cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
End-fire silicon waveguide array as a platform for high power beam shaping and steering

We demonstrate a scalable array of end-firing silicon waveguides as a platform for high-speed, high-power operation beam-steering applications. We fabricate devices, culminating in 16×1 arrays with a measured central lobe FWHM of 7°±0.6°.
Fuel Efficient Engine Oils, Additive Interactions, Boundary Friction, and Wear

Abstract In order to encourage and accelerate development of advanced engine oils which would further contribute to improvement of engine fuel efficiency, Ford developed and made available to the oil industry a new engine test for determination of fuel efficiency of engine oils. This test, called Sequence VIB, was incorporated into the ILS AC GF-3 engine oil standard to be introduced around the year 2000. The main features of this test are increased emphasis on benefits derived under boundary/mixed lubrication conditions and improved retention of fuel efficiency during engine oil use. Friction reducing capabilities under boundary lubrication conditions can be improved through application of effective friction reducing additives, such as molybdenum dialkyldithio-carbamates (MoDTC), which, in combination with zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZnDTP) and other antioxidants, must provide good retention of friction reducing capabilities and also adequate antiwear properties. Formulation of such additive systems requires better understanding of various factors affecting performance of MoDTC and their interactions with other additives. From the results of our studies it is clear that ligand exchange reactions between MoDTC and ZnDTP and oxidation and antioxidant reactions involving base oil components, additives, and intermediates derived from them are all important in optimizing the performance and maximizing the benefits derived from these systems. These reactions, although occurring first in the bulk lubricant, also play a very important role in tribochemical conversions in boundary contacts where they are enhanced by more severe conditions. Thus, fundamental understanding of mechanisms and kinetics of these reactions is essential in the process of designing optimized lubrication systems that provide efficient and lasting friction reduction. Along these lines, this paper is intended to review available information, present the most recent data, explain some of the observations, draw some general conclusions, and outline future needs.
Evidence of linkage disequilibrium between schizophrenia and the SCa1 CAG repeat on chromosome 6p23

Schizophrenia and the closely related phenotype schizoaffective disorder are severe mental illnesses that affect >1.0% of the population. The major role that genetic factors contribute to disease susceptibility is very well established. Schizophrenia appears to be a highly complex and heterogeneous disorder, however, and gene-mapping efforts also face challenges in assigning diagnoses and in delineating the disease`s phenotypic boundary. Several recently reported studies indicate that a schizophrenia-susceptibility gene may reside on the distal short arm of chromosome 6. Wang et al. reported a strong suggestion of linkage to chromosome 6pter-p22, using a resource based on 186 Irish families that was developed by K. S, Kendler, D. Walsh and colleagues, and one of us (S.R.D.), as described elsewhere. In that study, locus D6S260 gave the highest pairwise LOD score, 3.5, allowing for locus heterogeneity. Analysis with D6S260 and the distal locus F13A1 yielded a multipoint LOD score of 3.9, which maximized by allowing for locus heterogeneity and assuming that 50% of families are linked to this region. Nonparametric affected-pedigree-member analyses also supported this finding. Several other groups have recently reported additional evidence suggesting linkage to this region, both in an expanded collection of Irish families and in families from a varietymore » of other geographic locations. However, none of these studies succeed in narrowing the location of the putative disease gene beyond the {approximately}30-cM region first identified by Wang et al. 44 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less
The Impact of Socio-Economic, Cultural, Political, and International Factors on Latinos/Latinas in United States

This special issue has the potential to make substantive contributions to the existing literature on Latinos. The issue presents the assets, challenges, and opportunities Latinos face in this country. It also highlights the impact that the quality of the socio-politicaleconomic Latin America-United States relations has on this population. It contributes to the discourse on Latinos in areas of interest to social workers and other human services providers and offers an understanding of the Latino experience in this country. We are mindful that the use of the terms Spanish, Latinos, Hispanics, or country of origin may express different personal, political, or governmental views. Therefore, the choice was left to the contributors to select the terminology used to represent the population they addressed. As an immigrant from Argentina, I was first classified as a Hispanic. Then the 2000 census gave me the choice to check the Spanish/Hispanic/Latino box, however, when I travel to Central and South American countries, I am an Argentinean. It is no wonder that “who am I” has been the subject of attention by Latino authors for many years. Latinos are the fastest growing population in the United States due to immigration and high birth rates, two factors that are dramatically changing the diversity composition in this country. An important aspect of this population is that Latinos have lived on parts of this land since colonial times while others are recent immigrants. The challenges, needs, and the means by which they identify with Latin America vary greatly, indeed, intra-group differences are many. As a result, the authors have avoided generalizations by focusing on particular groups and the specific generations the immigrants represent. In this special issue, we want to emphasize the fact that large numbers of Latinos are impacted by events in Latin America, as well as by the U.S. government’s position on immigration and foreign policies toward Latin America. An example of the serious nature of the disagreements between the Latin American countries and the United States was reflected in the discouraging outcome of the 2012 Summit of the Americas (a gathering of the heads of state of the countries of the Americas) when the United States opposed the acceptance of Cuba to the next Summit meeting. Another example is the neutral position taken by the United States on the long-standing conflict between Argentina and England regarding the sovereignty of Las Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands). The lack of U.S. solidarity with Latin American countries is a critical issue, particularly when there is an emerging move among Latin American countries to seek trade agreements and other
Social physique anxiety, obligation to exercise, and exercise choices among college students.

