cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
It's not what you say, it's how many different ways you can say it: links between divergent peer resistance skills and delinquency a year later.

Purpose: To examine whether generation of ‘socially appropriate’ responses or divergent responses to continued peer pressure is a more effective deterrent of actual delinquency.Methods: The sample of 129 urban adolescents included both boys and girls (51.9% male) and was predominantly black (48.%) and Hispanic (28.7%). They were studied longitudinally from seventh to eighth grade in New York City from 2000–2001. Resistance strategies to offers to smoke and to shoplift were assessed in two separate videotaped role-plays. Socially appropriate responses were defined as assertive and nonaggressive, including the use of a simple no; direct, declarative statements; and offering prosocial alternatives. Divergent responses were defined as multiple unique response types within the same situation regardless of appropriateness. Data were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regressions.Results: High use of divergent responses was consistently associated favorably with changes in delinquency from seventh to eighth grade. High use of divergent responses was associated with lowered likelihood to vandalize, steal or shoplift, and commit multiple acts of any type of delinquency, even after controlling for seventh grade delinquency. Socially appropriate responses showed little association to any delinquent behavior.Conclusions: Different social pressure situations and contexts may require different responses. As trying to teach effective responses for every single potential peer pressure situation would be impossible, promoting divergent thinking may be an attractive alternative.
Surface cues and robust inference as a basis for the early acquisition of subcategorization frames

Abstract How could children possibly acquire their first subcategorization frames? The hypothesis that they directly observe the syntactic structures of the utterances they hear raises two questions. First, how can children parse input utterances reliably without already knowing the syntactic properties of all the words in them? Second, how do children survive the ungrammatical or misconstrued utterances they inevitably encounter? This paper suggests a specific inference algorithm that substantially reduces the effects of ungrammatical or misconstrued input. Since children must have some such inference procedure, they can use approximate cues to determine syntactic structure. In particular, they can use string-local surface cues rather than global constraints. Such cues make it possible to discover relevant syntactic structure in an utterance without already knowing all the words in it. This paper suggests a possible set of cues for English subcategorization frames that assumes only the ability to detect the ends of utterances and knowledge of a few function morphemes and proper names. Simulation experiments on naturally occuring, child-directed English show that these cues, combined with the proposed inference mechanism, do surprisingly well at discovering subcategorization frames.
The optimization of TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay for transcriptional profiling of GABA-A receptor subunit plasticity

The GABA-A receptor plays a critical role in inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. Quantitation of GABA-A receptor subunits in various brain regions is essential to understand their role in plasticity and brain disorders. However, conventional RNA assays are tedious and less sensitive for use in studies of subunit plasticity. Here we describe optimization of a sensitive assay of GABA-A receptor subunit gene expression by TaqMan real-time PCR. For each subunit gene, a set of primers and TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed to specifically amplify the target template. The TaqMan methodology was optimized for quantification of mouse GABA-A receptor subunits (alpha(1-6), beta(1-3), gamma(2), and delta) and GAPDH. The TaqMan reaction detected very low levels of gene expression ( approximately 100 template copies of cDNA). A standard curve for GAPDH and one of the target genes, constructed using the cDNA, revealed slopes around -3.4 (r(2)=0.990), reflecting similar optimum PCR efficiencies. The methodology was utilized for quantification of the GABA-A receptor alpha(4)-subunit, which is known to upregulate following withdrawal from chronic progesterone or neurosteroids. Our results show that the alpha(4)-subunit expression increased threefold in the hippocampus following neurosteroid withdrawal in mice. The TaqMan PCR assay allows sensitive, high-throughput transcriptional profiling of complete GABA-A receptor subunit family, and thus provides specific tool for studies of GABA-A receptor subunit plasticity in neurological and psychiatric animal models.
The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration.

To foster a more in-depth understanding of the psychological processes leading to terrorism, the author conceptualizes the terrorist act as the final step on a narrowing staircase. Although the vast majority of people, even when feeling deprived and unfairly treated, remain on the ground floor, some individuals climb up and are eventually recruited into terrorist organizations. These individuals believe they have no effective voice in society, are encouraged by leaders to displace aggression onto out-groups, and become socialized to see terrorist organizations as legitimate and out-group members as evil. The current policy of focusing on individuals already at the top of the staircase brings only short-term gains. The best long-term policy against terrorism is prevention, which is made possible by nourishing contextualized democracy on the ground floor.
Pollen and ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana under spaceflight conditions

