cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human glandular kallikrein, hK2, shows arginine-restricted specificity and forms complexes with plasma protease inhibitors

BACKGROUND Human glandular kallikrein (hK2) is a new potential marker for prostate cancer. It is a serine protease expressed in human prostate epithelial cells which has 78% sequence identity with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA is a widely used biochemical marker for prostate cancer. METHODS Recombinant hK2 expressed in mammalian cells was purified to homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography, using an anti-hK2 mAb. hK2 enzymatic specificity was determined on peptide substrates by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. hK2 complexes were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blots. RESULTS hK2 was found to cleave peptide substrates exclusively at selected arginine residues. An amidolytic activity of 4,100 pmol/min per μg hK2 was obtained on the chromogenic substrate H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-p-nitroanilide, while no activity was found on methoxysuccinyl-Arg-Pro-Tyr-p-nitroanilide, a chymotrypsin substrate used to measure PSA activity. hK2 complexed completely with α1-antichymotrypsin and α2-antiplasmin after 4 hr at 37°C, but showed no detectable complex with antithrombin III and α1-protease inhibitor under these conditions. hK2 also formed a rapid complex with α2-macroglobulin. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that hK2 is an active protease with arginine-selective specificity, which forms covalent complexes with plasma protease inhibitors. Prostate 34:44–50, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expanding Exports and the Structure of the Domestic Economy: A Monetary Analysis*

This paper analyzes the dynamic adjustments of a small, open economy faced with the certain prospect of a future export (resources) boom. It is shown how the adjustment occurs in three phases. First, the initial expectation generates an immediate (discrete) appreciation of the exchange rate. Secondly, prior to the export boom, the exchange rate continues to appreciate gradually, while a dissimulation of bond holdings by domestic residents occurs, After the boom, the exchange rate gradually appreciates further while the balance of trade moves into surplus and domestic residents begin to accumulate bond holdings. These adjustments are rejected in the movement of the relative price of traded to non-traded goods and the implications of this for the structural adjustment of domestic industry are discussed.
Some functional relations in the density functional theory of finite interacting electronic systems

Abstract It is argued that, for finite electronic systems, the total kinetic-energy density functional, T[ϱ], the Kohn-Sham kinetic-energy density functional, Ts[ϱ], and the kinetic-energy component of the correlation energy density functional, Tc[ϱ], may each be expressed as a functional homogeneous of degree one in density scaling. That is, T[ϱ] = ∫ϱ( r )(δT[ϱ]/δϱ( r ) d r , and similarly with Ts[ϱ] and Tc[ϱ].
The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California

Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter One. Political Relations and Land Tenure Cycles in Santa Paula: Chumash Indians, Mexicans, and Anglo Americans Chapter Two. White Racism, Religious Segregation, and Violence against Mexicans, 1913 to 1930 Chapter Three. School Segregation: The Social Reproduction of Inequality, 1870 to 1934 Chapter Four. Mexican Resistance to the Peonage System: Movements to Unionize Farm Labor Chapter Five. Movements to Desegregate the Mexican Community, the 1940s and 1950s Chapter Six. The Segmentation of the Farm Labor Market, 1965 to 1976 Chapter Seven. Interethnic City Council Politics: The Case of the Housing Cooperative Movement Chapter Eight. Modern Racism: Social Apartness and the Evolution of a Segregated Society Chapter Nine. The Impact of Anglo American Racism on Mexican-Origin Intragroup Relations Chapter Ten. Historical Reconstruction Notes Bibliography Index
Natural summer and winter sunlight exposure patterns in seasonal affective disorder

Twelve subjects with winter depression who lived in the Chicago area recorded their times of going outside during daylight hours for one week during the winter and one week during the summer. These records produced estimates of the duration of daily sunlight exposure and of perceived dawn, dusk and skeleton photoperiod. There was more than twice as much sunlight exposure in summer compared to winter (3.0 vs. 1.2 h/day). The perceived skeleton photoperiod was 4-5 h longer in summer than winter, with a later perceived dusk contributing more to the lengthening than an earlier perceived dawn. The duration of sunlight exposure and perceived skeleton photoperiod in both seasons was much less than what was possible given the available daylight. These results are discussed with reference to the modern urban life style, bright light treatment of winter seasonal affective disorder, and factors which affect the perceived intensity of sunlight.
Localization of monosynaptic Ia excitatory post‐synaptic potentials in the motor nucleus of the cat biceps femoris muscle.

