cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Standard Problem for Evaluating Product-Line Methodologies

We propose a standard problem to evaluate product-line methodologies. It relies on common knowledge from Computer Science, so that domain-knowledge can be easily acquired, and it is complex enough to expose the fundamental concepts of product-line methodologies. As a reference point, we present a solution to this problem using the GenVoca design methodology. We explain a series of modeling, implementation, and benchmarking issues that we encountered, so that others can understand and compare our solution with theirs.
A Review of “Polybius’ Histories”

Brian McGing's new book is part of the Oxford Approaches to Classical Literature series (edited by Kathleen Coleman and Richard Rutherford), which covers individual works of classical literature an...
Enhancing Residential Treatment for Drug Court Participants

In this study, the authors describe and evaluate the impact of increased access to residential treatment added to traditional drug court services in Orange County, California, with a goal of increasing program retention, successful completion, and graduation rates for a high-risk drug offender population participating in drug court between January 2004 and March 2005. Data were gathered from various sources, including the drug court management information system (MIS) and probation records, and the health care agency that provided case management services to drug court participants. The results suggest that increasing the drug court's capacity to adapt treatment for participants in need of a higher level of care was related to positive outcomes. Limitations of this study include the design that is susceptible to uncontrolled influences of extraneous variables such as changes in policy. This research encourages further examination of these variables in alternate settings to determine the extent to which th...
Adult-Child Communication: A Goldmine of Learning Experience

Children are constantly learning and experiencing new things. Each time they learn a new fact or skill, they are building on—and adding to—their existing knowledge base. Good language and literacy skills are valued around the world, and those skills are developed, like everything else, through practice. Whether through oral storytelling, play and conversation with older children, or interaction with adults, children are building their literacy skills. In this article, the authors encourage caregivers and families to see learning opportunities everywhere and to foster learning through conversation. They provide examples, ideas, and scenarios to demonstrate how language acquisition and knowledge building occur in everyday situations and how adults can converse with children in ways that enhance learning.
LOCALIZATION OF MINUTES TO SPECIFIC POLYTENE CHROMOSOME BANDS BY MEANS OF OVERLAPPING DUPLICATIONS

Overlapping duplications recovered as suppressors of Minute loci have been used to localize M(2)z and M(3)w124 to specific polytene bands 25A1(2) and 95A1(2). The surprising efficiency of M localization by duplication may result from the tendency of M suppressors to be at least a visible fraction of a polytene band in length.
Characteristics and composition of libyan olive oil

Chemical and physical characteristics of local olive oil (both virgin and refined) were determined. The moisture levels in olive fruit, cake and oils were 11.77, 12.7 and 0.16% respectively. The total crude fat on dry basis was: fruit, 39%; and cake, 7%. The free fatty acids (FFA) in both virgin and refined oils were high (4.4 and 4.3%). The samples of virgin as well as refined oil were found to have relatively low oleic acid contents (43.7 and 46.4%). However, linoleic acid was found to be higher than expected and the total of oleic and linoleic acids was more than 75% in the fraction of neutral lipids. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in olive oil samples was ca. 20 and 80%, respectively.
Leaching of dissolved organic carbon in soil following anhydrous ammonia application.

The transport of anhydrous NH3-solubilized soil organic matter from surface to subsurface soils may affect subsurface microbial activity. In the present study we determined the impact of anhydrous NH3-N fertilizer on organic C solubilization and the propensity of solubilized C to leach with percolating water. In fertilized treatments, anhydrous NH3 was subsurface-banded at 20g N m-2 in ridge or valley areas of a ridge tillage system. In contol treatments, 0g N m-2 was banded into the valley area of a ridge tillage system. Rainfall (17 cm) was applied with a drop-type artificial rainfall simulator 3, 10, and 24 days after the fertilizer application. The treatments were replicated twice. Grid lysimeters (15 by 15 cm) were placed 75 cm below the soil surface of a Brandt silty clay loam (fine-silty over sandy or sandy skeletal mixed Pachic Udic Haploboroll). Lysimeters were used to collect percolating water temporally and spatially. The application of N fertilizer increased dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water when rainfall was applied 3 days after the fertilizer application. However, when the rainfall was applied 24 days after the fertilizer application the dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water was not influenced by anhydrous NH3 application. The smaller dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water with a longer incubation time were most likely the result of microbial assimilation or respiration of solubilized C.
Role of flying buttresses in the jamming of granular matter through multiple rectangular outlets

