cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Coastal and Marine Hazards and Disasters

Abstract This chapter introduces the Sea and Ocean Hazards, Risks, and Disasters volume in the Hazards and Disasters series. The chapters in this volume summarize numerous aspects of our knowledge of a suite of coastal and marine hazards and disasters. A common theme is the persistence and increase of the global threat to coastal populations driven by environmental change and continued population growth. Here, coastal hazards are organized according to two main themes: threats to human systems (mainly) from the geophysical hazards such as tsunami, storm surge, sea ice, sea level rise, shoreline change, rip currents, and threats to humans and loss of ecosystem services caused by biological/ecological systems such as mangroves, corals, marshes, and harmful algal blooms.
State Medical Marijuana Laws and the Prevalence of Opioids Detected Among Fatally Injured Drivers

Objectives. To assess the association between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and the odds of a positive opioid test, an indicator for prior use.Methods. We analyzed 1999–2013 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 18 states that tested for alcohol and other drugs in at least 80% of drivers who died within 1 hour of crashing (n = 68 394). Within-state and between-state comparisons assessed opioid positivity among drivers crashing in states with an operational MML (i.e., allowances for home cultivation or active dispensaries) versus drivers crashing in states before a future MML was operational.Results. State-specific estimates indicated a reduction in opioid positivity for most states after implementation of an operational MML, although none of these estimates were significant. When we combined states, we observed no significant overall association (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61, 1.03). However, age-stratified analyses indicated a significant reduction in opioid po...
The Glass Watchers

Our medical profession is a lofty building with a strong foundation in the best traditions of care—a building reflecting medicine's span of time—a building whose structural supports include patient...
Low-temperature machining in a fully submerged cryogenic environment

ABSTRACTThe role of an immersive cryogenic environment in affecting material response in machining was explored using dynamometry, calorimetry, electron microscopy, and microindentation. Effects of tool rake angle on energy dissipation, stored energy of cold work, deformed microstructure, and hardening were evaluated for machining under a fully submerged cryogenic cutting environment and a dry cutting environment. Sustained immersion of the cutting zone in liquid nitrogen resulted in greater energy dissipation and hardening in the work and machined subsurface. This increased hardening at low temperature was directly linked to greater microstructure refinement and a lower fraction of dissipated energy stored in the form of added defects and grain boundaries. Various microstructure types with domain sizes from microscale to nanoscale were developed in the machined chips, depending on the rake angle and temperature used.
Understanding mass transfer through asymmetric membranes during forward osmosis: A historical perspective and critical review on measuring structural parameter with semi-empirical models and characterization approaches

Abstract Asymmetric membranes comprised of an integrated or composite skin layer supported by a porous layer are used in several membrane separation processes including ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and, most recently, forward osmosis (FO). The first three are hydraulic pressure-driven technologies in which selectivity and productivity performance is determined primarily by the selective layer while the support layer only provides mechanical support. In FO, the support layer plays a critical role in determining performance. Numerous studies, many of them in the last decade, have proposed models that elucidate the influence of support layer structural properties, most notably porosity and tortuosity, on membrane performance in FO. These properties form the often used “structural parameter”, S, which accounts for a membrane's structural resistance to solute mass transfer within the support layer. Uncertainty and inaccuracy of these models, however, has led to the parallel development of analytical approaches to characterizing the structural parameter. This review provides a historical perspective and context for the evolution of those models and characterization approaches as our understanding of forward osmosis has improved. The overall impacts of the evolution of both semi-empirical models and characterization approaches on the field of forward osmosis are discussed.
Attachment avoidance, but not anxiety, minimizes the joys of caregiving

ABSTRACTPerhaps unlike other social roles that people may hold, caring for children offers opportunities for both immense joy and incredible frustration. Yet what predicts how parents will feel during caregiving experiences? In the current study, we examined parents’ (N = 152) positive emotion, negative emotion, and felt meaning during caregiving using the Day Reconstruction Method. In addition, we tested attachment anxiety and avoidance as predictors of parents’ emotion during caregiving relative to their other daily experiences. We found that attachment avoidance was associated with elevated negative emotion and reduced positive emotion and meaning in life across the entire day, whereas attachment anxiety was associated with elevated negative emotion and marginally greater meaning in life, but not positive emotion, across the entire day. Furthermore, caregiving was associated with greater positive emotion and meaning, but not negative emotion, compared to parents’ other daily activities. Finally, attach...
The Protective Role of Parental Media Monitoring Style from Early to Late Adolescence

