cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasoning Framework for Diagnosis and Prognosis

This paper describes a general-purpose probabilistic framework for reasoning in diagnosis and prognosis. The framework provides a mathematically rigorous way of handling uncertainty, which is often present in diagnosis and is inherent to prognosis. It is based on an extension of Bayesian network models and Bayesian inference. It coherently integrates multiple sources of evidence in diagnosis and prognosis, including component usage, environmental conditions of operation as well as component health and health trends. The framework has been applied to diagnosis of very complex transportation and aviation systems and to prognosis of electromechanical and electronic subsystems in aviation.
Comparative analysis of cost of endoscopic endonasal minimally invasive and sublabial-transseptal approaches to the pituitary†

Background Two surgical approaches to the pituitary are commonly used: the sublabial-transseptal (SLTS) approach using microscopy and the endonasal endoscopic minimally invasive (MIPS) approach. Although outcomes are similar for both procedures, MIPS has become increasingly prevalent over the last 15 years. Limited cost analysis data comparing the 2 alternatives are available. Methods A retrospective analysis of cost and volume data was performed using data from the published literature and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Hospitals. A sensitivity analysis of the parameters was used to evaluate the uncertainty in parameter estimates. Results The total cost in real dollars ranges from $11,438 to $12,513 and $18,095 to $21,005 per patient per procedure for MIPS and SLTS, respectively, with a cost difference ranging between $5582 and $9567 per patient per procedure. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the total cost for MIPS is most sensitive to: (1) average length of stay, (2) nursing costs, and (3) number of total complications, whereas the total cost for SLTS is most sensitive to: (1) average length of stay, (2) nursing cost, and (3) operating time. MIPS is less costly than SLTS between 94% and 98% of the time. Conclusion The results indicate that MIPS is less costly than SLTS at a large academic center. Future research should compare the outcomes and quality of life (QoL) associated with the 2 surgeries to improve the data used to determine the cost-effectiveness of MIPS compared to SLTS. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
An Adjustable Nutrient Margin of Safety Comparison Using Linear and Stochastic Programming in an Excel Spreadsheet

SUMMARY A stochastic-linear program Excel workbook was developed that consisted of 2 worksheets illustrating linear and stochastic program approaches. Both approaches used the Excel Solver addin. A published linear program problem served as an example for the ingredients, nutrients, and costs and as a benchmark in the development of the linear and stochastic programs. Standard deviations for ME and nutrients were taken or calculated from CV, and from a commercial publication of sources for amino acids. The Excel spreadsheet was set up so that the calculated margin of safety (MOS) value, according to the requested probability, was the same for both the linear and stochastic programs. As an example, the probability for meeting the nutrient value for protein was compared at 50% (MOS = 0) and 69% (MOS = 0.5) by using both linear and stochastic programming. Spreadsheet results illustrated the flexibility, accuracy, and precision of the stochastic program over the linear program in meeting the requested nutrient probability.
Screening accuracy for risk of autism spectrum disorder using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)

Abstract Early identification of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is facilitated by the use of standardized screening scales that assess the social emotional behaviors associated with ASD. Authors examined accuracy of Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) subscales in detecting Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) risk for 456 toddlers. An ASD-specific screener, Total ASD, was developed from BITSEA subscales incorporating both behavioral and social communicative features of ASD. Results indicated that Total ASD is more accurate in detecting autism risk than scales measuring general behavior problems or social competence. Results provide support for the BITSEA as a Level I screener for social emotional problems and a Level II screener for ASD symptoms at community sites such as well child clinics.
Nonequilibrium many-body theory of intersubband lasers

We present a theory for intersubband lasers, based on the solution of the Maxwell-semiconductor Bloch equations for the laser field and active medium. The collision contributions are treated within the relaxation rate approximation, where the relaxation rates are determined by microscopic scattering calculations. The theory is suitable for investigating steady-state as well as dynamical laser characteristics. As examples of applications of the theory, we examine the thermal dependence of the laser output versus current density curve and the response to modulation of the injection current, for a three-subband laser. The influence of the nonparabolicity of the conduction band and Hartree-Fock many-body effects are investigated.
Trust and Collaboration in PLC Teams Teacher Relationships, Principal Support, and Collaborative Benefits

Professional learning communities (PLCs) are being recognized as effective in improving teacher collaboration and student achievement. Trust is critical in effectively implementing the PLC model, and the school principal is best positioned to influence school trust levels. Using five facets of trust, this research sought to clarify the impact of trust among PLC teachers on their team’s collaborative practices. Findings suggested ways that members of successful PLCs built trust. Findings also suggested ways that principals influenced team members’ trust. Successful and unsuccessful PLCs emphasized different facets in describing development of trust, the principal’s role in building trust, and the role of trust in collaboration.
Role of Insulin, Insulinlike Growth Factors, and Nerve Growth Factor in Neurite Formation

