cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) at a neuronal nicotinic synapse

The localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of the frog was investigated with an immunofluorescence method. By doubly staining the whole ganglion with antibodies against a synaptic-vesicle antigen and anti-CGRP antibodies, we found that all of the boutons at the nicotinic synapses on the postganglionic neurons contained immunoreactivity against this peptide. In contrast, neither the muscarinic nor the adrenergic terminals of the postganglionic fibers on the cardiac muscle contained CGRP immunoreactivity. This suggests that CGRP is involved in the functions of the neuronal nicotinic synapses.
Non-qualitative Properties

The distinction between qualitative properties like mass and shape and non-qualitative properties like being Napoleon and being next to Obama is important, but remains largely unexamined. After discussing its theoretical significance and cataloguing various kinds of non-qualitative properties, I survey several views about the nature of this distinction and argue that all proposed reductive analyses of this distinction are unsatisfactory. I then defend primitivism, according to which the distinction resists reductive analysis.
The Therapeutic Benefits of Expressive Writing

This article discusses research that examined the therapeutic benefits of expressive writing. The author notes that expressive writing is an inexpensive form of therapy that has been shown to have positive physical health benefits. The research examined patients with chronic illnesses. The results of the study showed that patients with asthma and rheumatoid arthritis who wrote for 20 minutes a day showed significantly improved health four months after the study and that their health continued to increase when measured after this date. The author notes that this research adds to the growing body of work that recognizes the value of promoting social and psychological factors in prevention and treatment of illnesses.
Does the indigenous Australian Fauna Belong to the Tertiary

THE statement that the indigenous mammalian fauna of Australia belongs to the Mesozoic has been so frequently made that it has come to foe generally accepted. It was, therefore, not surprising to find the reviewer of Cleland's “Geolqgy,” in NATURE of August 2, 1917 (vol. xcix., p. 441), pointing out as a mistake the opinion expressed in that text-book that the fauna is a Tertiary one.
Two children with de novo del(9p)

We describe two patients with characteristic manifestations of the del(9p) syndrome. Among the prominent manifestation are moderate mental retardation, trigonocephaly, flat nasal bridge, anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, square and hyperconvex nails, and apparently long digits. The metacarpophalangeal pattern profiles of the patients showed that the clinical impression of long fingers may be due to relative shortness of the metacarpals rather than to elongation of the phalanges.
Integrating a computer component into the student psychology laboratory: Problems and prospects

This paper presents some commonly occurring problems associated with integrating a computer component into student psychology laboratories. Implementation of a computer component requires consideration of differences among students, objectives and teaching style of the instructor, course level and content, and courseware to be used. These factors are examined with respect to how they can affect the success of an attempt to use computers in the instructional laboratory.
QUALITY AND STABILITY OF BLUEBERRY JUICE BLENDED WITH APPLE, GRAPE AND CRANBERRY JUICE

Sensory quality and storage stability of blueberry juice blends were investigated with the goal of maintaining dominant blueberry flavor, aroma and color. Apple juice, Concord and Venus grape juices and cranberry juice cocktail were blended at 75, 50 and 25% with blueberry juice. As the percent of blueberry juice decreased, the intensity of blueberry-related sensory attributes decreased. The 25% Concord and Venus blends were the only blends that resulted in blueberry flavor similar to the reference. Apple and cranberry juice cocktail blended with blueberry juice produced several blends with good flavor and aroma, but they were not readily characterized as blueberry juice. All blends at the 25% level produced blueberry color equal to or greater than the reference. The juice samples were evaluated initially and after three months of storage at 37C. After storage, all blends had decreased red color. La qualite sensorielle et la stabilite de melanges a base de jus de myrtille ont ete etudies, le but etant de maintenir la flaveur, l'arome et la couleur dominante du jus de myrtille. Des melanges avec du jus de pomme, de raisin ou de canneberge ont ete prepares. Le melange a 25% de jus de raisin produit un jus a la flaveur identique a celle du jus de myrtille pur. Les melanges a 25% produisent tous des melanges de meme couleur ou plus colores que le jus pur. Apres 3 mois de stockage, tous les melanges sont moins colores.
Ancillary Benefits of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Transitional Economies

Abstract The paper presents the results of an ancillary benefits study in Russia, including the health benefits of reducing conventional pollutants as well as the economic benefits of saving fuel achieved by controlling greenhouse gas emissions. We present illustrative examples of the ancillary benefits in the forestry sector. Our findings show that the benefits from conventional pollution reduction and savings in fuel are significant and institutional reforms are needed to capture them. The “aggregated” approach, using a crosscountry macroeconomic model, contains some uncertainties, but the assumptions required for our analysis did not compromise this study, which is the first of its kind for Russia.
The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914

