cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depressive Symptoms and Self-Esteem in White and Black Older Adults in the United States.

Background. Poor self-esteem is a core element of depression. According to recent research, some racial groups may vary in the magnitude of the link between depression and poor self-esteem. Using a national sample, we compared Black and White older Americans for the effect of baseline depressive symptoms on decline in self-esteem over time. Methods. This longitudinal study used data from the Religion, Aging, and Health Survey, 2001–2004. The study followed 1493 older adults (734 Black and 759 White) 65 years or older for three years. Baseline depressive symptoms (CES-D), measured in 2001, was the independent variable. Self-esteem, measured at the end of the follow up, was the dependent variable. Covariates included baseline demographic characteristics (age and gender), socioeconomic factors (education, income, and marital status), health (self-rated health), and baseline self-esteem. Race/ethnicity was the moderator. Linear multi-variable regression models were used for data analyses. Results. In the pooled sample, higher depressive symptoms at baseline were predictive of a larger decline in self-esteem over time, net of covariates. We found a significant interaction between race/ethnicity and baseline depressive symptoms on self-esteem decline, suggesting a weaker effect for Blacks compared to Whites. In race/ethnicity-specific models, high depressive symptoms at baseline was predictive of a decline in self-esteem for Whites but not Blacks. Conclusion. Depressive symptoms may be a more salient contributor to self-esteem decline for White than Black older adults. This finding has implications for psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy of depression of racially diverse populations.
Linking Mathematical Creativity to Problem Solving: Views from the Field

The purpose of this chapter is to gain an understanding of how mathematics educators view creativity in mathematical problem solving. We are particularly concerned with their opinions as to the role creativity plays in mathematics education, how creativity can be and is promoted, and if the promotion of creativity is valid for all mathematics students. To address these issues, we review the literature on mathematical creativity. Due to its complex and multifaceted nature as a construct, particular attention is given to four different lenses for considering creativity. The first is how creativity is defined, as a product, a process, or an experience (Getzels, Encyclopedia of Educational Research, New York: Macmillan, 1969). The second considers three components of creativity – fluency, flexibility, and novelty (Silver, ZDM 29:75–80, 1997). We then focus on five overarching principles that have been proposed to maximize creativity: gestalt, aesthetic, free market, scholarly, and uncertainty (Sriraman, Prufrock Journal 17:20–36, 2005). Finally, the fourth lens delves into the keys to creating a creativity-friendly classroom (Starko, Creativity in the classroom: Schools of curious delight, New York: Routledge, 2013). In light of what is known in the field of mathematics education, we then report on a particular group and its members’ ideas related to creativity. The group under consideration is comprised of instructors and staff associated with a gifted mathematics program in the United States. The data used for this qualitative analysis includes instructors’ and staff members’ responses to a set of five open-ended survey items related to creativity and problem solving in mathematics. Responses were collected, compiled, and then shared with all participants in order to gain feedback and further insights into their interpretations. The multiple phases of coding (one for each lens being considered) and the variety of coding schemes allowed the research team to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how differing views of creativity impact the way educators consider methods for fostering creativity in mathematics classrooms.
Beyond Content: The Value of Instructor-Student Connections in the Online Classroom.

Research clearly establishes the value of online education to foster students’ cognitive understanding of course material. However, engagement in the learning experience requires more than mere acquisition of new knowledge; to be fully engaged in the learning process, students must also connect with their peers and instructor in a meaningful way. The purpose of this study is to examine the value of instructor-personalized audio lectures as means of fostering students’ engagement with course content and the online learning experience. Qualitative data on the student experience found that instructor-personalized audio lectures enhanced students’ perceptions of value and engagement; quantitative data using a standardized engagement measure revealed no significant differences. Students’ qualitative feedback about their online learning experience indicated that instructor-personalized audio lectures fostered greater student-instructor connections and significantly impacted the likelihood of students’ engaging with course material. Recognizing the value of student engagement for ongoing satisfaction and retention in online learning programs, findings suggest that the creation of personalized audio lectures provides an efficient and effective means for faculty to positively impact students’ online learning experience.
Identification of health-promoting bioactive phenolics in black walnut using cloud-based metabolomics platform

