cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Asymmetric Thick Disk: A Star-Count and Kinematic Analysis. II. The Kinematics

We report a kinematic signature associated with the observed asymmetry in the distribution of thick-disk/inner halo stars interior to the solar circle described in Paper I. In that paper, we found a statistically significant excess (20%–25%) of stars in quadrant I (l ~ 20°–55°) both above and below the plane (b ~ ±25° to ±45°) compared with the complementary region in quadrant IV. We have measured Doppler velocities for 741 stars, selected according to the same magnitude and color criteria, in the direction of the asymmetry and in the corresponding fields in quadrant IV. We have also determined spectral types and metallicities measured from the same spectra. We not only find an asymmetric distribution in the VLSR velocities for the stars in the two regions, but the angular rate of rotation (ω) for the stars in quadrant I reveals a slower effective rotation rate compared with the corresponding quadrant IV stars. The results for VLSR and ω also show an interesting dependence on Galactic longitude that is most pronounced in quadrant I. We use our [Fe/H] measurements to separate the stars into the three primary population groups, halo, thick disk, and disk, and conclude that it is primarily the thick-disk stars that show the slower rotation in quadrant I. These stars are also responsible for the observed variation of VLSR and ω with Galactic longitude. A solution for the radial, tangential, and vertical components of the VLSR velocities reveals a significant lag of ≈80 to 90 km s-1 in the direction of Galactic rotation for the thick-disk stars in quadrant I, while in quadrant IV, the same population has only a ~20 km s-1 lag confirming the kinematic asymmetry between the two directions. In Paper I, we concluded that the asymmetry in the star counts could be best explained by either a triaxial thick disk or an interaction between the bar in the disk and the thick-disk/inner halo stars. The results reported here support a rotational lag among the thick-disk stars due to a gravitational interaction with the bar as the most likely explanation for the asymmetry in both the star counts and the kinematics. The affected thick-disk stars, however, may be associated with the recently discovered Canis Major debris stream or a similar merger event.
Coupling between adsorbate vibrations and an electronic surface state

We report direct angle-resolved photoemission measurements of the coupling between the symmetric stretch vibrational mode of adsorbed hydrogen and a surface band on W(110). This coupling is manifested by the surface band being split into two branches at a binding energy comparable to the vibrational mode energy, as confirmed by observation of a dramatic hydrogen/deuterium isotope effect. The electron-phonon coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is found to be significantly larger than that for bulk W, and to be closely related to the degree of surface localization of the surface state wave function.
Syzygy Theorems via comparison of order ideals on a hypersurface

Abstract We introduce a weak order ideal property that suffices for establishing the Evans–Griffith Syzygy Theorem. We study this weak order ideal property in settings that allow for comparison between homological algebra over a local ring R versus a hypersurface ring R = R / ( x n ) . Consequently we solve some relevant cases of the Evans–Griffith syzygy conjecture over local rings of unramified mixed characteristic p , with the case of syzygies of prime ideals of Cohen–Macaulay local rings of unramified mixed characteristic being noted. We reduce the remaining considerations to modules annihilated by p s , s > 0 , that have finite projective dimension over a hypersurface ring.
Structural model of team-based learning using Web 2.0 collaborative software

Abstract This study examines the phenomena occurring among team members during their participation in team-based learning using Web 2.0 collaborative software. Based on the Grounded Theory approach, this study analyzes students' feedback related to team collaborative learning using Web 2.0 collaborative tool. Data analysis yields a structural model of team-based learning facilitated by Web 2.0 collaborative software. This study draws inferences to suggest that Web 2.0 collaborative learning environment uncovers diverse communication media in support of synchronicity and group awareness. Subsequently, synchronicity and group awareness promote team-based learning. This study also reveals that four factors, namely, synchronicity, group awareness, learner autonomy and collective intelligence, support team-based learning facilitated by Web 2.0 technology.
β‐Carbolines derived from β‐methyltryptophan and a stereoselective synthesis of (2RS,3SR)‐β‐methyltryptophan methyl ester

The methyl ester of isomer A of β-methyltryptophan (2SR,3RS; 2A) was stereoselectively prepared by an efficient modified method through the reaction of a-methyl-N-(1-Methylethyl)-1H-indole-3-methanamine (3) with methyl nitroacetate to give the desired nitro compound as a mixture of two racemates 5A, and 5B. During the recrystallization process epimerization occurred and only racemate 5A crystallized out. Catalytic hydrogenation of 5A in the presence of acid stereoselectively yielded the desired amino acid ester 2A. Pictet-Spengler condensation of 2A with aldehydes under aprotic conditions followed by dehydrogenation gave excellent yields of β-carbolines 7a-i, (R = methyl, ethyl, acetyl, phenyl, pyridine-2-yl, furan-2-yl, quinoline-2-yl, styryl, phenethyl). Also β-carbolines 7a,b,i were synthesized by the Pictet-Spengler condensation of (3-meth-yltryptophan under acidic aqueous conditions followed by esterification and dehydrogenation.
Capital depreciation and investment demand

