cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinction of class II MHC^+ Langerhans cell-like interstitial dendritic antigen-presenting cells in murine dermis from dermal macrophages

Dermal cells are capable of initiating contact-hypersensitivity responses but the precise identification of the antigen-presenting cell within murine dermis is lacking. Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)+ cells with dendritic shape and lacking endothelial factor VIII but expressing the dendritic antigen-presenting cell marker NLDC-145 were observed in the perivascular and interstitial dermis of BALB/c and C3H/HeN skin. The heterogeneous class II MHC+ cells could be divided into two subsets: each was class II MHC+ CD45+ (bone marrow derived) GR-1- (non-neutrophil/macrophage) CD3- (non T), but one subset was CD11b+ (beta 2 integrin) and the other was CD11b-. Ultrastructural examination of class II MHC+ cells revealed the presence of a Langerhans cell-like/indeterminant cell subset with indented nuclei, dendritic morphology, active cytoplasm, and dense intermediate filaments. Phagolysomes and Birbeck granules were not observed in such cells, indicating these were distinct from dermal macrophages and from classical epidermal Langerhans cells, respectively. Cells with a monocyte/macrophage ultrastructural appearance were also noted, likely representing the class II MHC subset expressing CD11b and Ly6c (monocyte/endothelial antigen). Dermal cells in suspension were capable of processing and presenting large protein antigens to antigen-specific T-cell hybridomas; dermal cells also induced the syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. The dermal antigen-presentation activities were totally abrogated by removal of class II MHC+ cells, but not by removal of CD11b+ cells or Ly6c+ cells, indicating that potent antigen-presenting cell activity was restricted to the class II MHC+ CD11b- Ly6c- subset (Langerhans cell-like/indeterminant cells). In conclusion, within a complex array of dermal leukocytes a murine dermal class II MHC+ cell population expressing a Langerhans cell-like/dendritic antigen-presenting cell phenotype and exhibiting potent antigen processing and presenting activity can be identified. The positioning of potent interstitial dendritic antigen-presenting cells at the interface of the vasculature with the dermal interstitium provides rapid access to an antigen-presenting cell as T cells first egress into the skin.
Dietary Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Emerging evidence supports impaired epithelial barrier function as the key initial event in the development of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and other allergic diseases. Symptom resolution, histologic remission, and prevention of both disease and treatment-related complications are the goals of treatment. Successful dietary treatments include elemental, empirical elimination and allergy test directed diets. Dietary therapy with exclusive elemental diet offers the best response. Cow's milk, wheat, egg, soy, peanut/tree nut, and fish/shellfish are the 6 food antigens most likely to induce esophageal inflammation.
Push-Pull FEL, a new ERL concept

This proposal uses two sets of superconducting cavities with two identical electron beams going in opposite directions. Each set of superconducting cavities accelerates one electron beam and decelerates the other beam. This arrangement allows the energy used to accelerate one beam to be recovered and used again for the other beam. The difference between this proposal and other energy-recovery proposals is that each electron beam is decelerated by a different structure than that which accelerated it so this is energy exchange rather than energy recovery. If the superconducting cavities produce sufficient energy, a further simplification can occur. In this arrangement, the superconducting cavities are contained within the optical resonator with the light pulses traversing them. This arrangement leads to an extremely compact layout suitable for a university laboratory.
The use of knowledge about society

Abstract Selection of efficient institutions or policies in politics requires constituents to estimate the net benefits of political reforms. Political competition fails to inform constituents of the costs of forgone political alternatives. Ignorance of ‘political opportunity costs’ prevents the adoption of welfare enhancing reforms of public institutions and policies. The empirical record supports this contention.
Influence of Soil Reinforcement on Horizontal Displacement of MSE Wall

Mechanically stabilized earth(MSE) walls offer simpleconstructiontechniques,pleasing aesthetics,and cost-effectivesolutions as an alternative to conventional gravity walls. However, design and construction should be carefully evaluated to achieve satisfactory perfor- mance of the wall. A case study is presented on a MSE wall located on State Highway 342 in Lancaster, Texas. The horizontal movement of the MSE wall was between 300 and 450 mm within 5 years of construction. A forensic investigation was performed to determine the causes of the excessive movement. It was identified that inadequate reinforcement length was one of the contributing factors that caused horizontal displacement of the MSE wall. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soil reinforcement on excessive movement of the MSE wall. As a part of the forensic investigation, two inclinometers were installed at the site to monitor any additional movement of the MSE wall. The inclinometer results suggested that the wall continued to move at an average rate of 4.5 mm/month during the investigation period. A finite-element (FE) program was used to simulate horizontal displacement and stability of the MSE wall. It was observed that the numerical modeling results were in good agreement with inclinometer results. A parametric study was conducted to identify the effects of soil reinforcement on horizontal movement at varied wall heights and backfill conditions. Numerical analyses results indicated that the effect of reinforcement stiffness was not significant at a wall height of 4 m compared with 8 and 12 m. The wall movement varied from 74 to 29 mm for an increase in reinforcement stiffness from 250 to 42,000kN= ma t 1:0H reinforcement length. The variations in displacement with reinforcementlengthssuggestedthatsubstantialreductionindisplacementoccurredforanincreaseinlength-height(L=H)ratiofrom0.5to0.7. FEmodelingresultswereusedforsensitivityanalysisemployingastatisticalanalysisprogram.Basedontheanalyses,reinforcementlengthand stiffness wereidentified as influential factors for thehorizontal displacement of MSE walls at a specific height.DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943- 5622.0000297. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
When It Comes to Antibiotics, Bacteria Show Some NO-how

