cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protecting the residency training environment: a resident's perspective on the ethical boundaries in the faculty-resident relationship.

Objective: This article explores ethical complexities that underlie resident-faculty relationships. The faculty-resident relationship is as complex as that between a therapist and his or her patient, but it has been far less well studied. Methods: From data obtained from psychiatry residents and faculty members regarding their experiences in this relationship, the authors present five vignettes that illustrate unethicalconduct in the faculty-resident relationship. Results: Ethical lapses described in this article are problematic for two reasons: first, personal and professional harm may come to individual residents who find themselves interacting with an errant faculty member; and second, ethical lapses have the potential to damage the overall training environment itself. Once the terms of the faculty-resident relationship are discussed and accepted by all participants, unintentional or inadvertent ethical problems will be prevented, and residents will be in a position to identify faculty behaviors that do not conform to these agreedupon expectations.
Training Issues in Psychotherapy Integration: A Commentary

This article is a commentary on A. J. Consoli and C. M. Jester’s (2005) andJ. Gold’s (2005) eloquent and stimulating reﬂections on training in psycho-therapy integration. Three issues are addressed: (a) the timing of an integra-tive perspective in training, (b) the potential merits of “hero worshiping” atan early phase of training, and (c) some misconceptions about training in“pure-form” psychotherapy.
Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction: review, classification, and suggestions for treatment.

Sexual function, an important component of quality of life, is often affected by antidepressant treatment. Reports associate antidepressant medications with a wide range of sexual disorders of desi...
Foot Problems in Homeless Persons

Homelessness is increasing. Factors contributing to health problems in homeless persons include lifestyle, exposure to the elements, contaminated environments, malnutrition, a high prevalence of su...
Some Expressions of "Interest": A Review Essay

INTEREST groups lead a most ambivalent existence in the annals of American politics. They are, at the same time, the pluralistic bedrock of a diverse society and the "special interests" that seek unfair and sometimes corrupt advantage. Political scientists have alternately embraced and ignored interest groups in their explanations of American politics and policy. To the extent they have focused their attention on groups and interests, scholars have often been long on theory and short on data a dangerous combination. For example, the equilibrium-oriented pluralist world of David Truman (1971 edition) and Robert Dahl (1961) was dealt a series of blows in the 1960s. Reality intervened most harshly in the form of broad-based social movements and violent confrontations. Concurrently, if more conventionally, economist Mancur Olson (1968) demonstrated that joining interest groups may not be the "natural" act that most group theorists had posited. Finally, Theodore Lowi (1979) argued persuasively that any equilibrium among interests reflected the immobilism of a societal politics based on mutual adjustment, the appearance of representation, and the absence of law. Little serious research or writing on interest groups took place during the 1970s, and even textbook overviews were lacking. In the same period, however, interest groups were changing in ways that have profoundly affected the nature of American politics: interests organized in growing numbers; they adopted a host of new, sophisticated tactics, especially in communications; and they increased their visibility as high-stakes participants in campaign finance, through the rapid evolution of political action committees (PACs). In addition, various public interest groups sprouted in the 1970s, and many of them, like Common Cause and Friends of the Earth, have reached maturity as ongoing and important political forces. By the mid-1980s politial scientists have begun to catch up with events. Authors Jeffery Berry, Andrew McFarland, and Graham Wootton, in their own ways, explore the changes of the 1970s and their implications for contemporary interest group politics. And regardless of the considerable vir-
Experimental application of on-line parametric identification for nonlinear hysteretic systems with model uncertainty

Abstract This study presents a methodology for the on-line identification of nonlinear hysteretic systems where not only the parameters of the system are unknown but also the nature of the analytical model describing the system is not clearly established. To this end a Bayesian approach using the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) method has been applied in order to investigate the effects of model complexity and parametrization. The latter can be especially challenging in the case of realistic applications involving limited information availability. The state space formulation incorporates a Bouc–Wen type hysteretic model properly modified with additional polynomial or exponential-type nonlinear terms that are properly weighted throughout the identification procedure. The parameters associated with the candidate models might be subjected to constraints that can affect the stability of the estimation process when violated. An adaptive gain technique is introduced in order to tackle the problem of parameter boundaries. In addition, a twofold criterion based on the smoothness of the parameter prediction and the accuracy of the estimation is introduced in order to investigate the required model complexity as well as to potentially rule out ineffective terms during the identification procedure (on-line). Previous work, Smyth et al. (1999) [1] , has dealt with the adaptive on-line identification of nonlinear hysteretic systems using a least-squares based algorithm. The current work explores the case of more severe nonlinearities that call for the expansion of the hysteretic models commonly used in literature. The method is validated through the identification of the highly nonlinear hysteretic behavior produced by the experimental setup described in Tasbihgoo et al. (2007) [2] involving displacement and strain (restoring force) sensor readings.
Monomer/dimer transition of the caspase-recruitment domain of human Nod1.