The formation of proper connections between nerve cells and their targets is an important determinant of the behavioral repertoire of higher animals. Old connections may be broken and new ones established, adding to plasticity for response to a changing environment. Among the many and complex variables contributing to the structure of the neural network are the neurotrophic polypeptides. For decades nerve growth factor (NGF) stood alone as the only identified representative of this class. More recently, evidence has begun to emerge supporting the hypothesis (Recio-Pinto and Ishii, 1984; Ishii et al., 1985) that insulin and the insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) are members of a broad family of structurally related neuritogenic polypeptides. Here we review and extend the experimental observations supporting this hypothesis.
Cut-pieces: celluloid obscenity and popular cinema in Bangladesh

‘Cut-pieces’ are quick, illegal, sexually explicit scenes spliced into Bangladeshi action films, out of view of the Censor Board, but accessible nonetheless to viewing publics who either actively c...
First-Principles Treatment of Photoluminescence in Semiconductors

A comparison of two first-principles methodologies, (1) molecular dynamics (MD) sampling and (2) time integration along progression of subsequently occupied excited states for computing emission spectra of semiconductors at different levels of accuracy is presented. Photoluminescence (PL) linewidth broadening is calculated to account for the motion of ionic positions. (1) In the MD sampling method, excited state lifetimes are assumed to be very short due to quick cascade thermalization, leading to intense PL peaks in semiconductors at transition energies corresponding to the bandgap energy of the materials, according to Kasha’s rule. Nuclear motion is modeled via adiabatic MD within VASP software. During MD, electronic orbital energies fluctuate through time according to electron–phonon coupling terms. A sampling of possible radiative transition energies along the MD trajectory contributes to PL line width inhomogeneous broadening σ1. Optically allowed transitions along fluctuating transition energies fou...
A Novel Data-Driven Learning Method for Radar Target Detection in Nonstationary Environments

Most existing radar algorithms are developed under the assumption that the environment (clutter) is stationary. However, in practice, the characteristics of the clutter can vary enormously depending on the radar-operational scenarios. If unaccounted for, these nonstationary variabilities may drastically hinder the radar performance. Therefore, to overcome such shortcomings, we develop a data-driven method for target detection in nonstationary environments. In this method, the radar dynamically detects changes in the environment and adapts to these changes by learning the new statistical characteristics of the environment and by intelligibly updating its statistical detection algorithm. Specifically, we employ drift detection algorithms to detect changes in the environment; incremental learning, particularly learning under concept drift algorithms, to learn the new statistical characteristics of the environment from the new radar data that become available in batches over a period of time. The newly learned environment characteristics are then integrated in the detection algorithm. We use Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate that the developed method provides a significant improvement in the detection performance compared with detection techniques that are not aware of the environmental changes.
The forest or the trees: Interpreting temporal changes in California mussel shell size

Abstract Investigations of human impacts on intertidal shellfish communities has become an important area of inquiry for archaeologists working in coastal regions around the globe. A recent study by Thakar et al. (2015) addresses this research agenda, but fails to recognize and accurately characterize earlier studies designed to investigate regional and deep temporal patterning of mussel size fluctuations on California's Northern Channel Islands. Here, we clarify the scope and scale of these earlier efforts and offer caution when interpreting the implications of Thakar et al.'s., 2017 conclusions.
Disturbance source identification based on cutset energy and sensitivity for forced power oscillation

The continuous and cyclical small disturbance in power system may cause forced power oscillation on tie line.It is difficult to locate the disturbance source.A method based on cutset energy and normalized sensitivity is proposed to identify the disturbance source of forced power oscillation,which,based on the energy conversion characteristics of forced power oscillation,defines the concept of cutset energy,identifies the disturbance source according to the flow of cutset energy,and recognizes the critical generators by analyzing the normalized sensitivity of cutset energy to the active power output of generators.Its correctness and practicability are verified by the case studies for an 8-machine system and the Central China Grid system.Based on the dynamic network information provided by the wide area measurement system,the proposed method can online identify precisely the cutest where the disturbance source of forced power oscillation caused by prime mover power disturbance or load disturbance locates.
Open Approaches to the Frontal Sinus

Historically frontal sinus disease was treated through external approaches, but endoscopic sinus surgery has changed the treatment paradigm for frontal sinus disease. Despite the expanding techniques for endoscopic approaches to the frontal sinus, there remain situations when open frontal sinus surgery offers unparalleled access and visibility. In this chapter, the indications and techniques for frontal sinus trephination, Lynch procedure, osteoplastic frontal sinus flap, Reidel’s procedure, and frontal sinus cranialization are reviewed.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Microbiologic Culture for Diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection in Cows.

