cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locomotor activity rhythms in homing pigeons (Columba livia)

Abstract Homing pigeons in constant conditions at very low light intensities exhibit circadian activity rhythms. The accuracy of the control of period length is not in the range of precision required for sun based bicoordinate navigation. It would be adequate for sun compass orientation. The locomotor activity rhythm in constant conditions can be entrained by light. Observations of locomotor activity in natural conditions did not indicate any naturally occurring signals which could provide an accurate time base. The time that activity onset and offset occurred was related to light intensity. Analysis of the time of activity onset and activity offset and the light intensity at these events suggested that activity onset and offset are a result of an interaction between light intensity and the endogenous clock.
Conformationally restricted cyclic analogues of substance P: Insight into the receptor binding process

Three new cyclic substance P analogues were prepared to examine the possible role of a pseudocyclic turn structure for receptor recognition. In the guinea pig isolated ileum [Cys5, Cys11]-SP5-11-NH2 and [Cys6, Cys11]-SP5-11-NH2 were inactive at concentrations up to 100 microM, while [Cys5, Cys6, Nle11]-SP was a weak agonist. The order of relative affinities on the rat brain radioreceptor assay was as follows: [Cys5, Cys6, Nle11]-SP greater than [Cys5, Cys11]-SP5-11-NH2 greater than [Cys6, Cys11]-SP5-11-NH2. We interpret these results to indicate that a pseudocyclic structure of the 5-11 sequence may not be an important factor involved in the receptor recognition of substance P.
Eighth-order magnetic moment of the electron. III. Sixth-order vertices containing a second-order vacuum polarization subdiagram

We have calculated the contribution to the eighth-order anomalous magnetic moment of the electron arising from 150 Feynman diagrams, each generated by inserting a second-order vacuum polarization loop in the photon lines of sixth-order vertices of the three-photon-exchange type. Our result is 1.419(16)(..cap alpha../..pi..)/sup 4/. The theoretical error represents the estimated accuracy (90% confidence limit) of the required numerical integrations.
Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent acenequinones as dyes for guest-host liquid crystal displays.

Syntheses and spectroscopic properties of alkoxy-substituted para-acenequinones are reported. These compounds showed excellent alignment in nematic liquid crystals as evidenced by polarized UV−vis absorption and fluorescence measurements.
Distribution of Potential and Current in Circular Corrosion Cells Having Unequal Polarization Parameters

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the distribution of potential and current across concentric circular corrosion cells having unequal anodic and cathodic polarizabilities. This theory is essentially an extension of the Wagner‐Waber model to circular systems and is applicable to galvanic couples, metal matrix composites, and localized corrosion effects. The potential distribution in systems having unequal Wagner polarization parameters is not related in a simple way to the separate distribution curves for the two cases where the polarization parameters are equal. In thin‐layer electrolytes, there is a geometry effect in which the electrode polarization and current flow are concentrated near the anode/cathode juncture. The theory is applied satisfactorily to Pt/Fe model systems in dilute sodium chloride and to earlier results of Rosenfeld and Pavlutskaya with circular electrodes.
Fatigue and alertness in the United States railroad industry part I: the nature of the problem

Abstract The railroad industry must actively manage employee fatigue and alertness problems to maintain an optimal level of operational safety and productivity. Given the necessity to operate nights and irregular hours, weekends and holidays under a wide range of physical conditions and service demands, we must explore every reasonable avenue to ensure employees are fit, alert, and well-rested. Effective fatigue management programs must address train crews, dispatchers, signalmen, track workers, and others – both operating and non-operating personnel. Work scheduling is a particular problem in on-call operations because of start-time variability, “call” predictability, and the common use of “shorter-than 24-h work/rest schedules”. Extensive night operations are incompatible with normal circadian rhythms. Staffing limitations often require extensive overtime and reduce the effectiveness of any work schedule. These and other institutional factors significantly contribute to employee sleep deficit and overall fatigue. Lack of alertness and reduced vigilance are related not only to sleep disruption and resulting sleep deficits, but also to cognitive workload, workload transition, the physical working environment, and the design of advanced control systems. Ongoing research into fatigue mitigation and alertness enhancement strategies and into advanced technologies such as Positive Train Control (PTC) can lead to improvements. These include better labor–management agreements, more effective fatigue-related educational programs, improved schedule regularity, and more practical and adaptable federal laws and regulations.
A transportation-oriented interregional computable general equilibrium model of the United States