The development of pollen and ovules in Arabidopsis thaliana on the space shuttle 'Endeavour' (STS-54) was investigated. Plants were grown on nutrient agar for 14 days prior to loading into closed plant growth chambers that received light and temperature control inside the Plant Growth Unit flight hardware on the shuttle middeck. After 6 days in spaceflight the plants were retrieved and immediately dissected and processed for light and electron microscope observation. Reproductive development aborted at an early stage. Pistils were collapsed and ovules inside were seen to he empty. No viable pollen was observed from STS-54 plants; young microspores were deformed and empty. At a late stage, the cytoplasm of the pollen contracted and became disorganized, but the pollen wall developed and the exine appeared normal. The tapetum in the flight flowers degenerated at early stages. Ovules from STS-54 flight plants stopped growing and the integuments and nucellus collapsed and degenerated. The megasporocytes appeared abnormal and rarely underwent meiosis. Apparently they enlarged, or occasionally produced a dyad or tetrad, to assume the form of a female gametophyte with the single nucleus located in an egglike cell that lacks a cell wall. Synergids, polar nuclei, and antipodals were not observed. The results demonstrate the types of lesions occurring in plant reproductive material under spaceflight conditions.
Mss51p promotes mitochondrial Cox1p synthesis and interacts with newly synthesized Cox1p

The post-transcriptional role of Mss51p in mitochondrial gene expression is of great interest since MSS51 mutations suppress the respiratory defect caused by shy1 mutations. SHY1 is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of human SURF1, which when mutated causes a cytochrome oxidase assembly defect. We found that MSS51 is required for expression of the mitochondrial reporter gene ARG8m when it is inserted at the COX1 locus, but not when it is at COX2 or COX3. Unlike the COX1 mRNA-specific translational activator PET309, MSS51 has at least two targets in COX1 mRNA. MSS51 acts in the untranslated regions of the COX1 mRNA, since it was required to synthesize Arg8p when ARG8m completely replaced the COX1 codons. MSS51 also acts on a target specified by the COX1 coding region, since it was required to translate either COX1 or COX1:: ARG8m coding sequences from an ectopic COX2 locus. Mss51p was found to interact physically with newly synthesized Cox1p, suggesting that it could coordinate Cox1p synthesis with insertion into the inner membrane or cytochrome oxidase assembly.
Precision in neon ion energy loss measurements with a silicon surface barrier detector

Abstract Neon ions were accelerated to energies between 1.5 and 3.0 MeV. Pulse height distributions were measured with a silicon surface barrier detector both for directly incident ions and for ions transmitted through carbon foils. Detector line shapes are skewed with widths of about 100 keV (fwhm) and are not strongly dependent on energy or energy loss. The impact of line shapes on thickness resolution in energy-loss radiography is discussed. Information is developed for detector pulse height defect for neon ions and for neon ion stopping powers in carbon.
Superfluid turbulence from quantum Kelvin wave to classical Kolmogorov cascades.

The main topological feature of a superfluid is a quantum vortex with an identifiable inner and outer radius. A novel unitary quantum lattice gas algorithm is used to simulate quantum turbulence of a Bose-Einstein condensate superfluid described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation on grids up to ${5760}^{3}$. For the first time, an accurate power-law scaling for the quantum Kelvin wave cascade is determined: ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The incompressible kinetic energy spectrum exhibits very distinct power-law spectra in 3 ranges of $k$ space: a classical Kolmogorov ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}(5/3)}$ spectrum at scales greater than the outer radius of individual quantum vortex cores and a quantum Kelvin wave cascade spectrum ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ on scales smaller than the inner radius of the quantum vortex core. The ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ quantum Kelvin wave spectrum due to phonon radiation is robust, while the ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}(5/3)}$ classical Kolmogorov spectrum becomes robust on large grids.
Socioeconomic and Political Factors of Health Security and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean

This essay examines health security and insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region from a systemic perspective. It concentrates on the concepts of health system and health regime, d...
Modeling document structures in use: capturing reflections of user performance

As our ability to build document structures that support multiple audience adaptation and transformations for both device-oriented and task-specific purposes grows, technical communicators must once again look to our audience as the most important source of information about how to build dynamic information structures. We present an overview of the methods we have developed for modeling document structures by observing user performance. Included here are methodological reflections that explain the methods' roots in activity theory as well as examples of these methods taken from a pilot study that is currently in progress.
Tumor ablation at low frequencies for preferential tumor heating: Initial ex-vivo tissue studies

Purpose: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a common treatment modality for inoperable liver cancer. Several studies have demonstrated that significant differences exist between the electrical properties of tumor and normal tissue, especially at lower frequencies. In this study, we investigated in an ex vivo setting whether the use of lower frequencies during ablation results in preferential heating of tumor tissue.
Variable-rate contour-based interpolative vector quantization for image coding

