cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who does what on Facebook? Age, sex, and relationship status as predictors of Facebook use

Previous studies have focused on why people use Facebook and on the effects of ''Facebooking'' on well being. This study focused more on how people use Facebook. An international sample of 1,026 Facebook users (284 males, 735 females; mean age=30.24) completed an online survey about their Facebook activity. Females, younger people, and those not currently in a committed relationship were the most active Facebook users, and there were many age-, sex-, and relationship-related main effects. Females spent more time on Facebook, had more Facebook friends, and were more likely to use profile pictures for impression management; women and older people engaged in more online family activity. Relationship status had an impact on the Facebook activity of males, but little effect on the activity of females. The results are interpreted within a framework generated by an evolutionary perspective and previous research on the psychology of gossip.
Gain Band-Width Product of Photoconductors

The relaxation time of a photoconductor with space-charge-limited dark current is shown to be less than or equal to the transit time under space-charge-limited current conditions for an arbitrary distribution of impurity levels. Thus the gain band-width product of a photoconductor with space-charge-limited dark current is always less than or equal to the reciprocal of the relaxatime. This inclusion of arbitrary impurity levels in the derivation gives a firm upper limit for the gain band-width product in the space-charge-limited dark current region. Rose and Lampert concluded that under some conditions this performance in the space-charge-limited current region could be exceeded. The difference between these two conclusions results entirely from a different choice of measure of the relaxation time. The arguments presented suggest that most photoconductors with space-charge-limited dark current closely approach this maximum performance.In addition, a relation between the variation with light level of the photocurrent, relaxation time, and response time is noted and its usefulness in predicting the performance of photoconductors is suggested.
EFFECT OF ORTHOTICS ON POSTURAL SWAY FOLLOWING INVERSION ANKLE SPRAIN

Orthotic devices have been shown to successfully modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics and enhance foot stability during the support phase of running. It was hypothesized that orthotic intervention would relieve excessive strain on the ankle ligaments and reduce postural sway, especially in subjects with acute ankle sprains. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if orthotics would reduce postural sway in injured and uninjured subjects. Thirteen subjects with acute inversion ankle sprains and 12 uninjured subjects were assessed for postural sway on the Balance System under two treatment conditions (orthotic and nonorthotic) and four platform movements. A three-factor repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant group x treatment interaction, suggesting that postural sway with orthotic intervention improved significantly more in injured subjects than in uninjured subjects. A significant platform movement x treatment interaction, furthermore, revealed that postural sway for the four movement conditions was dependent upon treatment (orthotic vs. no orthotic). Tukey post hoc analysis revealed that orthotic intervention significantly reduced postural sway when the platform moved in the medial/lateral plane and inversion/eversion plane. This research suggests that custom-fit orthotics may restrict undesirable motion at the foot and ankle and enhance joint mechanoreceptors to detect perturbations and provide structural support for detecting and controlling postural sway in ankle-injured subjects.
Calculating vibrational-excitation cross sections off the energy shell: A first-order adiabatic theory

We report the implementation of a first-order nondegenerate adiabatic theory for vibrational excitation of H/sub 2/ by electrons with energies from threshold to 10 eV. Solution of the scattering equations in this method is far simpler than in a full close-coupling calculation because the method is based on an adiabatic factorization of the electron-molecule scattering ket. The method, however, yields low-energy cross sections that are far more accurate than those of traditional adiabatic-nuclei approximations because its transition matrix is calculated off the energy-momentum shell.
Marginalization and the Homeless: A Prescriptive Analysis

AbstractThe author discusses marginality in relation to homelessness, emphasizing marginality's appearance as a psychosocial phenomenon which contributes to homelessness while facilitating the environmental forces responsible for it. After examining the marginality of homeless populations and reviewing relevant theory, the author explains how dichotomies arising from false distinctions between homeless and housed populations restrict a society's options in confronting homelessness by obscuring the forces that produce it. These dichotomies constitute a fundamental form of marginalization, a veritable social psychology, which results in the institutionalization of systemic forces. Though the role of the social psychology is recognized in some programs, there are as yet few programs for which this psychology is the explicit target. Based upon the theory elucidated herein, the author traces the implications of the social psychology of marginalization and makes substantive policy recommendations to counter it.
The heat of micellization of potassium octanoate in water in the presence of excess potassium chloride

Abstract Results are presented for the heat of dilution of potassium octanoate solutions containing 1.8 molal potassium chloride, and are compared with values obtained in the absence of potassium chloride. The differences in the shape of the graphs for the two systems as well as the values for the heats of micellization are discussed in terms of current micelle theory.
Driver distraction and performance effects of highway logo sign design