Nod1 is an essential cytoplasmic sensor for bacterial peptidoglycans in the innate immune system. The caspase-recruitment domain of Nod1 (Nod1_CARD) is indispensable for recruiting a downstream kinase, receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2), that activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The crystal structure of human Nod1_CARD at 1.9 A resolution reveals a novel homodimeric conformation. Our structural and biochemical analysis shows that the homodimerization of Nod1_CARD is achieved by swapping the H6 helices at the carboxy termini and stabilized by forming an interchain disulfide bond between the Cys39 residues of the two monomers in solution and in the crystal. In addition, we present experimental evidence for a pH-sensitive conformational change of Nod1_CARD. Our results suggest that the pH-sensitive monomer/dimer transition is a unique molecular property of Nod1_CARD.
Genomic analyses of bacterial respiratory and cytochrome c assembly systems: Bordetella as a model for the System II cytochrome c biogenesis pathway

An analysis of thirty-three genomes of selected bacteria for the presence of specific respiratory pathways and cytochrome c biogenesis systems has led to observations on respiration and biogenesis. A table summarizing these results is presented. The data suggested that Bordetella pertussis would be an excellent genetic model to study the System II cytochrome c biogenesis pathway. These observations are discussed and the results of genetic studies on System II biogenesis in B. pertussis are presented as a case for the power of comparative genomics. System II is present in organisms as diverse as Helicobacter, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, mycobacteria, cyanobacteria, and plants (chloroplasts), indicating this pathway's prominence and that horizontal transfer of system II (and/or System I) must have occurred on multiple occasions.
Trauma education in a state of emergency: a curriculum-based analysis

Abstract Background Trauma is the leading cause of death from ages 1–44-y in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death overall, but there are few studies quantifying trauma education in medical school. This study reviews curriculum hours devoted to trauma education at a northeastern medical school. Materials and methods We reviewed the preclinical curriculum at a northeastern medical school affiliated with three adult and two pediatric level I trauma centers verified by the American College of Surgeons. We reviewed curricular hours and we categorized them according to the leading ten causes of death in the United States. We also compared the number of educational hours devoted to trauma to other leading causes of death. Results The total amount of time devoted to trauma education in the first 2 y of medical school was 6.5 h. No lectures were given on the fundamentals of trauma management, traumatic brain injury, or chest or abdominal trauma. The most covered topic was heart disease (128 h), followed by chronic lower respiratory disease (80 h). Curricular time for heart disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, renal disease, and influenza and pneumonia far exceeded that devoted to trauma, after adjusting for the mortality burden of these diseases (P Conclusions Our study demonstrates that trauma education at a northeastern medical school is nearly absent. With the large burden of trauma and rise in mass casualty incidence, the preclinical curriculum might not be sufficient to expose students to the fundamentals of trauma management. A broader multi-institutional study may shed more insight on these curricular deficiencies in trauma education and detect if these deficiencies are widespread nationally.
Effect of food on blood hydralazine levels and response in hypertension

A study with a nonspecific hydralazine assay reported that food increased hydralazine concentrations in plasma. We used a specific HPLC hydralazine assay to determine the effect of food on hydralazine blood levels and hemodynamic responses after oral hydralazine. Six subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension were given 1 mg/kg hydralazine solution orally on two occasions at least 3 days apart. On 1 study day subjects fasted and on the other they were given a standard meal 45 min before hydralazine. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored for 2 hr before and for 4 hr after hydralazine and frequent venous blood samples were drawn for hydralazine assay. Hepatic blood flow was estimated by determination of indocyanine green clearance before food, after food, and 30 min after hydralazine. Peak blood hydralazine concentrations fell in all (46.2% +/- 11.5%; means +/- SE) and areas under the blood hydralazine concentration/time curves fell (45.7% +/- 9.5%) after food. This could not be explained by changes in liver blood flow. Food-related reductions in blood levels of hydralazine were associated with reduced vasodepressor effects (41.5% +/- 5.6%). It is possible that food increases intravascular conversion of hydralazine to hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone. The reduction in vasodepressor response suggests that patients with hypertension should take hydralazine at a fixed time in relation to meals.
The Incidence, Prevalence, and Severity of Sarcoidosis in New York City Firefighters

