cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding, recognizing, and treating iron deficit in nonpregnant women

Abstract Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency encountered in the office. Iron deficiency anemia [IDA] is present in about 10% of U.S. women of reproductive age. More than twice as many women lack iron stores. Most patients are asymptomatic until the decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood and deficiency in the iron-containing enzyme systems manifest as fatigability, headache, and exertional dyspnea with tachycardia. The most common etiologies in women are menstrual blood loss and an iron-poor diet. The hemoglobin level is the best initial screening test. The serum ferritin level is the best diagnostic specific test for IDA. Initial therapy for IDA can be a trial of high-dose ferrous iron supplements for 2 months. A favorable response is then followed by low-dose maintenance therapy for 6–12 months to replenish iron stores. Noncompliance secondary to adverse side effects from iron is the main cause for a poor response to iron therapy. This can be minimized by reducing the daily dose and extending the length of time treatment is offered. The daily replacement requirement of iron for menstruating women is about 2 mg/day. The recommended dietary allowance for iron is 15 mg/day because the variable bioavailability of dietary iron results in an absorption of only 2 mg/day when an optimal diet is consumed. Dietary counseling and the prophylactic daily use of low-dose iron supplements will improve and then maintain total body iron stores. This therapy will prevent IDA by allowing the body to balance iron losses as they occur.
Loci: a rule-based framework for parallel multi-disciplinary simulation synthesis

We present a rule-based framework for the development of scalable parallel high performance simulations for a broad class of scientific applications (with particular emphasis on continuum mechanics). We take a pragmatic approach to our programming abstractions by implementing structures that are used frequently and have common high performance implementations on distributed memory architectures. The resulting framework borrows heavily from rule-based systems for relational database models, however limiting the scope to those parts that have obvious high performance implementation. Using our approach, we demonstrate predictable performance behavior and efficient utilization of large scale distributed memory architectures on problems of significant complexity involving multiple disciplines.
Thermally stimulated conductivity studies of trapping centers in alkali-borosilicate glasses

Thermally stimulated conductivity studies have been performed on unirradiated borosilicate glasses made to contain various amounts of sodium, lithium, nickel, and iron oxides. Measurements were made between 77 and 570 K. All the samples gave one or more conductivity peaks below room temperature. Analysis of the initial-rise slope of the conductivity peaks of the various samples gave trapping-level energies ranging from 0.1 to 1.9 eV. The shape and temperature of the maximum of most of the peaks changed on each measurement cycle. A few samples exhibited a common peak that formed on annealing.
DNA metabolism in T5-infected Escherichia coli: Biochemical function of a presumptive genetic fragment of the phage

Abstract Complexes of T5 st and Escherichia coli F, initiated under appropriate conditions and submitted to the shearing forces of a Waring blendor, present the following characteristics: (1) they are incapable of forming colonies; (2) they do not produce phage; (3) as a population, they retain only a small proportion of the total phosphorus-containing material of the adsorbed phage (first-step transfer material); (4) like unblended complexes, they undergo rapid and extensive degradation of host DNA; (5) in contrast with unblended complexes, they do not synthesize phage DNA. Host killing and first-step transfer can be prevented by early blending of complexes initiated at reduced temperature. Kinetic experiments show that adsorption per se is insufficient to induce host DNA degradation and that a correlation exists between the proportion of first-step transfer material retained by the population of complexes after blending and the extent of host DNA degradation in the same population. Chloramphenicol, known to inhibit DNA degradation in unblended complexes, has the same effect on blended complexes. Treatment of blended complexes with pancreatic DNase delays the onset and reduces the extent of host DNA degradation in the population of complexes. All experimental results are consistent with the proposal that the first-step transfer material is a phage DNA fragment and that at least one of its functions is to induce the degradation of host DNA.
A meta-analysis of anticoagulation for calf deep venous thrombosis

Objective This meta-analysis was initiated to assess the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation therapy for adult patients with isolated calf vein deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods We searched MEDLINE (1950-October 2010), the Cochrane Library (1993-October 2010), trial registries, meeting abstracts, and selected references, using no limits. Included studies compared the results of anticoagulation (vitamin K antagonist or therapeutic heparin) for a minimum of 30 days vs the results of no anticoagulation in adults with calf vein DVT proved by ultrasound imaging or venograph who were monitored for at least 30 days. Two independent reviewers extracted data using a piloted standardized form. Methodologic quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort and case-control studies. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus or by a third reviewer. Authors were contacted for additional information if necessary. Outcomes were pooled using Peto fixed-effects models. Results Of 2328 studies identified, two RCTs and six cohorts (126 patients treated with anticoagulation and 328 controls) met selection criteria. The methodologic quality of most studies was poor. Pulmonary embolism (PE; odds ratio, 0.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.77; P = .03) and thrombus propagation (odds ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.62; P = .04) were significantly less frequent in those who received anticoagulation. Significant heterogeneity existed in studies reporting mortality rates, but these demonstrated a trend toward fewer deaths with anticoagulation. When limited to randomized trials, the protective effect of anticoagulation for PE was no longer statistically significant, but the benefit for preventing thrombus progression persisted. Adverse events such as bleeding were sparsely reported but favored controls (P = .65). Conclusions Our review suggests that anticoagulation therapy for calf vein DVT may decrease the incidence of PE and thrombus propagation. However, due to poor methodologic quality and few events among included studies for PE, this finding is not robust. Thrombus propagation appears reduced with anticoagulation treatment. A rigorous RCT will assist in treatment decisions for calf vein DVT.
Stanford-Binet and Goodenough-Harris Test Performances of Head Start Children:

