cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of social anxiety in adolescents

This paper describes a new cognitive behavioral group treatment program for social phobia in adolescents (CBGT-A). Based upon empirically validated methods of treating shy adolescents and adults with social phobia, CBGT-A was developed to meet the needs of adolescents with social phobia between the ages of 13 and 17. In this paper, the diagnosis and phenomenology of social phobia is described, with emphasis on the expression of the disorder in youth. Comorbid conditions and behavioral concomitants unique to adolescents are described, so that clinicians may attend to the particular presentation of the disorder in this population. The CBGT-A program is described in detail and illustrated with case examples. Attention is given to the role of parents in the treatment process. Potential obstacles to successful treatment are defined and suggestions for managing these difficult clinical situations are offered.
Time‐restricted feeding and risk of metabolic disease: a review of human and animal studies

Time-restricted feeding (TRF), a key component of intermittent fasting regimens, has gained considerable attention in recent years. TRF allows ad libitum energy intake within controlled time frames, generally a 3–12 hour range each day. The impact of various TRF regimens on indicators of metabolic disease risk has yet to be investigated. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to summarize the current literature on the effects of TRF on body weight and markers of metabolic disease risk (i.e., lipid, glucoregulatory, and inflammatory factors) in animals and humans. Results from animal studies show TRF to be associated with reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, and concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, insulin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as with improvements in insulin sensitivity. Human data support the findings of animal studies and demonstrate decreased body weight (though not consistently), lower concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These preliminary findings show promise for the use of TRF in modulating a variety of metabolic disease risk factors.
Structure of the Glenarm Series in Chester County, Pennsylvania

The rocks of the Glenarm series in southeastern Pennsylvania, of probable Paleozoic age, show strongly overturned and locally recumbent folds. Detailed mapping of structural features indicates that not only the bedding but also the cleavage and axial planes of folds have undergone deformation which increases in intensity from northwest to southeast along with increasing grade of metamorphism. These observations, together with the outcrop pattern, point to large-scale refolding of earlier folds; recumbent structures result from the warping of axial planes that originally had steeper dips. This structure accords with the pattern of folding of unquestioned Paleozoic rocks in the adjoining Philadelphia area without recourse to the hypothetical “Martic overthrust.” The writer suggests that the late-stage deformation is related mechanically to the change in strike of the Appalachian belt; the belt strikes generally north-south in New England and Virginia but is nearly east-west in Pennsylvania.
The Generalized State Dependent Riccati Equation Control of Continuous Time Nonlinear Systems

This paper presents a novel Generalized State Dependent Riccati Equation control approach with the purpose of providing a more effective control design framework for continuous time nonlinear systems to achieve a mixed Nonlinear Quadratic Regulator and H∞ control performance criteria. By solving the Generalized State Dependent Riccati Equation, the optimal control solution is found to achieve mixed performance objectives guaranteeing nonlinear quadratic optimality with inherent stability property in combination with H∞ type of disturbance reduction. An efficient computational algorithm is given to find the solution to the Generalized State Dependent Riccati Equation. The efficacy of the proposed technique is used to design the control system for inverted pendulum, an under-actuated nonlinear mechanical system.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
STAND: A Peer Educator Training Curriculum for Sexual Risk Reduction in the Rural South

Abstract Background. The incidence of AIDS in rural areas continues to increase rapidly, with teenagers continuing to report high rates of sexual risk behaviors. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of effective HIV prevention programs targeting youth in rural settings where there are often formidable barriers to sex education programs. This paper describes a theoretically based intervention designed to meet the needs of rural youth. Methods. Students Together Against Negative Decisions (STAND) is a 28-session teen peer educator training program implemented in a rural county in a southeastern state, promoting both abstinence and sexual risk reduction. The theoretical foundation of the curriculum includes both Diffusion of Innovations Theory and the Transtheoretical Model, focusing on both individual and community norm change. STAND is teen-centered and skills-based; activities focus on active learning. Educator trainees are selected on the basis of their opinion leadership within their peer group, resulting in a training group of both virgin and sexually active teens, balanced for gender and matched to the racial proportions of the school. Results. Acceptance and participation in STAND suggest that adolescents in rural communities can be accessed through community-based interventions, that they are willing to participate in such intensive programs, and that they perceive the intervention as valuable and enjoyable. Moreover, the STAND program has thrived in a relatively conservative rural environment, and has had a positive impact on adolescents' sexual risk taking. Results from a pilot study showed significantly greater increases in condom use self-efficacy (16% vs a 1% decrease among controls) and in consistent condom use (+28% vs +15%). Adolescent trainees also reported a sevenfold larger increase in condom use (+213% vs +31%) and a 30% decrease in unprotected intercourse compared to a 29% increase among controls. Conclusions. STAND represents a new genre of HIV prevention program, one that utilizes complementary theoretical models to develop a program that targets both individual- and community-level change for rural adolescents.
The Pax parallel computer

