cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visible-Light Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Monitoring Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice.

PURPOSE This study sought to determine the earliest time-point at which evidence of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) could be detected with visible-light optical coherence tomography angiography (vis-OCTA) in a mouse model of laser-induced CNV. METHODS Visible light-OCTA was used to study laser-induced CNV at different time-points after laser injury to monitor CNV development and measure CNV lesion size. Measurements obtained from vis-OCTA angiograms were compared with histopathologic measurements from isolectin-stained choroidal flatmounts. RESULTS Choroidal neovascularization area measurements between the vis-OCTA system and isolectin-stained choroidal flatmounts were significantly different in area for days 2 to 4 postlaser injury, and were not significantly different in area for days 5, 7, and 14. Choroidal neovascularization area measurements taken from the stained flatmounts were larger than their vis-OCTA counterparts for all time-points. Both modalities showed a similar trend of CNV size increasing from the day of laser injury until a peak of day 7 postlaser injury and subsequently decreasing by day 14. CONCLUSIONS The earliest vis-OCTA can detect the presence of aberrant vessels in a mouse laser-induced CNV model is 5 days after laser injury. Visible light-OCTA was able to visualize the maximum of the CNV network 7 days postlaser injury, in accordance with choroidal flatmount immunostaining. Visible light-OCTA is a reliable tool in both detecting the presence of CNV development, as well as accurately determining the size of the lesion in a mouse laser-induced CNV model.
A review comparing AAC intervention components yields a list of studied components, but conclusions regarding comparative effectiveness appear flawed

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Gevarter, C., O’Reilly, M. F., Rojeski, L., Sammarco, N., Lang, R., Lancioni, & G. E., & Sigafoos, J. (2013). Comparisons of intervention components within augmentative and alternative communication systems for individuals with developmental disabilities: A review of the literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 4404–4414Source of funding and declaration of interests: Funding sources were not reported, and the authors did not report other conflicts of interest.
Genetically Engineered Animals in Product Discovery and Development

Abstract Genetically engineered animals, especially mice and, to a lesser extent, rats, now enable the study of gene function and disease pathophysiology in ways that have never been possible before. International, multi-laboratory projects now exist with the goal of mutating every protein-encoding gene in the mouse within the next few years. The number of engineered models resulting from random insertion as well as targeted deletion or replacement of specific genes is expanding rapidly. The discovery and development of new products, especially medical therapies, increasingly rely on genetically modified animal models to define new targets, elucidate mechanisms of disease, and screen products for efficacy and safety. Engineered models for use in drug development include mouse models of human metabolism, mouse models for mutagenicity testing and carcinogenicity assessment, and genetically immunodeficient mice and rats that support the growth of human tissue xenografts suitable for in vivo studies of cancer treatments and non-clinical safety assessment of human cell-based products. Genetically engineered livestock are used as bioreactors to produce therapeutic proteins, or as donors for cell, organ, and tissue xenotransplantation. Toxicologic pathology assessments of genetically modified animals and their products employ the same endpoints that are used in non-clinical safety assessment studies for conventional biomolecules, chemicals, drugs, and cell products. In addition to these endpoints, additional factors that must be considered when analyzing genetically engineered animals include knowledge of the genetically engineered mutation and the caveats of the method used in generating a given model, the potential for species-specific molecular mechanisms (where the responses of animals to inserted human molecules do not recapitulate the human responses), and the possible introduction and propagation of animal pathogens into humans by xenografting infected cells or organs.
Interrelationship between family history of alcoholism and generational status in the prediction of alcohol dependence in US Hispanics.

Background Both a family history of alcoholism and migration-related factors like US v. foreign nativity increase the risk for developing alcohol use disorders in Hispanic Americans. For this study, we integrated these two lines of research to test whether the relationship between familial alcoholism and alcohol dependence changes with successive generations in the United States. Method Data were from the waves 1 and 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Subjects self-identified Hispanic ethnicity (N = 4122; n = 1784 first, n = 1169 second, and n = 1169 third or later generation) and reported ever consuming ⩾12 drinks in a 1-year period. A family history of alcoholism was assessed in first- and second-degree relatives. Analyses predicting the number of alcohol dependence symptoms were path models. Results Alcohol dependence symptoms were associated with a stronger family history of alcoholism and later generational status. There was a significant interaction effect between familial alcoholism and generational status; the relationship of familial alcoholism with alcohol dependence symptoms increased significantly with successive generations in the United States, more strongly in women than men. Acculturation partially mediated the interaction effect between familial alcoholism and generational status on alcohol dependence, although not in the expected direction. Conclusions Familial alcoholism interacted with generational status in predicting alcohol dependence symptoms in US Hispanic drinkers. This relationship suggests that heritability for alcoholism is influenced by a higher-order environmental factor, likely characterized by a relaxing of social restrictions on drinking.
Fragmenting Fragments: Jean Paul's Poetics of the Small in "Meine Miszellen"