The characteristics of revised Stanford-Binet (S-B) and Goodenough-Harris protocols (GHDT) were investigated for 188 culturally disadvantaged children. These children scored in the low normal level...
The Difficulty of Remotely Negotiating Corners

Remote navigation, popular in computer games and prevalent in areas such as clinical medicine and teleoperations of robots and drones, uses human-computer interfaces for control. Usability studies of remote navigation interfaces require good metrics for evaluating interfaces, assessing users' capabilities, and determining the difficulty of the navigational task. We studied the time proficient users took to navigate virtual hovercrafts through virtual hallways with corners of various widths and discovered that the time to negotiate corners is inversely proportional to corner width. We derive and evaluate two models for the index of difficulty for negotiating corners. Both models fit the data well, with r2 greater than 0.85 for the mean time to negotiate corners verses corner width.
Crust Aroma of Baguettes I. Key Odorants of Baguettes Prepared in Two Different Ways

Abstract The crusts of two white breads (French-type), differing in the flavour profiles owing to differences in both the amount of yeast and the dough-making process, were analysed by using instrumental and sensory methods. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, 2,3-butanedione,methional, (E)-2-nonenal, methylpropanal, and 2- and 3-methylbutanal were identified as key odorants of the baguette crusts. Quantitative measurements indicated that the more intense, roasty odour note of the baguette prepared with a higher amount of yeast was caused by a higher concentration of pyrroline. In contrast, the more intense malty note of the baguette prepared with pre-fermented dough was correlated with an increase in the malty smelling aldehydes methylpropanal, and 2- and 3-methylbutanal.
The gene expression profile in refractory periodontitis patients.

Background: There are no specific bacterial profiles or diagnostic tests capable of identifying refractory periodontitis patients before a treatment regimen is initiated. Therefore, in this high-risk cohort of patients who do not respond appropriately, host factors that might be partly under genetic control may play a crucial role in their susceptibility. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that patients with refractory periodontitis have multiple upregulated and/or downregulated genes that might be important in influencing clinical risk. Methods: Oral subepithelial connective tissues were harvested aseptically from seven refractory periodontitis and seven periodontally well-maintained patients. An RNA isolation kit was used to isolate total RNA from tissue samples that had been stabilized in the RNA stabilizing reagent. The isolated total RNA was then subjected to gene expression profiling using the microarray to measure gene expression levels. The retrieved data were analyzed with a computer program for the differential analysis of gene expression microarray experiments. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on selected samples to confirm the microarray data's gene expression patterns. Results: A total of 68 upregulated and six downregulated genes were identified that were differentially expressed at least two-fold out of 22,283 genes we analyzed. The selected model provided a 93% intrinsic validation along with a 93% extrinsic validation. To validate the microarray data, five upregulated genes (lactotransferrin [LTF], matrix metalloproteinase-1 [MMP-1], MMP-3, interferon induced-15 [IFI-15], and Homo sapiens hypothetical protein MGC5566) and two downregulated genes (keratin 2A [KRT2A] and desmocollin-1 [DSC-1]) were randomly selected for further analysis by real-time PCR. The relative RNA expression level of these genes measured by real-time PCR was similar to those measured by microarrays. Conclusion: The combined use of microarray technology with the computer program for the differential analysis of gene expression microarray experiments provided a set of candidate genes that may serve as novel therapeutic intervention points and improved diagnostic and screening procedures for high-risk individuals.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Lacosamide for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this lacosamide guideline using drug prescribing information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications; contraindications; assessments prior to and during treatment; dosing with particular focus on dosing modifications required by drug–drug interactions, personal characteristics, or genetic variants; and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. A lacosamide drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline is described.
IL-7 enhancement of antigen-driven activation/expansion of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp).

