cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RAB18 modulates autophagy in human stellate cells

Background Macroautophagy (or autophagy) is a conserved degradative pathway that breaks down sequestered cytoplasmic proteins and organelles in specialized double-membrane compartments called autophagosomes that fuse with lysosomes. Several proteins orchestrate this process, specifically Rab GTPases that are master regulators of molecular trafficking. RAB18 GTPase, a known mediator of stellate cell activation, is known to modulate autophagic flux in fibroblasts. However, its role in autophagy is unexplored in hepatic stellate cells. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RAB18 in modulating autophagy in hepatic stellate cells. Methods Role of RAB18 was determined by genetic depletion, pharmacologic inhibition, and overexpression studies to monitor autophagy flux and proteostasis in human LX2 stellate cell line. Results RAB18 knockdown increases autophagy flux and regulates proteostasis. LX2 cells stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta robustly increases expression of profibrotic genes such as COL1A1 and ACTA2 along with RAB18 and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RAB3GAP1. Conclusion The study elucidates a role for RAB18 in autophagy and regulation of proteostasis in human stellate cells. Molecular insights into this process can provide therapeutic opportunities for intervention in liver fibrosis.
Diversity and structure of the bacterial microbiome of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, is dominated by the endosymbiont Francisella

The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis Say, is the principal vector of spotted fever group rickettsiae that cause illness in people. Because the composition and structure of microbial communities in D. variabilis are poorly understood, we conducted high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities of adult D. variabilis ticks collected from field populations in North Carolina. Sequence analyses were performed using QIIME 2 with the DADA2 plugin and taxonomic assignments using the Greengenes database. After quality filtering and rarefaction, the bacterial DNA sequences were assigned to 432 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and were dominated by a single OTU classified as Francisella spp. Subsequent cloning, sequencing and phylogenic analysis of nearly full length 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that most Francisella were similar to Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLEs) of D. variabilis reported previously. One cloned Francisella, however, was genetically distinct and more related to the FLE of D. occidentalis. The core microbiome of D. variabilis was comprised of Francisella spp., Sphingomonas spp., Delftia spp., and Hymenobacter spp. The taxonomic resolution and detection of less abundant bacterial taxa, including Rickettsia, are discussed. Alpha diversity metrics revealed lower bacterial community diversity in females. Beta-diversity also distinguished the composition of female bacterial communities from those of males. These findings advance current knowledge of the microbial ecology and structure and composition of D. variabilis microbiome and sets the foundation for further studies to determine the influence of microbiota on vector susceptibility to pathogens.
Multitextual Literacy in Educational Settings: Contextual Analysis and the Dab

Literacy is more directly linked to language arts than the visual arts even though both disciplines demand a high level of proficiency knowledge. This article examines how Feldman’s (1970) art criticism model, applied in visual arts and aesthetics, and Fairclough’s (2015) critical discourse analysis (CDA), used predominantly in literacy research, imbricate to reveal a multitextual literacy approach to gesture as an extension of utterance. Transdisciplinary textual analysis, supported by Bakhtin’s theories on addressivity and social language construction (1986), critique both cultural appropriation and media literacy. Gesture, as an extension of utterance, transpired from witnessing a random gestural act, blurring textual boundaries in a decoding process to suggest multiliterate awareness in learning ecologies. Art criticism reflection and CDA reveal methods for examining communication processes within cultural contexts and, as a result, suggest integration into educational settings as vital tools for conscientious textual decoding praxis.
Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: an updated review of current guidelines and expert consensus documents

Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, its management remains complex and depends on several variables. Over the past decade, catheter ablation has been widely used as an effective method for rhythm control in AF patients. Therefore, AF ablation has been the focus of many studies in recent years. Given the complexity of AF management and catheter ablation, several guidelines have been developed to regulate and direct management of AF patients. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC), together with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and the European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgeons (EACTS), has been regulating the European guidelines, while the American Heart Association (AHA), along with the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), is publishing the US guidelines. Additionally, HRS, EHRA, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, along with representatives from heart rhythm societies from different parts of the world, have developed an “expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of AF.” This article reviews and compares the most recent guidelines and consensus document on AF catheter ablation.
Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA): Petitioner claims to the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 2010-2016.