Recent reports have indicated that the relative sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test for detection of intramammary infection of cows with Staphylococcus aureus is not as high as originally reported. It has been suggested that antibodies measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) more closely reflect previous infection status rather than current infection status, and that the delay in antibody formation following infection and the persistence of antibodies after elimination of infection may be responsible for some of the discrepancy observed between ELISA and bacterial culture results conducted on the same milk sample. This study (n = 209 cows) was undertaken to determine if an ELISA for S. aureus intramammary infection more closely reflects previous infection status than it does current infection status, and to ascertain whether correction of this time-delay factor substantially improves calculated values of ELISA relative sensitivity and specificity. Receiver-operator curves were constructed to compare different time-related definitions of microbiologic culture results used for comparison with ELISA results. A greater degree of curvature in receiver-operator curves indicated that ELISA results did more closely reflect culture results performed on milk samples taken 1 and 3 weeks previously. Insignificant improvement in sensitivity and specificity occurred when the database was limited to cows (n = 140) with milk production greater than 13.6 kg/day. However, values of sensitivity were all less than or equal to 90%, and values of specificity were all less than 54%.
Illustrated Guide to Crlme Scene Investigation

You are the first to arrive at the scene. You secure the area, and record what the human eye can see so far. You begin your search. You come across what appears to be physical evidence, and proceed to carefully document, package, and transport it to the lab. You fill out the routine paperwork, and feel secure in the knowledge that you have done eve
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Viral Hepatitis in New York City

Background The incidence and mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are increasing in the United States. Viral hepatitis infection is a primary risk factor for HCC. This study describes the relationship between viral hepatitis and HCC in New York City (NYC). Methods Viral hepatitis cases reported to the NYC Department of Health from 1999-2012 were matched to HCC cases diagnosed from 2001 to 2012 and reported to the New York State Cancer Registry. HCC cases were stratified by the presence or absence of viral hepatitis. Demographic characteristics, factors associated with specific causes of death, and survival time were analyzed for all HCC cases. Results From 2001-2012, a total of 8827 NYC residents had HCC diagnosed; 38.4% had hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, 17.9% had hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and 2.2% had both. Patients with HCC were predominantly men (74.8%), with equal proportions of white non-Hispanic (28.6%) and Hispanic (28.9%) patients. Those with HBV infection were primarily Asian/Pacific Islanders (63.2%). The median survival time after HCC diagnosis for persons with HBV infection was 22.3 months, compared with 13.1 months for persons with HCV infection, and 6.9 months for noninfected persons. The 5-year survival rate was 37.5% for those with HBV infection, 20.0% for those with HCV infection, 29.5% among coinfected individuals, and 16.1% for those with neither infection reported. Conclusions In NYC, most persons with HCC have viral hepatitis; the majority of viral hepatitis infections are due to HCV. Survival for persons with HCC differs widely by viral hepatitis status. This study highlights the importance of viral hepatitis prevention and treatment and HCC screening.
Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Mixes Containing Highly Modified Asphalt (HiMA) Binders at the Accelerated Pavement Load Facility in Ohio

Highly modified asphalt (HiMA) mixes have been proposed as a stronger alternative to standard asphalt concrete mixes that will enable thinner perpetual pavements in Ohio. HiMA uses a polymer-enhanced binder has a higher unit cost, but has the potential to reduce the thickness of perpetual pavements, resulting in savings compared to conventional HMA perpetual pavement projects. Test sections containing HiMA in the surface, intermediate, and base layers were constructed with total thicknesses of 20, 23, and 25 cm, created by varying the depth of the AC treated base, in the Accelerated Pavement Load Facility (APLF) at Ohio University in Lancaster, Ohio. An additional 28 cm section was installed as a control with a non-HiMA base layer and HiMA surface and intermediate layers to compare with the experimental sections. Each pavement was subjected to 10,000 passes with a single axle load of 40 kN while the pavement was held at each of two pavement temperatures of 21.1 and 37.8 °C. Rutting on the surface of the pavement was measured using a rolling wheel profilometer after 100, 300, 1000, 3000, and 10,000 wheel passes at each temperature. The four sections showed no significant rutting damage after being subjected to a total of over 20,000 passes, and remained well below ODOT’s “low rutting” threshold of 3.2 mm. Extrapolating the rutting data indicated the worst-performing section would reach the low rutting threshold after more than a million passes of the load. The rutting data were compared to those obtained in a previous perpetual pavement study in the APLF that had surface courses including Aspha-min warm mix asphalt and a conventional hot mix asphalt, which crossed the low rutting threshold well before 10,000 passes at the high temperature.
15 – FORAGE-HARVESTING EQUIPMENT

