cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The production, origin and role of dehydroepiandrosterone and delta 5-androstenediol as androgen prehormones in hirsute women.

ABSTRACT Blood production rates (PB) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Δ5-androstenediol (Δ5-diol) were measured in a group of 22 women with hirsutism. The averaged 14.9 mg/day (2½ times normal), and was reflected by differences in plasma DHEA concentrations, when compared with normal women. PBΔ5-diol in the hirsute women averaged 1.27 mg/day and was also 2½-fold elevated; however, since the metabolic clearance rates of Δ5-diol were 2-fold elevated, the plasma Δ5-diol levels in the hirsute group were only slightly high when compared with normal women. The peripheral metabolism of DHEA was investigated by determining its blood transfer constants (ρ) to Δ5-diol, androstenedione (Δ4-dione) and testosterone (T). Circulating DHEA accounted for 1/3 of the total Δ5-diol produced in normal women, and for ½ of the Δ5-diol produced in the hirsute group. DHEA accounted for 6–7% of Δ4-dione in both normal and hirsute women. The averaged 0.4% in normal women and 0.6% in hirsute women, thus accounting for only 82 μg...
Sickle Cell Disease

1. Timothy L. McCavit, MD* 1. *Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX. * Abbreviations: ACS: : acute chest syndrome Hgb: : hemoglobin HgbS: : sickle hemoglobin HSCT: : hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HU: : hydroxyurea IPD: : invasive pneumococcal disease PAH: : pulmonary artery hypertension PCV13: : pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PROPS: : Prophylactic Penicillin Study RBC: : red blood cell SCD: : sickle cell disease SS: : sickle cell anemia Sβ: : sickle β thalassemia TCD: : transcranial Doppler TRJV: : tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity VOC: : vaso-occlusive crises In the United States, sickle cell trait is carried by 7% to 8% of people of African ancestry, and the sickle hemoglobinopathies are estimated to affect 90,000 to 100,000 people. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand how the sickle hemoglobin mutation leads to the various manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD). 2. Identify common health maintenance needs for children with SCD. 3. Recognize the common acute complications of SCD and their treatment. 4. Assess the risks and benefits of the common treatment modalities for SCD. 5. Discuss the improved prognosis for children with SCD. The World Health Organization estimates that 7% of the world's population carries a hemoglobin (Hgb) mutation and that 300,000 to 500,000 children are born each year with severe hemoglobinopathy. The sickle Hgb (HgbS) mutation occurred independently at least four times (three times in sub-Saharan Africa and once in India or the Arabian peninsula) in regions with endemic malaria. In the heterozygous state, the sickle mutation provides protection against infection by the falciparum species of malaria and likely confers a survival advantage, leading to its continued high prevalence in some populations of sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East/India. In the United States, sickle cell trait is carried by 7% to 8% of people of African ancestry, and the sickle hemoglobinopathies are estimated to affect 90,000 to 100,000 people. (1) US newborn screening data suggest that 1 in 2,500 newborns is affected by a form of sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD refers to a group of heterogeneous disorders that are unified by the presence of at least one β globin gene affected by the sickle mutation (position 6, β-globin gene; …
Quantization Effects in Radiation Spectroscopy Based on Digital Pulse Processing

Radiation spectra represent inherently quantized data in the form of stacked channels of equal width. The spectrum is an experimental measurement of the discrete probability density function (PDF) of the detector pulse heights. The quantization granularity of the spectra depends on the total number of channels covering the full range of pulse heights. In analog pulse processing the total number of channels is equal to the total number of digital values produced by a spectroscopy analog-to-digital converter (ADC). In digital pulse processing each detector pulse is sampled and quantized by a fast ADC producing a certain number of quantized numerical values. These digital values are linearly processed to obtain a digital quantity representing the peak of the digitally shaped pulse. Using digital pulse processing it is possible to acquire a spectrum with the total number of channels greater than the number of ADC values. Noise and sample averaging are important in the transformation of ADC quantized data into spectral quantized data. Analysis of this transformation is performed using an area sampling model of quantization. Spectrum differential nonlinearity (DNL) is shown to be related to the quantization at low noise levels and a small number of averaged samples. Theoretical analysis and experimental measurements are used to obtain the conditions to minimize the DNL due to quantization.
Studies of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of unhydrated cement and hydrated cement pastes by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Trimethylsilyl derivatives (T-derivatives) of unhydrated cement and hydrated cement pastes were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra of all these derivatives are very similar. However, when the spectrum of the T-derivatives of the unhydrated cement is subtracted from those of the hydrated pastes, a difference in the characteristics of the siloxane bands is observed in the subtracted spectra. The implications of these observed changes to cement hydration process is discussed.
Counterrevolution in China: The Nationalists in Jiangxi during the Soviet Period

