cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial nucleate and phosphorus partition

Methods for the measurement of nucleates and other phosphorus-containing classes in bacteria have been studied. Conditions are presented for the optimal extraction of low- and high-molecular nucleates as measured by ultraviolet absorbancy. Various cell crops were fractionated by a combination of hot and cold extractions and mechanical separations, and characterized by phosphorus and absorbancy determinations. Eight phosphorus fractions can be distinguished. They are (expressed as per cent of the total phosphorus and presented in terms of approximate ranges encountered in Streptococcus faecalis crops of different nutritional origin): inorganic or easily hydrolyzable P (10–26), lipid P (3–10), presumptive wall teichoate P (5–11), soluble nucleoside monophosphate P (4–9), other soluble P (polyphosphates, phosphorylated intermediates, teichoates, etc.) (0–40) DNA P (4–8), RNA P (17–67), and undefined nonextractable P (3–14). Cold and hot extractions with sulfuric acid were found to give results substantially identical with those obtained by perchloric acid of the same normalities. The difficulties that attend determination of nitrogen in perchloric extracts are absent in sulfuric extracts. The study which included analysis of commercial RNA and DNA preparations, indicates that the molar absorbancy of nucleate phosphorus at 260 mμ differs substantially among different preparations, presumably because of differences in their nucleobase ratios. For dependable determination of total nucleates, phosphorus partition is recommended. Application of the diphenylamine reaction to the determination of DNA in bacterial products, and in growing bacterial cultures, has also been studied, and procedures have been suggested.
Accurate DNA-based diagnostic and carrier testing for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a serious and often fatal disorder, affecting the white matter of the nervous system, the adrenal cortex, and the testis. The gene mutated in X-ALD encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein, ALDP. The presence of very long chain fatty acids in plasma is highly diagnostic for affected males and carrier females, but exclusion of carrier status biochemically is unreliable. Molecular analysis of the X-ALD gene has the potential to either identify or rule out carrier status accurately, but is complicated by the existence of autosomal paralogs. We have developed and validated a robust DNA diagnostic test for this disorder involving nonnested genomic amplification of the X-ALD gene, followed by fluorescent dye-primer sequencing and analysis. This protocol provides a highly reliable means of determining carrier status in women at risk for transmitting X-ALD and is applicable to a clinical diagnostic laboratory.
Molecular biology and evolution of the grass endophytes

Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones et W. Gams is a maternally transmitted fungal symbiont (endophyte) of the important forage grass Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (tall fescue), and provides biological protection and enhanced fitness to its host, but its anti-mammalian ergot alkaloids detract from the usefulness of tall fescue as forage for livestock. Molecular genetic techniques and materials are being developed in order to specifically eliminate the gene(s) encoding the first enzyme in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. These techniques will also facilitate basic studies, such as host-fungus compatibility or biosynthesis of insecticidal alkaloids. Molecular phylogenetics indicate that endophytes related to A. coenophialum have evolved on multiple occasions from strains of Epichloe typhina (Ascomycotina, Clavicipitaceae), for which the sexual cycle is known. These studies also reveal significant diversity among seedborne endophytes in individual grass species. Thus, the endophytes are an important source of biochemical potential and genetic diversity in grass-fungus symbiota. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Management Integrity on Audit Planning and Evidence

This study uses working paper data from 60 clients of a U.S. Big 4 auditing firm to directly examine the influence of auditor‐assessed management integrity on auditor's assessments of risk of material misstatement, audit planning, and audit outcomes. We hypothesize that management integrity is related to preliminary risk assessments, and to the persuasiveness, timing, and extent of planned audit procedures. We also hypothesize that the management integrity assessment influences the auditor's evaluation of source credibility of management provided evidence beyond its influence via risk assessments (Beaulieu 2001). Finally, we expect the auditor's management integrity assessment to be associated with the discovery of client misstatements. When we add management integrity to empirical models motivated by Mock and Wright (1993, 1999), we find support for our hypotheses. However, all but two hypothesized associations disappear when we add an indicator variable for prior‐year errors. We continue to find that ma...
The usability of truecrypt, or how i learned to stop whining and fix an interface

