cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peptide mapping by capillary zone electrophoresis: How close is theoretical simulation to experimental determination

Abstract A multi-variable computer model is presented for the prediction of the electrophoretic mobilities of peptides at pH 2.5 from known physico–chemical constants of their amino acid residues. The model is empirical and does not claim any theoretical dependencies; however, the results suggest that, at least at this pH, peptides may be theoretically represented as classical polymers of freely joined amino acid residues of unequal sizes. The model assumes that the electrophoretic mobility can be represented by a product of three functions that return the contributions of peptide charge, length and width, respectively to the mobility. The model relies on accurate experimental determination of the electrophoretic mobilities of a diverse set of peptides, by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), at 22°C, with a 50 m M phosphate buffer, at pH 2.5. The electrophoretic mobilities of a basis set of 102 peptides that varied in charge from 0.65 to 16 and in size from two to 42 amino acid residues were accurately measured at these fixed experimental conditions using a stable 10% linear polyacrylamide-coated column. Data from this basis set was used to derive the peptide charge, length, and width functions respectively. The main purpose of this endeavor is to use the model for the prediction of peptide mobilities at pH 2.5, and for simulation of CZE peptide maps of protein digests. Excellent agreement was obtained between predicted and experimental electrophoretic mobilities for all categories of peptides, including the highly charged and the hydrophobic. To illustrate the utility of this model in protein studies it was used to simulate theoretical peptide maps of the digests of glucagon and horse cytochrome c . The resulting maps were compared and contrasted with their experimental counterparts. The potential of this approach and its limitations are discussed.
Small Rhodium Aggregates with Unusual Oxidation States. The Synthesis and Structure of [Rh3 ((Ph2PCH2)2PPh)2(CO)I4] [BPh4] · 0.77 Acetone

The oxidative behavior of rhodium(I) isocyanides and dimers bridged by diisocyanides and diphosphines, which leads to the formation of rhodium—rhodium bonded complexes in the +2, +5\3, +3\2 oxidation states, is reviewed. The results of an X-ray crystallographic investigation of a new, related compound, [Rh3 ((Ph2PCH2)2-PPh)2(CO)I4] [BPh4] · 0.77 C3H6O, are described.
Seeds of revolution

Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants. By N. I. Vavilov. Cambridge University Press: 1992. Pp. 496. £75, $120.
A Chitin Medium for Isolation, Growth and Maintenance of Actinomycetes

SEVERAL different media have been suggested for isolation of Actinomycetes from soil1. Most of these contain carbon and nitrogen sources which are utilized by bacteria and moulds as well as by Actinomycetes, and therefore are not selective for the latter. Bacteriostatic and fungistatic chemicals such as phenol2 and sodium propionate3 have been incorporated into isolation media to suppress growth of bacteria and moulds and thus favour Actinomycetes. But such amendments at permissible concentrations frequently allow growth of contaminants and at higher levels may also suppress Actinomycetes. The report by Jeuniaux4 that the polysaccharide chitin is widely utilized by members of the genus Streptomyces was confirmed in our laboratory in tests showing that all of 38 isolates of Streptomyces spp. utilized chitin as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, when supplied in an agar medium. In preliminary work, soil suspensions plated on this medium gave a predominance of Actinomycete colonies and very few bacterial and fungal colonies. These results suggested that a medium with chitin as the sole carbon and nitrogen source might be selective for isolation of Actinomycetes.
A randomized comparison of manual, mechanical and high-impulse chest compression in a porcine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation

Summary Background Elevated coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) during CPR is associated with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). We compared CPP achieved with three methods of chest compression: manual (MAN), mechanical (MECH) and high-impulse mechanical (HI) in a porcine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF). We hypothesized that HI (very rapid acceleration of the down-stroke) would produce greater CPPs than MAN or MECH, and that HI would also produce a higher rate of ROSC. Methods Twenty-eight domestic swine (mean 27.8 kg) were randomly assigned to three methods of chest compression. Animals were instrumented under anesthesia, and VF was induced and untreated for 8 min. After 2 min of CPR, epinephrine (adrenaline) (0.1 mg/kg), vasopressin (40 U) and propranolol (1.0 mg) were administered. CPR continued for three more minutes, after which up to three rescue shocks were delivered. CPP was determined in an automated fashion by measuring the difference between aortic and right atrial pressures 0.1 s prior to the down-stroke of each compression (i.e. end-relaxation). ROSC was defined as a systolic pressure greater than 80 mmHg sustained for at least 1 min. We analyzed CPP and ROSC using repeated measures ANOVA and Fisher's exact test. Results Over the 5 min of CPR, CPP increased more with HI compression than with MAN compression ( p = 0.017). ROSC was attained in 4/9 MAN, 6/9 MECH and 10/10 HI (HI versus MAN p = 0.01). Conclusions Over the course of CPR, HI compression increased CPP more than MAN compression. HI compression produced a significantly higher rate of ROSC than MAN, but not MECH compression.
Did early Homo migrate "out of" or "in to" Africa?