We present a simulation study on the formation of particle arches supported by flying buttresses that arrest the flow of monodisperse spherical particles through two adjacent slots (rectangular outlets) in a three-dimensional (3D) anisometric flat-bottomed silo discharging under gravity. Most previous experimental and simulation studies on the jamming of a silo have focused on a single outlet, and have shown that the mean number of particles exiting the silo before it jams depends on the ratio of outlet size to particle diameter ( $$R$$ ). In this paper, we look at the nature of jamming if there are two adjacent outlets and discover some new physical insights on how sand arches are mechanically supported and how they interact with each other. For a fixed slot width $$D_{o}$$ and particle diameter $$d$$ , the distance separating the two openings $$D_{w}$$ is varied. The distribution of $$N$$ particles exiting the silo before both slots are jammed is obtained for each $$D_{w}$$ . From these distributions, we show that as $$D_{w}$$ becomes less than approximately $$3d$$ , the particle arches on adjacent outlets start affecting each other, and mutually stable arches become harder to form. We show that in cases, where for a small orifice ratio $$R={D_o}/d$$ a single outlet would have easily jammed, two adjacent outlets do not jam. We propose that this is due to the importance of stable particles resting on the base of the silo adjacent to the arches, which redistribute the load much like a flying buttress does in Gothic arches.
Uncertainty in cost-benefit analysis based on referendum contingent valuation

Using contingent valuation methods (CVM) is increasingly common in project analysis. Referendum-type questions are thought to be easier to answer than the open-ended variety, but there is a downside: econometric techniques must be applied to the referendum data to infer the mean or median willingness to pay (WTP) of the sample and, thus, of the population of potential beneficiaries. This is not just a technical point as is demonstrated with data from a referendum CV study of a sewage and wastewater treatment project in Brazil. A factor of 4 separates lowest from highest central tendency estimates, ignoring the outlier that is 14 times larger than the largest of the other figures. This is ample variation to make a difference in the cost-benefit analysis. Analysts using referendum CV must be sensitive to the problems they buy into, and must decide how to deal with the uncertainty in the results.
Singularities, odds ratios, and significance: California emergency department closures and Los Angeles.

The conclusions of the earnest study by Hsia et al of the effect of emergency department (ED) closures on vulnerable populations between 1998 and 2008 are less about California than they are about Los Angeles, where most of the closures occurred. The authors demonstrated statistical acumen in deriving odds ratios from variables in a statewide database collected each year from acute care hospitals. But their approach to ED closures in Los Angeles did not take into account the complex interactions between markets, cultures, and politics in a landscape that is better understood as a city-state in our global community. The population of Los Angeles County alone is greater than that of 42 of the other 49 states in the United States and exceeds the population of Hong Kong, Singapore, or Dubai, surpassing them in diversity. The main counterargument about the effect of ED closures was carried by Melnick and Fonkych at RAND and the University of Southern California. Beginning with the same primary source of data used by Hsia et al, the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, Melnick and Fonkych reported an increase of 17% in total ED capacity in terms of licensed beds between 2001 and 2007. They also reported that capacity increased more rapidly than the state population, though not as rapidly as overall ED visits, 19% and 15%, respectively. Hsia et al found that ED closures were more likely to occur at lower-volume EDs and for-profit hospitals, which is consistent with prevailing market forces in Los Angeles and elsewhere in California; the remaining hospitals continue to seek economies of scale through system consolidation and profitable service lines. In Darwinian terms, policymakers cannot compel less viable facilities left behind by stronger competitors to continue to remain open with operating losses. As the founders of one faith-based, not-for-profit hospital system famously preached, “No margin, no mission.” Because of the high density of hospitals in Los Angeles, Melnick and Fonkych also found that 44% of displaced ED patients had to travel only 2 more miles to reach the next closest i
Surface aerosol measurements at Barrow during AGASP-II

Measurements at Barrow during the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II), conducted in April 1986, showed no rapid long-range transport from lower-latitude source regions to Barrow, and only limited vertical transport from above the boundary layer to the surface. New aerosol size distribution measurements in the 0.005–0.1 μm diameter size range using a Nuclepore-filter diffusion battery apparatus showed a median diameter of about 0.01 μm during times of high condensation nucleus (CN) concentrations. Aerosol black carbon concentrations exceeding 400 ng m−3 were detected at the surface and were more strongly correlated with CN concentrations than with aerosol scattering extinction (σsp), suggesting that aerosol carbon was generally associated with small particles rather than large particles. Measurements at Barrow during AGASP-I, conducted in March–April 1983, showed a series of aerosol events detected at the ground that were caused by rapid long-range transport paths to the vicinity of Barrow from Eurasia. These events were strongly correlated with aerosol loading in the vertical column (optical depth).
Scene, Act, and the Tragic Frame in the Duke Rape Case

Drawing from the rhetoric emanating from those involved with the Duke Lacrosse rape case, this essay argues that the case was dominated by a scene-act ratio. The analysis demonstrates how the rhetorical framing of social hierarchical issues, left unchecked, led to tensions between members of a community and its institutions. Finally, the paper demonstrates how both sides in the case employed a tragic frame to purify themselves of guilt in the resulting social drama and suggests how Burke's notion of the comic frame can explain how conflicts such as this can be transcended to make for better relations in the future.
Extinction and spontaneous recovery of ataxic tolerance to ethanol in rats

