cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Europa Clipper: MBSE Proving Ground

Recent collaborations between JPL's Integrated Model Centric Engineering (IMCE) initiative and the Europa Clipper project have produced six distinct applications of MBSE. Most of these collaborations have been successful, and all have been valuable learning experiences. Here we describe all of the applications including technical approach, benefits, challenges, and lessons learned.
Acute Otitis Media in an Extremely Preterm Infant

There are a limited number of documented cases of acute otitis media (AOM) in preterm infants while hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We present a case of a former 26 weeks old infant who at 29 weeks, 6 days postmenstrual age presented with acute signs and symptoms of systemic sepsis subsequently found to be secondary to AOM with purulent ear drainage. The patient received a septic evaluation, including urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid studies. Treatment included intravenous antibiotics with full resolution of symptoms. AOM in extreme preterm infants is multifactorial, with leading causes that include prematurity, the use of oropharyngeal and nasogastric tube placement and endotracheal intubation, eustachian tube dysfunction, and a distinct immune response. To our knowledge, there is not another published case of AOM of a preterm baby while in the NICU.
Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases.

The neuro-physiological properties of individuals with genetic pre-disposition to neurological disorders are largely unknown. Here we aimed to explore these properties using cerebral organoids (COs) derived from fibroblasts of individuals with confirmed genetic mutations including PRNPE200K, trisomy 21 (T21), and LRRK2G2019S, which are associated with Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, Down Syndrome, and Parkinson’s disease. We utilized no known disease/healthy COs (HC) as normal function controls. At 3–4 and 6–10 months post-differentiation, COs with mutations showed no evidence of disease-related pathology. Electrophysiology assessment showed that all COs exhibited mature neuronal firing at 6–10 months old. At this age, we observed significant changes in the electrophysiology of the COs with disease-associated mutations (dCOs) as compared with the HC, including reduced neuronal network communication, slowing neuronal oscillations, and increased coupling of delta and theta phases to the amplitudes of gamma oscillations. Such changes were linked with the detection of hypersynchronous events like spike-and-wave discharges. These dysfunctions were associated with altered production and release of neurotransmitters, compromised activity of excitatory ionotropic receptors including receptors of kainate, AMPA, and NMDA, and changed levels and function of excitatory glutamatergic synapses and inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Neuronal properties that modulate GABAergic inhibition including the activity of Na–K-Cl cotransport 1 (NKCC1) in Cl− homeostasis and the levels of synaptic and extra-synaptic localization of GABA receptors (GABARs) were altered in the T21 COs only. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone, a positive modulator of GABARs, was downregulated in all the dCOs. Treatment with this neurosteroid significantly improved the neuronal communication in the dCOs, possibly through improving the GABAergic inhibition. Overall, without the manifestation of any disease-related pathology, the genetic mutations PRNPE200K, T21, and LRRK2G2019S significantly altered the neuronal network communication in dCOs by disrupting the excitatory-to-inhibitory balance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13041-021-00864-w.
Half day tutorial on the personal process in software engineering

The personal software process (PSP) is a process-based method for teaching software engineering principles to software engineers. This one semester graduate or seniorlevel undergraduate course uses quality management principles and the capability maturity model (CMM) framework to demonstrate the benefits of applying sound engineering principles to software work. During the course, students learn how to plan and manage their work and how to apply process definition and measurement to their personal tasks.
Interior‐Point Linear Programming Solvers

We present an overview of available software for solving linear programming problems using interior-point methods. Some of the codes discussed include primal and dual simplex solvers as well, but we focus the discussion on the implementation of the interior-point solver. For each solver, we present types of problems solved, available distribution modes, input formats and modeling languages, as well as algorithmic details, including problem formulation, use of higher corrections, presolve techniques, ordering heuristics for symbolic Cholesky factorization, and the specifics of numerical factorization. Keywords: interior-point methods; linear programming; optimization software
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction in Mammalian Liver Cell Culture I. STIMULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY IN NONHEPATIC CELLS AND IN HEPATIC CELLS BY PHENOBARBITAL, POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AND 2,2-BIS(p-CHLOROPHENYL)-1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE

Abstract Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity is inducible in rat fetal hepatocytes in culture by phenobarbital, the insecticide, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), benz[a]anthracene, or 3-methylcholanthrene. Between the 2nd and 4th day of age of the primary cultures, the maximal net rate at which the hydroxylase activity accumulates is about the same when phenobarbital, benz[a]anthracene, or 3-methylcholanthrene is in the growth medium at optimal concentrations. The optimal inducing concentrations for each compound are 2.0 mm phenobarbital, 100 µm p,p'-DDT, 13 µm benz[a]anthracene, and 0.75 µm 3-methylcholanthrene. The kinetic data of the oxygenase induction and degradation are the same in liver cell cultures exposed to either phenobarbital or benz[a]anthracene; the time required for doubling the hydroxylase activity is about 3.0 hours, and the initial half-life of the induced enzyme system is about 10½ hours. An additive effect is obtained when either phenobarbital or p,p'-DDT is present with a polycyclic hydrocarbon in the medium, but not when the hepatocytes are treated with phenobarbital plus p,p'-DDT, or with the combination of benz[a]anthracene plus 3-methylcholanthrene. In fetal liver cells exposed to phenobarbital for 3 days, total hepatocellular RNA synthesis does not change significantly or may increase slightly, whereas in hepatocytes treated with benz[a]anthracene for 1 to 3 days, gross RNA synthesis decreases about 30%. There is a 15 to 20% decline in total protein synthesis in liver cell cultures treated with either phenobarbital or benz[a]anthracene for 1 to 3 days. The apparent Michaelis constants for the control hydroxylase and the enzyme system inducible by either phenobarbital or benz[a]anthracene are similar, ranging between 2 and 4 µm in the presence of the substrate, benzo[a]pyrene.
Compounding the Results: The Integration of Virtual Worlds With the Semantic Web

Over the past 20 years governmental use of web-base information and technologies has continually expanded taking advantage of the Web's vast, ever-expanding volumes of browser-accessible information. Now infuse two new technologies, the first of these espouses a world where semantic-powered applications become knowledgeable assistants for web users. The second new technology takes a perceivably flat two-dimensional approach to presenting current web-content and adds a third-dimensional perspective to the presentation. Welcome to the Semantic Web as seen through the eyes of a Virtual World participant, an environment where web users no longer are browsing for information that is largely static; where web users interacting through their proxies (avatars) query applications (web agents) soliciting them to collect, filter, verify, correlate, and present answers to their queries often in more visually palatable three-dimensional format. Following a brief overview of these two technologies, this article presents several of the key force drivers behind their evolution and the benefits gleaned from their collective use. Further discussion identifies new methods for visualizing semantic content in Virtual Worlds. Finally, as with any technological evolution, merging these two technologies brings on a whole new set of challenges from a web user’s perspective as well as perspectives from both technology developers in academia and government.
War, Insurance and Some Problems of Community

In War and Insurance (1914), Josiah Royce deals with several kinds of community, two obviously and one implicitly. The first is the community of interpretation, which he adapted from Peirce and used in the Problem of Christianity. The second is the Beloved or Universal Community, towards which this suggestion for the practical advancement of peace was headed. The third is the shattered or wounded community, implicit in War and Insurance in the form of the international community, which is injured by the nation that fires the first shot. This paper discusses these three communities against the background of several other treatments of community in the work of Josiah Royce.
Experimental demonstration of converged inter/intra data center network architecture

We present a novel converged inter/intra data center network architecture to enable on-demand rack-to-rack connectivity across data centers. The hardware architecture includes a bidirectional software-defined optical gateway that aggregates racks or pods on a conventional data center data plane and provides both east-west and north-south connectivity. The software architecture consist of two Software-Defined Networking (SDN) agents over the data center and transport network control planes that manages connection requests and finds the optimal routing and wavelength configuration from the available WDM channels. We present bulk data transfer and Virtual Machine (VM) migration on a testbed of three data centers.
Haciendas, Ranchos and Indian Communities: New Perspectives on the Agrarian Question and Popular Rebelion in Veracruz

El objetivo primordial de este articulo es examinar los estudios principales de la ultima decada sobre la cuestion agraria veracruzana de los siglos XIX y la primera parte del XX, y mostrar como estos han enlazado los cambios de la tenencia de la tierra, el descontento agrario y la alternativa campesina a la rebelion popular. Se trata de ubicar estos estudios dentro de cinco perspectivas historiograficas: populismo, revisionismo, neopopulismo, poscolonialismo y la escuela de los Annales. Las mas destacadas tendencias son la alternativa del campesinado en el siglo XIX y el surgimiento del ranchero en el XX en la lucha por el control de la tierra. Los estudios recientes sugieren que hay mas continuidad que ruptura en los procesos de largo plazo en el campo. Haciendas, Ranchos and Indian Communities: New Perspectives on the Agrarian Question and Popular Rehelion in Veracruz The primary objective of this article is to examine the major studies written over the past decade on the Veracruz agrarian questions in the 19th and 20th centuries and to show how they have linked land tenure changes, agrarian discontent, and peasant agency to popular rebellion. It places these studies within five historiographical perspectives: populism, revisionism, neo-populism, postcolonialism, and the Annales school. The two most striking trends are the emphasis placed on peasant agency in the 19 th century and the rise of the ranchero in 20th century in the struggle over control of the land. Recent scholarship suggests that there was more continuiity tan rupture in the long-term processes unfolding in the countryside.
Mutation spectra in fragile X syndrome induced by deletions of CGG*CCG repeats.

