cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin blood flow response to 2-hour repositioning in long-term care residents: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this noninvasive pilot study was to examine the changes in transcutaneous oxygen (tcO2), skin temperature, and hyperemic response in the heels, sacrum, and trochanters in a 2-hour loading-unloading condition in nursing home residents who are positioned in supine and lateral positions. DESIGN: A 1-group, prospective, repeated-measures design was used. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Nine subjects (5 males, 4 females) with a mean age of 85.3 ± 10.86 years (mean ± SD) who required help in turning and positioning at a skilled nursing facility participated in the study. METHODS: Oxygen and temperature sensors were placed on the heels, trochanters, and sacrum. The subject was (1) positioned lateral for 30 minutes (preload); (2) turned to the supine position with head of the bed at 30° for 2 hours (both sacrum and heels were on the bed surface) (loading); and (3) positioned lateral for 2 hours (unloading). Subjects were turned to either the right or the left side. RESULTS: Friedman test showed no statistical differences in tcO2 or skin temperature on the sacrum, heels, or trochanters during preload, supine, and lateral positioning (P > .5). Individual data revealed that hyperemic response was seen in 6 of the 9 subjects when the position was changed from supine to lateral. Only one-third of the subjects attained a sacral tcO2 of 40 mm Hg or more at the end of the 2-hour lateral positioning. tcO2 on both heels decreased within the first 30 minutes of loading. CONCLUSION: Two hours of staying in the supine position lowered sacral oxygenation to less than 40 mm Hg, in some subjects, regardless of whether there was adequate tcO2 at preload. Repositioning to a lateral position after 2 hours of placement in a supine position did not cause the tcO2 to return to preload level. The efficacy of a 2-hour repositioning schedule requires further investigation. Since heel tcO2 was reduced after 30 minutes of loading, further work is needed to determine whether the heels should be offloaded with more frequent repositioning.
The Link between Sleep Disturbance and Depression among Mexican Americans: A Project FRONTIER Study

Objective:To examine the link between disturbed sleep and depression scores in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites.Methods:Data were analyzed for 566 participants (45% Mexican Americans) who ...
Immunoregulatory effects of CD4+ T helper subsets in human melanoma*

Background. The elucidation of CD4 + T helper (Th) cell traits is important for the understanding of immunoregulatory mechanisms in patients with cancer, in particular the Th-cell effect on cytotoxic CD8 + tumor-specific lymphocytes (CTL). Methods. Sixty-six T-cell receptor αβ + /CD4 + clones were generated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of five patients with melanoma and classified into subsets by cytokine production. Transwell experiments were performed to test how the soluble factors of each Th-clone subset affected the cytotoxicity of the tumor-specific CTL against autologous tumor. Results. Th0 clones enhanced cytotoxicity of the CD8 + CTL compared with control CTL cultured in cytokine-free medium. Th1-clone supernatant also enhanced cytotoxicity by CD8 + CTL. In contrast, Th2 clones decreased killing compared with control CTL. Replacement of the Th clones by exogenous interleukin (IL)-2 in concentrations similar to that produced by Th0 and Th1 clones enhanced cytotoxicity. However, suppression of cytotoxicity was observed when similar concentrations of IL-4 were added instead. The helper effect of Th0-soluble factors could be inhibited by anti-IL-2 antibody, whereas anti-IL-4 antibody did not show a significant enhancement. Conclusions. The majority of the CD4 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (Th0) in patients with melanoma enhance the CTL response to autologous tumor by their soluble factors, whereas Th2 cells suppress the CTL response.
Growth of excised fern leaves in sterile culture.

THE techniques of sterile culture have for some years been successfully applied to the elucidation of problems of the developmental physiology of roots and shoots1, both of which possess meristems with indeterminate growth. More recently, the same techniques have been applied to a study of flowers and fruits2, determinate organs which undergo only a limited meristematic development. Although detached leaves have been kept alive for varying periods of time3, and leaf disks and small whole leaves have been reported to undergo limited growth in culture4, so far as we are aware there has been no systematic attempt to use sterile culture techniques in the study of developmental problems of leaves. Because of its prolonged but limited terminal embryogeny, the fern leaf Seemed to afford favourable material for such a study.
Modulation-aware multipath routing and spectrum allocation in elastic optical networks

Elastic Optical Network (EON) or Flex-Grid network enables flexible assignment of spectral resources. With Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technologies, the spectral resources for an end-to-end optical path can be allocated based on the modulation format and the optical reach in EON. The routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) algorithm in EON allocates enough sub-carriers along the spectrum path (SP) to satisfy the connection request. Due to the spectrum-continuity and sub-carrier consecutiveness constraints, an RSA algorithm may not have sufficient contiguous sub-carriers available along a single SP. Instead of using a single SP, in this paper, we propose a multipath RSA algorithm in EON called Modulation-aware Multipath Routing and Spectrum Allocation (MMRSA) algorithm in which the connection demands are satisfied using a minimum number of paths with distance adaptive modulation techniques. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MMRSA algorithm results in a lower blocking probability as compared to other existing multipath and single path RSA algorithms. Our study also shows that a combined usage of multipath routing and flexible distance-adaptive modulation techniques can reduce the blocking probability while consuming the number of sub-carriers similar to that of a single path routing algorithms.
Sediment Transport Conditions near Culverts