No problem has perplexed students of modern Ottoman history more than that of determining the state of the empire's population during its last century. Foreign travelers and diplomats and various nationalist leaders claimed that the Ottoman government had no census of its own. They made self-serving estimates of its population to support their own political or diplomatic ambitions, using at best methods such as multiplying by preset figures the number of males found in neighborhood coffeehouses or Sunday religious services, or simply accepting the estimates of local priests. In the face of this, the Ottomans did no more than publish their figures without providing supporting data or bothering to explain their census procedures. As a result, the Ottoman census system and its data were largely ignored in the outside world, and the rough and inaccurate estimates of foreigners were generally accepted in preference to the official figures.
Taking control of research on volitional control: challenges for future theory and research

Abstract The four target articles in this special issue address an important area of research in academic self-regulation theory and research—research on volitional control, especially motivational and emotional control. The articles are discussed in terms of 10 issues that will help to define the future of research on self-regulation and volitional control. The issues are: 1)developing a conceptual foundation and consistent terminology, 2)clarifying self-regulatory structures and processes, 3)mapping out the nomological network, 4)refining measurement instruments, 5)improving research methodology, 6)exploring interactions between the environment and volitional strategies, 7)investigating the acquisition and transfer of volitional strategies, 8)examining developmental differences in volitional strategies, 9)examining individual and cultural differences in volitional strategies, and 10)developing programs to improve volitional strategies.
Railroad Accident at Burlington in 1855

Sinclair describes an accident in Burlington, New Jeresy, of the Camden and Amboy railroad utilizing contemporary newspapers and pamphlets fron the Rutgers Library.
Microstructural examination of oxidized spent PWR fuel by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Pressurized-water-reactor spent fuel from oxidation tests at 420 to 450 K in air was examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of initial oxidation beyond UO2. At oxygen/metal ratios to 2.13, the fuel oxidized internally by forming U4O9 along grain boundaries and by advancing coherent U4O9/UO2 interfaces into the UO2 grains. Grain boundary cracking accompanied U4O9 formation. The U4O9 in irradiated fuel lacked long-range order, but was readily identified by the presence of diffuse extra reflections in electron diffraction. The tendency of spent fuel to internal oxidation is attributed to rapid penetration of oxygen along grain boundaries coated with closely spaced fission gas microbubbles.
Graphite-carbide materials prepared by hot-working with a dispersed liquid-carbide phase☆

Abstract Graphitic bodies that contain a fine dispersion of zirconium or molybdenum carbide particles and that are hot-worked at temperatures high enough so that the carbide phase is in the liquid state have been found to possess good density, impermeability, and strength. The carbide-bearing bodies, originally prepared by molding, are deformed in compression at temperatures above the carbide-graphite eutectic temperature. The excess carbide is squeezed from the free surface of the body, which results in a predominantly graphitic body with properties approaching those of the pyrolytic graphites. The initial carbide content of 10 vol.% is reduced to about 6 vol.% when hot-worked to true strain levels of the order of 60 per cent. The initial stage of hot-working is rapid and corresponds to the effective elimination of open porosity and gas permeability. The second stage (beyond about 30 per cent strain) is slower, but the preferred orientation, thermal expansivity, and strength continue to change appreciably with increasing strain. The microstructure consists of fine carbide particles, generally less than 5 μ, distributed uniformly in an oriented graphite matrix whose structure differs from that of conventional molded or hot-worked graphites. Molybdenum-bearing bodies show the highest strengths with moduli of rupture in excess of 20,000 psi.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome between 24 and 48 h after ERCP predicts prolonged length of stay in patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis: A retrospective study

Abstract Background Early systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) has been associated with severe non-iatrogenic acute pancreatitis. The aims of this study were to determine whether early SIRS could be used to predict severe post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) and to determine the effect of prophylactic-pancreatic stenting (PS) on SIRS and severe PEP. Methods Between 1/2000 and 6/2012, all patients admitted for PEP after an outpatient ERCP and who had ≥1 abdominal CT scan during hospitalization were retrospectively evaluated. The presence of SIRS was assessed between 0 and 24 h and 24 and 48 h after the time of ERCP completion. SIRS was evaluated as a predictor of severe PEP using area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve analysis. Results There were 113 patients with PEP of whom 22 (19.5%) had severe PEP. SIRS was present in 44 (38.9%) and 33 (29.2%) patients between 0 and 24 h and 24 and 48 h, respectively. SIRS between 24 and 48 h had a higher predictive accuracy for severe PEP compared to SIRS between 0 and 24 h (AUROC = 0.7 vs. 0.5, p = 0.002). The prevalence of SIRS between 24 and 48 h was significantly less among the 19 patients who underwent PS (11% vs. 37%, p = 0.03). There was no difference between the prophylactic stenting and no stenting groups with regards to acute fluid collection(s), pancreatic necrosis, organ failure or mortality during hospitalization. Conclusions SIRS between 24 and 48 h after ERCP is an accurate, easy to obtain, and inexpensive predictor of severe PEP. PS is associated with a decreased prevalence of SIRS between 24 and 48 h after ERCP.
An equilibrium and stability study of Δ(1)-pyrroline.

