cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surge Current Analysis of Commercial off-the-shelf 1200 V Silicon Carbide JBS Diodes and MOSFET Body Diodes

As an increasing number of silicon carbide (SiC) power semiconductor devices become commercially available, and as silicon devices have reached their theoretical power density limits, SiC devices are being utilized in an increasing number of power electronics and pulsed power applications. A few examples of these applications include high-power DC-DC converters, inverters, motor drives, or high-voltage pulse generators such as a solid-state Marx generator. To encourage further adoption of SiC devices in these and other applications, further reliability testing and analysis must be conducted. One parameter that is important to study is the surge current capability of both SiC diodes and the body diodes of SiC MOSFETs. In this research, a surge current testbed was designed and built to test commercially available 1200 V / 10 A SiC JBS diodes from 3 different manufacturers, and the body diodes of 1200 V / 10 A SiC MOSFETs from 3 different manufacturers. The purpose of this work is to independently verify manufacturer datasheet claims regarding the surge current capabilities of their diodes. In addition, surge current ratings on the body diodes of the SiC MOSFETs are determined and published.
Development of multiple features of antigen-induced asthma pathology in a new strain of mast cell deficient BALB/c-Kit W-sh/W-sh mice

Mast cell-deficient mice are widely used to identify and quantify contributions of mast cells to diverse biological responses in vivo, including allergic inflammation. However, despite the fact that scores of genes have been identified as modifiers of allergic inflammation, most mast cell-deficient models have been available only on a single genetic background. We transferred the KitW-sh allele onto the BALB/c background to generate BALB/c mast cell-deficient mice (BALB/c-KitW-sh/W-sh). BALB/c-KitW-sh/W-sh mice have dramatically reduced mast cell numbers (0–2% of wild type) in all tissues examined, as well as subtle hematologic differences from the corresponding wild type mice, including splenomegaly with evidence of increased splenic hematopoiesis. We examined in BALB/c-KitW-sh/W-sh mice models of allergic inflammation that are substantially diminished in C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh mast cell-deficient mice. In a model of acute allergic inflammation, i.e., IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, both ear swelling and leukocyte infiltration were largely or entirely absent in BALB/c-KitW-sh/W-sh mice. In contrast, in two different models of allergic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammation, and airway remodeling developed robustly in mast cell-deficient BALB/c-KitW-sh/W-sh mice. These results support the conclusion that the importance of mast cell contributions in various models of allergic inflammation may be at least partially determined by genetic background. Unlike C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh mice, BALB/c-KitW-sh/W-sh mice exhibit wild-type levels of airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation and remodeling in two models of allergic airway inflammation. By contrast, neither genotype exhibits signs of IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Thus, genetic background influences the apparent importance of mast cells in different models of allergic diseases.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Nonverbal Communication in Human-Robot Interaction

We evaluate the effectiveness of the type of directions given by a robot in a joint-activity task. The joint-activity task we focus on involves a humanoid robot giving directions to a human subject in exploring an unknown environment and finding objects hidden in certain locations inside the environment. The experiment is conducted in the form of a between-group study with 8 participants in which one group is provided directions by the robot verbally and the other group is given nonverbal directions in the form of hand gestures and gaze direction. Our findings show that the type of directions given by the robot do have a noticeable impact on the performance of the human subjects in the experiment. Specifically, the group which is given nonverbal directions by the robot is on average 70% quicker in finding all the hidden objects than the group which is given verbal directions. We evaluate the hypothesis from prior research that the reason for this discrepancy is correlated with the reduced perceived mental workload of the activity by the human subjects when the robot provides nonverbal directions, with the help of post-experiment survey responses provided by the participants of our study groups.
Assessment of Sulfate-Induced Heave in Chemically Treated Soils Using a Novel Hybrid Sensor

Highway agencies frequently encounter problems caused by sulfate-induced heave in lime- and cement-treated subgrades. A thorough evaluation of sulfate-related risks for subgrades involves time-consuming laboratory tests. A real-time monitoring of the sulfate heaving phenomenon in the test section in the real field environment would provide a quick performance evaluation of sulfate soils treated with chemical additives. This would help transportation agencies in producing resilient pavements with low maintenance issues. This article presents an innovative hybrid sensor comprising a bender element and time domain reflectometry that can evaluate sulfate-related heave in real time. The new sensor was calibrated in the laboratory by studying the strength and stiffness behavior of three chemically treated high-sulfate soils. Following laboratory calibration, the sensor was embedded in lime-treated field sections, where the changes in moisture and stiffness were monitored simultaneously in real time. Field testing proved that the sensor was able to provide data to assess sulfate-induced heaving in the field. This article details the development of this sensor that can save millions of dollars for transportation agencies in the better stabilization design for sulfate soils.
The Role of Self-Construal and Competitiveness in Consumers’ Self-Brand Connection with Domestic vs. Foreign Brands