Driver distraction and safety concerns have been identified for new highway logo sign configurations. This study assessed driver perception of logo signs and distraction under nine-panel, overflow-combination, or standard six-panel formats. A nine-panel sign has nine business panels within a single sign; a six-panel sign has six panels within a sign; an overflow-combination consists of a standard six-panel sign and a six-panel sign displaying two different services (e.g., food and gas). In this study, twenty-four participants searched for target food business logos while driving in a high-fidelity driving simulation under each signage condition. Gas and lodging signs were also displayed along the road in conventional six-panel formats. Dependent variables included signal detection, visual attention allocation, and vehicle control measures. Experiment results showed nine-panel signs drew greater visual attention and produced lower average speed than overflow-combination signs, and produced a lower speeding percentage compared to six-panel signs. However, there was no evidence the new configurations (nine-panel and overflow) caused substantive performance changes with safety implications. This study suggested the use of nine-panel and overflow-combination logo signs may be suitable for interchanges where there are more than six qualifying businesses in a category in terms of driver performance and safety.
Nonprofessional counselors: revisiting selection and impact issues.

In summary, the present study suggests that selection of university undergraduate nonprofessional counselors using paper-and-pencil measures had little incremental validity over self-selection and potential treatment effects. In addition, the results suggest that the training and supervision experience of nonprofessionals clearly can have different impacts on attitudes and satisfaction. In fact, students in the least intensive condition felt quite dissatisfied with their experience and themselves. There is one caveat which should be kept in mind when examining the findings of this study. First, although four of the six conditions had reasonable numbers of students (n ≤ 24), two of the conditions were comparatively small (n = 12). Often, effects were carried by the larger conditions even when the smaller conditions evidenced opposite trends. Finally, results suggest that the setting of the experience can produce different impacts. This study suggests the importance of training intensity, content, and setting — elements which have often been neglected by previous research.
Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism.

Infant botulism results from the in vivo production of toxin by Clostridium botulinum after it has colonized the infant's gut. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of this recently recognized disease were undertaken to identify risk factors and routes by which C. botulinum spores might reach susceptible infants. Clostridium botulinum organisms, but no preformed toxin, were identified in six different honey specimens fed to three California patients with infant botulism, as well as from 10% (9/90) of honey specimens studied. By food exposure history, honey was significantly associated with type B infant botulism ( P =0.005). In California, 29.2% (12/41) of hospitalized patients had been fed honey prior to onset of constipation; worldwide, honey exposure occurred in 34.7% (28/75) of hospitalized cases. Of all food items tested, only honey contained C. botulinum organisms. One household vacuum cleaner dust specimens and five soil specimens (three from case homes, two from control homes) contained Clostridium botulinum . The known ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum implies that exposure to its spores is universal and that host factors contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of infant botulism. However, honey is now an identified and avoidable source of C. botulinum spores, and it therefore should not be fed to infants.
Are outcome measures for early intensive treatment of autism improving

Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are lifelong conditions which can be very debilitating. This disorder can be identified within the first two years of life, thus spurring the popularity of Early Intensive Behavioral Interventions (EIBI). Since 1987, the number of studies has been increasing as efficacy has been established. There has been a broad and inconsistent set of methods and procedures to establish experimental groups, evaluate treatment outcome, and assessing family reactions to treatment. In 2007, Matson noted that most EIBI studies failed to address many important dependent variables include the measurement of core symptoms of ASD. This study evaluates dependent variables used to assess the factors noted above, separated into studies published before 2008 compared to 2008 and later. Results are an indication that improvements are occurring, especially on the measurement of core symptoms of ASD; however, considerably more improvement is needed.
Resolving the identities of Phylinae (Heteroptera: Miridae) described by O.M. Reuter from Australia in 1904

Examination of photographs and specimens from the Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, allows for the incorporation of three taxa described by Reuter from Australia in 1904 into the modern classification of Miridae: Phylinae. Leptidolon vittipenne Reuter is judged to be congeneric with Polyzus galbanus Eyles and Schuh; because Leptidolon Reuter is the older name, Polyozus Eyles and Schuh is treated as a junior synonym of Leptidolon, new synonym. Psallus eximius Reuter is transferred to Wallabicoris Schuh and Pedraza, new combination, and is treated as the senior synonym of Wallabicoris cuneotinctus Schuh and Pedraza, new synonym. Sthenarus australis Reuter is transferred to Ausejanus Menard and Schuh, new combination.
Bacteriophage T7 protein kinase is magnesium-dependent and sulfate-activated.