Interregional computable general equilibrium (ICGE) models are useful new tools for investigating questions of spatial equity and efficiency, especially if they consider the explicit costs of movement across space. In this paper, we outline a three-region, five-sector operational ICGE model of the United States which has been calibrated from a 51 region, 124 sector public data base. This model explicitly includes transportation and wholesaling services and the costs of moving products based on origin-destination pairs. Through the use of a counterfactual scenario, the ICGE's explicit specification is compared with a well known implicit method — to observe how the predicted regional production pattern is affected. The proposed explicit method is seen to provide a more focused description of the spatial economic impacts that result from changes in the production of transportation services.
Maturity and adherence in adolescent heart recipients

clinical examination, standard laboratory tests, and measured B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) using the Biosite Triage assay. Results: Body temperature was less than 97.0 degrees in 74 (50%; LBT Group) and greater than 97.0 degrees in 74 (50%; Controls) patients. The two groups did not differ in serum creatinine (1.47 0.51 mg/dl in LBT Group vs. 1.46 1.65 mg/dl in Controls; P 0.98). Plasma levels of BNP were significantly higher in the LBT Group (383 540 pg/ml) than in Controls (230 338 pg/ml, P 0.03). After 1 month of follow up, BNP values further increased in the LBT group (601 849 pg/ml), but decreased in Controls (211 524 pg/ml, P 0.047). Plasma levels of creatinine remained unchanged thoughout the follow-up period (1.46 0.71 mg/dl in LBT Group vs. 1.38 0.51 mg/dl in Controls; P 0.68). Conclusions: Body temperature less than 97.0 degrees Fahrenheit is associated with higher plasma BNP levels and a worse response to medical therapy in heart failure patients. Therefore, serial body temperature measuring may serve as a simple risk stratification tool in heart failure.
Concepts and methods in ecomorphology

An analysis of the concepts of ecomorphology is presented within a framework of areas of research in morphology, namely descriptive, functional, ecological and evolutionary morphology. A clear distinction must be made between functional and ecological morphology. The former is based on the concept of function and the latter on the concept of biological role. Although ecomorphology lies within the general area of evolutionary biology, explanations in ecomorphology are nomological-deductive and are distinctly different from explanations in evolutionary morphology which are historical-narrative.
RADIATION-INDUCED DILATATIONS IN VITREOUS SILICA

It is shown that when vitreous silica is irradiated in a nuclear reactor, three effects cause dimensional changes: a homogenization effect assigned to fast neutrons (period $\ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20} \mathrm{nvt}$), a compaction (about 3%) assigned mainly to fast neutrons (period \ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$), and a dilatation caused by ionization. The ionization-induced dilatation is negative at the beginning of the irradiation, but becomes positive after a brief irradiation. It probably is responsible for the positive dilatation which occurs after the maximum compaction. Most specimens show internal stresses which give evidence of nonuniform effects. The cause is a radiation gradient due to absorption and/or scattering of the radiation in the specimen. In the period of rapid compaction the strain shows one sign, reaches a maximum, then goes to zero near the maximum in the compaction, and changes sign in the period of expansion. The strain does not seem to saturate when the dilatation saturates. The deformation of the specimens is of the order of magnitude expected from the internal stresses. A thermal effect like a radiation annealing was found in the region between room temperature and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Results obtained from irradiations by x rays, electrons, as well as by mixed radiation in a nuclear reactor are reported. Because of the concomitant ionization effect it was not found possible to determine the displacement threshold energy by electron bombardment. The ionization effects are taken as evidence of electrostatic effects in the radiation-induced dilatations of silica. However, the electrostatic effects cannot account for all of the volume changes observed in the irradiation of vitreous silica.
Outcomes After Robot-Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Periampullary Lesions

There are many theoretical advantages that a minimally invasive approach to the pancreaticoduodenectomy might offer patients with benign and malignant disease of the head of the pancreas over traditional open techniques, including improved recovery time, decreased hospital stay, and earlier initiation of and higher rate of completion of adjuvant therapy. The goal of this study was to assess the oncologic and safety outcomes after a robot-assisted approach to pancreaticoduodenectomy. Retrospective review of a prospectively acquired database of robot-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (RAPD) for periampullary lesions between October 2008 and December 2010. Fifty patients underwent attempted RAPD. Conversion to open procedure was required in eight patients (16%). At intention-to-treat analysis, pancreatic fistula as defined by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery occurred in 10 patients (20%). Most patients experienced either no (21, 42%) postoperative complications or minor Clavien I/II events (13, 26%). Major morbidity (Clavien III/IV) occurred in 15 patients (30%). The margin-negative resection rate was 89%, and the median number of lymph nodes collected was 18. Fifteen patients met the eligibility criteria for adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. Eleven (73.3%) of 15 eligible patients were treated with adjuvant therapy at a mean of 11.5 weeks after surgery. RAPD can be performed with safety and oncologic outcomes comparable to open or laparoscopic approaches. Results of this early series suggest that the robot-assisted approach holds promise. Larger, more mature multi-institutional cohorts will be needed to explore potential benefits over open and laparoscopic techniques.
A flexible bathtub hazard model for non-repairable systems with uncensored data

