cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of putting-green soil water dynamics: Implications for turfgrass water use

Abstract Results from a field experiment examining soil water fate within U.S. Golf Association (USGA) putting greens were used to examine the validity of a water flow simulation model. The experiment used six different sandy root zones each with depths of 300 mm overlying a 100 mm thick gravel layer. Data collected over two growing seasons consisted of measured rainfall, irrigation, drainage volume, and soil water contents; and calculated turfgrass evapotranspiration (ET). Turfgrass rooting was measured at the end of each growing season, and water retention curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were conducted at the end of the study. For each root zone treatment, HYDRUS-2D (H2D) was calibrated using a subset of the experimental data and then validated by comparing observed and predicted water contents at 76, 152 and 229 mm depth and over both growing seasons. Model efficiency (E) ranged from 0.33 to 0.78; Mean Absolute Error (MAE) ranged from 0.012 to 0.024 m3 m−3; and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranged from 0.015 to 0.028 m3 m−3, for the six treatments and both years. Also, RMSE values were at best slightly larger than and at worst twice as large as the mean standard deviation values of replicate measurements. Thus, H2D simulation performed reasonably well in describing the water content results of the field study. The calibration results provide evidence of hysteresis in water retention where water retention properties from the field appear to follow the sorption or wetting curve as compared with the laboratory measurements following the desorption or drying curve. This suggests that standard laboratory measurements of water release would not precisely predict water retention behavior in the field and over estimate water storage of these capillary barrier soils. The validation results provide evidence for turfgrass use of perched water held within these profiles, even though turfgrass rooting is shallow and water storage principally occurs deep within the root zone. Thus, the perched water of USGA putting greens should serve reasonably well as a water reservoir for subsequent turfgrass use, allowing for water conserving irrigation practices that makes use of this stored water.
c-Fos Mediates Repression of the Apical Sodium Dependent Bile Acid Transporter by Fibroblast Growth Factor-19 in Mice

Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19), a bile acid-responsive enterokine, is secreted by the ileum and regulates a variety of metabolic processes. These studies examined the signal transduction pathways operant in FGF-19-mediated repression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). Responses to FGF-19 were assessed in Caco-2 and CT-26 cells and in mice where c-fos was conditionally silenced in the intestine by a cre-lox strategy. FGF-19 treatment of Caco-2 cells or wild-type mice led to a significant reduction in ASBT protein expression and enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signaling kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Fos, and c-Jun. FGF-19 treatment of Caco-2 cells led to a reduction in activity of the human ASBT promoter and this repression could be blocked by treatment with a mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK1/2) inhibitor or by silencing jun kinase 1, jun kinase 2, c-fos, or c-jun. Site directed mutagenesis of a c-fos binding element in the ASBT promoter blocked FGF-19-mediated repression in luciferase reporter constructs. ASBT promoter activity was repressed by FGF-19 in CT-26 cells and this repression could be reduced by MEK1/2 inhibition or silencing c-fos. FGF-19-mediated repression of ASBT protein expression was abrogated in mice where c-fos was conditionally silenced in the intestine. In contrast, ASBT was repressed in the c-Fos expressing gallbladders of the same mice. The studies demonstrate that FGF-19 represses the expression of ASBT in the ileum and gallbladder via a signal transduction pathway involving MEK1/2, ERK1/2, JNK1, JNK2, and c-Fos.
Testing the effectiveness of a secure classroom intranet

A classroom intranet fosters student collaboration and community. In addition, an always-available intranet helps students remain actively involved with group work while outside of class. This paper discusses an example of a classroom intranet technology along with its associated underpinnings. A statistical analysis of data from an experiment designed to test the technology's effectiveness concludes the paper.
Four-month-old infant with intussusception presenting as altered mental status

Objective:To remind pediatric care providers that an altered mental status can be the only presenting symptom for intussusception, a life-threatening diagnosis.Method:A case report that presents a ...
Bedside Small Bowel Feeding Tube Placement in Critically III Patients Utilizing a Dietitian/Nurse Team Approach

Background: To determine if a previously described protocol for small bowel feeding tube (SBFT) placement would be feasible for use in surgical/trauma/burn intensive care population; if limiting the number of a professionals placing the tubes would achieve a sufficient success rate for cost effectiveness; and to determine the effectiveness of a certified nutrition support dietitian (CNSD)/clinical nurse specialist (CNS) team approach to tube placement. Method: Prospective trial of bedside small bowel feeding tube placement by a CNS/CNSD team. The setting was an university-affiliated surgical/trauma/burn intensive care unit. A total of 74 patients were included in the study. Results: We successfully placed 64 of 74 (86.4%) SBFTs in our intensive care unit. The CNS successfully placed 32 of 38 tubes and the CNSD placed 32 of 36 tubes. Of the successfully placed tubes 41 (64%) were at or beyond the ligament of Treitz. Of the other 23 (36%), 6 were in the second portion of the duodenum, 12 were in the third p...
Men's relationships with their fathers: Comparing men who batter women with non-violent men

