cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre‐Travel Consultation Without Injury Prevention Is Incomplete

International travel is fast growing. In 2011, 982 million international tourists traveled around the world to visit friends and relatives, for business, leisure, or other purposes.1 While Europe (51%) continues to be a popular tourist destination attracting about half a billion people, Asia and the Pacific (22%) are also gaining popularity.1 In 2011, 217 million people traveled to Asia‐Pacific and 50 million people traveled to the African region and these are projected to become leading travel destinations in the near future.1 This means that more than ever before, more people will be traveling to low and middle income countries (LMICs) of the world. Over the years, as travel patterns and destinations are changing, travel medicine is attempting to keep pace to reduce risk of diseases and adverse health events and to make travel a healthy and enjoyable experience. With increasing availability of immunizations and prophylactic treatments, a change in morbidity and mortality patterns has been observed among global travelers. Infectious diseases now account for a very small proportion of reported deaths (<2%) among travelers.2 Travelers however are now 10 times more likely to die from injuries than from infectious diseases, which presents a relatively new challenge for travel medicine.2 Several studies have examined the causes of mortality among travelers and in these studies injuries were found to be a leading cause of preventable deaths; and the most common cause of injury deaths was road traffic injuries (RTIs).3–7 RTI was also the major reason to transfer US citizens out of a country after non‐fatal injuries.2 Other causes of injury deaths among travelers include homicide, drowning, and suicide.2,4–7 In 2010, RTIs ranked as the 8th leading cause of death in the world, and in the last decade moved up … Corresponding author: Prof. Adnan A. Hyder, MD, MPH, PhD, Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Suite E‐8132, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. E‐mail: ahyder{at}jhsph.edu
Regulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor by inorganic phosphate

To better understand the mechanisms regulating myoplasmic Ca2+ during muscle activity, we have examined the effect of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) on the ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We report that P(i) at concentrations reached in exercising skeletal muscle (3-30 mM) produced a dose-dependent stimulation of ryanodine binding to skeletal muscle SR. Ryanodine binding was increased by 84% in the presence of 30 mM P(i) with half-maximal stimulation at 4 mM P(i). In contrast to its effect on skeletal muscle SR, ryanodine binding to cardiac muscle SR was not stimulated by P(i) (3-30 mM). Stimulation of ryanodine binding to skeletal muscle SR was maximal in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ and was associated with an increased affinity of the RyR for ryanodine (Kd = 204 nM in the absence, versus 107 nM in the presence of 10 mM P(i)). P(i) (10 mM) also increased the rate of Ca2+ release from 45Ca(2+)-filled skeletal muscle SR vesicles by 50% in the presence of micromolar Ca2+. Conversely, arsenate and sulfate (10 mM) had no effect on either ryanodine binding or Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release, demonstrating the specificity of the P(i) effect. Single-channel recordings of purified skeletal muscle SR RyR incorporated into planar lipid bilayers showed that addition of 10 mM P(i) to the cis chamber increased the open probability of the channel by 91%. These results demonstrate that concentrations of P(i) which occur in vivo during exercise significantly stimulate the in vitro activity of the skeletal muscle RyR Ca2+ release channel.
Winnie Woodfern Comes Out in Print: Story-Paper Authorship and Protolesbian Self-Representation in Antebellum America

S o m e t i m e a f t e r J u l y 1851 , Mary Field Williams Gibson, a teenage orphan from Vermont, moved to Boston to seek her fortune. By the following summer, the seventeen-year-old had begun publishing poems, sketches, and short stories in several of the city’s “story papers,” weekly periodicals that imitated the format of conventional newspapers but were mostly filled with popular fiction. During the early 1850s, more than half a dozen such papers were based in Boston, each claiming a national readership numbering in the tens of thousands. In that crowded and competitive field, editors scrambled to procure a sufficient quantity and wide enough variety of original American fiction to appeal to a heterogeneous mass audience. “Stories, give us stories!,” the editors frantically demanded, and aspiring young authors of both sexes gladly answered their calls. And so, writing mainly under the pseudonym “Winnie Woodfern,” Gibson soon established herself as a regular contributor to several of Boston’s most popular story papers. Responding to the varied needs of her editors, Gibson mastered a remarkably eclectic repertoire, including prose reveries, light satirical sketches, comical Yankee dialect pieces, sentimental narratives,
Dynamic Social Media in Online Travel Information Search: A Preliminary Analysis

With a growing amount of consumer generated content in assisting travellers’ decision making, social media are becoming an increasingly important tool for marketers and tourist destinations alike to engage online consumers. Following from recent literature on online travel information search, this study focuses attention on the dynamic nature of social media on the Internet. Based upon longitudinal data retrieved periodically from a mainstream search engine, this study investigates various aspects of social media with respect to their change over a period of one-year. This study provides a preliminary understanding of the dynamic nature of social media in travel information search and offers useful insights for online marketing in tourism.
Auditory system: Peripheral nonlinearity and central additivity, as revealed in the human stapedius-muscle reflex