While Jean Paul is often associated with notoriously long, digressive novels, this article makes the case for the reading of Jean Paul above all as an author of the small. By taking the example of his minor work “Meine Miszellen,” the article examines how his reference to the discursive-literary tradition of 19thcentury romantic miscellanies serves as an experimental testing ground for his poetics and epistemology of the small, as encapsulated by his concept of humor as the “inverted sublime.” From there the article seeks to distinguish Jean Paul’s poetics of the small from the romantic fragment by demonstrating how humor, in contrast to irony, serves as a material strategy for reflecting on the fragmentary character of his texts. The article ends by suggesting that Jean Paul’s emphasis on the small and fragmentary is not restricted to his fleeting minor works, but extends to later novels like Leben Fibels .
The Geometry of Niches

Like others in this volume, this chapter has a lot to do with scale. But it is organizational scale rather than spatial or temporal scale that I wish to consider. Much of what is commonly called community ecology deals with a very small number of species — often two. Yet communities are large sets of species — all the species in an area or at least those in a particular taxonomic or trophic group. Clearly, we need to ask how species interactions are built into large sets. Such is the aim of the various studies of food webs: food webs are the diagrams depicting which species in a community interact trophically. Among the achievements of recent food web studies is a long catalogue of food web patterns reviewed recently by Lawton (1989). These patterns can be grouped into six broad categories: the general patterns of connectance and trophic grouping across trophic levels (e.g. Briand and Cohen, 1984, Cohen, this volume, Cohen and Briand, 1984, Yodzis, 1981), the number of trophic levels (e.g. Cohen, this volume, Pimm and Lawton, 1977, Pimm and Kitching, 1987), the patterns of species which feed across trophic levels (e.g. Pimm and Lawton, 1978), the degree to which interactions are grouped into compartments (e.g. Pimm and Lawton, 1980, Yodzis, 1982), and such ratios as that between the number of species at one trophic level and the number of species at the trophic level on which these predators feed (e.g. Cohen, 1977).
Getting Involved in Professional Organizations: A Gateway to Career Advancement

Graduate students and new professionals in psychology have many options for career development. One of the most useful decisions a new or emerging psychologist can make is to join a professional association. Psychological organizations provide opportunities for personal and professional development, and offer opportunities to serve the discipline and society at large. Since the late 1800s, psychologists around the world have been organizing themselves into psychological associations to promote clinical, research, or personal interests. The great variety of psychological associations that exist today offer unique opportunities to network, share research, exchange ideas, and learn about critical developments within the field. This chapter will briefly describe relevant aspects of psychological organizations, emphasizing specific opportunities they offer to graduate students and to early-career psychologists.
Model of the Oxygen Evolving Complex Which Is Highly Predisposed to O–O Bond Formation

Light-driven water oxidation is a fundamental reaction in the biosphere. The Mn4Ca cluster of photosystem II cycles through five redox states termed S0-S4, after which oxygen is evolved. Critically, the timing of O-O bond formation within the Kok cycle remains unknown. By combining recent crystallographic, spectroscopic, and DFT results, we demonstrate an atomistic S3 state model with the possibility of a low barrier to O-O bond formation prior to the final oxidation step. Furthermore, the associated one electron oxidized S4 state does not provide more advantages in terms of spin alignment or the energy of O-O bond formation. We propose that a high energy peroxide isoform of the S3 state can preferentially be oxidized by Tyr zox in the course of final electron transfer leading to O2 evolution. Such a mechanism may explain the peculiar kinetic behavior of O2 evolution as well as serve as an evolutionary adaptation to avoid release of the harmful peroxides.
Temporal Dynamics of Willingness to Pay for Alternatives That Increase the Reliability of Water and Wastewater Service

AbstractChanges in public perceptions affect infrastructure projects, policies, and revenue streams. As such, utilities should leverage these dynamic perceptions for a variety of reasons, including...
Abstract 2944: Identification of key transcriptomic and epigenomic factors influencing conventional and metronomic dosing in aggressive and non-aggressive prostate cancer