SUMMARY CD8+cytotoxic Tlymphocytes areanimportant componentintheimmunologic control ofhuman viral diseases. IL-7, astromal cell-derived cytokine, hasbeendemonstrated toenhance bothantitumourandanti-viral CTLaswell aslymphokine-activated killer (LAK)activity. We studied the ability ofIL-7tosupport theactivation andthegrowth ofinvitro antigen-specific CTLprecursors (CTLp)present inperipheral bloodmononuclear cells (PBMC)fromHIV-infected patients. Results fromthese studies demonstrate thatinclusion ofIL-7ina vaccinia/HIV-1 vector-based stimulation strategy greatly augmented overall CTL reactivities, whereas addition ofIL-7to unstimulated cultures failed toinduce any significant anti-viral cytolytic activity. Infourofsix patients, HIV-specific lytic activities weresignificantly higher incultures stimulated withantigen plusIL-7compared withinvitro stimulation (IVS) withantigen alone. Cytotoxic activity was principally mediated byCD8'effector cells, andCD3+/CD8+ cell expansion was increased by27fold inthepresenceofIL-7. InPBMC fromseronegative donors, IL-7enhanced anti-vaccinia CTL activities withless effect on cell proliferation. Furthermore, anti-gag CTLfrequencies determined bylimiting dilution analysis were increased by2-and10-fold intwoasymptomatic patients following IVSplusIL-7compared withantigen stimulation alone. Cytofluorimetric analysis revealed that IL-7preferentially expanded CD8memory cells (CD45RO+) andCD8'lymphocytes expressing activation molecules. IL-7was alsoabletosupport thegrowth ofCD4+lymphocytes, while having no effect on natural killer (NK)/Klymphocytes. Takentogether, these datasuggest thatIL-7actscooperatively withtheantigen supporting invitro maturation ofCTLp into functional cytotoxic effectors. ThusIL-7may bean important biologic entity toconsider as partoffuture immune-based therapies inwhichex vivoexpansion ofantigen-driven CTL isan important determinant.
Web document classification using modified decision trees

Searching for Web pages is one of the most common tasks performed on the Web while Web page classification is the first step for Web search service construction. This paper proposes a method for classifying Web documents by using a height-three modified decision tree which splits the root, depth-one nodes, and depth-two nodes based on keywords, descriptions, and hyperlinks, respectively. A classification starts with a Web page at the root of the decision tree and traces paths downward to leaves, which give the categories of the page.
Dennett versus Gibson

Pessoa et al. misinterpret some of Dennett's discussion of filling-in. Their argument against the representational conception of vision and for a Gibsonian alternative is also flawed.
The Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of 3β-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disorder

Abstract Severe 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) deficiency in the adrenals and gonads is a well known cause of salt-wasting and non-salt-wasting forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), male pseudohermaphroditism and mild androgen excess symptoms in children and older females. A mild spectrum of Δ5 steroid abnormality in young children with premature pubarche and older females with hirsutism and menstrual disorder was presumed to be due to a mild variant of 3β-HSD deficiency CAH. Recent studies of the type II 3β-HSD gene encoding adrenal and gonadal 3β-HSD have indicated that only the severe 3β-HSD deficiency CAH results from a deleterious mutation in the gene. This indicates that the mild Δ5 steroid abnormality is not due to a variant of 3β-HSD deficiency CAH. The hormonal criteria for bona fide mild variants of 3β-HSD deficiency and etiology of mild Δ5 steroid abnormality in the patients remain to be investigated.
Europe's leverage

Much of what the United States seeks to do elsewhere in the world will depend on its ability to gain the support and active engagement of European power—and European powers—politically, economically, and militarily.
Design of the environmental impact statement

In this position paper, I analyze the design of the environmental impact statement. I begin by describing the regulatory, genre and audience requirements for this type of technical communication document. Next, I describe four theories of visual design—supra-textual design, metadiscourse, page layout, and typography. I compare and contrast the visual layout of two representative documents against these four theoretical concepts. My goals are to determine if these two documents comply with regulatory requirements for layout, page limit, and readability and to identify the dominant stylistic features of these two documents. In summary, one of two documents met the regulatory requirements for design. With regards to stylistic features, both provided dense blocks of text, although one was more readable than the other. Neither document uses colors or graphics effectively. One offers a better page design, and both use typefaces effectively. I suggest that government agencies allow the visual design of this genre to evolve to better support the needs of the reader.
Expression of the ras oncogene in gynecologic tumors

Summary Control of oncogene expression has been shown to be a coordinated regulatory mechanism in normal growth and development. Overt expression of these genes also has been noted in transformed or neoplastic cell types. The ras family of oncogenes has been shown to be particularly evident among genes expressed in malignant tissues. We provide evidence, using ribonucleic acid dot analysis and Western blot analysis of gynecologic tumor extracts, that ras expression may be a common occurrence in these malignancies. Furthermore, the ras-related peptides can be detected in sera of some patients with tumors. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:344-52.)
Fluotexine-induced suicidality, serotonin, and seasonality

