cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rigorous QCD analysis of inclusive annihilation and production of heavy quarkonium

A rigorous QCD analysis of the inclusive annihilation decay rates of heavy quarkonium states is presented. The effective-field-theory framework of nonrelativistic QCD is used to separate the short-distance scale of annihilation, which is set by the heavy quark mass M, from the longer-distance scales associated with quarkonium structure. The annihilation decay rates are expressed in terms of nonperturbative matrix elements of four-fermion operators in nonrelativistic QCD, with coefficients that can be computed using perturbation theory in the coupling constant ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$(M). The matrix elements are organized into a hierarchy according to their scaling with v, the typical velocity of the heavy quark. An analogous factorization formalism is developed for the production cross sections of heavy quarkonium in processes involving momentum transfers of order M or larger. The factorization formulas are applied to the annihilation decay rates and production cross sections of S-wave states at next-to-leading order in ${\mathit{v}}^{2}$ and P-wave states at leading order in ${\mathit{v}}^{2}$.
Remarriage and the Nature of Divorce Does it Matter Which Spouse Chose to Leave

This research examines the ways in which decisions to begin and to end relationships may be interrelated. Using data from two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households, the author investigates whether knowledge of initiator status in separation improves our understanding of subsequent patterns of remarriage and union entry. Previous research and theories of divorce suggests that divorce initiators may perceive favorable prospects for remarriage or may be better prepared emotionally to remarry than noninitiators. Results suggest that initiators do tend to enter subsequent unions more quickly than do noninitiators, although this differential diminishes considerably 3 years after separation. There is also evidence that initiator status is a stronger predictor of remarriage and union entry among relatively older women than among younger women, suggesting that older women may be more likely to delay ending an unsatisfying marriage until prospects for forming another relationship are good.
A concept of eliminating nonhomologous recombination for scalable and safe AAV vector generation for human gene therapy

Scalable and efficient production of high-quality recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) for gene therapy remains a challenge despite recent clinical successes. We developed a new strategy for scalable and efficient rAAV production by sequestering the AAV helper genes and the rAAV vector DNA in two different subcellular compartments, made possible by using cytoplasmic vaccinia virus as a carrier for the AAV helper genes. For the first time, the contamination of replication-competent AAV particles (rcAAV) can be completely eliminated in theory by avoiding ubiquitous nonhomologous recombination. Vector DNA can be integrated into the host genomes or delivered by a nuclear targeting vector such as adenovirus. In suspension HeLa cells, the achieved vector yield per cell is similar to that from traditional triple-plasmid transfection method. The rcAAV contamination was undetectable at the limit of our assay. Furthermore, this new concept can be used not only for production of rAAV, but also for other DNA vectors.
An empirical comparison of three commercial information visualization systems

An empirical comparison of three commercial information visualization systems on three different databases is presented. The systems use different paradigms for visualizing data. Tasks were selected to be "ecologically relevant", i.e. meaningful and interesting in the respec- tive domains. Users of one system turned out to solve problems significantly faster than users of the other two, while users of another system would supply significantly more correct answers. Reasons for these results and general observations about the studied systems are discussed.
Pediatric Pelvic Osteomyelitis

Pelvic osteomyelitis is unusual in children. We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients with this infection seen at our institution. From 1998 to 2005, 31 patients with pelvic osteomyelitis were identified: 19 males and 12 females with an age range of 1.5 months to 17 years 9 months. Duration of illness prior to admission ranged from 1 day to 2.5 months. Chief complaints included nonspecific pain, fever, limp, and decreased weight bearing. Microorganisms isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Enterobacter cloacae, and Kingella kingae. Bones involved were acetabulum/ilium (22 patients), ischium (7 patients), and pubis (4 patients); 2 patients had several bones involved. Imaging studies performed included magnetic resonance imaging (21 patients), computed tomography (14 patients), and nuclear bone scan (25 patients). Our study, the largest contemporary series of pediatric pelvic osteomyelitis from one institution, highlights the consequences of prolonged duration of illness and delayed diagnosis.
About a peculiar extra U(1): Z ' discovery limit, muon anomalous magnetic moment, and electron electric dipole moment

The model (Lagrangian) with a peculiar extra $U(1)$ [S. M. Barr and I. Dorsner, Phys. Rev. D 72, 015011 (2005); S. M. Barr and A. Khan, Phys. Rev. D 74, 085023 (2006)] is clearly presented. The assigned extra $U(1)$ gauge charges give a strong constraint to build Lagrangians. The ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ discovery limits are estimated and predicted at the Tevatron and the LHC. The new contributions of the muon anomalous magnetic moment are investigated at one and two loops, and we predict that the deviation from the standard model may be explained. The electron electric dipole moment could also be generated because of the explicit $CP$-violation effect in the Higgs sector, and a sizable contribution is expected for a moderately sized $CP$ phase [argument of the $CP$-odd Higgs], $0.1\ensuremath{\le}\mathrm{sin}﻿\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\le}1$ [$6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}\mathrm{arg}﻿(A)\ensuremath{\le}90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$].
Novel aspects of resistance to drugs targeted to dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase.

