cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Film cooling with air and helium injection through a rearward-facingslot into a supersonic air flow.

The effect of injecting a secondary gas stream through a rear ward-facing slot in a direction parallel to a wall into a supersonic air flow has been examined in a small Mach 3 wind tunnel. The experiments were carried out for three step heights, 0.121, 0.180, and 0.239 in. with slot openings of 0.064, 0.123, and 0.182 in., respectively. Air was used as the secondary fluid with these three different slot openings. The total temperature of the main flow was equal approximately to the room temperature, and the temperature of the wall at the point of injection varied between 418° and 655°R as determined by the temperature of the secondary air. The ratio M of the mass velocity in the secondary stream to that of the mainstream was in the range of 0 to 0.408. Helium also was injected through a slot opening of 0.063 in. for two different injection parameters M = 0.01 and 0.02 and a temperature of the wall at the point of injection ranging between 562.8° and 663.7°R. Schlieren photographs are presented and adiabatic wall temperature measurements are described.
Plasma levels of thiothixene by radioreceptor assay: clinical usefulness.

Thirty-four newly admitted schizophrenic patients were treated with a fixed dose of thiothixene (0.44 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Thiothixene and its active metabolites were measured by a new radioreceptor assay. Improvement occurred over the entire range of recorded plasma levels, but the chances of substantial improvement appear greater above 40 neuroleptic units (n.u.). The data do not support the notion of a “therapeutic window”, in that higher plasma levels were not associated with side effects or clinical deterioration (although at extreme plasma levels this must of course be so). In 11 non-responders dosage could not be increased because of side effects. If a non-responder with troublesome side effects has a low plasma level (<40 n.u.), it would seem prudent to switch to another antipsychotic drug.
First-principles calculations of phonon dispersion and lattice dynamics in La 2 CuO 4

First-principles density-functional linearized augmented plane-wave linear-response calculations are presented of the lattice dynamics of tetragonal ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}.$ Phonon frequencies and eigenvectors are obtained throughout the Brillouin zone. Generally good agreement is achieved with experiment, but frequencies of the lowest-lying branches, which involve anharmonic motion of the apical oxygen atoms parallel to the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes, are underestimated. The octahedral tilt mode at the X point is found to be the most unstable mode throughout the Brillouin zone, consistent with the observed phase transition to the orthorhombic structure at low temperature. The calculated dispersion of the highest frequency ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{3}$ branch is in good agreement with experiment, showing that a proposed large renormalization of the phonon spectrum by a Jahn-Teller electron-phonon interaction is unlikely.
Estimating the Magnitude of Exciton Delocalization in Regioregular P3HT

Exciton delocalization has been proposed to have a strong impact on the performance of organic solar cells. For example, large exciton delocalization estimates have promoted the theory of long-range charge transfer as a mechanism for efficient charge separation. Here, two new computational modeling techniques for analyzing femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy experiments are developed in order to estimate the magnitude of exciton delocalization in semiconducting polymers. The developed techniques are then used to analyze previously published experimental data for regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Based on modeling both the exciton–exciton annihilation behavior in a pure P3HT film and the exciton dissociation dynamics in a P3HT:PCBM blend film, the exciton delocalization radius in regioregular P3HT is estimated to be in the range of 1–2 nm, which is significantly smaller than estimated in a number of previous studies. These results suggest that exciton delocalization is not likely to be ...
Use of uncooked cornstarch to avert nocturnal hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type I diabetes

Intensive management of type I diabetes mellitus may lead to a significant increase in hypoglycemia. This study evaluated the use of uncooked cornstarch to avert hypoglycemia in 13 patients, ages 3.0-17.5 years, with diabetes and a history of nighttime hypoglycemia. The usual bedtime snack (Standard Snack Period) was given for 14 days followed by 14 days in which 25%-50% of the carbohydrate content was given as uncooked cornstarch in milk (Test Snack Period). Blood glucose levels were obtained at 0200 and before breakfast during the 28-day study. No difference was found between the mean (+/- SD) before breakfast blood glucose levels during the two periods; however, the mean (+/- SD) number of hypoglycemic episodes (blood glucose < 60 mg/dL or 3.3 mmol/L) was reduced significantly during the Test Snack Period at both 0200 (p < 0.025) and before breakfast (p < 0.01) compared to Standard Snack Period (Standard Snack 2.00 +/- 2.12 versus Test Snack 0.61 +/- 0.87 at 0200, Standard Snack 2.61 +/- 2.25 versus Test Snack 0.69 +/- 1.03 before breakfast). In addition, in four children who were evaluated with every-2-h glucose levels through the night, stable glycemia was achieved after cornstarch ingestion. Our results suggest that uncooked cornstarch may be useful to decrease the frequency of nocturnal hypoglycemia in type I diabetes patients. This low-cost, simple intervention might be considered as an adjunctive therapy to diminish the risk of intensive diabetes management.
A new matrix development of the potential and attraction at exterior points as a function of the inertia tensors

