cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bipartite stimulatory action of the Hop2–Mnd1 complex on the Rad51 recombinase

The HOP2 and MND1 genes are indispensable for meiotic recombination. The products of these genes associate to form a stable heterodimeric complex that binds DNA and stimulates the recombinase activity of Rad51 and Dmc1. Here we conduct molecular studies to delineate the action mechanism of the Hop2–Mnd1 complex. We present evidence to implicate Hop2 as the major DNA-binding subunit and Mnd1 as the prominent Rad51 interaction entity. Hop2–Mnd1 stabilizes the Rad51–single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) nucleoprotein filament, the catalytic intermediate in recombination reactions. We also show that Hop2–Mnd1 enhances the ability of the Rad51–ssDNA nucleoprotein filament to capture duplex DNA, an obligatory step in the formation of the synaptic complex critical for DNA joint formation. Thus, our results unveil a bipartite mechanism of Hop2–Mnd1 in homologous DNA pairing: stabilization of the Rad51 presynaptic filament and duplex DNA capture to enhance synaptic complex formation.
An Empirical Analysis Of The Impact Of Tax Rates On Subchapter S Elections

Selecting the appropriate form of organization may be a difficult choice for a small business firm. The corporate form offers legal liability but imposes double taxation. The choice often becomes a trade-off between the nontax benefits of incorporating and the costs of double taxation. Certain small businesses qualify to make an election under Subchapter S of the tax code which allows them to operate as a corporation, but avoid the corporate tax by passing through taxable income or loss to shareholders. These firms are known as S corporations. This article examines the impact of personal and corporate tax rates on the propensity for small businesses to elect to operate as S corporations. The behavior of gain and loss firms is analyzed separately. Empirical tests suggest that tax rates do have a significant and sometimes surprising impact on this choice. These findings have significance for policymakers in attempting to reduce the costs of taxes to new firms which may be inhibited from entering the market due to the impact of double taxation.
A Dance of Instruction with Construction in Mathematics Education

As the field of mathematics education research matures, the examples proliferate of the dual nature of learning as an individual construction and as a social endeavor guided by instruction. I call this interaction of individual volition and social engagement the dance of instruction with construction, and in this introductory Chap. I discuss some of the implications and give a few examples of this dance and its significance.
Nanobank: Data Overview

Nanobank is a public, digital library comprising data on nanoscience articles, U.S. patents, and federal grants, as well as firms engaged in using nanotechnology commercially. Download the slides at: http://papers.ssrn.com/paper=1027699 Download the audio file at: http://papers.ssrn.com/paper=1029963
Plasmon-Enhanced Sensing and Photodetection

Surface plasmons supported by metallic nanostructures, provide new opportunities for enhanced sensing and photodetection. Two mechanisms- hot electron generation resulting from plasmon decay, and high-intensity, nanoscale local fields- will be discussed in this context. Article not available.
The Death of Miles in The Turn of the Screw

Critics have always been struck by the death scene that concludes The Turn of the Screw and, being struck, have given us a variety of interpretations—psychological, religious, poetic; but they have never accounted for the improbability that Miles—whose good health and sound heart are never questioned in the tale—should die of heart failure. In James's other stories concluding with the death of a young boy (“The Pupil” and “The Author of Beltraffio”) we are prepared by earlier accounts of the boy's health to accept his final death. Not so with Miles. We are not even prepared to find him bewildered and demoralized by the series of embarrassing questions put to him by his governess: Miles is presented as remarkably well-poised for a ten-year-old.
A Model for Predicting Brand Choice from Price Expectations, Point of Purchase Price Comparisons, and Store Environment

Past studies have mainly used discrepancy between the actual price paid and internal price expectation based on past prices to explain brand choice. In addition to using this discrepancy, the present paper uses the point of purchase or current price comparison between competing brands, and store environment variables such as displays and features to predict brand choice. Further, a new conceptualization of internal price expectation is offered. Thus, this paper attempts to shed light on the controversy over the extent to which consumers use internal and external price information in purchase decisions.
Efficacy of measles vaccine in six-month-old babies in Tongzhou District,Beijing

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of measles vaccine immunization in babies at six months old.Methods Titers of measles IgG antibody and serum antibody conversion rate after measles immunization were compared in babies immunized at six month old with those immunized at eight months old.Results Before immunization,titer of measles IgG antibody in babies at six months old was higher than that in those at eight months old,and only 6.06% of the babies of six months old with lower level of immunological protection.After basic immunization,mean titer of measles IgG antibody was 751.44 mIU/ml and 1?076.14 mIU/ml for babies at six months old and at eight months old,respectively,with statistically significant difference(P=0.003),and serum antibody conversion rate was 93.55% and 96.88%,respectively,but without statistically significant difference(P=0.978).Conclusion Babies after their six months are all susceptible to measles.The first measles immunization at six months old can guarantee higher coverage of the vaccine and reduce its morbidity in small-month babies.
Psoriasis of the Nail

