cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is There a Problem Officer? Exploring the Lived Experience of Black Men and Their Relationship with Law Enforcement

A study was conducted with the aim of identifying themes about the lived experiences of Black men in relation to law enforcement. An all-black male focus group was engaged in discussions on the topic “Do Black Lives Matter” at an annual conference on counseling racial and ethnic minorities. The group participants consisted of counselors, counselor educators, undergraduate students, graduate students, and a law enforcement representative. Data from the discussion were qualitatively analyzed to identify themes and to give voice to Black male experiences. This paper presents findings regarding these themes (anger, fear, training/re-education) based on the group discussion and group process observations as well as indications on how the findings can be used toward action and change.
Tabulations of Selected Methods of Syntheses That Are Frequently Employed for Insect Sex Pheromones, Emphasizing the Literature of 1977–1982

The molecular structures of insect sex pheromones are quite diverse. They vary from the very simple straight-chain alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes that are predominant in the repertory of lepidopteran sexual communication to the more elaborate isoprenoids employed by scale insects. Synthesis of the simpler pheromones has been concerned primarily with chain elongation and the establishment of the required geometry about one or more double bonds. The more varied fare of other insect pheromones has focused considerable attention on their three-dimensional nature.
The Work of Affirmation

In a culture preoccupied, seemingly, with the concept of self-esteem, an argument is advanced that explorations of the self, and more importantly, the way the self develops in social contexts, is a more helpful and ultimately more realistic approach to understanding human development and well-being. Building on the writings of the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (1969; 1982), a case is made for the self maturing in contexts where the self is affirmed by others, others who discover they have taken responsibility for such affirmation, thereby committing the most ethical of human acts. Finally, it is suggested that the goal of child development is the construction of an affirmed rather than a shamed self, a self capable of devotion to others, not to mention empathy, as well as moral and just action.
Slicer Architectures for Analog-to-Information Conversion in Channel Equalizers

The scaling of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) power consumption with communication bandwidth imposes severe limits on its precision, which significantly impacts receiver performance. In this paper, we consider a “space-time” generalization of the flash architecture by allowing a fixed number of slicers to be dispersed in time (i.e., sampling offset) as well as space (i.e., amplitude), with the goal of investigating its capabilities for analog-to-information conversion (i.e., enabling reliable recovery of digital information, rather than faithful reproduction of the input signal) in the context of channel equalization for binary signaling over a dispersive channel. We first study standard symbol-spaced ADC with severe quantization constraints, estimating the minimum number of slicers needed to avoid error floors. We observe that the performance is sensitive to channel realization and sampling phase, which motivates a more flexible space-time architecture. Using ideas similar to those underlying compressive sensing, we prove that such architectures have no fundamental limitations in theory: randomly dispersing enough one-bit slicers over space and time does provide information sufficient for reliable equalization. We then focus on practical designs for symbol-spaced and fractionally-spaced sampling subject to a constraint on the number of slicers, and propose an algorithm for optimizing slicer thresholds, which significantly improves performance over a standard design.
Structure of the TFIIIA-DNA Complex

Our current understanding of the expression of eukaryotic class III genes has benefited greatly from studies of the developmentally regulated 5S RNA gene system of the African clawed frog Xenopus (Wolffe and Brown 1988). In addition, how the 5S-specific transcription factor III A (TFIIIA) interacts with 5S DNA has proven to be a most interesting problem in structural biology. The elucidation of the primary structure of TFIIIA led to the recognition of a whole new class of DNA-binding proteins, those containing the zinc finger, of which TFIIIA is the prototypical example (Miller et al. 1985). Moreover, the unusual way in which this protein binds to DNA has sparked the development of new solution-based techniques for understanding the structure of this and other protein-DNA complexes (Shastry 1991; Hayes and Tullius 1992).
Ethylene Tetramerization Catalysis: Effects of Aluminum-Induced Isomerization of PNP to PPN Ligands

Diphosphinoamines (PNP) are commonly used to support Cr-catalyzed ethylene trimerization and tetramerization. Although isomerization of PNP to a PPN (iminobisphosphine) species has been established, such reactivity has not been studied in detail in the context of Cr-based selective ethylene oligomerization catalysis. Herein, we show that precursors that are stable as PNP frameworks can isomerize to PPN species in the presence of chlorinated aluminum activators relevant to ethylene oligomerization catalysis. Isomerization changes the pattern of reactivity of the ligands, making them more susceptible to nucleophilic attack by alkyl groups, resulting in a variety of degradation products. The isomerization-mediated degradation of PNP ligands leads to the formation of unwanted polymerization catalysts in ethylene tetramerization systems, thus providing insight into the formation of Cr species that affect the overall selectivity and activity values. For example, independently prepared [R2PNR]— leads to potent C...
All-Risk Crop Insurance: Lessons from Theory and Experience

