cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Test data compression for IP embedded cores using selective encoding of scan slices

We present a selective encoding method that reduces test data volume and test application time for scan testing of intellectual property (IP) cores. This method encodes the slices of test data that are fed to the scan chains in every clock cycle. Unlike many prior methods, the proposed method does not encode all the specified (0s and 1s) and unspecified (don't-care) bits in a slice. For example, if a slice contains more 1s than 0s, only the 0s are encoded and all don't-cares are mapped to 1. We use only c tester channels, where c = [log2(N + 1)] + 2, to drive N scan chains. In the best case, we can achieve compression by a factor of N/c using only one tester clock cycle per slice. We derive an upper bound on the density of care bits (either 1s or 0s) that allows us to achieve the best-case compression. The pattern decompression is of the continuous-flow type because no complex handshakes are required between the tester and the chip. Unlike popular compression methods such as EDT and SmartBIST, the proposed approach is suitable for IP cores because it does not require structural information for fault simulation, dynamic compaction, or interleaved test generation. The on-chip decoder is small, independent of the circuit under test and the test set, and it can be shared between different circuits. We present compression results for a number of industrial circuits, and compare our results to other recent compression methods targeted at IP cores. We show that up to 28times reduction in test data volume and 20times reduction in testing time is obtained for these circuits
Toward an Explanation of Public Interest Group Formation and Proliferation: ‘Seed Money,’ Disturbances, Entrepreneurship, and Patronage

Utilizing data from a survey of 60 national public interest group founders, this paper addresses two related questions: (a) What factors explain the (relatively) recent proliferation of public interest groups? (b) What factors determine in which policy areas public interest group activity is most likely? The results of the data analysis suggest that several factors have contributed to group proliferation. Among the most important are law group start-up costs, the spread of affluence and education, an increase in patron activity, and rapid societal change. The results also suggest that public interest group activity is most likely in issue areas of interest to well-educated, affluent whites. Ultimately, however, the data suggest there is bound to be a great deal of uncertainty in the public interest group universe. Because group start-up costs are so low and the entrepreneurial pod is so large and varied, virtually any type of public interest group dealing with any issue could form at any time.
Leukosialin, a Major Sialoglycoprotein Defining Leucocyte Differentiation

We have isolated a major sialoglycoprotein on leucocytes and found that this glycoprotein, termed leukosialin, is ubiquitously present on various human leucocytes (granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes). Our studies showed that leukosialin is significantly glycosylated by O-linked oligosaccharides (70 chains/molecule). The polypeptide portions of these molecules are, however, apparently the same, with a molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The amino acid sequence derived from cDNA shows tandemly repeated O-glycan attachment sequences, and about 70% of the serine or threonine residues in the external domain are modified by O-glycans. The structures of those O-linked oligosaccharides are characteristic of each cell lineage and maturation stage. In particular, we have shown that O-glycans of leukosialin are converted from NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-3) [NeuAc(alpha 2-6)]-GalNAc to NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-3) [NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-6)] GalNAc during T cell activation.
The Interaction of Ribonuclease with Metal Ions IV. ROLE OF THE α-AMINO GROUP IN CUPRIC ION BINDING

Abstract A derivative of pancreatic ribonuclease, in which the terminal α-NH2 has been converted to a hydroxyl group, has been prepared by treatment with nitrous acid. Comparative potentiometric titrations of this derivative and of unmodified RNase indicate the assignment at 25° of a pK of 7.3 to the α-NH2 of RNase. The Cu(II)-binding properties of RNase lacking the terminal α-NH2 have been compared with those of unmodified RNase by spectrophotometric and gel filtration binding studies. Analysis of gel filtration data obtained at pH 7 in 0.4 m acetate is most consistent with a weak cooperativity among the binding sites of both RNase and its deaminated derivative. Differences between the two proteins in these studies indicate that loss of the α-NH2 from RNase leads to loss of the strongest of its five Cu(II)-binding sites at pH 7. Spectrophotometric studies in the absence of acetate at pH 7 show that the 640 mµ absorption band of the 1:1 Cu(II)-RNase complex is diminished in intensity by 35% in the corresponding complex of deaminated RNase. Between pH 7 and pH 9, the net spectral contribution of the site lost by deamination shifts from 640 mµ to 540 mµ. The data support the thesis that the single strongest Cu(II)-binding site in RNase under these conditions contains the α-NH2 and its adjacent peptide bond nitrogen atoms. At pH 5.5, gel filtration and spectrophotometric differences between the deaminated derivative and RNase are of smaller magnitude than at pH 7 and indicate that the α-NH2 is one of the weaker Cu(II)-binding sites at this pH. Formation of the ternary complex involving Cu(II), RNase, and 3'CMP has been shown to be independent of the presence of the α-NH2 terminus.
Carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) heterogeneity in deep-water Cambro-Ordovician carbonates, western Newfoundland

