cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Your Way in a Company

You’ve worked hard in school and now you find yourself starting your career in industry. The beautiful thing about food science is that you can come from a variety of disciplines with one common thread, an interest in food. Unfortunately, that is precisely the challenge I have trying to describe a typical job in the food industry to you. Food science is a catch-all for engineering, biotechnology, chemistry, material science, microbiology, and law among other things. This diversity allows food scientists to fit in a company in a variety of positions within quality and regulatory and research and development (R&D). No matter where you work, government or industry, large or small company, you will require interpersonal skills and technical excellence in order to succeed. In general, the demands of a full-time job require skills that are not taught in college and how well you handle the demands of the job strongly influence one’s personal sense of accomplishment and life balance. It is critical to build in external input to maintain perspective and clearly see the next steps in your career. Here are some things to consider as you start out in your career.
An accurate benchmark description of the interactions between carbon dioxide and polyheterocyclic aromatic compounds containing nitrogen.

We assessed the performance of a large variety of modern density functional theory approaches for the adsorption of carbon dioxide on molecular models of pyridinic N-doped graphene. Specifically, we selected eight polyheterocyclic aromatic compounds ranging from pyridine and pyrazine to 1,6-diazacoronene and investigated their complexes with CO2 for a large range of intermolecular distances and including both in-plane and stacked orientations. The benchmark interaction energies were computed at the complete-basis-set limit MP2 level plus a CCSD(T) coupled-cluster correction in a moderate but carefully selected basis set. Using a set of 96 benchmark CCSD(T)-level interaction energies as a reference, we investigated the accuracy of DFT-based approaches as a function of the density functional, the dispersion correction, the basis set, and the counterpoise correction or lack thereof. While virtually all DFT variants exhibit some deterioration of accuracy for distances slightly shorter than the van der Waals minima, we were able to identify several schemes such as B2PLYP-D3 and M05-2X-D3 whose average errors on the entire benchmark data set are in the 5–10% range. The top DFT performers were subsequently used to investigate the energy profile for a carbon dioxide transition through model N-doped graphene pores. All investigated methods confirmed that the largest, N4H4 pore allows for a barrierless CO2 transition to the other side of a graphene sheet.
Detection of ionospheric perturbations using dense GPS arrays

Summary form only given. Vertical motions of the Earth's surface excite atmospheric infrasonic acoustic and gravity waves that propagate laterally and upward away from the source. These perturbations eventually reach the ionospheric layers, where the coupling between the neutral atmosphere and ionized plasma results in fluctuations of the ionospheric electron density. Dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) data provide a straightforward means of measuring the ionospheric electron content. The development of permanent networks of densely spaced and continuously recording GPS stations provides the opportunity to investigate ionospheric perturbations and their characteristics with great detail. We show the possibilities offered by the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), a densely spaced GPS array of 250 ground stations centered on the Los Angeles area, to detect ionospheric perturbations. We show how methods derived from seismological array processing techniques can be used to determine basic properties of the perturbation, such as its propagation azimuth and velocity.
Effective and Appropriate Instruction for All Children: The Challenge of Cultural/Linguistic Diversity and Young Children with Special Needs.

The article presents an overview of concerns related to intervention for children with disabilities from culturally and linguistically diverse populations and discusses the implications for early c...
Detection and regulation of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity in the rat brain

Abstract The presence of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (EC 2.3.1.37) in homogenates and mitochondria from rat brain has been observed. Optimal conditions for the measurement of this activity are described. The enzyme activity appears to be localized in the mitochondria, although a small amount of activity is also present in the cytosol. The activity of brain δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase was measured under conditions which are known to affect the enzyme activity in other tissues. The activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in the brain was unaffected by a 24-h fast or by the presence of inducers such as allylisopropylacetamide, 3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine, or ethanol. A decrease in enzyme activity of more than 50% was observed when δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase was measured in brain homogenates derived from rats of increasing age from 1 month to 2 years.
Chronic myeloid leukemia: Manifesting as spontaneous splenic rupture and terminating in megakaryoblastic transformation

We report a case of chronic myeloid leukemia with spontaneous splenic rupture as the initial presenting feature; there was a successful surgical outcome, but this case terminated in megakaryoblastic transformation. Results are reported based on morphological, immunological, cytochemical, ultrastructural, immunocytochemical studies, and in vitro liquid culture studies. The megakaryocytic nature of the blast cells was identified through the demonstration of platelet peroxidase activity by ultrastructural cytochemistry and the presence of platelet and megakaryocyte-specific antigen using monoclonal antibody, as well as the anti-factor VIII antibody by immunocy-tochemical technique.
Developing and Implementing an Internet-Based Financial System Simulation Game

