cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenylacetate pharmacokinetics based on iterative two-stage population analysis.

Study Objective. To determine the population pharmacokinetics of phenylacetate using iterative two-stage analysis implemented with ADAPT II software. Setting. United States government research hospital. Design. Retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis. Subjects. Sixty-seven patients with refractory solid tumors. Intervention. Subjects received from 1-10 courses/individual (total 141 courses) of therapy with either twice-daily administration or continuous infusions of phenylacetate. Measurements and Main Results. Extensive plasma concentration measurements were performed after the initial dose or start of infusion, with sparse sampling during subsequent courses of therapy Phenylacetate plasma concentration-time profiles were described by a one-compartment, capacity-limited clearance model with incorporation of parameters to describe extent of induction of clearance and the rate of induction. Median estimates for volume of distribution, maximum rate of drug elimination, Michaelis-Menten constant, and induction factor, and rate of onset of induction of drug clearance were 0.33 (0.26, 0.48) L/kg, 21.8 (16.3, 28.0) mg/kg/hour, 94.6 (48.8, 153.0) mg/L, 1.28 (1.06, 1.66), and 0.0038 (0.0019, 0.0058) hour -1 , respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study are similar to previous pharmacokinetic evaluations using the Abbottbase PKS system but suggest that earlier analyses were suboptimal.
Timeout: Guidelines for Its Selection and Use.

This article focuses on the use of “timeout” as a classroom behavior modification technique, examining whether or not the counselor should suggest its use in a given situation and how to insure its maximal effectiveness once it has been chosen as an appropriate procedure. The authors present some questions to be considered when deciding whether or not to use timeout and give guidelines for its best use. The questions and guidelines are presented in a flow chart format in order to facilitate easy and quick use by practitioners.
Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation registry success, fluoroscopy time, and complication rate for supraventricular tachycardia: comparison of early and recent eras.

Ablation Outcomes for Supraventricular Tachycardia.Introduction: To assess changes of success rate, fluoroscopy time, and complication rate for six supraventricular tachycardia pathways/mechanisms, data from the Pediatric Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Registry were grouped into two eras (1991–1995; 1996–1999). Methods and Results: Data from the early era and the late era were compared using the Chi-square test for the outcomes of success rate and complication rate and using the Student's t-test for the outcome of mean fluoroscopy time. In the Registry as a whole, ablation failure rates fell from 9.6% in the early era to 4.8% in the recent era, a reduction of 50% overall. Improved success rates were found for posterior septal, right free-wall, and left free-wall pathways and for AV nodal reentry, whereas anterior septal pathways and atrial ectopic-focus tachycardia did not show improvement. Mean fluoroscopy time overall decreased 21% from 50.9 ± 39.9 minutes to 40.1 ± 35.1 minutes. Individually, the improvement in fluoroscopy time was found for all but the atrial ectopic-focus tachycardia mechanism. The complication rate decreased from 4.2% to 3.0%, with significant decreases for left free-wall and posterior septal pathways. Conclusion: Patient selection strategies to optimize radiofrequency ablation outcomes in children, which have been based on the previously published Registry data, should be reconsidered in light of these new, updated data. The lack of uniform improvement provides the impetus for further research and development of new approaches and technologic advances so that further improvement can be achieved.
HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON MAMMARY TUMORS OF THE RAT II. RETARDATION OF GROWTH OF A TRANSPLANTED FIBROADENOMA IN INTACT FEMALE RATS BY STEROIDS IN THE ANDROSTANE SERIES

Many members of the androstane series profoundly retarded the growth of a transplanted benign mammary fibroadenoma of the rat; the restraint of tumor growth was in direct proportion to the amount of the administered compound until its maximal effect was achieved. Certain steroids closely related to the androstane inhibitors accelerated the growth of the tumor. These effects of divergent sort depend on the molecular structure of the steroid. The molecular structure of androstane derivatives, which is of high significance in modifying the rate of growth of the benign mammary tumor, consists of multiple components. These include (a) the presence and number of ketone and hydroxyl groups in special orientation at specific sites, (b) the sites of dehydrogenation in the molecule, and (c) the presence, number, and state of hydrogenation of alkyl groups at designated molecular positions. These multiple factors determine whether androstane compounds will inhibit growth of the tumor, enhance it, or fail to influence its growth. The androstane compounds which caused either the restraint or the promotion of tumor growth had the common property of inducing proliferation of the normal mammary epithelium. Two mechanisms are involved in the restraint of growth of mammary fibroadenoma by androstane inhibitors. The primary effect is the abolition of action of phenolic estrogens and progesterone when dihydrotestosterone is administered concurrently, presumably through direct action at the tumor cell level A secondary contributory suppressive effect is the depression of ovarian activity, and consequently of the production of phenolic estrogens and progesterone, by these compounds. Transplanted mammary fibroadenoma in the rat possesses neoplastic traits and also some growth properties of normal mammary epithelium; inhibition of these latter by hormonal methods commonly retarded the growth of the tumor. But in hypophysectomized rats dihydrotestosterone failed to inhibit the growth of a mammary fibroadenoma with unusually low hormonal dependence as determined by functional tests of its growth.
Application of a diamond detector to brachytherapy dosimetry

