cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE VALIDITY OF GRAPHOANALYSIS: A REBUTTAL OF VESTEWIG AND MOSS' REJOINDER TO CRUMBAUGH'S REPLY TO "VALIDITY AND STUDENT ACCEPTANCE OF A GRAPHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY" '

tacked the present writer's statistical interpretations, which are herein defended. These authors have also attacked this writer's experimental conceptualizations, which are also defended. They have further argued against the presence of a built-in handicap of Graphoanalysts in the Vestewig, er of. experiment, interpreted as against graphology, which this writer shows to be an inadequate argument. The present writer (Crumbaugh, 1977) was unaware of Vestewig and Moss's rejoinder (1977) until conducting a review of the literature. While recognizing the counter-productiveness of debate ad infinitim even in a context of need for free expression of professional differences, some points in this issue merit further pursuit. 1. Vestewig and Moss claim that this writer has confused power of the measures involved with the size of sample needed for a statistically significant correlation between the measures; that in noting their small N as inadequate, the writer has confused power with the fact that N affects correlational significance. Actually it also affects power. While power can be increased at will by setting alpha so high that Type I errors make the instrument worthless for practical discrimination, power is still a function of several variables, including N. 2. They state, "Crumbaugh dismisses [failure to obtain trait-sign validation of Graphoanalysis] by the statement that other studies have also failed [in this respect]." Their defense here represents a misconceptualization of the application of experimental methodology (of which they also accuse the present writer), based in their case on apparent lack of understanding of graphological history and ideology. Historically the French schools of graphology have depended upon trait-sign validation, while the German schools have depended upon holistic hypotheses. The founder of Graphoanalysis, M. N. Bunker, incorporated features of both in such a way that, while trait-sign hypotheses are made, these hypotheses could all be false (although many studies suggest they are not) and stdl the holistic interpretations which are the basis of all clinical procedures could be true. Nonclinical people may find this difficult to understand, but clinicians will recognize the principle 'Correspond with James C. Crumbaugh, Ph.D. (Retired), at Tally Arms No. 32, Church and Sixteenth Streets, Gulfport, MS 39501.
Conductive-matrix-mediated alkaline Fe(III/VI) charge transfer: three-electron storage, reversible super-iron thin film cathodes.

An extended conductive matrix facilitates a 100-fold enhancement in charge storage for reversible Fe(III/VI) super-iron thin films. These films were deposited, by electrochemical reduction of Na2Fe...
Toward Strength and Stability Agent-Based Modeling of Infrastructure Markets

Complex Adaptive Systems (CASs) can be applied to investigate complex infrastructures and infrastructure interdependencies. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a new CAS-based approach to the construction of models. The CAS agents within the Spot Market Agent Research Tool (SMART) and Flexible Agent Simulation Toolkit (FAST) ABMs allow investigation of the electric power infrastructure, the natural gas infrastructure, and their interdependencies. The Swarm-based SMART models use sets of agents and interconnections to represent electric power and natural gas systems. A prototype virtual reality (VR) interface has also been constructed for a version of the SMART model. This tool is intended to explore the use of advanced interactive three-dimensional visualization in agent-based modeling. The Java-based FAST model is currently under construction. FAST is a complete redesign of the SMART models that includes improvements in the modeling environment, model detail, and representational fidelity. Developing ABMs is difficult but can be rewarding.
Effects of tumor growth on interleukins and circulating immune complexes. Mechanisms of immune unresponsiveness.

This study delineates the temporal relationship between immune complex formation and tumor growth, and provides one possible explanation for host immunosuppression during tumor growth. The authors have studied serial circulating immune complex (CIC) levels and interleukin (IL) elaboration by peripheral blood cells (IL-1 production by adherent mononuclear cells [AMC]; and IL-2 generation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC]) during the growth of syngeneic tumor isografts in an inbred rat model. Male Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) rats were injected, subcutaneously (SC) with 2 × 106 W163 (a dimethylhydrazine [DMH]-induced colon adenocarcinoma) cells into their hind limbs. Serial CIC levels, (measured by the antigen nonspecific polyethylene glycol turbidity assay) and IL-1 and IL-2 production were measured before isografting and weekly thereafter. Progressive local tumor growth occurred for 3 weeks followed by regional lymph node metastases during the fourth week. During local tumor growth, there was a progressive rise in CIC levels (123% rise compared with baseline value; P < 0.05) which correlated with a fall in both IL-1 and IL-2 generation (r = −0.768). At the time of regional metastasis, the mean CIC levels declined, and there was a further significant decrease in IL production (IL-1 = 0.9% and IL-2 = 10% of controls in tumor bearers). These results show that progressive tumor growth results in decreased IL production by host PBC, and suggest that CIC may be involved in regulating IL generation. Cancer 53:1373-1378, 1984.
A System Overview of Fastbus