This study examined 145 men to determine if the childhood/adolescent relationship they had with their fathers could predict female intimate violence in adulthood. A non-violent group of men was compared to a domestically violent group. The study measured adult men's perceptions of their emotional relationships with their fathers and the ways in which their fathers were involved with them as children. There were significant demographic differences between the two groups in age, education, marital status, and the father's educational level. Results indicated that the only significant differences in self-reported measures of fathering were negative types of paternal engagement. Using logistic regression, a set of independent variables, including witnessing marital violences, paternal child abuse, low self-esteem, and education, correctly classified 86% of the violent men. There was a significant relationship between men's emotional relationship with their fathers and self-esteem.
Production and Acceleration of Deuterium and Helium Ions

In response to the growing interest in high energy D+ and He++ ions, studies were made to determine the feasibility of accelerating these ions in the PPA. The studies indicated that in order to accelerate D+ ions to 600 MeV, the R.F. would have to operate at the 12th harmonic; to produce 2.4 GeV D+ ions, the R.F. would operate at the 8th harmonic. An attempt was successfully made to accelerate D+ at the 12th harmonic and a beam of ~6×1011D+/sec. was obtained at 600 MeV. An effort is now being made to accelerate D+ on the 8th harmonic. In addition, an attempt is being made to obtain a useful beam of He++ ions.
Influence of Spondylopathy on Bone Densitometry Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as other neuromuscular disorders, not only results in osteopenia but also induces various patterns of osseous, articular, and soft tissue alterations. In the spinal column, a variety of abnormalities occur. To evaluate the magnitude of discrepancy of bone densitometry results caused by spondylopathy in SCI patients, we analyzed anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of the lumbar spine [obtained within 1 month of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)] in 116 SCI patients for various manifestations of spondylopathy, and matched the result to each vertebral level (L1, 2, 3, 4). The dataset was stratified by individual vertebra (totally 463 vertebrae) as valid (no demonstrable other abnormal density on plain radiograph except osteopenia), abnormal without, and abnormal with hardware. The influence of spondylopathy on bone densitometry results was determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis. Our results showed that 227 (49%) vertebrae were abnormal. Significant elevation (15%, 15%, 18%, 20%; P < 0.001–P < 0.05) of bone mineral density (BMD; g/cm2) was observed at all levels (L1, 2, 3, 4, respectively), particularly at those abnormal vertebrae without hardware compared with valid (no other abnormal density on radiograph except osteopenia (Table 1). The L4 level was most severely affected. We concluded that in SCI patients, owing to various secondary progressive skeletal abnormalities, particularly neuropathic spondylopathy, can have strongly and significantly elevated vertebral bone densitometry results, which can obscure underlying osteoporosis, leading to misinterpretation and underestimation of fracture risk. DXA, although characterized by improving spatial resolution, cannot replace radiography in establishing the magnitude of this skeletal pathology. Therefore, determination of bone density in this region with corresponding plain radiographs is highly recommended.
ASSESSING THE GROWTH OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST TREES: ISSUES FOR FOREST MODELING AND MANAGEMENT

Growth performance was assessed for a diverse suite of canopy and emergent tree species in a lowland neotropical rain forest (the La Selva Biological Station, northeastern Costa Rica). Species were evaluated based on annual diameter measurements of large samples of individuals in all post-seedling size classes, over a 12-yr period. The study species were seven non-pioneers (Minquartia guianensis, Lecythis ampla, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Simarouba amara, Dipteryx panamensis, Pithecellobium elegans, and Hyeronima alchorneoides) and two pioneers (Cecropia obtusifolia and C. insignis). For each species, inherent growth capacity through ontogeny was estimated as the mean of the five largest annual increments (from different individuals) in each juvenile and adult size class. At all tree sizes, species differed highly significantly in this measure. In the small sapling sizes (≤4-cm diameter), the two pioneers showed markedly higher maximum growth than all the non-pioneers, in line with current understanding...
Using remote installation services for windows to streamline installations in the UTPB computer science research lab