In spite of the complexities involved in suicide, fluoxetine has been prematurely and simplistically blamed for inducing this phenomenon. A variety of variables must be factored into such an interpretation. Nevertheless, given the complicated psychobiological circumstances involved, acute and rapid changes in serotonin (5-HT) function appear to be important to the understanding of changes in suicidal behavior. Such a mechanism may also explain the robust seasonal peak of suicides in spring.
A Meta-Analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor–Hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships Among Stressors and Performance

This article reports a meta-analytic test of a two-dimensional work stressor framework with respect to stressors' relationships with strains, motivation, and performance. Hindrance stressors had a ...
The Relationships Between Chebyshev, Legendre and Jacobi Polynomials: The Generic Superiority of Chebyshev Polynomials and Three Important Exceptions

We analyze the asymptotic rates of convergence of Chebyshev, Legendre and Jacobi polynomials. One complication is that there are many reasonable measures of optimality as enumerated here. Another is that there are at least three exceptions to the general principle that Chebyshev polynomials give the fastest rate of convergence from the larger family of Jacobi polynomials. When $$f(x)$$ f ( x ) is singular at one or both endpoints, all Gegenbauer polynomials (including Legendre and Chebyshev) converge equally fast at the endpoints, but Gegenbauer polynomials converge more rapidly on the interior with increasing order $$m$$ m . For functions on the surface of the sphere, associated Legendre functions, which are proportional to Gegenbauer polynomials, are best for the latitudinal dependence. Similarly, for functions on the unit disk, Zernike polynomials, which are Jacobi polynomials in radius, are superior in rate-of-convergence to a Chebyshev---Fourier series. It is true, as was conjectured by Lanczos 60 years ago, that excluding these exceptions, the Chebyshev coefficients $$a_{n}$$ a n usually decrease faster than the Legendre coefficients $$b_{n}$$ b n by a factor of $$\sqrt{n}$$ n . We calculate the proportionality constant for a few examples and restrictive classes of functions. The more precise claim that $$b_{n} \sim \sqrt{\pi /2} \sqrt{n} a_{n}$$ b n ~ ? / 2 n a n , made by Lanczos and later Fox and Parker, is true only for rather special functions. However, individual terms in the large $$n$$ n asymptotics of Chebyshev and Legendre coefficients usually do display this proportionality.
Convergence of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ and Foxo1 Signaling Pathways

The forkhead factor Foxo1 (or FKHR) was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ-interacting protein. Foxo1 antagonized PPARγ activity and vice versa indicating that these transcription factors functionally interact in a reciprocal antagonistic manner. One mechanism by which Foxo1 antagonizes PPARγ activity is through disruption of DNA binding as Foxo1 inhibited the DNA binding activity of a PPARγ/retinoid X receptor α heterodimeric complex. The Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear hormone receptor, DAF-12, interacted with the C. elegans forkhead factor, DAF-16, paralleling the interaction between PPARγ and Foxo1. daf-12 and daf-16 have been implicated in C. elegans insulin-like signaling pathways, and PPARγ and Foxo1 likewise have been linked to mammalian insulin signaling pathways. These results suggest a convergence of PPARγ and Foxo1 signaling that may play a role in insulin action and the insulinomimetic properties of PPARγ ligands. A more general convergence of nuclear hormone receptor and forkhead factor pathways may be important for multiple biological processes and this convergence may be evolutionarily conserved.
Differential effects of σ and phencyclidine receptor ligands on learning

Abstract Several phencyclidine (PCP) and σ receptor ligands were examined for their effects on a single trial passive avoidance test in rats. Rats were administered the PCP receptor ligands (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5Hdibenzo[1,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), PCP, ketamine or the σ receptor ligands (+)-N-allylnormetazocine ((+)-NANM), (+)-pentazocine, (+)-3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine ((+)-3-PPP) or 1,3-Di(2-[5- 3 H]tolyl)guanidine (DTG) subcutaneously prior to acquisition of the passive avoidance response, and tested 24 h later for retention. MK-801 (0.1–0.3 mg/kg), PCP (0.54–1.7 mg/kg), ketamine (10.0–17.2 mg/kg) and (+)-N-allylnormetazocine (5.4–10.0 mg/kg) produced significant memory deficits. (+)-Pentazocine (54 mg/kg) and (+)-PPP (30 mg/kg) also produced retention deficits, but at significantly higher doses. DTG (0.3–3.0 mg/kg s.c.) had no effect on retention. There was a positive correlation between production of retention deficits and the compounds' PCP receptor binding affinity. The results suggest that the σ receptor is not involved in learning the passive avoidance response.
A Gas-Operated Bearing Damper for Turbomachinery—Theoretical Predictions Versus Experimental Measurements: Part II—Experimental Results and Comparison With Theory