Objective The etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown, but epidemiology suggests that environmental agents are a factor. Because firefighters are exposed to numerous toxins, we questioned whether sarcoidosis was increased in this cohort. Setting The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), employing > 11,000 firefighters and nearly 3,000 emergency medical services (EMS) health-care workers (HCWs). Design In 1985, FDNY initiated a surveillance program to determine the incidence, prevalence, and severity of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis in firefighters. In 1995, EMS HCWs were added as control subjects. Results Between 1985 and 1998, 4 prior cases and 21 new cases of sarcoidosis were found in FDNY firefighters. Annual incidence proportions ranged from 0 to 43.6/100,000, and averaged 12.9/100,000. On July 1, 1998, the point prevalence was 222/100,000. For EMS HCWs, annual incidence proportions were zero. Radiographic stage 0 or stage 1 sarcoidosis was found in 19 firefighters (76%), and stage 3 was found in 1 firefighter (4%). Pulmonary function (FVC, FEV 1 , and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide) was normal in 17 firefighters (68%), and reduced to ≤ 65% predicted in 2 firefighters (8%). Maximum oxygen consumption (M o 2 ) was normal in 10 of 17 firefighters (59%), and reduced to 65% predicted in 3 firefighters (12%). Five of seven firefighters (71%) with abnormal M o 2 had gas exchange abnormalities, and none had O 2 desaturation. All returned to fire fighting. Conclusions Annual incidence proportions and point prevalence were increased in FDNY firefighters as compared to EMS HCWs and historical controls. Radiographs and physiologic measurements demonstrated only minimal impairment.
Spinning crystals leads to significant enhancement in 13C spectral resolution in MAS experiments on organic compounds: a new aid in studying phase transitions.

While Andrew [E.R. Andrew, Arch. Sci. (Geneva), 12 (1959) 103; E.R. Andrew, A. Bradbury and R.G. Eades, Nature, 183 (1959) 1802] utilized single crystals in his pioneering magic angle spinning (MAS) experiments, current studies use powders. Our recent MAS measurements on some organic compounds show that single crystals yield significantly narrower peaks than powders, especially for the 13C atoms that are not protonated. In our 13C CP (cross polarization)/MAS measurements on squaric acid (H2C4O4), for example, single crystals yielded a four-fold reduction in line widths as compared to its powder. This additional gain in resolution enabled us to differentiate between the order-disorder versus displasive contributions to the mechanism of the paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition of squaric acid at 373 K, which had not been possible with other techniques. Moreover, this gain in resolution appears to increase in proportion to the applied Zeeman field, while retaining the benefit of higher dispersion.
The Association Between Acceptance and Mental Health While Living With HIV

Individuals who are HIV-positive may experience various types of stressors. Research shows that negative appraisals and avoidance coping in response to stress are associated with less adaptive functioning. As an alternative, acceptance may be related to better well-being. Several investigators have shown that acceptance is associated with healthier outcomes for various medical populations. However, acceptance has not been empirically examined within HIV-positive individuals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationships among acceptance, avoidance coping, and multiple aspects of psychological functioning in military veterans receiving HIV-related care at a veterans affairs (VA) healthcare system. Seventy-six military veterans who were HIV-positive and receiving care at a local VA healthcare system completed a battery of questionnaires assessing the variables of interest. Results indicated that acceptance was related to better mental health variables. To continue this line of research, fut...
Enhancing the discovery of rare disease variants through hierarchical modeling

Advances in next-generation sequencing technology are enabling researchers to capture a comprehensive picture of genomic variation across large numbers of individuals with unprecedented levels of efficiency. The main analytic challenge in disease mapping is how to mine the data for rare causal variants among a sea of neutral variation. To achieve this goal, investigators have proposed a number of methods that exploit biological knowledge. In this paper, I propose applying a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection algorithm in this context. My multivariate method is inspired by the combined multivariate and collapsing method. In this proposed method, however, I allow an arbitrary number of different sources of biological knowledge to inform the model as prior distributions in a two-level hierarchical model. This allows rare variants with similar prior distributions to share evidence of association. Using the 1000 Genomes Project single-nucleotide polymorphism data provided by Genetic Analysis Workshop 17, I show that through biologically informative prior distributions, some power can be gained over noninformative prior distributions.
Managerial Challenges and Strategic Solutions to Implementing Organizational Change in Substance Abuse Treatment for Latinos

This study describes managers’ challenges and strategies to enhance standards of care in programs serving primarily low-income Latinos. Findings suggest that making organizational changes is moderate to difficult. Important barriers as well as strategic solutions to enact positive change are highlighted. Implications for building capacity in community-based programs are discussed.
A new graceful labeling for pendant graphs

A graceful labeling of a graph G with q edges is an injective assignment of labels from {0, 1, . . . , q} to the vertices of G so that when each edge is assigned the absolute value of the difference of the vertex labels it connects, the resulting edge labels are distinct. A labeling of the first kind for coronas \({C_n \odot K_1}\) occurs when vertex labels 0 and q = 2n are assigned to adjacent vertices of the n-gon. A labeling of the second kind occurs when q = 2n is assigned to a pendant vertex. Previous research has shown that all coronas \({C_n \odot K_1}\) have a graceful labeling of the second kind. In this paper we show that all coronas \({C_n \odot K_1}\) with \({n \equiv 3, 4\, {\rm (mod\, 8)}}\) also have a graceful labeling of the first kind.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cottonseed with co‐solvents

