cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
War, Memory, and National Identity in the Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible is permeated with depictions of military conflicts that have profoundly shaped the way many think about war. Why does war occupy so much space in the Bible? In this book, Jacob Wright offers a fresh and fascinating response to this question: War pervades the Bible not because ancient Israel was governed by religious factors (such as 'holy war') or because this people, along with its neighbors in the ancient Near East, was especially bellicose. The reason is rather that the Bible is fundamentally a project of constructing a new national identity for Israel, one that can both transcend deep divisions within the population and withstand military conquest by imperial armies. Drawing on the intriguing interdisciplinary research on war commemoration, Wright shows how biblical authors, like the architects of national identities from more recent times, constructed a new and influential notion of peoplehood in direct relation to memories of war, both real and imagined. This book is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Initial Public Offerings in Hot and Cold Markets

Asymmetric information models characterize hot IPO markets as periods when better quality firms have an incentive to issue equity, and cold markets when the lemons premium associated with equity is too high to draw in many issuers. Recent empirical evidence, however, suggests that firms that issue in hot markets are a major source of stock price underperformance of equity issuers. We investigate these opposing views with data on IPO firms that issued in 1983, a hot market, and 1988, a cold market. We find that the two sets of firms have similar operating performance, but stock returns are worse for firms that went public in the hot market. Our results are largely consistent with investor overoptimism in hot markets, but not with the asymmetric information models.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Large Secondary Alkoxy Radicals: Part I. Spectral Overviews and Vibronic Analysis.

We report vibronically resolved laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of jet-cooled C5-C10 secondary alkoxy radicals. The LIF spectra demonstrate vibronic structures similar to smaller (C3-C4) secondary alkoxies. For 2-pentoxy and 2-hexoxy, rotationally resolved LIF spectra have also been recorded. Two types of rotational structures have been observed in vibronic bands of each molecule. Extensive quantum chemistry calculations have been performed on 2-pentoxy and 2-hexoxy. The computed results include the relative energies of conformers, their geometries, and the energy separations between the nearly degenerate A and X electronic states (ΔEA-X). Based on the similarity between the vibronic structures of different secondary alkoxies and calculated molecular parameters, including the relative energies of conformers, the B ← X transition frequencies, and the vibrational frequencies, strong vibronic bands in the LIF spectra are assigned to the origin bands and CO stretch bands of the two lowest-energy conformers of each secondary alkoxy radical. The distinct rotational structures of the two different conformations of 2-pentoxy and 2-hexoxy will be simulated and analyzed in Part II of this series ( J. Phys. Chem. A 2021, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10663).
Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery in the Pediatric Population

Surgery is often indicated for definitive biopsy or as the primary treatment modality for pediatric skull base lesions. Traditionally, open surgical approaches were utilized to address pediatric skull base pathology. However recently, expanded endoscopic sinus surgery has been utilized as a minimally invasive approach to addressing skull base pathology in the pediatric population. This review provides an overview of the current literature evaluating the unique anatomic challenges of the pediatric skull and the safety and efficacy of expanded skull base procedures in the pediatric population. The pediatric skull base and sinus anatomy is small and continues to develop throughout childhood leading to unique surgical challenges. Sphenoid sinus pneumatization and intercarotid distance at the skull base are two significant anatomic challenges to pediatric skull base surgery. Despite the distinctive anatomy challenges, recent studies demonstrate that the safety and efficacy of expanded endoscopic sinus surgery appear to be equivalent to traditional open surgical approaches. Expanded endoscopic sinus surgery in the pediatric population has similar efficacy and safety as the traditional open approaches.
MatTransMix: an R Package for Matrix Model-Based Clustering and Parsimonious Mixture Modeling

Finite mixture modeling, expanded to matrix-valued data, faces several challenges. One of the major concerns is overparameterization resulting from the high number of parameters involved in a matrix mixture. In addition, an appropriate power transformation is very useful if the data are skewed. The R package MatTransMix is a new piece of software devoted to parsimonious models, based on spectral decomposition of covariance matrices, developed for fitting heterogeneous matrix-valued data providing model-based clustering results. The package implements a variety of parsimonious models obtained from various combinations of spectral decomposition and skewness parameters. The paper discusses some methodological foundations of the proposed models and elaborates the functions available in this package on carefully chosen examples.
Experiences of Young Adults With Lymphoma During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose To investigate the experiences of young adults with lymphoma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants & setting 8 young adults with Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma from one National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center in the northeastern United States. Methodologic approach Secondary data analysis of a study that investigated the experiences of young adults with lymphoma during acute survivorship was used. Thematic analysis was chosen for the secondary data analysis methodology. Findings Three themes define the experiences of young adults with lymphoma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications for nursing Nurse-led survivorship care and education of young adults with cancer may mitigate COVID-19-related anxiety and threats.
Restoring a Legacy: Longleaf Pine Research at the Forest Service Escambia Experimental Forest

