cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical food journaling

Logging dietary intake has been shown to be of benefit to individuals and health researchers, but a practical and objective system for food logging remains elusive despite decades of research. My thesis is that emerging wearable devices such as life-logging cameras, the ubiquity of sensors in mobile devices, and new computational techniques such as human computation, provide the foundation for a new class of food journaling systems that are lightweight and practical in everyday settings. In this proposal I describe my research in understanding how to leverage this new landscape of mainstream ubiquitous computing towards automatic and semi-automatic food journaling.
Central inhibition of interleukin-1β ameliorates sickness behavior in aged mice

In elderly individuals high levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in the brain have been implicated in infection-related behavioral pathologies but this has not been directly tested. Therefore, the current study investigated if sickness behavior in aged animals elicited by peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mediated through central IL-1beta. Adult and aged mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with either saline or IL-1ra (4mug) immediately prior to intraperitoneal administration of saline or LPS (10mug) and locomotor and social behaviors were assessed. As anticipated, LPS depressed locomotor activity and social behavior in both adult and aged mice but the behavioral deficits were markedly greater in the aged at 24h. Pretreatment with IL-1ra did not affect LPS-induced sickness behavior in adults; however, in aged mice IL-1ra attenuated LPS-induced sickness behavior, restoring it to the level exhibited by young adults. Twenty-four hours post-injection hippocampal and hypothalamic tissues were collected to determine IL-1beta mRNA expression. Neither LPS nor IL-1ra affected IL-1beta mRNA levels in adults, presumably because any effect of LPS had dissipated by 24h. In contrast, IL-1beta mRNA was markedly higher in aged mice 24h after LPS, and prior treatment with IL-1ra either blocked or attenuated this effect in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, respectively. Taken together these data provide the first direct evidence that central IL-1beta is responsible for the severe sickness behavior observed in aged animals after LPS treatment. Thus, inhibiting the central actions of IL-1beta may be useful for minimizing behavioral complications in older individuals with an infection.
Pathophysiological Aspects of Neurocardiogenic Syncope: Current Concepts and New Perspectives

Neurocardiogenic syncope is both a common and complex clinical disorder. Although recent research has clarified some of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, much still remains either unknown or incompletely understood. Further investigation into this condition will not only enhance our knowledge of this and other related disorders, but will shed greater light on the influences of the brain and autonomic system on heart rate and blood pressure regulation and aid in our understanding of the complex interrelationships of neurocardiology.
Optical properties of some isoprene-styrene networks cross-linked through metal-acetylacetonate chelation

A styrene-isoprene random copolymer containing 80 mol % isoprene, and acetylacetonate groups attached to some of the styrene repeat units was cross-linked by chelation of these groups with a Pd(II) salt. The resulting elastomers were studied in both the unswollen state and swollen with the relatively symmetrical solvent 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Their birefringence-strain isotherms were found to be highly reversible, with deviations from linearity due to limited chain extensibility being even more marked than those exhibited by the stress. The stress-optical coefficient obtained is close to that previously reported for natural rubber, as might be expected.
Voluntary Alfalfa Hay Wafer Intake by Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Varying Concentrate Amounts

Abstract Voluntary hay wafer intake of 20 first-lactation Holstein cows fed 20, 35, 50, 65, or 80% of their estimated net energy requirements as a concentrate mix was measured during a 36-wk feeding trial. Mean hay wafer dry matter intake declined .78kg for each 1.0kg of concentrate dry matter consumed by the cows. However, concentrate intake per se accounted for only 43% of the variability in voluntary hay wafer intake. Multiple regression models which included as variables concentrate treatment, maintenance net energy requirement, milk energy, and week of test accounted for 73% of the variation in voluntary hay wafer intake. Depressed milk fat percentage occurred consistently among higher producing cows receiving 50% or more of their energy requirements as a concentrate mix whereas lower producing cows gave milk with normal fat composition regardless of ration. Milk fat percentage was normal from all cows fed 20 to 35% of their energy requirements as concentrates.
Effects of snake venom phospholipase A2 toxins (β-bungarotoxin, notexin) and enzymes (Naja naja atra, Naja nigricollis) on aminophospholipid asymmetry in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes

The effects of snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins (beta-bungarotoxin, notexin) and PLA2 enzymes (Naja nigricollis, Naja naja atra) on aminophospholipid asymmetry in rat cerebrocortical synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) were examined. Incubation of intact synaptosomes with 2 mM 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) for 40 min, under non-penetrating conditions, followed by SPM isolation, allowed us to calculate the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of the SPM, while incubation with disrupted synaptosomes provided total labeling values with the difference representing labeling of the inner leaflet. We found that 30% of the PE and 2% of the PS were in the outer leaflet, with 54% of the PE and 80% of the PS in the inner leaflet; 16% of the PE and 18% of the PS was inaccessible to TNBS. PLA2 toxins and enzymes increased in a concentration-dependent manner the percentage of PS and, to a lesser extent, the percentage of PE in the outer leaflet of the SPM, due to a redistribution from the inner to the outer leaflet. There was no correlation between the PLA2 enzymatic activities and the increased percentage of PS in the outer leaflet of the SPM induced by the PLA2 toxins and enzymes. Alteration of aminophospholipid asymmetry does not explain the greater presynaptic specificity and potencies of the PLA2 toxins as compared to the PLA2 enzymes, but may be associated with the increased acetylcholine release from synaptosomes induced by both the toxins and enzymes.
Longitudinal patterns of internally generated complaints filed against a large cohort of police officers

This study explores the relationship between police officer experience and problem behaviours using internally generated complaints and longitudinal data gathered from a large cohort of officers. Since extant research on problem behaviours has been cross-sectional and employs citizen complaints, little is known about the patterns of internal problem behaviours over time. As there is no guidance in police research for examining these behaviours across experience, the criminal career paradigm is employed. Results suggest that aggregate patterns over time parallel those of citizen complaints from this same cohort. Implications are discussed.
Detection of staphylococcal antigen in urine from patients with severe Staphylococcus aureus infections

Abstract A method for rapid diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia by antigen detection would be useful. Detection of staphylococcal antigenemia has been hampered by formation of immune complexes with pre-formed antibodies. Subsequently, urine from patients with S. aureus bacteremia and controls have been tested by radioimmunoassay for antigen. Antigen was present in the urine of five of six patients with endocarditis, two of six with complicated bacteremia but none of eight with uncomplicated bacteremia caused by S. aureus . Antigen was also found in urine from 18 of 30 patients with staphylococcal urinary tract infections, in one of 48 with urinary tract infections caused by other bacteria (a patient infected with Escherichiae coli ), but not in 71 uninfected control urines. Detection of antigenuria offers a rapid new method for diagnosing S. aureus endocarditis or complicated bacteremia in the absence of staphylococcal bacteriuria (5 × 10 4 cfu ml −1 ).
The Influence of Fingerling Quality on Adult Salmon Survivals

Abstract The Salmon-Cultural Laboratory of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife in cooperation with the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is conducting investigations to determine the effect of fingerling quality on adult salmon survival. Three approaches are being employed. In the first, differences in a single characteristic are imposed on two lots of marked fish. In the second, the fortuitous differences in characteristics imposed by twelve hatchery regimens over four brood years are measured. In the third, the differences in characteristics between hatcheries and between prerelease samples and those recovered in the estuary are compared. In all three methods, differences in adult survivals determine the significance of differences in fingerling characteristics. Results to date indicate that to increase survival the average fall chinook fingerling at time of release should have higher stamina, larger size, increased protein and energy reserves, and a lower disease incidence.
Permanent Evolution: E-Literature and (R)evolutions of Authorship and Readership

Advances in computer coding and Internet technology are drastically redefining publishing and literature itself. This article examines how e-literature, literary texts dependent on code, differs from and works to supplement traditionally printed literature. In particular, e-literature alters traditional concepts of authorship and readership. A coded interface requires the input of a reader to generate a text; the resulting text is therefore a collaboration between the reader and the author, resulting in a change each time the text is read. . The article examines how hypertext pioneers have explored the possibilities offered by computer coding and the Internet, expanding the limits of literary creation and altering the very definition of literature itself.
Differential regulation by estrogens of growth and prolactin synthesis in pituitary cells suggests that only a small pool of estrogen receptors is required for growth

PR1 cells are a prolactin (PRL)-secreting cell line derived from a pituitary lactotroph tumor found in 17β-estradiol-treated Fischer 344 rats. We examined the effect of estrogen on cell proliferation and PRL synthesis under various culture conditions. Estrogen, at extremely low concentrations, induces cell proliferation in this cell line, whereas antiestrogen inhibits proliferation. Interestingly, the proliferation response is much more sensitive than the PRL response because 0.01 pM estradiol or diethylstilbestrol induces half-maximal growth induction [≈0.1% estrogen receptor (ER) occupancy is required], whereas 0.01 nM concentration is required for half-maximal PRL induction (≈50% ER occupancy is required). The proliferation response is not as sensitive to antiestrogen as the PRL response, because 10 nM concentration of the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 could not inhibit 1 nM estradiol- or diethylstilbestrol-induced proliferation. The same concentration of ICI 182,780 decreased PRL secretion to 1% of estradiol- or diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactin secretion suggesting a possible dichotomy of ER control of proliferation and PRL synthesis. The Kd of ER binding in these cells is about 3 × 10−11 M. These results with the PR1 cells extend previous studies in other estrogen- regulated systems and suggest that only a small pool of ER is required for cell proliferation in contrast with the regulation of expression of specific genes. They also raise questions as to how a dimeric receptor functions when only one ligand site is occupied or when both an estrogen and an antiestrogen occupy one dimer.
Vocal problems among aerobic instructors and aerobic participants

