cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Handwashing videos on TikTok during the COVID-19 pandemic: Potential for disease prevention and health promotion.

Abstract Background Handwashing has long been promoted to maintain health and in preventing disease transmission. One of the most valuable ways to convey messages related to handwashing is through visual display, such as video for educational purposes and to enhance learning. Social media is an important and popular way to disseminate messages to a wide audience. Methods In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, two hashtags, #WashYourHands and #SafeguardSplash were used to select the sample of 100 from available TikTok videos. In order to code each video, the same coding categories were used for both hashtags, including (1) wetting and rinsing hands (2) lathering soap (3) time used for scrubbing (4) drying hands (5) mentions COVID-19 (6) mentions using hand sanitizer instead of soap (7) mentions how germs spread (8) mentions key times to wash hands (9) and actual depiction of washing hands. Additional descriptive categories were coded as well. The observations recorded were tabulated and descriptive statistics were performed. Independent one-tailed t-tests (α = .05) were calculated to determine if a video's hashtag had a significant association with its garnered views, likes, and/or comments. Results In total, the 100-video sample received 1,990,834,567 views, 40,355,468 likes, and 173,422 comments. Despite the fact that each hashtag made up an equal proportion (50%) of the total sample, videos with #WashYourHands accounted for 93.3% of the total views. Coverage of the important steps involved in handwashing, such as drying hands, was minimal as was relevant background information. Conclusion The results indicate that while this opportunity is being realized to some degree, the majority of videos did not cover topics related important concepts of hand hygiene. Given the high engagement of younger audiences with TikTok, this could be a powerful mechanism for demonstrating and encouraging proper handwashing, especially in a population with low rates of handwashing.
School-friendly QA: Thailand Education Quality Assurance Reform

Thailand has implemented the quality assurance of education seriously in 1999 according to the National Education Acts. It is found from the past performance that it has been giving the importance to the indicators, key performance indicators and the quality components, both in internal and external quality assurance, ignoring the importance of quality standard of education which would have an effect to the true quality standard of education of the educational institutions. Therefore, the Ministry of Education has changed the regulations concerning the quality assurance of education, giving the importance to the educational institution. There is also the setting of the standard of education in its own context, having its own development plan according to the self-set standard of education, self-assessment, and setting up the higher standard of at least a level higher per annum. This is the reformation of quality assurance of education, giving the importance in decentralization for the educational institutions, and abolishing completely, the system of using the indicators or the KPI.
Information Chaos in the Electronic Health Record as a Threat to Patient Safety

Information chaos refers to the chaotic presentation and subsequent suboptimal reception of information in the electronic health record (EHR). Prior work in ambulatory settings identified a group of hazards that were described collectively as information chaos. These hazards include information overload, information underload, information conflict, information scatter, and erroneous information. This pilot project examined four inpatient EHR records in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to investigate whether information chaos was present. All four patient charts revealed numerous information hazards, suggesting the presence of information chaos within PICU patient charts. All charts demonstrated information chaos and information overload. We also identified three novel hazards: non-intuitive abbreviations, non-intuitive access of information, and copy & paste. Information chaos may confound information intake and processing, which raises mental workload and lowers situation awareness. Thus, PICU physicians may be at heightened risk for impaired performance of clinical tasks, which may jeopardize the safety of critically ill pediatric patients.
Teaching Critical Thinking: Practical Wisdom

In Teaching Critical Thinking, renowned cultural critic and progressive educator bell hooks addresses some of the most compelling issues facing teachers in and out of the classroom today. In a series of short, accessible, and enlightening essays, hooks explores the confounding and sometimes controversial topics that teachers and students have urged her to address since the publication of the previous best-selling volumes in her Teaching series, Teaching to Transgress and Teaching Community. The issues are varied and broad, from whether meaningful teaching can take place in a large classroom setting to confronting issues of self-esteem. One professor, for example, asked how black female professors can maintain positive authority in a classroom without being seen through the lens of negative racist, sexist stereotypes. One teacher asked how to handle tears in the classroom, while another wanted to know how to use humor as a tool for learning. Addressing questions of race, gender, and class in this work, hooks discusses the complex balance that allows us to teach, value, and learn from works written by racist and sexist authors. Highlighting the importance of reading, she insists on the primacy of free speech, a democratic education of literacy. Throughout these essays, she celebrates the transformative power of critical thinking. This is provocative, powerful, and joyful intellectual work. It is a must read for anyone who is at all interested in education today.
The Effects of Obstructions on Arm Movement Time during Reach and Positioning Movements of a Simulated Maintenance Task