In this work a novel tensor-matrix notation is first introduced and later applied to develop a new general expression to compute the potential of a body at exterior points as a function of the full tensors of inertia. As a corollary the general matrix development of the gravitational attraction in function of the inertia tensors is also established. For clarity the first terms in both expansions are given explicitly in a simplified matrix form. Some classical particular cases still used in geophysical and geodetic literature are pointed out and discussed.
Efficient multiresolution approach for image segmentation based on Markov random fields

This paper proposes a computationally efficient hierarchical technique for object detection and segmentation and compare it with two other segmentation algorithms. The segmentation (MR) algorithm is performed at coarse resolution based on a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of the field of pixel classifications, which is modeled a Markov random field (MRF). MR performs segmentation of a given image at coarse resolutions. Each resolution will correspond to a hierarchical level in a quad tree. So the classification of a pixel at one resolution will correspond to the classification of four pixels at the next finer resolution. Using this relationship we segment the image at the coarse resolution, each pixel in coarse resolution can be related to 16 pixels in the finer resolution. To find minimum global energy at coarse resolution, one pixel from 16 of observed image field given the unobserved filed. The MAP estimates the pixel classes given the observed filed. Segmentation process at each individual pixel will be performed by searching randomly in each relative pixel at 4x4 block-pixel to find minimum global energy at coarse resolution. Images from simulated head phantoms, degraded by Gaussian noise, are used for comparison of the proposed method with simulated annealing (SA) and minimum gray level distance (MGLD) approaches. Computational cost and segmentation accuracy of these methods are studied. It is shown that the proposed MR method offers a robust and computationally inexpensive method for segmentation of noisy images.
SH2 and SH3 domains as molecular adhesives: the interactions of Crk and Abl

The Src homology domains SH2 and SH3 are modular components present in many signal transduction proteins. They allow rapid formation of stable protein complexes and may also regulate protein function through intramolecular binding events. SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosyl residues in a specific sequence context, while SH3 domains recognize a PxxP motif and additional residues that mediate binding specificity.
Finite amplitude vibrations of a Mooney-Rivlin oscillator

The solution for the finite amplitude, uniaxial motion of a Mooney-Rivlin oscillator on suspension, compression, or horizontal supports, and for arbitrary initial data is presented. The problem is unusual. Depending upon the initial data, the type of support, the amount of static stretch, and the value of a Mooney-Rivlin parameter, the solution may have one of three distinct possible periodic forms. The three cases are solved exactly, and simple bounds on the period of the finite motion are given. Some special situations are illustrated, both analytically and graphically. The effect of the amount of static stretch on the period of superimposed small amplitude oscillations also is described. The appropriate results are compared with those obtained previously for the neo-Hookean model.
Neuropsychological Deficits in Sober Alcoholics: Influences of Chronicity and Recent Alcohol Consumption

Background: The relationships between severity of neuropsychological (NP) deficits and quantity and duration of alcoholic drinking remain controversial. Eckardt et al. (1998) proposed that NP deficits can be observed only if chronicity of alcohol abuse equals or exceeds 10 years. In this study we tested the hypothesis of Eckardt et al. and reexamined the relationship of NP performance and alcohol consumption. Methods: One hundred sixty-two alcoholics and 165 controls completed a NP test battery at least 3 weeks after the alcoholics attained sobriety. Chronicity varied from 4 to 9 years for 55 alcoholics and from 10 to 33 years for the remaining 107. Results: Compared to controls, both groups of alcoholics were impaired on the Shipley Vocabulary and Abstraction tests and on two versions of the Digit Symbol test, but there was no difference between the two alcoholic groups on any measure. Regression analyses that controlled for age and education showed that chronicity predicted less than 0.5% of the variance on NP measures. By contrast, a measure of recent alcohol consumption, the Quantity-Frequency Index, contributed significantly (approximately 5% of the variance) to the prediction of alcoholics’NP performance. Conclusions: These data provide weak support for a dose effect relationship between degree of NP impairment and level of alcoholic drinking in the past 6 months but no evidence for an influence of chronicity.
Increased incidence of colorectal adenomas in follow-up evaluation of patients with newly diagnosed hyperplastic polyps

