cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of tidal volumes on the time to wean persons with high tetraplegia from ventilators

Study design: Retrospective review of patient medical records comparing the outcomes of two groups of individuals with high-level (C3-4) tetraplegia–those with high-volume and those with low-volume mechanical ventilation. Objectives: To determine if higher volume mechanical ventilation contributes to faster weaning from the ventilator with fewer complications in individuals with ventilator dependent high-level tetraplegia. Setting: A Model Spinal Injury Center, located in Colorado, USA, which treats patients referred from throughout the Rocky Mountain region as well as other states. Methods: The medical records of 42 individuals with ventilator dependent C3-4 tetraplegia, admitted consecutively to the Rocky Mountain Regional Spinal Injury System between 1983 and 1993, were reviewed. All had required full-time mechanical ventilation upon admission, but had successfully weaned by discharge. They were divided into two groups that differed with respect to the ventilator tidal volumes used during their treatment and weaning: a large volume group (>20 mls/kg of body weight) and a smaller volume group (<20 mls/kg of body weight). Results: Though the two groups were equivalent in neurological level and completeness, muscular function, initial spontaneous vital capacity, the weaning method used (T-piece), and final spontaneous vital capacity, those in the large tidal volume group successfully weaned an average of 21 days faster than the lower tidal volume group (37.6 days vs 58.7 days, P=0.02). They also had significantly less atelectasis (P=0.01) than the lower tidal volume group. Conclusion: This research suggests that the use of higher ventilator tidal volumes may speed up the weaning process and lessen respiratory complications. Because of the potential for this to decrease the length and cost of the rehabilitation programs for persons with high-level tetraplegia, further large-scale research is needed to verify these single-center findings.
Uniform quasi-concavity in probabilistic constrained stochastic programming

A probabilistic constrained stochastic linear programming problem is considered, where the rows of the random technology matrix are independent and normally distributed. The quasi-concavity of the constraining function needed for the convexity of the problem is ensured if the factors of the function are uniformly quasi-concave. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for that property to hold. It is also shown, through numerical examples, that such a special problem still has practical application in optimal portfolio construction.
Hydrocarbon species concentrations in nitrogen diluted ethylene-air laminar jet diffusion flames at elevated pressures

Abstract Hydrocarbon species concentrations are measured in a laminar jet diffusion flame at elevated pressures with the objective of better understanding soot production and oxidation mechanisms, which will ultimately lead to a reduction in soot emissions from practical combustion hardware. Samples were extracted from the centerline of an ethylene flame diluted with nitrogen. The diluted fuel and co-axial air top-hat exit velocities were matched and the mass fluxes were held constant at all pressures. This paper reports centerline concentration profiles of major non-fuel hydrocarbons and 5 different PAH species measured via extractive sampling with a quartz microprobe and quantification using GC/MS + FID. The peak concentration of acetylene decreased with increase in pressure, suggesting rapid conversion to heavier compounds, whereas the concentrations of the other major heavier non-fuel hydrocarbons increase with an increase in pressure. The measured peak species concentration as a function of pressure is seen to closely follow a power law function, P n , where n varies from less than zero for acetylene, propane and diacetylene to greater than unity for the larger PAH species.
Simultaneous media usage: a critical consumer orientation to media planning

This research study is the third in a series of surveys exploring the incidence of simultaneous media usage among a national sample of US consumers. The research is based on 12,322 respondents who were sampled via an online network. The findings show that simultaneous media usage, ie multiple exposures to various media forms at a single point in time for the same media consumer, occurs in and among a substantial portion of the US media population. The existence of simultaneous media exposures, created by multi-tasking consumers, is a fact in today's media marketplace. The existence of simultaneous media exposures undermines most current media measurement systems as they are defined as isolated environments. Thus, the challenge of this paper is for media management to rethink how media evaluations should be rethought for the 21st century. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications Ltd.
Sterilization of dental instruments and devices: An update

Dental sterilization techniques have become a focus of attention as a result of disclosure of occupational HIV transmission from an infected dentist to a cluster of patients. Although there has never been a confirmed report of a patient acquiring an infectious blood-borne disease from a dental instrument or device, recommendations for universal sterilization of dental handpieces and other devices have recently been implemented. Because of the higher rate of hepatitis B virus transmissability in the dental health care environment, an upgrade in sterilization protocols may be warranted. Stringent sterilization standards are especially necessary in higher-risk institutional dental care settings. However, a high rate of dental sterilization errors has been reported and traced to operator error. Recent institutional dental sterilization policy changes have been developed to reduce the chance of sterilization error, further diminishing the risk of cross contamination.
A comparison of quartz c-axis preferred orientations in experimentally deformed aplites and quartzites

