cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
δBAFF, an alternate splice isoform that regulates receptor binding and biopresentation of the B cell survival cytokine, BAFF

The tumor necrosis family member BAFF is limiting for the survival of follicular B lymphocytes, but excessive BAFF signaling can lead to autoimmunity, suggesting that its activity must be tightly regulated. We have identified a conserved alternate splice isoform of BAFF, called ΔBAFF, which lacks 57 nt encoding the A–A1 loop and is co-expressed with BAFF in many mouse and human myeloid cells. Mouse ΔBAFF appears on the plasma membrane, but unlike BAFF it is inefficiently released by proteolysis. ΔBAFF can associate with BAFF in heteromultimers and diminish BAFF bioactivity and release. Thus, alternative splicing of the BAFF gene suppresses BAFF B cell stimulatory function in several ways, and ΔBAFF may promote other functions as well.
A folded-diagram expansion of the model-space effective hamiltonian

Abstract A linked-diagram expansion for the model-space effective Hamiltonian is derived. This expansion which contains the folded diagrams is independent of the energy eigenvalue. Our result is generally in agreement with the expansion obtained earlier by Brandow, Morita and Oberlechner et al., but our method of derivation is different from theirs and is probably simpler. The properties of the model-space wave functions and their connection with the true eigen-functions are investigated. In particular, a linked-diagram expansion is obtained for the evaluation of the expectation value of a general operator with respect to the true eigenfunction. This expansion also contains the folded diagrams and is independent of the energy eigenvalues.
Comparison of neurobehavioral function in workers exposed to a mixture of organic and inorganic lead and in workers exposed to solvents

The neurobehavioral effects of lead (organic and inorganic) and organic solvents were compared in 386 U.S. workers (52 reference, 190 lead, and 144 solvent workers). The association between neurobehavioral test performance and duration of exposure to lead or solvents was also examined and compared. The neurobehavioral test battery consisted of examiner and computer-administered neurobehavioral tests, a test of olfactory function, and questionnaires that assessed neuropsychiatric symptoms. Adjusted mean differences on the neurobehavioral test scores were estimated by comparing the exposed group to the referent group using linear regression and adjusting for premorbid intellectual ability, age, and race. Both lead and solvents were associated with diminished neurobehavioral performance in all neurobehavioral areas tested. Specifically, while lead and solvent exposure had the same magnitude of adverse effects on tests of manual dexterity, lead exposure was associated with greater adverse effects on memory and learning tests but with less adverse effects on executive/motor tests and on a test of olfaction than solvent exposure. An elevated number of neuropsychiatric symptoms was reported by 7% of the referent group, 43% of the lead group, and 15% of the solvent group. For exposure duration of ⩾10 years, more neurobehavioral decrements were found in the solvent group relative to the lead group. However, for exposure duration of ⩽18 years, the lead group showed more decrements than the solvent group. Overall, these data suggest differences in neurobehavioral functioning between the lead (organic and inorganic) and solvent exposed workers examined in this study.
Numerical Study of the Effects of Upstream Flow Condition Upon Orifice Flow Meter Performance

Recent experimental work has shown that when the mean velocity profile upstream of an orifice plate has a deficit on the centerline and higher velocities at the outer edges of the pipe, the pressure drop across the orifice is greater than if the flow upstream is fully developed. It is proposed that this increase in [Delta]P is directly correlated with the radial distribution of momentum upstream of the orifice plate. In an effort to investigate how the upstream flow condition affects the pressure distribution along the pipe wall and to determine if the hypothesis is correct, Creare.X Inc. 's FLUENT numerical analysis program was used to simulate the effects. Two [beta] ratios (0.50 and 0.75) have been considered with various mean velocity inlet profiles. Inlet profiles include the 1/16th, 1/7th, 1/8th, 1/9th and 1/10th power law power law, uniform flow, and two linear distributions. The results indicate that there is a correlation between the second and third-order moments of momentum and the value of the discharge coefficient. This empirical correlation, after being fully verified by experimental data, can be used to estimate the change in the coefficient of discharge given the inlet velocity profile.
Effect of lexical status on children's and adults' perception of native and non-native vowels

