cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of High-Tech Clusters on the Productivity of Top Inventors

The high-tech sector is concentrated in a small number of cities. The ten largest clusters in computer science, semiconductors, and biology account for 69 percent, 77 percent, and 59 percent of all US inventors, respectively. Using longitudinal data on 109,846 inventors, I find that geographical agglomeration results in significant productivity gains. When an inventor moves to a city with a large cluster of inventors in the same field, she experiences a sizable increase in the number and quality of patents produced. The presence of significant productivity externalities implies that the agglomeration of inventors generates large gains in the aggregate amount of innovation produced in the United States.
The online disinhibition effect

While online, some people self-disclose or act out more frequently or intensely than they would in person. This article explores six factors that interact with each other in creating this online disinhibition effect: dissociative anonymity, invisibility, asynchronicity, solipsistic introjection, dissociative imagination, and minimization of authority. Personality variables also will influence the extent of this disinhibition. Rather than thinking of disinhibition as the revealing of an underlying "true self," we can conceptualize it as a shift to a constellation within self-structure, involving clusters of affect and cognition that differ from the in-person constellation.
Boolean Functions with Biased Inputs: Approximation and Noise Sensitivity

This paper considers the problem of approximating a Boolean function f using another Boolean function from a specified class. Two classes of approximating functions are considered: k-juntas, and linear Boolean functions. The n input bits of the function are assumed to be independently drawn from a distribution that may be biased. The quality of approximation is measured by the mismatch probability between f and the approximating function g. For each class, the optimal approximation and the associated mismatch probability is characterized in terms of the biased Fourier expansion of f. The technique used to analyze the mismatch probability also yields an expression for the noise sensitivity of f in terms of the biased Fourier coefficients, under a general i.i.d. input perturbation model.
Intersubject MVPD: Empirical comparison of fMRI denoising methods for connectivity analysis

Noise is a major challenge for the analysis of fMRI data in general and for connectivity analyses in particular. As researchers develop increasingly sophisticated tools to model statistical dependence between the fMRI signal in different brain regions, there is a risk that these models may increasingly capture artifactual relationships between regions, that are the result of noise. Thus, choosing optimal denoising methods is a crucial step to maximize the accuracy and reproducibility of connectivity models. Most comparisons between denoising methods require knowledge of the ground truth: of what is the ‘real signal’. For this reason, they are usually based on simulated fMRI data. However, simulated data may not match the statistical properties of real data, limiting the generalizability of the conclusions. In this article, we propose an approach to evaluate denoising methods using real (non-simulated) fMRI data. First, we introduce an intersubject version of multivariate pattern dependence (iMVPD) that computes the statistical dependence between a brain region in one participant, and another brain region in a different participant. iMVPD has the following advantages: 1) it is multivariate, 2) it trains and tests models on independent partitions of the real fMRI data, and 3) it generates predictions that are both between subjects and between regions. Since whole-brain sources of noise are more strongly correlated within subject than between subjects, we can use the difference between standard MVPD and iMVPD as a ‘discrepancy metric’ to evaluate denoising techniques (where more effective techniques should yield smaller differences). As predicted, the difference is the greatest in the absence of denoising methods. Furthermore, a combination of removal of the global signal and CompCorr optimizes denoising (among the set of denoising options tested).
Considerations in using recurrent neural networks to probe neural dynamics.

Artificial neurons in a recurrent neural network (RNN) may resemble empirical single-unit activity but not adequately capture important features on the neural population level. Dynamics of RNNs can...
One-Way Hyperbolic Metasurfaces Based on Synthetic Motion

Moving metasurfaces support-guided waves exhibiting unusual optical properties, including strong anisotropy, nonreciprocity, and hyperbolic dispersion. However, for these phenomena to be noticeable, high speeds are typically required, challenging their practical implementation. Here we show a viable route toward the realization of strongly nonreciprocal hyperbolic propagation in metasurfaces placed synthetically in motion through traveling-wave space–time modulation. In addition to nonreciprocal hyperbolic propagation, the proposed time-modulation scheme induces additional exotic opportunities for nanophotonic systems, such as efficient nonreciprocal frequency conversion and mode transfer.
How carbon vacancies can affect the properties of group IV color centers in diamond: A study of thermodynamics and kinetics

Recently, there has been much interest in using Group IV elements from the periodic table to fabricate and study X V color centers in diamond, where X = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb and V is a carbon vacancy. These Group IV color centers have a number of interesting spin and optical properties, which could potentially make them better candidates than N V − centers for important applications in quantum computing and quantum information processing. Unfortunately, the very same ion implantation process that is required to create these X V color centers in diamond necessarily also produces many carbon vacancies ( V C), which can form complexes with these color centers ( V C −X V) that can dramatically affect the properties of the isolated X V color centers. The main focus of this work is to use density-functional theory to study the thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation of these V C −X V complexes and to suggest experimental ways to impede this process such as varying the Fermi level of the host diamond material through chemical doping or applying an external electrical bias. We also include a discussion of how the simple presence of many V C can negatively impact the spin coherence times ( T 2) of Group IV color centers through the presence of acoustic phonons.
Adaptive Identification and Control of Flow-Induced Cavity Oscillations

