cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defect detection in atomic-resolution images via unsupervised learning with translational invariance

Crystallographic defects can now be routinely imaged at atomic resolution with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) at high speed, with the potential for vast volumes of data to be acquired in relatively short times or through autonomous experiments that can continue over very long periods. Automatic detection and classification of defects in the STEM images are needed in order to handle the data in an efficient way. However, like many other tasks related to object detection and identification in artificial intelligence, it is challenging to detect and identify defects from STEM images. Furthermore, it is difficult to deal with crystal structures that have many atoms and low symmetries. Previous methods used for defect detection and classification were based on supervised learning, which requires human-labeled data. In this work, we develop an approach for defect detection with unsupervised machine learning based on a one-class support vector machine (OCSVM). We introduce two schemes of image segmentation and data preprocessing, both of which involve taking the Patterson function of each segment as inputs. We demonstrate that this method can be applied to various defects, such as point and line defects in 2D materials and twin boundaries in 3D nanocrystals.
The brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family.

Publisher Summary During the past decade, the availability of radiolabeled nicotine with high specific activity has led to the discovery and mapping of nicotine binding sites in the mammalian brain. These data suggested that the mammalian brain contains an important nicotinic receptor system. This chapter discusses the family of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that have discovered in the past few years through the use of the molecular genetic approach. It identifies seven genes in the rat or mouse genome that code for proteins with homology to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These genes are expressed in the mammalian brain and in some peripheral neurons. The primary structures of the brain nicotinic receptor subunits expressed in the brain have been deduced from the sequences of the cDNA clones. Analysis of the hydrophobicity profiles of the brain nicotinic receptor subunits suggests that they fold through the membrane in an identical manner to the Torpedo fish nicotinic receptor.
Analysis of Asymmetric Kinked Cracks of Arbitrary Size, Location and Orientation – Part I. Remote Compression

In this paper, the stress intensity factors of interacting kinked cracks in an elastic solid under remote compression and the overall strains of the solid are determined numerically. The kinked cracks are in general asymmetric, unequal, and arbitrarily oriented and located. Each kinked crack consists of a closed frictional main crack, and traction free kinks modeled by continuous dislocation distributions. The original problem is decomposed into straight crack problems such that the main cracks are subjected to dislocation and shear traction loadings. The model is used to investigate the dependence of the stress intensity factors and the overall strains on the crack configuration, i.e., a single fault of cracks, parallel faults, crossed faults, periodic and random crack arrays, and on the geometrical and physical parameters such as the fault angle and the lateral confinement.
Global Instabilities of a Galaxy Model

A simple two-component fluid model of a galaxy is analyzed numerically. For this equilibrium configuration a large number of unstable spiral modes is found. It is of particular interest that some of these modes are well described by the asymptotic theory developed for tightly wound trailing spirals, while others are best understood in terms of the swing formalism which includes both leading and trailing waves.
Decays of ℓ=1 baryons to Δγ

Abstract Recently we considered the electromagnetic decays of the orbitally-excited SU(6) 70-plet baryons in large-Nc QCD, fitting to the helicity amplitudes measured in photoproduction experiments. Using the results of this analysis, we predict the helicity amplitudes for the decays N ∗ →Δγ and Δ ∗ →Δγ . These decays can be studied at a number of new experimental facilities, and thus provide another nontrivial test of the lowest order large-Nc predictions.
Millimeter-gap magnetically insulated transmission line power flow experiments

An experiment platform has been designed to study vacuum power flow in magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs). The platform is driven by the Mykonos-V LTD accelerator to drive a coaxial MITL with a millimeter-scale anode-cathode gap. The experiments conducted quantify the current loss in the MITL with respect to vacuum pumpdown time and vacuum pressure. MITL gaps between 1.0 mm and 1.3 mm were tested. The experiment results revealed large differences in performance for the 1.0 and 1.3 mm gaps. The 1.0 mm gap resulted in current losses of 40%–60% of the peak current. The 1.3 mm gap resulted in current losses of less than 5% of peak current. Classical MITL models that neglect plasma expansion predict that there should be zero current loss, after magnetic insulation is established, for both of these gaps.
Conics arising from internal points and their binary codes

Abstract In this article, with respect to a fixed conic, we construct conics only consisting of internal points. We first study the intersection pattern of each of these conics with passant lines and then compute the dimension of the F 2 -row space of the incidence matrix of the aforementioned conics and internal points. As a result, we obtain the dimension of the binary code constructed from the F 2 -null space of the above incidence matrix.
Neonatal Splenectomy : Absence of Runting in Mice

