cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-phonon scattering rates in noble metals from magnetoacoustic experiments

The temperature dependence of the carrier scattering rate in copper, silver, and gold at low temperatures has been determined from magnetoacoustic data. Both the (100) central belly orbit and the (110) “dogs-bone” orbit exhibit a T 3 dependence in all three metals. For copper and silver the coefficients of the corresponding term in the scattering rate agree well with those obtained from radiofrequency size-effect experiments. Previously reported discrepancies between the results for copper obtained by the two techniques are discussed and tentatively resolved. No effects due to electron-electron scattering are observed. Differences in the scattering rates between the noble metals appear to be primarily correlated with changes in the phonon density of states.
A scattering chamber for gaseous targets

Abstract A recently constructed charged particle gaseous target scattering chamber is described and some of its operating properties are discussed.
Parental speech to middle- and working-class children from two racial groups in three settings

The speech of 9 middle-class black, 9 middle-class white, 9 working-class black, and 9 workingclass white parents to their preschool children was examined during picture identification, free play, and a meal. The groups were found to be similar in the level and form of parental labeling. The groups differed in the information the parents supplied about objects in the various settings, in the parent's direction of the child's behavior, and in parental sensitivity to the child's age. Within the working-class groups, the frequency of vernacular features in the parents' speech correlated with the quality of information they provided.
Trajectoires de niveau de vie des ménages et trajectoires de mobilité professionnelle : les écarts entre pays vont-ils dans le même sens ? Une comparaison de l’Allemagne, de la Suède et des États-Unis

Un desaccord persiste chez les sociologues quant a savoir si la famille ou l’individu constitue l’« unite » theoriquement appropriee pour la recherche sur la stratification sociale, mais les deux parties sont generalement d’accord pour faire de la profession l’indicateur de la position sociale. Toutefois, a cause de differences entre les pays en ce qui concerne la presence des femmes sur le marche du travail, la stabilite des heures de travail, la stabilite des menages ainsi que les politiques fiscales et sociales, les analyses comparatives de la mobilite professionnelle peuvent ne pas decrire adequatement les ecarts d’un pays a l’autre quant a la mobilite du niveau de vie des menages au cours de leur trajectoire de vie. Des etudes sur la mobilite du niveau de vie aux Etats-Unis, en Allemagne et en Suede montrent qu’il y a entre ces pays une plus grande similitude que ne le laissent voir les etudes sur la mobilite professionnelle des hommes.
Measurement of Conformational Changes accompanying Desensitization in an Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor

The canonical conformational states occupied by most ligand-gated ion channels, and many cell-surface receptors, are the resting, activated, and desensitized states. While the resting and activated states of multiple receptors are well characterized, elaboration of the structural properties of the desensitized state, a state that is by definition inactive, has proven difficult. Here we use electrical, chemical, and crystallographic experiments on the AMPA-sensitive GluR2 receptor, defining the conformational rearrangements of the agonist binding cores that occur upon desensitization of this ligand-gated ion channel. These studies demonstrate that desensitization involves the rupture of an extensive interface between domain 1 of 2-fold related glutamate-binding core subunits, compensating for the ca. 21° of domain closure induced by glutamate binding. The rupture of the domain 1 interface allows the ion channel to close and thereby provides a simple explanation to the long-standing question of how agonist binding is decoupled from ion channel gating upon receptor desensitization.
Organizing MHC class II presentation

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are ligands for CD4+ T cells and are critical for initiating the adaptive immune response. This review is focused on what is currently known about MHC class II organization at the plasma membrane of antigen presenting cells and how this affects antigen presentation to T cells. The organization and diffusion of class II molecules have been measured by a variety of biochemical and microscopic techniques. Membrane lipids and other proteins have been implicated in MHC class II organization and function. However, when compared with the organization of MHC class I or TCR complexes, much less is known about MHC class II. Since clustering of T cell receptors occurs during activation, the organization of MHC molecules prior to recognition and during synapse formation may be critical for antigen presentation.
One site fits both: a model for the ternary complex of folate + NADPH in R67 dihydrofolate reductase, a D2 symmetric enzyme.