Progress towards an adaptive self-tuning regulator (STR) for the cavity tone problem is discussed in this paper. Adaptive system identification algorithms were applied to an experimental cavity-flow tested as a prerequisite to control. In addition, a simple digital controller and a piezoelectric bimorph actuator were used to demonstrate multiple tone suppression. The control tests at Mach numbers of 0.275, 0.40, and 0.60 indicated approx. = 7dB tone reductions at multiple frequencies. Several different adaptive system identification algorithms were applied at a single freestream Mach number of 0.275. Adaptive finite-impulse response (FIR) filters of orders up to N = 100 were found to be unsuitable for modeling the cavity flow dynamics. Adaptive infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters of comparable order better captured the system dynamics. Two recursive algorithms, the least-mean square (LMS) and the recursive-least square (RLS), were utilized to update the adaptive filter coefficients. Given the sample-time requirements imposed by the cavity flow dynamics, the computational simplicity of the least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is advantageous for real-time control.
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors fabricated from atomic-layer-deposited NbN

High-quality ultrathin films of niobium nitride (NbN) are developed by the plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) technique. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors patterned from this material exhibit high switching currents and saturated internal efficiencies over a broad bias range at a telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. Statistical analyses on hundreds of fabricated devices show a near-unity throughput yield due to the exceptional homogeneity of the films. The ALD-NbN material represents an ideal superconducting material for fabricating large single-photon detector arrays combining high efficiency, low jitter, and low dark counts.
Establishment and validation of an endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter to monitor zebrafish ATF6 activity in development and disease

Induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with diverse developmental and degenerative diseases. Modified ER homeostasis causes activation of conserved stress pathways at the ER called the unfolded protein response (UPR). ATF6 is a transcription factor activated during ER stress as part of a coordinated UPR. ATF6 resides at the ER and, upon activation, is transported to the Golgi apparatus, where it is cleaved by proteases to create an amino-terminal cytoplasmic fragment (ATF6f). ATF6f translocates to the nucleus to activate transcriptional targets. Here, we describe the establishment and validation of zebrafish reporter lines for ATF6 activity. These transgenic lines are based on a defined and multimerized ATF6 consensus site, which drives either eGFP or destabilized eGFP, enabling dynamic study of ATF6 activity during development and disease. The results show that the reporter is specific for the ATF6 pathway, active during development and induced in disease models known to engage UPR. Specifically, during development, ATF6 activity is highest in the lens, skeletal muscle, fins and gills. The reporter is also activated by common chemical inducers of ER stress, including tunicamycin, thapsigargin and brefeldin A, as well as by heat shock. In models for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cone dystrophy, ATF6 reporter expression is induced in spinal cord interneurons or photoreceptors, respectively, suggesting a role for ATF6 response in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Collectively our results show that these ATF6 reporters can be used to monitor ATF6 activity changes throughout development and in zebrafish models of disease.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Lattice QCD Impact on Determination of the CKM Matrix

We review many lattice QCD calculations that impact the precise determination of the CKM matrix. We focus on decay constants and semileptonic form factors of both light (\(\pi \) and K) and heavy-light (\(D_{(s)}\) and \(B_{(s)}\)) mesons. Implication of \(\Lambda _b\) form factors will be shown. When combined with experimental results for branching fractions and differential decay rates, the above calculations strongly constrain the first two rows of the CKM matrix. We discuss a long standing difference between \(|V_{ub}|\) and \(|V_{cb}|\) as determined from exclusive or inclusive decays.
Dominating maximal outerplane graphs and Hamiltonian plane triangulations

Abstract Let G be a graph and γ ( G ) denote the domination number of G , i.e. the cardinality of a smallest set of vertices S such that every vertex of G is either in S or adjacent to a vertex in S . Matheson and Tarjan conjectured that a plane triangulation with a sufficiently large number n of vertices has γ ( G ) ≤ n ∕ 4 . Their conjecture remains unsettled. In the present paper, we show that: (1) a maximal outerplane graph with n vertices has γ ( G ) ≤ ⌈ n + k 4 ⌉ where k is the number of pairs of consecutive degree 2 vertices separated by distance at least 3 on the boundary of G ; and (2) a Hamiltonian plane triangulation G with n ≥ 23 vertices has γ ( G ) ≤ 5 n ∕ 16 . We also point out and provide counterexamples for several recent published results of Li et al. (2016) on this topic which are incorrect.
A note on strong-form stability for the Sobolev inequality

