cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure assessment of emissions from mobile food carts on New York City streets.

Abstract Food carts are common along streets in cities throughout the world. In North America, food cart vendors generally use propane, charcoal, or both propane and charcoal (P and C) for food preparation. Although cooking emissions are known to be a major source of indoor air pollution, there is limited knowledge on outdoor cooking’s impact on the ambient environment and, in particular, the relative contribution of the different cooking fuels. This field study investigated the air pollution the public is exposed to in the micro-environment around 19 food carts classified into 3 groups: propane, charcoal, and P and C carts. Concentrations near the food carts were measured using both real-time and filter-based methods. Mean real-time concentrations of PM2.5, BC2.5, and particle counts were highest near the charcoal food carts: 196 μg/m3, 5.49 μg/m3, and 69,000 particles/cm3, respectively, with peak exposures of 1520 μg/m3, 67.9 μg/m3, and 235,000 particles/cm3, respectively. In order of pollution emission impacts: charcoal > P and C > propane carts. Thus, significant differences in air pollution emissions occurred in the vicinity of mobile food carts, depending on the fuel used in food preparation. Local air pollution polices should consider these emission factors in regulating food cart vendor operations.
Symptomatic duodenal web diagnosed in a young adult

Abstract A 21-year-old man developed non-bilious emesis and 40-pound weight loss over two months. Initial endoscopy revealed stomach distension and inability to advance beyond the first portion of the duodenum. He underwent exploratory laparotomy, which showed no clear cause of obstruction, and was transferred to a quaternary care pediatric hospital for further care. MRI showed high-grade proximal duodenal obstruction and a suspected duodenal web. Repeat endoscopy demonstrated a pinpoint hole in the proximal duodenum, confirming duodenal web. After endoscopic dilation, open duodenotomy with web lysis and closure in Heineke-Mikulicz fashion was performed. Post-operatively, the patient resumed a regular diet and had gained 50 pounds by his five-month follow-up visit. Predominantly diagnosed in infancy, duodenal web is an important cause of gastrointestinal obstruction with characteristic radiographic and endoscopic findings and should be considered in patients of all ages with unexplained proximal bowel obstruction.
Are the Industrial Countries under Siege

Driven by a sense of crisis, immigration has risen to the top of the industrial world’s political agenda. On both sides of the Atlantic, there are suggestions that the industrial states are under siege, and that drastic countermeasures are required to deter the invaders. A recent headline in The New York Times announced a “Post-war Peak in Refugees and Migrants”, and went on to proclaim in its second line, “People on the Move Tax Nerves and Resources”. (The New York Times, 31 March 1991: E3). In the 1980s, a leading American senator asserted that the United States had “lost control of its borders”, and that in the face of recurring flows of uninvited refugees, the American people suffered from “compassion fatigue”1.
The Green Bonding Hypothesis: How do Green Bonds Enhance the Credibility of Environmental Commitments?

This paper proposes and provides evidence on a green bonding hypothesis, where green bonds act as a commitment device that subjects firms to institutions holding them accountable to their environmental promises. I find that green-bond issuers face higher climate change risks and opportunities but fewer financial constraints than do traditional-bond issuers. Moreover, consistent with green bonds acting as a commitment device, green-bond issuers increase emissions-target achievements and face more media scrutiny when their target progress decreases after issuing green bonds. In additional analyses, I find that when a municipality issues green bonds, the issuer experiences a reduction in financing costs for both traditional and green bonds issued on the same day, consistent with green bonds being an environmental commitment for an entity, rather than a security-level commitment.
Dense Liquid Condensates Host the Nucleation of Tumor Suppressor p53 Fibrils

About half of human cancers are associated with mutations of the tumor suppressor p53. Gained oncogenic functions of the mutants have been related to aggregation behaviors of wild-type and mutant p53. The thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms of p53 aggregation are poorly understood. Here we find that wild-type p53 forms an anomalous liquid phase. The liquid condensates exhibit several behaviors beyond the scope of classical phase transition theories: their size, ca. 100 nm, is independent of the p53 concentration and decoupled from the protein mass held in the liquid phase. Thermodynamic analyses elucidate another unusual property of this liquid phase: lack of constant solubility. The nucleation of p53 fibrils deviates from the accepted mechanism of sequential association of single solute molecules. We find the liquid condensates serve as pre-assembled precursors of high p53 concentration that facilitate fibril assembly. Fibril nucleation hosted by precursors represents a novel biological pathway, which opens avenues to suppress protein fibrillation in aggregation diseases.
Microglia esprit de corps: Sharing the burden of eliminating toxic aggregates.

