cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enriched pathogen diversity under host-type heterogeneity and immune-mediated competition

How pathogen diversity is maintained over time and how it influences epidemiological processes are active areas of research with relevance to control. Long-term coexistence of strains can emerge from host heterogeneity if strains become specialists for different host. This process can modify however competition for hosts on another dimension, that of cross-protection mediated by immune recognition. Motivated by empirical evidence that rotavirus utilizes different human blood group antigens for cell entry, we ask how frequency-dependent competition due to specific immunity affects the evolutionary outcome of diversity given differences in host-pathogen affinity. We further ask whether an association between differences in affinity and cross-immunity influences this outcome. With an adaptive dynamics framework, we analyze the long-term coexistence of multiple strains under these two kinds of competition typically considered separately. Our results show that when cross-immunity depends on host-pathogen affinity, diversity is magnified as long-term evolution allows for the coexistence of multiple semi-specialized strains, an outcome that is not observed when the degree of cross-immunity is independent from affinity distance among strains. These findings indicate the importance of considering the interplay of equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms related respectively to host heterogeneity and immunity, to understand diversity patterns in pathogens like rotavirus.
The Role of Retained Austenite on the Mechanical Properties of a Low Carbon 3Mn-1.5Ni Steel

The present studies focus on the correlation between retained austenite characteristics and the cryogenic temperature Charpy impact toughness, strength, and plasticity. The steels with different volume fractions and stabilities of retained austenite were prepared by quenching followed by intercritical heat treatment, and the microstructure was characterized using scanning electron microscope, electron back-scattered diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. The grain size, dislocation density, crack initiation energy, and crack propagation energy were quantified. It has been demonstrated that the volume fraction of retained austenite plays a significant role in the reduction of the measured yield strength and the effect of tempered martensite/ferrite matrix on cryogenic temperature impact toughness can be assumed to be similar due to the similar grain size, dislocation density and element content in solution for different heat treatments. It was found that the stability of retained austenite plays a determining role in the increase of cryogenic temperature impact toughness. Furthermore, the dependence of the crack propagation energy on retained austenite is much greater than that of the crack initiation energy. Generally, an excellent UTS × TEL does not produce good cryogenic temperature impact toughness.
The R-Enantiomer of Ketorolac Delays Mammary Tumor Development in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Polyoma Middle T Antigen (MMTV-PyMT) Mice.

Epidemiologic studies report improved breast cancer survival in women who receive ketorolac (Toradol) for postoperative pain relief compared with other analgesic agents. Ketorolac is a racemic drug. The S-enantiomer inhibits cyclooxygenases; R-ketorolac is a selective inhibitor of the small GTPases Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), which are signaling molecules up-regulated during breast cancer progression and metastasis. The goal of this study was to determine whether R-ketorolac altered breast cancer development in the mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T-antigen model. Mice were administered ketorolac orally at 1 mg/kg twice daily to approximate the typical human dose. Mammary glands were analyzed for tumor number and immunohistochemical markers of proliferation and differentiation. R-ketorolac treatment significantly reduced mammary epithelial proliferation, based on Ki67 staining, and suppressed tumor development. Proliferative mammary epithelium from R-ketorolac–treated mice displayed greater differentiation, based on significantly higher total E-cadherin and decreased keratin 5 staining than epithelium of placebo-treated mice. No differences were detected in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, β-catenin, or vimentin expression between placebo and R-ketorolac treatment groups. These findings indicate that R-ketorolac treatment slows tumor progression in an aggressive model of breast cancer. R-ketorolac may thus represent a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer prevention or treatment based on its pharmacologic activity as a Rac1 and Cdc42 inhibitor.
Spine Surgeon Treatment Variability: The Impact on Costs.

Study Design:Cross-sectional analysis.Objectives:Given the lack of strong evidence/guidelines on appropriate treatment for lumbar spine disease, substantial variability exists among surgical treatm...
Apophatic Theology and Twentieth-Century Novels: Finding God through Negation

Drawing on apophatic theology, this essay argues that some twentieth-century texts invite an apophatic approach by revealing the limits of language and hinting at some understanding of God, without doing so directly. First, Leif Enger’s Peace Like a River shows a divine encounter but, in the process, underscores the limits of language to describe this experience. Second, in a sort of parallel to negative theology, Walker Percy’s Lancelot points readers toward God by having Lancelot descend into sin and evil, an affirmation of God through negation. Finally, in Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 , a novel without explicit Christian interests, characters parody prayer, rail against the world’s unfairness, and deny God, but in these interactions they actually reveal something about belief and God. These texts reveal that an apophatic understanding can enrich our reading of twentieth-century novels.
Micro Structures and Micro Actuators for Implementing Sub-millimeter Robots

