cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Light Coupling to Photonic Crystal Waveguide using Integrated Metalens

We demonstrate robust and low loss coupling into photonic crystal waveguide by using a one-dimensional dielectric metalens.
Principals’ Schema: Leadership Philosophies and Instructional Leadership:

The Every Child Succeeds Act of 2015 signaled a shift toward the recognition of the importance of school leadership, reflecting a growing body of literature that demonstrates principals are second ...
The Bidomain Theory of Stimulation

The implantable cardiac pacemaker is one of the most important medical innovations of the twentieth century. Yet until recently, researchers have not understood the basic mechanisms governing how a pacemaker excites the heart. The development of a mathematical model describing the electrical properties of cardiac tissue—the bidomain model—helped unravel these mechanisms. This chapter outlines several important predictions of the bidomain model related to pacemakers, including make and break excitation, the shape of the strength-interval curve, the no-response phenomenon, the effect of potassium on pacing, the time dependence of the refractory period, and burst pacing.
Recruitment of Postlarval Abalone Haliotis spp. at Santa Catalina Island: Quantifying Natural Recovery

California abalone Haliotis spp., listed as species of concern, have been slow to recover, after 22 years of fishery closure, or are not recovering at all because of low-density populations and recruitment failure. It is not known if there is successful recruitment in populations in the wild in Southern California. This work examines, for the first time, whether newly settled abalones (<3 mm) are present in the wild at Santa Catalina Island to determine if recruitment is occurring. Natural cobbles with crustose coralline algae cover were sampled for recently settled abalones at two sites and at three depths over the reproductive season of green and pink abalone. A total of 128 abalone recruits (Haliotis spp.) were found over a cumulative rock surface area of 7.47 m2, on 325 cobbles, for a total recruitment density of 17.14 recruits per m2. Abalone recruits ranged in size from 220 to 2,120 µm, with an average recruit size of 490 ± 20 µm (mean ± SE, n = 124). Recruitment was similar across depths (2–4, 6–8, and 10–12 m) but differed between the two study sites, and was highest in June and September. Genetic work is needed to confirm species identification of the new recruits; however, they were most likely green abalone which would be consistent with the signs of green abalone recovery at the island. This work quantifies abalone settlement in Southern California, confirming successful recruitment. These methods can aid future restoration efforts empowering managers and restoration practitioners to monitor and quantify recruitment dynamics for abalones in California.
Lamin post-translational modifications: emerging toggles of nuclear organization and function

Nuclear lamins are ancient type V intermediate filaments with diverse functions that include maintaining nuclear shape, mechanosignaling, tethering and stabilizing chromatin, regulating gene expression, and contributing to cell cycle progression. Despite these numerous roles, an outstanding question has been how lamins are regulated. Accumulating work indicates that a range of lamin post-translational modifications (PTMs) control their functions both in homeostatic cells and in disease states such as progeria, muscular dystrophy, and viral infection. Here, we review the current knowledge of the diverse types of PTMs that regulate lamins in a site-specific manner. We highlight methods that can be used to characterize lamin PTMs whose functions are currently unknown and provide a perspective on the future of the lamin PTM field.
ADAPT: An Adaptive Machine Learning Framework with Application to Lithography Hotspot Detection

Recent advances in machine learning have introduced a new lens to envision novel solutions in many research domains and the Electronic Design Automation field is an evident example. Today, Machine Learning research is penetrating into the different stages of the Integrated Circuits design cycles equipped with accurate and fast models. However, addressing the applicability of learned models within the ever-changing design environment has not received enough study. In this work, we propose ADAPT as a framework for the fast migration of machine learning models. Towards this end, an unsupervised Bayesian-based accuracy estimation method is used. Moreover, different techniques for learning with small datasets are adopted to build a complete migration framework. The efficacy of ADAPT, both in terms of accelerating model migration and accurate estimations, is demonstrated by using lithography hotspot detection as a case study.
Response Criteria for Immunotherapy and the Radiologic Patterns of Immune-Related Adverse Events

Abstract Immunotherapy has revolutionized clinical outcomes in both early-stage and advanced-stage malignancies. Immunotherapy has improved patient survival in both solid and hematologic disorders with the potential added benefit of less toxicity compared to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Imaging plays a fundamental role in monitoring treatment response and assessment of immune-related adverse events, e.g. pneumonitis, colitis, etc. Familiarity with the current strategies of immune-related response evaluation and their limitations is essential for radiologists to guide clinicians with their treatment decisions. Radiologists should be aware of the wide spectrum of immune-related adverse events and their various radiological features as well as the patterns of treatment response associated with immunotherapies.
OIL SPREADING ON COASTAL WATERS

The area of oil spread was measured in the laboratory and the predictable model was established in determining the spreading area of oil on coastal waters. The relationship between the oil slick and the Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers was examined and the influence of wind, currents, and waves on the spread area was investigated. The effects on the changes in water depth and the alteration of the net spreading coefficient on oil spreading capacity were also examined. Comparison between the existing field measurements and the laboratory work was made.
Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change

