cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of proteolysis enhances aluminum-induced perikaryal neurofilament accumulation but does not enhance tau accumulation

As observed for neuronsin situ, phosphorylated neurofilament (NF) epitopes are normally segregated within the axonal cytoskeleton of NB2a/d1 cells. However, accumulations of phosphorylated NFs develop in NB2a/d1 perikarya following, exposure to aluminum salts and following inhibition of proteolysis. In the present study, we observed that perikarya of cells exposed to both aluminum and the protease inhibitor C1 (also known as “AllNal”) were more intensely labeled by monoclonal antibodies directed against both nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated epitopes than were cells treated with either aluminum or protease inhibitor alone. Since these monoclonal antibodies crossreact with tau, we also immunostained cells treated under these conditions with monoclonal antibodies directed against phosphate-insensitive (5E2) and phosphorylated (PHF-1) epitopes of tau. Aluminum treatment, but not C1 treatment, induced accumulation of total tau isoforms as judged by an increase in 5E2 immunoreactivity Neither treatment, either separately or in combination, induced an increase in PHF-1 immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that alterations in immunoreactivity with SMI antibodies reflected increases in NF epitopes. This was confirmed by immunoblot analyses. Since proteolysis is apparently instrumental in maintaining the normal distribution patterns of phosphorylated NF epitopes, these findings implicate deficiencies in proteolytic mechanisms in the development of neurofibrillary pathology, and underscore the possibility of a multiple etiology in human neuropathological conditions.
Evidence for canonical beta-catenin signaling in neuroblastomas

RESULTS: Histologically, in all proliferative lesions, c-kit and Oct-4 cells were found to reside in nests close to arterioles. These cells radiate outwards from the nest core in early proliferative lesions and further differentiate to cords of CD133 , c-kit and Oct-4 negative cells with stem cell morphology.These cell populations were not seen in the involuting and involuted specimens. In addition, both proliferative and involuting lesions exhibit areas of possible hematopoietic activity as demonstrated by immature erythrocytes and phenotypes of splenic-like cords and blood islands of bone marrow. In vitro, Oct-4 cells, which exhibit phosphatase activity, were isolated.
Electrospun Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering

Electrospun fiber matrices composed of scaffolds of varying fiber diameters were investigated for potential application of severe skin loss. Few systematic studies have been performed to examine the effect of varying fiber diameter electrospun fiber matrices for skin regeneration. The present study reports the fabrication of poly[lactic acid-co-glycolic acid] (PLAGA) matrices with fiber diameters of 150-225, 200-300, 250-467, 500-900, 600-1,200, 2,500-3,000 and 3,250-6,000 nm via electrospinning. All fiber matrices found to have a tensile modulus from 39.23+/-8.15 to 79.21+/-13.71 MPa which falls in the range for normal human skin. Further, the porous fiber matrices have porosity between 38 to 60% and average pore diameters between 10 to 14 microm. We evaluated the efficacy of these biodegradable fiber matrices as skin substitutes by seeding them with human skin fibroblasts (hSF). Human skin fibroblasts acquired a well spread morphology and showed significant progressive growth on fiber matrices in the 350-1,100 nm diameter range. Collagen type III gene expression was significantly up-regulated in hSF seeded on matrices with fiber diameters in the range of 350-1,100 nm. Based on the need, the proposed fiber skin substitutes can be successfully fabricated and optimized for skin fibroblast attachment and growth.
Pediatricians’ Knowledge of, Experience With, and Comfort Levels for Cochlear Implants in Children

Purpose Pediatricians are vital to early hearing detection and intervention programs (EHDIPs) and influence families’ decisions and compliance with recommendations for their children having hearing loss. Pediatricians need current, accurate knowledge about diagnostics and treatments including cochlear implants (CIs). This study assessed pediatricians’ knowledge about, experience with, and comfort levels for CIs in children. Method Questionnaires were mailed to a total of 220 pediatricians in 9 cities in Alabama. Results Nine questionnaires were undeliverable; of the remaining 211 surveys, 29 were returned (for a response rate of 13.7%), and 26 of those were usable. The results were consistent with other studies. All respondents focused on pediatrics; most were medical homes experienced with children having sensorineural hearing loss. Less than half had counseled families about CIs but had patients using them. Over half had not recommended CIs in 5 years. Several were unsure about current EHDIP goals and C...
Preoperative statin therapy is not associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND:Our objective was to examine the association between preoperative statin therapy and the prevalence of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.METHODS:We performed a retrospective investigation of 10,648 consecu
Chroococcus S24 and Chroococcus N41 (cyanobacteria) : morphological, biochemical and genetic characterization and effects of water stress on ultrastructure