Homologs to mammalian nitric oxide synthases are found in many mostly Gram-positive bacteria. In some genera such as bacilli, and staphylococci, these enzymes produce protects against oxidative damage, this effect has now been shown to provide an advantage against antibiotics that kill by increasing cellular levels of reactive oxygen species.
Diagnosis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma by Serum Proteomic Pattern

Background Currently, endoscopic biopsy is the only method used to diagnose esophageal adenocarcinoma. Using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) ProteinChip technology, we sought to identify a potentially diagnostic serum protein pattern that can serve as a reliable blood test for the diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma. In addition, we sought to identify potential biomarkers for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods Whole serum was collected using standard techniques from subjects with a known diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma as well as from subjects without any known esophageal disease. The samples were spotted onto a hydrophobic (H50) and immobilized metal affinity (IMAC30) chip surface and allowed to incubate. All samples were run in duplicate. After several washes, matrix was added and a mass range of 1500 to 30000 daltons was analyzed by SELDI–Time-of-Flight mass spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using Biomarker Pattern Software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Results For the H50 analysis, 3 peaks were identified that correctly diagnosed 42 of 43 cancers and 10 of 11 normals. For the IMAC30, 4 peaks were identified that correctly diagnosed 50 of 50 cancers and 10 of 10 normals. Conclusions Serum proteomic pattern shows great promise in the diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma. This technology may lead to the development of a noninvasive screening test as well as to the identification of potential novel biomarkers for esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Expectation and unrest among Cistercian lay brothers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries

This paper seeks to reposition the scholarly debate over the rebelliousness of Cistercian lay brothers by assessing a broad array of narrative, legislative, and contractual documents. For Cistercian writers, lay brothers embodied monastic principles of simplicity and dutifulness. Authors also portrayed disobedient or ambitious conversi to illustrate the dangers of inflated pride. At the same time, however, Cistercian literature presents numerous conversi who do not fit the stereotypes dear to the moralists. Contractual and legal sources confirm that lay brothers were not only simple labourers or insubordinate underlings. They also had directorial functions in their monasteries and were sometimes charged with important political missions. These activities brought them enhanced social status as well as a sense of privilege. Lay brothers rebelled not, as some scholars assert, because they were unscrupulous, or, as others claim, because they were systematically oppressed. They resisted when the expectation of reward generated by their successful management of monastic affairs was frustrated by the directives of their superiors.
CPT and strings

Abstract We define the string space-time symmetries C,P,T and their products. The effects of nonlocal interactions and the infinite number of particle fields are incorporated using string field theory. At the dynamical level, C,P,T and their products are preserved by the open bosonic string. Only the product CPT is dynamically preserved by the superstring, although a modified action can be constructed to preserve C. We show that these discrete symmetries may be spontaneously broken in a natural way by string interactions. In a favorable scenario, this might lead to CPT violation in the K-K system just below the limits of present experiments.
Student Learning Through Social Media

Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in using social media/social learning with online courses. Many students value the social aspects of their university education and hesitate to take online courses thinking them to be devoid of socialization. On the other hand questions have arisen with regard to privacy and instruction into the social dimension of students. This study examined the following questions: 1) Does social media and social learning promotes educational opportunities for improved student understanding? 2) Do students view social media as an asset to courses – does it enhance understanding and keep student engaged? 3) What do university students see as problems with the use of social media? An online survey was developed consisting of 34 questions relating to the demographics of the sampled 1376 university students and questions relating to the previously mentioned questions. Percentages, t-tests, and correlations were analyzed. Results found subtle nuances and interesting trends (as well as further questions), but overall the results indicated positive attitudes and confirm the value of using social media/social learning in online courses. The findings of the study also suggest implications for teaching improvement with online courses at the university level. Keywords: Social media, Academics, FaceBook, collaboration, higher education
Autonomy as Free Will

