cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color and population gradients in the core of the postcollapse globular cluster M30

A new technique has been developed for seeking color gradients in multicolor CCD images of a globular cluster. Application of this technique to M30 confirms the radial color gradient reported by others. The B - V and V - R colors show linear gradients, when plotted against log r, that are many times their statistical errors. In the radial range 3-100 arcsec, the B - V and V - R colors increase outwards by about (0.18 + or - 0.015) mag/dex and (0.09 + or - 0.01) mag/dex, respectively. Color-magnitude arrays of the central region show that the Balmer-line strength that accompanies the central blueness is due to an increased proportion of blue-horizontal-branch starlight in the center. This excess does not appear to be statistically significant in terms of star numbers, even though the color gradient is so highly significant.
Gene expression profile of CD8 T cells from the responder and non-responder mice following immunotherapy treatment for prostate cancer

Meeting abstracts Immunotherapy represents a novel treatment approach for cancer; however, a longer maturation time and the lack of immunological markers are major obstacles in the development and characterization of immunological therapies. This study aims to identify gene expression profile on
Behavior of Nanomagnet Logic in the presence of thermal noise

We use numerical simulations to analyze the behavior of Nanomagnet Logic (NML) in the presence of room-temperature thermal fluctuations and discuss simple models to estimate temperature-induced error rates in these devices. Our calculations show that small NML gates — composed of sub-100 nm size dots — are sufficiently stable against temperature fluctuations, but thermal noise imposes design constraints for structures with long signal paths.
Gender differences in high-risk situations for drinking: are they mediated by depressive symptoms?

Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine gender differences in the frequency of high-risk drinking situations and to investigate the extent to which depressive symptoms mediate the relationship.
C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms, C-reactive protein blood levels, and cardiovascular disease risk.

C-reactive protein (CRP), a blood marker of inflammation and a hallmark of the acute-phase response, has been shown to be a powerful and specific predictor of cardiovascular event risk in populations of otherwise healthy persons. Here we review what is known about CRP gene polymorphisms, discuss how these might affect the epidemiology of CRP and our understanding of CRP’s contribution to cardiovascular disease, and examine their potential clinical usefulness. Evidence shows that certain subtle variations in the CRP gene sequence, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms, predictably and strongly influence the blood level of CRP. Some of these variations are associated with clinical correlates of cardiovascular disease. If future studies can establish with certainty that CRP influences cardiovascular biology, then CRP gene profiling could have clinical utility.
Resistance Training in Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Impact on Areas of Metabolic Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle and Potential Impact on Bone

The prevalence of Type II Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing rapidly and will continue to be a major healthcare expenditure burden. As such, identification of effective lifestyle treatments is paramount. Skeletal muscle and bone display metabolic and functional disruption in T2DM. Skeletal muscle in T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glycogen synthesis, impairments in mitochondria, and lipid accumulation. Bone quality in T2DM is decreased, potentially due to the effects of advanced glycation endproducts on collagen, impaired osteoblast activity, and lipid accumulation. Although exercise is widely recognized as an important component of treatment for T2DM, the focus has largely been on aerobic exercise. Emerging research suggests that resistance training (strength training) may impose potent and unique benefits in T2DM. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of resistance training in treating the dysfunction in skeletal muscle and the potential role for resistance training in treating the associated dysfunction in bone.
Association of brain pathology with the progression of frailty in older adults

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that brain pathology is associated with the rate of progression of physical frailty in older adults. Methods: A total of 791 older adults participating in the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project had annual clinical evaluations from which a previously established composite measure of physical frailty was derived and brain autopsy after death. A uniform neuropathologic examination included the assessment of macroinfarcts, microinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Lewy body pathology, and nigral neuronal loss. Results: Mean follow-up before death was 6.4 years and age at death was 88.5 years. More than 95% of cases had evidence of one or more brain pathologies. In a linear mixed-effect model controlling for age, sex, and education, frailty increased at approximately 0.12 unit/year (estimate 0.117, SE 0.035, p p = 0.012). In separate models, the presence of macroinfarcts, Alzheimer disease and Lewy body pathology, and nigral neuronal loss was associated with a more rapid progression of frailty (all p values ≤0.010). When these 4 brain pathologies were considered together in a single model, Alzheimer disease pathology, macroinfarcts, and nigral neuronal loss showed independent associations with the rate of progression of frailty and accounted for more than 8% of the variance unexplained by demographic variables alone. Conclusion: The accumulation of common brain pathologies contributes to progressive physical frailty in old age.
Baryonic degrees of freedom leading to density isomers

Abstract A mechanism leading to density isomerism in nuclear matter is proposed. The density isomer is produced by the excitation of baryonic degrees of freedom. A self-consistent relativistic model that accounts for known bulk properties of symmetric nuclear matter is explicitlyconstructed, in which the density isomer occurs at about three times normal density. Thermal excitations are considered.
Jamming at zero temperature and zero applied stress: the epitome of disorder.