The feasibility of using a diamond detector for the dosimetry of brachytherapy sources has been investigated. A high-activity 192Ir source was selected for this purpose. The dosimetric characteristics measured included the photon fluence anisotropy in air, transverse dose profiles in planes parallel to the plane containing the HDR source and isodose distributions. The 'in-air' anisotropy of the photon fluence relative to seed orientation was measured at 5 and 10 cm from the source centre and compared with TLD measurements. Transverse dose distributions in planes parallel to the plane containing the source long axis were measured in a water phantom and compared with calculations performed with a treatment planning system. Isodose distributions were also measured in several planes around the 192Ir source. Measurements on two sources indicate that the 'in-air' photon fluence anisotropy measured by the diamond detector and the TLDs is very similar. Dose profiles measured at several distances from the source are also found to be in good agreement with the calculated dose profiles and isodose distributions. Results of this feasibility study indicate that the diamond detector, with its excellent spatial resolution and nearly tissue equivalent and isotropic radiation response, is an appropriate detector for dose measurements around brachytherapy sources.
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS AND GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME

Abstract Five patients with Guillain-Barre (G.B.) syndrome, aged from 18 months to 27 years, had very high levels of antibodies to Epstein-Barr (E.B.) virus. All five had higher titres of E.B.-virus antibody than age-matched control groups. Two of the five patients had infectious mononucleosis (I.M.) but three had neither clinical nor laboratory evidence of this disease. These findings strongly suggest an association of E.B. virus with G.B. syndrome even without the signs of I.M.
INFUNDIBULAR STENOSIS AFTER PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

Purpose: Acquired infundibular stenosis can develop after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We review our experience with infundibular stenosis after this procedure.Materials and Methods: We evaluated the records of patients diagnosed with infundibular stenosis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed at our institution between 1995 and 2000. Analysis included medical history, urinary stone type, stone removal procedure technique, length and number, postoperative course, stenosis time to development location, severity and treatment, and treatment outcome.Results: Infundibular stenosis developed in 5 of 223 percutaneous nephrolithotomy cases (2%) performed during this period. Medical history in affected patients included previous ipsilateral open pyelolithotomy, diabetes and morbid obesity in 2 each. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy were done through a standard 30Fr nephrostomy tract and all cases were terminated before complete stone removal. Mean operative time was 258 minutes, which was significantly gr...
Formation of copper precipitates in silicon

Abstract The formation of copper precipitates in silicon was studied after high-temperature intentional contamination of p- and n-type FZ and Cz-grown silicon and quench to room temperature. With the Transient Ion Drift (TID) technique on p-type silicon a critical Fermi level position at E C –0.2 eV was found. Only if the Fermi level position, which is determined by the concentrations of the acceptors and the copper donors, surpasses this critical value precipitation takes place. If the Fermi level is below this level the supersaturated interstitial copper diffuses out. An electrostatic precipitation model is introduced that correlates the observed precipitation behavior with the electrical activity of the copper precipitates as detected with Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) on n-type and with Minority Carrier Transient Spectroscopy (MCTS) on p-type silicon.
An atomic force microscope-based investigation of vertical transport through GaAs/GaAlAs/InAlAs/GaAs step-barrier heterostructures

Study of vertical transport through heterostructures consisting of single, double, or multiple quantum barriers is of both fundamental and technological interest. While extensive data regarding electron transport is available for single- and double-barrier structures, relatively less information is available for transport through step-barrier structures. In this paper, we present results from a study of room temperature vertical transport through a GaAs/GaAlAs/InAlAs/GaAs multistep-barrier heterostructure. A typical atomic force microscope has been adapted to perform transport measurements, thus allowing precise control of the physical location of the region of measurement. I-V measurements reveal negative differential resistance (NDR) peaks, thus confirming the formation of resonant states in a triangular well created when a voltage bias is applied across the step barrier. I-V curves have also been calculated by numerically solving the Schrodinger wave equation for this step-barrier structure. Comparison between the measured and calculated I-V curves shows reasonable agreement in the number of NDR peaks. However, discrepancies exist between the measured and calculated values for the voltages at which these NDR peaks occur. Some possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed in this work.
Propagation of Electrical Activity in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle: The Case for Propagation by Local Circuit Current Flow

