cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Picture This! Bringing joy into Focus and Developing Healthy Habits of Mind: Rationale, design, and implementation of a randomized control trial for young adults

Research shows that daily experiences of awe, curiosity, gratitude, joy, and love can put the average person on a trajectory of growth, success, and positive social connection, and can also prevent those who are suffering from following a downward spiral. Nonetheless, data show that most people are not functioning at optimal capacity. In fact, just 20% of people may be categorized as "flourishing," with the vast majority of people merely "languishing," at risk for mental health issues, or with clinical levels of mental health concerns. Despite the success of the Positive Psychology movement and the proliferation of Positive Psychology Interventions, the field remains in need of high quality studies that test potential mechanisms of change. The Picture This! intervention, informed by Positive Psychology principles, was designed to improve well-being and decrease depressive symptoms in young adults. This paper details the rationale, design, and implementation of a 4-group randomized control trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of Picture This!. Specific indices of mental health and well-being (e.g., depressive symptoms, gratitude) were measured at baseline and at the conclusion of the intervention along with potential mechanisms of change (i.e., attentional bias, cognitive style), while positive emotion and general well-being were assessed daily over the 21-day intervention period. If successful, this intervention may provide critical behavioral, cognitive, and attentional tools that, once internalized, can be drawn upon for years to come.
The Potential of High-Throughput DNA Sequencing of the Paranasal Sinus Microbiome in Diagnosing Odontogenic Sinusitis:

ObjectiveHigh-throughput DNA sequencing of the paranasal sinus microbiome has potential in the diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the use of high-throu...
Consistent Group Selection with Bayesian High Dimensional Modeling

In many applications with high dimensional covariates, the covariates are naturally structured into different groups which can be used to perform efficient statistical inference. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model with a spike and slab prior specification to perform group selection in high dimensional linear regression models. While several penalization methods and more recently, some Bayesian approaches are proposed for group selection, theoretical properties of Bayesian approaches have not been studied extensively. In this paper, we provide novel theoretical results for group selection consistency under spike and slab priors which demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian approach has advantages compared to penalization approaches. Our theoretical results accommodate flexible conditions on the design matrix and can be applied to commonly used statistical models such as nonparametric additive models for which very limited theoretical results are available for the Bayesian methods. A shotgun stochastic search algorithm is adopted for the implementation of our proposed approach. We illustrate through simulation studies that the proposed method has better performance for group selection compared to a variety of existing methods.
Management algorithm of acute cholecystitis after percutaneous cholecystostomy catheter placement based on outcomes from 377 patients.

To report outcomes of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) catheter placement in patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) and propose management algorithm of AC after PC catheter placement based on the outcomes. Retrospective study was performed. 419 patients who underwent PC between July 2010 and September 2016 were included. Patients who underwent PC for indication other than AC were excluded. The primary outcome was definitive treatment of AC following PC, including cholecystectomy or percutaneous cholecystolithotomy. Secondary outcomes include removal of drainage catheter without further management or death with catheter in place. Based on outcomes, we proposed management algorithm of AC after PC catheter placement. 377 of 419 patients underwent PC for treatment of AC (median age, 66 years; range 18–100 years). Technical success rate was 100% with 2.4% major complications rate and 1.6% minor complications rate. Following PC, 118 patients (31%) underwent definitive treatment with cholecystectomy. Sixty-one patients (16%) underwent definitive treatment with percutaneous cholecystolithotomy with removal of catheters. Seventy-four patients (20%) had their catheters removed upon resolution of cholecystitis without undergoing surgery or stone removal. Fifty patients (13%) died with catheters in place due to other comorbidities. Five patients (1%) still had their catheters in place at the end of the study. PC remains a viable option for treatment of AC with low complication rate and can be used as bridge to definitive therapy. Our proposed management algorithm can be a guideline for the management of AC after PC catheter placement.
Light microscopy for tight junction

Abstract Tight junction is a subcellular organelle located near the apical surface of epithelial or endothelial cells. Tight junction can be decorated by antibodies against the proteins that are integral part of the organelle. This section describes the key approaches used to visualize tight junction by light microscopy, which include wide-field fluorescence microscopy for unpolarized cells, wide-field fluorescence microscopy for thin tissue section, confocal microscopy for polarized cells, and confocal microscopy for thick tissue section.
FYN and ABL regulate the interaction networks of the DCBLD receptor family

