cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National trends in the management of central cord syndrome: an analysis of 16,134 patients

Abstract Background context Central cord syndrome (CCS) is a common cause of incomplete spinal cord injury. However, to date, national trends in the management and mortality after CCS are not fully understood. Purpose To analyze how patient, surgical, and institutional factors influence surgical management and mortality after CCS. Study design A retrospective cohort analysis. Patient sample The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried for records of patients with a diagnosis of CCS from 2003 to 2010. Outcome measures They included in hospital mortality and surgical management, including anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF), posterior cervical decompression and fusion (PCDF), and posterior cervical decompression (PCD). Methods Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes, patient records with a diagnosis of CCS from 2003 to 2010 were selected from the NIS database and sorted by inpatient mortality and surgical management. Demographic information (age, gender, and race) and hospital characteristics were evaluated with χ2-tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression models controlled for confounding. Results In this sample of 16,134 patients, a total of 39.7% of patients (6,351) underwent surgery. ACDF was most common (19.4%), followed by PCDF (7.4%) and PCD (6.8%). From 2003 to 2010, surgical management increased by an average of 40% each year. The overall inpatient mortality rate was 2.6%. Increasing age and comorbidities were associated with higher rates of patient mortality and a decreasing surgical rate (p Conclusions Elderly patients with medical comorbidities are associated with a lower surgical rate and a higher mortality rate. Surgical management was more prevalent in the south and large hospitals. Mortality was higher in rural hospitals. It is important for surgeons to understand how patient, surgical, and institutional factors influence surgical management and mortality.
PRIME: A Mass Spectrum Data Mining Tool for De Nova Sequencing and PTMs Identification

sequencing is one of the most promising proteomics techniques for identification of protein post-translation modifications (PTMs) in studying protein regulations and functions. We have developed a computer tool PRIME for identification of b and y ions in tandem mass spectra, a key challenging problem in de novo sequencing. PRIME utilizes a feature that ions of the same and different types follow different mass-difference distributions to separate b from y ions correctly. We have formulated the problem as a graph partition problem. A linear integer-programming algorithm has been implemented to solve the graph partition problem rigorously and efficiently. The performance of PRIME has been demonstrated on a large amount of simulated tandem mass spectra derived from Yeast genome and its power of detecting PTMs has been tested on 216 simulated phosphopeptides.
De novo proteins as models of radical enzymes.

Catalytically essential side-chain radicals have been recognized in a growing number of redox enzymes. Here we present a novel approach to study this class of redox cofactors. Our aim is to construct a de novo protein, a radical maquette, that will provide a protein framework in which to investigate how side-chain radicals are generated, controlled, and directed toward catalysis. A tryptophan and a tyrosine radical maquette, denoted α3W1 and α3Y1, respectively, have been synthesized. α3W1 and α3Y1 contain 65 residues each and have molecular masses of 7.4 kDa. The proteins differ only in residue 32, which is the position of their single aromatic side chain. Structural characterization reveals that the proteins fold in water solution into thermodynamically stable, α-helical conformations with well-defined tertiary structures. The proteins are resistant to pH changes and remain stable through the physiological pH range. The aromatic residues are shown to be located within the protein interior and shielded fr...
INVOLVEMENT AND IDENTIFICATION OF A LYSINE IN THE PPI-SITE OF PYROPHOSPHATE-DEPENDENT PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE FROM GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Abstract The substrate binding and/or catalytic site of the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) of Giardia lamblia was investigated using an ATP affinity label. 2′,3′-dialdehyde of ATP, oxidized ATP (oATP), for the involvement of lysine residues. The enzyme, which uses PPi rather than ATP as a substrate was inhibited by low concentrations of oATP. Oxidized ATP behaves as an affinity label for the substrate binding site as evidenced by saturation kinetics with the formation of a reversible complex prior to inactivation, and the observation that the inactivation was stoichiometric with the amount of oATP incorporated which extrapolated to 1 mol per mol of monomeric PPi-PFK. The critical lysine modified by oATP is proposed to be located at the PPi-binding site since complete protection is afforded by PPi; and under steady-state, PPi was competitive with the inhibitor. Other substrates of the reaction in either the forward or reverse direction did not completely protect against inactivation. This is further confirmed by the non-competitive inhibition displayed by either Pi or fructose 1,6, bisphosphate. Furthermore, the Km values for Pi and fructose 1,6 bisphosphate of the oATP-modified enzyme were not altered. The oATP-modified peptides were analyzed by HPLC peptide mapping, and the profile showed a major peak absorbing at 2.58 nm, which was absent when the modification was carried out in the presence of MgPPi. This peptide was sequenced and found to contain Lys-497. These results suggest that the essential lysine-497 modified by oATP is involved in the binding and/or catalysis of PPi and that an ATP-type of binding domain, with reference to the phosphoryl groups, is present in the PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase of Giardia.
In-frame deletion in the proteolipid protein gene of a family with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.