Abstract Background Since 2010, petitioner claims of shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA) to the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) have been increasing. Objective To conduct a scientific review of clinical characteristics of SIRVA petitions to the VICP. Methods We queried the VICP’s Injury Compensation System database for medical reports of alleged SIRVA and SIRVA-like injuries. Medical reports are summaries of petitioner claims and supporting documentation along with a VICP clinician reviewer diagnosis and assessment of criteria for concession. We conducted a descriptive analysis of SIRVA petitioner claims recommended by the VICP for concession as SIRVA injuries. Results We identified 476 petitioner claims recommended for concession. Claims per year increased from two in 2011, the first full year in the analytic period, to 227 in 2016. Median age was 51 years, 82.8% were women, and median body mass index was 25.1 (range 17.0–48.9). Four hundred cases (84.0%) involved influenza vaccine. Pharmacy or store (n = 168; 35.3%) was the most common place of vaccination followed by doctor’s office (n = 147; 30.9%). Fewer than half of cases reported a suspected administration error; 172 (36.1%) reported ‘injection too high’ on the arm. Shoulder pain, rotator cuff problems, and bursitis were common initial diagnoses. Most (80.0%) cases received physical or occupational therapy, 60.1% had at least one steroid injection, and 32.6% had surgery. Most (71.9%) healthcare providers who gave opinions on causality considered the injury was caused by vaccination. A minority (24.3%) of cases indicated that symptoms had resolved by the last visit available in medical records. Conclusions Most conceded claims for SIRVA were in women and involved influenza vaccines. Injection too high on the arm could be a factor due to the risk of injecting into underlying non-muscular tissues. Healthcare providers should be aware of proper injection technique and anatomical landmarks when administering vaccines.
QRS duration is associated with all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: The diabetes heart study.

Abstract Background QRS-duration predicts mortality in patients with heart failure and, to a lesser extent, the general population. However, in patients with diabetes, its prognostic significance is unknown. To better understand how QRS-duration relates to mortality among those with diabetes, we explored survival as a function of QRS-duration in the Diabetes Heart Study. Methods The study population included 1335 participants. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between QRS-duration and all-cause mortality, comparing those with QRS-duration ≤120 vs. >120 (ms). Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, race, hypertension, smoking, years with diabetes, BMI, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, glomerular filtration rate, and hemoglobin A1c. Results and conclusions Participants were: mean age 61 ± 9, 55% women, 83% white; 99 participants (7.5%) had a QRS-duration >120. After 11,000 person-years of follow-up (median 8.5 years; maximum 13.9 years), 266 participants had died (20%). Participants with baseline QRS-duration >120 had an adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality of 1.56 (95% CI 1.05–2.24; p = 0.027). Modeling QRS-duration as a continuous variable, we found an 11% increase in all-cause mortality for each 10 ms increase in QRS-duration. In conclusion, QRS-duration is associated with subsequent all-cause mortality among those with type 2 diabetes—participants with QRS-duration >120 ms had a 56% increase in all-cause mortality, even after adjustment for conventional risk factors. Given the ubiquitous presence of ECG data in the medical record, QRS-duration may prove to be a useful prognostic measure, especially among those with diabetes.
Changes in mixing depth reduce phytoplankton biomass in an Arctic lake: Results from a whole-lake experiment

ABSTRACTResearch has revealed contradictory responses of primary producers in Arctic lakes to increasing temperatures, making it unclear how future warming and climate change will alter lake produc...
Trust as a Predictor of Patient Perceptions Regarding Overlapping Surgery and Trainee Independence

Objectives To examine opinions on trainee independence and attending presence among a cross-section of the general population and explore how perceptions of trust, past experiences, and demographics interacted with comfort consenting to these surgical scenarios. Study design Mixed-methods METHODS: Based on prior qualitative analysis, we designed a survey of patient preferences and values that focused on trust in healthcare practitioners and processes, which also included comfort ratings of three surgical scenarios (including overlapping surgery). The survey was administered to a sample from the general public using Mechanical Turk. We identified discreet domains of trust and examined the association of responses to these domains with comfort ratings, prior healthcare experiences, and demographics. Results We analyzed 225 surveys and identified four patient subgroups based on responses to the surgical scenarios. Subjects that were more comfortable with overlapping surgery were more trusting of trainees and delegation by the attending. Past experiences in healthcare (positive and negative) were associated with multiple domains of trust (in trainees, surgeons, and the healthcare system). Demographics were not predictive of trust responses or comfort ratings. Conclusion Patients express varying degrees of comfort with overlapping surgery, and this is not associated with demographics. Past negative experiences have an impact on trust in the healthcare system overall, and trust in trainees specifically predicts comfort with attending absence from the operating room. Efforts to increase patient comfort with overlapping surgery and surgical training should include strategies to address past negative experiences and foster trust in trainees and the delegation process. Level of evidence IV Laryngoscope, 130:2728-2735, 2020.
Work-related adverse respiratory health outcomes at a machine manufacturing facility with a cluster of bronchiolitis, alveolar ductitis and emphysema (BADE)