The origin of our own genus remains frustratingly unclear. Although many of my colleagues are agreed regarding the “what” with respect to Homo, there is no consensus as to the “how” and “when” questions. Until relatively recently, most paleoanthropologists (including the writer) assumed Africa was the answer to the “where” question, but in a little more than a decade discoveries at two sites beyond Africa, one at Dmanisi in Georgia and the other at Liang Bua on the island of Flores, have called this assumption into question. The results of recent excavations at Dmanisi reported in PNAS (1), which suggest that hominins visited that site on several occasions between ca. 1.85 and ca. 1.77 Ma, together with recent reassessments of the affinities of Homo habilis, are further reasons for questioning the assumption that Homo originated in Africa.
Bicuspid aortic valve hemodynamics induces abnormal medial remodeling in the convexity of porcine ascending aortas.

The type-I bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), which differs from the normal tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) most commonly by left-right coronary cusp fusion, is frequently associated with secondary aortopathies. While BAV aortic dilation has been linked to a genetic predisposition, hemodynamics has emerged as a potential alternate etiology. However, the link between BAV hemodynamics and aortic medial degeneration has not been established. The objective of this study was to compare the regional wall shear stresses (WSS) in a TAV and BAV ascending aorta (AA) and to isolate ex vivo their respective impact on aortic wall remodeling. The WSS environments generated in the convex region of a TAV and BAV AA were predicted through fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations in an aorta model subjected to both valvular flows. Remodeling of porcine aortic tissue exposed to TAV and BAV AA WSS for 48 h in a cone-and-plate bioreactor was investigated via immunostaining, immunoblotting and zymography. FSI simulations revealed the existence of larger and more unidirectional WSS in the BAV than in the TAV AA convexity. Exposure of normal aortic tissue to BAV AA WSS resulted in increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions and MMP-2 activity but similar fibrillin-1 content and microfibril organization relative to the TAV AA WSS treatment. This study confirms the sensitivity of aortic tissue to WSS abnormalities and demonstrates the susceptibility of BAV hemodynamic stresses to focally mediate aortic medial degradation. The results provide compelling support to the important role of hemodynamics in BAV secondary aortopathy.
An interactive decision support system for the bank courier routing problem

In this paper, we present an interactive decision support system for collecting and processing financial transit material for the Southeast Bank N.A. The underlying model is a bicriteria shortest path problem. The system provides a feasible solution in a matter of minutes, which provides the decision maker with an opportunity to perform ''what if'' analysis. The system can be extended to other vehicle routing problems with inventory components.
Spiral CT with multiplanar reconstruction in the diagnosis of sternoclavicular osteomyelitis.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether contrast-enhanced spiral CT scanning supplemented by multiplanar reconstruction is of value in the evaluation of suspected infection of the sternoclavicular joints. Seven patients with suspected infection of the sternoclavicular joints were evaluated with spiral CT using narrow collimation (4 mm) and close interscan reconstruction (2–4 mm). All patients were scanned immediately following the injection of 120 ml Omnipaque-300 at a rate of 3 ml/s. Spiral CT scans were of 24 or 32 s duration and done as single-breathhold studies. All images were then filmed at soft tissue and bone settings (window width 2300, window center 270). In selected cases, coronal, sagittal, and/or oblique reconstrution of data was done for review. All studies were successfully completed without any interscan or intrascan motion. In six cases, infections of the sternoclavicular joint was found, including five cases of osteomyelitis of the clavicular head. The scans obtained during the phase of high contrast enhancement allowed definition of the extension into the soft tissue and muscle. Bone windows demonstrated subtle cortical and periosteal abnormalities. Imaging of the sternoclavicular joints with standard CT can be difficult due to interscan motion and the inability to get good data sets for reconstruction. Spiral CT with 24to 32-s acquisition allows high quality images enabling detection of disease and definition of extent of disease, thus helping to guide patient management.
Current/voltage relationship in molten LiF-GdF3-Gd2 O3 Electrolyte with graphite anode

Abstract Polarization curves have been obtained in molten LiF-GdF3, with and without added Gd2O3, both by a steady state (stepwise voltage increase) and voltage sweep methods. The results obtained by the former method are more reproducible. In the voltage range 2–9 V the curves pass through 3 distinct current peaks, of which the first one corresponds to discharge of oxide ions, as it is virtually absent in a purified melt. The second peak probably involves discharge of fluoride ions together with oxide ions. The interpretation of the third and largest peak is uncertain. Its relative size is a feature peculiar to this system. In similar systems, studied by other authors, the anode effect occurs at the corresponding voltage. The possibility of a catalyzed formation of CF4 in this voltage area is postulated.
Limited Proteolysis and Physiological Regulation: An Example from Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Metabolism

