cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epitaxial growth simulation employing a combined molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approach

Abstract The epitaxial growth of Ge on Si(001) is simulated by employing a hybrid approach based on molecular dynamics to describe the initial kinetic behavior of deposited adatoms and Monte Carlo displacements to account for subsequent equilibration. This method is well suited to describe initial nucleation and growth. Stillinger-Weber potentials are employed to describe interatomic interactions.
Non-perturbative renormalization and the fermilab action☆

Abstract We discuss the application of the regularization independent (RI) scheme of Rome/Southampton to determine the normalization of heavy quark operators non-perturbatively using the Fermilab action.
Taxes and Fees as Forms of Land Use Regulation

In this article I expand on Turnbull’s presentation by highlighting two important aspects of regulations and their effects on land use. First, I summarize what we know about the dynamic effects of property taxation and discuss alternative tax regimes and their implications for land use. Second, I analyze the role of development impact fees and consider ways in which this new financing method may be rationalized.
Sphingolipid synthesis via olefin cross metathesis: preparation of a differentially protected building block and application to the synthesis of D-erythro-ceramide

The sphingolipid backbone is readily assembled by E-selective olefin cross metathesis of a suitable building block.
The human motion database: A cognitive and parametric sampling of human motion

Motion databases have a strong potential to guide progress in the field of machine recognition and motion-based animation. Existing databases either have a very loose structure that does not sample the domain according to any controlled methodology or too few action samples which limit their potential to quantitatively evaluate the performance of motion-based techniques. The controlled sampling of the motor domain in the database may lead investigators to identify the fundamental difficulties of motion cognition problems and allow the addressing of these issues in a more objective way. In this paper, we describe the construction of our Human Motion Database using controlled sampling methods (parametric and cognitive sampling) to obtain the structure necessary for the quantitative evaluation of several motion-based research problems. The Human Motion Database is organized into several components: the praxicon dataset, the cross-validation dataset, the generalization dataset, the compositionality dataset, and the interaction dataset. The main contributions of this paper include (1) a survey of human motion databases describing data sources related to motion synthesis and analysis problems, (2) a sampling methodology that takes advantage of a systematic controlled capture, denoted as cognitive sampling and parametric sampling, and (3) a novel structured motion database organized into several datasets addressing a number of aspects in the motion domain.
Pricing U.S. Dollar Index Futures Options: An Empirical Investigation

This paper develops a pricing model and empirically tests the pricing efficiency of options on the U.S. Dollar Index (USDX) futures contract. Empirical tests of the model indicate that the market consistently overprices these options relative to the derived model. This overpricing is more pronounced for out-of-the-money options than for in-the-money options and more pronounced for put options than for call options. To validate the above results, delta neutral portfolios are created for one- and two-day holding periods and consistently generate positive arbitrage profits, indicating that on average the market overprices the options on the USDX futures contracts.
A new asymmetric route to substituted piperidines: synthesis of N-alkyl-3,4-dihydroxy-5-alkylpiperidines

Abstract A facile asymmetric synthesis of N -alkyl-3,4-dihydroxy-5-alkylpiperidines has been developed, which is based on an asymmetric alkylation reaction of the SAMP hydrazone of N -BOC piperidinone.
SHOCK BREAKOUT IN DENSE MASS LOSS: LUMINOUS SUPERNOVAE

We examine the case where a circumstellar medium around a supernova is sufficiently opaque that a radiation-dominated shock propagates in the circumstellar region. The initial propagation of the shock front into the circumstellar region can be approximated by a self-similar solution that determines the radiative energy in a shocked shell; the eventual escape of this energy gives the maximum luminosity of the supernova. If the circumstellar density is described by ρ = Dr –2 out to a radius Rw , where D is a constant, the properties of the shock breakout radiation depend on Rw and Rd ≡ κDv sh/c, where κ is the opacity and v sh is the shock velocity. If Rw >Rd , the rise to maximum light begins at ~Rd /v sh; the duration of the rise is also ~Rd /v sh; the outer parts of the opaque medium are extended and at low velocity at the time of peak luminosity; and a dense shell forms whose continued interaction with the dense mass loss gives a characteristic flatter portion of the declining light curve. If Rw < Rd , the rise to maximum light begins at Rw /v sh; the duration of the rise is R 2 w /v sh Rd ; the outer parts of the opaque medium are not extended and are accelerated to high velocity by radiation pressure at the time of maximum luminosity; and a dense shell forms but does not affect the light curve near maximum. We argue that SN 2006gy is an example of the first kind of event, while SN 2010gx and related supernovae are examples of the second.
Quantum walks on graphs

