cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positron emission tomographic imaging of Merkel cell carcinoma.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive skin tumor with a high propensity for locoregional and distant metastases and a high rate of postoperative recurrence. It is usually evaluated with cross-sectional radiologic techniques and whole-body somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Its high glucose metabolism also may be assessed with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomographic imaging (PET). The author describes this imaging technique in a case of MCC involving the scalp. A brief review of this uncommon malignant neoplasm and its different radionuclide imaging methods is presented.
An Investigation of the Ring Hoop Tension Test for Anisotropic Tubes

The ring hoop tension test (RHTT) is investigated experimentally and numerically to determine its validity and limitations in predicting the hoop response of materials in tubular form. Our experiments involved RHT-Testing of Al-6061-T4 tubes. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to capture the strain evolution in the gage section of the specimens, giving a full-field measurement of the strains. The local hoop stress-strain response of the material was assessed in this way. Finite element analysis was used to further investigate the effects of friction, eccentricity and contact pressure on the recorded response. Friction was found to have a negligible effect on the recorded response for friction coefficient values of 0.01 and lower. However, it was found that larger values of friction may render the test meaningless. Tube eccentricity of the magnitude present in the tubes tested here (±4% of the nominal thickness) was determined to have no effect on the material response. It was also determined that tubes should not be turned to a uniform thickness as this may induce machining damage and release the existing residual stresses, thus causing error in determining the tube response in the hoop direction. The contact pressure was found to not significantly affect the state of uniaxial tension in the specimen and thus to have a negligible effect on the material response. By comparing the hoop with the axial response, the material anisotropy of the Al-6061-T4 tubes was established.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Insecticide Efficacy for Control of Lygus Bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) on White Lupin, Lupinus albus L.

Lygus Hesperus Knight and L. e/isus Van Duzee are the major insect pests attacking the foliage and seed pods on white lupin, Lupinus albus cv. Ultra in eastern Washington. Mid-April seeding of the thermosensitive ‘Ultra’ resulted in the increase of a Iygus bug population that coincided with primary pod set and flowering on racemes of lower secondary and tertiary branches. Of the insecticides tested against lygus bugs, their order of residual toxicity was acephate > chlorpyrifos > carbofuran > dimethoate > methomyl > ABG-6162 > fenvalerate. All of these materials effectively suppressed nymphal and adult stages of Iygus bugs through the critical pod-set period. These reductions resulted in yield increases of 1.1 to 43 times over the untreated check plots.
Management of Aseptic Tibial Nonunion

AbstractTibial nonunion remains a significant clinical challenge despite advances in surgical management. New techniques to help manage tibial nonunion include extracorporeal shock wave therapy and percutaneous application of bone marrow aspirate. Management strategies vary based on the type of nonu
Mothering, Intensive, in the United States

Sharon Hays was the first to describe intensive mothering ideology as a set of beliefs about appropriate caregiving and the responsibility of mothers. As part of an intensive mothering ideology, mothers are assumed to be primary caregivers who prioritize their children's needs and invest all of their energy and resources in the mothering role. Feminist scholarship expanding on the work of Hays has shown how mothers vary systematically in their endorsement of intensive mothering beliefs. Mothers' education seems to play a significant role in shaping their endorsement of intensive mothering beliefs. Related studies have examined aspects of intensive mothering beliefs such as attitudes toward maternal employment and child care. The personal and relational consequences for endorsing intensive mothering beliefs have not been examined empirically. Future research is needed to understand fathers' mothering beliefs and links between intensive mothering beliefs and mothers' intersecting background characteristics. Keywords: belief; feminism; gender roles; ideology; motherhood; race and ethnicity
The Epidemiological Analysis Of 428 Service Cases By Animals Biting

Objective Analysis the epidemiologic feature of the animals biting in human,and provide the basis for the formulation preventing and controlling measures of rabies.Methods Descriptive study was performed using the epidemiological data about animal-wounded individuals in our railroad CDC in 2005～2007.The data were obtained from the clinics for rabies.Results The ratio between females and males was 1.34:1,Teenagers and the victims between 40 years and 50 years are the most high risk groups.The victims were mainly suffered from the bite by dogs,and the bite was usually at the lower limbs.of the victims;Summer(June to September) is the peak season of bite by animals.Most victims received a complete course of rabies vaccine after the bite.Conclusion The animals biting of people is very widespread,management of the dogs and cats should be strengthen,then prevention and cure of rabies can be achieved through education.
Endovascular Management of Priapism and Erectile Dysfunction

Although still being defined, there is a role for the interventionalist in the diagnosis and treatment of both high-flow arterial priapism and vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. High-flow priapism is caused by AV fistula formation within the cavernosal system and can be effectively treated by superselective embolization. Additionally, vascular etiologies of erectile dysfunction can be diagnosed using cavernosography and angiography, with both venous ablation and arterial angioplasty having a potential role in the treatment of this disease.
The Time-of-Flight Atom-Probe and Its Application to Surface Analysis and Gas-Surface Interactions