This study aimed to identify bioactive phenolics of eleven black walnut cultivars using a cloud-based metabolomics platform. The metabolomics software platform, XCMS Online, was used to incorporate peak detection, peak grouping, spectra extraction and non-linear retention time correction/alignment. In total, 49 phenolics previously known to promote health benefits were putatively identified in the black walnut kernels. The relative abundance of these phenolics differed significantly among the studied cultivars. Antioxidant activity of the Mystry extract was highest among the six examined cultivars. In addition, the antioxidant activities were found to be positively correlated with the relative abundance of thirteen phenolics. The principal component analysis provided a visible differentiation in phenolic metabolite profiles among the examined black walnuts. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis showed three clusters of black walnuts. Mystry differed from the other cultivars due to its highest relative abundance of gallic acid and ellagitannins. This study demonstrated that metabolite profiling could be an efficient analytical tool to identify potential health-promoting compounds and investigate metabolite variations among black walnuts.
Nuclear sensing of mitochondrial DNA breaks enhances immune surveillance

Mitochondrial double-strand breaks (mtDSBs) are toxic lesions that compromise mitochondrial function. Mito-nuclear communication is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, however, the nuclear response to mtDSBs remains unknown. Using mitochondrial-targeted TALENs, we show that mtDSBs activate a type I interferon response evidenced by phosphorylation of STAT1 and activation of interferon stimulated genes (ISG). Following mtDNA break formation, BAK-BAX mediated herniation releases mitochondrial RNA to the cytoplasm and trigger a RIG-I/MAVS-dependent immune response. In an independent set of experiments, we investigate the role of mtDSBs in interferon signaling due to genotoxic stress. Our data reveal that activation of ISGs is greatly diminished when cells lacking mtDNA are exposed to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, we show that mtDNA breaks synergize with nuclear DNA damage to mount a robust interferon response. In conclusion, cytoplasmic accumulation of mitochondrial RNA is as an intrinsic immune surveillance mechanism for cells to cope with mtDSBs, including ones inflicted by genotoxic agents.
Prenatal and postnatal phenotype of a pathologic variant in the ATP6AP1 gene

Abstract Introduction The ATP6AP1 gene encodes for ATPase H+ transporting protein. ATP6AP1 gene mutations are associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) and can affect multiple organ system. Descriptions of postnatal phenotype include immunodeficiency, hepatopathy and cognitive impairment. No prenatal phenotype of these gene mutations has been described to date. Case This is a description of the prenatal workup of an infant diagnosed with a X-linked ATP6AP1 gene mutation. First trimester ultrasound demonstrated a thickened nuchal translucency measured at 3.27 mm and dysmorphic spinal canal, corresponding to kyphoscoliosis finding postnatally. Findings from amniocentesis at 15 weeks included elevated amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AF-AFP) and positive acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Dilation of the aortic arch was seen on fetal echocardiogram at 20 weeks. Throughout the second trimester, a rim of fluid collection was seen under the skin covering the thoracic and lumbar fetal spine, consistent with a large Aplasia Cutis below the right scapula present at birth. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first description of prenatal phenotype of an X-linked ATP6AP1 gene mutation, and the association of this gene mutation with increased NT, elevated AF-AFP and AchE and Aplasia Cutis Congenita. This variant was submitted to ClinVar public database, submission ID: SUB6537411.
Covalently Immobilizing Interferon-γ Drives Filopodia Production through Specific Receptor-Ligand Interactions Independently of Canonical Downstream Signaling.

Immobilizing a signaling protein to guide cell behavior has been employed in a wide variety of studies. This approach draws inspiration from biology, where specific, affinity-based interactions bet...
Acute‐stage MRI cerebral oxygen consumption biomarkers predict 24‐hour neurological outcome in a rat cardiac arrest model

Brain injury following cardiac arrest (CA) is thought to be caused by a sudden loss of blood flow resulting in disruption in oxygen delivery, neural function and metabolism. However, temporal trajectories of the brain's physiology in the first few hours following CA have not been fully characterized. Furthermore, the extent to which these early measures can predict future neurological outcomes has not been determined. The present study sought to perform dynamic measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2 ) with MRI in the first 3 hours following the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in a rat CA model. It was found that CBF, OEF and CMRO2 all revealed a time-dependent increase during the first 3 hours after the ROSC. Furthermore, the temporal trajectories of CBF and CMRO2 , but not OEF, were different across rats and related to neurologic outcomes at a later time (24 hours after the ROSC) (P < .001). Rats who manifested better outcomes revealed faster increases in CBF and CMRO2 during the acute stage. When investigating physiological parameters measured at a single time point, CBF (ρ = 0.82, P = .004) and CMRO2 (ρ = 0.80, P = .006) measured at ~ 3 hours post-ROSC were positively associated with neurologic outcome scores at 24 hours. These findings shed light on brain physiological changes following CA, and suggest that MRI measures of brain perfusion and metabolism may provide a potential biomarker to guide post-CA management.
The Effect of Equipment Bandwidth and Center Frequency Changes on Ultrasonic Inspection Reliability: Modeling and Experimentation Results