Kalpaktsoglou, Yunis and Good1 recently reported that early splenectomy of mice can cause a runting and wasting syndrome similar to that associated with neonatal thymectomy. The importance of this finding to our current concepts of the development of immunological competence was stressed, as were the clinical implications for a variety of haematological diseases and for resistance to extracellular pathogens. Experiments performed several years ago in our laboratory (unpublished work) and others2 had failed to detect such effects, so we felt it essential to re-investigate this question to determine whether the newer findings were generally applicable.
The Classification of Rapists and Child Molesters

Abstract Classification difficulties have hindered research in the area of sexual deviations. The specific enumeration of groups allows for the development of assessment and treatment procedures designed specifically for each group. This necessitates a comprehensive assessment of subjects, as well as the inclusion of a variety of control groups. The present study attempted to classify convicted rapists and child molesters, as well as three different control gioups, based on information obtained from a variety of assessment sources. Results indicated that behavioral measures combined with life history data can accurately classify subjects well above chance rates. Fairly accurate classification was obtained for three of the five groups, with some difficulties differentiating rapists from non-sex offender inmates. These results point to the need for a comprehensive assessment model, and additional research necessary to more clearly differentiate among the groups.
Identification of common polymorphisms in the coding sequence of the human MSH receptor (MCIR) with possible biological effects

The extension locus has been identified in many mammalian species as a gene that determines the relative amounts of eumelanin and phaeomelanin pigments in hair and skin. In at least three species, this locus has been demonstrated to encode the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1-R), and functionally variant alleles have been demonstrated to cause a broad range of pigmentation phenotypes. To test for MC1-R allelic variation in man, genomic DNA was extracted from skin samples collected from patients with different skin types (I–VI), and eye and hair color. A PCR-based approach was used to amplify the full-length coding sequence of the MC1-R and the resulting products were sequenced. Two polymorphic alleles were identified with single point mutations in the coding sequence: a valine-to-methionine substitution at position 92 (V92M), and an aspartic acid-to-glutamic acid substitution at position 84 (D84E). RFLP analysis demonstrated the presence of the V92M allele in 4 out of 60 (6.6%) of individuals examined, predominantly those with blue eyes and blond hair. This polymorphism was found in both heterozygous and homozygous states in individuals with type I skin. The D84E allele was found in one individual with skin type I; this person also has the V92 M allele and thus is a compound heterozygote. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Distinct stages of stimulated FcεRI receptor clustering and immobilization are identified through superresolution imaging.

Abstract Recent advances in fluorescence localization microscopy have made it possible to image chemically fixed and living cells at 20 nm lateral resolution. We apply this methodology to simultaneously record receptor organization and dynamics on the ventral surface of live RBL-2H3 mast cells undergoing antigen-mediated signaling. Cross-linking of IgE bound to Fc e RI by multivalent antigen initiates mast cell activation, which leads to inflammatory responses physiologically. We quantify receptor organization and dynamics as cells are stimulated at room temperature (22°C). Within 2 min of antigen addition, receptor diffusion coefficients decrease by an order of magnitude, and single-particle trajectories are confined. Within 5 min of antigen addition, receptors organize into clusters containing ∼100 receptors with average radii of ∼70 nm. By comparing simultaneous measurements of clustering and mobility, we determine that there are two distinct stages of receptor clustering. In the first stage, which precedes stimulated Ca 2+ mobilization, receptors slow dramatically but are not tightly clustered. In the second stage, receptors are tightly packed and confined. We find that stimulation-dependent changes in both receptor clustering and mobility can be reversed by displacing multivalent antigen with monovalent ligands, and that these changes can be modulated through enrichment or reduction in cellular cholesterol levels.
UV LED arrays at 280 and 340 nm for spectroscopic biosensing

We demonstrate the application of linear arrays of ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) at the wavelengths of 280 nm and 340 nm to the acquisition of fluorescence spectra from single particles in real-time. A compact optical system and custom electronics are employed to produce a compact, standalone biosensor. The detection sensitivity of the UV LED system is established using the biofluorophores tryptophan and NADH, and the capability of the sensor to sort particles based on weak spectra is demonstrated using micron-sized polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres.
GROWTH CHANGES IN BOVINE MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AS INFLUENCED BY BREED AND SEX

Samples of the biceps femoris were collected at 56-day intervals from 28 days of age to slaughter from 24 Hereford, Angus, Holstein heifer and steer twin calves to define the effects of age, sex, and breed on histochemically estimated muscle fiber type patterns. Red, white, and intermediate fiber types doubled in mean cross-sectional area during growth in all calves, while encounters of white fibers slightly increased and encounters of red fibers slightly decreased. In general, heifers had larger muscle fibers than steers, and Holstein steers had smaller fibers than Hereford or Angus steers.
An appraisal of ventricular and myocardial function variables based on the elastance concept