We have studied how two- and three-dimensional systems made up of particles interacting with finite range, repulsive potentials jam (i.e., develop a yield stress in a disordered state) at zero temperature and zero applied stress. At low packing fractions phi, the system is not jammed and each particle can move without impediment from its neighbors. For each configuration, there is a unique jamming threshold phi(c) at which particles can no longer avoid each other, and the bulk and shear moduli simultaneously become nonzero. The distribution of phi(c) values becomes narrower as the system size increases, so that essentially all configurations jam at the same packing fraction in the thermodynamic limit. This packing fraction corresponds to the previously measured value for random close packing. In fact, our results provide a well-defined meaning for "random close packing" in terms of the fraction of all phase space with inherent structures that jam. The jamming threshold, point J, occurring at zero temperature and applied stress and at the random-close-packing density, has properties reminiscent of an ordinary critical point. As point J is approached from higher packing fractions, power-law scaling is found for the divergence of the first peak in the pair correlation function and in the vanishing of the pressure, shear modulus, and excess number of overlapping neighbors. Moreover, near point J, certain quantities no longer self-average, suggesting the existence of a length scale that diverges at J. However, point J also differs from an ordinary critical point: the scaling exponents do not depend on dimension but do depend on the interparticle potential. Finally, as point J is approached from high packing fractions, the density of vibrational states develops a large excess of low-frequency modes. Indeed, at point J, the density of states is a constant all the way down to zero frequency. All of these results suggest that point J is a point of maximal disorder and may control behavior in its vicinity-perhaps even at the glass transition.
Inhibition of H-ras as a treatment for experimental brain C6 glioma

The oncogene H-ras plays an important role in tumor growth and maintenance and could serve as a target treatment for brain tumors. In this study, diallyl disulfide (DADS), an inhibitor of H-ras was used to treat experimental brain glioma in a rat model. One hundred and twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g) were implanted with 2 x 10(5) C6 glioma cells into the intra striatal region of the brain. Animals were treated with DADS (33 micromol) either before or after implantation of tumor cells. Control animals received soybean oil. Treatment outcome was evaluated based on H-ras expression in tumor tissue, animal's neurological status, tumor size, and life span. Application of DADS 7 days before implantation of tumor cells reduced the tumor size (P<0.05), improved neurological status (P<0.05), and increased the animal life span (P<0.05) when compared to the control group (no treatment). The expression of H-ras was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in brain tumor tissue of animals treated with DADS before implantation. Application of DADS after tumor implantation failed to improve clinical status or life span. This study demonstrates that pretreatment with DADS is capable of inhibiting the expression of H-ras in experimental brain C6 glioma which leads to an improved neurological status and an extended life span in the rat. Higher doses of DADS or other more potent inhibitors need to be used after tumor has been implanted.
The Intersection of Community and Place in an Outdoor Orientation Program

This study investigated outcomes of a college outdoor orientation program that utilized 3, 4, 5, and 12-day adventure based trips. Sense of community and sense of place were measured using a one-sample pre/post-test design (n = 118). Paired sample t-tests were implemented to explore differences and, in general, students reported significant changes following participation. Students demonstrated increases in the number of their friends, trusted individuals, and 6 of the 7 factorial components measuring sense of community and sense of place (p < .05). The importance of community and place is discussed, highlighting suggestions and implications for future consideration in outdoor orientation programming.
Is pump stimulation associated with positive inotropy of the heart

A purified sodium and potassium dependent adenosinetriphosphatase isolated from cat heart was not stimulated by any concentration of ouabain that produced positive inotropy of cat papilliary muscle. Only inhibition of enzyme activity was observed. Concentrations of ouabain used ranged from 3.3 x 10(-10) molar to 5 x 10(-7) molar and produced an increased force of contraction without any evidence of toxicity. The results are inconsistent with a concept that stimulation of sodium pump activity is associated with positive inotropy.
Proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin polypeptide of influenza virus. Function of the uncleaved polypeptide HA

Abstract The cleavage of the HA polypeptide, the largest glycoprotein of influenza virus, to polypeptides HA1 and HA2 has been studied using the WSN strain of influenza A 0 and the RI/5 − strain of influenza A 2 grown in different host cells. Cleavage of the HA polypeptide is not required for the assembly of infectious, hemagglutinating virions. Cleavage is both strain dependent and host cell dependent, and correlates with the extent of cell damage, suggesting that the enzymes involved are host cell specified. Virions grown in MDBK cells without calf serum in the medium contain almost entirely uncleaved HA polypeptides. Virions harvested early in the growth cycle contain more uncleaved HA polypeptide than virions harvested late from the same cells when cytopathic effects are extensive. The proteolytic nature of the cleavage has been demonstrated in vitro with trypsin. Comparison of the specific hemagglutinating activity and infectivity of virions which contain different amounts of the uncleaved HA polypeptide and the cleavage products HA1 and HA2, and of the capacity of such virions to react with the soluble glycoprotein receptor substance fetuin, have shown that uncleaved HA polypeptides are as active in hemagglutination and adsorption to cellular and soluble receptors as are the disulfide-bonded complexes composed of HA1 plus HA2. The proteolytic cleavage of the HA polypeptide to HA1 and HA2 is thus not required for virus assembly or for full expression of the biological properties of the virion. Rather, it appears to be a nonessential result of events occurring in infected cells which are undergoing cytopathic effects.
Treatment of acne scars using the plasma skin regeneration (PSR) system