In this note, we establish a strong form of the quantitive Sobolev inequality in Euclidean space for $$p \in (1,n)$$. Given any function $$u \in \dot{W}^{1,p}({\mathbb {R}}^n)$$, the gap in the Sobolev inequality controls $$\Vert \nabla u -\nabla v\Vert _{p}$$, where v is an extremal function for the Sobolev inequality.
Urban Street Network Analysis in a Computational Notebook

Computational notebooks offer researchers, practitioners, students, and educators the ability to interactively run code and disseminate reproducible workflows that weave together code, visuals, and narratives. This article explores the potential of computational notebooks in urban analytics and planning, demonstrating their utility through a case study of OSMnx and its tutorials repository. OSMnx is a Python package for working with OpenStreetMap data and modeling, analyzing, and visualizing street networks anywhere in the world. Its official demos and tutorials are distributed as open-source Jupyter notebooks on GitHub. This article showcases this resource by documenting the repository and demonstrating OSMnx interactively through a synoptic tutorial adapted from the repository. It illustrates how to download and model street networks for various study sites, compute network indicators, visualize street centrality, calculate routes, and work with other spatial data such as building footprints and points of interest. Computational notebooks can empower guides for introducing methods to new users and can help researchers reach broader audiences interested in learning from, adapting, and remixing their work. Due to their utility and versatility, the ongoing adoption of computational notebooks in urban planning, analytics, and related geocomputation disciplines should continue into the future.
Negligible-Cost and Weekend-Free Chemically Defined Human iPSC Culture

Summary Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) culture has become routine, yet the cost of pluripotent cell media, frequent medium changes, and the reproducibility of differentiation have remained restrictive. Here, we describe the formulation of a hiPSC culture medium (B8) as a result of the exhaustive optimization of medium constituents and concentrations, establishing the necessity and relative contributions of each component to the pluripotent state and cell proliferation. The reagents in B8 represent only 3% of the costs of commercial media, made possible primarily by the in-lab generation of three E. coli-expressed, codon-optimized recombinant proteins: fibroblast growth factor 2, transforming growth factor β3, and neuregulin 1. We demonstrate the derivation and culture of 34 hiPSC lines in B8 as well as the maintenance of pluripotency long term (over 100 passages). This formula also allows a weekend-free feeding schedule without sacrificing capacity for differentiation.
Proton Pump Inhibitors Associated with Higher Incidence of Mucositis in Patients Receiving Methotrexate for Graft Vs Host Disease Prophylaxis

Introduction Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complicating factor in determining morbidity and mortality following allogeneic stem cell transplant. To prevent GVHD, our institution administers calcineurin inhibitors and low doses of methotrexate (MTX) (5-15 mg/m2) on days +1, +3, +6, +11 for GVHD prophylaxis. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, pyrosis, and/or peptic ulcer disease. PPIs have been shown to inhibit the ATP-binding cassette drug transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein's (BCRP/ABCG2) ability to excrete methotrexate into the urine in a concentration-dependent manner. Delayed excretion of methotrexate can lead to adverse events such as renal impairment, increased severity of mucositis, and increased infection rates. Objectives The purpose of this retrospective, single center study is to assess the clinical outcomes of patients receiving MTX and PPIs compared to MTX and no PPI for GVHD prophylaxis. Methods A single-site retrospective analysis of patients 18 years of age or older who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation from 2013 to 2018. Only patients that received methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis were included. Cases were identified from clinical databases and were divided into two cohorts, those on PPIs, and those not on PPIs (no-PPI). The primary endpoint was grade of mucositis in each cohort. Secondary endpoints were total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use, need for patient controlled analgesia (PCA), time to engraftment of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and hospital length of stay (LOS). Results 284 cases were identified, 119 (42%) patients were on a PPI at the time of MTX administration. The median age of patients on PPI was younger than those not on PPI (60 vs 54 p Conclusions The concurrent use of PPIs and MTX was associated with a higher incidence and severity of mucositis with increased need for PCA, and TPN. This study was limited by retrospective review. Grading of mucositis was based on clinician assessment and documentation. This study raises the question if PPIs should be discontinued or patients transitioned to a histamine blocker prior to MTX administration to improve severity of mucositis and reduce costs associated with TPN/PCA use.
Stop codon context influences genome-wide stimulation of termination codon readthrough by aminoglycosides

Stop codon readthrough (SCR) occurs when the ribosome miscodes at a stop codon. Such readthrough events can be therapeutically desirable when a premature termination codon (PTC) is found in a critical gene. To study SCR in vivo in a genome-wide manner, we treated mammalian cells with aminoglycosides and performed ribosome profiling. We find that in addition to stimulating readthrough of PTCs, aminoglycosides stimulate readthrough of normal termination codons (NTCs) genome-wide. Stop codon identity, the nucleotide following the stop codon, and the surrounding mRNA sequence context all influence the likelihood of SCR. In comparison to NTCs, downstream stop codons in 3'UTRs are recognized less efficiently by ribosomes, suggesting that targeting of critical stop codons for readthrough may be achievable without general disruption of translation termination. Finally, we find that G418-induced miscoding alters gene expression with substantial effects on translation of histone genes, selenoprotein genes, and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AMD1).
Dendrites with specialized glial attachments develop by retrograde extension using SAX-7 and GRDN-1.