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fundamental issue of how an obstruction affects movement time during reach and positioning components of a simulated maintenance task. Eight obstruction locations for two target locations provided the experimental manipulation for the study, while movement time was measured as the dependent variable. Data for all the trials were obtained using a three-dimensional magnetic sensing device placed on the back of the subject's hand as he/she moved in space from the starting point to the target in a wooden mockup replicating the work space of a maintainer in an aircraft horizontal stabilizer. Results indicated that movement times increased when the vertical position of the obstruction was within roughly 5.72 cm of the target. Subjects' perceived difficulty in those conditions with longer movement times was attributable more to the inability to see the target during the end of the motion than the lack of positioning space around the target. These findings emphasiz...
Neuropathic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

Publisher Summary Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is heterogeneous, presumably, autoimmune autonomic neuropathy. Compared with a healthy population, patients with POTS reported impairment in multiple domains of quality of life, including physical, social, and role functioning. A variety of approaches have been used to alleviate symptoms in POTS. All patients need volume expansion and a high-salt/high-fluid regimen. Drugs that seem to enjoy the greatest success are midodrine, propranolol, and fludrocortisone. Other measures used include body stockings and physical counter maneuvers. These treatments may influence pathophysiologic mechanisms of POTS, such as α-receptor dysfunction, β-receptor supersensitivity, venous pooling, and brainstem center dysfunction.
A framework for building learning organizations

The concept of the learning organization that strives continually to develop its people and processes will be an accepted philosophy of all competitive organizations in the future. Organizations are increasingly being challenged to leverage learning, as it has been widely articulated that knowledge creation and continuous learning at the individual, team, and organizational levels may be the only source of sustainable competitive advantage. Continuous learning is essential for surviving let alone prospering, in dynamic and competitive environments. Because of this increased emphasis on learning, there has been a tremendous interest in the concept of learning organizations and the capabilities required to build learning organizations. Organizations of the future will not be able to expand into new markets and win market share unless they have a framework (technologies, people, processes, and methodologies) to use their past knowledge to gain a competitive advantage. Organizations of the 21st century have to use the latest information technology and methodologies that can enable them to be cost effective, faster, flexible, and more competitive. Despite the growing interest in learning organizations, there are knowledge gaps in understanding about how to exploit technologies to create a suitable framework for learning organization. Our chapter attempts to suggest a framework for building learning organizations and shows the use of systemic approach to implement our proposed framework to create learning organizations.
Review of Adrian Thatcher: ‘Marriage after Modernity: Christian Marriage in Postmodern Times’

This is a brief review of an important text by one of the leading Christian scholars of the family who is trying to reconcile traditional Christian teachings on marriage and the troubling marital condition in the post-modern West. Thatcher ultimately commends the traditional Christian monogamous, heterosexual, permanent marriage, citing Scripture and various leading Christian theologians of the present and past. But he also offers creative new ways of thinking about engagements contracts, non-marital cohabitation, premarital sex, and more.
Johannes Morsink, Inherent Human Rights

According to Johannes Morsink, the intent of the drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was to codify the inherent human rights of the eighteenth century enlightenment philosophers in international human rights law (Morsink 2009, 17). But, before they could accomplish this, he tells us, they first had to commit themselves to the enlightenment doctrines of metaphysical inherence and epistemic awareness.Of course, not all eighteenth century enlightenment philosophers accepted the doctrines of metaphysical inheritance and epistemic awareness. That is, they had to successfully articulate and defend the doctrines that all human beings possess inherent human rights solely by virtue of being born human and that all human beings naturally have the intellectual wherewithal for knowing that they and others have such rights (Morsink 2009, 17). Of course, their secondary task was no less challenging for they had to articulate and defend metaphysical inherence and epistemic awareness... Language: en
Do Users Always Benefit When User Interfaces Are Consistent

Do users always learn a new program faster if its UI is consistent with a previously learned user interface? Most UI style guides claim they do. A study is described that refutes this claim by demonstrating a case where a version of Microsoft Project that is less consistent with Microsoft Office is more usable to expert Office users than one that is more consistent with Office. It is proposed that the inconsistent version is more usable because Microsoft Project is a different class of application — more vertical — and thus different UI techniques are appropriate. It is argued that users benefit from consistent interfaces where programs perform similar functions over a wide range of user goals, but in more vertical applications and where the user’s goals are different, appropriateness to purpose is more important than consistency.
IDFC India: Infrastructure Investment Intermediaries

Indian financial intermediary matching international capital to local infrastructure decides how to balance range of services, risk adjusted return, margin pressure, and nation building. IDFC was chartered with partial ownership from the Indian government to help evaluate policy and be a model for how private finance could be attracted to public infrastructure. As the nation and company grow, the firm also grows and embarks on a strategy of rapid expansion, offering a wide new range of financial products, and participating in many aspects of the supply chain. Teaching questions include revisiting the original mission, contemplating the reduced margins and increased risks that come with entering a number of domains which already have established incumbents, and the trade-offs between maximizing shareholder return (for example through investments in full tariff power projects in rich cities) and maximizing the benefit to the nation (for example through subsidized tariff water projects in poor states). Learning Objective: Explore how funds are sourced and allocated to infrastructure projects. Explore government sponsored enterprises and public private partnerships. Discuss the tradeoffs in accomplishing a mission, serving a clientele, growing a portfolio, or concentrating on risk-adjusted return. Extend to other situations and other countries.
1,3‐Bis(acetoxy)‐1,1,3,3‐tetrabutyldistannoxane

