cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric method for determination of serum hyaluronidase activity

A colorimetric method for determination of serum hyaluronidase activity is described. The method is based on the quantitation of N-acetylglucosamine end groups liberated from hyaluronic acid. The results are expressed as the ratio of product formation by serum to product formation by a bovine testicular hyaluronidase preparation. The serum hyaluronidase activities of normal individuals and patients with several rheumatic diseases have been compared. Eleven of 35 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were found to have serum hyaluronidase activity above the normal range.
Edgeworth's Belinda: An Artful Composition

Very early in Maria Edgeworth's Belinda (1801; rev. 1810),1 in a chapter entitled "Masks," the novel's hero, Clarence Hervey, having been accused of courting Belinda, exclaims, "Do you think I don't see as plainly as any of you, that Belinda Portman's a composition of art and affectation?" (26).
What Satisfies Students? Mining Student-Opinion Data with Regression and Decision Tree Analysis

To investigate how students' characteristics and experiences affect satisfaction, this study uses regression and decision tree analysis with the CHAID algorithm to analyze student-opinion data. A data mining approach identifies the specific aspects of students' university experience that most influence three measures of general satisfaction. The three measures have different predictors and cannot be used interchangeably. Academic experiences are influential. In particular, faculty preparedness, which has a well-known relationship to student achievement, emerges as a principal determinant of satisfaction. Social integration and pre-enrollment opinions are also important. Campus services and facilities have limited effects, and students' demographic characteristics are not significant predictors. Decision tree analysis reveals that social integration has more effect on the satisfaction of students who are less academically engaged.
The cholinergic receptor-linked phosphoinositide metabolism in mouse cerebrum and cerebellum in vivo.

Abstract The cholinergic receptor-linked poly-phosphoinositide hydrolysis was studied in mouse cerebrum and cerebellum after prelabeling the brain with [ 3 H]inositol. I.p. injection of Li (8 meq/kg) to C57Bl/6J mice for 4 h resulted in 14− and five-fold increases in [ 3 H]inositol-labeled inositol monophosphate (IP 1 ) in cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. The labeled inositol bisphosphate (IP 2 ) was also increased 83 and 19% in cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. Prior injection of atropine (100 mg/kg) resulted in inhibition of Li-induced increases in labeled IP 1 by 74 and 56% in cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. Administration of pilocarpine (20 mg/kg) to the Li-treated mice for 30 min resulted in further increases in labeled IP 1 and IP 2 and a concomitant decrease in labeled inositol in cerebrum but no in cerebellum. Mass measurements of IP 1 and IP 2 isomers by HPLC revealed that inositol 1-monophosphate (Ins(1)P), inositol 4-monophosphate (Ins(4)P) and inositol 1,4-bis-phosphate (Ins(1,4)P 2 ) were all increased by pilocarpine administration in the Li-treated mouse cerebrum. The effects of pilocarpine administration in mouse cerebrum (increases in IP 1 and IP 2 ) could be completely inhibited by preinjection of atropine. Atropine injection also decreased the levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P 3 ]. Surprisingly, a decrease in Ins(1,4,5)P 3 level was also found in non-Li-treated mice after pilocarpine administration (30 mg/kg, 10–40 min). Except for the increase (20%) in [ 32 P]-labeled PIP in the cerebrum, Li or Li together with pilocarpine administration did not alter the levels of [ 3 H]inositol or [ 32 P]phosphate-labeled phosphoinositides. Taken together, these results demonstrated the ability of using cholinergic agonists and antagonists to probe the cholinergic receptor-linked poly-phosphoinositide signaling activity in brain and that these responses are more active in the cerebrum as compared with the cerebellum.
Shrinkage estimation of contemporaneous outliers in concurrent time serie

Contemporaneous outlier blocks (additive or reallocation) caused by special events frequently occur in repeated business time series. When the time series have strong inter-series dependence, shrinkage estimation techniques provide improved estimates of the time series model parameters and of the outlier block. A bootstrap estimate of the covariance matrix of the vector of outlier magnitudes enables us to incorporate the dependence and obtain the shrinkage estimates.
Enhancement of Conditioned Arterial Pressure Responses in Cats After Brainstem Lesions

Cats were classically conditioned after the baroreceptor reflexes were abolished by bilateral placement of electrolytic lesions in the nucleus tractus solitarii. The conditioned increases in arterial pressure were more than five times larger than the responses obtained in similarly trained controls. This finding suggests that the baroreceptor reflexes actively inhibit conditioned increases of arterial pressure.
Collaboration and School Governance

(1978). Collaboration and School Governance. The Review of Education: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 105-115.
The relevance of managerial accounting information: A multinational analysis

Abstract Multinational enterprises often employ their domestic accounting and control systems in their foreign affiliates. The literature suggests that, due in part to different operating environments around the world, this practice may impair the usefulness of information available to foreign managers, as their information needs differ from those of domestic managers. This study empirically examined information relevance for areas of manager responsibility in different countries and attempted to determine the environmental variables associated with information relevance. The results showed that formal accounting reports are considered more helpful in some countries, while informal discussion as a form of information is considered more helpful in others. However, the relationship between the business environment and information relevance was small, although significant, across many types of information.
Establishment of epithelial cell line MDA-MB-157 from metastatic pleural effusion of human breast carcinoma.

