cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
China's Environmental Campaign: How China's 'War on Pollution' is Transforming the International Trade in Waste

China, as a factory platform for the world, became a center of the global waste trade in the 1990s, importing and processing hundreds of millions tons of waste materials every year. The recycling industry has contributed enormously to China’s industrial growth, but has simultaneously generated various regulatory problems, such as environmental violations and illegal waste traffic. In mid-2017, the Chinese government announced a ban on the import of foreign waste with the objective of protecting the natural environment and human health. Scientists predict that this ban will displace over 100 million tons of plastic waste by 2030, along with other types of waste. One year into the enforcement of the foreign waste ban, the global waste trade regime has undergone significant changes. On the one hand, the ripple effect of the Chinese ban may encourage more investment in waste reduction and recycling and a speeding up of the adoption of stricter environmental standards in international law and the domestic law of other countries. On the other hand, however, it could trigger a race to the bottom in environmental standards among developing countries as they are trying to take in waste shipments that are rejected by China. This article explores the regulatory context and power dynamics inside the global recycling value chain that has contributed to shaping the two ongoing trends. By presenting a case study of the impact of China’s domestic environmental reform on the international waste trade, this article engages ongoing discussions about the emergence of Chinese leadership in global governance, the challenges of sustainable development, and the impact of globalization on the informal economy.
Document analysis systems that improve with use

Document analysis tasks for which representative labeled training samples are available have been largely solved. The next frontier is coping with hitherto unseen formats, unusual typefaces, idiosyncratic handwriting and imperfect image acquisition. Adaptive and style-constrained classification methods can overcome some expected variability, but human intervention will remain necessary in many tasks. Interactive pattern recognition includes data exploration and active learning as well as access to stored documents. The principle of “green interaction” is to make use of every intervention to reduce the likelihood that the automated system will make the same mistake again and again. Some of these techniques may pop up in forthcoming personal camera-based memex-like applications that will have a far broader range of input documents and scene text than the current, successful but highly specialized, systems for patents, postal addresses, bank checks and books.
The impact of piston thermal barrier coating roughness on high-load diesel operation:

Thermal barrier coatings of various thickness and surface roughness were applied to the piston crown of a single-cylinder research engine and tested over a range of high-output diesel operating con...
English listening, speaking, and earnings among workers in urban China

This paper explores the relationship between English language skills and earnings among workers in urban China using micro-data from the 2015 China General Social Survey. Using OLS and 2SLS regress...
Impact of capnography on patient safety in high- and low-income settings: a scoping review.

Abstract Background Capnography is universally accepted as an essential patient safety monitor in high-income countries (HICs) yet is often unavailable in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Increasing capnography availability has been proposed as one of many potential approaches to improving perioperative outcomes in LMICs. This scoping review summarises the existing literature on the effect of capnography on patient outcomes to help prioritise interventions and guide expansion of capnography in LMICs. Methods We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for articles published between 1980 and March 2019. Studies that assessed the impact of capnography on morbidity, mortality, or the use of airway interventions both inside and outside the operating room were included. Results The search resulted in 7445 unique papers, and 31 were included for analysis. Retrospective and non-randomised data suggest capnography use may improve outcomes in the operating room, ICU, and emergency department, and during resuscitation. Prospective data on capnography use for procedural sedation suggest earlier detection of hypoventilation and a reduction in haemoglobin desaturation events. No randomised studies exist that assess the impact of capnography on patient outcomes. Conclusion Despite widespread endorsement of capnography as a mandatory perioperative monitor, rigorous data demonstrating its impact on patient outcomes are limited, especially in LMICs. The association between capnography use and a reduction in serious airway complications suggests that closing the capnography gap in LMICs may represent a significant opportunity to improve patient safety. Additional data are needed to quantify the global capnography gap and better understand the barriers to capnography scale-up in LMICs.
Investigation of overall mass transfer coefficient of CO2 absorption in to aqueous blended Monoethanolamine (MEA), Diethanolamine (DEA) and Triethanolamine (TEA) measured in Bubble column Reactor solution

Mixtures of different types of amine solution (primary Monoethanolamine (MEA), secondary : diethanolamine (DEA) and tertiary: triethanolamine (TEA) were experimentally used to investigation the overall mass transfer coefficient (KGa ) at different operating parameters. The experiments were made in a bubble column reactor (BCR) with 1.5 m in high and 0.1 m inside diameter as a gas-liquid contactor at 25°C and atmospheric pressure, using a simulation gaseous mixture (air, carbon dioxide) with recycle stream (circulation process). For efficient experimentation, the Taguchi method was applied for experimental design. A four factor and three levels was chosen for this study and it was exploded using L9 (34) orthogonal array design. These parameters for circulation process were namely: gas flow rate 10,15, and 20L/min, air flow rate100,150, and 200 L/h, liquid flow rate 5,10, and 15 L/min and time absorption time 30,60, and 90min. To understand the effectiveness order of different operating parameters, two factors namely, overall mass transfer coefficient (KGa ), and CO2 loading (α) are to be exploded. A Shimadzu GC-8A Gas Chromatograph with thermal conductivity detector was used to measure the CO2 concentration absorbed in aqueous blended solution. As per Taguchi analysis the significance sequence influencing the parameter and optimum condition can be determined. The maximum value for CO2 loading was 3.439 (mol CO2/mol amine) at 20 L/min gas flow and 15 L/min liquid flow, and 200 L/h air flow for 60 min from absorption time. The performance was evaluated in terms of the overall mass transfer coefficient, KGav , the results show that max value of KGa was 0.08 S−1
Explorative Visualization for Traffic Safety using Adaptive Study Areas