A questionnaire to determine the characteristics of vocal problems was distributed to 75 female aerobic instructors and 75 female aerobic participants ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. Of the questionnaires returned, 50 from each group, with completed replies to all questions, were selected for inclusion in the study. The questionnaires, constructed by the investigator, included pertinent questions relative to length of teaching/participating experience, average number of classes taught/participated in weekly, number of classes taught/participated sequentially, type of aerobics, medical history and history of vocal problems and/or conditions, water intake daily and during instructing/participating, sleep habits, and smoking habits. The results indicated that aerobic instructors generally experienced more hoarseness and episodes of voice loss during and after instructing and a significantly higher prevalence of nodules. The group differences in reported unrelated episodes of hoarseness, however, were quite similar. The results suggest that aerobic instructors experience a higher prevalence of vocal problems when compared to individuals participating in aerobics.
Blood vessel segmentation in magnetic resonance angiography imagery

Small blood vessels may be difficult to detect in magnetic resonance angiography due to the lack of blood flow caused by disease or injury. Our method, which uses a block-matching denoising approach to segment blood vessels, works well in the presence of noise. We examined extended regions of an image to determine whether they contained blood vessels by fitting a Gaussian mixture model to a region's histogram. Then, dissimilar regions were denoised separately. This approach was beneficial in low-contrast settings. It can be used to detect higher-order blood vessels that may be difficult to detect under normal conditions.
Photorefractive phased array antenna beam-forming processor

A high bandwidth, large degree-of-freedom photorefractive phased-array antenna beam-forming processor which uses 3D dynamic volume holograms in photorefractive crystals to time integrate the adaptive weights to perform beam steering and jammer-cancellation signal-processing tasks is described. The processor calculates the angle-of-arrival of a desired signal of interest and steers the antenna pattern in the direction of this desired signal by forming a dynamic holographic grating proportional to the correlation between the incoming signal of interest from the antenna array and the temporal waveform of the desired signal. Experimental results of main-beam formation and measured array-functions are presented in holographic index grating and the resulting processor output.
Neutron diffraction study of NiTi during compressive deformation and after shape-memory recovery

Neutron diffraction measurements of internal elastic strains and texture were performed during compressive deformation of martensitic NiTi deforming by twinning. Rietveld refinement of the diffraction spectrum was performed in order to obtain lattice parameter variations and preferred orientation of martensitic variants. The elastic internal strains, are proportional to the externally applied stress but strongly dependent on crystallographic orientation. Plastic deformation by matrix twinning is consistent with type I (1-1-1) twinning, whereby (100) and (011) planes tend to align perpendicular and parallel to the stress axis, respectively. The preferred orientation ratio r according to the model by March and Dollase is proportional to the macroscopic plastic strain for (100) and (011) planes for loading, unloading and shape-memory recovery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in situ bulk measurement of reversible twinning in NiTi. Finally, shape-memory recovery results in a marked change of NiTi cell parameters.
Functional domains of bacteriophage P22 scaffolding protein.

Abstract Assembly of the bacteriophage P22 requires a 303 amino acid residue scaffolding protein. Two scaffolding protein deletion mutants, consisting of residues 141 to 303 and 141 to 292, have been described. We report here that the 141–303 fragment, but not the 141–292 fragment, promoted procapsid assembly in vitro, bound to preformed shells of coat protein, and bound to a coat protein affinity column. These findings suggest that the carboxyl-terminal half of the scaffolding protein is sufficient for promoting assembly, and that the 11 amino acid residues at the extreme carboxyl terminus are required for binding to the coat protein. Analysis of the products of in vitro assembly reactions suggests that the maximum amount of scaffolding protein that can pack into a procapsid is dictated by the internal volume of the procapsid rather than by a finite number of binding sites. However, when the amount of scaffolding protein was reduced to limiting values, both the wild-type protein and the 141–303 fragment assembled procapsids with the same number, rather than the same mass, of scaffolding protein molecules. When the 141–292 fragment was added to a mixture of coat and scaffolding proteins, the initial phase of procapsid assembly was inhibited, but the final yield and composition of the procapsids were not affected. Assembly by a covalent dimeric mutant scaffolding protein (R74C/L177I) was not inhibited by the 141–292 fragment, which suggests that the inhibition is due to the formation of inactive heterodimers between the 141–292 fragment and the monomeric scaffolding protein. The 141–303 fragment, which has less tendency to self-associate than the wild-type protein, formed aberrant species as well as normal procapsid-like particles when the rate of assembly was high, suggesting that scaffolding protein dimerization may play a role in ensuring fidelity of assembly. Alternatively, residues 1 to 140 may play a direct structural role in preventing inappropriate scaffolding/coat protein interactions.
The heat capacity of stoichiometric titanium disulfide from 100 to 700 K: absence of the previously reported anomaly at 420 K