This is the second of two papers described results of a research project directed at developing a gas-operated vibration damper for high-temperature turbomachinery applications. This paper presents the experimental measurements made on a gas damper hardware and compares them with the theoretical predictions given in Part 1. It is found that the isentropic theoretical model predicts the damper characteristics quite well. A maximum damping of 2,310 N-s/m (13.2 lb-s/in.) was measured at a natural frequency of 118 Hz using the present design and the results suggest that significantly higher damping levels are possible with design modifications.
War and Inflation in Spain, 1780–1800

I. Introduction, 36. — II. The first issues of paper currency, 37. — III. Depreciation begins, 41. — IV. Why paper depreciated, 43. — V. Issues of paper for canals and by the Philippine Company, 45. — VI. Paper above par in 1786–1793, 46. — VII. Taxation, loans, and inflation during war with France in 1793–1795 and with England in 1796–1800, 50. — VIII. Paper in terms of specie in 1792–1800, 59. — IX. Reasons for depreciation in 1794–1800, 64. — X. Efforts to control depreciation, 65. — XI. Prices and wages, 72. — XII. Conclusions, 76.
The fork in the nitric oxide road: cyclic GMP or nitrosylation?

Cardiac contractility is regulated by a process termed excitation–contraction coupling (ECC) [1]. An increase in the body’s metabolic demands results in an increase in contractility. However, because every myocyte contracts with each beat, the heart cannot recruit additional myocytes to achieve this phenomenon. Hence, the myocyte has evolved numerous cellular mechanisms to regulate ECC. The β-adrenergic signaling pathway is a primary regulator of ECC [2].
An 17O NMR Study of Hydrolyzed NbV in Weakly Acidic and Basic Aqueous Solutions

Time-dependent 17O NMR spectra of basified decaniobate (Nb10O286–) solutions displayed intense resonances assigned to the well-known protonated hexaniobate anion (Nb6O198–) and two other species identified as heptaniobate (Nb7O229–) and protonated tetracosaniobate (Nb24O7224–) anions. The decaniobate ion showed no sign of protonation from pH 6–10, in contrast with the hexaniobate ion which was protonated at doubly-bridging oxygen sites when the pH was 10–13. Most (> 90 %) of the heptaniobate formed 1 h after basification was transformed into other species after 3 weeks. Tetracosaniobate was formed reversibly from decaniobate, but only when KOH, NaOH and [(CH3)4N]OH were employed; none was observed after basification with [(n-C4H9)4N]OH. Moreover, far more tetracosaniobate was formed from KOH than from [(CH3)4N]OH. This effect was attributed to a tetracosaniobate cation binding site that binds K+ more readily than (CH3)4N+ but is too small to accommodate (n-C4H9)4N+.
Profile and Stability of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence, profile, and stability of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in infants diagnosed with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)...
Serum Ige Studies in Atopic Dermatitis

To determine whether serum IgE levels in patients with atopic dermatitis bear a relationship to the severity and course of the dermatitis, serum levels were measured over several months in 24 patients. Excluded were patients with concurrent rhinitis or asthma, or those receiving therapy (hyposensitization, systemic corticosteroids) which might have affected serum levels. A clinical profile was developed to gauge the severity and extent of the dermatitis during the course of the study. The results show that many patients with atopic dermatitis have normal serum IgE levels. No significant fluctuation of serum IgE levels in individual patients was noted during the course of the study even though the dermatitis varied in severity. However, there was a positive relationship of significance (p
Studies on the transport of glucose from disaccharides by hamster small intestine in vitro. I. Evidence for a disaccharidase-related transport system

In the presence of saturating concentrations of free d-glucose, total glucose uptake was enhanced beyond the theoretical V for free glucose uptake when disaccharides were incubated with intestinal rings. This phenomenon was not seen when glucose 1-phosphate was the substrate. Analogs of d-glucose transport system, galactose and β-methyl glucoside, had an inhibitory effect on glucose uptake from sucrose and their uptake was in turn inhibited by the disaccharide. This inhibition was non-competitive. The effect of phlorizin on glucose uptake from sucrose was 2-fold, competitive at low concentrations and non-competitive at high concentrations. Sucrose did not induce counterflow of the preloaded β-methyl glucoside. These observations indicate that with a disaccharide as the substrate, there is a component of glucose transport which is in addition to the monoscaccharide-transport system and that this could arise as a consequence of the association of disaccharidases with the brush border membrane.
Strain resulting from adhesive action of water in capillary bridges

WE report here on the measurement of adhesive forces of thin films of water between glass plates. Our approach differed from the traditional method of measuring the force necessary to rupture the liquid film in tension1–3; we used interferometry to measure the elastic strains produced around the bridges. The main pupose of the study was to assess the degree of agreement between measured adhesive forces and those predicted by classical capillary theory.
Some differences in self perceptions between alcoholics and non-alcoholics.