The clinical picture of psoriasis of the nails varies according to the disease site. Confirmation of the diagnosis is essential prior to commencing therapy. Although treatment modalities are limited, careful planning and persistence produce rewarding results a good portion of the time.
Ureteroscopy versus Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Factors Influencing Patient Treatment Preferences

Abstract Introduction Shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy are considered first line treatment options for patients with urolithiasis. However, these interventions have significant variation in rates of stone-free success, procedure related complications and need for reoperation. We examined patient preferences in treatment selection for urolithiasis and factors associated with choice of treatment. Methods Patients with a history of urolithiasis were self-administered or mailed a questionnaire with a clinical scenario of a stone in the ureter and outcome statistics derived from a Cochrane Review for ureteroscopy and shock wave lithotripsy comparing stone-free success rates, complication rates, need for ureteral stent placement and need for additional surgery. Subjects were asked to choose ureteroscopy or shock wave lithotripsy and to indicate the relative importance that each of the 4 outcome parameters had on their treatment selection. Results A total of 163 patients returned complete surveys and a majority preferred ureteroscopy to shock wave lithotripsy (63% vs 37%, p=0.001) for the clinical scenario presented. For factors influencing procedure preference success was indicated as extremely important by 94% (152 of 163) of respondents, followed by complications, need for second surgery and, finally, need for stent. Conclusions A majority of patients preferred ureteroscopy to shock wave lithotripsy after reviewing the evidence-based rates of stone-free success, complications and need for second surgery. Shared decision making and patient centered care should be the focus of surgical treatment selection when there is no consensus regarding a superior treatment for urolithiasis.
Chapter 7 – Soy Food Products and their Health Benefits

This chapter discusses soy food products and their health benefits. The soybean is a high-protein food and a good source of nitrogen for humans because the amino acid composition of protein in the soybean has the equivalent nutritional value as animal protein. Soybeans also contain dietary fiber and oligosaccharides, such as sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. Soybean oil contains abundant Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs), such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Also, the soybean contains functional minor components such as isoflavone, saponin, lecithin, and phytosterol. Soy foods and soybean constituents have been widely investigated for their preventive role in chronic disease, which is attributed to their major physiological functions, such as cholesterol lowering, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, immunity regulation, lipid lowering, anti-carcinogenic, anticoagulant, anti-osteoporosis, and antioxidant. Furthermore, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed the ‘Soy Protein Health Claim' on 26 October, 1999, that 25 grams of soy protein a day may reduce the risk of heart disease. Therefore, taking this opportunity, soy foods will penetrate rapidly into Western cultures and diets. In the public health area, it is known that relatively minor substitution or addition of soy to the conventional diet can have healthful consequences.
Tax compliance in a social setting: The influence of social norms, trust in government, and perceived fairness on taxpayer compliance

Abstract Voluntary tax compliance is important for governments around the world as they try to manage budget deficits. Traditional methods to improve tax compliance, such as increased audits, can be costly to implement. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence that social factors have on individuals' tax compliance intentions. Results of a survey of 217 U.S. taxpayers found support for the influence of social factors on tax compliance. This research concludes that social norms influence compliance intentions indirectly through internalization as personal norms. Specifically, as the strength of social norms in favor of tax compliance increases, personal norms of tax compliance also increase, and this leads to a subsequent increase in compliance intentions. We also conclude that trust in government has a significant influence on both perceived fairness of the tax system and compliance decisions. This study adds to current tax research in two important ways. First, the results suggest that the influence of social norms on tax compliance is largely through internalization as personal norms. Second, to the best of our knowledge this is also the first tax compliance study in which perception of fairness is modeled as a function of trust rather than vice-versa. This research may help taxing authorities develop less costly and more effective strategies for increasing taxpayer compliance.
Photoinduced, Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C–N Coupling to Generate Protected Amines: An Alternative to the Curtius Rearrangement

The Curtius rearrangement is a classic, powerful method for converting carboxylic acids into protected amines, but its widespread use is impeded by safety issues (the need to handle azides). We have developed an alternative to the Curtius rearrangement that employs a copper catalyst in combination with blue-LED irradiation to achieve the decarboxylative coupling of aliphatic carboxylic acid derivatives (specifically, readily available N-hydroxyphthalimide esters) to afford protected amines under mild conditions. This C–N bond-forming process is compatible with a wide array of functional groups, including an alcohol, aldehyde, epoxide, indole, nitroalkane, and sulfide. Control reactions and mechanistic studies are consistent with the hypothesis that copper species are engaged in both the photochemistry and the key bond-forming step, which occurs through out-of-cage coupling of an alkyl radical.
A Rare Cause of Cardiomyopathy: A Case of Selenium Deficiency Causing Severe Cardiomyopathy that Improved on Supplementation