According to the received tradition, the language used to to refer to natural kinds in scientific discourse remains stable even as theories about these kinds are refined. In this illuminating book, Joseph LaPorte argues that scientists do not discover that sentences about natural kinds, like 'Whales are mammals, not fish', are true rather than false. Instead, scientists find that these sentences were vague in the language of earlier speakers and they refine the meanings of the relevant natural-kind terms to make the sentences true. Hence, scientists change the meaning of these terms, This conclusions prompts LaPorte to examine the consequences of this change in meaning for the issue of incommensurability and for the progress of science. This book will appeal to students and professional in the philosophy of science, the philosophy of biology and the philosophy of language.
Growth process of U.S. small cities

This study analyzes the growth process of lower tail small U.S. cities for 2000 and 2010 census data using stochastic kernel, contour plot, and nonparametric regression. The results show that Gibrat’s law hold for small cities.
A combined evidence Bayesian method for human ancestry inference applied to Afro-Colombians

Uniparental genetic markers, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosomal DNA, are widely used for the inference of human ancestry. However, the resolution of ancestral origins based on mtDNA haplotypes is limited by the fact that such haplotypes are often found to be distributed across wide geographical regions. We have addressed this issue here by combining two sources of ancestry information that have typically been considered separately: historical records regarding population origins and genetic information on mtDNA haplotypes. To combine these distinct data sources, we applied a Bayesian approach that considers historical records, in the form of prior probabilities, together with data on the geographical distribution of mtDNA haplotypes, formulated as likelihoods, to yield ancestry assignments from posterior probabilities. This combined evidence Bayesian approach to ancestry assignment was evaluated for its ability to accurately assign sub-continental African ancestral origins to Afro-Colombians based on their mtDNA haplotypes. We demonstrate that the incorporation of historical prior probabilities via this analytical framework can provide for substantially increased resolution in sub-continental African ancestry assignment for members of this population. In addition, a personalized approach to ancestry assignment that involves the tuning of priors to individual mtDNA haplotypes yields even greater resolution for individual ancestry assignment. Despite the fact that Colombia has a large population of Afro-descendants, the ancestry of this community has been understudied relative to populations with primarily European and Native American ancestry. Thus, the application of the kind of combined evidence approach developed here to the study of ancestry in the Afro-Colombian population has the potential to be impactful. The formal Bayesian analytical framework we propose for combining historical and genetic information also has the potential to be widely applied across various global populations and for different genetic markers.
Transradial Szabo technique for intervention of ostial lesions.

Objectives: The aim of our study is to assess the feasibility and safety of transradial intervention (TRI) of coronary ostial lesions using the Szabo technique. Background: When performing TRI of coronary ostial lesions, precise stent positioning is of paramount importance. TRI has experienced increasing popularity in the U.S.; however, utilization of the Szabo technique has not been systematically evaluated in this setting. We report the results of ostial stent deployment using the Szabo technique for 2 experienced TRI operators and centers. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 40 consecutive patients who underwent PCI from April 2009 to September 2011. All patients who underwent PCI via the transradial route with the Szabo technique for ostial lesions performed by experienced transradial operators (>200 cases/yr) were included. Results: In our study of 40 patients with 41 coronary ostial lesions, overall procedural success rate was 100%. Stent dislodgement was seen in 1 patient. Clinical follow up was 100%, with a mean duration of 292.7±200 days. Target lesion revascularization (TLR) was seen in 2 patients (5%). One patient had an episode of transient ischemic attack (TIA) at 33 days after PCI; another experienced subacute stent thrombosis at 81 days while on dual antiplatelet therapy. MACE was 7.5% overall. Conclusion: In our study, treatment of coronary ostial lesions with the Szabo technique via TRI is associated with a high procedural success rate and a low MACE of 7.5%. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:447–451)
Pharmacologic Approaches to Reperfusion Injury

Publisher Summary Various pharmacologic and mechanical approaches have been developed and used successfully to reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease and acute myocardial infarction. Early intervention after the onset of ischemia is important in preventing myocardial cell death and in restoring cellular functions to the myocardial tissues that have been altered by the ischemic process. In clinical studies, early reperfusion of the myocardium has been shown to reduce infarct size and mortality after acute coronary artery occlusion. Techniques used to restore blood flow to the myocardium, however, including thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and cardiac surgery, may lead to damage to the myocardium beyond that generated by the ischemic process alone. Reperfusion of the previously ischemic myocardium is often followed by detrimental morphologic and functional changes in the affected coronary arteries and myocardial tissues, which ultimately results in tissue damage known as reperfusion injury. In a biochemical sense, reperfusion injury has been described as a complex interaction between substances that accumulate during ischemia and those that are delivered as a result of reperfusion. The degree of injury is dependent on the extent of collateral blood flow and duration of ischemia, as well as the influx of neutrophils and the generation of free radicals during reperfusion, which exacerbate the injury. The injury occurs as a consequence of the reintroduction of oxygen to the previously ischemic tissue by pharmacologic or mechanical means of reperfusion. A variety of mechanisms are responsible for reperfusion injury: the generation of oxygen free radicals, loss of antioxidant enzymes, neutrophil-initiated damage, calcium abnormalities, loss of normal adenosine triphosphate concentration, vascular endothelial and myocyte edema, and hemorrhage. This chapter includes current theories regarding the mechanisms behind reperfusion injury and the pharmacologic approaches used in the treatment of this difficult problem.
Leader-member exchange and interpersonal relationships: Construct validity and path model.