Background and Objectives Acne scarring is a common and difficult to treat condition. The plasma skin regeneration (PSR) system is a novel device that causes delayed ablation of the epidermis and controlled thermal modification to the underlying dermis. PSR has previously been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for facial rhytides and benign skin lesions. In this study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of single-treatment, high-energy, double-pass PSR for the treatment of acne scarring. Study Design/Materials and Methods Ten patients with acne scarring and Fitzpatrick skin types I–III were included in the study. All patients underwent a single PSR treatment with two high-energy passes (3.5–4.0 J). Treatments were performed in an outpatient clinic setting. Nine patients completed 6 months of follow-up. Improvement was determined by patient questionnaires and physician evaluation of digital photographs taken prior to treatment and at 3 and 6 months post-treatment. Results On average, patients reported 34% improvement in their acne scarring at 3 months and 33% improvement at 6 months. Blinded physician ratings of patient photos demonstrated 19% improvement at 3 months and 34% at 6 months. Re-epithelialization was complete by 4–6 days after treatment, and no serious adverse events were encountered. Conclusion PSR appears to provide a safe and effective single treatment, minimal downtime alternative for the treatment of acne scarring. Additional studies are warranted to further demonstrate the safety and efficacy of this device. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:124–127, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prognostic factors in melanoma outcome and survival.

Clinical and pathologic variables that predict the outcome of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) have been extensively investigated for more than 30 years. Recently, the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) approved the latest revision of the AJCC staging system for cutaneous melanoma to be published in the 2002 Staging Manual [1]. Please refer to the first article of this issue for a full discussion of the new staging system. This revision was based on a critical review of previously identified prognostic factors and an analysis of new prognostic information including data gained from the recent advent of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) [2,3]. This article reviews the major clinicopathologic factors that influence outcome and survival in various stages of melanoma.
On The Impact of Time-Varying Interference-Channel on the Spatial Approach of Spectrum Sharing between S-band Radar and Communication System

Spectrum sharing is a new approach to solve the congestion problem in RF spectrum. A spatial approach for spectrum sharing between radar and communication system was proposed, which mitigates the radar interference to communication by projecting the radar waveform onto null space of interference channel, between radar and communication system [1]. In this work, we extend this approach to maritime MIMO radar which experiences time varying interference channel due to the oscillatory motion of ship, because of the breaking of sea/ocean waves. We model this variation by using the matrix perturbation theory and the statistical distribution of the breaking waves. This model is then used to study the impact of perturbed interference channel on the spatial approach of spectrum sharing. We use the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate of target's angle of arrival to study the radar's performance when its waveform is projected onto the null space of the perturbed interference channel. Through our analytical and simulation results, we study the loss in the radar's performance due to the null space projection (NSP) of its waveform on the perturbed interference channel.
Persistent polyagglutinability in vivo unrelated to T-anigen activation.

Red blood cells of a type B patient became polyagglutinable eight years ago and have remained so to the present. No infection or other cause for the phenomenon has been discovered and laboratory studies have established conclusively that the polyagglutinability is distinguishable from T-antigen activation and from the effect of periodate treatment in vitro. Combined 51Cr and Ashby differential agglutination studies of the survival in vivo of normal type B donor blood demonstrated that the transfused cells did not become polyagglutinable during more than four months in the patient's circulation. It is concluded that the underlying abnormality of the patient's red blood cells originates during their formative stage in the bone marrow. The clinical implications of these findings and their possible relationship to the patient's accompanying leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are discussed briefly.
User choices: a new yardstick for the evaluation of ranking algorithms for interactive query expansion

The performance of eight ranking algorithms was evaluated with respect to their effectiveness in ranking terms for query expansion. The evaluation was conducted within an investigation of interactive query expansion and relevance feedback in a real operational environment. This study focuses on the identification of algorithms that most effectively take cognizance of user preferences. User choices (i.e. the terms selected by the searchers for the query expansion search) provided the yardstick for the evaluation of the eight ranking algorithms. This methodology introduces a user-oriented approach in evaluating ranking algorithms for query expansion in contrast to the standard, system-oriented approaches. Similarities in the performance of the eight algorithms and the ways that these algorithms rank terms were the main focus of this evaluation. The findings demonstrate that the r-lohi, wpq, emim, and porter algorithms have similar performance in bringing good terms to the top of a ranked list of terms for query expansion. However, further evaluation of the algorithms in different (e.g. full-text) environments is needed before these results can be generalized beyond the context of the present study.
Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups

Ethnophaulisms (Roback, 1944) are the words used as slurs to refer to ethnic immigrant outgroups. This article explores the effects of attributes of ethnic immigrant groups on the cognitive representations of these groups in ethnophaulisms and the effects of these cognitive representations on behavior toward these immigrant groups. The results of these analyses, based on archival data spanning a 150-year period of American history, provide a sobering picture of the cognitive representation of immigrants: a century and a half of thinking about smaller, less familiar, and more foreign ethnic immigrant groups in a simplistic and negative manner and a resultant tendency to exclude those immigrant groups from the receiving society. The implications of these results for theoretical approaches to intergroup perception and for immigration policy are considered.
Alpine Minerals: A review of the Most Famous Localities of the Central Swiss Alps

Abstract Geology has remunerated people in the Central Alps for the lack of useful ore deposits by a remarkable richness in spectacular and rare minerals.
Semantic role labeling via integer linear programming inference

We present a system for the semantic role labeling task. The system combines a machine learning technique with an inference procedure based on integer linear programming that supports the incorporation of linguistic and structural constraints into the decision process. The system is tested on the data provided in CoNLL-2004 shared task on semantic role labeling and achieves very competitive results.
Yet Another Method for Marking Incisal Edges of Teeth for Bitemark Analysis

Over the years many methods have been proposed and presented for marking or "highlighting" the incisal edges of anterior teeth on a dental stone model -- one of the critical steps in production of transparent overlays for bitemark analysis. A method is presented here that is an extension and refinement of the "paint the edges" method shown at least as early as 1966 by Gustafson. This method uses "invisible ink" and ultraviolet illumination to produce a very high contrast image of the incisal edges of the teeth on the model. The advantages of this new method are that it is nondestructive, it does not leave visible marks on the models, operator subjectivity in selecting the portions of anterior teeth to be highlighted is reduced, and the author submits that this technique lends itself to easy construction of overlays using computer image-processing software such as Adobe Photoshop and ImageJ.
Prostaglandin E1 attenuates postischemic contractile dysfunction after brief coronary occlusion and reperfusion.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that administration of the prostacyclin analogue iloprost improved postischemic functional recovery in reversibly injured ischemic-reperfused myocardium. The present study investigated the effects of administering an endogenous vasodilator prostanoid, prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ), in the stunned myocardium (15 minutes of coronary artery occlusion and 3 hours of reperfusion) of anesthetized dogs. The percentage of regional myocardial segment shortening (%SS) after administration of PGE 1 by two routes, intravenously (1 μg/kg/min) or intraatrially (0.1 μg/kg/min), to avoid pulmonary metabolism, 15 minutes before and throughout the period of occlusion, was compared to %SS in a control group treated with saline solution. Nearly equivalent reductions in mean arterial pressure during occlusion compared to pretreatment control (PTC) values were produced by intravenous (33%) or intraatrial (25%) PGE 1 . There was no difference in transmural myocardial blood flow (radioactive microsphere technique) in the ischemic region between the PGE 1 -treated and control groups at any time. Although there were no differences in %SS in the nonischemic region between groups throughout the experiment, postischemic recovery of segment function in the ischemic-reperfused area was significantly improved ( p 1 (%SS of PTC: 30 minutes=65 ± 8; 3 hours=58 ± 7) or intraatrial PGE 1 (%SS of PTC: 30 minutes=57 ± 12; 3 hours=50 ± 4) compared to the control group (%SS of PTC: 30 minutes=25 ± 13; 3 hours=10 ± 13). Thus treatment with PGE 1 attenuates postischemic contractile dysfunction in the stunned myocardium. The mechanism by which PGE 1 produces these salutary actions is unknown, but it may be partially related to a reduction in afterload during occlusion or by one or more prostaglandin-mediated beneficial effects, such as inhibition of neutrophil function, a cytoprotective action at cellular membranes, or both.
Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Reliability Assessment of a Thermal Interface Material for a Ball Grid Array Package Assembly

