cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study on the effect of CT imaging acquisition parameters on lung nodule image interpretation

Most Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) research studies are performed using a single type of Computer Tomography (CT) scanner and therefore, do not take into account the effect of differences in the imaging acquisition scanner parameters. In this paper, we present a study on the effect of the CT parameters on the low-level image features automatically extracted from CT images for lung nodule interpretation. The study is an extension of our previous study where we showed that image features can be used to predict semantic characteristics of lung nodules such as margin, lobulation, spiculation, and texture. Using the Lung Image Data Consortium (LIDC) dataset, we propose to integrate the imaging acquisition parameters with the low-level image features to generate classification models for the nodules' semantic characteristics. Our preliminary results identify seven CT parameters (convolution kernel, reconstruction diameter, exposure, nodule location along the z-axis, distance source to patient, slice thickness, and kVp) as influential in producing classification rules for the LIDC semantic characteristics. Further post-processing analysis, which included running box plots and binning of values, identified four CT parameters: distance source to patient, kVp, nodule location, and rescale intercept. The identification of these parameters will create the premises to normalize the image features across different scanners and, in the long run, generate automatic rules for lung nodules interpretation independently of the CT scanner types.
Dual Positive and Negative Regulation of Wingless Signaling by Adenomatous Polyposis Coli

The evolutionarily conserved Wnt/Wingless signal transduction pathway directs cell proliferation, cell fate, and cell death during development in metazoans and is inappropriately activated in several types of cancer. The majority of colorectal carcinomas contain truncating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor, a negative regulator of Wnt/Wingless signaling. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila Apc homologs also have an activating role in both physiological and ectopic Wingless signaling. The Apc amino terminus is important for its activating function, whereas the β-catenin binding sites are dispensable. Apc likely promotes Wingless transduction through down-regulation of Axin, a negative regulator of Wingless signaling. Given the evolutionary conservation of APC in Wnt signal transduction, an activating role may also be present in vertebrates with relevance to development and cancer.
COMMUNITY ACCOUNTABILITY, MINORITY THREAT, AND POLICE BRUTALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS

A growing body of evidence shows that minorities are disproportionately the targets of police brutality, but important theoretical questions about the causes of that inequity remain unanswered. One promising line of research involves structural-level analyses of the incidence of police brutality complaints; however, existing studies do not incorporate variables from alternative theoretical explanations. Drawing on the community accountability hypothesis and the threat hypothesis, we tested the predictions of two prominent structural-level explanations of police brutality in a study of civil rights criminal complaints. The study included cities of 150,000+ population (n = 114). The findings reveal that two community accountability variables—ratio percent Hispanic citizens to percent Hispanic police officers and the presence of citizen review—were related positively to police brutality complaints, partially supporting that perspective. Two threat hypothesis measures of threatening people—percent black and percent Hispanic (in the Southwest)—were related positively to complaints, as predicted. The relative degree of support for the two hypotheses is assessed.
How Sensitive Are Multilevel Regression Findings to Defined Area of Context? A Case Study of Mammography Use in California

The authors develop a hybrid model of health care use that blends features of the traditional Aday-Andersen behavioral model with the socioecological modeling perspective. They use the model to conceptualize the various levels of influence expected from socioecological variables in individuals' mammography use decisions, build contextual variables from fine-grained data into four different types of geographic areas, and then use two- and three-level modeling of personal and area-level contextual factors to explain observed behavior. The central focus is on whether differentiating the conceptualized levels of influence seems to materially affect regression findings. The test could conceivably be confounded by the modifiable areal unit problem, but little evidence for this is found. Findings for California women suggest that distinctions do matter in how the levels of influence are defined for local neighborhood contextual factors. Studies using only county-level contextual factors will miss some meaningful associations related to interpersonal/proximate-level factors.
Antioxidants in clove

Through the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gallic acid and eugenol were identified as the 2 major antioxidants in clove. The amounts of gallic acid and eugenol were determined to be 1.26 g and 3.03 g respectively in 100 g of clove.
A DSM-IV-referenced screening instrument for preschool children: the Early Childhood Inventory-4.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the validity of the Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4), a parent and teacher rating scale designed to screen for DSM-IV emotional and behavioral disorders. Method The convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity and clinical utility of the ECI-4 was studied in a sample of 224 consecutive referrals (3–6-year-old children) to a child psychiatric outpatient clinic. Results The ECI-4 demonstrated adequate criterion validity for the most common disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, pervasive developmental disorder) when compared with data-based psychiatric diagnoses and correlated well with relevant scales of the Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher's Report Form, and Inattention/Overactivity With Aggression (IOWA) Conners. Conclusion The ECI-4 appears to be a useful screening measure for certain disorders in clinically referred children, but continued research is needed to determine its value in other settings (e.g., school and community), and its validity with other measurement methodologies.
Nanocomposite thermite powders prepared by cryomilling