The purpose of ultrasonic inservice inspection (UT/ISI) of nuclear reactor piping and pressure vessels is the reliable detection and sizing of material defects. Before defects can be sized, they must first be detected. This is typically done by analyzing ultrasonic echo waveforms with an amplitude greater than a certain percentage of that of a calibration reflector such as a 10% notch [1]. Studies performed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) [2] and elsewhere [3–5] have shown that changing the components of an ultrasonic inspection system can greatly affect echo amplitude from a defect even when conventional calibration procedures are used, thus reducing the reliability of defect detection. To address this problem, ASME code [6] has provided tolerance levels for equipment parameters (e.g., center frequency and bandwidth) when inspection components are changed. However, some of the code requirements are based on engineering judgement and lack a strong analytical foundation. In this paper, the results of sensitivity studies performed to determine the effects of equipment parameter changes to provide an analytical basis for ASME code are presented.
The Best of Both Worlds: An MOP/COF-Based Hybrid Material for Highly Selective and Very Fast Sequestration of Toxic Oxoanions from Water.

A smart hybrid material composed of a metal−organic polyhedra (MOP) and covalent organic framework (COF) effectively and selectively captures toxic oxoanions from water.
Unraveling molecular mechanisms of immunity and cancer-resistance using the genomes of the Neotropical bats Artibeus jamaicensis and Pteronotus mesoamericanus

Abstract Bats are exceptional among mammals for harbouring diverse pathogens and for their robust immune systems. In addition, bats are unusually long-lived and show low rates of cancer. Contiguous and complete reference genomes are needed to determine the genetic basis of these adaptations and establish bats as models for research into mammalian health. Here we sequenced and analysed the genomes of the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Mesoamerican mustached bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus). We sequenced these two species using a mix of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), assembling draft genomes with some of the highest contig N50s (28-29Mb) of bat genomes to date. Work is in progress to increase the base-level accuracies of these genomes. We conducted gene annotation and identified a set of 10,928 orthologs from bats and mammalian outgroups including humans, rodents, horses, pigs, and dogs. To detect positively selected genes as well as lineage-specific gene gains and losses, we carried out comprehensive branch-site likelihood ratio tests and gene family size analyses. Our analysis found signatures of rapid evolution in the innate immune response genes of bats, and evidence of past infections with diverse viral clades in Artibeus jamaicensis and Pteronotus mesoamericanus. We additionally found evidence of positive selection of tumor suppressors, which may play a role in the low cancer rates, in the most recent common ancestor of bats. These new genomic resources enable insights into the extraordinary adaptations of bats, with implications for mammalian evolutionary studies and public health.
Improving peripherally inserted central catheter appropriateness and reducing device-related complications: a quasiexperimental study in 52 Michigan hospitals.

BACKGROUND The Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters (MAGIC) provides evidence-based criteria for peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) use. Whether implementing MAGIC improves PICC appropriateness and reduces complications is unknown. METHODS A quasiexperimental study design to implement MAGIC in 52 Michigan hospitals was used. Data were collected from medical records by trained abstractors. Hospital performance on three appropriateness criteria was measured: short-term PICC use (≤5 days), use of multilumen PICCs and PICC placement in patients with chronic kidney disease. PICC appropriateness and device complications preintervention (January 2013 to December 2016) versus postintervention (January 2017 to January 2020) were compared. Change-point analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on device appropriateness. Logistic regression and Poisson models were fit to assess the association between appropriateness and complications (composite of catheter occlusion, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)). RESULTS Among 38 592 PICCs, median catheter dwell ranged from 8 to 56 days. During the preintervention period, the mean frequency of appropriate PICC use was 31.9% and the mean frequency of complications was 14.7%. Following the intervention, PICC appropriateness increased to 49.0% (absolute difference 17.1%, p<0.001) while complications decreased to 10.7% (absolute difference 4.0%, p=0.001). Compared with patients with inappropriate PICC placement, appropriate PICC use was associated with a significantly lower odds of complications (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.34), including decreases in occlusion (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.29), CLABSI (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.81) and VTE (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.47, all p<0.01). Patients with appropriate PICC placement had lower rate of complications than those with inappropriate PICC use (incidence rate ratio 0.987, 95% CI 0.98 to 0.99, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of MAGIC in Michigan hospitals was associated with improved PICC appropriateness and fewer complications. These findings have important quality, safety and policy implications for hospitals, patients and payors.
Non-GH Agents and Novel Therapeutics in the Management of Short Stature

