cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-line Behavioral Tracking: What May Change After the Legal Reform on Personal Data Protection

On-line tracking has gained over the last years a new dimension: it has become an intrinsic part of our Internet-driven society. It touches all levels and types of industries. Consequently, more and more individuals become the target of this trend as routinely users of the internet. On-line tracking techniques are subject to the European personal data protection rules currently in force, insofar as they process information that identifies or may potentially identify a natural person. Nevertheless, the unprecedented threats that such techniques entail to privacy must have been a core motive opening the way towards the revision of the privacy regulations applicable today. New requirements and concepts strengthening the rights of data subjects and the obligations of data controllers or processors are set forth in the current draft of the new Regulation (currently under discussion within the EU institutions). This envisaged legal reform may however prove to be insufficient unless, at the same time, effective measures are adopted to help both on-line users, especially those of young age, and the companies implementing on-line tracking tools in order to change their approach to privacy.
Cooperative learning and teaching citizenship in democracies

Abstract In order to ensure future generations of citizens in a democracy understand their rights and are committed to their responsibilities, schools must involve them in the processes of democracy on a day-to-day basis. The two steps for doing so are using cooperative learning the majority of the school day to engage students in the basic processes of democracy and utilizing constructive controversy procedures to engage students in the processes of political discourse. The paper presents a conceptual argument that by engaging in the processes of democracy over and over again for as long as they are in school that children, adolescents, and young adults internalize the values, attitudes, and patterns of behavior necessary to be involved and contributing citizens in a democracy.
The Archivist as Collector

Some archivists and curators of manuscripts collect records; others (the silent majority) wait for the manuscripts to fall into their laps, never looking beyond their duties as "care takers." This state of archival affairs has always existed, and doubtless always will; but there are imperative reasons for fresh viewpoints and new procedures if archivists are to keep abreast of current trends in historical research as well as recordkeeping. Simultaneously they will be well advised to hold fast to certain fundamental principles of their profession and to practical considerations, both personal and institutional. In the "one world' ' spirit of a complex era, the individualism of the archivist and his institution must give way to the rationale of cooperation; but to what degree? This is the theme of a stimulating essay on "The Archival Edge," by F. Gerald Ham,1 recent president of the Society of American Archivists. He contrasts the passive custodians of records with their active colleagues continuing seeking records at the source and ever alert to new sources. He contends cogently that the archivist, au courant with trends in historical research, should be "out on the edge [where] you see all kinds of things you can't see from the center" (quoting the character, Ed Finnerty, in Kurt Vonnegut's book, Player Piano), prepared to acquire the kinds of records hitherto overlooked because they were not considered to be of historical value. Further broadening his perspective, Mr. Ham advocates a national system of coordinated collecting that would obviate needless competition and utilize more effectively the limited financial resources thus far available for this pursuit. Adapting the aphorism that "each generation rewrites history," it may be said that each generation collects records anew, not replacing what is already in hand but enriching the accretion. As historical writing reflects the viewpoint and prejudices of the historian and the milieu in which he writes, so the archivist susceptible to current issues in historical context moves in new directions to collect sources
Guidance on the Selection of Central Difference Method Accuracy in Volume Rendering

In many applications, such as medical diagnosis, correctness of volume rendered images is very important. The most commonly used method for gradient calculation in these volume renderings is the Central Difference Method (CDM), due to its ease of implementation and fast computation. In this paper, artifacts from using CDM for gradient calculation in volume rendering are studied. Gradients are, in general, calculated by CDM with second-order accuracy, \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^2)\). We first introduce a simple technique to find the equations for any desired order of CDM. We then compare the \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^2)\), \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^4)\), and \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^6)\) accuracy versions, using the \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^6)\) version as “ground truth”. Our results show that, unsurprisingly, \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^2)\) has a greater number of errors than \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^4)\), with some of those errors leading to changes in the appearance of images. In addition, we found that, in our implementation, \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^2)\) and \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^4)\) had virtually identical computation time. Finally, we discuss conditions where the higher-order versions may in fact produce less accurate images than the standard \(\mathscr {O}(\varDelta x^2)\). From these results, we provide guidance to software developers on choosing the appropriate CDM, based upon their use case.
Tuberculosis and HIV infection worldwide.

