cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bringing the News from Ghent to Axanar: Fan Works and Copyright after Deckmyn and Subsequent Developments

Fan works offer a lens through which to view the complex future of copyright law. Recent years have seen an explosion in academic interest in fan works, for reasons including the ongoing crisis in copyright law, changes in the way we consume copyrighted content, and increasing interest in fandom itself. Scholarship on fan works has continued to explore the key questions of fair use, parody, and First Amendment protection that allow fan works to exist yet fail to clearly delineate the boundaries of the legal twilight zone in which they reside and thrive. It has also continued to address the intersection between fanfic and gender and what this says about the gendered nature of intellectual property law. Much has also been written about the future of copyright in general, and of fan works in particular, often looking at fan works from new perspectives, including law and economics and the closely related vexing problem, for content owners, of how to address possible infringement without alienating the fanbase. This article looks at recent developments relating to fanfic first by looking at the historical context and current state of fan works, and next by looking at story elements and the ways in which they are and are not protected by copyright. The article devotes special attention to the related issues of cultural appropriation and reinterpretation, looking at Own Voices stories and street murals as a means of reclaiming a right to cultural property appropriated by others. The article then looks at the shrinking space for online fan works, with a look at two fairly recent decisions dealing with works based on existing popular culture franchises. One, Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Axanar Productions, deals with true fan art (a Star Trek fan film), while the other, Deckmyn v. Vandersteen, deals with hate speech masquerading as fan art. Ultimately the article concludes that there is both good and bad news for fans in the current situation. The good news is that the formerly frustratingly nebulous legal status of fan works is increasingly coming to be understood by fan work creators, courts, and content owners. The bad news is that the balance of powers in copyright generally, is increasingly shifting to large content owners.
High-power non-perturbative laser delivery diagnostics at the final focus of 100-TW-class laser pulses

Author(s): Isono, F; Van Tilborg, J; Barber, SK; Natal, J; Berger, C; Tsai, HE; Ostermayr, T; Gonsalves, A; Geddes, C; Esarey, E | Abstract: Controlling the delivery of multi-terawatt and petawatt laser pulses to final focus, both in position and angle, is critical to many laser applications such as optical guiding, laser-plasma acceleration, and laser-produced secondary radiation. We present an online, non-destructive laser diagnostic, capable of measuring the transverse position and pointing angle at focus. The diagnostic is based on a unique double-surface-coated wedged-mirror design for the final steering optic in the laser line, producing a witness beam highly correlated with the main beam. By propagating low-power kilohertz pulses to focus, we observed spectra of focus position and pointing angle fluctuations dominated by frequencies below 70 Hz. The setup was also used to characterize the excellent position and pointing angle correlation of the 1 Hz high-power laser pulses to this low-power kilohertz pulse train, opening a promising path to fast non-perturbative feedback concepts even on few-hertz-class high-power laser systems.
Trash to Treasure: An Upcycling Project Case Study.

Plastic pollution and using up non-renewable resources is a massive problem that we are facing but not nearly enough is being done about it. As the world’s population and consumption increases, the problem will only grow exponentially if we do not take action to change our trajectory. Industrial designers have contributed to this massive problem by designing millions of products that are made out of plastic and unsustainably sourced materials. Is there a practical and effective way to teach industrial design students to design products that can help to restore our environment? This paper unpacks a case study in which industrial design students learned that it is possible to divert pollution from reaching our lands and oceans and save energy and valuable non-renewable resources by upcycling “trash” into “treasure” through the power of design.
Hopf algebras of dimension 2p2

Let H be a non-semisimple Hopf algebra of dimension 2p2 over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero, where p is an odd prime. We prove that H or H . is pointed, which completes the classification for Hopf algebras of these dimensions
The Status of the Child and the Conflict of Laws

I am offering as part of my share in this experimentation the treatment of the conflict of laws as it applies to a child, starting with his birth and going on until he is of riper years. This statement, as will be seen, runs into almost every branch of the law and has to be gathered together from as many sources. Whether when gathered together in this form it will be easier to master, to remember, and to investigate, it is impossible to guess. Without further preface, let us be legally present at the child's birth.
Re-Embedding Existing Social Networks into Online Experiences to Aid in Trust Assessment

Net Trust is a system that embeds social context in web-based trust decisions by combining individual histories, social networks, and explicit ratings. The social context embedded in Net Trust allows an individual to select their own trusted sources of information and rate particular sites as trustworthy (or not). The system as proposed leverages pre-existing social networks to explicitly embed social and organizational context in the virtual realm. Net Trust allows an individual to select their own trusted sources of information from a market of ratings agencies and combine that with their individual social network. Social networks are needed to undermine the efficacy of social engineering. The design is informed by previous work in reputation systems, interaction design, social networks, social browsing, computer security, and peer production of knowledge.
The conscious mind: in search of a fundamental theory

