cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association of the Galactosyl Diglycerides of Brain with Myelination I. CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF MONOGALACTOSYL DIGLYCERIDE IN THE MICROSOMAL AND MYELIN FRACTIONS OF BRAIN OF RATS DURING DEVELOPMENT

Abstract Through the use of a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic assay, the concentration of monogalactosyl diglyceride has been measured in whole brain and in fractions of brain from rats of varying age. The concentration of monogalactosyl diglyceride in whole brain was barely measurable before 10 days of age; increased sharply especially after 16 days up to about 20 days of age; and then decreased rather quickly to adult values. In adult brain, most of the monogalactosyl diglyceride was associated with myelin (64 to 68%); the next highest amount (15 to 18%) was recoverable from the microsomal fractions. In brains undergoing active myelination the greater part of the monogalactosyl diglyceride appeared in the microsomal fraction up to the age of 20 days. After 20 days the quantity of the galactosyl diglyceride decreased precipitously in the microsomal fraction, and increased sharply in the small myelin fraction. In the actively myelinating brain very little monogalactosyl diglyceride is found in the large myelin fraction; however in adult brain there are equal amounts in the small and large myelin fractions. Thus the galactosyl lipid is associated with an increasingly larger particle as the animal ages into adulthood. The enzyme activity responsible for the biosynthesis of the galactosyl diglyceride resided almost exclusively (88% of total) in the microsomal fraction. These data indicate that a temporal relationship exists between the site of synthesis (microsomal) and site of deposition (myelin) of monogalactosyl diglyceride. This suggestion was confirmed by the finding that the specific radioactivity of monogalactosyl diglyceride in myelin from 23-day-old rats was the same as the specific radioactivity of monogalactosyl diglyceride derived from the microsomal fraction of brain from 20-day-old rats.
Organizational Moral Distress

Moral distress has been identified at the individual level and defined as the anguish a person may experience faced with a situation in which the individual knows the right thing to do but is prevented from doing it by institutional constraints. In this article, we take a broader approach and apply the idea of moral distress to the organizational level. We call this concept organizational moral distress. Organizational moral distress is, in part, the distress one or more organization stakeholder groups experience because of a misalignment between the operational values of an organization and what an organization says it endorses. Keywords: mission; operational values; stakeholders; whistleblowing; moral mazes
DLDB: Extending Relational Databases to Support Semantic Web Queries

Abstract : We present DLDB, a knowledge base system that extends a relational database management system with additional capabilities for DAML+OIL inference. We discuss a number of database schemas that can be used to store RDF data and discuss the tradeoffs of each. Then we describe how we extend our design to support DAML+OIL entailments. The most significant aspect of our approach is the use of a description logic reasoner to precompute the subsumption hierarchy. We describe a lightweight implementation that makes use of a common RDBMS (MS Access) and the FaCT description logic reasoner. Surprisingly, this simple approach provides good results for extensional queries over a large set of DAML+OIL data that commits to a representative ontology of moderate complexity. As such, we expect such systems to be adequate for personal or small-business usage.
National Science Foundation project on Advanced Technological Education in Information Technology

The National Science Foundation (NSF) Advanced Technological Education (ATE) project # DUE-9950029 is aimed to help increase the pool of qualified information technology (IT) teachers and workers in the USA. It addresses the severe national and statewide shortage of teachers and instructors in the IT area. While the growth in employment of all occupations in the USA IT industry between 1996-2006 is projected at 88.25%, the growth of college/university IT and computer science (CS) faculty is only projected at 18.3%. These findings motivated faculty of several USA educational institutions such as Bradley University and Midstate College (both, in Peoria, IL), Georgia Tech Regional Engineering Program (GREP) at Georgia Institute of Technology (Savannah, GA), College of Applied Science at University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati State Technical and Community College (both, in Cincinnati, OH) to propose the NSF ATE project back in 1998 and complete it by 2003. This paper reviews project goals, project faculty development methods, evaluation of innovative courses and teaching technology and corresponding project team's findings.
Mechanisms of visual plasticity: Hebb synapses, NMDA receptors, and beyond

Article de synthese sur les mecanismes de plasticite visuelle : plasticite des interactions binoculaires chez les chats et les singes ; plasticite de la selectivite dans le cortex visuel ; plasticite compensatrice apres privation de la vision ; mecanisme de la plasticite synaptique
In vitro interactions of CysB protein with the cysJIH promoter of Salmonella typhimurium: inhibitory effects of sulfide.

