cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooccurring Activities of Two Autotrophic Pathways in Symbionts of the Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila.

Genome and proteome data predict the presence of both the reductive citric acid cycle (rCAC; also called the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle) and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBB) in "Candidatus Endoriftia persephonae," the autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbiont from the giant hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. We tested whether these cycles were differentially induced by sulfide supply, since the synthesis of biosynthetic intermediates by the rCAC is less energetically expensive than that by the CBB. R. pachyptila was incubated under in situ conditions in high-pressure aquaria under low (28 to 40 μmol · h-1) or high (180 to 276 μmol · h-1) rates of sulfide supply. Symbiont-bearing trophosome samples excised from R. pachyptila maintained under the two conditions were capable of similar rates of CO2 fixation. Activities of the rCAC enzyme ATP-dependent citrate lyase (ACL) and the CBB enzyme 1,3-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) did not differ between the two conditions, although transcript abundances for ATP-dependent citrate lyase were 4- to 5-fold higher under low-sulfide conditions. δ13C values of internal dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pools were varied and did not correlate with sulfide supply rate. In samples taken from freshly collected R. pachyptila, δ13C values of lipids fell between those collected for organisms using either the rCAC or the CBB exclusively. These observations are consistent with cooccurring activities of the rCAC and the CBB in this symbiosis. IMPORTANCE Previous to this study, the activities of the rCAC and CBB in R. pachyptila had largely been inferred from "omics" studies of R. pachyptila without direct assessment of in situ conditions prior to collection. In this study, R. pachyptila was maintained and monitored in high-pressure aquaria prior to measuring its CO2 fixation parameters. Results suggest that ranges in sulfide concentrations similar to those experienced in situ do not exert a strong influence on the relative activities of the rCAC and the CBB. This observation highlights the importance of further study of this symbiosis and other organisms with multiple CO2-fixing pathways, which recent genomics and biochemical studies suggest are likely to be more prevalent than anticipated.
Analysis and Sizing for Transient Thermal Heating of Insulated Aerospace Vehicle Structures

An analytical solution was derived for the transient response of an insulated structure subjected to a simplified heat pulse. The solution is solely a function of two nondimensional parameters. Simpler functions of these two parameters were developed to approximate the maximum structural temperature over a wide range of parameter values. Techniques were developed to choose constant, effective thermal properties to represent the relevant temperature and pressure-dependent properties for the insulator and structure. A technique was also developed to map a time-varying surface temperature history to an equivalent square heat pulse. Equations were also developed for the minimum mass required to maintain the inner, unheated surface below a specified temperature. In the course of the derivation, two figures of merit were identified. Required insulation masses calculated using the approximate equation were shown to typically agree with finite element results within 10%-20% over the relevant range of parameters studied.
Hurley, Beyond Preservation: Using Public History to Revitalize Inner Cities

In Beyond Preservation, Andrew Hurley offers a strident critique of the prevailing practice of urban historic preservation—a practice that he argues seeks to maximize the earning potential of aging...
Probing the structure of bacteriophage phi 29 prohead RNA with specific mutations.

Abstract Bacteriophage phi 29 of Bacillus subtilis packages its double-stranded DNA genome into a preformed prohead in an ATP-dependent reaction. A 174-residue phi 29-encoded RNA molecule (pRNA) is a structural component of the prohead and is essential for DNA packaging. The secondary and tertiary structures of the prohead binding site on pRNA have been probed using a series of specific mutant pRNAs and by measuring binding to RNA-free proheads and in vitro packaging of the DNA-gene product 3 (DNA.gp3) complex. A pseudoknot in pRNA inferred from phylogenetic studies was confirmed with specific mutations, and this pseudoknot was necessary for DNA.gp3 packaging activity. pRNA was truncated progressively from the 5' and 3' ends to isolate the prohead binding site, and three truncated pRNAs of 79, 71, and 62 residues retained prohead binding activity but could not reconstitute proheads for DNA.gp3 packaging. Mutation resulting in changes of the D hairpin loop and its connecting residues within the prohead binding site of pRNA and DNA packaging studies demonstrated that some alteration of secondary structure in this helix was permissible. The analyses provided further confirmation of a discrete prohead binding domain in pRNA and further delineated specific structural requirements for DNA.gp3 packaging activity which may not be required for prohead binding.
Drying and storage effects on poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel mechanical properties and bioactivity

Hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are increasingly used in biomedical applications because of their ability to control cell-material interactions by tuning hydrogel physical and biological properties. Evaluation of stability after drying and storage are critical in creating an off-the-shelf biomaterial that functions in vivo according to original specifications. However, there has not been a study that systematically investigates the effects of different drying conditions on hydrogel compositional variables. In the first part of this study, PEG-diacrylate hydrogels underwent common processing procedures (vacuum-drying, lyophilizing, hydrating then vacuum-drying), and the effect of this processing on the mechanical properties and swelling ratios was measured. Significant changes in compressive modulus, tensile modulus, and swelling ratio only occurred for select processed hydrogels. No consistent trends were observed after processing for any of the formulations tested. The effect of storage conditions on cell adhesion and spreading on collagen- and streptococcal collagen-like protein (Scl2-2)-PEG-diacrylamide hydrogels was then evaluated to characterize bioactivity retention after storage. Dry storage conditions preserved bioactivity after 6 weeks of storage; whereas, storage in PBS significantly reduced bioactivity. This loss of bioactivity was attributed to ester hydrolysis of the protein linker, acrylate-PEG-N-hydroxysuccinimide. These studies demonstrate that these processing methods and dry storage conditions may be used to prepare bioactive PEG hydrogel scaffolds with recoverable functionality after storage.
Mutations in ELA2, encoding neutrophil elastase, define a 21-day biological clock in cyclic haematopoiesis

Human cyclic haematopoiesis (cyclic neutropenia, MIM 162800) is an autosomal dominant disease in which blood-cell production from the bone marrow oscillates with 21-day periodicity1,2. Circulating neutrophils vary between almost normal numbers and zero. During intervals of neutropenia, affected individuals are at risk for opportunistic infection3. Monocytes, platelets, lymphocytes and reticulocytes also cycle with the same frequency. Here we use a genome-wide screen and positional cloning to map the locus to chromosome 19p13.3. We identified 7 different single-base substitutions in the gene (ELA2) encoding neutrophil elastase (EC 3.4.21.37, also known as leukocyte elastase, elastase 2 and medullasin), a serine protease of neutrophil and monocyte granules, on unique haplotypes in 13 of 13 families as well as a new mutation in a sporadic case. Neutrophil elastase (a 240-aa mature protein predominantly found in neutrophil granules4) is the target for protease inhibition by α1-antitrypsin, and its unopposed release destroys tissue at sites of inflammation. We hypothesize that a perturbed interaction between neutrophil elastase and serpins or other substrates may regulate mechanisms governing the clock-like timing of haematopoiesis.
Food Culture in Scandinavia

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Henry Notaker Year: 2008 Pages: 248 Publisher: Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN: 978-0-313-34922-5 (hard cover). Prices: $49.95 USD(hard cover).
Cultural Democracy in a Period of Cultural Expansion: The Social Composition of Arts Audiences in the United States

Students of American society, from the times of Tocqueville and Veblen, have been concerned with the social role of high culture in a democracy. The debate over the extent and consequences of elite dominance of the arts constituency has been intensified in recent years by the rise of government support for the arts. Little is known about the social composition of the arts constituency. Drawing on 268 largely unpublished studies of visitors to museums and audiences of live performing arts, we conclude that the gender and age composition of the arts audience is little different from the general public. However, the social class composition is strikingly elite: audiences are better educated, of higher occupational standing and more affluent than the general populace. Conversely, blue-collar workers, individuals with low incomes or little education, and racial and ethnic minorities are found to be greatly underrepresented. Analysis of differences between and within art forms reveals that museums, particularly science and history museums, draw a broader audience than do performing arts events; frequent attenders within most forms are found to be more elite than irregular consumers. Assessment of audience composition trends since the early 1960s indicates no movement toward a broader inclusion of the public, suggesting that a recent expansion in the scale of arts activities and government subsidies has not been accompanied by a democratization of cultural consumption
Loss optimization and ultracapacitor pack sizing for vehicles with battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage

Battery and ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems have long been proposed as alternatives to battery-only systems for electrified vehicles. Prior research has focused on system topologies, dc/dc converter design, control methods, and evaluating specific applications. This work utilizes a rule-based control method and dynamic programming combined with a vehicle model to evaluate the reduction in energy storage losses that can be achieved for various drive cycles and ultracapacitor pack sizes. Dynamic programming is used to determine the optimum power split between the battery and ultracapacitor pack for a specified drive cycle and calculates the best performance a causal control algorithm could achieve. The analysis shows that dynamic programming can significantly improve the loss reductions compared to the basic rule-based control, making it possible to reduce the size of the ultracapacitor pack needed to deliver meaningful energy savings. Experimental tests have been carried out on battery and ultracapacitor cells that raise confidence in the accuracy of the model predictions for drive cycle metrics.
Radiation Therapy Plus Tamoxifen Versus Tamoxifen Alone After Breast-Conserving Surgery in Postmenopausal Women With Stage I Breast Cancer: A Decision Analysis

Purpose: To compare outcomes for hypothetical cohorts of postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor–positive tumors that are ≤ 2 cm in size, with pathologically uninvolved axillary nodes, treated with radiation therapy plus tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone after breast-conserving surgery. Methods: A Markov model was used to simulate patients’ clinical course and estimate overall survival, recurrence-free survival, time with an intact breast, and death from breast cancer. Probabilities were derived from randomized trials and retrospective studies. Analyses were performed separately by age of diagnosis in 5-year increments from 50 to 80 years. Sensitivity analyses tested the stability of radiation benefit. Results: The modeled recurrence-free survival benefit of giving radiation therapy was 3.35 years for women who were 50 years of age at diagnosis, versus 0.61 years for women who were 80 years of age. In the 50-year-old cohort, radiation therapy resulted in additional 0.60 years survival, compared with...
Use of image transformation to track the natural history of diseases