Abstract The hospitality industry is faced with labor shortages and high turnover. It is likely that paying attention to the supervisor-subordinate relationship in terms of leader-member exchange can alleviate some of these concerns. Leader-member exchange quality is negatively related to turnover and burnout and positively related to commitment and satisfaction in the hospitality industry. This article reviews the leader-member exchange literature and tests the construct validity of leader-member exchange and a range of personal relationship measures. The research establishes that leader-member exchange is empirically distinct from other measures of interpersonal relationships. In addition, a path model is proposed and tested successfully. The causal model suggests that a supervisor-subordinate interpersonal relationship that is reflective of respect and trust is positively related to leader-member exchange quality, which in turn is positively associated with subordinates' satisfaction with their immedia...
Design, simulation, and evaluation of a SEP-hard SRAM memory cell

The authors describe the design, simulation, and evaluation of a six-transistor CMOS memory cell for a 64K SEP-hard SRAM. A technique for SPICE simulation of the memory cell which allows the determination of the effective critical charge in the cell is given. The critical charge data, along with the physical dimensions of the cell, are then used to calculate the single-event upset rate. SEP measurements performed using heavy ions are correlated to the simulations of the memory cell as a function of the resistor value. The UTMC 64K SRAM demonstrates an SEP error rate less than 1.0E-10 errors/bit-day for a 90% worst-case geosynchronous orbit environment. This error rate is obtained over the entire -55 degrees C to +125 degrees C temperature range while maintaining less than 55 ns read/write cycle time. >
History and General Aspects of Tumor Grading

The relationship between the tumor morphology and the clinical behavior of tumors has been known since the early studies of Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) and the scientific beginnings of microscopic pathology. From the historical point of view, however, the first attempts to correlate the microscopic features of tumors with their biology and clinical behavior are traditionally attributed to David Paul von Hansemann (1858–1920) [1–3]. This German pathologist, who was a student of Virchow, studied systematically the microscopic pathology of tumors and in the 1890s published his pioneering observations on abnormal mitotic figures. He also introduced the terms anaplasia and dedifferentiation (German: Entdifferenzirung) and was the first to suggest that the clinical behavior of tumors could be predicted from their microscopic characteristics. His novel observations on microscopic tumor cell atypia, anaplasia, and asymmetrical mitoses were summarized in an 1897 book [3]. Von Hansemann’s teaching and his book were at that time considered revolutionary and quite controversial, stimulating many scientific discussions [4]. Nevertheless, the book was apparently widely read, and it reappeared 5 years later in its second edition (Fig. 1.1). In contrast to many theoretical textbooks dominating the field of pathology, this treaty was based on meticulous microscopic study of tumors and could be considered “evidence based.” It was illustrated with original drawings supporting the author’s views of cancer (Fig. 1.2). The clarity of these illustrations is fascinating even today.
Religious aliation, education and Internet use

AbstractUsing data from the General Social Survey, we measure the e ectof education and Internet use on religious aliation.We nd that Internet use is associated with decreased probabilityof religious aliation; for moderate use (2 or more hours per week) theodds ratio is 0.82 (CI 0.69{0.98, p = 0:01). For heavier use (7 or morehours per week) the odds ratio is 0.58 (CI 0.41{0.81, p < 0:001).In the 2010 U.S. population, Internet use could account for 5.1 mil-lion people with no religious aliation, or 20% of the observed decreasein aliation relative to the 1980s. Increases in college graduation be-tween the 1980s and 2000s could account for an additional 5% of thedecrease. From 1990 to 2010 the fraction of people in the United States withno religious preference increased from 8% to 18%, based on data from theGeneral Social Survey (GSS). At the same time, the fraction of Protestantsdropped from 62% to 51%; the fraction of Catholics and Jews did not changesigni cantly; the fraction of other religions increased from 3.3% to 4.2%.During the same period, the prevalence of Internet use increased fromessentially zero to nearly 80%. Figure 1 shows Internet users per 100 peopleand the fraction of the population with no religious preference. Also duringthis period, the fraction of the population graduating from college increasedfrom 17% to 27%.In this paper we explore the e ect of increases in college education andInternet use on religious aliation.Of course there are other factors that might contribute to religious disaf- liation. Hout and Fischer investigate this trend (through 2000) and identify
Genetic Involvement of a cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in a G Protein Signaling Pathway Regulating Morphological and Chemical Transitions in Aspergillus nidulans