It is more than 15 years since Suga and Sagawa (1,2) developed their concept of ventricular elastance, a subject of great interest and controversy. During this period many indexes of performance based on this concept have been proposed ; unfortunately, most have had limited clinical utility . Lack of success is due to several factors, including : 1) a desire to develop simple indexes based on single point measurements without careful examination of their load dependence ; 2) dependence on ventricular cavity size or volume and problems associated with normalization ; 3) assumptions of linearity of the end-systolic pressure-volume relations outside the range of measured data ; and 4) a strong possibility that many of these ventricular function variables are measures of chamber stiffness and not measures of "contractility ." This editorial attempts to address some of these issues and discusses the concept of systolic myocardial stiffness (3) in relation to the study by Starling et al . (4) appearing in this issue of the Journal . Size dependence of end-systolic variables currently employed and the associated problems of normalization . The end-systolic variables (P/V)max, (o,/V)max and peak pressure/V (where o = stress, P = pressure and V = volume) are based on single point measurements and are inversely related to cavity size or volume (V) . Also size dependent, though not immediately apparent, is the maximal slope variable Emax (determined from a linear regression of multiple isochronal pressure-volume data points) and Ees (endsystolic), which is the slope obtained from linear regression of points generally corresponding to the upper left corners of pressure-volume loops regardless of time (5) . This size dependence of slopes (dP/dV) of pressure-volume relations
Globally optimal paths in the nonclassical growth model

Abstract We consider the nonclassical optimal growth model, consisting of convex preferences and a convex-concave production function. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a feasible path of one-period consumptions to be globally optimal. In the process, we also characterize locally optimal paths, and present an example which illustrates most points of interest. The analysis is based on an altered dynamic programming approach.
Destructive Testing and Finite Element Analysis to Determine Ultimate Capacity of Skewed Steel I-Girder Bridges

Current bridge design and rating techniques are based at the component level and thus cannot account for the increase in ultimate capacity that bridges experience because of system-level interactions. Compared with that of a normal bridge, the ultimate capacity of a bridge increases to an even greater extent as bridge supports are skewed because of changes in load paths. Although advances in computer technology have made it possible to conduct accurate system-level analyses, which would allow for more efficient bridge design and rating, the knowledge base surrounding system-level bridge behavior is still too small to make it a highly accurate or intuitive tool. To advance system-level design and rating, two studies were undertaken. First, to evaluate the ultimate capacity of a skewed simple-span steel bridge, a 1/5-scale, slab-on-steel girder bridge was tested to ultimate capacity and then modeled by using finite element analysis. This test provided both insight into the system behavior and validation of ...
Erratum: “Demonstration of megavoltage and diagnostic x‐ray imaging with hydrogenated amorphous silicon arrays” [Med. Phys. 19, 1455–1466 (1992)]

The images appearing in Fig. 12(a) and (b) were interchanged. The correctly labeled Fig. 12(a) and (b) along with the captions appear here.
Review of: Media, Religion and Gender: Key Issues and New Challenges, by M. Lovheim

London, England: Routledge, 214 pp. $130.00 (hardback).Although studies of religious media have existed for centuries, scant attention has been paid to the nexus of media, that is, religion and gen...
Acoustic timescale characterisation of symmetric and asymmetric multidimensional hot spots

In this work, two-dimensional hot spots are modelled by combining a linear temperature gradient with a constant temperature plateau. This approach retains the simplicity of a linear temperature gradient, but captures the effects of a local temperature maximum of finite size. Symmetric and asymmetric plateau regions are modelled using both rectangular and elliptical geometries. A one-step Arrhenius reaction for H2–air is used to model the reactive mixture. Plateaus with different ratios of excitation to acoustic timescales, spanning two orders of magnitude, are simulated. Even with clear differences in behaviour between one and two dimensions, the a priori prescribed hot spot timescale ratio is shown to characterise the 2-D gasdynamic response. The relationship between one and two dimensions is explored using asymmetric plateau regions. It is shown that 1-D behaviour is recovered over a finite time. Furthermore, the duration of this 1-D behaviour is directly related to the asymmetry of the plateau.
Physical and motor development in male and female rat offspring prenatally exposed to gamma radiation

The effects of radiation on physical and motor development of male and female rats exposed to ionizing radiation in utero were studied. Rats were exposed to three different doses of radiation (150 rad, 15 rad and 6.8 rad, considered as high, moderate and low doses of radiation respectively) on the 20th day of prenatal life. Exposure to 150 rad contributed to significantly lower body weights of both male and female rat offspring. Upper jaw tooth eruption was delayed in 150 rad treated male offspring, as well as in 15 rad and 150 rad treated female offspring. Cliff-avoidance response was delayed in 6.8 rad, 15 rad, and 150 rad treated male offspring; and 150 rad treated female offspring. Lower jaw tooth eruption, eye opening, and crawling were not affected by radiation in male or female animals. Results indicate that radiation affected the developmental parameters of both male and female rat offspring, and sex of the offspring played no role in the magnitude of radiation induced damages.
Robotics-Driven Activities: Can They Improve Middle School Science Learning?:

This study used case studies from three science teachers to compare three groups of students studying Grade 8 physics using Robolab instead of traditional lab materials. The three teachers represen...
Liquidity costs: Screen-based trading versus open outcry

Abstract The results reported in this paper challenge the popular belief that screen-based trading offered lower liquidity costs than the open-outcry approach during its first year of side-by-side operation in the U.S. financial derivatives market. Using time and sales data from the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) market profile data series, effective bid–ask spreads are estimated on the basis of daily and intraday measures of the Thompson–Waller and Smith–Whaley estimators. We find liquidity costs on the screen-based system vary with time and the level of floor trading activity. In particular, a one-tick market is observed just before the opening of the Chicago trading floor (6:30 to 7:30 am). However, subsequent intraday spreads exhibit the familiar “reverse J-shaped pattern”—highest following the opening of floor trading, declining until afternoon, and then increasing until close. Meanwhile, daily spread estimates average almost a quarter-tick higher on the screen-based market relative to the one-tick spread commonly associated with open outcry. This relationship remained robust across sample time-series and conservative price-change specifications. Since the study was conducted, electronic trading has become the predominant exchange medium for financial derivatives at the CBOT, following the example set in Europe's traditional futures exchanges, e.g. France's Matif, Germany's Deutsche Bourse and the U.K.'s Liffe.
The use of the Foley catheter for long-term urine collection in girls.

SUMMARY Twenty incontinent female patients with spina bifida have been treated with an indwelling Foley catheter. Four, whose abdominal deformity prevented urinary diversion, have remained dry for periods between 11 and three years. So far there have been no serious late complications. 12 patients have been catheterised as an alternative to ileal loop diversion, and four to improve bladder drainage. Eight of these have tolerated a catheter and remain dry. Late results have not yet been assessed. Further trial is suggested. RESUME 20 filles incontinentes en raison d'un spina bifida ont ete traitees par un catheter de Foley a demeure. Quatre d'entre elles, dont les deformations abdominales avaient empeche une diversion urinaire, sont restees continentes durant des periodes de trois a 11 ans. Il n'y a pas eu de complications tardives graves. Chez douze malades, le traitement par catheter a demeure a ete associea une diversion dans une boucle ileale et dans quatre autres cas, le traitement a ete entrepris pour ameliorer le drainage vesical. Dans huit de ces seize cas, la tolerance du catheter aete bonne, avec continence, bien que les resultats tardifs aient encore besoin d'une appreciation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 20 inkontinente weibliche Patienten mit Spina bifida sind mit einem Foley Dauerkatheter behandelt worden. Vier dieser Kinder, bei denen durch eine abdominelle Misbildung die Urinableitung behindert war, sind uber Zeitraume zwischen drei und elf Jahren trocken geblieben. Es sind keine spateren ernsthaften Komplikationen beobachtet worden. 12 Patienten sind mit einem Dauerkatheter als Alternative zu einer Ileumschlingenableitung behandelt worden und weitere vier Falle zur Verbesserung der Blasendrainage. Acht dieser 16 Falle haben den Katheter toleriert und sind trocken, obwohl spatere Ergebnisse noch abzuwarten sind. RESUMEN Se trato a 20 ninas incontinentes con espina bifida con el cateter interno de Foley. Cuatro, cuya deformacion abdominal impidio la derivacion urinaria, permanecieron continentes por periodos de 3 a 11 anos. No hubo ninguna complicacion grave posterior. Doce fueron tratadas con el cateter interno, como alternativa a la derivacion ileal, y otros cuatro casos para mejorar el drenaje vesical. Ocho de estas 16 pacientes han tolerado el cateter y han permanecido continentes, si bien aun no se conocen los resultados a largo plazo.
Bringing the Classroom to Students Everywhere

In this paper we present a technique for enabling students to benefit from the traditional classroom experience by joining classes live on the Internet or by taking lectures on demand asynchronously. The proposed “lectures on demand” paradigm is shown to be an effective component in the now well established framework of Asynchronous Learning Networks. Video and audio from traditional face-to-face lectures are synchronized with class materials such as PowerPoint® slides and provided as streaming multimedia content via the Internet. Some comments are given on the issues involved in using this methodology at the University of Florida to offer online courses towards MS and BS degrees.
Occurrence of Colombian datura virus in the terrestrial orchid, Spiranthes cernua.