Felsen and Reiner (2011) argue we need to revise our conception of autonomy to align it more closely with recent neuroscientific findings. Autonomy, they claim, requires that agents have the abilit...
The relationship between thermoregulatory and haemodynamic responses of the skin to relaxation and stress

The present study investigated the effects of stress and relaxation on peripheral blood volume. Venous and arterial blood volume, and temperature of the fingertips were measured by photoplethysmograph and thermistor, respectively. The mean of the peak cross correlation between the blood volume and the temperature of the fingertips of the nine cases studied was 0.9236/spl plusmn/0.0408. The finger temperature closely followed that of the finger blood volume but at a slower rate. The blood volume and the temperature of the fingertip increased during eyes closed relaxation, but decreased during stressful state. Changes in venous blood volume (temperature), corresponded to changes in the amplitude of the arterial blood volume. Thus, during relaxation the finger arterioles were vasodilated, and during stress they were vasoconstricted.
Effects of autografting ovarian tissue, ovariectomy and implanting on growth rate and carcass characteristics of feedlot heifers†

Ninety heifers sired by Charolais or Red Poll bulls were utilised in two trials involving ovariectomy, ovarian tissue transplants (autografts) andlor an anabolic implant. In trial 1, four treatments were imposed upon 60 heifers: (1) autograft, (2) autograft plus Synovex-H® implant, (3) vaginal ovariectomy plus implant, and (4) intact plus implant. Three replications of five heifers per treatment were fed a finishing diet until heifers weighed approximately 432 kg. Autografed-implanted heifers exhibited a greater average daily gain than non-implanted autografted heifers (P < 0.05). No treatment effects were detected for feed eficiency or dressing percentage. Carcasses from autografted heifers merited higher marbling scores and USDA quality grades than did those of ovariectomised-implanted heifers. Fat thickness tended to be greater for autografted heifers than for heifers in the implant treatment groups (P <0.l0). Non-implanted autografted heifers had smaller ribeye areas, more kidney, pelvic and heart fat, and higher numerical USDA yield grades. Shear force values and taste panel scores for meat favoured non-implanted autografted heifers. In trial 2, 30 heifers were autografted, ovariectomised via high lumbar laparotomy, or left as intact controls. Heifers in trial 2 were fed a finishing diet until heifers reached 1.2 ern average backfat thickness. Intact heifers tended to gain weight more rapidly than did ovariectomised heifers. Ovarian cell types were detected at the graft sites of only four of the 10 autografted heifers upon post-mortem histological examination. Very low levels of oestrogen were present in the fluid aspirated from three of the apparently successful grafts. However, growth rate was not superior for these three heifers.
Phase II study of dasatinib in philadelphia chromosome - Negative acute and chronic myeloid diseases, including systemic mastocytosis

Purpose: Molecular characterization of Philadelphia chromosome–negative (Ph−) chronic myeloproliferative disorders, such as systemic mastocytosis (SM), has provided a clear rationale for investigating novel targeted therapies. The tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor dasatinib is 325-fold more potent against Bcr-Abl TK than imatinib in vitro , significantly inhibiting wild-type KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β TKs, and is active against cells carrying the mutant KIT-D816V gene. Experimental Design: In this phase 2, open-label study, the efficacy of dasatinib (140 mg/d) was investigated in 67 patients with various Ph− myeloid disorders, including SM ( n = 33; 28 KIT-D816V positive). Results: The overall response rate to dasatinib in patients with SM was 33%. Only two patients, one with SM-myelofibrosis and one with SM-chronic eosinophilic leukemia, achieved complete response (elimination of mastocytosis) lasting for 5 and 16 months, respectively. Both patients were negative for KIT-D816V mutation, had low tryptase levels, abnormal WBC counts, and anemia, and had failed prior therapy with erythropoietin. Additional nine SM patients had symptomatic response, lasting 3 to 18+ months. Complete responses were achieved in two other patients (acute myeloid leukemia and hypereosinophilic syndrome). No responses were observed among patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and primary myelofibrosis. The majority of adverse events were grade 1/2. Conclusion: These data show that dasatinib therapy may benefit a selected group of SM patients, primarily by improving their symptoms, but it does not eliminate the disease in the patients with KIT-D816V mutation.
Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome and DiGeorge sequence with meningomyelocele and deletions of the 22q11 region

Approximately 5% of children with neural tube defects (NTDs) have a congenital heart defect and/or cleft lip and palate. The cause of isolated meningomyelocele, congenital heart defects, or cleft lip and palate has been largely thought to be multifactorial. However, chromosomal, teratogenic, and single gene causes of combinations of NTDs with congenital heart defects and/or cleft lip and palate have been reported. We report on 3 patients with meningomyelocele, congenital heart defects, and 22q11 deletions. Two of the children had the clinical diagnosis of velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS); both also have bifid uvula. The third child had DiGeorge sequence (DGS). The association of NTDs with 22q11 deletions has not been reported previously. An accurate diagnosis of the 22q11 deletions is critical as this micro-deletion and its associated clinical problems is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait due to the inheritance of the deletion-bearing chromosome. We recommend that all children with NTDs and congenital heart defects, with or without cleft palate, have cytogenetic and molecular studies performed to detect 22q11 deletions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Single proteins under a diamond spotlight