Extraction of cottonseed lipids with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was conducted with and without a cosolvent, ethanol or 2-propanol (IPA). At 7000 psi and 80°C, the reduced pressure, temperature and density of SC-CO2 was at 6.5, 1.17 and 1.85, respectively; the specific gravity was 0.87. Under these conditions, CO2 is denser than most liquid extraction agents such as hexane, ethanol and IPA. The extraction of cottonseed with SC-CO2 gave a yield of more than 30% (moisture-free basis). This is comparable to yields obtained by the more commonly used solvent, hexane. The crude cottonseed oil extracted by SC-CO2 was visually lighter than refined cottonseed oil. This was substantiated by colorimetric measurements. No gossypol was detected in the crude oil. However, crude oil extracted by SC-CO2, to which less than 5% of ethanol or IPA as co-solvent was added, containedca. 200 ppm of gossypol, resulting in the typical dark color of cottonseed crude oil with gossypol. CO2 extracted a small amount of cottonseed phosphatides, about one-third of that extracted by pure ethanol, IPA or hexane. A second extraction with 100% ethanol or IPA after the initial SC-CO2 extraction produced a water-soluble lipid fraction that contained a significant amount of gossypol, ranging between 1500 and 5000 ppm. Because pure gossypol is practically insoluble in water, this fraction is believed to be made up of gossypol complexed with polysaccharides and phosphatides.
Lipopolysaccharide regulates constitutive and inducible transcription factor activities differentially in vivo in the rat.

Abstract The pathophysiology of septic shock is characterized by the induction of multiple proinflammatory genes and their products. Transcription factors play key roles in the transcription of these genes. Transcription factors may play important roles in the pathophysiology of septic shock. However, little information is available regarding the in vivo transcription factor activities during sepsis. We have studied the in vivo effects of LPS on the DNA binding activities of transcription factors Sp1 (promoter selective transcription factor), AP-2 (activating protein-2), AP-1 (activating protein-1), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), and CREB (cAMP response element binding protein). We found that LPS up-regulated the DNA binding activity of inducible transcription factors AP-1, NF-κB, and CREB in a time-dependent manner, but down-regulated the DNA binding activity of constitutive transcription factors Sp1 and AP-2. Thus, LPS regulates the inducible and constitutive transcription factors differentially under in vivo conditions.
Improving potato protein I. Evaluation of selection techniques

Nitrogen, amino acids and protein analyses were compared for determination of tuber protein. Micro-Kjeldahl nitrogen provided a poor estimate of both protein and amino acids (r = 0.55 and 0.45 respectively). Potato protein contains about 13.5% nitrogen, making 7.5 an appropriate conversion factor. Autoanalyzer determinations of amino acids were correlated with protein analyzed by a modified Potty technique (r = .82). Amounts of six specific protein-bound amino acids were also correlated. with protein. Free amino acids accounted for about 10% of the total and non-essential amino acids constituted over 90% of this free pool. Only 23% of total nitrogen was accounted for in the free pool. Protein content and tuber size were not correlatel. Protein content was similar in the cortical, medullary and pith region. Loss in tuber protein during six months of storage at about 3 C (38-40 F) was 3%.
Estimation of Turn Location Parameters for Cable Settings

Managers of cable yarding systems, confronted with inherently high owning and operating costs in a very competitive economic environment, need timely, inexpensive and accurate estimates of yarding production. Yarding time, and thereby production, depend on the location of the turn relative to the landing to which it must be transported. Among the important location attributes of a turn are distance and slope to the landing. For all of the turns on a setting the frequency distributions of these attributes are described by turn location parameters. Among the turn location parameters (TLPs) used by forest engineers are average yarding distance and average yarding slope. The assumptions under which a relatively new class of TLP estimators has been developed are discussed in this paper. Recognition of these assumptions and full appreciation of the limitations thereby imposed on the use of the estimators are essential to judicious application of the methodology. Formulas and procedures are given for calculation of numerical estimates and, in order to clarify and illustrate their use, an example is given.
Impacts of fire and fire surrogate treatments on ecosystem nitrogen storage patterns: similarities and differences between forests of eastern and western North America