Objective: The authors examined relationships among social physique anxiety, obligation to exercise, and exercise choices. Participants and Methods: College students (N = 337; 200 women, 137 men) volunteered to complete 3 questionnaires: the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ), and Physical Activity Specification Survey (PASS). Results: On the SPAS, men (M score = 31.9 ± 8.8) differed from women (M score = 37.3 ± 8.3; p = .001). Men (M score = 43.0 ± 9.9) and women (M score = 43.0 ± 9.6) responded similarly (p = .94) on the OEQ. There was no interaction between sex and exercise level on the SPAS or OEQ. When separated by low, medium, and high SPAS scores, neither OEQ nor exercise scores differed. Conclusions: Obligation to exercise appears to be similar for both sexes. Women, however, appear to have higher levels of anxiety regarding how others evaluate their physique than do men. The combination of level of activity and sex do not appear to be associated with soc...
Structures, Vibrational Spectra, and Relative Energetics of CH3BrO3 Isomers

The geometries, vibrational spectra, and relative energetics of CH3BrO3 isomers have been examined using the B3LYP method in conjunction with various basis sets. The CH3OBrO2 isomer is found to be the lowest energy structure among the isomers, with an estimated heat of formation of 10.6 kcal mol-1, at 0 K, as determined from G2 theory. The next lowest energy isomer is CH3OOOBr, which lies 5.6 kcal mol-1 above CH3OBrO2. The isomers with higher energies are CH3OOBrO and CH3BrO3. We have examined the implication of the formation of the CH3BrO3 isomers from the atmospheric cross-reactions of the CH3O2 and BrO radical species.
The Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve (PARTNER) trial: clinical trialist perspective.

For several decades, surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR) has been considered the therapeutic gold standard for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis (AS). Severe AS is a progressive disease with a long latency period, and despite significant strides in medical therapy for numerous other forms of cardiovascular disease, little progress has been made in medical therapy for AS. The mechanical effects of aortic valve obstruction induce burdensome hemodynamic consequences that are the sine qua non of severe AS. Thus, particularly in patients with comorbid conditions who are at high risk for complications with traditional sAVR, untreated AS was conventionally viewed as a terminal condition for patients refusing high-risk sAVR or those deemed not operative candidates by treating physicians. The publication of the 1-year outcomes from the 2 cohorts of the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve (PARTNER) Trial1,2 has redefined this conventional wisdom. The PARTNER trial established the alternative use of a novel, less invasive procedure, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (tAVR), in the sickest patients with AS. In patients deemed at high risk for standard sAVR (cohort A), tAVR was associated with similar rates of 1-year all-cause mortality compared with sAVR (24.2% versus 26.8%; P =0.001 for noninferiority). In patients deemed not to be candidates for surgery (cohort B), tAVR was superior to standard therapy with reduced 1-year all-cause mortality (30.7% versus 50.7%; P <0.001). It is not often in clinical medicine that an early-stage less invasive technology demonstrates life-altering and life-saving impact on a common disease. Thus, it is instructive to examine several of the unique attributes of the landmark PARTNER trial that firmly established the evidence base for the role of tAVR in the treatment of AS. We focus here on a selected number of interesting facets of the trial from a clinical trialist's perspective. For …
An Examination of Sensation Seeking Tendencies among Boulderers

According to Llewellyn and Sanchez (2008), the study of risk taking has become virtually synonymous with sensation seeking theory and while some research has examined the sport of rock climbing from a sensation seeking standpoint there is no research that has exclusively examined boulderers from this perspective. Thereby, the primary purpose of this research was established. Data was collected in early 2009 adjacent to an indoor climbing wall where purposively selected subjects were asked to complete an online survey. The survey consisted of a sensation seeking scale (SSS Form V; Zuckerman, 1994) and a number of variables related to bouldering (e.g., perceived bouldering ability). Overall, the sample was not easily â€œsusceptible to boredomâ€, scoring much higher on â€œthrill and adventure seekingâ€ and â€œexperience seeking.â€ While no statistically significant differences or relationships were found, the results did provide insight into how sensation seeking ten- dencies relate to bouldering characteristics (e.g., perception of ability, experience). Continued efforts should be made to better understand boulderers and their psychological makeup as climbing advocacy groups and organizations (e.g., coalitions, college outdoor programs) might find this type of information helpful for both marketing and management purposes.
Novel electrophoretic protocol for collection of mutations in the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell strain.

