cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination of intercalation and surface modification in layered zirconium phosphates: investigation of surface stability and reactivity

A two-step intercalation and surface modification procedure was used to synthesize heterofunctional zirconium phosphates (ZrP) with different groups in the interlayer and on the surface. The relationship of the interlayer and surface was then investigated through evaluation of the stability and reactivity of heterofunctional ZrP materials by thermal analysis. Intercalated samples were prepared by the ion-exchange mechanism with variation in the loading, charge, and size of ions. An identical epoxide was used to modify the surface in all investigations. It was found that the two-step procedure could be performed in either order to prepare heterofunctional ZrP materials. In both cases, the contents of the interlayer were found to impact the reactivity of the surface and stability of covalently attached surface groups, with higher interlayer loadings leading to decreased stability and reactivity of surface phosphates.
Diagnosing and managing adrenal crisis in pregnancy: A case report.

Abstract Background The diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in pregnancy is relatively rare. Further, making this diagnosis can be challenging as many of the symptoms overlap with normal symptoms of pregnancy. Given the potential for severe maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, early recognition and prompt comprehensive treatment are critical. Case A 24-year-old woman, G3 P2002, at 17 + 1 weeks of gestation with unremarkable prenatal course was admitted to hospital for hyperemesis gravidarum in the setting of parainfluenza with a notable blood glucose of 20 mg/dL. On hospital day two, she was transferred to intensive care after developing significant hypotension, hyponatremia, and a new finding of hypothyroidism. During her evaluation in the ICU, she was diagnosed with adrenal crisis and she showed significant improvement with glucocorticoid therapy. Conclusions There is a paucity of literature regarding diagnosing adrenal insufficiency in pregnancy. Adrenal crisis in pregnancy can present with symptoms similar to severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy or hyperemesis gravidarum. Additionally, several critical laboratory tests to support the proper diagnosis require time that acute patients cannot always afford. In this patient's case, the diagnosis was made empirically with improvement after glucocorticoid administration, and was later confirmed by laboratory testing. This case highlights the importance of including adrenal insufficiency in the differential diagnosis of hyperemesis patients in order to quickly manage and treat these often acutely and severely ill patients.
The relationship between education and learning and its consequences for dialogic pedagogy

Education is often viewed as formalized learning. I argue that the relationship between education and formalized learning is more complex and profound. In this conceptual essay, I examine the relationship between education and learning. Specifically, I discuss the cases when learning is not education and education is not learning. I argue that learning becomes educational when the person, the learner themselves, appreciates their learning. When learning is not appreciated by the learner, it does not constitute that person’s education. Thus, education is an ephemeral subjective construct, prone to appear and disappear as the person’s attitude to their learning changes. Also, education can be non-learning-based when it involves insights – abrupt, discontinuous changes of the person’s subjectivity – which are not caused by and rooted in the person’s experiences. Like learning, for an insight to be educational, it has to be perceived and appreciated by the person. I argue that human life consists of the flow of learning and insight. Noticing learning and insight by the person involves discontinuity of the person’s subjectivity, participation in activities, and other people that is recognized by others and the person. I discuss diverse forms of the person’s appreciation of learning and insights that constitute education. These forms vary from the behaviorist appreciation, as its lowest form, to the critical appreciation through critical dialogue as its highest form. Finally, I consider the consequences of defining education through a person’s appreciation of the transformation of their subjectivity for dialogic pedagogy.
Acute Idiopathic Pulmonic and Tricuspid Regurgitation after Heart Transplant

Introduction Right sided valvular regurgitation is a rare complication after heart transplantation, and can occur with hyperacute rejection or later from repeated endomyocardial biopsy. Early surgical intervention has been recommended when managing a tricuspid regurgitant valve post transplantation. We describe a case of severe tricuspid and pulmonic valve regurgitation after heart transplantation. Case Report A 39 yo male with D-TGA, post Mustard repair that progressed into end stage HF. He underwent uncomplicated orthotopic heart transplantation with bicaval anastomosis from a young donor with normal cardiac structures and function on TEE and visual survey. Intraoperative TEE showed moderate tricuspid and moderate pulmonic valve regurgitation. A PA catheter was thought to be contributing to the central regurgitant jet; the RV size and function were normal, the PA pressures were also normal. Post operatively patient developed progressive right heart failure syndrome with worsening regurgitation despite diuresis and removal of the PA catheter. Endomyocardial biopsy did not show any signs of rejection. Repeated TEE showed normal biventricular function, torrential TR with pan systolic flow reversal in the hepatic vein due to non coaptation of the leaflets. The pulmonic valve was also severely insufficient with a central regurgitant jet and holodiastolic flow reversal in the pulmonary arteries. The patient underwent a tricuspid repair with a 30mm tricuspid ring and pulmonic valve replacement with a 25 mm bovine valve on POD 10. Surgical endomyocardial biopsy had no evidence of rejection. His heart failure symptoms resolved and he was discharged 4 weeks post op. Summary We describe a novel case of a 39 yo orthotopic heart transplant recipient with acute post operative concomitant TR and PI with right heart failure requiring a tricuspid ring annuloplasty and pulmonic valve replacement. To date, there are no such reported complications after heart transplant. The incidence of isolated tricuspid valve regurgitation after heart transplant have decreased with the bicaval transplantation technique however not eliminated. Literature suggests that isolated moderate to severe tricuspid valve regurgitation should under a repair or replacement early post transplantation. Pulmonic valve insufficiency is extremely rare after heart transplant and management strategies are not well defined.
Causal Language in Observational Orthopaedic Research.