The Fire and Fire Surrogates (FFS) network is composed of 12 forest sites that span the continental United States, all of which historically had frequent low-severity fire. The goal of the FFS study was to assess the efficacy of three management treatments (prescribed fire, mechanical thinning, and their combination) in reducing wildfire hazard and increasing ecosystem sustainability. This paper describes the impact of the FFS treatments on nitrogen (N) storage and dis- tribution. At the network scale, total ecosystem N averaged 4480 kgha -1 , with *9% in vegetation, *9% in forest floor, *2% in deadwood, and *80% in soil. The loss of vegetation N to fire averaged (±SE) 25 ± 11 kgha -1 , whereas the me- chanical and combined mechanical and fire treatments resulted in N losses of 133 ± 21 and 145 ± 19 kgha -1 , respectively. Western coniferous forests lost more N from each treatment than did eastern forests. None of the manipulative FFS treat- ments impacted >10%-15% of total N of these ecosystems. Management strategies that maximize ecosystem carbon (C) gain by minimizing loss of N should be a focus in western forests, where C and N cycling are tightly linked, but perhaps not in those eastern forests where atmospheric N deposition has decoupled C and N cycles. Resume´ : Le reseau national sur l'utilisation du feu et d'un substitut du feu comprend 12 stations forestieres qui couvrent le continent americain. Toutes ces stations ont subi dans le passede frequents incendies de faible intensite ´. Le but du re ´- seau etait d'evaluer l'efficacitede trois traitements d'amenagement (brulage dirige ´ ,eclaircie mecanique et leur combinai- son) pour reduire les risques d'incendie et augmenter la durabilitedes ecosystemes. Cet article decrit l'impact des traitements appliques dans le reseau sur la distribution et le stockage de N. Al'echelle du reseau, N total dans les ecosys- temes atteignait en moyenne 4480 kgha -1 , dont *9 % se retrouvaient dans la vegetation, *9 % dans la couverture morte, *2 % dans le bois mort et *80 % dans le sol. La perte de N dans la vegetation causee par le feu atteignait en moyenne 25 ± 11 kgha -1 tandis que l'eclaircie mecanique seule et l'eclaircie mecanique accompagnee du brulage dirigecausaient des pertes respectives de 133 ± 21 et 145 ± 19 kgha -1 . Les forets de coniferes de l'ouest ont perdu plus de N que les forets de l'est a la suite de chaque traitement. Aucun des traitements n'a eu d'impact sur plus de 10-15 % de la quantite ´ totale de N dans ces ecosystemes. Les strategies d'amenagement devraient avoir comme objectif de maximiser le gain en C des ecosystemes en minimisant la perte de N dans les forets de l'ouest oule recyclage de C et le recyclage de N sont etroitement relies mais peut-etre pas dans les forets de l'est oules depots atmospheriques de N ont decoupleles cycles de Ce t N. (Traduit par la Redaction)
The Physiological Effects of Bench/Step Exercise

Recent investigation of acute cardiorespiratory responses to the current 'popularised' style of bench/step exercise has validated its use in improving aerobic physical fitness, particularly in women. However, no marked differences in relative measures of cardiorespiratory demand have been reported between men and women. Instructor data and training investigations further substantiate the effectiveness of bench/step exercise in promoting physical fitness, including upper body strength. However, the energy cost of bench/step exercise can vary dramatically. Important factors include, the selected step height, exercise rate, imposed step manoeuvre, routine format and use of hand-held weights. Hand-held weights may be more useful for men than woman. During training, bench/step exercise has been reported to yield a high incidence of grade I injury complaints, particularly in the calf and shoulder region. However, nearly 90% of these complaints were attributable to acute muscle soreness. Few serious injuries have been associated with the activity. Biomechanical research has shown that the ground reaction forces (GRF) experienced during bench stepping are lower than running and directly related to the step height and type of manoeuvre. In addition, compared with novices, instructors exhibit a moderation in the GRF pattern generated during landing. This suggests that a learning effect has occurred and that teachers yield a more consistent landing pattern. Finally, the activity may be effective in improving body composition, but a consideration of factors related to energy expenditure (e.g. exercise duration and dietary control) appear to be important in regimens prescribed for modifying body fat.
Thiol-dependent subunit interactions of a major fat cell plasma membrane glycoprotein.

A major glycoprotein fraction of the isolated adipocyte plasma membrane migrated in the 200,000-dalton region of dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels following solubilization in 2% dodecyl sulfate/4M urea at room temperature in the absence of reductant. Limited heat treatment allowed resolution of the glycoprotein into two distinct bands in the same high-molecular-weight region plus a new 94,000-dalton glycoprotein band. Prolonged incubation of solubilized plasma membranes at 100°C for 15-30 min or incubation with reductant resulted in complete conversion of the high-molecular-weight bands to the 94,000-dalton region, indicating dissociation of dimers to the monomeric form. When the dimer bands on column gels were electrophoresed in the second dimension on slab gels in the presence of reductant, no low-molecular-weight bands were observed other than that in the 94,000-dalton region. The effects of limited heat treatment to permit resolution of the two dimers and the extended treatment to convert the dimers...
Primary Care And Urology Patients With The Male Pelvic Pain Syndrome: Symptoms And Quality Of Life