The pressing need to improve trafﬁc safety has become a societal concern in many cities around the world. Many trafﬁc accidents are not occurring as stand-alone events but as consequences of other ...
Ostertagia ostertagi Mediates Early Host Immune Responses via Macrophage and Toll-Like Receptor Pathways.

ABSTRACT Ostertagia ostertagi is an abomasal parasite with significant economic impact on the cattle industry. Early host immune responses are poorly understood. Here, we examined time course expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during infection where PBMC macrophages (Mϕ) generated both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses when incubated with excretory/secretory products (ESP) from fourth-stage larvae (OoESP-L4) or adult worms (OoESP-Ad). First, changes in cell morphology clearly showed that both OoESP-L4 and OoESP-Ad activated PBMC-Mϕ in vitro, resulting in suppressed CD40 and increased CD80 expression. Expression of mRNAs for TLR1, -4, -5, and -7 peaked 7 days postinfection (dpi) (early L4), decreased by 19 dpi (postemergent L4 and adults) and then increased at 27 dpi (late adults). The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (transcript and protein) increased in the presence of OoESP-Ad, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) (protein) decreased in the presence of OoESP-L4 or OoESP-Ad; however, IL-10 mRNA was upregulated, and IL-6 (protein) was downregulated by OoESP-L4. When PBMC-Mϕ were treated with ligands for TLR4 or TLR5 in combination with OoESP-Ad, the transcripts for TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly downregulated relative to treatment with TLR4 and TLR5 ligands only. However, the effects of TLR2 ligand and OoESP-Ad were additive, but only at the lower concentration. We propose that O. ostertagi L4 and adult worms utilize competing strategies via TLRs and Mϕ to confuse the immune system, which allows the worm to evade the host innate responses.
A Novel Land Use Classifier with Convolutional Recurrent Structure

Through the development of machine learning and computer vision, image scene classification has made immense progress over the last decade. Remote sensing land use analysis remains a topic of great interest. Using deep learning methods from computer vision, we develop a novel approach that combines a convolutional structure and gated recurrent unit layers with a fully connected neural network to solve land use classification tasks. Simulation studies confirm the proposed method can more accurately classify and recognize remote sensing images in the EuroSAT dataset than current state-of-the-art algorithms.
Asymptomatic hyponatremia precipitated by COVID-19 pneumonia.

COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2, which originated in China in late 2019, has spread rapidly resulting in a global pandemic. COVID-19 has been linked to many different clinical manifestations, including hyponatremia. The cause of hyponatremia in acute COVID-19 infection is speculated to be multifactorial, including syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), thought to be a result of inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-6) and/or related to the gastrointestinal symptoms of this infection. SIADH in the setting of COVID-19 pneumonia is an established complication of this disease. This is the case of an 81-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, on thiazide diuretic, initially presented after a fall in the setting of COVID-19 pneumonia. She was treated with remdesivir and dexamethasone and then discharged to a rehab facility with normal labwork, including a sodium of 137 mmol/L. Two weeks later, routine labwork identified hyponatremia of 111 mmol/L. Her vital signs were normal, she was euvolemic on exam and alert/oriented with no complaints. Investigations into the etiology of her hyponatremia included a urine sodium of 72 mmol/L, serum osmolality of 231 mOsm/kg, urine osmolality of 454 mOsm/kg. We diagnosed hypo-osmolar hyponatremia due to SIADH. Management included fluid restriction and then tolvaptan, which ultimately corrected the serum sodium to 134 mmol/L. As COVID-19 is a new infection, little is known regarding its impact on electrolyte imbalances. Our patient recovered from pneumonia, then later developed severe hyponatremia possibly secondary to the lasting effects of inflammation in her lungs.
Insect communities and faunas of a Rocky Mountain subalpine sere