Longleaf pine ecosystems are a distinct part of the forest landscape in the southeastern USA. These biologically diverse ecosystems, the native habitat of numerous federally listed species, once dominated more than 36.4 million ha but now occupy only 1.4 million ha of forested land in the region. The Escambia Experimental Forest was established in 1947 through a 99-year lease with the T.R. Miller Mill Company of Brewton, AL, to explore all aspects of longleaf pine management. The 1,214-ha tract in southwest Alabama constitutes a unique example of longleaf pine ecosystems in all stages of development. Long-term studies and demonstrations include stand management alternatives, growth and yield of even-aged natural stands, cone production, and fire ecology.
How Propaganda Works

Preface IX Introduction: The Problem of Propaganda 1 1 Propaganda in the History of Political Thought 27 2 Propaganda Defined 39 3 Propaganda in Liberal Democracy 81 4 Language as a Mechanism of Control 125 5 Ideology 178 6 Political Ideologies 223 7 The Ideology of Elites: A Case Study 269 Conclusion 292 Acknowledgments 295 Notes 305 Bibliography 335 Index 347
Narrative Theory and the Sciences of Mind

Studies situated at the intersection between narrative theory and the sciences of mind share a common focus on mental capacities and dispositions that provide grounds for – or, conversely, are grounded in – narrative experiences. Two broad questions are therefore centrally relevant for this domain of inquiry: How do stories across media interlock with interpreters' mental capacities and dispositions, thus giving rise to narrative experiences? and How (to what extent, in what specific ways) does narrative scaffold efforts to make sense of experience itself? Analysts engaging with these questions have drawn on work in psychology, linguistics, the philosophy of mind, cognitive anthropology, and other fields as a source domain for concepts they seek to map onto the target domain of narrative studies. If research on narrative and mind is to become a bona fide interdiscipline, however, theorists need to move beyond one-way borrowing and engage in genuine dialog and exchange, in part by establishing the relevance of traditions of narrative inquiry – the pertinence of ideas developed by scholars of story – for research on the scope and nature of intelligent activity. Using Ambrose Bierce's 1890 story “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” as an illustrative example, the present essay seeks to demonstrate how this kind of “transdisciplinary” approach to issues of narrative and mind can translate into practical strategies for engaging with specific stories. At the same time, the essay suggests that because the interrelations between narrative and mind cannot be exhaustively characterized by the arts and humanities, by the social sciences, or by the natural sciences taken alone, open, reciprocal exchanges across these fields of endeavor rather than unidirectional borrowing from a particular field that thereby becomes dominant are likely to promote the most productive interactions between narratology and the cognitive sciences.
Stress Intensity Factor Determination for Three-Dimensional Crack Using the Displacement Discontinuity Method with Applications to Hydraulic Fracture Height Growth and Non-Planar Propagation Paths

Stress intensity factor determination plays a central role in linearly elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) problems. Fracture propagation is controlled by the stress field near the crack tip. Because this stress field is asymptotic dominant or singular, it is characterized by the stress intensity factor (SIF). Since many rock types show brittle elastic behaviour under hydrocarbon reservoir conditions, LEFM can be satisfactorily used for studying hydraulic fracture devel‐ opment. The purpose of this paper is to describe a numerical method to evaluate the stress intensity factor in Mode I, II and III at the tip of an arbitrarily-shaped, embedded cracks. The stress intensity factor is evaluated directly based on displacement discontinuities (DD) using a three-dimensional displacement discontinuity, boundary element method based on the equations of proposed in [1]. The boundary element formulation incorporates the fundamental closed-form analytical solution to a rectangular discontinuity in a homogenous, isotropic and linearly elastic half space. The accuracy of the stress intensity factor calculation is satisfactorily examined for rectangular, penny-shaped and elliptical planar cracks. Accurate and fast evaluation of the stress intensity factor for planar cracks shows the proposed procedure is robust for SIF calculation and crack propagation purposes. The empirical constant proposed by [2] relating crack tip element displacement discontinuity and SIF values provides surpris‐ ingly accurate results for planar cracks with limited numbers of constant DD elements. Using the described numerical model, we study how fracturing from misaligned horizontal well‐ bores might results in non-uniform height growth of the hydraulic fracture by evaluating of SIF distribution along the upper front of the fracture. © 2013 Sheibani and Olson; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Sunburned: How Misuse of the Public Records Laws Creates an Overburdened, More Expensive, and Less Transparent Government

