cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasticity and conservatism in sclerites of a Caribbean octocoral

Species level identification of octocorals is often based on the form of skeletal elements, the sclerites. Morphological variation in sclerites across and within habitats complicates both species delineation and the identification of specimens, both of which are essential for characterizing and understanding octocoral diversity. In order to quantify the effects of environmental plasticity on sclerite morphology, branches from the Caribbean gorgonian Antillogorgia bipinnata were removed from colonies at depths of 18 and 23 m and reciprocally transplanted between those sites and transplanted to an 8 m depth site for 7 months. Images of sclerites from those colonies were compared using elliptical Fourier analyses (EFA) of the sclerite outline. The length of scaphoids produced after transplantation was larger than those in older tissue, suggesting length was affected by the process of transplantation. Shape of scaphoids as detected in the EFA, differed between sites, and the reciprocal crosses suggest some of the difference was a plastic response to the environment. The results demonstrate the presence of some environmental plasticity in sclerite form. However, while detectable using EFA, the differences in form were not apparent in microscopical observations of the sclerites and thus would not affect identification of specimens nor traditional species delineation.
Epiphytic Macroinvertebrates on Dominant Macrophytes in Two Central Florida Lakes

ABSTRACT The density and biomass of epiphytic macroinvertebrates on Eichhornia crassipes, Nuphar luteum, Panicum hemitomon, Paspalidium geminatum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Utricularia spp. and Hydrilla vertlcillata were determined In Orange and Henderson lakes, Florida, during December 1982 and February, April, June and August 1983. Density and biomass of epiphytic macroinvertebrates ranged from 6 to 9714 individuals kg−1 wet weight of plant and 2 to 3118 mg dry weight kg−1 wet weight of plant, respectively, among macrophyte species. The quantities of epiphytic macroinvertebrates were greater on floating and submergent plants than on emergent plants. Abundant invertebrate taxa included Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Amphipoda, Odonata, Trichoptera, and Diptera. There were significant (P <0.05) temporal variations in the abundance of invertebrates; however, consistent temporal trends were not evident.
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in a 4-year old child.

Purpose We studied a case of severe bilateral Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in a 4-year-old boy. Methods We evaluated the patient's clinical course. Results The patient had severe bilateral, nongranulomatous uveitis and mild uveitic glaucoma. Initial examination and laboratory evaluation failed to provide a diagnosis. The patient subsequently developed areas of vitiligo, alopecia, and poliosis, suggesting the diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. This diagnosis was confirmed by the eventual development of bilateral neurosensory retinal detachments. Vision was lost despite aggressive therapy with corticosteroids and chlorambucil. Conclusion Although uncommon, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada may affect young children, and may be severe.
Interaction of sea ice sediments and surface sea water in the Arctic Ocean: Evidence from excess 210Pb

[1] We measured the activities of 210Pb, 226Ra, 238U and 137Cs in a suite of ice-rafted sediments (IRS) from the Arctic Ocean in an attempt to assess the interaction of sea ice sediments and surface water. The concentrations of these nuclides were compared to those of the benthic sediments in the coastal and shelf regions of the Arctic Ocean, which are believed to be the major source region for the IRS. The concentration factors (CF = activity of a nuclide in IRS/average activity in benthic sediments) are ∼1 and 4-92 for 137Cs and 210Pb, respectively. The CF values for 137Cs are comparable to the values that can be obtained from the previously published data while we report the first set of high CF values of 210Pb. A major portion of 210Pb in some IRS samples is likely derived from surface waters and thus, the concentrations of 210Pb combined with another particle-reactive radionuclide (such as 7Be, 234Th) in IRS might provide information on the residence time and transit time of sea ice-laden sediments.
Fractal Aggregation: Scaling of Fractal Dimension with Stability Ratio

A scaling relation between fractal dimension and stability ratio is demonstrated for a charged polystyrene colloid undergoing aggregation. The stability ratio, i.e., the inverse collision efficiency, or inverse sticking probability, is systematically decreased by reducing the electrostatic barrier to aggregation. Fractal dimensions are measured by static light scattering, while stability ratios are evaluated from early-time aggregation kinetics (t < 10t1/2) using dynamic light scattering. The fractal dimension for the model hydrophobic colloid investigated increases monotonically with stability ratio, reflecting a continuous increase in particle packing density as the sticking probability is reduced.
Delayed radioprotection by nuclear transcription factor κB -mediated induction of manganese superoxide dismutase in human microvascular endothelial cells after exposure to the free radical scavenger WR1065