Insect faunas and communities are characterized for herbaceous and tree canopy layers in meadow, aspen, and spruce/fir stages of a northern Utah sere. A greater percentage of species were in Thysanoptera in both aspen strata, and a greater percentage of individuals were in Lepidoptera in aspen canopy. Our sites were quite similar to a wide variety of other terrestrial sites in their distribution of species or individuals among orders or metamorphosis categories. Insects/m 2 peaked in the aspen stage, but declined in the herbaceous layer with succession. Insects/plant biomass in the herbaceous layer increased with succession. Insects/m 2 and insects/foliar biomass were higher in aspen canopies than in conifer canopies. Insect species/m 2 peaked in the aspen stage. This statistic was comparable in meadow and aspen understory, and lower in conifer understory. Insects/m 2 in the tree canopies were similar to the values in their respective understories. Insect species/plant biomass increased in the herbaceous layer with succession, but decreased in tree canopies with succession. Species evenness in both strata increased with succession. Adult body length was greatest for meadow species, least for conifer species. Adult body length per individual was greatest in aspen. Life cycle complexity was greatest in aspen. Insects on trees were more likely to have complex life cycles than those on herbs.
The Convergence of Satisficing to Marginalism: An Empirical Test

Abstract This paper explores the empirical significance of Day's conjecture that given simple rules for adjusting versus repeating past output decisions, firm performance may converge to profit maximization even when managers operate in ignorance of their profit function. Using a sample of 107 companies drawn randomly from the Forbes 500 for the years 1972 to 1982, we find evidence that the learning strategy suggested by Day characterizes actual decision making quite well. In particular, a majority of the largest U.S. firms follow the feedback rules a majority of the time and, more often than not, experience increased profit as a result.
Cultivating Capital: Latino Newcomer Young Men in a U.S. Urban High School.

Newcomer young men confront numerous obstacles that limit their chances for attainment and achievement. Using social and cultural capital frameworks and a case study methodology, this article examines how four Latino newcomer young men navigated an urban U.S. high school. It reveals how teachers and a counselor cultivated capital and how the young men leveraged this capital, thus challenging traditional depictions of Latino immigrant adolescents and highlighting the importance of belonging for these youth.
The New Financial Industry

Modern finance is undergoing a fundamental transformation. Artificial intelligence, mathematical models, and supercomputers have replaced human intelligence, human deliberation, and human execution. A financial industry once dominated by humans has evolved into one where humans and machines share power. Modern finance is becoming cyborg finance — an industry that is faster, larger, more complex, more global, more interconnected, and less human.This Article offers an early systemic examination of this ongoing financial transformation, and presents an original set of regulatory principles for governing the emerging, new financial industry. This Article provides a normative and descriptive cartography of this changing financial landscape. It identifies particular perils, systemic risks, and regulatory shortcomings emanating from this financial transformation. It then proposes new guiding principles for the future of financial regulation in response to this sea-change. Drawing from a rich literature of past financial crises and transformations, this Article explores the next big movement in finance and financial regulation. And it offers fresh insights for better addressing the perils and promises emerging from the new financial industry.
Phase Transitions and Backbones of 3-SAT and Maximum 3-SAT

Many real-world problems involve constraints that cannot be all satisfied. Solving an overconstrained problem then means to find solutions minimizing the number of constraints violated, which is an optimization problem. In this research, we study the behavior of the phase transitions and backbones of constraint optimization problems. We first investigate the relationship between the phase transitions of Boolean satisfiability, or precisely 3-SAT (a well-studied NP-complete decision problem), and the phase transitions of MAX 3-SAT (an NP-hard optimization problem). To bridge the gap between the easy-hard-easy phase transitions of 3-SAT and the easy-hard transitions of MAX 3-SAT, we analyze bounded 3-SAT, in which solutions of bounded quality, e.g., solutions with at most a constant number of constraints violated, are sufficient. We show that phase transitions are persistent in bounded 3-SAT and are similar to that of 3-SAT. We then study backbones of MAX 3-SAT, which are critically constrained variables that have fixed values in all optimal solutions. Our experimental results show that backbones of MAX 3-SAT emerge abruptly and experience sharp transitions from nonexistence when underconstrained to almost complete when overconstrained. More interestingly, the phase transitions of MAX 3-SAT backbones seem to concur with the phase transitions of satisfiability of 3-SAT. The backbone of MAX 3-SAT with size 0.5 approximately collocates with the 0.5 satisfiability of 3-SAT, and the backbone and satisfiability seems to follow a linear correlation near this 0.5-0.5 collocation.
Expression and characterization of recombinant tyramine β-monooxygenase from Drosophila: A monomeric copper-containing hydroxylase

Abstract We report here the development of a robust recombinant expression system for Drosophila melanogaster tyramine β-monooxygenase (TβM), the insect analog of mammalian dopamine β-monooxygenase. Recombinant TβM is rapidly purified from the host cell media in three chromatographic steps. The expression system produces ∼3–10 mg of highly purified, active protein per liter of culture. Recombinant TβM requires copper for activity and has a typical type 2 copper EPR spectrum. While TβM efficiently hydroxylates the aliphatic carbon of phenolic amines such as tyramine (the physiological substrate) and dopamine, phenethylamine is a poor substrate. TβM is most likely a monomer under physiological conditions, although under conditions of high pH and low ionic strength the dimeric form predominates. The lower oligomeric state of TβM may provide an advantage for structural studies over DβM, which exists as a mixture of dimer and tetramer.
Parent and Adolescent Reports of Parenting When a Parent Has a History of Depression: Associations with Observations of Parenting

