cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction Of PTEN1-21 Peptide With Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate: A 31P NMR Relaxation Study.

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is by far the most abundant of all phosphoinositides (about 1% of all membrane phospholipids) and is found primarily at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. PI(4,5)P2 can be converted by class I PI 3-kinases to PI(3,4,5)P3, which is a second messenger molecule affecting processes like cell survival and proliferation. PTEN is an important tumor suppressor protein that converts PI(3,4,5)P3 back to PI(4,5)P2, thereby keeping the basal levels of PI(3,4,5)P3 low. We have demonstrated recently that PTEN is allosterically activated by PI(4,5)P2, which interacts with the N-terminal end of PTEN. Here we study the interaction of the PI(4,5)P2 binding domain of PTEN (PTEN1-21) with model membranes containing PI(4,5)P2 using 31P-NMR. Using both magic angle spinning (MAS) and static solid state NMR we probe the interaction of PTEN1-21 with lipid phosphates. We determined the intrinsic T1 and T2 relaxation times of the phosphomonoester groups of PI(4,5)P2 and the phosphodiester group of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, which form the lipid matrix into which PI(4,5)P2 was dispersed. PTEN1-21 is highly basic, containing several Lys and Arg residues which are thought to give rise to a largely electrostatic PTEN/PI(4,5)P2 interaction. We show here that the binding of PTEN1-21 to PI(4,5)P2 bilayers dramatically affects the membrane structure, indicating that the PTEN1-21/PI(4,5)P2 interaction is likely more than a simple electrostatic interaction. This is in accordance with our recent findings that PTEN/phosphoinositide interaction is specific for PI(4,5)P2. Lys13 is crucial for this specific interaction and this study explores the interaction of the Lys13 of PTEN with the phosphomonoester groups of PI(4,5)P2.
Rare-earth element chemistry of Mississippian–age phosphate nodules in the Fayetteville Shale of Oklahoma and Arkansas

Phosphate nodules from marine black shales and nonmarine gray shales from the Mississippian Fayetteville Shale of north-central Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma are strongly enriched in middle rare-earth elements (MREEs) as is common in Paleozoic phosphate deposits. The nodules commonly preserve conspicuous europium anomalies that are not typical of phosphate deposits elsewhere in the geologic record, suggesting extremely reducing diagenetic conditions. Contrastingly, minor cerium anomalies imply oxidizing conditions that are not unexpected in the light to medium gray nonmarine host shales. The most likely explanation for the Ce anomalies in the marine phosphate nodules is that bottom waters in the marine environment reverted from the anoxic waters that probably characterized the basal Fayetteville Formation to weakly oxidizing waters that permitted survival of the fauna that occurs in a well-defined zone. All of the Ce anomalies probably formed during an earlier diagenetic stage than the Eu anomalies that developed later, as decaying organic matter consumed what little oxygen was available. Murthy is currently the assistant coordinator for the Upward Bound Program at Arkansas State University. She completed her B.A. degree in journalism at Arkansas State University (2000) and her M.S. degree in chemistry at Arkansas State University (2003).Kidder is currently associate professor of sedimentary geology and earth systems history and chair of the Department of Geological Sciences at Ohio University. He received his Ph.D. in geology at University of California, Santa Barbara (1987). His research interests include sedimentary petrology, phosphates, cherts, and earth system history. Mapes is currently a full professor of invertebrate paleontology in the Department of Geological Sciences at Ohio University. He earned his Ph.D. in paleontology at University of Iowa (1977). His research interests include fossil cephalopods of the Carboniferous, involving analyses of their evolution, phytogeny, biostratigraphy, and more recently, paleobiology and taphonomy of fossil terrestrial plants in the upper Paleozoic in the marine environment. Hannigan is currently an associate professor at the Arkansas State University. She received her B.S. degree in biology and chemistry from the College of New Jersey (1988), her M.S. degree in geology from the State University of New York at Buffalo (1994), and her M.S. degree and her Ph.D. in geochemistry from the University of Rochester (1995). She is a National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates Leadership Council awardee and has been an Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow since 2001.
Temporal changes in income distribution among the states of America during the 1980s

: The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of variations in selected factors on the change in interstate distribution of household income during the 1980s. The results indicate that the percentage change in the female labour force's participation as well as the state unemployment rate had statistically significant effects on the percentage increase change in the Gini measure of income inequality.
Pediatric malaria: 8 year case series in Atlanta, Georgia, and Review of the Literature

Background. Although malaria is frequent in travelers, it is often misdiagnosed on initial presentation, especially in children. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiology, clinical and laboratory presentation, and treatment of children with malaria in the United States. Methods. We performed a retrospective review of 50 confirmed cases of malaria from two pediatric metropolitan hospitals in Atlanta, GA, from 2000 to 2008. Results. Malarial smears were performed in 385 unique patients; 50 (12.6%) were positive. American children who had visited family and friends in malaria-endemic countries comprised 62% of our cases. Most cases visited Nigeria or Cameroon; all but three traveled to Africa. Three patients presented 8 to 12 months following travel. Plasmodium falciparum was diagnosed most frequently (72%). Most patients had low-level parasitemia ( 5%), no fatalities or long-term sequelae were seen. Conclusions. Malarial diagnosis can be difficult in children because parasitemia is usually below 1%. A high index of suspicion is required in patients who have traveled to Africa.
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: Why is nectar left behind in flowers?