Spontaneous and chemically induced mutation was examined in the lamba light chain immunoglobulin gene in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell strain (T5-1). The hemizygous lambda gene is a unique mutational target gene which codes for a protein that is both expressed on the cell membrane and secreted. Mutations in the lambda gene were detected by analysis of western blots of isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis of T5-1 cell conditioned culture medium. None of 5,841 individual clones established from vehicle-exposed populations had detectable variations in the isoelectric banding pattern of the constitutively secreted lambda immunoglobulin protein. In contrast, 113 of 6,128 clonal populations established from N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-exposed populations exhibited stable variations in expression of the lambda immunoglobulin: isoelectric variants (n = 3) and nonsecretors (n = 110). MNNG-induced mutations in the lambda gene, which resulted in lambda immunoglobulin proteins with altered isoelectric points (pIs), occurred at a frequency of no less than 4.9 × 10−4 mutations/cell, indicating the mature rearranged lambda immunoglobulin gene is comparably sensitive to carcinogen induced mutation as other human autosomal target genes. Approximately one-half of the MNNG-induced non-secretor mutant clones lacked lambda mRNA while one-half maintained constitutive transcription and expression of the lambda immunoglobulin on the cell surface, demonstrating that carcinogen damage interdicted gene function at multiple points. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Response of the Renal Circulation in Man to Constant-Speed Infusions of l-Norepinephrine

The effects of constant-speed intravenous infusions of l-norepinephrine in man have been studied with reference to the changes produced in the renal circulation. The responses to four rates of infusion were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively in each of nine normal men. As dosage was increased glomerular filtration rate changed little if at all, effective renal plasma flow diminished, and filtration fraction rose. Both afferent and efferent glomerular arteriolar resistances sharply increased, but the latter did so much more markedly than the former.
A high energy, long pulse Nd: Yag laser multipass cell for raman scattering diagnostics

Abstract A new multipass cell design is proposed for use with high energy, pulsed lasers and for application to spontaneous Raman scattering diagnostics. Using a Nd: YAG laser pulse of 8 ns, 500 mJ at 1.06 μm, the frequency-doubled 60 mJ pulse is trapped in the multipass cell for 550 ns until it decays to 10% of its initial energy. This gives a resultant gain of 42 over the single pass case and corresponds to a multipass cell efficiency of 97.7% per pass.
Ants & the art of war.

In this article the author discusses battles among ants and its similarity to human military operations. He offers a description of the brutality of ants engaged in a battle with a rival colony, noting that the tactics ants use in war are dependent on the resources they are battling for, such as territory or food. Topics include the similarity between the diverse tactics used by ants in combat and human war strategies, how ants allocate troops, and the ant's capacity for warfare, which according to the author, is driven by an unbreakable allegiance to their colony.
Unconditioned response to light inLimulus: Mediation by lateral, median, and ventral eye loci

Abstract The role of the several eye loci ofLimulus in mediating an unconditioned behavioral response to visual stimulation was studied. Stimulation of the ventral eye locus was effective in eliciting a behavioral response to light in all animals studied. Only a fraction of the animals studied responded to stimulation of the lateral or median eye loci. The implications of this prepotency of the ventral eye locus are discussed.
Thrust from arcjets with self-induced magnetic fields

Closed form formula for plasma thrust from arc jets with self induced magnetic fields, predicting electrode erosion and entrainment
Autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation of the blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia following sequential high-dose cytosine arabinoside and melphalan.

Blast-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is the terminal phase in CML and is uniformly fatal. We treated 12 patients with blast-phase CML with a program of high-dose cytarabine 3.0 g/m2 and melphalan 140 mg/m2. followed by reinfusion of stem cells obtained from peripheral blood during the chronic phase. Seven patients achieved either a partial or complete hematologic remission, while five patients showed no response to therapy. One petlent returned to chronic phase features with loss of a chromosomal abnormality acquired at blast phase, restoration of he matopolesis, and a decrease In the amount of bone marrow blasts to less than 10%. SIX patients cleared their peripheral blasts and showed recovery of their myelold and platelet lineages, but all six required treatment for acceleration within 3 months. Of the five nonresponding patients, three died with aplastlc bone marrow, one patient never cleared peripheral blasts after chemotherapy, and one patient had evidence of peripheral blasts 3 weeks after the autologous stem cell reinfuslon. None of the patients returned to a normal karyotype. The ablative regimen was effective in eradicating bone marrow blasts to <10% in 8 of 10 patients in whom interpretable bone marrow samples were performed following chemotherapy. Overall, the median survival for all patients from the time of stem cell reinfusion was 5.5 months. We conclude that autotransplants with peripheral blood can successfully be used to support hematopoiesis during high-dose therapy for CML blast crisis, however, has no role by itself in the curative therapy of blast crisis CML. A small number of patients can be restored to chronic phase features, and this may provide an opportunity to administer subsequent alternative treatments designed to eradicate the malignant stem cell population. Autotransplants with stem cells may also be used as therapy for patients without a histocompatible marrow donor. However, the autotransplant may be more effective when used during the chronic phase of CML, with the use of hematopoletlc growth factors, and with reinfusion of stem cells depleted of the malignant Philadelphia chromosomepositlve clone. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Safety of Outpatient Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (AuHCT) for Multiple Myeloma and Lymphoma

