosing the assessment moments, using a pass/fail system for the mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise and forward feeding of performance from earlier clerkships following a fail judgement. Conclusions: Our study indicates that faculty perceive difficulties when conducting workplace-based assessments. These assessments need periodical review to understand the difficulties faculty experience using them; they also require periodical feedback to ensure their proper and effective use.
Transformation of Optimal Centralized Controllers Into Near-Globally Optimal Static Distributed Controllers

This paper is concerned with the optimal static distributed control problem for linear discrete-time deterministic and stochastic systems. The objective is to design a stabilizing static distributed controller whose performance is close to that of the optimal centralized controller. To this end, we first consider deterministic systems, where the initial state is either given or belongs to a known bounded region. Given an arbitrary centralized controller, we derive a condition under which there exists a distributed controller that generates input and state trajectories close to their counterparts in the centralized closed-loop system. This condition for the design of a distributed controller is translated into an optimization problem, where the optimal objective value of this problem quantifies the closeness of the designed distributed and given centralized control systems. The results are then extended to stochastic systems that are subject to input disturbance and measurement noise. The proposed optimization problem has a closed-form solution (explicit formula) and can be efficiently solved for large-scale systems. The mathematical framework developed in this paper is utilized to design a near-globally optimal distributed controller based on the optimal centralized controller, and strong theoretical lower bounds on the global optimality guarantee of the obtained distributed controller are derived. We show that if the optimal objective value of the proposed convex program is sufficiently small, the designed controller is stabilizing and nearly globally optimal. To illustrate the results, case studies on aircraft formation and frequency control of power systems are offered.
Geoelectrical Properties of Selected Rock and Water Samples from San Salvador Island, Bahamas

Eight rock samples and four water samples were collected from San Salvador Island, Bahamas, in order to test their electrical properties. Helium porosities of the rock samples ranged from 8.24 percent to 36.06 percent. The water samples were analyzed by ion chromatography, and four corresponding equivalent NaCl solutions were prepared (with NaCl concentrations ranging from 32.30 Kppm to 0.25 Kppm). Resistivity values (at 1 KHz) of the equivalent NaCl solutions ranged from 0.71 to 70.55 ohm-ft. Rock resistivities were determined (at 1 KHz) under both dry and saturated (with the prepared NaCl solutions) conditions. Resistivity values under dry conditions ranged from 1.96 × 10 5 to 3.12 × 10 7 ohm-ft. Resistivity values measured under saturated conditions were used to calculate formation factors (F) for each saturation phase. Cementation exponents ( m ) and tortuosity factors ( a ) were determined from least squares regression lines of log F versus log ϕ plots. The resulting mean values of m (2.4) and a (0.57) indicate that the electrical behavior of San Salvador limestones resembles that of unconsolidated sands and does not obey the basic Archie relationship (F = 1/ ϕ 2 ) for carbonates. The basic Archie relationship, however, gives acceptable results for porosities in the range of 20–32 percent.
Sorption and mineral-promoted transformation of synthetic hormone growth promoters in soil systems.

This work examines the fate of synthetic growth promoters (trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and zeranol) in sterilized soil systems, focusing on their sorption to organic matter and propensity for mineral-promoted reactions. In organic-rich soil matrices (e.g., Pahokee Peat), the extent and reversibility of sorption did not generally correlate with compound hydrophobicity (e.g., Kow values), suggesting that specific binding interactions (e.g., potentially hydrogen bonding through C17 hydroxyl groups for the trenbolone and melengestrol families) can also contribute to uptake. In soils with lower organic carbon contents (1–5.9% OC), evidence supports sorption occurring in parallel with surface reaction on inorganic mineral phases. Subsequent experiments with pure mineral phases representative of those naturally abundant in soil (e.g., iron, silica, and manganese oxides) suggest that growth promoters are prone to mineral-promoted oxidation, hydrolysis, and/or nucleophilic (e.g., H2O or OH–) addition...
Neutralization and Hemagglutination-Inhibition Tests with Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever-Congo Virus

