cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term hard and soft tissue relapse rate after genioplasty.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess hard and soft tissue stability 12 months after advancement genioplasty. Material And Methods: This is a retrospective study of 20 patients who underwent either advancement genioplasty alone (n = 11) or in combination with bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for mandibular advancement (n = 9). Lateral cephalometric radiographs were traced and immediate postoperative changes and 12-month postoperative changes were defined. The relapse rate for the pogonion, the soft tissue pogonion, and the soft tissue B point (Bs) were evaluated. The results were compared for combined mandibular advancement plus genioplasty versus genioplasty alone. Relapse rates were also correlated with the amount of advancement. All patients were treated with rigid internal fixation. Results: After 12 months, the pogonion, the soft tissue pogonion, and the soft tissue B point had a mean relapse rate of –0.38 mm, –1.2 mm, and –1.5 mm (negative value indicates a relapse, and a positive value indicates prolapse), respectively, which was not significant at probability values of .45, .069, and .054, respectively. Relapse was not statistically related to the amount of advancement. There was no significant difference between the relapse rate for genioplasty alone versus combined bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and genioplasty, even with different amounts of advancement. Conclusions: Advancement genioplasty is an important and reliable technique for the esthetic treatment of the lower facial skeleton. The results indicate that there is no significant relapse after genioplasty and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy or genioplasty alone after 12 months when rigid internal fixation is used. The changes were minimal and hard to detect clinically. Genioplasty, with or without mandibular advancement, is a stable surgical procedure when used in conjunction with rigid internal fixation. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:153-6)
Assessment of Strain-Specific PrPSc Elongation Rates Revealed a Transformation of PrPSc Properties during Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification

Prion replication is believed to consist of two components, a growth or elongation of infectious isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc) particles and their fragmentation, a process that provides new replication centers. The current study introduced an experimental approach that employs Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification with beads (PMCAb) and relies on a series of kinetic experiments for assessing elongation rates of PrPSc particles. Four prion strains including two strains with short incubation times to disease (263K and Hyper) and two strains with very long incubation times (SSLOW and LOTSS) were tested. The elongation rate of brain-derived PrPSc was found to be strain-specific. Strains with short incubation times had higher rates than strains with long incubation times. Surprisingly, the strain-specific elongation rates increased substantially for all four strains after they were subjected to six rounds of serial PMCAb. In parallel to an increase in elongation rates, the percentages of diglycosylated PrP glycoforms increased in PMCAb-derived PrPSc comparing to those of brain-derived PrPSc. These results suggest that PMCAb selects the same molecular features regardless of strain initial characteristics and that convergent evolution of PrPSc properties occurred during in vitro amplification. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that each prion strain is comprised of a variety of conformers or ‘quasi-species’ and that change in the prion replication environment gives selective advantage to those conformers that replicate most effectively under specific environment.
Stimulation of receptor‐mediated low density lipoprotein endocytosis in neuraminidase‐treated cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells

Sialic acids, occupying a terminal position in cell surface glycoconjugates, are major contributors to the net negative charge of the vascular endothelial cell surface. As integral membrane glycoproteins, LDL receptors also bear terminal sialic acid residues. Pretreatment of near-confluent, cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) with neuraminidase (50 mU/ml, 30 min, 37 degrees C) stimulated a significant increase in receptor-mediated 125I-LDL internalization and degradation relative to PBS-treated control cells. Binding studies at 4 degrees C revealed an increased affinity of LDL receptor sites on neuraminidase-treated cells compared to control BAEC (6.9 vs. 16.2 nM/10(6) BAEC) without a change in receptor site number. This enhanced LDL endocytosis in neuraminidase-treated cells was dependent upon the enzymatic activity of the neuraminidase and the removal of sialic acid from the cell surface. Furthermore, enhanced endocytosis due to enzymatic alteration of the 125I-LDL molecules was excluded. In contrast to BAEC, neuraminidase pretreatment of LDL receptor-upregulated cultured normal human fibroblasts resulted in an inhibition of 125I-LDL binding, internalization, and degradation. Specifically, a significant inhibition in 125I-LDL internalization was observed at 1 hr after neuraminidase treatment, which was associated with a decrease in the number of cell surface LDL receptor sites. Like BAEC, neuraminidase pretreatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells resulted in enhanced receptor-mediated 125I-LDL endocytosis. These results indicate that sialic acid associated with either adjacent endothelial cell surface molecules or the endothelial LDL receptor itself may modulate LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis and suggest that this regulatory mechanism may be of particular importance to endothelial cells.
Attenuation of cue-induced heroin-seeking behavior by cannabinoid CB1 antagonist infusions into the nucleus accumbens core and prefrontal cortex, but not basolateral amygdala.