I. PRELIMINARIES 1. Two Concepts of Mind 2. Supervenience and Explanation II. THE IRREDUCIBILITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 3. Can Consciousness be Reductively Explained? 4. Naturalistic Dualism 5. The Paradox of Phenomenal Judgment III. TOWARD A THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 6. The Coherence between Consciousness and Cognition 7. Absent Qualia, Fading Qualia, Dancing Qualia 8. Consciousness and Information: Some Speculation IV. APPLICATIONS 9. Strong Artificial Intelligence 10. The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Notes Bibliography
A system for generating static analyzers for machine instructions

This paper describes the design and implementation of a language for specifying the semantics of an instruction set, along with a run-time system to support the static analysis of executables written in that instruction set. The work advances the state of the art by creating multiple analysis phases from a specification of the concrete operational semantics of the language to be analyzed.
Abiotic nitrogen reduction on the early Earth

The production of organic precursors to life depends critically on the form of the reactants. In particular, an environment dominated by N2 is far less efficient in synthesizing nitrogen-bearing organics than a reducing environment rich in ammonia. Relatively reducing lithospheric conditions on the early Earth have been presumed to favour the generation of an ammonia-rich atmosphere, but this hypothesis has not been studied experimentally. Here we demonstrate mineral-catalysed reduction of N2, NO2- and NO3- to ammonia at temperatures between 300 and 800 degrees C and pressures of 0.1-0.4 GPa-conditions typical of crustal and oceanic hydrothermal systems. We also show that only N2 is stable above 800 degrees C, thus precluding significant atmospheric ammonia formation during hot accretion. We conclude that mineral-catalysed N2 reduction might have provided a significant source of ammonia to the Hadean ocean. These results also suggest that, whereas nitrogen in the Earth's early atmosphere was present predominantly as N2, exchange with oceanic, hydrothermally derived ammonia could have provided a significant amount of the atmospheric ammonia necessary to resolve the early-faint-Sun paradox.
Experiences using test-driven development with an automated grader

Including software testing practices in programming assignments has moved from a novel idea to accepted practice in recent years. Further, testing frameworks have spurred renewed interest in new approaches to automated grading, with some systems specifically aiming to give feedback on software testing skills. As more educators consider incorporating testing techniques in their own courses, lessons learned from using testing in the classroom as well as from using automated grading systems become more valuable. This paper summarizes experiences in using software testing in CS1- and CS2-level courses over the past three years. Among these experiences, this paper focuses on student perceptions of automated grading tools and how they might be addressed, approaches to designing project specifications, and strategies for providing meaningful feedback to students that can help improve their performance and reduce their frustration.
Hyperfine Interactions and Lifetimes of Low-Energy States in W182 and W183

The Mossbauer technique has been used to study the nuclear hyperfine interactions and lifetimes in W182 (2+ state) and W183 (3/2- and 5/2- states) with the following results: g(5/2-)/g(2+)=1.40±0.04; g(3/2-)=-0.07±0.07; Q(5/2-)/Q(2+)=0.94±0.04; T1/2(3/2-)=0.184±0.005 nsec; T1/2(5/2-)≳0.7 nsec. These quantities are discussed in terms of a rotation-particle interaction in W183 due to Coriolis coupling. From the measured quantities and additional information on γ-ray transition intensities, magnetic single-particle matrix elements are derived. It is inferred from these that the two effective g factors, resulting from the Nilsson-model calculation of the single-particle matrix elements for the spin operators sz and s+, are not equal, consistent with the proposal of Bochnacki and Ogaza. The internal magnetic fields at the tungsten nucleus were determined for substitutional solid solutions of tungsten in iron, cobalt, and nickel. With g(2+)=0.24 the results are: Heff(W-Fe)=-715±10 kG; |Heff(W-Co)|=360±10 kG; |Heff(W-Ni)|=90±25 kG. The electric field gradients at the tungsten nucleus were determined for WS2 and WO3. With Q(2+)=-1.81 b the results are: for WS2, eq=-(1.86±0.05)×10^18 V/cm^2; for WO3, eq=(1.54±0.04)×10^18 V/cm^2 and η=0.63±0.02.
Numerical reconstruction of gene expression measurements from mixed cell populations

We propose a procedure for numerically decomposing gene expression measurements obtained from a mixed cell population into estimates of the expression levels for the biologically distinct components of the mixture. The motivating application is the problem of obtaining the tumor cell expression signal from a tissue sample that contains tumor cells as well as various types of normal cells. We propose that a numerical restoration procedure may partially substitute for a physical fractionation when the latter is not feasible. The procedure is based on a hierarchical probability model that reflects the relationship between the underlying chemical mixture and the observable aggregate measurements. Using a Monte Carlo procedure, reconstructions of the latent signal components are obtained, along with estimates of the normal and tumor expression distributions, and estimates of the fraction of normal cells in each tissue sample. Among other uses, these values can be used to diagnose differential expression between the tumor and normal cell populations. We demonstrate the procedure using simulated data and a microarray dataset from a colon cancer study.
A microtubule-binding myosin required for nuclear anchoring and spindle assembly