The goal of the current study was to examine the protective role that maternal media monitoring might have for adolescents. This was done by considering whether styles of media monitoring either directly reduced media use, or whether they buffered the associations between aggressive media use and adolescents’ prosocial behavior, aggression, and delinquency. Participants were 681 adolescents from two cities in the United States (51% female; 73% white), and their mothers, who provided data at two different time points, 2 years apart (when adolescents were roughly ages 13 and 15). Mixture modeling results revealed that mothers used four different styles of media monitoring made up of combinations of active and restrictive monitoring as well as forms of co-use. Styles that included active monitoring and connective co-use (i.e., engaging in media with the intent to connect with children) were directly associated with less media use, and moderated links between adolescents’ media use and behavioral outcomes concurrently but not longitudinally. The discussion was focused on the strength of considering multiple strategies of media monitoring together, and how this approach can inform future research in the area of parental media monitoring.
Examining physical therapists’ training and intervention needs around workplace violence

Physical therapists (PTs) are an occupational group vulnerable to workplace violence, with reported rates of assault against them ranging from 14 to 51%. PTs are often unprepared to deal with such ...
C1 neurons: a nodal point for stress?

NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The C1 neurons (C1) innervate sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons plus numerous brain nuclei implicated in stress, arousal and autonomic regulations. We consider here the contribution of C1 to stress-induced responses. What advances does it highlight? C1 activation is required for blood pressure stability during hypoxia and mild hemorrhage which exemplifies their homeostatic function. During restraint stress, C1 activate the splenic anti-inflammatory pathway resulting in tissue protection against ischemic injury. This effect, along with glucose release and, possibly, arousal are examples of adaptive non-homeostatic responses to stress that are also mediated by C1. The C1 cells are catecholaminergic and glutamatergic neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Collectively, these neurons innervate sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and countless brain structures involved in autonomic regulation, arousal and stress. Optogenetic inhibition of rostral C1 neurons has little effect on blood pressure (BP) at rest in conscious rats but produces large reductions in BP when the animals are anaesthetized or exposed to hypoxia. Optogenetic C1 stimulation increases BP and produces arousal from non-rapid eye movement sleep. C1 cell stimulation mimics the effect of restraint stress to attenuate kidney injury caused by renal ischaemia-reperfusion. These effects are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system through the spleen and eliminated by silencing the C1 neurons. These few examples illustrate that, depending on the nature of the stress, the C1 cells mediate adaptive responses of a homeostatic or allostatic nature.
Re-emergence of pneumococcal colonization by vaccine serotype 19F in persons aged ≥5 years after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction—Alaska, 2008–2013

BACKGROUND The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in 2001. Widespread PCV use nearly eradicated pneumococcal colonization by vaccine serotypes. Since 2008, however, colonization by PCV-serotype 19F has increased in Alaska residents. We describe the epidemiology of re-emerging serotype 19F colonization. METHODS We conducted annual cross-sectional colonization surveys from 2008 to 2013. We recruited children aged <5 years at 2 urban clinics and participants of all ages from Region-A (2 villages), Region-B (4 villages), and Region-C (2 villages). We interviewed participants and reviewed their medical records to obtain demographic information and determine PCV status. We obtained nasopharyngeal swab specimens from participants to identify pneumococci and to determine the pneumococcal serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and multilocus sequence type. We used the Cochran-Armitage test to assess for significant trends in colonization across time periods. RESULTS Among participants aged <5 years, pneumococcal serotype 19F colonization remained unchanged from 2008-2009 (0.7%) to 2012-2013 (0.5%; P-value [P] = .54). Serotype 19F colonization increased from 2008-2009 to 2012-2013 among participants aged 5-11 years (0.3% to 3.2%; P < .01), participants 12-17 years (0.0% to 2.0%; P < .01), and participants aged ≥18 years (0.1% to 0.5%; P < .01). During 2012-2013, 85 (93%) of 91 pneumococcal serotype 19F isolates were identified among participants from Region B; the majority of serotype 19F isolates belonged to an antimicrobial nonsusceptibility pattern corresponding to a novel multilocus sequence type 9074. CONCLUSIONS PCV continues to protect against serotype 19F colonization in vaccinated children aged <5 years. The direct PCV impact on serotype 19F colonization in persons aged 5-11 years and indirect impact in persons aged ≥12 years is waning, possibly because of a newly introduced genotype in Region-B.
Subspecialized radiology review at multidisciplinary pancreas conference: impact on patient management.