Abstract The effect of feldspar on the development of quartz c-axis preferred orientations was investigated by experimentally deforming aplite (30% quartz) and pure quartzite under equivalent conditions and comparing the quartz c-axis patterns. Axial compression experiments were performed at temperatures of 800 and 900°C, strain rates of 10−6 and 10 −5 s −1 , and a confining pressure of 1500 MPa. Under these conditions, both quartz and feldspar deform by dislocation creep with only minor syntectonic recrystallization. The quartz c-axis preferred orientations produced in the two rock types at equivalent deformation conditions and quartz grain strains were found to be essentially identical in pattern and strength. These results indicate that the presence of feldspar has little or no effect on the operative slip systems in adjacent quartz grains in quartzo-feldspathic rocks, and that quartz c-axis preferred orientation analyses can be performed on a wide range of crustal rock types.
Heterogeneity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Includes Expression of Ribosome Hibernation Factors in the Antibiotic-Tolerant Subpopulation and Hypoxia-Induced Stress Response in the Metabolically Active Population

ABSTRACT Bacteria growing in biofilms are physiologically heterogeneous, due in part to their adaptation to local environmental conditions. Here, we characterized the local transcriptome responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in biofilms by using a microarray analysis of isolated biofilm subpopulations. The results demonstrated that cells at the top of the biofilms had high mRNA abundances for genes involved in general metabolic functions, while mRNA levels for these housekeeping genes were low in cells at the bottom of the biofilms. Selective green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling showed that cells at the top of the biofilm were actively dividing. However, the dividing cells had high mRNA levels for genes regulated by the hypoxia-induced regulator Anr. Slow-growing cells deep in the biofilms had little expression of Anr-regulated genes and may have experienced long-term anoxia. Transcripts for ribosomal proteins were associated primarily with the metabolically active cell fraction, while ribosomal RNAs were abundant throughout the biofilms, indicating that ribosomes are stably maintained even in slowly growing cells. Consistent with these results was the identification of mRNAs for ribosome hibernation factors (the rmf and PA4463 genes) at the bottom of the biofilms. The dormant biofilm cells of a P. aeruginosa Δrmf strain had decreased membrane integrity, as shown by propidium iodide staining. Using selective GFP labeling and cell sorting, we show that the dividing cells are more susceptible to killing by tobramycin and ciprofloxacin. The results demonstrate that in thick P. aeruginosa biofilms, cells are physiologically distinct spatially, with cells deep in the biofilm in a viable but antibiotic-tolerant slow-growth state.
Abstract 5045: Genetic and social determinants of quality of life in lung cancer patients

Patient reported health-related quality of life (QOL) has been recognized as a major component of the overall well-being of cancer patients, with links to prognosis and other endpoints. We aimed to identify determinants of baseline QOL by investigating the relationship between patient characteristics, genetic factors, and baseline QOL in lung cancer patients. We included 7,135 newly diagnosed and previously untreated lung cancer patients. Patient reported data from the SF-12 questionnaire was used to calculate baseline Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS), with lower scores indicating a worse quality of life. We observed that the mean PCS (38.82) and MCS (46.22) scores were reduced in the lung cancer population when compared to the general population which was normalized to 50. We observed a significant trend for decreasing mean PCS and MCS from never, former, to current smokers (PCS Ptrend Citation Format: Jeanne A. Pierzynski, Michelle Hildebrandt, Yuanqing Ye, Alma Rodriguez, Xifeng Wu. Genetic and social determinants of quality of life in lung cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5045. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5045
Brain immaturity is associated with brain injury before and after neonatal cardiac surgery with high-flow bypass and cerebral oxygenation monitoring

Background New intraparenchymal brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging is observed in 36% to 73% of neonates after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Brain immaturity in this population is common. We performed brain magnetic resonance imaging before and after neonatal cardiac surgery, using a high-flow cardiopulmonary bypass protocol, hypothesizing that brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging would be associated with brain immaturity. Methods Cardiopulmonary bypass protocol included 150 mL · kg −1 · min −1 flows, pH stat management, hematocrit > 30%, and high-flow antegrade cerebral perfusion. Regional brain oxygen saturation was monitored, with a treatment protocol for regional brain oxygen saturation Results Twenty-four of 67 patients (36%) had new postoperative white matter injury, infarction, or hemorrhage, and 16% had new white matter injury. Associations with preoperative brain injury included low brain maturity score ( P = .002). Postoperative white matter injury was associated with single-ventricle diagnosis ( P = .02), preoperative white matter injury ( P P = .05). Low brain maturity score was also associated with more severe postoperative brain injury ( P = .01). Forty-five patients had a third scan, with a 27% incidence of new minor lesions, but 58% of previous lesions had partially or completely resolved. Conclusions We observed a significant incidence of both pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging abnormality and an association with brain immaturity. Many lesions resolved in the first 6 months after surgery. Timing of delivery and surgery with bypass could affect the risk of brain injury.
Spin angular impulse due to spin-dependent reflection off a barrier