In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, a heterotrimeric G protein alpha-subunit and an RGS domain protein, encoded by fadA and flbA, respectively, regulate production of the carcinogenic metabolite sterigmatocystin (ST) and asexual spores (i.e., conidia). We investigated the genetic involvement of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PkaA), a potential downstream target of FadA activity, in ST production and conidiation. Relative to wild type, sporulation was decreased in the pkaA overexpression strain but was not totally absent, as occurs in DeltaflbA or fadA(G42R) (fadA-dominant active) strains. Deletion of pkaA resulted in a hyper-conidiating strain with limited radial growth. This phenotype was epistatic to mutation in flbA or fadA; the double mutants DeltapkaA; DeltaflbA and DeltapkaA; fadA(G42R) recovered sporulation and their radial growth was severely restricted. PkaA overexpression also negatively regulated AflR, the ST biosynthesis-specific transcription factor, both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Deletion of pkaA restored ST production in the DeltaflbA background but not in the fadA(G42R) background. These data provide genetic evidence that the FlbA/FadA signaling pathway regulating ST production and morphological development is partially mediated through PkaA.
Clinical significance of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in mild traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: To investigate the relationship between the number of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) and neurocognitive findings in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Research design: Thirty-eight patients with TBI and 21 controls were studied.Methods and procedures: Fifteen patients underwent MRI within a mean interval of 5.4 (range 1–12) days from the brain injury and 23 after an average period of 5.5 (range 0.2–31) years. All subjects were examined with a battery of 13 neuropsychological tests (NP).Main outcomes and results: The average number of VRS was significantly higher in patients than in controls. There were no significant differences between patients and controls in terms of NP tests. The number of VRS showed a significant inverse correlation with processing speed and a positive correlation with visual perceptual of attention only in patients studied within a short delay of trauma.Conclusions: VRS are not directly associated to neurocognitive findings, suggesting that they may re...
Rapid Nanoparticle-Mediated Monitoring of Bacterial Metabolic Activity and Assessment of Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Blood with Magnetic Relaxation

Considering the increased incidence of bacterial infections and the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria at the global level, we designed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as nanosensors for the assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility through magnetic relaxation. In this report, we demonstrate that iron oxide nanosensors, either dextran-coated supplemented with Con A or silica-coated conjugated directly to Con A, can be used for the fast (1) quantification of polysaccharides, (2) assessment of metabolic activity and (3) determination of antimicrobial susceptibility in blood. The use of these polysaccharide nanosensors in the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility in the clinic or the field, and the utilization of these nanoprobes in pharmaceutical R&D are anticipated.
Structural, thermal and spectral studies of N-2-pyridyl-, N-2-picolyl- and N-2-(4,6-lutidyl)- N'-(3-methoxyphenyl)thioureas

Abstract N -2-pyridyl- N ′-3-methoxyphenylthiourea, PyTu3OMe, triclinic, P -l, a =8.6590(16), b =8.7489(16), c=10.0540(15) A , α =90.255(9), β =66.765(8), γ =68.547(7)°, V=641.40(19) A 3 and Z =2; N -2-(3-picolyl)- N ′-3-methoxyphenylthiourea, 3PicTu3OMe, triclinic, P -1, a =6.9100(9), b =12.7370(16), c=16.4710(14) A , α =107.782(6), β =91.656(7), γ =95.115(4)°, V=1372.5(3) A 3 and Z =4; N -2-(4-picolyl)- N ′-3-methoxphenylthiourea, 4PicTu3OMe, monoclinic, C 2/ c , a =12.5036(7), b =8.5942(5), c=25.4050(10) A , β =97.712(3)°, V=2705.3(2) A 3 and Z =8; N -2-(5-picolyl)- N ′-3-methoxyphenylthiourea, 5PicTu3OMe, monoclinic, P 2 1 / c , a =10.9200(4), b =15.3920(15), c=8.1150(11) A , β =92.020(5)°, V=1363.1(2) A 3 and Z =4; N -2-(6-picolyl)- N ′-3-methoxyphenylthiourea, 6PicTu4OMe, triclinic, P -1, a =7.4220(16), b =9.944(3), c=10.038(3) A , α =104.815(9), β =94.452(16), γ =108.134(14)°, V=670.6(3) A 3 and Z =2 and N -2-(4,6-lutidyl)- N ′-3-methoxyphenylthiourea, 4,6LutTu3OMe, orthorhombic, Pbca , a =16.3710(5), b =7.4910(6), c=24.1890(15) A , V =2966.4(3), Z =8. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding between N′H and the pyridine nitrogen and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between NH and the thione sulfur are characteristic of these thioureas except that 3PicTu3OMe has a very weak intermolecular NH⋯S interaction due to a steric effect of the methyl group.
Presenilin transgenic mice as models of Alzheimer's disease.

Mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) cause familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). Presenilins influence multiple molecular pathways and are best known for their role in the γ-secretase cleavage of type I transmembrane proteins including the amyloid precursor protein (APP). PS1 and PS2 FAD mutant transgenic mice have been generated using a variety of promoters. PS1-associated FAD mutations have also been knocked into the endogenous mouse gene. PS FAD mutant mice consistently show elevations of Aβ42 with little if any effect on Aβ40. When crossed with plaque forming APP FAD mutant lines, the PS1 FAD mutants cause earlier and more extensive plaque deposition. Although single transgenic PS1 or PS2 mice do not form plaques, they exhibit a number of pathological features including age-related neuronal and synaptic loss as well as vascular pathology. They also exhibit increased susceptibility to excitotoxic injury most likely on the basis of exaggerated calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Electrophysiologically long-term potentiation in the hippocampus is increased in young PS1 FAD mutant mice but this effect appears to be lost with aging. In most studies neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is also impaired by PS1 FAD mutants. Mice in which PS1 has been conditionally knocked out in adult forebrain on a PS2 null background (PS1/2 cDKO) develop a striking neurodegeneration that mimics AD neuropathology in being associated with neuronal and synaptic loss, astrogliosis and hyperphosphorylation of tau, although it is not accompanied by plaque deposits. The relevance of PS transgenic mice as models of AD is discussed.
Solving allocation and scheduling problems inherent in forest resource management using mixed-integer programming

Abstract The simultaneous choice of land-use allocation and production scheduling on forest lands is a complex management problem that is best addressed using integer programming. This paper presents the general form of the allocation and scheduling problem, provides two empirical examples that reflect two distinct problem types and presents strategies for increasing the efficiency with which one can solve largerscale empirical problems. The mixed-integer linear programming techniques presented in this paper capitalize on the special structure of each problem type and explore the possibility of reducing the solution effort. Inherent in type one problems is a distinct relationship among the allocation variables that can be exploited to help reduce the number of integer variables as well.as the allocation constraints. For problems of type two, however, there exists a set of multiple choice allocation constraints which can also be exploited for better solution performance.
Survey of CO2 in the oceans reveals clues about global carbon cycle

January 1996 marked the completion of the most ambitious and successful high-precision inorganic carbon survey of a major ocean basin to date: a 14-month, 92,000-km-long research cruise in the Indian Ocean. This survey, conducted in close collaboration with the international World Ocean Circulation Experiment-Hydrographic Program (WOCE-HP), is part of a project involving 10 U.S. universities and national laboratories that have been working together since 1990 to acquire a high-quality inorganic carbon data set for all of the world's oceans.
Factor Analysis of the WISC-R for White and Black Children Evaluated for Gifted Placement

Scores from the 10 regularly administered subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) were factor analyzed for samples of white and black children evaluated for placement in a gifted and talented program. The two-factor solutions supported the validity of Wechsler's (1974) Verbal-Performance dichotomy in the interpretation of WISC-R performance. Compositional differences were found on the third factor when compared to the three-factor solutions reported for similar samples. The results suggest that the composition and meaning of the WISC-R third factor for different groups is a valid theoretical question for future research but that routine interpretation of a WISC-R third factor by practitioners may be inappropriate.
Importance of micellar relaxation time on detergent properties

As we enter the new millennium, manufacturers of laundry detergents would like to provide new products for the twenty-first century. With the goal of achieving new and better performance characteristics, design strategies for research and development should be defined. This paper highlights the importance of micellar relaxation kinetics in processes involved in detergency. Earlier Shah and coworkers showed that the stability of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles plays an important role in various technological processes. The slow relaxation time (τ2) of SDS micelles, as measured by the pressure-jump technique, was in the range of 10−4 to 101 s, depending on the surfactant concentration. A maximal relaxation time and thus a maximal micellar stability was found at 200 mM SDS (5 s), corresponding to the least-foaming, largest bubble size, longest wetting time of textile, largest emulsion droplet size, and the most rapid solubilization of oil. These results are explained in terms of the flux of surfactant monomers from the bulk to the interface, which determines the dynamic surface tension. More stable micelles lead to less monomer flux and hence to a higher dynamic surface tension. The relaxation time for nonionic surfactants (as measured by the stopped-flow technique) was much longer than for ionic surfactants because of the absence of ionic repulsion between the head groups. The τ2 was related to dynamic surface-tension experiments. Stability of SDS micelles can be greatly enhanced by the addition of long-chain alcohols or cationic surfactants. In summary, relaxation time data of surfactant solutions enable us to predict the performance of a given surfactant solution. Moreover, results suggest that one can design appropriate micelles with specific stability, or τ2, by controlling surfactant structure, concentration, and physicochemical conditions, as well as by mixing anionic/cationic or ionic/nonionic surfactants for a desired technological application, e.g., detergency.
Rheological inferences from Gieseler plastometry