Analyzes the failure of the Nationalists to respond effectively to the internal Communist challenge.
Cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid are potent inhibitors of vasopressin action on rabbit cortical collecting duct

AA is metabolized by a cytochrome P450, NADPH-dependent epoxygenase to four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The EETs are further hydrated enzymatically to their respective diols, vic-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). We studied the effect of pretreatment with DHETs on 10 microU/cm2 arginine vasopressin (AVP)-stimulated hydraulic conductivity (Lp) (Lp x 10(-7) cm/atm/s, mean +/- SE) in rabbit cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) perfused in vitro at 37 degrees C. At 10(-6) M all four DHETs were potent inhibitors of the hydroosmotic effect of AVP. 14,15-DHET was the most potent isomer; it reduced AVP-induced Lp from a control value of 234.75 +/- 11.7, n = 17, to a value of 95.2 +/- 8.39, n = 5, P less than 0.0001, a reduction of AVP-mediated water flow of 60%. The inhibitory effect of 14,15-DHET was dose dependent and significant to nanomolar concentrations. 14,15-DHET at 10(-7) M was as potent an inhibitor of AVP's activity as was 10(-7) M PGE2. AVP's hydroosmotic effect is mediated through its intracellular second messenger, cAMP. 8-p-Chlorophenylthio-cAMP (CcAMP) at 10(-4) M induced a peak Lp of 189.6 +/- 11.0, n = 8; pretreatment with 10(-6) M 14,15-DHET reduced CcAMP-peak Lp to 132.0 +/- 13.4, n = 5, P less than 0.01, demonstrating a post-cAMP effect. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy suggests that EETs are present in extracts purified from CCDs. We conclude that cytochrome P450 epoxygenase eicosanoids are potent inhibitors of the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin and are endogenous constituents of normal CCDs, the major target tissue for AVP.
Vector stream processing for effective application of heterogeneous parallelism

Heterogeneous multicore chipsets with many levels of parallelism are becoming increasingly common in high-performance computing systems. Effective use of parallelism in these new chipsets is paramount. We present a 3D chemical transport module optimized for the Cell Broadband Engine Architecture (CBEA). By leveraging the heterogeneous parallelism of the Cell with a method we call vector stream processing, our transport module achieves performance comparable to two nodes of an IBM BlueGene/P, or eight Xeon cores, on a single Cell chip. Performance of the module on two CBEA systems, an IBM BlueGene/P, and an eight-core shared-memory Intel Xeon workstation are given.
Emergency Department Presentation of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: Two Cases in Marine Corps Recruits

Abstract Background: Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is a relatively rare etiology of proximal intestinal obstruction. Obstruction results from marked narrowing of the angle between the SMA and aorta, causing compression of the third portion of the duodenum, most commonly as a result of precipitous weight loss. Intermittent non-specific symptoms at presentation often result in a delayed diagnosis, thus the importance of being aware of this condition. Objective: To familiarize emergency physicians with the presentation of SMA syndrome and discuss its diagnosis and management in the emergency department (ED). Case Report: We present two cases of SMA syndrome identified in Marine Corps recruits presenting to our ED. Conclusion: Emergency physicians should include SMA syndrome in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain and vomiting in individuals with predisposing factors.
Observations of conduction-band structure of 4H- and 6H-SiC

Ballistic electron-emission spectroscopy (BEES) and photoluminescence are used to study conduction-band structure related transport properties of the $4H$ and $6H$ polytypes of SiC. A secondary energy threshold at 2.7 eV is observed in the BEES spectrum of $4H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC},$ in good agreement with a value of 2.8 eV deduced from reported ab initio calculations. The results from $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC},$ are suggested to be influenced by transport properties of other polytype inclusions, also supported by band-edge transitions evident in $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}$ photoluminescence spectra.
Design of coupled wall structural systems

In most building codes, there are very limited guidelines regarding the proportioning of the walls and coupling beams. Consequently, the response of the coupled wall assemblies during a moderate to major earthquake has been noted to fall short of acceptable ductile behavior (see J. Moehle (Ed.), ‘Preliminary report on the seismological and engineering aspects of the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake’, Report No. UCB/EERC-94/01, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of California at Berkeley, January 1994). The objective of this paper is to discuss some of the current practices in the proportioning and design of coupled wall assemblies, highlight some of the shortcomings of these methods, and provide a new design guideline aimed at a more comprehensive design of structures.
Proximal humerus derotational osteotomy for internal rotation instability after locked posterior shoulder dislocation: early experience in four patients

