cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical Distribution of Good Channel Codes With Nonvanishing Error Probability

This paper studies several properties of channel codes that approach the fundamental limits of a given (discrete or Gaussian) memoryless channel with a nonvanishing probability of error. The output distribution induced by an ϵ-capacity-achieving code is shown to be close in a strong sense to the capacity achieving output distribution. Relying on the concentration of measure (isoperimetry) property enjoyed by the latter, it is shown that regular (Lipschitz) functions of channel outputs can be precisely estimated and turn out to be essentially nonrandom and independent of the actual code. It is also shown that the output distribution of a good code and the capacity achieving one cannot be distinguished with exponential reliability. The random process produced at the output of the channel is shown to satisfy the asymptotic equipartition property.
Proton annihilation at hadron colliders and Kamioka: High energy versus high luminosity

We examine models and prospects for proton annihilation to dileptons, a process which violates baryon and lepton number each by two. We determine that currently Super-Kamiokande would place the most draconian bound on $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}$, ruling out new physics below a scale of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$. We also find present and future hadron collider sensitivity to these processes. While 8 TeV LHC data exclude new physics at a scale below $\ensuremath{\sim}800\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, the reach of a 14 TeV LHC run is $\ensuremath{\sim}1.8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, putting it on par with the sensitivity of Super-Kamiokande. On the other hand, a 100 TeV proton-proton collider would be sensitive to proton annihilation at a scale up to 10 TeV, allowing it to far exceed the reach of both Super-Kamiokande and the projected 2 TeV reach of Hyper-Kamiokande. Constraints from neutron star observation and cosmological evolution are not competitive. Therefore, although high-luminosity water Cherenkov experiments currently place the leading bounds on baryon and lepton number violation, next-generation high-energy hadron colliders will begin surpassing them in sensitivity to some $B/L$-violating processes.
Operational Forecaster Uncertainty Needs and Future Roles

Abstract Key results of a comprehensive survey of U.S. National Weather Service operational forecast managers concerning the assessment and communication of forecast uncertainty are presented and discussed. The survey results revealed that forecasters are using uncertainty guidance to assess uncertainty, but that limited data access and ensemble underdispersion and biases are barriers to more effective use. Some respondents expressed skepticism as to the added value of formal ensemble guidance relative to simpler approaches of estimating uncertainty, and related the desire for feature-specific ensemble verification to address this skepticism. Respondents reported receiving requests for uncertainty information primarily from sophisticated users such as emergency managers, and most often during high-impact events. The largest request for additional training material called for simulator-based case studies that demonstrate how uncertainty information should be interpreted and communicated. Respondents were i...
Deformational posterior plagiocephaly: diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of helmet therapy (DOC band) in the correction of patients with moderate to severe posterior deformational plagiocephaly. Design: In this prospective study, the infants were evaluated using 18 anthropometric measurements. Patients: The charts of 248 patients seen between August 1, 1995, and July 31, 1999, were reviewed, and 125 met the criteria for inclusion in the study. All the patients had posterior deformational plagiocephaly with no other craniofacial deformities or medical conditions. Treatment was instituted prior to 1 year of age, and all patients were compliant with DOC band usage and had complete anthropometric measurements. Results: The study recorded a 41.56% (p < .001) reduction in cranial vault asymmetry and a 40.23% (p < .001) reduction in cranial base asymmetry. Orbitotragial asymmetry was improved 18.72% (p = .0738). The age at which treatment was begun was not a significant factor in predicting treatment outcomes.
Adult Education for Civic Intelligence in the Post World War I Period

Adult education literature in the 1920's, 1930's, and early 1940's was examined to identify conceptions of and approaches to adult civic education held by leaders of the American adult edu cation movement. Adult education advocates and theorists began in the mid 1920's to distinguish between "adult education" and other forms of "education for adults." In this conception, adult education was a "study" and "learn" approach to life. Adult edu cators gave mixed answers to the questions of whether adult edu cation should have a program proinoting specific kinds of social action and what should comprise the content to adult civic educa tion. Several experimental approaches to adult education for civic intelligence were undertaken. Discussion as a method for coopera tive learning emerged as the educational method most congruent with the purposes of adult civic education.
First Report of Fire Blight on Indian Hawthorn Cultivar Olivia in Louisiana.