Selection of a forage-handling system is one of the many important decisions made by forage and livestock producers. The system must be geared to meet needs of the current operation. To make this decision intelligently, a number of questions must be asked and the proper information must be obtained to analyze each of the alternatives. The number of possible alternatives may be reduced by carefully considering the needs of a particular operation. Two factors are crucial in planning: Will the system provide the proper quality in the stored feeds? Does it match the labor and capital resources available on the ranch or farm? This chapter begins by presenting data important in making management decisions with respect to the economics of forage-harvesting-handling equipment. To determine the potential cost for a forage-harvesting-handling system, one has to estimate the annual tonnage to be handled by the system, fist the equipment required, identify the associated cost for owning and operating each machine at that tonnage, and sum to obtain the total cost.
Interleukin 1β and fever

Recombinant poxviruses expressing soluble interleukin–1 receptors show that interleukin-1 β is the predominant pyrogen during poxvirus infection.
Assimilation of Enterprise Information Systems: Knowledge Support from People and Systems

Prior research has indicated that employees rely on their informal social network to acquire knowledge essential for assimilating new technologies into their work practices. This study investigates the role of the help desk and online help in providing knowledge support for individual users and workgroups after the implementation of an Enterprise Information System. In addition to the informal social network, the people-driven help desk and system-driven online help are incorporated into a multi-modal social network framework to understand their synergistic impact on implementation success. The findings of the study indicate that the help desk provides knowledge support to both individuals and workgroups, while online help has a nuanced effect that depends on the density of individual and workgroup social network connections. The study further emphasizes the relevance of multi-modal social networks in understanding the combined network effects of people and systems.
The Role of Executive Symbolism In Advancing New Strategic Themes in Organizations: A Social Influence Perspective

Contributing to the sensegiving literature and organizational change literature, we set forth a theory for predicting the relative effectiveness, or ineffectiveness, of executive symbolism in advan...
Commutative, Distributive, and Estimative Justice In Adam Smith

In Smith there is something of a contrariety, or double doctrine, on justice: Much of his writing leaves us with the impression that we should use justice and its cognates to mean commutative justice, and only that. But much also authorizes the conclusion that we should embrace and talk of three different senses of justice. I exposit the three senses of justice, but leave aside Smith’s intentions in leaving us with such diverging impressions. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he distinguishes and describes commutative justice, distributive justice, and a third justice a name for which he does not give but is here called estimative. Smith shows that commutative justice is very special, yet he affirmed and abundantly practiced justice talk beyond commutative justice. On my tri-layered interpretation, estimative justice looms large in matters determined by the jural “superior,” that is, the governor. I suggest that Smith would denominate such matters, not in terms of distributive justice, but rather in terms of estimative justice (as well as commutative justice).
How Much Is an Image Worth? Airbnb Property Demand Estimation Leveraging Large Scale Image Analytics

We study how Airbnb property demand changed after the acquisition of verified images (taken by Airbnb’s photographers) and explore what makes a good image for an Airbnb property. Using deep learning and difference-in-difference analyses on an Airbnb panel dataset spanning 7,423 properties over 16 months, we find that properties with verified images had 8.98% higher occupancy than properties without verified images (images taken by the host). To explore what constitutes a good image for an Airbnb property, we quantify 12 human-interpretable image attributes that pertain to three artistic aspects—composition, color, and the figure-ground relationship—and we find systematic differences between the verified and unverified images. We also predict the relationship between each of the 12 attributes and property demand, and we find that most of the correlations are significant and in the theorized direction. Our results provide actionable insights for both Airbnb photographers and amateur host photographers who wish to optimize their images. Our findings contribute to and bridge the literature on photography and marketing (e.g., staging), which often either ignores the demand side (photography) or does not systematically characterize the images (marketing).
Campus as a Living Laboratory for Sustainability: The Chemistry Connection

In the undergraduate curriculum, chemistry and sustainability connect easily and well. Topics in chemistry provide instructors with opportunities to engage students in learning about sustainability; similarly, topics in sustainability provide instructors with opportunities to engage students in learning chemistry. One’s own college or university campus is a useful source of content related both to sustainability and to chemistry. To obtain this content, instructors must seek out and learn from those working in campus facilities and operations. For the past five years, the approach of utilizing campus-based content was employed by the authors in teaching an introductory environmental science course. This paper describes three topics from this course that general chemistry instructors can use to help students make connections to sustainability: the carbon cycle, the carbon footprint, and the energy required to heat water. These topics are presented with the hope that instructors will use them with data from their institutions, utilizing their own campus as a “living laboratory” for sustainability.
En busca de la educación musical

Las escuelas son lugares, tipos de instituciones y entornos donde una sociedad compleja (o institucion social) emprende la instruccion formal considerada como necesaria o deseable (formal considerada como antonimo de informal, aleatoria o incidental). A la escuela, como agente de un grupo social o institucion patrocinadora, se le encarga llevar a cabo los deseos de los que la patrocinan, representar y comunicar sus actitudes, creencias, valores, asi como proyectar programas bien determinados de estudio de acuerdo a estas expectativas.
An Enrichment Strategy Yields Seven Novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Mortality and Altered Th17 Responses Following Blunt Trauma.