The incidence of HIV-associated tuberculosis is increasing worldwide and will continue to increase during the foreseeable future especially in developing countries. HIV infection appears to increase the opportunity for M. tuberculosis to succeed in causing infection after inhalation into the lungs. Moreover there is persuasive evidence that in the presence of HIV infection new-onset tuberculosis infection will progress rapidly to clinically significant disease and the likelihood that latent tuberculous infection will reactivate is enormously increased. The accelerating and amplifying influence of HIV infection is contributing to the increasing incidence of disease caused by multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Neither clinical nor radiographic features reliably distinguish the majority of patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis from those who are non-HIV-infected. The remainder however may have atypical manifestations and be difficult to diagnose. Six months of chemotherapy with conventional antituberculosis drugs cures most patients but many die during or after treatment of other AIDS-related complications. (authors) (summaries in ENG GER)
An Extended Charge Equilibration Method.

We present a method for estimating partial atomic charges that uses all of the measured ionization energies (first, second, third, etc.) for every atom in the periodic table. We build on the charge equilibration (Qeq) method of Rappe and Goddard (which used only the first ionization energies) but reduce the number of ad hoc parameters from at least one for every type of atom to just two global parameters: a dielectric strength and a modified parameter for hydrogen atoms. Periodic electrostatic interactions are calculated via Ewald sums, and the partial charges are determined by simultaneously solving a system of linear equations; no iteration is required. We compare the predicted partial atomic charges of this extended charge equilibration (EQeq) scheme against plane-wave density-functional theory derived charges determined via the REPEAT method for 12 diverse metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). We also compare EQeq charges against ChelpG charges calculated using nonperiodic MOF fragments, as well as against...
Effects of Radio Tuning on Driving Performance

This paper introduces some of the research work on the effects of telematics, in this case a radio system, on driver’s performance. Twenty-four undergraduate students participated in a series of simulated driving scenarios. In the pre- and post-allocation phases, all participants were required to drive two-four minute phases to establish their baseline scores. In the allocation phase, they were required to tune to a series of local radio stations while performing the same driving scenarios. The results indicated that participants committed more driving errors and violations during the radio-tuning phase than any of the other pre- and post-allocation phases. These errors were manifested in an increased number of crossing the median marking, leaving the roadway, and/or lane deviation. The implications of these results are also outlined in the present paper.
Detecting and Mitigating Smart Insider Jamming Attacks in MANETs Using Reputation-Based Coalition Game

Security in mobile ad hoc networks MANETs is challenging due to the ability of adversaries to gather necessary intelligence to launch insider jamming attacks. The solutions to prevent external attacks on MANET are not applicable for defense against insider jamming attacks. There is a need for a formal framework to characterize the information required by adversaries to launch insider jamming attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel reputation-based coalition game in MANETs to detect and mitigate insider jamming attacks. Since there is no centralized controller in MANETs, the nodes rely heavily on availability of transmission rates and a reputation for each individual node in the coalition to detect the presence of internal jamming node. The nodes will form a stable grand coalition in order to make a strategic security defense decision, maintain the grand coalition based on node reputation, and exclude any malicious node based on reputation value. Simulation results show that our approach provides a framework to quantify information needed by adversaries to launch insider attacks. The proposed approach will improve MANET’s defense against insider attacks, while also reducing incorrect classification of legitimate nodes as jammers.
Combustible gas testing on large oil filled transformers

The subject of combustible gas in power transformers is not a new one. This paper is intended to provide a basis for tests and to explain briefly the various methods of testing and evaluation of results. In examining transformers that have failed in service, it is often found that the failure has progressed for some time with evidence of heating insulation and oil. It is evident that many faults are preceded by an incipient stage of gradual deterioration with gas evolution. The relation of the character of a fault to the composition of the gases produced was investigated about 40 years ago by M. Bucholz in connection with his development of the Buchholz relay.1 The Buchholz relay collects a sample of gas (Figure 1) which can be analyzed in several ways which will be explained shortly. Then in 1959, McGraw-Edison announced that it was using a method of total combustible gas testing which does not require a separate gas analysis and is much simpler.2
Nutritional knowledge of health food users in Oahu, Hawaii

A survey to learn the nutritional knowledge and dietary practices of health food users on Oahu was conducted at fourteen health food stores. Most of the participants were under thirty years of age, followed no specific dietary regimen, used health foods in combination with supermarket foods, would seek help from physicians if they became sick, and have obtained nutritional information through popular publications. Reliance on such publications has produced a population which is fairly well informed regarding some nutritional facts but which has acquired a host of incorrect nutritional information. Since this population is dedicated to obtaining proper nutrition and would be guided by their knowledge of nutrition, problems of dietary practices have arisen. Education in schools does not provide young people with tools and knowledge to choose food properly. In general, teaching of nutritional facts and activities, on which health and well-being depend, appears to be low in priority as far as school authorities are concerned. Elementary school teachers do not have the background to teach nutrition. Nutrition teaching should begin during the preschool years and should continue through elementary grades, since they are important growth periods when food habits are formed.
Boys, be ambitious: William Smith Clark and the westernisation of Japanese agricultural extension in the Meiji era

