cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves

Algebraic Varieties.- Algebraic Curves.- The Geometry of Elliptic Curves.- The Formal Group of Elliptic Curves.- Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields.- Elliptic Curves over C.- Elliptic Curves over Local Fields.- Elliptic Curves over Global Fields.- Integral Points on Elliptic Curves.-Computing the Mordell Weil Group.- Appendix A: Elliptic Curves in Characteristics.-Appendix B: Group Cohomology (H0 and H1).
The Psychosocial Impact of Cancer

Twenty-five cancer patients and 32 healthy control subjects were evaluated Reprehensivly to determine the uniquet impact of living with incura le cancer on psychological distress, sleep, physical abilities, quality of life, marital distress atterns of daily living, and fund 04 illness-related information. The authors hypothesized that cancer patients would have higher levels of psychological distress, more Impaired physical abilities, poorer quality of life, and more marital distress than would the healthy controls because of the deleterious effects of cancer. The authors also hypothesized that the cancer patients would be less physically active, spend more time alone in passive activities, and spend less time in work and recreational activities. Because of the patients' ongoing experiences with cancer, they were expected to have a greater fund of information about cancer than the healthy controls. Although the results indicated considerable support for these hypotheses, the patients appeared to be less d...
Wireless technology and Web

Summary form only given. Today, every one of us has been enjoying the PC computing on the Web. As fast growth of wireless technology, and convergence of telecommunication and computing, PC+ is now a movement toward our daily life, for example, mobile phone with computing capability and meanwhile embedded computing devices with voice capability are all coming into our life. In this talk, we first give an overview on various wireless technologies such as WiMAX, Mobile-Fi, Zigbee, and UWB in addition to traditional cellular wireless technology. Then, we present various wireless networks based on the above radio technology, such as wireless mobile networks and wireless mesh network. Consequently, we talk about their applications that can enable people to surf the Web from anywhere at anytime on any devices. Accordingly, we present associated research directions.
Correlating Drama, Music, and Dance

(1935). Correlating Drama, Music, and Dance. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 22-56.
Internal structure of bokeh image in camera lenses with aspheric surfaces

We present theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of the cause of internal structure of bokeh images often seen in shots taken with camera lenses that incorporate aspheric surfaces. The bokeh structure was shown to closely reflect characteristics of the asphere manufacturing process, and found to be due to light diffraction on the phase grating associated with the aspheric surface. Results of theoretical analysis were confirmed by numerical simulations and experimental photo shots. Bokeh images were found to be more sensitive to residual manufacturing artifacts of aspheric surface than corresponding degradation in lens modulation transfer function for a sharp focused image.
Education and training in chemical engineering related to the use of computers

Abstract Readily available digital computers have the potential to significantly alter the manner in which chemical engineering students are educated. Computing software covering all aspects of chemical engineering is available and continues to grow. However, until textbooks take computing for granted and all educators are comfortable with computing and numerical methods, the widespread use of computing in education is likely to be hindered.
Postnatal heterochrony of the masticatory apparatus in Cebus apella and Cebus albifrons

Species of the genus Cebus have been characterized as omnivorous, although Cebus apella differs significantly from the other Cebus species in its ability to routinely consume hard fruits and nuts. Hard-object feeding behavior in C. apella is reflected in a suite of craniomandibular features that are related to the generation and dissipation of higher masticatory stresses. This study examines the biomechanical differences between C. apella and Cebus albifrons, a species that does not exploit hard foods, by considering the ontogenetic sources of anatomical differences among adults. When adult forms are compared, C. apella are found to have greater relative depth and thickness of the corpus at M1 and greater relative thickness at the symphysis. In addition, the corporal and symphyseal cross-sections are absolutely larger. This overall pattern is consistent with the expectation of a need for increased resistance to parasagittal bending and twisting stresses in the corpus, increased resistance to wishboning stresses in the symphysis and greater resistance to shear stresses in both the corpus and symphysis. When patterns of postnatal growth are compared, it is found that there are few differences in growth trajectories, as indicated by similarity in regression line slopes. Instead, most of the biomechanical differences that distinguish adults are present early in postnatal life, as indicated by differences in regression line elevations. It is concluded that the modifications for hard-object feeding seen in C. apella adults are most probably the result of selection on prenatal growth processes.
Pharmacological effects of AMPA receptor potentiators LY392098 and LY404187 on rat neuronal AMPA receptors in vitro.