Several properties of the compound 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole(A1-pyrroline), which has been reported as a component of the male-produced Mediterranean fruit fly pheromone, have been determined by [1H]- and [13C]nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The stability of Δ1-pyrroline in several solvents and at moderately elevated temperatures has been investigated, and it has been established that it exists as both a monomer and trimer in solution. Although equilibrium studies indicate that the trimer is thermodynamically more stable than the monomer in solution, only the monomer was found in the vapor phase based on infrared analysis.
Mechanisms of inelastic deformation in metallic glasses

Abstract The phenomenology of inelastic deformation in metallic glasses is briefly reviewed. This is followed by a short review of methods used to characterize the glassy structure. Considerable emphasis is put on the amorphous soap bubble raft as a two-dimensional analog medium that can give quantitatively accurate simulations of both the structural properties ofmetallic glasses and the mechanisms of their inelastic deformation. Analysis of such sheared bubble rafts has established that the basic ingredient of inelastic deformation in these materials is shear transformations occurring in small, atomic size volume elements that are only weakly interacting. Through the use of an inter-bubble potential, the changes in energy of these shear transformations can be analyzed in great detail. This has disclosed a remarkable capability in the model to parallel and predict complex relaxation phenomena in metallic glasses down to the detail of simulating the distributed nature of the structure and the free energies for transformation. This has led further to a very satisfactory model for the kinetics of anelastic and viscoplastic response of the structure for processes on shear localization, and nas led even to a semi-quantitative model for embrittlement resulting from physical ageing.
Organizational influences on women's experience in the superintendency

Abstract This article examines superintendent‐school board relationships in three school districts where the superintendents are women. Drawing upon multiple sources of qualitative data and concepts from Kanter's structural framework, the author analyzes organizational influences that shape the process of superintendent selection and the conditions under which authority is negotiated.
Patronage Politics and Contentious Collective Action: A Recursive Relationship

Based on ethnographic reanalysis and on current qualitative research on poor people's politics, this article argues that routine patronage politics and nonroutine collective action should be examined not as opposite and conflicting political phenomena but as dynamic processes that often establish recursive relationships. Through a series of case studies conducted in contemporary Argentina, this article examines four instances in which patronage and collective action intersect and interact: network breakdown, patron's certification, clandestine support, and reaction to threat. These four scenarios demonstrate that more than two opposing spheres of action or two different forms of sociability, patronage, and contentious politics can be mutually imbricated. Either when it malfunctions or when it thrives, clientelism may lie at the root of collective action.
The Inconsistent Pattern of Thallium Defects: A Clue to The False Positive Perfusion Scintigram

Exercise thallium myocardial scintigrams were analyzed in 76 consecutive patients with documented normal coronary arteries to identify the factors associated with abnormal or "false positive" studies. The thallium scintigrams had been judged normal in 60 patients (79 percent) and abnormal in 16 (21 percent). Analysis of the location of thallium defects in the 16 patients with abnormal scintigrams revealed a pattern that was consistent with coronary artery disease in 5, including 4 with an abnormal left ventricle, and a pattern that was inconsistent in the other 11. In 9 of these 11 patients the pattern of defects suggested soft tissue attenuation, by the diaphragm in 2 and breast or adipose tissue in 7, whereas in the other 2 patients isolated apical defects were seen. Among exercise myocardial scintigrams performed in 68 randomly selected patients with abnormal coronary arteries, 6 (9 percent) were reported to be normal. In four patients with abnormal scintigrams, the diagnosis of coronary artery disease was based on an inconsistent pattern. In three of these the pattern was related to isolated apical defects and in one it was related to apparent soft tissue attenuation. "Consistent" scintigraphic defects, seen frequently in patients with normal coronary arteries, in whom they are usually associated with an abnormal left ventricle. In patients with normal coronary arteries, "inconsistent" thallium defects are probably related to soft tissue attenuation or to normal apical thinning. Although defects caused by isolated apical abnormalities and soft tissue attenuation are also seen in patients with coronary diseases and add somewhat to scintigraphic sensitivity, they are a rare cause of diagnostic scintigraphic abnormalities in patients with coronary disease. The incidence of false positive thallium scintigrams could be reduced and overall accuracy improved by careful attention to the pattern of thallium defects.
Abstract 5440: Activity of mesothelin-targeted immunotoxin RG7787 against triple-negative breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Mesothelin (MSLN) is a cell surface glycoprotein normally expressed by mesothelial cells of the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum, but also highly expressed in mesothelioma, pancreatic and ovarian cancers. It was recently reported that many triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) also express MSLN. RG7787 is a next generation, deimmunized recombinant immunotoxin (RIT) consisting of a high-affinity anti-MSLN Fab fragment for targeting, fused to a 24 kD fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A for cell killing. Here, we demonstrate using flow cytometry that the TNBC cell lines HCC70 and SUM149 express significant MSLN on the cell surface. HCC70 and SUM149 are sensitive to RG7787 and related RITs with IC50 values in the subnanomolar range. RG7787 has less off-target toxicity in mice than earlier mesothelin-targeted immunotoxins and could be safely administered to mice at six-fold higher doses. RG7787 shrinks HCC70 tumor xenografts grown in athymic nude mice by >40% and produces a 10 day delay in tumor progression compared to vehicle (p 85% when RG7787 was given following paclitaxel, a statistically significant improvement over paclitaxel alone. Together these data demonstrate that RG7787 has significant activity against TNBC and warrants further study as a treatment for this malignancy. Citation Format: Christine Alewine, Emily Maon-Osann, Ira Pastan. Activity of mesothelin-targeted immunotoxin RG7787 against triple-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5440. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5440
Myelomonocytic cell recruitment causes fatal CNS vascular injury during acute viral meningitis