Some aspects of a long-term parallel-processing research project (PACS, Pax, and Qcd Pax) begun in 1977 at Kyoto University and Hitachi Corporation's Nuclear Power Division are discussed. The discussion is based on an analysis of a number of papers, a book detailing this work, several visits to the project laboratory in Japan, and an examination of some programs that now run on cd Pax. The initial name, processor array for continuum simulation (PACS), was soon changed to Processor Array experiment, or Pax. Qcd Pax (for quantum chromodynamics) is the current running computer. The characteristics of the family are described, and the hardware, communication, and memory functions of the host computer, the use of four levels of parallelism programming, and performance are examined. >
Temporal evolution of overlapping spreading centers at 16°20′N on the East Pacific Rise

Abstract A compilation of Sea Beam data on the right-stepping overlapping spreading center (OSC) at 16°20′N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and in the surrounding region is presented. Sea Beam data from the rise flanks at 16°20′N reveal three deep basins, at least one of which is flanked by a curved ridge whose morphology is similar to that at the offset. The widths of these offaxis basins range from 8 to 13 km and allow an estimate to be made of the sizes of the offsets at which they were formed. It is proposed that they represent traces on the rise flank which provide a record of the development of the offset and a basis for prediction of its future evolution. The repeated pattern of abandoned overlap basins and cuspate ridges supports the notion that OSCs are episodic on a time scale of approximately 200,000 years and are cyclic in nature. It also reveals an alternation of dominance between the southern and northern segments, which have shifted the location of the discontinuity along the axis so as to create zig-zag traces of basins on the ridge flanks.
Executive functioning, temperament, and drug use involvement in adolescent females with a substance use disorder

Background: This study determined whether temperament mediates the relation between executive functioning (EF) and drug use involvement and whether EF and temperament interact to account for unique variance in drug use involvement. Method: Participants were 340, 14–18-year-old, adolescent females with a substance use disorder and controls. EF was measured using a battery of neuropsychological tests, temperament was assessed using the Dimensions of Temperament Survey – Revised, and drug use involvement was measured with the Drug Use Screening Inventory. Results: Temperament mediated the relation between EF and drug use involvement. Girls with a ‘difficult’ temperament exhibited significantly greater drug use involvement than girls with a ‘good’ temperament. Finally, low EF was significantly related to increased drug use involvement for girls with a good temperament, but not for girls with a difficult temperament. Conclusions: The results suggest that a difficult temperament is a more important risk factor for drug use than low EF. Given previous studies that have shown significant relations between EF and drug use, further research on this topic is warranted.
Defeating return-oriented rootkits with "Return-Less" kernels

Targeting the operating system (OS) kernel, kernel rootkits pose a formidable threat to computer systems and their users. Recent efforts have made significant progress in blocking them from injecting malicious code into the OS kernel for execution. Unfortunately, they cannot block the emerging so-called return-oriented rootkits (RORs). Without the need of injecting their own malicious code, these rootkits can discover and chain together "return-oriented gadgets" (that consist of only legitimate kernel code) for rootkit computation.In this paper, we propose a compiler-based approach to defeat these return-oriented rootkits. Our approach recognizes the hallmark of return-oriented rootkits, i.e., the ret instruction, and accordingly aims to completely remove them in a running OS kernel. Specifically, one key technique named return indirection is to replace the return address in a stack frame into a return index and disallow a ROR from using their own return addresses to locate and assemble return-oriented gadgets. Further, to prevent legitimate instructions that happen to contain return opcodes from being misused,we also propose two other techniques, register allocation and peephole optimization, to avoid introducing them in the first place. We have developed a LLVM-based prototype and used it to generate a return-less FreeBSD kernel. Our evaluation results indicate that the proposed approach is generic, effective, and can be implemented on commodity hardware with a low performance overhead.
Fatigue crack propagation in single crystal and polycrystalline, age-hardenable TiV alloys

Abstract The relationships between age hardening and fatigue crack propagation behavior have been studied in oriented Ti-27V-alloy single crystals and Ti-30V polycrystalline specimens with a metastable β-phase (b.c.c.) structure. Samples have been tested after the following heat treatments: as-quenched (solid solution β), aged at 300°C ( β + ω -phase), or aged at either 400 or 450 °C ( β + α -phase). The resulting age hardening and slip behavior have been correlated with microstructure and are related to the fatigue crack propagation rates and fracture behavior. Except for the specimens in which plate-like α-phase appears to enhance crack growth, the single crystal samples exhibit ductile fatigue fracture with only a small influence of microstructure on the fatigue crack propagation rates. In these conditions, crack growth is adequately described by the crack-tip opening models for crack propagation. Unlike the single crystals, age hardening the polycrystalline samples, especially by ω-phase formation, can significantly increase the crack propagation rate. The faster growth rates are associated directly with the presence of second phase particles, as in the case of grain boundary α-phase causing intergranular fracture after aging at 400°C, or indirectly, when the presence of ω-phase particles affects polycrystalline slip behavior sufficiently to induce a low energy fracture process.
A flexible MRP-DSS with an emphasis on leadtime variations