The present study describes the pharmacological activity of two novel positive allosteric modulators at AMPA receptors in acutely isolated rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons and cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Currents elicited by application of glutamate (100 μM) to isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurons were potentiated by LY392098, LY404187, cyclothiazide, CX516 and aniracetam. The rank order of potency was LY404187> LY392098> cyclothiazide > CX516> aniracetam. LY392098 displayed a higher maximal efficacy than the other compounds examined. AMPA-activated inward currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons were potentiated by LY392098, LY404187 and cyclothiazide in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner although considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of response from cell to cell was observed. LY392098 was ineffective in potentiating AMPA receptor responses when dialyzed via the intracellular solution. The selectivity profiles of the two novel AMPA receptor potentiators were examined. LY392098 or LY404187 had minimal activity on NMDA receptor responses, on voltage-gated calcium channel currents in cultured hippocampal neurons and on GluR5 kainate receptor currents in acutely isolated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Spatial gradients of visual attention: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence

The spatial distribution of visual attention was investigated by measuring target detectability (d') and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to stimuli at varying distances from an attended locus. Vertical bars were flashed rapidly in random order to 1 of 3 locations: one in each of the lateral visual fields and one on the vertical meridian above the fixation point. Subjects maintained eye fixation while directing their attention to 1 of the 3 locations for the duration of each 1.75 min run. Their primary task was to detect infrequent, shorter target bars at the attended location. A secondary task was to respond to shorter target bars at either of the 2 unattended locations if they 'happened to notice them' (without trying to detect them). ERPs and d' scores were obtained to the lateral field stimuli both when they were specifically attended (primary task), as well as when attention was focused upon midline or opposite-field flashes (secondary task). Both d' scores and the amplitudes of the P135 and N190 waves decreased progressively as attention was directed to locations increasingly distant from a given lateral stimulus. These results support 'gradient' models of the spatial distribution of visual attention.
Influence of prenatal photoperiods on postnatal reproductive responses to daily infusions of melatonin in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).

Prepubertal reproductive development in juvenile male Siberian hamsters can be strongly influenced by photoperiod information received during gestation. Information transmitted from the mother hamster to her fetuses appears to modify the photoperiodic mechanism of the developing hamsters so that they may respond differently to certain intermediate day lengths [i.e. 14 h of light and 10 h of darkness/day (14L)] experienced after birth depending on whether gestation occurred in longer or shorter day lengths. In adult and juvenile hamsters, the duration of the nocturnal elevation of pineal and serum melatonin (MEL) is an important component of the photoperiodic system coding for day length. In the present study, we investigated whether the photoperiod in effect during gestation could influence the responsiveness of developing male hamsters to daily MEL infusions of fixed durations administered after weaning. The results indicated that hamsters gestated under 16L or 10L did not differ from each other with res...
Is There Evidence for Polar Wander on Europa

Abstract The orientations of the albedo lineaments, bands, and lineations on Europa's surface have been compared in previous studies with the global stress fields set up by orbital eccentricity, orbital recession, and nonsynchronous rotation. Of these orbital and rotational effects, nonsynchronous rotation, combined with an offsetting of the tidal bulge, comes closest to providing agreement between the stress field generated and the lineation orientations, if the lineations trace tension or extension fractures (McEwen 1986.Nature321, 49–51). However, inferred minimum principal stress directions for a broad region of wedge-shaped bands near the anti-Jove point cannot satisfactorily be accounted for by any of the stress fields above, but are consistent with the stresses resulting from a rotation of Europa's ice shell about an axis through the sub- and anti-Jove points, clockwise as seen from the anti-Jove hemisphere (P. M. Schenk and W. B. McKinnon 1989.Icarus79, 75–100). Calculations by Ojakangas and Stevenson (1989.Icarus81, 220–241) of the thermal state of Europa's ice shell indicate that spatial variations in the thickness of the shell may cause it to undergo such a reorientation. We have investigated whether any reorientation of the shell about an axis through the sub- and anti-Jove points produces a stress field consistent with the full, global set of prominent lineations on Europa's surface. We find that no such reorientation provides a good fit between the lineations and plausible fracture orientations derived from the principal stress trajectories. Topographic ridges, identified in a limited zone south of the anti-Jove point, are roughly consistent with compression due to clockwise polar wander, but the orientations of these ridges may be strongly biased by illumination direction. Within the limitations of the presently available imagery, nonsynchronous rotation is still the most likely cause of the prominant fractures on Europa's surface, and the best specific, albeit regionally limited, tectonic evidence consistent with recent polar wander remains the wedge-shaped bands.
Complexing and denaturation of DNA by methylmereuric hydroxide. II. Ultracentrifugation studies