An epithelial cell line, MDA-MB-157, has been established from the pleural fluid of a metastatic human breast carcinoma. The cell line is characterized by rapid growth of cells in dense plaques and in suspension. The cells were originally isolated in a complex medium containing Leibovitz's L-15, Waymouth's MB752/1 and Ham's F-10 media with 16% fetal calf serum, glutathione, cortisol, insulin, and antibiotics. Recently cultures have been growing equally well on some less complex media such as RPMI-1640 with 20% fetal calf serum or Ham's F-10 with 20% fetal calf serum. The presence of typical epithelial cell organization, and structures such as desmosomes, have been observed by electron microscopy. Viruses and mycoplasmas were not detected. The cells exhibit a hypotriploid karyotype with mode of 64 to 66 chromosomes.
Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Peer Relations Among Gifted Children Who Feel "Different"

Two-hundred seventy-one elementary age high-IQ children and their parents completed an extensive battery of questions on social and emotional development. Eighty-eight children (37%) conceptualized themselves as differing from their peers. Although they described differences in a positive fashion, and although their self-esteem was above the mean reported for a large normative sample, it was lower than that of high-IQ children who did not think of themselves as being different. Furthermore, the reports about peer relations given by children who thought themselves different contained more signs suggesting difficulties than did those of children who did not. These results suggest that many cognitively gifted children need increased psychological support if they are to optimize their personal and social development.
Plasma polymer thin film depositions to regulate gas permeability through nanoporous track etched membranes

Abstract Deposition of thin polymeric films on nanoporous membranes is shown to provide a mechanically simple and inexpensive approach to regulate trans-membrane gas flows. For this purpose, polymeric films were deposited on polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE) membranes of 50 nm and 100 nm pore size. The films were generated by low-pressure glow discharge plasma polymerization of vinyl acetic acid (CH2 CHCH2COOH) or perfluorohexane (n-C6F14) monomers. The plasma discharge was operated under pulsed conditions to provide better control of the polymeric film chemistry along with improved control of film thickness. The gradual reduction in average membrane pore sizes with increasing film thickness resulted in controlled decreases in the permeation rates of O2 and CO2 gases. In addition to film thickness, the permeation rates were observed to be functions of the specific composition and cross-link density of the polymer films deposited, as well as the nature of the permeant gases. It was determined that the plasma deposition process employed provides sufficient permeation control for use in applications requiring fine modulation of gas permeation rate such as those encountered in development of a blood oxygenator, a major motivation for the present study.
A virtual reality simulator of the ENIAC

The ENIAC was designed and built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1946 and is one of the world's first general-purpose programmable electronic computers. It occupied a 40 x 60 foot room, weighed 30 tons, and was programmed using knobs, switches, and cables. This poster describes the development of a virtual reality simulator of the ENIAC that permits students to program the ENIAC and see it operate.
SEPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARP EGG RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS.

Abstract 1. 1. The solubilities in cold sodium chloride of ribonucleoproteins obtained from mature ovarian eggs of Cyprinus carpio differ from those exhibited by the ribonucleoproteins of differentiated tissue. 2. 2. The RNA prepared from the ribonucleoprotein present in a 0·17 M NaCl extract is composed of about 30 per cent acid-soluble RNA and the RNA isolated from a 1 M NaCl extract contains only about 10 per cent acid-soluble RNA. 3. 3. The mononucleotide composition of acid-soluble RNA differs from that of acid-insoluble RNA but the acid-soluble and acid-insoluble RNA of the 0·17 M NaCl extract resemble their acid-soluble and acid-insoluble counterparts in the 1 M NaCl extract. 4. 4. Carp egg RNA from the 0·17 M NaCl extract and the 1 M NaCl extract each can be separated into four fractions by Ecteola cellulose column chromatography. Each fraction has a characteristics content of acid-soluble RNA that apparently determines its order of elution from the column.
Century-scale Holocene processes as a source of natural selection pressure in human evolution: Holocene climate and the Human Genome Project

As a result of research arising from the Human Genome Project, discovery of extremely recent evolutionary changes in the human genome show that positive selection pressure has occurred during the H...
Exploring the complexity of tree thinking expertise in an undergraduate systematics course