The free radical scavenger WR1065 (SH) is the active thiol form of the clinically approved cytoprotector amifostine. At doses of 40 μM and 4 mM it can activate the redox-sensitive nuclear transcription factor κB (NFκB) and elevate the expression of the antioxidant gene manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC). MnSOD contains binding motifs for a number of transcription factors other than NFκB and codes for a potent antioxidant enzyme localized in the mitochondria that is known to confer enhanced radiation resistance to cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of WR1065 exposure on the various transcription factors known to affect MnSOD expression along with the subsequent kinetics of intracellular elevation of MnSOD protein levels and associated change in sensitivity to ionizing radiation in HMEC. Cells were grown to confluence and exposed to WR1065 for 30 min. Affects on the transcription factors AP1, AP2, CREB, NFκB, and Sp1 were monitored as a function of time ranging from 30 min to 4 h after drug exposure using a gel-shift assay. Only NFκB exhibited a marked activation and that occurred 30 min following the cessation of drug exposure. MnSOD protein levels, as determined by Western blot analysis, increased up to 16-fold over background control levels by 16 h following drug treatment, and remained at 10-fold or higher levels for an additional 32 h. MnSOD activity was evaluated using a gel-based assay and was found to be active throughout this time period. HMEC were irradiated with X-rays either in the presence of 40 μM or 4 mM WR1065 or 24 h after its removal when MnSOD levels were most elevated. No protection was observed for cells irradiated in the presence of 40 μM WR1065. In contrast, a 4 mM dose of WR1065 afforded an increase in cell survival by a factor of 2. A “delayed radioprotective” effect was, however, observed when cells were irradiated 24 h later, regardless of the concentration of WR1065 used. This effect is characterized as an increase in survival at the 2 Gy dose point, i.e., a 40% increase in survival, and an increase in the initial slope of the survival curve by a factor of 2. The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone, Helenalin, is an effective inhibitor of NFκB activation. HMEC were exposed to Helenalin for 2 h at a nontoxic concentration of 5 μM prior to exposure to WR1065. This treatment not only inhibited activation of NFκB by WR1065, but also inhibited the subsequent elevation of MnSOD and the delayed radioprotective effect. A persistent marked elevation of MnSOD in cells following their exposure to a thiol-containing reducing agent such as WR1065 can result in an elevated resistance to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation and represents a novel radioprotection paradigm.
The neglected places of practice

This paper situates the micro-politics of planning in the array of places in which practice occurs. Using a case study of the attempted siting of a sanitary landfill in Iowa (USA), it argues that places of practice influence not only planning deliberations, but also who participates and the transparency of the planning process. These places are thus central to our understanding of planning events as well as to the realization of democratic and just planning. The paper concludes with a discussion of the differences among place, space, and context, and a call for practice-based theorists to attend to practice places.
3D Wide-Angle Beam Propagation using Complex Jacobi Iteration

A new iterative technique recently developed for solution of the Helmholtz Equation is adapted for solution of 3D wide-angle beam propagation. The method is targeted towards large problems or structures with frequently-changing boundaries.
Reflections on reflective knowledge

In his volume reflective knowledge, Ernest Sosa offers an account of knowledge, an argument against internalist foundationalism, and a solution to the problem of easy knowledge. This paper offers challenges to Sosa on each of those three things.
Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, a cell membrane disrupting protein

Crystals suitable for high resolution X-ray diffraction analysis have been reproducibly grown of the 24,000 Mr protein insect toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. This protein, which demonstrates substantial insecticidal activity by inserting into phospholipid membranes, crystallizes as long square needles from polyethylene glycol 4000 at neutral pH. The crystals are of space group P4(1) and have cell dimensions of a = b = 33 A and c = 235 A, which suggests to us a predominantly helical motif for the protein's structure.
Impact of temperatures on Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) resistance in selected wheat cultivars (Poales: Poaceae) in the Great Plains region.

Changes in temperature can result in fundamental changes in plant physiology. This study investigated the impact of different temperatures from 14 to 26°C on the resistance or susceptibility to the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), of selected wheat cultivars that are either currently popular in the Great Plains area or soon to be released to this region. We found that many wheat cultivars including ‘Bill Brown,’ ‘Byrd,’ ‘Endurance,’ ‘Fuller,’ ‘GA-031257-10LE34,’ and ‘KS09H19-2-3’ were susceptible to Hessian fly infestation at ≥20°C, but became resistant at a certain lower temperature, depending on different cultivars. These cultivars were classified as Hessian fly susceptible according to the traditional standards, and their impact on Hessian fly management needs to be reevaluated. However, many wheat cultivars that were resistant at ≤20°C became destabilized at a certain higher temperature. Phenotypic variations among the resistant cultivars at different temperatures were also observed, suggesting potential different resistance mechanisms. Studies on the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with resistance at different temperatures are needed, which may lead to improved wheat cultivars with more durable resistance to Hessian fly infestation.
Timing regulation in a network reduced from voltage-gated equations to a one-dimensional map.