Proper spindle positioning and orientation are essential for asymmetric cell division and require microtubule-actin filament (F-actin) interactions in many systems. Such interactions are particularly important in meiosis, where they mediate nuclear anchoring, as well as meiotic spindle assembly and rotation, two processes required for asymmetric cell division. Myosin-10 proteins are phosphoinositide-binding, actin-based motors that contain carboxy-terminal MyTH4 and FERM domains of unknown function. Here we show that Xenopus laevis myosin-10 (Myo10) associates with microtubules in vitro and in vivo, and is concentrated at the point where the meiotic spindle contacts the F-actin-rich cortex. Microtubule association is mediated by the MyTH4-FERM domains, which bind directly to purified microtubules. Disruption of Myo10 function disrupts nuclear anchoring, spindle assembly and spindle-F-actin association. Thus, this myosin has a novel and critically important role during meiosis in integrating the F-actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.
Nonequilibrium-Direction-Dependent Rotational Energy Model for Use in Continuum and Stochastic Molecular Simulation

A new rotational energy exchange model for direct simulation Monte Carlo and multi-temperature Navier–Stokes methods is presented. The direct simulation Monte Carlo model is based only on collision quantities and reduces to a rotational collision number in the continuum limit, applicable for use with the Jeans relaxation equation. The model is formulated based on recent molecular dynamics simulations of rotational relaxation in nitrogen (Valentini et al., Physics of Fluids, Vol. 24, No. 10, 2012, p. 106101) and accounts for the dependence of the relaxation rate on the direction to the equilibrium state. This enables a single parameterization of the model to accurately simulate rotational relaxation in both compressing and expanding flows, unlike the widely used Parker model. The direct simulation Monte Carlo model is simple to implement, numerically efficient, and accurately reproduces a range of pure molecular dynamics solutions, including isothermal relaxations, normal shock waves, and expansions. A gen...
425 EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE ON ZINC METABOLISM IN RATS

We have measured Zinc (Zn) levels in different tissues of castrated rats (CR) fed purified diet containing 100 pp Zn for 6 wks with and without injection of testosterone (T) enanthate (20 mg IM) 2 wks prior to sacrifice. CR had very low serum T (0.6 ± 0.1 ng/ml) as compared with the controls (8.2 ± 0.7 ng/ml) and T administration restored serum T to normal levels (9.1 ± 1.1 ng/ml). After castration, serum and tissue Zn levels were significantly decreased with concomitant increase in urinary Zn (see Table). Administration of T to CR increased the serum and tissue Zn levels almost to the normal level. Since food intake was similar in all groups, T in CR may have increased Zn retention. These results strongly suggest a positive relationship between Zn and T metabolism.
Formation of N centers in pure NaCl.

On etudie experimentalement la formation des pics des bandes N a centre de couleur a 828 et 903 mm dans des cristaux purs de NaCl. Un processus de photoagregation suivant la coloration est employe pour la formation des centres N. La methode de coloration et la longueur d'onde de la lumiere d'agregation affectent les centres de couleur specifiques formes ainsi que leur densite rotative. On pense que les differences observees sont dues a l'excitation des centres F' durant l'agregation. On discute de la nature des deux bandes de centre N du point de vue des caracteristiques de la croissance de bande et des donnees de fluorescence
Correlated motion and oscillation of neighboring cells in vitro

It has long been realized that fibroblastic and epithelial cells establish recognizable patterns in tissue culture. This behavior implies that neighboring cells interact with one another to produce organized populations. Interaction between cells that are separated by many intervening cells is also possible and is demonstrated here using a special configuration of a biosensor referred to as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). Normally the electrical impedance of a single electrode covered with a confluent cell layer is measured, and the morphological changes of the cells are reflected in the impedance. In this case the cells are cultured on two closely spaced electrodes whose impedances are measured independently as a function of time, and communication between the cell populations is revealed as a correlation between these two time series. We also report for the first time another striking manifestation of dynamic cell interaction, where confluent layers of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) on a single electrode are observed to oscillate in synchrony with a period of approximately 2.5 h.
NATIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI AND MURINE DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASES CONTAIN LATE-FOLDING NON-NATIVE STRUCTURES

Abstract We have examined the equilibrium and kinetic folding properties of two structurally homologous dihydrofolate reductases, Escherichia coli DHFR (EcDHFR) and murine DHFR (MuDHFR), as a function of temperature and ligand concentration. Conformational heterogeneity in native DHFR is well documented, and the results demonstrate that the non-native form(s) represents late intermediate(s) in the folding process. We have measured the concentrations of native and non-native forms and the rate constants for their interconversion over a temperature range of 3°C to 49°C, allowing characterization of the thermodynamic as well as the kinetic properties of the final folding step(s) relative to the overall folding reaction. Differences in ligand binding suggest that the intermediate structures for these two proteins may be different during refolding.
On event-triggered control of linear systems under periodic denial-of-service jamming attacks

