cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orientation of spin labels attached to cross-bridges in contracting muscle fibres

Electron micrographs showing different cross-bridge orientations in different states of muscle fibres, and X-ray diffraction patterns indicating axial cross-bridge disorder in contracting muscle first suggested that force generation in the contracting muscle involved a change in orientation of the myosin heads that form cross-bridges between thick and thin filaments1,2. This has been supported by subsequent work; the myosin molecule has the required flexibility for changes in orientation3,4. The orientation of muscle tryptophans and of probes attached to the myosin heads of permeable muscle fibres depends on the state of the muscle5–9. Recently, fluorescence polarization fluctuations and time-resolved X-ray diffraction patterns have suggested that cross-bridges of a contracting muscle can rotate10,11. We have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to monitor the orientation of spin labels attached specifically to a reactive sulphydryl on the myosin heads in glycerinated rabbit psoas skeletal muscle. Previously, it has been shown that the paramagnetic probes are highly ordered in rigor muscle, with a nearly random angular distribution in relaxed muscle12. We show here that during the generation of isometric tension, ∼80% of the probes display a random angular distribution as in relaxed muscle while the remaining 20% are highly oriented at the same angle as found in rigor muscle. These findings indicate that a domain of the myosin head does not change orientation during the power stroke of the contractile interaction.
Myelofibrosis in a patient with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

We report a unique case of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) detected in an infant who had bone marrow biopsies demonstrating myelofibrosis, a finding not previously reported in primary HLH. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1260–1262. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sources of History: Myth and Image

In the contemporary human sciences in general, and the study of religion in particular, history is a discourse of immense power and reach. But its role is paradoxical, for although it is charged with dissolving the uniqueness or transcendence of any given point of view, its own supremacy is often taken for granted, even in the post-Foucauldian world where it is common to attack the objectivist aspirations of historicist discourse. What I call for is not simply a more self-conscious concept of history but an investigation of what one might call, following Wallace Stevens, "the substance of [its] region": the history and scope of history itself as one particular way of being in, and seeing, the world. This is decidedly not to concede that there is something that escapes history but rather to pay closer attention to the myth that there is something that does, and to the ways in which this myth-far from being a mistake-is crucial to conceiving of the borders of history even insofar as everything comes (as everything does) under its critical gaze.
Imaging college educators (abstract only)

Within computing, the imaging field includes computer vision, image understanding, and image processing. While much research and teaching is done at the graduate level, the typical imaging educator at an undergraduate institution is the only specialist in his or her department. This BOF brings together educators who currently teach imaging courses or may be interested in expanding curricular offerings. We will emphasize sharing best practices, ideas, and resources as well as building a network for continued cooperation. Discussion topics may include course organization, assignments and projects, and lecture aids or other materials. Our network will include a mailing list for participants to ask questions and share ideas about imaging pedagogy and other means of sharing course materials.
Dysregulation of Cellular Signaling by HER2/neu in Breast Cancer

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2/neu; erbB2) belongs to a family of four transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases involved in signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth and proliferation. Amplification or overexpression of HER2/neu occurs in about 30% of human breast and ovarian cancers and is associated with a poor clinical outcome, including short survival time and short time to relapse. Recent advances in our understanding of HER2/neu signaling pathways have greatly increased our knowledge of breast cancer tumorigenesis and have provided new targets for treating breast and ovarian tumors that overexpress HER2/neu. This review will focus on the signaling network mediated by HER2/neu in breast cancer and discuss our understanding of these pathways, which seem to be particularly important in mediating cell survival and growth under a wide variety of circumstances in breast cancer.
Preoperative vs. postoperative radiation therapy for soft tissue sarcoma: A retrospective comparative evaluation of disease outcome

Abstract Purpose Radiation (XRT) is a proven component in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma. However, there is little evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of preoperative vs. postoperative XRT. This retrospective study addresses the relative effectiveness of disease control by these two treatment sequences. Methods and materials A total of 517 patients (246 treated with postoperative XRT, and 271 treated with preoperative XRT) with nonmetastatic sarcoma were evaluated for disease outcome and late complications using univariate and multivariate techniques. Results With a median follow-up of 6 years, overall local control was 81% and 78% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Although local control appeared superior with preoperative XRT (83% at 10 years) compared with postoperative XRT (72%), multivariate analysis revealed that this difference could be entirely explained by the unequal distribution of prognostic factors between the two groups, and there was no evidence that treatment sequence independently determined local control. There were no differences in nodal or metastatic relapse between the two treatments, and disease-specific survival was not significantly different. There was a slightly higher incidence of late XRT-related complications among those treated with postoperative XRT (10-year incidence of 9% vs. 5%, p = 0.03). Conclusions This study found no evidence for differences in disease outcome attributable to the use of either pre- or postoperative XRT. There was a slight increase in long-term complications with postoperative XRT, likely due to the higher doses used in this sequence.
The Effects of Early Parental Death on Sibling Relationships in Later Life