The ideal of an informed citizenry necessitated the creation of public records laws, including the Freedom of Information Act. But at the state level, the “Government in the Sunshine” laws are being misused, especially in the Sunshine State. Academics have warned of the problem, and increasingly, public servants wrestle with overzealous citizens who are pushing the public records laws to the point of logical absurdity. One Florida town spent $20,000 on legal fees because it gave a citizen a bill for a $1.20 in photocopies; another one continues to litigate over a public records request that it fulfilled, allegedly because a two-day response was not fast enough. The reality of the laws, as implemented, is that people have rights, without any responsibility, and the reckless abuse of these public records laws necessitates reform.This article shows that some of the problems can be solved. The executive branch of government should take compliance with the public records laws seriously, and engage in greater self-policing. Open government does not require every person to be a policeman, nor should it allow a self-appointed watchdog to become a vigilante. The judicial branch should avoid instinctive declarations that the public records law provides “virtually unfettered” rights. Instead, the courts should carefully assess the facts, and the letter of the law. Courts must recognize that clever citizens, playing “gotcha” with the government, will bury the agency with burdensome requests, evade their duty to pay for the costs of asking for public records, sue for every type of error -- no matter how petty -- and then demand attorney’s fees as a reward for manufacturing the problem. The legislature should make statutory changes, too, mirroring already existing statutes. Citizens should be required to give the government notice of intent to sue, and an opportunity to fix the problem, before they rush to court. In addition, the incentive to rush to court should be decreased by exposing abusive lawsuits to the possibility of paying the government’s attorney’s fees. Lastly, the legal profession can contribute to the solution, by adhering to the applicable standards of legal ethics and professionalism, and even by holding pro se plaintiffs accountable.The excesses of government in the sunshine have sunburned the government. As a result, the public servants, acting rationally in an effort to reduce the burdens and economic risks of the public records law, are incentivized not to document their decisions. The result is a less transparent government that costs even more. Rather than allowing the abuses, costs, and ironic consequences to continue, this article offers some sunscreen.
Studies on cytochrome oxidase. IX. Heme-copper interaction.

Abstract The oxidation of the half-reduced cyanide complex of cytochrome oxidase (a2+·Cu1+·a33+CN) by ferricyanide showed a one to one correlation between the formation of the 830-nm absorption band and the generation of the EPR Cu(II) signal at g = 2. Both required 1.0 mole of ferricyanide per mole of cytochrome oxidase of 4 oxidation equivalents. On the other hand, the titration measured at 603 nm required 2.4 moles of oxidant; the fractional ratio apparently resulted from absorbance contribution by the Cu(II) chromophore. The titration curves measured at 830 nm and by EPR for the fully reduced cyanide complex (a2+·Cu1+·a32+CN) were sigmoidal. These and other observations suggest that significant heme-copper interaction exists between the EPR-sensitive copper chromophore and cytochrome a on one hand and cytochrome a3 on the other. Structurally and functionally the EPR-sensitive copper which shows the 830-nm absorption band is most likely to be sandwiched between cytochromes a and a3, whereas the EPR-insensitive copper, which does not contribute to the 830-nm band, may serve only as an electron sink. Some of the divergent results reported in the literature may be reconciled on the basis of these observations.
The impact of sediment-laden snow and sea ice in the Arctic on climate

Sea ice formed over shallow Arctic shelves often entrains sediments resuspended from the sea floor. Some of this sediment-laden ice advects offshore into the Transpolar Drift Stream and the Beaufort Gyre of the Arctic Basin. Through the processes of seasonal melting at the top surface, and the freezing of clean ice on the bottom surface, these sediments tend, over time, to concentrate at the top of the ice where they can affect the surface albedo, and thus the absorbed solar radiation, when the ice is snow free. Similarly, wind-blown dust can reduce the albedo of snow. The question that is posed by this study is what is the impact of these sediments on the seasonal variation of sea ice, and how does it then affect climate? Experiments were conducted with a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea ice model to examine the impact of including sediments in the sea ice alone and in the sea ice and overlying snow. The focus of these experiments was the impact of the radiative and not the thermal properties of the sediments. The results suggest that if sea ice contains a significant amount of sediments which are covered by clean snow, there is only a small impact on the climate system. However, if the snow also contains significant sediments the impact on sea ice thickness and surface air temperature is much more significant.
Fellowship trends of pathology residents.