We performed a retrospective and descriptive study to determine the feasibility of proximal humerus derotational osteotomy in younger patients with significant humeral head depression, who may not be good candidates for shoulder arthroplasty. Rotational osteotomy was done on four patients with a mean age of 40 for locked posterior dislocation associated with a reverse Hill-Sachs lesion from 2000–2011. The average age was 40 +/− 11 years old and the average follow up was 22 +/− 8 months. Shoulder stability, range of motion, radiographic outcome and postoperative complications were assessed. Average follow-up was 22 months (range, 12–30 months) postoperatively. The average range of motion of the shoulders at the final follow-up were as follows (Mean +/− Standard deviation): Abduction: 125 +/− 29°, Forward flexion: 135 +/− 17°, Internal rotation: 65 +/− 17°, External rotation: 62 +/− 10°. There were no wound or neurological complications and no dislocations. Patients were satisfied with their functional status and did not have any further symptoms of instability or rotator cuff dysfunction. Proximal humerus derotational osteotomy for acute locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder can be a viable option for younger age group, which can facilitate rehabilitation for these patients by providing immediate stability.
Managing Intractable Identity Conflicts

Identity is often at the heart of ongoing intergroup conflicts in organizations. Drawing from theories of conflict management, social identity, and organizational identification, we develop the intractable identity conflict resolution model, which delineates a multiphase process by which the conflicting parties’ identities shift in order to permit eventual intergroup harmony.
A taxonomy of computer program security flaws

An organized record of actual flaws can be useful to computer system designers, programmers, analysts, administrators, and users. This survey provides a taxonomy for computer program security flaws, with an Appendix that documents 50 actual security flaws. These flaws have all been described previously in the open literature, but in widely separated places. For those new to the field of computer security, they provide a good introduction to the characteristics of security flaws and how they can arise. Because these flaws were not randomly selected from a valid statistical sample of such flaws, we make no strong claims concerning the likely distribution of actual security flaws within the taxonomy. However, this method of organizing security flaw data can help those who have custody of more representative samples to organize them and to focus their efforts to remove and, eventually, to prevent the introduction of security flaws.
Late Recruitment of Synapsin to Nascent Synapses Is Regulated by Cdk5

Synapse formation is a complex process that involves the recruitment and assembly of a myriad of pre- and postsynaptic proteins. Despite being present at every synapse in the vertebrate CNS, little is known about the transport, recruitment, and stabilization of synapsin at nascent synapses during development. We examined the transport and recruitment of synapsin to nascent presynaptic terminals in vivo in the developing zebrafish spinal cord. Synapsin was transported in a transport packet independently of two other presynaptic organelles: synaptic vesicle (SV) protein transport vesicles (STVs) and Piccolo-containing active zone precursor transport vesicles (PTVs). During presynaptic assembly, recruitment of all three transport packets occurred in an ordered sequence: STVs preceded PTVs, which in turn preceded synapsin. Importantly, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) specifically regulated the late recruitment of synapsin transport packets at synapses. These results point to additional layers of complexity in the established mechanisms of synaptogenesis.
A novel approach for stabilizing recursive least squares filters

A novel approach for stabilizing recursive least squares (RLS) filters is presented. The approach relies on a detailed fixed point analysis, which provides two important benefits. The analysis reveals a bias in the error propagation mechanism, providing an analytical basis for instability problems. The analysis then indicates which specific roundoff errors are causing instability. These roundoff errors are then biased in such a way that the overall filter is biased towards stable performance. Experimental results indicate that stability can be achieved with negligible loss in least squares performance. >
Investigations in West Syndrome: Which, When and Why

Investigators from the National Infantile Spasms Consortium (NISC) in the USA studied the etiology of new-onset infantile spasms (IS) in 251 infants (mean age at onset, 7.1, range, 0.1-22.7 months).
Complex multipole-beam approach to three-dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems

A novel approach to reducing the matrix size associated with the method-of-moments solution of the problem of electromagnetic scattering from arbitrarily shaped closed bodies is presented. The key step in this approach is to represent the scattered field in terms of a series of beams that are produced by multipole sources located in a complex space. On the scatterer boundary the fields that are generated by these multipole sources resemble the Gabor basis functions. By utilizing the properties of the Gabor series, guidelines for selecting the orders as well as the locations of the multipole sources are developed. The present approach not only reduces the number of unknowns but also generates a generalized impedance matrix with a banded structure. We verify the accuracy of the proposed method by using internal accuracy checks and by comparing the numerical results with the analytic solution for a spherical scatterer.
Work in progress - measures and evaluation in engineering technology (MEET): a TC2K outcomes-based assessment framework

The TAC of ABET establishes standards for engineering technology programs desiring accreditation. TAC of ABET's latest accreditation criteria, generally known as TC2K criteria, represent a philosophical shift in accreditation from a facilities-based to an outcome-based approach. This approach emphasizes objective program outcomes and an assessment process that measures student performance against these outcomes and provides feedback for improving the educational program. In order to prepare for the TAC of ABET accreditation visit, the Altoona College of Pennsylvania State University has adopted an outcome-based assessment framework for its engineering technology programs. The outcomes of each program are mapped to its courses. Course outcomes have been developed using a "condition, criteria, quality" format. This online assessment system called MEET (Measures and Evaluation in Engineering Technology) asks each engineering technology faculty member to judge student performance on each outcome related to his/her course. An interface has been designed that allows each faculty member to review the status of each course and to enter data when appropriate. This interface can be accessed as often as desired. Reports are automatically generated for use by faculty members, program coordinators, and university administrators. These reports are directly related to student performance on the defined outcomes
Myopathy in primary systemic amyloidosis.