A producer is generally willing to use more resources, including borrowing more capital for production, if risk can be reduced. One of the major reasons for government involvement in agriculture is to ensure an abundant supply of food and fiber products at reasonable prices. To achieve that goal, the government must assist farmers in managing their risks. The Federal crop insurance program and the various other agricultural programs were designed to assist farmers in the management of risks (U.S. Congress, 1989, p. 57).
Early Childhood Open-Mindedness: An Investigation Into Preservice Teachers’ Capacity to Address Controversial Issues:

We investigated the characteristics of early childhood education (ECE) preservice teachers (PSTs) who were identified as closed minded and their capacity to deal with controversial issues. We defin...
Stability of Steel Columns Subjected to Earthquake and Fire Loads

AbstractAssessing the stability of steel building frames exposed to fire conditions is challenging because of the need to consider the elevated temperature properties of steel, nonuniform heating o...
Milleret, Margo, and Mary Risner, editors. A Handbook for Portuguese Instructors in the U.S. Boa Vista, 2016

In the last 50 years, Portuguese language teaching in the USA has grown in many ways and has established solid roots. But as a less commonly taught language, Portuguese programs face many challenges. Here is a handbook that adequately recognizes these challenges and provides a clear route to overcome them.
From the Editor in Chief: Veni, Vidi, Sensi

What is the right way to make an electronic voting system? After the Florida debacle, Caltech and MIT formed a project to look at the problem. Their most important conclusions were the need to have a physically readable and auditable record of the vote, countable independently of the machine that presents the choices and records the votes. This echoes Rebecca Mercuri's 2000 University of Pennsylvania dissertation, in which she argued for a voter-checkable paper record of the vote that could be preserved for audit.
Development of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Mouse Models

Genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer that recapitulate human pancreatic tumorigenesis have been established. However, the cost associated with generating and housing these mice can be prohibitive. Tumor latency and progression to invasive diseases in these models are also highly variable. Xenograft mouse models of human pancreatic cancer including heterotopic and orthotopic have been widely used in preclinical studies for their comparatively low cost and rapid, predictable tumor growth. Of the two, orthotopic tumor mouse models are preferred because they offer tissue site-specific pathology, allow studies of metastasis, and are generally deemed more clinically relevant. Here we describe the procedures of implanting cancer cell lines to generate orthotopic mouse models for pancreatic cancer.
368 ORBITAL PSEUDOTUMOR: A CASE REPORT.

Introduction Orbital pseudotumor is a rare, idiopathic inflammatory disorder within the orbit that presents with ptosis, eye swelling, pain, and sudden vision loss. Case Presentation A previously healthy 13-year-old African American male presented with a 3-day history of eye swelling, redness, pain, and discharge that did not resolve with topical antibiotics and progressed to include vision loss on the day of consultation. Physical examination showed ptosis of the right upper lid with lower lid chemosis and bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhage. The cornea and lens were clear, and the pupils were equal and reactive to light. Extraocular movements were limited due to pain, but upward and downward movement was present. Fundoscopic examination showed sharp disk margins with an attached and well-perfused retina. His visual acuity was 20/200 OD and 20/20 OS. CBC, electrolytes, and ESR were all normal. Orbital CT scan showed preseptal soft tissue stranding, with no focal abscess or hemorrhage. The orbital contents appear intact and symmetrical in appearance. The impression of ophthalmology consultation was orbital pseudotumor, and high-dose prednisone was prescribed. Visual acuity improved in 3 days, and the patient completely recovered with no sequelae. Discussion Orbital pseudotumor is a rare, benign inflammatory disorder of the orbit. It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients presenting with eye pain, ptosis, chemosis, and vision loss. The differential diagnosis includes orbital cellulitis, allergic conjunctivitis, autoimmune diseases, and syphilis. CT scan or MRI of the orbit with normal serologic tests and a rapid response to steroids clinch the diagnosis. Since it affects the vision, early diagnosis is crucial, so ophthalmology referral and immediate treatment with corticosteroids are essential for optimal outcome.
Preparation, characterization, X-ray crystal structures, and isomerization equilibria and kinetics of cis- and trans-bis(5-imino-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexanonato-N,O)palladium(II)

