cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Income Distribution and Consumption Driven Growth: How Consumption Behaviors of the Top Two Income Quintiles Help to Explain the Economy

Recent institutionalist and post-Keynesian work on business cycles continues with the traditional institutionalist supposition that financial bubbles drive cycles; however there has been a growing sense in the literature that household consumption, not business investment, has become the key variable. This paper will show how this is a change from historical institutional theory and it will then discuss how this change pushes income distribution toward a more central role in explaining current cycle dynamics. Specifically, this paper argues that much of the economic growth over the last two decades can be attributed to the top two quintiles borrowing more and the current slow growth can be attributed to high quintile households increasing their consumption while middle income households are continuing to deleverage.
Malignant melanoma prognostic factors 4: ulceration width.

Abstract “Ulceration width” is superior to “ulceration per se” as a prognostic variable in patients with clinical stage I melanoma. Just as thickness has replaced level of invasion, “ulceration width” will replace ulceration.
Lean Transformation: Organizational Performance Factors that Influence Firms’ Leanness

The purpose of this research study was to examine relationships between organizational performance and change (OP&C) factors perceived leanness, and objective performance measures within a medium-sized manufacturing organization engaged in lean transformation. Burke (2008) suggested that successful transformational change is often predicated upon an organization's ability to understand dimensions influencing change interventions as outlined in the Burke-Litwin model of OP&C. To better understand why lean interventions succeed in some instances and not in others, it is important to study relationships between OP&C dimensions and their impact on the leanness an organization achieves. While a number of statistically significant findings were found with small effect sizes among the dependent and attribute variables, some statistically significant findings with much larger than typical effect sizes between the dependent variable and the objective financial data were discovered. However, the reliability and val...
Computation and visualization of leading edge vortex flows

The modeling of vortical flows is a continuing requirement for the design and analysis of flight vehicles. In this paper, the computation of leading edge vortices is considered. The solution of the laminar, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations for a transonic delta wing is presented as a representative example. Issues relating to the visualization of the results are discussed, and illustrations using the newly developed software VISUAL3 on a Stardent graphics supercomputer are included.
Pulsatile Flow Visualization in the Abdominal Aorta Under Differing Physiologic Conditions: Implications for Increased Susceptibility to Atherosclerosis

The infrarenal abdominal aorta is a common site for clinically significant atherosclerosis. As has been shown in other susceptible locations, vessel geometry, flow division rates, and pulsatility may result in hemodynamic conditions which influence the preferential localization of disease in the abdominal aorta segment. Pulsatile flow visualization was performed in a glass model of the aorta constructed from measurements of angiograms and cadaver aortas. Flow rates and pulsatile waveforms were varied to reflect typical physiological conditions. Under normal resting conditions, the flow patterns in the infrarenal aorta were more complex than those in the suprarenal location. Time varying vortex patterns appeared at the level of the renal arteries and propagated through the infrarenal aorta into the common iliac arteries. A region of oscillating velocity direction extended from the renal arteries to the aortic bifurcation along the posterior wall. Dye became trapped along the posterior wall, requiring several cardiac cycles for clearance. In contrast, there was rapid clearance of the dye in the anterior aorta. Under postprandial conditions, the flow patterns in the aorta were basically unchanged. Simulated exercise conditions created laminar hemodynamic features very different from the resting conditions, including a decrease in dye residence time. This study reveals significant time-dependent variations in the hemodynamics of the abdominal aorta under differing physiologic conditions. Hemodynamic factors such as low wall shear stress, oscillating shear direction, and high particle residence time may be related to the clinically seen preferential plaque localization in the infrarenal aorta.
Discriminating Dysarthria Type From Envelope Modulation Spectra

Purpose Previous research demonstrated the ability of temporally based rhythm metrics to distinguish among dysarthrias with different prosodic deficit profiles (J. M. Liss et al., 2009). The author...
Magnetization and magnetoresistance in granular AgCo films

Abstract A series of 150 nm thick Ag100 − xCox films (x varying from 12 at.% to 46 at.%) were grown by e-beam coevaporation in an UHV system at substrate temperatures, Ts, between 30 °C and 200 °C, followed by a heat treatment. For the analysis of the magnetic properties of the Co precipitates we fit our m(B) measurements with a log-normal distribution of radii using the Langevin function to obtain mean radii of the superparamagnetic particles. By annealing it is possible to optimize the giant magnetoresistance Δρ ρ of samples grown at room temperature, whereas no heat treatment seems to be necessary for samples evaporated at elevated temperatures. These magnetic film properties are compared with the corresponding Co particle sizes and size distributions. The film structure and morphology was determined ex situ by X-ray diffraction. Our results of the magnetic film properties are consistent with the observed changes in microstructure and Co particle growth.
Biochemical characterization and crystal structure of endoglucanase Cel5A from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima.

