cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heteroglossia, polyphony, and the federalist papers

I n the last few decades historians have devoted significant attention to the language used by political actors during the American revolution and founding. The ground-breaking work of Bailyn, Pocock, and Wood established the importance of language as a motivating force, conceptual filter, and constitutive process.' The concept of ideology as a paradigm or organizing conceptual framework figured prominently in these early studies. Initially, the (re)discovery of situated language led to the recovery of a republican ideology at the core of the early American political imagination.2 The claims of republican historiography were, of course, contested by other historians who located alternative ideological frameworks such as "liberalism" or "protestant Calvinism" in the language of early American politics.3 More recent historical scholarship challenges "the assumption that there is but one language-one exclusive or even hegemonic paradigm-that characterizes the political discourse of a particular place or moment in time."4 Historians of political discourse (including rhetorical critics and public address scholars) now face the challenge of studying the interaction of, and interrelationship between, multiple ideologies, idioms, or languages in early American public culture. This recent interest exhibited by historians in the language of the revolutionary and founding period is part of a broader "linguistic turn" in historiography and humanities scholarship generally.5 Part of this turn has involved problematizing the status of language and historical documents or texts. Whereas pre-turn scholarship commonly approached language as a transparent medium for transmitting ideas and treated the text as an unproblematic vessel that transported the "idea," first, to an historically proximate audience, and then, to succeeding generations, post-turn scholarship (in rhetoric, history, literary studies, etc.) explores the cognitive and constitutive capacity (and the limits or incapacity) of linguistic representation as well as the internal and external dynamics of the discursive text. This shift in attitude regarding language and text generates a particular dilemma that I term the problem of the contested text.6 Put simply, certain texts (most notably in philosophy and the sciences, but in the political realm as well) seem to resist the linguistic turn. These texts invite and/or demand, their defenders inform us, a pious, respectful reading. Texts of this sort, opponents (mainly on the right) of the linguistic turn commonly argue, have escaped the perishable or ephemeral fate that awaits the vast majority of discursive products because they contain and transmit timeless truths or universally valid principles and must, therefore, be read in a manner that acknowledges and respects this achievement. Contested texts challenge critics and historians to
Carnosine inhibits in vitro low-density lipoprotein oxidation

The dipeptide carnosine (β-alanylhistidine) is found in many mammalian tissues, including skeletal muscle, and may be present in the walls of smooth muscle-rich arteries. Carnosine was shown to be an effective antioxidant against numerous types of oxygen free radicals. Therefore, it was of interest to study carnosine's ability to inhibit oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. At doses considered physiologic, carnosine effectively prolonged the lag time and reduced the maximum rate of LDL oxidation when catalyzed by either copper or peroxyl radicals. Therefore, carnosine may be an important component of the antioxidant complement of arterial walls, and as such may reduce the rate of lipoprotein oxidation and arterial plaque formation.
Water Stress-Induced Changes in Protein Synthesis of Slash Pine Hypocotyls

Summary Hypocotyl segments from growing regions of four-week-old slash pine ( Pinus elliottii Engelm) seedlings exhibited reduced protein synthesis when subjected to water stress imposed directly by incubation in solutions of mannitol. Hypocotyl segments recovered full protein synthesis upon return to fully-hydrated conditions following stress up to −0.8 MPa, while slow recovery was observed under greater stresses (−1.3 MPa to −2.5 MPa). Using one-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography of de novo synthesised proteins, it was possible to follow changes in the pattern of protein synthesis in slash pine hypocotyls. Of the newly-synthesised proteins visualized by fluorography three new proteins (71 kD, 70 kD, 58 kD) showed strong enhancement in hypocotyls exposed to −2.5 MPa and a 46 kD protein was induced in hypocotyls exposed to −1.8 MPa for 24 h.
Early development of macrophages in intact and organ cultured hearts of rat embryos

Background: Macrophage precursors are present early in embryonic life, being demonstrable in placental and embryonic connective tissues of rats at the neurula stage and as potential macrophagees in the brain, liver, and lungs near the onset of organogenesis. We examined the development of macrophages in the heart and the possibility that they initially appear at sites of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Methods: Precursors were recognized by the binding of peroxidase-coupled Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (GSA) on the cell membrane. Their capacity for conversion into macrophages was assayed in organ cultures; confirmation of the progeny as bona fide macrophages was obtained from their responses to particle exposure and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Results:GSA + cells were first seen on gestational day 12 (4 mm embryos) as 2–3 cycling, nonvacuolated cells located in cardiac tissue outside the blood vessels. This population increased to ∼ 12 cells by day 14 (9 mm embryos). Two-thirds were distributed along the bulbus cordis in the jellylike endocardium and a more densely cellular connective tissue closer to the aortic arches where apoptotic sites are expected to develop. Such sites were not found in serial glycol methacrylate sections through our 14-day specimens, although in whole heart explants of this age an area of necrosis developed along the prospective line of bulbar endocardial fusion on the second day of organ culturing, and by then macrophages were fairly abundant. Organ culturing of 13-day embryonic hearts also yielded large, highly vacuolated, GSA + mononuclear phagocytes. After a few days in culture most of the macrophages migrated onto the medium where they formed a tight corona of cells about the explants. They readily ingested iron oxide particles and concentrated supravitally administered neutral red in their vacuoles. Macrophages from 14-day cultures exposed to M-CSF developed significantly larger coronas than macrophages from explants grown in serum-rich control medium (p < 0.001). In the presence of cytokines, moreover, these cardiac macrophages survived as many as 100 (92 “postnatal”) days. Conclusions: Macrophage precursors first appear in embryonic rat hearts well before they are needed to clear debris generated by programmed cell death and are capable of rapid conversion into outright phagocytic cells as early as the 13th prenatal day. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antibacterial Biomimetic Hybrid Films.