Abstract Thanks to the Internet and server-side technology such as Active Server Pages (ASP), faculty can develop, implement, and share interactive pedagogy easily and inexpensively. The Financial System Simulator (FSS) is an example of an interactive game that the author has developed. The FSS is an Internet-based, interactive teaching aid that introduces undergraduate students to the domestic and international consequences of monetary policy. Although simulators are common among computer-aided interactive learning devices in today's undergraduate economics curricula, the FSS is different from the others because it allows students, who represent nations, to interact with each other rather than with a computer. The exercise provides users with real-time outcomes based on their decisions, as well as the decisions of other students. According to student surveys, the game helped students understand monetary policy and kept students motivated and interested.
Texture evolution during plane strain deformation of aluminum

Abstract Plane strain forming in commercial processes commonly includes elevated temperature multi-step reductions. An understanding of microstructural development during this process is critical because it dictates the properties of the material subsequent to hot forming. Earing behavior, formability, and mechanical response of the final product are all dependent upon the processing parameters which dictate microstructural evolution. The present work focuses upon the development of hot deformation textures in aluminum during this type of processing. Commercial purity aluminum specimens exhibiting two different starting textures were deformed in channel die compression experiments to simulate the plane strain deformation conditions imposed by the rolling mill. Initial structures consisted of a randomly textured material and a preferentiallycube oriented texture to investigate the effects of starting texture on hot deformation processing and the resulting microstructures. Rate and temperature dependence of texture evolution was experimentally and theoretically investigated in conjunction with this. The relative stability of cube orientations within polycrystals deformed in plane strain is demonstrated for certain deformation conditions. Finally, experimental observations of the evolution of orientation flow from the alpha to the beta fiber are discussed.
Time and Money Invested in Off-Season Deer Hunting Activities

Although hunter expenditures, effort, and participation rates are well-documented (USDOI, 2001; 2006), few studies have examined time and monetary investments in off-season hunting-related activiti...
Upper degree-constrained partial orientations

We wish to orient as many edges as possible in an undirected graph (or multigraph), subject to upper bounds on the indegree and out-degree of each vertex. Frank and Gyarfas [2] solve this problem in polynomial time when there are no in-degree bounds, and when every edge can be oriented within the given bounds. However we show that in general the problem is MAXSNP-hard. When viewed as a 3-dimensional matching problem the local improvement algorithm of Hurkens and Schrijver [4] achieves approximation ratio 2/3 -- e; we believe is the best previous bound for our problem. We give an LP-rounding algorithm that achieves approximation ratio 3/4.
On a Technique for Transparently Empowering Classical Compiler Optimizations on Multithreaded Code

A large body of data-flow analyses exists for analyzing and optimizing sequential code. Unfortunately, much of it cannot be directly applied on parallel code, for reasons of correctness. This article presents a technique to automatically, aggressively, yet safely apply sequentially-sound data-flow transformations, without change, on shared-memory programs. The technique is founded on the notion of program references being “siloed” on certain control-flow paths. Intuitively, siloed references are free of interference from other threads within the confines of such paths. Data-flow transformations can, in general, be unblocked on siloed references.The solution has been implemented in a widely used compiler. Results on benchmarks from SPLASH-2 show that performance improvements of up to 41p are possible, with an average improvement of 6p across all the tested programs over all thread counts.
Characteristic lines for two-and three-dimensional flows

An algorithm based on the method of characteristics for one-dimensional flow is generalized to apply to multidimensional flow. InN dimensions the method has 2N+2 ordinary differential equations defined on a unique set of 2N+1 characteristic lines, modulo the appropriate rotation group.
The effect of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in perinatal rats on the abundance and proteolysis of brevican and NG2.

Abstract Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells are particularly susceptible to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia (H–I) resulting in decreased myelination and attenuated development of white matter fiber tracts. Brevican is an aggregating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) secreted by OLs and their progenitors prior to and during active developmental myelination whereas neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) is a transmembrane CSPG produced by early OL progenitors. Although both proteoglycans are associated with maturation of OLs, it is not known if they are altered by H–I brain injury in the neonate. We have therefore examined the time course of changes in brevican and NG2 abundance and proteolysis in the neonatal rat hippocampus after H–I. In a standard H–I model of unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to hypoxia, a cavitary infarct involving the ipsilateral parietal and temporal regions of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of most rat pups was clearly evident 4 days after H–I. The abundance of total extractable brevican was markedly reduced in the ipsilateral hippocampus at 1 and 14 days after H–I (relative to the contralateral side). At these times, the total G1 proteolytic fragment of brevican was lower in the ipsilateral hippocampus and the level of a protease-generated brevican fragment was significantly diminished in the OL-rich hippocampal fimbria. Hippocampal NG2 levels were also lower at 1 and 4 days after H–I, but were not different from the contralateral side at 14 days. Since brevican, brevican G1 fragment, and NG2 loss occur around the time of progressive cell death and the appearance of the infarct, it may be that H–I rapidly induces a cellular response that actively depletes these proteoglycans from the hippocampal matrix. While the mechanism of this loss is unclear, it would appear to be an early event in the process that could be involved in apoptotic cell death and/or tissue injury.
Pinpointing the expression of piRNAs and function of the PIWI protein subfamily during spermatogenesis in the mouse.