Abstract Carbonates of western Newfoundland span the Cambro-Ordovician interval and preserve a record of slope-basinal deposition in the Cow Head Group near Cow Head. This unit consists of conglomerates and ribbon and laminated limestone interbedded with shale that is well exposed in sea cliffs at Cow Head Peninsula. These conglomerates, although prevalent throughout the section, vary in thickness and abundance stratigraphically and record both local disruption and large-scale episodic sedimentation events. Microfacies drilled for carbon isotope (δ 13 C carb ) analysis of conglomerates reveal isotopic heterogeneity within individual samples, in some cases more than 1‰. While this might be an expected outcome of drilling multiple areas of a heterogeneous conglomerate hand sample, permil-level variability was observed both between individual clasts in a sample, between different parts of the same matrix, and between a clast and its surrounding matrix. No associated variation in δ 18 O carb or trace element distributions exists to suggest that this δ 13 C carb variability is the result of later-stage meteoric diagenesis. The δ 13 C carb variability suggests multiple sources of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) associated with carbonate precipitation for phases within these individual samples. These data indicate that processes such as local organic matter remineralization and early authigenic carbonate precipitation during lithification at the sediment–water interface (SWI) are either contributing to or controlling δ 13 C carb values in Cambrian carbonates, perhaps more so than at other intervals in Earth history.
How to Teach Creatively

Creative teaching involves imaginative approaches that make learning more interesting, exciting, and effective. Creative teachers share a number of characteristics. Although they are content experts, they are also highly motivated, have high expectations, and have strong communication skills. Creative teachers also use techniques to stimulate curiosity and raise confidence. This chapter highlights strategies to help stimulate the academic physician’s creative teaching process.
Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the individual level: a comparative study using principal components analysis.

A principal components analysis was carried out on male crania from the northeast quadrant of Africa and selected European and other African series. Individuals, not predefined groups, were the units of study, while nevertheless keeping group membership in evidence. The first principal component seems to largely capture “size” variation in crania from all of the regions. The same general morphometric trends were found to exist within the African and European crania, although there was some broad separation along a cline. Anatomically, the second principal component captures predominant trends denoting a broader to narrower nasal aperture combined with a similar shape change in the maxilla, an inverse relation between face–base lengths (“projection”) and base breadths, and a decrease in anterior base length relative to base breadth. The third principal component broadly describes trends within Africa and Europe: specifically, a change from a combination of a relatively narrower face and longer vault, to one of a wider face and shorter vault; it shows the northeast quadrant Africans along a cline with the other Africans. Stated in relative terms, the northeastern Africans tend to exhibit narrower bases in relationship to more projecting faces, and broader nasal areas than Europeans, although there is range of variation. Relative to the other African groups, they have narrower nasal areas and narrower faces in relationship to vault length. The crania from the northeast quadrant of Africa collectively demonstrate the greatest pattern of overlap with both Europeans and other Africans. Variation was found to be high in all series but greatest in the African material as a whole. Individuals from different geographical regions frequently plotted near each other, revealing aspects of variation at the level of individuals that is obscured by concentrating on the most distinctive facial traits once used to construct “types.” The high level of African interindividual variation in craniometric pattern is reminiscent of the great level of molecular diversity found in Africa. These results, coupled with those of Y chromosome studies, may help generate hypotheses concerning the length of time over which recent craniometric variation emerged in Africa. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:679–689, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The instructional audit in urban school settings: A descriptive policy analysis of instructional delivery using signal-receptor assessment theory and information referenced testing

High levels of student absenteeism, low SES home environments, and a general lack of experienced teachers to service the school curriculum all contribute to difficulties in insuring the delivery of apriori school district defined instructional programs. The importance of urban school site educational evaluation is underscored by recent studies which show that the effectiveness of instructional delivery is an important predictor of student antisocial behavior such as drug abuse, gang activity, vandalism. This study examines some of the problems associated with instructional evaluation in urban school settings using signal-receptor assessment theory analysis and a new type of test scoring procedure called Modified Confidence Weighted-Admissible Probability Measurement (MCW-APM). With MCW-APM, school administrative personnel can simultaneously evaluate and obtain policy relevant information for instructional leadership concerning the signal (instruction as delivered), the reception (student learning as received), and the assessment instrumentation itself (sensitivity of the test). Additionally, this method of scoring permits individual student performance on school district developed CRTs to be referenced to an information based standard (informed, partially informed, uninformed, and misinformed) of mastery as a selection standard instead of a percent correct score.
Ad hoc networks with heterogeneous smart antennas: performance analysis and protocols