[5967-09-9/17068-56-3] C20H42O5Sn2 (MW 599.97) InChI = 1S/4C4H9.2C2H4O2.O.2Sn/c4*1-3-4-2;2*1-2(3)4;;;/h4*1,3-4H2,2H3;2*1H3,(H,3,4);;;/q;;;;;;;2*+1/p-2 InChIKey = JLHADLTXDDGZFX-UHFFFAOYSA-L InChI = 1S/4C4H9.2C2H4O2.O.2Sn/c4*1-3-4-2;2*1-2(3)4;;;/h4*1,3-4H2,2H3;2*1H3,(H,3,4);;;/q;;;;;;;2*+1/p-2 InChIKey = JLHADLTXDDGZFX-UHFFFAOYSA-L (reagent used as an initiator for ring-opening polymerization reactions of lactones, lactides and other cyclic diesters, transcarbamoylation/transesterification reactions, and as a catalyst in the cycloaddition of isomeric substituted trimethylenemethane (TMM) reactions) Physical Data: mp: 56–58 °C. Solubility: acetone, chloroform and toluene, and benzene at high temperatures (60 °C or above). Form Supplied in: white powder; widely available. Preparative Method: a mixture of dibutyltin oxide and acetic acid in ethanol can be heated to 60 °C with stirring. In 30 min time the reaction becomes homogeneous. Purification: recrystallization from benzene, toluene or ligroin containing a drop of acetic acid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: white powder is hydroscopic, flammable in air and corrosive. To help prevent hydration and possibly oxidation, store under nitrogen atmosphere and keep in a drying chamber when not in use. Does not need to be refrigerated. Is incompatible with strong acids, strong bases, oxidizing and reducing agents, but tolerable to mild Lewis acids and Lewis bases. Decomposition occurs on prolonged exposure to air.
An alternative to epoxy resin for application in isotropically conductive adhesive

Isotropically conductive adhesive formulations predominantly include epoxy resin as the polymer matrix. Although epoxy has superior adhesion capability, it has a tendency to absorb moisture and is nonreworkable. The presence of water in ICA interconnects causes contact resistance degradation by means of galvanic corrosion. In this study, an alternative polymer matrix with low moisture absorption and potential for reworkability, is used in isotropically conductive adhesive (ICA) formulation. The contact resistance of this group of ICAs is measured throughout an accelerated aging process (85/spl deg/C/85%RH). The four point probe method is used to measure contact resistance on test coupons. Contact resistance stability of the ICAs is compared among test coupons of various surface finishes (OSP, Sn/Pb, Sn, and Ni/Au). SEM analyses are conducted on cross sections of coupons that fail early in the aging process and they are compared with coupons with stable resistance. Adhesion capability of this alternative polymer is compared with epoxy on various surfaces, e.g. OSP, Sn/Pb, Sn, and Ni/Au, using a die shear tester. Coupling agents are incorporated into the ICA formulations and their effects on adhesion and contact resistance stability are studied. Blends of epoxy and this alternative polymer are also evaluated. Contact resistance measurements of a thermoplastic-thermoset ICA blend are collected throughout the aging process. Adhesion data of the ICA blend is also collected using a die shear tester. Such a blend should produce a formulation with good adhesion and low moisture uptake, which will be verified by the experimental results.
Predictors of Micronutrient Status among Six- to Twelve-Month-Old Breast-Fed Ghanaian Infants

This study describes the factors associated with hemoglobin and plasma ferritin, zinc and retinol concentrations and erythrocyte riboflavin status among 208 Ghanaian infants who participated in a complementary feeding intervention trial from 6 to 12 mo of age. Anthropometric, morbidity and dietary data were collected regularly from 1 to 12 mo; blood samples were collected at 6 and 12 mo. The prevalence of low micronutrient status at 6 and 12 mo, respectively, was as follows: hemoglobin <100 g/L, 30 and 34%; plasma ferritin <12 microg/L, 17 and 43%; plasma zinc <10.7 micromol/L, 4 and 6%; plasma retinol <0.7 micromol/L, 26 and 26%; erythrocyte riboflavin <200 umol/L of packed red cells, 14 and 10%. Multiple regression was used to identify factors significantly associated with micronutrient status. From 6 to 12 mo, fever prevalence was associated with a decrease in hemoglobin, but an increase in erythrocyte riboflavin concentrations, and diarrhea prevalence was related to a decrease in plasma retinol. Seasonal differences were evident for most of the indicators of micronutrient status, and elevated C-reactive protein levels (indicative of recent infection) were related to lower hemoglobin, retinol and zinc concentrations but higher ferritin and erythrocyte riboflavin concentrations. Weight at birth or at 1 mo of age was positively related to iron, zinc and vitamin A status, but a more rapid weight gain was associated with depletion of iron stores. Socioeconomic status was related to higher hemoglobin, riboflavin and zinc concentrations. The feeding of a micronutrient-fortified food was positively associated with plasma ferritin and retinol concentrations at 12 mo. These results suggest that prenatal factors, socioeconomic status, dietary intake and morbidity all influence infant micronutrient status, and that fortification of complementary foods is one potential avenue for preventing deficiencies.
The Emerging Disability Paradigm and Its Implications for Policy and Practice