Abstract Little is known about the way in which capital depreciates. Researchers from Gnliches (1960) to Hulten, Robertson, and Wykoff(1989) have inferred patterns of depreciation from the age-price profile of used capital goods. An alternative method, pioneered by Coen (1975), infers depreciation patterns from the behavior of investment expenditures. This study exploits Coen's investment approach. Numerous capital stocks, generated for alternative combinations of depreciation methods and service lives, are fitted to a standard neoclassical model of investment demand. Several newly developed non-nested tests are used to determine which pattern of depreciation is best. This study provides, for the first time, findings relating to whether the differences in the ability of alternative patterns of depreciation to explain actual investment expenditures are statistically significant.Aggregate data for U.S. manufacturing industry's investment in producers' durable equipment and nonresidential structures for the period 1949–1982 are analysed. The results indicate that the hypothesis that all depreciation is geometric may be rejected, for both structures and equipment. However, it is not possible to accept any single pattern as representing all depreciation.
On the Proof of Universality for Orthogonal and Symplectic Ensembles in Random Matrix Theory

We give a streamlined proof of a quantitative version of a result from P. Deift and D. Gioev, Universality in Random Matrix Theory for Orthogonal and Symplectic Ensembles. IMRP Int. Math. Res. Pap. (in press) which is crucial for the proof of universality in the bulk P. Deift and D. Gioev, Universality in Random Matrix Theory for Orthogonal and Symplectic Ensembles. IMRP Int. Math. Res. Pap. (in press) and also at the edge P. Deift and D. Gioev, {Universality at the edge of the spectrum for unitary, orthogonal and symplectic ensembles of random matrices. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. (in press) for orthogonal and symplectic ensembles of random matrices. As a byproduct, this result gives asymptotic information on a certain ratio of the β=1,2,4 partition functions for log gases.
A NEW ALLIANCE IN NEW YORK STATE: A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE LABOR MOVEMENT'S RESTRUCTURING, CAPACITY BUILDING, AND PROGRAMMATIC WORK

The labor movement in New York State (NYS) has undergone a dramatic restructuring that is part of a national American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations program called the New Alliance. The purpose of the New Alliance is to build the capacity of local labor movements and to empower unions to help shape a region's political and economic agenda. The restructuring in NYS led to the consolidation of twenty-five central labor councils into five area labor federations, each of which is developing the resources, staff, and leadership to help grow labor's regional power across the state. This article describes the origins of the New Alliance, the nature of the restructuring process, the ways in which the capacity of local labor movements are expanding, the programmatic work the restructured central bodies have undertaken in the last five years, and the impact of the national split on local and regional central bodies across NYS.
A new direct synthesis of ACPA and novel AMPA analogues

Abstract A novel synthesis of the potent glutamate neurotransmitter agonist (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-carboxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl) propionic acid (ACPA) provides access to numerous analogues as drug candidates for neurological disorders. The one-pot synthesis of an alpha amino phosphonate from aldehyde 4 was successful using ErCl3 as a catalyst. Molecular modeling of the new amino phosphonic acid with the (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl) propionic acid (AMPA) receptor crystal structure suggests this should be an effective receptor binder.
Two families of rules for the adjudication of conflicting claims

We define two families of rules to adjudicate conflicting claims. The first family contains the constrained equal awards, constrained equal losses, Talmud, and minimal overlap rules. The second family, which also contains the first two of these rules, is obtained from the first family by exchanging, for each claims problem, how well agents with relatively larger claims are treated as compared to agents with relatively smaller claims. In each case, we identify the subfamily of consistent rules.
Computations of Heegaard-Floer knot homology

We compute the knot Floer homology of knots with at most 12 crossings, as well as the τ invariant for knots with at most 11 crossings, using the combinatorial approach described by Manolescu, Ozsvath and Sarkar. We review their construction, giving two examples that can be workout out by hand, and we explain some ideas we used to simplify the computation. We conclude with a discussion of knot Floer homology for small knots, and we formulate a conjecture about the behavior of knot Floer homology under mutation, paying especially close attention to the Kinoshita–Terasaka knot and its Conway mutant. Finally, we discuss a conjecture of Rasmussen on relationship between Khovanov homology and knot Floer homology, and observe that it is consistent with our calculations.
Characterization of multifunctional structural capacitors for embedded energy storage