The thermal efficacy of thermal interface material (TIM) is highly dependent on its ability to adhere to the surfaces of interest. Any delamination of the TIM from the die or the lid will increase the local thermal resistance and, thus, will reduce the overall effectiveness of the TIM. Although significant amount of work has been done on understanding the thermal and moisture effects of various polymer materials used in microelectronic package assemblies, very limited work has been done to study the effect of temperature and moisture on TIM delamination. In this paper, a sequential hygro-thermal-mechanical finite-element model has been developed to mimic the loadsteps associated with package assembly as well as moisture soaking under 85°C/85RH over 500 h. The predictions from the models have been validated with a wide range of experimental data including laser Moire data for thermomechanical loading and digital image correlation data for hygro-thermo-mechanical loading. Weight gain and coordinate-measurement machine have been used to characterize moisture diffusivity and moisture expansion coefficient of various polymer materials in the package assembly. The developed models show the evolution of normal strain in TIM during various loadsteps and provide important insight into the potential for TIM delamination under package assembly process and moisture soaking. Thus, the models can be used for developing various designs and process steps for reducing the chances for TIM delamination.
Insights into the mechanism for orogen-related carbonate remagnetization from growth of authigenic Fe-oxide: A scanning electron microscopy and rock magnetic study of Devonian carbonates from northern Spain

[1] A rock magnetic and SEM study of Devonian carbonates from the Cantabria-Asturias Region, northern Spain, was undertaken to further our understanding of the pervasive remagnetization of carbonate rocks during the Late Paleozoic, and the mechanism by which these remagnetizations occur. These rocks contain three ancient Late Paleozoic magnetizations. The rock magnetic properties of mineral extracts were compared with those of whole rock chips and “nonmagnetic” residue to deduce magnetic carrier(s) and grain sizes. Hysteresis measurements for rock chips show “typical” wasp-waisted loops, whereas extract shows typical pseudosingle-domain-like (PSD) unrestricted loops. Within all sites, there is a noticeable contribution of superparamagnetic (SP) grains seen in hysteresis properties and low-temperature magnetization measurements of whole rock chips, whereas a trend away from a strong SP contribution is seen when hysteresis properties of whole rock are compared with those of residue and extract. Consequently, our extraction process (predictably) removes SP grains, while preserving the characteristic fraction of remanence-carrying material, which behaves like a typical mixture of single-domain (SD) and PSD magnetite. Paradoxically, the typical “fingerprint” of remagnetized carbonates, as seen in the whole rock data, seems to be a response to abundant SP grains associated with the acquisition of chemical remanent magnetizations (CRM), and not the actual remanence carrying population itself. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of magnetic extract reveal abundant authigenic Fe-oxides, characterized as either 10–100 μm Ni-free spherules or individual 0.1–10 μm euhedral grains. SEM observations of thin sections reveal abundant evidence of fluid flow driven chemical reactions that resulted in formation of new Fe oxide. Such reactions occurred along cracks and grain boundaries and within void space, and are associated with Fe-rich clay and calcite-dolomite reactions or as oxidation of Fe-sulfide framboids. Together, the SEM observations and rock magnetic experiments reveal that the three Late Paleozoic remagnetizations experienced by Cantabria-Asturias Paleozoic carbonates are CRMs facilitated by the presence of fluids activated during Late Paleozoic Variscan deformation.
The Effects of Insulin on Hepatic Glucocorticoid Receptor Content in the Diabetic Rat

AbstractStreptozotocin-induced diabetic rat liver was analyzed for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) content by saturation and Scatchard analysis. The hepatic GR content of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was significantly decreased from a control level of 0.17 ± .01 pmol/mg protein to 0.11 ± .01 pmol/mg protein. Insulin replacement therapy to the diabetic rat dramatically increased the hepatic GR content to 0.26 ± 0.02 pmol/mg protein as compared to the diabetic value of 0.11 ± 0.01 pmol/mg protein.A time course study of GR content in the diabetic rat liver demonstrated that after an initial decrease in hepatic GR content at 14 days, the 25-day diabetic receptor level elevated back to control levels. A significant increase in GR content over controls was observed in the 110-day diabetic rats. These results suggest that insulin has a role in the regulation of hepatic GR content.
Optimal radio capacity for an adaptive hybrid DS/FFH CDMA system in rayleigh fading

An adaptive hybrid direct-sequence/fast frequency hopping code-division multiple-access (DS/FFH-CDMA) system operating in a Rayleigh fading environment is considered and its spectral efficiency, expressed in (bits/sec/Hz), is estimated in terms of the theoretically achievable average channel capacity (in the sense of information theory) per user. The analysis covers the operation over a broadcast single-cell time-varying system and leads to a simple closed-form expression for the optimal number of simultaneously active users based on the maximization of the achieved spectral efficiency
RESPONSES OF THREE VESICULAR - ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AT FOUR SOIL TEMPERATURES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON COTTON GROWTH.