Repetitive, low-dose drug administration (metronomic; METRO) shows ability to overcome drug resistance and increased drug efficacy in many cancers, but the mechanisms are not understood fully. Previously we showed topotecan (TOPO) METRO dosing was more effective than conventional (CONV) dosing in aggressive prostate cancer cell lines and xenograft mouse models. To explore possible mechanisms by which METRO dosing alters tumor growth and metastases, we performed targeted mRNA and miRNA expression studies and identified potential candidate cancer pathway genes and miRNA-mRNA pairs as unique treatment-related biomarkers for alternative TOPO-METRO therapy. To determine drug response, Androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (PC3), androgen-dependent (LNCaP) cell lines were treated with TOPO following CONV and METRO dosing schedules. Cancer pathway gene and micro-RNA expression profiles were assessed at the calculated IC50 of TOPO after each treatment. Expression signatures were identified using differential expression (DE) analysis software and a Spearman’s rank-based correlation was used to assess the association of drug response, mRNA and miRNA expression. Gene signatures associated with TOPO-METRO therapy were validated against patient profiles in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genomic Data Commons (GDC) and protein expression of most significant genes by immunoblotting. We identified disparate treatment-related mRNA and miRNA expression signatures for TOPO-METRO vs CONV treatment. We also identified a gene signature (top five gene: SERPINB5, CDKN1A, TNF, FOS, & ANGPT1) for both PC-3 and LNCaP following TOPO-METRO dosing. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified that upregulation of tumor suppressor, anti-proliferative genes (eg, SERPINB5), genes involved in activation of the immune system (RPL13A) and down regulation of genes involved in apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and inflammation (TNF, FOS, and MMP1) are likely vital to the observed treatment response. Epigenetic analysis showed distinct miRNA expression changes may influence differential gene expression (miRNA-mRNA pairs) for TOPO-METRO dosing. 20 miRNAs genes (including miR-30c, miR-19a, mir-20a, mir-17, let7i & let7b) were associated with TOPO cytotoxicity (p Citation Format: Taraswi Mitra Ghosh, Joshua Davis, Grafton S. Barnett, Elena Skarupa, Jeff D. Warner, Brian S. Cummings, Robert D. Arnold. Identification of key transcriptomic and epigenomic factors influencing conventional and metronomic dosing in aggressive and non-aggressive prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2944.
Change/differential equations

Abstract Cellular process kinetic models, representing collective behavior in systems of functional units, are regularly continuous, employing single or systems of ordinary and partial differential equations (ODEs and PDEs). Obtaining process general behavior laws and particular numerical values calls for a solution process. Case dependent, it can be formal and exact or employ series and numerical alternatives, which are approximate. Customized process models can begin mathematically diverse and end as numerical simulations. Structured models, which are permanent-features oriented, employ linear algebra and have formal solutions that depend on eigenvalues and eigenvectors computed from coefficient matrices. Qualitative ODE theory reveals typical process behavior patterns, depictable by phase portraits and reflecting interplay between a model’s function(s), coefficient makeup, and modestly perturbed initial conditions. Process stability, based on phase portraits and perturbed single process time behavior, can be asymptotically stable, stable, or unstable correlating with eigenvalue makeup. Discrete, finite difference equations, especially as recursion formulas serve as models for discontinuous processes in small numbers of distinguishable units.
The historical evolution of the cost of social reproduction in the United States, 1959–2012

Using data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) – including a BEA satellite account that imputes monetary values for unwaged household productio...
Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) Leaves Extract as Flies Repellent and Its Effect on Organoleptic Qualities of Chicken Meat

The research aims to determine the effectiveness of pandan wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) leaves extract (PWLE) as flies repellent and understand its effect on the organoleptic qualities of chicken meat. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with PWLE concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) as research treatments and replicated for four times. The flies repelling data were analyzed by using ANOVA and followed with Least Significance Different (LSD) test. Moreover, the organoleptic test results were analyzed by using Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed that the immersion of chicken meat in PWLE was effective to reduce the number of flies contamination with a repellent level of 0%; 8.25%; 36.5%; 53% and 59%, on the PWLE addition at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, respectively. The results of the organoleptic test showed that the PWLE affected the preference of panelists on color, aroma, and texture parameters.
Evaluating Perceptions of Working Alliance and Crisis Stabilization for Adolescent Males in Residential Treatment for Substance Abuse: A Time-Series Analysis

Research related to adolescents in residential treatment for substance use is limited. Evaluations identifying treatment progress across frequent, multiple time points are scant. In this study 20 a...
Estimating drug consumption during a college sporting event from wastewater using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Consumption of licit and/or illicit compounds during sporting events has traditionally been monitored using population surveys, medical records, and law enforcement seizure data. This pilot study evaluated the temporal and geospatial patterns in drug consumption during a university football game from wastewater using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Untreated wastewater samples were collected from three locations within or near the same football stadium every 30 min during a university football game. This analysis leveraged two LCMS/ MS instruments (Waters Acquity TQD and a Shimadzu 8040) to analyze samples for 58 licit or illicit compounds and some of their metabolites. Bayesian multilevel models were implemented to estimate mass load and population-level drug consumption, while accounting for multiple instrument runs and concentrations censored at the lower limit of quantitation. Overall, 29 compounds were detected in at least one wastewater sample collected during the game. The 10 most common compounds included opioids, anorectics, stimulants, and decongestants. For compounds detected in more than 50% of samples, temporal trends in median mass load were correlated with the timing of the game; peak loads for cocaine and tramadol occurred during the first quarter of the game and for phentermine during the third quarter. Stadium-wide estimates of the number of doses of drugs consumed were rank ordered as follows: oxycodone (n = 3246) > hydrocodone (n = 2260) > phentermine (n = 513) > cocaine (n = 415) > amphetamine (n = 372) > tramadol (n = 360) > pseudoephedrine (n = 324). This analysis represents the most comprehensive assessment of drug consumption during a university football game and indicates that wastewater-based epidemiology has potential to inform public health interventions focused on reducing recreational drug consumption during large-scale sporting events.
Laboratory evolution of a sortase enzyme that modifies amyloid-β protein