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify possible age-related changes in vowel perception and to assess lexical influences on both children's and adults' perception. More specifically, we sought to evaluate two proposals regarding the development of speech categories — namely, the category expansion and category definition hypotheses (e.g., Flege, 1992). In Experiment 1, 5-yr-old, 9-yr-old and adult monolingual, native speakers of English identified vowels from two synthetic continua in the nonword context /h_b/. Vowels on the “native” continuum ranged from English /I/ to /i/; those on the “foreign” continuum ranged from English /I/ to an unfamilar, foreign vowel /Y/. Young children's phoneme boundary extended further away from the /I/ endpoint on the foreign continuum than did older children's and adults' — a result opposite to that predicted by the category expansion hypothesis. However, in support of the category definition hypothesis, an age-related increase in the slopes of subjects' identification functions was observed, especially for the native continuum. In Experiment 2, the same vowel stimuli were presented in the contexts /b_b/ and /b_p/ to 5-yr-olds, 9-yr-olds and adults; thus, one endpoint for the native /I–i/ continua always formed a word (viz, “bib” or “beep”), whereas, for the foreign /I–Y/ continua, the only word endpoint was “bib”. It was again found that young children's phoneme boundary extended further away from the /I/ endpoint, when this vowel was not bounded by another native vowel. In addition, the slopes of their identification functions were steeper, and thus more like those of older listeners, especially when the endpoint stimuli were real words. The results suggest that despite similarities in the extent of native vowel categories for young and older listeners, young children's categories are still quite flexible. Moreover, developmental differences in how sharply defined category boundaries are may depend, in part, on variations in lexical knowledge.
PVT-and-aging adaptive wordline boosting for 8T SRAM power reduction

8T SRAM cell (Fig. 19.6.1) is commonly used in single-VCC microprocessor core for its performance critical low-level caches and multi-ported register-file arrays [1]. 8T cell offers fast read (RD) and write (WR), dual-port capability, and generally lower minimum V cc (or V MIN ) than the 6T cell. By using a decoupled single-ended RD port with domino-style hierarchical RD bit-line, 8T cell features fast RD evaluation path without causing access disturbance that limits RD V MIN in the 6T cell. Using the 8T cell in a half-select-free architecture eliminates pseudo-reads during partial writes, hence enabling WR V MIN optimization independent of RD.
Carbohydrate dehydration using porous catalysts

Sugar dehydration is an effective way to deoxygenate biomass for the production of renewable chemicals and fuels. This chemistry typically happens using inorganic acids that impose major environmental burdens. We review the use of heterogeneous microporous and mesoporous catalysts for this chemistry and the key attributes of such materials, that is, the ratio of Bronsted to Lewis acid sites, mesoporosity, and hydrophobicity. While some of these materials, especially those combining microporosity and mesoporosity, show promising results for biomass processing in aqueous environment, there is a clear lack of fundamental understanding that severely limits their commercial use for these reactions. Potential barriers that need to be overcome for the use of heterogeneous acid catalysts are discussed.
Comparison of some inverse heat conduction methods using experimental data

Abstract This paper compares several methods of finding the surface heat flux using transient temperature measurements inside a heat-conducting body. Experimental data is used with a known heat flux history. The methods include function specification with several future approximations, Tikhonov regularization, iterative regularization and specified functions over large time regions with Green's functions. The first three methods are used with the residual principle and the results are quite similar. If the heat flux has a simple time variation over large time regions, taking advantage of that feature can improve the results, as shown by the Green's function analysis.
Addiction to secobarbital and chlordiazepoxide in the rhesus monkey by means of a self-infusion preference procedure.

Monkeys were exposed to a 24 h continuous experimental procedure which provided a periodic forced choice between the self-infusion of secobarbital versus saline. Preference for secobarbital over saline was readily obtained using choice trials programmed approximately every 2 h at a dose of 9 mg/kg of secobarbital per infusion. Preference for self-infusion of chlordiazepoxide over saline was obtained using choice trials every 3 h, and a dose on the order of 1 mg/kg per infusion. In a subsequent experiment, two of the animals addicted to chlordiazepoxide were given a choice every 3 h between an infusion of chlordiazepoxide or secobarbital. Following a period of intake of both drugs, a gradual shift in preference from chlordiazepoxide to secobarbital was observed over a period of some 60 days. In general, this preference procedure provides a flexible technique with several dependent measures for single or multiple drug addiction studies.
The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership ‐ By Linda Bosniak

The article reviews the book "The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership," by Linda Bosniak.
Signal transduction and gene expression in the eye: A contemporary view of the pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and modulatory roles of prostaglandins and other bioactive lipids

Eye tissues respond to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli by the activation of phospholipases and the consequent release from membrane phospholipids of biologically active metabolites. These rapid events have profound effects on long-term ocular physiology. Activation of phospholipase A2 is the first step in the synthesis of two important classes of lipid second messengers, the eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor (PAF). PAF accumulates in the cornea in response to injury. It has been shown to stimulate metalloproteinase gene expression in the corneal epithelium, and is, thus, implicated in the extracellular matrix remodeling that accompanies wound healing and ulceration. PAF antagonists confer protection in animal models of acute and chronic anterior segment inflammation, and block the PAF-enhanced glutamate release from retina. The latter effect suggests a role for PAF in glaucomatous neuronal damage. The eicosanoids, in particular the prostaglandins, have long been implicated in the pathophysiology of ocular inflammation and there is pharmacological evidence for their role in the regulation of intraocular pressure. The induction by PAF of the inducible prostaglandin synthase in neurons and in the corneal epithelium provides a link between the actions of these two lipid second messengers. There may be thresholds of lipid second messenger concentrations which govern their activities as physiological, defensive, or harmful.
Regenerative Therapy and Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of the Interaction Between Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Breast Cancer Cells from Clinical Isolates