The Discoidin, CUB, and LCCL domain-containing protein (DCBLD) family consists of two type-I transmembrane scaffolding receptors, DCBLD1 and DCBLD2, which play important roles in development and cancer. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinases FYN and ABL are known to drive phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in YXXP motifs within the intracellular domains of DCBLD family members, which leads to the recruitment of the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the adaptors CT10 regulator of kinase (CRK) and CRK-like (CRKL). We previously characterized the FYN- and ABL-driven phosphorylation of DCBLD family YXXP motifs. However, we have identified additional FYN- and ABL-dependent phosphorylation sites on DCBLD1 and DCBLD2. This suggests that beyond CRK and CRKL, additional DCBLD interactors may be regulated by FYN and ABL activity. Here, we report a quantitative proteomics approach in which we map the FYN- and ABL-regulated interactomes of DCBLD family members. We found FYN and ABL regulated the binding of several signaling molecules to DCBLD1 and DCBLD2, including members of the 14-3-3 family of adaptors. Biochemical investigation of the DCBLD2/14-3-3 interaction revealed ABL-induced binding of 14-3-3 family members directly to DCBLD2.
Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence

Adolescence is a period of dramatic developmental transitions-from puberty-related changes in hormones, bodies, and brains to an increasingly complex social world. The concurrent increase in the onset of many mental disorders has prompted the search for key developmental processes that drive changes in risk for psychopathology during this period of life. Hormonal surges and consequent physical maturation linked to pubertal development in adolescence are thought to affect multiple aspects of brain development, social cognition, and peer relations, each of which have also demonstrated associations with risk for mood and anxiety disorders. These puberty-related effects may combine with other nonpubertal influences on brain maturation to transform adolescents' social perception and experiences, which in turn continue to shape both mental health and brain development through transactional processes. In this review, we focus on pubertal, neural, and social changes across the duration of adolescence that are known or thought to be related to adolescent-emergent disorders, specifically depression, anxiety, and deliberate self-harm (nonsuicidal self-injury). We propose a theoretical model in which social processes (both social cognition and peer relations) are critical to understanding the way in which pubertal development drives neural and psychological changes that produce potential mental health vulnerabilities, particularly (but not exclusively) in adolescent girls.
COMPRESSION OF PINWISE NUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CMS5

Pinwise nuclide number density (ND) data from the lattice physics code CASMO5 is compressed using a preconditioned truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) to reduce storage requirements. Previously only assembly-average or single-pin NDs were optionally saved in the CMS5 few-group cross section library. However, backend analysis has prompted the desire to have pin-by-pin NDs available in the library for use by the SNF code. Adding this data set significantly increases the size of the library, particularly for lattices modeled in full assembly geometry (that is, not in half or octant symmetry). To reduce the required storage, the SVD is used to approximate the entire data with a reduced basis. In the four test cases, compression ratios of 2.7 to 8.5 were achieved for the PWR cases, with maximum errors less than 0.1%. However, the rodded BWR segment proved more difficult, with an average compression ratio of 1.6. One advantage of this technique is that the compression ratio is higher for full-symmetry cases, where the need for the compression is also highest.
The Role of Transcatheter Interventions in Middle Aortic Syndrome

Mid-aortic syndrome (MAS) is characterized by obstructive lesions of the aorta distal to the isthmus and proximal to the iliac bifurcation (mid-aorta). Patients with MAS present a complex array of challenges and can have significant morbidity and mortality associated with their disease. A multidisciplinary management strategy, which includes careful and comprehensive medical management coupled with catheter-based and surgical interventions, can lead to adequate BP control and preservation of end-organ function in this patient population.
Symptomatic Epidural Hematoma After Elective Cervical Spine Surgery: Incidence, Timing, Risk Factors, and Associated Complications.

Background As the rate of elective cervical spine surgery increases, studies of complications may improve quality of care. Symptomatic postoperative cervical epidural hematomas (PCEH) are rare but result in significant morbidity. Because of their low incidence, the risk factors and complications associated with symptomatic PCEH remain unclear. Objective To clarify the prevalence, timing, variables, and complications associated with PCEH following elective cervical spine surgery. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, cervical spine surgeries performed between 2012 and 2016 were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes. Symptomatic PCEH was defined as readmission or reoperation events specifically associated with International Classification of Diseases code diagnoses of postoperative hematoma within 30 d of index surgery. Multivariate models were created to assess the independent association of symptomatic PCEH with other postoperative complications. Results There were 53233 patients included for analysis. The overall incidence of symptomatic PCEH was 0.4% (n = 198). Reoperation occurred in 158 cases (78.8%), of which 2 required a second reoperation (1.3%). The majority (91.8%) of hematomas occurred within 15 d of surgery. Multivariate analysis identified male gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists classes 3 to 5, bleeding disorder, increasing number of operative levels, revision surgery, dural repair, and perioperative transfusion as independent factors associated with PCEH. Upon controlling for those confounders, PCEH was independently associated with cardiac arrest, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, surgical site infection, and pneumonia. Conclusion Postoperative epidural hematomas requiring readmission or reoperation following elective cervical spine surgery occurred at an incidence of 0.4%. Symptomatic PCEHs are associated with increased rates of numerous major morbidities.
Core excitations in super 107 Ag, super 109 Ag, super 113 In, super 115 In, super 121 Sb, and super 123 Sb resulting from inelastic scattering of 42 Mev alpha particles.