SummaryThe neutralization test by intracerebral inoculation of newborn mice can be satisfactorily carried out with at least 1 strain of Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus; human sera showed no nonspecific antiviral activity and that of mouse sera was removed by acetone-ether extraction. An antigen usable in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests has been developed with at least 2 strains of CHF-C virus. The cross-reactivity between CHF-C and Hazara viruses has been confirmed in the HI test.The authors are indebted to Professor M. P. Chumakov, Moscow, for the serum from a patient recovered from CHF; to Dr. G. W., Kafuko, Entebbe, for samples of sera from 2 patients recovered from Congo virus clinical infections; and to Dr. S. Saidi, Teheran, for the serum from a sheep presumably naturally exposed to CHF-C virus or a related agent.
Software and attack centric integrated threat modeling for quantitative risk assessment

One step involved in the security engineering process is threat modeling. Threat modeling involves understanding the complexity of the system and identifying all of the possible threats, regardless of whether or not they can be exploited. Proper identification of threats and appropriate selection of countermeasures reduces the ability of attackers to misuse the system. This paper presents a quantitative, integrated threat modeling approach that merges software and attack centric threat modeling techniques. The threat model is composed of a system model representing the physical and network infrastructure layout, as well as a component model illustrating component specific threats. Component attack trees allow for modeling specific component contained attack vectors, while system attack graphs illustrate multi-component, multi-step attack vectors across the system. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is leveraged to provide a standardized method of quantifying the low level vulnerabilities in the attack trees. As a case study, a railway communication network is used, and the respective results using a threat modeling software tool are presented.
Screening cell mechanotype by parallel microfiltration

Cell mechanical phenotype or ‘mechanotype’ is emerging as a valuable label-free biomarker. For example, marked changes in the viscoelastic characteristics of cells occur during malignant transformation and cancer progression. Here we describe a simple and scalable technique to measure cell mechanotype: this parallel microfiltration assay enables multiple samples to be simultaneously measured by driving cell suspensions through porous membranes. To validate the method, we compare the filtration of untransformed and HRasV12-transformed murine ovary cells and find significantly increased deformability of the transformed cells. Inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human ovarian cancer cells by overexpression of key transcription factors (Snail, Slug, Zeb1) or by acquiring drug resistance produces a similar increase in deformability. Mechanistically, we show that EMT-mediated changes in epithelial (loss of E-Cadherin) and mesenchymal markers (vimentin induction) correlate with altered mechanotype. Our results demonstrate a method to screen cell mechanotype that has potential for broader clinical application.
Bilateral Primary Neuroblastomas in the Inguinal Canal

The incidental finding of a nodular mass in the inguinal canal in children usually occurs during surgical exploration for an inguinal hernia. We report an unusual occurrence of neuroblastomas bilaterally and simultaneously in the inguinal canals of an infant with no evidence of metastatic disease.
Benzocaine-Induced Cyanosis.

Unexplained cyanosis in the absence of other hemodynamic disruptions, in a patient with a history of use of benzocaine spray, should alert the physician for methemoglobinemia. The diagnosis rests mainly on clinical features like cyanosis, “chocolate colored” blood, cyanosis unresponsive to oxygen therapy, and a CO oximetric analysis of elevated methemoglobin level. Methylene blue resolves the symptoms in most cases and should be readily available in any area where benzocaine is frequently used. Physicians should avoid the use of topical anesthetics spray in inflamed or denuded mucosal surfaces as the rate and the amount of absorption is unpredictable.
The utility of patient-completed and partner-completed Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea

Excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is often rated differently by patients and their partners. This cross-sectional study compared the utility of patient-completed and partner-completed Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores in the evaluation of suspected OSA. Eighty-five patient-partner pairs were enrolled, and 75 patients completed diagnostic sleep studies. The individual and combined utilities of patient-completed and partner-completed ESS scores in identifying OSA and predicting various sleep study-derived indicators of disease severity were determined. Mean partner-completed ESS scores were higher than patient-completed ESS scores (12.3 ± 4.2 vs. 9.4 ± 4.8, p < 0.0001); Bland-Altman plot showed significant bias (partner-completed ESS scores 33.5 % higher, SD ±55.2 %). Partner-completed and combined (but not patient-completed) ESS scores correlated weakly with the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI; partner-completed ESS score r s = 0.25, p = 0.029; combined ESS score r s = 0.29, p = 0.013) and oxygen desaturation index (partner-completed ESS score r s = 0.26, p = 0.025; combined ESS score r s = 0.23, p = 0.047). None of the ESS scores correlated with body mass index, arousal index, or other parameters of nocturnal oxygen desaturation. In OSA (AHI > 15/h) detection, partner-completed ESS scores had greater sensitivity than patient-completed ESS scores (76.9 vs. 46.2 %) but poorer specificity (39.1 vs. 65.2 %); sensitivity was greatest (82.7 %) when either patient-completed or partner-completed ESS score was 10 or higher, and specificity was greatest (80.8 %) when both scores were 10 or higher. Neither patient-completed nor partner-completed ESS scores by themselves have great utility in identifying OSA or predicting its severity. However, taking both scores into consideration together improves the sensitivity and specificity of the screening process.
Impulse breakdown strength of oil between wire and plane electrodes

Although much work has been done on the breakdown strength of oil, comparatively little has been done with impulse, or lightning-like, voltages. Most of this has been with sharp-edged electrodes resulting in indeterminate maximum stresses.
Soil Micromorphology: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications

Micromorphology is the study of soil morphology over scales that range from the unaided eye to the submicroscopic. The essence of this field is that the soil material studied must be in an undisturbed state. Micromorphologists have developed a unique terminology and special techniques to identify and describe virtually any feature found in soils or weathered rock. Common features evaluated include macropores and soil structural aggregates, soil organisms including plant roots, and soil minerals in both the weathered and unweatered states. Micromorphology is used today to identify wetland soils, classify soils, and to evaluate how water and solutes move through soil. Presentation Information: Presentation Date: Monday, November 11, 2002 Presentation Time: 9:10 am
An Optimized Voriconazole Dosing Strategy to Achieve Therapeutic Serum Concentrations in Children Younger than 2 Years Old

tudy Objective To describe our experience with voriconazole in three patients younger than 2 years using an optimized dosing strategy for voriconazole that incorporates intensive therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Design Case series. Setting Large pediatric hospital. Patients Three patients younger than 2 years who received voriconazole therapy and had serum trough concentrations measured between January 1, 2010, and October 31, 2015. Measurements and Main Results A clinical practice guideline developed at our institution was used to standardize initial dosing, appropriate use and timing of TDM, and dosage modifications based on TDM. TDM was used to guide dosing to achieve a target voriconazole serum trough concentration of 2–6 μg/ml. Voriconazole samples were assayed by using a high-performance liquid chromatography analytical method with solid-phase extraction. Initial dosages for the three patients were 9 mg/kg intravenously every 12 hours (one patient) and 9 mg/kg enterally twice/day (two patients). Multiple dose escalations and a more frequent dosing interval were required to achieve trough concentrations within the target range. The final dosages were 12 mg/kg intravenously every 8 hours, 17.7 mg/kg enterally 3 times/day, and 8.5 mg/kg enterally 3 times/day, respectively. In addition to voriconazole trough concentrations, TDM included evaluations for drug toxicities. Visual, neurologic, or hepatic adverse effects were not encountered in the three patients. Conclusion Our data support higher initial doses and perhaps a 3 times/day dosing schedule to achieve voriconazole serum concentrations in the target range for children younger than 2 years. Implementation of a clinical practice guideline with the participation of pharmacists specializing in pharmacokinetics allows for effective use of voriconazole in young children.
The Development of Intensive Care in the Military Environment