The time-of-flight (ToF) atom-probe field-ion microscope (FIM) is a micro- analytical tool with sensitivity capable of detecting single atoms [12.1–4]. It is a combination of a field-ion microscope and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The tip is mounted on either an external or an internal gimbal system, and a small probe hole covering a few atom image diameters is open at the screen assembly. Behind the probe hole is a ToF tube and an ion detector. To operate the atom-probe, the tip orientation is adjusted until the image of the atoms intended for identification falls on the probe hole. A nanosecond-duration high-voltage pulse is applied to field evaporate these surface atoms as well as others. However, only the field-evaporated ions of these surface atoms can pass through the probe hole, enter the flight tube, and reach the ion detector. From the flight times measured, the chemical identity of these atoms can be determined. This high-voltage pulse atom-probe is very useful for the microanalysis of materials, especially for metals and alloys where field evaporation proceeds from plane edges, atom by atom. Thus, atomic layer by atomic layer compositional analysis can be carried out, as will be discussed in Sect.12.2.2. There are, however, many insurmountable problems in applying this instrument to the study of gas-surface interactions. Adsorbed atoms or molecules often cannot be field desorbed without also field evaporating the substrate atoms.
New circuit configurations for designing 0??180?? digital phase shifters

Four novel digital phase shifter configurations are presented. Operation of the new circuits is based upon the phase shifting properties of symmetrical low/high pass LC ladders. In the new designs, the use of ideal microwave switches, loaded lines, switched lines and hybrids is not required. Therefore significant losses which are more apparent at high frequencies, are eliminated. Theoretical analysis indicates that new phase shifter configurations provide improved phase shifting performance over classical approaches. Examples are included to show the merits of the new designs. It is expected that the new phase shifters will find application in the EHF band.
Universal Beliefs and Specific Practices: Students’ Math Self-Efficacy and Related Factors in the United States and China

This study intends to compare and contrast student and school factors that are associated with students’ mathematics self-efficacy in the United States and China. Using hierarchical linear regressions to analyze the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 data, this study compares math self-efficacy, achievement, and variables such as math teacher support and socioeconomic status (SES) between 15-year-old students in the U.S. and in Shanghai, China. The findings suggest that on average, students from Shanghai showed higher math self-efficacy and better achievement than those of American students. However, at the student level, similar positive relationships between math teacher support and math self-efficacy and between SES and math self-efficacy were found in both locations. That is, in the U.S. and Shanghai, an increase in math teacher support predicts an increase in math self-efficacy, also higher SES is significantly associated with higher math self-efficacy. In addition, at the school level, the smaller difference in American students’ math self-efficacy between higher SES school and lower SES school indicates that the U.S. is more equitable between schools than Shanghai, China in terms of students’ math self-efficacy. Implications from this study indicate that improving teacher support in math class and narrowing the gap in students’ self-efficacy related to school-level SES is a significant issue for the U.S. and Shanghai, China respectively.
Global methylation of blood leukocyte DNA and risk of melanoma

Global DNA methylation, possibly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors, has been suggested to play an active role in carcinogenesis. However, its role in melanoma has rarely been explored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between melanoma risk and levels of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), a marker for global DNA methylation, in blood leukocyte DNA, and to determine whether this 5-mC level is influenced by pigmentation and sun exposure. This case-control study included 540 melanoma cases and 540 healthy controls. Overall, melanoma cases had significantly lower levels of 5-mC% than healthy controls (median: 3.24 vs. 3.91, p < 0.001). The significant difference between two groups did not differ by pigmentation or sun exposure. Among healthy controls, however, those who had fair skin color (p = 0.041) or light or no tanning after prolonged sun exposure (p = 0.031) or used a sunlamp (p = 0.028) had lower levels of 5-mC% than their counterparts. In addition, those with an intermediate or high phenotypic index, an indicator of cutaneous cancer susceptibility, had 2.58-fold greater likelihood of having a low level of 5-mC% [odds ratio (OR): 2.58; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72, 3.96] than those with a low phenotypic index. Lower levels of 5-mC% were associated with a 1.25-fold greater risk of melanoma (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.37). A significant dose-response relationship was observed in quartile analysis (p = 0.001). Our results suggest that global hypomethylation in blood leukocyte DNA is associated with increased risk of melanoma and that the level of methylation is influenced by pigmentation and sun exposure.
Governments, Governance and War: What We Have Learned in Iraq An Introduction

Reflective of Public Voices unique approach, the works selected for the symposium represent a wide specter of genres: from analytical articles to an eyewitness account to several poems and a play. The symposium contributors, each through a different lens, examine issues of governance and war, democracy and freedom, national security and the right of nations to self-determination and discuss the lessons the conflict in Iraq has taught us about bureaucracy, civil service, political actors and the value of human life.
PTEN Binding Mechanism with Compositionally Diverse Lipid Model Membranes