Abstract Context.—Recent changes in pathology residency education have included a decrease in the program length (from 5 years to 4 years for combined anatomic and clinical pathology training) and a national mandate for programs to assess 6 general competencies of trainees. These have undoubtedly led to changes in program curricula and in residents' desires to seek fellowship training. Objective.—This study was designed to gather information about what residents are seeking from fellowship training programs. Design.—This study used an online survey to assess attitudes of residents in training programs toward fellowship training. The survey instrument had 26 questions pertaining to fellowship choices, motivations for pursuing fellowships, expectations of the fellowships, and postresidency concerns. Results.—There were 213 respondents from a mix of program types and representing each postgraduate year. Most residents will seek at least 1 or 2 fellowships after residency training. The most popular first-choi...
Excision Repair Properties of Isogenic rec− Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

We have examined the excision repair properties of isogenic rec − and uvr − strains of Escherichia coli K-12. A recB − recC − strain excises dimers at a rate nearly that of the rec + parent, reaching the same extent of excision after a 1-hr postirradiation incubation. recA − and recA − recB − strains excise 75 to 80% of the dimers excised by their rec + parent, whereas a uvrB − strain excises no dimers during a 1-hr incubation. The doses of ultraviolet light (254 nm) required to reduce survival to 37% of the original population are 8 ergs/mm 2 for recA or recA recB mutants, 5 ergs/mm 2 for the uvrB − strain, 30 ergs/mm 2 for the recB recC mutant, and 230 ergs/mm 2 for the wild-type parent. From these data one cannot account for the ultraviolet light sensitivity of rec − strains on the basis of their excision repair properties. We conclude that rec gene products play no significant role in the early steps of excision repair. The assay we have used for excision of thymine dimers is a modification of the Carrier-Setlow technique, and is described in detail in the Appendix to this paper. To show the properties and validity of this method, results of experiments with thymine dimers formed in vitro and in vivo in E. coli K-12 are presented. These results show our method to be reproducible and sensitive to 0.005% of the total radioactive thymine present in thymine-containing dimers.
A surface-scanning coil detector for real-time, in-situ detection of bacteria on fresh food surfaces.

Abstract Proof-in-principle of a new surface-scanning coil detector has been demonstrated. This new coil detector excites and measures the resonant frequency of free-standing magnetoelastic (ME) biosensors that may now be placed outside the coil boundaries. With this coil design, the biosensors are no longer required to be placed inside the coil before frequency measurement. Hence, this new coil enables bacterial pathogens to be detected on fresh food surfaces in real-time and in-situ. The new coil measurement technique was demonstrated using an E2 phage-coated ME biosensor to detect Salmonella typhimurium on tomato surfaces. Real-time, in-situ detection was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) statistically determined to be lower than 1.5×103 CFU/mm2 with a confidence level of difference higher than 95% (p
Exposure to home and school environmental triggers and asthma morbidity in Chicago inner‐city children

Background In children, asthma hospitalization rates are highest among those aged 0–4 yr, indicating more acute and/or severe asthma exacerbations in younger children. We investigated the relationship between indoor exposures and three asthma morbidity measures in children of different age groups (0–4, 5–11, and 12 yr of age or older). Identifying the factors leading to asthma morbidity in specific subgroups may lead to a better understanding of the disease and contribute to the development of effective interventions tailored to subgroups. Methods Children between 0 and 18 yr of age with asthma were enrolled in an asthma intervention program. At enrollment, hospitalizations, emergency room visits (ED), asthma night symptoms, and exposure to conditions in the child's home and school/daycare related to indoor allergens were collected using standardized questionnaires. Associations of exposure with the three asthma outcomes were estimated using logistic regression, stratified by age group. Results Of 246 children enrolled, the youngest age group had more hospitalizations in the past year, more ED visits in the past year, and more night awakenings in the past month due to asthma than the oldest two age groups (p = 0.02; p < 0.0001; and p = 0.01, respectively). Overall, more associations of exposures to home triggers were found with hospitalization in children aged 0–11 yr, while classroom triggers were more likely to be associated with hospitalizations among the oldest two groups, 5–18 yr of age. Conclusions Examining the relationship of specific environmental exposures with asthma exacerbations and hospitalizations across age group and in different indoor environments warrants further study.
Probing molecular and structural thermal events in cereal-based products

Abstract Thermal and molecular analyses of cereal food systems have been considered as a new approach to clarify these complex systems. The roles of glass transition, crystal melting, phase separation, and molecular mobility and interaction, are of great interest. The starch melting and glass—rubber transition, for instance, are complex, biphasic phenomena. NMR, X-ray diffraction, and many other methods have brought out new evidence and arguments for different models. Glass—rubber transitions of gluten and its components have been reported by various techniques. Thermal events in bread at various moisture levels observed by DSC, DMA and TMA are compared in terms of rheological properties, volume expansion, and melting behavior. The staling of bread is described as a function of storage time and moisture loss.
Contingent reinforcement for reduced carbon monoxide levels in methadone maintenance patients