Abstract The heat capacity of titanium disulfide has been measured from 105 to 700 K by the technique of accurate differential scanning calorimetry. The accuracy of the present measurements is believed generally better than 2 per cent. The sample used had been prepared by a method known to give stoichiometric TiS2. Heat-capacity measurements on this sample showed no evidence of the gradual transition in the vicinity of 420 K which had been previously reported. Smoothed values of the thermodynamic properties of TiS2 based on the present results are given from 298.15 to 700 K.
TH‐F‐105‐04: Development of a Novel High‐Throughput Variable Dose Rate Irradiator for in Vitro Radiobiology Research

Purpose : Modern biology research often depends upon high‐throughput assays that are incompatible with traditional irradiation techniques due to dose inhomogeneity and dose rate limitations of the most common irradiator systems. To overcome these limitations, we sought to develop a high‐throughput, variable dose rate irradiator for in vitro radiobiology research. Methods: The Xoft Axxent eBx™ was chosen as the x‐ray source for its ability to vary current up to 300 μA, allowing delivery of a variety of doses over a range of dose rates to be applied to a 96‐well cell culture plate. This system delivers a 50kVp spectrum using standard surface applicators. Field flatness was achieved using a 10‐mm diameter surface applicator equipped with a flattening filter that is used for treating skin cancers. Additional collimation was designed to prevent dose contamination into adjacent wells. Dose uniformity was verified using EBT3 Gafchromic film and analyzed using ImageJ, while dose verification was achieved using TLD‐100 measurements and MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulations. Results : Translation of the well plate across the fixed radiation field is achieved using a precision motor‐driven computer controlled positioning system. An Exradin A20 ion chamber has been incorporated into this system to provide periodic air‐kerma rate verification during the irradiation cycle using newly proposed dosimetry formalism for this source. Ion chamber measurements of air‐kerma rate at the skin applicator exit window indicate achievable dose rates of 6–36 mGy/s while the dose uniformity profile of the 10mm Xoft skin applicator was maintained within 3.2% inside the cell culture well. Conclusions: This work indicates significant potential for the development of a high‐throughput, variable dose rate irradiator for in vitro radiobiology research using the Xoft Axxent eBx™ skin applicator system. This irradiator provides a powerful tool by increasing the efficiency and number of assay techniques available for the radiobiology researcher.
An explanation for the Molikpaq May 12, 1986 event

Abstract The ice crushing induced vibration and so-called lock-in behavior exhibited by the Molikpaq structure during a test case event that occurred on May 12, 1986 has been explained in terms of ice spalling, and associated sawtooth load and displacement patterns, and resonance of the coupled structure–ice system where the mass and spring constant associated with the ice sheet are variable ‘effective’ quantities that depend on the ice sheet speed. Spalling at the ice edge contact zone plays a key role since the spalling frequency is directly proportional to the speed of the ice sheet towards the structure. Two modes of spalling are described for this particular event. One mode, called system resonant capped (SRC) spalling, causes loading and displacement that is similar to classic high-amplitude sawtooth loading and displacement and occurs at spalling frequencies in the vicinity of, or less than, the resonant frequency of the structure–ice system. In the present case the SRC spalling appears to be at the system resonant frequency. The other spalling mode is low-displacement–amplitude erratic spalling that is characterized by temporal unevenness and unevenness in the magnitude of consecutive displacement sawteeth. This type of spalling occurs at an average spalling frequency of about 4 Hz, which is substantially higher than the SRC spalling frequency range. For the analysis rough estimates for the variation of the effective mass and effective spring constant of the ice sheet throughout a range of spalling frequency were determined numerically. This treatment predicts that, for ice with similar properties as the May 12 event at least, sawtooth loading of the structure that causes structural oscillations is inevitable when an expansive ice sheet crushes against it. Potential means of significantly reducing the amplitude of the load and displacement oscillations by influencing fundamental spalling characteristics using blade-like spall initiators installed on the structure faces at the ice level are discussed.
Geophysical consequences of planetary-scale impacts into a Mars-like planet

