cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Covariance Intersection of Attitude Estimates Using a Local-Error Representation

As the complexity of spacecraft and space systems increases, there is an ever increasing need for more accurate and robust estimators to track the system. While the demand placed on an individual spacecraft is increasing, the spacecraft itself is being pushed towards smaller, independent pieces of hardware which may have limited power and/or computational abilities. One such initiative is often refereed to as Operational Responsive Space (ORS). The primary goal of ORS systems is acceleration of the mission conception-to-launch timeline of spacecraft by means of utilizing off-the-shelf type modular components for construction of the spacecraft. With such modular systems, customized interfacing and software necessary to direct all data to a central processor may not be possible given the accelerated timeline, the unfortunate result of which would be degradation of the estimates due to missing data. Graduate Student, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering. E-mail: ckn@buffalo.edu. Student Member AIAA. Professor, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering. E-mail: johnc@buffalo.edu. Associate Fellow AIAA. Senior Professional Staff I, SEG, Space Department. Email: adam.fosbury@jhuapl.edu. Member AIAA. Assistant Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering. Email: cheng@ae.msstate.edu, Senior Member AIAA.
Visual Activity Regulates Neural Progenitor Cells in Developing Xenopus CNS through Musashi1

Regulation of progenitor cell fate determines the numbers of neurons in the developing brain. While proliferation of neural progenitors predominates during early central nervous system (CNS) development, progenitor cell fate shifts toward differentiation as CNS circuits develop, suggesting that signals from developing circuits may regulate proliferation and differentiation. We tested whether activity regulates neurogenesis in vivo in the developing visual system of Xenopus tadpoles. Both cell proliferation and the number of musashi1-immunoreactive progenitors in the optic tectum decrease as visual system connections become stronger. Visual deprivation for 2 days increased proliferation of musashi1-immunoreactive radial glial progenitors, while visual experience increased neuronal differentiation. Morpholino-mediated knockdown and overexpression of musashi1 indicate that musashi1 is necessary and sufficient for neural progenitor proliferation in the CNS. These data demonstrate a mechanism by which increased brain activity in developing circuits decreases cell proliferation and increases neuronal differentiation through the downregulation of musashi1 in response to circuit activity.
Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization on Zinc Oxide Nanowires

Atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been used to modify the surface of ZnO nanowires with a variety of methacrylate and styrene polymers in a living fashion. The polymers show narrow polydispersities (Mn/Mw = 1.10−1.19), and polymerization could be reinitiated after removal of the nanowires from solution. The surface coverage of covalently attached molecules (determined using UV−vis spectroscopy) was found to be 95 ± 0.9 A/molecule. The polymerization reactions were analyzed using SEM, TEM, size-exclusion chromatography, and elipsometry. Carbon tubes with graphitic domains were isolated from the pyrolysis of polymer-coated wires and were characterized by SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy.
Cholinergic Blockade Frees Fear Extinction from Its Contextual Dependency

Background Fears that are maladaptive or inappropriate can be reduced through extinction training. However, extinction is highly context-sensitive, resulting in the renewal of fear after shifts in context and limiting the clinical efficacy of extinction training. Lesion and inactivation studies have shown that the contextualization of extinction depends on the hippocampus. Parallel studies have found that intrahippocampal scopolamine (Scop) blocks contextual fear conditioning. Importantly, this effect was replicated with a noninvasive technique in which a low dose of Scop was administered systemically. We aimed to transfer the effects of this noninvasive approach to block the contextualization of fear extinction. Methods Rats were tone fear conditioned and extinguished under various systemic doses of Scop or the saline vehicle. They were subsequently tested (off drug) for tone fear in a context that was the same (control subjects) or shifted (renewal group) with respect to the extinction context. Results The lowest dose of Scop produced a significant attenuation of fear renewal when renewal was tested either in the original training context or a novel context. The drug also slowed the rate of long-term extinction memory formation, which was readily overcome by extending extinction training. Scopolamine only gave this effect when it was administered during but not after extinction training. Higher doses of Scop severely disrupted extinction learning. Conclusions We discovered that disrupting contextual processing during extinction with the cholinergic antagonist Scop blocked subsequent fear renewal. Low doses of Scop might be a clinically promising adjunct to exposure therapy by making extinction more relapse-resistant.
Molecular imaging for cancer diagnosis and surgery

Novel molecular imaging techniques have the potential to significantly enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. For solid tumors in particular, novel molecular enhancers for imaging modalities such as US, CT, MRI and PET may facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis and staging which are prerequisites for successful surgical therapy. Enzymatically activatable “smart” molecular MRI probes seem particularly promising because of their potential to image tumors before and after surgical removal without re-administration of the probe to evaluate completeness of surgical resection. Furthermore, the use of “smart” MR probes as part of screening programs may enable detection of small tumors throughout the body in at-risk patient populations. Dual labeling of molecular MR probes with fluorescent dyes can add real time intraoperative guidance facilitating complete tumor resection and preservation of important structures. A truly theranostic approach with the further addition of therapeutic agents to the molecular probe for adjuvant therapy is conceivable for the future.
Cholinergic cell loss and cognitive impairments following intraventricular or intradentate injection of colchicine.