In order to obtain perceptually enhanced interpolation, the authors propose a directional technique that follows edge contours to interpolate pixels along and near contours more accurately. This technique, referred to as variable rate contour based interpolative vector quantization (VQ), uses the directional information inherent in local gray level transitions and consists of an orientation estimator followed by directional interpolators. By combining a powerful VQ technique with decimation and directional interpolation, a very efficient image representation is obtained. An adaptive corrector stage using variable-rate VQ is added as a final stage of coding to improve the quality of the reconstructed image. Some relatively large amplitude errors tend to persist along image edges, and the adaptive scheme helps to correct the remaining errors in those regions selectively using an edge detector. Contour-based interpolative VQ yields fairly good reconstructed images at about 0.27 bit/pixel with a relatively simple vector coder structure. >
Quality Meets Quantity: Case Studies, Conditional Probability, and Counterfactuals

In contrast to statistical methods, a number of case study methods—collectively referred to as Mill’s methods, used by generations of social science researchers—only consider deterministic relationships. They do so to their detriment because heeding the basic lessons of statistical inference can prevent serious inferential errors. Of particular importance is the use of conditional probabilities to compare relevant counterfactuals. A prominent example of work using Mill’s methods is Theda Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions. Barbara Geddes’s widely assigned critique of Skocpol’s claim of a causal relationship between foreign threat and social revolution is valid if this relationship is considered to be deterministic. If, however, we interpret Skocpol’s hypothesized causal relationship to be probabilistic, Geddes’s data support Skocpol’s hypothesis. But Skocpol, unlike Geddes, failed to provide the data necessary to compare conditional probabilities. Also problematic for Skocpol is the fact that when one makes causal inferences, conditional probabilities are of interest only insofar as they provide information about relevant counterfactuals.
Effect of Sea Water on Polymeric Marine Composites

Moisture absorption in carbon fiber vinyl ester reinforced composite facings used for marine composite sandwich structures can be approximated by the Fickian diffusion model. Comparative study of water uptake for VARTM based polymer composites for exposure to tap, distilled, and sea water is presented. Evaluating moisture diffusion coefficient based on one-dimensional Fickian model usually involves errors resulting from large scatter of weight gain data at early times of exposure due to very small changes in moisture content of polymer composites. A novel measurement technique is proposed here for precisely measuring moisture absorption–desorption curves with improved precision to evaluate the diffusion coefficient. Mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite facings in terms of modulus and failure stress and associated degradation due to long-term sea water exposure are also summarized corresponding to different ply lay-up orientations. The matrix dominated lay-up orientations show considerable degradation in mechanical properties due to sea environment. Notably, tension–tension fatigue on matrix dominated composites after sea water saturation resulted in 30 % degradation of fatigue life.
POROSITY EVOLUTION OF FREE AND CONFINED BENTONITES DURING INTERLAYER HYDRATION

Methods for predicting the volume change and swelling-pressure behavior of expansive clays require detailed understanding of coupled interactions between clay microstructure and macrostructure under hydraulic, thermal, and mechanical loads. In this study a suite of water-vapor sorption experiments was conducted using compacted bentonites hydrated in controlled relative humidity (RH) environments maintained under free and constrained volume-change boundary conditions. Emphasis was placed on examining the influences of compaction and predominant exchange cation on the water uptake, volume change, and swelling pressure response. Densely compacted specimens exhibited greater volume changes under free swelling conditions and greater swelling pressures under fully confined conditions. Water uptake, volume change, and swelling pressure were all more significant for Colorado (Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ ) bentonite than for Wyoming (Na + ) bentonite. Plastic yielding, evident as a peak in the relationship between swelling pressure and RH, was more evident and occurred at lower RH for the Colorado bentonite. This observation was interpreted to reflect the limited capacity for interlayer swelling in Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ bentonites and corresponding structural collapse induced by the onset of water uptake in larger intra-aggregate and inter-aggregate pores. A semi-quantitative model for the evolution of clay microstructure resulting from interlayer hydration was considered to attribute the experimental observations to differences in the efficiency with which transitions in basal spacing translate to bulk volume changes and swelling pressure. Results provide additional insight and experimental evidence to more effectively model the mechanical behavior of compacted bentonites used as buffer or barrier materials in waste repository applications.
Quantitative assessment of apolipoprotein E genotypes by image analysis of PCR-RFLP fragments.

