cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful linkage of medical care and community services for HIV-positive offenders being released from prison.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is more prevalent among the incarcerated than the general population. For many offenders, incarceration is the only time that they may access primary care. Project Bridge is a federally funded demonstration project that provides intensive case management for HIV-positive exoffenders being released from the Rhode Island state prison to the community. The program is based on collaboration between colocated medical and social work staff. The primary goal of the program is to increase continuity of medical care through social stabilization; it follows a harm reduction philosophy in addressing substance use. Program participants are provided with assistance in accessing a variety of medical and social services. The treatment plan may include the following: mental illness triage and referral, substance abuse assessment and treatment, appointments for HIV and other medical conditions, and referral for assistance to community programs that address basic survival needs. In the first 3 years of this program, 97 offenders were enrolled. Injection drug use was reported by 80% of those enrolled. There were 90% followed for 18 months, 7% moved out of state or died, and 3% were lost to follow-up. Reincarceration happened to 48% at least once. Of those expressing a need, 75% were linked with specialty medical care in the community, and 100% received HIV-related medical services. Of those expressing a need for substance abuse treatment, 67% were successful in keeping appointments for substance abuse treatment within the community. Project Bridge has demonstrated that it is possible to maintain HIV-positive ex-offenders in medical care through the provision of ongoing case management services following prison release. Ex-offenders will access HIV-related health care after release when given adequate support.
Mitochondrial Autophagy by Bnip3 Involves Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission and Recruitment of Parkin in Cardiac Myocytes

The Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) is an atypical BH3-only protein that is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Bnip3 is also a potent inducer of mitochondrial autophagy, and in this study we have investigated the mechanisms by which Bnip3 induces autophagy in cardiac myocytes. We found that Bnip3 induced mitochondrial translocation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a protein involved in mitochondrial fission in adult myocytes. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission correlated with increased autophagy, and inhibition of Drp1 reduced Bnip3-mediated autophagy. Overexpression of Drp1K38E, a dominant negative of Drp1, or mitofusin 1 prevented mitochondrial fission and autophagy by Bnip3. Also, inhibition of mitochondrial fission or autophagy resulted in increased death of myocytes overexpressing Bnip3. Moreover, Bnip3 promoted translocation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin to mitochondria, which was prevented in the presence of a Drp1 inhibitor. Interestingly, induction of autophagy by Bnip3 was reduced in Parkin-deficient myocytes. Thus our data suggest that induction of autophagy in response to Bnip3 is a protective response activated by the cell that involves Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and recruitment of Parkin.
On-line monitoring: a tutorial

Online monitoring can complement formal techniques to increase application dependability. The article outlines the concepts and identifies the activities that comprise event based monitoring, describing several representative monitoring systems. It focuses on four areas: dependability, performance enhancement, correctness checking, and security. >
Bluetongue Virus-induced Hydranencephaly in Cattle:

Direct inoculation of bluetongue virus into 125-day bovine fetuses resulted in development of hydranencephaly. The earliest lesions after virus inoculation were a severe necrotizing encephalitis, which was most prominent in the cerebrum, and an associated nonsuppurative meningitis. At birth, the brains of infected fetuses had thin-walled cerebral hemispheres, dilated lateral ventricles, and cerebral cysts. No gross lesions were observed in the brain stem or cerebellum. Two morphologically different lesions were present in the brain of a fetus sacrificed 20 days after virus inoculation. There were discrete foci of hemorrhagic cerebral necrosis that resembled infarcts and widespread microcavitations of the intermediate and subventricular zones. Changes consistent with vascular damage were present in the brains of fetuses sacrificed 12 and 20 days after virus inoculation. Calves with bluetongue virus-induced hydranencephaly would have poor viability, but they would not be expected to have any significance as virus reservoirs.
Sequencing ultra-long DNA molecules with the Oxford Nanopore MinION

Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ nanopore sequencing device, the MinION, holds the promise of sequencing ultra-long DNA fragments >100kb. An obstacle to realizing this promise is delivering ultra-long DNA molecules to the nanopores. We present our progress in developing cost-effective ways to overcome this obstacle and our resulting MinION data, including multiple reads >100kb.
A Creative 3D Design Programme: Building on Interests and Social Engagement for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

This study explores the processes occurring during technology workshops which built on interests and enhanced social engagement for students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The workshops used a community based research design and focused on teaching a creative three-dimensional (3D) design programme (SketchUp™) to students with ASD. Seven boys (ages 8–17) participated in this pilot programme over a 6-month period. The methodology was a qualitative thematic analysis of videotapes and transcripts of workshop sessions. The two key themes that emerged were: (1) development of authentic peer relationships through humour, common interests, physical actions, and playful competition; and (2) the importance of a scaffolded learning environment with support from peers and an adult mentor, as opportunities for social engagement. These findings indicate that 3D design technology can build on strengths and interests of students with ASD and promote social engagement in naturally occurring environments. A positiv...
Excitable Patterns in Active Nematics