Two strains of desiccation-tolerant coccoid cyanobacteria, Chroococcus S24, a marine form, and Chroococcus N41, a cryptoendolith isolated from a hot-desert rock, have been characterized. The mol % DNA base compositions of the strains are 47.1 and 48.9% respectively. Plasmid DNA was not detected in either strain. The pigment contents and nutritional characteristics of the strains are identical. Both lack phycoerythrinoid pigments and, in culture, behave as slow-growing halotolerant marine forms with elevated requirements for Na+, Cl−, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Sucrose was the only carbon source of those tested that supported photoheterotrophic growth. Each strain synthesizes nitrogenase under anaerobic conditions but not in air. Morphologically the two strains are indistinguishable. They are considered to be independent isolates of the same cyanobacterial species. Chroococcus N41 was studied in detail with the electron microscope. When brought to equilibrium at matric water potentials of-168 MPa and lower (to-673 MPa=c0.12a w) the protoplast shrinks, but the cells maintain the same size and diameter as those at-2,156 kPa (MN medium; control); the sheath expands and remains attached to the cell wall outer membrane by fibrils. The cell wall, cell membrane, thylakoid membranes, cyanophycin granules and carboxysomes appeared intact in desiccated cells.
Sources of input to the cochlear granule cell region in the guinea pig

Anterograde and retrograde transport of fluorogold was used to trace input to the superficial granule cell layer of the ventral cochlear nucleus in the guinea pig. Infusion of fluorogold into the labyrinth resulted in heavy labeling of eighth nerve axons and their terminals in the ventral cochlear nucleus, but only a few labeled axons entered the granule cell layer. Injections of fluorogold restricted to the granule cell layer retrogradely labeled neurons in the ipsilateral lateral superior olivary nucleus, in the periolivary region predominantly contralaterally, and in the inferior colliculus predominantly ipsilaterally. Labeled neurons were also present in the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus, but this may be due to interruption of axons of passage in the lateral ventrotubercular tract. Overall this study demonstrates very restricted direct cochlear input to the granule cell region, but provides evidence for projections from several brainstem auditory nuclei.
Brief announcement: capacity of byzantine agreement with finite link capacity - complete characterization of four-node networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of maximizing the throughput of Byzantine agreement, when communication links have finite capacity. Byzantine agreement is a classical problem in distributed computing, with initial solutions presented in the seminal work of Pease, Shostak and Lamport. The notion of throughput here is similar to that used in the networking/communications literature on unicast or multicast traffic. We identify necessary conditions for an agreement throughput of R to be achievable. We also provide tight sufficient conditions by construction for agreement throughput R in four-node networks.
Design equations for concrete columns confined with hybrid composite materials

Retrofitting of existing concrete columns by wrapping them by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets, straps, or pultruded FRP shells has been gaining great interest in the research community and in industry. New hybrid concrete columns are developed in this study for new constructions. The basic structure of the proposed hybrid column consists of an exterior PVC-FRP shell with a concrete core. The exterior shell is commercially available cylindrical PVC pipe externally reinforced with impregnated continuous fiber in the form of hoops at different spacing. This paper presents the results of experimental and analytical studies of the performance of axially loaded concrete columns confined with PVC-FRP tubes. Test variables include type of confinement, volume of fiber and FRP hoop spacing. The results indicate that the new hybrid columns exhibited high strength and ductility. A new design procedure for concrete confined with PVC-FRP is proposed. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical results showed...
Low temperature completely rescues the function of two misfolded KATP channel disease-mutants

The pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels comprise two subunits: SUR1 and Kir6.2. Two SUR1 mutations, A116P and V187D, reduce channel activity causing persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. We investigated whether these mutations cause temperature sensitive misfolding. We show that the processing defect of these mutants is temperature sensitive and these two mutations disrupt the association between SUR1 and Kir6.2 by causing misfolding in SUR1 at 37 °C but can be rescued at 18 °C. Extensive electrophysiological characterization of these mutants indicated that low temperature largely, if not completely, corrects the folding defect of these two SUR1 mutants observed at 37 °C.
Implementing Expert Systems into Business‐to‐Business Marketing Practice

Discusses artificial intelligence, particularly expert or knowledge systems, and its relevance for business‐to‐business marketing and marketing decision support systems. Enables the reader to understand the basic concepts of expert systems while providing more technical references, before discussing current and potential applications for decision support systems. Argues that expert systems will ultimately play a major role in such applications, developing over the next two decades. Includes appendices and a glossary of terms and definitions.
A numerical sensitivity analysis to monitor CO2 sequestration in layered basalt with coda waves