Abstract If the history of critical care is to be addressed, the starting point must be the fundamental and defining qualities of intensive care units. These are the concentration of the sickest patients in a defined area of the hospital, staffed by the personnel most able to care for them (by virtue of specialist training), and the application of the most advanced monitoring or therapeutic techniques available at the time. In the military environment, the ability to provide critical care to ill or injured servicemen has developed in tandem with the civilian experience, but the pressures of the austere environment of the battlefield have, at times, held back military medical services from providing the highest level of care that servicemen might deserve and, indeed, expect in civilian life. On the other hand, the challenges of frequently managing casualties of such a high level of injury acuity have at times spurred the military doctor to achieve levels of success that have made the most experienced civilian trauma specialists sit up and take notice. The history of medicine is a story of conquest and frustration. The defeat, if only temporary, of infectious disease as a major cause of premature death allowed for an increase in mortality rates due to heart disease and cancer, the somewhat successful management of which has revealed the challenge of senility in a longer-lived population. This pattern is mirrored in military trauma care; gangrene and other infections were the often inevitable consequence on severe injury among the battle wounded who did not die immediately; antisepsis and debridement including amputation countered this threat somewhat. The challenge then became managing those even sicker patients presenting in that brief period before death called "shock." Once this was understood and the management of shock improved, surviving patients presented the military doctor with renal failure, coagulopathy, and acute lung syndromes as the the award for his efforts. This article will discuss how critical care on the battlefield has developed to confront these challenges.
Semiempirical modeling of electrochemical charge transfer.

Nanoelectrochemical experiments using detection based on tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) show a broad distribution of single-molecule formal potentials E°′ for large π-conjugated molecules; theoretical studies are needed to understand the origins of this distribution. In this paper, we present a theoretical approach to determine E°′ for electrochemical reactions involving a single molecule interacting with an electrode represented as a metal nanocluster and apply this method to the Ag20–pyridine system. The theory is based on the semiempirical INDO electronic structure approach, together with the COSMO solvation model and an approach for tuning the Fermi energy, in which the silver atomic orbital energies are varied until the ground singlet state of Ag20–pyridine matches the lowest triplet energy, corresponding to electron transfer from the metal cluster to pyridine. Based on this theory, we find that the variation of E°′ with the structure of the Ag20–pyridine system is only weakly correlated with changes in either the ground-state interaction energy or the charge-transfer excited-state energies at zero applied potential, which shows the importance of calculations that include an applied potential in determining the variation of formal potential with geometry. Factors which determine E°′ include wavefunction overlap for geometries when pyridine is close to the surface, and electrostatics when the molecule-cluster separation is large.
212. Of States and Fates: Predicting T-Cell Immunity By the Numbers

The immune system is a complex network of checks and balances in constant flux. Quantitative characterization of the system dynamics, sampled via constituent components such as T cells, combined with mathematical modeling enabled us to obtain “statistical pattern recognition” of immune states and transitions over time. Here we show a statistical framework to characterize immune states for adoptive immunotherapy using serial infusions of activated polyclonal T cells into companion canines diagnosed with B-cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) post CHOP chemotherapy regimen as a model for human disease. We applied multiplexed gene profiling techniques to assess changes in gene expression data from 10 companion canine patient clinical samples and gene regulatory networks (GRN) information to build an “immune landscape” that predicts immune states, state transitions, and plasticity for immunomodulation (“reprogrammability”) over the course of immunotherapy regimens. The potency of immune modulation and immune surveillance, two critical parameters of efficacy through inferred state transitions, were evaluated by measuring distortions and shifts in the immune landscape of canine patients undergoing treatment through system dynamics, Adjusted Rand Index, Pearson Correlation, and ANOVA analyses. Adjust Rand Index validated hierarchical clustering analyses. Pearson correlations isolated genes that were up- or down-regulated with regard to single genes of interest. ANOVA analyses indicated gene expression difference between temporal samples. Applying such analyses to adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, allowed us to examine clinical/tumor remissions through the lens of immune state transitions, affording real-time improvements to therapeutic regimens. In developing a formal framework to capture the effects of molecular signatures and GRN over time to describe distinct immune states, we enhanced the clinical cancer immunologist's analytical arsenal (with a measuring tool/sensor) and helped bridge the gap between bench and bedside.
Membrane lens antennas with electromagnetically-coupled layers

