cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rondani's “Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus”

Volumes VI-VIII of Rondani's important eight-volume study of Diptera are a somewhat confusing series of fascicles published both separately and in journals. Available sets are incomplete or a mixture of the two sources, with consequent confusion in citation. An annotated analysis in parallel columns compares the two sets of references.
Implementation of an interactive web application using FOSS, a participant-oriented evaluation study

In the paper we describe a study that we undertook to determine the issues that arise in using free open source software in the implementation of an interactive web application. We report on the software products used, the freely-available online resources, and our positive and negative experiences. Our findings suggest that there a predominate number of negative issues that should be understood before making the decision to embrace the use of free open source software.
Polyhedral Optimizations for a Data-Flow Graph Language

This paper proposes a novel optimization framework for the Data-Flow Graph Language DFGL, a dependence-based notation for macro-dataflow model which can be used as an embedded domain-specific language. Our optimization framework follows a "dependence-first" approach in capturing the semantics of DFGL programs in polyhedral representations, as opposed to the standard polyhedral approach of deriving dependences from access functions and schedules. As a first step, our proposed framework performs two important legality checks on an input DFGL program -- checking for potential violations of the single-assignment rule, and checking for potential deadlocks. After these legality checks are performed, the DFGL dependence information is used in lieu of standard polyhedral dependences to enable polyhedral transformations and code generation, which include automatic loop transformations, tiling, and code generation of parallel loops with coarse-grain fork-join and fine-grain doacross synchronizations. Our performance experiments with nine benchmarks on Intel Xeon and IBM Power7 multicore processors show that the DFGL versions optimized by our proposed framework can deliver upi?źto 6.9$$\times $$ performance improvement relative to standard OpenMP versions of these benchmarks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first system to encode explicit macro-dataflow parallelism in polyhedral representations so as to provide programmers with an easy-to-use DSL notation with legality checks, while taking full advantage of the optimization functionality in state-of-the-art polyhedral frameworks.
Treatment of Progressive First Metatarsophalangeal Hallux Valgus Deformity: A Biomechanically Based Muscle-Strengthening Approach

Synopsis Hallux valgus is a progressive deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint that changes the anatomy and biomechanics of the foot. To date, surgery is the only treatment to correct this deformity, though the recurrence rate is as high as 15%. This clinical commentary provides instruction in a strengthening approach for treatment of hallux valgus deformity, by addressing the moment actions of 5 muscles identified as having the ability to counter the hallux valgus process. Unlike surgery, muscle strengthening does not correct the deformity, but, instead, reduces the pain and associated gait impairments that affect the mobility of people who live with the disorder. This review is organized in 4 parts. Part 1 defines the terms of foot motion and posture. Part 2 details the anatomy and biomechanics, and describes how the foot is changed with deformity. Part 3 details the muscles targeted for strengthening; the intrinsics being the abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis, and the flexor hallucis brevis; the extrinsics being the tibialis posterior and fibularis longus. Part 4 instructs the exercise and reviews the related literature. Instructions are given for the short-foot, the toe-spread-out, and the heel-raise exercises. The routine may be performed by almost anyone at home and may be adopted into physical therapist practice, with intent to strengthen the foot muscles as an adjunct to almost any protocol of care, but especially for the treatment of hallux valgus deformity. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(7):596-605. Epub 6 Jun 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6704.
Healthcare Hackathons Provide Educational and Innovation Opportunities: A Case Study and Best Practice Recommendations

Physicians and other healthcare professionals are often the end users of medical innovation; however, they are rarely involved in the beginning design stages. This often results in ineffective healthcare solutions with poor adoption rates. At the early design stage, innovation would benefit from input from healthcare professionals. This report describes the first-ever rehabilitation hackathon--an interdisciplinary and competitive team event aimed at accelerating and improving healthcare solutions and providing an educational experience for participants. Hackathons are gaining traction as a way to accelerate innovation by bringing together a diverse group of interdisciplinary professionals from different industries who work collaboratively in teams and learn from each other, focus on a specific problem ("pain point"), develop a solution using design thinking techniques, pitch the solution to participants, gather fast feedback and quickly alter the prototype design ("pivoting"). 102 hackers including 19 (18.6 %) physicians and other professionals participated, and over the course of 2 days worked in teams, pitched ideas and developed design prototypes. Three awards were given for prototypes that may improve function in persons with disabilities. 43 hackers were women (42.2 %) and 59 men (57.8 %); they ranged in age from 16 to 79 years old; and, of the 75 hackers who reported their age, 63 (84 %) were less than 40 years old and 12 (16 %) were 40 years or older. This report contributes to the emerging literature on healthcare hackathons as a means of providing interdisciplinary education and training and supporting innovation.
Femtosecond Infrared Spectroscopy on Reaction Centers of Rb. Sphaeroides