OBJECTIVE--To define the natural history of primary systemic amyloidosis when muscle involvement is prominent at presentation. METHODS--A retrospective review was carried out of all patients seen at the tertiary referral practice of the Mayo Clinic between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 1994. All patients with primary systemic amyloidosis and proof of amyloid deposits by muscle biopsy were included for analysis. No patients were lost to follow up. RESULTS--Twelve patients were identified with amyloidosis in muscle. Muscle involvement was the most prominent symptom in patients who had widespread visceral involvement, which included the heart, peripheral nerve, and tongue. Of the 12, three had skeletal muscle pseudohypertrophy. All patients had a demonstrable dysproteinaemia by the finding of free light chain in the serum or urine, a discrete monoclonal peak on serum or urine protein electrophoresis, or a monoclonal population of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Measurement of creatine kinase was not a useful test. Of eight patients treated with chemotherapy based on alkylating agents, three responded. The median survival for the entire group was 12 months. CONCLUSIONS--The finding of a monoclonal protein in a patient with muscle weakness is an important clue to the diagnosis of primary systemic amyloidosis. Most patients have visceral involvement outside the musculoskeletal system. A subset of patients seems to respond to systemic chemotherapy. The overall survival, however, remains poor, with most patients dying of cardiac failure. Immunoelectrophoresis of serum and urine should be a routine diagnostic test during the evaluation of myopathy of unknown cause.
Characterization of an infectious cDNA copy of the genome of a naturally occurring, avirulent coxsackievirus B3 clinical isolate.

Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) cause numerous diseases, including myocarditis, pancreatitis, aseptic meningitis and possibly type 1 diabetes. To date, infectious cDNA copies of CVB type 3 (CVB3) genomes have all been derived from pathogenic virus strains. An infectious cDNA copy of the well-characterized, non-pathogenic CVB3 strain GA genome was cloned in order to facilitate mapping of the CVB genes that influence expression of a virulence phenotype. Comparison of the sequence of the parental CVB3/GA population, derived by direct RT-PCR-mediated sequence analysis, to that of the infectious CVB3/GA progeny genome demonstrated that an authentic copy was cloned; numerous differences were observed in coding and non-coding sequences relative to other CVB3 strains. Progeny CVB3/GA replicated similarly to the parental strain in three different cell cultures and was avirulent when inoculated into mice, causing neither pancreatitis nor myocarditis. Inoculation of mice with CVB3/GA protected mice completely against myocarditis and pancreatitis induced by cardiovirulent CVB3 challenge. The secondary structure predicted for the CVB3/GA domain II, a region within the 5′ non-translated region that is implicated as a key site affecting the expression of a cardiovirulent phenotype, differs from those predicted for cardiovirulent and pancreovirulent CVB3 strains. This is the first report characterizing a cloned CVB3 genome from an avirulent strain.
Object recognition using steerable filters at multiple scales

The identification and location of objects in images is difficult owing to the view variance of geometric features. This problem can be solved by developing view-insensitive descriptions of image points. View-insensitive descriptions are achieved by describing points in terms of the responses of steerable filters at multiple scales. The steerability allows the normalizing of rotations about the view vector. Owing to the use of multiple scales, the vector for each point is, for all practical purposes, unique, and thus can be easily matched to other instances of the point in other images. >
Comparing Ultrasonography and Endoscopy for Early Gender Identification of Juvenile Siberian Sturgeon

AbstractEarly gender identification is economically advantageous in sturgeon aquaculture to facilitate the targeting of food and spatial resources to females for caviar production. In addition, many species of free-ranging sturgeon are threatened or critically endangered, and the ability to identify gender and evaluate gonads can reveal pertinent biological information that can lead to better management and recovery plans. We compared the speed and accuracy of ultrasonography and endoscopy in identifying gender in 143 juvenile Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baeri using gonadal histology as the gold standard. The age-3 and age-4 sturgeon were anesthetized with buffered tricaine methanesulfonate and evaluated using ultrasonography and endoscopy; endoscopic gonadal biopsy was then done for histologic confirmation. All fish recovered normally, and there was no postprocedural morbidity or mortality. Histology confirmed the gender for 128 of the 140 (91.4%) fish. Histology and endoscopy agreed on the gender of 124...
Intra-Alliance Bargaining and U.S. Bosnia Policy

