cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winning their place in the city: Squatters in Southeast Asian cities

Abstract Variations in squatter mobilization and the structure of political elites are shown to be related to the integration of squatters into formal housing recent history of squatter acquisition of a place in the cities of Southeast Asia. The cities analyzed are Hong Kong (China), Singapore, Jakarta (Indonesia), Bangkok (Thailand), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) and Manila (the Philippines). Squatter activity in each one is analyzed from the Post-WW II period of the 1950's and 1960's, to the contemporary situation of 2015. Each of these cases can be characterized at the beginning of the period, as having large numbers of squatters and squatter settlements, with few or no adequate housing, municipal services, etc. Each one of them dominated by economic elites in the form of conglomerates. The analysis describes the initial conditions of squatters, major shifts and events during the last fifty or so years, and the different outcomes in the struggles for place in the cities. The analysis is based upon observations, interviews and institutional materials gathered by the author in the 1960's, 1970,s and 1980's and from interviews, reports and institutional data currently available on each case. The analysis in these six case studies show that a unified political elite, little or no squatter mobilization and government control or ownership of the land, were the most important institutional factors in integrating squatters into cities. Singapore, Hong Kong and Kuala Lumpur integrated all or most squatters into the formal housing of their cities.
A transfer function approach to active damping of an induction motor drive with LC filters

The use of LC filters between inverter and motor terminals results in undesirable resonant oscillations in motor voltages and currents. Because passive damping methods employ physical resistors to suppress these oscillations, they contribute to additional losses. Lossless active damping methods with virtual resistors have been explored in the literature as a viable alternative. In a typical active damping implementation, current flow in a virtual resistor across the filter capacitor is emulated in a control loop using motor voltage feedback. Conventionally, the virtual resistance value is fixed based on empirical rules and left unchanged for all operating conditions. Choosing the resistance value is important, because high values may provide insufficient damping, whereas low values can lead to excessive damping and cause degraded dynamic response. A small-signal transfer function-based approach is developed in this paper for active damping design, based on operating conditions and dynamic tuning of the virtual resistance. With the control scheme implemented in a d-q frame, it provides the flexibility of using a differential damping approach in which the d and q axis resistance values need not be equal. Simulations and experimental results are provided for an active-damped, field-oriented-control based induction motor drive. Results confirm the effectiveness of active damping in mitigating resonance effects. This adds new degrees of freedom to the design of inverter output filters.
Temperature dependence compensation on EDFA gain profile using a phase-shifted long-period fiber grating

The temperature dependence of EDFA gain profile was compensated passively using a phase-shifted long-period fiber grating. Gain profile keeps 0.2dBpp flatness in the temperature range of 0-65°C over 25nm bandwidth with the 29.5dB gain.
Society of correctional physicians calls for caution placing mentally ill in segregation: an important band-aid.

When Carly Simon sang ‘‘Nobody does it better’’ in 1977, she may have been describing the U.S. penal system . . . at least if you believe that more is better. The United States imprisons 716 of its citizens per 100,000, more than any other nation. We surpass Cuba (510), Russia (475), and even Iran (284; Walmsley, 2013). We are ‘‘good’’ at two other things, too. We are good at imprisoning citizens who are mentally ill. As a result of what is called deinstitutionalization—I prefer to call it transinstitutionalization—jails and prisons now house more mentally ill than do our mental institutions. We are also good at confining prisoners in our ‘‘jail within the jail,’’ isolation (also called segregation, restricted housing, or solitary confinement), estimated by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to be over 67,000 citizens in 2005 (E. Ann Carson, Bureau of Justice Statistics, personal communication, December 20, 2013. This estimate is limited to state and federal prisons; it does not include citizens in segregation in jails). The convergence of these three U.S. distinctions has resulted in an epidemic of seriously mentally ill (SMI) individuals housed in isolation (28% to 50% of all those in isolation, in some states; Abramsky & Fellner, 2003), experiencing sometimes no more than 3 to 5 hours per week out of their cell, little meaningful interaction with others, little educational or social programming, and sequestered there for periods that can last from days to years. Yes. Years. There is strong evidence that placing individuals with SMI in isolation is not good for the individual’s health nor the welfare of the institution, if not also inhumane and unconstitutional
Plasma Chloride and Bicarbonate after Potassium Administration

SummaryIn nephrectomy a sudden experimental elevation of the extracellular potassium did not lower the plasma chloride as much as predicted from the Boyle-Conway concept. The chloride fell 3.17 mM while the potassium rose 6.03 mM and the correlation 0.465 between these is insignificant. The proportional fall in plasma sodium slightly exceeded that for chloride. The bicarbonate of plasma fell so rapidly initially as to suggest a special relation to the administered potassium.
Eradication of Plant Pests—Pro's and Con's