In this paper we study the resilience of a continuous LTI system which is controlled remotely via a wireless channel. An energy-constrained periodic (partially known) jammer is corrupting the control communication channel by imposing Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. We derive a triggering time-sequence, addressing when to update the control signal under the assumption that the period of the jammer has been detected. Then, we show that, under some sufficient condition, this triggering time-sequence counteracts the effect of the jammer and assures asymptotic stability of the plant. We prove our results theoretically, and demonstrate their validity in a simulation example.
Differential games results for military expenditures of unequal antagonists in the third world

In developing countries, resources are scarce and military expenditure can hinder development. Thus, allocation of resources between defense and civilian sectors is an important decision. Also, in developing countries, most defense spending is related to regional conflicts where one frequently encounters unequal participants (e.g., India-Pakistan, Iran-Iraq, China-Vietnam). In such situations, the bigger power aspires to be the regional leader, and allocates resources to the defense sector accordingly. A model incorporating the two above mentioned stylized facts has been examined by Deger and Sen [1] in two different ways. They first look at the problem from a single country's point of view, which takes the other's reaction function as given, and show that in the long run, military expenditures and armament stock levels will exhibit stability. Next, they formulate the problem as a noncooperative differential game in which each country assumes knowledge of the other country's welfare function, and conjecture that stability will once again be exhibited. The present paper attempts to verify that conjecture using a simplifying assumption which is necessary to be able to qualitatively solve the problem. This simplifying assumption does not change the results for the optimal control models, however, the conjecture is not valid for the simplified differential game model.
Toward a Distinctive Christian Undergraduate Management Program

We motivate and develop a theoretical framework for creating a distinctive Christian undergraduate management program that is directed toward providing (a) the necessary intellectual characteristics to do “well” and (b) the necessary emotional characteristics to do “good.” This framework consists of seven propositions that connect the learning environment with proposed student and alumni outcomes. Within this learning environment, we discuss a concept that we define as “academic intimacy.” We reason that the degree of academic intimacy influences the ability of students to develop the necessary intellectual and emotional characteristics. Key components of academic intimacy are (a) the pedagogical strategies employed, (b) the student/faculty ratio, and (c) the type of student. We argue that utilizing the pedagogical strategies of perspectival learning and experiential learning, reducing the student/faculty ratio, and attracting students who are more active and curious will make the learning environment mor...
Molecular Pathogenesis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous clinicopathologic entity accounting for 30% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The pathogenesis of DLBCL is complex and heterogeneous. Recent studies using analysis of global gene expression with DNA microarrays and the classical molecular approaches demonstrate presence of several DLBCL subtypes characterized by different cells of origin, cytogenetic and molecular aberrations, and distinct pathogenesis. This review summarizes the progress in understanding of DLBCL biology and presents a state-of-the-art overview of DLBCL molecular pathogenesis.
Parallel MRAS without compensation block

The parallel model reference adaptive system (MRAS) is shown to be asymptotically stable without the compensation block provided that a quadratic form of the adjustable model input/output is lower bounded.
Computer crime legislation update

Thirty-five state plus the Federal Government have various forms of computer crime legislation on the books. These laws plus additional ones which are being added each year attempt to make computer related crime less attractive to individuals and groups who are willing to risk fines and imprisonment.
Variational bounds on the radius of convergence of the born series

Abstract The radius of convergence of the Born series for potential scattering problems is discussed in terms of the eigen-values of the scattering integral equation. Variational procedures yielding upper and lower bounds for these eigen-values are introduced. These bounds axe calculated using various trial functions and compared to the exact values for the square well, exponential repulsive, and Yukawa potentials.
Oral and dental manifestations of histiocytosis X.

Abstract This study of twenty-seven cases emphasizes the frequency and importance of the oral and dental manifestations of histiocytosis X. Suggestive clinical symptoms and signs or roentgenographic changes indicate biopsy for diagnosis and guidance to appropriate therapy.
The Economic Theory of Regulation Versus Alternative Theories for the Electric Utilities Industry: A Simultaneous Probit Model

Abstract This study investigates the effect of regulation on the price of electricity using a simultaneous equation system which is based on the modern theory of regulation. The estimated results show that the probability of the occurrence of regulation of utility prices by the regulatory body is positively related to utility prices. But, regulation remains ineffective in reducing the price of electricity. In all, the evidence presented here adds to, and supports, the body of knowledge regarding the theory of economic regulation.
Functional Lagrange expansion in state space and the s -domain

