cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of the energy levels of donor-acceptor pairs

Abstract The electronic energy levels of the donor-acceptor pair are investigated theoretically in the effective mass approximation in a way similar to the Heitler-London treatment of the hydrogen molecule. The cores are approximated by point charges; the medium, by a continuous dielectric; and the two-particle wave function, by a single product of the separated donor and acceptor wave functions. No exchange integral arises, and the total ionization energy decreases with increasing degree of association. The analysis is generalized to pairs whose electron and hole masses are unequal and to pairs in polar media. The optical transition energies involved in the creation and evolved in the annihilation of the bound exciton are calculated. The effect of state of ionization on the electron and hole levels is determined. In highly-associated pairs the ionization of the electron or hole greatly reduces the ionization energy of the remaining particle. The analysis is applied to zinc sulfide containing Group IIIB donors and Group IB acceptors, and supports the identification of the long-wavelength luminescent emission as the transition between the ground states of donor and acceptor in quite highly-associated pairs. Other possible applications are suggested.
Managing childhood asthma: clinical experience with the measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)

Abstract Asthma is a common and potentially serious problem in infants, children and young people, having a significant impact on their physical and emotional wellbeing. While asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting children and preventative and relieving medication is available, the condition still continues to place an enormous burden on sufferers' quality of life and severe asthma attacks may be life-threatening. Problems also persist in prescribing unnecessary inhaled corticosteroids and in treatment adherence. In addition to standard spirometry (lung function testing), new biomarkers of asthma are helping to clarify phenotypes and provide important insights in many children. This review explores the use of one of these markers, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), for the assessment, diagnosis and management of asthma in children and adolescents.
Real-time dose computation: GPU-accelerated source modeling and superposition/convolution.

Purpose: To accelerate dose calculation to interactive rates using highly parallel graphics processing units (GPUs). Methods: The authors have extended their prior work in GPU-accelerated superposition/convolution with a modern dual-source model and have enhanced performance. The primary source algorithm supports both focused leaf ends and asymmetric rounded leaf ends. The extra-focal algorithm uses a discretized, isotropic area source and models multileaf collimator leaf height effects. The spectral and attenuation effects of static beam modifiers were integrated into each source's spectral function. The authors introduce the concepts of arc superposition and delta superposition. Arc superposition utilizes separate angular sampling for the total energy released per unit mass (TERMA) and superposition computations to increase accuracy and performance. Delta superposition allows single beamlet changes to be computed efficiently. The authors extended their concept of multi-resolution superposition to include kernel tilting. Multi-resolution superposition approximates solid angle ray-tracing, improving performance and scalability with a minor loss in accuracy. Superposition/convolution was implemented using the inverse cumulative-cumulative kernel and exact radiological path ray-tracing. The accuracy analyses were performed using multiple kernel ray samplings, both with and without kernel tilting and multi-resolution superposition. Results: Source model performance was <9 ms (data dependent) for a high resolution (400{sup 2})more » field using an NVIDIA (Santa Clara, CA) GeForce GTX 280. Computation of the physically correct multispectral TERMA attenuation was improved by a material centric approach, which increased performance by over 80%. Superposition performance was improved by {approx}24% to 0.058 and 0.94 s for 64{sup 3} and 128{sup 3} water phantoms; a speed-up of 101-144x over the highly optimized Pinnacle{sup 3} (Philips, Madison, WI) implementation. Pinnacle{sup 3} times were 8.3 and 94 s, respectively, on an AMD (Sunnyvale, CA) Opteron 254 (two cores, 2.8 GHz). Conclusions: The authors have completed a comprehensive, GPU-accelerated dose engine in order to provide a substantial performance gain over CPU based implementations. Real-time dose computation is feasible with the accuracy levels of the superposition/convolution algorithm.« less
Effect of Miso (Japanese soybean paste) and NaCl on DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors

An AIN-76A diet supplemented with miso (Japanese soybean paste) reduced the incidence (p = 0.05, Fishers exact test) and delayed the appearance (p = 0.04, log rank test) of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in female Sprague-Dawley rats. A NaCl-supplemented AIN-76A diet (containing the same amount of NaCl as in the miso-supplemented diet) also delayed the appearance of tumors (p = 0.02, log rank test) compared with the AIN-76A control diet. The miso- and NaCl-supplemented diet treatment groups showed a trend toward a lower number of cancers per animal, a trend toward a higher number of benign tumors per animal, and a trend toward a lower growth rate of cancers compared with controls. However, no statistical differences in the total number of tumors per animal or growth rate of the cancers were observed in the miso, NaCl, and control groups. Both miso and NaCl supplementation resulted in increased water intake and urine output but no change in the growth of the animals. These data suggest that miso consumption may be a factor producing a lower breast cancer incidence in Japanese women.
Measurement and thermodynamic modeling of Np(V) solubility in aqueous K2CO3 solutions to high concentrations