The current study examined the congruence of parent and adolescent reports of positive and negative parenting with observations of parent-adolescent interactions as the criterion measure. The role of parent and adolescent depressive symptoms in moderating the associations between adolescent or parent report and observations of parenting also was examined. Participants were 180 parents (88.9 % female) with a history of clinical depression and one of their 9-to-15 year old children (49.4 % female). Parents and adolescents reported on parenting skills and depressive symptoms, and parenting was independently observed subsequently in the same session. Findings indicated adolescent report of positive, but not negative, parenting was more congruent with observations than parent report. For negative parenting, depressive symptoms qualified the relation between the parent or adolescent report and independent observations. For parents, higher levels of depressive symptoms were associated with more congruence with observed parenting (supporting a depressive realism hypothesis) whereas an opposite trend emerged for adolescents (providing some supporting evidence for a depression-distortion hypothesis).
Multi-electron transfer from heme-functionalized nanocrystalline TiO2 to organohalide pollutants.

Hemin (iron protoporphyrin IX) has been anchored to ∼15 nm TiO2 nanocrystallites (anatase) in ∼8 μm thick mesoporous thin films. Band gap excitation of these materials in methanol or aqueous (pH 4 or 8) solutions leads to the reduction of hemin to heme (FeIII → FeII) and the production of TiO2(e-), heme/TiO2(e-). The mechanisms and second-order rate constants for the reduction of bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and trichloroethylene were quantified. In all cases, the concentration of TiO2(e-) was found to decrease to near zero before the hemes were oxidized to hemin. Comparative studies with TiO2(e-) that were not functionalized with hemes indicate that organohalide reduction is mediated by the hemes. Reactions of 6-bromo-1-hexene with heme/TiO2(e-) demonstrate multi-electron transfer reactivity and show that heme/TiO2(e-) nanocrystallites deliver two electrons to RX within 4.5 μs.
Macroeconomic Imbalances: A Multiregional General Equilibrium Analysis

This article analyzes regional and sectoral consequences of recent federal budget and trade deficits. A multiregional computable general equilibrium (MCGE) model is developed in which regions differ in technology, factor endowments, tax rates, government expenditure patterns, and trade relationships. An application to Virginia and the rest-of-the-United States indicates that traditional sectors (agriculture, forestry, basic wood products, mining, textiles, and apparel) bear a greater burden of adjustment to macroeconomic imbalances than do other sectors. The analysis demonstrates that seemingly aspatial national policies may shift the geographic distribution of national output and income.
Hemispherectomy in early infantile epileptic encephalopathy

The authors report the successful surgical treatment of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy and suppression burst in 2 children with hemispheric dysplasia. At surgical evaluation, focal epileptic patterns were recorded from the abnormal hemisphere, and ictal single-photon emission computed tomography demonstrated ipsilateral regional hyperperfusion. Functional hemispherectomy was performed after electrocorticography revealed near-continuous spike and slow-wave discharges over the affected hemisphere. Histopathology revealed Taylor-type cortical dysplasia. Postoperatively, both patients are seizure free on antiepileptic drug monotherapy and have shown improved developmental status. Their favorable outcome demonstrates that children with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy due to unilateral malformations of cortical development may benefit from early surgical intervention.
Technology achievements and projections for communication satellites of the future

Multibeam systems of the future using monolithic microwave integrated circuits to provide phase control and power gain are contrasted with discrete microwave power amplifiers from 10 to 75 W and their associated waveguide feeds, phase shifters and power splitters. Challenging new enabling technology areas include advanced electrooptical control and signal feeds. Large scale MMIC's will be used incorporating on chip control interfaces, latching, and phase and amplitude control with power levels of a few watts each. Beam forming algorithms for 80 to 90 deg. wide angle scanning and precise beam forming under wide ranging environments will be required. Satelllite systems using these dynamically reconfigured multibeam antenna systems will demand greater degrees of beam interconnectivity. Multiband and multiservice users will be interconnected through the same space platform. Monolithic switching arrays operating over a wide range of RF and IF frequencies are contrasted with current IF switch technology implemented discretely. Size, weight, and performance improvements by an order of magnitude are projected.
Effect of viscous grain bridging on cyclic fatigue-crack growth in monolithic ceramics at elevated temperatures