FASTBUS is an emerging standard for a high-speed data acquisition bus designed to meet the requirements of the next generation of large-scale physics experiments. It incorporates several powerful features: a 32-bit address field; high speed (< 100 nsec) 32-bit data transfers; multiple bus segments permitting a high degree of independent and parallel activity; permits multiple controllers on a single segment; a protocol (uniform system-wide) with asynchronous handshaked operations to reliably accommodate different speed devices, but which also allows synchronous nonhandshaked operations for transferring blocks at maximum speed; the ability to broadcast commands from any point in the system to the whole system or to selected portions of it; and the ability to rapidly extract data from large, sparsely populated arrays. The paper describes these features in more detail and briefly reviews the present state of development of the standard.
Excitonic Effects on Optical Second-Harmonic Polarizabilities of Semiconductors

We present an ab initio many-body formalism for computing the frequency-dependent second-harmonic polarizability of semiconductor materials that includes both local-field and excitonic effects. We calculate the second-harmonic polarizability for AIP, AlAs, GaP, and GaAs. In each case, excitonic effects increase the value of the second-harmonic polarizability by about 20%.
A 300°C, SOI transimpedance amplifier with application to capacitive temperature sensing

This paper reports a high-temperature, wide gain-bandwidth SOI-CMOS transimpedance (R m ) amplifier that is well suited for application to MEMS-based impedance sensors. The amplifier was fabricated using a fully depleted 0.5-μm technology and achieves a gain-bandwidth of 8 MΩ by 1.2 MHz at room temperature while drawing 0.66 mW from a 3.3-V supply. Gain and bandwidth remain above 2 MΩ and 0.3 MHz, respectively, at all temperatures up to 300oC, while power consumption remains under 1 mW. Measured input-referred noise current is just 3.0 pA/√Hz at 100 kHz; consistent with simulation. The amplifier requires one off-chip capacitor but otherwise employs only CMOS transistors; die area is 8500 μm2. A novel temperature sensor was constructed using a MEMS-based capacitive strain sensor, which was glued to a 2-mil thick stainless steel (17-4-PH) base using high-temperature epoxy. The mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the two materials (∼8.7 ppm/°C) generates a sensor displacement when temperature is varied, which results in a capacitance change. An FEA model predicted that the structure can deliver a sensitivity of 10.7 μ-strain/oC, which produces a −1.12 fF/oC capacitance change in the strain sensor. The transimpedance amplifier was packaged in the same DIP as the capacitive temperature sensor; and this active sensor was stimulated using a 100 kHz, differential sinusoid and heated to temperatures as high as 250 °C. The amplified sensor output was measured using a spectrum analyzer, and the differential capacitance of the sensor was found to be +0.28 pF at room temperature, with a temperature coefficient of approximately −1 fF/oC, in good agreement with the predicted model.
Chemoreduction for retinoblastoma. Analysis of tumor control and risks for recurrence in 457 tumors.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate retinoblastoma control following chemoreduction. Design Interventional case series. Methods Prospective. Setting Single center trial. Patient population 457 retinoblastomas in 193 eyes of 125 patients. Nonrandomized, noncomparative study. Intervention All patients received intravenous vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin,. The tumors were managed with chemoreduction alone (group W) or chemoreduction combined with thermotherapy (group X), cryotherapy (group Y), or both thermotherapy and cryotherapy (group Z). Main outcome measure Tumor recurrence in each treatment group. Results Of 457 retinoblastomas, 63 (14%) were in group W, 256 (56%) in group X, 127 (28%) in group Y, and 11 (2%) in group Z. The tumor was located in the macula in 33 (52%) of group W, 109 (43%) of group X, 3 (2%) of group Y, and 9 (1%) of group Z. The mean tumor thickness at initial examination was 7 mm for group W, 4 mm for group X, 2 mm for group Y, and 3 mm for group Z. Using Kaplan-Meier estimates, recur-rence of the individual retinoblastoma at 7 years was found in 45% of group W and 18% for combined groups X, Y, and Z. Risk factors predictive of tumor recurrence by multivariate analysis included macular tumor location for all groups and additionally female gender for group W and increasing tumor thickness for groups X, Y, and Z. Conclusions Chemoreduction alone or combined with cryotherapy or thermotherapy is effective for treatment of retinoblastoma, but tumor recurrence rate is highest for those located in the macula and those with greater thickness.
Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder.