Culvert design requirements have evolved with the ability to analyze the complex hydraulics associated with culvert flow. Simple nomograph solutions have been supplemented with comprehensive software, such as HY-8 and HEC-RAS, and tools to evaluate fish passage, such as FishXing. Designing culverts solely for clear water solutions is insufficient. Sustainable culvert design must allow for the natural transport of sediment associated with fluvial systems through culverts. Such processes are still poorly understood. Unique design steps that consider sediment movement have been developed by the United States Forest Service, titled Stream Simulation, and by the Federal Highway Administration, titled the HEC-26. Each design criterion seeks to fulfill the same purpose: provide for the hydraulic requirements, natural sediment movement, and the passage of aquatic organisms. The stream simulation design is based on channel dimensions while the HEC-26 is founded on hydrologic and hydraulic calculations of design flows through the culvert barrel. Both culvert design schemes call for culvert embedment and require that substrate within the barrel remains stable under design discharges. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that sediment "throughput" in an actual culvert depends upon discharge and to describe a new field and modeling campaign in this area.
Regression method of the hydrophobicity ruler approach for determining octanol/water partition coefficients of very hydrophobic compounds.

Abstract A regression method was developed for the hydrophobicity ruler approach, which is an indirect method for determining the octanol/water partition coefficients of very hydrophobic compounds. Two constants introduced into the mathematical model were obtained by regression of the absorption data sampled before the partition equilibrium. A water miscible organic solvent was used to increase the solubility of the very hydrophobic compounds in the aqueous solution so that the hydrophobicity scale was reduced and the equilibration was accelerated. Polydimethylsiloxane/methanol aqueous solution and a series of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used to demonstrate the regression method. The PCB compounds with known experimental log Ko/w values served as reference compounds, while the PCB compounds without known log Ko/w values were determined. The distribution coefficients (log Kp/s), uptake and elimination rate constants were obtained from the two regression constants for each compound (reference or unknown). The correlation of the log Kp/s values of the reference PCB compounds with their log Ko/w values was linear (log Ko/w = 2.69 log Kp/s + 0.76, R2 = 0.97). The log Ko/w values were compared with literature values and suggested that some values from the literature far off the calibration line could be inaccurate. The critical experimental factors, the merits of the regression method were discussed.
Expression of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase-Influenced Genes Predicts Recurrence-Free Survival in Lung and Breast Cancers

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis. NAMPT protein is a secreted plasma biomarker in inflammation and in cancer. The NAMPT enzymatic inhibitor, FK866, acts as an inducer of apoptosis and is a cancer therapeutic candidate, however, little is known regarding the influence of NAMPT on cancer biological mechanisms or on the prognosis of human cancers. We interrogated known microarray data sets to define NAMPT knockdown-influenced gene expression to demonstrate that reduced NAMPT expression strongly dysregulates cancer biology signaling pathways. Comparisons of gene expression datasets of four cancer types generated a N39 molecular signature exhibiting consistent dysregulated expression in multiple cancer tissues. The N39 signature provides a significant and independent prognostic tool of human recurrence-free survival in lung and breast cancers. Despite the absence of clear elucidation of molecular mechanisms, this study validates NAMPT as a novel “oncogene” with a central role in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the N39 signature provides a potentially useful tool for prediction of recurrence-free survival in lung and breast cancer and validates NAMPT as a novel and effective therapeutic target in cancer.
Turbinaria foliosasp . nov. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from the Sultanate of Oman, with a census of currently recognized species in the genus Turbinaria

SUMMARY Turbinaria foliosa sp. nov. is described on the basis of several collections made from Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. The new species is known only from southern Oman, a region of the northern Arabian Sea that is strongly impacted by the upwelling from the summertime monsoon. It is distinguished from other species of the genus by the shape of the leaves and by their loose, non-congested arrangement. Air vesicles, embedded in the leaves, may be present, but more often are absent. A census of the currently recognized species in the genus Turbinaria is provided. Reference is made to Sargassum turbinarioides and Sargassum turbinatifolium . These species possess discrete blades and spherical vesicles and thus conform to Sargassum .
Genetic Variation of Naturally Colonizing Wolves in the Central Rocky Mountains