Abstract This research effort has developed a mathematical model for bathtub shaped hazards (failure rates) for operating systems with uncensored data. The model will be used to predict the reliability of systems with such hazards. Early in the life-time of a system, there may be a relatively large number of failures due to initial weaknesses or defects in materials and manufacturing processes. This period is called the “infant mortality” period. During the middle period of an operating system fewer failures occur and are caused when the environmental stresses exceed the design strength of the system. It is difficult to predict the environmental stress amplitudes or the system strengths as deterministic functions of time, thus the middle-life failures are often called “random failures.” As the system ages, it deterioates and more failures occur. This region of failure is called the “wearout” period. Graphing these failure rates simultaneously will result in a bathtub shaped curve. The model developed for this bathtub pattern of failure takes into account all three failure regions simultaneously. The model has been validated for accuracy by using Halley's mortality table and is used to predict the reliability with both least squares and maximum likelihood estimators.
Necrotizing enterocolitis in older infants, children, and adolescents

bocytopenia highlighted the otherwise benign hospital courses. An exanthem has been reported in older children with RSV infection and croup, 4 but not in neonatal RSV infection. Thrombocytopenia has also not been reported to be associated with RSV infection in any age group, though it frequently has been observed in many other generalized neonatal viral infections? Disseminated intravascular coagulation, another common cause of thrombocytopenia in the septic neonate, 6 seems unlikely in our patients in light of their mild symptoms and the normal coagulation factor studies in Patient 2. Both patients had exanthems, but neither developed purpuric lesions. Respiratory syncytial virus is one of the commonest viral respiratory pathogens of children; however, neither of these RSV-infected infants had clinical symptoms of significant respiratory tract infection. By contrast, both initially had a sepsislike syndrome similar to that described for neonatal enterovirus infection. 7 The authors thank Drs. V. A. Fulginiti, J. J. Hutter, and J. J. Corrigan for their review and advice, Drs. C. DeBenedetti and G. Samoy for referral of these patients, and Ms. Nanci Buckley for invaluable assistance in preparation of the manuscript.
Surfactant behavior and its influence on the viscosity of associative thickeners solutions, thickened latex dispersions, and waterborne latex coatings

Surfactants, varying in their chemical composition and hydrophobic behavior, are used in the formulation of a waterborne coating. These differences influence their aggregation in micellar structures, their interaction with associative thickeners, and in particular, the synergies present in their competitive adsorptions on the disperse phases in a waterborne coating. Adsorption of HEUR thickeners on latexes and the ability of surfactants to displace them from those surfaces is an important variable in the dispersion’s viscosity. With large particle latexes, viscosity increases arise primarily from the network built through the interaction of HEURs with surfactants in the aqueous phase. Fluorescence is used to verify the mechanism by which surfactants enhance associative thickener viscosities. That is best achieved with nonionic surfactants, because of their synergies with large hydrophobe HEURs at low concentration. With decreasing latex particle size the adsorbed species is an important contributor to the dispersion’s viscosity through its contribution to the latex’s effective volume fraction increase and when the size of the adsorbed HEUR is matched to the separation distances of the latex at 0.25 volume fraction. Achieving controlled shear-thinning behavior in small particle size latex paints with the economic constraints on the amount of HEUR required to obtain 90 KU viscosities are discussed.
Kinetics of formation of solid iodides on zirconium

Abstract The reaction of zirconium with gaseous ZrI4 was studied in the temperature range 300–500 °C. Specimens of zirconium were heated in sealed glass tubes with solid ZrI4 which was kept at a lower temperature to maintain a fixed ZrI4 pressure. The solid zirconium iodides that formed on the zirconium surface were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Initially, isolated clusters of ZrI crystals formed which subsequently coalesced into a layer of ZrI. A layer of diiodide formed on top of the layer of monoiodide in later stages. Preformed oxide layers less than 0.2 μm thick on the zirconium surface had no effect on the rate of the reaction with gaseous ZrI4 but an oxide layer about 4 μm thick slowed the reaction markedly. The amount of iodide on the surface was determined by chemical analysis. In one series of timed experiments the amount of reaction was found to obey the cubic law for metal-gas reactions. The kinetics of the reaction resemble those of the Zr-O2 reaction.
Activation of Jak/STAT proteins involved in signal transduction pathway mediated by receptor for interleukin 2 in malignant T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma and Sezary syndrome.

Abstract Signaling through the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) involves phosphorylation of several proteins including Jak3, STAT5, and, in preactivated cells, STAT3. In the present study, we examined the functional status of the IL-2R-associated Jak/STAT pathway in malignant T lymphocytes from advanced skin-based lymphomas: anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (ALCL) and Sezary syndrome (SzS). Proliferation of three ALCL cell lines (PB-1, 2A, and 2B) was partially inhibited by rapamycin, a blocker of some of the signals mediated by IL-2R, but not by cyclosporin A, FK-506, and prednisone, which suppress signals mediated by the T-cell receptor. All the cell lines expressed on their surface the high-affinity IL-2R (alpha, beta, and gamma c chains). They showed basal, constitutive phosphorylation, and coassociation of Jak3, STAT5, and STAT3. Weak basal phosphorylation of IL-2R gamma c was also detected. In regard to SzS, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 of 14 patients showed basal phosphorylation of Jak3, accompanied by phosphorylation of STAT5 in 9 patients, and STAT3 in 4 patients. However, in vitro overnight culture of SzS cells without exogenous cytokines resulted in markedly decreased Jak3 and STAT5 phosphorylation, which could be reversed by stimulation with IL-2. This indicates that the basal phosphorylation of Jak3 and STAT5 in freshly isolated SzS cells is induced rather than constitutive. The basal activation of the Jak/STAT pathway involved in IL-2R signal transduction in ALCL and SzS cells reported here suggests that this pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, although the mechanism (induced versus constitutive) may vary between different lymphoma types.
Endoplasmic reticulum in the formation of the cell plate and plasmodesmata