As with other drugs of abuse, heroin use is characterized by a high incidence of relapse following detoxification that can be triggered by exposure to conditioned stimuli previously associated with drug availability. Recent findings suggest that cannabinoid CB1 receptors modulate the motivational properties of heroin-conditioned stimuli that induce relapse behavior. However, the neural substrates through which CB1 receptors modulate cue-induced heroin seeking have not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated alterations in cue-induced reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior produced by infusions of the CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A (0, 0.3 and 3 μg per side) delivered into the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and basolateral amygdala (BLA) of rats. Results show that following extinction of operant behavior the presentation of a discriminative stimulus conditioned to heroin availability reinstated nonreinforced lever pressing to levels comparable to preextinction levels. Intra-PFC SR 141716A dose-dependently reduced cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking, with a significant reduction following the 3 μg per side dose. In the NAC, both SR 141716A doses induced a significant reduction in cue-induced reinstatement, with the highest dose completely blocking the effect of the cue. In contrast, intra-BLA SR 141716A did not alter cue-induced reinstatement of responding while systemic administration of this antagonist (3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly blocked cue-induced reinstatement in all three-placement groups (BLA, PFC, and NAC). These findings provide new insights into the neural mechanisms through which CB1 receptors modulate the motivational properties of heroin-associated cues inducing relapse.
Chemically evoked hypothermia in the mouse: towards a method for investigating thermodynamic parameters of aging and death in mammals.

Abstract Any thermodynamic study of aging and death in laboratory mammals is dependent on techniques which would allow for the chronic manipulation of the core body temperature of these organisms. Accordingly, the hypothermic response after parenteral administration of chlorpromazine, L-dopa, reserpine, and p -chlorophenylalanine was investigated in the mouse. Mice injected at 24 hour intervals with chlorpromazine exhibited a diminished response (tolerance) with repeated administration. The degree of induced hypothermia and resistance to tolerance was greater in male mice than in female mice. L-dopa was unable to potentiate chlorpromazine hypothermia but did evoke a non-adapting hypothermic response when administered alone. Reserpine also evoked a non-adapting hypothermia. Further, animals treated with small doses of reserpine exhibited an increasing response with repeated injections. p -Chlorophenylalanine induced hypothermy that became intermittent with successive administration. The results presented here indicate that both reserpine and L-dopa would be of value as hypothermic agents in long term investigations.
Immunologic basis of cardiovascular disease : an overview

Summary: Recent investigations suggest that the immune system plays a major role in the pathogenesis of two distinct forms of cardiovascular disease, Kawasaki disease (KD) and graft “atherosclerosis,” following cardiac transplantation. However, the precise immunologic mechanisms that lead to vessel injury in these two clinical entities are as yet undefined. The purpose of this symposium was to review some of the more important ongoing investigations in both fields.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease, scrapie, and the threat to humans from prion disease epizootics.

Ongoing endemics and epidemics of prion disease afflict several species of ruminants regularly consumed by humans. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is epidemic in British cattle, and is now found in the cattle of more than 20 countries. A large, and apparently growing, epidemic of chronic wasting disease plagues deer and elk in North America. Finally, scrapie has been endemic in the sheep of most countries for many decades. It was once assumed that humans were not susceptible to these ruminant forms of prion disease, but an outbreak of a new form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) among young Britons, almost certainly due to dietary exposure to BSEcontaminated beef, has disproved this supposition. Although all prion diseases share the same fundamental pathologic mechanism, transmission between species is sometimes inefficient. The basis of this "species barrier" is incompletely understood, but interspecies differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein and the strain of prions involved play critical roles. Reliable experimental models for determining the resistance of humans to animal prion diseases do not yet exist. It is possible that animal to human transmission of prion disease may manifest as CJD with unusual characteristics, but this is not necessarily the case. In the absence of a reliable means for determining the susceptibility of humans to animal prion disease, measures to minimize human exposure to animal prions should be emphasized.
An initial map of chromosomal segmental copy number variations in the chicken

Chromosomal segmental copy number variation (CNV) has been recently recognized as a very important source of genetic variability. Some CNV loci involve genes or conserved regulatory elements. Compelling evidence indicates that CNVs impact genome functions. The chicken is a very important farm animal species which has also served as a model for biological and biomedical research for hundreds of years. A map of CNVs in chickens could facilitate the identification of chromosomal regions that segregate for important agricultural and disease phenotypes. Ninety six CNVs were identified in three lines of chickens (Cornish Rock broiler, Leghorn and Rhode Island Red) using whole genome tiling array. These CNVs encompass 16 Mb (1.3%) of the chicken genome. Twenty six CNVs were found in two or more animals. Whereas most small sized CNVs reside in none coding sequences, larger CNV regions involve genes (for example prolactin receptor, aldose reductase and zinc finger proteins). These results suggest that chicken CNVs potentially affect agricultural or disease related traits. An initial map of CNVs for the chicken has been described. Although chicken genome is approximately one third the size of a typical mammalian genome, the pattern of chicken CNVs is similar to that of mammals. The number of CNVs detected per individual was also similar to that found in dogs, mice, rats and macaques. A map of chicken CNVs provides new information on genetic variations for the understanding of important agricultural traits and disease.
Bar-code-assisted medication administration: A method for predicting repackaging resource needs