Background: Although adenomatous polyps have been established clearly as precursor lesions for most cases of colorectal cancer, the role, if any, of hyperplastic polyps remains uncertain. The aim of the current study was to determine whether a patient with an index finding of hyperplastic polyp on colonoscopy is at increased risk for adenomatous polyps. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the records of a single surgeon's colonoscopic experience over a 20-year period (June 1973 to December 1994). Patients found to have hyperplastic lesions on index colonoscopy were compared with those who had "clean" index colonoscopies. The two groups were compared for the subsequent diagnosis of adenomatous polyps on follow-up colonoscopies. Those with cancer or adenomas at index colonoscopy or in their history were excluded. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling with subsequent adenoma or cancer diagnosis at follow-up colonoscopy as the outcome, controlling for age and gender. Results: We identified 42 patients for whom hyperplastic polyps were the only colorectal neoplasms found on the index examination, in contrast to 362 control patients who had a "clean" index examination. In this cohort study, patients found to have only hyperplastic polyps on initial examination had a rate of subsequent adenoma diagnoses (42%) twice that of patients with a clean initial colonoscopy (21%). Mean follow-up time was 4.3 years. The relative rate ratio was 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.4). Conclusions: This study suggests that patients found to have hyperplastic polyps on initial colonoscopic examination may have twice the risk of adenomas on follow-up colonoscopy, as compared with those who have clean initial examinations. If this finding is borne out in larger prospective studies, surveillance strategies may need to be modified accordingly.
Increasing Class Participation Using Small Groups

the project next year. Add to the cost of the substitutes the cost of the Polaroid film and flashbulbs and it averages out to less then $50 per participant. Although the model presented here for the inservice project may not work for everyone, the project's goal of having teachers both increase their information about, and develop a positive attitude toward, votech should be subscribed to by all educators. This project is just one way to help classroom teachers recognize their role in vocational technical education.
The corneal stroma is endowed with a significant number of resident dendritic cells.

PURPOSE. Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise a system of highly efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that initiate immune responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the normal stroma for the presence of DCs and other bone marrow (BM)-derived cells. METHODS. Normal uninflamed corneas of BALB/c and other murine strains were excised, and immunofluorescence single-and double-staining for multiple markers was performed for examination by confocal microscopy. Corneal buttons were placed in culture and immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry performed. RESULTS. MHC class II + CD80 + CD86 + cells were found in the periphery of the anterior normal stroma. These cells were CD45 + , CD11c + CD11b + suggesting a BM-derived and mono-cytic DC lineage. In a surprising finding, significant numbers of MHC class II - CD80 - CD86 - cells were found in the center of the anterior stroma. These cells were also CD45 + CD11c + CD11b + but CD3 - , GR-1 - , keratan sulfate - , and CD8α - , reflecting an immature precursor phenotype of myeloid DC. In addition to DC subsets in the anterior stroma, a CD11c - CD11b + population of BM-derived cells was found primarily in the posterior stroma, representing monocytes/macrophages. These cells were rarely present in the anterior third of the normal stroma. Further, CD14 + precursor-type DCs were found throughout the stroma. These in vivo findings were not strain specific and were confirmed by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analyses of cells derived from corneal explants and by transmission electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrates that, in addition to the known Langerhans cells in the corneal epithelium, at least three BM-derived cell subsets reside in the normal corneal stroma.
Rationality and Problem-Solving

The problem which this paper attempts to solve is this: if rationality is given a rational defence, it is question-begging, and if it is not defended rationally, it is arbitrary. So that holding a belief or performing an action on rational grounds seems to be in the same epistemological position as are beliefs and actions ‘justified’ on the basis of faith, intuition, authority, taste or revelation.
A cycloheximide-resistant mutant of Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract A mutant of Tetrahymena pyriformis , syngen 1, resistant to cycloheximide was obtained after mutagenesis (with N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine) followed by a cross (to obtain macro-nuclear expression of the mutant phenotype). A genetic analysis has shown that cycloheximide resistance in the mutant strain is due to a dominant nuclear allele, designated chx -1. Heterozygotes ( chx-1 chx + ) are initially resistant but segregate stable, sensitive cell lines during vegetative growth, demonstrating that allelic exclusion occurs with this determinant, as with many others in syngen 1. This feature, coupled with the selective advantage conferred by the chx -1 allele in the presence of cycloheximide, makes this mutation a useful genetic tool. A strain homozygous for the chx -1 allele exhibits an exponential growth rate identical to that of the wild type in proteose peptone-yeast extract medium in the absence of cycloheximide. In 10 μg/ml of the drug, the resistant cells grow at a somewhat lower rate, after an initial lag and adaptation to the presence of the drug. This concentration causes complete inhibition of growth and eventual lysis of wild-type cells. The cellular basis for cycloheximide resistance and adaptation in the mutant is presently under investigation.
Synthesis and protein kinase C inhibitory activities of balanol analogs with replacement of the perhydroazepine moiety