In this work, we present a novel method to prepare a hybrid coating based on dextran grafted to a substrate and embedded with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). First, the Ag NPs are synthesized in situ in the presence of oxidized dextran in solution. Second, the oxidized dextran is exposed to an amine functionalized surface resulting in the simultaneous grafting of dextran and the trapping of Ag NPs within the layer. The NP loading is controlled by the concentration of silver nitrate, which is 2 mM (DEX-Ag2) and 5 mM (DEX-Ag5). The dried film thickness increases with silver nitrate concentration from 2 nm for dextran to 7 nm and 12 nm for DEX-Ag2 and DEX-Ag5, respectively. The grafted dextran film displays features with a diameter and height of ∼50 nm and 2 nm, respectively. For the DEX-Ag2 and DEX-Ag5, the dextran features as well as individual Ag NPs (∼5 nm) and aggregates of Ag NPs are observed. Larger and more irregular aggregates are observed for DEX-Ag5. Overall, the Ag NPs are embedded in the dextran film as suggested by AFM and UVO studies. In terms of its antimicrobial activity, DEX-Ag2 resists bacterial adhesion to a greater extent than DEX-Ag5, which in turn is better than dextran and silicon. Because these antibacterial hybrid coatings can be grafted to a variety of surfaces, many biomedical applications can be envisioned, ranging from coating implants to catheters.
Molybdenum and uranium geochemistry in continental margin sediments: Paleoproxy potential

Abstract We measured solid-phase Mo and U concentrations in marine sediments from the California, Mexico, Peru, and Chile margins to ascertain the behavior of Mo and U during early diagenesis in continental margin settings. At sites along the California, Mexico, and Peru margins where there are estimates of mass accumulation rates, authigenic U accumulation rates range from ∼0–50 nmol m−2 day−1. At the California and Mexico margin sites Mo accumulation rates range from 0 to 134 nmol m−2 day−1 whereas at the Peru margin site rates may be as high as 550 nmol m−2 day−1. We observe relationships between metal accumulation rates and the delivery and burial rates of organic carbon (Corg). In the case of Mo there appears to be at least two relationships between metal accumulation rate and organic carbon burial. For most of the data presented in this manuscript, continental margin sediments have a Mo:Corg accumulation rate ratio of ∼20 μmol mol−1. This value is significantly lower, however, than those reported for anoxic basins ∼100 μmol mol−1, but is consistent with reported Mo:Corg rain ratios from Mexico margin sediment traps. In contrast to Mo, there appears to be a single U:Corg burial ratio of ∼5 μmol mol−1, which includes a range of environments from anoxic basins and open ocean sites. We interpret the relationships between metal accumulation and organic carbon to indicate that the reactions that govern authigenic metal accumulation are primarily sensitive to the delivery and burial of organic carbon in these particular settings. However, we note that any relationship between metal accumulation and organic carbon could be indirect. In the particular case of Mo, based on what is known about Mo geochemistry from the literature, it is possible that Mo authigenesis is coupled to sulfur cycling in many of the environments covered by this study, and that the observed association between Mo and organic carbon burial is a consequence of the coupling between carbon and sulfur burial. Using the observed relationships between Mo and Corg burial as well as constraints from the Mo isotope budget we estimate that continental margin sediments are an important sink for Mo. The magnitude of this sink (∼0.4 × 108 mol y−1, or larger) may be as much as one quarter of the oceanic removal term, and is likely to be larger than the modern anoxic basin sink.
The mentalis muscle in relation to edentulous mandibles

Abstract Fifty mentalis muscles were examined on 25 adult human cadavers with edentulous mandibles. The following observations were made: 1. 1. The right and left mentalis muscles were symmetrically placed on either side of the midline of the edentulous mandible, and they were found to be apart by a mean distance of 12 mm. 2. 2. The mean width of the mentalis muscle at the origin was approximately 5 mm. 3. 3. The medial fibers of the mentalis muscle crossed the midline to join the mentalis muscle of the opposite side. The most superficial fibers of the mentalis muscle coursed upward to join the obicularis oris. 4. 4. Sixty-seven per cent (20 of 30) of the muscles examined originated on the crest of the bone of the residual ridge. Twenty-seven per cent (8 of 30) of the muscles examined originated between the crest of the bone of the residual ridge and the fornix of the labial vestibule. 5. 5. Twenty-one of 30 (70 per cent) mentalis muscles examined in Group B had origins which correlated with elevations on the mucous membrane surface as recorded in modeling compound.
A note on the DP-2variation