Many spacecraft applications call for a deployable antenna which is capable of generating a fairly narrow beam, and which can be realised with an inexpensive, low mass construction. The membrane lens antenna [1] is well suited to applications of this type. Thus, when an antenna aperture is fabricated on one or more planar membranes, a very light-weight structure results. Furthermore, a simple mechanism such as an assembly of telescoping tubes can be introduced to provide deployment [2]. The folded lens assembly can be stowed in a small canister. Deployment is achieved by tensioning wires which emanate from the membrane corners, the outer membrane edges then taking on catenary shapes.
Normothermia and Stroke

In the past two decades, there has been much focus on the adverse effect of fever on neurologic outcome, the benefits of hypothermia on functional outcomes, and the interplay of associated complications. Despite decades of experience regarding randomized, safety and feasibility, case-controlled, retrospective studies, there has yet to be a large, randomized, multicenter, clinical trial with the appropriate power to address the potential benefits of targeted temperature modulation compared to hypothermia alone. What remains unanswered is the appropriate timing of initiation, duration, rewarming speed, and depth of targeted temperature management. We learn from the cardiac arrest literature that there is a neuroprotective value to hypothermia and, most recently, near normothermia (36 °C) as well. We have also established that increased depths of cooling are associated with increases in shivering, which warrant more aggressive pharmacologic management. Normothermia also has the advantage of allowing for more rapid clearance of sedating medications and less confounding of neuroprognostication. More difficult to quantify is the increased nursing and patient care complexity associated with moderate hypothermia compared to normothermia. It remains crucial, for those patients who are being considered for hypothermia/normothermia, to be cared for in an experienced ICU, driven under protocol, with aggressive shivering management and an expectation and acceptance of the complications associated with targeted temperature management. If targeted temperature management is not of consideration, then aggressive fever control should be undertaken pharmacologically and non-invasively, as they have been shown to be safe.
Co-delivery of carboplatin and paclitaxel via cross-linked multilamellar liposomes for ovarian cancer treatment

Carboplatin (CPT) and paclitaxel (PTX) used in combination is one of the most effective treatments for ovarian cancer. However, the traditional combination methods used to co-administrate CPT and PTX showed limited clinical efficacy due to their distinct pharmacokinetics. Although much effort has been devoted to developing nanoparticles capable of encapsulating drugs with different lipophilicites, co-delivery of carboplatin with paclitaxel by a single nanoparticle has rarely been reported. Here, we encapsulated and delivered this drug combination to ovarian cancer cells at a controlled ratio by a previously reported crosslinked multilamellar liposome vesicle (cMLV). A 1 : 1 CPT/PTX molar ratio for cMLVs (CPT/PTX) combination treatment was found to induce the strongest anti-tumor synergism and to target ALDH+ cancer stem cells (CSC) in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated that this co-encapsulation strategy reduced systemic cytotoxicity and resulted in a stronger anti-tumor effect when compared to free drug combinations and individual drug-loaded cMLVs in an OVCAR8 ovarian cancer xenograft mouse model. Thus, this study suggests a potentially promising combination therapy for ovarian cancer in clinical practice.
Exploring the development of core teaching practices in the context of inquiry-based science instruction: An interpretive case study