The spin-dependent elastic reflection of quasi two-dimensional electrons from a lateral impenetrable barrier in the presence of band-structure spin-orbit coupling results in a spin angular impulse exerted on the electrons which is proportional to the nontrivial difference between the electrons' momentum and velocity. Even for an unpolarized incoming beam we find that the spin angular impulse is nonzero when averaged over all components of the reflected beam. We present a detailed analysis of the kinematics of this process.
Effect of HNO3 treatment on the surface acidity of activated carbons

Abstract A homologous series of activated carbon samples was prepared from a low ash source carbon by controlled oxidation using nitric acid. The physicochemical properties (specifically, BET surface area, ash content, acid/base neutralization, and ammonia adsorption) were determined. Each property value changed systematically with increasing oxidation treatment; the more oxidized sample showed higher surface acidities without significant changes in BET area or ash content. The point of zero charge (PZC) of each sample was determined by mass and acid/base potentiometric titration. The PZC values also changed systematically with the extent of oxidation; the more oxidized the carbon, the lower its PZC. It is concluded that the PZC can be used as a convenient index for correlating changes in surface acidity of carbons.
The implications of cancer survivorship for spousal employment

Background The purpose of this research was to estimate employment effects for spouses of cancer survivors who were working at the time of the cancer diagnosis.
Saliency-based Bayesian modeling of dynamic viewing of static scenes

Most analytic approaches for eye-tracking data focus either on identification of fixations and saccades, or on estimating saliency properties. Analyzing both aspects of visual attention simultaneously provides a more comprehensive view of strategies used to process information. This work presents a method that incorporates both aspects in a unified Bayesian model to jointly estimate dynamic properties of scanpaths and a saliency map. Performance of the model is assessed on simulated data and on eye-tracking data from 15 children with autism spectrum disorder and 13 control children. Saliency differences between ASD and TD groups were found for both social and non-social images, but differences in dynamic gaze features were evident in only a subset of social images. These results are consistent with previous region-based analyses as well as previous fixation parameter models, suggesting that the new approach may provide synthesizing and statistical perspectives on eye-tracking analyses.
Opportunistic Infections—Coming to the Limits of Immunosuppression?

Possible etiologies of infection in the solid organ recipient are diverse, ranging from common bacterial and viral pathogens to opportunistic pathogens that cause invasive disease only in immunocompromised hosts. The recognition of infectious syndromes in this population is limited by alterations in the clinical manifestations by immunosuppression. The risk of serious infections in the organ transplant patient is determined by the interaction between the patients’ recent and distant epidemiological exposures and all factors that contribute to the patient’s net state of immune suppression. This risk is altered by antimicrobial prophylaxis and changes in immunosuppressive therapies. In addition to the direct effects of infection, opportunistic infections, and the microbiome may adversely shape the host immune responses with diminished graft and patient survivals. Antimicrobial therapies are more complex than in the normal host with a significant incidence of drug toxicity and a propensity for drug interactions with the immunosuppressive agents used to maintain graft function. Rapid and specific microbiologic diagnosis is essential. Newer microbiologic assays have improved the diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections. These tools coupled with assays that assess immune responses to infection and to graft antigens may allow optimization of management for graft recipients in the future.
Graduate education in thoracic surgery and the American College of Surgeons.

1. To advise the Board of Regents on policy matters and policy formations relating to their specialties. 2. To discuss matters which the Council wishes presented to the Board of Regents or other appropriate College departments or committees. 3. To serve as a liaison in the communication of information to and from surgical societies and the Board of Regents. 4. To nominate persons from the specialty to serve on College committees and other committees and organizations. 5. To provide input in the development of programs for the Clinical Congress.
Methodology for the control of intracranial pressure with hypertonic mannitol

Hypertonic agents have been successfully employed in the management of intracranial pressure (ICP) for many years (2). There is in the literature information regarding the administration of the agent via intravenous infusions (4) rather than by bolus administrations (5). Arguments have been put forth in favor of small frequent dosages (3) over large less frequent bolus administrations. The objective of this presentation is to demonstrate several methods that are available to administer hypertonic mannitol to control ICP.
Visible-Light Initiated Free-Radical/Cationic Ring-Opening Hybrid Photopolymerization of Methacrylate/Epoxy: Polymerization Kinetics, Crosslinking Structure, and Dynamic Mechanical Properties