The Computer Science Research Lab at The University of Texas of the Permian Basin (UTPB) is operated by three part-time student assistants with minimal faculty supervision. This lab supports seven Windows and Sun Solaris servers and approximately thirty workstations within one subnet. Installing updates and new software on each workstation became very time consuming, so research was done on the Remote Installation Services (RIS) included with Windows 2003 Server add-on components. At first, it was difficult to get the RIS component to work within the domain environment because the inaccuracies of provided documentation caused many unanticipated problems. There were also problems with various hardware configurations on the different workstations, such as hyper-threaded processors on limited workstations. After a year of diligent effort, we have filled in the blanks in the provided documentation and have successfully implemented the RIS component. If a workstation has problems, we just reinstall the entire operating system, complete with customized programs, security settings, and operating system updates from a list provided by the server and little manual intervention is needed to start this process. Unattended installation scripts will provide answers to the server and the client in regards to where files will be stored and what settings the workstation will have when the process has been completed. The paper will discuss the procedure for setting up the RIS component, including the needed modifications/additions to the available RIS documentation.
Voice Communication in Integrated Digital Voice and Data Networks

Voice communication networks have traditionally been designed to provide either analog signal paths or fixed-rate synchronous digital connections between individual subscribers. These designs were aimed at accommodating the "streamlike" character of speech, which has traditionally been considered to flow from source to destination at a more or less constant rate. By way of contrast, interactive and computer-to-computer data transactions tend to be "bursty" in nature, and this has given rise to the development of packet-switching methods for data communications. The dichotomous nature of these two major traffic classes and the apparent conflict between the types of network services they require has resulted in the deployment of separate military communications facilities for voice and data. A challenge in the design of future systems is to achieve overall economy and flexibility in the allocation of resources via the efficient integration of both traffic types in common network facilities. This paper summarizes a number of advanced concepts for switching and flow control of combined voice and data traffic in integrated environments. Performance characteristics are described based on analysis results and computer simulation studies for both multilink terrestrial and broadcast satellite network topologies.
Influenza a virus informatics: genotype-centered database and genotype annotation

Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections in poultry and humans have caused considerable concerns about a future influenza pandemic in humans. In order to prepare such an unavoidable pandemic incident, effective methods for detecting and identifying dangerous virus strains that are lethal to human life must be developed. For this purpose, we developed a Web tool called FluGenome for genotyping Influenza A viruses with genome sequences. This tool can effectively detect known virus strains and identify new ones. However, it does not provide any other biological meanings to the genotypes. To annotate influenza genotypes effectively, we developed a genotype-centered database that stores various information, including sequences, genotypes, outbreak information, as well as scientific literature, and applied information retrieval and text mining techniques at the term, sentence, and abstract levels. Here we report a genotype-centered database in its design and implementation, and describe the preliminary text-mining result of influenza genotype annotation. The preliminary result demonstrated that the information retrieval and text mining techniques are valuable for the discovery of the knowledge related to influenza genotypes.
Water structural transformation at molecular hydrophobic interfaces

Hydrophobic hydration is considered to have a key role in biological processes ranging from membrane formation to protein folding and ligand binding. Historically, hydrophobic hydration shells were thought to resemble solid clathrate hydrates, with solutes surrounded by polyhedral cages composed of tetrahedrally hydrogen-bonded water molecules. But more recent experimental and theoretical studies have challenged this view and emphasized the importance of the length scales involved. Here we report combined polarized, isotopic and temperature-dependent Raman scattering measurements with multivariate curve resolution (Raman-MCR) that explore hydrophobic hydration by mapping the vibrational spectroscopic features arising from the hydrophobic hydration shells of linear alcohols ranging from methanol to heptanol. Our data, covering the entire 0-100 °C temperature range, show clear evidence that at low temperatures the hydration shells have a hydrophobically enhanced water structure with greater tetrahedral order and fewer weak hydrogen bonds than the surrounding bulk water. This structure disappears with increasing temperature and is then, for hydrophobic chains longer than ~1 nm, replaced by a more disordered structure with weaker hydrogen bonds than bulk water. These observations support our current understanding of hydrophobic hydration, including the thermally induced water structural transformation that is suggestive of the hydrophobic crossover predicted to occur at lengths of ~1 nm (refs 5, 9, 10, 14).
The Interaction of Numerically Simulated Supercells Initiated along Lines

Abstract Supercells in the southern plains are often localized, forming as cells along a convective line, even though the environment may support supercell formation over a much broader, mesoscale region. A set of numerical experiments is devised in which it is demonstrated that the evolution of supercells in a homogeneous environment depends upon the orientation of the vertical-shear profile with respect to the orientation of the line along which convection is initiated (the “line of forcing”). This work is motivated by the observations that the nature and consequences of the interaction of neighboring cells depend upon differential cell motion, which in turn is a function of the characteristics and orientation of the vertical-shear profile and its impact on the behavior of outflow boundaries. Results for various orientations of the vertical-shear vector with respect to the line along which cells are initiated are described and interpreted physically. It is found that in idealized numerical simulations, ...
Analyzing Statistical Mediation with Multiple Informants: A New Approach with an Application in Clinical Psychology

