cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of 36Cl uptake by stilbene sulphonic acid derivatives and loop diuretics in rat submandibular salivary acini

Abstract Acini were isolated from submandibular glands by enzymatic digestion and incubated in HCO 3 -containing and HCO 3 -free [hydroxyethyl-1-piperazineethane sulphonic acid (HEPES) buffered] solutions to compare the accumulation of the isotopic tracer 36 Cl in the absence and presence of stilbene sulphonic acid derivatives and of loop diuretics. Tracer accumulation was similar in both solutions in the absence of inhibitors and reached 17–19 nmol/mg protein after 5 min of incubation. Exposure to 10 −3 M 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene disulphonic acid (DIDS) or to 10 −4 M bumetanide in HCO 3 -buffered medium resulted in significant reductions in both the initial phase (from 0 to 5 min) and the steady-state phase (5–30 min) of 36 Cl accumulation. By contrast, in HCO 3 -free, HEPES-buffered incubation solution, DIDS was significantly less effective in reducing 36 Cl accumulation, while bumetanide was somewhat more effective than in HCO 3 -buffered medium. At a higher dose (10 −3 M), furosemide was less effective than bumetanide in reducing the steady-state tracer content of the cells in the HCO 3 -buffered medium (22% versus 35% reduction), although the effects were similar in the initial phase of tracer uptake. Exposure to 10 −4 M 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (SITS) caused an increase in the steady-state 36 Cl content of the acini of 24 ± 9%. Exposure to bumetanide and DIDS caused an additive reduction of tracer content, while exposure to bumetanide and SITS resulted in a smaller reduction than with bumetanide alone. Addition of 10 −5 M isoproterenol caused a transient increase in 36 Cl accumulation, and this effect was inhibited by bumetanide, but not by DIDS or SITS. A combination of bumetanide and DIDS/SITS resulted, however, in significant reductions in the tracer content of isoproterenolstimulated cells. The results indicate the presence of DIDS-sensitive Cl uptake in rat submandibular acini and thus suggest the presence of a Cl/HCO 3 antiport in these cells; this can be demonstrated in the presence of external HCO 3 and when Cl uptake by a Na, K, 2Cl symport is blocked by inhibitors, either in resting or stimulated cells. The symport is activated by isoproterenol stimulation.
Application Of A Contrast Enhancement Material To Broadband Projection Printing

A Contrast Enhancement Material (CEM), G.E. Altilith CEM-388, has been gaining acceptance on semiconductor fabrication lines using h line step-and-repeat systems. Although a bilevel system, the use of CEM-388 is relatively simple, and has shown significant increases in practical resolution when used at 405 nm. A considerable advantage may also be gained by using this system with Micralign projection printers, especially in improving resolution over steps. This paper will present the practical aspects of using CEM-388 in such systems and illustrate the effects on resolution, step coverage, C.D. control, and wafer throughput. The presence and control of inhibition effects will also be discussed.
National Launch System KSC facilities and operations

The current planning for the launch site ground operations and facilities required at the Kennedy Space Center to accommodate the National Launch System (NLS) are described. Special consideration is given to the program activities associated with reducing costs for ground operations and with the ground operations vehicle processing scenarios for launching the NLS vehicles from KSC. The KSC facilities described include the Payload Encapsulation Facility, the Mobile Launcher Platform, and the Cargo Transfer Vehicle Checkout Facility. Attention is also given to the modifications of existing facilities required to accommodate the NLS facilities and the transportation and handling equipment.
Theoretical Relationships between Area under the Curve and Route of Administration of Drugs and Their Precursors for Evaluating Sites and Pathways of Metabolism

The bioavailability of a drug administered extrasystemically is a measure of the initial extraction of a compound by a series of eliminating events involving the intestinal mucosal enzymes, the gut bacterial microflora, the liver, and the lung. A theoretical analysis is presented to differentiate the processes of gut wall elimination and hepatic removal of a drug during this first-pass effect. The area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) for a drug and its metabolite is shown to be useful in determining the presence of these processes when a drug and its metabolite are administered concomitantly by different routes of administration. Furthermore, the fraction of a precursor transformed to its metabolite also can be determined by pharmacokinetic analysis of the AUC of a drug and its metabolite after administration of both substances.
A STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO UNRESOLVED MOURNING IN SINGLE PARENT FAMILY SYSTEMS

The mother's depression is considered as a special problem in the family therapy of single parent families. It is seen as resulting from unresolved mourning that is maintained by the family system. Several reasons why the single parent family's structure seems inherently vulnerable to unresolved mourning are offered. Some techniques of Structural Family Therapy are proposed in a specific order to facilitate mourning in such families. A successful mourning experience requires a restructuring of the family that provides energy for the remainder of the therapy.
Synthesis of [18F]fluoromethyl iodide, a synthetic precursor for fluoromethylation of radiopharmaceuticals.