Purpose Results of a study at two hospitals to validate and test systems for bar-code-assisted medication administration (BCMA) are reported, including data on bar-code scanning failures and BCMA-related staff resource needs. Methods To prepare for BCMA implementation, pharmacy inventories at the two study sites were characterized by scanning product bar codes with a handheld device. The custom database built to house BCMA data was programmed to match National Drug Code (NDC) information on package labels with NDC information in the BCMA database. The data collected during inventory scanning were used (1) to quantify and address failed bar-code scans, (2) to predict the number of products that would require repackaging and relabeling to ensure accurate bedside scans, and (3) to estimate full-time equivalent (FTE) staff resources for BCMA-related repackaging work. Results During inventory assessment, scanning failures occurred with about 12.5% of products at the two pharmacy sites, mainly due to the absence of a bar-code label (49–53% of failed scans) or the inability to identify NDCs within the package bar code (38–46% of failed scans). It was determined that 8–10% of products inventoried at the two sites would require repackaging before dispensing, with associated technician resource needs estimated at 0.3–0.5 unit of FTE labor. Conclusion The results of inventory scanning revealed that most failed scans were attributable to the lack of a bar code on some products or problems with NDC recognition by the BCMA database. After those problems were addressed, a three-month pilot test on one patient care unit indicated an overall scanning success rate of >96%. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2013; 70:154-62
Apoptosis in the rostral migratory stream of the developing rat

The rostral migratory stream consists of a large number of cells migrating from the lateral ventricles to the rostral telencephalon, primarily the olfactory bulb. The pathway continually provides neuro- and glioblasts throughout life. The present paper indicates that a considerable number of cells undergo apoptotic cell death en route, even in young (day 3) rats when presumably many vacant sites are still available in the developing brain.
Dipolar waves map the structure and topology of helices in membrane proteins.

Dipolar waves describe the structure and topology of helices in membrane proteins. The fit of sinusoids with the 3.6 residues per turn period of ideal α-helices to experimental measurements of dipolar couplings as a function of residue number makes it possible to simultaneously identify the residues in the helices, detect kinks or curvature in the helices, and determine the absolute rotations and orientations of helices in completely aligned bilayer samples and relative rotations and orientations of helices in a common molecular frame in weakly aligned micelle samples. Since as much as 80% of the structured residues in a membrane protein are in helices, the analysis of dipolar waves provides a significant step toward structure determination of helical membrane proteins by NMR spectroscopy.
Harnessing parallelism in multicore clusters with the All-Pairs, Wavefront, and Makeflow abstractions

Both distributed systems and multicore systems are difficult programming environments. Although the expert programmer may be able to carefully tune these systems to achieve high performance, the non-expert may struggle. We argue that high level abstractions are an effective way of making parallel computing accessible to the non-expert. An abstraction is a regularly structured framework into which a user may plug in simple sequential programs to create very large parallel programs. By virtue of a regular structure and declarative specification, abstractions may be materialized on distributed, multicore, and distributed multicore systems with robust performance across a wide range of problem sizes. In previous work, we presented the All-Pairs abstraction for computing on distributed systems of single CPUs. In this paper, we extend All-Pairs to multicore systems, and introduce the Wavefront and Makeflow abstractions, which represent a number of problems in economics and bioinformatics. We demonstrate good scaling of both abstractions up to 32 cores on one machine and hundreds of cores in a distributed system.
Influence of Wood Decay on Feeding and Survival of the Eastern Subterranean Termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) workers exposed to both decayed and sound wood of 6 species ate 1.4–2.0 times more decayed than nondecayed wood. Survival during the 8-week tests was highest on wood decayed by Daedalea quercina and Poria oleracca , and was lowest on wood decayed by P. cocos and P. manticola . Survival was better on ovendried decayed wood than on non-ovendried wood of all species but black walnut. R. flavipes did not survive on any ovendried decayed black walnut. Termites were attracted by aqueous extracts of all 6 woods decayed by Lensites trabea , 3 woods decayed by P. cocos , and 1 each decayed by Lentinus lepideus and D. quercina .
Understanding Classroom Teachers' Perceptions of Integrating Physical Activity: A Collective Efficacy Perspective