Abstract Drug resistance is often a limiting factor in successful chemotherapy. Our laboratory has been interested in studying mechanisms of resistance to drugs that are targeted to the thymidylate biosynthesis pathway especially those that target thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We have used leukemia as a model system to study resistance to methotrexate (MTX) and colorectal cancer as the model system to study 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance. In leukemias, we and others have shown that transport, efflux, polyglutamylation and hydrolase activities are major determinants of MTX resistance. We have further reported that some leukemic cells have an increase in DHFR gene copy number possibly contributing to the resistant phenotype. Recently, we have begun to study in detail the molecular mechanisms that govern translational regulation of DHFR in response to MTX as an additional resistance mechanism. Studies thus far involving colorectal tumors obtained from patients have focused predominantly on the predictive value of levels of TS expression and p53 mutations in determining response to 5-FU. Although the predictive value of these two measures appears to be significant, given the variety of resistance to 5-FU observed in cell lines, it is not likely that these are the only measures predictive of response or responsible for acquired resistance to this drug. The enzyme uridine–cytidine monophosphate kinase (UMPK) is an essential and rate-limiting enzyme in 5-FU activation while dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a catabolic enzyme that inactivates 5-FU. Alterations in UMPK and DPD may therefore explain failure of 5-FU response in the absence of alterations in TS or p53 . Transcription factors that regulate TS may also influence drug sensitivity. We have found that mRNA levels of the E2F family of transcription factors correlates with TS message levels and are higher in lung metastases than in liver metastases of colorectal cancers. Moreover, gene copy number of the E2F-1 gene appears to be increased in a significant number of samples obtained from metastases of colorectal cancer. We have also generated mutants of both DHFR and TS that confer resistance to MTX as well as 5-FU by random as well as site-directed mutagenesis. These mutants used alone or as fusion cDNAs of the mutants have proven to be useful in transplant studies where transfer of these mutant cDNAs to bone marrow cells have been shown to confer drug resistance to recipients. The fusion cDNAs of DHFR such as the DHFR–herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSVTK) are also useful for regulation of gene expression in vivo using MTX as the small molecule regulator that can be monitored by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning or by optical imaging using a fusion construct such as DHFR–EGFP.
Phase Transformations in physical mixtures of Pd-Cu nanoparticles

The temperature induced structural transformations in physical mixtures of 1nm palladium and ultrafine (∼0.5nm) copper nanoparticles supported on carbon were studied using in-situ real time synchrotron based x-ray diffraction. These nanoparticles were subjected to two-step thermal annealing from 25°C to 700°C. The Pd and Cu nanoparticles were found to coalesce forming alloy nanoparticles that subsequently undergo a structural phase transformation from ordered B2 to disordered fcc. The random alloy formed at the end of the thermal treatments was found to be copper-rich.
Sensitivity of plain pelvis radiography in children with blunt torso trauma.

Study objective Plain anteroposterior pelvic radiographs are commonly used to screen children for pelvic fractures or dislocations after blunt torso trauma. The test sensitivity and utility, however, are unclear. We assessed the sensitivity of anteroposterior pelvic radiographs for identifying children with pelvic fractures or dislocations after blunt torso trauma. We hypothesized that anteroposterior pelvic radiographs fail to identify all children with pelvic fractures or dislocations, including patients undergoing operative intervention and those with hypotension. Methods We conducted a prospective multicenter observational study of children ( Results Of 12,044 patients enrolled in the parent study, 451 (3.7%; 95% CI 3.4% to 4.1%) had pelvic fractures or dislocations. Of these patients, 65 (14%; 95% CI 11% to 18%) underwent operative intervention and 21 (4.7%; 95% CI 2.9% to 7.0%) had age-adjusted hypotension on initial presentation. In the ED, 382 of the 451 patients underwent plain anteroposterior pelvic radiographs, with a sensitivity of 297 of 382 (78%; 95% CI 73% to 82%) for patients with pelvic fractures or dislocations, 55 of 60 (92%; 95% CI 82% to 97%) for patients undergoing operative intervention, and 14 of 17 (82%; 95% CI 57% to 96%) for patients with hypotension. Conclusion Plain anteroposterior pelvic radiographs have a limited sensitivity for identifying children with pelvic fractures or dislocations after blunt trauma, including patients undergoing operative intervention and those with hypotension.
Factor Graph-Based Biomolecular Circuit Analysis for Designing Forward Error Correcting Biosensors