The effects of polymerization kinetics and chemical miscibility on the crosslinking structure and mechanical properties of polymers cured by visible-light initiated free-radical/cationic ring-opening hybrid photopolymerization are determined. A three-component initiator system is used and the monomer system contains methacrylates and epoxides. The photopolymerization kinetics is monitored in situ by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance. The crosslinking structure is studied by modulated differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. X-ray microcomputed tomography is used to evaluate microphase separation. The mechanical properties of polymers formed by hybrid polymerization are comparable to the control formed by free-radical polymerization. These investigations mark the first time that the benefits of the chain transfer reaction between epoxy and hydroxyl groups of methacrylate, on the crosslinking network and microphase separation during hybrid visible-light initiated photopolymerization, have been determined.
Multifocality and Prostate Cancer Detection by Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Correlation with Whole-mount Histopathology

Abstract Background Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) is increasingly used in prostate cancer (CaP). Understanding the limitations of tumor detection, particularly in multifocal disease, is important in its clinical application. Objective To determine predictors of CaP detection by mp-MRI as confirmed by whole-mount histopathology. Design, setting, and participants A retrospective study was performed of 122 consecutive men who underwent mp-MRI before radical prostatectomy at a single referral academic center. A genitourinary radiologist and pathologist collectively determined concordance. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The odds of tumor detection were calculated for clinical, MRI, and histopathologic variables using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results and limitations The 122 patients had 283 unique histologically confirmed CaP tumor foci. Gleason score was 6 in 21 (17%), 7 in 88 (72%), and ≥8 in 13 (11%) patients. Of the 122 cases, 44 (36%) had solitary and 78 (64%) had multifocal tumors. Overall mp-MRI sensitivity for tumor detection was 47% (132/283), with increased sensitivity for larger (102/141 [72%] >1.0cm), higher-grade (96/134 [72%] Gleason ≥7) tumors, and index tumors (98/122 [80%]). Index tumor status, size, and prostate weight were significant predictors of detection in a multivariate analysis, and multifocality did not adversely impact detection of index tumors. A prostatectomy population was necessary by design, which may limit the ability to generalize these results. Conclusions Sensitivity for tumor detection increased with tumor size and grade. Index tumor status and tumor size were the strongest predictors of tumor detection, regardless of tumor focality. Some 80% of index tumors were detected, but nonindex tumor detection, even of high-grade lesions, was poor. These findings have important implications for focal therapy. Patient summary We evaluated the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect cancer in patients undergoing prostatectomy. We found that tumor size and grade were important predictors of tumor detection, and although cancer is often multifocal, MRI is often able to detect the worst focus of cancer.
The Power to Detect Quantitative Trait Loci Using Resequenced, Experimentally Evolved Populations of Diploid, Sexual Organisms

A novel approach for dissecting complex traits is to experimentally evolve laboratory populations under a controlled environment shift, resequence the resulting populations, and identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and/or genomic regions highly diverged in allele frequency. To better understand the power and localization ability of such an evolve and resequence (E&R) approach, we carried out forward-in-time population genetics simulations of 1 Mb genomic regions under a large combination of experimental conditions, then attempted to detect significantly diverged SNPs. Our analysis indicates that the ability to detect differentiation between populations is primarily affected by selection coefficient, population size, number of replicate populations, and number of founding haplotypes. We estimate that E&R studies can detect and localize causative sites with 80% success or greater when the number of founder haplotypes is over 500, experimental populations are replicated at least 25-fold, population size is at least 1,000 diploid individuals, and the selection coefficient on the locus of interest is at least 0.1. More achievable experimental designs (less replicated, fewer founder haplotypes, smaller effective population size, and smaller selection coefficients) can have power of greater than 50% to identify a handful of SNPs of which one is likely causative. Similarly, in cases where s ≥ 0.2, less demanding experimental designs can yield high power.
Anionic polymerization of optically active oxiranes

The anionic bulk polymerization of optically active (2R, 3S)-3,4-epoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidenebutane-1,2-diol (1) and its (2 S, 3 S) diastereomer 2 was studied. Molecular weights and optical activity measurements as well as carbon and proton NMR spectra are reported. The polymers show solvent dependent inversion of the sign of optical rotation. The NMR spectra are consistent with isotactic polymer chains.
From interference to transfer in language contact: Variation in voice onset time