Short stature is one of the most common reasons for referral to pediatric endocrinologists. The vast majority of short children do not have growth hormone (GH) deficiency or another pathologic process that is interfering with normal growth. While GH has been approved in the US for several etiologies of non-GH deficient short stature, its high cost and need for daily injections represent barriers for many families. Alternative agents for the management of short stature include the use of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRHas) to delay puberty, and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in boys to postpone epiphyseal fusion. The results of studies employing GnRHas as either monotherapy or combined with GH are mixed, and there is a dearth of rigorously designed clinical trials that have followed patients to adult height. While AIs have been found to result in modest increases in adult height in some studies, important questions about their long-term safety exist. The C-type natriuretic peptide analog vosoritide is an experimental agent that is emerging as a potential treatment for a few specific conditions including achondroplasia, although its efficacy in attenuating disproportionality is as yet unproven. While each of these therapeutic strategies holds promise, none are currently considered standard of care and several important questions remain. These include the impact of these interventions on quality of life as well as long-term outcomes.
Fastlab cassette-based automated production of [18F]FDOPA

1202 Introduction: Radiotracer 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-phenylalanine ([18F]FDOPA) is widely used for PET imaging of dopamine metabolism in several diseases including Parkinson’s Disease, brain tumor, neuroendocrine tumors, and focal hyperinsulinism of infancy, especially, [18F]FDOPA has been approved by US FDA in 2019 for detection of dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum in adult patients with suspected Parkinsonian Syndromes. A high-yield automated method for routine GMP-compliant [18F]FDOPA production is desired to meet increasing clinical need. In this study, we reported a cassette-based automated production of [18F]FDOPA in GE Fastlab 2 module and the quality control testing under fully cGMP compliant environment. Methods: Automated production of [18F]FDOPA was processed via nucleophilic radio-fluorination using FDOPA cassette (ABX, Germany) and purified via solid phase extraction. Specifically, [18F]fluoride was delivered directly into the FASTlab unit, trapped on an anion exchange cartridge (QMA), eluted with TBAHCO3, and followed by azeotropic drying. Radiofluorination of the precursor in DMSO was achieved by heating at 130°C for 8 minutes to form intermediate compound, which was purified on a C18 EC cartridge, oxidized by m-CPBA oxidation, and hydrolyzed with 30% HCl. The yielded product was further purified via C18 Sep-Pak and HR-P cartridges separation. The [18F]FDOPA product was then eluted from the cartridges with a phosphate buffer solution, and passed through a WAX cartridge, a Light Alumina N cartridge and a sterilizing 0.22 µm filter into the product vial. The quality control (QC) tests of [18F]FDOPA, including appearance, pH, half-life, radiochemical purity and identity, enantiomeric purity, chemical impurities, molecular activity, radioactive concentration, filter integrity, endotoxin and sterility, were conducted at end of synthesis (EOS) and 8 h after EOS during the production validation runs. Results: Three consecutive batches of [18F]FDOPA were successfully completed within defined specifications. The uncorrected radiochemical yields of [18F]FDOPA were 9.3 - 9.8% with a total synthesis time of ~140 min. Both the radiochemical and enantiomeric purities of [18F]FDOPA were >99.9% and the molar activities were 2.1 - 3.9 Ci/µmole at EOS. The full QC results at EOS and 8h showed that the produced [18F]FDOPA met all the release criteria for clinical use within 8 hours of expiration time. Conclusions: The cassette-based productions of [18F]FDOPA were reliably achieved with desired radiochemical yield and high radiochemical/ enantiomeric purities and molar activity. Three production validation runs and QC results demonstrated the efficacy of method for routine clinical use.
Determination of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) by HPLC/UV-VIS Spectrophotometry and HPLC/Thermospray Mass Spectrometry

This laboratory frequently receives samples that are suspected of being gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), its lactone, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), or a mixture of the two. We have developed an HPLC/UV-VIS spectrophotometric method for the separation and quantitation of GHB and GBL in illegal preparations that are available on the black market. The estimated detection limit is 50 ng injected onto the column. We are also reporting a simple and fast HPLC/thermospray mass spectrometric method for the confirmation of these compounds in illegal preparations. The characteristic mass spectrum for each compound could be obtained from as low as a 5 µg injection.
Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives

Acknowledgements Note on transcription and other conventions Introduction Part I. China in Regional and World History: 1. The northeast frontier in Chinese history 2. Transformations in early modern northeast Asia Part II. Cultural Negotiations: 3. Unity and diversity in state rituals 4. Kinship and succession in China, Japan and Korea 5. Identity issues: the civilized/barbarian discourse Conclusion Epilogue: drawing boundaries in northeast Asia Bibliography Index.
Characterizing Shape Differences between Phantom Image Populations via Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Inverse Consistent Transformations