Five cigarette smoking methadone maintenance patients (MMP) participated in a within-subjects (A-B-A-B) study involving repeated application of carbon monoxide (CO)-contingent payments for reductions in smoke intake. To replicate and extend findings from an earlier study in non-drug-abusing smokers (Stitzer & Bigelow, 1982), we used the same contingent reinforcement procedure that involved the delivery of a monetary payment ($5) for CO readings which were 50% or less than the average value of readings obtained during the prior noncontingency period. Although four of the five subjects earned the contingent payment on at least three of the eight occasions, the overall effect of the intervention on CO level was nonsignificant. Daily smoking records revealed significantly lower rates during the first contingency intervention for the group as a whole. Significant correlations between CO and the time interval since smoking prior to CO measurement were found. The rather modest intervention effects suggest that important parameters be considered when designing contingency management procedures to reduce cigarette smoking in this difficult population of drug abusers.
A randomized evaluation of a telehealth intervention to improve well-being, mood states, and social intimacy in wait-listed lung transplant patients

the average of QOL score in all patients (2.02 before HTx, 3.60 after HTx), however, patients who originally had skeletal muscle disease and congenital heart disease as the underlying disease showed lower improvement of QOL than others. 2) The analysis of SF-36 showed the improvement of PCS in all patients (-1.25 before HTx, 48.0 after HTx), while 5 patients showed no improvement in MCS (44.6 before HTx, 40.1 after HTx). 2 of these 5 patients originally had skeletal muscle disease and remaining 3 patients were housewives. 3) Exercise tolerability (% peak VO2) after HTx was correlated to the change of WHO/QOL26 from before to after HTx (R 0.66), especially physical domain (R 0.81), and also correlated to the change of MCS in SF-36 (R 0.85). Conclusion: It is useful to evaluate QOL after HTx by using both WHO/QOL26 and SF-36. Post-HTx QOL and exercise tolerability are influenced by each other, and the underlying disease before HTx and the employment status after HTx contribute to post-HTx QOL.
FGF Induces New Feather Buds From Developing Avian Skin

Induction of skin appendages involves a cascade of molecular events. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of peptide growth factors is involved in cell proliferation and morphogenesis. We explored the role of the FGFs during skin appendage induction using developing chicken feather buds as a model. FGF-1, FGF-2, or FGF-4 was added directly to the culture medium or was released from pre-soaked Affigel blue beads. Near the midline, FGFs led to fusion of developing feather buds, representing FGFs' ability to expand feather bud domains in developing skin. In lateral regions of the explant where feather placodes have not formed, FGF treatment produces a zone of condensation and a region with an increased number of feather buds. In ventral epidermis that is normally apteric (without feathers), FGFs can also induce new feather buds. Like normal feather buds, the newly induced buds express Shh. The expression of Grb, Ras, Raf, and Erk, intracellular signaling molecules known to be downstream to tyrosine kinase receptors such as the FGF receptor, was enriched in feather bud domains. Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, suppressed feather bud formation and the effect of FGF. These results indicate that there are varied responses to FGFs depending on epithelial competence. All the phenotypic responses, however, show that FGFs facilitate the formation of skin appendage domains.
THE RELATION BETWEEN ENDOLYMPH AND THE ENDOCOCHLEAR POTENTIAL DURING ANOXIA.

The time courses of decline in — E.P. during continued anoxia are paralleled by changes in the conductance of the endolymph in such a direction as to indicate a running down of the high K, low Na perilymph. Chemical analysis of endolymph at various times during anoxia was attempted using techniques previously developed for measuring normal endolymph. Whilst these analyses were not completely satisfactory, as possible perilymph contamination cannot be excluded, the results were entirely consistent with the theory that the — E.P. is a function of the differential ionic gradients, primarily that of K between scala media and plasma, of a similar nature to the resting membrane potentials of nerve and muscle.
Aptitude-treatment interaction as a framework for research on individual differences in psychotherapy.

Aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) methods are designed to take individual differences into account systematically in treatment evaluation. This article reviews the general concepts of aptitude and ATI and summarizes lessons learned in ATI research on educational treatments that should help ATI research on psychotherapeutic treatments. Recommendations for research design and data analysis address problems of aptitude distributions, multivariate aptitude complexes, detective work with scatterplots, disattenuation, treatment and therapist characteristics, therapistclient matching, ecological validity, outcome variables, statistical power, aggregation, and person independence. Example studies and hypotheses about the nature of ATI processes are also included. In many fields of psychological, social, educational, and medical science, treatments are designed as interventions to achieve some individual or common good for human beings. When alternative treatments aimed at the same goal are available, the question is, Which treatment is best? Even when one treatment is adopted, a continuing question is, How can this treatment be made better? Because the persons treated usually are observed to differ in their response to treatment, and also to differ from one another in many other correlated ways, an important addition to these questions is,... best or better for whom, when, and why? The aptitude-treatment interaction (or ATI) paradigm was invented to address these questions in consort. ATI methodology is designed to take individual differences among treated persons into account systematically in treatment evaluation— to assess the degree to which alternative treatments have different effects as a function of person characteristics and thus determine whether particular treatments can be chosen or adapted to fit particular persons optimally. Beyond methods for assessing interactions among person and situation variables, however, the approach offers a framework for new theories of aptitude interpreted as personal readiness to profit from particular treatment situations. This article summarizes lessons learned in ATI research on educational treatments that should help advance ATI research on psychotherape utic treatments. Dance and Neufeld (1988) have discussed the basic principles of ATI method with examples from psychotherapy research, so these need not be reiterated here. But the extensive experience with ATI in educational research suggests some clarifications and extensions of their discussion as well as some further recommendations.
Exciplex emission in heterojunctions of poly(pyridyl vinylene phenylenevinylene)s and poly(vinyl carbazole)