ABSTRACTTrauma is the leading cause of death worldwide for individuals under the age of 55. Interpatient genomic differences, in the form of candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been associated previously with adverse outcomes after trauma. However, the utility of these SNPs to pre
Bifurcation Problems in Constrained Nonlinear Thermoelasticity

I study the problem of inflation under constant pressure of nonlinear ther-moelastic and isotropic spherical shells. The boundary of the shell is kept insulated and the material of the body is supposed to satisfy the internal constraint, $$ \det \,{\text{F(X,t) = f(}}\tau {\text{(X,t))}} $$ (1.1) where F denotes the gradient of deformation matrix at the particle X at time t > 0 and τ > 0 denotes the absolute temperature. Moreover, f(x) in (1.1) is assumed to be smooth and to satisfy the following conditions: $$ {\text{f}}({\tau_0}) = 1,\,{\text{f'}}(\tau)>0,\, $$ (1.2a,b) where τ0 denotes a constant references temperathure. According to (1.2a), the constraint expressed by equation (1.1) reduces to incompressibility when thermal effects are ignored and the temperature is taken to be τ0 When such conditions are met, we will refer to the problem as ‘purely mechanical’. Another special situation arises when τ is set to be equal to a constant τ in the governing equations. The corresponding problem will be called ‘isothermal’. In this case, the body experiences an increase in volume given by equation (1.1).
Presentation matters: Number of attributes presented impacts estimated preferences

Best–worst scaling is an increasingly employed methodology in which both the number of attributes shown in each choice task and the number of tasks can vary. Researchers face a tradeoff between the number of attributes shown per question and the total number of questions. U.S. residents (n = 818) were randomly assigned to see one of two best–worst presentations of the same six meat attributes (taste, convenience, safety, animal welfare, price, and nutrition). Significant differences were found in the estimated preference shares when respondents were shown two versus three attributes at a time. Both presentations ranked safety as the most important, taste as the second most important, and convenience as the least important meat purchasing attribute. However, the distributions of most of the preference share estimates were statistically different. Differences in preferences share estimates resulting from the presentation of questions has the potential to influence marketing, retailing, and other decisions. [EconLit citations: C83, M31, Q13]
Spiking and Excitatory/Inhibitory Input Dynamics of Barrel Cells in Response to Whisker Deflections of Varying Velocity and Angular Direction.

Abstract The spiking of barrel regular-spiking (RS) cells is tuned for both whisker deflection direction and velocity. Velocity tuning arises due to thalamocortical (TC) synchrony (but not spike quantity) varying with deflection velocity, coupled with feedforward inhibition, while direction selectivity is not fully understood, though may be due partly to direction tuning of TC spiking. Data show that as deflection direction deviates from the preferred direction of an RS cell, excitatory input to the RS cell diminishes minimally, but temporally shifts to coincide with the time-lagged inhibitory input. This work constructs a realistic large-scale model of a barrel; model RS cells exhibit velocity and direction selectivity due to TC input dynamics, with the experimentally observed sharpening of direction tuning with decreasing velocity. The model puts forth the novel proposal that RS → RS synapses can naturally and simply account for the unexplained direction dependence of RS cell inputs – as deflection direction deviates from the preferred direction of an RS cell, and TC input declines, RS → RS synaptic transmission buffers the decline in total excitatory input and causes a shift in timing of the excitatory input peak from the peak in TC input to the delayed peak in RS input. The model also provides several experimentally testable predictions on the velocity dependence of RS cell inputs. This model is the first, to my knowledge, to study the interaction of direction and velocity and propose physiological mechanisms for the stimulus dependence in the timing and amplitude of RS cell inputs.
Farmland Loss and Concern in the Treasure Valley

Structural changes in the agriculture and food system have resulted in larger but fewer farms, while increasing populations in urban areas have pushed development into rural areas. Despite these changes, little research has examined the concern of individuals with regards to loss of farmland and how this may vary based on geography. Building on Bell’s argument that the rural–urban continuum still exists and remains an important part of rural residents’ identity, in this article we examine residents’ concern over loss of farmland as a result of urban growth. We pay particularly close attention to urban–rural differences over concern with loss of farmland. Utilizing survey data collected from over 400 households in the Treasure Valley, a region of the western United States, our results indicate that rural residents show greater levels of concern with farmland loss when compared to their urban counterparts.
The Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Oxygenates and Higher Hydrocarbons