Recovery of gray wolf (Canis lupus) populations in North America depends on minimizing human-caused mortality and enhancing migration from stable source populations to suitable habitat unoccupied by wolves. We used a combination of field observation and DNA microsatellite genotyping to examine natural wolf colonization of Glacier National Park, Montana, and surrounding lands. We found high genetic variation in the colonizing population, showing that these packs were founded by multiple, unrelated wolves from Canada. High dispersal rates, long dispersal distances, and lack of a founding population bottleneck indicate that wolves in the United States and Canada should be viewed and managed as a single population. Restoration in the United States by artificial transplants from Alberta to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho began in 1995. The transplanted wolves will likely aid demographic recovery, but permanently retaining the high genetic variation of wolves in the United States will require assuring gene flow throughout the central Rocky Mountains. La recuperacion de poblaciones de lobos grises (Canis lupus) en Norte America depende de la minimizacion de la mortalidad causada por humanos y el mejoramiento de migraciones de poblaciones estables hacla habitats no ocupados por lobos. Usamos una combinacion de observaciones de campo y genotipos expresados en microsatelites de ADN para examinar la colonizacion natural por lobos del Parque Nacional Glacier, Montana y las tierras circunvecinas. Encontramos aita variacion genetica en la poblacion colonizadora, lo que muestra que estas manadas fueron fundadas por multiples lobos del Canada que estaban relacionados entre si. Las altas tasas de dispersion, las grandes distancias de dispersion y la carencia de un cuello de botella en la poblacion fundadora indica que los iobos en lo Estados Unidos y Canada deberian ser vistos y manejados como una solo poblacion. La restauracion en los Estados Unidos por medio de transplantes artificiales de Alberta hacia el Parque Nacional de Yellowstone y la zona central de Idaho iniciaron en 1995. Los lobos transplantados ayudaran probablemente a la recuperacion demografica, pero la retencion permanente de la alta variacion genetica de los lobos de E. U. requerira de garantizar el flujo de genes a traves de las Montanas Rocallosas.
Blockade of cardiac inflammation in Mg2+ deficiency by substance P receptor inhibition.

In previous work we reported the elevation of circulating inflammatory cytokines in rodents maintained on a Mg(2+)-deficient diet. Within the first week of Mg2+ deficiency, significant elevation of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) occurs. The present study was designed to assess the effects of SP receptor blockade by CP-96,945 and its inactive enantiomer CP-96,344 on tissue cytokine levels and in vivo oxidative indexes. CP-96,345 had no significant effect on circulating levels of SP or CGRP; however, at the tissue level, a significant decrease (P < .01) in myocardial accumulation of SP occurred; the inactive enantiomer was only slightly effective. In addition, CP-96,345 significantly reduced (by 53%) the accumulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (but not interleukin-1 and interleukin-6) within the lesions; the effect of the enantiomer was insignificant. We conclude that treatment with CP-96,345 inhibits SP and TNF-alpha tissue levels in cardiac lesions, indicating a linkage between this neuropeptide and TNF-alpha. Both SP and TNF-alpha can trigger free radical production; plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive materials were elevated 2.5-fold and red blood cell reduced glutathione was reduced 55% during Mg2+ deficiency. In the presence of CP-96,345, both indexes of in vivo oxidation were significantly attenuated; the enantiomer was ineffective. These latter observations point to a neuropeptide/TNF-alpha/free radical-triggered mechanism that may be the major pathway of systemic oxidative injury inducing the cardiomyopathic lesions seen during Mg2+ deficiency.
A Comparison of PPVT and SIT Scores of Young Children.

Eighty-four children from rural, urban, and suburban families were tested with the PPVT during a parent intervention program and with the SIT three years later as part of program evaluation. Results indicated the mean IQ on the SIT was substantially higher than expected based on the earlier PPVT scores. Sampling error and examiner error were excluded as explanations for the difference. These results suggest that the PPVT and SIT yield different scores and lack comparability.
Synthesis and properties of β‐endorphin analogs containing the dynorphin‐(1–13) sequence

Two analogs of beta h-endorphin containing dynorphin-(5-13) or dynorphin-(6-13) sequence have been synthesized by the solid-phase method. Biological activities of the analogs have also been investigated. It was found that the opiate activity is about three times more than beta h-endorphin in the guinea pig ileum assay. Both analgesic potency and opiate receptor-binding activity of the analogs are lower when compared with beta h-endorphin. However, the analogs have interesting behavioral effects in mice.
Unusually low fragment energies in the symmetric fission of Md 259