At our tertiary medical center, multidisciplinary subspecialists meet twice a week during a CME-accredited conference to discuss oncologic and non-oncologic patients with pancreatic diseases at which time a subspecialized abdominal staff radiologist reinterprets the patient’s relevant imaging studies. This study assesses the changes in patient management due to imaging reinterpretation during multidisciplinary pancreas conference (MPC). In this retrospective, IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant study, imaging studies of all patients discussed at MPC between July 1 and December 31, 2015 were assessed for technical adequacy, and original reports analyzed for congruency with reinterpretation. Management measures included change in diagnosis, clinical stage, treatment, or workup. Additional data were obtained on referring services affected and their resultant change in practice. Changes in surgical resectability, surgical approach, or delayed operative dates were noted for surgeons. Changes in chemotherapeutic or radiation oncology regimens as well as decisions for additional imaging, laboratory workup, or histologic evaluation were also recorded. A total of 252 patients were included (54.4% males, 45.6% females, mean age 63.71 years). Relevant imaging consisted of 142 abdominal CT scans, 112 abdominal MRI scans, 1 abdominal ultrasound, and 1 nuclear medicine octreotide study of which 69.4% were performed in-house. Image quality was deemed appropriate in 95.2%. Cases presented included solid pancreatic malignancies (n = 140; 55.6%), cystic pancreatic lesions (n = 41; 16.3%), acute and chronic inflammatory conditions (n = 52; 20.6%), and miscellaneous entities (n = 10; 4.0%); 9 (3.6%) cases were normal. Image reinterpretation was congruent with original reports in 56.7%, with minor, moderate, and major discrepancies occurring in 9.5, 26.2%, and 7.5% of cases, respectively. Incongruent reinterpretation was predominantly due to perceptional errors (false-negative reports due to missed findings) and interpretative errors (false-positive results due to over-reporting or misclassification of diagnoses). Services most commonly affected included surgical oncology, radiology, and gastroenterology at 16.7%, 13.1%, and 12.7% of cases, respectively. Management changes included a change in diagnosis in 8.7%, change in clinical stage in 8.7%, change in treatment in 17.9%, and further workup needed in 19.0% of patients, respectively. No change in management occurred in the remaining 61.5% of cases. Subspecialized abdominal radiologist reinterpretation in the context of more comprehensive patient information heavily impacts the multidisciplinary management of patients with pancreatic disorders. Further efforts are needed to solidify the abdominal radiologist’s role in the multidisciplinary clinical setting.
Marktstruktur und zeitliche Diffusion kapitalgebundener Innovationen

Ein nicht nur in den wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fachgebieten vielbeobachtetes Phanomen ist die zeitintensive Ausbreitung oder Diffusion von Informationen und Neuerungen im weitesten Sinne (vgl. Rogers 1983). Den vielfaltigen empirischen Diffusionsstudien in all diesen Forschungsrichtungen liegt der gemeinsame Analogieschlus zu einer epidemischen Ausbreitung ansteckender Krankheiten zugrunde. Die dafur entwickelten „epidemischen Diffusionsmodelle“ finden zunehmend auch in der Industrieokonomik ihre Anwendung, insbesondere zur Beschreibung von Diffusionsvorgangen bei technologischen Neuerungen in Form von Produkt- und Prozesinnovationen. Inhaltlich geht es dabei je nach Analyseschwerpunkt um den Diffusionsprozes innerhalb eines Unternehmens, zwischen den einzelnen Unternehmen innerhalb eines Marktes und schlieslich innerhalb der gesamten Volkswirtschaft (vgl. Stoneman 1983, S. 67). Untersuchungsgegenstand dieses Kapitels ist ausschlieslich die nachfrageseitige Diffusion einer Produktinnovation zwischen den Unternehmen eines spezifischen Marktes.31
The “Marketplace of Ideas:” A Siren Song for Freedom of Speech Theorists

The concept of a “marketplace of ideas” has had a nearly irresistible appeal to those working on various issues of the right to freedom of speech. And yet, I argue, it must be resisted – for three compelling clusters of reasons. First, the analogy is based upon the presupposition that the “marketplace of commodities” is both transparent and efficient. Citing an array of historical examples, I argue that it is neither. Second, there is nothing in the world of ideas that corresponds to a Consumer Reports “best buy” in the world of commodities – the very point of having a marketplace. Third, the “exchange” of “ideas” is fundamentally different, in a variety of ways, from an “exchange” of “commodities” – the fallacy of equivocation is imbedded in the very concept of a “marketplace of ideas.” Thus, the concept does not illuminate, but obfuscates.
Cortical Action Representations

The organization of the motor cortex has been studied and debated for more than 130 years. Although it contains a map of the body, the map is overlapping and fractured, and therefore, additional principles of organization may be needed to explain the topography. Recently, a growing body of evidence suggests one such principle. The motor cortex appears to be partly organized as a map of complex, behaviorally useful actions that compose the animal's movement repertoire. In the action map perspective, the statistical complexity of the movement repertoire leads to the complexity of the cortical map.
Disorders of Hemostasis

Assessing the risk of perioperative bleeding is a fundamental component of the preoperative evaluation. Early recognition and proper perioperative management of hemostatic disorders is important to prevent and reduce unexpected and unnecessary bleeding.
Democracy and Capitalism: Rules for Peaceful Coexistence

A Review of Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism? by Robert Kuttner (New York: W.W. Norton, 2018). $27.95, hardcover, 384 pp.
Cancellation exponents in isotropic turbulence and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.