Summary The cyclic-AMP-independent protein kinase induced by bacteriophage T7 in Escherichia coli was optimally activated by 60 mM magnesium. Substitution of magnesium sulfate for magnesium chloride produced approximately a two-fold increase in protein kinase activity, while magnesium acetate was least effective in potentiating T7 protein kinase activity. Also, T7 protein kinase was demonstrated to be ionic strength dependent with maximal activity occurring at ionic strengths of 260 to 300 millimolar.
Electrophysiological localization of central somatosensory lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and selected indices of peripheral nerve function were compared in 30 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 15 normal controls. A high incidence of delayed SEP onset was observed in the MS patients, correlating with sensory loss--particularly of joint position and vibration sense. Using a method for deriving an indirect estimate of spinal cord conduction velocity, the longitudinal level of the sensory disturbance could in many cases be localized either to the spinal or to the supraspinal segment (or both) of the somatosensory pathway. Abnormally low spinal conduction velocity correlated with clinical judgements of spinal cord malfunction, but abnormalities were encountered also in some cases with no clinical evidence of myelopathy. Electrophysiological studies can contribute to the assessment of patients with suspected MS by demonstrating conduction abnormalities in specific segments of the somatosensory pathway.
An efficient synthesis of sodium dimethylarsinate-14C

Summary A short and efficient synthesis of sodium dimethylarsinate- 14 C is described. Incorporation of the label has been achieved by methylation of methyldiiodoarsine with iodomethane- 14 C. Product was precipitated and separated from sodium iodide by washing with acetone. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-dimensional graphics display of x-ray angiography data

A method for making three-dimensional computer graphics displays of in vivo blood vessels is described. Input data are taken from biplane X-ray angiograms using an image-processing system. A display list is built up which is then sent to a high-function graphics system. Real-time interaction is possible using a vector-refresh display where the blood vessel segments are shown as cylinders of the appropriate diameter. Realistic raster representations may be used to give the user insight into the overall topology of the network of vessels. The Winchester Graphics System is described together with explanations of the techniques employed.
Coupled energetics of lambda cro repressor self-assembly and site-specific DNA operator binding II: cooperative interactions of cro dimers.

The bacteriophage lambda relies on interactions of the cI and cro repressors which self assemble and bind the two operators (O(R) and O(L)) of the phage genome to control the lysogenic to lytic switch. While the self assembly and O(R) binding of cI have been investigated in detail, a more complete understanding of gene regulation by phage lambda also requires detailed knowledge of the role of cro repressor as it dimerizes and binds at O(R) sites. Since dimerization and operator binding are coupled processes, a full elucidation of the regulatory energetics in this system requires that the equilibrium constants for dimerization and cooperative binding be determined. The dimerization constant for cro has been measured as a prelude to these binding studies. Here, the energetics of cro binding to O(R) are evaluated using quantitative DNaseI footprint titration techniques. Binding data for wild-type and modified O(R) site combinations have been simultaneously analyzed in concert with the dimerization energetics to obtain both the intrinsic and cooperative DNA binding energies for cro with the three O(R) sites. Binding of cro dimers is strongest to O(R)3, then O(R)1 and lastly, O(R)2. Adjacently bound repressors exhibit positive cooperativity ranging from -0.6 to -1.0 kcal/mol. Implications of these, newly resolved, energetics are discussed in the framework of a dynamic model for gene regulation. This characterization of the DNA-binding properties of cro repressor establishes the foundation on which the system can be explored for other, more complex, regulatory elements such as cI-cro cooperativity.
The Clinical Medical Librarian Program: The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Experience

Under the Clinical Medical Librarian program at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the role of the Reference Librarians includes a myriad of activities, all focused on supporting specific user groups. This paper will outline two Clinical Medical Librarian programs: Psychiatry Service and Nursing Department, and will demonstrate how clinical librarians support their constituents. Data analyzed from an online survey of 134 respondents reinforce the effectiveness of the program and its resources.
Triazolines 26: 1-Aryl-5-amido-1,2,3-triazolines, a new group of triazoline anticonvulsants. Effect of 5-substitution on anticonvulsant activity.

Summary Studies in our laboratories have led to the discovery of the Δ 2 -1,2,3-triazolines as a unique family of anticonvulsant agents hitherto unknown. The anticonvulsant activity of 1,5-diaryl- and 1-aryl-5-pyridyltriazolines was previously reported; this paper describes the evaluation of two series of 1-aryl-5-amido-1,2,3-triazolines, A and B , where the 5-amido groups are (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidino)- ( 1–8 ) and ( N -methyl- N -acetamido)- ( 9–15 ), respectively. The 1-aryl-5-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidino)-1,2,3-triazolines of the A series, which are uniquely substituted with the pyrrolidinone lactam ring, a cyclic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) structure, seem to function by enhancing inhibitory GABAergic mechanisms. Radioligand binding studies for the two most active triazolines 2 and 7 , indicate that both compounds strongly inhibit the specific binding of [ 3 H]GABA to GABA B receptor sites, with K i = 1.7 and 0.91 μM respectively. The anticonvulsant activity among the various groups of triazolines studied so far appears to be dependent on the 5-substituent groups: 4-pyridyl- ≫ 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidino- > N -methyl- N -acetamido- > 3-pyridyl ≥ aryl ∼ 2-pyridyl > 2-quinolyl.
Occurrence of the Carabid Beetle, Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger), in Potato Ecosystems of Idaho and its Predatory Potential on the Colorado Potato Beetle and Aphids