The solubility of Np(V) solids was studied in 0.01 to 6.38 mol-Kg-1 2CO3 solutions. Two series of experiments were conducted from undersaturation using NpO2OH(s) or KNpO2CO3(s) as the starting solid. The Np(V) solid phases observed at steady state are KNpO2CO3(s) and K3NpO2(CO3)2(s). The activity coefficient formalism of Pitzer was used to obtain a thermodynamic interpretation of these data, including the solubility constants: $$\begin{gathered} KNpO_2 CO_3 (s) \rightleftharpoons K^ + + NpO_2^ + + CO_3^{2 - } log K_s = - 13.6 \pm 0.1(2\sigma ) \hfill \\ K_3 NpO_2 (CO_3 )_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons 3K^ + + NpO_2^ + + 2CO_3^{2 - } log K_s = - 15.9 \pm 0.1(2\sigma ) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ To model these data, we propose values for several binary and ternary ion interaction parameters among the carbonate ion, potassium ion, and the neptunyl triscarbonato ion. With these new parameters, the thermodynamic data base for Np(V) solubility in concentrated aqueous solutions has been extended to the NaK-C1-C1O4-CO3-H-OH-H2O system.
Some Stochastic Stress-Strength Processes

General engineering stress-strength relationships are studied in this paper as they fit a bivariate continuous-time random process. The reliability is then classed into time bands of durability, wear, and fatigue. The particular processes are composed of extreme-value random variates with monotonic time parameters such that the stress is a stochastically increasing r. v. and the strength is a stochastically decreasing r.v.
A Model of Retail Location, Scale, and Intensity:

A model of retail activity which focuses on firm location, firm size, and intensity of capital use is developed. This model has discrete and continuous dependent variables. Owing to its nonlinearity, a number of approximation techniques to facilitate parameter estimation are explored. The two promising approaches require making floor space a discrete variable. The first method places restrictions on the structure of unobserved variables in the discrete choice of floor space and location. The second approach uses the multinomial probit model of discrete choice. The latter model is more general than the former but will require the modification of existing probit estimation procedures.
Restricted Feeding of Broiler Type Replacement Stock

Abstract IN RECENT years there has been much interest in the various feeding systems in growing replacement stock for both egg strain and meat strain pullets. These feeding systems have principally been a comparison of full-feeding (allowing the birds to consume all they will eat of a “high” energy type ration) versus restricted feeding (allowing the birds less feed daily than they would consume). Recent emphasis has been on the various means of accomplishing restriction. These means are: (1) limiting the feeding time of the bird, (2) limiting the feed intake of a “high” energy grower formula, (3) limiting the mash feeding to a certain number of days per week, (4) using a grain-mash system, or (5) adding fiber to the formula to give the desired energy level per pound of feed. The latter method, of adding fiber at levels of 6–20% of the ration, is the more recently developed …
On the Ferromagnetic Resonance in Nickel and Supermalloy

Both the real and imaginary part of the high frequency permeability of flat specimens of nickel and supermalloy have been investigated at 9030 mc/sec. and 24400 mc/sec., with a constant field ${H}_{0}$ parallel to the plane of the specimen. For the higher frequency, experiments were extended beyond the Curie point (358\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for nickel and about 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for supermalloy). The decrease in saturation magnetization causes the maximum and the minimum of ferromagnetic absorption to shift toward higher field strengths. The $g$ factor is independent of temperature within the limit of error (2 percent); $g=2.12$ for supermalloy and $g=2.20$ for nickel.The line width in nickel increases first slowly, but above 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C more rapidly from 250 gauss at room temperature to 700 gauss at the Curie point, the width being defined as half the width between the points where the imaginary part of the susceptibility has dropped to half its maximum value. In supermalloy the width is 110 gauss between 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and then rises sharply to 350 gauss at 420\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. There is no discontinuity at the Curie point, but the intensity of the absorption drops very rapidly beyond that temperature. At the lower frequency the width is reduced by approximately a factor 1.6.The observed data are compared with existing theories. Only interactions of the ferromagnetic spins with the lattice vibrations or the conduction electrons could probably account for the observed order of magnitude of the width. It is not clear, however, how the width could be independent over a large temperature interval, if these interactions were the only broadening agent. A pseudo-dipolar interaction, introduced by Van Vleck, might give an explanation for the line width at lower temperatures.
Mercury in foods.