Small-scale characteristics of turbulence such as velocity gradients and vorticity fluctuate rapidly in magnitude and oscillate in sign. Much work exists on the characterization of magnitude variations, but far less on sign oscillations. While in homogeneous turbulence averages performed on large scales tend to zero because of the oscillatory character, those performed on increasingly smaller scales will vary with the averaging scale in some characteristic way. This characteristic variation at high Reynolds numbers is captured by the so-called cancellation exponent, which measures how local averages tend to cancel out as the averaging scale increases, in space or time. Past experimental work suggests that the exponents in turbulence depend on whether one considers quantities in full three-dimensional (3D) space or uses their one- or two-dimensional cuts. We compute cancellation exponents of vorticity and longitudinal as well as transverse velocity gradients in isotropic turbulence at Taylor-scale Reynolds numbers up to 1300 on ${8192}^{3}$ grids. The 2D cuts yield the same exponents as those for full 3D, while the 1D cuts yield smaller numbers, suggesting that the results in higher dimensions are more reliable. We make the case that the presence of vortical filaments in isotropic turbulence leads to this conclusion. This effect is particularly conspicuous in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, where an increased degree of spatial coherence develops along the direction of an imposed magnetic field.
Design for Control of a Soft Bidirectional Bending Actuator

In this paper, we present sensor-controlled antagonistic pneumatic actuators (SCAPAs) that integrate proven soft robotic actuators and sensors into a simplified, controllable design. The antagonistic actuators together compose a bidirectional bending actuator with embedded capacitive strain sensors. By designing the SCAPAs from the ground-up for closed-loop control, we are able to minimize both the number of constituent components and the types of materials used, and further streamline the manufacturing processes. These improvements are embodied in the multipurpose use of a single conductive fabric sheet for both actuation and sensing, integrated into an otherwise all-silicone device. Such reduced material complexity allows us to use simple finite element analysis (FEA) models to predict the performance of a given design. We compare various designs to maximize sensor effectiveness using FEA and experimentally verify the suitability of select designs for state reconstruction. After converging on our final design, we demonstrate that this design evaluation process enables the use of simple control strategies to achieve closed-loop control.
Reasoning about relationships between quantities to reorganize inverse function meanings: The case of Arya

Abstract Researchers have argued high school students, college students, pre-service teachers, and in-service teachers do not construct productive inverse function meanings. In this report, I first summarize the literature examining students’ and teachers’ inverse function meanings. I then provide my theoretical perspective, including my use of the terms understanding and meaning and my operationalization of productive inverse function meanings. I describe a conceptual analysis of ways students may reorganize their limited inverse function meanings into productive meanings via reasoning about relationships between covarying quantities. I then present one pre-service teacher’s activity in a semester long teaching experiment to characterize how her quantitative, covariational, and bidirectional reasoning supported her in reorganizing her limited inverse function meanings into more productive meanings. I describe how this reorganization required her to reconstruct her meanings for various related mathematical ideas. I conclude with research and pedagogical implications stemming from this work and directions for future research.
Soviet-Brazilian Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Using materials from the Russian Foreign Ministry archive in Moscow (combined with previously obtained Brazilian and U.S. sources), this research note presents fresh evidence about Soviet-Brazilian...
Prognostic impact of Philadelphia chromosome in mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL): A cancer registry analysis on real-world outcome.

Mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) is thought to have poor outcome, and presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) has been considered to be an adverse prognostic marker. However, most of these reports were in the pre-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) era. Recent limited reports indicate improved outcomes for MPAL with the addition of TKIs. We examined the outcomes of 241 cases of MPAL according to the 2008 WHO classification from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. The MLL+ patients had a median age of 6 years while other subtypes occurred mostly in adults and had comparable age. On multivariate analyses and after adjustment for age, year of diagnosis and chemotherapy status, Ph+ MPAL patients had reduced risk of death in comparison to Ph(-) MPAL patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.28, P = .002). So, MLL+ MPAL had the worst outcome with a 10-fold increased risk of death in comparison to Ph+ MPAL patients (HR = 10.2, P < .001). Importantly, the outcome of Ph+ MPAL was comparable to Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a 1:1 matched case-control analysis. In conclusion, this is the largest registry study which examines the outcomes of MPAL subtypes. We confirm that MPAL is a heterogenous disease. Note, Ph+ MPAL nowadays has a better OS in comparison to other subtypes and is comparable to Ph+ ALL patients. This is most likely secondary to changes in practice and more utilization of TKIs. On the other hand, MLL rearrangement is associated with infantile MPAL and has a dismal prognosis.
Peer Perspectives Within the Inclusive Postsecondary Education Movement: A Systematic Review.