Microglia play critical roles in the defense against neurodegenerative diseases. In this issue of Cell, Scheiblich et al. focus on microglia that ingest toxic aggregates of α-synuclein, finding that α-synuclein-replete microglia exchange aggregates for healthy mitochondria via nanotube connections to unaffected microglia. This communication enables a shared approach to aggregates disposal while preserving the health of the microglial population.
What Is Lichenoid Dermatitis

Interface dermatitis refers to disorders in which the primary site of pathology is the interface between the epidermis and the dermis, that is, the dermo-epidermal junction. Interface dermatitis is divided into two subgroups: vacuolar and lichenoid. The prototype of lichenoid interface dermatitis is lichen planus (LP).
Why not interfere with nature

Advocates of an environmental ethic frequently claim that what makes an ethical theory truly and uniquely environmental is its commitment to the principle that environmental wholes such as species, ecosystems, and biotic communities are morally considerable. The prevailing view is that our primary duty towards these wholes is to respect their integrity, stability, and beauty, and that the best way to do this is to leave them alone, not interfere with them, and let nature follow its own course. But is that correct? Why should be refrain from interfering with nature?
Mathematical models of magnetospheric convection and its coupling to the ionosphere

The phrase ‘magnetospheric model’ can have several different meanings. Here I am using the term ‘model’ in the sense described by Parker (1968): “We construct idealized and simplified theoretical models for the purpose of demonstrating how the basic laws of physics lead to a certain observed effect.” A model in this sense is a solution of the equations that describe the system under consideration. Obtaining an exact solution of the equations governing a system as complex as the magnetosphere is clearly impossible, and to construct a theoretical model the equations must be simplified (often drastically) to the point of tractability. The aim is to isolate those aspects of the physical situation that are essential to the particular phenomenon one is attempting to understand. One thus proceeds by solving the basic equations under a variety of simplifying assumptions and noting what assumptions are required to reproduce the essential features of the phenomenon under study. Of course, no model will predict in precise quantitative detail all the features of the observations, but then our primary goal is understanding, not forecasting.
Variations in Mid-Continent Rift magma volumes consistent with microplate evolution

[1] Modeling of gravity data along the ~1.1 Ga failed Mid-Continent Rift System shows systematic patterns in magma volume between and along the rift's two arms. The volume of magma increases towards the Lake Superior region, consistent with magma flowing away from a hotspot source there. The west arm experienced significantly more magmatism. These patterns are consistent with a model in which the two rift arms acted as boundaries of a microplate. The volume of magma along the west arm increases with distance from the Euler pole, indicating that it acted essentially as a spreading ridge, whereas the much smaller magma volumes along the east arm are consistent with its acting as a leaky transform. This view of the rift system's evolution is compatible with the rift being part of an evolving plate boundary system rather than an isolated episode of midplate volcanism.
Visual deprivation upregulates extracellular matrix synthesis by chick scleral chondrocytes.

PURPOSE To characterize the cellular events responsible for the exaggerated ocular growth associated with experimental myopia in chicks, the accumulation and synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen were measured in the posterior sclera of control and form vision-deprived chick eyes. METHODS Buttons (10 mm) from the posterior sclera of control and deprived eyes were used for biochemical measurements of glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline to estimate proteoglycan and collagen accumulation, respectively. The synthesis of proteoglycan, collagen, total protein, and RNA were measured in cultures of scleral chondrocytes isolated from posterior scleral buttons of control and deprived eyes by measuring the specific incorporation of 35SO4, [3H]proline, [35S]methionine, and [5-3H]uridine, respectively. The relative rate of aggrecan precursor protein synthesis was measured in cultures of control and deprived chondrocytes using immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Form deprivation resulted in increased accumulation of proteoglycans but not collagen within the posterior sclera. In contrast, chondrocytes isolated from the posterior sclera of form-deprived eyes maintained elevated rates compared with controls of proteoglycan synthesis (+143%) and collagen synthesis (155%), as well as total protein synthesis (115%) and total RNA synthesis (44%). Because total protein synthesis was higher in cultures of deprived chondrocytes, the rate of aggrecan precursor protein synthesis, relative to total protein synthesis, was similar for both populations of cells. Pretreatment of scleral chondrocytes with actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, resulted in a 112% increase in the rate of proteoglycan synthesis by control chondrocytes, but had no significant effect on the rate of proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes isolated from form-deprived eyes. CONCLUSIONS Because proteoglycans accumulate within the posterior sclera of deprived eyes to a greater extent than collagen, yet form deprivation stimulates the synthesis of collagen and total protein as well as proteoglycans, these data suggest that collagen, and perhaps other scleral components, are selectively remodeled within the posterior sclera during the process of ocular elongation. Furthermore, experiments with actinomycin D suggest that the general upregulation observed in form-deprived chondrocytes may be due to the absence of a inhibitor normally present under conditions of form vision.
Do Auditors Allow Earnings Management When Audit Fees are Low