Tm_Cel5A, which belongs to family 5 of the glycoside hydrolases, is an extremely stable enzyme among the endo-acting glycosidases present in the hyperthermophilic organism Thermotoga maritima. Members of GH5 family shows a common (β/α)(8) TIM-barrel fold in which the catalytic acid/base and nucleophile are located on strands β-4 and β-7 of the barrel fold. Thermally resistant cellulases are desirable for lignocellulosic biofuels production and the Tm_Cel5A is an excellent candidate for use in the degradation of polysaccharides present on biomass. This paper describes two Tm_Cel5A structures (crystal forms I and II) solved at 2.20 and 1.85A resolution, respectively. Our analyses of the Tm_Cel5A structure and comparison to a mesophilic GH5 provides a basis for the thermostability associated with Tm_Cel5A. Furthermore, both crystal forms of Tm_Cel5A possess a cadmium (Cd(2+)) ion bound between the two catalytic residues. Activity assays of Tm_Cel5A confirmed a strong inhibition effect in the presence of Cd(2+) metal ions demonstrating competition with the natural substrate for the active site. Based on the structural information we have obtained for Tm_Cel5A, protein bioengineering can be used to potentially increase the thermostability of mesophilic cellulase enzymes.
A program designed to facilitate the repetitive acquisition, display, and disk storage of sensory evoked responses.

We present an algorithm that permits automated acquisition, display, and disk storage of single or dual channel sensory evoked potential waveforms using a Pathfinder II evoked response monitor. Once initiated, data acquisition and storage continue at user-specified intervals without additional user input. A cascade screen display provides trend monitoring. The file for data storage is established and searched using standard Pathfinder commands. The algorithm is written in MECOL, the Pathfinder specific programming language. This programming code imposed a number of limitations that had to be overcome to create a versatile and user friendly algorithm. During clinical use in our operating rooms, the program has been found effective and easy to use by both veteran and novice Pathfinder operators. The “handsoff” trend monitoring permitted by this algorithm has reduced the labor-intensive aspect of sensory evoked potential monitoring.
New Li solid electrolytes

New Li-ion conductors with several different structure types are reported. Li4B7O12(Cl,Br) and LiM2P3O12 (MZr, Hf) have framework structures. The others are based on structures with isolated polyhedra in a network of edge-linked Li polyhedra and include Li2+xC1−xBxO3, Li3−x B1−xCxO3, Li4+xSi1−xSi1−xAlxO4, Li4−xSi1−xPxO4, Li4−2xSi1−xSxO4 and Li 5−xAl1−xSixO4. Li0.8Zr1.8 Ta0.2P3O12 has the best room temperature conductivity, ∼5 × 10−6 (Ωcm)−1. At 300°C, the conductivities of Li3.75Si0.75P0.25O4, Li3.4Si0.3O4 and Li2.25C0.75B0.25O3 are 1 × 10−2 (Ωcm)−1. These compositions resist attack by molten li at 200°C and some can be easily prepared as dense ceramics.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASAL BODIES AND FLAGELLA IN ALLOMYCES ARBUSCULUS.

The development of basal bodies and flagella in the water mold Allomyces arbusculus has been studied with the electron microscope. A small pre-existing centriole, about 160 mµ in length, was found in an inpocketing of the nuclear membrane in the vegetative hypha. Thus, formation of a basal body does not occur de novo. When the hyphal tip started to differentiate into gametangia, the centrioles were found to exist in pairs. One of the members of the pair then grew distally to more than three times its original length, whereas the other remained the same size. The larger centriole would correspond to the basal body of a future gamete. Gametogenesis was usually induced by transferring a "ripe" culture to distilled water. Shortly after this was done, a few vesicles were pinched off from the cell membrane of the gametangium and came in contact with the basal body. Apparently, they fused and formed a large primary vesicle. The flagellum then started to grow by invaginating into it. Flagellar fibers were evident from the very beginning. As the flagellum grew so did the vesicle by fusion with secondary vesicles, thus coming to form the flagellar sheath. The different stages of flagellar morphogenesis are described and the possible interrelationships with other processes are discussed.
Grainsize evolution in ductile shear zones: Implications for strain localization and the strength of the lithosphere