Abstract Children's physical inactivity is an important health concern, and, as suggested, school efforts can be important in increasing activity. The purpose of this study was to use collective efficacy as a framework to examine elementary classroom teachers' and principals' perceptions about integrating physical activity. Three hundred fourteen elementary teachers and 38 school principals completed survey information to assess variables related to their efficacy in activities to promote physical activity. Participants acknowledged the importance of children's physical activity and their willingness to integrate movement. Willingness to integrate was related to individual and collective efficacy, but personal involvement in physical activity was not. Mastery experiences were most influential in predicting strength of individual efficacy; institutional environment was the strongest predictor of collective efficacy.
Fusicoccin-induced growth and hydrogen ion excretion of Avena coleoptiles: Relation to auxin responses

The fungal toxin fusicoccin (FC) induces both rapid cell elongation and H+-excretion in Avena coleoptiles. The rates for both responses are greater with FC than with optimal auxin, and in both cases the lag after addition of the hormone is less with FC. This provides additional support for the acid-growth theory. The FC responses resemble the auxin responses in that they are inhibited by a range of metabolic inhibitors, but the responses differ in three ways. First auxin, but not FC, requires continual protein synthesis for its action. The auxin-induced H+-excretion is inhibited by water stress or by low external pH, while the FC-induced H+-excretion is much less sensitive to either. It is concluded that auxin-induced and FC-induced H+-excretion may occur via different mechanisms.
Sex roles and social-sexual effectiveness

The investigation examined the relationship between male sex-role orientation and perceived social effectiveness in the context of dating and sexual relating. One hundred and thirty-three undergraduate males completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and the Male Social-Sexual Effectiveness Scale (MSSES). Results revealed androgynous males indicated the greatest degree of comfort and confidence in dating sexual situations. Undifferentiated males indicated the least social-sexual effectiveness, while masculine sex-typed males scored midrange. The results support the criterion validity of the MSSES, and provide further evidence in favor of the analysis of sex roles as, essentially, instrumental and expressive social competencies.
Behavior of hippocampal lesioned rats in home cage and novel situations

Abstract A time-sampling observation procedure was used to record behavior of hippocampal damaged and control rats in home cage and novel open field under both ad libitum and food deprivation conditions. In the home cage hippocampal animals slept less than controls under both conditions. There were no differences between groups during the day but hippocampal rats spent significantly more time sniffing and were more active during the night. In the novel open field containing food pellets, hippocampals were more active than controls in the ad libitum condition and habituated at the same rate, whereas, under deprivation hippocampal rats were more active early in the session but later spent more time than controls with the food. These results are interpreted as evidence for a motivational involvement of the hippocampus.
Association of a functional tandem repeats in the downstream of human telomerase gene and lung cancer

Chemoprevention has been widely explored as a promising strategy for controlling the incidence of lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related death. To maximize the benefit of lung cancer chemoprevention, it is important to identify individuals at high risk for the disease. The genetic background has been shown to play an important role in one's risk of developing lung cancer. We report here the identification of a polymorphic tandem repeats minisatellite (termed MNS16A) in the downstream region of the human telomerase gene. This minisatellite is located upstream of an antisense transcript from the human telomerase gene locus and was demonstrated to have promoter activity. The promoter activity was significantly lower in the construct containing the shorter repeats, suggesting that the MNS16A variant may have a relevance of functionality. To explore the role of this novel polymorphism in lung cancer, we conducted a pilot hospital-based case-control study by identifying the MNS16A genotype with genomic DNA from 53 lung cancer patients and 72 cancer-free controls. We found four different alleles and classified them as shorter (S) or longer (L) on the functional basis of the length of the repeats in the controls. The MNS16A genotype distributions of the SS, SL, and LL genotypes were 11, 32, and 57%, respectively, in the cases, and 14, 40, and 46%, respectively, in the controls. Compared with the SS+SL genotype, the LL genotype was associated with greater than twofold increased risk of lung cancer (odds ratio=2.18; 95% confidence interval=0.92, 5.20) after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, and smoking status, suggesting a potential role of MNS16A in lung cancer susceptibility. Larger studies are needed to verify our findings.
Aortic Tumor or Mobile Thrombus