The inability to precisely measure the area of a lesion can impair the study of its natural history and response to therapy. This is especially true in case of gastrointestinal lesions, where a standard imaging technique is endoscopy and an unaided visual interpretation of the size of the lesion is difficult. This study presents a novel technique that provides precise measurement of 2-dimensional lesions in cylinder-like organs.
Immunoglobulin E to cow's-milk protein in breast-fed atopic children☆

Abstract Over a 3-yr period, 18 children, ages 10 mo to 5 yr, were discovered to have IgE to cow's-milk prorein (CMP). They were compared with 18 age-matched patients for having been primarily breast fed during the first 6 mo of life. All were new allergy clinic asthmatic patients with a strong family history of atopy and evidence of IgE to multiple allergens. Analysis of the data on this allergic population revealed that both a history of breast feeding and of milk-induced immediate reaction in patients with CMP-speciflc IgE was significantly higher (p
Treatment of camera lenses with low reflecting films

An f : 2 photographic lens having five separated elements was treated with evaporated fluorite to decrease the reflection from all ten air-glass surfaces. Photographs were taken with the lens under carefully controlled conditions before and after it was treated. The effective speed of the lens was found to be almost doubled by the treatment. A slight increase in contrast resulted in photographs taken under normal lighting conditions and a large increase in contrast resulted in those taken under adverse lighting conditions. An increase in detail was observed, because of the absence of flare, and the ghost images usually observed under adverse lighting conditions were eliminated.
Luminescent Au(I)/Cu(I) alkynyl clusters with an ethynyl steroid and related aliphatic ligands: an octanuclear Au4Cu4 cluster and luminescence polymorphism in Au3Cu2 clusters.

Gold(I) bis(acetylide) complexes [PPN][AuR2] (1−3) where PPN = bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium) and R = ethisterone (1); 1-ethynylcyclopentanol (2); 1-ethynylcyclohexanol (3) have been prepared. The reaction of 1 with [Cu(MeCN)4][PF6] in a 1:1 or 3:2 ratio provides the octanuclear complex [Au4Cu4(ethisterone)8] (4) or pentanuclear complex [PPN][Au3Cu2(ethisterone)6] (5). Complexes 2 and 3 react with [Cu(MeCN)4][PF6] to form only pentanuclear Au(I)/Cu(I) complexes [PPN][Au3Cu2(1-ethynylcyclopentanol)6] (6) and [PPN][Au3Cu2(1-ethynylcyclohexanol)6] (7). X-ray crystallographic studies of 1−3 reveal nontraditional hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups and the acetylide units of adjacent molecules. Complexes 6 and 7 each form polymorphs in which the structures (6 a,b and 7 a,b,c) differ by Au···Au, Au···Cu, and Cu−C distances. The polymorphs exhibit different emission energies with colors ranging from blue to yellow in the solid state. In solution, pentanuclear clusters 5−7 emit with λmax = 570−580 nm and Φ ...
Coincident thermospheric wind measurements using ground-based Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) and Fabry–Perot Interferometer (FPI) instruments

Abstract The thermospheric wind is a critical geophysical parameter for understanding the behavior of the Earth's upper atmosphere. Global-scale characterization of this parameter is needed to enable improved specification and forecasting of the near space environment. Global-scale measurements of horizontal wind vectors versus altitude have been performed from satellites using a variety of techniques, but the available data are still sparse. To address some of the challenges presented by space-based thermospheric wind measurement, the Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) technique has recently been developed. Here we present results of a ground-based validation of the DASH technique. The successful validation was performed by conducting collocated ground-based measurements with an instrument that uses the well established Fabry–Perot interferometer technique. Due to cloud cover and a limited observation period, data for only one night of simultaneous observations with minor cloud interference were obtained. The wind velocities observed by the two techniques show good overall agreement, but differences larger than the combined uncertainties are present at times. Contributions to these larger disagreements could be due to cloud interference, the minor differences in the observation geometry, or a non-zero vertical wind. A comparison of this single night of data with the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM07) climatology shows differences of up to about 100 m/s on timescales of less than an hour to several hours.
Model theoretic methods in the theory of isols

Abstract Let R ⊆ ω × ω be an arithemetic relation. We show that (∀ x )( ϵ ) R ( x , y ) holds in the arithemetic isols if and if it holds in the integers with an almost arithmetic combinatorial Skolem function. Our proof uses model theoretic mainly developed by A. Mostowski. The results generalize to n variables and to various fragments of the arithmetic isols.
Livestock predation by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and their vulnerability to retaliatory killing in the Maasai steppe, Tanzania