Twig and branch death were observed on Indian hawthorn (Raphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl.) cv. Olivia in an experimental planting in May 1998. Symptoms resembled those of fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora and included the release of large numbers of bacteria from stem sections placed in water drops. Small pieces of wood from surface-disinfected cv. Olivia twigs were crushed in drops of sterile water, dilutions made and streaked on yeast extract-dextrose-CaCO3 agar, and single colony cultures established. Pathogenicity tests were performed on immature pear (Pyrus communis L. 'Kieffer') and cherry laurel (Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Aiton) fruits by injecting them with bacterial suspensions containing 105 CFU/ml. Twigs of cv. Olivia were inoculated with a needle that had been dipped in the bacterial cultures. Control inoculations were done with sterile water. Inoculated fruits (nine pear and eight cherry laurel) turned black and oozed bacteria after 5 to 10 days and seven of nine inoculated twigs developed leaf chlorosis followed by browning and death of foliage and twigs after 7 days. Control inoculations were negative. The bacterium was reisolated and identified as E. amylovora based on positive pathogenicity tests and results from Biolog Microplate tests. Although R. umbellata (Thunb.) Makino is a natural host of E. amylovora (1), R. indica was reported only as an experimental host (2) but is now generally recognized as a natural host of E. amylovora. Among nine Indian hawthorn cultivars. (total of 48 plants) in the Louisiana planting, only cv. Olivia was infected with fire blight and all six plants died by late summer. References: (1) E. M. Hildebrand. Phytopathology 44:192, 1954. (2) H. E. Thomas and H. E. Thomas. Phytopathology 21:425, 1931.
Total Quality Management and Performance: Findings from Independent Pharmacies

ABSTRACTThe adoption of total quality management practices, based on criteria derived from the Baldridge Award categories, was surveyed in independent community pharmacies. Findings regarding individual total quality management practices were correlated with six measures of performance. Results suggest that independent community pharmacies selectively adopt various total quality management practices and that several of these practices have positive effects on pharmacy performance.
Brain Morphological Signatures for Chronic Pain

Chronic pain can be understood not only as an altered functional state, but also as a consequence of neuronal plasticity. Here we use in vivo structural MRI to compare global, local, and architectural changes in gray matter properties in patients suffering from chronic back pain (CBP), complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and knee osteoarthritis (OA), relative to healthy controls. We find that different chronic pain types exhibit unique anatomical ‘brain signatures’. Only the CBP group showed altered whole-brain gray matter volume, while regional gray matter density was distinct for each group. Voxel-wise comparison of gray matter density showed that the impact on the extent of chronicity of pain was localized to a common set of regions across all conditions. When gray matter density was examined for large regions approximating Brodmann areas, it exhibited unique large-scale distributed networks for each group. We derived a barcode, summarized by a single index of within-subject co-variation of gray matter density, which enabled classification of individual brains to their conditions with high accuracy. This index also enabled calculating time constants and asymptotic amplitudes for an exponential increase in brain re-organization with pain chronicity, and showed that brain reorganization with pain chronicity was 6 times slower and twice as large in CBP in comparison to CRPS. The results show an exuberance of brain anatomical reorganization peculiar to each condition and as such reflecting the unique maladaptive physiology of different types of chronic pain.
Reciprocity in Relationship Marketing: A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Effects of Equivalence and Immediacy on Relationship Quality and Satisfaction with Performance:

Abstract Effective relationship marketing (RM) in a firm's global operations necessitates that the underlying aspect of reciprocity operate consistently across markets. Unfortunately, few studies have empirically examined the role of reciprocity in RM, let alone whether the effects of reciprocity in RM are universal across national cultures. To address these limitations, the authors examine reciprocity as a multidimensional norm whose dimensions of equivalence (what is exchanged) and immediacy (when the exchange occurs) influence relationship quality and satisfaction with performance in cross-border U.S.–Japanese interfirm relationships. The results indicate that the effects of reciprocity on relationship quality are conditional on national culture. Specifically, uncertainty avoidance positively moderates the positive effect of equivalence on relationship quality, while individualism and short-term orientation positively moderate the negative effect of immediacy on relationship quality. Moreover, a supple...
The Impact of Additional Aircraft Data on the Goddard Earth Observing System Analyses

The impact of utilizing additional densely spaced aircraft observations on the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System wind analyses is investigated. The additional data, the Global Aircraft Data Set (GADS), comes from flight data recordings of 30 British Airways Boeing 747-400 aircraft that are not used in operational analyses. The GADS experiment was created to provide data needed to improve analyses of strong winds near jet streams. All major operational centers underestimate such winds. The impact of including the GADS observations in the analyses is investigated using some cases from the 1995 Northern Hemisphere winter. The additional aircraft observations produce a substantial impact on the Goddard wind speed analyses in both sparse aircraft data regions (North Africa, Middle East, South America) and dense aircraft data regions (west Atlantic, east Asia, North America). Examples of the space and time extent of the impact are presented.
Nmda-Activated Conductances Provide Short-Term Memory for Dendritic Spine Logic Computations

Numerical models of dendritic trees indicate that the nonlinear interaction of postsynaptic potentials in active spines can generate simple logic operations such as AND, OR and NAND gates. However, because the spine head EPSP’s closely follow the underlying, short-duration (1–3 ms), synaptic conductances, previous studies concluded that the precise timing of synaptic inputs is critical for these logic operations. We show that this severe temporal limitation on dendritic computation can be overcome by the inclusion of slow (100–200 ms), voltage-dependent, NMDA-receptor mediated conductances in the spine heads. Our numerical simulations show that this simple mechanism provides a short term memory (∼ 100 ms) for logical AND gates with time-delayed inputs on one or more spines.
The Genome of Simian Virus 40