In this paper we will introduce some of the theory of ultrafast visiblepump IR-probe spectroscopy which is employed to understand recent experimental studies on chromophore vibrations in the RC. New methods to generate femtosecond probe pulses tunable in the IR are presented. These pulses have been used to study energy transfer in the RC as well as low lying electronic states in the special pair.
HERMIT: Flexible Clustering for the SemEval-2 WSI Task

A single word may have multiple unspecified meanings in a corpus. Word sense induction aims to discover these different meanings through word use, and knowledge-lean algorithms attempt this without using external lexical resources. We propose a new method for identifying the different senses that uses a flexible clustering strategy to automatically determine the number of senses, rather than predefining it. We demonstrate the effectiveness using the SemEval-2 WSI task, achieving competitive scores on both the V-Measure and Recall metrics, depending on the parameter configuration.
Influencing Factors and Case Studies in Design for Quality Manufacturability

The quality manufacturability (QM) of a design is defined as the likelihood that defects will occur during its manufacture in a standard plant. Clearly, some designs are more likely to have a lower production yield rate and/or higher quality management cost as compared to an alternative design. The reason for this is that in any production facility there is an inherent defect occurrence process, the strength of which is dependent both on the product’s design and process capability. This relationship between the defect occurrence process and the design is the basis for QM. The output of the DFQM method is the QM-Index matrix, which indicates the QM of each part in the assembly. In this paper we present standardized influencing factors that are used to derive the QM-Index Matrix. Quality assurance groups can use DFQM for evaluating a design even before prototype manufacturing. Design groups on the other hand can use this method as part of their design analysis in the virtual environment. DFQM will help improve the quality yield of a plant, and also lead to a shorter product cycle time. Two case studies of an automobile door handle and a cellular phone are presented.
Chapter 2 – Nutritional Supplements and Functional Foods: Functional Significance and Global Regulations

Originally, foods that have the property to modulate the body function that contributes to the prevention of a disease were called ‘Functizonal Foods’. However, the term is now widely understood to mean foods that claim such biological effects beyond ordinary nutritional effects based on scientific validation. Today, we are eating food material of compromised nutritive value because of milling and processing. Furthermore, there is not enough time for a healthy balanced meal. Dietary supplements and functional foods are a prudent choice to offset these limitations in our daily lives. The terminology ‘physiologically functional foods’ or simply ‘functional foods’ was conceived in the context of nutrition during space travel. The modern concept of functional food for the general population was proposed by the Japanese academic society in the early 1980s and the legislation for functional foods was first implemented as FOSHU, which stands for ‘Foods for Specified Health Use’. Decisions and policies from global regulatory bodies have become more and more influential for the dietary supplement companies. Such bodies include Codex Alimentarius, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The International Alliance of Dietary Food Supplement Associations (IADSA) works together with these international organizations to ensure that the views of the dietary supplement industry are taken into account in the development of policy. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) was directed at ensuring that a dietary supplement is safe before it is marketed in the USA. In 1991, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) established the FOSHU labeling regulation. It was implemented by adding a new category of FOSHU to ‘Foods for Special Dietary Uses’ in the Nutrition Improvement Law. The momentum in Japan seems to be in the right direction providing the rest of the world with an opportune platform for further development.
Fiscal Model Forecast for the 2016 Presidential Election

The Fiscal Model of Presidential Elections, as modified after its failure to forecast President Obama’s reelection in 2012, accounts for all but three out of sample retrodictions since 1916. This year, its point forecast has the incumbent Democrats losing with 48.2% of the two-party vote.
Ambiguous Loss Due to Separation in Voluntary Transnational Families

This theoretical review explores the usefulness of the ambiguous loss framework for understanding the unique and complex realities of boundary-spanning relationships in transnational families. Transnational family processes and interactions are those carried out in both the country of origin and the destination country. We first discuss the distinctive characteristics of ambiguous loss that can impact transnational family experiences in today's globalized world and propose a conceptual model of ambiguous loss in these families. We then describe the factors that affect boundary ambiguity in transnational families and challenges to family reunification, often the long-term goal of families separated by voluntary migration. We conclude by suggesting ways that an ambiguous loss theoretical lens is useful for research and practice with transnational families.
Image annotation using multi-label correlated Green's function