There is considerable evidence in support of the concept that propagation of electrical activity in gastrointestinal smooth muscle occurs by way of local circuit current flow through intercellular low-resistance pathways. In what follows, a general description of propagation by local circuit current flow is presented, after which some of this evidence, in the form of five sets of experimental data, is reviewed.
The effects of neutralization on the dynamic rheology of polyelectrolyte microgel mucilages

The dynamic rheological properties of a model poly(acrylic acid) microgel mucilage in the close-packed concentrated region (reduced concentration cQ > 1) were evaluated as a function of the degree of neutralization, α = [NaOH]/[COOH]. As the parent microgel is neutralized, up to an order of magnitude increase is observed in the swelling ratio Q, dynamic modulus, and yield properties. Four regions were observed where the dynamic rheological properties exhibited a different power law dependence with increasing α. The dynamic yield strain does not change remarkably with increased neutralization, whereas the dynamic yield stress increases more than 10-fold. This supports a mechanism where the yield strain depends on geometric considerations, whereas the yield stress reflects the stress required to force microgels past adjacent microgels. A linearity observed between modulus and dynamic yield stress with increased neutralization suggests a concerted expansion and affect on the rheological properties with the microgel core and emanating polymer chains. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Stability across cohorts in divorce risk factors.

Over the past quarter-century, many covariates of divorce have been identified. However, the extent to which the effects of these covariates remain constant across time is not known. In this article, I examine the stability of the effects of a wide range of divorce covariates using a pooled sample of data taken from five rounds of the National Survey of Family Growth. This sample includes consistent measures of important predictors of divorce, covers marriages formed over 35 years (1950–1984), and spans substantial historical variation in the overall risk of marital dissolution. For the most part, the effects of the major sociodemographic predictors of divorce do not vary by historical period. The one exception is race. These results suggest that the effects associated with historical period have been pervasive, simultaneously altering the risk of divorce for most marriages
Superantigen Shock In Mice With An Inapparent Viral Infection

Subclinical lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection primes mice expressing a V beta 8.1D beta 2J beta 2.3C beta 2 T cell receptor as a transgene for induction of fatal hematogenous shock after administration of a dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) that is tolerated by uninfected controls. The lethal effect is greatly diminished by prior depletion of the virus-primed CD4+ T cells. Evidence of transient tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion is detected in serum within 1 h of SEB administration, and massive amounts of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are present within 4-6 h. Mice are partly protected by treatment with dimeric soluble TNF receptor-Fc fusion protein or the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine, neither of which blocks SEB-induced IFN-gamma or IL-6 production. Administration of a monoclonal antibody to IFN-gamma concomitant with SEB effectively neutralizes this cytokine but has no effect on survival.
Update on Echocardiography of Coronary Sinus Anatomy and Physiology

The coronary sinus (CS) can be imaged echocardiographically as a small tubular sonolucency in the posterior atrioventricular groove. To date, its importance to echocardiographers has been that CS dilatation usually signifies a persistent left superior vena cava. Recently, we developed a technique to image CS caliber over the duration of the cardiac cycle. CS contraction accompanies the P wave on the electrocardiogram, in sinus rhythm or in various arrhythmias. CS contraction is always absent in atrial fibrillation. In sinus rhythm, CS contraction may be attenuated or absent if congestive heart failure, with marked venous congestion, is present. Thus, this attenuation is a potentially valuable echocardiographic sign of elevated central venous pressure. We demonstrate the echo visualization of CS-related structures, such as tributary veins and the Thebesian valve. The potentially useful concept of the CS as a "miniventricle" is discussed. CS blood flow can be recorded by interrogation in the right heart inflow view. The pattern of CS antegrade flow and the exceptional situation of retrograde systolic CS flow from a posteriorly directed tricuspid regurgitant jet are demonstrated.
The EPAStat Quarterly Report and Lessons Learned

EPAStat is the first PerformanceStat system to be used at the agency level in the federal government. A short history of agency-level performance management systems compares EPAStat to its precursors at the Environmental Protection Agency. This study examines the development of EPAStat, particularly the measures used in its quarterly reporting system. The process behind measures selection is described and analyzed from the perspective of the principals, as are lessons learned. While there are common challenges and lessons learned among participants, there are clear differences between the headquarters offices and the regional offices in terms of how measures were selected, the types of metrics chosen, and the perceived worth of EPAStat as an agency-wide performance management system.
Tamsulosin for ureteral stones in the emergency department: a randomized, controlled trial.