Dendrites develop elaborate morphologies in concert with surrounding glia, but the molecules that coordinate dendrite and glial morphogenesis are mostly unknown. C. elegans offers a powerful model for identifying such factors. Previous work in this system examined dendrites and glia that develop within epithelia, similar to mammalian sense organs. Here, we focus on the neurons BAG and URX, which are not part of an epithelium but instead form membranous attachments to a single glial cell at the nose, reminiscent of dendrite-glia contacts in the mammalian brain. We show that these dendrites develop by retrograde extension, in which the nascent dendrite endings anchor to the presumptive nose and then extend by stretch during embryo elongation. Using forward genetic screens, we find that dendrite development requires the adhesion protein SAX-7/L1CAM and the cytoplasmic protein GRDN-1/CCDC88C to anchor dendrite endings at the nose. SAX-7 acts in neurons and glia, while GRDN-1 acts in glia to non-autonomously promote dendrite extension. Thus, this work shows how glial factors can help to shape dendrites, and identifies a novel molecular mechanism for dendrite growth by retrograde extension.
Impact of Distributed Energy Resources on Frequency Regulation of the Bulk Power System

The growing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the complexity of the power system due to their intermittent characteristics and lower inertial response, such as photo voltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines. This restructuring of power system has considerable effect on transient response of the system resulting in inter area oscillations, less synchronized coupling and power swings. Furthermore the concept of being distributed itself and generating electricity from multiple locations in power system makes the transient impact of DERs even worse by raising issues such as reverse power flows. This paper investigated some impacts of the changing nature of power system which are limiting the large scale integration of DERs. In addition a solution to increase the inertial response of the system is addressed by adding virtual inertia to the inverter based DERs in power system. The proposed control resulted in increasing the stability margin and tracking the rated frequency of the system. The injected synchronized active power to the system prevents the protection relays from tripping by improving the rate of change of frequency. The proposed system operation is implemented on a sample power grid comprising of generation, transmission and distribution and results are verified experimentally through the Opal-RT real-time simulation system.
Sparse Graph Codes for Non-adaptive Quantitative Group Testing

This paper considers the problem of Quantitative Group Testing (QGT). Consider a set of N items among which K items are defective. The QGT problem is to identify (all or a sufficiently large fraction of) the defective items, where the result of a test reveals the number of defective items in the tested group. In this work, we propose a non-adaptive QGT scheme using sparse graph codes over bi-regular bipartite graphs and binary t-error-correcting BCH codes. The proposed scheme provides exact recovery with probabilistic guarantee, i.e. recovers all the defective items with high probability. In particular, we show that for the sub-linear regime where $\frac{K}{N}$ vanishes as K, $N\rightarrow\infty$, the proposed scheme requires at most $m\approx 1.19K\log_{2}\left(4.74\frac{N}{K}\right)$ tests to recover all the defective items with probability approaching one as K, $N\rightarrow\infty$. This bound can be achieved by $t=2$. The testing and recovery algorithms of the proposed scheme for any $t\leq 4$ have the computational complexity of $O\left(K\log^{2}\frac{N}{K}\right)$ and $O\left(K\log\frac{N}{K}\right)$, respectively. Our simulation results also show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms a non-adaptive semi-quantitative group testing scheme recently proposed by Abdalla et at. in terms of the required number of tests for identifying all the defective items with high probability.
Identification of Fis1 Interactors in Toxoplasma gondii Reveals a Novel Protein Required for Peripheral Distribution of the Mitochondrion.