Objective No published studies have examined childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of abuse and neglect in individuals with this disorder.
Effect of interference from hemolysis, icterus and lipemia on routine pediatric clinical chemistry assays

Abstract Background : Clinical laboratory assays can be affected by interferents like hemoglobin (Hb), lipids and bilirubin. We evaluated the effect of these interferences on pediatric samples for different chemistry assays. Further we established cut-off indices above which these interferences confound sample results. Methods : Three separate serum pools were spiked with increasing concentrations of hemolysate or intralipid or bilirubin and different analytes were analyzed. The Hemolysis-(H), Lipemia-(T) and Icterus-(I) indices were measured on Vitros 5600. Analytes affected by lipemia were treated with LipoClear ® and re-analyzed. All the measured analytes were compromised by gross hemolysis (H-Index > 1000). Results : Except lipase and magnesium (Mg ++ ), all other analytes were affected by moderate (H-Index > 250) and significant hemolysis (H-Index > 500). Low estradiol levels showed a significant effect at severe icterus (I-Index > 20.0). C3, C4, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulins (Ig) and Vitamin D were significantly affected by moderate (T-Index > 100) and severe (T-Index > 500) lipemia. LipoClear ® treatment significantly attenuated the lipemic interference on the above analytes except for C3, C4, and IgG. Conclusions : Accurate reporting of pediatric samples for the analytes affected by common interferences will lead to better clinical interpretation.
Cost-effective approaches to the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of resistance.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) infects upwards of four million people in the US each year, of which 20% require subsequent hospitalisation. Consequently, it is a large contributor to excessive healthcare resource consumption and cost. Since the aetiology of CAP is not identified in a majority of patients, treatment is often empiric, aimed at the most common causes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and the atypical pathogens (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila). A variety of pharmaceutical agents exist for the treatment of CAP, most notably the cephalosporin and penicillin derivatives, the macrolide/azalide antibacterials, the newer tetracyclines, and most recently the respiratory fluoroquinolones. Choosing an agent is usually related to issues such as patient compliance, adverse event profiles, and the presence of resistance. Of these, resistance seems to be the main factor today. S. pneumoniae, the most common cause of CAP, is steadily acquiring resistance to a majority of the currently available antibacterials, thus further increasing costs due to prolonged hospitalisation, treatment of relapses and the use of more expensive antibacterials. Understanding and maximising the pharmacodynamic properties of the available antibacterials will not only prevent the emergence of resistance, thus prolonging their clinical utility, but also reduce the costs associated with treating the infection through rapid symptom improvement and earlier patient discharge. Numerous methods for reducing costs in patients with bacterial infections are documented in the literature and can be applied to CAP. Choosing monotherapy instead of combination therapy can reduce costs associated with the administration of the antibacterial. Agents with longer half-lives allow for once-daily administration, which in turn, leads to improved compliance, successful outcomes, and decreased costs. Administering antibacterials to maximise their pharmacodynamics, such as with continuous infusion of β-lactams, reduces the amount of drug needed in addition to savings associated with administration and supplies. Finally, transitioning patients to oral therapy as soon as they are clinically stable can significantly reduce the length of hospital stay, which is the major contributing factor of healthcare costs. The use of a clinical pathway in an institution is the most effective way to apply these cost-saving approaches in the treatment of CAP. These pathways should be specific to each institution, thus considering the resistance rates in the area and encouraging the use of the most active, cost-effective agents to produce rapid, positive clinical outcomes.
The Status Of Flash Radiography In The U.S.A. Today And Future Possibilities

A sample of presently employed flash x-ray generators is given including low-energy, commercially available systems and high-energy very specialized installations in government laboratories. These flash x-ray sources are compared as to radiographic characteristics. Imaging techniques and materials are surveyed and compared as to their advantages and limitations. A variety of applications of flash radiography are cited including explosive, ballistic, diffraction, crash injury, and fuel injection. Probable near term advances in special techniques are mentioned in cine radiography and film image enhancement. Possible future developments are speculated upon such as flash radiographic applications of computerized axial tomography. The recent recognition of flash radiography at professional society conferences is reviewed.
Simplification of real elementary functions

We describe an algorithm, based on Risch's real structure theorem, that determines explicitly all the algebraic relations among a given set of real elementary functions. We also provide examples from its implementation that illustrate the advantages over the use of complex logarithms and exponentials.
Visualization of anomalous penetrant transport in glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) utilizing high-resolution X-ray computed tomography

High-resolution X-ray computed tomography, a completely non-destructive technique that can be used to visualize features in the interior of opaque solids, was successfully adapted in a novel manner to examine the transport dynamics of methanol into glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) discs synthesized by an iniferter-mediated free radical polymerization. In addition to tracking methanol absorption and dimensional swelling, the time-dependent concentration profiles within the polymer disc were determined with higher resolution, lower scanning times, and no major geometry restrictions compared to previous state-of-the-art techniques. These profiles indicated non-Fickian transport behavior with sharp penetrant fronts and deviations from previously reported swelling profiles.
Opioid peptide identity and localization in hippocampus