Study objective The α-adrenergic antagonist tamsulosin hydrochloride has become an increasingly common adjunct in the treatment of ureteral calculi; however, its efficacy in a general emergency department (ED) population has not been investigated. Methods We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of adult ED patients with distal ureteral calculi diagnosed by computed tomography scan. Patients were randomized to receive either a 10-day course of ibuprofen and oxycodone plus tamsulosin or ibuprofen and oxycodone alone. The primary outcome measure was successful spontaneous ureteral stone expulsion at 14 days. Secondary outcomes included time to stone passage, self-reported pain scores, number of colicky pain episodes, unscheduled return ED/primary care visits, number of days of missed work/usual function, amount of analgesic used, and adverse events. Results Eighty subjects were enrolled in the study, with 77 completing the trial. Mean stone size was 3.6 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4 to 3.9). Successful spontaneous stone expulsion at 14 days was similar between the groups, with 27 (77.1%) subjects in the tamsulosin group and 24 (64.9%) subjects in the standard therapy group reporting spontaneous stone passage, a difference of 12% (95% CI –8.4% to 32.8%). At 2-, 5-, and 14-day follow-up, there were no clinically important (or statistically significant) differences between the groups for any secondary outcome measure. No adverse events were reported in either group. Conclusion In this cohort of adult ED patients with distal ureteral calculi, treatment with tamsulosin did not substantially improve any of the studied outcome measures compared with treatment with ibuprofen and oxycodone alone.
The Functions of Immediate Echolalia in Autistic Children: A Developmental Perspective.

This study examined differences in the use of immediate echolalia by autistic children at different stages of language development. Eighteen autistic children, aged 4 to 12 years, were videotaped in play sessions with a parent and with an examiner. Data were collected on frequency of echolalia, percentage of language that was echolalic, functions of echolalia (Prizant & Duchan, 1981), chronological age, nonverbal mental age, and language level. Frequency of immediate echolalia varied with expressive language level but not with nonverbal mental age or chronological age. The percentage of language that was echolalic was high at early stages of language development but decreased as language skills improved. No significant relationships were found between number of functions and language level, chronologoical age, or nonverbal mental age. Although coding of functions was reliable, the validity of functional categories for echolalia was not strongly supported. Implications for autistic language development and for methodology in this area are discussed.
How Teachers Include Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities in Elementary Classes: The Means and Meaning of Inclusion.

This ethnographic study investigated the ways general and special educators went about including students with moderate and severe developmental disabilities in five elementary classrooms. Interpre...
Mercury methylation by the methanogen Methanospirillum hungatei.

ABSTRACT Methylmercury (MeHg), a neurotoxic substance that accumulates in aquatic food chains and poses a risk to human health, is synthesized by anaerobic microorganisms in the environment. To date, mercury (Hg) methylation has been attributed to sulfate- and iron-reducing bacteria (SRB and IRB, respectively). Here we report that a methanogen, Methanospirillum hungatei JF-1, methylated Hg in a sulfide-free medium at comparable rates, but with higher yields, than those observed for some SRB and IRB. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the concatenated orthologs of the Hg methylation proteins HgcA and HgcB from M. hungatei are closely related to those from known SRB and IRB methylators and that they cluster together with proteins from eight other methanogens, suggesting that these methanogens may also methylate Hg. Because all nine methanogens with HgcA and HgcB orthologs belong to the class Methanomicrobia, constituting the late-evolving methanogenic lineage, methanogenic Hg methylation could not be considered an ancient metabolic trait. Our results identify methanogens as a new guild of Hg-methylating microbes with a potentially important role in mineral-poor (sulfate- and iron-limited) anoxic freshwater environments.
Probe Vehicles Used to Measure Road Ride Quality: Pilot Demonstration

New vehicle technology is leading to efficient methods for assessing the condition of the National Highway System. The use of simple sensors such as accelerometers, installed in vehicles, could provide a cost-effective way to assess ride quality for pavement management. A pilot study compared data gathered from accelerometers with the current state-of-the-art practices for measuring ride quality. After a review of relevant previous studies involving probe vehicles, this study assessed the use of probe vehicles' acceleration measurements to evaluate the pavement profile. The repeatability of acceleration measurements with cross-correlation and standard deviation was obtained. With visual methods and the coherence function, acceleration measurements were compared with profile measurements obtained from inertial profilers. The literature review reinforced the view that using probe vehicles for pavement condition data collection would be promising and that measuring pavement condition with typical onboard sen...
Standoff Reconnaissance-Now and Tomorrow

Members of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers-members of the cooperating organizations participating in this sym-posium-distinguised guests-ladies and gentlemen-good morning. It is a pleasure to welcome you here to this exchange of ideas. Forums such as these continue to play a vital role in focusing the growth of technology and we in the military consider them highly valuable resources for disseminating some of the technical details of our needs and problems. We are indebted to SPIE and its cooperating organizations for providing the means and mechanics for this forum. We are also indebted to Bob LaGesse of McDonnell Douglas Corpora-tion for the sparking of the idea of this symposium and for the work that he and Ed Muehleck of Fairchild Weston Systems, Incorporated did in putting it together.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Building Analytic Capacity, Facilitating Partnerships, and Promoting Data Use in State Health Agencies: A Distance-Based Workforce Development Initiative Applied to Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology

The purpose of this article is to summarize the methodology, partnerships, and products developed as a result of a distance-based workforce development initiative to improve analytic capacity among maternal and child health (MCH) epidemiologists in state health agencies. This effort was initiated by the Centers for Disease Control’s MCH Epidemiology Program and faculty at the University of Illinois at Chicago to encourage and support the use of surveillance data by MCH epidemiologists and program staff in state agencies. Beginning in 2005, distance-based training in advanced analytic skills was provided to MCH epidemiologists. To support participants, this model of workforce development included: lectures about the practical application of innovative epidemiologic methods, development of multidisciplinary teams within and across agencies, and systematic, tailored technical assistance The goal of this initiative evolved to emphasize the direct application of advanced methods to the development of state data products using complex sample surveys, resulting in the articles published in this supplement to MCHJ. Innovative methods were applied by participating MCH epidemiologists, including regional analyses across geographies and datasets, multilevel analyses of state policies, and new indicator development. Support was provided for developing cross-state and regional partnerships and for developing and publishing the results of analytic projects. This collaboration was successful in building analytic capacity, facilitating partnerships and promoting surveillance data use to address state MCH priorities, and may have broader application beyond MCH epidemiology. In an era of decreasing resources, such partnership efforts between state and federal agencies and academia are essential for promoting effective data use.
Commentaries on ‘Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety’ with a response from the review authors

These are commentaries of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Garner SE, Eady A, Popescu CM, Newton J, Li Wan Po A. Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD002086. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002086. Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Rayleigh beacon for measuring the surface profile of a radio telescope

Millimeter-wavelength Rayleigh scattering from water droplets in a cloud is proposed as a means of generating a bright beacon for measuring the surface profile of a radio telescope. A λ=3 mm transmitter, with an output power of a few watts, illuminating a stratiform cloud, can generate a beacon with the same flux as Mars in 10 GHz bandwidth, but the beacon has a narrow line width, so it is extremely bright. The key advantage of the beacon is that it can be used at any time, and positioned anywhere in the sky, as long as there are clouds.
How We Talk About How We Talk: Communication Theory in the Public Interest

This article is a revision of the author's presidential address to the 54th annual conference of the International Communication Association, presented May 29, 2004, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Using recent public discourse on talk and drugs as an example, it reflects on our culture's preoccupation with communication and the pervasiveness of metadiscourse (talk about talk for practical purposes) in private, public, and academic discourses. It argues that communication theory can be used to describe and analyze the common vocabularies of public metadiscourse, critique assumptions about communication embedded in those vocabularies, and contribute useful new ways of talking about talk in the public interest.
Biped gait stabilization via foot placement

Abstract It is shown that stable biped gaits can be achieved by discrete foot placement based on feedback of information available at the time of foot placement. The model, developed by Townsend (1981, J. Biomechanics 14 , p. 727) to evaluate the coordinations of torso motions, subsumes most of the salient body members and motions. The modeling yielded a generalized inverted pendulum with a movable support point which physically defines lateral foot placement. The principla result is that stable gaits can be defined by foot placements which are a linear function of the system center of mass position and vleocity at the time of foot placement (only). Gaits may be ‘smooth’ or may have impulsive corrections to adjust the character of the motions and foot placement. Several general algorithms and specific simulations are presented, and calculations for non-impulsive gaits and impulsive corrections are presented. The model predictions are compared with published data. The predictions are sufficiently close to the data such that the general algorithms appear to be validated. Of particular interest are the non-sinusoidal character of the motions and the relatively simple algorithms. Indeed, the simplicity of the algorithms suggests the practical possibility of legged mobile robots. Accordingly, further investigation seems warranted for determining the parametric variation and control of gait. Some attention is also given to continuous-feedback control such as would exist during double-leg support and in specialized tasks such as rope walking or skating. Subsequent investigation will consider superposition of single and double leg support, although clearly the discrete gaits pose the more restrictive stability problem.
Particle radiation therapy: experimental basis and clinical application.

Conventional radiation therapy can eradicate cancers within tissues of their origin and regional spread with conservation of anatomic structure, thus preserving function and cosmesis. New treatment methods may improve the therapeutic ratio either by increasing the frequency of tumor control or lessening the treatment-related morbidity, or both. There are several physical and biological reasons why particle radiation therapy may increase tumor cell killing without increasing normal tissue sequelae. After preliminary basic research, clinical trials of fast neutron and proton teletherapy were started. Over 700 patients were treated with fast neutron beams in 3 U.S. research programs. These studies will be extended to include negative pi mesons and heavy particles.
Medically inoperable stage I endometrial carcinoma: a few dilemmas in radiotherapeutic management.