We discuss a method by which the dynamics of a network of neurons, coupled by mutual inhibition, can be reduced to a one-dimensional map. This network consists of a pair of neurons, one of which is an endogenous burster, and the other excitable but not bursting in the absence of phasic input. The latter cell has more than one slow process. The reduction uses the standard separation of slow/fast processes; it also uses information about how the dynamics on the slow manifold evolve after a finite amount of slow time. From this reduction we obtain a one-dimensional map dependent on the parameters of the original biophysical equations. In some parameter regimes, one can deduce that the original equations have solutions in which the active phase of the originally excitable cell is constant from burst to burst, while in other parameter regimes it is not. The existence or absence of this kind of regulation corresponds to qualitatively different dynamics in the one-dimensional map. The computations associated with the reduction and the analysis of the dynamics includes the use of coordinates that parameterize by time along trajectories, and “singular Poincare maps” that combine information about flows along a slow manifold with information about jumps between branches of the slow manifold.
Microgrid Optimal Scheduling With Multi-Period Islanding Constraints

This paper presents a model for microgrid optimal scheduling considering multi-period islanding constraints. The objective of the problem is to minimize the microgrid total operation cost which comprises the generation cost of local resources and cost of energy purchase from the main grid. The microgrid optimal scheduling problem is decomposed into a grid-connected operation master problem and an islanded operation subproblem. The microgrid capability in operating in the islanded mode for multiple hours is scrutinized by a T-τ islanding criterion. The integer scheduling decisions determined in the master problem will be examined against the microgrid islanding feasibility in the subproblem. The scheduling decisions will be revised using proper islanding cuts if sufficient generation is not available to guarantee a feasible islanding. Islanding cuts will revise generating units, energy storage systems, and adjustable loads schedules. Any change in the schedule of adjustable loads outside the operating time interval specified by consumers is penalized by an inconvenience factor in the objective. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed microgrid optimal scheduling model and explore its economic and reliability merits.
Statistical designs for sampling beach sand

The sampling of beach sand involves questions of sample size, depth of penetration; sample spacing, and sampling for seasonal variations. These problems can be studied by analysis of variance, in which experiments are designed to explore several relations at a time. The experimental design is controlled in part by natural subdivisions of the beach. These subdivisions include backshore, foreshore, and a nearshore submerged zone. Each displays certain “population” characteristics in terms of bedding, particle-size distribution firmness, and other attributes. Sampling experiments conducted over the past several years are described and summarized in terms of observed variations which occur on Lake Michigan beaches. In general, it was found that most beach characteristics are normally distributed within limited areas of the beach, and that the beach crest (berm) is an important dividing line between different populations of many beach attributes. A tentative design for sampling beach sand is submitted as a result of the studies.
Gallium nitride-based gas, chemical and biomedical sensors

Semiconductor-based sensors are widely used for applications in detection of particular gases and liquids, fire detection, liquid quality monitoring, biosensing and medical sensing. As an example, our group has installed hydrogen sensors at a car dealership in Orlando, FL, USA, that houses a fleet of hydrogen-fuelled buses. These sensors are platinum (Pt)-coated aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) or gallium nitride (GaN) differential diodes whose output can be remotely monitored via an Internet connection and which provide an alarm both locally and to phones of relevant personnel. A screen-shot of the output of the six detector array is shown in Fig. 1.
Single-tube real-time PCR assay for differentiation of Ixodes affinis and Ixodes scapularis.

Ixodes affinis Neumann (1899) and Ixodes scapularis Say (1821) are tick vectors of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Ixodes affinis and I. scapularis are morphologically very similar, and as they are sympatric in the mid- and south-Atlantic U.S. coastal states, their accurate identification is crucial to studies of disease and vector ecology in this area. This work describes a rapid, single-tube SYBR® Green-based real-time PCR assay for differentiation of I. affinis and I. scapularis at all life stages. The assay employs 2 pairs of species-specific primers directed against the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear rRNA operon. Amplification products for these primer pairs differ in size and may be differentiated with a melt curve analysis. This tool is intended as a supplement to morphological methods for accurate identification of these ticks.
The relationship between air pollution and low birth weight: effects by mother's age, infant sex, co-pollutants, and pre-term births

Previously we identified associations between the mother's air pollution exposure and birth weight for births in Connecticut and Massachusetts from 1999-2002. Other studies also found effects, though results are inconsistent. We explored potential uncertainties in earlier work and further explored associations between air pollution and birth weight for PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, and SO2. Specifically we investigated: (1) whether infants of younger (≤24 years) and older (≥40 years) mothers are particularly susceptible to air pollution's effects on birth weight; (2) whether the relationship between air pollution and birth weight differed by infant sex; (3) confounding by co-pollutants and differences in pollutants' measurement frequencies; and (4) whether observed associations were influenced by inclusion of pre-term births. Findings did not indicate higher susceptibility to the relationship between air pollution and birth weight based on the mother's age or the infant's sex. Results were robust to exclusion of pre-term infants and co-pollutant adjustment, although sample size decreased for some pollutant pairs. These findings provide additional evidence for the relationship between air pollution and birth weight, and do not identify susceptible sub-populations based on infant sex or mother's age. We conclude with discussion of key challenges in research on air pollution and pregnancy outcomes.
Maximin growth paths with recursive preferences: A complete characterization

