cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional Schema Therapy: Distinctive Features

Emotional Schema Therapy: Distinctive Features offers a concise overview to what is distinctive about this new approach to helping clients cope with "difficult" emotions. Written by a researcher with many years of clinical experience, it provides an accessible, bitesize overview. Using the popular Distinctive Features format, this book describes 15 theoretical features and 15 practical techniques of Emotional Schema Therapy. Emotional Schema Therapy will be a valuable source that is written for psychotherapists, clinical, health and counselling psychologists, counsellors, psychiatrists, and all who wish to know more about the role of emotions and emotion regulation.
Evaluating Sensitized Chromium Steel Alloys with Induction Infrared Thermography

A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique is presented that can detect sensitization in welded austenitic stainless steel components for 100% evaluation of in situ parts in real time during production or in service. The sensitization of austenitic stainless steels due to welding or heat treatment has mostly been eliminated by industry standards for manufacturing these alloys that require a carbon content well below the threshold at which sensitization would occur. Such alloys are especially important in naval applications because of their corrosion resistance. However, critical stainless steel components used in naval applications where component failure would be catastrophic are currently not allowed to be fabricated by welding because, until now, there has been no proven, efficient NDE method to verify that each weld in each stainless steel component has not been sensitized and thus weakened. In this study, induction infrared thermography (IIRT) was demonstrated to be an effective NDE tool for detecting sensitized steel in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of welds in three types of stainless steel plate. The in situ IIRT scan results matched the conventional metallographic analysis of the HAZ in welds in samples of low-carbon 316L austenitic steel, high-carbon 440C martensitic steel, and high-carbon 301 austenitic steel.
The role of salience in young children's processing of ad-hoc implicatures

Abstract Language comprehension often requires making implicatures. For example, inferring that “I ate some of the cookies” implicates that the speaker ate some but not all (scalar implicatures), and “I ate the chocolate chip cookies” where there are both chocolate chip cookies and raisin cookies in the context implicates that the speaker ate the chocolate chip cookies but not both the chocolate chip and raisin cookies (ad hoc implicatures). Children’s ability to make scalar implicatures develops at around 5 years of age, with ad hoc implicatures emerging somewhat earlier. In the current work, using a time-sensitive tablet paradigm, we examined developmental gains in children’s ad hoc implicature processing and found evidence for successful pragmatic inferences by children as young as 3 years in a supportive context and substantial developmental gains in inference computation from 2 to 5 years. We also tested whether one cause of younger children’s (2-year-olds) consistent failure to make pragmatic inferences is their difficulty in inhibiting an alternative interpretation that is more salient than the target meaning (the salience hypothesis). Our findings support this hypothesis; younger children’s failures with pragmatic inferences were related to effects of the salience mismatch between possible interpretations.
Pilot study of NKTR214 and nivolumab in patients with sarcomas.

11010Background: Monotherapy checkpoint inhibitors have minimal efficacy in most patients with metastatic sarcoma. NKTR-214 is a CD122-preferential IL-2 pathway agonist that activates and expands n...
Finite Difference Approximation for the Fractional Half-Curl Operator

Fractional derivatives [e.g., 1] are almost as old as calculus itself, dating back all the way to Leibniz's times. They find applications in many branches of science, including electromagnetics [2], [3]. Many existing integral definitions seem to have issues with singular functions such as the step function and with distributions [1]. An alternative definition for the half-derivative using derivatives only would be to solve the operator equation $\mathcal{D}^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathcal{D}^{\frac{1}{2}}=\mathcal{D}$ , where $\mathcal{D}$ is the first derivative operator. This is done most readily in the spectral domain, where trivially $\mathcal{D}_{x}^{\frac{1}{2}}=\sqrt{-jk_{x}}$ . Of particular interest is the half-curl operator [3], [4], whose spectral equivalent is.
Ultrafast photocurrents in the Weyl semimetal TaAs (Conference Presentation)

Weyl semimetals have been the focus of intense experimental and theoretical investigation, due to their broad appeal in fundamental science and applied technology alike. More recently, several studies have centered on the nonlinear optical properties of these materials, where it is believed that characteristic features of Weyl physics can be observed. To date, these studies have been limited to static or quasi-static measurements, but new and important insights can come about through extending these nonlinear optical spectroscopies into the time domain. To do so, we use terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy and time-resolved second harmonic generation (TR-SHG) spectroscopy to provide a contact free measure of ultrafast photocurrent dynamics in the transition metal monopnictide family of type-I Weyl semimetals. On the basis of our data, we are able to clearly distinguish between helicity-dependent photocurrents generated within the ab-plane and polarization-independent photocurrents flowing along the non-centrosymmetric c-axis. Such findings are consistent with earlier static photocurrent experiments, and demonstrate on the basis of both the physical constraints imposed by symmetry and the temporal dynamics intrinsic to current generation and decay that optically induced photocurrents in TaAs are inherent to the underlying crystal symmetry. Such generality in the microscopic origin of photocurrent generation in the transition metal monopnictide family of Weyl semimetals makes these materials promising candidates as next generation sources or detectors in the mid-IR and THz frequency ranges.
Russia’s Transition to a Market Economy: Learning About Business

