cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of a localized transition from edge to core density turbulence in the TFTR tokamak.

A localized transition zone is observed between turbulent, long-wavelength density fluctuations (${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$2 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) in the core and edge of beam-heated discharges in TFTR. The core turbulence is unimodal while the edge has two counterpropagating modes, both of which are spectrally distinct from the core fluctuations. The fluctuation amplitude in the core scales with the global energy confinement time while in the edge it does not. These observations suggest that distinct modes are responsible for turbulence in the two regions and that only the core mode is directly related to global confinement.
Nanocrystal ligand exchange with 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole-5-thiolate and its facile in situ conversion to thiocyanate

The 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole-5-thiolate anion (TTT−) was found to be a strongly binding ligand for CdSe nanocrystals, quantitatively exchanging various long-chain ligands to yield stable colloidal suspensions in common polar solvents. The TTT− ligand thermolyzes at <100 °C to produce thiocyanate in situ, resulting in reduced quantum confinement in nanocrystal films. CdSe(TTT) possesses far higher colloidal stability than CdSe(SCN), and that, together with the facile synthesis of TTT−, implies that this is a useful ligand for nanocrystal applications as a masked thiocyanate.
The stepwise heats of hydrogenation of barrelene, an ab initio study

Ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations at the 6–31G*//3–21G level of theory are reported for bicyclo[2.2.2]-2,5,7-octatriene (barrelene), 1, bicyclo[2.2.2]-2,5-octadiene, 2, bicyclo[2.2.2]-2-octene, 3, and bicyclo-[2.2.2]octane, 4. The stepwise heats of hydrogenation of 1 were found to be 38.1, 31.8, and 28.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The unusually large heat of hydrogenation for the first double bond is attributed to the destabilizing electronic effects involving the interaction of the three double bonds of 1.
Progress Update in Magnetorheological Finishing

In magnetorheological finishing (MRF), magnetically stiffened magnetorheological (MR) abrasive fluid flows through a preset converging gap that is formed by a workpiece surface and a moving rigid wall, to create precise material removal and polishing. Theoretical analysis of MRF, based on Bingham lubrication theory, illustrates that the formation of a core attached to the moving wall results in dramatically high stress on the workpiece surface. A correlation between surface stress on the workpiece and material removal is obtained. A unique attribute of the MRF process is its determinism. MRF has been successfully implemented to polish optical surfaces to very high precision. MRF reduces the surface micro roughness of optical materials to ≤ 10A. Figure errors are corrected to a fraction of a wavelength of light and subsurface damage is removed. A wide range of optical surface shapes, including aspheres, has been polished on many different materials. Other applications in precision finishing are being considered, including integrated circuits and advanced ceramics.
Risk Analysis Techniques for Safety Evaluation of Highway Work Zones

Construction sites or work zones create serious disruptions in the normal flow of traffic, resulting in major inconveniences for the traveling public. Furthermore, these work zones create safety hazards that require special consideration. Current legislation and programs, at both state and national levels, emphasize the need for a better understanding of work zone problems to address work zone safety. This reality—coupled with the temporary closure of more miles of highway every year for rehabilitation and maintenance—makes the analysis of safety at construction sites a serious matter. A summary of a comprehensive study associated with the development of a new practical approach to address highway safety in construction zones is presented. Because empirical models require sample sizes that are not attainable due to the intrinsic scarcity of construction zone accident data, the problem was studied from the point of view of risk analysis. Monte Carlo simulations were used to develop risk factors. These fact...
Growth models and limits-to-growth models as bases for public policymaking in economic development

This paper analyses several economic growth models to evaluate their usefulness for policymaking. The assumptions underlying some of the simple growth models are questionable and they are narrow in scope. A comparative statics model is broad in scope, but it fails to deal with mechanisms of adaptation and adjustments or with cases of discontinuity, increasing returns, and unlimited growth. The dynamic growth models tend to give undue emphasis to capital and labour. The Malthusian model has proven historically wrong. The Meadows model is broader in scope, but its assumptions are mostly not scientifically established and its use of quantitative data is careless. The above models are also defective because of over-aggregations and under-specifications. They all fail to take fully into account technological and institutional changes, which have been responsible for four-fifths of economic growth in the past and are expected to help overcome the limits to future growth. Needed are models based on an acceptable growth theory, which take into account all basic factors (including technological and institutional changes) as interrelated elements and give adequate attention to the mechanisms of adaptation and adjustments.
Attitudes Toward Climate Change:Major Emitters in Southwestern Kansas