Purpose: We assessed symptoms and health related quality of life in men who received prostatitis-prostatodynia diagnoses at primary care and urology visits, and compared those in whom pain-discomfort had versus had not resolved approximately 1 month later.Materials and Methods: Telephone interviews were done with 357 men an average of 1 month after a prostatitis-prostatodynia diagnosis was made at a health maintenance organization visit. The interview included the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, and pain and health related quality of life measures.Results: The most common pain location was the pubic-bladder area. Mean scores on most health related quality of life measures were below average, and higher pelvic pain and urinary symptom scores were associated with worse quality of life. This episode of pelvic pain was the first lifetime episode in fewer urology (22%) than primary care (38%) patients (p = 0.02). Urology patients had longer symptom episodes (p = 0.000), more da...
Bubble motion in a Hele–Shaw cell

The shapes and motion of immiscible bubbles in a Hele–Shaw cell driven by the motion of the surrounding fluid were studied. Six classes of steady shapes, some of which are remarkable, were observed. Multiple steady states exist over some ranges of parameters and the shape as a function of speed may slow hysteresis. The observed translational velocities do not agree with available theory, but some of the shapes are in qualitative agreement with those computed by Tanveer [Phys. Fluids 29, 3537 (1986)].
Aneuploidy in health, disease, and aging.

Aneuploidy, an aberrant number of chromosomes, has been recognized as a feature of human malignancies for over a century, but compelling evidence for causality was largely lacking until mouse models for chromosome number instability were used. These in vivo studies have not only uncovered important new insights into the extremely complex aneuploidy–cancer relationship but also into the molecular mechanisms underlying proper and aberrant chromosome segregation. A series of diverse mouse models for the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1 has provided evidence for a provocative novel link between aneuploidization and the development of age-related pathologies.
Perturbation of vacuolar maturation promotes listeriolysin O‐independent vacuolar escape during Listeria monocytogenes infection of human cells

Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen that replicates within the cytosol of infected host cells. The ability to rapidly escape the phagocytic vacuole is essential for efficient intracellular replication. In the murine model of infection, the pore-forming cytolysin listeriolysin O (LLO) is absolutely required for vacuolar dissolution, as LLO-deficient (DeltaLLO) mutants remain trapped within vacuoles. In contrast, in many human cell types DeltaLLO L. monocytogenes are capable of vacuolar escape at moderate to high frequencies. To better characterize the mechanism of LLO-independent vacuolar escape in human cells, we conducted an RNA interference screen to identify vesicular trafficking factors that play a role in altering vacuolar escape efficiency of DeltaLLO L. monocytogenes. RNA interference knockdown of 18 vesicular trafficking factors resulted in increased LLO-independent vacuolar escape. Our results suggest that knockdown of one factor, RABEP1 (rabaptin-5), decreased the maturation of vacuoles containing DeltaLLO L. monocytogenes. Thus, we provide evidence that increased vacuolar escape of DeltaLLO L. monocytogenes in human cells correlates with slower vacuolar maturation. We also determined that increased LLO-independent dissolution of vacuoles during RABEP1 knockdown required the bacterial broad-range phospholipase C (PC-PLC). We hypothesize that slowing the kinetics of vacuolar maturation generates an environment conducive for vacuolar escape mediated by the bacterial phospholipases.
Rent controls and rental housing quality: A note on the effects of New York City's old controls

Rent controls are used in many cities throughout the United States and many other countries. ’ There is a lengthy literature on the conceptual effects of rent controls. This is not surprising given the size of housing in the U.S. asset base and the political importance attached to homeownership and quality housing. It is surprising how little evidence there is on many of the supposed effects of rent controls. The evidence on these impacts is relatively slim for a variety of reasons. First, the data needed to document some of the predicted impacts are not good. For example, it is difficult to measure effective maintenance inputs, and it is costly to obtain any such data on a wide variety of buildings. Convincing ceteris paribus experiments are difficult to perform because there typically are many other factors for which it is hard to control. Additionally, the negative theoretical implications appear to be so clear that many economists may not have felt much need to quantify the extent of the damage. Nevertheless, there is some evidence on the influences of rent controls. From studies estimating the price elasticity of the supply of structures, economists have estimated the likely effect of rent controls on the supply of new structures in a city.’ Rydell et al. [lo] and Fallis and Smith [3] have
AUTOMATED BLUR DETECTION AND REMOVAL IN AIRBORNE IMAGING SYSTEMS USING IMU DATA