We describe an in-frame deletion of parts of exons 3 and 4 of the proteolipid protein gene (PLP), with all of the intervening sequence, in a 3-generation family with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. The mutation removes 49 amino acids of the PLP. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Embedding EnG in Euclidean space

Abstract It is shown that if G is an arbitrary upper semicontinuous decomposition of E n for which π( N G embeds in S m for some m ⩾3, then the decomposition space E n G embeds as a closed subset of E n + m +1 . The proof consists of constructing a cell-like upper semicontinuous decomposition G of E n + m +1 which intersects E n to yield precisely G and using Edwards' Cell-Like Approximation Theorem to show that G is shrinkable. As an immediate corollary, E n G embeds in E n +2 k +2 whenever G is an arbitrary k -dimensional upper semicontinuous decomposition of E n . This is an improvement of ( n −1)-dimensions over the corresponding dimension theoretic result and examples due to Daverman show that this result is sharp in case n is odd and off by no more than one dimension in case n is even.
Suppression of Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 2 on Grafted Triploid Watermelon

Abstract Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2, is a serious, widespread disease present in major watermelon-growing regions o...
GC-based dynamic QoS priority handoff scheme in multimedia cellular systems

A dynamic call admission control (CAC) and its associated resource reservation (RR) schemes are proposed in this research based on the guard channel (GC) concept for a wireless cellular system supporting multiple QoS classes. A comprehensive service model is developed, which includes not only mobile terminals' bandwidth requirements but also their different levels of priorities, rate adaptivity and mobility. The proposed CAC policy selects the resource access thresold according to the estimated number of incoming call requests of different QoS classes. The amount of resources to be reserved is dynamically adjusted by considering neighboring-cell higher-priority calls which are likely to handoff. The handoff interaction between adjacent cells is estimated by using radio propagation in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the distance of each active call in neighboring cells. Experiments are conducted by using the OPNET simulator to study the performance of the proposed scheme under various traffic conditions. It is shown that better QoS guarantees can be provided by the proposed CAC and RR schemes.
Paradoxes of (In)Equality Something is Rotten in the Gender Equal State of Sweden

This article analyzes how gender equality, paradoxically, has helped produce one unifying identity of the state of Sweden while simultaneously creating divisions within that state. In the 1990s, Sweden came to understand itself as the gender equality champion internationally, having come the `furthest' in empowering women politically and economically. However, this equality discourse has also become implicated in a new inequality, namely the hierarchical categorization of the population of Sweden into `Swedes' and `immigrants'. The article shows that simultaneous with Sweden becoming the `gender equal state' vis-a-vis other states, representations of gender unequal `immigrants' have become prominent.
Pharmacoeconomics Analysis in a Pediatric Population

Abstract Background . Pharmacoeconomics is becoming increasingly important in the health-care environment, but pharmacoeconomic studies are fraught with problems. Pharmacoeconomics can be applied to analysis of the benefits of pharmacologic hemostasis. Methods . This article reviews the available methods of pharmacoeconomic analysis and their inherent methodologic concerns. It reviews pharmacoeconomic studies of pharmacologic hemostasis, with particular focus on the Pediatric Reoperative Open Heart Surgery study. In this study, patients were randomized to receive either high-dose aprotinin, low-dose aprotinin, or placebo. Results were analyzed from the viewpoint of cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness calculated with use of a roll-back decision tree, and cost-effective ratios. Results . Cost-benefit analysis showed low-dose aprotinin to have a greater cost-benefit than high-dose aprotinin, cost-effectiveness analysis and analysis of cost-effective ratios showed high-dose aprotinin to be more cost-effective than low-dose aprotinin, and all analyses showed aprotinin to be preferable to placebo. Conclusions . Aprotinin in pediatric repeat open heart operations not only has a cost-benefit but is cost-effective as well.
Overwrite in thin media measured by the method of pseudorandom sequences

The method of pseudorandom sequence channel identification is applied to the measurement of bit shift due to overwrite in magnetic recording. The experimental results are compared to results of other overwrite measurement techniques. The proposed method has the advantage of simultaneously quantifying the bit shift due to overwrite and that due to other nonlinear effects. A simple magnetic model is proposed to explain the main features of the overwrite phenomenon. The bit shift is attributed to the interaction of the magnetic field produced by the head and the demagnetizing fields in the media produced during the write process. >
Thermal Transport in Self-Assembled Conductive Networks for Thermal Interface Materials

We present a concept for development of high thermal conductivity thermal interface materials (TIMs) via a rapid formation of conductive network. In particular we use molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate the possibility of a formation of a network of solid nanoparticles in liquid solution and establish wetting and volume fraction conditions required for a rapid formation of such network. Then, we use Monte-Carlo simulations to determine effective thermal conductivity of the solid/liquid composite material. The presence of a percolating network dramatically increases the effective thermal conductivity, as compared to values characterizing dispersed particle structures.
The influence of catalytic activity on the ignition of boundary layer flows Part I: Hydroxyl radical measurements☆