There are many advantages to shrinking robots and mechanical actuators to the same size as the parts to be manipulated. Extremely delicate forces can be applied, robots can be readily parallelizable, and the relative accuracy required can be markedly reduced. One of the major difficulties in building millimeter scale micro-robots is overcoming forces due to friction and wiring. Friction forces can be reduced by using flexures instead of rotary or linear sliding joints, and using fluid lubrication, such as an air-bearing. This paper considers two initial ideas towards implementing practical sub-millimeter robotic systems, and then examines a natural analog to a mobile micro-robot: a single celled animal. The first micro-robot will use silicon structures that can be folded out of the plane of the wafer. The second micro-robot system will be built from an air-bearing-supported planar electrostatic motor, made by silicon processing, and has 3 degrees-of-freedom. Mobile devices on a sub-millimeter scale working in a fluid medium could be useful for manipulation and testing of small biological or electro-mechanical components. The power requirements for such robots working at low speeds are very favorable.
Mixing Induced by Internal Hydraulic Disturbances in the Vicinity of Sills

Many fjords along the British Columbia and Alaskan coasts are characterized by both a high freshwater discharge and a large tidal range. They also commonly have sills that penetrate well into the stratified near-surface layers, constricting the tidal flow and causing it to accelerate in the region of strong density gradient. An investigation of the nature of mixing in one such fjord, Knight Inlet, began in 1977. The observations were made with at least two vessels, using density and velocity profiling instruments together with high frequency echo sounders. A general description of the processes involved is given by Farmer & Smith (in press).
CloudSat: Centralized-Adaptable Ground Station Architecture utilizing an IoT Design Methodology

Over the last decade, the cost of space access has dramatically decreased with the creation of the CubeSat standard. The CubeSat standard defines the structural requirements for an on-orbit deployer and satellite to be placed into orbit. The average cost of creating a space mission with the CubeSat standard can range from $200 thousand to $3 million. This lower cost has allowed many Universities, and small businesses to create their own space programs. However, a significant portion of the investment for any new space asset is the development of the ground system to communicate with the satellite. These costs can be further reduced by removing the need to develop a custom communication solution. CloudSat is a scalable IoT architecture designed to grow and adapt to the needs of low-cost small satellite missions by providing a central market of networked ground stations, tools, and resources for communicating with on-orbit assets. In addition, CloudSat provides a marketplace where groups can lease time on their space assets to groups that lack the resources to invest in the development of a new space asset. The goal of CloudSat is to provide a means of gaining access to space technology to anyone who can benefit.
Landscape ecology of mammals

Recognition of the Anthropocene epoch formally acknowledges the pervasive and increasingly dominant effects of human activities on the world's biomes. A defining characteristic of the Anthropocene is habitat conversion (land-use change) for agricultural and urbanized land uses. Within this context, landscape ecology is of critical importance as it examines the influence of spatial heterogeneity on ecological patterns and processes at spatial and temporal extents that are larger than those traditionally studied in ecology. The application of landscape ecological approaches to mammalian populations, communities, and metacommunities began in and has increased steadily since the 1990s. Non-volant small mammals or bats are often the focus of landscape studies of communities, whereas carnivores or artiodactyls are commonly the focus of population-level studies cast within the domains of conservation or wildlife management. Research on the landscape ecology of mammals has primarily been conducted in Europe and North America, but with increasing frequency has been explored on other continents. Mammalian research has contributed significantly to the development of landscape ecology, demonstrating that responses to landscape structure are often taxon-, scale-, or context-dependent. Future research should consider hierarchical approaches that are scale-sensitive, with explicit linkage to contemporary hypotheses, thereby advancing theoretical understanding and informing management and conservation action.
Hispanic Humor Styles on Facebook: An Analytical Study

To better understand how humor is used in today's multicultural virtual environment, this study investigates the humor styles of Hispanic Americans in a virtual community. Based on the four humor s...
A critical analysis of organizational transformation – PSR