Evidence is presented for the existence of a localization of monosynaptic Ia excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) in the motor nucleus of a cat hind limb muscle. Intracellular recordings from biceps femoris motoneurones were made in anaesthetized low spinal cats of the effects of stimuli to the nerve branches supplying the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the biceps femoris muscle. Recordings were also made during stimulation of nerves to semimembranosus and semitendinosus in order to provide a means of categorizing middle biceps cells as 'extensors' (middle biceps-extensor; i.e. like anterior biceps cells) or as 'flexors' (middle biceps-flexor; like posterior biceps). Homonymous nerve-branch (i.e. from anterior, middle or posterior biceps) monosynaptic Ia e.p.s.p.s were compared within unifunctional (flexor or extensor) groups of motoneurones. In three of four comparisons (anterior biceps nerve branch onto anterior and middle biceps-extensor cells, middle biceps onto middle biceps-flexor and posterior biceps, posterior biceps onto middle biceps-flexor and posterior biceps) the anterior, middle and posterior biceps nerve branches contributed larger e.p.s.p.s to their 'own' motoneurones than to motoneurones supplying other 'compartments' of the muscle. In the fourth case, middle biceps's input appeared to have similar effects onto anterior biceps and middle biceps-extensor cells. A normalization was performed to eliminate the possibility that the differences in e.p.s.p. sizes were due to differences in cell type within the four cell groupings (i.e. differences in the number of cells supplying FF, F(int.), FR and S muscle units). This normalization confirmed that the localization in the first three comparisons was not a consequence of differences in motoneurone type and, in addition, suggested that middle biceps may indeed have greater effects on middle biceps-extensor than anterior biceps cells. In addition to the asymmetrical effects of anterior and middle biceps nerve branches onto anterior biceps and middle biceps-extensor motoneurones, it was shown that while semitendinosus and posterior biceps contributed larger e.p.s.p.s to middle biceps-flexor than to middle biceps-extensor cells, the anterior biceps nerve branch and semimembranosus nerve contributed equally to the two middle biceps groups. Analysis of cell location in the spinal cord and rostro-caudal differences in group I volley sizes gave evidence of a topographic organization of the biceps femoris motor nucleus which could contribute to the observed localization. However, localization was also evident when comparing e.p.s.p. amplitudes in pairs of neighbouring cells of different category, indicating a role for neuronal recognition factors.
Productivity differentials, the relative price of non-tradables and real exchange rates

Abstract This paper reconciles the apparent contradiction between recent panel unit root tests of real exchange rates and the productivity differential model, proposing an alternative view that explains the coexistence of such findings. Real exchange rates and the relative price of non-tradables reflect the gradual adjustment of mean-reverting and endogenously competing factors: supply and demand shocks as well as traded goods arbitrage. Granger causality and variance decomposition results indicate substantial simultaneity and feedback effects between real exchange rates, the relative price of non-tradables and productivity differentials.
Cost-Effectiveness of Tests to Assess the Risk of Sudden Death After Acute Myocardial Infarction ☆

Cost-effectiveness analysis has been increasingly used in the field of cardiovascular disease, ever since its first application to medicine some 20 years ago [(1)][1]. This technique provides a method to identify and weigh the benefits of an intervention against its costs. As discussed in recent
Performance and manufacturability trade-offs of pattern minimization for sub-22nm technology nodes

The traditional design rule paradigm of defining the illegal areas of the design space has been deteriorating at the advanced technology nodes. Radical design space restrictions, advocated by the regular design fabrics methodology, provide an opportunity to reshape the design/manufacturing interface by constraining the layout to a set of allowable patterns. As such, this would allow for guaranteed convergence of the source mask optimization techniques (SMO) and complete validation of the legal design space during technology development and ramp. However, the number of the unique patterns generated by the layout adhering to even the simplistic gridded design rules prohibits this approach. Nevertheless, we have found that just 10% of the unique geometric patterns are sufficient to represent 90% of all layout pattern instances. Furthermore, the overall number of layout patterns on Active, Contact, and Metal-1 design layers can be reduced through modification of existing layout shapes in the final layout database and insertion of non-essential layout features. Unlike the 'dummy fill' used for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), the newly added shapes must resemble the patterning of the functional design features and be inserted in close proximity to them. In this paper, we evaluate the digital circuit performance impact of the additional layout parasitics introduced by these 'dummy' features. In particular, we have found that a significant pattern count reduction can be achieved with minimal performance penalty. These results have been used at PDF Solutions to enable a correct by construction layout style, such as the templates and connectors-based layout methodology presented in the companion paper.
WCPT no longer requires 1000 hours clinical experience.