ABSTRACT With the increasing availability of large clinical registries and administrative data sets, observational (i.e., nonexperimental) orthopaedic research is being performed with increased frequency. While this research substantially advances our field, there are fundamental limitations to what can be determined through a single observational study. Avoiding overstatements and misstatements is important for the sake of accuracy, particularly for ensuring that clinical care is not inadvertently swayed by how an observational study is written up and described. We have noticed that causal language is frequently misused in observational orthopaedic research-that is, language that says or implies that 1 variable definitively causes another, despite the fact that causation can generally only be determined with randomization. In this data-backed commentary, we examine the prevalence of causal language in a random sample of 400 observational orthopaedic studies; we found that causal language was misused in 60% of them. We discuss the implications of these results and how to report observational findings more accurately: the word "association" (and its derivatives) can almost always replace or reframe a causal phrase.
High-Intensity Postacute Care at Home

Leaders at Cleveland Clinic have developed a high-intensity home-based rehabilitation model that shows promise in reducing cost of care and enabling functional improvement by providing postdischarg...
Phase II study of exercise and low-dose ibuprofen for cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) during chemotherapy.

12016Background: CRCI is a debilitating consequence of cancer and its treatment, including difficulties in attention, memory, and executive function. Though CRCI can develop during the course of ch...
An Update on Catheter-Based Renal Denervation for the Treatment of Hypertension

The use of catheter-based renal denervation (RD) for the treatment of hypertension showed promise in early proof-of-concept trials; however, enthusiasm to pursue clinical trials outpaced efforts to understand underlying fundamental principles. The Symplicity HTN-3 trial was a randomized, sham-controlled study that found that the effect of RD on blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension was no different than seen in the control group. Retrospective analyses showed that the therapeutic failure more likely resulted from suboptimal first-generation technology and poor clinical trial design rather than a failure of concept. This led to the development of new catheters which deliver a more consistent ablation to renal nerves. The most recent studies which utilize these new catheters have demonstrated a consistent reduction in blood pressure, and interest in the field has been renewed. In the aftermath of early clinical trials, a reevaluation of the field of RD resulted in recommendations for improved study design, enhanced procedural techniques, and newly developed catheter technologies. These changes have been incorporated into contemporary studies, which have provided consistent evidence that catheter-based RD can cause a significant reduction in blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Recent developments in the field of RD have lent credence to the notion that a procedure-based approach to lower blood pressure may augment current treatment strategies for hypertension. Future research will help to better define its clinical role and utility.
Predicting spatiotemporally-resolved mean air temperature over Sweden from satellite data using an ensemble model.

Abstract Mapping of air temperature (Ta) at high spatiotemporal resolution is critical to reducing exposure assessment errors in epidemiological studies on the health effects of air temperature. In this study, we applied a three-stage ensemble model to estimate daily mean Ta from satellite-based land surface temperature (Ts) over Sweden during 2001–2019 at a high spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km2. The ensemble model incorporated four base models, including a generalized additive model (GAM), a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM), and two machine learning models (random forest [RF] and extreme gradient boosting [XGBoost]), and allowed the weights for each model to vary over space, with the best-performing model for each grid cell assigned the highest weight. Various spatial predictors were included as adjustment variables in all the base models, including land cover type, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and elevation. The ensemble model showed high performance with an overall R2 of 0.98 and a root mean square error of 1.38 °C in the ten-fold cross-validation, and outperformed each of the four base models. Although each base model performed well, the two machine learning models (RF [R2 = 0.97], XGBoost [R2 = 0.98]) had better performance than the two regression models (GAM [R2 = 0.95], GAMM [R2 = 0.96]). In the machine learning models, Ts was the dominant predictor of Ta, followed by day of year, NDVI, latitude, elevation, and longitude. The highly spatiotemporally-resolved Ta can improve temperature exposure assessment in future epidemiological studies.
How Children Learn Language

Within three years of birth, children acquire several thousand words, they figure out how to build and understand complex sentences, and they master the sound system of their language. All before they can their shoes.
Superconductivity with a Twist