The present study draws on elements of kinship and life course perspectives to examine the influence of parental death during childhood on adult sibling contact and closeness. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 3,684), comparisons are made between adults who experienced early parental death and those with no history of childhood family disruptions, and between adults who experienced early maternal death and those who experienced paternal death during childhood. Results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analyses indicate that adults who experienced parental death during childhood do not have more sibling contact, but are closer to their siblings in adulthood than adults who grew up in intact families. In addition, adults who experienced maternal death during childhood have less sibling contact than adults who experienced paternal death, but there are not differences between these two groups in terms of closeness. These findings indicate that it is important to assess the long-term impact of early parental death on adult outcomes and that gender of the deceased parent may have more significant implications for some dimensions of adult sibling relationships than others.
Comparison of three treatment strategies for esophageal cancer within a single institution

Fifty-seven patients with esophageal cancer were treated with curative intent between January 1979 and June 1985. Seventeen were treated with radical radiation therapy alone (TD 4000-6500 cGy in 200-250 cGy fractions). Twenty-five were treated using radiation therapy (3000 cGy in 200 cGy fractions, day 1-19, and 2600-3000 cGy in 200 cGy fractions, day 50-68) and concomitant chemotherapy (5-FU and Cis-platinum). Fifteen were treated preoperatively by radiation therapy (3000 cGy at 200 cGy fractions) and concomitant chemotherapy (5-FU and Cis-platinum) followed by esophagectomy in 2-3 weeks. Chi square tests showed no significant baseline differences between the patients in the three different treatment groups with respect to A.J.C. stage, T status, location of tumor or histology. Median survival and 2-year survival for the three treatment groups were RT alone: 5 months and 0%, RT and chemotherapy: 12 months and 37%, RT, chemotherapy and surgery 13 months and 38%. A Cox multivariate analysis revealed significant predictor variables for increased survival were treatment strategy, RT dose delivered and T status. Increased local control was seen with either multimodality approach compared to radiation therapy alone. Our data suggests that a multimodality approach is superior as a curative treatment strategy, compared to RT alone, in esophageal cancer. In our series no significant differences were seen with respect to treatment outcome between the two multimodality approaches used.
The semantics of syntactic structures.

Abstract Over the past 15 years, both linguists and psycholinguists have shown a growing interest in the idea that syntactic structures can carry meanings that are independent of the meanings of specific words. This article considers how this idea relates to traditional notions of compositionality in generative grammar, and examines two modern theories that, although based on different starting assumptions, both readily allow syntactic structures to bear independent meaning. We review work from psycholinguistics suggesting that observation alone is often insufficient to support the efficient learning of word meanings, and that some of the ‘slack' left by observation can be picked up by the semantics of the syntactic structures in which words appear. We argue that this convergence between linguistic theory and psycholinguistic experimentation should be no surprise, because language must be learnable.
Nature of endothelin binding in the porcine ovary.

We investigated the nature of endothelin (ET) binding in the porcine ovary. We demonstrated the presence of high affinity (Kd = 0.72; 95% confidence interval = 0.43-1.1 nM) binding sites for ET-1 in the porcine ovary. The binding capacity for this ET-1-specific binding site was 97 pmol/micrograms DNA (95% confidence interval = 90-107). Autoradiographic studies showed that putative ET receptors reside in the granulosa cell layer of the maturing Graafian follicle and in the vascular components of the corpora lutea. The relative abundance of ET receptors was greatest in granulosa cells of large antral follicles, whereas ET binding was absent in granulosa cells of preantral follicles and in luteal cells. ET binding by cultured granulosa cells was further characterized by RRA and shown to exhibit a rank order of binding affinities for different ET isopeptides. The observed rank order indicates that the ET receptors present on granulosa cells are of the ET(A) receptor subtype. The radioreceptor studies also ind...
A hardware suitable Integrated Neural System for Autonomous Vehicles - Road Structuring and Path Tracking