Russia’s business leaders and employees find themselves in a new environment of competition, efficiency and innovation. These economic changes are accompanied by conditions of assault, both from within and without the country. Externally, firms from the West have entered the country and Russia’s traditional markets in Eastern and Central Europe have collapsed or been coopted by the West. Internally, firms have to face uncertain, ill-defined and often contradictory government rules and powerful crime organizations. Managers and employees find themselves without the training and skills to adjust to these new realities.
The phytobiomes of a three-crop rotation: Influence of land management, host, and plant organ on microbial diversity

Microbiomes from maize and soybean were characterized in a long-term crop rotation research site, under four different land management strategies, to begin unraveling the effects of common farming practices on microbial communities. The fungal and bacterial communities of leaves, stems, and roots in all crops were characterized across the growing season using amplicon sequencing. The wheat rotation has been previously characterized and included here for comparison. Communities differed across plant growth stages and organs, and these effects were most pronounced in the bacterial communities of wheat and maize above-ground organs. Roots consistently had the highest number of unique bacterial OTUs compared to above-ground organs, whereas the alpha diversity of fungi was similar above- and below-ground. Network analyses identified putatively influential members of the microbial communities of the three crops. The fungal OTUs specific to roots, stems or leaves were examined to determine if the specificity reflected their life histories based on previous studies. The analysis suggests that fungal dispersal mechanisms are drivers in organ specificity of the fungal community. Understanding the microbial community structure across the organs of crop plants and identifying influential taxa will provide a critical resource for researchers in future manipulations of naturally occurring microbial communities to reduce plant diseases and to increase crop yields. The ability to predict how these microbes will be dispersed to the target organ will enhance our ability to introduce them sustainably.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
A novel cellular engineering approach to diabetes mellitus.

For type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), keeping glucose levels within the normal range of 65–150 mg/dl with administered insulin has had limited success. Now, Fussenegger and colleagues have engineered cells to release insulin in response to electrical signals, but can this advance lead to better glucose control?
Material Inertia: The Sedimented Spatial Rhetoric of Public School Buildings

This essay develops the concept of material inertia, a lens for studying artifacts of material and spatial rhetorics with a focus on long durations. The essay uses the case study of the DeWitt Clin...
Unlocking Reversibility of LiOH-Based Li-Air Batteries

In this issue of Joule, Clare Grey and colleagues report a nonaqueous electrolyte for Li-air batteries capable of achieving reversible reduction and evolution of oxygen to/from lithium hydroxide in the presence of a redox mediator and added water. Key to unlocking this reversibility is inclusion of ionic liquid, which solvates the redox mediator, modulating its oxidizing power toward LiOH and making O2 formation favorable while disfavoring side reactions. A record faradic efficiency of 99.5% is achieved over the first cycle.
Simulation physics-informed deep neural network by adaptive Adam optimization method to perform a comparative study of the system

Taking the marvelous advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) in accelerating the procedure of finding a solution to different engineering analyses is the main motivation of this article to establish a non-model-based mechanism on the basics of fully connected deep neural networks (FC-DNN) to analyze the hygro-thermomechanical buckling response of the multiscale hybrid composite MHC doubly curved panel. First, the system's buckling response at its design points is obtained by applying DQM to motion equations developed based upon the refined-form of third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT). Then the obtained information would be transferred to DNN to acquire the regressor system. Finding the optimal values of weights and biases of the DNN is the key factor to provide an AI system with high-accuracy prediction. For this reason, the adaptive Adam optimization approach is chosen due to its phenomenal speed as well as lower computational costs.
Learning Sparse Interaction Graphs of Partially Observed Pedestrians for Trajectory Prediction.

Multi-pedestrian trajectory prediction is an indispensable safety element of autonomous systems that interact with crowds in unstructured environments. Many recent efforts have developed trajectory prediction algorithms with focus on understanding social norms behind pedestrian motions. Yet we observe these works usually hold two assumptions that prevent them from being smoothly applied to robot applications: positions of all pedestrians are consistently tracked; the target agent pays attention to all pedestrians in the scene. The first assumption leads to biased interaction modeling with incomplete pedestrian data, and the second assumption introduces unnecessary disturbances and leads to the freezing robot problem. Thus, we propose Gumbel Social Transformer, in which an Edge Gumbel Selector samples a sparse interaction graph of partially observed pedestrians at each time step. A Node Transformer Encoder and a Masked LSTM encode the pedestrian features with the sampled sparse graphs to predict trajectories. We demonstrate that our model overcomes the potential problems caused by the assumptions, and our approach outperforms the related works in benchmark evaluation.
Mean-Based Trace Reconstruction over Oblivious Synchronization Channels