A material related to high-temperature superconductors exhibits mobile regions of twisted symmetry much like ordered magnetic regions in magnets.
Bacillus subtilis subtilisin gene (aprE) is expressed from a sigma A (sigma 43) promoter in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract In vitro studies demonstrated that the Bacillus subtilis subtilisin gene (aprE) could be transcribed by RNA polymerase holoenzyme reconstituted from core and sigma A factor obtained from vegetative cells. Upstream deletions (from -45) reduced the amount of transcription from the promoter. A deletion downstream of the promoter that overlapped a putative downstream minor promoter did not affect transcription from the sigma A promoter, which indicated that the putative downstream promoter is not utilized in vivo. S1 nuclease mapping studies showed that there was a low level of transcription from the subtilisin promoter during the growth phase and that the site of transcription initiation was the same during log and stationary phases. We conclude from these findings that there is only one promoter for the subtilisin gene and that it can be transcribed by the sigma A form of RNA polymerase in vitro.
Wireless portable communications trends and challenges

The electronic wireless communications age has its earliest origins with Thomas Edison and Guglielmo Marconi about 100 years ago. Early R&D on portable communications systems was carried out over forty years ago at AT&T Bell Labs, who led much of the earliest development in communications in the United States. Motorola pursued mobile wireless communications research beginning in the 1960s resulting in the first mobile cellular telephone service in the early 1980s. Decades of continuous cost/performance improvements from the semiconductor and IC packaging industry have had a dramatic impact on reducing the costs, and hence affordability, of all forms of commercial electronics and communications systems. Furthermore, the recent decade has seen an increased desire for personal and business communications mobility, security and access to information at any time, anywhere. Many of these factors have launched numerous commercial wireless communications systems, such as paging and cellular phone systems from a relatively high-end niche market into the multi-billion dollar consumer electronics businesses of today.
A standard of fetal growth for the united states of America

Abstract The appropriate interpretation of monitored fetal growth throughout pregnancy in individual patients and populations is dependent upon the availability of adequate standards. There is no adequate standard of fetal weight throughout pregnancy that is suitable for patients in the U. S. A. To determine such a standard for infants delivered at about sea level the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of fetal weight for each menstrual week of gestation were calculated from 430 fetuses at 8 to 20 menstrual weeks' gestation aborted with prostaglandins and from 30,772 liveborn infants delivered of patients at 21 to 44 menstrual weeks' gestation. Median fetal crown-to-rump lengths and crown-to-heel lengths were derived from measurements of 496 aborted fetuses of 8 to 21 weeks' gestation. Fetal weight correction factors for parity, race (socioeconomic status), and fetal sex were calculated. The derived fetal growth curves are useful for clinical, public health, and investigational purposes.
High Throughput In Situ DDA Analysis of Neuropeptides by Coupling Novel Multiplex Mass Spectrometric Imaging (MSI) with Gas-Phase Fractionation

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool to map the spatial distribution of biomolecules on tissue sections. Recent developments of hybrid MS instruments allow combination of different types of data acquisition by various mass analyzers into a single MSI analysis, which reduces experimental time and sample consumptions. Here, using the well-characterized crustacean nervous system as a test-bed, we explore the utility of high resolution and accurate mass (HRAM) MALDI Orbitrap platform for enhanced in situ characterization of the neuropeptidome with improved chemical information. Specifically, we report on a multiplex-MSI method, which combines HRAM MSI with data dependent acquisition (DDA) tandem MS analysis in a single experiment. This method enables simultaneous mapping of neuropeptide distribution, sequence validation, and novel neuropeptide discovery in crustacean neuronal tissues. To enhance the dynamic range and efficiency of in situ DDA, we introduced a novel approach of fractionating full m/z range into several sub-mass ranges and embedding the setup using the multiplex-DDA-MSI scan events to generate pseudo fractionation before MS/MS scans. The division of entire m/z into multiple segments of m/z sub-ranges for MS interrogation greatly decreased the complexity of molecular species from tissue samples and the heterogeneity of the distribution and variation of intensities of m/z peaks. By carefully optimizing the experimental conditions such as the dynamic exclusion, the multiplex-DDA-MSI approach demonstrates better performance with broader precursor coverage, less biased MS/MS scans towards high abundance molecules, and improved quality of tandem mass spectra for low intensity molecular species. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
A Review of “The Last Leaf: Voices of History's Last-Known Survivors”

Stuart Lutz offers an innovative and engaging, if uneven, look at a genre of subjects frequently found in media headlines but less prominent in academic studies: the final known survivors who exper...
Factors related to the induction of ventricular fibrillation in the normal canine heart by programmed electrical stimulation.