Abstract The effect of catalytic activity on gas phase ignition in an ethane-air boundary layer was investigated by measuring OH concentration profiles over heated platinum and quartz surfaces. Platinum's catalytic influence on gas phase ignition was found to depend strongly on the fuel-air ratio. Experiments were performed in a flat plate boundary layer configuration at 1 atm pressure and surface temperatures of 1200–1650 K. The hydroxyl measurements were made by planar and pointwise laser-induced fluorescence. Inhibition of ethane-air ignition was observed at equivalence ratios greater than 0.35, with enhancement seen below this value. Depletion of fuel near the catalytic surface by mass transfer-limited oxidation reactions can account for the catalyst's inhibiting effect. Catalytic promotion of gas phase ignition was evidenced by significantly higher OH concentration levels over platinum plates (as compared to quartz) for the leanest equivalence ratio tested (Φ = 0.079). The results indicate that catalytic surface-induced production of active intermediates can promote gas phase ignition and offset the effect of reactant depletion near the surface.
Common misinterpretations of the “linear, no-threshold” relationship used in radiation protection

Absorbed doseD is shown to be a composite variable, the product of the fraction of cells hit (I H ) and the mean “dose” (hit size)z to those cells.D is suitable for use with high level exposure (HLE) to radiation and its resulting acute organ effects because, sinceI H = 1.0, it approximates closely enough the mean energy density in the cell as well as in the organ. However, with low level exposure (LLE) to radiation and its consequent probability of cancer induction from a single cell, stochastic delivery of energy to cells results in a wide distribution of hit sizesz, and the expected mean value,z, is constant with exposure. Thus, with LLE, onlyI H varies withD so that the apparent proportionality between “dose” and the fraction of cells transformed is misleading. This proportionality therefore does not mean that any (cell) dose, no matter how small, can be lethal. Rather, it means that, in the exposure of a population of individual organisms consisting of the constituent relevant cells, there is a small probability of particle-cell interactions which transfer energy. The probability of a cell transforming and initiating a cancer can only be greater than zero if the hit size (“dose”) to the cell is large enough. Otherwise stated, if the “dose” is defined at the proper level of biological organization, namely, the cell and not the organ, only a large dosez to that cell is effective.
Effects of optic-tract regeneration on internal coupling in the circadian system of the cockroach

Previous results have shown that following bilateral severence of the optic tracts or transplantation of the optic lobes in the cockroachLeucophaea maderae the circadian pacemakers in the optic lobes are able to regenerate those neural connections with the midbrain that are necessary to drive the activity rhythm (Page 1982, 1983 a). In the present experiments the possibility that the entrainment pathway that mutually couples the two optic-lobe pacemakers is also capable of regeneration was investigated. The results showed that (a) following unilateral optic-lobe transplantation or optic-tract section, regeneration of the coupling pathway did not occur, (b) an optic lobe that remained intact was able to completely suppress the expression of a contralateral pacemaker that had been forced to regenerate its output connections, and (c) if the host optic lobe had also been forced to regenerate its connections with the midbrain after unilateral optic-lobe transplantation, there was frequently evidence for two apparently independent periodicities in the activity pattern. The results indicate that the output pathway by which each oscillator controls activity is functionally independent of the output pathway that couples each oscillator to the contralateral optic lobe. The data also suggest that the regulation of activity by each optic-lobe oscillator may involve a pathway by which activity driven by the contralateral pacemaker can be suppressed.
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase by fulvestrant and sulfoxides.

Abstract The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of epoxy-fatty acids, signaling molecules involved in numerous biologies. Toward finding novel inhibitors of sEH, a library of known drugs was tested for inhibition of sEH. We found that fulvestrant, an anticancer agent, is a potent (KI = 26 nM) competitive inhibitor of sEH. From this observation, we found that alkyl-sulfoxides represent a new kind of pharmacophore for the inhibition of sEH.
Growth of ferromagnetic particles from cation reduction by borohydride ions

Abstract An experimental and theoretical study on the formation of ferromagnetic particles from cation reduction by borohydride is reported. The effects of various parameters on primary particle size, composition, saturation magnetization, and chain formation have been studied. These parameters include the metallic cation and its concentration, the anion concentration, the reaction temperature, and the use of additives in the reaction. A relationship has been demonstrated between the fractal dimension of aggregates and their saturation magnetization. In basic media, primary particle formation has been shown to occur by two different mechanisms depending on the metallic cation concentration. A model has been developed which gives results in agreement with experimental observations on the formation of primary particles at higher metallic cation concentrations in basic media; the model indicates that primary particle growth occurs primarily by condensation of atoms on clusters and that collisions between clusters are probably suppressed by electrical double-layer forces.
Polynomial Differential Equations with Piecewise Linear Coefficients

Cubic and quartic non-autonomous differential equations with continuous piecewise linear coefficients are considered. The main concern is to find the maximum possible multiplicity of periodic solutions. For many classes, we show that the multiplicity is the same when the coefficients are polynomial functions of degree n, or piecewise linear functions with n segments.
Reasons for quitting serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy: paradoxical psychological side effects and patient satisfaction.