In this article, the author summarizes four characteristics of an emerging disability paradigm and discusses a number of policy and practice implications posed by this paradigm. The four characteristics are functional limitations, personal well-being, individualized supports, and personal competence and adaptation. Changes that need to occur in policy and practice are discussed in relation to each of the characteristics. The author concludes with a discussion of potential changes at the individual, service delivery, and societal levels that may be used to evaluate the utility of the paradigm.
Stability of one dimensional steady state domain wall motion

The magnetization configuration and stability limits of one-dimensional domain walls with orthorhombic anisotropy and an applied field normal to the wall are studied in steady-state motion. The calculations are carried out directly on the directional sphere in the lossless instance. The Walker breakdown mechanism, in which the motion breaks down simultaneously along the entire wall profile, is replaced by three distinct mechanisms: domain instability in which the wall motion breaks down asymptotically far from the center of the wall, and two types of domain-wall instability in which the breakdown occurs within the wall. The two types of domain-wall instability are distinct in that only one is identified by Jacobi equation analysis. >
Experimental validation of active snubber circuit for direct AC/AC converters

Although direct ac/ac converters such as the Matrix converter have been in existence for a long time, scaling of these converters to higher voltage levels has not been addressed widely in the literature. Tremendous challenges in terms of device voltage sharing, safe commutation, and fault protection inhibit the application of these converters to high voltage applications such as dynamic grid control. The novel active snubber concept remedies this problem by placing a half-wave rectified envelope around every device, absorbing excess energy and ensuring proper voltage sharing. This paper examines a high frequency active snubber design for direct ac/ac converters. The performance of the snubber is analyzed at 13 kV / 1 MVA via simulations, and a proof-of-concept is implemented in a 10 kVA lab prototype.
Binge eating disorder: Current state and future directions

Abstract This article reviews the empirical evidence that has been accumulated regarding Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Numerous studies have provided a fairly clear picture of the prevalence of this disorder, both in community and clinical samples. Consistent findings have also emerged concerning comorbidity of BED, especially with regard to depression and anxiety. Furthermore, several types of treatment have shown to be effective for individuals with BED. Support for the model of etiology underlying these therapeutic approaches, however, is clearly lacking. Although more research needs to be conducted, it is concluded that there is enough empirical evidence to justify the difference made in the DSM-IV between binge eaters who purge (Bulimia Nervosa) and those who do not (BED). To guide future research, however, it is suggested that a new classification of binge eating problems be adopted in DSM-V.
Correlations between in vitro sensitivity testing and therapeutic response in urinary tract infections.

Abstract Sensitivity testing of urinary tract pathogens is done on an enormous scale throughout the world. The results of these tests are often claimed to be indicative of the best choice of antibacterial therapy. Recent literature on urinary tract infections yielded 662 cases providing sufficient data for statistical analysis. Findings based on analyses of these data indicate that there is either no correlation between in vitro sensitivity of a urinary tract bacterial pathogen to an antibiotic or antibacterial agent and the clinical response of the patient to the antibiotic or antibacterial drug in question, or, when there is correlation, it must be considered fallacious due to selection bias.
PHOTOTACTIC ORIENTATION BY THE CILIATE, STENTOR COERULEUS

— Stentor coeruleus exhibits negative phototaxis to visible light, in addition to a step-up photophobic response. The negative phototaxis was established by demonstrating the swimming of Stentor toward a focused beam away from the light source. The action spectrum showed a maximum at 610–620 nm and is essentially identical to that of the step-up photophobic response. Proton uncouplers such as micromolar concentrations of FCCP and TPMP+ inhibited the negative phototaxis.
The effect of annealing on deformation and fracture of a nanocrystalline fcc metal

