cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological Investigations of Low-k Polymer/Diffusion Barrier Interfaces for IC Metallization

Until recently, the performance of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits (ICs) has been driven by front-end device (i.e. transistor) size scaling. However, as the IC critical dimension (CD) shrinks, interconnect latency has emerged as a primary performance driver. This has hastened the integration of copper and low-k dielectrics in back-end processing to reduce the effective signal propagation delays associated with on-chip interconnects. With current dielectric materials, the use of Cu in CMOS processing requires a barrier layer between the Cu and the dielectric to prevent thermal and bias-induced Cu-ion diffusion. In some cases (such as low-k polymers) this barrier also serves to prevent oxidation of the Cu line due to diffusion of water vapor through the dielectric. To preserve the cross-sectional ‘real estate’ of the Cu interconnect, the International Roadmap for Semiconductors calls for barrier-layer thickness less than 10 nm prior to the 100 nm device node.1 Consequently, new material sets are being investigated to provide chemically, electrically, and thermally stable barriers against Cu diffusion that maintain satisfactory performance at such low thickness.
Shank3-deficient rats exhibit degraded cortical responses to sound.

Individuals with SHANK3 mutations have severely impaired receptive and expressive language abilities. While brain responses are known to be abnormal in these individuals, the auditory cortex response to sound has remained largely understudied. In this study, we document the auditory cortex response to speech and non-speech sounds in the novel Shank3-deficient rat model. We predicted that the auditory cortex response to sounds would be impaired in Shank3-deficient rats. We found that auditory cortex responses were weaker in Shank3 heterozygous rats compared to wild-type rats. Additionally, Shank3 heterozygous responses had less spontaneous auditory cortex firing and were unable to respond well to rapid trains of noise bursts. The rat model of the auditory impairments in SHANK3 mutation could be used to test potential rehabilitation or drug therapies to improve the communication impairments observed in individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Autism Res 2018, 11: 59-68. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay summary Individuals with SHANK3 mutations have severely impaired language abilities, yet the auditory cortex response to sound has remained largely understudied. In this study, we found that auditory cortex responses were weaker and were unable to respond well to rapid sounds in Shank3-deficient rats compared to control rats. The rat model of the auditory impairments in SHANK3 mutation could be used to test potential rehabilitation or drug therapies to improve the communication impairments observed in individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome.
Tools for Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Latinos

The Latino population has been recognized as one of the fastest-growing groups in the United States. Among this group, estimates of the prevalence rates of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have been reported to range from 1% to 11%. While the treatment for GAD has been well researched among the general population, the bulk of this research has not included Spanish speakers. Working with the Spanish-speaking community requires awareness of the diversity of the Latino population and the cultural factors that may impact the presentation of generalized anxiety disorder. This book chapter aims to better prepare providers to work with the Latino community, specifically Spanish-speaking individuals with GAD. In this chapter, an overview of (1) cultural considerations in the presentation of GAD among Latinos, (2) evidence-based practices as they apply to Latinos in general and with regard to GAD specifically, (3) a session plan for treating GAD from an evidence-based perspective, and (4) Spanish language worksheets and tools that can be used in session is provided.
Modeling mixed type random variables

Mixed type random variables contain both continuous and discrete components, and their role is critical in many well-studied fields. Queuing analysis, stock options, and hydrology rainfall models are among those dependent on mixed random variables to simulate event outcomes. In each of these examples, continuous positive distributions combine with a discrete spike at zero to adequately represent system uncertainty. These problems often require simulation because analytic solutions using these hybrid distributions quickly grow in complexity. Concessions are made, however, when using simulation. In addition to inherent sampling variability, perspective of discrete and continuous components is easily lost when plotting results. This paper details these challenges, and touches on the shifting line between simulations and attainable analytic results. It discusses computational probability's potential to improve model realism and accuracy, introducing MixedAPPL software prototype---an extension of Maplesoft based APPL (A Probability Programming Language)---capable of manipulating mixed type random variables.
Orthoptics and Uveitis: Where the Twains Meet

While ocular inflammatory disease seldom significantly impacts the field of Orthoptics, careful analysis of patients with inflammatory problems covers several areas where inflammation results in pr...
Grassmann’s Dialectics and Category Theory

In several key connections in his foundations of geometrical algebra, Grassmann makes significant use of the dialectical philosophy of 150 years ago. Now, after fifty years of development of category theory as a means for making explicit some nontrivial general arguments in geometry, it is possible to recover some of Grassmann’s insights and to express these in ways comprehensible to the modern geometer. For example, the category A of affine-linear spaces and maps (a monument to Grassmann) has a canonical adjoint functor to the category of (anti)commutative graded algebras, which as in Grassmann’s detailed description yields a sixteen-dimensional algebra when applied to a three-dimensional affine space (unlike the eight-dimensional exterior algebra of a three-dimensional vector space). The natural algebraic structure of these algebras includes a boundary operator ∂ which satisfies the (signed) Leibniz rule; for example, if A, B are points of the affine space then the product AB is the axial vector from A to B which the boundary degrades to the corresponding translation vector: ∂(AB) = B−A (since ∂A = ∂B = 1 for points). Grassmann philosophically motivated a notion of a “simple law of change,” but his editors in the 1890’s found this notion incoherent and decided he must have meant mere translations.
Design and Usability of a Smart Home Sensor Data User Interface for a Clinical and Research Audience