Abstract We present photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra of heterojunctions formed from poly(vinyl carbazole) (PVK) and poly(pyridyl vinylene phenylene vinylene) (PPyVPV). Bilayers of PVK and PPyVPV show a photoluminescence peak which cannot be assigned to either the PVK or the PPyVPV layer. Absorption spectra show that the additional feature results from an exciplex at the bilayer interface. The electroluminescence spectrum from the heterojunctions is due to exciplex emission, with internal efficiencies of ~ 0.1–0.5%.
Studies of the Pituitary-Adrenocortical System in the Fetal Rat

The pituitary-adrenocortical system of 21- to 22-day-old rat fetuses was investigated. 1. Adrenal ascorbic acid depletion caused by stressful stimulus was the same in the fetuses of hypophysectomized rats as in those of normal rats. The same degree of depletion (15% in 1 hr) also occurred in fetuses of hypophysectomized rats maintained ex utero at room temperature during the 1-hr period. 2. Fetal adrenals incubated in Krebs- Ringer bicarbonate buffer produced corticosterone at the same rate as did adrenals from adult rats. However, the fetal adrenals were found to be more sensitive to ACTH in vitro than the adrenals of adult rats. 3. Fetal pituitaries increased in vitro production of corticosterone by the adrenals of adult rats. The addition of pitressin to the medium (1 mU/ml) had no effect on the production of corticosterone by adrenal tissue incubated with or without fetal hypophyses. These data show that at term the adrenals of fetuses are stimulated by fetal pituitary. In addition, a definite functio...
Nonconformity in Competitive Repertoires: A Sociological View of Markets

L'A. compare les strategies commerciales adoptees par les organisations. Il distingue les strategies conformistes et les strategies non conformistes telles que la diminution des prix, l'elaboration de nouveaux produits, l'offre de nouveaux services, l'expansion geographique des activites. Il presente un certain nombre de donnees collectees entre 1979 et 1986 concernant les 32 plus importantes compagnies aeriennes americaines. Il s'efforce de mettre a jour les facteurs qui influencent les choix strategiques dans le domaine commercial
Microcombustor array and micro-flame ionization detector for hydrocarbon detection

This paper describes results from using a microcombustor to create two hydrocarbon gas sensors: one utilizing calorimetry and the other a flame ionization detector (FID) mechanism. The microcombustor consists of a catalytic film deposited on the surface of a microhotplate. This micromachined design has low heat capacity and thermal conductivity, making it ideal for heating catalysts placed on its surface. The catalytic materials provide a natural surface-based method for flame ignition and stabilization and are deposited using a micropen system, which allows precise and repeatable placement of the materials. The catalytic nature of the microcombustor design expands the limits of flammability (LoF) as compared with conventional diffusion flames; an unoptimized LoF of 1-32% for natural gas in air was demonstrated with the microcombustor, whereas conventionally 4-16% is observed. The LoF for hydrogen, methane, propane and ethane are likewise expanded. Expanded LoF permit the use of this technology in applications needing reduced temperatures, lean fuel/air mixes, or low gas flows. By coupling electrodes and an electrometer circuit with the microcombustor, the first ever demonstration of a microFID utilizing premixed fuel and a catalytically-stabilized flame has been performed; the detection of 1.2-2.9 % of ethane in a hydrogen/air mix is shown.
Discovering the Potential of Gifted Girls: The Biological and Physical Science Interests of Gifted Kindergarten Girls

The purpose of this investigation was to observe and describe the biological and physical science interests of 14 gifted kindergarten girls. Each girl was videotaped taking part in five science sessions. Open-ended activities allowed girls to interact with biological and physical science materials in unstructured ways. Videotapes were, analyzed for time spent on task, science process skills used, and cognitive levels exhibited. Findings suggest that these gifted kindergarten girls exhibited equal interest in biological and physical science activities. Parents were interviewed to ascertain science interests exhibited at home. Interviews revealed that parents provided nearly three times as many opportunities for girls to take part in biological science as physical science activities. Recommendations include conducting more research on early childhood science and gifted girls, providing more science experiences for gifted young girls and more parental support for science interests, and educating parents about gender bias.
Thermal balance of cattle grazing winter range: Model development