$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles of 42-MeV energy were elastically and inelastically scattered from isotopically enriched targets of $^{113}\mathrm{In}$, $^{115}\mathrm{In}$, $^{107}\mathrm{Ag}$, $^{109}\mathrm{Ag}$, $^{121}\mathrm{Sb}$, and $^{123}\mathrm{Sb}$. Angular distributions were measured for a number of states in each isotope for angles between 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The results are compared with the predictions of the simple excited-core model with respect to the strengths and energies of the excitations. In all six isotopes, states were found which accounted for all of the one-quadrupole-phonon vibrational strength observed in the neighboring even-even nuclei. In $^{113}\mathrm{In}$, $^{115}\mathrm{In}$, and $^{121}\mathrm{Sb}$, multiplets of states were seen which contained all of the strength of the octupole vibrational states of the even neighbors. In $^{107}\mathrm{Ag}$ and $^{109}\mathrm{Ag}$, only half of the expected octupole strength was observed. In both silver isotopes, a number of states were seen which have approximately the proper strengths and excitation energies to arise from the coupling of the odd proton to a two-phonon vibrational state of the core.
Social Web-Scale Provenance in the Cloud

The lower barrier to entry for users to create and share resources through applications like Facebook and Twitter, and the commoditization of social Web data has heightened issues of privacy, attribution, and copyright. These make it important to track the provenance of social Web data. We outline and discuss key engineering, privacy, and monetization challenges in collecting and analyzing provenance of social Web resources.
Crack propagation and arrest in impacted plates

Crack propagation and arrest in impacted, edge-cracked, tension plates composed of Homalite-100 sheets were studied by dynamic photoelasticity. Dynamic stress intensity factors, crack velocities and dynamic stress concentrations at the arresting hole were determined and compared with corresponding static values which were computed by the method of finite element analysis. Significant influence of the reflected stress waves generated by the impact was noticed in this investigation. The otherwise stable crack appeared to run intermittently when the dynamic stress intensity factor exceeded the static fracture toughness of the material. The static stress field surrounding the arresting hole appeared relatively ineffective in influencing the path of crack propagation. Conclusions reached in this investigation are similar to those published previously except for the more pronounced stress wave effects in these series of experiments.
Beyond public vs. private: The Transformative Potential of Democratic Feminist Management

The transformative potential of public administration is forestalled by the portrayal of management as sphere-specific or apolitical and the resultant portrayal of marginality as natural. The lived exper iences of people at the organizational level and beyond deny the ob jectivity of separating public and private management and thus, through the exposure of the politics of management, open a space for discussion of the transformative potential of public administration. This paper suggests a more holistic "management"1 approach, built on the ideas of feminist and democratic theories and the praxis of Mary Parker Follett, Jane Addams, and more contemporary feminist theories of management. We conclude that a democratic feminist the ory of management is potentially transformative in its recognition of the conditions under which all forms of marginalization are sus tained and the discovery of the potential to change them. Ultimately, we can speak no more than our language allows us to speak, and can see and know no more than our social context al lows us to experience ... to alter the terms of public discourse one must change the experiences people have, and to restructure exper iences one must change the language available for making sense of those experiences. (Ferguson, 1984, p. 154)
Spectral‐based non‐central F mixed effect models, with application to otoacoustic emissions

In an experimental design involving replicate time series, on a number of experimental units, we consider the statistical problem of modelling the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a number of sinusoidal features of interest, observed in the presence of nuisance sinusoids and non-white Gaussian errors. Based on local spectral F statistics, we introduce non-central F mixed effect models to assess and characterize the variability in the SNRs over units and experimental conditions. We apply these non-central F mixed models to the analysis of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), retrograde sinusoidal pressure variations produced in the nonlinear cochlea by two-tone stimulation. Due to the narrowband nature of both the evoking stimuli and the emission, DPOAEs potentially represent a non-behavioural analogue of the pure-tone audiogram. However, substantial inter- and intra-subject variability currently limits their diagnostic validity. We model the cubic distortion product, the strongest such DPOAE, in a sample of 15 normal-hearing subjects. Our results demonstrate the ability to detect established gender- and evoking stimuli-dependent features, while being able to characterize the inter- and intra-subject variability. A demonstration that these methods can be readily applied to healthy patient populations indicates their utility in studying clinical populations.
TopREML: a topological restricted maximum likelihood approach to regionalize trended runoff signatures in stream networks