Image annotation has been an active research topic in the recent years due to its potentially large impact on both image understanding and web/database image search. In this paper, we target at solving the automatic image annotation problem in a novel semi-supervised learning framework. A novel multi-label correlated Green's function approach is proposed to annotate images over a graph. The correlations among labels are integrated into the objective function which improves the performance significantly. We also propose a new adaptive decision boundary method for multi-label assignment to deal with the difficulty of label assignment in most of the existing rank-based multi-label classification algorithms. Instead of setting the threshold heuristically or by experience, our method principally compute it upon the prior knowledge in the training data. We perform our methods on three commonly used image annotation testing data sets. Experimental results show significant improvements on classification performance over four other state-of-the-art methods. As a general semi-supervised learning framework, other local feature based image annotation methods could be easily incorporated into our framework to improve the performance.
ON FUZZY ROBOT PLANNING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a system for using fuzzy hints to get through a maze. It presents the notion of robustness and its importance. Robustness means the ability to respond without program modification to slightly perturbed or to somewhat inexactly specified situations. This ability seems to be very useful in various applications and is characteristic of the way people cope with their environment. The chapter discusses some problems with and approaches to natural language understanding. Natural language understanding seems to be a rather robust affair. It is like the navigation through a familiar but complex intersection : small changes in non-crucial features are easily tolerated.
Global Representations of Goal-Directed Behavior in Distinct Cell Types of Mouse Neocortex.

The successful planning and execution of adaptive behaviors in mammals may require long-range coordination of neural networks throughout cerebral cortex. The neuronal implementation of signals that could orchestrate cortex-wide activity remains unclear. Here, we develop and apply methods for cortex-wide Ca^(2+) imaging in mice performing decision-making behavior and identify a global cortical representation of task engagement encoded in the activity dynamics of both single cells and superficial neuropil distributed across the majority of dorsal cortex. The activity of multiple molecularly defined cell types was found to reflect this representation with type-specific dynamics. Focal optogenetic inhibition tiled across cortex revealed a crucial role for frontal cortex in triggering this cortex-wide phenomenon; local inhibition of this region blocked both the cortex-wide response to task-initiating cues and the voluntary behavior. These findings reveal cell-type-specific processes in cortex for globally representing goal-directed behavior and identify a major cortical node that gates the global broadcast of task-related information.
Cooling of a Microelectronic Sensor by Turbulent Forced Convection

This paper presents a numerical study on the turbulent, forced convective cooling of microelectronic devices. The results document the effects of various design parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a miniature chip or sensor such as the microbridge sensor. Flow recirculations were predicted before and after the block modelling the sensor. More importantly, a flow recirculation created by separation and reattachment was found to occur on the top face of the block where the heating and the temperature sensing elements are installed. This recirculation has a severe effect on the local heat flux at sensor surface. The effects of the height of the block, the location of the block (distance from the channel entrance), the Reynolds number, the materials composing the block and the size of the heater are thoroughly investigated.
Two Sides of the Same Coin? Analysis of Faculty and Administrators’ Perspectives on Governance

ABSTRACTThis study explored institutional governance in an Alabama public two-year community college and investigated the perceptions of faculty and administrators within this sector. To answer the research questions for this study, a quantitative cross-sectional survey utilizing inferential analysis of the collected data was employed. To analyze the perceptions of Alabama community college faculty members and administrators regarding their interactions in institutional governance, three quantitative research questions were used. The research questions were analyzed based upon participant responses from the survey instrument. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was the statistical method used to determine if any significant differences in perception existed between faculty and administrators. The results of the study revealed that a significant difference existed between faculty and administrator perceptions with respect to institutional structure and shared governance, but no significant difference existed betw...
Femoral Head-Trunnion Dissociation in Metal-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Arthroplasty – A Unique Case Report

Background : Gross trunnion failure (GTF) after total hip arthroplasty is a rare complication and has only been reported in a few case series. Some of the associated risk factors have been described in the literature and include larger femoral heads, greater offset, and increased BMI. Despite this, the mechanism behind GTF is poorly understood and early diagnosis and treatment continues to be challenging. Case Presentation : We present the case of complete femoral head and trunnion dissociation in a 63 year-old female nine years after total hip arthroplasty. Unique to this case is the lack of classic patient and implant risk factors for GTF along with the acute onset nearly nine years after implantation. Discussion : This case presentation highlights the fact that the contributing factors and mechanism behind GTF continue to be poorly understood. There is a need for future research to help better understand this phenomenon and to help potentially identify those at risk for GTF.
The role of length of maternity leave in supporting mother–child interactions and attachment security among American mothers and their infants

Maternity leave policies are linked to early childhood education and care policies, and in many countries, the length of leave policies determines the need for early care programs. The length of maternity leave varies greatly among mothers in the U.S. because of the absence of a universal policy for paid leave. This study examined associations among length of maternity leave, mother–child interactions, and attachment among American working mothers and their infants. This study consisted of secondary data analysis, and the participants were drawn from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (n ≈ 3850). Controlling for SES, the findings of path analysis suggest that the length of maternity leave was directly linked to the quality of mother–child interactions and indirectly linked to attachment security. These results have implications for the development of family policies that support the needs of infants and mothers during the first months of life.
The Magnetic Levator Prosthesis for Temporary Management of Severe Blepharoptosis: Initial Safety and Efficacy.