Testing mediation models is critical for identifying potential variables that need to be targeted to effectively change one or more outcome variables. In addition, it is now common practice for clinicians to use multiple informant (MI) data in studies of statistical mediation. By coupling the use of MI data with statistical mediation analysis, clinical researchers can combine the benefits of both techniques. Integrating the information from MIs into a statistical mediation model creates various methodological and practical challenges. The authors review prior methodological approaches to MI mediation analysis in clinical research and propose a new latent variable approach that overcomes some limitations of prior approaches. An application of the new approach to mother, father, and child reports of impulsivity, frustration tolerance, and externalizing problems (N = 454) is presented. The results showed that frustration tolerance mediated the relationship between impulsivity and externalizing problems. Advantages and limitations of the new approach are discussed. The new approach can help clinical researchers overcome limitations of prior techniques. It allows for a more comprehensive and effective use of MI data when testing mediation models.
Modified FARGO algorithm and its combination with adaptive mesh refinement

Fast advection in rotating gaseous objects (FARGO, Masset (2000)) algorithm has been widely used in simulating disk-type object in computational astrophysics. In this paper, we revisit this algorithm and propose some improvement. We also propose a semi-Lagrangian adaptive mesh refinement for this algorithm to enhance resolution locally near the embedded proto-planet. Numerical tests are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Comparing the spatial extent of Atlantic basin tropical cyclone wind and rain fields prior to land interaction

AbstractUnderstanding changes in the size of tropical cyclone (TC) wind and rain fields before landfall can improve identification of areas that may experience damage. We examine 25 Atlantic basin TCs for 36 h before gale-force winds (R17) cross land. Rain field extents are measured from satellite estimates of rain rates using a Geographic Information System. In each quadrant, R17 is obtained from the Extended Best Track data-set and correlated with the extent of the rain field. In general, both fields expand prior to landfall. The non-linearity of this trend poses problems for persistence forecast models. The largest wind fields are located over the Atlantic Ocean. Correlations between wind and rain field extent are strongly positive for Atlantic cases regardless of whether extratropical transition (ET) occurs and are associated with the direction of vertical wind shear. Poor correlations exist for Gulf observations. Rain fields extend farther towards the east during ET when vertical wind shear is strong...
Cytologic features of fine-needle aspirates of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid

The cytologic features of five cases of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid are reviewed. All of these cases had been initially interpreted as either suspicious or positive for malignancy. On retrospective review, many of the cytologic features did mimic those of other lesions, particularly papillary carcinoma. The smears tended to hypercellularity, and nuclei were often slightly enlarged with pale chromatin, intranuclear holes, and longitudinal grooving of the nuclear membrane. On the other hand, some cytologic features were more suggestive of medullary carcinoma--poor cohesion of cells with elongated and spindle cell forms and hyaline acellular areas. Awareness of the histologic and cytologic features of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma may enable the cytopathologist to avoid a false positive diagnosis of papillary carcinoma or medullary carcinoma, although it is unrealistic to expect a definitive diagnosis of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma.
Asymmetric ( e , 2 e ) measurement of vibrational intensities in the 100-eV electron-impact ionization of N 2 to the N 2 + X 2 Σ g + and A 2 Π u states

Asymmetric $(e,2e)$ experiments have been carried out on ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ for incident energy 100 eV, incident electron scattering angle 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, secondary-electron energy 5 eV, and secondary-electron ejection angles from -32\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The experiments have sufficient energy resolution (\ensuremath{\sim}0.13 eV) to resolve the vibrational structure in the coincidence energy-loss spectrum. Ionization transitions to the $X{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ and $A{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}^{+}$ states were observed. When the final state of the product ion was $X{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+},$ no vibrational excitation was observed at secondary electron ejection angles of 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (recoil) or -80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (binary). However, at -32\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, near the peak of the binary lobe of the cross section, a strong increase in the production of the ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1$ state was observed. In contrast, production of the $A{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}^{+}$ state was characterized by the expected Frank-Condon vibrational intensities at 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} on the recoil side but a decrease in the relative intensities of the ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1,$ 2, and 3 vibrational states at -32\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The A state deviations occur where the cross section is small, so we conclude that 100-eV electron impact does not produce significant vibrational excitation in the $A{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}^{+}$ state. On the other hand, the $X{}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ state is produced with significant vibrational excitation in the binary lobe where the cross section is large. This excitation is important for both a theoretical understanding of the ionization process as well as plasma and atmospheric phenomena.
Coronary arteriolar flow-induced vasodilation signals through tyrosine kinase