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been proposed to stabilize autologous fat grafts for regenerative therapy, but their safety is unknown in the setting of reconstructive surgery after mastectomy. Both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and ASC have been shown to enhance tumorigenesis of established breast cancer cell lines, but primary patient material has not been tested. Here, we ask whether ASC promote the in vitro growth and in vivo tumorigenesis of metastatic breast cancer clinical isolates. Metastatic pleural effusion (MPE) cells were used for coculture experiments. ASC enhanced the proliferation of MPE cells in vitro (5.1-fold). For xenograft experiments (100 sorted cells/injection site), nonhematopoietic MPE cells were sorted into resting and active populations: CD90+ resting (low scatter, 2.1%≥2N DNA), CD90+ active (high scatter, 10.6%≥2N DNA), and CD90-. Resting CD90+ MPE cells were tumorigenic in 4/40 sites but growth was not augmented by ASC. Active CD90+ MPE cells were tumorigenic (17/40 sites) only when coinjected with ASC (p=0.0005, χ2 test). The multilineage potentiality and MSC-like immunophenotype of ASC were confirmed by flow cytometry, differentiation cultures, and immunostaining. The secretome profile of ASC resembled that reported for MSC, but included adipose-associated adipsin and the hormone leptin, shown to promote breast cancer growth. Our data indicate that ASC enhance the growth of active, but not resting tumor cells. Thus, reconstructive therapy utilizing ASC-augmented whole fat should be postponed until there is no evidence of active disease.
Fruit Quality at Harvest of “Jonathan” Apple Treated with Foliarly-Applied Calcium Chloride

Abstract The response of “Jonathan” apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grafted on EMLA 111 to frequent application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) was studied at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, Kansas, orchards in 2002. Trees were sprayed one to eight times with foliar applications of calcium chloride at the rate of 8.971 kg ha−1. First spray was made when fruits were 1.4, 0.9, and 1.6 cm diameter at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, respectively. More than six applications of CaCl2 improved fruit quality at harvest. Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents. Although CaCl2 applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids, the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl2 application. Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl2 applications. No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl2 application wer...
Reinstatement of synaptic connectivity in the striatum of weaver mutant mice following transplantation of ventral mesencephalic anlagen.

Ventral mesencephalic anlagen survive following grafting to the striatum of weaver mutant mice and reinnervate the dopamine-depleted basal ganglia of the recipients. The aim of the present study was to examine the pattern of connectivity established by graft-deriving dopamine afferents in the host striatum. Grafts were obtained from normal embryos at a gestational age of 14–15 days and implanted into a surgical cavity overlying the dorsal striatum of adult weaver recipients. Tissue was processed for electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using a primary antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase. At the time of examination, recipient weaver mutants were 8.5 months old and the grafts had survived for 4.5 months. Grafts were found to contain an estimated 100–1000 tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibres, displaying characteristic varicosities, innervated the dorsal striatum to a depth of 1000 µm. In the non-grafted striatum, 8% of the contacts of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve terminals were junctional. That proportion contrasted with the corresponding value of normal animals, which is 27%. In the grafted striatum, 29% of the contacts were junctional. That percentage approximated the value found in normal animals. By applying a stereological correction, it can be estimated from those numbers that thetrue proportion of junctional contacts in the non-grafted striatum of 8.5-month-old mutants may be 26%, whereas that in the grafted side may be 91%, which is close to the normal situation. The majority of contacts in the reinnervated striatum (84%) were made with dendrites and spines. However, the proportion of total axosomatic contacts in the reinnervated striatum was twice as high as that found in the striatum of normal animals, and the proportion of junctional synapses was three times higher than that found normally.
Implementation and evaluation of a docking‐rescoring method using molecular footprint comparisons