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS) elicits fatal immunopathology through blood-brain barrier breakdown and convulsive seizures. Although lymphocytic-choriomeningitis-virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are essential for disease, their mechanism of action is not known. To gain insights into disease pathogenesis, we observed the dynamics of immune cells in the meninges by two-photon microscopy. Here we report visualization of motile CTLs and massive secondary recruitment of pathogenic monocytes and neutrophils that were required for vascular leakage and acute lethality. CTLs expressed multiple chemoattractants capable of recruiting myelomonocytic cells. We conclude that a CD8(+) T-cell-dependent disorder can proceed in the absence of direct T-cell effector mechanisms and rely instead on CTL-recruited myelomonocytic cells.
Using iodinated single–stranded M13 probes to facilltate rapid DNA sequence analysis – nucleotide sequence of a mouse lysine tRNA gene

From a recombinant lambda phage, we have determined a 387 bp sequence containing a mouse lysine tRNA gene. The putative lys tRNA (anticodon UUU) differs from rabbit liver lys tRNA at five positions. The flanking regions of the mouse gene are not generally homologous to published human and Drosophila lys tRNA genes. However, the mouse gene contains a 14 bp region comprising 13 A-T base pairs, 30-44 bp from the 5' end of the coding region. Cognate A-T rich regions are present in human and Drosophila genes. The coding region is flanked by two 11 bp direct repeats, similar to those associated with alu family sequences. The sequence was determined by a "walking" protocol that employs, as a novel feature, iodinated single-stranded M13 probes to identify M13 subclones which contain sequences partially overlapping and contiguous to an initially determined sequence. The probes can also be used to screen lambda phage and in Southern and dot blot experiments.
A Single-Dose Resveratrol Treatment in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract The underlying causes of denervation of the neuromuscular junction and eventual motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have not been resolved. The superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)G93A mutant mouse is a frequently used animal model of ALS. We hypothesized that resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenolic molecule that enhances mammalian NAD+-dependent SIRT1 deacetylases and may increase life span, would improve motor function and survival in the SOD1 mouse model via modulation of p53 acetylation. Data were collected for mean survival times, neuromuscular performance on the ROTOR-ROD™ (San Diego Instruments, San Diego, CA, USA), body weight, and p53 acetylation. Mean survival times were not statistically different (P = .23) between control and experimental (RSV-fed) groups (mean ± SD, control [n = 11] 138 ± 6 days vs. experimental [n = 10] 135 ± 8 days). Performance was not significantly different between groups at time points corresponding to 50%, 80%, and 90% mean life span (P = .46), nor di...
Missing salts on early Mars

Our understanding of the role of water on Mars has been profoundly influenced over the past several years by the detection of widespread aqueous alteration minerals. Clay minerals are found throughout ancient Noachian terrains and sulfate salts are abundant in younger Hesperian terrains, but these phases are rarely found together in the early Martian rock record. Full alteration assemblages are generally not recognized at local scales, hindering our ability to close mass balance in the ancient crust. Here we demonstrate the dissolution of basalt and subsequent formation of smectite results in an excess of cations that should reside with anions such as OH^−, Cl^−, SO^(2-)_3 SO^(2-)_4, SO^(2-)_4, or CO^(2-)_3 in a significant reservoir of complementary salts. Such salts are largely absent from Noachian terrains, yet the composition and/or fate of these ‘missing salts’ is critical to understanding the oxidation state and primary atmospheric volatile involved in crustal weathering on early Mars.
Music and Cognitive Development: From Notes to Neural Networks.