Multifunctional composites are a class of materials that combine structural and other functionalities such as sensing, actuation, energy harvesting, and vibration control in order to maximize structural performance while minimizing weight and complexity. Among all the multifunctional composites developed so far, piezoelectric composites have been widely studied due to the high coupling of energy between the electrical and mechanical domains and the inherently high dielectric constant. Several piezoelectric fiber composites have been developed for sensing and actuation applications; however, none of the previously studied composites fully embed all components of an energy storage device as load bearing members of the structure. A multifunctional fiber that can be embedded in a composite material to perform sensing and actuation has been recently developed [Y. Lin and H. A. Sodano, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 592 (2008)], in addition to providing load bearing functionality. The design was achieved by coating a c...
Ddo photometry of m71: carbon and nitrogen patterns among evolving giants

We present V, B-V, and DDO C(41?42) and C(42?45) photometry for a sample of 75 red giants down to MV = +2 in the relatively metal-rich Galactic globular cluster M71. The C(41?42) colors reveal a bimodal distribution of CN band strengths generally anticorrelated with CH band strength as measured by the C(42?45) color. Both DDO colors agree well with those found in 47 Tucanae, a nearby globular cluster of similar metallicity, and suggest nearly identical C and N abundance patterns among the giants of both clusters. A comparison with synthetic DDO colors demonstrates that little change in surface C or N abundance is required to match the colors of the M71 giants over the entire luminosity range observed. Apparently like 47 Tuc (a cluster of much greater mass and central concentration), M71 exhibits an abundance pattern that cannot be solely the result of internal mixing.
Iron Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxyamination of Olefins

The regioselective and enantioselective oxyamination of alkenes with N-sulfonyl oxaziridines is catalyzed by a novel iron(II) bis(oxazoline) complex. This process affords oxazolidine products that can be easily manipulated to yield highly enantioenriched free amino alcohols. The regioselectivity of this process is complementary to that obtained from the analogous copper(II)-catalyzed reaction. Thus, both regioisomers of enantioenriched 1,2-aminoalcohols can be obtained using oxaziridine-mediated oxyamination reactions, and the overall sense of regiochemistry can be controlled using the appropriate choice of inexpensive first-row transition metal catalyst.
Micromechanics of fibroblast contraction of a collagen-GAG matrix.

Abstract The contractile force developed by fibroblasts has been studied by measuring the macroscopic contraction of porous collagen–GAG matrices over time. We have identified the microscopic deformations developed by individual fibroblasts which lead to the observed macroscopic matrix contraction. Observation of live cells attached to the matrix revealed that matrix deformation occurred as a result of cell elongation. The time dependence of the increase in average fibroblast aspect ratio over time corresponded with macroscopic matrix contraction, further linking cell elongation and matrix contraction. The time dependence of average fibroblast aspect ratio and macroscopic matrix contraction was found to be the result of the stochastic nature of cell elongation initiation and of the time required for cells to reach a final morphology (2–4 h). The proposed micromechanics associated with observed buckling or bending of individual struts of the matrix by cells may, in part, explain the observation of a force plateau during macroscopic contraction. These findings indicate that the macroscopic matrix contraction measured immediately following cell attachment is related to the extracellular force necessary to support cell elongation, and that macroscopic time dependence is not directly related to microscopic deformation events.
Nd:YAG Laser Photodisruption of the Lens Nucleus Before Phacoemulsification

We studied the use of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses to soften sclerotic lens nuclei before phacoemulsification. We obtained 105 lens nuclei from extracapsular cataract extractions, graded them for degree of sclerosis, and randomized them into laser treatment (53 lenses) or control groups (52 lenses). The treated lenses received laser pulses until confluent pits and clefts were visible. All lenses were phacoemulsified and the times recorded. Nd:YAG laser pretreatment decreased phacoemulsification time in all grades. In moderately sclerotic nuclei, average phacoemulsification time was reduced from 40.1 to 23.9 seconds (40.4%). The nuclei of ten lenses obtained from intracapsular cataract extractions were treated intracapsularly and the posterior capsule was inadvertently ruptured in five.
Pseudospectral calculations of viscoelastic flow in a periodically constricted tube

Abstract The numerical implementation and results of a full pseudospectral method applied to the solution of an axisymmetric steady-state viscoelastic flow problem — the flow through a periodically constricted tube — are discussed. The method involves a double series expansion of the variables in terms of Fourier functions (sin and cos) in the periodic (axial) direction and Chebychev polynomials in the radial one. Results obtained with the Oldroyd-B viscoelastic fluid model are compared against those calculated using mixed pseudospectral / finite difference formulations. When viscoelasticity is absent (Newtonian viscous flow) the full pseudospectral calculations are extremely accurate; the small amplitude perturbation solution can be reproduced up to six digits of accuracy. The computed results in the Newtonian limit converge exponentially fast with the number of modes involved in either the radial or the axial directions. Furthermore, the results are in excellent agreement with the predictions obtained using independent numerical techniques. However, the accuracy of the calculations decreases with increasing elasticity in the flow, to the point where it becomes inferior to the accuracy obtained by the mixed techniques involving similar or less computational effort. The latter methods are shown to be much more robust, their accuracy being only slightly affected with increasing elasticity in the flow.
Managerial Ownership and Accounting Conservatism

