cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability of marine forage fishes to piscivory: effects of prey behavior on susceptibility to attack and capture

We conducted a series of size-structured laboratory experiments to quantify and compare the susceptibility of several estuarine and marine forage fishes to attack and capture by piscivorous predators. Size-dependent estimates of capture success, handling time, and prey profitability were generated from single-species experiments offering bay anchovy, Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic silverside, and age-0 striped bass to piscivores. Bay anchovy and Atlantic menhaden were most susceptible to capture and yielded high profitability compared to Atlantic silverside and age-0 striped bass prey. Variation in capture success among forage species was particularly influential in generating disparate profitability functions. Although morphological differences among forage species contributed to variation in susceptibility to predation, behavioral analyses indicated that variable reaction distances to approaching predators and activity levels of prey may explain a large fraction of the observed differences in susceptibility. When several forage species were offered to predators simultaneously in larger enclosures, mortality was highest and occurred earlier for bay anchovy and Atlantic menhaden compared to other prey, which points to the strong influence of predator capture success on overall forage fish vulnerability. Our results demonstrate species-specific differences among forage fishes in the ability to avoid attack and capture by piscivores, and we conclude that the
Current HF interoperability implementations and applications

With the creation of Stanag 5066 (Profile for HF Data Communication), many implementation developments and applications have evolved. The USA BFEM 66 (ships without ALE) and SCOPE Command HF (air and ground platforms with ALE per Military Standard 188-141) systems have adopted Stanag 5066 as the cornerstone for data interoperability. Each of these programs is global in nature and has specific interoperability and data communications requirements using existing legacy equipment. The overall effect is global proliferation of one data-link protocol, implemented on a variety of equipment configurations. However, there are many system requirements that go beyond the standards, which require configuration setup to be interoperable. The general data-link protocol within Stanag 5066 evokes a traditional selective-repeat approach with traditional error-correction coding techniques. Many aspects of Stanag 5066 allow for far-reaching consequences for implementation applications, including broadcast scenarios. Because Stanag 5066 can be used with a variety of data waveforms (e.g., Military Standard 188-110B, Stanag 4539, Stanag 4285, Stanag 4529, Stanag 4415 and others) with or without ALE, there is considerable flexibility and a variety of implementation configurations. This flexibility increases the interoperability challenges. This paper addresses the interoperability implementations that have evolved for effective operations using ALE (Military Standard 188-141), waveforms (Stanag 4539), and protocols (Stanag 5066) for various applications.
Fine spatial scale phenotypic divergence in wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus)

I studied local divergence in growth, a trait previously shown to be both phenotypically plastic and heritable, among wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825)) tadpoles inhabiting four pond...
Survey of Trematodes from Terrestrial Gastropods and Small Mammals in Southeastern Nebraska, U.S.A.

Abstract Larval trematodes were surveyed from 371 terrestrial gastropods representing 10 species collected in 2007 from 2 localities in southeastern Nebraska, U.S.A. Metacercariae of Brachylaima thompsoni occurred in Neohelix albolabris and Webbhelix multilineata; metacercariae of Leucochloridium variae occurred in Novisuccinea ovalis; metacercariae of Panopistus pricei occurred in N. ovalis, N. albolabris, and W. multilineata; and metacercariae of Postharmostomum helicis occurred in Anguispira alternata, Euchemotrema leai, and W. multilineata. Deroceras laeve, Glyphyalinia indentata, Lehmannia valentiana, Limax maximus, and Nesovitrea electrina were not infected. Shrews (Blarina hylophaga), deer mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and hispid pocket mice (Chaetodipus hispidus) were collected from the same localities, with B. hylophaga harboring adults of B. thompsoni and P. pricei, and P. leucopus parasitized by adults of B. thompsoni and P. helicis. New host records include B. hylophaga as definitive host for B....
No evidence for phylogenetic constraint on natural defense evolution among wild tomatoes

Plant defense traits can be shaped by evolutionary and physiological constraints, as well as local ecological selection. We assessed the relative importance of these factors in shaping defense trait variation across the wild tomato clade (a group of 13 closely related species) using an herbivore bioassay (Manduca sexta). With phylogenetic comparative methods, we evaluated patterns of constitutive and induced defense variation, and the extent of coupling between alternative defense strategies. We detected substantial variation among species and found no evidence for phylogenetic conservatism among defensive traits, unlike for two other ecologically relevant (reproductive) traits. In addition, constitutive and induced defense syndromes were unassociated. These data indicate that, in this group, there is no evidence for either phylogenetic conservatism of shared consumer guilds that shape defense traits, or for constraints on defense trait evolution, including mechanistic trade-offs between defense strategies. Our data suggest that defense trait variation in this clade instead results from rapid responses to local ecological conditions.
The spectral reflectance of water-mineral mixtures at low temperatures