Rationale and objectives: Two experiments with rats using an ethanol ataxia method investigated extinction and spontaneous recovery of tolerance. Tolerance extinction has been shown with a variety of drugs and methods, but until now it has not been shown with ethanol ataxia. Extinction was investigated here because of its connection with cue exposure treatments, and also to allow an assessment of spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous recovery is the return of conditioned responses, such as those potentially contributing to tolerance, when time passes after extinction. In terms of response topography it resembles instances of relapse in humans. Its demonstration constitutes one technique for illustrating that the effects of extinction are often temporary. There are no published reports showing a recovery of tolerance to any drug due to the passage of time after extinction. A demonstration of spontaneous recovery contributes to an understanding of the effects and time course of tolerance extinction. It also raises the possibility that spontaneous recovery involving drug tolerance has mechanisms similar those involved in instances of spontaneous recovery studied more extensively with non-drug methods. Methods: In one experiment, ataxic tolerance was conditioned to a strobelight conditioned stimulus (CS) by exposing rats to the strobelight while experiencing the effects of an ethanol injection. Tolerance was extinguished in 17 or 24 once-daily trials by presenting the strobelight without ethanol (with saline). The effect of those numbers of trials was assessed on the day after extinction in the presence of the strobelight when ethanol was again injected. The effect was compared to the effect of the strobelight and ethanol in naive rats and in rats that had received only tolerance conditioning. In a second experiment, ataxic tolerance was conditioned and then extinguished over 17 trials, just as in the other experiment. Different groups were then tested 1, 12, 18, and 24 days after extinction in the presence of the strobelight when ethanol was again injected. Results: Ataxic tolerance was fully extinguished after either 17 or 24 trials, as shown by comparisons with the naive and conditioning-only controls. Tolerance was greater (it recovered) when the strobelight CS was reintroduced 24, 18, and even 12 days after extinction, compared with testing 1 day after extinction. Conclusions: Conditioned ataxic tolerance can be extinguished, just as other conditioned tolerances can. More important, the return of tolerance over time after extinction represents spontaneous recovery of ethanol tolerance, and indicates that as in other conditioning preparations, extinction does not result in unlearning of the original conditioning association. The identification of spontaneous recovery of tolerance isolates a robust source of the potential for drug use relapse: the mere passage of time after extinction.
Stability and commitment in T helper cell development.

Abstract Specialized effector activities that are required to eliminate various pathogens involve cytokines produced by specialized CD4+ T cells subsets, dogmatically termed Th1 and Th2 cells. Despite some oversimplifications, this paradigm is useful for organizing the complex pathways that control forward and backward movements along the road of T cell differentiation. Effective immune memory relies, in part, on the maintenance of the T helper phenotype. This review will address basic issues that relate to the maintenance or reversibility of Th1/Th2 states within the CD4+ T cell lineage.
Results of a Price-Forecasting Competition: Comment

son-Merton test as given in table 2 of Dorfman and McIntosh are in error. In almost all cases, the reported confidence levels exceed the actual levels. The errors in reported confidence levels also have affected the values of the loss function and, hence, the ranking of the models by the loss function criterion. In this comment, we provide the correct confidence levels of the Henriksson-Merton test for each of the three models and recompute the loss function using the correct confidence levels. We also present results from the Henriksson-Merton test in a regression framework suggested by Cumby and Modest. The Henriksson-Merton test is a nonparametric test which focuses on direction rather than magnitude of changes. Calculation of this test provides information about the number of times each model correctly and incorrectly predicts both upward and downward directional changes in the variables of interest. For a series of N out-of-sample forecasts, define N, as number of observations where prices actually rose; N2, number of observations where prices actually did not rise; N N + N2, total number of out-of-sample observations; n1, number of successful predictions given that price rose; n2, number of unsuccessful predictions given that price did not rise; and n = n + n2, number of times a price rise was forecast. The Henriksson-Merton test for forecasting ability examines whether the observed number of successful
Effects of added-damper distribution on the seismic response of buildings

Abstract A study is made of the effects of changes in the distribution of added viscoelastic dampers on the seismic response of simple building systems, and information and concepts of structural behavior are developed which are useful for the appropriate interpretation of the effects of such changes on the seismic response of more complicated systems equipped with these dampers. It is shown that the behavior of tall buildings is generally more sensitive than that of short buildings to changes in the distribution of the dampers, and design implications of such behavior differences are identified. In addition, assessments are made for the effects on the response induced by stiffness increases resulting from the addition of the dampers; and by actions associated with the so-called nonclassical damping. A numerical method of analysis is reported which can be efficiently applied to compute the dynamic response of structures with nonclassical damping.
Vincent's forgotten theorem, its extension and application