In this paper we examine the effect of managerial ownership on financial reporting conservatism. Separation of ownership and control gives rise to agency problems between managers and shareholders. Financial reporting conservatism is one potential mechanism to address these agency problems. We hypothesize that, as managerial ownership declines, the severity of agency problem increases, increasing the demand for conservatism. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that conservatism as measured by the asymmetric timeliness of earnings declines with managerial ownership. The negative association between managerial ownership and asymmetric timeliness of earnings is robust to various controls, in particular, for the investment opportunity set. We thus provide evidence of a demand for conservatism from the firm's shareholders.
Accounting for exhaust gas transport dynamics in instantaneous emission models via smooth transition regression.

Collecting and analyzing high frequency emission measurements has become very usual during the past decade as significantly more information with respect to formation conditions can be collected th...
The Contribution of Establishment Births and Deaths To Employment Growth

This article examines how establishment births and deaths contribute to job creation, job destruction, and net employment growth at different frequencies of measurement. The longitudinal data are constructed from quarterly unemployment-insurance microdata from the state of West Virginia and are essentially a census of establishments in all industries. Defining establishment births and deaths is an exercise in how to use cross-sectional administrative data for longitudinal research purposes. The analysis of job flows indicates that establishment births and deaths account for about 19% of quarterly job creation and destruction and well over half of triennial job creation and destruction.
Recent developments in the homogeneous reduction of dinitrogen by molybdenum and iron.

The reduction of N2 by iron and molybdenum complexes is a rapidly moving field. This Perspective discusses the key advances in the past two years. The recent discovery of carbide at the centre of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase is also described, along with the most compelling areas for continued research.
Electrodynamics of Axisymmetric Pulsar Magnetosphere with Electron-Positron Discharge: A Numerical Experiment

We present the first self-consistent global simulations of pulsar magnetospheres with operating e ± discharge. We focus on the simple configuration of an aligned or anti-aligned rotator. The star is spun up from a zero (vacuum) state to a high angular velocity, and we follow the coupled evolution of its external electromagnetic field and plasma particles using the "particle-in-cell" method. A plasma magnetosphere begins to form through the extraction of particles from the star; these particles are accelerated by the rotation-induced electric field, producing curvature radiation and igniting e ± discharge. We follow the system evolution for several revolution periods, longer than required to reach a quasi-steady state. Our numerical experiment puts to test previous ideas for the plasma flow and gaps in the pulsar magnetosphere. We first consider rotators capable of producing pairs out to the light cylinder through photon-photon collisions. We find that their magnetospheres are similar to the previously obtained force-free solutions with a Y-shaped current sheet. The magnetosphere continually ejects e ± pairs and ions. Pair creation is sustained by a strong electric field along the current sheet. We observe powerful curvature and synchrotron emission from the current sheet, consistent with Fermi observations of gamma-ray pulsars. We then study pulsars that can only create pairs in the strong-field region near the neutron star, well inside the light cylinder. We find that both aligned and anti-aligned rotators relax to the "dead" state with suppressed pair creation and electric currents, regardless of the discharge voltage.
Black holes, star clusters, and naked singularities : numerical solution of Einstein's equations

We describe a new method for the numerical solution of Einstein’s equations for the dynamical evolution of a collisionless gas of particles in general relativity. The gravitational field can be arbitrarily strong and particle velocities can approach the speed of light. The computational method uses the tools of numerical relativity and N -body particle simulation to follow the full nonlinear behaviour of these systems. Specifically, we solve the Vlasov equation in general relativity by particle simulation. The gravitational field is integrated by using the 3 + 1 formalism of Arnowitt, Deser and Misner. Physical applications include the stability of relativistic star clusters the binding energy criterion for stability, and the collapse of star clusters to black holes. Astrophysical issues addressed include the possible origin of quasars and active galactic nuclei via the collapse of dense star clusters to supermassive black holes. The method described here also provides a new tool for studying the cosmic censorship hypothesis and the possibility of naked singularities. The formation of a naked singularity during the collapse of a finite object would pose a serious difficulty for the theory of general relativity. The hoop conjecture suggests that this possibility will never happen provided the object is sufficiently compact (≤ M ) in all of its spatial dimensions. But what about the collapse of a long, non-rotating, prolate object to a thin spindle? Such collapse leads to a strong singularity in newtonian gravitation. Using our numerical code to evolve collisionless gas spheroids in full general relativity, we find that in all cases the spheroids collapse to singularities. When the spheroids are sufficiently compact the singularities are hidden inside black holes. However, when the spheroids are sufficiently large there are no apparent horizons. These results lend support to the hoop conjecture and appear to demonstrate that naked singularities can form in asymptotically flat space-times.
Droplet impaction on a supersonic wedge - Consideration of similitude