Student understanding of biological representations has not been well studied. Yet, we know that to be efficient problem solvers in evolutionary biology and systematics, college students must develop expertise in thinking with a particular type of representation, phylogenetic trees. The purpose of this study was to understand how undergraduates make sense of phylogenetic representations presented in a plant systematics course designed to promote student tree thinking expertise. The primary data sources were two-tiered pre/posttests and interviews with key informants. Using observations and document analysis as supporting data, we identified multiple misconceptions within students' knowledge of systematics not previously identified in the literature. Relying upon these misconceptions, students developed alternative types of reasoning that interfered with interpreting and using trees. We constructed a classification of student reasoning and identified a suite of varying levels of approaches that went beyond misreading the topology of phylogenetic trees to include the persistent use of nonevolutionary reasoning to address phylogenetic problems. We categorized student reasoning as extraneous, ecological, morphological, branch influenced, tree shape influenced, node influenced, limited phylogenetic, and phylogenetic. By better understanding our students reasoning by qualitative assessments, these findings have implications for curriculum, instruction, and assessment strategies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed95:794–823, 2011
Metrics of medical image quality: task-based model observers vs. image discrimination/perceptual difference models

There have been two distinct approaches to develop human vision models that can be used to perform automated evaluation and optimization of medical image quality: linear task based model observers vs. perceptual difference/image discrimination models. Although these two approaches are very different there has been little work directly comparing them in their ability to optimize human performance in clinically relevant tasks. We compared the effectiveness of these two types of metrics of image quality to perform automated computer optimization of JPEG 2000 image compression encoder settings using test images that combined real x-ray coronary angiogram backgrounds with simulated filling defects of 184 different size/shapes. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the JPEG 2000 encoder settings with respect to: a) a particular task based model observer performance (non-prewhitening matched filter with an eye filter, NPWE; b) a particular perceptual difference/image discrimination model error metric (DCTune2.0; NASA Ames Research Center). A subsequent human psychophysical study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the two different optimized compression encoder settings on visual detection of the simulated filling defect in one of four locations (four alternative forced choice; 4 AFC). Results show that optimizing JPEG 2000 encoder settings with respect to both the NPWE performance and DCTune 2.0 perceptual error lead to improved human task performance relative to human performance with the default encoder settings. However, the NPWE-optimization led to much greater human performance improvement than the perceptual difference model optimization.
Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies

We report the neuroanatomical findings in 4 consecutively studied brains of men with developmental dyslexia. The patients, who ranged in age between 14 and 32 years, were diagnosed as dyslexic during life. Nonrighthandedness and several autoimmune and atopic illnesses were present in the personal and family histories. All brains showed developmental anomalies of the cerebral cortex. These consisted of neuronal ectopias and architectonic dysplasias located mainly in perisylvian regions and affecting predominantly the left hemisphere. Furthermore, all brains showed a deviation from the standard pattern of cerebral asymmetry characterized by symmetry of the planum temporale. The neuroanatomical findings in these 4 patients are discussed with reference to developmental cortical anomalies, cerebral asymmetries, reorganization of the brain after early lesions, and the association between learning disorders, left handedness, and diseases of the immune system.
Slow-Frequency rTMS Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain

Objective. Evidence suggests that fibromyalgia (FM) is a centrally mediated pain disorder. Antidepressants, including electroconvulsive therapy, provide some symptomatic relief in FM and other pain disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a new antidepressant treatment, which may also be useful in treating chronic pain. Design. As part of a larger study, four women with depression, FM, and borderline personality disorder received 1-Hz rTMS applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Subjects rated pain using an 11-point Likert scale. Results. Pretreatment pain averaged 8.2 (7–9.5) and reduced to 1.5 (0–3.5) after treatment ( P < 0.009). All had improvement in pain, and two had complete resolution of pain. Only one of the four subjects had an antidepressant response. Conclusions. These preliminary findings suggest a possible role for rTMS in treating FM.
Household Water Quantity and Health: A Systematic Review

While the quantity of water used in the home is thought to be an important determinant of health, much of the evidence relies on using water access as a proxy for quantity. This review examines the health effects of household water quantity using studies that directly measured water quantity. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and article reference lists. Eligible studies included experimental and observational studies that measured a difference in water quantity and quantified an association between water quantity and health outcomes. 21 studies, divided into six of the many possible water-quantity associated outcomes, met the eligibility criteria. Due to heterogeneity in designs, settings, methods, and outcomes, a meta-analysis was inappropriate. Overall results showed a positive association between water quantity and health outcomes, but the effect depended on how the water was used. Increased water usage for personal hygiene was generally associated with improved trachoma outcomes, while increased water consumption was generally associated with reduced gastrointestinal infection and diarrheal disease and improved growth outcomes. In high-income countries, increased water consumption was associated with higher rates of renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer but not associated with type II diabetes, cardiac-related mortality, or all-cause mortality.
Influence of foot orientation on the appearance and quantification of 1H magnetic resonance muscle spectra obtained from the soleus and the vastus lateralis.

