cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovering from errors during programming by demonstration

Many end-users wish to customize their applications, automating common tasks and routines. Unfortunately, this automation is difficult today --- users must choose between brittle macros and complex scripting languages. Programming by demonstration (PBD) offers a middle ground, allowing users to demonstrate a procedure multiple times and generalizing the requisite behavior with machine learning. Unfortunately, many PBD systems are almost as brittle as macro recorders, offering few ways for a user to control the learning process or correct the demonstrations used as training examples. This paper presents CHINLE, a system which automatically constructs PBD systems for applications based on their interface specification. The resulting PBD systems have novel interaction and visualization methods, which allow the user to easily monitor and guide the learning process, facilitating error recovery during training. CHINLE-constructed PBD systems learn procedures with conditionals and perform partial learning if the procedure is too complex to learn completely.
Tracking of a Target Payload via a Combination of Input Shaping and Feedback Control

Abstract This paper investigates the use of the combination of a feedback controller and input shaping to align a crane hoist with a desired, moving payload. The motivating application example is the retrieval of an autonomous surface vessel (ASV) by a larger, host vessel following the completion of the ASV's unmanned mission. Both the ASV and the larger vessel are subject to disturbances that make control of the crane-based operation diffcult. This work focuses on the motion of the ASV and proper alignment of the host-vessel's hoist with it leading to the initiation of the lift. This alignment is maintained via a feedback mechanism as well as a preview of incoming conditions. Input shaping greatly simpli?es the design of this controller by reducing commanded-motion-induced oscillation.
Computer Simulation of Enzymatic Reactions

Our strategy in modeling ezymatic reactions is demonstrated by considering two complimentary approaches, which are based on the powerful EVB method. The first approach uses the X-ray coordinates at their face value and estimates the reaction potential surface by using a simplified and efficient microscopic dipolar model for the solvent. The second approach (which became practical only upon the emergence of supercomputers) uses a surface constrained all atom solvent model, molecular dynamics (MD) and the umbrella sampling method to evaluate the actual free energy barrier. Both approaches indicate that the correct evaluation of the “solvation energy” of the ionic resonance structures is the key for understanding enzyme catalysis. The MD version of the EVB method is used in a preliminary study of the validity of linear free-energy relationships in enzymatic reactions. This study supports the ad hoc assumptions introduced in the simplified method.
Early Nymphal Development in Ephoron Leukon (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae) with Particular Emphasis on Mouthparts and Abdominal Gills

ABSTRACT The early stages of nymphal development of Ephoron leukon Williamson (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae) are described with special attention paid to the appearance and differentiation of the mouthparts and abdominal gills. Dramatic changes in the mouthparts of E. leukon include outgrowth of the mandibular tusks from the mandible proper, differentiation of the galealacinia and palps of the maxillae, and splitting of the labium into multiple lobes plus the adornment of various regions of the mouthparts with dense brushes of setae functioning in filter feeding. The abdominal gills of E. leukon originate as short threads, and then they progressively elongate and develop a fringe of long thin extensions around their margins, branch basally to form two separate lamellae and ultimately acquire a suite of structural adornments. In E. leukon, nymphs develop mature mouthparts and abdominal gills during early nymphal ontogeny, a developmental pattern that may facilitate key habitat transitions.
Smooth transition and ripple reduction in 4-switch non-inverting buck-boost power converter for WCDMA RF power amplifier

In this paper, smooth transition between buck and boost modes in 4-switch non-inverting buck-boost power converter is investigated. It is shown, both theoretically and on an experimental converter prototype, how pulse-width modulator (PWM) maximum and minimum duty cycle limitations can result in pulse skipping at the mode transition and substantial increases in the output voltage ripple. This is a very significant problem when the converter is used as a power supply for WCDMA RF power amplifiers. An approach is proposed to achieve smooth mode transition by overlapping buck and boost modes of operation. The approach results in much reduced output voltage ripple, at the expense of reduced efficiency, as demonstrated on the experimental prototype.
Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth and Dielectric Characterization of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 Films

Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001) and LaAlO3(001) substrates. The growth mode was determined to be two-dimensional byin-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction. The films were structurally and dielectrically characterizedex-situ using X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and split cavity resonance mode dielectrometry. The structural and dielectric properties of the Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 film grown on MgO were determined to be inferior to the film grown on LaAlO3, as was indicated by the broader rocking curve (0.59 deg. vs. 0.17 deg.) and higher dielectric loss (0.29 vs. 0.12).
Strengths-Based Educational Interventions in Rural Settings: Promoting Child Development Through Home–School Partnerships