Laboratory reflectance spectra in the 0.325-2.5 micron region of bound water, water-mineral mixtures, mineral grains on frost, and frost on minerals are presented. The materials used in this study are montmorillonite, kaolinite, beryl, Mauna Kea red cinder, and black charcoal. It is found that the wavelengths of bound water and bound OH absorptions do not shift appreciably with temperature and can be detected when large amounts of free water ice are present. The decrease in the visible reflectance seen in many planetary reflectance spectra containing strong water ice absorptions can be explained by water-mineral mixtures, mineral grains on frost, or frost on mineral grains. Mineral grains on frost are detectable in very small quantities (fractional areal coverage less than approximately 0.005) depending on the mineral reflectance features, while it takes a thick layer of frost (greater than approximately 1 mm) to mask a mineral below 1.4 microns, again depending on the mineral reflectance. Frost on a very dark surface (albedo about 6%) is easily seen; however, a dark mineral mixed with water could completely mask the water absorptions (shortward of 2.5 microns).
How the Critical Path Initiative Addresses CDER’s Regulatory Science Needs Some Illustrative Examples

Since 2008, the Critical Path Initiative has supported FDA’s program of intramural research projects in regulatory science, with the goal of improving translation of advances in emerging sciences to the development of safe and effective medical products. Since 2011, the research of FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), including the work supported by the Critical Path Initiative, has been guided by the regulatory science needs identified in the CDER science and research needs report. In this review, the authors highlight a few of CDER’S Critical Path Initiative research projects, each addressing a different regulatory science need, to illustrate the diversity of regulatory science at CDER. They also describe elements common to these research projects, including broad collaboration with external partners, an increasing dependence on large data sets and computational models, and requirements for resources or perspectives specific to FDA.
Meeting palliative care needs in post-acute care settings: "to help them live until they die".

One fourth of US deaths take place in long-term care facilities. As the population ages and hospitals shorten length of stay, these settings will deliver more terminal care. Using an illustrative case of an older patient with metastatic melanoma whose life expectancy was weeks to months, we discuss when potential benefits outweigh the risks of transfer from the hospital to post–acute care settings. To improve continuity of care, we outline communication of treatment goals and orders that anticipate symptom escalation. We discuss criteria physicians can use to identify the settings most able to ensure access to high-quality palliative care. Physicians and patients must consider the advantages and disadvantages of inpatient hospice, nursing homes, and residential care facilities. Post–acute care settings vary in delivery of hospice and other palliative care services, professional nursing services, and support of activities of daily living. Finally, we discuss the evidence that palliative care can be improved in these settings, including innovations in advance care planning, staff training, and systematic changes in clinical care practices. Expanding, replicating, and disseminating these studies will be necessary to improve care for the growing number of persons who die in post–acute care settings.
The Social Psychology of Robert E. Park: Human Nature, Self, Personality and Social Structure

Robert E. Park is widely recognized today for his contributions to urban sociology, race relations and collective behavior but his social psychology has been largely neglected. Park's inclusive and loose framework covered his interest in: (1) human nature and the bio-physiological instincts which for him were raw materials of personality; (2) formulation of self concept as an organization of roles; and (3) micro-macro linkages between individual and social structure. Each one of Park's three themes is still important for symbolic interaction theory and offers insights into contemporary investigations of emotions, role acquisition and identity.
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin and hemolytic activities require a second gene, cyaC, for activation.

In these studies, the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin homology to the Escherichia coli hemolysin is extended with the finding of cyaC, a homolog to the E. coli hlyC gene, which is required for the production of a functional hemolysin molecule in E. coli. Mutations produced in the chromosome of B. pertussis upstream from the structural gene for the adenylate cyclase toxin revealed a region which was necessary for toxin and hemolytic activities of the molecule. These mutants produced the 216-kDa adenylate cyclase toxin as determined by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. The adenylate cyclase enzymatic activities of these mutants were equivalent to that of wild type, but toxin activities were less than 1% of that of wild type, and the mutants were nonhemolytic on blood agar plates and in in vitro assays. The upstream region restored hemolytic activity when returned in trans to the mutant strains. This genetic complementation defined a gene which acts in trans to activate the adenylate cyclase toxin posttranslationally. Sequence analysis of the upstream region defined an open reading frame with homology to the E. coli hlyC gene. In contrast to E. coli, this open reading frame is oriented oppositely from the adenylate cyclase toxin structural gene. Images
Insights into bacterial protein glycosylation in human microbiota