The use of smart antennas in wireless ad hoc networks has garnered attention over the last few years. Given the unique capabilities of smart antennas, and how they can improve performance in a typically constrained ad hoc network environment, the attention is with merit. However, not much light has been shed on wireless ad hoc networks that have nodes with varying antenna capabilities. While homogeneous ad hoc networks with all nodes having the same antenna capabilities will have certain applications, we argue that ad hoc networks with nodes having heterogeneous antenna capabilities are more likely to be the norm due to a variety of motivating factors. In this context, we answer two fundamental questions in this paper: (i) what is the theoretical capacity of an ad hoc network when its nodes have varying antenna capabilities? We consider nodes equipped with only omnidirectional antennas to those that are equipped with more sophisticated adaptive-array and MIMO capable antennas. Perhaps more interestingly, we provide insights into what percentage of nodes in an ad hoc network have to be ‘smart’ to get a certain overall network capacity. (ii) What medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols should nodes use in such a heterogeneous network? We present MAC and routing protocols for ad hoc networks with heterogeneous antenna capabilities that allow nodes to interact with each other effectively despite their heterogeneity, and in the process deliver considerably improved performance over simplistic strategies. We substantiate our theoretical results, and evaluate the proposed protocols using ns2-based network simulations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of structural changes in the O photointermediate of bacteriorhodopsin.

The structural changes of bacteriorhodopsin during its photochemical cycle, as revealed by crystal structures of trapped intermediates, have provided insights to the proton translocation mechanism. Because accumulation of the last photointermediate, O, appears to be hindered by lattice forces in the crystals, the only information about the structure of this state is from suggested analogies with the determined structures of the non-illuminated D85S mutant and wild type bacteriorhodopsin at low pH. We used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of site-directed spin labels at the extracellular protein surface in membranes to test these models. Spin-spin dipolar interactions in the authentic O state compared to the non-illuminated state revealed that the distance between helices C and F increases by ca. 4 Å, there is no distance change between helices D and F, and the distance between helix D and helix B of the adjacent monomer increases. Further, the mobility changes of single labels indicate that helices E and F move outward from the proton channel at the center of the protein, and helix D tilts inward. The overall pattern of movements suggests that the model at acid pH is a better representation of the O state than D85S. However, the mobility analysis of spin-labels on the B-C interhelical loop indicates that the anti-parallel β-sheet maintains its ordered secondary structure in O, instead of the predicted disorder in the two structural models. During decay of the O state, the last step of the photocycle, a proton is transferred from Asp85 to proton release complex in the extracellular proton channel. The structural changes in O suggest the need of large conformational changes to drive the Arg82 side-chain back to its initial orientation towards Asp85, and to rearrange the numerous water molecules in this region in order to conduct the proton away from Asp85.
Effect of elastic anisotropy on surface pattern evolution of epitaxial thin films

Abstract Stress-induced surface instability and evolution of epitaxial thin films leads to formation of a variety of self-assembled surface patterns with feature sizes at micro- and nanoscales. The anisotropy in both the surface and bulk properties of the film and substrate has profound effects on the nonlinear dynamics of surface evolution and pattern formation. Experimentally it has been demonstrated that the effect of anisotropy strongly depends on the crystal orientation of the substrate surface on which the film grows epitaxially. In this paper we develop a nonlinear model for surface evolution of epitaxial thin films on generally anisotropic crystal substrates. Specifically, the effect of bulk elastic anisotropy of the substrate on epitaxial surface pattern evolution is investigated for cubic germanium (Ge) and SiGe films on silicon (Si) substrates with four different surface orientations: Si(0 0 1), Si(1 1 1), Si(1 1 0), and Si(1 1 3). Both linear analysis and nonlinear numerical simulations suggest that, with surface anisotropy neglected, ordered surface patterns form under the influence of the elastic anisotropy, and these surface patterns clearly reflect the symmetry of the underlying crystal structures of the substrate. It is concluded that consideration of anisotropic elasticity reveals a much richer dynamics of surface pattern evolution as compared to isotropic models.
363 ALTERED BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT AFTER EARLY PROPRANOLOL EXPOSURE

Studies on the rat indicate that, as suggested by human case reports, early propranolol exposure results in a growth deficit. Brain weight was significantly smaller in suckling rats given daily propranolol 50 mg/kg by gavage starting on day 4. Mean brain weight was 1.36±0.02g vs 1.45±0.01g in vehicle treated controls (p<0.01). To determine whether there was a functional deficit accompanying the anatomical one, behavioural studies were carried out when the rats were 50-60 days of age. Propranolol exposed animals required significantly more trials to reach criterion on a passive avoidance task. There was a trend toward decreased head dip response. Rats given propranolol 50 mg/kg but supplemented with triiodothyronine (T3) in a dose of 700 ng/kg performed normally on passive avoidance and were intermediate in head dip between PRO treated rats and vehicle controls. Conclusion: Early propranolol exposure produces an alteration in behavioural development. T3 supplementation protects against this effect of propranolol.
Concordant spiritual orientations as a factor in physician-patient spiritual discussions: a qualitative study.