Abstract The conventional MRP systems translate plant requests into production and inventory scheduling actions of the factory. However, the assumption of constant leadtime policy limits MRP's capability in supporting the decision-making processes for better production scheduling control. Obviously, the assumption of constant leadtime is unrealistic in real-world problems. This paper focuses on the leadtime variations associated with both internal and external manufacturing logistics. Two modeling techniques are used to study the variation of leadtime. First, a stochastic model using simulation and statistical concepts is developed in the analysis of shipment leadtime. Second, a variable leadtime matrix model is used to determine production leadtime. As a result, a flexible material requirements planning decision support system (FMRP-DSS) is developed to determine more accurate leadtimes, and to protect against the uncertainty of the conventional MRP systems. Moreover, the system can be viewed as a transition from the conventional MRP systems to the “Just-In-Time Manufacturing” (JITM) systems. A “whatif” scenario is designed to integrate the capacities of the FMRP-DSS as a whole to support the decision-making process and to provide a better production and inventory planning environment. FMRP-DSS, which is designed to be highly user-friendly, menu-driven, and interactive, will help the decision-makers in their decision making process of production and inventory planning more effectively and efficiently.
Problems associated with the development of a safe and effective human immunodeficiency virus vaccine

Abstract We have outlined some of the problems associated with the development of an effective vaccine for HIV. It is clear that the road leading to the development and availability of this vaccine is a long one. The reasons are many. Foremost among them is that our understanding of the pathogenic process that leads from HIV infection to AIDS is as yet incomplete. In addition, the particulars associated with the progression to disease—for example, the ability of the virus to integrate a DNA copy of itself into the host chromosome, which results in the establishment of a latent state—increase considerably the difficulty of developing a vaccine. A major challenge for any vaccine candidate is the problem of keeping the latent HIV in the latent state. The factor(s) or cofactor(s) (e.g., microbial infections, physiologic and pharmacologic factors such as drugs, including drugs of abuse) that may trigger reactivation of latent HIV must be identified. The question of who should be vaccinated itself raises many questions. Certainly candidate populations include those who practice high risk behaviors for acquiring HIV and who are seronegative. The inclusion of HIV-seropositive persons will depend upon whether a vaccine has a high likelihood of being able to prevent the disruption of HIV latency. It is likely that an effective vaccine would be recommended for everyone in the U.S., for a generation or two, until there is no longer a reservoir of infection. Hopefully this approach would be extended worldwide, assuming the economics of administration will allow for this. Although it will take some time before we will have a safe and effective HIV vaccine for distribution, we must not lose sight of two positive factors that have resulted from current scientific efforts. First, the intensive investigations spawned by HIV infection have focused the scientific community's attention on the immune system. The knowledge we gain in understanding this complex and vital system will provide long-reaching benefits for the treatment of numerous other immune system-associated maladies. Second, we can effectively slow or stop the spread of this infection through education, and all means at our disposal should be employed to do so. Eliminating exposure to the virus by altering behaviors can significantly diminish this pandemic. We know what must be done—the challenge to us is to do it.
Cross-sectional DXA and MR measures of tibial periarticular bone associate with radiographic knee osteoarthritis severity.

summary Objective: We evaluated the relationship of medial proximal tibial periarticular areal bone mineral density (paBMD) and trabecular morphometry and determined whether these bone measures differed across radiographic medial joint space narrowing (JSN) scores. Methods: 482 participants of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) Bone Ancillary Study had knee dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and trabecular bone 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams assessed at the same visit. Medial proximal tibial paBMD was measured on DXA and apparent trabecular bone volume fraction (aBV/TV), thickness (aTb.Th), number (aTb.N), and spacing (aTb.Sp) were determined from MR images. Radiographs were assessed for medial JSN scores (0e3). We evaluated associations between medial paBMD and trabecular morphometry. Whisker plots with notches of these measures versus medial JSN scores were generated and presented. Results: Mean age was 63.9 (9.2) years, BMI 29.6 (4.8) kg/m 2 , and 53% were male. The Spearman correlation coefficients between DXA-measured medial paBMD and aBV/TV was 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55e0.66]; between paBMD and aTb.Th was 0.38 (95%CI 0.30e0.46); paBMD and aTb.N was 0.65 (95%CI 0.60e0.70); paBMD and aTb.Sp was � 0.65 (95%CI � 0.70 to � 0.59). paBMD and the trabecular metrics were associated with medial JSN scores. Conclusion: The moderate associations between periarticular trabecular bone density and morphometry and their relationship with greater severity of knee OA support hypotheses of remodeling and/or microscopic compression fractures in the natural history of OA. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether knee DXA will be a predictor of OA progression. Further characterization of the periarticular bone in OA utilizing complementary imaging modalities will help clarify OA pathophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International.
Measurement bias detection in linear dynamic systems