Non-use or incorrect use of security software is one major reason for privacy breaches of all scales. The problem is compounded by software, security policies, and user interfaces that are difficult to use and understand. Using widely accepted user interface analysis methods, we examine a popular free and open source disk encryption software package, and find that it is far from accessible to ordinary users. Using rigorous interface design principles, we derive several concrete changes that would make the software easier to use, and construct a new interface to test our theories. We evaluate the two interfaces through a randomized user study in a controlled laboratory setting, and determine that the new interface is significantly easier to understand and faster to use, especially for novice computer users. We observe not only measurable speed-ups of common tasks, but also improved user-reported ease of use ratings. Several of our design choices turn out to have been misguided, making some tasks more difficult in our modified interface, but fortunately our alterations are mutually independent, i.e. reverting some components to their original design does not nullify the benefit of other modifications. Our experience shows that even simple, intuitive, and logically consistent modifications to complex interfaces have dramatic positive usability effects, and can be easily applied to different pieces of security software in order to reduce the impediment to uptake by novice users.
The Relationship Between Static Perimetry and the Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect

This study was undertaken to understand better how damage to the anterior visual pathway may affect the relationship between the visual and pupillomotor systems. The relative afferent pupillary defect and the interocular difference in visual field mean deviation (determined by the Humphrey Field Analyzer Statpac program) were correlated in 137 patients. A moderate linear correlation (r = .66) was found. In 25 patients tested by both static and kinetic perimetry, the correlation could not be significantly improved by considering field loss outside of 30 degrees. The correlation was further studied in four subcategories of diagnosis: optic neuritis (n = 36), idiopathic intracranial hypertension (n = 26), compressive optic neuropathy (n = 14), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (n = 7). In compressive optic neuropathy and idiopathic intracranial hypertension, the difference in mean deviation between the two eyes was associated with a larger relative afferent pupillary defect than in optic neuritis and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. In optic neuritis, the correlation was the poorest. These results indicate that diseases of the afferent visual system may not necessarily affect visual threshold (as tested by static perimetry) and the pupillary light reflex (a suprathreshold test) in the same way.
What underlies the recent growth comeback in developing economies

Abstract We find that the frequency of growth takeoffs in developing economies has risen markedly in the past two decades, with recent takeoffs lasting longer than those prior to the 1990s. Also, unlike takeoffs prior to the 1990s, developing economies in recent takeoffs experienced an improvement in economic policies, with lower post-takeoff debt and inflation; more competitive real exchange rates; and stronger structural reforms and institutions. These conditions have tended to be associated in the literature as conducive to sustaining strong growth. We also find that the chances of starting a takeoff in the 2000s was triple that before the 1990s, with domestic conditions accounting for most of the increase. Thus, if developing economies improve their economic policies and sustain them forward, they are more likely to jumpstart takeoffs and avoid the reversals in economic fortunes that affected many developing economies in the past.
Genre as Argument in the Sefer Yetsirah: A New Look at Its Literary Structure

The semantic difficulty of the Sefer Yetsirah (SY) is widely attested by its varied commentary tradition. The diverse body of commentarial literature demonstrates the difficulty of establishing the meaning of the work. As discussed in chapter 2, the tenth-century commentaries do not appear in a vacuum. Instead they already dispute previous, unnamed interpretive traditions that posit magical functions for the work. This chapter endeavors to explain why. In order to do so, it is necessary to look differently at the SY to try to understand the way it generates meaning. Because the work is complex in both its semantic meaning and its reception, this chapter will examine its structure. A structural approach to the text is useful in two ways: first, a better interpretation of the SY sheds light upon the worldview of its readers, and second, understanding the worldview of the readers allows insight into its ritual uses and their meanings. The ritual uses are articulated in the text of the SY, its commentaries, and the diagrams. Therefore, the relationship between structure and function can pave the way for understanding the relationship between word, image, practice, and meaning.
On the computation of solutions of certain dynamic games

The usually overlooked possibility of mixed strategy solutions is approached by applying the method of dual cones to fixed-duration linear quadratic multistage games with bounded controls. It is shown that the value of such games is piecewise quadratic when open-loop strategies are used, and is at best piecewise quadratic when closed-loop strategies are allowed. It is argued that computation of such value functions is generally excessively burdensome, hence supporting the viewpoint that new, approximate, or hybrid methods will be needed to obtain game solutions.
Role of Leptin in Reproduction

: Leptin is a 16-kDa adipocyte-secreted protein the serum levels of which reflect mainly the amount of energy stores but are also influenced by short-term energy imbalance as well as several cytokines and hormones. Leptin, by binding to specific receptors, alters the expression of several hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate neuroendocrine function as well as energy intake and expenditure. More specifically, accumulating evidence suggests that this hormone may serve to signal to the brain information on the critical amount of fat stores that are necessary for LHRH secretion and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Rising leptin levels have been associated with initiation of puberty in animals and humans and normal leptin levels are needed for maintenance of menstrual cycles and normal reproductive function. Moreover, circadian and ultradian variations of leptin levels are associated with minute to minute variations of LH and estradiol in normal women. Falling leptin levels in response to starvation result in decreased estradiol levels and amenorrhea in subjects with anorexia nervosa or strenuously exercising athletes. In addition, leptin has a potentially important role during pregnancy and in the physiology of the neonate. Finally, recent evidence suggests that leptin may influence ovarian steroidogenesis directly, but the exact role of intra-ovarian leptin action in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human reproductive system needs to be further elucidated.
Effect of malnutrition on susceptibility of rats to Trypanosoma cruzi. III. Pantothenate deficiency.