This article examines the historiography related to the 1876 founding of Sapporo Agricultural College, the first institution of its kind in Japan. Focusing specifically on the involvement of William Smith Clark, who previously served as the president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, it argues that the nascent imperial ambitions harboured by both the United States and Japan are essential to a full understanding of Sapporo’s founding, curriculum and subsequent history. Drawing on both primary and secondary sources as well as theoretical perspectives on empire, this article depicts Sapporo as one small part of a larger campaign of westernisation.
Using a Maxwell's demon to orient a microsphere in a laser trap and initiate thermodynamic assays of photonic nanofields

Seeking to control free rotations of a microsphere in a laser trap, we have created a "Maxwell's demon" that identifies and captures a preferred "up-or-down" polarity of the microsphere. Breaking rotational symmetry, we attach a single "Raleigh-size" nanoparticle to a micron-size sphere, which establishes a "nanodirector" defining microsphere orientations in a trap. With radius <10% of the NIR trapping wavelength (1.064 μm), a polystyrene nanoparticle appended to a ∼1.3 μm glass sphere adds negligibly to scattering of the trapping beam and imperceptibly to forces trapping a doublet probe. Yet, constrained to a large orbit (∼1.5 μm diameter), the weak Raleigh dipole force induced in the nanoparticle imparts significant pole-attracting torques to the probe. At the same time, Brownian-thermal excitations contribute torque fluctuations to the probe randomizing orientations. Thus, we have combined demon control and Boltzmann thermodynamics to examine the intense competition between photonic torques aligning the nanodirector to the optical axis and the entropy confinement opposing alignment when equilibrated over long times for an order of magnitude span in laser powers. To reveal orientation, we developed novel multistep pattern-processing software to expose and enhance weak-diffuse visible light scattered from the nanoparticle. Processing a continuous stream of doublet images offline at ∼700 fps, the final step is to super resolve the transverse XY origin of the scattering pattern relative to the synchronous probe center, albeit limited to "up" state segments because of intensity. Transforming the dense histograms (∼104-105) of radial positions to polar angle (θ) distributions, we plot the results on a natural log scale versus sin(θ) to quantify the photonic potentials aligning the nanodirector to the optical axis. Then guided by principles of canonical thermodynamics, we invoke self-consistent methodology to reveal photonic potentials in the "down" state.
Stem Cell Sources for Allogeneic Transplantation

The discovery that human hematopoietic progenitors are found in the peripheral circulation and can be harvested for use in stem cell transplantation has been both a scientifically enlightening and a clinically useful observation in stem cell transplantation technology. Over the past two decades, our understanding of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) properties has increased dramatically and, as a consequence, the use of PBSC in autologous and allogeneic transplantation has increased exponentially. Ease of collection, rapid engraftment and their association with improved outcome make PBSCs the stem cell of choice for all patients undergoing autologous transplantation [1, 2]. In the allogeneic setting, while there have been dramatic increases in the use of PBSC, the conclusive evidence that PBSCs are a superior stem cell source over bone marrow (BM) is not as evident, and in fact some of the putative advantages of PBSCs in the allogeneic setting may have substantial limitations. As a result, some centers have chosen not to adapt PBSC as the main stem cell source for allogeneic transplantation. Figure 12-1a demonstrates the overwhelming use of PBSC for autologous transplantation and the dramatic increase in PBSC use for allogeneic transplantation in recent years. Greater than 90 percent of autologous transplants and greater than 40 percent of allogeneic transplants reported reported to the CIBMTR were performed with PBSC. Particularly striking is the increased use of PBSCs in the unrelated donor setting in recent years (Fig. 12-1b). The EBMT has noted similar increases in the use of PBSC for allogeneic transplantation [3], and this proportion is expected to increase further in the coming years. In addition to the short-term (engraftment, acute GVHD) and long-term (chronic GVHD, relapse-free survival) end points considered when choosing stem cells for allogeneic transplantation, other factors such as donor quality of life and economic impact influence decision making. Yet another alternative stem cell source for allogeneic stem cell transplantation now exists, although using umbilical cord blood as a stem cell source in adults is increasing, but remains limited. Cord blood transplantation is compared with adult stem cell Chapter 12
Vertical variation of ice loads from freezing rain