Objectives Four machine manufacturing facility workers had a novel occupational lung disease of uncertain aetiology characterised by lymphocytic bronchiolitis, alveolar ductitis and emphysema (BADE). We aimed to evaluate current workers’ respiratory health in relation to job category and relative exposure to endotoxin, which is aerosolised from in-use metalworking fluid. Methods We offered a questionnaire and spirometry at baseline and 3.5 year follow-up. Endotoxin exposures were quantified for 16 production and non-production job groups. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline ≥10% was considered excessive. We examined SMRs compared with US adults, adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for health outcomes by endotoxin exposure tertiles and predictors of excessive FEV1 decline. Results Among 388 (89%) baseline participants, SMRs were elevated for wheeze (2.5 (95% CI 2.1 to 3.0)), but not obstruction (0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.1)). Mean endotoxin exposures (range: 0.09–28.4 EU/m3) were highest for machine shop jobs. Higher exposure was associated with exertional dyspnea (aPR=2.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 5.7)), but not lung function. Of 250 (64%) follow-up participants, 11 (4%) had excessive FEV1 decline (range: 403–2074 mL); 10 worked in production. Wheeze (aPR=3.6 (95% CI 1.1 to 12.1)) and medium (1.3–7.5 EU/m3) endotoxin exposure (aPR=10.5 (95% CI 1.3 to 83.1)) at baseline were associated with excessive decline. One production worker with excessive decline had BADE on subsequent lung biopsy. Conclusions Lung function loss and BADE were associated with production work. Relationships with relative endotoxin exposure indicate work-related adverse respiratory health outcomes beyond the sentinel disease cluster, including an incident BADE case. Until causative factors and effective preventive strategies for BADE are determined, exposure minimisation and medical surveillance of affected workforces are recommended.
Texto y contexto en la Nueva corónica y buen gobierno de Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

The complex nature of Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s Nueva coronica y buen gobierno supports many diﬀerent —and often contradictory— readings. The fact that relatively little is known about Guaman Poma’s life complicates our understanding of the relationship between the work and the author’s personal, social, political, and economic context. This essay attempts to shed light on this relationship by combining what is known about Guaman Poma from other sources with an analysis of what the author reveals about himself in his text.
Divide in Vaccine Belief in COVID-19 Conversations: Implications for Immunization Plans

Abstract The development of a viable COVID-19 vaccine is a work in progress, but the success of the immunization campaign will depend upon public acceptance. In this paper, we classify Twitter users in COVID-19 discussion into vaccine refusers (anti-vaxxers) and vaccine adherers (vaxxers) communities. We study the divide between anti-vaxxers and vaxxers in the context of whom they follow. More specifically, we look at followership of 1) the U.S. Congress members, 2) four major religions (Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism and Islam), 3) accounts related to the healthcare community, and 4) news media accounts. Our results indicate that there is a partisan divide between vaxxers and anti-vaxxers. We find a religious community with a higher than expected fraction of anti-vaxxers. Further, we find that the variance of vaccine belief within the news media accounts operated by Russian and Iranian governments is higher compared to news media accounts operated by other governments. Finally, we provide messaging and policy implications to inform the COVID-19 vaccine and future vaccination plans.
Neurology of Preeclampsia and Related Disorders: an Update in Neuro-obstetrics

Preeclampsia and related hypertensive disorders of pregnancy affect up to 10% of pregnancies. Neurological complications are common and neurologists often become involved in the care of obstetric patients with preeclampsia. Here, we review the definition(s), epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of preeclampsia, focusing on maternal neurological complications and headache as a common presenting symptom of preeclampsia. Neurological symptoms are early and disease-defining features of preeclampsia. Neurological complications of preeclampsia may include headaches, visual symptoms, cerebral edema, seizures, or acute cerebrovascular disorders such as intracerebral hemorrhage or reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. A history of migraine is an independent risk factor for vascular diseases during pregnancy, including preeclampsia and maternal stroke. The pathophysiology of both preeclampsia and migraine is complex, and the mechanisms linking the two are not fully understood. Overlapping clinical and pathophysiological features of migraine and preeclampsia include inflammation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and changes in vasoreactivity. Neurological complications are recognized as a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality. Pregnant and postpartum women commonly present with headache, and red flags in the clinical history and examination should prompt urgent neuroimaging and laboratory evaluation. A focused headache history should be elicited from patients as part of routine obstetrical care to identify patients at an increased risk of preeclampsia and related hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Collaborative models of care and scientific investigation in the emerging field of neuro-obstetrics have the common goal of reducing the risk of maternal neurological morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia.
Supporting middle school students in a problem-based makerspace: investigating distributed scaffolding

This study used an explanatory mixed methods research design to examine the scaffolding strategies of middle school teachers during a design problem-based learning (PBL) unit. Both quantitative and...
Simulation of oxygen isotopes and circulation in a late Carboniferous epicontinental sea with implications for proxy records