Queen bumblebees (Bombus appositus) leave nectar behind in Delphinium nelsoni flowers with high-standing crops of nectar. Bumblebees deplete flowers in areas with lower-standing crops. Residual volumes predicted by an optimal feeding hypothesis agree with field measurements.
Cleaner production from chemical suppliers: understanding shared savings contracts

Abstract The `chemical chaos' experienced by many companies today can be linked, in part, to chemical supply strategies that have not kept pace with changes in the business environment. The traditional chemical supply relationship has incentives that promote waste and expand the `hidden' cost of chemicals. `Shared Savings', an innovative alternative to traditional chemical supply relationships, has proved effective in reducing both waste and the overall costs of chemical use. Supplier revenue is linked to chemical performance, rather than chemical supply, harnessing the resources of the supplier to ensure and improve chemical performance. Five manufacturing plants, with over 35 years of combined experience with Shared Savings, are profiled.
Evidence-based medicine in neonatology: time to re-think.

Undoubtedly, evidence-based medicine has contributed substantially to improve the quality of medicine in general, and in neonatology in particular [2]. However, quite often clinical studies performed in neonatology fail to provide clear evidence that a particular intervention is beneficial for the premature infant [1]. Often, only a trend can be seen, or statistically significant changes can only be seen for shortterm outcome parameters (e.g. ventilated days) [3], but not for long-term outcome parameters (e.g. the incidence of death or chronic lung disease at 36 weeks, intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3 or 4 or periventricular leucomalacia) [4]. Unfortunately, it is then concluded that a particular intervention does not have a role in the field of neonatology. In our opinion this approach is often too crude and should be revisited. Being born as a very premature infant constitutes a medical emergency with numerous medical problems, possibly occurring simultaneously (surfactant deficiency, patent ductus arteriosus, metabolic dysfunction, intraventricular haemorrhage, etc.). Therefore, it is unlikely for a single intervention (e.g. use of diuretics or permissive hypercapnia to prevent chronic lung disease) to impact significantly on crude outcome parameters. Deducing that these interventions have no place in neonatology would be short-sighted as they may very well have shown a positive trend [3]. In the future, clinical studies in neonatology should also assess a “compound” interventional approach, e.g. a lung protective approach (e.g. permissive hypercapnia plus use of diuretics, plus fluid restriction) vs a conventional approach. These studies should combine two or more interventions that have proved to be partially beneficial (positive trend) and assess prospectively whether the combination of these interventions will improve outcome parameters in the premature infant. These studies will have the potential to contribute more substantially to our knowledge in the complex field of neonatology and impact more profoundly on our therapeutic approach than studies that assess single interventions alone.
Classification of Human Solute Carrier Superfamily Members Reveals Functional Similarities across Families

Solute Carrier (SLC) superfamily members are membrane transporter proteins that control the uptake and efflux of solutes, including essential cellular compounds, environmental toxins and therapeutic drugs, across biological membranes. Members of the SLC superfamily can share surprisingly similar structural features despite weak sequence similarities. Identification of sequence relationships among SLC members is needed to enhance our ability to model individual transporters and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of their substrate specificity and transport.Here, we describe a comprehensive sequence-based classification of SLC members into families. We classify the proteins using sensitive profile-profile alignments and two classification approaches, including similarity networks. The clusters are analyzed in view of substrate specificity, transport mode, organism conservation, and tissue specificity. SLC families with similar substrates generally cluster together, despite exhibiting relatively weak sequence similarities. In contrast, some families cluster together with no apparent reason, revealing unexplored relationships. We demonstrate computationally and experimentally the functional overlap between representative members of these families. Finally, we identify 4 putative SLC transporters in the human genome.The SLC superfamily constitutes a biomedically important family of membrane proteins that is highly diverse in sequence. The proposed classification of the superfamily, combined with experiment, reveals new relationships among the individual families and identifies new superfamily members. The classification scheme will inform future attempts directed at modeling the structures of the SLC transporters, a prerequisite for describing their substrate specificity.
The creative porpoise: Training for novel behavior.