Purpose We further optimized and evaluated the safety of the magnetic levator prosthesis (MLP) for temporary management of severe blepharoptosis, and compared efficacy and comfort against the ptosis crutch. Methods The interpalpebral fissure (IPF) of participants (n = 12) with ptosis was measured during attempted eyelid opening, volitional closing, and spontaneous closing with no device, ptosis crutch, or the MLP. A 10-point scale documented comfort. Additionally, a 20 minute and then 1 week trial of the MLP was offered. Safety measures were skin erythema rating, change in visual acuity, and change in corneal staining. Results The MLP and crutch opened the eye (IPF 11.2 and 9.3 mm), but the MLP allowed better volitional closure (IPF 1.0 vs. 4.9 mm, P = 0.009), but was no better in allowing spontaneous blink (IPF 7.5 vs. 7.7 mm, P = 0.722). Both devices were equally comfortable (both median 8/10 comfort, P = 0.46). With extended use, opening with the MLP showed IPF 9.24 mm at 20 minutes and 9.46 mm at 1 week, and volitional closure was IPF 0.95 and 0.52 mm, respectively. Closure on spontaneous blink improved with extended wear to IPF 5.14 and 5.18 mm, respectively (P = 0.002). Two participants exhibited moderate skin erythema and one had increased corneal staining without change in acuity. Conclusions The MLP is safe and feasible for temporary correction of severe ptosis. Translational relevance First group data in patients showing successful reanimation of the eyelid with magnetic force.
Pediatric Ethics and the Limits of Parental Authority: Lorenzo’s Oil (1992)

Like every film in this section, Lorenzo’s Oil is based on the actual case of Lorenzo Odone (1978–2008), who at the age of 6, was diagnosed with a rare genetic disease, known as adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), an x-linked recessive disease passed from the carrier mother to her child. This film is about the most extreme form of ALD in boys known as “childhood cerebral” or “childhood cerebral demyelinating ALD”, affecting only males from 3–10 years of age. Here, the male’s cerebral white matter is slowly stripped of its myelin (demyelination), resulting in a severe neurodegenerative decline that leads to a vegetative state usually within a couple of years after diagnosis. Demyelination occurs in this case because of an abnormal accumulation of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in the serum and tissues of the central nervous system, which sets off an abnormal immune response that leads to demyelination. When Lorenzo Odone was diagnosed in 1984, the disease had just recently been described in the medical literature and there was no treatment at all; his parents, Augusto and Michaela Odone, would not accept this, and developed an innovative therapy known as “Lorenzo’s Oil” which is a mixture of oleic acid and erucic acid. The efficacy of Lorenzo’s Oil is discussed further under History of Medicine, and is used in one type of ALD under certain circumstances. Lorenzo, himself, seemed to mildly improve on it, and he lived until age 30, which represents the longest lifespan of a boy with ALD. But, the burning question is: at what cost?
Symposium Opening Addresses

I am delighted to welcome the attendees of the “SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON EMPIRICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE SCIENCE” to the Georgia Tech Campus. The first symposium was held on our campus nearly two years ago and, from what I understand, successfully achieved an excellent exchange of ideas and new results among scientists from a number of agencies and institutions. With the tremendous strides in all aspects of computer technology that have evolved in the twenty-three months since the last conference, it becomes more evident than ever that dialog among various interest groups must be maintained and expanded. This is especially true for the frontier areas which represent the basic topics of this conference.
Teen Childbearing and Public Policy

Rates of teen pregnancy and childbearing in the United States have declined by almost one third since 1991, but the U.S. still far exceeds other developed countries, and teen mothers have become less and less likely to be married. It is increasingly well documented that early parenthood is related to a variety of adverse consequences, such as learning deficits for children, decreased educational attainment and employment of parents, lessened probability that parents will marry, and increased welfare dependency. This paper reviews and assesses the evidence linking early childbearing to adverse consequences, then concludes by describing public policy proposals to reduce teen pregnancy.
Representations over a Discrete Valuation Ring

