cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of modern research universities in advancing innovative transportation infrastructure renewal

Abstract Several global trends affect the direction of transportation infrastructure research. These include rapid globalization, rapid progress in information and communication technology, increasing rate of new knowledge generation, and increased multi-disciplinarity. These trends, along with the subsequent changes in government and industry may be fundamentally changing how research universities work to advance new knowledge and innovation for infrastructure renewal. Modernizing the transportation infrastructure will require interdisciplinary research teams, 21st century technologies and innovative solutions for the demands from a growing population. Advances in technology open up important opportunities for innovative infrastructure renewal at the local, regional, state, and national levels. Multidisciplinary research is connecting experts in advanced materials, structures, additive manufacturing, cyber infrastructure, energy and smart grids, autonomous vehicle technology, electric vehicles and charging systems, vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications, and finance. The results offer promise for order of magnitude improvements in safety, capacity, and environmental performance. However, to get these advances into practice, new ways of collaboration with industry, government and more widely citizen stakeholders are also needed.
Power Law Subordinacy and Singular Spectra.II. Line Operators

We study Hausdorff-dimensional spectral properties of certain “whole-line” quasiperiodic discrete Schrodinger operators by using the extension of the Gilbert–Pearson subordinacy theory that we previously developed in [19].
The Influence of School-Based Health Center Access on High School Graduation: Evidence From Colorado.

Abstract Purpose To examine the association between the introduction of a school-based health center (SBHC) and high school graduation rates. Methods We use school-level longitudinal data from Colorado that combines data on the opening of SBHCs in high schools with 4-year high school graduation rates overall and by gender between 2000 and 2018. The analytic sample consists of high schools without an SBHC in 2000 (n = 132). We compare high schools that opened SBHCs over the period to those that did not and run school-level panel fixed effects models to assess the relationship between opening an SBHC and change in high school graduation rates. Results Schools that subsequently opened SBHCs had larger minority populations and lower average graduation rates in 2000. Opening an SBHC was associated with a 4.1 percentage point increase in the overall graduation rate (p = .077). The gender-stratified analyses indicate young men’s graduation rates were most sensitive to the presence of an SBHC, increasing 4.8 percentage points (p = .051), compared to young women’s graduation rates increasing 3.0 percentage points (p = .163). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the benefits of SBHC access may extend beyond health-specific outcomes to graduation rates.
Correlations of morphology and molecular alterations in traditional serrated adenoma

Traditional serrated adenoma was first reported by Longacre and Fenoglio-Presier in 1990. Their initial study described main features of this lesion, but the consensus diagnostic criteria were not widely adopted until recently. Traditional serrated adenoma presents with grossly protuberant configuration and pinecone-like appearance upon endoscopy. Histologically, it is characterized by ectopic crypt formation, slit-like serration, eosinophilic cytoplasm and pencillate nuclei. Although much is now known about the morphology and molecular changes, the mechanisms underlying the morphological alterations are still not fully understood. Furthermore, the origin of traditional serrated adenoma is not completely known. We review recent studies of the traditional serrated adenoma and provide an overview on current understanding of this rare entity.
Turbulence–Combustion Interactions in Premixed and Non-premixed Flames Generated by Hot Active Turbulent Jets

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent jet ignition (TJI)-assisted combustion of lean hydrogen–air mixtures are performed in a three-dimensional planar jet configuration for various thermo-chemical conditions. TJI is a novel ignition enhancement method which facilitates the combustion of lean and ultra-lean fuel–air mixtures by rapidly and continuously exposing them to high temperature combustion products. Fully compressible gas dynamics and species equations are solved with high order finite difference methods. The hydrogen–air reaction is simulated by a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism. Turbulence–combustion interactions in TJI systems are studied here for different conditions using the flame heat release, temperature, species concentrations, and a newly defined progress variable. Important phenomena such as localized flame extinction/re-ignition and simultaneous existence of premixed/non-premixed flames in TJI-assisted combustion are also investigated.
Modelling the nexus between human capital, income inequality, and energy demand in India: new evidences from asymmetric and non-linear analysis

The growth stimulating effect of energy has been long established in economic literature. Consequently, researchers and policy makers are trying to identify socio-economic determinants of energy consumption in both developed and developing countries to conserve energy. In the present study, we attempt to examine the non-linear and asymmetric effect of human capital and income disparity on energy demand in India over the period 1970–2014. The findings propose long-run co-integrating relationship between human capital, income inequality, and energy demand in the presence of asymmetric framework. It is found that increased level of human capital results in energy conservation as it decreases the energy demand, and higher income gap also results in lower energy demand as poor section may have restricted access to energy sources. Finally, the asymmetric causality test results reveal that only positive shock in income inequality tends to cause energy demand. From policy stand point, it can be recommended that government policies should be designed and implemented towards improvements in human capital to achieve sustainable economic growth in India since human capital found to be a significant component in energy conservation.
Implementing an Honors Physics Add-On Course: The SMU Experience