Abstract The palladium(II) β-ketoenaminate complexes cis- and trans-bis(5-imino-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexanonato-N,O)palladium(II), Pd(admh)2, have been prepared by reaction of PdCl2 and 5-amino-2,2-dimethylhex-4-en-3-one, Hadmh, in aqueous NaOH and have been separated by column chromatography on Florisil. The square-planar complexes were characterized in solution by 1H NMR chemical shifts, the nuclear Overhauser effect, and electric dipole moments, which showed that the first-eluted isomer from Florisil is trans and the second-eluted isomer is cis. X-ray crystal structures of the solid complexes confirm the isomer assignments and reveal close NH ⋯ HN contacts between the two ligands in the cis isomer and close NH ⋯ O contacts in the trans isomer. Isomerization equilibria favor the trans isomer in chlorobenzene and favor the cis isomer in pyridine. The kinetics of trans-to-cis isomerization in pyridine was studied in the range 55.8–100.6 °C: ΔH‡ = 100 ± 2 kJ/mol and ΔS‡ = −50 ± 6 J/(K mol). 1H NMR spectra of Ni(admh)2 in CHClF2 down to −170 °C suggests that only one isomer (probably trans) exists in solution.
College/Career Success Skills: Helping Students Experience Postsecondary Success

An essential component of the school counselor’s role is to provide support for all students to be college and career ready. This article provides an overview of the College/Career Success Skills (...
Corporate Privateering and Economic Counter-Espionage in U.S. Great Power Competition

Abstract American economic statecraft rose to new geopolitical prominence with reevaluations of international trade agreements and tariffs. State-backed industrial espionage remains understudied in its relation to great power competition, despite its ongoing impact on the American economy and security. This article explores a controversial institutional strategy for countering state-backed industrial espionage in a manner that is compatible with the free-enterprise model of American business.
Design, Planning, and Control of an Origami-inspired Foldable Quadrotor

In this paper, a novel foldable quadrotor (FQR) inspired by an origami mechanism is designed. The FQR can fold its arms during flight to enable aggressive turning maneuvers and operations in cluttered environments. A dynamic model of folding is built for this system with the collected data, and a feedback controller is designed to control the position and orientation of the FQR. Lyapunov stability analysis is conducted to show that the system is stable during arm folding and extension, and motion planning of the FQR is achieved based on a modified minimum-snap trajectory generation method. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the advantage of this design over the conventional quad-rotor in obstacle avoidance during flight.
Sox2 promotes expression of the ST6Gal-I glycosyltransferase in ovarian cancer cells.

The ST6Gal-I glycosyltransferase, which adds α2–6-linked sialic acids to N-glycosylated proteins is upregulated in a wide range of malignancies including ovarian cancer. Prior studies have shown that ST6Gal-I-mediated sialylation of select surface receptors remodels intracellular signaling to impart cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics. However, the mechanisms that contribute to ST6Gal-I expression in stem-like cancer cells are poorly understood. Herein, we identify the master stem cell transcription factor, Sox2, as a novel regulator of ST6Gal-I expression. Interestingly, SOX2 and ST6GAL1 are located within the same tumor-associated amplicon, 3q26, and these two genes exhibit coordinate gains in copy number across multiple cancers including ~ 25% of ovarian serious adenocarcinomas. In conjunction with genetic co-amplification, our studies suggest that Sox2 directly binds the ST6GAL1 promoter to drive transcription. ST6Gal-I expression is directed by at least four distinct promoters, and we identified the P3 promoter as the predominant promoter utilized by ovarian cancer cells. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that Sox2 binds regions proximal to the P3 promoter. To confirm that Sox2 regulates ST6Gal-I expression, Sox2 was either overexpressed or knocked-down in various ovarian cancer cell lines. Sox2 overexpression induced an increase in ST6Gal-I mRNA and protein, as well as surface α2–6 sialylation, whereas Sox2 knock-down suppressed levels of ST6Gal-I mRNA, protein and surface α2–6 sialylation. These data suggest a process whereby SOX2 and ST6GAL1 are coordinately amplified in cancer cells, with the Sox2 protein then binding the ST6GAL1 promoter to further augment ST6Gal-I expression. Our collective results provide new insight into mechanisms that upregulate ST6Gal-I expression in ovarian cancer cells, and also point to the possibility that some of the CSC characteristics commonly attributed to Sox2 may, in part, be mediated through the sialyltransferase activity of ST6Gal-I.
A New Conception of the Crack Growth Resistance Evaluation of Structural and Tool-Making Ceramics

Advanced ceramics in tended for structural applications should be tested precisely to provide structural integrity of the component. However, recent laboratory methods on the crack growth resistance evaluation of such materials are not suitable to guarantee probable information on the industrial products behavior. The objective of the present work is to seek a new methodological concept in order to optimise the crack growth resistance of various structural and tool-making ceramics. The compact tension specimens of small geometry parameters (the lamina area of about 100 square mm) with pre-cracks cutting of structural components have been proposed for estimation of the crack growth resistance on brittle materials at the monotonic as well as cyclic loading conditions. Preliminary experiments indicate that this method can lead to improved accuracy of test data.
Mutual Influence? Gender, Partner Pregnancy Desires, Fertility Intentions, and Birth Outcomes in U.S. Heterosexual Couples:

Competing hypotheses exist with regard to how men’s and women’s pregnancy desires and intentions are associated with births among contemporary heterosexual couples. There are compelling cultural an...
Comparative Method and International Litigation