The tensile deformation and fracture behavior of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni–15% Fe alloy samples after annealing for 90 min at 250, 400 and 500 °C temperatures were investigated. The structure of the samples was studied using TEM and XRD techniques and the fracture surfaces were investigated employing SEM. The results of this study indicated that annealing at 250 °C modified grain size distribution slightly but resulted in a significant increase in the initial strain hardening rate. While the average grain size in the 400 °C sample was increased to 59 nm, its yield strength was comparable to the as-deposited alloy with a 9 nm grain size. The plastic tensile elongation of all annealed samples was lowered significantly to less than 1% from approximately 6% in the as-deposited state. These results are discussed in terms of the inhomogeneity of plastic deformation and the evolution of internal stresses in nanocrystalline materials.
Spacetime code: Preliminaries and motivations

A review of the work of David Finkelstein and others on quantum topology is given, the intention being to present physical ideas and a progress report, which will help readers with the more detailed papers. Some new approaches involving walks on graphs are presented.
A Well-Test Analysis Method Accounting for Pre-Test Operations

We propose to use regular monitoring data from a productionor injection well for estimating the formation hydraulic properties inthe vicinity of the wellbore without interrupting the operations. In ourapproach, we select a portion of the pumping data over a certain timeinterval and then derive our conclusions from analysis of these data. Adistinctive feature of the proposed approach differing it formconventional methods is in the introduction of an additional parameter,an effective pre-test pumping rate. The additional parameter is derivedbased on a rigorous asymptotic analysis of the flow model. Thus, weaccount for the non-uniform pressure distribution at the beginning oftesting time interval caused by pre-test operations at the well. Bysynthetic and field examples, we demonstrate that deviation of thematching curve from the data that is usually attributed to skin andwellbore storage effects, can also be interpreted through this newparameter. Moreover, with our method, the data curve is matched equallywell and the results of the analysis remain stable when the analyzed datainterval is perturbed, whereas traditional methods are sensitive to thechoice of the data interval. A special efficient minimization procedurehas been developed for searching the best fitting parameters. We enhancedour analysis above with a procedure of estimating ambient reservoirpressure and dimensionless wellbore radius.more » The methods reported herehave been implemented in code ODA (Operations Data Analysis). A betaversion of the code is available for free testing and evaluation tointerested parties.« less
COMPARISON OF NAA METHODS TO DETERMINE MEDIUM-LIVED RADIONUCLIDES IN NIST SOIL STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

In order to determine the elemental concentrations of three new soil standard reference materials SRMs 2709, 2710 and 2711 from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a comparative study of different medium-lived neutron activation analysis methods was carefully performed. Three irradiation conditions (1-hour thermal, 1-hour epithermal and 5-minute epithermal) and two counting modes (normal and Compton suppression) have been evaluated for following ten elements: As, Au, Cd, Ga, K, La, Mo, Sb, Sm, and W. The results show that the method of 5-minute epithermal and a 1-day decay is the optimum way to analyze Ga, while the addition of the Compton suppression is very beneficial for the determination of K. Using the Compton suppression system in conjunction with the 1-hour epithermal and a 1-week decay, is ideal to determine Au, Cd, Mo and W, while routine 1-hour thermal and a 1-week decay, is adequate to determine As, Sb, Sm and La in concentrations found in soil.
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of the Head and Neck: Treatment With Mohs Surgery Using Inverted Horizontal Paraffin Sections†

Objective To describe results of treating dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the head and neck with a Mohs surgical technique in which tumor margins were evaluated with inverted horizontal paraffin sections to identify the margin of resection necessary to achieve tumor-free borders. Study Design Retrospective case study of nine patients. Methods In each case, Mohs surgery using inverted horizontal frozen-section analysis was continued until tumor-free margins were achieved. The tumor-free specimens collected during this procedure were immediately reprocessed by using inverted horizontal paraffin sectioning, and the histological results of the two techniques were compared. To identify the margins of resection needed to achieve tumor-free margins, preoperative lesion size was compared with postoperative defect size. Results Paraffin section analysis showed persistent tumor in seven of the nine patients in whom the frozen-section technique was used to clear the tumor. Tumor-free margins were achieved in all patients by using one additional excision. The tumor had spread extensively beyond clinical margins and required a mean minimum margin of 3.7 cm around the gross area of tumor (margin range, 2.5–6.0 cm). Patients treated by this technique showed no local, regional, or distant recurrence at follow-up performed at a mean time of 43 months postoperatively (range, 19–74 mo). Conclusions Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the head and neck is a tumor that shows extensive infiltration beyond gross margins. Wide local excision with 2- to 3-cm margins results in an unacceptably high recurrence rate; larger excisional margins are necessary to remove all disease. Accurate margin identification achieved by using Mohs surgery with rush paraffin section analysis results in complete tumor removal and excellent control rates. This method should be preferred for treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the head and neck.
Sensitivity Analysis for a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus: A Methodology Based on Orthogonal Experiment Designs