Abstract 1. 1. T. cruzi produced severer infections in pantothenate-deficient rats than in normal and inanition control groups of rats. Parasitemia was more marked and of longer duration and cardiac lesions were usually more extensive in the vitamin-deficient animals. 2. 2. The incidence of lung infections among pantothenate-deficient rats suggests this deficiency may increase the susceptibility of rats to spontaneous respiratory disease.
Rewarding brain stimulation and the peer-infant separation syndrome

Abstract Eight pigtail macaque and four rhesus macaque infants were raised in pairs from birth. All were implanted, at about 4 weeks of age, with electrodes aimed at an anterolateral hypothalamic positive reward site. When the infants were about 4 months old, separation periods were begun on a schedule of 4 days separation, 3 days reunion. The infants varied considerably in their reaction to separation, but generally showed a nonphasic syndrome of increased vocalization, onset of stereotyped locomotor patterns, self-biting and self-chewing. These changes were more consistent with an interpretation of induced agitation, tension and fear than with an interpretation of despair. Self-stimulation at the hypothalamic site was markedly increased by infants during separation and noncontingent telemetry stimulation significantly reduced the behavior changes seen during separation.
Transgenic and knockout mouse models of atrial arrhythmias

While much has been learned about atrial fibrillation from large animal models, many of these studies are correlative. Genetically-altered mouse models have provided much information about such genetic diseases as the long QT syndrome, but have to date not been utilized much to study atrial fibrillation. The ability to study the importance of a single gene product in pathophysiology make this a potentially powerful tool to understand the causal relationship of several proteins and the substrate for atrial fibrillation. In this manuscript we review the techniques available to study atrial electrophysiology and some of the genetically-altered mouse models that have implications for atrial fibrillation.
Opposing hormonal mechanisms of aggression revealed through short-lived testosterone manipulations and multiple winning experiences

Territorial aggression is influenced by many social and environmental factors. Since aggression is a costly behavior, individuals should account for multiple factors such as population density or reproductive status before engaging in aggression. Previous work has shown that male California mice (Peromyscus californicus) respond to winning aggressive encounters by initiating aggression more quickly in future encounters, and we investigated the physiological basis for this effect. We found that injections that produced a transient increase in testosterone (T) following an aggressive encounter caused males to behave more aggressively in an encounter the following day. Experience alone was not enough to change aggression, as males treated with saline injections showed no change in aggression. The effect of T injections on aggression was androgen-based, as the inhibition of aromatase did not block the T injections from increasing aggression. Aromatase inhibition did, however, increase aggression in the initial aggression tests (before application of T or saline injections), and aromatase activity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) was negatively correlated with aggression. A previous study suggested that aromatase activity in the BNST decreases after males become fathers. Thus, distinct neuroendocrine mechanisms allow male California mice to adjust aggressive behavior in response to changes in social and reproductive status.
Modeling Off-Nominal Recovery in NextGen Terminal-Area Operations

Robust schedule-based arrival management requires efficient recovery from off-nominal situations. This paper presents research on modeling off-nominal situations and plans for recovering from them using TRAC, a route/airspace design, fast-time simulation, and analysis tool for studying NextGen trajectory-based operations. The paper provides an overview of a schedule-based arrival-management concept and supporting controller tools, then describes TRAC implementations of methods for constructing off-nominal scenarios, generating trajectory options to meet scheduling constraints, and automatically producing recovery plans.
Analyzing Bidding Statistics to Predict Completed Project Cost

Ratios were constructed relating the second lowest bid, mean bid, median bid, maximum bid to the low bid for highway construction projects in Texas to study if there are useful patterns in project bids that are indicators of the project completion cost. It was found that the value of the ratios tend to be larger for projects where the completed cost deviates significantly from the original low bid. Larger ratio values were found for projects that were completed with a greater than 20% cost increase and for projects that were completed with a reduction in cost from the original bid amount of 10% or more. Regression and neural network models were developed to predict the completed cost of Texas highway projects using the bidding ratio data. The input data used were transformed using the natural logarithm. Various combinations of the calculated ratios, as well as the project low bid were used as input to the models. The models tested produced predictions of varying accuracy. The models produced predictions that varied between having 41,02% and 54.01% of their test cases within 5% of the actual completed project cost. The model with the highest percentage of closely predicted cases was a regression model using the mean bid ratio, the coefficient of variation, and the low bid as inputs.
Revenue Volatility and Fiscal Risks: An Application of Value-at-Risk Techniques to Hong Kong's Fiscal Policy