Publisher Summary The essential feature of a virus is its nucleic acid genome, a cluster of genes that brings new information into the cell it infects. Depending on the circumstances of infection, expression of viral genes can lead to multiplication of the virus, and perhaps cell damage or to a stable virus-host cell relationship, in which the cell often acquires new properties. These characteristics of viruses, combining the simplicity of the genomic structure and easy manipulation with important cellular effects, accounts for their great usefulness in studying gene action and regulation in complex cells. Among the simplest tumor viruses are the small DNA-containing papo-vaviruses, including simian virus 40 (SV40), the murine polyoma virus, and the human papovaviruses BK and JC. These viruses exhibit similar physical and biological properties, and in some instances partial homology of DNA sequences. Therefore, although this chapter concentrates on SV40, the general features of genomic organization and function are likely to apply to all the small papo-vaviruses. SV40 occurs as an inapparent natural infection of certain species of Asiatic macaques and was discovered in rhesus monkey cell cultures as a vacuolating agent for African green monkey cells. The purpose of this chapter is to examine, in detail, some of the molecular events just outlined and to relate them to the structure and genetic organization of the SV40 genome. The primary focus will be on the SV40 genome itself, its structure as a DNA molecule and small chromosome, its genetic content, its replication and transcription, and its interaction with cellular chromosomes.
Proximal Gastric Vagotomy: Surgical Legacy Technique

Proximal gastric vagotomy is a precise operation that divides the terminal vagal branches innervating parietal cell mass while preserving branches to the liver and the pylorus. This chapter details the technique of this rarely performed operation.
Risk for septic arthritis was increased in adults with incident diagnosis of gout

Source Citation Lim SY, Lu N, Choi HK. Septic arthritis in gout patients: a population-based cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Jul 12. [Epub ahead of print] 26170377
Abstract 364: Comparison Between Frequency Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound in Detecting Mechanical Complications of Coronary Stent Implantation: A Meta-analysis.

Background: Frequency Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (FD-OCT) is a novel method for evaluation of complications related to stent. Current literature has paucity of data with limited sample size comparing FD-OCT to Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The objective of this meta-analysis is to compare FD-OCT to IVUS in evaluation of mechanical complications after stent implantation. Methods: PubMed was searched through January 2015. Four studies (n=95 vessels) comparing FD-OCT to IVUS procedures to determine mechanical complications of coronary artery stent placement were included. End points were detection of intraluminal thrombus, edge dissection, malapposition, and malapposition area. The mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed as appropriate and p<0.05 was considered as a level of significance. Results: FD-OCT detected significantly more complications including intraluminal thrombus (OR: 5.15, CI: 1.06-24.89, p=0.04), edge dissections (OR: 6.10, CI: 2.11-17.68, p=0.0009) (figure A) and malapposition (OR: 4.83, CI: 2.21-10.99, p<0.0002) (figure B) compared to IVUS. Malapposition area measurement was not different between two modalities (p=0.27). Conclusion: The results of our meta-analysis suggest that FD-OCT is a better intravascular imaging modality compared to IVUS in detecting mechanical complications after coronary artery stent implantation. Additionally, this study suggests that FD-OCT and IVUS are comparable in detecting malapposition area. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Coast-to-interior gradient in recent northwest Greenland precipitation trends (1952–2012)

The spatial and temporal variability of precipitation on the Greenland ice sheet is an essential component of surface mass balance, which has been declining in recent years with rising temperatures. We present an analysis of precipitation trends in northwest (NW) Greenland (1952–2012) using instrumental (coastal meteorological station) and proxy records (snow pits and ice cores) to characterize the precipitation gradient from the coast to the ice sheet interior. Snow-pit-derived precipitation near the coast (1950–2000) has increased (~7% decade−1, p < 0.01) whereas there is no significant change observed in interior snow pits. This trend holds for 1981–2012, where calculated precipitation changes decrease in magnitude with increasing distance from the coast: 13% decade−1 (2.4 mm water equivalent (w.e.) decade−2) at coastal Thule air base (AB), 8.6% decade−1 (4.7 mm w.e. decade−2) at the 2Barrel ice core site 150 km from Thule AB, −5.2% decade−1 (1.7 mm w.e. decade−2) at Camp Century located 205 km from Thule AB, and 4.4% decade−1 (1.0 mm w.e. decade−2) at B26 located 500 km from Thule AB. In general, annually averaged precipitation and annually and seasonally averaged mean air temperatures observed at Thule AB follow trends observed in composite coastal Greenland time series, with both notably indicating winter as the fastest warming season in recent periods (1981–2012). Trends (1961–2012) in seasonal precipitation differ, specifically with NW Greenland summer precipitation increasing (~0.6 mm w.e. decade−2) in contrast with decreasing summer precipitation in the coastal composite time series (3.8 mm w.e. decade−2). Differences in precipitation trends between NW Greenland and coastal composite Greenland underscore the heterogeneity in climate influences affecting precipitation. In particular, recent (1981–2012) changes in NW Greenland annual precipitation are likely a response to a weakening North Atlantic oscillation.
Abstract 273: Diagnostic Accuracy at a Distance: a Quality of Care Assessment of Telestroke in the Intermountain West