Two rough-toothed porpoises (Steno bredanensis) were individually trained to emit novel responses, which were not developed by shaping and which were not previously known to occur in the species, by reinforcing a different response to the same set of stimuli in each of a series of training sessions. A technique was developed for transcribing a complex series of behaviors on to a single cumulative record so that the training sessions of the second animal could be fully recorded. Cumulative records are presented for a session in which the criterion that only novel behaviors would be reinforced was abruptly met with four new types of responses, and for typical preceding and subsequent sessions. Some analogous techniques in the training of pigeons, horses, and humans are discussed.
The adaptor protein beta-arrestin2 enhances endocytosis of the low density lipoprotein receptor.

Endocytosis of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) in coated pits employs the clathrin adaptor protein ARH. Similarly, agonist-dependent endocytosis of heptahelical receptors in coated pits employs the clathrin adaptor β-arrestin proteins. In mice fed a high fat diet, we found that homozygous deficiency of β-arrestin2 increased total and LDL plus intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 23 and 53%, respectively (p
Online Media Relations as an Information Subsidy: Quality of Fortune 500 Companies' Websites and Relationships to Media Salience

This study probes relationships among corporate financial resources, web-based corporate media relations, and media attention to corporations to determine whether online media relations functions as an effective information subsidy in the agenda-building process. It compares the quality of online press rooms of Fortune 500 companies with the number of news articles about those same companies published by five major news outlets in the United States. A causal model was supported predicting that resource-rich companies have better-operating online newsrooms with more diverse informational and interactive components, which in turn generate more news stories about the companies. This result suggests that the effectiveness of corporate Web activities depends on financial and professional resources and contradicts earlier expectations that the dominance of resource-rich organizations in communication would be undermined by the Internet.
Premixed Laminar Flames with General Rates of Strain

Abstract The characteristics of planar premixed laminar flames are analyzed for general fields of rates of strain that include axisymmetric and two-dimensional counterflowing streams of reactants and products as special cases. Activation energy asymptotics are employed for a one-step Arrhenius reaction with small departures from adiabaticity and from unity values of the Lewis number. Density changes by heat release are fully taken into account. Low to moderate strain rates are considered intitially but high rates are subsequently treated. Attention is directed mainly to the influence on flame structure, extinction and ignition of a parameter ĉ determining the three-dimensional character of the rate of strain field. Axisymmetric flow corresponds to ĉ= 1, two-dimensional flow to ĉ= 0, while there is inflow along one of the coordinates parallel to the reaction sheet if − 1 ĉ≤0. Attention is devoted to the existence of multiple solutions and their features for − 1 ĉ≤0. The boundaries for extinction and igniti...
Distal muscular dystrophy with autosomal recessive inheritance

Two sisters presented with distal weakness and their muscle biopsy was dystrophic. This distal muscular dystrophy has an autosomal recessive inheritance and its features are somewhat different from the more common autosomal dominant distal muscular dystrophy and include: a) onset in early adult life; b) involvement of distal leg muscles and especially peroneal muscles; c) marked early elevation of serum creatine kinase (CK); d) brief duration, small amplitude motor units and fibrillation on electromyography; and e) histologic features of a dystrophic myopathy.
Static shape determination and control for a large space antenna

An integral operator approach is used to derive solutions to static shape determination and control problems associated with large space structures. Problem assumptions include a linear self-adjoint system model, observations and control forces at discrete points, and quadratic performance criteria for the comparison of estimates or control forces. Results are illustrated by simulations with a finite element model of a large space antenna.
Does Osteoprotegerin or Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand Mediate the Association between Bone and Coronary Artery Calcification?

Context: Accumulating evidence indicates that vascular and bone mineralization may be related, although the exact mechanism remains unknown. Objective: Our objective was to investigate whether an observed inverse association between bone mineral density (BMD) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in postmenopausal women currently taking estrogen therapy is mediated by osteoprotegerin (OPG) or receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Design: Participants were 92 postmenopausal women (aged 58–81 yr) taking estrogen therapy who had hip and spine BMD assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and CAC measured by electron-beam computed tomography in 1998–2002 and serum RANKL and OPG levels measured in samples collected in 1997–1999. Total CAC score was dichotomized as none/minimal (≤10) vs. some (>10). Results: OPG serum levels were higher in women who had some CAC compared with those who had none/minimal (126.8 ± 1.08 vs. 102.9 ± 1.07 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.03); these differences became nonsignificant after adjustment for age and other risk factors (P = 0.51). A 1 sd increase in hip BMD was associated with significantly lower odds of having CAC > 10 (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval = 0.29–0.93) independent of age, fat-free mass, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and use of cholesterol-lowering medications. Other skeletal sites demonstrated a similar pattern. Addition of RANKL and/or OPG to the model had minimal effect on the magnitude or statistical significance of the BMD-CAC association. Additionally, a test of interaction indicated that RANKL and OPG are not significant effect modifiers. Conclusions: Serum OPG and RANKL do not account for the observed association between bone and coronary artery calcification among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy.
A Soluble Form of α1,3-Galactosyltransferase Functions within Cells to Galactosylate Glycoproteins