Potato pest management in Idaho is primarily through insecticide applications. With the advent of newer and softer insecticides in recent years, it might be logical to explore other management options such as biological control. In this paper, we examined the prevalence and the predatory potential of a ground beetle (Carabidae) on important potato pests. An introduced generalist, Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger), is common in Idaho’s potato ecosystems. Pit fall sampling for two consecutive years in commercial potato fields indicated that P. melanarius was abundant in potato fields. However, P. melanarius was less abundant in preplant insecticide (aldicarb) treated fields when compared with untreated fields. Preference and functional response studies were conducted to evaluate the predatory potential of P. melanarius on Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae and eggs, and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). The preference study indicated that P. melanarius contacted and/or attacked aphids only after CPB larvae and eggs. When different densities of CPB eggs, larvae, and aphids were presented, one P. melanarius adult consumed up to 61 eggs in 24 h and ate as many as 24 CPB larvae in 24 h. Also, one P. melanarius adult consumed up to 55 aphids in 24 h. Vine-climbing experiment revealed that P. melanarius climbed potato vines and actively consumed CPB eggs. However, the predation rates were approximately four times greater on eggs at lower vine portions than at upper portions. These studies indicated that P. melanarius could be a valuable biocontrol agent in potato ecosystems
Regression Mixture Models of Alcohol Use and Risky Sexual Behavior Among Criminally-Involved Adolescents

Adolescents involved with the criminal justice system engage in high levels of both risky sexual behavior and alcohol use. Yet a strong relationship between the two constructs has not been consistently observed, possibly due to heterogeneity in the data. Regression mixture models were estimated in the current study to address such potential heterogeneity. Criminally-involved adolescents (n = 409) were clustered into latent classes based on patterns of the regression of two measures of risky sexual behavior, condom use and frequency of intercourse, on alcohol use. A three-class solution emerged where alcohol use did not significantly predict either risky sex outcome for approximately 25% of the sample; alcohol use negatively predicted condom use and positively predicted frequency of intercourse for approximately 38% of participants; and alcohol use negatively predicted condom use but not frequency of intercourse for the remaining participants. These classes were then distinguished on the basis of five covariates previously found to influence either alcohol use, risky sexual behavior, or the relationship between the two: self-esteem, gender, participant age, relationship status, and impulsivity/sensation-seeking. High self-esteem, being female, being older, and being in a relationship predicted membership in the class with no observed relationship of alcohol use to risky sex, relative to the other classes. Implications of the present findings are discussed in terms of exploring different risky sex and alcohol use patterns within criminally involved adolescents, as well as understanding the effectiveness of interventions for subgroups of individuals.
Maximizing DNA Loading on a Range of Gold Nanoparticle Sizes

We have investigated the variables that influence DNA coverage on gold nanoparticles. The effects of salt concentration, spacer composition, nanoparticle size, and degree of sonication have been evaluated. Maximum loading was obtained by salt aging the nanoparticles to ∼0.7 M NaCl in the presence of DNA containing a poly(ethylene glycol) spacer. In addition, DNA loading was substantially increased by sonicating the nanoparticles during the surface loading process. Last, nanoparticles up to 250 nm in diameter were found have ∼2 orders of magnitude higher DNA loading than smaller (13−30 nm) nanoparticles, a consequence of their larger surface area. Stable large particles are attractive for a variety of biodiagnostic assays.
Multidimensional Height-Balanced Trees

A new multidimensional balanced tree structure is presented for the efficient management of multidimensional data. It is shown that the data structure can be used to manage a set of n k-dimensional records or data items such that the records can be searched or updated in O(log2 n) + k time, which is optimal. The data structure is a multidimensional generalization of the height-balanced trees and retains much of their simplicity and efficiency. The insertion algorithm, in particular, retains a very important property of the height-balanced trees: an insertion of a record results in the application of a restructuring operation at most once.
Grid dispersion error using the nonuniform orthogonal finite-difference-time-domain method

Memory requirements often limit the scope of problems that can be solved using the finite-difference—time-domain (FDTD) method. However, problems involving complicated geometries with fine features and large geometries can be more readily handled using nonuniform orthogonal FDTD. Grid dispersion error on nonuniform meshes is addressed in this communication. The critical parameters of cell size in terms of wavelength and growth rate are studied. A theoretical analysis followed by a numerical example demonstrate that grid dispersion error can be held to acceptably small levels. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dimuon production in 15.5-GeV/c πp interactions and the observation of a low-mass continuum