Current developments in autonomous vehicle systems typically consider solutions to single problems like road detection, road following and object recognition individually. The integration of these individual systems into a single package becomes difficult because they are less compatible. This paper introduces a generic Integrated Neural System for Autonomous Vehicles (INSAV) package solution with processing blocks that are compatible with each other and are also suitable for hardware implementation. The generic INSAV is designed to account for important problems such as road detection, road structure learning, path tracking and obstacle detection. The paper begins the design of the generic INSAV by building its two most important blocks: the Road Structuring and Path Tracking Blocks. The obtained results from implementing the two blocks demonstrate an average of 92% accuracy of segmenting the road from a given image frame and path tracking of straight roads for stable motion and obstacle detection.
Interferometric fiber-optic gyroscopes: a summary of progress

An overview of both open-loop and closed-loop IFOG (interferometric fiber-optic gyroscope) technologies is presented. Error sources associated with short-term random noise and long-term bias stability have been identified and properly controlled. Current research activities are focused on improving both the dynamic range and the scale factor performance for inertial navigation applications. For low- and medium-performance requirements, IFOG technology is close to the production stage. Cost and packing issues are being addressed to bring the IFOG from a laboratory instrument to a product. Progress on an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) open-loop IFOG and an inertial-grade, closed-loop IFOG is presented, and the prospects and applications of these newly emerging technologies are discussed. >
The Management of Berkshire Hathaway; Case Number: CG-16; Publication Year: 2009

Berkshire Hathaway is known to many as the investment vehicle of Warren E. Buffett. To some extent, this reputation is well founded, given the investment success that the company has enjoyed under his leadership. Less attention, however, has been paid to the management success of Berkshire Hathaway.By 2008, the array of companies that Berkshire Hathaway owned was unique in its diversity. It included insurance operations (GEICO, General Re, Berkshire Hathaway), manufactured housing (Clayton Homes), wholesale distribution (McLane), regulated gas and electric utilities (MidAmerican), and many specialty finance, manufacturing, service, and retail companies. Even more unique was the operating structure that the company employed to manage these operations. It was a model based on extreme decentralization of operating authority, with responsibility for business performance placed entirely in the hands of local managers. While many public corporations implemented strict controls and oversight mechanisms to ensure management performance and regulatory compliance, Berkshire Hathaway moved in the opposite direction. The company had only two main requirements for operating managers: submit financial statement information on a monthly basis and send free cash flow generated by operations to headquarters. Management was not required to meet with executives from corporate headquarters or participate in investor relations meetings; nor was it required to develop strategic plans, long-term operating targets, or financial projections. Instead, local managers were left to operate their businesses largely without supervision or corporate control. Vice Chairman Charles T. Munger described the Berkshire Hathaway system as “delegation just short of abdication.”Many of the company's operating principles were in stark contrast to those generally employed by most public corporations. Company shareholders would have to decide for themselves whether these operating principles posed a risk to long-term performance or whether, contrary to expert opinion, they were a source of competitive advantage that could be sustained in the future.(Note: This case reviews only the operating principles that govern Berkshire Hathaway. The company’s investment principles are not discussed, other than the extent to which they are based on a common philosophical approach).
Different structural states in oligonucleosomes are required for early versus late steps of base excision repair

Chromatin in eukaryotic cells is folded into higher order structures of folded nucleosome filaments, and DNA damage occurs at all levels of this structural hierarchy. However, little is known about the impact of higher order folding on DNA repair enzymes. We examined the catalytic activities of purified human base excision repair (BER) enzymes on uracil-containing oligonucleosome arrays, which are folded primarily into 30 nm structures when incubated in repair reaction buffers. The catalytic activities of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) and apyrimidinic/apurinic endonuclease (APE) digest G:U mismatches to completion in the folded oligonucleosomes without requiring significant disruption. In contrast, DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) synthesis is inhibited in a major fraction ( approximately 80%) of the oligonucleosome array, suggesting that single strand nicks in linker DNA are far more accessible to Pol beta in highly folded oligonucleosomes. Importantly, this barrier in folded oligonucleosomes is removed by purified chromatin remodeling complexes. Both ISW1 and ISW2 from yeast significantly enhance Pol beta accessibility to the refractory nicked sites in oligonucleosomes. These results indicate that the initial steps of BER (UDG and APE) act efficiently on highly folded oligonucleosome arrays, and chromatin remodeling may be required for the latter steps of BER in intact chromatin.
NONLINEAR COUPLING OF PITCH AND ROLL MODES IN SHIP MOTIONS