A discussion of the dictionary definition of the word meat is presented. It is part of a rebuttal of a criticism of a paper on the relevance of current standards for mercury contamination of food. Incidences of mercury poisoning in humans by ingestion of contaminated food are briefly discussed. 2 references.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Past 10 Years

ABSTRACT Objective To review the literature on pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from the perspective of information relevant to American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology recertification in child and adolescent psychiatry. Method The clinical and research literatures were systematically searched for articles that address the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric OCD. Results Drawing from the literature and their own clinical experience, the authors note that (1) OCD is a common neuropsychiatric disorder; (2) comorbidity is common, especially with tic, attention-deficit, anxiety, and affective disorders; (3) OCD following group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection may define an autoimmune sub-grouping calling for immunomodulatory treatments; and (4) OCD-specific cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor define the psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic treatments of choice, respectively. Conclusion Child psychiatrists should be familiar with the differential diagnosis and treatment of OCD.
Research in radiology residency programs: A survey

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are characteristics that typify research undertaken in diagnostic radiology residency programs, to determine how the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Residency Review Committee's scholarly activity requirement is met by those programs not requiring research, and to ascertain whether differences in research requirements exist between university-based residency programs and those in private facilities. Materials and Methods. A one-page survey regarding research requirements during residency was mailed to the 203 program directors of accredited diagnostic radiology residency programs. Chief residents from programs that had not responded to the survey were interviewed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Data collected were analyzed by using Pearson's χ2 test. Results. Ninety-two residency programs responded to the survey. Residents were required to assist a faculty member with research in 33% of programs and perform independent research in 20%. There was no statistically significant difference between private practice-based and university-based training programs. A total of 53% of residency programs required some type of resident research. Defined rotations in research were less common (14%). Time off for research activity was granted on request in 23% of the programs. Programs that did not require research used voluntary research activity (25%) and teaching opportunities (17%) to meet the scholarly activity requirement. Conclusion. While there is no specific ACGME requirement for research by residents, data indicate that the majority of programs consider research activity, either independent or by assisting faculty, to fulfill the ACGME scholarly activity requirement. However, no single method was selected by more than 33% of those responding.
Outward sodium and potassium cotransport in human red cells.

This paper reports some kinetic properties of Na−K cotransport in human red cells. All fluxes were measured in the presence of 10−4 M ouabain. We measured Na and K efflux from cells loaded by the PCMBS method to contain different concentrations of these ions into a medium that contained neither Na nor K (MgCl2-sucrose substitution) in the absence and presence of furosemide. Furosemide inhibited 30–60% of the total efflux depending on the internal ion concentration and the individual subject. We took the furosemide-sensitive fluxes to be a measure of Na−K cotransport. The ratio of Na to K cotransport was 1 over the entire range of internal Na and K concentrations studied. When Na was substituted for K as the only internal cation, cotransport was maximally activated when the Na and K concentrations were between 20 and 90 mmol/liter cells. The concentration of internal Na required to produce half-maximal cotransport was about 13±4 mmol/liter cells (n=4), while the comparable concentration of K was somewhat lower. The activation curve was definitely sigmoid in character, suggesting that at least two Na ions are involved in the transport process. The maximum of Na−K cotransport was about 0.5±0.15 mmol/liter cells × hr (n=5); it had a flat maximum in the medium at about pH 7.0, decreasing in both the acid and alkaline sides. furosemide-resistant effluxes were found to be linear functions of internal Na and K concentrations and to yield rate coefficients of 0.019±0.002 hr−1 and 0.014±0.002 hr−1 (n=7), respectively. These values are of the same order of magnitude expected of ions moving across phospholipid bilayers.
What virtual reality research in addictions can tell us about the future of obesity assessment and treatment.

Virtual reality (VR), a system of human–computer interaction that allows researchers and clinicians to immerse people in virtual worlds, is gaining considerable traction as a research, education, and treatment tool. Virtual reality has been used successfully to treat anxiety disorders such as fear of flying and post-traumatic stress disorder, as an aid in stroke rehabilitation, and as a behavior modification aid in the treatment of attention deficit disorder. Virtual reality has also been employed in research on addictive disorders. Given the strong evidence that drug-dependent people are highly prone to use and relapse in the presence of environmental stimuli associated with drug use, VR is an ideal platform from which to study this relationship. Research using VR has shown that drug-dependent people react with strong craving to specific cues (e.g., cigarette packs, liquor bottles) as well as environments or settings (e.g., bar, party) associated with drug use. Virtual reality has also been used to enhance learning and generalization of relapse prevention skills in smokers by reinforcing these skills in lifelike environments. Obesity researchers and treatment professionals, building on the lessons learned from VR research in substance abuse, have the opportunity to adapt these methods for investigating their own research and treatment questions. Virtual reality is ideally suited to investigate the link between food cues and environmental settings with eating behaviors and self-report of hunger. In addition, VR can be used as a treatment tool for enhancing behavior modification goals to support healthy eating habits by reinforcing these goals in life–like situations.
Student Attitudes Toward Service-Learning: Implications for Implementation:

Are there student-based barriers that instructors must overcome in integrating service-learning into their courses? This article seeks to provide a starting point for implementing service-learning by describing student attitudes toward community service. The constructs of self-efficacy, helping behavior, and cost/benefit are used to assess student perceptions of community service and service-learning. Implications for structuring service-learning projects and coordinating service-learning initiatives at the college and university levels are discussed.
Immunoelectronmicroscopy of Soluble and Membrane Proteins with a Sensitive Postembedding Method

SUMMARY The application of immunoelectronmicroscopy to soluble proteins is limited because soluble proteins can redistribute during fixation. Fixation may also adversely affect the recognition of proteins associated with membranes. We show here how displacements of soluble proteins can be prevented and antigen sensitivity improved by freeze-substitution immunocytochemistry. The usefulness of this method for soluble cytoplasmic proteins is demonstrated for the twitchin protein in Aplysia muscle and the kinesin motor proteins in squid giant axons, in which the sizes of various cytoplasmic pools of kinesins are estimated. The utility for membrane proteins present in small numbers of copies is demonstrated by labeling a glutamate receptor subunit in mouse cerebellar cortex and the ZO-1 protein in tight junctions between MDCK cells. Thus, freeze-substitution immunocytochemistry can show the native distribution of both soluble and membrane proteins labeled with polyclonal antibodies and, at the same time, can reveal structural features comparable to those in chemically fixed or osmium freeze-substituted samples.
Self‐Efficacy and Causal Attributions: Direct and Reciprocal Links

This study examines Bandura's (1986, 1997a) propositions that self-efficacy provides information from which causal attributions are made and that causal attributions, in turn, influence formation of subsequent self-efficacy expectations. We developed a conceptual rationale for and empirically tested 2 sets of hypotheses pertaining to direct and reciprocal links between self-efficacy and causal attributions. Effects of causal attributions and subsequently formed self-efficacy on subsequent task performance were also investigated. Results support the existence of direct and reciprocal links between self-efficacy and causal attributions. We found interactive effects between self-efficacy and performance feedback on causal attributions, and a mediating effect of causal attributions on the formation of subsequent self-efficacy beliefs. Causal attributions and subsequent self-efficacy also significantly predicted subsequent performance.
Understanding Sequelae of Injury Mechanisms and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Incurred during the Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A cross-sectional study of military personnel following deployment to conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan ascertained histories of combat theater injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and current prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postconcussive symptoms. Associations among injuries, PTSD, and postconcussive symptoms were explored. In February 2005, a postal survey was sent to Iraq/Afghanistan veterans who had left combat theaters by September 2004 and lived in Maryland; Washington, DC; northern Virginia; and eastern West Virginia. Immediate neurologic symptoms postinjury were used to identify mild TBI. Adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed by using Poisson regression. About 12% of 2,235 respondents reported a history consistent with mild TBI, and 11% screened positive for PTSD. Mild TBI history was common among veterans injured by bullets/shrapnel, blasts, motor vehicle crashes, air/water transport, and falls. Factors associated with PTSD included reporting multiple injury mechanisms (prevalence ratio = 3.71 for three or more mechanisms, 95% confidence interval: 2.23, 6.19) and combat mild TBI (prevalence ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.72, 3.28). The strongest factor associated with postconcussive symptoms was PTSD, even after overlapping symptoms were removed from the PTSD score (prevalence ratio = 3.79, 95% confidence interval: 2.57, 5.59).
Mutation in Caenorhabditis elegans Krüppel-like factor, KLF-3 results in fat accumulation and alters fatty acid composition