Abstract The catalytic conversion of methane has been achieved both in oxidative and nonoxidative processes, although the yields of useful products are only marginal for commercial utilization. Significant advances have been made in the oxidative coupling of methane to ethane and ethylene. The mechanism generally involves a complex set of coupled heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions. Less progress has been made in the conversion of methane to methanol and formaldehyde; however, it appears that the production of methanol also involves a heterogeneous-homogeneous pathway. By contrast, nonoxidative processes, which occur mainly on metals, are dominated by surface reactions. The conversion of methane alone to higher hydrocarbons has been demonstrated in a cyclic mode, but thermodynamic considerations limit the possibilities for a continuous process. A number of alkylation reactions utilizing methane are thermodynamically feasible, and in a few cases the reactions occur with the aid of a catalyst.
Introduction to Circadian Rhythms

One of the most obvious adaptive features of life on earth is the ability of almost all species to change their behavior on a daily or 24-hour basis (Aschoff, 1981). A remarkable feature of the daily rhythms that are observed in organisms as diverse as algae, fruit flies, and humans is that they are not simply a response to the 24-hour changes in the physical environment imposed by the principles of celestial mechanics, but instead arise from an internal time-keeping system. This time-keeping system, or biological clock(s), allows the organism to predict and prepare in advance for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with night and day. Thus, the organism adapts, both behaviorally and physiologically, to meet the challenges associated with the daily changes in the external environment, and there is temporal synchronization between the organism and the external environment. Of equal, but perhaps less appreciated, importance is the fact that this biological clock, like a conductor of a symphony orchestra, provides internal temporal organization and insures that internal changes take place in coordination with one another. Just as living organisms are organized spatially, they are also organized temporally to insure that there is “internal synchronization” between the myriad biochemical and physiological systems in the body (Pittendrigh, 1993).
Developing Surrogates for Liquid Transportation Fuels: The Role of Spherically Symmetric Droplet Combustion

The finite supply of transportation fuels has generated renewed interest to improve their performance in power and propulsion devices. However, the complexity of real fuels prohibits developing their combustion chemistries and property databases needed for simulating performance in engines to identify operational regimes for improving fuel efficiency. Surrogates offer the means to address these concerns if they can be shown to replicate certain combustion targets of the real fuel, and to result in combustion properties similar to real fuels when burned in a suitable configuration that is amenable to detailed numerical modeling. This paper examines the role which droplet combustion can play in the development of surrogates for complex transportation fuels. Recognizing that spray combustion is far too difficult to model and that droplets represent the fine-grid structure of sprays, the combustion dynamics of fuel droplets are examined in an environment that seeks to remove external convective influences to simplify the transport field and produce spherical symmetry in the droplet burning process that can be modeled using a detailed numerical simulation approach. The one-dimensional flames and transport dynamics that result are shown to be well positioned to evaluate the efficacy of surrogate fuel performance. Recent efforts are summarized that have used the spherical droplet flame configuration to evaluate the performance of surrogate fuel blends. Experiments are discussed for promoting spherical symmetry, and results are presented to show the efficacy of some surrogate blends to replicate the performance of gasoline and jet fuels using the spherical droplet configuration. Some results are also included from detailed numerical modeling of biodiesel droplets that incorporate complex combustion chemistry, and unsteady transport, vaporization, and variable property effects that illustrate the potential for high fidelity predictions needed for developing surrogates using the spherically symmetric droplet flame configuration.
Carnelian: alignment-free functional binning and abundance estimation of metagenomic reads

Accurate assignment of metagenomic reads to their functional roles is an important first step towards gaining insights into the relationship between the human microbiome, including the collective genes, and disease. Existing approaches focus on binning sequencing reads into known taxonomic classes or by genes, often failing to produce results that generalize across different cohorts with the same disease. We present Carnelian, a highly precise and accurate pipeline for alignment-free functional binning and abundance estimation, which leverages the recent idea of even-coverage, low-density locality sensitive hashing. When coupled with one-against-all classifiers, reads can be binned by molecular function encoded in their gene content with higher precision and accuracy. Carnelian's minutes-per-metagenome processing speed enables analysis of large-scale disease or environmental datasets to reveal disease- and environment-specific changes in microbial functionality previously poorly understood. Our pipeline newly reveals a functional dysbiosis in patient gut microbiomes, not found in earlier metagenomic studies, and identifies a distinct shift from matched healthy individuals in Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) and early-stage Parkinson's Disease (PD). We remarkably identify a set of functional markers that can differentiate between patients and healthy individuals consistently across different datasets with high specificity.
Infiltrative squamous cell carcinoma in hidradenitis suppurativa: A case report for early surgical intervention.