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping usually involves polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and assessment of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by gel electrophoresis. We made determination of HhaI restriction endonuclease digestive patterns more objective and improved diagnostic accuracy with a quantitative approach using sensitive DNA stain (SYBR Green) and image analysis of gel patterns. For distinguishing true and partially-digested restriction fragments, band ratios were calculated for the staining intensity of gel patterns from 116 sample runs of 63 human blood specimens. Each of these specimens was independently genotyped for APOE by at least two (and most of them by three) different PCR–RFLP methods. Based on the distribution of band ratios, decision levels were established and used for developing a program for computer-aided interpretation of APOE genotypes (Microsoft Excel software). Appropriateness of the decision levels for band ratios was validated by APOE genotyping of additional 61 specimens. The approach described here is applicable to a variety of other molecular diagnostic techniques that are based on PCR–RFLP or sequence-specific signal amplifications.
Synthesis of novel sulfenamide-containing β-Lactams

Abstract Novel sulfenamide-containing [3,2,0]bicyclic β-lactams, which are potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase, were prepared.
Energy, the Environment, and Economic Growth

Abstract The point of departure for the study of the impact of energy and environmental policies is the neoclassical theory of economic growth formulated by Cass (1965) and Koopmans (1967). The long-run properties of economic growth models are independent of energy and environmental policies. However, these policies affect capital accumulation and rates of productivity growth that determine the intermediate-run trends that are important for policy evaluation. Heterogeneity of different energy producers and consumers is critical for the evaluation of energy and environmental policies. To capture this heterogeneity it is necessary to distinguish among commodities, industries and households. Econometric methods are essential for summarizing information on different industries and consumer groups in a form suitable for general equilibrium modeling. In this chapter, we consider the application of econometric general equilibrium modeling to the US – the economy that has been studied most intensively. The framework for our analysis is provided by the Intertemporal General Equilibrium Model (IGEM) introduced by Jorgenson and Wilcoxen (1998). The new version of the IGEM presented in this paper is employed for the evaluation of proposed legislation on climate policy by the US Environmental Protection Agency (2012b).
The role of non-uniqueness in the development of vortex breakdown in tubes

Numerical solutions of viscous, swirling flows through circular pipes of constant radius and circular pipes with throats have been obtained. Solutions were computed for several values of vortex circulation, Reynolds number and throat/inlet area ratio, under the assumptions of steady flow, rotational symmetry and frictionless flow at the pipe wall. When the Reynolds number is sufficiently large, vortex breakdown occurs abruptly with increased circulation as a result of the existence of non-unique solutions. Solution paths for Reynolds numbers exceeding approximately 1000 are characterized by an ensemble of three inviscid flow types: columnar (for pipes of constant radius), soliton and wavetrain. Flows that are quasi-cylindrical and which do not exhibit vortex breakdown exist below a critical circulation, dependent on the Reynolds number and the throat/inlet area ratio. Wavetrain solutions are observed over a small range of circulation below the critical circulation, while above the critical value, wave solutions with large regions of reversed flow are found that are primarily solitary in nature. The quasi-cylindrical (QC) equations first fail near the critical value, in support of Hall's theory of vortex breakdown (1967). However, the QC equations are not found to be effective in predicting the spatial position of the breakdown structure.
Phase-sensitive optical amplifier

The application of Armstrong’s super-regenerative principle to a laser amplifier shows that it is possible to control the phase of even a low-gain He-Ne laser amplifier by injecting as few as four or five photons just after the laser is turned on and while it goes through threshold. Estimation of the uncertainties in determining the level of the injected signal and the phase of the laser output indicates that measurements approaching the limit ΔnΔϕ≅1/2 may be possible.
Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression

Background It is unclear whether low-carbohydrate, high-protein, weight-loss diets benefit body mass and composition beyond energy restriction alone. Objective The objective was to use meta-regression to determine the effects of variations in protein and carbohydrate intakes on body mass and composition during energy restriction. Design English-language studies with a dietary intervention of > or =4200 kJ/d (1000 kcal/d), with a duration of > or =4 wk, and conducted in subjects aged > or =19 y were considered eligible for inclusion. A self-reported intake in conjunction with a biological marker of macronutrient intake was required as a minimum level of dietary control. A total of 87 studies comprising 165 intervention groups met the inclusion criteria. Results After control for energy intake, diets consisting of 12 wk, these differences increased to 6.56 kg, 1.74 kg, 3.55%, and 5.57 kg, respectively. Protein intakes of >1.05 g/kg were associated with 0.60 kg additional fat-free mass retention compared with diets with protein intakes 12 wk, this difference increased to 1.21 kg. No significant effects of protein intake on loss of either body mass or fat mass were observed. Conclusion Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets favorably affect body mass and composition independent of energy intake, which in part supports the proposed metabolic advantage of these diets.
Newborn Screening Technology: Proceed With Caution