Abstract Reconstructions of ancient ocean chemistry are largely based on geochemical proxies obtained from epicontinental seas. Mounting evidence suggests that these shallow inland seas were chemically distinct from the nearby open ocean, decoupling epicontinental records from broader ocean conditions. Here we use the isotope-enabled Community Earth System Model to evaluate the extent to which the oxygen isotopic composition of the late Carboniferous epicontinental sea, the North American Midcontinent Sea (NAMS), reflects the chemistry of its open-ocean sources and connect epicontinental isotope variability in the sea to large-scale ocean-atmosphere processes. Model results support estuarine-like circulation patterns demonstrated by past empirical studies and suggest that orographic runoff produced decreases in surface seawater δ 18 O ( δ 18 O w ) of up to ∼3‰ between the NAMS and the bordering ocean. Simulated sea surface temperatures are relatively constant across the sea and broadly reproduced from proxy-based δ 18 O paleotemperatures for which model-based values of epicontinental δ 18 O w are used, indicating that offshore-onshore variability in surface proxy δ 18 O is primarily influenced by seawater freshening. Simulated bottom water temperatures in the NAMS are also reproduced from biogenic calcite δ 18 O using model-based values of epicontinental δ 18 O w , suggesting that benthic marine fossil δ 18 O is also influenced by seawater freshening and coastal upwelling. In addition, glacial-interglacial variations in nearshore seawater freshening counteract the effects of temperature on marine biogenic δ 18 O values, suggesting that salinity effects should be considered in δ 18 O-based estimates of glacioeustatic sea level change from nearshore regions of the NAMS. Our results emphasize the importance of constraining epicontinental dynamics for interpretations of marine biogenic δ 18 O as proxies of paleotemperature, salinity, and glacioeustasy.
Rethinking graduate education.

All available evidence suggests that over 60% of new Ph.D.s in science in the United States will not have careers in academic research, yet graduate training in science has followed the same basic format for almost 100 years, heavily focused on producing academic researchers. Given that so many students will not join that community, the system is failing to meet the needs of the majority of its students. Many academic, governmental, and professional leaders and organizations have lamented this disconnect and have suggested worthwhile adjustments, but most of these have been minor changes in graduate course offerings. It is time for the scientific and education communities to take a more fundamental look at how graduate education in science is structured and consider, given the current environment, whether a major reconfiguration of the entire system is needed.
Effects of Temperature on Methanogenesis in a Thermophilic (58°C) Anaerobic Digestor

The short-term effects of temperature on methanogenesis from acetate or CO2 in a thermophilic (58°C) anaerobic digestor were studied by incubating digestor sludge at different temperatures with 14C-labeled methane precursors (14CH3COO− or 14CO2). During a period when Methanosarcina sp. was numerous in the sludge, methanogenesis from acetate was optimal at 55 to 60°C and was completely inhibited at 65°C. A Methanosarcina culture isolated from the digestor grew optimally on acetate at 55 to 58°C and did not grow or produce methane at 65°C. An accidental shift of digestor temperature from 58 to 64°C during this period caused a sharp decrease in gas production and a large increase in acetate concentration within 24 h, indicating that the aceticlastic methanogens in the digestor were the population most susceptible to this temperature increase. During a later period when Methanothrix sp. was numerous in the digestor, methanogenesis from 14CH3COO− was optimal at 65°C and completely inhibited at 75°C. A partially purified Methanothrix enrichment culture derived from the digestor had a maximum growth temperature near 70°C. Methanogenesis from 14CO2 in the sludge was optimal at 65°C and still proceeded at 75°C. A CO2-reducing Methanobacterium sp. isolated from the digestor was capable of methanogenesis at 75°C. During the period when Methanothix sp. was apparently dominant, sludge incubated for 24 h at 65°C produced more methane than sludge incubated at 60°C, and no acetate accumulated at 65°C. Methanogenesis was severely inhibited in sludge incubated at 70°C, but since neither acetate nor H2 accumulated, production of these methanogenic substrates by fermentative bacteria was probably the most temperature-sensitive process. Thus, there was a correlation between digestor performance at different temperatures and responses to temperature by cultures of methanogens believed to play important roles in the digestor.
The Quantitative Minor Injury Scale: pilot study of a scale to measure level of minor injury after motor vehicle collisions

Study objective: Severity of physical injury after motor vehicle collisions (MVC) may associate with survivors’ mental health; however the quantitative relationship is poorly understood. This is partly because existing injury scales are only sensitive in the potentially fatal range, while most MVC injuries are minor. To quantitatively describe a minor injury, a Quantitative Minor Injury Scale (QMIS) was developed based on injury symptoms, medication, imaging examination, age and hospital stay. Methods: We developed the QMIS after analyzing existing injury and trauma scales coupled with input from Emergency physicians. We recruited 32 MVC survivors with minor injury (rated 1-2 on Abbreviated Injury Scale) who visited the emergency department (ED) within 48 hours of the accident. Depression symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) within 3 weeks of the trauma and their injuries were quantified with the QMIS. Results: Application of the QMIS in the MVC survivors produced a gradient from 0.6 to 7.8 with an average of 2.65. A significant correlation (R=0.366; p=0.039; n=32) was found with the QMIS score and depression symptoms as measured by the CES-D. Conclusions: Results suggest the QMIS creates differentiation among a population of minor injury patients and may be useful in examining the relationship between minor injury and psychological conditions. The further development of QMIS may generalize the usage of this scale to minor injuries caused by other types of trauma.
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international conference on Embedded software