Recent debate on physiotherapy education, including the Editorial by Robertson et al (2003) in the Australian Journal of Physiotherapy , has revealed a widespread misconception that the World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) still requires physiotherapists to have a minimum of 1000 hours of clinical experience to be eligible for membership.
Correlates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in Chicago area children with diabetes (DM)

Aims: To correlate complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in children with diabetes mellitus (DM) with DM control and other family or disease characteristics. Methods: Parents/guardians of children with DM were interviewed about demographics, clinical characteristics, CAM use, health care beliefs, psychosocial variables, and religious beliefs. The child’s hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) value from the visit was collected. Statistical analyses included � 2 , Fisher’s exact test, and 2-sample t-tests. Results: 106 families with type 1 DM were interviewed. 33% of children tried CAM in the last year; 75% of parents had ever tried CAM. Children most commonly tried faith healing or prayer; parents most commonly tried faith healing or prayer, chiropractic, massage, and herbal teas. Children were more likely to have used CAM if their parents or siblings used CAM or their family was more religious. They were more likely to have discussed CAM with their providers if they used CAM. Parents of child CAM users reported more problems with DM treatment adherence. Conclusions: Children with DM used CAM. There were no differences in DM control, demographics, healthcare beliefs, stress, or quality of life between CAM users and non-users. Practitioners should inquire about CAM use to improve DM care for children.
Rising Fracture Toughness from the Bending Strength of Indented Alumina Beams

The analytical function of crack extension to a fractional power is used to represent the fracture resistance of a vitreous-bonded 96% alumina ceramic. A varying flaw size, controlled by Vickers indentation loading between 3 and 300 N, was placed on the prospective tensile surfaces of four-point bend specimens, previously polished and annealed. The lengths of surface cracks were measured by optical microscopy. Straight lines were fitted to the logarithmic functions of observed bending strength versus indentation load in two series of experiments: (I) including the residual stress due to indentation and (II) having the residual stress annealed out at an elevated temperature. Within the precision of measurement these lines have the same slope, being about 32% less than the -1/3 slope which a fracture toughness independent of crack extension would indicate. Considering the criteria for crack extension and specimen failure, the fracture mechanics equations were solved for the conditions of the two series of experiments. Approximately the same values of fracture toughness, rising as a function of indentation flaw size, were obtained from both series of experiments.
Systemic therapies for unresectable primary hepatic tumors

Clinical trials evaluating systemic therapies for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) must take into consideration prognostic factors that influence survival. Clinical features such as poor performance status, older age, and the presence of jaundice may be predictive of short survivals. Because patients with elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels have short survivals, randomized clinical trials of therapy for HCC should stratify patients based on AFP levels. Numerous clinical trials of single-agent chemotherapy for HCC have examined alkylating agents, antitumor antibiotics, anthracyclines, hormonal therapies, and interferons. However, these trials have failed to demonstrate an agent that consistently produces response rates greater than 20% or that improves survival. Similarly, effective combination chemotherapy regimens for HCC have not been identified. Clinical trials have also failed to identify effective systemic therapies for cholangiocarcinomas, although these trials have had limited numbers of patients. These dismal results mandate an examination of phase II agents in untreated good-performance patients with HCC. Novel approaches to drug delivery should also be pursued. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parenteral nutrition in the neonatal intensive care unit

Neonatal parenteral nutrition (PN) is readily available in many hospitals and plays an essential role in the management of sick and growing preterm and term infants. PN can be used as the sole source of nutrition support for infants who cannot be fed or as an adjunct to enteral feeding. Preterm infants are a particularly vulnerable population because they are born at a time, if they had remained in utero, of rapid intrauterine brain and body growth. The impact of early malnutrition can have long-lasting negative effects on central nervous system development and growth. Despite this, PN is often provided to preterm infants based on local traditions rather than experimental evidence. The quality of PN and its early initiation are critical in providing the most adequate substrates for appropriate development. This article reviews the energy and fluid requirements of infants and presents by component (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, trace elements, and multivitamins) the available literature on neonatal PN and its complications. In addition, suggested guidelines for PN administration for preterm and term neonates are presented.
Ripening Characteristics of Light Irradiated Tomatoes

Red color development in breaker stage tomatoes was accelerated by 3 min red (R) irradiation and delayed by 3 min far-red (FR) irradiation during the first 4 days of ripening. The effects were reversible and color development effective whether the interval between R and FR treatments was 1 day or 2 days. Firmness values of tomatoes irradiated with R were lower than those irradiated with FR, treated with ethylene, or stored in darkness. Light irradiation had the greatest effect on color development in tomatoes irradiated at the breaker and turning stages of maturity compared to those irradiated at the pink and light red stages.
Sleep Medicine Pharmacotherapeutics Overview: Today, Tomorrow, and the Future (Part 1: Insomnia and Circadian Rhythm Disorders)

Over the past 10 years, significant strides have been made in the understanding, development, and availability of sleep disorder therapeutics. In this review series, we discuss the current evidence surrounding the mechanisms of actions, indications, efficacy, and adverse side effects associated with the available armamentarium of sleep over-the-counter and pharmacotherapeutics. This article is the first of a two-part series that covers the therapeutics for insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders.
Hybrid equivalent circuit, an alternative to Thevenin and Norton equivalents, its properties and applications