The African lion Panthera leo, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta and leopard Panthera pardus are all killed in retaliation for livestock predation, but each species suffers differently from these impacts due to differences in predatory behavior and cultural attitudes of pastoralists. Using detailed data on livestock predation in the Maasai steppe landscape in Northern Tanzania, I investigated how prey preference, location and timing of livestock attacks contributed to the vulnerability of lions, leopards and spotted hyenas to retaliatory killing. Lions mostly preyed upon adult cattle and donkeys. In contrast, hyenas and leopards primarily killed small stock (goat, sheep and calves) and dogs. Hyenas and leopards mostly attacked livestock at night, whereas lions often attacked grazing livestock during the daytime. These behaviors made lions the most vulnerable to direct retaliatory killing, although some villages specifically targeted hyenas with poison, and the cultural traditions of pastoralists also exacerbate the retaliatory killing of lions. I highlight the complex interactions of social (human) and ecological dimensions of livestock predation and retaliation against predators. Any conservation intervention should strive to address human–carnivore conflicts at the appropriate social scale.
First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Anemone sp. in the United States

In the spring of 2008, more than a dozen, aphid-infested, anemone plants (Anemone sp.) grown at the campus of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville showed stunting and mosaic, whereas only two were asymptomatic. Leaf homogenates from four symptomatic plants were inoculated onto Nicotiana benthamiana that became stunted and developed severe mosaic approximately 7 days postinoculation, whereas buffer-inoculated plants remained asymptomatic. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) extraction (4) from symptomatic anemone revealed the presence of four predominant bands of approximately 3.2, 2.9, 2.2, and 0.9 kbp, a pattern indicative of cucumovirus infection. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is the only cucumovirus reported in anemone in Europe (2) and Israel (3), and for this reason, anemone and N. benthamiana plants were tested by Protein A ELISA with antisera against CMV developed by H. A. Scott. ELISA verified the presence of CMV in symptomatic anemone and inoculated N. benthamiana, while asymptomatic plants were free of the virus. Using cucumovirus degenerate primers, essentially as described by Choi et al. (1), a region of approximately 940 bases that includes the complete coat protein gene of the virus was amplified from symptomatic anemone and N. benthamiana but not asymptomatic plants of either species. This anemone isolate (GenBank Accession No. FJ375723) belongs to the IA subgroup of CMV because it shares 99% nucleotide and 100% amino acid sequence identities with the Fny isolates of the virus. To my knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infecting anemone in the United States and an important discovery for the ornamental industry since anemone is commonly grown together with several ornamental hosts of CMV in nursery and garden settings. References: (1) S. K. Choi et al. J. Virol. Methods 83:67, 1999. (2) M. Hollings. Ann. Appl. Biol. 45:44, 1957 (3) G. Loebenstein. Acta Hortic. 722:31, 2006 (4) I. E. Tzanetakis and R. R. Martin, J. Virol. Methods 149:167, 2008.
Dispersion-managed breathing-mode semiconductor mode-locked ring laser: experimental characterization and numerical simulations

A dispersion-managed breathing-mode mode-locked semiconductor ring laser is studied. The working regime and pulse evolution at the key cavity points are experimentally characterized and numerically simulated. Linearly chirped, asymmetric exponential pulses are generated and externally compressed to 274 fs, which is within 10% of the bandwidth limit. The close agreement between the simulated and the measured results verifies our ability to control the physical mechanisms involved in pulse formation and shaping within the ring cavity.
After Gorbachev: Science in the Former Soviet Union

The pace of change in the former Soviet Union (FSU) has been overwhelming. Vast regions of territory and many formerly closed cities have been opened to foreigners, and once-classified research institutes are now open to visitors. The Soviet Academy of Sciences has become the Russian Academy and separate academies are being established in the other independent republics. A Russian Ministry of Science, Higher Education, and Technology, as well as a Russian Ministry of Defense, have been established, while the much-heralded “Commonwealth of Independent States” has never really materialized.
Determination of condensed tannin monomers in environmental samples by capillary gas chromatography of acid depolymerization extracts

A method for molecular-level quantification of condensed tannin is described that uses acid depolymerization and carbocation capture by phloroglucinol. Resulting monomers and phloroglucinol adducts are trimethylsilyl derivatized, separated by capillary gas chromatography, detected by flame ionization, and quantified relative to standards. Optimal depolymerization conditions were determined for acid strength, phloroglucinol concentration, time, and temperature. The method gives reproducible results in leaf litter that are linear over 2 orders of magnitude with detection limits down to ∼100 ng condensed tannin. In addition to tannin, triterpenoids were also identified and can be quantified with this method. Analyses of soils and sediments indicate that mineral interactions with condensed tannin are important both analytically and environmentally.
Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: Effect of allosteric inhibitors on the kinetic parameters and sedimentation behavior☆