Much of the extant audit research focuses on the impact of excess audit fees paid to the auditors on earnings management. However, there is limited empirical evidence on whether auditors tolerate earnings management when audit fees are low, i.e., below the level of normal fees. Using a large sample representing post-SOX years 2004-2008, we first estimate abnormal (unexpected) audit fees as a residual from a regression of audit fees on several determinants of audit fees. Next, we run a regression of abnormal accruals and other measures of earnings management on abnormal audit fees and control variables. Our results consistently indicate that earnings management is significantly associated with negative abnormal audit fees. In other words, auditors appear to allow earnings management when audit fees are less than the expected fees. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to examine the relation between abnormal audit fees and the likelihood of fraudulent financial statements. Our findings have important implications for regulators, members of the audit committee, investors, and others.
Toward a resilient distribution system

Resiliency with respect to extreme events, such as a major hurricane, is considered one of the key features of smart distribution systems by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In this paper, approaches to resilient distribution systems are reviewed and analyzed. Three important measures to enhance resiliency, i.e., utilization of microgrids, distribution automation (DA), and vulnerability analysis, are discussed. A 4-feeder 1069-node test system with microgrids is simulated to demonstrate the feasibility of these measures.
Lesion size quantification in SPECT using learning vector quantizer

An artificial neural network has been developed to determine the size of cold lesions detected in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images. The neural network is Kohonen's learning vector quantizer (LVQI) and is trained to discriminate cold lesions of eight different sizes ranging from one to eight pixels in radius. The images generated for the study are simulated 64*64 SPECT images of a slice of an active cylinder with a nonactive cylindrical lesion. The authors present the proposed network and experimental results for two noise levels (50000 and 100000 counts/slice), showing the capability of such a network to determine quite accurately the size of detected abnormalities in SPECT images. >
The characterization of the fluorescence of l-histidine in simulated body fluid

Abstract In addition to being an essential natural amino acid, l -histidine is biologically important in the dismutation of superoxide radical (O2 −) by superoxide dismutase (SOD). In this work, fluorescence and absorptiometric techniques were used to characterize the photo-phenomenon and optical properties of this compound in a simulated body fluid (SBF). l -Histidine fluoresces at 360 nm when excited at 220 nm. Its molar absorptivity, ɛ, is 4.8 × 103 M−1 cm−1. The observed bimolecular quenching rate constant, kq, of 7.5 × 108 M−1 s−1, by hydrogen peroxide, suggests a non-diffusional activation-controlled mechanism with a rate constant, ka, of 8.55 × 108 M−1 s−1 and an electron transfer rate constant, kET of 6.06 × 108 s−1. The determined radiative and non-radiative rate constants, 4.73 × 107 and 2.9 × 108 s−1, respectively, suggests that the deactivation of the thermally excited l -histidine is by non-radiative route rather than by normal fluorescence, which accounts for the low quenching constant, KSV, of 2.22 M−1 that was obtained. The solvent reorganization energy, λs, and the reaction free energy change, ΔG, of 1.48 and −5.62 eV, respectively, suggest that the electron transfer reaction in the l -histidine–H2O2 reaction is through a solvent separated mechanism.
Temperature Dependence of Average Energy Per Pair in Semiconductor Detectors

An accurate measurement of the average energy lost by charged particles per hole-electron pair produced in semiconductor detectors as a function of temperature is desirable in view of the recently noted response of detectors at low temperatures. A simple model for the value of ?, the average energy per hole-electron pair, was proposed by Shockley in 1960. This model has been extended in the present work to predict temperature effects upon ?. Silicon and germanium lithium-drifted counters were designed and built for detecting 1 Mev electrons and/or 5.5 Mev alphas over a temperature range of 4°K to 300°K. Techniques and the necessary equipment to measure the charged produced from a single indident ionizing particle within 0.4% were developed. Data were taken for silicon and germanium detectors for temperature ranging from 20°K to 300°K. These data only qualitatively agree with the simple model. The evidence points to an additional effect over the ones invoked by Shockley. The room temperature values of ? for the silicon lithium-drifted counters observed in the present experiment agree with those for silicon surface barrier detectors which were recently published.
Value chain analysis using hybrid simulation and AHP

Abstract This paper presents a novel approach that integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique, system dynamics (SD), and discrete-event simulation (DES) to model the service and manufacturing activities of the global supply chain of a multinational construction equipment corporation. Hybrid SD–DES simulation models offer a practical approach to better model real-life systems and increase confidence in their outcomes. The DES models are developed using the supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model to guide the modeling process. Managers evaluate the competing decision alternatives based on the obtained simulation results of the hybrid models and other qualitative factors using group AHP analysis. This integration enables managers to utilize their own experiences, preferences and qualitative assessments which increases the level of their confidence in the decisions resulting in the maximization of shareholder value.
Endosomal damage and TLR2 mediated inflammasome activation by alkane particles in the generation of aseptic osteolysis