We analyze a model of mutually propelled filaments suspended in a two-dimensional solvent. The system undergoes a mean-field isotropic-nematic transition for large enough filament concentrations, and the nematic order parameter is allowed to vary in space and time. We show that the interplay between nonuniform nematic order, activity, and flow results in spatially modulated relaxation oscillations, similar to those seen in excitable media. In this regime the dynamics consists of nearly stationary periods separated by ‘‘bursts’’ of activity in which the system is elastically distorted and solvent is pumped throughout. At even higher activity, the dynamics becomes chaotic. Colonies of motile microorganisms, the cytoskeleton and its components, cells, and tissues have much in common with soft condensed matter systems (i.e., liquid crystals, amphiphiles, colloids, etc.), but in addition they show new phenomena associated with the fact that the constituent particles are active: They consume and dissipate energy to fuel internal changes that generally lead to motion. When active particles have elongated shapes, as seen in cytoskeletal filaments and some cells, they undergo orientational ordering at high concentration to form liquid crystalline phases. The theoretical and experimental study of active materials has disclosed a wealth of emergent behaviors, such as the occurrence of giant density fluctuations [1], the emergence of spontaneously flowing states [2], unconventional rheological properties [3], and new spatiotemporal patterns not seen in passive complex fluids [4,5]. In this Letter, we show that active nematic suspensions behave as excitable media, showing relaxation oscillations that couple activity to spontaneous pulsatile flow with quiescent periods in between, similar to biological pumps. This hydrodynamic phenomenon arises as a consequence of the existence of multiple time scales in the system, when the dynamics of the flow lags with respect to the rate of the active forcing exerted at the microscopic scale, and is thus very different from the large-scale fluctuations previously observed in simulations with noise and no hydrodynamics [4]. In addition, we see that the orientational dynamics of the system associated with nematic ordering can give rise to large-scale swirling motions resembling those observed in recent motility assay experiments [6 ]e ven in the absence of polar order. Our system consists of a twodimensional suspension of filaments of length ‘ in a solvent. The filaments are mutually propelled, for example, through the action of a motor cluster that binds pairs of filaments. The dynamical variables in such a system are the particle concentration c, the solvent flow field v, and the nematic tensor Qij ¼ Sðninj � 1 � ijÞ, with S the nematic order parameter and n the director field, all of which are allowed to vary in space and time. The total density of the
Thermodynamic interaction in polybutadiene/solute systems by inverse gas chromatography

The dependence of polymer-solute interactions on temperature In the range was 66 to 96°C was studied by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). A correlation equation was developed for estimation of the specific retention volume of nonpolar and slightly polar solutes in polybutadiene (PBD). Using equation of state solution theory, thermodynamic interaction was discussed in terms of contact energy and equation of state contributions in polybutadiene/solute systems. It was found that equation of state theory serves better than the Flory-Huggins theory as a comprehensive model to describe the temperature dependence of thermodynamic interaction.
Cluster-based data transmission protocol in delay-tolerant mobile networks

In this article, we investigate a distributed clustering scheme and a cluster-based routing protocol for delay-tolerant mobile networks. The basic idea is to distributively group mobile nodes that have similar mobility pattern into a cluster, which can then interchangeably share their resources such as buffer space for overhead reduction and load balancing. Due to the lack of continuous communications and possible errors in the estimation of nodal contact probability, convergence and stability become major challenges in such cluster formation. In our algorithm, an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) scheme is employed for on-line updating the nodal contact probability, with its mean proven to converge to the true contact probability. Based on the local information, a set of functions including Sync(), Leave(), and Join() is devised for cluster formation and gateway selection. Finally, the gateway nodes exchange network information and perform routing.
Path loss revisited using computer simulation

In this paper, we propose a computer simulation model for the study of the large-scale effects on narrowband wireless transmission systems. The development of the path loss model is based on the ray tracing technique. This study concentrates on the first-order scattering effects, namely each multipath signal is a two-hop signal that involves a single scattering object. The first hop is directed toward the scatterer from the transmitter; and the second hop goes from the scatterer to the receiver. For each hop the signal is described using a two-ray model accounting for wave propagation along the direct path and along the ground-reflected path. The simulation results are consistent with the empirical models that are derived from measurements, including the Hata model and the Lee model. More importantly, two key observations are made: First, the path loss is affected by the number of scattering objects, their radar cross sections, and the ground reflection. Second, coherent multipath signals can cause the path-loss exponent falling below 2, which corresponds to free-space propagation.
Collagen synthesis on polyribosomes of cultured mammalian fibroblasts.