We are very pleased to present the proceedings of EMSOFT 2005, the Fifth ACM Conference on Embedded Software. Embedded computing systems perform critical operations and are designed to very aggressive specifications. Designing correct, efficient, high-performance embedded systems requires science, craft, and talent. EMSOFT is dedicated to the advancement of all aspects of embedded software.2005 sees the establishment of a new tradition in embedded computing, Embedded Systems Week. EMSOFT is co-locating with CODES+ISSS, another major embedded systems conference, to form a large, unified event that fully conveys the richness of this field. We plan to continue Embedded Systems Week as a yearly event that will serve as a major forum for embedded computing research and practice.This year's EMSOFT introduced two new aspects to the technical program. First, we accepted both regular papers and short papers to increase the diversity of opinions presented at the conference. Both regular and short papers will be represented at the conference by presentations and poster discussions. We also introduced special sessions that feature invited papers on topics of interest to the EMSOFT community: languages, methodologies, and software testing.The call for papers attracted 88 submissions from around the world. The program committee accepted 25 regular papers and 20 short papers. These papers span topics including communication and devices, modeling, languages, scheduling, optimization, semantics, low power, clocks and time, formal methods, dynamic properties, and real-time properties.This year's keynote for EMSOFT is titled "Multiprocessor SOC Design: Revolution Now!" and is given by Chris Rowen, CEO of Tensilica. Embedded Systems Week will hold two joint panels, one chaired by Dan Gajski titled "What Will System Design Be When It Grows Up?" and one chaired by Janos Sztipanovitz titled "Grand Challenges in Embedded Systems."
On using reputations in ad hoc networks to counter malicious nodes

Nodes in mobile ad hoc networks have a limited transmission range. Hence the nodes expect their neighbors to relay packets meant for far off destinations. These networks are based on the fundamental assumption that if a node promises to relay a packet, it relays it and does not cheat. This assumption becomes invalid when the nodes in the network have tangential or contradictory goals. The reputations of the nodes, based on their past history of relaying packets, can be used by their neighbors to ensure that the packet is relayed by the node. This paper introduces a reputation scheme for ad hoc networks. Instead of choosing the shortest path to the destination, the source node chooses a path whose next hop node has the highest reputation. This policy, when used recursively, in the presence of 40% malicious nodes, improves the throughput of the system to 65%, from 22 % throughput provided by AODV. This improvement is obtained at the cost of a higher number of route discoveries with a minimal increase in the average hop length according S. Bansal and M. Baker (2003).
Early active motion in joint pain and stiffness : E. B. Mumford MD (1879-1961) . The 13th president of the AAOS 1944-1945.

E. Bishop (“Bish”) Mumford was born in 1879 in Indiana [2] (most likely in or near New Harmony, the birthplace of both of his parents, who were committed to Robert Owen’s concept of that socialistic community established by Owen in 1826 [4]). He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1901 and Johns Hopkins in 1905. He obtained postgraduate training at Boston Children’s Hospital and Gouverneur’s Hospital (a hospital originally established to provide care for low income patients of color) in New York. He returned to Indiana to establish a practice in children’s orthopaedics. His practice was interrupted by WW I, where he served as a captain in a base hospital in France. He returned after the war and in 1920 opened the Indianapolis Industrial Clinic with Dr. Jay Reed. He later was appointed to the faculty at the Medical College of Indiana and was one of the first surgeons appointed to the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Crippled Children and the first surgeon appointed to the Veteran’s Administration Hospital of Indiana. He continued his appointments at these and other hospitals until his death.
The prevalence and contents of advance directives in patients with pacemakers

Background Little is known about the use of advance directives (ADs) in patients who have implantable cardiac pacemakers (PMs).
Metamemory Development: Understanding the Role of Similarity in False Memories

Research on the development of metamemory has focused primarily on children's understanding of the variables that influence how likely a person is to remember something. But metamemory also involves an understanding of why people occasionally misremember things. In this study, 5- and 6-year-olds (N = 38) were asked to decide whether another child's mistakes in a memory game were due to false memories or guesses. Some of the fictitious child's mistakes were similar to material he had seen earlier and some were not. Six-year-olds, but not 5-year-olds, consistently attributed more similar than dissimilar mistakes to false memories. Understanding the link between similarity and false memories improves significantly between 5 and 6 years of age.
Relationship between the Ribosomal Alteration after Partial Hepatectomy and the Increase in Liver Protein Synthesis in Vivo