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of self-construal (independence vs. interdependence) traits on consumer self and communal brand connection for domestic local and foreign global ...
Dear Enemies: French and English Power Ratios

A recent technical article of ours on which this chapter is based is entitled War and Peace: A Diachronic Social Biogeography of Life History Strategy and Between-Group Relations in Two Western European Populations (Figueredo et al., 2019a). From an excess of ambition and length, this article spawned a daughter paper on which the present chapter also relies, entitled The Ecology of Empire: The Dynamics of Strategic Differentiation-Integration in Two Competing Western European Biocultural Groups (Figueredo et al., 2019b). Together, the two articles amass hundreds of years’ worth of quantified data, the analysis of which is presented across fifteen statistical tables. These complexities render inaccessible to a general audience a cache of interesting findings relevant to the power dynamics subsisting between two long-standing rivals. Rendered more accessible and freed from the confining format of a journal article, this chapter dilates on Gallo-Britannic relations as they competed for the role of European hegemon. Extending back to the days of the Roman Empire, neither Gallic nor Britannic biocultural groups were major power players, and so did not significantly clash with one another. Thereafter, in what might be called the post-World War II Pax Americana, imposed by the most powerful Britannic successor state, these nations are once again at peace. However, during much of the time between these periods, one or the other nation was the premiere military might. Thence, the two nations shaped one another, evolutionarily as well as culturally, as they vied for hegemonic status, first gained by preindustrial France and then by postindustrial Britain. The Battle of Waterloo marked France’s final bid for dominance, after which that nation’s waning demographic, economic, and martial fortunes marked it as the whetstone upon which Britain’s edge would be honed.
The Future of No-Till Farming Systems for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security

Pre-historic agriculture was based on a basic form of no-till (NT). The invention of a plow, initially pulled by draft animals and later by a tractor, facilitated weed control and incorporation of crop residues; it also exacerbated risks of soil erosion and other degradation processes. Development of herbicides since the 1940s and of a seed drill in the 1960s promoted the use of NT farming, which is practiced on about 180 M ha or on about 12.5% of the global arable land area. The extent of adoption of NT is higher in North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand, but is lower in Asia, Africa, and Europe. The low adoption rate by small landholders of Asia and Africa may be attributed to a lack of access to essential inputs, competing uses of crop residues, and a possible decline in crop yields on soil prone to compaction. Yet a system-based NT technology can facilitate adaptation to, and mitigation of, a changing and uncertain climate by sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in soil as humus. Incorporation of cover crops in the rotation cycle can also enhance soil structure and improve use efficiency of nutrients. Soil-specific adaptation is needed to promote adoption of NT.
Wake excited in plasma by an ultrarelativistic pointlike bunch

We study propagation of a relativistic electron bunch through a cold plasma assuming that the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of the bunch are much smaller than the plasma collisionless skin depth. Treating the bunch as a point charge and assuming that its charge is small, we derive a simplified system of equations for the plasma electrons and show that, through a simple rescaling of variables, the bunch charge can be eliminated from the equations. The equations demonstrate an ion cavity formed behind the driver. They are solved numerically and the scaling of the cavity parameters with the driver charge is obtained. A numerical solution for the case of a positively charged driver is also found.
Theoretical Analysis of a Symmetric Two-Stage Change Detector for SAR Images

A procedure is developed to generate theoretical receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the two-stage change detector proposed by Cha et al., in order to compare its detection performance with other detectors. A modification, however, to the first stage of the two-stage detector is proposed, which introduces a symmetry that significantly simplifies analysis. The probability density function (pdf) for this symmetric two-stage detector is derived, and using this pdf, an approach for determining thresholds is proposed. The symmetric two-stage detector introduces a new parameter that effectively weights each statistic making up its two individual stages. Detection performance is explored versus this new parameter. The two-stage detector is shown to yield overall better detection performance than the sample variance ratio, Berger's alternative coherence estimator, and the classical coherence estimator. When applied to real synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, the two-stage detector and Berger's estimator yield binary change images with more easily visible areas of change. Finally, we derive an expression for the pdf of the optimal log-likelihood ratio statistic that is simpler than that given by Preiss et al.
Compliance Disengagement in Research: Development and Validation of a New Measure