Isolated large mobile mass in the thoracic aorta can be due to thrombus or, rarely, aortic tumor. We report the case of a 61-year-old man with no history of medical problems presenting with neurologic deficits and in whom a large mobile echogenic mass in the distal aortic arch was found with transesophageal echocardiography. Given his few cardiovascular risk factors and absence of other systemic symptoms, he received anticoagulant therapy. Subsequent resolution of the aortic mass suggested a diagnosis of thrombus. This case illustrates an unusual manifestation of aortic arch atherosclerosis and underscores the utility of transesophogeal echocardiography for patients with ischemic stroke.
The effect of actinomycin D on the transcription and replication of simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract In green monkey kidney (GMK) cells infected with simian virus 40 (SV40), the synthesis of virus, viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), “late” virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA), and viral coat protein are suppressed by actinomycin D (0.5 μg per milliliter of medium). In contrast, the drug does not inhibit the synthesis of tumor (T) antigen or of early virus-specific RNA. Thymidine kinase induction in SV40-infected cells is decreased but not eliminated by actinomycin D. Early virus-specific RNA accumulates in the presence of actinomycin D to levels comparable to the total virus-specific RNA synthesized in the absence of the drug.
MSW STUDENTS' SATISFACTION WITH THEIR FIELD PLACEMENTS: THE ROLE OF PREPAREDNESS AND SUPERVISION QUALITY

A path model predicting students' satisfaction with their field placement was tested on 144 MSW students at a northeastern university. The results showed that supervision was related to satisfaction both directly and indirectly through its influence on efficacy in the field and strain. Amount of preparation for the field affected satisfaction only indirectly by its relationship to higher efficacy. There was no indication that supervision buffered the presumed negative effect of poor preparation on dissatisfaction, strain, or efficacy. Limitations imposed by the cross-sectional design and single-school sample are considered, and recommendations are made to continue attempts to enhance field supervision and increase student preparation. Particular emphasis is given to implementing procedures that address the mediating roles of student strain and efficacy.
First report of spawning and social organization in Hawai’ian Ambon Toby, Canthigaster amboinensis

Sharpnose puffers (Tetraodontidae: Canthigasterinae) are small demersal fishes found on tropical and subtropical reefs. They are slow moving, often cryptically colored, and typically occur in low population densities (cf. Vail and Sinclair-Taylor 2011 for report of unusual mass schooling). Thus, they have been poorly studied compared with most groups of reef fishes. Indeed, of the 35 described species, spawning in the field has been reported for only 2, with the most recent report being over 2 decades ago. These include Canthigaster valentini in the Indo-Pacific (Gladstone 1987; Gladstone and Westoby 1988), and Canthigaster rostrata of the Caribbean and tropical Atlantic (Sikkel 1990). Spawning has also been reported in captivity but not in the field for Canthigaster rivulata (see Arai and Fujita 1988), and social organization but not spawning has been reported in the field for Canthigaster punctatissima (see Kobayashi 1988).
Medications (NSAIDs, Statins, Proton Pump Inhibitors) and the Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in Patients With Barrett's Esophagus

Background & Aims Limited evidence suggests that proton pump inhibitors (PPI), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)/aspirin, and statins may be associated with a low risk of esophageal neoplasia. However, the possible effect these medications may have on the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with existing Barrett's esophagus (BE) is unclear. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study in a cohort of patients with BE identified in the national Department of Veterans' Affairs computerized databases. Cases with incident EAC were matched by incidence density sampling to controls with BE who remained without EAC at the date of the EAC diagnosis for the corresponding case. We identified prescriptions for PPI, NSAIDs/aspirin, and statins that were filled between BE diagnosis and EAC diagnosis. Incidence density ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression models that adjusted for race, outpatient encounters, a disease comorbidity index, and socioeconomic status. Results In a cohort of 11,823 patients with first-time BE diagnosis, we examined 116 EAC cases and 696 matched controls. Most cases and controls had at least one filled PPI prescription (95% vs 94%; P = .5). In this setting of almost universal PPI use, filled NSAID/aspirin prescriptions were associated with a reduced risk of EAC (adjusted incidence density ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.97). Filled statin prescriptions also were associated with a reduction in EAC risk (0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.86), with a significant trend toward greater risk reduction with longer duration of statin use. However, the strong inverse associations with even short periods of use raise concerns of uncontrolled confounding. Conclusions This observational study indicates that in patients with BE using PPI, NSAID/aspirin, or statin therapy might reduce the risk of developing EAC.
Attentiveness of mothers and fathers to their baby's cries

Abstract Thirty-two mother-father-infant triads participated in a study to examine whether parents' responsiveness to their own infant's distress was affected by the infant's birth order and gender. After separating from their 10- to 11-month-old baby, one parent from each family (16 mothers and 16 fathers) was selected to hear cries that were attributed to the child. Consistent with previous findings regarding physiological reactions to crying and observations of caretaking behavior, first-time parents gave quicker and more frequent attention to their infants than did multiporous parents. Speedy intervention was related to the amount of caretaking responsibilities that parents reported they assumed and to the age at which parents believed that their infant first recognized them. The results demonstrate the importance of caretaking for promoting parental sensitivity to infant signals.
Regional ionospheric mapping