The functional Lagrange expansion was introduced by the authors [1], [2] as a general analytical technique for handling a wide variety of control problems in nonlinear systems. It has been shown [1], [2] how a large class of such problems may be cast into a form requiring the solution of a nonlinear functional equation of the type y(t)=x(t)+\epsilonF[y](t) . The functional Lagrange expansion provides a functional series expansion of the solution y(t) in powers of the expansion parameter e. This paper presents generalizations of the functional Lagrange expansion to muitivariable nonlinear systems, i.e., state space, to functional equations in the s -domain, and to equations where the functional F[y] is expressible as a sum of other functionals. The results are applied to specific control problems.
A Hot-Electron Direct Detector for Radioastronomy

A hot-electron transition-edge superconducting bolometer with adjustable thermal relaxation speed is proposed. The bolometer contacts are made from a superconductor with high critical temperature which blocks the thermal diffusion of hot carriers into the contacts. Thus electron-phonon interaction is the only mechanism for heat removal. The speed of thermal relaxation for hot electrons in a nanometer-size superconducting bolometer with T(sub c) = 100-300 mK is controlled by the elastic electron mean free path l. The relaxation rate behaves as T(sup 4)l at subkelvin temperatures and can be reduced by a factor of 10-100 by decreasing 1. Then an antenna- or wave guide-coupled bolometer with a time constant approx. = 10(exp -3) to 10(exp -4) s will exhibit photon-noise limited performance at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The bolometer will have a figure-of-merit NEPtau = 10(exp -22) - 10(exp -21) W/Hz at 100 mK which is 10(exp 3) to 10(exp 4) times better (ie: smaller) than that of a state-of-the-art bolometer. A tremendous increase in speed and sensitivity will have a significant impact for observational mapping applications.
The effects of varying alcohol concentrations commonly found in mouth rinses on the force decay of elastomeric chain.

Abstract Objective: To test the effect of alcohol on force decay of elastomeric chains in vitro in order to determine if increasing alcohol concentrations results in an increased amount of elastomeric chain force decay. Materials and Methods: A prospective laboratory study was completed to test the effect of alcohol exposure on orthodontic elastomeric chain. A total of 450 specimens were divided into five test groups. Two test groups were each exposed to different alcohol concentrations (14% and 26.9%) and the other two test groups were exposed to different commercially available mouth rinses (Cēpacol -14% alcohol and Listerine - 26.9% alcohol) for 60 seconds twice a day. The control group followed all of the same procedures but was only exposed to deionized (DI) water. Force measurements were taken at six time points (initial, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days). Results: There were no significant differences among groups at the initial time point (P = .52). Statistically significant effects ...
The connections between Dirichlet, regularity and Neumann problems for second order elliptic operators with complex bounded measurable coefficients

Abstract The present paper discusses relations between regularity, Dirichlet, and Neumann problems. We investigate the boundary problems for block operators and prove, in particular, that the solvability of the regularity problem does not imply the solvability of the dual Dirichlet problem for general elliptic operators with complex bounded measurable coefficients. This is strikingly different from the case of real operators, for which such an implication was established in 1993 by C. Kenig, J. Pipher [Invent. Math. 113 (3) (1993) 447–509] and since then has served as an integral part of many results.
Direct strand scission in double stranded RNA via a C5-pyrimidine radical.

Nucleobase radicals are the major family of reactive intermediates produced when nucleic acids are exposed to γ-radiolysis. The 5,6-dihydrouridin-5-yl radical (1), the formal product of hydrogen atom addition and a model for hydroxyl radical addition, was independently generated from a ketone precursor via Norrish Type I photocleavage in single and double stranded RNA. Radical 1 produces direct strand breaks at the 5′-adjacent nucleotide and only minor amounts of strand scission are observed at the initial site of radical generation. Strand scission occurs preferentially in double stranded RNA and in the absence of O2. The dependence of strand scission efficiency from the 5,6-dihydrouridin-5-yl radical (1) on secondary structure under anaerobic conditions suggests that this reactivity may be useful for extracting additional RNA structural information from hydroxyl radical reactions. Varying the identity of the 5′-adjacent nucleotide has little effect on strand scission. Internucleotidyl strand scission oc...
Planning for corporate social programs—Problems and guidelines

Abstract There is mounting evidence that one of the principal impediments to the increased social responsiveness of major corporations is the organizational difficulty of incorporating novel social programmes into existing operations. Four empirical studies that support this thesis are summarized and discussed. Then, a set of guidelines are suggested that will provide a useful checklist in planning for the implementation of new socially oriented programmes in large firms.
The Raman spectrum of predissociating nitrogen dioxide

Abstract The Raman spectrum of NO2 excited at 355 nm is found to be dominated by bands containing up to six quanta of the bending vibration and four quanta of the symmetric stretch, with an almost complete absence of bands containing asymmetric stretch quanta. These results are interpreted within a time-dependent view to provide insight into the predissociation dynamics of NO2.
The spectrophotometric constants of di- and trinucleotides in pancreatic ribonuclease digests of ribonucleic acid

Abstract The di- and trinucleotides arising from the digestion of RNA with pancreatic ribonuclease were isolated by a combination of column and paper chromatography. The spectra of the oligonucleotides at pH 1, 7, and 11 were determined and from these data the spectrophotometric constants at 20° were calculated. These values were found to be a function of temperature and representative dependencies are given.
Roles of interpersonal contact and verbal content in abstract thinking deficits of schizophrenics.