Epitope-specific enzymes are powerful tools for site-specific protein modification but generally require genetic manipulation of the target protein. Here, we describe the laboratory evolution of the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A to recognize the LMVGG sequence in endogenous amyloid-β (Aβ) protein. Using a yeast display selection for covalent bond formation, we evolved a sortase variant that prefers LMVGG substrates from a starting enzyme that prefers LPESG substrates, resulting in a >1,400-fold change in substrate preference. We used this evolved sortase to label endogenous Aβ in human cerebrospinal fluid, enabling the detection of Aβ with sensitivities rivaling those of commercial assays. The evolved sortase can conjugate a hydrophilic peptide to Aβ42, greatly impeding the ability of the resulting protein to aggregate into higher-order structures. These results demonstrate laboratory evolution of epitope-specific enzymes toward endogenous targets as a strategy for site-specific protein modification without target gene manipulation and enable potential future applications of sortase-mediated labeling of Aβ peptides. Laboratory evolution of the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A coupled with yeast display selection enables a change of the enzyme’s substrate preference to recognize and covalently label endogenous amyloid-β protein, impeding the protein’s ability to aggregate.
Characterization of electric scooter injuries over 27 months at an urban level 1 trauma center.

Abstract Background Electric scooters (e-scooters) have become a widespread method of transportation. The purpose of this study is to provide risk stratification tools for modifiable risk factors associated with e-scooter injury morbidity. Methods Patients at an urban Level 1 Trauma center sustaining e-scooter injuries between November 2017 through March 2020 were identified. Primary outcomes of interest were major trauma, as defined by an Injury Severity Score (ISS) >15, or hospital admission. Results A total of 442 patients sustained orthopaedic (51%), facial (31%), cranial (13%), and chest/abdominal injuries (4.5%). Rate of helmet use was 2.5%, hospital admission was 40.7%, and intensive care was 3%. Patients with facial injuries were half as likely to sustain major trauma as compared to orthopaedic injuries (p 40 years (OR 4.20, p Conclusions There is a substantial proportion of major trauma within e-scooter injuries. Modifiable risk factors for hospital admission include use of head protection and substance use while riding e-scooters.
Seat Assignments With Physical Distancing in Single-Destination Public Transit Settings

While the importance of physical (social) distancing in reducing the spread of COVID-19 has been well-documented, implementing similar controls in public transit remains an open question. For instance, in the United States, guidance for maximum seating capacity in single-destination public transit settings, such as school buses, is only dependent on the physical distance between passengers. In our estimation, the available models/guidance are suboptimal/inefficient since they do not account for the possibility of passengers being from the same household. This paper discusses and addresses the aforementioned limitation through two types of physical distancing models. First, a mixed-integer programming model is used to assign passengers to seats based on the reported configuration of the vehicle and desired physical distancing requirement. In the second model, we present a heuristic that allows for household grouping. Through several illustrative scenarios, we show that seating assignments can be generated in near real-time, and the household grouping heuristic increases the capacity of the transit vehicles (e.g., airplanes, school buses, and trains) without increasing the risk of infection. A running application and its source code are available to the public to facilitate adoption and to encourage enhancements.
Trends in Patient, Physician, and Public Perception of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Using Social Media Analytics.

Background:Social media posts regarding ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries and reconstruction surgeries have increased in recent years.Purpose:To analyze posts shared on Instagram and Twitter...
A Hybrid Reactive Multiphasic Mixture With a Compressible Fluid Solvent

Mixture theory is a general framework that has been used to model mixtures of solid, fluid, and solute constituents, leading to significant advances in modeling the mechanics of biological tissues and cells. Though versatile and applicable to a wide range of problems in biomechanics and biophysics, standard multiphasic mixture frameworks incorporate neither dynamics of viscous fluids nor fluid compressibility, both of which facilitate the finite element implementation of computational fluid dynamics solvers. This study formulates governing equations for reactive multiphasic mixtures where the interstitial fluid has a solvent which is viscous and compressible. This hybrid reactive multiphasic framework uses state variables that include the deformation gradient of the porous solid matrix, the volumetric strain and rate of deformation of the solvent, the solute concentrations, and the relative velocities between the various constituents. Unlike standard formulations which employ a Lagrange multiplier to model fluid pressure, this framework requires the formulation of a function of state for the pressure, which depends on solvent volumetric strain and solute concentrations. Under isothermal conditions the formulation shows that the solvent volumetric strain remains continuous across interfaces between hybrid multiphasic domains. Apart from the Lagrange multiplier-state function distinction for the fluid pressure, and the ability to accommodate viscous fluid dynamics, this hybrid multiphasic framework remains fully consistent with standard multiphasic formulations previously employed in biomechanics. With these additional features, the hybrid multiphasic mixture theory makes it possible to address a wider range of problems that are important in biomechanics and mechanobiology.
Identifying the 'Lovely' Jobs: Job Quality and Economic Independence of Welfare Users