Objectives: To understand the impact of physicians’ and patients’ religious/spiritual orientation on discussions of spiritual issues. Methods: We performed semi-structured interviews of 10 Missouri family physicians and 10 patients of these physicians, selecting subjects nonrandomly to represent a range of demographic factors, practice types, and chronic or terminal illness. We coded and evaluated transcribed interviews for themes. Results: Respondents expressed that similar belief systems facilitate patient–physician spiritual interactions and bring confidence to their relationships. Those holding dissimilar faiths noted limited ability to address spiritual questions directly. They cited significant barriers to spiritual interaction but considered that ecumenism, use of patient-centered care, and negotiation skills lessen these barriers. Conclusions: Our respondents view spirituality similarly to other aspects of the physician–patient relationship involving differing viewpoints. Where discordance exists, cross-cultural, patient-centered, diplomatic approaches facilitate spiritual discussions.
The utility of frozen section examination for determining the extent of thyroidectomy in patients with a thyroid nodule and "atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance".

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of frozen section examination (FSE) for determining the extent of thyroidectomy in patients with nodular thyroid disease and fine-needle aspiration categorized as atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AFLUS). Methods A retrospective review of all patients operated on for a thyroid nodule and AFLUS was completed to determine the role of clinical examination and FSE in intraoperative decision making. Results One hundred twenty patients with AFLUS underwent thyroidectomy; 18 (15%) had carcinoma. FSE altered management in 36 (62%) of the 58 patients—32 with benign disease and 4 with cancer who underwent lobectomy and total thyroidectomy, respectively. Total thyroidectomy without FSE was performed in 61 (51%) patients with sonographically confirmed bilateral disease. FSE had a 36.4% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 87% negative predictive value, and 88% accuracy. Conclusion Ultrasound in combination with FSE is of value for determining the extent of thyroidectomy in patients with AFLUS.
Encoding to Reduce Crosstalk Noise and Power Dissipation: A New Closed Formula

Cross coupling capacitance between interconnect lines in a bus contributes to significant power dissipation and noise. To reduce these effects, buses are split into sub-buses and encoding techniques applied to them. In this paper, we present a formula to compare the effectiveness of different bus encoding schemes.
Sickle cell anaemia trial

The major cause of death in sickle cell anaemia is from infection, especially infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Meningitis, pneumonia and septicaemia caused by this organism are the primary types of infection leading to death. Children under three years of age are at highest risk. We have known for over twenty years that approximately 30 per cent of the infants born with sickle cell anaemia will become infected in the first three years of life and one-third can be expected to die from the infection. These data were the reason that we conducted the Prophylactic Penicillin Study (PROPS), a trial to investigate the effectiveness of oral prophylactic penicillin in preventing severe infection due to S. pneumoniae. This investigation was a very efficient, cost effective study because of its timeliness and its conduct within the framework of an ongoing study. Moreover, the question being answered was simple and focused with up-to-date data that permitted accurate estimates of sample size and incidence.
Ultrafast light-matter interaction in a metaphotonic cavity containing a single quantum dot

Progress in cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) trends to decreasing mode volume and increasing light-matter interaction. We demonstrate a metal-semiconductor nanopillar cQED system that exhibits bright single-photon generation, strong Purcell enhancement, and viability as a new platform for cQED.
Intragraft gene expression profile during acute cellular rejection in clinical small bowel transplantation: a case report.

Abstract Background Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a common complication of small bowel transplantation (SBTx) and the major cause of graft loss. However, little is known regarding the genetic graft response to ACR in clinical transplants. In this study, we have determined a genetic expression profile of intestinal graft response to ACR after living related (LR) SBTx. Results By identifying the expression profiles of reported markers of rejection we were able to identify 57 genes that had significantly increased (more than twofold) expression in response to ACR. Known markers of rejection identified: MMP-9, MMP-2, VIP, IFNγ, IL-2R, MADCAM-1, HSP-60 , and HSP-70 all had greater than twofold increased expression after ACR diagnosed (week 3 to week 6). The newly identified genes were: IFI27, EPST11, APAF1, LAP3, STK6 , and MDK. Conclusion Newly identified up-regulated genes in response to ACR in small bowel graft are involved in the immune response, cell adhesion, neurogenesis, cell division and proliferation, DNA replication/repair, protein ubiqutin/proteolysis, and apoptosis. TNF α up-regulated early at week 2 biopsy may be an early genetic marker of ACR in SBTx.
Mathematical modelling of two-phase non-Newtonian flow in a helical pipe