The study of human microbiota is an emerging research topic. The past efforts have mainly centered on studying the composition and genomic landscape of bacterial species within the targeted communities. The interaction between bacteria and hosts is the pivotal event in the initiation and progression of infectious diseases. There is a great need to identify and characterize the molecules that mediate the bacteria-host interaction. Bacterial surface exposed proteins play an important role in the bacteria- host interaction. Numerous surface proteins are glycosylated, and the glycosylation is crucial for their function in mediating the bacterial interaction with hosts. Here we present an overview of surface glycoproteins from bacteria that inhabit three major mucosal environments across human body: oral, gut and skin. We describe the important enzymes involved in the process of protein glycosylation, and discuss how the process impacts the bacteria-host interaction. Emerging molecular details underlying glycosylation of bacterial surface proteins may lead to new opportunities for designing anti-infective small molecules, and developing novel vaccines in order to treat or prevent bacterial infection.
Paradigms and the History of Human Genetics

DRONAMRAJU has written the first history of human genetics, a relatively new science that sometimes dates its origin to 1957 (the ushering in of clinical cytogenetics) or to 1948 (the founding of the Society for Human Genetics and its journal, The American Journal of Human Genetics). As is so often true for other fields, there are antecedents for human genetics also. Daniel Kevles's In the Name of Eugenics includes a superb section on Lionel Penrose's role in shaping a clinical human genetics purged of its eugenic mission. Dronamraju's first venture into this history explores a philosophic issue: does the field of human genetics represent a revolution in science in the sense presented by Thomas Kuhn in his famous and stimulating book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions? Before I read Dronamraju's book I was myself immersed in a debate with a colleague when I took his psychology course as part of an undergraduate program that the State University of New York at Stony Brook offers with a faculty mentor (called a "master learner") who helps students make connections among the courses they take in common. The psychology course was taught by a cognitive psychologist, Robert Liebert, who used Kuhn's theory as a basis for supporting his view "that we all create our own reality." Throughout the course I found myself resisting that thesis and confronting Liebert with examples from the life sciences where that model did not fit. The experience raised a thought that had puzzled me since my graduate school days. Why do scientists, particularly biologists, ignore the writings of colleagues who call themselves philosophers of science? Some, like geneticist H. J. Muller, rejected them because philosophers likeJan Christian Smuts or Teilhard de Chardin tended to favor mystical, holistic, or anti-science views. Also, most scientists do not feel a need to study deeply the processes of creativity, the assumptions or values shared by their fellow scientists, or the possible weaknesses or inconsistencies of their scientific beliefs. Like the terms "love" or "self-identity," "science," for the scientist, is recognizable but never precisely defined. If the analogy is valid and an artist does not need to know the critic's perception of the artistic process, so too, scientists need not depend on philosophers of science in order to do the science itself. Dronamraju explores Kuhn's theory, which is one of the most influential philosophic studies of science in the 20th Century. Scientists are more likely to have read or heard of Kuhn's books and ideas of science than works by Whitehead, Russell, Braithwaite, Ayers, or Popper. Kuhn's book has a quickly grasped thesis: scientists usually do "normal science," they fill in or extend the gaps of a new or established field of science; or, less often, scientists do "revolu-
サイズ排除クロマトグラフィーによる高分子平均分子量共同測定 III. 較正曲線作成用標準試料の相違について

較正曲線作成用標準試料の相違が平均分子量計算値にどのような影響を与えるかを比較し検討した.ここではポリスチレン(PS)試料の重量平均分子量(MW)で,示差屈折計で得られた値のみについて比較した.較正曲線作成に同一供給会社の標準試料を用いた場合(9測定機関)の第1回ラウンドロビンテスト(RR-1)(分子)と第2回テスト(RR-2)(分母)のMWの比は平均値で1.03~1.04となった.このうち最も大きい比は1.17,最も小さい比は0.95であった.高分子領域の標準試料濃度を低くし,1溶液中の標準試料混合数は3~4点とし,同じけた数の分子量領域では標準試料使用数は少なくとも2点用い,適切なカラム組み合わせのもとで測定することによりこの比は1.01~1.03とすることができた.較正曲線作成用標準試料の供給元が異なっても,測定点を通るスムーズな直線ないし三次式が求められる限り,試料の分子量測定値に大きな差が認められないことが分かった.いいかえると,同一標準試料を用いても,測定点をスムーズに通らない較正曲線では分子量測定値に大きな差が認められた.比較検討の結果,不適切なデータを除いたRR-1とRR-2の全平均値のRSDは約3.9%となり,このときの三つのPS試料のMWは次のようになった.PS-1 3.98×105,PS-2 2.40×105, PS-3 1.66×105.これらの数値は標準試料の供給元の相違によらず,現時点における適切な測定条件を考慮して得ることができる平均分子量値とRSDであると結論付けられる.
Exocytosis of macrophage lysosomes leads to digestion of apoptotic adipocytes and foam cell formation