We previously reported the fabrication and the verification of novel biomolecular transistors where electrical conductivity of a ldquopolyaniline nanowiresrdquo channel is controlled by antigen-antibody interactions. In this paper, we present a simulation framework for analyzing the reliability of biosensor circuits constructed by using these biomolecular transistors. At the core of the proposed framework is a library of electrical circuit models that capture the stochastic interaction between biomolecules and their variability to environmental conditions and experimental protocols. Reliability analysis is then performed by exploiting probabilistic dependencies between multiple circuit elements by using a factor graph-based decoding technique. The proposed computational approach facilitates rapid evaluation of forward error correction (FEC) strategies for biosensors without resorting to painstaking and time-consuming experimental procedures. The analysis presented in this paper shows that an asymmetric FEC biosensor code outperforms a repetition FEC biosensor code which has been proposed for microarray technology. In addition, we also show that the proposed analysis leads to a novel ldquoco-detectionrdquo protocol that could be used for reliable detection of trace quantities of pathogens.
Superconductivity in High-Energy Physics

Applied superconductivity is making a considerable impact on the equipment used in high-energy physics. Many types of magnets are required for research in this area. The use of superconducting magnets in preference to conventional magnets reduces operating costs and offers the possibility of much higher fields more economically than are feasible with conventional techniques. Low-loss superconducting rf cavities should permit the acceleration and separation of beams of elementary particles in a much more efficient and economical way than is possible with conventional room-temperature rf techniques.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the 2008 Postsplenectomy Vaccination Joint Theater Trauma System Clinical Practice Guideline

ABSTRACT Objectives: Postsplenectomy vaccination (PSV) in an austere environment to minimize overwhelming postsplenectomy infection is challenging. We evaluated the clinical impact of a March 2008 clinical practice guideline (CPG) dictating immediate PSV at North American Treaty Organization Role 3 medical treatment facilities and subsequent complications. Methods: Utilizing U.S. military medical databases, we characterized all U.S. patients with a splenic injury from November 2002 to January 2012 by their surgical management: laparotomy with splenectomy (LWS), laparotomy without splenectomy, or nonoperative management. Relevant data including demographics, vaccinations, and documented bacterial and fungal isolates were obtained. Results: LWS comprised 63.6% of the 409 patients with a splenic injury from 2002 to 2012. The implementation of the PSV CPG improved overall vaccination compliance from 48.9% pre-PSV CPG to 86.9% post-PSV CPG (p < 0.01). It was found that 1.3% (2/159) of completely vaccinated LWS...
Faster Dual-Tree Traversal for Nearest Neighbor Search

Nearest neighbor search is a nearly ubiquitous problem in computer science. When nearest neighbors are desired for a query set instead of a single query point, dual-tree algorithms often provide the fastest solution, especially in low-to-medium dimensions i.e. up to a hundred or so, and can give exact results or absolute approximation guarantees, unlike hashing techniques. Using a recent decomposition of dual-tree algorithms into modular pieces, we propose a new piece: an improved traversal strategy; it is applicable to any dual-tree algorithm. Applied to nearest neighbor search using both kd-trees and ball trees, the new strategy demonstrably outperforms the previous fastest approaches. Other problems the traversal may easily be applied to include kernel density estimation and max-kernel search.
Other People's Clothes? The International Second-hand Clothing Trade and Dress Practices in Zambia

(2000). Other People's Clothes? The International Second-hand Clothing Trade and Dress Practices in Zambia. Fashion Theory: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 245-274.
Cardiovascular Monitoring in Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

The American College of Chest Physicians & Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus [1] defines sepsis as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) as a result of infection. Septic shock is defined as sepsis-induced hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation along with the presence of perfusion abnormalities. These abnormalities may include, but are not limited to, lactic acidosis, oliguria or an acute alteration in mental status. Patients who are receiving inotropic or vasopressor agents may not be hypotensive at the time that perfusion abnormalities are measured. During the years 1950–1991 mortality soared 13-fold [2]. Alone sepsis carries a 30–40% lethality [2], but when aggravated by shock it has a 40–60% mortality [3]. Recently the effectiveness of invasive hemodynamic monitoring in septic shock has undergone intense scrutiny. A lack of well designed prospective studies assessing this problem has cast a shadow of doubt over the lowering of morbidity or mortality (attributable to the right heart catheterization). A moratorium on their placement was suggested in the literature, which prompted a consensus conference in 1997 to help clarify the role of the pulmonary artery catheter in the critically ill [4].
Learning Covariance Functions

We often assume that Gaussian processes are isotropic implying that the covariance function only depends on the distance between locations.
The Testing of Automotive Rubber Parts Assembled under Compression Part I—Deflection under Compression