Abstract Partial hepatectomy in the rat is known to cause rises in the rates of incorporation by subcellular liver preparations of 3H-puromycin into nascent peptide and 14C-leucine into protein. The operation has also been shown to be followed by a rise in the rate of liver protein synthesis in vivo. The kinetics of the three rises after partial hepatectomy are the same, suggesting that the changes are interrelated. The effects of actinomycin D on the rises were studied. When the antibiotic (5 µg per hour) was given immediately after partial hepatectomy, it blocked the appearance of the rises in vitro and in vivo and, as a function of dose, affected the three changes in an indistinguishable manner. When actinomycin (10 µg per hour) was given to partially hepatectomized animals after the rises had occurred, the reactivities in vitro and in vivo were gradually reduced to the normal levels. The halfway points in the return to the normal levels were at 4 hours from the time of the first injection of the antibiotic.
Inheritance of congenital myasthenia gravis in smooth fox terrier dogs

The phenotypes with respect to congenital myasthenia gravis of 132 smooth fox terrier dogs from 25 matings were analyzed. These included both prospective and retrospective matings. It was determined that congenital myasthenia gravis in the smooth fox terrier dog breed is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner with complete penetrance. We propose the symbol mg for the gene for congenital myasthenia gravis in the smooth fox terrier. Attempts to maintain live affected dogs to adulthood were unsuccessful and it is concluded that this is a lethal trait.
Lazy group sifting for efficient symbolic state traversal of FSMs

Proposes lazy group sifting for dynamic variable reordering during state traversal of finite state machines (FSMs). The proposed method relaxes the idea of pairwise grouping of the present state variables and their corresponding next state variables. This is done to produce better variable orderings during image computation without causing BDD (binary decision diagram) size blowup in the substitution of next state variables with present state variables at the end of image computation. Experimental results show that our approach is more robust in state traversal than the approaches that either unconditionally group variable pairs or never group them.
Reconciling grand unification with strings by anisotropic compactifications

We analyze gauge coupling unification in the context of heterotic strings on anisotropic orbifolds. This construction is very much analogous to effective five-dimensional orbifold grand unified theory field theories. Our analysis assumes three fundamental scales: the string scale ${M}_{\mathrm{S}}$, a compactification scale ${M}_{\mathrm{C}}$, and a mass scale for some of the vectorlike exotics ${M}_{\mathrm{EX}}$; the other exotics are assumed to get mass at ${M}_{\mathrm{S}}$. In the particular models analyzed, we show that gauge coupling unification is not possible with ${M}_{\mathrm{EX}}={M}_{\mathrm{C}}$, and in fact we require ${M}_{\mathrm{EX}}\ensuremath{\ll}{M}_{\mathrm{C}}\ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. We find that about 10% of the parameter space has a proton lifetime (from dimension six gauge exchange) ${10}^{33}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{yr}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\tau}(p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{e}^{+})\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{36}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{yr}$. The other 80% of the parameter space gives proton lifetimes below Super-Kamiokande bounds. The next generation of proton decay experiments should be sensitive to the remaining parameter space.
THE EROSION-DEPOSITION BOUNDARY IN THE HEAD OF HUDSON SUBMARINE CANYON DEFINED ON THE BASIS OF SUBMARINE OBSERVATIONS.

Abstract Submersible observations in the head of Hudson Canyon, to depths of 305 m, indicate that coarse relict sediment at and below the shelf edge (at about 105 m) has been reworked by currents and benthic organisms during the Holocene and at present. The sharp boundary between an upper gravel—shell—sand facies and a deeper mud facies is herein termed “mud line”. This “mud line”, present at depths ranging from 130 m to 175 m, appears to record a long-term separation of energy levels, i.e., below these depths, current speeds necessary to erode fine sediments decrease significantly in frequency and intensity. We observed that the shelf break and uppermost slope in the canyon is a zone of continuing resuspension where there is no permanent accumulation of fines above the “mud line”. Defining the “mud line” position relative to regional lithofacies patterns may provide an additional, albeit indirect, measure of depth of impingement of current speed sufficient to exceed the threshold of sediment transport on the outer continental margin.
Simulation-Based Assessment of Managerial Competence: Reliability and Validity.