Abstract It is shown that a significant part, if not all, of the DP-2 variation can reasonably be explained by the combined effect of the equatorward expansion of the permanent Sqp current system and its enhancement. Both phenomena are now found to be controlled by the northsouth component of interplanetary magnetic field. Thus, it is concluded that the DP-2 variation arises from a modulation of the permanently existing Sqp current system by the interplanetary magnetic field, rather than by an intermittent growth of a particular type of current system.
Meconium peritonitis with thoracic extension.

Meconium peritonitis is an uncommon entity that occurs in one in 35,000 live births [1 , 2]. Radiographic evidence of meconium peritonitis consists of calcified intraperitoneal plaques, a calcified soft-tissue masses, ascites, and bowel obstruction. Less often, meconium peritonitis may be detected as calcified nodules in the peritoneal cavity, inguinal canal, or scrotum. Our patient is unusual in that she exhibited meconium peritonitis with extension into the thorax via the foramina of Morgagni.
A CRISPR-based approach for proteomic analysis of a single genomic locus

Any given chromosomal activity (e.g., transcription) is governed predominantly by the local epiproteome. However, defining local epiproteomes has been limited by a lack of effective technologies to isolate discrete sections of chromatin and to identify with precision specific proteins and histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs). We report the use of the Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) components of the CRISPR system for gRNA-directed purification of a discrete section of chromatin. Quantitative mass spectrometry provides for unambiguous identification of proteins and histone PTMs specifically associated with the enriched chromatin. This CRISPR-based Chromatin Affinity Purification with Mass Spectrometry (CRISPR-ChAP-MS) approach revealed changes in the local epiproteome of a promoter during activation of transcription. CRISPR-ChAP-MS thus has broad applications for discovering molecular components and dynamic regulation of any in vivo activity at a given chromosomal location.
Low and midrange modulation frequency response for YBCO infrared detectors: interface effects on the amplitude and phase

Bolometers were designed and fabricated from YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ films on MgO, SrTiO/sub 3/, and LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. Both the magnitude and phase of the IR-response of the detectors were investigated from 0.5 Hz to 100 kHz modulation frequencies, and from 0.8 to 20 micron wavelengths. Effects of the film-substrate thermal boundary resistance, R/sub bd/, and the substrate-cold head thermal boundary resistance, R/sub s-c/, were investigated. The effect of R/sub bd/ is shown to be significant in the response only at high frequencies, above 100 kHz. The response at low frequencies is found to be determined by R/sub s-c/ up to "knee" frequencies of 15, 60, and 600 Hz, for 0.05-cm thick SrTiO/sub 3/, LaAlO/sub 3/, and MgO substrates, respectively. A model for the bolometric response is developed, that correctly predicts the "knee" frequencies and the measured phase and amplitude of the response versus frequency up to about 10 kHz, including the predicted change from a f/sup -1/ to a f/sup -1/2/ dependence at the "knee" frequency. At the low bias currents used to operate the bolometers, Joule heating effects are negligible. From the model and experimental data, a specific heat of 0.59 J/K/spl middot/cm/sup 3/ has been deduced for LaAlO/sub 3/ at T/spl ap/90 K. >
MURINE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION OF PHAGOCYTIC LEUKOCYTES

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections have been associated with altered host defense and increased susceptibility to secondary infection. In previous experiments, we observed impaired migratory and chemotactic activity of neutrophils harvested from mice during sublethal murine CMV (MCMV) infection. To investigate further the effects of CMV infection upon phagocytic leukocytes, we incubated murine leukocyte suspensions (95% neutrophils) in vitro with MCMV derived either from tissue culture passage or salivary gland homogenate. Neutrophils incubated with salivary gland MCMV had depressed chemotactic activity at 2 and 4 h. For example, at 4 h the mean chemotactic index of neutrophils incubated with MCMV was 0.92 vs 2.56 in controls (p<0.01). Phagocytic activity at 4 h was also reduced (mean of 1.53 latex particles/cell in MCMV-incubated vs 2.39 in controls, p<0.01). In contrast, tissue culture-passed MCMV did not alter leukocyte function. Adherence of MCMV to phagocytic leukocytes was comparable to adherence of virus to mouse embryo fibroblast cells (2 to 3 log plaque forming units of MCMV/106 cells). Transmission electron microscopy at 4 h demonstrated occasional intracytoplasmic virions. These results indicate that impaired chemotactic and phagocytic activity of phagocytic leukocytes occurs after in vitro incubation with salivary gland-derived MCMV but not with tissue culture-passed virus. These differences may be attributable to altered virulence of MCMV or to the presence of soluble factors in salivary gland MCMV pools
CD45RB Is a Novel Molecular Therapeutic Target to Inhibit Aβ Peptide-Induced Microglial MAPK Activation