Interventions implemented in educational settings promote the academic and social success of children and youth. These educational interventions are influenced by the context in which they are being implemented; the ecology of communities and schools contributes to intervention success. Thus, the landscape of rural communities is an important and essential consideration for understanding the implementation of educational interventions. Racial/ethnic minority children and families residing in rural communities experience unique social and institutional challenges that are particularly salient for carrying out educational interventions.
Partisan Politics at Work: Sampling and the 2000 Census

n his preceding article, Brunell offers some background on Census 2000, the use of sampling and adjustment in a census context, the magnitude of the differential undercount from prior censuses, and the debate over the use of sample-based adjustments to the count. Much of his description of Census 2000 is correct, as far as it goes. It is what he leaves out that is problematic. His omissions lead him to draw the
Mixing characteristics of a moderate aspect ratio screeching supersonic rectangular jet

Flow field characteristics of a moderate aspect ratio supersonic rectangular jet were examined at two overexpanded, a perfectly expanded, and an underexpanded jet conditions. The underexpanded and one overexpanded operating condition were of maximum screech, while the second overexpanded condition was of minimum screech intensity. Streamwise particle image velocimetry was performed along both major and minor axes of the jet and the measurements were made up to 30 nozzle heights, h, where h is the small dimension of the nozzle. Select cross planes were examined using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry to investigate the jet development and the role streamwise vortices play in jet spreading at each operating condition. The results show that streamwise vortices present at the nozzle corners along with vortices excited by screech tones play a major role in the jet evolution. All cases except for the perfectly expanded operating condition exhibited axis switching at streamwise locations ranging from 11 to 16 nozzle heights downstream of the exit. The overexpanded condition of maximum screech showed the most upstream switch over, while the underexpanded case showed the farthest downstream. Both of the maximum screeching cases developed into a diamond cross-sectional profile far downstream of the exit, while the ideally expanded case maintained a rectangular shape. The overexpanded minimum screeching case eventually decayed into an oblong profile.
Experimental study on Antang capsule′s hypoglycemic effect

Objective:To discuss whether the Antang capsule had hypoglycemic effect.Methods:Hyperglycemia mouse model induced by alloxan was given Antang capsule for 30 d,then the influences of Antang capsule on the body weight,fasting blood glucose of normal mouse and hyperglycemia mouse as well as the sugar tolerance of hyperglycemia mouse were observed.Results:In 1.710 g/kg·bw dose group,it was found AUC(area under curve) of glucose in hyperglycemia mouse significantly decreased(P0.05).Conclusion:Antang capsule had hypoglycemic effect.
Analysis of Productivity and Yield Stability of Wheat Variety Huapei 8

Based on the results of Wheat Regional Trial of Henan Province during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009,the HSC and Shukla variation coefficient were used to analyze Huapei 8 and other varieties tested.The result showed that the HSC of Huapei 8 during two years was 0.955 6 and 0.958 6,the highest of all varieties tested.The variation coefficient of Huapei 8 was 2.05% and 4.05%,the lowest of all varieties tested.This indicated that Huapei 8 was a wheat variety with high yield,stable production and wide adaptation.
A national survey on human resources of maternal and child health institutions at three levels

Objective To investigate and analyze human resources of maternal and child health(MCH) institutions at three levels so as to provide a basis for MCH decision-making in the future.Methods We conducted a national letter survey in 11 provincial,30 municipal,76 county MCH institutions.The collected data included local demographic and economic status,current human resources and health care performance.Results The proportion of full-time MCH personnel among technical staff was lower in MCH institutions at three levels.A lot of full-time MCH personnel had final education in technical secondary school.In municipal and county MCH institutions,the proportion of the people with senior technical post was less than 11%.Compared with"Criteria of Personnel Allocation in MCH Institutions at Different Levels",the full-time MCH personnel were insufficient in the MCH institutions at different levels.While in majority of MCH institutions,actual manpower devoted to health care was much more than current human resources.Conclusion In Chinese MCH institutions at three levels,there are many problems in human resources,including low technical skill of MCH personnel,insufficient full-time MCH personnel number,unable to meet the demand of actual health care performance.
2.28 – Semantic Memory

Semantic memory refers to the enormous storehouse of information that humans have readily accessible. This chapter provides a general overview of both theory development and empirical research investigating the nature of semantic memory. Rather than focusing on one or two theoretical approaches, we attempt to provide an overview of multiple ways of conceptualizing semantics to capture the rich theoretical perspectives that have developed in this literature. We provide reviews of such issues as hierarchical network models, feature-based models, recent attempts to ground semantics in large-scale databases, embodied cognition, and graph theoretical approaches. We also review semantic and episodic priming studies, along with research addressing the interplay between semantic and episodic memory. Finally, recent advances from both neuropsychological case studies and neuro imaging studies are discussed with a particular emphasis on how this work informs theoretical accounts of semantic memory.
Introduction: Why I Decided to Write This Book