In this article, resulting from a presentation at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Comparative Law, I apply comparative method to international litigation. I do so from the perspective of a U.S.-trained lawyer who has been involved for over 25 years in the negotiations that produced both the 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements and the 2019 Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters. The law of jurisdiction and judgments recognition is probably most often taught in a litigation context. Nonetheless, that law has as much or more importance to the transaction planning lawyer as to the litigator, and affects my focus here for comparative study of developments both in the Hague Conference process and in national (and regional) legal systems during the negotiation of the two treaties with which I have been involved. I look not only at domestic law, but also at treaties and other international legal instruments–the comparative evolution of the law. Moreover, I look at both legal rules and legal systems, addressing the comparative evolution of the institutions that make the law. This includes a comparison of the most influential legal systems at the start of the Hague negotiations. The differences resulting from that comparison ultimately affected the focus of the negotiations and the text of the resulting legal instruments. I end with a set of four conclusions based on these observations and comparisons.
DC Motors and Generators

One of the earliest areas of electrical engineering is the translation of electrical energy into motion (motors) and the transfer of motion into electrical energy (generators). The first usable motors and generators got their start in the mid to late 1800s and have served as the backbone of the modern industry ever since. In this chapter, we will cover the basics of direct current (DC) motors and generators. The analysis will assume steady-state operation leaving the transient response of the motor to a more advanced book.
The use of Learning Media Assessments with Students who are Deaf-Blind:

This study investigated the decision-making process used by teachers of students with visual impairments in determining the literacy media of students who are deaf-blind. Data were collected using ...
Impact of antibiotics on residual cancer burden and pathologic response rates during neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in breast cancer (BC).

e12622Background: Antibiotic exposure during immunotherapy has been shown to negatively affect clinical outcomes in metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. We tested whether antibiotics...
Nexus Theory as a New Perspective of the Management Norm

It was recently argued that an ethically-complete normative theory of the firm requires a vision of a “nexus of imperfect duty” that complements the contractual vision of Coase, i.e. the latter bei...
Detection of differentially abundant cell subpopulations discriminates biological states in scRNA-seq data

Abstract Traditional cell clustering analysis used to compare the transcriptomic landscapes between two biological states in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is largely inadequate to functionally identify distinct and important differentially abundant (DA) subpopulations between groups. This problem is exacerbated further when using unsupervised clustering approaches where differences are not observed in clear cluster structure and therefore many important differences between two biological states go entirely unseen. Here, we develop DA-seq, a powerful unbiased, multi-scale algorithm that uniquely detects and decodes novel DA subpopulations not restricted to well separated clusters or known cell types. We apply DA-seq to several publicly available scRNA-seq datasets on various biological systems to detect differences between distinct phenotype in COVID-19 cases, melanomas subjected to immune checkpoint therapy, embryonic development and aging brain, as well as simulated data. Importantly, we find that DA-seq not only recovers the DA cell types as discovered in the original studies, but also reveals new DA subpopulations that were not described before. Analysis of these novel subpopulations yields new biological insights that would otherwise be neglected.
Optimal Redistribution Through Public Provision of Private Goods

How does a private market influence the optimal design of a public program? In this paper, I study a designer who has preferences over how a public option and a private good are allocated. However, she can design only the public option. Her design affects the distribution of consumers who purchase the private good—and hence equilibrium outcomes. I characterize the optimal mechanism and show how it can be computed explicitly. I derive comparative statics on the value of the public option and show that the optimal mechanism generally rations the public option. Finally, I examine implications on the optimal design when the designer can intervene in the private market or introduce an individual mandate.
Iodine-based contrast staining improves micro-computed tomography of atherosclerotic coronary arteries.

Abstract We sought to develop a reversible staining protocol using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) paired with a radiopaque contrast agent that allows for three-dimensional in situ visualization and characterization of atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries were dissected from surrounding myocardium and incubated in iohexol at various concentrations and incubation times and then imaged using direct radiography. Line profiles were generated across the artery x-ray to determine effectiveness of the radiopaque contrast agent to penetrate the tissue. Our studies revealed that, to sufficiently delineate tissue constructs, the minimum effective iohexol concentration and incubation time were 240 mgI/mL for 1 hour. Among all groups, 24 hours of de-staining brought radiopacity back to control levels. After iohexol incubation, micro-CT was performed. Our findings demonstrate that extended staining times and a minimum iohexol concentration of 240 mgI/mL are required for effective tissue perfusion, which eliminates the diffusion distribution profile inherent to the ability of the contrast agent to traverse tissue layers. • Iohexol enhances ex vivo micro-CT imaging of atherosclerotic coronary arteries • Iohexol allows for improved tissue segmentation during micro-CT image analysis • Effectiveness of iohexol penetration of the tissue was dependent on concentration and duration of incubation
A General Theory of Three-Stage Estimation Strategy with Second-Order Asymptotics and Its Applications