Prior work based on complexity theory has attempted, with some success, to predict general and managerial performance in complex, uncertain, and fluid task settings. The present paper evaluates a quasi-experimental simulation technique that was specifically designed to measure the impact of individual differences in a number of managerial styles (including a style reflecting cognitive complexity) on executive performance. Twenty simulation-based measures were tested for reliability and validity. On the basis of the data obtained from two separate samples, it was concluded that this quasi-experimental simulation technology may be useful for assessing a number of managerial styles that are not currently tapped by other measurement methods. Research results reported in this paper, as well as results obtained in other concurrent efforts, are summarized.
After the Crash: The Passenger Response to the DC-10 Disaster

Through the analysis of CAB market-share data, an attempt is made to estimate the extent to which fears arising from the Chicago DC-10 crash displaced passenger traffic onto other kinds of aircraft. Factors that could distort simple "before-after" comparisons are discussed and a procedure to correct for them is proposed. The results suggest that, less than a year after the accident, there was no detectable resistance to flying the DC-10.
Quantitative Displacement of Blood Acid-Base Status in Acute Hypocapnia

Experiments carried out in anesthetized, ventilated dogs to describe the short-term blood acid-base responses to induction of hypocapnia. In all experiments, a fall in plasma pCO2 to a level of 10 to 15 mm Hg was associated with a prompt rise in blood base excess (BE), reaching maximum in 10–15 mins followed by a secondary slower fall. These changes in blood base excess were evaluated in terms of the fractional contributions by (a) redistribution of bicarbonate within the body fluids (b) accumulation of lactate; (c) residual (non-renal) contribution. By examining the time course, it was found that the observed δ log pCO2/δ pH did not reach a steady value within the experimental period, thus explaining the inconsistency of data previously reported in the literature.
A Second Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase with Variable Distribution among Placental Mammals

Fatty acid amides constitute a large and diverse class of lipid transmitters that includes the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and the sleep-inducing substance oleamide. The magnitude and duration of fatty acid amide signaling are controlled by enzymatic hydrolysis in vivo. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity in mammals has been primarily attributed to a single integral membrane enzyme of the amidase signature (AS) family. Here, we report the functional proteomic discovery of a second membrane-associated AS enzyme in humans that displays FAAH activity. The gene that encodes this second FAAH enzyme was found in multiple primate genomes, marsupials, and more distantly related vertebrates, but, remarkably, not in a number of lower placental mammals, including mouse and rat. The two human FAAH enzymes, which share 20% sequence identity and are referred to hereafter as FAAH-1 and FAAH-2, hydrolyzed primary fatty acid amide substrates (e.g. oleamide) at equivalent rates, whereas FAAH-1 exhibited much greater activity with N-acyl ethanolamines (e.g. anandamide) and N-acyl taurines. Both enzymes were sensitive to the principal classes of FAAH inhibitors synthesized to date, including O-aryl carbamates and α-keto heterocycles. These data coupled with the overlapping, but distinct tissue distributions of FAAH-1 and FAAH-2 suggest that these proteins may collaborate to control fatty acid amide catabolism in primates. The apparent loss of the FAAH-2 gene in some lower mammals should be taken into consideration when extrapolating genetic or pharmacological findings on the fatty acid amide signaling system across species.
Immunoelectron microscopy of Rift Valley fever viral morphogenesis in primary rat hepatocytes.

Abstract The morphogenesis of the hepatotropic phlebovirus Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) has been examined by immunoelectron microscopy in primary hepatocyte cultures derived from genetically susceptible and resistant rat strains. RVFV replicates in both cell types with growth kinetics comparable with those seen in other permissive cells. However, in contrast to what has been observed in other cell types, RVFV replication in hepatocytes is associated with maturation at cellular surface membranes in addition to the smooth internal membranes of the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Envelope acquisition at surface membranes occurred primarily on basolateral membranes. The events occurring in RVFV morphogenesis were indistinguishable in hepatocytes from resistant and susceptible animals; however, hepatocytes from susceptible animals produced significantly higher titers of virus.
Effect on CO 2 Dispersal Rate of Commercial Products Marketed to Reduce Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Risk

Effect on CO 2 Dispersal Rate of Commercial Products Marketed to Reduce Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Risk
An examination of the perceptions of auditors and chief financial officers regarding principles versus rules based accounting standards

Abstract The debate over the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by United States issuers, or its convergence with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP) has been going on for several years now. However, as of this writing, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has still not taken a definitive position on the issue. This is in part due to issues involving the cost of adoption, independence concerns relating to the IFRS promulgation body, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and the debate over which type of accounting standards is superior for financial reporting: IFRS, which are said to be “principles-based,” or U.S. GAAP, which are said to be “rules-based.” In this paper we examined the views of two stakeholders in the U.S. financial reporting system, auditors in large public accounting firms and Chief Financial Officers in the Fortune 1000. We elicited their perceptions involving ten situations where specific rules are incorporated in U.S. GAAP. We asked if the elimination of the specific rule would be likely to better achieve the “qualitative characteristics of useful financial information” as defined by the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting adopted by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in 2010 (FASB 2010) and the similar document adopted by the IASB at the same time (IASB 2010). We found that in eight of the ten situations both groups preferred the rules-based accounting regime (the current U.S. GAAP rules) over a principles-based approach.
Automatic bird species detection using periodicity of salient extremities

To assist nature observation, we develop an automatic bird species filtering method that takes videos from cameras with unknown parameters as input, and outputs likelihood of candidate species. The method recognizes the time series of salient extremities, which is the inter-wing tip distance, performs frequency analysis on periodicity, and provides a species prediction metric using likelihood ratios. To analyze the feasibility of the proposed method, we derive the probability that the salient extremity can be recognized in image for an arbitrary camera perspective.We also prove that the periodicity of the IWTD in the image is the same as the wingbeat frequency in the 3D space regardless of camera parameters with the exception of ignorable degenerated cases. Experiment results validate our analysis and show that the algorithm is very robust to segmentation error and data loss up to 30%.
Ectopic expression of murine diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 1 attenuates signaling through the ERK1/2 pathway.