This study examines cross-generational differences in the realization of an English phonological contrast by bilingual Polish Americans in New York City. I analyze the production of voice onset time (VOT) in underlying stops, as in tin and den, and stops derived from interdental fricatives, as in [t]in for thin and [d]en for then, in an English-only reading task. Generation one exhibits VOT “interference” for both stop types, with a bias toward interference for voiced stops. Generation two “transfers” Polish-like VOTs to derived stops. I argue that the cross-generational progression from the global effects of interference to the focused presence of transfer is filtered through L1 markedness and reflects speakers' growing sensitivity to L2 phonology and social considerations. The observed asymmetries in the distribution of interference/transfer are unaccountable by existing models of L2 acquisition and motivate a view of L1/L2 phonetic categories as governed by a variable grammar with access to phonological and social information.
Brain Activities in a Skilled versus a Novice Artist: An fMRI Study

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans of a skilled portrait artist and of a nonartist were made as each drew a series of faces. There was a discernible increase in blood flow in the right-posterior parietal region of the brain for both the artist and non-artist during the task, a site normally associated with facial perception and processing. However, the level of activation appeared lower in the expert than in the novice, suggesting that a skilled artist may process facial information more efficiently. In addition, the skilled artist showed greater activation in the right frontal area of the brain than did the novice, which the author posits indicates that such an artist uses “higher-order” cognitive functions, such as the formation of associations and planning motor movements, when viewing and drawing a face.
Teaching Students How to Use Emotions as They Negotiate

Given that emotions are inescapable and complex, how do you teach students how to deal with them? This article offers instuctors a practical approach. It suggests that instructors and students turn their attention away from emotions and toward a more limited set of core emotional concerns that stimulate many emotions. The article describes ways to teach students how to use these core concerns as tools to understand the emotional terrain and to stimulate helpful emotions.
Mechanistic implications from crystalline complexes of wild-type and mutant adenylosuccinate synthetases from Escherichia coli.

Asp13 and His41 are essential residues of adenylosuccinate synthetase, putatively catalyzing the formation of adenylosuccinate from an intermediate of 6-phosphoryl-IMP. Wild-type adenylosuccinate s...
Heeding Ray's Advice: An Exegesis on Control Variables in Systemic Democratic Peace Research

We submit our recent systemic democratic peace research to the control variable doctrine of James Lee Ray, as codified in his 2003 treatise. In particular, we seek to determine whether international institutions intervene in the relationship between the democratic community's strength and the use and effectiveness of third party conflict management, whether hegemony is a competing explanation of third party settlement, and whether our extant model is robust when several control variables are specified. Two important conclusions are reached: (1) the democratic community's strength and institutional vitality promote third party mediation and its success, regardless of hegemonic might and other controls; and 2) Ray's teaching is properly understood as an exhortation for scholars to more carefully consider the theoretical role of each control variable and its proper treatment in statistical models, not as an edict banning the use of control variables.
Protection from pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury by adenosine A2A receptor activation

Background: Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury leads to significant morbidity and mortality which remains a major obstacle after lung transplantation. However, the role of various subset(s) of lung cell populations in the pathogenesis of lung IR injury and the mechanisms of cellular protection remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A AR) activation on resident lung cells after IR injury using an isolated, bufferperfused murine lung model. Methods: To assess the protective effects of A2AAR activation, three groups of C57BL/6J mice were studied: a sham group (perfused for 2 hr with no ischemia), an IR group (1 hr ischemia + 1 hr reperfusion) and an IR+ATL313 group where ATL313, a specific A 2A AR agonist, was included in the reperfusion buffer after ischemia. Lung injury parameters and pulmonary function studies were also performed after IR injury in A2AAR knockout mice, with or without ATL313 pretreatment. Lung function was assessed using a buffer-perfused isolated lung system. Lung injury was measured by assessing lung edema, vascular permeability, cytokine/chemokine activation and myeloperoxidase levels in the bronchoalveolar fluid. Results: After IR, lungs from C57BL/6J wild-type mice displayed significant dysfunction (increased airway resistance, pulmonary artery pressure and decreased pulmonary compliance) and significant injury (increased vascular permeability and edema). Lung injury and dysfunction after IR were significantly attenuated by ATL313 treatment. Significant induction of TNF-α, KC (CXCL1), MIP-2 (CXCL2) and RANTES (CCL5) occurred after IR which was also attenuated by ATL313 treatment. Lungs from A2AAR knockout mice also displayed significant dysfunction, injury and cytokine/ chemokine production after IR, but ATL313 had no effect in these mice. Conclusion: Specific activation of A 2A ARs provides potent protection against lung IR injury via attenuation of inflammation. This protection occurs in the absence of circulating blood thereby indicating a protective role of A2AAR activation on resident lung cells such as alveolar macrophages. Specific A 2A AR activation may be a promising therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of pulmonary graft dysfunction in transplant patients.
Inferring causality and functional significance of human coding DNA variants