Proteases like trypsin, elastase, and many others play important regulatory functions by generating new biologically active molecules through limited proteolysis of larger proteins and peptides. The limited proteolysis of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) by Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase yields cyclo(His-Pro) or CHP, a new biopeptide associated with a variety of pharmacological activities, including regulation of body temperature, inhibition of prolactin secretion, and modulation of motor functions. Although the mechanism by which CHP elicits these biological activities is not well understood, it appears that the cyclic peptide may function at least in part by modulating central amine transport mechanisms.
SU-GG-T-160: Single Field IMRT QA Is Insensitive to Dosimetric Errors

Purpose: To assess the sensitivity of single field planar dosimetry in detecting IMRT dosimetric errors. Method and Materials: Based on ion chamber measurements of the total plan in a cylindrical phantom, three IMRT plans were found to be calculated accurately. Each plan was then reoptimized with aggressive dose constraints so that the new treatment fields were highly modulated. Highly modulated fields are calculated less accurately in our planning system, and ion chamber measurements confirmed these plans contained significant dosimetric errors. All six plans (three clinical, three faulty) were analyzed with two means of individual field planar dosimetry — portal dose imaging with an EPID and a commercial ion chamber array. Gamma analysis was performed with 2%/2mm and 3%/3mm criteria to determine a score which would detect the three flawed IMRT plans. Results: With the EPID and 2%/2mm criteria, the fraction of pixels passing gamma were between 0.94 and 0.96 for both the acceptable and flawed IMRT plans. (Standard deviation = 0.02 to 0.03) With the ion chamber array and 2%/2mm criteria, the acceptable plans had gamma scores from 0.92 to 0.95 (standard deviation = 0.04 to 0.05) and the flawed plans had scores from 0.87 to 0.98 (standard deviation = 0.01 to 0.07). The difference between acceptable and faulty plans was diminished further when gamma criteria were expanded to 3%/3mm. No threshold was found for any analysis which could predict dosimetric accuracy. Conclusion: Deconstruction of an IMRT plan for field‐by‐field QA requires complex analysis methods such as the gamma function. Distance to agreement, a component of the gamma function, has clinical meaning in a composite plan, but when applied to individual, highly modulated fields, it can mask real dosimetric errors. While planar dosimetry may comprise one facet of an effective QA protocol, it is insensitive to dosimetric inaccuracies.
Coronary Risk Assessment by Point-Based vs. Equation-Based Framingham Models: Significant Implications for Clinical Care

BACKGROUND US cholesterol guidelines use original and simplified versions of the Framingham model to estimate future coronary risk and thereby classify patients into risk groups with different treatment strategies. We sought to compare risk estimates and risk group classification generated by the original, complex Framingham model and the simplified, point-based version.
Blog scrubbing: Exploring triggers that change privacy rules

An increasing number of individuals of all ages maintain important interpersonal relationships through blogs. Wide variation exists in how people disclose and manage their privacy on these blogs, particularly concerning the choices made about leaving information permanently visible on blogs or retrieving it sometime after an initial posting. This study applies Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory to explore the process of privacy rule adaptation for blogging by examining situations that have triggered bloggers to change their privacy rules to enact blog post deletion practices (''blog scrubbing''). Overall, open-ended responses from 356 bloggers were content analyzed. Chi-square analysis revealed differences in the frequency of triggers that changed the blogging post privacy rules and the proactive versus reactive nature of blogging privacy management deletion practices. Bloggers' critical incidents that activate privacy rule changes demonstrate that impression management triggers, personal safety identity triggers, relational triggers, and legal/disciplinary triggers resulted in greater alteration of individual privacy rules used to protect these bloggers from the privileged online community of individuals granted access to an individual's blog. Thus, bloggers essentially ''scrubbed'' their blog site and adapted their typical privacy rules with new ones that better protected them from the online community regarding that particular blogged information.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RIGIDITY, SELF-ESTEEM, AND ATTITUDES ABOUT COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Data from a field study were used to assess the relationship between two individual differences variables, (a) rigidity, (b) self-esteem, and beliefs and attitudes toward the introduction of a comp...
On the stability and accuracy of high stiffness rendering in non-backdrivable actuators through series elasticity

This paper addresses the problem of accuracy and coupled stability of stinesscontrolled series elastic actuators, where the motor is modeled as a non-backdrivable velocity source, and the desired value of virtual stiness is above the physical stiness of the compliant element. We rst demonstrate that, within the mentioned conditions, no linear outer-loop force control action can be applied on the velocity-sourced motor to passify the system. Relaxing the constraint of passivity, we exhaustively search the control design space dened by parametric force and stiness
The Causes and Consequences Explicit in Verbs.