Muscle 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy noninvasively measures intramyocellular lipid levels, which correlate with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The appearance of muscle magnetic resonance spectra is influenced by bulk magnetic susceptibility and residual dipolar couplings which depend on the angle between the muscle fibers and the main magnetic field. This study used a 4 T magnet to examine the influence of foot orientation on the appearance and quantification of muscle magnetic resonance spectra from the soleus and the vastus lateralis. For each individual, intramyocellular lipid, extramyocellular lipid, and creatine concentrations were quantified in the soleus and the vastus lateralis during one session. Foot orientation was found to influence the appearance of muscle spectra from the soleus but not from the vastus lateralis. It was concluded that quantifying intramyocellular lipid by the standard LCModel using a water reference may be more appropriate than using a creatine reference in the presence of residual dipolar couplings. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Staging and Follow-Up of Esophageal Cancer

Purpose To evaluate the role of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the initial staging and follow-up of esophageal cancer on the basis of a review of the published literature. Methods Articles published from 1985 to 2005 were searched and reviewed using the following keywords: “esophageal cancer staging,” “endoscopic ultrasound,” and “endoscopic ultrasonography.” Results For initial anatomic staging, EUS results have consistently shown more than 80% accuracy compared with surgical pathology for depth of tumor invasion (T). Accuracy increased with higher stage, and was >90% for T3 cancer. EUS results have shown accuracy in the range of 75% for initial staging of regional lymph nodes (N). EUS has been invariably more accurate than computed tomography for T and N staging. EUS is limited for staging distant metastases (M), and therefore EUS is usually performed after a body imaging modality such as computed tomography or positron emission tomography. Pathologic staging can be achieved at EUS using fine-needl...
Posthurricane Seedling Structure in a Multi-aged Tropical Dry Forest: Implications for Community Succession

Hurricane-caused tree mortality in tropical dry forests occurs predominantly in early successional species. Consequently, hurricanes may accelerate succession in these forests. Forest regeneration, however, must be measured over an extended posthurricane time period to demonstrate this pattern. In this study, we recorded tree seedlings in 19 Florida Keys forests during May–August 1995, 3 years after Hurricane Andrew. For these forests—spanning a chronosequence from 14 to over 100 years since the most recent clearing—we used weighted averaging regression on relative abundances of pre-hurricane trees to calculate a successional age optimum for each species; and used weighted averaging calibration to calculate inferred successional ages for stands based on pre-hurricane trees and on posthurricane seedlings. To test the hypothesis that successional stage of seedlings exceeded successional stage of pre-hurricane trees, we compared inferred stand ages based on posthurricane seedlings with those based on pre-hurricane trees. Across the study area, inferred stand ages based on posthurricane seedlings were greater than those based on pre-hurricane trees (P < 0.005); however, more seedlings in the youngest stands were early successional than in older stands. Of 29 species present both as pre-hurricane trees and posthurricane seedlings, 23 had animal-dispersed seeds. These results provide evidence that: (1) hurricanes do not ‘reset’ succession, and may accelerate succession; and (2) a strong legacy of stand successional age influences seedling assemblages in these forests.
Anti-Tubulin Autoantibodies in Acquired Demyelinating Polyneuropathies

Selective high-titer anti-tubulin autoantibodies are associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Low-titer anti-tubulin autoantibodies are a normal component of some human sera. Analysis of 7 human sera with monoclonal anti-tubulin autoantibodies showed that the epitopes recognized by these antibodies are within central, conserved regions of tubulin. Sera from 3 patients with IgM monoclonal antibodies and CIDP reacted to an epitope spanning aa 301-314 of beta-tubulin, which has some sequence homology to several human viruses. Natural polyclonal anti-tubulin antibodies also bind to central regions of tubulin. In contrast, polyclonal tubulin antibodies induced in mice react to epitopes on the amino- or carboxy-terminal. Selective polyclonal anti-tubulin autoantibodies with low reactivity to other neural antigens are found in about one-half of patients with CIDP.
The US–India Nuclear Agreement: Diplomacy and Domestic Politics

From 2005 to 2008, the United States and India negotiated a pathbreaking nuclear agreement that recognised India's nuclear status and lifted longstanding embargoes on civilian nuclear cooperation with India. This book offers the most comprehensive account of the diplomacy and domestic politics behind this nuclear agreement. Domestic politics considerably impeded - and may have entirely prevented - US nuclear accommodation with India; when domestic obstacles were overcome, US–India negotiations advanced; and even after negotiations advanced, domestic factors placed conditions on and affected the scope of US–India nuclear cooperation. Such a study provides new insights into this major event in international politics, and it offers a valuable framework for analysing additional US strategic and nuclear dialogues with India and with other countries.
Adolescents' perceived benefits and barriers related to diabetes self-management--Part 1.