Abstract The cysteine regulon of Salmonella typhimurium is positively regulated by the CysB protein and an inducer, which can be either O-acetyl-L-serine or N-acetyl-L-serine. In vivo experiments confirmed that sulfide and L-cysteine (supplied as L-cystine) interfere with induction by exogenously supplied O-acetyl-L-serine and also showed the same effects when N-acetyl-L-serine was used as an inducer. In a gel shift assay, purified CysB protein bound specifically to a 278-base-pair DNA fragment containing the S. typhimurium cysJIH promoter region. Binding occurred in the absence of inducer but did not stimulate in vitro transcription initiation, indicating that binding alone is insufficient to cause formation of a transcription initiation complex. Addition of N-acetyl-L-serine or O-acetyl-L-serine was required for transcription initiation and also stimulated binding three- to eightfold. Sulfide inhibited both transcription initiation and binding by interfering with the stimulatory effects of inducer in a competitive manner. These findings indicate that sulfide is an anti-inducer and may explain why full expression of the cysteine regulon requires sulfur limitation. L-Cysteine did not affect in vitro transcription initiation or binding of CysB protein to the cysJIH promoter region. The in vivo effects of L-cysteine may be secondary to its degradation to sulfide by the inducible enzyme cysteine desulfhydrase.
Impact of Selection and Training Research on Productivity, Quality of Work Life, and Profits

This chapter is not a comprehensive review of the research literature relevant to personnel selection and training research. Rather it attempts to place the subjects of selection and training in perspective--that is, in terms of their partial contribution to employee productivity, quality of work life, and profits. Then we will present examples of the contribution of four types of behavioral science interventions: an absenteeism control program, an employee assistance program, a goal setting and feedback program, and an assessment center selection program. Let us begin by defining our terms.
Investigations relative to the mitigation of interference to analog and digital radio-based avionics systems

This paper describes the preliminary investigations in to the potential of interference due to high level RF fields from high-powered broadcast, transmitters on nearby aircraft, ground-based aviation-related transmitters and on-board transmitters. The problems associated with third order intermodulation distortion, IMD, generated by high powered FM broadcast transmitters has been studied several times and has resulted in an RTCA paper on the subject. A general improvement in the dynamic range of VHF navigation and communications receivers has reduced the susceptibility to IMD of newer receivers. However, the improvement of receiver IMD performance is accompanied by an increase in potential IMD generators. The described research will, first, assess the potential sources of IMD. Second, the amount of dynamic range required to reduce the IMD levels such that the IMD will pose no threat to safety of flight will be determined. Finally, a new silicon carbide technology will be integrated into communications and navigation receivers and tested.
Addressing memory exhaustion failures in Virtual Machines in a cloud environment

With the expansion of the cloud computing usage over a wide range of areas and different kinds of users, the cloud providers are taking full advantage of all their resources as much as they can. Memory is the most expensive resource in terms of oversubscribing and this has resulted in high price to the end user. Furthermore, performing swapping in Virtual Machines (VM) is expensive, so the cloud provider usually do not offer any swapping space for its systems. As a consequence, when a VM runs out of memory, user processes are killed. This scenario in the cloud environment is especially critical, since the user loses all of his/her execution time and, by extension, the money invested in this computation. This paper addresses this critical problem by providing a kernel extension that monitors the memory requirements of a VM and prevents the out of memory state by creating swapping space dynamically. The paper describes the design and implementation of a preliminary prototype of this kernel extensions and evaluates its performance.
Solid anthropomorphic infant whole-body DXA phantom: design, evaluation, and multisite testing

Solid anthropomorphic infant whole-body DXA phantom: design, evaluation, and multisite testing
A comparison of constant strain rate and creep testing procedures in superplasticity

Tests were conducted on the Zn-22 wt% Al eutectoid alloy to compare experimental conditions of true constant strain rate and true constant stress when there is relatively minor grain growth. The stress-strain curves show the presence of significant strain hardening which precedes steady-state flow. In the steady-state condition, similar stresses are obtained when the strain rate is incrementally cycled on a single specimen. There is an extensive primary stage of creep in both Regions I and II, although in Region II the time involved is often very short. It is re-affirmed that, in the absence of significant grain growth, steady-state flow data may be obtained using either constant strain rate or creep testing procedures.
Performance analysis of the Alpha 21364-based HP GS1280 multiprocessor

This paper evaluates performance characteristics of the HP GS1280 shared memory multiprocessor system. The GS1280 system contains up to 64 Alpha 21364 CPUs connected together via a torus-based interconnect. We describe architectural features of the GS1280 system. We compare and contrast the GS1280 to the previousgeneration Alpha systems: AlphaServer GS320 and ES45/SC45. We further quantitatively show the performance effects of these features using application results and profiling data based on the built-in performance counters. We find that the HP GS1280 often provides 2 to 3 times the performance of the AlphaServer GS320 at similar clock frequencies. We find the key reasons for such performance gains are advances in memory, inter-processor, and I/O subsystem designs.
Sexually transmitted diseases.