Many types of apoptotic cells are phagocytosed and digested by macrophages. Adipocytes can be hundreds of times larger than macrophages, so they are too large to be digested by conventional phagocytic processes. The nature of the interaction between macrophages and apoptotic adipocytes has not been studied in detail. We describe a cellular process, termed exophagy, that is important for macrophage clearance of dead adipocytes and adipose tissue homeostasis. Using mouse models of obesity, human tissue, and a cell culture model, we show that macrophages form hydrolytic extracellular compartments at points of contact with dead adipocytes using local actin polymerization. These compartments are acidic and contain lysosomal enzymes delivered by exocytosis. Uptake and complete degradation of adipocyte fragments, which are released by extracellular hydrolysis, leads to macrophage foam cell formation. Exophagy-mediated foam cell formation is a highly efficient means by which macrophages internalize large amounts of lipid, which may ultimately overwhelm the metabolic capacity of the macrophage. This process provides a mechanism for degradation of objects, such as dead adipocytes, that are too large to be phagocytosed by macrophages.
Studies on effects of certain quinones: III. Photosynthetic 14CO2 incorporation by Rhodospirillum rubrum

Abstract Substituted naphthoquinones, 2,3,-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone produced marked changes in the pattern of 14 C-distribution during 14 CO 2 -fixation by photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum . The most obvious change in the labeling pattern during photoautotrophic 14 CO 2 -fixation was a several-fold increase in 3-phosphoglyceric acid accompanied with a decrease in the amount of glutamate. In photoheterotrophic cells, quinones caused an appreciable increase in 14 C-glycolic acid and concomitant decrease, although not proportional, in the amount of 14 C-sugar phosphate. The level of 14 C-incorporated in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and ether-extractable lipids was considerably decreased in photoautotrophic and photoheterotrophic cells treated with quinones. The ability of quinones to interfere with the synthesis of NADH and ATP, and their ability to interact with sulfhydryl enzymes and coenzymes appears to be responsible for the changes observed.
Thermal Interface Conductance Between Aligned Polyethylene and Graphite

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to provide fundamental insights into the thermal interface resistance between aligned polyethylene chains and graphite layers using the Reactive Force Field (ReaxFF) potential[1] to describe the atomic interactions. We find that the interfacial conductance could alter more than two orders of magnitude when changing orientation of polymer fibers to graphite. This finding suggests that, by using highly stretched polymer fibers, one could then maximize the interfacial conductance to engineer high thermal conductivity polymer composites.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Application of demand response technology in power demand and supply adjustment

Demand response technology is a way of power supply and demand adjustment by economic measures.This paper discusses the analysis of power supply and demand ,the implement of demand response program and its impression ,the incentive compensation method of demand response and specific supply and demand adjustment mechanism of demand response.The article puts forward bi-directional adjustment mechanism between power demand and supply side based on demand response technology.
Microsurgical techniques of radical excision for craniopharyngioma in adults:report of 69 cases

Objective To summarize the microsurgical techniques and clinical efficacy of radical excision for craniopharyngioma in adults.Methods Sixty-nine patients with primary craniopharyngioma treated by microsurgical techniques were analyzed retrospectively.The diameter of lesions ranged from 1.5 cm to 6.0 cm with an average of 3.6 cm.Appropriate surgical approaches were selected preoperatively according to tumor properties,sizes and locations.The relations of the tumors to the hypothalamic-pituitary,visual pathway and internal carotid artery systems were attentively identified and the tumor was carefully dissected with protection of the perforators.Results Total removal was achieved in 59 patients(85.5%) and subtotal in 10(14.5%).The postoperative diabetes insipidus occurred in 44 cases(63.8%),and visual acuity and field-of-view dysfunction in 3.There was no surgical mortality.The mean follow-up was 41 months with no recurrence.Conclusion Radical excision for craniopharyngioma in adults can achieve satisfactory and stable tumor control.
Low-Rank Subspace Representation for Supervised and Unsupervised Classification of Hyperspectral Imagery

Although hyperspectral data have very high dimensionality, major information tends to occupy a low-rank subspace and outliers are often found in a sparse matrix. However, due to the mixed nature of hyperspectral data, the underlying data structure may include multiple subspaces instead of a single subspace. In this paper, we propose to use low-rank subspace representation (LRSR) as a preprocessing step for classification in both supervised and unsupervised fashion. In supervised classification, LRSR is shown to improve the performance of various classifiers. In unsupervised classification, both K-means clustering and spectral clustering can be applied on the low-rank matrix to improve the performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can increase classification accuracy, particularly for complicated image scenes, and outperform the often-used low-rank representation approach.
Incorporating design improvement with effective evaluation using the Manufacturing System Design Decomposition (MSDD)