Coronary arterioles demonstrate flow-dependent vasodilation that is mediated by endothelial release of nitric oxide. The signaling mechanisms for this response remain unknown. Because tyrosine kinases are an enzyme family linked to many signaling pathways, including some for mechanosensitive transduction, we hypothesized that tyrosine kinase activation is a critical step in flow-induced vasodilation. To test this hypothesis, coronary arterioles were isolated, cannulated with micropipettes, and perfused by two independent reservoir systems. Intraluminal pressure was set at 60 cmH2O, and flow was generated by changing the heights of the reservoirs in equal and opposite directions, thus establishing a pressure difference across the arteriole without altering intraluminal pressure. Vasodilatory responses to intraluminal flow and substance P (1 x 10(-12) to 1 x 10(-7) M) were evaluated before and after intraluminal application of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein (5 microM) and piceatannol (10 microM). Exposure to these inhibitors did not alter spontaneous tone. Substance P caused dose-dependent vasodilation that was not affected by genistein or piceatannol. Increases in intraluminal flow (generated by pressure differences ranging from 4 to 60 cmH2O) elicited graded increases in diameter. Both genistein and piceatannol inhibited the vasodilatory responses to flow. Treatment with daidzein, an inactive analogue of genistein, had no effect on either the flow-induced responses or substance P-induced vasodilation. To further confirm that tyrosine kinase activation is involved in flow-induced vasodilation, vessels were exposed to flow in the absence or presence of genistein and subsequently stained with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled phosphotyrosine antibody. Exposure to flow significantly increased fluorescence of endothelial cells. Genistein treatment reversed the flow-induced increase in tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate that endothelium-dependent, flow-induced vasodilation in isolated porcine coronary arterioles is accompanied by an increase in tyrosine kinase activity. We conclude that endothelium-dependent, nitroxidergic, flow-induced vasodilation is mediated, at least in part, by a signaling pathway involving a tyrosine kinase.
Effects of Yttrium(Y~(3+)) on Growth and Antioxidant Enzyme of Microcystis aeruginosa

In order to study the impact of different initial yttrium(Y3+) concentrations on the growth and the content of antioxidant enzymes of Microcystis aeruginosa,the M.aeruginosa FACHB912 was used and the growth of M.aeruginosa cells,superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase activity and the content of malondiadehyde(MDA) were determined with different Y3+ concentrations.The results showed that relatively low concentrations of Y3+(0.05～0.20 mg/L) have obvious auxo-actions to the growth of M.aeruginosa,while the higher concentrations(0.50～10.00 mg/L) of Y3+ could partly,even completely,inhibit the growth of M.aeruginos.When the concentrations under 0.50～10.00 mg/L,the content of malondiadehyde(MDA) was increased immediately and the enzymatic activity of antioxidant was reduced on the contrary,which lead to the decline of the ability of eliminating the active oxygen and then,the antioxidant defense system was destroyed,the growth of M.aeruginosa was seriously inhibited finally.
Long-term follow-up of Fournier’s Gangrene in a tertiary care center

Abstract Background After surgical debridement, the use of fecal diversion systems (such as an endo-rectal tube or surgical colostomy) in Fournier's Gangrene (FG) to assist with wound healing remains controversial. Methods A 6-y retrospective review of a tertiary medical center emergency surgery database was conducted. Variables abstracted from the database include patient demographics, laboratory and physiological profiles, hospital length-of-stay, intensive care unit length-of-stay, operative data, time to healing, morbidity, and mortality. Results Thirty-five patients were treated. Seventy-seven percent (n = 27) required some form of fecal diversion (21 patients using an endo-rectal tube and six patients undergoing construction of a surgical colostomy). One patient had a pre-existing colostomy before the development of FG. The remaining seven patients underwent conservative wound care with multiple daily dressing changes (no diversion system). Twenty-eight of the 35 patients (80.0%) had long-term follow-up with 100% having completely healed surgical wounds at the final clinic visit. Average time to complete wound healing was 4.8 ± 1.0 mo (range, 1.0-31.0). Of the six patients who underwent colostomy formation, two had their colostomies reversed, two were unacceptable surgical risk and did not undergo reversal (due to uncontrolled diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and two were lost to follow-up. Of the two patients who had their colostomies reversed both had complications from their reversal (leak and urinary retention). Conclusions Surgical colostomy may not be mandatory (and might be associated with a high additional morbidity) in FG. With appropriate patient selection, it may be possible to avoid colostomy formation using a less-invasive diversion technology without compromising patient outcomes.
Effect of geogrid on railroad ballast particle movement