Previous research has suggested that the well-publicized loss of abstract ability by schizophrenics may reflect their difficulties with interpersonal communication rather than abstraction deficits per se. To test this hypothesis, the performance of process schizophrenics, reactive schizophrenics, and normals were compared on four Proverbs tests which varied in the amount of interpersonal communication they entailed. Also, to test the hypothesis that the abstraction deficits reflect only difficulties with verbal stimuli, the performance of the three groups was compared on abstraction tests composed of nonverbal stimuli (the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Category tests) and verbal symbols (the Proverbs tests). The results suggest that abstract thinking deficits in schizophrenics are more prominent in tasks composed of verbal stimuli. However, the results did not support the view that either autism or loss of ability to abstract in adult schizophrenics increases peculiarly with the amount of interperson...
How Similar are Recycling and Waste Reduction?: Future Orientation and Reasons for Reducing Waste As Predictors of Self-Reported Behavior

The present research examined the relations between people’s self-reported recycling and waste reduction behaviors, their reasons or justifications for engaging in these behaviors, and their future...
Neonatal candidiasis: ophthalmologic infection

Endophthalmitis results from hematogenous seeding of the eye in preterm infants with candidiasis. Early systemic therapy decreases the frequency of eye involvement, now only about 6% in infants with systemic candidiasis. Eye disease can occur on the first day, but is more likely with prolonged candidemia. Candida albicans and C tropicalis predominate in newborns. Indirect ophthalmoscopy will identify the characteristic unilateral or bilateral, yellow-white, fluffy, retinal or vitreal balls with frequent hemorrhage or inflammatory vitreous haze. Systemic antifungal therapy alone usually results in good visual outcome, but unresponsive or recurrent lesions are reported. Lens abscesses presenting as cataracts may be seeded before regression of the tunica vasculosa lentis, leaving an infection nidus in a subsequently avascular structure that is poorly reached by antifungal drugs. Lensectomy may be required to clear the visual field and the infection. Candidemia is also implicated in progression of retinopathy of prematurity to stage 3 or beyond, possibly due to induction of cytokines or angiogenic factors.
ANTIPHASE SYNCHRONISM IN CHAOTIC SYSTEMS

We report our finding and analysis of a type of synchronism that occurs in chaotic systems with symmetry. Specifically, we find that the amplitudes of the dynamical variables of such a system can be synchronized with those of its replica, but that the variables can have different signs with respect to each other. This type of antiphase chaotic synchronism is observable in wide parameter regimes even for hyperchaotic systems. The mechanism of the synchronism suggests a systematic and a priori way to construct synchronizable chaotic systems. Application to nonlinear digital communication is pointed out. @S1063-651X~98!02607-5#
Russell W. Raitt (1907–1995)

Russell Watson Raitt, pioneering marine field geophysicist, AGU Fellow, and emeritus professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, died March 6, 1995, in La Jolla, Calif., where he had lived for more than 50 years. His passing at age 87 closed a life of scholarship, innovation, and accomplishment that produced much of the observational foundation upon which the field that became plate tectonics is based. Raitt was born September 30, 1907, in Philadelphia, Pa., the son of a Presbyterian minister. He moved to southern California in 1921 and graduated from South Pasadena High School. In 1925 he entered the nearby California Institute of Technology, from which he graduated with a B.S. in physics in 1929.
Anti-diabetic activity of insulin-degrading enzyme inhibitors mediated by multiple hormones

Despite decades of speculation that inhibiting endogenous insulin degradation might treat type-2 diabetes, and the identification of IDE (insulin-degrading enzyme) as a diabetes susceptibility gene, the relationship between the activity of the zinc metalloprotein IDE and glucose homeostasis remains unclear. Although Ide(-/-) mice have elevated insulin levels, they exhibit impaired, rather than improved, glucose tolerance that may arise from compensatory insulin signalling dysfunction. IDE inhibitors that are active in vivo are therefore needed to elucidate IDE's physiological roles and to determine its potential to serve as a target for the treatment of diabetes. Here we report the discovery of a physiologically active IDE inhibitor identified from a DNA-templated macrocycle library. An X-ray structure of the macrocycle bound to IDE reveals that it engages a binding pocket away from the catalytic site, which explains its remarkable selectivity. Treatment of lean and obese mice with this inhibitor shows that IDE regulates the abundance and signalling of glucagon and amylin, in addition to that of insulin. Under physiological conditions that augment insulin and amylin levels, such as oral glucose administration, acute IDE inhibition leads to substantially improved glucose tolerance and slower gastric emptying. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of modulating IDE activity as a new therapeutic strategy to treat type-2 diabetes and expand our understanding of the roles of IDE in glucose and hormone regulation.
Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Reduced Insulin Sensitivity in Ovariectomized Mice Occurs in the Absence of Increased Adiposity