R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a novel enzyme that confers resistance to the antibiotic trimethoprim. The crystal structure of R67 DHFR displays a toroidal structure with a central active-site pore. This homotetrameric protein exhibits 222 symmetry, with only a few residues from each chain contributing to the active site, so related sites must be used to bind both substrate (dihydrofolate) and cofactor (NADPH) in the productive R67 DHFR•NADPH•dihydrofolate complex. Whereas the site of folate binding has been partially resolved crystallographically, an interesting question remains: how can the highly symmetrical active site also bind and orient NADPH for catalysis? To model this ternary complex, we employed DOCK and SLIDE, two methods for docking flexible ligands into proteins using quite different algorithms. The bound pteridine ring of folate (Fol I) from the crystal structure of R67 DHFR was used as the basis for docking the nicotinamide-ribose-Pi (NMN) moiety of NADPH. NMN was positioned by both DOCK and SLIDE on the opposite side of the pore from Fol I, where it interacts with Fol I at the pore's center. Numerous residues serve dual roles in binding. For example, Gln 67 from both the B and D subunits has several contacts with the pteridine ring, while the same residue from the A and C subunits has several contacts with the nicotinamide ring. The residues involved in dual roles are generally amphipathic, allowing them to make both hydrophobic and hydrophilic contacts with the ligands. The result is a `hot spot' binding surface allowing the same residues to co-optimize the binding of two ligands, and orient them for catalysis.
“Far” transfer of learning outcomes from an ESL writing course: Can the gap be bridged?

This paper presents a detailed examination of learning transfer from a university English as a second language (ESL) writing course to a writing task with characteristics very different from the kind of writing done in this ESL writing course but typical of the kind of writing required in other academic courses (i.e., involving text-responsible writing [Leki & Carson, 1997]). Thirty students completed this task. To try to stimulate transfer of learning outcomes from the course to the task, half of the students were asked before they started writing to identify similarities between the task and work in the writing course. All students were interviewed afterwards about how they completed the task. The students’ writing from the task and from one assignment from the course was assessed for use of 15 learning outcomes targeted in the course; also, students’ reports of intentional learning transfer were identified in the interview transcripts. The results indicated that learning outcomes did transfer from the course to the task, but in a constrained way; also, asking students to identify similarities between the task and the course did not promote learning transfer. Implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research in second language writing education are discussed.
Observing Preschoolers’ Social-Emotional Behavior: Structure, Foundations, and Prediction of Early School Success

ABSTRACT Social-emotional behavior of 352 3- and 4-year-olds attending private childcare and Head Start programs was observed using the Minnesota Preschool Affect Checklist, Revised (MPAC-R). Goals of the investigation included (a) using MPAC-R data to extract a shortened version, MPAC-R/S, comparing structure, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and stability of both versions; and, using the shortened measure, to examine (b) age, gender, and risk status differences in social-emotional behaviors; (c) contributions of emotion knowledge and executive function to social-emotional behaviors; and (d) contributions of social-emotional behaviors to early school adjustment and kindergarten academic success. Results show that reliability of MPAC-R/S was as good, or better, than the MPAC-R. MPAC-R/S structure, at both times of observation, included emotionally negative/aggressive, emotionally regulated/prosocial, and emotionally positive/productive behaviors; MPAC-R structure was similar but less replica...
D3 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists differentially modulate isolation-induced social-emotional reactivity in mice

Following isolation housing, mice typically exhibit heightened emotional reactivity to mild social stimulation. Aggression, social avoidance and a variety of defensive behaviors that differ in terms of motor activation (e.g. freezing, escape) can be observed depending on strain. Previous studies suggested that D2-like dopamine (DA) receptors play an important, albeit strain specific, role in the mediation of particular forms of defensive behavior. D3 receptors are subtypes of D2-like receptors that are highly expressed in limbic areas of the brain and, therefore, they have been hypothesized to mediate emotional behavior. This study examined the effects of the putative D3 receptor agonists 7-OH-DPAT and PD128907 on social-emotional behavior in isolated C57BL:6J and A:J mice. These effects were compared with those of the selective D2 receptor agonist PNU91356A. All three DA agonists increased non-locomotor forms of defensive behavior (e.g. freezing, upright defensive posture). These effects were observed at low doses in C57BL:6J and at higher doses in A:J mice. Only the D3 receptor agonists were effective in increasing locomotor forms of defensive behavior (i.e. escape, jump) at higher doses. These effects were more pronounced in C57BL:6J mice than A:J mice. The increases in stationary and locomotor defensive behavior were accompanied by marked reduction in social investigation in both the strains. Aggressive behavior was also abolished in the aggressive C57BL:6J strain. These results support previous findings and suggest that DA agonists potentiate defensive behavior and:or social fearfulness. They also suggest that D3 and D2 DA receptors differentially modulate the expression of social-emotional reactivity and indicate the importance of strain in examining the effects of DA ligands on emotional behavior. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Class-specific correlations between protein folding rate, structure-derived, and sequence-derived descriptors