Abstract Introduction Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that has potential for malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The pathogenesis of HS is poorly understood but thought to be from follicular keratinization, occlusion, and rupture of the pilosebaceous unit, followed by an infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis. Treatment is challenging due to a lack of effective medical therapies. Presentation of case In this case report, we describe a patient with chronic HS that developed into SCC who underwent late surgical intervention after failing medical management. At the time malignant transformation was discovered, the SCC was beyond resectability and ultimately fatal. Discussion Based on the morbidity and mortality of chronic HS illustrated in our case and presented in the literature, we advocate for early surgical intervention. Conclusion Wide surgical excision offers a near definitive intervention and should at least be considered for all chronic HS patients due to high morbidity and malignant transformation risk.
Advancing Ethics and Policy for Healthy‐Volunteer Research through a Model‐Organism Framework

Nonhuman animal research and phase I healthy-volunteer clinical trials are both critical components of testing the safety of investigational drugs as part of the development of new pharmaceuticals. In addition, these types of research share important structural features, as both take place in confinement and both use subjects that are dissimilar to the target population. By mobilizing a model-organism framework for phase I trials, we employ concepts and mechanisms typical to animal research to query gaps in the human subjects ethics and policy framework. By bringing these two research worlds together, we aim to illustrate how the model-organism framework can enhance healthy volunteers' welfare during trials, improve research oversight, and more critically assess the science value of current phase I trials.
Neuromarketing and AI—Powerful Together, but Needing Scrutiny

“Neuromarketing” is a term generally referring to the use of neurotechnologies—primarily brain imaging—to directly access brain response to marketing stimuli. For example, one famous study examined...
NiPred: Need Predictor for Hurricane Disaster Relief

It is of paramount importance to know the situations of people who undergone disaster events and be aware of their updates, yet it is not an easy job to accomplish in the chaos of a disaster. To facilitate advanced disaster relief organization and efficient supplement distribution, we develop NiPred, a social media based need prediction prototype that predicts needs for victims across the affected area. NiPred first extracts problems and concerns posted by victims of disaster-hurricane, in our case study; then displays the statistics to offer an overview for awareness and further analysis; and last, predicts the needs such as "diaper", "boat", "canoe" and "shelter" etc. for disaster relief planning.
Management of gunshot wound-related hip injuries: A systematic review of the current literature.

Abstract Purpose To propose a gunshot wound-related hip injury algorithm and improve patient outcomes. Methods Multiple online databases were queried to identify studies reporting on management of gunshot-wound hip injury. Results Of 47 papers included, 5 and 14 studies recommended surgical intervention for the treatment of low- and high-velocity gunshot wounds, respectively, and 1 paper advocated the use of prophylactic antibiotics in the treatment of high-velocity injuries. All remaining papers had mixed and conflicting results. Conclusion Various therapeutic strategies have been used for the management of gunshot wound-related hip injuries but further prospective studies are necessary to determine the optimal therapeutic modality.
A Complication of Mycobacterium chelonae Infection Following Orbital Floor Fracture Repair.

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium chelonae is a rare, atypical nontuberculous bacterium that has been reported to be an underlying cause of persistent wound infections. Although there are several studies highlighting the role of M chelonae as the putative cause of other postoperative wound infections, to our knowledge there are no reports of infection following implant placement for repair of an orbital floor fracture. The authors present a unique case describing the management of a persistent postoperative infection in a young, immunocompetent patient with an orbital floor fracture repaired with a Stryker Medpor Titan implant. The patient was initially treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics with minimal clinical improvement. Following culture-proven M chelonae, a second surgical intervention was undertaken to remove the implant and later, a third intervention for scar revision. The patient has remained free of infection utilizing a long-term tailored 2-drug antibiotic regimen. This case emphasizes the need for recognition of M chelonae as a potential pathogen in certain clinical situations and the difficulty in eradicating M chelonae in the context of infected implantable devices. The comprehensive treatment protocol required to ensure adequate therapy is reviewed.
Days and Confused: Housing Price and Liquidity Response to New Local Public Schools

The existing real estate literature extensively documents the relationship between housing prices and school quality and, to a lesser extent, the effects of school quality on market liquidity. Howe...
Breast cancer in women under age 40: A decade of trend analysis at a single institution.