This paper examines the growth paths that maximize the utility of the worst off generation for an economy where preferences are stationary and can be represented by a recursive utility function. The analysis focuses on the case where second period utility is an inferior good. It is shown that in such a case the maximin growth paths are time inconsistent. A possible solution to the time inconsistency problem is examined.
Tobacco–alcohol amblyopia: A diagnostic dilemma

Abstract Introduction Tobacco alcohol amblyopia is an outdated term for a rare condition characterized by visual impairment due to tobacco and alcohol abuse usually associated with nutritional deficiencies. The more accurate term used now is Nutritional Optic Neuropathy. The visual impairment generally presents as a centrocecal scotoma. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood but it is generally attributed to toxic effects of cyanide and B12 deficiency. Design/subjects 61year old male presented with one month history of altered mental status and progressive, painless, bilateral vision loss in the setting of severe alcohol and tobacco abuse and poor nutrition. Patient developed loss of central vision in the left-eye and blurring of vision in the right-eye after 1week, which was reduced to only perception of hand movements by the time of presentation. His BMI was 19.3 with an emaciated appearance. On ophthalmological exam, visual-acuity was 20/200 (right) and 20/300 (left), with a left central scotoma and normal fundoscopic exam. Neurological examination was significant for confabulation and gait instability consistent with Wernickes Korsakoff. Workup included negative imaging and normal B12, folate and thiamine levels, undetectable cyanide levels, and negative Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy mutation. He was discharged after 30days, after a steady reversal of his symptoms in the setting of abstinence and nutritional supplementation. A diagnosis of tobacco alcohol amblyopia was made by exclusion and by history. Results This case of tobacco alcohol amblyopia has an atypical presentation because of normal fundoscopic exam, undetectable cyanide levels and normal B12 levels. It reinforces the need for biomarkers for this disease. Nutritional fortification has made these cases rare, but a neurological perspective may be essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment and positive outcome for these patients. Conclusion Tobacco alcohol amblyopia can be a difficult diagnosis due to lack of biomarkers and rare occurrence. A neurologist can facilitate diagnosis in atypical cases.
Issues in the analysis of repeated categorical outcomes.

This paper discusses statistical methods for the analysis of repeated observations of categorical variables as they might arise in longitudinal studies. Two general types of models are described: marginal models that give representations for the marginal distribution of response at each occasion, and transitional models that give representations for the transition probabilities between outcome states at successive occasions. The conceptual and technical differences are discussed and recent work advancing both approaches is reviewed. The two approaches are illustrated through analysis of repeated observations on interval history of the respiratory symptom ‘persistent wheeze’ in preadolescent children.
Diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 1 diabetes: The New Jersey 725: I. Methodology, population, frequency of retinopathy, and visual impairment.

Objective To determine the frequency and severity of diabetic retinopathy, as well as associated visual impairment, among African Americans with type 1 diabetes. Methods A total of 725 African Americans with type 1 diabetes were enrolled in the study (The New Jersey 725). Clinical evaluations included structured clinical interview, ocular examination, stereoscopic fundus photography, and blood pressure measurements. Severity of retinopathy was determined via masked grading of fundus photographs. Biological evaluations included blood and urine assays. Results Of the 725 patients, 463 (63.9%) presented with any diabetic retinopathy and 137 (18.9%) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The frequency and severity of retinopathy were both significantly associated with older age at examination. Visual impairment (visual acuity in the better eye ≤20/40) was present in 79 (11.0%) and legal blindness in 22 (3.1%) of the patients. Diabetic retinopathy was responsible for 90.9% of the blindness. Frequency of visual impairment was significantly associated with older age and female sex, and only weakly with lower education. Conclusions Diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 1 diabetes is common, being found in almost two thirds of the patients studied. Its frequency and severity increase with age. Visual impairment is common, increasing with age and duration of diabetes and is more frequent in women than in men.
The statistical convergence of aerosol deposition measurements

The spatial distribution of deposited aerosol particles shows substantial statistical variation. This variation is especially important for sampling techniques having a high spatial resolution, such as laser-based methods, or for experiments involving a small sample size (few identical locations measured) or a short duration. This paper develops a criterion to ensure adequate statistical convergence in deposition measurements. The time evolution of statistical variations is modeled using standard Poisson statistics; this model provides a bound on measurement uncertainties. The model is compared to experimental measurements of the spatial variation of deposition. Numerical simulations are used to examine the effects of aerosol polydispersity on statistical convergence. Both the experiments and the numerics show excellent agreement with the model.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E immediately after receptor engagement and disengagement