Abstract The Gieseler constant-torque plastometer can be used to measure apparent slurry fluidities. The dependency of apparent fluidity upon solids fraction conforms to the expectations of slurry rheology. A series of coal-coke blends has been studied isothermally at several temperatures, and the maximum fluidities are found to obey the Arrhenius and Maron-Belner-Robinson relationships. This permits direct estimation of the fluidity of the fluid phase and of the packing fraction of the solids-in-fluid system. The linearity of the coking slope [In(fluidity) versus time], reported 30 years ago by Fitzgerald, probably implies a zeroth-order coking process.
Hematological status of urban pregnant women from different socioeconomic populations in central Iran

Abstract A survey was conducted among 400 low and middle income pregnant women in Shiraz to evaluate their food consumption and hematological status. Subjects were Shiraz residents, beyond the 12th week of pregnancy and had not taken iron supplements during the previous year. Iron deficiency anemia seemed to be a relatively minor problem in subjects in the first half of pregnancy regardless of their economic status. Deficient hemoglobin and/or transferrin saturation levels were seen only in those in the second half of pregnancy with the majority in the last 9 weeks and from lower income families. Multiple regression analysis was used to ascertain the statistical significance of all variables assumed to affect hematological status. Stage of pregnancy had a significant inverse relationship with hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron and transferrin saturation. Income was positively related to hemoglobin and hematocrit while meat consumption had a positive linear relationship with serum iron and transferrin saturation.
Cyclohexenol annulation via the alkoxy-accelerated rearrangement of vinylcyclobutanes

Abstract The lithium and potassium salts of 2-vinylcyclobutanols undergo vinylcyclobutane rearrangement at 25–70°, providing an efficient method for the synthesis of 3-cyclohexenol derivatives. 2-Vinylcyclobutanones are prepared from α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by the method of Trost and via [2 + 2]-cycloadditions of olefins and vinylketenes. Addition of hydride or alkyllithium reagents then generates 2-vinylcyclobutanol salts which directly rearrange to afford 3-cyclohexenols. The two methods constitute new [3 + 3]- and [4 + 2]-annulation approaches to 6-membered carbocycles.
Regional antibiotic delivery for the treatment of experimental prosthetic graft infections.

Objectives. To evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads in eradication of an arterial prosthetic graft methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm in an experimental animal model. Methods. Forty rats underwent subcutaneous implantation of a MRSA-colonized arterial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 1 x 1 cm wafer on the back. The effect of regional antibiosis produced by antibiotic PMMA bead placement adjacent to the infected PTFE wafer was determined using four 10-animal study groups: control (no antibiotic), PMMA bead with no antibiotic, PMMA bead with 10% vancomycin, and PMMA bead with 10% daptomycin. After 3 d, the PTFE wafers were explanted and quantitative biofilm cultures, expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per graft wafer, performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess MRSA eradication. No systemic antibiotic was administered. Bioassays of antibiotic bead bacteriocidal were performed by measuring zone of inhibition diameters on MRSA colonized agar culture plates prior to and following graft explantation. Results. All animal tolerated implantation of the MRSA-infected PTFE wafer and survived the 3 d until graft explantation. Quantitative biofilm cultures demonstrated a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in MRSA CFUs present on the PTFE wafer surfaces in the presence of both the vancomycin- and daptomycin-impregnated beads compared to controls and plain PMMA beads. Both vancomycin and daptomycin PMMA beads retained antibacterial activity after 3 d of implantation with decrease in zones of inhibition of 15% and 45%, respectively. Conclusions. Regional antibiotic delivery using an antibiotic-impregnated PMMAbead reduced the bacterial biofilm concentration in experimental subcutaneous pocket model of vascular surgical site infection. The delivery of antibiotics via a PMMA bead may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of vascular surgical site infection.
Retroperitoneal fluid resulting from rapid intravascular resuscitation in trauma: CT mimic of retroperitoneal injury

Objective: We postulate that retroperitoneal fluid density (RFD) observed on computed tomography (CT) following blunt abdominal trauma can result from aggressive intravascular volume resuscitation. The purpose of this study was to determine associated CT findings useful in distinguishing RFD related to rapid intravascular volume expansion from primary retroperitoneal injuries that produce a similar CT appearance. Subjects and Methods: All admission CT scans performed for blunt abdominal trauma over a 13-month period demonstrating RFD were reviewed. If CT findings, as determined by consensus of the authors, clearly indicated a primary retroperitoneal injury to account for the RFD, such as duodenal or pancreatic injury, the study was excluded from further analysis. There were 11 patients with RFD whose CT scans showed no primary retroperitoneal injury. The admission and any follow-up CT studies of these 11 patients were assessed for CT signs of intravascular volume expansion. Medical records were reviewed to determine the quantity and rate of intravenous (IV) fluid administration, serum amylase level(s), and operative findings if performed. Results: All 11 patients had CT signs of intravascular volume expansion including periportal low density in the liver (11 patients), distention of the inferior vena cava (11 patients), and diffuse edema of the small bowel (7 patients). Identification of RFD as edema was confirmed directly at celiotomy in 3 patients and by rapid resolution of RFD on follow-up CT in 8. No follow-up CT showed evidence of delayed retroperitoneal hemorrhage or signs of primary retroperitoneal injuries. Postadmission IV fluids were administered at 210 to 2400 ml/hr (mean 840 ml/hr) at the time of CT with total volume resuscitation from 4.7 to 57.0 L (mean, 11.6 L) given over a 24-hour period postadmission. Serial serum amylase levels did not show a rising trend to suggest pancreatic injury. paConclusion: The CT demonstration of RFD after blunt trauma suggests primary retroperitoneal injury, including the bowel, pancreas, kidneys, and cisterna chyli, and could prompt exploratory laparotomy. However, if this CT finding is accompanied by periportal low density, vena caval distention, or diffuse bowel edema, it suggests that RFD results from interstitial edema related to aggressive IV resuscitation. If no other clinical or CT evidence of primary retroperitoneal injury is identified, these patients should be managed conservatively.
Growth of C6 glioma cells in serum-containing medium decreases β-adrenergic receptor number