Abstract Vincent's theorem of 1836, which was only recently discovered by the author of this article, is of extreme importance because it constitutes the basis of the fastest method existing for the isolation of the real roots of a polynomial equation (using exact integer arithmetic). In this paper this forgotten theorem is presented both in its original form and in an extended version, and is followed by a general discussion of its application.
A novel characteristic correlation approach for aggregating data in wireless sensor networks

Numerous solutions have been proposed to improve the efficiency of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Data aggregation, which reduces the data redundancy so as to mitigate energy consumption, is one of desirable solutions. One common feature of geographically close-by data known as spatial correlation, has been utilized for eliminating redundant information. To reduce redundancy and enhance eventual performance, we explore the possibility of combining sensing data with similar characteristics without considering spatial information.We define this relationship of data as characteristic correlation and propose an automatic procedure to discover characteristic correlation between sensor nodes (SNs) with limited overheads. Furthermore, we introduce a novel characteristic correlation based data aggregation approach that allows any SN to compress unlimited number of packets into virtual packets up to a constant number. With experimental and simulation results, our proposed approach is illustrated as an effective data aggregation method in term of data accuracy.
‘‘Marriage’’ Misnames ‘‘Couples’’ and Familial Therapies:

Diverging from familial fluctuations perpetuates ‘‘nuclear families’’ conceptually in contemporary theoretical, research, and clinical practices. Furthermore, presuming all couples are ‘‘reciprocal relationships’’ only between men and women entails couples are heterosexual or married relationships. However, not all couples are ‘‘reciprocal relationships’’ between men and women. Therefore ‘‘marriage’’ misnames all nonheterosexual and all unmarried couples. In this positional article, the authors emphasize reasonableness, transparency, and linguistic accuracy to include all systemic clients in emergent theories, research, and clinical practices. Preeminent publications (n = 1,763) demonstrated ‘‘couples’’ preponderance over ‘‘marriage’’ between 2000 and 2008. Moreover, the authors suggest linguistic accuracy may advance couples’ ontology and epistemology to develop familial therapies in 21st-century America. The authors also discuss ethical and clinical implications.
Economics of scientific and biomedical journals: Where do scholars stand in the debate of online journal pricing and site license ownership between libraries and publishers?

The emergence of e–journals brought a great change in scholarly communication and in the behavior of scholars. However, the importance of scholars’ behavior in the pricing of scientific journal has been largely ignored in the recent debate between libraries and publishers over site license practices and pricing schemes. Stanford’s survey results indicate that sharply increasing costs are the main reason for individual subscription cancellation, driving users to rely on library or other institutional subscriptions. Libraries continue to be a vital information provider in the electronic era and their bargaining power in the market and the importance of roles in scholarly communication will be increased by branding and a strong relationship with users. Publishers’ strategy for thriving in the electronic era is not to lose personal subscribers. Cooperation among the three sectors — scholars, libraries, and publishers — promises optimal results for each sector more than ever.
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human Copper/Zinc-Superoxide Dismutase (Cu/Zn Sod) Are Not Resistant to Endotoxic Shock

Tumor necrosis factor is a key mediator of the septic shock syndrome, and its secretion by monocytes is induced by endotoxin. Increasing evidence exists that the release of oxygen-derived free radicals by polymorphonuclear cells plays a central role in tumor necrosis factor toxicity. Superoxide dismutases scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals and appear to be excellent candidates to provide protection against tumor-necrosis-factor -mediated cytotoxicity. In this study, we have found that transgenic mice overexpressing the human gene for CuZn SOD are not protected against experimentally induced endotoxemia.
System, Supervision, Standards, and the 'Epidemic' of Negligent Medical Errors

TWO DAYS earlier, the junior assistant (first-year) resident had telephoned and requested that the family come to the hospital for a meeting at 1 PM. On the appointed day, the patient's mother, father, older brother, and younger sister traveled 3 hours from their home in Upstate New York. When they arrived, however, the resident was nowhere to be found. He had signed out when his day off began at noon and could not be located despite vigorous efforts. After waiting in vain for the next 2 hours, hoping that the resident might appear, the family departed for their return home. The resident had left the hospital without letting anyone know about the family's impending arrival, why he had asked them to come, or what to do with them. He also had left no word about how he might be reached before his scheduled return to work the next morning, when
CONTAMINATION OF BLOOD SYSTEM AND EDIBLE PARTS OF POULTRY WITH Clostridium perfringens DURING WATER SCALDING

Clostridium perfringens was isolated by enrichment techniques from commercially processed ready-to-market broiler giblets. Aseptic removal of giblets from whole carcasses taken from four points during processing showed that hearts and livers become contaminated during scalding. By using indicator dyes or Serratia marcescens as an indicator organism in scald water, it was shown that scald water and its concomitant contaminants enter the body cavity, circulatory, digestive, as well as the respiratory systems of water scalded broilers. The indicator organism was also isolated from thighs of scalded birds indicating that contaminants of the circulatory system are carried to edible parts.
Development of coastal upwelling edge detection algorithms associated with harmful algal blooms off the Washington coast using sea surface temperature imagery.