Small single-domain proteins that fold by simple two-state kinetics have been shown to exhibit a wide variation in their folding rates. It has been proposed that folding mechanisms in these proteins are largely determined by the native-state topology, and a significant correlation between folding rate and measures of the average topological complexity, such as relative contact order (RCO), has been reported. We perform a statistical analysis of folding rate and RCO in all three major structural classes (alpha, beta, and alpha/beta) of small two-state proteins and of RCO in groups of analogous and homologous small single-domain proteins with the same topology. We also study correlation between folding rate and the average physicochemical properties of amino acid sequences in two-state proteins. Our results indicate that 1) helical proteins have statistically distinguishable, class-specific folding rates; 2) RCO accounts for essentially all the variation of folding rate in helical proteins, but for only a part of the variation in beta-sheet-containing proteins; and 3) only a small fraction of the protein topologies studied show a topology-specific RCO. We also report a highly significant correlation between the folding rate and average intrinsic structural propensities of protein sequences. These results suggest that intrinsic structural propensities may be an important determinant of the rate of folding in small two-state proteins.
Geomorphology of the onset area of a paleo-ice stream, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula

Geomorphic features indicate that both glacial and melt-water erosion characterize the onset area of the ancestral Marguerite Ice Stream. The large size of these features indicates that they formed over repeated glacial cycles, most recently during the Last Glacial Maximum. Ice drainage within the bay and on the inner continental shelf was strongly influenced by tectonic fabric. Deep, isolated basins surrounded by rugged bedrock bathymetry characterize the innermost part of the bay. Drumlins and other streamlined features occur in the floors of these basins at depths of up to 900 m. The outer bay has three large interconnected basins. Drumlins and megaflutings within these basins indicate ice was grounded at water depths up to 1000 m. The orientations of these features show convergence of drainage from the northeast, east and south into the Marguerite paleo-ice stream. On the inner continental shelf, the ice converged into a single, wide trough dominated by mega-scale glacial lineations. This transition in geomorphic features from drumlins and megaflutings to mega-scale glacial lineations occurs at the location on the continental shelf where sedimentary strata blanket bedrock, and marks a zone of acceleration of the ice stream. The glacially sculptured geomorphic features within Marguerite Bay co-exist with anastomosing, radial and relatively straight channels, which become increasingly focused in a seaward direction. This implies that a well organized subglacial drainage system existed within the bay at some point in the past. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caregiver Unresolved Loss and Abuse and Child Behavior Problems: Intergenerational Effects in a High-Risk Sample

This study examines the intergenerational effects of caregivers' unresolved loss and abuse on children's behavior problems from middle childhood to early adolescence in an economically disadvantaged sample. One hundred twenty-four caregivers completed the Adult Attachment Interbiew (AAI) and a lifetime trauma interview during the age 13 wave of the study. Child behavior problems were assessed at four time points (ages 6, 8, 10, and 13) with teacher-reported Child Behavior Checklist total problem scales. The children of insecure caregivers with unresolved loss showed a consistent pattern of increased behavior problems from middle childhood to early adolescence. Caregivers' AAI status accounted for more variance in child behavior problems than did an alternative model of caregiver psychopathology (depression and dissociation). The results extend the literature on the effects of caregiver unresolved states of mind beyond infancy to older children and adolescents.
Leucine Sources for the Rat Fetus

Fetal and maternal plasma were assayed for the concentration of free leucine, acid-insoluble radioactivity and acid-soluble radioactivity at intervals after an intravenous bolus injection of [3H]leucine into anaesthetized pregnant rats at 17.5 days post-conception. The concentrations of total free leucine and of free [3H]leucine in maternal and fetal plasma were effectively unchanged from 5 to 180 min post-injection. Plasma free leucine concentrations in the fetus were five times those in the mother. The concentration of free [3H]leucine in fetal plasma was similar to that in maternal plasma. Thus the specific radioactivity of free leucine in fetal plasma is substantially lower than that in maternal plasma, indicating that a significant portion of the free leucine in plasma of the 17.5-day rat fetus comes from a source other than the free leucine in the maternal plasma. The data are consistent with a major contribution of amino acids coming from the degradation of extraembryonic protein in the yolk sac. Other possible sources of unlabelled leucine are discussed.
The Development of Midlatitude Cirrus Models for MODIS Using FIRE-I, FIRE-II, and ARM In Situ Data

Detailed in situ data from cirrus clouds have been collected during dedicated field campaigns, but the use of the size and habit distribution data has been lagging in the development of more realistic cirrus scattering models. In this study, the authors examine the use of in situ cirrus data collected during three field campaigns to develop more realistic midlatitude cirrus microphysical models. Data are used from the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE)-I (1986) and FIRE-II (1991) campaigns and from a recent Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program campaign held in March‐April of 2000. The microphysical models are based on measured vertical distributions of both particle size and particle habit and are used to develop new scattering models for a suite of moderate-resolution imaging spectoradiometer (MODIS) bands spanning visible, near-infrared, and infrared wavelengths. The sensitivity of the resulting scattering properties to the underlying assumptions of the assumed particle size and habit distributions are examined. It is found that the near-infrared bands are sensitive not only to the discretization of the size distribution but also to the assumed habit distribution. In addition, the results indicate that the effective diameter calculated from a given size distribution tends to be sensitive to the number of size bins that are used to discretize the data and also to the ice-crystal habit distribution.
Key ornamental innovations facilitate diversification in an avian radiation