BACKGROUND Microglial activation, characterized by p38 MAPK or p44/42 MAPK pathway signal transduction, occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous studies demonstrated CD45, a membrane-bound protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), opposed beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide-induced microglial activation via inhibition of p44/42 MAPK. Additionally we have shown agonism of the RB isoform of CD45 (CD45RB) abrogates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS In this study, CD45RB modulation of Abeta peptide or LPS-activated primary cultured microglial cells was further investigated. Microglial cells were co-treated with "aged" FITC-Abeta(1-42) and multiple CD45 isoform agonist antibodies. Data revealed cross-linking of CD45, particularly the CD45RB isoform, enhances microglial phagocytosis of Abeta(1-42) peptide and inhibits LPS-induced activation of p44/42 and p38 pathways. Co-treatment of microglial cells with agonist CD45 antibodies results in significant inhibition of LPS-induced microglial TNF-alpha and IL-6 release through p44/42 and/or p38 pathways. Moreover, inhibition of either of these pathways augmented CD45RB cross-linking induced microglial phagocytosis of Abeta(1-42) peptide. To investigate the mechanism(s) involved, microglial cells were co-treated with a PTP inhibitor (potassium bisperoxo [1,10-phenanthroline oxovanadate; Phen]) and Abeta(1-42) peptides. Data showed synergistic induction of microglial activation as evidenced by TNF-alpha and IL-6 release; both of which are demonstrated to be dependent on increased p44/42 and/or p38 activation. Finally, it was observed that cross-linking of CD45RB in the presence of Abeta(1-42) peptide, inhibits co-localization of microglial MHC class II and Abeta peptide; suggesting CD45 activation inhibits the antigen presenting phenotype of microglial cells. CONCLUSION In summary, p38 MAPK is another novel signaling pathway, besides p44/42, in which CD45RB cross-linking negatively regulates microglial Abeta phagocytosis while increasing potentially neurotoxic inflammation. Therefore, agonism of CD45RB PTP activity may be an effective therapeutic target for novel agents to treat AD due to its Abeta lowering, and inflammation reducing, properties that are particularly targeted at microglial cells. Such treatments may be more effective with less potential to produce systemic side-effects than therapeutics which induce non-specific, systemic down-regulation of inflammation.
Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces

Metamaterials, or engineered materials with rationally designed, subwavelength-scale building blocks, allow us to control the behavior of physical fields in optical, microwave, radio, acoustic, heat transfer, and other applications with flexibility and performance that are unattainable with naturally available materials. In turn, metasurfaces-planar, ultrathin metamaterials-extend these capabilities even further. Optical metasurfaces offer the fascinating possibility of controlling light with surface-confined, flat components. In the planar photonics concept, it is the reduced dimensionality of the optical metasurfaces that enables new physics and, therefore, leads to functionalities and applications that are distinctly different from those achievable with bulk, multilayer metamaterials. Here, we review the progress in developing optical metasurfaces that has occurred over the past few years with an eye toward the promising future directions in the field.
Learning and retention of a discriminated escape response in infant mice.

Separate groups of mice received 25 training trials in a shock-escape T-maze at 7,9,11, or 13 days of age, followed by retention trials 24 hr later. During original training, all mice were trained to the goal opposite their 1st-trial choice-point turn. During the retraining sessions, half of the mice in each age group received an additional 25 trials to the same goal as original training, while the other half was trained to the goal opposite that of original training. All age groups demonstrated improved performance during training in reaching the choice point, although only mice 9 days of age and older indicated an increase in correct choice-point turns. During retraining, only the groups trained at 11 and 13 days of age showed significant effects of prior training.
Vaccinia virus intracellular DNA-protein complex: biochemical characteristics of associated protein.

Replicated vaccinia DNA is detected in fast-sedimenting DNA-protein complexes or “virosomes” isolated from the cytoplasm of HeLa cells at 3.25 hr post infection. The rapid sedimentation of complex-associated vaccinia DNA appears to result from its association with protein since treatment with pronase or detergent releases DNA molecules which sediment similar to mature intact vaccinia DNA molecules. Leucine-labeled complex-associated polypeptides were analyzed on SDS-acrylamide gels. Approximately 70% of the leucine label appeared in two polypeptides of molecular weights 35,000 and 40,000 daltons. Both polypeptides are early viral functions since they are synthesized when viral DNA synthesis and complex formation are blocked by fluorodeoxyuridine. Each of the complex-associated polypeptides corresponds in molecular weight to one of the early viral structural polypeptides. Partially purified complex-associated polypeptides bind reversibly to heterologous DNA immobilized on cellulose.
Estimates of Radial Current Error from High Frequency Radar using MUSIC for Bearing Determination