Abstract Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene is widely used as a bearing surface in prosthetic arthroplasty. Over time the generation of implant-derived wear particles can initiate an inflammatory reaction characterized by periprosthetic inflammation and ultimately bone resorption at the prosthetic bone interface. Herein we present evidence that the different sized particles as well as the different length alkane polymers generated by implant wear leads to a two component inflammatory response. Polymeric alkane structures, with side chain oxidations, directly bind and activate the TLR-1/2 signaling pathway. Whereas micron- and nanometer-sized particulate debris are extensively phagocyted and induce enlargement, fusion and disruption of endosomal compartments. The resulting lysosomal damage and subsequent enzymatic leakage induces the NALP3 inflammasome activation as determined by cathepsins S and B cytosolic release, Caspase 1 activation and processing of pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18. These two processes synergistically results in the initiation of a strong inflammatory response with consequent cellular necrosis and extracellular matrix degradation.
Dissociation of p44 and p42 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation from Receptor-induced Hypertrophy in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes (*)

In response to hormones and mechanical stretch, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes exhibit a hypertrophic response that is characterized by induction of cardiac-specific genes and increased myocardial cell size. Hypertrophic stimuli also activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), an enzyme thought to play a central role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. To determine if MAPK activation is sufficient for acquisition of the molecular and morphological features of cardiac hypertrophy we compared four agonists that stimulate G protein-coupled receptors. Whereas phenylephrine and endothelin transactivate cardiac-specific promoter/luciferase reporter genes, increase atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) expression, and promote myofilament organization, neither carbachol nor ATP induces these responses. Interestingly, all four agonists activate both the p42 and the p44 isoforms of MAPK. Furthermore, the kinetics of MAPK activation are not different for the hypertrophic agonist phenylephrine and the nonhypertrophic agonist carbachol. Transient transfection of myocytes with dominant-interfering mutants of p42 and p44 MAPK failed to block phenylephrine-induced ANF expression, although Ras-induced gene expression was inhibited by expression of the mutant MAPK constructs. Moreover, PD 098059, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase, blocked phenylephrine-stimulated MAPK activity but not ANF reporter gene expression. Thus, MAPK activation is not sufficient for G protein receptor-mediated induction of cardiac cell growth and gene expression and is apparently not required for transcriptional activation of the ANF gene.
And Prairie Dogs Weren't Kosher: Jewish Women in the Upper Midwest Since 1855

This book has its origins in an exhibition, Unpacking on the Prairie: Jewish Women in the Upper Midwest, which was organised by the Jewish Historical Society of the Upper Midwest and the Minnesota Historical Society and opened in October 1996. Research for the exhibition highlighted many first-person accounts and photographs from a phase of Jewish settlement in America that had been sparsely documented. Linking the personal and the historical, Linda Mack Schloff integrates oral accounts, diaries, letters, and autobiographies with original research and interpretation to present the little-known story of the Jewish experience in America's heartland. 'And Prairie Dogs Weren't Kosher' uses the voices of four generations of Jewish women who settled in Minnesota, the Dakotas, Iowa, and Wisconsin to show how they transported and transformed their cultural and religious life in a region inhabited by few Jews.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Adhesins

Adhesins are a group of proteins in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) that are involved in the attachment or colonization of this pathogen to abiotic (plastic or steel) and biological surfaces, such as those found in bovine and human intestines. This review provides the most up-to-date information on these essential adhesion factors, summarizing important historical discoveries and analyzing the current and future state of this research. In doing so, the proteins intimin and Tir are discussed in depth, especially regarding their role in the development of attaching and effacing lesions and in EHEC virulence. Further, a series of fimbrial proteins (Lpf1, Lpf2, curli, ECP, F9, ELF, Sfp, HCP, and type 1 fimbria) are also described, emphasizing their various contributions to adherence and colonization of different surfaces and their potential use as genetic markers in detection and classification of different EHEC serotypes. This review also discusses the role of several autotransporter proteins (EhaA-D, EspP, Saa and Sab, and Cah), as well as other proteins associated with adherence, such as flagella, EibG, Iha, and OmpA. While these proteins have all been studied to varying degrees, all of the adhesins summarized in this article have been linked to different stages of the EHEC life cycle, making them good targets for the development of more effective diagnostics and therapeutics.
Simulation of storm surge, wave, and coastal inundation in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico region during Hurricane Ivan in 2004