A new method to detect the existence of biased measured variables in dynamic processes is presented. Hence, this work presents a new Dynamic Global Test (DGT) and test procedure for dynamic gross error detection (GED) that brings to light certain of its attributes which have not hitherto (to our knowledge) been presented in GED literature. Recognition of these attributes leads to a scheme that enables identification of the type of biased measurement (e.g. flow or level). This approach is not computationally intensive and is applicable in the case of process leaks and multiple biased variables. Simulation results for the identification of the type of biased measurement (e.g. flow or level) and the estimation of the time of occurrence (ETOC) are given. The performance study in this work specifically varied the size of measurement bias (i), the bias location (i ), the bias true time of occurrence (TTOC), the significance level (), and the sample size (N). This study shows the proposed approach to be accurate in identifying the type of biased variable and its TTOC. The performance of the proposed scheme improves as N and i increase. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Output editing for lexical status in artificially elicited slips of the tongue.

It was shown previously that spoonerisms (such as bad goof—gad boof) can be elicited by having subjects articulate a target (bad goof) preceded by bias items which contain at least the initial phoneme (/g/) of the desired error outcome. The present study takes advantage of the fact that two very similar targets such as darn bore and dart board will often have very different outcomes (e.g., the error outcome barn door is meaningful while bart doard is not). Any systematic difference in the rate of errors between these types of targets must be attributable to processes which take place after recoding of the target into its corresponding slip. It is thus possible to directly evaluate the effect of editing processes which apply only to the error outcome, and not to the target word pair. It is demonstrated that for lexical (L) targets, L outcomes are significantly more frequent than nonsense (N) outcomes. For N targets, the same generalization obtains, but only in a context that contains lexical filler items. There is no difference in the overall spoonerism rate on the basis of the lexical status of the error outcome unless the context clearly contains other lexical items. In such a context, nonlexical outcomes appear to be suppressed. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Data depth based on spatial rank

A new notion of data depth based on spatial rank is introduced. We show the proposed depth function satisfies some properties one would expect from a notion of data depth. The large sample properties of sample data depth are studied. We look at the depth based L-estimator of the population mean and the simulation study shows that our DL-estimator has good finite sample efficiency. A numerical example is also given.
Operationalizing the concept of concurrent engineering: a case study from the US auto industry

This paper presents the results of case study research conducted at a major US automotive firm. Four waves of qualitative data were collected to identify the organizational and technological changes needed to implement concurrent engineering practices. The desire to cut product development time was the driving factor in a strategy designed to boost sales and market share. The company was successful in shortening concept-to-market time by over one year on its first newly designed vehicle, primarily through the use of product-focused, cross-functional platform teams which permitted the early integration of manufacturing personnel into product and process development. While technology played an important role in this transformation, organizational, and human resource changes were the greatest enablers.
The construct validity of rule-breaking and aggression in an adult clinical sample

Previous research has demonstrated that aggression (AGG) and non-aggressive rule-breaking (RB) represent elements of antisocial behavior with different etiological mechanisms and associations to personality and psychopathology. However, these constructs have not been investigated in an adult clinical sample. In the current study, interview and self-report derived AGG and RB were associated with personality traits and disorders as well as functioning across several domains, family history, concurrent psychopathology, and prospective behaviors. Both AGG and RB were similarly related to disagreeableness. RB was uniquely related to low conscientiousness, cluster B personality disorders, functioning, problems in childhood, suicide risk, arrests, and substance use disorders. AGG (+) and RB () were differentially related to obsessive–compulsive personality disorder and conscientiousness. Gender moderation effects were limited. It was concluded that AGG and RB represent separable components of antisocial behavior with differential and clinically meaningful correlates in an adult clinical sample.
Applying commercial real-time data networks to future military avionics

Abstract Commercial multimedia computing applications have recently become a driving force in the development of simple, robust methods to provide real-time transfer of video and audio data while minimising the impact to concurrent data processing tasks. The emergence of these technologies offers an opportunity to reduce the cost of fourth-generation avionics by applying commercial techniques to these systems as well. Evolving standards and technology trends and their application to military avionics are described.
Self-Organization of Cosmic Radiation Pressure Instability. II. One-dimensional Simulations