The hippocampus contains three times as much dynorphin-17 immunoreactivity (ir) as enkephalin-ir. Hippocampal mossy fibers exhibit weak enkephalin and strong dynorphin immunostaining. Intrahippocampal colchicine injections, which selectively destroy dentate granule cells, reduce enkephalin-ir and dynorphin-ir in mossy fibers. Intraventricular kainic acid, which causes degeneration of CA3-4 pyramidal cells, results in increased enkephalin immunostaining in mossy fibers. The enkephalin-ir cells and fibers of the entorhinal cortex which innervate the hippocampus and dentate gyrus do not contain dynorphin-ir.
A return mapping algorithm for isotropic elastoplasticity

A return mapping algorithm is presented for the numerical time integration of the constitutive equations for elastoplasticity with isotropic yield surfaces, constructed from all three invariants of the stress tensor. Based on the first-order backward Euler difference formula (BDF), the governing equations for the stresses are solved in the space of the invariants and the discretized persistence parameter. The stresses are recovered afterwards. The solution concept is applied to a pressure-independent yield function, expressed in terms of the second and third invariant of the stress tensor. The numerical performance of the method is demonstrated with two examples.
The influence of workload and civility of treatment on the perpetration of email incivility

We conducted an experiment to examine incivility perpetration in email.We manipulated workload and received civility.Participants perpetrated more incivility under high (vs. low) workload.Participants perpetrated more incivility in response to uncivil (vs. civil) emails.The most incivility was seen in responses to uncivil emails under high workload. The consequences of experienced incivility at work are well documented. However, less is known about causal factors of incivility. Using an experimental design, we investigated the causal effects of workload (high vs. low) and civility of initial treatment (civil vs. uncivil) on the perpetration of incivility in emails. Given the prevalence of e-mail as a form of communication in office environments, and the high possibility of misattributions of sender intent through this medium, it is important to understand how incivility might manifest and be perpetrated through email. Our outcome measure of interest was independently-rated civility of response emails. We expected participants to respond with more incivility to uncivil (vs. civil) stimuli; that those with high (vs. low) workloads would perpetrate more incivility; and that high workload would exacerbate the effect of received civility on the incivility of email responses. All of our hypotheses were supported. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Physics of atomic collisions in retrospect

The classic work by Mott and Massey, in which the scope of the physics of atomic collisions was defined, was published about 65 years ago. Since then, this field has undergone considerable development. In fact, all the theoretical methods named by Mott and Massey have been implemented to some extent. As for experiment, the measurements performed, which are differential with respect to several parameters, have provided for reliable testing of the mechanisms proposed. The physics of atomic collisions has been developed to the point that we can look back on the road taken and discover many achievements which have promoted its development. Progress in science is usually associated with highly concentrated efforts on the part of a critical number of investigators to solve a specific problem, which is widely regarded as being of great importance. Such a “breakthrough” is usually followed by rapid development of the field. In this respect, the physics of atomic collisions is no exception. It has known periods of highly concentrated efforts aimed at solving specific problems and breakthroughs followed by rapid development and subsequent periods of stagnation. The cycles have repeated: a new area for concentrated efforts is discovered, a breakthrough occurs, and a new concept is established. Some of these cycles are analyzed from the standpoint of their significance to atomic physics as a whole.
Genome-wide association study of bone mineral density in premenopausal European-American women and replication in African-American women.

Context: Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to identify genes contributing to bone mineral density (BMD), typically in samples of elderly women and men. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify genes contributing to BMD in premenopausal women. Design: GWAS using the Illumina 610Quad array in premenopausal European-American (EA) women and replication of the top 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for two BMD measures in African-American (AA) women. Subjects: Subjects included 1524 premenopausal EA women aged 20–45 yr from 762 sibships and 669 AA premenopausal women aged 20–44 yr from 383 sibships. Interventions: There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measures: BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Age- and weight-adjusted BMD values were tested for association with each SNP, with P values determined by permutation. Results: SNPs in CATSPERB on chromosome 14 provided evidence of association with femoral neck BMD (rs1298989, P = 2.7 × 10−5; rs1285635, P = 3.0 × 10−5) in the EA women, and some supporting evidence was also observed with these SNPs in the AA women (rs1285635, P = 0.003). Genes identified in other BMD GWAS studies, including IBSP and ADAMTS18, were also among the most significant findings in our GWAS. Conclusions: Evidence of association to several novel loci was detected in a GWAS of premenopausal EA women, and SNPs in one of these loci also provided supporting evidence in a sample of AA women.
Suppression of splenic macrophage functions following acute morphine action in the rat mesencephalon periaqueductal gray.