We report the results of an experiment which examines the entire final state of events in which muon pairs were produced in 15.5-GeV/c ..pi../sup + -/p interactions. A portion of this data was presented earlier. Here we report on the final data sample of 890 events obtained from a total of 2.5 x 10/sup 8/ interactions (a sensitivity of (8.65 events/nb) x trigger efficiency). The experiment was sensitive primarily to the low-mass region and the good mass resolution made it possible to identify the contributions from the rho and ..omega.. decays and the eta and ..omega.. Dalitz decays. An excess of events is observed in the dimuon mass region approx.400 -- 600 MeV which is not accounted for by the above-mentioned decays. The final states were examined to search for characteristic differences from those in events without dimuons.
Estimating the Effect of Premarital Cohabitation on Timing of Marital Disruption: Using Propensity Score Matching in Event History Analysis

In this article, we extend the propensity score method by matching on multiple groups. Using data from first wave (1987–1988) and third wave (2001–2003) of National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), we match married individuals with no premarital cohabitation, single premarital cohabitation with the spouse, and serial premarital cohabitations, and apply Cox proportional hazards models to explore how premarital cohabitation history affects marital disruption. Our results indicate that both selection and causation help explain the relationship. The selection effect played a large role in 1987–88 when cohabitation was uncommon but disappeared in 2001–03 when cohabitation became prevalent. Postmatching results demonstrate that the causal effect of cohabitation on marital disruption was strong among serial cohabitors and weak among one-time cohabitors with the spouse. The imputation-based sensitivity analysis shows that our conclusion is robust even with the presence of unobserved characteristics that ...
Coverage dependence of n-butane surface diffusion on a stepped Ru(001) surface

The surface diffusion of n-butane on a stepped ruthenium surface, Ru(S)-[15(001) × 2(100)], was studied using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques. These experiments were performed to understand the role of steps in surface mobility and to determine the effect of steps on LITD surface diffusion measurements. In contrast to earlier results on Ru(001), the LITD measurements revealed that the mobility of n-butane on Ru(S)-[15(001) × 2(100)] was strongly coverage-dependent. The surface diffusion coefficient increased by over four orders of magnitude as the coverage increased from θ = 0.05θsat to θ = θsat. The coverage dependence was consistent with Monte Carlo simulations that modeled the steps as trapping sites. The surface diffusion coefficient was also measured as a function of temperature at θ = θsat on Ru(S)-[15(001) × 2(100)]. An Arrhenius analysis of these measurements yielded a surface diffusion activation barrier of Edif = 4.0 ± 0.4 kcal/mol and a diffusion pre-exponential of D0 = 7.0 × 10−1±0.2 cm2/s. These kinetic parameters were similar to the previously observed values of Edif = 3.5 and D0 = 1.4 × 10−1±0.2 cm2s on Ru(001). This similarity indicates that the effect of steps that act as trap sites can b removed by the titration of the trap sites at higher coverage. Consequently, the effect of steps on LITD surface diffusion measurements on single-crystal surfaces is minimal at high coverage.
Association Between CHADS2 Risk Factors and Anticoagulation-Related Bleeding: A Systematic Literature Review

OBJECTIVE To determine the strength of evidence supporting an accentuated bleeding risk when patients with CHADS 2 risk factors (chronic heart failure, hypertension, advanced age, diabetes, and prior stroke/transient ischemic attack) receive warfarin. METHODS A systematic literature search of MEDLINE (January 1, 1950, through December 22, 2009) and Cochrane CENTRAL (through December 22, 2009) was conducted to identify studies that reported multivariate results on the association between CHADS 2 covariates and risk of bleeding in patients receiving warfarin. Each covariate was evaluated for its association with a specific type of bleeding. Individual evaluations were rated as good, fair, or poor using methods consistent with those recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The strength of the associations between each CHADS 2 covariate and a specific type of bleeding was determined using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria as insufficient, very low, low, moderate, or high for the entire body of evidence. RESULTS Forty-one studies were identified, reporting 127 multivariate evaluations of the association between a CHADS 2 covariate and bleeding risk. No CHADS 2 covariate had a high strength of evidence for association with any bleeding type. For the vast majority of evaluations, the strength of evidence between covariates and bleeding was low. Advanced age was the only covariate that had a moderate strength of evidence for association; this was the strongest independent positive predictor for major bleeding. Similar findings were observed regardless of whether all included studies, or only those evaluating patients with atrial fibrillation, were assessed. CONCLUSION The associations between CHADS 2 covariates and increased bleeding risk were weak, with the exception of age. Given the known association of the CHADS 2 score and stroke risk, the decision to prescribe warfarin should be driven more by patients' risk of stroke than by the risk of bleeding.
Tooth-supported complete dentures