Governing equations for a two-phase 3D helical pipe flow of a non-Newtonian fluid with large particles are derived in an orthogonal helical coordinate system. The Lagrangian approach is utilized to model solid particle trajectories. The interaction between solid particles and the fluid that carries them is accounted for by a source term in the momentum equation for the fluid. The force-coupling method (FCM), developed by M.R. Maxey and his group, is adopted; in this method the momentum source term is no longer a Dirac delta function but is spread on a numerical mesh by using a finite-sized envelop with a spherical Gaussian distribution. The influence of inter-particle and particle–wall collisions is also taken into account. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
608. Dose Escalation of Recombinant Adenovirus-Based Influenza Virus Vaccine Encoding the Full Length Hemagglutinin (HA) of the A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) To Immunize Naïve and Ad-Immune Mice

The recent emergence of highly avian influenza virus (HPAI) strains in poultry and their subsequent transmission to humans in Southeast Asia have raised concerns about the potential pandemic spread of lethal disease. We previously showed that recombinant adenovirus-based influenza A virus vaccine directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) can induce a 100% protection, associated with a cellular and humoral immune response, of mice and poultry against the lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus infection. In the present study we used the adenovirus encoding the full-length HA to analyze the humoral immune response after different dose of recombinant adenovirus. In view of clinical trials of the adenovirus-based influenza virus vaccine we determined the minimal amount of recombinant adenoviruses to induce the required titer measured by hemagglutination inhibition test. Due to the high frequency of anti-adenoviral immunity in the human population the efficiency of recombinant adenovirus-based vaccines are limited. To test the efficiency of the recombinant adenovirus-based influenza virus vaccine in the presence of neutralizing anti-adenoviral antibodies, we injected human IgG, which contains anti-adenoviral antibodies at a physiological level, before immunization. The result showed that 5|[times]|108 virus particle per mouse was the minimal amount to induce appropriate titers of antibodies. However, the immunization in the presence of neutralizing anti- adenoviral antibodies could only induce according antibody titer if we immunized with 5|[times]|1010 virus particle per mouse. This result improves our knowledge of the efficiency of recombinant adenoviral- based vaccines in the physiological situation in humans and is important for the design of clinical trials.
Local Lipschitz constants

Abstract Let X be a closed subset of I= [− 1, 1], For f ϵ C[X], the local Lipschitz constant is defined to be λ nδ (f) = sup { ∥B n (f) − B n (g)∥ ∥f − g∥: 0 , where Bn(g) is the best approximation in the sup norm to g on X from the set of polynomials of degree at most n. It is shown that under certain assumptions the norm of the derivative of the best approximation operator at f is equal to the limit as δ → 0 of the local Lipschitz constant of f, and an explicit expression is given for this common value. The, possibly very different, characterizations of local and global Lipschitz constants are also considered.
Heterocrystals for microelectronics

Abstract Arguments are given for the importance of heterocrystals in microelectronics. Heterocrystals are single crystals made up of two or more regions of different composition. They can be expected to find application in microelectronic functional blocks in the future, because (1) various useful solid-state phenomena have their optimum properties in different materials, (2) the hetero-junction between adjacent materials of a heterocrystal may have unique characteristics and (3) different materials grown together can provide combinations of bulk properties not attainable in a one-material crystal. This paper also reviews the small amount of research reported so far on heterocrystals of materials potentially useful in microelectronics and discusses problems anticipated in the further development of useful heterocrystals.
Expression of (+)-3-PPP binding sites in the PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line.

Abstract Phencyclidine binds with high affinity to both PCP and σ receptors. We investigated whether the clonal cell line PC12 expressed either of these receptors, and found that these cells contain a haloperidol-sensitive (+)-[ 3 H]3-PPP binding site with a K D of 56 nM, but no PCP binding sites. The (+)3-PPP binding sites in PC12 cells displayed a reversed stereoselectivity for the benzomorphan opiates compared to CNS σ receptors. Neither nerve growth factor nor sodium butyrate treatment affected the expression of either (+)-3-PPP or TCP binding sites in PC12 cells.
Playing Patriots: The Role(s) of Child Protestors in the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street Movements

This article considers the role(s) of child protestors and activists in both the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street movements. Both of these movements and activist communities engage with notions and performances of patriotism, as well as with American history and/or their movement’s place in it. Both movements also seek to imagine/manipulate/engage/educate youth about the nation and patriotism in interesting, and often contradictory, ways. I look closely at the ways in which each movement has represented itself to the outside world, as well as the ways the media has represented each movement in newspapers and online forums such as blogs. I explore the ways in which both movements offer opportunities for their young members, as well as their adult counterparts, to engage in “playing patriots” as part of their protests and their more purely educational offshoots.
Magnetic resonance enterography: state of the art.