Abstract A new multidimensional mapping technique determines the three dimensional electron density distribution of the ionosphere over an area of several thousand kilometers from the time sequence of sounder data recorded at several locations within the area. Electron density profiles from five Digisonde stations in the Northeastern region of the North American continent are used to construct the electron distribution in a 30° longitude by 30° latitude region. Fourier transforms of the profile time histories over a period of 32 hours from each station determine the spectrum components. For each spectrum component a damped plane wave is fitted to the amplitudes and phases at the five stations.
A survey of constructed wetlands for acid coal mine drainage treatment in the Eastern United States

The oxidation of pyritic minerals, exposed to oxygen and water during the mining of coal, results in the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), which is characterized by low pH and high concentrations of dissolved sulfate, iron, and other metals. Federal and State regulations require that discharges from coal surface mines meet water quality criteria. Toward that end, chemical treatment of AMD, usually with soda ash briquettes, lime, limestone, or sodium hydroxide, is effective but expensive. Recently, man-made wetlands have been proposed as a low-cost, low-maintenance alternative to chemical treatment of AMD. To assess the status of man-made wetland treatment of AMD in the eastern U.S., a survey was conducted by the U.S. Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement. As of May 1988, 142 wetlands had been constructed for AMD treatment. In 50% of the constructed wetlands, treatment efficiencies (reductions in concentration) for H+, acidity, Fe, Al, Mn, and SO4 2 of at least 68, 67, 81, 48, 34, and 8%, respectively, were obtained. However, over 11% of the constructed wetlands yielded greater concentrations in the effluent from the wetland than were present in the influent AMD for one or more of these 6 chemical parameters. Treatment efficiency generally was not correlated with design criteria (e.g., area of wetland, depth of the organic substrate in the wetland, AMD flow rate, metal loading rates). Also, treatment efficiency was generally not affected by either the type of organic substrate used in wetland construction or the addition of lime and/or fertilizer to the constructed wetland. The effectiveness of wetland treatment of AMD is not only extremely variable, but also presently not predictable.
Controversial issues: female genital mutilation.

As immigrant women from African countries enter the U.S., Canada, Australia, and Western Europe, western health care providers are beginning to see patients affected by the cultural practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Unfamiliar with the practice, either medically or culturally, these providers are turning to medical librarians for information. Complicating the issue are the strong negative feelings most western health care workers have about FGM, which appears to them to be both barbaric and cruel. These feelings may conflict strongly with those of their immigrant patients, who regard the practice as normal and desirable. Both medical and cultural information are needed for the professional to provide treatment of medical conditions, while also establishing a good relationship with the FGM affected patient. This article identifies and describes the most important refereed journal article databases, available now over the Internet, providing both medical and cultural information on FGM, and the most useful Web sites for health professionals, librarians, and interested laypersons who need information about this difficult multicultural issue.
Environmental Effects on Cotton Fiber Carbohydrate Concentration and Quality

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in reduced light environments produces inferior fiber compared with that produced in abundant sunlight environments. This response to low light suggests that insufficient photosynthetic assimilates are the cause of the fiber quality reductions. The primary objective of this research was to determine how fiber carbohydrates respond to varying levels of sunlight during development. A field study was conducted from 1995 to 1997 in which cotton was exposed to two light regimes during reproductive growth: (i) incident sunlight and (ii) 70% of incident sunlight achieved with shade cloth. Samples of fiber, ovules, and leaves subtending the boll were collected at 0, 14, 21, and 35 d post anthesis (DPA) and analyzed for starch, glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Fiber quality was determined at the end of the season. With some exceptions, the shade treatment reduced carbohydrates levels in the leaf and ovule tissue. At 14 DPA, starch was reduced 29% in fiber grown under shade. Sucrose levels in shade fiber was reduced 31% at 21 DPA. The carbohydrate reductions at 14 and 21 DPA occurred during a period of fiber development when strength is determined. These carbohydrate reductions parallel the 3% fiber strength reductions seen with low light. The reduced sucrose levels at 21 DPA induced by the shade also occur during fiber secondary cell wall deposition and match the lower fiber micronaire produced under shade. These data present compelling evidence that adequate carbon assimilates are required to produce fiber quality approaching genetic maximums.
The nutritional value of seven d-amino acids and α-ketoacids for Argyrotaenia velutinana, Heliothis zea, and Phormia regina☆

The d-isomers of methionine, phenylalanine, and histidine were the only d-isomers which replaced their l-enantiomeric forms to some extent in the diets for Argyrotaenia velutinana and Heliothis zea. In addition to these 3 d-isomers Phormia regina could utilize d-leucine and d-tryptophan. None of the α-ketoacids could be utilized by A. velutinana and H. zea. P. regina could utilize the α-ketoacids of leucine and methionine.
003. OXIDATIVE STRESS, OSMOTIC STRESS AND APOPTOTIC CHANGES: EFFECTS ON EQUINE SPERMATOZOA