Sequencing technology enables the complete characterization of human genetic variation. Statistical genetics studies identify numerous loci linked to or associated with phenotypes of direct medical interest. The major remaining challenge is to characterize functionally significant alleles that are causally implicated in the genetic basis of human traits. Here, I review three sources of evidence for the functional significance of human DNA variants in protein-coding genes. These include (i) statistical genetics considerations such as co-segregation with the phenotype, allele frequency in unaffected controls and recurrence; (ii) in vitro functional assays and model organism experiments; and (iii) computational methods for predicting the functional effect of amino acid substitutions. In spite of many successes of recent studies, functional characterization of human allelic variants remains problematic.
A Licit International Trade in Cultural Objects

Retentive nationalism has until recently dominated thinking about the international movement of cultural property, while the international interest in an active licit trade has been ignored and the interests of museums, collectors and the art and antiquities trade have been denigrated. An active licit market in cultural property advances the international interest, provides income to source nations and reduces the harm done by the black market. Trade in “culturally moveable” objects in private hands serves the international interest and is internationally licit, even when it offends national export controls. Source nations can reduce the damage from clandestine excavations by employing more sophisticated domestic controls and feeding surplus archaeological objects to the licit market. The “commodification” objection to an active trade in cultural objects lacks substance. Market nations can provide the most effective political force for development of an active market. They, and the art and antiquities trade, can help source nations finance organization of their cultural property resources for effective participation in a licit international trade.
Anesthetic implications of a ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva.

C ONGENITAL SINUS of Valsalva aneurysm (CSVA) is a rare occurrence that accounts for 0.1% to 3.5% of all congenital heart defects.’ The hemodynamic consequences and survival following rupture of a CSVA depend on the severity of heart failure, which may be rapidly progressive. It is important to establish early diagnosis and differentiate this entity from other noncyanotic heart defects, accompanied by a systolic-diastolic murmur, such as patent ductus arteriosus, aorto-pulmonary fistula. or ventricular septal defect (VSD) with aortic insufficiency. There is little information in the literature on the anesthetic considerations of the patient with a ruptured CSVA; therefore, the objective of this report is to emphasize the clinical manifestations and management of these patients in the perioperative period.
Time-frequency analysis of econometric time series

We review the basic concepts of time-frequency analysis which are methods that indicate not only that which frequencies in a time series but also when they existed. A number of examples are given to illustrate the possible use of these methods to econometric series. The methods are applied to the Beveridge Wheat Price Series.
Advances in transducers and techniques for diagnostic ultrasound

Until recently, diagnostic imaging systems have remained stable with familiar modes to be measured. Emerging technologies are changing the measurement landscape rapidly. New developments are reviewed as well as those in research to examine the possible measurement challenges of the future. Improved focusing and steering are available with 1.5 D, multiple subaperture arrays, fully populated and sparse 2D arrays, and CMUT arrays. Encoded excitation pulses provide unique consideration. High frequency and special purpose arrays stretch the present limits of measurement bandwidth and resolution. Special auxiliary pulses and pulse sequences are being proposed for controlling, manipulating and destroying contrast agents and specially formulated therapeutic contrast agents. Improved harmonic imaging can involve multiple phased pulses as well as types of encoding. Active tissue characterization methods may include a means for tissue deformation as well as aberration correction. Imaging systems are undergoing a dramatic revolution in terms of their architecture, complexity, miniaturization and the role of software in image formation. These developments will be examined in terms of field distribution, pressure levels, pulse sequencing, waveforms and measurement
Radiative gravitational fields in general relativity II. Asymptotic behaviour at future null infinity

We prove that Penrose’s requirements for asymptotic simplicity are formally satisfied by the general metric, (1), which admits both post-Minkowskian and multipolar expansions, (2), which is stationary in the past and asymptotically Minkowskian in the past, (3), which admits harmonic coordinates, and (4), which is a solution of Einstein’s vacuum equations outside a spatially bounded region. The proof is based on the setting up, by using the method of a previous work (L. Blanchet & T. Damour ( Phil . Trans . R . Soc . Lond . A 320, 379-430 (1986))), of an improved algorithm that generates a metric equivalent to the general harmonic metric of that work but written in radiative coordinates, i. e. admitting an expansion in powers of r -1 for r → ∞ and t - r fixed. The arbitrary parameters of the construction are the radiative multipole moments in the sense of K. S. Thorne ( Rev . mod . Phys . 52, 299 (1980)).
Disseminated Donovanosis (Granuloma Inguinale) Causing Spinal Cord Compression: Case Report and Review of Donovanosis Involving Bone