We begin with a generic expression of an optimal fixed-sample-size n∗ which has an expression λg(𝜃) with λ > 0 and g(𝜃) > 0 where 𝜃 is an unknown parameter. A consistent estimator of 𝜃 is a sample mean of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables. Under fairly relaxed set of conditions on g(.), we have developed a general theory of three-stage sampling strategy detailing requisite mathematical techniques for proving both asymptotic (as $\lambda \rightarrow \infty $ ) first-order and second-order analyses. We believe that this theory is broad and rich especially since the technicalities developed are not tailored to fit a specific inference problem of choice. We have validated this sentiment with the help of illustrations which cannot be handled satisfactorily by improvising upon some of the existing methodologies. For example, (i) Illustration 1 proposes a three-stage strategy under Linex loss in a recently developed inference problem; (ii) Illustration 2 handles estimation of 𝜃 in a Uniform(0,𝜃) distribution which obviously stays outside an exponential family; and (iii) Illustration 3 incorporates expressions of g(.) functions which no existing paper’s analyses could treat.
Neurocognitive function influences dynamic postural stability strategies in healthy collegiate athletes.

Abstract Objectives Poorer neurocognitive performance may increase lower extremity injury risk due to alterations in biomechanics. However, it is unclear if poorer neurocognitive function may be associated with altered dynamic postural stability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between neurocognitive performance and dynamic postural stability in healthy collegiate athletes. Design Cross-sectional cohort. Methods Forty-five Division-I collegiate athletes (21 males, 24 females; age: 19.69 ± 1.50) completed neurocognitive assessments from the NIH Toolbox® (NIHTB). Three groups were established from the NIHTB composite score: high performers (HP), moderate performers (MP), and low performers (LP). Additionally, participants completed a dynamic hop-to-stabilization task. Accelerometer and gyroscopic data were recorded during landing through an inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the participant's low back. The root mean squared (RMS) of the accelerometer and gyroscope was calculated for the orthogonal planes and the resultant vector. Group differences for demographic variables, NIHTB composite scores, and IMU based measures were analyzed with one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post hoc analyses were performed. Cohen's d effect sizes were also calculated. Results Post hoc tests determined the LP group had higher vertical acceleration RMS values (p = 0.013, d = −0.85) and lower anteroposterior acceleration RMS values (p = 0.005, d = 0.95) compared to the HP group. Conclusions Neurocognitive performance may influence dynamic postural stability strategies in athletes. Higher neurocognitive performers may use different approaches to perform difficult postural tasks by adopting strategies associated with lower vertical and higher anteroposterior acceleration compared to lower neurocognitive performers.
A prospective study of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals involved in academic research under limited operations during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundEarly in the pandemic, transmission risk from asymptomatic infection was unclear making it imperative to monitor infection in workplace settings. Further, data on SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence within university populations has been limited. MethodsWe performed a longitudinal study of University research employees on campus July-December 2020. We conducted questionnaires on COVID-19 risk factors, RT-PCR testing, and SARS-CoV-2 serology using an in-house spike RBD assay, laboratory-based Spike NTD assay, and standard nucleocapsid platform assay. We estimated prevalence and cumulative incidence of seroconversion with 95% confidence intervals using the inverse of the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Results910 individuals were included in this analysis. At baseline, 6.2% (95% CI 4.29-8.19) were seropositive using the spike RBD assay; four (0.4%) were seropositive using the nucleocapsid assay, and 44 (4.8%) using the Spike NTD assay. Cumulative incidence was 3.61% (95% CI: 2.04-5.16). Six asymptomatic individuals had positive RT-PCR results. ConclusionsPrevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections was low; however differences in target antigens of serological tests provided different estimates. Future research on appropriate methods of serological testing in unvaccinated and vaccinated populations is needed. Frequent RT-PCR testing of asymptomatic individuals is required to detect acute infections, and repeated serosurveys are beneficial for monitoring subclinical infection.
Practical Software Configuration Management: The Latenight Developer's Handbook

This book provides a quick, easy-to-read introduction to the advanced concept of configuration management. As software developers create new applications, they must map each step for later reference and quality checks -- like leaving behind a trail of bread crumbs. Written for individuals or small development teams who do not have vast resources and budgets, Mikkelson/Pherigo is a complete package of everything you need to create professional software.
Oxford Studies in Metaethics

Notes on Contributors Introduction 1. The Relational Nature of the Good 2. Value and Reasons to Favor 3. On Being Social in Metaethics 4. Reasons, Commitment, and the Will 5. Two Dualisms of Practical Reason 6. On the (In)Significance of Moral Disagreement for Moral Knowledge 7. Moral Error Theory and the Belief Problem 8. Truth Conditions and the Meaning of Ethical Terms 9. Properties for Nothing, Facts for Free? Expressivism's Deflationary Gambit 10. Believing in Expressivism 11. Tempered Expressivism Index
Simulation of Kinematic Chains with Working Model