In the world of research, compliance with research regulations is not the same as ethics, but it is closely related. One could say that compliance is how most societies with advanced research programs operationalize many ethical obligations. This paper reports on the development of the How I Think about Research (HIT-Res) questionnaire, which is an adaptation of the How I Think (HIT) questionnaire that examines the use of cognitive distortions to justify antisocial behaviors. Such an adaptation was justified based on a review of the literature on mechanisms of moral disengagement and self-serving biases, which are used by individuals with normal personalities in a variety of contexts, including research. The HIT-Res adapts all items to refer to matters of research compliance and integrity rather than antisocial behaviors. The HIT-Res was administered as part of a battery of tests to 300 researchers and trainees funded by the US National Institutes of Health. The HIT-Res demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .92). Construct validity was established by the correlation of the HIT-Res with measures of moral disengagement (r = .75), cynicism (r = .51), and professional decision-making in research (r = −.36). The HIT-Res will enrich the set of assessment tools available to instructors in the responsible conduct of research and to researchers who seek to understand the factors that influence research integrity.
Redetermination of 9-nitroanthracene at 100 K

The title compound, C14H9NO2, was synthesized by the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction between anthracene and nitric acid. The crystal structure is a low-temperature (100 K) redetermination of a previously reported room-temperature structure [Trotter (1959). Acta Cryst. 12, 237–242].
The role of surgical debridement in healing of diabetic foot ulcers

An estimated 15% of patients with diabetes mellitus will develop a foot ulcer during their lifetime. Debridement is included in multiple guidelines and algorithms for the care of patients with diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers, and it has long been considered an essential step in the protocol for treating diabetic foot ulcers. In addition to altering the environment of the chronic wound, debridement is a technique aimed at removing nonviable and necrotic tissue, thought to be detrimental to healing. This is accomplished by removing abnormal wound bed and wound edge tissue, such as hyperkeratotic epidermis (callus) and necrotic dermal tissue, foreign debris, and bacteria elements known to have an inhibitory effect on wound healing. While the rationale for surgical debridement seems logical, the evidence for its role in enhancing healing is deficient. In this paper, we systematically review five published clinical trials, which met the criteria and investigated surgical debridement of diabetic foot ulcers to enhance healing. Most existing studies are not randomized clinical trials optimized to test the relationship between debridement of diabetic foot ulcers and wound healing. Therefore, a focused, well-designed study is needed to elucidate the effect of surgical debridement on the healing status of chronic wounds.
Unilateral diaphragm muscle paralysis minimally impacts ventilation in rodents (871.5)

Ventilatory behaviors across a range of species including humans require less than 50% of maximal force-generating capacity by the diaphragm muscle, the main inspiratory muscle in mammals. Near max...
Magnetically insulated H − diodes

At the University of California, Irvine, we have been studying the production of intense H− beams using pulse power techniques for the past 7 years. Previously, current densities of H− ions for various diode designs at UCI have been a few A/cm2. Recently, we have developed diodes similar to the coaxial design of the Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, U.S.S.R., where current densities of up to 200 A/cm2 were reported using nuclear activation of a carbon target. In experiments at UCI employing the coaxial diode, current densities of up to 35 A/cm from a passive polyethylene cathode loaded with TiH 2 have been measured using a pinhole camera and CR-39 track recording plastic. We have also been working on a self-insulating, annular diode which can generate a directed beam of H− ions. In the annular diode experiments a plasma opening switch was used to provide a prepulse and a current path which self-insulated the diode. These experiments were done on the machine APEX, a 1 MV, 50 ns, 7 Ω pulseline with a unipolar negative prepulse of ∼ 100 kV and 400 ns duration. Currently we are modifying the pulseline to include an external LC circuit which can generate a bipolar, 150 kV, 1 μs duration prepulse (similar prepulse characteristic as in the Lebedev Institute experiments cited above).
Pressure-Driven Currents Derived from Global ENA Images by IMAGE/HENA

The global ion distributions extracted from ENA images obtained by IMAGE/ HENA can be used to calculate the distribution of partial plasma pressure throughout the ring current region. Knowing the plasma pressure and the magnetic field, one can calculate the three-dimensional current system that is driven by the pressure gradient, assuming force equilibrium in the absence of convection with ⊇J = 0. For an isotropic pressure tensor P = PI, the complete current intensity J can be calculated from Euler potentials, one of which is the pressure (P) itself, while the other (Q) is the partial volume of the magnetic flux tube measured from the minimum-B equator. For a dipole field, the latter is a simple analytic function, but in principle Q can be calculated from any magnetic field model. If P is not isotropic, a solution still exists, but it is not expressible directly in terms of Euler potentials. Examples of effects in estimating the ion pressure from IMAGE/HENA images will be presented in order to explain the underestimate of the actual Region 2 field-aligned currents by the magnetometers on the constellation of Iridium communication satellites.
Logic and Partially Ordered Abelian Groups