A docking-rescoring method, based on per-residue van der Waals (VDW), electrostatic (ES), or hydrogen bond (HB) energies has been developed to aid discovery of ligands that have interaction signatures with a target (footprints) similar to that of a reference. Biologically useful references could include known drugs, inhibitors, substrates, transition states, or side-chains that mediate protein-protein interactions. Termed footprint similarity (FPS) score, the method, as implemented in the program DOCK, was validated and characterized using: (1) pose identification, (2) crossdocking, (3) enrichment, and (4) virtual screening. Improvements in pose identification (6–12%) were obtained using footprint-based (FPSVDW+ES) vs. standard DOCK (DCEVDW+ES) scoring as evaluated on three large datasets (680–775 systems) from the SB2010 database. Enhanced pose identification was also observed using FPS (45.4% or 70.9%) compared with DCE (17.8%) methods to rank challenging crossdocking ensembles from carbonic anhydrase. Enrichment tests, for three representative systems, revealed FPSVDW+ES scoring yields significant early fold enrichment in the top 10% of ranked databases. For EGFR, top FPS poses are nicely accommodated in the molecular envelope defined by the reference in comparison with DCE, which yields distinct molecular weight bias toward larger molecules. Results from a representative virtual screen of ca. 1 million compounds additionally illustrate how ligands with footprints similar to a known inhibitor can readily be identified from within large commercially available databases. By providing an alternative way to rank ligand poses in a simple yet directed manner we anticipate that FPS scoring will be a useful tool for docking and structure-based design. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
UV Generation Using Multiwave Raman Mixing In H 2 With Single-Frequency Lasers

UV generation using multiwave Raman mixing in Hz has been investigated using a single-frequency YAG laser system. We report energy conversion efficiencies to the backward 1st Stokes at 683 nm and the 8th anti-Stokes (AS) wave at 192 nm starting with doubled-YAG at 532 nm as the pump laser source. We also report on spectral broadening of the 2nd AS radiation at 226 nm by more than 10 x the Fourier-transform limit of the pump laser. The results indicate that the broadening mechanism is primarily due to the AC Stark shift of the Q(1) Raman transition in H 2 . We present calculations of the AC Stark shift and the Raman Rabi frequency using ab initio calculations of the polarizabilites. These experiments illustrate the new information that can be obtained when experiments are performed using single-frequency lasers.
Focus Group Discussions in Community-Based Participatory Research to Inform the Development of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Educational Intervention for Latinas in San Diego

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of formative focus groups as a community-based participatory research (CBPR) method in developing cancer education programs. Two focus groups were conducted according to CBPR principles, in order to develop a community-competent human papillomavirus (HPV)/cervical cancer educational program for Latinas living in the USA/Mexico border region. Focus group participants were 18 female Mexican American community health advisors. Participants reported that there is limited information and many myths about HPV and the vaccine in the Latino/Latina community, along with many barriers to acceptance of HPV/cervical cancer-related information. Furthermore, participants discussed their recommendations for the development of a culturally appropriate HPV educational program. From these data, we have a better understanding of the HPV/cervical cancer educational approach that will be most accepted in the community and what key information needs to be provided to women who participate in the program, which reinforces the importance of the CBPR approach to the formative phase of cancer education program development.
On the development of functionals which satisfy a maximum principle

We present a systematic method for constructing functions, defined on the solutions of a higher order differential equationor weakly coupled system of differential equations, which satisfy a maximum principle. The construction is related to the construction of Lyapunov functions and to the theory of invariant sets. One can obtain various consequences from the resulting principle, such as a priori estimates, uniqueness of solutions, and comparison theorems
Evidence-based orthopaedics or ‘superstition in the pigeon’

Pigeon behavioural conditioning methods are similar to the processes that orthopaedic surgeons use to evaluate new surgical procedures. Alternatively, evidence-based orthopaedics is a tool for surgeons to evaluate procedures in a systematic, patient-centred way that is less instinctive than pigeon behaviour. The objective of this article is to describe evidence-based orthopaedics, and then propose changes to surgical culture with the aim of refining the interpretation of the current literature and improving the quality of future research. The proposals are ‘institutional’ changes rather than calls for increased funding and more randomised controlled trials.
Tumour Necrosis Factor‐β Modulates Human Neutrophil‐Mediated Cartilage Damage

Human neutrophils, when cultured with human articular cartilage coated with heat-aggregated immunoglobulin G, degraded proteoglycan and inhibited its synthesis. Neutrophil-mediated degradation of cartilage was potentiated by recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-beta (TNF beta), although TNF beta alone did not alter proteoglycan degradation. This effect was seen when TNF beta, neutrophils, and cartilage were incubated together, and also when neutrophils were preincubated with TNF beta and washed before being added to cartilage. Similar results were obtained with living and killed cartilage. In contrast, pretreatment of neutrophils with TNF beta abrogated the neutrophil-mediated inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis. There was no effect of TNF beta alone on synthesis of proteoglycan.
Analysis of the relationships of environmental factors with seed oil and fatty acid concentrations of wild annual sunflower