Abstract At high stresses and low temperatures, grainsize reduction by dynamic recrystallization profoundly modifies rock rheology. Strain energy driven grain-boundary migration (ρGBM) is involved both in the nucleation of new grains by the grain-boundary bulging mechanism (BLG), and in the subsequent evolution of the microstructure. Above the D min line, which is a line in stress/grainsize space that defines the minimum size of nucleus that can form by BLG, ρGBM dominates the microstructure, and grain growth by surface energy driven grain-boundary migration (γGBM) is inhibited. The recrystallized grainsize is therefore dominated by the nucleation process, possibly controlled by the size of subgrains or dislocation cells within the old grains. This provides a first-order explanation for the experimentally observed grainsize-stress relationship. ρGBM is an important agent of recovery in rocks deformed by dislocation creep, sweeping out dislocations and counteracting work-hardening. We have derived a new flow law (DRX-assisted dislocation creep) based on this process, which exhibits grainsize sensitivity as a result of the role of ρGBM. If grainsize obeys the empirically-determined grainsize-stress relationship, DRX creep has an effective stress exponent of a little over 4, consistent with experimental observations and inferences from naturally deformed rocks. DRX creep may be an important agent in weakening quartz at low temperatures, whereas current flow law data suggest it may not be important in olivine. Rocks deformed and dynamically recrystallized above the D min line may switch from climb-assisted dislocation creep to grainsize-sensitive creep (Coble creep, DRX creep, or creep dominated by grain-boundary sliding), resulting in weakening. Lithospheric-scale shear zones are likely to evolve at approximately constant stress; under these conditions weakening results in an increase in strain rate, not a stress drop. The rate of dislocation motion, the dislocation density, and the dynamically recrystallized grainsize all remain the same, and grain growth will be inhibited by the activity of ρGBM. Hence the switches in deformation mechanism and the weakening they cause will be permanent, so long as the tectonic boundary conditions remain unchanged. Grainsize reduction caused by dynamic recrystallization may therefore play a fundamental role in lithospheric weakening, and may be a key process in the maintenance of plate tectonics.
Discrete Choice Theory and the General Equilibrium of Employment, Housing, and Travel Networks in a Lowry-Type Model of the Urban Economy:

Five influential paradigms established by Beckmann, Lowry, Wilson, Mills, and McFadden are unifed by developing a long-run economic general equilibrium model of urban land-use based on probabilistic discrete choice theory. The model takes into account the interdependence of export oriented and service employment with population. Households' choice of employment type, employment location, type and location of housing, shopping destination and choice of travel routes in the journey to work and journey to shop are determined simultaneously by means of stochastic utility maximization. Firms' choices of building type and location and travel occurs on a congestible link-node network. The model determines the wage rate for each employment type in each zone, the price of floor space for each building type in each zone, the price of land in each zone, the price of the locally traded composite commodity in each zone, and the peak and off-peak congested travel-cost and travel-time for each link of the network. The quantity of land which remains undeveloped is also determined. A nonlinear mathematical programming problem is formulated which is equivalent to the general equilibrium problem and is used to prove the existence and uniqueness of the general equilibrium in all the prices and physical allocations. (Author/TRRL)
Computer Simulation of the Phase Stabilities of Lithiated TiO2 Polymorphs

The structure and phase stability of a series of lithiated titania polymorphs were determined using energy minimizations of the periodic bulk crystal structures and both density functional theory (DFT) and a potential shell model. The DFT calculations were performed spin unrestricted following the linear combination of atomic orbital approach with the B3LYP exchange-correlation potential. For the potential shell model, a new set of force field parameters was derived, independently of the DFT calculations, to describe the lithium−lattice interactions. The eight polymorphs considered in this study are the rutile, anatase, brookite, TiO2−B, ramsdellite, hollandite, spinel, and hexagonal structures. The lithium to titanium ratio, x, of each lithiated titania polymorph was varied from 0.0 to 1.0 with 0.25 increments. The potential model predictions were found to be in good agreement with the structure and energetics of the lithiated titania polymorphs determined from DFT calculations, at all lithium contents. ...
The structural context of novel rights claims : Southern civil rights organizing, 1961-1966

Theorists of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) have argued that the abstract, individualistic, and state-dependent character of rights makes them of dubious value for groups fighting for social change. Southern civil rights organizers in the early 1960s engaged in the kind of power-oriented strategy that CLS writers advocate in lieu of a rights-oriented one. However, the rights claims they made inside and outside courtrooms were essential to their political organizing efforts. Far from narrowing collective aspirations to the limits of the law, activists' extension of rights claims to the "unqualified" legitimated assaults on economic inequality, governmental decisionmaking in poverty programs, and the Vietnam War. What made possible this novel formulation was not only the multivalent character of rights but also key features of the social, political, and organizational contexts within which rights were advanced.
Rooting for queers: A politics of primitivity

(2005). Rooting for queers: A politics of primitivity. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 251-289.
Cation complexation and conductivity in crown ether bearing polyphosphazenes

An attempt has been made to understand the mechanism of ionic conductivity in polyphosphazene−salt complexes by the synthesis and study of systems with crown ether side groups and salts with different cations. Amorphous phosphazene polymers, bearing either (12-crown-4)-methoxy, (15-crown-5)-methoxy, or (18-crown-6)-methoxy pendent groups, either as single-substituent polymers or mixed-substituent species in a 1:3 ratio with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy groups, were synthesized and characterized. The polymers in which all the side groups are crown ether units have glass transition temperatures higher than other oligo(ethyleneoxy) polyphosphazenes. They generate relatively low ionic conductivities at ambient temperatures when complexed with lithium triflate or lithium perchlorate. This suggests that the cation carries a significant part of the current in ether-type polymers. The ambient temperature ionic conductivity of the cosubstituent polyphosphazenes, as well as of poly[bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosph...
WAVOS: a MATLAB toolkit for wavelet analysis and visualization of oscillatory systems