Abstract The definition of system metrics is crucial to determine if a manufacturing system design is truly effective because inappropriate metrics can lead to ineffective or improperly-focused system improvements. This research highlights the importance of measuring the system design that contributes to system effectiveness. The authors propose the use of a Manufacturing System Design Evaluation Tool to assess the effectiveness of the design of manufacturing systems as a whole. The tool was developed based on the Manufacturing System Design Decomposition. The Manufacturing System Design Evaluation Tool measures how well a system is designed based on the requirements outlined in the Manufacturing System Design Decomposition. System effectiveness is evaluated based on six physical manufacturing system configurations: the Departmental or Job Shop Layout, Departments Arranged by Product Flow (sometimes called a Flow Shop), Assembly or Transfer Line, Pseudo-Cell (a cell that is called a cell but does not meet all of the requirements of a cell), individual Assembly or Machining Cells (but not yet integrated as a system), and a Linked-Cell Manufacturing System for all aspects of a production value stream. The Linked-Cell Manufacturing System is considered to be the physical configuration that represents the highest level of manufacturing system design requirements achievement. In addition, the siginificance of implementing one physical element relative to achieving the requirements of the overall manufacturing system design may be evaluated. With this feedback, management is able to identify elements of the system design that need improvement and additional resources. The proposed Manufacturing System Design Evaluation Tool may be applied to evaluate most repetitive, discrete-part manufacturing systems.
12 Making Fusion Toxins to Target Leukemia and Lymphoma

Recombinant toxins are cytotoxic proteins that are encoded by DNA sequences that can be expressed in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. The proteins contain both a ligand, for binding to cells, and a toxin, for killing the cells. In recombinant toxins the connection between the toxin and ligand is encoded by the DNA and not produced by chemical conjugation. Since recombinant toxins must bind specifically to cell surface molecules to kill cells, the number of possible recombinant toxin molecules that can bind to a cell is in the hundreds or thousands; hence, the toxins must be very potent.
Myxobolus ictiobus n. sp. and Myxobolus minutus n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) from the gills of the smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus Rafinesque (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae)

The smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus Rafinesque (Catostomidae) is native to North American waterways and occasionally grown in pond aquaculture. Species of Myxobolus Butschli, 1882 have been reported from the gills, integument, and intestinal tract of buffalo fish, although there is ambiguity in some host records. In the summer of 2013, thirteen adult smallmouth buffalo were seined from a 0.1-acre (0.04-hectare) experimental research pond at the Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center in Stoneville, Mississippi, USA, and examined for the presence of parasitic infection. Two previously unknown species of Myxobolus were observed parasitising the gills. Plasmodia of the two species differed from each other in both size and shape. Morphologically the two species were distinct from one another and from other Myxobolus spp. previously reported from buffalo fish. Myxospores of Myxobolus ictiobus n. sp. were spherical and measured 12.7–14.5 (13.9 ± 0.4) µm in length and 10.7–13.6 (12.5 ± 0.7) µm in width with a thickness of 10.3–14.8 (12.6 ± 2.3) µm. Polar capsules measured 5.6–7.4 (6.6 ± 0.4) µm in length and 3.7–4.9 (4.5 ± 0.8) µm in width and each contained a coiled polar filament with 5–6 turns. Myxospores of Myxobolus minutus n. sp. were circular in shape and measured 7.4–9.6 (8.6 ± 0.7) µm in length and 7.5–9.9 (8.8 ± 0.7) µm in width with a thickness of 6.5–7.3 (6.7 ± 0.3) µm. Polar capsules measured 3.6–4.9 (4.3 ± 0.3) µm in length and 2.8–3.8 (3.3 ± 0.3) µm and each contained a coiled polar filament with 5–6 turns. Supplemental 18S rRNA gene sequencing identified unique sequences for each isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences demonstrated a strong clustering of both isolates with other species of Myxobolus from cypriniform fish.
Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials

Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials is the only single reference that discusses the connection between structure and mechanisms of atomic or molecular transport in different classes of materials, from metals and semiconductors to network glasses, polymers and supercooled liquids. Divided into four parts, Part
Supratherapeutic anti-factor Xa levels in patients receiving prophylactic doses of enoxaparin: A case series.

Introduction Enoxaparin prophylaxis prevents venous thromboembolism in surgical patients. Real time anti-Factor Xa monitoring for surgical patients on enoxaparin prophylaxis is increasingly common.
Lichenometry dating of coseismic changes to a New Zealand landslide complex

Lichenometry is a surface-exposure-dating procedure that complements traditional trench-and-date stratigraphic studies of earthquakes. Lichens on the surficial blocks of a slump in the Seaward Kaikoura Range, South Island, New Zealand provide precise, accurate (± 2 years) dating of 20 post-landslide rockfall events. The coseismic character of these rockfall events is apparent when ages of lichen-size peaks are compared with dates of historical earthquakes. Most local prehistoric lichen-size peaks are synchronous with peaks at other lichenometry sites in a 20 000 km2 region. Lichenometry may be the best paleoseismic tool for describing the extent and intensity of seismic shaking caused by prehistoric earthquakes, and for dating earthquakes generated by concealed thrust faults and subduction fault zones.
The effect of bridge exercise method on the strength of rectus abdominis muscle and the muscle activity of paraspinal muscles while doing treadmill walking with high heels