Abstract [ 18 F ]fluoroiodomethane was labeled via nucleophilic substitution of diiodomethane with [ 18 F ]fluoride, and labeling conditions were optimized. The optimized labeling yield was 40±8% (decay-corrected). The synthesis and purification of [ 18 F ]fluoroiodomethane took 15 min. The reactions of [ 18 F ]fluoroiodomethane with amine, carboxylic acid, thiol and phenoxide groups produced fluoromethylated derivatives with various yields (12–95%). The results indicated that [ 18 F ]fluoroiodomethane is a valuable synthetic precursor for the introduction of an [ 18 F ]fluoromethyl group into radiopharmaceuticals.
Profiling float measurements of the recirculation gyre south of the Kuroshio Extension in May to November 2004

[1] During May to November 2004, 20 profiling floats were deployed in the recirculation gyre (RG) region south of the Kuroshio Extension (KE). With the KE and RG being in a stable state, most of these floats remained within the RG, resulting in a large number of satellite position fixes for estimating the velocities at the parking depth (1500 db) and a large number of temperature/salinity profiles for estimating the geostrophic velocities above the parking depth. The flows of the RG at different depths in the upper 1500 db are found to be approximately parallel to each other, with the speed at the surface (35 cm s−1) being about three and a half times larger than that at the parking depth (10 cm s−1). By analyzing the full-depth conductivity-temperature-depth profiles in the RG, in addition to the velocity estimates, we found that the vertical structure of the RG velocity field was dominated by the barotropic and first baroclinic modes. The two modes are combined in such a way that the resulting RG circulates anticyclonically in the same direction from the surface to the bottom and has an anticyclonic bottom velocity on the order of 5 cm s−1. From the barotropic component (depth-averaged) of the RG velocity field, the RG transport with one standard error is estimated at 101 ± 8 × 106 m3 s−1.
Comparison of relative interfacial energies of disordered interphase (α:θ) and grain (α:α) boundaries at grain boundary precipitates in Al-4% Cu during growth and at equilibrium

Abstract Using transmission electron microscopy it was found that the mean of the ratio of the energy of disordered α:θ boundaries, γαθ, to that of disordered α:α boundaries, γαα, at equilibrium is γ αθ γ gaα = 0.909 ± 0.018 independent of aging temperature (200°–475°C). During precipitate growth, 0.682 ⩽ γ αθ γ αα ⩽ 0.793 effectively independent of both aging time and temperature (200–450°C). The ratio of γ αθ γ gaα (equilibrated) to γ αθ γ gaα (kinetic) is thus 1.25 ± 0.12. Hillert(1) has proposed that this ratio should be unity when growth takes place by volume diffusion directly to the growing allotriomorphs. However, θ allotriomorphs have been previously shown to grow by volume diffusion aided by interfacial diffusion. Therefore, the root of the dihedral angle which the α:θ interfaces bounding an allotriomorph form with the α:α grain boundary serves as a virtual source for Cu during growth. This can prevent the maintenance of the equilibrium value of the dihedral angle and result in the observed decrease in the apparent value of γ αθ γ gaα during growth of the allotriomorph. For any given condition of heat treatment employed, the actual values of γ αθ γ gaα vary at maximum from about 0.55 to 2.9 in the temperature range 200°–450° or 475°C, in part as a result of the effect of lattice misorientation upon both energies. The measurements on equilibrated specimens permitted the free energy of adsorption of Cu to be estimated as equal to or more negative than −7000 cal/mol at α:α boundaries and as somewhat less negative at α:θ boundaries.
Patterns of variation in breast-feeding behaviors.

Abstract This paper describes the range and patterning of variation in specific breast-feeding behaviors among a sample of 62 American mothers, as well as the relationship of the patterns to duration of exclusive breast-feeding. Infant feeding data were collected using 24-hr records completed by mothers every 8 days through the first 6 months post partum . Behaviors examined were: number of daily feedings, minimum and maximum intervals between feedings, length of feedings and total daily nursing duration. Variation in magnitude of these behaviors ranged from three- to eight-fold. Principal components analysis found this variation patterned in two dimensions, relating to feeding frequency and length of time spent breast feeding. These dimensions accounted for approximately equal proportions of variance in the breast-feeding behaviors, totaling about 80% of all variance at 4 and 8 weeks. There was significant continuity of breast-feeding styles practiced by any one woman from 4 to 8 weeks. The feeding frequency dimension was strongly associated with duration of exclusive breast feeding. Three explanations—cultural, biological and biocultural—are proposed to account for this association. It is argued that the intracultural variation in breast-feeding styles in this sample may be sufficient to cause corresponding variation in breast milk production, in part accounting for variation in duration of exclusive breast feeding. Predictions of exclusive breast-feeding duration will be most accurate for women with a breast-feeding style of infrequent feedings, while predictions for women with a style of frequent feeding will be confounded by cultural factors which have an independent effect on breast-feeding supplementation.
Thermodynamic optimization of cooling techniques for electronic packages