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 20 (2014) S104eS127 S114 thrombocytopenia was given the remainder of his stem cells on day +31 due with subsequent normalization of his CBC. Conclusions: Mobilization with G-CSF and Plerixafor was well tolerated in AL patients with multiple organs involved. Limited leukaphereses were needed to achieve or exceed the target CD34+ cell dose. In the era of more effective initial therapies, an era in which many AL patients are living longer with moderate to severe organ damage and receiving multiple lines of therapy including SCT, this approach allows not only the collection of sufficient CD34+ cells for optimal immediate stem cell dosing, but also the cryopreservation of aliquots for future transplants should they become necessary and for novel cell-based therapies should they become available.
Experimental Study of Void Formation in Eutectic and Lead-Free Solder Bumps of Flip-Chip Assemblies

This paper reports the experimental findings of void formation in eutectic and lead-free solder joints of flip-chip assemblies. A previous theory indicated that the formation of voids is determined by the direction of heating. The experiments were designed to examine the size and location of voids in the solder samples subject to different heat flux directions. A lead-free solder (Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu) and a eutectic solder (63Sn37Pb) were employed in the experiments. Previous experiments [Wang, D., and Panton, R. L., 2005, "Experimental Study of Void Formation in High-Lead Solder Joints of Flip-Chip Assemblies, " ASME J. Electron. Packag., 127(2), pp. 120-126; 2005, "Effect of Reversing Heat Flux Direction During Reflow on Void Formation in High-Lead Solder Bumps," ASME J. Electron. Packag., 127(4), pp. 440-445] employed a high lead solder. 288 solder bumps were processed for each solder. Both eutectic and lead-free solder have shown fewer voids and much smaller void volume than those for high-lead solder. Compared with lead-free solder, eutectic solder has a slightly lower void volume and a lower percentage of defective bumps. For both eutectic and lead-free solders, irrespective of the cooling direction, heating solder samples from the top shows fewer defective bumps and smaller void volume. No significant effect on void formation for either eutectic or lead-free solder was found via reversing the heat flux direction during cooling. Unlike high-lead solder, small voids in eutectic or lead-free solder comprised 35-88% of the total void volume. The final distribution of voids shows a moderate agreement with thermocapillary theory, indicating the significance of the temperature gradient on the formation of voids.
Sample-3D benchmarks including high-NA and thin-film effects

A method of imaging thin films under high NA conditions is described and implemented. This method is based on the Hopkins' theory. This technique is benchmarked on two examples. Run times and profiles are reported. This method is used to calculate the etch rate of the photoresist and is used as an input to a development simulator for one of the benchmarks. Three methods of simulating photolithographic development are cell removal, ray-trace, and advection. Each solves for the advancing surface as the motion of a contour of an imaginary function under the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Each method has advantages and limitations in reaching the goal of a fast, accurate and easy to maintain photolithography simulator. A discussion of the algorithms necessary for a ray-trace simulator are also included. Aspects of proper mesh maintenance and implementing correct boundary condition solutions are demonstrated, with the Hamilton-Jacobi formulation used as justification. A new deloop algorithm specially designed for ray-trace advancement is presented. A new triangulation technique, specially designed for surface advancement simulators is outlined.
Language in Development in the United States: Supervising Adult ESOL Preservice Teachers in an Immigrant Community

Community is more important than English to many of the families at Valley View and if I want to create English opportunities I can never do so at the expense of community members.—master's student in a field-based ESOL methods class Literature on globalization and language teaching generally points to the potential of English to be simultaneously a colonizing threat to language and culture and a resource for economic opportunity and social change. This conflict translates into a dilemma for English language teachers and for professors who teach methods classes. This article discusses a teacher educator's journey through these issues by documenting curricular innovation in an adult ESOL methods course for preservice teachers. In the course, preservice teachers engaged with the community by spending the majority of course time in the community of the language learners, that is, in the homes of a Spanish-speaking community of primarily Mexican immigrants in the southeastern United States. By taking part in the community of English language learners and by developing an appreciation for the Spanish language and for the customs and quality of life there, the preservice teachers attained the resources and knowledge to teach English from a critical perspective. The reflections of these novice teachers suggest that practice in the context within which language teaching effects development can provide preservice teachers some of the experience necessary to think through their role in this process.
Minority carrier properties of carbon-doped GaInAsN bipolar transistors