Interpretation of a pronoun in one clause can be systematically affected by the verb in the previous clause. Compare Archibald angered Bartholomew because he … (he = Archibald) with Archibald criticised Bartholomew because he … (he = Bartholomew). While it is clear that meaning plays a critical role, it is unclear whether that meaning is directly encoded in the verb or, alternatively, inferred from world knowledge. We report evidence favouring the former account. We elicited pronoun biases for 502 verbs from seven Levin verb classes in two discourse contexts (implicit causality and implicit consequentiality), showing that in both contexts, verb class reliably predicts pronoun bias. These results confirm and extend recent findings about implicit causality and represent the first such study for implicit consequentiality. We discuss these findings in the context of recent work in semantics, and also develop a new, probabilistic generative account of pronoun interpretation.
Nucleotide sequences of HS-α satellite DNA from kangaroo rat dipodomys ordii and characterization of similar sequences in other rodents

Abstract The most common repeated nucleotide sequences of the highly repetitive satellite HS-α fraction from kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii was determined using ribosubstitution methods. This sequence was α nucleotides long and represented about 25% of the total HS-α satellite DNA, while the remaining DNA was composed of sequence variants related to the most common sequence. The sequences of the commonest of these variants are reported. Furthermore, the most common repeated sequence was identical to that reported for the α satellite of guinea pig Cavia porcellus. The α satellites of guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae and antelope ground squirrel, Ammospermophilus leucurus, are shown to have sequences in common with the kangaroo rat. This implies that the simplest repeated sequences of mammalian satellite DNAs may persist over much longer evolutionary times than previously thought. Attempts to explain the very rapid quantitative changes in satellites whose sequence is strongly conserved have led us to consider that they might have a role in sympatric speciation. Among the novel features of the model presented is that fluctuations in satellites could be due to "speciation genes." Such genes would confer a strong selective advantage in certain situations, and could explain the many puzzling instances in which large numbers of new related species have appeared over a short evolutionary span.
Trypsinization unmasks a Ca+2- stimulated AtPase activity from purified pig gastric microsomes

Abstract Trypsinization of gastric microsomal K+- stimulated ATPase in absence of ATP nearly abolished the K+- stimulated component of the enzyme activity without any significant effect on the basal (with Mg+2 alone) activity. The K+- stimulated component, however, was completely restored by the ‘activator protein” partially purified form the soluble supernatant fraction of the pig gastric cells. On the other hand, trypsinization of the microsomes in presence of ATP significantly increased (2–3 fold) the basal rate with virtual elimination of the K+- stimulated component. Assay of the trypsinized microsomes in presence of the activator protein not only demonstrated complete restoration of the K+- stimulated ATPase but also revealed an additional activity which has been characterized as a Ca+2- stimulated ATPase. Tryptic digestion has recently been used as a tool to understand the mechanism of action of various transport enzymes such as Na+, K+- ATPase (1), Ca+2- ATPase (2,3) and gastric H+, K+- ATPase (4). Controlled tryptic digestion of purified enzymes under various conditions of ligand binding may provide us with many valuable informations regarding the molecular architecture of the enzyme protein. However, when dealing with a membrane system containing a host of many different intrinsic and extrinsic proteins one must be cautious about the interpretation of the trypsin effects. In the present paper we report the effects of trypsin digestion of the purified pig gastric microsomes on the microsomal K+- stimulated ATPase activity. Our studies demonstrated that digestion of the microsomes with trypsin in absence of ATP inactivated the K+- stimulated ATPase but the activity could be fully restored by the addition of partially purified activator protein (5). Microsomes treated with trypsin in presence of ATP responded to the activator protein to the same extent as that without ATP but in addition demonstrated the manifestation of another enzymatic activity which has been characterized as a Ca+2- stimulated ATPase. This is a preliminary report dealing primarily with the unmasking of a new ATPase after trypsin treatment. Detailed reports on the characterization and mechanism of action of the gastric Ca+2- stimulated ATPase will be published elsewhere.
Ozone exposure causes a decoupling of conductance and photosynthesis: implications for the Ball-Berry stomatal conductance model

Industrialization has significantly altered atmospheric chemistry by increasing concentrations of chemicals such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic carbon, which react in the presence of sunlight to produce tropospheric ozone (O3). Ozone is a powerful oxidant that causes both visual and physiological damage to plants, impairing the ability of the plant to control processes like photosynthesis and transpiration. Damage to photosynthesis and stomatal conductance does not always occur at the same rate, which generates a problem when using the Ball-Berry model to predict stomatal conductance because the calculations directly rely on photosynthesis rates. The goals of this work were to develop a modeling framework to modify Ball-Berry stomatal conductance predictions independently of photosynthesis and to test the framework using experimental data. After exposure to elevated O3 in open-top chambers, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in tulip poplar changed at different rates through time. We were able to accurately model observed photosynthetic and stomatal conductance responses to chronic O3 exposure in a Ball-Berry framework by adjusting stomatal conductance in addition to photosynthesis. This led to a significant improvement in the modeled ability to predict both photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses to O3.
Chromatographic resolution of amino acid adducts of aliphatic halides