An effort was made to extract some principles from the literature which described the model alcoholic personality. A sample of 100 items were selected, 25 of each from the four major categories of personality traits: (1) anger, hostility, handling of aggression, (2) effectiveness in social and personal interaction, (3) the handling of oral and dependency needs, and (4) the management of anxiety and depression. Q-sort deck was analyzed both for mean sortings for the significant groups and by means of interpersonal correlation matrices. It did not appear that the uniqueness of the alcoholic personality could be conspicuously delineated even with items which on the basis of theoretical formulation were heavily loaded with characters and qualities customarily assigned to the alcoholic. There was little evidence in the data as gathered to support the notion that there is a unique, special, or modal alcoholic personality which clearly differentiates him from other kinds of socially maladaptive or psychiatric ma...
String distributions above the Hagedorn energy density

The formalism for discussing energy and charge distribution functions in the microcanonical ensemble is presented and applied to strings. This yields information of direct physical significance in string statistical mechanics. Above the Hagedorn energy density the free string gas exhibits a number of interesting features. For toroidal compactification, the distribution of the total energy among strings of various energies depends upon the number of noncompact spatial dimensions $d$. For $d=0$ the energy is distributed uniformly among strings at all energy scales, while for $d\ensuremath{\ge}3$ a single string captures most of the energy. The imposition of conservation laws does not alter this qualitative picture. We show that the $d=1$ and $d=2$ cases are qualitatively different from the others.
Contesting refugeehood: squatting as survival in post-partition Calcutta

In the aftermath of conflicts, refugees are often treated as helpless victims of trauma in need of international aid and intervention. Refugees can and do however move beyond the culture of dependency to create sustainable existences within their new environments. While much attention is given to the politics of displacement, humanitarian intervention and human rights of refugees, little is written about the ways in which refugees actually live, particularly those who have chosen to settle themselves rather than allow outside powers to intervene in their settlement choices. This article looks at how the refugee settlement process has taken place in Calcutta in the aftermath of the 1947 partition, and how that process has very much been influenced by the trauma of losing social position in their ancestral country and the desire to regain it and belong to a new land.
Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions between Hydrogen Isotopes by μ - Mesons

The mechanism by which negative $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons catalyze nuclear reactions between hydrogen isotopes is studied in detail. The reaction rate for the process ($p+d+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{He}}^{3}+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+5.5$ Mev), observed recently by Alvarez et al., is calculated and found to be in accord with the available data. The ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson binds two hydrogen nuclei together in the $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesonic analog of the ordinary ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ molecular ion. In their vibrational motion the nuclei have a finite, although small, probability of penetrating the Coulomb barrier to zero separation where they may undergo a nuclear reaction. The intrinsic reaction rates for other, more probable, reactions are also estimated. The results are \ensuremath{\sim}0.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the observed $p\ensuremath{-}d$ reaction, \ensuremath{\sim}0.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ reaction, and \ensuremath{\sim}0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the $d\ensuremath{-}t$ reaction. For the reaction observed by Alvarez rough estimates are made of the partial widths for nonradiative and radiative decay of the excited ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ nucleus. The ejection of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson by "internal conversion" seems somewhat less likely. Speculations are made on the release of useful amounts of nuclear energy by these catalyzed reactions. The governing factors are not the intrinsic reaction rate once the molecule is formed, but rather the time spent (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec) by the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson between the breakup of one molecule and the formation of another and the loss of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons in "dead-end" processes. These factors are such that practical power production is unlikely. In liquid deuterium, each ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson will catalyze only \ensuremath{\sim}10 reactions in its lifetime, while for the $d\ensuremath{-}t$ process it will induce \ensuremath{\sim}100 disintegrations. A longer lived particle will not be able to catalyze appreciably more reactions.
The creative constraints of tradition: Ethnic art and social intervention in the Afro-Brazilian context

The historic 2002 election victory of the Workers Party in Brazil promised a more democratic cultural policy. A key symbol of change was the appointment as Minister of Culture of Gilberto Gil, pop star of the 1960s tropicalist counter-culture movement, organic activist of the Afro-centric carnival of Bahia state and Green Party politician. In racial and cultural politics, the moment coincides with steady assimilation into the Brazilian academic landscape of both North American quantitative sociological approaches and of British and other North-Atlantic Cultural Studies movements, and separately, with consolidation of cultural tourism predicated on Afro-Brazilian ethnic identity, both as heritage and performance. This essay elucidates relations between these heterogeneous progressive strands informing cultural policy, explores implicit divergences in their respective understandings of ethnic identity and outlines subjacent theoretical contradictions. Ethnicity is then considered in pragmatic instances, fir...
High speed modulation of hybrid silicon evanescent lasers