I became aware of the role digital devices play in our lives in an airport in Cancun, Mexico while watching two men discuss and display their various devices. It occurred to me that there is some kind of a force, which I call “the electronic imperative,” that may be operating in our unconscious that derives important gratifications from having and using digital devices or one kind or another. I reference work by a professor at the Harvard Business School about what he calls the “95-5 Split” in our minds, with the ninety-five figure being our unconscious, which, he argues, shapes much of our behavior. I used the term “gizmos” because it is a common term that we use for devices whose name we momentarily forget and quote the French sociologist Jean Baudrillard who explains that gizmos are getting more complicated and tend to dominate us. I then quote from Ernest Dichter, the father of motivation research, who explains that objects tell us a great deal about ourselves. Finally, I discuss the meaning of digital by quoting from Peter Lunenfeld’s book, The Digital Dialectic, on the meaning of “digital.”
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes prepared by continuous-flow filtration leukapheresis: viability and function.

Preparation of granulocytes for transfusion in high yield and relatively free of contamination by other cell types has been made possible by the technique of continuous-flow filtration leukapheresis (CFFL). Since previous work suggested that granulocytes collected in this manner may have impaired viability and function, a detailed study of the bactericidal, metabolic, and chemotactic properties of such cells was performed and compared to control cells obtained from the same donors prior to CFFL. The granulocyte percentage of the cell suspensions obtained by CFFL averaged 94.5% ± 1.5% compared to 82.5% ± 1.8% for the controls ( p < 0.001) with viability of the PMNs determined by trypan blue exclusion being 97.5% ± 0.9% and 98.2% ± 0.5%, respectively. The phogocytic, metabolic (14C-I-glucose oxidation and protein iodination) and chemotactic properties of both cell types were equivalent in suspensions equalized for granulocyte content. These findings indicate that CFFL technique employed does not impair granulocyte viability or function in vitro. Studies of the in vivo survival and function of CFFL granulocytes are necessary to evaluate their efficacy in combating infection in severely leukopenic patients.
Environmental Management in Farming Enterprises in Bulgaria

This paper presents the results of a first large-scale study on forms, factors, and efficiency of eco-management in farming enterprises of different type (individual and family farms, agri-firms, agro-corporations, agro-cooperatives etc.) in Bulgaria. First, a brief characterization of surveyed "eco-active" farming enterprises is made. After that, diverse (internal, private, contract, market, formal, informal, hybrid etc.) forms and the scope of eco-management in farming enterprises are analyzed. Next, different (ideological, economic, market, social etc.) factors of eco-management in farming enterprises are specified. After that, analysis is made on costs, effects, efficiency and perspectives of eco-management in farming enterprises. Finally, conclusions from the study are summarized.
Structural stability, electronic and thermodynamic properties of VOPO4 polymorphs from DFT+U calculations

Abstract VOPO 4 compounds are rich in polymorphs and have important applications in catalysis and as electronic functional materials. Tetragonal α1-, monoclinic α1, α2, and β polymorphs of VOPO 4 have been investigated by using first principles calculations within density functional theory (DFT) improved by on-site Coulomb interactions (DFT+U) to better understand their thermodynamic and electronic properties. Structural and electronic properties, as well as relative stabilities for the four polymorphs, were calculated using DFT+U with both GGA and LDA exchange and correlation functionals. The effect of Hubbard U value was evaluated systematically and it is found that, although the relative stability of some polymorphs is not sensitive to the choice of U values, the relative stabilities between monoclinic α1 and α2 phases varied significantly with the choice of U values. The electronic density of states (EDOS) also changed with U values; the band gap first increased and then, when higher than 6, extra states were observed in the conduction band in some of the polymorphs, and the result was a band gap decrease. Clearly, an optimal U value in the range of 6–6.8 is desired for DFT+U calculations of VOPO 4 polymorphs. Investigating the effect of change of U value on thermodynamic stability and electronic band gap behaviors can thus be a criterion to decide optimal U values for further calculations such as surface adsorption and surface reactions of these compounds.
Bioinspired Metal Selenolate Polymers with Tunable Mechanistic Pathways for Efficient H2 Evolution

The efficient reduction of water into hydrogen has emerged as an attractive strategy for the conversion of solar energy into chemical bonds. Hydrogenase enzymes efficiently catalyze this reaction. The [NiFeSe] hydrogenases, a subclass of the [NiFe] hydrogenases with a selenocysteine replacing a cysteine residue, display higher activities and O2 tolerance than the conventional sulfur-only [NiFe] hydrogenases. Inspired by the enhanced activity upon replacement of sulfur with selenium seen in nature, we report here the syntheses and characterization of cobalt and nickel selenolate coordination polymers (CPs) based on benzene-1,2,4,5-tetraselenolate (BTSe), which are efficient catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from water. To reach a current density of 10 mA/cm2, the benchmarking metric for HER, both cobalt and nickel systems display overpotentials of only ∼350 mV, displaying a reduction in overpotential in comparison to the previously reported cobalt and nickel CPs based on benzene-1,2,4,5-t...
Di-Leptons at CERN