The clustering of statistically uniform discrete absorbing particles moving solely under the influence of radiation pressure from uniformly distributed emitters is studied in a simple one-dimensional model. Radiation pressure tends to amplify statistical clustering in the absorbers; the absorbing material is swept into empty bubbles, the biggest bubbles grow bigger almost as they would in a uniform medium, and the smaller ones get crushed and disappear. Numerical simulations of a one-dimensional system are used to support the conjecture that the system is self-organizing. Simple statistics indicate that a wide range of initial conditions produce structure approaching the same self-similar statistical distribution, whose scaling properties follow those of the attractor solution for an isolated bubble. The importance of the process for large-scale structuring of the interstellar medium is briefly discussed.
Development and Validation of Spectroscopic Methods for Monitoring Density Changes in Pressurized Gaseous and Supercritical Fluid Systems

The further development of new processes utilizing liquid or supercritical CO2 as a solvent will benefit from the rational design of new CO2-philes. Understanding solvation structures and mechanisms of these molecules is an important part of this process. In such studies, determining the change in density as a function of the measured thermodynamic conditions (pressure and temperature) provides an excellent means of directly monitoring the solution conditions in the detection volume for a given technique. By integrating spectroscopic peaks, changes in area can be used to determine changes in analyte concentration in the detection volume, and thus, it should be possible to monitor the system density in situ. In the present study, we examine the utility of Raman and NMR spectroscopy as a means of following changes in solution density conditions and validate this approach in pure fluids and gases (N2 and CO2) and supercritical fluid mixtures (acetaldehyde vapor in N2). In addition, we present the design of a...
The Major Role of the Rab Ypt7p in Vacuole Fusion Is Supporting HOPS Membrane Association

Yeast vacuole fusion requires soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), the Rab GTPase Ypt7p, vacuolar lipids, Sec17p and Sec18p, and the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting complex (HOPS). HOPS is a multisubunit protein with direct affinities for SNAREs, vacuolar lipids, and the GTP-bound form of Ypt7p; each of these affinities contributes to HOPS association with the organelle. Using all-purified components, we have reconstituted fusion, but the Rab Ypt7p was not required. We now report that phosphorylation of HOPS by the vacuolar kinase Yck3p blocks HOPS binding to vacuolar lipids, making HOPS membrane association and the ensuing fusion depend on the presence of Ypt7p. In accord with this finding in the reconstituted fusion reaction, the inactivation of Ypt7p by the GTPase-activating protein Gyp1–46p only blocks the fusion of purified vacuoles when Yck3p is present and active. Thus, although Ypt7p may contribute to other fusion functions, its central role is to bind HOPS to the membrane.
Respect yourself, protect yourself: Latina girls and sexual identity

Lorena Garcia's Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself addresses three major issues: how young Latinas in Chicago think about their sexuality, from whom they receive messages about sexuality, and the c...
Effects of fenoxycarb on ovarian development, spring fecundity and longevity in winterform pear psylla

The insect growth regulator fenoxycarb prompts ovarian development in diapausing winterform pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). We applied fenoxycarb to caged psylla in September, November, and December to test whether premature ovarian development reduced overwintering survival, spring fecundity, or spring longevity. Fenoxycarb prompted ovarian development in all treated psylla, with the largest effects occurring in the September-treated insects. Recovery of live psylla in spring was 46-95% in treated insects and 72-92% in controls; overwintered insects from the fenoxycarb treatments survived field temperatures below -20°C despite having had mature ovaries. Fecundity and longevity of psylla were the same in treated and untreated insects, indicating that overwintering with mature ovaries did not cause reduced spring egglaying capacity. Several treated insects each deposited over 1900 eggs and survived more than 120 days. Due to their more advanced development, treated insects had higher oviposition rates than controls during the first 5 days after removal from the field. The largest impact on spring fitness was due to the effects of fenoxycarb on egg hatch. Eggs deposited on clean foliage by September-treated females were less likely to hatch than eggs deposited by controls, suggesting that fenoxycarb affected developing eggs within the female. Prospects for using fenoxycarb in fall to control pear psylla appear to be limited.
Symptomatic Venous Compression from a Mediastinal Cystic Lymphangioma

Symptomatic obstruction of the left innominate vein due to a cystic lymphangioma located in the superior mediastinum is reported. The report emphasizes that mediastinal venous compression does not necessarily imply a grave prognosis and that resection of a benign lesion can be curative.
Opioid antagonists: indirect antagonism of morphine analgesia by spinal dynorphin A