Abstract Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum have been separated from those unattached to cytoplasmic membranes of cultured, stationary mammalian fibroblasts. In linear sucrose gradients, approximately one-half of the unattached ribosomes were recovered as 80 s particles, the rest as polyribosomes. The ribosomes freed by deoxycholate from the endoplasmic reticulum were recovered predominantly as polyribosomes. Free and attached polyribosomes had about the same size distributions in the gradients, were equally active in protein synthesis, and nascent collagen and non-collagen proteins were synthesized over all size distributions of polyribosomes. Polyribosomes sedimenting at 180 s were most abundant, and fractions sedimenting at 210 to 220 s were most active in collagen synthesis. There was no evidence in this system for appreciable synthesis of collagen or non-collagen protein on polyribosomes sedimenting faster than 330 s. Hydroxylation of prolyl residues in nascent collagen occurred while the peptide chains were attached to polyribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that as these nascent collagen chains neared completion, as judged by their hydroxyproline content, they moved with the fastest sedimenting polyribosomes. Release of completed collagen molecules presumably occurred from such units. Nascent collagen appeared to help stabilize polyribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
the first of the Mohegans

Historians have tended to treat Indian-Puritan relations in New England as though the Indian people were simple reactors to Puritan behaviors. Specifically, the behavior of the Mohegan Sachem, Uncas, has been interpreted in various ways, none of which, however, take into account the ongoing political system amongst the New England Indians. By applying simultaneously the principles of anthropology and history, the authors suggest an interpretation for Uncas' actions which reveals him as an active initiator of the Pequot War in 1637 for political purposes entirely within the realm of Indian social structure.
Audit Committee Characteristics and Financial Misstatement: A Study of the Efficacy of Certain Blue Ribbon Committee Recommendations

This study addresses the impact of certain audit committee characteristics identified by the Blue Ribbon Committee on Improving the Effectiveness of Corporate Audit Committees (BRC) on the likelihood of financial misstatement. We examine 41 firms which issued fraudulent reports and 88 firms which restated annual results (without allegations of fraud) in the period 1991-1999, together with matched pairs control groups of similar size, exchange listing, industry and auditor type. We find that the independence of the audit committee and whether the committee meets at least four times per year exhibit a significant and negative association with the occurrence of financial reporting restatements. We also document a significant positive association between an audit committee that lacks a member with financial expertise and the occurrence of financial reporting restatements. However, only audit committee independence and the lack of financial expertise exhibit a negative (positive) association with financial reporting fraud. Our results underscore the importance of the BRC's first two recommendations, both of which concern audit committee independence. Our results also highlight the need for financial expertise as a means of strengthening the monitoring and oversight role that the audit committee plays in the financial reporting process.
Physical Medicine Interventions to Avoid Acute Respiratory Failure and Invasive Airway Tubes

This article describes the use of physical medicine noninvasive inspiratory and expiratory muscle aids to prevent ventilatory/respiratory failure and to permit the extubation and tracheostomy tube decannulation of patients with little or no autonomous ability to breathe (ie, those who cannot be weaned from ventilator support). Noninvasive airway pressure aids can provide continuous ventilatory support and effective cough flows for patients with severely dysfunctional respiratory muscles.
Analyzing the roles of descriptions and actions in open systems

This paper analyzes relationships between the roles of descriptions and actions in large scale, open ended, geographically distributed, concurrent systems. Rather than attempt to deal with the complexities and ambiguities of currently implemented descriptive languages, we concentrate our analysis on what can be expressed in the underlying frameworks such as the lambda calculus and first order logic. By this means we conclude that descriptions and actions complement one another; neither being sufficient unto itself. This paper provides a basis to begin the analysis of the very subtle relationships that hold between descriptions and actions in Open Systems.
Reducing bycatch in coral reef trap fisheries: escape gaps as a step towards sustainability

Widespread use of minimally selective fish traps has contributed to the overfishing of Caribbean coral reefs. Traps typically target high-value fish such as groupers (Serranidae and Epi- nephelidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae), but they also have high bycatch of ecologically important herbivores (parrotfish (Scaridae) and surgeonfish (Acanthuridae)) and non-target species. One strat- egy for reducing this bycatch is to retrofit traps with rectangular escape gaps that allow juveniles and narrow-bodied species to escape; yet the effectiveness of these gaps has not been thoroughly tested. On the shallow reefs of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles, I compared the catch of traditional Antillean chevron traps (the control) to the catch of traps with short escape gaps (20 × 2.5 cm), traps with tall escape gaps (40 × 2.5 cm), and traps with a panel of large aperture mesh. With data from 190 24-h trap sets, the mean number of fish caught was 11.84 in control traps, 4.88 in short gap traps, 4.43 in tall gap traps, and 0.34 in large mesh traps. Compared to controls, traps with short or tall gaps caught significantly fewer bycatch fish (-74 and -80% respectively), key herbivores (-58 and -50% respec- tively), and butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae; -90 and -98% respectively). The mean length of captured fish was significantly greater in gap traps because juveniles were able to escape via the gaps. Escape gaps reduce neither the catch of high-value fish, nor the total market value of the catch. Therefore, using escape gaps could make trap fishing more sustainable without reducing fishermen's revenues.
Immunoglobulin-Regulated Expression of Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Protein A In Vivo

Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, down-regulates outer surface protein A (OspA), which is abundantly expressed in ticks, during infection of the mammalian host. In this study we examined the signals that may be responsible for maintaining the OspA-negative state of spirochetes during infection. Transcription of ospA mRNA was found in tissues of C3H-severe combined immunodeficient (C3H-scid) mice, but not immunocompetent C3H mice, inoculated with cultured B. burgdorferi, tick-borne spirochetes, and host-adapted spirochetes. Transcription was more frequent at 4 weeks than at 1 week. Transcription was present at the host-tick interface as early as 24 h after tick attachment but declined at 48 and 72 h. Thus, ospA mRNA transcription in distant tissues and at later times in C3H-scid mice is probably due to up-regulation during infection. Adoptive lymphocyte transfer from naive C3H mice to infected C3H-scid mice resulted in OspA seroconversion, confirming OspA expression in the host. Passive transfer of normal mouse serum, immunoglobulin M (IgM) from normal mouse serum, or IgG from normal mouse serum into infected C3H-scid mice resulted in down-regulation of ospA, but transfer of normal mouse serum depleted of immunoglobulin did not influence ospA mRNA transcription. Collectively, our results indicate that ospA mRNA transcription in the host is regulated by nonspecific immunoglobulin, which may be a natural antibody.
Predictors of Reintubation in Critically Ill Patients

BACKGROUND: Assessment of a patient9s readiness for removal of the endotracheal tube in the ICU is based on respiratory, airway, and neurological measures. However, nearly 20% of patients require reintubation. We created a prediction model for the need for reintubation, which incorporates variables importantly contributing to extubation failure. METHODS: This was a cohort study of 2,007 endotracheally intubated subjects who required ICU admission at a tertiary care center. Data collection included demographic, hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurological variables preceding extubation. Data were compared between subjects extubated successfully and those who required reintubation, using bivariate logistic regression models, with the binary outcome reintubation and the baseline characteristics as predictors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with robust variance was used to build the prediction model. RESULTS: Of the 2,007 subjects analyzed, 376 (19%) required reintubation. In the bivariate analysis, admission Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, oxygenation, number of prior SBTs, rapid shallow breathing index, airway-secretions suctioning frequency and quantity, heart rate, and diastolic blood pressure differed significantly between the extubation success and failure groups. In the multivariable analysis, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and suctioning frequency were associated with failed extubation. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.68 for failure at any time, and 0.71 for failure within 24 hours. However, prior failed SBT, minute ventilation, and diastolic blood pressure were additional independent predictors of failure at any time, whereas oxygenation predicted extubation failure within 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: A small number of independent variables explains a substantial portion of the variability of extubation failure, and can help identify patients at high risk of needing reintubation. These characteristics should be incorporated in the decision-making process of ICU extubation.
Tillich and Tarkovsky: An Existential Analysis of Mirror

Andrei Tarkovsky’s Mirror is a “stream-of-consciousness” film that eschews traditional narrative structure. The author interprets the film as having an “emotional structure,” insofar as it sequentially explores different manifestations of the experience of anxiety. Using the typology of anxiety developed by Paul Tillich in The Courage to Be, the author demonstrates how the first three parts of Mirror separately explore the anxiety of emptiness, of guilt, and of fate. Throughout these early parts of the film, symbols of death underscore themes of anxiety. The author interprets the fourth part of Mirror as a sustained meditation on the sources of what Tillich called absolute faith, the source of the courage to exist in spite of imminent anxiety.
14th European and 10th International Scientific Congress of Body Psychotherapy: ‘The Body in Relationship: Self – Other – Society’

The second annual European Association for Body Psychotherapy (EABP) Science and Research Symposium, organised and facilitated by their Science and Research Committee, addressed the divide between research and clinical practice in the field of body psychotherapy. The symposium comprised three segments: current research on isolation, loneliness and chronic depression; creative approaches to writing clinical case studies and updates in the field. Participants had the potential to leave the symposium with information to join a collaborative practice research network, access a template on the EABP website for writing academic case studies, explore critical thinking skills to consider quality research and establish new contacts for networking providing initiatives for research and publication.
Admission Control in the Presence of Priorities: A Sample Path Approach

We consider the admission control problem for a two-class-priority M/M/1 queueing system. Two classes of customers arrive to the system according to Poisson processes. Class 1 customers have preemptive priority in service over class 2 customers. Each customer can be either accepted or rejected. An accepted customer stays in the system and incurs holding cost at a class-dependent rate until the service is finished, at which time a reward is generated. The objective is to minimize the expected total discounted net cost. We analyze the optimal control policies under three criteria: individual optimization, class optimization, and social optimization. Using sample path analysis, we prove that the optimal policy is of threshold-type under each optimization criterion. We also compare policies under different criteria numerically.
On Concentration-Dependent Solid State Diffusion

