cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene-gene and gene-environment interaction in breast cancer risk: Analyses of genetic polymorphisms in the hOGG1, NQO1, and GSTP1 genes and intakes of fruits and vegetables

479 It has been hypothesized that reactive oxygen species generated through catechol estrogen redox cycling, if not quenched, may cause oxidative DNA damage and increase breast cancer risk. We tested this hypothesis in a large population-based case-control study by examining the interaction of genetic polymorphisms of three key enzymes involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage (hOGG1), detoxification of estrogen metabolites (GSTP1), and reduction of quinones to hydroquinones (NQO1), and the interaction of these genetic polymorphisms with endogenous estrogen exposure and dietary antioxidant intake. Included in the study were 1,091 breast cancer cases and 1,138 age-frequency-matched controls who participated in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study during 1996 to 1998. The hOGG1 Ser326Cys, NQO1 Pro187Ser, and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms were examined using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay and PCR-RFLP methods. Individually, only the GSTP1 Val allele was related to the risk of breast cancer (OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.05-1.41). A substantially elevated risk (OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.26-3.67) was observed among subjects carrying the hOGG1 Cys, NQO1 Ser, and GSTP1 Val alleles compared to those carrying the wild-type alleles in all three polymorphisms. The association was mainly confined to pre-menopausal women (OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.68-7.09), women who had long years of menstruation (OR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.14-4.95), or women with a low intake of fruits (OR=3.71, 95% CI: 1.47-9.37), vegetables (OR=2.62, 95% CI: 1.19-5.77), or dietary vitamin C (OR=2.69, 95% CI: 1.22-5.93). The study suggests that genetic polymorphisms in the hOGG1, NQO1, and GSTP1 genes may synergistically increase the risk of breast cancer and their effect may be more evident among subjects with a high level of oxidative stress.
The Long March from Bandung: The Ghost of the Bandung Spirit in Contemporary Relations between China and Africa

When Chinese President Hu Jintao ( 胡 锦 涛 ) gave the opening address at the Jakarta reception of the Asian-African Business Summit ( 亚非商业峰会 ) in 2005, he characterized contemporary relations between China and various African states thusly “ [In] the world today, economic globalization is further developing … [this] presents Asian and African countries with rare opportunities as well as severe challenges … . [We] must … develop a new type of strategic partnership between Asia and Africa...to carry on the Bandung spirit and contribute to the continuous progress in Asia and Africa ” . The importance of the Bandung Conference in the Cold War era is beyond debate; what has been debated is its lasting relevance. This paper examines the global economic rise of post-Cold War China and its “ new strategic partnerships ” ( 新型战略 伙伴关系 ) with various African states and argues that the “ partnerships ” , which specifically promote pragmatic cooperation and mutual benefits between the two regions in trade, industry, investment, finance, embody the “ Bandung Spirit ” ( 万隆精神 ). It argues that what we are seeing now in China ’ s relationship with Africa is the culmination of a process begun by Premier Zhou Enlai (1898-1976) at the Bandung Conference of 1955.
TRIGLYCERIDES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE: WHAT MEASURE AND WHAT CUTOFF?

High triglycerides (TG) have been shown to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Measured TG levels vary considerably and it is unclear how best to assess TG-associated risk. We evaluated the association between TG and CHD events (myocardial infarction, angina, revascularization, and
Abstract P276: Subjective versus Objective Measures of Sleep: Results From an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

Introduction: Reliable and valid measures are essential in research; however, it remains unclear if self-reported sleep measures are concordant with objective measures. Purpose: To examine the asso...
For what factors should we normalize urinary extracellular mRNA biomarkers

mRNA is a critical biomolecule involved in the manifestation of the genetic code into functional protein molecules. Its critical role in the central dogma has made it a key target in many studies to determine biomarkers and drug targets for numerous diseases. Currently, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that RNA molecules around the size of full-length mRNA transcripts can be assayed in the supernatant of human urine and urinary extracellular mRNA could provide information about transcription in cells of urogenital tissues. However, the optimal means of normalizing these signals is unclear. In this paper, we describe relevant first principles as well as research findings from our lab and other labs toward normalization of urinary extracellular mRNA.
The Role of Public Perception in the Rule of Law

This essay is based on a speech that was part of the Tsinghua China Law Review's 10th Anniversary Symposium: China’s Role Under the Globalization of the Rule of Law. The essay discusses the important role that public perception and understanding of law plays in the success of the rule of law. Empirical studies concerning American and Chinese awareness and attitudes towards intellectual property rights are used to provide examples of legitimacy and functionality challenges for the rule of law.
Mechanisms of Spontaneous Mutagenesis: Implications for Spontaneous Carcinogenesis

Spontaneous mutations have been defined as mutations that arise by mechanisms that have yet to be identified. While we will discuss the major hypotheses for spontaneous mutagenesis, our main objective is to discuss the roles of DNA damage (especially that caused by normal metabolic reactions) and of DNA repair genes in spontaneous mutagenesis, and the possible relevance of this information to our understanding of spontaneous carcinogenesis.
Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation Reduces Lung Injury and Caspase 8 Activity in Brain Death.