The American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) recommends a significant expansion in the number of conditions targeted by newborn screening (NBS) programs.1 In this commentary we advocate a more cautious approach. NBS dates to the early 1960s, when the technology developed to conduct large-scale testing on dried blood spots for phenylketonuria (PKU).2 PKU remains the paradigm condition for NBS because of features of the disease and its treatment, which are particularly advantageous to population screening. It is a condition that silently causes neurologic devastation but is amenable to early detection and effective prevention with a diet of moderate burden and complexity.3 Many children affected with PKU and their families have benefited from state screening programs over the past 4 decades because of collaboration between health departments, families, primary care providers, and metabolic specialists. However, PKU screening is not an unmitigated success.4,5 There was initial uncertainty about whether children with variant forms of hyperphenylalaninemia required treatment and about whether affected children require life-long dietary management.6 Indeed, some children with benign conditions were seriously harmed from unnecessary restrictions in their diets.5 In addition, long-term studies demonstrate decrements in cognitive function for affected children and adolescents who are not fully adherent to the diet,7,8 yet adherence to the diet is challenging because of its poor palatability, high cost, and limits on insurance coverage in many policies. Affected women who are off the diet are at high risk of bearing severely neurologically impaired children.9 Only recently have many programs begun tracking affected women to enable notification, education, and management. These difficulties by no means negate the value of NBS for PKU, but they highlight the problems with the successful implementation of a population-based screening program even when a model condition is targeted. … Address correspondence to Jeffrey R. Botkin, MD, MPH, Research Administration Building, 75 South 2000 East #108, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-8930. E-mail: jeffrey.botkin{at}hsc.utah.edu
Theory-motivated benchmark models and superpartners at the Fermilab Tevatron

Recently published benchmark models have contained rather heavy superpartners. To test the robustness of this result, several benchmark models have been constructed based on theoretically well-motivated approaches, particularly string-based ones. These include variations on anomaly- and gauge-mediated models, as well as gravity mediation. The resulting spectra often have light gauginos that are produced in significant quantities at the Fermilab Tevatron collider, or will be at a 500 GeV linear collider. The signatures also provide interesting challenges for the CERN LHC. In addition, these models are capable of accounting for electroweak symmetry breaking with less severe cancellations among soft supersymmetry breaking parameters than previous benchmark models.
A global road map is needed for vaccine research, development, and deployment.

The world is witnessing a tremendous interest in the discovery, development, and use of vaccines as an important contributor to disease prevention and control. However, current global vaccine efforts are not coordinated, and they face many challenges. One is scientific: Most vaccines in use today are based on the scientific knowledge of past centuries. To usher in a new era, there is an urgent need to draw upon new science and scientific disciplines and recruit a new generation of talent trained in the basic and computational sciences of the twenty-first century. In addition, a global road map is urgently needed for making the scientific discoveries necessary to produce new vaccines; developing these into effective vaccines; and drawing up priorities and undertaking the necessary planning for rolling out these vaccines in developing countries. The developing countries themselves must play the lead role in these activities and contribute their own resources as well. This article aims to initiate a wide-ran...
A Lutein-Enriched Diet Prevents Cholesterol Accumulation and Decreases Oxidized LDL and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Aorta of Guinea Pigs

Lutein has been shown to be protective against age-related macular degeneration; however, the antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects of this carotenoid in aortas are less known. Guinea pigs were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (0.25 g cholesterol/100 g) and randomly allocated to a control group (n = 9) or a lutein group (n = 10) (0.01 g/100 g lutein) [corrected] and fed the experimental diets for 12 wk. Plasma LDL cholesterol and TG did not differ between groups; however, the lutein group had lower concentrations of medium size LDL (P < 0.05). As expected, guinea pigs from the lutein group had higher concentrations of plasma and liver lutein than those from the control group (P < 0.0001). Aortic cholesterol and malondialdehyde concentrations were lower in the lutein group (9.6 ± 2.8 mmol/g and 1.69 ± 1.35 nmol/mg protein) compared to the control group (15.5 ± 2.3 mmol/g and 2.98 ± 1.45 nmol/mg protein) (P < 0.05). Hematoxilin and eosin staining indicated that aortas from the control group presented focal intimal thickening, whereas either less thickness or no visible thickness was present in aortas from the lutein group. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) was lower both in plasma and aorta in the lutein group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Aortic cytokines were also lower in the lutein group (P < 0.05). Plasma lutein and oxLDL (r = -0.79; P < 0.0001) and plasma lutein and aortic oxLDL (r = -0.64; P < 0.0001) were negatively correlated. These data suggest that lutein exerts potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects in aortic tissue that may protect against development of atherosclerosis in guinea pigs.
A Data-Driven Thermal Sensation Model Based Predictive Controller for Indoor Thermal Comfort and Energy Optimization