We have developed an InGaP/GaInAsN/GaAs double heterojunction bipolar transistor technology that substantially improves upon existing GaAs-based HBTs. Band-gap engineering with dilute nitride GaInAsN alloys is utilized to enhance a variety of key device characteristics, including lower operating voltages, improved temperature stability and increased RF performance. Furthermore, GaInAsN-based HBTs are fully compatible with existing high-volume MOVPE and IC fabrication processes. While poor lifetimes have limited the applicability of dilute nitride materials in photovoltaic applications, we achieve minority carrier characteristics that approach those of conventional GaAs HBTs. We have found that a combination of growth algorithm optimization and compositional grading are critical for improving minority carrier properties in GaInAsN. In this work, we characterize the impact of both carbon and nitrogen doping on minority carrier lifetimes in GaInAsN base layers. Minority carrier lifetimes are extracted from direct measurements on bipolar transistor device structures. Specifically, lifetime is derived from the DC current gain, or β, taken in the bias regime dominated by neutral base recombination. Lifetimes extracted using this technique are observed to be inversely proportional to both carbon and nitrogen doping. As with conventional C-doped GaAs HBTs, current soaking (i.e. burn-in) is found to have a significant impact on GaInAsN HBTs. While we can replicate poor as-grown lifetimes consistent with those reported in photovoltaic dilute nitride materials, our best material to date exhibits nearly 30 × higher lifetime after current soaking.
Sensitivity analysis on daylighting and energy performance of perimeter offices with automated shading

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of daylighting and energy performance for private offices with automated interior roller shades using an advanced integrated thermal and lighting simulation model. The purpose was to identify the more important factors with respect to building thermal and lighting energy performance so as to facilitate decision making in building design stage and simplify further investigation such as optimization analysis. Seven studied parameters were selected: window-to-floor ratio, shading transmittance, shading front and back reflectance, space aspect ratio, insulation thermal resistance and glazing type. The performance metrics include useful daylight illuminance (500–2000 lux), annual lighting, heating and cooling demand per unit floor area and annual source energy consumption per unit floor area. The uncertainty analysis is based on the Monte Carlo method with Latin Hypercube Sampling, showing the possible ranges in these performance indices. The sensitivity analysis uses a variance-based method in the extended FAST implementation. Application of the analysis to perimeter private office spaces for the climate of Philadelphia showed the first order and total order effects of each studied parameter to determine the building parameters that have the most significant impact. Results are presented for different facade orientations.
Refinement of the Crystal Structure of Antlerite

THE crystal structure of antlerite, Cu3(SO4)(OH)4, was determined by Araki1 while J. J. Finney was also working on the structure. This refinement represents the final results of the two independent determinations.
Lipid composition and secretory activity of bovine mammary cells in vitro.

Abstract The lipid content and composition of collagenase dispersed mammary cells was determined Individual cells contained approx. 300 pg lipid per cell which decreased as the cells aged. The neutral lipid fraction contained triglycerides (56%), sterols (22%), and free fatty acids (13%) as major components. Phosphatidyl choline was the major polar lipid fraction (52%). A trace quantity of phosphatidic acid was tentatively detected in the cellular lipids. Active secretion of fat droplets was observed by phase microscopy. The cells secreted from 0.6 to 7.5 pg lipid per cell per h during the initial 3 days in culture after which secretion diminished. The secreted lipid was composed predominantly of triglyceride whose fatty acid composition was similar to that of bovine milk fat.
A CONTROLLED STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE POSITIVE SPIKE PHENOMENON.

Abstract 1. 1. Subjects with behavior disorders from Children's Court were divided into three different categories according to their EEG: (a) 50 cases with the positive spike phenomenon; (b) 50 cases with normal records; and (c) 35 cases with abnormalities other than positive spikes. 2. 2. Compared to the two other groups, cases with positive spikes tended to reveal more significant medical and social history during infancy and, later, more complaints of a vegetative type. They often committed acts, sudden in onset, at times against a person, and later expressed no remorse for their acts. 3. 3. The behavior disorders of the group with normal records consisted mainly of acts of truancy, larceny, and absconding with little evidence to suggest an organic basis. 4. 4. The group with abnormalities other than positive spikes was associated with temper tantrums in early childhood, post-natal head injury, a relatively low IQ, high rate of reading retardation, and also a high rate of attack against a person.
A concurrency analysis tool suite for Ada programs: rationale, design, and preliminary experience

Cats (Concurrency Analysis Tool Suite) is designed to satisfy several criteria: it must analyze implementation-level Ada source code and check user-specified conditions associated with program source code; it must be modularized in a fashion that supports flexible composition with other tool components, including integration with a variety of testing and analysis techniques; and its performance and capacity must be sufficient for analysis of real application programs. Meeting these objectives together is significantly more difficult than meeting any of them alone. We describe the design and rationale of Cats and report experience with an implementation. The issues addressed here are primarily practical concerns for modularizing and integrating tools for analysis of actual source programs. We also report successful application of Cats to major subsystems of a (nontoy) highly concurrent user interface system.
Accelerated two-level carry-skip adders-a type of very fast adders