Background: Acute brain death (ABD) is associated with inflammation and lung injury. Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) improves blood flow to the vital organs after ABD. DPR reduces lung injury...
FIELD EMISSION STUDIES OF EPITAXY AND NUCLEATION OF COPPER DEPOSITED ON TUNGSTEN AND OXIDATION OF THE COPPER

The deposition and oxidation of copper vapor deposited onto tungsten emitter tips was studied by field electron microscopy utilizing spot photometer and pulsed field techniques. Work functions of the (110), (211), (111), (310), and (611) regions of the underlying tungsten image were calculated from the intensities' after approximately seven and 14 atomic layers of copper had impinged on the tip and after a monolayer of oxygen had adsorbed on the copper. For oxygen adsorbed on the (111) plane of copper, a work function increase of 0.05 eV was obtained, whereas an increase of approximately 0.30 eV was obtained for the other regions. After the initial adsorption of oxygen on thin films of clean copper at room temperature, gross rearrangement of the surface occurred with resulting increase in emission intensity and nucleation and growth of relatively large crystallites.
Production of heavy sterile neutrinos from vector boson decay at electroweak temperatures

In the standard model extended with a seesaw mass matrix, we study the production of sterile neutrinos from the decay of vector bosons at temperatures near the masses of the electroweak bosons. We derive a general quantum kinetic equation for the production of sterile neutrinos and their effective mixing angles, which is applicable over a wide range of temperature, to all orders in interactions of the standard model and to leading order in a small mixing angle for the neutrinos. We emphasize the relation between the production rate and Landau damping at one-loop order and show that production rates and effective mixing angles depend sensitively upon the neutrino's helicity. Sterile neutrinos with positive helicity interact more weakly with the medium than those with negative helicity, and their effective mixing angle is not modified significantly. Negative helicity states couple more strongly to the vector bosons, but their mixing angle is strongly suppressed by the medium. Consequently, if the mass of the sterile neutrino is $\ensuremath{\lesssim}8.35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, there are fewer states with negative helicity produced than those with positive helicity. There is an Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein-type resonance in the absence of lepton asymmetry, but due to screening by the damping rate, the production rate is not enhanced. Sterile neutrinos with negative helicity freeze out at ${T}_{f}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\simeq}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, whereas positive helicity neutrinos freeze out at ${T}_{f}^{+}\ensuremath{\simeq}8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, with both distributions far from thermal. As the temperature decreases, due to competition between a decreasing production rate and an increasing mixing angle, the distribution function for states with negative helicity is broader in momentum and hotter than that for those with positive helicity. Sterile neutrinos produced via vector boson decay do not satisfy the abundance, lifetime, and cosmological constraints to be the sole dark matter component in the Universe. Massive sterile neutrinos produced via vector boson decay might solve the $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ problem, albeit at the very edge of the possible parameter space. A heavy sterile neutrino with a mass of a few MeV could decay into light sterile neutrinos, of a few keV in mass, that contribute to warm dark matter. We argue that heavy sterile neutrinos with lifetime $\ensuremath{\le}1/{H}_{0}$ reach local thermodynamic equilibrium.
Cosmological discordances. III. More on measure properties, large-scale-structure constraints, the Hubble constant and Planck data

Consistency between cosmological datasets is essential for ongoing and future cosmological analyses. We first investigate the questions of stability and applicability of some moment-based inconsistency measures to multiple datasets. We show that the recently introduced index of inconsistency (IOI) is numerically stable while it can be applied to multiple datasets. We use an illustrative construction of constraints as well as an example with real datasets (i.e., WMAP versus Planck) to show some limitations of the application of the Karhunen-Loeve decomposition to discordance measures. Second, we perform various consistency analyses using IOI between multiple current datasets while working with the entire common parameter spaces. We find current large-scale-structure (LSS) datasets [Planck cosmic microwave background lensing, Dark Energy Survey (DES) lensing clustering, and sloan digital sky survey, redshift space distorsions] all to be consistent with one another. This is found to not be the case for Planck temperature (temperature auto correlation, TT) versus polarization [temperature and E-mode polarization cross correlation (TE), E-mode polarization auto correlation (EE)] data, where moderate inconsistencies are present. Noteworthy, we find a strong inconsistency between joint LSS probes and Planck with $\mathrm{IOI}=5.27$, and a moderate tension between DES and Planck with $\mathrm{IOI}=3.14$. Next, using the IOI metric, we compare the Hubble constant from five independent probes. We confirm previous strong tensions between local measurement (Supernovae, HO, for the equation of state of dark energy, SH0ES) and Planck as well as between H0 lenses in COSMOGRAIL's wellspring and Planck, but also find new strong tensions between SH0ES measurement and the joint LSS probes with $\mathrm{IOI}=6.73$ (i.e., $3.7\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in one dimension) as well as between joint LSS and combined probes $\mathrm{SH}0\mathrm{ES}+\mathrm{H}0\mathrm{LiCOW}$ with $\mathrm{IOI}=8.59$ (i.e., $4.1\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in one dimension). Whether because of systematic effects in the datasets or problems with the underlying model, sources of these old and new tensions need to be identified and dealt with.
Reciprocal interactions between mtDNA and lifespan control in budding yeast.