The association of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the developing cell plate has been analyzed in lettuce roots fixed in glutaraldehyde and post-fixed in a mixture of osmium tetroxide-potassium ferricyanide (OsFeCN). Electron microscopic observations show that elements of ER, which are selectively stained by the OsFeCN reagent, become loosely associated with aggregating dictyosome vesicles at the onset of plate formation. Subsequently the ER, in a tubular reticulate network, surrounds the vesicular aggregates creating a three dimensional membrane matrix. It is suggested that the ER (1) provides a structural framework that holds the vesicles in position and directs their fusion within the plane of the plate and/or (2) regulates the local release of calcium ions required for vesicle fusion. OsFeCN post-fixation also provides new information about the cell plate vesicles themselves. The results demonstrate that vesicles derived from dictyosomes undergo an abrupt increase in staining as they fuse at the plate. Finally the ER associated with developing and mature plasmodesmata has been examined. Electron micrographs reveal that the OsFeCN staining, seen traversing the cell plate in early stages, later becomes restricted from that portion of the ER extending through the plasmodesmatal canal. These structural observations support the idea that during formation of the plasmodesma a tubular element of ER is tightly furled upon itself and that its inner leaflet is compressed into a rod. The ER cisternal space appears occluded and thus it is argued that intercellular transport occurs through the cytoplasmic annulus of the plasmodesmata.
Why did ancient chemosynthetic seep and vent assemblages occur in shallower water than they do today

Cold-seep communities have relatively low diversity, are dominated by one or two taxa present in high density and high biomass in comparison with the surrounding fauna, and are restricted to aphotic habitats. Their associated heterotrophic fauna are usually distinctive from the fauna of their surroundings. In contrast, a more commonplace chemoautotrophically based community occurs in shallow photic habitats. The associated heterotrophic fauna includes many of the species typical of the surrounding communities and typically dominates abundance, whereas the species with chemoautotrophic symbionts dominate biomass. All modern seep assemblages are deeper than 550 m. Many fossil seep assemblages occurred in water as shallow as the mid-shelf (<200 m). In contrast, communities where species with chemoautotrophic symbionts are biomass dominants, but not numerical dominants, are common in shallow waters at present but rarely reported in the geological record. We suggest that the absence of cold-seep communities on the continental shelf presently is due to a combination of predation and competitive exclusion by primary consumers limiting the presence of species dependent on chemoautotrophic symbionts. We suggest that cold-seep assemblages are more common at shelf depths in the fossil record for two reasons: (a) The biases of preservation have accentuated their distribution by transforming communities where species with chemoautotrophic symbionts dominate by biomass, but not numerically, into cold-seep-appearing assemblages. (b) The importance of predation pressure and oligotrophy has varied, with decreased predation pressure accompanying increased oligotrophy favoring cold-seep communities. We suggest that the paucity of shallow-water assemblages with species harboring chemoautotrophic symbionts as biomass dominants in the fossil record is based on the reliance of paleoecological analysis on numerical abundance data when energy flow analyses are required to identify these assemblages. The distinctiveness of the fossil seep assemblage is intensified by taphonomic processes that bias the assemblage against small individuals and epifaunal species, so that diversity declines, the small heterotrophic component of the assemblage is significantly reduced, and the epifaunal component is minimized. The final assemblage is usually dominated by the better-preserved large infaunal clams which perchance are also the species with chemoautotrophic symbionts. In contrast, preservation does not enhance the distinctiveness of these chemoautotroph-harboring species in shallow water.
Rational Design, Synthesis, and Potency of N‐Substituted Indoles, Pyrroles, and Triarylpyrazoles as Potential Fructose 1,6‐Bisphosphatase Inhibitors

By using computer modeling and lead structures from our earlier SAR results, a broad variety of pyrrole-, indole-, and pyrazole-based compounds were evaluated as potential fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inhibitors. The docking studies yielded promising structures, and several were selected for synthesis and FBPase inhibition assays: 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide, 1-(alpha-naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-7-nitro-1H-indole, 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole, 1-(4-carboxyphenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrole, and 1-(4-carbomethoxyphenylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrole were synthesized and tested for inhibition of FBPase. The IC(50) values were determined to be 0.991 and 1.34 microM, and 575, 135, and 32 nM, respectively. The tested compounds were significantly more potent than the natural inhibitor AMP (4.0 microM) by an order of magnitude; indeed, the best inhibitor showed an IC(50) value toward FBPase more than two orders of magnitude better than that of AMP. This level of activity is virtually the same as that of the best currently known FBPase inhibitors. This work shows that such indole derivatives are promising candidates for drug development in the treatment of type II diabetes.
On the stability of delay equation models of simple human stretch reflexes.