Triggering of mast cells and basophils by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and antigen induces various biochemical signals, including tyrosine kinase activation, which lead to cell degranulation and the release of mediators of the allergic reaction. The high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) responsible for initiating these events is a complex structure composed of an IgE-binding alpha-chain, a beta-chain and a homodimer of gamma-chains. It has been assumed that beta and gamma, which have extensive cytoplasmic domains, play an important but undefined role in coupling Fc epsilon RI to signal transduction mechanisms. Here we show that Fc epsilon RI engagement induces immediate in vivo phosphorylation on beta (tyrosine and serine) and gamma (tyrosine and threonine) by at least two different non-receptor kinases. We take advantage of unique features of this receptor system to demonstrate that the phosphorylation signal is restricted to activated receptors and is immediately reversible upon receptor disengagement by undefined phosphatases. Rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation may be a general mechanism to couple and uncouple activated receptors to other effector molecules. This could be particularly relevant to other multimeric receptors containing Fc epsilon RI gamma-chains or the related zeta and eta chains such as the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the low-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G (Fc gamma RIII, CD16).
Combined volumetric T1, T2 and secular-T2 quantitative MRI of the brain: age-related global changes (preliminary results)

Abstract The combined T 1 , T 2 and secular- T 2 pixel frequency distributions of 24 adult human brains were studied in vivo using a technique based on the mixed-TSE pulse sequence, dual-space clustering segmentation and histogram gaussian decomposition. Pixel frequency histograms of whole brains and the four principal brain compartments were studied comparatively and as function of age. For white matter, the position of the T 1 peak correlates with age ( R 2 =.7868) when data are fitted to a quadratic polynomial. For gray matter, a weaker age correlation is found ( R 2 =.3687). T 2 and secular- T 2 results are indicative of a weaker correlation with age. The technique and preliminary results presented herein may be useful for characterizing normal as well as abnormal aging of the brain, and also for comparison with the results obtained with alternative quantitative MRI methodologies.
From ceiling fans to A/C and juice: Javed Akhtar in conversation with Priya Joshi

Javed Akhtar attended an international workshop on the 1970s and its legacies hosted at Temple University in April 2011, where he held a public conversation with Priya Joshi before an audience of roughly 300 people. A selection of Mr. Akhtar's remarks appears below.
Water budget model for a remnant northern Everglades wetland

The Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge overlays Water Conservation Area 1, a 580 km2 freshwater wetland remnant of the northern Everglades in Palm Beach County, Florida, USA. Changes in water quantity and quality have impacted the Refuge ecosystem. Ensuring appropriate management to maximize benefits for wildlife while meeting flood control and water supply needs is a refuge priority. The Simple Refuge Stage Model described herein supports these management decisions. The two-compartment model with a daily time step predicts temporal variations of water level in the refuge rim canal and interior marsh, based on observed inflows, outflows, precipitation and evapotranspiration. The model was used to evaluate various water management scenarios. The modelling approach applied herein may have utility in managing other wetland systems where over-bank flooding is a dominant mechanism, affecting hydrology and water quality.
Titanium(IV) chloride promoted condensation of ortho-aminonitriles with δ-valerolactone

Abstract The condensation of vicinal alicyclic or aromatic ortho-aminonitriles with δ-valerolactone is promoted by titanium(IV) chloride at room temperature in the presence of triethylamine to afford substituted 2,3-dihydropyrano[2,3- p ]pyridines. These compounds are potentially useful as memory enhancing agents.
Matching interface design with user tasks. Modalities of interaction with CMU wearable computers

To maximize the effectiveness of wearable systems in mobile computing environments, interface design must be carefully matched with user tasks. By constructing mental models of user actions, interface elements may be chosen and tuned to meet the specific software and hardware requirements of specific procedures. This article details specific cases of task study and interface implementation by the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) wearable computer project over six generations of systems. An abstract model for application interface design is given, with examples of implementation on both embedded systems and general purpose platforms. It describes the factors of human interface in wearable systems design focusing on how the application impacts the design and especially the user interface. First examined is the process of modeling specific user tasks, and establishing a linkage with the system interface that closely mirrors this model. Next is an overview of the VuMan embedded systems, followed by a description of the Navigator general-purpose machines. The article concludes with a summary of information developed through the design and testing of these wearable systems.
1st international workshop on multimodal learning analytics: extended abstract

This summary describes the 1st International Workshop on Multimodal Learning Analytics. This area of study brings together the technologies of multimodal analysis with the learning sciences. The intersection of these domains should enable researchers to foster an improved understanding of student learning, lead to the creation of more natural and enriching learning interfaces, and motivate the development of novel techniques for tackling challenges that are specific of education.
Global earth mapping with NASA's multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR)