Objective: Little is known about the quality of care telestroke services provide beyond the accuracy of tPA decision-making in stroke patients. The effect of telestroke on stroke mimics in particular remains relatively unexplored, though telestroke systems have up to a 50% mimic rate. Methods: This was a retrospective review of telestroke consults provided by 8 providers at University of Utah Hospital (the “hub”) to 15 telestroke sites in Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Nevada (the “spokes”) from Jan-Oct 2013. We obtained records from the spokes and compared them to those from the hub, including: telestroke and final discharge diagnoses, if IV-tPA was given, and if a patient was transferred. Final diagnosis was based on the hub or spoke site discharge summary, depending on transfer. We calculated a kappa to determine agreement between telestroke and final discharge diagnoses. Results: 73 telestroke cases were reviewed: 9 had a telestroke diagnosis but no final diagnosis; 5 had a final diagnosis but no telestroke diagnosis; 5 had a final diagnosis that differed from the initial telestroke diagnosis (Table). Two received IV-tPA for stroke mimics; no IV-tPA candidates were denied treatment due to inaccurate diagnosis via telestroke. There were no differences in the telestroke vs the final diagnosis in cases not transferred. Kappa was good (0.69) when including the unknown diagnoses and excellent (0.91) when excluding those with poor documentation. Transfer rates were highest in patients initially diagnosed with stroke and lowest for migraine and unmasking of previous stroke. Conclusion: This study is one of the few to examine the accuracy of neurological diagnosis and the effects on transfer in a telestroke system. Telestroke consultants had a high degree of accuracy, particularly for stroke - the purpose of the telestroke network. Accurate diagnoses of non-critical disorders such as migraine allowed such patients to stay at the spoke hospital, reducing unnecessary transfers. These diagnoses were not later found to be inaccurate by the spoke hospital, suggesting such transfer reductions are appropriate. Though improved documentation would help improve our understanding of our system, overall our telestroke service provides accurate neurological diagnoses in the Intermountain West. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Studies in the Gasteromycetes. I. the Genus Dictyocephalos

This paper discusses the taxonomic position of Dictyocephalos, lists its synonyms, gives an emended description of genus and species, and records new data on its occurrence and distribution. The family Tylostomataceae as defined by Cunningham (1932) contains those genera which have a sporocarp elevated at maturity upon a definite elongated stem, the walls composed of two layers, the exoperidium and the endoperidium, and the gleba consisting of spores and a well developed capillitium (with one exception). Six genera were placed by Cunningham in this family as follows: Battarrea, Chlamydopus, Phellorina, Podaxon, Queletia and Tylostoma. The genera Dictyocephalos and Schizostoma should be added since they have all the characters assigned to this family. The following synopsis shows the relationship existing between Dictyocephalos and the other genera in the family.
Design Concepts for Distributed Work Systems: An Empirical Investigation Into Distributed Teams in Complex Domains

Coordination and collaboration across distributed teams during planning and execution activities present many challenges to organizations and operations, including military command and control. With the increase in spatially and temporally distributed work teams, it is essential to achieve an understanding of how distributed work can be effectively supported. In this paper, we discuss issues surrounding distributed work systems that were gained through a series of investigations, including (a) field studies, (b) structured interviews, (c) critical incident reports, (d) participation in concept experiments, and (e) literature reviews. Characteristics held in common by the domains explored include the following: high cognitive complexity, distribution of the work (and associated responsibilities) among many people, distribution of data and knowledge among many people, uncertainty about how scenarios will actually play out, and geographic and temporal distribution of the participants. The results of these in...
Combinatorial Discovery of Cosolvent Systems for Production of Narrow Dispersion Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoparticles

The effect of aqueous solvent concentration in the synthesis of water-soluble thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was investigated for 13 water-miscible solvents and three thiolate ligands (p-mercaptobenzoic acid, thiomalic acid, and glutathione). The results were analyzed by construction of heat maps that rank each reaction result for polydispersity. When solvents were organized in the heat map according to their Dimroth–Reichardt ET parameter (an approximate measure of polarity), two “hot spots” become apparent that are independent of the ligand used. We speculate that one hot spot may arise in part from the metal chelation or coordination ability of solvents that include diglyme, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran. The second hot spot arises at concentrations of alcohols including 2-propanol and 1-butanol that appear to selectively precipitate a growing product, presumably stopping its growth at a certain size. We observe some tightly dispersed products that appear novel. O...
PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION BASED OPTIMAL CONTROL DESIGN OF HEAT EQUATION WITH DISCRETE ACTUATORS USING NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract A new method is presented for the optimal control design of one-dimensional heat equation with the actuators being concentrated at discrete points in the spatial domain. This systematic methodology incorporates the advanced concept of proper orthogonal decomposition for the model reduction of distributed parameter systems. After deigning a set of problem oriented basis functions an analogous optimal control problem in the lumped domain is formulated. The optimal control problem is then solved in the time domain, in a state feedback sense, following the philosophy of adaptive critic neural networks. The control solution is then mapped back to the spatial domain using the same basis functions. Numerical simulation results are presented for a linear and a nonlinear one-dimensional heat equation problem.
The Gap Between Participation and Violence: Why We Need to Disaggregate Terrorist ‘Profiles’

For decades, practitioners and academics sought to identify a common terrorist “profile.” However, the consensus in both the policy realm and academia suggests that, so far, these efforts produced only modest insights. This research note identifies and addresses a major impediment to previous studies of terrorist profiles: conceptualization. We argue that ambiguities in the definition of the term terrorist lead to an inconsistent and aggregated operationalization in the existing literature. Previous studies attempt to identify the factors correlated with a willingness to commit violence rather than the factors that correlate with the willingness to join an organization that commits violence. We test our claim by disaggregating the roles and responsibilities of members of various Islamist terrorist networks. We provide initial evidence that disaggregation presents a promising first step toward identifying specific profiles for different types of terrorists.
Glucocorticoid usage in giant cell arteritis over six decades (1950 to 2009)

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the trends in glucocorticoid (GC) therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). METHODS Using a population-based inception cohort, GC therapy details were collected for all patients with GCA diagnosed between 1950-2009. GC usage for patients diagnosed with GCA between 1980-2009 was compared to those diagnosed between 1950-1979. RESULTS The mean starting dose was similar in both time-periods but the mean cumulative dosages at different time points were significantly higher for patients diagnosed between 1980-2009 than in 1950-1979 (at 1-year: 6.3 vs. 4.1g; and at 5 years 10.7 vs. 7.6g, respectively, p<0.001). The median time to permanent discontinuation of GC was 2.6 years for 1980-2009 vs. 1.5 years for 1950-1979 (p=0.004). The risk for GC-associated adverse events was similar in both time periods (p=0.52). CONCLUSIONS GCA patients diagnosed in the last three decades were treated with higher cumulative GC doses and were less likely to achieve GC discontinuation. However, their risks for GC-related complications were not significantly higher than their earlier counterparts.
Antenna orientation and range assignment in WSNs with directional antennas

Consider a set S of nodes in the plane such that the unit-disk graph G(S) spanning all nodes is connected. Each node in S is equipped with a directional antenna with beam-width θ = π/2. The objective of the Directional Antenna Orientation (AO) problem concerning symmetric connectivity is to determine an orientation of the antennas with a minimum transmission power range r = O(1) such that the induced symmetric communication graph is connected. Another related problem is the Antenna Orientation and Power Assignment (AOPA) problem whose objective is to assign each node u ∊ S an orientation of its antenna as well as a range r(u) such that the induced symmetric communication graph is connected and the total power assigned ∑u∊Sr(u)β is minimized, where β ≥ 1 is the distance-power gradient (typically 2 ≤ β ≤ 5). In this paper, we study both problems by first proving that they are NP-hard. To the best of our knowledge, these NP-hardness results have not been obtained before in the literature. We then propose an algorithm for the AO problem that orients the antennas to yield a symmetric connected graph where the transmission power range is bounded by 9 which is currently the best result for this problem. (Previous bound for this problem is 14√2 by Aschner et al [1].) We also propose a constant-approximation algorithm for the AOPA problem where our constant is smaller than the one in Aschner et al's algorithm [1].
Duane Retraction Syndrome

Duane retraction syndrome is a unilateral or bilateral condition characterized by abnormal innervation to the extraocular muscles that results in limitation of eye movement and co-contraction of muscles that are normally antagonists (Duane, Arch Ophthalmol 34:133–59, 1905). Depending on the pattern of dysinnervation, a variety of anomalous ocular motility patterns arise. Patients can have limited adduction, abduction, or both. Co-contraction of opposing muscles results in globe retraction. Patients may present with esotropia, exotropia, or orthotropia, and many have a compensatory head posture. There may also be associated upshoot or downshoot movements on attempted adduction or abduction. Classic type I Duane syndrome is often attributed to an absence of the abducens nucleus and nerve on the affected side with anomalous innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by a branch of the oculomotor nerve (Parsa et al., Am J Ophthalmol 125:399–401, 1998; Demer et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:5505–11, 2007; Denis et al., J AAPOS 12:91–3, 2008; DeRespinis et al., Surv Ophthalmol 38:258–88, 1993). Most cases are sporadic, although familial cases have been reported, usually in an autosomal dominant pattern. An important consideration in the clinical management of patients with limited abduction is the differentiation of Duane syndrome from a cranial sixth nerve palsy, which would necessitate further neurologic evaluation. Surgical intervention is indicated in cases of large primary gaze deviation, significant torticollis, marked upshoots or downshoots, or significant globe retraction. Many patients are able to adapt to their limited motility and do not require surgery.
Using Robotic Exoskeletons for Over-Ground Locomotor Training