Human stretch reflexes (SRs) are often too weak and ineffectual to provide adequate postural regulation or rhythmic movement boosting (e.g. in ankle pushoff at the end of stance phase in fast running). Recent improvements in methods of artificially enhancing skeletomotor responses, especially in therapeutic regimens, should not be widely employed until the clonus-resisting stability properties of SRs are better understood.
An improved task assignment scheme for Hadoop running in the clouds

Nowadays, data-intensive problems are so prevalent that numerous organizations in various industries have to face them in their business operation. It is often crucial for enterprises to have the capability of analyzing large volumes of data in an effective and timely manner. MapReduce and its open-source implementation Hadoop dramatically simplified the development of parallel data-intensive computing applications for ordinary users, and the combination of Hadoop and cloud computing made large-scale parallel data-intensive computing much more accessible to all potential users than ever before. Although Hadoop has become the most popular data management framework for parallel data-intensive computing in the clouds, the Hadoop scheduler is not a perfect match for the cloud environments. In this paper, we discuss the issues with the Hadoop task assignment scheme, and present an improved scheme for heterogeneous computing environments, such as the public clouds. The proposed scheme is based on an optimal minimum makespan algorithm. It projects and compares the completion times of all task slots’ next data block, and explicitly strives to shorten the completion time of the map phase of MapReduce jobs. We conducted extensive simulation to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme compared with the Hadoop scheme in two types of heterogeneous computing environments that are typical on the public cloud platforms. The simulation results showed that the proposed scheme could remarkably reduce the map phase completion time, and it could reduce the amount of remote processing employed to a more significant extent which makes the data processing less vulnerable to both network congestion and disk contention.
Numerical investigation of Francis turbine draft tubes with respect to geometry modification and turbulence treatment

The design of draft tubes plays a significant role in the design process of modern hydro turbines as the possible pressure recovery realized within this component strongly influences the overall performance of the turbine. The draft tube flow field is characterized by swirling inflow, adverse pressure gradient due to a stream wise increasing cross sectional area and a strong curvature of the mean flow caused by the geometrical design. Depending on the operational conditions the flow field can be dominated by unsteady flow phenomena and recirculation zones. All together these complex flow features represent a challenging task when designing a draft tube for a specific turbine. But the same is valid for the use of current numerical methods when predicting draft tube flows. A description of draft tube design based on numerical steady state solutions with additional aspects from recently conducted turbine model testing is given. The influence and effect of the hydraulic section shaping on steady-state and dynamic operational behaviour in various operation conditions is investigated by state of the art measuring technique. For the laboratory investigations modern measurement technique and special modelling is applied to come to investigate the complex flow behaviour in selected operation conditions. Additionally the obtained measurement results are taken as basis for a study on numerical methods for draft tube calculations which focuses on transient methods and turbulence treatment. When solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations the underlying modelling of turbulence is playing a substantial role. The assumptions made in the model development define the limitations of the turbulence model and therefore the capability of resolving physical flow phenomena. In the case unsteady phenomena dominate the flow as observed in part load conditions classical steady state solutions get more and more unreliable. For analysing part load conditions unsteady methods are preferable. A detailed comparison between model test, steady-state and transient calculations with suitable turbulence modelling approaches will be presented.
Incidence of acute postoperative cystoid macular edema in clinical practice.

Purpose To measure the incidence of acute postoperative cystoid macular edema (CME) in clinical practice. Setting Private clinical practice, Eugene, Oregon, USA. Design Retrospective chart review. Methods The electronic medical records database was searched for the charts of all patients having cataract surgery during a recent 5-year period. Each chart was then examined for a diagnosis of CME within the 3-month postoperative period. Results From March 1, 2007, through March 31, 2012, 2862 phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation procedures were performed. Of these, 3 cases (0.1%) of acute postoperative CME were confirmed by diagnosis within 90 days after surgery. Conclusions This chart review found a 0.1% cumulative incidence of acute postoperative CME. Prophylaxis with topical steroidal and nonsteroidal agents may help reduce the incidence of CME. If the incidence of CME in this study applies generally, it would be harder to successfully and ethically perform a randomized trial of medical prophylaxis. Financial Disclosure Dr. Packer is a consultant to Advanced Medical Optics, Inc., Allergan, Inc., Bausch & Lomb Surgical, Inc., and Ista Pharmaceuticals, Inc. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Physical Binding of Labeled 20-Methylcholanthrene to Mouse Epidermal Subcellular Fractions