When increasing concentrations of methylmercuric hydroxide are added to a Cs2SO4 solution of native DNA, the buoyant density of DNA is unaltered until a critical concentration is reached above which there is a cooperative transition to denatured DNA which now binds so much CH3HgOH that it becomes very dense and nonbuoyant. As increasing concentrations of methylmercuric hydroxide are added to a Cs2So4 solution of denatured DNA, the buoyant density gradually increases, indicating a gradual increase in the amount of methylmercury cation bound. The denatured DNA methylmercury complex becomes nonbuoyant at the same concentration of methylmercuric hydroxide as does the native DNA. These results support our previous interpretation that CH3HgOH reacts with the imino NH bonds of thymine and guanine in nucleic acids. The reaction occurs more or less independently at the different binding sites for denatured DNA, but it occurs cooperatively with simultaneous denaturation for native DNA. The nature of the transition of denatured DNA to the nonbuoyant state is not known, but it is probably due to an abrupt decrease in the degree of hydration of the DNA when its density and hydrophobic character are sufficiently increased by the binding of the methylmercury cation. Direct measurements of the amount of methylmercury bound by DNA, as observed by preparative ultracentrifugation, confirm approximately the buoyant density results as to the amount of methylmercury bound. The possibility of using methylmercuric hydroxide as a reagent for the separation of complementary strands, depending on then thymine of their thymine plus guanine content, is discussed.
The economic impact of commercial fisheries and marine‐related activities: A critical review of northeastern input‐output studies

Abstract The application of the input‐output method to regional analysis of coastal zone production and consumption activities is examined. A review of previous Northeastern input‐output studies provides a framework for analyzing selected methodological procedures utilized in this type of analysis. While commercial fishing and other marine‐related activities have been shown to have important economic impact on coastal communities, the review indicates that in certain cases the methodological procedures adopted tended to yield an upward bias to the estimation of economic impacts. Standardization of procedures is recommended for future studies.
Semi-Automatic Extraction Of The Left-Ventricular Chamber From 3-D CT Cardiac Images

Given a high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) volumetric image (volume) of the heart, one can estimate the volume and 3-D spatial distribution of left ventricular (LV) myocardial muscle mass. The first stage of this problem is to extract the LV chamber. The prevalent techniques for solving this problem require manual editing of the data on a computer console. Unfortunately, manual editing is subject to operator errors and biases, only draws upon two-dimensional views, and is extremely time consuming. We describe a semi-automatic method for extracting the volume and shape of the LV chamber from a 3-D CT image (or volume) of the heart. For a given volume, the operator first performs some simple manual edits. Then, an automated stage, which incorporates concepts from 3-D mathematical morphology and topology and the maximum-homogeneity filter, extracts the LV chamber. The method gives more consistent measurements and demands considerably less operator time than manual slice-editing.
Making Science Accessible: A Semiotics of Scientific Communication

This article serves as a demonstration of how certain models of literary analysis, used to theorize and analyze fiction and narrative, can also be applied to scientific communication in such a manner as to promote the accessibility of science to the general public and a greater awareness of the methodology used in making scientific discovery. The approach of this article is based on the assumption that the principles of structuralism and semiotics can provide plausible explanations for the divide between the reception of science and literature. We provide a semiotic analysis of a scientific article that has had significant impact in the field of molecular biology with profound medical implications. Furthermore, we show how the structural and semiotic characteristics of literary texts are also evident in the scientific papers, and we address how these characteristics can be applied to scientific prose in order to propose a model of scientific communication that reaches the public. By applying this theoretical framework to the analysis of both scientific and literary communication, we establish parallels between primary scientific texts and literary prose.
Nitrate and ammonium uptake by maize: adaptation during relief from nitrogen suppression

summary Initial (0–1 h) net rates of nitrate and ammonium uptake from 200 μM NH4NO3 were progressively increased as 8-d-old maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings, grown on 5 mM nitrate, were exposed to nitrogen-free solutions for up to 48 h. Further nitrogen deprivation to 72 h resulted in a decline in the nitrate uptake rate. Nitrate uptake rates of plants at all stages of nitrogen deprivation increased steadily during an 8 h exposure to 200 μM NH4NO3. The pattern of the response of ammonium uptake during the 8 h adaptation period was considerably different. In nitrogen-replete plants the ammonium uptake rate increased steadily, but deprivation of nitrogen for 12 h and longer resulted in complex responses in which the initial rate was followed by a decline, a subsequent increase, and another decline. The responses of the nitrate uptake system are considered to reflect a lifting of the suppressive effects of nitrate and a product of nitrate assimilation during nitrogen deprivation, a concomitant degradation of an induced component of the nitrate uptake system during that time, and reinduction of the uptake system during the adaptation period. The responses of the ammonium uptake system are considered to reflect the interplay of suppression by a product of ammonium assimilation, the accumulation of root ammonium and associated ammonium efflux, and a stimulation by ammonium of its own uptake. As a consequence of the differential responses of the two uptake systems, nitrate and ammonium uptake rates were positively correlated, largely independent, or negatively correlated as the plants progressed through the 8 h adaptation period.
The ventral parapodial cirrus of the benthic Phyllodocidae (Polychaeta), with special reference to Clavadoce Hartman and Bergstroemia Banse