Abstract Individual ballast particle movement significantly affects ballast performance. In order to improve ballast performance, geogrids are widely used to create interlocking of ballast particles to reduce particle movement. To better quantify the effect of geogrid on particle movement, two types of ballast box tests were conducted in this study: one without geogrid as a control and the other one with a layer of multiaxial geogrid placed at 25 cm below the top of the ballast. The ballast box represents a half section of a railroad track structure consisting of a ballast layer, two crossties, and a rail (I-beam). A wireless device – “SmartRock” was embedded underneath the rail seat and the edge of a tie in the ballast layer to monitor particle translation and rotation under cyclic loading. The results indicate that (1) horizontal translation and rotation are important modes of movement for ballast particles under cyclic loading; (2) particle translational movement and rotation were higher beneath the edge of the tie than those beneath the rail seat; (3) the particle movement, such as translation and rotation, were significantly reduced with an inclusion of the geogrid under 500 load cycles. This investigation also demonstrates that the SmartRock is capable of recording and visualizing real-time particle movement including translation and rotation and, hence, can be used as a fundamental research and monitoring tool in railroad.
Distal Femur Fracture

Various common injuries in the pelvis and lower extremity are investigated in this chapter. Significant attention is paid not only to proper diagnostic examination and imaging, but also to optimal nonoperative and operative treatment options to manage these conditions.
The death of a nuclear legend

The physicist widely known as the father of the H-bomb, Edward Teller, died on 9 September. Deeply involved for more than six decades in the most significant nuclearweapons issues of his time, including the Oppenheimer security hearing and "star wars" Teller was probably the most controversial American scientist of the post-war era.
Design considerations for clinical investigations of osteoporosis

Abstract It is a commonplace of both clinical and investigative experience that things vary. No two individuals have quite the same bone size or density. Neither do bone mineral content (BMC) and remodeling activity respond to an intervention equally in every individual treated with a given agent. Moreover, the patients enrolled in an investigation of a new treatment for osteoporosis may differ, not only from one another, but from the larger group of patients the drug is intended to treat. Finally, those patients selected by their physicians to receive a particular treatment (e.g., hormone replacement therapy) may be different from those not selected. (Indeed, it would be hoped that the treatment choices by physicians and patients had a rational basis and were not decided by flips of a coin.)
Rates of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women With Severe Mental Illness in the Public Health System.

Objective:This study aimed to determine cervical cancer screening rates among women with severe mental illness.Methods:California Medicaid administrative records (2010–2011) for 31,308 women with severe mental illness were examined. Participants received specialty mental health services and were not dually eligible for Medicare. Poisson models assessed association between selected predictors and cervical cancer screening.Results:Overall, 20.2% of women with severe mental illness received cervical cancer screening during the one-year period. Compared with white women, Asian women (adjusted risk ratio [ARR]=1.23), black women (ARR=1.10), and Hispanic women (ARR=1.11) (p<.001) were more likely to have been screened. Women ages 28–37 were more likely than those ages 18–27 to have been screened (ARR=1.31, p<.001). Evidence of other health care use was the strongest predictor of screening (ARR=3.07, p<.001).Conclusions:Most women in the sample were not regularly screened for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer scr...
Demonstrating spectrum sensing in colored noise for signals with partial spectral overlap

Wideband spectrum sensing aims to identify the occupied frequency bands. Conventional methods for single antenna spectrum sensors threshold the received power spectra to detect discrete frequency bins that are occupied. However, such methods neither group bins that are occupied by the same signal nor aggregate occupied bins over time to learn distinct frequency bands occupied by intermittently transmitting signals. This paper demonstrates a method to learn the frequency bands occupied by intermittently transmitting incumbent radios that occupy adjacent frequency bands without a guard band, such as by LTE-Advanced, or are spectrally overlapping, such as by IEEE 802.11. It formulates the wideband sensing problem as the factorization of a matrix consisting of multiple power spectrum measurements. A novel extreme ray based non-negative matrix factorization algorithm estimates the noise power spectrum and also determines the received power spectrum of the incumbent radios. Energy detection and a combinatorial algorithm is used to determine the unique supports of the received signals. Using a USRP N210 software defined radio as a receiver, we demonstrate that this algorithm can determine the frequency bands occupied by nearby transmitters in the 2.4GHz ISM band. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the algorithm learns the power spectrum of the colored noise experienced by the USRP.
A Model of Maternal and Paternal Ethnic Socialization of Mexican-American Adolescents' Self-Views.