This article investigates research on early childhood development and on both listening to music and participation in music activities by young children. Research is reviewed that explores possible relationships between various music-related experiences and cognitive development, from the “Mozart Effect” studies to participation in piano lessons or other music training over time. This literature review suggest that, just as a high quality early childhood educational environment can positively affect child development, the same may be true of a music experience that is developmentally responsive and sequenced in complexity.
Improved rubidium frequency standards using diode lasers with AM and FM noise control

Diode-laser-pumped, rubidium cell frequency standards have potential short-term stability that is vastly better than their lamp-pumped counterparts. However, AM and FM noise in monolithic laser diodes limit their performance. With extended-cavity, grating-feedback diode lasers, the AM and FM noise can be controlled. In the preliminary work reported here, we have used such a laser to make measurements in two different rubidium cell systems. Measured line Q and signal-to-noise ratios corresponding to (sigma) y((tau) ) equals 4 X 10-13 (tau) -1/2 in a commercial, buffer gas type standard and (sigma) y((tau) ) equals 2 X 10-13 (tau) -1/2 in an evacuated, wall-coated cell are demonstrated. We believe both of these numbers can be improved significantly in a fully engineered and optimized standard.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The room temperature dissociation of Au3Si in hypoeutectic AuSi alloys

Abstract 50 hypoeutectic AuSi alloy specimens containing 2–16 at.% Si were individually equilibrated above the eutectic temperature, quenched to room temperature, sectioned, mounted in a cold-setting resin, metallographically polished, stored for periods varying from 98 to 111 months and then examined to determine the extent to which the unstable compound Au3Si formed on quenching had dissociated into gold and silicon. It was found that the dissociation reaction had been nucleated at the polished surfaces and that extensive surface cracking had occurred. Removal of this cracked layer by further polishing revealed that in about half of the specimens the reaction had also started at metal-resin interfaces. It is not clear why this occurred in some specimens and not others. The depth of the dissociated regions corresponds to a rate of advance of the reaction interface of about 0.03 mm year−1.
Processing-structure-multi-functional property relationship in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites

The novel properties of carbon nanotubes have generated scientific and technical interest in the development of nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. In order to utilize nanotubes in multi-functional material systems it is crucial to develop processing techniques that are amenable to scale-up for high volume, high rate production. In this research we investigate a scalable calendering approach for achieving dispersion of CVD-grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes through intense shear mixing. Electron microscopy was utilized to study the micro and nanoscale structure evolution during the manufacturing process and optimize the processing conditions for producing highly-dispersed nanocomposites. After processing protocols were established, nanotube/epoxy composites were processed with varying reinforcement fractions and the fracture toughness and electrical/thermal transport properties were evaluated. The as-processed nanocomposites exhibited significantly enhanced fracture toughness at low nanotube concentrations. The high aspect ratios of the carbon nanotubes in the as-processed composites enabled the formation of a conductive percolating network at concentrations below 0.1% by weight. The thermal conductivity increased linearly with nanotube concentration to a maximum increase of 60% at 5 wt.% carbon nanotubes.
Localization of neural epitopes that bind to IgM monoclonal autoantibodies (M-proteins) from two patients with motor neuron disease.

Abstract We investigated IgM monoclonal antibodies (M-proteins) specific for the carbohydrate epitopes Gal-(β1–3)GalNAc and Gal(β1–3)GlcNAc from two patients with motor neuron disease. The M-proteins from these patients immunostain central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissue from human, monkey, dog and cat at greater dilutions than tissue from rabbit, guinea pig, rat and mouse, and immunostain gray matter at greater dilutions than white matter and nerve trunks. They also bind selectively to presynaptic structures at the motor endplate region, as denervation of muscle eliminates binding. Following in vivo injection of serum into the extracellular space of the spinal cord, the M-proteins appear to bind at the surface of cells and cell processes. These studies suggest that the M-proteins might act at any one of several anatomical sites in the nervous system. This information may be helpful in selecting an animal species for further investigation of the role of M-proteins in motor neuron disease.
Reactions of (triphenylstannyl)carbodiimides and -cyanamide with organic halides and isothiocyanates

Abstract Although the reaction of bis(triphenylstannyl)carbodiimide (I) with alkyl halides was not found to be a general route to dialkylcarbodiimides, some interesting reactions of (I) with alkyl halides were uncovered. Whereas the reaction of (I) with trityl chloride afforded ditritylcarbodiimide in high yield, the reaction of (I) with benzyl bromide afforded a novel dibenzylcyanamide/triphenyltin bromide complex (IV). The reaction of N-(triphenylstannyl)-N′-tritylcarbodiimide (II) with trityl chloride also afforded ditritylcarbodiimide, but the reaction of (II) with benzyl bromide afforded a benzyltritylcyanamide/triphenyltin bromide complex (V). The complexes (IV) and (V) were prepared also by the reaction of triphenyitin bromide with the corresponding dialkylcyanamide. Some evidence that the nitrile nitrogen, rather than the amino nitrogen, is bonded to tin in these complexes was found. The reaction of (triphenylstannyl)cyanamide (III) with trityl chloride and triethylamine gave ditritylcarbodiimide along with a small amount of (II). The reaction of (I) with phenyl isothiocyanate afforded N-phenyl-N′-(triphenylstannyl)-N′-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiourea. (III) was found to react with organic isothiocyanates to give N-substituted N′-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothioureas. The order of reactivity of organic isothiocyanates in this reaction was determined. N-Phenyl-N′-cyano-S-(triphenylstannyl)isothiourea was found to decompose in refluxing benzene to give bis(triphenyltin) sulfide and a 1,3,5-thiadiazine derivative. Some evidence for the mechanism of this novel reaction was found.
Protein utilization by cultured mammalian cells: the fate of guanidinated serum albumin.