Abstract Morphine action in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter of the mesencephalon suppresses T cell proliferation and NK cell activity through actions at μ opioid receptors. We investigated the effect of acute microinjection of morphine in the rat PAG on macrophage function. We found that morphine injection in the PAG significantly (p
The Nature and Measurement of Marketing Productivity in Consumer Durables Industries: A Firm Level Analysis

Improving productivity is a major concern in American industry. Efforts to enhance marketing productivity have been hampered by a lack of a clear conception of what constitutes productivity in the marketing area and an associated absence of standards or benchmarks with which to compare a firm’s performance and costs. In this paper a concept of marketing productivity is presented. The PIMS data base is then used to develop situation specific benchmarks for the consumer durables industries. Reliability and validity tests of the benchmarks are presented and the managerial implications of this approach are discussed.
Children’s unit concepts in measurement: a teaching experiment spanning grades 2 through 5

We examined ways of improving students’ unit concepts across spatial measurement situations. We report data from our teaching experiment during a six-semester longitudinal study from grade 2 through grade 5. Data include instructional task sequences designed to help children (a) integrate multiple representations of unit, (b) coordinate and group units into higher-order units, and (c) recognize the arbitrary nature of unit in comparison contexts and student’s responses to tasks. Our results suggest reflection on multiplicative relations among quantities prompted a more fully-developed unit concept. This research extends prior work addressing the growth of unit concepts in the contexts of length, area, and volume by demonstrating the viability of level-specific instructional actions as a means for promoting an informal theory of measurement.
Learning How to Listen: Kroncong Music in a Javanese Neighborhood

ABSTRACTIn this article I consider several weeks of music rehearsals that took place in an urban neighborhood in the Indonesian city of Yogyakarta. The music “rehearsed” by a group of men is kroncong; an urban folk music incorporating a string band, flute, vocals and sometimes a keyboard that in Indonesia dates to the arrival of the Portuguese and the establishment of urban enclaves of traders and slaves in the sixteenth century along the north coast of Java. The melancholy and other historically anchored sensorial sentiments evoked by the totality of sound and image that comprises the songs, as well as the activities and associations that go into making kroncong music, are referred to as kroncong sensibilia. The discussion of sensibilia follows an analytical path that begins with the poetics of the musical genre and moves on to an examination of the politics of kroncong sensibilia in a particular context of social relations. For the Javanese men of the neighborhood, the making of kroncong music was at on...
X-ray edges of superconducting metals.

The existence of the energy gap in the excitation spectrum of superconducting electrons prevents the excitation of an infinite number of low-energy quasiparticles, i.e., prevents the infrared catastrophe. The ground states of the conduction electrons with and without the presence of an impurity potential are no longer orthogonal. Effects on x-ray edges and x-ray photoemission spectra of superconducting metals are discussed. It appears that all the edges are divergent in the limit of infinite hole lifetime and that the photoemission spectra become discrete, reflecting the fact that the quasiparticles in superconductors have finite minimum energy.
Platinum Condensation on MgO Grain Boundaries

Exposed to Pt-saturated air, the surface of MgO crystals becomes spotted with metallic Pt crystals. The Pt is found concentrated along the interfaces between MgO crystals.
Minimum-bandwidth discrete-time wavelets

In this paper we present a class of minimum-bandwidth, discrete-time orthonormal wavelets (MBDTWs). The wavelets were generated via the filter bank framework and were optimized using the global optimization technique, adaptive simulated annealing (ASA). The objective function is the average normalized bandwidth of the wavelets over all scales as obtained from the filter bank structure. We tabulate the wavelet-defining low-pass filter coefficients {g(n)} for filter lengths of N=4,8,10,12,14,16,18,24 and 32 and for L=2,3 and 4. We provide comparisons with Daubechies’ discrete wavelets and other classes of optimum wavelets. Finally, we present examples that demonstrate the advantage of our MBDTWs for certain narrowband applications: de-noising of an ECG signal, and compression of an ECG signal and a bird call signal. We compare the performance of our wavelets in these examples with that of Daubechies’ least-asymmetric wavelets which are closest to the MBDTWs with respect to our bandwidth measure.
TH2 cells in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling: regulatory T cells a plausible panacea for asthma.