Data from a sample of 462 Mexican-American adolescents (M = 10.4 years, SD = .55; 48.1% girls), mothers, and fathers were used to test an ethnic socialization model of ethnic identity and self-efficacy that also considered mainstream parenting styles (e.g., authoritative parenting). Findings supported the ethnic socialization model: parents' endorsement of Mexican-American values were associated with ethnic socialization at fifth grade and seventh grade; maternal ethnic socialization at fifth grade and paternal ethnic socialization at seventh grade were associated with adolescents' ethnic identity exploration at 10th grade and, in turn, self-efficacy at 12th grade. The findings support ethnic socialization conceptions of how self-views of ethnicity develop from childhood across adolescence in Mexican-American children.
Diffuse Fatty Liver

A 56-year-old male with elevated metanephrines to evaluate for pheochromocytoma (Fig. 49.1).
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Localized in the Greater Omentum

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is known as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- (ANCA-) associated small vessel vasculitis and typically manifests as pulmonary-renal syndrome, but the disease is not limited to pulmonary or renal systems. The inflammation can involve whole body organs. In addition, the ANCA titer does not always become positive. Here, we describe the case of a 91-year-old man who presented with umbilical pain and fever of unknown origin. Only the increased computed tomography value of the greater omentum suggested intra-abdominal inflammation; however, serological examinations, including the ANCA level, could not reveal the focus or cause of symptoms. Finally, the histopathological examination of specimens surgically excised from the greater omentum demonstrated GPA limited to the greater omentum. This report reminds physicians to consider GPA in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain or fever of unknown origin.
Hypoxia and Breast Cancer Metastasis

Mortality in breast cancer patients ultimately results from the dissemination of breast cancer cells (BCCs) from the primary tumor to distant organs (metastasis). The proliferation of BCCs leads to areas of decreased oxygen availability (intratumoral hypoxia), which drives breast cancer pathogenesis through the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In this review, we outline emerging HIF-dependent molecular mechanisms that promote the metastatic dissemination of hypoxic BCCs through the lymphatic and circulatory systems. We show that HIFs contribute to key aspects of metastatic progression through the transcriptional activation of target genes in BCCs, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and supporting stromal cells within the primary tumor. Finally, we discuss the pharmacological inhibition of HIFs as a novel therapeutic approach to block breast cancer metastasis and improve patient survival.
Exercise and Bone Loss

The skeleton has two major functions: it provides structural support and acts as a mineral reservoir. It responds dynamically to hormones and mechanical stress, homeostatic factors that control serum calcium and skeletal architecture, geometry and bone mineral content. In providing structural support, the skeleton permits movement and protects vital organs. In its function as a mineral reservoir, it responds to changes in hormone levels and helps maintain serum calcium at about 9.8 mg/dL. Bone is resorbed to maintain serum calcium when dietary calcium is inadequate. If the dietary inadequacy is chronic, calcium will be pulled continually from the bone reservoir, resulting in a negative calcium balance and a net loss of calcium and phosphorus. Structural integrity therefore may be threatened when the demands on the reservoir to maintain serum calcium homeostasis are too high.
The Interweaving of Diffusion Research and American Science and Technology Policy

This monograph interweaves an intellectual history of theories of the diffusion of innovations with a brief history of US science and technology policies between 1960 and the present, tracking thereby their independent developments as well as their relative influences on each other. The monograph's opening line of analysis treats diffusion research as a discrete field of study, focusing on the intellectual ferment in the 1960s and 1970s in which new, or more precisely expanded, discipline-based paradigms emerged in economics, political science, geography, and organizational theory to variously complement and compete with longer standing research traditions in anthropology, sociology and communications. A second line of analysis reinterprets major developments in US science and technology policy â Johnson's Great Society; Nixon's New Federalism; international economic competitiveness-in terms of the fluctuating recourse in these policies to findings advanced by diffusion research, and reciprocally the impacts of changing national and state science and technology policy agendas on the salience and direction of diffusion research. A concluding section describes the status of academic interest and external funding in diffusion research circa 2000 to the present, noting also the current limited ties between this research and science and technology policy formulation.
Seeing Is Believing—But Is It Accurate? Eyewitness Lessons From 12 Angry Men:

One of the more difficult aspects of teaching about perception and decision-making biases can be convincing students that they are not immune. One of the best ways of conveying this key knowledge i...
David Oliver: Falling immigration could destroy the NHS.

Workforce gaps currently pose a major threat to the viability of our health services, as noted in a joint 2018 report by the King’s Fund, Nuffield Trust, and Health Foundation.1 One in 11 NHS clinical posts is currently unfilled, rising to one in eight nursing posts.2 The report estimates that, without concerted action, the current shortage of NHS staff employed by trusts in England—already around 100 000—will grow to an estimated 250 000 by 2030. Some of the proposed solutions have been put forward before, by organisations including NHS Providers3 and the Royal College of Physicians.4 These centre on training more staff at home and doing more to look after staff so that more of them stay in the workforce. But this will take years, so …
Energy-distinguishable bipolar UV photoelectron injection from LiCl-promoted FAPbCl3 perovskite nanorods