In this study, we identify the jobs that facilitate economic independence among welfare users. We call these jobs "good" jobs. In our analysis, job attributes are broadened to include non-wage attributes that contribute to future earnings such as job stability and advancement opportunities. We find that even after controlling for hourly wage and work intensity (indicators for current compensation), employment in occupations with higher median earnings, lower ratios of part-time workers and unemployment, and occupations that require certificates or educational degrees is highly correlated with the likelihood and the speed of achieving economic independence. Our analysis complements earlier studies on job market outcomes of welfare recipients by expanding the analysis to the national level and by incorporating across state differences in welfare policies.
Evidence that high frequency stimulation influences the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and that the activity of this enzyme is linked to mitochondrial calcium sequestration.

Publisher Summary The hippocampal slice contains the major afferent input and the trisynaptic circuitry characteristic of the hippocampus. Approximately 1 hour after preparation of the slice, a bipolar stimulating electrode is placed where it activates the massive Schaffer-commissural input to the CA- 1 pyramidal cells. A recording electrode is placed in the terminal field of these axons where it can record the extracellular representation of the EPSP produced when the Schaffer-commissural axons are stimulated. Single pulses are then delivered until a stable baseline response is obtained and held for 30 min. Then a 1 sec burst of high frequency (100 pulses sec--1) stimulation is delivered for 1 sec and then testing is resumed with stimulation at 1 pulse sec-'. A short-term form of potentiation (STP) can be detected within seconds of the cessation of the high frequency stimulation; and, like the post-tetanic potentiation seen at the neuromuscular junction, this STP decays rapidly. However, the potentiated response does not return to baseline. Rather, within 2–3min of the cessation of stimulation, the potentiated response is stabilized and this potentiated response typically persists for the life of the slice. This chapter describes experimental evidence that have lead to the conclusion that high-frequency stimulation influences the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and that the activity of this enzyme is linked to mitochondrial calcium sequestration.
Buddhist Egoism and Other Infelicities

AbstractThis article is an evaluation of Christian views about Buddhism based on Paul Williams’ The Unexpected Way: On Converting from Buddhism to Catholicism (2002). Studstill focuses specifically on five Christian claims about Buddhism: (1) Buddhism prevents the recognition of objective reality and objective truth, (2) Buddhism promotes egoism, (3) Buddhism encourages immorality, (4) Buddhism is quite possibly irrational, and (5) Buddhism is excessively pessimistic. Studstill critically examinesWilliams’ defense of these claims and concludes that each is either false or highly problematic. As a corrective to Williams’ errors about Buddhism, Studstill clarifies Buddhist views regarding suffering and egoism, the transformation of consciousness, the realization of truth, and the cultivation of altruism and compassion.
Laser remote sensing techniques

The properties and advantages of remote sensing lasers are discussed. The theory of nonresonant techniques, which is based on the lidar equation and elastic backscatter, and their applications to aerosol and meteorological parameters are examined. The characteristics and applications of the differential absorption lidar technique, the fluorescence technique, and Raman scattering are described. The use of a laser heterodyne radiometer and fiber optics for remote sensing is studied. Future developments in the field of remote sensing, in particular the improvement of laser sources, the fabrication of compact remote sensing instruments, and space-borne applications for lidar, are considered.
Canaricam: capabilities and current status

Resumen en: The University of Florida has developed a versitile mid-infrared camera for the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio CA- NARIAS. The CanariCam instrument uses a singl...
Unified Model of X-Ray Spectra and QPOs in Low Mass Neutron Star Binaries

Recent work on a unified model of accretion flows and X-ray emission in low-mass X-ray binaries is summarized. In this model, a weakly magnetic neutron star accretes gas simultaneously from a Keplerian disk and a corona above the inner part of the disk. Photons are produced primarily in the inner disk and a compact central corona surrounding the small neutron star magnetosphere. The photons then escape through an approximately radial inflow of gas captured from the inner disk corona. Changes in the optical depths of the central corona and the radial flow may explain the Z-shaped hardness-intensity and color-color tracks observed in the most luminous sources. The ~ 20–55 Hz intensity oscillations observed on the horizontal spectral branch are attributed to interaction of the small, rotating magnetosphere with plasma in the inner disk. The ~6–10 Hz oscillations seen on the normal branch are attributed to overstable oscillation of the radial flow. Numerical simulations show that the radial flow oscillates when the luminosity rises to within ~ 10 percent of the Eddington critical luminosity LE, and that the oscillation frequency is ~ 5–10 Hz if the radial flow develops ~ 300 km from the neutron star as expected. Numerical calculations give oscillation amplitudes and phases that agree with observation. The 10–20 Hz oscillations observed in Sco X-1 when it is on the flaring branch may be caused by photohydrodynamic modes that grow in amplitude when the luminosity exceeds L E .
Semiperfect-Information games