Abstract Traditionally, STD is considered a disease of younger adults, and older adults continue to present a challenge to health care providers. Geriatric health care professionals must offer older adults adequate information relating to sexuality and aging. In addition, sexual health must be evaluated as a standard domain in routine comprehensive geriatric evaluation and management. Large-scale community education programs are helpful in encouraging cultural and societal acceptance of the sexuality of older adults. Finally, as baby-boomers age, health care professionals will face increasing pressure from their patients to address sexual health problems in geriatric clinical practice. The current dearth of relevant evidence-based information highlights the urgent need for prioritized research in this area.
Phase transitions and convection in Icy satellites

The effects of solid-solid phase changes on subsolidus convection in the large icy moons of the outer solar system are considered. Phase transitions affect convection via processes that distort the phase change boundary and/or influence buoyancy through thermal expansion. Linear stability analyses are carried out for ice layers with a phase change at the midplane. Two exothermic phase transitions (ice I - ice II, ice VI - ice VIII) and two endothermic transitions (ice I - ice III, ice II - ice V) are considered. For the exothermic cases, the phase change can either impede or enhance whole-layer convection. For the endothermic cases, the phse change always inhibits whole-layer convective overturn and tends to enforce two-layer convection. These results play some constraints on possible models of icy satellite evolution and structure.
Resection of liver metastases from breast cancer: estrogen receptor status and response to chemotherapy before metastasectomy define outcome

Background The oncologic benefit of resecting liver metastases in patients with breast cancer is unclear. This study was performed to identify predictors of survival after hepatectomy. Methods Between 1997 and 2010, 86 patients underwent resection of breast cancer liver metastases. Clinicopathologic characteristics of the primary breast neoplasm, timing of metastasis development, and treatment were recorded. Response to prehepatectomy chemotherapy was evaluated according to Response Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria, and the best response to chemotherapy during treatment and the response immediately before hepatectomy were noted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of disease-free survival and overall survival. Results Fifty-nine patients (69%) had estrogen receptor– or progesterone receptor– positive primary breast neoplasms. Fifty-three patients (62%) had a solitary breast cancer liver metastasis, and 73 (85%) had breast cancer liver metastases ≤5 cm. Sixty-five patients (76%) received prehepatectomy hormonal and/or chemotherapy. Four patients (6%) had progressive disease as the best response, and 19 patients (30%) had progressive disease before hepatectomy ( P P = .009; hazard ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–8.2) and preoperative progressive disease ( P = .003; hazard ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–9.2) were associated with decreased overall survival. Conclusion Resection of breast cancer liver metastases in patients with estrogen receptor–positive disease that is responding to chemotherapy is associated with improved survival. The timing of operative intervention may be critical; resection before progression is associated with a better outcome.
Permutation inversions and multidimensional cumulative distribution functions

Abstract The problem of computing the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) of N points in k-dimensional space has been studied and motivated recently by Bentley [1], whose solution uses recursive multidimensional divide-and-conquer. In this paper, the problem is treated as a generalization of the problem of computing the inversion of a permutation. An algorithm of Knuth [3] is then extended to yield an O(kN(log2N)k−1) solution to the ECDF problem, which is comparable to Bentley's solution. Neither solution approaches the O(kN log2N) lower bound, and they are worse than the O(kN2) ‘brute force’ algorithm for large k. The new algorithm, however, has the advantage of being highly parallel so that fast solution exists with parallel processors.
A method for calculating the effect of a die-off from stranding data

A method was developed for estimating the mortality during a die-off of marine mammal species from longitudinal stranding data. A deterministic mathematical model of the stranding process was used to calculate the mortality during a die-off. The model incorporated natural and anthropogenic mortality rates, the number of stranded carcasses before, during, and after the die-off, the duration of the die-off, and detection probability of a stranded carcass. The model was applied to data for the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) along the Atlantic coast of the United States. The mortality rate during the epizootic of 1987 and 1988 was calculated using the model. Sensitivity analyses indicated that precise estimates of natural and anthropogenic mortality rates were important for obtaining precise additional mortality rates during the die-off. For stranding data to be useful in this model, data should be collected in a consistent manner and effort within a defined area prior to, throughout, and after a die-off. Survey effort also should be measured.
A unified approach for encoding clean and noisy sources by means of waveform and autoregressive model vector quantization

Data compression by vector quantization is considered for sources which have been degraded by noise. It is shown that, by appropriately modifying the given distortion measure, the problem becomes a standard quantization problem for the noisy source and the modified distortion measure. For the special case of sources corrupted by statistically independent additive noise, the authors provide sufficient conditions on the original distortion measure and probability distributions of the source and the noise for convergence of the generalized Lloyd algorithm in designing the quantizers. The results are specialized to waveform and autoregressive model vector quantization using the weighted quadratic and the Itakura-Saito distortion measures, respectively. >
Electrical remodeling in the failing heart.