Abstract The principles and techniques for using special attachments of complete dentures to roots of weak remaining teeth have been described. These attachments provide greater stability and retention for complete dentures with unfavorable foundations. The retention of one or more remaining teeth can provide vertical and horizontal stability to the denture. The special retaining devices provide these functions without placing undue torsional stress on the abutment teeth.
Edge detection using median comparisons

Abstract In this paper we describe a new edge detector based on differencing the median values of local image neighborhoods. Statistical and deterministic argument are given that suggest that this detector can be more effective than average-based detectors with similar configurations. Examples using images corrupted by Gaussian and impulse noise support the analytic results.
The United States and Russia in the New World Order: The dynamics of reciprocity and the attributional assessment of perception and behavior

International relations research has examined the relationship of the United States and Russia using a theoretical framework of reciprocity. The reciprocity research has subsumed the attributional characteristics of these actions and events that have shaped this relationship. This study evaluates the relationship between the United States and Russia. This dyadic relationship is examined by a reconceptualization of the character of reciprocal interaction between the United States and Russia. Reciprocity and attribution theory provide a heuristic to elucidate the transition to a New World Order. The international relations research on reciprocity reveals the general case for reciprocity between the United States and Russia. Attribution theory permits the decomposition of the perceptual and behavioral states of dyadic interactants.
On Determining the Reliability of Protective Relay Systems

This paper lays the ground work for the statistical determination of the reliability of protective relay systems found in electric power systems. The reliability problem has two conflicting requirements: 1) failure to operate in the presence of a fault and 2) unnecessary operation when a fault occurs that the relay or relay system was set to ignore. It is not often treated in reliability literature.
Magnesium pemoline: Effects on learning and retention in 250 day old rats

The relative effects of pretrial injections of magnesium pemoline on learning vs performance was assessed in an avoidance situation utilizing 250 day old rats. The results were comparable to those using 90–120 day old rats. The drug appeared to have its major effect on performance through stimulant properties, but had no significant effect on learning.
Regulation of Cell Signaling and Function by Endothelial Caveolins: Implications in Disease

Caveolae are cholesterol- and glycosphingolipid-rich omega-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that are very abundant in vascular endothelial cells and present in most cell types. Caveolins are the major coat protein components of caveolae. Multiple studies using knockout mouse, small interfering RNA, and cell-permeable peptide delivery approaches have significantly enhanced our understanding of the role of endothelial caveolae and caveolin-1 in physiology and disease. Several postnatal pulmonary and cardiovascular pathologies have been reported in caveolin-1 knockout mice, many of which have been recently rescued by selective re-expression of caveolin-1 in endothelium of these mice. A large body of experimental evidence mostly using caveolin-1 knockout mice suggests that, depending on the disease model, endothelial caveolin-1 may play either a protective or a detrimental role. For instance, physiological or higher expression levels of caveolin-1 in endothelium might be beneficial in such diseases as pulmonary hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, or ischemic injury. On the other hand, endothelial caveolin-1 might contribute to acute lung injury and inflammation, atherosclerosis or pathological angiogenesis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, depending on the specific model, endothelial caveolin-1 may either promote or suppress tumor-induced angiogenesis. In addition to overwhelming evidence for the role of endothelial caveolin-1, more recent studies also suggest that endothelial caveolin-2 could possibly play a role in pulmonary disease. The purpose of this review is to focus on how caveolin-1 expressed in endothelial cells regulates endothelial cell signaling and function. The review places particular emphasis on relevance to disease, including but not limited to Pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders as well as cancer. In addition to caveolin-1, possible importance of the less-studied endothelial caveolin-2 in pulmonary diseases will be also discussed.
A new window on c-Myb function

The c-Myb transcription factor is required for adult hematopoiesis.[1][1] c-Myb is abundantly produced by hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors and is down-regulated in terminally differentiated hematopoietic cells. Expression of c-Myb increases in naive T and B lymphocytes after activation but
Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation After Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization

Background—Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) has been shown to improve refractory angina not amenable to conventional coronary interventions. However, the mechanism of action remains controversial, because improved myocardial perfusion has not been consistently demonstrated. We hypothesized that TMR relieves angina by causing myocardial sympathetic denervation. Methods and Results—PET imaging of resting and stress myocardial perfusion with [13N]ammonia (NH3) and of sympathetic innervation with [11C]hydroxyephedrine (HED) was performed before and after TMR in 8 patients with class IV angina ineligible for CABG or PTCA. A mean of 50±11 channels were created in the left ventricle (LV) with a holmium:YAG laser. A semiautomated program was used to determine NH3 uptake and HED retention in the LV. Perfusion and innervation defects were defined as the percentage of LV with tracer uptake or retention >2 SD below normal mean values. All patients experienced improvement in their angina by 2.4±0.5 angina...
Segment-specific expression of 2P domain potassium channel genes in human nephron.