Abstract Present-day test specifications on automotive rubber parts are not only incomplete and misleading, but entirely lacking in uniformity. This is particularly true of compression and permanent-set tests on automotive mechanical rubber parts assembled under compression. Consequently, an effort has been made to show the urgent need for unification of such methods. Data are presented in Part I to show that high tensile is no criterion of relative resistance to compression set and that hardness is not a measure of deflectability. In addition, deflection and permanent set under compression are greatly influenced by the size and shape of the test piece, the method of cutting the sample, the gage and methods of measuring it, and condition and kinds of surfaces in contact with the test piece. Compression and compression-set testing equipment are discussed, and some newly designed laboratory equipment is described. One piece of apparatus, the compressetometer, has been found extremely useful in making deflec...
Biology of European Corn Borers Reared Continuously on a Diet Containing Fumidil B

Colonies of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) were reared for successive generations in 3-dram shell vials and in mass-rearing containers on a meridic diet containing Fumidil B for suppression of the parasitic protozoan Perezia pyraustae Paillot. The growth of the corn borer was not affected, and fecundity was increased.
Non-control-data attacks are realistic threats

Most memory corruption attacks and Internet worms follow a familiar pattern known as the control-data attack. Hence, many defensive techniques are designed to protect program control flow integrity. Although earlier work did suggest the existence of attacks that do not alter control flow, such attacks are generally believed to be rare against real-world software. The key contribution of this paper is to show that non-control-data attacks are realistic. We demonstrate that many real-world applications, including FTP, SSH, Telnet, and HTTP servers, are vulnerable to such attacks. In each case, the generated attack results in a security compromise equivalent to that due to the control-data attack exploiting the same security bug. Non-control-data attacks corrupt a variety of application data including user identity data, configuration data, user input data, and decision-making data. The success of these attacks and the variety of applications and target data suggest that potential attack patterns are diverse. Attackers are currently focused on control-data attacks, but it is clear that when control flow protection techniques shut them down, they have incentives to study and employ non-control-data attacks. This paper emphasizes the importance of future research efforts to address this realistic threat.
Continuous daily assessment of multiple sclerosis disability using remote step count monitoring.

Disability measures in multiple sclerosis (MS) rely heavily on ambulatory function, and current metrics fail to capture potentially important variability in walking behavior. We sought to determine whether remote step count monitoring using a consumer-friendly accelerometer (Fitbit Flex) can enhance MS disability assessment. 99 adults with relapsing or progressive MS able to walk ≥2-min were prospectively recruited. At 4 weeks, study retention was 97% and median Fitbit use was 97% of days. Substudy validation resulted in high interclass correlations between Fitbit, ActiGraph and manual step count tally during a 2-minute walk test, and between Fitbit and ActiGraph (ICC = 0.76) during 7-day home monitoring. Over 4 weeks of continuous monitoring, daily steps were lower in progressive versus relapsing MS (mean difference 2546 steps, p < 0.01). Lower average daily step count was associated with greater disability on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (p < 0.001). Within each EDSS category, substantial variability in step count was apparent (i.e., EDSS = 6.0 range 1097–7152). Step count demonstrated moderate-strong correlations with other walking measures. Lower average daily step count is associated with greater MS disability and captures important variability in real-world walking activity otherwise masked by standard disability scales, including the EDSS. These results support remote step count monitoring as an exploratory outcome in MS trials.
The palmitoyltransferase Approximated promotes growth via the Hippo pathway by palmitoylation of Fat

The large protocadherin Fat functions to promote Hippo pathway activity in restricting tissue growth. Loss of Fat leads to accumulation of the atypical myosin Dachs at the apical junctional region, which in turn promotes growth by inhibiting Warts. We previously identified Approximated (App), a DHHC domain palmitoyltransferase, as a negative regulator of Fat signaling in growth control. We show here that App promotes growth by palmitoylating the intracellular domain of Fat, and that palmitoylation negatively regulates Fat function. Independently, App also recruits Dachs to the apical junctional region through protein–protein association, thereby stimulating Dachs’s activity in promoting growth. Further, we show that palmitoylation by App functions antagonistically to phosphorylation by Discs-overgrown, which activates Fat. Together, these findings suggest a model in which App promotes Dachs activity by simultaneously repressing Fat via posttranslational modification and recruiting Dachs to the apical junctional region, thereby promoting tissue growth.
Calculation of foregone taxes and community benefit for Florida not-for-profit hospitals

ABSTRACTThe provision of community benefit is often cited as justification for hospitals’ tax-exempt status. Not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals, which are tax-exempt, are being asked to justify their special tax status by demonstrating whether the community benefit provided is commensurate to the foregone tax revenues. The purpose of this study is to investigate total community benefit provided by NFP hospitals relative to foregone taxes. NFP hospitals may operate in a way that is indistinguishable from investor-owned hospitals; however, their special tax status is given in return for delivery of community benefit. A hospital’s exemption from taxes may be viewed by the state and local government as representing millions of dollars in unavailable revenue. Total uncompensated care (TUC) is used as the method of measuring community benefit. TUC is the sum of annual bad debt and charity expense. For 2011 and 2012, the amount of foregone tax revenues exceeds the amounts of community benefit. An analysis between no...
Self-perceived Difficulties in Everyday Function Precede Cognitive Decline among Older Adults in the ACTIVE Study.