Human stapedius-muscle contractions in response to 3-kHz, 20-msec tone bursts were determined indirectly by measuring the associated acoustic-impedance changes at the tympanic membrane with an acoustic bridge. The measurement was possible because the bridge practically eliminates the effect of the ear-canal air volume interposed between the tympanic membrane and the tip of the measuring tube. By using burst pairs, temporal additivity of the muscle responses was demonstrated both when the stimulus bursts were presented contralaterally to the measured impedance changes and when the first burst was presented ipsilaterally. The summation time constant was on the order of 200 msec, much longer than the twitch time constant of the muscle fibers. Therefore, the summation had to take place in a nucleus preceding the stapedius muscle. The magnitude of the muscle response obeyed a compressive function paralleling the loudness function up to sound pressure levels of at least 120 dB.
A Cyber–Physical Systems Approach to Data Center Modeling and Control for Energy Efficiency

This paper presents data centers from a cyber-physical system (CPS) perspective. Current methods for controlling information technology (IT) and cooling technology (CT) in data centers are classified according to the degree to which they take into account both cyber and physical considerations. To evaluate the potential impact of coordinated CPS strategies at the data center level, we introduce a control-oriented model that represents the data center as two coupled networks: a computational network representing the cyber dynamics and a thermal network representing the physical dynamics. These networks are coupled through the influence of the IT on both networks: servers affect both the quality of service (QoS) delivered by the computational network and the generation of heat in the thermal network. Using this model, three control strategies are evaluated with respect to their energy efficiency and computational performance: a baseline strategy that ignores CPS considerations, an uncoordinated strategy that manages the IT and CT independently, and a coordinated strategy that manages the IT and CT together to achieve optimal performance with respect to both QoS and energy efficiency. Simulation results show that the benefits to be realized from coordinating the control of IT and CT depend on the distribution and heterogeneity of the computational and cooling resources throughout the data center. A new cyber-physical index (CPI) is introduced as a measure of this combined distribution of cyber and physical effects in a given data center. We illustrate how the CPI indicates the potential impact of using coordinated CPS control strategies.
Influence of inclusions and heat treated microstructure on hydrogen assisted fracture properties of aisi 316 stainless steel

Abstract An attempt has been made to assess the influence of nonmetallic inclusions and heat treated microstructure on hydrogen assisted cracking of AISI 316 austenitic steel. The steel obtained in two levels of cleanliness was given solution annealing treatment in the temperature range of 1173–1473 K, and additional sensitization treatment of 973 K for 26 hours. Hydrogen embrittlement of this steel has been studied by charging Charpy and Compact Tension specimens of ASTM specification, with hydrogen through cathodic polarization. It is found that hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility increases with the presence of large size inclusions, larger grain and sensitized microstructure.
Evaluating Ethical Approaches to Crisis Leadership: Insights from Unintentional Harm Research.

Leading a corporation through a crisis requires rational decision making guided by an ethical approach (Snyder et al., Journal of Business Ethics, 63, 2006, 371). Three such approaches are virtue ethics (Seeger and Ulmer, Journal of Business Ethics, 31, 2001, 369), an ethic of justice, and an ethic of care (Simola, Journal of Business Ethics, 46, 2003, 351). In this article, I consider the effectiveness of these approaches for leading a corporation after a crisis. The standard I use is drawn from recent studies that examine how people tend to react to corporate unintentional harms. I conclude from these studies that an ethic of care approach is most effective for managing corporate crises when it comes to stakeholder concerns. I conclude the article with strategies for managing a crisis using an ethic of care.
New strategies for cultivation and detection of previously uncultured microbes

An integrative approach was used to obtain pure cultures of previously uncultivated members of the divisions Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia from agricultural soil and from the guts of wood-feeding termites. Some elements of the cultivation procedure included the following: the use of agar media with little or no added nutrients; relatively long periods of incubation (more than 30 days); protection of cells from exogenous peroxides; and inclusion of humic acids or a humic acid analogue (anthraquinone disulfonate) and quorum-signaling compounds (acyl homoserine lactones) in growth media. The bacteria were incubated in the presence of air and in hypoxic (1 to 2% O2 [vol/vol]) and anoxic atmospheres. Some bacteria were incubated with elevated concentrations of CO2 (5% [vol/vol]). Significantly more Acidobacteria were found on isolation plates that had been incubated with 5% CO2. A simple, high-throughput, PCR-based surveillance method (plate wash PCR) was developed. This method greatly facilitated detection and ultimate isolation of target bacteria from as many as 1,000 colonies of nontarget microbes growing on the same agar plates. Results illustrate the power of integrating culture methods with molecular techniques to isolate bacteria from phylogenetic groups underrepresented in culture.
New phenomena in proximity effect tunneling of high Tc superconducting cuprates