Proteins are the workhorse of life. They assemble the structural elements of the cell, catalyze metabolism, regulate cellular functions, and even transcribe and repair DNA. Many of the proteins' functions are related to their physical shape and conformations. For example, protein-folding problems are responsible for a number of diseases, including Alzheimer's ( 1 ). It is no wonder that there has long been an effort to determine the structure of proteins. However, only a small fraction of protein structures have so far been determined. In most situations, results from experiments are not sufficient to build the atomic model of a protein from scratch. Even the proteins whose structures have been determined are usually purified proteins that are no longer in their functional environment, so that the key information on how the protein changes shape to perform its innate function can only be inferred. The solution is to image individual proteins in living cells in real time as they go about their business of sustaining life. An important milestone toward this goal is reported by Shi et al. on page 1135 of this issue ( 2 ). They show that motions of a segment of a single protein are inferred by the magnetic signal of a nuclear spin on a nitroxide spin label located 10 nm away from a diamond nanomagnetometer.
Densities of NaCl(aq) to the temperature 523 K at pressures to 40 MPa measured with a new vibrating-tube densitometer

Abstract Relative densities of NaCl(aq) with molalities m: 0.165 ≤ m /(mol· kg-1) ≤ 5.484 have been measured with a vibrating-tube densitometer between the temperatures 298 K and 523 K at pressures of 7 MPa and 40 MPa. These results span the pressure and temperature ranges of several earlier volumetric studies of NaCl(aq) and extend to higher molalities than have been reported previously. The densities are in good agreement with published values through T - 523 K. Apparent molar volumes Vφ calculated from the measured density differences have been fitted with the Pitzer ion-interaction treatment, with appropriate expressions chosen for the temperature and pressure dependence of the molality-independent parameters of the model. It was found that the partial molar volume at infinite dilution V∞φ and second- and third-virial parameters β(o)V and Cv were sufficient to represent Vφ at nearly the estimated experimental uncertainly.
Separation of rabbit red cells by density in a bovine serum albumin gradient and correlation of red cell density with cell age after in vivo labeling with 59-Fe.

Rabbit red cells are separated by centrifuging them for one hour at 33,000 G in density gradient tubes of bovine serum albumin. The separation represented an equilibrium situation since rebanding experiments showed that the cells from a layer would again seek that density layer when recentrifuged in a new gradient tube. When rabbits were injected with 59Fe, the radioactive red cells at one day were nearly all light, but these labeled cells moved into the more dense layers over the next few days. This not only shows that the separation by density is discriminating but that some red cells became dense very quickly. Bearing in mind the problems of interpreting radioactive iron data because of the possibility of reutilization, it is tentatively concluded that dense red cells are not necessarily senescent red cells since these dense cells appear to persist for the normal life span of the rabbit red cell.
The Relationship between National Elections and the Delay in Transposition of E.U. Directives

This article examines the relationship between national elections and the delay in transposition of E.U. directives. It posits that elections, on their own, and when compounded with other factors, significantly affect transposition. First, it argues that upcoming elections, in general, increase the likelihood of nontransposition of directives with transposition deadlines around election time. The article further contends that economic hardship in the year prior to an election increases the likelihood of nontimely transposition of directives with deadlines in that election year, and that complex directives with deadlines in an election year are also more likely not to be transposed on time. Finally, the article posits that a change in the ruling coalition reduces the likelihood of transposition delays. Empirical analysis finds that upcoming elections, economic hardship around election time, and directive complexity in the face of upcoming elections all increase nontransposition, while a change in the governing coalition decreases nontransposition. Related Articles Thomas, Martha. 2013. “The Logic of Dispute Initiation under NAFTA Chapter 19.” Politics & Policy 41 (2): 155-188. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12011/abstract Legler, Thomas. 2012. “The Shifting Sands of Regional Governance: The Case of Inter-American Democracy Promotion.” Politics & Policy 40 (5): 848-870. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00382.x/abstract Cerami, Alfio. 2011. “Social Mechanisms in the Establishment of the European Economic and Monetary Union.” Politics & Policy 39 (3): 345-372. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00294.x/abstract Related Media Harvey, Fiona. 2012. “Spanish Government Urged to Renounce Plans to Rubbish EU Fishing Reforms.” The Guardian. January 5. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/05/spanish-government-derail-eu-fishing-reform Este articulo trata sobre la relacion entre elecciones nacionales y el retraso en la transposicion de directivas de la UE. Planteo que las elecciones por si mismas y en el interjuego con otros factores, afectan de manera significativa la transposicion. Primero argumento que elecciones proximas a celebrarse, en general, incrementan la probabilidad de no transposicion de directivas con transposicion de fechas limite en el periodo electoral. Mas adelante argumento que el malestar economico en el ano previo a la eleccion incrementa la probabilidad de transposicion desfasada en tiempo de directivas con fechas limite en ese ano electoral y que directivas complejas con fechas limite en un ano electoral tambien tienen mayor probabilidad de desfasarse en tiempo. Finalmente, planteo que un cambio en la coalicion gobernante reduce la probabilidad de retrasos de transposicion. El analisis empirico encuentra que elecciones venideras, malestar economico en ano previo a la eleccion, y complejidad de directivas ante elecciones venideras incrementan todas la no transposicion, mientras que un cambio en la coalicion gobernante reduce la no transposicion.
Core body temperature and circadian rhythm of hot flashes in menopausal women.