Hunter Harrison, CEO of the railroad company CSX, died on December 16, 2017. Harrison, known as the railroad transformation guru, was a controversial person. While his transformations were applauded by investors, they were also subject to significant criticism. The author changes triggered service disruptions, customer complaints and federal scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the transformation at CSX and to develop a framework for the analysis of organizational transformation projects.,The authors critically analyze the transformation at CSX – known as precision scheduled railroading (PSR). The authors base the initial analysis on the Lean approach to organizational change the authors compare and contrast the two approaches and the authors highlight both positive and negative aspects. The empirical data was collected via two rounds of interviews with employees at CSX – the first informal, the second structured. The lack of academic articles dealing with PSR, the authors focused on the review on trade and newspaper articles.,First, while many transformations are conducted under the assumption that they will improve both effectiveness and efficiency, they are in reality often mainly efficiency improvement programs that can, in fact, hurt both effectiveness and employee morale. Second, the paper presents a framework for the analysis of transformation projects.,The authors identify factors for analysis of transformation programs and the authors develop a framework, which structures significant change aspects into three categories, namely, purpose, process and people.,Organizations can use the framework to understand the requirements for successful transformation, to analyze if the chosen method matches the organizational strategy and to facilitate successful implementation in the companies.,This is the first research paper on PSR and the first paper contrasting PSR with other transformation methods.
External Stakeholders and the Geopolitics of Oil

West Africa has become a magnet for oil companies from all over the globe. More than 500 oil (and gas) expatriate firms are participating vigorously in the region’s upstream and downstream energy sector. These external stakeholders consist of states, investment and equity firms, multilateral agencies, and an eclectic mix of well-established oil companies and various Africa-specialist upstart companies. They are engaged in funding, exploring, drilling, monitoring, and setting the policy agenda that shapes the region’s oil commercial activities. Their collective investment portfolios, commercial activities, and policy strategies have turned West Africa into not just one of the most promising oil zones but also one of the most heavily contested hydrocarbon provinces in the world. This chapter deals with the expatriate business history of West Africa’s oil ventures, tracing its cartel-like beginnings at the turn of the twentieth century, through the colonial period, into the independence and post-independence era. The key finding here is that because of their depth of technological experience, influence, wealth, and global reach, the role of external actors is key to understanding West Africa’s modern resource extraction environment. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the wider implications of expatriate business activities for the sub-regions status in the global oil industry.
Barriers and bridges to implementing a workplace wellness project in Alaska.

CONTEXT The vast, rugged geography and dispersed population of Alaska pose challenges for managing chronic disease risk. Creative, population-based approaches are essential to address the region's health needs. The American Cancer Society developed Workplace Solutions, a series of evidence-based interventions, to improve health promotion and reduce chronic disease risk in workplace settings. ISSUES To adapt Workplace Solutions for implementation in eligible Alaskan businesses, research teams with the University of Washington and the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium collaborated to address various geographic, intervention, and workplace barriers. Terrain, weather, and hunting seasons were frequent geographic challenges faced over the entire course of the pilot study. Coordinating several research review boards at the university, workplace, and regional tribal health organizations; study staff turnover during the entire course of the study; and difficulties obtaining cost-effective intervention options were common intervention barriers. Few workplaces meeting initial study eligibility criteria, turnover of business contacts, and a downturn in the state economy were all significant workplace barriers. LESSONS LEARNED Flexibility, organization, responsiveness, communication, and collaboration between research staff and businesses were routinely required to problem-solve these geographic, intervention, and workplace barriers.
Non-employer establishments and economic development in counties: evidence from cross-border neighbor county-pairs in the US

The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development is studied widely in academic research and is of interest to policymakers. A majority of past studies have focused on the association between country-level entrepreneurship and gross domestic product (GDP), though more recently, studies have also focused on associations between state-, region-, and city-level entrepreneurship and economic development. Complementing prior studies at these different geographic levels, in this study, we use 774 neighbor county pairs across state borders and the recently released data on county GDP from 2001 to 2017 (18,652 country-year observations) in the US. We find the lag of log of non-employer establishments in the county Granger-cause log of real county GDP. Our results, controlling for neighbor-county-pair time-trends, show that for a 1% increase in non-employer establishments, there is a small but positive effect on GDP (0.049%). Estimates across subsamples of major industry sectors further support the positive association, especially in construction, transportation and warehousing, and most service sectors. Robustness checks using vector autoregression (three lags), distributed lag models (up to five lags), and macroeconomic cyclical patterns under bivariate panel correlations for non-employer establishments were consistent with the main results. For a 1% increase in small firms with 1–4 employees, the increase in GDP is 0.13%. The county-level inferences add further to the growing body of studies focused on the within-country entrepreneurship and economic development.
Parent-reported histories of adults with trisomy 13 syndrome