Rat C6 glioma cells were grown in 5% fetal bovine serum-containing medium and under serum-free, defined conditions. In order to ask whether cells grown in serum-free medium are phenotypically identical to cells grown in serum, we examined effects of cell growth under both conditions on the beta-adrenergic receptor, a cell surface marker that activates adenylate cyclase and thereby regulates these cells. beta-Adrenergic receptors were qualitatively similar in cells grown in serum-containing and serum-free media, but the number of receptors was 30-50% less in cells grown with serum. This effect required several days to occur or to be reversed. The decreased number of receptors appeared to be caused by an inhibitory effect of serum on receptor number and not by a stimulatory action of the constituents of the serum-free medium. Growth medium with 5% fetal bovine serum maximally inhibited beta-adrenergic receptor numbers with 1% serum causing a half-maximal inhibition. The ability of serum to inhibit the expression of beta-adrenergic receptors could be blocked by dialyzing but not by boiling fetal bovine serum. beta-Adrenergic receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation was also decreased by growth in medium containing serum. These studies demonstrate that compared to growth of cells in serum-free medium, growth in serum-containing medium can inhibit expression of cell surface beta-adrenergic receptors. These results imply that the presence of serum in medium in which cells are grown alters properties in the plasma membrane and may alter hormonal responses in such cells.
Insulin receptor‐like tyrosine kinase in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins are present in the prothoracic glands, muscle, and fat body of Manduca sexta, as determined by immunoprecipitation followed by kinase assay, and by Western blotting. One such protein (Mr 178,000) can also be immunoprecipitated using antibodies directed against the human insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate. The 178 kD protein appears to be expressed more strongly in prothoracic glands removed just prior to wandering (days 3-4) and prior to pupation (days 7-9), and phosphorylation of the protein is enhanced by an M. sexta brain factor. The results suggest that a tyrosine-kinase-linked molecule similar to the insulin receptor may play a regulatory role in M. sexta. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35:99-110, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research on the Efe and Lese populations of the Ituri forest, Zaire

Since 1980, as part of the Ituri Project, researchers have been studying numerous aspects of the biology, health, economy, and social relations of Efe (Pygmies) and Lese villagers living in the Ituri Forest region of north-eastern Zaire. The Efe are seminomadic people who hunt and gather forest resources for their own consumption and for exchange with sedentary subsistence farmers. The Lese are Sudanic-speaking subsistence farmers who practice shifting slash-and-burn horticulture and live in semipermanent villages. Relations between the Efe and Lese have been close for many generations and extend beyond economic exchange to include most aspects of ritual and social life. This paper serves as an introduction to five subsequent papers that report findings from research on these two forest-living populations. It provides background information concerning the ecology and history of human occupation of the Ituri region of central Africa; it describes the study area and the study populations; it discusses how the annual subsistence cycles of the Efe and Lese relate to rainfall and food availability; and it provides further information concerning Ituri Project research during the last 7 years.
Structural and functional analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana chlorophyll a/b-binding protein ( cab ) promoters

Arabidopsis thaliana carries three functional copies of the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (cab) gene which code for an identical mature protein. DNA sequence comparison of all three cab promoters indicated that cab2 and cab3 are more closely related compared to cab1. Although the highest degree of homology was found between the TATA box and -256 of cab3 promoter, suggesting that this region plays a major role in promoter function, this promoter regions are only 47% homologous. To study whether these promoters are regulated by identical cis-acting regulatory elements, the promoters were mutated by progressive deletions and the effects on the promoter activity were measured in either transformed plants or cultured cells. It was found that the minimum sequence necessary for the light-dependent tissue-specific promoter activity of the cab3 is the 89 bp DNA fragment (between -74 and -164) at the region of the TATA and the CCAAT boxes. However, an additional 45 bp DNA fragment (between -164 and -209) upstream of the CCAAT box was necessary for the full promoter activity in the leaves. The regulatory element in the 45 bp region appears to be a positive regulator or enhancer which is specific to photosynthetic cells, since the region did not enhance the promoter activity in cultured cells. This region contains an octamer, TGCCACGT (cab2) or TGCCACAT (cab3), which is similar to the previously identified element, TGACACGT from Arabidopsis cab1 promoter. The upstream regions of the cab promoters appear to contain additional elements which are functionally distinct in each promoter since the upstream region of cab1 activated a non-functional nos promoter whereas that of cab3 did not.
The Advantages of Atypical Advertisements for Stereotyped Product Categories