Revenue volatility poses challenges for fiscal policy makers. It can create risks to service provision, require borrowing, or entail sudden tax changes. This paper investigates the use of value-at-risk techniques to measure the fiscal risks caused by volatility as well as the sensitivity of measured risks to policies that may limit volatility. The revenue of Hong Kong's Special Administrative Region (SAR) is among the most volatile in Asia, and thus is a natural case for applying these techniques. Reflecting its revenue volatility, Hong Kong's SAR has traditionally held high fiscal savings (reserves), and the value of the self-insurance these savings provide is also discussed.
Analysis of some effects of aortic smooth muscle on in vivo aortic pressure curves.

When aortic pressure curves were predicted previously on the basis of a newly developed model of visco-elastic properties of the aorta, it was necessary to use published viscoelastic constants. These were usually obtained from longitudinal strips of blood vessels long removed from the animal, and therefore probably containing deteriorated smooth muscle. The predicted curves had the same form as actual tracings, substantiating the analysis somewhat, but the pressure levels were low. These low levels, if due to inadequate visco-elastic constants, could be attributed to the use of longitudinal rather than circumferential segments as well as to the use of segments with deteriorated muscle. The present analysis uses data collected by the author testing circumferential viscoelastic properties of fourteen different aortic regions in a way suggested by the author's model of an aortic wall. Moreover, the constants were measured on segments containing muscle relaxed by EDTA solutions and on similar segments containing muscle contracted by neosynephrine. These visco-elastic constants were used in the author's nonlinear differential equation of motion of the aortic wallin vivo to predictin vivo pressure curves. The predicted curves were low in any given aortic region if relaxed constants were used, but at normal levels with contracted constants. In fact, pressure curves predicted using constants obtained from aortic segments containing contracted muscle resembled actual tracings in form and pressure levels. Even the observed variations in the form of the systolic pressure curve down the aorta were predicted by this analysis.
Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study (TAPS): The first 5 years (2002–2006) of socioeconomic, demographic, and anthropometric data available to the public

Abstract The Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study (TAPS) is making available the first five years (2002–2006, inclusive) of annual socioeconomic, demographic, and anthropometric data available to the public. The information comes from a foraging-farming society of native Amazonians in Bolivia and includes 13 villages, 332 households, and 1985 people who have been tracked annually since 2002. The article provides a brief overview of the data covered and the steps needed to access the data.
Rastall's and related theories are conservative gravitational theories although physically inequivalent to general relativity

The proper framework for testing Rastall's theory and its generalizations is in the case of non-negligible (i.e. discernible) gravitational effects such as gravity gradients. These theories have conserved integral four-momentum and angular momentum. The Nordtvedt effect then provides limits on the parameters which arise as the result of the non-zero divergence of the energy-momentum tensor.
Object-naming latency in stuttering and nonstuttering children.

Twenty nonstuttering and eight stuttering male children provided naming responses to 34 pictures of simple objects, selected to represent a range from highest to lowest frequency of occurrence in t...
On the application of the PECLI technique (Photoelectrochemical Laser Imaging) to corrosion studies

The application of photoelectrochemistry for the micro-characterization and the study of passive films under corroding and non-corroding conditions is described. The various factors which influence the signal recorded in the PhotoElectroChemical Laser Imaging (PECLI) technique are discussed. In particular, the influence of parameters such as absorption coefficient, reflectivity, composition, structural properties and thickness of the passive film are considered. The application of the technique is demonstrated with examples of images of corroded surfaces, corroding surfaces and of a non-corroding alloy.
The Annual Physical Examination: Important or Time to Abandon?

The annual physical examination remains a popular format with both patients and providers, despite the lack of evidence that either a comprehensive examination or laboratory screening tests are indicated for healthy adults. Patient desire for extensive testing and comprehensive examination combined with provider belief that the physical examination is both of proven value and can detect subclinical illness have led to the continued pervasive practice of annual physical examinations in our country. The authors review the current forces behind the ongoing popularity of the annual physical examination and the current recommendations for preventive services in healthy adults, and provide thoughts on what the busy practicing clinician can focus on in the realm of proven preventive health.
Magnetic Resonance in Canted Ferrimagnets