Abstract This paper describes several fundamental trade offs that govern the optimization of cooling techniques for heat generating electric devices. Five basic cooling configurations are optimized. It is shown that in forced air cooling above room temperature the fan power requirement is minimum when the heat transfer contact area is optimized to a value that is of the order of 10 2 A f , where A f is the flow cross-sectional area. This optimal contact area is independent of whether the coolant is mixed or unmixed inside the heat generating enclosure. In air cooling with natural updraft, the heat generation rate (or amount of electronics, or overall thermal conductance) is maximum when the heat transfer contact area is of order 10 2 A f . In forced convection cooling at cryogenic temperatures, the refrigerator power requirement has minima with respect to the cold-end (refrigeration load) temperature and the heat transfer contact area. The optimal heat transfer area is again of the order of 10 2 A f .
Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders: a concise review

This article provides a concise, up-to-date review of the most rigorous randomized clinical trials of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders. We address ACT's efficacy compared to more established cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) and review recent evidence on mediators and moderators of ACT for anxiety disorders. Reviewing the most rigorous extant studies shows that ACT provides a viable alternative to more established forms of CBT for adult anxiety disorders, specifically for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety disorder samples. ACT thus represents an increasingly evidence-based approach for the treatment of anxiety disorders. We conclude by highlighting limitations and future directions for this emerging area.
Parameter Expansion for Data Augmentation

Abstract Viewing the observed data of a statistical model as incomplete and augmenting its missing parts are useful for clarifying concepts and central to the invention of two well-known statistical algorithms: expectation-maximization (EM) and data augmentation. Recently, Liu, Rubin, and Wu demonstrated that expanding the parameter space along with augmenting the missing data is useful for accelerating iterative computation in an EM algorithm. The main purpose of this article is to rigorously define a parameter expanded data augmentation (PX-DA) algorithm and to study its theoretical properties. The PX-DA is a special way of using auxiliary variables to accelerate Gibbs sampling algorithms and is closely related to reparameterization techniques. We obtain theoretical results concerning the convergence rate of the PX-DA algorithm and the choice of prior for the expansion parameter. To understand the role of the expansion parameter, we establish a new theory for iterative conditional sampling under the tra...
The Tong Ren Healing Method: A Survey Study

Tong Ren (TR) is an untested energy healing modality with anecdotally-reported effectiveness for a variety of disorders. Study objective: To describe participant reports of effectiveness and safety. Design: Cross-sectional, anonymous survey. Setting: Weekly group sessions in the Northeast US. Participants: Adults attending group sessions. Measures: Changes in conditions attributed to TR. Results: Response rate 89% (n = 265). Cancer (30.6%), endocrine/autoimmune (17.5%) and musculoskeletal disorders (17.2%) were the most commonly reported conditions. Among respondents who had attended more than one session (n = 216), 30% used superlatives (e.g., ``amazing'') to describe TR's impact, and one-third noted improved quality of life. No adverse effects were described. Anxiety, depression, cancer, and autoimmune disorders appeared to have the greatest treatment responses, with 63.8%, 61.0%, 60.3%, and 58.1% of participants with these conditions reporting substantial improvements. Conclusion: This first study docu...
Moderation and mediation in the psychological and drug treatment of chronic tension-type headache: the role of disorder severity and psychiatric comorbidity.

We evaluated two putative moderators of treatment outcome as well as the role of Headache Management Self-Efficacy (HMSE) in mediating treatment outcomes in the drug and non-drug treatment of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). Subjects were 169 participants (M = 38 yrs.; 77% female; M headache days/mo. = 22) who received one of four treatments in the treatment of CTTH trial (JAMA, 2001; 285: 2208–15): tricyclic antidepressant medication, placebo, (cognitive-behavioral) stress-management therapy plus placebo, and stress-management therapy plus antidepressant medication. Severity of CTTH disorder and the presence of a psychiatric (mood or anxiety) disorder were found to moderate outcomes obtained with the three active treatments and with placebo, as well as to moderate the role of HMSE in mediating improvements. Both moderator effects appeared to reflect the differing influence of the moderator variable on each of the three active treatments, as well as the fact that the moderator variables exerted the opposite effect on placebo than on the active treatments. HMSE mediated treatment outcomes in the two stress-management conditions, but the pattern of HMSE mediation was complex, varying with the treatment condition, the outcome measure, and the moderator variable. Irrespective of the severity of the CTTH disorder HMSE fully mediated observed improvements in headache activity in the two stress-management conditions. However, for patients with a mood or anxiety disorder HMSE only partially mediated improvements in headache disability, suggesting an additional therapeutic mechanism is required to explain observed improvements in headache disability in the two stress-management conditions.
Visual imagery is not always like visual perception

The “Perky effect” is the interference of visual imagery with vision. Studies of this effect show that visual imagery has more than symbolic properties, but these properties differ both spatially (including “pictorially”) and temporally from those of vision. We therefore reject both the literal picture-in-the-head view and the entirely symbolic view.
The Influence of Neighborhood Disadvantage, Collective Socialization, and Parenting on African American Children's Affiliation with Deviant Peers