Abstract Ice that accumulates on structures during a freezing rain storm can impose significant loads. The design of open structures, including power transmission lines and communication towers, takes into account the vertical load imposed on the structure by the weight of the ice and the horizontal load imposed from the wind drag on the ice-covered structural components. The increase in wind speed with height above ground in the boundary layer increases the horizontal flux of drops of water to the structure, resulting in an increase in ice load with height above ground. This paper evaluates the additional effect of the evaporation of precipitation in the cold air layer at the surface on the vertical variation in the accreted ice load on tall communication towers and masts. The results show that ice thickness increases over the height of the tallest towers, enhancing the thickness increase from the wind speed gradient in the boundary layer. The magnitude of the effect depends on the assumed rain drop distribution. The evaporation-enhanced ice thickness profiles based on data from freezing rain storms at nine weather stations in the United States can be approximated by a power law.
Understanding South African private landowner decisions to manage rhinoceroses

With increased poaching pressures, rhinoceroses have become a financial liability due to expensive anti-poaching security costs required to protect this species. Nonetheless, approximately one-thir...
DEFECTIVE INTERFERING INFLUENZA VIRUSES: COMPLETE SEQUENCE OF A DI RNA

Influenza defective interfering (DI) viruses are produced by high multiplicity passages. They require the helper function of infectious viruses for their replication but in turn interfere with the replication of infectious virus. They contain smaller RNA segments not required for the replication of infectious viruses. These RNA segments (DI RNA) are responsible for the interference of homologous infectious virus. Influenza DI RNA segments are characteristic of a DI virus population and are usually produced from one of the three polymerase genes. DI RNAs appear to arise by internal deletion of progenitor RNAs in which both 3′ and 5′ ends are preserved. The fine structure of one of the DI RNAs (DI L3) has been deduced by recombinant DNA cloning and sequencing. The sequence of DI L3 has been compared to the sequence of its progenitor RNA (PI polymerase gene) and the site of deletion has been located. DI L3 RNA is 441 nucleotides long. The 3′ end of DI L3 RNA is identical to the first 197 nucleotides from the 3′ end of P1 RNA. Thereafter the sequence of the P1 gene diverges because of a deletion of approximately 2050 nucleotide sequence. Finally, the last 244 nucleotides at the 5′ end of DI L3 is identical to the 5′ end of P1 RNA. DI L3 RNA contains both 5′ and 3′ termini including transcription stop, poly A addition signals. Furthermore the complemen-tary strand of DI RNA appears to contain an open reading frame 101 amino acids beginning with a codon for methionine at 25-27 nucleotides and terminating at the stop codon (pos. 328-330). The sequence at the deletion does not resemble that of spliced mRNAs and suggests the possible involvement of a replicational event rather than splicing in the formation of DI influenza RNAs.
Repeated Trials and Sampling

This chapter studies a mathematical model for repeated trials, each of which may result in some event either happening or not happening. Occurrence of the event is called success, and non-occurrence called failure. For instance: Suppose that on each trial there is success with probability p, failure with probability q = 1−p, and assume the trials are independent. Such trials are called Bernoulli trials or Bernoulli (p) trials to indicate the success probability p. The number of successes in n trials then cannot be predicted exactly. But if n is large we expect the number of successes to be about np, so the relative frequency of successes will, most likely, be close to p. The important questions treated in this chapter are: how likely? and how close? The answers to these questions, first discovered by the mathematicians James Bernoulli and Abraham De Moivre, around 1700, are the mathematical basis of the long-run frequency interpretation of probabilities.
Drug-Induced Seizures in Critically Ill Patients

Critically ill patients are prescribed numerous medications during their ICU stay. Some of them have epileptogenic potentials. The most common pathophysiologic mechanism is through GABA receptor blockade and the most commonly used family of ICU drugs, reducing the seizure threshold, is antibiotics. The exact role that these medications play in inducing a clinical or subclinical seizure, in the context of cerebral injury or other multi-organ failure, is in many cases unclear. The best treatment for drug-induced seizures is increased vigilance and prevention. Cautious measures should be used to minimize or eliminate any unwanted drug side effects by attempting to start and keep the patient on the lowest effective dose for the desired therapeutic effect. When upward dosage titration is necessary it is best to increase slowly while keeping a watchful eye on all laboratory and clinical indicators of success or failure. Free levels of antiepileptic or other medications should be considered in the critically ill, due to numerous factors affecting their final action on the pharmacologic target. If a seizure occurs clinicians should always seek a medication as the cause of the witnessed seizure and should consider replacing it with another agent that has less epileptogenic potential. Lastly, a GABAergic receptor agonist antiepileptic drug should be used as first-line antidote in most of the cases.
Social Capital and Entrepreneurship in Emerging Wine Regions

This study investigates a hypothesized positive relationship between the number and strength of network ties and the performance of wineries in emerging production regions, which may face different challenges than wineries found in well-established regions. Results corroborate expectations that greater ties to competitors and firms in related tourism food and lodging sectors bolster performance. (JEL Classification: Q130)
Yes, It Can Be Done and How to Do It