The unit interval in a partially ordered abelian group with order unit forms an interval effect algebra (IEA) which can be regarded as an algebraic model for the semantics of a formal deductive logic. There is a categorical equivalence between the category of IEA's and the category of unigroups enabling one to translate logical features of the IEA's to algebraic properties of the corresponding unigroup. In this article, we study the IEA-unigroup connection, focusing on the cases in which the IEA is a Boolean algebra, a quantum logic, an MV-algebra, or a Heyting MV-algebra.
Achieving Political Practice

Abstract Social work faces significant challenges to define its role in the current political climate in the United States. The federal government has retreated from its position of guarantor of assistance to those who are most in need. States and local jurisdictions now set the rules and the tone for helping. Social workers can position themselves to help individuals, families, and communities. They can also continue the tradition in the profession for bringing social change. This paper describes a continuum of approaches to social work practice that leads one to radical or political practice. There are examples of client-centered and reflective practice. I include a discussion of feminist practice, empowerment-based practice, policy-practice, and radical practice. I then provide a case example of an organization in which work occurs at each step of the continuum.
Golgi: Methods for Preparation

The study of Golgi structure and function has been greatly facilitated by the purification of this membrane organelle from cellular homogenates. Purified Golgi membranes have been used in a variety of cell-free assays to investigate sugar modifications, vesicle transport, Golgi structure formation and Golgi–cytoskeleton interactions. Golgi membranes can be purified from cells and tissues using a number of different methods, with liver as a preferred source. Highly purified Golgi stacks can be obtained after two sequential density gradient centrifugations of rat liver homogenate. The relative purity of the prepared Golgi stacks is assessed by measuring the increase in activity of a Golgi enzyme, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT), over that of the total liver homogenate. A typical preparation can yield milligrams of Golgi membranes that are purified 80- to 100-fold over the homogenate and 60–70% in stacks, which provides abundant material for both structural and functional studies of this organelle. Key Concepts: The Golgi apparatus is an essential membrane-bound organelle in the centre of the secretory pathway in almost all eukaryotic cells. The primary function of the Golgi is to modify and package proteins and lipids into transport carriers and send them to the proper locations. Golgi can be separated from other membranous organelles by density gradient centrifugation. Glycosyl transferases are used as marker enzymes to monitor the yield and purity of the purified Golgi apparatus during Golgi preparation. Purified Golgi membranes can be used in a variety of cell-free assays to investigate sugar modifications, vesicle transport, Golgi structure formation and Golgi–cytoskeleton interactions. Keywords: Golgi apparatus; fractionation; sucrose gradient centrifugation; β-1,4-galactosyl transferase activity assay; cell-free assays; quantitative proteomics analysis; Golgi–cytoskeleton interactions
E‐Word‐of‐Mouth on health social networking sites: An opportunity for tailored health communication

Because of the limitation of time and resources, health professionals are often not able to provide support for consumers via personal communication. Consumers are increasingly active in managing their own health. E-word-of-mouth (eWOM), or consumer-generated content, on health social networking sites (SNSs) provides a new opportunity for health communication tailored to consumers' personal needs. Using netnography, a well structured internet-based ethonography, we analyze discussion threads posted to an obesity support group on a popular health SNS based in the US. We classify e-group members as support seekers and providers. Our results identify two major features of eWOM on health SNSs that facilitate tailored health communication. First, eWOM on health SNSs provides the types of support (informational and emotional) that help support seekers actively cope with heath-related problems and strains. Second, eWOM on health SNSs contains massages rich with personal experiences of support providers that offer solutions for problems that support seekers face in everyday situations. As support seekers participate in SNSs, their opportunity for learning means that they can become ‘information elite’, evolving from support seekers to support providers. We discuss important implications for policymakers and marketers for learning from and participating in eWOM on health SNSs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting adoption of high transmission PSM: pros, cons and path forward

High transmission attenuated phase shift masks (Hi-T PSM) have been successfully applied in volume manufacturing for certain memory devices. Moreover, numerous studies have shown the potential benefits of Hi-T PSM for specific lithography applications. In this paper, the potential for extending Hi-T PSM to logic devices, is revisited with an emphasis on understanding layout, transmission, and manufacturing of Hi-T PSM versus traditional 6% embedded attenuated phase shift mask (EAPSM). Simulations on various layouts show Hi-T PSM has advantage over EAPSM in low duty cycle line patterns and high duty cycle space patterns. The overall process window can be enhanced when Hi- T PSM is combined with optimized optical proximity correction (OPC), sub-resolution assist features (SRAF), and source illumination. Therefore, Hi-T PSM may be a viable and lower cost alternative to other complex resolution enhancement technology (RET) approaches. Aerial image measurement system (AIMS) results on test masks, based on an inverse lithography technology (ILT) generated layout, confirm the simulation results. New advancement in high transmission blanks also make low topography Hi-T PSM a reality, which can minimize scattering effects in high NA lithography.
The development of low-loss Nb 3 Sn for AC power transmission: A review