All planetary bodies with old surfaces exhibit planetary-scale impact craters: vast scars caused by the large impacts at the end of Solar System accretion or the late heavy bombardment. Here we investigate the geophysical consequences of planetary-scale impacts into a Mars-like planet, by simulating the events using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model. Our simulations probe impact energies over two orders of magnitude (2 × 10^(27)–6 × 10^(29) J), impact velocities from the planet’s escape velocity to twice Mars’ orbital velocity (6–50 km/s), and impact angles from head-on to highly oblique (0–75°). The simulation results confirm that for planetary-scale impacts, surface curvature, radial gravity, the large relative size of the impactor to the planet, and the greater penetration of the impactor, contribute to significant differences in the geophysical expression compared to small craters, which can effectively be treated as acting in a half-space. The results show that the excavated crustal cavity size and the total melt production scale similarly for both small and planetary-scale impacts as a function of impact energy. However, in planetary-scale impacts a significant fraction of the melt is sequestered at depth and thus does not contribute to resetting the planetary surface; complete surface resetting is likely only in the most energetic (6 × 10^(29) J), slow, and head-on impacts simulated. A crater rim is not present for planetary-scale impacts with energies >10^(29) J and angles ≤45°, but rather the ejecta is more uniformly distributed over the planetary surface. Antipodal crustal removal and melting is present for energetic (>10^(29) J), fast (>6 km/s), and low angle (≤45°) impacts. The most massive impactors (with both high impact energy and low velocity) contribute sufficient angular momentum to increase the rotation period of the Mars-sized target to about a day. Impact velocities of >20 km/s result in net mass erosion from the target, for all simulated energies and angles. The hypothesized impact origin of planetary structures may be tested by the presence and distribution of the geochemically-distinct impactor material.
Index Contrast Measurement Using Scanning Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry

We demonstrate direct measurements of local refractive index contrast using a scanning optical frequency domain reflectometer. Measurement results for step index fiber, gradient index fiber, and a volume holographic grating are presented.
Essentials of applied mathematics for scientists and engineers

Abstract This is a book about linear partial differential equations that are common in engineering and the physical sciences. It will be useful to graduate students and advanced undergraduates in all engineering fields as well as students of physics, chemistry, geophysics and other physical sciences and professional engineers who wish to learn about how advanced mathematics can be used in their professions. The reader will learn about applications to heat transfer, fluid flow, and mechanical vibrations. The book is written in such a way that solution methods and application to physical problems are emphasized. There are many examples presented in detail and fully explained in their relation to the real world. References to suggested further reading are included. The topics that are covered include classical separation of variables and orthogonal functions, Laplace transforms, complex variables, and Sturm-Liouville transforms.
Adhesion-free growth of AlSb bulk crystals in silica crucibles

Abstract Bulk crystal growth of aluminum antimonide (AlSb) (50 mm diameter) in silica crucibles without any sticking problem has been demonstrated for the first time. The adhesion of AlSb melt to silica crucible could be eliminated by employing a LiCl–KCl encapsulation in conjunction with excess antimony in the melt. This paper also presents a new surface preparation recipe based on KOH treatment that has been found to result in superior AlSb surfaces necessary for making reliable ohmic contacts for electrical property measurements.
Pancreatic D-cell disorder in Coxsackievirus B4-induced diabetic mice

Pancreatic D-cell disorder was analyzed in Coxsackievirus B4-induced diabetic mice employing molecular hybridization with a radiolabelled probe to quantitate somatostatin mRNA, and specific immunoprecipitation to measure somatostatin synthesis and its release. Many infected mice showed blood glucose lower than noninfected control animals at 72 h postinfection and 85% became hyperglycemic at 6-8 weeks postinfection. Pancreatic somatostatin decreased by 24% and 43% at 72 h and 6 weeks postinfection, respectively, while somatostatin release in islets from the infected mice increased by 2-fold or more. Residual islet somatostatin content after release was initially higher than control at 72 h and then declined at 6 weeks. Islet cellular RNA content decreased by 35% at 6 weeks, somatostatin mRNA content decreased by approximately 45% at 72 h and 6 weeks postinfection. D-cell disorder - somatostatin mRNA supply, synthesis, and release - is clearly evident in this model, which could be of significance in type I diabetes.
Supporting ubiquitous computing through directory enabled technologies

Drew has been providing computers to students since 1984. Many universities have ubiquitous computing programs where students receive a laptop computer as part of their educational package. These programs reduce the dependence on and management issues of traditional computer labs, and allow 24x7 computing access to every student at the University. Drew also provides Novell Directory Services (NDS) accounts to all of these students, and utilizes Novell ZENworks to customize software, personalize information, maintain machines, and reduce the number of visits to the help desk. This session will describe how we use the directory and other Novell software to provide a seamless computing experience for students, and how we achieve an easily maintainable, yet loosely managed environment. A combination of the retail ZENworks product and open source Web and LDAP tools enables us to leverage the ubiquitous computing environment and maximize economies of scale, permitting a far more in depth support program than would otherwise be possible in a student-supplied computing environment. There will be a discussion about leveraging a well-populated directory to provide personalization of the network experience for the end user as well. While the session will be most relevant to schools with ubiquitous computing programs, many of the concepts and ideas could be applied to a computing lab environment or to student-supplied computing models.Drew has been providing computers to students since 1984. Many universities have ubiquitous computing programs where students receive a laptop computer as part of their educational package. These programs reduce the dependence on and management issues of traditional computer labs, and allow 24x7 computing access to every student at the University. Drew also provides Novell Directory Services (NDS) accounts to all of these students, and utilizes Novell ZENworks to customize software, personalize information, maintain machines, and reduce the number of visits to the help desk. This session will describe how we use the directory and other Novell software to provide a seamless computing experience for students, and how we achieve an easily maintainable, yet loosely managed environment. A combination of the retail ZENworks product and open source Web and LDAP tools enables us to leverage the ubiquitous computing environment and maximize economies of scale, permitting a far more in depth support program than would otherwise be possible in a student-supplied computing environment. There will be a discussion about leveraging a well-populated directory to provide personalization of the network experience for the end user as well. While the session will be most relevant to schools with ubiquitous computing programs, many of the concepts and ideas could be applied to a computing lab environment or to student-supplied computing models.
cis-regulatory change associated with snake body plan evolution