Alliances are promises of cooperation, but allies typically have to bargain over what policy should be adopted when a given contingency arises. Whether this bargaining leads to collaborative outcomes and what form cooperation by allies takes have important implications for the effectiveness of an alliance. Neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism, the author argues, do not provide adequate explanations for this problem because they mischaracterize, or fail to come to grips with, the bargaining process at work. To redress such shortcomings, the author turns to game theory, providing a general model of intra-alliance bargaining. The model's insights are then used to interpret the historical record on U.S. Bosnia policy from 1991 until the fall of 1995. The author shows how domestic and international considerations affected the preferences and beliefs of the Bush and Clinton administrations. These led, as suggested by the model, to the U.S. tendency to avoid bargaining hard with the NATO allies and to purs...
ZNF217 suppresses cell death associated with chemotherapy and telomere dysfunction

Chromosome 20q13.2 is amplified in 20-30% of early-stage breast tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. Detailed mapping of the amplified region using molecular cytogenetics, positional cloning and genomic sequencing culminated in a detailed molecular description of the candidate oncogene ZNF217. ZNF217 proteins resemble Kruppel-like transcription factors, localize predominately to the nucleus and associate with proteins involved in transcriptional repression. The findings that ZNF217 can immortalize human mammary epithelial cells and that its amplification is associated with poor prognosis suggest that it may play roles in both early- and late-stage breast cancer. We present evidence that ZNF217 can attenuate apoptotic signals resulting from telomere dysfunction as well as from doxorubicin-induced DNA damage and that silencing ZNF217 with siRNA restores sensitivity to doxorubicin. Moreover, elevated ZNF217 leads to increased phosphorylation of Akt, whereas inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathway and Akt phosphorylation decreases ZNF217 protein levels and increases sensitivity to doxorubicin. These results suggest that ZNF217 may promote neoplastic transformation by increasing cell survival during telomeric crisis and may promote later stages of malignancy by increasing cell survival during chemotherapy.
Introduction to the Varieties of Orthographic Knowledge I: Theoretical and Developmental Issues

Visual processes in reading have been studied for over a century by experimental psychologists and neuropsychologists (Venezky, 1993). However, advances in psycholinguistics over the past two decades led to a relative focus on the linguistic aspects of reading, particularly the phonological processes involved, and a relative neglect of the visual processes. Recently interest in the visual processes involved in reading and writing the orthography of the language has reappeared (Willows, Kruk, & Corcos, 1993), but the lack of consensus on how to define orthographic processes and measure them has impeded progress.
Combinatorial testing: learnings from our experience

Combinatorial testing methods address generation of test cases for problems involving multiple parameters and combinations. The Orthogonal Array Based Testing Strategy (OATS) is one such combinatorial testing method, a systematic, statistical way of testing pair-wise interactions. It provides representative (uniformly distributed) coverage of all variable pair combinations. This makes the technique particularly useful for testing of software, wherever there is combinatorial explosion: a. In system testing for handling feature interactions b. In integration testing components c. It is also quite useful for testing products with a large number of configuration possibilities.One of the fundamental assumptions behind OATS approach is that a subset covering all pair-wise combinations will be more effective than a randomly selected subset. OATS provides a means to select a minimal test set that guarantees testing the pair-wise combinations of all the selected variables. Covering pair-wise combinations has been reported to be very effective in the literature. Successful use of this technique, with 50% effort saving and improved testing with a factor of 2.6 is reported in the literature.In this paper, we report on the in-house web-based application that we designed and implemented to support customized version of OATS and our experience in piloting and getting this method used in projects. In the in-house tool we have introduced a number of additional features, that help in generation and post processing of test-cases. We have also designed a supporting process for using this method, and we discuss the steps in this process in the paper. We share details on application in feature testing of a mobile phone application. This method has also been successfully used in designing feature interaction test cases and for augmenting the regression suite to increase coverage.
Are non-substance-related addictions really addictions?

