cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USING ABERRANT BEHAVIORS AS REINFORCERS FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN

In a series of experiments, we assessed the efficacy of using autistic children's aberrant behaviors as reinforcers to increase their correct task responding. In Experiment 1, reinforcer conditions of stereotypy, food, and varied (food or stereotypy) were compared. In Experiment 2, the conditions were delayed echolalia, food, and varied (food or delayed echolalia), and in Experiment 3, perseverative behavior was compared with stereotypy and food as potential reinforcers. A multielement design was used for all comparisons, and side-effect measures were recorded during and after teaching sessions as well as at home. Results indicated that, in general, task performance was highest when brief opportunities to engage in aberrant behaviors were provided as reinforcers. Edibles were associated with the lowest performance. Furthermore, no negative side effects (e.g., an increase in aberrant behaviors) occurred. The results are discussed in terms of suggesting a more pragmatic treatment approach by addressing the contingent use of autistic children's aberrant behaviors as reinforcers.
Hierarchical organization of speech perception in human auditory cortex

Human speech consists of a variety of articulated sounds that vary dynamically in spectral composition. We investigated the neural activity associated with the perception of two types of speech segments: (a) the period of rapid spectral transition occurring at the beginning of a stop-consonant vowel (CV) syllable and (b) the subsequent spectral steady-state period occurring during the vowel segment of the syllable. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was recorded while subjects listened to series of synthesized CV syllables and non-phonemic control sounds. Adaptation to specific sound features was measured by varying either the transition or steady-state periods of the synthesized sounds. Two spatially distinct brain areas in the superior temporal cortex were found that were sensitive to either the type of adaptation or the type of stimulus. In a relatively large section of the bilateral dorsal superior temporal gyrus (STG), activity varied as a function of adaptation type regardless of whether the stimuli were phonemic or non-phonemic. Immediately adjacent to this region in a more limited area of the ventral STG, increased activity was observed for phonemic trials compared to non-phonemic trials, however, no adaptation effects were found. In addition, a third area in the bilateral medial superior temporal plane showed increased activity to non-phonemic compared to phonemic sounds. The results suggest a multi-stage hierarchical stream for speech sound processing extending ventrolaterally from the superior temporal plane to the superior temporal sulcus. At successive stages in this hierarchy, neurons code for increasingly more complex spectrotemporal features. At the same time, these representations become more abstracted from the original acoustic form of the sound.
Do Information Security Professionals and Business Managers View Information Security Issues Differently

Organizations today know that information technology is essential not only for daily operations but also for gaining strategic advantage in the marketplace. The importance of information technology...
On linear processes with dependent innovations

We consider asymptotic behavior of partial sums and sample covariances for linear processes whose innovations are dependent. Central limit theorems and invariance principles are established under fairly mild conditions. Our results go beyond earlier ones by allowing a quite wide class of innovations which includes many important nonlinear time series models. Applications to linear processes with GARCH innovations and other nonlinear time series models are discussed.
Analysis of oscillatory flow disturbances and thermal characteristics inside fluidic cells due to fluid leakage and wall slip conditions

The effects of both fluid leakage and wall slip conditions are studied analytically and numerically on the fluctuation rate in the flow inside non-isothermal disturbed thin films supported by soft seals within a fluidic cell. Flow disturbances due to internal pressure pulsations and external squeezing are considered in this work. The main controlling parameters are found to be the dimensionless leakage parameter, softness of the seal, squeezing number, dimensionless slip parameter, the thermal squeezing parameter and the power law index. Accordingly, their influences on the fluctuation rate and heat transfer characteristics inside disturbed thin films are determined and discussed. It is found that an increase in the dimensionless leakage parameter, softness of the seal-upper plate assembly and the wall slip parameter result in more cooling and an increase in the fluctuation level in the flow. However, an increase in the squeezing number and the fluid power index decrease flow fluctuations. Finally, a suggested design to alleviate a number of problems in fluidic cells is presented.
A Key Intermediate for the Synthesis of Antitumor Lignan Prototypes

Abstract Procedures are described for the convenient generation of an iodinated carboxylic acid possessing considerable utility as a precursor to several biologically active lignans.
Error Analysis for Image Inpainting

Image inpainting refers to restoring a damaged image with missing information. In recent years, there have been many developments on computational approaches to image inpainting problem [2, 4, 6, 9, 11---13, 27, 28]. While there are many effective algorithms available, there is still a lack of theoretical understanding on under what conditions these algorithms work well. In this paper, we take a step in this direction. We investigate an error bound for inpainting methods, by considering different image spaces such as smooth images, piecewise constant images and a particular kind of piecewise continuous images. Numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical error bounds.
Behavior of tungsten exposed to high fluences of low energy hydrogen isotopes