Quality control of surface current measurements from high frequency (HF) radar requires understanding of individual error sources and their contribution to the total error. Radial velocity error due to uncertainty of the bearing determination technique employed by HF radar is observed with both direction finding and phased array techniques. Surface current estimates utilizing Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) direction finding algorithm with a compact antenna design are particularly sensitive to the radiation pattern of the receive and transmit antennas. Measuring the antenna pattern is a common and straightforward task that is essential for accurate surface current measurements. Radial current error due to the a distorted antenna pattern is investigated by applying MUSIC to simulated HF radar backscatter for an idealized ocean surface current. A Monte Carlo type treatment of distorted antenna patterns is used to provide statistics of the differences between simulated and estimated surface current. RMS differences between the simulated currents and currents estimated using distorted antenna patterns are 3-12 cm/s greater than those using perfect antenna patterns given a simulated uniform current of 50 cm/s. This type of analysis can be used in conjunction with antenna modeling software to evaluate possible error due to the antenna patterns before installing a HF radar site.
A phosphorylation-dependent export structure in ROMK (Kir 1.1) channel overrides an endoplasmic reticulum localization signal.

Abstract The cell surface density of functional Kir1.1 (ROMK, KCNJ1) channels in the renal collecting duct is precisely regulated to maintain potassium balance. Here, we explore the mechanism by which phosphorylation of Kir1.1a serine 44 controls plasmalemma expression. Studies in Xenopus oocytes, expressing wild-type, phosphorylation mimic (S44D), or phosphorylation null (S44A) Kir1.1a, revealed that phosphorylation of serine 44 is required to stimulate traffic of newly synthesized channels to the plasma membrane through a brefeldin A-sensitive pathway. ROMK channels were found to acquire mature glycosylation in a serine 44 phosphorylation-dependent manner, consistent with a phosphorylation-dependent trafficking step within the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi. Serine 44 neighbors a string of three “RXR” motifs, reminiscent of basic trafficking signals involved in directing early transport steps within the secretory pathway. Replacement of the arginine residues with alanine (R35A, R37A, R39A, R41A, or all Arg to Ala) did not restore cell surface expression of the phospho-null S44A channel, making it unlikely that phosphorylation abrogates a nearby RXR-type endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization signal. Instead, analysis of the compound S44D phospho-mimic mutants revealed that the neighboring arginine residues are also necessary for cell surface expression, identifying a structure that determines export in the biosynthetic pathway. Suppressor mutations in a putative dibasic ER retention signal, located within the cytoplasmic C terminus (K370A, R371A), restored cell surface expression of the phosphonull S44A channel to levels exhibited by the phospho-mimic S44D channel. Taken together, these studies indicate that phosphorylation of Ser44 drives an export step within the secretory pathway to override an independent endoplasmic reticulum localization signal.
DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF A NEW THERMODYNAMIC MODEL FOR SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF METAL IONS BASED ON THE K-VALUE METHOD

A new thermodynamic model has been developed for solvent extraction equilibria using the K-value method. In this model, the activity coefficients of all solutes in both phases were caluculated by Edwards’ equation. The model provides a means for calculating the equilibrium constant of the extraction reaction from a few experimental measurements. Based on the calculated equilibrium constant, the model can predict the distribution coefficient at any pH, metal concentration and extractant concentration. The calculated values were insensitive to the values of the phase equilibrium constant of the extractant between the aqueous and the organic phases or the formation constant of the extracted metal species and the extractant in the aqueous phase.The calculated distribution coefficients of zinc in the ZnSO4-H2SO4-H2O-D2EHPA-kerosene system were in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. The calculated values for copper in the CuSO4-H2SO4-H2O-LIX65N-toluene system and nickel in the NiSO4-CH3COOH-NaOH-Kelex 100-xylene system were also found to be in very good agreement with those obtained from the literature.A simillar procedure is expected to be applicable for other solvent extraction systems involving alkaline solutions or anionic extractants.
Model integration and a theory of models

Model integration extends the scope of model management to include the dimension of manipulation as well. This invariably leads to comparisons with database theory. Model integration is viewed from four perspectives: Organizational, definitional, procedural, and implementational. Strategic modeling is discussed as the organizational motivation for model integration. Schema and process integration are examined as the logical and manipulation counterparts of model integration corresponding to data definition and manipulation, respectively. A model manipulation language based on structured modeling and communicating structured models is suggested which incorporates schema and process integration. The use of object-oriented concepts for designing and implementing integrated modeling environments is discussed. Model integration is projected as the springboard for building a theory of models equivalent in power to relational theory in the database community.
Transient ischemic dilatation of the left ventricle with severe post stress left ventricular dysfunction in the setting of severe aortic stenosis and normal coronary arteries

Transient ischemic dilatation (TID) of the left ventricle observed during single photon myocardial perfusion emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an important non-perfusion finding that may not only suggest underlying significant (usually multi-vessel) coronary artery disease (CAD) but also an independent prognostic factor of adverse outcomes regardless of abnormal or normal perfusion finding. We present a patient with no significant epicardial coronary disease who had significant TID and considerable decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction with left ventricular dilatation after a rest-stress Tc-99 tetrofosmin SPECT study in the setting of severe aortic stenosis. With the advent of gated SPECT imaging the additive value of determining rest and post stress EF, as demonstrated in this case, aided in the recognition of TID and transient decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction. These are not necessarily related to obstructive epicardial coronary disease, but are a result of severe aortic valve disease causing subendocardial ischemia in the setting of multilple other non-ischemic etiologies of TID such as left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetes mellitus.
Biocompatible polyester macroligands: new subunits for the assembly of star-shaped polymers with luminescent and cleavable metal cores.