Abstract Reactive nanocomposite materials have been recently prepared by Arrested Reactive Milling (ARM), a method based on mechanical milling of component powders to form micron-sized composite particles where components are mixed on a scale of about 100 nm. The milling temperature affects both the refinement rate and the final product properties. In this paper we report an effort to prepare Al–CuO reactive nanocomposite powders at cryogenic temperatures. The material was processed in a liquid nitrogen bath using steel vials and balls of different sizes as milling media. The number and dimensions of the milling balls as well as the milling time were systematically varied. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal characteristics were studied using a custom wire-ignition setup and differential scanning calorimetry. Results show that the uniformity of mixing and reactivity of the nanocomposite powders can be improved using milling at cryogenic temperatures.
Three-dimensional analysis of an arbitrary shaped pressurized crack traversing a bi-material interface

Abstract A method for analysing the fracture responses of an arbitrarily shaped planar crack traversing a perfectly bonded bi-material interface is presented. Using the Green's functions for two welded elastic half-spaces, two-dimensional singular integral equations are derived. The solutions to these equations characterize the opening displacement of the three-dimensional crack. Crack opening displacement profiles for an example illustrated by pressurized elliptical cracks of different aspect ratios, with the major axis of the ellipse aligned with the bi-material interface, are given. Corresponding stress intensity factors and energy release rates are also computed.
A new synthesis of 2-pyrazolin-5-ones from the condensation of C(α),N-dilithiophenylhydrazones with diethyl carbonate

C(α),N-Dilithiophenylhydrazones were prepared from phenylhydrazones in an excess of lithium diisopropylamide and condensed with diethyl carbonate followed by an acid cyclization to give 2-pyrazolin-5-ones.
Influence of Lake Trophic Structure on Iodine-131 Accumulation and Subsequent Cumulative Radiation Dose to Trout Thyroids

Abstract Iodine-131 is a major component of the atmospheric releases following reactor accidents, and the passage of 131I through food chains from grass to human thyroids has been extensively studied. By comparison, the fate and effects of 131I deposition onto lakes and other aquatic systems have been less studied. In this study we: (1) reanalyze 1960s data from experimental releases of 131I into two small lakes; (2) compare the effects of differences in lake trophic structures on the accumulation of 131I by fish; (3) relate concentrations in fish and fish tissues to that in the water column using empirically estimated uptake (L kg−1 d−1) and loss (d−1) parameters; and (4) show that the largest concentrations in the thyroids of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) may occur from 8 to 32 days after initial release. Iodine-131 concentration in trout thyroids at 30-days post release may be >1000 times that in the water. Estimates of cumulative radiation dose (mGy) to thyroids computed using an anatomically-appropriate model of trout thyroid structure within the Monte Carlo N-particle modeling software predicted cumulative thyroid doses that increased approximately linearly after the first 8 days and resulted in 32-day cumulative thyroid doses that ranged from 6 mGy g−1 to 18 mGy g−1 per 1 Bq mL−1 of initial 131I in the water depending upon fish size. The majority of this dose is due to beta emissions, and the dose varies with positions in the thyroid tissue.
Isolation and genetic diversity of Gambusia hubbsi (mosquitofish) populations in blueholes on Andros Island, Bahamas

Among the many freshwater habitats occupied by the mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) on Andros Island, Bahamas, are blueholes: vertical caves that filled with water as sea levels rose during the past 15 000 years. At the present time, many of the blueholes on Andros Island appear to be highly isolated habitats analogous to islands. However, geographical distance among blueholes and the geological history of bluehole formation may also affect the genetic structure of G. hubbsi populations in blueholes. Thirty-two isozyme loci in 14 G. hubbsi populations inhabiting blueholes and three inhabiting surface-water habitats were assayed to gain insight into the effects of geological history and geographical distribution on population structure. Genetic structure among populations is high and significant (FST=0.38−0.4) and Nei's genetic distance (D) is low among all populations. Although G. hubbsi populations are closely related, bluehole geology imposes significant barriers to gene flow. A pattern of isolation-by-distance was not evident in the genetic data. Furthermore, none of the bluehole populations appears to be a source from which other bluehole populations were founded. Rather, they appear to be ‘sinks’ into which migration may occur rarely. Genetic drift appears to have had a profound effect on allozyme allele frequencies in the G. hubbsi populations that were sampled. Local population structure measured by allozymes appears to be more heavily influenced by historical population dynamics and stochastic migration than by geographical locality or age of the blueholes.
Analysis of Amino Acids in Biological Fluids by Pentafluorobenzyl Chloroformate Derivatization and Detection by Electron Capture Negative Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate (PFBCF) has been utilized as a derivatization reagent for amino acids (AAs) in biological fluids with subsequent detection by electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (ECNI/MS). AAs were derivatized in one step in aqueous solution, plasma, and whole blood at room temperature. To demonstrate quantitative analysis, phenylalanine concentrations were determined in human plasma. AAs were derivatized in one step using PFBCF and a mixture of water, ethanol, and pyridine/dimethylaminopyridine. TheN-pentafluorobenzyloxycarbonyl amino acid ethyl esters (fφ-AA-OEt) exhibited good GC properties and the ECNI mass spectra are dominated by the [M-181]−ion. Thefφ-AA-OEt derivatives can be easily detected at the femtomole level by selected ion monitoring. Phenethyl alcohol was also derivatized, using anhydrous conditions, and the resulting PFB carbonate's ECNI mass spectrum was dominated by the [M-181]−ion. The ECNI molar response of the PFB carbonate derivative is two times that of the corresponding pentafluorobenzoate.
Amino acid transport in the rat renal papilla