Background: The goal of this study was to document the existence of psychological side effects associated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) taken for depression and to dete
Effect of viscosity on dispersion of capillary–gravity waves

Abstract The effect of viscosity on dispersion of capillary–gravity waves becomes significant when the attenuation coefficient is greater than about 2.5% of the wave number. For low viscosity fluids such as water this condition is met at frequencies greater than about 5 kHz in which case direct measurement of wavelength is difficult. For higher viscosity fluids the effect appears at much lower frequencies but direct measurement of wavelength becomes difficult since viscosity causes severe attenuation of surface waves. We have overcome the measurement difficulties by using a new miniature laser interferometer, which directly measures the wavelength of standing capillary waves with the requisite precision to yield reliable dispersion data for viscous fluids. Here we review the effect of viscosity on the dispersion relation and present new experimental data on dispersion of capillary waves in several water-glycerol mixtures. Our data provides direct experimental verification of the theoretical analysis.
Parallel physical optimization algorithms for allocating data to multicomputer nodes

Three parallel physical optimization algorithms for allocating irregular data to multicomputer nodes are presented. They are based on simulated annealing, neural networks and genetic algorithms. All three algorithms deviate from the sequential versions in order to achieve acceptable speedups. The parallel simulated annealing (PSA) and neural network (PNN) algorithms include communication schemes that are adapted to the properties of the allocation problem and of the algorithms themselves for maintaining both good solutions and reasonable execution times. The parallel genetic algorithm (PGA) is based on a natural model of evolution. The performances of these algorithms are evaluated and compared. The three parallel algorithms maintain the good solution qualities of their sequential counterparts. Their comparison shows their suitability for different applications. For example, PGA yields the best solutions, but it is the slowest of the three. PNN is the fastest, but it yields lower quality solutions. PSA's performance lies in the middle.
Optical constants of liquid isooctane at 3.39 μm

An experimental measurement of the complex refractive index of liquid isooctane at 3.39 μm was made using a two angle reflectance technique. A fused quartz prism was used to suppress liquid evaporation and to prevent index gradients above the liquid surface so that a liquid temperature range from 23 to 80°C could be studied. Results indicate that the real part of the refractive index remains relatively constant over the temperature range decreasing from 1.440 to 1.406. The extinction coefficient, however, increased from 0.0654 to 0.0808 over this temperature range due to the redistribution of molecular states. The errors on the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index are estimated to be 0.05% and 3.0%, respectively.
Nucleotide sequence of the heat shock regulatory gene of E. coli suggests its protein product may be a transcription factor

We have sequenced a cloned segment of E. coli chromosomal DNA that includes the heat shock regulatory gene htpR. This segment contains an 852 nucleotide open reading frame bounded by transcriptional and translational signals. Both in vivo and in vitro the cloned segment produces a single protein that migrates in gels with the cellular protein (F33.4) implicated as the htpR product. Properties of a cloned fragment of the coding sequence truncated at the promoter-distal end are consistent with this assignment. The htpR gene product appears homologous to the sigma factor of RNA polymerase, and the two proteins are predicted to have similar secondary structure. In addition, two regions of the predicted htpR product resemble protein-DNA contact points conserved in known DNA-binding proteins.
Physical determinants of line pressures during apheresis.

Abstract Line pressure changes are inherent to apheresis procedures, although little work has been done to determine their physical basis. We developed a mathematical model in which fluid pressure within apheresis tubing is primarily dependent upon viscosity and hematocrit (HCT). Return line flow rates and pressures during plasma collections for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvest and during plasma exchange procedures using the COBE Spectra were recorded and used to model return line pressures. Pressure estimates were similar to measured values for both PBSC plasma collection ( r 2 =0.70) and plasma exchange ( r 2 =0.86). HCT and viscosity thus appear to be primary physical determinants that underlie these pressure changes.
Prevalence of secondary hypertension and unusual aspects of the treatment of hypertension in elderly individuals