Abstract Bilateral injections of colchicine (3.5 or 7.0 μg/0.5 μl/site) into either the dentate gyrus or the lateral cerebroventricles (i.c.v.) of Sprague-Dawley rats produced specific behavioral, histopathological and neurochemical alterations. Colchicine, administered via either route, produced impairments in the performance of a radial-arm maze task which did not subside during 8 weeks of testing. Intradentate colchicine decreased (1) the thickness of both blades of the dentate granule cell layer, (2) the size of the overlying molecular layer, (3) hippocampal volume, and (4) the number of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VLDB). I.c.v. administration of colchicine did not alter any index of hippocampal morphology but did significantly decrease the number of cholinergic neurons in the MS/VLDB. An analysis of the time course of cholinotoxicity revealed that both intradentate and i.c.v. colchicine decreased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and high affinity choline uptake (HAChU) in the hippocampus at 1 and 3, but not 9, weeks following surgery. Furthermore, i.c.v. colchicine decreased ChAT activity in the septum at both 3 and 9 weeks following surgery. Neither route of administration altered ChAT or HAChU in the frontal cortex, olfactory bulb or striatum. The decreases in presynaptic cholinergic parameters were paralleled by a reduction in acetylcholinesterase staining in the hippocampus which appeared to recover within 9 weeks. These data suggest that intradentate colchicine produces either (i) transsynaptic degeneration of cholinergic neurons due to a loss of their target sites (granule cells in the dentate gyrus), (ii) a direct cholinotoxic effect, or (iii) a combination of these mechanisms. The i.c.v. injection of colchicine appears to exert a direct toxic effect on cholinergic neurons and/or nerve terminals that results in the death of these neurons. Colchicine may be a useful tool for investigating the behavioral and neurobiological properties of the septohippocampal cholinergic pathway and its response to injury.
Three student manuals for obstetric and gynecologic outpatient care

We have written three pocket manuals to facilitate the interaction between obstetric and gynecology patients and medical students, junior residents, and advanced practice nurses in an ambulatory care setting. The purposes of the manuals include the organization of the content of outpatient care into a consistent framework for interaction with the patient at each outpatient visit and the provision of a practical memory jogger to facilitate effective clinician-patient communication. Each visit contains specific and suggested content under the same five categories: questions to be asked of the patient, focused aspects of the physical examination, laboratory tests to order, topics for purposeful discussion, and sentences to close the visit. These learning tools were designed to be integrated by local faculty into the department's formal curriculum. They are intended to support training in ambulatory care. They now need to be evaluated prospectively at individual sites.
Retail Assortment Planning in the Presence of Consumer Search

Consumers often know what kind of product they wish to purchase, but do not know which specific variant best fits their needs. As a result, a consumer may find an acceptable product in one retailer but nevertheless purchase nothing, opting to search other retailers for an even better product. We study several models of retail assortment planning, some of which explicitly account for consumer search and one that does not, which we call the "no-search" model. Even though the no-search model never includes an unprofitable variant in the assortment, in the presence of consumer search, it may indeed be optimal to include an unprofitable variant. Furthermore, we find that the no-search model can lead to an assortment with an expected total profit that is significantly less than optimal. In the extreme, the no-search model may recommend closing down a category (i.e., carry no variants) even if a profitable assortment exists (a 100% profit loss). We conclude that failing to incorporate consumer search into an assortment planning process may cause a retailer to underestimate the substantial value a broad assortment has in preventing consumer search. We discuss how the insights from our stylized models may apply to actual assortment planning processes.
Preferences of Wyoming residents for siting of energy and residential development