PTEN is one of the most frequent mutated tumor suppressor proteins in human cancer. This project investigates how PTEN interacts with lipid model membranes of different composition and morphology. We hypothesize that PTEN binds synergistically to the plasma membrane (PM) by interacting with phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate(PI(4,5)P2) through its PBM domain as well as non-specifically, electrostatically through its C2 domain with anionic lipids. While the currently accepted model is that PTEN's C2 domain interacts with phosphatidylserine (PS), we hypothesize that the C2 domain can interact with any anionic lipid, as long as this lipid has a sufficiently high local concentration. PI(4,5)P2 is present in the PM at about 1%, while PS is found at about 30%. We observed in model membrane studies that PI(4,5)P2 and PS have only a limited tendency to co-localize in a domain. In contrast, phosphatidylinositol (PI) (about 8% of PM lipids), aids in the formation of PI(4,5)P2 enriched domains through headgroup hydrogen bond formation. A PI/PI(4,5)P2 domain would be an excellent platform for PTEN membrane interaction, suggesting that PI is a better second binding partner than PS. We are using stopped-flow fluorescence spectrophotometry as an ensemble technique that provides us with information about the association and dissociation kinetics of PTEN when interacting with lipid model membranes of different composition. Using this technique we have found that PTEN binds to pure PS and PI vesicles with a similar binding constant. We see synergistic binding to 30%PS/5%PI(4,5)P2 as well as 30%PI 5%PI(4,5)P2. Additionally, we are utilizing single molecule TIRF microscopy to track PTEN on model membranes of different composition. From these data, we determine the PTEN diffusion coefficient, hopping frequency and dwell times. In the aggregate, this allows us to describe in detail PTEN binding mechanisms with differently composed lipid model membranes.
Increasing information literacy with a librarian as the class research mentor

ABSTRACTCourses: This semester-long collaboration occurs in an introductory public-speaking course, but could be applied to other communication courses that emphasize research and information literacy skills.Objectives: This semester-long collaboration between a communication professor and campus librarian is designed to increase the information literacy and research skills of students in the introductory speech course. Upon completion of the course, students will demonstrate their ability to: locate, assess, and effectively use a variety of credible supporting materials in their presentations; effectively assess the credibility of supporting materials used in classmates’ speeches; and make full use of library resources.
Monocyte Function and Clinical Outcomes in Febrile and Afebrile Patients With Severe Sepsis.

INTRODUCTION Absence of fever is associated with higher mortality in septic patients, but the reason for this is unknown. Immune dysfunction may be a potential link between failure to mount a fever and poor outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate monocyte function and clinical surrogates of immunity (i.e., mortality and acquisition of secondary infections) in febrile and afebrile septic patients. METHODS Single-center, prospective cohort study of 92 critically ill septic patients. Patients were categorized into febrile (≥38.0°C) and afebrile (<38.0°C) groups based on temperature measurements within 24 hours of sepsis diagnosis. HLA-DR expression and LPS-induced TNF-α production were quantified on days 1-2, days 3-4, and days 6-8 after sepsis diagnosis. A repeated measures mixed models analysis was used to compare these markers between the two groups. RESULTS Forty-four patients (47.8%) developed a fever within 24 h of sepsis diagnosis. There were no significant differences in HLA-DR expression or LPS-induced TNF-α production between febrile and afebrile patients at any individual time point. However, HLA-DR expression significantly increased between days 1-2 and days 6-8 (median difference 8118 [IQR 1,662, 9,878] antibodies/cell, P = 0.002) in febrile patients, but not in afebrile patients (median difference 403 [-3,382, 3,507] antibodies/cell, P = 0.25). Afebrile patients demonstrated higher 28-day mortality (37.5% vs 18.2%) and increased acquisition of secondary infections (35.4% vs. 15.9%). CONCLUSIONS Absence of fever is associated with suppressed HLA-DR expression over time, a finding suggestive of monocyte dysfunction in sepsis, as well as worse clinical outcomes.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkyne/Benzocyclobutenone Coupling: C–C Bond Cleavage via a Tetrahedral Dicobalt Intermediate

A Co(0)-catalyzed intramolecular alkyne/benzocyclobutenone coupling through C-C cleavage of benzocyclobutenones is described. Co2(CO)8/P[3, 5-(CF3)2C6H3]3 was discovered to be an effective metal/ligand combination, which exhibits complementary catalytic activity to the previously established rhodium catalyst. In particular, the C8-substituted substrates failed in the Rh system, but succeeded with the Co catalysis. Experimental and computational studies show that the initially formed tetrahedral dicobalt-alkyne complex undergoes C1-C2 activation via oxidative addition with Co(0), followed by migratory insertion and reductive elimination to give the β-naphthol products.
Aspects of the Anaerobic Metabolism of Artemia Cysts