Abstract The uptake of amino acids in slices of renal papilla of rats has been investigated in vitro under environmental conditions of high sodium and non-electrolyte concentrations and low O 2 tensions, and compared with uptake under similar conditions in slices of renal cortex. l -Lysine, cycloleucine and α-aminoisobutyric acid were actively concentrated in Krebs—Ringer-bicarbonate buffer up to 8 times the concentration of the media. The accumulation was 1.7 times greater in the papilla than in the cortex and behaved as a saturable transport system. The papilla actively accumulated the above amino acids in media of increasing sodium concentrations up to 439 mequiv/l and in media made hyperosmolal with sucrose, whereas active accumulation of the amino acids in the renal cortex was absent or greatly diminished under these same experimental conditions. Slices of renal papilla also concentrated α aminoisobutyric acid and lysine in oxygen-deficient media. Aldosterone and vasopressin did not influence the amino acid uptake in the renal papilla or cortex. The results of this study indicate that the papilla is able to accumulate amino acids actively in vitro under conditions which simulate the environment of the papilla in vivo and which are detrimental to the accumulation of amino acids in the renal cortex.
Upper Extremity Overuse Injuries

Child and adolescent participation in organized and recreational sports has steadily increased over the past few decades. With this increase in participation, there has been a concomitant increase in sports-related injuries, especially overuse injuries related to repetitive movements. Pediatric patients are uniquely susceptible to overuse injuries that affect areas of bone growth. For example, medial epicondyle apophysitis (Little League elbow), osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum, proximal humeral epiphysitis (Little League shoulder), and radial epiphysitis (gymnast's wrist) are upper extremity overuse injuries that occur in skeletally immature athletes. Other upper extremity overuse injuries include multidirectional instability of the shoulder, rotator cuff tendinopathy, trapezius muscle strain, and stress fractures. Most of these injuries can be diagnosed clinically and managed with rest and supportive care including activity modification and rehabilitation.
THE ACCELERATION PRINCIPLE: DEPARTMENT‐STORE INVENTORIES, 1920–56*

THE PURPOSE OF this dissertation was to investigate the factors which led to inventory investment by department stores from 1920 to 1956. Special attention was paid to measuring the extent to which changes in sales led to inventory investment, in order partially to test an adaptation of the multiplier-accelerator theory of the business cycle to the explanation of minor business cycles, which are widely believed to be caused by fluctuations in inventory investment. A key question in the multiplier-accelerator type of theory is whether the amount of investment related to a change in income (called "induced investment") is sufficiently large. This investigation was restricted to department-store inventories, in order to utilize as fully as possible the unusually large and excellent body of seasonally adjusted monthly data made available by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The method used was to fit equations similar in form to Hicks's equations,1 by the method of multiple regression, using an IBM 650 data-processing machine (electronic computer). Data on stocks and sales were reduced to seasonally adjusted deflated changes expressed as a percentage of the moving average of the previous twelve months, to guard against a variety of possible biases. The regression coefficients obtained in these multiple correlations are measures of the amount of induced investment. Results of this study indicate that the amount of induced investment in department-store inventories is quite substantial. The estimates for the period March, 1920, through July, 1941 (the period for which the results of this study are believed to be most accurate), indicates that the ratio of induced investment in department-store inventories to changes in the income created by department stores (i.e., changes in value added by department stores) is approximately 4.4. This particular ratio is used because Hicks relates induced in-
Mechanism of oxygen electrode delamination in solid oxide electrolyzer cells

Abstract An electrochemical model for degradation of solid oxide electrolyzer cells is presented. The model is based on concepts in local thermodynamic equilibrium in systems otherwise in global thermodynamic non-equilibrium. It is shown that electronic conduction through the electrolyte, however small, must be taken into account for determining local oxygen chemical potential, μ O 2 , within the electrolyte. The μ O 2 within the electrolyte may lie out of bounds in relation to values at the electrodes in the electrolyzer mode. Under certain conditions, high pressures can develop in the electrolyte just near the oxygen electrode/electrolyte interface, leading to oxygen electrode delamination. These predictions are in accord with the reported literature on the subject. Development of high pressures may be avoided by introducing some electronic conduction in the electrolyte.
Arctic sea-ice ridges—Safe heavens for sea-ice fauna during periods of extreme ice melt?