Abstract Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of the gastrointestinal tract manifested by frequent periods of relapses and remissions of symptoms. The small bowel is most frequently affected. Progression of transmural inflammation can lead to stricturing or penetrating complications. At the time of diagnosis, approximately 10% of patients have disease beyond the reach of the colonoscope. Imaging can aid in clinical evaluation by depicting small bowel involvement and extraenteric disease. Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) has emerged as a valuable tool and is being used with increasing frequency for the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease. This article will discuss the current state of the art in MRE. In addition to reviewing the literature reporting its utility, we will present case examples illustrating how MRE best depicts the various findings of Crohn's disease within 4 imaging categories of disease: active inflammatory, fibrostenotic, fistulizing/perforating, and reparative or regenerative. We will present additional important clinical considerations in routine use of MRE, including implications for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment, cost-effectiveness, and appropriate use in the context of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria.
High-efficiency 0.25- mu m gate-length pseudomorphic power heterostructure FETs at millimeter-wave frequencies

Summary form only given. The authors compare the 35-GHz power performance of four different 0.25- mu m gate-length pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure FET (HFET) devices. The devices that are examined include the HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor), double-heterojunction HEMT (DHHEMT), doped-channel HFET (DCHFET), and the doped-channel MODFET (DCHMODFET). A maximum 35-GHz power-added-efficiency and a power density of 49% and 0.94 W/mm were measured, for the DCHMODFET; 43% and 0.97 W/mm for the DHHEMT, 32% and 0.75 W/mm for the HEMT, and 31% and 0.77 W/mm for the DCHFET. The DC parameters that influence RF power performance were analyzed, and it was found that the I-V linearities of the DCHMODFET, DCHFET, and DHHEMT are much better than that of the HEMT and that the pinchoff characteristics of the DCHMODFET are superior to those of the DHHEMT. The first point explains why the efficiencies of the DCHMODFET and DHHEMT are significantly better than that of the HEMT. It is believed that the second point is responsible for the better efficiency in the DCHMODFET compared to the DHHEMT. >
Where are macrophage-tropic viruses?

Background: Eradication strategies must consider all cellular sources of virus. During the course of infection, HIV-1 can evolve to acquire new cell tropism. We have examined virus in blood and cerebral spinal fluid to identify virus capable of infecting macrophages. Methods: Viral env genes were amplified by PCR using limiting template dilution. The amplicons were sequenced and a subset was cloned into an expression vector. The cloned env genes were used to create pseudotyped virus that was then tested for entry into Affinofile cells expressing high and low levels of CD4. Results: We examined virus in blood and CSF in eight subjects with advanced HIV disease and with neurocognitive involvement. All eight subjects had highly compartmentalized virus in comparing blood and CSF. In half of the subjects, the virus decayed rapidly in blood and CSF when therapy was initiated, and all env genes tested could infect cells only when there were high levels of CD4, both features indicative of infection of activated T cells in both the blood and central nervous system (CNS). In the other half of the subjects, virus decayed slowly in the CSF, but rapidly in the blood with the initiation of therapy, and the virus in the CSF could infect cells with low levels of CD4, indicative of the presence of macrophage-tropic virus in the CNS. However, the majority of the virus in the blood retained the requirement for high levels of CD4 for infection. Conclusions: Macrophage-tropic viruses evolve late in disease and are compartmentalized in the CNS and perhaps elsewhere. They are produced from cells with a long half-life compared with activated T cells. Finally, they are poorly represented in the blood, even when they predominate in the CNS. Supplement: Workshop Report and Abstracts “Towards a Cure”: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them Shirin Heidari, Marie-Capucine Penicaud, Celine Cheng, International AIDS Society http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1758-2652-13-S3-info.pdf Conference: International AIDS Society’s Workshop “Towards a Cure”: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them 16–17 July 2010 Vienna, Austria (Published: 4 November 2010) doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-S3-O3 Cite this article as: Schnell et al.: Where are macrophage-tropic viruses?. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2010 13(Suppl 3):O3. Full text: PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2999388/
Measurements of Cloud-Droplet-Size Distributions in Polluted and Unpolluted Stratiform Clouds