Although mitochondria have an impact on aging, the links between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and lifespan are unclear. We find that the deletion of mtDNA results in shortened yeast lifespan. We confi...
Rhodopsin signaling mediates light-induced photoreceptor cell death in rd10 mice through a transducin-independent mechanism

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a debilitating blinding disease affecting over 1.5 million people worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying this disease are not well understood. One of the common models used to study RP is the retinal degeneration-10 (rd10) mouse, which has a mutation in Phosphodiesterase-6b (Pde6b) that causes a phenotype mimicking the human disease. In rd10 mice, photoreceptor cell death occurs with exposure to normal light conditions, but as demonstrated in this study, rearing these mice in dark preserves their retinal function. We found that inactivating rhodopsin signaling protected photoreceptors from degeneration suggesting that the pathway activated by this G-protein-coupled receptor is causing light-induced photoreceptor cell death in rd10 mice. However, inhibition of transducin signaling did not prevent the loss of photoreceptors in rd10 mice reared under normal light conditions implying that the degeneration caused by rhodopsin signaling is not mediated through its canonical G-protein transducin. Inexplicably, loss of transducin in rd10 mice also led to photoreceptor cell death in darkness. Furthermore, we found that the rd10 mutation in Pde6b led to a reduction in the assembled PDE6αβγ2 complex, which was corroborated by our data showing mislocalization of the γ subunit. Based on our findings and previous studies, we propose a model where light activates a non-canonical pathway mediated by rhodopsin but independent of transducin that sensitizes cyclic nucleotide gated channels to cGMP and causes photoreceptor cell death. These results generate exciting possibilities for treatment of RP patients without affecting their vision or the canonical phototransduction cascade.
Analysis of monitoring results of patients with iodine deficiency disorders in Fujian Province in 2011

Objective To analyze the monitoring results of patients with iodine deficiency disorders,and to find out the eliminating process of iodine deficiency disorders and the iodine nutritional status of population before adjustment of iodine level in edible salt in Fujian Province.Methods Thirty counties(cities,districts) were sampled by population proportion probability sampling in the whole Province in 2011; one primary school was selected from each of those 30 counties(cities,districts) ; 40 children aged 8-10 were selected from each of those 30 primary schools; thyroid volume of these children was examined by type-B ultrasound and the iodine level in edible salt from those 40 households was tested by the method of direct titration.Twelve urine samples of those 40 children were collected randomly,and urinary iodine level was tested by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Resident's per capita salt intake was calculated by the three-day-weighing method.In the village(where the school was in),5 drinking water samples were collected in the north,the south,the east,the west and the center of the village.If the water supply was centralized in the village,then 2 tap water samples were collected.Water iodine level was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Three townships(towns,street offices)were selected in the vicinity of those schools; 5 pregnant and 5 lactating women were selected in each of those 3 townships (towns,street offices).Their urinary iodine level was determined by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Results Totally 1219 children aged 8 to 10 were examined,and their goiter rate was 4.92％(60/1219).Three hundred and sixty three urine samples were tested,and the median urinary iodine level was 223 μg/L.Among them,urinary iodine ＜ 50 μg/L accounted for 5.2％ (19/363),and ＜ 100 μg/L accounted for 14.6％ (53/363).The median urinary iodine level of pregnant women was 147.2 μg/L,and 52.0％(235/452) of them were less than 150 μg/L.The median urinary iodine level of lactating women was 134.1 μg/L.The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.4％ (1143/1211).Per capita daily salt intake was 6 g,and 81.4％ (293/360) of the residents' intake was less than 9 g.The median iodine content of drinking water was 6.2 μg/L,and 89.5％ (68/76) of them was less than 10 μg/L.Conclusions All indicators have met the national standard of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders in Fujian Province in 2011.But there is an iodine deficiency problem in pregnant women,and these women should be given extra iodine supplement. Key words: Salts; Iodine; Deficiency diseases ; Urine ; Data collection
Acoustic Anomaly Detection in Additive Manufacturing with Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks

The use of additive manufacturing is growing, especially in the small and medium sized enterprise sector. Still, the print process and its quality is prone to errors. Though there exist a variety of visual detection methods for additive manufacturing, acoustic ones are rare to find. This approach will serve as a method to detect acoustic cues and errors of a Fused Deposition Modeling printer. We propose a machine learning system detecting flaws and errors of a printer with varying difficulty. Regarding the first challenge, which is recording audio data, a microphone is attached close to the extruder of a printer. Since there is no public available data samples are recorded and annotated. To guarantee variety of the samples and more data different methods of data augmentation are applied. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and Mel filterbank energies are extracted from the recorded and augmented data to be used as features. A Long Short- Term Memory model was trained and validated with multiple classes of relevant sounds during 3d printing.
The Security Dilemma Exercise: Hawks, Doves, and Moles

A key concept and problem in international relations, the security dilemma obtains when one state's attempts to increase its security decreases the security of other states. The security dilemma’s ...
Assessing the Safety of Glucose-Lowering Drugs — A New Focus for the FDA

Assessing the Safety of Glucose-Lowering Drugs The FDA is moving away from a narrow focus on evaluating the cardiovascular safety of drugs for glycemic control and recommending that such drugs be s...
Dermatologic manifestations of COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Abstract Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) affects a small percentage of pediatric patients infected with COVID-19 and is characterized by fever, laboratory evidence of inflammation, multisystem involvement, and severe illness necessitating hospitalization. Skin findings are often present in these patients, and when initially compared with Kawasaki disease, they likely represent distinct phenomena and overall remain poorly characterized. In this retrospective review of 34 case reports and series, we identified cutaneous manifestations documented in 417 of 736 patients (57%) with MIS-C associated with COVID-19. “Rash” was the sole descriptor of skin findings in nearly half of patients. Case reports and smaller case series provided more detail, outlining a broad range of lesion morphologies (polymorphic, maculopapular, morbilliform, erythrodermic, urticarial, reticular, petechial, purpuric) in variable anatomic distribution. More thorough descriptions of dermatologic manifestations in patients with MIS-C are warranted to better characterize this syndrome, as they may lend important insight into pathogenic mechanisms of disease.
IN MEMORIAM – Christian Biet (1952–2020)

Renowned for his generosity, openness, warmth, vigour, and enthusiasm, Christian Biet – professor of theatre studies at Universite Paris Nanterre, member of the Institut universitaire de France, an...
Rate of Falls, Fear of Falling, and Avoidance of Activities At-Risk for Falls in Older Adults With Glaucoma.

Purpose To determine the relationship between glaucoma severity and rate of falls, fear of falling, and avoidance of activities at-risk for falls. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Patients with glaucoma (n = 138) 55 to 90 years of age with mild (n = 61), moderate (n = 54), or advanced (n = 23) glaucoma in the better eye based on the Glaucoma Staging System and age-matched control subjects (n = 50) were recruited from the Eye Clinics at Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Participants completed questionnaires regarding falls, the fear of falling, and the avoidance of activities at-risk for falls. Results Of the glaucoma participants, 36% reported ≥1 fall in the previous 12 months compared with 20% of control subjects (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.7 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.18-6.17]; P = .018). Compared with control subjects, the mild glaucoma group trended toward a higher fall risk (adjusted OR 2.43 [95% CI 0.97-6.08]; P = .059) and the advanced group had the highest fall risk (adjusted OR 7.97 [95% CI 2.44-26.07]; P = .001). A greater risk of a high fear of falling and high avoidance of at-risk activities occurred at the moderate stage of glaucoma compared with control subjects (adjusted OR 4.66 [95% CI 1.24-17.49]; P = .023 and adjusted OR 4.49 [95% CI 1.34-15.05]; P = .015, respectively). Conclusions Patient education, interventions, and appropriate referrals to minimize falls should be considered in older adults with early glaucoma and continue with advancing disease. Minimizing a patient's fall risk may decrease their fear of falling and avoidance of at-risk activities. Reducing falls, the fear of falling, and the avoidance of at-risk activities may lower morbidity and mortality and improve emotional and social well-being of patients with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2021;221:•••–•••. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The impact of Dual Eligible Special Need Plan regulations on healthcare utilization.

To determine if requiring Dual Eligible Special Need Plans (D-SNPs) to receive approval from the National Committee of Quality Assurance and contract with state Medicaid agencies impacts healthcare utilization. We use a Multiple Interrupted Time Series to examine the association of D-SNP regulations with dichotomized measures of emergency room (ER) and hospital utilization. Our treatment group is elderly D-SNP enrollees. Our comparison group is near-elderly (ages 60–64) beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid Managed Care plans (N = 360,405). We use segmented regression models to estimate changes in the time-trend and slope of the outcomes associated with D-SNP regulations, during the post-implementation (2012–2015) period, relative to the pre-implementation (2010–2011) period. Models include a treatment-status indicator, a monthly time-trend, indicators and splines for the post-period and the interactions between these variables. We conduct the following sensitivity analyses: (1) Re-estimating models stratified by state (2) Estimating models including interactions of D-SNP implementation variables with comorbidity count to assess for differential D-SNP regulation effects across comorbidity level. (3) Re-estimating the models stratifying by race/ethnicity and (4) Including a transition period (2012–2013) in the model. We do not find any statistically significant changes in ER or hospital utilization associated with D-SNP regulation implementation in the broad D-SNP population or among specific racial/ethnic groups; however, we do find a reduction in hospitalizations associated with D-SNP regulations in New Jersey (DD level = − 3.37%; p = 0.02)/(DD slope = − 0.23%; p = 0.01) and among individuals with higher, relative to lower levels of co-morbidity (DDD slope = − 0.06%; p = 0.01). These findings suggest that the impact of D-SNP regulations varies by state. Additionally, D-SNP regulations may be particularly effective in reducing hospital utilization among beneficiaries with high levels of co-morbidity.
Probing the Dipole-Bound State in the 9-Phenanthrolate Anion by Photodetachment Spectroscopy, Resonant Two-Photon Photoelectron Imaging, and Resonant Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