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii’s single mitochondrion is very dynamic and undergoes morphological changes throughout the parasite’s life cycle. During parasite division, the mitochondrion elongates, enters the daughter cells just prior to cytokinesis, and undergoes fission. Extensive morphological changes also occur as the parasite transitions from the intracellular environment to the extracellular environment. We show that treatment with the ionophore monensin causes reversible constriction of the mitochondrial outer membrane and that this effect depends on the function of the fission-related protein Fis1. We also observed that mislocalization of the endogenous Fis1 causes a dominant-negative effect that affects the morphology of the mitochondrion. As this suggests that Fis1 interacts with proteins critical for maintenance of mitochondrial structure, we performed various protein interaction trap screens. In this manner, we identified a novel outer mitochondrial membrane protein, LMF1, which is essential for positioning of the mitochondrion in intracellular parasites. Normally, while inside a host cell, the parasite mitochondrion is maintained in a lasso shape that stretches around the parasite periphery where it has regions of coupling with the parasite pellicle, suggesting the presence of membrane contact sites. In intracellular parasites lacking LMF1, the mitochondrion is retracted away from the pellicle and instead is collapsed, as normally seen only in extracellular parasites. We show that this phenotype is associated with defects in parasite fitness and mitochondrial segregation. Thus, LMF1 is necessary for mitochondrial association with the parasite pellicle during intracellular growth, and proper mitochondrial morphology is a prerequisite for mitochondrial division. IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause devastating tissue damage in the immunocompromised and congenitally infected. Current therapies are not effective against all life stages of the parasite, and many cause toxic effects. The single mitochondrion of this parasite is a validated drug target, and it changes its shape throughout its life cycle. When the parasite is inside a cell, the mitochondrion adopts a lasso shape that lies in close proximity to the pellicle. The functional significance of this morphology is not understood and the proteins involved are currently not known. We have identified a protein that is required for proper mitochondrial positioning at the periphery and that likely plays a role in tethering this organelle. Loss of this protein results in dramatic changes to the mitochondrial morphology and significant parasite division and propagation defects. Our results give important insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial morphology.
A completion of the proof of the Edge-statistics Conjecture

Extremal combinatorics often deals with problems about maximizing some quantity related to substructures in large discrete structures. A basic question of this kind is to determine the maximum possible number of induced subgraphs of an $n$-vertex graph that are isomorphic to a fixed graph $H$. The asymptotic behavior of this number is captured by the limit of the ratio of the maximum number of induced subgraphs isomorphic to $H$ and the number of all subgraphs with the same number of vertices as $H$; this quantity is known as the _inducibility_ of $H$. More generally, one can define the inducibility of a family of graphs in an analogous way. Among all graphs with $k$ vertices, the only two graphs with inducibility equal to 1 are the empty graph and the complete graph. This raises the question of how large the inducibility of other graphs with $k$ vertices can be. A lower bound can be obtained as follows. Fix $k$, and consider a random graph with $n$ vertices where each pair of vertices independently by an edge with probability $\binom{k}{2}^{-1}$. The expected number of $k$-vertex induced subgraphs with exactly one edge is $e^{-1}+o(1)$. Therefore, the inducibility of large graphs with a single edge is at least $e^{-1}+o(1)$. This article establishes that this bound is the best possible in the following stronger form, which proves a conjecture of Alon, Hefetz, Krivelevich and Tyomkyn: for each $l$ with $0<l<\binom{k}{2}$ the inducibility of the family of $k$-vertex graphs with exactly $l$ edges is at most $e^{-1}+o(1)$. The example above shows that this is tight for $l=1$ and it can be also shown to be tight for $l=k-1$. The conjecture was known to be true in the regime where $l$ is superlinearly bounded away from $0$ and $\binom{k}{2}$, for which the inducibility of the family of $l$-edge $k$-vertex graphs goes to zero, and also in the regime where $l$ is bounded away from $0$ and $\binom{k}{2}$ by a sufficiently large linear function. The article resolves the hardest cases where $l$ is linearly close to $0$ or close to $\binom{k}{2}$, and provides generalizations to hypergraphs.
Robot Risk-Awareness by Formal Risk Reasoning and Planning

This letter proposes a formal robot motion risk reasoning framework and develops a risk-aware path planner that minimizes the proposed risk. While robots locomoting in unstructured or confined environments face a variety of risk, existing risk only focuses on collision with obstacles. Such risk is currently only addressed in ad hoc manners. Without a formal definition, ill-supported properties, e.g. additive or Markovian, are simply assumed. Relied on an incomplete and inaccurate representation of risk, risk-aware planners use ad hoc risk functions or chance constraints to minimize risk. The former inevitably has low fidelity when modeling risk, while the latter conservatively generates feasible path within a probability bound. Using propositional logic and probability theory, the proposed motion risk reasoning framework is formal. Building upon a universe of risk elements of interest, three major risk categories, i.e. locale-, action-, and traverse-dependent, are introduced. A risk-aware planner is also developed to plan minimum risk path based on the newly proposed risk framework. Results of the risk reasoning and planning are validated in physical experiments in a real-world unstructured or confined environment. With the proposed fundamental risk reasoning framework, safety of robot locomotion could be explicitly reasoned, quantified, and compared. The risk-aware planner finds safe path in terms of the newly proposed risk framework and enables more risk-aware robot behavior in unstructured or confined environments.
Neuroendocrine metastases to the ovaries are significantly associated with small bowel neuroendocrine tumors and carcinomatosis.