This paper presents an improved method for detecting statistically significant shape differences between image populations based on the multivariate Hotelling’s T2 test applied directly to image transformations. Performance of the method was evaluated using two phantom populations each consisting of 30 2D images with known average shape and known shape variability. Inverse-consistent linear-elastic image registration (ICLEIR) was used to construct a deformable template average image for both populations. The average image for the “normal” phantom population was used as the reference coordinate system to estimate ICLEIR correspondence transformations from the reference image to each population image. Following the work of Thirion et al., a multivariate two population Hotelling’s T2 test was performed on the displacement fields of these transformations at each voxel location in the reference coordinate system. We show that adding a conditioning constant e to the singular values of the sample covariance matrices used in the Hotelling’s T2 test reduces the false-positive rate. Furthermore, it is shown that adjusting the value of e focuses the statistical test response to the region of known shape differences present in the phantom image populations. Although limited, the phantom results presented in this paper provide baseline information for interpreting future results generated from real 3D medical images.
Preliminary Design of Larch/C++

We describe the problems encountered in the design of Larch/C++, especially its object-oriented features. We discuss a range of possible solutions to these problems, and give the rationale for our particular solutions. We also present examples of Larch/C++ specifications and discuss differences from Larch/C.
The effect of transfer ribonucleic acid on virally modified valyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The valyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (EC 6.1.1.9) of Escherichia coli and the modified form of the enzyme that appears after T4 bacteriophage infection were analyzed by sucrose density gradient electrophoresis. Work with cell-free extracts and purified enzymes indicates that tRNA from E. coli B specifically accelerates the electrophoretic mobility of bacteriophage-modified valyl-tRNA synthetase. While the purified, modified form of the enzyme is intrinsically more stable to urea denaturation than the normal enzyme, tRNA accentuates the difference. Finally, tRNA specifically increases the sedimentation rate of purified, modified valyl-tRNA synthetase in sucrose density gradients. As a phage-directed component τ can be shown to be specifically associated with the modified form of the enzyme; we think the component is responsible for the unique effects of tRNA on bacteriophage-modified valyl-tRNA synthetase.
Regulatory mechanisms in cytotoxic T lymphocyte development: II. Dissociation of in vitro cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and suppressor T-cell activities with l-ornithine

Abstract l -ornithine was found to differentially affect the induction of allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and suppressor T cells (Ts). At a concentration of 10 m M ornithine inhibited the development of CTL in a mixed-leukocyte culture (MLC). This same population of cells suppressed the generation of CTL when irradiated and cocultured with fresh syngeneic lymphocytes and alloantigen. Suppression was mediated by Lyt-1 − 2 + cells and was antigen specific. Suppression was abrogated when IL-2 (10 U/ml) was added to the cocultures, but could not be reversed by increasing the antigen dose. Ornithine was not toxic to CTL precursors but rather arrested their development. Cells from MLC plus ornithine developed CTL activity within 2 days of transfer to secondary cultures in the absence of ornithine. Development of CTL effector cells (CTLe) was augmented by but did not require exogenous IL-2. Generation of CTLe from the MLC plus ornithine population was radiation sensitive and could be inhibited by reexposure to ornithine, even in the presence of IL-2. Thus, Lyt-1 − 2 + T cells allostimulated in vitro in MLC plus ornithine and lacking CTL activity convey radiation-resistant, antigen-specific suppression.
Water-Soluble Polymers

Water-soluble (co)polymers represent a diverse class of macromolecules ranging from naturally occurring biopolymers such as polysaccharides and most polypeptides to wholly man-made materials. Such materials have found a wide-range of applications. In this article we detail the synthesis and solution characteristics of both natural and synthetic polymers. Emphasis is placed on polynucleotides, polypeptides, and polysaccharides for naturally occurring polymers, while the discussion regarding synthetic materials is divided into sections dealing with neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic species. Special attention is given to recent advances in synthetic methodologies which now allow the tailoring of synthetic materials with precisely controlled microstructures, predetermined molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and complex topologies. Finally, we detail some of the self-assembly characteristics of both high molecular weight statistical copolymers and lower molecular weight block copolymers in aqueous media with an emphasis on those materials which undergo phase transitions and/or conformational changes in response to an applied stimulus. Keywords: water-soluble polymers; naturally occurring polymers; polynucleotides; polypeptides; proteins; polysaccharides; nonionic polymers; polyelectrolytes; polyzwitterions; polyampholytes; polybetaines
Low-Cost Thin Glass Interposers as a Superior Alternative to Silicon and Organic Interposers for Packaging of 3-D ICs