We introduce topological restricted maximum likelihood (TopREML) as a method to predict runoff signatures in ungauged basins. The approach is based on the use of linear mixed models with spatially correlated random effects. The nested nature of streamflow networks is taken into account by using water balance considerations to constrain the covariance structure of runoff and to account for the stronger spatial correlation between flow-connected basins. The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) framework generates the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of both the predicted variable and the associated prediction uncertainty, even when incorporating observable covariates into the model. The method was successfully tested in cross-validation analyses on mean streamflow and runoff frequency in Nepal (sparsely gauged) and Austria (densely gauged), where it matched the performance of comparable methods in the prediction of the considered runoff signature, while significantly outperforming them in the prediction of the associated modeling uncertainty. The ability of TopREML to combine deterministic and stochastic information to generate BLUPs of the prediction variable and its uncertainty makes it a particularly versatile method that can readily be applied in both densely gauged basins, where it takes advantage of spatial covariance information, and data-scarce regions, where it can rely on covariates, which are increasingly observable via remote-sensing technology.
Stress, Task, and Relationship Orientations across German and Vietnamese Cultures

Cultural background and context can be an important predictor of a manager’s behavior, stress and leadership orientation. This paper examines the stress, task, and relationship orientations of people in the high-context culture of Vietnam and in the low-context culture of Germany. As a result of the analysis of 420 responses, some significant differences were found between the two samples. It appears that Vietnamese have higher scores on task, relationship and stress orientations than German respondents. While gender is a significant factor in stress perceptions, it did not demonstrate any differences in the task and relationship orientations of these respondents. In this paper, literature on German and Vietnamese cultures is presented along with practical application, suggestions and implications for future studies. Key words: Culture; Germany; Leadership; Relationships; Stress perception; Tasks; Vietnam
Stimulation of the Immune Response in B6C3F1 Mice by Genistein Is Affected by Exposure Duration, Gender, and Litter Order

The objective of this study was to determine if the immune responses could be differentially modulated by the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) in mice from the first and second litters, and if the effects were persistent or reversible. B6C3F1 mice were exposed to a control or GEN-containing diet at 25, 250 and 1250 μg/g for the first litters, and 500 μg/g for the second litters from day 0 of gestation to PND22, and through feed after weaning. At PND42, an increase in the anti-CD3 antibody-stimulated splenic T cell proliferation and the percentages of T cells was observed in mice from the first litters at 250 and 1250 μg/g GEN but not from the second litters. At PND84, the activity of IL-2-treated NK cells was significantly increased by GEN in mice from the second litters but not from the first litters. The activity of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) was also significantly increased by GEN in male mice from the second litters. However, the increases in the CTL activity were not significant when the male mice were shifted from GEN-containing food to control food at PND22. Additionally, the increases in T-cell activities in female mice from the first litters and male mice from the second litters were associated with a decrease in the percentage of CD4 + CD25 + T regulatory cells. Overall, the results demonstrated that GEN could enhance the immune responses in mice from the first and second litters; however, the effects varied depending on the exposure duration, gender, and litter order.
Application of hierarchical neural-network-based control to transient stabilization of interconnected power systems

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) research is aimed at increasing transmission capabilities of existing power systems. FACTS devices provide means to dynamically control parameters of the transmission lines. In particular thyristor-controlled series capacitors have been proposed to increase inter-area transient stability margins. Design of a suitable control algorithm for adjusting capacitor compensation level is a challenging task. The power system dynamics, particularly during transients caused by severe faults, are highly nonlinear. A series capacitor affects the system dynamics in nonlinear fashion, further increasing the difficulty of applying traditional linear control. There is also an inherent system uncertainty due to fluctuations of operating conditions and to sudden structural changes caused by faults. A successful controller should be robust with respect to these uncertainties and must accommodate the nonlinear dynamics of the system. The above issues are addressed here using neural-network methodology. >
An Application Framework Design of Smart Grid IT Integrated Dispatching Operation Platform

Smart Grid construction of state grid enhanced the requirements for grid information construction, and the objective of constructing IT dispatching operation systems has been established in 12th 5-year information development plan. In order to cover every aspect of IT dispatching operation systems, including dispatching, operation, maintenance and customer service. the paper combined the advanced experience in dispatching and producing field of state grid recent years [, and with the characteristics of information field, proposed an application framework of integrated dispatching operation platform from operation layer, management layer and analysis layer to cover, in the design of operation layer, includes the contents of how to ensure rationality and security operations, in the design of management layer, includes the contents of how efficient and standardized management, in the design of analysis layer, includes the contents of how science and intelligent decision analysis. all of which ensured the efficient running of IT dispatching operation systems on the whole.
EST-PCR markers developed for highbush blueberry are also useful for genetic fingerprinting and relationship studies in rabbiteye blueberry