Clinical histories and outcome data of long-term survivors with trisomy 13 are rare. The goal of this study was to collect the medical histories of adult individuals (≥18 years old) with apparent non-mosaic trisomy 13/Patau syndrome to help gain further insight in to the clinical course for individuals with this condition and to characterize the manifestations for surveillance and management. We collected 11 families through a contact person with the LWT13 (Living with Trisomy 13) LIFE support group. We performed telephone interviews to gather their medical histories and report these data in system-based summaries, tables, and clinical vignettes. In instances where parents retained copies of genetic testing reports or clinicians currently taking care of the individual with trisomy 13 were able to provide documentation, we confirmed diagnosis. All clinical histories and reported manifestations were consistent with a diagnosis of trisomy 13. We also elicited comments from parents on their personal experiences of raising an individual with trisomy 13.
On the effective critical distances in three-dimensional brittle fracture via a strain-based framework

Abstract During the past couple of decades, modern fracture criteria have been developed based on a crack-tip material length scale so-called the critical distance, where the critical energy/stress/strain parameter required for the crack propagation is measured. However, in most cases, the critical distance has been considered as a material parameter measured under pure mode I crack tip displacements and independent of the mode mixity. In this paper, the concept of “effective critical distances” is introduced by considering the effect of mode mixity on the measured critical distances via a strain-based approach to construct a novel mixed-mode I/II/III brittle fracture criterion (ECD-SN criterion). Along with the traditional stress and energy-based criteria of MPS, and SED, the proposed criterion is examined by predicting the experimental data reported in the literature for the mixed-mode I/II/III fracture toughness and fracture angles. Results reveal superior estimates of the test data by the ECD-SN criterion as compared to the traditional criteria highlighting the necessity of adopting an “effective critical distance” in the three-dimensional brittle fracture theories.
Changes in Coherent Activity Between EEG and Various Frequency Components of Music While Listening to Familiar and Unfamiliar Songs

Music is known to have a pleasurable and even palliative effect. While the effects of music are well known, the causes behind such effects are not. We have previously reported an increase in coherence between electroencephalograph (EEG) and autonomic variables such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration when subjects listened to songs. In this study we compared the coherencies between four different features of songs, envelopes of song and songs filtered within frequency bands representing low frequency i.e., bass, medium frequency i.e., mezzo-soprano and high-frequency components with three features of EEG, i.e. the envelopes of EEG and EEG filtered in alpha and beta bands. We report results from 8 subjects (4 males and 4 females) while they listened to 3 different songs. EEG was analyzed from four scalp positions (T3, T4, P3, and P4) during slow and fast tempo songs and a song selected by the subject (referred to as favorite song). Two parameters were derived from coherencies computed between these signals, the frequencies where coherence was above a threshold (0.55), and the average of the coherence values above the threshold as indicators of the coherent bandwidth and the average magnitude of coherence in this bandwidth. We compared the change in these parameters during the slow and fast song from those computed during favorite songs. The reason for comparison between favorite song and slow as well as fast rhythm song was to determine how much of the changes in these are a result of rhythm vs familiarity given that both slow and fast songs were unfamiliar to the subjects. The results showed that overall the coherent bandwidth was lower during the fast and slow song than favorite. These measures were different when bandpass filtered EEGs were used with the most pronounced effect seen in the alpha band with an increase in bandwidth for both fast (for EEG locations T3, T4, and P4) and slow songs. These results provide further insight into how different features of songs affect rhythmic electrical activity in the brain and thus may eventually help in improving music therapy for patients.
Detection and impact of hypoxic regions in multicellular tumor spheroid cultures formed by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells lines

Abstract In solid tumors like head and neck cancer (HNC), chronic and acute hypoxia have serious adverse clinical consequences including poorer overall patient prognosis, enhanced metastasis, increased genomic instability, and resistance to radiation-, chemo-, or immuno-therapies. However, cells in the two-dimensional monolayer cultures typically used for cancer drug discovery experience 20%-21% O2 levels (normoxic) which are 4-fold higher than O2 levels in normal tissues and ≥10-fold higher than in the hypoxic regions of solid tumors. The oxygen electrodes, exogenous bio-reductive markers, and increased expression of endogenous hypoxia-regulated proteins like HIF-1α generally used to mark hypoxic regions in solid tumors are impractical in large sample numbers and longitudinal studies. We used a novel homogeneous live-cell permeant HypoxiTRAK™ (HPTK) molecular probe compatible with high content imaging detection, analysis, and throughput to identify and quantify hypoxia levels in live HNC multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) cultures over time. Accumulation of fluorescence HPTK metabolite in live normoxic HNC MCTS cultures correlated with hypoxia detection by both pimonidazole and HIF-1α staining. In HNC MCTSs, hypoxic cytotoxicity ratios for the hypoxia activated prodrugs (HAP) evofosfamide and tirapazamine were much smaller than have been reported for uniformly hypoxic 2D monolayers in gas chambers, and many viable cells remained after HAP exposure. Cells in solid tumors and MCTSs experience three distinct O2 microenvironments dictated by their distances from blood vessels or MCTS surfaces, respectively; oxic, hypoxic, or intermediate levels of hypoxia. These studies support the application of more physiologically relevant in vitro 3D models that recapitulate the heterogeneous microenvironments of solid tumors for preclinical cancer drug discovery.
Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and limits the resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.
A Comparison among Bidding Algorithms for Multiple Auctions