One of the premier challenges of the ultra-relativistic reaction physics program is to gain information on the space-time history of heavy-ion reactions. This is by no means a trivial undertaking, because all that is experimentally attainable is the measurement of the asymptotic momentum states of the final products of the reaction. Measuring two-particle correlations of hadrons emitted during the reaction provides at least an indirect way of obtaining space-time information.1 Hadronic probes, however, have large final state interactions and thus are not sensitive to the initial high-density and high-temperature phase of a heavy-ion reaction. Consequently, any information embedded in hadronic dynamics is completely masked by multiple scatterings. Dileptons are not disturbed by the hadronic environment even though they are produced at all stages of the collisions as they have long mean free paths. They are dubbed “clean probes” of the collision dynamics. This is what we need, if we want to learn about possible phase transitions (quark-gluon-plasma formation, restoration of chiral symmetry,...) in the early stages of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Impact of prior knowledge of mutation status on tumor stage in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with newly diagnosed breast cancer.

1562 Background: BRCA1/2 mutation carriers have an elevated lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Knowledge of one’s BRCA1/2 mutation status may aid earlier detection of breast cancers due to ...
Fluvastatin augments IL-33-mediated mouse mast cell function

Statins are HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors that are the most commonly prescribed class of drugs for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Recent studies have found that statins suppress some pro-inflammatory immune responses. Similarly, our lab has previously reported that fluvastatin suppresses pro-inflammatory IgE-mediated mast cell function in vitro and in vivo. However, other studies have shown statins can induce pro-inflammatory function in NK cells and monocytes. Due to the differing data on statins, we extended our studies to examine the effect of fluvastatin on IL-33 mediated mast cell function. Contrary to our IgE studies, fluvastatin augmented TNF and IL-6 production in IL-33-stimulated bone marrow derived mast cells. The increase in cytokine production was dependent on the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) during fluvastatin treatment. Mevalonic acid, the product of HMGCR, did not reverse the effect of fluvastatin, suggesting that fluvastatin action is not due to HMGCR targeting. Furthermore, inhibiting protein prenylation downstream of HMGCR with farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors did not emulate the effects of fluvastatin. The effects of fluvastatin were functionally important, since in vivo fluvastatin treatment enhanced IL-33-mediated neutrophil recruitment and increased plasma IL-6 and TNF. This study may elucidate the pro-inflammatory mechanisms of statins and reveal novel means by which mast cells are activated.
Religion and innovation. A country institutional approach

AbstractGiven the importance of religion as a norm setting mechanism and the extant literature that has neglected its impact on firms, we examine the role of religion as an antecedent of firm-level innovation. We utilize a country institutional profile approach focusing on the cognitive, normative, and regulative aspects of religion and how they are related to firm-level innovation. We hypothesize that religion affects the country-level environment and impacts firm-level behavior regarding innovation. We, therefore, synthesize arguments from the economics and international business literature and test our hypothesis on a sample of firms from 30 countries. We find partial support for the hypotheses, which provide interesting insights into the relationships between a firm level construct and religion.
Delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy with lanthanum bromide detector for non-destructive assay of nuclear material

Abstract High-energy delayed γ -ray spectroscopy is a potential technique for directly assaying spent fuel assemblies and achieving the safeguards goal of quantifying nuclear material inventories for spent fuel handling, interim storage, reprocessing facilities, repository sites, and final disposal. Requirements for the γ -ray detection system, up to ∼ 6 MeV, can be summarized as follows: high efficiency at high γ -ray energies, high energy resolution, good linearity between γ -ray energy and output signal amplitude, ability to operate at very high count rates, and ease of use in industrial environments such as nuclear facilities. High Purity Germanium Detectors (HPGe) are the state of the art and provide excellent energy resolution but are limited in their count rate capability. Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr 3 ) scintillation detectors offer significantly higher count rate capabilities at lower energy resolution. Thus, LaBr 3 detectors may be an effective alternative for nuclear spent-fuel applications, where count-rate capability is a requirement. This paper documents the measured performance of a 2” (length) × 2” (diameter) of LaBr 3 scintillation detector system, coupled to a negatively biased PMT and a tapered active high voltage divider, with count-rates up to ∼ 3 Mcps. An experimental methodology was developed that uses the average current from the PMT’s anode and a dual source method to characterize the detector system at specific very high count rate values. Delayed γ -ray spectra were acquired with the LaBr 3 detector system at the Idaho Accelerator Center, Idaho State University, where samples of ∼ 3g of 235 U were irradiated with moderated neutrons from a photo-neutron source. Results of the spectroscopy characterization and analysis of the delayed γ -ray spectra acquired indicate the possible use of LaBr 3 scintillation detectors when high count rate capability may outweigh the lower energy resolution.
Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Versus Zona Incerta Region Deep Brain Stimulation in Essential Tremor