SUMMARY The effects of four soil temperatures on growth of Stoneville 213 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and root colonization by three vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were tested in soil temperature tanks in the glasshouse. Growth responses in fresh and dry weights of shoots and plant height were linear for noninoculated plants, but nonlinear for plants mycorrhizal with Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus ambisporum Smith & Schenck, or Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall at soil temperatures of 18, 24, 30 and 36 °C. Total length of root and length of mycorrhizal root were positively correlated and increased as soil temperatures increased. However, total root length was not significantly changed by soil temperature in nonmycorrhizal plants. At 18 °C, shoot and root growth were not improved by mycorrhizas and total root length was actually suppressed by the endophytes. At 24, 30, and 36 °C, mycorrhizas stimulated plant growth. Shoot dry weights were maximum at 30 °C on plants mycorrhizal with G. margarita and G. intraradicvs and at 36 °C on plants inoculated with G. ambisporutn. Percent root colonization by the endophytes was less than 10% at 18 °C and ranged from 57 to 80% at temperatures of 24 °C or higher. All mycorrhizal plants had increased leaf tissue concentrations of P, Cu, Zn, and Mn with concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn greatest in plants mycorrhizal with G. ambisporum. The three mycorrhizal fungi generally stimulated plant growth equally well at 24 and 30 °C and G. ambisporum was slightly more effective as a symbiont at 36 °C than either G. intraradices or G. margarita.
One-year durability of the effects of cognitive enhancement therapy on functional outcome in early schizophrenia

Cognitive rehabilitation is an effective intervention for addressing cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. Previous research has shown that the early application of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) can improve neurocognitive and social-cognitive deficits in the early course of the disorder, and ultimately reduce the substantial functional disability that these patients experience. However, the lasting effects of CET on functional outcome in early course schizophrenia patients remain unknown. In this study, 58 patients in the early course of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder treated with 2 years of either CET or an Enriched Supportive Therapy (EST) control were followed-up 1 year after the completion of treatment to examine the durability of CET effects on functional outcome. At one-year post-treatment, a high (72%) retention rate was observed in both treatments. Results from intent-to-treat analyses employing linear mixed-effects models indicated that CET effects on functional outcome were broadly maintained one-year post-treatment, and that patients receiving CET continued to demonstrate highly significant differential functional benefits compared to patients treated with EST. These findings support the durability of CET effects on functional outcome in the early course of schizophrenia, and point to the potential of cognitive rehabilitation to have a lasting impact on the early trajectory of the disorder.
The Brazilian Frontier in Comparative Perspective

Beyond influencing generations of scholarship in American history, the paradigm of Frederick Jackson Turner has stimulated a series of monographs and articles on the role of the frontier in the formation of other societies. A synthesis of this comparative research on these frontier societies has been ably undertaken by Gerhard and Mikesell. While there have been numerous articles in both English and Portuguese on the Brazilian frontier, these largely descriptive studies have not been systematically integrated into any conceptual framework, much less the comparative tradition inspired by the Turner thesis. In this essay, I propose to test the robustness of the frontier paradigm against some Brazilian frontier experiences
A Review of L1 and L2/ESL Word Integration Skills and the Nature of L2/ESL Word Integration Development Involved in Lower‐Level Text Processing

This article examines the nature and development of fluent L2/ESL word integration skills involved in lower-level text processing. Four theoretical approaches to word integration and sentence processing in the L1 and L2/ESL literature are discussed in conjunction with a review of the relevant research. The research indicates that L1 and fluent L2/ESL speakers utilize similar processing procedures to integrate words into larger phrase and sentence structures. The research also indicates that the development of fluent and accurate L2/ESL word integration skills depends to a substantial degree on the development of L2/ESL syntactic structure–building skills.
Considering the Source The Impact of Leadership Level on Follower Motivation and Intent to Stay

Researchers and practitioners have devoted little attention to the impact of different sources of leadership support on follower outcomes. The present study is the first to examine the relationship between two levels of leadership support—immediate supervisors and senior management—on follower motivation and intent to stay. Although positively related, support from each level exerted an independent, positive influence on follower motivation and intent to stay, with senior management support showing greater impact. These findings emerged for employees in low- and high-status positions; however, the levels of support had stronger impact on intent to stay for workers in high-status positions.
An immunofluorescence test for detection of antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis

An immunofluorescence (I.F.) test for detection of antibodies to M. tuberculosis has been developed. The antigen utilized in this test is polymerized tuberculin which is obtained by treating acidified old tuberculin wid rhesus monkeys the I.F. titres rose as the disease progressed and in general were higher in the animals with severe disease and lower in less affected animals. In humans it was found to 100% skin negative persons were negative at 1 :10 and that 100% tuberculin skin test positive persons without active disease were negative at 1 :20. Sera from activt was shown to be sensitive and appears to distinguish infected individuals with active disease from those infected cases without active disease. In addition, the test may be of value in monitoring chemotherapy.
Analytic Model of Reactive Flow