Among the many adaptations associated with the rigorous life history of the brine shrimp, Artemia is the striking resistance of the encysted embryo to anaerobiosis. In 1966 Dutrieu and Chrestia-Blanchine[1] reported that these cysts tolerated total anaerobiosis when incubated in sea water for over five months without a decrease in viability[2]. Subsequent work indicated that these anaerobic cysts did not carry out a conventional lactate-producing metabolism and that breakdown of trehalose, the disaccharide serving the energy metabolism of aerobic cysts, could not be detected over an 8 hour period of anoxia[3]. Comprehensive studies of the nucleotide pool by Stocco et al.[4] suggested that utilization of the unusual nucleotide, Gp4G, might provide the free energy presumably required to support the maintenance of anaerobic cysts. Most recently, Hand and Gnaiger[5] used calorimetric methods to show that anaerobic energy metabolism is reduced to only about 2% of aerobic values. Those authors also calculated that the utilization of Gp4G accounted for only about 2% of the heat dissipation taking place during anaerobiosis, and suggested that the very slow catabolism of trehalose might be a more likely explanation for their results. We will present some results of studies designed to test that suggestion.
A Classroom Activity for Teaching Electric Polarization of Insulators and Conductors

The phenomenon of electric polarization is crucial to student understanding of forces exerted between charged objects and insulators or conductors, the process of charging by induction, and the behavior of electroscopes near charged objects. In addition, polarization allows for microscopic-level models of everyday-life macroscopic-level phenomena. Textbooks may adequately discuss polarization, but there is little material in active learning labs and tutorials on this topic. Since polarization of materials is a microscopic phenomenon, instructors often use diagrams and figures on the classroom board to explain the process in a lecture setting. In this paper I will describe a classroom activity where the students play the role of electrons as an alternative option.
Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of derivatives of the phyllanthusmin class of arylnaphthalene lignan lactones.

Abstract A series of arylnaphthalene lignan lactones based on the structure of the phyllanthusmins, a class of potent natural products possessing diphyllin as the aglycone, has been synthesized and screened for activity against multiple cancer cell lines. SAR exploration was performed on both the carbohydrate and lactone moieties of this structural class. These studies have revealed the importance of functionalization of the carbohydrate hydroxy groups with both acetylated and methylated analogues showing increased potency relative to those with unsubstituted sugar moieties. In addition, the requirement for the presence and position of the C-ring lactone has been demonstrated through reduction and selective re-oxidation of the lactone ring. The most potent compound in this study displayed an IC50 value of 18 nM in an HT-29 assay with several others ranging from 50 to 200 nM. In an effort to elucidate their potential mechanism(s) of action, the DNA topoisomerase IIa inhibitory activity of the most potent compounds was examined based on previous reports of structurally similar compounds, but does not appear to contribute significantly to their antiproliferative effects.
New Directions in Organizational Creativity Theory

Over the last two decades numerous studies and reviews evidence the prolific growth of employee creativity and innovation literature (Anderson, Potocnik & Zhou, in press.; van Knippenberg & Hirst, ...
A MSFR at the Onset of Ionization: W33A

Interferometric observations of the W33A massive star-formation region, using the Submillimeter Array (SMA) and the Very Large Array (VLA) at resolutions from 5 ′′ ( ≈ 0. 1 pc) to 0.5 ′′ ( ≈ 0.01 pc) are presented. Our main findings are: (1) we detected parsec-scale filaments of cold molecular gas.
RETHINKING "SYSTEMS" IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS (SYSTEMATICALLY)

This paper argues that the information systems (IS) field needs to widen its focus in three directions: from the systems development life cycle to the full systems life cycle, from information systems to business systems, and, most fundamentally, from Type I information work (clerical) to Type II information work (the work of line managers, staff managers, and professionals). This expanded vision will require new research and teaching methods. Most fundamentally, we need to embrace exploratory descriptive research in order to understand these areas before we can do effective theory-based empirical research.
Prone transradial catheterization for combined single-session endovascular and percutaneous interventions: approach, technical success, safety, and outcomes in 15 patients

Purpose We aimed to report approach, safety, technical success, and clinical outcomes of prone trans- radial access (PTRA) and demonstrate feasibility for procedures requiring simultaneous arterial intervention and prone percutaneous access. Methods Fifteen patients underwent PTRA, seven females (47%) and eight males (53%), mean age of 55 years (range, 19-78 years). All patients underwent PTRA for combined transarterial and posterior-approach percutaneous interventions. Variables included sheath size (French, F), type of anesthesia, arterial intervention technical success, posterior-approach percutaneous intervention technical success, estimated blood loss (mL), fluoroscopy and procedure time, complications, and follow-up. Results Mean sheath size was 4 F (range, 4-6 F; SD = 0.5). Arterial interventions included transarterial embolization of renal (n=6), hepatic (n=2), and pelvic vessels (n=2), diagnostic arteriography (n=4), and embolization of an arteriovenous malformation (n=1). Posterior-approach intervention technical success was 100% (15/15). PTRA technical success was 100% (15/15). Posterior-approach percutaneous interventions included retroperitoneal (n=5) and pelvic (n=1) mass biopsies, nephrostomy tube placement (n=2), cryoablation of pelvic (n=2) and renal (n=1) masses, sclerotherapy of arteriovenous malformations (n=2), foreign body removal from the renal collecting system (n=2), ablation of a renal tumor (n=1), intracavitary injection of pulmonary mycetoma (n=1), and ablation and cementoplasty of a vertebral body tumor (n=1). The biopsies were diagnostic (6/6). There were no minor or major access-site complications. Conclusion PTRA is a safe and feasible method for performing combined arterial and posterior approach percutaneous interventions without the need for repositioning.
Global Contributors to Antibiotic Resistance.