In vertebrates, adipose tissue stores energy in the form of fat. Fat storage is tightly controlled by and dynamically balanced with energy expenditure under physiological settings; the perturbation of fat in either excess (obese) or deficit (lipodystrophy) has devastating pathologic consequences in the fueling of homeostasis and organismal fitness. The process by which fat storage is coordinated through positive and negative feedback signals is still poorly understood. To address potential mechanisms underlying fat storage we study a Caenorhabditis elegans Kruppel-like transcription factor, Ce-klf-3 and demonstrate that klf-3 is a hitherto unrecognized key regulator of fat metabolism in C. elegans. The Ce-klf-3 is highly expressed during larval development and predominantly present in intestine: the site of fat digestion, absorption, storage, and utilization. We found a strong positive correlation between klf-3 expression and fat deposition in a worm's intestine. Significantly, a klf-3 (ok1975) loss-of-function mutation, characterized by the deletion of a 1658-bp sequence spanning the 3' end of exon 2 through to the 5' end of exon 3 of klf-3, enhanced fat deposition in the intestine and caused severe defects in worm reproduction. Although klf-3 mutants seemed very similar to wild type worms in appearance and life span, 70% of mutants became semi-sterile, each producing 40-50 viable progenies, and the remaining 30% were rendered completely sterile toward adulthood. Notably, both mutant types displayed extensive deposition of fat in the intestine. Our study also demonstrates that klf-3 is critical for maintaining normal fatty acid composition by regulating genes involved in a fatty acid desaturation pathway. Strikingly, klf-3 mutant animals with impaired fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway genes resulted in fat accumulation in the mutant worm. We present the first clear in vivo evidence supporting essential regulatory roles of KLF-3 in fat storage in C. elegans and shed light on the human equivalent in disease-gene association.
The emotional sequelae of nonmarital relationship dissolution: Analysis of change and intraindividual variability over time.

This paper examined the emotional sequelae of nonmarital relationship dissolution among 58 young adults. Participants were recruited while in a serious dating relationship, and when it ended, were signaled randomly with beepers for 28 days to complete an emotions diary. Compared to participants in intact dating relationships, dissolution participants reported more emotional volatility, especially immediately following the breakup. Multilevel growth modeling showed a linear decline in love and curvilinear patterns for sadness, anger, and relief. Contact with a former partner slowed the decline for love and sadness, and attachment style and the impact of the breakup predicted the emotional start-points and rate(s) of change over time. The results are discussed in terms of the functional role of postrelationship emotions as well as the importance of understanding patterns of intraindividual variability and differential predictors of emotional change.
Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for Electromagnetic Wireless Nanonetworks in the Terahertz Band

Nanotechnologies promise new solutions for several applications in the biomedical, industrial and military fields. At the nanoscale, a nanomachine is considered as the most basic functional unit which is able to perform very simple tasks. Communication among nanomachines will allow them to accomplish more complex functions in a distributed manner. In this paper, the state of the art in molecular electronics is reviewed to motivate the study of the Terahertz Band (0.1-10.0 THz) for electromagnetic (EM) communication among nano-devices. A new propagation model for EM communications in the Terahertz Band is developed based on radiative transfer theory and in light of molecular absorption. This model accounts for the total path loss and the molecular absorption noise that a wave in the Terahertz Band suffers when propagating over very short distances. Finally, the channel capacity of the Terahertz Band is investigated by using this model for different power allocation schemes, including a scheme based on the transmission of femtosecond-long pulses. The results show that for very short transmission distances, in the order of several tens of millimeters, the Terahertz channel supports very large bit-rates, up to few terabits per second, which enables a radically different communication paradigm for nanonetworks.
Heterogeneity in Patterns of Sexual Risk Behaviors among African-American Youth: Associations with General and Race-Specific Factors.

This descriptive study employed a within-groups analytic approach to examine patterns of sexual risk behavior and co-occurring general and race/ethnicity-specific risk and protective factors in a community sample of African-American youth (n = 436). Cluster analysis was used to classify young adults by levels of self-reported past year sexual risk behaviors. MANOVA, ANOVA, and chi-square analyses indicated significant associations between cluster membership and (a) lifetime psychiatric diagnoses, (b) peer substance use behaviors, and (c) self-reported past year alcohol and marijuana use. Cluster membership was not associated with several race/ethnicity-specific variables: racial/ethnic orientation, cultural mistrust, and perceived discrimination. The results of the current study can inform the development of HIV/STI prevention strategies for vulnerable African-American youth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 447–462, 2007.
KAMAL MATINUDDIN, The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999). Pp. 306.