Segment-specific expression of 2P domain potassium channel genes in human nephron. Background The 2P domain potassium (K2P) channels are a recently discovered ion channel superfamily. Structurally, K2P channels are distinguished by the presence of two pore forming loops within one channel subunit. Functionally, they are characterized by their ability to pass potassium across the physiologic voltage range. Thus, K2P channels are also called open rectifier, background, or leak potassium channels. Patch clamp studies of renal tubules have described several open rectifier potassium channels that have as yet eluded molecular identification. We sought to determine the segment-specific expression of transcripts for the 14 known K2P channel genes in human nephron to identify potential correlates of native leak channels. Methods Human kidney samples were obtained from surgical cases and specific nephron segments were dissected. RNA was extracted and used as template for the generation of cDNA libraries. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (TaqMan®) was used to analyze gene expression. Results We found significant ( P K2P10 in glomerulus, K2P5 in proximal tubule and K2P1 in cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (cTAL) and in distal nephron segments. In addition, we repeatedly detected message for several other K2P channels with less abundance, including K2P3 and K2P6 in glomerulus, K2P10 in proximal tubule, K2P5 in thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, and K2P3 , K2P5 , and K2P13 in distal nephron segments. Conclusion K2P channels are expressed in specific segments of human kidney. These results provide a step toward assigning K2P channels to previously described native renal leaks.
Light cone representation of the quark Schwinger-Dyson equation

We use a light-cone approach to solve the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the quark propagator in Minkowski space. We show how this method can be used to solve the equation beyond the spacelike region, to which one is usually restricted with the Euclidean-space approach. We work in the Landau gauge, use an infrared-enhanced model for the gluon propagator, and include instanton effects to get both confinement and vacuum condensates. With our models reasonable fits to known quantities are obtained, resulting in a light-cone quark propagator that can be used for hadronic physics at all momentum transfers.
Joint inventory-and-pricing strategy for a stochastic continuous-review system

We analyze an infinite-horizon continuous-review stochastic inventory system in which the selling price and inventory replenishment are determined simultaneously. The demand process is Poisson with a price-dependent arrival rate. The ordering cost includes a fixed setup cost and a variable cost proportional to the order quantity. We obtain closed-form solutions for the optimal inventory control strategy and optimal pricing strategy, which provide managerial insights as well as quantitative and qualitative relationships between decision rules and system parameters. We show that the optimal price is a unimodal function of the inventory level. We also develop efficient algorithms to compute the optimal strategies and present numerical examples.
A stochastic geometric programming problem with multiplicative recourse

The polynomials that characterize a geometric programming problem are defined by the coefficients c"i"j and a"i"j"k, which are usually assumed to be constants. In this paper, we allow these parameters to be random variables with known joint distribution functions and derive the properties of a deterministic equivalent problem corresponding to a multiplicative recourse stochastic model, where the recourse variables rectify in a proportional sense the amount of possible violations of the constraints.
Fuel Processing for Mobile Fuel Cell Systems

Fuel cells may in the future compete with heat engines in automobiles and motor generators and with batteries in portable electronics. Hydrogen, either in compressed, cryogenic, or chemically stored form is a good fuel if the storage density can be improved. Alternatively, the hydrogen could be obtained by converting gasoline, alcohols or other liquid hydrocarbons into a hydrogen-rich gas in a fuel processor that is a component of the fuel cell system. Such processors will have to be small, light, and inexpensive, and will have to have rapid ramp-up and ramp-down capabilities to follow the power demands of the applications. Traditional steam reforming technology does not meet these requirements, but newly developed catalytic auto-thermal reformers do. The principles of operation and the status of the technology are discussed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Experimental spinal cord injury : Wallerian degeneration in the dorsal column is followed by revascularization, glial proliferation, and nerve regeneration

The presence of an adequate blood supply is a critical factor in recovery from traumatic injuries. We have examined whether the revascularization of the injured tissues is as crucial a precondition for wound healing in the spinal cord as in other organs. The development of the initial primary lesion (PL) after spinal crush injury in rats is followed by the formation of a unique tunnel-like dorsal column lesion (DCL) that extends rostrocaudally for many millimeters from the primary injury site. The DCL has been shown to result from Wallerian degeneration of the long spinal tracts in the dorsal column. In this study, we compared the processes of revascularization, wound healing, and nerve regeneration in the PL and the DCL by light microscopy after a crush injury of the cord. The spinal cord of 54 adult rats was crushed at T8 with jewelers forceps. The rats were allowed to survive from 3 h up to 8 weeks after spinal cord injury. The PL appeared immediately after injury and the DCL began to develop 6 h later. Infiltration of neutrophils, which is the first sign of the inflammatory response to injury, began several hours later in the DCL than in the PL. Secondary vascular injury then occurred which resulted in hemorrhage around the DCL and rapid enlargement of the lesion during the remainder of the first week. Subsequent changes in the PL and the DCL were entirely different. The PL underwent progressive enlargement and cavitation such that by 8 weeks, the lesion contained only very few cells, vessels, and axons scattered between huge fluid-filled cavities. The DCL, on the other hand, was maximal in size at 1 week and declined significantly in size and cavitation thereafter. By 8 weeks it was highly vascularized, contained abundant nerve fibers, and lacked any trace of cavitation. These findings amplify the current view that ischemia plays a critical role in spinal cord trauma by showing that revascularization precedes tissue repair and nerve regeneration in the dorsal columns. We conclude (a) that a well-vascularized lesion permits the ingrowth of glial and other cells which give rise to a supportive matrix for the nerve regeneration and (b) that procedures which induce revascularization or angiogenesis will ameliorate the cascade of progressive tissue necrosis.
Flexural behavior of polyester polymer concrete