This chapter focuses on how to simulate the planar mechanism R-RTR by using Working Model. The mechanism has three links—the driver link (link 1), the slider (link 2), and the rocker (link 3). The first step involves opening the Working Model . The next step creates the three moving links of the mechanism. The background serves as the fixed frame link (ground). Other steps include connecting the slider and the rocker; adding a motor to the driver link; connecting the driver link and the slider; connecting the rocker to the ground; adding an external torque; and measuring positions, velocities, accelerations, torques, and forces. When a joint is selected to create a meter to measure the reaction force, the meter measures the forces exerted on the body located at the top when the joint is created. The components of the forces are given in terms of the local coordinate system. In order to measure the components of the pin joint forces in terms of the global coordinate systems, the angles of the two points that compose the pin joint are set to the value 0.
What Is a Good Skeptic to Do? The Case for Skepticism in the Media Violence Discussion:

The discussion about violent video games tends to engender extreme positions, each of which are deserving of deep skepticism. Ferguson's (2015, this issue) claim that humans can do something repeatedly with no effect on them should be examined carefully, especially as it violates most established psychological and learning theories. In this commentary, we examine three aspects of Ferguson's claim. First, it is a typical rhetorical trick to sow doubt, but it is valuable to examine the doubting claims. Second, it is good rhetoric to direct attention in only one direction, but it is valuable to examine that direction within its broader outlook. Third, it is good rhetoric to imply bias on the part of one position, but it is valuable to examine the potential biases on all sides. Good science definitely requires skeptics. The problem with the violent video game debate is perhaps that we have not been skeptical enough.
Chemical Mechanism of Myosin‐Catalyzed ATP Hydrolysis

The sections in this article are: 1 Kinetics of ATP Binding and Hydrolysis 2 Nature of ATP Hydrolysis Step 2.1 Oxygen Exchange 2.2 Oxygen Isotope Incorporation 2.3 Positional Isotope Exchange 2.4 Stereochemistry of Phosphoryl Group Transfer 2.5 Structure of Magnesium-Nucleotide Complexes 3 Perspectives on Mechanism and Function of ATP Hydrolysis in Muscle
Densification and Microstructure Development in Boron Carbide

Etude de la microstructure lors du frittage de B 4 C. Pour obtenir une densification superieure a 97%, il faut ajouter 4 a 12% en poids de carbone
Disappearance of Glutathione from Serum or Hemoglobin Solutions

Glutathione disappears as a soluble, nonprotein component after it has been added to serum, either in the reduced (GSH) or oxidized (GSSG) form. When GSH is added to serum it is rapidly oxidized to GSSG by some dialyzable component of serum. Glutathione is lost because of interaction of serum proteins with the GSSG formed in this manner or added directly. A similarly rapid loss of glutathione occurs in the presence of hemoglobin only if acetylphenylhydrazine is also present. This loss of glutathione in the presence of a redox drug is the result of a direct interaction between GSH and hemoglobin, in contrast to the reaction occurring in serum. The implications of these findings for hematologic disease are discussed.
Gait variability in Parkinson's disease: levodopa and walking direction

Background Levodopa treatment has been shown to improve gait spatio-temporal characteristics in both forward and backward walking. However, effect of levodopa on gait variability during backward walking compared with forward walking has not been reported. Aims of study To study the effects of levodopa on gait variability of forward and backward walking in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods Forty individuals with PD were studied. Their mean age was 68.70 ± 7.46 year. The average time since diagnosis was 9.41 ± 5.72 year. Gait variability was studied while ‘OFF’ and ‘ON’ levodopa when the participants walked forward and backward at their usual speed. Variability in step time, swing time, stride length, double support time, and stride velocity were compared between medication condition and walking direction. Results Variability of step time, swing time, stride length, and stride velocity decreased significantly during forward and backward walks (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.003, P = 0.001, respectively) after levodopa administration. Variability of double support time was not changed after levodopa administration (P = 0.054). Conclusions Levodopa had positive effects on gait variability of forward and backward walking in individuals with PD. However, variability in double support time was not affected by the levodopa.
European Economic and Monetary Union’s perverse effects on sectoral wage inflation: Negative feedback effects from institutional change?