[Purpose] The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the method of bridge exercise on the change of rectus abdominis muscle and the muscle activity of paraspinal muscles while doing treadmill walking with high heels. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects of this research are healthy female students consisting of 10 persons performing bridge exercises in a supine group, 10 persons performing bridge exercises in a prone group, and 10 persons in a control group while in S university in Busan. Bridge exercise in supine position is performed in hook lying position. Bridge exercise in prone position is plank exercise in prostrate position. To measure the strength of rectus abdominis muscle, maintaining times of the posture was used. To measure the muscle activity of paraspinal muscles, EMG (4D-MT & EMD-11, Relive, Korea) was used. [Results] The strength of rectus abdominis muscle of both bridge exercises in the supine group and bridge exercises in the prone group increases significantly after exercise. The muscle activity of paraspinal muscle such as thoracic parts and lumbar parts in bridge exercises in the prone group decreases statistically while walking on a treadmill with high heels. Muscle activity of thoracic parts paraspinal muscle and bridge exercises in the supine group decreased significantly. [Conclusion] According to this study, we noticed that bridge exercise in a prone position is desirable for women who prefer wearing high heels as a back pain prevention exercise method.
A current-fed quasi Z-source inverter with SiC power modules for EV/HEV applications

This paper presents a comparative study between a conventional boosted-VSI electric/hybrid electric vehicle (EV/HEV) powertrain converter with alternative topologies including bidirectional CSI, Silicon (Si)-based current-fed Quasi Z-Source Inverter (CF-qZSI), and Silicon Carbide (SiC)-based CF-qZSI. The higher switching frequency operation of SiC MOSFETs enables the size reduction of reactive elements necessary for bi-directional power flow through the input Z-network, and results in higher efficiency and power density of the overall system. Research results support this claim, bolstering the possibility to replace conventional VSIs with CSIs in the future using wide bandgap (WBG) devices.
Educational Knowledge Brokerage and Mobilization: The Marshall Memo Case

The importance of intermediation between communities primarily engaged in research production and those primarily engaged in practice is increasingly acknowledged, yet our understanding of the nature and influence of this work in education remains limited. Accordingly, this study utilizes case study methodology and aspires to understand the activities and signature product (the Marshall Memo) of a particularly influential mediator of current educational research, news, and ideas: Mr. Kim Marshall. The article also examines the memo’s meaning to subscribing educators. Data analyses suggest subscribers greatly appreciate several aspects of the memo, which was found to draw from a wide range of source material that varies in terms of its research centredness and its practical implications.
Chapter 3 Internet Freedom and the Constitutionalization of Internet Governance

The head of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the United Nations agency in charge of making international telecommunications possible, said in Dubai in December last year, in the midst of an international battle between the pro- and the anti-ITR treaty, that such treaty was not against “Internet freedom” (Khalil 2012).
“They're just made up different”: Juvenile correctional staff perceptions of incarcerated boys and girls

Abstract Staff members in youth correctional facilities (YCFs) serve as primary adults in the lives of incarcerated youth. They are charged with promoting positive development, supporting rehabilitation, enforcing security, and holding youth accountable. YCF staff members not only control the daily lives of confined youth but also affect the incarceration experience and treatment outcomes. Consequently, they play crucial roles in implementing juvenile justice policies and are largely responsible for the youth authority's rehabilitation efforts. However, limited research examines the perspectives of YCF staff members about incarcerated young people, and no known study has explicitly asked about their potentially different perspectives on boys and girls. Views of staff about the gendered attributes of the youth they supervise have the potential to shape the gender identities and beliefs of boys and girls in ways that reproduce gender stereotypes and norms, which may impact rehabilitation and treatment. This qualitative analyses of 58 in-depth interviews found that YCF staff in the United States characterize boys and girls in very different ways, with a focus on aspects of communication, engagement, and conflict with staff and peers. These perspectives bring important insights and implications for the rehabilitation efforts of the juvenile justice system.
Link-Quality and Traffic-Load Aware Routing for UAV Ad Hoc Networks

With increasingly popular multi-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also referred to as drones, UAV Ad Hoc Networks (UANETs) play an essential role in the realization of coordinating the access of drones to controlled airspace, and providing navigation services between locations in the context of Internet-of-Drones (IoD). Because of the versatility, flexibility, easy installation and relatively small operating expenses of drones, UANETs are more efficient in completing complex tasks in harsh environments, e.g., search and destroy operations, border surveillance, disaster monitoring, etc. However, due to the high mobility, drastically changing network topology, and intermittently connected communication links, existing routing protocols and communication algorithms in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks cannot be directly applied in UANETs. In this paper, we propose a link-quality and traffic-load aware optimized link state routing protocol, also called LTA-OLSR, to provide efficient and reliable communication and data transmission in UANETs. A link quality scheme is proposed to differentiate link qualities between a node and its neighbor nodes by using the statistical information of received signal strength indication (RSSI) of received packets. A traffic load scheme is also proposed to assure a light load path by taking account of MAC layer channel contention information and the number of packets stored in the buffer. We evaluate the proposed schemes through extensive simulation experiments using OMNeT++ and compare their performance with the original OLSR and DSR protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed routing protocol can be a viable approach in UAV Ad Hoc Networks.
Genetic Thoracic Aortic Diseases