The synthesis of a series of star-shaped, biocompatible polyesterspolylactides (PLAs), polycaprolactones (PCLs), and various copolymer analogueswith either labile iron(II) tris-bipyridyl or luminescent ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridyl cores is described.1 These polymers were readily assembled by a convergent, metal-template-assisted approach that entailed the synthesis of bipyridine (bpy) ligands incorporating PLA- and PCL-containing arms and subsequent chelation of the “macroligands” to iron(II) or ruthenium(II). Specifically, the polyester macroligands bpyPLA2 and bpyPCL2 were prepared by a stannous octoate catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of dl- or l-lactide and e-caprolactone, using bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine as the initiator. Copolymers bpy(PCL−PLA)2 and bpy(PLA−PCL)2 were generated in an analogous manner using bpyPLA2 and bpyPCL2 as macroinitiators. Polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and with molecular weights close to values expected based upon monomer/initiator loading we...
Cigarettes, alcohol, coffee, and caffeine as risk factors for colorectal adenomatous polyps

The possible association of colorectal adenomatous polyps, a precursor lesion for colorectal cancer, with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee and caffeine consumption was investigated in a case-control study. Between April 1986 and March 1988, 271 cases of patients with pathologically confirmed incident colorectal adenomatous polyps and 457 control subjects were collected from three colonoscopy practices in New York City. Information on exposure was obtained by structured interviews. After adjustment of age, statistically significant odds ratios (highest-lowest quartile) were found for cigarette smoking in males (2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2 to 3.8) and coffee consumption in females (2.0%; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.9). No significant associations were obtained for cigarette smoking in females, for coffee consumption in males, or for alcohol or caffeine consumption. After adjustments for alcohol, coffee, and caffeine consumption, the association of adenomas with cigarette smoking remained in males and significant associations were also observed in subcategory analysis for both left-side and right-side adenomatous polyps. Adjustment for cigarette smoking eliminated the association between colorectal adenomatous polyps and coffee consumption in females. Cigarette smoking appears to be a significant risk factor for colorectal adenomatous polyps in males.
Experiments in Islamic microfinance

Abstract Microfinance has been identified as an important tool in increasing the productivity of the poor and in aiding economic development. However, a large proportion of the poor are practicing Muslims, and are thus unable to take advantage of traditional microfinance contracts which involve the payment of interest. This paper describes and experimentally tests Islamic-compliant microfinance products in the context of information asymmetry and costly state verification. We find significantly higher compliance rates for the Islamic-compliant contracts (profit-sharing and joint venture) than for the traditional contract (interest-based). We believe that there is great promise for these types of loans in the microfinance context, for both Muslims and non-Muslims.
Regulation of intestinal brush border microvillus length during development by the G- to F-actin ratio.

Abstract We examined ultrastructural changes in developing chicken intestinal microvilli and correlated these with changes in the G- to F-actin ratio and the amount of actin per milligram cell protein. Three discrete morphological and temporal changes occur during late microvillus morphogenesis: (1) an increase in microvillus number associated with microvilli becoming hexagonally packed on the cell surface; (2) an increase in core actin filament number; and (3) an increase in the length of microvilli. Dramatic rises in the amount of cell actin occur at the time of the first two morphological changes. Changes in the G- to F-actin ratio suggest that increases in the level of monomeric actin drive the elongation phase of microvillus growth since immediately prior to growth the G- to F-actin ratio shifts from its embryonic and adult 3:7 ratio to a 1:1. Our results also indicate, but do not prove, that an increase in the amount of G-actin precedes the rise in level of F-actin and growth of microvilli by 1 day, implying that an increase in the content of G-actin stimulates actin polymerization. Our findings also suggest that the G- to F-actin ratio and their absolute amounts, perhaps in combination with cytoskeletal protein turnover and/or the pool size of actin binding proteins, plays a role in restricting the mature constant length of microvilli.
Salmonella effector proteins and host-cell responses

Acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a significant public health problem. This pathogen has very sophisticated molecular machinery encoded by the two pathogenicity islands, namely Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Remarkably, both SPI-1 and SPI-2 are very tightly regulated in terms of timing of expression and spatial localization of the encoded effectors during the infection process within the host cell. This regulation is governed at several levels, including transcription and translation, and by post-translational modifications. In the context of a finely tuned regulatory system, we will highlight how these effector proteins co-opt host signaling pathways that control the ability of the organism to infect and survive within the host, as well as elicit host pro-inflammatory responses.
Solutions to bi-Maxwellian transport equations for the polar wind