The fragile X syndrome results from expansions as well as deletions of the repeating CGG·CCG DNA sequence in the 5′-untranslated region of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. The relative frequency of disease cases promoted by these two types of mutations cannot be ascertained at present because the routine clinical assay monitors only expansions. At least 30 articles have been reviewed that document the involvement of deletions of part or all of the CGG·CCG repeats along with varying extents of DNA flanking regions as well as very small mutations including single base pair changes. Studies of deletion mutants of CGG·CCG tracts in Escherichia coli plasmids revealed a similar spectrum of mutagenic products. The triplet repeat tract in a non-B conformation is the mutagen, not the sequence per se in the right-handed B helix. Hence, molecular investigations in a simple model organism may generate useful initial information toward therapeutic strategies for this disease.
H II Regions in the nuclei of external galaxies

In this article we review the observations of the ionized gas in nuclei of galaxies and the interpretation of the observed data in terms of the physical conditions of the gas. The ambiguities and uncertainties both in the observations and interpretation are outlined.
RAM models for fossil generating units

Reliability and maintainability (RAM) modeling methodology for evaluating a fossil generating power unit is discussed. Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation's Huntley Unit 65 is used as an example of how the RAM model can be applied as a practical tool at the plant and corporate levels to improve unit availability. The development, evaluation and validation of the RAM model is outlined. The collection of plant data, development of availability state models, preparation of system fault trees, collection and computation of equipment failure data, and documentation of findings are discussed. >
Truth, Consequences and Culture: A Comparative Examination of Cheating and Attitudes about Cheating among U.S. and U.K. Students

As Post (1996) observes, accounting firms are unique among multinationals. They are more likely than firms in almost any other category to go abroad. They also have less choice in location as their expansion is determined largely by the desired locations of their clients (Anderson and Gatignon, 1986). Given the widespread global presence of such firms, it can be argued that the global audit firm is uniquely at risk from variations in ethical perceptions across nations. This study extends the U.S. accounting literature on determinants of cheating among accounting students to the U.K. Based on the work of Cohen et al. (1993) it develops a model that suggests that students in lower "uncertainty avoidance" countries will be both less likely to cheat, and when they do cheat, will be driven by internal rather than external mode. Our results supported the model as proposed as our results indicated that U.S. students were more likely to cheat and were more responsive to external stimuli than were the U.K. students.
RNA-Directed DNA Synthesis and RNA Tumor Viruses

Publisher Summary The discovery of RNA-directed DNA synthesis in disrupted virions of RNA tumor viruses added strong support to the hypothesis that information transfer from RNA to DNA exists in biological system. The chapter discusses the properties of the endogenous reaction carried out by the virion DNA polymerase. To study the endogenous reaction disrupted, virions are incubated with substrates in the absence of any added template and synthesis of DNA is observed using the RNA present in the virions as template. The chapter also discusses the general implications of RNA-directed DNA synthesis in relation to tumor viruses, neoplastic cells, and normal cells. It is hypothesized that the leukovirus RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity is an integral part of the ribonucleoprotein core of the virions. The cores are synthesized in cells as precursor particles and then are incorporated into complete virions when the virions are assembled by budding at the cell surface. This core enzyme system contains not only the template-primer RNA, a DNA polymerase that can transfer information from RNA to double-stranded DNA, but ancillary enzymes, such as polynucleotide ligase and nucleases, which may aid in integrating the viral information with cellular DNA. This suggests that the virion enzyme activity is related to normal cellular DNA polymerases, and that there are homologies between the amino acid sequences of the viral enzyme and normal cellular enzymes. The relationship of RNA-directed DNA synthesis to neoplasia depends upon the relationship of RNA tumor viruses to neoplasia, which is supported by three general hypotheses: the provirus model, the oncogene model, and the protovirus model.
Simultaneous composite tailoring and bending control optimization for damping the torsional vibration of a plate

This study developed a method for the simultaneous structural and control optimization for torsional vibration of a composite plate which simulates a spacecraft solar array structure. Included in the optimization of the plate are the locations of the piezoceramic actuators and sensors that provide bending/torsion actuation, the control gains, and the orientation of the graphite fibers in the composite plies. This research included the effects of using composite tailoring to promote the coupling of the twisting-bending mode to enhance the damping system. The plate was modeled by classical lamination plate theory using a linear elastic strain displacement theory. This theory was then incorporated into a control/structure performance index that minimizes torsional and bending motion at the tip of the plate due to a torsional force at the tip. A comparison was made between the results of this theory and the experimental results of the optimized plate and a baseline plate. >
On the properties of equilibria in private value divisible good auctions with constrained bidding

Abstract I analyze a model of a private value divisible good auction with different payment rules, standard rationing rule pro-rata on-the-margin and both with and without a restriction on the number of bids (steps) bidders can submit. I provide characterization of equilibrium bidding strategies in a model with restricted strategy sets and I show that these equilibria converge to an equilibrium of the model with unrestricted strategy sets as the restrictions are relaxed. However, not all equilibria in the unrestricted game can be achieved as limits of the equilibria of the restricted games. I demonstrate that the equilibrium conditions require that the Euler condition characterizing equilibrium in continuously differentiable strategies in the unrestricted model holds “on average” over the intervals defined by the length of each (price) step of the restricted strategy, where the average is taken with respect to the endogenous distribution of the market clearing price. The characterization from the restricted model also allows for a natural interpretation of the involved trade-offs. Adapting the argument of Chao and Wilson (1987) I also prove that the foregone surplus of a bidder from using K steps rather than a continuous bid is proportional to 1 K 2 .
Cellular aspects of the control of physiological color changes in crustaceans.