Abstract Hurricane-induced storm surge, waves, and coastal inundation in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico region during Hurricane Ivan in 2004 are simulated using a fine grid coastal surge model CH3D (Curvilinear-grid Hydrodynamics in 3D) coupled to a coastal wave model SWAN, with open boundary conditions provided by a basin-scale surge model ADCIRC (Advanced CIRCulation) and a basin-scale wave model WW3 (WaveWatch-III). The H∗wind, a reanalysis 10-m wind produced by the NOAA/AOML Hurricane Research Division (HRD), and a relatively simple analytical wind model are used, incorporating the effect of land dissipation on hurricane wind. Detailed comparison shows good agreement between the simulated and measured wind, waves, surge, and high water marks. Coastal storm surge along the coast is around 2–3 m, while peak surge on the order of 3.5 m is found near Pensacola, which is slightly to the east of the landfall location on Dauphin Island. Wind waves reach 20 m at the Mobile South station (National Data Buoy Center buoy 42040) on the shelf and 2 m inside the Pensacola/Escambia Bay. Model results show that wave-induced surge (total surge subtracted by the meteorologically-induced surge due to wind and pressure) accounts for 20–30% of the peak surge, while errors of the simulated surge and waves are generally within 10% of measured data. The extent of the simulated inundation region is increased when the effects of waves are included. Surge elevations simulated by the 3D model are generally up to 15% higher than that by the 2D model, and the effects of waves are more pronounced in the 3D results. The 3D model results inside the Pensacola/Escambia Bay show significant vertical variation in the horizontal currents. While the estuary has little impact on the surge elevation along the open coastal water, surge at the head of Escambia Bay is more than 50% higher than that at the open coast with 1.5 h delay.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF LIAGORA (NEMALIALES, RHODOPHYTA) AND NOTES ON LIAGORA FARINOSA LAMOUROUX

Two new species of Liagora (Rhodophyta) are described: one from Hawaii that is a shortseasonal annual, strongly gelatinous and soft and with little calcification; the other from Belize that is also gelatinous and soft but with moderate calcification. They are distinguished from each other on a number of internal features, chiefly differences in the development of sterile filaments below the gonimoblast. Liagora farinosa, the basionym of Ganonema farinosa of Fan & Wang is restored to Liagora because an examination of features upon which Ganonema was based demonstrates them to be variable and unsuitable for generic distinction. FEW GROUPS of red algae have shown themselves to be so poorly understood that transfers to other taxa are necessary in order to define one or another genus. Such is the case of species related to Liagora (Nemaliales) where six genera are now recognized where only Liagora was
The effect of a confining unit on the geochemical evolution of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system

In west-central Florida, sections of the Upper Floridan aquifer system range in character from confined to leaky to unconfined. The confining unit is the Hawthorn Formation, a clay-rich sequence. The presence or absence of the Hawthorn Formation affects the geochemical evolution of the ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system. Mass-balance and mass-transfer models suggest that, in unconfined areas, the geochemical reactions are dolomite dissolution, ion exchange (Mg for Na, K), sulfate reduction, calcite dissolution, and CO2 exchange. In the areas in which the Hawthorn Formation is leaky, the evolution of the ground water is accounted for by ion exchange, sulfate reduction, calcite dissolution, and CO2 exchange. In the confined areas, no ion exchange and only limited sulfate reduction occur, and the chemical character of the ground water is consistent with dolomite and gypsum dissolution, calcite precipitation, and CO2 ingassing. The Hawthorn Formation acts both as a physical barrier to the transport of CO2 and organic matter and as a source of ion-exchange sites, but the carbonate-mineral reactions are largely unaffected by the extent of confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer.
Cumulative distortion of judgment.

A method is proposed for investigating in the laboratory the development of progressively biased judgments over time. If each successive judgment applies a bias to the results of previously biased judgments, cumulative judgmental distortions of extreme magnitude result. Two-person groups judge the lengths of a set of recurring lines, and they are corrected after each judgment. Each correction contains a bias applied to Ss' previous judgment of the same line. After 30 test trials, Ss were overestimating lines by 300%. The importance of cumulative distortion in natural settings is discussed. It is further shown how different mechanisms for internalizing judgmental bias proposed by Kelman may be studied by the present method.
Microinstabilities in inhomogeneous mirror-contained plasmas: numerical results

Results are presented from studies of microinstabilities in a model mirror plasma. The model has a Gaussian density distribution of ions and electrons along a varying magnetic field, and a radial density gradient perpendicular to this field. Particles are contained self-consistently by a fictitious confining potential modelling mirror confinement. The ion velocity-space distribution is the finite-plasma equivalent of a Guest-Dory loss-cone distribution, and the electron distribution allows for finite-temperature effects, including Landau damping. Resonant and non-resonant loss-cone instabilities are discussed. It is found that resonant instabilities are stabilized when the plasma length is less than a critical length which is dependent upon electron temperature, but modes corresponding to flute modes in homogeneous plasmas (Dory-Guest-Harris and drift-cone) are found to remain unstable at all plasma lengths.
Migratory dynamics of stream‐spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.
Structural stability and renormalization group for propagating fronts.