A goal of evolutionary developmental biology is to understand the genetic changes, and subsequent changes in developmental programs, which underlie body plan evolution. In PNAS, Guerreiro et al. (1) characterize genetic variation that likely contributes to the homogenization of the vertebral column in snakes. The authors identify a polymorphism in the regulatory region of the Myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene, which in turn indirectly regulates rib growth. Guerreiro et al. elegantly show that the snake-specific variation in the Myf5 enhancer blocks interaction with a rib-repressing Hox protein, but preserves interaction with a second, rib-promoting Hox protein. This variation is expected to permit “lumbar”-level ribs, which are blocked in most tetrapods, to develop in snakes.
Moving beyond resistance management toward an expanded role for seed mixtures in agriculture

Insect resistance management for Bt traits in corn has recently moved toward refuge-in-the-bag, which consists of simple cultivar mixtures of susceptible and resistant hybrids. The purpose of these seed mixtures has thus far been solely to maintain susceptible pest insects, which will help prevent the development of resistance and preserve utility of the technology. It appears that this narrow focus on resistance management overlooks broader production benefits that may be achieved by planting genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures. While not yet widely employed in modern agriculture, cultivar mixtures have been successfully used for disease management, demonstrating that the strategy is logistically feasible for intensified agriculture. Evidence from both natural and agricultural systems demonstrates that more genotypically diverse plantings can increase yield or productivity through a variety of mechanisms. These effects are in part attributable to improved response to both abiotic and biotic stressors, such as drought, temperature stress, competitors, herbivores, and disease. Similar to transgenic traits, cultivar mixtures also hold promise for resistance management for traditionally bred, or native, traits.
Book Review: Writing on the Wall: Social Media—The First 2,000 Years, by Tom Standage

Writing on the Wall: Social Media-The First 2,000 Years. Tom Standage. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013. 265 pp. $26 hbk.In today's rapidly changing media world, it is easy to be enamored by new technolo- gies and marvel at new platforms for sharing information. Digital natives, in particu- lar, cannot imagine life without Internet access or Facebook at their fingertips. Others decry the Internet's pervasiveness, fearing the decline of civilized society due to over- dependence on the web and social media.Tom Standage's Writing on the Wall puts social media in context. Although the media's reach is unprecedented, Standage describes its foundation as anything but new. The idea of sharing social information dates as least to Cicero, when the Roman elite used papyrus rolls and messengers as their Facebook walls or Twitter feeds, he reports.Debates over social media's impact on society, demands for its regulation, and even its ability to effect change are also rooted in tradition. Just as Plato worried that the written word would harm intellectual life, today some argue that the ability to "just Google it" is a dangerous crutch. Soon, critics contend, there will be no need to learn or remember much of anything.Such context makes Standage's book a fascinating read.Standage, the digital editor at The Economist, sets the stage with data on the rapid growth of social networks on the web. About 1.4 billion people were sharing informa- tion on social networks when the book was published, and the numbers continue to grow. The fascination with sharing is simply a part of human nature, Standage sug- gests. Today's Facebook users, for example, share news they think their friends will like. They comment on news from their friends. Both activities are much like those of Cicero and his pals who had scribes copy letters to send to friends outside Rome.The role of social media in the Arab Spring uprisings is well documented. But social media's role in revolutions is not all that new, as Standage's chapter on Martin Luther points out. The priest's in-your-face pamphlets were reprinted and shared among like-minded reformers, going viral in today's parlance. Although Luther may not have intended schism, the widespread sharing of his works was key to his fame and influence. "New forms of media do not trigger revolutions by themselves, but they make it easier for would-be revolutionaries to coordinate their action, synchronize opinion, and rally others to their cause," Standage writes. …
PARTIAL TRISOMY 15 AND INTRACTABLE SEIZURES

. The clinical and cytogenetic findings of a case with partial trisomy of chromosome 15 are presented. Dysmorphic features of this newly recognized syndrome are too nonspecific and mild to permit the physician to make clinical diagnosis or to consider obtaining cytogenetic studies in eary life. However, the present case indicates that seizures represent an important part of the clinical presentation of this rare chromosomal syndrome, in addition to severe mental retardation.
Early handling increases lamb affinity for humans