Although considerable progress has been made over the past few years in liquid or frozen storage of equine spermatozoa, there remains a large inter-individual difference in the success of semen preservation for the stallion. Equine spermatozoa undergoing low-temperature storage undergo oxidative damage to membrane phospholipids, proteins and chromatin. Osmotic stress also leads to damage to the plasma membrane and alteration in sperm metabolism. Furthermore, evidence from a number of species suggests that ejaculated spermatozoa undergo apoptotic-like changes as a consequence of cryopreservation. It appears likely that these three processes are interlinked and may impact various compartments in the sperm cell via similar pathways. Therefore, an understanding of these processes and their common metabolic pathways may be important in attempts to obviate adverse affects on equine spermatozoa during storage. Further research should evaluate the molecular pathways which may represent convergence of these stresses on the sperm cell with an aim to reducing their net detrimental effect on sperm during preservation. Supported by the John P. Hughes Endowment, the UC Davis Center for Equine Health, and the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health.
Studies on the mechanism of haloacetonitriles toxicity: inhibition of rat hepatic glutathione S-transferases in vitro.

Abstract Acetonitrile (AN) and seven of its halogenated derivatives known to be water disinfectant by-products were evaluated for their action on hepatic cytosolic glutathione S -transferase (GST) activity using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate. Increasing concentrations of acetonitrile, monofluoroacetonitrile (MFAN), monochloroacetonitrile (MCAN), and monobromoacetonitrile (MBAN) up to 10 m m failed to produce 50% inhibition of the activity of GST enzyme. However, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN), and monoiodoacetonitrile (MIAN) were potent inhibitors with I50 values of 2.49, 0.34, 0.82, and 4.44 m m , respectively. At concentrations equivalent to their I50, MIAN, DCAN, and DBAN decrease both apparent K m and V max of the enzyme activity toward glutathione (GSH) to 20–50% of control. TCAN significantly increases both apparent K m and V max for GSH to 650 and 120% of control values, respectively. The inhibitory effect of haloacetonitriles (HAN) on hepatic GST activity toward CDNB was found to be of a mixed type. The inhibitory effect of DCAN, DBAN, and TCAN on the hepatic GST activity was found to be reversible and the activity was completely recovered after dialysis of the inhibited enzyme. MIAN, however, inhibited GST activity in an irreversible manner. Haloacetonitriles' induced inhibition of hepatic GST activity in vitro is consistent with that observed in vivo . The data presented in this study show that haloacetonitriles induced reversible inhibition of hepatic GST activities, and this effect may lead to decreased detoxification of other electrophilic chemicals.
Hypoglycemia in the Critically Ill Patient

Hypoglycemia is diagnosed convincingly when typical symptoms are associated with a low plasma glucose concentration and are relieved by glucose administration. It requires urgent treatment (usually with intravenous glucose in the hospital setting), diagnostic explanation, and long-term prevention. The latter is based upon an understanding of the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia in the affected patient. Postabsorptive (fasting) hypoglycemia is often caused by drugs (especially insulin, a sulfonylurea, or alcohol); it can also result from endogenous hyperinsulinism (insulinoma, autoimmune hypoglycemia), a non-β-cell tumor, hormonal deficiencies, or a variety of clinical syndromes including sepsis, cardiac, renal, and hepatic failure, and even inanition per se. Hypoglycemia is a treatable cause of acute morbidity. It is sometimes a cause of chronic morbidity and even mortality that could have been prevented.
A Study of Insect Repellents. 2. Effect of Temperature on Protection Time

The effect of temperature on deet was studied at temperature ranging from 26° to 50°C in 5° increments from 30 to 50°C and 4°C increments from 26 to 30°C. A highly significant ( P < 0,01) negative correlation (r = −0.9552) was found between protection times and temperatures. Five other repellents besides deet. viz. ethyl hexanediol, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), butyl 3,4-dihydro-2,2-di-methyl 4-oxo-2 H -pran-6-carboxylate, and hexamethyleneimine butane sulfomide: were tested for protection time at 40°C and compared with their respective protection times at room temperature (26°C). A highly significant ( P < 0,01) positive correlation was obtained (r = +0.9821) between the data at the two temperatures. Using the ratio of the protection time at 40°C to that at 26°C as an index for resistance, hexamethyleneimine butane sulfonamide withstood heat the most and ethyl hexanediol the least. Use of elevated temperature a quick method of screening insect repellents is discussed.
Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Review of the Past 10 Years