An analysis is presented for the nonlinear coupling of the pitch (heave) and roll modes of ship motions in regular seas when their frequencies are in the ratio of two to one. When the frequency of encounter (excitation frequency) is near the pitch frequency, the pitch mode is excited if the encountered wave amplitude (excitation amplitude) is small. As the excitation amplitude increases, the amplitude of the pitch mode increases until it reaches a critical small value. As the excitation amplitude increases further, the pitch amplitude does not change from the critical value (i.e., the pitch mode is saturated), and all of the extra energy is transferred to the roll mode. Thus, for large excitation amplitudes, the amplitude of the roll mode is very much larger than that of the pitch mode. When the excitation frequency is near the roll frequency, there is no saturation phenomenon and at close to perfect resonance, there is no steady state response in some cases. The present results indicate that large roll amplitudes are likely in this case also.
A general accuracy criterion for finite element approximation

The accuracy of Finite Element approximation depends on the size and shape of elements. The proposed theory clarifies the source of shape related errors. A new general accuracy condition based on the maximum eigenvalue of the element stiffness matrix (or, alternatively, its trace) is presented. Several new and several familiar geometric criteria follow directly from the eigenvalue condition as particular cases. The new accuracy criterion can he used in engineering practice as an a priori measure of the quality of finite element meshes.
SPT6, an essential gene that affects transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encodes a nuclear protein with an extremely acidic amino terminus

SPT6 is an essential gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that appears to play a role in transcription. Mutations in the SPT6 (SSN20, CRE2) gene suppress delta insertion mutations in the 5' regions of HIS4 and LYS2 and mutations in cis- and/or trans-acting elements that are required for expression of SUC2 and ADH2. We report here that SPT6 encodes a 170-kilodalton highly charged protein with an extremely acidic amino terminus. By use of an epitope-tagged SPT6 protein, we have determined by indirect immunofluorescence that the SPT6 protein is located in the nucleus.
Dimensions of social support and social conflict as predictors of caregiver depression

The goal of this research was to examine the relationship of family social support and social conflict to stressors and depression. Fifty-seven caregiving women were interviewed regarding caregiving stressors, social support, and social conflict. Three dimensions of social support and social conflict were assessed: instrumental, informational, and affective. The findings supported the importance of distinguishing between social support and social conflict, and among the three dimensions of support and conflict. Respondents reported higher levels of support than of conflict, but consistent with earlier research, social support was not related as strongly to outcomes as social conflict was. Although instrumental support was related significantly to depression, informational and emotional support was not. Social conflict, however, was significantly related to depression. Both emotional conflict and informational conflict were significant predictors of depression. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.
When Children and Adults Do Not Use Learning Strategies: Toward a Theory of Settings:

Strategies enhance learning. However, children and adults often fail to invoke strategic behaviors. In this article, five reasons for failure to use strategies are discussed: (a) poor cognitive monitoring, (b) primitive routines that yield a product, (c) a meager knowledge base, (d) attributions and classroom goals that do not support strategy use, and (e) minimal transfer. I argue that use and failure to use strategies are not fruitfully studied without consideration of setting. A theory of settings reminds us that, when context varies, the nature of strategic activity often varies as well.
THE RELATION OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TO THE GRADIENT OF CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY.

The gradient of permeability along the capillaries of voluntary muscle and the capillaries and venules of skin exists independently of the hydrostatic conditions, though influenced by them. Its presence cannot be explained by a graded tonic contraction of the capillaries. The evidence,—like that of previous papers,—points to local differences in the barrier offered by the wall of these vessels as responsible for the gradient.
On the control dependence in the program dependence graph

The program dependence graph, PDG, is used to represent the data and control dependencies between the statements of some program. The data dependencies between the statements are fully understood and they correspond to the definition-use chain. On the other hand the concept of control dependence is not fully explored. In this paper we formalize and analyze the concept or control dependence and present algorithms to find directly the control dependence subgraph of PDG in O(N α(N)), where N is the number of statements in the program.
Perpetual Revelations: C. Wright Mills and Paul Lazarsfeld:

This article narrates the prehistory and posthistory of Personal Influence as an episode in the biographies of Paul Lazarsfeld and C. Wright Mills. It begins in 1945, when Lazarsfeld sent Mills to Decatur, Illinois, to undertake the fieldwork, and ends with Mills's death in 1962.
I131-Diodrast Studies in Unilateral Renal Disease

A procedure utilizing I131-Diodrast with carrier Diodrast and a ratiometer has been evaluated for the early diagnosis of unilateral renal disease. Relative differences in function between kidneys demonstrated by this procedure correlated well with findings at surgical exploration or autopsy. In 3 patients with unilateral renal arterial stenosis who had normal intravenous pyelograms, I131-Diodrast results were abnormal. Although normal I131-Diodrast results may rule out unilateral renal disease, an abnormal result with I131-Diodrast may be seen with any lesion resulting in urine flow differences between kidneys.
Single breath counting for the evaluation of pediatric respiratory function: derivation of a "normogram".