A solution to a given equation is structurally stable if it suffers only an infinitesimal change when the equation (not the solution) is perturbed infinitesimally. We have found that structural stability can be used as a velocity selection principle for propagating fronts. We give examples, using numerical and renormalization group methods.
Synthesis, structural characterization and reactivity of heteroazuliporphyrins.

A series of hetero-azuliporphyrins have been prepared by the “3 + 1” variant on the MacDonald condensation. Azulitripyrranes with tert-butyl and phenyl substituents reacted with thiophene or selenophene dialdehydes in the presence of TFA to give, following an oxidation step, thia- and selena-azuliporphyrins in 45–55% yield. Two of these compounds gave crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic analysis and the data were consistent with the presence of a 17-atom delocalization pathway. The hetero-azuliporphyrins have significant diatropic character that is enhanced by the presence of an electron-donating tert-butyl substituent. The aromatic character is further increased in polar solvents such as DMSO, which are believed to stabilize dipolar resonance contributors with 18π electron delocalization pathways. Protonation also greatly increases the diatropic characteristics of these macrocycles. The porphyrinoids underwent an oxidative ring contraction with t-BuOOH–KOH to give moderate yields of benzoheterocarbaporphyrins. Reaction of azulitripyrranes with 2,5-furandicarbaldehyde afforded oxa-azuliporphyrins, a class of carbaporphyrinoids that had previously been inaccessible. These “missing links” in the study of heteroazuliporphyrins were isolated as the dihydrochloride salts. Protonated oxa-azuliporphyrins are stable aromatic compounds, but the free base forms underwent rapid decomposition in solution.
Pressure generation in melanosomes by subnanosecond laser pulses

We have computationally modeled the generation of high pressures in melanosomes resulting from the absorption of sub- nanosecond laser pulses. The melanosome is treated as a solid sphere characterized by a bulk modulus, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, and a uniform absorption coefficient. Using a series of partial differential equations to represent how the absorbed laser energy is converted to thermal and mechanical energy, we can calculate expected pressures resulting from laser pulses of any duration or fluence. We find that for the same fluence, the maximum pressure generated increases as the pulse duration decreases. For sub-nanosecond pulses, kilobar pressures can be generated inside the melanosome. We examine how the pressures that are generated depend on pulse characteristics and melanosome properties.
Sex Pheromone of the Fall Armyworm Moth: Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis

The sex pheromone of the female fall armyworm. Spodoptera furgiperda (J. E. Smith), was isolated and identified as cis -9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate. The chemical structure was verified by synthesis.
Assessing choice-making and preference in adults with profound mental retardation across community and center-based settings

We examined choice and preference in four adults with profound mental retardation within the context of a community-based and center-based location. Prior to the preference analysis, an independent selecting response was empirically assessed and validated for each adult. Results of the preference analysis showed that in the community site there was a higher cumulative frequency of choice-making responses towards beverages for all participants, and an indication of beverage preference for two of the four participants. Conversely, in the center-based setting, there were fewer responses made towards the beverages, and no indication of preference for any of the four adults. These results remained consistent during maintenance checks at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-intervention.
Application of the page survival index (PSI) to virtual-memory system performance

The Page Survival Index (PSI) was defined in a preceding paper where it was used to describe the behavior of individual programs running in a time sharing environment. Here we show how a system-wide value of PSI can be calculated on the fly by the operating system. This value can be used to estimate users' memory requirements and to control system performance by maintaining the proper multiprogramming level. Simulation results show that a scheduler based on these concepts can achieve significant improvements in system performance.
Nuclide parameters and S factors for 201Tl dosimetry estimates.

The mean numbers per disintegration, n, and equilibrium-dose constants ..delta.. for the various emissions of /sup 201/Tl were computed. The sums of the penetrating and nonpenetrating equilibrium-dose constants are 0.1931 and 0.0874 g rad/..mu..Ci h, respectively. The S factor, the value of that portion of the MIRD dose equation which is independent of biological distribution, was calculated for various combinations of target and source organs. (AIP)
Scholastic performance of children with sickle cell disease.

This article describes the scholastic performance of two groups of African American children with sickle cell disease: 17 with sickle cell anemia (SS), the most severe form, and 15 with sickle-C disease (SC), a less severe form. These two groups are compared to 34 healthy African American children with similar demographic characteristics. To determine scholastic performance, standardized reading and mathematics achievement test scores and school attendence were obtained. The conclusions drawn from these data reveal significant differences in reading, math, and school attendence of SCD children compared to healthy children. The healthy children's scores and attendence were better on both indicators. The most critical finding of the study shows that SC children, the ones with the less severe form of SCD, scored the poorest in reading and mathematics. As expected, the SS children had the most absences during a school year. The results of this descriptive study suggest that SCD children are at greater educati...
Locus of control and decision to abort.