In his book, The Taliban Phenomenon, Kamal Matinuddin does not offer a central thesis regarding Afghan politics or the Taliban movement. Rather, he discusses a number of important questions pertaining to the Taliban movement. Since the rise of the Taliban, their identity has been disputed. The opponents of the Taliban claim that many members of the movement are natives of Pakistan. In contrast, the supporters of the Taliban assert that they are ethnic Afghans. Matinuddin's discussion of the origins of the Taliban addresses this controversy. According to Matinuddin, during the 1980s a large number of Islamic seminaries (d―in―i mad―aris) were established in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan and oil-rich Arab states paid for most of the expenses of these institutions. In 1997, about 220,000 students were enrolled in these seminaries. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, a large number of young Afghan refugees registered in these institutions. When the Taliban movement began, not only Afghan students (Taliban) of these seminaries joined the movement, but Pakistani Taliban from these institutions also joined their Afghan colleagues in their efforts to take control of Afghanistan. Thus, according to Matinuddin, the Taliban movement is an Afghan phenomenon, but occasionally Pakistani Taliban help their Afghan colleagues in the battlefield. However, Pakistani Taliban do not take orders from the government of Pakistan.
The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America

Rather than striving to measure the influence of groups in the policy-making process this article concentrates instead on the ways in which interest groups are created and the means by which they remain in existence. A survey by mail was conducted during 1980-1981 of all voluntary associations that are open to membership and concerned with some aspects of public policy at the national level. The sample of groups was chosen from the Congressional Quarterly's Washington Information Directory. Questionnaires were delivered to 913 interest groups, and usable responses were received from 564, yielding a response rate of 64.8%. Most studies of groups have concerned the tactics employed by group leaders in attracting and holding their members. This study demonstrates that the origins and maintenance of groups depends even more upon the success of group leaders in securing funds from outside their membership which are needed to keep their groups in operation. Estimates of patronage from different sources are provided as well as data on the congruence between the policy goals of groups and their patrons,
Clinical Habits and the Psychiatrist: An Adult Developmental Model Focusing on the Academic Psychiatrist

Objective The authors examine the development of the psychiatrist from an adult developmental perspective, focusing on the early development and consolidation of highly adaptive clinical and other professional habits. They place special emphasis on the professional development of the academic psychiatrist.
Are Critical Pathways and Implant Standardization Programs Effective in Reducing Costs in Total Knee Replacement Operations

Background Total knee replacement (TKR) operation is one of the most effective procedures, both clinically and in terms of cost. Because of increased volume and cost for this procedure during the past 3 decades, TKRs are often targeted for cost reduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two cost reducing methodologies, establishment of critical clinical pathways, and standardization of implant costs. Study Design Ninety patients (90 knees) were randomly selected from a population undergoing primary TKR during a 2-year period at a tertiary teaching hospital. Patients were assigned to three groups that corresponded to different strategies implemented during the evolution of the joint-replacement program. Medical records were reviewed for type of anesthesia, operative time, length of stay, and any perioperative complications. Financial information for each patient was compared among the three groups. Results Data analysis demonstrated that the institution of a critical pathway significantly shortened length of hospital stay and was effective in reducing the hospital costs by 18% (p Conclusions Standardized postoperative management protocols and critical clinical pathways can reduce costs and operative time. Future efforts must focus on lowering the costs of the prostheses, particularly with competitive bidding or capitation of prostheses costs. Although a single-vendor approach was not effective in this study, it is possible that a cost reduction could have been realized if more TKRs were performed, because the pricing contract was based on projected volume of TKRs to be done by the hospital.
The Case of a Bow Legged Toddler

A 34-month-old African American male was referred for evaluation of anteromedial bowing of the legs (Fig. 1⇓ ). Pronounced widening of the wrists and beading of the ribs at the costochondral junctions were also confirmed by X-ray. He was breast-fed until 2 years of age. He had eczema, but no other significant medical or family …
Comparison of asthma-related functional consequences and health care utilization among children with and without upper respiratory infection-triggered wheezing.

Objective. We compared differences in functional consequences and health care utilization in middle school–age children, based on whether they reported wheezing triggered by upper respiratory infections (URI-TW). Methods. Information on asthma symptoms, URI-TW, and functional consequence and health care use outcomes was collected from approximately 128,000 children; symptomatic participants were included in the analysis. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios were used to make comparisons. Results. URI-TW was significantly associated with most outcomes examined, with stronger associations at increasing levels of outcomes for sleep disturbances, school absences, activity limitations, physician visits, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, inhaler use, and tablets/pills to help breathing. Conclusion. Children who report URI-TW during their middle school years experience substantial morbidity and high health care utilization compared with symptomatic children without URI-TW.
Age-Layered Expectation Maximization for Parameter Learning in Bayesian Networks

The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is a popular algorithm for parameter estimation in models with hidden variables. However, the algorithm has several non-trivial limitations, a signicant one being variation in eventual solutions found, due to convergence to local optima. Several techniques have been proposed to allay this problem, for example initializing EM from multiple random starting points and selecting the highest likelihood out of all runs. In this work, we a) show that this method can be very expensive computationally for dicult Bayesian networks, and b) in re
Wafer-level vacuum package with vertical feedthroughs