In this study, polar wind solutions are obtained for a broad range of O(+) density, H(+) drift velocity, electron temperature and H(+) temperature boundary conditions. The bi-Maxwellian-based 16-moment set of transport equations is used, since this set is expected to be superior to Maxwellian-based equations in describing large temperature anisotropies and heat flows. The present solutions corroborate earlier results when similar boundary conditions are used. Also, for previously unexplored combinations of boundary conditions, the present solutions are often qualitatively different from any obtained before.
Binding of a cyclic BIV β-tat peptide with its TAR RNA construct

The ability of RNA structures to adopt diverse yet complex tertiary structures has resulted in numerous fascinating RNA-protein recognition events. It was recently reported that a close relative of the HIV Rev peptide, namely a 17 residue Tat peptide from bovine immuno-deficiency virus (BIV), is able to bind to the 28 nucleotide BIV TAR RNA construct. Here we report that by simply converting the 17 residue beta-ribbon peptide structure to a 19 residue cyclopeptide, the binding affinity (Kd) of the resulting cyclopeptide to the TAR RNA target, observed by fluorescence binding study, was enhanced approximately 5-fold.
A neurological model of sensory‐motor problem solving with possible implications for higher‐order cognition and instruction

Grossberg's neural modeling principles of learning, perception, cognition, and motor control are presented as the basis for construction of a neurological model of sensory-motor problem solving. The pattern of problem solving is assumed to be universal, thus is sought in the higher-order shift from the child's use of an additive strategy to the adolescent's use of a proportions strategy to solve the Pouring Water Task (Suarez and Rhonheimer, 1974). Possible neurological principles involved in this shift and in the process of psychological equilibration are discussed as are possible educational implications.
PRIMARY CUTANEOUS BACILLUS CEREUS INFECTION IN NEUTROPENIC CHILDREN

A review of culture reports for a five-year period at St Jude Children's Research Hospital yielded 10 cases of primary cutaneous Bacillus cereus infection in neutropenic patients treated for cancer or aplastic anaemia. Vesicles or pustules were seen only on the limbs. The infections, all of which arose in the spring or summer, responded to antibiotics. In neutropenic patients B cereus should thus be regarded as a possible cause of isolated vesicles.
CVD reactors for the synthesis of inorganic fibers. Modeling and experimental evaluation

Abstract In this work the application of CVD technologies for coating of fibrous substrates is addressed. The transport phenomena occurring in the reactor chamber are modeled in terms of conservation laws. The resulting mathematical model is solved by means of the GFEM. Two- and preliminary three-dimensional results are reported in the actual range of experimental conditions. Based on boundary layer assumptions for the gas phase, a one-dimensional “moving boundary” model for the deposition surface is formulated. Characteristics of fibers manufactured in the laboratory are presented and model predictions are analyzed. Several design and operation problems are pinpointed and further modeling studies are outlined.
Addressing the assessment challenge with an online system that tutors as it assesses

Secondary teachers across the United States are being asked to use formative assessment data (Black and Wiliam 1998a,b; Roediger and Karpicke 2006) to inform their classroom instruction. At the same time, critics of US government's No Child Left Behind legislation are calling the bill "No Child Left Untested". Among other things, critics point out that every hour spent assessing students is an hour lost from instruction. But, does it have to be? What if we better integrated assessment into classroom instruction and allowed students to learn during the test? We developed an approach that provides immediate tutoring on practice assessment items that students cannot solve on their own. Our hypothesis is that we can achieve more accurate assessment by not only using data on whether students get test items right or wrong, but by also using data on the effort required for students to solve a test item with instructional assistance. We have integrated assistance and assessment in the ASSISTment system. The system helps teachers make better use of their time by offering instruction to students while providing a more detailed evaluation of student abilities to the teachers, which is impossible under current approaches. Our approach for assessing student math proficiency is to use data that our system collects through its interactions with students to estimate their performance on an end-of-year high stakes state test. Our results show that we can do a reliably better job predicting student end-of-year exam scores by leveraging the interaction data, and the model based on only the interaction information makes better predictions than the traditional assessment model that uses only information about correctness on the test items.
The New Wave in Shock Waves

Laser-driven shock waves (0−5 GPa) can be generated at high repetition rates (100/s) using a moderate-energy tabletop picosecond laser system and a multilayered microfabricated shock target array. High spatial resolution is needed to obtain high temporal resolution of the effects of a steeply rising shock front on molecular materials. The needed spatial resolution is obtained using a sandwich arrangement with a thin layer of sample material termed an “optical nanogauge”. Experiments with an anthracene nanogauge show that ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy can be used to determine the shock temperature, pressure, velocity, and shock front rise time. Shock pulses can be generated with rise times <25 ps, which generate irreversible shock compression, and with rise times of a few hundred picoseconds, which generate reversible compression. These pulses, which have a duration of a few nanoseconds, are termed “nanoshock” pulses. Nanoshock pulses produce large-amplitude mechanical perturbations and can initiate a...
Hydrogen bonding part 66. Further studies of the fluoride ion assisted dissolution of 1-methyl-4,5-dicarboxyimidazole: absence of cation participation and stoichiometric considerations