In this article, we outline how we implemented an honors-level add-on course to complement standard university-level introductory physics courses. We explain why it was necessary to do this. We then explain the strategies we have adopted for attracting students, engaging them, and assessing their performance. Our goal in creating this course was to provide a flexible format that would not discriminate based on experience and preparation, because such factors can be tied to sex, gender, social-economic status, and race. We also sought to empower students that are traditionally marginalized or underrepresented in large course settings by giving them a venue where they could work in a small, dynamic, and creative environment.
Robotic Excision of Recurrent Renal Cell Carcinoma Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) recurrence can present in nearly any location. Rarely, recurrence is within the venous system. Previous reports of such recurrent tumor thrombectomy have all ...
Spontaneous hemopneumothorax in an adolescent with COVID-19

As coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) continues to spread world-wide, new symptoms associated with the disease continue to appear. Common manifestations include fever, shortness of breath, and gastrointestinal illness. In addition, COVID is known to induce coagulopathy. Here, we present the case of a 17-year-old male who presented with a massive hemopneumothorax and was found to incidentally be positive for Covid-19. We suspect that he had a primary pneumothorax from a bleb and the hemothorax could've been induced by the coagulopathic state induced by COVID infection.
Dynamic cytosolic Ca2+ and force responses to muscarinic stimulation in airway smooth muscle.

During agonist stimulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM), agonists such as ACh induce a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), which leads to a contractile response [excita...
Three Dimensional Fracture Material Model for Ultra-high Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Tensile Loading

Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) can be designed to exhibit strain hardening response under tensile loading accompanied by multiple cracks and relatively large energy absorption prior to fracture localization. However, existing material models in the finite element code are challenged to capture such strain hardening and multiple cracking behaviors. Therefore, a three dimensional fracture material model based on smeared rotating/fixed crack theory is developed to accurately represent the tensile behavior of UHP-FRC. In the proposed fracture material model, Rankine yield surface is used to govern the crack initiation and the proposed shape of the tensile-softening diagram for UHP-FRC is used to control the crack propagation. Crack band-width approach is used to guarantee the mesh objectivity. The proposed fracture material model for UHP-FRC is successfully implemented and compiled in LS-DYNA through the UMAT (User MATerial Subroutine). The numerical simulation of uniaxial tension test is conducted to validate the developed material model and the results reveal that the developed fracture material model shows an agreement with the test data and is capable to capture the behaviors of strain hardening, multiple cracking and softening of UHP-FRC under tensile loading.
Use of weak DC electric fields to rapidly align mammalian cells

Objective The ability to modulate cell morphology has clinical relevance in regenerative biology. For example, cells of the skeletal muscle, peripheral nerve and the vasculature have specific oriented architectures that emerge from the unique structure-function relationship within these tissues. Methods that can induce similar cell morphologies in vitro can be of use in the development of biomimetic constructs for the repair or replacement of damaged tissues. In this work, we demonstrate that direct current (DC) electric fields (EF) can be used as a tool to globally align cell populations in vitro. Approach Using a 2D culture chamber system, we were able to quickly (within hours) align Schwann cells at different culture densities with an application of steady EFs at 200-500mV/mm. Main results Cellular alignment was perpendicular to the field vector and varied proportionately as a function of field magnitude. In addition, the degree of cellular alignment was also dependent on cellular density. Even well-established Schwann cell monolayers were responsive to the applied DC fields with cells retracting parallel oriented processes (with respect to the imposed field) and re-extending them along the perpendicular axis. When the DC field was removed, monolayers retained the aligned morphology for many days afterwards, likely due to contact inhibition. We further show the method is applicable to other field-responsive cells, such as 3T3 fibroblasts. Significance The patterned cells provided nanoscale haptotactic cues and can be subsequently used as a basal layer for co-culturing or manipulated for other applications. DC fields represent a rapid, simple, and efficient technique compared to other cell patterning methods such as substrate manipulation.
ATDC binds to KEAP1 to drive NRF2-mediated tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease characterized by late diagnosis, propensity for early metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Little is known about the mechanisms that drive innate therapeutic resistance in pancreatic cancer. The ataxia-telangiectasia group D-associated gene (ATDC) is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Our study reveals that increased ATDC levels protect cancer cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) via stabilization of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Mechanistically, ATDC binds to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), the principal regulator of NRF2 degradation, and thereby prevents degradation of NRF2 resulting in activation of a NRF2-dependent transcriptional program, reduced intracellular ROS and enhanced chemoresistance. Our findings define a novel role of ATDC in regulating redox balance and chemotherapeutic resistance by modulating NRF2 activity.
Nonlinear wave equations, formation of singularities