Peers play a central role in supporting college access for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). This review examines available research addressing the perspectives of co...
Artificial Dendrites: an Algorithm

This paper outlines preliminary work on an algorithm to create dendritic, tree-like structures by arranging spines in R3 using directional forces. Each spine is attracted to its neighbor based on the temporal coincidence of afferent action potentials. The resulting spine location spatially encodes activation patterns. Proximity to the soma and to each other determines connectivity within an acyclic graph. Dendritic branches carry back-propagating action potentials used for credit assignment by Hebbian-style learning. Preliminary results suggest this method could be used to create spiking neural networks consisting of dendritic neurons capable of pattern recognition.
Seismic Velocity Model Building Using Neural Networks: Training Data Design and Learning Generalization

Data-driven artificial neural networks (ANNs) offer a number of advantages over conventional deterministic methods in a wide range of geophysical problems. For seismic velocity model building, judi...
Directional Antenna Multi-Path Location Aided Routing (Da-Mlar)

DA-MLAR is an extension of multi-path location aided routing (MLAR) with directional antenna capability. DA-MLAR minimizes the protocol overhead of reactive routing protocols. The extension not only further reduces MLAR's protocol overhead, but also improves the packet delivery ratio and the end-to-end delay. This is because the long radio transmission range obtained using directional antenna can avoid network partitions so as to reduce the number of rebroadcasts and cut down on the number of routing hops. Through simulations, we demonstrate that MLAR with directional antenna reduces protocol overhead by up to 87%, data overhead by up to 40%, end- to-end delay by up to 33%, and improves packet delivery ratio by up to 15%. In most of the topologies, directionalities with beam width ranging from 9 to 15 degrees are found to be optimal most of the time.
New models of presidential approval: Carter, Reagan and their Predecessors

Abstract Many analysts have uncritically assumed that macroeconomic conditions affect presidential approval according to a reward-punishment model. They thereby have ignored the possibility that presidential approval may be governed by perceived differences in the macroeconomic priorities of presidential and opposition parties and that the impact of the macroeconomy varies according to prevailing contexts of political debate. Also, many previous models may be misleading because important political interventions have been omitted or inappropriately specified. The theoretical and methodological limitations of existing research raise a number of questions about the nature, generality and relative significance of macroeconomic influences on presidential support. Here, these questions are addressed by analyses of presidential approval during the presidencies of Carter, Reagan and their predecessors.
CPR: Promoting Cooperation, Participation and Respect in Physical Education

(2010). CPR: Promoting Cooperation, Participation and Respect in Physical Education. Strategies: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 29-32.
The AAAI 2008 Robotics and Creativity Workshop

The AAAI 2008 Robotics and Creativity Workshop was held in Chicago on July 14, 2008, which was immediately followed by the Robotics Exhibition over the next 3 days. In 2008, the AAAI Robotics organizers eschewed the previous format of a Robot Competition, choosing instead to focus on groundbreaking work representing two areas of robotics: creativity and mobility & manipulation (detailed in a separate article). Both workshops were held on July 14, and the Robotics Exhibition included participants from both categories. The Robotics and Creativity Workshop was made possible through the support of the National Science Foundation’s CreativeIT program and Microsoft Research.
Phencyclidine: Its transfer across the placenta as well as into breast milk

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dangerous and unpredictable drug which is widely abused among young people. Acute placental transfer of this drug was studied in pregnant rabbits and mice where it was shown to cross the placenta readily. Rabbit fetal levels of radioactivity reached their peak 2 hours after parenteral administration of PCP to the doe. In the mouse, where actual PCP levels were determined, there was a tenfold higher concentration of PCP in fetal tissue than in maternal blood. In lactating mice, the drug was found to cross rapidly into breast milk where it reached concentrations which were 10 times that of plasma. As PCP may be teratogenic and has been shown to be harmful to the infant during the postnatal period, those treating pregnant women should be aware to these possible routes of exposure for the developing infant and should counsel their patients accordingly.
An automatic system measuring electromagnetic parameters for oil field pipes

The fault detection and diagnosis of oil field pipes are very important to the petroleum companies, as if known, the fault of steel products can be detected based on the eddy current technique. The depth of a defect on an oil field pipe will determine the change in amplitude and phase of the detected signal. However, this signal is also affected by electromagnetic parameters in the vicinity of the fault. It is impossible, therefore, to accurately interpret the severity of the fault from a detected signal, without the knowledge of electromagnetic parameters. A system which can automatically measure electromagnetic parameters of oil field pipes has been developed, so that the correct interpretation of a pipe defect can be provided. An electronic emulator was built for differentiating the permeability of pipes accurately. The electronic emulator takes the signal from the transmission circuit, and converts it to the compensation signal with a certain amplitude and phase shift according to presettings. The combined received signal and compensation signal are conditioned and compared with the transmitted signal to give the expanded phase shift signal at the output. To stand the rigorous working condition in the underground pipes, the system is made capable of working at high temperature. Also taken into account is the variation of the internal diameter and the wall thickness of casing pipes, which affect the measurement of electromagnetic parameters. Therefore, the system can provide high sensitivity electromagnetic parameters for interpreting various types of defects in oil field pipes. >
Does spinal alignment influence acetabular orientation: a study of spinopelvic variables and sagittal acetabular version.