Mean-based reconstruction is a fundamental, natural approach to worst-case trace reconstruction over channels with synchronization errors. It is known that $\exp(O(n^{1/3}))$ traces are necessary and sufficient for mean-based worst-case trace reconstruction over the deletion channel, and this result was also extended to certain channels combining deletions and geometric insertions of uniformly random bits. In this work, we use a simple extension of the original complex-analytic approach to show that these results are examples of a much more general phenomenon. We introduce oblivious synchronization channels, which map each input bit to an arbitrarily distributed sequence of replications and insertions of random bits. This general class captures all previously considered synchronization channels. We show that for any oblivious synchronization channel whose output length follows a sub-exponential distribution either mean-based trace reconstruction is impossible or $\exp(O(n^{1/3}))$ traces suffice for this task.
Origin of cancellation of infrared divergences in coherent state approach: Forward process qq → qq + gluon

Abstract The idea of Kulish and Faddeev for treating asymptotic dynamics in QED by a deductive construction of asymptotic states corresponding to the asymptotic behavior of the hamiltonian operator for | t |→∞, in the interaction representation, is further extended in QCD to provide a more complete analysis of the combinatorial structure of the asymptotic states obtained by the analogous construction in QCD. In the processes so far considered in low orders in perturbative QCD, we find that with these asymptotic states, IR-divergent contributions are systematically generated in the matrix element such as to cancel the leading-order IR divergences arising from the unitarity cuts of the standard covariant graph of perturbative QCD. This occurs separately for each topological type of covariant graph. The cancellation of the forward scattering, leading-order IR divergences in the matrix element in qq→qq+ gluon to lowest order in perturbation theory is discussed in detail.
Intravascular ultrasound analysis to determine the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lesion characteristics in patients with coronary artery disease.

Objectives This study utilized grayscale intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to explore the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and culprit lesion characteristics in patients with coronary artery disease. Background Low HDL-C is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Previous IVUS studies have suggested a significant association between lesion characteristics and cardiovascular events. Methods According to HDL-C levels, 120 patients who underwent IVUS for native, de novo coronary lesions before any intervention were divided into a low HDL-C group (<40 mg/dL, n = 60) and a high HDL-C group (≥40 mg/dL, n = 60). Quantitative and qualitative IVUS analyses were performed to compare lesion characteristics. Results Quantitative IVUS measurements showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. HDL-C level was not significantly correlated with remodeling index (r = 0.03, P = 0.78). However, attenuated plaque was more frequent in the low HDL-C group (48.3% vs. 28.3%, P = 0.02) and a greater percentage of attenuated plaque was found in this group (32.5 ± 21.3% vs. 21.0 ± 11.0%, P = 0.02). Moreover, when categorized into 4 groups according to HDL-C levels, the proportion of attenuated plaque (64.7% in group with <30 mg/dL, 41.9% in group with 30–39 mg/dL, 36.4% in group with 40–59 mg/dL, and 6.3% in group with ≥60 mg/dL; P = 0.001 for trend) was significantly different among groups. On multivariate analysis, only HDL-C and male gender were independently associated with the presence of attenuated plaque at the culprit lesions. Conclusions Patients with low levels of HDL-C may be at increased risk of having a higher incidence of attenuated plaques. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:325–333)
Compact self-powered CMOS strain-rate monitoring circuit for piezoelectric energy scavengers

Self-powered sensing refers to an energy scavenging approach where the power for sensing, computation and storage is harvested directly from the signal being sensed. Presented is a 16-transistor CMOS circuit that can be used for the self-powered sensing of strain-rates using signals produced by piezoelectric energy scavengers. By exploiting operational primitives inherent in impact-ionised hot-electron injection on a floating-gate transistor, the proposed circuit achieves computation and non-volatile storage of signal-rate statistics without the aid of batteries, intermediate energy storage, power regulation or analogue-to-digital conversion. By using a diode based analogue delay-line, the proposed circuit computes and stores the number of times the signal-rate (strain-rate) exceeds a threshold which can be programmed from 0.6 to 12 V/s. The circuit occupies 500×340 µm of silicon when prototyped in a 0.5 µm CMOS technology and measured results demonstrate power dissipation less than 200nW, which is ideal for self-powered sensing applications.
How big is the premium for currency risk?1