The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) is a part of the payload for NASA's Terra spacecraft launched in December 1999. The MISR instrument continuously acquires a systematic, global, multi-angle imagery in reflected sunlight in order to support and improve studies of the Earth ecology and climate. This paper focuses on the photogrammetric aspect of the data production and discusses quality of the global mapping as evaluated during the first two years of the mission. Usually, remote sensing image data has been only radiometrically and spectrally corrected, as a part of standard processing, prior to being distributed to investigators. In the case of the spaceborne MISR instrument with its unique configuration of nine fixed pushbroom cameras, continuous and autonomous coregistration and geolocation of image data are required prior to application of scientific retrieval algorithm. In order to address this problem, the MISR ground data processing system includes photogrammetric processing. From the entire MISR production system, three segments can be singled out as photogrammetric in nature. These are 1) in-flight geometric calibration, 2) georectification, and 3) cloud height retrieval. The data obtained through in-flight geometric calibration significantly simplify georectification part of the standard processing. Georectification gives fundamental input to scientific retrieval including cloud-top height retrieval.
Increasing the frequency of daydreaming

Increased Ss' self-reported daydreaming as measured by the Daydreaming Frequency scale of the Imaginal Processes Inventory. Thirty-nine female undergraduates were assigned to one of four treatment groups. The treatments consisted of being presented with either a positive or neutral talk about the value of daydreaming and training vs. no training in the use of imagery. In addition, each S completed questionnaires that assessed level of depression, control of imagery, locus of control, and attitudes toward daydreaming. There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in daydreaming from pretest to posttest. A 6-month follow-up of 32 of the 39 Ss indicated that the increase was still maintained (p<0.05). Changes in the responses to the questionnaires after the treatment procedure were also reflective of a more positive approach to daydreaming.
The influence of coadsorbates on the overlayer structure of PF3 on Pt(111)

Abstract We have used measurements of the infrared lineshape of the symmetric P-F stretch fundamental of PF 3 chemisorbed on Pt(111) in the presence of coadsorbed Xe, CO and NH 3 to probe the PF 3 overlayer structure on Pt(111). In the absence of coadsorbates, PF 3 forms two distinct phases on the surface at intermediate coverages as indicated by a splitting of the P-F stretch band into two components. The higher frequency component is attributed to molecules in dense two-dimensional islands and the lower frequency component to molecules in a lower density disordered phase. Coadsorbed Xe induces red shifts in the P-F stretch which depend on the number of Xe atoms adsorbed at sites adjacent to the PF 3 molecules. This enhances the sensitivity of the P-F stretch to the molecular environment and allows additional components of the P-F stretch to be resolved. Coadsorbed CO causes the higher frequency components of the P-F stretch to shift to higher frequencies and the lower frequency components to shift to lower frequencies. This is attributed to the coalescence of small PF 3 islands into larger islands. Coadsorbed NH 3 decreases the P-F stretch by as much as 27 cm −1 and affects the PF 3 through a short-range interaction. Unlike Xe and CO, NH 3 appears to break apart small islands of PF 3 molecules.
The use of the scanning electron microscope for comparing the structure of weak and strong egg shells

SUMMARY A scanning electron microscopic investigation has been made of the radial fracture surfaces of both weak and strong egg shells. Generally in weak and thin egg shells the mammillae were of irregular shape, very porous, frequently not attached to the outer shell membrane fibres and were cleaved both radially and transversally during fracture.
Cation Ordering Transformations in the Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3‐La(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 System

Single-phase perovskites were formed in the (1−x)Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-(x)La(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 system for compositions with 0.0≤x≤0.6. Although the stability of the trigonal “1:2” ordered structure of the Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 end member is very limited (0.0≤x≤0.05), low levels of lanthanum induce a transformation to a cubic, “1:1” ordered structure that has a broad range of homogeneity (0.05≤x≤0.6). Samples with x > 0.6 were comprised of La3NbO7, ZnO, and a perovskite with x = 0.6. The cubic 1:1 phases were fully ordered and no evidence was found for a compositionally segregated microstructure. These observations could not be reconciled in terms of a “space-charge” model; rather, they supported a charge-balanced, “random-site” structure for the 1:1 cation-ordered Ba(β1/2′β1/2″)O3 phases.
"Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice": A Ten-Year Retrospective Review of Catholic Educational Research.

The journal has a brief but important history, encompassing the support of major Catholic colleges and universities across the United States. In particular, the University of Dayton and the University of Notre Dame have provided a home for the editorial offices and the contributed services of the editors. As the journal prepares for a transition to its third home at Boston College, this article offers a summative and evaluative overview of the contents of the journal since its inception. Recommendations are offered regarding ways to continue to grow the field of educational research situated in Catholic schools.
Factors predicting mortality in midlife adults with and without Down syndrome living with family