High speed modulation results and analysis of hybrid silicon evanescent lasers is described. It should be possible to achieve a 3dB-bandwidth over 50 GHz and a data rate of 50 Gbit/s.
The effectiveness of community-based visual screening and utility of adjunctive diagnostic aids in the early detection of oral cancer

A systematic review of community-based oral cancer screening programmes published between 1966 and March 2002 was undertaken. Data relating to study design, sampling and characteristics of the study group, interventions, and reported outcomes and diagnostic value of visual screening or adjunctive diagnostic aids were abstracted from 36 articles meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. From these reports, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of community-based oral cancer visual screening in enhancing the early detection of oral cancer, due to small effect size. While the evidence is fair to support use of toluidine blue as an aid in diagnosis of oral cancer, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether the use of this or other adjunctive techniques will increase the detection of oral malignancies in community screening programmes. Targeted clinical examination of high-risk individuals may be more effective than mass screening in facilitating early detection of oral cancers.
Focal transgene expression associated with papilloma development in v-Ha-ras–transgenic TG.AC mice

The homozygous transgenic mouse line TG.AC contains a v-Ha-ras transgene and rapidly develops epidermal papillomas in response to either wounding or treatment with tumor promoters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The transgenic v-Ha-ras protein product was detected in all papillomas removed from TPA-treated TG.AC mice but not in vehicle- or TPA-treated TG.AC skin without tumors. In situ hybridization demonstrated that focal expression of the transgene was limited to regions of papilloma development and further localized the expression of the transgene message to the epidermal component of the papillomas, with the strongest signal in the basal epidermoid cells. Cellular proliferation, as indicated by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), was similarly localized primarily to basal epidermoid cells and, to a lesser extent, stratum spinosum cells in all papillomas analyzed. Cells that stained positively for PCNA were much more common in the papillomas than in the surrounding, normal-appearing skin. The focal nature of papilloma development was also evidenced by protein kinase C activity and hyperplasia after TPA treatment. As early as 18 d after the start of TPA treatment, focal hyperplasias associated with the follicular epidermis were observed in TG.AC but not nontransgenic FVB/N skin; these hyperplasias were assumed to be the precursors of the epidermal papillomas. To explain the development of transgene-expressing tumors from apparently transgene-negative, normal-appearing skin, we hypothesize that the papillomas arise from the clonal expansion of focal areas of epidermal cells that overexpress the transgene. We also propose that the TG.AC line is an excellent model for studying very early events in papillomagenesis.
Growth of Lactobacillus casei in deuterated media purification of deuterated thymidylate synthase and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies

The purification of thymidylate synthase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei grown in a deuterated medium is described. The deuterated enzyme and the non-deuterated enzyme appear to be identical with respect to specific activity, pH optimum, electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels and ability to form ternary complexes with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The deuterated enzyme remained stable at 25 degrees C for 8 h during the acquisition of 400 MHz 1H-NMR spectra and was stored at 5 degrees C for 3 months without loss of catalytic activity. The incorporation of deuterium was essentially complete as demonstrated by a comparison of the NMR spectra of deuterated and non-deuterated enzyme. Proton NMR data obtained with deuterated thymidylate synthase and 1H-FdUMP are in agreement with the fluorine-19 NMR studies of Lewis et al. (Lewis, C.A., Jr., Ellis, P.D. and Dunlap, R.B. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 116-123) which support the formation of a binary complex where the enzyme is covalently linked to carbon 6 of 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-2'-deoxyuridylate.
Chemistry of Nitric Oxide with Protein-Bound Iron Sulfur Centers. Insights on Physiological Reactivity

The anaerobic reaction of C. vinosum high-potential iron protein (HiPIP) with nitric oxide has been studied in order to understand the chemical reactivity of NO with protein-bound iron−sulfur clusters. Despite having a solvent inaccessible 4Fe-4S center, native HiPIP reacts with diethylamineNONOate (an NO donor), resulting in protein unfolding and the formation of protein-bound dinitrosyl−iron complexes (DNICs) with a typical gav = 2.03 EPR signal. These cysteinyl-coordinated DNICs are directly observed for the first time by use of electrospray ionization−mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and are found only in a stoichiometry of 2:1 DNIC:protein. Our results suggest that these complexes form only when the protein is folded. ESI-MS also demonstrates that NO-mediated cluster degradation results in nitrosation of the protein at sites other than cysteine. Finally, reactivity comparison of native and Tyr19Leu HiPIP demonstrates solvent accessibility to be an important, but not necessary factor for Fe−S cluster degrad...
Evaluation of Content and Source of Phosphorus Fed to Dairy Calves