High-performance optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes, have been fabricated with lead halide perovskites owing to their superior carrier properties. However, charge transport in such optoelectronics is intrinsically directional due to the existence of p–n junctions, which thus lacks the potential to elucidate any perturbations in light or electricity during energy conversion. Here, with the presence of a LiCl additive in a formamidinium chloride (FACl) solution, the as-grown LiCl:FAPbCl3 nanorods demonstrate greatly enhanced crystallinity and UV photoresponse as compared to pristine FAPbCl3 nanostructures without the LiCl additive. Most importantly, the LiCl:FAPbCl3 nanorod film exhibits unprecedented distinguishability to UV photons with different energies and oscillating intensities, in the form of bipolar and periodically oscillatory photocurrents. This work could advance the fundamental understanding of photoinduced carrier processes in halide perovskites and facilitate the development of novel UV-based optical communications.
Local Analysis and the Four Phases of the Classification

It seems best to begin with an explanation of the historical origins and general meaning of the primary underlying method of the classification proof: local group-theoretic analysis. This was not always the principal approach to the study of simple groups, for Brauer’s methods were almost entirely representation- and character-theoretic (D1)*. In the middle 1930s he had introduced and developed the concept of modular characters (see D1) of a finite group. He soon realized the power of these ideas, which played an instrumental role in his proof of a conjecture of Artin on L-series in algebraic number fields, and he saw how they could be applied to obtain deep results concerning the structure of simple groups.† From the middle 1940s until his death, Brauer systematically developed the general theory of modular characters and blocks of irreducible characters (D2), with increasingly significant applications to simple group theory.
A Distributed User-Cell Association for Spectral and Energy Efficiency Tradeoff in Massive MIMO UDHNs

Massive MIMO enabled ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (UDHNs) have been considered as the indispensable and emerging approach to meet the demand on growing data traffic for next generation networks. Although deployment of large number of antennas causes high circuit power consumption in massive MIMO UDHNs, there is always a tradeoff between energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE). Therefore, an energy efficient and spectral efficient user-cell association will become crucial and challenging in massive MIMO UDHNs. In this paper, we address a user-cell association problem for EE and SE tradeoff. To this end, we formulate a convex multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) and convert it into a single-objective optimization problem (SOP) where a priority is assigned for EE and SE with a weighting factor which means the problem can be adjusted whether priority is on EE or SE. The problem aims to maximize the weighted sum of the EE and SE. As a solution, Lagrange duality analysis is performed and a distributed game theoretical user-cell association (GTUCA) algorithm considering the fairness among users is developed. The results confirm that the proposed algorithm outperforms the baseline algorithm, namely maximum rate-based cell selection in terms of EE and SE, when the weighting factor is set properly.
Disparities in Food Allergy

Food allergy (FA) can be a life-threatening condition impacting many aspects of patients’ lives. The current prevalence of food allergy is estimated to be 8% in the United States (Gupta RS, Warren CM, Smith BM, Blumenstock JA, Jiang J, Davis MM, Pediatrics 142, 2018). Data on racial and socioeconomic disparities in food allergy are emerging. Food allergy has been found to be more common among Blacks and Hispanics as opposed to Whites. Disparities have also been identified in cost of the disease to families, access to subspecialty care, hospitalization, and anaphylaxis rates. Understanding the etiology of these disparities helps identify ways to minimize the inequalities and hopefully eliminate them. To accomplish these goals, we need more culturally, racially, and ethnically responsive tools for intervention and prevention of FA.
Pain management and cognitive function among older adults: an exploratory study of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Chronic pain and cognitive decline are common age-related conditions affecting a large segment of older populations. Little is known about the pathway of cognitive functioning during the course of pain management in older adults. The study aimed to examine the association between chronic body pain management and cognitive function over time among Chinese older adults. A total of 792 respondents aged 60 and above from urban and rural households in 28 provinces, 150 counties/districts, and 450 communities were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2013–2015). Cognitive function was measured in three domains: episodic memory, mental status, and global cognitive function. Difference-in-differences approach and mixed-effects linear regression models were employed to assess the association between chronic body pain management and cognitive function over time. Scores of mental status were found to decline slower by 0.49 unit (SE = 0.22, p < 0.05) in respondents who received pain management using analgesics, complementary and alternative medicine, or both from 2013 to 2015 after controlling for basic demographic and health confounders. Chronic pain management was associated with slower decline in domain-specific cognitive function, mental status over time. Findings of the study may contribute to understanding the mechanism of change in diverse cognitive abilities attributable to pain symptoms. More research is needed to elucidate the mediating effect of pain on cognitive decline, which could lead to testing of the impact of pain management on cognitive function among older population in both clinical and community settings.
RAMP: A Safety Tool for Chemists and Chemistry Students

RAMP is an acronym for the process “recognize hazards, assess risk, minimize risk, and prepare for emergencies”. This paper describes these four steps in the context of undergraduate instruction about chemical health and safety.