We study simulations of populations of agents participating in sequences of overlapping English auctions, using three different bidding algorithms. We measure various parameters of the agents' success, to determine qualities of the underlying bidding algorithms. In particular, we show that a Dynamic Programming approach, in which beliefs regarding the opposition the agent is likely to face are built up on-the-fly, is robust enough with respect to the inaccuracy of its beliefs to outperform a greedy approach right from the moment they both start playing.
Contraception, Women’s Health, and Equal Citizenship

What is the moral dilemma that gave rise to the great convulsion over religious freedom that in the last months has coursed through the Catholic Church in the United States? Within the Catholic community, it’s odd even to ask the question. For those backing the bishops-inspired campaign for religious freedom, there really isn’t a question. There’s not a dilemma or conflict of goods here— at least not of goods properly understood. Rather, the Federal Health and Human Services (HHS) regulation announced in February 2012 requiring that employees of Catholic hospitals and universities be able to acquire contraception at no cost through their job-related insurance coverage is a case of malevolent government power restricting the free exercise of religion. But even the many Catholics not on board with the bishops in this matter don’t primarily object to the bishops’ position because of a good competing with the good of religious freedom. Rather, they object to the bishops’ position because sound arguments drawn from the Catholic
Efficient wavelength conversion based on FWM using IM-DPSK

We investigate and demonstrate for the first time the benefit of IM-DPSK signals over NRZ signal in wavelength conversion using Four Wave Mixing in Semiconductor Optical Amplifier. Using this method, we experimentally demonstrate the wavelength conversion at 10 Gb/s with distance of 450 Km (5 span of 90 Km) using Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZDSF) Single Mode Fiber (SMF). The result shows the improvement of IM-DPSK signal versus NRZ signal with BER of 10-11 and 10-6. In addition it also shows an improvement in Q factor versus number of span.
High-accuracy Mars approach navigation with radio metric and optical data

The aerocapture of a space vehicle on hyperbolic approach to Mars results in tight navigation requirements at atmospheric entry. The purpose of this paper is to examine several different methods for approach navigation and to determine what accuracies are possible. The methods are broken into four groups as follows (1) navigation with only Deep Space Network (DSN) tracking of the approach vehicle, (2) navigation with the DSN plus ranging between the approach vehicle and spacecraft in orbit about Mars, (3) navigation with the DSN plus optical data involving the Martian moons, and (4) navigation with DSN range data and differenced range data involving the approach spacecraft and orbiters at Mars. If the current modeling errors that affect earth-based radio metric data, such as errors in tracking station locations, the Martian ephemeris, and differences in the quasar and planetary coordinate frames, are improved, then perhaps earth-based tracking could meet the entry error requirements imposed by aerocapture. If not, then the other three options of intervehicular range, optical data, or differenced range provide highly accurate entry knowledge at least twelve hours before entry.
Silicate overcoat layers for the improvement of PECVD SiO 2 optofluidic waveguides

Silicate spin-on-glass can be used as a protective barrier to coat PECVD SiO 2 optofluidic waveguides in order to smooth out surface topology, and lessen moisture absorption on top of the waveguide. The measured optical throughput and mode confinement improved when compared to uncoated waveguides.
Six Years of Criticality Assessments: What Have We Learned So Far?