This paper describes a new type of carry-skip adder, which can be faster than the conventional two-level carry-skip adders. A way to design optimum adders of this new type is described. In optimum adders of this type, the sizes of the sections of bit positions are bimodal, but the sizes of the blocks in each section are unimodal, unlike the bimodal block sizes in Guyot et al.'s traditional two-level carry-skip adders. A 60-b 2- mu m CMOS adder of this type is designed. This adder's simulated delay is approximately 12.6 ns. >
Clinical evaluation of an illuminated dental mirror

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of an illuminated mirror improved a dental student's ability to detect oral disease or abnormalities and whether an oral examination could be conducted more efficiently with it when compared with the use of a conventional mirror and chair-mounted light source. Students examined patients with the illuminated mirror and with a standard dental mirror for caries, defective restorations, dental staining, etc. Students were observed to determine how often they adjusted the overhead light or shifted their positions to see better and the length of time the examination was noted. After each examination, students were asked to rate how well they could see in various intraoral sites. There was no difference in specificity ratios between the two techniques, and the only significant difference (p < or = 0.05) in sensitivity ratios was in the detection of caries. There was no difference in the number of position shifts or length of examinations; students made fewer external light adjustments when using the illuminated mirror. On a 10-point scale, students rated their ability to see intraorally better with the illuminated mirror.
Structural and functional analysis of the goat epsilon-globin genes

Abstract Since none of the vertebrate β-globin loci studied to date has more than two functional embryonic β-like globin genes, it would be unique if all six goat embryonic β-globin genes were required for its survival. In this study we have asked whether all six embryonic genes in the goat are functional. This question has been addressed by examining the transient expression of these genes in HeLa cells and correlating these results with the sequence information obtained to date. Our studies show that only e I and e II are functional while the remaining four e-globin genes are nonfunctional i.e., pseudogenes. Interestingly, the two active e-globin genes are located at the 5' end of the locus. While this unusual inactivation pattern may be the result of chance, it could also have resulted because the two duplication events, of the ancestral gene set e-e-ψβ-β, did not include distally located regulatory region(s) essential for e-globin gene expression. Once separated from the 5'-regulatory sequences the remaining four embryonic genes (e III , e IV , e V and e VI ) accumulated mutations and became pseudogenes.
Instrumentation and methods for low temperature measurements in high magnetic fields

Abstract There are several difficulties associated with the accurate measurement of low temperature in the presence of an intense magnetic field B. Most of the problems stem from the direct effect of the field on the thermometric properties of almost all of the comcommonly used sensors. Because the magnitude of the field effect, eg magnetoresistance, varies widely as a function of B, T, and the thermometer itself, a careful selection process is necessary to minimize the error. As an aid to such a process, a detailed comparison is presented of the field-dependent errors, Δ/T, as a function of T, of carbon, carbon-glass, germanium, and platinum resistance thermometers, thermistors, Si and GaAs diodes, thermocouples, capacitance thermometers, and several other less popular devices. Specific recommendations are made on the basis of the comparison. The related problem of magnetic field measurement is also examined, with emphasis on the recent characterizations of commercially available InAs, InSb, and GaAs Hall effect probes. From the results of measurements over the 1.5–300 K range and to fields as high as 23 T, several encouraging conclusions may be drawn concerning the performance of the sensors as magnetometers in the 1% accuracy range.
Pallidotomy lesion locations: significance of microelectrode refinement.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether stereotactic pallidotomy requires refinement using microelectrode recording to ensure proper lesion placement. METHODS: The experiment approach was based on retrospective comparisons of microelectrode-refined radiofrequency lesion locations with hypothetical unrefined lesion positions. Actual and hypothetical pallidotomy lesions were classified based on their lesion center (thermocoagulative zone) locations and their total lesion areas (surrounding edematous zone) relative to the pallidal target. Assessments were made using postoperative T2-weighted magnetic resonance axial images, which showed both the lesion and globus pallidus (GP). The magnitude of microelectrode refinement from an initial preoperative starting point determined by computed tomography was calculated using stereotactic coordinates and included corrections for the lesioning tract trajectory angle. RESULTS: In all 25 patients, the center of the actual pallidotomy lesion was within the GP. Without microelectrode refinement, 13 of 25 hypothetical lesion positions would have been localized such that the lesion center would not have remained in the GP. In eight cases, microelectrode refinement resulted in no significant change in lesion location, but in one case, microelectrode refinement resulted in lesion center placement away from the GP. CONCLUSION: Kinesthetically driven microelectrode refinement in pallidotomy lesioning seems to be required to ensure proper lesion location within the GP.
Comparison of Electron Injection Dynamics from Rhodamine B to In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO Nanocrystalline Thin Films