Abstract. Images acquired by airborne sensors exhibit blur due to turbulent motion experienced by the aircraft. Significant amount of blur renders the images unusable for subsequent visual/automated analysis, requiring a re-flight. This necessitates quantifying the amount of blur in an image. Most approaches to blur quantification use image based methods to estimate the MTF (Modular Transfer Function) that indicates the amount of blur. Their limitations are – (1) MTF calculation requires presence of straight edges in the image scene, which may not always be available, (2) Due to the absence of an ideal edge, the amount of blur estimated is relative, and (3) It is computationally expensive and therefore may not be practical for blur detection in real time applications. Our solution uses the sensor motion as measured by an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) mounted in the camera system to calculate the motion experienced by the aircraft and the sensor during the time the shutter was actually open. This motion information together with the blur detection algorithm presented in this paper can provide an accurate quantification of blur in pixel units. Once we identify the images that exceed a given blur threshold, we use a blur removal algorithm that uses the IMU data and a natural image prior to compute per-pixel, spatially-varying blur, and then de-convolves an image to produce de-blurred images. The presented blur detection and removal methods are currently being used offline to quantify and remove the blur from images acquired by the UltraCam systems within the Global Ortho Program (Walcher, 2012), which generates ortho imagery for all of the continental US as well as Western Europe, from over 2.5 million images. Furthermore, the blur detection method will be incorporated in the camera software of all our operational and forthcoming UltraCam imaging systems for real-time blur quantification.
The establishment of faecal nitrogen-digestibility regressions for animals grazing irrigated pasture.

A regression for feed-to-faeces ratio on faecal nitrogen percentage was formulated from trials in which perennial irrigated pasture cut to ground level was fed to cattle and sheep at various times over several years. Similar data derived from ‘top’ (mainly leaf) and ‘bottom’ (mainly stem) cuts of a spring and of an autumn stand of pasture from the same vicinity did not conform with the ‘whole’ cut relationship and the three regressions which were established were heterogeneous. It is suggested that due to selectivity, the application to grazing animals of a regression derived from pasture cut to ground level may result in considerable error.
Ups and Downs of Daily Life: Age Effects on the Impact of Daily Appraisal Variability on Depressive Symptoms

Objectives. Day-to-day variability in appraisals has emerged as an index of emotion regulation and overall well-being; there is also evidence that such emotion regulation processes change with age. We investigate the impact of day-to-day variability in positive and negative event appraisals on depressive symptoms, focusing on (a) how variability and mean appraisal characteristics interact to impact well-being and (b) whether these effects differ by age. Methods. Participants from the Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-Being (aged 40–75 years, N = 654) completed daily diaries for up to 56 days, along with a global survey. Measures included daily data on life events and appraisals and global assessments of depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale) and neuroticism. Results. Both mean and variability components of daily positive and negative event appraisals predict global depres sive symptoms; mean and variability interactions were also significant. The negative appraisal effects became less pro nounced with age. Discussion. Findings suggest that those in later life are better able to manage the impact that their cognitive and emo tional responses to daily stressors have on depressive symptoms. The results also highlight the importance of examining daily variability—in addition to mean levels—in understanding the impact of daily events and appraisals on well-being.
How conservation and humanitarian groups respond to production of border security on the Arizona-Sonora border

US policies for securing the border with Mexico are driven by multiple political concerns, including the desire to control illegal trade and immigration in a way that conveys “border security” to a national audience. Highly visible border enforcement near urban centres and via the border fence has pushed migrants into far less visible and remote wilderness areas, driving both ecological degradation and a humanitarian crisis. This study employed ethnographic methods to explore how natural resource agency employees and humanitarian volunteers in Altar Valley Arizona perceived and responded to the production of border security. We found that both groups recognised human rights and environmental concerns, although they assigned different priorities and addressed them through conflicting means. As in other cases where consumers are separated from production practices, there was a general consensus among informants that it was important to raise the consciousness of the national audience about the negative exte...
The Selective Basis for Dispersal of the Prairie Vole, Microtus Ochrogaster

Three 0.8—ha fenced enclosures (X, Y, and Z) were used to determine the consequences of dispersal on the fitness of individual prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. Dispersers from enclosure X were marked and were either placed in a vacant enclosure (Z) or returned to their original enclosure (X) (frustrated dispersers). Enclosure Y contained a population of residents where all dispersers from that population were allowed to leave. The survival and reproduction of animals in all enclosures were monitored for 10 wk. Nine replicates of the experiment were performed over a 2—yr period. There was a greater proportion of subadults among dispersers than among residents. There were no differences in sex ratio or reproductive condition between dispersers and residents. Dispersers had the highest survival, followed by residents on enclosure X, and finally, frustrated dispersers. The reproductive activity of dispersers and frustrated dispersers was equal, and both were greater than that of residents on enclosure X. When survival and reproductive activity were combined into a general fitness index, dispersers had the highest relative fitness. Residents on enclosure X and frustrated dispersers had lower and approximately equal fitness. A comparison of the survival and reproductive activity of animals on enclosures X (where one—half of the dispersers were returned to the enclosure) and Y (where all dispersers were allowed to leave), indicated that only the survival of adult females on enclosure Y increased as a result of the reduced density on that enclosure. It was concluded that (1) dispersal into optimal habitat resulted in high survival and reproduction, (2) frustrated dispersal resulted in low survival, but once these animals became established, they showed high reproductive activity, and (3) females appeared to benefit most from living in a population when density was reduced by dispersal.
The influence of individuals on situations: Implications for understanding the links between personality and social behavior