PIWI proteins and piRNAs have been linked to transposon silencing in the primordial mouse testis, but their function in the adult testis remains elusive. Here we report the cytological characterization of piRNAs in the adult mouse testis and the phenotypic analysis of Miwi−/−; Mili−/− mice. We show that piRNAs are specifically present in germ cells, especially abundant in spermatocytes and early round spermatids, regardless of the type of the genomic sequences to which they correspond. piRNAs and PIWI proteins are present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. In the cytoplasm, they are enriched in the chromatoid body; whereas in the nucleus they are enriched in the dense body, a male-specific organelle associated with synapsis and the formation of the XY body during meiosis. Moreover, by generating Miwi−/−; Mili−/− mice, which lack all PIWI proteins in the adult, we show that PIWI proteins and presumably piRNAs in the adult are required only for spermatogenesis. Spermatocytes without PIWI proteins are arrested at the pachytene stage, when the sex chromosomes undergo transcriptional silencing to form the XY body. These results pinpoint a function of the PIWI protein subfamily to meiosis during spermatogenesis.
A chloride ion-selective boron nitride nanotube

Abstract Combined density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate ionic selectivity of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). A finite-length (10, 10) BNNT with a diameter of 1.356 nm immersed in a reservoir of 1 M KCl solution can selectively conduct Cl − ions, while K + ions barely reach the center of the nanotube and do not conduct. In contrast, a (10, 10) single-walled carbon nanotube of approximately the same diameter immersed in a 1 M KCl solution can selectively conduct K + ions through the nanotube. We investigate the potential of mean force analysis, binding energy calculations, the water structure, and its orientation, to explain the selectivity of BNNT.
The influence of buffer layer coalescence on stress evolution in GaN grown on ion implanted AlN/Si(111) substrates

Abstract The effect of AlN buffer layer morphology on the evolution of growth stress in GaN epilayers deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on N + ion-implanted AlN/Si(111) substrates was investigated. AlN buffer layers were grown using either a continuous or pulsed source flow process which altered the grain size and extent of coalescence of the films. In situ stress measurements revealed that substrate implantation reduced the initial compressive stress in the GaN epilayers likely due to a decoupling of the AlN lattice from the underlying crystalline Si substrate. The buffer layer morphology was found to significantly alter the influence of ion-implantation on the film properties. GaN epilayers grown on ion-implanted AlN/Si(111) substrates prepared with the pulsed conditions exhibited a 63% decrease in threading dislocation (TD) density compared to unimplanted substrates. In addition, these films were observed to grow under a low overall stress compared to the other samples which exhibited a more typical compressive to tensile stress transition during growth. The low overall growth stress of the GaN grown on the implanted pulsed AlN/Si(111) was explained in terms of a reduced strain gradient from dislocation inclination.
Comparison of anion exchange resins and aluminum-based coagulants for natural organic matter (NOM) removal and disinfection by-product (DBP) formation

Anion exchange resins (AERs) were compared with aluminum-based coagulants for reducing disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor concentrations from a source water collected in northeast Ohio, USA. Three AERs (IRA-910, IRA-958, and MIEX) were evaluated to determine which resin would remove the most natural organic matter (NOM) and moieties responsible for DBP formation. All the AERs were found to be highly proficient at NOM removal specifically the moieties that absorb UV254 (i.e., chromophores) over 75 min of contact time; however, MIEX removed NOM at a faster rate than IRA-910 and IRA-958 resins. Enhanced coagulation was effective at removing approximately 35% of the NOM and 40–60% of the chromophores and fluorophores (i.e., excitation–emission matrix pairs A and C). DBP formation was determined as a function of pH for the different NOM removal processes. MIEX treatment resulted in significant reduction in DBP concentrations when compared to chlorinating the raw source water. MIEX generally out-performed enhanced coagulation for reducing DBP formation. However, alum was found to remove more NOM and resulted in less DBPs compared to aluminum chlorohydrate. This could impact water utilities trying to balance the health effects due to DBP exposure verses chemical/sludge management costs.
The fatigue behavior of graphite fiber reinforced nylon