Using a master equation approach, we derive a general expression for the diffusion coefficient as a function of concentration-dependent jump rates. When this approach is applied to diffusion in a binary solid, Darken's equation for intrinsic diffusion coefficients is derived together with an expression for self diffusion coefficients which satisfies the semi-empirical Ugaste relationship. This analysis suggests that the Darken term and the self diffusion coefficients are in general related.
Prostaglandin F2 alpha releases calcium from a thapsigargin-sensitive pool in ovine large luteal cells

Thapsigargin (TG) and A23187 were used to examine the regulation of cytosolic free calcium (Cai2+) in ovine large and small luteal cells. Thapsigargin (50 nM) induced a sustained increase of Cai2+ in fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester (AM)-loaded cells (large = 1.32 +/- 0.07-fold, small = 1.45 +/- 0.07-fold, P < 0.05). A23187 (1 microM) induced a rapid transient increase of Cai2+ (large = 1.37 +/- 0.07-fold, small = 1.46 +/- 0.10-fold, P < 0.05). In large cells, 0.5 microM prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) increased Cai2+ 1.54 +/- 0.11-fold. Pretreatment with 50 nM TG abolished the PGF2 alpha-induced calcium response. Pretreatment with PGF2 alpha attenuated (P < 0.05) the TG-induced Cai2+ increase. Progesterone secretion was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by incubation with 50 nM TG, 1 microM A23187, and 0.5 microM PGF2 alpha in large but not small cells. These data suggest that PGF2 alpha releases calcium from a TG-sensitive intracellular calcium pool in ovine large luteal cells.
Initial conditions and fuel-optimal control for formation flying of satellites

@+-act : .:<t. .;_ .;i -J This paper dealswith;&e formulation and solution of the initial condition,. dl$mination and fuel-optimal control problem in re@$$l: to formation flying of satellites. Unlike the rela$ve station-keeping problem for satellites in the same tiiane, formation -flying entails the creation of proper out-of-plane relative motion such that the satellites in the formation satisfy some mission requirements. Two methods for determining initial conditions of a satellite (Deputy), given the initial conditions of the chief satellite, for formation flying without thrust for a long period, are presented. The first method matches the mean J,-induced angular drift rates of the two satellites, and the second method is based on imposing periodic boundary conditions on the relative position and velocity in a rotating coordinate system. A fuel-optimal impulsive thrusting scheme is developed to establish a formation. A fuel-optimal, low-thrust, variable Isp propulsion scheme is presented for orbit maintenance.
A comparative study of tree establishment in abandoned pasture and mature forest of eastern Amazonia

of heavy use and in a mature forest through a series of field studies in northeastern Amazonia. Tree seedling and sprout emergence was > 20 times lower in the abandoned pasture than in forest understory and forest gaps. Tree emergence was restricted in the abandoned pasture by a lack of tree seeds in the soil (3 tree genera vs 15 in the forest), and a low rate of tree and liana seed deposition by birds and bats in the open vegetation of the abandoned pasture (2 m-2 yr-'). Tree and liana seed deposition in the abandoned pasture was higher beneath treelets (990 m-2 yr-1). Rates of seed removal and consumption by ants and rodents were also higher in the abandoned pasture ( > 80% removal within 20 d for 6 tree species) than in forest understorey and forest gaps. Cutter ants (Atta sexdens) hindered tree seedling survivorship and growth in the abandoned pasture by clipping leaves and stems, and preferred tree seedlings to grass and shrub seedlings. In the absence of herbivores, survivorship and height growth of seedling transplants in the abandoned pasture were generally lower than in experimental treefall gaps, and were correlated with harsh environmental conditions in the former. Air temperature, air vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture stress in the abandoned pasture exceeded conditions measured in both treefall gaps and intact forest during the 5-month dry season. Seedling growth in the abandoned pasture was also restricted during the wet season. These barriers to tree establishment help explain the low density and emergence rates of tree seedlings
Carcinoma of the tongue.

Most tongue cancers are squamous cell tumors. They often develop quite insidiously, and the initial complaint may be surprisingly trivial. The cause of tongue cancer is unknown, but it appears to be due to a number of factors acting together on a conditioned mucous membrane substrate. Presently, most lingual cancers are being treated by surgical excision occasionally combined with irradiation.
Microvillus inclusion disease: In vitro jejunal electrolyte transport