Wavelets have proven to be a powerful technique for the analysis of periodic data, such as those that arise in the analysis of circadian oscillators. While many implementations of both continuous and discrete wavelet transforms are available, we are aware of no software that has been designed with the nontechnical end-user in mind. By developing a toolkit that makes these analyses accessible to end users without significant programming experience, we hope to promote the more widespread use of wavelet analysis. We have developed the WAVOS toolkit for wavelet analysis and visualization of oscillatory systems. WAVOS features both the continuous (Morlet) and discrete (Daubechies) wavelet transforms, with a simple, user-friendly graphical user interface within MATLAB. The interface allows for data to be imported from a number of standard file formats, visualized, processed and analyzed, and exported without use of the command line. Our work has been motivated by the challenges of circadian data, thus default settings appropriate to the analysis of such data have been pre-selected in order to minimize the need for fine-tuning. The toolkit is flexible enough to deal with a wide range of oscillatory signals, however, and may be used in more general contexts. We have presented WAVOS: a comprehensive wavelet-based MATLAB toolkit that allows for easy visualization, exploration, and analysis of oscillatory data. WAVOS includes both the Morlet continuous wavelet transform and the Daubechies discrete wavelet transform. We have illustrated the use of WAVOS, and demonstrated its utility for the analysis of circadian data on both bioluminesence and wheel-running data. WAVOS is freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/wavos/files/
Long-term tropospheric and lower stratospheric ozone variations from ozonesonde observations

An analysis is presented of the long-term mean pressure-latitude seasonal distribution of tropospheric and lower stratospheric ozone for the four seasons covering, in part, over 20 years of ozonesonde data. The observed patterns show minimum ozone mixing ratios in the equatorial and tropical troposphere except in regions where net photochemical production is dominant. In the middle and upper troposphere, and low stratosphere to 50 mb, ozone increases from the tropics to subpolar latitudes of both hemispheres. In mid stratosphere, the ozone mixing ratio is a maximum over the tropics. The observed vertical ozone gradient is small in the troposphere but increases rapidly above the tropopause. The amplitude of the annual variation increases from a minimum in the tropics to a maximum in polar regions. Also, the amplitude increases with height at all latitudes up to about 30 mb where the phase of the annual variation changes abruptly. The phase of the annual variation is during spring in the boundary layer, summer in mid troposphere, and spring in the upper troposhere and lower stratosphere.
Ion accelerators in space plasma mass spectroscopy

Abstract Plasmas found in the solar wind and the magnetospheres of the Earth and other planets represent formidable experimental challenges in the area of ion mass spectroscopy. Spectrometers must cope with low density ( 10 keV) that are highly anisotropic and heterogeneous. Ions may include singly and multiply charged atomic species such as hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen, as well as, in the case of comets and other planets, a variety of molecular species. Calibration of space plasma mass spectrometers offers a comparable challenge: it requires an ion source and acceleration stages that will produce a uniform beam of large area (± 5% over ∼ 20 × 20 cm), and moderate intensity (102 −109 ions/cm2s) from a wide variety of gases. Furthermore, the beam must be well coffimated (≤ 0.5° FWHM) and resolved (M/ΔM > 50, E/ΔE > 200) and have a stability of ±1% over periods > 8 h. Instruments to be calibrated are oriented in the beam using a 4 degree-of-freedom gimbal and translation system. A system which meets these requirements is currently being designed at Southwest Research Institute.
Backbone-methylated analogues of the principle receptor binding region of human parathyroid hormone. Evidence for binding to both the N-terminal extracellular domain and extracellular loop region.

We have used backbone N-methylations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to study the role of these NH groups in the C-terminal amphiphilic α-helix of PTH (1–31) in binding to and activating the PTH receptor (P1R). The circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicated the structure of the C-terminal α-helix was locally disrupted around the methylation site. The CD spectra differences were explained by assuming a helix disruption for four residues on each side of the site of methylation and taking into account the known dependence of CD on the length of an α-helix. Binding and adenylyl cyclase-stimulating data showed that outside of the α-helix, methylation of residues Asp30 and Val31 had little effect on structure or activities. Within the α-helix, disruption of the structure was associated with increased loss of activity, but for specific residues Val21, Leu24, Arg25, and Leu28 there was a dramatic loss of activities, thus suggesting a more direct role of these NH groups in correct P1R binding and activation. Activity analyses with P1R-delNT, a mutant with its long N-terminal region deleted, gave a different pattern of effects and implicated Ser17, Trp23, and Lys26 as important for its PTH activation. These two groups of residues are located on opposite sides of the helix. These results are compatible with the C-terminal helix binding to both the N-terminal segment and also to the looped-out extracellular region. These data thus provide direct evidence for important roles of the C-terminal domain of PTH in determining high affinity binding and activation of the P1R receptor.
Use of phospholipid-clay complexes for determining vibrational spectra of membrane related systems.