A new two-terminal circuit modeling is presented. This equivalent circuit, called Hybrid equivalent circuit or simply H-model, can replace a Thevenin or a Norton equivalent circuit, which both are shown to be two special cases of an H-model. The H-model contains both voltage and current sources and is shown to be very flexible and dynamic. For students in circuit courses this is only one equivalent circuit to learn with all its properties and applications rather than two rigid and completely separate ones. The H-model is shown to model a two terminal circuit more accurately because it carries properties of a current source and a voltage source simultaneously. This article investigates the application of the H-model in circuit noise analysis, as well. A nullified H-model (nH-model), as a special case of the H-model, is also introduced. Application of the nH-models in individually biasing nonlinear components is investigated. It is shown that using nH-models in circuit biasing minimizes the DC power dissipation. Finally, the nH-modeling is extended to include multi-port networks and components such as BJT and MOS transistors. This feature is unique for nH-modeling because multi-port modeling is not practiced with the Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuits.
EFFECTS OF BROMIDE AND IODIDE ON STALK SECRETION IN THE BIOFOULING DIATOM ACHNANTHES LONGIPES (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion was examined in the stalked marine diatom Achnanthes longipes Ag. in defined medium. This common biofouling diatom exhibited an absolute requirement for bromide for stalk production and substratum attachment, whereas elevated iodide concentrations in the growth medium inhibited stalk formation and adhesion. Varying EPS morphologtes resulted from altering bromide and iodide levels: pads, stalk-pads, stalks, and no EPS. Cells showed no differences in growth with bromide or iodide concentrations, indicating that they were not physiologically stressed under conditions that impaired EPS secretion. Cells grown in elevated iodide secreted significantly more soluble extracellular carbohydrate into the medium, suggesting that the EPS was soluble and unable to be polymerized into a morphologically distinct gel. By replacing sulfate with methionine, the diatom lost its ability to form stalks even in the presence of bromide, indicating that free sulphate may be required for proper cross-linking of stalk polymers. Lotus-FITC, a fluorescent-tagged lectin, preferentially labeled the EPS and, thus, was used to visualize and quantify EPS secretion along a bromide gradient in conjunction with an image analysis system. This technique demonstrated a direct correlation between the amount of bromide present in the medium and the specific EPS morphology formed.
Active organic matter distribution in the surface 15 cm of undisturbed and cultivated soil

Organic-matter dynamics near the soil surface influence plant nutrient supplies. To evaluate the effects of cultivation on active soil organic-matter distribution in the surface 15 cm, we measured total organic C, Kjeldahl N, microbial biomass C and N (chloroform fumigation), respirable C and mineralizable N (aerobic incubations) in 1-cm layers from 0–10 cm and in 2.5-cm layers from 10–15 cm in adjacent areas of undisturbed (shortgrass steppe) and cultivated (four years wheat-fallow rotation) Ascalon sandy loam soil (Aridic Argiustoll). The active organic matter was highly concentrated in the surface centimeter of undisturbed soil. In undisturbed soil, microbial biomass C and N concentrations were more than five times greater at 0–1 cm than at 2–15 cm. Respirable-C and mineralizable-N concentrations (20-day incubations) were 8 and 18 times greater at 0–1 cm than at 2–15 cm. Below 3 cm, the concentrations were equal in both cultivated and undisturbed soil. Cultivation reduced the average concentrations at 0-15 cm of microbial biomass C and N by 62% and 32%, and of respirable C and mineralizable N by 71% and 46%, by reducing the concentrations at 0-1 cm to levels comparable to the 2- to 15-cm layers of the undisturbed soil. Decreases after cultivation ensued from disrupting the surface 1-cm layer.
Responses of Nondormant Black Willow (Salix nigra) Cuttings to Preplanting Soaking and Soil Moisture

The use of willow cuttings for streambank stabilization is a common practice in riparian ecosystems throughout the United States. Many environmental factors govern the outcome of such planting. However, other factors such as preplanting treatments, planting methods, and physiological status of cuttings (dormant vs. actively growing) may also be crucial in determining the survival of willow cuttings. Actively growing (nondormant) Black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings, 30 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter at the base, were subjected to three soaking treatments (0, 7, and 15 days) prior to planting. Following the initial treatment, cuttings were grown in a greenhouse in pots under three soil moisture regimes (well-watered but not flooded, permanently flooded, and intermittently flooded). Plant gas exchange, growth, biomass, and survival were measured. Results demonstrated that soaking for 7 days was beneficial to early development of cuttings in the well-watered (control) soil moisture regime, enhancing percent bud flush and survival significantly. However, 15 days of soaking proved to be detrimental to survival of cuttings irrespective of soil moisture regimes. Results also demonstrated that the beneficial effects of 7-day soaking were limited to the well-watered soil moisture regime but not to the flooded or intermittently flooded regimes. Soaking nondormant cuttings may be worthwhile if the planting site is likely to present ample soil moisture but nonflooded conditions to the transplanted cuttings.
Ultrafiltration as a tool to study binding of copper to salivary proteins

Abstract Ultrafiltration may be a good methodology to investigate binding of copper to salivary proteins. However under physiological conditions, copper particulates can also be counted as protein-bound, causing an increased estimate. To examine if ultrafiltration can provide a meaningful result to a salivary protein–copper binding study, copper species in ultrafiltration fractions of saliva were identified and compared to those of control (water). A range 20–40% copper was recovered from retentate of water samples at salivary pH, whilst most copper was filtered out at pH 5.5. Saliva samples showed higher copper retention than water samples at same salivary pH. These results demonstrate that copper particulates were retained with protein-bound copper on ultrafiltration membrane, suggesting that estimate of binding should be interpreted with care.
The history and visions of African American psychology: multiple pathways to place, space, and authority.