The theoretical collection efficiency has been determined for water droplets impinging on a two-dimensional supersonic wedge with an attached shock. By defining a moving coordinate system such that the gas is stationary behind the shock and scaling the droplet Stokes number with a shock-to-wedge distance, a similarity parameter has been defined that properly accounts for the effects of freestream Mach number, wedge angle, and large-droplet Reynolds number
Chemical Excision of Tetrahedral FeSe2 Chains from the Superconductor FeSe: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetism of Fe3Se4(en)2

Fragments of the superconducting FeSe layer, FeSe2 tetrahedral chains, were stabilized in the crystal structure of a new mixed-valent compound Fe3Se4(en)2 (en = ethylenediamine) synthesized from elemental Fe and Se. The FeSe2 chains are separated from each other by means of Fe(en)2 linkers. Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetometry reveal strong magnetic interactions within the FeSe2 chains which result in antiferromagnetic ordering below 170 K. According to DFT calculations, anisotropic transport and magnetic properties are expected for Fe3Se4(en)2. This compound offers a unique way to manipulate the properties of the Fe–Se infinite fragments by varying the topology and charge of the Fe-amino linkers.
ROSS: A high-performance, low-memory, modular Time Warp system

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new Time Warp system called ROSS: Rensselaer’s optimistic simulation system. ROSS is an extremely modular kernel that is capable of achieving event rates as high as 1,250,000 events per second when simulating a wireless telephone network model (PCS) on a quad processor PC server. In a head-to-head comparison, we observe that ROSS out performs the Georgia Tech Time Warp (GTW) system by up to 180% on a quad processor PC server and up to 200% on the SGI Origin 2000. ROSS only requires a small constant amount of memory buffers greater than the amount needed by the sequential simulation for a constant number of processors. ROSS demonstrates for the first time that stable, highly efficient execution using little memory above what the sequential model would require is possible for low-event granularity simulation models. The driving force behind these high-performance and low-memory utilization results is the coupling of an efficient pointer-based implementation framework, Fujimoto's fast GVT algorithm for shared memory multiprocessors, reverse computation and the introduction of kernel processes (KPs). KPs lower fossil collection overheads by aggregating processed event lists. This aspect allows fossil collection to be done with greater frequency, thus lowering the overall memory necessary to sustain stable, efficient parallel execution. These characteristics make ROSS an ideal system for use in large-scale networking simulation models. The principle conclusion drawn from this study is that the performance of an optimistic simulator is largely determined by its memory usage.
Science PhD Career Preferences: Levels, Changes, and Advisor Encouragement

Even though academic research is often viewed as the preferred career path for PhD trained scientists, most U.S. graduates enter careers in industry, government, or “alternative careers.” There has been a growing concern that these career patterns reflect fundamental imbalances between the supply of scientists seeking academic positions and the availability of such positions. However, while government statistics provide insights into realized career transitions, there is little systematic data on scientists' career preferences and thus on the degree to which there is a mismatch between observed career paths and scientists' preferences. Moreover, we lack systematic evidence whether career preferences adjust over the course of the PhD training and to what extent advisors exacerbate imbalances by encouraging their students to pursue academic positions. Based on a national survey of PhD students at tier-one U.S. institutions, we provide insights into the career preferences of junior scientists across the life sciences, physics, and chemistry. We also show that the attractiveness of academic careers decreases significantly over the course of the PhD program, despite the fact that advisors strongly encourage academic careers over non-academic careers. Our data provide an empirical basis for common concerns regarding labor market imbalances. Our results also suggest the need for mechanisms that provide PhD applicants with information that allows them to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of pursuing a PhD, as well as for mechanisms that complement the job market advice advisors give to their current students.
Moniker Maladies When Names Sabotage Success

In five studies, we found that people like their names enough to unconsciously pursue consciously avoided outcomes that resemble their names. Baseball players avoid strikeouts, but players whose names begin with the strikeout-signifying letter K strike out more than others (Study 1). All students want As, but students whose names begin with letters associated with poorer performance (C and D) achieve lower grade point averages (GPAs) than do students whose names begin with A and B (Study 2), especially if they like their initials (Study 3). Because lower GPAs lead to lesser graduate schools, students whose names begin with the letters C and D attend lower-ranked law schools than students whose names begin with A and B (Study 4). Finally, in an experimental study, we manipulated congruence between participants' initials and the labels of prizes and found that participants solve fewer anagrams when a consolation prize shares their first initial than when it does not (Study 5). These findings provide striking evidence that unconsciously desiring negative name-resembling performance outcomes can insidiously undermine the more conscious pursuit of positive outcomes.
I can name that Bayesian network in two matrixes