Equations in one space variable Blow-up in higher dimensions Longtime existence for solutions of nonlinear wave equations with small initial data Appendix I. Uniqueness for nonlinear wave equations Appendix II. Klainerman's inequality.
Evaluation of Geofibers and Nontraditional Liquid Additives on Erodible Slopes in Interior Alaska

Abstract Non-cohesive soils are extensively distributed in Interior Alaska and soil erosion in a newly constructed roadside embankment is of great concern. Geofibers and nontraditional additives have been used for stabilizing non-cohesive soils and controlling soil erosion. However, in cold regions where permafrost exists such as Interior Alaska, any erosion control measures in a newly constructed roadside embankment must also allow a vegetation establishment at the same time, to mitigate potential permafrost degradation caused by surface modifications. Literature review indicates that no previous research has been done to consider both effects. There is a great need to investigate if geofibers and nontraditional additives can be used in Interior Alaska for soil erosion control and permafrost degradation mitigation. This paper presents the laboratory and field test results on use of geofibers and nontraditional additives (synthetic fluid and polymer emulsion) to control soil erosion in Interior Alaska. Locally available non-cohesive soils were used as a control and compared with the same soils treated with different doses of geofibers and nontraditional additives, including: 1) 4% synthetic fluid and 0.5% geofibers, 2) 2% polymer emulsion + 0.5% geofibers, 3) 2% polymer emulsion, and 4) 0.5% geofibers only. The results on soil critical shear stresses, sediment collections, soil organic matter, and plant available nutrients were analyzed from which some conclusions were made regarding working mechanisms of the geofibers and two nontraditional additives on soil erosion control in Interior Alaska.
Legal Aspects of Weather Modification

Weather modification activities produce some interesting legal problems. The problems can be divided into three areas: liability, asserting ownership to increased runoff, and the role of Government. The claimant has thus far been unable to prove that whatever damages he may have suffered resulted from anything the weather modifier did. However, liability is an ever-present threat to the weather modifier. Existing laws give the additional water to whoever expends his time and means to create the increased runoff. The problem is establishing with reasonable certainty the amount of increased water supply attributable to the modifier’s efforts. The Federal Government has broad authority under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution to legislate with regard to weather modification. Due to the unique nature of the weather modification science, existing legal analogies generally appear deficient in one way or another.
Adult Stem-Like Cells Exclude “Older” Mitochondria

Asymmetric distribution of damaged cellular constituents may occur during mitosis, resulting in more and less pristine daughter cell pairs. In Science, Katajisto et al., (2015) report that mammary stem-like cells (SLCs) unequally apportion older mitochondria to post-division daughter cells, with the daughter containing younger mitochondria maintaining the SLC pool.
Lessons from Havasupai Tribe v. Arizona State University Board of Regents: Recognizing Group, Cultural, and Dignitary Harms as Legitimate Risks Warranting Integration into Research Practice

... Markow expressed to Martin that she was also interested in studying the genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia among the tribe, but Martin informed her that the tribe would not be interested in participating in that area of study,maintaining that diabetes was to be the primary focus of the research. ... Tilousi shared her discovery with the tribe, and at a special Tribal Council meeting, the council issued a Banishment Order stating: "the Havasupai Tribe has demanded that ASU disclose to the Tribe all of its actions regarding Havasupai blood and stop all unauthorized experimentation on Havasupai blood, but ASU has failed to disclose to the Tribe any information about where ASU distributed the blood and the purposes for all research." ... While the IRB was likely unaware that Markow's research team had been collecting blood for an entire summer prior to any IRB approval and that the subjects provided consent because they believed the ASU team was solely conducting diabetes research, the Hart Report also found several inconsistencies between the research proposal and the actual data collection. ... To assess the risk of these first three harms and understand their significance prior to initiating any new research projects, researchers and institutions must examine the significance of biological materials and the implication that their misuse would have both to the individual subject and the entire tribe, including as the case was here, the misuse of the blood samples. ... Maintaining current legal policy vis-a-vis ownership of biologic materials will likely continue to result in spiritual harm to Native American individuals and tribes.
When Big Brother Uses Twitter, Too: Productive Forms of Policing and the Role of Media in the Seoul G20 Protests in South Korea