The author describes the multiple pathways of events and strategies that served to nurture African American psychology in the United States. Special attention is given to strategies for inclusion and empowerment used in 4 psychological professional and scholarly associations: the American Counseling Association, the American Psychological Association, the Association of Black Psychologists, and the Society for Research in Child Development. In addition, the author describes 4 major intellectual traditions that informed not only the strategies of inclusion but also the theoretical, research, and intervention perspectives and other professional and academic efforts of African American psychologists. Those perspectives are the Afrocentric/African-centered tradition derived from longstanding nationalist/ Pan-African and culturally centered traditions within African American communities; the social contextual/multidisciplinary research tradition of the University of Chicago School of Social Science; the empirical social science research tradition of the University of Michigan; and the Black scholar/activist tradition of Howard University. This article also presents a chronological timeline of major events in the history of African American psychology.
A novel smectite-polymer nanocomposite (SPN) microstrip sensor for rapid quantitative detection of aflatoxins

This paper reports the development of a novel smectite-polymer nanocomposite (SPN) microstrip sensor for both rapid quantification and long-term monitoring of aflatoxins. The smectite was modified with Ba2002B; cation exchange to improve its aflatoxin adsorption. SPN thin-films were synthesized on silicon substrates via layer-by-layer self-assembly. SPN microstrip arrays were patterned on glass substrates using stencil masks and enclosed in a microfluidic channel. This reduces the diffusion length and the adsorption time of aflatoxins, thereby resulting in fast response time (<; 10 min). A simple fluorometric quantification of aflatoxin concentration based on incident intensity modulation was developed to eliminate the need of a sophisticated fluorometer. A low detection limit of 6.09 ppb and a wide linear range of 5~80 ppb for aflatoxin B1 have been achieved.
Selection and characterization of DNA aptamers specific for Listeria species.

Abstract Single-stranded (ss) DNA aptamers with binding affinity to Listeria spp. were selected using a whole-cell SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) method. Listeria monocytogenes cells were grown at 37 °C and harvested at mid-log phase or early stationary phase to serve as the targets in SELEX. A total of 10 unique aptamer sequences were identified, six associated with log phase cells and four with stationary phase cells. Binding affinity of the aptamers was determined using flow cytometry and ranged from 10% to 44%. Four candidates having high binding affinity were further studied and found to show genus-specific binding affinity when screened against five different species within the Listeria genus. Using sequential binding assays combined with flow cytometry, it was determined that three of the aptamers (LM6-2, LM12-6, and LM12-13) bound to one apparent cell surface moiety, while a fourth aptamer (LM6-116) appeared to bind to a different cell surface region. This is the first study in which SELEX targeted bacterial cells at different growth phases. When used together, aptamers that bind to different cell surface moieties could increase the analytical sensitivity of future capture and detection assays.
Guided solitary waves.

Abstract Transversely periodic solitary-wave solutions of the Boussinesq equations (which govern wave propagation in a weakly dispersive, weakly nonlinear physical system) are determined. The solutions for negative dispersion (e.g., gravity waves) are singular and therefore physically unacceptable. The solutions for positive dispersion (e.g., capillary waves or magnetosonic waves in a plasma) are physically acceptable except in a limited parametric interval, in which they are complex. The two end points of this interval are associated with (two different) resonant interactions among three basic solitary waves, two of which are two-dimensional complex conjugates and the third of which is one-dimensional and real.
Musings on vertical integration

Studies the theory of vertical integration, and examines the benefits both to the firm and to society. Looks at the reasons which might precipitate an increase in integration: technical economies of scope; economics of internal production resulting from market failure; and pursuit of aggrandizement or monopoly power. Presents a parity pricing formula which proves that parity pricing is necessary for economic efficiency. Concludes that no firm can be described as totally unintegrated; rather it is a matter of optimal degree.
Thromboembolism Following Coronary Arteriography