Results and analyses of a sensitivity study of six controlled variables on the response of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 500 mm guarded-hot-plate apparatus are presented. The effects of four factors held constant as well as three uncontrolled environmental variables were also examined. The goal of the study is to derive a sensitivity analysis ranking of the relative importance of factors and interactions affecting the apparatus. Sixty-six thermal conductivity measurements were conducted across three experiments at a mean temperature of 310 K for a pair of fibrous-glass specimens (120 kg·m−3) having nominal dimensions 500 mm in diameter and 26 mm in thickness. The apparatus response was studied using an orthogonal fractional factorial design, a one-factor-at-a-time design, and a full factorial design for a subset of factors from the fractionated design. The results indicate that most important factor affecting the thermal conductivity measurement was the temperature difference across the air space separating the central meter plate and the surrounding guard plate, described here as the gap temperature difference (ΔTg). The study also revealed an interaction between the gap temperature difference and the temperature difference across the specimen (ΔTavg). An empirical model for the results of the sensitivity study is presented. Results of the gap temperature difference (ΔTg) are similar to published results from another guarded-hot-plate apparatus. Improvements for equipment operation, as well as insights to the sources of experimental uncertainty, are presented.
Use of the Refractive Index to Measure the Adequacy of Glycerol Removal from Previously Frozen Erythrocytes

A common method for measuring deglycerolization of previously frozen erythrocytes is to determine the osmolality of the supernatant fluid after completion of the wash cycle. We attempted to compare this type of examination with the simpler, faster, and cheaper determination of refractive index (RI) using the Goldberg refractometer. One hundred twenty units of deglycerolized red blood cells, some with glycerol added so as to exceed an acceptable 1% glycerol content, had measurements made of the post-wash supernatant fluid by refractive index and osmometry. The responsiveness of refractive index to residual glycerol was essentially the same as osmolality. Although there is more interference from supernatant hemoglobin, this did not preclude the use of RI to measure glycerol removal. Readings up to 28 had glycerol levels of less than 1%. Readings between 29 and 31 should be checked by osmometry, and readings over 31 should cause the unit of blood to be rejected.
Integration of fareboxes with other electronic devices on transit vehicles

The data that a farebox-based system can provide—boardings by route, direction, time of day, trip, stop, and fare category for day of the year—can be of immense value for planning, scheduling, marketing, and operations monitoring. For the most part, boarding information is being captured by an electronic device (the farebox), but for various reasons, much of that information is lost, and the data quality is often suspect. Integration with other on-board devices could enhance the quality and value of farebox data. For good-quality data segmentation, integration with the head-sign is important. For verification, integration with the speedometer (to get an odometer stamp) is valuable. In a farebox system using a transactional data base, integration with the door sensor and speedometer enables the system to add an odometer stamp to each record. Integration with a vehicle-location system and a vehicle-logic unit offer still more advantages. To move the industry toward data integration, use of open specificatio...
Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV-1) promotes neurogenic inflammation in the pancreas via activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R).

OBJECTIVES The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1) is an ion channel found on primary sensory afferent neurons. Activation of TRPV-1 leads to the release of the proinflammatory neuropeptide substance P (SP). SP then binds to the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R) on endothelial cells and promotes extravasation of plasma and proteins into the interstitial tissue and neutrophil infiltration, a process called neurogenic inflammation. We tested 2 hypotheses: (1) activation of TRPV-1 in the pancreas leads to interstitial edema and neutrophil infiltration and (2) TRPV-1-induced plasma extravasation is mediated by the release of SP and activation of the NK1-R in the rat. METHODS We measured extravasation of the intravascular tracer Evans blue as an index of plasma extravasation and quantified pancreas tissue myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) as a marker of neutrophil infiltration. The severity of inflammation following intravenous infusion of the secretagogue cerulein (10 microg/kg/h x 4 hours) was assessed using a histologic scoring system. RESULTS Intravenous injection of the TRPV-1 agonist capsaicin induced a dose-dependent increase in Evans blue accumulation in the rat pancreas (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle control). This effect was blocked by pretreatment with the TRPV-1 antagonist capsazepine (1.8 mg/kg), or the NK1-R antagonist CP 96,345 (1 mg/kg). Capsazepine also reduced cerulein-induced Evans blue, MPO, and histologic severity of inflammation in the pancreas but had no effect on serum amylase. CONCLUSION Activation of TRPV-1 induces SP-mediated plasma extravasation in the rat pancreas via activation of the NK1-R. TRPV-1 mediates neurogenic inflammation in cerulein-induced pancreatitis in the rat.
Higher-order squeezing of a quantum field.