Satellite remote sensing imagery is being used to identify and characterize upwelling conditions on the coast of Washington State, with an emphasis on detecting ocean features associated with harmful algal bloom events. Blooms of phytoplankton, including the domoic acid-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, appear to be associated with a semi-permanent eddy bordering Washington and British Columbia that is observed in satellite imagery during extended upwelling events. Strong upwelling conditions may act as a barrier to movement of these blooms onshore. Using NOAA AVHRR temperature imagery, edge detection algorithms are being developed to define the strength, location and extent of the surface temperature expression of upwelling along the coast of Washington. The edge detection technique uses a simple kernel-based gradient method that compares temperatures of pixels at a user-specified distance. This allows identification of larger features with subtle edges. The resulting maximum-gradient map is then converted to a binary format with a user-specified temperature threshold. Skeletonization and edge-linking algorithms are then employed to develop final map products. The upwelling edge detection maps are being examined in relation to harmful algal bloom events that have occurred along the coast.
Sex steroids and endothelial function: translating basic science to clinical practice

Intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine causes classical endothelium-dependent vasodilatation that is mediated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s), the most prominent of which is nitric oxide. The absence of this vasodilatation, or endothelial ‘dysfunction', correlates with the earliest stages of atherosclerosis and might be used to identify individuals who could benefit from aggressive intervention strategies and to assess treatment efficacy. Sex steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone) increase the production and release of endothelium-derived nitric oxide both in men and in women. Therefore, endogenous hormonal status could present a confounding factor in the assessment of endothelial function.
Genetic epistemology, equilibration and the rationality of scientific change

Abstract Genetic epistemology is concerned not only with the development of knowledge in the individual person, but also with the epistemological development of scientific thought. If so, problems and solutions in the one area should be roughly isomorphic to problems and solutions in the other area. To illustrate this, I consider Piaget's theory of equilibration and show how this theory has implications for issues concerning scientific progress, change and rationality. Piaget's views about these issues have much in common with claims of contemporary philosophers of science (such as Popper and Lakatos) concerning the rational growth of science, but in addition purport to be grounded in empirical psychology. This suggests thatt it may be fruitful to investigate the possibility of integrating cognitive psychology and philosophy of science in a new way.
Membrane specialisations between demyelinated axons and astroglia in chronic EAE lesions and multiple sclerosis plaques.

AXOLEMMAL specialisations are known to exist along myelinated fibres in the adult vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), particularly at nodes, between the axon and the oligodendrocyte, and at presynaptic sites1. However, modified regions of axonal membrane have not been described in relation to astroglial cells. In demyelinated lesions in the CNS, it has always been assumed that the naked segment of an axon, although intimately invested by glial scar tissue, shares no junctional relationships with its scarring environment. This report documents for the first time membrane specialisations between naked CNS axons and fibrous astroglial cell processes, developing subsequent to demyelination. These structures may have physiological implications.
Fatty acid uptake by the brain: III. Incorporation of [I-14C]oleic acid into the adult ratbrain

Abstract Uptake of radioactivity by the brain tissue lipids after oral or intravenousadministration of [I- 14 C]oleic acid to adult rats is described. 1. 1. Oleic acid was isolated from the brains of adult rats 4 h after intravenousadministration of [I- 14 C]oleic acid albumin complex or 24 h after oral administration. 2. 2. The distribution of the radioactivity showed that 4 h after injection of[I- 14 C]oleic acid, the brain oleic acid was still highly labeled in the carboxyl carbon(84%) clearly showing direct uptake. Even after 24 h, the brain oleic acid still hadmore than half of the total radioactivity in the carboxyl carbon. 3. 3. In contrast, the radioactivity in the carboxyl carbon (% of total) of oleicacid isolated after administration of [I- 14 C]acetate was only 30% at the end of a4-h period and further declined to 23% at the end of 24 h. This further indicatesthat the administered oleic acid was predominantly taken up directly without priordegradation to acetate.
Surface damage by sheath effects and unipolar arcs

Abstract Unipolar arcing develops if the sheath potential is high enough. A laser-produced plasma of short duration was used to study the onset and development of arcing on a stainless steel surface. The laser-produced plasma with kT e ∼ - 100 eV expands rapidly from the focal spot on the target surface in the normal and in radial directions. After one laser shot the damage on the polished surface was observed with an optical and a scanning electron microscope. Although no external voltage was applied, about 20 000 unipolar arc craters are observable on the stainless steel surface which was exposed to the radially expanding plasma for the short time of a few hundred nanoseconds. The size of the arc craters decreases with increasing distance from the focal spot. The initial cathode spot is 1 μm in diameter and 3–6 μm deep, acting like a hollow cathode. The arcs obviously contribute to the erosion of wall material. The experimental results also show that some of the eroded material is redeposited on stainless steel surfaces in loosely bound form.
Photoinduced DNA Cleavage Reactions by Designed Analogues of Co(III)-Bleomycin: The Metalated Core Is the Primary Determinant of Sequence Specificity.