Purpose: The aggressiveness of radiation therapy for patients with medically inoperable endometrial carcinoma is controversial. Patients may die of their underlining medical before succumbing to cancer. We try to identify certain subgroups of patients who might benefit most from an aggressive approach and also investigate the impact of residual tumor present in dilatation and curettage (D&C) specimen obtained in second intracavitary implnat (ICI). Methods and Materials: From 1965 to 1990, 101 patients were treated for clinical clinical Stage I endometrial carcinoma with RT alone due to medical problems. Ages ranged from 39 to years (median 71 years). There were 18 patients with clinical Stage IA and 83 with clinical Stage IB disease. Histology included 44 well-differentiated, 37 moderately differentiatied, and 20 poorly differentiated tumors. Radiation therapy consisted of external beam only in 3 patients, ICI alone in 26, whole pelvis plus ICI in 10, and whole pelvis plus split field plus ICI in 62. A second D&C was performed on 26 patients at the time of the second ICI. Minimum follow-up was 2 years (median, 6.3 years). Results: The 5-year actuarial disease-free survival (DFS) for the studied cohort is comparable to the expected survival of an age-matched population. Pelvic control was 100% for Stage IA and 88% for Stage IB with 5-year disease-free survivals of 80 and 84%, respectively. We also observed a greater diassociation of DFS and overall survival among patients older than 75 years (84 and 55%, respectively) than in younger patients (84 and 78, respectively). This is mainly because older patients succumbed to their medical illness. Well-differentiated disease demonstrated the trend toward a better outcome than moderately or poorly differentiated lesions in Stage IB patients (p = 0.05), but not in Stage IA patients, Aggressive radiation therapy approach showed the trend toward a better result in Stage IB patients 75 years of age or younger. There were two failures among 19 patients with no tumor found in the D&C specimen at the time of second implant. In contrast, seven patients with residual tumor seen in the endometrial sample at the time of second implant remain disease free. Conclusions: Radiation therapy alone is an effective treatment modality for medically inoperable Stage I endometrial carcinoma. Disease-free survival can be translated into longer overall survival in the younger age group, but not in older patients. The latter tend to die of their underlining medical illness. Tumor differentiation influenced the prognosis of Stage IB disease. No tumor seen in the endometrial sampling at the time of second implant did not correlate with a better disease control, and the treatment plan should not be modified on such information.
ATP concentration in Escherichia coli during oxygen toxicity.

Abstract Escherichia coli, strain E-26, grown in defined salts medium with glucose as the sole carbon and energy source, contained 1.50 ± 0.16 · 10 6 molecules of ATP/cell. ATP was extracted with HClO 4 and assayed with a Dupont Luminescence Biometer using the luciferin-luciferase assay. Exposure during exponential growth at 37°C to 4.2 atm of oxygen resulted in complete growth cessation within 5 min, and to cyclic changes in cellular ATP concentration over a 2 h period. However, significant decrease in cellular ATP concentration occurred after growth inhibition in hyperbaric oxygen; hence, lack of ATP was not the cause of growth inhibition from oxygen toxicity.
Technology: A Tool for Knowledge Construction in a Reggio Emilia Inspired Teacher Education Program

This article describes the application of technology in Reggio Emilia inspired early childhood and teacher education programs at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. We have found that technology used in a Reggio inspired program can be a valuable tool for the representation and organization of ideas, collaboration among a specific learning community, visualization and reflection on thinking, and communication of learning to the broader community. Our experiences and reflections suggest that the integration of technology in a Reggio inspired curriculum supports knowledge construction of both children and student teachers.
Packaging issues for 22nm and beyond

The tutorial addresses challenges in systems packaging for next generation devices, reviewing the technology paths currently being developed to address issues on two- and three-dimensional packaging, high performance interfaces and materials issues related to advanced packaging. The emphasis will be on manufacturing solutions that promise to provide increasing levels of system performance required to gain the benefits of device integration for 22nm and below.
Low temperature char oxidation kinetics: effect of preparation method

Chars derived from Beulah-Zap (lignite A) and Dietz (subbituminous B) coals were prepared by three different methods utilizing three different reactor systems. These included a high heating rate method achieved in a methane flat flame burner, a moderate heating rate method achieved in a drop tube reactor, and a slow heating rate method achieved in a muffle furnace. The flat flame char was produced in a flame environment, while the drop tube and muffle furnace chars were produced in inert environments. Low temperature oxidation rates and kinetic parameters were determined using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis at temperatures between 550 K and 950 K. Reactivities at different oxidation burn-out levels (10–75%) were compared on both an initial mass and an available mass basis. Using the available mass basis, rates in the intrinsic regime were found to be nearly identical for the different burn-out levels. It was also found that the lower burn-out levels are more highly influenced by diffusional effects. This was manifest by a decrease in the slope of the Arrhenius plot which began at a temperature of ~ 750 K for the char at 10% burn-out compared with a temperature of nearly 900 K for the char at 75% burn-out. In comparing the chars produced by the three different methods, reactivities in the reaction control regime showed that, for both coals, the drop tube char was more reactive than either the flat flame or muffle furnace char. Further tests indicated that the drop tube chars had a hydrogen to carbon ratio that was 2.5-5 times greater than the char from either of the other reactors and the devolatilization conversion was significantly less. The activation energies for all three Beulah-Zap chars, and for the Dietz muffle furnace and flat flame chars, were found to be 118 ± 3 kJ mol−1. A comparison of the reactivities for the flat flame burner chars of the lignite and the subbituminous showed that the lignite chars were more reactive by a factor of two. This was consistent over all burn-out levels.
BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS : I. BLOOD VOLUME AND RELATED BLOOD CHANGES AFTER HEMORRHAGE.