T-helper type 2 (TH2) cells are one of the hallmarks of airway remodeling. The daunting task of regaining tolerance will be to regulate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and remodeling in chronic asthma by balancing the ballet of TH1 and TH2 cells. The mechanism of tolerance appears to be modulated by a specialized subset of T cells called regulatory T cells (Tregs). Currently there are six subtypes of Tregs including CD4+CD25+ naturally occurring (N-Tregs), inducible naive CD4+CD25−T cells (TR1), TR1 memory phenotype, T-helper type 3 (TH3), CD4−CD25+DX5+ natural killer T cells (TRNKT), and CD4−CD25+CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (TRCTC). The development of Tregs is controversial as to whether they occur in the thymus or peripheral lymphoid tissue. Studies have shown that N-Tregs are generated in the thymus and TR1 cells occur in the periphery. Nevertheless, Tregs express an arsenal of molecular membrane markers: CD3, CD25, CD62L, CD69, BTLA, GITR, ICOS, Neuroplin-1 (Nrp-1), and PD-1. However, the most definitive marker is Forkhead Winged-Helix Transcriptional Factor Box p3 (Foxp3). The suppression of N-Tregs occurs by cell-to-cell contact, and low levels of IL-10 and moderate levels of TGF-β, but the primary mechanism involves the sequestration and activation of neighboring naive CD4+CD25−T cells to become TR1 cells. In contrast, TR1 cells exert their suppressive properties by copious secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β. These suppressive mechanisms occur by the inhibition of IL-2 production and the promotion of cell cycle arrest. The development of this specialized subset of T cells is an enigma, but their understanding will provide a plausible panacea for asthma.
Was that the Rubicon, Lethe, or Styx we just crossed? Access conditions for e-content

The article is an examination of several access conditions for scholarly content that may have been affected when content became digital. Business models, pricing schemes, license terms, dissemination systems, and discovery and presentation systems are access conditions. The right of first sale is in grave danger, not because of any legal or public policy attacks, but because of changes in the nature of packaged information goods. Although no technological imperative necessitates such a shift, fair use is in danger of being transformed from a legal concept to a technological algorithm.
Crystal structure of the self-complementary 5'-purine start decamer d(GCACGCGTGC) in the A-DNA conformation. II.

The crystal structure of the alternating 5'-purine start decamer d(GCGCGCGCGC) was found to be in the left-handed Z-DNA conformation. Inasmuch as the A.T base pair is known to resist Z-DNA formation, we substituted A.T base pairs in the dyad-related positions of the decamer duplex. The alternating self-complementary decamer d(GCACGCGTGC) crystallizes in a different hexagonal space group, P6(1)22, with very different unit cell dimensions a = b = 38.97 and c = 77.34 A compared with the all-G.C alternating decamer. The A.T-containing decamer has one strand in the asymmetric unit, and because it is isomorphous to some other A-DNA decamers it was considered also to be right-handed. The structure was refined, starting with the atomic coordinates of the A-DNA decamer d(GCGGGCCCGC), by use of 2491 unique reflections out to 1.9-A resolution. The refinement converged to an R value of 18.6% for a total of 202 nucleotide atoms and 32 water molecules. This research further demonstrates that A.T base pairs not only resist the formation of Z-DNA but can also assist the formation of A-DNA by switching the helix handedness when the oligomer starts with a 5'-purine; also, the length of the inner Z-DNA stretch (d(CG)n) is reduced from an octamer to a tetramer. It may be noted that these oligonucleotide properties are in crystals and not necessarily in solutions.
Combined effects of hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy and adriamycin in a murine tumor model.

Hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy (HpD-PT) is currently being used experimentally in the treatment of various malignancies. The effectiveness of HpD-PT appears to be limited to superficial malignancies because of its inability to penetrate more than 0.5-1 cm. The mechanism of action has been demonstrated to result from the formation of toxic singlet oxygen and other oxygen radicals. Preliminary work suggested that the addition of other chemical agents known to produce toxic oxygen radicals may enhance the effect of HpD-PT. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effectiveness of HpD-PT in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma with and without Adriamycin. Tumor kill was estimated by calculating the area of necrosis on photomicrographic sections. From this area, a radius of tumor necrosis was determined and compared among various control and experimental groups. HpD-PT was effective in this model when compared to control groups (radius of necrosis 3.79 +/- 0.97 mm vs. 2.60 +/- 1.26 mm, P less than .05). The addition of Adriamycin significantly increased the radius of necrosis when compared to HpD-PT (4.57 +/- 1.70 mm vs. 3.69 +/- 0.97 mm, P less than .01). From this work we conclude that HpD-PT demonstrates effective tumor killing in this murine model. The addition of Adriamycin significantly increased tumor kill.
Of 'science and liberty': the scientific instruments of King's College and eighteenth century Columbia College in New York.