Abstract Tungsten is a candidate plasma facing material under investigation in a Sandia National Laboratories project conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Samples of 99.95% tungsten provided by Plansee Aktiengesellschaft were exposed to 100 eV deuterium and tritium ions at a range of fluxes from 2.3×1017 to 1.3×10 18 ions / cm 2 s for one hour at 623 K in the tritium plasma experiment. The samples were outgassed to determine the amount of retained hydrogen isotopes. The retention scaled at slightly greater than the square root of the fluence. The fractional retention was on the order of 10−5. The data from these experiments were combined with previous results to construct a comprehensive model of the migration and retention behavior for hydrogen in tungsten. A second set of experiments involved exposing 99.95% tungsten foils provided by AESAR to 100 eV deuterons at a flux of 6×10 17 D / cm 2 s for 30 min at 423 and 373 K. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis was performed on the samples to determine the effects of the plasma exposure. Unannealed samples revealed extensive blistering with many blister caps removed. Samples annealed to 1473 K showed minor blistering, and samples annealed to 1273 K showed no blistering. The SEM analysis was used in conjunction with the retention results to understand the role of annealing and defects in trapping within the tungsten.
Noncontact near-field scanning optical microscopy imaging using an interferometric optical feedback mechanism

An interferometric optical feedback mechanism is explored for tip-sample distance control in near-field scanning optical microscopy. An optical signal, based on the interference between the light exiting the tip aperture and that reflecting off the sample surface, is used to implement a feedback scheme to regulate tip-sample distance. The noncontact nature of this feedback mechanism may provide greater flexibility in imaging soft or fragile samples. To characterize the performance of the optical feedback mechanism, images are analyzed of a calibration standard, fluorescently doped lipid monolayers, latex spheres, and fixed cells. Images taken of these samples using optical feedback and the standard tapping-mode feedback are comparable in quality. These samples also demonstrate the ability of optical feedback to follow both large and small height changes and accurately reflect the sample topography. In a nonscanning mode, the interferometric signal can be used to noninvasively probe small dynamic height changes of sample with nanometric spatial resolution. Using a piezo ceramic bimorph to simulate sample movement, we show that nanometric height changes can be detected with millisecond time resolution. This may provide a unique way to probe protein conformational changes free of tip-sample interactions.
cANF causes endothelial cell hyperpolarization by activation of chloride channels.

Abstract Objectives: Natriuretic peptides bind with natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-C, which can alter cellular function through its interaction with the G i protein complex. NPR-C has been found to mediate the activation of K + channels and non-selective cation channels in vascular smooth muscle and cardiac fibroblast cells, respectively. However, the electrophysiological effect of NPR-C activation on endothelial cells (EC) has not been previously examined. In this study we sought to elucidate the effect of cANF(4-23), a selective NPR-C ligand, on EC membrane potential ( E m ). Methods/results: Changes in EC E m was measured through non-invasive fluorescence imaging. EC were preincubated in the potentiometric dye, DiBAC 4 (3) and subsequently exposed to cANF(4-23), in the presence of selective inhibitors of ion-channels or second messengers. NPR-C expression in rat lung microvascular endothelial cells was assessed by RT-PCR. cANF(4-23) induced a sustained decrease in EC cellular fluorescence, indicating endothelial cell hyperpolarization. The cANF-induced hyperpolarization could not be attenuated by TEA, barium, ouabain or by the reduction of extracellular Ca 2+ . Further, the cANF-induced hyperpolarization was insensitive to inhibition of G i and protein kinase G (PKG), downstream messengers of NPRs. However, the Cl − channel inhibitors, 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, niflumic acid, and hypertonic saline attenuated the cANF-induced hyperpolarization. Perforated patch clamp recordings confirmed the cANF-induced current was carried by Cl − and could be inhibited by niflumic acid. RT-PCR confirmed expression of NPR-C in vascular smooth muscle cells but not in EC. Conclusions: cANF causes hyperpolarization that is most likely mediated via activation of Cl − channels by a PKG and G i independent mechanism.
Efficacy of a New Deltamethrin Formulation on Concrete and Wheat Against Adults of Laboratory and Field Strains of Three Stored-Grain Insect Species

Efficacy of the suspension concentrate formulation of deltamethrin (Centynal) was evaluated at labeled rates on concrete surfaces and hard red winter wheat against 12 field strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); six strains of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and four strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F). The time for ≍100% mortality of adults of laboratory strains was first established by exposing them to deltamethrin-treated concrete at the highest labeled rate of 0.02 g(AI)/m(2) for 1-24 h. On concrete, deltamethrin did not provide complete mortality of adults of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis field strains, but was effective against R. dominica strains. Mortalities of two strains each of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis were significantly lower than that of the corresponding laboratory strains. On wheat treated with 0.5 mg(AI)/kg of deltamethrin, the 7- and 14-d mortalities of four to six T. castaneum field strains, three O. surinamensis strains, and one R. dominica strain were significantly lower than that of the corresponding laboratory strains. Even at twice the labeled rate on wheat, the 7-d mortalities of three strains each of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis were significantly lower than the corresponding laboratory strains. Except for one T. castaneum and two O. surinamensis strains, the reduction in adult progeny production on deltamethrin-treated wheat relative to that on untreated wheat was 92-100%. Reduced susceptibility in field strains may be due to low levels of tolerance or resistance to deltamethrin.
Rolling the dice to understand a not-so-intuitive kind of distribution