Purpose of review We focus on the molecular and cellular basis of excitability, conduction and electrical remodeling in the heart failure with dyssynchronous LV contraction (DHF) and its restoration by cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using a canine tachy-pacing heart failure (HF) model.
Characterization and description of a virus causing salivary gland hyperplasia in the housefly, Musca domestica

. A double-stranded DNA virus was isolated from hyperplasic salivary glands of male and female houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), collected from a dairy in Alachua County, Florida, U.S.A. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of this housefly salivary gland hyperplasia (SGH) virus revealed the presence of two major and eight minor structural polypeptides. Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that the c. 137 kilobase pair DNA was double-stranded. Weekly sweep-net sampling of the fly population throughout the season (May-October, 1991) showed that 1.5-18.5% of the dissected flies possessed hyperplasic salivary glands. The virus replicated within the nuclei of the salivary gland cells and was transmitted per os to newly-emerged healthy adult flies.
A new look at chimney design

An updated algorithm is presented for a rapid calculation under unlimited mixing conditions of the maximum short-time average ground-level concentrations of air pollutants emitted from a large source in a rural area and the location of the maximum. The models employed are those most currently recommended by the US EPA and used in the MPTER computer program. The information is presented in the form of mathematical equations and plots from which the maximum can readily be determined by use of a hand-held calculator in combination with several charts and graphs. The techniques presented can be used as a screening process to determine if it is necessary to carry out a more thorough analysis. (JMT)
Effects of Castration and 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine (Melatonin) Upon Luteinizing (LH) and Follicle Stimulating (FSH) Hormones in 21-day Male Rats

Male rats, maintained under controlled environmental conditions with 14 h of light daily, were orchiectomized or sham-operated on the 21st day and sacrificed on the 42nd day of life. Melatonin (200 μg) or diluent (2% ethanol) was administered i.p. daily from the 21st through the 41st days of life to groups of intact and castrated animals. Pituitary and serum LH and FSH were measured by double antibody radioimmuno-assays. In diluent treated-orchiectomized rats the pituitary weight, pituitary LH content and concentration and serum LH and FSH levels were significantly (p < 0.01) higher and the pituitary FSH concentration was significantly (<0.01) lower than in diluent treated intact animals. The adimistration of melatonin to intact animals was associated with significantly (p < 0.05) decreased pituitary LH content and testicular weight, but was without effect upon pituitary FSH content or upon serum LH and FSH concentrations. The administration of melatonin to orchiectomized animals was without apparent effect. It is concluded that under the conditions of the present experiment; (1) there is increased secretion of LH and FSH following castration of the juvenile male rat; (2) melatonin may suppress LH synthesis in intact animals; (3) melatonin is unable to suppress LH secretion in castrated 21 day male rats; (4) melatonin does not effect FSH secretion in either intact or orchiectomized juvenile rats.
Forging transatlantic consensus on missile defence

(2003). Forging transatlantic consensus on missile defence. The International Spectator: Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 5-19.
A Role for Autophagy in the Extension of Lifespan by Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

In many organisms, dietary restriction appears to extend lifespan, at least in part, by down-regulating the nutrient-sensor TOR (Target Of Rapamycin). TOR inhibition elicits autophagy, the large-scale recycling of cytoplasmic macromolecules and organelles. In this study, we asked whether autophagy might contribute to the lifespan extension induced by dietary restriction in C. elegans. We find that dietary restriction and TOR inhibition produce an autophagic phenotype and that inhibiting genes required for autophagy prevents dietary restriction and TOR inhibition from extending lifespan. The longevity response to dietary restriction in C. elegans requires the PHA-4 transcription factor. We find that the autophagic response to dietary restriction also requires PHA-4 activity, indicating that autophagy is a transcriptionally regulated response to food limitation. In spite of the rejuvenating effect that autophagy is predicted to have on cells, our findings suggest that autophagy is not sufficient to extend lifespan. Long-lived daf-2 insulin/IGF-1 receptor mutants require both autophagy and the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO for their longevity, but we find that autophagy takes place in the absence of DAF-16. Perhaps autophagy is not sufficient for lifespan extension because although it provides raw material for new macromolecular synthesis, DAF-16/FOXO must program the cells to recycle this raw material into cell-protective longevity proteins.
You Said “Neutral”, but What Do You Mean?

Using the term “neutral” as an example, this discussion examines difficulties that chemistry students face when trying to contextualize chemical terminology. Interview responses of 20 undergraduate students (majors in either chemistry or biology) indicate that some of students’ context-based interpretations of neutral are shared, although up to half of the context-specific interpretations of the term differ from the scientifically accepted meaning of neutral implied by the sample contexts. Most evident is the association of the word “neutral” in a scientific context with the words “unreactive” or “equilibrium”.
Space cryogenics components based on the thermomechanical effect - Vapor-liquid phase separation

Applications of the thermomechanical effect has been qualified including incorporation in large-scale space systems in the area of vapor-liquid phase separation (VLPS). The theory of the porous-plug phase separator is developed for the limit of a high thermal impedance of the solid-state grains. Extensions of the theory of nonlinear turbulent flow are presented based on experimental results.
Detection of a Near-Infrared Counterpart to the Massive Protostar G192.16–3.82