Colombian datura virus was detected in the terrestrial orchid Spiranthes cernua using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR strategy that we used to detect and confirm the identity of this virus has subsequently been used as a generalized procedure to confirm the identity of other potyviruses in ornamental species. This is the first report of this virus in an orchid and only the second report of a virus in this species.
Gender and bilinguals’ creativity

Research on the influence of gender on language across different cultures has mostly concentrated on qualitative measures of analysis. These measures demonstrate that there are differences in rhetorical and literary style across world Englishes in both the inner and outer circle. Using Biber’s multidimensional analysis (1988) to examine a large corpus of world English literatures written in Indian, West African, Britain, Anglo-American and Mexican American varieties of English, this paper examines whether quantitative analyses can also be insightful and useful in the examination of the influence of gender on language and in expanding our understanding of what “bilingual creativity” entails. The results of this study reveal that computational methods of analyzing texts both confirm former research comparing differences between texts written by men and women in different varieties of English and also shed new light on differences that exist between these varieties.
Foraminiferal boron isotope ratios as a proxy for surface ocean pH over the past 21 Myr

THE pH of the surface ocean is a sensitive function of its alkalinity and total inorganic carbon concentration, properties which also control the partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide17. Thus, an accurate proxy for past ocean pH could yield information about variations in atmospheric CO2. Recently, it has been suggested that the boron isotopic composition of foraminiferal tests depends on the pH of sea water as well as its isotopic composition1,2. Here we present boron isotope and elemental data for sedimentary pore fluids and isotope data for bulk foraminiferal samples from a deep-sea sediment core. The composition of the pore waters implies that sea water boron concentrations and isotopic composition have been constant during the past 21 Myr, allowing us to reconstruct past ocean pH directly from the foraminiferal isotope data. We find that 21 Myr ago, surface ocean pH was only 7.4 ±0.2, but it then increased to 8.2 ±0.2 (roughly the present value) about 7.5 Myr ago. This is consistent with suggestions3–5 that atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have been much higher 21 Myr ago than today.
Potential use of embalmed cadavers to study mast cell presence

BACKGROUND Embalmed cadavers in medical classes represent a potential source for collecting human tissues without the inherent problems of obtaining fresh or surgical specimens. Although the manner of fixation and vagaries of embalming techniques eliminate many such tissues for histological assessment, other techniques can be applied successfully to embalmed tissues. Pertinent to the present study, mast cells contain granules that are preserved under good fixation in formaldehyde, a main ingredient in embalming fluids. Visualization of these granules is possible, even though the ultrastructure of these cells is not preserved. METHODS Two techniques for the visualization of connective tissue mast cells were compared using embalmed and fresh specimens: Alcian blue and avidin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-Avidin). Both will bind to mast cell granules, even in the presence of formaldehyde. RESULTS Although mast cell numbers in the connective tissue did not differ between embalmed and fresh tissues, comparisons between the techniques involved showed the FITC-Avidin technique to be possibly more sensitive, perhaps because of the increased contrast from the fluorescent dye. CONCLUSIONS Thus for some studies, human cadavers may provide a valuable source of tissue. However, use of embalmed tissue necessitates ensuring good embalming, checking for dehydration, and proper storage until embedment.
Can You Pick Out the Accountant? Students' Interests and Career Choices

(1991). Can You Pick Out the Accountant? Students' Interests and Career Choices. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 151-154.
Amplitude-dependent internal friction and induced modulus defect in purified iron☆

Abstract The amplitude-dependent internal friction and associated modulus defect of pure iron were observed at 32 kHz between 77°K and 300°K in a search for features associated with dislocation motion. The samples were variously annealed, cold-worked and subjected to magnetic fields. The amplitude dependence was predominantly magneto-mechanical in nature and therefore attributed to the motion of domain walls. Another method for studying dislocation motion was developed. High amplitude oscillations induced a modulus defect which decayed after the exciting oscillations ceased. The decay was observed, at low amplitudes, as a function of temperature The strain amplitude necessary to induce the modulus defect was 5 × 10−6 at 300°K and 1.5 × 10−5 at 77°K in purified iron. The induced defect could be observed at amplitudes at least as low as 10−7 at 77°K. We attribute the induced modulus defect to the motion of dislocations freed by the excitation oscillation, and conclude that, at 77°K, at least one class of dislocations will undergo further motion when acted on by stresses at least as small as 2 g/mm2, until immobilized by another process possibly involving kink diffusion.
Martian surface and crust: Review and synthesis