For determining the infrared and Raman spectra of membrane related systems, a method is developed to incorporate phospholipid bilayer assemblies in a clay matrix to form ultra-thin, self-supporting films. These films, containing stabilized bilayers arranged between the silicate layers of hectorite, are in the shape of discs which measure about 2 cm in diameter and 25 microns thick and require approximately 2 mg of phospholipid for preparation. Although several spectral regions below 1100 cm−1 are masked by the host clay, both head group and acyl chain vibrations may be conveniently observed and monitored for phospholipid conformational changes.
Matrix Finite-Zone Dirac-Type Equations☆

Abstract Weyl–Titchmarsh matrix functions play an essential role in the spectral theory of Dirac-type equations (Oper. Theory: Adv. Appl.107 (1999)). In this paper, we have constructed a class of Weyl–Titchmarsh matrix-functions generating potentials of finite-zone type. It has turned out that the corresponding potentials have derivatives of an arbitrary order. Using the above-mentioned results, we deduce the matrix analogue of the trace formula for finite-zone matrix potentials. In the last part of the paper, we consider separately the scalar case of Dirac-type equations. For this case, we have constructed finite-zone potentials in explicit forms and proved that these potentials are quasiperiodical. We note that for scalar Schrodinger equations the corresponding results are well known (see Invent. Math.30 (1975), 217–274; “Soliton and the Inverse Scattering Transform,” SIAM, Philadelphia, 1981; Rev. Sci. Technol.23 (1983), 20–50; “Theory of Solitons, The Method of Inverse Problem,” New York, 1984; “Inverse Sturm–Liouville Problems,” VSP, Zeist, 1987; “Inverse Spectral Theory,” Academic Press, New York, 1987).
Virion-Wide Protein Interactions of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

Herpesvirus virions are highly organized structures built through specific protein-protein interactions. Thus, revelation of the protein interactions among virion proteins will shed light on the processes and the mechanisms of virion formation. Recently, we identified 24 virion proteins of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), using a proteomic approach (F. X. Zhu et al., J. Virol. 79:800-811, 2005). In the current study, a comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interaction between KSHV virion proteins was carried out using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) approaches. Every pairwise combination between KSHV tegument and capsid proteins, between tegument and envelope proteins, and among tegument proteins was tested for possible binary interaction. Thirty-seven protein-protein interactions were identified by both Y2H and co-IP analyses. The results revealed interactions between tegument and capsid proteins such as that of open reading frame 64 (ORF64) with ORF25 (major capsid protein [MCP]), ORF62 (triplex-1 [TRI-1]), and ORF26 (TRI-2). Many interactions were detected among the tegument proteins. ORF64 was found to interact with several tegument proteins including ORF11, ORF21, ORF33, ORF45, ORF63, ORF75, and ORF64 itself, suggesting that ORF64 may serve as a hub protein and play a role in recruiting tegument proteins during tegumentation and virion assembly. Our investigation also revealed redundant interactions between tegument proteins and envelope glycoproteins. These interactions are believed to contribute to final envelopment in virion assembly. Overall, this study allows us to establish a virion-wide protein interaction map, which provides insight into the architecture of the KSHV virion and sets up a foundation for exploring the functions of these proteins in viral particle assembly.
On the mechanisms underlying diastolic voltage oscillations in the sinoatrial node.

Abstract Aim The study of the mechanisms underlying the oscillatory afterpotential (V os ) and prepotential (ThV os ). Background It has been recently shown that V os and ThV os play an obligatory role in the dominant sinoatrial node (SAN) discharge. Methods Guinea pig isolated SAN was studied in vitro by means of a microelectrode technique. Results High [K + ] o and premature stimuli unmask V os superimposed on early diastolic depolarization and ThV os within a less negative voltage range (“oscillatory zone”). Subthreshold stimuli elicit ThV os in the oscillatory zone, but not at more negative values. Drive and caffeine shift the oscillatory zone in a negative direction. Low caffeine concentrations increase the size of V os and of ThV os , rate, and force. High caffeine concentrations suppress V os but increase the size of ThV os and shift them to more negative values until they eventually miss the threshold. In quiescent SAN in high caffeine, a fast drive enhances ThV os size, thereby initiating a transient spontaneous rhythm (“overdrive excitation”). Adrenergic agonists potentiate caffeine-induced overdrive excitation through an increase in ThV os . In high caffeine, the first twitch after quiescence is not larger, twitch relaxation is slower, V os is abolished, and the prolonged nonoscillatory afterdepolarization V ex is induced, consistent with an impairment of Ca 2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The effects of caffeine in Tyrode's solution are accounted for by the caffeine-induced changes in the oscillatory potentials. Tetrodotoxin decreases force and size of both V os and ThV os . Conclusions The mechanism underlying V os is related to a diastolic release of Ca 2+ from a Ca 2+ -overloaded sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas that of ThV os appears to be related to ionic currents in the resting potential range that can initiate and sustain spontaneous discharge.
Medial Temporal Lobe Volume Predicts Elders’ Everyday Memory