Domestic animals that are socialized to humans are often more easily managed and less timid than those that are not. We examined whether increased handling and artificial feeding of domestic sheep,Ovis aries, at an early age would decrease their subsequent timidity towards people. Forty-eight lamb twin sets were divided into four treatment groups for 2 days of treatment at ages 1–3, 3–5, 5–7 or 7–9 days. Treatment lambs were fed milk replacer and were handled four times/day for 5-min periods. Their twins, used as controls, were left with their dams. Two 5-min tests of lamb temperament were conducted at ages 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 25 days. Testing consisted of a stationary human encounter, in which lambs' responses to a sitting person were recorded continuously, and a moving human encounter, in which lambs' responses to a person walking at 0.5 m/2 s were recorded by instantaneous scans. Measures included latency to proximity (<2 m) and arm's reach (<1 m) of the person, time spent in proximity and within arm's reach, average distance (m), mean number of human contacts, number of lambs contacting a person and following/approach/avoidance. Treatment lambs showed significantly greater affinity for humans than their twin controls. The 1–3-day treatment group showed the greatest response to treatment, consistently outperforming controls in all of the above measures. These results suggest that 40 min of positive human contact at age 1–3 days reduces lamb timidity to people. Socialization of lambs to humans need not disrupt the primary lamb–dam bond, and it may have positive management as well as welfare implications.\C 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
The regional distribution of dopamine and norepinephrine in Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica.

Abstract 1. 1. All regions of F. hepatica and S. mansoni contained dopamine. 2. 2. The head was the only region in F. hepatica which contained norepinephrine, while this amine was detected in all regions of S. mansoni . 3. 3. Our observations support previous histochemical observations and suggest that these catecholamines may function as neurotransmitters within these trematodes.
Angiosarcoma arising from the frontal sinus

Primary sinonasal angiosarcomas are very rare tumors. They typically occur in the nasal cavity of middle-aged patients. They are classically highly aggressive. Primary treatment is surgical excision when feasible. We describe a unique case of angiosarcoma in a young woman arising from the frontal sinus with distant metastasis. This case represents the first report of angiosarcoma arising from the frontal sinus in the English literature. The traditional treatment options for the advanced nature of her disease and overall poor prognosis are discussed. We further review the literature and discuss alternative treatments options. Newer chemotherapeutic regiments on the horizon show promise in helping to control this disease.
Distributed Partial Inference under Churn

Abstract-Effective network measurement can signi&#64257;cantly improve application performance. One of the main challenges in obtaining network measurements is to achieve high accuracy while consuming few network resources. To address this problem, several inference mechanisms have been proposed. These mechanisms can provide the O(n2 ) end-to-end measurements among n nodes using O(n) measurements, with some loss in accuracy. We construct a measurement request graph where a measurement request issued by an application (e.g., for delay between two nodes) is represented by an edge between the nodes. When the measurement request graph is sparse, an inference mechanism operating over all the nodes (complete inference) incurs unnecessary cost. Given a measurement request graph, our goal is to optimize the number of measurements as well as improve overall accuracy by applying inference only to dense sub-graphs, while taking the other measurements directly. We call this technique partial inference. Previous work only considered static measurement request graphs. However, the measurement request graph can be dynamic when nodes frequently join and leave the network. This paper designs and evaluates a distributed algorithm where each node decides if it should participate in an inference mechanism based on limited information.
Epstein–Barr virus-induced gene 3 negatively regulates neuroinflammation and T cell activation following coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis

Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) associates with p28 and p35 to form the immunomodulatory cytokines IL-27 and IL-35, respectively. Infection of EBI3-/- mice with the neuroadapted JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) resulted in increased mortality that was not associated with impaired ability to control viral replication but enhanced T cell and macrophage infiltration into the CNS. IFN-γ secretion from virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from infected EBI3-/- mice was augmented while IL-10 expression muted in comparison to infected WT mice. These data demonstrate a regulatory role for EBI3-associated cytokines in controlling host responses following CNS viral infection.
Endurance training has little effect on active muscle free fatty acid, lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride net balances

We evaluated the hypothesis that net leg total FFA, LDL-C, and TG uptake and HDL-C release during moderate-intensity cycling exercise would be increased following endurance training. Eight sedentar...
The ’Dead Zones’ in Minorities Marketing

The intent of this paper is to present a review and classification of minorities marketing lit-terature derived from selected journals and proceedings during the time period of 1976–1989. Marketing categories are identified to enhance the classification process thereby setting the stage for a discussion on the “dead zones” or potential areas of future investigation and theory development.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Regulation to Clinical Use