Single breath counting (SBC) is the measurement of how far an individual can count in cadence with a metronome set at 2 beats per second in a normal speaking voice following a maximal effort inhalation. Previous work has demonstrated that it correlates well with standard measures of pulmonary function. The objective of this study is to derive a “normogram” of healthy children showing the expected SBC value as a function of easily measured physiologic parameters (age, gender, height, and weight). This was a prospective observational study of a convenience sample of healthy children presenting for well-child checks or non-respiratory complaints at a large tertiary care center. Correlation was determined by the Pearson’s product correlation coefficient (r) and r 2 determined as a measure of shared variance. Multiple regression analysis was performed on demographic data to determine a best linear fit with calculation of the coefficient of determination (R 2). A total of 105 children served as the basis for analysis; 54 (51.4 %) were male and average age was 9.7 (median 10, range 3–15) years. For both males and females, height correlated most strongly with SBC score (r = 0.730 and 0.725, respectively). In both genders, height alone accounted for more than 50 % of the observed variance in the results (r 2 = 0.533 and 0.526, respectively). Breath counting, an easy to perform test that appears to correlate well with standard measures of pulmonary function and shows promise for measuring asthma severity in children. We present an equation for predicting normal results (a “normogram”).
Felon Disenfranchisement and Democracy in the Late Jim Crow Era

Book review of "Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy" by Jeff Manza and Christopher Uggen
Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Para-aortic Lymphadenectomy in Endometrial Cancer: Rationale and Surgical Technique

Extraperitoneal laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy is an increasingly utilized procedure in gynecologic oncology, with advantages over open or traditional laparoscopic surgery, namely, decreased propensity for postoperative adhesions and ability to complete thorough surgical staging in a minimally invasive fashion. For patients with endometrial carcinoma who are at high risk for dissemination to the para-aortic lymph nodes, this technique provides reliable access up to the level of the renal vessels and can be particularly helpful in obese patients.
Organic Carbon Cycling in Continental Margin Environments

Intense carbon cycling in coastal ecosystems is driven by a complex mixture of physical and biogeochemical processes that vary spatially and temporally in response to local forcing and geomorphology. The impact of ocean boundaries on the global carbon budget is not well known but likely provides major pathways for transferring carbon among the important, climatically relevant reservoirs. With the caveat that significant uncertainty remains in the estimates of many of the important carbon transfers, results to date imply that 21% of global primary production, a likely higher proportion of the export production, a significant proportion of the net oceanic uptake of CO2, and nearly half of the biological pump transfer of carbon to the deep sea reservoir occur at the ocean boundaries, driven by coastal ecosystems.
Auditory Processing Using Analog VLSI

The architectures of animal nervous systems are shaped by evolution and carried in the genetic code. The essential quality of such an architecture is that it must learn from the environment in which the animal lives. The single common element of learning is the time coincidence in the arrival of nerve impulses. The arrival of one impulse or burst of impulses closely followed by another is taken by the nervous system as evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between the two. The temporal structure of auditory stimuli encodes far more information than standard engineering methods have ever been able to extract. The fact that animal nervous systems can extract this information leads to the conclusion that heretofore unexplored computational paradigms are involved. The design of large-scale integrated circuits employing a substantial fraction of analog processing is a promising approach to this class of problems.
Electrophysiological Remodeling in Heart Failure

Ion channel remodeling in heart failure modulates key cellular electrophysiological properties, predisposing to arrhythmias and sudden death. Heart failure induced ion channel dysfunction prolongs the action potential, increases spatio-temporal gradients of repolarization, promotes arrhythmogenic triggers and results in conduction abnormalities. Understanding fundamental ionic mechanisms of normal and abnormal electrogenesis is a key requirement for the development of effective and safe therapies. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of ion channel remodeling at the cellular and organ levels presents a unique opportunity for the development of novel pharmacological, device, gene, and cell based approaches for the treatment of arrhythmias in heart failure.
Relations between pH, Agglutination and P. D. with Bacterium Phaseoli Sojense.

In the course of a series of studies on a group of bacteria pathogenic for plants, it was found that a strain of Bacterium phaseoli sojense, when plated on agar, gave colonies that were distinctly “Rough” and “Smooth”. The cultural characteristics, virulence for plants and the serological reactions of these organisms have been described elsewhere.1 We were interested in studying the agglutination reactions of these cultures, particularly because the “Rough” organisms, although more agglutinable than the “Smooth”, as is generally the case, had also been found to be spontaneously agglutinated even in distilled water suspensions and after repeated washings with water.In Table I we present the results of agglutination and P. D. (electrophoretic potential difference) measurements on suspensions prepared in distilled water after three washings with water.2 Adjustments of pH were made by appropriate additions of aqueous HCl or NaOH solutions to the specified pH values.From an inspection of the data in Table I it...
Stimulatory effect of estrogen pretreatment on 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of rat testicular tissue.