We set the ground for a theory of quantum walks on graphs-the generalization of random walks on finite graphs to the quantum world. Such quantum walks do not converge to any stationary distribution, as they are unitary and reversible. However, by suitably relaxing the definition, we can obtain a measure of how fast the quantum walk spreads or how confined the quantum walk stays in a small neighborhood. We give definitions of mixing time, filling time, dispersion time. We show that in all these measures, the quantum walk on the cycle is almost quadratically faster then its classical correspondent. On the other hand, we give a lower bound on the possible speed up by quantum walks for general graphs, showing that quantum walks can be at most polynomially faster than their classical counterparts.
Catalyst discovery through combinatorial chemistry

Combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput strategies can be used to identify effective small-molecule chiral catalysts. Infrared thermography has been used recently as the means to identify the most active catalyst.
Microstructure and reactivity of Pt-Ce and Rh-Ce particles on silica

Abstract The interactions of Ce with 20 to 200-A-diameter particles of Pt and Rh on planar Si0 2 are examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and reactivity measurements following treatment in H 2 and O 2 atmospheres. Samples are transferred repeatedly between furnace and TEM so that the time evolution of the microstructures of individual particles can be observed. Upon heating Pt-Ce in HZ at 650°C, Ce forms a thin amorphous film on the SiO 2 , and the only crystalline phase observed is Pt metal for low Ce loadings. Pt particle sizes are approximately the same as without Ce, but all Pt particles are round and contain many internal defects, while all particles form single crystal cubes without Ce. For high Ce loadings a phase is detected with a diffraction pattern of cerium hydride, and dark field imaging shows that this forms as cubes near the Pt particles. Heating in O 2 causes the Ce to convert to Ce0 2 particles which form around the Pt particles. When Rh-Ce is heated in H 2 , a thin film of cerium forms on the SiO 2 . At high Ce loadings, diffraction patterns which appear to be CeH 2.53 are observed. The Rh particles contain more defects and show less faceting than without Ce. Heating in O 2 at high Ce loadings causes Ce from the film to coalesce and form large, flat (>1000 A diameter and ∼100 A thick) Ce0 2 particles. Upon reduction in H 2 at 600–750°C, these particles disperse very slowly and may form compounds with the SiO 2 . It is also observed that Rh catalyzes reduction of adjacent CeO 2 back to Ce because holes form in the Ce0 2 near Rh particles. The oxidation-reduction cycle results in a redispersion of the Rh with Ce present. Reactivities of Rh-Ce catalysts in CO hydrogenation and in ethane hydrogenolysis were also measured. For CO hydrogenation, Ce increases activity by a factor of ∼30, and the selectivity shifts toward higher alkanes and alkenes. For ethane hydrogenolysis, it was found that activities increase upon addition of Ce, but activities are affected more by pretreatment in H 2 or O 2 than by Ce addition.
AMD3100 + G-CSF improves hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) collection in patients with hodgkin’s disease (HD)

Autologous stem cell transplantation is indicated for patients with HD who have primary refractory disease or who relapse after a first remission. For these patients, as for other patients undergoing autologous transplantation, the number of CD34+ cells infused is a reliable predictor of neutrophil and platelet engraftment, and doses ≥ 5 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg are associated with faster count recovery. However, among the 98 patients with HD who have undergone G-CSF-alone mobilization at our institution in the past five years, 22% did not achieve a minimum HPC collection of 2 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg in ≤ 5 apheresis procedures, and only 15% achieved a collection ≥ 5 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg. AMD3100 mobilizes HPCs by reversibly inhibiting the interaction of CXCR4 and SDF-1α. It has been shown to improve HPC mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Here we present results for the first ten HD patients treated with a mobilization regimen of AMD3100 + G-CSF. To date, ten patients with relapsed (8) or refractory (2) HD have been mobilized with G-CSF (10 ug/kg/d) + AMD3100 (240 ug/kg/d) beginning on day 4. Apheresis was performed 11 hours after each AMD3100 dose. The first dose of AMD3100 produced a median (range) 3.0 (1.9–5.1) fold increase in the number of circulating CD34+ cells. Six patients (60%) achieved a collection of ≥ 5 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg, and all patients collected > 2 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg (range, 3.6–9.4 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg). The median (range) number of apheresis procedures performed per patient was 2 (1–4). No grade II-IV adverse events were ascribed to AMD3100. Eight patients have been transplanted with G-CSF + AMD3100 mobilized cells. All have had prompt and stable engraftment, with median neutrophil recovery at day +9 (9–11) and median platelet recovery at day +20 (15–23). Two patients had very early engraftment, with absolute neutrophil count greater than 100 on day +7. We conclude that AMD3100 + G-CSF is a well-tolerated and effective mobilization regimen in patients with HD. All patients (100%, 95% CI 69%-100%) mobilized with AMD3100 + G-CSF achieved the minimum collection of 2 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg, and a significantly higher proportion of patients (60%, 95% CI 26%–88%) achieved the goal collection of ≥ 5 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg than did the historical controls (15%). Importantly, the median collection in the first two days of pheresis was 5.4 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg, which is significantly better than historical controls, who collected a median 3.0 x 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg in the first two days of pheresis (p=0.014). Our results demonstrate that the mobilization regimen of AMD3100 + G-CSF can improve the number of HPCs collected and decrease the number of days of pheresis in HD patients. This regimen will be pursued further in this patient population.
Expedient, High-Yielding Synthesis of Silyl-Substituted Salen Ligands