Objectives Careful characterization of how functional decline co-evolves with cognitive decline in older adults has yet to be well described. Most models of neurodegenerative disease postulate that cognitive decline predates and potentially leads to declines in everyday functional abilities; however, there is mounting evidence that subtle decline in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) may be detectable in older individuals who are still cognitively normal. Methods The present study examines how the relationship between change in cognition and change in IADLs are best characterized among older adults who participated in the ACTIVE trial. Neuropsychological and IADL data were analyzed for 2802 older adults who were cognitively normal at study baseline and followed for up to 10 years. Results Findings demonstrate that subtle, self-perceived difficulties in performing IADLs preceded and predicted subsequent declines on cognitive tests of memory, reasoning, and speed of processing. Conclusions Findings are consistent with a growing body of literature suggesting that subjective changes in everyday abilities can be associated with more precipitous decline on objective cognitive measures and the development of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. (JINS, 2018, 24, 104-112).
Meaningful weight loss in obese postmenopausal women: a pilot study of high-intensity interval training and wearable technology.

AbstractObjective:Postmenopausal women cite lack of time as their primary barrier to exercise and related weight control behaviors. The purpose of this study was to address this barrier via testing the feasibility and initial outcomes of a short-duration/high-intensity interval training (HIIT)-based
Closed-loop ultrasonic power and communication with multiple miniaturized active implantable medical devices

Networks of miniaturized implantable medical devices (IMDs) capable of operating deep in the body are crucial for many novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications. An external portable base station to power, coordinate, and communicate with IMDs can enable these networks. Ultrasonic (US) wireless power transfer is utilized to shrink device dimensions, raise available power, and increase operation depth due to its small wavelength and low attenuation in the body. Building on previous demonstrations of US-powered IMDs for neuromodulation and active communication, we investigate and design an US linear array base station to interface with multiple implants. This allows for programmable focusing for multi-access control and higher power transfer efficiency (PTE), as well as bidirectional communication for closed-loop operation.
The Performance of Neural Networks in Astronomical Image Classification

The use of neural network pattern recognition techniques in the field of astronomy is reviewed. In assessing the quality of image recognition derived from this method particular attention is given to the problem of star/galaxy discrimination in large digital sky surveys. A two color survey of 9 fields of the first epoch Palomar Sky Survey, centered on the North Galactic Pole, has been performed with the Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner. A set of neural network image classifiers are used to automatically perform star/galaxy discrimination. We assess the efficiency of image classification and sample completeness through comparisons with a variety of independent studies of the NGP area.
Species–Area Relationships

A species–area relationship is simply the observation that the number of biological species found in a region is a positive function of the area in the region. Species–area relationships are depicted graphically as a bivariate plot of species richness on the ordinate and area on the abscissa, a species–area curve. Species–area relationships appear to be ubiquitous, which have been observed for a wide array of taxa ranging from diatoms to fish, insects, birds, vascular plants, and mammals and for geographical entities such as islands, political entities, woodland, grassland, and cropland habitat patches, lakes, river drainages, and artificial substrates from microscope slides to synthetic sponges and slates.
Endoluminal ultrasonography of the distal esophagus in systemic sclerosis

Abstract Background: The aim of this study is to apply high-resolution endoluminal sonography (HRES) to the study of the esophageal disease in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods: An HRES transducer was used to image the esophagus. Autopsy specimens of normal and SSc esophagi were imaged to define a hyperechoic abnormality in the normally hypoechoic muscularis propria. The presence or absence of this hyperechoic abnormality of the esophagus in SSc patients was compared with sonographic findings in normal volunteers. The degree of the hyperechoic abnormality was correlated with the results of functional esophageal studies including esophageal motility, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and 24-hour pH monitoring in SSc patients. Results: A hyperechoic abnormality in the normally hypoechoic muscularis propria on HRES seemed to correspond with the presence of fibrosis on histological sections from the distal esophagus in SSc autopsy specimens. A significant difference was found in the presence of this hyperechoic abnormality in patients with SSc when compared with normal controls ( P r = 0.89; P r = 0.74; P r = 0.70; P Conclusions: HRES is a sensitive new method to determine the presence or absence of hyperechoic abnormalities in the muscularis propria and to predict functional abnormalities of the esophagus in patients with SSc.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of the Copper(II) Enzyme, Galactose Oxidase*