Background The ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) is the target of choice for Essential Tremor (ET) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Renewed interest in caudal zona incerta (cZI) stimulation for tremor control has recently emerged and some groups believe this approach may address long-term reduction of benefit seen with VIM-DBS. Objectives To compare clinical outcomes and DBS programming in the long-term between VIM and cZI neurostimulation in ET-DBS patients. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of 53 DBS leads from 47 patients was performed. Patients were classified into VIM or cZI groups according to the location of the activated DBS contact. Demographics, DBS settings, and Tremor Rating Scale scores were compared between groups at baseline and yearly follow-up to 4 years after DBS. Student t-tests and ANOVA were used to compare variables between groups. Results Relative to baseline, an improvement in ON-DBS tremor scores was observed in both groups from 6 months to 4 years post-DBS (p<0.05). Although improvement was still significant at 4 years, scores from month 6 to 2 years were comparable between groups but at 3 and 4 years post-DBS the outcome was better in the VIM group (p<0.01). Stimulation settings were similar across groups, although we found a lower voltage in the VIM group at 3 years post-DBS. Conclusions More ventral DBS contacts in the cZI region do improve tremor, however, VIM-DBS provided better long-term outcomes. Randomized controlled trials comparing cZI vs VIM targets should confirm these results. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Applications of Whole Cell Fungal Systems as Models of Mammalian Xenobiotic/Drug Metabolism

While microorganisms have been exploited for centuries in catalyzing desired reactions (e.g., in the production of ethanol), the start of the modern era of microbial biotransformations is frequently associated with the landmark observation in 1952 by Peterson and Murray(1) at Upjohn that Rhizopυs arrhizus catalyzed the 11α-hydroxlation of progesterone, a key step in the production of pharmacologically active corticosteroids. The major immediate impact of this discovery was that this bioconversίon could replace the tedious, low-yielding chemical synthesis of this high-demand pharmaceutical, which opened the door to the application of microbial transformations catalyzing a variety of reactions on steroids (other hydroxylatίons, ketone reductions, dehydrogenations, sidechain cleavage, etc.), as well as transformations on other classes of natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic compounds (alkaloids, antibiotics, prostaglandins, cannabinoids, etc.).
Interpretation of Present Florida Pollution Control Regulations

Traditionally handled at state and local levels, pollution of waters is, in effect, now largely directed by the Federal government. However, the Federal administrators are seeking the joint involvement of State governments in controlling pollution through the device of State laws and river compacts — the latter; of course, applying to river basins involving several States or where States have a mutual boundary in a river. The chronology of the Federal legislation starts with the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948. It was limited in scope when it was fully implemented, and the government’s real role was still confined by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, the Public Health Service Act of 1912, and the Oil Pollution Control Act of 1924. The amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 established a basic policy that water pollution problems are best solved at the local level. Grants were made to States and interstate agencies for water pollution control activities and grants for waste treatment plant construction. Purposes were limited and a complicated system of Federal controls resulted. The Act was further amended in 1961 to extend Federal pollution abatement authority to all interstate and navigable waters in construction grants and encouraged the research activity.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
The Neglected Relationship Of Materiality And Recklessness In Actions Under Rule 10b

The concept of "materiality" under the federal securities laws has received much attention from the courts and the Securities and Exchange Commission, yet it has become increasingly murky. Judgments about what is and what is not material for purposes of the disclosure requirements under SEC rules and the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws are often very difficult. At the same time, errors in making those judgments can result in civil liability. Litigants seldom contend that, and courts seldom address whether, a defendant?s judgment about whether a fact was material is germane in assessing liability, particularly under Rule 10b-5. This Article suggests that the determination of liability under Rule 10b-5, particularly where the defendant is alleged to have acted recklessly (rather than with a specific intent to defraud), should take into account whether the defendant was reckless in failing to appreciate the materiality of the fact that was omitted or misrepresented. In other words, a determination of whether a defendant acted with scienter encompasses an evaluation of whether the defendant was reckless in not recognizing that the fact that was omitted or misrepresented was material.
A new in vitro method of drug assay of nasal blood vessels.