Described is an efficient synthesis of silyl-substituted salen ligands, used for the preparation of enantioselective catalysts. The salicylaldehyde precursors are synthesized from the silyl ethers of 2,6-dibromophenols via a one-pot double lithium halogen exchanges, to induce an intramolecular retro-Brook rearrangement and allow introduction of the aldehyde group. Condensation of the salicylaldehyde products with a chiral diamine affords the silyl-substituted salen ligands in high yields. The use of other electrophiles allows easy access to silyl-substituted phenolic esters, ketones, and boronic acids.
Distributed convex optimization via continuous-time coordination algorithms with discrete-time communication

This paper proposes a novel class of distributed continuous-time coordination algorithms to solve network optimization problems whose cost function is a sum of local cost functions associated to the individual agents. We establish the exponential convergence of the proposed algorithm under (i) strongly connected and weight-balanced digraph topologies when the local costs are strongly convex with globally Lipschitz gradients, and (ii) connected graph topologies when the local costs are strongly convex with locally Lipschitz gradients. When the local cost functions are convex and the global cost function is strictly convex, we establish asymptotic convergence under connected graph topologies. We also characterize the algorithm's correctness under time-varying interaction topologies and study its privacy preservation properties. Motivated by practical considerations, we analyze the algorithm implementation with discrete-time communication. We provide an upper bound on the stepsize that guarantees exponential convergence over connected graphs for implementations with periodic communication. Building on this result, we design a provably-correct centralized event-triggered communication scheme that is free of Zeno behavior. Finally, we develop a distributed, asynchronous event-triggered communication scheme that is also free of Zeno with asymptotic convergence guarantees. Several simulations illustrate our results.
A Comparison of Leibniz and Cyclic Homologies

We relate Leibniz homology to cyclic homology by studying a map from a long exact sequence in the Leibniz theory to the Connes' periodicity (ISB) exact sequence in the cyclic theory. We then show that the Godbillon–Vey invariant, as detected by the Leibniz homology of formal vector fields, maps to the Godbillon–Vey invariant as detected by the cyclic homology of the universal enveloping algebra of these vector fields. Additionally the Leibniz theory maps surjectively to string topology where the latter is expressed as cyclic homology.
Experimental Investigation of Flow About a Strut-Endwall Configuration

An experimental study was conducted to investigate incompressible flow about a strut-endwall configuration positioned within a constant area duct. The endwal boundary layer was tripped, but natural transition occurred on the strut surface. The results indicate that spanwise varying transition on this surface leads to the formation of a secondary vortex which coexists with the horseshoe vortex generated by endwall flow separation upstream of the strut leading edge. Both vortices are similar in strength downstream of the strut trailing edge, and both distort the primary flow and local turbulence structure in the wake-endwall region. The level of distortion is demonstrated by means of axial mean velocity contours, turbulence kinetic energy contours, and Reynolds shear stress contours measured in the cross plane at two streamwise locations. Analysis of the results shows that conventional eddy viscosity and k-epsilon transport equation models are not wholly adequate for predicting this flow situation.
Changing Patterns of International Cooperation in Space

Abstract The new Soviet glasnost regarding international cooperation in space will clearly be one of several factors affecting traditional patterns of cooperation in the future. This article examines how the Soviet posture towards cooperation in international space ventures has changed, why the changes have occurred, and the probable consequences of those changes on traditional patterns of international cooperation in space.
Orthonormal dilations of non-tight frames

We establish dilation theorems for non-tight frames with additional structure, i.e., frames generated by unitary groups of operators and projective unitary representations. This generalizes previous dilation results for Parseval frames due to Han and Larson and Gabardo and Han. We also extend the dilation theorem for Parseval wavelets, due to Dutkay, Han, Picioroaga, and Sun , by identifying the optimal class of frame wavelets for which dilation into an orthonormal wavelet is possible.
Acidities of glycine Schiff bases and alkylation of their conjugate bases