This paper proposes a model predictive controller (MPC) using a data-driven thermal sensation model for indoor thermal comfort and energy optimization. The uniqueness of this empirical thermal sensation model lies in that it uses feedback from occupants (occupant actual votes) to improve the accuracy of model prediction. We evaluated the performance of our controller by comparing it with other MPC controllers developed using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model as thermal comfort index. The simulation results demonstrate that in general our controller achieves a comparable level of energy consumption and comfort while eases the computation demand posed by using the PMV model in the MPC formulation. It is also worth pointing out that since we assume that our controller receives occupant feedback (votes) on thermal comfort, we do not need to monitor the parameters such as relative humidity, air velocity, mean radiant temperature and occupant clothing level changes which are necessary in the computation of PMV index. Furthermore simulations show that in cases where occupants’ actual sensation votes might deviate from the PMV predictions (i.e., a bias associated with PMV), our controller has the potential to outperform the PMV based MPC controller by providing a better indoor thermal comfort.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Understanding the Role of Enterprise Architecture towards Better Institutionalization

In order for a software system to be more beneficialto an organization, its services should be laid out in a carefulconsideration of the various constituents of the organization, orthe architecture of the organization. Here after enterprisearchitecture. A software system and the enterprise architecturethen ultimately help achieve the goals that the organizationhas, while helping to solve some critical problems theorganization might be faced with. In this paper, we present ourinitial understanding of the role of an enterprise architecturein relation to such goals and problems, as well as to therequirements on, and the specification of, a software system.Based on such understanding, we then present our preliminarywork on how to proceed towards institutionalizing anenterprise architecture for an organization, with an emphasison the high-level concerns that an enterprise architect shouldhave during the process of institutionalization.
Face emotion recognition is related to individual differences in psychosis-proneness

Background. Deficits in face emotion recognition (FER) in schizophrenia are well documented, and have been proposed as a potential intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia liability. However, research on the relationship between psychosis vulnerability and FER has mixed findings and methodological limitations. Moreover, no study has yet characterized the relationship between FER ability and level of psychosis-proneness. If FER ability varies continuously with psychosis-proneness, this suggests a relationship between FER and polygenic risk factors. Method. We tested two large internet samples to see whether psychometric psychosis-proneness, as measured by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), is related to differences in face emotion identification and discrimination or other face processing abilities. Results. Experiment 1 (n=2332) showed that psychosis-proneness predicts face emotion identification ability but not face gender identification ability. Experiment 2 (n=1514) demonstrated that psychosis-proneness also predicts performance on face emotion but not face identity discrimination. The tasks in Experiment 2 used identical stimuli and task parameters, differing only in emotion/identity judgment. Notably, the relationships demonstrated in Experiments 1 and 2 persisted even when individuals with the highest psychosis-proneness levels (the putative highrisk group) were excluded from analysis. Conclusions. Our data suggest that FER ability is related to individual differences in psychosis-like characteristics in the normal population, and that these differences cannot be accounted for by differences in face processing and/or visual perception. Our results suggest that FER may provide a useful candidate intermediate phenotype.
Nanoscale ensembles using building blocks inspired by the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site

Abstract The hydrogenase model [Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)2(CO)4]2− was employed as a molecular tecton for the construction of supramolecular aggregates. IR spectroscopy indicated that cyanide bridged aggregates are formed when [Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)2(CO)4]2− was treated with Lewis acids such as Zn(tetraphenylporphyrinate), [Cu(NCMe)(2,2′-bipyridine)]PF6 and [Cu(NCMe)4]PF6. Condensation of [Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)2(CO)4]2− with the tritopic Lewis acid [Cp∗Rh]2+ afforded the novel expanded tetrahedron cage, {[Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)2(CO)4]6[Cp∗Rh]4}4−. The tetrahedron cage was characterized crystallographically as the PPN salt.
Understanding high resolution space-time variability of rainfall in southwest Georgia, United States

Enhanced understanding of rainfall variability requires high resolution observations, yet most weather networks are unable to capture rainfall gradients that are important for modelling and decision-making. Using a network of 46 rain gauges over an area of 3100 km2 in southwest Georgia, this study evaluated different rainfall characteristics, including duration, intensity and correlation, and the impact of network density on spatially-aggregated rainfall. Distances among the observation locations ranged from 1 to 60 km, which makes the network significantly denser than most state-level weather networks in the United States. Results of the analysis of storm characteristics indicated that summer and winter portrayed the highest contrast. Most summer storms had an approximate duration of 1 h and were characterized by high rainfall intensities. Fall and spring appeared to exhibit a mix of characteristics from summer and winter. During the summer, rainfall occurrence at a location was quasi-independent of rainfall events at other locations in the study area while during the winter rainfall tended to occur or not occur over the whole study area simultaneously. During the summer, the correlation of rainfall amount was only high (0.90) in the immediate neighbourhood of the site considered (less than 3.3 km) while during the winter, this distance extended to approximately 8–18 km. To allow a coefficient of variability of 5% in the distribution of aggregate rainfall amount over the study area, the required network density sizes would be 16 gauges for summer and 4 gauges for winter, which translates into 5.2 gauges per 1000 km2 and 1.3 gauges per 1000 km2, respectively. These results provided insights into the characteristics and importance of rainfall variability at spatial resolutions ranging from local to regional. Results from this study may be applicable in the southeast United States and other areas with similar weather systems.
Temporal Trends in Survival Among Infants With Critical Congenital Heart Defects