Abstract Numerous xenobiotics are known to be bioactivated and to covalently bind to proteins, but the resulting amino acid adducts (AAAs) are unknown. In this study the AAAs of twelve 14 C-labeled aliphatic halides were examined after formation in an in vitro microsomal system. After exhaustive solvent extraction of the precipitated microsomal protein, the AAAs were isolated by Pronase digestion, followed by filtration through a 500 mol. wt. exclusion membrane. The liberated AAAs were applied to a constant flow DC-4A cation exchange column, resolved by stepwise buffer elution, collected and counted for radioactivity. Column recovery for applied radioactivity was 100 ± 4%. Generally, 1–4 different AAAs (defined by eluting radioactivity) were resolved, with each organohalogen displaying a characteristic elution profile. Methyl iodide, trichloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethylene had a single major AAA while bromotrichloromethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride had up to 4 AAAs or more, indicating combinations of binding site(s) and reactive intermediate(s). The single AAA formed following incubation of methyl iodide with the microsomes was identified as S -methylcysteine. Thus, this method appears capable of resolving binding sites and is the initial isolation step for identifying specific adducts to proteins.
The effect of nocturnal sampling on semen quality and the efficiency of collection in bovine species

This study evaluated night and day semen collection regimes in Holstein and Brahman bulls (four bulls of each breed) that were collected weekly, each during a morning and a night collection. Ejaculates (n=64) were obtained via artificial vagina over 4 weeks. The first collection of each week alternated between night and day. Two collection teams were employed. Bull behavior parameters included reaction time to first mount, time to ejaculation, a refractory period test, and a thrust intensity test. The numbers of interruptions were counted as a managerial parameter. Pre-freeze semen parameters included total volume, initial motility and concentration. Post-freeze semen parameters measured were: 0- and 3-h post-thaw motility; percent intact acrosomes; and percent sperm abnormalities. Data were analyzed by least squares methods. The bull within breed effect differed (P<0.05) for behavior parameters. The bull within breed effect for total motile sperm harvested was not significant. The bull within breed response was mixed for post-freeze semen viability parameters. Bull within breed was not significant for sperm abnormalities. The night versus day treatment was significant for the managerial parameter (P=0.002). Although a different collection schedule for Bos indicus cattle was not warranted, the efficiency of the collection process was affected by extraneous environmental conditions.
The State of Injustice The Politics of Terrorism and the Production of Order1

The construct of terrorism, as it is used in contemporary research and media texts, emerges from 18th- and 19th-century orthodox assumptions of man, nation-state, and political sovereignty. In this paper, terrorism is examined as a discursive process in the art of statecraft from a sociological, comparative perspective. The discursive processes of two ostensible cultures of terrorism are compared: the United States and Italy. The analysis reveals the inextricable link between terrorism, statecraft, and the production of domination, injustice, and social order. It is a practice that privileges rhetorical language over direct experience. The value of analyzing terrorism as the product of a historically produced political discourse rather than as an essential human expression is that it has the potential to be replaced by a more heuristic construct.
The role of Ghanaian churches in the financial rehabilitation of the poor: Implications for re-visiting the social mission of religious institutions

The article examines the role of Ghanaian churches in the financial rehabilitation of the poor. It offers a critical analysis of the biblical mandate of the Church to promote social justice, and highlights the efforts made by selected Ghanaian churches in alleviating poverty through their social programs. The article examines the potential of the Church, particularly its untapped resources that could be used to promote alternative development programs, such as micro-financing. The article recommends that the state form strategic alliance with the Church to promote micro-financing in Ghana. It concludes that despite some of the criticisms leveled against the Church, it is an institution with untapped potential to assist the poor, regardless of political, ethnic, gender, religious or class distinction.
Crystal structure and conductivity of 26-silver 18-iodide tetratungstate, Ag26I18W4O16

Abstract Ag 26 I 18 W 4 O 16 belongs to space group C 2 with Z = 2 and a = 16.76 ± 0.03, b = 15.52 ± 0.03, c = 11.81 ± 0.02A, β = 103.9 ± 0.3°. Conductivity measurements have been made on polycrystalline material between 22 and 170°C; the average conductivity at 25°C is 0.059 (Ω cm) −1 . The conduction passageways involve 90 iodide polyhedra and 56 mixed oxygen-iodide polyhedra (per unit cell) which share faces. An average of 23.2 or 44.5% of the Ag + ions per unit cell are in these polyhedra and are considered to be mobile. The Ag + ion occupancies of the mixed IO polyhedra tend to be higher than those of the pure iodide polyhedra, implying that the Ag + ion mobilities through the former are lower than those through the latter. Ag + ions fill 12 mixed IO polyhedral sites and 16.8 Ag + ions per unit cell are in 24 other mixed IO bypass sites; these 28.8 Ag + ions are probably not mobile. The three-dimensional network of passageways is rather complex, but an attempt is made to give a complete description of it.
A literature survey: The hydrodynamic stability of the liquid film in falling film flow and in vertical, annular, two-phase flow

Abstract Hydrodynamic stability of the liquid film in annular flow holds the key to many important engineering problems of basic interest. This survey reviews the literature discussing the stabilities within the liquid film and on the interface. Pertinent parameters, transition criteria and important results are briefly described.
Theories of political economy

'Political economy' has been the term used for the past 300 years to express the interrelationship between the political and economic affairs of the state. In Theories of Political Economy, first published in 1992, James A. Caporaso and David P. Levine explore some of the more important frameworks for understanding the relationship between politics and economics, including the classical, Marxian, Keynesian, neoclassical, state-centred, power-centred, and justice-centred approaches. The book emphasises both the differences between these frameworks and the issues common to them.
African American women coping with breast cancer: a qualitative analysis.