Abstract We estimate and test the conditional version of an International Capital Asset Pricing Model using a parsimonious multivariate GARCH process. Since our approach is fully parametric, we can recover any quantity that is a function of the first two conditional moments. Our findings strongly support a model which includes both market and foreign exchange risk. However, both sources of risk are only detected when their prices are allowed to change over time. The evidence also indicates that, with the exception of the U.S. equity market, the premium for bearing currency risk often represents a significant fraction of the total premium.
A tutorial on computational cognitive neuroscience: Modeling the neurodynamics of cognition

Computational Cognitive Neuroscience (CCN) is a new field that lies at the intersection of computational neuroscience, machine learning, and neural network theory (i.e., connectionism). The ideal CCN model should not make any assumptions that are known to contradict the current neuroscience literature and at the same time provide good accounts of behavior and at least some neuroscience data (e.g., single-neuron activity, fMRI data). Furthermore, once set, the architecture of the CCN network and the models of each individual unit should remain fixed throughout all applications. Because of the greater weight they place on biological accuracy, CCN models differ substantially from traditional neural network models in how each individual unit is modeled, how learning is modeled, and how behavior is generated from the network. A variety of CCN solutions to these three problems are described. A real example of this approach is described, and some advantages and limitations of the CCN approach are discussed.
The Flag in American Indian Art

The Flag in American Indian Art. Toby Herbst and Joel Kopp. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.120 pp. 120 color illustrations, map, bibliography. $40.00 (cloth); $24.95 (paper).
Expression of human gamma-globin genes in human erythroleukemia (K562) cells.

K562 cells express embryonic (epsilon) and fetal (gamma) globins and hemoglobins but not adult (beta) globin. To define the cis acting regulatory elements involved in the discrimination between gamma and beta genes, we have constructed chimeric genes composed of portions of gamma and beta and evaluated their expression in stable K562 transfectants. A gamma beta fusion gene containing gamma 5′ sequences to the EcoRI site in exon 3 and beta sequences 3′ is expressed at 10-40% that of the endogenous gamma level. In 50% of the lines, this fusion gene appropriately increases its expression in response to hemin, an inducer of endogenous globin gene expression in K562 cells. In contrast, a beta gamma fusion gene, containing beta sequences 5′ to the EcoRI site in exon 3 and gamma sequences 3′, is neither expressed nor correctly initiated. A beta gene containing gamma-intervening sequence (IVS) 2 accumulates an mRNA transcript when analyzed with a 3′ beta probe. However, no correctly initiated beta mRNA is observed. A gamma gene with beta-IVS 2 is only inducible in one of six expressing clones. All the results are consistent with the presence of stage-specific trans acting factors in K562 cells that stimulate expression of gamma genes and suggest a significant role for gamma-IVS 2 in gamma gene expression.
Rapid Convergence to Equilibrium of Stochastic Ising Models in the Dobrushin Shlosman Regime

We show that, under the conditions of the Dobrushin Shlosman theorem for uniqueness of the Gibbs state, the reversible stochastic Ising model converges to equilibrium exponentially fast on the L2 space of that Gibbs state. For stochastic Ising models with attractive interactions and under conditions which are somewhat stronger than Dobrushin’s, we prove that the semi-group of the stochastic Ising model converges to equilibrium exponentially fast in the uniform norm. We also give a new, much shorter, proof of a theorem which says that if the semi-group of an attractive spin flip system converges to equilibrium faster than 1/td where d is the dimension of the underlying lattice, then the convergence must be exponentially fast.
Effect of myogenic and adipogenic differentiation on expression of colony-stimulating factor genes.

Abstract The influence of cellular differentiation on colony-stimulating factor gene expression was examined in myogenically and adipogenically determined cell lines derived from 5-azacytidine-treated C3H10T1/2 C18 (10T1/2) mouse embryo fibroblasts. These studies demonstrate that colony-stimulating factor gene expression can be modulated by myogenic and adipogenic determination and terminal differentiation.
Dietary Phylloquinone Depletion and Repletion in Older Women

Biological markers indicative of poor vitamin K status have been associated with a greater risk for hip fracture in older men and women. However, the dietary phylloquinone intake required to achieve maximal carboxylation of hepatic and extrahepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins is not known. In an 84-d study in a metabolic unit, 21 older (60-80 y) women were fed a phylloquinone-restricted diet (18 micro g/d) for 28 d, followed by stepwise repletion of 86, 200 and 450 micro g/d of phylloquinone. Plasma phylloquinone, urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid excretion and gamma-carboxylation of hepatic (prothrombin) and extrahepatic proteins (osteocalcin) decreased in response to phylloquinone restriction (P < 0.001), demonstrating the production of subclinical vitamin K deficiency. The gamma-carboxylation of prothrombin was restored to normal levels in response to phylloquinone supplementation at 200 micro g/d. In contrast, all other biochemical markers of vitamin K status remained below normal levels after short-term supplementation of up to 450 micro g/d of phylloquinone. These data support previous observations in rats that hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins have preferential utilization of phylloquinone in response to phylloquinone dietary restriction. Moreover, our findings suggest that the current recommended Adequate Intake levels of vitamin K (90 micro g/d) in women do not support maximal osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation in older women.
“What Happens in the Historian's Head?”