Naloxone and norbinaltorphimine when given ICV to mice can antagonize IT morphine-induced analgesia indirectly by releasing spinal dynorphin A(1-17) (Dyn A). Dyn A produces an antianalgesic action against IT morphine. In the present study, drugs with varying amounts of opioid antagonist to agonist action (nalbuphine, levallorphan, naltrexone, and naltrindole) were given ICV to determine whether they antagonized IT morphine-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response as an indication of spinal Dyn A release. Additional pharmacological tests were used as criteria for Dyn A release: a) Small doses of the opioid antagonists naloxone and norbinaltorphimine administered IT inhibited the antagonistic action; b) dynorphin antiserum given IT blocked the action of Dyn A; c) desensitization to the effect of Dyn A was produced by 3-h pretreatment with morphine, 10 mg/kg SC, or by pretreatment with the agents themselves. When given ICV, nalbuphine, levallorphan, and naltrexone released Dyn A in the spinal cord to produce an antianalgesic effect. Naltrindole, a delta-receptor antagonist, did not release Dyn A. Dyn A release did not appear to involve delta-receptors. Thus, a number of opioid antagonists inhibit the analgesic action of opioid agonists indirectly through Dyn A release.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein involved in acetyl coenzyme A synthesis by Clostridium thermoaceticum

The corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein (C/Fe-SP) from Clostridium thermoaceticum is an 88 kDa [alpha][beta]-dimer that cycles between a Co(I) and methyl-Co(III) form as it transfers a methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-H[sub 4]folate) to carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray edge spectroscopy of the as-isolated C/Fe-SP indicates that the inactive Co(II) state of the corrinoid has a four-coordinate distorted square-planar structure. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first observation of a four-coordinate Co(II) corrinoid. This unusual coordination state would be expected to poise the Co(II) state of the C/Fe-SP for facile reduction to four-coordinate Co(I), which is the active nucleophile that acts as the acceptor of the methyl group of methyl-H[sub 4]folate. Additionally, the first-derivative X-ray edge spectra for both the methyl-Co(III) and Co(II) forms of the C/Fe-SP show an unexpected shift to lower energy when compared to analogous free cobalamins indicating a potential role for the protein in mediating electronic as well as structural properties of the enzyme bound methylcobamide. 42 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.
An introductory computer survey course

This course is designed for students who do not intend to become programmers, but who recognize the important role of the computer and wish to learn how computers are affecting society and how they might use these machines in their careers. The course covers how computers operate, what must be done to develop a computer application, characteristics of successful applications, and the social implications of computer technology.The objectives are (1) to provide understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of computers, (2) enable students to recognize potential computer applications, (3) enable students to communicate effectively with computer programmars and systems analysts, and (4) make students aware of the social implications of computer systems.Most students who enroll in this course are majoring in a social science, fine arts, business, education, or a non-technical liberal arts department. Because this may well be the only technically oriented course taken during their college careers, we point out how what we are learning about computers is pertinent to all areas of rapidly evolving technology.
Effects of Soil Components and Liming Effect of CCA-Wood Ash upon Leaching of Cu, Cr, and As from CCA-Wood Ash in Ultisol Soil

The burning of wood that has been chemically treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) produces an ash containing high concentrations of copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA-metals). The rainwater-leaching of these metals from burn sites can produce increased soil and water contamination. Soil systems have varying natural abilities to retard leaching and they also impact metals speciation and toxicity through sorption, conversion, and sedimentation-related mechanisms. Recent regulations restricting the use of CCA-treatment have resulted in increased quantities of CCA-treated lumber entering the waste stream, making studies of metals leaching from CCA-wood ash and soil/CCA-wood ash systems important areas of investigation. Wood ash composition, soil composition, and CCA-metals speciation are all important factors determining the degree of the metal mobility in a soil system containing metals leached from CCA-wood ash. The CCA-metals composition of CCA-wood ash was determined by analytical methods. Both pH...
“So Poor and So Black”: Hurricane Katrina, Public Administration, and the Issue of Race

Does racism ever shape the way public administrators make decisions? The story of Hurricane Katrina is an opportunity to consider this neglected question. Discriminatory government policies and processes over decades ensured that African Americans were disproportionately harmed by the storm and its aftermath. In contrast to the literature on bureaucratic discretion, when the crisis came, administrators at all levels chose to take refuge in regulations rather than act creatively to save lives and reduce misery. Images of desperate black New Orleanians juxtaposed with massive government failures raise, even for skeptical observers, issues of race and racism that must no longer be ignored. The essay urges that we explore the extent to which “masked” racism affects the practice of public administration. The Impartial Administration of Justice is the Foundation of Liberty. —Inscription on the Orleans Parish Courthouse You simply get chills every time you see these poor individuals … so many of these people … are so poor and they are so black. —Wolf Blitzer, CNN, September 1, 2005
New method for identifying features of an image on a digital video display

ABSTRACT The MetaMap process extends the concept of direct manipulation human-computer interfaces to new limits.Its specific capabilities include the correlation of discrete image elements to relevant text information and thecorrelation of these image features to other images as well as to program control mechanisms. Thecorrelation is accomplished through reprogramming of both the color map and the image so that discreteimage elements comprise unique sets of color indices. This process allows the correlation to be accomplishedwith very efficient data storage and program execution times. Image databases adapted to this processbecome object-oriented as a result. Very sophisticated interrelationships can be set up between images, textand program control mechanisms using this process. An application of this interfacing process to the designof an interactive atlas of medical histology, as well as other possible applications, are described. TheMetaMap process is protected by U.S. patent #4,847,604.1.
Similarity solutions in the theory of curvature driven diffusion along planar curves: II. curves that travel at constant speed