Selenium-associated cardiomyopathy is a rare but potentially fatal condition that has previously been described in the literature. Once identified, the condition may be reversible via supplementation. Gastrointestinal operations, especially bariatric and bowel resection, are increasingly associated with multiple deficiencies, including a deficiency of the micronutrient selenium (Se). This case report presents a patient with Se-deficient cardiomyopathy whose condition improved due to Se replacement.
Twittering to increase student engagement in the university classroom

In this paper, we explored the research question: Does Twitter in a large-lecture format university course produced a difference in levels of self-reported student engagement? To do so, we utilize a quasi-experimental design testing the effect of Twitter on student engagement in introductory sociology and anthropology courses. Our hypotheses predicted that students using Twitter would report higher levels of five forms of student engagement (academic, intellectual, peer, and beyond-class engagement, along with an overall engagement variable). While peer-reviewed literature and others’ anecdotal reporting would lead us to expect a positive result, we found no significant difference in any form of engagement when Twitter was part of the course than when it was not. In fact, we found that students enrolled in the control (non-Twitter) condition perceived significantly higher levels of academic engagement then those in the experimental (used Twitter) condition. We also included a second set of hypothesis predicting that students who reported enjoying using Twitter would perceive of themselves as more engaged than those who did not enjoy Twitter. These hypotheses were supported across all forms of engagement. We report these findings and utilize comments from an open-ended questionnaire to explore potential reasons accounting for these differences and how students perceived Twitter as a classroom tool. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2012.04.026
Improved Filters and Randomized Drivers for Multi-start Global Optimization

We describe and test 2 types of improvements to the multistart heuristic framework for smooth global optimization presented in [8]. This starts a gradient based local NLP solver from a filtered subset of points generated by a starting point generator or driver, and has been available as both a standalone and GAMS solver since 2003. Changes to the distance and merit filters make them theoretically sounder and more adaptive to the problem instance. Stochastic drivers are proposed whose performance is comparable to the OptQuest scatter search implementation, if reasonably tight bounds on all variables are imposed. Tests on two large and diverse sets of test problems (56 problems with over 100 variables, and 18 with over 1000) show that best known solutions to almost all problems can be obtained with a median of about 30 solver calls. The best solution is located in the first ten calls in about 93% of the problems, making the procedure attractive within a branch and bound framework. Further, allowing more time and iterations usually yields improved solutions to problems not solved with default limits.
The Delivery of Stimuli

Many behavioral neuroscience experiments require that stimuli be presented in a highly controlled and precise manner. The proper delivery of stimuli presents a variety of challenges for the experimenter. For example, the delivery of stimuli must often be precisely timed. Also, it is often desirable or necessary to manipulate various parameters of the stimuli including stimulus intensity, duration, and frequency. And, it is important that the backgrounds against which the stimuli are presented are held constant so that the relationship between the saliencies of the stimuli and the backgrounds are relatively constant. In this chapter, we use classical conditioning examples to discuss the important features and methods associated with stimulus control. Indeed, classical conditioning experiments provide excellent examples for discussing the variety of important issues that relate to the presentation of stimuli in an experiment.
Should we talk about the weather? How party competition and coalition participation influence parties’ attention to economic issues

Media narratives of political campaigns paint a complex picture of parties carefully selecting communication strategies in response to the current social and economic climate as well as the strateg...
Robust obstacle detection for advanced driver assistance systems using distortions of inverse perspective mapping of a monocular camera

Abstract This paper presents a robust method for generic obstacle detection and collision warning in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). The highlight of our method is the ability to detect all obstacles without prior knowledge and detect partially occluded obstacles including the obstacles that have not completely appeared in the frame (truncated obstacles). Our results show an improvement of 90% more true positives per frame compared to one of the state-of-the-art methods. Our proposed method is robust to variations in illumination and to a wide variety of vehicles and obstacles that are encountered while driving. Distortions are introduced when Inverse Perspective Mapping (IPM) projects the camera image onto the road surface plane. In this paper, we first show that the angular distortion in the IPM domain belonging to obstacle edges varies as a function of their corresponding 2D location in the camera plane. We use this information to perform proposal generation. We propose a novel proposal assessment method based on fusing statistical properties from both the IPM image and the camera image to perform robust outlier elimination and false positive reduction. We also present an annotated obstacle detection dataset derived from various source videos that can serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of future obstacle detection algorithms. The source videos containing diverse illumination and traffic conditions are derived from multiple publicly available datasets.
Removal of finely divided particles by liquid fluidized and packed beds