Valence-bound anions with a dipolar core can support dipole-bound states (DBSs) below the electron detachment threshold. The highly diffuse DBS observed is usually of σ symmetry with an s-like orbital. Recently, a π-type DBS was observed experimentally in the 9-anthrolate anion (9AT-) and it was shown to be stabilized due to the large anisotropic polarizability of the 9AT core. To confirm the general existence of π-DBS and its structural dependence, here we report an investigation of the 9-phenanthrolate anion (9PT-), which has a different structure and lower symmetry than 9AT-. Photodetachment spectroscopy revealed a DBS 257 cm-1 below the detachment threshold of 9PT- at 19 627 cm-1 (2.4334 eV). Resonant two-photon photoelectron imaging indeed showed a π symmetry for the DBS. Similar to that observed in 9AT-, the π-DBS in 9PT- is also stabilized by the anisotropic polarizability of the 9PT core and accessed via nonadiabatic population transfer from the initially populated σ-DBS. Photodetachment spectroscopy unveiled nine above-threshold vibrational resonances of the DBS, resulting in nine highly non-Franck-Condon resonant photoelectron spectra by tuning the detachment laser to the vibrational resonances. The combination of photodetachment spectroscopy and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy allowed frequencies for nine vibrational modes of the 9-phenathroxy radical to be measured, including the six lowest frequency bending modes.
Evaluation of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Acute Nonoperative Orbital Fractures.

PURPOSE The use of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of infection in nonoperative orbital fractures is controversial, with limited high-quality evidence and inconsistent recommendations in the current scientific literature. Our primary study objective was to identify the prophylactic antibiotic prescribing pattern at our institution for nonoperative orbital fractures and to determine the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 16 years of data from a single institution on patients with acute traumatic fractures of the orbital floor or medial orbital wall. Prophylactic administration of antibiotics and complication rates were evaluated, and complication rates and patient characteristics analyzed. RESULTS Of 154 patients with nonoperative orbital fractures, 17 patients (group 1) received IV or oral antibiotics and 137 patients (group 2) did not. No patient in either group had documented infectious orbital complications following their orbital injury. Patients receiving antibiotics were more likely to have a concurrent periorbital laceration (58.8% ± 11.9% vs. 28.5% ± 3.9%; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION We present the largest cohort yet reported of patients managed without antibiotic prophylaxis for nonoperative orbital fractures, with no infectious complications identified. Currently there is no evidence of utility to prophylactic antibiotics in the setting of nonoperative traumatic orbital fractures. Rather than prescribing antibiotics, we recommend clinicians educate patients on return precautions and offer close follow up for the rare, but potentially severe infectious complications of orbital trauma.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: Reference: Cortes, A. F., Lee, Y., Cortes, J. D., & Liñan, I. (2021). Entrepreneurial orientation in supply chain management: A systematic review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 9(1), 127-143. doi: 10.37335/ijek.v9i1.127

Companies around the world need to reconcile the need to differentiate their offerings and remain entrepreneurial in a competitive environment while also running extremely efficient and effective operations. Surprisingly, however, limited studies have provided a synthesis and overview of existing research exploring important links between the entrepreneurship and supply chain management (SCM) fields. In this paper, we aim to address this issue by developing a systematic review of research exploring the link between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and SCM, while synthesizing the most relevant findings in this intersection. We also aim to promote the development of this topic by providing relevant future research directions. To do so, we conducted a systematic review on the topic of EO published in SCM journals from 1989 to April 2020. We summarize 14 relevant articles on EO in SCM and conclude that research joining these fields is surprisingly scant despite the development of both EO and SCM literature over extended periods of time. We find that although existing research recognizes that entrepreneurial behavior is key for a successful supply chain orientation and to develop more efficient and value-creating supply chains, theoretical development and empirical examination in specific supply chains and multiple industries is required. We uncover and propose specific opportunities to advance this research effort.
W insorized Robust Measures

Winsorizing observations leads to robust measures of location, variation, and correlation, and it plays a fundamental role when making inferences about trimmed means. Keywords: robust methods; robust measures of location; trimmed means
Considerations for use of dental photography and electronic media in dental education and clinical practice.