Abstract Beef cattle grazing semi-arid foothill range of the Northern Rockies during winter may be exposed to cold temperatures and high winds while grazing pastures with low nutritional value. We refined a simple thermal balance equation to model heat exchange of free-ranging cattle. We account for the complex interactions between animal behavior and the changing natural environment by applying the components of the model to a rotating ellipsoid representing a cow at different orientations to the sun and wind. Correlation coefficients ( r ) between predicted standard operative temperature and measured surface temperature ranged from 0.82 on an individual basis to 0.88 on a herd average basis, indicating the model successfully quantifies heat exchanges of cattle exposed to cold conditions in the field.
The Republic of Mass Culture: Journalism, Filmmaking, and Broadcasting in America since 1941

In The Republic of Mass Culture, James L. Baughman offers the raw material for a critical analysis of the phenomenon. Do the media, particularly television, threaten to enhance our cultural diversity? Has the impact of the mass media led to a homogenization of politics and culture, reducing ideas and entertainment to a mass common denominator? Do media have a biased political stance? Do media unduly project what the historian Daniel Boorstin has called 'pseudo-events, ' that is unimportant, trivial, often artificially contrived matters that demand our intense attention for the moment? Media analyst Marshall McLuhan once said that the 'medium is the message.' Have we lost contact with the reality of substance?
Readout system design for MWCNT Infrared sensors

The research progress on carbon nanotube (CNT) has greatly brought new opportunities for Infrared (IR) sensors both for military and civil applications. This led to research and development of reliable nano manipulation method and high resolution CNT based Infrared (IR) imaging systems. In this paper, an adjustable bias, differential input charge integrator current amplifier was designed to read the photocurrent of Multiwall CNT (MWCNT) IR detector. Meanwhile, highly resolution and ultra fast ADC was designed in readout system (ROIC), so that it works in novel imaging recovery system. Experimental results the MWCNT IR sensors have shown that the readout system can read as low as 10pA current, and in CNT based IR imaging system, this readout system also works well.
THE NATURE OF THE COMETARY NUCLEUS

The basic properties of the cometary nucleus are reviewed. Consideration is given to the absence of depth differentiation, the icy conglomerate nature, the possible existence of a halo of icy grains around the nuclear region, the nucleus size and albedo, the mass, the rotation rate, and the chemical composition (elemental and molecular).
Gastric retention of enteric-coated sulfasalazine tablets. A complication of gastroduodenal Crohn's disease.

A case is described in which a patient with known gastroduodenal Crohn's disease developed a picture of gastric outlet obstruction accompained by gastric retention of many enteric-coated sulfasalazine tablets. The tablets were removed by gastric lavage with a sodium bicarbonate solution. Following this observation, an in vitro study was done in which the rate of disintegration of enteric-coated sulfasalazine tablets was found to be directly related to pH. The case report reveals a potential hazard in using enteric-coated tablets in patients with impaired gastric emptying. Intragastric sodium bicarbonate may be a useful element in the management of this complication.
Abstract A107: Esophageal and stomach cancer trends by race, gender, subsite, and histology

Background: Esophageal, gastric and gastroesophageal (GE) junction carcinomas have clearly had different trends of incidence over the the past two decades in the world, especially in the United States. What is more alarming is the histological type of subsite cancer appears to be changing and may also differ according to ethnicity and gender as well. The authors examined incidence patterns among Caucasians (C), African Americans (AA) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (API). Methods: We used data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute. SEER 9 data was used to identify all patients who were diagnosed with esophageal, stomach and GE junction carcinomas between 1975 and 2006. Age-adjusted rates and age specific rates were computed by anatomic subsite, histology, race, and gender. Incidence trend patterns were analyzed accordingly. Results: Major differences were seen for the distribution of esophageal cancer based on subsite, histology and ethnicity. White males had the predominant histology adenocarcinoma in the distal esophagus (83.9%) compared to AA having squamous cell carcinoma (63.8%) and API having similar distribution of both adenocarcinoma (43.6%) and squamous (48%). This trend was not seen in white females. In Caucasian men, adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus is now outnumbering adenocarcinoma of the stomach. This trend is not seen in any other ethnic and/or gender group. For stomach cancer, white males had more proximal tumors compared to black males. Black males were diagnosed with distal tumors compared to white males. Conclusions: There are large differences in incidence trends according to ethnicity, gender, anatomic subsite and histology. The variation in cancer incidence patterns by race does not seem to be completely explained or accounted for by differences in known risk factors. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A107.
Ecosystem responses to recent climate change and fire disturbance at northern high latitudes: observations and model results contrasting northern Eurasia and North America