Balanol is a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor that is structurally composed of a benzophenone diacid, a 4-hydroxybenzamide, and a perhydroazepine ring. A number of balanol analogs in which the perhydroazepine moiety is replaced have been synthesized and their biological activities evaluated against both PKC and cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA). The results suggested that the activity and the isozyme/kinase selectivity of these compounds are largely related to the conformation about this nonaromatic structural element of the molecules.
Size and Geographical Variation in PM1, PM2.5 and PM10: Source Profiles from Soils in the Western United States

Source profiles (fractional mass abundances and uncertainties) for use in chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment are reported for soil dust from unpaved roads and desert lands. The objectives were to add to the library of source composition profiles available for CMB studies, and to provide data on the variation in wind-blown dust composition between particle sizes and geographical locations. Samples were resuspended and sampled through PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 inlets onto filters, then chemically analyzed for 40 elements, seven ions and eight carbon fractions. Air quality management would benefit from technology that can distinguish soil dust from sites in different geographical locations and sites with different land uses. Five geographical clusters representing Ft Bliss, TX, Dona Ana County, NM, Ft Irwin, CA, the west desert and the Canyonlands, UT, were examined. Distinctive differences were found between sites within a cluster and these differences were comparable to the differences between cluster averages. Some sites showed small differences in chemical composition between particle sizes, but these differences were less than the differences observed between nearby geographical locations. Dust emissions from sites with uniform geology have distinctive source profiles that may be useful for CMB receptor modeling. Heterogeneous regions, defined by land management boundaries, will require extensive field sampling to develop representative composite source profiles.
Role of the transcription factor AML-1 in acute leukemia and hematopoietic differentiation

Chromosomal translocations affecting the AML-1 gene are among the most frequent aberrations found in acute leukemia. Because the AML-1 transcription factor is a critical regulator of hematopoeitic cell development, normal homeostasis is disrupted in cells containing these translocations. In this review we describe the mechanisms of transcriptional activation and repression by AML-1 and how this transcriptional control is disrupted by the chromosomal translocations that affect AML-1. Finally, we discuss how the mechanism of transcriptional repression by these chromosomal translocation fusion proteins is a possible target of therapeutic intervention in acute leukemia.
Self-Reported Intentions to Offend: All Talk and No Action?

To study criminal decision making, researchers commonly present hypothetical offending scenarios to participants and record their self-reported intentions to offend (SRIO). These SRIO scores are treated as an indicator of participants’ predisposition to commit the act described in the scenario. Drawing from the field of clinical measurement, the current study examines the diagnostic accuracy of SRIO scores by comparing participants’ intentions to acquire illegal music files from a designated distributor to their actual attempts to acquire such files. Approximately 7% of participants who read about a (bogus) music piracy opportunity reported strong—and at times definitive—intentions to seek out the illegal files. However, in actuality, no one in the study engaged in this behavior. Clinimetric indicators suggest that SRIO scores are better at predicting abstention from crime than actual criminal participation.
Profiles of tamoxifen-related side effects by race and smoking status in women with breast cancer

Abstract Background : Tamoxifen (TAM) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is widely used as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients; however, it is also associated with undesirable side effects. The goal of this study was to investigate TAM-related side effects, and determine profiles of side effects by race and by smoking status. Methods : A secondary data analysis was conducted using cross-sectional study data from 138 African American and Caucasian women with breast cancer taking TAM 20mg daily for at least 30 days prior to enrollment. Participants completed questionnaires that obtained information about demographic characteristics, reproductive history, health and lifestyle characteristics, TAM use and its related side effects. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. Results : Compared to never smokers, a significantly greater percentage of current smokers reported ever experiencing TAM-related nausea (28.0% versus 5.0%, P =0.007), depression (40.0% versus 7.1%, P =0.001) and migraines (19.2% versus 1.7%, P =0.02). These differences remained statistically significant after controlling for race, age, obesity, tumor stage, and duration of TAM treatment. No significant differences by race were noted in women reporting TAM side effects. Conclusion : The findings from this study suggest that current smokers with breast cancer should be informed of the increased probability of reporting TAM-related side effects such as nausea, depression and migraines, and counseled about smoking cessation which may reduce the incidence of these side effects.
Estimation of the size and location of multiple area light sources

Most illuminant estimation algorithms worked on point light sources or directional light sources. Little attempt has been made, however, to estimate area light sources. In this paper, we present a novel scheme that estimates the size and location of multiple area light sources using a set of stereo images of a sphere with a shiny surface. The parameters of the area light source are estimated by a novel algorithm which minimizes the matching error between the corresponding specular patches. Experiments on real images show that our method is accurate and robust in estimating the parameters of the area light source.
Allometric Scaling of Wingate Anaerobic Power Test Scores in Women