This study focused on hypotheses about the contributions of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and parenting to African American children's affiliation with deviant peers. A total of 867 families living in Georgia and Iowa, each with a 10- to 12-year-old child, participated. Unique contributions to deviant peer affiliation were examined using a hierarchical linear model. Community disadvantage derived from census data had a significant positive effect on deviant peer affiliations. Nurturant/involved parenting and collective socialization processes were inversely associated, and harsh/inconsistent parenting was positively associated, with deviant peer affiliations. The effects of nurturant/involved parenting and collective socialization were most pronounced for children residing in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Design and optimization of a dedicated cone-beam CT system for musculoskeletal extremities imaging

The design, initial imaging performance, and model-based optimization of a dedicated cone-beam CT (CBCT) scanner for musculoskeletal extremities is presented. The system offers a compact scanner that complements conventional CT and MR by providing sub-mm isotropic spatial resolution, the ability to image weight-bearing extremities, and the capability for integrated real-time fluoroscopy and digital radiography. The scanner employs a flat-panel detector and a fixed anode x-ray source and has a field of view of ~ (20x20x20) cm 3 . The gantry allows a “standing” configuration for imaging of weight-bearing lower extremities and a “sitting” configuration for imaging of upper extremities and unloaded lower extremities. Cascaded systems analysis guided the selection of x-ray technique (e.g., kVp, filtration, and dose) and system design (e.g., magnification factor), yielding input-quantum-limited performance at detector signal of 100 times the electronic noise, while maintaining patient dose below 5 mGy (a factor of ~2-3 less than conventional CT). A magnification of 1.3 optimized tradeoffs between source and detector blur for a 0.5 mm focal spot. A custom antiscatter grid demonstrated significant reduction of artifacts without loss of contrast-to-noise ratio or increase in dose. Image quality in cadaveric specimens was assessed on a CBCT bench, demonstrating exquisite bone detail, visualization of intra-articular morphology, and soft-tissue visibility approaching that of diagnostic CT. The capability to image loaded extremities and conduct multi-modality CBCT/fluoroscopy with improved workflow compared to whole-body CT could be of value in a broad spectrum of applications, including orthopaedics, rheumatology, surgical planning, and treatment assessment. A clinical prototype has been constructed for deployment in pilot study trials.
Methodological challenges in following up patients of a hospital child protection team: is there a recruitment bias?

Background: The aims of this study are to describe the methodological challenges in recruiting a follow-up sample of children referred to an interdisciplinary hospital child protection team (CPT) and to compare participating versus non-participating groups on several demographic variables and maltreatment characteristics. Methods: Of the 319 in- and outpatients referred to the CPT at University Children’s Hospital Zurich from 2005– 2006 a sample of 180 children was drawn to contact for a follow-up. The children and their parents were asked to participate in a face-to-face interview at the hospital; in 42 cases the children and parents consented to do so. Alternatively, the parents could take part in a telephone interview (n = 39). Non-participation resulted because no contact or adequate communication in German, French, or English could be established (n = 49) or because the parents or children refused to participate (n = 50). Results: Participants and non-participants did not differ significantly in mean child age at follow-up, gender, family status, place of residence, certainty and type of maltreatment, and type of perpetrator. However, the child’s nationality had a significant impact: Percentages of foreign nationals were higher in the fully participating group (45%; n = 19) and the non-contactable group (53%; n = 26) and significantly lower in the refusal (26%; n = 10) and the telephone interview group (18%; n = 9). Although a high percentage of families had moved in the few years since the CPT intervention (32%; n = 57), the percentage of moves was not significantly higher in non-participants compared to participants. Conclusions: Further research is needed to support these results in different national backgrounds and to test for biases in variables not included – especially socioeconomic status. This includes gathering more detailed information on non-participants, while respecting ethical boundaries. Overall, the fact that only child’s nationality was unevenly distributed between participants and non-participants is encouraging.
Explaining the scaling of transport costs: the role of stride frequency and stride length

The mechanisms which enable large animals to transport a unit of body mass through a unit distance at a lower metabolic cost than smaller animals have been the subject of numerous studies. Recent investigations have concluded that stride frequency is a main determinant. We examine the role of both stride frequency and stride length in determining the scaling of the cost of transport. Slopes for regressions between stride frequency and speed and stride length and speed were determined in four species of rodents. These data were pooled with literature values for the slopes of stride frequency, stride length and cost of locomotion (all vs. speed) for a total of 17 species ranging in size from 30 g to 250 kg. Interspecific equations were calculated for each of these slopes versus body mass, and residuals from these allometric lines were calculated. Residuals were compared to see if variation in the rate of cost increase at a given size is related to variation in the rates of stride frequency and/or stride length increase. The residual analysis revealed that the variation in transport cost is explicable only in terms of the interaction of stride frequency and stride length slopes. The product of the scaling exponents for stride frequency slope and stride length slope is not significantly different from the scaling exponent for the cost of transport. A model seeking to explain the scaling of the cost of transport must therefore consider the influence of both stride length and stride frequency. We propose that absolutely longer limbs allow large animals to minimize the rate of increase of stride frequency and stride length with speed, and that this allows utilization of muscles with lower intrinsic rates of contraction, which in turn results in a lower mass-specific cost of transport.
CD2AP Localizes to the Slit Diaphragm and Binds to Nephrin via a Novel C-Terminal Domain