Summary Several benthic Phyllodocidae have a large reniform ventral parapodial cirrus with the long axis oblique, or at a right angle, to the acicula. The form and orientation of the cirrus is introduced as an auxiliary diagnostic character on the generic level, because this type of cirrus is restricted to certain genera established on the basis of other criteria previously. Incorporating this observation, a new diagnosis is provided for Clavadoce Hartman, additions are given to the description of the type species, C. splendida Hartman, and C. annenkovae Ushakov is recognized as a valid species. Bergstroemia Banse is elevated to generic rank; additions to the description of B. nigrimaculata (Moore) are made.
Flexible fabrication, packaging, and detection approach for microscale chromatography systems

This paper describes a simple manufacturing and packaging method to fabricate microfluidic channels and obtain an optical detection interface for rapid prototyping of microscale chemical and biological analysis systems. Specifically, this work reports on efforts to develop new methods for simple, fast and reliable design and fabrication of microscale field flow fractionation (FFF) based biological analysis systems and a compatible optical detector flow cell. First, a rapid prototyping technique is used to realize electrical FFF microchannels and second, a modular detector interface with a 38 nl detection region is employed, which when connected to an appropriate microfluidic channel, results in a ElFFF prototype. Detector characterization is carried out to evaluate important figures of merit such as sensitivity, S/N ratio and limit of detection. Plate height, a primary performance metric for field flow fractionation is determined and compared with an on-chip detector. Separation of a multicomponent mixture of polystyrene particles is also demonstrated. The developed system allows for an easy plug-and-play approach to the optical interface and has resulted in improved operational flexibility and robustness of the microsystem.
Respiratory effects of brevetoxin and saxitoxin in awake guinea pigs

Ptychodiscus brevis toxin (brevetoxin) is associated with 'Florida red tide' and cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Saxitoxin is the agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning. Clinical reports of human intoxication suggest that both toxins affect the respiratory system. The toxins were administered by slow intravenous infusion. The effects of the toxins on respiratory function of awake guinea pigs in a pressure plethysmograph were studied. Both toxins caused lactic acidosis of unknown etiology, which was compensated for by increased minute volume with brevetoxin (PbTx-3)- but not with saxitoxin-intoxicated animals. In general, brevetoxin increased ventilation, before respiratory failure, while saxitoxin had a depressive effect on ventilation. Airways resistance was not increased, nor was dynamic compliance decreased during intoxication, although the data suggest that respiratory system failure was the primary cause of death. The responses seen in these experiments are consistent with the dissimilar molecular actions of these toxins.
Inhibition and facilitation of interspecies aggression in septal lesioned rats.

Abstract Rats which never killed mice were given septal lesions followed by response-independent shock. Shock and septal lesions enabled rats which have high attack thresholds (non-killing rats) to kill mice. Rats which consistently killed mice were given septal lesions and then punished for killing mice. Passive avoidance deficits for killing mice were not demonstrated. Septal killers could discriminate between the mice and rat pups following lesions, thereby showing the presence of olfactory inhibition. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that an inhibitory mechanism for mouse killing is strengthened when rats are given non-aggressive exposures to mice. Septal lesions interfere with this inhibitory mechanism, but are less capable of doing so following repeated non-aggressive exposures to mice.
Effects of Accommodations on High-Stakes Testing for Students with Reading Disabilities

The interaction hypothesis proposes that valid test accommodations benefit only those with disabilities. To evaluate this hypothesis, Grade 3 students with word decoding difficulties identified with dyslexia and average decoders were randomly assigned to take the same version of the Texas reading accountability assessment under accommodated and standard administrations. The accommodated administration was given in 2 sessions with oral reading of proper nouns and comprehension stems. Only students with decoding problems benefited from the accommodations, showing a significant increase in average performance and a 7-fold increase in the odds of passing the test. These results supported the interaction hypothesis, showing that accommodations designed for a clearly defined academic disability can enhance performance on a high-stakes assessment.
On partitioning and mapping for hypercube computing

Designing efficient parallel algorithms in a message-based parallel computer should consider both time-space tradeoffs and computation-communication tradeoffs. In order to balance these tradeoffs and achieve the optimal performance of an algorith, one has to consider various design parameters such as the number of processors required and the size of partitions. In this paper, we demonstrate that, for certain data parallel algorithms, it is possible to determine these design parameters analytically. To serve as a basis for the discussions that follow, a simple model for the NCUBE hypercube computer is introduced. Using this model, we use two examples, array summation and matrix multiplication, to illustrate how their performance can be modeled. By optimizing these expressions, one is able to determine optimal design parameters which arrive at efficient execution. Experiments on a 64-node NCUBE verified the accuracy of the analytic results and are used to further support the discussions.
The synthesis of 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[3,4-d] pyridazines

