cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational modeling and dynamic response of highway bridge columns subjected to combined vehicle collision and air blast

Abstract Vehicle impacts into supporting bridge columns can cause significant damage and, when combined with an air blast, could result in, at best, an unsafe situation for the bridge or, at worst, complete collapse. Limited studies have been conducted that investigate the response of bridge substructure units subjected to a combined collision and blast loading. This paper summarized results from a numerical study examining the response of highway bridge columns subjected to a combined vehicle collision and air blast using LS-DYNA, the computational tool used for this research. Numerical models consisting of a circular reinforced concrete (RC) bridge column, its pile cap and pile foundation system, and a surrounding soil volume were developed and validated. Validated models were then subjected to simulated impacts from a Ford F800 Single-Unit Truck (SUT) and air blasts represented using a Multi-Material Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MM-ALE) formulation with applied blast loads being taken from the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) algorithm in LS-DYNA. The validated computational modeling technique presented in this study provides a vital source for producing information in the combined collision and blast design field and determining the combined impact-blast behavior of bridge columns. A detailed investigation was performed to determine a critical impact and blast sequence for this research study. Furthermore, numerical simulations of SUT collision with RC column coupled with air blast were conducted considering variations of vehicle velocity, blast scaled distance, and column diameter. The demand and performance of RC bridge columns were examined with representative damage categories identified in this study to provide insights on column design to withstand the collision and blast combination.
Are Cigarettes Defective in Design? California and New York Diverge in Approach and Result

This article discusses different ways in which New York and California courts have analyzed and resolved claims that consumer products – cigarettes, in particular – have what the law of products liability describes as “design defects.” At one time, it seemed clear that products carrying known health risks – such as alcohol, fatty foods, and tobacco – were not the sorts of products that could be considered “defective in design.” The Restatement Second of Torts observed, for example, that “[g]ood tobacco is not unreasonably dangerous merely because the effects of smoking may be harmful.” That proposition is no longer so clear, and at least some courts have displayed a willingness to include consumer products such as cigarettes within the ambit of products liability. Indeed, having been largely foreclosed from bringing claims under the theory that cigarette manufacturers “failed to warn” of the dangers of cigarettes, plaintiffs have turned to the law of design defect, seeking to impose liability on cigarette manufacturers for alleged harms caused by their products. This article first discusses the law of products liability, and the conceptual space occupied by the theory of design defect. It then explains that courts in California have applied a “hybrid” approach to claims of defective design, alternatively considering “consumer expectations” or “risk/utility” factors in various categories of cases – and describes how that approach has somewhat permissively allowed claims against cigarette manufacturers to move forward. This article then explains that, in contrast, New York courts have applied a “reasonable alternative design” standard to claims of design defect – and in doing so have largely rejected claims regarding the dangers of cigarettes. Ultimately, this article notes that courts in California and New York have reached notably divergent results in these cases. These results reveal that a difference in approach – whether reflected in procedural mechanisms such as the burden of proof or in substantive liability rules – has real implications for the outcome of products liability litigation and, in the case of cigarette design litigation, suggest a fundamental difference in the way courts view the appropriateness of permitting liability for harm allegedly caused by dangerous products that consumers nevertheless want to purchase. This article concludes that whether one finds more comfort in the results reached in California or in New York may in large part depend on one’s view of the role of the judiciary in matters of public policy.
The No Surprises Act: A Bipartisan Achievement to Protect Consumers from Unexpected Medical Bills.

The No Surprises Act, passed by Congress at the end of 2020, offers significant protections to most Americans with private health insurance. Insured Americans are vulnerable to receiving surprise medical bills when they receive services from out-of-network providers. Protections for consumers against such bills initially emerged in several states that passed laws. The varying approaches taken in different state laws ultimately offered a foundation for federal legislation. Although there was always a broad consensus among stakeholders for protecting consumers during both state and federal deliberations, it was a challenge to identify a means of determining the amount that an insurer should pay to the out-of-network provider. But the Congress eventually reached a compromise that became law, which goes into effect in January 2022.
The Land of Litigation Make Believe: Janus Capital Group, Inc., et al. v. First Derivative Traders

A critical case comment analyzing the 2011 United States Supreme Court opinion in the matter of Janus Capital Group, Inc., et al. v. First Derivative Traders.
Inherited hyperuricemic disorders

Inherited hyperuricemic disorders fall into two major classes, metabolic overproduction of purines and renal tubular undersecretion. The aim was to explore both. Methodology was a combination of personal experience and review of relevant literature. The overproduction of hyperuricemias result from deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, overactivity of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase and deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase. The undersecretion disorders are autosomal dominantly inherited and are heterogeneous. A major number of these patients result from mutations in the gene that codes for uromodulin. Treatment is with allopurinol.
Numerical calculation of flow fields about rectangular wings of finite thickness in supersonic flow