Patterns of biodiversity are often explained by ecological processes, where traits that promote novel ways of interacting with the environment (key innovations) play a fundamental role in promoting diversification. However, sexual selection and social competition can also promote diversification through rapid evolution of ornamental traits. Because selection can operate only on existing variation, the tendency of ornamental traits to constrain or enable the production of novel phenotypes is a crucial but often overlooked aspect of diversification. Starlings are a speciose group characterized by diverse iridescent colors produced by nanometer-scale arrays of melanin-containing organelles (melanosomes) that play a central role in sexual selection and social competition. We show that evolutionary lability of these colors is associated with both morphological and lineage diversification in African starlings. The solid rod-like melanosome morphology has evolved in a directional manner into three more optically complex forms that can produce a broader range of colors than the ancestral form, resulting in (i) faster color evolution, (ii) the occupation of novel, previously unreachable regions of colorspace, and ultimately (iii) accelerated lineage diversification. As in adaptive radiations, key innovations in ornament production can provide high phenotypic trait variability, leading to dramatic effects on the tempo and mode of diversification.
Differential Roles of Two Homologous Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Genes in Regulating Cell Cycle and Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis

Precise cell-cycle control is critical for plant development and responses to pathogen invasion. Two homologous cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes, SIAMESE (SIM) and SIM-RELATED 1 (SMR1), were recently shown to regulate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defense based on phenotypes conferred by a sim smr1 double mutant. However, whether these two genes play differential roles in cell-cycle and defense control is unknown. In this report, we show that while acting synergistically to promote endoreplication, SIM and SMR1 play different roles in affecting the ploidy of trichome and leaf cells, respectively. In addition, we found that the smr1-1 mutant, but not sim-1, was more susceptible to a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain, and this susceptibility could be rescued by activating salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense. Consistent with these results, smr1-1 partially suppressed the dwarfism, high SA levels, and cell death phenotypes in acd6-1, a mutant used to gauge the change of defense levels. Thus, SMR1 functions partly through SA in defense control. The differential roles of SIM and SMR1 are due to differences in temporal and spatial expression of these two genes in Arabidopsis tissues and in response to P. syringae infection. In addition, flow-cytometry analysis of plants with altered SA signaling revealed that SA is necessary, but not sufficient, to change cell-cycle progression. We further found that a mutant with three CYCD3 genes disrupted also compromised disease resistance to P. syringae. Together, this study reveals differential roles of two homologous cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in regulating cell-cycle progression and innate immunity in Arabidopsis and provides insights into the importance of cell-cycle control during host-pathogen interactions.
If you want to know, consider asking: how likely is it that patients will hurt themselves in the future?

Although self-harming behavior is a common and costly problem for psychiatric inpatients released from the hospital, standardized tools that assess patients’ risk for self-harm are rarely used in clinical settings. In this study of dually diagnosed psychiatric inpatients (N 147), we assessed the utility of patients’ self-perceptions of risk in predicting self-harm in the community. Patients’ self-perceptions of risk predicted self-harm 8 weeks after discharge from the hospital (Lag 1; area under the curve [AUC] 0.75). Self-perceptions of risk at the 8-week interview also predicted self-harm 2 months later (Lag 2; AUC 0.72). Self-perceived risk added predictive utility above and beyond scores on a measure of depression and seemed to capture changes in risk state over time. The results suggest that inpatients can accurately perceive their own risk and therefore may be important collaborators in the risk management process.
Binary random fields, random closed sets, and morphological sampling

We theoretically formulate the problem of processing continuous-space binary random fields by means of mathematical morphology. This may allow us to employ mathematical morphology to develop new statistical techniques for the analysis of binary random images. Since morphological transformations of continuous-space binary random fields are not measurable in general, we are naturally forced to employ intermediate steps that require generation of an equivalent random closed set. The relationship between continuous-space binary random fields and random closed sets is thoroughly investigated. As a byproduct of this investigation, a number of useful new results, regarding separability of random closed sets, are presented. Our plan, however, suffers from a few technical problems that are prominent in the continuous case. As an alternative, we suggest morphological discretization of binary random fields, random closed sets, and morphological operators, thereby effectively implementing our problem in the discrete domain.
Microarray Analysis of Trophoblast Differentiation: Gene Expression Reprogramming in Key Gene Function Categories