Summary The “criticality” of the various elements used in modern technologies is a topic of increasing interest, with groups from governments, consultancies, and academic institutions developing a variety of methodologies and using them to make assessments. Other groups from similar organizations are studying the methodologies that generate these assessments. Here, we analyze the different types of studies, review issues of methodology, and comment on features of nine different studies published between 2008 and mid-2014. From these studies, we derive lists of problematic, debatable, and desirable aspects of criticality studies. We emphasize that the criticality of an element can vary depending on the target organization and that, because criticality is a dynamic state, it must be periodically re-evaluated. There is substantial value to be derived if a more uniform methodology could be developed. We discuss how a harmonized methodological framework might be achieved and what its benefits could be. Putting into place such a structure for collaborative and publicly available criticality determinations would be very likely to better serve the present and future needs of corporations and governments than is the case at present, where different methodologies generate different results.
Potential adverse effects of discontinuing psychotropic drugs. Part 3: Antipsychotic, dopaminergic, and mood-stabilizing drugs

Abrupt discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia is associated with earlier, and often more severe, illness episodes than are seen with gradual discontinuation. Antipsychotic drugs can cause various abnormal motor syndromes, but abruptly stopping them has been associated with the seemingly paradoxical development of similar motor syndromes, such as withdrawal dyskinesias, parkinsonian symptoms, dystonias, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Dopamine-releasing and dopamine-agonist drugs are used to treat some of the motor syndromes caused by antipsychotic drugs, but their abrupt discontinuation can also be associated with abnormal syndromes. When antipsychotic drugs, lithium, or certain anticonvulsant drugs are used for treatment of bipolar disorder, rapid versus gradual discontinuation is more likely to lead to greater mood instability and manic relapse. If necessary, these medications should be gradually tapered to minimize all types of adverse discontinuation effects. Patients should be educated about the possible adverse effects of abrupt medication discontinuation.
Valores, precios de producción y fronteras de distribución para la economía colombiana en 1980

Siguiendo la tradicion clasico-marxista en este trabajo se utilizo un modelo lineal de produccion basado en un sistema abierto de Leontief- para calcular los valores, los precios directos y los precios de produccion para la economia colombiana en 1980. Se estimaron, ademas, el margen medio de ganancia y la tasa de salario real con el objeto de calcular las fronteras de distribucion sraffianas. Los resultados muestran, de una parte, que las desviaciones entre valores o precios directos y precios de mercado son mas pequenas que las existentes entre precios de produccion y precios de mercado. De otra, las fronteras de distribucion senalan que la distribucion del ingreso en el pais es al tamente favorable l! la clase capitalista y que, ademas, el reswitching de tecnicas de produccion si tiene viabilidad empirica en Colombia.
Helicobacter pylori isolated from the domestic cat: public health implications

Helicobacter pylori has been directly linked with active chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration, and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans. Although a substantial portion of the human population is colonized with H. pylori, the patterns of transmission of the organism remain in doubt, and reservoir hosts have not been identified. This study documents the isolation of H. pylori from domestic cats obtained from a commercial vendor. The isolation of H. pylori from these cats was confirmed by morphologic and biochemical evaluations, fatty acid analysis, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. H. pylori was cultured from 6 cats and organisms compatible in appearance with H. pylori were observed in 15 additional cats by histologic examination. In most animals, H. pylori was present in close proximity to mucosal epithelial cells or in mucus layers of the glandular or surface epithelium. Microscopically, H. pylori-infected cat stomachs contained a mild to severe diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with small numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in the subglandular and gastric mucosae. Lymphoid follicles were also noted, particularly in the antrum, and often displaced glandular mucosal tissue. Thus, the domestic cat may be a potential model for H. pylori disease in humans. Also, the isolation of H. pylori from domestic cats raises the possibility that the organism may be a zoonotic pathogen, with transmission occurring from cats to humans.
Alignment and orientation measurements of (Ar+)∗ formed in transfer-excitation collisions with He+

Abstract We have measured the total alignment parameter, A0, for several states of Ar+ formed in 1–7 keV collisions of He+ with Ar. Significant alignment has been found. We have also measured alignment and orientation parameters [U. Fano and J. Macek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45 (1973) 553] for scattering angles from 0.5° to 3°.
The Rhetoric of Defeat: Nazi Propaganda in 1945.

Nazi rhetoricians used a range of strategies during the last four months of Hitler's rule. Although these strategies failed to persuade Germans that victory was inevitable, Nazi rhetoricians nonetheless were able to persuade Germans to continue to fight.
Contrasting patterns of regulation of the antioxidant selenoproteins, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, in cancer cells