The calculation of the outer inviscid flow about a rectangular wing moving at supersonic speeds is reported. The inviscid equations of motion governing the flow generated by the wing form a set of hyperbolic differential equations. The flow field about the rectangular wing is separated into three regions consisting of the forebody, the afterbody, and the wing wake. Solutions for the forebody are obtained using conical flow techniques while the afterbody and the wing wake regions are treated as initial value problems. The numerical solutions are compared in the two dimensional regions with known exact solutions.
Transforming Linear-threshold Learning Algorithms into Multi-class Linear Learning Algorithms

In this paper, we present a new type of multi-class learning algorithm called a linearmax algorithm. Linear-max algorithms learn with a special type of attribute called a subexpert. A sub-expert is a vector attribute that has a value for each output class. The goal of the multi-class algorithm is to learn a linear function combining the sub-experts and to use this linear function to make correct class predictions. We will prove that, in the on-line mistake-boundedmodelof learning, these multi-class learning algorithms have the same mistake bounds as a related two class linear-threshold algorithm. We will also show how subexperts can be used to solve more traditional problems composed of real valued attributes. This leads to a natural extension of the algorithm to multi-class problems that contain both traditional attributes and sub-experts.
Investigations of Photoreceptor Synaptic Transmission and Light Adaptation in the Zebrafish Visual Mutant nrc

PURPOSE. To characterize the retinal physiology of the zebrafish visual mutant no optokinetic response c (nrc) and to identify the genetic map position of the nrc mutation. METHODS. Electroretinograms were recorded from wild-type and nrc zebrafish larvae between 5 to 6 days postfertilization. Responses to flash stimuli, On and Off responses to prolonged light stimuli, and responses to flash stimuli with constant background illumination were characterized. The glutamate agonist, 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) was used to examine the photoreceptor specific a-wave component of the electroretinogram. Amplified fragment length polymorphism methodology was used to place the nrc mutation on the zebrafish genomic map. RESULTS, nrc and wild-type zebrafish larvae 5 to 6 days postfertilization have similar threshold responses to light, but the b-wave of the nrc electroretinogram is significantly delayed and reduced in amplitude. On and Off responses of nrc larvae to prolonged light have multiple oscillations that do not occur in normal zebrafish larvae after 5 days postfertilization. Analysis of the b-wave demonstrated a light adaptation defect in nrc that causes saturation at background light levels approximately 1 order of magnitude less than those with wild-type larvae. Application of the glutamate analog, APB, uncovered the photoreceptor component of the electroretinogram and revealed a light adaptation defect in nrc photoreceptors. The nrc mutation was placed approximately 0.2 cM from sequence length polymorphism marker Z7504 on linkage group 10. CONCLUSIONS. The zebrafish mutant nrc is a possible model for human retinal disease, nrc has defects in photoreceptor synaptic transmission and light adaptation. The nrc mutant phenotype shows striking similarities with phenotypes of dystrophin glycoprotein complex mutants, including patients with Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. Localization of the nrc mutation now makes it possible to evaluate candidate genes and clone the nrc gene.
Comino Vence al Diablo and Other Terrifying Episodes: Teatro Guiñol's Itinerant Puppet Theater in 1930s Mexico

Ahush fell over the gathering of fidgety kindergarteners on a May morning in 1934 in an Ixtapalapa schoolyard, as stage curtains drew apart to reveal an animated stereotypically black hand puppet (El Negrito) laboriously hauling firewood back and forth at the behest of his patron. El Negrito complained about his plight, and the children's eyes widened with terror, reflecting the fear demonstrated by the puppet when the patron threatened the arrival of the Devil if he did not keep working. Enter Comino, a cheeky young boy puppet, whose grandmother, accusing him of slothfulness, had brought him to the patron to learn some work ethic. A Devil puppet loomed large on the makeshift stage, bellowing out vague threats. Two kindergarteners burst into tears. Not wanting to disturb the rest of the captive audience, the teacher removed the terrified girls and brought them around to the back of the stage so that they could see the puppeteers manipulating the cloth, felt and wooden dolls. Despite her efforts, the girls remained inconsolable and refused to watch the rest of the show.
Economic security and financial management issues facing same-sex couples

Same-sex couples experience economic rights and responsibilities in a context that differs from that of married couples. Financial management and economic security issues facing same-sex couples have received little attention to date. These issues are examined in this article within changing legal and social conditions. Family professionals should be knowledgeable about the context and scope of these important issues facing same-sex couples to be able to educate their constituent groups appropriately, deal with clients in therapy, and inform and influence policy makers.
Lymphocyte function in experimental African trypanosomiasis: VII. Loss of antigen-nonspecific suppressor-T-cell activity