CD2AP, an adapter protein containing multiple SH3 domains, plays a critical role in kidney function. Mice lacking CD2AP die soon after birth because of kidney failure. In the kidney, CD2AP is expressed in glomerular podocytes, which suggests that it may play a role in a specialized adhesion complex known as the slit diaphragm. One of the major components of the slit diaphragm is nephrin, a podocyte-specific protein. Here we demonstrate that CD2AP localizes to the slit diaphragm in podocytes using immunoelectron microscopy and that nephrin and CD2AP co-immunoprecipitate from a podocyte cell line. The specificity of this interaction was verified by mapping studies, which demonstrated that a novel domain at the C terminus of CD2AP interacts with the C-terminal portion of the nephrin cytoplasmic domain. These studies lend further support to the idea that CD2AP plays a role in the structural integrity of the slit diaphragm.
A study of KC-135 aircraft antenna patterns

Numerical solutions for the radiation patterns of aircraft antennas provide an excellent means of designing and locating antennas in order to achieve the desired performance. The high frequency solutions presented in this paper are based on fuselage antennas mounted on a general-type aircraft but applied specifically to the KC-135 aircraft. The roll and elevation plane patterns are computed for a monopole, axial slot, and circumferential slot mounted both over and forward of the wings. In each case the calculated patterns compare very favorably with the measured patterns. The precision pattern measurements were taken on a \frac{1}{25} scale model of the KC-135 aircraft at NASA (Hampton, Va.) with special emphasis on reducing the mount and background effects.
The Developmental Approach to Cognition: Its Relevance to the Psychological Interpretation of Anthropological and Ethnolinguistic Data

cern to anthropologists, ethnolinguists, and psychologists alike. To this end, we shall (A) discuss the nature of the developmental approach to cognition; (B) meet critically some of the objections to the application of the developmental concept of "primitivity" to anthropological-linguistic data; and (C) demonstrate the value of the developmental approach in relating ethnolinguistic data to psychological experimentation. (A) THE NATURE OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH TO COGNITION A general developmental approach has been of heuristic value in systematizing certain aspects of biological phenomena in various fields of life science such as comparative anatomy, embryology, neurology. It is the aim of developmental psychology to view the total behavior of all organisms in terms of similar developmental principles. It is our belief that such an approach is fruitful in coordinating, within a single descriptive framework, psychological phenomena observed in phylogenesis, ontogenesis, psychopathology, ethnopsychology, etc., and in linking these observations to the formulation and sys
Cyclic Caged Morpholinos: Conformationally Gated Probes of Embryonic Gene Function

Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that underlie embryogenesis requires an ability to alter gene function with spatial and temporal precision. Synthetic reagents can be valuable tools in this discovery process, especially in model organisms currently intractable to targeted genomic changes. In particular, morpholino-based antisense oligonucleotides (MOs) have been widely used to inhibit gene expression in metazoans that develop ex utero (Figure 1a),[1–4] and caged versions of these reagents (cMOs) can enable conditional gene silencing through targeted illumination.[5–9] Composed of morpholino-based nucleosides and a phosphorodiamidate backbone, these nuclease-resistant probes are typically injected into zygotes as 25-base oligomers, after which they hybridize to complementary RNAs and disrupt splicing or translation. While cMOs can provide important new insights into embryonic gene function, their utility has been hindered by their empirical design, synthetic complexity, in vivo instability, reliance on complementary inhibitors, and/or use of multiple caging groups. Here we describe next-generation cMOs that overcome these limitations. We demonstrate that cyclic cMOs are effective reverse-genetic tools in zebrafish embryos, and we use these reagents to examine the timing of exocrine fate commitment in the developing pancreas.
Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel for advanced pancreatic cancer after first-line FOLFIRINOX: single institution retrospective review of efficacy and toxicity

We conducted a retrospective review of the dose, toxicity, and efficacy of second line gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (G + Nab-P) after FOLFIRINOX in patients with metastatic and locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. In this retrospective study, we included all patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer who were treated at Yale Cancer Center with G + Nab-P between 12/2011 and 12/2013 after receiving first line FOLFIRINOX. For each patient, demographics, prior therapy, doses of G + Nab-P (cumulative doses and dose intensity relative to full dose G + Nab-P), hematologic toxicities, best response by RECIST, time to treatment failure (TTF), and survival were compiled. Median TTF and overall survival (OS) were calculated by Kaplan–Meier method. 28 patients were treated with G + Nab-P after first line FOLFIRINOX. The median TTF was 12.0 weeks (range 2.0–36.0), and the median OS was 23.0 weeks (range 2.1–85.4). Five patients had a partial response (response rate 17.9 %), and 28.6 % of patients had stable disease for ≥7 weeks. A decline in CA 19-9 and CEA by >30 % was observed in 13 (46.4 %) and 11 (39.3 %) patients, respectively. The median relative dose intensities were 62.4 and 57.5 % for G and Nab-P, respectively. Grade ≥3 hematologic toxicities included neutropenia in 17.9 %, anemia in 25.0 %, and thrombocytopenia in 25.0 % of patients. Second line G + Nab-P following FOLFIRINOX is feasible, and demonstrated modest activity and clinical benefit in advanced pancreatic cancer. The optimum sequencing and dosing of these active regimens warrants further evaluation in prospective trials.
GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN PEAR AND QUINCE: THE INFLUENCE OF METABOLITES OF CYDONIA OBLONGA ON SUSPENSION CULTURES OF PYRUS COMMUNIS.