Placental development results from a highly dynamic differentiation program. We used DNA microarray analysis to characterize the process by which human cytotrophoblast cells differentiate into sync...
PHYLOGENY OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS LITOMOSOIDES (NEMATATODA: ONCHOCERCIDAE): EVIDENCE OF RAMPANT HOST SWITCHING

Filarioid nematodes of the genus Litomosoides occur in the abdominal and (or) thoracic cavities of marsupials, rodents, and bats of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships among these nematodes were estimated with a parsimony analysis of morphological characters derived from species descriptions. This nonweighted analysis produced 20 shortest trees. The monophyly of the genus was not supported in that Litomosoides thomomydis and Litomosoides westi failed to group with the other members of the genus. When these 2 taxa (parasites of pocket gophers) were excluded, monophyly of Litomosoides was supported by 2 synapomorphies (structure of the walls and general shape of the stoma); however, ancestor-descendant relationships among the species in the genus were not well resolved. A posteriori reweighting of the characters produced a single tree, different from all 20 most parsimonious trees. Alternative host-parasite evolutionary models were tested against these results supporting the process of host switching as being most important in forming the patterns of mammal-nematode associations that have been detected in this group of nematodes.
Single Species LJ-Fluids in Slit Micropores

The various ensembles and their associated probability measures studied in the last chapter can be used to simulate the behavior of fluids in porous media when a characteristic dimension of a pore is less than 10 nanometers. Such microporous media commonly occur in nature (e.g., clays or living tissues) and many industrial processes (e.g., processes involving zeolites). In addition, such modern research tools as the atomic-force microscope and the shear forces apparatus ([90]) essentially create a micropore and exploit the micropore to study surfaces and vicinal fluids (fluids near surfaces). As a consequence, these devices are also amenable to study via statistical mechanical computer models.
Remote Specialty Therapeutic Management Enhances Patient-Centered Heart Failure Care in a Rural Community Setting

Aims: Heart failure impacts over 5 million Americans, with this number doubling by 2030. The future global impact of heart failure has been called an “emerging pandemic”. Further complicating the high incidence of HF, is a five-year mortality rate that approaches 50% and an unpredictable heart failure trajectory. End-of-life (EOL) treatments for HF, including EOL discussions and referral to appropriate services, such as palliative care and hospice, have been recommended to meet the needs of heart failure patients and their family caregivers, but are not widely used by this population. To help determine why EOL services may not be utilized, when offered, this study investigated the perceptions of illness severity in family caregivers of patients with advanced heart failure. Methods: As part of a longitudinal study investigating the EOL trajectory of patients with heart failure and their caregivers, 63 adult family caregivers of heart failure patients with a predicted survival of !1-year (n526) versus !2-year (n537) were interviewed. During the initial interview, caregivers were asked to describe their understanding of the patient’s illness progression and where they envisioned the patient in one year. Qualitative content analysis of the interviews was done individually followed by a research team group comparative analysis. Results: The majority of caregivers (75%) did not understand the severity of the patient’s heart failure. There were no differences between the predicted survival of !1 year and !2 year groups in the caregivers’ perceptions of the patients’ illness severity. There were no significant differences in gender, age, or caregiver relationship between caregivers who did and those who did not perceive the severity of the patient’s illness. A small percentage of the caregivers focused on illness severity but attributed the life-limiting nature to another chronic disease process such as diabetes or advanced renal failure. Out of the 29 patients who have died during study enrollment, only 8 of the caregivers perceived HF as a terminal disease. The main theme identified in the caregivers who did not perceive the severity of the illness was hopefulness for the patient’s return to baseline or improvement of symptoms. For those caregivers who did perceive the severity of the patient’s illness, the main theme identified was uncertainty regarding the patient’s future. Conclusions: The majority of caregivers did not view the patient’s heart failure as a terminal disease even with a limited predicted survival. Lack of perception of the severity of advanced heart failure may impact caregivers’ acceptance of EOL discussions, EOL planning and EOL services.
Congestive heart failure secondary to gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel in patients with pancreatic cancer

Background Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is a novel combination chemotherapy that is currently being used in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Phase III trials have shown improved survival, response rates, and disease-free progression. The most significant side-effects include peripheral neuropathy and myelotoxicity. Review of literature has shown rare cases of congestive heart failure associated with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel. We describe two cases of women who were treated with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel for pancreatic adenocarcinoma who developed acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure. Patients and methods Two women with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were both treated with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and developed acute decompensated heart failure requiring hospitalization and standard treatment for heart failure including i.v. diuretics. Once chemotherapy was discontinued, symptoms resolved. Conclusion Based on review of literature, as far as we are aware of, this is the first report of congestive heart failure as an adverse effect of combination therapy. Both patients had evidence of diastolic dysfunction which may have predisposed them to cardiac toxicity secondary to gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel. The exact mechanism of action is currently unknown and requires further studies. However, it is imperative for physicians to be aware of this adverse effect and closely monitor patients with underlying heart disease who are undergoing treatment with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel.
Identifying the Evidence Base for “What Works” in Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment

Before considering the challenges of implementing evidence-based practices, it is necessary to understand how this term is defined, and how scientists and practitioners make determinations about which practices and programs are evidence-based. This chapter presents some basic definitions of evidence-based practice, and reviews the hierarchy of scientific standards for determining practices or programs that can be considered evidence. Frameworks for conducting research on program/intervention effectiveness are described, as well as methods for synthesizing the results of research studies. Examples of repositories of evidence-based interventions are presented, along with the criteria used to designate evidence-based practices and programs. Finally, we summarize the principles of effective addiction treatment and community corrections practice that have been promulgated by national organizations over the last decade.
Pyometra with massive foam cell reaction: a case report.

Abstract The findings in a patient with senile pyometra are described. A striking infiltration of the endometrial stroma by foam cells is observed in addition to evidence of acute and chronic endometritis. The observations permit the conclusion that foam cells are macrophages which have phagocytized products of hemoglobin, cellular debris, and endometrial secretions.
Roles of vacancy/interstitial diffusion and segregation in the microchemistry at grain boundaries of irradiated Fe–Cr–Ni alloys

Abstract This work presents a detailed analysis of the diffusion fluxes near and at grain boundaries of irradiated Fe–Cr–Ni alloys, induced by preferential atom-vacancy and atom-interstitial coupling. The diffusion flux equations were based on the Perks model formulated through the linear theory of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The preferential atom-vacancy coupling was described by the mobility model, whereas the preferential atom-interstitial coupling was described by the interstitial binding model. The composition dependence of the thermodynamic factor was modeled using the CALPHAD approach. The calculated fluxes up to 10 dpa suggested the dominant diffusion mechanism for chromium and iron is via vacancy, while that for nickel can swing from the vacancy to the interstitial dominant mechanism. The diffusion flux in the vicinity of a grain boundary was found to be greatly modified by the segregation induced by irradiation, leading to the oscillatory behavior of alloy compositions in this region.
Flavokinase Activity of Rat Tissues and Masking Effect of Phosphatases.

SummaryFlavokinase is present in extracts from several rat tissues with activity in liver > kidney > brain > spleen > heart. Phosphatases, maximally active at pH 5, partially mask the kinase activity in these extracts. It is concluded that synthesis of FMN occurs in several organs rather than intestine alone.
Influence of Beauveria bassiana Strain Gha on Nontarget Rangeland Arthropod Populations

Arthropod abundance on mixed-grass rangeland was determined before and after spray treatments for grasshopper suppression. These evaluations were made in field plots (16.2 ha) treated with either Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin strain GHA at 1 × 1013 conidia in 1.89 liter oil per 0.405 ha, carbaryl at 559.88 g (AI) in 0.59 liter total volume per hectare, or no insecticide (untreated controls). Infectivity of B. bassiana was determined by capturing grasshoppers from treatment plots 7 d after application and monitoring them for external growth of the fungus. Major predators, parasitoids, and pollinators were captured with pitfall and malaise traps weekly throughout the summer season. About one-half of the grasshoppers collected from B. bassiana treatment plots exhibited external growth of the fungus. Formicidae, Araneae, and Carabidae decreased in all plots during periods of heavy precipitation after the treatment date, but these declines were not caused by mortality as a result of B. bassiana or carbaryl spray treatments. Ground-dwelling arthropod abundance rebounded to pretreatment levels a2 wk after treatments. No statistical differences in the abundance of aerial insects were detected with respect to treatment effects; however, natural increases in abundance in all plots were observed as the season progressed.
A Study on HIV,HSV-2,HPV,Syphilis and Risk Factors Among STD Clinic Attendants in Jiading District,Shanghai

Objective To learn about prevalence of AIDS/HIV and risk factors among STD clinic attendees in Jiading District.Methods A face-to-face interview was administered using a quantitative questionnaire by trained crew,applying random sampling.And blood samples were adopted in order to make serum test.Results A total of 419 STD clinic attendees were investigated.And the positive rate of HIV,TPHA,HSV-2 and HPV were 0.24%,14.30%,22.50% and 21.20%,respectively,and that of females is higher.59.70% used condoms last time in commercial sexual behaviors.33.50% used condoms last time in fixed sexual behaviors.Conclusions The rate of condom use should be increased.Reduce high-risk sexual behavior in order to prevent HIV/STD infections.Pay attention to females,no-workers,especially.
Carcinoma in a Colon Conduit Urinary Diversion