SUMMARY A variety of physicochemical studies on the Cu(II) enzyme, galactose oxidase [EC 1.3.3.9] are described. Reciprocal plot analyses of the redox reactions between galactose/O2, galactose/IrCl62−, and H2O2/IrCl62− as catalyzed by galactose oxidase indicate that these reactions are kinetically sequential rather than ping-pong. The direct electron transfer between reductant and oxidant implied by this result was probed by investigation of structure-reactivity relationships of the reducing substrate alcohol. Although qualitatively electron withdrawal from the reaction center favors oxidation, demonstration of the importance of the putative substrate-derived carbanion was unsuccessful. The redox behavior of the Cu(II) has been established and the data indicate that the Cu(III) state is inaccessible during catalysis. A value for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple of E0' = 0.30 ± 0.020 V has been measured by two techniques. Redoxidation by O2 of Cu(I) rapidly yields 100% Cu(II) enzyme. Kinetic experiments in progress to assess the possibility of the Cu(I) state during catalysis show that the oxidation of Cu(I) to Cu(II) is highly dependent on O2 concentration. Other data which had been interpreted to show that Cu(III) is accessible is argued to result from a tight complex formed between enzyme and anionic oxidants (Fe(CN)63−, IrCl62−). The Cu(II) is spin coupled to the unpaired electron(s) of the oxidant, not oxidized to Cu(III). This is shown by X- and Q-band ESR at 4.2°K and by X-ray absorbance spectral data. The nature of metal coordination by the protein, and alcohol substrate binding vis-a-vis the metal has been studied by a variety of resonance techniques. Equatorial coordination of the metal by two protein imidazoles and a third, non-nitrogenous protein ligand, and either H2O or −OH is indicated. A second water molecule may be coordinated axially. The alcohol substrate does not bind directly to the Cu(II) in one of the equatorial sites. It may bind either outer-sphere to the Cu(II) axially or equatorially [through a bridging HO− (H)], or directly to the Cu(II) at the axial site.
Rapid and sustained hematopoietic recovery in lethally irradiated mice transplanted with purified Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are believed to play a critical role in the sustained repopulation of all blood cells after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, understanding the role of HSCs versus other hematopoietic cells in the quantitative reconstitution of various blood cell types has awaited methods to isolate HSCs. A candidate population of mouse HSCs, Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells, was isolated several years ago and, recently, this population has been shown to be the only population of BM cells that contains HSCs in C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1 mice. As few as 100 of these cells can radioprotect 95% to 100% of irradiated mice, resulting long-term multilineage reconstitution. In this study, we examined the reconstitution potential of irradiated mice transplanted with purified Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ BM cells. Donor-derived peripheral blood (PB) white blood cells were detected as early as day 9 or 10 when 100 to 1,000 Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells were used, with minor dose-dependent differences. The reappearance of platelets by day 14 and thereafter was also seen at all HSC doses (100 to 1,000 cells), with a slight dose-dependence. All studied HSC doses also allowed RBC levels to recover, although at the 100 cell dose a delay in hematocrit recovery was observed at day 14. When irradiated mice were transplanted with 500 Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells compared with 1 x 10(6) BM cells (the equivalent amount of cells that contain 500 Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells as well as progenitor and mature cells), very little difference in the kinetics of recovery of PB, white blood cells, platelets, and hematocrit was observed. Surprisingly, even when 200 Thy1.1lo Lin-Sca- 1+ cells were mixed with 4 x 10(5) Sca-1- BM cells in a competitive repopulation assay, most of the early (days 11 and 14) PB myeloid cells were derived from the HSC genotype, indicating the superiority of the Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells over Sca-1- cells even in the early phases of myeloid reconstitution. Within the Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ population, the Rhodamine 123 (Rh123)hi subset dominates in PB myeloid reconstitution at 10 to 14 days, only to be overtaken by the Rh123lo subset at 3 weeks and thereafter. These findings indicate that HSCs can account for the early phase of hematopoietic recovery, as well as sustained hematopoiesis, and raise questions about the role of non-HSC BM populations in the setting of BMT.
When Double-Star Research Began

The first occurrence of the name ‘double star’ happened to have been — by modern definitions — a mistake: in Ptolemy’s star catalogue (2nd century AD), the two stars v1 and v2 Sagittarii — separated by 14 min arc, and independent — were called \(\delta i\pi \lambda ous\) Several of the Arab star names refer jointly to two or more neighboring stars easily separated by the naked eye. On the other hand, the well-known naked-eye pair Mizar and Alcor in the Big Dipper received separate names, probably because their difference of brightness did not make them appear as a ‘pair’ of stars.
Patient-Specific Hemodynamic Evaluation of an Aortic Coarctation under Rest and Stress Conditions