Abstract The abundances and distribution of metazoan within-ice meiofauna (13 stations) and under-ice fauna (12 stations) were investigated in level sea ice and sea-ice ridges in the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas and Canada Basin in June/July 2005 using a combination of ice coring and SCUBA diving. Ice meiofauna abundance was estimated based on live counts in the bottom 30 cm of level sea ice based on triplicate ice core sampling at each location, and in individual ice chunks from ridges at four locations. Under-ice amphipods were counted in situ in replicate (N=24–65 per station) 0.25 m2 quadrats using SCUBA to a maximum water depth of 12 m. In level sea ice, the most abundant ice meiofauna groups were Turbellaria (46%), Nematoda (35%), and Harpacticoida (19%), with overall low abundances per station that ranged from 0.0 to 10.9 ind l−1 (median 0.8 ind l−1). In level ice, low ice algal pigment concentrations ( 3 m where abundances were up to 42-fold higher compared with level ice. We propose that the summer ice melt impacted meiofauna and under-ice amphipod abundance and distribution through (a) flushing, and (b) enhanced salinity stress at thinner level sea ice (less than 3 m thickness). We further suggest that pressure ridges, which extend into deeper, high-salinity water, become accumulation regions for ice meiofauna and under-ice amphipods in summer. Pressure ridges thus might be crucial for faunal survival during periods of enhanced summer ice melt. Previous estimates of Arctic sea ice meiofauna and under-ice amphipods on regional and pan-Arctic scales likely underestimate abundances at least in summer because they typically do not include pressure ridges.
Visualizing Fluid Flows With X-Rays

There are several methods available to visualize fluid flows when one has optical access. However, when optical access is limited to near the boundaries or not available at all, alternative visualization methods are required. This paper will describe flow visualization using an X-ray system that is capable of digital X-ray radiography, digital X-ray stereography, and digital X-ray computed tomography (CT). The unique X-ray flow visualization facility will be briefly described, and then flow visualization of various systems will be shown. Radiographs provide a two-dimensional density map of a three dimensional process or object. Radiographic images of various multiphase flows will be presented. When two X-ray sources and detectors simultaneously acquire images of the same process or object from different orientations, stereographic imaging can be completed; this type of imaging will be demonstrated by trickling water through packed columns and by absorbing water in a porous medium. Finally, local time-averaged phase distributions can be determined from X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, and this will be shown by comparing CT images from two different gas-liquid sparged columns.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Prospective study of correlations between biopsy-detected high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, serum prostate specific antigen concentration, and race.

BACKGROUND High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), a premalignant lesion of the prostate gland, is more common in black men than in white men. The influence of HGPIN on the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration is controversial, and correlations between HGPIN and PSA in black men and white men have not been investigated. METHODS Between January 1992 and December 1998, 411 black men and 639 white men with suspected prostate carcinoma underwent an initial benign prostate biopsy at a single medical center. The presence or absence of HGPIN in the biopsy specimens was determined by one uropathologist. RESULTS HGPIN was identified in 8.9% of the specimens. When stratified by PSA concentration (<4.0 ng/mL, 4.0–9.9 ng/mL, and ≥10.0 ng/mL), HGPIN was associated with an increased PSA concentration only among men with PSA concentrations < 4.0 ng/mL (P = 0.01). The prevalence of HGPIN in the black and white patients was 13.4% and 5.9%, respectively (P < 0.0001), and was significantly greater in black men than in white men with PSA concentrations < 4.0 ng/mL (P = 0.002). Among the patients with PSA concentrations < 4.0 ng/mL, black race was an independent predictor of an increased PSA concentration when adjusted for patient age, prostate volume, and the presence or absence of HGPIN (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS HGPIN is more common in black men than in white men and may produce an increase in the PSA concentration. However, racial differences in the prevalence of HGPIN may not contribute to racial differences in PSA concentrations among men with no clinical or histologic evidence of carcinoma. Cancer 2001;91:1291–6. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
A decision procedure revisited: notes on direct logic, linear logic and its implementation

Abstract This paper studies decidable fragments of predicate calculus. We will focus on the structure of direct predicate calculus as defined in Ketonen and Weyhrauch (1984) in the light of the recent work of Girard (Girard 1987, 1988) on linear logic. Several graph-theoretic results are used to prove correspondences between systems of natural deduction, direct predicate logic, and linear logic. In addition, the implementation of a decision procedure for direct predicate logic is sketched.
Spirituality and support: a descriptive analysis of online social support for depression.