Motivated by an exercise in [4, p. 229], the author describes a classroom investigation of the triangular-shaped frequency distribution that arises from the sum of two independent random variables uniformly distributed in the interval [1,6]. Included are three dice rolling experiments for small sample sizes, a TI-92 function for large sample sized dice rolling simulations, a TI-92 program for independent sum simulations much less discrete than dice rolling, and a discussion of how they were used in the classroom.
Short communication: dairy bedding type affects survival of Prototheca in vitro.

Protothecae are algal pathogens, capable of causing bovine mastitis, that are unresponsive to treatment; they are believed to have an environmental reservoir. The role of bedding management in control of protothecal mastitis has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of either environmental or mastitis-associated Prototheca genotypes in dairy bedding materials that are commonly used in Maine. Prototheca zopfii genotypes 1 and 2 (gt1 and gt2) were inoculated into sterile broth only (control ), kiln-dried spruce shavings, "green" hemlock sawdust, sand, or processed manure-pack beddings with broth, and incubated for 2 d. Fifty microliters of each isolate was then cultured onto plates and the resulting colonies counted at 24 and 48 h postinoculation. Shavings were associated with significantly less total Prototheca growth than other bedding types. Growth of P. zopfii gt1 was significantly higher than that of gt2 in the manure-pack bedding material. Spruce shavings, compared with manure, sand, or sawdust, may be a good bedding type to prevent growth of Prototheca. Based on these in vitro findings, bedding type may affect Prototheca infection of cattle in vivo.
Social comparison processes in an organizational context: New directions

The goal of this article is to frame some new directions to social comparison research in organizational settings. Four themes are developed. First, we examine the role of organizational variables in shaping the basic sub processes in social comparison, such as the selection of referents. The second theme focuses on the meaning of level of analysis in social comparison processes. The third theme develops how time can enhance our understanding of social comparison. Lastly, we explore some methodological issues inherent in the three prior themes.
Creating Servlets with Intellij V8

This paper describes how to configure servlets with Intellij version 8. The GUI intensive approach to enterprise Java has classically led to configuration issues that require both a deployment environment and a lengthy IDE set-up. Students (and, indeed, seasoned professionals) can find this confusing. The article is both a case study and a tutorial on simple enterprise Java configuration and deployment. Basic questions that we address: Why is deployment so hard? What are these deployments doing? What has led us down a configuration path that is so fragile? What can we do to make things better?
Inhibition of first-pass metabolism in cancer chemotherapy: interaction of 6-mercaptopurine and allopurinol

Earlier studies suggested that the dose of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) can be reduced substantially when the drug is given with allopurinol. We studied the effect of allopurinol on the kinetics of oral and intravenous 6-MP. Studies conducted initially in rhesus monkeys and subsequently in man with 6-MP doses of 100 mg/m2 and 75 mg/m2, demonstrated that allopurinol pretreatment resulted in a nearly 400% increase in peak plasma concentration of oral 6-MP in monkeys (from a mean of 0.54 microM to a mean of 2.1 microM) and a 500% increase in man (0.74 microM to 3.7 microM). Allopurinol pretreatment also led to a 300% increase in plasma AUC in monkeys after oral 6-MP (from a mean of 121 microM/min to a mean of 391 microM/min) and a 500% increase in AUC in man (from a mean of 142 microM/min to a mean of 716 microM/min). In contrast, allopurinol pretreatment had no effect on the kinetics of intravenous 6-MP. This difference was found to be due to inhibition of first-pass metabolism of oral 6-MP as the result of the action of allopurinol on liver or intestinal xanthine oxidase. Our results indicate that, although dose reduction of oral 6-MP given in conjunction with allopurinol is appropriate, it is not necessary when 6-MP is injected intravenously.
Determinants of regime type in newly independent states