Donovanosis is a genital ulcer disease that occasionally has extragenital manifestations. This report describes a case of disseminated donovanosis in a 54-year-old woman from northern Australia who had subsequent thoracic vertebral osteomyelitis and spinal cord compression. Malignancy and vertebral tuberculosis were the major differential diagnoses. The patient had no genital lesions at the time of diagnosis of extragenital donovanosis but had undergone a hysterectomy, thus raising the possibility of prior disease of the uterine cervix (most previous cases have been associated with primary cervical disease). Despite treatment with doxycycline, she had no significant neurological improvement. Donovanosis disseminated to bone has been reported in 18 cases in the last 55 years. Awareness of donovanosis in the differential diagnosis of osteomyelitis and prompt pelvic examinations enabling early diagnosis of occult cervical disease are the most important measures in preventing morbidity and mortality due to disseminated donovanosis.
Elevated serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in fibromyalgia syndrome patients correlate with body mass index, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, erythrocyte sedimentation rate

The levels of several inflammatory cytokines are abnormal in many patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and may play a role in its pathogenesis. The inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with the disease activity in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, but its role in FMS is unknown. We undertook this study to determine whether high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) is elevated in FMS and whether its levels relate to key biologic or clinical measures. One hundred and five patients with FMS (1990 ACR criteria) and 61 healthy normal controls (HNC) at a ratio of 2:1 were recruited. The serum concentrations of hsCRP, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The hsCRP levels were marginally higher in FMS than in HNC (p = 0.06) and its abnormality rate (>1.5 SD above the HNC mean) was significantly higher in FMS (25 %) compared with HNC (6.8 %) (p = 0.03). Serum IL-8 levels, IL-6 levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in FMS did not differ from those in HNC. Body mass index (BMI), ESR, IL-8, and IL-6 levels correlated with hsCRP levels in FMS. No associations were found between hsCRP and age, gender, ethnicity, or other clinical measures. Serum CRP levels were higher in FMS and significantly correlated with BMI, ESR, IL-8, and IL-6 levels, suggesting that inflammation may contribute to the symptoms in some FMS patients, particularly those who are obese. Weight loss and therapies directed against inflammation may be useful in the management of FMS patients with elevated hsCRP.
Activation Energy of Alkali-Silica Reaction and Dilatometer Method

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) continues to be a detriment to the long-term performance of concrete. Certain initial conditions related to material alkalinity, aggregate reactivity, humidity, and temperature conditions are known to initiate ASR. A key factor in the prediction of ASR in concrete over time is the reactivity of the aggregate, but current test methodology is largely simulative in nature and yields mainly empirical results that apply to only a narrow band of conditions, and leave many questions as to whether these methods have any relevance to concrete performance under field conditions. Improvement can be found by using a performance-based approach that can address the ASR potential of concrete at levels of alkali, temperature, and moisture that are realistic and representative of actual field conditions. In the present study, the concept of ASR-related activation energy is introduced as a representative single parameter of the ASR. An attempt has been made to introduce the dilatometer test met...
Analysis of Subtidal Coastal Sea Level Fluctuations Using Wavelets

Abstract Subtidal coastal sea level fluctuations affect coastal ecosystems and the consequences of destructive events such as tsunamis. We analyze a time series of subtidal fluctuations at Crescent City, California, during 1980–1991 using the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT). Our analysis shows that the variability in these fluctuations depends on the season for scales of 32 days and less. We show how the MODWT characterizes nonstationary behavior succinctly and how this characterization can be used to improve forecasts of inundation during tsunamis and storm surges. We provide pseudocode and enough details so that data analysts in other disciplines can readily apply MODWT analysis to other nonstationary time series.
Intercellular Communication in Helicobacter pylori: luxS Is Essential for the Production of an Extracellular Signaling Molecule

Individual bacteria of numerous species can communicate and coordinate their actions via the production, release, and detection of extracellular signaling molecules. In this study, we used the Vibrio harveyi luminescence bioassay to determine whether Helicobacter pylori produces such a factor. Cell-free conditioned media from H. pylori strains 60190 and 26695 each induced >100-fold-greater luminescence in V. harveyi than did sterile culture medium. The H. pylori signaling molecule had a molecular mass of 100-fold-greater luminescence in the V. harveyi bioassay than did conditioned medium from either mutant strain. Production of the signaling molecule was restored in an H. pylori luxS null mutant strain by complementation with a single intact copy of luxS placed in a heterologous site on the chromosome. In addition, Escherichia coli DH5alpha produced autoinducer activity following the introduction of an intact copy of luxS from H. pylori. Production of the signaling molecule by H. pylori was growth phase dependent, with maximal production occurring in the mid-exponential phase of growth. Transcription of H. pylori vacA also was growth phase dependent, but this phenomenon was not dependent on luxS activity. These data indicate that H. pylori produces an extracellular signaling molecule related to AI-2 from V. harveyi. We speculate that this signaling molecule may play a role in regulating H. pylori gene expression.
Underfunded and Outshone: The Library Profession at ‘A Century of Progress’ International Exposition, Chicago, 1933–1934