Interfacial electron transfer (ET) dynamics from excited rhodamine B (RhB) to three semiconductor nanocrystalline thin films (In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO) was investigated to examine their dependence on semiconductors. The injected electrons in the semiconductors were directly measured by their transient absorption in the mid-IR region (∼5 μm), and the evolution of the adsorbate in its ground, excited, and cation states was monitored by its transient absorption in the visible region. The formation of the IR absorption of injected electrons correlates well with the decay of the RhB excited state, allowing an unambiguous determination of electron injection rates from the adsorbate excited state to the semiconductor nanoparticles. The recombination processes were monitored by following the decay of injected electrons and RhB cations and the recovery of the RhB molecules in the ground state. The effects of dye aggregation and excited-state quenching on the injection dynamics were also examined and were shown to be n...
Diamagnetic force on a flux tube

The diamagnetic force on a straight flux tube is elucidated. The case when the flux tube has a circular cross section is considered, and the result is generalized to the case of noncircular cross section. The result shows that when the external magnetic field is uniform, the diamagnetic force is simply equal to the vector multiplication of the internal conduction current and the external magnetic field. It is independent of the size and shape of the cross section of the flux tube. This is analogous to the Kutta-Joukowski theorem that the aerodynamic lift force is proportional to the vector multiplication of the unperturbed flow velocity and the circulation around the airfoil. When the external magnetic field is nonuniform, the diamagnetic force has an additional contribution which is proportional to the gradient of magnetic pressure and to the volume of the flux tube. The constant of proportionality, which is shown to be equal to two for a circular cross section, indicates the enhancement of the nonuniformity of the external magnetic field in the vicinity of the periphery by the polarization current.
FEAR AROUSAL AND ORDER OF PRESENTATION OF PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATIONS.

Summary.-94 Ss were exposed to various combinations of fear-arousing and neutral communications concerning the effects of smoking. Measures of anxiety and self-esteem were take? on all Ss with the IPAT Self-analysis Form and the Janis and Field Personality Questionnaire, respectively. Ss were then formed into high and low anxiety and self-esteem groups. Of 24 predicted directions of opinion change, 23 were realized although only 11 were statistically significant. These results were predicred from a fear-reduction interpretation of personality as affecting the susceptibi:iry to persuasion in the situation where opposed communications on the same topic are utilized. TO the present time, researchers snidying fear-nrousing communications have not examined the extent to which these communications are effective in eliciting opinion changes under conditions in which two opposing communications are read in succession. The presentation of two opposed arguments more closely approximates the normal slruation in which an individual will usually be confronted with conflicting pcints of view concerning a given topic. Past experimentation has shown that the strength of the emotional responsiveness co the communication (Janis & Fechbach, 1954; Berkowitz & Cottingham, 1960; Leventhal & Perloe, 1962) has influenced opinion change under fear-arousing conditions. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the combined effects of anxiety, self-esteem, relevance, and the fear-arousing properties of communications, on order effects in opinion change. Experimental work indicates Ss high in measured anxiety resist fear-arousing communications (Janis & Feshbach, 1953), that Ss low in measured self-esteem are generally more persuasible and accent the fear-arousing communication (Janis, 1955) and that Ss far whom the topic is relevant resist the fear-arousing communications (Berkowitz & Cottingham, 1960). The major consideration was the question of the effectiveness of fearreduction when the order of presentation of the communications is varied. It was hypothesized that, when the first argument presented is consistent with S's initial opinion, defensive cognitive interpretations of the second communication will be more likely, thus reducing the threat of that second communication. Conversely, when a communication is presented prior to one which is consistent with S's initial opinion, that second communication will be less effective in 'This study was supported by Research Grant MH 06926-02 from rhe Nat~onal Institute of Mental Health, United States Public Health Service, on wh~ch the second author served as principal investigator.
SU-FF-T-425: The Causes of the Lateral Envelop of Low Doses in Scanning Proton Beamlets

Purpose: A known phenomenon in scanned protonbeams is a low dose envelope, namely halo dose, which laterally extends far away from the beamlet axis. This effect leads to a dependence of the total delivered dose on the size of the target volume hence must be considered in dose calculation algorithms used by treatment planning systems (TPSs). In this work we investigated the causes of the halo dose using the Monte Carlo (MC) technique. Method and Materials: A validated MC model of the Proton Therapy Center, Houston (PTCH) scanning nozzle was used to investigate the contribution to the halo dose due to: i) secondary particles created in phantom; and ii) particles scattered in the beam line components. Results: For high energybeams, secondary particles produced by nuclear interactions (NIs) in the water phantom are the major contributors to the halo dose. For low energybeams, the halo dose is dictated by particles undergoing multiple Coulomb scattering in the beam line components. Conclusion: The halo dose is caused by two major effects, which depend on the beamenergy and beam line components. On one hand, secondary particles produced in the water phantom are the major cause of the halo dose for high beamenergies. On the other hand, particles scattered in the beam line components are the major cause of the halo dose for low beamenergies. In the latter situation the halo dose depends directly on design features of the beam line. This is an important fact to consider because this effect is beam line specific and adds a challenging problem to analytical dose models used by TPSs. Furthermore, this work suggests that features in the design of the beam line can minimize the halo dose for low protonbeamenergies.
Transient state kinetics tutorial using the kinetics simulation program, KINSIM.