Abstract The extent of immunosuppression occurring in mice infected with the pathogenic African trypanosomes was studied. Spleen cells from Trypanosoma rhodesiense -infected C57BL/6J mice were tested for antigen-nonspecific suppressor-T-cell (T s ,) activity after concanavalin A (Con A) treatment in vitro . After exposure to Con A, control and infected mouse spleen cells were added to responder spleen cell cultures stimulated with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Assays for the resultant plaque-forming cell responses to SRBC revealed that antigen-nonspecific T s activity was lost during the first week of infection. Changes in infected mouse T-cell subpopulations, including a terminal loss of Lyt 2.2 + cells, accompanied but did not precede the demonstrable loss of T s , function. Splenic suppressor macrophages which arise during infections with T. rhodesiense also did not seem to be associated with the loss of antigen-nonspecific T s activity. It is concluded that the generalized immunosuppression associated with experimental African trypanosomiasis extends to the mitogen-induced T s population.
APPARENT VIOLATIONS OF THE ALL-OR-NONE LAW IN RELATION TO POTASSIUM IN THE PROTOPLASM

The protoplasm of Nitella forms a thin layer surrounding a large central vacuole filled with sap. At the inner surface of the protoplasm is a non-aqueous layer called Y and at the outer surface is a similar layer called X. At each of these layers there is a potential due to the diffusion of KCl in contact with the layer. We thus have P = PX + PY in which P is the total potential, PX is the potential at X, and PY the potential at Y. We assume that when stimulation occurs PY disappears and PX remains unaltered. The loss of part of the potential therefore involves no violation of the all-or-none law since the Y layer loses all of its potential and the X layer loses nothing. If the concentration of KCl in the external solution and in the sap is known the concentration in the protoplasm can be calculated at each stimulation by measuring the height of the spike.
Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with AIDS: seroreactivity to native and recombinant mycobacterial antigens.

Abstract Antibodies to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) antigens were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblot analyses in sera from 20 patients with AIDS and disseminated MAC disease, 5 human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patients with pulmonary MAC infections, and 20 healthy controls. Whereas enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers for healthy controls and patients with AIDS and MAC disease were comparable, human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patients with MAC disease had higher anti-MAC antibody titers (P less than 0.01). Immunoblot analysis with the same sonic extracts indicated that each of the three groups had a limited heterogeneous response to M. avium antigens. No significant differences in immunoblot reactivities were detected. However, immunoblot studies with recombinant nontuberculous mycobacterial antigens revealed that sera from over 90% of the patients with MAC disease and only 25% of controls recognized a recombinant protein derived from a 35-kDa mycobacterial antigen. Although sonic extracts did not permit adequate discrimination of antibody reactivity in patients with MAC disease, recombinant antigens may be useful as indicators of disease.
Visual control signals for road following

A new quantitative, vision-based approach to road following is presented. Road following is considered as a control, rather than a vision, problem. The approach is based on the theoretical framework of the recently developed optical flow-based visual field theory. By building on the theory, it is suggested that motion commands can be generated directly from a visual feature, or cue, consisting of the projection into the image of the tangent point on the edge of the road, along with the optical flow of this point. Using this cue, several different vision-based control approaches are possible. >
Using denosumab to treat immobilization hypercalcemia in a post-acute care patient.

Background: Hypercalcemia in adults has several less common causes. Management in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging because bisphosphonates are contraindicated. This case presents an uncommon cause of hypercalcemia in a subacute rehabilitation patient who was managed with denosumab. Case Report: A 79-year-old female with CKD stage 4 was admitted to a skilled nursing facility with a limited-weight-bearing status after right-hip arthroplasty. Four weeks later, she developed hypercalcemia (11.5 mg/dL; normal, 7.9–9.9 mg/dL) with serum albumin of 2.5 g/dL (corrected calcium, 12.7 mg/dL). Despite iv fluids, hypercalcemia worsened (corrected serum calcium, 14.5 mg/dL), and she was rehospitalized. Additional studies eliminated common causes of hypercalcemia, leading to the diagnosis of immobilization hypercalcemia. Due to CKD, a bisphosphonate was not given. She received 10 doses of calcitonin sc with mild improvement in her calcium, and she returned to the skilled nursing facility. Becau...
Effect of photodynamic therapy on the critical primary ischemic time of fasciocutaneous flaps.

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be used as an adjuvant intraoperative therapy to improve locoregional control. PDT has been shown to delay wound healing. This raises concern about PDT's effect on survival of fasciocutaneous flaps. Objective: Evaluate the effect of 1) PDT on the critical ischemic time in a rat fasciocutaneous flap model and 2) photosensitizer activation by the surgical light source. Design: A fasciocutaneous flap, based on the left inferior epigastric vessels, was used. Ischemic times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours were induced by clamping the vascular pedicle. Animals were randomly divided into five groups: ischemia only, group I; light treatment to wound bed, group II; Photofrin before surgery with the flap elevated without a fiber optic head light, group III, or with a headlight, group IV; Photofrin prior to surgery with light treatment to the wound bed, group V. Flap survival was assessed on postoperative day 7. Results: The critical primary ischemic time of group V (PDT) was significantly less (P < .05) than groups I, II, III, and IV. There was no statistical difference in the critical primary ischemic time when a fiber optic headlight was used (group III vs. group IV). Conclusion: Intraoperative PDT significantly reduces the critical primary ischemic time of the rat fasciocutaneous flap. White light illumination of the operative field does not result in photosensitizer activation and has no effect on the critical primary ischemic time.
The efficacy and safety of amlodipine in the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension in general practice.