Interconnecting integrated circuits (ICs) and 3-D-ICs to the system board (printed circuit board) are currently achieved using organic or silicon-based interposers. Organic interposers face several challenges in packaging 2-D and 3-D-ICs beyond the 32-nm node, primarily due to their poor dimensional stability and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch to silicon. Silicon interposers made with back-end of line wafer processes can achieve the required wiring and I/O density, but their high-cost limit them to high-performance applications. Glass is proposed as a superior alternative to organic and silicon-based interposers for packaging of future ICs and 3-D-ICs with highest I/Os at lowest cost. This paper presents for the first time a novel thin and large panel glass interposer capable of scaling to 700 mm and larger panels with potential for significant cost reduction over interposers made on 200-mm or 300-mm wafers. The formation of small through vias at high speed has been the biggest technical barrier for the adoption of glass as an interposer and system substrate; and this paper describes pioneering research in via-formation in thin glass substrates, using a novel “polymer-on-glass” approach. Electrical modeling and design of through package vias (TPVs) in glass is discussed in detail, and the feasibility of 50-μm pitch TPVs in 180-μm thin glass substrates has been demonstrated. The excellent surface finish and low CTE of glass leads to increased I/O density, and increased functionality per unit area leading to system miniaturization.
Numerical Hartree-Fock characterization of the metastable 4 Pi u state of the Ne2- ion.

The metastable $^{4}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{\mathit{u}}$ state of the ${\mathrm{Ne}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ anion is examined with the use of the numerical Hartree-Fock method. The results suggest that due to its similarity to the experimentally discovered $^{4}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{\mathit{g}}$ state of ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, this state should also be long lived.
Hibonite-bearing microspherules: A new type of refractory inclusions with large isotopic anomalies

This paper presents petrographic description as well as results on the major- and trace-element chemistry and on Mg, Ca, and Ti isotopic compositions of three refractory inclusions, including 3413-1/31 inclusion from Lance and Murchison 7-228 and 7-753, the mineralogy of which is dominated by the oxide minerals spinel, hibonite, and perovskite. The microspherules examined seem to constitute a separate class of refractory inclusions, characterized by a distinct morphology and mineralogy; large excesses of Ca-48 and Ti-50, and Mg-26 depletions. It is suggested that this type of inclusions must have formed early, prior to the dilution of isotopic anomalies by mixing processes, and in an area characterized by excesses of Ca-48 and Ti-50, depletions of Mg-26, and a lack of Al-26.
One-Parameter Families of Sturm-Liouville Eigenfunctions and of Periodic Solutions for a Class of Nonlinear Hill's Equations*

I. INTRODUCTION In cyclic accelerators and in intersecting storage rings, the orbits of the particles are periodically perturbed by strongly nonlinear electromagnetic forces whenever the two counterrotating beams undergo head-on collisions at the interaction regions around the machine; such perturbations, in turn, generate nonlinear transverse oscillations about the ideal orbits which can generally be described by nonlinear Hill’s equations of the form z”(8) + nz(8) = F(& z(d)). (I. 1) (See
HYPERTHYROIDISM FOLLOWING SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM.

A patient is reported who first sought treatment because of failing vision and hypogonadism secondary to a craniopharyngioma. This was surgically removed, and during the immediate postoperative period the patient developed hyperthermia in the absence of apparent infection, aphasia, hemiplegia and diabetes insipidus. He recovered from these and then became hypothyroid. About a year later, while taking desiccated thyroid, he developed hyperthyroidism with diffuse overactivity of the gland not suppressible with exogenous triiodothyronine. This sequence of events suggests that the hyperthyroidism resulted from an extrathyroidal disorder in this patient.
Big discovery for biogenic magnetite

One of the most significant characteristics of the Anthropocene (the present age of geologic time) is the rate at which humans are perturbing the global carbon cycle. The potency of carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases and their effects on Earth's temperature balance is well established (1), and the myriad of climate and ecological changes and feedbacks in response to this abrupt warming is the focus of much ongoing research (1, 2). The geologic record is one of our greatest assets in understanding the short- and long-term environmental responses to extreme fluctuations in the carbon cycle, and the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred ≈55 million years ago, is an ideal analogue for the Anthropocene. The PETM is marked by an abrupt negative carbon isotope excursion that indicates a massive injection of light carbon into the oceans and atmosphere over a period of a few thousand years. This perturbation to the carbon cycle resulted in supergreenhouse conditions that persisted for as long as 180,000 years. Mean annual temperatures and deep and surface ocean temperatures at all latitudes rose by 5–8°C (3). Terrestrial plants and mammals diversified and radiated, and new marine microorganisms evolved and flourished while others disappeared forever. In this issue of PNAS, Schumann et al. (4) report evidence for new microorganisms that appeared and disappeared with the PETM, signaling another specific ecological response to the biogeochemical changes associated with this extreme warming event.
The impact of an independent transfer center on the evaluation and transport of patients with burn and maxillofacial injuries to definitive care at a level 1 trauma center.