Now that we are through Part I we can explore the “how to” in taking astrophotographs at sea. From the images you have seen in some of the chapters they show that taking pictures from the deck of a ship underway is not only possible but can produce some good results.
Abstract 208: Improvement in Prediction of Readmission after CABG with Cause-Specific Readmission Models

Background: Hospital readmissions after cardiac surgery occur in up to 20% of cases and are associated with significant cost and morbidity. Most statistical models for readmission have poor predict...
RACE KNOWLEDGE: Racialized Social Legitimacy and Second-Generation Muslim Americans

This analysis addresses race knowledge or the connection between race identity and the ability to designate what is socially legitimate. It problematizes race inequality in light of neoliberal, post-Civil Rights racial reforms. Using qualitative data from interviews with second-generation Muslim Americans, the analysis maps their understanding of the racialized social legitimacy of Brown, Black, and White identities. Findings address how racial hierarchy is organized by racial neoliberalism and the persistence of White supremacy. They show that White racial dominance continues in spite of claims of post-racialism. Moreover, second-generation Muslim Americans position their Brown and Black racial identity as subordinate to White racial identity, but Brown and Black races are different rather than hierarchically positioned in reference to one another. The respondents bring neoliberal globalism as well as U.S. racial dynamics to bear on their understandings of racial hierarchy and racialized social legitimacy.
Genetic Diversity of Heat Shock Protein Synthesis in Cereal Plants

Although high temperature stress is a major cause of yield loss in several cereal crop plants, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world, we have a limited understanding of the genetic and physiological basis of heat tolerance in these plants. Genetic variability in heat tolerance has been reported within various crop species (Blum 1985 for review), but the genes regulating heat tolerance and the nature of specific gene products responsible for observed genetic differences are yet to be identified. As a consequence, plant breeders currently lack a specific biochemical or genetic marker for direct selection and gene manipulation to improve heat tolerance in plants.
Robust Thermal-Inertial Localization for Aerial Robots: A Case for Direct Methods

GPS-denied localization of aerial robots in sensing-degraded environments and especially in dark, textureless and dustor smoked-filled settings is rendered particularly hard. An alternative is to utilize Long Wave Infrared thermal vision which is unaffected by darkness and can penetrate most obscurants. However, utilization of thermal vision is mostly considered in combination with traditional visual-inertial odometry frameworks which are made for grayscale visible-light camera images and fail to utilize the full (e.g. 14-bit) radiometric information of a thermal camera system. Using rescaled thermal images makes the data compatible with existing vision-based odometry solutions yet comes at a cost of information loss which in turn can lead to unreliable tracking of image correspondences and thus to odometry estimation failure. An alternative is to use direct methods exploiting the full radiometric information provided by a thermal camera. This paper presents a comparative study between state-of-the-art visual-inertial odometry frameworks applied on rescaled thermal camera data against full radiometric information-based methods using a modified filter-based estimator and a recently proposed keyframe-based direct technique specifically designed for thermal-inertial localization. In a data-driven manner we demonstrate that direct full radiometric information-based thermal-inertial localization should be the prime selection especially in hard environments with weak thermal gradients. The presented results include comparison both inside a motion captured-controlled environment, and in an underground mine.
Reading interventions for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a review

Abstract Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities often encounter great difficulty in learning to read. For individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, reading can become the key to functional independence spanning educational gains and future employments. Recent advances in reading research obtained from children who are typically developing or children with identified reading disabilities can provide a critical infusion of evidence about the reading process, its development, and its instruction. The paper discusses dimensions of reading and issues of assessment and intervention for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Educational research and practice for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are advanced by recent outcomes from these studies.
Oligomycin-induced proton uncoupling.

Abstract Oligomycin is a classical mitochondrial reagent that binds to the proton channel on the Fo component of ATP synthase. As a result, oligomycin blocks mitochondrial ATP synthesis, proton translocation, and O2 uptake. Here we show that oligomycin induces proton uncoupling subsequent to inhibition of ATP synthesis, as evidenced by recovery of O2 uptake to near baseline levels. Uncoupling is uniquely rapid and readily observed in HepG2 cells but is also observed at longer times in the unrelated H1299 cell line. Proton fluxes plateau at oligomycin concentrations in the region 0.25–5 μM. At the plateau, fluxes are lower than expected for the classical mitochondrial permeability transition pore, although in H1229 cells, fluxes increase to levels consistent with pore opening at higher oligomycin concentrations. Uncoupling is observed in cells metabolizing either pyruvate or lactate and reversed by addition of glucose to restore ATP synthesis. Uncoupling is not sensitive to cyclosporin A and is not reversed by the ANT inhibitor bongkrekic acid. However, bongkrekic acid inhibits uncoupling if added before oligomycin, which we interpret in terms of maintenance of mitochondrial ATP levels.
Intersubband Transitions in GaN/Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N Quantum Wells on a-Plane and m-Plane GaN Substrates