Motion, bed, and gait analysis sensors are installed in the homes of seniors and monitored continuously for the purpose of detecting early signs of health change and functional decline. Automated health alerts are sent to clinical staff as part of a clinical decision support system. Embedded in each health alert is a link to a web interface for interactively displaying the sensor data patterns. The health alerts facilitate early interventions; however, the design and usability of the web interface greatly affect the effectiveness of the clinical decision support system. Here, we present the analysis and redesign of the interactive web-based interface for displaying the in-home sensor data. The current design is analyzed for inconsistencies and potential user frustrations, and a new design is proposed to correct these problems.
Disorder enhanced thermal conductivity anisotropy in two-dimensional materials and van der Waals heterostructures

Two-dimensional (2D) materials and van der Waals heterostructures can naturally function as directional heat spreaders in nanoelectronics due to their intrinsically anisotropic structure. In real nanoelectronic applications, disorders usually appear in those materials where their effects on anisotropic thermal conductivity are not well-understood. We built simple graphite-like material models and systematically incorporated mass disorder or structural disorder into the structures. The anisotropic thermal conductivities calculated by equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations show that mass disorder and stacking disorder can effectively and anisotropically tune the thermal conductivity of 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures. Compared with pristine graphite, the through-plane thermal conductivity can be reduced up to two orders of magnitude by the through-plane mass disorder, and the thermal anisotropy ratio (i.e., the ratio of in-plane to through-plane thermal conductivity) can be enhanced more than ten times. We attribute this counter-intuitive result to the dramatic decrease in phonon group velocity in the through-plane direction. Our results can shed some light on the thermal management in electronics incorporating 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures.
Consequences of the Adoption of the IADPSG versus Carpenter and Coustan Criteria to Diagnose Gestational Diabetes: A Before-After Comparison

Aims To evaluate if the adoption of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) led to changes in the management and in the occurrence of pregnancy complications. Methods This was a retrospective study of women with GDM followed at a single university center, diagnosed in 2009–2010 using the Carpenter and Coustan criteria (period 1) and in 2012–2013 using the IADPSG criteria (period 2). Results We included 286 women with GDM, 129 in period 1 and 157 in period 2. Age, body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy were similar. There were less women requiring insulin therapy in period 2 than in period 1 (43.3% versus 55.0% respectively, p=0.048), but no significant difference in the number of cesarean section, in babies born large for gestational age and in the occurrence of preeclampsia. There was less neonatal hypoglycemia ( Conclusions When using the new IADPSG criteria, women with a less severe GDM are diagnosed, and fewer women require insulin. There was no difference in maternal outcomes, but less neonatal hypoglycemia during when using the IADPSG criteria.
Prepared to Lead: Educational Leadership Graduates as Catalysts for Social Justice Praxis:

Situated within PK-12 school settings is the most diverse student population this nation has seen. Concern regarding the preparedness of those at the forefront of education bestows the task to educ...
Prospects of artificial tree for solar desalination

Seawater and brackish water desalination provides a viable alternative to clean water supply for regions lacking fresh water sources or facing severe droughts. Current desalination technologies, however, are energy-expensive and environmentally unfriendly. Mimicking the natural transpiration process of mangrove trees that are able to survive in high-salinity environment, an artificial tree is conceived as a next-generation desalination system that can be entirely solar-powered and potentially achieve zero-liquid discharge and resource recovery. The artificial tree will float on saline water and be composed of synthetic roots that uptake and pretreat feed water, a synthetic trunk that lifts water up via capillary action through its microporous xylem, and synthetic leaves that efficiently convert sunlight to localized heat for water evaporation through their pores. Water vapor is condensed for clean water production while salt is collected for resource recovery or proper disposal. Science and technologies available and needed for realizing the artificial tree system are critically reviewed.
Interactions between polymers and liquids during initiated chemical vapor deposition onto liquid substrates