A mathematical model describing the concentration profile of fine particles in the axial direction in liquid fluidized beds has been developed for the removal of fine particles. A forward finite differentiation technique has been used to solve a continuity equation with a source term to predict the concentration profile and, hence the recovery as a function of time. With the aid of experimental results obtained using afluidizedbed of 3-cm diam, dimensionless parameters were identified. These parameters were used to predict the concentration profile of fine particles in fluidized beds of larger sizes. Four different sizes of fluidized beds, namely, 1.3, 3.0, 4.0, and 7.5 cm in diam, were used in this investigation. The amounts of bed particles used included 4, 8, 16, 24, 59, and 120 g, and the size of bed particles were 48×100, 100×150 and 150×200 mesh.
Shape Memory Behavior of Ni 49.5 Ti 50.5 Processing-Induced Strain Glass Alloys

Due to their high actuation energy density and ability to sustain large deformations, shape memory alloys (SMAs) have many potential engineering applications, such as solid-state actuation, energy damping, and shape recovery upon deployment. While SMAs have been studied extensively since the discovery of NiTiNOL in 1959, the effects of restricting the reversible martensitic transformation to nanodomains is not well-understood and is yet to be utilized in engineering applications, despite showing promising multifunctional properties. In binary NiTi, the martensitic transformation, characterized by long-range strain ordering, can be replaced with a strain glass transition. Such alloys have been named strain glass alloys (SGAs) due to the fact that they exhibit a glass-like state which is caused by compositionally- or processing-induced strain. In the present study, cold work is used to produce a strain glass phase in bulk, Ti-rich NiTi specimens, and their bulk shape recovery properties are analyzed. In addition to showing reduced dimensional instability as well as increased energy density, the processing-induced SGA shows an order of magnitude less strain localization relative to the SMA material system from which it was developed. For this research, bulk thermomechanical testing, digital image correlation (DIC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to characterize a processing-induced SGA which was developed from commercially available Ni49.5Ti50.5 (at.%).
Optically Generated 10-GHz Signal with 10 Microradian Residual Phase Instability

We demonstrate ultra-stable 10-GHz generation based on single-fiber-branch Er:fiber combs. Residual rms phase fluctuations were 10 microradians at 10 s, with corresponding fractional frequency instability of $5\times 10^{-17}$ at 1 s and $1\times 10^{-18}$ at 200 s. © 2019 The Author(s)
Administering Biology: How “Bathroom Bills” Criminalize and Stigmatize Trans and Gender Nonconforming People in Public Space

Public administration scholarship pertaining to transgender individuals focuses on the implementation of nondiscrimination policies, particularly with respect to employment (Colvin 2007, 2008; Elia...
Vestigios de la ritualidad y representación mágico-religiosa de la cultura afrocubana durante la colonia en el teatro bufo

From Colonial to Post-Colonial times, African rituals and other magical-religious manifestation have become a constant aesthetic resource when it comes to representing Afro-Cubans in the theater. In this essay, I analyze black face theater or teatro bufo to trace pioneer theater plays that employed Afro-Cuban rituals to portray blackness during the 19th century. By examining several plays, especially Mefistofeles by Ignacio Sarachaga (1896), I will study how elements such as music, speech and the practice of the Afro-Cuban religion are portrayed not only as part of the racist mockery typical of this theatrical genre, but also as a mechanism with which to confront the Colonial Spanish regime as well as to propose a more dynamic and technically complex staging.
Multi-Institutional and Multi-Disciplinary Research

Traditionally, a new medical “truth” was established after observing a similar result from each of the “similar,” although independent, trials. These studies have been conducted in different geographical locations. The patient population could have been different in minor and major ways. The procedures used could have been similar, and led to studies which usually replicated each other. In contrast, the designs, while appearing similar, could have included significant procedures significantly altering the intended design.
Tortuosity-powered microfluidic device for assessment of thrombosis and antithrombotic therapy in whole blood