Postmenopausal hot flashes are characterized by sweating and peripheral vasodilation and occur more frequently during increased heat loads. The circadian rhythm of core body temperature (TC) is well known and suggests that hot flashes will be most frequent when core temperature is highest. This hypothesis has not been tested previously. Ten symptomatic and six asymptomatic postmenopausal women were recruited from advertisements and screened. Each received 24-h ambulatory monitoring of sternal skin conductance levels to detect hot flashes, ambient temperature, skin temperature, and TC. The last measure was recorded using an ingested radiotelemetry pill. Cosinor analysis demonstrated a circadian rhythm (P < 0.02) of hot flashes with a peak at about 1825 h. TC values of the symptomatic women were lower than those of the asymptomatic women (P < .05) from 0000-0400 h and at 1500 and 2200 h. The majority of hot flashes were preceded by elevations in TC. Thus, elevated TC may serve as one trigger of menopausal hot flashes.
Nutrients and growth factors in mTORC1 activation

Growth factors and nutrients regulate the mTORC1 [mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin complex 1] by different mechanisms. The players that link growth factors and mTORC1 activation have been known for several years and mouse models have validated its relevance for human physiology and disease. In contrast with the picture for growth factor signalling, the means by which nutrient availability leads to mTORC1 activation have remained elusive until recently, with the discovery of the Rag GTPases upstream of mTORC1. The Rag GTPases recruit mTORC1 to the outer lysosomal surface, where growth factor signalling and nutrient signalling converge on mTORC1 activation. A mouse model of constitutive RagA activity has revealed qualitative differences between growth-factor- and nutrient-dependent regulation of mTORC1. Regulation of mTORC1 activity by the Rag GTPases in vivo is key for enduring early neonatal starvation, showing its importance for mammalian physiology.
Postictal bradyarrhythmia following an isolated seizure in a patient with left hemisphere stroke.

Vaishnav Krishnan *, Erick Tarula , Matthew P. Anderson , Khalid A. Hanafy , Susan T. Herman d Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States Department of Neuropathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States Division of Neurocritical Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States
An inventory model with backorders under deterioration, pilferage and marketing policies

In this article an order–level–lot–size inventory model is analysed under the effects of deterioration, pilferage and the influence of pricing policies where selling price is determined according to the mark–up of unit cost. The demand is assumed to be a function of price, price elasticity and the frequency of advertisement. The net profit is then estimated as a function of demand, total inventory cost including the cost of deterioration and pilferage. The optimum values of lot size, order level and the expected profit are determined. Further, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the model and an attempt is made to depict the impact of variation in marketing factors on order level, lot size, demand and expected profit.
The Cabinda Connection: An Historical Perspective

THE CABINDA ENCLAVE includes an area of some 2,800 square miles; that is, a region almost three times the size of Luxemburg, eight times the size of Sio Tome and Principe, or about three-quarters the size of Gambia. Lying some thirty miles north of the Zaire river, and surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Congo Republic and Zaire, Cabinda was ruled as part of Angola during the Portuguese colonial period. In the Alvor Agreement of January 1975, and again in the Nakuru Declaration of June 1975, the three nationalist parties of Angola, MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), declared that Cabinda was an integral part of Angola, and on 11 November 1975, the enclave became independent with the rest of Angola. However, a large question mark hangs over the future of the enclave. Not only have the inhabitants witnessed armed confrontation between the three nationalist movements for control of the area, as elsewhere in Angola; the Cabinda issue is further complicated by the aspirations of the secessionist movement FLEC (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda) which seeks a Cabinda breakaway from the rest of Angola. This article attempts to elucidate some of the problems inherent in the situation by placing them in historical perspective. Of particular relevance is the nature of the contacts which the inhabitants of the enclave have had with their neighbours in Congo-Brazzaville, Zaire and in the rest of Angola. Cabinda's population are all Kikongo-speakers, part of the larger Kongo ethnic group that inhabits the region from the Dande river just north of Luanda to southern Gabon, and as far inland as Brazzaville and Kinshasa. Six main subgroups live in Cabinda-the Vili, Kakongo and Woyo on the coast; the Linge, Sundi and Yombe in the interior. All of these spill over Cabinda's frontiers into Zaire and Congo-Brazzaville. Up until the last two or three decades, there was a marked dichotomy between the urbane, educated Lusophone coastal families and the less educated, rural communities of the Mayombe interior. The latter is the area north-east of Dinge, with rain-forests, mountains and difficult communications, river transport being the principal means of
Substrates with Programmable Heater Arrays for In-Situ Observation of Microstructural Evolution of Polycrystalline Films: Towards Real Time Control of Grain Growth