Abstract Seed oil and fatty acid concentrations of wild annual sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) seed vary greatly depending on the environmental conditions during development. Previous research has shown seed oil and fatty acid concentrations' response to temperature has been variable in wild and cultivated sunflower. The objective of the present study was to examine environmental factors, specifically temperature (maximum and minimum), total solar radiation and daylength for their direct and indirect effects on seed oil and fatty acid concentrations in seed oil of wild annual and cultivated sunflower using correlation and path-coefficient analyses. Ten populations of wild annual sunflower indigenous to areas from 29° to 46° N Lat. and 81° to 122° W Long. were grown in a randomized block design with three replications on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) soils in 1980 and 1981. Three heads per genotype at early anthesis were sibbed or interpollinated at six different dates, and mature seeds were collected 28 days after sibbing for determination of seed oil and fatty acid concentrations. Hybrid ‘894’ was grown as a check for comparisons. Path-coefficient analyses indicated that minimum temperature and total solar radiation have the greatest direct effect on seed oil concentration in wild annual sunflower, though the influence was very low. In the cultivated hybrid, minimum temperature and daylength had the highest direct effect on seed oil concentration. Path-coefficient analyses also indicated that minimum temperature and solar radiation had the primary influence on oleic acid concentration in the wild and cultivated sunflower, with maximum temperature being less important. Linoleic acid concentration was primarily influenced (negatively) by minimum temperature and solar radiation as indicated by path-coefficient analyses in the wild and cultivated sunflower. The highest indirect effects of other environmental factors on fatty acid concentrations in the wild and cultivated sunflower were via minimum temperature followed by total solar radiation. There was a strong negative relation between linoleic and oleic fatty acid concentrations in the study. Path-coefficient analyses indicated that the wild annual sunflower reacted similarly to the cultivated sunflower to the environmental factors examined. This information will be useful to sunflower plant breeders when they incorporate the wild germplasm into commercial sunflower breeding lines.
Oversampled pipeline A/D converters with mismatch shaping

This paper presents a pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with improved linearity. The linearity improvement is achieved through a combination of oversampling and mismatch shaping, which modulates the distortion energy out of band. Mismatch shaping can be realized in a traditional 1-bit/stage pipeline ADC, but the ADCs transfer characteristic properties limit its effectiveness at pushing the distortion out of band. These limitations can be alleviated by using a 1-bit/stage commutative feedback capacitor switching pipeline design. A test chip was fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process to demonstrate mismatch shaping. Experimental results obtained indicate that the spurious-free dynamic range improves by 8.5 dB to 76 dB when mismatch shaping is used at an oversampling ratio of 4 and a sampling rate of 61 MHz. The signal-to-noise and distortion ratio improves by 3 dB and the maximum integral nonlinearity decreases from 1.8 to 0.6 LSB at the 12-bit level.
Comparison of the Monte Carlo estimation of surface electrostatic potential at the hematite (0 0 0 1)/electrolyte interface with the experiment

Abstract The Monte Carlo simulations of the surface electrostatic potential are presented for the hematite (0 0 0 1) crystal plane. According to the ab initio calculations, the Fe-terminated (0 0 0 1) plane contains only one type of surface groups. The charge of this surface group is predicted using quantum population analyses, and the result is very close to this of the 1-pK model assumption. The surface topology and topography were constructed using the relaxed crystal plane structure. The Monte Carlo simulations for the reduced (including only hydrogen ions) and the extended (containing also electrolyte) models give the linear non-Nernstian pH-profile of surface potential. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental measurements carried out by Kallay et al. [N. Kallay, Z. Dojnovic, A. Cop, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 286 (2005) 610–614.] in the point of zero charge vicinity. This suggests that in this pH-region the surface properties are basically governed by the H+ ions uptake/release and the electrolyte ions complexations. The discrepancy for strongly acidic and basic regions suggests that some additional processes take place in the single-crystal electrode measurement, which results in the non-linear ψ 0 = f ( pH ) profile.
Pathology: whales, sonar and decompression sickness.

Arising from: Jepson, P. D. et al. Nature 425, 575–576 (2003); Jepson replies We do not yet know why whales occasionally strand after sonar has been deployed nearby, but such information is important for both naval undersea activities and the protection of marine mammals. Jepson et al. suggest that a peculiar gas-forming disease afflicting some stranded cetaceans could be a type of decompression sickness (DCS) resulting from exposure to mid-range sonar1. However, neither decompression theory nor observation support the existence of a naturally occurring DCS in whales that is characterized by encapsulated, gas-filled cavities in the liver. Although gas-bubble formation may be aggravated by acoustic energy, more rigorous investigation is needed before sonar can be firmly linked to bubble formation in whales.
Pressure Dependence of Elastic Constants of Cesium Halides