G192.16-3.82 (G192) is a massive protostellar object with an energetic outflow. It is one of only a few massive protostars with evidence of a circumstellar accretion disk. New high-resolution K'-band images of G192 show a 2.1 μm source near the radio-detected compact H II region. The source is very red (not detected at the H band), and neither ionized gas (Brγ emission) nor shocked gas (H2 emission) contributes strongly to the K-band emission. If the 2.1 μm source is the extincted protostellar photosphere, then the circumstellar disk may have a central hole and/or a small scale height.
Superconformal Electrodeposition of Silver from a KAg ( CN ) 2 ­ KCN ­ KSeCN Electrolyte

Electrodeposition of silver from a KAg(CN) 2 -KCN electrolyte was investigated. The addition of potassium selenocyanate (KSeCN) results in a hysteretic current-voltage response, specular films, and superconformal growth in submicrometer vias. These observations are well described by the recently proposed curvature enhanced accelerator coverage model of film growth.
Signal transduction pathways involved in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast interleukin-18-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 has been implicated in interactions between leukocytes and connective tissue, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue fibroblasts. Such interactions within the synovium contribute to RA inflammation. Using phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 and Src inhibitor PP2, we show that interleukin (IL)-18-induced ERK1/2 activation is Src kinase-dependent. Antisense (AS) c-Src oligonucleotide (ODN) treatment reduced IL-18-induced ERK1/2 expression by 32% compared with control, suggesting an upstream role of Src in ERK1/2 activation. AS c-Src ODN treatment also inhibited Akt expression by 74% compared with sense control. PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or AS PI3-kinase ODN inhibited Akt expression. AS c-Src ODN inhibited Akt phosphorylation, confirming Src is upstream of PI3-kinase in IL-18-induced RA synovial fibroblast signaling. IL-18 induced a time-dependent activation of c-Src, Ras, and Raf-1, suggesting this signaling cascade plays a role in ERK activation. IL-18 directly activated Src kinase by more than 4-fold over basal levels by enzymatic assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that activator protein-1 (AP-1) is activated by IL-18 through ERK and Src but not through PI3-kinase. In an alternate pathway, inhibition of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK) with AS ODN to IRAK reduced IL-18-induced expression of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). Finally, IL-18-induced cell surface VCAM-1 expression was inhibited by treatment with AS ODNs to c-Src, IRAK, PI3-kinase, and ERK1/2 by 57, 43, 41, and 32% compared with control sense ODN treatment, respectively. These data support a role for IL-18 activation of three distinct pathways during RA synovial fibroblast stimulation: two Src-dependent pathways and the IRAK/NFκB pathway. Targeting VCAM-1 signaling mechanisms may represent therapeutic approaches to inflammatory and angiogenic diseases characterized by adhesion molecule up-regulation.
Modulation of orthogonal body waves enables high maneuverability in sidewinding locomotion

Many organisms move using traveling waves of body undulation, and most work has focused on single-plane undulations in fluids. Less attention has been paid to multiplane undulations, which are particularly important in terrestrial environments where vertical undulations can regulate substrate contact. A seemingly complex mode of snake locomotion, sidewinding, can be described by the superposition of two waves: horizontal and vertical body waves with a phase difference of ±90°. We demonstrate that the high maneuverability displayed by sidewinder rattlesnakes (Crotalus cerastes) emerges from the animal’s ability to independently modulate these waves. Sidewinder rattlesnakes used two distinct turning methods, which we term differential turning (26° change in orientation per wave cycle) and reversal turning (89°). Observations of the snakes suggested that during differential turning the animals imposed an amplitude modulation in the horizontal wave whereas in reversal turning they shifted the phase of the vertical wave by 180°. We tested these mechanisms using a multimodule snake robot as a physical model, successfully generating differential and reversal turning with performance comparable to that of the organisms. Further manipulations of the two-wave system revealed a third turning mode, frequency turning, not observed in biological snakes, which produced large (127°) in-place turns. The two-wave system thus functions as a template (a targeted motor pattern) that enables complex behaviors in a high-degree-of-freedom system to emerge from relatively simple modulations to a basic pattern. Our study reveals the utility of templates in understanding the control of biological movement as well as in developing control schemes for limbless robots.
Excitonic instabilities in semiconductor superlattices in the lowest Landau level

Abstract In a superlattice whose unit cell contains two identical quantum wells distanced by a length b, weak tunneling is allowed to occur both intra- and inter-cell. The intra-cell tunneling leads to the splitting of the electron energy levels in two minibands separated by Δ S AS =E S −E AS , the symmetric–antisymmetric energy gap. The inter-cell tunneling broadens these minibands to a width proportional to the tunneling probability. In the presence of a magnetic field, when additional splitting of the energy levels occurs, a degeneracy between minibands of opposite spins can be realized by tuning the intensity of the magnetic field and the tunneling probability. Within the Hartree–Fock approximation, we investigate the existence of excitonic instabilities that can arise when, in the lowest Landau level ( n =0), the | S ↑〉 and | A ↓〉 minibands are almost degenerate.
Locating transnational memory