A measure of the interest in and extent of science teaching in colonial American colleges may be judged to a large degree by their investment in scientific instruments and apparatus. Fairly adequat...
On Modelling the Long Run in Applied Economics

Every month or so any developed economy will produce large quantities of data which attempt to summarise the major features of the macro economy. The process that generates this data will be called the data generating process (DGP). The fact that new data keeps appearing will be taken to be sufficient evidence that the DGP exists and thus can be studied. I will assume that the objective of theoretical macroeconomics and of macroeconometrics is to determine the DGP, or at least segments of it. However, the actual economy appears to be very complicated, partly because it is the aggregation of millions of non-identical, non-independent decision-making units, such as households, corporations, and various financial and government institutions (cross-sectional aggregation). A further practical problem is that the observation period of the data does not necessarily match the decision making periods (temporal aggregation). It can be argued that even though the quantity of data produced by a macroeconomy is quite large, it is still quite insufficient to capture all of the complexities of the DGP. The modelling objective has thus to be limited to providing an adequate or satisfactory approximation to the true DGP. Hopefully, as modelling technology improves and data increases, better approximations will be achieved, but actual convergence to the truth is highly unlikely. It is interesting to compare the situation in macroeconomics with that in some parts of finance, where the amounts of data is truly immense, relative to the previous experience of econometricians, whereas financial theory suggests that the DGP will be uncomplicated. Even here, surprises can occur when the data are analysed. Partly due to actuality of aggregation the macro economy is either stochastic or, if deterministic, it is of such a form that is most effectively described and investigated using probabilistic concepts. It follows, I believe, that methods based specifically on chaos will not have an advantage over truly stochastic methods, although this by no means eliminates the use of non-linear stochastic models (see Granger (I 994)). Even at this early stage of consideration it is possible to get into discussions of philosophical questions, such as: does probability exist, is it different from randomness, does the DGP exist, and so forth. Some of these questions are interesting and perhaps even important but I doubt if they are of immediate relevance to applied economics. To wait for their resolution would paralyse all modelling activity and I suspect that whatever final solution is eventually agreed upon will have virtually no impact on every-day applied work. As concentration is being given to modelling the long-run this means that
Quantum Field Theories with Shadow States. I. Soluble Models

To construct a finite local relativistic quantum field theory we may introduce an indefinite-metric vector space, but then to avoid conflict with unitarity we must consider only a selected subset of states to be physical. The remaining states participate in the dynamics but are not among the complete set of physical states as far as probability interpretation is concerned. These states are called shadow states. The $S$ matrix should be unitary when restricted to the physical states. In this paper we formulate and solve several simple models of field theories with shadow states and demonstrate the manner in which shadow states influence the dynamics and the structure of the scattering amplitude. The choice of a standing-wave boundary condition for the shadow states is shown to be completely consistent with the physical description of the scattering process in terms of wave packets. These methods are adapted to the study of low-energy pion-nucleon scattering in the following paper.
Comparison of Fish Catches with Buoyant Pop Nets and Seines in Vegetated and Nonvegetated Habitats

Abstract Two models of pop nets were developed to sample fish in shallow riverine waters, one for use in vegetated areas and the other for nonvegetated areas. Both nets have a mechanical release mechanism that can be tripped from the water surface. Replicated field tests were conducted to compare pop-net catches with bag-seine collections every 2 weeks from May through mid-October. Overall, total catch per effort did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) between the two gears at either the vegetated or nonvegetated site. However, collections with the pop net were not as diverse as with the seine at either sampling site, perhaps because the area sampled by pop nets (5.6 m2) was smaller than the area swept by the average seine haul (70-140 m2). The pop net effectively sampled fish in shallow nonvegetated habitats and was useful in heavily vegetated areas where seining or electroshocking was difficult.
On the incorporation of fluorine into the manganese spinel cathode lattice

Abstract A series of spinel oxy-fluorides with the formula LiMn1.8Li0.1Ni0.1O4 − ηFη have been synthesized by both the conventional high-temperature (800 °C) firing method with LiF and a low temperature (450 °C) firing process with NH4HF2. Interestingly, the samples obtained by the high temperature (800 °C) procedure show no fluorine in the sample as revealed by the chemical analysis data, but an increase in lattice parameter and capacity values was observed due to a decrease in lithium content caused by the volatilization of LiF during the high temperature (800 °C) firing process. In contrast, the low-temperature fluorine doping approach was successful in incorporating fluorine into the spinel lattice, and the sample LiMn1.8Li0.1Ni0.1O3.85F0.15 exhibits a significant increase in discharge capacity compared to the oxide analog.
New methods to model light scattering by inhomogeneous and non-spherical particles

Understanding light scattering by inhomogeneous non-spherical particles is crucial to model light transport in biological tissues. However, an analytical technique that could allow such analysis has not been developed. We present a novel analytical approach that may enable accurate modeling of light scattering by highly inhomogeneous and non-spherical particles.
Selection of the dominant follicle in cattle and horses