Vapor phase deposition is typically used to apply thin films and coatings onto solid substrates. Deposition of materials onto liquid substrates provides complexity due to surface tension, viscosity, and solubility effects. Understanding the interactions between the deposited material and the liquid substrate can lead to the formation of materials with new structures and compositions. In this review, we will discuss the interactions associated with initiated chemical vapor deposition of polymers onto liquid substrates including silicone oils and ionic liquids. We will provide guidelines for selecting liquid properties to control the formation of polymer particles, films, and gels. We will conclude by discussing recent work on combining polymer and metal deposition to create hybrid organic/inorganic structures and actively moving the liquid during polymer deposition.
Accurate non-destructive prediction of peach fruit internal quality and physiological maturity with a single scan using near infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The development of precise and reliable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based non-destructive tools to assess physicochemical properties of fleshy fruit has been challenging. A novel crop load × fruit developmental stage protocol for multivariate NIRS-based prediction models calibration to non-destructively assess peach internal quality and maturity was followed. Regression statistics of the prediction models highlighted that dry matter content (DMC, R2 = 0.98, RMSEP = 0.41%), soluble solids concentration (SSC, R2 = 0.96, RMSEP = 0.58%) and index of absorbance difference (IAD, R2 = 0.96, RMSEP = 0.08) could be estimated accurately with a single scan during fruit growth and development. Thus, the impact of preharvest factors such as crop load and canopy position on peach quality and maturity was evaluated. Large-scale field validation showed that heavier crop loads reduced peach quality (DMC, SSC) and delayed maturity (IAD) and upper canopy position advanced both mainly in the moderate crop loads. This calibration protocol can enhance NIRS adaptation across tree fruit supply chain.
Designing an Emergency Management Simulation Testbed to Investigate Incident Management Team Performance

Investigating real-life disasters and crises has been challenging due to accompanying difficulties and risks posed by these complex phenomena. Previous research in the emergency management domain h...
Solution of Subsonic Nonplanar Lifting Surface Problems by Means of High-Speed Digital Computers

The method proposed in this paper is based on an approximate solution of the integral equation which represents the potential flow about a finite wing, with no restrictions beyond those necessary for linearization. After assuming the usual series representation of the wing surface vorticity distribution, the solution is achieved by approximating portions of the kernels of the transformed integral equation by single and double Fourier series and performing termwise integrations analytically. This is followed by the routine inversion of the aerod3mamic influence coefficient matrix, after satisfying appropriate boundary conditions at selected control points. In this procedure the number of control points used is limited only by the storage capacity of the computer. Control points may be located so as to cover the entire wing surface, with due regard to certain physical requirements, permitting the accurate representation of complicated mean surface shapes. An evaluation of the proposed method is included. Comparisons with other theoretical methods and electrical analogy tank results are used to substantiate the accurac} of the proposed method when applied to plane wings. A final evaluation involves a comparison of calculated surface pressure distribution with wind-tunnel measurements on a swept, tapered wing with a cambered and twisted mean surface. The agreement evidenced in the latter comparison has the same order of overall accuracy as similar comparisons on plane wing planforms. In either case, the results given by the proposed method are within the accuracy requirements for most aircraft design studies.
Speech in Honor of the Isrhml Erlich-Koldovský — Young Investigator Award September 18, 2000, Tucson, AZ, USA

I am honored to give this brief address in honor of one of the scientists whose names grace this award, Professor Otakar Koldovský. Dr. Koldovský was a friend and colleague of mine for the last 10 years of our joint careers in the Department of Pediatrics within the University of Arizona here in Tucson. I first met him in 1977 at the annual meeting of the Perinatal Research Society in Mont Tremblant, Quebec, Canada. I remember this meeting very well since, as a very junior assistant Professor attending this meeting as a guest, I was impressed by three things about the man; Otakar’s shiny pate, his booming voice and his encyclopedic knowledge of his subject. Little did I know that 10 years later, he would be interviewing me for the position as Section Chief in Neonatology and Nutritional Sciences and as a potential colleague in research at the University of Arizona. As you can see from the photograph (that his friends picked out as representative of his “professional ”photographs) he and I shared a keen interest in bowties, among other things. His untimely death in April of 1998 left all whom he had worked with and known with a tremendous sense of loss. I am pleased to tell you that Professor Koldovký’s wife, Eva Koldovský, is here this evening to share in the presentation of the award.
Low Dose Radiation Effects in Human Cells

There is considerable current interest in the nature of the radiation dose response relationship at low doses and low dose rates. Most radiation survival curves are characterized by the existence of a shoulder at low doses, where radiation appears less efficient at killing cells per unit dose than at higher exposures. This phenomenon is of considerable interest to radiotherapists, as the size of the daily doses employed often fall within this shoulder region. The interest in the dose response curve for mutagenesis and carcinogenesis has been given impetus by the need to estimate the risk of low dose radiation exposure in human populations by extrapolation from effects measured in epidemiologic studies involving much higher doses.
Respiratory processes in brown adipose tissue.