Computational fluid dynamics CFD simulation of internal hemodynamics in complex vascular models can provide accurate estimates of pressure gradients to assist time-critical diagnostics or surgical decisions. Compared to high-fidelity pressure transducers, CFD offers flexibility to analyze baseline hemodynamic characteristics at rest but also under stress conditions without application of pharmacological stress agents which present undesirable side effects. In this study, the variations of pressure gradient and velocity field across a mild thoracic coarctation of aorta CoA is studied under pulsatile ascending aortic flow, simulative of both rest and stress cardiac output. Simulations were conducted in FLUENT 14.5 ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA - a finite volume solver, COMSOL 4.2a COMSOL Multiphysics Inc., Burlington, MA - a finite element solver, and an in-house finite difference cardiovascular flow solver implementing an unsteady artificial compressibility numerical method, each employing second-order spatio-temporal discretization schemes, under assumptions of incompressible, Newtonian fluid domain with rigid, impermeable walls. The cardiac cycle-average pressure drop across the CoA modeled relative to the given pressure data proximal to the CoA is reported and was found to vary significantly between rest and stress conditions. A mean pressure gradient of 2.79 mmHg was observed for the rest case as compared to 17.73 mmHg for the stress case. There was an inter-solver variability of 16.9% in reported mean pressure gradient under rest conditions and 23.71% in reported mean pressure gradient under stress conditions. In order to investigate the effects of the rigid wall assumption, additional simulations were conducted using a 3-element windkessel model implemented at the descending aorta, using FLUENT. Further, to investigate the appropriateness of the inviscid flow assumption in a mild CoA, CFD pressure gradients were also compared results of a simple Bernoulli-based formula, used clinically, using just the peak blood flow velocity measurements in m/s obtained distal to the aortic coarctation from CFD. Helicity isocontours were used as a visual metric to characterize pathological hemodynamics in the CoA.
Past, Present, and Possible Future Clinical Applications of the Lanthanides

Many of the properties of the lanthanides appear to lend themselves to clinical application. The lanthanides are antimicrobial and anticoagulant substances which suppress many of the types of Ca2+-dependent cellular activation processes (Section 6.4) that occur in diseases. Lanthanides are of relatively low toxicity (Chapter 8), while their metabolism can be manipulated by the presence of specific chelators, by varying the site of injection, or both (Chapter 7). In addition, lanthanides appear to accumulate in tumors or at sites of inflammation. They provide a range of radioisotopes, with various half-lives, which emit α, β, or γ radiation, while certain members are strongly paramagnetic. In addition, most lanthanides are cheap, readily available, and straightforward to work with. As alluded to in the introductory chapter (Section 1.3), the evidence suggests that lanthanides are worth investigating as agents with which to attack several of the major diseases of the Western world.
Methodology for Study of Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney in Vitro

The advantages of isolated perfused organs for biological study are several. Delivery and removal of substrates and products via normal vascular channels, and the absence of modifying effects from other organs are primary benefits. In the case of the kidney, a further advantage accrues from the fact that transport events transpire while the perfused tissue is being studied. For an organ in which the major energy expenditure is believed to be for transport (a process that occurs to only a limited extent in slices and not at all in homogenates), this is an important consideration.
The Role of the Prosecutor: Serving the Interests of All the People

The legal profession’s conception of public interest work has traditionally focused on the work of pro bono or civil liberties-based organizations, such as the American Civil Liberties Union and its local chapters, a variety of legal defense funds, the Legal Aid Society, and other similar organizations. Certain law schools provide financial incentives and institutional support designed to actively encourage their students to pursue job opportunities with these groups. Many students—the author included—can easily spend three years at a law school and not have any notion that public interest work also includes the job of being an Assistant District Attorney (local prosecutor), an Assistant Attorney General (state prosecutor), or an Assistant United States Attorney (federal prosecutor). Many others, aware of the general role of the prosecutor in our legal system, nevertheless have been steeped in publicity in recent years about the rather unique and increasingly politicized work of our most prominent prosecutors—the special prosecutors appointed under the now defunct Independent Counsel statute. From this publicity, one can easily draw incomplete, if not unfair, judgments about what it means to be a prosecutor in our society. It did not occur to me until well into my legal career that my own notion of public interest work was under-inclusive in this one significant respect: it did not include the work of the tens of thousands of federal, state, and local prosecutors across the country who lead the legal fight against crime and protect our society and its citizens from those who seek to enrich themselves at society’s expense. As I will attempt to
That's What She Said! Perceived Mate Value of Clean and Dirty Humor Displays