Abstract Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) metastatic to the ovary are traditionally considered rare, but data are lacking. This study seeks to better characterize the prevalence and outcomes of patients with neuroendocrine ovarian metastases (NOM). Methods Women with well-differentiated lung and gastroenteropancreatic NETs 2007–2017 were identified by medical record query. Clinicopathologic data were reviewed among patients with and without NOM. Results Of 242 patients, 27 (11.2%) developed NOM. NOM developed in 24.8% of SBNET patients and 65.7% of patients with carcinomatosis and intact ovaries. 33.3% had associated small bowel obstructions; 11.1% had ureteral obstruction. NOM were not apparent on imaging in 29.6% nor visible intraoperatively in 8.3%. Five-year survival rate was 61.5%. Those who underwent oophorectomy had a lower rate of subsequent ureteral obstruction (p Conclusions NOM are more prevalent than previously reported and associated with significant morbidity. Empiric oophorectomy may be considered for SBNET patients and strongly advised in carcinomatosis.
Multiplicity of stable orbits for deformable prolate capsules in shear flow

This work investigates the orbital dynamics of a fluid-filled deformable prolate capsule in unbounded simple shear flow at zero Reynolds number using direct simulations. The motion of the capsule is simulated using a model that incorporates shear elasticity, area dilatation, and bending resistance. Here the deformability of the capsule is characterized by the nondimensional capillary number Ca, which represents the ratio of viscous stresses to elastic restoring stresses on the capsule. For a capsule with small bending stiffness, at a given Ca, the orientation converges over time towards a unique stable orbit independent of the initial orientation. With increasing Ca, four dynamical modes are found for the stable orbit, namely, rolling, wobbling, oscillating-swinging, and swinging. On the other hand, for a capsule with large bending stiffness, multiplicity in the orbit dynamics is observed. When the viscosity ratio λ ≲ 1, the long-axis of the capsule always tends towards a stable orbit in the flow-gradient plane, either tumbling or swinging, depending on Ca. When λ ≳ 1, the stable orbit of the capsule is a tumbling motion at low Ca, irrespective of the initial orientation. Upon increasing Ca, there is a symmetry-breaking bifurcation away from the tumbling orbit, and the capsule is observed to adopt multiple stable orbital modes including nonsymmetric precessing and rolling, depending on the initial orientation. As Ca further increases, the nonsymmetric stable orbit loses existence at a saddle-node bifurcation, and rolling becomes the only attractor at high Ca, whereas the rolling state coexists with the nonsymmetric state at intermediate values of Ca. A symmetry-breaking bifurcation away from the rolling orbit is also found upon decreasing Ca. The regime with multiple attractors becomes broader as the aspect ratio of the capsule increases, while narrowing as viscosity ratio increases. We also report the particle contribution to the stress, which also displays multiplicity.
Countable approximation of topological G-manifolds, II: linear Lie groups G

Let G be a matrix group. Topological G-manifolds with Palais-proper action have the G-homotopy type of countable G-CW complexes (3.2). This generalizes Elfving’s dissertation theorem for locally li...
Low-rank approximations of hyperbolic embeddings

The hyperbolic manifold is a smooth manifold of negative constant curvature. While the hyperbolic manifold is well-studied in the literature, it has gained interest in the machine learning and natural language processing communities lately due to its usefulness in modeling continuous hierarchies. Tasks with hierarchical structures are ubiquitous in those fields and there is a general interest to learning hyperbolic representations or embeddings of such tasks. Additionally, these embeddings of related tasks may also share a low-rank subspace. In this work, we propose to learn hyperbolic embeddings such that they also lie in a low-dimensional subspace. In particular, we consider the problem of learning a low-rank factorization of hyperbolic embeddings. We cast these problems as manifold optimization problems and propose computationally efficient algorithms. Empirical results illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Personal, professional, political: an exploration of science teacher identity development for teaching climate change

Climate change presents societal and environmental challenges, as well as educational ones. Obstacles abound within teaching and learning climate change, related to its complex nature, the prolifer...
Distinct patterns of pigment development underlie convergent hyperpigmentation between nocturnal and diurnal geckos (Squamata: Gekkota)