Accurate assessment of blood thrombosis and antithrombotic therapy is essential for the management of patients in a variety of clinical conditions, including surgery and on extracorporeal life support. However, current monitoring devices do not measure the effects of hemodynamic forces that contribute significantly to coagulation, platelet function and fibrin formation. This limits the extent to which current assays can predict clotting status in patients. Here, we demonstrate that a biomimetic microfluidic device consisting stenosed and tortuous arteriolar vessels would analyze blood clotting under flow, while requiring a small blood volume. When the device is connected to an inline pressure sensor a clotting time analysis is applied, allowing for the accurate measurement of coagulation, platelets and fibrin content. Furthermore, this device detects a prolonged clotting time in clinical blood samples drawn from pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation receiving anticoagulant therapy. Thus, this tortuosity activated microfluidic device could lead to a more quantitative and rapid assessment of clotting disorders and their treatment.
Trump Tweets: A Text Sentiment Analysis

Following the analyses of the volume and the topics of Trump’s tweets in Chap. 3, this chapter examines the rhetoric of his tweets. Because media coverage of Trump’s tweets tends to focus on the most shocking and negative of his tweets, those selected tweets do not represent the total breadth of his language on Twitter. We find that, in the aggregate, Trump’s tweets are neither positive nor negative. Instead, they are neutral in tone. Moreover, we find that the extent to which Trump uses negative rhetoric (as opposed to more positive ones) changes over time. In addition, we also examine how tweet sentiment affects the number of retweets that Trump receives. We find that the more negative the tweet, the more retweets it receives. That is, to the extent that Trump uses his first mover advantage, behaves as a strategic communicator, and seeks greater attention on Twitter, he goes negative.
Measuring Adolescent Birth Trauma: Development, Adaptation, and Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties for the Childbirth Trauma Index.

Background and purpose Childbirth can have negative consequences; however, measurement tools to assess this event are limited; and none consider the adolescent's birth. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the childbirth trauma index (CTI). Methods Construct validity and reliability of the CTI was assessed via a field test involving 160 adolescents 3 days postpartum. Results A modified 8-item version of the original CTI exhibited acceptable construct validity and reliability criteria. The CTI was found to link with birth appraisal, but not subjective distress measurements. Conclusions The CTI may be a more robust means of assessing birth appraisal than use of single-item measures. Recommendations for practice suggest use of the modified CTI to assess birth appraisal, or use in combination with single-item rating scales.
Hungry Nation: Food, Famine, and the Making of Modern India: By Benjamin Robert Siegel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 290 pp. $34.99 paperback

In 1946, one year before India’s independence, a farmer named V. Ramiah published an essay titled “Independent India of Plenty.” At a time of chronic food shortages, this essay, written from the va...
The Story Behind the Use of Glucocorticoids in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Cortisone was introduced in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 1948 by Hench and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic which resulted in dramatic improvement of inflammation, function and sense of well-being. It became obvious early on that side effects could develop depending on the dose and duration of use. When cortisone became available in 1950 the practicing physician developed practice patterns without guidance from government agencies, professional organizations or the pharmaceutic industry. The physician did not have guidance about what dose to use or the duration of use, as is available today. In the last 25 years, controlled studies have shown the benefits and safety of low dose prednisone in early RA. The diurnal effect of endogeneous glucocorticoids provides a clue to the timing of a glucocorticoid dose and the duration of the dose is established. The guidelines by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) particularly but also the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) have emphasized side effects and stressed limited use of glucocorticoids in RA. Biologics have been developed and promoted that are used to replace and taper off low dose prednisone. Yet, glucocorticoids used appropriately can be the cornerstone of effective, safe, and inexpensive treatment of early active rheumatoid arthritis.
Biomaterials direct functional B cell response in a material specific manner

Abstract B cells are an adaptive immune target of biomaterials development in vaccine research but despite their role in wound healing have not been studied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We evaluated the B cell response to biomaterial scaffold materials implanted in a muscle wound; a biological extracellular matrix (ECM) and synthetic polyester polycaprolactone. In the local muscle tissue, small numbers of B cells are recruited in response to tissue injury and biomaterial implantation. ECM materials induced plasmablasts in lymph nodes and antigen presentation in the spleen while the synthetic PCL implants delayed B cell migration and induced an antigen presenting phenotype. In muMt− mice lacking B cells, the fibrotic response to the synthetic biomaterials decreased. Immunofluorescence confirmed antigen presenting B cells in fibrotic tissue surrounding silicone breast implants. In sum, the adaptive B cell immune response to biomaterial depends on composition and induces local, regional and systemic immunological changes.
The Classic Tradition in Economic Sociology

In order for today’s economic sociology to develop in a forceful manner, it is important that a deliberate effort at cumulation of knowledge takes place. The insights of the works that make up the classic tradition of economic sociology play a central role in this process. The term classic tradition comes from C. Wright Mills; and the chapter contains an attempt to spell out what constitutes the classic tradition in a field such as economic sociology. This is followed by a presentation of the different contributions by such scholars as Tocqueville, Marx, Weber, Schumpeter, Polanyi, Granovetter, and Bourdieu. Some additional studies are also mentioned. In the concluding section an effort is made to suggest some practical guidelines that can be of help for today’s economic sociologists when they work in the classic tradition. These are respecification, reconceptualization, and recombination.
PiCAS: New Design of Priority-Driven Chain-Aware Scheduling for ROS2