Incomplete data exist concerning complications of coronary arteriography. Specific characteristics of the angiographic dye or its rate of injection have been considered factors in the serious complications. Little attention has been directed to the problem of thromboembolism. Four cases of fatal thromboembolism are documented in this report. In each case coronary arteriography was performed in the face of severe coronary artery disease. In each case, mild shock or embolization was noted during or immediately after the procedure. Of the four deaths, fresh thrombi were present in one of the main coronary arteries in three, and in a major cerebral vessel in the fourth. Prior recognized mechanical complications of coronary arteriography, wedging and subintimai dissection, were insufficient to explain the occlusions. Factors affecting thrombogenesis, such as catheter stiffness, material, and coating, and the technical details of coronary arteriography are reviewed, and means of diminishing complications enumerated.
Efficient algorithms for collision avoidance at intersections

We consider the problem of synthesising the least restrictive controller for collision avoidance of multiple vehicles at an intersection. The largest set of states for which there exists a control that avoids collisions is known as the maximal controlled invariant set. Exploiting results from the scheduling literature we prove that, for a general model of vehicle dynamics at an intersection, the problem of checking membership in the maximal controlled invariant set is NP-hard. We then describe an algorithm that solves this problem approximately and with provable error bounds. The approximate solution is used to design a supervisor for collision avoidance whose complexity scales polynomially with the number of vehicles. The supervisor is based on a hybrid algorithm that employs a dynamic model of the vehicles and periodically solves a scheduling problem.
Functional Localization in the Brain with Respect to Syntactic Processing

This report describes some recent examinations of the ability of aphasic patients to construct syntactically governed dependency relations in real time. The data show that Wernicke's patients can link the elements of dependency relations in the same way as neurologically intact subjects, even for sentences that they do not understand. Broca's patients, by contrast, are shown to be unable to create such links, even for sentences that they do understand. These data underline the isolability of this stage of syntactic analysis and they suggest that comprehension limitations statable in syntactic terms can be traced to changes in cortically localizable processing resources.
Cellular handset integration - SIP vs. SOC and best design practices for SIP

There has recently been much discussion regarding the pros and cons of Silicon on Chip (SOC) versus System in Package (SW). SOC is firstly driven by cost reduction and secondly by miniaturization. This involves cost reduction at component level as well at system (handset) level. Cost reduction comes from a reduction of total component count, both ICs and passives, as well as reduction in mother board area. Further cost avoidance comes from a bill of materials with few components, giving the benefits of lower surface mounting costs, and lower inventory overhead. Similarly, SW can offer some of these benefits. However, in most cases, the primary motivation for SW is miniaturization, rather than cost reduction. An aggressive goal for a SIP product would be to achieve the same cost for the SIP as the sum of the elements integrated in to the SW. Even if this aggressive cost goal is not achieved, the benefits from the miniaturization are frequently sufficient to justify the development of a SIP product. In reality, there is no conflict between the SOC and SIP technologies. Many times both techniques are employed synergistically. This paper continues this SOC vs SIP discussion, focusing on SIP, and demonstrating the synergism between the two
Comparison of DD, DT and Cf-252 neutron excitation of light and medium mass nuclei for field PGNAA applications

Abstract Prompt Gamma Ray Neutron activation analysis can offer significant cost and safety advantages in the identification of explosives and toxic chemicals. As an example, the US military examined over a thousand suspect chemical munitions with Idaho National Laboratory’s PINS Chemical Assay System last year. PGNAA requires, of course, a neutron source to excite the atomic nuclei of the item under test via neutron capture and inelastic neutron scattering reactions and the choice of neutron source can drastically affect PGNAA system performance. We have carried out Monte Carlo and laboratory experiments comparing DD, DT and Cf-252 neutrons incident on light and medium mass chemical elements, toward optimizing the design of future neutron-generator-based PGNAA systems for field use. We report the excitation of (n, γ) and (n, n′) gamma rays from these elements by each type of neutron source.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril does not prevent acute gastrointestinal radiation damage in the rat

Retrospective examination of acute gastrointestinal (GI) lethality in our rat bone marrow transplantation studies showed indication of a protective effect, with a dose modifying factor (DMF) of 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.99–1.12). A randomized study, using the same experimental design, was conducted specifically to look for GI protection. Animals were randomized into captopril or non-drug arms and irradiated in a 6-fraction total body irradiation regimen, followed by bone marrow transplantation. Rats received captopril in the drinking water at 500 mg/l (70 mg/kg/day), starting 9 days prior to irradiation and continuing throughout the experiment. The 50% lethal dose at 6 days was 20.8 (20.4–21.7) Gy in the non-drug arm and 20.6 (20.3–20.9) Gy in the captopril arm, for a DMF of 0.99 (0.94–1.04). If the randomized and historical studies are combined the DMF is 1.00 (0.93–1.05). We are unable to find any evidence that the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril provides protection from acute GI injury in this model. Clearly, it should not be assumed that captopril will modulate radiation reactions in all tissues. Radiat. Oncol. Invest. 5:50–53, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plutonium and Plutonium Compounds