Debate regarding eradication of insect pests is not new. Congress appropriated funds early in this century for eradication of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubialis (Hubner)). The effort was made—and failed. One result has been 2 generations of major professors informing their graduate students that “Eradication is a politicians' term. They really mean control.”
Evalution of structural experimentation

A critical review is given for the development of modern experimental testing of engineering structures.Main achievements in this area are introduced along with comments on recent topics.The evolution of structural experimentation is closely related to scientific breakthroughs and major technological development.The vital importance of structural experimentation is recognized within the framework of physics for defining the nonlinear characteristics of structures under various complicated loading and environmental conditions.Progresses,problems and future challenges related to structural experimentation are discussed.The authors emphasize that methodology of structural experimentation should follow the approach of first-principle.
Reinhardt on reform. Interview by Donna Vavala.

Almost since the federal government took its giant step into health care delivery and financing in 1965 with Medicare and Medicaid, the emphasis in Washington has been on reducing the costs of health care. Almost all federal health law subsequent to those two programs has been aimed at cost control, even when the titles of the bills promised a more noble purpose. The most notable exception is the law establishing end-stage renal disease coverage, but it has become a prime exacerbator of rising costs. Not even the designers of the federal programs envisioned how quickly health care costs would rise and how substantial the increases would be. The federal tab in 1993 was $280.6 billion. In 1960, it was $3 billion and in 1970 it was $17.8 billion. And overall health care costs have followed a similar curve, growing from 5.3 percent of the U.S. GDP in 1960 and 7.4 percent in 1970 to 13.8 percent in 1993. The end is not in sight. Economists are predicting growth to 18 percent of GDP by the next century. Uwe E. Reinhardt, PhD, James Madison Professor of Political Economics in the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University, does not believe that the "bite" will become that large, but he does expect increases to continue into the near future. In the interview recorded in this article, Professor Reinhardt assesses both the current and his predicted financial scenario for the health care field.
A Minimax Framework for Gender Classification Based on Small-Sized Datasets

Gender recognition is a topic of high interest especially in the growing field of audience measurement techniques for digital signage applications. Usually, supervised approaches are employed and they require a preliminary training phase performed on large datasets of annotated facial images that are expensive e.g. MORPH and, anyhow, they cannot be updated to keep track of the continuous mutation of persons' appearance due to changes of fashions and styles e.g. hairstyles or makeup. The use of small-sized and then updatable in a easier way datasets is thus high desirable but, unfortunately, when few examples are used for training, the gender recognition performances dramatically decrease since the state-of-art classifiers are unable to handle, in a reliable way, the inherent data uncertainty by explicitly modeling encountered distortions. To face this drawback, in this work an innovative classification scheme for gender recognition has been introduced: its core is the Minimax approach, i.e. a smart classification framework that, including a number of existing regularized regression models, allows a robust classification even when few examples are used for training. This has been experimentally proved by comparing the proposed classification scheme with state of the art classifiers SVM, kNN and Random Forests under various pre-processing methods.
Propagation and Inversion in Complex Ocean Environments

Topics in propagation and inversion are discussed. The multivalued Bartlett processor is useful for surgically extracting signals from noisy data. The split-step Pade solution and the poro-elastic parabolic equation are forward models that are useful tools for solving inverse problems. The covariance matrix of the gradient of a cost function contains a great deal of useful information about a parameter landscape.
Editorial comment: Mental stress, pain perception and risk of silent ischemia

testing has been frequently utilized to evaluate the effects of mental stress induced in the laboratory on hemodynamic variables and the risk of developing myocardial ischemia. The results of these studies had revealed that commonly used psychologic stressors, such as mental arithmetic, color stroop test and the task of public speaking (about unpleasant life experiences), frequently result in development of regional wall motion abnormalities, which are thought to occur secondary to myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. It is of interest to note that most patients do not experience chest pain in association with the wall motion abnormalities induced during periods of mental stress. The precise mechanism responsible for lack of symptoms in association with ischemic episodes induced by mental stress in the laboratory, or silent ischemia encountered during daily life, has not been fully elucidated. It has been postulated that alteration in pain threshold might account for the silent nature of ischemic episodes during daily life and during periods of mental stress. However, there has been little evidence to support this hypothesis. The report by Sheps et al. (1) in this issue of the Journal provides valuable information in this area by demonstrating the significance of alterations in pain threshold as well as exploring the role of the opioid system in pain perception in patients with coronary artery disease. The present study. In their study, Sheps et al. (1) have evaluated the effects of psychological stress produced by public speaking on pain threshold and plasma beta-endorphin levels in patients with established diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Pain threshold was measured using a thermal probe technique previously validated by the investigators. Most patients (80%) had a history of stable angina pectoris; 60% had
Abstract 1839: Analysis of cell cycle-related gene expressions in MDM2-transfected LNCaP-MST cells after inhibition of HSP90