Since 1945, newly independent states have differed from longer lived states in their greater risk of violent conflict and more challenging environment for democratisation. The authors of this article theorise that certain economic,demographic,violence-related and external factors should affect the regime type (level of democracy versus autocracy) in newly independent states. Examining exclusively newly independent states that have undergone major political transitions allows one to determine factors favouring democracy over auto- cracy under such volatile circumstances. The authors test several hypotheses, using cross- sectional and cross-sectional time-series analyses, and find that economic development elevates the level of democracy in new states. Cultural heterogeneity has no effect, but external factors play an important role. Genocide and politicide reduce democracy, while civil wars have the opposite effect.These findings prove robust to alternative measurements of the dependent variable and alternative model specifications. Newly independent states face uncertain political futures. Their leaders must quickly choose myriad institutional arrangements, including opting between democratic or authoritarian governance. Diverse internal political forces compete for influence and often promote conflicting arrangements. We examine factors shaping the development of regime types in newly indepen- dent states since the end of the Second World War.We classify regimes using a practically continuous scale indicating their degree of institutional democ- racy versus authoritarianism and degrees in between. We organise factors likely to affect the regime types adopted in new states into four categories - economic, demographic, violence-related and external - and derive hypoth- eses about how each should influence this choice.We test our hypotheses using cross-sectional snapshots at five-year intervals and with time-series data. Scores of nations have come into existence since 1945 (see Appendix 1), but surprisingly little is known about why they became democracies or authoritarian regimes. Most new states created since the Second World War were formerly colonies of major powers and gained independence either by concession (Philippines, Jamaica) or armed struggle (Algeria, Vietnam). Still others (Ukraine, Uzbekistan) became independent after decades of incorpo- ration into the former Soviet Union. The democratisation of such newly
Tubular transport mechanisms.

Abstract Endogenous and exogenous compounds of a great variety and number are transferred across the tubular epithelium by active cellular processes. In the mammalian kidney the conservation of valuable filterable constituents of plasma is accomplished by tubular reabsorption while glomerular filtration and incomplete reabsorption account for the renal elimination of many of the known waste products of metabolism. Although various foreign compounds are known to be actively excreted by the tubules and have proven useful in the clinical evaluation of renal function, the physiologic role of tubular excretion in man remains obscure. Little is known about the normal hormonal regulation of tubular transport aside from those factors which have been found to modify the excretion of electrolytes and water. Active transport has been defined as a process in which work must be done by the cells to transfer materials across the tubular epithelium against a chemical potential. The energy utilized in active cellular transport is apparently derived largely from aerobic metabolic reactions and is channeled through energy-rich phosphate bonds. Uncertainty surrounds the mechanisms by means of which phosphate bond energy is translated into osmotic work; it is suggested that such energy may be used for direct phosphorylation of the transported compound in some systems and for the activation of essential cellular elements in others.
Surface modification in microsystems and nanosystems

Phenomena in microsystems and nanosystems are influenced by the device walls due to the high surface-area-to-volume ratios that are a characteristic feature of these systems. The role of surfaces in these small-scale systems has led to natural interest in developing methods to manipulate surface-mediated phenomena toward improving device performance, developing next generation systems, and mitigating problems that arise due to interfacial interactions between surfaces and materials within microscale and nanoscale systems. This report presents a critical review of the existing literature as it relates to role of surfaces and surface modification in microsystems and nanosystems. In addition, this report strives to present this literature review with an eye on the tutorial aspect of surface modification for new researchers. Toward the dual goal of presenting a tutorial review with a critical analysis of literature many open scientific questions are discussed. Both chemical and physical surface modification methods are discussed with several examples, applications, and a brief description of underlying theory. The importance of surfaces in microsystems and nanosystems and the applicability of controlling surface properties in a systematic manner for both fundamental science and applied studies is also discussed. The readers are pointed to several pioneering research efforts over the years that have made surface modification and surface science a rich, diverse, and multi-disciplinary research field. It is hoped that this report will assist researchers from diverse fields by providing a collection of varied references and encourage the next generation of surface scientists and engineers to significantly advance the state of knowledge.
Orientation of specifically 13C=O labeled phosphatidylcholine multilayers from polarized attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopy.

Oriented multilayers of 1-myristoyl-2(1–13C)-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (2[1–13C]DMPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2(1–13C)-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (2[1–13C]DPPC) were investigated by use of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy with polarized light. Experiments were performed with the aim to determine the orientation of the two ester groups in these phospholipids in the solid state and in the hydrated state at temperatures below and above the respective gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions. Substitution of the naturally occurring 12C carbonyl carbon atom by 13C in the ester group of the sn-2 chain of DMPC and DPPC shifts the infrared absorption of the carbonyl double bond stretching vibration to lower frequency. This results in two well-resolved ester C=O bands which can be assigned unequivocally to the sn-1 and sn-2 chains as they are separated by more than 40 cm-1. The two ester CO-O single bond stretching vibrations of the molecular fragments-CH2CO-OC-are also affected and the corresponding infrared absorption band shifts by 20 cm-1 on 13C-labeling of the carbonyl carbon atom. From the dichroic ratios of the individual ester bands in 2(1–13C)DMPC and 2(1–13C)DPPC we were able to demonstrate that the sn-1 and sn-2 ester C=O groups are similarly oriented with respect to the bilayer plane, with an angle greater than or equal to 60 degrees relative to the bilayer normal. The two CO-O single bonds on the other hand have very different orientations. The CH2CO-OC fragment of the sn-1 chain is oriented along the direction of the all-trans methylene chain, whereas the same molecular segment of the sn-2 carbon chain is directed toward the bilayer plane. This orientation of the ester groups is retained in the liquid-crystalline phase. The tilt angle of the hydrocarbon all-trans chains, relative to the membrane normal, is 25 degrees in the solid state of DMPC and DPPC multibilayers. In the hydrated gel state this angle varies between 26 degrees and 30 degrees, depending on temperature. Neither the orientation of the phosphate group, nor that of the choline group varies significantly in the different physical states of these phospholipids.
Tolerance of two invasive thistles to repeated disturbance