Although hypertension is very common in elderly subjects, there is little Published evidence on the effects of age on the Prevalence of ”secondary“ hypertension. Data derived from 2,880 untreated hypertensive subjects are Presented, showing that with increasing age from 70 years, the Prevalence of orthostatic hypertension falls from 17 to 4% while that of Primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome and Pheochromocytoma changes very little and the Prevalence of hypertension due to hypothyroidism, renovascular stenosis and renal insufficiency increases Progressively, so that almost 10% of hypertensive Patients older than 60 years had renovascular hypertension or renal insufficiency. The SHEP study has shown that treatment of hypertension in the elderly significantly reduced cardiovascular but not total mortality. In secondary hypertension, specific, pathogenesis-related therapy is recommended and often effective. In elderly Patients with Primary hypertension, therapeutic decisions are influenced by the need to minimize side effects (such as orthostatic hypotension), the desirability of avoiding excessive reduction in (especially) diastolic Pressures, and the Possibility that in some situations treatment may actually reduce life expectancy.
Evaluation of a new quality of life questionnaire for patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Background We describe the development and evaluation of a new disease-specific instrument, the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life Questionnaire (IBSQOL), which was designed for use in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The IBSQOL measures 10 domains found to be relevant to patients with irritable bowel syndrome: emotional health, mental health, health belief, sleep, energy, physical functioning, diet, social role, physical role, and sexual relations. Methods During its development and evaluation, the IBSQOL was administered to over 500 patients with irritable bowel syndrome--two groups of patients from tertiary care centres, three focus groups of 8-12 patients each, and 287 patients in a national irritable bowel syndrome support network. As a control, the IBSQOL was also administered to 37 patients who did not have irritable bowel syndrome but had other gastrointestinal disorders. Statistical analyses to test the reliability and validity of the IBSQOL were performed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results Responses from the focus groups indicated that the IBSQOL was easy to complete and did not require too much time to fill out (approximately equal to 25 min). Statistical analyses of the final 30-item version of the IBSQOL demonstrated that it had both adequate validity and reliability (alpha > or = 0.60). A comparison of mean IBSQOL scores of persons with and without irritable bowel syndrome (but with other gastrointestinal conditions) showed no difference between the two groups with irritable bowel syndrome; however, scores for both irritable bowel syndrome groups were considerably lower than for the non-irritable bowel syndrome group, suggesting better health-related quality of life in patients who do not have irritable bowel syndrome. This further demonstrated the validity of the IBSQOL in targeting questions and domains specific to patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Conclusions Evaluation of the IBSQOL included testing the questionnaire in a large number of patients, which resulted in a revised and well-constructed instrument that demonstrated both adequate validity and reliability. The IBSQOL is currently being used in large-scale clinical trials to measure changes in quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome following treatment intervention.
INTRINSIC FRAGMENT SPINS GENERATED IN THE REACTIONS OF 20Ne WITH 197Au AND 238U AT 12.6 MeV/NUCLEON

Abstract The average magnitude and alignment of the intrinsic spin of the heavy partner from the reaction of 252 MeV 20 Ne with 197 Au and 238 U were determined as a function of Q -value. These spin values were extracted from sequential fission angular distributions obtained in coincidence with projectile-like products. For all Q -values a large out-of-plane anisotropy was observed, while for large negative Q -values an in-plane anisotropy was observed. A very large entrance-channel mass-asymmetry was chosen to provide a stringent test of equilibrium statistical model predictions for the spin alignment. The importance of determining the direction of the line-of-centers of the dinuclear system at scission is discussed. Large values of P ZZ were deduced for all Q - values. P XY was observed to be positive in the quasielastic region and negative in the deep-inelastic region. The extracted alignment data are compared to equilibrium statistical model calculations.
Ca2+-dependent redox modulation of SERCA 2b by ERp57

We demonstrated previously that calreticulin (CRT) interacts with the lumenal COOH-terminal sequence of sarco endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ATPase (SERCA) 2b to inhibit Ca2+ oscillations. Work from other laboratories demonstrated that CRT also interacts with the ER oxidoreductase, ER protein 57 (also known as ER-60, GRP58; ERp57) during folding of nascent glycoproteins. In this paper, we demonstrate that ERp57 overexpression reduces the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations enhanced by SERCA 2b. In contrast, overexpression of SERCA 2b mutants defective in cysteines located in intralumenal loop 4 (L4) increase Ca2+ oscillation frequency. In vitro, we demonstrate a Ca2+-dependent and -specific interaction between ERp57 and L4. Interestingly, ERp57 does not affect the activity of SERCA 2a or SERCA 2b mutants lacking the CRT binding site. Overexpression of CRT domains that disrupt the interaction of CRT with ERp57 behave as dominant negatives in the Ca2+ oscillation assay. Our results suggest that ERp57 modulates the redox state of ER facing thiols in SERCA 2b in a Ca2+-dependent manner, providing dynamic control of ER Ca2+ homeostasis.
Sexism and Gender Bias in Election 2008: A More Complex Path for Women in Politics

When Hillary Clinton announced her presidential candidacy, questions about the role of gender in presidential politics immediately surfaced. Would gender stereotyping and sexism pervade the electoral environment? Would the media treat Clinton differently than her competitors in the Democratic primary field? Would Clinton's candidacy mobilize women of all types, simply by virtue of its historic nature? And when Clinton lost the Democratic nomination, new questions quickly arose. Was America just not ready to elect a female president? To what extent did Bill Clinton account for Senator Clinton's successes and failures? How would the 18 million women and men who cast their ballots for Clinton vote in the general election? With so many interesting unknowns, political scientists will likely spend the next several years examining Hillary Clinton's campaign and assessing the extent to which her sex affected her experiences and contributed to her primary loss.
Defensive Physiological Reactions to Rejection The Effect of Self-Esteem and Attentional Control on Startle Responses