In ROS (Robot Operating System), most applications in time- and safety-critical domain are constructed in the form of callback chains with data dependencies. Due to the shortcomings in its real-time support, ROS does not provide a strong timing guarantee and may lead to disastrous results. Although ROS2 claims to enhance the real-time capability, ensuring predictable end-to-end chain latency still remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a new priority-driven chain-aware scheduler for the ROS2 framework and present end-to-end latency analysis for the proposed scheduler. With our scheduler, callbacks are prioritized based on the given timing requirements of the corresponding chains so that the end-to-end latency of critical chains can be improved with a predictable bound. The proposed scheduling design includes priority assignment and resource allocation considering all ROS2 scheduling-related abstractions, e.g., callbacks, nodes, and executors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to address the inherent limitations of ROS2 in end-to-end latency by proposing a new scheduler design. We have implemented our scheduler in ROS2 running on NVIDIA Xavier NX. We have conducted case studies and schedulability experiments. The results show that the proposed scheduler yields a substantial improvement in end-to-end latency over the default ROS2 scheduler and the latest work in real-world scenarios.
Visual evidence

Visual and other demonstrative evidence has become increasingly prevalent in American and other courtrooms in recent years. However, there have been relatively few experimental studies of the effects of this kind of evidence in legal settings. As a consequence, little is known about when and how it affects legal decision making. In this article, I survey the extant research, including studies of photographs, videos, computer animations, and PowerPoint displays. The research shows that visual evidence affects legal decisions in some circumstances but not in others. It also indicates that visual evidence sometimes enhances legal judgment by improving recall and understanding but sometimes impairs judgment by prompting undue emotional responses, cognitive and perceptual biases, and/or peripheral processing. The limitations of the research are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Sepsis and Jaundice

To the Editor.— Maisels and Kring 1 have suggested that indirect hyperbilirubinemia as the only manifestation of bacteremia or sepsis in the newborn period is a rare event. Indeed, a previous study by Benaron and Bowen 2 has shown that neonatal sepsis is associated with decreased maximal indirect bilirubin levels in newborns. The authors of that study suggested that bilirubin is consumed as an antioxidant in response to the release of oxidants by phagocytic cells. However, our own data suggest that the decrease may be at least in part due to more rapid maturation of the hepatic conjugating and excretory mechanisms for bilirubin secondary to the acute phase response (or "stress"). 3
Personal environment management

We report on a study of the practices people employ to organize resources for their activities on their computers. Today the computer is the main working environment for many people. People use computers to do an increasing number of tasks. We observed different patterns of organization of resources across the desktop and the folder structure. We describe several strategies that people employ to customize the environment in order to easily perform their activities, access their resources, and overview their current tasks.
Erosional history of the Prydz Bay sector of East Antarctica from detrital apatite and zircon geo- and thermochronology multidating

[1] Approximately 98% of East Antarctica is covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), which has covered parts of the continent since the early Oligocene (34 Ma) and obscures evidence about the region's tectonic and erosional history. To better constrain the subglacial record, we analyzed geo- and thermochronologic dates of Oligocene-Quaternary sediments from Prydz Bay, which drains ∼16% of the EAIS. We used multidating techniques, measuring U-Pb, fission track, and (U-Th)/He dates on apatite and zircon grains and40Ar/39Ar dates on hornblende grains to determine crystallization and cooling ages. Apatite and zircon U-Pb dates and hornblende40Ar/39Ar dates are dominantly ∼500 Ma, recording Pan-African metamorphism and magmatism. Zircon fission track dates record cooling at ∼250–300 Ma and ∼120 Ma from Permian-Triassic (300-201 Ma) rifting and Cretaceous (120 Ma) magmatic resetting. Mean apatite fission track dates decrease from ∼280-210 Ma in early Oligocene samples, with lag times decreasing from ∼250-180 My, indicating increasing erosion rates. Miocene-Quaternary (10.7-0 Ma) samples show a smaller range from ∼180 to ∼150 Ma. Youngest measured apatite He ages also decrease from ∼100 Ma to ∼25 Ma in Oligocene-Miocene samples. These results indicate increasing erosion rates ( 0.2 km/My) in catchments draining to Prydz Bay in the early Oligocene, with slower erosion since the late Miocene. This erosion was likely achieved by glacial incision into pre-existing valleys, reaching depths of ∼2.8–3.0 km by the late Miocene. This is consistent with EAIS models showing a transition to less erosive, cold-based conditions following the mid-Miocene climatic optimum.
Acquired Resistance of EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer to a T790M-Specific EGFR Inhibitor: Emergence of a Third Mutation (C797S) in the EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Domain