The single crystal elastic constants of CsCl, CsBr, and CsI have been measured at 13 °C as a function of hydrostatic pressure. The maximum pressure ranged from 2.3 to 6 kbar but was extended up to 10 kbar for two runs. The pressure dependence of the elastic constants was found to be linear within experimental error. The experimental results are compared with theoretical data by Nran'yan and Ghate. Also, the stability of the cesium chloride structure under pressure is discussed. Die elastischen Konstanten von CsCl-, CsBr- und CsI-Einkristallen wurden bei 13 °C in Abhangigkeit vom hydrostatischen Druck gemessen. Der Hochstdruck lag zwischen 2, 3 und 6 kbar und wurde fur zwei Versuchsreihen auf 10 kbar erhoht. Innerhalb der Mes-genauigkeit wurde eine lineare Druckabhangigkeit der elastischen Konstanten gefunden. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit theoretischen Daten von Nran'yan und Ghate verglichen. Der Druckeinflus auf die Stabiliat der CsCl-Struktur wird diskutiert.
A modular framework for clinical decision support systems: medical device plug-and-play is critical

This paper describes the design and initial implementation of a modular framework for Clinical Decision Support Systems and highlights the need for medical device plug-and-play standards. The software handles the tasks of data acquisition and validation, visualization, and treatment management in order to enable the development of protocol guideline modules as "plug-ins" to the framework. The system utilizes an asynchronous data-driven design to support real-time information flow and user interaction. All components of the framework are modular and easily extendible, allowing for new data sources, visualization methods, and protocols to be inserted. The system is configured by assigning each protocol a manager that handles decision communication with the rest of the framework. A set of classes has been created to allow communication between the different modules along with persistence of all data, decisions, and treatments to a database. The initial prototype is a Clinical Decision Support System focusing on the treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury.
Healthcare Utilization and Indirect Burden among Families of Pediatric Patients with Chronic Pain

Objectives: Chronic pain is associated with substantial direct and indirect costs in adulthood. Chronic pain problems are also common in childhood, but little is known about the costs of pediatric chronic pain and its treatment. The objectives of this study were to examine and describe healthcare utilization and indirect burden among pediatric chronic pain patients and their families.Methods: Participants were parents of 75 pediatric patients with daily or almost daily pain for at least three months, seen at a multidisciplinary pediatric pain outpatient clinic. Information about healthcare use and indirect familial burden was obtained during a semi-structured interview at the patients* first visit to the pain clinic. A financial analyst extracted cost data regarding hospital charges. To assess change over time, the same information was gathered from parents and the hospital financial analyst six months after their initial visit.Results: Parents reported numerous healthcare visits related to their child's ...
Phases in group development: The negative evidence.

Evidence contrary to the widely held view that groups move through discernible developmental phases is analyzed in detail. Definitional issues relating to "phases in group development " and "group ...
William Henley: Imagination without discipline

William Henley (1813-1882), electrical instrument maker and cable manufacturer, inventor and entrepreneur was a man of immense energy and self-confidence and played an important role in the early development of the electrical-engineering industry. We can learn a great deal from him: especially how not to run an engineering company
Special talk 2: Microwave based systems for imaging tissue

The talk will present a novel system which employs an alternate approach to imaging tissues. Conventional tomographic reconstruction systems (catscan) have traditionally employed x-rays to obtain 3D images of tissues. The use of x-rays assures excellent resolution and penetration characteristics. The disadvantages of using x-rays include the ionizing nature of the radiation employed for imaging as well the relatively low contrast obtained between healthy and cancerous tissue. A number of studies carried over the past several years have shown that the significant differences in the electrical properties associated with certain types of malignant tumors and normal tissue can be exploited as a basis for imaging tissue. The differences in electrical properties can also be utilized to selectively focus microwaves on the malignant tissue to raise its temperature as part of a hyperthermia treatment protocol, or possibly even to induce necrosis of the tissue. Most tomographic reconstruction systems also involve measurement of a series of projections obtained by rotating a source-detector pair around the patient. This requires the patient to be confined inside a tube during the scanning process. Confinement within a tube can sometimes be a challenge when the patient is too young or is claustrophobic. This talk will present a novel system which avoids the use of the traditional rotational scanning scheme and utilizes, instead, a set of electronically programmable mirrors to deflect microwaves. Microwaves deflected by the mirrors and scattered by the tissue are measured and processed to obtain a 3D image reconstruction of the tissue. The same system can be employed to as a therapy tool where the mirrors can be programmed to focus microwaves on the cancerous tissue to elevate it temperature. The talk will describe the system integration issues associated with a prototype system that is being built to validate the concept.
POVERTY POISONS THE BRAIN

The concept of “poverty poisons the brain” has become a major area of research in neuroscience and the health sciences, and an increasingly utilized metaphor to argue for the importance of addressing inequality and poverty in the United States. This article systematically presents the research behind poverty poisons the brain, which includes the impact of socioeconomic status on human development, the developmental models used to understand how poverty impacts children, and the proximate social factors and brain mechanisms that represent the core causal model behind this research. This overview examines the uses of this research for neuroanthropology, highlighting the impact of inequality and how experience becomes embodied. Nevertheless, a simplistic cause–effect approach and the reduction of the social to the biological often hamper this type of research. A critical approach to how poverty poisons the brain provides the basis for making the shift to a more robust neuroanthropological approach to poverty. Neuroanthropology can utilize social embodiment, the dynamics of stress, and the production of inequality to transform research on poverty and children, and to make policy recommendations, do applied research, and craft and test interventions to deal with the pernicious impact of poverty.
Plasma expansion characteristics of ionized clouds in the ionosphere: Macroscopic formulation