There are purists among psychiatrists who claim that addiction must involve the self-administration of an agent to alter the experience of self or the environment. This behavior becomes maladaptive...
On the Minimum Logical Complexity Required for a General Purpose Computer

A definition is provided for the term ``general purpose computer'' (gpc) which is compatible with usage and is analogous to, but distinct from, Turing's definition of a ``universal computer.'' A gpc is presented in functional and logical design which seems to approximate the minimum complexity consistent with this definition. No specific definition of complexity nor a bound on required complexity is presented.
Time domain control oriented model validation using coprime factor perturbations

This paper addresses the time domain model validation problem for uncertainty models that are structured using coprime factorizations. A model validation technique is proposed in which measurement data is used to validate a derived uncertainty model. Newly proposed model validation techniques are based on a fractional representation approach and addresses the problem of correlation between the input and output signals inherent to closed-loop systems. The model validation problem for coprime factorizations is considered for closed-loop time domain data in the cases of noise-free and noisy measurements where the results rely on a linear relationship between input and output data.
Population size‐structure‐dependent fitness and ecosystem consequences in Trinidadian guppies

Decades of theory and recent empirical results have shown that evolutionary, population, community and ecosystem properties are the result of feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary processes. The vast majority of theory and empirical research on these eco-evolutionary feedbacks has focused on interactions among population size and mean traits of populations. However, numbers and mean traits represent only a fraction of the possible feedback dimensions. Populations of many organisms consist of different size classes that differ in their impact on the environment and each other. Moreover, rarely do we know the map of ecological pathways through which changes in numbers or size structure cause evolutionary change. The goal of this study was to test the role of size structure in eco-evolutionary feedbacks of Trinidadian guppies and to begin to build an eco-evolutionary map along this unexplored dimension. We used a factorial experiment in mesocosms wherein we crossed high- and low-predation guppy phenotypes with population size structure. We tested the ability of changes in size structure to generate selection on the demographic rates of guppies using an integral projection model (IPM). To understand how fitness differences among high- and low-predation phenotypes may be generated, we measured the response of the biomass of lower trophic levels and nutrient cycling to the different phenotype and size structure treatments. We found a significant interaction between guppy phenotype and the size structure treatments for absolute fitness. Size structure had a very large effect on invertebrate biomass in the mesocosms, but there was little or no effect of the phenotype. The effect of size structure on algal biomass depended on guppy phenotype, with no difference in algal biomass in populations with more, smaller guppies, but a large decrease in algal biomass in mesocosms with phenotypes adapted to low-predation risk. These results indicate an important role for size structure partially driving eco-evolutionary feedbacks in guppies. The changes in the ecosystem suggest that the absence of a steep decline in guppy fitness of the low-predation risk populations is likely due to higher consumption of algae when invertebrates are comparatively rare. Overall, these results demonstrate size structure as a possible dimension through which eco-evolutionary feedbacks may occur in natural populations.
Membrane Solutions for Shells with Edge Constraint

Several problems in the analysis of shells of revolution are examined for which only the membrane solutions are needed. The significant displacement of truncated shells and domes under snow, wind, and end loads can be obtained for realistic conditions of edge constraint. With a variational method the higher harmonics of prescribed edge displacements are handled without an explicit calculation of the displacement field. The calculation of edge bending stress is trivial. The procedure is particularly well-suited to the calculation of thermal stresses in a shell with constrained edges.
Supervised Phrase Table Triangulation with Neural Word Embeddings for Low-Resource Languages

In this paper, we develop a supervised learning technique that improves noisy phrase translation scores obtained by phrase table triangulation. In particular, we extract word translation distributions from small amounts of source-target bilingual data (a dictionary or a parallel corpus) with which we learn to assign better scores to translation candidates obtained by triangulation. Our method is able to gain improvement in translation quality on two tasks: (1) On Malagasy-to-French translation via English, we use only 1k dictionary entries to gain +0.5 Bleu over triangulation. (2) On Spanish-to-French via English we use only 4k sentence pairs to gain +0.7 Bleu over triangulation interpolated with a phrase table extracted from the same 4k sentence pairs.
mini-k’iwh’e:n (For That Purpose—I Consider Things) (Re)writing and (Re)righting Indigenous Menstrual Practices to Intervene on Contemporary Menstrual Discourse and the Politics of Taboo

Historically, studies of Indigenous menstrual practices were mired in assumptions that these practices were oppressive toward women. The high regard for menstruation as demonstrated through Indigen...
Yucca Mountain Project Status

The Yucca Mountain site was designated in July 2002 as the United States' location for a geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and other high-level radioactive wastes. This site designation was a watershed event in the history of the project, enabling the U.S. Department of Energy to seek a license from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to construct and operate a geologic repository. Summarized below are the history and technical basis for this site designation and some key anticipated future events. Many of the significant events to date have been framed by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (and Amendments) and the requirements of the regulatory standard.
The Saprolegniaceae of Florida

A state-wide survey of the Saprolegniaceae of Florida has never been made. The few records of systematic collections made within the state (5, 6) yield no information on the species which are prevalent. Florida is well suited for a study of water molds because of its abundant lakes, swamps, streams, drainage ditches, and canals. The author has made extensive collections in all areas of the state and has identified the water molds isolated from the collections.
An evaluation of the role of ferritin (VDM) in traumatic shock.