Introduction: Antibiotic-resistant infections have become increasingly prevalent nowadays. As a result, it is essential to examine the key socioeconomic and political factors which contribute to the rise in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in developing and developed nations. This study aims to identify the various contributors to the development of antibiotic resistance in each type of nation. Methods: PUBMED was used to identify primary research, systematic reviews, and narrative reviews published before Jan 2017. Search terms included antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, superbugs, multidrug-resistant organisms, developing countries, developed countries. Publications from different countries were included to ensure generalizability. Publications were excluded if they didn't mention factors causing resistance, focused on the molecular basis of resistance, or if they were case reports. Publicly available reports from national and international health agencies were used. Results: In developing countries, key contributors identified included: (1) Lack of surveillance of resistance development, (2) poor quality of available antibiotics, (3) clinical misuse, and (4) ease of availability of antibiotics. In developed countries, poor hospital-level regulation and excessive antibiotic use in food-producing animals play a major role in leading to antibiotic resistance. Finally, research on novel antibiotics is slow ing down due to the lack of economic incentives for antibiotic research. Conclusion: Overall, multiple factors, which are distinct for developing and developed countries, contribute to the increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance globally. The results highlight the need to improve the regulatory framework for antibiotic use and research globally.
Synthesis of CsPbBr3 and Transformation into Cs4PbBr6 Crystals for White Light Emission with High CRI and Tunable CCT

Saponification approach was employed to synthesize all-inorganic halide perovskites at an ambient atmosphere. We report the conversion from CsPbBr3 to lead-depleted Cs4PbBr6 crystals by varying the...
Nickel Promoted Condensation of Acetamide and Benzonitrilefor the Synthesis of an Imidoylamidine (N-NacNac) via Stable ImidoylamideIntermediate

The acetamide-benzonitrile and benzonitrile self-condensation reactions promoted by nickel(II) hydroxy dimer 1, [Ni2(tBuDPA)2(μ-OH)2](ClO4)2 (tBuDPA = bis(2-methylpyridine)tert-butylamine), for the...
Along divergent paths: a two-part thesis in creative and technical writing

Part I: Creative Writing Two magical books—one good, one evil—each concealed and protected...until now. It began 300 years ago in the secluded mountain town of Cennfhain. There, the battle between The Senchen and The Shadows raged until virtue triumphed and bound evil into the Book of Umbra. A family of scribes—the MacBaharins—were chosen to preserve The Book of Illumination that recorded testimonies of the battle and the incantations used to defeat The Shadows. Now, The Shadows have returned, seeping from their parchment prison and seeking the one person who according to the prophecies possesses the power to release them on the world. Fourteen-year-old Fallon has dreamed about this moment for years. In two weeks, The Passing Ceremony will officially decree her adulthood in the eyes of The Council and the laws of Cennfhain. She will be free to make her own choices and make her opinion heard— without having to shout them. She may even be free enough to practice her magic. But when Fallon learns the true purpose of The Passing Ceremony, making choices and being an adult isn’t as simple as she thought—especially when she is accused of murder and fleeing for her life. Caught between The Council’s plan to steal magic and a malevolent shadowy force determined to kill her newborn sister, Fallon must find the strength, courage, and magic to defeat the ancient evil threatening to destroy everyone and everything she loves.
On the learnability of random deep networks

In this paper we study the learnability of random deep networks both theoretically and experimentally. On the theoretical front, assuming the statistical query model, we show that the learnability of random deep networks with sign activation drops exponentially with their depths; under plausible conjectures, our results extend to ReLu and sigmoid activations. The core of the arguments is that even for highly correlated inputs, the outputs of deep random networks are near-orthogonal. On the experimental side, we find that the learnability of random networks drops sharply with depth even with the state-of-the-art training methods.
Creating global health leaders in pharmacy by evolving postgraduate training.