This paper reports a MEMS vacuum package with vertical feedthroughs formed in a glass substrate all at the wafer level. This approach satisfies requirements for MEMS vacuum packages, including small size, vacuum/hermetic capability, sealed and low parasitic feedthroughs, wafer level processing, compatibility with most MEMS processes, and low cost. It also enables flip-chip solder attachment to a PC board. The package has an integrated micro-Pirani gauge on a glass substrate for in-situ monitoring, silicon cap, and vertical feedthroughs through the glass. The integrated Pirani gauge has 0.6mTorr resolution at 0.1Torr and 0.2Torr resolution at 100Torr. Using the Pirani gauge, we have achieved /spl sim/11Torr base pressure inside the vacuum package without a getter. Another package sealed at /spl sim/80Torr has maintained its pressure for more than 2 months.
Sediment supply and channel morphology in mountain river systems: 2. Single thread to braided transitions

Differences in sediment supply between single-thread and braided channel types provide a long-recognized, though difficult to quantify, pattern discrimination. Building on the results from our preceding paper, we present a multiscale assessment of the sediment supply, geomorphology, and sediment transport characteristics of braided, gravel-bedded reaches in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. First, we present a quantitative, theoretically based discriminant function that stratifies single-thread and braided reaches on the basis of variations in bankfull sediment concentration and dimensionless discharge following the work of Millar (2005) and Eaton et al. (2010). This function correctly classifies 50 of the 53 channel types where bed load concentrations are known. Second, while channel pattern transitions are often linked to changes in slope, field studies along Sunlight Creek, Wyoming, show that downstream transitions between single-thread and braided reaches are instead caused by valley constrictions and changes in the grain size of sediment from tributaries. Finally, we demonstrate that the two-dimensional variability in flow properties in braided reaches produces locally high values of shear stress and bed load transport. Yet bed load measurements and sediment transport calculations also show that sediment transport rates between adjoining braided and single-thread reaches may be approximately equal where channels are near the pattern threshold and downstream variations in bank fortitude and channel constriction force pattern transitions. Taken together, these results indicate that high bed load concentrations are fundamental to the braided channel planform and that braided channels likely reflect a quasi-equilibrium state within watersheds with persistent high sediment supply.
Quantifying the variance in application reliability

A notable drawback of the existing architecture-based reliability assessment techniques is that they only obtain a point estimate of application reliability and do not attempt to quantify the variance in the estimate. The variance in the reliability estimate of an application represents the risk associated with the estimate. Ideally, the variance should be zero, but in practice it is inevitable due to the following two factors: (i) variances in the reliability estimates of components comprising the application, and (ii) architectural characteristics of the application. Quantifying the variance in the reliability estimate of an application provides an indication of the degree of risk associated with the estimate, and can also suggest an appropriate variance reduction strategy. We present a technique to quantify the variance in the reliability estimate of an application based on its architecture. Our technique generates analytical functions which express the mean and variance of application reliability in terms of the means and variances of the component reliabilities as well as the architectural characteristics of the application. Through a case study, we illustrate how the analytical functions generated using our technique could be used to evaluate the impact of individual components on the mean and the variance in the application reliability.
A thermohydrodynamic analysis of a lubrication film between rough seal faces

AbstractA thermohydrodynamic model is presented to analyse the lubrication film between seal faces with provision for surface roughness. A simplified energy equation is derived and solved analytically. The variation of temperature in both radial and axial directions is considered. The effect of various parameters on the thermal behaviour of sealing gap is explored. It is shown that the temperature variation across the sealing gap can be significant, raising questions about the validity of constant viscosity solution often made in analyses.
Magnetospheric ion bombardment profiles of satellites: Europa and Dione

Bombardment profiles generated by tracking ions in magnetospheric plasmas onto the surface of a satellite with a suitable description of the ion motion are used to calculate the spatial dependence across a satellite surface of the ion bombardment/implantation rate for satellites embedded in planetary magnetospheric plasmas. Attention is given to the results of a parameter study; a general dependency on ion gyroradius and pitch angle is noted, together with a strong dependence of access to the leading hemisphere on pitch-angle distribution. Gyromotion is found to cause differences in the bombardment of the inner and outer hemisphere. Reasonable speed and pitch-angle distributions are used to calculate profiles for sulfur ions incident on Europa and oxygen ones incident on Dione.
Predicting the genetic consequences of future climate change: The power of coupling spatial demography, the coalescent, and historical landscape changes