Abstract There is strong evidence that selenium protects against certain human cancers, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and thioredoxin reductase (TR), the most abundant antioxidant selenium-containing proteins in mammals, have been implicated in this protection. We analyzed the expression of TR and GPX1 in the following model cancer systems: (1) liver tumors in TGFα/c-myctransgenic mice; (2) human prostate cell lines from normal and cancer tissues; and (3) p53-induced apoptosis in a human colon cancer cell line. TR was induced while GPX1 was repressed in malignancies relative to controls in transgenic mice and prostate cell lines. In the colon cell line, p53 expression resulted in elevated GPX1, but repressed TR. The data indicate that TR and GPX1 are regulated in a contrasting manner in the cancer systems tested and reveal the p53-dependent regulation of selenoprotein expression. The data suggest that additional studies on selenoprotein regulation in different cancers are required to evaluate future implementation of selenium as a dietary supplement in individuals at risk for developing certain cancers.
A Shape-Based Buffering Method

Distance constraint is a major concern in many spatial analyses. Buffering is one of the proximity techniques in GIS most commonly used to address this constraint. I introduce shape-based point buffering, an anisotropic and variable-distance buffer generation method conformal to the original polygons. In contrast with isotropic fixed-distance buffering, shape-based buffering is defined using a relative distance (percentage) instead of a real unit (for example, meters), and it allows all buffered boundaries to be formed at the same time. The construction and implementation of the buffering method are described below. Three emergency-response scenarios are designed to demonstrate potential applications of this buffering method, including a shape-based fixed-percentage buffer calculation and space distribution, a shape-based variable-percentage buffer region, and a reverse calculation of the task schedule from a probability surface constructed from shape-based buffers. Limitations of the method are discussed...
Ethyl ester of rapeseed used as a biodiesel fuel—a case study

Abstract A 1994 Dodge 2500 turbocharged and intercooled diesel pickup fueled with 100% ethyl ester of rapeseed oil was driven by personnel representing the University of Idaho, Agricultural Engineering Department from Moscow, Idaho to Los Angeles, California and back to Moscow and then from Moscow to Ocean City, Maryland, east of Washington, D.C. and back to Moscow, Idaho. These trips covered a total of 14,069 km (8742 miles). The truck averaged 7.76 km/l (18.7 mile/gal) using 1772 l (468 gal) of ethyl ester of rapeseed oil fuel. No problems or unusual events were encountered with the truck's operation. The truck was completely unmodified as to the engine and fuel system. The fuel required for the trip was all processed in the Agricultural Engineering Laboratory at the University of Idaho and was carried on-board as no refueling facilities were available away from Moscow, Idaho. This is believed to be the first coast-to-coast and back run on 100% biodiesel.
Successful treatment of high titer inhibitors in mild hemophilia A with avoidance of factor VIII and immunosuppressive therapy.

We describe two patients with mild hemophilia A (MHA) who developed high titer inhibitor (HTI) following intensive recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) concentrate replacement for surgery and trauma. Intranasal desmopressin was instituted shortly following immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) in one case, and following APCC alone in the second case. Avoidance of factor VIII (FVIII) coupled with intranasal desmopressin prophylaxis three times a week resulted in undetectable inhibitor levels. Both patients have had no further bleeding episodes and have been maintained on desmopressin prophylaxis prior to activity for the past 2 to 3 years. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) was used successfully prior to a second surgery in one patient without complication.
The Anatheistic Wager: faith after Faith

The hermeneutic wager described in Richard Kearney’s Anatheism seems to share a number of characteristics with both agnosticism and other postmodern religious wagers. All these approaches maintain a certain epistemological humility with respect to what we can and cannot know about God. Nevertheless, the anatheistic wager includes an existential aspect that risks commitment even in the uncertainty of epistemological uncertainty. The fivefold motion of imagination, humility, commitment, discernment, and hospitality circumscribes a wager that is neither the blind leap of fideism nor safe assurance of certainty.
Syntax macros and extended translation

A translation approach is described which allows one to extend the syntax and semantics of a given high-level base language by the use of a new formalism called a syntax-macro. Syntax-macros define string transformations based on syntactic elements of the base language. Two types of macros are discussed, and examples are given of their use. The conditional generation of macros based on options and alternatives recognized by the scan are also described.
Large Strain Stress Relaxation and Recovery Behavior of Amorphous Ethylene-Styrene Interpolymers

Ethylene−styrene interpolymers (ESIs) are viewed as random copolymers of ethylene and ethylene−styrene dyads. The amorphous ESIs offer an approach to characterizing polyethylene without the constraints imposed by the inevitable crystallinity. Large strain, nonlinear stress relaxation and recovery of ESIs were studied at temperatures above the glass-transition temperature (Tg). The nonlinear stress relaxation curves superposed on the double-logarithmic scale by vertical shifting after a characteristic time τk that increased as the molecular weight increased and the testing temperature approached Tg. The experimental shift factors were independent of molecular weight and styrene content and correlated well to the damping function obtained in the tube theory. The instantaneous recovery after stress relaxation increased as the molecular weight increased or as the testing temperature decreased approaching Tg. Instantaneous recovery was correlated with stress relaxation in terms of mechanisms of molecular dynam...
Visual tracking of known three-dimensional objects