Abstract For a number of situations, a Bayesian network can be split into a core network consisting of a set of latent variables describing the status of a system, and a set of fragments relating the status variables to observable evidence that could be collected about the system state. This situation arises frequently in educational testing, where the status variables represent the student proficiency and the evidence models (graph fragments linking competency variables to observable outcomes) relate to assessment tasks that can be used to assess that proficiency. The traditional approach to knowledge engineering in this situation would be to maintain a library of fragments, where the graphical structure is specified using a graphical editor and then the probabilities are entered using a separate spreadsheet for each node. If many evidence model fragments employ the same design pattern, a lot of repetitive data entry is required. As the parameter values that determine the strength of the evidence can be buried on interior screens of an interface, it can be difficult for a design team to get an impression of the total evidence provided by a collection of evidence models for the system variables, and to identify holes in the data collection scheme. A Q -matrix – an incidence matrix whose rows represent observable outcomes from assessment tasks and whose columns represent competency variables – provides the graphical structure of the evidence models. The Q -matrix can be augmented to provide details of relationship strengths and provide a high level overview of the kind of evidence available. The relationships among the status variables can be represented with an inverse covariance matrix; this is particularly useful in models from the social sciences as often the domain experts’ knowledge about the system states comes from factor analyses and similar procedures that naturally produce covariance matrixes. The representation of the model using matrixes means that the bulk of the specification work can be done using a desktop spreadsheet program and does not require specialized software, facilitating collaboration with external experts. The design idea is illustrated with some examples from prior assessment design projects.
Highly diastereoselective indium-mediated allylation of chiral hydrazones.

The indium-mediated allylation of chiral hydrazones was investigated. Essentially complete diastereoselectivity and quantitative yields were obtained for substrates derived from both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
The contact process on the complete graph with random vertex-dependent infection rates

Abstract We study the contact process on the complete graph on n vertices where the rate at which the infection travels along the edge connecting vertices i and j is equal to λ w i w j / n for some λ > 0 , where w i are i.i.d. vertex weights. We show that when E [ w 1 2 ] ∞ there is a phase transition at λ c > 0 such that for λ λ c the contact process dies out in logarithmic time, and for λ > λ c the contact process lives for an exponential amount of time. Moreover, we give a formula for λ c and when λ > λ c we are able to give precise approximations for the probability that a given vertex is infected in the quasi-stationary distribution. Our results are consistent with a non-rigorous mean field analysis of the model. This is in contrast to some recent results for the contact process on power law random graphs where the mean field calculations suggested that λ c > 0 when in fact λ c = 0 .
The effects of surfactants on the motion and transport mechanisms of a condensing droplet in a high reynolds number flow

The motion and transport mechanisms of a condensing droplet initially contaminated with insoluble monolayer surfactant material are examined through a theoretical approach. The surface tension gradient force induced by the surfactant and the shear stress from the relative motion between droplet and its ambient vapor are evaluated on the droplet surface as major forces affecting the internal motion of the droplet. The strength of the internal motion ranges from one order of magnitude smaller than the free stream velocity for slight surfactant contamination to almost a complete stop in motion for high surfactant concentration.
Connectionist models and parallelism in high level vision

Students of human and machine vision share the belief that massively parallel processing characterizes early vision. For higher levels of visual organization, considerably less is known and there is much less agreement about the best computational view of the processing. This paper lays out a computational framework in which all levels of vision can be naturally carried out in highly parallel fashion. One key is the representation of all visual information needed for high level processing as discrete parameter values which can be represented by units. Two problems that appear to require sequential attention are described and their solutions within the basically parallel structure are presented. Some simple program results are included.
On vector Goldstone boson

The possibility that higher dimensional field theories are broken spontaneously, through the usual Nambu-Goldstone mechanism, to 4-dimension is explored. As a consequence, vector Goldstone bosons can arise in this breaking of Lorentzian symmetry from higher dimension to 4-dimension. This can provide a simple mechanism for reduction to 4-dimension in theories with extra dimensions.
The chemistry of reactive radical intermediates in combustion and the atmosphere

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the chemistry of reactive radical intermediates in combustion and the atmosphere. Combustion processes convert chemical energy into heat and work, playing several important roles in society. Oxidation processes provide power to beneficiaries ranging from automobiles to electrical generators and atmospheric oxidation reactions impact a wide range of environmental phenomena. At high temperatures, methane oxidation is initiated through hydrogen atom abstraction by hydroxyl radical, oxygen atom, or hydrogen atom. Peroxy radical chemistry plays a substantial role in low-temperature combustion as opposed to the alkoxy radical chemistry of high-temperature combustion.The peroxy radicals constitute an important class of reactive intermediates with significant implications for low temperature combustion and atmospheric reactions. Phenylperoxyradical, originally assumed to be a factor in low-temperature combustion only, has actually been shown to play a substantial role in dictating the overall combustion trends of benzene. The chapter suggests that both hydrogen atom and alkyl group loss can contribute to the combustion of coal in initiation reactions.
Constrained motion (force/position) control of flexible joint robots