This study examined supportive messages in spiritual and non-spiritual online support groups for depression. Both social support and religiosity have been associated with reduced depressive symptomology. Proportions of three types of support (i.e., informational, emotional, and network) were considered; messages were further delineated as being either religious or non-religious in nature. Messages (N = 2,674) from two Christian and two unaffiliated online groups were analyzed. Results indicated that Christian groups communicated more informational support and General groups communicated more network support. Christian groups communicated more religious messages. This and future research is valuable to practitioners and clergy aiding depressed individuals and to the literature on social support and religion.
The heats of hydrogenation of the metal—metal bonded complexes [M(CO)3C5H5]2 (M = Cr, Mo, W)

Abstract Direct measurement of the enthalpy of decomposition of HCr(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 to [Cr(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] 2 and H 2 was made by differential scanning calorimetry. The heat of hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclohexadiene by HM(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 for M = Cr, Mo, and W was measured by solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of iodination of [M(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] 2 and HM(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 were measured for M = Mo and W. These data have been used to calculate the heats of hydrogenation for each of the metal—metal bonded dimers, [M(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] 2 (M = Cr, Mo, and W). C 5 H 5 (CO) 3 M-M(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 (s) + H 2 (g) → 2HM(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 (s) Addition of hydrogen has been found to be exothermic for M = Cr, W (−3.3 kcal/mol and −1.5 kcal/mole, respectively) but endothermic for M = Mo (+6.3 kcal/mol). These results are consistent with the trend of increasing MH bond strengths upon descending Group VI. Addition of H 2 to [Cr(CO) 3 C 5 H 5 ] 2 is favored by the unusually weak chromium—chromium bond.
Decreased incidence of left common iliac vein compression in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Objective Compression of the left common iliac vein (LCIV) by the right common iliac artery is an anatomic variant that may increase the risk for LCIV thrombosis. The incidence of LCIV compression in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is unknown, however. The aim of this descriptive anatomic study was to determine (1) the incidence of LCIV compression in patients with and without AAA and (2) if endovascular AAA repair acutely alters the incidence of LCIV compression and, hence, the risk of LCIV thrombosis. Method A retrospective analysis of medical records and helical computed tomography (CT) scans was conducted in 100 AAA patients and 100 non-AAA patients (n = 200). Medical records were reviewed for symptoms and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis, and data were reported according to the Joint Society Reporting Standards for acute lower-extremity venous thrombosis. The minor diameters of the aorta, inferior vena cava, and common iliac arteries and veins were measured. For AAA patients, measurements were obtained from preoperative and 30-day postoperative CT scans. Results The mean age of the study cohort was 38 years (range, 17 to 85 years) for non-AAA subjects and 73 years (range, 51 to 89 years) for AAA subjects. The mean acute lower-extremity venous thrombosis risk factor score was low for both patient groups (non-AAA, 0.82 ± 0.12; AAA, 2.63 ± 0.14). Mean compression of the LCIV was 37.8% (range, 0% to 74.8%) for non-AAA patients but only 27.3% (range, 0% to 74.2%; P Conclusion Patients with AAA were found to have more tortuous iliac arteries that led to less anatomic compression of the LCIV compared with nonaneurysmal patients. Furthermore, the left common iliac artery was found to compress the LCIV in most of the AAA patients, and the right iliac artery was found to compress the LCIV in most non-AAA patients. Endovascular AAA repair did not acutely alter these anatomic findings. Patients with AAA may therefore be at lower risk of developing LCIV thrombosis owing to the nature of their anatomy.
Identifying and treating xerostomia in restorative patients.

: Inadequate saliva can have devastating consequences for a patient, including oral discomfort, rampant caries, increased candida infections, and desiccation of restorative and esthetic dental treatment. Diagnosis of the cause of xerostomia is imperative to treating the condition, and multiple causes should be considered. Treatment options for xerostomia consists of treatment for hyposalivation, palliative and preventive care to combat the results of long-term dry mouth. Treatment of xerostomia should be based on the etiologic factors of the disease, with prevention of further oral destruction and comfort being the primary goals of treatment.
Cancer Cells Incorporate and Remodel Exogenous Palmitate Into Structural and Oncogenic Signaling Lipids

De novo lipogenesis is considered the primary source of fatty acids for lipid synthesis in cancer cells, even in the presence of exogenous fatty acids. Here, we have used an isotopic fatty acid labeling strategy coupled with metabolomic profiling platforms to comprehensively map palmitic acid incorporation into complex lipids in cancer cells. We show that cancer cells and tumors robustly incorporate and remodel exogenous palmitate into structural and oncogenic glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and ether lipids. We also find that fatty acid incorporation into oxidative pathways is reduced in aggressive human cancer cells, and instead shunted into pathways for generating structural and signaling lipids. Our results demonstrate that cancer cells do not solely rely on de novo lipogenesis, but also utilize exogenous fatty acids for generating lipids required for proliferation and protumorigenic lipid signaling. This article is part of a special issue entitled Lipid Metabolism in Cancer.
Discretizing continuous-data control systems