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate the cellular levels of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, by controlling their rates of degradation. There are 11 different PDE families, with each family typically having several different isoforms and splice variants. These unique PDEs differ in their three-dimensional structure, kinetic properties, modes of regulation, intracellular localization, cellular expression, and inhibitor sensitivities. Current data suggest that individual isozymes modulate distinct regulatory pathways in the cell. These properties therefore offer the opportunity for selectively targeting specific PDEs for treatment of specific disease states. The feasibility of these enzymes as drug targets is exemplified by the commercial and clinical successes of the erectile dysfunction drugs, sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra). PDE inhibitors are also currently available or in development for treatment of a variety of other pathological conditions. In this review the basic biochemical properties, cellular regulation, expression patterns, and physiological functions of the different PDE isoforms will be discussed. How these properties relate to the current and future development of PDE inhibitors as pharmacological agents is especially considered. PDEs hold great promise as drug targets and recent research advances make this an exciting time for the field of PDE research.
Landslides triggered by the 1999 Mw7.6 Chi Chi earthquake in Taiwan and their relationship to topography

The September 20, 1999 Mw7.6 Chi Chi earthquake and its aftershocks generated numerous landslides affecting at wide area of the foothills region of central Taiwan. This major seismic event provides a good opportunity for testing the idea that landslides triggered by major earthquakes and severe storms affect distinctly different parts of topography. In essence, seismically-triggered slope failures are concentrated at and near ridge crests, whereas heavy rains cause slope failure to concentrate in saturated, colluvial hollows further down slope. This insight into landslide mechanisms provides a framework for the development of regionally-based landslide hazard assessment tools. Two post-earthquake scenes of IRS 5m panchromatic data over central Taiwan constitute the primary optical remote sensing data used in the study. The two IRS scenes were co-registered to a 40 m DEM gridded in a UTM projection. When viewed in 3D perspective, it is clear from the merged IRS imagery and the DEM that landsliding does indeed appear to emanate from hilltops and ridge crests in agreement with our hypothesis for earthquake-triggered landslides.
The fission yeast TFIIB‐related factor limits RNA polymerase III to a TATA‐dependent pathway of TBP recruitment

The RNA polymerase (pol) III-transcribed (e.g. tRNA and 5S rRNA) genes of traditionally studied organisms rely on gene-internal promoters that precisely position the initiation factor, TFIIIB, on the upstream promoter-less DNA. This is accomplished by the ability of the TFIIIB subunit, TFIIB-related factor (Brf1), to make stable protein-protein interactions with TATA-binding protein (TBP) and place it on the promoter-less upstream DNA. Unlike traditional model organisms, Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNA and 5S rRNA genes contain upstream TATA promoters that are required to program functional pol III initiation complexes. In this study we demonstrate that S.pombe (Sp)Brf does not form stable interactions with TBP in the absence of DNA using approaches that do reveal stable association of TBP and S.cerevisiae (Sc)Brf1. Gel mobility analyses demonstrate that a TBP-TATA DNA complex can recruit SpBrf to a Pol III promoter. Consistent with this, overproduction of SpBrf in S.pombe increases the expression of a TATA-dependent, but not a TATA-less, suppressor tRNA gene. Since previous whole genome analysis also revealed TATA elements upstream of tRNA genes in Arabidopsis, this pathway may be more widespread than appreciated previously.
A stochastic Newton-Raphson method

Abstract A stochastic approximation procedure of the Robbins-Monro type is considered. The original idea behind the Newton-Raphson method is used as follows. Given n approximations X 1 ,…, X n with observations Y 1 ,…, Y n , a least squares line is fitted to the points ( X m , Y m ),…, ( X n , Y n ) where m n may depend on n . The ( n +1)st approximation is taken to be the intersection of the least squares line with y =0. A variation of the resulting process is studied. It is shown that this process yields a strongly consistent sequence of estimates which is asymptotically normal with minimal asymptotic variance.
Diastolic intracellular calcium-membrane voltage coupling gain and postshock arrhythmias: role of purkinje fibers and triggered activity.

Rationale: Recurrent ventricular arrhythmias after initial successful defibrillation are associated with poor clinical outcome. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that postshock arrhythmias occur because of spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release, delayed afterdepolarization (DAD), and triggered activity (TA) from tissues with high sensitivity of resting membrane voltage (Vm) to elevated intracellular calcium (Cai) (high diastolic Cai–voltage coupling gains). Methods and Results: We simultaneously mapped Cai and Vm on epicardial (n=14) or endocardial (n=14) surfaces of Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles. Spontaneous Cai elevation (SCaE) was noted after defibrillation in 32% of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation at baseline and in 81% during isoproterenol infusion (0.01 to 1 μmol/L). SCaE was reproducibly induced by rapid ventricular pacing and inhibited by 3 μmol/L of ryanodine. The SCaE amplitude and slope increased with increasing pacing rate, duration, and dose of isoproterenol...