As part of an initiative to improve understanding of place-to-place differences in green- house gas emissions, local changes in radiative forcing, and mitigative potential, the attitudes of deci- sion-makers in the major greenhouse-gas-emitting industries in a 6-county study area in southwest- ern Kansas were investigated. This study included both mailed questionnaire and unstructured interview techniques, with quantitative and qualitative components. The information obtained from one method tended to corroborate data obtained from the other. Results indicate that, in this area, many respondents in the best positions to take mitigative actions are unconvinced of human-induced climate change. There are some variations among industries, with those involved in natural gas or electricity provision least convinced of potential negative impacts related to greenhouse gas emis- sions/climate change. In this region, it would appear that better communication of 'proof' of human climate impacts, as well as mitigative opportunities, would be a necessary part of encouraging indus- tries to take action.
A Study of Edge-On Galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys. II. Vertical Distribution of the Resolved Stellar Population

We analyze the vertical distribution of the resolved stellar populations in six low-mass (Vmax = 67–131 km s-1), edge-on, spiral galaxies observed with the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys. In each galaxy we find evidence for an extraplanar stellar component extending up to 15 scale heights (3.5 kpc) above the plane, with a scale height typically twice that of two-dimensional fits to Ks-band Two Micron All Sky Survey images. We analyze the vertical distribution as a function of stellar age by tracking changes in the color-magnitude diagram. The young stellar component (108 yr) is found to have a scale height larger than the young component in the Milky Way, suggesting that stars in these low-mass galaxies form in a thicker disk. We also find that the scale height of a stellar population increases with age, with young main-sequence stars, intermediate-age asymptotic giant branch stars, and old red giant branch (RGB) stars having successively larger scale heights in each galaxy. This systematic trend indicates that disk heating must play some role in producing the extraplanar stars. We constrain the rate of disk heating using the observed trend between scale height and stellar age and find that the observed heating rates are dramatically smaller than in the Milky Way. The color distributions of the RGB stars well above the midplane indicate that the extended stellar components we see are moderately metal-poor, with peak metallicities around [Fe/H] = -1 and with little or no metallicity gradient with height. The lack of metallicity gradient can be explained if a majority of extraplanar RGB stars were formed at early times and are not dominated by a younger heated population. Our observations suggest that, like the Milky Way, low-mass disk galaxies also have multiple stellar components. In its structure, mean metallicity, and old age, the RGB component in these galaxies seems analogous to the Milky Way thick disk. However, without additional kinematic and abundance measurements, this association is only circumstantial, particularly in light of the clear existence of some disk heating at intermediate ages. Finally, we find that the vertical dust distribution has a scale height somewhat larger than that of the main-sequence stars.
Investigation of Geometrical Spreading and Quality Factor Functions in the New Madrid Seismic Zone

The accuracy and applicability of geometrical spreading and quality factor functions are investigated for the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) using recorded small and moderate earthquakes. These functions represent the path effect in frequency domain. The database used in this study consists of 500 broadband seismograms from 63 eventsofmagnitudeMw 2.5to5.2,recordedbytheCenterforEarthquakeResearchand Information (CERI) at the University of Memphis. The hypocentral distances range from 10 to 400 km. All the broadband stations are located within the Mississippi embayment with different site conditions. The vertical components of the records areprocessedandusedtodefinethepatheffectterminfrequencyrangeof0.2to30Hz. A hinged-trilinear geometrical spreading and frequency-dependent quality factor functions are used to describe the path term. The regression analysis using a genetic algorithm(GA)indicatesthatatdistanceslessthan70kmthespectralamplitudesdecay as R � 1 ; between 70 and 140 km spectral amplitudes increase with distance and the geometric spreading is defined as R � 0:25 ; beyond 140 km, the attenuation is described by R � 0:5 . The quality factor function is expressed as Q � 614f 0:32 for frequencies greater than 1 Hz after the regression analysis. For the broader range offrequency used in this study (0.2 to 30 Hz), the Q function is described by a third-degree polynomial described as logQf �� 2:898 � 0:464logf � 1:238� logf� 2 � 0:540� logf� 3 . The results of this study are compared with those of Atkinson (2004) and Samiezade-Yazd etal.(1997).Thepathtermobtainedinthisstudycanbeusedinthestochasticmethodto predict ground motions in the NMSZ and eastern North America (ENA).
Prediction of Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation, Prevention of Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation, and the Impact of Long-Term Monitoring for Detecting Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a large public health problem that affects about 1% of the population in the United States. It confers an increased risk for stroke and thromboembolism, but the stroke risk is not equal in all patients. Further refinement in stratifying stroke risk in patients with AF will help in properly directing therapy for AF patients while minimizing adverse events. Warfarin is the first-line treatment for stroke reduction in patients with AF, but many new drugs are on the horizon that will significantly change practice. New and improved cardiac monitoring techniques and devices will help with detection of AF in those at risk for stroke and will assist in assessing which patients will most benefit from anticoagulation.
Determination of Total Mercury in Crude Oil by Combustion Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS)