Knowledge is limited about adolescents' decision making regarding their assumption of diabetes management from parents. This study's purpose was to identify adolescents' perceived benefits and barriers about this process. Sixteen adolescents with type 1 diabetes were interviewed. Questions were adapted from the Janis and Mann (1977) decisional balance sheet. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Descriptive expressions were identified and categories inductively generated. Adolescents' perceived benefits for themselves were having knowledge of or confidence in self-management abilities, more freedoms, and approval of others. They perceived benefits for parents as relief from responsibility, stress, and worry. Burden of responsibility was perceived as a barrier to adolescents for self-management. Adolescents perceived barriers for parents as worry/guilt and loss of control. Interrater agreement was initially 74%. Categories with disagreements were recategorized by interraters and then there w...
Prediction of drag reduction with a viscoelastic model

Drag reduction prediction in turbulent flow with viscoelastic model, discussing solutions exhibiting elastic properties in laminar flow
NIH Regional Primate Centers.

Of particular interest in Jon Cohen's News & Comment articles about changes in AIDS research control at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ([2 Feb., p. 590][1]; [15 Mar., p. 1491][2]) were statements relating to AIDS research at the seven NIH Regional Primate Research Centers (RPRCs). As the former director of the RPRC program I addressed two subgroups of Office of AIDS Research Director William Paul's advisory committee on the subject of usage of the RPRCs by AIDS researchers. At that time (a year ago), not a single “outside” scientist had been refused animals and expertise at the centers for a peer-reviewed, funded project. I believe that is still true today. Some in the audience objected, stating they knew this had occurred, but none could provide a specific example of such a refusal. My impression was that some investigators, lacking peer-reviewed project support, believed the RPRCs should provide animals and expertise “gratis.” The perception among these investigators appears to be that there is not “equal access to nonhuman primate models.” Such is not, and has not been, the case. It is ironic that, with this increased interest in nonhuman primate models relative to AIDS, the RPRCs have been reported to have received less than a cost-of-living budgetary allowance during the current year. One would hope that if greater research were needed, it would be reflected in a more positive increase in support funds to these valuable research resources. There would, however, be great value in a review of the total RPRC program, as the committee suggests. Each RPRC is reviewed extensively every 5 years, but a total review of the entire program has not been conducted for more than 15 years and is overdue. Two years ago, the plans for such a review were initiated, and NIH received an outstanding planning report by a blue-ribbon committee (which included AIDS researchers). Unfortunately, this report did not receive the approval of an NIH committee. One hopes that the research efforts relating to AIDS will not only build on the work that the RPRCs have done but, through appropriate review and evaluation, will further strengthen future research on this dread disease. [1]: /lookup/volpage/272/590 [2]: /lookup/volpage/272/1491
Error correction encoding for multi-threshold capture mechanism

The crosstalk induced delays have become a significant bottleneck in deep sub-micron communication. The encoding techniques proposed in existing literature, that cope with crosstalk while providing error detection capabilities require significantly high redundancy to achieve the goal. It is shown in recent publications that the effect of crosstalk can be mitigated by using multiple threshold voltages without the use of redundant bits. However such a method is more susceptible to noise due to the reduced voltage slack introduced by multiple threshold voltages. This paper proposes a novel error detection encoding technique suitable for multi-threshold capture mechanism. The proposed technique uses multiple thresholds to mitigate the effect of crosstalk while introducing redundant bits for error detection purpose only. As observed in the experimental evaluation section, the proposed encoding technique has significantly less amount of redundancy as compared to existing techniques.
Expression of homeotic mutations in duplicated and regenerated antennae of Drosophila melanogaster

Three homeotic mutants, aristapedia ( ss a and ss a-UCI ) and Nasobemia ( Ns ) which involve antenna-leg transformations were analyzed with respect to their time of expression. In particular we studied the question of whether these mutations are expressed when the mutant cells pass through additional cell divisions in culture. Mutant antennal discs were cultured in vivo and allowed to duplicate the antennal anlage. Furthermore, regeneration of the mutant antennal anlage was obtained by culturing eye discs and a particular fragment of the eye disc. Both duplicated and regenerated antennae showed at least a partial transformation into leg structures which indicates that the mutant gene is expressed during proliferation in culture.
Multiaxis 3D Woven Preform and Properties of Multiaxis 3D Woven and 3D Orthogonal Woven Carbon/Epoxy Composites:

In this study, multiaxis 3D woven preform was developed with five yarn sets: + bias, -bias, warp, filling, and z-yarns. The orientation of the yarns on the five axis have improved the mechanical properties of the preform. The yarns of the preforms, which were made of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, were consolidated with an epoxy resin. These preforms were tested and compared with the 3D orthogonal woven carbon composites. It was found that in-plane shear strength and modulus of multiaxis 3D woven composite were higher than that of the 3D orthogonal woven composite. However the bending strength, bending modulus, and the interlaminar shear strength of the multiaxis 3D woven composite were slightly lower than that of the 3D orthogonal woven composite because of the orientations of +/-bias yarns on both surfaces of the multiaxis 3D woven structure. The failures of both woven samples were also analyzed for the assessment of their mechanical behaviors. The unit cell of the multiaxis 3D woven prefo...
Urinary tract infection, wetting, and constipation.