Deficits in memory for everyday activities are common complaints among healthy and demented older adults. The medial temporal lobes and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are both affected by aging and early-stage Alzheimer's disease, and are known to influence performance on laboratory memory tasks. We investigated whether the volume of these structures predicts everyday memory. Cognitively healthy older adults and older adults with mild Alzheimer's-type dementia watched movies of everyday activities and completed memory tests on the activities. Structural MRI was used to measure brain volume. Medial temporal but not prefrontal volume strongly predicted subsequent memory. Everyday memory depends on segmenting activity into discrete events during perception, and medial temporal volume partially accounted for the relationship between performance on the memory tests and performance on an event-segmentation task. The everyday-memory measures used in this study involve retrieval of episodic and semantic information as well as working memory updating. Thus, the current findings suggest that during perception, the medial temporal lobes support the construction of event representations that determine subsequent memory.
Spatially Adaptive Classification of Land Cover With Remote Sensing Data

This paper proposes a novel framework called Gaussian process maximum likelihood for spatially adaptive classification of hyperspectral data. In hyperspectral images, spectral responses of land covers vary over space, and conventional classification algorithms that result in spatially invariant solutions are fundamentally limited. In the proposed framework, each band of a given class is modeled by a Gaussian random process indexed by spatial coordinates. These models are then used to characterize each land cover class at a given location by a multivariate Gaussian distribution with parameters adapted for that location. Experimental results show that the proposed method effectively captures the spatial variations of hyperspectral data, significantly outperforming a variety of other classification algorithms on three different hyperspectral data sets.
Synthesis and initial characterization of amine salts of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one

Seven amine salts of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO) have been prepared from inexpensive raw materials. The ammonium, ethylenediamine. hydrazine, and guanidinium homolog salts of NTO were synthesized; their methods of preparation are described. Results from initial characterization and small-scale sensitivity tests indicate that these compounds are thermally stable and moderately insensitive to impact. The heats of formation of these compounds were determined and their performances as gun-propellant ingredients were calculated based on these data. 13C-NMR spectra are also reported.
Automated Generation of Built-In Self-Test and Measurement Circuitry for Mixed-Signal Circuits and Systems

This paper presents a software based approach for automatic generation of digital circuitry for synthesis and incorporation in a mixed-signal circuit or system to provide Built-In Self-Test (BIST) and measurement of the analog circuitry. The measurements supported by the BIST circuitry include frequency response (both gain and phase), linearity and noise figure. The measurements provide analog functional testing as well as the basis for on-chip compensation to improve yield during manufacturing and performance during system operation.
Type inference for unboxed types and first class mutability

Systems programs rely on fine-grain control of data representation and use of state to achieve performance, conformance to hard-ware specification, and temporal predictability. The robustness and checkability of these programs could be greatly improved if modern type systems and programming language ideas, such as polymorphism and type inference, could be applied to these programs.BitC is a higher-order programming language in the tradition of ML and Haskell, extended to incorporate both state and the expression of unboxed and low-level datatypes. State and unboxed value types interact in subtle ways with polymorphic type-inference. Unless handled with care in the language design, interactions of these features can lead to unsoundness or results that are counter-intuitive to the programmer. Because instances of value types may have mutable components, a decision must be made concerning their compatibility at copy boundaries: should structurally equivalent types that differ only in their mutability be considered compatible. The choice impacts both the amount of polymorphism that the language can preserve and the burden of type annotation imposed on the programmer.This paper presents some of these challenges and our design for how to address these issues.
First Estimates of Natural Mortality for Yellowtail Rockfish

Abstract New exploitation of yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus in one area off the Washington coast allowed first estimates of instantaneous natural mortality rate to be made for this species. Most values calculated from catch curves and survival data fall in the 0.2–0.3 range; the best point estimate is 0.25.
Segregation of PIP2 and PIP3 into distinct nanoscale regions within the plasma membrane

PIP2 and PIP3 are implicated in a wide variety of cellular signaling pathways at the plasma membrane. We have used STORM imaging to localize clusters of PIP2 and PIP3 to distinct nanoscale regions within the plasma membrane of PC12 cells. With anti-phospholipid antibodies directly conjugated with AlexaFluor 647, we found that PIP2 clusters in membrane domains of 64.5±27.558 nm, while PIP3 clusters had a size of 125.6±22.408 nm. With two color direct STORM imaging we show that >99% of phospholipid clusters have only one or other phospholipid present. These results indicate that lipid nano-domains can be readily identified using super-resolution imaging techniques, and that the lipid composition and size of clusters is tightly regulated.
Micromechanics prediction of the transverse tensilc strength of carobn fiber/epoxy composites: The influence of the matrix and interface