Once designed to augment the capability of soldiers in combat, robotic exoskeletons are now emerging as promising assistive technologies in neurorehabilitation. Exoskeletons have the potential to help individuals maintain or regain neuromuscular health and to provide personal mobility or over-ground locomotor training for individuals recovering from stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), or other neurological injuries. Preliminary data suggest that these individuals may benefit from the use of exoskeletons, either alone or as a compliment to traditional rehabilitation strategies. Further research in this emerging field, including clinical trials to assess the therapeutic benefits and limitations of exoskeletons, is required to achieve a greater understanding of how to use these devices inside and outside of the clinic. Use of exoskeletons as clinical tools requires clinicians to understand how to operate and monitor the device, which patient population(s) are appropriate and would most benefit from the device, and the limitations and safety measures required for each device.
Happy you, healthy me? Having a happy partner is independently associated with better health in oneself.

Objective Happy people are healthy people. However, past research has largely overlooked the influence of romantic partners' happiness on physical health, particularly how a person's own emotional and physical well-being might also be affected by the happiness and health of their partner. Method The current study helps fill this gap. In a large nationally representative sample (N = 1,981 couples), a multilevel modeling procedure was employed to explore whether spousal life satisfaction contributes to self-health over and above the contribution of one's own life satisfaction. Results First, own happiness predicted better self-health and exercise (r values > .07), consistent with previous studies. Importantly, spousal happiness also uniquely predicted better self-health (r values > .06), above and beyond own happiness and critical covariates. Conclusions This finding significantly broadens extant assumptions about the link between happiness and health, suggesting novel social mechanisms: simply having a happy partner may enhance health as much as striving to being happy oneself. Candidate pathways that could account for this unique boost are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Wafer-Level ANA Calibrations at NIST

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has begun a program supporting on-wafer scattering parameter measurements. In contrast to many previous NIST endeavors, this program seeks to transfer methodology into industrial measurement laboratories. The subject of this paper is the development of calibration techniques and algorithms, rather than physical standards, for the measurement of on-wafer scattering parameters. In particular, we discuss a TRL-based method which uses transmission lines as standards but includes redundant measurements to improve calibration accuracy and bandwidth.
Dynamic State Estimation Based Protection on Series Compensated Transmission Lines

Series compensated transmission lines challenge legacy protection schemes. In this paper, a dynamic state estimation based protection (EBP) method is proposed to address these challenges. The method requires GPS synchronized measurements at both ends of the line and a high-fidelity model of the protection zone. The paper presents the dynamic model of the protection zone and its impact on the performance of the protection scheme. Numerical simulations show that the method can correctly identify faults, independently of position and type. The paper also compares the proposed method versus legacy protection functions such as distance protection and line differential protection. The comparison shows faster detection of internal faults, immunity to current inversion caused by series capacitors (SCs) and improved detection sensitivity for high-impedance faults.
College Women’s Subjective Femininity Stress, Gender Solidarity, and Psychological Help-Seeking Intentions:

Female gender has been consistently associated with positive psychological help-seeking attitudes and behaviors; however, surprisingly few empirical studies have examined how femininity-related var...
The Strategic Power of Data: A Key Aspect of Sovereignty

The lack of good data about U.S. American Indian and Alaska Native populations hinders tribes’ development activities, but it also highlights a space for sovereign action. In coming years, tribes will no doubt continue to advocate for better national data and at the same time increasingly implement their own “data agendas” by gathering high quality, culturally relevant information about their communities. With more meaningful data, tribal policymakers can make informed decisions about which policies and programs are right for the task at hand. Strategic data planning empowers tribes to tell their communities’ stories through their own data, and not that of others.
Brief isoflurane administration as a post-exposure treatment for organophosphate poisoning