Abstract There has been a push for increasing global health education and training opportunities within the pharmacy profession. Global health postgraduate learning opportunities are necessary to define pharmacy career paths in global health and develop global health leaders. There are many challenges to starting a global health postgraduate training program including economic burden, logistics of extramural rotations, local and international resources, and program sustainability. In the face of barriers inhibiting formal program establishment, different strategies can be used to incorporate global health topics into existing postgraduate training opportunities. Possible solutions include relating local health to global health to develop a global mindset, expanding upon existing partnerships to provide international global health experiences, use of technology and simulation for virtual global health interaction, and emphasis of implementation science principles to connect and translate local health interventions to a global scale.
Rotated nursing environment with underfeeding: A form of early-life adversity with sex- and age-dependent effects on coping behavior and hippocampal neurogenesis.

Abstract We investigated how a unique form of early-life adversity (ELA), caused by rotated nursing environment to induce underfeeding, alters anxiety-like and stress-coping behaviors in male and female Sprague Dawley rats in adolescence and adulthood. Adult female rats underwent either thelectomy (thel; surgical removal of teats), sham surgery, or no surgery (control) before mating. Following parturition, litters were rotated between sham and thel rats every 12 h to generate a group of rats that experienced ELA (rotated housing, rotated mother, and 50% food restriction) from postnatal day 0 to 26. Control litters remained with their natal, nursing dams. Regardless of age and sex, ELA reduced activity in the periphery of the open field. ELA increased immobility in the forced swim test, particularly in adults. We used doublecortin immunohistochemistry to identify immature neurons in the hippocampus. ELA increased the number and density of immature neurons in the dentate gyrus of adolescent males (but not females) and reduced the density of immature neurons in adult males (but not females). This research indicates that a unique form of ELA alters stress-related passive coping and hippocampal neurogenesis in an age- and sex-dependent manner.
3D Printing for Bone Regeneration.

The purpose of this review is to illustrate the current state of 3D printing (3DP) technology used in biomedical industry towards bone regeneration. We have focused our efforts towards correlating materials and structural design aspects of 3DP with biological response from host tissue upon implantation. The primary question that we have tried to address is—can 3DP be a viable technology platform for bone regeneration devices? Recent findings show that 3DP is a versatile technology platform for numerous materials for mass customizable bone regeneration devices that are also getting approval from different regulatory bodies worldwide. After a brief introduction of different 3DP technologies, this review elaborates 3DP of different materials and devices for bone regeneration. From cell-based bioprinting to acellular patient-matched metallic or ceramic devices, 3DP has tremendous potential to improve the quality of human life through bone regeneration among patients of all ages.
A Multiclass Boosting Framework for Achieving Fast and Provable Adversarial Robustness.

Alongside the well-publicized accomplishments of deep neural networks there has emerged an apparent bug in their success on tasks such as object recognition: with deep models trained using vanilla methods, input images can be slightly corrupted in order to modify output predictions, even when these corruptions are practically invisible. This apparent lack of robustness has led researchers to propose methods that can help to prevent an adversary from having such capabilities. The state-of-the-art approaches have incorporated the robustness requirement into the loss function, and the training process involves taking stochastic gradient descent steps not using original inputs but on adversarially-corrupted ones. In this paper we propose a multiclass boosting framework to ensure adversarial robustness. Boosting algorithms are generally well-suited for adversarial scenarios, as they were classically designed to satisfy a minimax guarantee. We provide a theoretical foundation for this methodology and describe conditions under which robustness can be achieved given a weak training oracle. We show empirically that adversarially-robust multiclass boosting not only outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, it does so at a fraction of the training time.
Immune Phenotype and Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Purpose: Increasing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is associated with higher rates of pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the presence of TILs does not consistently predict pCR, therefore, the current study was undertaken to more fully characterize the immune cell response and its association with pCR. Experimental Design: We obtained pre-treatment core needle biopsies from 105 patients with stage I-III TNBC enrolled in ARTEMIS (NCT02276443) who received NAT from 10/22/2015 through 7/24/2018. The tumor-immune microenvironment was comprehensively profiled by performing T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry, multiplex immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing on pretreatment tumor samples. The primary endpoint was pathological response to NAT. Results: The pCR rate was 40% (42/105). Higher TCR clonality (median=0.2 vs 0.1, p=0.03), PD-L1 positivity (odds ratio: 2.91, p=0.020), higher CD3+:CD68+ ratio (median=14.70 vs 8.20, p=0.0128), and closer spatial proximity of T-cells to tumor cells (median=19.26µm vs 21.94µm, p=0.0169) were associated with pCR. In a multivariable model, the closer spatial proximity of T-cells to tumor cells and PD-L1 expression enhanced prediction of pCR when considered in conjunction with clinical stage. Conclusions: In patients receiving NAT for TNBC, deep immune profiling through detailed phenotypic characterization and spatial analysis can improve prediction of pCR in patients receiving NAT for TNBC when considered with traditional clinical parameters.
Techniques in parasitology. I. Gnotobiotic poultry in plastic film isolators and some applications to parasitological research.