Abstract A new type of geometric oscillation in the differential resistance of proximity effect junctions has been observed. The oscillations have been seen in Ag-High-T c -Tl(2223) cuprate sandwiches using a new tunneling technique-distributed point contact tunneling. The oscillations are similar to Tomasch-Rowell oscillations but exhibit no thermal broadening. They arise from multiple-reflection interference of the center-of-mass pair wave function across the Ag-film. The sandwiches exhibit a proximity effect at 80K which extends over a distance more than fifty times the Pippard coherence length. We explain the phenomenon using a BCS-type pairing model.
Analysis of binary data for the balanced one-way classification

A test is proposed for testing the equality of proportions based on the data available from a one-way classification having t treatment conditions and n binary observations per treatment. The test statistic B is a constant multiple of the F-statistic which results when the analysis of variance procedure for the one-way classification is applied to the data and, hence, is computationally simple. The statistic B from this binary analysis of variance (BIANOVA) is distributed asymptotically as a chi-square random variable. The proposed test is uniformly more powerful than either the F-test indicated above or the Pearson chi-square test; however, the attained empirical level of significance is frequently higher than for either of these competitors and usually higher than the stated level of significance for smaller values of n (say n ≤ 20).
Proteolytic activity in bovine dental pulp

Abstract The autolysis of bovine dental pulp by endogenous proteolytic enzymes has been demonstrated by means of a colorimetric ninhydrin method. The activity is heat-labile and acts optimally at pH 3.0. Acid-denaturated hemoglobin proved to be a useful exogenous substrate for the cathepsins of bovine dental pulp. Optimal hemoglobin hydrolysis was shown to occur at pH 4.0. The activity was concentrated fivefold by heat fractionation under closely controlled conditions (pH 5.0, 56 ° C, 60 seconds). Further concentration of the activity was obtained by Sephadex G-75 filtration and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The total hemoglobin-splitting activity present in bovine dental pulp was separated into four active fractions on the hydroxyapatite column. Two of the fractions differed considerably in their pH optima, which were observed to be at pH 3 and pH 5, respectively. The relative purification of the pH 3 enzyme was 80 when compared with the starting material.
Acquisition and generalization of teaching techniques. A study with parents of toddlers.

The present investigation was designed to examine the effects of training parents on the use of four teaching techniques: choosing target behaviors to teach, using an antecedent system of graduated guidance, using consequences, and data collection. Nine parents of toddler-aged children, at-risk for developmental delay, were taught on the use of the techniques. The acquisition of the techniques was measured and displayed via a multiple-baseline design within each parent. Only one of the parents demonstrated independent baselines for the acquisition of each teaching technique, suggesting a degree of generalization and the cumulative effects of the teaching techniques within the other eight parents. The acquisition of the teaching techniques had functional effects on the correct responding of five of the nine children during teaching sessions with the parents. All of the parents in this investigation did demonstrate the ability to generalize the teaching techniques across a range of child behaviors.
Solution of the Burgers equation using an implicit linearizing transformation

Abstract The initial-boundary-value problem on the semi-infinite interval and on a finite interval for the Burgers equation u t = u xx + 2 u x u is solved using a stream function ∅ and a linearizing transformation w = e ∅ . The transformation reduces the equation to a heat equation with appropriate initial and homogeneous time-dependent linear boundary conditions. One advantage of this method is that we never need to find an explicit expression for ∅ in our computations.
Growth and optical property characterization of textured barium titanate thin films for photonic applications

We have investigated the growth of barium titanate thin films on bulk crystalline and amorphous substrates utilizing biaxially oriented template layers. Ion beam-assisted deposition was used to grow thin, biaxially textured, magnesium oxide template layers on amorphous and silicon substrates. Growth of highly oriented barium titanate films on these template layers was achieved by molecular beam epitaxy using a layer-by-layer growth process. Barium titanate thin films were grown in molecular oxygen and in the presence of oxygen radicals produced by a 300 W radio frequency plasma. We used X-ray and in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) to analyze the structural properties and show the predominantly c-oriented grains in the films. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to analyze and compare the optical properties of the thin films grown with and without oxygen plasma. We have shown that optical quality barium titanate thin films, which show bulk crystal-like properties, can be grown on any substrate through the use of biaxially oriented magnesium oxide template layers.
Live tracking and mapping from both general and rotation-only camera motion

We present an approach to real-time tracking and mapping that supports any type of camera motion in 3D environments, that is, general (parallax-inducing) as well as rotation-only (degenerate) motions. Our approach effectively generalizes both a panorama mapping and tracking system and a keyframe-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) system, behaving like one or the other depending on the camera movement. It seamlessly switches between the two and is thus able to track and map through arbitrary sequences of general and rotation-only camera movements.
The long and the short of gainsharing

The article discusses research pertaining to the effect of gain sharing programs on employees' work performance. Based on the research a gain sharing program, even in a short span of time, can stimulate and sustain long-term job performance. It was revealed that it is reasonable to expect positive employee attitudes even after the gain sharing bonus is eliminated. Enhanced peer communication that was achieved through the gain sharing program became a source of learning. This eventually led to changes in employee behaviors.
Incorporation of functional imaging data in the evaluation of dose distributions using the generalized concept of equivalent uniform dose.