A superconducting cable incorporating Nb 3 Sn is briefly described and requirements for the superconductor discussed. State of the art metallurgical procedures for reducing ac losses and increasing critical currents of Nb 3 Sn are reviewed. The loss behavior is then related to presently available theoretical models and shown to depend largely on surface currents which are attributed to the surface barrier. Effects of temperature, trapped magnetic flux, cladding, and cable configuration are discussed.
Empirical Sampling Distributions of Equating Coefficients for Graded and Nominal Response Instruments.

The sampling distributions of equating coefficients produced by the characteristic curve method for tests using graded and nominal response scoring were examined. Simulated data were generated under these two models in both horizontal and vertical equating situations for three different types of target tests. The obtained sampling distributions of the equating coefficients were approximately bell-shaped, had small variances, and no outliers or other abnormalities. However, the distributions of the minimum values of the quadratic loss function for the graded response model had outliers that were due to misordered boundary curve location parameter estimates. The means of the sampling distributions of the equating coefficients corresponded to values appropriate for the specific situations used.
A systematic review of the effects of physician specialty on the treatment of coronary disease and heart failure in the United States.

Abstract PURPOSE: To assess the effects of physician specialty on the knowledge, management, and outcomes of patients with coronary disease or heart failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE from 1980 to 1997, as well as bibliographic references to articles about the effects of physician specialty on the knowledge, treatment, and outcomes of patients with coronary disease or heart failure in the United States. RESULTS: Twenty-four articles met our criteria for inclusion (including eight that involved knowledge or self-reported practices, 14 that described actual practice patterns, and six that measured clinical outcomes). Cardiologists were more knowledgeable than generalist physicians about the optimal evaluation and management of coronary disease but not about the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for heart failure. Patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction were more likely to receive proven medical therapies, and possibly had improved outcomes, if they were treated by cardiologists. The use of lipid-lowering drugs after myocardial infarction was also more common among patients of cardiologists. ACE inhibitor use for heart failure was probably greater, and short-term readmission rates were lower, with cardiology care. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with coronary disease or heart failure in the United States who are treated by cardiologists appear more likely to receive evidence-based care and probably have better outcomes. Investigation of collaborative models of care and innovative efforts to improve the use of proven therapies by physicians are needed.
Stratospheric Circulation in the Southern Summer/Northern Winter 1980–81: Behavior of Zonal Waves 1–10

Daily global grids of high quality, satellite-borne microwave measurements have been used to study the behavior of stratospheric waves during November 1980-March 1981. The primary motivation was to investigate, by comparing with earlier analyses, the interannual variation of recently reported medium-scale wave domination of Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer circulation. Zonal means, as well as time-mean and transient zonal waves 1-10, are studied. In addition, space-time spectra are determined from the 138-day record. Prominent medium-scale features are found to occur in 1980-81, although wave 4 is strongest, in contrast to the Global Weather Experiment period (1978-79), when wave 5 dominated the SH summer circulation. The same highly continuous, regular eastward phase movement of SH medium-scale waves is found in 1980-81 as in 1978-79. A second noteworthy observation is that of strong, time-mean waves 3-4 with symmetry about the equator, with positive temperature perturbations over the western Pacific and Atlantic equatorial regions, and negative anomalies over South America, Africa, and Indonesia. Confidence in the SH spectral results is enhanced by good agreement between our Northern Hemisphere (NH) medium-scale analyses and recent geopotential height studies by other investigators. These results serve to bring into sharper focus the question of why, in contrast with the more wellknown NH, the SH circulation evidences such robust and highly continuous medium-scale eddies in summer.
Scheduling semiconductor manufacturing processes to enhance system identification

Abstract Semiconductor manufacturing is characterized by a manufacturing line with multiple processing tools, products, and other sources of variation. Run-to-run control applications need a constant stream of information about the state of the process in order to perform well. The trace of the state error covariance matrix from the Kalman filter is used as a metric for determining the information content of a particular data set to the run-to-run control algorithm. Processing decisions such as batch scheduling, equipment allocation, and sampling plans are shown to have an effect on estimator performance. Algorithms using the state error covariance matrix are developed that can optimize the factory schedule in order to provide run-to-run control algorithms with the best possible information. Simulation results demonstrate that measurable improvements in state estimation and control output performance can be achieved by using information from the process estimator.
A path loss model for non-line-of-sight ultraviolet multiple scattering channels