The classical theory of the uniform ($k=0$) modes of a four-sublattice, planar canted ferrimagnet is developed. Two of these modes should lie in the microwave range for reasonable values of applied field, anisotropy, and exchange constants: the normal low-frequency mode familiar in collinear ferrimagnets and the mode excited by longitudinal rf fields at a frequency depending on anisotropy and angle of cant. Observation of this latter mode should allow analysis of ferrimagnetic structures and phase changes.
Blood Groups in Man and Lower Primates: A Review*

The field of the human blood groups has become so vast and complex that it is impossible to do justice to the subject in a short review such as this. Therefore, this presentation has been limited mainly to those aspects of the A-B-O, M-N and Rh-Hr types of man and lower primates which illustrate principles of fundamental significance from the point of view of the nature of serological specificity, and of biochemical evolution.
Time of Return of Elbow Motion after Percutaneous Pinning of Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures

The most common treatment for displaced pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures is closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. However, the time for return of elbow motion after treatment of these injuries is not well documented. To describe the return of elbow motion after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of these fractures we retrospectively reviewed 63 patients (age range, 1.6–13.8 years) with displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus stabilized with either two or three lateral entry pins. Pins were removed by 3 to 4 weeks. No patient participated in formal physical therapy. At each followup, elbow range of motion (ROM) was recorded for the injured and uninjured extremities. Elbow ROM returned to 72% of contralateral elbow motion by 6 weeks after pinning and progressively increased to 86% by 12 weeks, 94% by 26 weeks, and 98% by 52 weeks. After closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a displaced, uncomplicated, supracondylar humerus fracture, 94% of the child’s normal elbow ROM should be expected by 6 months after pinning. Further improvement may occur up to 1 year postoperatively. This information may be helpful in advising parents what to expect after their child’s injury.
Penetrating Injuries of the Abdominal Aorta

Survival after laceration of the abdominal aorta is exceedingly rare. In this article three successfully managed cases are reported and 18 cases from the literature are reviewed. Aortic control by initial thoracotomy, autotransfusion, andaggressive management of renal and pulmonary complications are emphasized.
Stochastic Model for Estimating Impact of Highway Incidents on Air Pollution and Traffic Delay

A stochastic model was developed to estimate the average excess emission of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM2.5) and the traffic delay due to incidents. This work models incident characteristics such as incident clearance time, degree of capacity reduction, and the demand-to-capacity ratio as random variables to derive the statistical characteristics of the excess emissions and traffic delays. It was found that estimated excess CO and traffic delay could be modeled as lognormal distributions. Excess VOC and NOx distributions were found to have the characteristics of a three-parameter lognormal distribution. Excess PM2.5 distribution was found to have gamma distribution characteristics. Average incident clearance time for this study was found to be 26 min. The average degree of capacity reduction and demand-to-capacity ratio were assumed to be 63% and 71%, respectively. An incident with these characteristics is estimated to result ...
Relation of Predicted to Actual Hypnotic Responsiveness, with Special Reference to Posthypnotic Amnesia

Abstract Prior to receiving the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) of Shor & E. Orne (1962), 423 naive volunteer Ss were asked to predict their behavioral response to each of the 12 constituent HCSHS: A suggestions. Another 418 Ss made no prior predictions. The relationships between predicted and actual hypnotic responsiveness were significant for HGSHS:A as a whole (r = .34) and for many of the individual items (though all r < .22). Ss who received prior information concerning the contents of HGSHS:A scored significantly lower than those Ss who were uninformed. This difference was apparent for 9 of the 12 individual HGSHS:A items (all p < .Ol), although it was most apparent for the posthypnotic amnesia suggestion. Although Ss' expectations are significant determinants of hypnotic responsiveness, there is also considerable surprise and disappointment on their part. Implications of the results for the distinction between aptitude and attitude contributions to hypnotic responsi...
Reduction of deep levels in MOCVD-regrown Al x Ga 1− x As interfaces by (NH 4 ) 2 S passivation and in-situ HCl etching

The effects of surface preparation usinginsitu HCl etching and (NH4)2S passivation of AlxGa1-xAs episurfaces prior to regrowth by MOCVD are analyzed by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), electrochemical profiling (C-V) and room-temperature photoluminescence (PL). Four electron traps were found from the DLTS measurements; a DX-center and three traps previously reported for oxygen-contaminated MOCVD systems. Electrical and optical measurements on quantum well lasers containing a regrown interface in the optical confinement region are also presented. It is demonstrated that both (NH4)2S passivation and HClin-situ etching improve the electrical and optical quality of the regrown AlxGa1-xAs interfaces, with the best results being obtained when the two methods are used in tandem.
Internal And External Electric Field Visualization For Metallic Cylinders In The 2-5 And 8-14 Micron Bands