The nature of the classical marking of Mars are studied on the basis of Mariner 9 data and some earlier data. The analysis leads to a model of the Martian crust. Evidence for petrologic distinctions between surface materials in dark and light regions is obtained. It is shown that the classical markings are a complex result of three factors: (1) availability of two types of rock material transportable by wind, (2) topographic control of deposition, and (3) prevailing winds producing quasi-permanent preferential deposition patterns. The crust, especially in the Tharsis region, bears strong evidence of mantle-induced uplift of a type existing on earth. Such uplifts have obliterated ancient craters, caused fractures and graben systems, and have resulted in intense volcanism.
Information planning process and strategic orientation: the importance of fit in high-performing organizations

Abstract This study reveals the importance of viewing information processing within the context of the strategy a firm pursues. Information processing theory is used to examine the unique planning processes of banks pursuing different strategies. The coalignment of strategy, planning, and information is examined in top-performing banks and the performance implications of fit are revealed.
On the excitation of VLF waves

The ratio between the excitation factors of vertically and horizontally polarized sources is equal to the squared ratio between the characteristic impedance of free space and the ground level coupling impedance of TE and TM field components. This relation provides an analytical check of numerically calculated excitation factors. Also, the need of directly calculating the two excitation factors of an anisotropic environment may be obviated if the excitation factor of an isotropic environment is used for estimating the dominant field components of a given quasi-TM or quasi-TE mode.
Dermatological research in the 21st century: Our fantastic future

During the second half of the twentieth century, dermatology came of age. Just as clinical dermatology, through new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, matured to a point where the dermatologist could affect peoples' lives profoundly, so too did dermatological research enhance our understanding of skin diseases enormously. Dermatology should not be viewed as a scientific discipline-advances come from fundamental scientific areas such as cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, microbiology, technology, the clinical sciences and others. Thus, dermatology and skin biology live within a universe of science, only a small part of which is dermatology and skin biology, and our patients and our science are dependent on integration and interdigitation with the universe of science for future success. In this lecture I will elaborate on where I think the next 10-20 years will take us in this universe.
Synthesis and molecular structures of N,N-dialkyl-4-nitrosoaniline adducts of formally d6 metalloporphyrins of ruthenium and cobalt

Para-aminosubstituted nitrosoarenes react with Ru(CO)(OEP) or [Co(TPP)(THF)2]SbF6 (OEP2- = 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinato dianion, TPP2- = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion) to generate Ru(OEP)(ONC6H4NMe2)2 and [Co(TPP)(ONC6H4NR2)2]SbF6 (R = Me, Et), respectively, in fair to high yields. These N-bound nitrosoarene complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic methods. The complexes Ru(OEP)(ONC6H4NMe2)2 and [Co(TPP)(ONC6H4NMe2)2]ClO4 have also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Their structures represent the first reported solid-state structures of Ru and Co porphyrins containing C-nitroso ligands.
Representations for space planning

Problems involving the arrangement of objects in two- or three-space where the objective function primarily consists of derivatives of the distance between objects or their arrangement are called space planning problems. The representational requirements for this problem area are defined and compared with current computer graphic languages. Four alternative data structures that allow automated space planning are described and compared.
Biphasic cellular response to transection in the newt optic nerve: glial reactivity precedes axonal degeneration.

Morphological interactions between axons and glia within the lesioned newt optic nerve were studied at time periods prior to the onset of Wallerian degeneration. Optic nerves were transected 0.5 mm from the eye, animals were killed at 5,10,20 and 30 min post-lesion, and the intracranial half of the tract was examined with light and electron microscopy. A sequence of structural changes was observed within the time interval 5–30 min post-lesion. Over the first 20 minutes these changes primarily involved the endogenous neuroglia; there was a displacement of glial nuclei from the center to the periphery of the nerve and an increase of 50–100% in glial cytoplasmic and nuclear area. Nuclei of reactive glia were euchromatic and surrounded by a high density of Golgi, vesicles, mitochondria and filaments, the last of which extended throughout the expanded glial processes. Optic axons appearintact at 20 min post-lesion except for some separation between the axolemma and myelin sheath in some of the myelinated fibres. By 30 min post-lesion both myelinated and non-myelinated fibres were found in various stages of lysis. Many of the expanded glial processes contained a population of vesicles aggregated adjacent to the glial plasmalemma. Profiles of infolded glial membranes suggested the opening of such vesicles into the extracellular space around degenerating axons. We conclude that, after optic nerve injury, there are very rapid reactive changes in glia and axons, with the changes in glia preceding the degenerative events in axons.
Population and Fishery Characteristics of White Bass in Four Large Missouri Reservoirs