In this study, we developed allometric exponents for scaling Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) power data that are effective in controlling for body mass (BM) and lean body mass (LBM) and established a normative WAnT data set for college-age women. One hundred women completed a standard WAnT. Allometric exponents and percentile ranks for peak (PP) and mean power (MP) were established. Allometric exponents were applied to WAnT scores for an independent sample (n = 31) to assess external validity. PP and MP were 477.0 W (SD = 80.0) and 372.6 W (SD = 61.5), respectively. Allometric exponents for PP and MP scaled for BM were b = 0.92 and b = 0.76, respectively, and for LBM they were b = 0.93 and b = 0.91, respectively. In the independent sample, these exponents produced correlations between allometrically scaled PP and MP and BM of r =-.02 and r = .02, respectively. Correlations between allometrically scaled PP and MP and LBM were r = .004 and r = -.02, respectively. The allometric exponents were effective in par...
Epiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone affect glucose oxidation and interleukin-1 beta effects in pancreatic islets.

Isolated rat islets or RINm5F insulinoma cells treated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) for 18 h show reduced glucose-sensitive insulin release and increased nitrite formation as a result of nitric oxide synthase induction. Although a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine, potentiated insulin release in response to glucose stimulation, the secretory response was not restored to normal in IL-1 beta-treated islets. Islets that were cultured for 18 h in the presence of IL-1 beta and epiandrosterone (EA) or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and then washed responded with a concentration-dependent reversal of the effects of IL-1 beta on insulin release in the presence of a glucose or glucose plus isobutylmethylxanthine stimulus. In contrast, when EA and DHEA were not washed from the islets before determination of insulin release, the presence of EA or DHEA inhibited insulin release in both freshly isolated and cultured islets. Nitrite formation in islets and RINm5F cells in response to IL-1 beta w...
Controlled vibrational quenching of nuclear wave packets in D 2

Ionization of neutral ${\text{D}}_{2}$ molecules by a short and intense pump laser pulse may create a vibrational wave packet on the lowest $(1s{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g}^{+})$ adiabatic potential curve of the $\text{D}_{2}{}^{+}$ molecular ion. We investigate the possibility of manipulating the bound motion, dissociation, and vibrational-state composition of $\text{D}_{2}{}^{+}$ nuclear wave packets with ultrashort, intense, near infrared control laser pulses. We show numerically that a single control pulse with an appropriate time delay can quench the vibrational state distribution of the nuclear wave packet by increasing the contribution of a selected stationary vibrational state of $\text{D}_{2}{}^{+}$ to more than 50%. We also demonstrate that a second control pulse with a carefully adjusted delay can further squeeze the vibrational-state distribution, thereby suggesting a multipulse control protocol for preparing almost stationary excited nuclear wave functions. The subsequent fragmentation of the molecular ion with a probe pulse provides a tool for assessing the degree at which the nuclear motion in small molecules can be controlled.
A peptide derived from an autoantibody can stimulate t cells in the (nzb × nzw)f1 mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective. To assess the ability of peptides derived from anti-DNA to stimulate syngeneic T lymphocytes and influence lupus in (NZB × NZW)F1 (NZB/W) mice. Methods. We synthesized (by Geysen pin method) overlapping 12-mer peptides recapitulating the amino acid sequence of the VH region of a nephritogenic monoclonal IgG2a anti-DNA antibody (A6.1) from an NZB/W mouse. Splenic T cells were cultured with the peptides; multiple experiments assayed 12-mer and 16-mer peptides which contained a triple-base motif (KFKGK). We immunized 20-week-old NZB/W mice with the 12-mer and evaluated them for evidence of nephritis and for quantities of antibodies in plasma and glomeruli. Results. Three clusters of peptides caused proliferation of spleen cells from young, nonimmunized mice. Both the 12-mer FYNQKEKGKATL and the 16-mer GDTFYNQKEKGKATLT peptides stimulated purified T cells. The KXKXK motif occurs in 15% of murine IgVH (NBRF protein database), compared with 100% (6 of 6) of NZB/W anti-DNA monoclonal antibody. Immunization with the 12-mer peptide increased plasma levels of IgG, anti-DNA, and immune complexes, and levels of anti-DNA in glomeruli; nephritis was accelerated. Conclusion. NZB/W anti-DNA contain peptide sequences in their VH regions that stimulate self—T cells. At least one motif is frequent in NZB/W anti-DNA. If some activated T cells provide help, this mechanism may contribute to sustained up-regulation of autoantibodies in murine lupus.
Carbon recoil detection and the response of organic scintillators in C12(n,n)C12 scattering☆