The 103-min isotope $^{259}\mathrm{Md}$ has been identified as the daughter of an electron-capture decay branch of $^{259}\mathrm{No}$ produced via the $^{248}\mathrm{Cm}(^{18}\mathrm{O},\ensuremath{\alpha} 3n)$ reaction. Chemical separations were used to confirm the identity of $^{259}\mathrm{Md}$, which decays by spontaneous fission. The kinetic energies of coincident fission fragments were measured, corresponding to a fragment mass which is highly symmetric, similar to those of $^{258}\mathrm{Fm}$ and $^{259}\mathrm{Fm}$. However, the total kinetic energy distribution for $^{259}\mathrm{Md}$ is considerably broader (FWHM \ensuremath{\sim}60 MeV) than those of $^{258}\mathrm{Fm}$ and $^{259}\mathrm{Fm}$, and peaks at 201 MeV, about 35-40 MeV lower in energy. Furthermore, the maximum total kinetic energy of 215 MeV for mass-symmetric events is about 30 MeV lower than for similar events from the spontaneous fission of $^{258}\mathrm{Fm}$ and $^{259}\mathrm{Fm}$. A hypothesis that this energy difference resulted from the emission of light, hydrogen-like particles at scission in a large fraction of $^{259}\mathrm{Md}$ spontaneous fission decays was shown to be unfounded. From experiments to observe such particles with counter telescopes, an upper limit of 5% was determined for the fraction of fission events accompanied by light-particle emission. The total kinetic energy deficit at mass symmetry must, therefore, be distributed between internal excitation energy and fragment deformation energy at scission. Although the presence of a large amount of fragment deformation energy seems incompatible with symmetric fission into spherical Sn-like fragments, we prefer this explanation because the low total kinetic energy suggests a lowered Coulomb energy resulting from greater separation of the charge centers of deformed fragments at scission.RADIOACTIVITY, FISSION $^{259}\mathrm{Md}$ (SF); measured ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, fragment-fragment coin, deduced mass, TKE distributions. $^{259}\mathrm{No}$; measured EC decay to $^{259}\mathrm{Md}$, upper limit to SF decay.
Taking stock: hippocratic and platonic thoughts on orthodontic tooth movement.

Keywords: gingival resistance; inflammation; nitric oxide; orthodontic tooth movement; prostaglandins; relaxin; vascular activity
TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline) inhibits the consumption of “snacks” in mice

Abstract There is considerable evidence that α 2 -adrenergic receptor activity exerts a pivotal role in initiation of feeding behavior. The appetite suppressant and monoamine release effects of TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5- g ]isoquinoline), a putative selective α 2 -adrenergic compound, were compared to those of fenfluramine, a reference drug that produces an anorectic effect via presynaptic release and reuptake inhibition of serotonin. The drugs were administered to two groups of mice that had learned to consume either sweet milk or chocolate pellets (i.e. “snacks”) during the low-activity/reduced-feeding “light” portion of their light/dark cycle. The selectivity of the drugs to suppress the consumption of snacks was determined by comparing doses of each drug that inhibited the animals' consumption of snacks to doses of each drug that have been shown, or were shown, to impact the motor (i.e. locomotor, rotarod, and inclined-screen side effect-like tests) or conditioned taste aversion (CTA) behavior of mice. An evaluation of TDIQ as a releaser of monoamines was determined in rodent brain synaptosomes. The administration of TDIQ or fenfluramine inhibited the consumption of the snacks, and a comparison of their ED 50 doses indicated that TDIQ is about 3 times more potent than fenfluramine (1.3 mg/kg vs. 4.2 mg/kg, respectively) in the sweet milk test and almost equipotent to fenfluramine (19.4 mg/kg vs. 18.4 mg/kg, respectively) in the chocolate pellet assay. The selectivity of the appetite suppressant effect of TDIQ was differentiated from that of fenfluramine on the basis that TDIQ exhibited a wide separation between its dose–response effects that suppressed snack consumption and its minimal effects in tests that measured behavioral impairment. Moreover, TDIQ was distinguished from fenfluramine in that it displayed very low potencies as a presynaptic releaser of monoamines. Finally, TDIQ (0.3 mg/kg–30.0 mg/kg) did not induce a conditioned taste aversion. TDIQ may represent a novel chemical entity that exhibits a significantly favorable therapeutic-like (i.e. appetite suppressant) effect to side effect-like ratio.
Finite Theory of Quantum Electrodynamics

A new theory of quantum electrodynamics is presented, which is relativistically invariant, gauge invariant, unitary, and free of divergences. In this theory, mass renormalization, charge renormalization, and wavefunction renormalization are all finite. Experimental consequences are discussed, and theoretical implications, especially those related to causality, are analyzed.
Tolerance of T cell receptor gamma/delta cells in the intestine