The discovery of plutonium, its economic and military importance, sources, production, and nuclear properties are reviewed. The economic aspects of weapons- and reactor-grade plutonium are outlined. The preparation and properties of plutonium metal and its alloys are discussed in detail. A presentation of the physical and chemical properties of atomic plutonium and stable plutonium ions is given. The complexation and hydrolysis properties of these ions are recapitulated. Analytical chemistry, separations technology, and metallurgy (including pyrometallurgical processing) are described. There is a brief treatment of storage and disposal of excess weapons plutonium. The chemistry of several classes of plutonium compounds is described: oxides, halides, oxyhalides, hydrides, carbides, silicides, nitrides, sulfides, and oxalates. The article concludes with a treatment of environmental, health, and safety aspects of plutonium. Keywords: plutonium; sources; radioisotopes; fission; weapons; atomic plutonium; ions; disposal; weapon grade; compounds; oxides; halides; hydrides; radiation protection; nuclear hazards; chemical hazards; critical mass
One hundred years after The Principles of Scientific Management: Frederick Taylor's life and impact on the field of human performance technology

Frederick Winslow Taylor's book titled The Principles of Scientific Management revolutionized manufacturing throughout the world. One hundred years after its publication, Taylor's theories continue to reverberate through business and industry. This article examines Taylor's life and accomplishments. In particular, it describes the nature of Taylor's impact on the field of human performance technology.
HYDRA-MM: LEARNING MULTIPLE DESCRIPTIONS TO IMPROVE CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY

For learning tasks with few examples, greater classification accuracy can be achieved by learning several concept descriptions for each class in the data and producing a classification that combines evidence from multiple descriptions. Stochastic (randomized) search can be used to generate many concept descriptions for each class. Here we use a tractable approximation to the optimal Bayesian method for combining evidence from multiple descriptions. Learning multiple descriptions is very useful when additional data is difficult to obtain. The primary result of this paper is that multiple concept descriptions are particularly helpful for improving accuracy in hypothesis spaces in which there are many equally good rules to learn. Another result is experimental evidence that learning multiple rule sets yields more accurate classifications than learning multiple rules for concepts containing many disjuncts.
Shape optimization of a blunt body Vibro-wind galloping oscillator

Abstract The nonlinear dynamics of a transverse galloping blunt body oscillator is analyzed with respect to its geometric shape and size. The oscillator's equation of motion is studied using an approximation for the lateral aerodynamic force that is a polynomial function of the angle of attack. The harmonic balance method is used to solve the nonlinear differential equation of motion. This solution is used to determine the geometric parameters that minimize its critical wind speed for instability, increase its amplitude sensitivity to wind velocities beyond the critical speed, and minimize or eliminate amplitude hysteresis for increasing and decreasing wind speed. Optimum combinations of blunt body size and shape can be found that best satisfy these desired behaviors. These findings may be useful for creating a reliable, efficient wind energy harvesting system.
Framing Politicians The Transformation of Candidate Arguments in Presidential Campaign News Coverage, 1980, 1988, 1992, and 1996

This article argues that in 1980, 1988, and 1992, our sense of presidential candidates' spoken messages differed depending on whether they were reported in issue or strategy frames. Messages in issue frames were more likely to be self-promotional and supported by evidence; messages in strategy frames were more likely to be oppositional and not supported by evidence. However, these differences disappeared in 1996 broadcast news coverage. In 1980, 1988, and 1992, candidates' messages in strategy stories were likely to be unsubstantiated attacks on their opponents. In 1996, stories in an issue frame adopted this tendency by including a higher proportion of attacks than in previous years. This change raised the level of reported negativity in candidate discourse included in 1996 broadcast news stories.
Local plantar pressure relief in therapeutic footwear: design guidelines from finite element models

A major goal of therapeutic footwear in patients with pain or those at risk for skin injury is to relieve focal loading under prominent metatarsal heads. One frequent approach is to place plugs of compliant material into the midsole of the shoe. This study investigated 36 plug designs, a combination of three materials, six geometries, and two placements using a two-dimensional (2D) finite element model. Realistic loading conditions were obtained from plantar pressures (PP) recorded during walking in five subjects who wore control midsoles manufactured using Microcell Puff. Measured peak pressures underneath the second metatarsal head were similar to the results of the control model. PP obtained from simulations with the plugs built into a firm midsole were compared to the simulation results of the control midsole. Large plugs (e.g. 40 mm width), made out of Microcell Puff Lite or Plastazote Medium, placed at peak pressure sites, resulted in highest reductions in peak pressures (18-28%). Smaller plugs benefited from tapering when placed at high pressure areas. Case studies were completed on a healthy male subject and a diabetic female patient to address the efficacy of a plug design favored by our simulations (pressure based placement, 40 x 20 mm, Plastazote Medium). Successful reductions of second metatarsal head pressures were observed with a mediolateral load redistribution that was not represented by our model. 2D computer simulations allowed systematic investigation of plug properties without the need for high volume experimentation on human subjects and established basic guidelines for plug selection. In particular, plugs that are placed based on plantar pressure measurements were proven to be more effective when compared to those positioned according to the projection of the bony landmark on the foot-shoe plantar contact area.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Activates Gene Transcription Programs Strongly Associated With Poor Breast Cancer Prognosis