Microvillus inclusion disease is an inherited intestinal brush border membrane defect that causes severe fluid and electrolyte malabsorption. In an infant with microvillus inclusion disease (confirmed by electron microscopic evaluation of rectal, jejunal, and gallbladder mucosae), basal stool output was massive (> 125 mL · kg −1 · day −1 ) and was not altered by treatment with clonidine or octreotide. A proximal jejunostomy with mucous fistula was placed, allowing separation of proximal from distal tract outputs (60 mL · kg −1 · day −1 and 100 mL · kg −1 · day −1 , respectively). A 10-cm jejunal segment was excised during surgery and mounted in Ussing chambers for determination of transepithelial Na + and Cl − fluxes. Compared with intestine of normal infants, this infant's epithelium showed transmural conductance and unidirectional ion fluxes that were only 30% of normal. With respect to both Na + and Cl − , the excised jejunum was in a net secretory state. Theophylline (5 mmol/L) increased net Cl − secretion slightly. In response to mucosal d-glucose (30 mmol/L), jejunal mucosal-to-serosal Na + flux doubled. In the infant, glucose-electrolyte solution administered intrajejunally did not significantly change stool output, suggesting that all of the solution (40 mL/kg) was absorbed. Subtotal enterocolectomy, in theory, could have decreased purging by 66% in this infant with microvillus inclusion disease, but diarrhea would still have been significant.
Does the global trade slowdown matter

Since the Global Financial Crisis, world trade growth has been subdued and lagging slightly behind growth of gross domestic product. Trade is growing more slowly not only because growth of global gross domestic product is lower, but also because trade itself has become less responsive to gross domestic product. This paper reviews the reasons behind the changing trade-income relationship, and then investigates its consequences for economic growth. On the demand side, sluggish world import growth may adversely affect individual countries' economic growth, as it limits opportunities for their exports. On the supply side, slower trade may diminish the scope for productivity growth through increasing specialization and diffusion of technologies. The paper finds preliminary evidence that the changing trade-income relationship matters, although the quantifiable effects do not appear to be large.
Study on tunnel construction mechanics at intersection of horizontal adit and major tunnel in highway

The mechanical behaviour of intersection of horizontal adit and main tunnel in Wanxian to Liangping expressway in Southwest China is studied by using 3D finite element numerical simulation method and in-situ test.Due to adit construction,the research demonstrates the disadvantageous distribution of deformation and internal forces in intersection of adit and main tunnel,particularly in its side-wall connected to the adit.Comparing with the case of no adit,because of arch tunnel set being broken;the intersection structure is subjected to combination of complicated stresses including transverse stress,but not the axial stress.Therefore,it is necessary to take some reasonable reinforcement measures to guarantee safety of the intersection of adit and main tunnel.Furthermore,the intersection angle is more small,the stress concentration of intersection is more high.For example,while intersection angle is 60 degree,the maximum coefficient of stress concentration is up to 1.95;but while intersection angle is 90 degree,the maximum coefficient of stress concentration is about 1.5.The results are helpful for designing and construction of intersection of main tunnel and adit in major highway tunnel.
Dynamic Monitoring of Hypertension in Changping District of Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the dynamic change of hypertension among residents above 18 years in Changping District of Beijing City,and guide the hypertension control. [Methods] Cross-sectional study of behavioral risk factors of chronic diseases was performed 3 times in 2002,2005,2008 in Changping District of Beijing City,with multi-stage cluster sampling method and questionnaire. [Results]Totally 912,2991,1724 individuals were investigated respectively in 2002,2005,2008.The incidence of hypertension among residents above 18 years was 30.04%,44.37%,34.74%,respectively,showing upward tendency(χ2=79.98,P0.01).The hypertension incidence of the 3 years among male residents(42.86%) was higher than that of female(36.33%),the difference was significant(χ2=24.61,P0.01) [Conclusion]The key to hypertension prevention and treatment is enhancing community education and health promotion,standardizing management of hypertension patients,improving awareness of residents towards risk factors of hypertension and exercise,and establishing reasonable diet structure in Changping District.
Measuring Scholarly Productivity of Long Island Educational Institutions: Using Web of Science and Scopus as a Tool

Objective – This paper explores how to utilize two well-known library databases, Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science and Elsevier’s Scopus, to quantify Long Island educational institutions’ scholarly productivity. Methods – Institutions located in the Long Island region and within Nassau and Suffolk counties, including the State University of New York (SUNY) colleges, private institutions, and technical schools, were examined for the last 14 years (2000–2013). Eight Long Island institutions were represented in both databases and were included in the study. Results – Of the eight institutions, Stony Brook University produced the most publications indexed in Web of Science and Scopus during the period of 2000–2013. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory yielded the second most publications during 2000–2013 in both Web of Science and Scopus, but it produced the highest quality publications compared with other institutions excluding Stony Brook University. Although the annual growth rates of Farmingdale State College and New York Institute of Technology increased dramatically in both Web of Science and Scopus, the large proportional increase did not represent a large increase in total value. Additionally, some institutions had a higher number of publications indexed in Web of Science than in Scopus, and others had a higher number of publications indexed in Scopus than in Web of Science. Conclusions – Data were collected from institutions in Long Island with various institutional sizes, the number of faculty members employed may have made an impact on the number of publications. Thus, publication data in this study cannot be used to compare their rankings. Institutions with a similar type and similar size of faculty members should be selected for comparison. Due to the different coverage and scope of Web of Science and Scopus, institutions should use both databases to examine their scholarly output. Furthermore, institutions should consider using altmetrics to capture various impacts of the scholarly output to complement the traditional metrics.
Correlates of Condom Use and Procedure Knowledge Among Men Accessing Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Malawi