The concept of $2n\mathrm{th}$-order squeezing of a quantum field is introduced as a natural generalization of the usual second-order squeezing. It is shown that the processes of degenerate parametric down conversion, harmonic generation, and resonance fluorescence all exhibit higher-order squeezing.
Stereoscopic Height and Wind Retrievals for Aerosol Plumes with the MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX)

The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument aboard the Terra satellite acquires imagery at 275-m resolution at nine angles ranging from 0deg (nadir) to 70deg off-nadir. This multi-angle capability facilitates the stereoscopic retrieval of heights and motion vectors for clouds and aerosol plumes. MISR's operational stereo product uses this capability to retrieve cloud heights and winds for every satellite orbit, yielding global coverage every nine days. The MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX) visualization and analysis tool complements the operational stereo product by providing users the ability to retrieve heights and winds locally for detailed studies of smoke, dust and volcanic ash plumes, as well as clouds, at higher spatial resolution and with greater precision than is possible with the operational product or with other space-based, passive, remote sensing instruments. This ability to investigate plume geometry and dynamics is becoming increasingly important as climate and air quality studies require greater knowledge about the injection of aerosols and the location of clouds within the atmosphere. MINX incorporates features that allow users to customize their stereo retrievals for optimum results under varying aerosol and underlying surface conditions. This paper discusses the stereo retrieval algorithms and retrieval options in MINX, and provides appropriate examples to explain how the program can be used to achieve the best results.
Electron microscope studies on developing oocytes of a coelenterate medusa with special reference to vitellogenesis

In a hydrozoan jellyfish, the female gonad is differentiated from a specialized region of the epidermis near the manubrium. Changes in the oocytes during growth and vitellogenesis are described as observed with electron microscopic and cytochemical techniques. Three major types of yolk are formed; these include lipid, glycogen, and membrane-bound granules consisting of both protein and carbohydrate. The latter first appear evident within vesicular and cisternal elements of the numerous Golgi complexes. The orientation and structural variations noted between the endoplasmic reticulum and forming face of the Golgi complexes suggest that the protein component of the yolk granules may be transferred from the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex where it is joined to carbohydrate perhaps synthesized by the Golgi complexes. Stages in the release of the precursor yolk material sequestered in cisternal elements of the Golgi complexes are illustrated. The presence of coated and uncoated vesicles in the Golgi regions and their possible role in intracellular transport are described and discussed. The presence and possible method of morphogenesis of vesiculate yolk bodies are also described. What appear to represent invaginations of the oolemma extend into the ooplasm and display a special orientation with respect to lamellae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Intraooplasmic synthesis appears to constitute the major pathway for protein-carbohydrate yolk deposition.
Familiarity, Attraction, and Charity

Summary It was hypothesized that an increase in familiarity with a supplicant would increase help-giving. The hypothesis was tested in the field. Familiarity with a stranger was increased by having him stage a brief conversation with a friend in front of the subject. Subjects were people found sitting alone in places such as libraries, etc., on a college campus. Half the subjects overheard the experimenter portray a pleasant person; the other half overheard him portray an unpleasant (but not fearsome) person. Comparison with control data indicates that familiarity with the stranger increased generosity regardless of the subject's evaluation of the supplicant. This result is interpreted as stemming from a reduced tendency to freeze and reject a stranger in need of help when the stranger is slightly familiar. The lack of effect of perceived supplicant pleasantness is also discussed.
Nomenclatural changes in Myrteola and Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae)

The following new combinations are made:Myrteola phylicoides (Benth.) Landrum,Myrteola phylicoides var.glabrata (Berg) Landrum,Myrceugenia alpigena var.fuliginea (Berg) Landrum,Myrceugenia ovata var.regnelliana (Berg) Landrum, andMyrceugenia pilotantha var.nothorufa (Legrand) Landrum.
Performance of Full‐Scale Pavements Under Accelerated Loading

This paper describes the performance of two pavement sections at the FHWA's Pavement Testing Facility. The sections are classified as thin and thick flexible pavements and were designed according to the new AASHTO design guide. The accelerated loading facility (ALF) was used to load the test pavements. The functional and structural performances of the test sections were evaluated at various stages of the loading history. Roughness, rutting, and cracking were the indicators of functional performance. In situ tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt layer, pavement surface deflections, and deflections under FWD loading were used for the structural performance evaluation. Pavement temperature, moisture content, and environmental data were also collected. The variation in both functional and structural performance indicators were monitored as a function of 18‐kip‐equivalent single‐axle loads. Performance indicators such as slope variance and present serviceability index were evaluated and monitored as a f...
SiO2–poly(amidoamine) dendrimer inorganic/organic hybrids