MDM2 gene is a cellular proto-oncogene amplified in 25-40% of all human cancers and regulates cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis through targeting p53. It is widely speculated that MDM2 protein is not only responsible for tumorigenesis via p53 inactivation, but also for increasing the metastatic ability of originally non-metastatic tumor cells. HSP90 is a molecular chaperone that regulates the maturation, activation and stability of critical signaling proteins that drive the development and progression of prostate cancer. 17-Allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is an inhibitor of HSP90, which causes proteasomal degradation of client proteins such as AR, HER2, Akt etc., leading to cell cycle arrest and substantial growth inhibition. HSP90 is also believed to be involved in the stabilization of MDM2 and therefore, inhibition of HSP90 is expected to accelerate degradation of MDM2 and disrupt its function. Hence, our study was designed to determine the expression profile of the genes in the cell cycle pathway following treatment of MDM2 overexpressing LNCaP-MST prostate cancer cells with 17-AAG (10 μM at 24 hrs). In the present study, Human cell cycle PCR array was used to examine the alterations in gene expression pattern following exposure to the 17-AAG in MDM2 overexpressed prostate cancer cells. In our experiments we observed that the genes impacted by MDM2 overexpression were reversed by HSP90 inhibition. The expression of genes such as CDC25A, CDC25C, AURKB and Survivin levels were significantly down-regulated after 17-AAG treatment, while p21 and GADD45A were up-regulated compared to the control LNCaP-MST. A heat map and scatterplot analysis clearly confirmed the alterations in the expression levels of these genes following 17-AAG treatment. It is expected that more thorough understanding of the consequences of HSP90 blockade, particularly those that are independent of its role as a regulator of p53, will reveal its therapeutic significance. Our results offer convincing evidence to suggest that the inhibition of HSP90 can induce cell cycle arrest in LNCaP-MST cells. (The financial support from the Royal Dames of Cancer Research Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, Florida is gratefully acknowledged). Citation Format: Thiagarajan Venkatesan, Ali Alaseem, Khalid Alhazzani, Priya Dondapati, Saad Alobid, Appu Rathinavelu. Analysis of cell cycle-related gene expressions in MDM2-transfected LNCaP-MST cells after inhibition of HSP90. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1839.
Molecular linkage studies of bipolar disorder

Linkage studies have defined at least five bipolar (BP) disorder susceptibility loci that meet suggested guidelines for initial identification and subsequent confirmation. These loci, found on 18p11, 18q22, 21q21, 4p16, and Xq26, are targets for BP candidate gene investigations. Molecular dissection of expressed sequences for these regions is likely to yield specific BP susceptibility alleles in most cases, in all probability, these BP susceptibility alleles will be common in the general population, and, individually, will be neither necessary nor sufficient for manifestation syndrome. Additive or multiplicative oligogenic models involving several susceptibility loci appear most reasonable at present, it is hoped thai these BP susceptibility genes will increase understanding of many mysteries surrounding these disorders, including drug response, cycling patterns, age-of-onset, and modes of transmission.
Living in a Crisis-Prone World

Without exception, crises cause the collapse of the major operating assumptions that we use to give meaning and order to our world. In one fell swoop, they destroy our entire belief systems, leaving us adrift in a disorderly and meaningless world. Nonetheless, the collapse of assumptions is the least appreciated and least understood aspects of crises. In each chapter and the book as a whole, we analyze a diverse array of major crises to show systematically what the prevailing assumptions were that the crises destroyed. We also show how the assumptions were a major factor that led to the initial crises themselves. To help us prepare better for future crises, we show what is common to the assumptions.
Composing Protocols with Randomized Actions

Recently, several composition results have been established, showing that two cryptographic protocols proven secure against a Dolev-Yao attacker continue to afford the same security guarantees when composed together, provided the protocol messages are tagged with the information of which protocol they belong to. The key technical tool used to establish this guarantee is a separation result which shows that any attack on the composition can be mapped to an attack on one of the composed protocols running in isolation. We consider the composition of protocols which, in addition to using cryptographic primitives, also employ randomization within the protocol to achieve their goals. We show that if the protocols never reveal a secret with a probability greater than a given threshold, then neither does their composition, given that protocol messages are tagged with the information of which protocol they belong to.
The Age of Cryptocurrency