An ultraviolet (UV) signal transmission undergoes rich scattering and strong absorption by atmospheric particulates. We develop a path loss model for a Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) link. The model is built upon probability theory governing random migration of photons in free space, undergoing scattering, in terms of angular direction and distance. The model analytically captures the contributions of different scattering orders. Thus it relaxes the assumptions of single scattering theory and provides more realistic results. This allows us to assess the importance of high-order scattering, such as in a thick atmosphere environment, where short range NLOS UV communication is enhanced by hazy or foggy weather. By simulation, it is shown that the model coincides with a previously developed Monte Carlo model. Additional numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effects of link geometry and atmospheric conditions. The results indicate the inherent tradeoffs in beamwidth, pointing angles, range, absorption, and scattering and so are valuable for NLOS communication system design.
Habermas and Rorty: Between Scylla and Charybdis

[The democratic ideal] “bases its faith upon the heart in preference to the intellect, though knowing well the power of the latter when controlled. It knows that the intellect, alone, runs amuck, and performs unspeakable cruelties; that the heart alone is divine. For it is the heart that welcomes Life and would cherish it, would shield it against the cannibalism of the intellect.” Louis Sullivan Autobiography of an Idea, p. 324.
Optimal configuration design for hydraulic split hybrid vehicles

Hydraulic hybrid vehicles are more suitable for heavy-duty applications in urban driving than hybrid electric vehicles because of the high power density and low cost of hydraulic devices. However, the low rotational speeds of hydraulic pump/motor and the low energy density of the accumulator impose severe constraints on the design and control for these vehicles. The split configuration is an efficient and more flexible transmission configuration and is the focus of this study. A three-step design methodology is developed to systematically and exhaustively explore all possible split configurations using two planetary gears: Step 1 checks mechanical feasibility of configurations; Step 2 develops optimal power management inspired by Pontryagin's Minimum Principle; and Step 3 finds optimal component sizes. After the screening, we identify three new configurations that achieve best fuel economy for the hydraulic vehicle/drive cycle studied, together with their best design and control executions.
Light intensity modulation direct overwrite on 130-mm 2X MO media

Direct overwrite (DOW) at 2X operating densities has been demonstrated utilizing an IBM 2X drive and exchange coupled multilayered media. To generate the writing waveforms required for DOW, modifications of the laser driver electronics were implemented. The drive was integrated into a test bed to study the light intensity modulation direct overwrite media writing and overwriting characteristics. In this paper, we show that utilizing simple write waveforms consisting of PHi superimposed on a pedestal power, does not permit the attainment of satisfactory figure of merits (FOMs). We show that by modifying the write waveform we increase the temperature gradients that precisely define the written marks. Consequently, it is possible to achieve good FOMs even at OD conditions, and this is done by implementing straightforward modifications to the laser drive electronics of an IBM 2X drive.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CDF's experience with a parallel architecture multiprocessor system — ACP

Abstract At present, the complete offline reconstruction of events recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) during the 1988–1989 run is being done using the Advanced Computer Program (ACP) systems of parallel microprocessors, developed at Fermilab. Experience with modifications to a very large CDF reconstruction code, necessary to make it run in the parallel processor environment, and also the operational experience with running the two ACP systems, is presented.
Exploring Culture from a Distance: The Utility of Telephone Interviews in Qualitative Research.

Qualitative studies that utilize telephone interviews, as a primary data collection mode, often are not discussed in the qualitative research literature. Data excerpts from a study that sought to understand the culture of for‐profit universities are used to illustrate the types of data that can be garnered through telephone interviews. In addition, the author discusses conceptual notions of culture and shows how the use of cultural interviews aided the data collection process. The article closes by considering the extent to which qualitative telephone interviews can render ‘high‐quality’ data that can allow for an accurate depiction of culture.
Two new yeasts from Hawaiian fruit flies.

One yeast isolate from the feces of the fruit flyD. crucigera is new and is described asCandida sorbosa nov. sp. A new species ofRhodotorula from the living larva ofDrosophila pilimanae is described asRhodotorula pilimanae.
USE OF THE CLUSTER ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC SITUATION OF AN ENTERPRISE

The aim of the paper was to discuss the disadvantages of enterprises in dry areas compared to enterprises farming in similar production area outside a rain shadow. The analysis was based on the sample of 45 enterprises; twelve of which farming in the area of a rain shadow. In the first step, enterprises were sorted by the cluster analysis into groups farming in the same area, at a similar altitude, with the same structure in a similar manner, and under comparable financial conditions - (such as debt ratio, liquidity and activity ratio). The results of this step showed a different method of farming within enterprises in disadvantaged areas. Such enterprises have created two distinct, separate clusters differing from the average in the use of fixed assets, technical equipment of labour, labour productivity and income structure. In the second step, the way how the return on assets of such enterprises is different from the average profitability of the enterprise was assessed. Testing differences in mean values of profitability was performed using the Student t-test. Due to the high variability of the Return on assets (ROA), the difference between standard and disadvantaged enterprises has not been proved.
Stepwise progression of kindling: perspectives from the kindling antagonism model.