‘A Century of Progress’ international exposition was a celebration of science, and its role in improving daily life, staged in 1933, the low point of the Great Depression. The leading exhibits represented large corporations or governments, but there were some library-related exhibits at the fair. This paper examines the exhibits staged or planned by the American Library Association, the Library of Congress, and Time, Incorporated. Unlike Time, Inc., the American Library Association and the Library of Congress were both hampered by a lack of funds. The two library organizations also failed to find a way to incorporate the theme of scientific progress in their exhibits, whereas Time, Inc. succeeded in using a library as an advertisement for its so-called invention, the weekly news magazine.
COMMUNITY INTERACTION WEBS AND ZOOPLANKTON RESPONSES TO PLANKTIVORY MANIPULATIONS

The response of a species to an environmental perturbation depends on both the direct effect of the perturbation on the population growth rate of the species and the indirect effects operating through interactions among species in a community. To estimate the importance of indirect effects, we analyzed the population dynamics of nine zooplankton species or species groups in a lake subjected to experimental manipulations of the fish community. The manipulations included additions and removals of planktivorous and pi- scivorous fish over a period of seven years, thereby producing changes in planktivory rates on the zooplankton community. Applying autoregressive models to time-series data, col- lected during weekly samples, we estimated the direct interaction strengths between species, thereby constructing a quantitative interaction web for the zooplankton community. We then used this interaction web to explore the roles of direct and indirect interactions between species in determining the long-term changes in zooplankton biomasses that were observed over the course of the experimental manipulations. The analysis identified Daphnia pulex as a keystone species. This large herbivore had strong direct interactions with other zoo- plankton species and was strongly affected by changes in planktivory. Consequently, changes in the biomasses of other zooplankton species during the planktivory manipulations were influenced strongly by indirect interactions acting through changes in D. pulex biomass. In addition, we used the analysis to ask whether information about the response of species to planktivory manipulations could be used to anticipate species' responses to other types of perturbation. If the direct effects of a novel perturbation on each species in a community were known, then the interaction web would help to anticipate how a novel perturbation will affect each species via direct and indirect effects through the community.
Academic Underachievement in ADHD Subtypes

Although a relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and academic underachievement has been widely reported, the nature of this relationship has not been specified. The present investigation addresses this relationship directly by comparing 24 students (20 males and 4 females) with ADHD and 20 students (15 males and 5 females) with attention-deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADD/noH) referred to a university-based diagnostic clinic for comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The students ranged in age from 6 years 0 months to 12 years 10 months. Consistent with previous reports, this study found that math achievement test scores for students with ADD/noH were significantly lower than those for students with ADHD. These findings support previous research suggesting the ADD/noH may represent a distinct ADD subtype. It is hypothesized that inattention interferes with students' ability to master abstract symbol systems, especially in the acquisition of basic arithmetic skills in the primary grades.
Variable Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents on Thyroid Test Results

To investigate the effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on thyroid tests, 25 healthy subjects underwent a single-dose study and/or a 1-wk study. In the single-dose study, subjects received a single dose of one of six NSAIDs (aspirin, salsalate, meclofenamate, ibuprofen, naproxen, or indomethacin) at 0800 h. Total and free thyroid hormones and TSH were analyzed 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 h later. In the 1-wk study, subjects received one of six NSAIDs for 7 d. Thyroid hormones and TSH were analyzed at 0800 h each day. Total T(4) and total T(3) were measured by RIA, free T(4) and free T(3) were measured by equilibrium dialysis, and TSH was measured by immunometric assay. There were no changes in any hormones after a single dose or 1 wk of ibuprofen, naproxen, or indomethacin. Single-dose aspirin or salsalate decreased, whereas meclofenamate increased, various total and free thyroid hormone measurements. One week of aspirin or salsalate decreased total T(4), free T(4) (salsalate only), total T(3), free T(3), and TSH. These data confirm that aspirin, salsalate, and meclofenamate affect total and free thyroid hormone measurements and identify three NSAIDs that did not change thyroid tests. TSH remained within the normal range during acute or 1-wk administration of all of the NSAIDs.