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trends in survival for infants with critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) and to examine the potential impact of timing of diagnosis and other prognostic factors on survival. METHODS: We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study in infants born with structural congenital heart defects (CHDs) between 1979 and 2005 and ascertained by the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. We estimated Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities for 12 CCHD phenotypes by birth era and timing of diagnosis among infants without noncardiac defects or chromosomal disorders and used stratified Cox proportional hazards models to assess potential prognostic factors. RESULTS: Of 1 056 541 births, there were 6965 infants with CHDs (1830 with CCHDs). One-year survival was 75.2% for those with CCHDs ( n = 1336) vs 97.1% for those with noncritical CHDs ( n = 3530; P P n = 890) vs 82.5% for those with CCHDs diagnosed at >1 day of age ( n = 405; P CONCLUSIONS: One-year survival for infants with CCHDs has been improving over time, yet mortality remains high. Later diagnosis is associated with improved 1-year survival. These benchmark data and identified prognostic factors may aid future evaluations of the impact of pulse oximetry screening on survival from CCHDs.
Calcium as intracellular messenger in hormone action.

Over the past 15 years, our knowledge has grown in two related fields: cellular calcium metabolism and calcium as intracellular messengers (1,2). This knowledge presents us with an apparent paradox. On the one hand is the evidence that the cell has developed an elaborate set of mechanisms for keeping intracellular calcium constant, and on the other that the cell employs changes in cytosolic calcium ion concentration to convey information from its surface to its interior. The paradox is how it can accomplish the latter in the face of the former.
Babel Remote Method Invocation

Babel is a high-performance, n-way language interoperability tool for the HPC community that now includes support for distributed computing via remote method invocation (RMI). We describe the design and implementation of Babel RMI, including its specification in our scientific interface definition language (SIDL), modifications to Babel's code generators, and support for third-party wire protocols. Babel RMI's programming model consistency, functional capabilities, and runtime performance are compared in context with COM, CORBA, grid/Web services, and Java RMI, Babel RMI's current features and performance uniquely recommend it for "short-haul" distributed computing within a machine room or single cluster. We describe the experience of some early adopters who use Babel RMI to couple and coordinate multiple MPI jobs on a single cluster to perform multiscale material science calculations.
Precipitation Rate and Extinction in Falling Snow

Abstract Visible and infrared atmospheric transmittances measured through falling snow have shown a wavelength dependence in which extinction is greater for longer wavelengths. The diffraction component of the energy scattered by the snow crystals causes the spectral dependence because more diffracted energy is detected at shorter wavelengths. A spectral technique for the determination of airborne snow mass concentration and the precipitation rate of equivalent liquid water is proposed and tested. A measure of the particle size distribution obtained from the ratio of visible (0.55 μm) and infrared (10.6 μm) extinction coefficients is used to calculate composite particle fall velocity and effective extinction efficiency which in turn are used in computing mass concentration and precipitation rate. Calculations using this technique agree well with field measurements.
Armed Rebellion in Collapsed States

Standard theories of insurgency hold that marginalization from centers of power provide insurgents with social space to develop coherent organizational and ideological challenges to authority. Insurgents in recent cases of state collapse, however, do not develop ideological or organizational alternatives. This is due to the particular nature of state collapse, especially where rulers had used informal institutional networks to control populations. As formal bureaucratic institutions collapse, remnants of patronage networks coopt would-be ideological fighters. Strongmen use armed fighters to control fragments of the old patronage economy. This empowers enterprising fighters interested in personal wealth at the expense of ideologues. This dynamic is illustrated with reference to vigilante groups in Nigeria, especially the Bakassi Boys of Anambra State, which initially develop as anti-corruption and antiregime fighters, then become incorporated into the strategies of the politicians whom they fight. The course of internal warfare in Sierra Leone and former Yugoslavia provide further illustration of this process. Looting, banditry, greedy, self-interested warlords and well-heeled arms traffickers dominate images of warfare in places like Congo, Liberia, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Colombia and Chechnya. Recent international attention to the problem of “conflict diamonds”—gems that warring groups mine and then trade for arms—has brought this economic dimension of warfare to a broader audience. Even in Cote d’Ivoire, where mass protests in October 2000 were initially lauded in the international press as a sequel to Serbian democrats’ overthrow of Milosevic, closer examination reveals the considerable influence of elite factional struggles for power and control over patronage resources. That combatants fight for loot and personal profit in the midst of warfare is hardly new. What is new about post-cold war internal wars and rebellions, especially in Africa, is the extent to which economic interests appear to predominate, crowding out those who organize followers around ideologically motivated reform and revolutionary appeals. I argue that this is because these wars and rebellions constitute a special category of conflict. They are the consequence of the collapse of state institutions. This change in the nature of violence presents ideological leaders with much greater difficulties in organizing collective action. The failure of opposition groups to build alternative mass-based political movements or to develop indigenous strategies for addressing the pressures and chal
Identification of Abnormal Sites of Zn Transport and Metabolism in Patients with Sensory and Endocrine Disorders