Summary1. Pretreatment doses of estrogens, which brought about marked curtailment in testicular androgen production as evidenced by sex accessory organ atrophy, increased the 3β-ol-dehydrogenase content of rat testicular homogenates. Estradiol- 17β was approximately 50 times more active than diethylstilbestrol dipalmitate in this respect. 2. This evidence suggests that the reaction catalyzed by the 3β-ol-dehydrogenase system is not the limiting one with respect to disrupted androgen production induced by estrogen pretreatment.
The Effect of Age on Post-EVAR Outcomes.

Background This study aims to investigate the relationship of increased age on post-endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) outcomes. Methods A total of 1,380 of 1,853 consecutive patients who underwent EVAR between 1992 and 2012 met our inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Five hundred of the 1,380 patients had computed tomography angiography data to characterize anatomic differences. Age Results Older patients had higher Glasgow Aneurysm Scores (85.8 ± 8.2 vs. 70.9 ± 8.5, P Conclusions Older age is associated with more complex aneurysm morphology. These features likely resulted in more endoleaks, reinterventions, and complications observed in patients ≥70 years following EVAR.
Effect of Extrusion Processing Parameters on Antioxidant, Textural and Functional Properties of Hydrodynamic Cavitated Corn Flour, Sorghum Flour and Apple Pomace-Based Extrudates

Corn flour, hydrodynamic cavitated sorghum flour and apple pomace blend was extruded to investigate the effect of extrusion processing on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) along with some selected textural and functional properties. Box-Behnken design was applied for three levels of apple pomace ratio APR (10, 20 and 30%), feed moisture FM (25, 30 and 35% wb), extrusion die temperature T (80, 110 and 140°C) and screw speed SS (100, 150 and 200 rpm) as extrusion parameters. Extrusion cooking at higher APR and low T and SS increased the TPC and AA. Expansion ratio, brittleness, crispness and water solubility index of extrudates were increased while hardness and water absorption index decreased compared to that of control extrudates. Starch digestibility and dietary fiber were also observed to be increased after extrusion. At optimum conditions of 30% APR, 25% wb FM, 132°C T and 108 rpm SS, TPC and AA of extruded products were 120.1 mg GAE/100 g DW and 308.7 µmol TE/100 g DW, respectively, whereas those found in control blend were 123.2 mg GAE/100 g DW and 258.9 µmol TE/100 g DW, respectively. Major phenolic acids in extruded products were derived by caffeic acid followed by salicylic acid and ferulic acid. Practical Applications Extruded products with improved phenolic content, antioxidant activity, textural and functional properties with higher inclusion of apple pomace were obtained. This process for incorporation of sorghum (underutilized cereal) and apple pomace (industrial waste) into human diet to produce nutritious, healthy and gluten free snacks for celiac disease patients has greater potential.
SUMOylation of DNA topoisomerase IIα regulates histone H3 kinase Haspin and H3 phosphorylation in mitosis

DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) plays a pivotal role in faithful chromosome separation through its strand-passaging activity that resolves tangled genomic DNA during mitosis. Additionally, TOP2 controls progression of mitosis by activating cell cycle checkpoints. Recent work showed that the enzymatically inert C-terminal domain (CTD) of TOP2 and its posttranslational modification are critical to this checkpoint regulation. However, the molecular mechanism has not yet been determined. By using Xenopus laevis egg extract, we found that SUMOylation of DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) CTD regulates the localization of the histone H3 kinase Haspin and phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 3 at the centromere, two steps known to be involved in the recruitment of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) to kinetochores in mitosis. Robust centromeric Haspin localization requires SUMOylated TOP2A CTD binding activity through SUMO-interaction motifs and the phosphorylation of Haspin. We propose a novel mechanism through which the TOP2 CTD regulates the CPC via direct interaction with Haspin at mitotic centromeres.
Dinâmicas raciais no Brasil contemporâneo: uma revisão empírica