Background Little is known about the mortality of individuals with Down syndrome who have lived at home with their families throughout their lives.The current study evaluates the predictors, causes and patterns of mortality among co-residing individuals in midlife with Down syndrome as compared with co-residing individuals with ID owing to other causes. Method This paper examines mortality in 169 individuals with and 292 individuals without Down syndrome from 1988 to 2007. Dates and causes of death were obtained from maternal report, the Social Security Death Index and the National Death Index. Risk factors predicting mortality, including demographic variables, transition variables, and initial and change measures of health, functional abilities and behaviour problems, were obtained from maternal report. Results Having Down syndrome is a risk factor of mortality, net of other risk factors including older age, poorer functional abilities, worsening behaviour problems, residential relocation and parental death. The causes of death among individuals with and without Down syndrome who are in midlife and co-residing with their families are similar, and are most commonly due to cardiovascular or respiratory problems. Conclusions The findings indicate that midlife adults with Down syndrome who co-reside with their families generally exhibit similar causes of mortality as do midlife adults with intellectual disability owing to other causes, but show an elevated risk of mortality in midlife net of other variables, such as age and changes in functional abilities and behaviour problems.
Spatial lag test with equal weights

Abstract This note shows that for a spatial regression with equal weights, the LM test is always equal to N / 2( N − 1), where N is the sample size. This means that this test statistics is a function of N and not a function of the spatial parameter ρ . In fact, this test statistic tends to one half for N tending to infinity. The null hypothesis of no spatial correlation is never rejected no matter what ρ is.
Liquid crystal polymer-carbon fiber composites. Molecular orientation

The objective of this work has been to study composite systems in which carbon fibers are dispersed in a liquid crystal polymer matrix. The fundamental point of interest here has been the interfacial response that fiber surfaces can potentially induce in self-ordering polymers. The matrix material used was a thermotropic liquid crystal polyester synthesized in our laboratory from the monomers p-acetoxybenzoic acid, diacetoxyhydroquinone, and pimelic acid. The aromatic-aliphatic polymer was characterized by NMR as a chemically disordered polymer of the three structural units which exhibits a nematic phase at temperatures above 150°C. Breadline proton NMR above the solid to liquid crystal transition was used to measure the rate of magnetic alignment of molecules in the matrix and polarized optical microscopy was used to analyze interfacial zones in composite samples. Fiber surfaces were found to influence the orientation and orientational dynamics of a liquid crystal polymer matrix. This was revealed by enhanced rates of magnetic orientation in the polymer melt when carbon fibers are dispersed in the medium. Fiber surfaces were also found to stabilize nematic ordering of the polymer as the melt was heated towards complete isotropization. The phenomena discovered here may originate in the development of zones around fibers with a common molecular orientation anchored by the carbon surface.
Consequences of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone for foliar chemical composition and dynamics in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera).

Atmospheric chemical composition affects foliar chemical composition, which in turn influences the dynamics of both herbivory and decomposition in ecosystems. We assessed the independent and interactive effects of CO2 and O3 fumigation on foliar chemistry of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) at a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) facility in northern Wisconsin. Leaf samples were collected at five time periods during a single growing season, and analyzed for nitrogen, starch and condensed tannin concentrations, nitrogen resorption efficiencies (NREs), and C:N ratios. Enriched CO2 reduced foliar nitrogen concentrations in aspen and birch; O3 only marginally reduced nitrogen concentrations. NREs were unaffected by pollution treatment in aspen, declined with O3 exposure in birch, and this decline was ameliorated by enriched CO2. C:N ratios of abscised leaves increased in response to enriched CO2 in both tree species. O3 did not significantly alter C:N ratios in aspen, although values tended to be higher in +CO2+O3 leaves. For birch, O3 decreased C:N ratios under ambient CO2 and increased C:N ratios under elevated CO2. Thus, under the combined pollutants, the C:N ratios of both aspen and birch leaves were elevated above the averaged responses to the individual and independent trace gas treatments. Starch concentrations were largely unresponsive to CO2 and O3 treatments in aspen, but increased in response to elevated CO2 in birch. Levels of condensed tannins were negligibly affected by CO2 and O3 treatments in aspen, but increased in response to enriched CO2 in birch. Results from this work suggest that changes in foliar chemical composition elicited by enriched CO2 are likely to impact herbivory and decomposition, whereas the effects of O3 are likely to be minor, except in cases where they influence plant response to CO2. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The molecular wedge in a brittle crack: A simulation of mica/water

This paper presents an atomic calculation of the wedging effect which occurs in a brittle crack when molecules of a chemisorbing species of molecules of sufficient size enter the crack mouth. A surface tension develops at the tip of the wedge caused by the difference between the covered and vacuum surface energies. This force draws the chemisorbing molecules toward the crack tip and distorts the crack faces, causing, in turn, a compensating elastic force on the molecules which tends to eject the molecules. We calculate the equilibrium penetration of the wedging molecules and the configuration of the crack and wedge by an atomistic calculation. We simulate mica/water chemistry by means of a simplification of the mica lattice and calculate interactions between the water and mica on the basis of Born–Mayer. Water is found to form a wedge tongue of two or three molecular thicknesses and a length of about 20 molecular distances, which penetrates into the crack tip cohesive zone. When strong wedging action occurs at a crack tip, crack advance near threshold loadings will be limited by molecular diffusion through the wedge tongue.
Soluble apoE/Aβ complex: Mechanism and therapeutic target for APOE4-induced AD risk