Menopause promotes central obesity, adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR). Both obesity and the loss of estrogen can activate innate and adaptive immune cells (macrophages, T cells). The respective impacts of weight gain and loss of ovarian hormones on AT inflammation and IR are poorly understood. Here we determined the temporal kinetics of fat accretion, AT inflammation, and IR over a 26-wk time course in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, a model of menopause. OVX and sham-operated (SHM) C57BL6 mice were fed a normal chow diet. Weight, body composition (magnetic resonance imaging), total and regional adiposity, activity, food intake, AT crown-like structures, biohumoral measures, and insulin sensitivity (insulin tolerance testing and homeostatic model assessment) were determined at wk 12, 20, and 26. Macrophages and T cells from perigonadal AT were immunophenotyped by fluorescence-associated cell sorting, and perigonadal adipose tissue (PGAT) gene expression was quantified by quantitative PCR. OVX mice (≈ 31 g) became fatter than SHM mice (≈ 26 g) by wk 12, but mice were equally insulin sensitive. PGAT of OVX mice contained more T cells but expressed higher levels of M2-MΦ (arginase-1) and T cell-regulatory (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) genes. At wk 20, both OVX and SHM mice weighed approximately 35 g and were equally insulin sensitive with comparable amounts of PGAT and total body fat. OVX mice became less insulin sensitive than SHM mice by wk 26, coincident with the down-regulation of PGAT arginase-1 (-20-fold) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (2-fold) and up-regulation of M1/Th1 genes CD11c (+2-fold), IL12p40 (+2-fold), and interferon-γ (+78-fold). Ovarian hormone loss in mice induces PGAT inflammation and IR by mechanisms that can be uncoupled from OVX-induced obesity.
Investment incentives and risk sharing properties of debt and equity contracts in international financial markets

Abstract This paper examines the risk sharing and investment incentive properties of debt and equity contracts in international financial markets. Using a Nash bargaining framework between the borrower and its lenders, debt repayment after renegotiation is derived. Renegotiable debt contracts provide better investment incentives than equity contracts, when the level of debt is not very high. For high levels of debt, when repayment due is above a renegotiated debt repayment, disincentives for investment arise. Risk sharing between lenders and borrowers is better under equity contracts when investment takes place and debt contracts are not renegotiated.
Biochemical characterization of a variant form of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase induced by parental exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea

Abstract 1. ENU4 mice express a protein variant originally detected in a CBF1 mouse sired by a C57BL/6 mouse exposed to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. It appears to be an isolelectric point variant of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. Affinity purified cytosolic epoxide hydrolase from ENU4 mice has a pI of approximately 5.1 compared to 5.6 in other mouse strains. 2. Clofibrate induced cytosolic epoxide hydrolase to similar levels in five strains of mice. However, CBF1 and ENU4 mice were more sensitive to the induction of palmitoyl CoA oxidase activity. 3. Except for isoelectric point, the physico- and immunochemical properties of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase from ENU4 mice were similar to those of the other mouse strains. Substrate specificities for five of six substrates tested were also similar.
Flow of Helium II in Narrow Slits

The isothermal flow properties of helium II have been studied at pressure heads between 1 and 16 cm of helium and in slits with an average width between 2 and 5 microns. The results can be partially described in terms of the mutual friction theory of Gorter and Mellink. The prediction of the theory that the flow rate should be proportional to the one-third power of the pressure head was verified for the entire pressure range investigated. The agreement is not complete, since our work is consistent only with a mutual friction constant, $A$, which is a function of temperature and of the slit dimensions. There was no evidence of critical velocity effects in the velocity range investigated (10-30 cm/sec). Interpretation of the experimental work of Allen and Reekie and of Hollis-Hallet indicates that there is a small superfluid friction proportional to the square of the superfluid velocity in addition to the mutual friction. This friction was not observed in the velocity range of our experiments.
Age‐Associated Changes in Bovine Muscle Connective Tissue. I. Rate of Hydrolysis by Collagenasea

SUMMARY Age-associated structural changes in collagenous residues isolated from the loose connective-tissue network found within bovine biceps femoris muscle were studied with collagenase used as a structural probe. Rate of enzymatic digestion was measured by following the release of soluble protein, hydroxyproline, and ninhydrin-positive material into the medium surrounding the fibrous residues. Under the conditions of the experiment, 8–11% of the protein and 8–21% of the hydroxyproline in the residues were solubilized after 12 hr of incubation with collagenase. Samples from four age groups were studied: Group I, veal, 40–49 days old; Group II, steers, 403–495 days old; Group III, cows, 4 years, 8 months to 5 years, 5 months old; Group IV, aged cows, 10 years, 2 months and 10 years, 5 months old. The groups ranked I, III, IV, and II, from fastest to slowest, in rate of hydrolysis by collagenase. However, it was postulated that the larger amounts of lipid associated with the Group II samples acted to shield collagenase-labile bonds and cause a slow rate of hydrolysis. Making this assumption, it appears that susceptibility to collagenase digestion of loose connective tissue follows an age pattern similar to that reported for skin and tendon collagen.
Clotting defect in hemophilia; deficiency in a plasma factor required for platelet utilization.