Purpose/objectives To determine how African American women cope with breast cancer. Design Descriptive and exploratory study. Sample/setting 66 African American women diagnosed with breast cancer were interviewed in the southeastern United States. Methods Data were collected through tape-recorded interviews using a semistructured interview guide. Data were analyzed by content analysis and frequency distributions. Main research variables Coping strategies used by women to adapt to a diagnosis of breast cancer. Findings Coping strategies described by African American women included relying on prayer, avoiding negative people, developing a positive attitude, having a will to live, and receiving support from family, friends, and support groups. Conclusion Spirituality played a major role in these African American women coping with breast cancer. Supportive networks also served as a vital asset throughout the breast cancer experience. Participants discussed the need for culturally sensitive breast cancer support groups. Implications for nursing Nurses must recognize coping strategies that African American women with breast cancer use. Healthcare professionals need to develop culturally sensitive breast cancer support groups. Throughout the breast cancer experience, nurses must assess communication patterns among African American families. Nurses should serve as healthcare advocates for African American women with breast cancer.
Computers as a Research Tool

Unless a research design is structured by "algorithmic thinking," the use of computers may be worthless and even harmful. This paper demonstrates the use of algorithmic thinking through an operational analysis of the "rural exodus" in Western Europe-a phenomenon of interest both to social scientists and to government officials. Demographic, social, and economic data-drawn, in this case, from several Swiss Alpine villages-are important variables in many situations of rapid culture change. The suggested operational approach guides decision-making as to what kinds of data to gather, how to process them, and how to use data that have been gathered and processed by others.
Cell-type specificity of anti-CD45 autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective. To determine the specificity of anti-CD45 autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for native CD45 and for CD45 expressed by T cells and B cells, and at different stages of cellular activation. Methods. CD45 purified from different types of lymphocytes was examined by immunoblotting with sera from patients with SLE. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed with purified anti-CD45 autoantibodies. Results. IgM anti-CD45 autoantibodies in SLE recognize native CD45 expressed on the surface membrane of viable lymphocytes and CD45 purified from activated peripheral T cells and certain T cell lines, but not CD45 purified from B cells or resting peripheral T cells. The presence or absence of reactivity is independent of the individual isoforms expressed. Conclusion. Recognition of CD45 by IgM antilymphocyte autoantibodies in SLE varies with the lineage and state of activation of the lymphocyte target. This pattern of reactivity is consistent with autoantibody specificities involving CD45 glycoforms, rather than CD45 isoforms.
Voucher privatisation in Russia: Structural consequences and mass response in the second period of reform

(1997). Voucher privatisation in Russia: Structural consequences and mass response in the second period of reform. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 1433-1449.
Design and construction of a water target system for harvesting radioisotopes at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory

Abstract A liquid water target system for harvesting radioisotopes at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) was designed and constructed as the initial step in proof-of-principle experiments to harvest useful radioisotopes from the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB). FRIB will be a new national user facility for nuclear science, to be completed in 2020, at which radioisotopes will be collected synergistically from the water in cooling-loops for the primary beam dump that cycle the water at flow rates in excess of hundreds of gallons per minute. As part of the development of radiochemical expertise required to harvest long-lived radioisotopes of interest in this environment, the water target system described here was constructed and successfully used to collect a test beam of relativistic 24 Na ions produced at the NSCL. Future studies will involve collecting interesting transition metal isotopes such as 67 Cu from less purified secondary projectile fragment beams.
The Tip of the Spear: How Longshore Workers in the San Francisco Bay Area Survived the Containerization Revolution

Introducing new technologies often crush unions; indeed, sometimes that is the purpose. However, the International Longshore & Warehouse Union (ILWU), on the US Pacific Coast, demonstrates that need not occur. In 1960, the ILWU and Pacific Maritime Association signed the Mechanization & Modernization agreement (M&M). M&M represented among the first efforts by a union to shape this process—to “get a share of the machine.” Although workers understood that new technologies cannot simply be resisted, tremendous controversy still existed, culminating in the US shipping industry’s longest strike ever. In 1971, members of the San Francisco Bay area’s Local 10 led this strike, having experienced containerization most extensively. Although their numbers plummeted, those remaining maintained power at a strategic point of the global economy. Looking at how these workers managed to survive and partially shape the introduction of a valuable new technology suggests that it, and globalization, need not always destroy unions.
Fast rate-distortion optimisation algorithm for motion-compensated transform coding of video