Abstract Various metabolic intermediates and chemically related compounds were studied to determine their effects on the catalytic activity and sedimentation behavior in sucrose gradients of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. Two types of enzyme-inhibitor interactions were found. In the first type of inhibition, the inhibitor was functionally competitive with acetyl coenzyme A and had the ability to stabilize the tetrameric form of the enzyme, as evidenced by its effect on the apparent sedimentation rate of the enzyme in sucrose gradients. These compounds were approximately equivalent in length to four-carbon dicarboxylic acids and had to be ionized with negative charges at both ends. In addition, the strong inhibitors (aspartate, malate, fumarate, cysteine, and tartrate) have an electron-attracting group as an L-α substituent. Fumarate was also a strong inhibitor, and it too contained an electron-attracting group in the form of an olefinic bond. The second type of inhibition was exhibited uniquely by maleate. Maleate inhibited the enzyme strongly, but it was not competitive with acetyl coenzyme A nor could it stabilize the tetrameric form of the enzyme at concentrations that were highly inhibitory. The pattern of inhibition by maleate could be converted to that seen with the other inhibitors in the presence of aspartate. This indicates that each class of inhibitor is competitive with the other and that all allosteric inhibitors may share the same binding site.
Change in psychiatric symptomatology after benfotiamine treatment in males is related to lifetime alcoholism severity.

Abstract Background Severe alcoholism can be associated with significant nutritional and vitamin deficiency, especially vitamin B1 (thiamine) which is associated with neurological deficits impacting mood and cognition. Alcohol consumption was reduced among female but not male alcoholics after supplementation with the high potency thiamine analog benfotiamine (BF). We examined the relationship between lifetime alcoholism severity, psychiatric symptoms and response to BF among the alcohol dependent men from this cohort. Methods Eighty-five adult men (mean age = 48 ± 8 years) meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for a current alcohol use disorder who were abstinent Results Baseline SCL-90-R scale scores for men with high alcoholism severity (AS ≥ 24; N = 46 HAS) were significantly greater than for men with low alcoholism severity (AS Conclusion BF appears to reduce psychiatric distress and may facilitate recovery in severely affected males with a lifetime alcohol use disorder and should be considered for adjuvant therapy in alcohol rehabilitation. Trial Registration: # NCT00680121 High Dose Vitamin B1 to Reduce Abusive Alcohol Use.
Relationship between interfacial strain and the elastic response of multilayer metal films.

We have investigated the structural and elastic properties of three distinct multilayer systems: Mo/Ni, Pt/Ni, and Ti/Ni. We demonstrate that the commonly observed lattice expansion perpendicular to the film plane is not a bulk effect, but is localized at the interface between the contacting metals. Incorporating the measured interfacial expansion into a universal binding relation, we show that the measured elastic softening versus compositional-repeat distance can result from the interfacial strain.
Study of the volume fraction, temperature, and pressure dependence of the resistivity in a ceramic-polymer composite using a general effective media theory equation

A quantitative general effective media (GEM) equation is used to describe quantitatively the resistivity of an Fe3O4-epoxy composite system over a large range of volume fractions in terms of the resistivities of each component and two percolation morphology parameters. One parameter is the critical (percolation) volume fraction, φc, and the other is an exponent,t. Preliminary models, also based on the GEM equation, are used to describe the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTC) and the piezoresistivity (uniaxial pressure) of the composite when the composition is near the percolation threshold.
Dynamical Systems Method of gradient type for solving nonlinear equations with monotone operators

A version of the Dynamical Systems Method (DSM) of gradient type for solving equation F(u)=f where F:H→H is a monotone Frechet differentiable operator in a Hilbert space H is studied in this paper. A discrepancy principle is proposed and the convergence to the minimal-norm solution is justified. Based on the DSM an iterative scheme is formulated and the convergence of this scheme to the minimal-norm solution is proved.
What happens to plane waves at the planar interfaces of mirror-conjugated chiral media

The plane-wave reflection and transmission characteristics of bimaterial interfaces between chiral and chiral–achiral interfaces have been extensively explored. We report on the curious characteristics of the interface formed by two chiral half-spaces, one of which is the mirror image of the other; this is referred to as problem 1. It is shown that these characteristics are related to the reflection of plane waves on the interface of a chiral half-space and a perfectly conducting one, which constitutes problem 2.
The post illumination pupil response is reduced in seasonal affective disorder

Individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may have a decreased retinal sensitivity in the non-image forming light-input pathway. We examined the post illumination pupil response (PIPR) among individuals with SAD and healthy controls to identify possible differences in the melanopsin signaling pathway. We also investigated whether melanopsin gene (OPN4) variations would predict variability in the PIPR. Fifteen SAD and 15 control participants (80% women, mean age 36.7 years, S.D.=14.5) were assessed in the fall/winter. Participants were diagnosed based on DSM-IV-TR criteria. Infrared pupillometry was used to measure pupil diameter prior to, during, and after red and blue stimuli. In response to blue light, the SAD group had a reduced PIPR and a lower PIPR percent change relative to controls. The PIPR after the blue stimulus also varied on the basis of OPN4 I394T genotype, but not OPN4 P10L genotype. These findings may indicate that individuals with SAD have a less sensitive light input pathway as measured by the PIPR, leading to differences in neurobiological and behavioral responses such as alertness, circadian photoentrainment, and melatonin release. In addition, this sensitivity may vary based on sequence variations in OPN4, although a larger sample and replication is needed.
Unilateral rotational path removable partial dentures for tilted mandibular molars: design and clinical applications

This article describes the design of a unilateral rotational path removable partial denture to restore a single edentulous space with a tilted mandibular molar. It is modified from an original bilateral rotational path design and consists of several components, which are (1) the rotation axis, (2) the long occlusal rest, (3) the short bracing arms, (4) the rigid retainer and extended proximal plates, (5) the conventional direct retainer assembly, and (6) optional auxiliary rest. The stability and retention of the denture are controlled anteriorly by the buccal retentive clasp and lingual guide plate of the conventional direct retainer, and posteriorly by the rigid retainer and its buccally and lingually extended proximal plates. The clinical results of the dentures used in strictly selected situations are excellent; however, it is emphasized that a unilateral denture is only an alternative rather than a routine application. The risk of accidental aspiration is also of concern.
Analyzing and Modeling Arithmetic Errors.

Thirty-nine seventh-grade students completed an arithmetic test designed to uncover errors involving misunderstandings of (a) operations with whole numbers, (b) grouping symbols, and (c) rules of precedence (order of operations). Both the students' final answers and the intermediate steps for each test item were analyzed, and models to represent students' behaviors were developed. Certain types of errors were common across students. Errors were found to be closely tied to the format of the test item. Variations in the formats of test items that left the underlying computations unchanged exposed some students' superficial understandings of mathematical concepts.
A Radio Spectrum Measurement System for Frequency Management Data

Since 1973, the U. S. Office of Telecommunications has been operating a Radio Spectrum Measurement System (RSMS) for the Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP) in support of federal frequency management processes. The RSMS is a van-deployed computer-controlled receiving system designed to make many different types of measurements between 100 MHz and 12 GHz. The RSMS has been used in measurement programs on selected Federal Government communication and radar bands in many high spectrum usage areas in the Unites States. This paper discusses the capabilities of the RSMS van, and uses some measured data as examples of those capabilities.
The proteogenomic path towards biomarker discovery

The desire for biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases has never been greater. With the availability of genome data and an increased availability of proteome data, the discovery of biomarkers has become increasingly feasible. However, the task is daunting and requires collaborations among researchers working in the fields of transplantation, immunology, genetics, molecular biology, biostatistics and bioinformatics. With the advancement of high throughput omic techniques such as genomics and proteomics (collectively known as proteogenomics), efforts have been made to develop diagnostic tools from new and to-be discovered biomarkers. Yet biomarker validation, particularly in organ transplantation, remains challenging because of the lack of a true gold standard for diagnostic categories and analytical bottlenecks that face high-throughput data deconvolution. Even though microarray technique is relatively mature, proteomics is still growing with regards to data normalization and analysis methods. Study design, sample selection and rigorous data analysis are the critical issues for biomarker discovery using high-throughput proteogenomic technologies that combine the use and strengths of both genomics and proteomics. In this review, we look into the current status and latest developments in the field of biomarker discovery using genomics and proteomics related to organ transplantation, with an emphasis on the evolution of proteomic technologies.
Electrically driven optical proximity correction based on linear programming

Conventional optical proximity correction (OPC) tools aim to minimize edge placement errors (EPE) due to the optical and resist process by moving mask edges. However, in low-k1 lithography, especially at 45 nm and beyond, printing perfect polygons is practically impossible to achieve. In addition, prohibitively high mask complexity is incurred, leading to high mask cost. Given the impossibility of perfect printing, we argue that aiming to reduce the error of electrical discrepancy between the ideal and the printed contours is a more reasonable strategy. In fact, we show that contours with non-minimal EPE may result in closer match to the desired electrical performance. Towards achieving this objective, we developed a new electrically driven OPC (ED-OPC) algorithm. The tool combines lithography simulation with accurate electrical modeling of resist contours to predict the on/off current through a transistor gate. The computation of mask edge movements is cast as a linear program based on optical and electrical sensitivities. The objective is to minimize the error in saturation current between printed and target shapes. This optimization is then solved with fast runtime. The results on industrial 45 nm SOI layouts using high-NA immersion lithography models show up to a 5% improvement in accuracy of timing over conventional OPC. This is achieved at less than 26% runtime overheads, while also lowering mask complexity by up to 43%. The results confirm that better timing accuracy can be achieved despite larger edge placement error.
The relationship between expressed social fears and assertiveness and its treatment implications.