Unlike many heavy metals, mercury is a long-range air and water pollutant whose load on the environment is increasing. According to published reports, a major source of atmospheric mercury is the burning of coal for electrical power generation. However, certain crude oils may contain up to several hundred ng/g of total mercury. Accurate analysis of total mercury in crude oil is the first step in determining the value of a crude oil and one's ability to process the material within the refinery, while generating finished products. This paper details the use of Combustion Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS) technology for the analysis of crude samples and distillation cuts. The instrument described in the report is one of several instrument methods currently being evaluated by groups in industry and government. The use of a boat-inlet sample introduction system allows crude oil and other types of material to be analyzed without acid digestion. The strengths and weaknesses of the combustion-CVAAS technique, along with a year's worth of operating experience, will be presented from the user's perspective.
Novel cancer vaccines

The intellectual property literature concerning novel cancer vaccine strategies for the period of 1998 and 2000 is reviewed. Nearly 400 citations have been identified and the majority of the citations described herein involve the identification of new tumour associated antigens and novel strategies of cancer vaccine formulations. Significant progresses have been made during this period in the identification of new tumour associated antigens (TAAs), the refinement of gene and DNA vaccination techniques, the development of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy and the use of cytokines and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants. In addition, encouraging results have been obtained from vaccination studies of animal tumour models and a large number of novel cancer vaccines are currently under development or at early stages of clinical evaluation. Although the availability of cancer vaccines for clinical use in patient management remains a challenge to the cancer research community, we can be ca...
Perceived Personnel Development Needs of Postsecondary Disabilities Services Professionals.

Students with disabilities have begun to make significant strides with regard to the fulfillment of traditional adult roles. Though not perfect, transition planning has improved the outcomes for students with disabilities who enter college and matriculate. However, many barriers still exist for students with disabilities who have a desire to continue their education following high school. There has been a significant increase in the supports available for students with disabilities at the postsecondary level, but these services are rarely appropriately planned or validated as effective. An important step toward well-planned and empirically validated services is the appropriate professional preparation of the staff who oversee services for students with disabilities at colleges and universities. In fact, the President's Commission on Excellence in Education has recommended that all relevant postsecondary level personnel be provided supports that will allow greater numbers of students with disabilities to s...
Is coronary artery disease initiated perinatally

Fetal origins of coronary disease were proposed recently on the basis of evidence that intrauterine growth retardation predisposed to precocious coronary disease. Recent ultrastructural studies suggest a pathogenesis supporting perinatal origins of coronary atherosclerosis. Half of infants show coronary intimal lesions with foam cells. Intimal proliferative lesions, precursive to lipid insudation of coronary arteries, have been reported in fetuses and newborns. Acute hypertension increases and promotes the progression of preexisting modified smooth muscle cell plaques in perinatal animals by developing prominent fibroplasia and collagenization. Such perinatal surges in blood pressure may be involved in the perinatal initiation of atherogenesis. Modification of naturally occurring lesions may depend on perinatal circumstances superimposed on the transition between fetal and adult patterns of circulation. Unusual perinatal stresses involving anoxia or catecholamine release in the mother, fetus, or newborn may predispose to the development of precocious coronary atherosclerosis later in life.
Effects of Local Compression on Peroneal Nerve Function in Humans

A new apparatus was developed to compress the anterior compartment selectively and reproducibly in humans. Thirty-five normal volunteers were studied to determine short-term thresholds of local tissue pressure that produce significant neuromuscular dysfunction. Local tissue fluid pressure adjacent to the deep peroneal nerve was elevated by the compression apparatus and continuously monitored for 2-3 h by the slit catheter technique. Elevation of tissue fluid pressure to within 35-40 mm Hg of diastolic blood pressure (approximately 40 mm Hg of in situ pressure in our subjects) elicited a consistent progression of neuromuscular deterioration including, in order, (a) gradual loss of sensation, as assessed by Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, (b) subjective complaints, (c) reduced nerve conduction velocity, (d) decreased action potential amplitude of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle, and (e) motor weakness of muscles within the anterior compartment. Generally, higher intracompartmental pressures caused more rapid deterioration of neuromuscular function. In two subjects, when in situ compression levels were 0 and 30 mm Hg, normal neuromuscular function was maintained for 3 h. Threshold pressures for significant dysfunction were not always the same for each functional parameter studied, and the magnitudes of each functional deficit did not always correlate with compression level. This variable tolerance to elevated pressure emphasizes the need to monitor clinical signs and symptoms carefully in the diagnosis of compartment syndromes. The nature of the present studies was short term; longer term compression of myoneural tissues may result in dysfunction at lower pressure thresholds.
An Analytical Shape Memory Polymer Composite Beam Model for Space Applications