Abstract The effect of temperature, strain rate, resin content, void content and methods of preparation (vibration and compaction) on the overall flexural behavior of a polyester resin based polymer concrete is studied under three-point bending. The strength and modulus of polyester polymer concrete are relatively independent of strain rate but decrease at varying rates with increase in temperature. Compaction of polymer concrete during preparation reduces the void content and enhances both the flexural strength and modulus. Modifications to composite stiffness models have been proposed to include excess polymer and excess sand phases for systems other than the optimal system. Using a combination of parallel and series models, it is possible to predict the flexural modular ratio and flexural modulus of polymer concrete. Modified tensile strength models are effective in predicting the flexural strength ratio and flexural strength of polymer concrete.
Sampling and Recruitment Issues in Qualitative Drugs Research: Reflections on the Study of Club Drug Users in Metro New York

This paper describes the role and implications of sampling and recruitment in qualitative drugs research. To provide further detail of some issues pertaining to sampling in qualitative and ethnographic projects, the author describes recent experiences utilizing theoretical sampling and time–space sampling to study club drug users. The author details practical challenges experienced with the implementation of these sampling methodologies and with the results they produced. Attention is paid to the role that the environmental factors at clubs play in the implementation of sampling methods, issues related to network methods in recruitment, and practical implications of managing team-based recruitment strategies.
Minimum-time control characteristics of flexible structures

The time-optimal control for rest-to-rest maneuvers of flexible structures is considered. We formulate the general time-optimal control problem for single-axis flexible structures, and analytical results are given for the number of control switches for the one-bending-mode case, with and without damping. When there is no damping, it is shown that the time-optimal control generally has three switches and is an odd function of time about the second switch except in certain isolated cases where there is only one switch. With damping, it is shown that there is always more than one switch. A numerical method is presented for solving the time-optimal control for general linear systems, and solutions are presented for flexible structures with several flexible modes, revealing interesting trends of the time-optimal control switch times as the maneuver sizes and the frequencies and damping ratios of the flexible modes are varied.
Perceptions of head start staff concerning child development associate competencies and process

This study explored perceptions of child caregivers concerning the Child Development Associate (CDA) competencies and process. A survey instrument was administered to 145 center-based, preschool Head Start educational personnel in order to collect data. Subjects with CDA Credentials, in CDA training, and without CDA participation agreed that the CDA competencies were congruent with their professional needs. Subjects with CDA Credentials perceived that the CDA process had helped them become more competent according to the CDA competencies.
Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Chemical-Vapour-Deposition-Verfahrens bei der Entwicklung von Verbundwerkstoffen

Behandelt werden das Chemical-Vapour-Deposition (CVD)-Verfahren sowie dessen Einsatzmoglichkeiten auf dem Sektor der Werkstoffentwicklung, speziell der Verbundwerkstoffentwicklung. Dabei liegen die Schwerpunkte der Betrachtung auf der Pulverbeschichtung fur die Herstellung von Partikelverbundwerkstoffen sowie der Faserherstellung und -beschichtung mit Haft- und Benetzungsvermittlern bzw. Reaktions- und Diffusionsbarrieren bei Faserverbundwerkstoffen. Diskutiert werden ferner im Zusammenhang mit den Schichtverbundwerkstoffen die Probleme und Moglichkeiten der Aufbringung von Oberflachenschichten aus korrosionshemmenden, warmedammenden bzw. verschleisfesten Materialien. Potential Application of the Chemical Vapour Deposition Process to the Development of Composites. A description of the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process and its potential applications to the development of new materials, specifically composites, is presented. Particular importance is attached to the coating of powders (particle composites), the production of fibres and their coating with adhesive and wetting agents and with diffusion and reaction barriers (fibre composites), and the deposition of corrosion-inhibiting, heat-insulating and wearresistant surface layers (laminated composites).