Equilibrium acidities in Me2S0 are reported for six ketimines of the type Ph2C=NCH(R)C02Et and five aldimines, ArCH=NCH(R)C02Et. Changing R in the ketimine from H to Ph increased the pKa by 2.2 units. This surprising acidity decrease for Ph substitution points to a substantial increase in steric effect, as do the increases in pKa of 3.8 and 4.2 units observed for the replacement of hydrogen by Me and PhCH,, respectively. Phase-transfer alkylation of the Ph2C=NCH2C02Et ketimine gave over 90% of monoalkylate whereas, under similar conditions, the aldimine 4-ClC6H4CH=NCH2C02Et gave a mixture of monoand dialkylate. The difference is that the pKa of the monoalkylated aldimine is essentially the same as that of the parent, which leads to rapid equilibration with the parent anion and consequent dialkylation. The rates of alkylation in Me2S0 of these parent and monoalkylated anions did not differ greatly, showing that the relative pKHAs of the parent acid and its monoalkyl derivative, rather than the relative rates of the monoand dialkylation reactions, is the principal factor that determines the extent of the competition between monoalkylation and dialkylation.
Modeling charge transfer inefficiency in the Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer

Abstract The front-illuminated (FI) CCDs in the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on the Chandra X-ray Observatory (Chandra) were damaged in the extreme environment of the Earth's radiation belts, causing charge traps that result in enhanced charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) during parallel readout. This causes row-dependent gain, event grade ‘morphing’ (spatial redistribution of charge) and energy resolution degradation. The ACIS back-illuminated (BI) CCDs also exhibit pronounced CTI due to their manufacturing. It is mild enough that position-dependent energy resolution is not seen, but it is present in both parallel and serial registers. This CTI also changes the gain and event grades, in a spatially complicated way as parallel and serial CTI interact. Given these realities, we have developed and tuned a phenomenological model of CTI for both FI and BI CCDs and incorporated it into our Monte Carlo simulations of the ACIS CCDs. It models charge loss and the spatial redistribution of charge (trailing), thus reproducing the spatially dependent gain and grade distribution seen in all ACIS CCDs and the row-dependent energy resolution seen in the FI devices. Here we explore the evidence for CTI, compare our simulations to data, and present a technique for CTI correction based on forward modeling.
Program substitutability in network television: Evidence from Argentina

Abstract Inference about television program substitutability from the consumer perspective is complicated by unobserved shocks to viewership and endogenous programming choices by television networks. High-frequency changes in program scheduling are commonplace in Argentina. This paper uses this variation in program scheduling as an instrumental variable in order to measure the degree of substitution across the programs broadcast by the five network television stations in a large Argentinean market. In line with the results of prior studies, the results of this paper show evidence of substantial business stealing in network television: increases in the ratings of a station primarily decrease the ratings of other stations. However, the estimates also show that the increases in ratings attributable to new viewers entering the market range between 3 and 5 percentage points for each 10-point increase in a channel’s viewership. The size of this market expansion effect is significantly larger than that found by prior studies.
Trade liberalization and capacity utilization: New evidence from the Turkish rubber industry

This study empirically tests the hypothesis that trade liberalization increases capacity utilization. It calculates capacity utilization for the Turkish rubber industry by using a production theory framework. More specifically, plant-level capacity utilization levels are calculated using a Generalized Leontief cost function system. Capacity utilization levels were low but improved when the trade regime shifted from a restrictive to a more liberalized one. The size and location of plants were two significant factors which created capacity utilization differences within the industry. However, capacity utilization levels appeared to improve primarily because of trade liberalization.
Direct Vinylation of Alcohols or Aldehydes Employing Alkynes as Vinyl Donors: A Ruthenium Catalyzed C−C Bond-Forming Transfer Hydrogenation

Under the conditions of ruthenium catalyzed transfer hydrogenation, 2-butyne couples to benzylic and aliphatic alcohols 1a−1l to furnish allylic alcohols 2a−2l, constituting a direct C−H vinylation of alcohols employing alkynes as vinyl donors. Under related transfer hydrogenation conditions employing formic acid as terminal reductant, 2-butyne couples to aldehydes 4a, 4b, and 4e to furnish identical products of carbonyl vinylation 2a, 2b, and 2e. Thus, carbonyl vinylation is achieved from the alcohol or the aldehyde oxidation level in the absence of any stoichiometric metallic reagents. Nonsymmetric alkynes 6a−6c couple efficiently to aldehyde 4b to provide allylic alcohols 2m−2o as single regioisomers. Acetylenic aldehyde 7a engages in efficient intramolecular coupling to deliver cyclic allylic alcohol 8a.
MAPPING THE ASYMMETRIC THICK DISK. I. A SEARCH FOR TRIAXIALITY

A significant asymmetry in the distribution of faint blue stars in the inner Galaxy, Quadrant 1 (l = 20°-45°) compared to Quadrant 4 was first reported by Larsen & Humphreys in 1996. Parker et al. greatly expanded the survey to determine its spatial extent and shape and the kinematics of the affected stars. This excess in the star counts was subsequently confirmed by Juric et al. using Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. Possible explanations for the asymmetry include a merger remnant, a triaxial thick disk, and a possible interaction with the bar in the disk. In this paper, we describe our program of wide field photometry to map the asymmetry to fainter magnitudes and therefore larger distances. To search for the signature of triaxiality, we extended our survey to higher Galactic longitudes. We find no evidence for an excess of faint blue stars at l ≥55° including the faintest magnitude interval. The asymmetry and star count excess in Quadrant 1 is thus not due to a triaxial thick disk.
Some properties of large-N two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory

Abstract large- N two-dimensional QCD on a cylinder and on a vertex manifold (a sphere with three holes) is investigated. The relation between the saddle-point description and the collective field theory of QCD 2 is established. Using this relation, it is shown that the Douglas-Kazakov phase transition on a cylinder is associated with the presence of a gap in the eigenvalue distributions for Wilson loops. An exact formula for the phase transition on a disc with an arbitrary boundary holonomy is found. The role of instantons in inducing such transitions is discussed. The zero-area limit of the partition function on a vertex manifold is studied. It is found that this partition function vanishes unless the boundary conditions satisfy a certain selection rule which is an analogue of momentum conservation in field theory.
Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder: Accounting for differences in household income distributions

This paper develops a method to decompose differences across distributions of household income, based on counterfactual distributions that 'lie between' the actually observed distributions. Our approach decomposes differences between any two income distributions (or functionals such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares due to price effects; occupational structure effects; and endowment effects. Comparing the household income distributions of the USA and Brazil in 1999, we find that most of Brazil's excess inequality (of 13 Gini points) is accounted for by underlying inequalities in the distributions of education and of non-labor income, notably pensions (between four and six Gini points each). Steeper returns to education in Brazil also make an important contribution (of two to five points). Differences in occupational structure and in racial and demographic composition are much less important.
Shape sensitivities and approximations of modal response of laminated skew plates

Concluding Remarks The results obtained with the calibration tests of the pitch/ yaw and roll mechanism (related to the SDM) were in good accordance with the data published by NAE (IAR), DFVLR (DLR), and FFA, taking into account the different characteristics of the wind tunnels and of the model suspensions. As a consequence, the research program has been extended to different model configurations, developed with the aim of investigating their aerodynamic behavior in a wide maneuvering field.
Graphic Engine Resource Management

Modern consumer-grade 3D graphic cards boast a computation/memory resource that can easily rival or even exceed that of standard desktop PCs. Although these cards are mainly designed for 3D gaming applications, their enormous computational power has attracted developers to port an increasing number of scientific computation programs to these cards, including matrix computation, collision detection, cryptography, database sorting, etc. As more and more applications run on 3D graphic cards, there is a need to allocate the computation/memory resource on these cards among the sharing applications more fairly and efficiently. In this paper, we describe the design, implementation and evaluation of a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) scheduler based on Deficit Round Robin scheduling that successfully allocates to every process an equal share of the GPU time regardless of their demand. This scheduler, called GERM, estimates the execution time of each GPU command group based on dynamically collected statistics, and controls each process's GPU command production rate through its CPU scheduling priority. Measurements on the first GERM prototype show that this approach can keep the maximal GPU time consumption difference among concurrent GPU processes consistently below 5% for a variety of application mixes.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy is Associated With Increased Sexual Dysfunction in Male Patients Undergoing Resection for Rectal Cancer: A Predictive Model

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy (RT) on sexual function in patients undergoing oncologic resection for rectal cancer, and to develop a mathematical model for quantifying the risk of sexual dysfunction through time for this group of patients. Methods: Data were prospectively collected on patients undergoing proctosigmoidectomy (group 1: n 101) or adjuvant radiotherapy (40–50 Gy) and resection (group 2: n 100) for rectal cancer at a tertiary referral center between December 1998 and July 2004. Study end points were recorded at 7 time intervals (preoperatively, 4 months, 8 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years after surgery) and included: 1) ability to have an erection, 2) maintain an erection, 3) attain orgasm, 4) dry orgasm, and 5) whether they were sexually active. Multilevel logistic regression analysis for repeated measures was used to identify factors associated with the sexual dysfunction. A predictive model was developed and internally validated by comparing observed and model-predicted outcomes. Results: Radiotherapy had an adverse effect on the ability to get an erection, maintain an erection, attain orgasm, and being sexually active in comparison with patients undergoing surgery alone (7.4%, 12.6%, 16.2%, and 13.7% reduction 8 months after surgery respectively; P 0.05). The effect of sexual dysfunction deteriorated with age (odds ratio for erectile function, 0.40 per 10-year increase in age; 95% confidence interval, 0.29–0.49; P 0.001). A significant variability in sexual function was present among the 7 time points with a maximal deterioration occurring at 8 months after surgery with subsequent slow but not complete recovery (P 0.001). The predictive model showed adequate discrimination on 4 of the 5 domains of sexual dysfunction (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.70). Conclusions: Radiotherapy has an adverse effect on sexual function, the effect being maximal at 8 months after surgery. The risk of sexual dysfunction can be quantified preoperatively using the proposed index and can assist patients in making better informed choices on the type of treatment they receive.
Stability Properties of Strongly Magnetized Spine-Sheath Relativistic Jets