Abstract The pedigrees of most rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) cultivars can be traced back to four wild selections, ‘Ethel’, ‘Clara’, ‘Myers’, and ‘Black Giant’; thus, they result from a very narrow germplasm base and are highly related. Until now randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has been the only type of molecular marker used in rabbiteye blueberry. Here we have tested whether a type of sequence-tagged site (STS) marker which utilizes specific ∼20-mer primers from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum), called EST-PCR markers, are useful for genetic fingerprinting and relationship studies in rabbiteye blueberry. Of 44 EST-PCR primer pairs, from an assortment of genes expressed in flower buds of cold acclimated and non-acclimated plants, and shown to amplify polymorphic fragments among a collection of highbush genotypes, 40 (91%) resulted in successful amplification, and 33 of those (83%) amplified polymorphic fragments among the rabbiteye genotypes. The average number of scorable bands per primer pair was two. A dendrogram constructed from genetic similarity values, based on the EST-PCR marker data, tended to group siblings and parent/progeny together, generally agreeing with pedigree information. A group of 20 markers from five EST-PCR primer pairs distinguished all the genotypes in this study. These markers are as easy to generate and as affordable as RAPDs, but are based on actual gene sequences, and should have general utility for DNA fingerprinting, genetic diversity, and mapping studies.
Harvest and extinction in multi-species ecosystems

Abstract A potential cost of harvesting in multi-species ecosystems is the extinction of nonharvested species that are at the same trophic level as the harvested species. Existing analytical models are not well-suited for studying this harvest externality because they focus on species interactions across trophic levels instead of within them. We identify the conditions under which the harvesting of a single species causes at least one extinction of nonharvested species at the same trophic level. We compare two harvest regimes: uniform management, in which a privately optimal harvest rate is applied to the entire ecosystem; and specialized management, in which a portion of the ecosystem is intensively managed for the harvested species and the rest is left unharvested. Which regime is more likely to result in extinction depends on the discount rate and on the harvested species' competitive ability and colonization rate compared to those of the other species.
Contrast Enhancement and Resist Wall Profile Control by Surface Crosslinkage

Contrast enhancement, wall profile control and sensitivity increase all are important factors for resists used in microlithography. The use of contrast enhancement layers is accompanied by a sacrifice of resist sensitivity and has been limited to application to positive type photoresists. SPACE process has been reported for a negative working electron beam resist. With a controlled UV-flood exposure, enhancements in both contrast and sensitivity of RD2000N resist have been obtained. However, its application is limited to a negative working resist.The concept of SPACE may be expanded to other types of resists and lithographies such as positive working photoresists. I wish to present here contrast enhancement and resist wall profile control by photochemical surface crosslinkage. With addition of a crosslinking agent like an aromatic bisazide which has its UV absorption band far away from an imaging wavelength, one can obtain contrast enhancement, control of resist wall profiles and reduction of resist thickness loss during image development after photochemical surface crosslinkage.There are several processes reported for maintaining resist wall profiles at high temperature. However, resist images thicker than 3μm tend to have surface reticulation after high temperature heating. Pulsed electron beam resist hardening solves this problem. Certain chemical treatments of resist images provide not only thermal flow resistance but also specific RIE resistance. These processes for maintaining resist wall profiles at high temperatures will also be presented.
Towards an Approach to Borders and Mobility in Africa

Abstract As the interdisciplinary field of migration studies has tended to ignore borders, and studies of borders are unevenly developed across regions of the world. In general, they are poorly elaborated for the case of people moving across the African continent. Based on the notion that borders are socio‐economic, cultural, and political formations, and that they are experienced differently by people of different statuses, this paper argues for an approach to studying borders and cross‐border movement in Africa. Combining a review of the migration and borders literatures, with ethnographic evidence gathered traveling over 10,000 miles in four West African countries, and observations of 169 security checkpoints in the region, this paper reveals some of the unique aspects of how Africans experience border crossings. A primary contribution is considering how borders function for migrants traveling longer distances, not only for borderlanders, on whom the literature on African borders is most often based.
Distinguishing Functional Amino Acid Covariation from Background Linkage Disequilibrium in HIV Protease and Reverse Transcriptase