In this article, by taking an example of the Seoul G20 summit in 2010, I examine the role of new media in the policing of transnational activism. Beyond the conventional conceptualization of policing as repression, I argue for a broader definition of policing to include a process of producing counternarratives and gaining active consent from citizens. With this conceptualization, this study shows that the powerful can use new media as a way of producing “legitimate” narratives and controlling contentious discourses, invoking familiar social norms and ideas at the level of micropractices of citizenship. In particular, this case study focuses on the role of nationalism, nationalistic citizenship, and geopolitical ideologies circulated in the media in producing counternarratives against the protest.
Patterns of dental service utilization following nontraumatic dental condition visits to the emergency department in Wisconsin Medicaid.

Objectives: To examine patterns of dental service utilization for adult Medicaid enrollees in Wisconsin following nontraumatic dental condition (NTDC) visits to the emergency department (ED). Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study of claims for NTDC visits to the ED and dental service encounters from the Wisconsin Medicaid Evaluation and Decision Support database (2001-2009). We used competing risk models to predict probabilities of returning to the ED versus obtaining follow-up care from a dentist. Results: We observed a 43 percent increase in the rate of NTDC visits to the ED, with most of this increase occurring from 2001 to 2005. Within 30 days of an NTDC visit to the ED, ∼29.6 percent of enrollees will first visit a dentist office, while ∼9.9 percent will return to the ED. Young to middle-aged adults (18 to <50 years) and enrollees living in counties with a lower supply of dental providers were more likely to return to the ED following a NTDC visit. Among the enrollees that first visited a dental office following an ED visit, 37.6 percent had an extraction performed at this visit. Conclusions: Almost one in five adult Medicaid enrollees will subsequently return to the ED following a previous NTDC visit. The provision of definitive care for these individuals appears to primarily consist of extractions.
Accurate, efficient, and simple forces computed with quantum Monte Carlo methods.

Computation of ionic forces using quantum Monte Carlo methods has long been a challenge. We introduce a simple procedure, based on known properties of physical electronic densities, to make the variance of the Hellmann-Feynman estimator finite. We obtain very accurate geometries for the molecules H2, LiH, CH4, NH3, H2O, and HF, with a Slater-Jastrow trial wave function. Harmonic frequencies for diatomics are also in good agreement with experiment. An antithetical sampling method is also discussed for additional reduction of the variance. The optimization of molecular geometries and crystal structures and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are among the most significant achievements of singleparticle theories. These accomplishments were both possible thanks to the possibility of readily computing forces on the ions within the framework of the BornOppenheimer approximation. The approximate treatment of electron interactions typical of these approaches can, however, lead to quantitatively, and sometimes qualitatively, wrong results. This fact, together with a favorable scaling of the computational cost with respect to the number of particles, has spurred the development of stochastic techniques, i.e., quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods. Despite the higher accuracy achievable for many physical properties, the lack of an efficient estimator for forces has prevented, until recently [1–3], the use of QMC methods to predict even the simplest molecular geometry. The chief problem is to have a Monte Carlo (MC) estimator for the force with sufficiently small variance. For example, in allelectron calculations, a straightforward application of MC sampling of the Hellmann-Feynman estimator has infinite variance. This can be easily seen from the definition of the force. For a nucleus of chargeZ at the origin, the force can be written, together with its variance, as a function of the
Occurrence of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) during treatment of children with asthma by adrenal steroids; report of three cases.

The development of pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) is described in three young boys with asthma, who were receiving small doses of adrenal steroids during a stage of withdrawal of treatment. These patients had received continuous steroid treatment for several years, beginning in late infancy. They had acquired the appearance of Cushing9s disease. The mechanism by which pseudotumor cerebri developed in these three children was not determined. Various hypotheses are discussed. Attention is called to the sequence of events in these children with asthma as another possible complication of prolonged use of steroid therapy.
Conformational analysis of the interdomain linker of the central homology region of chloroplast initiation factor IF3 supports a structural model of two compact domains connected by a flexible tether

A peptide corresponding to the interdomain linker of chloroplast IF3 has been synthesized and its structure studied by NMR and CD as a function of temperature and pH. At low temperature and neutral pH the apparent helical content is 25%. pH and ionic strength dependent CD studies demonstrate that sidechain-sidechain interactions stabilize the structure observed at low temperature. The helicity decreases with temperature and above 25°C the peptide is less than 15% helical. These results indicate that the peptide has little intrinsic tendency to form helical structure at physiologically relevant temperatures and strongly suggests that the linker region is flexible in intact chloroplast IF3.
Hybrid Approach for Containment Problems