Blood volume tests made by the vital red method (Keith, Rowntree, and Geraghty) on patients after hemorrhage showed a marked reduction in the total blood bulk. Not uncommonly the blood volume was less than 60 per cent of the normal. The reduction after a certain point had been reached seemed to parallel the decrease in blood pressure. This relation of diminished blood volume to low pressure suggested a rough method of estimating blood volume from the change in blood pressure. By means of the blood volume and the hemoglobin per cent the actual amount of blood loss was determined. Cases of severe anemia showed a loss of as much as five-sixths of their total hemoglobin. Progressive changes in blood volume following hemorrhage were estimated in three ways: (1) repeated vital red tests; (2) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent produced by the injection of gum acacia; (3) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent following the dilution of the blood by the patient's own body fluids. The effects of the different methods of transfusion and of injection of gum acacia on blood volume were observed. No differences were apparent. It was found that transfusion and gum injections only partially restored the blood volume. Forced fluids by mouth were found to bring about its complete restoration in a comparatively short time. It was observed that the organism did not restore its blood volume beyond a certain point when a further increase in it would, by dilution, have brought the hemoglobin per cent to a very low figure. In such cases a further increase of the blood volume occurred only when the hemoglobin rose. In cases with a low hemoglobin per cent as the result of a restoration of the blood bulk an abnormally high blood pressure appeared, which continued until the hemoglobin per cent again increased. Accompanying the low blood pressure seen shortly after hemorrhage was a well marked difference in hemoglobin per cent between capillary and venous blood, with a relative concentration on the capillary side. As compensation occurred and blood pressure rose this difference lessened until the two readings were identical, indicating an even redistribution of the red blood cells. Reticulated red cell counts made in these cases showed that a marked bone marrow stimulation occurs after hemorrhage. However, except in the very anemic cases the degree of increased blood production seemed to depend largely on the restoration of the blood volume. The patients who were put on forced fluids, with consequent rapid restoration of blood volume, showed a much higher per cent of reticulated cells than those in whom no attempt was made to increase the amount of fluid in circulation.
Microwave dielectric contrast imaging in a magnetic resonant environment and the effect of using magnetic resonant spatial information in image reconstruction

Microwave Tomography (MT) can determine the permittivity and conductivity of a volume of interest; it has been shown that a contrast exists between these electrical properties in healthy and malignant tissues, and MT can be used to discern the dielectric contrast image of these tissues by recovering their electrical property values. Simulation and phantom experiments of objects with known spatial locations have shown that using boundary information derived from internal structures in the imaged volume greatly increases the accuracy of the recovered property values. In practice this spatial information, which will be used for reconstructing the tissue's electrical property images, must be determined with high enough resolution to segment boundary regions and internal structures of interest. This experiment investigates the use of Magnetic Resonant Imaging (MRI) in obtaining the desired spatial information used in mesh generation for image reconstruction and provides microwave image results comparing electrical properties recovered with and without this prior spatial information.
Stabilization of zwitterionic aryltrifluoroborates against hydrolysis

The presence of a proximal cationic group in zwitterionic aryltrifluoroborates such as o-(Ph2MeP)C6H4(BF3) stabilizes these compounds against hydrolysis.
Exploring the Content and Factorial Validity of Job Embeddedness Through the Lens of a Multigroup Sample

The purpose of the present research was to provide additional evidence for the construct validity of Mitchell, Holtom, Lee, Sablynski, and Erez’s Job Embeddedness Questionnaire (JEQ). While most st...
Characterization of immobilized enzymes in polyurethane foams in a dynamic bed reactor