There are several choices for extending the definition of representations of finite posets over fields to representations over discrete valuation rings [Plahotnik 76]. The choice made herein arises naturally from the connection between representations of finite posets over discrete valuation rings and isomorphism at p categories of finite rank Butler groups; Section 4.3. Posets with finite representation type are characterized in Corollary 4.1.7.
Effect of time to complete remission on subsequent survival and disease-free survival time in AML, RAEB-t, and RAEB

The authors examined the relationship between the time required to enter complete remission (CR) after a first course of chemotherapy for newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t), or refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB). They also examined subsequent survival time and disease-free survival time after accounting for cytogenetic status, age, and treatment. The data set consisted of 1101 patients with these diagnoses treated at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1980 and 1996 for whom outcomes were established after first-course therapy. Of the 1101 patients, 740 (67%) were in CR after this time; 508 of these 740 (69%) have died (80% had disease recurrence before death). The authors used the parametric model of Shen and Thall to estimate, in particular, T(C) (time to CR), T(C,D) (time from CR to death = residual survival after CR), and T(C,R) (residual disease-free survival [DFS] after CR) as functions of the covariates noted above and to estimate the dependence of T(C,D) and T(C,R) on T(C). There was a strong inverse association between T(C) and both T(C,D) and T(C,R) (P 50 days to enter CR was closer to the residual survival time of resistant patients than to that of patients known to be in CR within approximately 30 days of the start of treatment. Time to CR is an independent predictor of residual survival and disease-free survival in patients with newly diagnosed AML who achieve CR after 1 course of chemotherapy. (Blood. 2000;95:72-77)
Asymptotic Expansions for the Distributions of Characteristic Roots When the Parameter Matrix Has Several Multiple Roots

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the asymptotic expansion for the distribution of the latent roots of the estimated covariance matrix in case of several multiple population roots. Li and Pillai have studied the problem of finding the asymptotic expansion of the roots of S 1 S 2 -1 in case of one extreme multiple population roots. The chapter presents an extension of their results to the case when there are several multiple population roots. The chapter also focuses on the asymptotic expansion for MANOVA in case of several multiple population roots, and on asymptotic expansion for canonical correlation in case of several multiple population roots.
Scaling of parasitic capacitance with magnetic component physical size

Larger magnetic components offer higher efficiency and higher power capability. However, increased component size can exacerbate switching loss and EMI through increased parasitic winding capacitance. In this paper, we use a first-order model to explore the impact of varying component size on winding capacitance of single-layer and multi-layer windings. Different constraints are considered, such as a fixed number of turns and a fixed inductance. This analysis shows that the capacitance increases between linearly and cubically with component size, which highlights the challenge of creating large components with a small winding capacitance. Next, we consider the effect of winding capacitance on the $Q$ and temperature rise of an air-core solenoid inductor, and show that increased component size only improves magnetic performance to a point. The theory was validated by measuring the resistance, capacitance and inductance of two different size inductors. The scaling model predicted the winding capacitance with an error of 1.9% and quality factor with an error of 2.9%.
Complicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury at a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center: Burden of Care and Imaging Findings.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were: (1) to characterize mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), mTBI with skull fracture, and complicated mTBI in school-aged children seen at a Level I pediatric trauma center and (2) to examine the nature of imaging findings seen in children with mTBI with skull fracture and those with complicated mTBI. METHODS: A total of 1777 pediatric patients (male: 1193 or 67.1%; age = 11.1 ± 3.5 years) sustaining mTBI who presented to the Emergency Department or directly to the trauma service in the years 2010 to 2013 were identified and classified into mTBI (n = 1,319 or 74.2%), mTBI with skull fracture (n = 127 or 7.2%), and complicated mTBI (n = 331 or 18.6%). Patient characteristics and imaging findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In children with complicated mTBI, subdural hematoma (36.9%) was the most common finding. Of the 331 children with complicated mTBI, 241 (72.8%) had multiple findings compared with one (0.8%) of 127 children having mTBI with skull fracture (Fisher's exact P CONCLUSIONS: Multiple radiographic findings in children sustaining mTBI with skull fracture or complicated mTBI are prevalent (72.8%), with younger age as a potential risk factor.
Characterization of a novel AICARFT inhibitor which potently elevates ZMP and has anti-tumor activity in murine models