This study examined correlates of condom use (CU) and voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) knowledge among men accessing VMMC services in Malawi. Two hundred sixty-nine men ages 16 or older accessing VMMC were recruited at service sites. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine associations, and the relative odds of CU at last sex with VMMC knowledge. Correlates included the following: education, age, location, religion, marital status, ever tested for HIV, having casual/concurrent sexual partners, and alcohol use before sex. The multivariate analysis revealed CU was associated with having a casual/concurrent partner in the previous 3 months and negatively associated with being age 27 or older and single, with participants who had casual/concurrent partners being more likely to use condoms than counterparts who did not have casual/concurrent partners, and those who were over age 27 and single being less likely to do so. VMMC knowledge was associated with education and location, with men with higher education and living in urban areas more likely to know that VMMC partially protects against HIV. Results highlight the need to ensure information about VMMC is appropriate for rural men with lower education. Further research is needed to understand the risk profile of men accessing VMMC and the reasons why men who do not know VMMC partially protects against HIV are seeking the service.
The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Adaphostin (NSC 680410), but Not Imatinib Mesylate, Inhibits Survival and Src Tyrosine Kinase Family- Triggered Signaling Pathways of MM Cells.

The tyrosine kinase inhibitor adaphostin is a member of the tyrophostin family of small molecules that interfere with peptide binding rather, than targeting the kinase ATP-binding site. Adaphostin has therefore been examined as an alternative to the 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivate imatinib mesylate, with remarkable efficacy in the treatment of chronic myeloic leukemia (CML). Previous studies show that adaphostin induces apoptosis: (1) in Bcr/Abl+ cells more rapidly than imatinib mesylate; (2) in imatinib mesylate resistant cells; and (3) in Bcr/ Abl - cells. Imatinib mesylate has minimal, if any activity in MM; the efficacy of adaphostin in multiple myeloma (MM) is unknown. Here we compare the effects of adaphostin and imatinib mesylate against human MM cells. Our results show concentration-dependent apoptosis in MM.1S, U266, OPM-2, INA-6, RPMI8226 and RPMI-Dox40 MM cells after treatment with adaphostin, but not with imatinib mesylate. Imatinib mesylate induced more than 50% apoptosis in K562 cells using concentrations as low as 1mM, which served as a positive control. Moreover, adaphostin, but not imatinib mesylate, induced caspase-9, caspase-8, and PARP cleavage, as well as downregulation of Mcl-1, in MM cells. Further results demonstrated that adaphostin induces peroxide production and DNA strand breaks after long-term treatment. Importantly MM cell proliferation induced by MM cell binding to BMSCs was abrogated by adaphostin- treatment. IL-6 and IGF-1 signaling and sequelae triggered by these cytokines are important growth, survival, and drug resistance factors in MM; conversely, adaphostin but not imatinib mesylate, inhibited phosphorylation of Src tyrosine kinase family, Akt-1, and ERK. Taken together, our studies in MM cells show that (1) adaphostin- inhibits IGF-1- and IL-6- triggered signaling pathways as well as (2) induces reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. These studies therefore provide the preclinical framework for its clinical evaluation to improve patient outcome in MM.
Coverage and quality: A comparison of Web of Science and Scopus databases for reporting faculty nursing publication metrics.

Abstract Background Web of Science and Scopus are the leading databases of scholarly impact. Recent studies outside the field of nursing report differences in journal coverage and quality. Purpose A comparative analysis of nursing publications reported impact. Method Journal coverage by each database for the field of nursing was compared. Additionally, publications by 2014 nursing faculty were collected in both databases and compared for overall coverage and reported quality, as modeled by Scimajo Journal Rank, peer review status, and MEDLINE inclusion. Individual author impact, modeled by the h-index, was calculated by each database for comparison. Discussion Scopus offered significantly higher journal coverage. For 2014 faculty publications, 100% of journals were found in Scopus, Web of Science offered 82%. No significant difference was found in the quality of reported journals. Author h-index was found to be higher in Scopus. Conclusion When reporting faculty publications and scholarly impact, academic nursing programs may be better represented by Scopus, without compromising journal quality. Programs with strong interdisciplinary work should examine all areas of strength to ensure appropriate coverage.
Chloroquine improves the response to ischemic muscle injury and increases HMGB1 after arterial ligation.