A simple analytic model allows prediction of rate constants and size effect behavior before a hydrocode run if size effect data exists. At infinite radius, it defines not only detonation velocity but also average detonation rate, pressure and energy. This allows the derivation of a generalized radius, which becomes larger as the explosive becomes more non-ideal. The model is applied to near-ideal PBX 9404, in-between ANFO and most non-ideal AN. The power of the pressure declines from 2.3, 1.5 to 0.8 across this set. The power of the burn fraction, F, is 0.8, 0 and 0, so that an F-term is important only for the ideal explosives. The size effect shapes change from concave-down to nearly straight to concave-up. Failure is associated with ideal explosives when the calculated detonation velocity turns in a double-valued way. The effect of the power of the pressure may be simulated by including a pressure cutoff in the detonation rate. The models allows comparison of a wide spectrum of explosives providing that a single detonation rate is feasible.
Creating high-level components with a generative representation for body-brain evolution

One of the main limitations of scalability in body-brain evolution systems is the representation chosen for encoding creatures. This paper defines a class of representations called generative representations, which are identified by their ability to reuse elements of the genotype in the translation to the phenotype. This paper presents an example of a generative representation for the concurrent evolution of the morphology and neural controller of simulated robots, and also introduces GENRE, an evolutionary system for evolving designs using this representation. Applying GENRE to the task of evolving robots for locomotion and comparing it against a nongenerative (direct) representation shows that the generative representation system rapidly produces robots with significantly greater fitness. Analyzing these results shows that the generative representation system achieves better performance by capturing useful bias from the design space and by allowing viable large scale mutations in the phenotype. Generative representations thereby enable the encapsulation, coordination, and reuse of assemblies of parts.
Oviposition Behavior of the Face Fly in Caged Cow Manure Pats

Studies were conducted during the summer of 1966 to reveal orientation in the distribution of face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, eggs in caged cow manure under field conditions in Pennsylvania, A group of 350 gravid female face flies was caged over each manure pat for oviposition. In the first series of tests, 20 manure pats were used, each pat being divided by means of a grid into rows I am wide. The numbers of eggs in all rows of each pat were counted. Ten additional pats were employed in another series in which only the eggs deposited along the center row of each pat were counted. Findings show that under these conditions the face flies tended to deposit their eggs in the central portion of the manure pat, and that the number of eggs steadily declined toward the edge.
The bed: a medium for intimate communication

In this paper, I present "The Bed", an environment providing a new form of abstracted presence for intimate, non-verbal inter-personal communication. This secure and familiar environment is explored for its ability to become a shared virtual space for bridging the distance between two remotely located individuals through aural, visual, and tactile manifestations of subtle emotional qualities. As an example, I describe the application of these tangible interfaces and ambient media into a working prototype.
On a computational approach for the approximate dynamics of averaged variables in nonlinear ODE systems : Toward the derivation of constitutive laws of the rate type

A non-perturbative approach to the time-averaging of nonlinear, autonomous ordinary differential equations is developed based on invariant manifold methodology. The method is implemented computationally and applied to model problems arising in the mechanics of solids.
Surface morphology and functions of pharyngeal structures in the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus.

To gain insight into the multiple functions of a complex biological structure, the morphology of the pharynx of the larva (ammocoete) of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and histochemistry (PAS and Alcian blue). Features studied include the gills, the parabranchial chambers external to the gills, intrapharyngeal ciliary tracts, the ridged pharyngeal roof, the floor, and the intrapharyngeal taste buds. Significant findings are: (1) All (nonciliated) cells lining these structures are covered with microvilli or microridges. The pattern and packing density of these membrane features vary among different pharyngeal structures. The lumenar membranes of pharyngeal lining cells overlie a mucous prosecretion in the apical cytoplasm, suggesting that the microvilli/ridges on these membranes function to anchor mucus. (2) Patterns of microvilli/ridges on the gill respiratory lamellae differ among ammocoetes of different species. (3) Pharyngeal osmo-regulatory cells (“chloride cells”) could not be identified on the basis of the microvillus/ridge pattern. (4) Two types of ciliary tracts are present within the pharynx. One has tall (x= 13 μm) and densely packed cilia, whereas the other has shorter (x= 7 μm) and less densely packed ones. Because mucus covers both types of tracts their function appears to involve the transport of mucus. (5) Food particles were found on the lateral surfaces of the gill filaments and on the surfaces of the parabranchial chambers. It appears that goblet cells in the epithelia of these regions secrete mucus in which the particles are trapped.
Regional heterogeneity of α-adrenoreceptor subtypes in arteriolar networks of mouse skeletal muscle