We experimentally characterize mid-infrared intersubband transitions in identical Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 N/GaN heterostructures grown on a- and m-plane GaN substrates. The absorption peaks of the m-plane samples are 10 to 40% narrower than that of the a-plane samples.
The effect of online search volume on financial performance: Marketing insight from Google trends data of the top five US technology firms

In this research, we examine the pivotal effects of search volume on technology firms’ financial performance and add incremental knowledge on the importance of online search data. We use panel data...
The Relative Productivity Hypothesis of Industrialization: The American Case, 1820-1850

The American Northeast industrialized rapidly from about 1820 to 1850, while the South remained agricultural. Industrialization in the Northeast was substantially powered during these decades by female and child labor, who comprised about 45% of the manufacturing work force in 1832. Wherever manufacturing spread in the Northeast, the wages of females and children relative to those of adult men increased greatly from levels in the agricultural sector which were previously quite low. Our hypothesis of early industrialization is that such development proceeds first in areas whose agriculture, for various reasons, puts a low value on females and children relative to adult men. The lower the "relative productivity" of females and children in the pre-industrial agricultural or traditional economy the earlier will manufacturing evolve, the proportionately greater will the relative wages for females and children increase, and the relatively more manufactured goods will the economy produce. A two-sector model which incorporates a difference in "relative productivity" between two economies is used to develop seven propositions relating to the process of early industrialization. Data from two early censuses of manufactures, 1832 and 1850, and other sources provide evidence for our hypothesis, demonstrating, for example, the low relative productivity of females and children in the Northeast agricultural sector, and the increase in relative wages for these laborers with industrialization. We conclude that factors with low relative productivity in agriculture were instrumental in the initial adoption of the factory system and of industrialization in general in the U.S., and we believe these results are applicable to contemporary phenomena in developing countries.
WE‐G‐201‐03: Setup, QC, and Usage Considerations for Mobile Image Viewing Platforms

Many health care organizations are adopting mobile applications for patient care. These tools can provide the opportunity for improvements in timely access to patient images. With new possibilities for patient image viewing, it is sensible to take a closer look at what handheld devices might provide and how they are being used. Three speakers: a radiologist, an imaging research scientist, and a clinical medical physicist provide input into different aspects of image viewing on handheld devices. 1. Patrick Luetmer, M.D., Radiologist Provides a radiologist’s perspective of how mobile technologies best fit into patient care workflows, including how patient image viewing is done differently on a mobile platform compared to a PACS workstation and what types of decisions are being made from handheld devices. 2. Aldo Badano, Ph.D., Imaging Research Scientist Provides an overview of technological properties of handheld devices and describes how image viewing with handheld devices impacts the image information that is visible under ideal and clinical conditions. 3. Dr. Alisa Walz-Flannigan, Ph.D., Clinical Medical Physicist Provides an overview of different strategies for setup and quality control as relevant for handheld devices. This session is related to the ongoing work of Task Group No. 260 “Considerations for the Use of Handheld Devices for Viewing Medical Images”. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand how mobile devices for image viewing are being used to enhance patient care 2. To understand how technological properties of various mobile devices combine with device usage to impact the information visible in a medical image 3. To gain awareness of different options for configuring and testing handheld devices for medical image viewing Dr. Aldo Badano has the following: Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA #123-07) with BARCO.
Preparing Current and Future Teachers to Teach with Technology: An Examination of School-University Collaborations.

Recent research as well as local, state, and national mandates promote an increased role of technology in teaching and learning. In response to this call, K–12 institutions and colleges of education are faced with preparing current and future teachers to teach with technology. The current models of inservice and preservice teacher preparation with technology, although sometimes effective in developing technology skills, often fail to address numerous other issues related to integrating technology into the curriculum. One solution to these issues is for schools and universities to collaborate and improve teacher preparation simultaneously. This paper discusses issues with current technology and teacher preparation models, reasons for school-university collaborations, various models of school-university collaborations, and the positive results of these collaborations. This paper also provides a much needed categorization system that enables teacher educators to explore matters related to various typ...
Recent observations of T Tauri stars

The nature of the peculiar emission properties of the T Tauri stars is examined in the light of contributions from regions designated as photospheres, chromosphere coronae, and extended envelopes which are often characterized by mass loss. Although some manifestations of T Tauri activity can be linked to vigorous solar-stellar phenomena characteristic of cool stars of low mass, other characteristics of T Tauri behavior are exhibited by a wide range of young stellar objects.
Mediastinal re‐staging of non small‐cell lung cancer