SUMMARYBasalt appears to have geochemical advantages as a reservoirfor CO 2 sequestration, but it poses considerable challenges interms of measurement, monitoring and veriﬁcation with geo-physical techniques. First, it is poorly understood how CO 2 injection in basalt inﬂuences the elastic properties. Second,layering of the basalt causes strong multiple scattering, com-plicating (surface) seismic imaging. To investigate the pos-sibilities and limitations of time-lapse seismic monitoring ofCO 2 injection in a layered basalt reservoir, we estimate wavespeed variations due to ﬂuid substitution, and perform numer-ical simulations of CO 2 reservoir monitoring.keywords: time-lapse seismic, numerical modeling, seques-tration, downhole seismic, Gassmann’s equationINTRODUCTIONMaﬁc rocks have high potential in CO 2 sequestration becauseof the potentially rapid precipitation of carbonate minerals, un-der suitable temperature and pressure condition and in pres-ence of water. On the other hand, seismic monitoring of CO
Stages of Identity Development Among College Students with Minority Sexual Orientations

Abstract This study examined the identity development of college students with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and other minority sexual orientations. A descriptive model was constructed that identifies six sequential stages of identity development experienced by individuals with minority sexual orientations: (1) Recognizing a Difference, (2) Reflective Observing, (3) Internalizing Reflective Observations, (4) Self-Identifying, (5) Coming into Proximity, and (6) Networking and Connecting. The research is one in a series of investigations that are intended to provide the foundation for developing theoretical constructs that complement existing literature by more inclusively describing the unique adjustment and developmental tasks experienced by diverse campus populations. Counseling implications of the six-stage model are presented.
A classification of compounds in American Sign Language: an evaluation of the Bisetto and Scalise framework

Cross-linguistic comparisons of compounds are difficult because of the varied criteria and terms used by different linguists (Scalise and Bisetto 2009). To address this problem, Scalise and Bisetto proposed a universal three-level classification of compound types. Although several researchers have shown that American Sign Language (ASL) has compound signs, a classification of compound types in ASL has not been completed. All of the potential compounds in an ASL dictionary (Costello 1994) were identified, then verified as compounds with the help of a fluent deaf signer by applying standard tests for composition. These compounds were then classified using the Scalise and Bisetto classification. We found that Scalise and Bisetto’s three-level hierarchical classification successfully captured cross-category relationships among subtypes of compounds but fails to predict the existence of one type of compound attested in ASL. In our revised classification, a consistent set of criteria is used at each level, resulting in a classification that is both conceptually simpler and empirically more adequate. The second tier category for hierarchical compounds are bifurcated into the categories expressed predicate and unexpressed predicate, according to whether each predicate in a compound’s semantic structure is expressed by one of the overt constituents. The revision has the further advantage of allowing us to avoid any reference to word class/grammatical category in applying our taxonomy, a goal that we show to be desirable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.
Switzerland and the United Nations

Despite the approaching universality of the United Nations, Switzerland continues to be a non-member. Her traditional policy of permanent neutrality, which is theoretically incompatible with the United Nations collective security system, and an unsatisfactory experience as a member of the League of Nations largely explain this absence. Ironically enough, however, Switzerland has played in effect as active a role in the United Nations as have many actual members. Switzerland belongs to most of the specialized agencies and many of the Organization's ancillary organs. She has even involved herself in numerous peacekeeping activities. Geneva serves as the Organization's European headquarters. Thus, the Swiss freely participate in what they refer to as the “technical,” as distinguished from the “political” United Nations. The increased prestige of neutrality and neutral Austria's successful membership, approaching universality, the waning of collective security, and a desire to participate fully in international relations are encouraging a gradual reorientation towards the United Nations which may some day lead to formal Swiss membership.
Electron paramagnetic resonance spin probe study of carbon dioxide‐induced polymer plasticization

Steady-state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using nitroxide spin probes has been used to investigate the plasticization of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(ethyl methacrylate) by carbon dioxide. By varying the CO2 pressure at constant ambient temperature, the glass transition for each polymer could be depressed to 25 °C. This effect has been quantified by a parameter P50G, obtained by plotting the EPR spectral width as a function of CO2 pressure. Certain spin probes showed free volume distribution effects, manifested in the EPR spectra as “double peaks.” Possible reasons for this phenomenon are presented and discussed, and the efficacy of CO2 as a plasticizer is clearly demonstrated by direct comparison with di-n-butyl phthalate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2097–2108, 2005
Noncommutative Deformations of Type-A Kleinian Singularities

Abstract The type-A Kleinian singularities are the surfaces of the form C 2/G where G is a finite cyclic subgroup of SL2( C ). The standard noncommutative analog is the fixed ring of the Weyl algebra A1( C ) under the induced action of G. These fixed rings are, however, only part of a large family of algebras whose associated graded ring is the coordinate ring of such a singularity. The structure of these algebras is studied with reference to the structure of the associated singularity and to the structure of primitive factor rings of U( s l (2, C )).
83. Analysis of the effects of short-term corticosterone treatment on the CD8+ T cell response to a well-defined oncoprotein

The CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response to the Simian Virus 40 oncoprotein, large tumor antigen (Tag), is hierarchical in C57BL/6 mice. Epitope IV, an H-2Kb-restricted epitope, is immunodominant while epitope I, an H-2Db-restricted epitope is subdominant. Exposure of mice to the immunosuppressive glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT) over the course of the primary immune response prevents expansion and detection of Tag-specific CD8+ T cells. Short-term CORT treatment from day −1 to day +2 (72 h) post-immunization with cells expressing Tag significantly reduced splenic size and the absolute number of Tag-specific CD8+ T cells present on day 6 post-immunization. In vivo killing of epitope I or epitope IV-expressing target cells was also reduced in a hierarchical manner on day 6 post-immunization. By day 10 post-immunization, the typical peak of the immune response to Tag, in vivo killing of epitope I or epitope IV-expressing target cells had recovered despite the sustained decrease in the absolute numbers of Tag-specific CD8+ T cells. This suggests that relatively few Tag-specific CD8+ T cells are necessary for cytotoxicity of target cells. Ongoing studies are isolating the effects of CORT on the antigen presenting dendritic cells using transgenic T cell adoptive transfer strategies. These studies have implications about the timing of clinical steroid treatment relative to immunization or adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapy.
Infection with Schistosoma mekongi in Southeast Asian Refugees

Schistosoma mekongi is a newly recognized species of Schistosoma that is closely related to Schistosoma japonicum and is pathogenic to humans. Like the other forms of schistosomiasis in which the parasites reside in the mesenteric vasculature, S. mekongi infection has hepatosplenomegaly and portal venous hypertension as its most common serious sequelae. Schistosomiasis, although endemic in certain areas of Southeast Asia, has not been recognized as a health problem in Asian refugees who are currently entering the United States. In the present study 12 Laotian immigrants with S. mekongi infection were examined. The clinical, laboratory, and parasitologic findings in these patients are discussed. The diagnosis was made by examination of stool specimens in 11 patients and rectal biopsy specimens in one patient. All patients were asymptomatic, although the six youngest children had hepatomegaly. It is suggested that specific serologic tests may be useful in screening Asian refugees for infection with Schistosoma.
Orphans of the State Conceptualizing Citizenship, Space, and Kinship in Bolivian Municipal Politics

In an urban barrio on the outskirts of a Bolivian city, the municipal government engages in a variety of techniques to regulate and manage the illegal settlers and the lands they occupy on the urban periphery. These forms of governmentality are underscored by a paternalist discourse that enjoins barrio residents to embrace urban inclusion as part of a generalized urban Bolivian family. Barrio residents desire such inclusion as a path to citizenship and the socioeconomic rights that such belonging entails, but are skeptical of paternalist rhetoric and the claims of Bolivian politicians to be 'good fathers' to their barrio children. This article examines the engagement between municipal leaders and barrio residents in the struggle to subject one urban neighborhood to state authority.
Indirect Graphic Studies in Bilateral Bundle Branch Block

Indirect graphic studies were performed in twenty-two patients with bilateral bundle branch block. Various estimations of left ventricular contractility derived from the apex cardiogram, phonocardiogram and carotid pulse tracings reflected the clinical state of the patient and were apparently uninfluenced by the presence of bilateral bundle branch block. On the other hand, the morphology of the apex cardiogram was quite remarkable in that a discrete early or late systolic bulge occurred in 20 of the 22 patients studied. It is suggested that block of the anterior division of the left bundle branch in the presence of right bundle branch block alters left ventricular activation in such a manner as to promote the development of left ventricular dyskinesis. If this is true, it would broaden the concept of ventricular dyskinesis to include alterations in the time course of left ventricular activation in addition to localized myocardial ischemia.
Conceptualization and Climate for New Deal Farm Laws of the 1930s

Seniority is a status of ambiguous appeal, but the happenstance of my having been on the farm policy scene from the earliest New Deal days has been felicitous. We veterans of the 1930s will never lose our poignant memory of the circumstances of the time. Whether we can communicate the atmosphere, the nuances, of those intense days is another question. For my part, I will try. The New Deal story is worth the telling. The New Deal introduced a conceptualization of the governmental role in the economy that was truly revolutionary. Essentially, during New Deal years citizens invested the federal government with responsibility for performance of the economy, and the government accepted it. In 1980-81 President Reagan as candidate and initially as president announced a divestiture, but in 1983 (State of the Union message) he explicitly returned to the position first taken by the Franklin Roosevelt administration in the 1930s. The federal government assumes a responsibility. In telling the New Deal story I will interweave three themes. The first is that the eco-
Modeling aberrations due to mismatched layers for 3-D microscopy