A hybrid method combining a genetic algorithms based containment algorithm with a complex mating algorithm is presented. The approach uses mating between a pair of objects as means to accelerate the packaging process. In this study, mating between two objects has been defined as positioning one object relative to others by merging common features that are assigned through mating conditions between them. A constrained move set is derived from the mating condition that allows the transformation of a component in each mating pair to be fully or partially constrained with respect to the other. By using mating in the packaging, the number of components to be placed can be reduced significantly and overall speed of the packaging process can also be improved. The hybrid method uses a genetic algorithm to search mating pairs and global positions of selected objects. The mating pair is mated first by a simple mating condition which is derived from geometric features of mating objects. If a proper mating is not obtained, the complex mating algorithm finds an optimal mating condition using Quasi-Newton method.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A thallium mediated route to σ-arylalkynyl complexes of bipyridyltricarbonylrhenium (I)

A simple, one-pot preparation of rhenium(I) sigma-arylalkynyl complexes is reported using thallium(I) hexafluorophosphate as a halogen abstraction agent. This new route to rhenium sigma-alkynyls enjoys higher yields compared to analogous preparations using silver salts by eliminating potential electrochemical degradation pathways.
Chemical applications of topology and group theory. 17. An information theoretical approach to polyhedral symmetry [1]

Information theoretic parameters are described which measure the asymmetry of polyhedra based on partitions of their vertices, faces, and edges into orbits under action of their symmetry point groups. Such asymmetry parameters are all zero only for the five regular polyhedra and are all unity for polyhedra having no symmetry at all, i.e. belonging to the C1 symmetry point group. In all other cases such asymmetry parameters have values between zero and unity. Values for such asymmetry parameters are given for all topologically distinct polyhedra having five, six, and seven vertices; all topologically distinct eight-vertex polyhedra having at least six symmetry elements; and selected polyhedra having from nine to twelve vertices. Effects of polyhedral distortions on these asymmetry parameters are examined for the tetrahedron, trigonal bipyramid, square pyramid, and octahedron. Such information theoretic asymmetry parameters can be used to order site partitions which are incomparable by the chirality algebra methods of Ruch and co-workers.
Physical Properties of Crystals, Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices

It is unusual to be asked to review a book published more than 25 years ago and it is equally uncommon, therefore, for the reviewer to have a well-thumbed personal copy of the book; however, Nye's book, currently in the eighth printing of the first edition, is unusual in the clarity of its presentation and its applicability to understanding crystals and their interaction to various types of external events. This reviewer welcomes the opportunity to extoll the merits of this book to a new segment of the geoscience community. In this textbook designed for advanced undergraduates, the author develops a description of the physical properties of crystals in tensor notation and presents the mathematical basis for these properties. He is not concerned with the explanation of particular crystal properties in terms o f atomic structure.
Magnetically extended gauge theories

Abstract The gauge fields of two distinct O(3) gauge theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking are constrained to share an invariantly defined abelian-like “photon” sector. This magnetically extended lagrangian theory has O(3) × O(3) gauge invariance but only five gauge bosons: the “photon” and four further bosons that provide the electric and magnetic currents to which the “photon” couples. Generalizations to higher groups and comparison with a recent proposal of Montonen and Olive are made.
Adjectival passives and the structure of VP in Tagalog

Abstract This paper explores a set of surprising contrasts between two major classes of adjectives in Tagalog. It is concerned, in particular, with the discovery that adjectival passives in Tagalog cannot occur as the main predicate of various types of impersonal clauses—i.e., clause types in which the adjectives sole argument cannot be promoted to subject. I argue that this fact follows ultimately from the claim that adjectival passives are unaccusative. This claim is compared with the observation that, in many other languages (e.g., Hebrew), adjectival passives apparently pattern as unergative. I explore the hypothesis that differences relating to the argument structure of adjectival passives can be related to larger architectural differences among languages, relating specifically to the structure of VP.
Qualia and Consciousness