Organophosphate chemical threat agents (OP-CTA) exert toxic effects through cholinergic over-activation. However, after the initial cholinergic phase, the pathophysiology shifts to a non-cholinergic phase which leads to prolonged status epilepticus (SE), irreversible neuronal degeneration and long-term damage to the central nervous system. The efficacy of delayed treatments against OP-CTA is generally low due to the fact that most drugs fail to inhibit the later phase of non-cholinergic activation. Recently, we reported that intranasal brain delivery of obidoxime (OBD) provides complete neuroprotection against a lethal dose of paraoxon when administered 5min after intoxication. In follow-up studies, we examined the window of effectiveness and found that OBD lost effectiveness around 15min post-exposure, which corresponds to the onset of the non-cholinergic phase of intoxication. However, we observed that a brief isoflurane administration, the inhalation anesthetic used to facilitate intranasal drug administration, was effective against paraoxon-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the time-course and dose-response efficacy of a brief 4min isoflurane administration as a treatment for neurotoxicity induced by OP-CTA. We found that isoflurane is a potent anti-seizure agent and neuroprotectant when administered between 20 and 30min after paraoxon exposure, stopping SE within 10min of administration and preventing acute neurodegeneration seen 24h later. We also found that the seizure blocking and neuroprotectant properties of isoflurane, when administered 30min after paraoxon, are dose-dependent. The effectiveness and current clinical use of isoflurane support its use as an innovative approach for post exposure treatment of organophosphate poisoning.
Mechanistic Evidence for Ligand-Centered Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction with the Conductive MOF Ni3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2

Establishing catalytic structure–function relationships introduces the ability to optimize the catalyst structure for enhanced activity, selectivity, and durability against reaction conditions and prolonged catalysis. Here we present experimental and computational data elucidating the mechanism for the O2 reduction reaction with a conductive nickel-based metal–organic framework (MOF). Elucidation of the O2 reduction electrokinetics, understanding the role of the extended MOF structure in providing catalytic activity, observation of how the redox activity and pKa of the organic ligand influences catalysis, and identification of the catalyst active site yield a detailed O2 reduction mechanism where the ligand, rather than the metal, plays a central role. More generally, familiarization with how the structural and electronic properties of the MOF influence reactivity may provide deeper insight into the mechanisms by which less structurally defined nonplatinum group metal electrocatalysts reduce O2.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Associated With Increasing Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnoses in Men Who Have Sex With Men Accessing Care at a Boston Community Health Center (2005–2015)

Background The reasons why bacterial sexually transmitted infections (BSTIs) are increasing in US men who have sex with men (MSM) have not been fully characterized. Methods An open cohort of MSM accessing medical care at a Boston community health center was used to assess secular trends in BSTI diagnoses. Frequency of infection and the estimated population size were used to calculate diagnosis rates. Poisson models were fit for multivariable analyses. Results Between 2005 and 2015, 19 232 men had at least 1 clinic visit. Most (72.4%) were white; 6.0% were black, and 6.1% were Latino. Almost half had documented self-report of identifying as gay (42.6%) or bisexual (3.2%). Most had private health insurance (61.7%); 5.4% had Medicare, 4.6% had Medicaid, and 8.4% reported no insurance. Between 2005 and 2015, BSTI diagnoses increased more than 8-fold. In 2015, of 1319 men who were diagnosed with at least 1 BSTI; 291 were diagnosed with syphilis, 554 with gonorrhea (51.4% rectal, 31.0% urogenital), and 679 with chlamydia (69.1% rectal, 34.3% urogenital). In 2015, 22.7% of BSTIs were diagnosed among HIV-infected patients (15.4% of the clinic population), and 32.8% of BSTIs were diagnosed among HIV-uninfected patients using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP; 10.1% of all men in care). In multivariable analyses, age 18 to 24 years, being HIV-infected, using PrEP, being nonwhite, or reporting Medicaid or not reporting having private insurance or Medicare were independently associated with being diagnosed with a new BSTI. Conclusions Over the past decade, BSTI diagnosis rates increased in HIV-infected and uninfected MSM, with disproportionate increases in PrEP users, racial and ethnic minority MSM, those aged 25 to 34 years, and those without stable health insurance, warranting focused education, screening, and accessible services for these key subpopulations.
Bioreactor model of neuromuscular junction with electrical stimulation for pharmacological potency testing

In vitro models of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) are emerging as a valuable tool to study synaptogenesis, synaptic maintenance, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Many models have previously been developed using a variety of cell sources for skeletal muscle and motoneurons. These models can advanced by integrating beneficial features of the native developmental milieu of the NMJ. We created a functional in vitro model of NMJ by bioreactor cultivation of transdifferentiated myocytes and stem cell-derived motoneurons, in the presence of electrical stimulation. In conjunction with a coculture medium, electrical stimulation resulted in improved maturation and function of motoneurons and myocytes, as evidenced by mature cellular structures, increased expression of neuronal and muscular genes, clusterization of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the vicinity of motoneurons, and the response to glutamate stimulation. To validate the model and demonstrate its utility for pharmacological testing, we documented the potency of drugs that affect key pathways during NMJ signal transduction: (i) acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, (ii) ACh vesicular storage, (iii) ACh synaptic release, (iv) AChR activation, and (v) ACh inactivation in the synaptic cleft. The model properly responded to the drugs in a concentration-dependent manner. We thus propose that this in vitro model of NMJ could be used as a platform in pharmacological screening and controlled studies of neuromuscular diseases.
The utility of solid-phase microextraction in evaluating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability during habitat restoration with dredged material at moderately contaminated sites