Advances in the fields of IMRT and functional imaging have greatly increased the prospect of escalating the dose to highly active or hypoxic tumour sub-volumes and steering the dose away from highly functional critical structure regions. However, current clinical treatment planning and evaluation tools assume homogeneous activity/function status in the tumour/critical structures. A method was developed to incorporate tumour/critical structure heterogeneous functionality in the generalized concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). The tumour and critical structures functional EUD (FEUD) values were calculated from the dose–function histogram (DFH), which relates dose to the fraction of total function value at that dose. The DFH incorporates flouro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) functional data for tumour, which describes the distribution of metabolically active tumour clonogens, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion data for critical structures. To demonstrate the utility of the method, the lung dose distributions of two non-small cell lung caner patients, who received 3D conformal external beam radiotherapy treatment with curative intent, were evaluated. Differences between the calculated lungs EUD and FEUD values of up to 50% were observed in the 3D conformal plans. In addition, a non-small cell lung cancer patient was inversely planned with a target dose prescription of 76 Gy. Two IMRT plans (plan-A and plan-B) were generated for the patient based on the CT, FDG-PET and SPECT treatment planning images using dose–volume objective functions. The IMRT plans were generated with the goal of achieving more critical structures sparing in plan-B than plan-A. Results show the target volume EUD in plan-B is lower than plan-A by 5% with a value of 73.31 Gy, and the FEUD in plan-B is lower than plan-A by 2.6% with a value of 75.77 Gy. The FEUD plan-B values for heart and lungs were lower than plan-A by 22% and 18%, respectively. While EUD values show plan-A is marginally better than plan-B in terms of target volumetric coverage, the FEUD plan-B values show adequate target function coverage with significant critical structure function sparing. In conclusion, incorporating functional data in the calculation of EUD is important in evaluating the biological merit of treatment plans.
Comparative physiological studies on two geographical strains of Australorbis glabratus.

Abstract 1. 1. Two laboratory-reared strains of Australorbis glabratus, derived originally from Venezuela and Brazil, showed no difference in inorganic substances, ether extract, and nitrogen content. The shells of the Venezuelan strain were significantly heavier than those of the Brazilian one, and the former stored about twice as much polysaccharide as did the latter. 2. 2. Neither strain was capable of using inulin or a dextran from Leuconostoc to synthesize polysaccharide. The feeding of cornstarch, or cornstarch fraction A, lead to a pronounced and equal synthesis of polysaccharide in the two strains, indicating that the difference in polysaccharide levels maintained on the normal diet was not due to differences in synthesizing or storage capacity. 3. 3. Both strains had an identical rate of oxygen consumption, but the Brazilian snails produced significantly less anaerobic carbon dioxide than the Venezuelan ones. An increase in the polysaccharide content to the same high level in both strains lead to an increase in anaerobic CO2 production in both, but the percentage difference between the strains persisted. 4. 4. The Brazilian strain tolerated anaerobiosis for shorter periods than did the Venezuelan one. This difference appeared to be due to the lower polysaccharide levels maintained by the Brazilian snails on the normal diet. Increasing the polysaccharide level did not change the anaerobic survival of the Venezuelan snails, but it increased that of the Brazilian snails to approximately the same period as that shown by the former.
Morphology of contact printed colloidal quantum dots in organic semiconductor films: Implications for QD-LEDs

Quantum dot light emitting devices (QD-LEDs) con-sist of a monolayer of QDs sandwiched between a hole transporting layer (HTL) and electron transporting layer (ETL) of organic materials. These hybrid devices emit with the narrow bandwidth characteristic of the QDs. The precise position of the QD layer, relative to the interface between the ETL and HTL, can affect the quantum efficiency of the device on the scale of 10 nm or less. Motivated by this observation, the exact nature of the morphology of contact printed and self-assembled QDs on typical organic materials is investigated. The QDs are substantially pressed into the organic material, to a somewhat greater extent when contact printed compared to self-assembled structures. Measured device characteristics from samples made with the two methods are consistent with these observations (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The cationic polymerization and copolymerization of isopropenylmetallocene monomers

Three types of isopropenylmetallocene monomers were synthesized and subjected to polymerization and copolymerization by cationic initiators; (1) isopropenylferrocene (IF); (2) (η5-isopropenylcyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylnitrosylmolybdenum (IDM); and (3) 1,1′-diisopropenylcyclopentadienylstannocene (DIS), and related derivatives of each. IF was synthesized by a three-step procedure involving the acetylation of ferrocene, conversion of the latter to 2-ferrocenyl-2-propanol, and dehydration of the carbinol. IF was homopolymerized under various cationic initiation conditions, but only low molecular weight homopolymers were obtained. Copolymerization of IF with styrene and with p-methoxy-α-methylstyrene also gave only low molecular weight products. The formation of only low molecular weight polymers in all polymerization reactions is believed to result from the effect of the unusually high stability of ferrocenyl carbenium ions on its propagation reaction. The observed polymerization behavior of α-trifluoromethylvinylferrocene is in accord with this conclusion. IDM and DIS did not form polymeric products under cationic conditions, although copolymers could be obtained for each of these monomers and styrene with a free radical polymerization initiator (AIBN).
Direct Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction Measurements of Strain and Bending in Micromachined Silicon Devices