Abstract Twenty-four Holstein bull calves, 12 Holstein heifer calves, and 6 Jersey bull calves were assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial experiment at 8 to 9 wk of age. Three concentrations (.26, .34, and .41%) and two sources (feed grades monoammonium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate) of dietary P were fed during a 10-wk trial. The biological availability of monoammonium phosphate was equal to dicalcium phosphate as a supplemental P source. Increasing dietary P from .26 to .34% increased feed intake, body weight gain, plasma inorganic P, plasma Mg, bending moment of the tibia and ninth rib, percentage ash, and ash content (P and Mg) of the 7th and 10th ribs and lowered plasma Ca. Only plasma inorganic P increased from .34 to .41%. Treatment means for .26, .34, and .41% P, respectively, were feed intake (kg.d −1 ) 2.98, 3.48, and 3.34; daily body weight gain (kg.d −1 ) .83, .94, and .92; wk 9 and 10 plasma inorganic P (mg-100ml −1 ) 6.08, 8.38, and 9.05; bending moment (kg.cm) of the 9th rib 31.6, 47.6, and 40.7 and tibia 1314.84, 1783.94, and 1751.00. These results indicate a requirement for calves greater than the .26% P currently recommended.
Understanding the Terahertz Spectra of Crystalline Pharmaceuticals: Terahertz Spectroscopy and Solid-State Density Functional Theory Study of (S)-(+)-Ibuprofen and (RS)-Ibuprofen

ABSTRACT The potential applications of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy in the analysis of pharmaceutical products in their crystalline state have prompted the need for a more thorough understanding of the fundamental vibrational motions contributing to the THz spectra. The detection of variations in crystal structure and the reliable assignment of observed THz absorption features can be aided by the use of solid-state density functional theory (DFT). In this study, solid-state DFT with periodic boundary conditions was used to simulate the crystalline structure and assign the experimental THz spectra (10–90cm −1 ) of the enantiomerically pure and racemic forms of the common pharmaceutical compound ibuprofen. The results clearly demonstrate the capabilities of DFT methodologies to accurately reproduce the THz spectra of large complicated molecular systems and provide insight into the internal and external vibrational motions that form the basis of THz spectroscopy.
Future developments in cardiac ultrasound: possibilities and challenges.

S everal years ago I was asked to give a lecture at the annual meeting of the American Heart Association about future developments in cardiac imaging. Table I outlines the transition in cardiac imaging that had been in progress since 1970 and that I believed would be largely completed by the year 2000. In 1970 virtually all cardiac imaging required invasive techniques. By 2000, all cardiac imaging will likely bc noninvasive for diagnostic purposes, although not for therapeutic purposes. Ionizing radiation was the primary imaging modality in 1970. Obviously, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have and will continue to replace radiation for many purposes in the future, and other nonradiographic techniques may be developed. Physicians dealt almost entirely with silhouette or projection images in 1970. By the year 2000, they will deal almost exclusively with tomographic images, even if computerized and reconstructed into 3 dimensions. In 1970 all images were acquired and processed in analog format. It is hoped that by the year 2000 imaging will be entirely digital. Finally, in 1970 the information content available was almost entirely anatomic. Imaging conveyed such information as whether structures were big or small, round or square, but we obtained little functional information. Increasingly, by the year 2000 we will expect and receive functional information from the images. Currently, I believe that cardiac ultrasound can bc divided into techniques that have an established role, those that are of proven value but for which the exact indications and applications are uncertain, and those that arc primarily investigational.
Transport Pathways for Therapeutic Concentrations of Lithium in Rat Liver

Although both amiloride- and phloretin-sensitive Na+/Li+ exchange activities have been reported in mammalian red blood cells, it is still unclear whether or not the two are mediated by the same pathway. Also, little is known about the relative contribution of these transport mechanisms to the entry of therapeutic concentrations of Li+ (0.2–2 mm) into cells other than erythrocytes. Here, we describe characteristics of these transport systems in rat isolated hepatocytes in suspension. Uptake of Li+ by hepatocytes, preloaded with Na+ and incubated in the presence of ouabain and bumetanide, comprised three components. (a) An amiloride-sensitive component, with apparent Km 1.2 mm Li+, Vmax 40 μmol · (kg dry wt · min)−1, showed increased activity at low intracellular pH. The relationship of this component to the concentration of intracellular H+ was curvilinear suggesting a modifier role of [H+]i. This system persisted in Na+-depleted cells, although with apparent Km 3.8 mm. (b) A phloretin-sensitive component, with Km 1.2 mm, Vmax 21 μmol · (kg · min)−1, was unaffected by pH but was inactive in Na+-depleted cells. Phloretin inhibited Li+ uptake and Na+ efflux in parallel. (c) A residual uptake increased linearly with the external Li+ concentration and represented an increasing proportion of the total uptake. The results strongly suggest that the amiloride-sensitive and the phloretin-sensitive Li+ uptake in rat liver are mediated by two separate pathways which can be distinguished by their sensitivity to inhibitors and intracellular [H+].