SYNOPSIS. Red chromatophores(erythrophores) of the prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris , are controlled by pigment—dispersing and -concentrating hormones. Recent experiments on the modes of action of these hormones are described, followed by a theory which satisfactorily explains the data. Red pigment-concentrating hormone is dependent upon sodium ions for a strong response to occur. There is a similar dependency of red pigment—dispersing hormone upon calcium ions. Ouabain inhibits the response to red pigment—concentrating hormone; tetrodotoxin enhances it. Erythrophores with maximally dispersed pigment had a transmembrane potential of 55±15 mv inside negative in one series of experiments and 56±4 mv in another. No appreciable changes in permeability occur when depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents are passed through a microelectrode within the chromatophore. Red pigmentconcentrating hormone causes hyperpolarization of the transmembrane potential. The magnitude of hyperpolarization is directly related to the degree of pigment concentration. Adenosine 3\`;, 5\`-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) causes dispersion of the red pigment but has no pigment-concentrating effect. The primary action of red pigmentconcentrating hormone is most likely stimulation of a pump which exchanges sodium ions from inside the chromatophore with potassium ions from the outside, whereas red pigment-dispersing hormone quite likely stimulates entry of calcium ions into the chromatophore.
Differential effects of lumenal L-arginine and NG-nitro L-arginine on blood flow and water fluxes in rat ileum.

Abstract 1. The role of endogenous mucosal nitric oxide (NO) in the local regulation of H2O absorption and blood flow in rat ileum was studied by perfusing L-arginine (L-Arg) (0.1-1.0 mM) and NG-nitro L-arginine (L-NOARG) (0.01-1.0 mM) through the lumen. D-Arginine (D-Arg) or L-Arg (1 mM), combined with L-NOARG, were used to determine if any of the measured intestinal effects of L-NOARG were exerted through NO formation. 2. Net and unidirectional H2O fluxes and effective mucosal blood flow were measured using 3H2O and [14C]-inulin in the perfusate. Mucosal NO formation was measured as the appearance of lumenal NO2-. 3. L-NOARG, beginning at a concentration of 0.1 mM, decreased net H2O absorption, but had only minor effects on unidirectional H2O fluxes or on blood flow. L-NOARG increased blood pressure, beginning at a concentration of 0.5 mM. 4. L-Arg had no significant effects on net H2O absorption or blood pressure, and only minor effects on unidirectional H2O fluxes and blood flow. 5. NO appearance in the lumen was marginally decreased by 1.0 mM L-NOARG, but not increased by L-Arg. 6. Mucosal blood flow resistance paralleled systemic blood pressure suggesting that vascular effects on the mucosa were exerted only after L-NOARG had reached the general circulation. 7. Lumenal L-Arg reversed the effects of lumenal L-NOARG on net H2O absorption and blood pressure, but D-Arg did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Robust Multivariable Flutter Suppression for the Benchmark Active Control Technology (BACT) Wind-tunnel Model

The Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) project is part of NASA Langley Research Center''s Benchmark Models Program for studying transonic aeroelastic phenomena. In January of 1996 the BACT wind-tunnel model was used to successfully demonstrate the application of robust multivariable control design methods (H infinity and mu-synthesis) to flutter suppression. This paper addresses the design and experimental evaluation of robust multivariable flutter suppression control laws with particular attention paid to the degree to which stability and performance robustness was achieved.
Chromosomics: detection of numerical and structural alterations in all 24 human chromosomes simultaneously using a novel OctoChrome FISH assay.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that allows specific DNA sequences to be detected on metaphase or interphase chromosomes in cell nuclei1. The technique uses DNA probes with unique sequences that hybridize to whole chromosomes or specific chromosomal regions, and serves as a powerful adjunct to classic cytogenetics. For instance, many earlier studies reported the frequent detection of increased chromosome aberrations in leukemia patients related with benzene exposure, benzene-poisoning patients, and healthy workers exposed to benzene, using classic cytogenetic analysis2. Using FISH, leukemia-specific chromosomal alterations have been observed to be elevated in apparently healthy workers exposed to benzene3-6, indicating the critical roles of cytogentic changes in benzene-induced leukemogenesis. Generally, a single FISH assay examines only one or a few whole chromosomes or specific loci per slide, so multiple hybridizations need to be conducted on multiple slides to cover all of the human chromosomes. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) allows visualization of the whole genome simultaneously, but the requirement for special software and equipment limits its application7. Here, we describe a novel FISH assay, OctoChrome-FISH, which can be applied for Chromosomics, which we define here as the simultaneous analysis of all 24 human chromosomes on one slide in human studies, such as chromosome-wide aneuploidy study (CWAS)8. The basis of the method, marketed by Cytocell as the Chromoprobe Multiprobe System, is an OctoChrome device that is divided into 8 squares, each of which carries three different whole chromosome painting probes (Figure 1). Each of the three probes is directly labeled with a different colored fluorophore, green (FITC), red (Texas Red), and blue (Coumarin). The arrangement of chromosome combinations on the OctoChrome device has been designed to facilitate the identification of the non-random structural chromosome alterations (translocations) found in the most common leukemias and lymphomas, for instance t(9;22), t(15;17), t(8;21), t(14;18)9. Moreover, numerical changes (aneuploidy) in chromosomes can be detected concurrently. The corresponding template slide is also divided into 8 squares onto which metaphase spreads are bound (Figure 2), and is positioned over the OctoChrome device. The probes and target DNA are denatured at high-temperature and hybridized in a humid chamber, and then all 24 human chromosomes can be visualized simultaneously. OctoChrome FISH is a promising technique for the clinical diagnosis of leukemia and lymphoma and for detection of aneuploidies in all chromosomes. We have applied this new Chromosomic approach in a CWAS study of benzene-exposed Chinese workers8,10.
The Algebraic Fundamental Group of a Curve Singularity

A classical theorem of Brauner [3], (also Kahler [10], Zariski [15]), gives a formula for the generators and relations of the topological fundamental group of the knot determined by the germ of an analytically irreducible singular curve in C. These elegant formulas depend only on the characteristic pairs of a Puiseux series expansion of the curve. Zariski states this Theorem as part of his discussion on Puiseux series in the chapter on resolution of singularities in his book ”Algebraic Surfaces” [16]. Let γ be the germ of an analyically irreducible plane curve singularity at the origin. Let De be an epsilon ball centered at the origin in C , and let Se be the boundary of De. For e sufficiently small, the pair (De, γ ∩De) is homeomorphic to the pair consisting of the cone over Se and the cone over γ ∩ Se (c.f. Theorem 2.10 [11]). Thus Se − γ ∩ Se is a strong deformation retract of Be − γ ∩ Be, and the topological fundamental group of the knot is isomorphic to π 1 (Be − γ ∩Be). The arithmetic analogue of the topological fundamental group of the knot determined by the germ of an analytically irreducible singular plane curve is thus the algebraic fundamental group π1(Spec(R) − V (f)) , where R = k[[x, y]] is a power series ring over an algebraically closed field k, and f ∈ R is irreducible. The basic theory of the algebraic fundamental group is classical, being understood for Riemann surfaces in the 19th century. The algebraic fundamental group is constructed from the finite topological covers, which are algebraic. Abhyankar extended the algebraic fundamental group to arbitrary characteristic [2] and Grothendieck [8] defined the fundamental group in general. In positive characteristic, Puiseux series expansions do not always exist (c.f section 2.1 of [5]). However, in characteristic zero, the characteristic pairs of the Puiseux series are determined by the resolution graph of a resolution of singularites of the curve germ. As such, the characteristic pairs can be defined in any characteristic from the resolution graph (c.f [5]). In this paper we prove an arithmetic analogue of Brauner’s theorem, valid in arbitrary characteristic. The generators and relations in our Theorem (Theorem 0.1
Concurrent and Lagged Effects of Registered Nurse Turnover and Staffing on Unit‐Acquired Pressure Ulcers