Abstract This paper describes our reflection on a clinical-based teacher preparation program. We examined a context in which novice pre-service teachers and a mentor teacher implemented inquiry-based science instruction to help students make sense of genetic engineering. We utilized developmental models of professional practice that outline the complexity inherent in professional knowledge as a conceptual framework to analyze teacher practice. Drawing on our analysis, we developed a typography of understandings of inquiry-based science instruction that teachers in our cohort held and generated a two dimensional model characterizing pathways through which teachers develop core teaching practices supporting inquiry-based science instruction.
Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions

Hierarchy development is an integral component of graded exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. A hierarchy, often referred to as a “fear ladder” (e.g., Kendall & Hedtke, 2006), is a list of anxiety-provoking situations, or stimuli that a child avoids, organized in order of increasing difficulty. Hierarchies can take numerous forms, such as a written list, drawing of a ladder (e.g., Kendall & Hedtke, 2006), picture of a pyramid, or a map of different sized “islands” based on the level of anxiety provoked by each situation (e.g., March & Mulle, 1998). The hierarchy is developed in the beginning sessions of therapy and is used as an assessment tool to aid in case conceptualization and treatment planning. Hierarchies are also guides for determining graduated exposure or desensitization exercises to conduct in therapy.
Feedback Control Theory Approach for Scheduling Flexible Manufacturing Systems

The area of feedback control has a rich history of applications in the various fields of engineering, notably electrical and electronic systems. On the other hand, adaptation of formal feedback control techniques to business planning and control systems have been less than successful. Typically, these unsuccessful applications have been in the environment of man-machine production systems.
Electronic Structure of Highly Correlated Systems

Three different but related problems are discussed in this contribution, all related to the so-called Anderson, Hubbard, and t-J Hamiltonians — the prototype Hamiltonians for systems with highly correlated electrons: (1) The relationship — based on the well known canonical (Schrieffer-Wolff) transformation — between the Anderson model (in the small-hybridization and large-Coulomb-interaction regime) and the local moment, the Kondo, the Hubbard and the t-J models, in particular the phenomena of rare-earth magnetism, intermediate valence, and heavy fermions; (2) The exact solution of these Hamiltonians in the periodic small-cluster approximation and the conditions for the existence of the heavy-fermion phenomenon; (3) The metamagnetic transition in heavy-fermion systems.
Metaphor and Metonymy in Processes of Semiosis in Mathematics Education

Building on Michael Otte’s insights regarding the roles of icon, index, and symbol in mathematical signification, definitions of these categories of representation are explored in terms of metaphors and metonymies. A nested model of signs, based on Peirce’s triadic formulation, is described, along with his trichotomic distinction among interpretants that are intentional, effectual, and communicational (leading to the commens). The theoretical argument and its utility is illustrated in terms of an episode of creating a proof in a college geometry class. The significance of the theoretical notions for creativity in mathematics is seen to reside in metaphorical and metonymical processes.
Dosimetric features‐driven machine learning model for DVH prediction in VMAT treatment planning

Purpose Few features characterizing the dosimetric properties of the patients are included in currently available dose-volume histogram (DVH) prediction models, making it intractable to build a correlative relationship between the input and output parameters. Here, we use planning target volume (PTV)-only treatment plans of the patients (i.e., the achievable dose distribution in the absence of organs-at-risk (OAR) constraints) to estimate the potentially achievable quality of treatment plans and establish a machine learning-based DVH prediction framework with the use of the dosimetric metric as model input parameters. Methods A support vector regression (SVR) approach was used as the backbone of our machine learning model. A database containing volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans of 63 prostate cancer patients were used. For each patient, the PTV-only plan was generated first. A correlative relationship between the OAR DVH of the PTV-only plan (model input) and the corresponding DVH of the clinical treatment plan (CTP) (model output) was then established with the 53 training cases. The prediction model was tested by the validation cohort of ten cases. Results For the training cohort, the checks of dosimetric endpoints (DEs) indicated that 52 of 53 plans (98%) were within the 10% error bound for bladder, and 45 of 53 plans (85%) were within the 10% error bound for rectum. In the validation tests, 92% and 96% of the DEs were within the 10% error bounds for bladder and rectum, respectively, and eight of ten validation plans (80%) were within the 10% error bound for both the bladder and rectum. The sum of absolute residuals (SAR) achieved a mean of 0.034 ± 0.028 and 0.046 ± 0.021 for the bladder and rectum, respectively. Conclusions A novel dosimetric features-driven machine learning model with the use of PTV-only plan has been established for DVH prediction. The framework is capable of efficiently generating best achievable DVHs for VMAT planning.
Advanced BWR criticality safety part II: Cask criticality, burnup credit, sensitivity, and uncertainty analyses