An integrated experimental – simulation – control theory approach designed to enable adaptive control of microstructural evolution in polycrystalline metals is described. A micro-heater array, containing ten addressable channels, is used to create desired temperature profiles across thin polycrystalline films in situ to a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The goal is that on heating with controlled temperature profiles, the evolution of grain growth within the film can be continuously monitored and compared to Monte Carlo simulations of trajectories towards a desired microstructure. Feed-forward and feedback control strategies are then used to guide the microstructure along the desired trajectory.
EVALUATION OF EXIREL AND TORAC FOR CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ROMAINE LETTUCE, 2013

The objective of the trial was to evaluate the efficacy of two new active ingredients, Exirel and Torac, against western flower thrips relative to the industry standards on romaine lettuce. Romaine ‘Sunbelt’ was direct seeded on 24 Jan, 2013 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ into double row beds on 42 inch centers. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation, and irrigated with furrow irrigation thereafter. Plots were two beds wide by 35 ft long and bordered by two untreated beds. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Formulations and rates for each compound are provided in the tables. Two foliar sprays were applied on 3 and 13 Mar. The applications were made with a CO2 pressurized boom sprayer that delivered a broadcast application at 40 psi and 22.5 gpa through 2 TXVS-18 ConeJet nozzles per bed. An adjuvant Dyne-Amic (Helena Chemical Co.), was applied at 0.25% to all treatments. Numbers of WFT from 5 plants per replicate were recorded at various sample dates following each application (DAT). Relative WFT numbers were measured by removing plants and beating them vigorously against a screened pan (12 inch x 7 inch x 2 inch) for a predetermined time (10 s). A 6 inch by 6 inch sticky card was placed inside of the pan to catch the dislodged WFT. Sticky cards were then taken to the laboratory where adult and larvae were counted. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, data were transformed using a log10 (x + 1) function before analysis and subjected to ANOVA; means were compared using an F-protected LSD (P ≤ 0.05). Means from non-transformed data are presented in the tables.
HIV-related Knowledge and Behavior Among Male Vistors of STD Clinics

Objective To understand HIV-related knowledge and behavior among male visitors at STD clinics and analyze the risk factors,in order to provide the evidence for intervention.Methods By cross-sectional design,men older than 15-year-old who visited STD clinics of Pingxiang Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital and Pingxiang People's Hospital for the first time from May to June,2010 were surveyed by face-to-face questionnaires.The risk factors were analyzed by χ2 and logistic statistics.Results 71% of the participants gained an overall awareness of HIV-related knowledge.26.27% of the survey population admitted their sexual act with non-spouse partners in the last three months.Men who self reported drug use and anal sex accounted for 6.25% and 0.75%,respectively.The rate of awareness to HIV-related knowledge correlate with their ethnicities,as well as whether they have accepted the HIV/AIDS intervention or have their HIV-antibody tested(P0.05).Men who are better aware of the HIV-related knowledge or have accepted HIV/AIDS intervention appeared to conduct more sexual acts with non-spouse partners in the past three months.Conclusion The overall awareness was low,and risky behavior is still common.Only few accepted VCT.More enforcements ought to be given to the comprehensive intervention.
Load-Balanced Data Layout Approach in Data-Intensive Computing

Widely used in data-intensive computing,the MapReduce model deploys computing to the data side so as to execute in parallel.On this occasion,data layout will not only affect the storage itself,but also affect the computing efficiency.Computing efficiency of node is determined by features of data stored on this node.Therefore,the study on load balancing is accordingly shifted from traditional server management or task scheduling to study of data layout as a purpose to improve parallelism.The data layout characteristics in data-intensive computing and MapReduce environment is analyzed,a load-balanced goal of data layout is proposed,and a load-balanced data layout approach in a specific environment is presented as well.The proposed data layout goal and approach are proved effective through experiments.It is shown that the proposed data layout approach can effectively improve the parallelism of MapReduce applications,thus optimizing the computing efficiency.
A MAD model for gamma-ray burst variability