A reduced-complexity but effective search scheme for rate-distortion (RD) optimisation of motion vector and displaced-frame-difference coding is proposed. Through predicting the relative order of the RD-Lagrange costs, a large proportion of suboptimal displacement vector positions are eliminated. In comparison with a popular H.263 test model, the proposed scheme leads to a /spl sim/0.5 dB improvement in the peak signal-to-noise ratio.
Visually evoked potentials elicited by lateral displacement and stereo motion

VEPs were recorded as subjects viewed synchronous and asynchronous dynamic random element displays monocularly or hlnocularly through green filters or dlchoptlcally through a red filter In front of the right and a green filter In front of the left eye. Viewed through green filters the synchronous displays resulted in a percept of coherent 2D motion whlle the asynchronous displays did not. Viewed dichoptkally both displays resulted In a percept of 3D motion. VEPs differed across the different conditions In both amplitude and phase.
Epistemology of knowlege based simulation

Combining artificial intelligence concepts with traditional simula tion methodologies yields a powerful design support tool known as knowledge based simulation. This approach turns a descrip tive simulation tool into a prescriptive tool, one which recom mends specific goals. Much work in the area of general goal pro cessing and explanation of recommendations remains to be done.
Pathogen Diversity and Hidden Regimes of Apparent Competition

Competition through cross-reacting host immune responses, a form of apparent competition, is a major driver of pathogen evolution and diversity. Most models of pathogens have focused on intraspecific interactions to explain observed patterns. Two recent experiments suggested that Haemophilus influenzae, a common nasopharyngeal colonizer of humans, might alter the immune environment in a way that favors otherwise less fit serotypes of another common pathogen, pneumococcus. Using a computational model, we demonstrate that H. influenzae, if it consistently raises the fitness of the less fit serotypes, can strongly promote pneumococcal diversity. However, the effects of H. influenzae are so sensitive to the prevalence of H. influenzae that this species is unlikely to be the main driver of serotype coexistence. Interactions that significantly affect diversity could furthermore be extremely difficult to detect through co-occurrence analysis alone. These results suggest that small differences in strains' adaptations to different immunological regimes, which are shaped by coinfections with other pathogens, can have dramatic effects on strain dynamics and patterns of phenotypic variation. Studies of microbial communities might therefore benefit from the use of varied approaches to infer the presence of indirect interactions.
Material probe: exploring materiality of digital artifacts

We present an approach for exploring materiality of digital artifacts by suggesting a study method---material probe. The purpose with the method is to understand how people perceive material qualities of artifacts and to discuss how designers could intentionally and methodologically include such non-functional user desires related to material qualities in the design of digital artifacts. The study procedure and results from preliminary studies are described with their implications for future work.
Predicting in vitro tissue culture growth for cytogenetic evaluation of stillborn fetuses

A prospective study was undertaken of 131 perinatal deaths to determine whether gestational age, body weight, maceration degree and autopsy interval influenced successful in vitro tissue culture for cytogenetic evaluation. Perinatal populations were categorized as neonatal death (NND), fresh stillbirth (FSB), or graded as macerated stillbirth (MAC-0, MAC-1, MAC-2, MAC-3). Metaphase production by at least 15 cells separated 'growth' from 'no growth' categories after sampling liver, kidney and spleen. Body weight and degree of maceration were predictive of successful 'growth', while gestational age and autopsy interval were not. Body weight was significant in separating 'growth' from 'no growth' in NND (P = 0.05), FSB, MAC-0 and MAC-1 (P = 0.01). Growth probabilities were 0.78 (NND), 0.57 (FSB), 0.49 (MAC-0), 0.38 (MAC-1) and zero for MAC-2 and MAC-3. We conclude that (a) tissues from MAC-2 and MAC-3 fetuses do not grow and thus need not be sampled at autopsy, (b) maceration degree and body weight can be used to predict the growth probability in the other categories, (c) tissue samples can be taken during daylight hours, since autopsy interval does not influence successful growth provided the fetus is refrigerated at 4 degrees C, (d) all of the above conclusions have cost-efficiency implications for cytogenetic laboratories.
Short duration solar microwave bursts and associated soft X-ray emission

During the time period of November 1968 to March 1970, 259 15.4 GHz impulsive microwave bursts have been identified of which 147 had associated 2–12 A soft X-ray bursts. Average durations, rise times, and decay times for the microwave bursts are 2.9 ± 2.4 min, 0.9 ± 0.8 min, and 2.2 ± 2.1 min, respectively.
The Gas Exchange Experiment for life detection - The Viking Mars Lander.