To the Editor. I applaud Dr Loening-Baucke for calling attention to the problem of urinary tract infection (UTI), wetting, and constipation ( Pediatrics 1997;100:228–232). The combination is something that we, as pediatric urologists, deal with on an almost daily basis and are continuously surprised at how infrequently the complex is tied together by referring pediatricians. However, in Dr Loening-Baucke's presentation she failed to include the importance of getting a thorough voiding history in these children, which often reveals that, along with infrequent bowel movements, they also tend to be infrequent voiders. Oftentimes these children awaken in the morning, do not void, go off to school, do not void, and then are wet by the time they get home in …
Failures-to-Launch and Boomerang Kids: Contemporary Determinants of Leaving and Returning to the Parental Home

The percentage of young American adults residing in their parents' home has increased markedly over recent years, but we know little about how sociodemographic, life-course, and parental characteristics facilitate or impede leaving or returning home. We use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Transition into Adulthood survey to examine the determinants of leaving and returning home among youth who turned age 18 between 2005 and 2011. Findings from event history models show that while leaving and returning home is to some extent a function of normative life-course transitions, characteristics of the parental home (e.g., presence of co-resident siblings, mother's educational attainment) and the degree of family connectivity (e.g., emotional closeness to mother, instrumental help from family) also play important roles. Experiencing physical, including sexual, victimization drives young adults both out of, and back into, the parental home. Having parents in poor physical health encourages young adults to move back home. Overall, the results suggest that a comprehensive explanation for both home-leaving and home-returning will need to look beyond life-course transitions and standard economic accounts to encompass a broader array of push and pull factors, particularly those that bond young adults with their parents.
III. Subfamily Puelioideae L.G. Clark et al. (2000)

Rhizomatous perennials, herbaceous, the culms hollow. Leaves with broad blades, with pseudopetioles, without auricles, the ligule a fringed membrane. Inflorescences branched or unbranched, sometimes with minute bracts subtending the branches. Spikelets with multiple flowers, the proximal several staminate or sterile, the distal ones pistillate or bisexual. Stigmas 2 or 3. Caryopsis with a long, linear hilum, the embryo small, its detailed structure unknown.
Analysis of Recursive Stochastic Algorithms

Recursive algorithms where random observations enter are studied in a fairly general framework. An important feature is that the observations may depend on previous ?outputs? of the algorithm. The considered class of algorithms contains, e.g., stochastic approximation algorithms, recursive identification algorithms, and algorithms for adaptive control of linear systems. It is shown how a deterministic differential equation can be associated with the algorithm. Problems like convergence with probality one, possible convergence points and asymptotic behavior of the algorithm can all be studied in terms of this differential equation. Theorems stating the precise relationships between the differential equation and the algorithm are given as well as examples of applications of the results to problems in identification and adaptive control.
Fluorescence fluctuation approaches to the study of adhesion and signaling.

Abstract Cell–matrix adhesions are large, multimolecular complexes through which cells sense and respond to their environment. They also mediate migration by serving as traction points and signaling centers and allow the cell to modify the surroucnding tissue. Due to their fundamental role in cell behavior, adhesions are germane to nearly all major human health pathologies. However, adhesions are extremely complex and dynamic structures that include over 100 known interacting proteins and operate over multiple space (nm–μm) and time (ms–min) regimes. Fluorescence fluctuation techniques are well suited for studying adhesions. These methods are sensitive over a large spatiotemporal range and provide a wealth of information including molecular transport dynamics, interactions, and stoichiometry from a single time series. Earlier chapters in this volume have provided the theoretical background, instrumentation, and analysis algorithms for these techniques. In this chapter, we discuss their implementation in living cells to study adhesions in migrating cells. Although each technique and application has its own unique instrumentation and analysis requirements, we provide general guidelines for sample preparation, selection of imaging instrumentation, and optimization of data acquisition and analysis parameters. Finally, we review several recent studies that implement these techniques in the study of adhesions.
Comment on James E. Rosenbaum, Linda K. Stroh, and Cathy A. Flynn's “Lake Parc Place: A study of mixed‐income housing”

Abstract Rosenbaum, Stroh, and Flynn confirm existing community leader perceptions that this model mixed‐income development in the predominantly low‐income South Side of Chicago has produced a positive residential environment. Increased tenant voice, not role modeling, seems to be a factor in producing increased resident satisfaction with the building and a strong sense of commitment to the mixed‐income alternative to exclusively low‐income housing projects. The extra resources invested in physical improvements and the extraordinary media attention paid to this model project may have created a “Hawthorne effect,” which also produced higher levels of satisfaction. The existence of this successful model is not sufficient to provide more housing alternatives; community‐based advocacy for more mixed‐income developments is needed.
Comparing the Cost of Food to Blacks and to Whites—A Survey:

The difference in food prices to blacks and to whites is one source of urban unrest. The author surveys the answers to the question, “Do blacks pay more?” An effort is made to show what is known an...
Effect of Estrone∗ on Lactogen Content in Pituitary and Blood of Male Rabbits.†‡

SummaryThree groups of male rabbits were injected with 3 different levels of estrone in order to determine whether estrogen could effect a simultaneous rise in the lactogenic hormone of the pituitary and blood stream. Assays of the pituitaries revealed that a considerable increase in lactogen was obtained, although the highest dosage of estrone (5000 I.U.) gave a smaller increase in lactogen than was secured with the two lower levels (500 and 1000 I.U.). Assays of the whole, untreated rabbit blood also showed that a definite increase in the release of lactogen into the blood stream was secured following the injection of estrone. These findings are believed to account for the initiation of lactation following suitable estrogen treatment.
Linked Data for Libraries, Archives and Museums: How to Clean, Link and Publish Your Metadata

Linked Data for Libraries, Archives and Museums by Seth van Hooland and Ruben Verborgh attempts to conquer a difficult task: providing a technical-but-not-too-technical, practical-but-intellectual ...
Kinetic characterization of a cocaine hydrolase engineered from mouse butyrylcholinesterase

Mouse butyrylcholinesterase (mBChE) and an mBChE-based cocaine hydrolase (mCocH, i.e. the A199S/S227A/S287G/A328W/Y332G mutant) have been characterized for their catalytic activities against cocaine, i.e. naturally occurring (−)-cocaine, in comparison with the corresponding human BChE (hBChE) and an hBChE-based cocaine hydrolase (hCocH, i.e. the A199S/F227A/S287G/A328W/Y332G mutant). It has been demonstrated that mCocH and hCocH have improved the catalytic efficiency of mBChE and hBChE against (−)-cocaine by ~8- and ~2000-fold respectively, although the catalytic efficiencies of mCocH and hCocH against other substrates, including acetylcholine (ACh) and butyrylthiocholine (BTC), are close to those of the corresponding wild-type enzymes mBChE and hBChE. According to the kinetic data, the catalytic efficiency ( k cat /K M) of mBChE against (−)-cocaine is comparable with that of hBChE, but the catalytic efficiency of mCocH against (−)-cocaine is remarkably lower than that of hCocH by ~250-fold. The remarkable difference in the catalytic activity between mCocH and hCocH is consistent with the difference between the enzyme–(−)-cocaine binding modes obtained from molecular modelling. Further, both mBChE and hBChE demonstrated substrate activation for all of the examined substrates [(−)-cocaine, ACh and BTC] at high concentrations, whereas both mCocH and hCocH showed substrate inhibition for all three substrates at high concentrations. The amino-acid mutations have remarkably converted substrate activation of the enzymes into substrate inhibition, implying that the rate-determining step of the reaction in mCocH and hCocH might be different from that in mBChE and hBChE. Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; BChE, butyrylcholinesterase; BTC, butyrylthiocholine; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; CIP, calf intestinal alkaline phospahtase; CocH, cocaine hydrolases; hBChE, human butyrylcholinesterase; hCocH, human-butyrylcholinesterase-based cocaine hydrolase; mBChE, mouse butyrylcholinesterase; mCocH, mouse butyrylcholinesterase-based cocaine hydrolase; MD, molecular dynamics; TS, transition state
Lipid Synthesis and Adipocyte Growth in Adipose Tissue from Sheep Chronically Fed a Beta-Adrenergic Agent