Abstract Objective We have previously shown that exogenous administration of the nuclear protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) improves angiogenesis after tissue ischemia. Antagonizing HMGB1 prolongs muscle necrosis and deters regeneration. In this study, we evaluated HMGB1 expression in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and the mechanisms that promote its release in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Specifically, we investigated how chloroquine (CQ), a commonly employed disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, promotes HMGB1 release from muscle. We hypothesized that CQ could increase HMGB1 locally and systemically, allowing it to mediate recovery from ischemic injury. Methods Muscle biopsies were performed on patients undergoing lower extremity surgery for non-PAD-related disease as well as for claudication and critical limb ischemia. Clinical symptoms and ankle-brachial indices were recorded for each patient. HMGB1 was detected in muscle sections using immunohistochemical staining. Unilateral femoral artery ligation was performed on both wild-type and inducible HMGB1 knockout mice. Wild-type mice were administered intraperitoneal CQ 2 weeks before and after femoral artery ligation. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to determine perfusion recovery. Serum and tissue levels of HMGB1 were measured at designated time points. In vitro, cultured C2C12 myoblasts were treated with increasing doses of CQ. HMGB1, autophagosome formation, p62/SQSTM1 accumulation, caspase-1 expression and activity, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured in supernatants and cell lysates. Results Nuclear expression of HMGB1 was prominent in patients with claudication and critical limb ischemia ( P P P P Conclusions HMGB1 is prominently expressed in PAD muscle but mostly confined to the nucleus. Our in vivo data suggest that HMGB1 mobilization into the sarcoplasm and serum can be increased with CQ, possibly through caspase-1-mediated pathways. Whereas HMGB1 can be released by many cell types, these studies suggest that the muscle may be an important additional source that is relevant in PAD.
Over-the-Counter Access to Oral Contraceptives for Adolescents

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are used by millions of women in the U.S. The requirement to obtain OCs by prescription from a clinician may serve as a barrier to contraceptive initiation and continuation for women, in particular adolescents. Over-the-counter (OTC) availability would reduce this barrier and could further reduce unintended pregnancy rates. This review explores the scientific issues and regulatory processes involved in switching OCs to OTC status for minor adolescents. We review: (1) the regulatory criteria for switching a drug to OTC status; (2) risk of pregnancy and safety during use of OCs including combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills for adolescents; (3) the ability of adolescents to use OCs consistently and correctly; (4) OTC access to OCs and potential effect on sexual risk behaviors; and (5) the potential for reduced opportunities for clinicians to counsel and provide recommended reproductive health care to adolescents. We find strong scientific rationale for including adolescents in any regulatory change to switch OCs to OTC status. OCs are safe and highly effective among adolescents; contraindications are rarer among adolescents compared to adult women. Ready access to OCs, condoms, and emergency contraception increases their use without increasing sexual risk behaviors.
Prediction of Strength and Stiffness Properties of Recycled Pavement Base Materials Using Non-destructive Impact Echo Test

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Crushed Concrete Aggregates (RCCA) are being used increasingly as an alternative to the conventional base materials in pavement construction. However, product variability and lack of strength-stiffness characteristics are limiting the use of recycled materials in pavement application. A non-destructive evaluation technique could provide a better quality control tool for the highway officials during the construction. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to develop a correlation between the non-destructive impact echo and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test for RAP and RCCA materials. Both impact echo and UCS tests were performed on specimens prepared with 100% RAP and RCCA. The RAP and RCCA were separately treated using four (0, 2, 4 and 6%) different dosages of Portland cement. Based on the experimental results, the range of P-wave velocity was found between 175 m/s to 475 m/s, the compressive strength varied between 67 kPa to 2860 kPa and tangent modulus range was 19 MPa to 280 MPa. Dynamic modulus of elasticity was also calculated from the P-wave velocity, density, and Poisson’s ratio. At 4% and 6% cement contents, dynamic modulus of elasticity was within 10% of the tangent modulus found from UCS test. At 0% and 2% cement content, higher variation was observed. Inadequate fines to fill the voids might be the reason of lower P-wave velocity at 0% and 2% cement contents. This could eventually have predicted lower values of dynamic modulus.
Smart epoxy coatings for early detection of corrosion in steel and aluminum

Abstract: Epoxy coatings have been widely used to protect metals and alloys against corrosion. However, with time every protective coating can fail, leading to the corrosion of the metal substrate. When localized corrosion occurs, without being detected, it can result in a disastrous failure of the metal structure. In this work an indicator molecule, FD1, was successfully used to sense early stages of metal corrosion, when embedded in an epoxy coating, via ‘turn-on’ fluorescence. FD1 was shown to detect the decrease in local pH at the anodic sites of both steel and aluminum corrosion due to its acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to protonated and fluorescent Rhodamine B hydrazide. The ‘turn-on’ FD1 fluorescence was easily and non-destructively detected under UV light before any visible sign of corrosion appeared.