Programmed electrical stimulation was performed in eight normal dogs using a stimulator and endocardiai electrode catheters identical to those used in human studies. The right and left ventricular apex were paced at a drive cycle length of 400 ms and, in some cases, 500 ms, with a pacing sequence of single (S1S2), double (S1S2S3) and triple (S1S2S3S4) premature impulses introduced after eight paced complexes. Pacing sequences were performed using combinations of pulse width (1, 2 and 4 ms) and current strengths of 2, 5 and 10 times diastolic threshold, and in three dogs, 15 times diastolic threshold. Twenty-two episodes of ventricular fibrillation were initiated in five dogs in 170 pacing sequences using current strengths up to 10 times diastolic threshold, and six episodes of ventricular fibrillation in the two of three remaining dogs tested at 15 times diastolic threshold. Ventricular fibrillation was reproducible on seven of nine occasions. Ventrieular fibrillation was never induced by S1S2at up to 15 times diastolic threshold; it was induced by S1S2S3in 3 (1.8%) of 170 sequences, but only at 10 times diastolic threshold. It was induced by S1S2S3S4in 19 (11.4%) of 167 sequences using 2 to 10 times diastolic threshold, although 20 of 28 episodes only occurred with S1S2S3S4at 10 or more times diastolic threshold. Induction of ventricular fibrillation was not related to pulse width, but when sequences using S1S2S3S4at 10 times diastolic threshold were examined, ventricular fibrillation was related to the shortness of the coupling intervals of the premature stimuli (S1S2+ S2S3+ S3S4: ventricular fibrillation = 367 ± 26 ms, no ventricular fibrillation = 417 ± 41 ms, p It is concluded that spurious ventricular fibrillation is unlikely to be initiated in the normal canine ventricle by S1S2at up to 15 times diastolic threshold, or by S1S2S3at less than 10 times diastolic threshold. S1S2S3S4appeared capable of initiating ventricular fibrillation at any current strength, with maximal frequency at 10 times diastolic threshold or greater. These findings allow better assessment of the significance of arrhythmias induced by these pacing methods in abnormal canine hearts, and demonstrate some principles that may be applicable to human studies.
Beyond Dichotomy: Dwight Waldo and the Intertwined Politics–Administration Relationship

Dwight Waldo’s conception of the politics–administration question might be better understood as a “relationship” that contains elements of separation and intermixture rather than a “dichotomy,” according to this author-commentator.To suggest that Waldo came to support the dichotomy presumes agreement about the meaning of the concept that is missing in Waldo’s writings and in the public administration literature.
Inclusion of Blended Lipid Solutions as Functional Ingredients to Alter the Fatty Acid Profile of Beef Patties

: Beef patties formulated to contain beef fat, plant oil, and a rosemary extract to increase unsaturated fatty acid content and maintain desirable sensory attributes were compared to control beef patties formulated without plant oils. Treatment patties were formulated to a fat content of 10% or 20% by combining beef trimmings (6% fat) with 4% or 14% addition of a lipid blend. Blends contained 57% beef tallow, 0.3% rosemary extract, and 43% of high oleic safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO), or corn oil (CO). Lipid oxidation, as measured by TBA values, of treatment patties were similar to control patties after 0 and 3 d of refrigerated (2 °C) storage and up to 56 d of frozen (−10 °C) storage. Cooked lipid blend patties having a fat content of 10% or 20% were similar to or higher than control patties for juiciness and were no different for other sensory attributes evaluated. At fat levels of 10% or 20%, oleic acid (18: 1) in cooked SO patties (46.1% and 50.3%, respectively) and OO patties (43.8% and 48.1%, respectively) was higher than the control (37.3% and 37.6%, respectively). Unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios at the 10% or 20% fat levels were higher in SO (1.37 and 1.60, respectively) and CO (1.40 and 1.48, respectively) patties than the control (0.97 and 0.94, respectively). Beef patties manufactured with varying lipid blends increased unsaturated fatty acid content and were similar in physical characteristics and sensory attributes of all beef patties formulated without lipid blends. Practical Application: The development of healthier beef products that will be more appealing to consumers has long been an industry goal. The authors believe that lipid blends such as the one used in this study could be used to create such products, not only in the form of beef patties, but any number of processed meat products. Because the materials and equipment used to create the lipid blends in this study are widely available, their incorporation into meat products would represent a small capital investment. This is an important factor in bringing a reasonably priced, healthier product to consumers.
Human Topoisomerase I Inhibition: Docking Camptothecin and Derivatives into a Structure-Based Active Site Model†

Human topoisomerase I (top1) is an important target for anti-cancer drugs, which include camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives. To elucidate top1 inhibition in vitro, we made a series of duplex DNA substrates containing a deoxyadenosine stereospecifically modified by a covalent adduct of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) diol epoxide [Pommier, Y., et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 10739−10744]. The known orientation of the hydrocarbon adduct in the DNA duplex relative to the top1 cleavage site, in combination with a top1/DNA crystal structure [Redinbo, M. R., et al. (1998) Science 279, 1504−1513], was used to construct a structure-based model to explain the in vitro top1 inhibition results obtained with adducted DNA duplexes. Here we experimentally determined that the lactone form of CPT was stabilized by an irreversible top1/DNA covalent complex. We removed the BaP moiety from the DNA in the published model, and docked the lactone forms of CPT and derivatives into the top1/DNA active site cavity. The d...
Carcinoma of the lung in HIV-positive patients: findings on chest radiographs and CT scans.