We present a model for the temporal variability of long gamma-ray bursts during the prompt phase (the highly variable first 100 seconds or so), in the context of a magnetically arrested disk (MAD) around a black hole. In this state, sufficient magnetic flux is held on to the black hole such that it stalls the accretion near the inner region of the disk. The system transitions in and out of the MAD state, which we relate to the variable luminosity of the GRB during the prompt phase, with a characteristic timescale defined by the free fall time in the region over which the accretion is arrested. We present simple analytic estimates of the relevant energetics and timescales, and compare them to gamma-ray burst observations. In particular, we show how this model can reproduce the characteristic one second time scale that emerges from various analyses of the prompt emission light curve. We also discuss how our model can accommodate the potentially physically important correlation between a burst quiescent time and the duration of its subsequent pulse (Ramirez-Ruiz & Merloni 2001).
Surveillance and Isolation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Background Neonatal sepsis causes 1.4 million (36%) neonatal deaths annually. Staphylococcus aureus (SA), a common skin pathogen, remains the second leading cause of late-onset sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a resistant strain of SA, has created a significant global communicable health risk, especially in the NICU. Purpose To examine evidence related to NICU infection control practices surrounding MRSA surveillance, identification, and isolation in response to the clinical question, "What strategies should be universally implemented in the NICU to identify and prevent the spread of MRSA?" Methods/search strategy Databases were examined for articles on the topical area of MRSA in the neonate. Key terms were used to streamline the search, resulting in 20 primary works and 3 guideline/consensus statements considered imperative in response to the clinical questions. Findings/results Hand hygiene remains the cornerstone to sound infection control practice. Colonization often leads to systemic infection, with smaller neonates at greatest risk. Hospital infection control compliance has improved outcomes. MRSA surveillance has reduced horizontal spread. No universal, specific recommendations exist to guide surveillance and management of MRSA in the NICU. Implications for practice Standardized guidelines with procedures for hand hygiene, patient surveillance and isolation, and patient cohorting with recommended staffing patterns should guide practice in the NICU. Both MRSA culture and polymerase chain reaction effectively identify positive patients. Decolonization practices are not yet clear. Implications for research Evaluation of standard isolation practices versus outbreak response and approaches to neonatal decolonization should be evaluated for efficacy, safety, and resistance.
Strain competition restricts colonization of an enteric pathogen and prevents colitis

Abstract The microbiota is a major source of protection against intestinal pathogens; however, the specific bacteria and underlying mechanisms involved are not well understood. As a model of this interaction, we sought to determine whether colonization of the murine host with symbiotic non‐toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis could limit acquisition of pathogenic enterotoxigenic B. fragilis . We observed strain‐specific competition with toxigenic B. fragilis , dependent upon type VI secretion, identifying an effector–immunity pair that confers pathogen exclusion. Resistance against host acquisition of a second non‐toxigenic strain was also uncovered, revealing a broader function of type VI secretion systems in determining microbiota composition. The competitive exclusion of enterotoxigenic B. fragilis by a non‐toxigenic strain limited toxin exposure and protected the host against intestinal inflammatory disease. Our studies demonstrate a novel role of type VI secretion systems in colonization resistance against a pathogen. This understanding of bacterial competition may be utilized to define a molecularly targeted probiotic strategy.
Natural Language Model Re-usability for Scaling to Different Domains.

Natural language understanding is the core of the human computer interactions. However, building new domains and tasks that need a separate set of models is a bottleneck for scaling to a large number of domains and experiences. In this paper, we propose a practical technique that addresses this issue in a web-scale language understanding system: Microsoft’s personal digital assistant Cortana. The proposed technique uses a constrained decoding method with a universal slot tagging model sharing the same schema as the collection of slot taggers built for each domain. The proposed approach allows reusing of slots across different domains and tasks while achieving virtually the same performance as those slot taggers trained per domain fashion.
Genetic polymorphisms of phase I metabolizing enzyme genes, their interaction with lifetime grilled and smoked meat intake, and breast cancer incidence.