OBJECTIVE: : To assess the impact of an independent call center on facilitation of burn and maxillofacial trauma patient transfer to a level 1 trauma center. METHODS: : All patients admitted to our level 1 trauma center for definitive management of either burn or maxillofacial injuries from September 1, 2004 to September 1, 2008, 2 years before and after transfer service initiation on September 1, 2006, were identified using the North Carolina Trauma Registry. Cohort demographics, referral patterns, transfer times/distances, and clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: : Burn patients increased from 1031 to 1208, from the 2 years before to after transfer center initiation. Average transport time increased from 113 to 165 minutes and average distance traveled increased from 84 to 86 miles. Out-of-state admissions increased from 24 to 46; number of referring counties increased from 58 to 60. Maxillofacial trauma patients increased from 390 to 576. Average transport time increased from 87 to 119 minutes, average distance increased from 84 to 89 miles, and number of referring counties jumped from 28 to 43. Length of stay did not change over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: : The initiation of an independent call center, designed to facilitate the transfer of patients with burn and maxillofacial injuries to a level 1 trauma center, increased the number of referrals and expanded our geographic footprint, but did not decrease transport times. Language: en
Accelerated bilateral dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D spiral breast MRI using TSENSE.

Purpose To assess the ability of adaptive sensitivity encoding incorporating temporal filtering (TSENSE) to accelerate bilateral dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) 3D breast MRI. Materials and Methods Bilateral DCE breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams were performed using a dual-band water-only excitation and a “stack-of-spirals” imaging trajectory. TSENSE was applied in the slab direction with an acceleration factor of 2. Four different techniques for sensitivity map calculation were compared by analyzing resultant contrast uptake curves qualitatively and quantitatively for 10 patient datasets. In addition, image quality and temporal resolution were compared between unaccelerated and TSENSE images. Results TSENSE can increase temporal resolution by a factor of 2 in DCE imaging, providing better depiction of contrast uptake curves and good image quality. Of the different methods tested, calculation of static sensitivity maps by averaging late postcontrast frames yields the lowest aliasing artifact level based on ROI analysis. Conclusion TSENSE acceleration combined with 3D spiral imaging is very time-efficient, providing 11-second temporal resolution and 1.1 × 1.1 × 3 mm3 spatial resolution over a 20 × 20 × 10 cm3 field of view for each breast. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1425–1434. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Animal Models for the Study of Childhood Leukemia: Considerations for Model Identification and Optimization to Identify Potential Risk Factors

Leukemias are the most common pediatric malignancies diagnosed in western industrialized societies. In spite of the substantial incidence of childhood leukemia in the United States and other countries, neither epidemiology studies conducted in human populations nor hazard identification studies conducted using traditional animal models have identified environmental or other factors that are directly linked to increased risk of disease. Molecular biology data and mathematical modeling of incidence patterns suggest that pediatric leukemogenesis may occur through a multistage or "multihit" mechanism that involves both in utero and postnatal events. The authors propose that pediatric leukemias can be modeled experimentally using a "multihit" paradigm analogous to the "initiation-promotion" and "complete carcinogenesis" models developed for tumor induction in mouse skin and rat liver. In this model for childhood leukemia, an initial genetic alteration occurs during in utero or early postnatal development, but clinical disease develops only upon additional genetic or nongenetic events that occur during the postnatal period. Application of this multistage or "multihit" model to hazard assessment studies conducted in transgenic or knockout mice carrying relevant molecular lesions may provide a sensitive approach to the identification of environmental agents that are important risk factors for childhood leukemia.
Neural integration by short term potentiation

Neurophysiological studies in the oculomotor system suggest that an integrative operation is required in order to derive an eye position signal from a command signal which usually correlates with eye velocity. Several proposed models for a neural integrator are examined. All these models incorporate some form of positive feedback as a basic mechanism. Based on the performance of the models, we argue that such a scheme require extreme high precision in order to work properly. A new model based on potentiation phenomena in synaptic transmission is proposed and is shown to be free from the deficits of most previous models. The proposed model also accounts for various neural behaviors in a very natural way. A possible implementation of the model is also discussed in the context of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).
Enzymatic reduction of O,O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate, O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate, and O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) benzene thiophosphonate by tissues from mammals, birds, and fishes☆☆☆