In recent years urinary diversion by means of the colon conduit has gained popularity because of the failure to exhibit reflux and the lower incidence of stomal stenosis. However, colon conduit diversion may be associated with adenocarcinoma, as is ureterosigmoidostomy. We report the first occurrence of adenocarcinoma in a colon conduit and, perhaps more important, in a colon conduit in which there had never been a fecal stream.
357. A Mouse Model of Cobalamin A (cblA) Class Isolated Methymalonic Academy (MMA) Provides Unique Platform for Testing Gene and Cell Therapies

Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemia (MMA) comprises a relatively common and heterogeneous group of inborn errors of metabolism. Most affected individuals display severe multisystemic disease with episodes of metabolic instability, chronic renal disease, and neurological complications. The most severe clinical presentations are typically associated with complete loss of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) enzymatic activity. MUT converts methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA within mitochondria but defects in the transport or synthesis of its cobalamin co-factor also variably impair MUT activity. Previous mouse models of Mut MMA generated by our group have been critical to developing gene therapy for MMA but have either displayed neonatal lethality or required concomitant transgenesis for viability. Thus, the need for ameliorated models to further investigate disease-associated pathophysiology and facilitate gene therapy studies exists. We have therefore constructed a mouse model of an attenuated form of isolated MMA, the cblA subtype, by using homologous recombination to create a deletion allele of Mmaa, the enzyme that performs the gated transfer of adenosylcobalamin to Mut and protects Mut from oxidative inactivation. Patients with the cblA subtype of MMA can have variable presentations, spanning the full spectrum of MMA associated symptoms and pathology, yet always harbor an element of clinical and biochemical responsiveness to injectable B12.Mmaa-/- mice were born in mendelian proportions, exhibited decreased survival after weaning (P<0.0001), weighed 50% less than littermates at 6 months (P<0.0001), lacked immunoreactive Mmaa and Mmaa mRNA in multiple tissues, including the liver, and manifested severe metabolic perturbations. Plasma methylmalonic acid concentrations ranged between 63.88-1641.91 µM, representing a 62-fold or more elevation over age matched littermates. Mmaa-/- mice also display diminished 1-C-13 propionate oxidative capacity (P<0.0001) and hepatic complex IV activity (P=0.002). Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of hepatic megamitochondria and abnormal proximal renal tubular mitochondria. The glomerular filtration rate, measured using FITC-sinistrin decay, showed that Mmaa-/- mice have diminished kidney function compared to heterozygous littermates. Following hydroxycobalamin administration, Mmaa-/- mice had improved survival and increased weight (P=0.0003), which was associated with improved 1-13C-propionate oxidative capacity.This new mouse model fully recapitulates the clinical and biochemical features seen in cblA patients, and provides a robust platform for testing gene and cell therapies for MMA because affected mice are relatively severe but survive until weaning. These animals also offer the opportunity to longitudinally examine disease biomarkers and more easily assay vectors across a wide age range.
Pollen Chemistry and Tube Growth

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses pollen chemistry and the growth responses of pollen to specific chemicals. Proteins vary widely with species, usually accounting for 10%–30% of the pollen dry weight. Mineral analyses are usually run on pollen ashed in concentrated acid. Trace elements in pollen vary with species and conditions during maturation. Simple sugars are the principal metabolic substrates used by germinating pollen. Soluble sugars in pollen change markedly with storage and handling conditions. An overview of pollen growth suggests that the tube nucleus and probably the generative nucleus are involved in RNA synthesis and protein formation in the elongating pollen tube. Enzymes produced and activated during germination metabolise internal and external substrates. In binucleate pollens, the division of the generative nucleus precedes bursting of the tube.
Outsourcing in higher education: the known and unknown about the practice

ABSTRACTOutsourcing or privatising services in higher education is a common practice, but what do we really know about it? Is outsourcing effective? It is imperative that these questions be addressed since outsourcing is becoming a norm in higher education institutions. Scholars, institutional administrators and policymakers need to understand the outsourcing phenomenon and whether it is beneficial. However, there has been little research documenting the cost-effectiveness or difference in the quality of service associated with outsourcing. This study reviews 30 empirical articles to find out whether outsourcing is effective, examines the knowns and unknowns about outsourcing, and the theories often used in outsourcing in higher education. The findings show that the effect of outsourcing varies across the institution, and ranges from the positive, negative, mixed, to no effect. Over time, outsourcing may become expensive for both institutions and students because of the profit factors intrinsic within pri...
Ectopic Intrathyroidal Thymic Tissue Mimicking Thyroid Nodules in Children