A control scheme to perform force/position control with flexible joint robots when the end effector is constrained to move along a frictionless curved surface represented by algebraic constraints is developed. The control scheme described involves the exact cancellation of the nonlinear terms of the projected end effector dynamics in the position and force controlled directions. It is shown that it is not necessary to employ end-effector force sensors in order to control a desired force trajectory in the force controlled directions and a desired end-effector position trajectory along the position controlled directions. Measurements of joint acceleration and jerk are also not necessary. >
Regularization methods for nucleon-nucleon effective field theory

Abstract Attempts to apply effective field theory (EFT) methods to nonrelativistic nucleon-nucleon (NN) scattering have raised questions about the nature and limitations of an EFT expansion when used nonperturbatively. We discuss the characteristics of a meaningful EFT analysis and compare them with traditional approaches to NN scattering. A key feature of an EFT treatment is a systematic expansion in powers of momentum, which we demonstrate using an error analysis introduced by Lepage. A clear graphical determination of the radius of convergence for the momentum expansion is also obtained. We use these techniques to compare cutoff regularization, two forms of dimensional regularization, and the dibaryon approach, using a simple model for illustration. The naturalness of the parameters and predictions for bound-state energies are also shown.
Computer-controlled grinding of optical surfaces

A computer is used to regulate the movement of a small pad over the workpiece surface. The computer controls the amount of time any region is worked, which provides an accurate method for correcting surface errors. In addition to polishing operations the computer control process is an important technique for grinding applications. A series of experiments have provided valuable information on computer-controlled grinding, and the process has been used to grind several optical elements.
Global coefficient ring in the Nilpotence Conjecture

In this note we show that the nilpotence conjecture for toric varieties is true over any regular coefficient ring containing Q.
Gas-phase NMR spectra of cyclohexene are consistent with a barrier to ring inversion of less than 30 kJ mol -1

Abstract 1 H NMR spectra of gaseous cyclohexene at 7.05 T and 195 K do not show line broadening attributable to axial-equatorial proton exchange, indicating that the Gibbs energy of activation, Δ G ‡ , is less than 30 kJ mol −1 , considerably lower than the 43 kJ mol −1 barrier recently determined from a vibrational analysis.
Optical nonlinearities in crystalline organic multiple quantum wells.

A study of the linear and nonlinear optical behavior of recently realized crystalline organic semiconductor quantum well is reported. Using the Davydov Hamiltonian, we find analytical solutions for the optical response function, and we predict the existence of intrinsic optical bistability and two-beam-coupling energy transfer in these materials
Parliament vs. Supreme court: a veto player framework of the Indian constitutional experiment in the area of economic and civil rights

This essay is on the Indian constitution and extends and responds to the work of Singh (Constitutional Political Economy 17:17, 2006) in the analysis of economic rights. The veto player framework is used to analyze the development of economic rights which was diminished and civil rights (through Public Interest Litigation) which was expanded since Indian independence. The Congleton Model (Constitutional Political Economy 12:193–215, 2001) and Tsebelis Model (British Journal of Political Science 25(3):298–325, 1995) on veto players are used to develop the hypotheses and analyze the evolution of the Indian constitution.
Why do men seek status? Fitness payoffs to dominance and prestige

In many human societies, high male social status associates with higher fertility, but the means by which status increases lifetime fitness have not been systematically investigated. We analyse the pathways by which male status begets reproductive success in a small-scale, Amerindian society. Men who are more likely to win a dyadic physical confrontation, i.e. dominant men, have higher intra-marital fertility for their age, and men with more community-wide influence, i.e. prestigious men, exhibit both higher intra-marital fertility and lower offspring mortality. Both forms of status elicit support from allies and deference from competitors, but high status men are not provisioned more than their peers. Prestigious but not dominant men marry wives who first give birth at earlier ages, which multivariate analysis suggests is the strongest pathway between status and fitness in this population. Furthermore, men are motivated to pursue status because of fitness gains both within and outside of marital unions: dominant and prestigious men have more in-pair surviving offspring as well as more extra-marital affairs.
Consequences of Gravitational Radiation Recoil

Coalescing binary black holes experience an impulsive kick due to anisotropic emission of gravitational waves. We discuss the dynamical consequences of the recoil accompanying massive black hole mergers. Recoil velocities are sufficient to eject most coalescing black holes from dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, which may explain the apparent absence of massive black holes in these systems. Ejection from giant elliptical galaxies would be rare, but coalescing black holes are displaced from the center and fall back on a time scale of order the half-mass crossing time. Displacement of the black holes transfers energy to the stars in the nucleus and can convert a steep density cusp into a core. Radiation recoil calls into question models that grow supermassive black holes from hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass precursors. Subject headings: black hole physics — gravitation — gravitational waves — galaxies: nuclei
Practice Guideline for the Management of Infants and Children 0 to 36 Months of Age With Fever Without Source