Abstract The fate of protein in cellular nutrition was investigated by studying the distribution of doubly labelled human serum albumin. The cells were grown in suspension culture in the presence of free homoarginine as well as in the presence of an equal level of homoarginine in peptide linkage in the form of guanidinated human serum albumin. The amino terminal aspartic acid residue was guanidinated to N -amidinoaspartic acid. Homoarginine appeared in cellular protein only if guanidinated serum albumin is present in the medium; an equal concentration of free homoarginine does not have this fate. The intracellular homoarginine is part of at least two distinct trichloroacetic acid-insoluble proteins, one of which is water-soluble, the other water-insoluble. The latter is present in greater amount than can be accounted for immunologically as intact guanidinated-HSA, and therefore represent partial degradation products of this protein. Most of the intracellular homoarginine and all of the N -amidinoaspartic acid was found in the water-insoluble cellular debris which contained 21 moles homoarginine per mole N -amidinoaspartic acid. In the guanidinated serum albumin preparation, this ratio was 61 to 1. This enrichment of N -amidinoaspartic acid per mole of homoarginine suggests that this fragment contains at its amino-terminus that portion of the peptide chain of serum albumin of which the amino terminal aspartic acid residue is a part. Guanidinated-HSA is water-soluble; the finding of homoarginine and N -amidinoaspartic acid in a water-insoluble cellular protein is the first reported demonstration of an attachment of a fragment of exogenous protein to a cellular protein. The free TCA-soluble homoarginine inside the cells is 0.05 per cent of the medium concentration of homoarginine over a range of 3 to 355 μmole per 600 ml of medium. This percentage of the medium has been shown to be equal to the total volume of the cells. Since homoarginine is neither concentrated or excluded by the cells, this unnatural amino acid may be used to measure the volume of these cultured cells.
On d-invariant transformations of (p,s)-diagraphs

Abstract It is shown that any two (p,s)-diagraphs having the same degree pairs can be transformed into each other by a finite sequence of elementary (p,s)d-invariant transformations. The minimal number of such transformations required to transform one into the other is determined. Other related problems such as (p,s)-graphs and (p,s)-matrices and illustrative examples are also given.
Nitrogenous excretion by the terrestrial seed predator, Caryedes brasiliensis

Abstract Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae) is a seed predator whose larvae produce urea and ammonia during the utilization and detoxification of l -canavanine. This deleterious non-protein amino acid is a principal nitrogenous constituent of its sole food resource, the seed of Dioclea megacarpa (Leguminosae). Associated with these metabolic processes, C. brasiliensis, as compared with other insect larvae, has greatly reduced uric acid excretion relative to ureotelic and ammoniotelic nitrogen excretion. Oxalic acid is the counter anion for at least some of the excreted ammonium ion.
Diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma: Role of FDG PET

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in differentiating benign from malignant disease in patients with possible pancreatic malignancy.All patients with a possible diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma based on CT or ERCP findings were eligible for inclusion in this prospective study. PET imaging of the abdomen was performed in 37 patients and was interpreted as positive if FDG activity in the pancreas exceeded background activity and as negative if activity was less than or equal to background activity. Semiquantitative analysis was performed by calculating a standardized uptake ratio. Studies were reviewed independently by two radiologists, and results were correlated with biopsy results and with CT and ERCP findings. Sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET for revealing pancreatic malignancy was determined.FDG activity in the pancreas was increased in 24 patients, and adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 22 of these patients ...
Metabolic interactions between nortriptyline and thioridazine in rats.