Qualia, if there are such, are properties of sensations and perceptual states, namely the properties that give them their qualitative or phenomenal characterthose that determine "what it is like" to have them. I combine the belief that there are qualia with adherence to a materialist and functionalist view of mind, and thus hold a "compatibilist" view which puts me in a crossfire between two sorts of "incompatibilists"-those who believe in qualia and think that this supports a rejection of functionalist or materialist views, and those who deny the existence of qualia, or "quine" them (as Daniel Dennett puts it), as part of their defense of functionalist or materialist views. I My compatibilist position (see Shoemaker 1975a, 1975b, 1981 and 1982) can most conveniently be sketched by reference to the "inverted qualia argument" and the "absent qualia argument", both against functionalism, advanced some years ago by Ned Block and Jerry Fodor (1972). I agree with Block and Fodor that the inverted qualia argument shows that individual qualia are not functionally definable. This is my one concession to incompatibilism. But I maintain that there is a good sense in which the qualitative character of an experience can be accommodated in a functionalist account. A functionalist account can be given of what it is for a property to be a quale, of what it is for mental states to have qualitative character, and of what it is for mental states to be in greater or lesser degrees similar in qualitative character. In consequence of this, while there can be what Block and Fodor call cases of "inverted qualia", there cannot be cases of what they call "absent qualia". A creature functionally just like a creature having qualitative states would itself have to have qualitative states, for it would have to have states standing in relations of qualitative similarity and difference to one another that are isomorphic with the relations of qualitative similarity and difference holding between the states of the creature which is its functional duplicate. All that follows from the fact that individual qualia are not functionally definable is that such a functional duplicate would not necessarily have states that are the same in qualitative character as the corresponding states of the creature of which it is the duplicate, not that it might lack qualitative states altogether.
False Recognition in Triazolam-Induced Amnesia

Abstract Acute administration of the benzodiazepine hypnotic drug triazolam (Halcion) induces temporary amnesia. The present double-blind, placebo-controlled repeated-measures study using the Deese (1959)/Roediger-McDermott (1995) false recognition paradigm examined triazolam's (0.25 mg/70 kg) interaction with two variables, both designed to decrease false recognition rates under nondrug conditions, but via different mechanisms. As predicted, an interaction between drug condition and number of study presentations (Experiment 1; N = 18) was observed such that participants exhibited decreased false recognition rates for twice- vs. once-presented lists in the placebo condition but increased false recognition rates for twice- vs. once-presented lists in the triazolam condition. In contrast, as predicted, parallel effects of number of studied associates (Experiment 2; N = 18) as a function of drug condition were observed such that participants exhibited decreased false recognition rates for 6- vs. 15-associate lists in both placebo and triazolam conditions. These results suggest that triazolam-treated participants rely primarily on gist-based memory mechanisms and are unable to use item-specific memory mechanisms to suppress false recognition.
Growth and transformation of the mandibular joint in the rat thyroidectomized at birth

Abstract In order to assess the effects of the thyroid gland on the structures of the mandibular joint, a roentgenographic and histologic study was carried out with four groups of experimental rats which were thyroidectomized at birth and sacrificed at 63 days of age. One group served as thyroidectomized controls, another was given pure pituitary growth hormone for thirty-one days, the next group was supplemented with thyroxin for the same period of time, and the last group was treated with both growth hormone and thyroxin. A series of normal 63-day-old rats were used as normal controls. 1. 1. The thyroidectomized rats showed dwarfed and deformed mandibular joint structures incomparable to any age controls. The prominent histologic defects consisted of stunted chondrogenesis and nearly arrested cartilage erosion and depressed modeling resorption. 2. 2. Growth hormone restored the mandibular dimensions by virtue of marked activation of chondrogenesis and membranous osteogenesis. As chondroclasia and osteoclasia, however, remained deficient, the joint structures exhibited a juvenile, immature appearance. 3. 3. Thyroxin administration promoted maturation of the mandibular condyle to the extent of the normal age controls, but without restoring the normal mandibular dimensions or even those of the growth hormone-treated group. These significant findings are at variance with those made in the tibias and may be attributed to the fact that in the absence of the thyroid gland, growth hormone does not seem to be able to promote endochondral ossification, but stimulates, for the main part, chondrogenesis and periosteal bone formation. 4. 4. Combined supplement of growth hormone and thyroxin elicited an increase in size over the extent of any of the previous groups to almost normal size, while maturation was accelerated more than in the growth hormone-injected group, but less than in the thyroxin-treated group. Experimental evidence thus is procured that proper mandibular development and a good facial pattern are dependent upon normal thyroid function. Severe thyroid deficiency during the growth periods causes stunting and discordance of the growth processes at the condylar head. Thyroxin supplement proves to be unable to restore full normal dimension, apparently on account of a hypophyseal syndrome which is only partly reversible. Combined treatment with growth hormone and thyroxin showed the best results in the control of thyroprivic mandibular symptoms.
Charcot and Duchenne: Of Mentors, Pupils, and Colleagues