AICARFT is a folate dependent catalytic site within the ATIC gene, part of the purine biosynthetic pathway, a pathway frequently upregulated in cancers. LSN3213128 is a potent (16 nM) anti-folate inhibitor of AICARFT and selective relative to TS, SHMT1, MTHFD1, MTHFD2 and MTHFD2L. Increases in ZMP, accompanied by activation of AMPK and cell growth inhibition, were observed with treatment of LY3213128. These effects on ZMP and proliferation were dependent on folate levels. In human breast MDA-MB-231met2 and lung NCI-H460 cell lines, growth inhibition was rescued by hypoxanthine, but not in the A9 murine cell line which is deficient in purine salvage. In athymic nude mice, LSN3213128 robustly elevates ZMP in MDA-MB-231met2, NCI-H460 and A9 tumors in a time and dose dependent manner. Significant tumor growth inhibition in human breast MDA-MB231met2 and lung NCI-H460 xenografts and in the syngeneic A9 tumor model were observed with oral administration of LSN3213128. Strikingly, AMPK appeared activated within the tumors and did not change even at high levels of intratumoral ZMP after weeks of dosing. These results support the evaluation of LSN3213128 as an antineoplastic agent.
Unexpected Findings: Can’t Find the Colon Lesion

Unexpected findings are not infrequently encountered, either intraoperatively or in the postoperative settings. This chapter will discuss what to do when you cannot find the polyp or cancer intraoperatively.
Barriers in addressing body image and eating issues in primary care: an overview of women’s narratives

ABSTRACTDisordered eating and body image concerns continue to be rising problems for young women that come with significant mental and physical health risks. Primary care may be a potential avenue ...
Relationship between manufacturing defects and fatigue properties of additive manufactured austenitic stainless steel

Abstract Tensile properties, fatigue crack initiation, fatigue crack growth rate, and fatigue life are evaluated in 304L austenitic stainless steel fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED). Large lack of fusion (LoF) defects (often >1 mm in length) significantly reduce ultimate tensile strength and ductility, as well as accelerate fatigue crack initiation and reduce fatigue life. In comparison, small spherical defects (
Do We Really Need Another Time-Series Study of the PM2.5–Mortality Association?

The link between particulate pollution and mortality was originally recognized in the context of severe episodes of poor air quality in the 20th century, such as the London Fog of 1952.1 These epis...
The Issue Focus of Online and Television Advertising in the 2016 Presidential Campaign

Theories of campaign issue emphasis were developed in a pre-digital era. How well do these theories explain spending in the current era, when digital media allow for targeting of specific types of ...
A Longitudinal Analysis of the ads.txt Standard

Programmatic advertising provides digital ad buyers with the convenience of purchasing ad impressions through Real Time Bidding (RTB) auctions. However, programmatic advertising has also given rise to a novel form of ad fraud known as domain spoofing, in which attackers sell counterfeit impressions that claim to be from high-value publishers. To mitigate domain spoofing, the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) Tech Lab introduced the ads.txt standard in May 2017 to help ad buyers verify authorized digital ad sellers, as well as to promote overall transparency in programmatic advertising.In this work, we present a 15-month longitudinal, observational study of the ads.txt standard. We do this to understand (1) if it is helping ad buyers to combat domain spoofing and (2) whether the transparency offered by the standard can provide useful data to researchers and privacy advocates.With respect to halting domain spoofing, we observe that over 60% of Alexa Top-100K publishers that run RTB ads have adopted ads.txt, and that ad exchanges and advertisers appear to be honoring the standard. With respect to transparency, the widespread adoption of ads.txt allows us to explicitly identify over 1,000 domains belonging to ad exchanges, without having to rely on crowdsourcing or heuristic methods.However, we also find that ads.txt is still a long way from reaching its full potential. Many publishers have yet to adopt the standard, and we observe major ad exchanges purchasing unauthorized impressions that violate the standard. This opens the door to domain spoofing attacks. Further, ads.txt data often include errors that must be cleaned and mitigated before the data is practically useful.
Factors Mediating Type 2 Diabetes Remission and Relapse after Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Background Defining factors associated with remission and relapse of type 2 diabetes (T2D) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) can allow targeting modifiable factors. We investigated factors associated with T2D remission and relapse after RYGB. Study Design We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive patients with T2D who underwent RYGB between 1993 and 2017. T2D remission was defined as medication discontinuation and/or hemoglobin A1c Results Six hundred and twenty-one patients (aged 46.7 ± 10.6 years; 30% on insulin; BMI 49.8 ± 8.3 kg/m2) had at least 1-year follow-up. Median follow-up was 4.9 years (range 1 to 23.6 years). Prevalence of T2D remission was 74% at 1 year, 73% from 1 to 3 years, 63% between 3 and 10 years, and 47% beyond 10 years. Ninety-three percent of remissions occurred within 3 years of RYGB, 25% relapsed. Median time to relapse was 5.3 years (interquartile range 3 to 7.8 years) after remission. Higher 1-year percentage total body weight loss, lack of preoperative insulin use, and younger age at operation were independently associated with T2D remission. Preoperative insulin use, lower percentage total body weight loss at 1 year, and greater percentage total body weight regain after 1 year were independently associated with T2D relapse. Conclusions This longitudinal retrospective analysis shows that preoperative insulin use and age, 1-year weight loss, and regain after that influence T2D remission and relapse after RYGB. Referring patients at a younger age, before insulin is needed, and optimizing weight loss and preventing weight regain after RYGB can improve the rates and durability of T2D remission.
A Polish Approach for German Cities? Cement Old Towns and the Search for Rootedness in Postwar Leipzig and Frankfurt/Main:

This essay explores the consequences of a hunger for history amid the architectural desolation that had blighted most German cities by the 1970s. After sweeping demolitions had wrought a so-called ...
A Model for Supply-Chain Decisions for Resource Sharing with an Application to Ventilator Allocation to Combat COVID-19

Abstract We present a stochastic optimization model for allocating and sharing a critical resource in the case of a pandemic. The demand for different entities peaks at different times, and an initial inventory for a central agency is to be allocated. The entities (states) may share the critical resource with a different state under a risk-averse condition. The model is applied to study the allocation of ventilator inventory in the COVID-19 pandemic by FEMA to different US states. Findings suggest that if less than 60% of the ventilator inventory is available for non-COVID-19 patients, FEMA’s stockpile of 20,000 ventilators (as of 03/23/2020) would be nearly adequate to meet the projected needs in slightly above average demand scenarios. However, when more than 75% of the available ventilator inventory must be reserved for non-COVID-19 patients, various degrees of shortfall are expected. In a severe case, where the demand is concentrated in the top-most quartile of the forecast confidence interval and states are not willing to share their stockpile of ventilators, the total shortfall over the planning horizon (till 05/31/20) is about 232,000 ventilator days, with a peak shortfall of 17,200 ventilators on 04/19/2020. Results are also reported for a worst-case where the demand is at the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval.
Recent Advancements and Challenges for Low-Toxicity Perovskite Materials

Lead-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have been developed for advanced optoelectronic applications. However, the toxicity of lead and the chemical instability of lead-based perovskite materials have so far been demonstrated to be an overwhelming challenge. The discovery of perovskite materials based on low-toxicity elements, such as Sn, Bi, Sb, Ge, and Cu, with superior optoelectronic properties provides alternative approaches to realize high-performance perovskite optoelectronics. In this review, recent advances in the aspects of low-toxicity perovskite solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and thermoelectric devices are highlighted. The antioxidation stability of metal cation and the crystallization process of the low-toxicity perovskite materials are discussed. In the last part, the outlook toward addressing various issues requiring further attention in the development of low-toxicity perovskite materials is outlined.
Classroom Management Through Student Choice and Democratic Practices: Part 1:

Employing student choice and democratic practices are pillars of modern classroom management in a variety of settings, including elementary general music spaces. However, as curricula become larger...
The Parkinson-Causing LRRK2 Mutation G2019S Impairs the Physiological Tetramerization of Α-Synuclein in Human Neurons

α-Synuclein aggregation in Lewy bodies/neurites is the defining feature of familial and ‘sporadic’ Parkinson’s disease. We previously identified helical αSyn tetramers in normal cells. PD-causing αSyn mutations lower the tetramer:monomer (T:M) ratio, associated with αSyn hyperphosphorylation and cytotoxicity in cultured neurons and a progressive motor syndrome of resting tremor and gait deficits in transgenic mice. We asked whether LRRK2 mutations, the most common genetic cause of what were previously considered sporadic PD cases, also alter αSyn tetramer homeostasis. iPSC-derived patient neurons carrying the most prevalent LRRK2 mutation (G2019S) had decreased T:M ratios and pSer129 hyperphosphorylation of their endogenous αSyn. A LRRK2 kinase inhibitor restored the T:M ratio and prevented hyperphosphorylation of αSyn and the LRRK2-substrate Rab10. With the discovery that PD-causing mutations of glucocerebrosidase in Gaucher’s carriers also decrease T:M ratios, our findings indicate that three distinct genetic forms of PD involve life-long destabilization of αSyn tetramers as a common pathogenic mechanism in PD.
Friend or Foe: Xenobiotic Activation of Nrf2 in Disease Control and Cardioprotection