Abstract The techniques for producing gnotobiotic chickens and turkeys in plastic film isolators have been outlined along with methods for preparing parasitic organisms to be used as inocula for the gnotobiotic birds. The protozoan, Histomonas meleagridis , and the cestode, Raillietina cesticillus , are used as examples in application of the techniques to parasitological research. The experimental design illustrated for H. meleagridis was aimed at determining the etiology of infectious enterohepatitis in turkeys; for R. cesticillus , the design was to demonstrate satisfactory growth and development of a cestode in its natural host, in the absence of bacteria.
Leveraging redundancy in sampling-interpolation applications for sensor networks

An important class of sensor network applications aims at estimating the spatiotemporal behavior of a physical phenomenon, such as temperature variations over an area of interest. These networks thereby essentially act as a distributed sampling system. However, unlike in the event detection class of sensor networks, the notion of sensing range is largely meaningless in this case. As a result, existing techniques to exploit sensing redundancy for event detection, which rely on the existence of such sensing range, become unusable. Instead, this paper presents a new method to exploit redundancy for the sampling class of applications, which adaptively selects the smallest set of reporting sensors to act as sampling points. By projecting the sensor space onto an equivalent Hilbert space, this method ensures sufficiently accurate sampling and interpolation, without a priori knowledge of the statistical structure of the physical process. Results are presented using synthetic sensor data and show significant reductions in the number of active sensors.
Traps in AlGaInP materials and devices lattice matched to GaAs for multi-junction solar cells

Deep levels in solid-source MBE-grown n- and p-type (Al 0.09 Ga 0.91 ) 0.51 In 0.49 P are investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). These results are correlated with background oxygen impurities measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and electrical properties using Hall effect. Oxygen impurity concentration is found to depend weakly on substrate offcut conditions in MBE-grown AlGaInP films. This is used to investigate the role of oxygen on deep levels in the n- and p-type samples using (100) GaAs substrates with three different substrate offcut conditions (A, B, and C). The DLTS of n-type AlGaInP reveals deep levels at E C -0.22, E C -0.31, E C -0.69 eV and E C -1.0 eV. The E C -0.69 eV concentration tracked oxygen incorporation while the other levels decreased while the oxygen incorporation increased indicating possible secondary offcut effects. In general, we find a direct correlation between reduced carrier compensation, increased carrier mobility, lower trap concentration and lower oxygen content as a function of systematic changes in substrate offcut conditions.
An analysis of field-aged diesel particulate filter performance: particle emissions before, during, and after regeneration.

A field-aged, passive diesel particulate filter (DPF) employed in a school bus retrofit program was evaluated for emissions of particle mass and number concentration before, during and after regeneration. For the particle mass measurements, filter samples were collected for gravimetric analysis with a partial flow sampling system, which sampled proportionally to the exhaust flow. Total number concentration and number-size distributions were measured by a condensation particle counter and scanning mobility particle sizer, respectively. The results of the evaluation show that the number concentration emissions decreased as the DPF became loaded with soot. However after soot removal by regeneration, the number concentration emissions were approximately 20 times greater, which suggests the importance of the soot layer in helping to trap particles. Contrary to the number concentration results, particle mass emissions decreased from 6 1 mg/hp-hr before regeneration to 3 2 mg/hp-hr after regeneration. This indicates that nanoparticles with diameter less than 50 nm may have been emitted after regeneration since these particles contribute little to the total mass. Overall, average particle emission reductions of 95% by mass and 10,000-fold by number concentration after four years of use provided evidence of the durability of a field-aged DPF. In contrast to previous reportsmore » for new DPFs in which elevated number concentrations occurred during the first 200 seconds of a transient cycle, the number concentration emissions were elevated during the second half of the heavy-duty federal test procedure when high speed was sustained. This information is relevant for the analysis of mechanisms by which particles are emitted from field-aged DPFs.« less
High-speed and drop-on-demand printing with a pulsed electrohydrodynamic jet

We present a pulsed dc voltage printing regime for high-speed, high-resolution and high-precision electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing. The voltage pulse peak induces a very fast E-jetting mode from the nozzle for a short duration, while a baseline dc voltage is picked to ensure that the meniscus is always deformed to nearly a conical shape but not in a jetting mode. The duration of the pulse determines the volume of the droplet and therefore the feature size on the substrate. The droplet deposition rate is controlled by the time interval between two successive pulses. Through a suitable choice of the pulse width and frequency, a jet-printing regime with a specified droplet size and droplet spacing can be created. Further, by properly coordinating the pulsing with positioning commands, high spatial resolution can also be achieved. We demonstrate high-speed printing capabilities at 1 kHz with drop-on-demand and registration capabilities with 3–5 µm droplet size for an aqueous ink and 1–2 µm for a photocurable polymer ink.
Ploidy reductions in murine fusion-derived hepatocytes