Photography and electronic media are indispensable tools for dental education and clinical practice. Although previous research has focused on privacy issues and general strategies to protect patient privacy when sharing clinical photographs for educational purposes, there are no published recommendations for developing a functional, privacy-compliant institutional framework for the capture, storage, transfer, and use of clinical photographs and other electronic media. The aims of this study were to research patient rights relating to electronic media and propose a framework for the use of patient media in education and clinical care. After a review of the relevant literature and consultation with the University of Washington’s director of privacy and compliance and assistant attorney general, the researchers developed a privacy-compliant framework to ensure appropriate capture, storage, transfer, and use of clinical photography and electronic media. A four-part framework was created to guide the use of patient media that reflects considerations of patient autonomy and privacy, informed consent, capture and storage of media, and its transfer, use, and display. The best practices proposed for capture, storage, transfer, and use of clinical photographs and electronic media adhere to the health care code of ethics (based on patient autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and veracity), which is most effectively upheld by a practical framework designed to protect patients and limit institutional liability. Educators have the opportunity and duty to convey these principles to students who will become the next generation of dentists, researchers, and educators.
Breast cancer research among African-American women: accurate racial categories?

This essay questions the appropriateness of racial categories in breast cancer research and recommends the discontinuation of “African-American” as a valid racial category in breast cancer research until better categories can be developed. Cancer 2003;97(1 Suppl):335–41. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11024
ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE-C14 IN TISSUES USING THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Abstract Available procedures for separating glucose-C 14 from its metabolites in the whole animal require a number of time-consuming steps (e.g., deionization, evaporation, derivative formation), some of which are associated with appreciable losses of material. These steps may be circumvented by using the thin-layer chromatographic, colorimetric, and radioisotopic procedures which are described in the present paper.
Multipath data analysis and exploitation for the design of distributed radar systems

A description of the design parameters for a scaled RF environment is presented. This scaled RF environment was developed for purposes of simulating and investigating multipath phenomena in urban environments. A number of experiments were conducted with this scaled urban environment including a series of tests with eight spatially distributed receivers and one transmitter. Details with regard to the instrumentation system along with the measurement philosophy are provided. The primary focus of this paper is a detailed treatment of data analysis and exploitation techniques for the multipath data generated by this scaled RF environment. A portion of the material on multipath data analysis and exploitation is focused on developing techniques for identifying a optimum placement of receiver pairs for purposes of maximizing information content on a embedded target. In other words, data from the eight distributed receiver locations are analyzed and techniques are presented that allow for the selection of receiver pairs that provide the most information on targets that are embedded within the multipath environment. The last section of the paper discusses visualization and pseudo-imaging techniques for targets embedded in multipath environments.
Identification of nucleolin and nucleophosmin as genotoxic stress-responsive RNA-binding proteins.

Genotoxic stress (DNA damage) can elicit multiple responses in mammalian cells, including the activation of numerous cascades of signal transduction that result in the activation of cellular genes involved in growth control, DNA repair and apoptosis. In an earlier report, we have shown that DNA-damaging agents can also induce the RNA-binding activity of several specific proteins that favor a double stem–loop RNA structure. Here we report the purification and identification of nucleophosmin (NPM) and nucleolin as two genotoxic stress-responsive RNA-binding proteins. UV radiation induces the protein expression levels and RNA-binding activity of NPM while nucleolin RNA-binding activity increases after UV or ionizing radiation exposure. Moreover, we have identified 40 mRNA ligands that are potentially regulated by nucleolin, several of which are stress-responsive transcripts. In addition, our data indicate that activation of nucleolin RNA-binding activity by genotoxic stress is mediated by stress-activated protein kinase p38. Our findings suggest that activation of the RNA-binding properties of nucleolin and NPM is part of the cellular response to genotoxic stress.
Pinocytosis of intracellular and secreted β-hexosaminidase from human fibroblasts☆

Abstract Human fibroblasts contain intracellular β-hexosaminidase which bears the phosphohexosyl recognition marker (β-hex prm ). The evidence for this includes the high efficiency of uptake of the enzyme by Sandhoff cells, the saturation of uptake rates by high concentrations of enzyme, and the specific inhibition of uptake by mannose 6-phosphate. The mixture of intra-cellular β-hexosaminidase forms appears to contain low levels of β-hex prm . The pool size of β-hex prm , although small, is not depleted by extensive incubation of donor cells in the presence of mannose-6-phosphate. This small pool is selectively secreted. Its fractional secretion rate is greater, depending on cell line and monolayer age, by a factor of 3–10 than that for other forms of β-hexosaminidase. This favored secretion and the invariant fractional rate of secretion of total β-hexosaminidase superimposed on a variable fractional rate for β-hex prm suggest routes for the secretion of β-hexosaminidase by human fibroblasts.
Characterization of cytochrome c from Nitrobacter Agilis