What is the nature of the kindling process? We hypothesize that kindling is a discontinuous process involving discrete, stepwise transitions from one state of neural organization to another. Our data from the kindling antagonism paradigm argue that there are two critical transitions in the kindling process. These transitions constitute major steps in kindled seizure development. They act as “gates” controlling the ability of afterdischarge (AD) activity to effect the necessary reorganization of neural function which drives the kindling process. We identify two critical gates: 1) a forebrain gate which is dependent on norepinephrine (NE) and effects a discrete transition from nonconvulsive, stage 1 and 2 behaviors to stage 3 seizures, and 2) a brainstem gate which is also NE-dependent and effects a transition from stage 3 seizures to stage 4 and 5 seizures. These gates separate the kindling process into 3 “phases” which are different from, but overlap, the traditional behavioral stages of kindling defined by Racine. Current data suggest that these phases involve independent neural circuitry. They may also involve different physiological mechanisms, but this remains to be determined. This hypothesis is designed to provide a framework for the kindling process within which to search for kindling mechanisms.
On desirability of parsimony in structural equation model selection

This article is concerned with issues in structural equation model selection that pertain to the general utility of the well‐known principle of parsimony. An example is provided using data generated by a relatively nonparsimonious simplex model and fitted rather well by a parsimonious growth curve model that belongs to a different class of models. Implications for empirical research are subsequently discussed, with emphasis on the extent to which one may be willing to routinely use parsimony as the only principle to follow in structural model selection.
Pump equalization and saturation of microresonator frequency combs with drop geometry

We report the spectral pump equalization of on-chip microresonator frequency combs in the drop-port geometry. A smoother comb spectrum is obtained and a saturation behavior of the optical pump in the microresonator is observed.
Differential expression of T-bet, a T-box transcription factor required for Th1 T-cell development, in peripheral T-cell lymphomas.

We studied T-bet expression in 91 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) by immunostaining and found expression in 42 cases (46%), including all 5 lymphoepithelioid lymphoma cases and 12 (86%) of 14 angioimmunoblastic lymphoma cases, but only 9 (25%) of 36 anaplastic large cell lymphoma cases. Expression of T-bet in PTCL correlates with expression of other markers of Th1 T-cell differentiation, including CXCR3 ( P < .0001), CD69 ( P = .0013), LEF-1 ( P = .0007), and OX40/CD134 ( P = .005), and absence of expression of markers of Th2 T-cell differentiation, including CD30 ( P = .0001) and CXCR4 ( P = .0144). Of 22 cases of PTCL immunoreactive for all Th1- associated markers previously studied and nonreactive for Th2-associated markers, 20 (91%) were immunoreactive for T-bet. Of 22 PTCL cases immunoreactive for Th2-associated markers studied and nonreactive for all Th1-associated markers studied, 4 (18%) were immunoreactive for T-bet. The remaining 47 PTCL cases (52%) exhibited incomplete or mixed staining for Th1- and Th2-associated markers, with 18 (38%) of 47 immuno-reactive for T-bet. T-bet is a new marker that may contribute to the diagnosis and subtyping of PTCLs. T-bet expression in these neoplasms provides further support for a model of PTCL in which tumor subsets express markers of, and may be derived from, Th1- or Th2-committed T cells.
EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON THE KAPITZA RESISTANCE

The Kapitza resistance due to acoustic phonons crossing a rough planar interface from liquid He into an isotropic solidis investigated, and its characteristic function, viz. the penetration coefficient is calculated as a function of the frequency of the incident phonons and their angle of incidence.
Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and control of tuberculosis.