Many invasive species have short life cycles, high reproduction, and easily dispersed offspring that make them good ruderal species under disturbance. However, the tolerance of such ruderal species to disturbance is often overlooked. In a 2-year mowing study, we applied frequent intense disturbances to examine the tolerance of two congeneric invasive thistles, Carduus acanthoides and Carduus nutans, and potential differences in their responses. Our results show that both species can survive multiple mowing events, with C. acanthoides surviving repeated intense mowing through a whole season. Furthermore, C. acanthoides was found to adjust its growth form to the disturbance regime, and successfully overwintered and reproduced in the subsequent growing season if the disturbance was terminated. Our results support the idea that tolerance to disturbance should be considered when examining invasions by short-lived monocarpic species, since avoidance of disturbance via rapid life cycle completion and seed production, and tolerance of disturbance via regrowth can co-occur in these species. Consequently, management of short-lived invasives should take both life history strategies into account.
Permeability of ovarian blood vessels and follicles of juvenile rats

Abstract Enzymatic and heme-protein tracers (including, cytochrome c, horseradish peroxidase, hemoglobin; mol wt 12,000–60,000) and electron-opaque protein and non-protein particles (ferritin, Thorotrast, carbon) have been used to demonstrate the ultrastructural basis of vascular permeability and the route by which blood-borne tracers reach the oocyte in ovaries of juvenile rats. Tracers were injected intravascularly, subsequent to an injection of histamine plus serotonin antagonists (triprolidine, methysergide maleate) into both Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. In other experiments tracers were injected alone or into animals treated with histamine and/or serotonin. The results indicate that cytochrome c and peroxidase readily passed through interendothelial clefts of capillaries and venules of the theca. Neither did the concentration or purity of peroxidase (i.e., 1–10 mg Sigma VI or Worthington HPOFF; 10–30 mg Sigma II) greatly affect junctional transport. Treatment with methysergide and triprolidine depressed leakage of peroxidase via gaps in venules of the theca. Transport by means of vesicles was minute. Ovarian capillary permeability to hemoglobin, Thorotrast, ferritin, and carbon was not significantly affected by histamine or serotonin or their antagonists. The junctions were impermeable to these tracers and vesicular transport remained minute. Leakage via gaps in venules accounted, in part, for transport of Thorotrast or ferritin, or a combination of these two tracers. Ferritin, larger than hemoglobin or Thorotrast, was transported faster than either tracer into the tissue spaces. Treatment with histamine plus serotonin antagonists depressed leakage of Thorotrast via gaps, but failed to suppress ferritin build-up in the perivascular space. Movement of cytochrome c and horseradish peroxidase from the blood to the oocyte occurred between 30 and 120 sec after injection of the tracer into the saphenous vein or aorta. The tracers permeated the perivascular basement lamina, passed between cells of the theca, and infiltrated the basement lamina surrounding the ovarian follicles. Cytochrome c and peroxidase surrounded follicle cells and filled the interfollicular cell spaces and the zona of preantrum follicles and, saturated the liquor of antrum-containing follicles. Cytochrome c and peroxidase accumulated within the perivitelline space of follicles at all stages of development and surrounded the first polar body of preovulatory follicles. Under the conditions of our experiments neither the oocyte, polar body, nor follicle cells actively incorporated exogenous cytochrome c or peroxidase by pinocytosis. Larger tracers like Thorotrast and ferritin appeared to accumulate beneath the perifollicular basement lamina and the mesothelium of ovaries of juvenile rats. They did not pass into ovarian follicles and appeared to accumulate beneath the mesothelium and in lymphatic vessels surrounding follicles.
Possible relationship between packed sperm volume and egg mass in domestic fowl

Packed sperm volume (PSV) values of male chickens have been observed to parallel the daily egg mass values of laying hens. Selection progress was greater when selection was for PSV and egg mass than for egg mass alone.
The certainty factor-based neural network in continuous classification domains