Several recent clinical studies have described an association between HIV seropositivity and lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to describe the spectrum of imaging findings in HIV-positive patients who had proved carcinoma of the lung. In particular, we attempted to define the role of CT in diagnosing HIV-associated lung cancer.The study population consisted of 23 HIV-positive patients from two institutions who had lung cancer diagnosed between 1989 and 1993. All patients had both chest radiographs and CT scans. The group included 19 men and four women with a mean age of 42 years. The diagnosis of lung cancer was confirmed by bronchoscopy in eight patients, by pleural fluid aspiration or pleural biopsy in seven, by percutaneous needle biopsy of a lung lesion in three, by biopsy of an extrathoracic site in four, and by thoracotomy in one. Two thoracic radiologists retrospectively evaluated the chest radiographs and CT scans to identify parenchymal masses, lymphadenopathy, pleural disease, chest wal...
Beam-plasma electrodynamics

Abstract Charged-particle beams in dense plasmas are electrically self-focused for β2 1 2 and magnetically self-focused for β2 > 1 2 . Rapidly varying intense cold beams in plasmas produce strong coherent electric oscillations due to the addition of Bohr-wake fields.
Qualitative Methodology and Comparative Politics

Leading methods for pursuing qualitative research in the field of comparative politics are discussed. On one hand, qualitative researchers in this field use a variety of methods of theory developme...
Time of Planting and Diurnal Soil Temperature Effects on Cotton Seedling Field Emergence and Rate of Development

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is often planted in early spring before climatic conditions are optimum for seed germination and seedling development. The objective of this study was to determine, in the field, the effect of time of day and cool-temperature stress from naturally varying soil temperature at a time of planting and following planting on seedling emergence (EMER) and seedling rate of development index (SRDI) for cotton. Seeds of two cultivars (GC-510 and SJ-2) were planted at 0800 and 1600 h three days a week for 9 wks beginning 24 Feb. 1988 and ending 13 April(.)
The Relationship Between I131 Concentrations in Various Environmental Samples

A study was made of the relationship between I/sup 131/ concentrations in air, vegetation, milk, and cattle thyroids in the vicinity of Hanford during the period January 1961, through April, 1963. Some insight into mechanisms of I/ sup 131/ passage down the food chain to man is provided and the rate at which I/ sup 131/ concentrations decrease following relatively acute depositions of fallout materials is illustrated. The major source of the I/sup 131/ was fallout of debris from nuclear weapons tests. Concentrations noted during periods of testing were 10--100 times those found when no testing was in progress. Fresh milk constituted the principal mode of intake of I/sup 131/for persons residing in the Hanford environs. Concentrations in milk sample collected from 10cal dairy farms averaged about 50 pC I/sup 131//1 during 1961, and 40 pC/1 during 1962. The potential radiation dose received by a small child (with a 2 g thyroid) via milk consumption was estimated to be about 400 times that received via inhalation during the period under study. For an adult (with a 20 g thyroid) the ratio of thyroid exposure via milk to that via inhalation was estimated to be about 40 to 1. (auth)
Study of the pharmacokinetics of human chorionic gonadotropin and its relation to ovulation.

The pharmacokinetics of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was studied in 15 normal volunteers and 15 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Each subject received 6000 IU hCG, intramuscularly (im), at midcycle, and serum was assayed for hCG frequently for 16 hr. All 30 subjects achieved hCG concentrations ≥10 IU/liter within 2 hr and 19 (63%) did so within 1 hr of injection. The time taken to attain concentrations of ≥20 and ≥40 IU/liter correlated positively with the subjects' weight and/or surface area, but the correlation was not strong. Eleven of the 15 IVF patients had oocytes retrieved 34–35+hr post hCG. Three of the 11 showed evidence of prior “undetected ovulation” at the time of surgery (definite in one, presumed in two). Taking into consideration the pharmacokinetics of hCG and other factors that could lead to undetected ovulation, the authors conclude that (1) hCG is rapidly absorbed in the majority of subjects following im injection, (2) ovulation may occur earlier than 36 hr following hCG in some individuals, and (3) implementation of a shorter (than 35 hr) hCG-to-oocyte retrieval interval would be advised if undetected ovulation is to be avoided.
Depth- and current-induced effects on wave propagation into the Altamaha River Estuary, Georgia

Abstract A study of sea surface wave propagation and its energy deformation was carried out using field observations and numerical experiments over a region spanning the midshelf of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) to the Altamaha River Estuary, GA. Wave heights on the shelf region correlate with the wind observations and directional observations show that most of the wave energy is incident from the easterly direction. Comparing midshelf and inner shelf wave heights during a time when there was no wind and hence no wave development led to an estimation of wave energy dissipation due to bottom friction with corresponding wave dissipation factor of 0.07 for the gently sloping continental shelf of the SAB. After interacting with the shoaling region of the Altamaha River, the wave energy within the estuary becomes periodic in time showing wave energy during flood to high water phase of the tide and very little wave energy during ebb to low water. This periodic modulation inside the estuary is a direct result of enhanced depth and current-induced wave breaking that occurs at the ebb shoaling region surrounding the Altamaha River mouth at longitude 81.23°W. Modelling results with STWAVE showed that depth-induced wave breaking is more important during the low water phase of the tide than current-induced wave breaking during the ebb phase of the tide. During the flood to high water phase of the tide, wave energy propagates into the estuary. Measurements of the significant wave height within the estuary showed a maximum wave height difference of 0.4 m between the slack high water (SHW) and slack low water (SLW). In this shallow environment these wave–current interactions lead to an apparent bottom roughness that is increased from typical hydraulic roughness values, leading to an enhanced bottom friction coefficient.
Acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activity in the developing chick spinal cord.