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Climate change is a widely accepted threat to biodiversity. Species distribution models (SDMs) are used to forecast whether and how species distributions may track these changes. Yet, SDMs generally fail to account for genetic and demographic processes, limiting population-level inferences. We still do not understand how predicted environmental shifts will impact the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within taxa. METHODS We propose a novel method that predicts spatially explicit genetic and demographic landscapes of populations under future climatic conditions. We use carefully parameterized SDMs as estimates of the spatial distribution of suitable habitats and landscape dispersal permeability under present-day, past, and future conditions. We use empirical genetic data and approximate Bayesian computation to estimate unknown demographic parameters. Finally, we employ these parameters to simulate realistic and complex models of responses to future environmental shifts. We contrast parameterized models under current and future landscapes to quantify the expected magnitude of change. KEY RESULTS We implement this framework on neutral genetic data available from Penstemon deustus. Our results predict that future climate change will result in geographically widespread declines in genetic diversity in this species. The extent of reduction will heavily depend on the continuity of population networks and deme sizes. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide spatially explicit predictions of within-species genetic diversity using climatic, demographic, and genetic data. Our approach accounts for climatic, geographic, and biological complexity. This framework is promising for understanding evolutionary consequences of climate change, and guiding conservation planning.
An Environmental Approach to Positive Emotion: Flowers:

For more than 5000 years, people have cultivated flowers although there is no known reward for this costly behavior. In three different studies we show that flowers are a powerful positive emotion “inducer”. In Study 1, flowers, upon presentation to women, always elicited the Duchenne or true smile. Women who received flowers reported more positive moods 3 days later. In Study 2, a flower given to men or women in an elevator elicited more positive social behavior than other stimuli. In Study 3, flowers presented to elderly participants (55+ age) elicited positive mood reports and improved episodic memory. Flowers have immediate and long-term effects on emotional reactions, mood, social behaviors and even memory for both males and females. There is little existing theory in any discipline that explains these findings. We suggest that cultivated flowers are rewarding because they have evolved to rapidly induce positive emotion in humans, just as other plants have evolved to induce varying behavioral respons...
Further reflections on the humanistic psychology-positive psychology divide

Replies to comments by Morley (see record 2014-01475-010), Serlin (see record 2014-01475-011), Friedman (see record 2014-01475-012), Churchill and Mruk (see record 2014-01475-013), and Schneider (see record 2014-01475-014) on the current author's original article "The humanistic psychology-positive psychology divide: Contrasts in philosophical foundations" (see record 2013-12501-001). The article contrasting humanistic psychology and positive psychology with respect to their ontological, epistemological, and practical philosophical foundations has generated commentaries from leading proponents of varying perspectives within humanistic psychology. There is a great deal of material within those commentaries with which the current author is in full accord. It is worth noting at the outset that no one appears to be challenging the observations (a) that published exchanges between proponents of humanistic and positive psychology have been marked by tension and ambivalence, albeit with occasional efforts at reconciliation and rapprochement; (b) that proponents of the two perspectives differ with respect to the philosophers they most frequently cite in their writings; or (c) that such citations reflect the philosophical assumptions serving as foundations for the theoretical, research, and counseling/therapeutic endeavors of psychologists in both groups. The principal points of concurrence in the critiques published here are that the current underestimates the extent to which mutually supportive, collaborative work can be accomplished across the philosophical divide and that the recommendations the current author has made has advanced serious potential negative consequences for the field. The current author will address these points here in the reply, although space does not permit him to address other substantive points raised by individual commentators.
Computerized dietary analysis systems: a comparative view.

All of the information consumers need to make useful comparisons between the various computerized dietary analysis systems is not yet available in a standardized format.
SOME EXTENSIONS OF MONTAGUE GRAMMAR

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some extensions of Montague grammar. This is an attempt to make intelligible some mechanisms that, when added to the grammatical framework created by Montague, permit the treatment of a variety of English constructions—especially those involving sentence embedding. It highlights an element such as the abstraction operator of type-theoretic logics into the syntactic analysis of several kinds of complements and presents the development of Montague's program by exploiting strategies of direct decomposition rather than along the transformational lines followed by Partee. The chapter presents the syntactic theory in an informal but readable way. Like that draft, this one sacrifices rigor for intelligibility and omits a presentation of the semantic component. The first thing in making a Montague grammar for a language is to determine the system of grammatical categories. This is done by designating certain indices to represent primitive categories and choosing a collection of complex indices having the form A/ n B, where A and B may be any category indices, primitive or complex, and n may be any natural number.
Combination Phenobarbital/Antibiotic Drug Reactions

Undesirable drug reactions during simultaneous administration of high dosage phenobarbital and beta lactam antibiotics, mainly Cefotaxim, are reported in 24 of 49 children admitted to intensive care at the Klinikum der J W Goethe Universitat, Frankfort, Germany.