Currently, there is great interest in understanding and improving the bond between the fibers and matrix in high performcance composite materials. In many recently developed systems, fiber surface treatments have been developed to improve poor bonding. These treatments are often evaluated by measureing their effect on a composite property sensitive to the interfacial bond strength, typically the composite shear strength. This paper presents an evaluation of the influence of the matrix and interface properties on the transverse tensile strength. These effects were quantified by compring transverse flexural experimental data with results from a finite element micromechanics model. The results indicate that the transverse tensile strength is significantly more dependent upon sizing than is the shear strength. Finally, the transvere flexure test appears to provide an additional and complementary test for evaluating interface bond characteristics.
The effects of wildfire on the sediment yield of a coastal California watershed

The occurrence of two wildfi res separated by 31 yr in the chaparral-dominated Arroyo Seco watershed (293 km 2 ) of California provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of wildfi re on suspended-sediment yield. Here, we compile discharge and suspended-sediment sampling data from before and after the fi res and show that the effects of the postfi re responses differed markedly. The 1977 Marble Cone wildfi re was followed by an exceptionally wet winter, which resulted in concentrations and fl uxes of both fi ne and coarse suspended sediment that were ~35 times greater than average (sediment yield during the 1978 water year was 11,000 t/km 2 /yr). We suggest that the combined 1977–1978 fi re and fl ood had a recurrence interval of greater than 1000 yr. In contrast, the 2008 Basin Complex wildfi re was followed by a drier than normal year, and although suspended-sediment fl uxes and concentrations were signifi cantly elevated compared to those expected for unburned conditions, the sediment yield during the 2009 water year was less than 1% of the post–Marble Cone wildfi re yield. After the fi rst postfi re winters, sediment concentrations and yield decreased with time toward prefi re relationships and continued to have signifi cant rainfall dependence. We hypothesize that the differences in sediment yield were related to precipitationenhanced hillslope erosion processes, such as rilling and mass movements. The millennialscale effects of wildfi re on sediment yield were explored further using Monte Carlo simulations, and these analyses suggest that infrequent wildfi res followed by flincrease long-term suspended-sediment fl markedly. Thus, we suggest that the current approach of estimating sediment yield from sediment rating curves and discharge data— without including periodic perturbations from wildfi res—may grossly underestimate actual sediment yields.
Surface Fitting And Maximum Likelihood Edge Location Estimation

Traditionally, the problem of edge detection in images has been to locate those pixels which contain an edge, i.e. a jump in the intensity level. Recently a number of researchers have turned their attention to obtaining subpixel accuracy, that is edge location to an accuracy finer than the pixel size. This work has generally focused on matching a parametric surface to the region in the image where an edge occurs. Tabatabai and Mitchell [l] assume an ideal edge in a circular area defined by four parameters, two for the edge and two for the intensity levels. A 69 pixel window, which approximates a circular region, is then used to match four of its moments with that of the ideal edge embedded in a circle. Nalwa and Binford [2] first estimate the orientation of the edge and then use a hyperbolic tangent function on a 5data. Huertas and Medioni [3] use standard second derivative operators (in which an edge shows up as a zero crossing in the second derivative) and show that in a low noise environment this procedure (traditionally used for ordinary edge detection) can achieve subpixel accuracy. The approach used here is of a statistical nature rather than that of parametric curve fitting. A two-dimensional maxirrium likelihood approach is used to obtain the most likely position and orientation of the edge. Previously a one-dimensional approach by Canny [4] has been used which scans the irriage line-by-line, finding the most likely pixel containing a jump in intensity. This approatch yields pixel level accuracy. For the two-dimensional case we begin by using an initial estimate of the edge at about pixel level accuracy as well as initial estimates of the intensities on either side of the edge and the noise power. A steepest descent algorithm can then be used to vary the position and orientation of the edge until the likelihood function is minimized. Simulations of this approach show it to be considerably superior to the TabatabaiMitchell scheme. Whereas their approach deteriorates badly with noise, this method is comparatively quite less sensitive to noise. Comparisons with the Nalwa and Binford approach shows that the maximum likelihood approach gives abalut 30=range of noise and even blurring conditions which are unknown to the estimator.
Interactions between endothetial cells and leukocytes