Summary:The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of amlodipine was evaluated in an open, multicenter general practice study. Hypertensive patients with sitting diastolic blood pressure in the range 95-115 mm Hg entered an initial 2-week baseline period during which they received placebo in a single-
Andrew Court and the Invention of Hedonic Price Analysis

Abstract Although popularized by Griliches in the early 1960s, the pioneering hedonic price analysis dates back to a 1939 article by Andrew Court which receives, at best, only perfunctory citations. This article revisits and extends Court's 1939 analysis. By many standards of contemporary hedonic price analysis, Court's work stands up quite well. It addresses problems of nonlinearity and changes in underlying goods, with circumspect analysis and interpretation. The article evaluates Court's work, extends his analyses using data from his unpublished papers, and conjectures as to why the hedonic price method was unused for so many years.
65 PSYCHOLOGICAL COSTS OF SURVIVING CHILDHOOD CANCER

Psychosocial interviews of 100 long-term survivors of pediatric cancer and their families reveal a significant level of residual psychological sequelae. The patients studied were diagnosed as having a malignancy at least five years prior to intervew, and were off treatment and in disease-free remission for at least one year. The median interval since diagnosis was 13 years and the patients' present ages range from 6 to 36 years. Findings demonstrate a significantly poorer degree of psychological adjustment by cancer patients in comparison with a small comparable group of control patients with prior non-life-threatening illneses. Well-adjusted pediatric cancer survivors and their families tend to use denial effectively to avoid anxiety, while poorly adjusted patients remain anxious and uncertain about the future. Employment and insurance discrimination are a significant problem, even for patients who have been disease-free for many years. Patients who contract malignancies of infancy have a better prognosis for long-term psychological adjustment than do those with onset of malignancies in middle childhood or adolescence. A very high percentage of patients expressed the wish that psychological support services had been available to them at the time of active treatment. Most participants also gave strong support to the need for open and honest communication about the seriousness of the illness withboth parents and children.
Properties and Mutation Analysis of the CelK Cellulose-Binding Domain from the Clostridium thermocellum Cellulosome

The family IV cellulose-binding domain of Clostridium thermocellum CelK (CBDCelK) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. It binds to acid-swollen cellulose (ASC) and bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC) with capacities of 16.03 and 3.95 μmol/g of cellulose and relative affinities (Kr) of 2.33 and 9.87 liters/g, respectively. The CBDCelK is the first representative of family IV CBDs to exhibit an affinity for BMCC. The CBDCelK also binds to the soluble polysaccharides lichenin, glucomannan, and barley β-glucan, which are substrates for CelK. It does not bind to xylan, galactomannan, and carboxymethyl cellulose. The CBDCelK contains 1 mol of calcium per mol. The CBDCelK has three thiol groups and one disulfide, reduction of which results in total loss of cellulose-binding ability. To reveal amino acid residues important for biological function of the domain and to investigate the role of calcium in the CBDCelK four highly conserved aromatic residues (Trp56, Trp94, Tyr111, and Tyr136) and Asp192 were mutated into alanines, giving the mutants W56A, W94A, Y111A, Y136A, and D192A. In addition 14 N-terminal amino acids were deleted, giving the CBD-NCelK. The CBD-NCelK and D192A retained binding parameters close to that of the intact CBDCelK, W56A and W94A totally lost the ability to bind to cellulose, Y136A bound to both ASC and BMCC but with significantly reduced binding capacity and Kr and Y111A bound weakly to ASC and did not bind to BMCC. Mutations of the aromatic residues in the CBDCelK led to structural changes revealed by studying solubility, circular-dichroism spectra, dimer formation, and aggregation. Calcium content was drastically decreased in D192A. The results suggest that Asp192 is in the calcium-binding site of the CBDCelK and that calcium does not affect binding to cellulose. The 14 amino acids from the N terminus of the CBDCelK are not important for binding. Tyr136, corresponding to Cellulomonas fimi CenC CBDN1 Y85, located near the binding cleft, might be involved in the formation of the binding surface, while Y111, W56A, and W94A are essential for the binding process by keeping the CBDCelK correctly folded.
Quantitative measures of nocturnal insomnia symptoms predict greater deficits across multiple daytime impairment domains.