Abstract The Gas Exchange Experiment of the Viking mission accepts a sample of Martian soil, incubates this soil with nutrient medium, and periodically samples the enclosed atmosphere over this soil for the gases H 2 , N 2 , O 2 , CH 4 , Kr, and CO 2 . These gases are analyzed by an automated gas chromatograph, and the data are transmitted to Earth. The design of the experiment and the qualitative and quantitative changes, if any, of gas composition should allow conclusions to be made on the presence of life on Mars. Data and theory substantiating this approach are presented.
The form of an internal reorientational correlation function

Abstract A non-Markovian, non-linearly coupled quantum stochastic dynamics model was used to investigate the reorientational correlation function of the internal motion of a methyl group attached to a large molecule. The values for the parameters used were determined by comparing angular momentum correlation functions calculated from the stochastic model to results of a molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the correlation function has a rapid short time decay due to inertial effects, followed by a slower, exponential tail. Thus if there is significant inertial motion it is necessary to have at least two order parameters as well as two correlation times, one each for the overall and the internal motion, in order to accurately describe the system. The model can also explain data of Lee and McClung that cannot be explained with a Markovian model.
CARDINAL PLACES AND THE URBAN GRADIENT

Surrounding any given subject place are a number of outside object places for which there are no intervening larger centers. Such object places are called cardinal places. A subject place's nearest larger cardinal place is called its cardinal neighbor. A system that connects all urban places with each of their cardinal neighbors is called an urban gradient. The United States urban gradient appears in a series of maps that record how this system of cities, counties, and metropolitan areas has changed between 1950 and 1980. Statistical tests indicate that this national gradient generally agrees with empirically derived trade areas and urban hinterlands within the United States.
Quantitative Photometric Analysis Using Absorbance Ratios: Optimizing Peak Transmittances

The relation between given relative errors in transmittance (T = I/Io) and absorbance (A = -log T) in photometric analysis is ΔA/A = – (log e)ΔT(10A/A). (1) If Beer's law holds, the concentration of a substance is given by c = A/ab, where a is its absorptivity at the wave length used and b is the path length; the relative error in the concentration, Δc/c, is then just ΔA/A. If it is further assumed that the error in measuring the transmittance is independent of T (i.e., that ΔT is constant), then differentiation of Eq. (1) shows that Δc/c is minimized for A = log e = 0.43, or T = e−1 = 0.37, at which point | Δc/c | = eΔT = 2.72ΔT. The minimum is a rather flat one, and the useful analytical range is generally quoted as about 20 to 60 % T.
Rates of erosion and topographic evolution of the Sierra Nevada, California, inferred from cosmogenic26Al and10Be concentrations

Concentrations of cosmogenic 26 Al and 10 Be in cave sediments and bedrock surfaces, combined with studies of landscape morphology, elucidate the topographic history of the southern Sierra Nevada over the past 5 Ma. Caves dated by 26 Al/ 10 Be in buried sediments reveal that river incision rates were moderate to slow between c. 5 and 3 Ma (≤0·07 mm a − − − − −1 ), accelerated between 3 and 1·5 Ma (c. 0·3 mm a −1 ), and then have subsequently become much slower (c. 0·02 mm a −1 ). Although the onset of accelerated incision coincides in time with both postulated Pliocene tectonism and pronounced global climate change, we argue that it primarily represents the response to a discrete tectonic event between 3 and 5 Ma. Dated cave positions reveal that, prior to 3 Ma, river canyons displayed up to 1·6 km of local relief, suggesting that Pliocene rock uplift elevated pre-existing topography. Renewed incision beginning c. 3 Ma deepened canyons by up to 400 m, creating narrow inner gorges. Tributary streams exhibit strong convexities, indicating that the transient erosional response to Pliocene uplift has not yet propagated into upland surfaces. Concentrations of 26 Al and 10 Be in bare bedrock show that upland surfaces are eroding at slow rates of c. 0·01 mm a −1 . Over the past c. 3 Ma, upland surfaces eroded slowly while adjacent rivers incised rapidly, increasing local relief. Although relief production probably drove at least modest crestal uplift, considerable prePliocene relief and low spatially averaged erosion rates suggest that climatically driven rock uplift is not sufficient to explain all uplift implied by tilted markers at the western edge of the range. Despite the recent pulse of erosion, spatially averaged erosion rates are low, and have probably acted to preserve the broad topographic form of the Sierra Nevada throughout much of the late Cenozoic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The case for modeling correlation in manufacturing systems

Manufacturing-related models have traditionally made independence assumptions on associated stochastic processes in order to achieve tractability of analytical models and simplify Monte Carlo models. This paper aims to alert users to potential deleterious implications stemming from unfounded independence assumptions in traditional stochastic models of manufacturing systems. Specifically, it demonstrates the dramatic impact that appreciable autocorrelations can have on manufacturing performance measures through a preliminary study of prediction errors incurred in ignoring dependence. To this end, the study compared performance measures of common manufacturing models with renewal components to their autocorrelated counterparts, drawn from the TES (Transform-Expand-Sample) class. TES models constitute a versatile class of stochastic processes, designed to capture empirical distributions and autocorrelations, simultaneously, and as such, are suitable for both Monte Carlo simulation and analytical modeling of autocorrelated time series. A brief overview of simple TES processes and their generation algorithms is also included.