Summary1. By special handling and prolonged centrifugation of normal blood, plasmas with a delayed clotting time can be obtained. If centrifugation is prolonged sufficiently, the plasmas become spontaneously incoagulable.2. Normal plasmas of this type require the presence of platelets and perhaps other formed elements to correct the delayed clotting of hemophilic plasma.3. These findings indicate that in hemophilia there is a deficiency in a plasma factor required for platelet utilization. It is suggested that this factor is a thrombocytolysin.
Structure of superhard tungsten tetraboride: a missing link between MB2 and MB12 higher borides.

Superhard metals are of interest as possible replacements with enhanced properties over the metal carbides commonly used in cutting, drilling, and wear-resistant tooling. Of the superhard metals, the highest boride of tungsten—often referred to as WB4 and sometimes as W1–xB3—is one of the most promising candidates. The structure of this boride, however, has never been fully resolved, despite the fact that it was discovered in 1961—a fact that severely limits our understanding of its structure–property relationships and has generated increasing controversy in the literature. Here, we present a new crystallographic model of this compound based on refinement against time-of-flight neutron diffraction data. Contrary to previous X-ray–only structural refinements, there is strong evidence for the presence of interstitial arrangements of boron atoms and polyhedral bonding. The formation of these polyhedra—slightly distorted boron cuboctahedra—appears to be dependent upon the defective nature of the tungsten-deficient metal sublattice. This previously unidentified structure type has an intermediary relationship between MB2 and MB12 type boride polymorphs. Manipulation of the fractionally occupied metal and boron sites may provide insight for the rational design of new superhard metals.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci for fusarium head blight resistance in barley.

Ma, Z., Steffenson, B. J., Prom, L. K., and Lapitan, N. L. V. 2000. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for Fusarium head blight resistance in barley. Phytopathology 90:1079-1088. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that causes significant reductions in yield and quality in wheat and barley. Barley grains infected with deoxynivalenol (DON), a vomitoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, are rejected for malting and brewing. Among six-rowed barley cultivars tested thus far, only cv. Chevron exhibited resistance. This study was conducted to map genes and to identify DNA markers for marker-assisted breeding for FHB resistance in cv. Chevron with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. A doubled haploid (DH) population was created from a cross between cv. Chevron and susceptible cv. Stander. Seven field experiments were conducted in four different locations in 2 years. A RFLP map containing 211 loci and covering over 1,000 centimorgans (cM) of the genome was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with relatively low FHB severity and DON concentration. Morphological traits differing between the parents were also measured: heading date, plant height, spike angle, number of nodes per cm of rachis in the spike, and kernel plumpness. Many of the QTL for FHB and DON coincided with QTLs for these morphological traits. The “fix-QTL” algorithm in Mapmaker QTL was used to remove the part of the variance for FHB resistance that may be explained by heading date or plant height. Results from this study suggest that QTLs with major effects for FHB resistance probably do not exist in cv. Chevron. Three QTL intervals, Xcmwg706-Xbcd441 on chromosome 1H, Xbcd307b-Xcdo684b on chromosome 2H, and Xcdo959b-Xabg472 on chromosome 4H, that are not associated with late heading or height may be useful for markerassisted selection.
IL-23 and IL-17 in tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a chronic disease requiring the constant expression of cellular immunity to limit bacterial growth. The constant expression of immunity also results in chronic inflammation, which requires regulation. While IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T helper cells (Th1) are required for control of bacterial growth they also initiate and maintain a mononuclear inflammatory response. Other T cell subsets are induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection including those able to produce IL-17 (Th17). IL-17 is a potent inflammatory cytokine capable of inducing chemokine expression and recruitment of cells to parenchymal tissue. Both the IL-17 and the Th17 response to Mtb are largely dependent upon IL-23. Although both Th17 and Th1 cells are induced following primary infection with Mtb, the protective response is significantly altered in the absence of Th1 cells but not in the absence of Th17. In contrast, in vaccinated animals the absence of memory Th17 cells results in loss of both the accelerated memory Th1 response and protection. Th1 and Th17 responses cross-regulate each other during mycobacterial infection and this may be important for immunopathologic consequences not only in tuberculosis but also other mycobacterial infections.