Objective Although hip alignment and spinal alignment have been studied individually, there is little information concerning the relationship between them. The questions addressed in this study are: (i) Is there a reproducible measure of sagittal plane acetabular orientation; (ii) Is sagittal plane acetabular orientation determined more by pelvic incidence (PI) or acetabular wall coverage? Methods Data on patients who had undergone screening by CT scan of the pelvis for non-orthopedic indications from 2005–2010 were retrospectively studied. There were 164 patients of mean age 59 years (range, 27–87). Patients with pelvic trauma, hip arthroplasty or other hip pathology were excluded. Measurements of relevant acetabular and spinopelvic variables were made in the sagittal plane. The sacro-acetabular angle (SA) was defined as the angle between a tangent line to the anterior and posterior walls of the acetabulum and the S1 endplate. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine which factors contribute to SA angle. Results The mean sacro-acetabular angle was 72° (SD = 14.8°). Center edge angles (CEAs) were measured at the anterior and posterior walls of the acetabulum. Mean anterior CEA was 69° (SD = 8.3°) and posterior CEA 107° (SD = 16.4°). Regression analysis revealed the largest significant predictors of SA angle were PI and A-CEA. Conclusions Sagittal acetabular orientation is related to spino-pelvic balance and morphological characteristics. Increased PI or posterior wall coverage corresponds to a more vertical acetabular orientation. Sagittal plane acetabular alignment may be an important variable in achieving favorable results after reconstruction.
Conceptualizing a critical discourse around hip‐hop culture and Black male youth in educational scholarship and research

While much of mainstream qualitative research has focused on conventional methodology, in terms of axis of inquiry, epistemology, and approaches to ground the theory of its questions to construct knowledge, educational researchers have yet to conceptually develop an alternative praxis in our work which takes into account hip‐hop culture. More specifically, research which investigates the social reality of youth, particularly Black males. The authors give an historical overview of hip‐hop culture, and examine the social, political and economic context from which the art form emerged. Second, they articulate why it is important to discuss hip‐hop culture as the genre relates to Black male youth. Third, they explore the moral and ethical dilemmas in the wider public about hip‐hop culture. Fourth, the authors give a critical discussion on the transformative and emancipatory possibilities in scholarship and research praxis regarding Black male youth and hip‐hop culture in the contemporary moment.
Distribution and abundance of particulate matter

Abstract This paper reports on the three dimensional coverage of Gulf Stream upwelling events to determine the distribution and abundance of particulate matter and chlorophyll a over time. This approach resulted in a description of size, shape and longevity of phytoplankton patches. The strongest upwelling event occurred in June (patch 1) followed by weaker events during July to early August (patches 2 and 3). These upwellings were observed when a Gulf Stream frontal eddy and northward winds occurred simultaneously at a time when the Gulf Stream was in an onshore position. Patch 1 was identified by temperature anomalies and concentration of chlorophyll and particulate matter. It remained on the shelf from June to July 7, when it was displaced by southward flow. Patch 2 was observed from July 13–29 after which it was advected northward at mid-shelf from our study area. Patch 3 was studied from July 27 to August 16 when it stranded at the 20m isobath. Patches 2 and 3 were distinguished by high concentrations of chlorophyll a and particulate matter. In patch 2 concentrations of chlorophyll a increased throughout the study period, whereas in patch 3 it decreased after an initial increase. All three phytoplankton patches were induced by physical events. Their shape was governed by bathymetry. Their size and longevity was to a large extent a function of the intensity and period of onshore and offshore advection.
Blood Vessel Wall–Derived Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells Enhance Fracture Repair and Bone Regeneration

Endochondral bone formation requires new blood vessel formation, and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may play a role in this process. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), one subtype of EPCs, isolated from the microvasculature of rat lungs, exhibited cell surface antigen markers and gene products characteristic of endothelial cells and displayed high proliferative potential and an ability to form vessel-like network structures in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ECFCs facilitate bone healing during fracture repair and stimulate bone regeneration. When type I collagen sponge containing ECFCs were surgically wrapped around the fractured femurs of rats, newly formed bone mineral at the site of fracture was 13% greater (P = 0.01) and energy to failure was 46% greater (P = 0.01) compared to sponge-wrapped fractures without ECFCs. When ECFCs in type I collagen sponge were surgically implanted into the bone defective area, more new vessels formed locally in comparison with sponge-alone controls and new bone tissues were seen. Further, co-implantation of ECFCs and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) scaffolds at the bone defective sites stimulated more new bone tissues than HA/TCP scaffold alone. These results show that cell therapy with vessel wall–derived ECFCs can induce new vessel formation, stimulate new bone formation, and facilitate bone repair and could be a useful approach to treat non-union fractures and bone defects.
Dissociation constants of the monoprotic ferrate(VI) ion in NaCl media