Microchemical procedures were employed for the quantitative assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity in the brachial spinal cord of chick embryos from 3.5 to 21 days' incubation. The activity of AChE increased nearly 10-fold during the 60-hour period from stage 22 (3.5 days) to stage 30 (6.0 days). The level of AChE at six days was essentially the same as that at hatching. During the intervening period, the level of AChE activity remained unchanged with the exception of minor transient peaks at days 7, 13, and 18. The activity of ChAc increased 22-fold during the developmental period studied. The onto-genetic pattern was characterized by two periods of rapid increase in acitvity. From stage 23 (3.75 days) to stage 31 (7.0 days), ChAc activity increased approximately 5.4-fold and from stage 38+ (12.5 days) to stage 44, (18 days) ChAc activity increased approximately 3.6-fold with the major increase occurring during the 48-hour period from stage 42 to stage 44. The ontogenetic patterns for both enzymes are discussed in relation to morphological and functional differentiation. It is suggested that ChAc activity is a more reliable index of functional differentiation than is AChE and that the initial increase in AChE activity may be associated with some function other than synaptic transmission.
Power-transmission electromagnetics

Many issues related to electromagnetic analysis of power lines have been raised. These include some related to the operation of power lines, and others related to effects of the power-line electromagnetic environment. Concern about the latter has been responsible for a renewed interest by the media. An overview of these issues is given. When appropriate, the topics are placed in the context of methods commonly used by those trained in the electromagnetics of antennas and propagation. >
Simultaneous determination of common inorganic anions, magnesium and calcium ions in various environmental waters by indirect UV-photometric detection ion chromatography using trimellitic acid–EDTA as eluent

Abstract Indirect photometric detection ion chromatography (IPD-IC) using trimellitic acid (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid)–EDTA (ethylenediamine- N , N , N ′, N ′-tetraacetic acid) as the eluent was investigated for the simultaneous determination of common inorganic anions (Cl − , NO − 2 , NO − 3 and SO 2− 4 ), total carbonate (HCO − 3 ), Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ in various environmental water samples. When using 0.5 mM trimellitic acid–0.25 mM EDTA as the eluent at pH 6.0 and a 15 cm anion-exchange column (TSKguardgel QAE-SW), highly sensitive and excellent separation for these anions and cations was achieved in 15 min. The proposed IC method was successfully applied to the evaluation of water quality of various environmental water samples.
Protection against amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity toward striatal dopamine neurons in rodents by LY274614, an excitatory amino acid antagonist

Abstract LY274614, 3SR,4aRS,6SR,8aRS-6-[phosphonomethyl]decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, has been described as a potent antagonist of the N- methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. Here its ability to antagonize the prolonged depletion of dopamine in the striatum by amphetamine in iprindole-treated rats is reported. A single 18.4 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of (±)-amphetamine hemisulfate, given to rats pretreated with iprindole, resulted in persistent depletion of dopamine in the striatum 1 week later. This prolonged depletion of dopamine in the striatum was antagonized by dizocilpine (MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors) or by LY274614 (a competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors). The protective effect of LY274614 was dose-dependent, being maximum at 10–40 mgkg (i.p.). A 10 mg/kg dose of LY274614 was effective in antagonizing the depletion of dopamine in the striatum, when given as long as 8 hr prior to amphetamine but not when given 24 hr prior to amphetamine. Depletion of dopamine in the striatum was also antagonized when LY274614 was given after the injection of amphetamine; LY274614 protected when given up to 4 hr after but not when given 8 or 24 hr after amphetamine. The prolonged depletion of dopamine in the striatum in mice, given multiple injections of methamphetamine, was also antagonized dose-dependently and completely by LY274614. The data strengthen the evidence that the neurotoxic effect of amphetamine and related compounds toward nigrostriatal dopamine neurons involves NMDA receptors and that LY274614 is an NMDA receptor antagonist with long-lasting in vivo effects in rats.
The design of a wireless portable device for personalized ultraviolet monitoring