Shape memory polymer composite (SMPC) structures, due to their ability to be formed into a small compact volume and then transform back to their original shape, are considered as a solution in the design of light-weight large deployable space structures. There is a wide array of constitutive and qualitative work being done on SMPC’s but little or no development of dynamic equations. This paper documents a macroscopic model for the shape fixation and shape recovery processes of a SMPC cantilever beam. In particular the focus is on the shape fixation process, whereby a quasi-static equilibrium model can be used instead of a full equation of motion. Numerical results are obtained in this regard by use of finite difference approximation with Newton’s method. This formulation combines a nonlinear geometric model with a temperature dependent constitutive law. Additionally, the dynamic equations of the SMPC cantilever are derived. Future work will include a dynamic numerical model, and a finite element model of ...
Activation of spinal extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 is associated with the development of visceral hyperalgesia of the bladder

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 in dorsal horn neurons is important for the development of somatic hypersensitivity and spinal central sensitization after peripheral inflammation. However, data regarding the roles of spinal ERK1/2 in the development of visceral hyperalgesia are sparse. Here we studied the activation of ERK1/2 in the lumbosacral spinal cord after innocuous and noxious distention of the inflamed (cyclophosphamide-treated) and noninflamed urinary bladder in mice. We also correlated the spinal ERK1/2 activation to distention-evoked bladder nociception as quantified by the abdominal visceromotor response (VMR). Cyclophosphamide treatment (bladder inflammation) evoked increased bladder hyperalgesia and allodynia to bladder distention, as evident from an upward and leftward shift of the VMR stimulus-response curve compared with that of noninflamed mice. Development of bladder hyperalgesia was associated with robust enhancement of ERK1/2 activation in the dorsal horn and deeper laminae bilaterally in the L6-S1 spinal cord. Functional blockade of spinal ERK1/2 activity via intrathecal administration of the upstream MEK inhibitor U0126 attenuated distention-evoked bladder nociception and caused a significant downward shift of the VMR stimulus-response curve. In summary, we have provided functional and immunohistochemical evidence that activation of lumbosacral spinal ERK1/2 is associated with the development of primary visceral (bladder) hyperalgesia. Our results suggest that aberrant processing of visceral nociceptive information at the level of the lumbosacral spinal cord via activation of ERK1/2 signaling may contribute to chronic bladder pain in the context of inflammation.
Quantification of “Local” Surface Orientation: Theory and Experiment

To facilitate calculation of substrate roughness contributions to spectroscopically determined molecular orientation at surfaces, a scale-dependent method of determining the local surface normal tilt angle distribution is proposed and compared with experiment. Atomic force micrographs of fused silica were analyzed to determine the surface tilt angle distributions from the surface gradient. Good correlation between experiment and theory was observed for lateral separations comparable to the probe tip diameter. To overcome the tip-limited lateral resolution of atomic force microscopic roughness measurements, fractal analysis was used to extrapolate roughness values to molecular scales.
GENE MARKING AND GENE THERAPY FOR TRANSPLANTATION MEDICINE

The classic application for gene therapy is in the correction of single gene defects, although this has been complicated by the low efficiency of gene transfer into haematopoietic cells. Gene therapy, however, has potential for the modulation of tumour cell growth, drug sensitivity, and antitumour immune responses. In addition, gene marking can be used, in spite of this limited transfer efficiency, to provide information on haematopoiesis, sources of cancer relapse after stem cell transplantation and the relative efficacy of graft manipulation techniques.
The First Lectures in Italy on Galois Theory: Bologna, 1886–1887

Abstract During the academic year 1886–1887, Cesare Arzela (1847–1912) gave a course on Galois theory at the University of Bologna, the first in Italy on this subject. That year, the audience included the future mathematician and historian, Ettore Bortolotti (1866–1947), who took notes on the lectures. Here, the lectures are analyzed first in the context of the development of Galois theory in Europe and then in light of institutional developments at Bologna, especially following the unification in 1861. Arzela emerges as a creative and effective teacher and mathematician in the discussion of the actual content of the lectures. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Nell'anno accademico 1886–1887, Cesare Arzela (1847–1912) tenne un corso sulla teoria di Galois all'Universita di Bologna, il primo in Italia su tale argomento. Quell'anno l'uditorio includeva il futuro matematico e storico, Ettore Bortolotti (1866–1947), che trascrisse gli appunti delle lezioni. Nel presente articolo le lezioni sono analizzate prima nel contesto dello sviluppo della teoria di Galois in Europa e poi alla luce degli sviluppi istituzionali a Bologna, soprattutto quelli successivi all'unificazione del 1861. Dalla discussione del contenuto delle lezioni, Arzela emerge come un insegnante e matematico creativo ed efficace. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. MSC subject classifications: 01A55, 01A72, 01A73.
An updated standard for clinical electroretinography.