This special issue demonstrates the strengths of a located approach to transnational memory. The issue focuses intensively on Argentina and Spain, but also makes forays into Brazil, France, Germany, Mexico, and Sri Lanka, among other locations. By ‘located’ I do not mean simply ‘local’ – indeed, negotiating the question of the local and its relation to the global is high on the agenda of this special issue. A located approach to transnational memory might take inspiration from the feminist poet and essayist Adrienne Rich’s concept of a ‘politics of location’.1 A politics of location does indeed pay rigorous attention to the local – starting from the intimate terrain of the body – but it situates such attention in relation to other scales: from the regional to the national to the global. While Rich’s essay ‘Notes toward a Politics of Location’ does not address the question of memory directly, her famous assertion that ‘a place on the map is also a place in history’ resonates with the stakes of the essays collected here – essays that deal, as does Rich’s ‘Notes’, with the contradictory and intersecting legacies of state-sponsored violence (Ref. 1, p. 212).
Variability in a Nonlinear Model of the Atmosphere with Zonally Symmetric Forcing

Abstract The variability in a two-level nonlinear atmospheric model is examined. The model domain is spherical. The sole forcing is a zonally symmetric parameterization of the December-February insulation. An extended 1500 day run is carefully analyzed. Despite the absence of any asymmetric forcing the model produces a large amount of low-frequency variance and very red temporal spectra in subtropical and polar latitudes. The spatial signature of these low-frequency disturbances is that of quasi-stationary Rossby wave trains. It is suggested that the ubiquity of quasi-stationary Rossby wave trains in this model with no stationary asymmetric forcing is a consequence of energy cascade from the scale of baroclinic instability. The inertial cascade of energy toward larger spatial scales that is characteristic of geotrophic turbulence is terminated at a wavenumber where wave dispersion becomes as important as advection. This is precisely the scale at which Rossby waves are stationary. Hence, the cascade of ene...
Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes.

The distribution and intensity of transmission of vector-borne pathogens can be strongly influenced by the competence of vectors. Vector competence, in turn, can be influenced by temperature and viral genetics. West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into the United States of America in 1999 and subsequently spread throughout much of the Americas. Previously, we have shown that a novel genotype of WNV, WN02, first detected in 2001, spread across the US and was more efficient than the introduced genotype, NY99, at infecting, disseminating, and being transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. In the current study, we determined the relationship between temperature and time since feeding on the probability of transmitting each genotype of WNV. We found that the advantage of the WN02 genotype increases with the product of time and temperature. Thus, warmer temperatures would have facilitated the invasion of the WN02 genotype. In addition, we found that transmission of WNV accelerated sharply with increasing temperature, T, (best fit by a function of T4) showing that traditional degree-day models underestimate the impact of temperature on WNV transmission. This laboratory study suggests that both viral evolution and temperature help shape the distribution and intensity of transmission of WNV, and provides a model for predicting the impact of temperature and global warming on WNV transmission.
ASSESSMENT of NEAR INFRARED (NIR) DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS FOR MEASURING MOISTURE and WATER ACTIVITY IN RAISINS

Near Infrared (NIR) Analysis was applied to assess its potential for measuring water activity (a w ) and moisture in California Seedless Raisins in moisture equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. Samples covered a wide range of anticipated moisture contents. An NIR calibration for a w was made for whole raisins that were fully equilibrated. For ground raisins, NIR calibrations were made both a w and vacuum oven moisture, covering a large range of moisture contents and equilibrium conditions. Direct measurement of a w by a dewpoint device gave highly repeatable results, especially for ground raisins. Vacuum oven analysis of moisture was less precise than a w measurements. Full spectrum NIR calibrations indicated that NIR could predict a w of raisins in ground form, irrespective of their state of hydration beyond three hours following processing. A much larger sample population will be needed to establish precise calibrations for vacuum oven moisture.
Bose-Einstein correlations of pion pairs and kaon pairs from relativistic quantum molecular dynamics.

Bose-Einstein correlations between charged pion and ${\mathit{K}}^{+}$ pairs are calculated using the space-time and four-momentum distributions from relativistic quantum molecular dynamics for 200 GeV/nucleon $^{32}$S+Pb and compared to pion correlation measurements from two CERN experiments. Good agreement is found. The predicted apparent radii from the ${\mathit{K}}^{+}$ correlation functions are smaller than the corresponding pion radii.
On control and optimization of elastic multilink mechanisms

Abstract This paper presents a simple method for control of nonlinear elastic multilink mechanisms. The associated control law consists of open and closed loop components. The open loop component produces the desired overall rigid body motion, while the closed loop component suppresses the elastic motion relative to rigid body motion. Both the control law and the structural dynamics are referred to an inertial coordinate system. As a consequence, the control forces and control moments are easily simulated in a dynamic finite element analysis program. A series of numerical simulations illustrate the generality of this new method.
Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Rescues the Luteinizing Hormone Surge in Middle-Aged Female Rats