Over the past decade, a shortage of registered nurses (RNs) has been one of the most critical concerns for health care institutions, particularly hospitals (Spetz and Given 2003; Buerhaus, Auerbach, and Staiger 2009). The Bureau of Health Professions of the Health Resources and Services Administration estimated that the RN shortage would grow from 6 percent in 2002 to 20 percent by 2020 (DHHS 2002). Researchers proposed that high turnover and intent of RNs to leave the profession would further worsen the future shortage (Aiken et al. 2001; HSM Group 2002). Since 2007, however, when the U.S. economy slipped into a severe recession, immediate concern over the RN shortage abated. During the recession, RN employment and retention sharply increased compared with other professions, virtually ending the decade-long shortage of hospital RNs (Staiger, Auerbach, and Buerhaus 2012). Nevertheless, workforce researchers expect that the absence of an RN shortage may be short-lived and that increases in RN turnover and a shortage will reemerge once the economy has recovered (Buerhaus, Auerbach, and Staiger 2009; Staiger, Auerbach, and Buerhaus 2012). Thus, policy makers, administrators, and researchers must closely monitor RN turnover because it affects stability in the nursing workforce and threatens the consistency and quality of patient care. Past studies have identified an array of complex and multifaceted factors associated with nurse turnover; however, most of them have focused on the determinants of nurse turnover such as organizational factors, management style, workload, burnout, and pay/benefits (O'Brien-Pallas et al. 2006; Hayes et al. 2012). Few studies have examined the consequences of nurse turnover, particularly its effect on the quality of hospital patient care. Many researchers assume that nurse turnover will negatively affect the quality of patient care that is provided by nurses (Shortell et al. 1994; Tai, Bame, and Robinson 1998; O'Brien-Pallas et al. 2006). However, this assumption has been supported by only a few empirical studies that examined the relationship between nurse turnover and patient outcomes (Leiter, Harvie, and Frizzell 1998; O'Brien-Pallas et al. 2010; VHA 2002). Moreover, their findings could be challenged because the studies were based mostly on small sample sizes, used data from a narrow set of unit types or a limited number of hospital settings, analyzed facility-level data that might not account for differences in turnover rates among unit types, used a cross-sectional design that might make it difficult to account for changes in nurse turnover and outcomes over time, or considered turnover intention as a proxy for actual turnover instead of testing the direct effect of actual turnover on patient outcomes (Hayes et al. 2012). To address these concerns, therefore, we longitudinally examined the association between turnover of nurses, specifically RNs, and the patient outcome of pressure ulcers at the unit level.
Electrocardiographic Alterations Produced by a Decrease in Plasma pH, Bicarbonate and Sodium as Compared with those Produced by an Increase in Potassium

The effects of a decrease in plasma pH, bicarbonate and sodium on the electrocardiographic pattern are compared with those produced by elevation of serum potassium and lithium in the dog. The electrocardiographic alterations were found to be similar in form and progression. The alterations can be correlated with those found in isolated nerve and muscle preparations.
Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) in natural habitats in Panama, Colombia, Brazil, and Peru

Troops ofSaimiri (squirrel monkeys) were observed in 31 locations in natural habitats in Panama, Colombia, Brazil, and Peru. Troop size varied from 10 to 35 animals in Panama and Colombia and from 120 to 300 or more in the unaltered rainforests of Amazonia. Troop size correlated with forest size in all areas.Saimiri associated withCebus (capuchin monkeys) in several areas.Saimiri troops showed different responses to man, fear and flight or neutral responses or curiosity; and these correlated with local environmental conditions. Social behavior varied significantly between the large and small troops. Social interactions were much more frequent and individual distances were much smaller in the large troops than in the small troops. Several factors that may relate to these differences in sociability are discussed in light of data from this and other studies.
Identification of 6-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol: A new form of myo-inositol in mammals

Abstract A disaccharide has been isolated from the mammary gland of rats on the 18th day of lactation and identified as 6-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl myo -inositol (6-β-galactinol). The structure was established using chemical and enzymatic methods, paper and gas chromatography, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This is the first report of a myo -inositol galactoside of animal origin.
A constraint-based lexicalist account of the subject/object attachment preference.

When a noun phrase could either be the object of the preceding verb or the subject of a new clause or a sentence complement, readers and listeners show a strong preference to parse the noun phrase as the object of the verb. This can result in clear garden paths for sentences such asThe student read the book was stolen andWhile the student read the book was stolen. Even when the verb does not permit a noun phrase complement, soem processing difficulty is still found. This has led some theorists to propose models in which initial attachments are lexically blind, with lexical information subsequently used as a filter to evaluate and revise initial analyses. In contrast, we show that these results emerge naturally from constraint-based lexicalist models. We present a modeling experiment with a simple recurrent network that was trained to predict upcoming complements for a sample of verbs taken from the Penn Treebank corpus. The model exhibits an boject bias and it aloo shows effects of verb frequency which are similar to those found in the psycholinguistic literature.
Neoadjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is a potentially devastating cancer, and when metastatic, remains incurable with currently available systemic therapy. Surgical nephrectomy remains the only proven modality which can offer curative options for patients with resectable disease. Further, cytoreductive nephrectomy continues to play a role in the metastatic disease setting. The use of targeted therapy as an adjunct to surgical resection is beginning to be explored in both of these clinical scenarios. Immediate questions regarding preoperative treatment with VEGF pathway targeted therapy include issues surrounding the safety of these agents in use in the perioperative time period, the expectations for response in the primary tumor, the optimal duration of therapy, and the clinical settings in which this therapy may be most beneficial. This review will discuss the current experience with neoadjuvant or preoperative therapy in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma and will overview the challenges and opportunities which lie ahead for this form of multimodality therapy.
Storage Planning and Management Using a Web-Based Management Service

We describe a novel approach for the on-line scheduling of storage network access in shared application-hosting environments. Our storage resource management and reservation service (RMRS) dynamically makes advance reservation of storage bandwidth for various accesses while resolving the potential for conflict unutilized storage network capacity is maintained at an optimal level for being able to support unexpected load/contingencies, while preventing any capacity underutilization. Among the novelties offered by our work are: (l)a Web-service architecture (2) an application domain of storage accesses for normal database workload, backup, replication, migration and recovery, while supporting business objectives, QoS, and service-level commitments (3) a formulation of the scheduling problem as a practical linear programming (LP) problem comprising a reshaping linearization and integer relaxation of the modeled non linear bandwidth constraints.
SERUM PROTEASES AND THE MECHANISM OF THE ABDERHALDEN REACTION : STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XX.