The fatigue lives of graphite fiber reinforced nylon composites were related uniquely to the tensile strengths of the materials. The distributions of tensile strength and fatigue life were measured and correlated with either two- or three-parameter Weibull functions. For a specific population, there existed a unique relationship between the two cumulative distributions. Thus, if the effect of an environmental variable on the distribution of strength is measured, the effect on the fatigue life can be estimated. It was also found that the mechanism of fatigue failure was influenced by the technique of fabrication. Compression molded materials failed through an isothermal, brittle mode of fracture, while injection molded materials failed in a ductile, thermal mode.
Determination of the Ester Composition of Neopentyl Polyol Ester Lubricants

Because of the increasing use of the neopentyl polyol esters as lubricants, an analytical method capable of giving detailed information concerning the composition of these complex ester mixtures is desirable. Methods of gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography have been applied in the successful development if such an analytical method. By direct programmed temperature gas chromatography of the lubricants, the components are separated according to volatility; in most cases resolution is adequate for semi-quantitative analysis. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the free acids produced by hydrolysis of the sample reveals the acyl composition. The parent polyols are determined by programmed temperature gas chromatography of their valerate esters. A semi-preparative thin-layer chromatographic method permits the isolation of the three main ester types, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol, for further analysis. A combination of these analytical methods permits a detai...
Effect of practice of a throwing skill in one body position on performance of the skill in an alternate position.

The effect of learning a throwing skill with the body in one position on performing the skill in a different position was investigated, 40 normal women, aged 20 to 34 years, were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. Subjects threw darts from two positions, sitting on a Balans chair or reclined on a slanted table. Practice and transfer sessions each included 4 sets of 5 throws. Performance was significantly poorer after switching positions than when remaining in the same position. Performance after practice in an alternate position was significantly worse than performance after no practice. These findings suggest that practicing a skill in one position may not improve learners' ability to perform that skill in a different position.
KINETIC RATE EXPRESSION FOR METHANOL SYNTHESIS IN A LIQUID ENTRAINED REACTOR

Abstract In the three phase entrained reactor for the liquid phase synthesis of methanol, the catalyst-inert oil slurry is pumped through the tubular reactor and syngas is fed to the reactor cocurrently with the upward flow of slurry. According to an elaborate experimental design plan, the effect of different operating conditions on the liquid phase synthesis of methanol in an entrained reactor, was studied. The parameters of this experimental study included reactor temperature, reactor pressure, slurry flow rate, syngas flow rate, slurry holdup tank pressure, and syngas composition. The data obtained from the experiments at low catalyst loading in slurry, were used to develop a kinetic rate expression for the liquid phase methanol synthesis process in an entrained reactor. This in turn helps the scale-up and commercialization of the methanol synthesis process in an entrained reactor.
Concise Table of Three-Place Probabilities of the Symmetric Binomial Cumulative Distribution for Sample Sizes to 100

This paper contains a table suitable for a number of statistical tasks. The symmetric binomial cumulative distribution, tabled here, applies to statistical sign tests (Dixon & Mood, 1946; Dixon & Massey, 1957) and to tests of the significance of the difference between correlated proportions (NcNemar, 1947; 1955). It also applies to confidence limits of the median and to significance tests of the index of order association. The latter two topics have been appropriately discussed in a recent textbook of statistics (Senders, 1955, pp. 426429, 455-457). The present table supplements a companion table of critical values at 12 probability levels for the same distribution for sample sizes to 1,000 ( MacKinnon, 1959). The three-place entries presented here permit the determination of twotail and central probabilities with error less than .0005. Consequently, they allow the determination of one-tail probabilities or major cumulative probabilities extending from one extreme to or beyond the midpoint of the distribution with error less than .00025. Thus any continuous area under the symmetric binomial histogram may be obtained by subtraction with error less than .0005, including, of course, the area corresponding to the probability of obtaining a particular number of occurrences of a selected class. The range of sample size to which the table applies is 100. A table of five-place entries divided into several sections has been published in Europe (Van Wijngaarden, 1950). This table, like the present one, uses for row captions or designations a variable other than the sample size; the substitution reduces the number of necessary rows, in the present case, from 100 to 43. The unbroken layout of the present table, moreover, expedites its use for several statistical purposes, especially for the uses involving a constantsample-size series of entries, later to be described. Further facilitation results from italicization in the entries and from a chart and instructions, both in the footnote to the table. These devices render more or less automatic the task of relating the entry to a desired probability, e.g., one-tail or central. They also permit specifying the probability exactly if it can be so expressed in three digits, or in four when the fourth digit is 5. In all other cases they allow locating the probability within a narrow range, the scope of the range having been detailed above. One may, of course, find the two-tail probability via the normal approxi
The rotational diffusion of LH receptors differs when receptors are occupied by hCG versus LH and is increased by cytochalasin D