The present study examined the mechanism(s) of tolerance induction for intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) using an alloantigen (Ag)-specific gamma/delta T cell receptor (TCR gamma/delta) transgenic (Tg) model. In Tg Ag-bearing H-2b/d mice (Tgb/d), Tg iIELs were Thy-1-, CD44+, CD45R (B220)+, and CD5+, whereas in syngeneic Tgd/d mice, iIELs were Thy-1+, CD44-, and CD45R- with a subset of CD5+ cells. Previously, we had shown that tolerance for Tgb/d iIELs involved functional anergy and deletion (Barrett, T. A., M. L. Delvy, D. M. Kennedy, L. Lefrancois, L. A. Matis, A. L. Dent, S. M. Hedrick, and J. A. Bluestone. 1992. J. Exp. Med. 175:65). In this study we demonstrate that Tgb/d iIELs expressing dull levels of Thy-1 proliferated in the presence of exogenous rIL-2. A direct precursor-product relationship between the Thy-1+-responsive iIELs and the tolerant Thy-1dul/- iIELs was demonstrated by adoptive transfer into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Tg Thy-1+ iIELs reconstituting Ag+ but not Ag- SCID mice downregulated Thy-1 after Ag exposure in vivo. Analysis of bone marrow (BM) chimeras demonstrated the persistence of Tg IELs in all Ag+ chimeras although a modest degree of clonal deletion was apparent. The greatest percentage of Tg IELs were detected when Ag was restricted to radioresistant cells (e.g., epithelial cells) compared with BM-derived antigen-presenting cells (APC). This was especially apparent in thymectomized chimeric mice. Consistent with the notion that Ag-bearing epithelial cells may be poor APC, isolated intestinal epithelial cells from Ag-bearing mice failed to stimulate Tg iIELs compared with splenic APC. These studies suggest that the major population of TCR gamma/delta iIELs were probably extrathymically derived and encountered self-Ag on intestinal epithelial cells. The induction of tolerance likely involved an activation event resulting in downregulation of Thy-1. These mechanisms of tolerance for TCR gamma/delta iIELs led to the persistence of a reservoir of self-reactive T cells with the potential for mediating autoimmune disease.
Two ions in one trap: ultra-high precision mass spectrometry?

By trapping two different ions in the same Penning trap at the same time, we simultaneously measured the ratio of their cyclotron frequencies (from which we obtain their atomic mass ratio) with a precision of about 10/sup -11/ in only a few hours. In order to perform these comparisons, we must be able to measure and control all three normal modes of motion of each ion - cyclotron, axial, and magnetron. We have developed novel techniques to do, so and we are currently using these tools to carefully investigate the important question of systematic errors in those measurements. This new technique shows promise to expand the precision of mass spectrometry an order of magnitude beyond the current state-of-the-art.
Visual discriminability of headings in text

It is pointed out that writers and editors have powerful formatting and typographical tools available in word processing and desktop publishing software that can be applied to headings to visually reveal or signal the structure of text, and thus the author's perspective. Results of studies are presented which suggest that (1) visual discriminations among headings are easier for a reader to make when headings vary on fewer rather than more formatting and typographical dimensions, (2) size is the most powerful visual cue to a heading's hierarchical position, (3) relative size differences among different levels of headings of about 20% are more discriminable than are absolute size differences, and (4) formatting cues are perceived by readers consistently but not necessarily conventionally. >
Non-Rayleigh acoustic scattering characteristics of individual fish and zooplankton

It has long been known that the statistical properties of acoustic echoes from individual fish can have non-Rayleigh characteristics. The statistical properties of echoes from zooplankton are generally less understood. In this study, echoes from individual fish and zooplankton from a series of laboratory measurements from the past decade are investigated. In the experiments, acoustic echoes from various individual organisms were measured over a wide range of frequencies and orientations, typically in 1/spl deg/-3/spl deg/ increments. In the analysis in this paper, the echoes from most of those measurements are grouped according to ranges of orientation, which correspond to typical orientation distributions of these organisms in the natural ocean environment. This grouping provides a distribution of echo values for each range of orientation. This approach, in essence, emulates a field experiment whereby distributions of echoes would be recorded for different distributions of orientations of the organisms. For both the fish and zooplankton data, there are conditions under which the echoes are strongly non-Rayleigh distributed. In some cases, the distribution is quantitatively connected to the physics of the scattering process while, in other cases, the connection is described qualitatively. Exploitation of the animal-specific statistics for classification purposes is suggested.
Map projections and airborne moving map displays

The author discusses advantages and disadvantages of several methods of map projection, and identifies two methods that work well at any latitude with any map orientation. Four methods of map projection are discussed: cylindrical equidistant projection, sinusoidal projection, oblique orthographic projection, and oblique azimuthal equidistant projection. There are two modes of map displays, plan mode and map mode. Most of the discussion applies to the plan mode. For most applications, the projection of choice is orthographic projection. For maps of small areas with many target points, however, the cylindrical projection may be preferred due to computational requirements. For airborne maps with very long flight segments, the increased distance accuracy may make the azimuthal projections desirable. When properly implemented, the computational requirements of the orthographic and azimuthal projections are not significantly different. >
Efficient minimization of angle-dependent potentials for polypeptides in internal coordinates.