The fresh weights of suspension cultures of pear (Pyrus communis) and quince (Cydonia oblonga) increased exponentially for 30 to 40 days after subculturing. Transferring pear cultures to media in which quince cultures had grown for 10 days resulted in a 70% inhibition of callus growth. Transferring quince cultures to media in which pear cultures had grown for 10 days resulted in less than a 20% inhibition of growth. Addition of the cyanogenic glycosides amygdalin and prunasin (as 50 ppm CN-) killed pear cultures, while growth of quince cultures was inhibited by only approximately 50%. Addition of 50 ppm CN- severely inhibited growth of both cultures. These results indicate that 1) suspension cultures of quince release factor(s) that significantly inhibit growth ofpear cultures, 2) quince cultures are relatively unaffected by metabolites released by pear cultures, 3) the severe inhibition of pear growth by quince metabolites is mimicked by the addition of cyanogenic glycosides ubiquitous to vegetative portions of quince, 4) direct cellular contact is not necessary to elicit incompatibility between pear and quince, and 5) incompatibility between pear and quince need not be associated with any particular stage of graft development.
DIETARY STUDIES OF MARINE MAMMALS USING STABLE CARBON AND NITROGEN ISOTOPIC RATIOS OF TEETH

This study used naturally occurring carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of teeth to study the diets of marine mammals. The isotopic ratios of nonchemically preserved teeth from eight species of marine mammals, representing 87 individuals that spanned the trophic continuum, were found to reflect nutritional sources. The δ13C signals distinguished animals that lived in waters dominated by different primary producers (e. g., seagrass, kelp, and phytoplankton), and δ15N values indicated the diet and trophic level of the species. This research suggests that isotopic signatures of teeth can be used in dietary studies to show differences and similarities among age classes, genders, geographic locations, and time periods.
Curcumin Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Angiogenesis and Obesity in C57/BL Mice

Angiogenesis is necessary for the growth of adipose tissue. Dietary polyphenols may suppress growth of adipose tissue through their antiangiogenic activity and by modulating adipocyte metabolism. We investigated the effect of curcumin, the major polyphenol in turmeric spice, on angiogenesis, adipogenesis, differentiation, apoptosis, and gene expression involved in lipid and energy metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocyte in cell culture systems and on body weight gain and adiposity in mice fed a high-fat diet (22%) supplemented with 500 mg curcumin/kg diet for 12 wk. Curcumin (5-20 micromol/L) suppressed 3T3-L1 differentiation, caused apoptosis, and inhibited adipokine-induced angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Supplementing the high-fat diet of mice with curcumin did not affect food intake but reduced body weight gain, adiposity, and microvessel density in adipose tissue, which coincided with reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2. Curcumin increased 5'AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, reduced glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase-1, and increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 expression, which led to increased oxidation and decreased fatty acid esterification. The in vivo effect of curcumin on the expression of these enzymes was also confirmed by real-time RT-PCR in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In addition, curcumin significantly lowered serum cholesterol and expression of PPARgamma and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, 2 key transcription factors in adipogenesis and lipogenesis. The curcumin suppression of angiogenesis in adipose tissue together with its effect on lipid metabolism in adipocytes may contribute to lower body fat and body weight gain. Our findings suggest that dietary curcumin may have a potential benefit in preventing obesity.
A Differential Response in Turkey Poults to Various Antibiotics in Diets Designed to be Deficient or Adequate in Certain Essential Nutrients

Abstract Two experiments, each consisting of two trials, were conducted with day-old Nicholas Large White turkey poults to compare the effectiveness of four antibiotics for growth promotion and the utilization of sulfur amino acids. A corn-soybean meal basal diet that contained no supplemental methionine, choline, or inorganic sulfate was used in order to furnish nutritional stress. The diet was calculated to contain 25.4% protein, .448% methionine, .403% cystine, 1014 mg/kg choline, and 2990 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. In Experiment 1, a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. This included two levels, (0% (control) and .18%), of supplemental DL-methionine and no antibiotic or bacitracin MD, flavomycin, or virginiamycin; antibiotics were fed at 50, 2, and 20 g/ton, respectively. In Experiment 2, lincomycin also was included as a treatment (at 4 g per ton) resulting in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments. Only the addition of Virginiamycin to the control diet in Experiment 1 resulted in significantly increased body weights. Supplementation by .18% methionine increased body weights and feed efficiency. In addition, all three antibiotics increased body weights significantly when added to the .18% methionine diets. Feed efficiency values were improved by all four antibiotics at both methionine levels. In Experiment 2, increases in body weights similar to those in Experiment 1 were obtained with the addition of .18% methionine to the basal diets. Addition of lincomycin and virginiamycin improved body weights and feed efficiencies in the presence and absence of supplemental methionine.
Multiple herbicide resistance in downy brome (Bromus tectorum) and its impact on fitness