The value of the electroretinogram (ERG) in clinical practice depends in part on its consistency and the ability to compare results with other laboratories and the literature. These issues were addressed by the publication of the International Standard for Clinical Electroretinography in 1989. 1 This Standard provided technical information and defined a core of basic test procedures and test responses ( Figure ) to ensure that ERGs performed worldwide would be equivalent for clinical and research purposes. Most major laboratories now subscribe to the tenets of the Standard, and it should be noted that the Standard does not limit laboratories from doing additional specialized tests (beyond the recommendations) for either clinical purposes or research. Since science and medicine are not static, the original Standard mandated revision every 4 years by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision. The first revision, titled "Standard for Clinical Electrophysiology (1994 Update)," has just been published, 2 and it contains changes and new provisions that should be reviewed carefully by those who perform ERGs. The major changes and additions in the updated ERG Standard are as follows.
Trends in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1984.

Summary. In the 35-year period, 1950–1984, 154 Olmsted County, Minnesota, infants were diagnosed with definite infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Patients were identified using outpatient and inpatient records of all providers of care to the circumscribed population, and ascertainment was complete insofar as diagnosed cases are con cerned. The overall incidence of IHPS was 2.6 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 2.2–3.0), with a male-female ratio of 4.1:l. A dramatic rise in incidence was seen among male infants over the study period, but not for females, so that by 1980–1984 the rates for the two sexes were 6.2 and 0.9 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Improvements in diagnostic capabilities and case identification may have occurred but seem unlikely to entirely account for these changes. Aetiologic hypotheses should reflect the different trends for male and female infants.
Immunoassay of Serum Alphafetoprotein and Albumin Reflects the Mode of Tissue Preparation: Implications for Steroid Hormone Receptor Assays

Abstract The effect of various modes of tissue preparation on the retention of distinct serum proteins was determined. Specific and sensitive radioimmunologic methods were used to measure serum alphafetoprotein(AFP)and albumin(SA) in 105, 000 x g hypotonic soluble (cytoplasm) and hypertonic (400mM KCl) solubilized pellets (nuclear extracts) from homogenates of immature rat estrogen target tissues. The tissue level of both serum antigens was influenced by the preparative method: cervical dislocation followed by organ isolation and a single rinse yielded the highest levels of apparent tissue AFP and SA while decapitation followed by exsanguination, organ isolation and multiple rinses resulted in the lowest levels. For the uterus, exposure of the uterine lumen enhanced reduction of serum antigen detection. The recommended procedure minimizes the inclusion of serum proteins which can interfere in the subsequent in vitro measurement of specific receptors in hormone responsive tissues.
A Comparison of Vaginal Pressures and Abdominal Muscle Thickness According to Childbirth Delivery Method during the Valsalva Maneuver.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of childbirth delivery method on vaginal pressure and abdominal thickness during the Valsalva maneuver (VAL). [Subjects] Thirty healthy female volunteers (26–39 years of age) were selected for this research. Their delivery histories were: nulliparous 10, vaginal delivery 10, and Cesarean delivery 10. None of the participants had a history of incontinence. [Methods] In the crook-lying position, a perineometer probe was inserted into the vagina and the transducer was placed transversely on the right side of the body during the Valsalva maneuver. [Results] There were significant differences in the thickness of the transverses abdominis (TrA) between in all the groups rest and the Valsalva maneuver, and there were significant differences in the internus oblique (IO) in the nulliparous group. During the Valsalva maneuver, there were significant differences in the TrA between the nulliparous group and the vaginal delivery group, and there were significant differences in the IO between the nulliparous delivery group and the vaginal delivery group, and between the nulliparous group and the Cesarean section group. Delivery history changed vaginal pressure, and there were significant differences between the nulliparous group and the vaginal delivery group, and between the nulliparous group and the Cesarean delivery group. [Conclusion] Pregnancy and delivery method may affect pelvic floor and abdominal muscles during the Valsalva maneuver.
Toxicity of propylene glycol 1,2-dinitrate in experimental animals.

Abstract The po toxicity of propylene glycol 1,2-dinitrate (PGDN) in rats and the ocular and dermal irritation effects of PGDN on rabbits were determined. Rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, squirrel monkeys and dogs were exposed to the vapors of PGDN in acute, repeated and continuous inhalation exposures. Physiological and biochemical changes noted were anemia, pigment deposition in various organs, fatty changes in the liver, methemoglobin formation, and greatly increased serum and urinary inorganic nitrates. The effect of PGDN on the avoidance behavior of trained rhesus monkeys was also studied.
Isotopomer fractionation in the UV photolysis of N(2)O: 3. 3D Ab initio surfaces and anharmonic effects.