Abstract A CAD method is presented for converting existing continuous-data control systems into digital control systems by means of a digital controller. The digital controller is synthetized by matching the frequency response of the digital control system to that of the continuous-data system with a minimum weighted mean-square error. A formula for computing the parameters of the digital controller is obtained as a result. The design technique is illustrated with a numerical example and a comparison with previous methods is also presented.
Investigation of Trochoidal Milling in Nickel-Based Superalloy Inconel 738 and Comparison With End Milling

Nickel-based superalloys are designed for use in extreme environments and are getting progressively better for these environments, therefore much harder to machine. They play a crucial role in elevated temperature applications where high strength, high resistance to corrosion and creep resistance are required. Machinability suffers as a result of these properties and harsh machining conditions occur, resulting in high cutting forces and tool wear. To combat the difficulties in the machining of nickel-based superalloys, such as poor thermal diffusivity and high levels of abrasive wear, trochoidal milling was introduced as an alternative method of milling. This method of milling combines linear motion with uniform circular motion, reducing chip load in exchange for increased machining time. Industry is averse to its widespread adoption due to increasing cycle times when compared to conventional milling methods, however it has been shown that overall productivity can be improved due to less tool wear with a more predictable behavior. This work characterizes the effects of trochoidal milling and provides a comparison of trochoidal milling with a traditional milling technique, end milling, for the machining of Inconel 738. In order to compare the trochoidal and conventional machining approaches directly, metrics of productivity normalized to tool wear are introduced. The normalized metrics introduced in this study aim to provide a more representative comparison of productivity and efficiency characteristics: volumetric material removal per unit tool wear (MR/VB) and the material removal rate per unit tool wear (MRR/VB). It was found that significantly higher volumetric material removal is possible using trochoidal milling, and fewer tools are needed; material removal rates that competitive with end milling can be achieved. When the amount of time spent on tool change for the same volume of material removal is considered, material removal rate of trochoidal milling can even be higher than end milling, indicating that better productivity and efficiency of the process is possible at reduced tooling costs.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Superpotential from black holes.

Bogomol{close_quote}ni-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) monopoles in {ital N}=2 SUSY theories may lead to monopole condensation and confinement. We have found that supersymmetric black holes with a nonvanishing area of the horizon may stabilize the moduli in theories where the potential is proportional to the square of the graviphoton central charge. In particular, in models of spontaneous breaking of {ital N}=2 to {ital N}=1 global SUSY theories (or local theories in the limit of an infinite Planckian mass), the parameters of the electric and magnetic Fayet-Iliopoulos terms can be considered proportional to electric and magnetic charges of the dyonic black holes. Upon such identification the field-dependent part of the potential is found to be proportional to the square of the black-hole mass. The fixed values of the moduli near the black-hole horizon correspond exactly to the minimum of this potential. The value of the potential at the minimum is proportional to the black-hole entropy. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
An Extended Solar Cycle 23 with Deep Minimum Transition to Cycle 24: Assessments and Climatic Ramifications

Abstract The extended length of solar cycle 23 and the associated deep quiet period (QP) between cycles 23 and 24 have been examined using the international sunspot record from 1755 to 2010. This study has also introduced a QP definition based on a (beginning and ending) mean monthly threshold value of less than 10 for the sunspot number. Features addressed are the length and intensity of cycle 23, the length of the QP and the associated number of spotless days, and the respective relationships between cycle intensity, length, and QP. The length of cycle 23 (153 months) is second only to cycle 4 (164 months), with an average of 132.5 months for the 11-yr cycle. The length of the QP between cycles 23 and 24 ranks eighth, extending from October 2005 through November 2009 (but subject to continued weakness in cycle 24). The number of spotless days achieved within this QP was 751 (and for all days within the transition from cycle 23 to cycle24, a record number of 801 spotless days had been observed through Ma...
Use of the mantle magnitude M m for the reassessment of the moment of historical earthquakes

The mantle magnitudeMm is used on a dataset of more than 180 wavetrains from 44 large shallow historical earthquakes to reassess their moments, which in many cases had been previously estimated only on the basis of the earthquake's rupture area. We provide 27 new or revised values ofMo, based on the spectral amplitudes of surface waves recorded at a number of stations, principally Uppsala and Pasadena. Among them, and most significantly, we document a large low-frequency component to the source of the 1923 Kanto earthquake: the low-frequency seismic moment is 2.9×1028 dyn-cm, in accord with geodetic observations. On the other hand, we revise downwards the seismic moment of the 1906 Ecuador event, which did not exceed 6×1028 dyn-cm.
Graphical analysis of photometric indicator titration data

Abstract Three equations have been presented for the linear extrapolation of photometric indicator titration data to yield the end-point and the equilibrium constant for the titration reaction BHA + I ∡ IHA + B, which controls the color change of the indicator I in the titration of the base B with the acid HA.
Management of the suicidal adolescent on a nonpsychiatric adolescent unit