Abstract A number of cloud physics investigations were made within stratiform clouds in the areas around Denver, Colorado, and Kansas City, Missouri, during the winter months of 1989/90. There significant difference in the cloud-droplet-size distributions within the different cloud systems that appear to be associated with the urban plume of them metropolitan areas. This association has been made by looking at the trajectories of the air making up the cloud in different parts of the cloud and by concomitant measurements of NO2 within the cloud, using the presence or absence of NO2 as an indicator of an urbanization effect. In general the effect of the urban area is to significantly increase the number of droplets and decrease the median volume diameter (MVD) and the variance of the droplet diameters. In the clouds formed in unpolluted air, the MVD averaged 21.9 µm with a standard deviation of 7.4 µm, while the clouds formed in polluted air had an average MVD of 13.6 µm and a standard deviation of 1.9 µm.
Evidence for the Importance of Polarizability in Biomimetic Catalysis Involving Cyclophane Receptors

Cyclophanes 1−6 catalyze the nucleophilic dealkylation of a simple sulfonium compound by potassium iodide. The cation−π interaction is important in substrate binding, but the primarily electrostatic nature of this effect does not explain all observations concerning catalysis. As a series of substituents are placed on the cyclophane framework, a systematic variation in catalyst effectiveness is seen, such that more polarizable substituents produce more potent catalysts. This provides support for the notion that transition states are especially polarizable, and catalysis can be enhanced by maximizing London dispersion forces. The reactions studied here are very similar to the broad class of biological methylations mediated by S-adenosylmethionine, and the biological catalysts may use forces similar to those described here.
Enchanting Ethical Consumerism: The case of Community Supported Agriculture

This article analyzes Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) as a form of ethical consumerism organized by a nexus of ideological discourses, romantic idealizations, and unconventional marketplace practices and relationships. Our analysis explicates the aspects of CSA that enable consumers to experience its pragmatic inconveniences and choice restrictions as enchanting moral virtues. We conclude by assessing the societal implications that follow from these localized marketplace relationships and their ideological distinctions to the modes of enchantment that are constituted in postmodern cathedrals of consumption.
Wilder powers: Morality and animality in tales of war and terror

Among the figures of animality evoked in narratives of violence are the "beast" who perpetrates acts of brutality and the debased creature who is subjected to captivity, forced labor, or slaughter. Yet a third figure of animality appears in the stories of animistically inclined emigrants who survived war and terror in Laos or Cambodia: the wild animal as transmigrated ancestor or capriciously sympathetic spirit who offers a powerful if unpredictable source of protection. Encounters with fantastic animals implicitly question the relationship between humanity and animality that often prevails in accounts of violence, opening possibilities for a zoopolitics of morality and animality.
Measuring tortuosity of the intracerebral vasculature from MRA images

The clinical recognition of abnormal vascular tortuosity, or excessive bending, twisting, and winding, is important to the diagnosis of many diseases. Automated detection and quantitation of abnormal vascular tortuosity from three-dimensional (3-D) medical image data would, therefore, be of value. However, previous research has centered primarily upon two-dimensional (2-D) analysis of the special subset of vessels whose paths are normally close to straight. This report provides the first 3-D tortuosity analysis of clusters of vessels within the normally tortuous intracerebral circulation. We define three different clinical patterns of abnormal tortuosity. We extend into 3-D two tortuosity metrics previously reported as useful in analyzing 2-D images and describe a new metric that incorporates counts of minima of total curvature. We extract vessels from MRA data, map corresponding anatomical regions between sets of normal patients and patients with known pathology, and evaluate the three tortuosity metrics for ability to detect each type of abnormality within the region of interest. We conclude that the new tortuosity metric appears to be the most effective in detecting several types of abnormalities. However, one of the other metrics, based on a sum of curvature magnitudes, may be more effective in recognizing tightly coiled, "corkscrew" vessels associated with malignant tumors.
Segmenting U.S. firms for export development

In attempting to aid firms in their exporting efforts, various segmentation approaches have been developed by government agencies and research groups. Each of these segmentation schemes aims at the identification of specific export needs within different groups of firms. The four major approaches suggested in the literature propose to differentiate firms into groups based on the level of international activities, managerial attitudes, size, and service orientation of firms. The research presented in this article investigates these four segmentation approaches by applying them to common data collected from small and medium sized U.S. manufacturing firms and investigating their effectiveness in differentiating among groups of firms. The results indicate that the differentiation of firms according to their level of international activities is the most effective one of the four approaches investigated. Subsequently, various specific needs of exporting firms are presented and a redirection of current export promotion efforts is suggested.
PKQuest_Java: free, interactive physiologically based pharmacokinetic software package and tutorial