Many communities are challenged with balancing growing demands for energy and residential development with the protection of places having cultural or biological importance. Incorporating the preferences and values of local residents early in decision-making processes through public participation GIS (PPGIS) data may help to limit land use conflicts. We used a PPGIS dataset from three counties in Wyoming to determine 1) if there are spatial relationships among mapped cultural or biological values and preferences for new energy or residential development that indicate compatibility or conflict and 2) if there is evidence of geographic discounting or a not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) pattern associated with development preferences. We found strong overlap, or compatibility, between mapped cultural and biological values and little or no overlap among mapped biological or cultural values and energy development siting preferences. These relationships could identify opportunities for conservation initiatives and inform siting of new developments. Where people live influenced their mapping patterns. Participants mapped perceived positive environmental conditions closer to home than negative conditions, demonstrating geographic discounting. We observed NIMBYism for wind development, as participants mapped wind preferences further from their homes than where development is anticipated. We also observed NIMBYism for residential development, but at a reduced spatial discounting rate compared to wind development. Participants mapped their preferences for oil and gas development further from home than existing or anticipated wells but tended to place them near a large oil and gas field, which may reflect a preference for concentrated development, rather than NIMBYism. We noted distinct preferences for contrasting values in different locations, and this consistency among participants shows that PPGIS datasets have potential to communicate a useful collective vision to inform development siting.
Display aspects in hierarchical clustering

Ultrametric inter-object distances found by hierarchical clustering may be used to generate and appropriate constellation of points in a plane. A configuration of points which reproduce the ultrametric distances in a low-dimensional space as closely as possible can be found by Torgerson's method of multidimensional scaling. The resulting display supports the cognition of clusters very well, and for this purpose it seems to be superior to, for instance, the frequently applied principal components display. In certain situations dedrograms are expected to become simpler to interpret when such complementary ‘cluster display’ is also consulted. An example from analytical chemistry is presented.
Welfare Leavers and Returners: Correlates of Quality of Life

This study compares representative samples from a mid-Atlantic state of people who left the TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program) rolls in 2002 and people who returned to TANF in this same year, after being off the rolls. Previous studies showed that the work lives of the welfare poor are more stressful than those in the primary job market. Findings of this study show the quality of life of respondents was particularly related to resource deprivations, and neighborhood conditions, while suggesting relationships to employment barriers and child well-being. Returners report more barriers to employment and neighborhood issues than leavers.
A vision of the next generation internet: a policy oriented perspective

The host centric design of the current Internet does not recognise data and endusers as integral entities of the system. The first generation of Internet has been very successful and yet business, organizations, governments are finding it difficult to enforce their policies on their networks with the same ease that they do other methods of communications and transport. Ad-Hoc solutions e.g. firewalls, NAT, middleboxes etc, that try to mitigate these issues end up providing localized myopic fixes which often hurt the basic underlying principles of the original design. We envision the future internet to be a dynamic, heterogeneous, secure, energy efficient ubiquitous network flexible enough to support innovations and policy enforcements both at the edge and the core. The first step towards the next generation is the redesign of naming and name binding mechanisms. We, therefore, propose a Policy Oriented Network Architecture (PONA) and an abstract two part protocol stack with a virtualization layer in between. We also introduce the concept of generalized communication end-points - hosts, users, data/services, instantiate the ideas with the Mapping and Negotiation layer and provide an integrated framework for the next generation Internet.
A modified toxicity probability interval method for dose-finding trials.

Background Building on earlier work, the toxicity probability interval (TPI) method, we present a modified TPI (mTPI) design that is calibration-free for phase I trials. Purpose Our goal is to impr...
Contributions of Individual Atmospheric Diabatic Heating Processes to the Generation of Available Potential Energy

AbstractThe generation of zonal and eddy available potential energy (Gz and Ge) as formulated by Lorenz are computed on a global-, daily-, and synoptic-scale basis to consider the contribution of each diabatic heating component separately and in combination. Using global, mostly satellite-derived datasets for the diabatic heating components and the temperature enables us to obtain Gz and, especially, Ge from observations for the first time and at higher temporal and spatial resolution than previously possible. The role of clouds in maintaining G is investigated.The global annual mean Gz is 1.52 W m−2. Values reach a minimum of 0.63 W m−2 in the Northern Hemisphere during spring and a maximum of 2.27 W m−2 in the Southern Hemisphere during winter. The largest contributors to Gz are latent heating in the tropical upper troposphere, associated with the intertropical convergence zone in the summer hemisphere and surface sensible heat fluxes in the winter pole. Diabatic cooling by radiative fluxes (mostly long...
Dual Kilovoltage at Computed Tomography: A Prereconstruction Method for Estimation of Effective Atomic Number and Electron Density

Some of the prior efforts at using postreconstruction dual kilovoltage CT scans to obtain an effective atomic number and electron density are reviewed. A prereconstruction method which avoids beam hardening is applied to a phantom and a beginning clinical trial is described.
More neurons (and very many oligos) for the injured spinal cord: renewed optimism for neuronal differentiation in a non-neurogenic region of the adult nervous system

Evaluation of: Cummings BJ, Uchida N, Tamaki SJ et al.: Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 14069–14074 (2005) [1].
Superhard B–C–N materials synthesized in nanostructured bulks