Abnormal Zn metabolism is associated with several clinical disorders. To determine the role of Zn in these disorders it is necessary to first define the sites of abnormal Zn metabolism. Once these sites are defined the mechanisms involved may be determined and the metabolism of Zn then related to the disorder. To define sites where Zn metabolism is abnormal it is necessary to compare data from normal and abnormal states. A useful technique for comparing kinetic data is by mathematical modeling.
Days of rage: America’s radical underground, the FBI, and the forgotten age of revolutionary violence

In Days of Rage, Bryan Burrough brings together the story of a small collection of 1970s groups that considered revolutionary violence the only means toward changing a racist, imperialistic, and op...
Intestine-specific expression of MOGAT2 partially restores metabolic efficiency in Mogat2-deficient mice.

Acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) catalyzes the resynthesis of triacylglycerol, a crucial step in the absorption of dietary fat. Mice lacking the gene Mogat2, which codes for an MGAT highly expressed in the small intestine, are resistant to obesity and other metabolic disorders induced by high-fat feeding. Interestingly, these Mogat2−/− mice absorb normal amounts of dietary fat but exhibit a reduced rate of fat absorption, increased energy expenditure, decreased respiratory exchange ratio, and impaired metabolic efficiency. MGAT2 is expressed in tissues besides intestine. To test the hypothesis that intestinal MGAT2 enhances metabolic efficiency and promotes the storage of metabolic fuels, we introduced the human MOGAT2 gene driven by the intestine-specific villin promoter into Mogat2−/− mice. We found that the expression of MOGAT2 in the intestine increased intestinal MGAT activity, restored fat absorption rate, partially corrected energy expenditure, and promoted weight gain upon high-fat feeding. However, the changes in respiratory exchange ratio were not reverted, and the recoveries in metabolic efficiency and weight gain were incomplete. These data indicate that MGAT2 in the intestine plays an indispensable role in enhancing metabolic efficiency but also raise the possibility that MGAT2 in other tissues may contribute to the regulation of energy metabolism.
Experience in the Urologic Management of 120 Early Spinal Cord Injury Patients

AbstractMore than 120 patients with recent spinal cord injuries have been admitted to our hospital during the last 3 years. Intermittent catheterization has been the preliminary step in the urologic management of these patients. The transcutaneous suprapubic cystocath with intermittent aspiration of urine also has been used in 7 cases. A bladder outlet operation after 3 months was indicated 3 times more often in patients with complete than in those with incomplete neurologic lesions. Results and indications are discussed.
Behavioral Audiometry with Children

Our purpose in this discussion has been to present practical information about behavioral audiometry with infants and young children as a critical part of the comprehensive audiologic assessment. The introductory discussion focused on eight critical audiometric variables and the application of operant conditioning. These variables and operant principles were related to behavior observation audiometry, threshold audiometry (including play, visually reinforced and tangibly reinforced), and speech audiometry (including the speech awareness threshold, the speech reception threshold, and word discrimination). It is concluded that through careful application of these principles and procedures, meaningful audiometric data can be obtained from any child regardless of age or developmental disability.
Heterogeneity in Autonomic Arousal Level in Perseverative Worry: The Role of Cognitive Control and Verbal Thought.

One puzzle in high worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the heterogeneity in the level of autonomic arousal symptoms seen among affected individuals. While current models agree that worry persists, in part, because it fosters avoidance of unpleasant internal experiences, they disagree as to whether worry does so by suppressing activation of autonomic arousal or by fostering persistent autonomic hyperarousal. Our Cognitive Control Model predicts that which pattern of autonomic arousal occurs depends on whether or not a worrier has sufficient cognitive control capacity to worry primarily in a verbal versus imagery-based manner. Because this model has been supported by only one study to date, the present study sought to replicate and extend that study’s findings. Results from an online survey in an unselected sample of over 900 college students provide further support for our model’s central tenet and initial support for its prediction that higher effortful control is associated with a higher percentage of verbal thought during worry. Finally, we report tentative evidence that autonomic arousal symptoms in worry and GAD vary as a function of individual differences in cognitive control capacity because higher capacity is linked to a greater predominance of verbal thought during worry.