![Figure][1] Given the narrow lens through which the online payment system known as Bitcoin is typically presented, casual observers could be forgiven for mistaking it for a white, libertarian cult revolving around the idol Satoshi Nakamoto. Much of the media coverage of the digital currency
Optimizing the Next Generation Collision Avoidance System for Safe, Suitable, and Acceptable Operational Performance

The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is mandated worldwide on large commercial aircraft and has been shown to substantially reduce the risk of mid-air collision. However, the log...
Beyond Adsorption: The Effect of Sulfur Doping on Emerging Applications of Nanoporous Carbons

Recently we have directed our attention to new applications of вЂњoldвЂќ materials, nanoporous carbons, as photocatalysts for oxidation of dibenzothiophenes, as water splitting catalysts, as gas sensors and as photosensitizers. Our inspiration was in graphene science. We found that both surface chemistry and porosity are crucial factors determining the specific performance. Since the effects are synergistic, it is not possible to totally separate the influence of these two factors. In terms of photoactivity and photosensitivity, surface chemistry was found as having the predominant effect on the catalytic performance. Sulfur containing groups were indicated as playing a major role in these processes. Of course physical adsorption was necessary to take place on the surface before further reactions promoted by absorption of photons occurred. Since some level of conductivity of the carbon matrix is important for an electron transfer, formation of radicals, and active oxygen species, the presence of sp 2 graphitic dots of 10 nm in size in the carbon matrix enhanced the photoactive performance. In the case of gas sensing where the reversibility of the signal is important, physical adsorption was a predominant factor. Here the specific polar or electrostatic interactions enhance the sensitivity and affect markedly the selectivity. A minireview of our recent work on these two emerging topics, photoactivity of carbon and their sensing application, is presented in this paper. The emphasis is on the importance of both, specific surface chemistry and developed porosity. The latter is a unique factor, which differentiates the performance of porous carbons from that of nanoforms of carbons such as graphene or carbon nanotubes. В Keywords: nanoporous carbon, photoactivity, catalytic oxidations, water splitting, gas sensing, surface chemistry, porosity, photosensitivity
In vivo Production of a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Utilizing Tobacco Budworm and a Multicellular Larval Rearing Container

The effects of viral inoculum and incubation period on virus yield in a method of in vivo production of the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) were examined utilizing Heliothis virescens larvae reared in multicellular containers. Trays of diet were surface contaminated with virus levels ranging from 54 to 2708 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per mm2 of diet at 7 days after egg infestation. The virus was harvested either at 6 or 7 days after treatment. Within the ranges of this study, the greatest quantity virus was obtained when the diet was inoculated with the 54 PIB level, and the virus was harvested at 7 days. This combination resulted in an average production of 2919 × 109 PIB per tray, with 5.7 × 109 PIB per larvae and 523 collectable larvae per tray. It also represented an increase in polyhedra of 2.43 × 105× compared to the inoculum. The costs of the production were estimated based on prevailing wages and current costs of materials.
Improving Sleep for Hospitalized Antepartum Patients: A Non-Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

Study Objectives:To evaluate feasibility and efficacy of a hospital-based protocol for improving sleep in high- risk antepartum patients.Methods:Sleep measures were compared during 1 week of hospit...
Voltaire, priestcraft and imposture: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

This article analyses Voltaire’s discussions of Christianity, Judaism and Islam as religions of “priestcraft” and “imposture.” Scholarship has often treated Voltaire’s attacks on these three religi...
Mechanism of pore wetting in membrane distillation with alcohol vs. surfactant

Abstract Pore wetting is a unique and important technical challenge that can lead to process failure in membrane distillation (MD) using hydrophobic membranes. While it is well known that both low-surface-tension and water miscible liquids, such as alcohols, and amphiphilic molecules, such as surfactants, are effective wetting agents, the detailed mechanisms for these agents to induce pore wetting remain unclear. In particular, the role of surface adsorption in surfactant-induced wetting remains to be elucidated. This study provides fundamental insights to understanding the mechanism of pore wetting induced by these two different wetting agents. Using a recently developed wetting monitoring technique based on single-frequency transmembrane impedance, we experimentally probe the kinetics of wetting frontier propagation. We demonstrate that ethanol-induced wetting is instantaneous whereas surfactant-induced wetting is dynamic with its kinetic rate dependent on several critical factors. We also develop a theoretical model, based on the assumption of quasi-equilibrium adsorption, to successfully explain the important features experimentally observed in surfactant-induced wetting. Specifically, it was found that the kinetics of surfactant-induced wetting strongly depends on the vapor flux and the bulk concentration of surfactants in the feed solution, but surprisingly not on the transmembrane hydraulic pressure difference. The results from our study also suggest that while the presence of surfactants promotes wetting, adsorption of surfactants onto pore surface actually deters pore wetting instead of promoting it by rendering the surface hydrophilic.
Foldamer Tertiary Structure through Sequence-Guided Protein Backbone Alteration