Abstract Enhanced herbicide metabolism is less common than target site–based herbicide resistance in weeds and often confers resistance to chemically dissimilar herbicides. In a previous study, the mechanism of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor resistance in a downy brome biotype was determined to be metabolism. Our research was aimed at determining the multiple resistance pattern in the downy brome biotype, establishing its physiological basis, and investigating its fitness. Dose–response experiments showed that the resistant biotype was also moderately resistant to ethofumesate, clethodim, fluazifop, diuron, and terbacil and highly resistant to the triazine herbicides, atrazine and metribuzin. DNA sequence analysis of the psbA gene, which is the target site of PSII inhibitors, demonstrated a single amino acid substitution from serine to glycine in the resistant biotype at residue 264 in the D1 protein. Thus, the resistant biotype contains two different resistance mechanisms, herbicide metabolism and...
The Placenta in Sickle Cell Disease

A from a 28-year-old, African American, primigravida patient with sickle cell trait was received for routine pathologic examination. Prior to her current pregnancy, this patient had been admitted 3 times during adolescence for sickle cell crises and had documented retinopathy. The pregnancy was uneventful. Blood tests revealed a normochromic normocytic anemia with a hemoglobin (Hb) level of 107 g/L and HbA, 0.03; HbS, 0.46; HbC, 0.44; HbA2, 0.36; and HbF, 0.33. The father’s carrier status was undetermined. Ultrasound examination at 18 weeks’ gestation revealed an unremarkable fundic placenta, a normal amount of amniotic fluid, and a singleton fetus without recognizable abnormalities. Cesarean section was performed at term because of breech presentation. A well baby boy weighing 3270 g was delivered with an initial Apgar score of 8. The placenta weighed 338 g and was significant for a subchorionic chorangioma and multifocal fibrin deposits. Diffuse sclerosis of some chorionic villi was noted. Within the intervillous spaces, many of the maternal red blood cells were sickle shaped (Figures 1 and 2). In the placenta, oxygen diffuses from the maternal blood to enter nearby fetal erythrocytes containing predominantly HbF, which has a much higher affinity for oxygen than HbS. In the deoxygenated state, the HbS molecules in maternal red blood cells undergo aggregation and polymerization, causing maternal erythrocytes to sickle. After placental separation from the uterine wall at delivery, the ensuing hypoxia produces a natural and permanent sickling of the trapped maternal erythrocytes within the placenta. In contrast, the fetal capillaries contain normally shaped erythrocytes. Careful microscopic examination of the placenta for this phenomenon may help detect patients with unsuspected sickle cell disorders or those with false-negative sickle tests.1,2 The increase in blood viscosity and consequent vascular stasis in the uteroplacental unit may result in lowered placental
Corrosion-Accelerated Mechanical Failure of a Vitallium Nail-Plate

Analysis of a broken Vitallium nail-plate device which had been used to fix an intertrochanteric fracture of the hip revealed that the nail was composed of cast Vitallium and the plate of wrought Vitallium. Little or no plastic flow accompanied the failure of the plate, suggesting gross overloading was not the prime cause of implant fracture, although it would have probably occurred in this case if failure had not interceded. The condition of the fracture surface indicated that essentially brittle failure had occurred, and that the fracture crack had initiated from the region of nail-plate contact, even though such a region is normally in a state of compressive stress. The scanning electron microscope was used to examine all surfaces, and revealed the presence of microscopic cracks nucleated by corrosion pits in the nail-plate contact area. The pits were probably due to electrochemical action aggravated by the dissimilar metal contact, stress concentration, and crevice corrosion effect of the nail-plate contact area inherent in the implant design. These findings suggest that wrought and cast Vitallium should not be used in combination, even when only compressive stresses on the implant are involved.
Acetaldehyde as a possible indicator of spoilage in green kona (Hawaiian) coffee

Kona coffee cherries were demucilaged by either mechanical, enzymic or chemical methods, by the action of bacterial pure cultures, or by natural fermentation. Thirteen volatile components were detected by gas chromatography in all samples of green coffee tested, and these included methanethiol, acetaldehyde, dimethyl sulphide, propionaldehyde, acetone, isobutyraldehyde, butyraldehyde, ethanol, and isovaleraldehyde. Probably, methanol and/or methyl ethyl ketone also were present among the volatile components detected. The relative concentrations of several volatile components did not vary appreciably among the different lots of coffee demucilaged experimentally. However, acetaldehyde concentration increased as the duration of natural fermentation was prolonged, being markedly higher in grossly over-fermented (spoiled) coffee beans. All samples of coffee demucilaged experimentally had similar cup-testing quality (Kona grade No. 1), indicating that none of the demucilaging methods enhanced or diminished coffee flavour or aroma. Over-fermented beans, however, were poor in cup-testing quality.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in 2 travelers.