Abstract In the theory of curvature driven diffusion along curves, the rate υ at which a planar curve C=C(t) advances along its normal vector is proportional to the second derivative of the curvature κ with respect to the curve’s arc-length parameter, s, i.e., υ(s,t)=Aκss(s,t). The curve is called invariant if it evolves without deformation or rotation; its motion is then a steady translation, and the angle θ=θ(s) from the direction of propagation of C to the tangent vector at s obeys the equation Aθ″′(s)=V sin θ(s) in which V is the speed of propagation. When C is an infinite curve, this equation with V>0 implies that as s→+∞ or −∞,C either is asymptotic to a straight line parallel to the direction of propagation or spirals to a limit point with κ′(s) approaching a non-zero constant. If C spirals to a point x+∞ as s increases to +∞,C may either spiral to a point x−∞ or be asymptotic to a line l − as s decreases to −∞. The curves that are asymptotic to lines both as s→+∞ and as s→−∞ differ by only similarity transformations and are such that l + = l − and have that line as an axis of symmetry. A discussion is given of properties that data of the form (θ(0),θ′(0),θ″(0)) must have to determine a curve asymptotic to a line for either large or small s.
Linked sensor data

A number of government, corporate, and academic organizations are collecting enormous amounts of data provided by environmental sensors. However, this data is too often locked within organizations and underutilized by the greater community. In this paper, we present a framework to make this sensor data openly accessible by publishing it on the Linked Open Data (LOD) Cloud. This is accomplished by converting raw sensor observations to RDF and linking with other datasets on LOD. With such a framework, organizations can make large amounts of sensor data openly accessible, thus allowing greater opportunity for utilization and analysis.
Three-Dimensional Displays In Biostereometrics

In biostereometrics, which is a modern approach to the study of biological form and function based on three- and, often, four-dimensional measurement of living organisms and their constituent parts, three-dimensional displays already serve many useful functions. These can be classified into two main categories, where the three-dimensional display is used: (1) as a substitute for the object itself or (2) to highlight spatial or spatio-temporal features of particular interest. In the former category, the ability to "freeze" the form of a living organism and to analyze the resulting photo-optical analog ad infinitum without fear of object movement is a major advantage over conventional direct measurement methods. Applications which fall into the second category are particularly valuable for conceptual and educational purposes. Such applications are expected to grow as clinicians, biomedical scientists, biologists and others become more familiar with the potentials of biostereometrics and suitable graphic display capabilities become more widely available.
Improved agreement of foot segmental power and rate of energy change during gait: inclusion of distal power terms and use of three-dimensional models.

Abstract Traditional models used to calculate foot segmental power have yielded poor agreement between foot power and the rate of energy change during the stance phase of gait and limited the applicability of foot segmental power analyses to swing phase only. The purpose of this study was to improve the agreement of foot segemental power and rate of energy change by using more inclusive models to calculate foot segmental power and energy. The gait of 15 adult subjects was studied and models were used to calculate foot segmental power that included either the proximal terms only (Model P, the most common method in the literature) or both proximal and distal terms (Model PD, a mathematically complete model). Power and energy terms were computed in to ways, from sagittal plane vector components only (two-dimensional condition) and from complete three-dimensional components (three-dimensional condition). Results revealed that the more inclusive the model, the higher the agreement of foot power and rate of energy change. During stance phase, Model P produced poor agreement (rc = 0.108) for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional conditions, Model PD-2D yielded higher agreement (rc = 0.645), and Model PD-3D exhibited nearly perfect agreement (rc = 0.956). The advantages of a segmental power analysis include the ability to identify the mechanisms of energy transfer into and out of the foot during movement. The results of this study suggest that foot power analyses are valid when using Model PD-3D to describe foot function during locomotion.
8 ns CMOS 64 K*4 and 256 K*1 SRAMs

SRAMs (static random-access memory) with a 64 K*4 and 256 K*1 structure and with 8-ns access time have been developed on a 1.0- mu m CMOS process. Circuits are designed with source-coupling techniques to achieve high speed with small signal swings, using only CMOS devices. A metal option permits selection of the 64 K*4 or 256 K*1 configuration. The same core architecture has also been used to generate *8 and *9 designs. An output-enable (OE) version achieves 3-ns response time. As system speeds have recently increased toward 100-MHz operation, the need for address transition detection (ATD) has diminished as a means for improving the SRAM speed/power ratio. This trend in SRAM design stems mainly from the fact that AC current becomes the most significant fraction of the total current. Accordingly, the design described here employs a purely static path through the entire SRAM, with no requirement of ATD at any point. The resulting DC current is countered with a combined strategy of array subdivision, small-signal techniques, and active preamplification at key points in the data path. >
A study on radiation hardness of PWO-II crystals