The bridging tractions developed behind a crack tip are considered for a stationary crack under cyclic loading conditions at elevated temperatures in high-toughness, monolithic ceramics. Assuming a temperature range where the grain-boundary phases are sufficiently soft such that bridging can occur due to a viscous layer in the boundary, a viscoelastic model is developed in which bridging forces associated with the shear resistance of the grain-boundary phase are transmitted across the surfaces of a crack. Throughout the work, cyclic and static damage mechanisms which may be operating ahead of the crack tip (e.g. creep cavitation) are ignored in order to focus exclusively on the role of viscous grain bridging. A primary goal is to incorporate microstructural details like grain shape, grain-boundary thickness, and glass viscosity, as well as the effects of external variables such as loading rate and temperature. A fully self-consistent numerical approach is adopted, which does not require any prescribed assumptions as to the shape of the crack-opening profile. The self-consistent solution is compared to an analytical solution for a simplified parabolic approximation of the crack-flank opening displacements. The model is applicable to a wide range of ceramic materials at elevated temperatures, and rationalizes the frequency and temperature sensitivity not generally observed in ceramics at room temperature. Solutions identify a non-dimensional group associated with microstructure and external loading conditions, and solutions are presented over a range of this parameter.
20-hydroxyecdysone causes increased aggressiveness in female American lobsters, Homarus americanus.

Lobsters become transiently more aggressive before ecdysis. This aggressiveness accompanies an increase in hemolymph titers of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE). Combats between intermolt female lobsters, injected with premolt levels of 20-HE, and larger, saline-injected opponents were videotaped. Aggressive, defensive, and avoidance behaviors were ranked according to aggressiveness in a Rank of Aggression hierarchy, which included opponent-directed and (nonopponent) redirected behaviors. Treated animals performed more and more highly aggressive behaviors than saline-injected controls. Opponents of treated animals performed fewer aggressive behaviors than saline-injected control opponents. Controls performed more defensive behaviors than treated animals, when redirected behaviors were considered. Differences in avoidance behaviors among the four types of combatants were not significant. The total aggressive content was the same in treated and control fights, but the interactions between combatants in the two fights were significantly different. Treated animals were equally as aggressive and defensive as their opponents; controls were relatively less aggressive and more defensive than their opponents. These results correlate with molt-cycle variations in behavior, 20-HE titers, and the effects of 20-HE and molt-differentiated hemolymph on the claw opener muscle. They suggest that 20-HE orchestrates intrinsic, cellular, and nuclear events that produce the molt-cycle transformations in agonistic behavior and aggressive state of lobsters.
Spectroscopic monitoring of local conformational changes during the intramolecular domain-domain interaction of the ryanodine receptor.

The amino (N)-terminal and central regions of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) containing most mutation sites of malignant hyperthermia (MH) and central core disease (CCD) seem to be involved in the Ca 2 + channel regulation.Our recent peptide probe study (Yamamoto, T., El-Hayek, R., and Ikemoto, N. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 11618-11625) suggested the hypothesis that a close contact between the N-terminal and central domains (zipping) stabilizes the closed-state of the channel, while removal of the contact (unzipping) deblocks the channel, causing channel-activation effects. We here report the results of our recent effort to monitor local conformational changes in the putative domain-domain interaction site to test this hypothesis. The conformation-sensitive fluorescence probe, methyl coumarin acetamide (MCA), was incorporated into RyR in a protein- and site-specific manner by using DP4 (the peptide corresponding to the Leu 2 4 4 2 -Pro 2 4 7 7 region of the central domain) as a site-directing carrier. The site of MCA labeling was localized in the 150 kDa N-terminal region of RyR, indicating that DP4 and its in vivo counterpart (a portion of the central domain) interact with the N-terminal region. RyR-activating domain peptides, DP4 and DPI (corresponding to the Leu 5 9 0 -Cys 6 0 9 region of the N-terminal domain), and depolarization of the T-tubule moiety of the triad (physiologic stimulation) induced a rapid decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the protein-bound MCA and Ca 2 + release at a somewhat slower rate. The accessibility of the protein-bound MCA to the fluorescence quencher was increased in the presence of DP4. These results are all consistent with the above hypothesis.
Uricolysis by Human Leucocytes

ALTHOUGH uricase is absent from the tissues of the human being, there is nevertheless evidence that uric acid is destroyed in man. Benedict, Forsham and Stetten1 first demonstrated by intravenous injection of isotopically labelled urate that only two-thirds to three-fourths of the daily urate turn-over of the body actually appears as urinary uric acid. Furthermore, the total recovery of the injected isotopically labelled uric acid in urinary uric acid over a 7-day period is similarly reduced2. The missing isotope has been demonstrated in a variety of metabolites in the urine, including ammonia, urea, allantoin, allantoic acid, respiratory carbon dioxide and faecal bacterial bodies, after intravenous administration of uric acid labelled with nitrogen-15 and uric acid-2-14C (refs. 3, 4).
Phenyltris((tert-butylthio)methyl)borate: A Second Generation S(3)(-) Ligand That Enforces Tetrahedral Coordination.