Over two hundred years ago Rousseau commented, “The facts described in history never give an exact picture of what actually happened. They change form in the historian's head. They get molded by his interests and take on the hue of his prejudices.” This insight—that history is a human creation molded by the interests and prejudices of the historian—is one that is easy to forget, particularly in times enamored by the claims of empirical science. But in the past three decades, historians, like other scholars across the humanities and social sciences, have faced a number of theoretical challenges to the empiricism that had been in ascendency since the late nineteenth century. Both established academic disciplines such as anthropology, literary studies, and philosophy and emerging disciplines such as cultural studies and film studies have been profoundly affected by these critiques. The “cultural turn,” with its emphasis on the inherently artificial nature of scholarly narratives, has challenged traditional historians' unquestioning reliance on documentary evidence, scientific methodology, and empirical claims to truth. Numerous historians have debated these theoretical challenges to the discipline, but historians of education have been largely silent. The absence of this debate in the history of education is striking, given the engagement of other scholars with these concerns and the fact that these ideas appeared over three decades ago: both Hayden White's Metahistory and Clifford Geertz's The Interpretation of Cultures were published in 1973, while Foucault's Discipline and Punish appeared in English translation in 1977.
Climate-change adaptation on rangelands: linking regional exposure with diverse adaptive capacity

The ecological consequences of climate change are predicted to vary greatly throughout US rangelands. Projections show warming and drying in the southern Great Plains and the Southwest, warmer and drier summers with reduced winter snowpack in the Northwest, and warmer and wetter conditions in the northern Great Plains. Primarily through their combined effects on soil water availability, these climatic changes will modify plant production and community composition, which will, in turn, affect the livelihoods of humans who rely upon livestock grazing. The ability of rangeland managers to assess risk and prepare for climate change varies greatly and reflects their different adaptive capacities. Geographically specific exposure to climate change and a diverse adaptive capacity to counteract these changes will require development of varied adaptation strategies that can accommodate the various needs and abilities of livestock managers.
Adsorption, decomposition and isomerization of methyl isocyanide and acetonitrile on Pd(111)

Abstract The adsorption of methyl isocyanide (CH3NC) and acetonitrile (CH3CN) has been studied on Pd(111). Methyl isocyanide adsorbs on Pd(111) at 80 K at low coverages with the isocyanide functionality oriented close to parallel to the surface; the surface-bound species reorients to a geometry in which the isocyanide group is perpendicular to the surface as the coverage increases. Desorbing the excess isocyanide recovers the parallel geometry. Heating to above ∼300 K forms a third, thermally stable, rehybridized species with its CN axis close to perpendicular to the surface. This thermally decomposes to desorb HCN and hydrogen at above 450 K. Acetonitrile is much less reactive and adsorbs in an η2(C,N) configuration where the adsorbate appears to maintain a reasonably linear CCN geometry on the surface and which desorbs with no thermal decomposition at 225 K.
Identification of interstitial cells in canine proximal colon using NADH diaphorase histochemistry.

In gastrointestinal muscles special cells, referred to as interstitial cells, may be involved in pacemaking and transduction of inputs from the enteric nervous system. We have used a modification of the NADH diaphorase method to characterize the distribution of interstitial cells in the muscularis externa of the canine colon. The staining product of the NADH diaphorase reaction is useful because it allows light and electron microscopic studies to be performed with the same marker. Therefore rigorous identification of the cells observed at the light microscopic level could be made by electron microscopy. We were able to lable at least three classes of interstitial cells: (1) at the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer; (2) within the thickness of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers; and (3) in the region of the myenteric plexus. This technique also labeled cell bodies and initial segments of processes of Dogiel type II neurones in enteric ganglia. Nerve fibres within the muscle layers did not exhibit NADH diaphorase activity. This study has identified the interstitial cells within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and shows the arrangement of these cells in a three-dimensional network.
Oxygen release time in leaf discs and thylakoids of peas and Photosystem II membrane fragments of spinach