1. Normal serum protease is not specific; it is active in both dilute acid as well as alkaline media. It is destroyed by heating to 70 degrees C. for thirty minutes. It is markedly impaired when heated at 56 degrees C. for thirty minutes. It is inhibited by the unsaturated soaps and lipoids. 2. Guinea pig and rabbit serum contain relatively much protease; the leucocytes are without proteolytic ferments. 3. Normal human and dog serum contain little or no protease; the leucocytes are strongly proteolytic. 4. Serum complement and protease are not identical. 5. During various pathological conditions the non-specific protease is increased in both human and dog serum. 6. An increase in antiferment is in many instances coincident. 7. During the Abderhalden reaction the placental tissue becomes more resistant to enzyme action, because of the adsorption of the antiferment from the serum. 8. The dialyzed serum loses antiferment because of adsorption by the placental tissue or other adsorbing substances, including probably the dialyzing membrane. 9. The digestive substrate is the serum protein made available for protease action by the adsorption of the antiferment. 10. The proteases in pathological conditions investigated by us (pregnancy, tuberculosis, and pneumonia) are non-specific.
Politics and the political setting as an influence on evaluation activities: National research and technology policy programs in the United States and Canada

Program evaluation activities in the United States, after a long history of decentralized, uncoordinated activity, have taken a new turn. It is called performance measurement. A portion of this history, and the recent changes, may be explained by characteristics of the political environment. In contrast, Canada has a long history of centralized, coordinated evaluation of its federal programs. In this paper, we identify particular attributes of the Canadian and the, U.S. political systems that we posit are related to each nation's respective evaluation system. Specifically, we address the following factors differentiating the evaluation experience in both countries as being a function of (1) the level of centralization; (2) legislative history; (3) legislative precedent; and (4) political support for evaluation. Using case studies of research and development program evaluations in both countries, we examine the forces at work that shape the design and implementation of evaluation programs. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of recent changes in both systems for their respective evaluation systems and processes.
High-energy gravitational scattering and black hole resonances

Aspects of super-Planckian gravitational scattering and black hole formation are investigated, largely via a partial-wave representation. At large and decreasing impact parameters, amplitudes are expected to be governed by single-graviton exchange, and then by eikonalized graviton exchange, for which partial-wave amplitudes are derived. In the near-Schwarzschild regime, perturbation theory fails. However, general features of gravitational scattering associated with black hole formation suggest a particular form for amplitudes, which we express as a black hole ansatz. We explore features of this ansatz, including its locality properties. These amplitudes satisfy neither the Froissart bound nor, apparently, the more fundamental property of polynomial boundedness, through which locality is often encoded in an $S$-matrix framework. Nevertheless, these amplitudes do satisfy a macroscopic form of causality, expressed as a polynomial bound for the forward-scattering amplitude.
Non-radial flow near the cometary surface

It is shown that, as a consequence of the non-uniform temperature distribution of the cometary nucleus, large lateral pressure gradients are set up, which in turn drive strong lateral flows. However, at small heliocentric distances the onset of turbulence within a thin boundary layer destroys these steady lateral flows and the eventual outflow of gas from within the outer boundary of this layer is expected to be more or less radial. On the other hand, at large heliocentric distances, turbulence is unlikely to set in, and the lateral flows that are set up, may persist. Consequently, it is expected that the gas flow out of the cometary nucleus at these large distances to be highly non-radial.
Nutritional consequences of the transformation from subsistence to commercial agriculture in Tabasco, Mexico

Recent changes in the area of the Plan Chontalpa in Tabasco have greatly reduced the production of subsistence crops by rural families, resulting in decreased crop diversity and a concomitant increase in the degree of dependence on outside sources of food. Results from a nutrition survey of 149 families demonstrate that dietary diversity, dietary quality, and nutritional status of preschool children are negatively associated with lower crop diversity and increased dependence on purchased foods. Dietary deterioration is illustrated by the negative relationship found between nutritional status and increased sugar consumption. The assumption that a rise in income accompanying the adoption of commercial production will automatically lead to improved nutrition is challenged: income levels were not found to be consistently related to nutritional status. Children of families that have converted to cattle production, despite greater land availability and family incomes, do not have improved nutritional status. In the study area, where wages are low and food prices are very high, the value of a higher degree of self-sufficiency in food is recognized, yet families continue to switch to cash crops due to the environmental, economic, and time constraints imposed by the system of commercial agriculture in which they participate. The solution is not to return to traditional subsistence farming, however, but to determine under what conditions a more progressive form of agricultural change can occur.
High-Density Surface EMG Biofeedback From the Trapezius for Real-Time Postural Correction