Selected patients with non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with mediastinal lymph node involvement may have a survival benefit from surgical resection, particularly if mediastinal nodal down-staging occurs after induction therapy and complete resection is achieved with lobectomy. Accurate re-staging of the mediastinum after induction therapy is therefore crucial in determining prognosis and subsequent treatment. Non-invasive imaging techniques usually require a confirmatory tissue sampling method to improve the accuracy of mediastinal re-staging. As in the initial staging of the mediastinum, minimally invasive endosonography-guided needle sampling techniques such as endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration show promise in re-staging the mediastinum, though invasive surgical re-staging remains the gold standard. Despite a lower sensitivity in the mediastinal re-staging of NSCLC, EBUS-TBNA with or without EUS-FNA may still be the preferred initial mediastinal re-staging technique.
Nonnegative Markov Chains with Applications

For a class of Markov chains that arise in ecology and economics conditions are provided for the existence, uniqueness (and convergence to) of stationary probability distributions. Their Feller property and Harris irreducibility are also explored.
Suicides in the Military: 1980–1992

Data abstracted from the Report of Casualty (DD 1300) is used to describe suicides of active duty personnel for the period 1980 through 1992. The Marine Corps had the fewest suicides (345), but the highest rate (13.65 per 100,000) compared to the other services: Army (1,205/12.38), Air Force (828/11.31), and the Navy (800/11.01). Personnel 17 to 24 years of age accounted for 48% of the suicides and had the highest age group-specific rate, 12.34. White males accounted for 79% of all suicides and had the highest rates across all age groups. Males had significantly higher rates than females in the Air Force, Army, and Navy. The risk of suicide among all active duty males was over two times that of all active duty females and about half that of males in the general population. Active duty females had a risk slightly lower than females in the total population. Enlisted personnel had rates two times higher than officers. Firearms were used in 61% of the male and 55% of the female suicides.
Field Efficacy of Furfural as a Nematicide on Turf

A commercial formulation of furfural was recently launched in the United States as a turfgrass nematicide. Three field trials evaluated efficacy of this commercial formulation on dwarf bermudagrass putting greens infested primarily with Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Meloidogyne graminis, or both these nematodes, and in some cases with Mesocriconema ornatum or Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus. In all these trials, furfural improved turf health but did not reduce population densities of B. longicaudatus, M. graminis, or the other plant-parasitic nematodes present. In two additional field trials, efficacy of furfural at increasing depths in the soil profile (0 to 5 cm, 5 to 10 cm, and 10 to 15 cm) against B. longicaudatus on bermudagrass was evaluated. Reduction in population density of B. longicaudatus was observed in furfural-treated plots for depths below 5 cm on several dates during both trials. However, no differences in population densities of B. longicaudatus were observed between the furfural-treated plots and the untreated control for soil depth of 0 to 5 cm during either trial. These results indicate that furfural applications can improve health of nematode-infested turf and can reduce population density of plant-parasitic nematodes in turf systems. Although the degree to which turf improvement is directly caused by nematicidal effects is still unclear, furfural does appear to be a useful nematode management tool for turf.
A biological mechanism for synaptic stability in developing neocortical circuits

A common feature of both learning and development is that the number and strengths of synaptic connections can change dramatically in a relatively short period of time. Precisely how such changes give rise to functioning and flexible circuits remains an outstanding, unanswered question in neuroscience. One idea, which enjoys widespread support, is that correlation-based rules of synaptic modification are responsible for at least some forms of learning and activity-dependent development in the nervous system.1,2 By these rules, correlated activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic cells leads to an increase in synaptic strength, while uncorrelated activity leads to a decrease in strength. This sort of Hebbian synaptic modification is enormously attractive for a number of reasons. It gives neural circuits great flexibility, and suggests a way for them to wire themselves without extensive genetic instructions. It is also backed by experiments in the hippocampus and neocortex that demonstrate that real synapses can actually follow such rules — namely, in long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD).2
Service Oriented Internet

Effective service delivery capabilities are critical to the transformation of the Internet into a viable commercial infrastructure. At the present time, the architecture of the Internet is inadequately equipped to provide these capabilities. Traditionally, overlay networks have been proposed as a means of providing rich functionality at the upper layers. However, they suffer from their own drawbacks and do not constitute a perfect solution. In this paper, we propose a novel, overlay based Service Oriented Internet architecture that is meant to serve as a flexible, unifying and scalable platform for delivering services over the Internet. As part of this architecture, we introduce a new two-level addressing scheme and an associated service layer. We also describe the functionality of the new network elements that are introduced, namely service gateway and service point-of-presence, and subsequently discuss algorithms that are responsible for distributing service reachability across the overlay framework. We also present a few examples of application services that benefit significantly when deployed on our architecture.
Structure of (VO)2P2O7