We derive linearized relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) equations describing a uniform axially magnetized cylindrical relativistic jet spine embedded in a uniform axially magnetized relativistically moving sheath. The displacement current is retained in the equations, so that effects associated with Alfven wave propagation near light speed can be studied. A dispersion relation for the normal modes is obtained. Analytical solutions for the normal modes in the low- and high-frequency limits are found, and a general stability condition is determined. A trans-Alfvenic and even a super-Alfvenic relativistic jet spine can be stable to velocity shear-driven Kelvin-Helmholtz modes. The resonance condition for maximum growth of the normal modes is obtained in the kinetically and magnetically dominated regimes. Numerical solution of the dispersion relation verifies the analytical solutions and is used to study the regime of high sound and Alfven speeds.
Interleukin-13 in asthma pathogenesis

Bronchial asthma is a complex disorder that is thought to arise as a result of aberrant T-lymphocyte responses to noninfectious environmental antigens. In particular, the symptoms of asthma are closely associated with the presence of activated T-helper 2 cell (Th2) cytokine-producing cells [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13] in the airway wall. Although each of the Th2 cytokines likely contributes to the overall immune response directed against environmental antigens, a substantial body of evidence points to a singular role for IL-13 in the regulation of the allergic diathesis. Initial studies in animal models of disease provided compelling evidence that IL-13, independently of other Th2 cytokines, was both necessary and sufficient to induce all features of allergic asthma. The importance of IL-13 in allergic disorders in humans is supported by consistent associations between tissue IL-13 levels and genetic variants in the IL-13 gene with asthma and related traits. With the preponderance of evidence continuing to support a pivotal role for IL-13 in allergic disorders, attention is now turned toward understanding the mechanisms by which this cytokine may mediate the pathophysiological features of allergic disease. The emerging paradigm is that IL-13 induces features of the allergic response via a complex array of actions on resident airway cells rather than through traditional effector pathways involving eosinophils and immunoglobulin E-mediated events. In light of these recent developments, this review explores our current understanding of the singular role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of asthma, with a particular focus on new insights into the mechanisms by which IL-13 mediates various features of asthma.
Cross-cultural user-experience design

User experiences for desktop, Web, mobile, game, and vehicle products/services must be usable, useful, and appealing across culturally diverse people, preferences, and expectations globally, even within a single country/language. Participants will learn practical principles and techniques immediately useful for analysis and design, and will discuss each topic as time permits.Participants in this tutorial will learn: new terms and concepts to understand culture and dimensions of culture (e.g., power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and time orientation); how these example dimensions relate to the design of user-interface components (metaphors, mental models, navigation, interaction, and appearance); how additional culture dimensions, models, and dimensions (e.g., persuasion, trust, intelligence, cognition) interact with basic culture-theory dimensions; practical trade-offs from studying several multi-national companies' Web efforts, best-of-breed set of culture dimensions derived from expert opinions, how mobile devices from Asia and the USA exhibit culture differences, how culture differences and similarities affect Web 2.0 and social networking Websites.
On the thermo‐kinetic consequences of slab melting

[1] REE abundances in melts produced by partial melting of a hornblende-bearing eclogite were examined using a dynamic disequilibrium-melting model and following the P-T path of a young subducting slab. Model calculations show that melts produced by small degrees of slab melting at 700∼900°C are more likely affected by sluggish kinetics, and have lower La/Yb ratios, higher Li2O and Na2O abundances than melts produced by large degrees of melting at higher temperatures. The extent of disequilibrium depends on deformation and melting histories of the slab, and effective grain sizes and transport properties of the minerals. The LREE abundances in the large-degree melts are broadly similar to those in adakites. If kinetics is important in slab melting, the degrees of melting required to generate adakites may be higher than values predicted by equilibrium partial melting models and REE abundances in the melts.
From Connectivity Models to Region Labels: Identifying Foci of a Neurological Disorder

We propose a novel approach to identify the foci of a neurological disorder based on anatomical and functional connectivity information. Specifically, we formulate a generative model that characterizes the network of abnormal functional connectivity emanating from the affected foci. This allows us to aggregate pairwise connectivity changes into a region-based representation of the disease. We employ the variational expectation-maximization algorithm to fit the model and subsequently identify both the afflicted regions and the differences in connectivity induced by the disorder. We demonstrate our method on a population study of schizophrenia.
Financial literacy: Do people know the ABCs of finance?:

Increasingly, individuals are in charge of their own financial security and are confronted with ever more complex financial instruments. However, there is evidence that many individuals are not well-equipped to make sound saving decisions. This article looks at financial literacy, which is defined as the ability to process economic information and make informed decisions about financial planning, wealth accumulation, debt, and pensions. Failure to plan for retirement, lack of participation in the stock market, and poor borrowing behavior can all be linked to ignorance of basic financial concepts. Financial literacy impacts financial decision making, with implications that apply to individuals, communities, countries, and society as a whole. Given the lack of financial literacy among the population, it may be important to remedy it by adding financial literacy to the school curriculum.
Topic Management in the Discourse of Normal and Language-Impaired Children

Discourse topic represents an essential level of organization in discourse. The role that topic plays in the establishment of discourse coherence is discussed and a model for the assessment of topic in presented. In relation to the model, prerequisite skills for effective topic management and normal developmental patterns are discussed The manner in which topic management can be disrupted in the discourse of children with specific language impairment is described and profiles of disrupted topic management are presented. For assessment purposes a range of parameters of topic and subtopic introduction and maintenance are delineated and described.
RIP: the use of inoculation theory and online social networking for enhancing attractiveness of IT occupations

High school students do not have a clear understanding of the role of IT professionals in society. This research in progress investigates how online information sharing can inform young people more effectively about the real implications of working as an IT professional. Ultimately, this research is aimed at understanding whether or not such online information and knowledge sharing can influence attitude change towards IT occupations using inoculation methods to ultimately attract them to the field. In this paper, we discuss existing literature of IT occupations, their culture and functions, the online information and knowledge sharing through social networking, and attitude change using inoculation as a method of persuasion. We describe our current efforts to create online communities of potential newcomers and those who are already part of the occupation, followed by presentation of the type of information that is intended to be shared.
The Scalable Commutativity Rule: Designing Scalable Software for Multicore Processors

What opportunities for multicore scalability are latent in software interfaces, such as system call APIsq Can scalability challenges and opportunities be identified even before any implementation exists, simply by considering interface specificationsq To answer these questions, we introduce the scalable commutativity rule: whenever interface operations commute, they can be implemented in a way that scales. This rule is useful throughout the development process for scalable multicore software, from the interface design through implementation, testing, and evaluation. This article formalizes the scalable commutativity rule. This requires defining a novel form of commutativity, SIM commutativity, that lets the rule apply even to complex and highly stateful software interfaces. We also introduce a suite of software development tools based on the rule. Our Commuter tool accepts high-level interface models, generates tests of interface operations that commute and hence could scale, and uses these tests to systematically evaluate the scalability of implementations. We apply Commuter to a model of 18 POSIX file and virtual memory system operations. Using the resulting 26,238 scalability tests, Commuter highlights Linux kernel problems previously observed to limit application scalability and identifies previously unknown bottlenecks that may be triggered by future workloads or hardware. Finally, we apply the scalable commutativity rule and Commuter to the design and implementation sv6, a new POSIX-like operating system. sv6’s novel file and virtual memory system designs enable it to scale for 99p of the tests generated by Commuter. These results translate to linear scalability on an 80-core x86 machine for applications built on sv6’s commutative operations.
Estimating Exchange Rate Exposures: Issues in Model Structure

We show that both return measurement horizon and model specification have noticeable impacts on estimates of exposure from equity prices for U.S. firms. While increases in the return horizon leads to increases in the precision of the estimates, this effect is less significant than the impact of model structure. We demonstrate that the inclusion and of a market return variable and its particular construction has a dramatic influence on the sign and size of the exposures due to a strong relation between firm size and exposure for U.S. firms. We propose using CRSP cap-based portfolios as the control for market factors and show that this produces exposures with stronger relation to foreign cash flows and correlations with firm size.
The price of synchrony: Resistive losses due to phase synchronization in power networks

We investigate the total resistive losses incurred in returning a power network of identical generators to a synchronous state following a transient stability event or in maintaining this state in the presence of persistent stochastic disturbances. We formulate this cost as the input-output H2 norm of a linear dynamical system with distributed disturbances. We derive an expression for the total resistive losses that scales with the size of the network as well as properties of the generators and power lines, but is independent of the network topology. This topologically invariant scaling of what we term the price of synchrony is in contrast to typical power system stability notions like rate of convergence or the region of attraction for rotor-angle stability. Our result indicates that highly connected power networks, whilst desirable for higher phase synchrony, do not offer an advantage in terms of the total resistive power losses needed to achieve this synchrony. Furthermore, if power flow is the mechanism used to achieve synchrony in highly-distributed-generation networks, the cost increases unboundedly with the number of generators.
Total Synthesis of Anibamine, a Novel Natural Product as a Chemokine Receptor CCR5 Antagonist

The total synthesis of anibamine, the first and only natural product known as a chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonist, is reported herein. Anibamine was synthesized from acetylacetone and cyanoacetamide in 10 steps.
The synthesis and antitumor evaluation of unsymmetrical bis-imides