Abstract These studies were initiated to ascertain whether, in rat brown adipose tissue as in white, lipolysis is a forerunner and fatty acid esterification an energy-consuming accompaniment of the increased oxygen uptake induced by catecholamines. No evidence could be obtained with brown adipose tissue slices to support this premise. Respiratory processes in homogenates of brown adipose tissue were therefore investigated. Oxygen consumption of homogenates of this tissue is increased about 25-fold upon the addition of a mixture of cofactors (coenzyme A, dl-carnitine, fumarate, and ATP). The addition of any single cofactor is without effect. The respiratory quotient of the process is less than 0.7. The stimulation of O2 consumption by cofactors is accompanied by a nearly 90-fold increase in the yield of radioactive CO2 from added trace amounts of palmitate-1-14C. Esterification of the added palmitate to triglyceride occurs only when glycerophosphate is present in addition to cofactors. Addition of glycerophosphate without cofactors results in a 10-fold stimulation of oxygen consumption but has little effect on the conversion of added palmitate-1-14C either to 14CO2 or to triglycerides. It is concluded that, in the absence of glycerophosphate, addition of cofactors stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids present in the homogenate but not their esterification to triglyceride. Glycerophosphate oxidation is accompanied by the production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate in amounts which account for the oxygen consumption observed. The oxidation of glycerophosphate is nearly completely inhibited by sodium cyanide and antimycin A, but is unaffected by the addition of sodium amytal, rotenone, or DPN. These results are interpreted to mean that oxidation of glycerophosphate is proceeding through the action of a DPN-independent glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The addition of serum albumin (0.5%) to homogenates strongly inhibits the cofactor-stimulated O2 consumption, but has no effect on the oxidation of glycerophosphate. The results are discussed in relation to the production of high energy phosphate by brown adipose tissue.
Do Markets Promote Prosocial Behavior? Evidence from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample

Recent experimental games conducted by ethnographers (Henrich et al. 2004) have shown that groups with higher levels of market integration exhibit higher levels of prosocial behavior. In order to see whether these results are confirmed in a broader ethnographic sample, this paper draws from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample variables measuring the degree to which a culture seeks to inculcate generosity, honesty, and trust. Using these as dependent variables, models are developed where market-related variables are among the independent variables. The paper uses the methodology developed by Dow (2007) to correct for Galton’s problem, and uses multiple imputation to deal with the problem of missing data. The results fail to confirm a systematic association between generalized prosocial behavior and market integration.
Design of an integrated motor/controller drive for an automotive water pump application

This paper addresses key technical issues in the design of an integrated motor/controller drive unit for which the electric motor, its electronic controller, and load (a pump impeller) are all combined into a single structural assembly. A cost-based trade-off study is described that includes five different types of brushless machines, leading to the selection of an interior PM synchronous machine as the preferred prime mover for this application. The physical configurations of the motor and the controller were designed in order to minimize weight and volume while maximizing their cooling effectiveness. Several key issues associated with the controller design are described, including the physical layout of key components, the development of the EMI filter to meet automotive specifications, and analysis of worst-case component temperature rises using finite-element thermal analysis.
Theoretical calculation of the solubility of hydrogen in liquid metals

The solubility of hydrogen in liquid pure Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu is calculated in terms of a hard sphere version (the scaled particle theory) of the Percus-Yevick equation for the liquid state. The hard sphere radius of a metal atom is estimated from the packing density for the liquid structure factor which has been reported to fit satisfactory with the observed diffraction data for the liquid metals. For a hydrogen atom dissolved in the metals, the hard sphere radius is derived as a function of the screening distance. Good agreement is obtained between theoretically calculated Sieverts’ constants for the metals and experimental observations.
Photosensitivity in an HIV‐Infected Man

Since the emergence of the AIDS epidemic, various associated skin lesions have been recognized. One interesting phenomenon is chronic photosensitivity dermatitis. We report the case of a 44-year old homeless male with a 14-year history of HIV and a CD4 count of 350. He presented to us with a 5-month history of a pruritic photodistributed eruption. Physical examination revealed that he had erythematous, scaly, lichenified, and crusted plaques involving the face, neck, upper chest, and extensor extremities. Sparing of the areas under his watch and bracelet was found. A skin biopsy specimen showed psoriasiform dermatitis with an overlying thick, impetiginized, and hemorrhagic crust. There was prominent single cell necrosis throughout all epidermal layers. A lichenoid dermal infiltrate consisted mainly of lymphocytes and eosinophils. The patient’s presentation was consistent with a photosensitive psoriasiform interface dermatitis. The pathogenesis of this photodermatitis is unclear. Proposed mechanisms include the formation of a neoantigen due to UV exposure, depressed levels of endogenous scavengers leading to increased oxidative stress, and the onset of a pellagra-like dermatosis due to niacin-tryptophan deficiency. It is likely that several of these processes are acting in concert to cause this photoeruption.
γ‐Hydroxy‐α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes via 1,3‐Bis(Methylthio)Allyllithium: trans‐4‐Hydroxy‐2‐Hexenal

γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes via 1,3-bis(methylthio)allyllithium: trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal reactant: 50 g. (56 ml., 1.0 mole) of methanethiol intermediate: 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-propanol solvent: 100-ml. portions of hexane intermediate: 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-methoxypropane intermediate: 1,3-bis(methylthio)-1-hexen-4-ol product: trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal byproduct: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone byproduct: 1,3-bis(methylthio)propene byproduct: 1,3-bis(methylthio)-1-butene Keywords: addition, to CO; alkylation, O-alkylation; etherification; hydrolysis, miscellaneous; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; assay methods, for butyllithium, with 2-butanol, menthol, 2-pentanol, or 2-propanol, 1,10-phenanthroline indicator; 1,3-bis(methylthio)allyllithium, preparation; diisopropylamine; lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), preparation of; propionaldehyde; tetrahydrofuran; methyl iodide; apparatus, for measuring volume of liquid methanethiol
A porous medium model for predicting the duct wall temperature of sodium fast reactor fuel assembly

Abstract Porous medium models have been established for predicting duct wall temperature of sodium fast reactor rod bundle assembly, which is much less computationally expensive than conventional CFD simulations that explicitly represent the wire-wrap and fuel pin geometry. Three porous medium models are proposed in this paper. Porous medium model 1 takes the whole assembly as one porous medium of uniform characteristics in the conventional approach. Porous medium model 2 distinguishes the pins along the assembly's edge from those in the interior with two distinct regions, each with a distinct porosity, resistance, and volumetric heat source. This accounts for the different fuel-to-coolant volume ratio in the two regions, which is important for predicting the temperature of the assembly's exterior duct wall. In Porous medium model 3, a precise resistance distribution was employed to define the characteristic of the porous medium. The results show that both porous medium model 2 and 3 can capture the average duct wall temperature well. Furthermore, the local duct wall variations due to different sub-channel patterns in bare rod bundles are well captured by porous medium model 3, although the wire effect on the duct wall temperature in wire wrap rod bundle has not been fully reproduced yet.
Expression and Function of Synaptotagmin VII in CTLs

The Ca(2+) sensor synaptotagmin (Syt) VII regulates the exocytosis of conventional lysosomes in several cell types. In CTLs, the Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis of lytic granules/secretory lysosomes is responsible for the perforin/granzyme-mediated lysis of target cells. To investigate the role of Syt VII in CTL effector function, the expression and function of Syt VII were examined in wild-type and Syt VII-deficient mice. In comparison with Syt VII(+/+) controls, Syt VII(-/-) animals were impaired in their ability to clear an infection with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. When isolated CTLs were examined, we found that Syt VII is expressed upon CTL activation and localizes to granzyme A-containing lytic granules. Syt VII-deficient CTLs have no defects in proliferation and cytokine production, and their lytic granules contain normal amounts of perforin and granzyme A and polarize normally at the immunological synapse. However, despite normal conjugate formation with target cells, CTLs from Syt VII(-/-) mice exhibit reduced effector activity, when compared with controls. Treatment of Syt VII(+/+) or Syt VII(-/-) CTLs with an inhibitor of the perforin-mediated lytic pathway resulted in comparable levels of cytotoxic activity, suggesting that Syt VII regulates perforin-mediated cytolytic CTL responses.
Magnetic stirrer for diamond-anvil cells

Abstract A continuing problem in the performance of high-pressure X-ray diffraction experiments with a diamond-anvil cell is that of interpreting the integrated intensity data. Two primary causes of this are the relatively small number of crystallites in the pressure cavity and possible preferred orientation effects. An electromagnetic attachment has been designed and fabricated to provide a set of three orthogonal, time-varying magnetic fields at the pressure cavity. These are used to continually stir the contents of the pressure chamber when a hydraulic fluid is used. Integrated intensity data taken with this system using a synchrotron radiation source and energy dispersive detection techniques are presented.
Youth media as narrative assemblage: examining new literacies at an urban high school

An ethnographic study of youth creating media was conducted to examine new literacies at an urban high school in northern California. The school primarily served students from low-income, non-dominant racial and ethnic backgrounds. This article reports on a 9th-grade social studies multimedia project about migration and immigration – called “Coming to California” – that helped to build students' literacy skills, innovate core subject instruction and also, in part, shape the larger culture of a newly formed small school. Content analysis of videos offers insights into how modality, knowledge and convergence were integral in the multimedia production process. Implications for research and practice include paying careful attention to nuances in multimedia composition that support students' academic and literacy development.
Improving Response Rates to EGFR-Targeted Therapies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Candidate Predictive Biomarkers and Combination Treatment with Src Inhibitors