Abstract In this study, an analysis on burnup credit for cask criticality safety in BWR spent fuel is conducted. Accurate burnup credit can be used to reduce overly conservative safety margins to increase shipping and storage efficiency while maintaining criticality level within regulatory limits. This analysis is based on advanced lattice depletion models that capture various complexities associated with BWR operation. This paper describes the second part of the two-part study which performs an out-of-core analysis of spent fuel in a transportation/storage cask. The first part of the study (Radaideh et al., 2019) developed the set of depletion models used here. In this paper, the spent fuel compositions resulting from these depletion models are used for cask criticality calculations. Uncertainty quantification of cask k e f f is performed by combining the uncertainty in isotope inventory, nuclear data, and the statistical sampling in KENO-V.a. The uncertainty in isotopic inventory is quantified by performing a validation analysis by comparing spent fuel compositions calculated by 2D TRITON to experimentally determined spent-fuel assay data for three reactors: Fukushima Daini-2, Cooper-1, and Gundermmingen-A. The validation results demonstrate good agreement for the uranium isotopes as compared to the plutonium isotopes. Also, it was found that the uncertainty in cask k e f f is dominated by the isotopic uncertainty and can reach about 2500 pcm, and as low as about 1700 pcm. Final results show that axial power profile, axial coolant density, control rod modeling, and the presence of gadolinium in 3D simulations have the largest effects on BWR burnup credit. This implies the need for detailed 3D modeling for accurate BWR burnup credit analysis. In addition, based on the UQ analysis considering both actinide only and actinide and fission products sets, the cask remains subcritical within 2 σ for all depletion cases analyzed (C0-C9), even though the cask is assumed to be flooded with water and the lattices are discharged at their peak reactivity.
Associations between Food Security Status and Diet-Related Outcomes among Students at a Large, Public Midwestern University.

Abstract Background Food insecurity is a growing issue of concern on college campuses. While many studies have focused on predictors of food insecurity, fewer studies have examined how food insecurity affects diet and diet-related outcomes among college students. Objective The objective of this study was to examine differences in dietary intake, food and cooking agency, and body mass index (calculated as kg/m2) by food security status in a sample of college students at a large, public midwestern university. Design We conducted a cross-sectional online survey administered from March to June 2018. Participants Students were recruited from a random sample (n=2,000) provided by the university, which included an oversample of minority racial/ethnic students from lower-income households and first-generation students. The response rate was 43% (n=851). After excluding students with missing data, the final sample was 754 enrolled students. Main outcome measures Food security status was measured using the US Adult Food Security Survey Module. Dietary intake was assessed using the National Cancer Institute dietary screener questionnaire. Cooking and food agency was measured using the Cooking and Food Provisioning Action Scale, a new validated questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Statistical analysis performed Differences between food security categories and diet-related outcomes were examined using generalized linear models. Models adjusted for sociodemographic covariates, such as student’s age, sex, race/ethnicity, and receipt of financial aid. Results Compared to students with high food security, low food security was associated with lower intake of fruits, and very low food security was associated with higher intakes of total added sugar and added sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages. Marginal and very low food security were positively associated with body mass index. Marginal, low, and very low food security were inversely associated with cooking and food agency. Conclusions Students with food insecurity experience diet-related challenges that could translate into health disparities over time. More research is needed to understand the longitudinal effects of food insecurity on student health and well being.