If nasal mucosa is removed from the dog's septum, mounted in a muscle bath and treated with a small dose of a nasal decongestant, the mucosa contracts. It appears, from the nature of the tissue and the nature of the drug responses, that nasal vascular smooth muscle is the contracting element.
Using big data to accomplish a huge job

Are we making the best use of data in our efforts to protect the natural environment? A new study suggests that we could be doing much better.
Genetic and Nongenetic Factors Affecting the Elemental Composition of Human and other Animal Tissues — A Review

The genetic and nongenetic factors affecting the elemental composition of animal and human tissues are presented. Genetic factors include: (1) some well-known inherited diseases that affect copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese and selenium metabolism; (2) animal species differences and (3) breed differences within animal species. The nongenetic factors include regional variation, dietary concentration of elements, interactions between elements, dietary concentration of other nutrients, chemical form of elements, age, sex, hormones, pregnancy, disease, temperature and altitude.
Clean Food: The Next Clean Energy Revolution

The world is in the throes of a clean energy revolution. This revolution has led to the ongoing demise of coal, and a shift towards clean and efficient energy sources like wind and solar. Despite these advances, the process of producing food for human energy remains extraordinarily dirty and inefficient. This Essay explores what it would look like to graft clean energy policy onto the human food system. It discusses what is wrong with the standards by which we currently evaluate food policy and how we might apply a clean human energy or “clean food” standard instead. It concludes that building a clean food grid should be the next clean energy revolution.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a cardiac tumour.

A 58-year-old woman with no medical history presented to her primary care physician for an annual physical examination, reporting intermittent bilateral lower extremity swelling and an 18 kg weight loss over a 2-year period. A systolic cardiac murmur was noted on physical examination. A
Hospital uncompensated care and patient experience: An instrumental variable approach.

Objective Examine the endogenous relationship between uncompensated care and hospital patient experience scores. Data sources/study setting The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey, CMS Healthcare Cost Report Information System, and the US Census Bureau. Study design The exogenous change in uncompensated care caused by the 2014 Medicaid expansion was exploited to measure the effect of uncompensated care on patient experience scores using a 2SLS regression with instrumental variables approach. Data collection/extraction methods U.S. general, short-term hospitals whose DSH status remained constant and had nonmissing data for 2011-2015, which totaled 969 unique hospitals per year. Principal findings The effect of uncompensated care on patient experience was in the predicted direction, with three of the 10 measures being statistically significant. A one percentage point increase in uncompensated care costs resulted in a 0.25-0.50 percentage point decrease in select patient experience scores. Conclusions Results indicate a weak relationship between uncompensated care and patient experience scores, as a reduction in uncompensated care is related to quality improvement for some hospitals. These findings have implications for hospitals as they navigate changing reimbursement structures and policy makers considering changes to Obama-era health care reforms.
Treating Children With Cleft Palate: Case Examples

Purpose Treatment of a child with cleft palate is often complex and requires collaboration between treating speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and members of the cleft palate team. This article us...
The ILD-GAP risk prediction model performs poorly in myositis-associated interstitial lung disease.

Abstract Purpose Myositis-associated interstitial lung disease (MA-ILD) is associated with increased mortality, but no prognostic model exists in this population. The ILD-GAP index was developed to predict mortality risk across all subtypes of chronic ILD. The purpose of this study was to validate the ILD-GAP risk prediction model in patients with MA-ILD. Procedures We completed a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients enrolled in the Johns Hopkins Myositis Center database between 2006 and 2017. Cumulative mortality rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier test. Model calibration was determined by using standardized mortality ratios of observed versus expected deaths. Main findings 179 participants with MA-ILD were included. The mean baseline percent predicted forced vital capacity was 65.2 ± 20.6%, forced expiratory volume in the first second 65.4 ± 20.4%, and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity 61.6 ± 20.0%. Thirty-two participants died (17.9%). The ILD-GAP model had poor discriminative performance and calibration. Conclusions The ILD-GAP risk prediction model is a poor predictor of mortality among individuals with MA-ILD. The identification of a better predictive model for MA-ILD is needed to help guide care in this patient population.
The Decomposition Algorithm for Skew-Symmetrizable Exchange Matrices

Some skew-symmetrizable integer exchange matrices are associated to ideal (tagged) triangulations of marked bordered surfaces. These exchange matrices admit unfoldings to skew-symmetric matrices. We develop a combinatorial algorithm that determines if a given skew-symmetrizable matrix is of such type. This algorithm generalizes the one in Weiwen Gu's Decomposition Algorithm for Median Graph of Triangulation of a Bordered 2D Surface. As a corollary, we use this algorithm to determine if a given skew-symmetrizable matrix has finite mutation type.
An image-inspired and CNN-based Android malware detection approach

Abstract-Until 2017, Android smartphones occupied approximately 87% of the smartphone market. The vast market also promotes the development of Android malware. Nowadays, the number of malware targeting Android devices found daily is more than 38,000. With the rapid progress of mobile application programming and anti-reverse-engineering techniques, it is harder to detect all kinds of malware. To address challenges in existing detection techniques, such as data obfuscation and limited code coverage, we propose a detection approach that directly learns features of malware from Dalvik bytecode based on deep learning technique (CNN). The average detection time of our model is0.22 seconds, which is much lower than other existing detection approaches. In the meantime, the overall accuracy of our model achieves over 93%.
Ab initio leading order effective potentials for elastic nucleon-nucleus scattering