The epidermal growth factor receptor- (EGFR-) directed antibody, cetuximab, was FDA-approved for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in 2006. Additional EGFR-targeting agents in clinical development for SCCHN include other EGFR-directed antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antisense DNA. Although the majority of SCCHN overexpress EGFR, SCCHN clinical responses to EGFR-targeting agents have been modest. Molecular predictors for SCCHN response to EGFR-targeted therapies have not been identified. However, molecular correlate studies in lung cancer and colon cancer, which have EGFR-targeted therapeutics FDA-approved for treatment, may provide insights. We describe candidate predictive markers for SCCHN response to EGFR-targeted therapies and their prevalence in SCCHN. Clinical response will likely be improved by targeted therapy combination treatments. Src family kinases mediate EGFR-dependent and -independent tumor progression pathways in many cancers including SCCHN. Several Src-targeting agents are in clinical development for solid malignancies. Molecular correlate studies for Src-targeting therapies are few and biomarkers correlated with patient response are limited. Identifying SCCHN patients who will respond to combined EGFR- and Src-targeting will require further characterization of molecular correlates. We discuss rationale for EGFR and Src co-targeting for SCCHN treatment and describe recent clinical trials implementing combined Src- and EGFR-targeted therapeutics.
The Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities: Test of the Structure of Intelligence across the Life Span.

Abstract Recently a three-stratum theory of intelligence that combines the major aspects of Spearman's (1927) theory of general intelligence (g) and Horn and Cattell's (1966) theory of crystallized and fluid intelligence (Gf-Gc) has been proposed (Carroll, 1993a). The purpose of this study was to test the three-stratum theory using hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis with the LISREL computer program. Developmental changes in the structure of intelligence were also investigated. Results provided support for the three-stratum theory and suggested the possibility of intermediate factors between the second and third strata but did not support developmental changes in the organization of cognitive abilities over the life span.
Lorentz violation in fermion-antifermion decays of spinless particles

If Lorentz and CPT violation exist, they could affect the decays of scalar and pseudoscalar particles. For a decay into a fermion and an antifermion (not necessarily of the same mass), both the total decay rate and the outgoing particle distribution may be modified, through interference between the conventional decay mechanism and a separate Lorentz-violating mechanism. The modifications are sensitive to forms of Lorentz violation that are otherwise rather difficult to study, since at tree level they do not affect particle propagation, but only interaction vertices. Using existing experimental data on charged pion decay, it is possible to constrain three parameters in the modified pion-muon-neutrino coupling at better than the $10^{-9}$ level; these are the first bounds on these quantities.
Chloride and bromide depletions in sea‐salt particles over the northeastern Pacific Ocean

[1] We have characterized halide enrichment factors (EF) in aqueous extracts of size-resolved marine aerosol particles collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean at a coastal site (June through October, 1997–1999) and during two ship cruises (January and June, 2000). Our investigation focused on the chemistry of marine particles with diameters of 1.6–4.8 and 4.8–15 μm, which we define as “sea-salt particulate matter” (SS PM). The ratios of Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ to Na+ in our SS PM samples matched well with those of bulk seawater, suggesting there were minor contributions from other particle types such as soil dust. Anthropogenic nitrate and sulfate concentrations in our SS PM samples were relatively low, with average (±1σ) molar ratios of NO3−/Na+ = 0.05 ± 0.03 and nonsea-salt SO42−/Na+ = 0.005 ± 0.008. The amounts of chloride missing from the sea-salt particles were generally small and occasional enrichments in chloride were observed: the average (±1σ) EF was 0.97 ± 0.10. In general, the missing Cl− could be accounted for by displacement by nitric acid (with smaller contributions from nonsea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−)), but this was not the case in the samples with the greatest chloride depletions. The fraction of bromide lost in the SS PM was always greater than that for chloride in a given sample, with an average enrichment factor of 0.57 ± 0.14. In general, the smaller, slightly more acidic SS PM (1.6–4.8 μm) had larger Br− depletions compared to the larger, slightly less acidic (4.8–15 μm) particles. Although acid displacement cannot account for these bromide depletions, the depletions were correlated with particle acidity (based on NO3− and nss-SO42− concentrations), suggesting that acid-dependent oxidation reactions formed photoactive bromine species that volatilized from the particles.
Microbial enhancement of hydrazine degradation in soil and water

In an early study, the authors reported that hydrazine was rapidly degraded in Arredondo fine sand. By comparing the degradation results in sterile and nonsterile soils, it was concluded that biological degradation was responsible for about 20% of hydrazine disappearance from soils. They isolated a heterotrophic bacterium, Achromobacter sp., from the Arredondo soil and found that the organism had a high capacity to degrade hydrazine to the nontoxic product dinitrogen gas. In the present study, the authors attempted to enhance hydrazine degradation in water and soil samples by inoculating with a hydrazine-degrading bacterium, Achromobacter sp. Factors that influence hydrazine degradation in water and soil are discussed.
Excitatory and inhibitory influences on bladder activity elicited by electrical stimulation in the pontine micturition center in the rat.