This study examined the associations between reported quantitative sleep measures and multiple daytime impairment domains. We collected data from a subsample of adults (n = 513) from the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study and Community Twin Study. Results revealed that greater insomnia symptom frequency (days per week) significantly predicted greater global sleep-related functional impairment and depressive symptoms. Sleep onset latency was also positively associated with depressive symptoms. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated 3–4 nights per week and 36–40 min provided optimal sensitivity and specificity for impairment. Thus, insomnia frequency and sleep latency are critical in understanding the impact of insomnia on multiple impairment domains. Using functional impairment as criterion, these findings also support the use of specific quantitative cutoffs for sleep measures in diagnostic systems.
The interaction between an electron and the polarization modes of a metal-insulator interface

Abstract We study the interaction between an electron and the polarization modes of a metal-insulator interface by employing a self-energy approach. The coupling between the metal surface plasmons and the insulator surface excitons is explicitly considered. The surface optical phonons are shown to be screened out by the plasmon field. We derive expressions for the charge-coupling Hamiltonians of the bulk and interface modes and calculate a self-energy profile that includes recoil effects due to the quantum nature of the electron's motion.
Recent Measurements at SLAC on Superconducting Niobium X-Band Cavities

Measurements at 8.6 GHz on TM mode superconducting niobium cavities have been carried out at SLAC in an attempt to establish definitive conditions for reproducibly attaining high peak electric and magnetic fields and high residual Q's. Four cavities, processed by techniques which insure the presence of an oxide layer on the niobium surface before final high temperature outgassing, have given peak magnetic fields exceeding 1000 G and corresponding peak electric fields in excess of 56 MV/m. From this and related experience it is speculated that, in order to achieve high peak fields, carbon present on the niobium surface must be removed through the formation of volatile compounds with oxygen or fluorine during high temperature processing. Data are also presented on the effect on rf properties of exposure at room temperature to various gases. Measurements on anodized cavities are briefly discussed.
The role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in chronic and end-stage renal disease

In the past 30 years or so, the introduction of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has enabled a more comprehensive estimate of a patient's true blood pressure (BP) and its changes. Although this tool has been used in the general population for the diagnosis of white coat hypertension, its role in the clinical management of patients with chronic and end-stage kidney disease is less well defined. In patients with kidney disease, routine clinic and dialysis center BP measurements may be poor indicators of BP control. Loss of the normal nocturnal decline in BP is also common. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that this loss, which ABPM alone can detect, is associated with poor renal and cardiovascular outcomes. To slow the progression of renal disease and lessen cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with kidney disease, tight BP control is needed. However, the traditional methods of measuring BP intermittently in the medical setting may fail to provide an accurate picture of BP load. Ambulatory or some form of home BP monitoring should be more widely adopted in patients with chronic and end-stage renal disease.
Acid mucopolysaccharides in normal urine.

Abstract Evidence is presented for a glucosamine-containing acid mucopolysaccharide in normal urine. It comprises a minor part of the total acid mucopolysaccharide, which amounts to about 8 mg/day, in terms of glucuronic acid. The acid muco-polysaccharides were separated into three ranges of particle sizes.
An Integrated Formulation for Comparing Treatments with Binary Response with a Control

The problem of comparing k(≧2) bernoulli rates of success with a control is considered. An one-stage decision procedure is proposed for either (1) choosing the best among several experimental treatments and the control treatment when the best is significantly superior or (2) selecting a random size subset that contains the best experimental treatment if it is better than the control when the difference between the best and the remaining treatments is not significant. We integrate two traditional formulations, namely, the indifference (IZ) approach and the subset selection (SS) approach, by seperating the parameter space into two disjoint sets, the preference zone (PZ) and the indifference zone (IZ). In the PZ we insist on selecting the best experimental treatment for a correct selection (CS1) but in the IZ we define any selected subset to be correct (CS2) if it contains the best experimental treatment which is also better than the control. We propose a procedure R to guarantee lower bounds P1* for P(CS1≧PZ) and P2* for P(CS2≧IZ) simultaneously. A brief table on the common sample size and the procedure parameters is presented to illustrate the procedure R.
An Intersex in Calanus Hyperboreus 1)

[Ein ausserlich normales, erwachsenes Mannchen von Calanus hyperboreus, das im Laboratorium durch eine Hautung aus einem Copepodit-Stadium V hervorgegangen war, zeigte gleichzeitig eine Anzahl weiblicher Eigenschaften. Obwohl es die 5 Abdomensegmente eines Mannchens hatte, war es zu gross fur ein Mannchen, hatte die allgemeine Korperform eines Weibchens und frass - im Gegensatz zu normalen Mannchen - sofort. Ein Vergleich der Mundgliedmassen mit normalen Mannchen und Weibchen ergab ein Ueberwiegen weiblicher Eigenschaften. Die Genitalorgane zeigten mannliche und weibliche Merkmale., Ein ausserlich normales, erwachsenes Mannchen von Calanus hyperboreus, das im Laboratorium durch eine Hautung aus einem Copepodit-Stadium V hervorgegangen war, zeigte gleichzeitig eine Anzahl weiblicher Eigenschaften. Obwohl es die 5 Abdomensegmente eines Mannchens hatte, war es zu gross fur ein Mannchen, hatte die allgemeine Korperform eines Weibchens und frass - im Gegensatz zu normalen Mannchen - sofort. Ein Vergleich der Mundgliedmassen mit normalen Mannchen und Weibchen ergab ein Ueberwiegen weiblicher Eigenschaften. Die Genitalorgane zeigten mannliche und weibliche Merkmale.]
Motor Origin of Precise Synaptic Inputs onto Forebrain Neurons Driving a Skilled Behavior