Abstract The half-time of O2 release in Chlorella, thylakoids and Photosystem II membranes has generally been found to be 0.9 to 3.0 ms, but recently Plijter et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 935 (1988) 299–311) reported it to be between 30 to 130 ms. This work presents a new method, using a Clark electrode, for measuring O2 release times in leaf discs, thylakoids and Photosystem II membranes. The sample is illuminated with saturating pulses of light of 3 μs to 200 ms duration given at 5 Hz. Presuming the Kok model of four charge transfers per O2 evolved, the O2 release time could be calculated from the time needed to observe the evolution of one O2 less 4-times the turnover time of the charge transfer reaction. Upper bounds for the half times of O2 release were found to be 6, 11, and 5 ms in thylakoids, leaf discs, and Photosystem II membrane fragments, respectively. In thylakoids, using a bare platinum electrode operated under weak bias conditions, the half-time of O2 signal rise is 2.7 ms. The rate of rise of this O2 signal could be slowed by treating the thylakoids with nitrate or formate. The turnover time of the oxygen evolution system, the minimum time between evolution of oxygen molecules, of Photosystem II that is necessary to support light saturated photosynthesis was measured to be 16, 28 and 22 ms in thylakoids, leaf discs and Photosystem II membrane fragments, respectively. The rate limitation for photosynthesis is not the O2 release time but is the rate of charge transfer through or beyond the plastoquinone pool.
Geologic Time as a Parameter in Organic Metamorphism and Vitrinite Reflectance as AN Absolute Paleogeothermometer

Before replying to James Kohsmann's discussion of the Price (1983) paper, I wish to correct two errors in that paper. In the abstract I stated: "The threshold of intense petroleum generation is not detectable in Plio-Miocene sediments at minimum temperatures of 160°C" (Price, 1983, p. 5). I should have said ". . . in Pliocene and Miocene sediments with hydrogen-rich organic matter at minimum temperatures of 160°C." In the Fig. 19 caption, in a classic demonstration of Murphy's Law, a line was dropped during printing so that the last sentence of that caption read: "This equation can only be applied to coals or rocks with Type I organic matter". The sentence should have read: "This equation can only be applied to coals and rocks with Type III organic matter. It cannot be applied to rocks with Type I organic matter."+
A measure of malpractice

A measure of malpractice, Weiler, P., Hiatt, H., Newhouse, J., Johnson, W., Brennan, T., & Leape, L. (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1993), 178 pages, $29.95.
Radar Holography using compressed sensing for point targets

The scientific community has been interested in observing meteors for decades due to the role of meteoriods in studying space weather, the upper atmosphere of the meteor zone, and various aspects of plasma physics. Meteor events detected by single receiver radar system are usually shown in the Range-Time-Intensity (RTI) plot. While we can not acquire meteor information in the cross-range domain with traditional single-receiver detection methods, the Radar Holography is a good alternative. The mathematical basis of radar holography is the fourier transform relationship[Woodman, 1997]. The images of interested targets can be obtained from the scattered electromagnetic field at a finite number of sampling points on the groud (Receiver Array). For point targets, the interested signal is natural sparse and compressible, therefore, by introducing the compressed sensing (CS) concept, we can approximately reconstruct the signal from only a few measurements, which can be less than the number required by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. However, the sparse approximation based on the CS is a NP-hard optimization problem therefore its solution can not be found easily. It is shown that by satisfying certain reconstruction conditions [Candes et al., 2008], we can approximate the original problem by l 1 norm minimization, which is easily solvable by various algorithms. In this paper, we will apply the CS method to radar holography in the range, doppler frequency and cross-range domain for point targets. For modeling, a discrete linear radar signal mode is derived, and the sparse approximation based on CS has been applied. We demonstrate that this approach can provide satisfied resolution in both the temporal and spatial domain by better limiting usual ringing effect.
Diseases of blueberry fruit at harvest in North Carolina.

ABSTRACT Blueberries were harvested from 11 cultivars and four breeding selections from four locations in 1989 and 1990. Annual disease losses at harvest averaged 9.6% and were primarily due to five diseases: Mummy berry (Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi)5.6%, phomopsis soft rot (Phomopsis vaccinii)2.9%, phyllosticta rot (Phyllosticta vaccinii)0.4%, ripe rot (Colletotrichum sp.) 0.4% and alter-naria rot (Alternaria tenuissima)0.2%. Phomopsis soft rot occurred both as a localized calyx-end rot and as a soft rot detectable only by feel. Phyllosticta rot is an early season disease, and 2/3 of the infected fruit were collected at the first harvest date in 1990. Significant differences in disease levels occurred among cultivars and locations. Low levels of ripe rot and alternaria rot were attributed to a 7-day harvesting interval. A previously unreported disorder in the cultivar Cape Fear resulted in soft, unmarketable fruit.
Psychometrics of the overall anxiety severity and impairment scale (OASIS) in a sample of women with and without trauma histories