Background Physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) uses a realistic organ model to describe drug kinetics. The blood-tissue exchange of each organ is characterized by its volume, perfusion, metabolism, capillary permeability and blood/tissue partition coefficient. PBPK applications require both sophisticated mathematical modeling software and a reliable complete set of physiological parameters. Currently there are no software packages available that combine ease of use with the versatility that is required of a general PBPK program.
Bracing yourself to deal with the top 10 employment law problems

Abstract Orthodontists face a number of legal problems in dealing with employmentissues. Some of them are similar to those effecting other professionals, whereas other problems are peculiar to the practice of orthodontia. An experienced employment attorney offers recommendations to deal with 10 common issues confronting orthodontists in the workplace.
Optical spectrum analyzer with quantum-limited noise floor.

Interactions between atoms and lasers provide the potential for unprecedented control of quantum states. Fulfilling this potential requires detailed knowledge of frequency noise in optical oscillators with state-of-the-art stability. We demonstrate a technique that precisely measures the noise spectrum of an ultrastable laser using optical lattice-trapped $^{87}\mathrm{Sr}$ atoms as a quantum projection noise-limited reference. We determine the laser noise spectrum from near dc to 100 Hz via the measured fluctuations in atomic excitation, guided by a simple and robust theory model. The noise spectrum yields a 26(4) mHz linewidth at a central frequency of 429 THz, corresponding to an optical quality factor of $1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$. This approach improves upon optical heterodyne beats between two similar laser systems by providing information unique to a single laser and complements the traditionally used Allan deviation which evaluates laser performance at relatively long time scales. We use this technique to verify the reduction of resonant noise in our ultrastable laser via feedback from an optical heterodyne beat. Finally, we show that knowledge of our laser's spectrum allows us to accurately predict the laser-limited stability for optical atomic clocks.
An Extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action in Ethical Decision Contexts: The Role of Normative Influence and Ethical Judgment

The moral conduct of organizations is ultimately dependent on the discrete actions of individuals. The authors address the scholarly and managerial imperative of how individuals combine various cognitions in their ethical decision making. The study extends the understanding of ethical decision making by exploring relationships among Theory of Reasoned Action–relevant constructs. Specifically, the authors examined a model that included an expansion of normative influence to include a behavioral norm and an ethical judgment construct as proximal to intention. To their knowledge, these relationships had not been simultaneously explored in the business ethics literature. Responses from a multidisciplinary student sample to 2 ethical scenarios were examined with structural equation modeling and largely support-hypothesized relationships. Results hold implications for future theory, research, and management of individual-level ethical decision making.
Statistics of internal wave overturning from observations of upper ocean temperature

Abstract The seasonal thermocline in the Sargasso Sea near 30°45′N, 71°45′W was measured in July 1981 using a towed thermistor army with ∼0.5 m horizontal and vertical resolution. A 200-km long section of the survey path is analyzed for overturn occurrences and the relationship of these occurrences to the ambient flow field. Our analysis shows that the probability of an overturn occurrences increases when the Richardson number of the ambient field decreases. This increase is most rapid when the Richardson number is of order unity. Our assessment of overturn processes based on calculated conditional probabilities indicates that both sheer instability and advective instability are important to the generation of the overtures observed in our experiment while the symmetric instability is not.
Unit-consistent poverty indices

This paper characterizes unit-consistent poverty indices. The unit consistency axiom requires that poverty rankings (not poverty indices) remain unaffected when all incomes and the poverty lines are expressed in different measuring units. We consider two general frameworks of poverty measurement: the semi-individualistic framework that includes all decomposable indices and all rank-based indices; and the Dalton–Hagenaars framework that contains a subset of decomposable indices. Within the semi-individualistic framework, classes of unit-consistent poverty indices can be characterized for different value judgements about poverty measurement. Within the Dalton-Hagenaars framework, unit-consistent poverty indices are completely characterized without invoking any value judgement a priori.
The pediatric mandible: II. Management of traumatic injury or fracture.

Background: Fractures of the pediatric mandible are complicated by the anatomic complexity of the developing mandible, particularly by the presence of tooth buds and the eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth. Traditional methods of fracture reduction and fixation employed in adults have little applicability in the pediatric population. Methods: The authors describe the surgical techniques that have been used at their institution and those that can be used safely in the pediatric setting. Results: In most cases, “conservative” management is the preferred option, especially in the treatment of condylar fractures. In cases requiring surgical intervention, interdental wiring, drop wires in combination with circummandibular wires, and acrylic splints are suited well to specific phases of dental maturation. Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation using monocortical screws and microplates or resorbable plates and screws are acceptable techniques in the pediatric patient, but they require special safeguards. Algorithms are presented to simplify management of these complicated injuries.