Abstract We have examined the rotational diffusion of the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors binding human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) in MA-10 Leydig tumor cells using time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy techniques. LH receptors binding erythrosin isothiocyanate (ErITC)-derivatized oLH were rotationally mobile with rotational correlation times of 62 μ s, 48 μ s, 38 μ s, and 29 μ s at 4°C, 15°C, 25°C, and 37°C, respectively. ErITC-hCG bound to the LH receptor was rotationally immobile, showing no anisotropy decay at 4°C, 15°C, 25°C, and 37°C. To determine whether cytoskeletal components influenced the rotational diffusion of LH receptors, we measured rotational diffusion of LH receptors on MA-10 cells treated with 20 μ g/ml cytochalasin D and on plasma membrane preparations. Following 1 h exposure to cytochalasin D, the rotational correlation times for hCG-occupied LH receptors were typically 11 μ s at 37°C compared to >1000 μ s on untreated cells. Treatment of MA-10 cells with cytochalasin B or colchicine had no affect on LH receptor rotational diffusion. Rotational correlation times for LH-occupied receptors decreased from 29 μ s to 12 μ s at 37°C following cytochalasin D treatment. The rotational diffusion of LH receptors on plasma membrane preparations was similar to that observed for LH- and hCG-occupied receptors on intact cells treated with cytochalasin D. These various results indicate that there are differential effects of LH and hCG binding on the interactions of LH receptors with plasma membrane proteins and that microfilaments anchor the hCG- and LH-occupied receptors.
Perceived Leadership Integrity in the Manufacturing Industry

Ethics is a significant issue among those in leadership positions, especially since the ethical corporate scandals of the 1970s followed by corporate scandals in the 1980s and the S&L scandals of the 1980s and 1990s and most recently the global financial crisis of 2006–2009. The purpose of this research was to measure the perceived leadership integrity in today’s manufacturing environment, since the global financial crisis, as perceived by their employees. This study included 7,233 manufacturing employees in the United States. A total of 66 surveys were used to calculate data for this study. The Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) was used to collect data from respondents that included demographic questions. The research addressed the following question: To what degree are leaders in the manufacturing industry considered “low ethical,” “moderate ethical,” and “high ethical” on the PLIS?
Foam-assisted liquid lifting in low pressure gas wells

New economical and efficient technologies are required to stimulate and produce low pressure gas reserves. Liquid lifting from low pressure gas wells is cited by the industry as one of the main problems that requires new technology. This paper presents the experimental equipment, procedure, and results of a testing program to study foam lift technology. Foam as a liquid carrier is evaluated for stability and flow regimes under different flow conditions. A tubing/casing vertical model has been constructed to simulate the flow conditions in a typical gas well experiencing liquid loading problems. The model consists of a 40-ft long, 1-inch diameter tubing connected to a 6-inch OD casing. Pressure data along the tubing string are recorded with a data acquisition system. The model allows visual observation of fluid flow inside the tubing as well as tubing and casing flow interactions. Surfactant solution is injected to induce foam. Foam lift efficiency is evaluated in terms of the minimum gas velocity required to prevent liquid fallback. In order to evaluate the incremental advantage foam has to lift liquid, two-phase flow studies has been examined without foam (base case). The two-phase flow studies included visual observation of liquid fallback phenomena under different gas and liquid velocities. Foam flow experiments were conducted at similar flow conditions and visual observations were made. The performance of the two phase flow with and without surfactant present in the liquid phase is then compared and analyzed. Foam lift is shown to reduce the minimum critical gas lifting velocity by order of magnitudes which will positively impact the production economics from marginal producers.
Factors regulating lipophorin synthesis by the larval fat body of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

Abstract The effects of starvation, dietary lipid restriction, topical methoprene treatment, and diapause termination on the synthesis of lipophorin by larval fat bodies of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, were examined. Excised larval fat bodies were labeled in vitro with [3H]leucine and the synthesis and release of [3H]lipophorin were measured using immunochemical methods. When 9 day old larvae were transferred from control diet on to a nonnutritive agar medium, protein synthesis, including lipophorin synthesis, was inhibited two and four days later. Larvae returned to control diet regained their capacity to synthesize lipophorin. Larvae transferred to a lipid-depleted diet at 10 days of age showed no decrease in lipophorin synthesis two, 8 or 14 days later. When non-diapause 5th instar larvae were treated with methoprene to induce a diapause-like state, lipophorin synthesis and release by the fat body was intermediate between that of non-diapause and pre-diapause larvae. Late diapause larvae, immediately after being transferred to conditions that accelerated diapause termination, showed an increase in lipophorin synthesis over that of controls retained under diapause-sustaining conditions. Thus, the resumption of lipophorin synthesis precedes the onset of the pupal molting cycle, thereby making lipophorin available for lipid transport upon resumption of morphogenesis.
The case: a pregnant woman with hyponatremia.