A number of previously unreported 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazines in this relatively unexplored ring system have been reported, charaeterized and screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEAT FROM MECHANICALLY DEBONED LAMB BREASTS

Seven lots of choice and prime lamb breasts were mechanically deboned using an AUX 70 Beehive deboner with 0.635 mm diam holes in the cylinder. The meat was compared to hand-boned meat from the same lots of breasts. Numbers of bacteria per g of meat and percent fat, protein and dry matter were similar in hand- and machine-boned meat. Mechanically deboned meat contained less hydroxyproline and more calcium than hand-boned meat.
Preparation of a 125I labelled [1,3H]imidazole: 2‐n‐butyl‐4(5)‐125I‐iodo‐5(4)‐hydroxymethylene imidazole

A method for the introduction of 125I in a substituted imidazole has been devised. 2-n-Butyl-4(5)-hydroxymethylene imidazole undergoes rapid and selective electrophilic substitution on the ring when treated with a halogenating agent such as, i. a., N-chlorosuccinimide. This reaction has been adapted to the preparation of 2-n-butyl-4(5)-125I-iodo-5(4)-hydroxymethylence imidazole by treatment of 2-n-butyl-4(5)-hydroxymethylene imidazole by chloramine-T in the presence of sodium iodide. The radiolabelled product purified and isolated by HPLC is obtained at a high specific activity (2200Ci/ mmol) with good chemical and radiochemical yields (˜70%).
Process dynamics of starch-based microcellular foams produced by supercritical fluid extrusion. I: model development

Abstract Supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX) has been used successfully to produce biopolymeric foams with bubble size in the range of 50–200 microns, and bubble density to the order of 106 per cm3. Final bubble size and expansion ratio of extrudates depend on process and material parameters like CO2 injection rate, nozzle temperature, oven temperature, melt viscosity, melt yield stress, etc. The objective of this study was to describe SCFX process dynamics and post-extrusion drying mechanism by using a mathematical model for bubble growth at the microscopic level in conjunction with a macroscopic model for flow of starch melt through the extruder nozzle, bulk diffusion of CO2 and water to the atmosphere and heat transfer in the extrudate. The model was written in Visual Basic. The model provided the basis for a good understanding of the mechanisms of bubble growth and collapse, post-extrusion drying and open cell formation during SCFX processing, and is the only such one developed so far for extrusion puffed products. Simulation results and comparison with experimental data are presented in Part II of this paper.
Artificial islands: A distinct alternative

The paper focuses on the advantages of deploying artificial islands in certain key geographical locations. The type and feasibility of island construction depends on three major categories: environmental, demographical and political. A refraction analysis performed in the gravity regime to further enhance the environmental dependency parameter. The formulation utilizes a combination of Arthur's Ray Theory and Linear Wave Theory. It is shown that each island contains a distinct orthogonal grid pattern. Changes in the size of the lee shore are shown as a function of varying the radial length and slope of the island. Therefore, it is possible to protect the lee of an island from incident waves.
Abstract 1882: Resveratrol and grape seed extract synergistically elevate human colon cancer cell apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation via upregulation of p53 and suppression of Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathways

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The health benefits of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is partly due to the presence of a complex mixture of phytochemicals. The synergistic effect of phytochemicals may be responsible for chemopreventive/protective properties of fruits and vegetables. Resveratrol (RSV), a dietary stilbenoid and grape seed extract (GSE), rich in proanthocyanidins, are marketed as popular dietary supplements and have shown to suppress carcinogenesis in vivo. However, we and others have shown that both RSV (> 100 μM) and GSE (at or > 50 μg/ml) exert anti-cancer properties against human colon cancer cells only at very high doses. We hypothesized that RSV and GSE work together synergistically, at low doses (RSV 50 µM) suppressed (p < 0.05) proliferation in both p53 +/+ and -/- cell lines. RSV and GSE combination (RSV- 25 μM and GSE − 50 µg/ml - combination index value ∼ 0.7) synergistically suppressed (p < 0.05) colon cancer cell proliferation. RSV and GSE in combination also elevated (p < 0.05) apoptosis irrespective of p53 status in colon cancer cell lines, however the effect was more pronounced (p < 0.001) in p53 +/+ cells. RSV and GSE in combination suppressed (p < 0.05) nuclear translocation of β-catenin, a downstream effector of Wnt pathway, that plays a critical role in colon cancer cell proliferation in both p53 +/+ and -/- cell lines. Apoptosis strongly correlated (p < 0.001 in both cell lines) with pp53 levels and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio that play a crucial role in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. For the first time, we report that addition of resveratrol to grape seed extract synergistically elevates apoptosis and suppresses human colon cancer cell proliferation via upregulation of p53 and suppression of Wnt/β-catenin pathways. This explains why no magic bullet approach can provide health benefits similar to the synergistic combination of numerous phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. Focal adhesion kinase (Fak) mediated integrin signaling pathway lies upstream of the well studied p53, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin and Ras signaling pathways, and might provide insight into how RSV and GSE combination governs colon cancer cell apoptosis and proliferation. We will examine this possibility in future studies using appropriate in vitro and in vivo models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1882.
Storage Stability of Low‐fat Ground Beef Made with Lower Value Cuts of Beef