The integration of certainty factors (CFs) into the neural computing framework has resulted in a special artificial neural network known as the CFNet. This paper presents the cont-CFNet, which is devoted to classification domains where instances are described by continuous attributes. A new mathematical analysis on learning behavior, specifically linear versus nonlinear learning, is provided that can serve to explain how the cont-CFNet discovers patterns and estimates output probabilities. Its advantages in performance and speed have been demonstrated in empirical studies.
Regulation of primary productivity rate in the equatorial Pacific

Analysis of the Chl-specific rate of primary productivity (P{sup B}) as a function of subsurface nutrient concentration at >300 equatorial stations provides an answer to the question: What processes regulate primary productivity rate in the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll waters of the equatorial Pacific In the western Pacific where there is a gradient in 60-m (NO{sub 3}) from 0 to {approximately}12 {mu}M, the productivity rate is a linear function of nutrient concentration; in the eastern Pacific where the gradient is from 12 to 28 {mu}M, the productivity rate is independent of nutrient concentration and limited to {approximately}36 mg C(mg Chl){sup {minus}1} d{sup {minus}1}, or a mean euphotic zone C-specific growth rate ({mu}) of 0.47 d{sup {minus}1}. However, rates downstream of the Galapagos Islands are not limited; they are 46.4 mg C(mg Chl){sup {minus}1} d{sup {minus}1} and {mu} = 0.57 d{sup {minus}1}, very close to the predicted nutrient-regulated rates in the absence of other limitation. This pattern of rate regulation can be accounted for by a combination of eolian Fe, subsurface nutrients, and sedimentary Fe derived from the Galapagos platform. In the low-nutrient western Pacific the eolian supply of Fe is adequate to allow productivity rate to be set by subsurface nutrient concentration.more » In the nutrient-rich easter equatorial region eolian Fe is inadequate to support productivity rates proportional to the higher nutrient concentrations, so in this region eolian Fe is rate limiting. Around the Galapagos Islands productivity rates reach levels consistent with nutrient concentrations; sedimentary Fe from the Galapagos platform seems adequate to support increased nutrient-regulated productivity rates in this region.« less
Studies on the excretory “bladder” and caudal ducts of the supposed anepitheliocystid cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni

Optical and electron microscope studies of the supposed anepitheliocystid cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni indicated that the only bladder-like structure was the excretory atrium. No bladder was found anterior to it. The wall of the atrium was lined with tegument which was continuous with that of the outside. Thus the entire structure had a protoplasmic lining. There were two caudal ducts exiting the atrium which joined posteriorly and continued down the length of the tail. The caudal duct bifurcated at the posterior end of the tail, traversed the length of each furca, emptied into a chamber near the tip of each furca, and finally exited through the excretory pore at the very tip of each furca. The caudal and furcal ducts were entirely intracellular. No lateral excretory pores at the tail-body junction were noted, nor was there a retrogression of the caudal ducts. An Island of Cort was present.
Academic Potential Beliefs and Feelings: Conceptual Development and Relations with Academic Outcomes

Students’ beliefs about their own academic potential and corresponding feelings of satisfaction in reaction to those beliefs may be influential motivators of academic attitudes and behaviors. To explore this possibility, the authors developed and tested a 10-item Academic Potential Beliefs and Feelings Questionnaire (APBFQ) in three independent samples across two studies. The measure was found to have two coherent factors: (i) beliefs about academic potential; and (ii) satisfaction in academic potential. Both subscales had good reliability, temporal stability, and were differentiated from other self-perceptions. Results suggested that perceived academic potential had desirable relations with academic outcomes. In contrast, while satisfaction correlated positively with intrinsic value for coursework, it was also linked with a variety of maladaptive academic beliefs, behaviors, and underachievement, particularly for male students low in perceived academic potential.
Calcium transport by rat brain mitochondria and oxidation of 2-oxoglutarate

Abstract Contrary to previous reports brain mitochondria have a substantial capacity for net Ca 2+ uptake (approx. 1.2 μeq. Ca 2+ per mg protein) providing succinate is the oxidizable substrate. ATP stimulates calcium uptake (to 1.8 μeq. per mg protein), but is not required. The accumulation of Ca 2+ with NAD-linked substrates is, however, significantly less. With 2-oxoglutarate, very limited Ca 2+ uptake occurs before respiration is inhibited. At low concentrations (10 μM), Ca 2+ stimulates the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity of detergent solubilized mitochondria. Millimolar [Ca 2+ ] is required for inhibition. Therefore, Ca 2+ inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate oxidation can explain the low maximum uptake with this substrate, but probably not by directly effecting the dehydrogenase. Hence, the oxidation of 2-oxoglutarate can be either enhanced or suppressed depending upon the net Ca 2+ accumulated by brain mitochondria.
Prevalence and associations of binge eating disorder in a multiethnic population with type 2 diabetes.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a syndrome characterized by recurrent uncontrollable overeating (1,2), with prevalence rates of ∼3% in the general population and 10- to 20-fold higher in patients seeking treatment for obesity (1,3). There are limited reports of BED in subjects with type 2 diabetes, particularly in minorities (4,5). We conducted a pilot study to assess BED and its association with obesity, metabolic control, and depression in a tri-ethnic (37% Hispanic, 40% non-Hispanic white, and …
Household production and complementarity: an example based on Samuelson’s coffee–cream–tea paradox