Abstract Signals from several receptor tyrosine kinases are transduced by activation of the Ras family of GTP-binding proteins. Activation of Ras initiates a kinase cascade that culminates in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The MAPKs include the c-jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNKs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), both of which phosphorylate Elk-1/TCF, a factor that activates transcription of the c-fos gene. In this report, we identify a novel 19 kDa gene product as a negative regulator of signaling through the ERK1/2 pathway. While these studies were in progress, the human homologue of this gene was characterized as diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase (DIPP1) [EMBO J. 17 (1998) 6599], a phosphohydrolase that converts diphosphate groups on diphosphoinositol polyphosphates to monophosphates. Ectopic expression of murine DIPP1 (muDIPP1) blocked activation of the c-fos promoter by the ERK1/2 pathway. Inhibition of signal transduction through the ERK1/2 pathway by muDIPP1 occurs at or downstream from activation of MEK. In vitro kinase studies suggest that muDIPP1 is not a direct inhibitor of MEK or ERK activity, although, ectopic expression at near physiological levels results in attenuation of ERK phosphorylation in vivo. Interestingly, a site mutant of muDIPP1 lacking phosphohydrolase activity blocked signaling through the ERK1/2 pathway with greater efficiency than wild-type muDIPP1. This result suggests that inhibition of signaling through the ERK1/2 pathway is a distinct function of muDIPP1 that is not dependent on, but may be regulated by, its activity as a phosphohydrolase.
Recent Progress In The Investigation Of Radiation Resistant Optical Fibers

A brief overview is presented on the subject of the development of more radiation tolerant fiber optic waveguides. Data are presented for both polymer clad silica (PCS) and all silica fibers. The effects of new compositional variations on radiation response in both the core and cladding glasses are reported. Recent photobleaching measurements on irradiated fibers are also summarized. The spectral variation of the observed radiation--induced losses are given for a variety of state of the art fibers during and following exposure to ionizing radiation.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BIOLOGY OF SURFACTANT

Surfactant is a metabolically active assembly of phospholipids and surfactant-specific proteins that is essential for normal lung mechanics. The surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D also have important innate host defense functions. Surfactant metabolism in the developing lung differs from the adult lung by having slower kinetics of secretion with a longer half-life and more efficient recycling. Ventilation styles that injure the lung also result in altered surfactant function.
Fetal heart rate response to maternal exercise

Twenty-five pregnant women without complications underwent fetal heart rate evaluation during a program involving exercise at a relative intensity of 61% to 73% of maximal capacity during the course of the pregnancy. Assessment of the influence of gestational age on the fetal heart rate response to exercise and evaluation of the course of fetal heart rate recovery were the main goals of the study. The results of the study confirmed previous findings that fetal heart rate is accelerated after maternal exercise. However, contrary to other studies we found no effect of gestational age on the fetal heart rate response to exercise. Neonatal findings provided further evidence that quantitated maternal exercise up to 70% of maximal capacity does not interfere with normal fetal growth and development.
Polysaccharides isolated from Açaí fruit induce innate immune responses.

The Acai (Acai) fruit is a popular nutritional supplement that purportedly enhances immune system function. These anecdotal claims are supported by limited studies describing immune responses to the Acai polyphenol fraction. Previously, we characterized γδ T cell responses to both polyphenol and polysaccharide fractions from several plant-derived nutritional supplements. Similar polyphenol and polysaccharide fractions are found in Acai fruit. Thus, we hypothesized that one or both of these fractions could activate γδ T cells. Contrary to previous reports, we did not identify agonist activity in the polyphenol fraction; however, the Acai polysaccharide fraction induced robust γδ T cell stimulatory activity in human, mouse, and bovine PBMC cultures. To characterize the immune response to Acai polysaccharides, we fractionated the crude polysaccharide preparation and tested these fractions for activity in human PBMC cultures. The largest Acai polysaccharides were the most active in vitro as indicated by activation of myeloid and γδ T cells. When delivered in vivo, Acai polysaccharide induced myeloid cell recruitment and IL-12 production. These results define innate immune responses induced by the polysaccharide component of Acai and have implications for the treatment of asthma and infectious disease.