In the history of medicine, there have been notable mentors, famous pupils, and celebrated colleagues. Seldom, however, have two renowned physicians simultaneously been mentors, pupils, and colleagues to each other, as was the case with Jean-Martin Charcot (Fig. 1) and Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne (Fig. 2). Notwithstanding a 19-year difference in age and the fact that each was a well-published neurological scientist in his own right, these investigators developed a multifaceted relationship which served to reciprocally foster their separate vocations, enhance their mutual endeavors, and enrich the field of neurology. This study examines the teaching, learning, and scientific sharing that uniquely marked the careers of Charcot and Duchenne.
Numerical Evaluation of Effective Unsaturated Hydraulic Properties of Fractured Rocks using a Stochastic Continuum Approach

This study builds on past studies that have investigated the effective properties of unsaturated porous media and merges stochastic continuum concepts to develop a numerical procedure for estimating the effective flow parameters that are independent of pressure head or saturation. The procedure involves the development of a numerical permeameter based on randomly generated, spatially correlated fields of fundamental fracture properties such as spacing and aperture. Local values of hydraulic conductivity, and the van Genuchten fitting parameters α and n in this random field are computed from local values of mechanical aperture and spacing based on the cubic law and relationships established from pore-scale fracture simulations. By considering multiple realizations of these spatially correlated fields and by running the numerical permeameter over a range of effective saturations and flow rates, outputs are generated that can be fit with the standard van Genuchten model to estimate block effective values of saturated hydraulic conductivity and the van Genuchten unsaturated hydraulic parameters of a fracture continuum at the field scale. These parameters can then be incorporated to conventional numerical simulators originally developed for porous media. The study shows that reasonable approximations to the results obtained through computationally demanding stochastic simulations can be developed based on estimates of the mean fracture spacing and aperture. Although the example application assumes the presence of an impermeable rock matrix, the hydraulic properties estimated for the fracture continuum with this methodology can be combined with those measured or similarly estimated for a matrix continuum in dual-permeability continuum models.
Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India

Translation has often been characterized as a ‘central act' of European colonialism and imperialism. For example, it has been argued that translation had been utilized to make available legal-cultural information for the administration and rule of the non-West, but perhaps more importantly, translation has been identified as important for the resources it provided in the construction of representations of the colonized as Europe's ‘civilizational other.' In the context of British imperialism in South Asia, Bernard Cohn has persuasively demonstrated the first point, namely, that the codification of South Asian languages in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries served to convert ‘indigenous' forms of textualized knowledge into ‘instruments of colonial rule.' Translational technology, in the form of language grammars and dictionaries, Cohn argues, enabled information gathering and the effective communication of commands, as well as the (at least partial) displacement of European dependence upon interlocutors of perceived dubious reliability. Most recent discussions of translation in this context, however, have focused rather more upon the act of translation as a strategic means for representing ‘otherness' to primarily domestic British reading audiences. In this case, the act of linguistic translation is more clearly being enumerated as a practice of cultural translation. English translations of the ‘ancient' Sanskrit texts of India, for example, have been analyzed for the rhetorical work that the text performs in certain contexts. On the one hand, European-produced translations of these texts might serve to reinforce the dominance of a European aesthetic sensibility through a process of ‘naturalization,' in which the culturally-specific is ‘sanitized,' subordinated to a European norm, thereby inherently limiting the ‘artistic achievement' of the colonized. The orientalist William Jones' erasure of the motif of sweat as an indication of sexual interest and arousal in his translation of Kālidāsa's fourth- or fifth-century Sanskrit play Śakuntala is a case in point. On the other hand, literary translations from Sanskrit might also foreground the ‘otherness' of Indian texts and cultural norms through a strategy of ‘foreignization'; that is, by registering for the European reader differences in language and cultural content. For example, European translations from Sanskrit might include anthropological notations which explain the cultural relevance of the text, or might instead adopt an overly literal rendering of prose, thereby foregrounding differences in syntax, vocabulary, symbol, or motif. Both such rhetorical devices, it can be argued, leave the reader tripping over the text, giving him pause to consider the very strangeness of its appearance and contents.
Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Objectives This study sought to evaluate whether pulse wave velocity (PWV), a noninvasive index of arterial stiffness, is a predictor of the longitudinal changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and of incident hypertension. Background Although arterial stiffness is believed to underlie, in part, the age-associated changes in SBP, particularly at older ages, few longitudinal studies in humans have examined the relationship between arterial stiffness and blood pressure. Methods Pulse wave velocity was measured at baseline in 449 normotensive or untreated hypertensive volunteers (age 53 ± 17 years). Repeated measurements of blood pressure were performed during an average follow-up of 4.9 ± 2.5 years. Results After adjusting for covariates including age, body mass index, and mean arterial pressure, linear mixed effects regression models showed that PWV was an independent determinant of the longitudinal increase in SBP (p = 0.003 for the interaction term with time). In a subset of 306 subjects who were normotensive at baseline, hypertension developed in 105 (34%) during a median follow-up of 4.3 years (range 2 to 12 years). By stepwise Cox proportional hazards models, PWV was an independent predictor of incident hypertension (hazard ratio 1.10 per 1 m/s increase in PWV, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.30, p = 0.03) in individuals with a follow-up duration greater than the median. Conclusions Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in SBP and of incident hypertension. This suggests that PWV could help identify normotensive individuals who should be targeted for the implementation of interventions aimed at preventing or delaying the progression of subclinical arterial stiffening and the onset of hypertension.
Cryotherapy and topical minocycline as adjunctive measures to control pain after third molar surgery: an exploratory study.