Abstract The population and fishery characteristics of white bass Morone chrysops were determined for four large Missouri reservoirs to help establish meaningful objectives for white bass fisheries. The growth of white bass in Table Rock and Bull Shoals lakes was faster and a higher proportion of fish were larger than 380 mm than in Pomme de Terre Lake and Lake of the Ozarks. Age-4 white bass exceeded 400 mm at Table Rock and Bull Shoals lakes and averaged about 370 mm in the other two. When gender differences in growth could be examined, female white bass grew faster than males in Pomme de Terre Lake and Lake of the Ozarks and were 12–20 mm longer than males for ages 3 and older. Mean relative weights were at least 90 in all reservoirs and exceeded 100 in Table Rock and Bull Shoals lakes. The age structures of white bass populations were similar among all four reservoirs; fish up to age 7 were present, but there was a sharp decline in abundance after age 4. Variable recruitment strongly affected size and...
On the underlying assumptions of threshold Boolean networks as a model for genetic regulatory network behavior.

Boolean networks (BoN) are relatively simple and interpretable models of gene regulatorynetworks. Specifying these models with fewer parameters while retaining their ability to describe complex regulatory relationships is an ongoing methodological challenge. Additionally, extending these models to incorporate variable gene decay rates, asynchronous gene response, and synergistic regulation while maintaining their Markovian nature increases the applicability of these models to genetic regulatory networks. We explore a previously-proposed class of BoNs characterized by linear threshold functions, which we refer to as threshold Boolean networks (TBN). Compared to traditional BoNs with unconstrained transition functions, these models require far fewer parameters and offer a more direct interpretation. However, the functional form of a TBN does result in a reduction in the regulatory relationships which can be modeled. We show that TBNs can be readily extended to permit self-degradation, with explicitly modeled degradation rates. We note that the introduction of variable degradation compromises the Markovian property fundamental to BoN models but show that a simple state augmentation procedure restores their Markovian nature. Next, we study the effect of assumptions regarding self-degradation on the set of possible steady states. Our findings are captured in two theorems relating self-degradation and regulatory feedback to the steady state behavior of a TBN. Finally, we explore assumptions of synchronous gene response and asynergistic regulation and show that TBNs can be easily extended to relax these assumptions. Applying our methods to the budding yeast cell-cycle network revealed that although the network is complex, its steady state is simplified by the presence of self-degradation and lack of purely positive regulatory cycles.
Control of impact microactuators for precise positioning

Electrically driven impact microactuators generate nanoscale displacements without large driving distances and high voltages. These systems exhibit complex dynamics because of inherent nonlinearities due to impacts, friction, and electric forces. As a result, dramatic changes in system behavior, associated with so-called grazing bifurcations, may occur during the transition between impacting and nonimpacting dynamics, including the presence of robust chaos. For successful open-loop operating conditions, the system design is limited to certain parameter regions, where desired system responses reside. The objective of this paper is to overcome this limitation to allow for a more precise displacement manipulation using impact microactuators. This is achieved through a closed-loop feedback scheme that successfully controls the system dynamics in the near-grazing region.
Exploring the universality of unusual conformations of the 17-membered Pt(d(G*pG*)) macrochelate ring. Dependence of conformer formation on a change in bidentate carrier ligand from an sp3 to an sp2 nitrogen donor.

Early studies on cis-PtA2(d(G*pG*)) (A2 = diamine or two amines, G* = N7-platinated G) and cis-Pt(NH3)2(d(G*pG*)) models for the key cisplatin−DNA cross-link suggested that they exist exclusively o...
Factors Affecting the Adequacy and Preferability of Semiparametric Groups-Based Approximations of Continuous Growth Trajectories

Psychologists have long been interested in characterizing individual differences in change over time. It is often plausible to assume that the distribution of these individual differences is continuous in nature, yet theory is seldom so specific as to designate its parametric form (e.g., normal). Semiparametric groups-based trajectory models (SPGMs) were thus developed to provide a discrete approximation for continuously distributed growth of unknown form. Previous research has demonstrated the adequacy of the approximation provided by SPGM but only under relatively narrow, theoretically optimal conditions. Under alternative conditions, which may be more common in practice (e.g., higher dimension random effects, smaller sample sizes), this study shows that approximation adequacy can suffer. Furthermore, this study also evaluates whether SPGM's discrete approximation is preferable to a parametric trajectory model that assumes normally distributed random effects when in fact the distribution is modestly nonnormal. The answer is shown to depend on distributional characteristics of both repeated measures (binary or continuous) and random effects (bimodal or skewed). Implications for practice are discussed in light of empirical examples on externalizing behavior.
An MBoC favorite: Cytokinesis and midzone microtubule organization in Caenorhabditis elegans require the kinesin-like protein ZEN-4.