Background: Calculating microscopic effective interactions (optical potentials) for elastic nucleon-nucleus scattering has already led to a large body of work. For leading-order calculations a nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction and a one-body density of the nucleus were taken as input to rigorous calculations of microscopic full-folding calculations.Purpose: Based on the spectator expansion of the multiple scattering series, we employ a chiral next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) nucleon-nucleon interaction on the same footing in the structure as well as in the reaction calculation to obtain an effective potential for nucleon-nucleus elastic scattering, consistent in leading-order, which includes the spin of the struck target nucleon.Methods: The leading order effective folding potential is computed by first deriving a nonlocal scalar density as well as a spin-projected momentum distribution. Those are then integrated with the off-shell Wolfenstein amplitudes $A$, $C$, and $M$. The resulting nonlocal potential serves as input to a momentum-space Lippmann-Schwinger equation, whose solutions are summed to obtain the nucleon-nucleus scattering observables.Results: We calculate elastic scattering observables for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $^{6}\mathrm{He}$, $^{8}\mathrm{He}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ in the energy regime between 100 and 200 MeV projectile kinetic energy, and compare to available data. We also explore the extension down to about 70 MeV, and study the effect of ignoring the spin of the struck nucleon in the nucleus.Conclusions: In our calculations we contrast elastic scattering off closed-shell and open-shell nuclei. We find that for closed-shell nuclei the approximation of ignoring the spin of the struck target nucleon is excellent. We only see effects of the spin of the struck target nucleon when considering $^{6}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{8}\mathrm{He}$, which are nuclei with an $N/Z$ ratio larger than 1.
Finding the hidden risk profiles of the United States opioid epidemic: using a person-centered approach on a national dataset of noninstitutionalized adults reporting opioid misuse

Opioid misuse can lead to use disorder and other adverse outcomes. Identifying sociodemographic risk profiles and understanding misuse patterns in combination with health indicators can inform prevention science and clinical practice. A latent class analysis of opioid misuse was conducted on noninstitutionalized United States civilians aged 18 and older that reported opioid dependence or abuse in the 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 476; weighted n = 2,018,922). Opioid misuse was based on heroin and/or prescription pain reliever use, and associated determinants of health and mental health indicators. Five misuse profiles were identified: (1) single heroin or prescription misuse with high-income; (2) female prescription pain reliever misuse with psychological distress and suicidality; (3) younger polyopioid misuse with the highest proportion of Hispanics and heroin use; (4) older polyopioid misuse with the highest proportion of non-Hispanic blacks and disability; and (5) older non-Hispanic white male exclusive dual heroin and/or prescription misuse (27%, 20%, 38%, 10%, and 5% of sample, respectively). The identified risk profiles can inform public health practice to develop interventions for acute and immediate response by providing etiological evidence and to inform prevention and intervention efforts along the continuum from opioid initiation to use disorder.
Disrupting What Passes as Inclusive Education: Predicating Educational Equity on Schools Designed for All

Transforming schools requires educators who design learning with the diverse histories, cultures, capacities, and experiences of all their students in mind. Schools that embrace personalization sup...
Exact superpotentials, quantum vacua and duality in supersymmetric SP(Nc) gauge theories

Abstract We study N = 1 supersymmetric SP ( N c ) gauge theories with N f flavors of quarks in the fundamental representation. Depending on N f and N c , we find exact, dynamically generated superpotentials, smooth quantum moduli spaces of vacua, quantum moduli spaces of vacua with additional massless composites at strong coupling, confinement without chiral symmetry breaking, non-trivial fixed points of the renormalization group, and massless magnetic quarks and gluons.
Early Preterm Placenta (Early Third Trimester: 23–32 Weeks)