Summary When applied to mouse skin, 3 H-labeled 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) is physically absorbed by the chromatin, mitochondria, microsomes, and cytosol of mouse epidermis. Label remained associated with cytosol protein after removal of free MC and any low-molecular-weight metabolites by dialysis, gel filtration, and ultrafiltration; this association reached a maximum around 3 hr after application of MC to mouse skin. Although previous work reported covalent binding to mouse skin cytosol, most of the material bound to cytosol protein after mild isolation of cytosol and removal of low-molecular-weight radioactivity is easily removed by precipitation of the protein with ethanol or trichloroacetic acid. Enzymatic digestion established that most of the MC loosely bound to the cytosol or chromatin was in fact bound to protein. Electrophoresis of the MC-bound cytosol protein on 7% basic polyacrylamide gels showed that most of the activity was associated with a protein fraction that had the same mobility as bovine or mouse serum albumin. The binding to the cytosol fraction and to chromatin was inhibited by the simultaneous application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or the promoter 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, and was less inhibited by benz(a)anthracene or the nonpromoter phorbol-13,20-diacetate. We suggest that the binding to the cytosol receptor protein and to chromatin may be involved in the promoting stage of mouse skin tumorigenesis.
Simulation and Optimization in an AGC System after Deregulation

In this paper, the traditional automatic generation control (AGC) two-area system is modified to take into account the effect of bilateral contracts on the dynamics. The concept of distribution companies (DISCO) participation matrix to simulate these bilateral contracts is introduced and reflected in the two-area block diagram. Trajectory sensitivities are used to obtain optimal parameters of the system using a gradient Newton algorithm.
Meet real-time requirements of parallel programs and maximally utilize system resources

The time-cost behavior of a program directly depends on its execution environment (i.e., the number of other programs in the system). We present techniques to analyze the time-cost behavior of programs that include the effect of their execution environment. It is assumed the underlying system has a shared memory architecture. The paper shows that one can analytically relate a parallel program's time cost to its execution environment. A direct benefit of the work is to let us meet the real-time requirement of a parallel program and utilize maximally a multiprocessor system's resource. >
Puerto Rican Women’s Perceptions of Heart Disease Risk

Women frequently fail to recognize that coronary heart disease (CHD), not breast cancer, is the primary cause of female mortality. CHD mortality among U.S. mainland Puerto Rican (PR) women is second only to African American women. It is unknown what PR women understand about their risk, what factors they believe contribute to CHD, or whether they know the atypical symptoms often experienced by women. Most CHD studies exclude Hispanic women. Those that do often aggregate their results, making subgroup variations invisible. This study explored awareness of CHD symptoms, risks, and help-seeking behaviors among 12 PR women. Focus group methodology revealed that participants were unaware of their risk and had misconceptions about CHD symptoms and contributing factors. Barriers to early recognition and treatment included lack of knowledge, gender role conflict (caregiver vs. care recipient), and fears of falsely alarming family members or the embarrassment of feeling "dismissed" by health care providers.
Tissue-Specific RNA-Seq in Human Evoked Inflammation Identifies Blood and Adipose LincRNA Signatures of Cardiometabolic Diseases

Objective— Inappropriate transcriptional activation of innate immunity is a pathological feature of several cardiometabolic disorders, but little is known about inflammatory modulation of long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) in disease-relevant human tissues. Approach and Results— We applied deep RNA sequencing (>500 million filtered reads per sample) to blood and adipose during low-dose experimental endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide) in a healthy human, with targeted replication in separate individuals undergoing endotoxemia (n=6), to identify inflammatory lincRNAs. A subset of these lincRNAs was examined for expression in adipocytes and monocytes, modulation in adipose of obese humans, and overlap with genome-wide association study signals for inflammatory and cardiometabolic traits. Of a stringent set of 4284 lincRNAs, ≈11% to 22% were expressed with 201 and 56 lincRNAs modulated by lipopolysaccharide in blood or adipose, respectively. Tissue-specific expression of a subset of 6 lipopolysaccharide-lincRNAs was replicated with lipopolysaccharide modulation confirmed for all 3 expressed in blood and 2 of 4 expressed in adipose. The broader generalizability of findings in blood of subject A was confirmed by RNA sequencing in 7 additional subjects. We confirmed adipocytes and monocytes as potential cell-sources of selective lipopolysaccharide-regulated lincRNAs, and 2 of these, linc-DMRT2 ( P =0.002) and linc-TP53I13 ( P =0.01), were suppressed in adipose of obese humans. Finally, we provide examples of lipopolysaccharide-modulated lincRNAs that overlap single nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with cardiometabolic traits. Conclusions— Our findings provide novel insights into tissue-level, inflammatory transcriptome regulation in cardiometabolic diseases. These are complementary to more usual approaches limited to interrogation of DNA variations. # Significance {#article-title-45}
Actinomyces Hyovaginalis—Associated Lymphadenitis in a Nubian Goat:

A 6-year-old Nubian goat with a history of progressive weight loss and cough was presented for necropsy. The goat tested negative for antibodies to caseous lymphadenitis and caprine arthritis and encephalitis by hemagglutination inhibition assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Postmortem examination revealed marked enlargement and, with histopathology, a fibrinopurulent necrotizing lymphadenitis of a tracheobronchial lymph node, with an appearance similar to that reported in cases of caseous lymphadenitis. An organism characterized by molecular methods as Actinomyces hyovaginalis was isolated together with Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. from the lesion. No Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was recovered. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first isolation of A. hyovaginalis from a goat. Although the exact contribution of A. hyovaginalis to the lesion remains to be established, this case demonstrates that A. hyovaginalis should be considered in cases of caseous lymphadenitis-type lesions, especially when C. pseudotuberculosis has been excluded.
Testing meter, rhythm, and tempo discriminations in pigeons

Rhythmic grouping and discrimination is fundamental to music. When compared to the perception of pitch, rhythmic abilities in animals have received scant attention until recently. In this experiment, four pigeons were tested with three types of auditory rhythmic discriminations to investigate their processing of this aspect of sound and music. Two experiments examined a meter discrimination in which successively presented idiophonic sounds were repeated in meters of different lengths in a go/no-go discrimination task. With difficulty, the birds eventually learned to discriminate between 8/4 and 3/4 meters constructed from cymbal and tom drum sounds at 180 beats per minute. This discrimination subsequently transferred to faster tempos, but not to different drum sounds or their combination. Experiment 3 tested rhythmic and arrhythmic patterns of sounds. After 40 sessions of training, these same pigeons showed no discrimination. Experiment 4 tested repetitions of a piano sound at fast and slow tempos. This discrimination was readily learned and showed transfer to novel tempos. The pattern of results suggests that pigeons can time periodic auditory events, but their capacity to understand generalized rhythmic groupings appears limited.
Effects of Repetitive Handgrip Training on Endurance, Specificity, and Cross–Education

Background and Purpose . Exercise programs are more likely to be successful when they are based on research that predicts the outcomes of such training. This study determined the effect of submaximal rhythmic handgrip training on rhythmic handgrip endurance or work (RHW), isometric handgrip endurance time (IHE), and maximal voluntary isometric contraction for the handgrip force (MVIC) (in newtons). Subjects. Twenty–four male subjects (mean age=26.2 years) with right–hand dominance were randomly assigned to a regular training group (n=8), a low–level training group (n=8), or a control group (n=8). Methods . Rhythmic handgrip work, IHE, and MVIC were determined bilaterally before and after 6 weeks of a rhythmic right handgrip training program using 30% of MVIC. The low-level training group performed daily training with a near–zero load (<0.005% of MVIC). Results . There was a 1,232% increase in RHW and an 8% decrease in IHE after the training program using 30% of MVIC for the right hand. The left hand showed a 43% increase in RHW after training, whereas the low–level training group showed a 35% increase in RHW. No differences were found between the change in the left=hand RHW of the regular training group and the change in the right–hand RHW of the low–level training group, but both measurements were greater than the change in the control group (6.4%). Conclusion and Discussion . Submaximal handgrip endurance training at 30% of MVIC had a minimal effect on submaximal IHE and MVIC of the handgrip, but it had a large effect on RHW of the trained extremity. The regular training group and the low–level training group showed similar increases in cross–education, suggesting that cross–education during endurance training is not intensity–dependent.
Asymptomatic HLA-A*02:01–Restricted Epitopes from Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B Preferentially Recall Polyfunctional CD8+ T Cells from Seropositive Asymptomatic Individuals and Protect HLA Transgenic Mice against Ocular Herpes

Evidence from C57BL/6 mice suggests that CD8+ T cells, specific to the immunodominant HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB) H-2b–restricted epitope (gB498–505), protect against ocular herpes infection and disease. However, the possible role of CD8+ T cells, specific to HLA-restricted gB epitopes, in protective immunity seen in HSV-1–seropositive asymptomatic (ASYMP) healthy individuals (who have never had clinical herpes) remains to be determined. In this study, we used multiple prediction algorithms to identify 10 potential HLA-A*02:01–restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes from the HSV-1 gB amino acid sequence. Six of these epitopes exhibited high-affinity binding to HLA-A*02:01 molecules. In 10 sequentially studied HLA-A*02:01–positive, HSV-1–seropositive ASYMP individuals, the most frequent, robust, and polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses, as assessed by a combination of tetramer, IFN-γ-ELISPOT, CFSE proliferation, CD107a/b cytotoxic degranulation, and multiplex cytokine assays, were directed mainly against epitopes gB342–350 and gB561–569. In contrast, in 10 HLA-A*02:01–positive, HSV-1–seropositive symptomatic (SYMP) individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent clinical herpes disease) frequent, but less robust, CD8+ T cell responses were directed mainly against nonoverlapping epitopes (gB183–191 and gB441–449). ASYMP individuals had a significantly higher proportion of HSV-gB–specific CD8+ T cells expressing CD107a/b degranulation marker and producing effector cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α than did SYMP individuals. Moreover, immunization of a novel herpes-susceptible HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mouse model with ASYMP epitopes, but not with SYMP epitopes, induced strong CD8+ T cell–dependent protective immunity against ocular herpes infection and disease. These findings should guide the development of a safe and effective T cell–based herpes vaccine.
Google Books Settlement: A Post-Conference Interview With the California Digital Library (CDL) Director of Mass Digitization