Evolutionary transitions in temporal niche necessitates specialized morphology, physiology, and behaviors. Diurnal, heliothermic squamates (lizards and snakes) that bask require protection from ultraviolet radiation (UV) that can damage internal organs such as the brain, viscera, and gonads. Many smaller squamates have accomplished this protection by hyperpigmentation of the peritoneum and subcutaneous dorsum. Typically, nocturnal species do not require these protections from ultraviolet light. However, some nocturnal species that exhibit extreme crypsis may be exposed to sunlight and UV and require some means of mediating that damage. One such species is Gekko (Ptychozoon) kuhli, a nocturnal, arboreal gecko that uses extreme crypsis to blend in with tree bark. Hiding motionless on tree trunks leaves geckos exposed to sunlight during the day. Thus, we predict that G. kuhli will have independently evolved a hyperpigmented phenotype. To investigate this hypothesized association between temporal niche, behavior, and morphology, we characterized adult subcutaneous pigment for eight gecko species and embryonic pigment accumulation for a subset of four of these species, exhibiting diverse temporal niche and thermoregulatory behaviors. We predicted that nocturnal/potentially-heliothermic G. kuhli would exhibit hyperpigmentation of internal structures like that of diurnal/heliothermic geckos. We further predicted that embryonic pigment accumulation of G. kuhli would resemble that of diurnal/heliothermic as opposed to nocturnal/thigmothermic geckos. We found that temporal niche and thermoregulatory behavior predicted the degree of subcutaneous pigment in the eight gecko species examined. We demonstrate that G. kuhli accumulates pigment extremely early in embryonic development, unlike a diurnal/heliothermic gecko species, despite having a similar adult phenotype. The evolution of hyperpigmentation in G. kuhli is likely an adaptation to limit damage from occasional daytime UV exposure caused by crypsis-associated basking behavior. Gekko kuhli achieves its hyperpigmented phenotype through a derived developmental pattern, not seen in any other lizard species investigated to date, suggesting novel temporal differences in the migration and/or differentiation of reptilian neural crest derivatives.
Adaptive Sequential Experiments with Unknown Information Arrival Processes

Sequential experiments are often characterized by an exploration-exploitation tradeoff that is captured by the multi-armed bandit (MAB) framework. This framework has been studied and applied, typically when at each time period feedback is received only on the action that was selected at that period. However, in many practical settings additional data may become available between decision epochs. We introduce a generalized MAB formulation, which considers a broad class of distributions that are informative about mean rewards, and allows observations from these distributions to arrive according to an arbitrary and a priori unknown arrival process. When it is known how to map auxiliary data to reward estimates, by obtaining matching lower and upper bounds we characterize a spectrum of minimax complexities for this class of problems as a function of the information arrival process, which captures how salient characteristics of this process impact achievable performance. In terms of achieving optimal performance, we establish that upper confidence bound and posterior sampling policies possess natural robustness with respect to the information arrival process without any adjustments, which uncovers a novel property of these popular policies and further lends credence to their appeal. When the mappings connecting auxiliary data and rewards are a priori unknown, we characterize necessary and sufficient conditions under which auxiliary information allows performance improvement. We devise a new policy that is based on two different upper confidence bounds (one that accounts for auxiliary observation and one that does not) and establish the near-optimality of this policy. We use data from a large media site to analyze the value that may be captured in practice by leveraging auxiliary data for designing content recommendations.
Improving slip prediction on Mars using thermal inertia measurements

Rovers operating on Mars have been delayed, diverted, and trapped by loose granular materials. Vision-based mobility prediction cannot reliably distinguish hazardous sand from safe sand based on appearance alone. Unlike surface appearance, the thermal inertia of terrain is directly correlated to the same geophysical properties that control slip. This paper presents a quantitative analysis that shows improvement in rover slip prediction when considering thermal inertia based on data from the Curiosity rover. Thermal inertia is estimated for each slip measurement in sand using both on-board and orbital instruments. Slip models are learned using a mixture of experts approach where the experts are identified using thermal inertia. Two-expert models are compared to a single-expert, vision-only model to show that slip predictions are improved by separating high-slip, low thermal inertia sand from low-slip, high thermal inertia sand. Simulated experiments are also presented to show that thermal inertia has the potential to identify sand even when it is beneath a thin layer of surface duricrust. These results support the hypothesis that the consideration of thermal inertia improves mobility estimates for rovers on Mars.
Audio-Visual Calibration with Polynomial Regression for 2-D Projection Using SVD-PHAT

This paper proposes a straightforward 2-D method to spatially calibrate the visual field of a camera with the auditory field of an array microphone by generating and overlaying an acoustic image over an optical image. Using a low-cost microphone array and an off-the-shelf camera, we show that polynomial regression can deal efficiently with non-linear camera distortion, and that a recently proposed sound source localization method for real-time processing, SVD-PHAT, can be adapted for this task.
Calorimetric ionization detector

Abstract A new mode of operation for ionization detectors is described. The amount of ionization produced in a detector is determined by measuring the amount of heat generated during the carrier collection process. Very high detection sensitivities, including single carrier detection, may be achieved at cryogenic temperatures. Results from an experimental device operated at T = 0.3 K are presented.
Hot spots in convex domains are in the tips (up to an inradius)

Let Ω⊂R2 be a bounded, convex domain and let −Δϕ1=μ1ϕ1 be the first nontrivial Laplacian eigenfunction with Neumann boundary conditions. The hot spots conjecture claims that the maximum and minimum...
Information Flow in Computational Systems