Oil immersion microscope objective lenses have been designed and optimized to study thin, two-dimensional sections of objects that are monuted in a medium which is index-matched to the immersion oil and located immediately below the coverslip. The 3-D image formed by an objective lens will be subject to aberrations if any of the design conditions are not met. The degree of the aberrations can be calculated by comparing the optical paths of rays traveling through the microscope in a non-design system to those of correspondig rays traveling through the microscope under the design conditions.
Improved Seasonal Precipitation Forecasts for the Asian Monsoon Using 16 Atmosphere–Ocean Coupled Models. Part II: Anomaly

AbstractThis is the second part of a paper on the improved seasonal precipitation forecasts for the Asian monsoon using 16 atmosphere–ocean coupled models. This study utilizes a large suite of coupled atmosphere–ocean models; this second part largely addresses the skill of rainfall anomaly forecasts. These include both deterministic and probabilistic skill measures such as the RMS errors, anomaly correlations, equitable threat scores, and the Brier skill score. It was possible to improve the skills of rainfall climatology from the use of a downscaled multimodel superensemble to very high levels, and it is of interest to ask how far this methodology would go toward improving the skills of seasonal rainfall anomaly forecasts. It is possible to go through a sequence of multimodel post processing to improve upon these skills by using a dense rain gauge network over Asia, downscaling forecasts for each member model, and constructing a multimodel superensemble that benefits from the persistence of errors of the...
Photo amidoglycosylation of an allal azidoformate. Synthesis of beta-2-amido allopyranosides.

Photolysis of an allal C-3 azidoformate provoked intramolecular nitrene insertion into the glycal CC unit and allowed direct incorporation of alcohol nucleophiles as β-disposed substituents at C-1. The 2-amido allopyranoside products were elaborated via N-acylation and selective oxazolidinone hydrolysis, providing N-Boc-protected 2-amino sugars and simplifying stereochemical assignments. Synthesis of the potentially labile allal azidoformate was achieved via reaction of the corresponding carbonyl imidazolide with trimethylsilyl azide, facilitated by dibutyltin oxide.
Whittaker modules for Heisenberg algebras and imaginary Whittaker modules for affine Lie algebras

Abstract We classify the irreducible Whittaker modules for finite- and infinite-dimensional Heisenberg algebras and for the Lie algebra obtained by adjoining a degree derivation to an infinite-dimensional Heisenberg algebra. We use these modules to construct a new class of modules for non-twisted affine Lie algebras, which we call imaginary Whittaker modules. We show that the imaginary Whittaker modules of non-zero level are irreducible.
Psychotherapy reflections: what I seek to accomplish in psychotherapy sessions.

I discuss the three things that I want to accomplish in each psychotherapy session from the theoretical orientation of a cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist. They are to establish collaboration, goal consen- sus, and engagement with the patient. I indicate my approach to these therapy elements in the beginning, middle, and end of sessions, and provide background information and theory, fabricated case examples, and research results for each element. I remember that as a beginning clinical psychology graduate student, I had an overwhelming curiosity about "how psychother- apy goes." I would query my professors and supervisors often about the process so that I might be able to produce sessions that flowed as beautifully as theirs did, instead of the many changes in direction that my sessions often seemed to take. I was convinced that once I had mastered this flow, my clients' problems would improve. Each psychotherapy session represents a microcosm of the therapeutic process overall. There are three things that I try to do in each session that reflect what I have learned about the psychotherapeutic process: establish collaboration with the patient, collaborate to achieve a consensus with the patient on therapy goals and the way to achieve them, and engage the patient to continue in psychotherapy either as an ongoing patient or at a later date after termination. The following discussion presents what I hope to accomplish during the beginning, middle, and end of psychotherapy sessions. Because these processes differ somewhat depending on whether the patient is new to psychotherapy or a continuing patient, I discuss both types of patients under each heading. The section that addresses the end of psychotherapy sessions includes a discussion that covers when the end of the session is also the end of psycho- therapy (i.e., when a continuing patient is terminating). Readers should note that the cases I present are not real patients, but are based on my professional experience. All the cases are fabricated. None of the cases reflects any particular patient.
Side chain oxidation of 25-hydroxy-[26,27-14C]vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C]vitamin D3 in vivo by chickens.