Angular potentials play an impor- tant role in the refinement of protein structures through angle-dependent restraints (e.g., those de- termined by cross-correlated relaxations, residual dipolar couplings, and hydrogen bonds). Analytic derivatives of such angular potentials with respect to the dihedral angles of proteins would be useful for optimizing such restraints and other types of angular potentials (i.e., such as we are now introduc- ing into protein structure prediction) but have not been described. In this article, analytic derivatives are calculated for four types of angular potentials and integrated with the efficient recursive deriva- tive calculation methods of Go and coworkers. The formulas are implemented in publicly available soft- ware and illustrated by refining a low-resolution protein structure with idealized vector-angle, dipo- lar-coupling, and hydrogen-bond restraints. The method is now being used routinely to optimize hydrogen-bonding potentials in ROSETTA. Proteins 2003;53:262-272. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of Data from Point Detectors and Automatic Vehicle Identification to Compare Instantaneous and Experienced Travel Times

Most traffic management centers use detector data to estimate instantaneous travel times. Interest is increasing in using automatic vehicle identification (AVI) readers to provide travel time measurements as well as in using predictive modeling of travel times. This study aimed to examine the differences between travel time estimation that was based on detector data versus those based on AVI data. In addition, the study compared instantaneous travel time estimates with experienced travel time estimates to determine the adequacy of disseminated instantaneous travel time information and, thus, the potential benefits of using predictive travel time modeling. The results showed that, for uncongested conditions, the difference between point detector- and AVI-based estimates and between instantaneous and experienced travel times was insignificant. During congested traffic conditions, the difference between estimates based on detector data and those based on AVI data (Bluetooth and electronic toll tag reader dat...
Evaluating genetic structure among resident and migratory forms of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Northeast Oregon

Many salmonids express multiple behavioural forms within the same population, representing an evolutionary adaptation to a heterogeneous environment. For bull trout, resident and migratory forms co-occur in streams, but it is unknown whether the two forms assortatively mate. We assessed genetic differentiation between resident and migratory bull trout (using eight microsatellite loci) in the South Fork Walla Walla River. We PIT-tagged and fin-clipped bull trout and assigned individuals to behavioural subpopulations based on movement patterns. The pair-wise FST value between resident and migratory subpopulations (0.0037) was statistically insignificant, and individual-based analyses of structure using both multivariate and Bayesian approaches showed a lack of genetic structure within the population. These results have important implications for assessing population status and management; while the population may be managed as a single reproductive unit, the phenotypic variation within this population may have fitness consequences and thus merits conservation.
Mutagenesis data in the automated prediction of transmembrane helix dimers

We present a molecular modeling protocol that selects modeled protein structures based on experimental mutagenesis results. The computed effect of a point mutation should be consistent with its experimental effect for correct models; mutations that do not affect protein stability and function should not affect the computed energy of a correct model while destabilizing mutations should have unfavorable computed energies. On the other hand, an incorrect model will likely display computed energies that are inconsistent with experimental results. We added terms to our energy function which penalize models that are inconsistent with experimental results. This creates a selective advantage for models that are consistent with experimental results in the Monte Carlo simulated annealing protocol we use to search conformational space. We calibrated our protocol to predict the structure of transmembrane helix dimers using glycophorin A as a model system. Inclusion of mutational data in this protocol compensates for the limitations of our force field and the limitations of our conformational search. We demonstrate an application of this structure prediction protocol by modeling the transmembrane region of the BNIP3 apoptosis factor. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of Change Theory in the Context of the Divorce Mediation Session

Abstract Conflicts in divorce are made up of strong emotions, misperceptions or stereotypes, poor or miscommunication, and repetitive negative behavior. In addition to the art of facilitating communication, the training of mediators needs to include theories of behavior change. Self-assessment of the mediator's confidence and conviction may assist the disputant parties. These elements describe how motivated or how convinced one is in the process. The ability to increase one's conviction and/or confidence in the process may be able to make significant strides in mediation.
Cardiovascular Reactivity and Neuroticism: Results From a Laboratory and Controlled Ambulatory Stress Protocol

A laboratory and controlled ambulatory protocol was used to study whether there are differences in the cardiovascular reactivity of persons varying in neuroticism, the disposition to experience negative subjective emotions. Thirty-six individuals (19 men, 17 women) who scored approximately 1 standard deviation above or below the mean on the NEO PI-R Neuroticism scale (Costa & McCrae, 1992) were recruited from a larger pool of undergraduate students. Participants, who had been outfitted with an ambulatory blood pressure/heart rate monitor, were exposed to 5 laboratory stressors and 7 field stressors during a 6-hour protocol. Results indicated that individuals scoring high in neuroticism showed blood pressure reactivity to laboratory and field stressors that was comparable to that of persons low in neuroticism. Aggregrating responses across stressors, there was evidence of exaggerated heart rate responses. The results suggested that, although neuroticism is related to high levels of negative subjective experience, differences between persons scoring high versus low in neuroticism were not exhibited strongly at the cardiovascular level. The implications for stress, coping, and disease are discussed.
A fault-tolerant dynamic channel allocation scheme for enhancing QoS in cellular networks