It is important for academics, commercial information services, librarians, policy makers, and the public to understand both the opportunities and the risks that may flow from the October 2009 US District Court fairness hearing in the case Authors Guild v. Google Inc., No. 05 CV 8136 (S.D.N.Y. filed Oct. 28, 2008). This interview offers my thoughts, and the opinions of an information professional working on the project for the University of California.In this paper, I examine aspects of private-public partnerships and the opinion that the US should (at least in the area of scholarly publications) transform a 19th century legal framework of copyright registration to one that recognizes the open source movement and the need to remove litigation risks from madd digitization efforts. Unless these restrictions are managed more effectively, the US will continue to trail the efforts of the EU national libraries to adequately build a national digital library of American / English works.The School of Information at Berkeley hosted a one-day conference on August 28th to address major issues arising from the proposed settlement. This was a follow-on interview with the current Director of the Mass Digitization Project.
Diffusion of progesterone through intrauterine silastic rubber implants.

The in vitro diffusion rate of progesterone-filled capsules before and after their introduction into the uterine lumen of rabbits was investigated and compared with the diffusion rate of similar capsules not implanted in the uterus. Silastic capsules .57 mm thick or .80 mm thick of 3 lengths 15 25 and 35 mm which contained between 5 and 40 mg dry powdered progesterone were prepared. 2 identical sets of 2 capsules per each size were made for a total of 12 capsules per set. 1 set was implanted in the uterus of does and the other served as an unimplanted control. After an initial diffusion rate study 3 capsules were introduced into each uterine horn of a rabbit doe. The unimplanted set of capsules was set in running water to mimic the steroid release taking place in the uterus. Every other day these capsules were removed and studied. At the end of Week 1 the capsules implanted in the rabbits were removed and studied and then reimplanted for an additional 5 week period. The results of the study confirmed the findings of others who have shown that steroid diffusion through Silastic membrane is inversely proportional to the thickness of membrane and its area. However the data obtained were at variance with the concept of "sustained release" because the release rate of the capsules decreased with the duration of the experiment. The release rates decreased exponentially both in the implanted and unimplanted capsules. The in vitro diffusion in a closed system was found to be much lower than the actual in vivo diffusion. It was concluded that progesterone as a dry powder within a Silastic capsule does not lend itself as a preparation for a truly sustained hormonal release.
Testing cross-species and cross-organ stellate cells as model system for pancreatitis research

s / Pancreatology 13 (2013) e1–e94 e65 and 0.002). Kynurenine level had a diagnostic accuracy of 90% and 95%, respectively, in the two cohorts. Neither could differentiate pre-malignant from malignant cysts. Conclusion: Metabolomic profiling identified glucose and kynurenine to have clinical utility for classification of mucinous and non-mucinous pancreatic cysts. Further evaluation with this approach is warranted.
The 195Pt NMR of L2Pt(1,2-dithiolene) Complexes

The syntheses and characterizations of the novel platinum(II) mono-1,2-dithiolenes (COD)Pt(dddt) (1), (Ph3P)2Pt(dddt) (2), (COD)Pt(edt) (3), (Ph3P)2Pt(edt) (4), (bipy)Pt(edt) (5), and (Ph3P)(CO)Pt(dddt) (6) (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene; dddt = 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2,3-dithiolate; edt = ethylene-1,2-dithiolate, bipy = 2,2‘-bipyridyl) are reported. 195Pt NMR spectral analysis was performed on the above-mentioned compounds along with the previously reported compounds (COD)Pt(dmid) (7), (Ph3P)2Pt(dmid) (8), (Ph3P)2Pt(dmit) (9), (COD)Pt(mnt) (10), (Ph3P)2Pt(mnt) (11), (COD)Pt(dt) (12), and (Ph3P)2Pt(dt) (13) (dmid = 1,3-dithiole-2-oxo-4,5-dithiolate; dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate; mnt = maleonitrile-1,2-dithiolate; dt = ethane-1,2-dithiolate). 195Pt NMR results show that, depending on the nature of L2 in L2Pt(1,2-dithiolene) complexes, the 1,2-dithiolene ligands behave as either π donors or acceptors toward the Pt metal center. 195Pt NMR is also sensitive to the relative electron-withdrawing abil...