We examined the hypothesis that rejection automatically elicits defensive physiological reactions in people with low self-esteem (SE) but that attentional control moderates this effect. Undergraduates (N = 67) completed questionnaire measures of SE and attentional control. Their eye-blink responses to startle probes were measured while they viewed paintings related to rejection and acceptance themes. The stimuli also included positive-, negative-, and neutral-valence control paintings unrelated to rejection. As predicted, compared with people high in SE, those low in SE showed stronger startle eye-blink responses to paintings related to rejection, but not to negative paintings. Paintings related to acceptance did not attenuate their physiological reactivity. Furthermore, attentional control moderated their sensitivity to rejection, such that low SE was related to greater eye-blink responses to rejection only among individuals who were low in attentional control. Implications of the role of attentional con...
Goal structures and teachers' sense of efficacy: Their relation and association to teaching experience and academic level.

Goal structures reflect the motivational beliefs promoted by the prevailing instructional policies and procedures within an academic setting. Teachers' sense of efficacy refers to individuals' judgments or beliefs regarding their ability to accomplish critical instructional tasks. The relation between these constructs and differences on the basis of teaching experience and academic level were investigated. Teachers (N = 1,024) completed a self-report instrument via the Internet. Results indicated that teachers' sense of efficacy could be used to explain the classroom mastery goal structure they reported. Also, some aspects of teachers' sense of efficacy were greater for those with more teaching experience, whereas differences in goal structures were associated with academic level. Findings are discussed with regard to their implications for both theory and teacher training.
Organization and Writing Style

How your application is laid out will have an impact on the reviewers. Neatness and “grantsmanship” are not official scoring criteria, and in theory should not affect the scoring of your application. However, to quote Yogi Berra or Albert Einstein or Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut (the true source of the quote is unclear): “In theory there is no difference between theory and practice; in practice there is.” It is almost impossible for a reader not to be affected by the style of presentation in your application.
Conceptualizing Time and Behavior in Environmental Gerontology: A Pair of Old Issues Deserving New Thought

Architects, environmental designers, occupational therapists, and human service professionals are variously engaged in efforts to create settings for older persons that better fit their changing lifestyles and abilities. This theoretical article argues that to explain and predict more effectively the appropriateness of the settings occupied and used by their older occupants requires models and empirical inquiries that better conceptualize two areas of inquiry: (a) the temporal properties of environments and individuals and (b) the conceptualization of environmental behaviors or activities describing how individuals use, manipulate, or perform tasks in their settings. The types of constructs and relationships necessary for this inquiry are reviewed and their practical applications considered.
Re-examination of the Potential for Great Earthquakes along the Aleutian Island Arc with Implications for Tsunamis in Hawaii

Hawaii is threatened by tsunamis from circum-Pacific earthquakes and has been hit by major tsunamis from great earthquakes in the prior century in Kamchatka (1952), the Aleutians (1946 and 1957), Chile (1960), and Alaska (1964). Of these, tsunamis generated from great earthquakes along the Alaska-Aleutian Island arc are of particular concern due to their short (4.5–hour) propagation time to Hawaii, which presents the most limited time for coastal evacuation. Historically, the Aleutian earthquakes of 1946 and 1957 produced the largest tele-tsunamis observed in Hawaii (Lander and Lockridge 1989). The 1946 event ( Mw 8.6) killed 159 people with waves reaching up to 16 m height on Molokai. Even though the 1957 event ( Mw 8.6) caused no deaths in Hawaii, a maximum run-up of 16 m was observed on Kauai. Although these two great earthquakes in the Aleutians had substantial tsunami impacts in Hawaii, they are not among the largest seismic events to have occurred globally in the last century. To evaluate the extent of the tsunami threat to Hawaii from the Aleutian Islands, we need to consider the potential for even larger earthquakes in light of the analysis of more than a century of data measuring the Aleutian seismic zone. The motivation for this review is the great Tohoku earthquake of 2011, which occurred in the active seismic region off the coast of East Honshu, Japan, and caused a deadly tsunami in Japan that was felt on shorelines across the Pacific. This magnitude Mw 9.0 event surprised the seismological community with respect to its unexpectedly large magnitude and the size of the generated tsunami ( e.g. , Normile 2011; Monastersky 2011; Showstack 2011). Since the great Sanriku earthquake of 1896 there have been nine damaging earthquakes (magnitude M 7.3 to about 8.6) in the area of the Tohoku earthquake rupture …
Activator Gcn4p and Cyc8p/Tup1p Are Interdependent for Promoter Occupancy at ARG1 In Vivo