Reproductive aging is characterized by delayed and attenuated luteinizing hormone (LH) surges apparent in middle-aged rats. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the circadian clock that is responsible for the timing of diverse neuroendocrine rhythms. Electrophysiological studies suggest vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) originating from the SCN excites gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and affects daily patterns of GnRH-LH release. Age-related LH surge dysfunction correlates with reduced VIP mRNA expression in the SCN and fewer GnRH neurons with VIP contacts expressing c-fos, a marker of neuronal activation, on the day of the LH surge. To determine if age-related LH surge dysfunction reflects reduced VIP availability or altered VIP responsiveness under estradiol positive feedback conditions, we assessed the effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) VIP infusion on c-fos expression in GnRH neurons and on LH release in ovariohysterectomized, hormone-primed young and middle-aged rats. Icv infusion of VIP between 1300 and 1600 h significantly advanced the time of peak LH release, increased total and peak LH release, and increased the number of GnRH neurons expressing c-fos on the day of the LH surge in middle-aged rats. Surprisingly, icv infusion of VIP in young females significantly reduced the number of GnRH neurons expressing c-fos and delayed and reduced the LH surge. These observations suggest that a critical balance of VIP signaling is required to activate GnRH neurons for an appropriately timed and robust LH surge in young and middle-aged females. Age-related LH surge changes may, in part, result from decreased availability and reduced VIP-mediated neurotransmission under estradiol positive feedback conditions.
Chemical Engineering Aspects of Advanced Ceramic Materials

Advanced ceramic materials can be synthesized and processed using a large variety of different techniques. Synthesis and processing methods of oxide and non-oxide ceramic materials is reviewed with emphasis on solution techniques and high-temperature gas phase and condensed phase syntheses. Net-shape methods such as chemical vapor deposition, reaction sintering, joining, and liquid infiltration are presented. Critical aspects of materials synthesis and future research needs are also addressed.
Wall Shear Stress Measurements in an Arterial Flow Bioreactor

In vitro arterial flow bioreactor systems are widely used in tissue engineering to investigate response of endothelial cells to shear. However, the assumption that such models reproduce physiological flow has not been experimentally tested. Furthermore, shear stresses experienced by the endothelium are generally calculated using a Poiseuille flow assumption. Understanding the performance of flow bioreactor systems is of great importance, since interpretation of biological responses hinges on the fidelity of such systems and the validity of underlying assumptions. Here we test the physiologic reliability of arterial flow bioreactors and the validity of the Poiseuille assumption for a typical system used in tissue engineering. A particle image velocimetry system was employed to experimentally measure the flow within the vessel with high spatial and temporal resolution. Two types of vessels were considered: first, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tubing representative of a human artery without cells; and second, FEP tubing with a confluent layer of endothelial cells on the vessel lumen. Instantaneous wall shear stress (WSS), time-averaged WSS, and oscillatory shear index were computed from velocity field measurements and compared between cases. The flow patterns and resulting wall shear were quantitatively determined to not accurately reproduce physiological flow, and that the Poiseuille flow assumption was found to be invalid. This work concludes that analysis of cell response to hemodynamic parameters using such bioreactors should be accompanied by corresponding flow measurements for accurate quantification of fluid stresses.
Fulminant Hepatic Failure from Herpes Simplex Virus: Post Liver Transplantation Acyclovir Therapy and Literature Review

Introduction. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is seen throughout the world and can be treated with acyclovir. We present a case of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) as a result of disseminated HSV infection in a pregnant patient during the second trimester. Methods. The medical records of a patient suffering from HSV-related fulminant hepatic failure were collected. A review of the literature was collected and reported. Results. A previously healthy female presented with fulminant hepatic failure at a local emergency room complaining of a 5-day history of fever, nausea, vomiting, and right side abdominal pain that radiated to the back. She was diagnosed with fulminant hepatic failure and progressed into a coma. The patient underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) prior to the diagnosis of HSV and then treated successfully with acyclovir. Conclusion. Treatment of HSV fulminant hepatitis is dependent up on early suspicion and prompt intervention. In addition, antiviral therapy may need to be lifelong.
Discrete logarithms: a parallel pseudorandom pattern generator analysis method

The phaseshifts between the bitstreams emitted from various stages of one-dimensional linear finitestate machines are analyzed. An operational calculus involving ashift operator is developed. The concept of discrete lograithms of binary polynomials is introduced to calculate phaseshifts. The analysis technique is applied to various examples of cellular automata and LFSRs. Phaseshift end effects are observed in cellular automata due to rule configurations. Modified LFSR generators are shown to have potentially more useful outputs than cellular automata, lower circuit complexity, and equivalent phaseshift statistics.
The proposed phenolphthalein test for determining the presence of gastrointestinal lesions. Results in ninety-four cases.