Abstract Cytochrome c from Nitrobacter agilis was isolated and purified approx. 60-fold. Absorption spectra of both the oxidized and the reduced Nitrobacter cytochrome c and the oxidized minus reduced difference spectrum of this cytochrome were essentially identical to the corresponding spectra of horse-heart cytochrome c . The redox potential of this cytochrome was determined by spectrophotometric titration with ferrocyanide/ferricyanide and found to be +0.282 V over the pH range 6.0 to 8.7, while a potential of +0.265 V was determined in the same manner for horse-heart cytochrome c . The titration also indicated that the Nitrobacter ferrocytochrome is oxidized by a single electron transfer.
Reply to ‘Absence of JAK-2 (Val617Phe) point mutations in multiple myeloma’ by Dr Qin Huang et al. referred to ‘Screening of JAK2 V617F mutation in multiple myeloma’ from Fiorini A et al. published in Leukemia 2006, October 20

Reply to ‘Absence of JAK-2 (Val617Phe) point mutations in multiple myeloma’ by Dr Qin Huang et al. referred to ‘Screening of JAK2 V617F mutation in multiple myeloma’ from Fiorini A et al. published in Leukemia 2006, October 20
β-Endorphin protects mice from neurological disease induced by the murine coronavirus MHV-JHM

Abstract The neurotropic murine coronavirus, MHV-JHM (JHMV) causes encephalitis and paralytic-demyelinating disease in susceptible strains of mice and rats, serving as a model for human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this communication, we report that a single intracerebral administration of the naturally occurring neuropeptide, β-endorphin, reduced the incidence of JHMV-induced paralytic-demyelinating disease 40–50% in C57Bl/6 mice. Protection from disease was accompanied by significantly reduced virus replication in the brain as early as 3 days post-infection and did not occur in irradiated, or immunoincompetent mice. The data suggest that β-endorphin engages immune mechanisms of host resistance to JHMV infection to protect the mice from disease.
Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Combined Therapy vs Medication Only for Youth With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor-Resistant Depression Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents Trial Findings

Context Many youth with depression do not respond to initial treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and this is associated with higher costs. More effective treatment for these youth may be cost-effective. Objective To evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness over 24 weeks of combined cognitive behavior therapy plus switch to a different antidepressant medication vs medication switch only in adolescents who continued to have depression despite adequate initial treatment with an SSRI. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Six US academic and community clinics. Patients Three hundred thirty-four patients aged 12 to 18 years with SSRI-resistant depression. Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to (1) switch to a different medication only or (2) switch to a different medication plus cognitive behavior therapy. Main Outcome Measures Clinical outcomes were depression-free days (DFDs), depression-improvement days (DIDs), and quality-adjusted life-years based on DFDs (DFD-QALYs). Costs of intervention, nonprotocol services, and families were included. Results Combined treatment achieved 8.3 additional DFDs ( P = .03), 0.020 more DFD-QALYs ( P = .03), and 11.0 more DIDs ( P = .04). Combined therapy cost $1633 more ( P = .01). Cost per DFD was $188 (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER] = $188; 95% confidence interval [CI], −$22 to $1613), $142 per DID (ICER = $142; 95% CI, −$14 to $2529), and $78 948 per DFD-QALY (ICER = $78 948; 95% CI, −$9261 to $677 448). Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve analyses suggest a 61% probability that combined treatment is more cost-effective at a willingness to pay $100 000 per QALY. Combined treatment had a higher net benefit for subgroups of youth without a history of abuse, with lower levels of hopelessness, and with comorbid conditions. Conclusions For youth with SSRI-resistant depression, combined treatment decreases the number of days with depression and is more costly. Depending on a decision maker's willingness to pay, combined therapy may be cost-effective, particularly for some subgroups. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00018902
Diffusive Monitoring of Fluctuating Concentrations

The fluctuation-induced error in estimates of time-weighted-averages (TWA) of fluctuating concentrations is analyzed theoretically for a specific type of diffusive monitor in which the concentration is close to zero at the sorbent. Sampler calibration which results in unbiased TWA estimates is discussed. The error is found to have a lower, though no upper, bound. The variance of the error averaged over a variety of sampling start times (with fixed sampling period) is presented in terms of a sampler response function and the autocorrelation function of the concentration. A logarithmic dependence on pulse width is found for the variance of the error in the special case of concentration pulse sampling and indicates that significant error can be present in estimates of averages of rapidly varying concentrations. Similar conclusions are reached from numerical computation of the error and its variance using time-dependent field concentration data. The results indicate that excessive errors in exposure estimates...
I Want to Buy the Advertised Product Only!: An Examination of the Effects of Additional Product Offers on Consumer Irritation in a Cross-Promotion Context