The manipulation of strain in micromachined silicon structures is an important aspect of the design of emerging mechanical and electronic devices. Strain also has a fundamental role in the formation of devices through its effects on surface processes in epitaxial growth including diffusion and can be an important tool for studying these processes. Microfabricated silicon structures offer the opportunity to control the strain at length scales of less than one micron to several hundred microns. Synchrotron x-ray microdiffraction allows simultaneous independent measurements of the strain and bending in these structures. Microdiffraction measurements show that bending is the dominant source of strain in a prototypical microfabricated Si bridge loaded at its ends by silicon nitride thin films. The total strain difference between the top and bottom of the bent bridge exceeds 0.1% in our prototype structures and can potentially be increased in optimized devices.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Bayesian sample-size determination for two independent Poisson rates

Abstract: Because of the high cost and time constraints for clinical trials, researchers often need to determine the smallest sample size that provides accurate inferences for a parameter of interest. Although most experimenters have employed frequentist sample-size determination methods, the Bayesian paradigm offers a wide variety of sample-size determination methodologies. Bayesian sample-size determination methods are becoming increasingly more popular in clinical trials because of their flexibility and easy interpretation inferences. Recently, Bayesian approaches have been used to determine the sample size of a single Poisson rate parameter in a clinical trial setting. In this paper, we extend these results to the comparison of two Poisson rates and develop methods for sample-size determination for hypothesis testing in a Bayesian context. We have created functions in R to determine the parameters for the conjugate gamma prior and calculate the sample size for the average length criterion and average power methods. We also provide two examples that implement our sample-size determination methods using clinical data.
An Atomistic Investigation of Elastic and Plastic Properties of Au Nanowires

In this study, mechanical properties of cylindrical gold nanowires with diameters ranging from 5 nm to 17.5 nm were investigated using atomistic computer simulations. Displacement-controlled tensile tests were carried out to investigate the role of defects such as surface steps and twin boundaries commonly found in electrodeposited wires. The high surface-to-volume ratio of nanowires plays a critical role in the mechanical properties. Yield stress was found to be significantly affected by any disturbance in surface morphology. Twin boundaries were not more favorable as a source for dislocation nucleation but disturbed the surface in the neighborhood of the twin, resulting in lower yield strength. Twin boundaries are seen as obstacles for the propagation of dislocations leading to some hardening effects.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Increases Human Vascular Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Release Through Endogenous Bradykinin

Background— Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition potentiates the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) response to exogenous bradykinin. This study tested the hypothesis that ACE inhibition increases endothelial t-PA release through endogenous bradykinin. Methods and Results— We measured the effect of intra-arterial enalaprilat (5 μg/min) on forearm blood flow (FBF) and net t-PA release before and during intra-arterial infusion of bradykinin (25 to 400 ng/min) and methacholine (3.2 to 12.8 μg/min) in 24 smokers pretreated with bradykinin receptor antagonist HOE 140 (100 μg/kg intravenously) or vehicle. There was no specific effect of HOE 140 on FBF or forearm vascular resistance (FVR, 29.9±3.6 versus 29.7±3.6 mm Hg · mL−1 · min−1 · 100 mL−1 after vehicle and HOE 140, respectively, P=0.956 between groups). Resting FVR decreased during enalaprilat compared with vehicle or HOE 140, but not compared with baseline, and the effect was similar in the 2 groups (22.0±2.7 and 24.1±2.9 mm Hg · mL−1 · mi...
Microstructure Tailoring of the Nickel Oxide−Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Hollow Fibers toward High-Performance Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

NiO–yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) hollow fiber anode support with different microstructures was prepared using a phase-inversion method. The effect of the solid loading of the phase-inversion suspensions on the microstructure development of the NiO-YSZ anode support was investigated. Solid loading in the suspension was found to have an important influence on the microstructure of the NiO-YSZ anode support and viscosity-related viscous fingering mechanism can be adopted to explain the pore formation mechanism of the as-prepared hollow fibers. NiO-YSZ anode-supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with different anode microstructures were fabricated and tested, and the correlation between the anode support microstructures, porosity, gas permeability, electrical conductivity, and the cell electrochemical performance was discussed. Microtubular SOFCs with a cell configuration of Ni-YSZ/YSZ/YSZ-LSM (LSM = (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3–x) and optimized anode microstructure show cell output power density ...
Microstructure and phase relations in a powder-processed Ti-22AI-12Nb Alloy