Correlated amino acid mutation analysis has been widely used to infer functional interactions between different sites in a protein. However, this analysis can be confounded by important phylogenetic effects broadly classifiable as background linkage disequilibrium (BLD). We have systematically separated the covariation induced by selective interactions between amino acids from background LD, using synonymous (S) vs. amino acid (A) mutations. Covariation between two amino acid mutations, (A,A), can be affected by selective interactions between amino acids, whereas covariation within (A,S) pairs or (S,S) pairs cannot. Our analysis of the pol gene — including the protease and the reverse transcriptase genes — in HIV reveals that (A,A) covariation levels are enormously higher than for either (A,S) or (S,S), and thus cannot be attributed to phylogenetic effects. The magnitude of these effects suggests that a large portion of (A,A) covariation in the HIV pol gene results from selective interactions. Inspection of the most prominent (A,A) interactions in the HIV pol gene showed that they are known sites of independently identified drug resistance mutations, and physically cluster around the drug binding site. Moreover, the specific set of (A,A) interaction pairs was reproducible in different drug treatment studies, and vanished in untreated HIV samples. The (S,S) covariation curves measured a low but detectable level of background LD in HIV.
Discussion of “Were the Carolina Bays oriented by gyroscopic action?”

Judging from the considerable number of papers written on the subject, two theories of the origin of the Carolina Bays appear to be most popular; the meteorite theory of origin advocated by Schriever and the theory recently discussed by Le Grand [1953] that they were formed by solution of material at depth. Extensive subsurface exploratory work done by the Corps of Engineers in 1951–52 in portions of the coastal plain region of South Carolina indicates the bays are of solution origin. Various considerations prevent the disclosures of the precise location of this work. Numerous detailed borings were made in an area marked by literally hundreds of irregular surface depressions, many of them egg-shaped, typical of Carolina Bays (Fig. 3). Subsurface conditions throughout the area were investigated, and several of the depressions were carefully explored. Stratigraphic boundaries were determined based on detailed study of lithology, fossil, mineral and calcareous content of the sediments. Sections through one of the depressions having a maximum diameter of 1700 ft and a maximum depth of 18 ft are reproduced on Fig. 4. Several factors indicating a solution origin of the depressions are discussed below.
The war puzzle

Part I. Preliminaries: Introduction 1. Conceptualizing war 2. Types of war 3. Power politics and war Part II. The Onset and Expansion of Wars of Rivalry: 4. Territorial continuity as a source of conflict leading to war 5. The realist road to war 6. The domestic prerequisites of wars of rivalry 7. Explaining world war: its scope, severity, and duration 8. Peace 9. Conclusion.
Reasons for Eating: Discussion Among Interdisciplinary Food Behavior Scientists

(2000). Reasons for Eating: Discussion Among Interdisciplinary Food Behavior Scientists. Journal for the Study of Food and Society: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 9-18.
Outcomes of Scholarly Inquiry: An Analysis of Master's of Nursing Students' Projects/Theses

This study examined the first scholarly projects/theses of 112 graduates of a newly formed Master of Nursing (MN) program. The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether MN graduates' scholarly projects/theses addressed the American Association Colleges of Nursing's (1996) Essentials of Master's Education for Advanced Practice Nursing , met program outcomes, and adhered to campus and program values. Other specific questions were formulated to ascertain the method of inquiry most used, the population group most examined, and the outcomes of the inquiry. The sample of 106 scholarly projects and six theses were categorized according to method of inquiry, population group, population type, and scholarly outcomes and then entered into a database software program. The findings showed the method of inquiry most used was literature review, followed by program critique, community assessment, and secondary analysis. The community was the most frequently examined population group, with patient, children, provider, minority, and elderly the most used population type. The most frequent scholarly outcomes were recommendations, study reports, educational materials, and program development. Findings supported the campus's and program's mission statement that values community partnership and diversity, improved health care outcomes, as well as an outcome objective of master's-level proficiencies in research competencies.
The genome of Th17 cell-inducing segmented filamentous bacteria reveals extensive auxotrophy and adaptations to the intestinal environment

Summary Perturbations of the composition of the symbiotic intestinal microbiota can have profound consequences for host metabolism and immunity. In mice, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) direct the accumulation of potentially proinflammatory Th17 cells in the intestinal lamina propria. We present the genome sequence of SFB isolated from monocolonized mice, which classifies SFB phylogenetically as a unique member of Clostridiales with a highly reduced genome. Annotation analysis demonstrates that SFB depend on their environment for amino acids and essential nutrients and may utilize host and dietary glycans for carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Comparative analyses reveal that SFB are functionally related to members of the genus Clostridium and several pathogenic or commensal "minimal" genera, including Finegoldia , Mycoplasma , Borrelia , and Phytoplasma . However, SFB are functionally distinct from all 1200 examined genomes, indicating a gene complement representing biology relatively unique to their role as a gut commensal closely tied to host metabolism and immunity.
Symmetry rules for transition structures in degenerate reactions

The work of Pechukas [J. Chem. Phys. 1976, 64, 1515−1521] on predicting transtion structure symmetry from reactant and product symmetries is extended to degenerate reactions. Pechukas showed that t...
Crystal structure of the yeast inner kinetochore subunit Cep3p.