Anatomy A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a dilation of the aortic root (10%), ascending aorta (50%), aortic arch (10%), or descending aorta (40%). The normal diameter of the aorta increases with age and body surface area. Men have larger aortas than women. The normal diameter cutoffs are shown in Fig. 30.1 [2].
Jane Addams’ Rhetorical Ear: Teaching, Learning, and Listening in the Settlement House Model

Jane Addams offers a pedagogical model that fosters civic engagement through the practice of rhetorical listening. Listening is a natural extension of an invitational style of rhetoric that privileges cooperation and collaboration over overt persuasion and conversion; focuses on the concrete results of human interaction; and recognizes the power of individual experience in shaping public dialogue. Influenced by her feminist, pragmatist ethos, Addams sees listening as an embodied, active, and reciprocal process that relies on affectionate interpretation of her interlocutors. The pedagogical model of the Labor Museum reflects Addams’ emphasis on the communal nature of experience, and the role of listening in making productive use of it. Her use of narrative further demonstrates the ways in which listening forms the basis of a civic pedagogy, and contributes to rhetorical engagement.
Superfluous Hospital Expenditure Associated with Unnecessary Renal Cyst Surveillance

AbstractIntroduction:To measure the cost expenditure associated with renal cyst surveillance, we examined renal cyst surveillance patterns at our institution and the associated surplus cost of unin...
Receptivity to Tobacco Advertising among Young Adults with Internalizing Problems: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Background: Many risk factors for tobacco use among the general young adult population, such as tobacco advertising receptivity, have gone unexamined among those with internalizing problems, despit...
Rethinking what is "developmentally appropriate" from a learning progression perspective: The power and the challenge

Learning progressions have recently become increasingly visible in studies of learning and instruction in science. In this essay, I explore the power and considerable challenges in rethinking what may be developmentally appropriate for young children's learning science from the perspective of learning progressions. In particular, I examine the issues of: a) the design of promising learning progressions within the vast design space of potential progressions; b) identification of cognitive resources relevant to a progression; c) analysis of effort / payoff for particular competencies at different points in the progression; d) attribution of cognitive limitations and achievements; e) coordination and collaboration needed to support the design, utilization, and refinement of the learning progression; and f) absence of straightforward correspondence between a learning progression and trajectories of different children's knowledge-development.
The Rise and Fall of the Ogemakaan

Anishinaabe (Odawa, Bodewadmi, and Ojibwe) legal and political philosophy is buried under the infrastructure of modern self-determination law and policy. Modern Anishinaabe tribes are rough copies of American governments. The Anishinaabeg (people) usually choose their ogemaag (leaders) through an at-large election process that infects tribal politics with individualized self-interest. Those elected leaders, what I call ogemaakaan (artificial leaders) preside over modern governments that encourage hierarchy, political opportunism, and tyranny of the majority. While modern tribal governments are extraordinary successes compared to the era of total federal control, a significant number of tribes face intractable political disputes that can traced to the philosophical disconnect from culture and tradition. Anishinaabe philosophy prioritizes ogemaag who are deferential and serve as leaders only for limited purposes and times. Ogemaag are true representatives who act only when and how instructed to do so by their constituents. Their decisions are rooted in cultural and traditional philosophies, including for example Mino-Bimaadiziwin (the act of living a good life), Inawendewin (relational accountability), Niizhwaaswii Mishomis/Nokomis Kinoomaagewinawaan (the Seven Gifts the Grandfathers or Grandmothers), and the Dodemaag (clans). I offer suggestions on how modern tribal government structures can be lightly modified to restore much of this philosophy.
The aggregation paradox for statistical rankings and nonparametric tests

The relationship between social choice aggregation rules and non-parametric statistical tests has been established for several cases. An outstanding, general question at this intersection is whether there exists a non-parametric test that is consistent upon aggregation of data sets (not subject to Yule-Simpson Aggregation Paradox reversals for any ordinal data). Inconsistency has been shown for several non-parametric tests, where the property bears fundamentally upon robustness (ambiguity) of non-parametric test (social choice) results. Using the binomial(n, p = 0.5) random variable CDF, we prove that aggregation of r(≥2) constituent data sets-each rendering a qualitatively-equivalent sign test for matched pairs result-reinforces and strengthens constituent results (sign test consistency). Further, we prove that magnitude of sign test consistency strengthens in significance-level of constituent results (strong-form consistency). We then find preliminary evidence that sign test consistency is preserved for a generalized form of aggregation. Application data illustrate (in)consistency in non-parametric settings, and links with information aggregation mechanisms (as well as paradoxes thereof) are discussed.
Globalism, Transparency, and Loss

This chapter assesses the illusory promise of total information that guides the digital age, noting how the study of specific acts of recovery in their historical and cultural contexts, reveal information as subject to loss and inaccessibility. National barriers, epistemological limits, the opacity of physical bodies, Lee suggests, inspire a more limited, more modest set of claims that digital archives can pursue.
Affect Theory with Literature and Art: Between and Beyond Representation.