ConspectusThe prospect of recreating the complex structural hierarchy of protein folding in synthetic oligomers with backbones that are artificial in covalent structure (“foldamers”) has long fascinated chemists. Foldamers offer complex functions from biostable scaffolds and have found widespread applications in fields from biomedical to materials science. Most precedent has focused on isolated secondary structures or their assemblies. In considering the goal of complex protein-like tertiary folding patterns, a key barrier became apparent. How does one design a backbone with covalent connectivity and a sequence of side-chain functional groups that will support defined intramolecular packing of multiple artificial secondary structures? Two developments were key to overcoming this challenge. First was the recognition of the power of blending α-amino acid residues with monomers differing in backbone connectivity to create “heterogeneous-backbone” foldamers. Second was the finding that replacing some of the n...
Effects of position uncertainty on passive multistatic SAR resolution measures

We investigate the effects of transmitter position uncertainty on passive multistatic synthetic aperture radar image resolution measures. We define measures of the multistatic resolution ellipse (MRE) and characterize variability of the MRE as a function of transmitter position error and bistatic angles. In particular, effective multistatic resolution area (EMRA), semi-major and semi-minor axis length, linear eccentricity, eccentricity, and tilt angle measures of the ellipse are considered. Results provide statistical characterization of the MRE for stochastic emitter selection and support the use of EMRA as a multistatic performance prediction measure.
Quantification of survival gain from cardiac resynchronization therapy: nonlinear growth with time, and greater gain in low-risk patients, make raw trial data an underestimate of real-world behavior.

Objectives The goal of this study was to examine the impact of calculation-window duration on lifespan gain (as observed in trials) and on who gains most. Background The landmark trials of biventricular pacing (cardiac resynchronization therapy [CRT]) typically ran for Methods We conducted a meta-analysis of biventricular pacing trials to calculate lifespan gained: first, within the duration of randomized controlled trial data up to 2 years; second, over a 5-year typical battery life; and third, over >1 battery life. Importantly, we applied the Gompertz method for age-related increase in mortality from non–CRT-preventable causes. Results Five landmark trials (COMPANION [Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure], CARE-HF (CArdiac REsynchronization–Heart Failure), MADIT-CRT [Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy], REVERSE [Resynchronization Reverses Remodeling in Systolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction], RAFT (Resynchronization–Defibrillation for Ambulatory Heart Failure)) provided data for 2 years (6,561 patients), with an average hazard ratio of 0.71. Lifespan gained across all trials increased nonlinearly with time from 0.1 month at 1 year, to 0.5 month at 2 years, and a projected 6.5 months at 5 years (65 times more than at 1 year). After multiple devices, it reached 14 months, involving on average 1.6 devices (i.e., 8.8 months per device implanted). Moreover, while over a short window (e.g., 2 years), lower-mortality patients may gain less than higher-mortality patients (1.4 vs. 2.3 months), their positions reverse by 15 years (16.0 vs. 13.7 months). Conclusions Lifespan gain from biventricular pacing rises nonlinearly with time. Early on, higher-risk patients exhibit more gain, but later, lower-risk patients exhibit more gain. Quantifying gain over less than a patient’s lifetime underestimates lifespan gain. Over the first 1 or 2 years, lower-risk patients may seem to gain less, although they may ultimately be the ones who gain the most.
Genetic Control of Antibody Responses to Myeloma Proteins of Mice

Immunoglobulins of the mouse are polymorphic and the polymorphism is ascribable in part to allelism of the structural genes for the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions (CH genes). The existence of allotypic forms of mouse immunoglobulin has permitted the establishment of the genetic relationship between the CH genes for different classes of immunoglobulins (Potter and Lieberman, 1967a,b) and also the determination of the linkage between CH genes and the genes controlling the variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy chains (VH genes) (Blomberg et al, 1972; Sher and Cohn, 1972; Eichmann, 1972; Pawlak et al, 1973). More recently, it has become clear that the immunoglobulins constitute a set of antigens that are of particular value in the identification and linkage analysis of genes controlling immune responses (Lieberman and Humphrey, 1971, 1972; Lieberman et al, 1972). The latter genes are referred to as immune response (Ir) genes.
Molecular Evaluation of Plant Genetic Resources