Purpose Substantial evidence implicates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling in the development and progression of breast cancer. To more clearly elucidate the role of IGF in human breast cancer, we identified and then examined gene expression patterns of IGF-I–treated breast cancer cells. Methods MCF-7 cells were stimulated with IGF-I for 3 or 24 hours and were profiled for greater than 22,000 RNA transcripts. We defined an IGF-I signature pattern of more than 800 genes that were up- or downregulated at both time points. The gene signature was examined in clinical breast tumors and in experimental models that represented other oncogenic pathways. The signature was correlated with clinical and pathologic variables and with patient outcome. Results IGF-I caused temporal changes in gene expression that were strongly associated with cell proliferation, metabolism, and DNA repair. Genes with early and sustained regulation by IGF-I were highly enriched for transcriptional targets of the estrogen receptor (ER), Ras/extracellular signalrelated kinase 1/2, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. In three large, independent data sets of profiled human breast tumors, the IGF-I signature was manifested in the majority of ER-negative breast tumors and in a subset (approximately 25%) of ER-positive breast tumors. Patients who had tumors that manifested the IGF-I signature (including patients who did not receive adjuvant therapy) had a shorter time to a poor outcome event. The IGF gene signature was highly correlated with numerous poor prognostic factors and was one of the strongest indicators of disease outcome. Conclusion Transcriptional targets of IGF-I represent pathways of increased aggressiveness and possibly hormone independence in clinical breast cancers.
Ethnic Minority Groups and US Foreign Policy: Examining Congressional Decision Making and Economic Sanctions

Previous research on the role of ethnic minority interest groups in US foreign policy has resulted in the development of an extensive list of criteria thought to condition ethnic minority influence. Existing case studies, in spite of their significant contribution, leave open the question of which factors, if any, actually drive influence. The result is a foreign policy decision-making puzzle. We know that ethnic minority groups attempt to influence foreign policy. We also know that foreign policy decision makers sometimes choose the option favored by certain ethnic minority groups. What practitioners and scholars alike do not know is whether decision makers make choices because of the efforts of ethnic minority groups. The experimental designs presented in this study offer the opportunity to solve the puzzle by isolating the impact of diasporic interests on foreign policy decision making at the congressional level. Using a hypothetical foreign policy scenario, the study examines the independent and interactive effects of diasporic numerical significance, diasporic mobilization, and cultural similarity on foreign policy decision making. Results indicate that decision makers are highly responsive to diasporic mobilization, but were unresponsive to diasporic numerical significance and cultural similarity. The overall implication is that small, but highly mobilized, ethnic minority interest groups may be able to significantly influence the development of US foreign policy at the congressional level.
Sequential Bunch Extractions in the los Alamos PSR

In the short-bunch, high-frequency operating mode of the future Proton Storage Ring (PSR) at LAMPF, the extraction scheme will take out one bunch at a time. Because the ring only stores six bunches at most and because the bunching system is heavily beam loaded, each extraction can cause a substantial change in the average beam current and hence affects significantly the total bunching voltage as well as the phase synchronization between those remaining bunches and the voltage waveform. A time-dependent cavity-tuning scheme has been considered to retain the proper bunching voltage and phase relation. This work examines the stability of the phase synchronization in the transient stage of extraction and cavity tuning. An equivalent circuit model is adopted, and the coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically. We find that the relative phase will remain stable and that the voltage variation is tolerable under the PSR proposed operating conditions. A comparison between the numerical and analytical solutions confirms the numerical results.
Low therapeutic threshold for hepatocyte replacement in murine phenylketonuria.

Phenylalanine homeostasis in mammals is primarily controlled by liver phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) activity. Inherited PAH deficiency (phenylketonuria or PKU) leads to hyperphenylalaninemia in both mice and humans. A low level of residual liver PAH activity ensures near-normal dietary protein tolerance with normal serum phenylalanine level, but the precise threshold for normal phenylalanine clearance is unknown. We employed hepatocyte transplantation under selective growth conditions to investigate the minimal number of PAH-expressing hepatocytes necessary to prevent hyperphenylalaninemia in mice. Serum phenylalanine levels remained normal in mice exhibiting nearly complete liver repopulation with PAH-deficient hepatocytes (<5% residual wild-type liver PAH activity). Conversely, transplantation of PAH-positive hepatocytes into PAH-deficient Pahenu2 mice, a model of human PKU, yielded a significant decrease in serum phenylalanine (<700 μM) when liver repopulation exceeded approximately 5%. These data suggest that restoration of phenylalanine homeostasis requires PAH activity in only a minority of hepatocytes.