In an analysis of the nature and origins of predictability in social behavior, two propositions are considered: (1) There exist categories of individuals whose social behavior is readily predictable from measures of personal attributes such as attitudes, traits, and dispositions as well as categories of individuals whose social behavior is readily predictable from situational and interpersonal specifications of behavioral appropriateness; (2) underlying these differences in predictability are systematic choices to enter and to spend time in social settings and interpersonal contexts that promote and facilitate one or other of these characteristic behavioral orientations. The implications of these propositions for the study of personality and social behavior are considered in the specific case of the psychological construct of self-monitoring and in the general case of understanding the reciprocal influences of individuals and their social worlds.
Osmiophilic bodies and the odd organelles of alveolates

Summary The apicomplexa are parasitic protozoa that are responsible for important human and animal diseases, including malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, coccidiosis and babesiosis. Like other members of the superphylum Alveolata, apicomplexans have regulated exocytosis of specialized secretory organelles, such as the apicomplexan-specific rhoptries and micronemes that are required for host cell invasion. The secretions of another class of organelles, the dense granules and osmiophilic bodies, are proposed to be required for maintenance of the parasitophorous vacuole and host cell egress. Little is known about the osmiophilic bodies and to date only one protein, P377, has been localized to this organelle. In this issue, de Koning-Ward et al. describe the disruption of pfg377 in the virulent human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, which results in reduced osmiophilic body formation, a marked decrease in female fitness, and dramatically impaired infectivity to mosquitoes. These findings suggest that targeting PFG377 may be a strategy to block parasite transmission.
Computational Frameworks for the Fast Fourier Transform

1. The Radix-2 Frameworks. Matrix Notation and Algorithms The FFT Idea The Cooley-Tukey Factorization Weight and Butterfly Computations Bit Reversal and Transposition The Cooley-Tukey Framework The Stockham Autosort Frameworks The Pease Framework Decimation in Frequency and Inverse FFTs 2. General Radix Frameworks. The General Radix Ideas Index Reversal and Transposition Mixed-Radix Factorizations Radix-4 and Radix-8 Frameworks The Split-Radix Frameworks 3. High Performance Frameworks. The Multiple DFT Problem Matrix Transposition The Large Single-Vector FFT Problem Multi-Dimensional FFT Problem Distributed Memory FFTs Shared Memory FFTs 4. Selected Topics. Prime Factor FFTs Convolution FFTs of Real Data Cosine and Sine Transforms Fast Poisson Solvers Bibliography Index.
Simultaneous Sending and Receiving

A system of simultaneous reception and transmission for radio telephony is described, together with the reasons for its use. It involves transferring the received speech (from a separate receiving antenna at some distance from the transmitting antenna) to the subscriber's line, and transferring speech originating at the subscriber's station to the radiophone transmitter. Another type of duplex radio communication is considered, this being based on nearby receiving and transmitting antennas so arranged with their associated apparatus that the receiver and transmitter are in conjugate branches of a Wheatstone bridge. The wiring of the bridge receiver is given and the apparatus shown. A so-called "barrage receiver" is then described. This is a highly directional combination of aperiodic antennas, with unilateral directional characteristic. When two aperiodic antennas are used, the phase difference of the received currents produced in them depends on the direction of the incoming signals. By phase shifting devices and differential coupling to a common receiver, the signals from any given direction can be balanced out. The wiring and apparatus and its functioning are described.
Synthesis and Characterization of A Metastable (SiC)aN4 Phase

A metastable C-Si-N compound has been synthesized by high dose N + implantation into polycrystalline /8-SiC (cubic phase). The thin films formed upon 100 keV implantations were characterized with respect to various ion doses and target temperatures. X-ray diffraction with a position-sensitive detector and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed that the as-implanted surfaces contained ∼0.15 jttm thick continuously-buried amorphous layers. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy showed that the peak concentration of nitrogen saturated up to approximately 54 at. % with increasing doses, suggesting a new phase formation.
Response diversity to land use occurs but does not consistently stabilise ecosystem services provided by native pollinators

More diverse biological communities may provide ecosystem services that are less variable over space or time. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are rarely investigated empirically in real-world ecosystems. Here, we investigate how a potentially important stabilising mechanism, response diversity, the differential response to environmental change among species, stabilises pollination services against land-use change. We measured crop pollination services provided by native bees across land-use gradients in three crop systems. We found that bee species responded differentially to increasing agricultural land cover in all three systems, demonstrating that response diversity occurs. Similarly, we found response diversity in pollination services in two of the systems. However, there was no evidence that response diversity, in general, stabilised ecosystem services. Our results suggest that either response diversity is not the primary stabilising mechanism in our system, or that new measures of response diversity are needed that better capture the stabilising effects it provides.