Much recent research has focused on the applications of games with ω-regular objectives in the control and verification of reactive systems. However, many of the game-based models are ill-suited for these applications, because they assume that each player has complete information about the state of the system (they are “perfect-information” games). This is because in many situations, a controller does not see the private state of the plant. Such scenarios are naturally modeled by “partial-information” games. On the other hand, these games are intractable; for example, partial-information games with simple reachability objectives are 2EXPTIME-complete. We study the intermediate case of “semiperfect-information” games, where one player has complete knowledge of the state, while the other player has only partial knowledge. This model is appropriate in control situations where a controller must cope with plant behavior that is as adversarial as possible, i.e., the controller has partial information while the plant has perfect information. As is customary, we assume that the controller and plant take turns to make moves. We show that these semiperfect-information turn-based games are equivalent to perfect-information concurrent games, where the two players choose their moves simultaneously and independently. Since the perfect-information concurrent games are well-understood, we obtain several results of how semiperfect-information turn-based games differ from perfect-information turn-based games on one hand, and from partial-information turn-based games on the other hand. In particular, semiperfect-information turn-based games can benefit from randomized strategies while the perfect-information variety cannot, and semiperfect-information turn-based games are in NP ∩ coNP for all parity objectives.
Task-dependent effects of intra-amygdala morphine injections: attenuation by intra-amygdala glucose injections

Intraseptal injections of morphine impair learning and memory in rats, and these impairments are reversed by intraseptal injections of glucose. With evidence that injections of morphine into the amygdala also impair memory for some tasks, the present experiment determined whether (1) intra-amygdala morphine injections impair performance in inhibitory avoidance and spontaneous alternation tasks, and (2) intra-amygdala glucose injections attenuate the effects of intra-amygdala morphine injections. Rats receiving bilateral injections of morphine (4.0 nmol) into the amygdala, 30 min prior to training in inhibitory avoidance, had retention latencies significantly lower than those of unoperated and CSF controls when tested 24 hr later. Bilateral morphine injections (4.0 or 8.0 nmol) 30 min prior to testing in a spontaneous alternation task did not alter performance. The morphine-induced impairment observed in inhibitory avoidance was not due to diffusion up the cannulas, altered sensitivity to shock, or seizure activity. A glucose dose of 16.67 nmol, but not 8.33 nmol, injected into the amygdala attenuated the morphine-induced deficit in inhibitory avoidance. Rats receiving CSF into the amygdala exhibited decreased retention latencies in inhibitory avoidance compared to those of unoperated controls. This decrease was not attenuated by glucose at doses of 8.33 and 16.67 nmol. Therefore, these findings suggest that the amygdala is another brain region in which glucose affects brain functions, possibly by interacting with the opioid system and/or other neurotransmitter systems.
Estimating Link Travel Time with Sparse GPS Data on Highway Corridors

Highway travel time is a critical performance measure. This information is important to carriers and shippers to schedule deliveries and plan activities. Past studies have increasingly relied on GPS data to estimate travel time because of the great spatial coverage and the growing availability of the data. However, public GPS data usually report locations and time stamps with a low frequency for proprietary concerns. Sparse location data present challenges for the estimation of travel speed and time, because trip information collected from two consecutive reported locations only reflects aggregate traffic conditions of the traversed highway links on the route. The ordinary least squares method provides a starting point for estimating travel time on each individual link from trip travel time, but this method is sensitive to the variance of vehicle travel speed on a link and is likely to produce volatile estimates. To obtain an accurate speed and time estimate on each link, the proposed regularized regressi...
Uptake of Carrier-free 137Cs by Ramalina reticulata

The uptake of carrier-free (137)Cs by Ramalina reticulata Kremp. does not appear to be directly linked to metabolism. The results indicate the presence of a barrier to entry of (137)Cs. The barrier is stabilized by Ca ions. Removal of Ca by pretreatment of the tissue in monovalent salt solutions increases the uptake of (137)Cs. Uptake under anaerobiosis is also greater than normal, but in this case, Ca displaced from the barrier membrane is not lost from the tissue and normal permeability is rapidly re-established when aerobic conditions are restored. Under anaerobiosis Ca(2+) increases damage to the respiratory mechanism presumably by increasing retention of toxic products.
Structure of an intermediate in the replication of bacteriophage φX174 deoxyribonucleic acid: The initiation site for DNA replication