A central problem of biology is the description, classification and management of organic diversity. In one form or another this theme pervades biological science from the ecosystem level down to the population level. Diversity also has a central role in the science of genetics which originated from attempts to uncover the rules that govern the transmission of phenotypic variations between generations. Every student of introductory biology learns that the Mendelian method requires alternate allelic forms of a gene for any genetic analysis. Similarly, plant and animal improvement programs are absolutely dependent on useful genetic variants to achieve their goals of greater agricultural productivity (Brown et al., 1988; Day et al., 1991).
Genetic Analysis of Chloroplast Dna in Chlamydomonas

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on genetic analysis and correlated physical studies of the chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomnas, particularly those aspects of the subject that have progressed in the past few years. Genetic analysis based on segregation and recombination has been carried out with biparental zygotes, either of spontaneous origin or UV-induced. A comparison of results from zygotes of bath types has been discussed. The chapter investigates (1) the events affecting cytoplasmic gene markers occurring in the zygote, and the distribution of cytogenes to the four meiotic products; (2) the events occurring in the first few mitotic doublings, examining each doubling independently by means of pedigree analysis; and (3) the events occurring over the range of doublings required before most of the heterozygous genes had segregated, examined in liquid cultures of zoospore clones. The chapter also presents an overall picture of the segregation and recombinational behavior of the linked set of chloroplast genes that had been investigated. Supporting data, including the results of a set of 25 multigene crosses have been included. The principal conclusions reached from the analysis of the 25 crosses listed in the chapter are: (1) Chloroplast genes of Chlamydomonas show maternal inheritance and can be identified by the transmission pattern. (2) Exceptional zygotes are of two types: biparental zygotes that transmit the chloroplast genome from both parents; and paternal zygotes, in which the maternal complement is lost. (3) Zoospores from biparental zygotes are usually, heterozygous for the entire genome, and are referred to as cytohets. The chapter discusses the frequencies of simultaneous coconversions of two or more genes that provide valuable mapping data.
Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) is overexpressed and hypomethylated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who experience adverse clinical events: A pilot study.

Background and objectives Although the burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to increase worldwide, genetic factors predicting progression to cirrhosis and decompensation in NAFLD remain poorly understood. We sought to determine whether gene expression profiling was associated with clinical decompensation and death in patients with NAFLD, and to assess whether altered DNA methylation contributes to these changes in gene expression. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 86 patients in the Duke NAFLD Clinical Database and Biorepository with biopsy-proven NAFLD whose liver tissue was previously evaluated for gene expression and DNA methylation using array based technologies. We assessed the prospective development of liver and cardiovascular disease related outcomes, including hepatic decompensation as identified by the development of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma, or variceal bleeding as well as stroke and myocardial infarction via medical chart review. Results Of the 86 patients, 47 had F0-F1 fibrosis and 39 had F3-F4 fibrosis at index liver biopsy. Gene expression probe sets (n = 54,675) were analyzed; 42 genes showed significant differential expression (p<0.05) and a two-fold change in expression between patients with and without any outcome. Two expression probes of the branched chain amino-acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) gene were upregulated (p = 0.02; fold change 2.1 and 2.2 respectively) in patients with a clinical outcome. Methylation of three of the 34 BCAT1 CpG methylation probes were significantly inversely correlated with BCAT1 expression specific to the probes predictive of clinical deterioration. Conclusion We found differential gene expression, correlated to changes in DNA methylation, at multiple BCAT1 loci in patients with cardiovascular outcomes and/or hepatic decompensation. BCAT1 catalyzes the transformation of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate and has been linked to the presence and severity of NAFLD, possibly through derangements in the balance between glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate. Given the potential for BCAT1 to identify patients at risk for poor outcomes, and the potential therapeutic implications, these results should be validated in larger prospective studies.
The Urban Mortality Transition and Poor-Country Urbanization