As dinâmicas raciais no Brasil estao mudando. Antes considerado um pais em que o danoso legado do comercio de escravos nao era admitido, hoje esse gigante da America Latina comecou a reconhecer oficialmente a discriminacao etnico-racial, tanto como fenomeno historico, quanto como questao contemporânea. Parte desse processo envolve um afastamento da celebracao da ambiguidade racial e a adocao de status raciais bem delimitados: o termo relativo a miscigenacao “moreno” cede lugar, em muitas esferas, ao termo afirmativo “negro”, que passa a ocupar lugar central. Mais significativo ainda e o fato de atores estatais terem implementado cotas raciais no pais inteiro, cuja importância maior se de, talvez, na educacao superior. O motor por tras dessas dinâmicas em transformacao parece ser a conjuncao de atores estatais e dos movimentos negros para estabelecer uma estrategia de mudanca legal. E importante observar que pesquisas de opiniao publica sugerem que a maioria dos brasileiros apoiam os elementos centrais das novas politicas raciais do Estado. Na segunda metade do seculo XX, os trabalhos academicos associavam o Brasil a uma falta de consciencia racial; ja nas primeiras decadas do seculo XXI essa associacao e indefensavel.
Dynamic Procedure Synthesis, Execution, and Failure Recovery

A knowledge based planning system for dynamic synthesis of procedures for operational problems in engineering systems is presented. The proposed design provides a framework for integrating event-oriented procedure selection approach by using in conjunction a function-directed approach for procedure synthesis, monitoring and execution of the procedures, and action failure recovery. The plan synthesizer is implemented as an organization of planning specialists interacting as cooperative distributed problem solvers. This paper describes the knowledge representation scheme for actions, procedures, and planning knowledge; the organization of planning knowledge as a society of specialists; the reasoning process; a framework for developing systems using this approach; and an application of the approach to the task of assuring the safety of nuclear power plants.
Thermal Analysis of Power Cables Installed in Solid Bottom Trays Using an Equivalent Circuit

Cables in ventilated and ladder-type trays have been extensively studied and are rated according to ANSI/NEMA standards. The National Electric Code (NEC) provides guidelines on ampacity for cables installed in ventilated and ladder-type trays. However, for solid bottom trays, there is very little published material; there are neither standards nor guidelines. This paper proposes a methodological approach for the thermal rating of power cables installed in solid bottom trays with and without cover. An analog thermal–electrical circuit is derived from first thermodynamic principles. The circuit parameters are easy to compute. The method is completely general and is applicable to trays with any number of cables (not only to integer fill depths). The validity of the method is corroborated with numerous finite-element method simulations and laboratory experiments. A hand-worked example is given for illustration.
Sensitivity of X-ray computed tomography measurements of a gas-solid flow to variations in acquisition parameters

Abstract Due to its high spatial resolution and non-invasive nature, X-ray computed tomography has become a popular method for determining the flow characteristics of multiphase flows. However, because many of the X-ray computed tomography systems used for non-destructive imaging of multiphase flows provide the operator wide leeway in the selection of imaging parameters, the potential exists for errors to be introduced into the measurements if the algorithms are sensitive to these changes. In this paper, a representative multiphase flow (specifically, a fluidized bed) is imaged with a wide range of X-ray tube electrical potentials, currents, and detector exposure times and reconstructed with a wide range of centers of rotation. The results of these tests show that while the raw CT intensities are sensitive to these parameter variations, once the measurements are calibrated to reference images (in this case through a void fraction calculation), the final results are insensitive to most changes. In the extreme cases where there is some sensitivity to the parameter changes, the causes and practical implications are discussed.
Markets at Work

This chapter discusses how to use the tools of market analysis to understand the real world. Markets are connected in many ways. The demands for goods that are substitutes or complements are related. An increase in the price of one good tends to cause an increase in the price of its substitute. This might cause the price of a complement to fall as well. Rising and falling prices can affect other markets because they might affect the costs of production of other goods. A change in the price of a good can have different impacts depending on the nature of the demand for that good. Economists look at the elasticity of demand for goods. Goods with inelastic demands also exist. If demand is inelastic, then a large proportional change in price has a relatively small change in quantity demanded. Elasticity of demand is important to firms because of the relationship between elasticity and total revenue.
A Novel Video Coding Framework Using a Self-Adaptive Dictionary