We report here the high-pressure synthesis of well-sintered millimeter-sized bulks of superhard BC2N and BC4N materials in the form of a nanocrystalline composite with diamond-like amorphous carbon grain boundaries. The nanostructured superhard B–C–N material bulks were synthesized under high P–T conditions from amorphous phases of the ball-milled molar mixtures. The synthetic B–C–N samples were characterized by synchrotron x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, electron energy-loss spectra, and indentation hardness measurements. These new high-pressure phases of B–C–N compound have extreme hardnesses, second only to diamond. Comparative studies of the high P–T synthetic products of BC2N, BC4N, and segregated phases of diamond + cBN composite confirm the existence of the single B–C–N ternary phases.
MRI Conditionally Safe Pacemakers: Design and Technology Considerations

MRI scans of conventional (not MRI-conditional) pacemakers and implantable cardioverterdefibrillators (ICDs) can be performed safely under specific conditions in a controlled environment. MRI scanning of patients with pacemaker or ICD systems should be undertaken using a multidisciplinary approach that requires personnel trained in device management and advanced cardiac life support, availability of resuscitation equipment and facilities, and a thorough discussion of risk and benefits between patient and physician. MRI-conditional pacemaker systems have been redesigned to mitigate electromagnetic interference and heating. The safety of MRI in the setting of cardiac implantable electronic devices has been studied mainly using standard scanners with field strength of 1.5-T; therefore, the safety protocols should not be extrapolated to scanners with different field strengths or configurations, such as 3-T and open bore systems.
A high-performance microsystem for isolating viable circulating tumor cells

The attachment and detachment of target cancer cells from homogeneous and binary mixtures in antibody-functionalized microchannels have been studied experimentally. Under the same intermediate flow rate, the attachment rate was found to be higher, and detachment flow rate was lower, for cell lines expressing the target receptor at a higher level. For cells that do not express the target receptor, the attachment rate was much lower but did not diminish, due to non-specific binding, and the detachment rate was much higher. The bio-functional microfluidic system performance in selectively isolating target cells from binary mixtures is quantitatively characterized. While the system sensitivity is typically very high, almost 100%, the specificity is lower than 90%. Applying a unique flow scheme of a slow flow rate, for maximum capture of target cells, followed by a faster flow rate, for maximum removal of non-target cells, the specificity is enhanced to levels above 95%, even for mixtures with target cells present at 1∶1,000 relative concentration ratio.
Conservation laws of linear elasticity in stress formulations

In this paper, we present new conservation laws of linear elasticity which have been discovered. These newly discovered conservation laws are expressed solely in terms of the Cauchy stress tensor, and they are genuine, non-trivial conservation laws that are intrinsically different from the displacement conservation laws previously known. They represent the variational symmetry conditions of combined Beltrami–Michell compatibility equations and the equilibrium equations. To derive these conservation laws, Noether’s theorem is extended to partial differential equations of a tensorial field with general boundary conditions. By applying the tensorial version of Noether’s theorem to Pobedrja’s stress formulation of threedimensional elasticity, a class of new conservation laws in terms of stresses has been obtained.
Out-of-pocket fertility patient expense: data from a multicenter prospective infertility cohort.

Purpose: The high costs of fertility care may deter couples from seeking care. Urologists often are asked about the costs of these treatments. To our knowledge previous studies have not addressed the direct out-of-pocket costs to couples. We characterized these expenses in patients seeking fertility care.Materials and Methods: Couples were prospectively recruited from 8 community and academic reproductive endocrinology clinics. Each participating couple completed face-to-face or telephone interviews and cost diaries at study enrollment, and 4, 10 and 18 months of care. We determined overall out-of-pocket costs, in addition to relationships between out-of-pocket costs and treatment type, clinical outcomes and socioeconomic characteristics on multivariate linear regression analysis.Results: A total of 332 couples completed cost diaries and had data available on treatment and outcomes. Average age was 36.8 and 35.6 years in men and women, respectively. Of this cohort 19% received noncycle based therapy, 4% u...
Analysis of gateway congestion in interconnected high-speed local networks

The effects of congestion on performance in interconnected high-speed local networks are investigated. The system studied uses network adapters as gateways to connect distributed local networks through a high-performance network link. Throughput measurements were determined by simulations of various combinations of link speeds, gateway buffering capacities, and local network traffic loads. The performance effects of several high-speed, local-network, bus-access protocols are investigated. Simulation model parameters are based on measurements of HYPERchannel networks. >
Probing Bacterial Metabolism during Infection Using High-Resolution Transcriptomics