The Cyc8p/Tup1p complex mediates repression of diverse genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is recruited by DNA binding proteins specific for the different sets of repressed genes. By screening the yeast deletion library, we identified Cyc8p as a coactivator for Gcn4p, a transcriptional activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes. Deletion of CYC8 confers sensitivity to an inhibitor of isoleucine/valine biosynthesis and impairs activation of Gcn4p-dependent reporters and authentic amino acid biosynthetic target genes. Deletion of TUP1 produces similar but less severe activation defects in vivo. Although expression of Gcn4p is unaffected by deletion of CYC8, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal a strong defect in binding of Gcn4p at the target genes ARG1 and ARG4 in cyc8Δ cells and to a lesser extent in tup1Δ cells. The defects in Gcn4p binding and transcriptional activation in cyc8Δ cells cannot be overcome by Gcn4p overexpression but are partially suppressed in tup1Δ cells. The impairment of Gcn4p binding in cyc8Δ and tup1Δ cells is severe enough to reduce recruitment of SAGA, Srb mediator, TATA binding protein, and RNA polymerase II to the ARG1 and ARG4 promoters, accounting for impaired transcriptional activation of these genes in both mutants. Cyc8p and Tup1p are recruited to the ARG1 and ARG4 promoters, consistent with a direct role for this complex in stimulating Gcn4p occupancy of the upstream activation sequence (UAS). Interestingly, Gcn4p also stimulates binding of Cyc8p/Tup1p at the 3′ ends of these genes, raising the possibility that Cyc8p/Tup1p influences transcription elongation. Our findings reveal a novel coactivator function for Cyc8p/Tup1p at the level of activator binding and suggest that Gcn4p may enhance its own binding to the UAS by recruiting Cyc8p/Tup1p.
Estimation of Spatio-temporal Evolution of Complex Velocity Fields using Indirect Measurement Models

Understanding and controlling the dispersion of pollutants and contaminants in urban areas has become a major concern in the last decade. This study addresses the need for a better understanding of the dynamics involved in the flow field around complex geometries and the need for novel techniques to sense and predict its temporal evolution. Experimentally, it is not possible yet to track the temporal evolution of three dimensional structures in turbulent flows at high Reynolds number and with good spatial resolution. Typically, sparse measurements are used in wind forecasting models for updating and prediction via variational data assimilation. To improve upon this method, an experimental investigation combining Particle Image Velocimetry and Static Pressure measurements is carried out to study the airflow around wall mounted obstacles in a turbulent boundary-layer. A companion study is performed on a Large Eddy Simulation of the flow around a wall mounted cube in a channel which provides complementary information. The method of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition is used to obtain a reduced order representation of the flow field and is used in the construction of indirect measurement models based on sparse measurements from wall pressure sensors. Ultimately the combination of these with state-space models should provide more robust dynamical models.
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: A rare entity

IntroductionChronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an auto-inflammatory disease which is characterised by non-infectious bone lesions at multiple sites which have a relapsing nature. Our aim is to examine the role of radiology in diagnosis and management of CRMO patients who have been managed at the Mater Children's Hospital.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of patients who have been managed with CRMO at the Mater Hospital since 2002. Inclusion criteria included a final diagnosis of CRMO. Exclusion criteria were a diagnosis more likely than CRMO. Medical images for each patient were evaluated for lesion features, location of lesion, number of bony lesions and whether or not the radiographic appearance would be characteristic of CRMO.ResultsInitially, 17 patients were included in the study; however, seven patients were excluded due to a more likely alternative diagnosis. In total, 24 lesions were detected; the most common anatomical sites were the spine (25%), feet (25%), ribs (16.7%) and femur (12.5%). Plain radiography lacked sensitivity, but it was important in initial screening and evaluating progress of lesions. MRI is important for targeted investigation and further evaluation of lesions. Bone scintigraphy is useful for detecting other affected sites. Due to the exposure to radiation, computed tomography is generally avoided.ConclusionsThe combination of imaging modalities plays a large role in CRMO diagnosis. CRMO lesions usually appear ill defined with no pathognomonic features. The distribution of bony lesions can aid diagnosis, with lower limbs and clavicles commonly affected.
Learning the kernel via convex optimization

The performance of a kernel-based learning algorithm depends very much on the choice of the kernel. Recently, much attention has been paid to the problem of learning the kernel itself from given training examples. The main emphasis has been on formulating the problem as a tractable convex optimization problem. Only for a few very special cases such as support vector machines are explicit convex formulations known. In this paper, we show that, in a wide variety of kernel-based learning algorithms, the kernel learning problem can be formulated as a convex optimization problem which interior-point methods can solve globally and efficiently. The kernel learning method is illustrated with a regression problem that arises in petroleum engineering.
Prof-in-a-Box: using internet-videoconferencing to assist students in the gross anatomy laboratory

Background The optimal learning environment for gross anatomy is the dissection laboratory. The Prof-in-a-Box (PiB) system has been developed where an anatomist using distance-learning technologies 'helps' students in a dissection laboratory at a different site.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from ozone reactions with single terpenoids and terpenoid mixtures