It has been assumed that membrane-bound glycosyltransferases function within the Golgi apparatus to glycosylate glycoproteins. We now report, however, that a truncated, soluble recombinant form of the murine α1,3-galactosyltransferase expressed in human 293 cells is highly efficient and comparable to the full-length enzyme in α-galactosylating both newly synthesized membrane-associated and secreted glycoproteins. Although the soluble enzyme was secreted by cells as expected, we also found that the full-length, membrane-associated form was secreted. Unexpectedly, both secreted forms are cleaved identically at two primary sites within the stem region by endogenous protease(s) at the indicated positions in the sequence 73KDWW↓FPS↓WFKNG. These results demonstrate that the soluble α1,3-galactosyltransferase is functional within the cell and that specific proteolysis occurs in the stem region. The widespread occurrence of different soluble glycosyltransferases secreted by cells suggests that normal glycoconjugate biosynthesis may involve cooperation between membrane-bound and soluble enzymes.
Neurobehavioral and physiologic effects of trifluoromethane in humans.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging shows promise in the measurement of human cerebral blood flow (CBF) in that nonradioactive indicators may be used. Our earlier investigations with trifluoromethane (FC‐23) gas have shown that this compound can be used to safely and effectively measure CBF in anesthetized animal models. In this Phase I dose‐escalation study we set out to determine the maximal tolerated concentration (MTC) of FC‐23 in normal healthy male volunteers and to assess its feasibility as an NMR indicator. Five subjects were exposed in a blinded fashion to escalating concentrations of FC‐23 between 10% and 60%, randomly interleaved with exposures to both room air and 40% nitrous oxide. On each study day, the subjects breathed the test gas for eight pulses of 3 min each with 2‐min clearance periods between the pulses. The subjects underwent intensive physiologic and neurobehavioral monitoring throughout the study period. The first subject experienced an anesthetic response to 60% FC‐23, and t...
Critical role of the endogenous interferon ligand-receptors in type I and type II interferons response

Separate ligand-receptor paradigms are commonly used for each type of interferon (IFN). However, accumulating evidence suggests that type I and type II IFNs may not be restricted to independent pathways. Using different cell types deficient in IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNGR1, IFNGR2 and IFN-γ, we evaluated the contribution of each element of the IFN system to the activity of type I and type II IFNs. We show that deficiency in IFNAR1 or IFNAR2 is associated with impairment of type II IFN activity. This impairment, presumably resulting from the disruption of the ligand-receptor complex, is obtained in all cell types tested. However, deficiency of IFNGR1, IFNGR2 or IFN-γ was associated with an impairment of type I IFN activity in spleen cells only, correlating with the constitutive expression of type II IFN (IFN-γ) observed on those cells. Therefore, in vitro the constitutive expression of both the receptors and the ligands of type I or type II IFN is critical for the enhancement of the IFN activity. Any IFN deficiency can totally or partially impair IFN activity, suggesting the importance of type I and type II IFN interactions. Taken together, our results suggest that type I and type II IFNs may regulate biological activities through distinct as well as common IFN receptor complexes.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella californica (Moulton).

A brief discussion of the distribution, importance, and life history and habits of one of the most cosmopolitan Western thrips.
A receptor theory-based semimechanistic PD model for the CCR5 noncompetitive antagonist maraviroc.

Aim To develop a novel combined viral dynamics/operational model of (ant-)agonism that describes the pharmacodynamic effects of maraviroc, a noncompetitive CCR5 inhibitor, on viral load.
Amygdala β-Noradrenergic Receptors Modulate Delayed Downregulation of Dopamine Activity following Restraint

Stress, which involves a heightened arousal and excitability, triggers important adaptive responses to maintain homeostasis and prepare a response. In the current studies, we administered a psychological stressor of 2 h acute restraint on rats, and found that 24 h after the cessation of the restraint session, there was a significant decrease in ventral tegmental area dopaminergic (DA) neuron population activity and a significant attenuation in amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. Systemic or intra-basolateral nuclei of the amygdala administration of the β-noradrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol, reversed the decrease, suggesting that the delayed attenuation of DA neuron firing following a stressor depends on a noradrenaline-mediated mechanism. This alteration in DA activity may adaptively prepare the individual to avoid the stressor, or in the extreme, may be a factor that contributes to pathological changes in behavior or physiological responses.
Product Engineering of Safety Apparel Fabrics: Insulation Characteristics of Fire-Retardant Cottons

The heat-ipsulation characteristics of eighteen fire-retardant-treated fabrics; two Nomex fabrics, and a Kynol fabric are examined. Exposure both to flame and to radiation sources is employed. For ...
Crime hotspot mapping using the crime related factors--a spatial data mining approach