The wavelength-dependent isotopic fractionation of N_2O is calculated, extending our previous work, Parts 1 and 2, in several aspects: (1) the fully three-dimensional ab initio electronic potential and transition dipole moment surfaces of S. Nanbu and M. S. Johnson (J. Chem. Phys. A 2004, 108, 8905) are used to calculate the absorption cross sections, instead of a 2D surface and (2) the vibrational frequencies and wave functions with anharmonicity correction are used for the ground electronic state. The results for the absorption spectrum and for the isotopic fractionation of the different isotopomers are discussed. One difference between experiments measuring the absorption coefficient (von Hessberg et al. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2004, 4, 1237) and the others that measure instead the photodissociation is also discussed. Experiments on the quantum yield for wavelengths longer than 200 nm (>50000 cm^(−1)) would be helpful in treating the observed difference.
Aztlán’s Asians: Forging and Forgetting Cross-Racial Relations in the Chicana/O Literary Imagination

Using Jose Villarreal's Pocho, Luis Valdez's Vietnam Campesino, Americo Paredes's "Ichiro Kikuchi," and Rolando Hinojosa's Korean Love Songs as its primary examples, Sae-Saue's essay shows that crossracial relations between Chicana/os and Asians reverberate consistently in narratives that articulate Chicana/o political identities. In these texts, Asia and Asians provoke powerful political awakenings because transnational and interracial ideas about Asia and Asians factor significantly in the political emergence of their respective Chicana/o protagonists. However, by relegating Asia and Asians to the margins of a larger narrative structure, the texts repress these transnational and cross-racial encounters after their having precipitated intense political thinking. In this manner, these important Chicana/o writings communicate a political culture in which transnational and interracial thinking about Asia and Asians exists in a complementary and conflicted relationship with a need to articulate local community problems without extra-ethnic distractions. Sae-Saue argues that the marginalization of Asia and Asians in early Chicana/o literature symbolizes the historical tensions of a political culture committed to communicating local community concerns on one hand, and the development of transnational and interracial political thinking on the other.
AUE: An Autonomous Float for Monitoring the Upper Water Column

A new autonomous underwater vehicle for exploring the upper water column has been developed. The Autonomous Underwater Explorer (AUE) is a 25 cm diameter sphere whose mission is to monitor currents in the upper 100 m of the ocean via either underwater acoustic tracking or by providing a (lat, Ion) fix via GPS after surfacing. Equipped with both temperature and depth sensors the float is capable of tracking both isotherms and isobars by adjusting its density via a piston that changes the volume of the vehicle. Equipped with an acoustic modem we envision fleets of such systems tracking water parcels in coastal regions while reporting their positions to each other and a surface ship in real time. Equipped with more advanced sensors such as fluorometers, nutrient sensors, or other miniature advanced devices, such small autonomous systems have the promise to provide a more synoptic view of the water column than heretofore possible.
GETTING TO YES: A FUNDRAISING ATTITUDE THAT WORKS

Success in fundraising requires chutzpah. You have to be willing to take risks. You have to know how to handle success and how to take defeats. Before you begin, you have to believe you can succeed.
The effect of subject's gender on judgments of similarity and choice of a comparison other

This study examined the implications for social comparison theory of the proposition that women have lower self-confidence than men when there is a socially defined standard of performance. To this end, it was hypothesized that women would judge themselves to be similar to a lower ranked person, whereas men would judge themselves to be similar to a higher ranked person. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that women would choose to see a score lower than their own, whereas men would choose to see a score higher than their own. The results on the measure of similarity indicated that men did judge themselves to be similar to a higher ranked person, whereas women showed no consistent preferences in their judgments of similarity. The results on the choice of a comparison other were not as clear-cut.
Helicoid to spiral ribbon transition.

We present a continuum description for the transition between the helicoid and spiral ribbon structures of chiral materials. At a critical value of the ratio between the bending and stretching moduli, the F\"oppl--von K\'arm\'an number, we encounter a continuous buckling transition from a straight helicoid to a spiral ribbon. Two of the three persistence lengths of the ribbon become very short at the transition point, indicating strong thermal shape fluctuations. The transition is discontinuous if the ribbon width is treated as a free thermodynamic variable.
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF BREEDING WESTERN SANDPIPERS CALIDRIS MAURI

Summary. The behavioural interactions among breeding Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) are described, and interpreted in terms of their adaptive characteristics. Upon arrival in early spring, males disperse onto territories through mutual antagonism. Territorial advertisement and maintenance is accomplished through display flights low over the ground, which are accompanied by soft buzzy vocalisations. These characteristics of display are related to the fact that this species occurs in dense, localised breeding populations, where longdistance communication is unnecessary. Because densities are high and feeding often occurs in communal areas off territory, violations of territorial boundaries are frequent. The result is an extremely high intensity of interactions among individuals. Chasing and physical combat between males is frequent and generally un-stereotyped. Birds nesting on territories away from the feeding sites often fly high above the other territories, and in doing so avoid being chased. Western Sandpipers form monogamous pair-bonds which are maintained until the young are ready to fly. The initial association of the pair is facilitated by a strong tendency to return to the previous site and by the advertisement of the males in which a specific vocalisation is given. Once the female is present on a male's territory, she is courted persistently by him and gradually begins to participate in his scraping displays. Pair-bonds are re-enforced by the close association of the pair during the pre-nesting period and through a simultaneous preening display. An hypothesis is developed that the participation of both sexes in incubation serves primarily as a means of pair-bond maintenance, acting to keep both parents present until after the young hatch. At this time, their presence is needed to provide protection for the precocial young against predators.
Method of moment solutions to scattering problems in a parallel processing environment