Sensory feedback is crucial for learning and performing many behaviors, but its role in the execution of complex motor sequences is poorly understood. To address this, we consider the forebrain nucleus HVC in the songbird, which contains the premotor circuitry for song production and receives multiple convergent sensory inputs. During singing, projection neurons within HVC exhibit precisely timed synaptic events that may represent the ongoing motor program or song-related sensory feedback. To distinguish between these possibilities, we recorded the membrane potential from identified HVC projection neurons in singing zebra finches. External auditory perturbations during song production did not affect synaptic inputs in these neurons. Furthermore, the systematic removal of three sensory feedback streams (auditory, proprioceptive, and vagal) did not alter the frequency or temporal precision of synaptic activity observed. These findings support a motor origin for song-related synaptic events and suggest an updated circuit model for generating behavioral sequences.
Drug discrimination in pentylenetetrazol‐trained baboons: Generalization to buspirone and β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylic acid ethyl ester but not lorazepam or pentobarbital

Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) has been characterized as producing anxiogenic effects in humans and rats, and PTZ drug discrimination procedures in rats have been used to categorize drug effects as anxiogenic. In the present study, baboons trained to discriminate a subconvulsant dose of PTZ from the no-drug condition showed dose-dependent generalization to PTZ and to β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl esther [β-CCE; a benzodiazepine (BZ)-receptor inverse agonist] but no generalization to the BZ-receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (flumazenil). Ro-1788 produced surmountable antagonism of the β-CCE discriminative stimulus. The novel anxiolytic buspirone also occasioned 100% drug lever responding in the PTZ-trained baboons, although lorazepam and pentobarbital did not. Results with the 5HT ligand 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were mixed. Lorazepam but not buspirone antagonized PTZ. Observations of baboons after PTZ, buspirone, and β-CCE at doses occasioning PTZ lever responding showed that tremors and agitation occurred after buspirone but not after β-CCE or PTZ.
The Effects of Thwarting of Aggression on Subsequent Aggression.

In the first of 2 studies, male undergraduates were either angered or not angered by a confederate and then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions (no thwarting, nonarbitrary thwarting, and arbitrary thwarting) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Following the thwarting manipulation, participants were given an opportunity to aggress against the confederate. It was hypothesized that: (a) greater aggression would be displayed by the angry participants, and (b) thwarting of both classes of aggression (angry and-nonangry) would lead to an increase in subsequent aggression. Both hypotheses were confirmed – participants in the angry condition displayed more aggression, and thwarting increased subsequent aggressivity. Additionally, the amount of aggression displayed increased linearly from the no-thwarting to the nonarbitrary thwarting to the arbitrary thwarting condition for both classes of aggression. In the second study, a delayed posttest was employed to determine the durability of aggression following the arbitrary thwarting of an instigation to aggress. It was found that the aggression aroused by arbitrary thwarting was maintained for at least one day.
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and Daxx participate in a novel nuclear pathway for apoptosis

The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) gene of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) encodes a cell growth and tumor suppressor essential for multiple apoptotic signals. Daxx was identified as a molecule important for the cytoplasmic transduction of the Fas proapoptotic stimulus. Here, we show that upon mitogenic activation of mature splenic lymphocytes, Daxx is dramatically upregulated and accumulates in the PML nuclear body (NB) where PML and Daxx physically interact. In the absence of PML, Daxx acquires a dispersed nuclear pattern, and activation-induced cell death of splenocytes is profoundly impaired. PML inactivation results in the complete abrogation of the Daxx proapoptotic ability. In APL cells, Daxx is delocalized from the NB. Upon retinoic acid treatment, which induces disease remission in APL, Daxx relocalizes to the PML NBs. These results indicate that PML and Daxx cooperate in a novel NB-dependent pathway for apoptosis and shed new light in the role of PML in tumor suppression.
Effect of Weld Intercooling Temperature on the Structure and Impact Strength of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels

Abstract The effect of inadequate weld intercooling (cooling prior to post-weld heat treatment) on the structure and impact properties of 9Cr–1MoVNb (ASME Grade 91) and 12Cr–1Mo–WV (Type 422 stainless) steels was studied. A range of weld intercooling conditions were simulated by air-cooling the two steels from the standard 1050 °C normalization temperature to temperatures ranging from 250 to 450 °C for Grade 91 and 100 to 300 °C for Type 422, and then immediately tempering at 760 °C for 2 h. For Grade 91 steel, austenite retained at the intercooling temperature transformed to ferrite during tempering; final microstructures were mixtures of ferrite and tempered martensite. For Type 422 steel, austenite retained at the intercooling temperature was stable in the tempering condition and formed martensite upon cooling to room temperature; final microstructures were mixtures of tempered and untempered martensite. Hardness and impact properties of the two steels reflected the changes in microstructure with intercooling temperature.
Electrically assisted liquid hydrocarbon transport in porous media