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease endemic to 88 countries on 5 continents. It is estimated that there are 1 to 1.5 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis among local populations, but leishmaniasis also commonly affects travelers to these endemic countries. Leishmaniasis is caused by parasitic protozoa in the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies, and is divided into 2 categories: Old World and New World. Old World leishmaniasis is considered mostly benign and self-limited, whereas New World species are able to cause a wide array of clinical manifestations, from benign to life-threatening disease. Through dissemination via blood, lymph, and local extension, New World Leishmania species can cause mucosal and visceral involvement. Although mucosal leishmaniasis was originally attributed exclusively to Leishmania braziliensis, it is now known that Leishmania panamensis, Leishmania guyanensis, and Leishmania peruviana, all of the Viannia subgenuses found in Central and South America, may also cause mucosal involvement.1, 2, 3 Herein, we present an uncommon case of New World leishmaniasis in 2 travelers returning to the United States.
DETERMINATION OF THE TIME OF DAY AT WHICH DIURNAL MOTHS PAINTED TO RESEMBLE BUTTERFLIES ARE ATTACKED BY BIRDS.

The North American butterflies Battus philenor (L.) and Danaus plexippus (L.) are unpalatable to predators and very probably are the models for two Batesian mimetic complexes (Brower, 1958a, 1958b; Brower and Glazier, 1975). Field studies with diurnal moths painted to resemble these butterflies or edible butterflies have shown that the color patterns of unpalatable species deter predators, almost certainly insectivorous birds (Waldbauer and Sternburg, 1976; Sternburg et al., 1977; Jeffords et al., 1979). In our first study (Sternburg et al., 1977) we released the diurnal males of a saturniid moth (Callosamia promethea Drury) painted with yellow to resemble the edible tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus L.) and an equal number of these moths painted with black which did not change their resemblance to the toxic pipevine swallowtail (B. philenor). In traps baited with pheromone-releasing females we recaptured a large excess of black-painted moths. We assume that this indicates differential mortality due to predation (see also Brower et al., 1964). We also noted that the black moths were significantly less injured than the yellow and that they survived longer in the field. Most of this injury can be attributed to birds because it resembles photographs of known injury by birds to moths published by Sargent (1972). We concluded that the black moths are probably Batesian mimics of the toxic B. philenor and are thus somewhat protected from predators. However, the experimental design did not
Laboratory Testing and Consitiutive Modeling of Coal Including Anisotropy

In this study, the stress-deformation response of coal in the laboratory under threedimensional (3-D) loading conditions similar to those existing in an actual coal mine is investigated, and a constitutive model, including the effects of anisotropy, is developed. The coal samples were obtained from a mine in LeFlore County, Oklahoma, at a depth of approximately 25–30 ft below the ground surface. A High Capacity Cubical Device with servo-controlled independent loading along three axes of a cubical specimen and a computerized data acquisition and monitoring system were used to conduct the tests. A total of 21 tests under 4 different confining pressures and 5 different stress paths were conducted. The influence of the degree of anisotropy was investigated by comparing the transversely isotropic and isotropic idealizations for different stress paths (Triaxial Compression, Triaxial Extension and Simple Shear) at different confining pressures (1,600, 3,200 and 5,600 psi). The experimental results demonstrated that the coal exhibits inherent anisotropy and that it can be treated approximately as a transversely isotropic material. Also, the Young’s moduli were found to be dependent on the confining pressure. The experimental data were used to evaluate the material constants associated with the elasto-plastic constitutive model developed in the study.
A myxomycete with a singular myxamoebal encystment stage.

An aberrant culture of what is probably Didymium nigripes is described in which free-living myxamoebae seemingly constitute the primary trophic phase. Following vegetative growth, most of the myxam...
Observation of NO and C(I) Using Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy - A New Approach for the Detection of Explosives

Standoff detection of explosive molecules in the vapor phase requires detection of ppt-level concentrations. We use time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to detect the simultaneous emission from NO and C(I) at concentrations as low as 10 ppt.
X-Ray Radiation from Tokamaks

Tokamak discharges, which are studied for the magnetic confinement of fusion plasmas, emit soft x-ray radiation in the energy range from 1–20 keV. This radiation consists of a bremsatrahlung and recombination continuum, and characteristic line spectra of impurity ions from the plasma limiter and the walls of the vacuum vessel. The radiation represents a unique source of information and is increasingly used as a diagnostic of plasma parameters. This includes measurements of the electron and ion temperature, investigation of the ionization equilibrium and particle transport, and the study of MHD fluctuations and disruptions.