Singleton placentas: The general approach to all placentas delivered after 23 weeks (early preterm, late preterm, and term) is similar and described in detail here. The completeness of the basal plate is assessed and possibly incomplete specimens are documented in the final diagnostic report to alert clinicians to the risks of morbidly adherent (accreta spectrum) or retained placenta; both of which can lead to postpartum hemorrhage, subsequent infertility, and recurrence. Sections taken near the interface of normal and torn parenchyma are best for detecting foci of accreta. Abnormal shapes (accessory lobes, multilobation, irregular contour, or decreased width relative to length) are documented as they signify abnormal development and can also result in ectopic fetal vessels traveling within the membranes that are at risk for disruption (ruptured vasa previa, see below). Umbilical cord abnormalities including marginal/membranous insertion, furcate or tethered insertion, hypercoiling/stricture, or excessive length are important because of their relationship to fetal vascular malperfusion. Circumvallate (non-peripheral) membrane insertion may in some cases be associated with chronic abruption. Following complete examination and in selected cases photographic documentation of these abnormalities, two sections of umbilical cord and two sections of peripheral placenta with membranes rolled around them are obtained and the cord and membranes removed from the disc. The trimmed placenta is then weighed to determine weight and fetoplacental weight ratio for gestational age relative to standard reference tables (Table 1). Finally, serial “bread loaf” sectioning of the parenchyma is performed searching for firm lesion, cysts, and hemorrhages. Representative sections from each type of lesion are then submitted to demonstrate both the lesion and its surrounding parenchyma. In addition to the umbilical cord and membrane rolls, we always submit at least three parenchymal sections, one taken at the umbilical cord insertion site.
Toward an integrated system of climate change and human health indicators: a conceptual framework

Environmental health indicators are helpful for tracking and communicating complex health trends, informing science and policy decisions, and evaluating public health actions. When provided on a national scale, they can help inform the general public, policymakers, and public health professionals about important trends in exposures and how well public health systems are preventing those exposures from causing adverse health outcomes. There is a growing need to understand national trends in exposures and health outcomes associated with climate change and the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies for health. To date, most indicators for health implications of climate change have been designed as independent, individual metrics. This approach fails to take into account how exposure-outcome pathways for climate-attributable health outcomes involve multiple, interconnected components. We propose reframing climate change and health indicators as a linked system of indicators, which can be described as follows: upstream climate drivers affect environmental states, which then determine human exposures, which ultimately lead to health outcomes; these climate-related risks are modified by population vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies. We apply this new conceptual framework to three illustrative climate-sensitive health outcomes and associated exposure-outcome pathways: pollen allergies and asthma, West Nile virus infection, and vibriosis.
Design Study of Morphing Wing with MFC Actuators

A micro-aerial vehicle (MAV) has been developed to achieve high versatility through biological inspiration from bird’s wings. One way of achieving optimized flight performance during different flight regimes is by incorporating a sweeping mechanism in the vehicle. Sweeping mechanisms allow a change in the aspect ratio of the wing as well as the overall span of the wing. The main challenge involves creating the mechanism to control the outboard section of the wing for a robust sweeping authority. A tendon-actuator mechanism with an elastic spring recovery system has been developed for this cause. In addition, macro-fiber composites (MFCs) were used as the control effectors for this vehicle both as ailerons and elevator. The placement of the MFCs was optimized for the required aileron effectiveness and overall aircraft performance. The analytical models were compared with the experimental results obtained through DIC, a full-field deformation measurement technique, for the entire wing.
From ‘Please sir, stay out of it’ to ‘You are an abomination’: (in)civility and emotional expression in emails sent to politicians

Despite the excellent research on incivility in social spaces, it is unclear if this pattern of meanness holds true in more personal communication such as email. Drawing on an original sample of 2,...
Acculturation and leisure-time physical activity among Asian American adults in the United States.

OBJECTIVES To examine the association between acculturation and leisure-time physical activity among Asian Americans.Design: Data came from the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, restricting to non-Hispanic Asian adults aged 20 years and older (n = 1989). Acculturation was assessed by language preference at home, birth locations, and length of residency in the United States (US). Self-reported physical activity was used to estimate leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in MET-minutes/week and meeting the World Health Organization's physical activity guidelines. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to model MVPA as continuous and categorical variables, respectively.Results: A quarter of Asian Americans spoke only English and 47.8% spoke only non-English at home; 13.0% were born in the US. Asians who spoke only English (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]:1.5) and Asians who spoke both English and non-English at home (aPR: 1.4) had greater proportions of meeting physical activity guidelines compared to those who spoke only non-English at home. The US-born Asians had higher a proportion of meeting the physical activity guidelines (aPR:1.4) and performed 547.6 more MET-minutes of MVPA each week than foreign-born Asians; they also had a higher proportion of meeting the physical activity guidelines than foreign-born Asians who stayed in US for ≤10 years (aPR:1.5). Length of time staying in the US was associated with a higher proportion of meeting physical activity guidelines. Among foreign-born Asian Americans, higher acculturation measures were also positively associated with meeting physical activity guidelines.Conclusions: Acculturation was positively associated with physical activity levels among Asian Americans. More acculturated Asian Americans such as those who spoke more English at home and US-born Asians, performed more MVPA than less acculturated Asian Americans. Interventions are needed to promote physical activity among non-English speaking Asian immigrants and recent immigrants.
Open Praxis, Open Access: Digital Scholarship in Action

This book is an excellent summary of current initiatives, case studies, and challenges related to global open access in scholarship. Divided into five sections containing 16 chapters, this volume i...