Abstract Electrical stimulation at various sites in the dorsal pontine tegmentum in urethane anesthetized rats modulated activity of the urinary bladder as well as efferent firing on bladder postganglionic nerves. Electrical stimulation (0.2 ms 50 Hz, 5–20 V or 30–150 μA, 2–5 s train duration) using a microelectrode (tip diameter, 10–20 μm) in an excitatory area located rostral and medial to the locus coeruleus evoked short latency ( 2 O) bladder contractions and increased firing on the bladder postganglionic nerves. Stimulation at sites adjacent to the excitatory area inhibited bladder postganglionic nerve firing and bladder activity. Inhibitory responses were evident as either a decrease in intravesical pressure, an increased interval between bladder contractions, or an interruption or elimination of bladder contractions. The threshold intensity for excitation using a large electrode (2–4 V) was slightly higher than that for inhibition (1.5–2 V). The optimum sites for evoking bladder contractions were located in and close to the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and in the periaqueductal gray just dorsal or dorsolateral to the LDT. The extent of the area that induced bladder contractions was 0.5–1.2 mm in diameter in each rat when a microelectrode was employed for electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation in the optimum site for evoking bladder contractions induced relatively little striated muscle activity and produced no short-latency blood pressure changes. The longer latency blood pressure changes associated with a spontaneous bladder contraction were still present following a stimulation of the dorsolateral pons. These data are consistent with the view that neurons in the dorsal pontine tegmentum play an important role in the regulation of urine storage as well as urine release.
market magic: getting rich and getting personal in medicine after Mao

Focusing on private medical practices in a north China county town I explore a shift toward the personal in the world of small business and popular healing. In contrast to the mass representation techniques of the currently threatened Maoist state—explored in this article through the figure of Lei Feng, the model soldier—private entrepreneur doctors now seek to embody medicine and health, attracting patients by cultivating personal auras and practicing medicine with touches of magic. China's new culture of “getting rich” invites an ethnography of the individual, the personal, and the embodied, not as a natural foundation of culture but as a particular cultural response to the demise of the pervasive collectivism of the Maoist state. [rural entrepreneurs, magic, state discourses, postsocialism, medical practice]
Multiple jejunoileal atresia and colonic atresia managed by multiple primary anastomosis with a single gastroperineal transanastomotic tube without stomas

Multiple jejunoileal atresia is a challenge to the pediatric surgeon. The aim of the study is to preserve bowel length and prevent the long-term complications of short bowel syndrome. The authors present a rare case of combined multiple jejunoileal atresia and colonic atresia managed by 9 primary anastomoses over a gastroperineal transanastomotic tube. This technique avoided the use of stomas and their attendant complications.
Global Interdependence, the Corporation and the Changing World

This second of the annual Stockton Lectures starts by reflecting on the achievements of the founding fathers of the modern world economy in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Their legacy has been increasing interdependence and globalisation. Peter Sutherland argues that these have had a positive impact almost throughout the world and that these positive consequences of the market economy system do not necessarily have to be associated with increasing gaps between the rich and poor. He makes the case for multinationals to show commitment to what he calls “the common good” (as opposed only to shareholder returns). He examines the fundamental contradiction between free trade and national sovereignty and argues for more supranational (rather than just intergovernmental) decision-making and implementation. However, he also emphasises that some areas are not appropriate for integration or supranational action, most notably tax and workers’ rights. These should remain within the domain of national governments. He concludes by discussing threats to the world economy posed by the tension between the US and the EU on trade-related issues, and argues that inappropriate use of the WTO process threatens to destroy the whole system which has yielded so many economic benefits worldwide since 1945.
Limit on the d/u asymmetry of the nucleon sea from Drell-Yan production

We present an analysis of 800-GeV proton-induced Drell-Yan production data from isoscalar targets {sup 2}H and C, and from W, which has a large neutron excess. The ratio of cross sections per nucleon, {ital R}{minus}{sigma}{sub W}/{sigma}{sub IS}, is sensitive to the difference between the {ital {bar d}}({ital x}) and {ital {bar u}}({ital x}) structure functions of the proton. We find that {ital R} is close to unity in the range 0.04{le}{ital x}{le}0.27, allowing upper limits to be set on the {ital {bar d}}-{ital {bar u}} asymmetry. Additionally, the shape of the differential cross section {ital m}{sup 3} {ital d}{sup 2}{sigma}/{ital dx}{sub {ital F}} {ital dm} for {sup 2}H at {ital x}{sub {ital F}}{approx}0 shows no evidence of an asymmetric sea in the proton. We examine the implications of these data for various models of the violation of the Gottfried sum rule in deep-inelastic lepton scattering.
SU-E-J-107: Supervised Learning Model of Aligned Collagen for Human Breast Carcinoma Prognosis