SiO2–poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer hybrids were synthesized via (1) a Michael addition reaction between the dendrimer and 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl acrylate, (2) the dissolution of the formed compound in methanol, and (3) the mixing of the latter solution with a methanol solution of partly hydrolyzed tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and its casting on a glass substrate. 1H NMR indicated that in the first step, 77% of the secondary amines were converted into tertiary amines when the fourth-generation dendrimer was employed and 46% were converted when the second-generation dendrimer was used. The final SiO2–PAMAM dendrimer hybrids were obtained via the hydrolysis and condensation of the compound obtained via the Michael addition and the methanol solution of partly hydrolyzed TEOS. The compartmentalized structure of the hybrids due to the compartments of the dendrimers could be controlled by changing the dendrimer and the amount of TEOS. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy micrographs provided information about the structure of the hybrids. Like the PAMAM dendrimer, the SiO2–PAMAM dendrimer hybrids exhibited a high metal ion complexing capacity because of the presence of the compartments of the dendrimer; they can be, however, much more easily handled, and, as demonstrated by thermogravimetric experiments, have much higher thermal resistance. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1443–1449, 2000
The study of NaI predissociation with pump-probe femtosecond laser pulses: The use of an ionizing probe pulse to obtain more detailed dynamic information

Abstract We propose a variation of an experiment performed recently in Zewail's group. This uses a short laser pulse to excite NaI to a dissociating state and a probe pulse to ionize the excited molecule to either Na + +I or INa + . We show that, because the ionization potential depends strongly on the Na-I distance, this scheme gives more detailed dynamic information than experiments using laser-induced fluorescence as a probe.
The gradient in the ionospheric electron content over Texas as calculated from Faraday fading of radio waves from satellites

A method is shown for calculating the ionospheric electron content as a function of longitude and latitude. The results of the analysis of the calculations made of Faraday fading from 251 transits of satellites Explorer 22 and Explorer 27 provide a gradient in the ionospheric electron content over Texas.
Fetal hormones and the brain: Effect on sexual dimorphism of behavior-A review.

Experimental animal studies of the influence of prenatally or neonatally administered sex hormones on subsequent manifestations of sexual behavior implicate an organizing action of sex hormones and related substances on the brain, probably in the region of the hypothalamus. The rule would appear to be that female—male bipotentiality applies initially, prior to the influence of any sex hormone in the course of brain development. Bipotentiality would appear to persist when the early hormonal environment is feminine, so that either the feminine or the masculine component of mating behavior can be elicited in adulthood, dependent, among other things, on whether the eliciting hormone is estrogen or androgen. Bipotentiality is resolved in favor of unipolar masculinity of mating behavior if the early hormonal influence at the critical differentiating period is androgenic. The feminine component is then inhibited. Once this is accomplished, the feminine component will, in many, though perhaps not all species, be elicited only under special conditions, for example, direct brain stimulation, or not at all. In the course of normal differentiation, the initial completeness of inhibition of feminine potential varies across species. Thus, it is more complete in the rat than the hamster. In man it is probably not very complete, and is perhaps individually variable, as well.
Microarray analysis of transcript accumulation during perithecium development in the filamentous fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum)

Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley in the United States. Ascospores forcibly discharged from mature fruiting bodies, the perithecia, serve as the primary inoculum for FHB epidemics. To identify genes important for perithecium development and function, a cDNA microarray that covered 11% of the G. zeae genome was constructed. The microarray was used to measure changes in transcription levels of genes expressed during three successive stages of perithecium development. When compared with vegetative mycelia, 651 (31%) cDNA clones showed changes in transcript levels in at least one of the three developmental stages. During perithecium development, 263 (13%) cDNA clones showed temporal changes in transcript profiles. Transcripts that showed the greatest changes in levels in maturing perithecia belonged to genes in the FunCat main functional categories of cell rescue, metabolism, cell type differentiation, energy, and cellular transport. For genes related to metabolism and cell type differentiation, transcripts showed the highest levels in immature perithecia, whereas for cellular transport-related genes, transcripts showed the highest levels in mature perithecia. This study represents the first large-scale investigation of both spatial and temporal changes in transcript levels during perithecium development. It provides clear evidence that the sexual development in fungi is a complex, multigenic process and identifies genes involved in sexual development of this agriculturally important fungus.
Effect of mercuric ion on attraction to light of Artemia sp nauplii

Living organisms exhibit a phototactic response which can be altered by certain environmental toxic chemical species. The analysis of photobehavior can help in elucidating environmental factors that influence photomotility reactions of the organisms. A method has been developed that measures the phototactic response of Artemia nauplii under the influence of mercuric ion (Hg2+) in synthetic seawater. The phototactic response of Artemia nauplii was manifested by movement of the organisms from a darkened half to lighted half of an experimental vessel containing synthetic seawater. The density as a function of time of Artemia nauplii is determined by removing aliquots from both light and dark sides and then plating on agar for counting under the dissecting microscope. Measurements consistently show a significant movement of nauplii to the lighted side within 45 min of the start of the experiments. The present investigation demonstrated that at concentrations as low as 0.010 mg HgCl2/liter there is an enhancement of phototactic effect on Artemia nauplii by mercuric ion as compared with control. The phototactic response of Artema nauplii is altered by mercuric ion in a dose-related manner, but the mechanism of this effect is presently unknown.