Fe(VI) is a powerful oxidant that can oxidize a variety of inorganic and organic substrates. The values of dissociation constants for protonated Fe(VI) species are critical for the interpretation of kinetic data of oxidation reactions at different pH. The constants (pK3*) for the dissociation of HFeO4− (HFeO4−⇔H+ + FeO42−) have been determined in NaCl solutions from I = 0.0 to 2.5 mol (kg H2O)−1 at 5, 25 and 45°C for the first time from spectral measurements obtained by a stopped-flow kinetic technique. The results were fitted to the equation (σ = 0.074 in pK3*) where I is the ionic strength and T is the absolute temperature (K). This equation gives a value of 7.227 ± 0.074 for pK3 at 25°C. The enthalpy of dissociation for HFeO4− is given by ΔH3* (kJ mol−1) = 17.0 − 28.9 I1/2. The pK3* results were used to estimate Pitzer parameters (β0, β1 and Cϕ) for the interaction of Na+ with HFeO4− and FeO42−. The values of B0, B1 and C for the difference in the Pitzer coefficients of NaHFeO4 and Na2FeO4 as a function of temperature (t, °C) are given by (σ = 0.07 in pK3*) B0 = 2.10948 − 4.462 × 10−2t; B1 = − 6.76369 + 8.309 × 10−2t; C = − 0.51051 + 9.86769 × 10−3t. These coefficients can be used to estimate the values of pK3 in natural waters composed mostly of NaCl.
Urokinase receptor expression involves tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphoglycerate kinase

The interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with its receptor, uPAR, plays a central role in several pathophysiological processes, including cancer. uPA induces its own cell surface receptor expression through stabilization of uPAR mRNA. The mechanism involves binding of a 51 nt uPAR mRNA coding sequence with phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) to down regulate cell surface uPAR expression. Tyrosine phosphorylation of PGK mediated by uPA treatment enhances uPAR mRNA stabilization. In contrast, inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation augments PGK binding to uPAR mRNA and attenuates uPA-induced uPAR expression. Mapping the specific peptide region of PGK indicated that its first quarter (amino acids 1–100) interacts with uPAR mRNA. To determine if uPAR expression by uPA is regulated through activation of tyrosine residues of PGK, we mutated the specific tyrosine residue and tested mutant PGK for its ability to interfere with uPAR expression. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation by mutating Y76 residue abolished uPAR expression induced by uPA treatment. These findings collectively demonstrate that Y76 residue present in the first quarter of the PGK molecule is involved in lung epithelial cell surface uPAR expression. This region can effectively mimic the function of a whole PGK molecule in inhibiting tumor cell growth.
Mathematical models of the event-related potential.

Abstract : In electrophysiology, the Event Related Potential is assumed to be composed of several underlying component wave forms. Principal Component Analysis is a statistical technique that has been used to uncover the components by analysis of the observed wave form. The mathematical assumptions behind Principal Component Analysis are examined, and their plausibility is questioned. It is pointed out that under certain conditions the component forms may not accurately be recovered by Principal Component Analysis. Under other circumstances violations of some of the mathematical assumptions does not appear to affect the accuracy of recovery of component waveforms. The points made are illustrated by an analysis of simulated wave forms constructed from known components.
Dementia caregivers: Expectations of respite care:

Caregivers of dementia patients frequently request respite care to alleviate the stress of 24 hour care. At the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center in-hospital respite care is offered to families for pre-planned two week stays. Family caregivers speak favorably of the experience though they often note functional deterioration of the impaired person. Nonetheless, they frequently request repeat stays. Thirty-seven care giving families who had utilized this program were queried about their reasons for needing such care, as well as their expectations of it for themselves and for the care receiver. The questionnaires were completed at three different time intervals. The family care provider 's subjective experiences provide insight into the value they place on such a program.
The effect of social comparison information on learned helpless and mastery‐oriented children in achievement settings

The present study investigates the effect of social comparison information on learned helpless and mastery-oriented children's attributions, behaviour, and affect following a failure experience. Ninety-one fifth grade children experienced failure in the context of high consensus or group failure feedback, low consensus or personal failure feedback or no social comparison feedback. The Jindings point to the robustness of the helpless and mastery response patterns: the behaviour of learned helpless children, as compared to mastery-oriented children, deteriorated following failure regardless of the social comparison feedback they recieved. However, the attributions made by the two groups of children differed. Mastery-oriented children appeared to use social comparison information more accurately in that they appropriately made higher task difficulty ratings when receiving group failure feedback than when receiving personal failure feedback. Learned helpless children were more likely to use a self-derogatory bias and made attributions to their low ability, even when presented with social comparison feedback that was contrary to their bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for education and for intervention with learned helpless childrens.
Management of Patients with a Calcified Aorta or Low Ejection Fraction Undergoing Multivessel Coronary Revascularization

Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) provides an alternative method of surgical revascularization by allowing coronary anastomoses to be constructed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and without manipulation of the aorta. The presence of a calcified aorta is one of the strongest indications for OPCAB because both distal and proximal anastomoses can be performed without cannulation or clamping of the aorta. In patients with left ventricular dysfunction, OPCAB techniques allow for revascularization without the need for global myocardial ischemia associated with cardioplegic arrest.
Acne therapy: a methodologic review.