Five combinations of low-fat ground beef treatments were prepared with lower value raw-materials: 90% lean cow trimmings, 50/50 Choice trimmings, 95% lean Choice trimmings, defatted clods and rounds, cow knuckles, and cow chucks. They were compared to a 20% fat control for quality attributes during 24 wk frozen (-20 o C) storage. Control patties had greater (P<0.05) cooking loss, shear force, and connective tissue, and lower (P<0.05) juiciness scores than low-fat treatments. All low-fat pattie treatments were rated higher (P<0.05) in flavor intensity than control patties. Low-fat patties manufactured with a majority of lean cow trimmings had a greater color (pigment) and oxidative (lipid) stability
The chemical nature of polyacetylene doping

Abstract The chemical mechanisms involved in oxidative doping of polyacetylene, (CH) x , have been investigated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques. A common feature in doping by halogens, silver rats, and AsF 5 is electron transfer from the polymer to the dopant to give a polyolefinic cation and a reduced form of the dopant which intercalates between the polymer chains. The infrared spectrum of the oxidized polymer shows several intense features arising from vibronic activation and enhancement of totally symmetric Raman active A g modes in the i.r. The implications of these observations on the structure of the polyacetylene chains after doping are discussed.
Characterization of effects of mean arterial blood pressure induced by cocaine and cocaine methiodide on BOLD signals in rat brain

A total of 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats were employed to determine whether cocaine or cocaine methiodide (CM) administration can induce a significant increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in rats, and whether such an increase in MABP can produce a global increase in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast in the rat brain detectable by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cocaine methiodide is a quaternary derivative of cocaine that shares the same cardiovascular effects of cocaine, but does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Experimental results demonstrated that both CM (with doses of 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg) and cocaine (with doses of 1.25 and 5.0 mg/kg) can induce a significant MABP change (30-80%). It was found that CM can only produce scattered, weak, and transient BOLD signals in a few voxels of the rat brain, and that these MABP-induced BOLD signals are not dose-dependent. In contrast, the administration of cocaine induced dose-dependent biphasic BOLD signals that were consistent with pharmacologically-induced cerebral vascular constriction and neuronal activity in the mesolimbic systems of the rat brain. The potential confounding factor of the MABP changes had little effect on the interpretation of drug-induced BOLD signal changes. These results confirm that the BOLD-weighted fMRI method can be extended to map drug-induced neuronal activity.
Internal kink stability of large aspect ratio high-β tokamaks

Theoretically, high-β (β∼1) tokamaks offer a large fusion power efficiency advantage over low-β devices. However, if high-β tokamaks are inherently unstable then such devices will never be realized. In particular, kink modes are thought to be the most serious obstacle to high-β operations. High-β tokamaks are characterized by a very large Shafranov shift with a thin “boundary layer” on the outboard side of the device and a large “core” region of vertical flux surfaces comprising most of the central volume. In this paper, the energy principle is used to compute the magnetohydrodynamic internal kink stability of such devices in the large aspect ratio limit with a low toroidal mode number. A class of internal kink mode similar to the usual low-β kink is present; the stability against these modes is computed. A set of parameters describing a kink stable high-β equilibrium is given. Stability is shown to be dependent on the shape of the plasma boundary.
Allomaternal care by female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys : effects of age, rank and relatedness

We examined patterns of infant care and the relative importance of female age, rank and relatedness to allomaternal care for a wild population of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus in Venezuela. Mothers interacted primarily with their own infants throughout the study. Infant age affected the timing and type of allomaternal interaction; investigation occurred primarily in the first 3 months of life, carrying was dominant during the second 3 months, and association occurred primarily in the third 3 months. The onset and level of allomaternal care assured a high level of infant care as maternal care was declining, suggesting that allomaternal care is an important component of infant survival. The relative importance of female age, rank and relatedness varied for different behaviour. Relatedness was the most consistently important effect. Sibling females participated in allomaternal care almost 4 times more often than other females and were especially active in carrying and associating with infants. Female rank was an important effect when the coefficient of relatedness was less than 0.5: high-ranking females participated in allomaternal care more than low-ranking females. Old juveniles and nulliparous adults interacted with infants more than young juveniles and parous adults, but the effect of female age was relatively unimportant. Allomaternal nursing may represent a form of reciprocal altruism. Allomaternal nursing supplemented maternal nursing and was unrelated to kinship or rank of female.
Modulation of Renal Cortical Blood Flow During Static Exercise in Humans