Abstract The crystal structure of the vanadium (IV) pyrophosphate that shows the remarkable ability to selectively catalyze the oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride has been accurately determined for the first time. This was facilitated by the growth of high quality (VO)2P2O7 crystals under controlled oxygen fugacity. Single crystal X-ray diffraction indicated monoclinic symmetry rather than the orthorhombic symmetry assumed in earlier studies. The space group is P21 with a = 7.28 A , b = 16.588 A , c = 9.58 A , β = 89.975 A, and Z = 4. A final R of 3.1% was obtained. Typical vanadyl environments are found for all eight crystallographically distinct vanadium atoms, and normal bond angles and distances are found for the P2O7 groups.
Generalised equation of soil critical electric field EC based on impulse tests and measured soil electrical parameters

The effective radius of the grounding electrode under high-impulse current becomes higher than the outer radius of the electrode because of soil ionisation. Because of this reason, the ground-impulse impedance is different from the 60-Hz grounding resistance, which is normally measured at low current. The impulse impedance for any given impulse current can be estimated if the critical electric field of the soil is known. It is therefore necessary to have a generalised soil critical electric field equation for grounding systems design as well as lightning performance study. A generalised equation for soil critical electric field Ec is proposed here as a function of soil dielectric constant kg and conductivity sigma g. Extensive impulse tests and electrical measurements were performed with different soils under different moisture contents. Dielectric constant kg was measured by the wave propagation technique using a soil-filled coaxial transmission line. Effect of waveshape on critical electric field Ec was statistically analysed for different soils.
Competition or collaboration?: The Soviet Union, detente, and the October 1973 war

Abstract The ambiguities of Soviet behavior prior to and during the 1973 October War have since generated controversy on the question of whether the Soviet Union was essentially competitive or collaborative toward the United States during the Middle East crisis. Two irreconcilable schools of thought, the competitor and the collaborator, have arisen around each position. A third interpretation, the improvisator, attempts to reconcile this contradiction by attributing Soviet behavior not to strategic thought and planning but to ad‐hoc opportunism. A reexamination of the evidence suggests instead that the Kremlin's intentions were ultimately competitive, and the ambiguous blend of rivalry and restraint in its behavior was not the result of simple improvisation but of careful consideration for the requirements of the Soviet Union's precarious position in the Middle East at the time; its determination to compete with the United States in the region; and the Soviet view of detente.
A dynamic model for a stand-alone PEM fuel cell power plant for residential applications

A dynamic electrochemical simulation model of a grid independent proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plant is presented. The model includes the methanol reformer, the PEM stack, and the power conditioning unit. The model is then used to predict the output voltage and study the transient response of a PEM power plant when subjected to rapid changes in a residential load connected to it. The results show the fast response capabilities of the PEM power plant in following changes in the load.
Seasonal and Habitat Distribution of Tenebrionid Beetles in Shrub-Steppe Communities of the Hanford Site in Eastern Washington

The Tenebrionid beetle population of the Department of Energy's Hanford Site was studied during a 3-year period to determine the seasonal and habitat distribution of the 15 common species within six major biotic communities. Soil texture and vegetation type were examined to determine their influence on species distributions. Four species occurred in all six of the communities, whereas five species were restricted to one or two study sites. Three patterns of seasonal distributions were present. Two species were found only during the fall; a second group contained species which were encountered throughout the year; the third group consisted predominantly of summer species. Soils were divided into three classes: loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam. Several species were restricted to one soil type.
A comparison of students who delay kindergarten entry and those who are retained in grades K−5

Retention has been one way that school personnel have dealt with the problem of school failure. Some authors have proposed delayed school entry as an alternative to retention, especially since there are concerns about the effects of retention on students' self-esteem. It is unclear from the literature whether retention and delayed entry have differential outcomes on measures of school success. This study explored whether there were differences in IQ and achievement (at grades 2, 5, and 7) between students who delayed school entry and those who were retained in later elementary grades, as well as any interactions with gender. There was a significant 6-point difference in IQ, favoring the delayed-entry group. Furthermore, when the achievement test scores were analyzed using an ANCOVA with IQ as a covariate, no significant differences were identified for either group or gender. Implications for school practices are provided.
Judicial systems and economic performance

Abstract This paper examines the importance of judicial systems to economic performance, particularly in the countries of Latin America which are attempting economic liberalization.