Suicide attempts by adolescents far outnumber suicide fatalities, yet there is lack of agreement regarding the optimal approach to their immediate care. Since 1968, we have admitted all such patients to a general adolescent in-patient unit. A review of the first 100 admissions of adolescents who had attempted suicide was undertaken to determine the safety, economy, and efficacy of this practice. During an average six-day hospitalization, 12 patients required constant nursing observation for more than one day, and six received tranquilizers. No major disruption on the unit, suicide attempts, or self-abusive acts occurred. Twelve patients required subsequent transfer to in-patient psychiatric facilities because of on-going suicidal ideation or psychosis or both. Hospitalization on a general unit for adolescent survivors of suicide attempts is safe, usually adds minimal cost to ordinary hospital care, permits meticulous medical attention for poisoning, and provides a stabilizing influence following a major life crisis.
Congress and the "YouTube War"

The United States is "fighting a different kind of enemy" in its War on Terror, or so says President Bush. He's right. For the first time since the days of the Barbary pirates, America is doing active battle not with a rival nation, but with a non-state actor (al Qaeda) that lacks a geographical home, is motivated by ideology more than territorial ambition, and whose victories are defined in non-military terms. It is an enemy that uses communication technology, public opinion, and the global 24-hour news cycle to wage its battles. It is, in a very real sense, the first "YouTube War" of the twenty-first century. The rise of al Qaeda is a sign of the era in which we live. With the spread of economic and political liberalization, with the advent of new communication technology, and with the gradual erosion of state power and influence, individuals, organizations, and institutions are enjoying an unprecedented opportunity to affect international events. The rise of the non-state actor stands to become the most resonant characteristic of global affairs at the dawn of the twentyfirst century. Yet the stateless nature of this different kind of enemy is not being reflected in America s current anti-terrorism strategy. In fact, the United States is wielding a military approach against its jihadist foes that is straight out of a twentieth-century playbook. President Bush has chosen to wage this "different kind of war" in Iraq, in a manner reminiscent of the Balkan wars, the conflict in Rwanda, and even the Vietnam War a territorial, resource-based conflict between rival ethnic and religious groups competing for the spoils of political power.
DNA Ligase I Competes with FEN1 to Expand Repetitive DNA Sequences in Vitro

Repeat sequences in various genomes undergo expansion by poorly understood mechanisms. By using an oligonucleotide system containing such repeats, we recapitulated the last steps in Okazaki fragment processing, which have been implicated in sequence expansion. A template containing either triplet or tandem repeats was annealed to a downstream primer containing complementary repeats at its 5′-end. Overlapping upstream primers, designed to strand-displace varying numbers of repeats in the downstream primer, were annealed. Human DNA ligase I joined overlapping segments of repeats generating an expansion product from the primer strands. Joining efficiency decreased with repeat length. Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) cleaved the displaced downstream strand and together with DNA ligase I produced non-expanded products. However, both expanded and non-expanded products formed irrespective of relative nuclease and ligase concentrations tested or enzyme addition order, suggesting the pre-existence and persistence of intermediates leading to both outcomes. FEN1 activity decreased with the length of repeat segment displaced presumably because the flap forms structures that inhibit cleavage. Increased MgCl2 disfavored ligation of substrate intermediates that result in expansion products. Examination of expansion in vitro enables dissection of substrate and replication enzyme dynamics on repeat sequences.
Markov chain modeling approaches for on board applications

This paper is concerned with Markov chain modeling of operating conditions and system dynamics to facilitate application of stochastic dynamic programming and stochastic model predictive control techniques. We discuss and compare two modeling frameworks based on interval and fuzzy encoding of the signal being modeled. We also present a recursive algorithm for on-line identification of such models. Examples based on automotive vehicle speed and road grade modeling are presented.
Automated assessment of keratocyte density in clinical confocal microscopy of the corneal stroma

Cell density in the corneal stroma is typically determined by counting the number of bright objects, presumably keratocyte nuclei, in images from clinical confocal microscopy. We present a program that identifies bright objects and counts those that most likely represent cells. Selection variables were determined from 125 normal corneas with cell densities that had been assessed manually. The program was tested on 17 corneas of patients before and at several intervals to 5 years after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. In these corneas, which showed a decrease in cell density after surgery, the program identified cells as well as human observers did.
“Meta Elimination,” a Diagnostic Fragmentation in Mass Spectrometry

The diagnostic value of the “ortho effect” for unknown identification by mass spectrometry is well known. Here, we report the existence of a novel “meta effect,” which adds to the repertoire of useful mass spectrometric fragmentation mechanisms. For example, the meta-specific elimination pathway described in this report enables unequivocal identification of meta isomers from ortho and para isomers of carboxyanilides. The reaction follows a specific path to eliminate a molecule of meta-benzyne, from the anion produced after the initial decarboxylation of the precursor. Consequently, in the CID spectra of carboxyanilides, a peak for the (R-CO-NH)– anion is observed only for the meta isomers. For example, the peaks observed at m/z 58, 86, 120, 128, and 170 from acetamido-, butamido-, benzamido, heptamido-, and decanamido-benzoates, respectively, were specific only to the spectra of meta isomers.
Is gastric cancer generalized at the time of surgery