In cellular networks, it is vital to allocate communication channels efficiently because the bandwidth allocated, for cellular communication is limited. When mobile hosts move from one cell to another cell, to provide uninterrupted service, the new cell should, have enough channels to support the ongoing communication of the mobile hosts that moved, into the cell. If channels are statically allocated, as is the case in current cellular networks, a cell may run out of channels when large number of mobile hosts moves to a cell, thus degrading the quality of service. To overcome this problem, dynamic channel allocation approaches have been proposed. Under dynamic channel allocation, channels are allocated to cells on demand, thus increasing channel utilization and hence improving the quality of service. Such channel allocation approaches fall under two categories, namely, centralized and distributed. Centralized approaches are neither scalable nor reliable, while distributed approaches have the potential to be both reliable and. scalable. In this paper, we present a distributed dynamic channel allocation scheme for cellular networks that is fault tolerant. Our approach can tolerate the failure of mobile nodes as well as static nodes and enhance the quality of service by making efficient reuse of channels.
Internalized Sexualization and Its Relation to Sexualized Appearance, Body Surveillance, and Body Shame Among Early Adolescent Girls:

Sexually objectifying messages about girls and women are common in U.S. popular culture. As a consequence of exposure to such messages, girls may develop “internalized sexualization,” or internaliz...
Recruitment of Polymerase to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Foci in Cells Expressing Mutant Primase (UL52) Proteins

The ordered assembly of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 replication apparatus leading to replication compartments likely involves the initial assembly of five viral replication proteins, ICP8, UL9, and the heterotrimeric helicase-primase complex (UL5-UL8-UL52), into replication foci. The polymerase and polymerase accessory protein are subsequently recruited to these foci. Four stages of viral infection (stages I to IV) have been described previously (J. Burkham, D. M. Coen, and S. K. Weller, J. Virol. 72:10100-10107, 1998). Of these, stage III foci are equivalent to the previously described promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML)-associated prereplicative sites and contain all seven replication proteins. We constructed a series of mutations in the putative primase subunit, UL52, of the helicase-primase and have analyzed the mutant proteins for their abilities to form intermediates leading to the formation of replication compartments. The results shown in this paper are consistent with the model that the five proteins, ICP8, UL5, UL8, UL9, and UL52, form a scaffold and that formation of this scaffold does not rely on enzymatic functions of the helicase and primase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that recruitment of polymerase to this scaffold requires the presence of an active primase subunit. These results suggest that polymerase recruitment to replication foci requires primer synthesis. Furthermore, they support the existence of two types of stage III intermediates in the formation of replication compartments: stage IIIa foci, which form the scaffold, and stage IIIb foci, which contain, in addition, HSV polymerase, the polymerase accessory subunit, and cellular factors such as PML.
FREE RADICAL MECHANISM FOR SOLVENT TOXICITY.

(1964). Free Radical Mechanism for Solvent Toxicity. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 186-191.
Processing, Compression and Transmission of Satellite IR Data for Near-Real-Time Use at Sea

Abstract A method for acquisition, processing and analysis of digital, satellite-derived SST fields on a research vessel at sea in near-real-time (within 10 h of the satellite pass) is discussed. Such imagery provides a general view of the SST field over a large area (700 × 900 km) centered on a 128 × 128 pixel, full-resolution view of the study area. The ability to send these images to the research vessel in a reasonable amount of time (about 1 h using ATS-3) was a result of a three-level approach to data compression. To perform data compression, first, the overall image was decimated by 2 while the central 128 × 128 pixel portion was retained in full resolution. Second, a 1-bit-deep cloud mask was derived from the image. Third, the remaining SST values were encoded as SST steps from the previous pixel on a given scan line. Overall, the data were reduced by 75%–80%. An error-correcting protocol KERMIT, was used to establish low error rate data communications through the ATS-3 VHF links. A moderate capabi...
Collapse and control of the MnAu 2 spin-spiral state through pressure and doping

${\mathrm{MnAu}}_{2}$ is a spin-spiral material with in-plane ferromagnetic Mn layers that form a screw-type pattern around a tetragonal $c$ axis. The spiral angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ was shown using neutron diffraction experiments to decrease with pressure, and in later studies it was found to suffer a collapse to a ferromagnetic state above a critical pressure, although the two separate experiments did not agree on whether this phase transition is first or second order. To resolve this contradiction, we use density functional theory calculations to investigate the spiral state as a function of pressure, charge doping, and also electronic correlations via a Hubbard-like $U$. We fit the results to the one-dimensional ${J}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{J}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{J}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{J}_{4}$ Heisenberg model, which predicts either a first- or second-order spiral-to-ferromagnetic phase transition for different regions of parameter space. At ambient pressure, ${\mathrm{MnAu}}_{2}$ sits close in parameter space to a dividing line separating first- and second-order transitions, and a combination of pressure and electron doping shifts the system from the first-order region into the second-order region. Our findings demonstrate that the contradiction in pressure experiments regarding the kind of phase transition are likely due to variations in sample quality. Our results also suggest that ${\mathrm{MnAu}}_{2}$ is amenable to engineering via chemical doping and to controlling $\ensuremath{\theta}$ using pressure and gate voltages, which holds potential for integration in spintronic devices.
Spatiotemporal characteristics of interaction between exogenous and endogenous orienting of visual attention