Abstract Background Women should be evaluated for breast cancer risk by age 30 to assess for screening need. Recent trends in breast cancer in this population may further inform recommendations. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze trends over time in the rate of breast cancer, tumor characteristics and treatment in women under age 40. Methods Retrospective cohort study of women under age 40 at our institution diagnosed with breast cancer from January 2007 to April 2018 was conducted. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected. Descriptive statistics and the Mann-Kendell Trend test were calculated. Two-proportion z-tests were used to compare proportions of stage, pathology and treatment between 2007-2013 and 2014–2018. Results 197 women under age 40 were treated for a new diagnosis of breast cancer at our institution. A higher proportion of women were diagnosed with invasive carcinoma in 2013–2018 (91%) compared to 2007–2012 (78%), p = 0.008. A higher proportion of women were diagnosed with advanced stage disease (stage III-IV) in 2013–2018 (24%) compared to 2007–2012 (2%), p = 0.001. No statistically significant evidence for an increasing trend of overall rate of breast cancer over the last 11 years (p = 0.419) was observed. Conclusions While no statistically significant increase in overall rate of breast cancer was noted, an increase in invasive and later staged breast cancers was observed. Clinical impact Rise in more aggressive cancers in a population that is largely not screened may have implications both on the individual young woman's morbidity as well as on a public health level.
Lo abyecto y lo inmirable: la muerte de la metáfora en Spiegelman, Scafati, Schrauwen y Shaw

El articulo estudia dos fenomenos distintos pero interrelacionados: por un lado, las metaforas de la desaparicion del yo, y, por otro, el mecanismo de la desaparicion de la metafora o de los sentidos metaforicos en la representacion de procesos como la desaparicion del yo o la abyeccion del yo. El marco teorico viene fundamentalmente de Kristeva, Blanchot, Agamben, Derrida y Mitchell, y de las teorias de los «inmirable». Los comics estudiados son Maus y MetaMaus, de Spiegelman; La ciudad ausente, de Scafati y de Santis; Parallel Lives y Arsene Schrauwen, de Olivier Schrauwen, y Body World y New School, de Dash Shaw.
Protecting Free Exercise Under Smith and After Smith

Fulton v. City of Philadelphia is an important win for religious liberty. The Supreme Court protected a Catholic agency’s ability to continue providing foster-care services, holding that Philadelphia’s nondiscrimination policy failed Employment Division v. Smith’s requirement that a law burdening religion be generally applicable. The majority opinion avoided deciding the broader question whether the unprotective half of Smith should be overruled, so that government would have to provide strong justification for substantially burdening religion even through a generally applicable, formally religion-neutral law. Justice Barrett's concurrence suggested that Smith was mistaken but indicated reluctance to overrule it without knowing what would replace it. This article first briefly examines free exercise under Smith, in the light of Fulton, and briefly revisits the arguments for overruling Smith’s unprotective half. But we focus on describing what approach should replace Smith, and responding to the questions that Justice Barrett raised. We argue for a flexible version of strict scrutiny, and for at least serious intermediate scrutiny. Free exercise review should typically be stronger than the weak intermediate scrutiny governing some free speech contexts: time, place, and manner restrictions and symbolic conduct. Those cases permit regulation when alternative means of communication are available, but when government substantially restricts a religious practice, frequently there are no “alternatives” to the practice. The logic and purposes of free exercise can generate a demanding but workable standard for challenges to generally applicable laws.
Evaluation of Characteristics and Outcomes for Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) With and Without COVID-19 in Elmhurst Queens During Similar Three-Month Periods in 2019 and 2020

Aim There are reports of COVID-19 patients presenting with new onset diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS). We compared the characteristics of patients with DKA with and without COVID-19 and their effect on mortality. Research design and methods A retrospective study at Elmhurst Hospital Center in Queens, New York was performed using ICD-10 codes to identify patients with DKA from March 1 to May 31 in 2019 and 2020. Results While comparing COVID-19 patients with DKA to the DKA patients without COVID-19 in both 2019 and 2020, hispanic patients, males, and type 2 diabetes predominated. COVID-19 patients were older (p=0.010), had more hypertension (p=0.002), and severe lactic acidosis (p=0.006). Mortality for DKA patients with COVID-19 was 57%, for DKA patients without COVID-19 it was 2.1% (p=0.0001), and for diabetic patients (no DKA) with COVID-19 it was 39% (p=0.035). Within the COVID-19 group, older age (mean age 65), (p=0.014), elevated CRP (p=0.012), low O2 saturation (p=0.001), and beta blocker use (P=0.01) were associated with increased mortality. Conclusions COVID-19 patients are older, have a history of hypertension, more severe DKA and lactic acidosis than patients without COVID-19. There was no increase in DKA with HHS. DKA, but not diabetic parameters, hypertension, and older age predicted a poor outcome.
From Silos to the IoT via oneM2M, a Standardized M2M Service Platform

Local Authorities in the UK are facing the requirement of opening their data assets, which are not completely integrated and might come from different sources and sensors. In the view of future smart cities, these data assets should be highly integrated between different sectors and regions to enable accurate prediction and recommendations to users. We explore this problem using Buckinghamshire and the transport sector as a case study to propose a solution that will enable the future Internet of Things (IoT) while incorporating legacy and future systems.