Abstract The reduction of the 4-nitro group of O,O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate (parathion), O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (paraoxon), and O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) benzene thiophosphonate (EPN) to the corresponding amino group was studied in vitro in tissues from mammalian, avian, and piscine species. The properties of the enzyme system that catalyzed the reduction of these insecticides were similar to those of previously reported enzyme systems which reduce ρ-nitrobenzoic acid. When NADPH and FAD were used as cofactors, the mitochondrial, microsomal, and soluble fractions contained, respectively, 34, 38, and 27 per cent of the parathion nitroreductase activity of rat liver whole homogenate. The capacities of liver homogenates from various species of the three classes of animals to reduce parathion and EPN were compared. Considerable variation in enzyme activity among a given class of animals as well as among the three classes was observed. For all species, the amount of EPN reduced was less than 25 per cent of the amount of parathion. Enzymatic activity was also present in mammalian kidneys, spleens, hearts, lungs, and erythrocytes, and also in avian kidneys. The contribution of reduction to the total inactivation of paraoxon, as measured by loss of anticholinesterase activity, was compared in rat, guinea pig, and chicken liver homogenates. Formation of aminoparaoxon by rat and chicken livers accounted for over half and guinea pig livers for a quarter of the total loss of anticholinesterase activities of the incubates.
The Cognitive Hypothesis and Its Influence on Speech-Language Services in Schools

In the area of child language development and disorders, the 1970s ushered in the "cognitive revolution." One of the prime aspects of this revolution was the cognitive hypothesis. In its strong form it was argued that cognitive development is a prerequisite to, and that it accounts for, language development. This article presents an illustrative overview of the literature addressing the cognitive hypothesis and language development and disorders. It identifies a significant, early, and continuing influence that the cognitive hypothesis has had on students’ eligibility for speech-language pathology services in schools.
A study of the interactions between particles and bubbles in surfactant solutions

Abstract Attachment of particles to bubbles involves various interactions resulting from electrical double layer forces between the particle and the bubble (with adsorbed surfactant on both), van der Waals forces, the energy change due to the transfer of the hydrocarbon chains adsorbed on the particle to the gaseous phase, and steric repulsion between adsorbed surfactant layers on the two interacting surfaces. The energies of these interactions for the alumina—dodecylsulfonate system are calculated using data for the zeta potential of the mineral, the surface tension of the solutions and the surfactant adsorption density. Estimated total interaction energy is correlated with the results of bubble pick-up experiment. Like flotation, mineral pick-up by the bubble goes through a maximum as a function of surfactant concentration and this behavior is satisfactorily accounted for by the present treatment.
A new look at the response surface approach for reliability analysis

Abstract Closed-form mechanical models to predict the behaviour of complex structural systems often are unavailable. Although reliability analysis of such systems can be carried out by Monte Carlo simulations, the large number of structural analyses required results in prohibitively high computational costs. By using polynomial approximations of actual limit states in the reliability analysis, the number of analyses required can be minimized. Such approximations are referred to as Response Surfaces. This paper briefly describes the response surface methodology and critically evaluates existing approaches for choosing the experimental points at which the structural analyses must be performed. Methods are investigated to incorporate information on probability distributions of random variables in selecting the experimental points and to ensure that the response surface fits the actual limit state in the region of maximum likelihood. A criterion for reduction in the number of experiments after the first iteration is suggested. Two numerical examples show the application of the approach.
Stereographic displays of atmospheric model data

A system has been developed to display color stereographic time-lapsed sequences of outputs of three-dimensional atmospheric models. Contour lines and wind vectors derived from a model can be overlaid on a geostationary satellite image or displayed with map boundaries. The colors of these graphics can be changed interactively to highlight any desired feature or aid in interpreting relationships between parameters.The viewing portion of the system consists of a raster scan image display terminal with split screen capability and a stereoscopic viewing hood.The user of the system can observe model outputs in color and stereo as a function of time and in a manner which permits easy visualization and comparison.The system permits a meteorologist to visualize atmospheric parameters in a three-dimensional representation and correlate these parameters with information derived from satellite observations. This capability can significantly increase the user's ability to interact with and understand complex meteorological relationships.
Fluid Displacement Phenomena in Porous Media observed by a Wide-line Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method

LABORATORY investigations of fluids moving through porous materials have been handicapped by the lack of direct methods of measuring fluid content without disturbing flow. Investigations of flow in porous media have been dependent on the properties of the particular tracer used to follow the flow. Experiments using labelled fluid have been criticized on the grounds that the movement of the tracer may not completely reflect the movement of the fluid.