We report in this paper an investigation on radiation hardness of 20 cm long PWO-II crystals produced at BTCP for the proposed PANDA experiment at GSI. The optical and scintillation properties of PWO-II crystals, such as transmittance, light output and light response uniformity, were measured before and after γ-ray irradiations at different dose rates. PWO-II crystals are compared to crystals used in the CMS experiment. Progresses are observed in the radiation hardness for PWO-II crystals. Its use for crystal calorimeters in future high energy physics experiments is discussed. To maintain crystal precision, a precision light monitoring system is mandatory to trace variations of crystal transparency in situ for a PWO crystal calorimeter in a radiation environment.
A Distinct Role for B1b Lymphocytes in T Cell-Independent Immunity

Pathogenesis of infectious disease is not only determined by the virulence of the microbe but also by the immune status of the host. Vaccination is the most effective means to control infectious diseases. A hallmark of the adaptive immune system is the generation of B cell memory, which provides a long-lasting protective antibody response that is central to the concept of vaccination. Recent studies revealed a distinct function for B1b lymphocytes, a minor subset of mature B cells that closely resembles that of memory B cells in a number of aspects. In contrast to the development of conventional B cell memory, which requires the formation of germinal centers and T cells, the development of B1b cell-mediated long-lasting antibody responses occurs independent of T cell help. T cell-independent (TI) antigens are important virulence factors expressed by a number of bacterial pathogens, including those associated with biological threats. TI antigens cannot be processed and presented to T cells and therefore are known to possess restricted T cell-dependent (TD) immunogenicity. Nevertheless, specific recognition of TI antigens by B1b cells and the highly protective antibody responses mounted by them clearly indicate a crucial role for this subset of B cells. Understanding the mechanisms of long-term immunity conferred by B1b cells may lead to improved vaccine efficacy for a variety of TI antigens.
Bridging the Gap Between Research and Clinical Practice

Hilda, a nurse with 10 years of experience, is teaching a patient with a healing wellgranulated wound to irrigate it every day with hydrogen peroxide. Cory, a new nurse who is in the patient’s room, is listening to this conversation. She knows that what Hilda is teaching is not correct but is reluctant to say anything. A few hours later, Cory discusses the patient with Hilda and mentions that peroxide treatment is not appropriate for this patient’s wound. Hilda replies, ‘‘This is the way we always do it and I want to make sure that the wound is really clean.’’ Cory, faced with a dilemma, does not know whether she should alienate Hilda or show her the research findings that document the best practices for wound care. Do we want patients to have health care based on the latest and best knowledge or should they be treated with traditional and ritualistic methods? The best clinical practices are based on research. The primary purposes of nursing research are (1) to expand the knowledge base for nursing practice and (2) to improve the quality of patient care (Fig. 1). In addition to improving patient care, nursing research can reduce health care costs. For this to happen, relevant research needs to be incorporated into clinical practice. Research is of little value unless it is used; however, research findings are not being implemented even when there is evidence that integration of these findings would produce more effective patient outcomes and better clinical practice. Patients suffer unfortunate consequences when advances in research are not incorporated into practice. For many years it has been recognized that a gap exists between what is known (based on research) and what is done in clinical practice. At least 30% to 40% of
Aqueous acid–base chemistry involving dioxovanadium(V) complexes of 2,6-pyridinedimethanol, and the X-ray structures of Na[VO2{2,6-(OCH2)2NC5H3}] · 4H2O and [1-H-2,6-(HOCH2)2NC5H3]+Cl−

Abstract Reaction of NH4VO3 with 2,6-pyridinedimethanol in water at 85 °C followed by the room temperature addition of HCl (aq) yields [HVO2(pydim)]x (pydim = 2,6-pyridinedimethanolato dianion), as a sparingly soluble off-white solid. This acid may be deprotonated by titration with NaOH (aq), yielding Na[VO2(pydim)] · 4H2O, which has been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Treating Na[VO2(pydim)] · 4H2O with HCl (aq) regenerates [HVO2(pydim)]x, but reaction with additional NaOH (aq) displaces the pyridinedimethanolato ligand from the vanadium center. Similarly, treating [HVO2(pydim)]x with excess HCl (aq) strips the pyridinedimethanolato ligand from the vanadium center and yields the adduct [H3(pydim)]+Cl− as one component in a mixture of products. This adduct has been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The optimum pH range for stable dioxovanadium(V) complexes stabilized by the 2,6-pyridinedimethanolato ligand is at least 1.5–9.4.