Unsymmetrical bis-imides 1 were synthesized and evaluated as potential antitumor agents. These novel bis-imides were assessed using three criteria: in vitro cytotoxicity (L1210), in vitro DNA binding, and in vivo studies with human tumor xenografts in mice. These studies identified DMP 315 as a potent, water soluble antitumor agent.
Extending C and FORTRAN for Design Automation

The C H programming language is designed to be a superset of C. C H bridges the gap between C and FORTRAN ; it encompasses all the programming capabilities of FORTRAN 77 and consists of features of many other programming languages and software packages. Unlike other general-purpose programming languages, C H is designed to be especially suitable for applications in mechanical systems engineering. Because of our research interests, many programming features in C H have been implemented for design automation, although they are useful in other applications as well. In this paper we will describe these new programming features for design automation, as they are currently implemented in C H in comparison with C and FORTRAN 77.
The Blackbody Radiation Spectrum Follows from Zero-Point Radiation and the Structure of Relativistic Spacetime in Classical Physics

The analysis of this article is entirely within classical physics. Any attempt to describe nature within classical physics requires the presence of Lorentz-invariant classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation so as to account for the Casimir forces between parallel conducting plates at low temperatures. Furthermore, conformal symmetry carries solutions of Maxwell’s equations into solutions. In an inertial frame, conformal symmetry leaves zero-point radiation invariant and does not connect it to non-zero-temperature; time-dilating conformal transformations carry the Lorentz-invariant zero-point radiation spectrum into zero-point radiation and carry the thermal radiation spectrum at non-zero temperature into thermal radiation at a different non-zero temperature. However, in a non-inertial frame, a time-dilating conformal transformation carries classical zero-point radiation into thermal radiation at a finite non-zero-temperature. By taking the no-acceleration limit, one can obtain the Planck radiation spectrum for blackbody radiation in an inertial frame from the thermal radiation spectrum in an accelerating frame. Here this connection between zero-point radiation and thermal radiation is illustrated for a scalar radiation field in a Rindler frame undergoing relativistic uniform proper acceleration through flat spacetime in two spacetime dimensions. The analysis indicates that the Planck radiation spectrum for thermal radiation follows from zero-point radiation and the structure of relativistic spacetime in classical physics.
Constant-Delay and Constant-Feedback Moving Window Network Coding for Wireless Multicast: Design and Asymptotic Analysis

A major challenge of wireless multicast is being able to support a large number of users while simultaneously maintaining low delay and low feedback overhead. In this paper, we develop a joint coding and feedback scheme named moving window network coding with anonymous feedback (MWNC-AF) that simultaneously achieves constant decoding delay and constant feedback overhead, irrespective of the number of receivers $n$ , without sacrificing either throughput or reliability. We explicitly characterize the asymptotic decay rate of the tail probability of the decoding delay and prove that injecting a fixed amount of information bits into the MWNC-AF encoder buffer in each time slot (called “constant data injection process”) achieves the fastest decay rate, thus showing how to obtain delay optimality in a large deviation sense. We then investigate the average decoding delay of MWNC-AF and show that, when the traffic load approaches capacity, the average decoding delay under the constant injection process is at most one half of that under a Bernoulli injection process. We prove that the per-packet encoding and decoding complexities of MWNC-AF both scale as $O(\log n) $ and are thus insensitive to the increase of the number of receivers $n$ . Our simulations further underscore the performance of our scheme through comparisons with existing schemes and show that the delay, encoding, and decoding complexities are low even for a large number of receivers, demonstrating the efficiency, scalability, and ease of implementability of MWNC-AF.
Steiner equiangular tight frames

Abstract We provide a new method for constructing equiangular tight frames (ETFs). The construction is valid in both the real and complex settings, and shows that many of the few previously-known examples of ETFs are but the first representatives of infinite families of such frames. It provides great freedom in terms of the frame’s size and redundancy. This method also explicitly constructs the frame vectors in their native domain, as opposed to implicitly defining them via their Gram matrix. Moreover, in this domain, the frame vectors are very sparse. The construction is extremely simple: a tensor-like combination of a Steiner system and a regular simplex. This simplicity permits us to resolve an open question regarding ETFs and the restricted isometry property (RIP): we show that the RIP behavior of some ETFs is unfortunately no better than their coherence indicates.
Palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of pyridine N-oxide with 2-bromoacetanilides. Synthesis of benzisoxazolo[2,3-a]pyridinium tetrafluoroborates

The synthesis of a variety of novel benzisoxazolo[2,3-a]pyridinium tetrafluoroborates is described. These compounds are conveniently prepared from pyridine N-oxide via a microwave-promoted palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of pyridine N-oxide with 2-bromoacetanilides to give 2-(2-acetamidoaryl)pyridine N-oxides, followed by hydrolysis, diazotization, and intramolecular displacement of nitrogen which affords the target benzisoxazolo[2,3-a]pyridinium tetrafluoroborates.