Twenty-one patients undergoing gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the stomach died during the first two postoperative weeks and were subjected to autopsy. They all had "curative" resections for lesions confined to the stomach and the regional lymph nodes. Autopsy revealed distant metastasis in ten of 13 patients who had (TNM) stage III disease at the time of surgery. There was no residual disease in patients with stage I and II lesions (P less than 0.01). The study suggests that, in most cases, stage III gastric adenocarcinomas have already spread beyond the confines of gastrectomy at the time of operation.
Risks and benefits of antipsychotic drugs in elderly patients with dementia

Memory impairment and other cognitive disturbances characterize dementia, but other noncognitive behavioral and psychiatric symptoms are very common. The most important behavioral and psychiatric symptoms associated with dementia (BPSAD) are agitation, aggression, and psychosis, and they have serious consequences for patients and caregivers. No medication has been approved for the treatment of BPSAD, but antipsychotic drugs are the best studied and most commonly used. However, in addition to these drugs' expected side effects, cerebrovascular adverse events and death are two serious adverse effects associated with their use in dementia patients. This article highlights the studies examining the risks and benefits of antipsychotic drugs for BPSAD. Weighing small but significant risks compared with possible benefits is a complex treatment decision.
Intraocular ganglioglioma in a dog.

The ganglioglioma is a mixed tumor containing both mature ganglion cells and glial cells in varying degrees of neoplastic evolution; one or the other type may be more conspicuous in a given specimen. In human beings, the tumor occurs most frequently in the brain of children and young adults6, although 4 intraocular cases which may belong in this category have been reported'-3, I". The purpose ofthis report is to describe a case of intraocular ganglioglioma in a dog.
MR fluid behavior under constant shear rates and high magnetic fields over long time periods

MR fluids are smart materials that reversibly change their rheological properties in the presence of a magnetic field. Their capability to support a high range of shear stresses makes them an ideal component of many mechanical devices. However, to be suitable for applications requiring a large number of cycles, e.g. a clutch, the long term behavior of these fluids needs to be thoroughly investigated and well understood. The paper presents a new MR cell design along with a study of the shear rate, shear strain, magnetic field and time influences on the properties and behavior of a MR fluid tested for long periods of time. The MR cell is required to adapt a commercially available rheometer to measure the rheological properties of the fluid. Overall characteristics of the designed MR cell output capability are provided. Constant shear rate tests, two hours in duration, have been performed at shear rates between 0.1 and 200 l/s under magnetic field intensities up to 0.4 T. The rheological measurements indicated that the time, the shear strain and the shear rate influence the fluid’s shear stress magnitude.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Revision of the Mexican Genera Ficinus Distant and Jornandes Distant with the Description of 21 New Species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae: Orthotylini)

Abstract The predominately Mexican endemic genera Ficinus Distant, 1893 and Jornandes Distant, 1884 are revised. Rhinocapsidea Reuter, 1908 is treated as a junior synonym of Jornandes. Two species of Ficinus are recognized, including one new species from Guerrero. Twenty-five species of Jornandes are recognized, including 20 new species, predominately from the southern edge of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt near the conjunction of the Balsas Basin and the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Puebla, and Oaxaca. The new combinations, Jornandes albipes (Kelton, 1969) (Scalponotatus), Jornandes genetivus (Distant, 1884) (Rhinocapsidea), Jornandes sinaloa (Carvalho, 1987) (Rhinocapsidea) are proposed. Jornandes dissimulans Distant, 1983 and J. nordestina (Carvalho and Wallerstein, 1978) (Rhinocapsidea) are considered species incertae sedis. Keys to all recognized species are included. Illustrations of the male genitalia, dorsal habitus color photographs of both sexes (except for J. championi Distant, 1884), and ...
Nickel (II) and cobalt (II) complexes of cis - 1,2, bis (diphenylphosphino) ethylene

Abstract Nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with 1,2-cis (diphenylphosphino) ethylene are reported. Magnetic susceptibility, infrared and visible spectra, and conductivity studies have been made. The existence of a spin-free spin-paired equilibrium is proposed for the nickel(II) nitrate complex. The magnetic properties and infrared data are discussed in terms of possible structures for the complexes. The magnetic moments of the nickel(II) complexes are intermediate between the values expected from a diamagnetic ana paramagnetic species. The moment for the cobalt(II) complexes are normal from species with one unpaired electron. The infrared spectra of the complexes do not show the presence of coordinate nitrate or per chlorate anions. However, the appearance of the CC stretching absorption, which is infrared inactive for the uncomplexed, symmetrical ligand indicates that some asymmetry exists about the double bond in the solid complexes