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that governs a highly conserved pathway central to the protection of cells against various oxidative stresses. However, the biological impact of xenobiotic intervention of Nrf2 in physiological and pathophysiological conditions remains debatable. Activation of Nrf2 in cancer cells has been shown to elevate drug resistance and increase cell survival and proliferation, while inhibition of Nrf2 sensitizes cancer cells to drug treatment. On the other hand, activation of Nrf2 in normal healthy cells has been explored as a rather successful strategy for cancer chemoprevention. Selective activation of Nrf2 in off-target cells has recently been investigated as an approach for protecting off-target tissues from untoward drug toxicity. Specifically, induction of antioxidant response element genes via Nrf2 activation in cardiac cells is being explored as a means to limit the well-documented cardiotoxicity accompanied by cancer treatment with commonly prescribed anthracycline drugs. In addition to cancers, Nrf2 has been implicated in many other diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the roles of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes in the treatment of various diseases, and its recently explored potential for increasing the benefit: risk ratio of commonly utilized cancer treatments.
Electromagnetic Transformer With a Continuously and Quickly Adjustable Voltage Ratio

This article presents a new electromagnetic transformer with a continuously and quickly adjustable voltage ratio between the output and input. The transformer uses a voltage-controlled magnetic device called magnetic flux valve to control the magnetic flux through the secondary winding. In this way, the amplitude of the output voltage induced across the secondary winding of the transformer can be regulated continuously and fast when the turn ratio and input voltage amplitude of the transformer are fixed. The configuration and working principle of the proposed transformer are elaborated. A prototype of the proposed transformer was designed and constructed. The experimental tests are performed on the prototype to validate the proposed transformer concept and demonstrate its superior performance, including continuous and nearly instantaneous output voltage regulation capability, wide output voltage variation range, and high efficiency.
Design and Optimization of SiC MOSFET Wire Bondless Power Modules

The electrical and thermal parameters of the package are key factors in achieving superior performance of silicon carbide (SiC) devices. To optimize the characteristics of a SiC power module, evaluating the electro-thermal design is an essential step before fabrication. However, due to the complex interactions of the semiconductor devices, package parameters, and system, it is a challenge to evaluate the output performance considering the electro-thermal characteristics of various components. In this paper, an integrated electro-thermal design and optimization method is proposed. The relationship between the package layout and the electro-thermal performance was evaluated with a 1200 V, 200 A half-bridge wire bondless SiC MOSFET power module. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified at the system and circuit level. Thus, an advanced wire bondless power module with collaborative optimized electrical and thermal performance has been designed.
One couple's experience with infertility: Nursing theory-based practice case study

Infertility can be devastating for some couples. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a translation of knowledge and nursing theory-based practice regarding nursing care of couples experiencing infertility through a case study approach. It is important to consider the translation of knowledge to probable scenarios so that we may have opportunities to be better prepared when addressing such situations in actual nursing practice. Data sources include current literature, theoretical perspectives on power as knowing participation in change and nursing classifications. Data synthesis is illustrated within the context of a simulated case study of a couple experiencing unexplained secondary infertility through the application of a theory-based practice methodology, health patterning. The authors conclude that the theoretical perspectives of unitary science and the theory of power as knowing participation in change can be applied in practice. Theory-based practice methodologies such as health patterning offer an opportunity to provide holistic care to couples experiencing infertility. Using these theoretical perspectives, nurses can engage with couples expressing a readiness for enhanced power for a desired change. Nursing implications include the value of theory-based practice and the essential view of couples as unique human beings. In addition, it demonstrates the ongoing usefulness of case study approaches for nursing education as vehicles to enhance awareness of unitary experiences, updates to clinical care, and demonstration of the application of theory to practice.
A column generation-based algorithm for midterm nurse scheduling with specialized constraints, preference considerations, and overtime

Abstract This paper presents an augmented mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for the nurse scheduling problem designed to accommodate overtime and several practical considerations that are part of the rostering process but have been absent in previous work. The goal is to minimize the sum of weighted uncovered demand and nurse preference violations over a one-month period. Model features include maximum number of consecutive working days and days off, minimum number of rest hours between shifts, vacations and birthdays. Preference violations are measured by the number of times certain days-off and days-on patterns appear in a nurse’s schedule, and the number of times an assignment contains a shift transition on two consecutive days. In addition, the formulation accounts for each nurse’s working status in the last few days of the previous month to ensure that constraints are not violated when new schedules are developed, and that preference violations are properly counted. The problem is solved in two stages due to the complexity of dealing with regular time and overtime in an integrated model. In Stage 1, a mixed-integer linear program is used to assign shifts to nurses without exceeding their contracted regular hours. Column generation is applied to derive solutions. In Stage 2, a heuristic is developed to add overtime to the rosters found in Stage 1. This is done with the goal of minimizing total overtime hours while trying to balance each nurse’s workload. Experimental results are provided for instances with up to 60 nurses based on data obtained from a 1000-bed hospital. We conclude with a sensitivity analysis of the uncovered demand weight to determine its impact on solution quality and computational effort.