A macroscopic plasma expansion model, based on a numerical solution of the type-dependent nonlinear coupled continuity and momentum equations for background O(+) ions and several released ion species, was used to examine plasma expansion characteristics of ionized clouds in the ionosphere. Information is obtained on Ba(+), Li(+), and Ba(+) - Li(+) clouds; different cloud sizes (Gaussian half widths of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 km); cloud/background ion density ratios covering two orders of magnitude; electron/ion temperature ratios of 1, 5, and 10; and several cloud-background relative velocities along B (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 km/sec). The macroscopic expansion features obtained were found to be in general agreement with those obtained from the small-scale numerical simulations.
An Indirect Chaotropic Mechanism for the Stabilization of Helix Conformation of Peptides in Aqueous Trifluoroethanol and Hexafluoro-2-propanol

A revised indirect mechanism is proposed for the effect of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol on peptide conformation (TFE effect) that suggests tighter solvent shells in pure water for helical states than random coil states. The alcoholic cosolvent stabilizes the helical state preferentially by disrupting the solvent shell, which causes unfavorable enthalpic and favorable entropic contributions to the free energy of helix formation. This revised mechanism was adopted because it best explained the solvent-dependent thermodynamic behavior of the coil/helix transition. To define the TFE effect, solvent-dependent physicochemical behaviors of two molecular probes for solvent character were monitored and compared with the solvent dependence of peptide helix formation. The rate of decarboxylation of 6-nitro-3-carboxybenzisoxazole was determined in aqueous mixtures as a function of concentration for DMSO, EtOH, MeOH, iPrOH, HFIP, and TFE. To relate these rate studies to the cosolvent-dependent thermodynamics of helix format...
Afterword to “Cruelty, Suffering, Imagination: The Lessons of J. M. Coetzee”: Anthropologists as Public Intellectuals, Again

Anthropologists' interest in literature and novelists' interest in cultural criticism converge in J. M. Coetzee's Elizabeth Costello (2003) and in these four “In Focus” responses to the book. Recent discussions of ethnographic writing seem to have prepared anthropologists for the generic innovations of the novel, leaving us free to take up the pressing moral problems that Coetzee rehearses. To speak to a broad public about such issues remains a challenge for anthropologists, who would do well to study the ways novelists have found to make their political voices heard.
Effects of Individual Optimization in Setting the Boundaries of Dichotomous Items on Accuracy of Estimation

Applying the normal ogive model of latent trait theory, two sets of data, simulated and empirical, were analyzed. The objective was to determine how much accuracy of estimation of the subjects' latent ability can be maintained by tailoring for each testee the order of presentation of the items and the border of dichotomization for each item. This was compared to the information provided by the ori ginal graded test items. Results indicated that tailored testing is promising especially when the number of items is not too small, and that a graded item can effectively be used as the initial item in tailored testing because of its branching effect.
Postnatal migration of neurons and formation of laminae in rat cerebral cortex

Migration of neurons and formation of laminae in the developing neocortex were studied by means of thymidine autoradiography. Timed pregnant rats received a single pulse injection of [3H]thymidine in the morning of embryonic day (E)13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19. Pups were killed on postnatal day (P)0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 30, or 60 and brains were processed for autoradiography. Neurons in posterior (visual) cortical areas labeled by [3H]thymidine administration on E13 or E14 were found predominantly in the cortical subplate; cells labeled on El5 in layer VI; cells labeled on E16 in layers VI and V, cells labeled on El7 in layers V and IV; E18 in layers IV and III; and E19 in layers III and II. By the day of birth (PO), neurons labeled from E13-16 injections were already in their mature laminae in cortex. Many of the cells labeled on E17 were still situated within the cell-dense cortical plate (CP) at PO, and within layer V by P1. Cells labeled on E18 were found in the most superficial part of the CP on PO, in the deep part of the CP on P1, and formed layer IV on P2 and P3. At PO, many E19 labeled cells appeared to be in migration to the cortex and were found in the CP on P1, in layer III by P4, and in layer II by P6. Cells in the auditory cortex labeled by [3H]thymidine injections on a particular day were situated more superficially than comparable labeled cells in the visual cortex, indicating a lateral to medial gradient in which the auditory cortex is formed earlier than the visual cortex. Distributions of labeled cells in the somatosensory cortex were similar to those in the visual cortex. These data provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the position of varied populations of cortical neurons during the early postnatal period, as well as a description of the formation of cortical laminae at times when major systems of afferents are growing into the cortex and making synaptic connections with their target cells.
Angular distribution of thick-target bremsstrahlung produced by electrons with initial energies ranging from 10 to 20 keV incident on Ag