Abstract I use a linear programming formulation of Samuelson’s paradox [Journal of Economic Literature 12 (1974) 1255–1289], where cream and coffee are substitutes, to illustrate how cross price effects between goods can depend on the household’s production technology rather than, or in addition to, its subjective preferences.
An AP-1 binding site in the upstream region of DEB-A is part of a developmentally regulated negative element

The Deb-A gene from Drosophila melanogaster encodes a small membrane-associated protein, regulated during development, with peak abundance at 12-15 h of embryogenesis. The cis-acting regulatory elements that control expression of Deb-A during embryogenesis were localized using a somatic transformation assay. The Adh gene of D. melanogaster was used as a 'reporter' gene. The promoterless ADH coding sequence was fused to the 5'-upstream control region of Deb-A. Deletions were introduced into the 5'-region using various restriction sites and Bal31 deletion mutagenesis. A negative regulatory element, or silencer, was localized to a segment 47 base pairs long, between -395 and -442. It is responsible for 80% of the repression of gene expression during late development and reduces levels of Deb-A RNA nearly 5-fold. This negative element is temporally functional. It becomes active after 15 h of embryogenesis and it has no effect on gene expression prior to that. Within this negative element of 47 base pairs, two footprint regions were protected from DNase I digestion by embryonic nuclear extracts: one region contains an AP-1 binding site, but the other footprint is due to unknown element(s). High molecular weight DNA-protein complexes on an oligonucleotide probe spanning the AP-1 binding site were identified in gel retardation assays using partially purified bacterially expressed Djun protein or nuclear extracts from Drosophila embryos. These data suggest that the AP-1 site may be partly responsible for decreasing Deb-A expression during the late embryonic developmental stages of D. melanogaster.
Effects of desoxy- and methoxypyridoxine in the mouse.

Summary(1) Desoxypyridoxine has been shown to exert a powerful antipyridoxine effect in the mouse. With the aid of this substance, typical symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency (acrodynia) have been produced in this species. (2) A high casein level in the diet was found to have a detrimental effect on the acrodynia thus produced, but not to the same extent as that observed in the case of the acrodynia of vit. B6 deficient rats, not receiving desoxypyridoxine. Methionine, in amounts equivalent to those present in the casein, had a corresponding detrimental effect. (3) The pyridoxine requirement of the mouse was found to be, under the conditions of our experiments, between 1 and 2 γ per day. (4) For mice receiving 2 γ pyridoxine per day, the inhibition index of desoxypyridoxine was found to be 10. (5) Methoxypyridoxine acts as a pyridoxine precursor in the mouse.
Integrative meta-analysis of differential gene expression in acute myeloid leukemia.

Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with an overall poor prognosis. Gene expression profiling studies of patients with AML has provided key insights into disease pathogenesis while exposing potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. A systematic comparison of the large body of gene expression profiling studies in AML has the potential to test the extensibility of conclusions based on single studies and provide further insights into AML. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we systematically compared 25 published reports of gene expression profiling in AML. There were a total of 4,918 reported genes of which one third were reported in more than one study. We found that only a minority of reported prognostically-associated genes (9.6%) were replicated in at least one other study. In a combined analysis, we comprehensively identified both gene sets and functional gene categories and pathways that exhibited significant differential regulation in distinct prognostic categories, including many previously unreported associations. Conclusions/Significance We developed a novel approach for granular, cross-study analysis of gene-by-gene data and their relationships with established prognostic features and patient outcome. We identified many robust novel prognostic molecular features in AML that were undetected in prior studies, and which provide insights into AML pathogenesis with potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Our database and integrative analysis are available online (http://gat.stamlab.org).
Engineering design and analyses of the ALT-II particle collection scoops and deflector plates☆

The magnetic field line tracing and heat transfer analyses required for the design of the particle collection scoops and deflector plates for the Advanced Limiter Test-II (ALT-II) are described, and special fabrication techniques are discussed. For the magnetic field line analysis, expressions for the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields based on Shafranov stability criteria were used to define areas located at the back of the blade which are shadowed by adjacent deflector plates. The outline of the shadowed areas was then used to contour the sides of the particle collection scoops. Finite element thermal analyses were used to determine the response of the deflector plates, and to adjust the design for the anticipated incident peak heat fluxes of 3000 W/cm2. Based on the thermal analyses, a 2 mm overhang of the armor tiles over the edge of the blade was selected, and pyrolytic graphite was chosen as the deflector plate material. The computer aided design and fabrication methods used to complete assemblies, including a transfer of computer-aided-design data to numerical control machining tapes, are discussed, and some of the experience gained is summarized.
An evaluation model for electronic resources utilizing cost analysis