Abstract In an advertising environment of continuing complexity and congestion, marketing communicators are well advised to find ways to make commercials more memorable and distinctive, and, thus, more effective. Research in social cognition provides insights on how to influence consumers to more actively process information in advertisements, and these techniques are applied in an experiment with a group of adult consumers to test differential effectiveness of typical and atypical advertisements for highly stereotyped categories such as local automobile dealerships. Exposure to typical advertisements caused subjects to engage in less detailed thought about the message; atypical advertisements resulted in more detailed thinking and more positive attitudes toward the product. This effect was demonstrated in two broadcast media, and the implications of these results support continued creative efforts to achieve distinctive and unique advertising messages.
Control of Fragmentation Products for the Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Polymeric Mixtures

The concept of controlled fragmentation for the analyses of mixtures is developed in the fast atom bombardment/Fourier transform mass spectrometry of a new oligomeric class of cyclic β-keto lactones. These cyclic oligomers produce fragments during ionization with masses that are identical to smaller homologues. By using the proper alkali metal ion, dissociation reactions are limited to loss of the metal ions. In this way, fragments do not interfere with the identification of quasimolecu lar ions. From competition experiments involving several alkali metals, Cs + was identified as the best candidate to analyze mixtures. It enhances the quasimolecular ion signal but does not produce Cs + coordinated fragments. The metal was then used to analyze a reaction mixture to elucidate the oligomerization mechanism.
Specific heat measurements of Pd in magnetic fields to 20 T

We report accurate measurements of the specific heat of zone-refined, high-purity Pd between 6 and 17 K in fields of 10, 15, and 20 T. The change of the specific heat of this Pd in 20 T, averaged over the 14 different temperatures of measurement, compared with zero-field measurements at the same temperatures, is +1.0%. Within our limits of error ( +- 2%), the results directly contradict previous specific heat results on Pd in fields to 11 T by Hsiang et al.
Abstract B46: The role of integrin switching and Deptor in metastatic breast cancer

Mammary tumorigenesis converts TGF-β; from a tumor suppressor in normal mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to a tumor promoter in cancerous MECs, likely via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transiton (EMT). Integrin signaling plays a critical role in this conversion, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Previously, both β1 and β3 integrins have been associated with TGF-β; mediated EMT and metastasis in breast cancer, making both integrins attractive therapeutic targets. Importantly, the interplay and requirement for β1 and β3 integrins in mediating metastatic disease and the downstream effectors that effectuate the malignancy associated with these intergrins have not been fully evaluated. Here, we describe an integrin switching mechanism where functional disruption of β1 integrin mediates compensatory upregulation of β3 integrin expression, which augments TGF-β; signaling and mediates 3D outgrowth of metastatic breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that sole targeting of β1 integrin is insufficient in reducing tumor burden, while sole targeting of β3 integrin significantly alleviates the disease. Furthermore, we identify Deptor, the endogenous inhibitor of mTOR, to be downregulated in β3 integrin expressing cells, suggesting that attenuated Deptor expression may engender the malignancy associated with β3 integrin. Importantly, functional disruption of Deptor in systemically invasive 4T07 cells induces their acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics, while attenuating their ability to proliferate. Collectively, we demonstrate that targeting β1 integrin alone is insufficient in alleviating metastatic breast cancer, while sole targeting of β3 integrin significantly attenuates the disease. Furthermore, our data identifies Deptor as a potential downstream effector in β3 integrin-dependent malignancies. Citation Format: Jenny G. Parvani, Molly A. Taylor, William P. Schiemann. The role of integrin switching and Deptor in metastatic breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B46.
Casimir energy for a spherical cavity in a dielectric: Applications to sonoluminescence

In a series of papers, Schwinger [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 958 (1993); 90, 2105 (1993); 90, 4505 (1993); 90, 7285 (1993); 91, 6473 (1994)] proposed that the ``dynamical Casimir effect'' might provide the driving force behind the puzzling phenomenon of sonoluminescence. Motivated by that exciting suggestion, we have computed the static Casimir energy of a spherical cavity in an otherwise uniform material. As expected, the result is divergent; yet a plausible finite answer is extracted, in the leading uniform asymptotic approximation. This result agrees with that found using \ensuremath{\zeta}-function regularization. Numerically, we find far too small an energy to account for the large burst of photons seen in sonoluminescence. If the divergent result is retained, it is of the wrong sign to drive the effect. Dispersion does not resolve this contradiction. In the static approximation, the Fresnel drag term is zero; on the other hand, the electrostriction could be comparable to the Casimir term. It is argued that this adiabatic approximation to the dynamical Casimir effect should be quite accurate.