A method is described of visually tracking a known three-dimensional object as it moves with six degrees of freedom. The method uses the predicted position of known features on the object to find the features in images from one or more cameras, measures the position of the features in the images, and uses these measurements to update the estimates of position, orientation, linear velocity, and angular velocity of the object model. The features usually used are brightness edges that correspond to markings or the edges of solid objects, although point features can be used. The solution for object position and orientation is a weighted least-squares adjustment that includes filtering over time, which reduces the effects of errors, allows extrapolation over times of missing data, and allows the use of stereo information from multiple-camera images that are not coincident in time. The filtering action is derived so as to be optimum if the acceleration is random. (Alternatively, random torque can be assumed for rotation.) The filter is equivalent to a Kalman filter, but for efficiency it is formulated differently in order to take advantage of the dimensionality of the observations and the state vector which occur in this problem. The method can track accurately with arbitrarily large angular velocities, as long as the angular acceleration (or torque) is small. Results are presented showing the successful tracking of partially obscured objects with clutter.
Relaxation in a Duffing potential

Abstract The solution of the equation of motion for a particle in a Duffing potential, V ( x ) = α 1 x 2 /2 + α 2 x 4 /4 ( α 1 , α 2 > 0) for arbitrary anharmonicity strength is characterized by the presence of odd frequencies which implies that velocity and position autocorrelation functions of such an oscillator in a microcanonical ensemble are also characterized by odd frequencies. It is, however, non-trivial to determine whether such “discrete” frequencies also characterize the autocorrelation functions in a canonical ensemble as discussed recently by Fronzoni et al. (J. Stat. Phys. 41 (1985) 553). We recover and extend upon the results of Fronzoni et al. to show analytically, via Mori-Lee theory, that “essentially discrete” (i.e. well-defined peaks with finite but “small” width) temperature-dependent frequencies characterize the autocorrelation functions in a canonical ensemble.
Inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase prevent sindbis virus replication and reduce GTP levels in Aedes albopictus cells

Abstract We have investigated the mechanism by which ribavirin (Rbv), mycophenolic acid, and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole inhibit the replication of Sindbis virus in Aedes albopictus cells. In each case there was a good correlation between inhibition of virus replication and a reduction (80–90%) in the level of cellular GTP. The antiviral effects of all three compounds could be reversed by (1) equimolar amounts of xanthosine but not by guanosine, (2) actinomycin D (0.2 μg/ml), and (3) α-amanitin (10 μg/ml) in α-amanitin-sensitive cells but not in α-amanitin-resistant cells. In the case of actinomycin D the reversal of the antiviral effects was correlated with a restoration of the GTP pool to near normal levels and a decrease in the amount of phosphorylated Rbv in acid-soluble cell extracts. The role of the phosphorylated forms of Rbv in inhibiting virus replication and the relationship to cellular RNA synthesis are discussed.
Effect of Carbon Black on Dynamic Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract The term dynamic properties as applied to elastomers refers to the response to periodic or transient forces which do not cause failure or appreciable fatigue (permanent change of properties) during the investigation. Generally this is limited to vulcanizates subjected to deformations not exceeding about 25%; and generally the dynamic properties are measured after several cycles or (in a transient experiment such as resilience) after several preconditioning transients, so that the Mullins effect or difference between first and second strain cycles is not of consequence. Thus, dynamic properties represent the viscoelastic properties of vulcanizates at deformations below about 25%, after reaching a pseudo-equilibrium state. The dynamic properties of rubber are altered tremendously by the addition of a filler. The scope of this article is restricted to the dynamic properties of rubber vulcanizates with carbon black as a filler. The effect covered in this article are important in designing rubber comp...
Testcross selection theory

The purpose of this paper is to extend the theoretical basis for testcross selection theory from models assuming two alleles per locus to a model which is general for number and frequency of alleles. The expectations of genetic variances expressed among and within testcross families is presented for both inbred and population testers. Predicted change due to selection in testcross, non-inbred and selfed population performance with testcross selection are derived. Expected changes in testcross heterosis and inbreeding depression in the population are also derived. Approximate confidence intervals for predicted selection response are developed and appropriate sets of progeny to evaluate in order to estimate parameters of interest are identified.