Radio carbon dioxide was detected in expired air of vitamin D-deficient chicks administered either 25-hydroxy-[26,27- 14 C]vitamin D 3 or 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27- 14 C]vitamin D 3 intravenously. At 48 hours the amounts were 5.13 ± 1.02% and 11.8 ± 3.10% of the administered dose, respectively. This phenomenon, similar to the one observed in rats, represents side chain oxidation and elimination of either one or both of the 26 and 27 carbons from the viamin D molecule. The observation that the rate of 14 CO 2 evolution is maximal 4 hours after a dose of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27- 14 C]vitamin D 3 suggests that this pathway may be of importance to the function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 .
Prefrontal Dopaminergic and Enkephalinergic Synaptic Accommodation in HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorders and Encephalitis

Changes in synapse structure occur in frontal neocortex with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and may contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). A postmortem survey was conducted to determine if mRNAs involved in synaptic transmission are perturbed in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in subjects with HIVE or HAND. Expression of the opioid neurotransmitter preproenkephalin mRNA (PENK) was significantly decreased in a sampling of 446 brain specimens from HIV-1 infected people compared to 67 HIV negative subjects. Decreased DLPFC PENK was most evident in subjects with HIVE and/or increased expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 mRNA (IRF1). Type 2 dopamine receptor mRNA (DRD2L) was decreased significantly, but not in the same set of subjects with PENK dysregulation. DRD2L downregulation occurred primarily in the subjects without HIVE or neurocognitive impairment. Subjects with neurocognitive impairment often failed to significantly downregulate DRD2L and had abnormally high IRF1 expression. Conclusion: Dysregulation of synaptic preproenkephalin and DRD2L in frontal neocortex can occur with and without neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected people. Downregulation of DRD2L in the prefrontal cortex was associated with more favorable neuropsychological and neuropathological outcomes; the failure to downregulate DRD2L was significantly less favorable. PENK downregulation was related neuropathologically to HIVE, but was not related to neuropsychological outcome independently. Emulating endogenous synaptic plasticity pharmacodynamically could enhance synaptic accommodation and improve neuropsychological and neuropathological outcomes in HIV/AIDS.
Human breast lesions: characterization with proton MR spectroscopy.

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical usefulness of spatially localized hydrogen-1 magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions on the basis of total choline levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: These studies were performed at 1.5 T with a four-channel multicoil that compresses the breast sagittally. Contrast material-enhanced MR imaging and single-voxel H-1 MR spectroscopy were performed in 17 patients (age range, 25-68 years) who had nonspecific mammographic findings. Histopathologic correlations were made from biopsy or surgical specimens. Ten patients had various malignant breast lesions 1-4 cm in diameter, and seven patients had benign processes. RESULTS: Most studies were performed with nominal voxel sizes (< 2 cm3). Spectra obtained with an echo time of 31 msec showed resonances from water and mobile fatty acids and, in some cases, the N-trimethyl resonance of choline-containing compounds (Cho) at 3.2 ppm. The absolute concentration of Cho in each lesion was determined w...
Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions

We surveyed three distinct samples of employees (Ns of 238, 102, and 981) in order to examine relations among various types of underemployment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions. Each dimension of underemployment is explored as a case of poor person-job fit, and the fit literature is used to produce hypotheses about these relations. We also developed and validated the 9-item Scale of Perceived Overqualification (SPOQ) to tap employee perceptions of surplus education, experience, and KSAs (knowledge, skills, and abilities). In general, perceptions of underemployment were associated with poor job satisfaction, particularly for facets with a direct causal relationship with the specific dimension of underemployment, such as overqualification and satisfaction with work. Perceived overqualification was also related to lower affective commitment, and higher intentions to turnover. For part-time work, negative attitudes were only found when employees expressed a preference for full-time work; a similar trend was not found for temporary workers, however. Implications for theory, research, and practice are delineated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin polarization in photodetachment — a simple example

Abstract Simple considerations of angular momentum conservation are sufficient to argue for complete spin polarization of electrons that are photodetached from the negative ions of halogens by circularly polarized light.
Phonon-induced 2e--tunneling in GaAS quantum dots

Abstract In this paper, we give a brief account of pair-tunneling in GaAs quantum dots. We show that while GaAs is a weakly-polar semiconductor, coupling to optical phonons is sufficiently strong to mediate a negative-U pairing state. As a result, two electrons can tunnel coherently from the source lead to the quantum dot as a Cooper pair would across a Josephson junction. PACS numbers:73.20.Dx,71.38.+i,72.20.My,72.10.-d
Evaluation of sentinel lymph node status in spindle cell melanomas

Abstract Background: The propensity for spindle cell melanoma to metastasize to the lymph node is relatively low despite its relative thick depth. To date, there are no published reports on the sentinel lymph node (SLN) status in patients diagnosed with spindle cell melanoma and desmoplastic malignant melanoma (DMM). Objective: Our purpose was to report our experience on the SLN status in spindle cell melanoma and DMM. Methods: We undertook a retrospective database and medical record review from Oct 21, 1993 to Sept 29, 1999. At the University of California at San Francisco Melanoma Center, patients with tumor thickness greater than 1 mm or less than 1 mm with high-risk features are managed with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, selective SLN dissection, and wide excision. Results: Of 29 patients diagnosed with spindle cell melanoma and DMM, 28 had negative SLNs and are free of disease except for one patient who experienced splenic, bony, and brain metastases. The mean follow-up in this population was 16.5 and 11 months, respectively. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings show that SLNs from patients diagnosed with spindle cell melanoma and DMM only rarely harbor micrometastasis despite their relative thickness. A larger number of cases from multicenter databases may further define the true biology of SLNs in this melanoma variant. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:451-5.)
Perflubron (PFOB) Protects against Fatty Acid Oxidation in a Non-Biologic, In Vitro Model