Experimental results are presented comparing the intensities of the bremsstrahlung produced by electrons with initial energies ranging from 10 to 20 keV incident on a thick Ag target, measured at forward angles in the range of 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 55\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. When the data are corrected for attenuation due to photon absorption within the target, the results indicate that the detected radiation is distributed anisotropically only at photon energies $k$ that are approximately equal to the initial energy of the incident electrons ${E}_{0}$. The results of our experiments suggest that, as $k$/${E}_{0}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0, the detected radiation essentially becomes isotropic due primarily to the scattering of electrons within the target. A comparison to the theory of Kissel et al. [At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 28, 381 (1983)] suggests that the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung emitted by electrons incident on thick targets is similar to the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung emitted by electrons incident on free-atom targets only when $k$/${E}_{0}$ \ensuremath{\approx} 1. The experimental data also are in approximate agreement with the angular distribution predictions of the Monte Carlo program penelope.
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1985.

This listing represents a move for the annual teaching of psychology bibliography across the Mississippi River from Columbia, MO t o Macomb, IL. Previously published bibliographies by Daniel and associates are listed below in chronological order. We have continued the cumulative numbering practice of previous bibliographies and have adopted the procedures and policies developed by Daniel. A few pre-1985 citations not listed in previous bibliographies are included.
Sensor Network Design for Underwater Surveillance

In this paper we study a number of design aspects for a large sensor field whose mission is to protect coastal waters by detecting objects like submarines. The system is buoy-based and distributed over a littoral area. The field has a number of gateway nodes that have the capability to transmit off-field through a satellite or an airplane. The system uses active sonar with acoustic sources sending acoustic energy (pings) and a number of sensor nodes receiving energy reflected by potential targets as well as non-target objects that may be present in the field, false alarms due to this clutter is controlled through proper fusion of sensor detections. In this paper, we discuss two important issues that need to be addressed when designing such sensor network: (1) Efficient in-network fusion of the sensor detections to improve the overall system-wide detection performance in terms of probability of detection and probability of false alarm. (2) Effects of gateway placements to the communications performance such as the average delay and packet drop rates. Simulation results are presented to characterize the trade-offs among different design choices.
The New Era of Open Access to Knowledge: Expansion to Under-Represented Disciplines

Copyright: © 2013 Loeb DF. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The feasibility and sustainability of Open Access (OA) journals and articles has been debated for over a decade [1-3]. Even with the ongoing debate, open access to scientific journal articles continues to gain momentum. Since 1993, open access journal articles have grown to account for 7.7% of all peer-reviewed published journal articles in 2009 [4] and 12% of all journal articles in 2012 [5]. Laakso and Bjork [6] comment, “It no longer seems to be a question whether OA is a viable alternative to the traditional subscription model for scholarly journal publishing; the question is rather when open access publishing will become the mainstream model.”
Modeling chemical detection sensitivities of active and passive remote sensing systems

During nearly a decade of remote sensing programs under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), LLNL has developed a set of performance modeling codes -- called APRS -- for both Active and Passive Remote Sensing systems. These codes emphasize chemical detection sensitivity in the form of minimum detectable quantities with and without background spectral clutter and in the possible presence of other interfering chemicals. The codes have been benchmarked against data acquired in both active and passive remote sensing programs at LLNL and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The codes include, as an integral part of the performance modeling, many of the data analysis techniques developed in the DOE's active and passive remote sensing programs (e.g., "band normalization" for an active system, principal component analysis for a passive system).
Purification and Partial Characterization of a Factor in Cotton Wax Stimulating the Germination of Self-Inhibited Wheat Stem Rust Uredospores'

Filter paper, nonabsorbent cotton, and cotton wax were found to be progressively richer sources of germination-stimulatory activity effective in counteracting the self-inhibition of Puccinia graminis var. tritici Erikss. and E. Henn uredospores. The major stimulatory component of cotton wax was purified and partially characterized. It was catalytically effective in stimulating germination and oxygen consumption of uredospores and appeared to be as active as pelargonaldehyde. Unlike most of the previously reported chemical stimulants, however, it was not active across an air gap.Although the active compound was not identified, both the ultraviolet spectrum and the nonionic and solubility properties of the active fractions were consistent with the infrared spectrum which indicated a relatively long-chained. alpha. beta unsaturated carbonyl compound such as a ketone or possibly an ester.The purification procedure involved deionization of ethanolic extracts from cotton or cotton wax on Dowex 50 (H(+)) and Dowex 1 (OH(-)) columns followed by chromatography on neutral alumina using ethylene dichloride as the developing and eluting solvent.