In this paper, we propose to use a self-adaptive redundant dictionary, consisting of all possible inter and intra prediction candidates, to directly represent the frame blocks in a video sequence. The self-adaptive dictionary generalizes the conventional predictive coding approach by allowing adaptive linear combinations of prediction candidates, which is solved by an rate-distortion aware L0-norm minimization problem using orthogonal least squares (OLS). To overcome the inefficiency in quantizing and coding coefficients corresponding to correlated chosen atoms, we orthonormalize the chosen atoms recursively as part of OLS process. We further propose a two-stage video coding framework, in which a second stage codes the residual from the chosen atoms using a modified discrete cosine transform (DCT) dictionary that is adaptively orthonormalized with respect to the subspace spanned by the first stage atoms. To determine the transition from the first stage to the second stage, we propose a rate-distortion (RD) aware adaptive switching algorithm. The proposed framework is further extended to accommodate variable block sizes ( $16\times 16$ , $8\times 8$ , and $4\times 4$ ), and the partition mode is derived by a fast partition mode decision algorithm. A context-adaptive binary arithmetic entropy coder is designed to code the symbols of the proposed coding framework. The proposed coder shows competitive, and in some cases better RD performance, compared with the HEVC video coding standard for P-frames.
Restoration benefits of re-entry with resource objective wildfire on a ponderosa pine landscape in northern Arizona, USA

Abstract Prescriptions for ecological restoration of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of the American Southwest are generally aimed at approximating pre-fire-exclusion conditions by reducing tree densities and hazardous fuels, and reintroducing surface fire. Increasingly, land managers are utilizing natural fire ignitions to achieve restoration and hazardous fuels reduction objectives, but to minimize risk of escape and reduce potential for undesirable outcomes fires are commonly managed under weather and fuel moisture conditions that produce lower burn severities. Few studies have examined effectiveness of incremental approaches that attempt to restore these ecosystems by allowing repeated, low-severity wildfires to reburn sites. We analyzed a 12,035-ha landscape on the Kaibab National Forest in northern Arizona and compared forest structure, hazardous fuel loading, and potential fire behavior in areas that had burned once (single fire) to others that had burned twice (re-entry) over the preceding 13 years. Forest structure and hazardous fuels characteristics in re-entry areas tended to be closer to historical ranges of variability (HRV) than in single fire areas; however, we found few statistically significant differences and tree densities in both single and re-entry fires remained higher than HRV by up to 3.5-fold. Similarly, potential fire behavior variables were statistically similar between single and re-entry fire areas. Analysis of burn severity effects suggested that trends toward reduced tree density and canopy fuels in re-entry areas were consistently driven by “cleanup effects”, whereby re-entry fires produced low-severity effects in areas showing unburned/low severity after first-entry fires. Evidence of “additive effects”, whereby restoration and hazardous fuels reduction objectives were being met incrementally by repeated low-severity fire, was difficult to detect on the re-entry fire landscape. Thus, with similar management, several additional fire entries will be required to restore tree densities to within the historical range. Further, our findings suggest that managing resource objective wildfires to allow for more moderate-severity burning, even with a single entry, may be more effective for restoring these forests than repeated low-severity entries.
Electrodeposition of Isolated Platinum Atoms and Clusters on Bismuth—Characterization and Electrocatalysis

We describe a method for the electrodeposition of an isolated single Pt atom or small cluster, up to 9 atoms, on a bismuth ultramicroelectrode (UME). This deposition was immediately followed by electrochemical characterization via the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) that occurs readily on the electrodeposited Pt but not on Bi. The observed voltammetric current plateau, even for a single atom, which behaves as an electrode, allows the estimation of deposit size. Pt was plated from solutions of femtomolar PtCl62–, which allowed precise control of the arrival of ions and thus the plating rate on the Bi UME, to one ion every few seconds. This allowed the atom-by-atom fabrication of isolated platinum deposits, ranging from single atoms to 9-atom clusters. The limiting currents in voltammetry gave the size and number of atoms of the clusters. Given the stochasticity of the plating process, we show that the number of atoms plated over a given time (10 and 20 s) follows a Poisson distribution. Taking the potent...
LambdaLink: an Operation Management Platform for Multi-Cloud Environments

The last several years have seen an unprecedented growth in data availability, with dynamic data streams from sources ranging from social networks to small, inexpensive sensing devices. This new data availability creates an opportunity, especially in geospatial data science where this new, dynamic, data allows novel insight into phenomena ranging from environmental to social sciences. Much work has focused on creating venues or portals for publishing and accessing such dynamic datasets. However access to data in itself is not sufficient to turn data into information the data needs to be filtered, correlated, and otherwise analyzed using methods that are dynamically developed and constantly improved by a distributed community of experts. Further, these methods are increasingly required to deliver results with specific qualities of service, e.g., providing results by a certain deadline or ensuring a certain accuracy of the results. Delivering such qualities of service requires generic but often sophisticated tools managing the execution of operations and ensuring their correctness. This paper presents LambdaLink, an operation management platform for multi-cloud environments, and explains how it supports the structured contribution and repeatable, time-controlled execution of operations. We describe the architecture and implementation of LambdaLink, its approach to appliance management in a multi-cloud context, and compare it with related systems.