Abstract Excess 1-methyl-4,5-dicarboxyimidazole (H 2 MDCI) dissolves into saturated solution in the presence of sodium fluoride, and precisely four F − are required for each H 2 MDCI solubilized. To account for the apparent removal of two acidic hydrogens from H 2 MDCI in the presence of undissociated diacid we postulated strong complexation of Na + by MDCI 2− . We now find that the dissolution behavior of H 2 MDCI in the presence of either cesium or tetramethylammonium fluoride is identical to that with sodium fluoride. As cesium ion should bind weakly if at all to MDCI 2− , and tetramethylammonium ion should not be bound, we conclude that the cation present plays no role in the fluoride ion assisted dissolution of H 2 MDCI. Analysis of dissolution stoichiometry and titration data suggests the possibility that two F − react with H 2 MDCI to form HMDCI − and HF − 2 and that two more F − are required but do not act to abstract acid hydrogen.
Delivering instructions for inherently-3D construction tasks: lessons and questions for universal accessibility

The notion that usability follows from the three dimensions, user, system and task, is not new. Clearly any model of effective user-centered design includes some focus on task; our work is an attempt to refine this notion. In this paper, I discuss a class of problems that we have dubbed inherently-3D construction tasks. These tasks should lend themselves to dual presentations, particularly those that include user-controlled 3D models or realistic videos. The results of several studies are described; the results indicate that dual presentations are effective at presenting instructions for inherently-3D construction tasks. When embedded in dual presentations, 3D models may be effective in presenting instructions for these types of tasks as well, so long as users make use of the models. A number of discussion questions are posited as to how this work would transfer to a wider population of users than was included in the studies that are reported.
Programmable applications: interpreter meets interface

Current fashion in "user-friendly" software design tends to place an over-reliance on direct manipulation interfaces. To be truly expressive (and thus truly user-friendly), applications need both learnable interfaces and domain-enriched languages that are accessible to the user. This paper discusses some of the design issues that arise in the creation of such programmable applications. As an example, we present "SchemePaint," a graphics application that combines a MacPaint-like interface with an interpreter for (a "graphics-enriched") Scheme.
FGF-2 Induces Neuronal Death through Upregulation of System xc-

Abstract The cystine/glutamate antiporter (system xc-) transports cystine into cell in exchange for glutamate. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) upregulates system xc- selectively on astrocytes, which leads to increased cystine uptake, the substrate for glutathione production, and increased glutamate release. While increased intracellular glutathione can limit oxidative stress, the increased glutamate release can potentially lead to excitotoxicity to neurons. To test this hypothesis, mixed neuronal and glial cortical cultures were treated with FGF-2. Treatment with FGF-2 for 48 h caused a significant neuronal death in these cultures. Cell death was not observed in neuronal-enriched cultures, or astrocyte-enriched cultures, suggesting the toxicity was the result of neuron-glia interaction. Blocking system xc- eliminated the neuronal death as did the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX), but not the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. When cultures were exposed directly to glutamate, both NBQX and memantine blocked the neuronal toxicity. The mechanism of this altered profile of glutamate receptor mediated toxicity by FGF-2 is unclear. The selective calcium permeable AMPA receptor antagonist 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine (NASPM) failed to offer protection. The most likely explanation for the results is that 48 h FGF-2 treatment induces AMPA/kainate receptor toxicity through increased system xc- function resulting in increased release of glutamate. At the same time, FGF-2 alters the sensitivity of the neurons to glutamate toxicity in a manner that promotes selective AMPA/kainate receptor mediated toxicity.
“The Most Belligerent Non-resistant” Lucretia Mott on Women’s Rights

Lucretia Mott is widely recognized as a moral and spiritual leader in the abolitionist and early women’s rights movements. She has been characterized as a disciple of William Lloyd Garrison, a proliferator of Mary Wollstonecraft’s ideas, and a religious promoter of human rights whose efforts were surpassed by the theoretically sophisticated and politically astute Elizabeth Cady Stanton. These portrayals paradoxically elevate Mott’s status while understating the originality of her views. This analysis examines Mott’s speeches and writings in detail and finds that her unique theoretical contributions are shaped by a combination of elements: a radically anti-dogmatic worldview rooted in her progressive religious faith, an unwavering commitment to autonomy for all people, and an egalitarian conception of power. Careful study of Mott’s work reveals a compelling alternative viewpoint in the early women’s rights and abolitionist movements and provides important insight into the philosophical roots of contemporar...
Baby Pictures Family, Consumerism and Exchange among Teen Mothers in the USA

Like many parents in the US, teen mothers regularly have professional portraits taken of their children. This article, based on an ethnographic study of a diverse group of teen mothers in urban California, analyzes these baby pictures as representations of childhood, motherhood and family, and as material objects used in the construction of kin networks. Through these portraits teen mothers construct themselves as good mothers, resisting public denunciations of their childbearing at the same time that they embrace consumer culture. Small photos are exchanged with their friends and family members, contributing to a culture of care, albeit one based on market principles.