This article was my first experience with MBoC. Although my lab has traditionally not worked on cytokinesis, positional cloning led us to ZEN-4/MKLP1 kinesin, and this paper was the first genetic demonstration of a role in cytokinesis for MKLP1 kinesins, which are conserved from worms to humans (Raich et al., 1998). At the time, little was known about these proteins. MBoC had the vision to see the value of this work when other journals could not. Now it is one of my lab’s most highly cited publications, a testimony to why MBoC is a wonderful journal, and why I am grateful for the consistent quality of its publications and process.
Small-x QCD and the ultra-high energy νN total cross section☆

Abstract The calculation of the total neutrino-nucleon cross section at energies from 10 to 108 TeV is discussed. An extrapolation formula is developed which explicitly shows the enhancement at high energies due to QCD effects at small x. Our cross section is substantially larger than currently used extrapolation formulas. A comment on the possibility of cross-section enhancement by superheavy boson exchange is given and such a mechanism as applied to recent data from Cygnus X-3 is discussed.
At what price

Differential pricing could make global medicines affordable in developing countries. But drugs for diseases that have no market in the developed world will require additional subsidies, says Patricia M. Danzon.
An examination of learning transfer system characteristics across organizational settings

No previous research in the United States has compared and contrasted learning transfer systems across organizations and training types, primarily because no standard instruments were used in previous research. This study, based on a subset of responses in the Learning Transfer System Inventory response database, is the first to conduct such a comparison. Using a subset of 1,099 respondents, transfer systems are compared across three organization types, eight organizations, and nine types of training. MANOVA and univariate ANOVA were used to compare transfer systems. The results suggest that transfer systems differ across organizational types, organizations, and training types. Implications for HRD practice and future research directions are discussed.
Hydrolytic Degradation of Dental Composites

The leakage of filler elements from four composites after storage in water was investigated by use of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results confirmed previous findings that leaching of silicon from different composites is strongly dependent on filler composition. Consideration of the total filler surface of each composite material indicated that quartz as well as pyrolytic silica-containing composites leached less silicon than did composites containing fillers of strontium and/or barium glasses. A correlation between leakage and crack formation in the matrix appeared to exist for all composites except for the microfilled resin. These cracks were explained as a result of osmotic pressure built up at the matrix-filler interface due to hydrolytic degradation of the filler. Of the investigated materials, the microfilled resin was found to be the most stable material in a wet environment with respect to crack formation. This finding was explained by filler composition, filler form, and the specific structure of the microfilled resin.
Changing nutrition standards in schools: The emerging impact on school revenue

Background: Although great focus has been placed on nutritional and other consequences of changes in food-related policies within schools, few reports exist describing the impact of such changes on school revenue. This review provides an overview of the few revenue-related studies published recently, as well as information from a sampling of state reports on the subject. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Four peer-reviewed papers and 3 state-based reports were identified that assessed the impact on revenues of either targeted policy changes or overarching, district-wide changes in food-related policies. Results: Thus far, few data exist to substantiate the concern that changes in nutrition standards in schools lead to a loss in total revenue. An interesting phenomenon of increased participation in the National School Lunch Program was noted in a number of reports and might play a role in buffering financial losses. Conclusions: A renewed focus on school policies related to health provides the opportunity for researchers to investigate how nutrition-related policy change can affect, if at all, food service and overall school revenues.
Interferon-β exacerbates Th17-mediated inflammatory disease.

Interferon (IFN)-β is the treatment most often prescribed for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). 30–50% of MS patients, however, do not respond to IFN-β. In some cases, IFN-β exacerbates MS, and it consistently worsens neuromyelitis optica (NMO). To eliminate unnecessary treatment for patients who are non-responsive to IFN-β, and to avoid possible harm, researchers are identifying biomarkers that predict treatment outcome before treatment is initiated. These biomarkers reveal insights into the mechanisms of disease. Recent discoveries on human samples from patients with RRMS, NMO, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis, indicate that IFN-β is ineffective and might worsen clinical status in diverse diseases when a Th17 immune response is prominent.
Transamidation reactions using β-lactams. The synthesis of homaline

Abstract The synthesis of the plant product, homaline, by a translactamization process involving the β-lactom, (−)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone, is described.
Organic chemistry: Single molecules put a ring on it.

A variant of a classical reaction has been used to generate short-lived chemical species called arynes, allowing the one-step synthesis of structurally complex benzene derivatives from simple precursors. See Article p.208 Arynes are reactive intermediates derived from aromatic systems, which can be 'trapped' to give products that find use as chemical reagents and in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes and polymers. This study explores a new synthetic strategy that combines de novo generation of benzynes — through a hexadehydro-Diels–Alder reaction — with their in situ elaboration into structurally complex benzenoid products. The reaction is metal-free and reagent-free, and the authors provide examples of how this approach allows new modes of intrinsic reactivity to be revealed.