EGFR-mutant lung cancers represent a paradigm for the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to treat molecular subsets of cancer, with randomized trials demonstrating the efficacy of first-generation, reversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKIs. However, acquired resistance invariably develops, and rebiopsy of patients with clinical progression has elucidated EGFR T790M mutation as the major resistance mechanism.1 To address this clinical challenge, third-generation pyrimidine-based EGFR TKIs have been designed to have selectivity for EGFR T790M over wild-type EGFR.2 They form a covalent bond with cysteine 797 in the adenosine triphosphate–binding cleft. Early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated their efficacy in patients with double-mutant tumors (EGFR L858R/T790M and ex19del/T790M) and acquired resistance to first-generation EGFR inhibitors.3 Specificity for EGFR T790M may be the result of hydrophobic interactions between the bulky methionine moiety of EGFR T790M and these pyrimidine-based drugs. Mechanisms of resistance to these third-generation EGFR TKIs have been identified in preclinical in vitro models, but none have so far been identified in patients. Mutations at the EGFR C797 codon, located within the kinase-binding site, are a predicted resistance mechanism to irreversible EGFR inhibitors also confirmed in vitro.4 Loss of the potential for covalent bond formation at position 797 by the missense mutation C797S results in a markedly reduced cellular potency of this class of TKIs.5 Interestingly, an analogous cysteine-to-serine mutation is a mechanism of resistance to the irreversible Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.6
Acute Renal Injury

After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI). Recognize factors associated with the development and worsening of AKI. Elicit a concise, pertinent history and conduct a targeted physical exam in patients with acute kidney disease. Interpret urinary sediment and urinary index results. Formulate a differential diagnosis of AKI based upon history, physical findings, and laboratory data.Recognize the types of current treatment modalities and their limitations in AKI.
Spatial orientation, adaptation, and motion sickness in real and virtual environments

Reason and Brand (1975) noted that motion sickness occurs in many situations involving either passive body motion or active interaction with the world via indirect sensorimotor interfaces (e.g., prism spectacles). As might be expected, motion sickness is being reported in VEs that involve apparent self-motion through space, the best known examples being flight simulators (Kennedy et al., 1990). The goals of this paper are to introduce the motion-sickness symptomatology; to outline some concepts that are central to theories of motion sickness, spatial orientation, and adaptation; and to discuss the implications of some trends in VE research and development.
Taxing choices: international competition, domestic institutions and the transformation of corporate tax policy

ABSTRACTSince the 1980s, notable corporate tax base broadening and rate reductions have occurred throughout the rich democracies. Scholars agree that tax competition for mobile assets shapes this transformation. I address two questions in this article. First, what form has tax competition taken and, second, how have domestic institutions conditioned competition's impact? I build on past work and argue that tax competition is characterized by the (Stackelberg) leadership of the United States as opposed to alternative forms of competition. At the same time, domestic institutions, especially the degree to which the nation is a co-ordinated versus liberal market economy, are central determinants of the pace of reform. I test these propositions with models of 1982–2008 tax rate change in 18 capitalist democracies. I find that rising trade openness and capital mobility place downward pressures on tax rates, the United States' adoption of the neoliberal tax model engenders significant competitive responses from ...
Engineering the Mechanical Properties of Ultrabarrier Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition for the Encapsulation of Printed Electronics

Direct deposition of barrier films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto printed electronics presents a promising method for packaging devices. Films made by ALD have been shown to possess desired ultrabarrier properties, but face challenges when directly grown onto surfaces with varying composition and topography. Challenges include differing nucleation and growth rates across the surface, stress concentrations from topography and coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch, elastic constant mismatch, and particle contamination that may impact the performance of the ALD barrier. In such cases, a polymer smoothing layer may be needed to coat the surface prior to ALD barrier film deposition. We present the impact of architecture on the performance of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)/hafnium oxide (HfO2) ALD nanolaminate barrier films deposited on fluorinated polymer layer using an optical calcium (Ca) test under damp heat. It is found that with increasing polymer thickness, the barrier films with residual tensile stre...
Bethe cross sections for the sodium isoelectronic sequence