A fundamental aspect of most infectious diseases is the need for the invading microbe to proliferate in the host. However, little is known about the metabolic pathways required for pathogenic microbes to colonize and persist in their hosts. In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to generate a high-resolution transcriptome of the opportunistic pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vivo. We identified 691 A. actinomycetemcomitans transcriptional start sites and 210 noncoding RNAs during growth in vivo and as a biofilm in vitro. Compared to in vitro biofilm growth on a defined medium, ∼14% of the A. actinomycetemcomitans genes were differentially regulated in vivo. A disproportionate number of genes coding for proteins involved in metabolic pathways were differentially regulated in vivo, suggesting that A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo metabolism is distinct from in vitro growth. Mutational analyses of differentially regulated genes revealed that formate dehydrogenase H and fumarate reductase are important A. actinomycetemcomitans fitness determinants in vivo. These results not only provide a high-resolution genomic analysis of a bacterial pathogen during in vivo growth but also provide new insight into metabolic pathways required for A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo fitness.
Minding the Gap: Colonial Institutions and Education Policy in Ghana

While colonial institutions still influence social, political, and economic life in many former colonies, the extent of their influence has varied greatly. This paper analyzes the changes in the influence of colonial institutions on educational attainment in Ghana over time. Ghana provides a fascinating natural experiment, as the country was originally governed as many distinct British dependencies. Education in the Northern Territories was intentionally limited, in part to provide labour to the gold mines and export-oriented farms in the southern Gold Coast (Thomas, 1974). The Ghanaian case allows me to test two questions. First, did colonial education policy create an enduring divide between Ghanaians that live in the former Northern Territories and the rest of Ghana? Second, was the Ghanaian government able to reduce or eliminate this gap? I will answer these questions using four waves of survey data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Preliminary analyses suggest that there is a discontinuity in educational attainment, where otherwise similar survey respondents on the northern side of the border do worse. By comparing DHS surveys over time, I examine how and when intentional government actions can erode the influence of colonial institutions.
Government Intervention and Financial Fragility

This paper studies a model in which banks decide on the projects in which they invest, and the banks to which or from which they obtain loans. Thus, the links (network) created between banks is endogenous. Each bank is characterized by parameters which define the return on its projects, the withdrawal rate of its depositors and its equity available for investments. Maturity mismatch of balance sheets forces a fraction of assets to be prematurely liquidated, at a fire sale cost. The paper focuses on the impact of government intervention, which alleviates this cost by increasing the recovery rate of assets. The fragility of a network is measured by the number of bank failures following shocks of two kinds: first a shock to a single bank, second a simultaneous shock to all banks. The first leads to a ranking of the banks similar to that used by Google to rank websites: the higher its ranking the greater the degree of vulnerability induced by the bank. The vulnerability of the network to simultaneous shocks depends on the probability distribution of the banks characteristics: the more dispersed the distribution the greater its vulnerability. Government intervention increases the vulnerability of the network, the increase being greater the more dispersed the characteristics of the banks. Banking systems with similar leverage can have different degrees of vulnerability, highlighting the importance of networks.
Feeding on Corn by Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Reared for One or Multi-Generations in the Laboratory

Field studies were conducted in 1979 and 1980 to determine whether differences exist in feeding behavior between black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), larvae reared 1, 12, and 24 generations. Larvae were released on corn at three developmental stages (coleoptile, two leaf, and four leaf). Damage was more severe during the coleoptile stage. Also, corn seedlings in the two-leaf stage had significantly more damage than corn in the four-leaf stage of development. Irrespective of corn developmental stage, however, more damage occurred on corn after weed seedling removal than on corn adjacent to weed seedlings. The feeding behavior of larval populations of black cutworm reared for one or multi-generations in the laboratory was not significantly different
Bench study of a new device to display and maintain stable artificial airway cuff pressure.

BACKGROUND: Artificial airway cuff pressure should be maintained within a narrow range. Excessive cuff pressure presents a risk of tracheal damage and stenosis. Insufficient cuff pressure adds the risk of secretion leak past the cuff, tidal-volume leakage, and accidental extubation. The available cuff-inflation devices do not address these problems. OBJECTIVE: In the laboratory I developed and evaluated a new cuff-inflation device that continuously displays the cuff pressure and maintains stable cuff pressure. METHODS: The cuff-inflation device evaluation included: test the manometer accuracy; compare the displayed pressure to the pressure delivered to the pilot balloon; determine the device9s response to cuff-pressure changes with the addition of 5 mL or 10 mL of air after achieving a 30 cm H2O baseline; measure the VT leak in an intubated artificial trachea by comparing the device results to benchmark measurements; and determine the stability of baseline cuff pressure during routine cuff checks. RESULTS: The mean ± SD bias and precision of device9s display, compared to the calibration analyzer, was 1.3 ± 2.6 cm H2O. The pressure delivered by the cuff-inflation device9s gas-sampling line to the pilot balloon was equal to the pressure displayed by the cuff-inflation device. With the cuff-inflation device the cuff pressure was unchanged, compared to baseline, after adding 5 mL or 10 mL of air. With 2 current cuff methods, cuff pressure increased to means exceeding 160 cm H2O and 300 cm H2O, respectively. Compared to the benchmark, the difference in exhaled VT mean ± SD bias and precision were: cuff-inflation device 1.4 ± 4.8 mL, and syringe-inflation method 2.4 ± 6.2 mL. Representing a single cuff pressure check, disconnecting the endotracheal-tube pilot balloon from the cuff-inflation device9s gas-sampling line and then reconnecting it had no effect on baseline cuff pressure at 2 seconds or 60 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: The cuff-inflation device demonstrated possible improvements over available cuff-inflation devices and cuff-pressure-control methods.
Vegetative λ DNA: III. Pulse-labeled components