The nature of selection of the dominant follicle is reviewed by comparing research results between cattle and horses. In both species, emergence of a follicular wave is stimulated by an FSH surge. The surge reaches a peak by the time the follicles attain 4 mm in diameter in cattle and 13 mm in mares. In cattle, all of the growing follicles >/=5 mm contribute to the decline in FSH concentrations. However, the declining FSH concentrations are still needed by the growing follicles. Several days after the peak of the FSH surge and emergence of the wave, the two largest follicles reach means of 8.5 and 7.7 mm in cattle and 22 and 19 mm in horses. At this approximate time, the follicles begin to undergo deviation in follicle diameters, which is characterized by continued growth of the largest follicle to become the dominant follicle and reduced or terminated growth of the remaining follicles to become subordinate follicles. In both species, on average, the future dominant follicle emerges before the future largest subordinate follicle, and the two follicles grow in parallel until deviation. The difference in diameter between the two largest follicles at the beginning of deviation is equivalent in growth to approximately 8 h in cattle and 24 h in mares. Apparently, this is adequate time for the largest follicle to establish the deviation process before the second-largest follicle reaches a similar diameter. During this time, the largest follicle plays the primary role in further suppressing circulating FSH concentrations to below the requirements of the smaller follicles, which causes their regression. The follicle-produced FSH suppressants appear to be estradiol and inhibin. In addition to enhancing its FSH-suppressing ability, the largest follicle also develops the ability to utilize the reduced concentrations of FSH for its continued growth. It is therefore postulated that the essence of selection of a dominant follicle in these two species is a close two-way functional coupling between changing FSH concentrations and follicle growth and development. Elevated concentrations of circulating LH encompass deviation in both species and may play a role in continued growth of the largest follicle. It is not known if LH begins to be utilized by the largest follicle before, at, or after the beginning of diameter deviation. However, results of studies in mares suggested that LH does not influence growth of the dominant follicle until after the beginning of deviation.
Women in advertisements in medical journals

To determine the images of women in picture advertisements, a stratified random sample of 32 medical journals, representing approximately 12% of medical journals published in the United States that are directed toward physicians in clinical practice, was subjected to content analysis. The sample consists of 209 different ads. The subjects of the ads included men, women, and children representing a variety of ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups. Notable, however, was the preponderance of Caucasian males pictured as physicians and the absence of women and people of color in this role. Women are pictured as 68.1% of consumers and men as 31.9%, a significant difference. Statistically significant differences also occur in the images of men and women as consumers. Most of the workers are men (68.2%), another significant difference. When women depicted are workers, they are secretaries and waitresses. Portrayals of women in medical advertisements continue to be stereotyped and outdated.
Direct DNA injection into mouse tongue muscle for analysis of promoter function in vivo

The striated muscle of the tongue provides a readily accessible site for the introduction of DNA expression vectors. Parameters were established to use the striated muscle of the tongue as a model system for the examination of gene expression following the direct injection of DNA constructs bearing gene promoter sequences controlling the expression of reporter genes. Plasmid expression vectors were used that contained either constitutive or muscle-specific promoters directing the transcription of reporter genes. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), luciferase, and β-galactosidase (lacZ) were used as the reporter genes to detect the promoter-specific expression of the injected DNA. The expression of the injected plasmids was directly correlated with the mass of injected DNA and the time of incubation following the injection. Maximal levels of reporter gene expression were observed seven days after the injection, and the expression was maintained for more than two months following injection. Simultaneous injection of two individual expression vectors bearing either CAT or luciferase reporter genes resulted in a dose-dependent level of expression for each of the plasmids. The linearity of the coexpression provided a means to normalize DNA uptake and analyze promoter efficiency. The troponin C-fast enhancer linked to its own promoter directed significantly more CAT expression than an enhancerless SV40 promoter-CAT plasmid, demonstrating that different promoter strengths could be determined in the mouse tongue muscle in vivo. This model system represents a convenient means to approach the functional analysis of muscle gene promoters in vivo.
Transitions to sustainability: a change in thinking about food systems change?

In the present context of intertwined and intensifying economic, environmental and climate challenges and crisis, we need to enlarge our thinking about food systems change. One way to do so is by considering intersections between our longstanding interdisciplinary interest in food and agriculture and new scholarship and practice centered on transitions to sustainability. The general idea of transition references change in a wide range of fields and contexts, and has gained prominence most recently as a way to discuss and address sustainability challenges. To explore connections to food systems change, I highlight two broad approaches in the sustainability transitions research field. First is a multi-level perspective that examines sustainability innovation pathways and second is a social practices approach that illuminates the possibilities (or not) for shifts in normal everyday routines and practices. Taken together, these approaches offer different and useful ways to think about the dynamics, durability and significance of innovations in food and agriculture, and the part they play in transitions to sustainability. Numerous opportunities exist to forge more productive links between work on food systems change and the broad and growing sustainability transitions field. First, our research and practice insights about the importance of politics, governance, values and ethics in food and agriculture could help to strengthen the sustainability transitions field, which initially underplayed such questions. Second, the sustainability transitions field’s implicit systems sensibility and its futures orientation could help to widen the scope of inquiry and the contribution to policy and planning of research and practice on food systems change.