Abstract Humor is considered a valuable trait when evaluating potential mates, and women demonstrate a preference for men's ability to produce humor. Humor displays as a male mating strategy appear context-dependent, which suggests that women's preferences for certain humor may be contingent on their mating goals. One dimension of humor variability that could approximate men's long- (LTM) or short-term (STM) mating goals is communication of humor that is categorically clean or dirty, respectively, which could influence the humorists' desirability to women. Such displays may differentially signal sexual receptivity. Two studies tasked women with indicating interest in men who generated either clean or dirty humor. Across both studies clean humor producers were preferred when evaluating both the long- and short-term desirability of men, although this preference was larger for LTM evaluations. Study 2 also demonstrated that sociosexually unrestricted women (i.e., those with more permissive sexual attitudes) self-reported greater behavioral attraction toward dirty humorists, a preference mediated by their perceptions of dirty jokes as funnier. Dirty humor production in men and appreciation in women may facilitate respective STM goals. Results of this research provide further evidence that the specific mating context determines the appropriateness of humor use when used as a relational display.
Allergic sensitization and clinical outcomes in urban children with asthma, 2013-2016.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine if food and/or aeroallergen sensitization was associated with worse asthma, pulmonary function tests (PFT), and laboratory markers. METHODS At our institution, 386 children with asthma were divided into allergic and nonallergic groups based on allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) testing classes 1-6 versus 0. Asthma severity and/or control, IgE level, eosinophil counts and/or percentages, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC, were compared by using bivariate, regression, and subgroup analyses for children who were highly allergic (≥4 allergens). RESULTS A total of 291 subjects with asthma were allergic, significantly older, and had higher mean IgE levels and eosinophil counts and percentages (all p < 0.001). A total of 203 subjects who were highly allergic had worse obstruction on PFTs. Increasing age predicted allergen sensitization after confounder adjustment, odds ratio (OR) 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-2.02). Similarly, PFT obstruction was associated with multiple allergen sensitization (OR 0.97 [95% CI, 0.93-1.02]). CONCLUSION Increasing age predicted allergic sensitization and multiple allergen sensitization. Worse obstruction on PFT also predicted multiple allergen sensitization. Continued surveillance of aeroallergen sensitization and PFT results may be beneficial in asthma management, particularly in older urban children.
Encountering the Gospel through Confirmation: Learning from The Confirmation Project

Confirmation is a ministry aimed at strengthening young people's understanding of faith, deepening their experience in Christian community, and equipping them to discern their calling to join in Go...
Introduction to School Psychopharmacology

School Psychopharmacology: Translating Research into Practice uniquely contributes to the child psychopharmacology literature via its focus on service sector coordination, an emphasis on school-related medication treatment outcomes, a review of medication evaluations specific to the school context, and through its use of case study examples from the educational setting. This edited book brings together the latest in school psychopharmacology-related research and practice from experts across the fields of school psychology, clinical psychology, and child psychiatry. This introductory chapter reviews the importance of school psychopharmacology within the mental health treatment of children and adolescents and a preview of each chapter is presented.
SPARCS: Stream-Processing Architecture Applied in Real-Time Cyber-Physical Security

In this paper, we showcase a complete, end-to-end, fault tolerant, bandwidth and latency optimized architecture for real time utilization of data from multiple sources that allows the collection, transport, storage, processing, and display of both raw data and analytics. This architecture can be applied for a wide variety of applications ranging from automation/control to monitoring and security. We propose a practical, hierarchical design that allows easy addition and reconfiguration of software and hardware components, while utilizing local processing of data at sensor or field site ("fog computing") level to reduce latency and upstream bandwidth requirements. The system supports multiple fail-safe mechanisms to guarantee the delivery of sensor data. We describe the application of this architecture to cyber-physical security (CPS) by supporting security monitoring of an electric distribution grid, through the collection and analysis of distribution-grid level phasor measurement unit (PMU) data, as well as Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) communication in the control area network.
Chapter 10 – Extracellular Potential

The neuronal models that we have constructed in each of the previous chapters were founded on intracellular, in vitro, recordings of the cell's membrane potential. As the vast majority of in vivo recordings are extracellular, especially in mammals, it is important that we understand the cellular and multi-cellular signatures present in these recordings. Figure 10.1 is an excellent illustration of the data to be modeled and explained in this chapter. Extracellular potentials, similar to those depicted in Figure 10.1, have been used to both constrain single cell models and to distinguish between multiple spiking cells in the neighborhood of one or more electrodes. Models of extracellular recordings have long been phrased in terms of the electric and magnetic fields emanating from the membrane currents of neighboring neurons. These fields are described by Maxwell′s Equations. We derive these equations and then show they may be reduced, in our setting, to the solution of Laplace′s equation. We solve Laplace′s equation and construct an expression for how neuronal membrane currents are measured at neighboring electrodes. We next demonstrate that extracellular potentials near a passive cable determine the cable′s space and time constants as well as other properties of a transient current stimulus delivered to the neuron. We then extend our range to active neurons and demonstrate that extracellular potentials can both determine their active conductances and distinguish the signatures of individual neurons in a population of active cells.