The preparation of the new S3-, tetrahedral enforcer ligand, PhTtt-Bu- (phenyltris((tert-butylthio)methyl)borate), is reported as the Tl(I) salt along with its corresponding [PhTtt-Bu]CoCl and [PhTtt-Bu]NiCl complexes. Each has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. Preliminary reactivity studies demonstrate that [PhTtt-Bu]NiCl is a useful synthon for the preparation of a range of tetrahedral derivatives.
A potential flow model for calculation of jet noise

The development of the large-scale eddy structure of a circular jet is calculated from a potential flow model which includes the vorticity distribution. The model exhibits all the observed general features of high Reynolds number jet flows although it is constrained to remain axisymmetric. The far acoustic field is calculated from the predicted unsteady vorticity distribution.
Demonstration of endogenous inhibitors for the formation of 14,15-oxido-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid from phosphatidylinositol in bovine lung extract.

Summary Bovine lung extract contained an enzyme or enzyme system that catalyzed the formation of 14,15-oxido-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid from phosphatidylinositol. The enzyme activity increased markedly during the course of purification, apparently due to the removal of two endogenous inhibitors from the enzyme. Using membranes with known molecular weight cut-offs, we estimated the Mr of Inhibitor 1 to be between 10,000 and 100,000 and Inhibitor 2 less than 1,000. Inhibitor 1 appeared to be partially inactivated by trypsin and was heat labile, whereas Inhibitor 2 was resistant to trypsin and was heat resistant. Both inhibitors were hydrophilic.
Further explorations in text alignment with handwritten documents

Today's digital libraries increasingly include not only printed text but also scanned handwritten pages and other multimedia material. There are, however, few tools available for manipulating handwritten pages. Here, we extend our algorithm from [5]based on dynamic time warping (DTW) for a word by word alignment of handwritten documents with (ASCII) transcripts. We specifically attempt to incorporate language modelling and parameter training into our algorithm. In addition, we take a critical look at our evaluation metrics. We see at least three uses for such alignment algorithms. First, alignment algorithms allow us to produce displays (for example on the web) that allow a person to easily find their place in the manuscript when reading a transcript. Second, such alignment algorithms will allow us to produce large quantities of ground truth data for evaluating handwriting recognition algorithms. Third, such algorithms allow us to produce indices in a straightforward manner for handwriting material. We provide experimental results of our algorithm on a set of 100 pages of historical handwritten material–specifically the writings of George Washington. Our method achieves average F-measure values of 68.3 online by line alignment and 57.8 accuracy when aligning whole pages at time.
Effects of diabetes on hippocampal neurogenesis: Links to cognition and depression

Diabetes often leads to a number of complications involving brain function, including cognitive decline and depression. In addition, depression is a risk factor for developing diabetes. A loss of hippocampal neuroplasticity, which impairs the ability of the brain to adapt and reorganize key behavioral and emotional functions, provides a framework for understanding this reciprocal relationship. The effects of diabetes on brain and behavioral functions in experimental models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are reviewed, with a focus on the negative impact of impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, dendritic remodeling and increased apoptosis. Mechanisms shown to regulate neuroplasticity and behavior in diabetes models, including stress hormones, neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, inflammation and aging, are integrated within this framework. Pathological changes in hippocampal function can contribute to the brain symptoms of diabetes-associated complications by failing to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis, maintain learning and memory and govern emotional expression. Further characterization of alterations in neuroplasticity along with glycemic control will facilitate the development and evaluation of pharmacological interventions that could successfully prevent and/or reverse the detrimental effects of diabetes on brain and behavior.
Review: available evidence does not support a benefit for thyroid hormone replacement in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Source Citation Villar HC, Saconato H, Valente O, Atallah AN. Thyroid hormone replacement for subclinical hypothyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD003419. 17636722
Characterization of the intracellularly recorded response of identified flight motor neurons inDrosophila

Intracellular recordings were made from the motor neurons which innervate the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle (DLM) inDrosophila, while a normal-appearing flight output pattern (induced using the temperature sensitive mutant,shibirets1) was in progress. Intracellular recordings were made simultaneously from the DLM fibers, allowing physiological identification of the recorded neuron. Morphological identification of the neuron was made by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection at the end of the experiment.
Plasma Postdexamethasone Cortisol Levels in Schizoaffective Disorder

The degree of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in depressed patients with schizoaffective disorder was compared to that seen in patients with major depressive disorder with and without delusional features. The frequency of nonsuppression to dexamethasone was similar for all three diagnostic groups. Maximum postdexamethasone plasma cortisol was greater for delusional depressives, but did not differ between patients with major depressive and schizoaffective disorders. Modest correlations were found between postdexamethasone plasma cortisol levels, severity of illness, age, and recent weight loss, for patients with both major depressive disorder and delusional depression. For schizoaffective patients, associations between postdexamethasone plasma cortisol levels and various measures of severity of illness, but not age and recent weight loss, were found. Although HPA axis dysregulation occurs more frequently in all three of the studied diagnostic groups than in normal individuals, factors contributing to this dysregulation may be qualitatively different for schizoaffective patients.
Comparative studies of closure approximations in flows of liquid crystal polymers: II. fiber flows