Study objective. To develop guidelines for the care of infants and children from birth to 36 months of age with fever without source. Participants and setting. An expert panel of senior academic faculty with expertise in pediatrics and infectious diseases or emergency medicine. Design and intervention. A comprehensive literature search was used to identify all publications pertinent to the management of the febrile child. When appropriate, meta-analysis was used to combine the results of multiple studies. One or more specific management strategies was proposed for each of decision nodes in draft management algorithms. The draft algorithms, selected publications, and the meta-analyses were provided to the panel, which determined the final guidelines using the modified Delphi technique. Results. All toxic-appearing infants and children and all febrile infants less than 28 days of age should be hospitalized for parenteral antibiotic therapy. Febrile infants 28 to 90 days of age defined at low risk by specific clinical and laboratory criteria may be managed as outpatients if close follow-up is assured. Older children with fever less than 39.0°C without source need no laboratory tests or antibiotics. Children 3 to 36 months of age with fever of 39.0°C or more and whose white blood cell count is 15 000/mm3 or more should have a blood culture and be treated with antibiotics pending culture results. Urine cultures should be obtained from all boys 6 months of age or less and all girls 2 years of age or less who are treated with antibiotics. Conclusion. These guidelines do not eliminate all risk or strictly confine antibiotic treatment to children likely to have occult bacteremia. Physicians may individualize therapy based on clinical circumstances or adopt a variation of these guidelines based on a different interpretation of the evidence.
Subjective Fatigue in Children With Hearing Loss: Some Preliminary Findings

Purpose In this study, the authors examined the effect of hearing loss on subjective reports of fatigue in school-age children using a standardized measure. Methods As part of a larger ongoing study, the authors obtained subjective ratings of fatigue using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (Varni, Burwinkle, Katz, Meeske, & Dickinson, 2002). This standardized scale provides a measure of general fatigue, sleep/rest fatigue, cognitive fatigue, and an overall composite measure of fatigue. To date, data from 10 children with hearing loss (CHL) and 10 age-matched children with normal hearing (CNH) have been analyzed. Results These preliminary results show that subjective fatigue is increased in school-age children with hearing loss (Cohen's d = 0.78–1.90). In addition, the impact of hearing loss on fatigue in school-age children appears pervasive across multiple domains (general, sleep/rest, and cognitive fatigue). Conclusion School-age CHL reported significantly m...
ADHD Service Use Patterns in Youth

Objective To review what is currently known about service use by youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and discuss research and policy implications. Methods Literature review. Results The primary care, mental health, and educational service system sectors all play an essential role in caring for youth with ADHD. Recent studies also suggest increasing use of stimulants and other psychoactive medication for youth with ADHD, decreasing mental health visits for ADHD unassociated with medication use, increased use of other psychotropic medications, and a number of barriers to care coordination across primary care, mental health, and schools. Conclusions Four important services, research, and policy areas that need to be addressed over the next decade include: 1) delving deeper into current service use, 2) paying attention to the context in which service use occurs, 3) operationalizing evidence-based care for real-world settings, and 4) learning what changes clinician and educator behavior.
TYING, COMPATIBILITY AND PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE*

According to the hypothesis of planned obsolescence, a durable goods monopolist without commitment power has an excessive incentive to introduce new products that make old units obsolete, and this reduces its overall profitability. In this paper, I reconsider the above hypothesis by examining the role of competition in a monopolist's upgrade decision. I find that, when a system add-on is competitively supplied, a monopolist chooses to tie the add-on to a new system that is only backward compatible, even if a commitment of not introducing the new system is available and socially optimal. Tying facilitates a price squeeze.
Experiments Illustrating the Importance of Automated Reasoning in Spacecraft Reactor Control

The importance of automated reasoning to the control of spacecraft nuclear reactors is discussed. Presented are results from experiments that demonstrate the role of planning, prediction, and assessment in the realization of autonomous control. These experiments were performed under closed-loop conditions on the Annular Core Research Reactor that is operated by the Sandia National Laboratories. Automated diagnostics is identified as an area that requires much further research.
Regioselective and diastereoselective aminoarylation of 1,3-dienes

The 1,4-functionalization of dienes is a synthetically useful strategy for incorporating molecular complexity into a class of simple substrates. We report the aminoarylation of acyclic and cyclic 1,3-dienes via the sequential [4 + 2] cycloaddition with a sulfurdiimide reagent and copper-catalyzed allylic substitution with Grignard reagents. The regioselective and diastereoselective aminoarylation of unsymmetrical dienes is also presented, which highlights the utility of this method for generating products with multiple functional groups and stereocenters.