Purpose To assess the impact of cryotherapy or topical minocycline on patients' perceptions of recovery from pain after third molar surgery in an exploratory comparative-effectiveness study. Patients and Methods Subjects aged at least 14 years who were having all 4 third molars removed were enrolled in 3 separate institutional review board–approved studies. Study groups included subjects treated with a passively applied cold wrap for 24 hours postoperatively, subjects treated with topical minocycline during surgery, and subjects enrolled in a nonconcurrent comparison group who had received neither topical minocycline nor directed cryotherapy. Third molar surgery was performed in all cases by trained surgeons using the same protocol. An exact Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the distributions of the worst and average pain scores and a Fisher exact test to compare verbal responses from Gracely pain scales among the 3 groups for postsurgical days (PSDs) 1 to 3. Results This study comprised 51 cryotherapy subjects (2005-2009), 63 minocycline subjects (2003-2004), and 92 comparison-group subjects (2002-2006) who were treated at academic centers and in community practices across the United States (N = 206). Demographic descriptors were similar among all groups. For PSDs 1 through 3 (unadjusted), the highest scores for worst pain (6-7 [out of 7] on Likert-type scale) were reported less frequently in each of the study groups than in subjects in the comparison group, although the numbers of subjects reporting the highest scores were few. The distribution of pain outcomes was significantly different among the 3 groups for worst pain and affective words on PSD 1 ( P = .04 for both). However, the small number of subjects who reported the highest pain scores precluded adequate multivariate statistical analyses for all outcomes on PSD 1 to 3. Conclusions Data from this exploratory study suggest that adjunctive therapy to decrease postoperative pain—cryotherapy or topical minocycline—might be effective at moderating the patient's highest pain levels after third molar surgery. The topic should be studied further in a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial.
Enzymatic defenses against oxygen toxicity in the hydrothermal vent animals Riftia pachyptila and Calyptogena magnifica

Two deep-sea hydrothermal vent organisms, the tube worm Riftia pachyptila and the clam Calyptogena magnifica, contain superoxide dismutase, dianisidine peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. The tube worm trophosome exhibits an iron-containing superoxide dismutase, ordinarily associated with prokaryotes and not previously seen in an animal tissue, in accord with the presence of symbiotic bacteria in this tissue. The enzymes which provide a defense against oxygen toxicity are thus present in these animals.
A computer simulation of arterial dynamics in the human leg

The propagation of pressure and flow pulses in the arteries of the human leg is modelled using the one-dimensional non-linear equations of fluid motion in an elastic tube. These equations are solved on a digital computer by a finite difference technique capable of handling any prescribed elastic and geometric properties for the vessels. A reference state for the arteries of a normal, healthy human leg is defined using published data and prescribing either the flow or pressure waveforms at the iliac bifurcation. Pressure and flow pulses generated by the model are in good agreement with published data. The pressure waveform is found to be moderately affected by the effects of convective acceleration, blood viscosity and branching. However, it is more sensitive to vessel elasticity and even more to distal reflections due to small vessels. Simulation of vasoconstriction and vasodilation by varying the peripheral resistance in the model gives waveforms which are in good qualitative agreement with corresponding in vivo experiments.
Understanding Food Insecurity in the Elderly: A Conceptual Framework

Abstract In order to determine the potential effects of changes in welfare, health, and nutrition programs on food insecurity in the elderly, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing food insecurity in this population group. Using a naturalistic paradigm and methods, a conceptual framework of factors that influence food insecurity status was developed based on in-depth interviews with 41 low-income rural white and urban black elderly individuals in 35 households in upstate New York.The conceptual framework depicts how several sets of factors, particularly health, food program participation, and life experiences, relate to food insecurity in the elderly. The use of several food assistance programs by low-income elderly, their views on such programs, and a unique “grocery bag” program for homebound elderly who can cook for themselves also are discussed.