A systematic investigation was undertaken to compare the effect of processing on the phase relations and microstructure of 66Ti-22Al-12Nb (in at. pct) alloy. The alloy was processed by three different routes: (1) cold pressing (CP) followed by reaction sintering; (2) CP followed by hot pressing (HP) followed by sintering; and (3) arc melting (AM), hydride-dehydride processing to make the alloy powder followed by cold isostatic pressing and then sintering. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD); optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA). The analyses showed that all the processing methods have resulted in the same phases, but the AM route resulted in an equiaxed microstructure, whereas the other two methods resulted in a lamellar microstructure. This refinement in microstructure was attributed to the hydride-dehydride processing step of the AM route.
Ending laminations for hyperbolic group extensions

LetH be a hyperbolic normal subgroup of infinite index in a hyperbolic group G. It follows from work of Rips and Sela [16] (see below), that H has to be a free product of free groups and surface groups if it is torsion-free. From [14], the quotient group Q is hyperbolic and contains a free cyclic subgroup. This gives rise to a hyperbolic automorphism [2] of H . By iterating this automorphism, and scaling the Cayley graph of H , we get a sequence of actions of H on δi-hyperbolic metric spaces, where δi → 0 as i → ∞. From this, one can extract a subsequence converging to a small isometric action on a 0-hyperbolic metric space, i.e. an R-tree. By the JSJ splitting of Rips and Sela [16], [17], the outer automorphism group of H is generated by internal automorphisms. One notes further, that a hyperbolic automorphism cannot preserve any splitting over cyclic subgroups and that the limiting action is in fact free. Hence, by a theorem of Rips [16], H has to be a free product of free groups and surface groups if it is torsion-free. Thus the collection of normal subgroups possible is limited. However, the class of groups G can still be fairly large. Examples can be found in [3], [5] and [13]. For the purposes of this paper we choose a finite generating set of G that contains a finite generating set of H . Let ΓG and ΓH be the Cayley graphs of G, H with respect to these generating sets. There is a continuous proper embedding i of ΓH into ΓG. Every hyperbolic group admits a compactification of its Cayley graph by adjoining the Gromov boundary consisting of
The effects of proteoglycans from different cartilage types on in vitro hydroxyapatite proliferation

Proteoglycans extracted from nasal and articular cartilages have previously been shown to inhibit hydroxyapatite proliferationin vitro. This study now demonstrates that proteoglycans isolated (dissociatively extracted and reaggregatedin vitro) from bovine fetal growth plate and bovine occipital condyle, as well as those from bovine nasal cartilage, all retard hydroxyapatite seeded-growthin vitro. On a weight basis (1 mg/ml), the growth plate proteoglycan preparation had a significantly greater inhibitory effect. The greater inhibitory effect of the growth plate proteoglycans as compared to the other cartilage proteoglycan preparations may be related to the unique properties of the proteoglycans in the growth plate, a tissue that undergoes physiological calcification.
Stabilization of Nonholonomic Systems Using Isospectral Flows

In this paper we derive and analyze a discontinuous stabilizing feedback for a Lie algebraic generalization of a class of kinematic nonholonomic systems introduced by Brockett [ New Directions in Applied Mathematics, P. Hilton and G. Young, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 11--27]. The algorithm involves discrete switching between isospectral and norm-decreasing flows. We include a rigorous analysis of the convergence.
Classifying Human Audiometric Phenotypes of Age-Related Hearing Loss from Animal Models

Age-related hearing loss (presbyacusis) has a complex etiology. Results from animal models detailing the effects of specific cochlear injuries on audiometric profiles may be used to understand the mechanisms underlying hearing loss in older humans and predict cochlear pathologies associated with certain audiometric configurations (“audiometric phenotypes”). Patterns of hearing loss associated with cochlear pathology in animal models were used to define schematic boundaries of human audiograms. Pathologies included evidence for metabolic, sensory, and a mixed metabolic + sensory phenotype; an older normal phenotype without threshold elevation was also defined. Audiograms from a large sample of older adults were then searched by a human expert for “exemplars” (best examples) of these phenotypes, without knowledge of the human subject demographic information. Mean thresholds and slopes of higher frequency thresholds of the audiograms assigned to the four phenotypes were consistent with the predefined schematic boundaries and differed significantly from each other. Significant differences in age, gender, and noise exposure history provided external validity for the four phenotypes. Three supervised machine learning classifiers were then used to assess reliability of the exemplar training set to estimate the probability that newly obtained audiograms exhibited one of the four phenotypes. These procedures classified the exemplars with a high degree of accuracy; classifications of the remaining cases were consistent with the exemplars with respect to average thresholds and demographic information. These results suggest that animal models of age-related hearing loss can be used to predict human cochlear pathology by classifying audiograms into phenotypic classifications that reflect probable etiologies for hearing loss in older humans.
Visualization of dyed NAPL concentration in transparent porous media using color space components