Vegetation composition at high latitudes plays a critical role in the climate and, in turn, is strongly affected by the climate. The increased frequency of fires expected as a result of climate warming at high latitudes will feedback positively to further warming by releasing carbon to the atmosphere, but will also feedback negatively by increasing the surface albedo. The net effect is complex because the severity of fire affects the trajectory of both carbon stocks and albedo change following a fire, and these are likely to differ between high latitude ecosystems in North America and northern Eurasia. Here we use growth trajectories, productivity trends and regional carbon fluxes to characterize these fire- and climate-driven changes.
Profitability in product line pricing and composition with manufacturing commonalities

Abstract When pricing and composing a product line for optimal profitability, it is important to consider the fixed cost associated with offering each product. However, when similar products are offered, as in most product lines, manufacturing can often utilize common resources for the production of several products. In this paper, we investigate the profitability impact of including these common fixed manufacturing costs in product line pricing and composition decisions. A variable pricing product line model from research by Dobson and Kalish [Dobson, Gregory, Kalish, Shlomo, 1993. Heuristics for pricing and positioning a product-line using conjoint and cost data. Management Science 39 (2), 160–175] is integrated with manufacturing classes set forth by Morgan et al. [Morgan, Leslie Olin, Daniels, Richard L., Kouvelis, Panos, 2001. Marketing/manufacturing trade-offs in product line management. IIE Transactions 33, 949–962] to develop the new model. This new model introduces an improved method for assessing segment choice in a competitive environment of substitute products. Finally, a new solution methodology using a linear discrete reduction model is compared to two generalized genetic algorithms.
2013–2014 Sterling Bunnell Traveling Fellowship Report

Since 1982, the American Society for Surgery of the Hand has sponsored a young member each year as its Bunnell Traveling Fellow. The Sterling Bunnell Traveling Fellowship enables young hand surgeons to foster national and international relationships that contribute to their pursuit of higher learning and advance the principles of scholarship by improving treatment of hand and upper extremity disorders. As the Sterling Bunnell Traveling Fellow for 2013 to 2014, I studied microvascular osteochondral reconstruction of the upper extremity. The year allowed me to pursue research abroad and participate in novel operations. These experiences have challenged how I approach common osteoarticular problems in hand surgery. Leaders in wrist surgery around the globe helped me reconsider the treatment of osteonecrotic, degenerative, and posttraumatic cartilage loss in radical new ways.
A solitary wave theory for spiking pulses emitted by a Raman free electron laser

Abstract We have extended a solitary wave theory for high power spike pulses emitted from a FEL by including the space charge wave and treating the radiation field in two dimensions so as to allow for the waveguide. In this manner we derive the “collective variables” equations which describe the physics of the Columbia Raman FEL. The refractive index of the electron beam and the saturation intensity of the radiation field are obtained from a WKB theory. It is shown that the nonlinear behavior of the radiation field can be modeled by the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) equation using coefficients which are obtained from the collective variables analysis. The GL equation has solitary wave solutions that have a spiking character, lasting a few hundred ps. We program the GL equation to study the spike evolution from different initial conditions: an isolated spike resembles a solitary wave solution of the GL equation and is compared with experiment. We have examined how spikes grow from “noisy” initial conditions in the signal field as well as fluctuations in the beam current.
Morphology and composition of the fly ash particles produced in incineration of municipal solid waste

This paper describes the results of experiments using a pilot-scale, 140,000 Btu/h, solid fuel continuous feed laboratory incinerator. A synthetic fuel representative of the municipal solid waste in the United States was formulated and used in this research. The fuel contained Fe and SiO2, and was doped with trace amounts of Al, Ni, Cr, Hg, and PbO. Experiments were performed with varying fuel–air ratio, and both gaseous and condensed products were collected and analyzed. This work focuses on the characterization of composition and morphology of fly ash particles captured in a fabric filter. Particle size distributions were obtained using optical microscopy and sieving. Atomic absorption (AA) was used to determine bulk compositions of the size-classified ash fractions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to study the morphology and surface compositions of the ash particles. It was observed that the fly ash particles have bimodal size distribution and, most interestingly, that the ash particles of different sizes have different elemental and phase compositions. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Fe were greater in the coarse particles (up to 1-mm diameter), whereas concentrations of Al and Si were higher in the finer particles (less than 75 μm). Maximum concentrations of Pb and Hg occurred in the 150–300-μm particles. It is suggested that if a correlation between the composition and size of the ash particles similar to that observed in this research exists in the products of industrial combustors, a technique of ash processing based on the particle size classification could be developed. Applying such a technique could result in the efficient and inexpensive removal of the lead- and mercury-rich particulates from the produced ash. The processed, environmentally benign ash portions will therefore be useful for a variety of the recycling-based manufacturing, and metal recovery processes.