Work-related chronic neck pain is a growing condition in the United States that accounts for 56% to 65% of all occupational disabling injuries [1]. Fifty-four percent of working adults suffer from chronic neck pain within any six-month period and 5% of working adults report that neck pain significantly inhibits daily activities [2]. These conditions have been linked to poor posture in the cervical spine and shoulder [3]. Poor cervical spine posture commonly includes simultaneous extension in the upper vertebrae (C1-C3) and flexion in lower vertebrae (C7-C4). This posture moves the head anterior to the torso and increases the load carried by the upper trapezius (UT) [4]. To maintain this posture, the UT is activated and elevates the scapula. Chronic activation of the UT has been correlated to chronic neck pain [5]. Although there is an apparent correlation between poor posture and neck pain, it is unclear whether neck pain causes poor posture or if poor posture causes neck pain.© 2013 ASME
Tuning of nonlinearities and quality factor in a mode-matched gyroscope

This paper examines methods to electrically tune quality factor (Q) and cubic softening nonlinearity of a mode-matched MEMS gyroscope. The gyroscope includes traditional drive-sense combs and dedicated shaped combs for cubic nonlinearity and frequency tuning. In addition to nonlinearity, Q can be tuned by understanding the nature of the losses. Interconnect resistances are added to the electromechanical resonator model to capture the electrical losses that depend on the applied DC proof mass potential.
In search of technological solutions to battlefield management of combat casualties

It is accepted that so long as men and women are sent into combat, some will be wounded or killed. In order to minimize those that are killed, efforts must be made to optimize medical treatment for those who are not fatally wounded. The nature of warfare is changing. The pattern of wounding is changing as well. However, what remains constant is the need to provide effective treatment as soon as possible. In war, it means acting at the level of the battlefield. To be effective demands new approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Novel diagnostic tools are needed to identify location of foreign bodies, determine extents of injury, monitor vital signs, and ascertain adequacy of resuscitation. Treatment devices that can provide hemostasis, support organ perfusion, stabilize limbs and neck and relieve a pneumothorax are lacking. Our young soldiers of tomorrow need solutions to their injuries today.
Depression in adolescent headache patients

SYNOPSIS A study of 28 patients aged between 13–18 years with chronic daily headache revealed that 86% of them were diagnosed as depressed based upon psychological evaluation. Instruments that were best able to evaluate depression in this population were Identified. These tended to be more projective in nature since teenagers typically did not readily admit to being depressed. A treatment model utilizing antidepressant medication prophylactically, biofeedback, and psyche-therapy is proposed in order to alleviate depression and help achieve normal functioning as quickly as possible.
Hope and happiness: A comparison of some discrepancies

This paper presents a comparison of Canadian and American university students on happiness and satisfaction as measured by the Satisfaction and Happiness Survey (Michalos, 1985). For the American sample, the findings for other measures of satisfaction and happiness, as well as for hope as measured by the Hope Index (Staats and Stassen, 1986), are also reported. American students had slightly higher means on both overall satisfaction and happiness with life as a whole than the Canadian students. The greatest perceived gap for American students was between what one has now and expects to have in the future while for Canadian students it was between what one has and what one needs. Both Canadian and American students reported greatest satisfaction with health and lowest satisfaction with financial security and paid employment. For the American sample, of the other satisfaction, happiness, and hope measures, a global happiness measure had the highest correlation with both overall satisfaction (r=0.62, p<0.0001) and happiness with life as a whole (r=0.55, p<0.0001). Reasons for the observed differences between the two samples are suggested and future research directions are discussed.
Non-laser light divestment in conservation and preservation

Abstract Over the past 10 years, laser technologies have found acceptance for surface divestment both in industry and in art conservation. The initial endeavors in exploring and assessing the utility of this art conservation tool are recounted for investigations involving ruby, glass, ion, YAG, carbon dioxide, dye, and excimer lasers with particular emphasis on the limitations that were encountered with each (in terms of speed, cost, wavelength, spectral width, and reliability). In response to these issues, a research effort is described that was instituted to assess non-laser (viz., incoherent) light sources (e.g., flashlamps, sparklamps, arclamps, and pinchlamps) for radiation cleaning. Initial demonstration projects with these sources included Parisian textile theater seats, leather-bound books, architectural stencil designs, courthouse ironwork, and Ming Dynasty marble statues. With non-laser light generators, substrate thermal alteration and debris redeposition often present problems. These may be minimized or avoided through the incorporation of a gas jet, static liquid, liquid jet, or dry-ice blast.