An infrared (IR) detection technique is applied to the problem of measuring electric fields both interior and exterior to metallic cylinders under microwave illumination. An IR measurement technique which can be used to detect microwave fields, both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed, is described in this paper. The technique involves placing a thin lossy detection screen material in the region over which the electromagnetic (EM) field is to be mapped. The fields are detected through Joule heating that occurs then EM energy is absorbed by the screen material. The induced temperature distribution, detected by an IR scanning system via emitted thermal radiation, at the surface of the screen corresponds to the EM field intensities in the screen. Thus, the two dimensional field distribution can be seen in nearly real time and is now extended to the interior and exterior problem. The simultaneous observation from a dual band Thermovision System is also being investigated.
Genetics of human hypertension

Hypertension is a complex genetic disorder caused by interplay between several "risk" genes and environmental factors (genetic heritability approximately 30%). Most genetic studies of hypertension use a candidate gene approach and two conclusions have been made: there is no association or linkage with the genes studied, or the hypertension phenotype is heterogeneous and subgroups with hypertension related to certain polymorphisms cannot be identified because of background noise. Studies using intermediate phenotypes suggest the latter is most likely. Another problem is the reliability of gene structure assessment: usually only one or two gene polymorphisms are assessed. The use of intermediate phenotypes and dense mapping of candidate genes would provide a better approach for identifying genotype-phenotype correlations, which might enable the use of genotypes to identify more-specific therapeutic and preventative measures for hypertensives.
Selective Nucleation and Growth of Cu and Ni Core/Shell Nanoparticles

A simple synthesis of core−shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) is reported using a modified polyol process. We found that it is possible to control the nucleation kinetics of nickel and copper salts in ethylene glycol by manipulating the boiling temperature of the solution. It is hypothesized that a 10 °C temperature difference is sufficient to separate out the nucleation of elemental copper and nickel nanoparticles.
SU ( 4 ) c -breaking scale and bounds on the top-quark mass

We discuss a scenario in which the SO(10) grand unified symmetry breaks via $\mathrm{SU}{(4)}_{c}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{R}$ to $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{c}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{Y}$. We determine the $\mathrm{SU}{(4)}_{c}$-breaking scale ${M}_{c}$ through standard (one-loop) renormalization-group evolution of the gauge couplings, as well as by demanding that the ratio $\frac{{m}_{b}}{{m}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$, which is unity above ${M}_{c}$, lies in the "observed" range. Compatibility between these two independent determinations of ${M}_{c}$ leads to bounds on the top-quark mass. We study separately the cases of having one or two Higgs doublets in the electroweak region. In both cases ${m}_{t}$ is found to be less than about 180 GeV.
Effect of alloxan on mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase activity and the ATP-ADP exchange reaction.

Abstract Alloxan stimulated the latent adenosinetriphosphatase activity in fresh rat liver mitochondria in vitro . Maximal stimulation was elicited by 1 μmole per milligram protein and moderate inhibition was observed at higher concentrations. The activity was specific for ATP. CTP, ITP, UTP, and GTP showed little or no activity as substrate. The stimulated ATPase was sensitive to oligomycin (1 μg per milliliter) and insensitive to aurovertin (10 μg per milliliter) and amytal (1 m M ). Moreover, alloxan caused a 22% “apparent” inhibition of the ATP-ADP exchange reaction. These observations tend to indicate that in this mitochondrial in vitro system alloxan discharges a high-energy intermediate between the oligomycin- and the aurovertin-sensitive sites. The characteristics of the dinitrophenol- and the alloxan-stimulated ATPase are compared, and evidence is given that the action of alloxan on mitochondria is more localized than that of DNP.
Calculation of electric fields in conductive media

A method is presented, based upon finite‐difference forms of Laplace’s equation, for the iterative calculation of three‐dimensional electric field distributions in electrically conductive media. The method, while generally applicable to any conductive media, will be presented with emphasis on its use for the prediction of power density in tissue when radio‐frequency hyperthermia is utilized in the treatment of cancer. A computer code which performs these calculations has been written in BASIC so that it may be adapted to relatively inexpensive desktop computers for use in treatment planning. Example calculations of the distribution of electric potential, gradient, and power density with specific electrode configurations are presented. Applications and limitations of the technique are discussed.
Pressure, Opportunity and Predisposition: A Multivariate Model of Corporate Illegality