The technique of Hotspot Mapping is widely used in analysing the spatial characteristics of crimes. The spatial distribution of crime is considered to be related with a variety of socio-economic and crime opportunity factors. But existing methods usually focus on the target crime density as input without utilizing these related factors. In this study, we introduce a new crime hotspot mapping tool--Hotspot Optimization Tool (HOT). HOT is an application of spatial data miming to the field of hotspot mapping. The key component of HOT is the Geospatial Discriminative Patterns (GDPatterns) concept, which can capture the differences between two classes in a spatial dataset. Experiments are done using a real world dataset from a northeastern city in the United States and the pros and cons of utilizing related factors in hotspot mapping are discussed. Comparison studies with the Hot Spot Analysis tool implemented by Esri ArcMap 10.1 validate that HOT is capable of accurately mapping crime hotspots.
Occult intraocular foreign body masquerading as panuveitis: inductively coupled mass spectrometry and electrophysiologic analysis

Retained intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) may rarely present as chronic uveitis, either with isolated anterior uveitis or with posterior segment inflammation. The heavy metals copper and iron may lead to both acute and chronic inflammatory processes resulting in severe inflammation, retinal degeneration, and resultant visual loss. Penetrating or perforating ocular injuries are easily recognizable in the majority of cases; however, a high index of suspicion is necessary to recognize an occult penetrating injury because of the severe visual impairment that can ensue. We describe an unusual case of a retained IOFB, which presented 6 months after a probable occult penetrating injury from metallic IOFB trauma. The severity of the patient's inflammation on presentation and retinal findings in the contralateral eye prompted further diagnostic testing including inductively coupled mass spectrometry of the IOFB and electrophysiologic testing. This rare clinical scenario, laboratory findings, and therapeutic considerations are presented.
Clinical and serologic effects of Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus vaccine in an adult population

Alice strain live attenuated influenza A (H3N2) virus vaccine was evaluated in prison volunteers. By random double blind allocation, 94 volunteers received Alice strain vaccine (AS) intranasally and 97 received placebo. The vaccine was well tolerated, and there was no serious morbidity. The number, type, duration, and severity of symptoms was not significantly different between the vaccine and placebo groups. Seventy-five per cent of vaccinees with initial HAI titers less than or equal to 1∶8 had 4 fold or greater titer responses on day 30. Placebo recipients experienced no titer changes. The GMT among vaccinees increased from 23.5 prior to vaccination 59.7 30 days later. Surveillance activities failed to document influenza A (H3N2) infection in the volunteer population during a 6 month follow-up period. Additional studies on the protective effects of the vaccine are required before efficacy can be determined.
Short note: On high order finite-difference metric discretizations satisfying GCL on moving and deforming grids

In this note we generalize our previous treatment of the discretizations of geometric conservation laws on steady grids (Vinokur and Yee, 2000) to general time dependent grids. The commutative property of mixed difference operators is generalized to apply to time metrics and Jacobians. Our treatment uses half the number of terms as those used in a recent paper by Abe et al. (2012). We also derive the proper temporal discretizations of both Runge-Kutta and linear multistep methods to satisfy the commutativity property for higher than first order.
Blowing bubbles: an aquatic adaptation that risks protection of the respiratory tract in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae).

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have developed extensive protective barriers to exclude water or food from the respiratory tract, including valvular nostrils, an intranarial elongated larynx, and a sphincteric soft palate. A barrier breach can be lethal, as asphyxiation may occur from incursions of water (drowning) or food (choking). Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), however, exhibit a possibly unique and paradoxical behavior concerning respiratory protection: they release a “bubble cloud” (a cluster of tiny bubbles) underwater from the mouth. How they do this remains unclear. This study tests the hypothesis that the larynx plays a role in enabling bubble cloud emission. The anatomy and position of the larynx was examined in seven specimens of Megaptera novaeangliae. Results indicate that the epiglottis can be manually removed from behind the soft palate and placed in the oral cavity during dissection. Unlike that of toothed whales (odontocetes), the humpback whale larynx does not appear to be permanently intranarial. The elongated and trough-shaped epiglottis may function as a tube when placed against the undersurface of the soft palate and, thus, facilitate channeling air from the larynx to the oral cavity. The pointed tip and lateral edges of the epiglottis fit tightly against the undersurface of the soft palate, perhaps functioning as a one-way valve that lets air out but prevents water from entering. Bubble cloud generation likely involves air passing directly from the larynx into the oral cavity, and then expulsion through the mesh of the baleen plates. A laryngeal–oral connection, however, compromises the anatomical aquatic adaptations that normally protect the respiratory tract. A potential for drowning exists during the critical interval in which the larynx is intraoral and during re-insertion back to the normal intranarial position. The retention of this risky behavior indicates the importance of bubble clouds in predator avoidance, prey capture, and/or social signaling. Anat Rec, 290:569–580, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Induced use of a unilaterally deafferented limb