Public sector unions push for unmerited wage increases, exacerbating inflation and deficits. Despite this conventional wisdom, governments in several European countries successfully limited public ...
Revisiting Convolution Scheme in Bridge Aerodynamics: Comparison of Step and Impulse Response Functions

Two elementary response features of bridge aerodynamics, namely unit-step (indicial) and unit-impulse response functions, as the fundamental building blocks for the convolution integral, are reviewed systematically. The comparison of these elementary response functions was carried out from theoretical, experimental, and numerical perspectives. Theoretically, their new interpretation is given in the context of bridge aerodynamics. Experimentally, the underlying mechanism concerning these elementary response functions as applied to bridge aerodynamics was investigated, e.g., the overshooting feature and the applications to the simulation of gust- and motion-induced forces. Numerically, a comparison of the indicial and rational function approximations, often utilized in the indirect identification of the effective unit-step and unit-impulse response functions, respectively, is highlighted by underscoring the underlying physics in the associated mathematical derivation. A numerical example of a long-span bridge is presented to demonstrate the fidelity of simulation based on these numerical approximations.
The stereospecificity of bacterial external flavoprotein monooxygenases for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Abstract It is known that orcinol hydroxylase shows A-stereospecificity for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide when the enzyme reaction involves the true substrate, orcinol, but when the reaction is carried out in the presence of pseudosubstrates, this enzyme shows an isotope dependent mixed-type Stereospecificity, the degree of which depends on the uncoupling activity of the employed pseudosubstrate [Ribbons, D. W., Ohta, Y. and Higgins, I. J. (1972) in Miami Winter Symposium, The Molecular Basis of Electron Transport (Schultz, J., and Cameron, B. R., eds.), Vol. 4 , pp. 251–274, Academic Press, New York]. In this report, the nicotinamide nucleotide stereospecificity of other external flavoprotein monooxygenases from bacterial sources is presented. All of the monooxygenases examined, namely, melilotate hydroxylase, m -hydroxybenzoate-6-hydroxylase, resorcinol hydroxylase, and salicylate hydroxylase, invariably show A-stereospecificity, as in the case of orcinol hydroxylase with true substrate. Unlike orcinol hydroxylase, however, the stereospecificity of salicylate hydroxylase remains A-stereospecific even with pure pseudosubstrate (i.e., benzoate) regardless of the position of the deuterium at the dihydronicotinamide 4-position. On the basis of the information obtained in this investigation, a general rule pertaining to the stereospecificity of nicotinamide nucleotide enzymes is proposed that all external flavoprotein monooxygenases have A-stereospecificity with respect to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Point-free topological spaces, functions and recursive points; filter foundation for recursive analysis. I

Abstract In this paper we develop a point-free approach to the study of topological spaces and functions on them, establish platforms for both and present some findings on recursive points. (The effectivization of the functions on our spaces and related results are presented in a sequel.) In the first sections of the paper, we obtain conditions under which our approach leads to the generation of ideal objects (points) with which mathematicians work. Next, we apply the effective version of our approach to the real numbers, and make exact connections to the classical approach to recursive reals. In the succeeding sections of the paper, we introduce machinery to produce functions on topological spaces and find succinct conditions which will be effectivized in our sequel.
Liver fatty acids of Rana grylio tadpoles and frogs.

Abstract 1. 1. Liver fatty acids of Rana grylio before, during and after the early stages of metamorphosis have been analyzed by GLC (gas-liquid chromatography). Of the twenty-six peaks discernible in the fatty acids spectra, eight are present in quantities greater than 5%. On the basis of relative retention times and polarity of mercuric acetate adducts, these acids have been identified as C 16 : 0, C 16 : 0,C 18 : 0, C 18 : 1, C 18 : 2, C 18 : ⩾3, C 20 : ⩾3, and C 21 : ⩾3 (chain length: number of double bonds). 2. 2. There seems to be no appreciable difference in either the quantity or types of liver fatty acids which can be associated with metamorphosis.
An Evaluation of Pharmacological Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs frequently in hospitalised patients, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The most common and generalised forms of acute renal failure are pre-renal conditions and intra-renal acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Pre-renal ARF in its pure state should be entirely reversible by restoring renal perfusion, but in some cases ATN has already occurred. ATN remains a more vexing problem, and is seen most often with hypotension, perioperative or systemic inflammatory stresses, radiocontrast administration, and exposure to nephrotoxins. Among the available pharmacological options for prevention or treatment of ATN, there is a remarkable lack of definitive evidence supporting specific therapy in any setting. Although loop diuretics, mannitol, and dopamine are frequently used for prevention and/or treatment of ATN, clinical studies have failed to prove value. Other drugs with theoretical value, specifically atrial natriuretic peptide analogues, adenosine blockers, and calcium antagonists, have been insufficiently studied to recommend use. Other pharmacological options may arise in the future. Ensuring adequate intravascular fluid volume remains the only approach to managing ATN which can be considered relatively effective and safe. Given the abundant theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of ATN with drugs, well conducted clinical studies with relevant outcome measures are clearly warranted.
Accessory abducens nucleus and its relationship to the accessory facial and posterior trigeminal nuclei in cat