After years of decreasing prevalence and increasing hope that tuberculosis, like smallpox, could be eliminated, the disease has resurfaced as a major public health problem in the United States. Particularly ominous are the appearance of multiple-drug-resistant strains and their impact on patients and health care workers who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, among whom mortality rates reach 80% 2-3 months postdiagnosis. To respond effectively to this new threat, it is critical that we reorient our thinking about tuberculosis and redirect health care resources to programs for tuberculosis control. We need to reinstitute screening of high-risk populations and ensure proper isolation of patients with the disease. Diagnosing tuberculosis at the earliest possible stage is obviously of the utmost importance. High priority must be given to the development of rapid diagnostic tests and techniques that screen for drug resistance. We must implement and adequately fund drug-discovery programs to develop new therapeutic agents that are effective against multiple-drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Effective programs for monitoring the treatment of patients with tuberculosis must also be implemented. Failure to adequately support such programs has probably led to the recent upswing in multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis, especially in large cities along the eastern seaboard. Leadership for and funding of these programs must come from the federal government, specifically the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services and the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta). The Infectious Diseases Society of America is actively supporting a variety of tuberculosis control-related initiatives and will keep its members updated on progress in this area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptive collision-free path-following control for two robots with prismatic joints

Abstract An adaptive control strategy based on a collision-free path-finding (CFPF) algorithm is proposed for two robots with prismatic joints. In systems with two or more robots operating in a common workspace, the arm of each robot is considered a moving obstacle. Taking into account the geometry of potential collision space, a simple CFPF algorithm is developed for two robots with prismatic joints. An adaptive control scheme is used to control each robot to follow the desired path computed by the CFPF algorithm at each sampling-time step. This approach is investigated by computer simulation and the results show that such a method can provide the efficient operation of the two-robot system.
Estimation of receptor-ligand interactions by the use of a two-marker system in affinity capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract The study of receptor–ligand interactions by affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) requires an accurate form of analysis. Here, we examine the use of two noninteracting standards (markers) in the analysis of binding constant data in ACE studies. This concept is demonstrated using two model systems: carbonic anhydrase B (CAB, EC 4.2.1.1) and arylsulfonamides, and vancomycin (Van) from Streptomyces orientalis and the dipeptide N-acetyl- d -Ala- d -Ala. In this procedure a plug of receptor and noninteracting standards is injected, and analysis of the change in the relative migration time ratio of the receptor, relative to the noninteracting standards, as a function of the concentration of the ligand yields a value for the binding constant. The findings described here demonstrate that data from ACE studies can best be analyzed using two noninteracting standards, yielding values comparable to those estimated using other binding and ACE techniques.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF CERAMIACEAE (RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

Five Ceramiaceae (Rhodophyta) are reported from the offshore waters of the southeastern, warm temperate coast of the United States. These include two new monotypic genera, Calliclavula trifurcate Schneider in the Griffithsieae and Nwynea grandispora Searles in the Sphondylothamnieae, and three new species, Callithamniella silvae Searles, Ptilothamnion occidentale Searles, and Lejolisia exposita Schneider et Searles.
Effects of flux flow, flux pinning, and flux creep upon the rf surface impedance of type-II superconductors

The presence of vortices is known to have an important effect upon the rf surface impedanceZ s of type-II superconductors. In this paper we summarize a new theoretical approach that permits the influence of flux flow, flux pinning, and flux creep uponZ s =R s -iX s to be calculated over a wide range of angular frequenciesω, magnetic inductionsB, and temperaturesT. The normal-fluid excitations and the nonlocality of vortex-generated fields are also accounted for. The physics is conveniently described in terms of a complex penetration depthλ(ɛ, B, T), to which the surface impedance is related viaZ s = −iμ 0ɛλ(ω,B,T). We limit our attention to the linear response of the superconductor in the low-rf-power regime for which the surface impedance is power-independent.
Five Subunit Genes of the Human Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Are Mapped to Two Linkage Groups on Chromosomes 2 and 17

Abstract RFLPs were detected in the five subunit genes of the human muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) using genomic DNA or cDNA probes from the homologous mouse loci. The RFLPs at the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-subunit gene loci were analyzed for genetic linkage in 16 families (n = 188). Significant evidence was obtained for close linkage of the β- and ϵ-nAChR genes and much greater genetic distance between the α-nAChR gene and the γ/δ-nAChR gene complex. The linkage analysis program CRI-MAP was used to map the positions of the β- and ϵ-nAChR genes relative to seven markers on chromosome 17. The results indicate the β- and ϵ-nAChR genes are separated by about 5 cM and located in the region of chromosome 17p occupied by D17S1, D17S31, TP53, and D17S513. The statistical evidence was confirmed by hybridization of the β- and ϵ-nAChR probes to a panel of human-hamster somatic cell hybrids. The α-, γ-, and δ-nAChR genes were placed on a map of 13 chromosome 2 markers. The linkage analysis placed the nAChR genes at two sites on chromosome 2q about equidistant from the marker CRYGP1, with the α-nAChR gene about 27 cM proximal and the γ/δ-nAChR gene complex about 31 cM distal to CRYGP1.