Abstract Behavior therapists have speculated about the relationship between social fears or social anxieties and lack of assertive behavior. Wolpe (1958) perhaps most clearly suggested such a relationship. “If he [the patient] has been ineffectual in such situations—unable, for instance, to return a faulty garment—I explain how unadaptive fears are at the bottom of this ineffectualness. … p. 116.” Wolpe further assumed that engaging in assertive behavior reciprocally inhibited fear in these same social situations and that assertive responses can be programmed for use in overcoming these fears. In later writings (Wolpe. 1969; Wolpe and Lazarus, 1966) Wolpe seems to have broadened his position concerning the cause of non-assertive behavior. Specifically, he now allows that an individual also may be non-assertive, “… not because of anxiety but because they have never had the opportunity of acquiring the necessary habits. p. 40” (Wolpe and Lazarus, 1966). For these individuals direct efforts in assertive training such as behavior rehearsal, operant conditioning or direct instruction are in order. For these individuals whose lack of assertiveness is due to a ‘phobic reaction’ or strong extrinsic fears, systematic desensitization is recommended in addition to assertive training. Despite this apparent change in position, the intuitively appealing notion that the more socially fearful an individual is the more non-assertive he is likely to be has not received the empirical attention it deserves. Rathus (1973) seems to have provided some indirect evidence pertaining to the relationship between social fears and assertiveness. In the context of evaluating the efficacy of an assertive training method he administered both the 100-item Temple Fear Survey Inventory (TFSI) (Braun and Reynolds, 1969) and the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) (Rathus, 1973) to groups of female students receiving either assertive training, a placebo treatment or no treatment. He found that at post-test the assertive training group scored significantly higher than either the placebo or no treatment groups on the RAS and that there were no significant differences in post-test Full Scale TSFI Scores. Fear of Social Criticism Factor Scores or Fear of Social Incompetence Factor Scores although in each case the mean changes toward less fear were greater for the group receiving assertive training. This finding gives little support to the reciprocal relationship between social fears and assertiveness. What is needed is a direct determination of the degree to which social fears and assertiveness are related in a sizeable sample of subjects.
A Method for Calculating Resonant Frequencies, Mode Structure and Field Flatness in an Alvarez Type Linac Cavity

The method of Walkinshaw, Sabel and Outram has been extended to cavities consisting of drift tube loaded cells with varying lengths in order to determine the field flatness and sensitivity to errors for the various modes of a realistic linac. A computational program has been written which gives the resonant frequency and field pattern for a multi-cell cavity with arbitrary drift tube lengths and gap lengths. The object of the study is to obtain the following information: 1) Mode structure and resonant frequencies of a cavity consisting of several identical cells in order to obtain the dispersion curve. 2) Sensitivity of the field flatness to dimensional errors for the zero and 7/2 modes. 3) Mode structure and field flatness for a cavity consisting of several cells with differing geometrical parameters. Results of these computations are presented and discussed.
A Matroid Reconstruction Result

Suppose M and N are distinct matroids on a set E such that, for every e ∈ E , the deletion of e from M equals the deletion of e from N or the contraction of e from M equals the contraction of e from N . In this note we prove that, apart from some easily specified exceptions, one of M and N must be a relaxation of the other.
Normalized glandular dose (DgN) coefficients for flat-panel CT breast imaging

The development of new digital mammography techniques such as dual-energy imaging, tomosynthesis and CT breast imaging will require investigation of optimal camera design parameters and optimal imaging acquisition parameters. In optimizing these acquisition protocols and imaging systems it is important to have knowledge of the radiation dose to the breast. This study presents a methodology for estimating the normalized glandular dose to the uncompressed breast using the geometry proposed for flat-panel CT breast imaging. The simulation uses the GEANT 3 Monte Carlo code to model x-ray transport and absorption within the breast phantom. The Monte Carlo software was validated for breast dosimetry by comparing results of the normalized glandular dose (DgN) values of the compressed breast to those reported in the literature. The normalized glandular dose was then estimated for a range of breast diameters from 10 cm to 18 cm using an uncompressed breast model with a homogeneous composition of adipose and glandular tissue, and for monoenergetic x-rays from 10 keV to 120 keV. These data were fit providing expressions for the normalized glandular dose. Using these expressions for the DgN coefficients and input variables such as the diameter, height and composition of the breast phantom, the mean glandular dose for any spectra can be estimated. A computer program to provide normalized glandular dose values has been made available online. In addition, figures displaying energy deposition maps are presented to better understand the spatial distribution of dose in CT breast imaging.
CHOICE MODELS OF ROUTE, OCCUPANCY, AND TIME OF DAY WITH VALUE-PRICED TOLLS