The relationship of locus of control to deciding on an abortion was investigated by administering Rotters Locus of Control Scale to 118 women immediately prior to abortion and 2 weeks and 3 months following abortion. Subjects scores were compared across the 3 time periods and the abortion groups pretest scores were compared with those of a nonpregnant control group. As hypothesized the aborting group scored significantly more internal than the general population but no differences in locus of control were found across the 3 time period. The length of delay in deciding to abort an unwanted pregnancy following confirmation was also assessed. Women seeking 1st trimester abortions were divided into internal and external groups on the Rotter Scale and the lengths of delay were compared. The hypothesis that external scores would delay the decision longer than internal ones was confirmed. The results confirm characteristics of the locus of control construct and add information about personality characteristics of women undergoing abortion. (authors modified)
Implementation of education that is multicultural in early childhood settings: A case study of two day-care programs

An ethnographic case study of two mainstreamed, multicultural day-care centers was conducted over a school year. Children's responses to formal and informal curricula dealing with aspects of human diversity (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, and exceptionality) were analyzed, as were children's interaction patterns. Although both programs emphasized acceptance of individual differences, few planned activities dealt with race or cultural diversity. Programs were seen as more consistent with a human relations approach and not fully implementing education that is multicultural. The use of nonsexist language and nonbiased materials and teachers' attempts to prevent gender stereotyping were found to have positive, though limited, effects. Children at both centers appeared to accept their mainstreamed peers, with cross-ability interactions improving over the year. Issues in early childhood applications of education that is multicultural are discussed.
Surgical management of traumatic macular hole-related retinal detachment.

Purpose To investigate the clinical characteristics and surgical outcome of traumatic macular hole-related retinal detachment. Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods Eight eyes of eight patients with traumatic macular hole-related retinal detachment underwent vitrectomy combined with gas tamponade, either initially or subsequently. Anatomic re-attachment of the retina, closure of traumatic macular hole, and visual outcome were measured. Results Successful retinal re-attachment was achieved in seven eyes (87.5%), and the macular hole was successfully closed in all eyes (100%). Improved vision after the surgery was noted in five eyes (62.5%), whereas three eyes (37.5%) displayed no change. Conclusions Vitrectomy combined with gas tamponade appears to give an effective anatomic re-attachment rate for traumatic macular hole-related retinal detachment. The presence of peripheral retinal breaks, vitreous hemorrhage, or the extent of retinal detachment has no discernible significant influence on closure rate of macular hole and retinal re-attachment rate.
Radiation From High-Temperature Tokamak Plasmas

The basic concept of plasma confinement in tokamaks is discussed and illustrEtions of the typical temperatures and densities that can be obtained are presented. The roles of impurities both as sources of power losses and as plasma diagnostics are emphasized. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of spectral data to obtain impurity concentrations, the deleterious effects of heavy metals, forbidden transitions, and spectral excitation by charge echange reactions.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth hormone increases intracellular free calcium in rat adipocytes: correlation with actions on carbohydrate metabolism.

Adipocytes that have been preincubated for 3 h or more in hormone-free medium respond to GH with a transient insulin-like increase in glucose metabolism, followed by a period of refractoriness to further insulin-like stimulation. Adipocytes freshly isolated from normal rats and adipocytes that were exposed to GH in the first hour of a 4-h incubation period are refractory to this insulin-like effect. Because earlier studies revealed a relationship between refractoriness and cellular calcium, we examined the effects of GH on the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) under a variety of conditions in which sensitivity to insulin-like stimulation or refractoriness is known to be affected. A dual nitrogen laser imaging microscope with computer-assisted image processing to measure fluorescence changes in individual adipocytes loaded with fura-2 AM was used to measure [Ca2+]i. After prolonged incubation in vitro, resting [Ca+2]i was 120 +/- 6 nM and remained unchanged for more than 1 h after the addition ...
The role of nutrition in preventing prostate cancer: a review of the proposed mechanism of action of various dietary substances.