Finding a correlation between image pixel information and non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturation is an important issue in bench-scale geo-environmental model studies that employ optical imaging techniques. Another concern is determining the best dye color and its optimum concentration as a tracer for use in mapping NAPL zones. Most bench scale flow studies employ monochromatic gray-scale imaging to analyze the concentration of mostly red dyed NAPL tracers in porous media. However, the use of grayscale utilizes a third of the available information in color images, which typically contain three color-space components. In this study, eight color spaces consisting of 24 color-space components were calibrated against dye concentration for three color-dyes. Additionally, multiple color space components were combined to increase the correlation between color-space data and dyed NAPL concentration. This work is performed to support imaging of NAPL migration in transparent synthetic soils representing the macroscopic behavior of natural soils. The transparent soil used in this study consists of fused quartz and a matched refractive index mineral-oil solution that represents the natural aquifer. The objective is to determine the best color dye concentration and ideal color space components for rendering dyed sucrose-saturated fused quartz that represents contamination of the natural aquifer by a dense NAPL (DNAPL). Calibration was achieved for six NAPL zone lengths using 3456 images (24 color space components×3 dyes×48 NAPL combinations) of contaminants within a defined criteria expressed as peak signal to noise ratio. The effect of data filtering was also considered and a convolution average filter is recommended for image conditioning. The technology presented in this paper is fast, accurate, non-intrusive and inexpensive method for quantifying contamination zones using transparent soil models.
Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol and prenatal iron supplementation as maternal mortality interventions in home births in rural India.

Abstract Objective To determine the cost-effectiveness of prenatal iron supplementation and misoprostol use as interventions to prevent maternal mortality in home births in rural India. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis depicted three hypothetical cohorts of 10 000 pregnant women delivering at home in rural India: one with no intervention, one receiving standard prenatal iron supplements, and 1 receiving 600 µg of misoprostol in the third stage of labor. Results Misoprostol used to prevent postpartum hemorrhage resulted in a 38% (95% CI, 5%–73%) decrease in maternal deaths, while prenatal iron supplementation resulted in a 5% (95% CI, 0%–47%) decrease. Misoprostol cost a median US $1401 (IQR US $1008–$1848) prenatal iron supplementation cost a median US $2241 (IQR No Lives Saved–$3882) per life saved compared with the standard care outcome. Conclusion Misoprostol is a cost-effective maternal mortality intervention for home births. Iron supplementation may be worthwhile to improve women's health, but it is uncertain whether it can prevent mortality after hemorrhage.
Air void effect on an idealised asphalt mixture using two-dimensional and three-dimensional discrete element modelling approach

In this study, an idealised asphalt mixture was modelled with the discrete element method for both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cases. The air voids were randomly generated and counted within the models to reach a specific air void level (e.g. 6%). The 2D models were used to compute the strain and stress responses when the specimens were subjected to a compressive load. Then, the moduli of the specimens were computed from the stress–strain curves. The 3D idealised model was generated using a number of layered 2D models. The air void distribution patterns were also studied with 2D and 3D randomly generated models at specific air void levels. The results showed that the modulus deviation increases when the air void level increases. In addition, the modulus deviations of the 3D models were found to be much lower than those of the 2D models. When comparing the modulus predictions from the 2D models with those from the 3D models, the research proved that the 3D models yielded higher moduli t...
Reply to ‘Comment on “The beginnings of hydrous mantle wedge melting” by Till et al.’ by Green, Rosenthal and Kovacs

The comment of Green et al. debates the interpretation of the temperature of the H2O-saturated peridotite solidus and presence of silicate melt in the experiments of Till et al. (Contrib Mineral Petrol 163:669–688, 2012) at <1,000 °C. The criticisms presented in their comment do not invalidate any of the most compelling observations of Till et al. (Contrib Mineral Petrol 163:669–688, 2012) as discussed in the following response, including the changing minor element and Mg# composition of the solid phases with increasing temperature in our experiments with 14.5 wt% H2O at 3.2 GPa, as well as the results of our chlorite peridotite melting experiments with 0.7 wt% H2O. The point remains that Till et al. (Contrib Mineral Petrol 163:669–688, 2012) present data that call into question the H2O-saturated peridotite solidus temperature preferred by Green (Tectonophysics 13(1–4):47–71, 1972; Earth Planet Sci Lett 19(1):37–53, 1973; Can Miner 14:255–268, 1976); Millhollen et al. (J Geol 82(5):575–587, 1974); Mengel and Green (Stability of amphibole and phlogopite in metasomatized peridotite under water-saturated and water-undersaturated conditions, Geological Society of Australia Special Publication, Blackwell, pp 571-581, 1989); Wallace and Green (Mineral Petrol 44:1–19, 1991) and Green et al. (Nature 467(7314):448–451, 2010).
Psychogenic Anorexia and Hyperorexia among Siblings.