To generate additional sales, marketers frequently cross-promote various kinds of related and unrelated product and service offers to their customers. This paper examines how offers of additional products in a cross-promotion context elicit the emotion of irritation in consumers, and subsequently, how such irritation might negatively influence consumers' attitudes toward the advertiser and the advertised focal brand as well as their intentions to purchase the brand. In addition, this paper examines the moderating effects of the consumer's need to evaluate. We hypothesize that additional offers of unrelated products lead to higher levels of irritation and that this effect is greater for consumers with a high need to evaluate (HNE) than consumers with a low need to evaluate (LNE). In addition, we hypothesize that the emotion of irritation mediates the effects of additional product offers and the need to evaluate on attitudes and intentions. Empirical results support the proposed hypotheses.
Excretion Pathways of Amphotericin B

The role of the biliary system in excretion of amphotericin B was explored in a dog model that allowed either external diversion of all bile or complete biliary obstruction. In dogs with biliary diversion, which were given a single dose of amphotericin B intravenously, excretion of amphotericin B in the bile lasted for seven to 10 days and accounted for only 3% +/- 2% (mean +/- SD) of the dose, whereas excretion in the urine was prolonged (23--35 days) and greater (21% +/- 5% of the dose); the stool contained no amphotericin B. However, bile salt depletion may have depressed biliary excretion of amphotericin B: in a dog with an intact biliary system, 19% of the dose was excreted in the stool over 11 days. In dogs given amphotericin B daily, serum levels were 19% +/- 3% higher during periods of biliary obstruction than during periods of free bile flow (P less than 0.05). Thus, excretion of amphotericin B in the bile (less than or equal to 19% of the dose) and in the urine (21% of the dose) accounted for a minority of total drug clearance. Nevertheless, prolonged excretion of amphotericin B by these routes after a single dose suggests that infrequent doses of amphotericin B may provide effective treatment for certain forms of fungal infection.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Effect of CO2 containing syngas over Pt promoted Co/γ-Al2O3 and K-promoted Fe catalysts

Abstract The effect of CO2 was studied for cobalt and iron Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis. CO2 behaves differently in the presence of CO over cobalt and iron catalysts in terms of hydrogenation. A systematic increase of the CO2 mole fraction of carbon in the feed gas mixture alters the product distribution dramatically for cobalt FT synthesis with CO2 behaving like an inert gas at higher partial pressure of CO. With cobalt, CO appears to compete with CO2 for adsorption. Using an iron FT catalyst, hydrogenation of CO2 was effected due to the presence of the reverse water–gas shift activity of the catalyst which converts CO2 to hydrocarbons through the formation of CO. Unlike the cobalt catalyst, the product distribution was only slightly altered with increasing CO2 content in the feed gas mixture to the iron catalyst. This difference in behavior of CO2 over cobalt and iron could be attributed to the absence of reverse water–gas shift activity on cobalt and hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons—other than methane—will be derived through the formation of CO.
Escherichia coli PriA helicase: fork binding orients the helicase to unwind the lagging strand side of arrested replication forks.

Escherichia coli PriA is a primosome assembly protein with 3' to 5' helicase activity whose apparent function is to promote resumption of DNA synthesis following replication-fork arrest. Here, we describe how initiation of helicase activity on DNA forks is influenced by both fork structure and by single-strand DNA-binding protein. PriA could recognize and unwind forked substrates where one or both arms were primarily duplex, and PriA required a small (two bases or larger) single-stranded gap at the fork in order to initiate unwinding. The helicase was most active on substrates with a duplex lagging-strand arm and a single-stranded leading-strand arm. On this substrate, PriA was capable of translocating on either the leading or lagging strands to unwind the duplex ahead of the fork or the lagging-strand duplex, respectively. Fork-specific binding apparently orients the helicase domain to unwind the lagging-strand duplex. Binding of single-strand-binding protein to forked templates could inhibit unwinding of the duplex ahead of the fork but not unwinding of the lagging-strand duplex or translocation on the lagging-strand template. While single-strand-binding protein could inhibit binding of PriA to the minimal, unforked DNA substrates, it could not inhibit PriA binding to forked substrates. In the cell, single-strand-binding protein and fork structure may direct PriA helicase to translocate along the lagging-strand template of forked structures such that the primosome is specifically assembled on that DNA strand.
Economics at the FTC: Drug and PBM Mergers and Drip Pricing

Economists at the Federal Trade Commission pursue the agency’s competition and consumer protection missions. In this year’s essay, in antitrust, we discuss two recent mergers that involved Rx drugs: First, we describe key elements of the inquiry into the Express Scripts/Medco transaction in the pharmacy benefit management industry. Next, we analyze a merger that involved drugs that are used to treat patent ductus arteriosus: a condition that affects premature babies. On the consumer protection side, we discuss a pricing strategy—drip pricing—that involves the release of price information about a multi-part product over time as the consumer goes through the purchase process.