Today the world's fastest-growing cities lie in low-income countries, unlike the historical norm. Also unlike the "killer cities" of history, cities in low-income countries grow not just through in-migration but also through their own natural increase. First, we use novel historical data to document that many poor countries urbanized at the same time as the postwar urban mortality transition. Second, we develop a framework incorporating location choice with heterogeneity in demographics and congestion costs across locations to account for this. In the framework, people prefer to live in low-mortality locations, and the aggregate rate of population growth and the locational choice of individuals interact. Third, we calibrate this to data from a sample of poor countries, and find that informal urban areas (e.g. slums) can absorb additional population more easily than other locations. We show that between 1950 and 2005 the urban mortality transition could have doubled the urbanization rate as well as the size of informal urban areas in this sample. Of these effects, one-third could be attributed to the amenity effect of lower urban mortality rates, while the remainder is due to higher population growth disproportionately pushing people into informal urban areas. Fourth, simulations suggest that family planning programs, as well as industrialization or urban infrastructure and institutions may be effective in slowing poor-country urbanization.
Towards an integrated process model for new product development with data-driven features (NPD3)

New information and communication technologies are changing the way products are developed, manufactured, serviced and managed over the product’s lifecycle. Today’s smart products not only consist of their physical components, but are also endowed with intelligence. Data and the capabilities to process data into knowledge and eventually decisions have become critical components of the product itself and of the process to develop/operate the product. This paper investigates how engineers and a new functional role, data scientists, can effectively collaborate in a mixed team for new product development with data-driven features (NPD3). We focus on the concept development stage, typically the fuzziest phase of product development. In this paper, an integrated process model is explored by revisiting the traditional new product development (NPD) process model as well as the knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) process model. Then a case study of the development of an application-specific unmanned aircraft system (UAS) is used to examine the proposed model.
Missing Data in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database: How Does It Affect the Identification of Risk Factors for Shoulder Surgery Complications?

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to establish whether different approaches to handling missingness affect the determination of risk factors associated with 30-day postoperative major and minor complications. A secondary purpose was to determine the frequency of missingness in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) records of patients who underwent shoulder surgery. Methods We queried the American College of Surgeons NSQIP database using Current Procedural Terminology codes to identify patients who underwent shoulder surgery from 2011 to 2016 (n = 61,963). Data on major and minor postoperative complications were extracted. We also extracted data on patient characteristics, comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists classifications, and preoperative laboratory values. We calculated the percentages of missingness for each variable. Each variable was then evaluated for associations with major and minor complications by using multivariable regression and 4 methods of handling missingness (involving imputation or exclusion, depending on the completeness of the data set). For 10 variables, the method using no exclusion or imputation produced higher odds of major complications compared with imputation. For 5 variables, the method using no exclusion or imputation produced higher odds of minor complications compared with imputation. Results Only 6.5% of all patients had no missing data (n = 4,042), whereas 44% had Conclusions Different methods of handling missingness produced different odds ratios for some variables when determining risk factors for complications after shoulder surgery. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.
Estimation Combining Unbiased and Possibly Biased Estimators

Statisticians often face a dilemma, namely how to decide between choosing a parametric versus a nonparametric statistical model. Parametric statistical models can be asymptotically efficient if the model assumptions hold but biased under model misspecification. Nonparametric models, on the other hand, are often asymptotically unbiased but likely to be less efficient than parametric models if the parametric model is correctly specified. In this work, we propose a new estimator, which combines parametric and nonparametric estimators into a single estimating procedure. In contrast to previously suggested combined estimators, the new estimator ensures that it is asymptotically equivalent to the efficient parametric estimator if parametric assumptions hold. If the assumptions are violated, the combined estimator converges to the nonparametric estimator. The new combined estimator is illustrated with quantile regressions which estimate individualized prediction intervals. Through simulation studies, we explored the MSE of the proposed and competing estimators when data came from parametric distributions and, alternatively, when parametric assumptions were violated. The development of this approach was motivated by the real-data problem of predicting realistic hemoglobin A1C ranges in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. A cross-validation confirmed that the proposed estimator shows better or similar prediction properties in comparison with several competing approaches.
True Service-Oriented Metamodeling Architecture

True service-oriented metamodeling architecture provides a set of guidelines and the Service-oriented Mogramming Language (SML) for structuring and expressing of service specifications. SML is an executable language in the SORCER platform based on service abstraction (everything is a service) and three pillars of service-orientation: contextion (context awareness), multifidelity, and multityping. Contextion is related to parametric polymorphism, multifidelity to ad hoc polymorphism, and multityping is a form of net-centric type polymorphism. SML allows for defining complex polymorphic services that can express, reconfigure, and morph service-oriented processes at runtime. In this paper the metaprocess modeling architecture applicable to service-orientation is presented with five types of service-oriented processes. Its runtime environment is introduced with the focus on actualization of emergent service processes expressed in SML with the corresponding Service Virtual Machine (SVM).
Grammar as an emergent response to interactional needs: A study of final kuntey ‘but’ in Korean conversation