SummaryIncreased tissue ferritin produced by intraperitoneal hemoglobin or precipitation of circulating ferritin by antiserum failed to affect mortality rate and mean death time in rats subjected to trauma in the Noble-Collip drum.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE HEALING PROCESS FOLLOWING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONE TRANSPLANTATION.

A controlled comparative study was made of the osteogenic properties of various types of bone grafts in dogs. A rating scale was applied to the histological criteria used for the evaluation of the grafts, and a tabular and statistical evaluation of the results was carried out. Fresh autogenous bone was clearly superior; freezedried homogenous bone was the next highest in rating. The rest of the grafts tested rated in the following order: frozen homogenous, decalcified homogenous, frozen irradiated homogenous, freeze-dried irradiated homogenous, fresh homogenous, deproteinized heterogenous, and deproteinized homogenous. An indication of the approximate level of significance of this ranking was given. The deficiencies in the data related to the great variability in the response of the animals and the small numbers of animals at each test interval are discussed.
On the Weight of Computations.

One of the Grand Challenges to computer science is to understand what is and is not feasibly computable. Recursive function theory clarified what is and is not effectively computable and in the process extended our understanding of Goedel incompleteness results about the limits of the power of formal mathematical methods. Since computing is universal and encompasses the power of mathematics, the understanding of the limits of the feasibly computable could give a deeper understanding of the limits of rational intellectual processes and insights into the power and limits of scientific theories. The search for what is and is not feasibly computable has two distinct aspects. The first is to determine (estimate) how much and what kind of computing power will be available in the foreseeable future. The other problem is to determine what kind of problems can be solved with these available computing resources. The first problem is a technological assessment of the existing and potential computing technologies to estimate what kind and how much computing work our machines will be able to render. The other problem leads us to the central questions of complexity theory: what is the intrinsic complexity of important classes of problems we wish to solve. Clearly, the P=NP=PSPACE? problems are among the best known in this area. In all these considerations, the exponential function seems to give a crude upper limit for the feasibly computable. May it be time, memory or weight requirements, if they grow exponentially, then the computations are not feasible. We do not know what computations require exponential amounts of resources, nor do all instances of problems in exponential complexity classes require exponential resources. Even if the exact solutions require exponential resources, good approximations to the solution may not. But if indeed the problem requires exponential resources, then it is clearly not feasibly solvable already for moderate size instances of the problem.
Computer-Assisted Query Formulation

Database management systems DBMS typically provide an applicationprogramming interface for users to issue queries using querylanguages such as SQL. Many such languages were originally designedfor business data processing applications. While these applications arestill relevant, two other classes of applications have become importantusers of data management systems: a web applications that issuequeries programmatically to the DBMS, and b data analytics involvingcomplex queries that allow data scientists to better understand theirdatasets. Unfortunately, existing query languages provided by databasemanagement systems are often far from ideal for these application domains.In this tutorial, we describe a set of technologies that assist users inspecifying database queries for different application domains. The goalof such systems is to bridge the gap between current query interfacesprovided by database management systems and the needs of differentusage scenarios that are not well served by existing query languages.We discuss the different interaction modes that such systems provideand the algorithms used to infer user queries. In particular, we focuson a new class of systems built using program synthesis techniques,and furthermore discuss opportunities in combining synthesis and othermethods used in prior systems to infer user queries.
Efficacy of a two-test protocol for achieving a therapeutic response to clopidogrel prior to elective endovascular intracranial aneurysm treatment and an ‘induced’ postoperative hyper-response

Introduction Variable response to clopidogrel can impact perioperative risk in elective endovascular intracranial aneurysm treatment. The present study aims to determine the efficacy of a two-test protocol in reaching in-range preoperative P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) of 60–240 and the rate of postoperative conversion to hyper-response. Methods A 17-day two-test protocol (with tests on days 10 and 17) for patients starting clopidogrel in anticipation of elective endovascular intracranial aneurysm treatment was introduced in February 2013 at our institution. Records for patients started on this protocol through December 2014 were reviewed for preoperative and postoperative PRUs, patient and procedural data, and thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events within 30 days. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of postoperative hyper-response (p Results 103 patients (80 women) of mean age 57 years were included. 74 patients (71.8%) were in range at the first test and 92 patients (89.3%) were in range at the second test. A postoperative test was performed in 82 patients (79.6%) at a median of 9 days. 51 patients (62.2%) converted into hyper-responders. There were five non-disabling strokes and one intracranial hemorrhage within 30 days. There were no major strokes (modified Rankin Scale score >2) or deaths. There was no association between out-of-range PRU and thromboembolic or hemorrhagic neurological complications. Conclusions The protocol achieves in-range preoperative PRU by the second test in almost nine of 10 patients. Nearly two-thirds of patients exhibited postoperative hyper-response to clopidogrel. Out-of-range PRU was not associated with thromboembolic or hemorrhagic neurological complications in this cohort of patients with actively managed P2Y12 inhibition.
Bacterial Cell Printing