1. The proposed phenolphthalein test for determining the presence of a break in the continuity of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane was studied in ninety-four patients hospitalized for diagnostic study and treatment. 2. In the series reported, the test was repeated in several cases making the total number of tests over one hundred and twenty, and the total number of examinations over two hundred. 3. The high accuracy of the test could not be verified. 4. The percentage of positives (21.1) in the entire series of cases corresponds very closely to that (21.5) reported by Fantus and Dyniewicz (2) in their series of 150 hospital cases at the Cook County Hospital, in which phenolphthalein was used for another purpose.
A HIGHLY ACCURATE BOOTSTRAPPING ALGORITHM FOR WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION

In this paper, we present a bootstrapping algorithm for Word Sense Disambiguation which succeeds in disambiguating a subset of the words in the input text with very high precision. It uses WordNet and a semantic tagged corpus, for the purpose of identifying the correct sense of the words in a given text. The bootstrapping process initializes a set of ambiguous words with all the nouns and verbs in the text. It then applies various disambiguation procedures and builds a set of disambiguated words: new words are sense tagged based on their relation to the already disambiguated words, and then added to the set. This process allows us to identify, in the original text, a set of words which can be disambiguated with high precision; 55% of the verbs and nouns are disambiguated with an accuracy of 92%.
Normal state of short coherence length superconductors: Qualitative differences between spin and charge correlations

The temperature scaleT* at which the amplitude of the order parameter is formed is in general much higher than theT c at which phase coherence is established in short coherence length superconductors. Using quantum Monte Carlo simulations for the attractive Hubbard model we show that for a degenerate 2D system the spin and charge responses show qualitatively different behavior in the normal state in the temperature rangeT c <T<T*. We find thatχ s is stronglyT-dependent whiledn/dμ is independent ofT. A pseudo-gap develops in the one-particle density of states and leads to anomalous behavior of the NMR relaxation rate 1/T 1 T∼χ s (T) characteristic of spin gap behavior in the high-T c materials.
Wind Turbine Pitch Change Simulation With Helicoidal Vortex Model

The vortex model has been extended to account for large changes in power, such as occur with abrupt changes in blade pitch. The wake is treated as a flexible spring, extending from the rotor to the far-field (Trefftz plane), along which the pitch varies according to the convected power history at the rotor. Results of test cases are compared with experimental data available from the Tjaereborg and NREL experiments, indicating that the code gives not only correct power levels asymptotically, but also predicts the transient overshoots and undershoots and recovery time accurately at a very low cost.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Comparison of eruptive and intrusive samples from Unzen Volcano, Japan: Effects of contrasting pressure temperature time paths

Abstract Core samples from the conduit of Unzen Volcano, obtained only 9 years after cessation of the 1991–1995 eruption, exhibit important differences in physical characteristics and mineralogy, and subtle differences in bulk chemistry from erupted samples. These differences in the conduit samples reflect emplacement under a confining pressure where about half of the original magmatic water was retained in the melt phase, maintenance at hypersolidus temperature for some unknown but significant time span, and subsequent subsolidus hydrothermal alteration. In contrast, magma that extruded as lava underwent decompression to 1 atm with nearly complete loss of magmatic water and cooling at a sufficiently rapid rate to produce glass. The resulting hypabyssal texture of the conduit samples, while clearly distinct from eruptive rocks, is also distinct from plutonic suites. Given the already low temperature of the conduit (less than 200 °C, [Nakada, S., Uto, K., Yoshimoto, M., Eichelberger, J.C., Shimizu, H., 2005. Scientific Results of Conduit Drilling in the Unzen Scientific Drilling Project (USDP), Sci. Drill., 1, 18–22]) when it was sampled by drilling, this texture must have developed within a decade, and perhaps within a much shorter time, after emplacement. The fact that all trace-element concentrations of the conduit and the last-emplaced lava of the spine, 1300 m above it, are identical to within analytical uncertainty provides strong evidence that both were produced during the same eruption sequence. Changes in conduit magma that occurred between emplacement and cooling to the solidus were collapse of vesicles from less than or equal to the equilibrium value of about 50 vol.% to about 0.1 vol.%; continued resorption of quartz and reaction of biotite phenocrysts due to heating of magma prior to ascent by intruding mafic magma; breakdown of hornblende; and micro-crystallization of rhyolitic melt to feldspar and quartz. Subsolidus changes were deposition of calcite and pyrite, growth of sericite in anorthite-rich zones of plagioclase, and development of montmorillonite as an alteration product. Significant changes in bulk composition were depletion of Mg, Fe and Na and enrichment in C and S. These changes were due mainly to the breakdown of hornblende and plagioclase, and addition of carbonate and pyrite, respectively. The identical concentrations of REEs in the conduit and surface lava are consistent with low water to rock ratios during alteration. This suggests to us that despite convective hydrothermal removal of heat from the conduit, chemical open-system effects were limited to early loss of magmatic water and later addition of magmatic CO2 and SO2 and/or H2S streaming up the conduit from deeper levels.