Abstract Background : Dietary modifications to prevent prostate cancer (PCa) continue to gain attention as research demonstrates that various dietary nutrients/supplements are related to decreased risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa). Several studies have focused on the antioxidant and nonantioxidant effects of various dietary substances in the prevention of PCa. Research into the mechanisms by which PCa is prevented, or its disease severity is reduced by dietary micronutrients and vitamins continues to enrich our understanding of the mechanisms by which PCa is initiated and progresses. Methods : We reviewed the literature on dietary nutrients with antioxidant properties that have been shown to have a positive effect in reducing the incidence or preventing the occurrence of PCa including carotenoids (e.g., lycopene), retinoids (e.g., vitamin A), vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, and polyphenols. Other nutrients examined included vitamin D and calcium. Results : Many dietary micronutrients have demonstrated significant and complex effects on PCa cell proliferation, differentiation, and signaling related to the initiation, progression, and regression of PCa. Conclusion : Understanding the mechanisms by which various dietary nutrients exert their effects on PCa may make it possible to design effective drugs for treating PCa and to promote better nutrition and lifestyle changes in those at risk for PCa.
Parainfluenza viral infections in children: correlation of shedding with clinical manifestations.

Children presenting with acute respiratory disease to a private group practice in the fall of 1975 were studied to: (1) evaluate the efficacy in a pediatric office of a simple technic of obtaining nasal washes for the diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infections and (2) to determine the quantities of virus shed in relation to clinical characteristics. The nasal wash technic proved feasible for an office or clinic. Parainfluenza virus type 1 was recovered from 26 (74%) of 35 children with croup and from 40 (56%) of the total 72 children presenting with any form of respiratory illness. Virus was recovered significantly more often from children with croup and from those of younger age. The mean quantity of virus in 26 nasal washes was 2.97 log 10 TCID 50 /ml. The shedding of greater quantities was correlated with younger age and the more frequent occurrence of laryngitis, pharyngitis, and fever.
Double-label autoradiography revisited: I. The 3H and 35S-system

The method of double-label autoradiography described by McConkey (Anal. Biochem. 1979, 96, 39--44) has been updated for the use of the commercial flour. EN3HANCE, and the Lodak films XAR and SB. Fore gels 0.8 mm thick, the input ratio of 3h dpm/35S dpm should be 11.1 and the second-stage authoradiogram should be exposed 5.9 × as long as the flurogram. For gels 0.4 mm thick, the input ratio of 3 dpm/ 35 dpm should be 5.3 and the second-stage autoradiogram should be exposed 3.1 × as long as the fluorogram.
A Method for Computing Leontief Multipliers from Rectangular Input—Output Accounts:

This paper develops an iterative method for computing Leontief multipliers for use in analyses of systems of national accounts. The algorithm entails a finite number of iterations using the row and column structure of the production accounts. It is particularly suitable for evaluating the multiplier effect of technological changes in the input–output coefficients of various industries.
Mechanical characterization of commercially made carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymethylmethacrylate

Acrylic bone cement is significantly weaker and of lower modulus of elasticity than compact bone. It is also weaker in tension than in compression. This limits its use in orthopedics to areas where tensile stresses were minimum. Many authors have shown that addition of small percentages of fiber reinforcement by hand mixing improved the mechanical properties significantly but with variable results. In this investigation we have examined the mechanical properties of machine-mixed, commercially available carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. Appropriate samples of normal low-viscosity cement and carbon-fiber-reinforced cement were prepared and tested mechanically. Carbon fiber increased the tensile strength and modulus by 30% and 35.8% respectively. The compression strength and modulus, however, increased by only 10.7%. Similarly, bending and shear strengths improved by 29.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Diametral compression strength, which is an indirect measure of tensile strength, however, showed only 6.2% improvement. The maximum temperature rise during polymerization was also reduced significantly by the fiber reinforcement.
Knowing loved ones' end-of-life health care wishes: attachment security predicts caregivers' accuracy

Objective—At times caregivers make life-and-death decisions for loved ones. Yet very little is known about the factors that make caregivers more or less accurate as surrogate decision makers for their loved ones. Previous research suggests that in low stress situations, individuals with high attachment-related anxiety are attentive to their relationship partners’ wishes and concerns, but get overwhelmed by stressful situations. Individuals with high attachment-related avoidance are likely to avoid intimacy and stressful situations altogether. We hypothesized that both of these insecure attachment patterns limit surrogates’ ability to process distressing information and should therefore be associated with lower accuracy in the stressful task of predicting their loved ones’ end-of-life health care wishes. Methods—Older patients visiting a medical clinic stated their preferences toward end-of-life health care in different health contexts and surrogate decision makers independently predicted those preferences. For comparison purposes, surrogates also predicted patients’ perceptions of everyday living conditions so that surrogates’ accuracy of their loved ones’ perceptions in nonstressful situations could be assessed. Results—Surrogates high on either type of insecure attachment dimension were less accurate in predicting their loved ones’ end-of-life health care wishes. Interestingly, even though surrogates’ attachment-related anxiety was associated with lower accuracy of end-of-life health care wishes of patients, it was associated with higher accuracy in the non-stressful task of predicting their everyday living conditions.