Abstract Recoiling carbon nuclei produced by neutron scattering from the carbon in NE102 and NE213 organic scintillators have been detected by fast coincidence techniques and their pulse spectra used to measure the scintillators' responses relative to electrons. A system which employs carbon recoil detection in neutron polarization measurements is described. The method provides for discrimination against contributions from plural scattering.
Triplication of chromosome Arm 20p due to inherited translocation and secondary nondisjunction

A patient with triplication of all of chromosome arm 20p is presented to illustrate the relatively modest degree of developmental delay that can result from autosomal triplication and the role of nondisjunction as a mechanism for deriving a partial triplication status.
Computed tomography in definitive radiotherapy of prostatic carcinoma

Abstract Pelvic computerized tomography (CT) scans were obtained in 35 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Clinical findings were correlated with these scans. CT scanning was of limited efficacy in definition of tumor size and extent in carcinoma of the prostate, but has been quite useful in treatment planning. The information from the CT scans has prompted field adjustment in 23% and an increase in field size in 11% of the patients.
CELL WALL β‐GALACTOSIDASE IN RIPENING ‘D'ANJOU’ PEARS

β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity was measured in cell wall proteins extracted from fruits of ‘d'Anjou’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) at various stages of ripening at 20C. The β-galactosidase activity in cell wall protein extracts peaked at 4 days of ripening and then decreased to initial activity levels at 8 days. Native isoelectric focusing of cell wall proteins resolved three distinct regions of cell wall β-galactosidase activity: between pH 8.6 to 8.7; pH 7.1–7.7; and pH 5.6 to 5.7. During ripening, the activity of the Basic and Neutral pl Groups both peaked at 4 days. The activity of the Basic pI Group declines slowly, while the Neutral pI Group declines sharply after peaking at 4 days. The activity of the Acidic pI Group is initially low and steadily increases by 5-fold over 11 days. There are great differences in magnitude as well as timecourse of activity between these groups. These results suggest that the 3 isoform groups have distinct regulatory mechanisms during ripening. The presence of such distinct isoforms of β-galactosidase demonstrates that assaying of β-galactosidase activity in total cell wall protein extracts is not an accurate method for studying the possible role of β-galactosidase in cell wall softening and fruit ripening.
Mood and global functioning in borderline personality disorder: individual regression models for longitudinal measurements.

Abstract This report addresses the need for prespective studies of personality disorders, as well as some of the difficulties encountered in longitudinal studies when missing data occur due to subject attrition and variable follow-up intervals. Various statistical methods for handling repeated measurements data are reviewed. Many of these methods are quite complex and require expert statistical skills. A simpler way to handle multivariate data using single-number summary scores is proposed as an alternative which is efficient and more readily understood by professionals in many disciplines. Findings are presented from a prospective study of borderline personality disorder which utilized repeated observations over time. Individual regression models were applied to each subject's repeated measurements to obtain a summary of his or her trend on measures of mood and global functioning. The individual regressions produced separate statistics, slopes summarizing rates of change and intercepts which estimated initial levels of functioning. These summaries were then used in group analyses. Findings indicated that subjects showed mild to moderate impairment in mood and moderate impairment in overall functioning. The individual slopes indicated that little overall change was observed during the 5-year period after initial assessment. Neither presence of borderline diagnosis (definite vs. trait no borderline diagnosis) nor gender predicted initial levels of functioning or rates of change. Further examination of other predictors which may influence longterm outcome, such as history of childhood trauma or presence of schizotypal personality features, is suggested. It is concluded that prospective studies are essential in establishing the validity of personality disorders and in understanding individual variation in outcomes.
Ca2+ transport and chemoreception in Paramecium.

Intracellular Ca2+ levels in Paramecium must be tightly controlled, yet little is understood about the mechanisms of control. We describe here indirect evidence that a phosphoenzyme intermediate is the calmodulin-regulated plasma membrane Ca2+ pump and that a Ca2+-ATPase activity in pellicles (the complex of cell body surface membranes) is the enzyme correlate of the plasma membrane pump protein. A change in Ca2+ pump activity has been implicated in the chemoresponse of paramecia to some attractant stimuli. Indirect support for this is demonstrated using mutants with different modifications of calmodulin to correlate defects in chemoresponse with altered Ca2+ homeostasis and pump activity.
Abstract 4279: Targeting Bmi1 in human prostate tumor initiating cells