The skin care product market is growing due to the threat of ultraviolet (UV) radiation caused by the destruction of the ozone layer, increasing demand for tanning, and the tendency to wear less clothing. Accordingly, there is a potential demand for a personalized UV monitoring system, which can play a fundamental role in skin cancer prevention by providing measurements of UV radiation intensities and corresponding recommendations. Furthermore, the need for such device becomes more vital since it has turned out that in some places (e.g., on snowy mountains) the UV exposure gets doubled, while individuals are unaware of this fact. This paper highlights the development and initial validation of a wireless and portable embedded system for personalized UV monitoring which is based on a novel software architecture, a high-end UV sensor, and conventional PDA (or a cell phone). In terms of short-term applications, by calculating the UV index, it informs the users about their maximum recommended sun exposure time by taking their skin type and sun protection factor (SPF) of the applied sunscreen into consideration. As for long-term applications, given that the damage caused by UV light is accumulated over days, it is able to keep a record of the amount of UV received over a certain course of time, from a single day to a month. Low energy consumption and high accuracy in estimating the UV index are salient features of this system.
“Commercial pressures and professional ethics: troubling revisions to the recent ACOG Practice Bulletins on surgery for pelvic organ prolapse”: response to Weber

We thank Dr. Weber [1] for her interest in our article [2]. We are deeply saddened by her detailed confirmation of our worst suspicions concerning the removal of any reference to the ‘experimental’ nature of the trocar-and-mesh kit operations for prolapse in ACOG Practice Bulletin #85. We agree with her that the original wording should be restored. We further suggest that ACOG affirm in print its commitment to promoting evidence-based practice that is truly in the best interests of patients, even if doing so potentially threatens the financial interests of members of the College. References
The association between the pre-diagnosis mammography screening interval and advanced breast cancer

Background While screening has been demonstrated to reduce breast cancer mortality, the optimal screening interval is unknown. We designed a study to determine the risk of an advanced breast cancer diagnosis by varying the interval between mammograms.
Effects of ethanol intake and ethanol withdrawal on free-running circadian activity rhythms in rats

Chronic alcohol intake and alcohol withdrawal are associated with dramatic disruptions of daily (circadian) biological rhythms in both human alcoholics and experimental animals. The extent to which these observations are due to pharmacological effects on the underlying circadian pacemaker is not known, however, since no human studies and very few animal studies have been conducted under free-running conditions. In the present study, free-running circadian activity (wheel-running) rhythms of rats were monitored before, during and after exposure to either 10% or 20% ethanol solution as the only drinking fluid. Across individuals, both lengthening and shortening of free-running period were observed during ethanol intake, and treatment termination led to either a return to baseline or to an exacerbation of the original ethanol effect. These variable effects appeared to be related to both ethanol concentration and to individual differences in baseline period, such that relatively short free-running period during baseline was associated with greater period-lengthening during ethanol exposure. These bidirectional affects of ethanol on free-running period are generally similar to effects seen previously with other psychoactive drugs, including antidepressants. The results of this study indicate that ethanol influences the circadian pacemaker, and that the chronobiological disruptions seen in human alcoholics may be due, in part, to alterations in circadian pacemaker regulation.
An analog online clustering circuit in 130nm CMOS

An analog clustering circuit is presented. It is capable of inferring the underlying pattern and extracting the statistical parameters from the input vectors, as well as providing measures of similarity based on both mean and variance. A floating-gate analog memory provides non-volatile storage. A current-mode distance computation, a time-domain loser-take-all and a memory adaptation circuit implement efficient and robust learning algorithm. We show that our analog computation element can achieve more than 10x higher energy efficiency than its digital counterpart. An 8-dimension 4-centroid prototype was fabricated in a 130 nm standard CMOS process. Measurement results demonstrate vector classification at 16 kHz, and unsupervised online clustering at 4 kHz with a power consumption of 15 μW.
GIS application in mineral resource analysis-A case study of offshore marine placer gold at Nome, Alaska

Geographic information system (GIS) technology has been applied to analyze the offshore marine placer gold deposits at Nome, Alaska. Two geodatabases, namely Integrated Geodatabase (IG) and Regularized 2.5D Geodatabase (R2.5DG), were created to store and integrate digital data sets in heterogeneous formats. The IG served as a data warehouse and used to manage various geological data, such as borehole, bedrock geology, surficial geology, and geochemical data. The R2.5DG was generated based on the IG and could be used for gold resource estimate at any given spatial domain. Information on placer gold deposits can be updated, queried, visualized, and analyzed by making use of these geodatabases. Ore body boundaries, gold distribution, and the resource estimation at various cutoff grades can be calculated in a timely manner. Based on the enhanced GIS architecture, a web-based GIS (http://uaf-db.uaf.edu/website/) was developed to facilitate remote users to access the offshore marine placer gold data. Users can integrate local data sources with remote data sources for query, visualization and analysis via a web browser. The GIS architecture developed in this project can be readily adapted to mineral resource management in other areas of the state.
The economics of fear, the politics of hope, and the perversity of happiness

This article shows how, even in the context of economic crisis, sex is the embodiment of morality in US public discourse. Because of the ways that secular freedom holds together political economy and a politics of sexuality, both religious affect and secular psychoanalysis have become organized around a correlation between morality and sexual practice. Through a brief genealogy of conscience the essay offers perverse happiness as a point of ethical affect that is not trapped in this modern morality play of sexuality.
Note on an inequality for the coefficients in legendre polynomial expansions and its application to the theory of liquid phase transitions