The over- or underprediction of risk in moderately contaminated sediments can have a large impact on the nature of applied management strategies given that concentrations border on being toxic or not toxic. Project managers should give significant consideration as to how moderate levels of contaminants in native sediments and dredged material used for restoration will impact recovery of habitat. Total solid-phase (Ctotal ) and porewater (Cfree ) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in native sediments and dredged material to determine if the predictions of risk from Ctotal are consistent with those based on Cfree . The sediment matrix phase in which PAHs were quantified resulted in disparate conclusions regarding the predicted reduction in contamination following restoration. Total solid-phase PAH concentrations suggested a significant decrease following restoration, whereas little to no change was observed in measured Cfree . Risk metrics based on Ctotal gave inconclusive estimates for toxicity, whereas measured Cfree suggested toxicity is unlikely, a conclusion consistent with toxicity testing. The incorporation of black carbon (BC) into model estimates for Cfree gave predictions more consistent with measured Cfree , suggesting that geochemical conditions (especially BC) play an important part in predicting toxicity at moderately contaminated sites. In addition to the use of Cfree in toxicity evaluation, in-situ Cfree measurements provided a constraint on diffusive PAH loads from sediment relative to ongoing stream loads. If passive sampling had been employed during the sampling designs and site evaluations, the costs of toxicity testing would not have been incurred, given that Cfree suggested little to no toxicity. The results from the project highlight the benefits to be gained by moving beyond inconclusive, screening-level Ctotal metrics and implementing more sensitive and accurate Cfree metrics in assessments of risk in moderately contaminated sediments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:212-223. © 2017 SETAC.
Communicable disease control in China: From Mao to now

China’s progress on communicable disease control (CDC) in the 30 years after establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949 is widely regarded as remarkable. Life expectancy soared by around 30 years, infant mortality plummeted and smallpox, sexually transmitted diseases and many other infections were either eliminated or decreased massively in incidence, largely as a result of CDC. By the mid-1970s, China was already undergoing the epidemiologic transition, years ahead of other nations of similar economic status. These early successes can be attributed to population mobilization, mass campaigns and a focus on sanitation, hygiene, clean water and clean delivery, and occurred despite political instability and slow economic progress. The 10-year Cultural Revolution from 1966 brought many hardships, but also clinical care and continuing public health programs to the masses through community-funded medical schemes and the establishment of community-based health workers. These people-focused approaches broke down with China’s market reforms from 1980. Village doctors turned to private practice as community funding ceased, and the attention paid to rural public health declined. CDC relied on vertical programs, some of them successful (such as elimination of lymphatic filariasis and child immunisation), but others (such as control of schistosomiasis and tuberculosis) demonstrating only intermittent progress due to failed strategies or reliance on support by the poorest governments and health workers, who could not or would not collaborate. In addition, China’s laissez-faire approach to public health placed it at great risk, as evidenced by the outbreak in 2003 of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Since then, major changes to disease reporting, the priority given to CDC including through major new domestic resources and reform of China’s health system offer encouragement for CDC. While decentralized funding and varying quality diagnosis, reporting and treatment of infectious diseases remain major challenges, national priority on CDC in China is high.
Axoplasmic Transport in Peripheral Nerve and Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal Systems

This conference is aimed at an understanding of the peptide-releasing hormones. One group of peptidergic neurons has cells in the hypothalamus with fibers terminating in the median eminence. There, peptides are discharged into the portal vessels to act as releasing hormones on cells in the adenohypophysis. As yet, however, little evidence is available bearing on axoplasmic transport in those neurons. In this review, principles of axoplasmic transport will be described as derived from studies made in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) which can hopefully be applied to the peptidergic neurons that elaborate releasing hormones and other peptidergic neurons in the brain.
Budget Formality and Informality as a Tool for Organizing and Governance Amidst Divergent Institutional Logics

Abstract This historically informed field study examines a period of budget process change at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In so doing, it provides an in-depth examination of the ability of budget process to serve as a forum for debate and compromise between disparate logics for action, and to manage periods of change within institutionally complex environments. Our analysis addresses two primary concerns: 1) the nature of divergent institutional logics and resulting pressure for heterogeneous institutional change; and 2) formal and informal budget process change as a tool to successfully manage institutional complexity through time. This study echoes those of hybrid organizations generally, where the ability to selectively draw upon multiple logics for action is a significant asset in managing the coexistence of competing logics through time. Our focus on budget processes builds upon these results by emphasizing the distinction between formal and informal logics and highlighting the gradual nature of institutional change.