We previously showed that fusion between hepatocytes lacking a crucial liver enzyme, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), and wild-type blood cells resulted in hepatocyte reprogramming. FAH expression was restored in hybrid hepatocytes and, upon in vivo expansion, ameliorated the effects of FAH deficiency. Here, we show that fusion-derived polyploid hepatocytes can undergo ploidy reductions to generate daughter cells with one-half chromosomal content. Fusion hybrids are, by definition, at least tetraploid. We demonstrate reduction to diploid chromosome content by multiple methods. First, cytogenetic analysis of fusion-derived hepatocytes reveals a population of diploid cells. Secondly, we demonstrate marker segregation using s-galactosidase and the Y-chromosome. Approximately 2–5% of fusion-derived FAH-positive nodules were negative for one or more markers, as expected during ploidy reduction. Next, using a reporter system in which s-galactosidase is expressed exclusively in fusion-derived hepatocytes, we identify a subpopulation of diploid cells expressing s-galactosidase and FAH. Finally, we track marker segregation specifically in fusion-derived hepatocytes with diploid DNA content. Hemizygous markers were lost by ≥50% of Fah-positive cells. Since fusion-derived hepatocytes are minimally tetraploid, the existence of diploid hepatocytes demonstrates that fusion-derived cells can undergo ploidy reduction. Moreover, the high degree of marker loss in diploid daughter cells suggests that chromosomes/markers are lost in a non-random fashion. Thus, we propose that ploidy reductions lead to the generation of genetically diverse daughter cells with about 50% reduction in nuclear content. The generation of such daughter cells increases liver diversity, which may increase the likelihood of oncogenesis.
Evaluation: Who needs it? Who cares?

Abstract The work upon which this publication is based was performed pursuant to a contract with the National Institute of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Points of view or opinions stated do not necessarily represent official NIE position or policy.
Comparison of Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions From a Fleet of Multi-Fuel Solid Resource Collection Vehicles

The refuse truck segment of the heavy duty diesel vehicle population has been identified as the most fuel inefficient sector. This is predominantly due to the stop and go driving pattern associated with these trucks. Constantly evolving emissions norms are forcing large truck fleet operators to explore the economic viability of alternative fueled vehicles to combat the increasing operating costs in terms of retrofit requirements of heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The objective of this study was to determine the emissions benefits and the economic viability of introducing liquefied natural gas (LNG), and LNG-Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) dual-fueled vehicles into the solid resource collection vehicle fleet (SRCV) in the city of Los Angeles. The 12 vehicles tested in this study were part of a multi-fuel refuse truck fleet. It should be noted that these vehicles are not representative of the state-of-the-art advanced technology engines that power the present day fleets. Vehicles were exercised over the AQMD refuse truck cycle and a newly developed compaction cycle on a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer. Regulated emissions together with a whole spectrum of unregulated speciation including the analysis of 1,3 butadiene with an on-site gas chromatograph was performed. Results showed that PM distance-specific mass emissions from LNG-fueled vehicles were on an average 82% lower than diesel trucks equipped with a DPF. Chemical speciation of exhaust from different fueled trucks indicated a characteristic emissions profile specific to the fuel used in these vehicles. While emissions from LNG vehicles were characterized by carbonyls, and other lower chain hydrocarbon compounds, emissions from diesel vehicles were dominated by polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and higher chain hydrocarbons.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Suggested Pathological Basis of “Redundant Nerve Root Syndrome” of the Cauda Equina

A clinical entity described as "redundant nerve root syndrome" of the cauda equina is reviewed. Eighteen reported cases with typical gross features are analyzed. Considerable speculation has existed regarding the pathogenesis of this syndrome, chiefly because the involved nerve root was not biopsied in the majority of instances. In one reported case, when the redundant root was examined histologically, a plexiform neurofibroma was found to be the cause of the thickening and redundancy of the nerve. In the case presented here, the enlarged nerve roots were part of a malignant plexiform neurofibroma with a short clinical course, and the tumor led to the death of the patient. It is suggested that biopsy of the involved nerve root is crucial in establishing the definitive diagnosis.
Pyrite decomposition in fresh Blacksville No. 2 coal: Effect of additives

Abstract The Mossbauer effect has been used to study, under liquefaction conditions, the effect of additives (S, FeS 2 , Fe 7 S 8 and Fe) on the transformation of pyrite in fresh Blacksville No. 2 coal. It was observed that the addition of iron sulphides enhanced the conversion of the inherent pyrite in coal, an effect attributed to a combined cracking activity of the pyrrhotites and H 2 S on the less reactive organic covering of some of the inherent coal pyrite. The addition of sulphur produced a higher partial pressure of H 2 S; total conversion of pyrite to pyrrhotite was not observed. The stoichiometry of the pyrrhotites present in the residue of the experiment with sulphur showed a smaller atomic percentage of iron than in the experiment without additives, this change in stoichiometry being attributed to the higher partial pressure of H 2 S in the reactor. When metallic iron was added, the partial pressure of H 2 S in the reactor decreased (iron acts as a scavenger) and troilite was also formed.