We develop a theoretical framework for defining and identifying flows of information in computational systems. Here, a computational system is assumed to be a directed graph, with “clocked” nodes that send transmissions to each other along the edges of the graph at discrete points in time. We are interested in a definition that captures the dynamic flow of information about a specific message , and which guarantees an unbroken “information path” between appropriately defined inputs and outputs in the directed graph. Prior measures, including those based on Granger Causality and Directed Information, fail to provide clear assumptions and guarantees about when they correctly reflect information flow about a message. We take a systematic approach—iterating through candidate definitions and counterexamples—to arrive at a definition for information flow that is based on conditional mutual information, and which satisfies desirable properties, including the existence of information paths. Finally, we describe how information flow might be detected in a noiseless setting, and provide an algorithm to identify information paths on the time-unrolled graph of a computational system.
A parallel hierarchical blocked adaptive cross approximation algorithm

This article presents a low-rank decomposition algorithm based on subsampling of matrix entries. The proposed algorithm first computes rank-revealing decompositions of submatrices with a blocked ad...
Learning random monotone DNF

We give an algorithm that with high probability properly learns random monotone DNF with t(n) terms of length ~logt(n) under the uniform distribution on the Boolean cube {0,1}^n. For any function t(n)@?poly(n) the algorithm runs in time poly(n,1/@e) and with high probability outputs an @e-accurate monotone DNF hypothesis. This is the first algorithm that can learn monotone DNF of arbitrary polynomial size in a reasonable average-case model of learning from random examples only. Our approach relies on the discovery and application of new Fourier properties of monotone functions which may be of independent interest.
Extended access self-administration of methamphetamine is associated with age- and sex-dependent differences in drug taking behavior and recognition memory in rats.

Individuals who begin drug use during early adolescence experience more adverse consequences compared to those initiating later, especially if they are female. The mechanisms for these age and gender differences remain obscure, but studies in rodents suggest that psychostimulants may disrupt the normal ontogeny of dopamine and glutamate systems in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we studied Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes who began methamphetamine (METH, i.v.) self-administration in adolescence (postnatal [P] day 41) or adulthood (P91). Rats received seven daily 2-h self-administration sessions with METH or saccharin as the reinforcer, followed by 14 daily long access (LgA; 6 h) sessions. After 7 and 14 days of abstinence, novel object (NOR) or object-in-place (OiP) recognition was assessed. PFC and nucleus accumbens were collected 7 days after the final cognitive test and NMDA receptor subunits and dopamine D1 receptor expression was measured. We found that during LgA sessions, adolescent-onset rats escalated METH intake more rapidly than adult-onset rats, with adolescent-onset females earning the most infusions. Adolescent-onset rats with a history of METH self-administration exhibited modest deficits in OiP compared to their adult-onset counterparts, but there was no sex difference and self-administration groups did not differ from naive control rats. All rats displayed intact novel object recognition memory. We found no group differences in D1 and NMDA receptor expression, suggesting no long-lasting alteration of ontogenetic expression profiles. Our findings suggest that adolescent-onset drug use is more likely to lead to compulsive-like patterns of drug-taking and modest dysfunction in PFC-dependent cognition.
Low-Frequency Robust Cointegration Testing

a b s t r a c t Standard inference in cointegrating models is fragile because it relies on an assumption of an I(1) model for the common stochastic trends, which may not accurately describe the data's persistence. This paper considers low-frequency tests about cointegrating vectors under a range of restrictions on the common stochastic trends. We quantify how much power can potentially be gained by exploiting correct restrictions, as well as the magnitude of size distortions if such restrictions are imposed erroneously. A simple test motivated by the analysis in Wright (2000) is developed and shown to be approximately optimal for inference about a single cointegrating vector in the unrestricted stochastic trend model.
OVERHEAD COMPENSATION IN PERFORMANCE PROFILING

Measurement-based profiling introduces intrusion in program execution. Intrusion effects can be mitigated by compensating for measurement overhead. Techniques for compensation analysis in performance profiling are presented and their implementation in the TAU performance system described. Experimental results on the NAS parallel benchmarks demonstrate that overhead compensation can be effective in improving the accuracy of performance profiling. However, parallel time profiling requires the execution delay introduced by measurement on individual processes to be communicated between processes when they interact. Parallel execution scenarios are given to model the effects and to determine the analysis procedures to be applied online.
Gender Gap in Natural Language Processing Research: Disparities in Authorship and Citations

Disparities in authorship and citations across gender can have substantial adverse consequences not just on the disadvantaged genders, but also on the field of study as a whole. Measuring gender gaps is a crucial step towards addressing them. In this work, we examine female first author percentages and the citations to their papers in Natural Language Processing (1965 to 2019). We determine aggregate-level statistics using an existing manually curated author--gender list as well as first names strongly associated with a gender. We find that only about 29% of first authors are female and only about 25% of last authors are female. Notably, this percentage has not improved since the mid 2000s. We also show that, on average, female first authors are cited less than male first authors, even when controlling for experience and area of research. Finally, we discuss the ethical considerations involved in automatic demographic analysis.