Abstract Background: Acne is a very common problem with significant physical and psychological morbidity. The evidence basis for its treatment had not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, we performed an evidence review to provide researchers a basis for further studies, and to provide clinicians the background needed to interpret current and future clinical studies. Objective: We summarize the methodologic state of the acne literature in patients with acne who do not have complicating co-morbidities. Methods: This was an expert-advised literature synthesis. We used a structured literature search for English-language controlled trials in Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, HSTAT, CINAHL, and PsychInfo. Results underwent a structured data abstraction process, with review by at least 2 reviewers. Results: Out of 1588 unique articles, 250 articles (274 controlled trials) over the past 50 years were reviewed: 57 (21%) trials had at least one major weakness and no strengths; 125 (47%) trials had at least one major strength and at least one major weakness; 48 (18%) trials had at least one major strength, and no major weaknesses. The remaining 16 (6%) were of intermediate quality or did not provide enough information to make a determination. One fourth of studies did not report patient age; one fourth did not report on patient gender. Only 8% mentioned patient race; only 2% mentioned skin type; 0.4% mentioned diet; none scored sexual maturity or insurance status. There were 1237 outcomes. There were more than 25 methods of assessing acne severity and more than 19 methods for counting lesions. There were only two trials that formally assessed psychological outcomes. More than 140 treatments were tested in 251 comparisons. Conclusion: Ranging over 50 years of research, the acne literature evidences great heterogeneity at all levels: patient characteristics, acne severity, outcome assessments, treatments, and comparisons. A list of methodologic recommendations is provided. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:231-40.)
PDS4: A model-driven planetary science data architecture for long-term preservation

The goal of the Planetary Data System (PDS) is the digital preservation of scientific data for long-term use by the scientific research community. After two decades of successful operation, the PDS found itself in a new era of big data, international cooperation, distributed nodes, and multiple ways of analysing and interpreting data. A project was formed to develop a disciplined architectural approach that would drive the design and implementation of a scalable data system that could evolve to meet the demands of this new era. PDS4, the next generation system, uses an explicit model-driven architectural approach coupled with modern information technologies and standards to meet these challenges in order to ensure the planetary data assets can be mined for scientific knowledge for years to come.
Investigation of metal flow in open-die forging with different die and billet geometries

Abstract Axisymmetric upsetting and plane-strain analyses have been performed with the finite-element method to predict the press loads and material flow when forging with different die and billet (or ingot) geometries. The calculated press load and final billet geometry compare well with the values from an actual hot upset-forging operation. The billet geometries investigated were cylindrical, octagonal and rectangular prismatic bars, whilst the die geometries studied were flat dies, double-V dies (135°), TFBV (Top Flat Bottom V) dies, and FML (Free of Mannesmann Effect at Lower Press Loads) dies. In order to determine the effect of billet- and tool-geometry on eliminating porosity at the billet center, a comparison of the calculated hydrostatic stresses and strains at the center of the billet has been made. The results of this analysis show that for good consolidation of the material at the centerline the double V dies are effective. Different ingot geometries produced similar strains at the center, but the lowest calculated press load was for the cylindrical ingot.
Polymer solution rheology based on a finitely extensible bead—spring chain model

Abstract A complete rheological equation of state for dilute polymer solutions is obtained by modelling the polymer molecules as bead—spring chains, in which the springs are finitely extensible. Hydrodynamic interactions among the beads are accounted for approximately by using the equilibrium-averaged Oseen tensor as in the Zimm theory. The rheological equation of state thus obtained may be regarded as an extension of the Lodge—Wu equation. Consequently, it incorporates all the good features of the Zimm theory, but it can describe nonlinear viscoelastic phenomena as well, such as monotone decreasing shear-rate-dependent viscosity. Comparisons with experimental data on shear flows are encouraging.
Cancellation of Unwanted Spectral Components in an FM Multivibrator System

The performance of FM multivibrator systems for high quality communications applications is limited by the presence of unwanted spectral components. A theory is presented for an improved system in which unwanted spectral components are cancelled, achieved by generating a cancelling component in a square-law device. The cancelling component tracks the unwanted component in both frequency and amplitude over a wide bandwidth of signal frequencies. Reductions in magnitude of the unwanted components by at least 16 dB are predicted; reductions of better than 14 dB have been achieved in practice.