Abstract The fact that movements are absent in a unilaterally deafferented limb but present when the contralateral extremity is also deafferented is a paradoxical finding of considerable theoretical interest. The present research was designed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. Monkeys with one forelimb deafferented were subjected to amputation of the contralateral forelimb, in some cases at the shoulder while in others at the wrist. Shoulder amputated animals recovered function in the deafferented limb with relative speed and ease. Wrist amputated animals only recovered function in the deafferented extremity under circumstances in which all means of obtaining reinforcement with the stump were precluded. These results indicate that a deafferented limb can be used purposively even when movements of the contralateral limb are present, refuting the explanation that such function is inhibited by cross-spinal inhibitory mechanisms. It seems probable that other factors, such as motivation, attention to a body part and reinforcement, play a significant role in the recovery process.
Introducing client/server technologies in information systems curricula

One goal of information systems (IS) departments in business schools is to train IS professionals with the necessary technical skills to support the IS function in companies. This paper suggests that changes are needed for most current IS curricula to meet the technical requirements of the client/server (C/S) world of technologies. It is hoped that the ideas presented here will stimulate debate and discussions as to how this transition can be accomplished.
The European community depository library system in North America

Abstract This article describes the history and nature of the European Community's (EC) system of depository libraries after first briefly outlining the structure of the EC itself and the character of its publications and documents. The focus of the article is the EC's Depository Libraries, European Documentation Centres and European Reference Centres in North America. In order to develop a group picture of these depositories, the author sent to each European Community depository in the United States and Canada a 24-question survey in March of 1985. The questions were designed to allow the depositories to present as much information as they desired about the way in which they handle EC publications, about their problems and about changes they would like to have instituted in the EC depository system. Among the most important of the findings is that most depositories in North America believe they need more information about EC publications and their roles and that they would like to participate in conferences and associations designed to assist them. A suggestion is made regarding the most effective way in which EC depositories in North America could organize for self-help.
Field Biology of Telenomus californicus Ashmead, an Important Egg Parasite of Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth

Parasitization by Telenomus californicus Ashmead (Hym: Scelionidae) on artificially stocked Douglas-fir tussock moth egg masses over a 19 mo period in southcentral Oregon was 0 to 55.4%. T. californicus is univoltine and overwinters primarily as adult females. Limited oviposition occurs in the fall, but most occurs from late March through mid-July. Progeny of both oviposition periods emerge in late summer. Estimates of egg parasitization should be based on egg mass sampling done shortly before host egg hatch.
Foams from non-aqueous systems

The multi-phase approach to clarify the fundamentals of the stability of foams from non-aqueous liquids has been further developed. The two-phase liquid/liquid crystal line of attack for the liquid oil variety has been extended to foams stabilized by solid particles, in turn leading to progress in the fundamental science of solid metal foams and plastic foams.
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of antimuscarinic agents for the treatment of overactive bladder.

Study Objective. To compare the cost-effectiveness of various antimuscarinic agents for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Methods. A decision-analysis model was developed and included clinical outcomes (i.e., therapy continued or discontinued, treatment success or failure, OAB-induced comorbidities) and costs for drugs and treatment of OAB-induced comorbidities (i.e., urinary tract infections, fractures, depression, and skin infections). Treatment success was defined as complete continence. A systematic MEDLINE literature search from January 1990–January 2006 identified English-language articles concerning the eight antimuscarinic drugs: darifenacin, solifenacin, trospium, immediate-release oxybutynin, extended-release oxybutynin, transdermal oxybutynin, immediate-release tolterodine, and extended-release tolterodine. Probabilities and cost data for these drugs were retrieved from the literature, and drug costs were based on 2005 average wholesale prices. The analysis was constructed from a payer's perspective. The time frame for the model was 3 months. Results. Expected costs for each patient with OAB ranged from $3373 when treated with solifenacin to $3769 when treated with immediate-release oxybutynin. The average cost/patient with continued and successful treatment was lowest for solifenacin ($6863). Solifenacin dominated all other antimuscarinic agents because they were associated with high costs and low effectiveness. Success rates were the key parameters driving the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion. Among various antimuscarinic agents, solifenacin 5 mg had the lowest costs and highest effectiveness in the treatment of OAB.
Detection of clonal T cells in cutaneous T cell lymphoma by polymerase chain reaction: Comparison of mutation detection enhancement-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and fragment analysis of sequencing gels

Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) can be differentiated from benign inflammatory dermatoses by the demonstration of clonal T cells in skin biopsy. As a marker of the T cell clonality, the rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently analyzed by several electrophoresis techniques. Since the validity of this approach depends substantially on the separating capacity of the applied electrophoresis technique, we investigated in the present study the lower detection limit and the sensitivity of heteroduplex-loaded polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on MDE (mutation detection enhancement) gels (HD-MDE PAGE), of heteroduplex-loaded temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (HD-TGGE) and fragment analysis (FA) on sequencing gels. Genomic DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsies of 53 CTCL specimens and 27 samples of benign dermatoses was analyzed by TCRy PCR followed by electrophoretic separation. Clonality was detected by HD-MDE PAGE in 22, by HD-TGGE in 34, and by FA in 33 of the 53 CTCL cases. Additionally, FA revealed an oligoclonal fragment profile in seven CTCL specimens. In the 27 samples from benign dermatoses, HD-MDE PAGE and HD-TGGE showed the expected polyclonal pattern in 26, and FA in 25 specimens. HD-TGGE and FA detected a clonal pattern down to a dilution of 10(3) monoclonal cells in 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), while HD-MDE PAGE revealed a detection limit of 10(4) monoclonal cells in 10(6) PBMC. In conclusion, HD-TGGE and FA possess a higher sensitivity and lower detection limit than HD-MDE PAGE. Therefore, both former techniques are useful tools for the routine diagnostic procedure. With regard to time and cost, we recommend HD-TGGE.
Spectral methods for the Euler equations. I - Fourier methods and shock capturing

Spectral methods for compressible flows are introduced in relation to finite difference and finite element techniques within the framework of the method of weighted residuals. Current spectral collocation methods are put in historical context. The basic concepts of Fourier spectral collocation methods are provided. Filtering strategies for shock-capturing approaches are also presented. Fourier shock capturing techniques are evaluated using a one dimensional, periodic astrophysical ""nozzle'' problem.
MINERAL AND WATER‐SOLUBLE VITAMIN CONTENT OF RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES

Concentrations of 10 minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, Fe, Zn, Co, Ni and Cu) and 8 vitamins (ascorbic acid, folacin, biotin, riboflavin, thamine, niacin, pantothenic acid and B6) were determined in varieties of Rab-biteye blueberries (Vaccinium aslzei). The Rabbiteye varieties included Bluebelle, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Southland, Tifblue and Woodland. Potassium was present in greatest concentration, averaging 974 ppm on a wet weight basis. Calcium and magnesium averaged 59.7 ppm and 55.7 ppm, respectively. Average Zn content was 1.1 ppm and Cu content averaged 0.66 ppm. Co and Ni were not present at detectable levels. Ascorbic acid content averaged 12.6 mg/100g for the 7 varieties. Of the B-vitamins, niacin was present in greatest quantity, averaging 0.36 mg/100g. Compared to other fruits and vegetables, blueberries cannot be considered an outstanding source of any micronutrient. Studies on the stability of water-soluble vitamins during UHT pasteurization and subsequent storage of blueberry juice indicated niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin to be most stable to the pasteurization treatment (200°F for 3 sec). During storage at room temperature and 4°C, niacin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid showed good stability. B6 and free folacin contents and their retention were affected by pasteurization and storage. Retention of B6 and folacin after pasteurization was 66.9% and 36.5%, respectively. After 6-months storage at ambient temperature, retention of B6 had decreased to 29.3% and free folacin had decreased to 15.9% retention.
1607 URINARY PROTEIN EXCRETION IN EARLY INFANCY

Total protein excretion rates (PER) and urinary protein patterns have been studied in 67 newborns with gestational age (GA) ranging from 25 to 40 weeks. Timed sequential urine collections were obtained from infants up to two months of age. In infants 1 week of age. Similarly, in infants > 38 weeks GA PER's fell from 43.6±28.0 μg/min (n=7) at 1 week of age. A significant positive correlation of GA to the PER was noted on Day 1 (r2=0.75; p 1 week (r2=0.45; p 38 weeks GA had significantly higher PER's as compared to infants Of comparable post-natal age, but lesser GA. The pattern of urinary protein excretion was evaluated, by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results of this evaluation indicate qualitative as well as quantitative differences in protein excretion by the newborn at various GA's and post-natal ages. In particular certain low MW fractions are found in urines at an early post-natal age which are not found in the urine of the same infants at a later age. These data suggest that proteinuria of the early newborn period may be in part consequent to decreased proximal tubular reabsorption of low molecular weight proteins.
The course of PTSD symptoms among Gulf War veterans: A growth mixture modeling approach

Relatively little is known about the course of PTSD symptoms over time following trauma exposure. Accordingly, this study utilized a specialized structural equation modeling approach, growth mixture modeling, to examine the trajectory of PTSD symptoms across three time points in a sample of Gulf War veterans (n at Time 1 = 2,949, n at Time 2 = 2,313, and n at Time 3 = 1,327). Results were most consistent with a two-group model suggesting that the course of PTSD symptoms following the Gulf War was best characterized by two distinct growth curves: (1) low levels of PTSD symptoms with little increase over time and (2) higher levels of initial symptoms with a significant increase over time. Thus, it appears that response to Gulf War experiences is not homogeneous, and that a subset of individuals may experience relatively more PTSD symptoms over time. In addition, men, Whites, those reporting more education, and those reporting less combat exposure had a significantly higher probability of being classified into the less symptomatic group.
Preservation of viable human malaria sporozoites by low-temperature freezing