Describes the implementation of a parallelized method of moments (MOM) code into an interactive workstation environment. The workstation allows interactive solid body modeling and mesh generation, MOM analysis, and the graphical display of results. After describing the parallel computing environment, the implementation and results of parallelizing a general MOM code are presented in detail. >
Insights into new-onset atrial fibrillation following open heart surgery and implications for type II atrial flutter.

Aims Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), new-onset AF after open heart surgery (OHS), is thought to be related to pericarditis. Based on AF studies in the canine sterile pericarditis model, we hypothesized that POAF in patients after OHS may be associated with a rapid, regular rhythm in the left atrium (LA), suggestive of an LA driver maintaining AF. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that in patients with POAF, atrial electrograms (AEGs) recorded from at least one of the two carefully selected LA sites would manifest a rapid, regular rhythm with AEGs of short cycle length (CL) and constant morphology, but a selected right atrial (RA) site would manifest AEGs with irregular CLs and variable morphology. Methods and results In 44 patients undergoing OHS, AEGs recorded from the epicardial surface of the RA, the LA portion of Bachmann's bundle, and the posterior LA during sustained AF were analysed for regularity of CL and morphology. Sustained AF occurred in 15 of 44 patients. Atrial electrograms were recorded in 11 of 15 patients; 8 of 11 had rapid, regular activation with constant morphology recorded from at least one LA site; no regular AEG sites were present in 3 of 11 patients. Conclusions Atrial electrograms recorded during sustained POAF frequently demonstrated rapid, regular activation in at least one LA site, consistent with a driver maintaining AF.
Phosphoinositide Signaling During Membrane Transport in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is distinct from other phospholipids, possessing a head group that can be modified by phosphorylation at multiple positions to generate unique signaling molecules collectively known as phosphoinositides. The set of kinases and phosphatases that regulate PI metabolism are conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, and numerous studies have demonstrated that phosphoinositides regulate a diverse spectrum of cellular processes, including vesicle transport, cell proliferation, and cytoskeleton organization. Over the past two decades, nearly all PI derivatives have been shown to interact directly with cellular proteins to affect their localization and/or activity. Additionally, there is growing evidence, which suggests that phosphoinositides may also affect local membrane topology. Here, we focus on the role of phosphoinositides in membrane trafficking and underscore the significant role that yeast has played in the field.
Spectrometric Study of Shock-Heated Mg/MgO Particle Dispersions

Abstract Homogeneous kinetics may play a large role in dictating diffusion flame structure for metals like Mg. A premixed metal vapor-oxygen system for studying these kinetics was approximated by the combination of a shock tube with an exploding Mg wire particle generator. This portion of the study was unsuccessful because the experimental data indicate the dispersion to consist of MgO rather than Mg particles. A kinetic mechanism is postulated which is consistent with the spectrometric observations. Certain wave interactions in the shock tube which severely curtail experimental times behind the reflected shock are also discussed.
Carcinogen treatment increases glutathione hydrolysis by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase

The effect of carcinogen treatment on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-mediated hydrolysis of GSH to glutamate and cysteinylglycine in the blood and bile compartments was investigated in livers perfused in situ. Treatment of rats with 40 p.p.m. diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in the drinking water or 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) in the diet for 50-60 days increased GGT activity in liver homogenates by 100 and 800% respectively. Bile flow and the sum of glutamate and glutathione (GSH) efflux into the bile of perfused livers was not affected by carcinogen treatment. However, the ratio of GSH to glutamate in bile was 2.1, 1.1 and 0.2 in livers from control, DEN- and AAF-treated rats respectively. Pretreatment with L-(alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT125) decreased GGT activity in liver homogenates by about 85% and elevated the ratio of GSH to glutamate in the bile to 3.2 in all groups. Thus, the hydrolysis of GSH to glutamate in the bile of perfused livers correlated with the degree of induction of GGT by DEN and AAF treatments. Exogenous GSH (10 microM) infused into the portal vein of perfused livers from control, DEN- and AAF-treated rats was recovered completely in the effluent perfusate. Pretreatment with AT125 had no effect on the recovery of exogenous GSH in the effluent perfusate. Thus, metabolism of GSH in the blood space was not detected after short-term carcinogen treatment. To increase the possible hydrolysis of GSH in the perfusate, rats were treated for 130-180 days with DEN and GSH (60 microM) was infused into the hepatic artery of livers perfused simultaneously via the hepatic artery and portal vein. Only 50% of the infused GSH was recovered in the effluent perfusate of perfused livers from DEN-treated rats. In contrast, significantly more GSH (80-90%) was recovered from livers from control rats or DEN-treated rats that had received AT125 pretreatment. In addition AT125 pretreatment increased the basal rates of GSH efflux in livers from DEN-treated rats. Thus, DEN-induced GGT metabolizes GSH entering the liver via the hepatic artery. Furthermore, GGT may act to decrease the net efflux of GSH from perfused livers by causing the intraorgan recycling of GSH and its constituent amino acids.
SITES OF MEMORY IN THE MAKING: POLITICAL STRATEGIZING IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND DECONSTRUCTION OF PLACE IN LATE TO TERMINAL CLASSIC SOUTHEASTERN MESOAMERICA