Purpose To examine associations between 22 CYP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and breast cancer incidence and their interactions with grilled–smoked meat intake, a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Methods White women with first primary in situ or invasive breast cancer (n = 988) and frequency-matched controls (n = 1021) from a population-based study were interviewed to assess lifetime grilled–smoked meat intake. SNPs with minor allele frequencies of greater than 0.05 were selected because of their links to carcinogenesis. We used multivariable unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Breast cancer was inversely associated with CYP1A1 rs104C8943 AG + GG genotype (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.50–0.99; vs. AA genotype) and positively associated with CYP1B1 rs10175338 TT genotype (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.12–2.26; vs. GG genotype) and the CYP3A4 rs2242480 CT + TT genotype (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.00–1.56; vs. CC genotype). The sum of the number of “at-risk” alleles for the CYP SNPs was positively associated with breast cancer incidence (4–6 “at-risk” alleles OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.37–3.99 vs. 0-1 alleles; PTrend < .01). We observed multiplicative and additive interactions (P < .05) between grilled–smoked meat intake (low vs. high) with CYP1A1 rs1048943 and CYP1B1 rs10175338 SNPs. Conclusions Phase I metabolizing enzyme gene SNPs may play a role in breast cancer development and may modify the grilled–smoked meat intake–breast cancer association.
Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Light

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are solid liquid crystals; they combine elasticity with orientational order. Mechanical strain therefore changes liquid crystalline order and the optical properties of these materials. Conversely, light can change the orientational order, and give rise to mechanical forces and changes in shape. Light–matter interactions in LCEs therefore involve a broad range of unusual phenomena, which raise a number of intriguing questions. There is great potential for device applications, but considerable challenges must first be overcome. The most appealing aspect of light–matter interactions in LCEs, however, is the promise of new physics waiting to be discovered.
Signals from noise: stochastic resonance pays off

Imagine that you are trying to receive a faint radio message being broadcast by a friend at some frequency unknown to you. After several minutes of careful scanning, you begin to lose hope of detecting the transmitted message above the random static: what should you do? Surely, the last thing you would try is to add more static to you receiver! Yet that is precisely what scientists who study the phenomenon known as stochastic resonance might suggest: under appropriate circumstances, the addition of random noise can actually improve the chances of signal detection. Now, Peter McClintock and colleagues at Lancaster University have demonstrated that stochastic resonance occurs in a far broader range of situations than previously recognised (Lancaster University preprint).
Knock-Down of TAZ Gene Expression: A Model of Barth Syndrome with Accelerated Apoptosis of Myeloid Progenitor Cells Improved upon Treatment with Caspase-Specific Inhibitor

Abstract Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by neutropenia, cardiac and skeletal myopathies, and growth retardation. The mortality is high due to progressive cardiomyopathy and/or overwhelming bacterial infections. The incidence of BTHS is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100,000, but it is still a poorly recognized disease. The majority of Barth patients have mutations in the tafazzin (G4.5 or TAZ) gene, most of which appear to truncate the tafazzin protein likely resulting in the loss of its function. Tafazzin is a phospholipid acyltransferase involved in remodeling cardiolipin, the main lipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane. As a result, BTHS patients exhibit reduced levels of total CL and accumulation of monolysocardiolipin. A drosophila model of the Barth syndrome was recently reported, but cellular or mouse models of this disorder are not yet available. The link between these metabolic defects triggered by TAZ mutations and neutropenia remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that TAZ mutations lead to the loss of function of tafazzin protein causing impaired cell survival of neutrophil precursors, reduced production of neutrophils and neutropenia. To test this hypothesis, we knocked down the expression of the tafazzin gene in human myeloid progenitor HL60 cells using TAZ-specific shRNA and examined its effect on cell survival. Four shRNAs specific to exons 4 through 7 of the TAZ gene were used for transfection of human myeloid progenitor HL60 cells that were later examined by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. At least 2 of the shRNA constructs resulted in substantial down-regulation in the expression level of the tafazzin gene in transfected human myeloid progenitor cells as determined by Western blot and confirmed by RT-PCR using gene-specific and GAPDH-specific primers. Flow cytometry analysis of DIOC6-labeled cells revealed that knock-down of the TAZ gene expression was associated with a significantly elevated dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential compared with control cells with scrambled shRNA ((p
Epilogue: Timing the study of news temporality:

This epilogue argues that time matters in journalism’s operation but is not sufficiently considered in its study. It focuses on the temporal expectations associated with the digital environment, hi...
Counterterrorism effectiveness to jihadists in western Europe and the United States: we are losing the war on terror

ABSTRACTA comparative analysis of Islamic extremism post-9/11 to 2015 and the effectiveness of the counterterrorism (CT) authorities to counter it in both Western Europe and the United States was conducted. Four measures of effectiveness revealed that 2010–2015 saw a gradual increase in jihadi attacks and in casualties emanating from these attacks, and more jihadists, foreign fighters, and material supporters. Additionally, 2013–2015 saw a 22 percent reduction both in Western Europe and the U.S. CT agencies' ability to counter Islamic extremism. We are losing the War on Terror and our citizens are less safe than they were six years ago. Further analysis revealed that singleton jihadists: (1) were much harder than group-based jihadists to uncover, (2) have been increasing since 2009, and (3) have generated over 70 percent of all jihadi violence. Finally, numerous similarities exist between Western Europe and the United States with respect to jihadism in their homelands and their respective CT effectiveness...