Past research suggested that an abruptonset distractor mayor may not override an endogenous cue, depending on spatial certainty of the endogenous cue. Yet the underlying competitive mechanisms are still not clear. In two experiments, the cue-to-distractor stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and spatial distance between cued and distractor locations were manipulated. Following a central cue, an abrupt flash occurred in any location that was never centrally cued. Using EOG electrodes to monitor eye movements, the reaction times to identification of the target were measured. For more than 200 ms cue-to-distractor SOA, the nearest distractor produced the largest interruption (Experiment 1). In contrast, for 84 ms cue-to-distractor SOA, the farthest distractor produced the largest interruption (Experiment 2). In conclusion, the extent to which an abrupt-onset distractor will override a central cue depends on interaction of the cue-to-distractor SOA and spatial distance between the cued location and the distractor.
A North Dakota Triceratops skull

A dinosaur skull, from the upper Hell Creek Formation. Late Cretaceous in age, collected in 1964 in southwestern North Dakota is displayed on the University of North Dakota campus as Triceratops prorsus Marsh. This identification is reconsidered in light of work by Ostrom and Wellnhofer (1986) and Lehman (1990), who suggested that the range of morphological variation exhibited by latest Cretaceous ceratopsian skulls can be accommodated within one species of Triceratops. T. horridus (Marsh), the type species. The skull is thought to be from a mature female, as indicated by forwardly inclined, wide-set, supraorbital horncores, characters chosen by Lehman as indicators of gender from an association of characters taken as sex-related. Dimensions of the skull are given. Based on detailed cladistic and morphometric analyses of many skulls, Forster (1996b) accepted two species of Triceratops as valid, T. horridus and T. prorsus. Consideration of her studies suggests that the skull is correctly identified. Reoccupation of the collecting site allowed its more accurate location, based upon newly available topographic maps. Twenty-nine years after this skull was removed, little evidence of the access road or excavation remains at the site.
The Correlation Analysis for Public Investment and Economic Growth——The Econometric Test of Data from China

By studying available literature and statistics in China for over 20 years' of reform and opening up, this article establishes econometric models by means of endogenous growth theory to carry out cointegration test and Granger causal relation test on the correlations between public physical capital investment, public labor capital investment, RD capital investment and economic growth. The findings are that those three public investments possess different positive effect on economic growth in different ways. Public physical capital investment mainly depends on capital accumulation effect to promote economic growth, however, public labor capital investment and RD expenditure mainly on increasing all-factor productivity and external effect. In addition, there are different causal relations and driving mechanisms between those three public investment and economic growth on different development phases. Optional policies are suggested in view of the positive results, so as to provide decision basis for improving public investment policy of our country.
Cost comparison of two antimicrobial regimens for treating mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections

The costs of cefoxitin sodium therapy and clindamycin phosphate plus amikacin sulfate therapy for mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections were compared. A randomized, prospective study was undertaken with 70 adult patients with documented or suspected serious aerobic-anaerobic infections. It had been shown that the two therapies did not differ in efficacy or incidence of toxicity. The cost to the pharmacy for one day's therapy was chosen as the unit of cost comparison. Cost-per-day data were calculated by the unit-price and price-allocation methods with and without a sterile-products charge. Amikacin was added to the cefoxitin regimen when resistant organisms were cultured. To extend the analysis to other aminoglycosides, rough comparisons were made for "equivalent" doses of tobramycin sulfate and gentamicin sulfate. Fifty-four patients completed the trial (77%). The cost of cefoxitin therapy was significantly less than that of clindamycin plus amikacin therapy and cefoxitin plus amikacin therapy (p less than 0.001) by both pricing methods. When gentamicin and tobramycin were substituted for amikacin sulfate, the cost per day for therapy, according to the price-allocation method, was still significantly less for cefoxitin (p less than 0.001). Cost analysis is an important component in the selection of the appropriate therapy after the efficacy and toxicity of therapeutic regimens have been shown to be equivalent.
DEMAND AND CONSUMER CHOICE

This chapter presents fare rise in public buses in an attempt to describe demand and consumer choice. It reviews a case study that illustrates that public buses lost one eighth of their passengers—far more than the subways—during the first full month of the new 50-cent fare compared with the same period in 1974, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority disclosed. Bus ridership declined 12.7% to 46.2 million from 53 million, an average daily loss of 225,000 riders. There was no official explanation of the falloff in bus ridership. Unofficially, however, M.T.A. people noted that there is a greater element of discretion in whether to take the bus. The bus passenger usually takes a much shorter ride than the subway rider takes and may elect to walk in good weather. Another theory was that subway ridership, after a steady decline for years, had almost bottomed out and most riders were using it to go to work or because they had to. On the other hand, increase in the transit fare from 35 to 50 cents produced a 33.5% gain in subway revenue.