Archaeological spaces can be viewed as material manifestations of human drama—sites for the production, expression, and manipulation of social life, power, and history. By viewing such spaces as stages for the enactment of processes of social memory, we may further enrich considerations of the interplay of materiality and history. Here I address the insights archaeologists may gain from engaging with theories of social memory by exploring their application to the analysis of settlements occupied during the Late to Terminal Classic period transition (a.d. 650–900) in pre-Columbian southeastern Mesoamerica. I also consider their relevance to community initiatives engaged by archaeologists today. Ultimately, I argue that processes of making, altering, and remaking place are one among many ways that memory may have served as a tool for political strategies and discourses about power.
Ensuring Support for Research and Quality Improvement (QI) Networks: Four Pillars of Sustainability-An Emerging Framework.

Multi-institutional research and quality improvement (QI) projects using electronic clinical data (ECD) hold great promise for improving quality of care and patient outcomes but typically require significant infrastructure investments both to initiate and maintain the project over its duration. Consequently, it is important for these projects to think holistically about sustainability to ensure their long-term success. Four “pillars” of sustainability are discussed based on the experiences of EDM Forum grantees and other research and QI networks. These include trust and value, governance, management, and financial and administrative support. Two “foundational considerations,” adaptive capacity and policy levers, are also discussed.
Multiple painless masses: periostitis deformans secondary to fluoride intoxication

The differential diagnosis based on the imaging findings included ossification of subperiosteal hematomas, ectopic calcification in the setting of a connective tissue disorder, and periostitis deformans secondary to fluoride intoxication. Laboratory assays were requested by the patient’s rheumatologist, which were notable for a mildly elevated alkaline phosphatase level (216 U/L, reference range=40–115 U/L) and a markedly elevated serum fluoride level (3.9 mg/L, normal range <0.2 mg/L), confirming the diagnosis of fluoride intoxication. The findings were discussed with the patient, who admitted to chronically “huffing” Freon, or inhaling the chlorofluorocarbon gas from a plastic bag.
Development of TLR9 agonists for cancer therapy

In vertebrates, the TLRs are a family of specialized immune receptors that induce protective immune responses when they detect highly conserved pathogen-expressed molecules. Synthetic agonists for several TLRs, including TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, have been or are being developed for the treatment of cancer. TLR9 detects the unmethylated CpG dinucleotides prevalent in bacterial and viral DNA but not in vertebrate genomes. As discussed in this Review, short synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing these immune stimulatory CpG motifs activate TLR9 in vitro and in vivo, inducing innate and adaptive immunity, and are currently being tested in multiple phase II and phase III human clinical trials as adjuvants to cancer vaccines and in combination with conventional chemotherapy and other therapies.
Use of a phase diagram to predict and interpret behaviour at interfaces in immiscible polymer blends

The schematic diagram of Aubouy and Rafael, for a wall of tethered chains in contact with a chemically identical phase, is used as a phase diagram for bimaterials interfaces with tethered chains. The usefulness of this diagram is illustrated here by its application to published data on real systems of diblock copolymers at the interfaces formed by immiscible polymers. For the experimentalist, the diagram provides guidance in choosing the molecular details that are likely to lead to improved adhesive performance of the interface.
Cranial Integration in the Sciuridae

Synopsis. High correlations among measurements of the cranium in the fox squirrel suggested to Olson and Miller (1958) that the skull in this species is highly integrated: that is, it tends to vary as a unit, and without clear subdivision into discrete independently-varying subunits. The evo? lutionary conservatism of the sciurid cranium, and the morphological convergence among pygmy squirrels of several distinct lineages, suggest that in the squirrel family high integration is also a feature of variation among species. A review of preliminary results of two- and three-dimensional morphometrics of the cranium, bivariate allometry of the mandible, and the anatomy of the masticatory musculature supports this suggestion, and highlights the importance of further clarifying phylogenetic relationships. Examination of embryos suggests that pygmy squirrels can not be con? sidered strictly paedomorphic.