Abstract Plasma drug concentrations in rats were higher when nortriptyline was given in combination with thioridazine than when nortriptyline was given alone, regardless of whether the route of administration was po, ip, or iv. Nortriptyline concentrations in brain were also elevated, and the half-life of nortriptyline in brain was prolonged, after thioridazine administration. Although metabolites of thioridazine reacted in the assay for plasma nortriptyline, the elevated drug contents were found to be due to nortriptyline, not to thioridazine metabolites, by measurement of drug concentrations in brain (in which case thioridazine metabolites did not interfere) and by experiments with radioactive nortriptyline and thioridazine. Concentrations of radioactivity after [ 14 C]nortriptyline administration were elevated in all tissues studies, especially in the liver, by concurrent administration of thioridazine. Hypothermia occurred in rats given large oral doses of thioridazine, but not nortriptyline; greater hypothermic effects were produced by the drug combination. Large ip doses of nortriptyline produced marked hypothermia and gave high plasma drug concentrations comparable to those found when oral nortriptyline was given in combination with thioridazine. The enhanced hypothermia found with the drug combination, therefore, seemed to be due to the combined pharmacologic effects of thioridazine and nortriptyline and probably relates to the enhanced lethality of the drug combination observed by others. The interaction at high doses is not limited to this tricyclic antidepressant-phenothiazine combination, for enhanced hypothermia was also observed when amitryptyline and perphenazine were coadministered. Although the results with large doses in laboratory animals may not have direct relevance to clinical doses of these psychotropic drugs, they do suggest a need for caution when tricyclic antidepressant drugs and phenothiazines are used in combination clinically.
Two-Level Linear Programming

Decentralized planning has long been recognized as an important decision making problem. Many approaches based on the concepts of large-scale system decomposition have generally lacked the ability to model the type of truly independent subsystems which often exist in practice. Multilevel programming models partition control over decision variables among ordered levels within a hierarchical planning structure. A planner at one level of the hierarchy may have his objective function and set of feasible decisions determined, in part, by other levels. However, his control instruments may allow him to influence the policies at other levels and thereby improve his own objective function. This paper examines the special case of the two-level linear programming problem. Geometric characterizations and algorithms are presented with some examples. The goal is to demonstrate the tractability of such problems and motivate a wider interest in their study.
Antiandrogen treatment for sexual disorders: Guidelines for establishing a standard of care

Abstract The standard treatment for sexual disorders is multimodal, eclectic, and integrative. While no treatment program for the wide range ofparaphilic and nonparaphilic “excessive sexual” disorders (e.g., compulsive or addictive) relies on pharmacotherapy alone to manage the complex issues, the role for antiandrogen treatment is widely accepted. In this paper I review the current status of antiandrogen treatment in order to begin a clinical dialogue to establish guidelines for a Standard of Care when prescribing anti-androgens for the treatment of sexual disorders. Issues, treatment options, other drug therapies, target groups, evaluation protocols, contraindications, side effects, improvement indices, and forensic issues are discussed.
Observation of accelerating Airy beam ballistics

We demonstrate experimentally that Airy beams can perform ballistic dynamics in a way totally analogous to that of projectiles moving under the action of gravity. The possibility of circumventing opaque obstacles is discussed.
Focused ultrasound to displace renal calculi: Threshold for tissue injury

The global prevalence and incidence of renal calculi is reported to be increasing. Of the patients that undergo surgical intervention, nearly half experience symptomatic complications associated with stone fragments that are not passed and require follow-up surgical intervention. In a clinical simulation using a clinical prototype, ultrasonic propulsion was proven effective at repositioning kidney stones in pigs. The use of ultrasound to reposition smaller stones or stone fragments to a location that facilitates spontaneous clearance could therefore improve stone-free rates. The goal of this study was to determine an injury threshold under which stones could be safely repositioned. Kidneys of 28 domestic swine were treated with exposures that ranged in duty cycle from 0%–100% and spatial peak pulse average intensities up to 30 kW/cm2 for a total duration of 10 min. The kidneys were processed for morphological analysis and evaluated for injury by experts blinded to the exposure conditions. At a duty cycle of 3.3%, a spatial peak intensity threshold of 16,620 W/cm2 was needed before a statistically significant portion of the samples showed injury. This is nearly seven times the 2,400-W/cm2 maximum output of the clinical prototype used to move the stones effectively in pigs. The data obtained from this study show that exposure of kidneys to ultrasonic propulsion for displacing renal calculi is well below the threshold for tissue injury.
Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)--toxic effects and toxic constituents.

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L Kuhn) is one of the most successful weeds of the world. In the UK it covers almost 700 000 ha, and is expanding its area by 1–3 % per annum. Not only does bracken limit the usefulness of marginal land but toxic principles in the plant may cause serious illness and even death in stock animals consuming its rhizomes or fronds. Bracken-derived acute thiamine deficiency disorders occur in pigs and horses, and acute haemorrhagic syndrome, bovine enzootic haematuria and ‘bright blindness’ are all responsible for significant losses of livestock. A great deal of research has resulted in the isolation and identification of a number of natural components of bracken, and the evaluation of their biological effects using laboratory animal models and farm livestock has been carried out in detail. One compound contributing significantly to the toxicity of bracken is the carcinogenic and mutagenic norsesquiterpene, ptaquiloside. The effects on stock and laboratory animals of bracken, its extracts or ptaquiloside are discussed in this paper; the risk to human health from consumption of bracken fronds, milk and dairy products containing bracken carcinogens or their metabolites and drinking water supplies containing bracken leachates is considered from the standpoint of the UK and beyond. Options for the control of bracken are described briefly, and the final section indicates areas of bracken research deserving of further study.
Cumulus: Filesystem backup to the cloud

Cumulus is a system for efficiently implementing filesystem backups over the Internet, specifically designed under a thin cloud assumption—that the remote datacenter storing the backups does not provide any special backup services, but only a least-common-denominator storage interface. Cumulus aggregates data from small files for storage and uses LFS-inspired segment cleaning to maintain storage efficiency. While Cumulus can use virtually any storage service, we show its efficiency is comparable to integrated approaches.
Orchestrating the points of community intervention: enhancing the diffusion process.