Many women have unidentified anxiety or trauma histories that can impact their health and medical treatment-seeking behavior. This study examined the sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and sensitivity to change of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) for identifying an anxiety disorder in a female sample with and without trauma history related to intimate partner violence (IPV). Forty-three women with full or partial PTSD from IPV and 41 women without PTSD completed the OASIS. All participants with trauma history completed the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. This report is a secondary analysis of a study on the neurobiology of psychological trauma in survivors of IPV recruited from the community. A cut-score of 5 best discriminated those with PTSD from those without, successfully classifying 91 % of the sample with 93 % sensitivity and 90 % specificity. The measure showed strong sensitivity to change in a subsample of 20 participants who completed PTSD treatment and strong convergent and divergent validity in the full sample. This study suggests that the OASIS can identify the presence of an anxiety disorder among a female sample of IPV survivors when PTSD is present.
Environmental epigenetics of asthma: An update

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway, is influenced by interplay between genetic and environmental factors now known to be mediated by epigenetics. Aberrant DNA methylation, altered histone modifications, specific microRNA expression, and other chromatin alterations orchestrate a complex early-life reprogramming of immune T-cell response, dendritic cell function, macrophage activation, and a breach of airway epithelial barrier that dictates asthma risk and severity in later life. Adult-onset asthma is under analogous regulation. The sharp increase in asthma prevalence over the past 2 or 3 decades and the large variations among populations of similar racial/ethnic background but different environmental exposures favors a strong contribution of environmental factors. This review addresses the fundamental question of whether environmental influences on asthma risk, severity, and steroid resistance are partly due to differential epigenetic modulations. Current knowledge on the epigenetic effects of tobacco smoke, microbial allergens, oxidants, airborne particulate matter, diesel exhaust particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dietary methyl donors and other nutritional factors, and dust mites is discussed. Exciting findings have been generated by rapid technological advances and well-designed experimental and population studies. The discovery and validation of epigenetic biomarkers linked to exposure, asthma, or both might lead to better epigenotyping of risk, prognosis, treatment prediction, and development of novel therapies.
Gas exchange abnormalities produced by venous gas emboli

Abstract Bubbles of either He, N 2 or SF 6 were infused intravenously into anesthetized dogs at a rate of 0.2 ml/kg/min. Alterations in pulmonary gas exchange were quantitated by the inert gas elimination method during control, steady state infusion and resolution phases. The hypoxemia produced was predominantly due to regions of low V a /Q rather than pure shunt, and the increase in physiological dead space was due to the addition of high V a /Q regions than ‘pure’ dead space. The V a /Q distribution returned to normal within 30 minutes of stopping the He or N 2 bubbles, but remained abnormal for longer periods with SF 6 bubbles. The net elimination of insoluble gases (such as He or N 2 ) was only slightly impaired by bubble emboli, provided the cardiac output remained constant. Early pulmonary edema from bubble embolization was documented by increased wet weight/dry weight ratio, but the increased lung water was not apparent on histological examination. This form of pulmonary embolus is unique in that there is a constant fraction of the vasculature blocked although any given region with embolus is undergoing continuous resorption of the bubble. This produced a partial obstruction of the affected gas exchange units which manifests as regions of high V a /Q rather than pure dead space.
Anterior paraseptal cartilage development in normal and cleft lip and palate human fetal specimens.

Abstract As part of an ongoing study of age-related variation in fetal cleft lip and palate nasal capsule morphology, anterior paraseptal cartilage development was examined histologically in a sample of nine complete cleft lip and palate human fetuses, and 20 without clefts ranging in age from 8 to 21 weeks. A computer reconstruction technique was used to quantify lengths, volumes, and generate growth curves from various regression equations. Anterior paraseptal cartilage length was seen to change in a sigmoidal fashion while volume changes were best described by a logarithmic curve for both groups, with the steepest increases from 15 to 21 weeks. Cleft specimens exhibited significantly different growth rates (line slopes) for both length and volume dimensions compared with the normal specimens. The larger, for age, cartilages were associated with an enlarged, inferior border of the nasal septal cartilage and vomer in the cleft sample. These results are consonant with previous findings in this cleft fetal...
Team-Track: A tool for investigating tracking performance in teams

Team performance and coordination have gained considerable interest in disparate fields (e.g., aviation, process control, medicine, and wartime operations). Team-Track, a C program that allows controlled experimental manipulation of team conditions, was developed to meet the research needs resulting from this interest. Using Team-Track, one can manipulate task interdependence, team staffing, relative contributions of team members, communications, and informational displays in a low-cost environment. The dependent measure of performance generated by the program is the absolute tracking error along each dimension. The program is ideal for investigating team interactions as it allows for orthogonal manipulation of team variables, therefore accommodating a multitude of research paradigms.
The Endograft Pipeline

Thoracic endograft technology was initially designed and used clinically for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. These devices have now been applied to more varied and complex thoracic aortic pathologic processes. Newer devices are being developed with the aim of improved suitability for these new challenges. This article provides a review of thoracic endografts likely to be available for use in the near future.
COMPARISON OF ATTITUDES OF TEACHERS OF PHYSICAL AND MUSICAL EDUCATION TOWARD INCLUSION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES

56 elementary teachers of physical education and 54 teachers of elementary music education responded to the Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire which assesses teachers' attitudes regarding inclusion of children with disabilities into regular education settings. Analysis indicated that children with emotional and behavioral disorders were perceived less favorably by teachers of music education and children with orthopedic handicaps were perceived less favorably by teachers of physical education. The type and severity of disability appeared to influence teachers' attitudes towards including children with disabilities in regular education classrooms.
The Structural Role of Cholesterol in Cell Membranes: From Condensed Bilayers to Lipid Rafts

ConspectusDefining the two-dimensional structure of cell membranes represents one of the most daunting challenges currently facing chemists, biochemists, and biophysicists. In particular, the time-averaged lateral organization of the lipids and proteins that make up these natural enclosures has yet to be established. As the classic Singer–Nicolson model of cell membranes has evolved over the past 40 years, special attention has focused on the structural role played by cholesterol, a key component that represents ca. 30% of the total lipids that are present. Despite extensive studies with model membranes, two fundamental issues have remained a mystery: (i) the mechanism by which cholesterol condenses low-melting lipids by uncoiling their acyl chains and (ii) the thermodynamics of the interaction between cholesterol and high- and low-melting lipids. The latter bears directly on one of the most popular notions in modern cell biology, that is, the lipid raft hypothesis, whereby cholesterol is thought to combi...
The nature of the Mo(CO)6/alumina catalyst for the metathesis of olefins

Abstract Activation of Mo(CO)6/γ-Al2O3 at 100°C in flowing helium yields Mo(CO)3(ads.) which is modestly active in the metathesis of propylene at 53°C. Activation at higher temperatures results in a large increase in activity, the evolution of further CO and, by 280°C, of one molecule of hydrogen from surface OH groups. Activation beyond 280°C decreases the activity. Mo(CO)3(ads.) adsorbs one molecule from a pulse of O2 at 25°C to eject one molecule of CO and form Mo(CO)2O2(ads.), a species 15 times more active than Mo(CO)3(ads.). Interrelations are presented between these surface species and ones known molecularly.
A rapid seedling screening method for determination of fungal endophyte viability

Infection of turf and forage grasses with Acremonium Link :Fr. and Epichloe (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. fungal endophytes is often desirable because it Confers enhanced insect tolerance to these plants. Determination of the viability of the endophytes in seed lots is important for commercial producers and consumers of seed. A current method of determining viability relies on staining leaf sheath epidermal peels for the presence of endophyte hyphae. It is difficult to obtain an epidermal peel from a young seedling, so plants must often be grown for several months before checking for viability. The objective of this study was to develop a method of screening very young seedlings for endophyte viability. Here it is reported that endophyte viability could be determined within 2 to 3 wk of germination by staining intact leaf sheath tissue with an alkaline rose bengal stain. This method of endophyte detection allows a more rapid assessment of percentage of viable endophyte in a seed lot.
Genetics and genomics of chloroplast biogenesis: maize as a model system

The chloroplast is a compartment unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes. It and other members of the plastid family carry out a remarkable range of activities. Explorations of photosynthesis-related phenomena have stimulated biochemical, biophysical, molecular and genetic approaches to understanding the proplastid-to-chloroplast conversion and the regulation of chloroplast processes. Much of this regulation is exerted by nuclear gene products, which often participate in plastid gene expression. Concerted exploitation of genomic resources promises a deeper understanding of these regulatory factors and more effective genetic engineering based on chloroplast transformation. Here, we review recent progress, drawing attention to maize, whose unique attributes and new resources hold special promise for explorations of chloroplast biogenesis.
Globigerinoides ruber morphotypes in the Gulf of Mexico: A test of null hypothesis

Planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (G. ruber), due to its abundance and ubiquity in the tropical/subtropical mixed layer, has been the workhorse of paleoceanographic studies investigating past sea-surface conditions on a range of timescales. Recent geochemical work on the two principal white G. ruber (W) morphotypes, sensu stricto (ss) and sensu lato (sl), has hypothesized differences in seasonal preferences or calcification depths, implying that reconstructions using a non-selective mixture of morphotypes could potentially be biased. Here, we test these hypotheses by performing stable isotope and abundance measurements on the two morphotypes in sediment trap, core-top, and downcore samples from the northern Gulf of Mexico. As a test of null hypothesis, we perform the same analyses on couplets of G. ruber (W) specimens with attributes intermediate to the holotypic ss and sl morphologies. We find no systematic or significant offsets in coeval ss-sl δ(18)O, and δ(13)C. These offsets are no larger than those in the intermediate pairs. Coupling our results with foraminiferal statistical model INFAUNAL, we find that contrary to previous work elsewhere, there is no evidence for discrepancies in ss-sl calcifying depth habitat or seasonality in the Gulf of Mexico.