β-d-Galactosidase (E 3.2.1.23) from Aspergillus oryzae was immobilized with polyurethane foam (PUF). Among several immobilization methods attempted in this work, the immobilized enzyme preparation by in-situ co-polymerization between enzyme and prepolymer HYPOL 3000 showed the highest activity. The intrinsic kinetics of PUF-immobilized enzyme was determined in a dynamic bed reactor, used to increase transport rates. The immobilization mechanism in PUF was studied by measurements of immobilized enzyme kinetics and by using scanning electron microscopy combined with immuno-gold labeling techniques. The results showed that immobilization was predominantly by covalent bonding between primary amino groups of β-d-galactosidase and isocyanate groups of the prepolymers. Entrapment in the PUF micropores assisted the immobilization of enzymes, and adsorption on the surface of macropores was not important for immobilization. The bicinchoninic acid method was applied for the determination of PUF loading capacity and specific enzyme activity and used to determine enzyme deactivation during immobilization.
Treatment of avascular ulcers with cytokine-induced tissue generation and skin grafting

Background Recombinant platelet-derived growth factor (rPDGF-BB) stimulates migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells and induces the rapid development of granulation tissue. This study investigated the use of rPDGF-BB and skin grafting to heal avascular ulcers using a rabbit model. We further investigated the effect of a hyaluronic acid carrier and a vascular pedicle on rPDGF-induced tissue generation in this model. Methods Large avascular ulcers were created on both ears of New Zealand white rabbits. One ulcer was treated with topical rPDGF-BB, the other with control buffer. After 5 or 7 days, the amount of granulation tissue migration from the wound margin was measured, and the wounds were skin grafted. In another group of ulcers, rPDGF-BB treatment was combined with a hyaluronic acid disk or an intact central axial ear artery and vein. Results Whereas control wounds generated 1.00 ± 0.27 mm and 1.75 ± 0.25 mm of granulation tissue migration from the wound margin by days 5 and 7, respectively, rPDGF-BB treatment increased the amount of granulation tissue migration to 1.88 ± 0.23 mm and 3.00 ± 0.86 mm by days 5 and 7 after treatment, respectively ( P P P Conclusions This study demonstrates that rPDGF-BB can increase the amount of granulation tissue generated over an avascular wound. This tissue generation is enhanced by both a hyaluronic acid carrier and a vascular pedicle. A vascular pedicle was required for skin graft survival. This study supports the role of hyaluronic acid in rPDGF-BB-induced tissue generation and the requirement of a direct blood supply for functional cytokine-induced tissue generation.
Transitioning from unstable to stable colony growth in the desert leafcutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor

Like organisms, cohesive social groups such as insect colonies grow from a few individuals to large and complex integrated systems. Growth is driven by the interplay between intrinsic growth rates and environmental factors, particularly nutritional input. Ecologically inspired population growth models assume that this relationship remains constant until maturity, but more recent models suggest that it should be less stable at small colony sizes. To test this empirically, we monitored worker population growth and fungal development in the desert leafcutter ant, Acromyrmex versicolor, over the first 6 months of colony development. As a multitrophic, symbiotic system, leafcutter colonies must balance efforts to manage both fungus production and the growth of the ants consuming it. Both ants and fungus populations grew exponentially, but the shape of this relationship transitioned at a size threshold of 89 ± 9 workers. Above this size, colony mortality plummeted and colonies shifted from hypometric to hypermetric growth, with a distinct stabilization of the relationship between the worker population and fungus. Our findings suggest that developing colonies undergo key changes in organizational structure and stability as they grow, with a resulting positive transition in efficiency and robustness.
Design analysis of Pericyclic Mechanical Transmission system

Abstract The Pericyclic Mechanical Transmission (PMT) system is a high reduction ratio, high tooth contact ratio, and nutating/rotating gear mechanism which incorporates meshing conjugate face-gear pairs. The PMT kinematics, gear tooth load capacity, bearing load capacity, and mesh efficiency are investigated in this paper. The gear train kinematics and the reduction ratio formulas are identified initially. The tooth load capacities of the meshing conjugate face-gear pairs are calculated analytically as a function of gear tooth loads and dimensions. The dynamics of the nutating gear and the overturning moments produced by nutation are formulated. The effect of gear mesh loads and overturning moment on the bearing load capacity is investigated based on the Hertzian contact stress of the most heavily loaded rolling element. PMT mesh efficiency is first estimated based on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) theory. Then, an analytical formula is developed to approximate the mesh efficiency without lengthy EHL computations. Finally, 760 HP level helicopter transmission design spaces are investigated at different reduction ratios. The PMT system shows substantial gear weight improvement without sacrificing efficiency.
Draft Genome Sequences of Six Bordetella hinzii Isolates Acquired from Avian and Mammalian Hosts.

ABSTRACT Bordetella hinzii is a Gram-negative bacterium known to infect poultry, humans, rabbits, and rodents. It is an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised humans, and some strains cause mild to moderate respiratory disease in turkeys. Little is known as to the degree of genetic diversity within the species or the genetic basis for virulence. Here, we report the genome sequences of six isolates of B. hinzii acquired from humans, rabbits, or turkeys. These data provide a framework for refining the population structure of the genus, establishing relationships among genetically distinct isolates, and developing an understanding of the possible virulence mechanisms of the bacterium.