Recent interest in community-based health education programs has emphasized the need to promote change in social systems, as well as individual behaviors. The problem is where and when to intervene to effect these multiple levels of change. Components of community programs have tended to be implemented simultaneously at only one or two points within a community. A potentially more effective approach would consider both where differing types of people can be reached, and the appropriate time to intervene at each point, to maximize the effective diffusion of information and behavior change across the community. The present article outlines eight points of community intervention including centers, institutions, major media, minor media, special events, formal social networks, informal social networks, and created social networks. A sequencing of intervention efforts at these points is proposed which is predicated on their role in regard to the need for preparation, public awareness, notification about planne...
Open-label adjunctive creatine for female adolescents with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder: a 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Background Adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) is a life-threatening brain disease with limited interventions. Treatment resistance is common, and the illness burden is disproportionately borne by females. 31-Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) is a translational method for in vivo measurement of brain energy metabolites.
Ecological Change and the Future of the Human Species: Can Physicians Make a Difference?

Global environmental change is occurring so rapidly that it is affecting the health and threatening the future of many of Earth’s inhabitants, including human beings. Global warming; contamination of the air, water, and soil; and rampant deforestation have led to a collapse in biodiversity that threatens the integrity of the biophysical systems upon which all organisms depend. A basic cause of environmental degradation is human overpopulation and the nonsustainable consumption of natural resources by the human community. Everything that we have accomplished in the fields of medicine and public health could be undermined if we do not pay attention to these rapid environmental changes. As healers, human beings, and members of the biological community, we need to broaden our perspective on health and disease. Unless we devote our attention to stabilizing and repairing the ecosystem, our professional and personal accomplishments as health professionals may be swept away. Health care providers—particularly physicians—can play a role by adopting an ecosystem health perspective as we ply our trade. By helping people avoid unwanted pregnancies, by using resources parsimoniously, and by staying engaged in the natural world, we can help to prevent the collapse of the biological systems upon which we all depend.
Measurement of anti-arrhythmic potency of drugs in man: effects of dehydrobenzperidol.

The anti-arrhythmic action of dehydrobenz-peridol (DBP) (droperidol) was studied during cyclopropane anesthesia in nine normal female patients during elective surgical operations. Cardiac rhythm was monitored by means of electrocardiography. Ventricular arrhythmias were produced by the intravenous infusion of epinephrine at a low, constant rate. The rate just sufficient to initiate an arrhythmia was defined as the “threshold.” The principal finding was that DBP in a dose of 0.2 mg./kg. doubled the arrhythmic threshold.
A complex boundary integral method for multiple circular holes in an infinite plane

Abstract A complex boundary integral equation method, combined with series expansion technique, is presented for the problem of an infinite, isotropic elastic plane containing multiple circular holes. Loading is applied at infinity or on the boundaries of the holes. The sizes and locations of the holes are arbitrary provided they do not overlap. The analysis procedure is based on the use of a complex hypersingular integral equation that expresses a direct relationship between all the boundary tractions and displacements. The unknown displacements on each circular boundary are represented by truncated complex Fourier series, and all of the integrals involved in the complex integral equation are evaluated analytically. A system of linear algebraic equations is obtained by using a Taylor series expansion, and the block Gauss–Seidel algorithm is used to solve the system. Several numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the accuracy, versatility, and efficiency of the approach.
EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUESTIONABLE BUSINESS PRACTICES AND THE STRENGTH OF SUPPLY CHAIN RELATIONSHIPS

While strong relationships are consistently identified as a critical component of successful supply chain collaboration, many firms still engage in questionable business practices that threaten the trust and commitment that exists among trading partners. Survey results from logistics managers at manufacturing firms found that low to moderate levels of questionable business practices occur in relationships with customers and that the occurrence of these practices are related to lower reported levels of trust and commitment between trading partners. The results suggest that reducing questionable behaviors will increase trust and commitment, which should lead to stronger relationships and increased supply chain performance.
Human Trafficking: Integrating Human Resource Development Toward a Solution

The Problem.This article addresses the global problem of human trafficking and provides an exploratory analysis of the need for, and possible approaches to, integrating the principles of Human Reso...