Perflubron (PFOB) Protects against Fatty Acid Oxidation in a Non-Biologic, In Vitro Model
Small-signal analysis of frequency-controlled electronic ballasts

This paper presents analytical tools aimed at improving and simplifying the development of frequency-controlled dimming electronic ballasts. A modified phasor transformation is proposed that converts a frequency-modulated signal into an equivalent time-varying phasor. The proposed transformation is applied to develop a complete small-signal phasor model of the LCC resonant ballast, which explicitly models the effect of the frequency modulation on the envelopes of the outputs. A Spice-compatible implementation of the model is presented that facilitates ac analysis of the ballast in addition to envelope transient simulation, and is verified through comparison of experimental and simulation results. A closed-form solution of the control-to-output current transfer function for the ballast-resistor system is presented, along with key observations of the pole locations and low-frequency gain that facilitate simple and intuitive compensator design. The effects of lamp dynamics on the controller design are discussed, followed by a design example for the feedback controller.
On tuning leakage for performance-robust adaptive control

The behavior of a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) system is examined. The effect of the inclusion of leakage in the adaptive algorithm is studied, and the leakage mechanism of the sigma -modification and the e/sub 1/-modification are discussed. A useful approximation is given for a particular MRAC problem for the small step-size average parameter estimate motion away from an arbitrary stabilizing adaptive controller parameterization. Arrow diagrams verify the conclusion that designer-selected leakage constants must be well chosen in relation to the unknown plant and environment to avoid bursting by an adaptive controller in the absence of adequate excitation by the external forcing function(s). >
Whose Literacy? Discursive constructions of life and objectivity

Drawing from literature in the social studies of science, this paper historicizes two pivotal concepts in science literacy: the definition of life and the assumption of objectivity. In this paper we suggest that an understanding of the historical, discursive production of scientific knowledge affects the meaning of scientific literacy in at least three ways. First, a discursive study of scientific knowledge has the epistemological consequence of avoiding the selective perception that occurs when facts are abstracted from the historical conditions of their emergence. Second, a discursive approach to scientific knowledge can also be an example of science‐as‐exploration. Third, literacy and discourse studies contribute insights that alter assumptions about pedagogical appropriateness in science education. The paper concludes by suggesting that when science literacy includes the historical production of scientific knowledge, it can thereby extend the possibilities for what can be thought, studied and imagined...
The Electric Strain Gage and Its Use in Textile Measurements

The general principles of the bonded metalectric strain gage are given, and some specific applications to certain general problems are discussed. The variables in the measuring system are considered, the importance of each is shown, and the choice of the proper units for solving a given type of problem is indicated. Formulas are given as references for any design work the reader might wish to undertake, and derivations not already in the literature are presented. Some data concerning various instruments are reported as an indication of the results which can be achieved and to point out certain important differences which result from this type of measurement, as opposed to data obtained on conventional equipment.
Chronic sorrow: The lived experience of parents of chronically mentally ill individuals

This study investigated the incidence of chronic sorrow in parents of chronically mentally ill children. A convenience sample of 10 parents (four couples and two mothers) of adult children diagnosed with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorders were interviewed using the Burke/NCRCS Chronic Sorrow questionnaire (Caregiver Version). Findings showed that 8 out of 10 parents experienced chronic sorrow. These grief-related feelings were most often triggered by the unending caregiving responsibilities parents described. Those who evidenced chronic sorrow indicated that healthcare professionals could assist them by providing information about their child's illness and by involving them in the treatment process.
In the Eye of the Beholder: Accounting for Variability in Attitudes and Cognitive/Affective Reactions Toward the Threat of Nuclear War1

The present study was designed to evaluate four characteristics of subjects [i.e., generation (students vs. parents), gender, nuclear threat orientation, and political affiliation] in terms of potential differences in attitudes and cognitive/affective reactions toward the threat of nuclear war. Subjects were 297 college students and their parents (n= 546), who completed a multifaceted questionnaire concerning nuclear-related thoughts, feelings, opinions, and predictions. Multivariate analyses suggested that college students were more distressed than parents about the threat of nuclear war, that men were less anxious than women and more supportive of a “peace through strength” perspective, that individuals endorsing the Disarmist orientation were more worried about nuclear war yet more optimistic than other groups concerning their ability to help reduce the nuclear threat, and that Republicans and Democrats were split along party lines in terms of their attitudes and cognitive/affective responses. Results are discussed with regard to the potential influence of sex-role socialization processes and the importance of optimism in a nuclear world.
Dosimetric and geometric evaluation of a hybrid strategy of offline adaptive planning and online image guidance for prostate cancer radiotherapy