Abstract Electrically assisted mass transport of hydrocarbon compounds in natural porous media can be used to recover residual oil from clay rich rock formations, for which other means of recovery is infeasible. Momentum transfer from electrosmotic flow of water achieved on the water wet pore surfaces, and increased permeability due to enlargement of capillaries by colloidal dislodging are thought to be some of the direct mechanisms responsible for oil transport under an applied electric field. In this paper, the efficacy of electrically assisted hydrocarbon recovery in laboratory and field cores of hydrocarbon bearing formations is investigated. In all the laboratory experiments, the mass transport was induced under a constant applied potential gradient, without supplemental water flooding under pressure. It was found that oil recovery was maximized for surrogate cores containing 10–15% clay by mass. At higher clay contents the recovery was limited by low charge efficiency, while at lower clay contents the recovery appeared to be influenced by colloidal transport. The electroosmotic pumping effect was investigated and found to potentially contribute to the oil transport to the cathode reservoir. Low permeability sandstone cores showed increased permeability under applied electric field. Larger oil recovery was observed in the cathode reservoir than in the anode reservoir.
Chemical hydrogen storage material property guidelines for automotive applications

Abstract Chemical hydrogen storage is the sought after hydrogen storage media for automotive applications because of the expected low pressure operation ( 0.05 kg H 2 /kg system ), and system volumetric capacities (>0.05 kg H 2 /L system ). Currently, the primary shortcomings of chemical hydrogen storage are regeneration efficiency, fuel cost and fuel phase (i.e., solid or slurry phase). Understanding the required material properties to meet the DOE Technical Targets for Onboard Hydrogen Storage Systems is a critical knowledge gap in the hydrogen storage research community. This study presents a set of fluid-phase chemical hydrogen storage material property guidelines for automotive applications meeting the 2017 DOE technical targets. Viable material properties were determined using a boiler-plate automotive system design. The fluid-phase chemical hydrogen storage media considered in this study were neat liquids, solutions, and non-settling homogeneous slurries. Material properties examined include kinetics, heats of reaction, fuel-cell impurities, gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage capacities, and regeneration efficiency. The material properties, although not exhaustive, are an essential first step in identifying viable chemical hydrogen storage material properties—and most important, their implications on system mass, system volume and system performance.
PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT AND THE ANESTHESIA CLINIC

The shift toward outpatient surgery, including both ambulatory and AM-admission surgery, has intensified since the last issue of Anesthesiology Clinics outpatient anesthesia in 1987. Today, more than ever before, anesthesiologists are taking care of people who are not in-hospital patients before the day of surgery. This group includes not only the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II patient who is to undergo routine outpatient surgery, but also the ASA physical status III and even IV patient who is to be admitted after not-so-routine surgery. Indeed, patient age and medical conditions, as well as surgical procedure and length, no longer necessarily determine the appropriateness of ambulatory surgery. 43 At Seattle Children's Hospital and Medical Center and at the University of Washington Medical Center approximately 60% of surgical cases are ambulatory surgical cases and another 20% are AM-admission cases. Even at these tertiary care hospitals, only about 20% of surgical cases are available in-hospital the day before surgery for preoperative anesthetic evaluation. In addition, nonsurgical needs for anesthesia care have greatly expanded and thereby further challenge the anesthesia care team. With this comprehensive shift away from inpatient surgery the anesthesia clinic has become the venue for preoperative evaluation at many institutions. This is not a new phenomenon. In 1949, Lee 36 discussed the value of the "anaesthetic out-patient clinic" in the preparation of patients for surgery, and in the early 1970s Frost 22 pointed out the value of the anesthesia preadmission evaluation clinic in improving preoperative care and shortening hospital stay. In this setting, the anesthesiologist joins surgical and nursing colleagues in initiating the process of patient evaluation and preparation for surgery. The challenge is to provide thoughtful, efficient, and cost-effective care while ensuring that surgery and anesthesia can proceed safely without delay on the day of scheduled surgery. Thus, the anesthesia assessment becomes one important component of a patient-care system that requires effective participation by multiple hospital services for the system to function well. In this article preoperative assessment of the surgical patient, both pediatric and adult, is considered in the setting of a preoperative anesthesia clinic. Many issues related to care of patients arise in the setting of the preoperative clinic, issues that become apparent considering the following two case scenarios:
Precipitation of reinforcing filler in to polydimethylsiloxane prior to its end linking into elastomeric networks