Operating within their fiscal allotments, today’s information professionals are debating the best methods for evaluating the acquisition of a wide array of electronic information resources. Electronic publishing is affecting not only the way scholars conduct their research, but also the selection process librarians use in acquiring these products. Although electronic information resources have many advantages, the financial implications of implementing new technologies have yet to be fully revealed. The impact of these financial implications creates new scenarios librarians must consider when examining the budgetary implications of selecting print or electronic materials ‐ or, in some cases, several versions of the same resource. Among the many questions information professional face in this explosive environment is how do we decide which product will best serve the needs of the institution today and in the future and how can we provide all that is requested by the university’s community in an environment of static or shrinking budgets? Offers a subjective evaluation model for comparing the desirable and undesirable potential of a proposed acquisition.
The relationship between obesity, employment discrimination, and employment-related victimization

Abstract This study examined whether obese persons report more types of employment discrimination and employment-related victimization than do nonobese persons. This question has never been answered directly using obese and nonobese persons in naturalistic settings. The subjects were recruited through the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA). They were assigned to one of three weight level groups: average (no more than 19% above ideal weight as defined by 1983 Metropolitan Life Height and Weight Tables), obese (20 to 49% above ideal weight), or very obese (50% or more above ideal average weight). Very obese subjects reported more types of employment discrimination, school victimization, attempts to conceal weight, and lower self-confidence than did nonobese subjects. Women reported more attempts to conceal their weight and lower self-confidence because of their weight than did men. Since permanent weight loss is not possible for most obese persons, the results of this study suggest that societal attitudes toward obese persons, particularly toward women, need to change in order to eliminate the employment-related discrimination and victimization experienced by the obese.
Self-isospectral periodic potentials and supersymmetric quantum mechanics

We discuss supersymmetric quantum mechanical models with periodic potentials. The important new feature is that it is possible for both isospectral potentials to support zero modes, in contrast with the standard nonperiodic case where either one or neither (but not both) of the isospectral pair has a zero mode. Thus it is possible to have supersymmetry unbroken and yet also have a vanishing Witten index. We present some explicit exactly soluble examples for which the isospectral potentials have identical band spectra, and which are ``self-isospectral'' in the sense that the potentials have identical shape, but are translated by one half-period relative to one another.
Hard-to-reach providers: targeted HIV education by the national AIDS education and training centers.

A national system of AIDS Education and Training Centers (AETCs) has received federal funding since 1987 to provide education to health care personnel (HCP) about HIV infection. The purpose of this study is to describe how AETC program personnel define and recognizeHCPwho are hard to reach and educate about HIV and to clarify the issues that make providers hard to reach. Twenty-three semistructured telephone interviews were used to collect data from AETC faculty and staff. Respondents were asked to identify the types of HCPwho are hard to reach and to discuss why they are hard to reach. Themes identified to establish which HCP are hard to reach include specific professional groups (especially physicians and dentists) as well as providers who treated less than 10 HIVinfected clients and some HIV-expert clinicians. Themes identified to establish why they are hard to reach include convenience, isolation, and attitudes. Analysis posits that hard-to-reach HCP fall into identifiable categories: “already know the information,” “don’t know they don’t know the information,” “don’t think they need to know the information,” or “don’t want to know the information.” Respondents also identified innovative ways to approach hard-to-reach providers.
The use of gastric tonometry in the assessment of celiac artery compression syndrome

This report describes the use of gastric tonometry to measure gastric mucosal ischemia/intestinal mucosa pH (pHi) in a patient treated for celiac artery compression syndrome. Significant gastric mucosal ischemia was demonstrated prior to celiac artery decompression as indicated by a pHi of 7.29. The ischemia was relieved by celiac artery decompression, with an increase in the pHi to 7.48. The patient experienced complete relief of his symptoms after surgical decompression and remains asymptomatic 14 months after surgery. Gastric tonometry provides an objective measurement of intestinal perfusion and ischemia in the treatment of celiac artery compression syndrome.
Molecular Machinations: Chemokine Signals in Host-Pathogen Interactions

Chemokines and their G-protein-coupled receptors represent an ancient and complex system of cellular communication participating in growth, development, homeostasis and immunity. Chemokine production has been detected in virtually every microbial infection examined; however, the precise role of chemokines is still far from clear. In most cases they appear to promote host resistance by mobilizing leukocytes and activating immune functions that kill, expel, or sequester pathogens. In other cases, the chemokine system has been pirated by pathogens, especially protozoa and viruses, which have exploited host chemokine receptors as modes of cellular invasion or developed chemokine mimics and binding proteins that act as antagonists or inappropriate agonists. Understanding microbial mechanisms of chemokine evasion will potentially lead to novel antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.