The structures of λ DNA labeled during short pulses of [^3H]thymine at various times after infection have been studied by ultracentrifugal analysis. Circular DNA's, both the supercoiled form and an open form, are the main DNA components synthesized in the first half of the latent period. The open circular form is the most rapidly synthesized and may be a precursor to the supercoiled DNA. During the later period of progeny DNA accumulation the open circular form and a heterogeneous, more rapidly sedimenting component(s) are synthesized during such pulses. These are apparently involved in the generation of the linear, viral DNA.
Climate Change and the Arboviruses: Lessons from the Evolution of the Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses.

The impact of anticipated changes in global climate on the arboviruses and the diseases they cause poses a significant challenge for public health. The past evolution of the dengue and yellow fever viruses provides clues about the influence of changes in climate on their future evolution. The evolution of both viruses has been influenced by virus interactions involving the mosquito species and the primate hosts involved in virus transmission, and by their domestic and sylvatic cycles. Information is needed on how viral genes in general influence phenotypic variance for important viral functions. Changes in global climate will alter the interactions of mosquito species with their primate hosts and with the viruses in domestic cycles, and greater attention should be paid to the sylvatic cycles. There is great danger for the evolution of novel viruses, such as new serotypes, that could compromise vaccination programs and jeopardize public health. It is essential to understand (a) both sylvatic and domestic c...
Natural killer cells in malignant hematology: A primer for the non-immunologist

Natural killer cells were first described over 40years ago, but the last 15years has shown tremendous progress in our understanding of their biology and our ability to manipulate them for clinical therapeutic effect. Despite the increased understanding by clinicians and scientists investigating these cells, their biology remains a confusing subject for many because of the wide array of receptors, complex interactions, multiple models of predicting function, and contradictory data in the literature. While they are microscopically indistinguishable from T cells and share many of the same effector functions, their mechanisms of target recognition are completely distinct from yet complimentary to T cells. In this review we provide a basic understanding of NK cell biology and HLA recognition as compared and contrasted to T cells using a metaphor of border patrol and passports. We conclude with a summary of the evidence for NK cell effects in hematologic malignancies and describe new advances in NK cell immunotherapy aimed at improving these effects.
Genetic Profiling of Tumors in PDX Models

Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are useful for therapeutic analysis in mice. However, the power of these models is substantially increased by detailed characterization. The genomic characterization of PDX models presents a unique set of challenges for laboratory researchers due to the presence of murine cells around and within the tumor. Standard approaches to next-generation sequencing optimized for human tissues may fail to yield useful results if these challenges are not taken into consideration. Mutational analysis is particularly susceptible to false-positives resulting from contaminating mouse sequences misaligned to the human reference genome. Quantitation of the presence and degree of mouse contamination of a DNA sample is recommended to avoid attempts to sequence samples with a high degree of murine contamination. Selective depletion of murine stroma and bioinformatic pipelines designed for dealing with admixed DNA are a requirement for accurate characterization of tumor xenografts grown in mice.
Exploring the Boundaries of Teacher Noticing: Commentary

This chapter explores the construct of teacher noticing and asks “What belongs in a theory of teacher noticing?” To begin, the chapter reviews recent conceptualizations of teaching noticing. The chapter then explores how contributions to this monograph push the boundaries of what constitutes teacher noticing and how it operates. In particular, the chapters in this section suggest ways to expand outwards, extending the construct to new applications, and push inwards, introducing distinctions, and proposing additional sub-substructure.
Stress Induced Anovulation

Stress-induced anovulation (functional hypothalamic amenorrhea) results when behavioral stressors and energetic imbalance compromise hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) drive and thereby align reproductive expenditure with the external and internal milieu. Understanding the determinants of stress-induced anovulation yields novel and refined therapeutic interventions. Appropriate coping strategies preserve reproductive and overall health.
Fusion of diverse features and kernels using LP-norm based multiple kernel learning in hyperspectral image processing