During static exercise, several reflex systems that increase sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate, arterial pressure, and cardiac output are activated. At rest, the renal circulation receives the most blood flow per tissue weight of any organ in the body. However, the renal circulatory response to static exercise has not been studied in humans because of technical limitations in methods for measuring rapid changes in renal blood flow. The aim of this study was to determine the renal blood flow response to static exercise in healthy humans and, specifically, to clarify the reflex mechanisms underlying this response. Renal cortical blood flow was measured using dynamic positron emission tomography and the blood flow agent oxygen-15 water. Graded handgrip exercise, posthandgrip circulatory arrest, and administration of intra-arterial adenosine were performed to clarify the mechanisms controlling renal blood flow during static exercise. The major new findings in this study are that in healthy humans (1) ren...
Propylene polymerization with sterically hindered unbridged 2-arylindene metallocenes

Metallocene catalyst systems derived from bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride (1) yield elastomeric polypropylenes of low to intermediate tacticity. The sterically hindered metallocene bis(2-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)indenyl)zirconium dichloride (2) produces polypropylenes of much higher isotacticity than 1 ([mmmm] = 78% vs 44% in liquid propylene). Kinetic profiles of polymerizations conducted with 1/MMAO and 2/MMAO reveal that the initial rates of polymerization increase with increasing temperature; the activity of both catalysts decreases with time, but the decrease is less pronounced for 2/MMAO than for 1/MMAO. The polymer microstructure is highly dependent upon polymerization conditions: isotacticity decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing monomer concentration. Lower tacticity polypropylenes ([mmmm] = 40%) generated with 2/MMAO at low monomer concentrations contain a high percentage of [mmrm] stereoerrors, which is indicative of a stereoblock microstructure comprised of isotactic s...
Effect of parasitism by Cardiochiles nigriceps on food consumption and utilization by Heliothis virescens

Abstract Parasitism of Heliothis virescens larvae by the endoparasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps resulted in a reduction in the amount of food consumed by parasitized larvae. This effect was attributed in part to inoculation of material from the accessory reproductive glands of the female at the time of oviposition. Injection of solutions of either the calyx fluid or the poison gland (0·04 gl/larva) into non-parasitized larvae resulted in a reduction in the amount of food consumed by these larvae. A 1 : 1 mixture of these glands (total of 0·04 gl/larva) appeared to be more active than either of the two glands alone. Both of these glands were essential for total activity since larvae parasitized by females lacking the poison gland (poi gl− female) continued to eat and consumed more food than did those parasitized by a normal female. Parasitism resulted in a slower rate of crop-emptying. This effect was, however, shown to be a result of the quantity of food consumed. Inhibition of gut movement was therefore not considered the cause for the reduction in the amount of food consumed by parasitized larvae. The effect of parasitism on the ability of H. virescens larvae to utilize ingested food was partially reduced by parasitism. Larvae parasitized by a normal female were less efficient than non-parasitized larvae in digesting food. Those larvae parasitized by a poi gl− female did not convert as much of their food to body substance as did non-parasitized larvae. Injection of solutions of accessory glands into non-parasitized larvae did not cause these effects.
Pulmonary embolism manifesting as acute disturbances of behavior in patients with spinal cord injury

Pulmonary embolism (PE) presented with short lived behavioral disturbances (BD) in four out of 13 consecutive patients with a proven PE. Three patients died of PE with evidence of recurrent thromboembolic disease at autopsy and one survived with PE (demonstrable by lung scanning). It is concluded that an acute behavioral disturbance in the acute spinal cord injury (SCI) patient can indicate PE, and the recognition of this possibility should lead to prompt investigation for pulmonary embolism.
Errors of Omission and Commission during Alternative Reinforcement of Compliance: The Effects of Varying Levels of Treatment Integrity.

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of errors of omission and commission during alternative reinforcement of compliance in young children. In Experiment 1, we evaluated errors of omission by examining two levels of integrity during alternative reinforcement (20 and 60 %) for child compliance following no treatment (baseline) versus treatment at full (i.e., 100 %) integrity. Results indicated that compliance varied according to the level of integrity in place. In addition, compliance in the 60 % integrity condition was high and stable when it followed baseline, but was substantially lower for one participant and slightly lower for a second participant when it followed the full integrity condition. In Experiment 2, we evaluated errors of commission. For three participants, we compared treatment at full integrity to a condition in which errors of commission were made on every trial (i.e., 0 % integrity). For one of these three participants, we also compared treatment at full integrity to baseline and to a condition in which errors of commission were made on 50 % of trials. Results of all four evaluations again indicate that compliance varied according to the level of integrity in place: compliance was low in both the 0 and 50 % integrity conditions, regardless of the preceding condition. These results suggest that during alternative reinforcement of compliance, the effect of occasional errors of omission may depend on the immediately preceding context but that errors of commission are more detrimental.
Differential activation of MAPK during Müllerian duct growth and apoptosis: JNK and p38 stimulation by DES blocks tissue death.