The evolution of cell printing has made the prospect of printing tissues and organs a feasible technological goal. With much attention given to the potential impacts in the medical community, less interest has been directed towards the ability of these same technologies to print living bacteria. With potential applications ranging from isolation of bacteria from human infections or environmental samples to purification of carbon nanotubes containing thin films, the prospects of utilizing cell printing technologies to deposit high resolution patterns of bacteria should be considered. This chapter will first give experimental details of the three types of cell printers with demonstrated capabilities to print living bacteria: ink jet, electrohydrodynamic jetting and modified laser induced forward transfer (LIFT). We will then summarize some of the recent bacteria printing results including deposition of genetically engineered bacteria and environmental samples. We will also show that single cells can be printed using these techniques, potentially allowing a single bacterium to be isolated from highly complex, multi-strain cultures or samples. We will end the chapter by discussing the demonstrated capabilities of the different cell printing technologies and discuss potential applications.
Abstract 2635: Targeting HER3 by interfering with its Sec61-mediated cotranslational insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum

There is increasing evidence implicating HER3 in several types of cancer, as a resilient copartner for HER2 in HER2-amplified cancers, and as a driver of resistance in many other types of cancer. However, the development of targeted therapies to inactivate HER3 function has been a challenging endeavor. Its tumor-driving functions are only sometimes driven by ligand-activation, and targeting its extracellular domain with antibody molecules has only limited effects. Its kinase domain functions in allostery, not catalysis, and we have previously shown that the classical ATP-analog class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors fail to inactivate it. Here we describe a novel approach that eliminates HER3 expression. This involves interfering with mechanisms critical for its cotranslational translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the elimination of HER3 protein expression and loss of HER3 function. The small-molecule cotransin CT8 binds the Sec61 translocon channel in the ER membrane and prevents the signal peptide of the nascent HER3 protein from initiating its cotranslational translocation into the lumen of the ER, resulting in the degradation of HER3. Interestingly, CT8 treatment prevents HER3 translocation while the other HER proteins are unaffected. In addition, CT8 treatment suppresses the compensatory induction of HER3 that accompanies lapatinib treatment of HER2-amplified cancer cells, making for a durable suppression of HER2-HER3 signaling with the lapatinib-CT8 combination. Consistent with the effective inactivation of HER2-HER3 signaling, CT8 treatment synergistically enhances the apoptotic effects of lapatinib in HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. The target selectivities of cotransins are highly dependent on their structure and the signal sequence of targeted proteins and can be narrowed through structure-function studies. Our results thus highlight Sec61-dependent processing as a novel strategy to eliminate HER3 expression and function with considerable potential for the treatment of HER2-amplified and other types of cancers. Citation Format: Ana Ruiz-Saenz, Manbir Sandhu, Yazmin Carrasco, Rebecca L. Maglathlin, Jack Taunton, Mark M. Moasser. Targeting HER3 by interfering with its Sec61-mediated cotranslational insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2635. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2635
The Neuroergonomics of Vigilance.

Objective:The aim of this study was to examine the effects of uncertainty about where in the field of view critical signals for detection appear during a vigilance task (spatial uncertainty) on cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and oculomotor fatigue.Background:Neuroergonomics is a dimension of human factors founded by Raja Parasuraman that studies brain functions underlying performance at work. Neuroergonomic studies have shown that observers in vigilance tasks lose information-processing resources over time and experience oculomotor fatigue as indexed by a temporal decline in CBFV and elevation in eye closure as reflected in the PERCLOS metric. Because spatial uncertainty increases an observer’s need for visual scanning relative to a spatial certainty condition, it was anticipated that spatial uncertainty would result in a greater temporal decline in CBFV and increased eye closure in a vigilance session.Method:Observers performed a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control task wherein collision...
Developing an Ethnic-Racial Identity Intervention from a Developmental Perspective: Process, Content, and Implementation of the Identity Project

This chapter describes the process of developing an intervention grounded in developmental theory and focused on increasing adolescents’ ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution. We begin by describing the impetus for the focus on ethnic-racial identity as a target for intervention, which includes a brief overview of prior research identifying consistent associations between developmental features of ethnic-racial identity and adolescents’ positive adjustment. We then review existing intervention efforts focused on identity, generally, and ethnic or cultural identity, specifically. In the second part of the chapter we present our approach for working with a community partner toward the development of the Identity Project intervention, discuss the mixed method (i.e., quantitative and qualitative) approach we used to develop the curriculum, and describe the curriculum. The chapter ends with a discussion of considerations for implementation, including the universal nature of the program and ideas regarding transportability.