Summary In budding yeast, the four-protein CBF3 complex (Skp1p-Ctf13p-Cep3p-Ndc10p) initiates kinetochore assembly by binding to the CDEIII locus of centromeric DNA. A Cep3p dimer recruits a Skp1p-Ctf13p heterodimer and contacts two sites on CDEIII. We report here the crystal structure, determined at 2.8 A resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering, of a truncated Cep3p (Cep3p [47–608]), comprising all but an N-terminal, Zn 2 Cys 6 -cluster, DNA-binding module. Cep3p has a well-ordered structure throughout essentially all of its polypeptide chain, unlike most yeast transcription factors, including those with Zn 2 Cys 6 clusters, such as Gal4p. This difference may reflect an underlying functional distinction: whereas any particular transcription factor must adapt to a variety of upstream activating sites, Cep3p scaffolds kinetochore assembly on centromeres uniformly configured on all 16 yeast chromosomes. We have, using the structure of Cep3p (47–608) and the known structures of Zn 2 Cys 6 -cluster domains, modeled the interaction of Cep3p with CDEIII.
First observations of iodine oxide from space

We present retrievals of IO total columns from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) satellite instrument. We analyze data for October 2005 in the polar regions to demonstrate for the first time the capability to measure IO column abundances from space. During the period of analysis (i.e. Southern Hemisphere springtime), enhanced IO vertical columns over 3 x 10(exp 13) molecules cm(exp -2) are observed around coastal Antarctica; by contrast during that time in the Arctic region IO is consistently below the calculated instrumental detection limit for individual radiance spectra (2-4 x 10(exp 12) molecules cm(exp -2) for slant columns). The levels reported here are in reasonably good agreement with previous ground-based measurements at coastal Antarctica. These results also demonstrate that IO is widespread over sea-ice covered areas in the Southern Ocean. The occurrence of elevated IO and its hitherto unrecognized spatial distribution suggest an efficient iodine activation mechanism at a synoptic scale over coastal Antarctica.
Anxious and Active: Muslim Perception of Discrimination and Treatment and its Political Consequences in the Post-September 11, 2001 United States

Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this article assesses discrimination and anxiety among Muslims in the post-September 11, 2001 United States. Substantial portions of Muslim-Americans are indeed anxious and report personal and group discrimination. However, this is guided by many factors including religious salience, age, education, political attentiveness, native born status, and years lived in the United States. Respondents who are more anxious and know victims of religious discrimination are also more active in politics. However, personal experiences with discrimination are unrelated to political participation. Overall, in spite of or perhaps because of anxiety over their present status, Muslim-Americans are highly functional in the political sphere. Many are now more active in politics than prior to September 11, 2001.
Microstructure–mechanical and chemical behavior relationships in passive thin films

The passive films play an important role in corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels. The current research investigates the relationship between alloy chemistry, microstructure, and mechanical behavior of passive films formed on 316, 304, and 904L stainless steels (SS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the effect of alloy chemistry and microstructure constituents on the thin film fracture properties determined by nanoindentation tests. The analyses showed that fracture loads are directly related to the crystallography of the thin films. It was found that decreasing the ratio of iron to other metallic elements in the film led to an increase in the load required to fracture the film. It was also found that films grown on 304, 316, and 904L stainless steels were the cubic polymorph of Cr2O3, rather than the lower energy rhombohedral form. In the case of 904L SS the film formed as an epitaxial layer. In the other two cases it consisted of small crystalline islands in an amorphous matrix. A dichromate treatment of 316 SS decreased the iron content in the oxide film and increased the hardness. It also resulted in an epitaxial film.
Stochastic analysis of global traveltime data: mantle heterogeneity and random errors in the ISC data