Corporate illegality researchers often maintain that wrongdoing occurs when factors pressure a firm to behave illegally, leading managers to make a rational decision to commit wrongdoing. Yet, corporate illegality results also from conditions of opportunity and predisposition, and it may be an unintended outcome of corporate actions. A multivariate model of corporate illegality is proposed, in which situational factors-conditions of pressure, opportunity, or predisposition-lead to unintentional and intentional illegality. The model distinguishes between intentional and unintentional illegal activities, and it recognizes that intentional illegality results from a decision to engage in wrongdoing, so characteristics of the individual decision maker affect the likelihood of wrongdoing. Implications of this model for researchers and managers are discussed.
Distribution-Free Tests for Main Effects in Multifactor Designs

Abstract This article concerns distribution-free tests for main effects in M ≥ 1 factor designs when the factors are crossed. A single test statistic using Wilcoxon type scores is introduced that can be used for designs with any value of M. We illustrate that the properties of the test statistic, such as limiting distribution and asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE), can be obtained from known properties of test statistics proposed for two-factor designs. Large-sample properties are found based on cell sizes tending to infinity and based on the number of levels of the other factors tending to infinity. It is also shown that the Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman test statistics are special cases.
Poly(lactic Acid) and Chain-Extended Poly(lactic acid)−Polyurethane Functionalized with Pendent Carboxylic Acid Groups

We have synthesized linear poly(lactic acid) (BHMBA−PLA) possessing a pendent carboxylic acid group via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l- or d,l-lactide using bis(hydroxymethyl) butyric acid (BHMBA) as initiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. Polymerizations were typically conducted in the bulk for ∼3 h at 130 °C, using a catalyst concentration of 3 × 10-2 wt % Sn. The polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, equipped with a multiangle laser light scattering detector (GPC−MALLS), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY), and heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC). Branching, via possible condensation reaction between the pendent carboxylic acid group of the initiator fragment and the hydroxyl chain ends, was investigated and determined to be negligible under our synthesis conditions. Number-average molecular weights by GPC−MALLS (Mn,GPC) and 1H NMR (Mn,NMR) were in good agreement with theoretical values (Mn,theo) calculated assuming a s...
Probucol attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits

1. Probucol was administered to rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched (2% wt/wt) diet to determine potential anti-atherogenic effects in a preparation in which the disease process is due to elevated plasma concentrations of cholesterol ester-rich very low density lipoproteins (CER-VLDL). 2. Probucol was supplemented to the diet at 1% wt/wt which resulted in plasma concentrations rising steadily to 53 +/- 8 micrograms ml-1 after 14 days, with no significant changes during continued administration. Dietary consumption and body weight gains were comparable in the drug-treated and control groups during the observation period. 3. Probucol treatment did not significantly affect plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, unesterified cholesterol, triglycerides or phospholipids. 4. The concentration of CER-VLDL in plasma and its physicochemical characteristics were not significantly changed during administration of probucol. CER-VLDL from both control and probucol-treated animals was a potent stimulant of the augmentation of the intracellular incorporation of [3H]-oleate into cholesteryl-[3H]-oleate in cultured macrophages. 5. Despite the lack of effect of probucol on concentrations of plasma lipids and the cell interaction characteristics of CER-VLDL, administration of the drug markedly decreased the extent of intimal aortic surface area covered by grossly discernible atherosclerotic lesions from 55.6 +/- 11.8% to 11.6 +/- 1.9% in thoracic sections, and from 49.1 +/- 10.2% to 7.2 +/- 0.4% in abdominal sections. Furthermore, probucol treatment significantly reduced the deposition of total cholesterol in vascular tissue. 6. Probucol reduced the extent of aortic atherosclerosis produced by diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. This reduction occurred in the absence of any significant change in the characteristics of plasma lipoproteins that were determined. These results indicate that either there is a role of oxidation in the disease process of this animal model of atherosclerosis or that probucol is acting via a presently undefined mechanism.
p55Cdc/Cdc20 Overexpression Promotes Early G1/S Transition in Myeloid Cells