This article provides an introduction to a computer tutorial on transient state kinetics. The tutorial uses our Macintosh version of the computer program, KINSIM, that calculates the time course of reactions. KINSIM is also available for other popular computers. This program allows even those investigators not mathematically inclined to evaluate the rate constants for the transitions between the intermediates in any reaction mechanism. These rate constants are one of the insights that are essential for understanding how biochemical processes work at the molecular level. The approach is applicable not only to enzyme reactions but also to any other type of process of interest to biophysicists, cell biologists, and molecular biologists in which concentrations change with time. In principle, the same methods could be used to characterize time-dependent, large-scale processes in ecology and evolution. Completion of the tutorial takes students 6–10 h. This investment is rewarded by a deep understanding of the principles of chemical kinetics and familiarity with the tools of kinetics simulation as an approach to solve everyday problems in the laboratory.
Monitoring optical fiber dispersion for multimedia applications

A technique to monitor chromatic dispersion in optical fiber communication channels is proposed for a 10.7Gbps binary non-return-to-zero (NRZ) intensity modulated signals. The high and low bit distributions of the received signal are collected and analyzed. By analyzing the mean, and variance of these distributions a relationship to model the amount of residual chromatic dispersion was empirically derived. This model estimates the dispersion using the variance of the distribution with an estimation error not exceeding ±3%. This technique results in a constant monitoring sensitivity of 900ps/nm despite the optical fiber transmission distance. This technique can be mainly utilized in the optimization of multimedia traffic flows transmission over optical fiber applications.
Infrared spectra of OCS–hydrogen complexes

Five distinct species of OCS–hydrogen van der Waals complexes (OCS–orthoH2,–paraH2,–paraD2,–orthoD2, and –HD) have been observed by infrared spectroscopy in the region of the OCS ν1 vibration (≈2062 cm−1) in a pulsed supersonic jet expansion using a tunable diode laser probe. The spectra are those of prolate asymmetric rotors, with observed a-type transitions (ΔK=0), but no b-type transitions (ΔK=±1). The fitted rotational parameters are consistent with structures having intermolecular separations in the range of 3.6–3.8 A and angles of about 70° between the OCS axis and the hydrogen center of mass. The band origins are slightly red-shifted (−0.05 to −0.20 cm−1) relative to that of the free OCS molecule. The results are of interest due to recent observations of the same complexes trapped in ultracold helium droplets; there is a remarkably close correspondence of the vibrational band origins of the free and trapped species.
An "annihilation spectrometer" for investigation of heavy meson spectra

Abstract The “Rutgers Annihilation Spectrometer” (RAS) measures cross sections for antiproton annihilations as a function of the pp mass, final-state multiplicities, and degree of non-peripheralism, with a resolution of ±5 MeV and typical statistics of 10 6 events per mass bin 5 MeV wide. The non-annihilation events are suppressed by anticoinciding the events in which charged particles are emitted within the forward cones defined by the lab polar angles 2 1 2 °, 5°, 10° and 20° (4 “degrees of non-peripheralism”), eliminating single meson exchange mechanisms which are non-resonant and highly peripheral. Measurements are done at 7 incident a momenta simultaneously. Scintillation counters are the only detectors used. On-line data acquisition is accomplished by a hard-wired electronic processor (“MEGAHPOL”) capable of sorting data on 100 000 incident antiprotons per second.
Substance P acting via the neurokinin-1 receptor regulates adverse myocardial remodeling in a rat model of hypertension.

Background Substance P is a sensory nerve neuropeptide located near coronary vessels in the heart. Therefore, substance P may be one of the first mediators released in the heart in response to hypertension, and can contribute to adverse myocardial remodeling via interactions with the neurokinin-1 receptor. We asked: 1) whether substance P promoted cardiac hypertrophy, including the expression of fetal genes known to be re-expressed during pathological hypertrophy; and 2) the extent to which substance P regulated collagen production and fibrosis.
Forty Gb/s hybrid silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator with low chirp

We demonstrate a hybrid silicon modulator operating up to 40 Gb/s with 11.4 dB extinction ratio. The modulator has voltage-length product of 2.4 V-mm and chirp of −0.75 over the entire bias range. As a switch, it has a switching time less than 20 ps.