The APOE4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared to APOE2 and APOE3. Amyloid-β (Aβ), particularly in a soluble oligomeric form (oAβ), is considered a proximal cause of neurodegeneration in AD. Emerging data indicate that levels of soluble oAβ are increased with APOE4, providing a potential mechanism of APOE4-induced AD risk. However, the pathway(s) by which apoE4 may increase oAβ levels are unclear and the subject of continued inquiry. In this editorial review, we present the hypothesis that apoE isoform-specific interactions with Aβ, namely apoE/Aβ complex, modulate Aβ levels. Specifically, we propose that compared to apoE3, apoE4-containing lipoproteins are less lipidated, leading to less stable apoE4/Aβ complexes, resulting in reduced apoE4/Aβ levels and increased accumulation, particularly of oAβ. Evidence that support or counter this argument, as well as the therapeutic significance of this pathway to neurodegeneration, are discussed.
Estimating Johnson Curve Population Distributions in MULTILOG

The shape of the latent trait distribution can be of considerable theoretical and methodological importance. A simulation study was performed to examine the distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic that was used to test for normality via Johnson curves, the power to detect deviations from normality, and the estimation properties of the item and latent trait distribution parameters. Except in conditions in which all items had high-difficulty parameters or were dichotomous, the distribution of the statistic used to test for normality could be approximated with a chi-square distributed with 2 degrees of freedom. In a variety of situations, the power was good enough to detect even small deviations from normality. Compared to assuming a normal distribution, allowing for Johnson curve latent trait distributions increased the standard errors of the marginal maximum likelihood item parameter estimates but reduced their bias in situations in which the latent trait was nonnormal.
Thermodynamics of polymer solutions and blends

To describe the thermodynamic behavior of binary and larger polymer blends, the Hoch-Arpshofen model is used to describe highly asymmetric phase diagrams, and asymmetric enthalpies of mixing, where the miscibility gap and the extremum of the enthalpy of mixing leans toward one of the components. The Gibbs energy of mixing of polymer blends is described as Gm/R = T * [z 1 ln z 1 + z 2 ln z 2 ) + Wnz 1 [1 - (1 - z 2 ) (n-1) ] where z can be mole fraction, volume fraction, or weight fraction. The Hoch-Arpshofen model contains an interaction parameter W = A + B*T independent of composition and an integer number n (2, 3, 4,....), which defines the asymmetricity of the binary phase diagram and of the Gibbs energy of mixing curve. In a binary system n defines the composition where the Gibbs energy of mixing is maximum or minimum or the composition is where the temperature of a miscibility gap is maximum or minimum. In a binary system A-B the maximum effect occurs at A n-1 B. The disorder reaction in polymers is treated as a transformation temperature, and defines T 0 , the temperature where the ordered and disordered material is equal.
Distribution of Zelus longipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in South Florida Corn Fields and Its Functional Response to Corn-Infesting Picture-Winged Flies (Diptera: Ulidiidae)

ABSTRACT The milkweed assassin bug, Zelus longipes (L.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), is a generalist predator and a potential biological control agent of picture-winged flies (Diptera: Ulidiidae), which cause considerable economic damage to sweet corn yields in Florida. We studied the potential of Z. longipes as a biocontrol agent of four ulidiid pests in corn fields: Euxesta stigmatias Loew, Euxesta eluta Loew, Euxesta annonae F., and Chaetopsis massyla Walker. Within-plant and within-field distributions of Z. longipes and ulidiids and functional responses of Z. longipes to ulidiid prey were determined. Highest numbers of Z. longipes and ulidiids in the R1, R2, and R3 corn stages were generally in the basal or middle leaves at 09:00 h EST, ears at 13:00 h EST, and top and tassel at 17:00 h EST. Hence, there seemed to be a coordinated migration of Z. longipes and ulidiids from the lowest to the highest parts of the corn plant during the day. Within the corn field, aggregated (clumped) distributions were most ...
Memory access patterns of occlusion-compatible 3D image warping

McMillan and Bishop’s 3D image warp can be efficiently implemented by exploiting the coherency of its memory accesses. We analyze this coherency, and present algorithms that take advantage of it. These algorithms traverse the reference image in an occlusion-compatible order, which is an order that can resolve visibility using a painter’s algorithm. Required cache sizes are calculated for several one-pass 3D warp algorithms, and we develop a two-pass algorithm which requires a smaller cache size than any of the practical one-pass algorithms. We also show that reference image traversal orders that are occlusion-compatible for continuous images are not always occlusion-compatible when applied to the discrete images used in practice.