A 29-year-old woman presented with 10 days of moderate, non-radiating lower abdominal pain and nausea. She had no significant medical history, and was not taking any prescription medications. Laboratory data were notable for serum sodium of 124 mEq/l (Table 1), and a positive urinary pregnancy test. Transvaginal ultrasound failed to identify an intrauterine pregnancy, but urgent laparoscopy performed to rule out ectopic implantation confirmed the presence of a gravid uterus and normal fallopian tubes. She was discharged on acetaminophen and oxycodone, but returned 3 days later with persistent abdominal pain and nausea.
Effects of display geometry and pixel structure on stereo display usability

The purpose of stereo imagery is the creation of the perception (in the human viewer) of a 3-D world, for purposes such as entertainment, visualization, education, and allowing people to better learn about and control the world about them. Human perception of 3-D is based upon a combination of many cues from the senses, as well as internal mental templates and expectations. In a stereo presentation, if some of the 3-D cues are inconsistent with others, the perceptual system receives conflicting information, and seeks to find a consistent interpretation. In cases of severe conflict, 3-D perception of the scene may be totally disrupted or highly inaccurate. Even if the user is able to perceive a consistent 3-D view, the effort required to resolve conflicts may reduce the sense of realism and the enjoyment of viewing, and may contribute to fatigue, eyestrain, and headache. Many experienced users of stereo imagery have learned to ignore a certain degree of image inconsistency, and can derive considerable pleasure from viewing even significantly inconsistent stereo images. Unfortunately, novice users generally do not have this ability, and while they may not be able to verbally explain what's wrong with a stereo image, they may comment that it gives them a headache, or that something's not quite right about it, or that they have trouble seeing the depth. Worse, a novice user may conclude that the problems with this image are characteristic of all stereo images, and decide (and tell others) that stereo is not worthwhile. Since the field of display can greatly benefit from the development of a large user base (to provide money to support manufacturers and future technology development, and to draw the interest of content providers), it is important that every effort be made to make sure that novice users have a pleasant viewing experience, with stereo views that have a high degree of consistency in their 3-D cues. Even experienced users have varying degrees of tolerance for inconsistencies, so any improvement in stereo realism increases the number of people who can enjoy it. Despite the importance of providing consistent 3-D cues, no existing display system can do a perfect job of displaying any significant variety of stereo images, nor will such a perfect display be created in the next several decades. It is therefore important to look at the sources of 3-D cue inconsistencies in terms of the severity of impact on the viewing experience, and the effort required to minimize the effect of each inconsistency.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Risk of infection associated with the use of Broviac and Hickman catheters

A 4-month prospective medical records review was done to investigate the occurrence of central venous catheter-related infections. Nineteen percent of the patients developed a catheter-related infection, either local infection at the insertion site (8.9%) or septicemia (10.0%). There were 7.5 catheter-related infections per 1000 catheter-use days. The infection rate was five times greater in patients with Hickman catheters than in those with Broviac catheters (p = 0.01). Analysis by the life table approach produced a linear curve of catheter-related infection over time, suggesting a constant dialy risk of catheter-related infection.
Cloning of a sequence of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum that complements the aroD gene of Escherichia coli.

Summary A 2 kb DNA fragment isolated from a cosmid library of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum strain MS-1 complements the aromatic-metabolite requirements and iron-uptake deficiencies of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains that lack a functional aroD (biosynthetic dehydrodquinase) sequence. All recombinant cosmids selected for their aroD complementation property carry this sequence. No DNA sequence homology has, however, been detected by Southern hybridization between the cloned fragment and the aroD gene of E. coli or the qa2 (catabolic dehydroquinase) gene of Neurospora crassa.
Induction of Endogenous Uncoupling Protein 3 Suppresses Mitochondrial Oxidant Emission during Fatty Acid-supported Respiration

Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression increases dramatically in skeletal muscle under metabolic states associated with elevated lipid metabolism, yet the function of UCP3 in a physiological context remains controversial. Here, in situ mitochondrial H(2)O(2) emission and respiration were measured in permeabilized fiber bundles prepared from both rat and mouse (wild-type) gastrocnemius muscle after a single bout of exercise plus 18 h of recovery (Ex/R) that induced a approximately 2-4-fold increase in UCP3 protein. Elevated uncoupling activity (i.e. GDP inhibitable) was evident in Ex/R fibers only upon the addition of palmitate (known activator of UCP3) or under substrate conditions eliciting substantial rates of H(2)O(2) production (i.e. respiration supported by succinate or palmitoyl-L-carnitine/malate but not pyruvate/malate), indicative of UCP3 activation by endogenous reactive oxygen species. In mice completely lacking UCP3 (ucp3(-/-)), Ex/R failed to induce uncoupling activity. Surprisingly, when UCP3 activity was inhibited by GDP (rats) or in the absence of UCP3 (ucp3(-/-)), H(2)O(2) emission was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Ex/R versus non-exercised control fibers. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the oxidant emitting potential of mitochondria is increased in skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise, possibly as a consequence of prolonged reliance on lipid metabolism and/or altered mitochondrial biochemistry/morphology and that induction of UCP3 in vivo mediates an increase in uncoupling activity that restores mitochondrial H(2)O(2) emission to non-exercised, control levels.
Research Spotlight: Interpreting 231Pa/230Th observations and changes in ocean circulation

[1] Understanding past changes in ocean circulation is important, because the ocean transports heat and changes in ocean circulation can affect climate. To better understand past ocean circulation changes, some researchers have used the ratio of two isotopes, protactinium-231 (231Pa) and thorium-230 (230Th), in sediments as a proxy to infer changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Some studies have suggested that AMOC during the climate fluctuations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ∼21,000–18,000 years ago) and Heinrich Event 1 (H1; ∼17,000–15,000 years ago) was different from modern AMOC.
Estimating Pesticide Effects on Fecundity Rates of Wild Birds Using Current Laboratory Reproduction Tests

ABSTRACT Regulatory agencies have used laboratory toxicity tests for decades to assess potential risks of pesticide use to wildlife, but questions remain about the ecological significance of test results. Population models may provide a valuable tool for projecting the consequences of pesticide use if information exists on the relationship between exposure and effects on survival and fecundity rates. We review issues of using avian reproduction test results for estimating changes in fecundity rates of wild birds. The avian reproduction test originated from studies focused on eggshell quality and embryotoxic effects of bioaccumulating, organochlorine pesticides. Current pesticides exhibit other potential reproductive effects that are not measured or that are poorly characterized. Because several experimental design features of the laboratory test may lead to overestimation or underestimation of the magnitude of risk of a particular pesticide to wild birds, determination of the magnitude of effects on fecun...
Validation of two experimental nursing approaches using content analysis

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the recorded content of two experimental nursing interventions used in a hypertensive-education program. One intervention was characterized as deliberative or high indirect, the other as task-centered or low indirect. A total of 4,149 nurse-patient interaction units was derived from 62 typed interview transcripts, equally representative of both approaches. Two trained coders categorized the interactions, based upon recurring themes of the teaching content; 24 distinct topical categories were identified. Intercoder agreement above chance for all 4,149 interaction units was k = .68, with confidence limits of 99% +/- .03, p less than .0001. A space-time unit for quantifying the relative amounts of time spent on the various categories also was developed, and analyses were conducted for space-time units as well as interaction units. The main findings showed no definable differences in the frequency of categories or the amounts of time spent in their discussion in the two approaches. These results were contrasted to results obtained when the validity of the nursing approaches was tested previously, and differences between the two interventions in attaining social and health goals were interpreted in light of the findings of the content analysis.
The Three-Dimensional Structure of Convection in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Abstract During April 1978, a field experiment was undertaken at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO), near Boulder, Colorado, to investigate convective plumes in the atmospheric surface layer. The plume translational velocities are determined for a wide range of stabilities, using an array of 16 temperature sensors, spanning a 100 m × 40 m area at a height of 4 m, and a three-dimensional sonic anemometer. The translational velocities are calculated from the phase information of the temperature cross spectrum, and by measuring the transit times of the plumes between sensors aligned in a direction parallel to the wind. Velocities obtained by the two methods are shown to be in rough agreement. Individual plume velocities are found to vary in proportion to the plume height. The three-dimensional plume structure is investigated using both the horizontal array and the 300 m BAO tower. Under slightly unstable, high wind speed conditions, the majority of the plumes are distinctly elongated in the mean wind ...
A hybrid laguerre method

A method combining iterations of the Laguerre and modified Laguerre root-finding methods was developed to correct a problem of the modified Laguerre method with “paired approximations”. Experimental results indicate that this hybrid Laguerre method successfully separates approximation pairs which inhibit convergence in the modified Laguerre method.
Spectral Analysis and Variable Structural Control of an Elastic Beam