Activation of vascular adrenoreceptors (ARs) governs the magnitude and distribution of muscle blood flow in accord with the distribution of AR subtypes. Functional studies in the rat cremaster muscle indicate that α1ARs predominate in proximal arterioles (first-order, 1A) while α2ARs predominate in distal arterioles (third-order, 3A). However, little is known of AR subtype distribution in arteriolar networks of locomotor skeletal muscles, particularly in the mouse. We tested the hypotheses that functional AR subtypes exhibit heterogeneity among branches of arteriolar networks in a locomotor muscle and that the nature of this heterogeneity can vary between muscles having diverse functions. In anaesthetized male C57BL/6J mice (3 months old), concentration–response curves (10−9 m to 10−5 m, 0.5 log increments) were evaluated in the gluteus maximus muscle superfused with physiological saline solution (35°C, pH 7.4; n≥ 5 per group). Noradrenaline (NA, non-selective αAR agonist) constricted 1A, 2A and 3A with similar potency and efficacy. Phenylephrine (PE; α1AR agonist) evoked greater (P < 0.05) constriction in 3A (inhibited by 10−8 m prazosin; α1AR antagonist) while UK 14304 (UK; α2AR agonist) evoked greater (P < 0.05) constriction in 1A (inhibited by 10−7 m rauwolscine; α2AR antagonist). Isoproterenol (isoprenaline; βAR agonist) dilated 1A, 2A and 3A near-maximally with similar potency and efficacy; these dilatations were inhibited by 10−7 m propranolol (βAR antagonist) which otherwise had no effect on responses to NA, PE, or UK. Complementary experiments in the mouse cremaster muscle revealed a pattern of αAR subtype distribution that, while distinct from the gluteus maximus muscle, was consistent with that reported for the rat cremaster muscle. We conclude that functional αAR subtype distribution in arteriolar networks of skeletal muscle varies with muscle function as well as vessel branch order.
Social Capital, Too Much of a Good Thing? American Religious Traditions and Community Crime

Using American religious traditions as measures of bonding and bridging social capital in communities, we empirically test how these different forms of social capital affect crime rates in 3,157 U.S. counties in 2000. Our results suggest that the bonding networks evangelical Protestants promote in communities explain why counties with a greater percentage of residents affiliated with this tradition consistently have higher crime rates. Conversely, our results suggest that the bridging networks that mainline Protestants and Catholics foster in communities explain why counties with a greater percentage of residents affiliated with these traditions generally have lower crime rates. This article thus provides empirical corroboration for recent theoretical discussions that focus on how the social capital that groups cultivate in communities need not always benefit communities as a whole.
Leukotriene C4 Is Released from the Anaphylactic Heart: A Case for Its Direct Negative Inotropic Effect

Data from our laboratory indicate that the heart reacts as a target organ in systemic hypersensitivity reactions (Capurro and Levi, 1975; Graver et al., 1983). Cardiac dysfunction observed during anaphylaxis in the guinea pig (Capurro and Levi, 1975; Zavecz and Levi, 1977) resembles that reported in humans (Bernreiter, 1959; Both and Patterson, 1970; Criep and Woehler, 1971; Petsas and Kotier, 1973; Sullivan, 1982) and is caused by mediators released intracardially and reaching the heart from the lung (Zavecz and Levi, 1977). “Cardiac anaphylaxis” (Feigen and Prager, 1969) is characterized by tachycardia, arrhythmias, contractile failure, coronary constriction, and mediator release (Capurro and Levi, 1975; Levi and Allan, 1980; Levi et al., 1982). Tachycardia and arrhythmias are caused by the release of endogenous cardiac histamine, since they are reproduced by the intracardiac administration of histamine and abolished by antihistamines (Levi and Allan, 1980; Levi et al., 1982). On the other hand, anaphylactic coronary constriction is markedly reduced by cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as indomethacin or aspirin or by thromboxane syn-thetase inhibitors such as 1-(2-isopropylphenyl)imidazole (Allan and Levi, 1981). Furthermore, the intracardiac administration of U 46619, a stable thromboxane analogue, causes coronary constriction (Allan and Levi, 1980a). Thus, prostanoate compounds, particularly thromboxane, contribute to the fall in coronary flow rate that characterizes cardiac anaphylaxis (Levi et al., 1982). Other potent coronary-constricting agents, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF, AGEPC), are also likely to contribute to anaphylactic coronary constriction (Levi et al., 1984).
Using NSQIP Data for Quality Improvement: The Cleveland Clinic SSI Experience

Abstract Prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) has become one of the primary objectives of national quality improvement programs in U.S. hospitals. This article would discuss the impact of participation in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) on the outcomes and our experience for SSI reduction. Since 2005, our institution has been an active participant of the ACS-NSQIP, and our SSI rates have been compared with other NSQIP centers; in 2006, we were found to be a high outlier institution for SSI. ACS-NSQIP greatly facilitated our understanding of the reasons for high SSI rates and patient profile that is associated with high risks for SSIs and how we can make improvements. Thus, our department initiated an SSI reduction strategy program called the “CORS SSI Prevention Bundle Project” in 2014. This effort was resulted in a statistically significant decrease in overall SSI rates from 11.8% to 6.5% after colorectal surgery. In conclusion, participation in the ACS-NSQIP offers the opportunity to compare institutional SSI rates with those of other and recognize the facts for improvement. By using this data, a bundled approach improved clinical outcomes in our experience and this was attributed to multifaceted initiatives stemming from multiple team members and comprehensive data utilization.