Multiple kernel learning (MKL) is an elegant tool for heterogeneous fusion. In support vector machine (SVM) based classification, MK is a homogenization transform and it provides flexibility in searching for high-quality linearly separable solutions in the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). However, performance often depends on input and kernel diversity. Herein, we explore a new way to extract diverse features from hyperspectral imagery using different proximity measures and band grouping. The output is fed to l p -norm MKL for feature-level fusion, where larger p's are preferred for diverse vs sparse solutions. Preliminary results on benchmark data indicates that l p -norm MKSVM of diverse features and kernels leads to noticeable performance gain.
Mutual reference frame-quality assessment for first-person videos

First-person videos (FPVs) captured by wearable cameras are explored for applications of sharing experiences, recording daily lives, measuring social interactions and behaviors. These applications can be improved by an accurate quality assessment. To maximally use the information present in a FPV, we introduce a new strategy for image quality assessment, called mutual reference (MR). MR does not fit into the previous categorization of full-reference, reduced-reference and no-reference. It uses the overlapping content between images to provide effective information for quality estimation. We propose a framework of mutual reference frame-quality assessment for FPVs (MRFQAFPV) to implement the MR strategy based on a MR quality estimator (QE), LVI. The effectiveness of MRFQAFPV is demonstrated in a subjective test by comparing with 3 no-reference QEs and frame-to-frame motion.
Biochemical Aspects of Water Pollution

Water pollution when considered in its broadest context is a by-product of human population, and its significance is in what effect it has directly or indirectly on living populations. The pollutants are chemicals (except heat) that interact with living cells, which is the subject of biochemistry. Biochemical reactions alter the compounds chemically and therefore physically because physical properties depend upon chemical configuration. The net result is an alteration in environmental quality.
Great Britain and the Golden Maxim

After the Napoleonic wars, Great Britain found herself in a position analogous to that of the United States following World War I: it was the first time either nation was faced with the necessity of pressing an ally for repayment of loans granted during a common struggle. In both instances the debtor states were too exhausted and impecunious to repay fully their war debts. In the century between the congresses of Vienna and Versailles, the tables were turned on England, and as she passed from a creditor to a debtor nation, she confronted the United States with the same argument that Austria once had presented to her.
Total Joint Arthroplasty in the Patient with Connective Tissue Disease

This chapter reviews the practice of total joint arthroplasty in patients with connective tissue disease, emphasizing the common postoperative outcomes and medical complications of this type of surgery. Recent studies of an epidemiologic nature have further expanded our understanding of the clinical course and outcome experienced by patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty of the lower extremity. Although this work is not specifically focused on the connective tissue disease patient, this chapter begins with a brief review of this work as these observations are relevant to all patients undergoing such surgery and they may not be widely known to rheumatologists and other physicians involved in the perioperative care of these patients.
Educating the Public About Stroke: Role in Improving Outcomes

Acute stroke affects large numbers of people worldwide. It causes significant morbidity and mortality. Data support the hypothesis that the public is not familiar with either the risk factors or the signs of stroke. Educating the public about stroke may result in a lower incidence of the disease as individuals modify their risk factors, and in improved outcomes as a result of reductions in delays to treatment. There is clear and convincing evidence that reducing delays to treatment of patients with acute stroke results in improved outcomes. Public education programs should be broad-based, tailored to individual audiences, and carry a common theme.
Hey buddy, why don't we take it outside: An experience sampling study of prospective memory.

Relatively little research has focused on how prospective memory (PM) operates outside of the laboratory, partially due to the methodological problems presented by naturalistic memory research in general and by the unique challenges of PM in particular. Experience sampling methods (ESM) offer a fruitful avenue for this type of research, as recent work from Gardner and Ascoli (Psychology and Aging, 30, 209-219, 2015) has shown. They found that people thought about PM around 15% of the time, and that future thinking was more common than past thinking. In two studies, we replicated our own findings and those reported by Gardner and Ascoli. To summarize, people think about the future more often than the past (30% compared to 13%), and PM occupies our thoughts approximately 13–15% of the time, supporting claims made by some researchers that our episodic memory systems are forward-looking (Klein in Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 222-234, 2013). Of those PM thoughts, participants reported that 61% were internally cued, rather than externally triggered. Through the use of multi-level modeling, we additionally found that PM thoughts were more likely when the respondant was alone than with people, and earlier in the day. Finally, we found that participants higher in neuroticism were more likely to report thinking of PM, and that this was driven entirely by the anxiety facet. Most generally, we hope to have demonstrated the value of ESM to help researchers investigate and understand naturalistic PM.
On the printability and transformation behavior of nickel-titanium shape memory alloys fabricated using laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing is regarded as an attractive alternative for producing parts with complex geometries for nickel-titanium shape memory alloys (NiTi SMAs). These alloys are known to pose challenges when processed using traditional subtractive or formative manufacturing technologies. Although L-PBF of NiTi has been investigated in some previous research efforts, very little emphasis has been placed on the manufacturability (or printability) of NiTi, where we use printability to refer to the capability of producing parts free of macroscopic defects. The current study elucidates challenges related to the printability of NiTi SMAs using L-PBF, and its interaction with their phase transformation behavior, responsible for their functional properties. More specifically, we conduct experiments and employ machine learning classification techniques to identify an adequate design parameter and an empirical rule for determining the printability of NiTi. Our results indicate that the linear energy density EL is a better design parameter for identifying satisfactory printability, while volumetric energy density, EV, is more relevant in controlling the transformation behavior of the processed material.
E-cigarette use among patients of smoking-related cancers in the United States.