An elastic beam system formulated by partial differential equations with initial and boundary conditions is investigated in this paper. An evolution equation corresponding with the beam system is established in an appropriate Hilbert space. The spectral analysis and semigroup generation of the system operator of the beam system are discussed. Finally, a variable structural control is proposed and a significant result that the solution of the system is exponentially stable under a variable structural control with some appropriate conditions is obtained.
The asymptotic structure of inhibited nonpremixed methane-air flames

Abstract As asymptotic analysis is performed to determined the influence of CF3Br on the structure and extinction of nonpremixed methane-air flames. The inhibitor CF3Br is added to the air-stream of the diffusion flame. A reduced four-step mechanism is used to describe the chemistry taking place in the reaction zone. The outer structure of the flame, in the limit where the rates of the chemical reactions are infinitely fast, is found to consist of two infinitely thin nonpremixed reaction zones which are separated by a chemically inert region. Previous analysis has shown that these reaction zones must merge at conditions close to extinction. Therefore only the asymptotic structure of the merged flame is analyzed here. In the inner structure of the merged flame chemical reactions are presumed to take place in three distinct layers which are identified as the “fuel-consumption-layer”, the “oxidation layer” and the “CF3Br-consumption layer”. The asymptotic analysis predicts the value of the scalar dissipation rate at extinction to decrease and the corresponding value of the maximum flame to increase, with increasing concentration of CF3Br in the oxidizing stream. However the inhibiting effect of CF3Br predicted by the asymptotic model is found to be weaker than that measured previously. The differences between the predictions of the asymptotic model and the measurements are attributed to the neglect of inhibition chemistry in the oxidation layer.
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM RESOURCE PULSES

An increasing number of studies in a wide range of natural systems have investigated how pulses of resource availability influence ecological processes at individual, population, and community levels. Taken together, these studies suggest that some common processes may underlie pulsed resource dynamics in a wide diversity of systems. Developing a common framework of terms and concepts for the study of resource pulses may facilitate greater synthesis among these apparently disparate systems. Here, we propose a general definition of the resource pulse concept, outline some common patterns in the causes and consequences of resource pulses, and suggest a few key questions for future investigations. We define resource pulses as episodes of increased resource availability in space and time that combine low frequency (rarity), large magnitude (intensity), and short duration (brevity), and emphasize the importance of considering resource pulses at spatial and temporal scales relevant to specific resource-consumer interactions. Although resource pulses are uncommon events for consumers in specific systems, our review of the existing literature suggests that pulsed resource dynamics are actually widespread phenomena in nature. Resource pulses often result from climatic and environmental factors, processes of spatiotemporal accumulation and release, outbreak population dynamics, or a combination of these factors. These events can affect life history traits and behavior at the level of individual consumers, numerical responses at the population level, and indirect effects at the community level. Consumers show strategies for utilizing ephemeral resources opportunistically, reducing resource variability by averaging over larger spatial scales, and tolerating extended interpulse periods of reduced resource availability. Resource pulses can also create persistent effects in communities through several mechanisms. We suggest that the study of resource pulses provides opportunities to understand the dynamics of many specific systems, and may also contribute to broader ecological questions at individual, population, and community levels.
The effect of complement depletion on hypersensitivity pneumonitis lesions induced by Micropolyspora faeni antigen

Animals sensitized by intratracheal administration of particulate Micropolyspora faeni antigen and subsequently challenged with the antigen intratracheally developed lesions of hypersensitivity pneumonitis histologically similar to those observed in man wih this disease. Animals sensitized with antigen but depleted of complement with cobra venom factor prior to challenge with the antigen manifested a significant reduction in mean lesion indices when compared to a group of control animals that were not complement-depleted. These data indicate that complement is necessary for the development of pulmonary lesions of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the rabbit.
Middle school girls' perceptions of engineers before and after a female only summer enrichment program

The Center for Pre-College Programs at New Jersey Institute of Technology sponsors a series of summer programs designed to increase academically talented students' interest in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. One of the programs, Woman in Engineering and Technology, called FEMME, has been designed specifically for young women in an effort to increase the number of women interested in engineering and other technological careers. The programs span grades four to eight because middle school is not only an important time for all students to begin thinking about future careers, but because boys and girls do not differ much in technical abilities until the later high school years but rather in their attitudes toward technological careers including engineering. Single-gender programs like FEMME can be particularly effective in reaching young girls, influencing their attitudes before they reach high school. The Middle School Students' Attitude to Engineering, Science and Mathematics Survey and the Draw an Engineer Test have been used to more fully assess young women's perceptions of engineers and what they believe engineers actually do, and how their perceptions may change as a result of attending the FEMME program.