Abstract This paper illustrates the interactional uses of the Korean contrastive connective kuntey ‘but’ in a previously unexamined position – sentence-final position – and suggests that this final kuntey is on a grammaticalization pathway to a sentence-final particle. While the target ‘final kuntey’ exhibits similar functions to those of turn-initial kuntey described in prior research, occurring in such contexts as dispreferred responses, topic resumption, and sequence closings, the primary context in which final kuntey is found involves the speaker rejecting the course of action proposed by the prior speaker and shifting the prior talk's frame to a slightly revised one. Such actions are ‘disaffiliative’ and are commonly managed as delicate social actions in interaction. We argue that the final position that kuntey occupies in a turn is a resource with which speakers delay their disaffiliative stance and use as a face-saving strategy. We further argue that final kuntey may be a case of grammaticalization from a discourse connective to a sentence-final particle. Being attached to sentence-ending suffixes, final kuntey becomes a prosodic appendage of the preceding element and forms a single intonation unit. The development of final kuntey indicates that the emergence of new grammatical constructions interacts with prosody and social actions.
Follow the Maid: Domestic Worker Migration in and from Indonesia

Review of the book Follow the Maid: Domestic Worker Migration in and from Indonesia, by Olivia Killias.
Additive manufacturing of ZrB2–ZrSi2 ultra-high temperature ceramic composites using an electron beam melting process

Abstract Owing to their high melting points and ability to resist extreme thermal stresses, ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are important materials for critical applications such as hypersonic flights, space re-entry vehicles, and rocket engines. Traditional manufacturing processes restrict the freedom to manufacture UHTCs with complex geometries due to the limitations of die and mold designs. Electron beam melting (EBM) is an established powder-bed layer-by-layer additive manufacturing (AM) process for metal parts. In this research, an effort was made to evaluate the feasibility of EBM for the AM fabrication of UHTC-based materials, and to investigate the microstructures of the fabricated materials under different processing conditions. A mathematical model was developed to simulate and optimize the processing parameters for the fabrication of ZrB2-30 vol% ZrSi2 UHTC using EBM. The simulation results were compared with experimental observations. For EBM fabrication of ZrB2-30 vol% ZrSi2 composites, the optimal processing parameters are beam power of 500 W with scanning speeds of 500, 750, and 1000 mm/s, and beam power of 1000 W with scanning speed of 1000 mm/s. This study demonstrates the potential for additive manufacturing of UHTCs with complex geometries by the EBM technique.
Sex Differences in Young Adults Who Experience Myocardial Infarction

The purpose of this review is to highlight sex differences in presentation, underlying mechanisms, treatment, and outcomes in young adults with myocardial infarction (MI). In addition to traditional plaque rupture and plaque erosion, MI in young women can be caused by spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), MI with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), and type 2 MI. MINOCA is more common in young women compared with young men, has a different epidemiology, and is associated with non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, pregnancy-associated conditions (specifically pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth) and premature menopause are increasingly associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in young women and should be incorporated into risk assessments. Young women, when compared with young men, are more likely to have delays in the recognition and treatment of acute coronary syndrome, and are less likely to undergo timely coronary angiography and reperfusion. Additionally, rates of the use of guideline-directed medical therapy post-MI are lower for young women when compared with young men. Mechanisms of MI in young women include plaque rupture and erosion, as well as SCAD. Improving prompt recognition of acute coronary syndrome in women and closing the gap between women and men in peri- and post-MI care are key to improve outcomes in young women.
How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention

In his groundbreaking new book Daniel Everett seeks answers to questions that have perplexed thinkers from Plato to Chomsky: when and how did language begin? What is it? And what is it for? Daniel Everett confounds the conventional wisdom that language originated with Homo sapiens 150,000 years ago and that we have a 'language instinct'. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of fields, including linguistics, archaeology, biology, anthropology and neuroscience, he shows that our ancient ancestors, Homo erectus, had the biological and mental equipment for speech one and half million years ago, and that their cultural and technological achievements (including building ocean-going boats) make it overwhelmingly likely they spoke some kind of language. How Language Began sheds new light on language and culture and what it means to be human and, as always, Daniel Everett spices his account with incident and anecdote. His book is convincing, arresting and entertaining.
Understanding relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, binge-eating symptoms, and obesity-related quality of life: the role of experiential avoidance

Obesity, binge-eating symptoms, and PTSD symptoms commonly co-occur. Avoidance, a key feature of PTSD and proposed mechanism of binge-eating, is one potential mechanism for explaining this clinical...