Bethe cross sections for the excitation of Na-like ions to the $3^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$, $4^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and $4^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states from the ground state are computed from the relativistic Hartree-Fock wave functions. As the nuclear charge is increased, excitation cross sections to the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states are affected far more by relativistic effects than those to the $^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states. The asymptotic ionization cross sections for the neutral Na atom and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+}$ ion are computed from a sum rule, i.e., by subtracting the sum of discrete excitation cross sections from the total inelastic-scattering cross section obtained from the sum rule. The ionization cross sections thus obtained are ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ion}}(\mathrm{Na})={\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(2.51{\mathrm{ln}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}]\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}+ 26.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2},$ ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ion}}({\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+})={\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(0.209 {\mathrm{ln}[\frac{{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}]\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}+1.64)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20} {\mathrm{cm}}^{2},$ where $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is the incident electron or proton speed divided by that of light. The cross section for Na is in agreement with that calculated by McGuire, but not with the electron-impact experiment by McFarland and Kinney. The ionization cross section for ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+}$ is a factor of 2 to 3 larger than the Coulomb-Born results by Rudge and Schwartz and by Bely in the asymptotic region.
Stereoconservative synthesis of the enantiomerically pure precursors of [11C](+)-McN 5652 and [11C](-)-McN 5652

A stereoconservative synthetic route for the preparation of the precursors of [11C](+)-McN 5652 and [11C](−)-McN 5652, also known as [11C]McN-5652-X and [11C]McN-5652-W, is reported. The key steps involved the transformation of the (+)-trans-4-bromophenyl or (−)-trans-4-bromophenyl analogues of (+)-McN 5652 or (−)-McN 5652 to triisopropylsilyl-protected thioethers and conversion of the thioethers to benzoyl thioesters via a one-pot deprotection and esterification sequence. Subsequent formation of a tartrate salt of the benzoyl thioesters provided stable, convenient precursors for the routine radiosynthesis of [11C](+)-McN 5652 and [11C](−)-McN 5652. The radiosyntheses were accomplished by S-methylation with high specific activity [11C]methyl iodide of the phenylsulfides, which were generated in situ from the tartrate salt of the benzoyl thioesters. HPLC analyses of the final products demonstrated that all of the reactions were stereoconservative, with no detectable isomerization or racemization taking place in any of the reaction sequences. [11C](+)-McN 5652 and [11C](−)-McN 5652 were obtained with end of synthesis (EOS) yields of ∽120 mCi and EOS specific activities of ∽4000 Ci/mmol following radiosynthesis and purification procedures that required approximately 25 min. The chemical and radiochemical purities of the final products were greater than 95%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of media and public-domain Internet sources for detection and assessment of plant health threats.

Event-based biosurveillance is a recognized approach to early warning and situational awareness of emerging health threats. In this study, we build upon previous human and animal health work to develop a new approach to plant pest and pathogen surveillance. We show that monitoring public domain electronic media for indications and warning of epidemics and associated social disruption can provide information about the emergence and progression of plant pest infestation or disease outbreak. The approach is illustrated using a case study, which describes a plant pest and pathogen epidemic in China and Vietnam from February 2006 to December 2007, and the role of ducks in contributing to zoonotic virus spread in birds and humans. This approach could be used as a complementary method to traditional plant pest and pathogen surveillance to aid global and national plant protection officials and political leaders in early detection and timely response to significant biological threats to plant health, economic vitality, and social stability. This study documents the inter-relatedness of health in human, animal, and plant populations and emphasizes the importance of plant health surveillance. Keywords: surveillance; indications; early warning; crop; social stability; economic vitality; planthopper; rice virus; waterfowl; one health (Published: 5 September 2011) Citation: Emerging Health Threats Journal 2011, 4 : 7157 - DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7157
The effects of glucosamine sulfate on intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus cells in vitro

Background context Glucosamine has gained widespread use among patients, despite inconclusive efficacy data. Inconsistency in the clinical literature may be related to lack of understanding of the effects of glucosamine on the intervertebral disc, and therefore, improper patient selection.
Ground-based Observations of TeV Cosmic Rays using Direct Cerenkov Radiation

A new method for making high-resolution ground-based measurements of the energy and charge of cosmic ray primaries in the region of the knee is presented. The method exploits the direct component of Cerenkov radiation emitted by cosmic ray nuclei prior to their first hadronic interaction in the atmosphere. A dedicated ground-based Direct Cerenkov detector could achieve model-independent charge and energy resolution as good as 15%, on an event-by-event basis.
Some properties of water solutions that influence infiltration

Poiseuille's approximation was modified to include the case where the solution in the capillary ends in an air-water interface instead of the usual large volume of water. Such factors as surface tension, viscosity, pore size, depth of wetting, head of water, wettability of the solid by the solution, and density of the solution appear in the resultant equation. Temperature is indirectly included in the equation since it enters into values of both surface tension and viscosity.