Abstract Preservation of viable sporozoites of human malaria at temperatures under −70 °C has been possible for as long as 375 days, the longest period tried. Thirty-seven trials of frozen sporozoite material resulted in 30 successes. It was possible to preserve asexual parasites in blood in 12 of 14 trials, and for as long as 404 days, the longest period tried. It appears that the low temperature freezing of sporozoites is a satisfactory method of preserving the malaria parasite outside the hosts, provided the samples to be preserved are fairly rich in sporozoites and suspended in a serum or plasma medium. The similar preservation of blood parasites is also satisfactory; the blood to be preserved should contain a maximum of young or segmenting forms for best results. A combination of the two methods of preservation has been adopted as routine at this laboratory.
Src kinase activation: A switched electrostatic network.

Src tyrosine kinases are essential in numerous cell signaling pathways, and improper functioning of these enzymes has been implicated in many diseases. The activity of Src kinases is regulated by conformational activation, which involves several structural changes within the catalytic domain (CD): the orientation of two lobes of CD; rearrangement of the activation loop (A-loop); and movement of an α-helix (αC), which is located at the interface between the two lobes, into or away from the catalytic cleft. Conformational activation was investigated using biased molecular dynamics to explore the transition pathway between the active and the down-regulated conformation of CD for the Src-kinase family member Lyn kinase, and to gain insight into the interdependence of these changes. Lobe opening is observed to be a facile motion, whereas movement of the A-loop motion is more complex requiring secondary structure changes as well as communication with αC. A key result is that the conformational transition involves a switch in an electrostatic network of six polar residues between the active and the down-regulated conformations. The exchange between interactions links the three main motions of the CD. Kinetic experiments that would demonstrate the contribution of the switched electrostatic network to the enzyme mechanism are proposed. Possible implications for regulation conferred by interdomain interactions are also discussed.
Maintaining Child Labor Standards in Wartime

To what extent are child labor standards being jeopardized today? Is child labor making a vital contribution to the war effort? What is the responsibility of teachers and counselors? These and similar questions demand serious consideration by all concerned with the immediate necessity and the long range common good.
Origin of barite in Tertiary marine sedimentary rocks from Lefkas Island, Greece

Siliceous and calcareous biogenic rocks host pervasive, although volumetrically minor, authigenic barite on Lefkas Island, Greece. The barite composes up to 10 percent of the carbonate-free fraction of samples. In decreasing order of abundance, authigenic barite occurs as infilled foraminifera and radiolarian tests, disseminated grains and aggregates in porcelanite and siliceous limestone, replaced siliceous and calcareous biogenic tests, and thin laminae and lenses. The laminae form anastomosing networks that were probably originally rich in organic matter. Barite abundance shows a good correlation with the abundance of skeletal biogenic components. Biogenic silica diagenesis produced opal-CT and clinoptilolite, which compose the cement of porcelanite, replaced radiolarians, diatoms, and echinoderms and filled in some foraminifera tests. Subsequent silica diagenesis produced chalcedony at deeper stratigraphic levels, which also filled in pore space and calcareous microfossils in siliceous limestones and formed chert beds. Textural evidence shows that barite mineralization postdated opal-CT formation and preceded chalcedony formation. Barite precipitated in microenvironments including microfossil chambers, fecal pellets, and areas rich in organic matter. The source of the barium was probably from the decomposition of organic matter derived from plankton and bacteria and from the diagenesis of silica and carbonate tests. The source of the sulfate ion was seawater; possibly additional sulfate was produced and utilized in microenvironments from degradation of organic matter.
Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

THE 'iron hypothesis'1,2 states that phytoplankton growth and biomass are limited by low concentrations of available iron in large regions of the world's oceans where other plant nutrients are abundant. Such limitation has been demonstrated by experiments in which iron has been added to both enclosed and in situ (un-enclosed) phytoplankton populations2–6. A corollary of the iron hypothesis is that most 'new' iron is supplied by atmospheric deposition7,8, and it has been suggested that changes in the deposition rates of iron-bearing dust have led to changes in biological productivity and, consequently, global climate7. Here we report surface-water measurements in the equatorial Pacific Ocean which show that the main iron source to equatorial waters at 140° W is from upwelling waters. Shipboard in vitro experiments indicate that sub-nanomolar increases in iron concentrations can cause substantial increases in carbon export to deeper waters in this region. These findings demonstrate that equatorial biological production is controlled not solely by atmospheric iron deposition, but also by processes which influence the rate of upwelling and the iron concentration in upwelled water.