ABSTRACT Objective To review important developments in child and adolescent forensic psychiatry from 1987 through 1996. Method Major changes in the law and developments in research and practice were surveyed in the areas of the legal regulation of psychiatry, family law (divorce and child abuse), consultation to juvenile and criminal courts, civil litigation, and the development of the subspecialty. Results There has been a large increase in research based on quantifiable descriptive data of forensic populations, although studies using comparison or control groups remain relatively rare. While managed care has heavily influenced treatment practice, legal liability remains largely with the clinician. Issues regarding techniques of evaluation for sexual abuse have been scrutinized by the courts and by researchers. Legislative responses to rising rates of juvenile violence have been in the direction of treating violent adolescent offenders as criminally responsible adults. There has been a major move toward setting standards for forensic evaluations, training, and credentials. Conclusions Child and adolescent forensic psychiatry remains an area encompassing diverse clinical issues. It remains unclear the extent to which it will develop into a formal subspecialty.
Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA – By John Prados

In this major revision of his 1986 book the Presidents' Secret Wars, the author offers a more extensive account of the CIA's covert operations from the Truman administration to George W. Bush, usin...
A Compact Broadband Dual-Polarized Patch Antenna for Satellite Communication/Navigation Applications

In this letter, a compact and robust dual circularly polarized patch antenna for combined Globalstar/GPS application has been presented. The designed patch antenna is accomplished with size of $40\times40\times6~\hbox{mm}^3$ over the frequency bandwidth of 1570–1650 MHz, which is $0.21{\lambda _0}\times 0.21{\lambda _0}\times 0.03{\lambda _0}$ ( ${\lambda _0}$ is the free-space wavelength at the lowest frequency of the operating bandwidth). Instead of air substrate, high-permittivity substrate is adopted for the size reduction. The bandwidth reduction due to the inclusion of the high-permittivity substrate is compensated by introducing a parasitic patch. In addition, a ${90^ \circ }$ hybrid is utilized for achieving dual circular polarization. The designed antenna is validated by the measurement, presenting a 5% fractional bandwidth (1570–1650 MHz) for both VSWR $ , axial ratio less than 3 dB, and port isolation less than $ -$ 6 dB.
Self-inflicted gingival injuries: literature review and case report

A case of self-inflicted gingival injury in a 25-year-old male patient caused by compulsively overzealous oral hygiene practices is presented. Such injuries are rare among adults and, therefore, can be difficult to diagnose. Most reported cases have involved children who produced their injuries during periods of emotional turmoil. Evidence in this case indicates that this patient may have initiated the destructive process as a child. Guidelines which many help the clinician recognize self-inflicted gingival injuries are presented.
Price-Directed Replenishment of Subsets: Methodology and Its Application to Inventory Routing

The idea of price-directed control is to use an operating policy that exploits optimal dual prices from a mathematical programming relaxation of the underlying control problem. We apply it to the problem of replenishing inventory to subsets of products/locations, such as in the distribution of industrial gases, so as to minimize long-run time average replenishment costs. Given a marginal value for each product/location, whenever there is a stockout the dispatcher compares the total value of each feasible replenishment with its cost, and chooses one that maximizes the surplus. We derive this operating policy using a linear functional approximation to the optimal value function of a semi-Markov decision process on continuous spaces. This approximation also leads to a math program whose optimal dual prices yield values and whose optimal objective value gives a lower bound on system performance. We use duality theory to show that optimal prices satisfy several structural properties and can be interpreted as estimates of lowest achievable marginal costs. On real-world instances, the price-directed policy achieves superior, near optimal performance as compared with other approaches.
Field assessment of novaluron for sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), management in Louisiana sugarcane

Abstract On-farm field experiments were conducted in 2004 and 2007 to assess the suitability of novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, for sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), management in Louisiana sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Aerial insecticide applications reproducing commercial production practices were made when D. saccharalis infestation levels exceeded a recommended action threshold. In addition to decreased D. saccharalis infestations, 6.3 – 14.5-fold reductions in end of season injury, expressed as the percentage of bored sugarcane internodes, were observed in plots treated with novaluron. D. saccharalis control in novaluron plots was equivalent to (P > 0.05) or better (P 0.05) decreases in predaceous and non-predaceous soil-dwelling non-target arthropods were associated with insecticides. However, numerical trends for decreases in immature crickets associated with novaluron and gamma-cyhalothrin were recorded in 2007. Our data suggest that novaluron will fit well in Louisiana sugarcane integrated pest management.
Limnological Aspects of Some Early Explorations in the Western United States

SYNOPSIS. Limnology was not recognized as a distinct science at the time of the great post-Civil War western explorations of Hayden, Wheeler, King, and Powell. However, these and some earlier explorations made observations in certain branches of natural science that would become integral parts of limnological science. In keeping with what was known at the time, some exploring parties made observations and collections, such as water temperature or water samples and larger invertebrates, which could be readily accomplished by hand or with simple equipment. The inconvenience of carrying or expending time to build boats for offshore use may have seriously deterred limnological work.