Precipitation de la silice avant durcissement du polydimethylsiloxane pour eviter les diminutions de volume
10.1.1 Software Systems Analysis Using Stress‐Strength Probability Functions

The potential variability of external inputs and their possible “drift” outside the software design boundaries is a common cause of failure in real-time mission software. Critical interactions increase as the complexities and breadth of the interacting software systems increases. In system-of-systems interactions, the possible combinations of critical interactions can be very large. A software fault in one module of a system may coincide with a fault of an entirely different module within the same system, or another subsystem, to produce unsafe conditions or even system failure. Unforeseeable combinations can cause cascading failures within the system. When such systems have availability or safety requirements that are defined in terms of probabilities over time, these requirements must be applied at the top-level of the system to characterize overall systemic performance. The requirement could be stipulated as a probability that the system does not encounter failure during the mission. This paper introduces the concept of analyzing critical system interactions in terms of both the operational profile of the system as a stressing function, and the strength of the system, a function of software complexity. The stressing and strength probability distribution functions are analyzed for interferences. In cases where variates within the stressing probability density function exceed variates within the composite system strength density function, the system will be prone to failure during operations. The region of interference between the stressing and strength distributions is itself a probability distribution function, which enables the statistical assessments of large scale system of systems, similar to the stress – strength analysis of reliability theory.
Rib plating of acute and sub-acute non-union rib fractures in an adult with cystic fibrosis: a case report

Rib fractures associated with osteoporosis have been reported to occur ten times more frequently in adults with cystic fibrosis. Fractures cause chest pain, and interfere with cough and sputum clearance leading to worsened lung function and acute exacerbations which are the two main contributors to early mortality in cystic fibrosis. Usual treatment involves analgesics and time for healing; however considerable pain and disability result due to constant re-injury from chronic repetitive cough. Recently, surgical plating of rib fractures has become commonplace in treating acute, traumatic chest injuries. We describe here successful surgical plating in a White cystic fibrosis patient with multiple, non-traumatic rib fractures. A-37-year old White male with cystic fibrosis was readmitted to Intermountain Medical Center for a pulmonary exacerbation. He had developed localized rib pain while coughing 2 months earlier, with worsening just prior to hospital admission in conjunction with a “pop” in the same location while bending over. A chest computerized tomography scan at admission demonstrated an acute 5th rib fracture and chronic non-united 6th and 7th right rib fractures. An epidural catheter was placed both for analgesia and to make secretion clearance possible in preparation for the surgery performed 2 days later. Under general anesthesia, he had open reduction and internal fixation of the right 5th, 6th and 7th rib fractures with a Synthes Matrix rib set. After several days of increased oxygen requirements, fever, fluid retention, and borderline vital signs, he stabilized. Numerical pain rating scores from his ribs were lower post-operatively and he was able to tolerate chest physical therapy and vigorous coughing. In our case report, rib plating with bone grafting improved rib pain and allowed healing of the fractures and recovery, although the immediate post-op period required close attention and care. We believe repair may be of benefit in selected cystic fibrosis patients, such as our patient who had suffered multiple rib fractures that were healing poorly.
In Vitro Susceptibility of Shigella Strains to Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were tested alone and in combination against 227 recently isolated Shigella strains. Variations in medium constituents and inoculum size were used to determine the optimal testing conditions. The plate dilution method with addition of 5% lysed horse blood to the susceptibility test medium and an inoculum size of 10(2) organisms was found to provide satisfactory results. All 227 strains were inhibited by low concentrations of trimethoprim, and all were susceptible to the combination of 0.06 mug of trimethoprim per ml and 1.25 mug of sulfamethoxazole per ml. Sixteen percent of these strains were resistant to ampicillin, 33% to tetracycline, 15% to chloramphenicol, and 27% to cephalothin. Based on these in vitro observations, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole appear worth evaluating for treatment of shigellosis due to multiply antibiotic-resistant strains.
Observation of Four-Photon Interference with a Beam Splitter by Pulsed Parametric Down-Conversion

When four photons arrive at a beam splitter, two from each side, a four-photon, six-path interference effect occurs to yield a sixfold enhancement of the probability for all four photons to exit together from the beam splitter. We produce the four-photon state by using the stimulated emission process in a pulsed parametric down-conversion and measure the probability for all four photons to exit from one side of the beam splitter. The observed enhancement factor is in good agreement with a multimode treatment of pulsed down-conversion.
The role of automation in reducing stress and negative affect while driving

Operation of a motor vehicle is a complex task associated with thousands of fatalities and injuries each year. Automation is one way to assist drivers in handling the complexity of the driving task. The current state of automation in vehicles is discussed with an emphasis on relations to stress and mental effects. A transactional model of stress is used to examine the potential role of automation as a mediating factor in the reduction of stress in the driving task. Evidence indicates that automation is likely to decrease mental workload and stress, therefore producing a more positive set of emotional responses. Suggestions are made for future research examining automation in traditional, hybrid and electric vehicles.