A 2,4'-bithiazole group has been covalently attached to the Co(III) complex of a designed ligand PMAH that mimics the metal-binding locus of the antitumor drug bleomycin (BLM). The deprotonated PMA(-) ligand binds Co(III) via five nitrogens located in primary and secondary amines, a pyrimidine and an imidazole ring, and a peptide moiety. The 2,4'-bithiazole group is tethered to the [Co(PMA)](2+) unit via an imidazole that is connected to the bithiazole moiety with a (CH(2))(3) spacer. The structure of this hybrid analogue, namely, [Co(PMA)(Bit)]Cl(2) (7, Bit = 2'-methyl-2,4'-bithiazole-4-carboxamido-N'-(3-propyl)imidazole) has been established by spectroscopic techniques. 7 promotes photocleavage of DNA at micromolar concentrations. Unlike simpler analogues like [Co(PMA)(H(2)O)](2+) and [Co(PMA)Cl)](+) which induce random DNA cleavage upon UV illumination, 7 exhibits sequence specificity in the DNA photocleavage reaction. Intriguing is to note that 7 exhibits the same 5'GG-N3' sequence preference as another hybrid analogue [Co(PMA)(Int-A)]Cl(2) (6, Int-A = acridine-9-carboxamido-N'-(3-propyl)imidazole) that contains an acridine moiety as the DNA-binding group. The observed sequence specificity of 6 and 7 therefore does not reflect the sequence preferences of the DNA-binding groups (acridine and bithiazole). The results indicate that the metalated core of the hybrid analogues, i.e., the [Co(PMA)](2+) unit is the key factor in determining their sequence specificity.
Human wee1 maintains mitotic timing by protecting the nucleus from cytoplasmically activated cdc2 kinase

The wee1 tyrosine kinase and cdc25 tyrosine phosphatase of fission yeast play antagonistic roles in the induction of mitosis through cdc2 regulation. We show here that the human wee1-like tyrosine kinase is a nuclear protein that ensures the completion of DNA replication prior to mitosis in cells expressing otherwise catastrophic levels of cdc2 activators. Paradoxically, wee1-rescued cells display very high levels of mitotic cdc2 kinase activity. We account for this anomaly by our observation that the cdc2 activator, cdc25C, is a cytoplasmic protein that, like cyclin B1, enters the nucleus at the G2/M transition. Thus, cdc2 is likely to be activated in the cytoplasm and requires nuclear localization to initiate both cytoplasmic and nuclear mitotic transformations. The human wee1 kinase appears to coordinate the transition between DNA replication and mitosis by protecting the nucleus from this cytoplasmically activated cdc2 kinase.
Telephone counseling as adjuvant treatment for nicotine replacement therapy in a "real-world" setting

Abstract Background. Physicians prescribing nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), or health plans covering NRT, often want their patients to receive adjuvant behavioral treatment. However, how to do that in a “real world” is unclear. This paper reports results from a public health program that uses proactive telephone counseling as support for physician advice and provides adjuvant treatment for NRT users. Methods. Participants were NRT users (N = 8,832) who called the California Smokers' Helpline, a statewide cessation service that provides proactive counseling, one session before NRT use and multisessions after the smokers received NRT. After receiving NRT, some participants discontinued the counseling while others continued with follow-up sessions. A subset of the 8,832 participants (n = 664) was interviewed 13 months later for quitting status. Results. After receiving NRT, 79% of the participants continued with counseling and received 4.2 sessions on average, while 21% of them received only one session. Overall, 82.8% of all participants made a quit attempt. Nicotine patch users were more likely to make an attempt than nicotine gum users (85.2% vs 66.3%), but the relapse probability was the same for these attempts. Those who received multiple counseling were more likely to make an attempt than those receiving single counseling (84.4% vs 77.1%) and were more likely to stay quit for 1 year (25.6% vs 16.1%). Conclusions. Proactive telephone counseling is a promising adjuvant treatment for NRT users in a “real-world” setting: a convenient referral service for supporting health plans or physicians who advise their patients to quit smoking.
Freezing-tolerance in the woodroach Cryptocercus punctulatus (Scudder)

Winter-acclimatedCryptocercus punctulatus are able to withstand ice crystal formation within their bodies (freeze-tolerant), and contain hemolymph plasma ice nucleating factors (INF's) throughout the year. In addition, ribitol, a sugar alcohol accumulates in their hemolymph during winter. This represents a new report of INF's occurring in the Dictyoptera, and the presence of ribitol in the hemolymph of the Insecta.
Incidence and outcomes of extremity soft-tissue sarcomas in children.