This paper maps the intersection of affect theory with literature and art through the revision of the question of representation and its crisis, which has been central in theorizing literary and art concerns. I propose that affect theory reinvigorates the problematic of representation by turning it into a debate about mediation, producing two main gestures in criticism when it gets in contact with literary and art works. On the one hand, some scholarship has stayed “between representation” by looking at affect as excessive of cognitive processes to analyze and expand how affect influences our representations of these processes, both when reading and doing literary criticism, and when elaborating epistemological paradigms. On the other, criticism has also attempted to step “beyond representation” by looking at affect as an autonomous third entity in mediation with capacities to affect and surpass human cognition. In treating affect as a new capacious entity when approaching the issue of representation, the critical concerns informing this gesture revolve around ontological questions, and they prioritize what affect is and does to bodies more than what it means.
The Role of Immune Factors in Shaping Fetal Neurodevelopment

Fetal neurodevelopment in utero is profoundly shaped by both systemic maternal immunity and local processes at the maternal-fetal interface. Immune pathways are a critical participant in the normal physiology of pregnancy and perturbations of maternal immunity due to infections during this period have been increasingly linked to a diverse array of poor neurological outcomes, including diseases that manifest much later in postnatal life. While experimental models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have provided groundbreaking characterizations of the maternal pathways underlying pathogenesis, less commonly examined are the immune factors that serve pathogen-independent developmental functions in the embryo and fetus. In this review, we explore what is known about the in vivo role of immune factors in fetal neurodevelopment during normal pregnancy and provide an overview of how MIA perturbs the proper orchestration of this sequence of events. Finally, we discuss how the dysregulation of immune factors may contribute to the manifestation of a variety of neurological disorders.
What Is the Value of Synchronous Engagement in Small Remote Organic Chemistry Classes? Analysis of Multiple-Choice Polling Data from the COVID-Impacted Spring Semester of 2020

The author’s organic chemistry course at Thomas Jefferson University incorporated student engagement activities through Nearpod, a web-based classroom response system. After transitioning to remote instruction due to the COVID-19 outbreak in the spring of 2020, students were given the option to complete multiple-choice poll questions either synchronously with a videoconference lecture or asynchronously while watching the recorded lecture video. This provided a unique opportunity to investigate whether completing the polls synchronously (as opposed to asynchronously) is advantageous. Correlations between the rate of synchronous participation, the rate of correctness in answering polls, and exam scores were analyzed across the two class sections. The majority of students chose to participate synchronously. The cohort that participated synchronously the majority of the time had higher exam scores, but these differences were not statistically significant for most exams. Although these results suggest that synchronous engagement is correlated with slightly improved learning outcomes, further studies are needed to examine the generality and causality of this phenomenon. Ultimately, offering both synchronous and asynchronous delivery may be the optimal approach to student engagement in the small-enrollment remote classroom.
Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults

Sleep restriction (SR) reliably increases caloric intake. It remains unknown whether such intake cumulatively increases with repeated SR exposures and is impacted by the number of intervening recovery sleep opportunities. Healthy adults (33.9 ± 8.9y; 17 women, Body Mass Index: 24.8 ± 3.6) participated in a laboratory protocol. N = 35 participants experienced two baseline nights (10 h time-in-bed (TIB)/night; 22:00–08:00) followed by 10 SR nights (4 h TIB/night; 04:00–08:00), which were divided into two exposures of five nights each and separated by one (n = 13), three (n = 12), or five (n = 10) recovery nights (12 h TIB/night; 22:00–10:00). Control participants (n = 10) were permitted 10 h TIB (22:00–08:00) on all nights. Food and drink consumption were ad libitum and recorded daily. Compared to baseline, sleep-restricted participants increased daily caloric (+527 kcal) and saturated fat (+7 g) intake and decreased protein (−1.2% kcal) intake during both SR exposures; however, intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. Similarly, although sleep-restricted participants exhibited substantial late-night caloric intake (671 kcal), such intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. By contrast, control participants showed no changes in caloric intake across days. We found consistent caloric and macronutrient intake increases during two SR exposures despite varying intervening recovery nights. Thus, energy intake outcomes do not cumulatively increase with repeated restriction and are unaffected by recovery opportunities.