Prostate cancer stem cells or tumor initiating cells (TICs) represent a barrier to effective treatment due to their intrinsic resistance to current therapeutic modalities. Recent studies identified Bmi-1 (B-cell specific MMLV insertion site-1), a member of the polycomb family of chromatin remodeling complexes, as a major oncogenic protein that is highly expressed in, and regulates stem cells and prostate TIC self-renewal. We found that shRNA specific targeting or pharmacological inhibition of the critical stem cell and TIC protein Bmi-1 in cultured prostate tumors resulted in cell death. These studies were extended to demonstrate that Bmi-1 plays an equally critical role in prostate TIC maintenance in patient tumors, and that targeting Bmi-1 eliminates the subpopulation of TICs resistant to hormone ablation and currently used chemotherapies. We utilized a novel zebrafish xenograft of primary human prostate tumor model to identify candidate Bmi-1 inhibitory drugs and other drugs targeting TIC pathways for further preclinical and clinical testing. First, we isolated and characterized TICs from fresh human prostate tissues from patients undergoing resection, and then utilized the zebrafish primary xenograft model to evaluate TIC growth, and to define Bmi-1 and other stem cell associated pathways as bonafide TIC targets. Next, we investigated Bmi-1 and other TIC inhibitors in enriched prostate stem cells and the zebrafish model, and the results were confirmed in the mouse xenograft model to determine efficacy and toxicity. Zebrafish bearing Du145 xenografts were compared to fish bearing fresh human TICs, and the combinations of Bmi-1 inhibitor(s) with taxotere, a drug approved for use in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer were synergistic. Our studies are extended to determine the features of prostate TICs in zebrafish xenograft assays, and to study the effects of Bmi-1 inhibitors in sensitized microenvironments lacking the downstream targets P16INK4a and p19Arf, in order to analyze the changes in Bmi-1 targets regulating survival, proliferation, and cancer stem cell maintenance. The novel aspects of these studies are the growth inhibition of human prostate TICs, and the use of zebrafish as an in vivo model to determine Bmi-1 inhibitor efficacy, doses and combinations with conventional therapies. Bmi-1 inhibitors that target prostate cancer TICs may provide a new class of potent inhibitors that when used alone and in combination with other targeted therapy would represent an effective therapeutic management for patients with prostate cancer. Moreover, the use of zebrafish would allow the rapid generation of response to therapy data that would facilitate the development of drugs targeted to prostate TICs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4279.
Analysis of peptides secreted from cultured mouse brain tissue

Peptides represent a major class of cell-cell signaling molecules. Most peptidomic studies have focused on peptides present in brain or other tissues. For a peptide to function in intercellular signaling, it must be secreted. The present study was undertaken to identify the major peptides secreted from mouse brain slices that were cultured in oxygenated buffer for 3-4h. Approximately 75% of the peptides identified in extracts of cultured slices matched the previously reported peptide content of heat-inactivated mouse brain tissue, whereas only 2% matched the peptide content of unheated brain tissue; the latter showed a large number of postmortem changes. As found with extracts of heat-inactivated mouse brain, the extracts of cultured brain slices represented secretory pathway peptides as well as peptides derived from intracellular proteins such as those present in the cytosol and mitochondria. A subset of the peptides detected in the extracts of the cultured slices was detected in the culture media. The vast majority of secreted peptides arose from intracellular proteins and not secretory pathway proteins. The peptide RVD-hemopressin, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist, was detected in culture media, which is consistent with a role for RVD-hemopressin as a non-classical neuropeptide. Taken together with previous studies, the present results show that short-term culture of mouse brain slices is an appropriate system to study peptide secretion, especially the non-conventional pathway(s) by which peptides produced from intracellular proteins are secreted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
High serum transaminase activity in heart disease. Circulatory failure and hepatic necrosis.

A survey of all patients with very high serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity encountered during a 30-month period at The New York Hospital revealed 17 patients with cardiac disease who had 1 or more serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) determinations exceeding 500 units. None had clinical evidence of primary liver or gallbladder disease. Eleven were admitted with acute myocardial infarction, 6 with severe heart failure. All 17 developed hypotension or shock and all but 1 right heart failure prior to high SGOT activity. Several patients had abnormalities of liver function when SGOT activity was very high. In 4 there was an excessive increase in prothrombin time following administration of anticoagulants. In the 8 patients who came to autopsy there was histologic evidence of acute hepatic central necrosis. In 4 there was necrosis of both heart and liver, in 4 necrosis of liver alone. Clinical and autopsy data from a control series of patients with heart disease selected without regard fo...
STRUCTURAL POSITION AND VIOLENCE: DEVELOPING A CULTURAL EXPLANATION*