Background We studied the outcomes of pediatric extremity tumors on a population scale. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1973–2006) was queried for all patients under 20 y of age. Results Overall, 1175 patients were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 12 y, but most patients were ≥10 y of age (72%, n = 842). Most tumors were non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) (79%, n = 879). The most common tissue of origin was muscle (43%, n = 474). Most rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) ( n = 220) were alveolar type ( n = 140). Most patients presented with local disease (64%, n = 699), and underwent surgical intervention (88%, n = 1027), but did not have radiotherapy (62%, n = 710). RMS was more likely to present in younger children ( P P P versus 85% for NRSTS, P versus 48%, P versus 83%, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis identified RMS (HR 2.20, P P = 0.002, and HR 1.59, P = 0.036), regional or distant disease (HR 1.65, P = 0.011, and HR 5.96, P P Conclusions Extremity sarcomas are most common in older children. RMS is more common in younger children, but is associated with lower survival, and is an independent prognostic indicator of mortality.
Low-energy rydberg transitions

Abstract The low-energy vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra of two series of molecules, one series containing the carbonyl group and the other being of D 3h symmetry, exhibit linearities when plotted against ionization potentials. By this means the n O → 3p(R) transitions of the first series are unambiguously identified; fairly strong arguments are advanced in favor of n O → 3s(R) and π → 3s(R) ident in the same series; and a π → π * identification is suggested on the basis of default arguments. A brief discussion of assignments in the 2nd of low-energy Rydbergs would seem to merit further investigation.
Jupiter and the boron problem

Abstract The “cosmic” abundance of boron is one of the least well known of all the 92 natural elements even thought it can appear in substantial concentrations on the Earth's surface. It is suggested that Jupiter might be a suitable place to search for boron because it forms numerous stable, volatile compounds with hydrogen and other abundant elements whose presence might be sought either spectroscopically or by entry devices.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION : II. THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES IN THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE RABBIT

After an antigenic stimulus, antibody is first demonstrable in the cytoplasm, and often in a spot in the nucleus, of large, immature cells in the medullary areas of the lymph node draining the site of injection. Morphologically, these cells have basophilic cytoplasm and a large nucleus, and are typical hematogenous stem cells. As these cells multiply and differentiate, the concentration of antibody in their cytoplasm increases, until colonies of typical mature plasma cells containing antibody have developed. There is a marked difference between the primary and the secondary responses, the former characterized by the development of very few antibody-containing cells while in the latter there are hundreds in a similar area. The morphology of the cells involved in both responses is identical. Occasionally, antibody was also found in low concentration in association with the lymphoid follicles. The implications of these findings for an understanding of antibody synthesis are discussed.
Hydrodynamic Model Predictions of Tidal Asymmetry and Observed Sediment Transport Paths in Morecambe Bay

This paper represents results on the sediment transport regime in Morecambe Bay and investigates the connection between this transport regime and the tidal asymmetry in the region. A numerical model of Morecambe Bay is described and varied against current meter and OSCR HF radar data. Sand transport paths from a previously unpublished field study are presented and compared with model predictions of the direction of tidal asymmetry. This reveals a close correlation between the two, indicating that tidal transport plays a dominant role transporting sediment in Morecambe Bay and that the direction is controlled by the asymmetry between flood and ebb tides. Further analysis based on the model predictions examines the relative contribution that the tidal residual and higher tidal harmonics make in determining the direction of tidal asymmetry.
The identification of F actin in the pollen tube and protoplast of Amaryllis belladonna

Abstract The production of protoplasts from the pollen of Amaryllis belladonna has facilitated a more direct investigation of the physiological and mechano-chemical basis of streaming. Cytoplasm is removed from an actively streaming protoplast or intact pollen tube and layered on a coated grid in a solution containing a low free calcium ion concentration. Under these conditions 6 nm thin filaments are observed. The thin filaments are morphologically identical with F actin and bind rabbit muscle HMM, forming characteristic arrowhead complexes that are dissociated by subsequent treatment with MgATP.
Psychosis after Open Heart Surgery: A Phenomenological Study

This brief self-reflective phenomenological study attempts to throw light on the inner mental processes that go on immediately following open heart surgery. The combination of organic assault, medication, post-traumatic stress, and psychological injury involved produces an abnormal mental state that can better be treated if it is understood from the point of view of the patient.
Microencapsulation II. Interfacial Reactions

AbstractIn recent years a number of papers and patents describing the use of interfacial reactions as a means of microencapsulation have been reported in the literature. This paper discusses the technique of microencapsulation by interfacial reactions and the effect of variables which may influence the integrity of the microcapsules. Variations of the basic interfacial polymerization techniques are described with special reference to interfacial polycondensation, the formation of polymer material by induced catalyzation, vapor deposition technique, and in-situ polymerization. Examples of some processes used and/or the types of reacting species are also included.
THE KINETICS OF IRON METABOLISM IN SWINE WITH VARIOUS EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANEMIAS

Ferrokinetic studies were performed on 3 swine given phenylhydrazine, 3 swine deficient in pyridoxine, and 3 swine deficient in pteroylglutamic acid. Body surface radioactivity was measured in 2 pteroylglutamic acid-deficient animals. In the animals given phenylhydrazine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 5 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased about fourfold, and the rate of erythropoiesis was four to five times greater than that in the control pigs. In the pyridoxine-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was within the limits of normal. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased fourfold, but the rate of erythropoiesis was approximately one-fourth the normal mean value. These data are interpreted as indicating that the anemia associated with this deficiency is a result of an inability of the bone marrow to produce a normal number of erythrocytes. In the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 17 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was 5 times the normal mean value. The rate of erythropoiesis was 1.6 times greater than the mean value in the control pigs. These data are interpreted as indicating that anemia develops in this deficiency as a result of a combination of a shortening of the erythrocyte survival time and a limitation of the capacity of the bone marrow to increase red cell production to the same degree as a normal marrow. The radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow of the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, as determined by measurement of the radioactivity over the body surface, declined more slowly than in control pigs.
THE ROLE OF CHOICE AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MITIGATION OF NOISE AND TASK STRESSORS ON VIGILANCE

2The present study investigated the effects of perceived control over aspects of a task (difficulty) on stress and workload in a vigilance task. Additionally, individual differences in dispositional factors and coping strategy chosen by the operator were considered. Prior research has indicated that pessimism has an effect on the level of experienced stress. Additionally, coping strategies have been linked to stress and workload ratings in a variety oft asks (Matthews & Campbell, 1998). While these factors have been investigated independently, as is frequently the case, their complex interaction has remained unaddressed. In the study, we found that optimism was negatively related to task engagement, though it was p ositively related to distress. Additionally, it was found to be a predictor of task-focused coping behaviors. More conscientious people were less likely to engage in task-focused or emotion-focused coping. Those who were less pessimistic tended to have heightened worry over the task.
On the electromagnetic power conservation in problems involving moving boundaries

A power conservation principle for electromagnetic fields in the presence of moving boundaries is stated and applied to an example which illustrates its usefulness. The present interpretation of power conservation is seen to differ from that given earlier by Pauli.
Continuity, Complexity and Reciprocity in a Cambodian Orphanage

Although Cambodia's ‘orphanage boom’ has sparked widespread concern, the children in Cambodia's orphanages are often faring well. Participant-observation research reveals distinctive elements of one Cambodian orphanage that may contribute to the well-being of the resident children. These include the complexity of the environment, its continuity with the surrounding community and reciprocity of access, which not only makes community resources available to the resident children but also makes orphanage resources available to the community.
Advanced lasers for fusion applications

Advanced Lasers subsystems performance requirements for a fusion power reactor are presented and analyzed in the context of an energy-storage laser medium. Three types of energy-storing laser media are identified: 1) the Group VI atoms, 2) selected rare-earth doped solids, and 3) rare-earth molecular gases. The operating principles, basic parameters, and conceptual designs for high energy amplifiers are outlined for 1) atomic selenium pumped photolytically with rare-gas excimer radiation, 2) thulium-doped glass pumped with XeF excimer radiation, and 3) terbium chelate vapor pumped with KrF excimer radiation. The use of energy nonstoring laser media, particularly the rare-gas monohalide excimers, are discussed in the context of short-pulse fusion applications. The concept of backward wave Raman pulse compression is introduced as one attractive means toward this end. The basic parameters and a conceptual design of a KrF pumped methane (CH4 ) Raman compressor laser are presented. On the basis of exploratory experiments and computer modeling of amplifier devices and systems, all of the systems discussed here appear scientifically and technologically scalable in energy to hundreds of kilojoules. Systems efficiencies are projected to be in the range of 1-5%, subject to favorable resolution of a few remaining physics and technological issues.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Methylated Arylazepine Compounds for PET Imaging of 5-HT 2c Receptors

The serotonin 5-HT2c receptor is implicated in a number of diseases including obesity, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. In order to ascribe the role of 5-HT2c in these diseases, a method for measuring 5-HT2c density and function in vivo, such as with positron emission tomography (PET), must be developed. Many high-affinity and relatively selective ligands exist for 5-HT2c but cannot be accessed with current radiosynthetic methods for use as PET radiotracers. We propose that N-methylation of an arylazepine moiety, a frequent structural feature in 5-HT2c ligands, may be a suitable method for producing new radiotracers for 5-HT2c. The impact of N-methylation has not been previously reported. For the agonists that we selected herein, N-methylation was found to increase affinity up to 8-fold without impairing selectivity. Compound 5, an N-methylated azetidine-derived arylazepine, was found to be brain penetrant and reached a brain/blood ratio of 2.05:1. However, our initial test compound was rapidly met...