It is shown that if themth derivative of a function is positive, and it has a Legendre polynomial expansion with coefficients,A n, then (A m)/(2m+1)≧(A n)/(2n+1) forn>m. This result is applied to the theory of liquid phase transitions.
Demographic Factors: Interaction Effects on Health‐Promoting Behavior and Health Related Factors

The purpose of this study was to examine the main and interaction effects of race, gender, and education on health-promoting behaviors, problem solving appraisal, health value, and health definition. Using a convenience sample of 331 employees, a series of three-way ANOVAs were performed. Only gender exerted main effects on health-promoting behaviors, including exercise, relaxation, and health promotion. No interaction effects were presented. Neither main nor interaction effects were found for approaching problems and having confidence in solving problems. However, interaction effects indicated that better educated women and better educated black employees perceived less personal control when solving problems. Women valued health more than men, even though there were no gender, race or education differences in the sample's definition of health. Community health nurses and workplace wellness planners are challenged to design programs sensitive to gender differences regarding health behaviors and the valuing of health. Developing training programs to enhance personal control over problem situations is also indicated.
On the formulation of boundary value problems with the incompressible constituents constraint in finite deformation poroelasticity

This paper considers the finite deformation theory of poroelasticity for the case in which a deformable solid constituent and an interpenetrating liquid constituent are each regarded as incompressible, and the mixing itself is regarded as taking place without the creation of voids. The resulting kinematical constraint gives rise to a Lagrange multiplier pressure in the resulting constitutive description. This pressure therefore enters into the separate momentum balance statements for each individual constituent. The formulation of boundary value problems in this context is well known in continuum mechanics. This paper examines how a systematic elimination of the Lagrange multiplier pressure from the mathematical formulation leads to a stress-like tensor that generalizes a stress tensor concept introduced by Rajagopal and Wineman in the late 1980s, which they called the saturation stress. Here, by providing a rather complete development, it is discussed how boundary value problems are naturally formulated in terms of a single such stress tensor, how the constitutive theory is framed in terms of this stress tensor, and how certain questions concerning the formulation of boundary conditions are naturally addressed. Connections to the small deformation linear poroelastic (biphasic) theory are also provided. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro effects of nonylphenol on motility, mitochondrial, acrosomal and chromatin integrity of ram and boar spermatozoa.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nonylphenol (NP) on viability of ram and boar sperm in vitro. Ram or boar spermatozoa were exposed to 1, 10, 100, 250 and 500 μg NP ml(-1) for 1, 2, 3 or 4 h. Computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) system was used to evaluate sperm motility characteristics. Flow cytometry was used to determine mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and chromatin integrity, while epifluorescent microscopy was used to determine sperm acrosomal status. Exposure of both species spermatozoa to 250 and 500 μg NP ml(-1) was detrimental to progressive motility (P < 0.05), and its adverse effect was significant at lower (100 μg NP ml(-1) ) concentration (P < 0.05). The percentages of ram and boar spermatozoa with high MMP declined drastically after exposures to ≥250 μg ml(-1) NP (P < 0.05). Unlike chromatin integrity, which did not appear to be altered by NP exposure, there were dose-dependent NP effects (P < 0.05) on acrosomal integrity of both species at as low as 1 μg ml(-1) NP for boar spermatozoa and 10 μg ml(-1) NP for ram spermatozoa. These data show adverse effects of NP on ram and boar spermatozoa and thus its potential harmful effects on male reproduction as NP is found in fruits, vegetables, human milk, fish and livestock products.
The reaction of phenylhydrazine with squaric acid: a model for carbohydrate osazone formation

Abstract The reaction of squaric acid ( 1 ) with phenylhydrazine yields cyclobutanetetraone poly(phenylhydrazones) ( 2–4 ), as reported earlier, as well as squaric acid derivatives, reported here. The latter products are a salt, 1,3-dianilinocyclobutenediylium-2,4-diolate ( 5 ), and 1-anilino-2-phenylhydrazinocyclobutene-3,4-dione ( 6 ), which upon oxidation yields tautomeric forms of cyclobutanetetraone 1-anilide-2-phenylhydrazone ( 7a and 7b ). The structure of the compounds isolated was established by 1 H, 13 C, 2D COSY, and 2D J -resolved NMR spectroscopy. The similarity between the reaction of squaric acid ( 1 ) with phenylhydrazine and osazone formation can be seen from the analogy between compounds 2 , 6 , and 7b and intermediates produced during carbohydrate osazone formation, as well as from the fact that these compounds afford an osazone analog ( 4 ) when treated with phenylhydrazine. It was also found that compound 5 can be generated by a retro-osazone reaction when cyclobutanetetraone bis(phenylhydrazone) ( 2 ) is heated with aniline.