p55Cdc/Cdc20 is expressed in cycling mammalian cells and has been shown to be an activator of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint. We previously showed that overexpression of p55Cdc/Cdc20 in myeloid cells resulted in accelerated apoptosis and inhibition of granulocyte differentiation in the murine myeloid cell line 32Dcl3. p55Cdc/Cdc20 protein expression is detected in cells at late G1 phase of the cell cycle but is maximal during G2 phase. We report in this paper that inducible expression of p55Cdc/Cdc20 in 32Dcl3 cells results in premature transition from G1 to S phase. To characterize the mechanism of this early transition, we examined the expression of critical regulatory proteins during the cell cycle. Although expression of cyclin D, cyclin E, cdk2, and cdc2 did not change significantly between p55Cdc/Cdc20-overexpressing and control cells, p27Kip1 protein levels were lower and cdk2 activity higher during G1 to S transition in p55Cdc/Cdc20-overexpressing cells compared to control cells. Cyclin B1 levels were lower at early G1 phase in cells overexpressing p55Cdc/Cdc20. Our results suggest that p55Cdc/Cdc20 may play an important role in G1 to S transition during myelopoiesis.
The epidemiology of intracerebral hemorrhage in the United States from 1979 to 2008.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes 15 % of strokes annually in the United States. Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey, we studied the disposition and mortality trends of ICH admissions from 1979 to 2008. Cases were identified using the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical-Modification code 431. There was an annualized increase in the admission rate of ICH from about an average of 24,000 cases (12.9 per 100,000 persons per year) during the first epoch to 40,600 cases (17.0 per 100,000 persons per year) during the second epoch. Thereafter, the annual admission rate after ICH remained stable with about 63,000 cases (21 per 100,000 persons per year) during the last epoch. Nonwhites experienced higher growth rates than whites, and the risk of ICH was higher across all age subgroups, in men than women, and nonwhites compared with whites. In-hospital mortality after ICH fell significantly from 45 % (95 % CI, 31–59 %) during the first epoch (1979–1983) to 34 % (95 % CI, 20–38 %) during the second epoch (1984–1988) (p = 0.03) but did not change significantly after that. Groups with higher in-hospital mortality were whites, women, and persons older than 65 years, black women younger than 45 years, and middle-aged black men. Average days of care for ICH hospitalizations decreased significantly. Though the ICH admission rate increased and the in-hospital mortality decreased during the first epochs of the study, these have not significantly changed over the last two decades. ICH remains the most severe form of stroke with limited options to improve survival. More research targeting novel therapies to improve outcomes after ICH is desperately needed.
Mechanism of Energy Coupling For Transport of d-Ribose in Escherichia coli

In Escherichia coli ML 308-225, d-ribose is transported into the cell by a constitutive active transport system of high activity. The activity of this transport system is severely reduced in cells subjected to osmotic shock, and the system is not present in membrane vesicles. The mechanism by which metabolic energy is coupled to transport of ribose was investigated. Substrates which generate adenosine 5′-triphosphate primarily through oxidative phosphorylation are poor energy sources for ribose uptake in DL-54, a mutant of ML 308-225 which lacks activity for the membrane-bound Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase required for oxidative phosphorylation. Arsenate severely inhibits ribose uptake, whereas, under the same conditions, uptake of l-proline is relatively insensitive to arsenate. Anaerobiosis does not significantly inhibit ribose uptake in ML 308-225 or DL-54 when glucose is the energy source. A significant amount of ribose uptake is resistant to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation such as 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results indicate that the phosphate bond energy of adenosine 5′-triphosphate, rather than an energized membrane state, couples energy to ribose transport in ML 308-225.
The Acute and Post-Discontinuation Effects of a Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Antagonist Probe on Sleep and the HPA Axis in Chronic Insomnia: A Pilot Study

Study Objective:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) hyperactivity has been reported in patients with chronic insomnia without depression. A glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist may re-regu...
How well do undergraduate research programs promote engagement and success of students

Assessment of undergraduate research (UR) programs using participant surveys has produced a wealth of information about design, implementation, and perceived benefits of UR programs. However, measurement of student participation university wide, and the potential contribution of research experience to student success, also require the study of extrinsic measures. In this essay, institutional data on student credit-hour generation and grade point average (GPA) from the University of Georgia are used to approach these questions. Institutional data provide a measure of annual enrollment in UR classes in diverse disciplines. This operational definition allows accurate and retrospective analysis, but does not measure all modes of engagement in UR. Cumulative GPA is proposed as a quantitative extrinsic measure of student success. Initial results show that extended participation in research for more than a single semester is correlated with an increase in GPA, even after using SAT to control for the initial ability level of the students. While the authors acknowledge that correlation does not prove causality, continued efforts to measure the impact of UR programs on student outcomes using GPA or an alternate extrinsic measure is needed for development of evidence-based programmatic recommendations.
Test site aided new IC product introduction

The introduction of a 32-kb bipolar RAM using an unclamped complementary transistor switch memory cell is described. Key features of the process technology are the polysilicon-base NPN transistor and trench isolation. Both the cell layout and processing are optimized with an exploratory test site in the early manufacturing cycle. The exploratory test site has yield test structures with different ground rules and cell layouts side by side. The yield detractors and product yields are continuously monitored in the manufacturing line with a product test site in order to enhance defect learning. The product test site is stepped into the product wafer and has the same ground rules as the product. The test-site-aided product introduction doubled the defect learning rate. >