To investigate the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in c-Jun-mediated Mullerian duct (MD) differentiation, Western immunoblot with antibodies against c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1 and 2), p38, phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), and p-ERK were used to investigate these kinases in the left and right MDs (LMD and RMD, respectively) of female chicks. The content of these kinases in the LMD and RMD of various stages of embryos was detected by measuring their density in autoradiograms by a Spot-denso-program with Alpha Ease software. In the LMD, the growing embryonic sex tract, the amount of JNK increased from the 8th to 10th embryonic day and reached its highest at the 12th to 18th day. The content of ERK1, ERK2, and p38 remained at the same level throughout development. In the RMD, the apoptotic embryonic sex tract, the level of these four MAPKs showed a linear increase from the 8th to 10th day and then declined at the 12th day. Before the RMD entered the apoptotic stages (10th day of incubation), MAPKs were overexpressed. The findings following the application of p-MAPK antibodies, e.g., p-JNK and p-ERK, mirrored the result showing that differential activation of MAPKs existed in the LMD and RMD. When the RMD entered the apoptotic stages (13th to 18th day of incubation), the reduction in JNK activity was higher than that of the other three kinases. The apoptotic death of RMD was prevented by in vivo diethylstilbestrol treatment, which restored the level of JNK, p-JNK, and p38. No stimulatory effect was found for ERK and p-ERK.
Identification of a Receptor-Binding Region in Parathyroid Hormone*

Analyses of structure/activity relations for parathyroid hormone (PTH) have revealed that the sequence PTH- (1–34) is fully active in all known bioassay systems and that deletion of the first two amino-terminal residues results in the loss of all or virtually all biological activity but not in the loss of the property of binding to renal receptors in vitro. The apparent structural separation of binding and activation regions led to synthesis of the bovine (b) hormone analog [Nle-8,Nle-18,Tyr-34]bPTH-(3–34)amide, which has proved in multiple in vitro assays, based on stimulation of adenylate cyclase, to be a potent inhibitor of PTH action. To define the structural determinants for the binding of PTH to renal receptors, progressively shortened fragments of this analog corresponding to the sequence regions 7–34, 10–34, 15–34, 20–34, and 25–34 were synthesized, and the receptor-binding properties of the fragments were evaluated. In an earlier study, all of the fragments except [Tyr-34]bPTH-(25–34)amide were s...
Examining the Lives and Needs of Child-Only Recipient Kinship Caregivers: Heroes Stepping up to Help Children.

ABSTRACT Only in the last few years have researchers begun to pay close attention to the child-only cases that fall under the provision of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. Few attempts have been made to talk directly to kinship caregivers to understand their day-to-day lives. This triangulated study utilizes multiple strategies to assess the needs of child-only recipient caregivers in one northeast county. There are two distinct child-only recipient caregiving populations: (1) Caregivers who have been designated as disabled and who are receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments; and (2) those caregivers who are not receiving SSI payments. Results find that the two populations are distinct and require different kinds of services and treatment. Overall, however, both groups receive very little in the way of support from the county Department of Social Services (DSS). Essential to the success of these families will be the ability of DSS to recognize their unique needs and...
Autophosphorylation in vitro of recombinant 42-kilodalton mitogen-activated protein kinase on tyrosine.

Abstract Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that becomes enzymatically activated and phosphorylated on tyrosine and threonine following treatment of quiescent cells with a variety of stimulatory agonists. Phosphorylation on both tyrosine and threonine is necessary to maintain full activity, and these two regulatory phosphorylations occur close to each other, separated by a single glutamate. To study the mechanisms by which MAP kinase becomes phosphorylated and activated, we have cloned a full-length cDNA encoding MAP kinase and have expressed the enzyme in Escherichia coli as a soluble nonfusion protein. We find that the enzyme displays a basal, intramolecular autophosphorylation on tyrosine-185 that is accompanied by activation of the enzyme's kinase activity towards an exogenous substrate. The tyrosine-phosphorylated protein displays a small fraction of the activity seen with the fully activated, doubly phosphorylated enzyme isolated from mammalian cells but is activated 10- to 20-fold relative to the unphosphorylated enzyme. These findings raise the possibility that regulation of MAP kinase activity in response to agonist stimulation could occur in part through the enhancement of autophosphorylation on tyrosine.