Abstract We derive self-consistent dimensional (1-D) asymptotic models for fiber flows of liquid crystal polymers using six full 3-dimensional (3-D) approximate BMAB models obtained from different closure approximations to the BMAB kinetic theory. We then evaluate the approximate models by comparing the steady state solutions of the leading order 1-D models to the solutions of the kinetic theory at the flow centerline with boundary conditions consistent with fiber spinning processes. We observe that the solutions of the leading order hydrodynamic variables (axial velocity, pressure and the fiber radius) are insensitive to the choice of the 1-D models and in excellent agreement with the corresponding solutions of the kinetic theory; In particular the order parameter solutions of the DHL2 and DD model, exceeding those of the other approximate models, approximate the corresponding solutions of the kinetic equation very well. At the next order, all the approximate 1-D models predict a radially enhanced inward tilt toward the flow centerline for the flow-aligning director at sufficiently high draw ratios. At the second order, all approximate 1-D models except for the HL11 and HL1D model yield a vanishing biaxial order parameter downstream at sufficiently high draw ratios, suggesting flow-induced uniform uniaxial symmetry within the fiber cross-section. Whereas, the HL11 and HL1D model yield a persistent biaxial symmetry within the fiber cross-section away from the centerline, which we believe to be erroneous. Therefore, for fiber flows, we recommend the DD and DHL2 model.
Sliding wear resistance of metallic coated surfaces

Abstract The role of metallic coatings in sliding wear is examined experimentally. The results indicate that the tribological behavior of soft coatings is consistent with the delamination theory of wear, especially the critical nature of the plating thickness. It is shown that a reduction in wear rate of three orders of magnitude is possible when the coating material is softer than the substrate and thinner than a critical thickness. The optimum plate thickness is found to be of the order of 0.1 μm for cadmium, silver, gold or nickel plated on various types of steel. Cadmium, silver and nickel reduce wear only in non-oxidizing environments, whereas gold reduces wear both in air and in inert atmospheres. The roughness of the substrate surface prior to plating and the nature of the coating/substrate bond have significant effects on the life of these coatings. The life of the coatings is increased by polishing the substrate to 0.1 μm (c.l.a.) prior to plating, and also by diffusion of the plated material into the substrate, which increases the coating/substrate bond strength.
Experimental Results for Force Distribution in Cooperating Manipulator Systems Using Local Joint Control

Local control schemes using only position and rate errors to generate control forces are widely used for control of open- chain, serial-link robotic mechanisms, When two or more such open chains interact, closed kinematic chain, redundantly actu ated mechanisms are formed. Recent work has shown that the vector of joint forces produced using a local proportional-plus- derivative feedback scheme for the control of a cooperating manipulator system results in a vector of joint torques with a minimum weighted Euclidean norm. The current work presents the derivation of this force distribution and experimental evi dence to corroborate the analytic results. The data presented are obtained from an experimental cooperating manipulator system developed specifically for use in the application of theo retical control approaches in cooperating hardware systems.
The Implications of GASB Statement No. 34 for Public Budgeting

This paper discusses a variety of audit issues related to the implementation of GASB Statement No. 34. Ten specific audit issues are addressed. Each issue is defined and discussed, and the relevant professional literature is reviewed. The results of interviews of four experienced auditors of governments are presented with respect to these issues. These auditors identified several additional issues related to the implementation of Statement No. 34. The focus is on gaining insight from the concerns of auditor professionals to assist academics by identifying topics that warrant future research.
The advantages of ambiguous orientation

Recent studies have revealed that although it is possible for certain transcription factors to bind in an orientated fashion on DNA, they have not evolved to do so. Rather, they rely on contacts with other proteins to precisely define their mode of binding.
College Counselor Knowledge about and Attitudes toward Disabled Persons