10052Background: The prevalence of e-cigarette use, and its impact on smoking cessation, among cancer survivors in the United States is unknown. We sought to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette ...
Applying the ontogeny of digestive enzyme activity to guide early weaning of pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera (L.)

Weaning marine fish larvae from live prey to a dry microdiet is an important step towards optimizing the commercial production, but early weaning is constrained by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes at first feeding. This study quantified the activity of five digestive enzymes throughout the larval period of pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoptera [L.]) to assess ontogenetic changes in digestive abilities, and then trials were conducted that determined the optimal time for weaning. The activity of all digestive enzymes was low or undetectable at first feeding (3 days post hatching, dph; 2.5 mm standard length, SL). A substantial increase in activity occurred at 5.7 mm SL (17 dph), 6.9 mm SL (21 dph), 7.7 mm SL (23 dph), 8.4 mm SL (25 dph) and 11.2 mm SL (30 dph) for bile salt‐dependent lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and acid protease respectively. During the weaning experiment, larvae were co‐fed live prey and microdiet beginning 15 dph (4.8 mm SL). Live prey was withdrawn from the diet at 24, 28, 32 or 36 dph, with the control receiving live prey and microdiet throughout (to 43 dph). There were no significant differences in mean final SL among treatments, but survival was significantly lower when larvae were weaned at 24 dph compared to 32–43 dph. Based on the digestive enzyme activity and survival, weaning larval pigfish at 32 dph (11.7 mm SL) when reared at 24°C is recommended.
Beyond Achievement: Colombia’s Escuela Nueva and the Creation of Active Citizens

In this chapter, Thomas F. Luschei and Michelle Soto-Pena report the results of a comprehensive review of literature related to the influence of Colombia’s Escuela Nueva rural school improvement model in Colombia and beyond. Using a critical theoretical lens drawing on the work of Paulo Freire, they discuss evidence of Escuela Nueva’s impact on the development of non-cognitive skills, including the creation of active citizens. Most importantly, they explore the questions of whether and how Escuela Nueva promotes active and involved participation in personal relationships, civic activities and attitudes, and peaceful social relations. The authors argue that the widespread application of Escuela Nueva since the 1970s has positively influenced social and political transformation in Colombia.
Are self-report cognitive empathy ratings valid proxies for cognitive empathy ability? Negligible meta-analytic relations with behavioral task performance

Empathy is widely regarded as relevant to a diverse range of psychopathological constructs, such as autism spectrum disorder, psychopathy, and borderline personality disorder. Cognitive empathy (CE) is the ability to accurately recognize or infer the thoughts and feelings of others. Although behavioral task paradigms are frequently used to assess such abilities, a large proportion of published studies reporting on CE use self-report questionnaires. For decades, however, a number of theorists have cautioned that individuals may not possess the metacognitive insight needed to validly gauge their own mindreading abilities. To investigate this possibility, we examined the aggregate relations between behavioral CE task performance and self-report CE scale scores, as well as with self-report affective empathy scale scores for comparison. Meta-analytic results, based on random effects models, from 85 studies (total N = 14,327) indicate that self-report CE scores account for only approximately 1% of the variance in behavioral cognitive empathy assessments and that, perhaps equally importantly, this relation is not significantly different from that demonstrated by affective empathy scores. Effect sizes were not moderated by self-report empathy domain, gender composition, unisensory versus multisensory behavioral stimuli presentation, child versus adult samples, or by normative versus clinical/forensic samples. Effect size estimates were not markedly affected by publication bias. These results raise serious concerns regarding the widespread use of self-report CE scores as proxies for CE ability, as well as the extensive theoretical conclusions that have been based on their use in past studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).