For prostate cancer patients, online image-guided (IG) radiotherapy has been widely used in clinic to correct the translational inter-fractional motion at each treatment fraction. For uncertainties that cannot be corrected online, such as rotation and deformation of the target volume, margins are still required to be added to the clinical target volume (CTV) for the treatment planning. Offline adaptive radiotherapy has been implemented to optimize the treatment for each individual patient based on the measurements at early stages of treatment process. It has been shown that offline adaptive radiotherapy can effectively reduce the required margin. Recently a hybrid strategy of offline adaptive replanning and online IG was proposed and the geometric evaluation was performed. It was found that the planning margins can further be reduced by 1-2 mm compared to online IG only strategy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dosimetric benefits of such a hybrid strategy on the target and organs at risk. A total of 420 repeated helical computed tomography scans from 28 patients were included in the study. Both low-risk patients (LRP, CTV = prostate) and intermediate-risk patients (IRP, CTV = prostate + seminal vesicles, SV) were included in the simulation. Two registration methods, based on center-of-mass shift of prostate only and prostate plus SV, were performed for IRP. The intensity-modulated radiotherapy was used in the simulation. Criteria on both cumulative and fractional doses were evaluated. Furthermore, the geometric evaluation was extended to investigate the optimal number of fractions necessary to construct the internal target volume (ITV) for the hybrid strategy. The dosimetric margin improvement was smaller than its geometric counterpart and was in the range of 0-1 mm. The optimal number of fractions necessary for the ITV construction is 2 for LRPs and 3-4 for IRPs in a hypofractionation protocol. A new cumulative index of target volume was proposed for the evaluation of adaptive radiotherapy strategies, and it was found that it had the advantages over other indices in evaluating different adaptive radiotherapy strategies.
Ferrite-based Integrated Planar Inductors And Transformers Fabricated At Low Temperature

Fully integrated microinductors and microtransformers based on two different geometries and ferrite composite materials are designed, fabricated, tested, and compared. These devices are based on screen printed polymer/ferrite composites and electroplated copper coils, and are deposited at low temperature, making them compatible with organic electronic packaging substrates.
Dynamic recrystallization of feldspar: A mechanism for ductile shear zone formation

Feldspar aggregates experimentally deformed in the dislocation creep regime undergo dynamic recrystallization because recovery is difficult due to the limited climb of dislocations. Recrystallizing aggregates have a lower strength because of the cyclic production of small, strain-free grains, and they develop a strong preferred orientation, consistent with that observed in mylonites. Thus, recrystallization-accommodated dislocation creep may be responsible for the grain-size reduction and strain softening that lead to the formation of many mylonites and ductile shear zones.
Thermal alteration of a cyclic fatty acid produced by a flaxseed extract

Methyl 8-[2-(cis-pent-2′-enyl)-3-oxo-cis-cyclopent-4-enyl] octanoate (I) is the methyl ester of a cyclic fatty acid synthesized enzymically from an incubation of linolenic acid with an extract of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). A proposed trivial name for I is methyl 12-oxo-cis-10, 15-phytodienoate (12-oxo-PDA). The evidence presented indicated that compound I has thecis configuration of the carbon chains with respect to the cyclopentenone ring. Treatment with acid, base, or heat isomerized I to a second product (II) that has thetrans configuration of the carbon chains. Prolonged heat treatment of II yielded a third cyclic product, methyl 12-oxo-9(13),cis-15-phytodienoate (III).
Factors influencing stump sprouting by pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet)

Sprouting can be an important mechanism of regeneration in harvested cypress (Taxodium sp.) wetlands; however, limited information exists on factors influencing sprouting. We examined the influence of harvesting practices, tree size, and site conditions on stump sprouting in eight pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet) wetlands in Florida, USA. Stumps were cut at three heights: 20 cm below high water level, at high water, and 40 cm above high water. Half of each site was harvested using a sawhead feller and the other half using shearhead. We monitored sprouting for 2 years post-harvest. Stump height affected first year sprouting, but the effect disappeared during year 2. Felling equipment did not affect sprouting; however, the shearhead caused greater stump damage. Sprouting declined with increasing parent tree size; percentage of stumps with sprouts after 2 years was 68% for trees 10–14 cm dbh and 28% for trees 20–24 cm dbh. Stump sprouting ranged among sites from 23 to 54% after 2 years. Results indicate that sprouting may be an important, but inadequate, form of regeneration. At sites with short hydroperiods, dense understories, and/or predominance of trees greater than 20 cm dbh, reduced sprouting may occur, and planting seedlings may be beneficial.