Choice models were developed on the basis of data from surveys of commuters on California State Route (SR) 91, the nation's first operational value-priced toll facility, in 1999. The models represent route choice among the value-priced SR 91 express lanes, the parallel nontoll freeway, and the Eastern Toll Road, a roughly parallel fixed-toll highway. The models also represent commuters' choice of vehicle occupancy (single occupant, two-person groups, and groups of three or more persons), time of day of travel, and whether to obtain the transponder needed for electronic toll collection. The models show implied values of time for commuters in the range of $13 to $16 per hour and toll elasticities for express-lane traffic of 0.7 to 1.0, depending on the time period involved. Results demonstrate that there is scope for adjusting toll schedules, even in as small as 1-h increments, in order to regulate demand.
SYMBOL–SUBJECT MATTER RELATIONSHIPS IN THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHY

The establishment of symbol conventions in thematic cartography has given the cartographer a standard symbology for representing various distributions depending on the nature of the data. Map readers, however, are not privy to cartographers thoughts and are, therefore, unfamiliar with many of the symbol conventions the cartographer uses. An experimental design was developed and used to examine the interface between map makers and map users relating to symbol-subject matter relationships in cartographic displays. Experienced and inexperienced map readers were tested to determine if map readers associate a specific symbolic language with certain types of distributions and if these associations coincide with the conventional cartographic symbolization of that distribution. Several different analysis procedures were used to study the performances of the subjects and all showed reliable differences between experienced and inexperienced map readers. In the last section of the paper theoretical interpretations a...
Secret key extraction in MIMO-like sensor networks using wireless signal strength

In this work, we evaluate the use of multiple sensors for secret key extraction. We find that the key generation rate increases linearly with the number of nodes. We show that the use of multiple nodes causes a significant mismatch in the extracted bits. We address the high bit mismatch problem by adding an iterative distillation stage to the key extraction process.
Criteria of food quality in different contexts

Food quality is considered from three perspectives: the product, the consumer, and the food service environment. These are examined in the chronological order in which they developed in the food field. Product quality is still the most common usage of the term quality and originated in quality assurance/quality control with its focus on defect avoidance and conformance to specifications. Consumer perceptions of quality are a newer view of quality, although some writers argue that all judgments of quality are consumer-based in the end. The consumer view of quality underscores that quality is relative and situational. Service quality is the newest dimension of quality to be considered. It is argued that food quality in the food service environment should consider both food quality and service quality. A number of conclusions for consideration of food quality are presented.
Stoichiometric reduction of secondary alkyl monohalides by electrogenerated nickel(I) salen in the presence of oxygen and water : Prospects for the formation of ketones

Abstract A one-to-one reaction between electrogenerated nickel(I) salen and a secondary alkyl monohalide (2-bromo- or 2-iodohexane, 2-bromo- or 2-iodooctane, or 3-bromooctane) in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 0.10 M tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TMABF 4 ), and in the presence of atmospheric oxygen (O 2 ), results in the formation of a ketone in up to 24% yield, depending upon the identity of the alkyl halide and other experimental conditions. However, for a two-to-one nickel(I) salen-secondary alkyl monohalide ratio, the ketone is obtained in 35% yield. In a fashion similar to production of an aldehyde via the interaction of nickel(I) salen with a primary alkyl monohalide, water that is deliberately added to the DMF–0.10 M TMABF 4 medium noticeably improves the yield of ketone, but the optimal water concentration required for the ketone tends to be higher than that for an aldehyde. Other products are alkanes, alkenes, and dimeric species that are derived from classic radical pathways, and the presence of a proton donor (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol or acetic acid) greatly improves the total product yield, especially the amount of an alkane.
Polysomnographic and spectral sleep EEG in primary alcoholics: an interaction between alcohol dependence and African-American ethnicity.

Background: Disturbances of sleep EEG are prominent in alcoholic patients, persist into recovery, and recently have been found to predict those alcoholics who are most likely to relapse. Increasing evidence indicates that there are ethnic differences in sleep EEG and that African-Americans may be at elevated risk for disordered sleep. Methods: This study compared polysomnographic and spectral sleep EEG measures in male primary alcoholic inpatients (n= 31) and age-matched comparison controls (n= 31) stratified by African-American and Euro-American ethnicity. Results: African-American alcoholic patients showed more severe sleep abnormalities than Euro-American alcoholics, and the interaction between alcohol dependence and ethnicity uniquely contributed to prolonged sleep latency (p < 0.001), loss of delta sleep (p < 0.001), and short rapid eye movement (REM) latency (p < 0.001). Spectral EEG analyses confirmed polysomnographic findings of disordered sleep architecture in alcoholics. Compared with controls, alcoholics had lower delta (0.75–4.5 Hz) activity over the whole night (p < 0.05), reductions in mean spectral power (0.75–40 Hz, p < 0.05), and decreases of delta (p < 0.01) and theta (4.5–7.5 Hz, p= 0.05) activity during the first period of non-REM sleep, with African-American alcoholics having the lowest theta of the four groups. Conclusions: In view of the possible connection between relapse and poor sleep and the role of sleep in the maintenance of health, these data have implications for treatment and morbidity outcomes in African-American alcoholics.