Replicative form DNA composed of a closed complementary strand and a discontinuous viral strand has been isolated from cells infected with bacteriophage φX174 during the period of single-strand DNA synthesis. This RFII DNA was degraded by the restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae, endonuclease R, and the products analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that there are two types of discontinuity in the viral strands of these molecules: (1) 65% of the molecules contain a gap, which causes a discrete increase in mobility of a specific restriction enzyme fragment, R3. This gap can be selectively repaired with Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and nucleoside triphosphates, but the molecules are not converted to RFI by addition of E. coli polynueleotide ligase to the reaction mixture. Approximately 30 moles of radioactive TTP are incorporated per mole of RF DNA. (2) 35% of the RF molecules contain a discontinuity, which does not result in a detectable change in mobility of any restriction enzyme fragment. These RF molecules can be converted to RFI by the action of ligase and polymerase I in the presence of nucleoside triphosphates, with incorporation of only approximately one mole of radioactive TTP, specifically into fragment R3, per mole of RF DNA. When the reaction of late RFII DNA and polymerase I is allowed to proceed beyond the repair of the discontinuity, radioactive nucleotides are incorporated into endonuclease R fragments adjacent to R3 in the 5′ → 3′ direction. This technique was utilized to determine a partial order of endonuclease R fragments in φX174. These results suggest that the synthesis of single-strand DNA is initiated from a unique point in cistron A and proceeds clockwise round the φX174 genetic map (cistron order: ABCDEFGH). A comparison of these results with other studies on φX174 suggests that DNA synthesis in all stages of φX174 replication may be initiated from a specific locus on the genome, at or near cistron A.
Estrogen induced appearance of N-terminal glycine from chromatographically purified fibrinogen.

Abstract Purified human fibrinogen or agarose gel fractionated fibrinogen preparations were subjected to N-terminal amino acid analysis before and after incubation with 17-ethynylestradiol. Incubation of fibrinogen with thrombin produced a fibrin molecule containing 4 moles of N-terminal glycine and 2 moles of N-terminal tyrosine. Incubation of fibrinogen with 17-ethynylestradiol converted fibrinogen to a fibrin like molecule containing 2 moles of N-terminal tyrosine and almost twice as much N-terminal glycine as observed with thrombin. Diethylstilbestrol induced the same changes as thrombin; however, other unidentified N-terminal amino groups were also released. These results, which suggest a thrombin like proteolytic function for the estrogen molecule, do not appear to be due to contamination of the steroid and fibrinogen preparations.
Feedback and chaos in Darwinian evolution, part II. Numerical modeling

This article explores the fundamental dynamics of the ideas set forth in Part I (Complexity Vol. 2, Issue I) through the use of numerical models with feedback.
Microemboli in Patients With Vertebrobasilar Ischemia: Association With Vertebrobasilar and Cardiac Lesions

Background and Purpose Microembolic high-intensity transient signals (HITS) on transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) are associated with carotid stenosis, artificial heart valves, and other cardiac conditions. Only one case report describes stroke-related HITS in the posterior cerebral circulation. This study was designed to assess prospectively the prevalence of asymptomatic microemboli in vertebrobasilar ischemia and to determine whether potential cardioembolic sources, vertebral or basilar occlusive disease, and infarct subtypes predict the detection of HITS. Methods We investigated 52 consecutive patients with acute or recent vertebrobasilar ischemia within 48 hours after admission. TCD monitoring was performed according to established criteria for 20 minutes on each posterior cerebral artery. Fetal origin of the posterior cerebral artery was an exclusion criterion and ruled out by carotid compression. Results Microembolic signals were detected in 10 patients (19.2%). In a multivariate logistic regres...
Employment, Production, and the National Security Program in the United States

T HE NATIONAL SECURITY program of the United States, as outlined in the July 1951 report of the President's Council of Economic Advisers, envisaged that total defense expenditures would reach, at mid-1952, an annual rate of about 19 per cent of gross national product, which was expected to be at the level of $345 billion (in terms of prices in the first half of 1951). The probable level of civilian employment in the United States, when the current program reaches its planned "peak," is obviously of direct importance to the stabilization policies not only of the United States but also of other nations. An estimate of this level is provided by an analysis of the relationships between output and employment in the United States during the past two decades-for the economy as a whole and, as far as possible, for important industrial divisions.' With revisions in the current defense program, the "peak" estimates for employment and production required to fulfill a revised program will differ from those calculated for the program as outlined in 1951. The statistical relationships obtained in this paper would not be invalidated, however, and estimates corresponding to a revised program could easily be derived from them. The period covered by the analysis presented here starts with the year 1929 since many of the statistical series used are not available earlier. The official gross national product statistics compiled by the Department of Commerce provide the most notable example of this restriction. While GNP estimates for earlier years have been made by the Department of Commerce, they have never been officially released
Re-Engineering (Downsizing), Corporate Security, and Loss Prevention