Research assessing the capacity of a cultural explanation to account for the relationship between certain structural positions and high rates of criminal violence has ignored a significant intervening variable. That variable is disputatiousness—the likelihood of being offended by a negative outcome and seeking reparation through protest. This article develops a cultural model of disputatiousness and aggressiveness. It hypothesizes that individuals who occupy positions featuring high rates of violence are more likely than their counterparts to be offended by a negative outcome, to protest the injury, and to use force when the protest fails. It also hypothesizes that differential disputatiousness and aggressiveness are most pronounced when the negative outcome involves an attack on the self by an equal in a public setting. Testing these hypotheses calls for individual level data bearing on behavioral dispositions under a variety of circumstances. A methodological procedure for collecting such data is proposed, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Development Models for the Filth Fly ParasitoidsSpalangia gemina, S. cameroni,andMuscidifurax raptor(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) under Constant and Variable Temperatures

Abstract Development rates were determined for three pteromalid parasitoids of houseflies under constant and varying temperatures from 15 to 35°C. Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders was the fastest developing species, with females completing development in 13.8 days at 32.5°C and 66.5 days at 15°C. Spalangia gemina Boucek females completed development in 20.8 days at 30.0°C and 161 days at 15.0°C, whereas S. cameroni Perkins females completed development in 20.6 days at 30.0°C and 155.5 days at 15.0°C. Male development times were 90.3% of those for female S. gemina and 92.7 and 88.6% of those for female S. cameroni and M. raptor, respectively. Parasitoid survival was very low at 35°C for all species and no Spalangia survived constant exposure to 15.0°C. Exposure to these lethal temperatures for shorter periods indicated that the parasitoids can tolerate them well under conditions more typical of the field. Development rates were modeled using biophysical and degree-day models and the models were tested for their ability to predict development under fluctuating conditions (24–36°C). Neither model was superior for all three species because of interspecific differences in the parasitoids' responses to high temperatures. Agreement between predicted and observed development times for all three species was achieved by small empirical adjustments of a key parameter in the biophysical model.
Can changes in tow duration on bottom trawl surveys lead to changes in CPUE and mean size

A trawl tow duration experiment was conducted to determine whether a reduction in tow duration from 30 to 15 min on the annual bottom trawl survey of the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) would influence either the catch size distribution or catch per unit of swept area (CPUE) for snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), Tanner crab (C. bairdi) and red king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica). The experiment had a blocked experimental design with one 15 min and one 30 min tow completed at each of 94 stations. Mean size did not change significantly with tow duration for either sex of any species. Catch per swept area significantly increased with decreasing tow duration for snow and Tanner crab, but not for red king crab. The increase was independent of sex. On an average, the reduction in tow duration produced a 78% increase in CPUE for snow crab and a 68% increase for Tanner crab. If a similar increase in CPUE accompanied a change in duration on the surveys, continuity of the survey time series would be severely impacted.
Strategy in family business: Toward a multidimensional research agenda

Abstract The purpose of this article is to stimulate new ideas for research and guide authors in developing submissions suitable to the scope and vision of the Journal of Family Business Strategy . Toward this aim, the article reviews 10 areas of research relevant to strategic thinking in family business. In each area, it reviews major contributions, highlights promising areas of inquiry, and presents a set of integrated research questions for further exploration.
Evolved Gas Analysis of Inorganic Materials Using Thermochromatography: Model Inorganic Salts and Palagonite Martian Soil Simulants

Evolved gas analyses are presented of several model inorganic salts and Mars soil simulating palagonite minerals. The measurements are performed with a low-volume, thermal furnace, interfaced to a capillary gas chromatograph (GC) via a computer-controlled, pneumatic sample inlet device using pseudorandom injection and correlation analysis. The system, a thermochromatograph (ThGC), permits temperature-resolved, high-speed GC analysis of the evolving components in the pyrolyzing sample's headspace. The “information content” performance of this inherently simpler system is comparable to that of TG/GC/MS and TG/GC/IR systems when similar materials are analyzed.
The Relationship between a Family-Focused Preventive Intervention, Parenting Practices, and Exposure to Violence during the Transition to Adolescence: Testing a Mediational Model

To prevent youth violence, the GREAT Families program was implemented with a selective sample of 1,196 families of sixth-grade children from low-income schools in 4 cities making the transition to adolescence. To assess intervention effects, we used pre- and posttest data to estimate a structural model to test the hypothesis that random assignment to the intervention would predict changes in parenting practices, which in turn would predict changes in exposure to violence (i.e., a mediational model). We found that participation in GREAT was significantly related to changes in parenting practices and these changes significantly predicted changes in violence exposure. Furthermore, adolescents who reported greater increases in exposure to violence also tended to experience greater decreases in parental monitoring, discipline, and involvement. Implications for future research and prevention efforts are discussed.