We present evidence that specific receptors are utilized by neutrophils to control their interaction with endothelial cells at sites of acute inflammation and that these receptors are related if not identical to lymphocyte “homing receptors” for lymphoid tissue high endothelium. We speculate that such receptors play a fundamental but not exclusive role in controlling the extravasation and tissue localization of all bone marrow-derived nucleated cells. In addition, we emphasize the active role of endothelial cells in the process of lymphocyte migration and leukocyte extravasation. By the expression of as yet unidentified organ-specific determinants for lymphocyte recognition, endothelial cells control the exit of particular lymphocyte subsets into mucosal versus nonmucosal sites, thus helping to determine the unique features of mucosal versus nonmucosal immune responses. Furthermore, we argue that endothelial cells are exquisitely responsive to local immune reactivity and present evidence that specific lymphokines, including γ-interferon, play an important role in inducing postcapillary venules to express differentiated features required for the support of lymphocyte traffic into lymphoid organs and into sites of chronic inflammation. Leukocytes, endothelial cells, and probably other tissue cell classes appear to interact at multiple levels by a variety of mechanisms to regulate the local extravasation of immune effector cells.
Composite Dependent Variables and the Market Share Effect

Farris, Parry and Ailawadi 1992; hereafter denoted FPA demonstrate that bias can arise in a regression involving a composite dependent variable where a subset of components of the dependent variable are used as explanatory factors. They correctly observe that the Jacobson and Aaker 1985; hereafter denoted JA model has explanatory factors that are also components of the ROI dependent variable and, as such, is subject to "composite variable bias." FPA note that another way of viewing composite variable bias is that the coefficients in the model reflect not their impact on the dependent variable but rather their impact on the dependent variable less the elements of the components included as explanatory factors. As such, additional effects analogous to indirect effects may be present to the extent strategic factors influence the included components. FPA conclude that such bias explains the low estimate of the market share effect reported in JA. However, FPA's attempt to replicate our analysis and assess composite variable bias is flawed by a mistake in their analysis, i.e., their disaggregate models do not follow from the JA aggregate specification. The purpose of this note is to correctly assess the extent to which the JA estimate of the market share effect is affected by composite variable bias and to suggest approaches for modeling a composite dependent variable in the presence of unobservable factors. In particular, we i show that the disaggregate specifications of FPA do not follow from JA, ii look at specifications not subject to composite variable bias to investigate the magnitude of the composite variable bias in JA, and iii provide a disaggregate modeling framework that controls for unobservable effects.
Response to Critics

William Alston answers Gale, Tilley and Schellenberg's critics. He does not hold that mystical experience can render one prima facie justified in believing, inter alia, that God exists but that this is not the sort of thing that is typically regarded as an argument for the existence of God whether from religious experience or from anything else. Schellenberg pointed out the argument on religious diversity depends on displaying a disanalogy between the religious diversity case and cases in which it is clear that prima facie justification is eliminated by competitors
Found at Sea: José Martí's 11‐Day Odyssey and Cuba's War of Independence

When Jose Marti and five other insurgents sailed from the Dominican Republic to invade Cuba on 1 April 1895, they only expected a two‐day cruise. So why did a minor distance between two points requ...
Altered Movement Strategy Increases Lower Extremity Stiffness During Stepping Down in the Aged

One way the human neuromuscular system negotiates locomotory challenges is by stiffening the muscles and joints of a limb. Because aging reduces joint range of motion and muscle strength, the intrinsic elements of stiffness, we hypothesized that lower extremity stiffness would be greater in elderly than in young subjects during downward stepping. Fourteen elderly (mean age 70.1) and 16 young women (mean age 20.8) stepped down from a platform adjusted to 10% and 20% of body height. Subjects stepped down onto a force plate and were videotaped from the side. The lower extremity was modeled as a simple spring and stiffness was computed as the quotient of stress under the foot and the shortening of the limb. Ankle and knee joint angular position and velocity were also determined during stepping. Compared with young women, elders had 50% greater lower extremity stiffness and 28% less linear shortening of the limb. Elders also performed downward stepping with 92% less dorsiflexion and 28% less knee flexion and 42% less ankle and 57% less knee joint range of motion. Elders executed downward stepping with a more erect lower extremity alignment, resulting in a stiffer leg and an apparently safer movement strategy.
The impact of cybernetics on the design of a mobile robot system: a case study

The design of an autonomous robot architecture is analyzed in light of the cognitive psychological, neuroscientific, and ethological studies that influenced its development. Motor schema-based navigation and its relationship to models of detour behavior in amphibians is described. Application of the action-perception cycle in the context of action-oriented perception is discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of expectations as focus-of-attention mechanisms. The process of homeostatic control as a means of dynamically modifying motor behavior based on internal sensing is also described. These approaches are substantiated throughout with simulation studies and actual mobile robot experiments. >
Nonstandard electrical networks and the resurrection of Kirchhoff's laws

Kirchhoff's laws fail to hold in general for infinite electrical networks. Standard calculus is simply incapable of resolving this paradox because it cannot provide the infinitesimals and more generally the hyperreal currents and voltages that such networks often require. However, nonstandard analysis can do precisely this. The idea of a nonstandard electrical network is introduced in this paper and is used to reestablish Kirchhoff's laws for a fairly broad class of infinite electrical networks. The second section herein presents a fairly brief tutorial on infinitesimals, hyperreal numbers, and the key ideas of nonstandard analysis needed for a comprehension of this paper.