Analysis of global traveltime data has been formulated in terms of the stochastic properties of the Earth's heterogeneity pattern and random errors in the data. The formalism relates the coherency of traveltime residuals within bundles of rays (summary rays) of varying size to the spherical harmonic power spectrum of the slowness field of the medium. It has been applied to mantle P-wave data from the ISC catalogue. The measure of coherency is the variance within summary rays. It is estimated within bins in source depth, epicentral distance and the scale size of the area defining a summary ray. The variance at infinitesimal scale length represents the incoherent component of the data (random errors). The variation of the variance with scale length contains information about the autocorrelation function or power spectrum of slowness perturbations within the Earth. The variation with epicentral distance reflects the depth variation of the spectrum. The formalism accounts for the uneven distribution (clustering) of stations and events. We find that estimates of random errors correlate well with complexities on the traveltime curve of P-waves. The variance peaks at 1.0–2.0 s^2 at Δ ≈ 20°, where triplications occur on the traveltime curve, drops to 0.15–0.8s^2 at teleseismic distances, and rises to 0.4–1.3 s^2 approaching the core shadow, where the traveltime curves of P-waves and PcP-waves merge. These estimates should be considered upper bounds for the random error variance of the data. The signal to random noise ratio in the teleseismic ISC P-wave data is about S/N ≈ 2. Inversion of the scale-dependent structural signal in the data yields models that concentrate heterogeneity strongly in the upper mantle. The product of correlation length and power drops by about two orders of magnitude from the surface of the Earth to the lower mantle. About half of this quantity in the upper mantle is due to small-scale features (<300km). The lower mantle is devoid of small-scale structure. It contains 0.1 per cent velocity variations at a characteristic scale of about 1000km. This corresponds to a spectral band-width of l ≈ 7. The D″ layer at the bottom 100–200 km of the mantle shows up as a distinct layer in our results. It has 0.3 per cent velocity variations at a characteristic scale of 350km. The top of the lower mantle contains 0.3 per cent velocity variations on a scale of 500km and also contains some small-scale power. These results are compatible with previous deterministic lower mantle studies, although some details differ. The strength of heterogeneity in the upper mantle may obscure attempts to model the Earth's deep interior.
Factors affecting survival following chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting microspheres for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To assess factors associated with better overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) following chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting microspheres for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Materials and Methods Data of 130 patients (104 men; median age, 62 y) with inoperable HCC who underwent successful DEB chemoembolization with 100–300 -μm LC Bead particles loaded with 50 mg doxorubicin per vial were reviewed following human research committee approval. Effects of various clinical, imaging, and response factors on OS and PFS were assessed by univariate Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Multiple Cox regression with backward elimination was performed for terms found significant ( P ≤.05) on univariate analysis. Results The number of DEB chemoembolization procedures per patient ranged from one to four (mean, 2±1). The median PFS and OS were 5.7 months (95% confidence interval, 4.6–7.6 mo) and 14.7 months (95% confidence interval, 12.3–19.7 mo), respectively. On multivariate Cox regression, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) score of 1 or lower, necrosis of more than 50%, and response or stable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors after DEB chemoembolization were associated with better PFS. CLIP score of 1 or lower, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 1 or lower, absence of portal vein (PV) thrombosis, and necrosis greater than 50% following DEB chemoembolization were associated with better OS. Conclusions CLIP score of 1 or lower and necrosis of more than 50% are independent variables affecting PFS and OS after DEB chemoembolization, whereas absence of PV thrombosis and ECOG PS of 1 or lower affected OS but not PFS.
IPO Listings: Where and Why?

According to most research, firms benefit from being listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Nevertheless, 224 of 640 firms that went public from 1993 through 2000 and were eligible for a NYSE listing chose to list their stock on Nasdaq. We hypothesize that this choice may be related to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 144. The rule regulates the sale of restricted stock by limiting the amount of unregistered stock that can be sold by an individual. We investigate the determinants of post-IPO sales of restricted stock, examine IPO firms' listing choices, and find evidence consistent with firms selecting Nasdaq to reduce the effect of the limits on selling restricted stock imposed by the SEC's Rule 144. Venture capitalists play an important role in this listing decision.
The synaptic morphological perceptron

In recent years, several researchers have constructed novel neural network models based on lattice algebra. Because of computational similarities to operations in the system of image morphology, these models are often called morphological neural networks. One neural model that has been successfully applied to many pattern recognition problems is the single-layer morphological perceptron with dendritic structure (SLMP). In this model, the fundamental computations are performed at dendrites connected to the body of a single neuron. Current training algorithms for the SLMP work by enclosing the target patterns in a set of hyperboxes orthogonal to the axes of the data space. This work introduces an alternate model of the SLMP, dubbed the synaptic morphological perceptron (SMP). In this model, each dendrite has one or more synapses that receive connections from inputs. The SMP can learn any region of space determined by an arbitrary configuration of hyperplanes, and is not restricted to forming hyperboxes during training. Thus, it represents a more general form of the morphological perceptron than previous architectures.
The influence of biofilms on skin friction drag

The contribution of biofilms to skin friction drag is not clearly defined, and as regulations continue to restrict the use of biocides in antifouling paints, they are likely to form a greater presence on ship hulls. This paper reviews the flow regime around a ship's hull, the basics of boundary layer structure, and the effects of rigid surface roughness on drag. A review of experimental studies of biofilms in turbulent shear flows at laboratory and ship‐scale is made. The consensus of these studies shows that biofilms increase skin friction drag. Some measurements carried out in turbulent boundary layer flow using a two‐component, laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) are also presented. These results indicate an increase in skin friction for biofilms that is dependent on composition as well as thickness.