Summary An examination of two sisters with psychogenic hyperorexia and anorexia respectively; and two brothers of another family with the same symptoms, make up the background of a discussion of the relations between anorexia and hyperorexia. In Family I anorexia in the younger girl seems to be the primary disturbanoe of appetite in the surroundings. The sister's hyperorexia should be regarded as a direct outcome of the younger sister's eating-inhibition, an attempt to keep up the position at home that she felt threatened when the little one wm born. The adequacy of this mechanism appears from the predominant part that food plays in the house. In Family II there is no such connection between the symptoms of the two brothers. The younger suffers from anorexia, in this case a regressive mechanism, probably with a dyspepsia in babyhood as starting-point. His brother has during his early years displayed various psychogenic symptoms — fits suggesting asthma, enuresis nocturna, several behaviour-disturbances — and finally hyperorexia, which apparently is a link in the chain of symptoms. The family is dominated by a perfectionist mother. The reason why both children should react against these surroundings with disturbances of appetite does not appear from the examination. Two different kinds of psychical expression are found in these four children, partly a passive, non-protesting type, partly an active, aggressive type. In one family the passive expression is combined with hyperorexia and the active one with anorexia; in the other family it is the other way round. The advantage of connecting anorexia with hyperorexia is emphasized. The introduction of the common term psychogenic dysorexia is suggestad for the symptoms concerned, in order to call attention to the common source: disturbed appetite.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mischococcales, Tribonematales, and Vaucheriales (Xanthophyceae) Inferred from 18S rRNA Gene Sequences

The Xanthophyceae have traditionally been classified using a phenetic classification system based upon vegetative cell structure. Species belonging to the class are placed in one of six orders corresponding to amoeboid, coccoid, filamentous, flagellate, palmelloid, or siphonous organization. Nuclear 18S rRNA gene sequences were determined for 29 species and aligned with 10 previously determined sequences. Parsimony and maximum likelihood trees inferred from these data imply that the orders Mischococcales (coccoid), Tribonematales (filamentous), and Vaucheriales (siphonous) are not monophyletic. The majority of species are divided between two clades defined by the presence or absence of a bipartite cell wall. Also, several families, particularly those placed in the Mischococcales, are resolved as polyphyletic. Results indicate that coccoid and filamentous life forms may have arisen independently at least three times, and some coccoid and filamentous life forms are resolved as closely related. For example, Heterococcus (filamentous) is more closely related to Mischococcus and Pseudopleurochloris (coccoid) than it is to other members of the Tribonematales. Our data strongly support the contention that Bumilleriopsis and Pseudobumilleriopsis are congeneric with Bumilleria. The siphonous xanthophytes including Asterosiphon, Botrydium, and Vaucheria probably do not form a monophyletic group although robust bootstrap support for this conclusion is low. Our results indicate that the generic, familial, and ordinal classification of the Xanthophyceae requires major revision.
A cyclized didemnimide alkaloid from the caribbean ascidian Didemnum conchyliatum

A novel, cyclized alkaloid of the didemnimide class, 5, has been isolated from extracts of the Caribbean ascidian Didemnum conchyliatum. The structure of 5 was assigned using combined spectral methods that emphasized one- and two-dimensional NMR methods. The new alkaloid is the cyclization product of didemnimide A (1) formed via a C-2 indole condensation with the imidazole nitrogen.
Patient satisfaction questionnaires equally acceptable to patients

Abstract Question What is the patient perception and acceptability of four patient satisfaction questionnaires? Study design Randomised controlled trial. Main results There was no significant difference among questionnaires in proportion of responders, proportion of participants who found at least one question difficult to understand or poorly designed, or proportion of participants rating the questionnaire as excellent on global assessment (see Table 1). The Picker questionnaire took the longest to complete and had the most missing responses, but was the least likely to not cover important areas regarding hospital stay or have difficult to understand, poorly designed questions (see Table 1). Table 1 Outcomes of patient satisfaction questionnaires Outcomes Questionnaires P value Lausanne n =727 PJS n =733 Picker n =715 Sequs n =702 Responders (%) 72.8 70.7 69.9 67.8 0.27 Mean time to complete (min) 13.2 12.5 19.3 13.4 Responses missing per item (%) 1.1 1.9 3.1 1.6 Participants reporting at least one question difficult to comprehend or poorly designed (%) 18.7 18.7 17.2 20.0 0.75 Participants reporting at least one important area not covered (%) 28.9 38.8 28.2 39.1 Participants rating questionnaire as excellent on global assessment (%) 11.0 11.9 14.6 11.5 0.37 Authors’ conclusions No one questionnaire was consistently better than the others; each questionnaire has advantages and disadvantages. All four questionnaires are appropriate for use in patient satisfaction surveys.
Conditions of reception, conditions of construction: The strange case of ‘Mons, Anzac and Kut’

Abstract Against the background of a consideration of the history of “reception theory” in North America, an instance of varying readings of a particular text in an educational context is presented, and the role of context of situation and readers' own history examined, in order to show how much more complex the act of meaning construction is than can be accounted for by either reader-driven or text-driven models of literary reception.