Retrograde transport of HRP by the abducens nerve results in the labelling of its principal nucleus and, in addition, a second nucleus about 2.5 mm ventrolateral to the principal nucleus. The presence of this second or accessory nucleus of the abducens in a mammal confirms the observations of several Nineteenth Century anatomists and rebuts the conclusions of more recent investigators who argued that the nucleus was allied instead to the facial or trigeminal nerves. The same HRP technique applied to the facial or trigeminal nerves shows that the accessory nucleus of the abducens is in the same parasagittal plane as the accessory nucleus of the facial nerve and the most caudal cells of the motor trigeminal nucleus. The accessory abducens and accessory facial nuclei fall in a ventrocaudal to dorsorostral line between the principal nucleus of the facial and the motor nucleus of the trigeminal with the accessory abducens just caudal and ventral to the accessory facial.
Satellite observations of surface temperatures and flow patterns, Sea of Japan and East China Sea, late March 1979

Abstract Unusually cloud-free NOAA satellite thermal infrared images of the Sea of Japan reveal patterns of surface temperature important to understanding surface circulation. A 26 March image of almost the entire ocean basin, cloud-free, shows the appropriate temperature structure of the expected classical surface circulation as formulated by Uda (1934). These include the two-branched pattern of the Tsushima Current, the polar front, and the cold, isothermal surface water of the Maritime Provinces Cold Current (north-central Sea of Japan). Additionally, these observational data show the sea to be nearly filled with mesoscale eddies, as suggested by Yoon and Suginohara (1977) from numerical modeling studies. A 28 March image is supportive of the conclusions of Lim (1971) that the Tsushima Current waters are formed in the outer East China Sea shelf by mixing of Kuroshio waters with outer shelf and slope waters. Satellite-measured surface temperatures differed from surface ship measurements (JMA, Ten-Day Marine Report) by 1–2°C, an offset observed previously under similar atmospheric conditions. Images of this quality can be expected in late winter and early spring, as regional surface cooling facilitates penetration of polar continental air deep into the Sea of Japan and western Pacific.
Pseudo-random trees: multiple independent sequence generators for parallel and branching computations

Abstract A class of families of linear congruential pseudo-random sequences is defined, for which it is possible to branch at any event without changing the sequence of random numbers used in the original random walk and for which the sequences in different branches show properties analogous to mutual statistical independence . This is a hitherto unavailable, and computationally desirable, tool.
Experimentally induced tumours in Periplaneta americana L.

Abstract In experiments on the American cockroach the recurrens nerve was severed and the salivary ducts ligatured. The latter operation results in the development of tumours in the salivary acini, reservoir, and associated ducts. The tumours are characterized by rapid cell proliferation and accumulation of inclusion cyst material.
Analysis of Large-Scale Wave Disturbances in the Tropics Simulated by an NCAR Global Circulation Model

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of equatorial waves identified in simulated atmospheric data by an NCAR global circulation model. The technique of wavenumber-frequency spectral analysis is applied for the time-sequence data at grid points around the latitude circles. Three types of dominant waves are identified by spectral peaks and phases: the atmospheric Kelvin waves, the mixed Rossby-gravity wave, and the Rossby-Haurwitz type of free oscillation. The Rossby-Haurwitz type of free oscillation is at zonal wavenumber 1 with a westward-propagating period of about 5 days. There is no vertical phase tilt for this oscillation. The Kelvin waves are found at wavenumber 1 with an eastward-traveling period of about 24 days and wavenumber 2 with an eastward-traveling period of about 12 days, while the mixed Rossby-gravity wave is found at zonal wavenumber 3 with a westward-traveling period of about 4.61 days. Both types of vertically-propagating waves have a vertical wavelength ...
Brightness inhibition re size of surround

The amount by which the apparent brightness of a visual field is inhibited by a surrounding field depends on the area of the inhibiting field. Interocular brightness matches showed that, as the size of a surrounding annulus is increased from a thin ring, the degree of inhibition on the brightness of an inner disk increases rapidly at first and then more slowly as the effect approaches an asymptote. The increase of the inhibition with size of annulus can be expressed as an increase in the exponent of the power function that relates the apparent brightness of the dish to its physical luminance.
The Relationship between Timing of Moves and Choice of Destination in Stochastic Models of Migration

The importance of studying the relationship between the timing of moves and the choice of destination is discussed in terms of theories of migration decision processes and of methodological issues in the analysis of migration histories. Special attention is given to duration-of-residence effects. Statistical procedures based on the theory of competing risks and semi-Markov processes are developed and applied to residence histories of Norwegian men, 1965–1971. Subject to several qualifications, the results confirm the hypothesis that decisions of whether to move and where to go are independent. The methods can be used in many analogous problem areas where timing and multiple outcomes are of concern.