Abstract Ozone reacts with indoor-emitted terpenoids to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Most SOA research has focused on ozone reactions with single terpenoids or with consumer products, and this paper reports the results from an investigation of SOA formation from ozone reactions with both single terpenoids and mixtures of d -limonene, α-pinene, and α-terpineol. Transient experiments were conducted at low (25 ppb) and high (100 ppb) initial concentrations of ozone. The three terpenoids were tested singly and in combinations in a manner that controlled for their different reaction rates with ozone. The SOA formation was assessed by examining the evolution in time of the resulting number size-distributions and estimates of the mass concentrations. The results suggest that at higher ozone and terpenoid concentrations, SOA number formation follows a linear trend as a function of the initial rate of reaction. This finding was valid for both single terpenoids and mixtures. Generally speaking, higher ozone and terpenoid concentrations also led to larger geometric mean diameters and smaller geometric standard deviations of fitted lognormal distributions of the formed SOA. By assuming a density, mass concentrations were also assessed and did not follow as consistent of a trend. At low ozone concentration conditions, reactions with only d -limonene yielded the largest number concentrations of any experiment, even more than experiments with mixtures containing d -limonene and much higher overall terpenoid concentrations. This finding was not seen for high ozone concentrations. These experiments demonstrate quantifiable trends for SOA forming reactions of ozone and mixtures, and this work provides a framework for expanding these results to more complex mixtures and consumer products.
Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese patients

In assessing the reasons for the frequent regaining of weight by reduced-obese patients, we examined retrospectively the seven-day energy intake requirements for weight maintenance of 26 obese patients (12 males, 14 females) at maximum weight (152.5 ± 8.4 kg) and after weight loss (100.2 ± 5.7 kg). These results were compared with those obtained in 26 age- and sex-matched control patients who had never been obese (62.6 ± 2.3 kg). The obese and control subjects required comparable caloric intakes: 1432 ± 32 kcal/m2/d vs 1341 ± 33 kcal/m2/d, respectively. Following weight loss, the reduced-obese subjects required only 1021 ± 32 kcal/m2/d, a 28% decrease (P < 0.001) in requirements relative to their obese state and a 24% decrease relative to the control patients (P < 0.001). The mean individual energy requirement of the reduced-obese subjects (2171 kcal/d) was less than that for the control subjects (2280 kcal/d) despite the fact that they still weighed 60% more than the controls. In order to maintain a reduced weight, some reduced-obese or even partially reduced patients must restrict their food intake to approximately 25% less than that anticipated on the basis of metabolic body size. The reasons why this finding is unlikely to be an artifactual consequence of changes in lean body mass or body water content are discussed. This finding has implications with regard to the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity in humans.
Sexual And Gender Harassment: Assessing The Current Climate:

Behaviors which create an uncomfortable or unreceptive climate among female pre-professional hospitality employees are identified. Specific strategies for change are recommended.
Symplectic covariance of the N = 2 hypermultiplets

The main objective of this article is to recast the hypermultiplets sector of five dimensional ungauged N = 2 supergravity into a manifestly symplectic-covariant form. We propose that this facilitates the construction and analysis of hypermultiplet fields coupled to p-brane sources and discuss examples.
Model-based predictive control of a multi-evaporator vapor compression cooling cycle

This paper presents a decentralized control architecture for multiple evaporator vapor compression systems using model-based predictive control. Vapor compression systems are widely used for heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration, and constitute a major part of total US energy use. Advanced control strategies have the potential to significantly increase energy efficiency, while delivering the necessary amount of cooling capacity. This paper proposes a decentralized control approach based on a study of interacting dynamics, wherein the cooling capacity of each evaporator is controlled by a multi-input, multi-output MPC controller and standard PI controllers are used to regulate system pressures by modulating compressor speed and discharge valve opening. This is in contrast with traditional single-input, single-output control approaches, which can result in undesired dynamic behavior. The efficacy of the proposed control architecture is demonstrated on an experimental system.
Restraint of B Cell Activation by Foxj1-Mediated Antagonism of NF-κB and IL-6

The forkhead transcription factor Foxj1 inhibits spontaneous autoimmunity, in part by antagonizing NF-kappaB activation in T cells. We demonstrate here that Foxj1 also inhibits humoral immune responses intrinsically in B cells; Foxj1 deficiency in B cells results in spontaneous and accentuated germinal center formation, associated with the development of pathogenic autoantibodies and accentuated responses to immunizations-all reflecting excessive activity of NF-kappaB and its target gene IL-6, and correlating with a requirement for Foxj1 to regulate the inhibitory NF-kappaB component IkappaBbeta. Thus, Foxj1 restrains B cell activation and the maturation of humoral responses, demonstrating a critical role for at least this forkhead transcription factor in the regulation of B lymphocyte homeostasis.