Ectopic intrathyroidal thymic tissue is a benign lesion of nonthyroid origin occasionally found in the pediatric thyroid gland. Accurate diagnosis of such lesions is critical to avoid unnecessary biopsy or surgery. Twelve children referred to our center for the concern of thyroid nodules were found to have intrathyroidal thymic tissue. Most of the lesions had a classic sonographic appearance of a hypoechoic mass with sharp margins and multiple focal internal nonshadowing echogenicities identical to thymic tissue. Sonography and, in select cases, fine-needle aspiration can be used to diagnose benign thymic tissue within the thyroid and avoid unnecessary surgery.
Numerical Methods with Automatic Verification

The introduction of the new methods consists of three parts. To obtain a result on a computer, the correctness of which is verified to be correct, a precisely defined computer arithmetic is indispensable. Moreover, a computer arithmetic with maximum accurate results for any single operation would be desirable. The definition of maximum accuracy for a computed result is easy, the theoretical and practical foundation is a new theory developed by U. Kulisch and W. Miranker (of. [2]) to be described in the following. A computer result is an approximation of the precisely defined real result by a floating-point number. Although the real (infinite precise) result is in general not computable, it may serve to define the term maximum accuracy. As long as no overflow or underflow occurs, there are two cases. First, the precise result may be exactly a machine (floating-point) number. Second, there are two floating-point neighbours left and right to the precise real result. In the first case the maximum accurate floating-point result is obviously the exact result which happens to be a machine number. In the second case both floating-point neighbours of the precise result are of maximum accuracy and it depends on the rounding mode which result will be delivered. There are four essential rounding modes, namely rounding to nearest, rounding downwards, rounding upwards and rounding towards zero. For rounding to the nearest floating-point number there is the special case, that the precise result is exactly the midpoint of the two floating-point neighbours. In this case the result is the floating-point number of larger magnitude. The definition of maximum accurate floating-point operations is clear, but the theoretical basis and implementation is not trivial. One reason for this is that the exact, infinite precise result is in general not known.
Ten-year use of hospital-based services by geriatric veterans with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE To increase understanding of the needs of elderly patients with serious mental illness, the study analyzed and compared use of hospital-based services by geriatric patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. METHODS The sample consisted of 23 patients with bipolar disorder and 49 patients with schizophrenia age 65 or older admitted to the Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center over a two-year period. Patients' charts were reviewed to assess psychiatric and medical hospitalizations over the past ten years. Comorbid medical diagnoses, prescription patterns, and competency status were also reviewed. RESULTS Patients in both diagnostic groups used inpatient services relatively frequently, with a mean of four hospitalizations in ten years. Length of stay among patients with schizophrenia (mean = 58.2 days) was almost twice as long as that of patients with bipolar disorder. Hospitalization for medical reasons was infrequent. Mood-stabilizing medications, usually lithium, were prescribed to most patients with bipolar disorder, and antipsychotics were prescribed to most patients with schizophrenia and less than half of the patients with bipolar disorder. More than half of the patients with schizophrenia had legal guardians, but few patients with bipolar disorder did so. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this and other studies suggest that although the prognosis for persons with serious mental illnesses may have improved over the last several decades, these illnesses do not "burn out" in older adults. Elderly patients continue to make frequent use of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization and pharmacological interventions.
Research strategies to assess the effectiveness of international environmental regimes

Despite decades of international efforts to enhance global environmental governance, sustainability issues requiring action beyond single states persist. How can we create international environmental governance systems (typically called regimes) that are successful in addressing problems such as climate change and the loss of biological diversity? What skills do we need to design regimes that are responsive to these challenges? Reflecting on years of research on environmental regimes, this Perspective identifies promising research strategies for continuing efforts to answer these questions (for example, diagnostic procedures and alternative ideas on effectiveness) in a manner that promotes productive relations between academics and practitioners.
Neuroanesthesia and Liver Disease

In a patient with liver disease coming for an intracranial procedure, the clinician should keep in mind the pathophysiology of the liver disease while planning a strategy for controlling the intracranial pressure. Maintaining the cerebral perfusion pressure in a patient with a compromised cerebrovascular reserve is a challenge.
Data Fusion Based on Subspace Decomposition for Distributed State Estimation in Multi-Hop Networks

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the distributed states of a plant using a set of interconnected agents. Each of these agents must perform a real-time monitoring of the plant state, counting on the measurements of local plant outputs and on the exchange of information with the rest of the network. These inter-agent communications take place within a multi-hop network. Therefore, the transmitted information suffers a delay that depends on the position of the sender and receiver in a communication graph. Without loss of generality, it is considered that the transmission rate and the plant sampling rate are both identical. The paper presents a novel data-fusion-based observer structure based on subspace decomposition, and addresses two main subproblems: the observer design to stabilize the estimation error, and an optimal observer design to minimize the estimation uncertainties when plant disturbances and measurements noises come into play. The performance of the proposed design is tested in simulation.