The effects of the chronic ingestion of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on ovine sc adipose tissue were investigated. Three groups of 10 wether lambs with an average initial weight of 22.7 kg were used as experimental animals. After culling 2 to 3 animals per group, one group of eight sheep was slaughtered (initial). The remaining two groups of sheep (control, n = 7 and clenbuterol-fed, n = 8) were fed either a control, high-energy diet or one containing 2 ppm clenbuterol for 40 to 44 d. At slaughter, sc adipose tissue was obtained from all animals for assays in vitro. Subcutaneous fat accretion observed over time in the control sheep was due primarily to an increase in the number of lipid-filled adipocytes. This phenomenon was not observed in the clenbuterol-fed sheep. The incorporation of acetate into lipid increased in the clenbuterol-fed group relative to the initial group and was numerically greater than the rate observed for the control group. Similar results were observed for lipogenic enzyme activities and fatty acid-binding protein activity. Palmitate esterification in vitro tended to be elevated in the clenbuterol-fed group, relative to the control group, suggesting increased triacylglycerol turnover. The in vitro data indicate that clenbuterol did not decrease sc fat accretion in sheep by inhibiting lipogenesis.
Identifying the independent effect of HbA1c variability on adverse health outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Aims To characterize the relationship between HbA1c variability and adverse health outcomes among US military veterans with Type 2 diabetes. Methods This retrospective cohort study used Veterans Affairs and Medicare claims for veterans with Type 2 diabetes taking metformin who initiated a second diabetes medication (n = 50 861). The main exposure of interest was HbA1c variability during a 3-year baseline period. HbA1c variability, categorized into quartiles, was defined as standard deviation, coefficient of variation and adjusted standard deviation, which accounted for the number and mean number of days between HbA1c tests. Cox proportional hazard models predicted mortality, hospitalization for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, and myocardial infarction or stroke and were controlled for mean HbA1c levels and the direction of change in HbA1c levels during the baseline period. Results Over a mean 3.3 years of follow-up, all HbA1c variability measures significantly predicted each outcome. Using the adjusted standard deviation measure for HbA1c variability, the hazard ratios for the third and fourth quartile predicting mortality were 1.14 (95% CI 1.04, 1.25) and 1.42 (95% CI 1.28, 1.58), for myocardial infarction and stroke they were 1.25 (95% CI 1.10, 1.41) and 1.23 (95% CI 1.07, 1.42) and for ambulatory-care sensitive condition hospitalization they were 1.10 (95% CI 1.03, 1.18) and 1.11 (95% CI 1.03, 1.20). Higher baseline HbA1c levels independently predicted the likelihood of each outcome. Conclusions In veterans with Type 2 diabetes, greater HbA1c variability was associated with an increased risk of adverse long-term outcomes, independently of HbA1c levels and direction of change. Limiting HbA1c fluctuations over time may reduce complications.
A randomized, controlled trial of a stress management intervention for Latinos with type 2 diabetes delivered by community health workers: Outcomes for psychological wellbeing, glycemic control, and cortisol.

Abstract Aims To test the efficacy of a community health worker (CHW) delivered stress management (SM) intervention on psychosocial, glycemic, and cortisol outcomes among U.S. Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Methods A randomized, controlled trial compared CHW-delivered diabetes education (DE; one group session) to DE plus CHW-delivered SM (DE + SM; 8 group sessions). Psychosocial variables and urinary cortisol were measured at baseline and posttreatment. HbA1c was measured at baseline, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Results In intent to treat analysis, compared to DE (n = 46), DE + SM (n = 61) showed significantly improved symptoms of depression, anxiety, and self-reported health status. There were no significant group effects for HbA1c, diabetes distress, or urinary cortisol. However, there was a dose response effect for HbA1c and diabetes distress; increasing attendance at SM sessions was associated with greater improvements in HbA1c and diabetes distress. Conclusions This is the first randomized, controlled trial demonstrating that CHWs can improve psychological symptoms and self-reported health among Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Efforts to increase intervention attendance may improve HbA1c and diabetes distress.
Pacific Patron, 1853–94

During his presidential farewell address in 1796, George Washington articulated the guidelines for American foreign policy that had been followed since the United States achieved independence and would guide policymakers for another century: “The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible…. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation. Hence … it is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”1 To the admonition “Trade with All, Ally with None,” President Monroe added the warning in 1823 against any Great Power encroachment in the Western Hemisphere.
Predicting Key Phenological Stages for 17 Grapevine Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

Weather conditions have a significant impact on crops, and temperature is one of the main factors that controls plant development. Thermal time models based on temperature have been applied to predict the development of many species. To implement these models, determination of an appropriate base temperature (Tb) is required to characterize the differences among developmental stages and cultivars. The goal of this study was to determine the unique Tb and degree-days (DD) to predict budbreak, bloom, and veraison for 17 cultivars. Tb’s were estimated with the minimum variance method using phenological data collected over 23 years in Prosser, WA. Tb increased throughout grapevine development and ranged from 6.1 to 8.4°C for budbreak, from 7.2 to 10.5°C for bloom, and from 9.4 to 12.8°C for veraison. Starting DD accumulation on 1 Jan and using the Tb’s estimated for each cultivar, the duration to budbreak ranged from 78 to 180 DD, from budbreak to bloom ranged from 240 to 372 DD, and from bloom to veraison ranged from 556 to 800 DD. Errors in prediction varied between 4.8 and 7.8 days to budbreak, between 1.9 and 5.5 days to bloom, and between 7.1 and 12.4 days to veraison. Based on the errors in prediction, models that used an estimated Tb specific for a phenological stage performed better than models that had a fixed Tb of 0 and 10°C. The estimated thermal time parameters provide a simple approach for characterizing differences among cultivars and assist growers and industry in implementing management practices through simple decision support tools based on thermal time models.