Purpose: Our goal is to develop and apply a set of optical and computational tools to enable large-scale investigations of the interaction between collagen and tumor cells. Methods: We have built a novel imaging system for automating the capture of whole-slide second harmonic generation (SHG) images of collagen in registry with bright field (BF) images of hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue. To analyze our images, we have integrated a suite of supervised learning tools that semi-automatically model and score collagen interactions with tumor cells via a variety of metrics, a method we call Electronic Tumor Associated Collagen Signatures (eTACS). This group of tools first segments regions of epithelial cells and collagen fibers from BF and SHG images respectively. We then associate fibers with groups of epithelial cells and finally compute features based on the angle of interaction and density of the collagen surrounding the epithelial cell clusters. These features are then processed with a support vector machine to separate cancer patients into high and low risk groups. Results: We validated our model by showing that eTACS produces classifications that have statistically significant correlation with manual classifications. In addition, our system generated classification scores that accurately predicted breast cancer patient survivalmore » in a cohort of 196 patients. Feature rank analysis revealed that TACS positive fibers are more well aligned with each other, generally lower density, and terminate within or near groups of epithelial cells. Conclusion: We are working to apply our model to predict survival in larger cohorts of breast cancer patients with a diversity of breast cancer types, predict response to treatments such as COX2 inhibitors, and to study collagen architecture changes in other cancer types. In the future, our system may be used to provide metastatic potential information to cancer patients to augment existing clinical assays.« less
Control of thermoregulatory evaporation in the waterproof treefrogChiromantis xerampelina

1. At ambient temperatures (Ta) between 39 and 43°C, specimens of the waterproof treefrogChiromantis xerampelina, resting quietly in wind tunnels, adjust rates of evaporative water loss (EWL), maintaining body temperature (Tb) 2–4°C belowTa. 2. Brain heating and cooling, respectively, increased and decreased steady-state rates of thermoregulatory evaporative water loss (EWL), driving negative feedback changes inTb. 3. Continuous infusions of epinephrine resulted in specific, dose-dependent, saturable increases in EWL; isoproterenol was more potent than epinephrine, which was more potent than phenylephrine. Tyramine injection also stimulated EWL. 4. Non-specific increases in EWL stimulated by injections of cholinergic agonists were weakly antagonized by atropine, but thermally induced EWL, as well as adrenergically and cholinergically stimulated increases in EWL, were abolished by beta-adrenergic antagonists. 5. Sweating decreased andTb increased during ganglionic blockade. 6. The observations suggest thatC. xerampelina controls thermoregulatory EWL by modulating the sympathetic nervous outflow stimulating beta-adrenergic receptors on cutaneous mucous glands.
Unraveling the local energetics of transport in a polymer ion conductor

We compare diffusion activation energy measurements in a hydrated perfluorosulfonate ionomer and aqueous solutions of triflic acid. These measurements provide insight into water transport dynamics on sub-nm length scales, and gauge the contribution of the polymer sidechain terminal group. Future membrane materials design will hinge on detailed understanding of transport dynamics.
The effect of chlorine on the sputter/etch rate of nickel

Abstract The influence of a reactive gas on the rate of sputter/etching of a metal was investigated as a function of ion energy and partial pressure of the gas. Using in situ weight loss measurements, it was found that the sputtering rate of Ni was a strong function of both ion energy and chlorine pressure. Chlorine had negligible effect on the etch rate during bombardment with 25 keV Ni ions; a high pressure of chlorine reduced the etch rate for low energy Ar ions (
The role of Ag in the preparation of metal sheathed (Bi,Pb)2Ca2Sr2Cu3Oz tapes

High resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used to examine the Ag-superconductor interface of powder-intube fabricated Bi 1.7 Pb 0.3 Ca 2.05 Sr 2 Cu 3.05 O x . No evidence of any chemical interaction between the Ag and the superconductor could be found. The presence of carbonate contaminants is proposed as the mechanism for the reported lowering of the liquidus temperature of the Ag encapsulated superconductor.
State-of-the-art in the applications of fiber-optic sensors to cementitious composites

Abstract Optical-fiber sensors are emerging as a superior non-destructive means for evaluating the condition of concrete structures. In contrast to existing non-destructive evaluation techniques, optical fibers are able to detect minute variations in structural conditions through remote measurements. Structures fully integrated with optical fibers will be able to monitor the initiation and progress of various mechanical or environmentally-induced degradations in concrete elements. Recent advances in fiber-optic sensor technology and the possibility of their use in concrete structures have instigated the development of a number of research activities. Owing to inherent interdisciplinary nature of the field of fiber optics, the expertise of the researchers active in the research and development of fiber-optic sensors covers a wide spectrum of disciplines including concrete engineering, as well as opto-electronics and physics. This article is intended for rapid dissemination of the current state-of-the-art in this emerging technology. However, because of the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, a brief discussion on the physical nature of optical fibers is also presented.