This study reports findings from a survey of international security executives of major corporations which examined the effects of corporate re-engineering (downsizing) on corporate loss prevention initiatives, loss prevention budgets, attitudes of employees regarding loss prevention guidelines and downsizing, actual incidence of criminal losses to corporations, and general morale of corporate employees. Findings suggest that downsizing is a common practice within the sample of corporations and that some of the perceived effects of downsizing on crime prevention budgets and initiatives by corporate security executives are negative.
Age-related changes of vasopressin content of microdissected areas of the rat brain

Abstract Vasopressin contents of posterior pituitaries and intra- and extrahypothalamic nuclei of brains from 3-month and 24-month-old Long-Evans rats and from Brattleboro rats heterozygous (HEDI) and homozygous (HODI) for diabetes insipidus were measured by radioimmunoassay. The pituitary content of vasopressin was highest in young rats and was significantly lower in HEDI tissue. The peptide was not detected in HODI pituitaries. In the brain regions studied both aged and HEDI rats showed reduced vasopressin contents as compared to young animals. In light of evidence of memory deficiencies in both HEDI and HODI rats, the possibility arises that memory decrements associated with senescence may be related to altered vasopressin synthesis and/or secretion occurring with aging of these neuronal systems.
The Political Acculturation of Migrants in the American States

wenty-five years ago, Daniel J. Elazar published the first edition of American Federalism: A View from the States, in which he outlined a cultural theory of state politics. His work has inspired many political scientists to investigate cultural differences in voting behavior, interparty competition, legislative professionalization, and a wide range of policy choices in the fifty states.' Most of these studies are patterned after Ira Sharkansky's (1969) widely cited research note on the utility of political culture; that is, political culture is treated as an independent variable in statistical analyses of variation in relevant dependent variables. While the results of these analyses are not absolutely conclusive, Elazar's theory is supported by a very substantial number of studies. Cultural differences apparently affect important aspects of state politics in the United States. At this stage of development it seems opportune to ask how political culture works (when it does). Until now, virtually all tests of Elazar's theory merely ask if culture matters. Even those which answer the question affirmatively seldom go on to explore the way in which cultural manifestations are actually produced.2 But surely no cultural theory of politics is adequate unless it lays bare the processes by which
Soil and Sublimity in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

Cet article commence par une breve description des moyens par lesquels la terminologie et les conventions regissant la description de paysages sublimes informent le discours geologique de la fin du dix-huitieme et du debut du dix-neuvieme siecle, tel qu’exemplifie par Theory of the Earth de James Hutton (1789) et Essays on the Theory of the Earth de Georges Cuvier (1813). Je ferai ensuite valoir que les reflexions de Byron sur l’erosion graduelle mais inevitable des empires et des cultures dans Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage et The Age of Bronze montrent une perspective (in)formee par la geologie, et que le sublime, dans ces poemes, est produit par la rencontre avec les processus historiques et le temps geologique, qui sont vastes, auto-aneantissants et inimaginables. Dans ces poemes, non seulement la description par Byron de l’etre humain fait d’argile renvoie aux origines et au destin ultime de notre substance corporelle, elle associe l’humain (le culturel) a la strate erodee et soulevee par les forces naturelles et incontenables. Dans ces poemes, les lieux physiques deviennent temporels; les ruines, souvent associees au pittoresque, deviennent sublimes. Elles ne sont pas de terrifiants symboles du transitoire culturel ou de l’insignifiance de l’etre humain, mais plutot des affleurements mineralises et exposes temporairement dans lesquels le sujet percevant (le narrateur, puis le lecteur par la suite) peut lire le passage du temps et contempler l’eventualite horrifiante de sa propre desintegration et de sa mort.
Fractionation on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose of tRNA from tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco leaves.

Abstract Fractionation of transfer RNA's (tRNA's) isolated from the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum var. Turkish on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose resolved the tRNA's into multiple peaks of accepter activity with respect to the amino acids methionine, histidine, isoleucine, alanine, serine, and leucine. After infection of the leaves with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), there was a decrease in the amount of tRNA's isolated, but no change was evident in the elution profile of the tRNA's accepting these amino acids. When young plants were used, there was no decrease in the amount of tRNA isolated following TMV infection, and also no change in the elution profiles of the tRNA's accepting the amino acids aspartic acid, histidine, methionine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and serine. A shift in the position of elution of phenylalanyl tRNA was detected in tRNA preparations from young, but not from old, plants. With the young plants, the extent of the shift decreased with the length of TMV infection and was smaller for the tRNA isolated from the bottom leaves than for the top leaves of the same plants. The significance of these findings is discussed.