Of a random sample of 130 college counselors, 81 completed and returned the Yuker Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale and a modified version of the Haring General Information Inventory, a scale which measures knowledge about disabled persons. While the relationship between knowledge and attitudes was not significant (p = .088), there was a tendency for attitudes and knowledge to be related. However, the attitudes are the reverse of those hypothesized, i.e., the greater the knowledge the more unfavorable the attitudes toward the disabled. Seeing disabled persons as different from normal persons may be a negative orientation. Present data raise some question about the validity of that assumption.
Modulation by corticotropin-releasing factor of monoamine metabolism in the lateral hypothalamus.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was injected into the lateral hypothalamus of conscious unrestrained rats and the local concentration of monoamines in the vicinity of the microinjection monitored by microdialysis. The concentration of norepinephrine and MHPG in the dialysis fluid from the lateral hypothalamic areas of rats fasted for 24 h was nearly 4 times higher than in fed rats. Following the injection of 2 μg of CRF into the lateral hypothalamus of fasted rats there was a rapid decline in levels of both norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MPHG) to the level in fed rats after 60–90 min. The changes in MHPG and norepinephrine in the fed rats were not significant. There was no difference in serotonin concentration between fasted and fed animals, although the mean value for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was slightly increased. Following the injection of CRF, there was a fall in serotonin in the fed rats but not in the fasted animals. There was a fall in the concentration of 5-HIAA in both the fasted and fed rats so that at 30, 60 and 90 min their concentrations were not significantly different. The concentration of DOPAC in the lateral hypothalamus was twice as high in the fasted as in the fed rats. Following injection of CRF there was a rapid decline in DOPAC concentrations in the fasted rats and a small decline in the fed rats. By the end of 30 min after the injection of CRF, concentrations of DOPAC were similar in fed and fasted rats. The studies are consistent with the hypothesis that CRF may depress feeding by altering monoamine metabolism in the lateral hypothalamus to the pattern of a fed rat.
Multichannel imaging for wideband wide-angle polarimetric synthetic aperture radar

In this paper we introduce multi-channel techniques to compensate for effects of antenna shading and crosstalk in wideband, wide-angle full polarization radar imaging. We model the systems as a 2D integral operator that includes the transmit pulse function, receive and transmit antenna transfer functions, and response from scattering objects. Existing imaging algorithms provide an approximate inversion of this integral operator, without compensation for the effect of antenna transfer functions. Thus, standard processing results in image quality diminished by the inherent variation of the antenna response--in magnitude, phase and polarization--across a large band of frequencies and wide range of aspect angles. We propose three inversion techniques for this integral operator, to improve polarization purity and to achieve localized point spread functions. The first technique uses a local approximation to the system model, and propose a conceptually simple method for the inversion. The other two techniques propose inversion methods for the exact system model in different transform domains. The result is imagery with improved polarization purity and a more localized point spread function.
From Metaphysical to Substantive Naturalism: A Case Study

This paper addresses two related questions. First, what is involved in giving a distinctively realist and naturalist construal of an area of discourse, that is, in so much as stating a distinctively realist and naturalist position about, for example, content or value? I defend a condition that guarantees the realism and naturalism of any position satisfying it, at least in the case of positions on content, but perhaps in other cases as well. Second, what sorts of considerations render a distinctively realist and naturalist position more plausible than its irrealist and non-naturalist rivals? The answer here focuses again on theories of content and is wholly negative. I argue that the standard array of arguments offered in support of realist and naturalist theories in fact provide equal support for a host of irrealist and non-naturalist ones. Taken together, these considerations reveal an important gap in the recent philosophical literature on content. The challenge to proponents of putatively realist and naturalist theories is to insure that those theories so much as state distinctively realist and naturalist positions and then to identify arguments that support what is distinctively realist and naturalist about them.
Reproaching heaven: The problem of evil in Mengzi

At first glance, the problem of evil has little place in Chinese thought. At least two assumptions associated with the classical European problem of evil are foreign to a Chinese context. If we take the tema "evil" in contrast to the merely '"oad," that is, if we give evil ontological status as a real force, then classical Chinese thinkers have no conception of evil, and thus no need to account for its origin. The second assumption connected to the problem of evil is God's creation of the world ex nibilo. If God is the total and complete cause of all that exists, God must be responsible for everything, including the bad things. Without a conception of creation ex nihila, early Chinese thinkers need not attribute evil to any divine being. Even in a European context, though, requiting a conception of evil as a positive force and the creation of the wodd ex nibilo defines the problem of evil too narrowly. Most thinkers in the European tradition responded to the problem of evil by denting the ontological status of evil. Those who maintained the benevolence of God denied his creation of evil by equating evil with nothingness or lack. Augustine developed this denial o f evil in response to Manicheanism and versions of his account are taken up by Descartes and Leibniz, among others. Even those who responded to the problem of evil by denying the existence of a benevolent deity tended to reduce evil from a real ontological category to a mere human label, as, for example, Spinoza does. Creation ex nibilo remains more consistently central to the problem but again seems unnecessary. Kant, for example, saw the problem of evil as
Controlling industrial processes through supervised, feedforward neural networks

Abstract Multi-layer, feedforward perceptron neural networks produce hetero- and auto- pattern associators which can be applied to a wide range of problems. The area of process monitoring and control is one of numerous inputs and outputs, which are normally non-determinative and do not adhere to known probability distributions. By training neural networks through supervised learning, such as backpropagation, a mechanized tool can be created which offers advantages over traditional methods based on statistics. Significant benefits are the ability to discern complex relationships and trends rather than assuming distributions (usually Gaussian) or specifying algorithms, the ability to integrate in real time large amounts of continuous data and adapt incrementally to changes in process, and the ability to handle noisy or incomplete data.